bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IX.—Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, and their Stratigraphical Distribution
Authors: Miles R. S. , Westoll T. S.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Material of a coccosteid fish, from various localities in Caithness, is described asDickosteus threiplandin.g., n.sp. The fish has previously been confused withCoccosteus cuspidatusMiller ex Ag. ( =Coccosteus decipiensAg.). A diagnosis of this new form is given and comparisons made withCoccosteusshow that it is quite distinct.Coccosteus flettiWatson is also redescribed and referred to the new genusWatsonosteus. The phylogenetic relations and stratigraphical distribution of these two genera are considered, and it is shown thatDickosteusoccurs in Caithness in the Thurso Flagstone Group above the Achanarras horizon, apparently replacingCoccosteus, and has a similar range in Orkney.Watsonosteusis characteristic of the Eday Flags. The stratigraphy of the Thurso Flagstone Group is critically reviewed and compared with the Orkney succession; the Ackergill Beds are shown to be the probable lateral equivalents of the Mey Beds, and the consequences of this are examined.
XVII.—Some Specimens of Stenomyelon and Kalymma from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Stem of Stenomyelon tuedianum Kidston is described with the base of a petiole of Kalymma tuediana Calder attached to it.

Two new species of Stenomyelon are described—Stenomyelon heterangioides, characterized by interspersed xylem parenchyma and mesarch protoxylem, and Stenomyelon primaevum distinguished by a solid tri-radiate protostele lacking parenchyma bands. The possible external features of Stenomyelon are compared with a compression of a Pteridosperm with large fronds.
Some Lower Carboniferous pteridosperm cupules bearing ovules and microsporangia
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Two pairs of detached fossil cupules from the Cementstone Group of the East Lothian coast are described. One pair (specimen 1) contains 16 ovules agreeing with the seed genus Hydrasperma Long as well as 8 microsporangia containing spores. The second pair (specimen 2) has neither ovules nor microsporangia.

The ovules present in specimen 1 have about 9 free apical tentacles and as many longitudinal ridges on the bodies of the ovules. The central column is very well developed, about as long as the ovule body and obconical in shape. In it some of the cells have bars of thickening on the walls like transfusion cells. Each cupule-pair has a common stalk which divides to become the two inverted cupules. In specimen 1 each cupule has a wall consisting of two valves united above but subdivided into tapering lobes below, i.e. distally. Ovules are borne below the concave upper region of each cupule (sessile laminar placentation). In this specimen each cupule-valve is subdivided into two smaller portions, one of which bears 8 microsporangia. The latter appear to be terminal and reflexed and almost sessile.

The laminar placentation in Hydrasperma supports the view that this type of placentation in angiosperms is primitive and the bisexual cupule-pair here described suggests that the primitive fertile fronds from which cupules (and presumably carpels) evolved were originally capable of bearing both mega- and microsporangia.
Structure of coarse grained braided stream alluvium
Authors: Bluck B. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Grain size characteristics of the sediment and the flow stage characteristics of the river are the two most important factors influencing sedimentation in the channel zone. Climate is important in its influence on floodplain (overbank) sediment.

Supra-bar platform (upper) parts of mature bars from a wide range of climatic conditions consistently show a sequence in the development of contained sedimentary structures which is related to the flow stage. At high stage, in rivers where the bed materials are quite mobile, the bar form is not thought to be present: the form develops on the falling stage, and the bar is dissected on the lowest stage. The various bar forms have a related diagnostic structure which determined from the nature and distribution of the stratification types, and the manner of their deposition on the falling flow stage. The exposed (supra-platform) parts of lateral bars have a side and longitudinally filled inner channel which comprises fine sediment. Medial bars have converging cross-strata in sands which are overlain partly by gravels in an upward coarsening sequence.

Lateral migration of the channel zone, brought about by the preferential bar accretions to one side, results in building of a lithosome, the facies structure of which is partly determined by the nature of the bar accretions. As the channel migrates the abandoned bars may be covered with fine sediments so as to build up an upward fining sequence. The nature of the fine overbank part of the braided stream cycle is as complex as the coarse lower, so that a highly variable vertical sequence of lithological types is likely to be constructed.

Upward fining cycles are also built by some fine braided streams but they are the product of a single flood rather than lateral channel migration. Braided stream deposits are distinguishable from those of small, coarse meandering stream deposits by the presence of inner accretionary banks in the latter, and inner channels in the former.
Problems of functional morphology and classification in stylonuroid eurypterids (Chelicerata, Merostomata), with observations on the Scottish Silurian Stylonuroidea
Authors: Waterston Charles D.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Eurypterids of the Superfamily Stylonuroidea Diener 1924sensuStørmer (1974, 373) from the Pentland Hills, Midlothian, are redescribed and the evidence which these forms may give concerning the life environment of the Gutterford Burn Eurypterid Bed (Upper Llandovery), from which most of them have been obtained, is considered. Five species are recognised.Parastylonurus ornatus(Laurie) is redescribed with special reference to the organs of locomotion and reproduction. A new form from the Gutterford Burn is described asParastylonurus hendersonisp. nov.Stylonurus macrophthalmusLaurie is designated the type species of the new genusHardieopterusandStylonurus knoxaeLamont as the type species of the new genusLamontopterus. The unique holotype ofLamontopterus knoxaeis of morphological interest in showing evidence of the gut.

