bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suprascapular nerve as a donor for extracranial facial nerve reanimation procedures: a cadaveric feasibility study
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Louis Robert G. , Wartmann Christopher T. , Loukas Marios , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Ardalan Mohammad R. , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: January 2008

Object

Facial nerve injury with resultant facial muscle paralysis is disfiguring and disabling. To the auhtors' knowledge, neurotization of the facial nerve using a branch of the brachial plexus has not been previously performed.

Methods

In an attempt to identify an additional nerve donor candidate for facial nerve neurotization, 5 fresh adult human cadavers (10 sides) underwent dissection of the suprascapular nerve distal to the suprascapular notch where it was transected. The facial nerve was localized from the stylomastoid foramen onto the face, and the cut end of the suprascapular nerve was tunneled to this location. Measurements were made of the length and diameter of the supra-scapular nerve. In 2 of these specimens prior to transection of the nerve, a nerve-splitting technique was used.

Results

All specimens were found to have a suprascapular nerve with enough length to be tunneled, tension free, superiorly to the extracranial facial nerve. Connections remained tensionless with left and right head rotation of up to 45°. The mean length of this part of the suprascapular nerve was 12.5 cm (range 11.5–14 cm). The mean diameter of this nerve was 3 mm. A nerve-splitting technique was also easily performed. No gross evidence of injury to surrounding neurovascular structures was identified.

Conclusions

To the authors' knowledge, the suprascapular nerve has not been previously explored as a donor nerve for facial nerve reanimation procedures. Based on the results of this cadaveric study, the authors believe that use of the suprascapular nerve may be considered for surgical maneuvers.
Honoring the 75th anniversary of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons
Authors: Laws Edward R.
Published: January 2008

Ever since the Journal of Neurosurgery (JNS) published its first volume in 1944, the journal has reflected the scientific, technical, and clinical evolution of our specialty and parent organization, first called the Harvey Cushing Society and later the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The JNS has been an uncompromising arbiter of progress in our specialty, and its superb editorial stewardship has led to its recognition as the premier journal in the field. The impact rating of JNS and its wide circulation among neurosurgeons worldwide are two of the many reasons why most of the truly innovative and paradigm-shifting advances in neurosurgery have been published in its pages.

As part of the 75th anniversary of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons celebration, the JNS Publishing Group has initiated a project of reviewing papers published over the years that have had the highest impact factor and greatest scientific interest: papers that have heralded new knowledge, new concepts, and new techniques that have been at the heart of modern neurosurgery and its continuing excitement and progress. We hope you will enjoy these articles and the accompanying commentaries. In this issue we present the next paper in this series.
Preclinical Chemotherapeutic Tumor Models of Common Childhood Cancers: Solid Tumors, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, and Disseminated Neuroblastoma
Authors: Morton Christopher L. , Papa Rachel A. , Lock Richard B. , Houghton Peter J.
Published: January 2008

This unit presents three models used in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for preclinical testing of new chemical entities (NCEs), along with appropriate methods for data analysis. The first is the classical subcutaneous xenograft model used for many solid tumors, the second is the disseminated human leukemia model established by Lock and colleagues, and the third is a disseminated model of neuroblastoma that recapitulates many of the characteristics of advanced clinical disease. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 39:14.8.1‐14.8.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrated environmental product innovation and impacts on company competitiveness: a case study of the automotive industry in the region of Munich
Authors: Triebswetter Ursula , Wackerbauer Johann
Published: January 2008

This paper examines the impact of integrated environmental product innovations on company competitiveness. In a regional case study about automotive, rail and commercial vehicle firms in Southern Germany it is found that integrated environmental product innovation is driven by factors such as regulatory pressure, the search for competitive advantages and technological lead as well as customer pressure. Regulatory pressure includes sector policies, such as emission standards, and wider non‐sector energy conservation issues, at both national and international levels. For instance, EU directives on future use of renewable energy as well as national goals for reaching the Kyoto protocol play an important role in driving innovation. The study finds that integrated environmental product innovations driven by regulatory pressure produce similar competitiveness impacts as innovations undertaken voluntarily by companies. Such results yield supporting evidence for the so‐called ‘Porter hypothesis’, which assumes that environmental legislation stimulates innovation and leads to ‘win–win’ situations – the simultaneous reduction of pollution and increase in productivity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Complexes of Vanadium(V) Oxide Trifluoride with Nitrogen and Oxygen Donor Ligands: Coordination Chemistry and Some Fluorination Reactions
Authors: Davis Martin F. , Levason William , Paterson James , Reid Gillian , Webster Michael
Published: January 2008

