bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction of Gendered Legal Personhood in the History of Finnish Law
Authors: Pylkkänen Anu
Published: July 2022

In common law, women were not classified as legal persons until 1930. In the Ger-man legal tradition, the territories influenced by Roman Law, ius commune, had recognized women as legal persons already in the early 19th century, but this development was later slowed down by the regulation of marital authority and of the husband’s right over the wife’s person in the German Civil Code, BGB, in 1896. In Finland, unmarried women gained legal independence in 1864, when the guardianship of women under 25 was abolished. But it was only by the 1929 Marriage Act that married women were given full legal personhood, much later than they received political rights, universal franchise and eligibility, which had hap-pened already in 1906. The egalitarian ethos of legal modernization did indeed contain also deeply rooted patriarchal undercurrents, and thus it was not without tension such develop-ments took place. In order to understand some of the contemporary problems linked with full implementation of equality, it can be useful to look at the modern person construction when it was first developed.
Quasi-Static Influence Line Identification and Damage Identification of Equal-Span Bridges Based on Measured Vehicle-Induced Deflection
Authors: Yang Kang , Ding Youliang , Zhao Hanwei , Geng Fangfang , Sun Zhen
Published: July 2022

The bridge influence line (IL) reflects the response of a certain section due to varying load positions. As a result, IL has a wide application prospect in damage identification and condition assessment. Up to date, studies regarding IL have been focused on the structure condition evaluation. A feasible and practical method for damage identification is still not yet available. The present paper proposes a comprehensive damage identification methodology based on IL under a moving vehicle is composed of data pre-processing, IL extraction, and damage detection. Firstly, a thorough review of existing IL identification methods based on signal processing is provided. Then three quasi-static IL identification methods based on measured data are discussed. Consequently, the study proposes a two-stage damage identification approach for simply supported bridges with equal span length. Also, the effectiveness of this approach is verified through field tests on a real girder bridge. At last, conclusions are drawn, and potential issues for the application of the proposed method in practice are discussed.
SOCIAL DISTANCING POLICY AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING PUBLIC AWARENESS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Oktaviani Ulfa , Andriani Helen
Published: July 2022

To reduce COVID-19 transmission during the epidemic, most countries implemented a social distancing policy. However, without the people's compliance, this implementation will be useless. The combination of individual and environmental variables is critical to the success of initiating and maintaining health behaviors. The purpose of this study is to assess public participation toward obedience social distancing policy as a means of improving public awareness during COVID-19 pandemic. A literature review was used in this research. PubMed, Google Scholar, and ProQuest, with a cut-off date of 29 June 2021, were used to do an electronic search with no language constraints. There were ten included studies. Several research looked at the impact of combining social distancing strategies with other interventions such as school closure, reduced contact with the community, antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, and immunization. This study proves that social distancing has a good effect if the general public implements it well. More research is needed to determine the factors that influence the efficacy of social distancing strategies. In order for the community to comply with social distancing policies during the epidemic, the government must also be more aggressive in pursuing policy violators.
SUPERVISION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES CONTAINING UNDECLARED SUBSTANCE: ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN FDA MONITORING DATA FOR 2012 - 2021
Authors: Dianasari Widha , Nadjib Mardiati
Published: July 2022