Stylonuroids from other Scottish Silurian localities are also considered. Two new species,Brachyopterella ritchieisp. nov. from Seggholm andHardieopterus(?)lanarkisp. nov. from the Logan Water are described.Stylonurella spinipes(Page) is redescribed and this species is reported for the first time from Seggholm.

The new information provided by this study has raised a number of problems of classification and the criteria upon which eurypterids are classified, and particularly those applied to the stylonuroid eurypterids, are re-assessed and a new classification of the Stylonuroidea proposed. This has required the description of new taxa; a new family, the Parastylonuridae, is proposed to accommodateParastylonurus, Hardieopterusand probablyLamontopteruswhich share a unique combination of characters of the prosomal appendages and metastoma. A new genus,Kiaeropterus, is described to accommodate certain species previously assigned toStylonurellabut displaced from that genus as now emended.

A reconstruction ofParastylonurus ornatusin the walking position is attempted and has resulted in the recognition of a new generation of problems related to the functional morphology of these animals. Criteria which may appropriately be used in deciding the manner in which they walked and the posture which they adopted when doing so, are discussed. It is suggested that, in response to certain anatomical and physiological constraints which otherwise would have rendered the animals unstable in the walking position, the post-abdomen and telson have been specialised as hydrodynamic structures for monitoring water movements and vectoring the animal for maximum walking efficiency. The significance of this hypothesis is discussed in relation to the functional morphology and evolution of other members of the Stylonuroidea.
Observations on the Lower Carboniferous genusPitusWitham
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Past work on the genusPitusis reviewed and evidence adduced in favour of the view that it was a genus of arborescent Pteridosperms bearing the sterile bifurcate fronds known asLyginorachis papilioKidston. These probably resembledSphenopteris affinisL. & H. in the compression state. Fertile organs were probably borne on trifurcate fronds in which a stemlike median rachis (Tristichia ovensiLong) bore synangia (Telangiumsp.) composed of eight microsporangia, or alternatively seed-cupules ofStamnostoma huttonenseLong. Branching inPitusproduced single branches at a wide angle, or pseudo-whorls (close spirals) of about five branches. An anomalous ring of medullary xylem was sometimes associated with branching as inLyginopteris. This supports the view thatPitusshould be classified in the Lyginopteridaceae although it was arborescent and in some respects more advanced than many of the more shrub-like Pteridosperms.
The resemblance between the Lower Carboniferous cupules ofHydraspermacf.tenuisLong andSphenopteris bifidaLindley and Hutton
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Six new specimens of petrified cupules ofHydraspermacf.tenuisfrom Oxroad Bay, East Lothian (Cementstone Group) have been examined. Sections of one show a close similarity in size and shape to compressed cupules ofSphenopteris bifidaL. and H. from the Lewis Burn (Scremerston Coal Group or lower Viséan) of Northumberland. The conclusion reached is that cupules ofHydraspermacf.tenuisLong are petrified equivalents of the compressed cupules ofSphenopteris bifidaL. and H. The morphological significance of this identification is discussed.
Molluscan grazing of sublittoral algal-bored shells and the production of carbonate mud in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland
Authors: Farrow George E. , Clokie Julian
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The limpet Acmaea virginea is an important agent of erosion of bivalve shells within the photic zone. This lower limit is governed by the depth range of shell-boring algae on which it feeds, the dominant alga being conchocelis. Any authigenic ferromanganese coatings on shells are removed by the grazing and the shells may become wafer thin and highly fragmented. The chiton Lepidopleurus also grazes shell surfaces but feeds more on superficial detritus than on the boring algae, and so its depth range is not so restricted. Both molluscs leave highly distinctive radula marks on shells which are potentially preservable in the fossil record. Acmaea virginea produces broad scoops, six-pronged, with very sharp narrow interstitial ridges. Lepidopleurus produces short, sharp scratches in sets of two, three or four, with wide interstitial ungrazed plateaux.

The faecal pellets of both species contain 5–10 μm sized carbonate particles. Whereas there is little else in Acmaea pellets, which are white, cylindrical and only loosely held together, chiton pellets include much fine manganiferous material, detrital quartz and broken diatom frustules, and are well bound with mucilage which makes them dirty brown-grey in colour and ovoid. The data indicate that physical processes need no longer be assumed to be the major factor in the recycling of carbonate from shells, and in their fragmentation.
XXIX.–On Rhetinangium arberi, a new genus of Cycadofilices from the Calciferous Sandstone Series.
Authors: Gordon W. T.
Published: January 2013

During the past few years probably no group of fossil plants has received more attention from palæobotanists than that of the Pteridospermeæ. Many fern-like impressions, derived from Carboniferous rocks, have proved to be members of this division of the vegetable kingdom; while many more may ultimately be removed from the Filicales and included in the Pteridospermeæ. Specimens, however, in which the internal structure is preserved, may, as a rule, be correctly referred to their respective class, but among those included in the latter group there is considerable diversity of organisation, and recently described genera have tended to increase the diversity of type rather than to indicate relationships among the forms already known.
IX.—Spongiaires de l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise.
Authors: Topsent Emile
Published: January 2013