[VOF3(MeCN)], obtained by dissolving VOF3 in dry acetonitrile, is a useful synthon for the preparation of complexes of the oxide‐fluoride, and the reaction with 2,2′‐bipyridyl, 1,10‐phenanthroline, Me2N(CH2)2NMe2 and Ph2P(O)CH2P(O)Ph2 (L–L), or Ph3PO, Me3PO, Ph3AsO, pyridine and pyridine N‐oxide (L), produces the complexes [VOF3(L–L)] or [VOF3(L)2] respectively. These were characterised by microanalysis, IR, UV/Vis and multinuclear NMR [51V, 19F{1H}, 31P{1H}, 1H] spectroscopy, the data showing them to besix‐coordinate with trans F–V–F units and the neutralligands trans to O and F, respectively. X‐ray crystal structures of [VOF3(1,10‐phenanthroline)], [VOF3(Ph3PO)2] and [VOF3(pyNO)2] confirm the geometry, although the first two exhibit O/F disorder trans to the neutral ligand. Unstable complexes with ether and thioether ligands including [VOF3{MeO(CH2)2OMe}], [VOF3{MeS(CH2)2SMe}] and [VOF3(15‐crown‐5)] are also described; these decompose rapidly even in the solid state, with fluorination of the ligands. The [VOF3(Ph3AsO)2] also decomposes in solutionto a mixture of products including Ph3AsF2 and [V6O12F4(Ph3AsO)2(Ph2AsO2)2] identified crystallographically. Comparisons with complexes of VOCl3 are also described.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Preparing for a motor perturbation: Early implication of primary motor and somatosensory cortices
Authors: de Graaf Jozina B. , Frolov Alexey , Fiocchi Michel , Nazarian Bruno , Anton Jean‐Luc , Pailhous Jean , Bonnard Mireille
Published: January 2008

Although preparation of voluntary movement has been extensively studied, very few human neuroimaging studies have examined preparation of an intentional reaction to a motor perturbation. This latter type of preparation is fundamental for adaptive motor capabilities in everyday life because it allows a desired motor output to be maintained despite changes in external forces. Using fMRI, we studied how the sensorimotor cortical network is implicated in preparing to react to a mechanical motor perturbation. While maintaining a given wrist angle against a small force, subjects were instructed to prepare a reaction to a subsequent wrist angle displacement. This reaction consisted of, either resisting the imposed movement, or remaining passive. During the preparation of both reactions we found an early implication of M1 and S1 but no implication at all of the higher order motor area preSMA. This is clearly different from what has been found for voluntary movement preparation. These results show that the sensorimotor network activation during preparation of voluntary motor acts depends on whether one expects a motor perturbation to occur: when external forces can interfere with ongoing motor acts, the primary sensorimotor areas must be ready to react as quickly as possible to perturbations that could prevent the goal of the ongoing motor act from being achieved. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomimetic apatite formation and biocompatibility on chemically treated Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy
Authors: Park Il Song , Choi Un Jae , Yi Ho Keun , Park Byung Keon , Lee Min Ho , Bae Tae Sung
Published: January 2008

Alkali treatment of the Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloys with subsequent heat treatment has been adopted as an important surface treatment procedure for apatite formation in dental implants. This study examined the effects of alkali treatment on the precipitation of apatite on a Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy. All samples were immersed in a Hanks' Balanced Salts Solution [simulated body fluid (SBF)] at pH 7.4 and 36.5 °C for 15 days. The surface structural changes of samples due to the alkali treatment and immersing in SBF were analyzed by XRD, SEM and XPS. The cell toxicity was evaluated based on the optical density of the surviving cells. The samples were implanted into the abdominal connective tissue of mice for 4 weeks. A sodium titanate hydrogel layer was formed after immersion in an NaOH solution. A dense and uniform bone‐like apatite layer precipitated on the alkali and heat‐treated Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy in the SBF. There was a significant difference in cell toxicity between the treated and untreated Ti‐6Al‐7Nb (P < 0.05). The thickness of the fibrous capsule formed around the implant body was decreased significantly by the alkali and heat treatment (P < 0.05). The alkali treatment samples showed a better biocompatibility than the commercial metal samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of Fabry Disease via Analysis of Family History
Authors: Laney Dawn A. , Fernhoff Paul M.
Published: January 2008

Fabry disease is an X‐linked lysosomal storage condition caused by a deficiency of α‐galactosidase A. In order to determine the average number of family members who are diagnosed with Fabry disease following the diagnosis of a proband, four lysosomal storage disease centers across the United States reviewed the completed pedigrees of their Fabry disease patients. In addition, data from three Fabry disease families from other centers were submitted by patients directly. The pedigree review found 74 probands (54 males and 20 females) who had 357 diagnosed family members, of which 223 were female (60.5%) and 146 were male (39.5%). Analysis found that, on average, there were five family members diagnosed with Fabry disease for every proband. Now that enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available for the treatment of Fabry disease, this finding emphasizes the need for all health care professionals to ensure a detailed pedigree has been constructed for each patient affected by Fabry disease and to encourage testing and evaluation of all at‐risk family members.
Local and distant effects of isolated calf muscle lengthening in children with cerebral palsy and equinus gait
Authors: Lofterød Bjørn , Terjesen Terje
Published: January 2008

Purpose

The purpose was to assess the local and distant effects of isolated calf muscle lengthening in ambulant children with cerebral palsy.

Methods

The study included fifteen ambulant children with cerebral palsy (nine with diplegia and six with hemiplegia), average age 8.8 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I and II. None of the children had previously undergone orthopaedic surgery, apart from one child who had tendo-achilles lengthening (TAL) nine years earlier. All the children underwent pre and post-operative clinical examination and three-dimensional gait analysis (gait analysis). Twenty calf muscle lengthenings were performed, ten TAL and ten gastrocnemius recessions (GR).