Background: At a time when people believe in the efficacy and minimal risk of traditional medicines, government agencies that oversee traditional medicines often find chemicals that are intentionally added to traditional medicines. The purpose of this study is to present the findings of Undeclared Substance that have been added to traditional medicines for ten years, to analyze their relevance to the real situation related to diseases or health problems in Indonesia, and to examine the violations of related policies. Methods: This study used an observational design based on quantitative and qualitative data and analyzed descriptively. Quantitative data based on Traditional Medicines Monitoring data are published through the website (www.pom.go.id) in the category of public warning OT-BKO in 2012-2021. Further analysis, conducted in-depth interviews to explore the root cause of the problem at the level of policy makers. Documents and literature review were conducted to analyze the findings. Interviews with policy makers were also conducted to confirm findings and explore problems that were not obtained from documents and literature. Results: For ten years, Paracetamol was the most common type of Undeclared Substance found every year in traditional medicines. This is relevant to the high number of complaints related to indications for the use of Paracetamol, both from reports from health facilities and results from household surveys. Meanwhile, the findings of the Ephedrine Undeclared Substance - with indications for reducing respiratory disorders - only appeared in 2021. These findings are not only relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic and the entry of traditional medicines from foreign aid, which also contain Ephedra sinica. The Undeclared Substance' findings are inconsistent with the objectives of a number of regulations ranging from those related to traditional medicine to consumer protection. Conclusion: The findings of Undeclared Substance on traditional medicine were relevant to public health problems at that time. The emergence of traditional medicines with Ephedra shows that domestic producers do not understand the safety of traditional medicines. In addition, the existing policies and violations of these policies have not been understood by traditional medicine manufacturers.
A single exposure to altered auditory feedback causes observable sensorimotor adaptation in speech
Authors: Hantzsch Lana , Parrell Benjamin , Niziolek Caroline A
Published: July 2022

Sensory errors induce two types of behavioral changes: rapid compensation within a movement and longer-term adaptation of subsequent movements. Although adaptation is hypothesized to occur whenever a sensory error is perceived (including after a single exposure to altered feedback), adaptation of articulatory movements in speech has only been observed after repeated exposure to auditory perturbations, questioning both current theories of speech sensorimotor adaptation and the universality of more general theories of adaptation. We measured single-exposure or ‘one-shot’ learning in a large dataset in which participants were exposed to intermittent, unpredictable perturbations of their speech acoustics. On unperturbed trials immediately following these perturbed trials, participants adjusted their speech to oppose the preceding shift, demonstrating that learning occurs even after a single exposure to auditory error. These results provide critical support for current theories of sensorimotor adaptation in speech and align speech more closely with learning in other motor domains.
When your PhD (almost) falls apart
Authors: Refardt Dominik
Published: July 2022

As a chance observation threatens to unravel several years of work, a PhD student must choose what to do next.
Pilgrimage and Prophecy
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates the immediate religious, historical contexts featured in Moby-Dick. Moby-Dick was largely set in the first year of Melville's whaling voyage on the Acushnet, when he sailed from Fairhaven, Massachusetts. The novel accordingly reflects numerous essential religious and cultural features of the era, especially the saturation of contemporary American culture by evangelical Christianity and the Bible. Additionally, Melville's novel tackling apocalyptic expectations is largely based on the prophecies of Christ's Second Coming. The chapter also includes how belief in the resurrection, the ultimate metaphysical foundation for the Christian religion is portrayed through Ishmael's depiction of the mysterious fate of the dead.
Chaos Monster and Unholy Warrior
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the Joban themes of Moby-Dick. The figures of Leviathan and Yahweh are symbolically linked both in the book of Job and in the mind of Melville's whaling captain who is shaped by the contours of Judeo-Christian tradition. Despite Bildad's initial introduction as a satirical exemplar of religious hypocrisy, the Joban theme of Moby-Dick formally emerges when Ahab is first described as a morally divided soul. The resemblances of Job and Ahab are suggested through being a good man with a terrible physical affliction. In line with the White Whale's metaphysical meaning, Job and Ahab bears the similarity of complaints about God as being invisible, omnipotent, and unaccountable.
Comic and Tragic Variations
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains how modes of comedy and tragedy, similarly imbued with biblical import, also help structure numerous scenes from the same extended middle portion of Ishmael's narrative. The operative principles of comedy and tragedy can also be found in a lot of the world's major religions and scriptures, including the Christian Bible. Melville structured Moby-Dick as an antiphonal blend of comedy and tragedy strategically centered around the key biblical paradigms of Joban theodicy and apocalyptic eschatology. Biblical paradigms were recorded in chapters involving Ishmael and Stubb. Additionally, the chapter explores Ismael's comic inversion of Job across the entire novel.
Hubris and Heroism, Mortality and Immortality
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the biblical themes of heroism and hubris, mortality and immortality showcased in the latter chapters of Moby-Dick. It explains how the concept of hubris plays a key role in ancient Greek drama and denotes a moral flaw in the tragic hero. Similar to Moby-Dick, motifs of overweening pride and its consequences can be found in the major biblical texts of apocalyptic eschatology. The chapter discusses the concept of the afterlife in terms of the Old Testament, Hebrews, and Christianity. Moreover, it notes the salient questions of mortality and death prominent in several of Moby-Dick's later chapters.
Epilogue
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the religious themes in Moby-Dick. In its secularized apocalyptic ideology, Moby-Dick draws on various eighteenth- and nineteenth-century religious, literary, and cultural traditions. The chapter also explains Ahab and Ishmael are characterized by antithetical first principles about God, soul, and their duties to their fellow men. The quest for moral and metaphysical first principles in the novel is primarily focused on the issues of theodicy and eschatology. During the writing of Moby-Dick, Herman Melville had been concerned with the injustices of the human condition and the problematic nature of modern Christianity. Melville's use of apocalyptic symbolism in the novel also largely relied on Daniel and Revelation.
Christ Outside the Truth
Authors: Givens John
Published: July 2022