Au retour de sa belle campagne de 1902 à 1904 dans l'Antarctique, M. le Dr. WILLIAM S. BRUCE m'a fait l'honneur de m'offrir l'étude des Spongiaires recueillis à bord de laScotia. Voici de quoi se compose cette collection qui, à certains égards, offre un intérêt considérable.
X.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–04 : Deep–Sea Deposits.
Authors: Pirie J. H. Harvey
Published: January 2013

The material brought home by the Scotia and available for examination consists in all of fifty-five samples of deposits from the floor of the ocean. The majority of these consist of true “deep-sea” deposits, i.e. material from depths of over 100 fathoms; but, for convenience, the description of a few samples from shallow waters (mostly in the neighbourhood of the S. Orkneys) is also included in this report.

The number of deposits is considerably less than the number of soundings taken by the Expedition, because, for various reasons, a sample of deposit was not obtained in every case where a sounding was taken.
XIII.—Contributions to the Craniology of the People of the Empire of India.— Part IV.: Bhīls, Frontier Tribes of Burma, Pakôkku Tribes, South Shan Tribes, Tibetans.
Authors: Turner William
Published: January 2013

In continuation of my studies on the Craniology of the people of the Empire of India, of which three parts have already been published in the Transactions of the Society, I propose in Part IV. to give an account of the Bhīls, a wild tribe occupying the jungle in some districts of Central India; also skulls of some of the frontier tribes of Burma from the Chin Hills to the South Shan States, with some supplementary observations on the skulls of Tibetans. The skulls are preserved in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh.
XX.—The GenusDictyoconusand its Allies: A Review of the Group, together with a Description of Three New Species from the Lower Eocene Beds of Northern Baluchistan
Authors: Davies Lieut.-Colonel L. M.
Published: January 2013

The author recalls the various opinions which have been expressed as to the relationships of Blanckenhorn's genusDictyoconusto other foraminiferal types. He shows howDictyoconushas been affiliated to the generaLituola, Lituonella, andCoskinolinaby such authorities as Messrs Schlumberger, Douvillé, and Schubert in the past; but has since been dissociated from them by Professor Cushman in his recent monograph on the Foraminifera. The author then discusses the grounds for this dissociation, which seem to him to be inadequate; and he describes his discovery, in certain Lower Eocene beds of Northern Baluchistan, India, of numerous specimens ofDidyoconus, Coskinolina, andLituonella, mixed indiscriminately together within the same narrow limestone bands, and deceptively similar in external appearance. He describes the differences between these genera—differences which are confined to the peripheral portion of the test—and shows how sections of the three Indian forms reveal the closest agreement in their internal characters as a whole; their generic characters alone affording the means of distinguishing between them. He therefore regards these Indian forms as affording clear evidence of the close affiliation of these three genera. These Indian forms, which are the first representatives of their respective genera to be found so far east, are very similar to such western forms asDictyoconus egyptiensis(Chapman),Coskinolina liburnicaStache, andLituonella robertiSchlumberger and Douvillé; but they have individual peculiarities of their own, and so are described by the author as three new species.
XXVI.—A Comparative Study of the Stem Structure of the Genus Clematis, with special reference to Anatomical Changes induced by Vegetative Propagation
Authors: Smith Edith Philip
Published: January 2013

The investigation of which the results are embodied in this paper was undertaken in an attempt to gain an insight into the problem of the propagation of Clematis by means of stem cuttings.

In order to be able to interpret the phenomena of regeneration induced by isolating portions of a plant, it is essential to investigate the normal anatomy in some detail. In any severed portion of a plant, the first signs of abnormal cell activity in the tissues depart only slightly from the normal, and unless they can be detected and identified at their initiation, it is impossible to define exactly the time and place of origin of the new growth.

Accordingly the first part of the paper will deal with the normal stem-anatomy of the genus. The second part, with the changes in the anatomy resulting from vegetative propagation, and the third part with some experimental modifications of the regeneration-response.
XXVII.—The Inheritance of Long and Short Wings in the Weevil,Sitona hispidula, with a Discussion of Wing Reduction among Beetles
Authors: Jackson Dorothy J.
Published: January 2013