Results

Post-operative ankle kinematics showed significant improvements in all parameters. Ankle power during push-off increased, but only significantly after TAL. Only one limb (5%) was over-corrected. Four limbs (20%) were under-corrected and one of these limbs remained in mild equinus position in stance. There was one recurrent equinus (5%) during the follow-up period of three years (range: 13–55 months). Distant effects on joints and segments were more marked in diplegia than in hemiplegia. Ten of 17 kinematic parameters distant from the ankle joint improved significant post-operatively when the preoperative values were 1SD below or above the mean of the normal material. There was no significant deterioration in any of the measured parameters.

Conclusion

The improvement in ankle kinematics and kinetics supported the experience of other studies. The distant effects, which have previously not been evaluated in three planes, showed improvement in several kinematic parameters indicating that additional surgery in selected patients could be abandoned or delayed.
Using a life cycle assessment method to determine the environmental impacts of manure utilisation: biogas plant and composting systems
Authors: Hishinuma T. , Kurishima H. , Yang C. , Genchi Y.
Published: January 2008

The aim of this study was to use life cycle assessment methods to determine the environmental impacts of manure utilisation by a biogas plant and by a typical manure composting system. The functional unit was defined as the average annual manure utilisation on a dairy farm with 100 cows. The environmental impact categories chosen were emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and acidification gases (AG). The GHG emissions were estimated as: 345.9 t CO2-equivalents (e) for solid composting (case 1), 625.4 t CO2-e for solid and liquid composting (case 2), and 86.3–90.1 t CO2-e for the biogas plant system. The AG emissions were estimated as: 10.1 t SO2-e for case 1, 18.4 t SO2-e for case 2, and 13.1–24.2 t SO2-e for the biogas plant system. These results show that a biogas plant system produces low GHG emissions, but comparatively high AG emissions with land application. It is suggested that land application using band spread or shallow injection attachments will decrease AG emissions (NH3) from biogas plant systems.
Whole-Genome Amplification by Improved Primer Extension Preamplification PCR (I-PEP-PCR)
Authors: Arneson Nona , Hughes Simon , Houlston Richard , Done Susan
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION

PCR-based whole-genome amplification (WGA) has the goal of generating microgram quantities of genome-representative DNA from picogram or nanogram amounts of starting material. This amplification should introduce little, or ideally no, representational bias. In contrast to other techniques for WGA, PCR-based methods are generally less affected by DNA quality and are more applicable to DNA extracted from various sources (fixed and fresh tissues). Primer extension preamplification PCR (PEP-PCR), in contrast to degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR), uses totally degenerate 15-mer PCR primers. An additional difference is that in PEP-PCR, the number of potential priming sites is orders of magnitude larger. The effectiveness of PEP-PCR has been increased by several alterations. The improved PEP (I-PEP) PCR approach, described in this protocol, uses a DNA polymerase cocktail that includes Taq DNA polymerase (to carry out the primer extension as in a traditional PCR) and a proofreading DNA polymerase (to provide 3′-to-5′-exonuclease activity, excising misincorporated nucleotides that slow the progression of Taq DNA polymerase). The result is far more efficient WGA, with increased fidelity due to the removal of the misincorporated nucleotides. Similar to DOP-PCR, PEP-PCR generates a smear of DNA fragments that are visible on an agarose gel.
Using In Ovo Electroporation to Transfect Cells in Avian Somites
Authors: Chen Ya-Xiong , Krull Catherine E.
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION

In ovo electroporation is an efficient approach for manipulating gene expression in multiple tissues of the chicken embryo, which greatly facilitates functional analysis of the role of specific genes during development. A successful protocol to deliver plasmid DNA into a specific tissue has to meet three basic criteria: high efficiency of transfection, low mortality of embryos, and localization of transfected cells. In this protocol, we describe an in ovo electroporation procedure for targeting muscle precursor cells in the lateral dermomyotome and axial skeletal precursor cells in the sclerotome of the somites of stage 15 chicken embryos. At this stage, the microinjection of DNA solution into individual somites is relatively easy, and the orientation of the electrodes directs the negatively charged DNA into the target tissues. The range of electrical current used is adjusted to maximize the transfection but minimize the mortality of the embryos.
Neoperla spio (Plecoptera): a species complex?
Authors: PICKER MIKE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Almost thirty Neoperla species have been described from Africa, but have subsequently been grouped together as one very variable species, Nspio (Newman), only one author publicly disagreeing. In this study new techniques have been used to test the hypothesis that only a single species of African perlid exists. Samples were collected from an area where three morphologically dissimilar forms were sympatric on a temporal and spatial basis. These are here considered to belong to three species of Neoperla as a result of differences in chorionic features of the egg (elucidated by the scanning electron microscope). Multivariate analysis and electrophoretic data support the conclusion that Nspio is a species complex. Sexes of the three species were associated on the basis of mating experiments, and ecological data pertaining to mating.
A revision of the Oriental stonefly genus Phanoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae)
Authors: ZWICK PETER
Published: January 2008

The genus Phanoperla (=Dyaperla Banks, 1939) (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlini) is revised and generic diagnoses are provided for adults and larvae. Diagnostic and constitutive characters of the tribe Neoperlini are discussed, and Chinoperla Zwick, 1980, is shown to be the closest relative of Phanoperla. Many past misidentifications of Phanoperla species have been corrected by the use of characters recently recognized as important, namely the structure of the internal genitalia of male and female specimens and particularly the complex pattern of spines on the male penial sac made visible by eversion of this structure, and details of sculpturing of the egg chorion.