This chapter compares Demons and Brothers Karamazov as apophatic discourses that underscore the difficulty of belief, even among those who profess faith. Both of these novels demonstrate how the apophatic exercise can lead as easily to unbelief as to belief. If doubt is faith's constant companion, then for Fyodor Dostoevsky it is also a kind of dangerous but necessary goad. Indeed, unbelief is so strongly and convincingly articulated in his works precisely because it is also capable of revealing faith both dramatically and compellingly. Readers often learn the most about faith in Dostoevsky's works apophatically, that is, by discovering what it is not. It is within this context that the chapter explores two of the writer's most important Christological novels: Demons and The Brothers Karamazov, the latter of which reveals how the writer's apophatic approach is more pronounced than in any other novel.
Loving Those who Hate you
Authors: Givens John
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines Tolstoy's treatment of divine love both for its importance in illuminating the strong divide between earthly and heavenly kinds of love in his works but also for the significance Leo Tolstoy ascribes to love of enemies as its basis. Tolstoy's exploration of divine love as love of those who hate you influenced both Mikhail Bulgakov's and Boris Pasternak's Christ novels in substantive ways. Paradox is key here for Tolstoy. Divine love and Christ are not what people suppose them to be, Tolstoy argues. The former requires the violation of societal expectations surrounding the proper object of love; the latter must be understood only as the non-divine bearer of this teaching, whose non-divinity actually serves as assurance that such hard ideals are achievable here on earth. These aspects are essential elements of Tolstoy's idiosyncratic Christology.
“Keep in Mind That Jesus did Exist”
Authors: Givens John
Published: July 2022