It is well known that in many orders of typically winged insects species occur which in the adult stage are apterous or have the wings so reduced in size that flight is impossible. Sometimes the reduction of wings affects one sex only, as in the case of the females of certain moths, but in the majority of cases it is exhibited by both sexes. In many instances wing dimorphism occurs irrespective of sex, one form of the species having fully developed wings and the other greatly reduced wings. In some species the wings are polymorphic. The problem of the origin of reduced wings and of other functionless organs is one of great interest from the evolutionary point of view. Various theories have been advanced in explanation, but in the majority of cases the various aspects of the subject are too little known to warrant discussion. More experimental work is required to show how far environmental conditions on the one hand, and hereditary factors on the other, are responsible for this phenomenon. Those species which exhibit alary dimorphism afford material for the study of the inheritance of the two types of wings, but only in a few cases has this method of research been utilized.
III.—Some Specimens of Cladoxylon from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Cladoxylon waltoni sp. nov. is described from stems resembling C. radiatum Unger in the form of stele and absence of secondary xylem, but differing in the mode of emission of clepsydroid leaf-traces. Each leaf-trace originates as a band of xylem connecting two adjacent xylem arms. Dorsiventral axes with an ornate U-shaped bundle and 4-9 radiating arms are also included in the species. These give off alternate clepsydroid traces from two or three adjacent arms in a manner resembling a rachis. One specimen of Hierogramma mysticum Unger is described and three small rachides are interpreted as possible subdivisions of a Hierogramma frond.
IV. Cyrtoctenus gen. nov., a large late Palaeozoic Arthropod with pectinate Appendages
Authors: Størmer Leif , Waterston Charles D.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

It is confirmed that the type species of the genus Glyptoscorpius Peach 1882 is a subjective synonym of Adelophthalmus Jordan and Meyer 1854. Species which have been referred to Glyptoscorpius are reviewed and their present taxonomic position defined. Cyrtoctenus gen. nov., type species Cyrtoctenus peachi sp. nov., is designated to accommodate forms bearing five pairs of specialised abdominal appendages of which the first is comb-like. Four species of Cyrtoctenus from Devonian and Carboniferous rocks in Scotland, England, Belgium and Czechoslovakia are recognized. The structure and affinities of these forms are discussed with special reference to the comb-like appendages and their ornamentation in relation to these features in other arthropods. In particular the development of filaments and fulcra from different types of scales is discussed. The characters of the new genus are found to be so distinctive as to require the creation of the new order Cyrtoctenida for its accommodation.
V.—The Petrology of Byne Hill, Ayrshire
Authors: Bloxam T. W.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Byne Hill, two miles south of Girvan, Ayrshire, is composed of Lower Ordovician igneous rocks which form partof the Girvan-Ballantrae igneous series. Byne Hill consists of serpentinized harzburgite, gabbro, diorite and trondhjemite which probably form a N.E.–S.W. elongated dome with trondhjemite occupying the core. There are transitional passages from gabbro into dioritic gabbro, diorite, quartz diorite and trondhjemite with no sharp contacts, and gabbroidal minerals and textures persist into the marginal hornblendic phases of the trondhjemite. The mineralogical changes are mainly progressive amphibolization and albitization of the gabbro accompanied by increases in SiO2 and Na2O. Geochemical culminations of FeO, MnO and P2O5 occur in the intermediate dioritic gabbro and diorites. Comparing the intermediate rocks with similar rock series from other areas suggests that mineralogical and chemical criteria do not always distinguish intermediate rocks of metasomatic origin from those produced by fractional crystallization. On Byne Hill the textural evidence suggests that the intermediate rocks are hybrids produced by reaction between crystalline gabbro and silicic sodium-rich solutions related to the trondhjemite, although there is evidence that the trondhjemite is itself metasomatic in origin. Serpentinization and rodingitization of the Byne Hill gabbro at contacts with serpentinite are described, and it is concluded that the gabbro was emplaced into the ultrabasic rocks prior to their serpentinization.
XI.—The Evolution of the Scottish Caledonides in Relation to their Isotopic Age Pattern
Authors: Dewey J. F. , Pankhurst R. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Three main stages are recognized in the evolution of the Scottish Caledonian orogen. Firstly, the development of the depositional framework from late Pre-Cambrian to early Ordovician times is outlined, The thick Moine and Dalradian sediments, accumulating on a continental rise, are shown to be equivalent to the shelf sequence of the foreland, and likely correlations are suggested. Secondly, the events comprising the Caledonian deformation and metamorphism of these sediments are reviewed and related to the development of a Benioff zone and coupled oceanic trench along the southern margin of the orogen through the Ballantrae complex. Comparison of stratigraphic and isotopic evidence for the age of these events leads to the conclusion that all major deformation and metamorphism occurred during a relatively short climactic episode 480–510 m.y. ago, within the Arenigian stage of the Ordovician. The third factor in the evolution of the orogen is post-climactic uplift and erosion continuing throughout Upper Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Devonian times. Contours of K–Ar mica ages are presented and related to the geological evidence for this prolonged period of isostatic recovery and thermal adjustment. The style and timing of granitic plutonism, which is closely associated with this third stage, may be indicative of crustal behaviour during uplift rather than continued metamorphism at depth.
XII.—The Postcranial Skeleton of Rhipidistian Fishes ExcludingEusthenopteron
Authors: Andrews S. Mahala , Westoll T. Stanley
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