The following species of Phanoperla are recognized: amorpha sp.n.; anomala (Banks, 1939); bakeri (Banks, 1924); ceylonica Kawai, 1975; comuta sp.n.; flaveola (Klapálek, 1921), comb.n. (=clarissa (Banks, 1913), syn.n.), (=Neoperla hageni Banks, 1920, syn.n.), (=N.consimilis Banks, 1924, syn.n.); guttata sp.n.; himalayana Zwick, 1977 (=siwalika Harper, 1977); limosa (Hagen, 1858); maculata sp.n.; maindroni (Navas, 1926), comb.n.; malayana sp.n.; minutissima (Enderlein, 1909); nana sp.n.; nervosa Banks, 1939; nuwara Kawai, 1975; omega sp.n.; pallipennis (Banks, 1938); parva sp.n.;pumilio (Klapálek, 1921), comb.n.; peniculus Kawai, 1969a; schmidi sp.n.; sertispina Jewett, 1975; srilanka sp.n.; sumatrae sp.n.; testacea (Hagen, 1858); wedda sp.n. P.claggi (Banks, 1938) is a nomen nudum.

All species are (re‐)described and figured; all primary types have been examined. A key to species is provided. Most species can be assigned to one of seven species groups which are defined.

Phanoperla is endemic to the Oriental Region. Species groups are generally widespread, but individual species are in most cases known only from restricted areas.
A revision of the lygaeid genus Pseudopachybrachius (Hemiptera)
Authors: ZHENG LE‐YI , SLATER JAMES A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The rhyparochromine lygaeid genus Pseudopachybrachius is revised. Four species are recognized in the perplexing vinctus‐gvoup (viz capicola, reductus, vinctus and guttus) based on the genitalia details and external features. One new species, P.concepcioni sp.nov., is described from the West Indies and South America. New distributional records are given for all species. Pamera dubia Reuter 1882 is synonymized with Pseudopachybrachius reductus (Walker, 1872) and a neotype is designated for Rhyparochromus inconspicuus Dallas, 1852. A key and diagnostic characters of seven species are given. Phylogenetic and zoogeographic relationships are discussed. Illustrations of the genitalia, a cladogram and diagnostic external features are included.
The Papuan tortricine genus Heterochorista and the systematic position of the Sparganothini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)
Authors: HORAK MARIANNE
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.

The previously monotypic Papuan genus Heterochorista Diakonoff, 1952 is revised and twenty‐one species are recognized. Nikolaia Diakonoff, 1953 is synonymized, syn.n. with Heterochorista. The following six species are placed in new combination in Heterochorista: Nikolaia melanopsygma Diakonoff, N.inumbrata Diakonoff, N.aperta Diakonoff, Isochorista papuana Diakonoff, I.polysperma Diakonoff and Dicellitis chrysonetha Diakonoff. Thirteen new species are added to Heterochorista: acomata sp.n., rostrata sp.n., trivialis sp.n., ornata sp.n., prisca sp.n., punctulata sp.n., rufulimaculata sp.n., classeyiana sp.n., spinosa sp.n., signata sp.n., fulgens sp.n., nitida sp.n. and aura sp.n. A checklist and a key to species are provided, and adults and male and female genitalia are described and illustrated. The phylogeny of Heterochorista is outlined on the basis of a cladistic character analysis and the genus is referred to the base of the Sparganothini. The apomorphies characterizing this tribe are reviewed with regard to their phylogenetic significance and the relationship between Sparganothini, Archipini and Atterini is briefly discussed.
Comparative morphology of the larval ventromental plates of European species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: WEBB C. J. , SCHOLL A. , RYSER H. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The ventromental plates of larvae of twenty‐six cytologi‐cally identified species of Chironomus Meigen from Europe are described. Variation in plate features, including size, striae, inner and outer hook series, and ventral surface ornamentation, is reported. A principal components analysis based on plate characters is undertaken, and the taxonomic composition of the resulting groupings is discussed.
Revision of the East African grasshopper genus Kassongia with a description of a new, closely related taxon, Labidioloryma gen.n. (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Hemiacridinae)
Authors: GRUNSHAW J. P.
Published: January 2008

The African forest dwelling Hemiacridine grasshopper genus Kassongia I. Bolivar, 1908, is revised. Keys are provided to the males of the species and subspecies. Three new species, maculifemur sp.n., rufogeniculata sp.n., subfuscata sp.n., and one subspecies, flavovittata microptera subsp.n., are described.