This chapter analyzes the first example of a novel of belief born in the negative space of state-sponsored atheism: Mikhail Bulgakov's Master and Margarita. Its radically estranged depiction of Jesus is the most dramatic example of negative Christology in Soviet literature. In particular, the chapter shows how Bulgakov reveals Christ anew by creating a tension between the adamantly non-divine Yeshua of the inserted text of the Master's novel and the apparently supernatural Yeshua of Stalin's atheist Russia to grant the Master and Margarita peace and to forgive Pontius Pilate. In the dialectic between the quasi-divine and non-divine Yeshua, Bulgakov offers a via negativa toward discerning Christ and the Godhead, a journey complicated by the indeterminacy of the novel's text itself and illuminated by the fairytale love story of the novel's titular heroes. This promises to show what “real, true, everlasting love” looks like, but with a twist.
Trafficking with Demons
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This book explores how magic was perceived, practiced, and prohibited in western Europe during the first millennium CE. Through the overlapping frameworks of religion, ritual, and gender, the book connects early Christian reckonings with pagan magic to later doctrines and dogmas. Challenging established views on the role of women in ritual magic during this period, the book provides a new narrative of the ways in which magic was embedded within the foundational assumptions of western European society, informing how people understood the cosmos, divinity, and their own Christian faith. As the book shows, throughout the first Christian millennium, magic was thought to play a natural role within the functioning of the universe and existed within a rational cosmos hierarchically arranged according to a “great chain of being.” Trafficking with the “demons of the lower air” was the essence of magic. Interactions with those demons occurred both in highly formalistic, ritual settings and on a routine and casual basis. The book tracks the competition between pagan magic and Christian belief from the first century CE, when it was fiercest, through the early Middle Ages, as atavistic forms of magic mutated and found sanctuary in the daily habits of the converted peoples and new paganisms entered Europe with their own forms of magic. By the year 1000, the book concludes, many forms of magic had been tamed and were, by the reckoning of the elite, essentially ineffective, as were the women who practiced it and the rituals that attended it.
Demons of the Lower Air
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter considers demons and their place in late classical and early medieval cosmologies. This discussion is not sequential or linear, nor does it focus on texts in situ. Rather, it accommodates a high level of generalization and acts as a large canopy covering material from across a broad spectrum of time and space in order to clarify terms and assumptions that informed an understanding of magic throughout the first millennium. In the Christian mental universe, demons were at the very center of all magic, so much so that magic itself equated to traffic with demons. Moreover, any active involvement with demons—from blatantly honoring pagan idols, to eating meat cooked at pagan shrines, to casting spells—was magic, even if the persons involved were not intentionally trafficking.
Superstition and Divination Questioned
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes how superstitio denoted a misuse of signs and substituted atavistic rites that were vacuous and ineffective, and they nourished un-Christian beliefs about the workings of creation. Superstitions intimated a faith in forces other than God, and whether the superstitious knew it or not, those forces were demonic. Demons were wily; they insinuated themselves into the fabric of everyday life, and this prospect necessitated constant vigilance against inadvertent traffic with them. If people wished to guarantee a measure of security from ill fortune and evil forces, they should protect themselves with Christian rites, which were to replace observances that were not explicitly Christian. However, a confounding factor in ferreting out superstition was that even the clergy sometimes had trouble, not just in weaning their congregations from the comfort of customary traditions, but in recognizing which behaviors were innocent and which amounted to traffic with demons.
The Excesses of the Philosophers’ God
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the escalation of the concept of God. Anselm of Canterbury, who is the most profound thinker in the Christian tradition of the first millennium after Origen, demonstrated that the concept on which he built his “ontological argument” did not satisfy the exacting criteria that beyond it nothing further could be thought in determining the dignity and majesty of God. In addition, the chapter expounds on the criterion of certainty on the idea of God. The beginning of modernity was anticipated following the upsurge in criticism of omnipotence. On the other hand, the radical antidote had been pantheism.
Introduction
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces the central struggles and developments of the Soviet Republic of Tajikistan in the late twentieth century. Leaders of newly independent states across the globe looked for radical economic development programs to transform their societies following World War II. Politicians used the Soviet Union's engagement with the Third World to articulate and lobby new cultural and economic politics and advance their respective careers. During the Enlightenment period, governments were using the concept of technology and science to improve the human condition. Additionally, the chapter raises the argument of neoliberalism originating from Central Asia to understand the transformation of the region's development and welfare policies in the twentieth century.
Without Magic or Miracle
Authors: Raskolnikov Masha
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the history of Roman of Silence and genderqueerness. It notes the instances wherein medieval works can complicate contemporary notions of gender such as the work called Roman de Silence, which suggested a powerful counter-narrative about how sex and gender could be imagined otherwise. Silence portrays a knight who is worried that her assigned female at birth status will be revealed while fighting between the allegory of nature versus nurture. Historical sources reveal how cross-dressing was sometimes useful in achieving vocational paths in a transgendered life. The chapter notes the impossibility of defining masculinity and femininity. It mentions that Silence's gender was never clarified.
Where Are All the Trans Women in Byzantium?
Authors: Betancourt Roland
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the lives of trans women in Byzantium. In this era, women and femininity were almost always seen as the lesser, imperfect sex, thus becoming a woman gave no social or spiritual gain. Narratives of men assigned females at birth and female masculinity show how the status is used to avoid persecution. The chapter mentions how the understanding could be faulty due to poor translation of works from the Byzantine Empire. It notes theatre as a key site of manifesting bodies that unsettle gender identity. Additionally, the chapter expounds on the concept of grooming and beautification of men.
Performing Reparative Transgender Identities from Stage Beauty to
Authors: Joubin Alexa Alice
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the concept of reparative trans performances. These performances have two strands: open-ended self-realization and restoration to perceived norms of binary gender and heterosexuality. The call for social justice may seem universal, but the exact elements requiring reparation are malleable. Additionally, literature has been used as a strategy to understand human experience. The chapter expounds on the themes behind Stage Beauty, and The King and the Clown. Whilst the works have not been analyzed as transgender performances, they are commonly looked into as texts focusing on male homosexuality. Both narratives contest essentialist ideas that uphold oppression established on binary models of gender.
Epilogue
Authors: LaFleur Greta
Published: July 2022