In a previous paper (Andrews and Westoll 1970) the postcranial skeleton of the best known rhipidistian,Eusthenopteron, was described, and its bearing on the origin of the tetrapod postcranial skeleton discussed. The postcranial remains of other Rhipidistia are now described as far as they are known, and comparisons are made withEusthenopteronand other forms where relevant. Possible modes of function are considered in relation to the habitats in which these fishes may have lived. These studies have made it necessary to revise rhipidistian classification; the Family Rhizodontidae is re-defined and placed alone in a third Order of Rhipidistia (the Rhizodontida, alongside the better known Osteolepidida and Holoptychiida). Fresh insight has been gained into the following morphological problems: the composition of the osteolepid ring-like centrum, the origin of the tetrapod scapular blade and the diphyletic origin of the tetrapods.
XIII.—A new interpretation of Lepidodendron calamopsoides Long and Oxroadia gracilis Alvin
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A petrified lycopod found in a loose block of calciferous sandstone from the Cementstone Group in Berwickshire possesses a rooting stem-base similar to others previously assigned to Lepidodendron calamopsoides (Long 1964) but it shows continuity with a dichotomously branched stem about 15 cm. long, lacking leaves, but otherwise resembling Oxroadia gracilis (Alvin 1965). The diagnosis of Lepidodendron calamopsoides has been emended to include only axes bearing lepidodendroid leaf cushions as previously described. The new specimen, and others with like roots are tentatively assigned to Oxroadia gracilis Alvin.
4.—On the Structure of a Petrified Stem and some Associated Seeds from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of East Lothian, Scotland
Authors: Barnard P. D. W. , Long A. G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The stem,Buteoxylon gordonianumgen. et sp. nov. was found in stratified ash-beds at Oxroad Bay, near Tantallon Castle. It consists of a terminal region, about 12 cm in length surrounded by 38 petioles borne at acute angles on the stem in a ⅖ phyllotactic spiral. The stelar anatomy resembles that of aCalamopityswith a mixed pith. The petiolar bundles, however, have a distinctive T-shape in cross-section unlike any known species ofCalamopitys.

Associated with this fossil stem are numerous seeds ofTantallosperma setigeragen. et sp. nov. These are radially symmetrical, with four (rarely five or six) integumental lobes joined at grooves on the body of the seed but free apically where they bear numerous bristle-like hairs. The funnel-shaped salpinx is only slightly narrower than the lagenostome. Enclosed spherical pollen grains have a trilete mark and measure 60 μ in diameter. The average dimensions of the seeds are 5·9 × 1·1 mm.
10.—Triradioxylon—a New Genus of Lower Carboniferous Petrified Stems and Petioles together with a Review of the Classification of Early Pterophytina
Authors: Barnard P. D. W. , Long A. G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Triradioxylongen. nov. is erected for petrified stems and petioles in which the primary xylem has a triradiate form and possesses protoxylem at the ends of the arms and in the central region. Secondary xylem is dense and composed of small tracheids having multiseriate bordered pits on all walls. Rays are narrow and high. The cortex has sclerotic nests and radial bands of fibres (sparganum structure).

In the type speciesT. primaevumsp. nov. the petioles are borne 5–6 cm apart in a phyllotactic spiral of ⅓ on a stem about 1 cm (or more) diameter. The petiole is swollen at its base (about 8 mm diameter) and very gradually tapers to about 2 mm in the rachis which has not been seen to dichotomise. The length of petiole up to the first pinna may exceed 10 cm. Pinnae arose alternately and themselves branched. The T-shaped petiolar bundle has two protoxylem groups at the end of each arm and the central protoxylem divided into three in the rachis.

Two detached rachises which cannot be assigned with certainty toTriradioxylon primaevumare placed in the genusLyginorachisand namedL. whitadderensissp. nov. In these the T-shaped vascular bundle is slightly larger than that in the rachises ofT. primaevumand the ends of the transverse arms are wider and may possess three protoxylem groups.

The rachises in bothT.primaevumandL. whitadderensisbear alternate triarch pinna-traces but inL. whitadderensisa pair of sub-opposite monarch pinna-traces is also present.

Triradioxylonis classified along withButeoxylonin the family Buteoxylonaceae placed tentatively asincertae sedisin the Pteridosperms although showing some affinity withAneurophytonin the Progymnospermopsida.
12.—Further Observations on some Lower Carboniferous Seeds and Cupules
Authors: Long A. G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Twenty-eight specimens of the seed genusDolichospermahave been examined. Fourteen are assigned toD. sexangulatumLong; these possess six or seven integumental lobes which extend apically as free tentacles equal in length to the seed body except when damaged or broken off. Fourteen other specimens are namedD. pentagonumsp. nov. These are smaller and usually have five integumental lobes (less commonly six or seven). Long apical tentacles have not been seen in this species.

Evidence is adduced thatAnasperma burnenseLong is the mature prothallial seed developed from the ovuleEurystoma trigonaLong.

Eurystoma angulareLong sometimes possesses five integumental lobes and the free apical lobes vary in length.

Compressed megaspores macerated from cupules ofStamnostoma huttonenseLong sometimes have three abortive spores in a compact group at the apex.

Ovules ofEccroustosperma langtonenseLong were borne in small bunches (probably pendent) on short pedicels; one specimen of this seed shows three well-developed separate abortive spores around the apex of the functional megaspore.

The cupule ofCalathospermum fimbriatumBarnard shows a structure suggesting that it may have evolved from a pair of cupules. Twelve to fourteen ovules were sometimes formed in the entire cupule though most of these were probably abortive.