Labidioloryma gen.n., with type‐species Labidioloryma strictoforcepts sp.n. from Malawi, is described and allocated to the Loryma genus‐group (sensu Brown, 1959, 1973).
Taxonomy of two described and one new species of Waxiella De Lotto (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)*
Authors: BEN‐DOV Y.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The wax scales species Waxiella africana (Green, 1899) stat.n. and W.mimosae (Signoret, 1872) are recognized as distinct species. Redescriptions are given for the females of both species and lectotypes designated. Waxiella tamaricis sp.n., collected on Tamarix articulata in Israel, is described from the female. Ceroplastes africanus cristatus Green, 1899, C.africanus senegalensis Marchal, 1909, C.gwaai Hodgson, 1969, and C.uvariae Marchal, 1909 are transferred to Waxiella.
The Orthoptera family Cooloolidae, including description of two new species and observations on biology and food preferences
Authors: RENTZ D. C. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Australian endemic family Cooloolidae is reviewed and two new species, Cooloola ziljan and C.dingo, are described from near Bundaberg and in the Blackdown Tableland, Queensland. Comments are made on the ecology of the three species; laboratory experiments to determine the preferred foods of C.dingo are described ‐this species appears to be entirely carnivorous. Additional locality records for C.propator Rentz are listed and discussed. A key to species, tables of measurements and lists of distinguishing characters are presented.
Morphology and chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae of six species of theSatyrus(s.l.) series (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: GARCÍA‐BARROS ENRIQUE
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The morphology and chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae of six species belonging to the generaHipparchia, KanetisaandChazaraare described. Specific characters are stated, drawn mainly from size, setal length and morphology, and the shape of the suranal plate. Several characters, other than chaetotaxy, that are of potential use in nymphalid systematics are discussed. The larval chaetotaxy is briefly compared with that of both heliconiine and danaine first instar larvae.
Systematics of Bitheca, a new genus of New World Sphaeroceridae (Diptera)
Authors: MARSHALL S. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genus Bitheca is described for a distinctive clade of small Limosininae whose range extends from Canada south to Ecuador. The following twelve species are described as new: agarica, boleta, caballa, dispar, ejuncida, fundata, grossa, horrida, involuta, jubilata, kappa and lambda. A key to the species of Bitheca is provided and their phylogeny is discussed. Pterogramma steyskali Deeming and Minilimosina masoni Marshall are moved into the genus Bitheca. A cladogram is provided and its derivation explained in detail, with a discussion of the use of character weighting in cladistics.
Host‐related antennal variation in the polyphagous egg parasite Telenomus alsophilae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
Authors: JOHNSON NORMAN F. , RAWLINS JOHN E. , PAVUK DANIEL M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The solitary egg parasite Telenomus alsophilae was reared from the eggs of six lepidopteran hosts of two families. One‐way analyses of variance showed statistically significant differences among host classes for means of (a) lengths and widths of all female antennomeres; and (b) in twelve of twenty‐three means of log‐transformed ratios constructed from pairs of antennomere dimensions. Principal component analyses of dispersion matrices of both untransformed and log‐transformed antennomere dimensions were conducted to examine patterns of variation among variables. In both analyses PCI was a general component and interpreted as a measure of overall size. One‐way analyses of variance of projection scores of OTUs on each of the first five principal components showed significant differences among host classes for means of scores on (a) PCI (both analyses) and (b) PC4 for untransformed data and PC3 for log‐transformed data. Differences among hosts classes for scores on the latter two components are interpreted to indicate that antennal variation results from factors in addition to simple size differences among host eggs and the allometric growth of body parts of parasites reared from them.
A new citrus‐feeding psyllid from the Comoro Islands, with a review of the Diaphorina amoena species group (Homoptera)
Authors: HOLLIS DAVID
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Analysis of host plant data for the seventy‐one species of Diaphorina shows the genus to be unusually polyphagous, the species developing on eighteen families of dicotyledonous angiosperms. Apart from the common Asian citrus pest, Diaphorina citri, a second citrus‐feeding species is described and discussed. This species belongs to the amoena species‐group which is defined and a key to nine of the ten included species is given. Seven new species are described: flavipennis sp.n. and nigripennis sp.n. from East Africa on Strychnos usambarensis; huila sp.n. from Angola on Ptaeroxylon obliquum; turned sp.n., from South Africa (host unknown); orantimina sp.n. from Madagascar (host unknown); auberti sp.n. from Comoro Islands on citrus trees; and bispinulata sp.n. from Madagascar (host unknown).
An electrophoretic and morphological study of three Ecdyonurus species (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) occurring in the British Isles
Authors: HEFTI DANIEL , HUMPESCH UWE H. , TOMKA IVAN
Published: January 2008

Abstract The objective was to investigate the validity of three closely‐related British species: Ecdyonurus dispar, E. venosus and E. torrentis. The species were characterized by eleven enzyme‐substrates and fifteen different enzyme‐loci, comparisons being made not only between species but also between five populations of E.dispar (three from Britain, one from France, one from Switzerland), two populations of E.venosus and two populations of E. torrentis (one from Britain, one from Switzerland for both species).

Four monomorph enzyme‐loci (aldolase, mannose phosphate isomerase, arginine phosphokinase, glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐2) exhibited interspecific differences in their mobilities and therefore validated the conclusion that E. dispar, E. venosus and E. torrentis are distinct species. There were no monomorph enzyme‐loci that were different between populations of the same species. There were, however, some intraspecific differences revealed by the presence of polymorphic enzyme‐loci: seven in E.dispar (retinol dehydrogenase, hexokinase‐1 and 2, glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐!, malate dehydrogenase‐1, phospho‐glucomutase, indophenol oxidase‐2), three in E. venosus (glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐1, malate dehydrogenase‐1, phospho‐glucomutase) and three in E. torrentis (hexokinase‐1, glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐1, malate dehydrogenase‐1).

The morphological characters of larvae and adults were examined and some were used in new keys to larvae and adults.
Soft scale insects (Homoptera: Coccidae) on Tillandsia in Central America*
Authors: BEN‐DOV Y.
Published: January 2008

A new genus of soft scale insect (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), Tillancoccus, and two new species T. mexicanus and T. tillandsiae are described and illustrated from the adult females. The new species are recorded from Tillandsia plants in Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico.
Ovarian polytene chromosome map, notes on the status, morphology, biology and a new distribution record of Anopheles (Cellia) mousinhoi (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: HUNT RICHARD H. , COETZEE MAUREEN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An ovarian polytene chromosome map of Anopheles mousinhoi is presented with a discussion of chromosome arm associations and X chromosome homologies with the An.marshallii complex of species. Scanning electron microscopy of the previously undescribed egg shows marked similarities between An.mousinhoi and An.funestus. Major morphological differences between An. mousinhoi and the An. marshallii complex are described. Anopheles mousinhoi is recorded from South Africa for the first time.
The polyphyletic origin of endoparasitism in the cyclostome lineages of Braconidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: WHITFIELD JAMES B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The evolution of endoparasitism in braconid wasps is demonstrably polyphyletic, not only within the family as a whole but even within the rogadine/exothecine assemblage of genera. A cladistic analysis of rogadine and exothecine genera, coupled with an optimization approach to estimating ancestral character states, is used to analyse the evolution of various aspects of endoparasitism within this assemblage. At least two independent origins of endoparasitism are hypothesized‐one in the Rodagini and the other in an assemblage including the Gnaptodontini, Opiinae and Alysiinae.

Phylogenetic analyses and hypotheses can be useful not only in interpreting evolutionary trends, but in guiding and providing insights into more general comparative behavioural and physiological studies of parasitism.
Relationships of Actizeta and Cnemeplatiini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: WATT J. CHARLES
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The New Zealand genus Actizeta Pascoe, 1875 is transferred from the tribe Opatrini of the tenebrionoid lineage to the tribe Cnemeplatiini of the tentyrioid lineage in a new subtribe Actizetina. The Australian genus Thorictosoma Lea, 1921 is transferred from the tribe Ulomini of the tenebrionoid lineage to Cnemeplatiini in a new subtribe Thorictosomatina. The description of Pimeliinae is modified to incorporate additional taxa and characters. Cnemeplatiini sens.n. is defined, a key to subtribes and genera is presented, and Actizeta is described from adult and larval characters. Relationships of Cnemeplatiini are discussed, and the tribe Idisiini is identified as the most probable sister‐group, on the basis of resemblances particularly in female genitalia and larvae. Characters of the ancestor of the tentyrioid lineage (subfamily Pimeliinae) are deduced. Attention is drawn to the taxonomic value of digitiform pegs on the terminal segments of maxillary and labial palpi, and larval endopleura.
The independent evolution of the metafemoral spring in Coleoptera
Authors: FURTH DAVID G. , SUZUKI KUNIO
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The metafemoral spring (jumping organ) was known previously only from all Alticinae (Chrysomelidae), one genus of Bruchidae, and two species of Rhynchaeninae (Curculionidae). Here this spring is reported from three subfamilies, seven tribes and twenty‐two genera of Curculionidae (three Rhychaeninae, one Erirhininae (Derelomini), and eighteen Ceutorhynchinae) and also from five genera of Buprestidae (four Agrilinae and one Trachyinae). Jumping in Hexapoda is discussed, specifically in the other jumping Coleopteran families that were examined for the presence of the spring (e.g. Melandryidae, Mordellidae, Scraptiidae, Eucinetidae, Limnichidae, Scirtidae and Anthribidae). The phylogenetic value of the metafemoral spring is still unclear; however, there are indications that it is useful in assessing relationships among weevil tribes. As in Alticinae, Curculionidae and Buprestidae have constant intra‐generic spring morphology and inter‐generic differences. The spring in Bruchidae, Curculionidae and Buprestidae has a simpler morphology than in the Alticinae, but still possesses the features necessary for jumping (metatibial extension). The metafemoral spring has apparently evolved independently in Alticinae, Bruchidae, Curculionidae and Buprestidae, and is an example of convergent evolution.
A revision of Eurysphindus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Sphindidae) and a review of sphindid classification and phytogeny
Authors: McHUGH JOSEPH V.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Eurysphindus LeConte is revised and redescribed, Genisphindus gen.n. is described and a key to the species is given for each. Four new species of Eurysphindus are described: E.comatulus sp.n., E.grandiclaviger sp.n., E.halli sp.n. and E.infuscus sp.n. Eurysphindus brasiliensis Sen Gupta & Crowson, Eurysphindus plaumanni Sen Gupta & Crowson and Eurysphindus hirtus LeConte are redescribed. Four species of Genisphindus are described: G.latisternus sp.n., G.minor sp.n., G.rotundus sp.n. and G.roxanneae sp.n. Eurysphindus laevicollis Sen Gupta & Crowson is reassigned to Genisphindus. A tentative hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships of sphindid genera is presented based on a cladistic analysis. A classification derived from the phylogenetic hypothesis is proposed and compared with that of Sen Gupta & Crowson (1977). A generic key to adult Sphindidae is provided. Known distributions for the genera of sphindids are considered in light of the phylogenetic hypothesis and various interpretations are proposed.
ON THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE DINUCLEOTIDE TpC*
Authors: Haug A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— In an aqueous buffered solution of TpC monochromatic ultraviolet light lowers the absorption peak to approximately half its value, characterized by a photostationary state. The quantum yield for this photochemical decomposition is independent of the wavelength between 2400 and 3000 Å.At pH 7 the quantum yield amounts to 0.006, at pH 2 to 0.002, respectively. At neutral pH about 85 per cent of the photochemical transformation produced are reversible in the dark, at pH 2 only 40 per cent. Three photoproducts, being non‐reversible in the dark, were isolated electrophoretically and characterized by their absorption spectra. These three compounds have an absorption peak around 2680 Å, one compound has a second absorption maximum at 3120 Å (pH 7).
THE FLAVIN‐SENSITIZED PHOTOINACTIVATION OF TRYPSIN*
Authors: Ghiron Camillo A. , Spikes John D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The kinetics of the flavin‐sensitized photoinactivation of trypsin were investigated. Essentially similar results were obtained with riboflavin and with riboflavin‐5′‐phosphate (FMN) as sensitizers, while flavin‐adenine dinucleotide had only a very small sensitizing effect. The rate of the inactivation reaction was found to be directly proportional to light intensity over the range examined. The time‐course of the trypsin inactivation as measured by three assays could be fitted to first‐order kinetics.