Some possible seed embryos are described and discussed, and an outline classification of seeds in the order Lagenostomales is proposed.
13.—Zoning of Ore Deposits: Types and Causes
Authors: Barnes H. L.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The zoning found in ore deposits is dominantly of two distinctive types: that in syngenetic sedimentary deposits, like the Kupferschiefer, and that in common hydrothermal deposits of either epigenetic or syngenetic characteristics. Here, epigenetic hydrothermal deposits include those commonly classified as vein, porphyry copper, contact metasomatic, and Mississippi Valley deposits; the syngenetic hydrothermal deposits are conformable, massive ores such as at Rammelsberg. The two zoning sequences, beginning nearest the source of the metals, are: in hydrothermal deposits, Fe—Ni—Sn—Cu—Zn—Pb—Ag—Au—Sb—Hg, and in sedimentary deposits, Cu—Ag—Pb—Zn.

A zoning sequence represents the natural order of increasing solubilities of the metallic sulphides and other minerals in ore-forming solutions. Comparison of zoning sequences with relative solubilities in proposed ore solutions provides a rigorous test of the efficacy of such solutions. When corrected for relative metal concentrations (mass-action effect), then both theoretically predicted, and experimental relative solubilities of sulphide complexes match precisely the order of hydrothermal zoning. The order in sedimentary zoning is identical to the mass-action-corrected calculation of the sequence in which sulphides must precipitate from solutions containing metallic ions or weak chloride or hydroxyl complexes. The consanguinity of these correlations imply (1) that hydrothermal zoning is the product of deposition from sulphide complexes, and (2) that chloride complexes may be the metal-transporting agent in sedimentary deposits.
14.—The Silurian Rocks bordering Kirkcudbright Bay, South Scotland
Authors: Clarkson C. M. , Craig G. Y. , Walton E. K.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The Riccarton and Raeberry Castle beds in Kirkcudbrightshire have hitherto been regarded as Wenlock in age, and the Hawick Rocks as Llandovery. Detailed mapping and revision of the graptolite faunas shows that the Raeberry Castle beds are Llandovery and the Riccarton beds Wenlock in age. On structural evidence the Hawick Rocks south of Kirkcudbright are considered to be younger than the Riccarton beds. The Riccarton beds in the area are formally defined as the Ross Formation and the Raeberry Castle beds as the Raeberry Castle Formation. Directional data suggest that the sediment forming the Raeberry Castle Formation was derived from the west and the sediment forming the Ross Formation and Hawick Rocks was derived from the north-east.
17.—Trilobites from the basalsuperstesMudstones (Ordovician) at Aldons Quarry, near Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: Tripp Ronald Pearson
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The trilobite fauna of the basalDidymograptus superstesMudstones (Nemagraptus graciliszone) at Aldons Quarry is described. The fauna is large, consisting of 68 species, of which 12 are new, belonging to 47 genera. The fauna bears a much closer resemblance to that of the Albany mudstones than to that of the platy upper Stinchar Limestone: this is attributed to environmental control. The strong North American stamp of Barr Group faunas is at a maximum:Stenoblepharum, Raymondella, ChomatopygeandMiraspisappear for the first time in the Girvan District.
18.—Sedimentation in some Scottish Rivers of Low Sinuosity
Authors: Bluck B. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Scottish streams of low sinuosity have four kinds of bars, three are bank-attached (lateral), and one is medial. Bar type is related to sinuosity, and as streams often increase in sinuosity away from source, there tends to be a variation in bar type successively downstream. The morphology and structure of the bars are related to grain size—gravel bars do not have the same bed forms and structures as those made of sand—and variations in flow stage. The bar head, composed mostly of gravel, forms during the high-flow stage, and as the flow falls so sediments of the lee face record the changing flow pattern. With further drop in water level the locus of sedimentation shifts to the bar tail where the dwindling flow may build diversely oriented bed forms and structures. Changes in the rate of fall, or differences in the maximum rise of water level, result in different proportions of sediment type being deposited.

The mean orientation of the directional structures is not always alined with the mean stream direction, and the diversity of orientation is comparable with the diversity in orientation of directional structures in meandering streams. The variability in orientation is due to the effects of flood-produced bed forms in diverting the low-stage flow, stream sinuosity, and the changing orientation of the channel as it sweeps across the floodplain.
21.—Morphological and Ontogenetic Reconstructions of Parka decipiens Fleming and Pachytheca Hooker from the Lower Old Red Sandstone, Scotland
Authors: Niklas Karl J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Morphological examination of 56 specimens of Parka decipiens suggests that the thallus was dorsiventral with a many layered ventral cell-layer bearing dorsal sporangia originating from both the margin of the thallus and the underlying tissue. A disc-like holdfast is present, suggesting that at maturity Parka was attached to some substrate. Mathematical simulations of growth suggest that sporangia were produced by lateral proliferation of cells, while simulations of the frequency of cell dichotomy indicate that the order of sporangial packing on the dorsal surface is consistent with an underlying pseudoparenchyma. Latex replicas indicate the presence of filament dichotomy and corroborate to some extent the presence of a pseudoparenchyma. Intercalated, anticlinal cell divisions are demonstrated mathematically. Ontogenetic reconstructions of Parka suggest a similarity to the extant green algal genus Coleochaete. Growth stages of Coleochaete in their early stages of development are similar to the fossil Pachytheca, while mathematical and chemical comparison of Pachytheca with those of Parka suggest either a phylogenetic or ontogentic interpretation.
II.—The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses
Authors: Lewis Francis J.
Published: January 2013

During 1904 and 1905 the author investigated the plant remains of the peat deposits in certain areas of the Southern Uplands and the Highlands. The present paper deals with similar work over large peat-covered areas in the E. and N. W. Highlands, Shetland Islands, and the Outer Hebrides.

Perhaps the most interesting feature found in the course of the work is the evidence of constant change in the character of the vegetation which has successively covered the peat areas of Scotland. Many areas in different parts of the country have been examined in order to ascertain if this succession can be accounted for by local changes in physical conditions, or whether it represents stages in a long cycle of secular changes in climate, and consequent plant migrations.
IV.—Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland from Shales exposed on the Shore near Gullane, East Lothian
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H.
Published: January 2013

In the year 1903 Mr Macconochie made an interesting collection of fossil fish-remains from beds of Lower Carboniferous age exposed on the seashore near Gullane, in East Lothian, which were submitted to me for determination by the Director of the Geological Survey. Accordingly, I prepared a preliminary account of these remains, which was published in the Summary of Progress for the year above mentioned.
XXVII.—Multiple Neuromata of the Central Nervous System: their Structure and Histogenesis
Authors: Bruce Alexander , Dawson James W.
Published: January 2013

Recent investigations have profoundly modified our conception of the value of the histological elements of the nervous system. Conflicting opinions are still held on many points of primary importance, perhaps the chief of which is the relation of the nerve fibre to the nerve cell. The origin of the nerve fibre is a problem of vital interest not only to the embryologist, but also to the physiologist and the pathologist. It has long been the subject of controversy, and, in spite of numerous valuable researches, we are still far from knowing the relation of the nerve fibre to the central neuroblast, a relation of essential importance in the understanding of all neuro-pathological questions.
XX.—Calamoichthys calabaricus J. A. Smith. Part I. The Alimentary and Respiratory Systems
Authors: Purser G. Leslie
Published: January 2013

Whatever may be the worker's views on the origin of the Stegocephalia, and on the relation of the various divisions of the Pisces to one another and to the Amphibia, he cannot but agree that a knowledge of the anatomy and of the embryology of the Polypterini is of paramount importance to all those whose research or teaching is concerned with the evolution of the Vertebrata. So he will understand my pleasure when, through the kindness of Dr F. F. Bond, I was able to obtain from Old Calabar a number of specimens of the less-known genus of the Polypterini,Calamoichthys, which were so well preserved as to be excellent for dissection and, as a whole, quite good for histological detail.
XIX.—Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. VI. On Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Penh., and Some Other Plant-remains from the Carmyllie Beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. VII. On a Specimen of Pseudosporochnus from the Stromness Beds
Authors: Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

Among the commonest and most abundant plant-remains in the Carmyllie and Cairnconon Beds of the Caledonian Lower Old Red Sandstone are branched linear axes about 2 mm. in width. These often occur in a fragmentary condition, but more connected portions demonstrating the morphology of the plant are also found. Though often associated with Parka and Nematophyton, the plant known as Zosterophyllum myretonianum is usually readily recognisable by its definite outline and uniform diameter, by its modes of branching, and by the remains of structure which it sometimes retains. As will be seen below, the axis of this plant was traversed by a single median strand that was composed of tracheides. Zosterophyllum is thus of special interest as the most ancient vascular plant known from British rocks. Some other plant-remains that may be confused with it have also been met with, though less commonly. These will be briefly considered, not merely for this reason, but on account of the very different and peculiar type of structure they exhibit.
XXIII.—The Feeding Mechanism, Formation of the Tube, and Physiology of Digestion in Sabella pavonina
Authors: Nicol E. A. T.
Published: January 2013

Recent work has directed much attention to the subject of feeding mechanisms and digestive enzymes in the Invertebrates.

The groups worked on previously have been chiefly the Mollusca and the Crustacea, and it was felt that a study of the Polychætes in this connection would be of considerable interest in itself, as well as for comparative purposes. An examination of the literature showed that the amount of detailed work on the Polychætes from the physiological point of view was extremely small, and, in the case of the digestive processes, out of date. A study of the feeding mechanisms and physiology of digestion in Polychaetes has therefore been begun, choosing a filter-feeding form as a starting point, so that a direct comparison can be made with such Molluscs asMya arenariaandOstrea edulis, which feed on similar material.
I.—An Analysis of the Vegetative Organs of Selaginella grandis Moore, together with some Observations on Abnormalities and Experimental Results
Authors: Williams S.
Published: January 2013