The rate of trypsin inactivation was identical as measured by the casein and benzoylargi‐nine ethyl ester assays, while a more rapid rate was observed as measured by the hemoglobin assay. These results are interpreted by postulating the existence of a “damaged” class of molecules after illumination uhich appears to be labile to post‐illumination heating or to 5 M urea.

The t37 value for trypsin inactivation, as corrected for the fraction of light absorbed, increased linearly with dye concentration. The trypsin concentration dependence of the reaction was found to be different in acid and basic solution. Trypsin had an inhibitory effect on the rate of photobleaching of the dye. Our results do not conform fully with any one of the several mechanisms that have been proposed to explain photodynamic action.
ON PHOTOREACTIONS OF ANTHRACENE IN SOLID MATRIX—I. PHOTODIMERIZATION
Authors: Bernas A. , Leonardi D. , Renaud M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The influence of a surrounding transparent matrix on the photochemical behavior of an absorbing solute has been investigated on the particular case of anthracene in KBr, KCl and in HBO2 and B2O3 glasses. In KBr compressed powders, dianthracene formation occurs with a high yield, whereas it is forbidden or negligible for pure crystalline anthracene.

Experiments show that the anthracene molecules are associated in microcrystals and suggest that the dimerization reaction occurs at the interface between KBr and anthracene crystals.

Such an influence of the heterogeneity of the irradiated medium may have implications in photobiology where heterogeneous structures are the general rule.
CHLOROPHYLL MONOLAYERS AND MULTLLAYERS—II. EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF ORDERED AGGREGATES*
Authors: Sperling Walter , Ke Bacon
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Results from measurements of the absorption spectrum and dichroism suggest that oriented chlorophyll aggregates can be prepared by the monolayer techniques described in the preceding paper.(1)

On the longer wavelength side of the major red and blue absorption‐band maxima the absorption decreased with time. For example, the peaks of the difference bands for monolayers prepared under 30 dyn/an were at 443·3 and 703 nm, respectively. The ratio of the red‐to‐blue difference band heights was approximately 1·35. The wavelength position of the red difference‐band maximum is strongly dependent on the surface pressure used in preparing the monolayers. During the decay of absorption, the red‐difference‐band maximum shifted progressively toward shorter wavelengths.

The chlorophyll layers showed linear dichroism in some regions of the visible spectrum. The wavelength regions in which maximal dichroism appeared coincided closely with the difference absorption bands. The dichroism disappeared with kinetics similar to those of the absorption decrease.

The decrease in the blue and far‐red absorption and dichkoism was taken as evidence that oriented chlorophyll aggregates were formed initially in the monolayers but disaggregated and disoriented with time. Some possible mechanisms for the formation and decomposition of oriented chlorophyll aggregates are discussed.
EXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFER IN SYSTEMS OF MANY MOLECULES
Authors: Cellarius Richard A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Förster's theory of energy transfer in condensed systems is re‐examined in the light of recent criticisms. It is concluded that his approach is correct and holds for a wide range of donor and quencher concentrations as long as there is no transfer among donor molecules. In contrast, the modified result of Tweet, Bellamy and Gaines, holds only for complete delocalization of the excitation among the donor molecules.
PHOTCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF FLAVINS—III. HYDROXYETHYL AND FORMYLMETHYL ANALOGS OF RIBOFLAVIN*
Authors: McBride Martha M. , Metzler David E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The anaerobic photolysis of the flavins containing hydroxyethyl and formythmethyl side‐chains in place of the ribityl group of riboflavin has been studied employing spectro‐photmetry, thin‐layer chromatography and other mehtods. Both flavins are shown to decompose, in part, directly to lumichrome. Acetaldehyde arises from the hudoxyethyl by the flavin nucleus as has been observed previously for riboflavin. The side‐chain of the hydroxyethylflavin, is shown to be oxidized to the formylmethyl group. Formylmethylflavin is converted in part to lumichrome and unknown products from the side‐chain and in part to a reduced flavin. Formaldehyde could not be detected among the products. Possible mechanisms are discussed briefly.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE U.V. INACTIVATION OF PROTEINS CONTAINING DISULFIDE BONDS
Authors: Dose Klaus
Published: January 2008