Selaginella grandis, a native of Borneo but now widely grown in Botanic Gardens, was first described by Moore (12). It presents a number of points of considerable morphological interest which have been briefly described by various writers including Goebel (6, 7, 8), Harvey-Gibson (9, 10), Seward (13), Uphof (16), and Worsdell (18). So far as I am aware, however, no full account of the morphology of this species has hitherto been published. My attention was drawn by Professor Drummond to certain abnormal developments exhibited by the plants growing in the Botanic Garden of Glasgow, and, in an endeavour to interpret these, I was led to investigate the normal morphology of this species. Accordingly, in this memoir, the normal morphology will first be described, after which the variations from the normal and certain experimental results will be considered.
III.—The Life-history and Cytology of Didymium nigripes Fr.
Authors: Cadman Elsie J.
Published: January 2013

Since 1860, in which year De Bary published his great work Die Mycetozoen, the investigation of the life-history of members of the Mycetozoa has aroused a considerable amount of interest, and a great deal of important research has been carried out in this connection. The group of organisms is particularly interesting, because it lies on the borderline between plant and animal kingdoms, and it is very possible that a detailed investigation of several species of the Mycetozoa might be of considerable assistance in elucidating certain obscure points in the life-histories of higher members of both the great natural groups. The term “Mycetozoa,” which we owe to De Bary, will be used throughout in preference to the older term “Myxogastres” invented by Fries (32, p. 2), and that of “Myxomycetes” first employed by Link (32, p. 2). “Mycetozoon,” or “fungus-like animal,” is a very appropriate description of a member of the group, since during part of its life-history it exhibits distinctly animal-like characters, and the individuals move rapidly by means of flagella, whilst later, during the development of the sporangium, a plant-like form is assumed. The combination of plant and animal characters has given rise to much discussion as to the position of the Mycetozoa in plant or animal kingdom, and the group has been claimed by both zoologists and botanists.
XXII.—Studies on the Scottish Marine Fauna: The Natural Faunistic Divisions of the North Sea as shown by the Quantitative Distribution of the Molluscs
Authors: Stephen A. C.
Published: January 2013

With the renewal of activities in Fishery Research, which took place in the lands bordering the North Sea after the War, fresh lines of investigation were introduced. Amongst others, quantitative surveys of the bottom fauna similar to those carried out by Petersen were undertaken by several countries. The southern part of the North Sea was examined by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the results were published by Davis (2, 3). Other work undertaken in the German Bight was published by Hagmeier (6). A small survey was carried out by Petersen (8) in the North Sea off the north-west coast of Denmark. Areas to the north and west of Scotland, as well as the northern half of the North Sea, were surveyed by the Fishery Board for Scotland and a preliminary account published (11). The present paper is, in part, a summary of the results of the survey work carried out by the Fishery Board for Scotland in the northern part of the North Sea during the years 1922-25, supplemented by a subsequent survey of the intertidal areas undertaken privately; in part an analysis of the faunistic divisions of the North Sea based on the distribution of the molluscs, especially lamellibranchs, as recorded in the above papers. So far as the North Sea is concerned, the area covered by the Scottish investigations is bounded on the south approximately by latitude 56° N., and on the east and north by the 200 m. (100 fm.) contour.
XXIX.—A Contribution to the Experimental Morphology of Lycopodium Selago, with Special Reference to the Development of Adventitious Shoots
Authors: Williams S.
Published: January 2013

The problems of regeneration, and those relating to the production of adventitious structures in general, have not been extensively studied in the Lycopodiales, although the production of adventitious structures, some of them regenerative in nature, has been recorded for all four of the living genera. Selaginella has been examined more thoroughly in this respect than the other three genera. Adventitious roots have been induced to develop from decapitated rhizophores and from isolated lengths of stem; the production of adventitious shoots from rhizophore rudiments has also been obtained by experimental methods. Goebel (7, p. 1220) has described the development of adventitious buds on the leaf bases of Isoetes lacustris, and Osborn (12) has described interesting regenerative developments from detached leaves of Phylloglossum Drummondii. A number of examples of regeneration in various species of Lycopodium has been recorded. Goebel (5, p. 46) states that the first leaves of embryo plants of L. inundatum may produce adventitious shoots. The same writer (6, p. 83) has recorded, but not described in detail, the development of adventitious outgrowths from the decapitated shoots of young plants of L. Selago and from isolated bulbil leaves of the same species. The development of adventitious buds on isolated roots and leaves of L. ramulosum has been described by Holloway (8).
XXVII.—Morphology and Mathematics.
Authors: Thompson D'Arcy Wentworth
Published: January 2013

The study of Organic Form, which we call by Goethe's name of Morphology, is but a portion of that wider Science of Form which deals with the forms assumed by matter under all aspects and conditions, and, in a still wider sense, with Forms which are theoretically imaginable.

The study of Form may be descriptive merely, or it may become analytical. We begin by describing the shape of an object in the simple words of common speech: we end by defining it in the precise language of mathematics; and the one method tends to follow the other in strict scientific order and historical continuity.
XV.—Glaciology of the South Orkneys: Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Pirie J. H. Harvey
Published: January 2013

The glaciation of the South Orkneys is very similar in its general character to that of Graham Land, and it will be convenient, before going on to the detailed description, to give a short summary of already published accounts of the glaciers of that region.