Equations are proposed for the estimation of quantum yields for cystine destruction and disulfide protein inactivation during u.v.‐irradiation in acidic and neutral solutions. The formulas permit a discussion of energy transfer from excited aromatic amino acids to cystines and/or of chemical reactions between excited tryptophans or tyrosines and cystines. The results are discussed with regard to general aspects of the photo‐biochemistry of enzymes.
THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORYLATION UNCOUPLERS AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT INHIBITORS UPON SPECTRAL SHIFTS AND DELAYED LIGHT EMISSION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
Authors: Fleischman D. E. , Clayton R. K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Delayed light emission (measured 4 msec after excitation) and the light‐induced red shifts of the bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid absorption bands of chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides were inhibited by a variety of reagents. These included anti‐mycin A, NQNO, CCCP, desaspidin, quinacrine, chlorpromazine, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, gramicidin D, Triton X‐100 and valinomycin in the presence of potassium, cesium or ammonium ions. Delayed light emission was enhanced by orthophenanthroline, ethanol, succinate and glutathione.

Delayed light emission from chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum was attenuated during photophosphorylation but restored approximately to its initial value in the presence of oligomycin. Since the delayed light and band shifts are inhibited under conditions which tend to deplete or block the formation of high energy phosphorylation intermediate, it is suggested that the presence of a high energy intermediate is a prerequisite for the appearance of each of the three phenomena.
SHAPES OF THE U.V. INACTIVATION CURVES FOR SINGLE AND LINKED DOUBLE MARKERS IN HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TRANSFORMING DNA*
Authors: RUPERT C. S.
Published: January 2008

The known inverse square law S= 1/(1+CD)2, relating survival of transforming activity S to ultraviolet (u.v.) dose D, C being a constant, fails for two linked‐double genetic markers in H. influenzae. For these double markers the law is S= 1/(1+CD)4, both for u.v. and nitrous acid inactivation. A theoretical model which predicts the inverse square law for singles also predicts the inverse fourth power law for linked doubles, if the possibility of an even number (>0) of genetic recombinations between the markers is allowed for. However, it can be shown rather generally that other models, not specified in exact detail, can lead to the same inverse square law for single markers, and thus to the inverse fourth power law for sufficiently separated linked‐doubles. Ability to predict these laws is not, therefore, strong evidence for the validity of any one model. For all these models, the mean number of damaging lesions per unit length of DNA is directly proportional to dose, making (√(1/S)–1) for single markers and (√(1/S)–1) for loosely linked‐doubles a reasonable biological measure of inactivating damage in the DNA.
THE PHOTOCHROMISM OF THE DEHYDRODIANTHRONES. PARISER‐PARR‐POPLE CALCULATIONS
Authors: Lorenz R. , Wild U. , Huber J. R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The spectral features and related parameters of the ground state structure of 1,3,6′,8′‐tetramethyldehydrodianthrone (TMD) which, according to the theoretical approach used in this paper, is identical with dehydrodianthrone, have been calculated with the aid of the Pariser‐Pam‐Pople semiempirical SCF LCAO MO method with CI. The calculated singlet‐singlet absorption spectra and triplet‐triplet absorption spectra are in very good agreement with previous experimental findings. The object of the present paper, however, is to theoretically establish the nature of the green photochromic species of TMD. Calculations have been made for several plausible structures for this species which have been proposed earlier. The results suggest that the valence‐isomeric form V is the most probable structure of the green photochromic form of the dehydrodianthrone and its derivatives.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES OF THE TRIPLET STATES OF MONOANIONIC THYMINE*
Authors: RAHN R. O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Ultraviolet irradiation of the thymine anion tautomers 1‐HT‐ and 3‐HT‐ at ‐196°C generates excited triplet states having δm=±2 resonances at 1067 and 1260 G respectively (with v= 9.0 GHz). Excitation at 270nm gave predominantly the low field signal while excitation at 300 nm produced only the high field resonance. These results when compared with the absorbance properties of the monoanions are consistent with the low field resonance being due to 1‐HT‐ and the high field resonance being due to 3‐HT‐.
THE PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF RETINAL*
Authors: KROPF ALLEN , HUBBARD RUTH
Published: January 2008

Abstract— –Quantum efficiencies have been measured for the photoisomerization of four stereoisomers of retinal (all‐trans, 13‐cis, 11 cis, and 9‐cis) in two solvents at different wavelengths of irradiation and at various temperatures. In heane at 25°C the quantum efficiencies for isomerization at 365 nm are: 9‐cis to trans, 0.5; 13‐cis to trans, 0.4; 11‐cis to trans, 0.2; all‐trans to monocis isomers, 0.2‐0.06, depending upon assumptions made regarding the stereo‐isomeric composition of the product. These values vary somewhat with the wavelength of the irradiating light.

The quantum efficiency for the photoisomerization of all‐trans retinal in hexane decreases by a factor of 30 when the temperature is lowered from 25° to – 65°C; the activation energy for this photoisomerization is about 5 kcal/mole. The quantum efficiencies for the isomerization of the monocis isomers to all‐trans retinal in hexane are virtually independent of temperature. In ethanol the rates of photoisomerization from trans to cis or cis to trans depend only slightly on the temperature between 25° and – 65°C.

The photosensitivities of the stereoisomers of retinal are of the same order of magnitude as those of the retinylidene chromophores of rhodopsin (11 ‐cis), metarhodopsin I (all‐trans), and isorhodopsin (9‐cis); but it is not yet possible to derive the photochemistry of rhodopsin uniquely and quantitatively from that of retinal.