This chapter gives the concluding remarks of the book. It notes the interconnectedness of sexuality and gender as concepts by referencing Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's speculation of the Great Paradigm shift. The chapter also acknowledges not using the term “nonbinary” as it implicates the alleged binary system of gender. The advent of modern sexuality coincides with the understanding of sexuality that merges gender and biological sex. The chapter then discusses the arguments and decisions on using terminologies such as hermaphrodite amidst the production of the book. The essays across the title invoke numerous stances on trans history which includes the correction to the narrative of Eleanor Ryneker.
Antifascism versus Populism
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter features a discussion of the European populist Right seeking to take power in France, Germany, England, Sweden, and the Lowlands. Although this discussion does not consider long-run political prospects for populist success, it does put into relief the present anxiety of some Europeans that “fascist” populists may soon be ruling them. These predictions may be grossly exaggerated, as are statements that liken populists to interwar fascists or German Nazis. But neither the political establishment nor its antifascist allies in the media and academy may intend to deceive us when they express concern. At least some of these voices may be coming from those who are genuinely alarmed by what they consider a threat to their power.
Afterthoughts
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Prevail until the Bitter End
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This book explores the gossip and innuendo, the dissonant reactions and perceptions of Germans to the violent dissolution of the Third Reich. Mobilized for total war, soldiers and citizens alike experienced an unprecedented convergence of military, economic, social, and political crises. But even in retreat, the militarized national community unleashed ferocious energies, staving off defeat for over two years and continuing a systematic murder campaign against European Jews and others. Was its faith in the Führer never shaken by the prospect of ultimate defeat? This book uncovers how Germans experienced life and death, investigates how mounting emergency conditions affected their understanding of the nature and purpose of the conflagration, and shows how these factors influenced the people's relationship with the Nazi regime. The book draws on Nazi morale and censorship reports, features citizens' private letters and diaries, and incorporates a large body of Allied intelligence, including several thousand transcripts of surreptitiously recorded conversations among German prisoners of war in Western Allied captivity. The book's historical reconstruction helps us understand how ordinary Germans interpreted their experiences as both the victims and perpetrators of extreme violence. We are drawn into their desolate landscape: walking through bombed-out streets, scrounging for food, burning furniture, listening furtively to Allied broadcasts, unsure where the truth lies. The book is about the stories that Germans told themselves to make sense of this world in crisis.
Blood and Water
Authors: Ibrahim Farhana
Published: July 2022

This chapter advances with forms of policing that may be continuous across the domains of the state and family even though they may operate within different moral universes. Notwithstanding forms of bureaucratic rationality that are believed to structure practices of governmentality of which policing is a key component, the police rely on ways of seeing that often rely on intuitive assessments of who is inside or outside the law. Similarly, as the chapter emphasizes, an imbalance in the flow of information, suspicion, and trust in the family may threaten to destabilize the traditional order. Even as the “Bengali” wife is seen as a threatening outsider to the state, she may be a desired wife or daughter-in-law within the family, her lack of familiarity being her biggest appeal. The chapter then shifts to argue that traditional consanguineous marriages may at times jeopardize the delicate balance of information management. It stresses that the key fault lines are not necessarily between kin and nonkin or between “wife givers” and “wife takers,” the key categories through which much of South Asian kinship has been understood, but through the management of generational cohorts and the use of lateral surveillance therein. The availability of the “Bengali” wife who is an “outsider” allows the family to circumvent the crisis of intimate knowledge attendant on marrying within the family while also saving face by not marrying a different (possibly lesser) local Muslim caste.
The Idea(s)
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter pays close attention to the politics of building global cities, arguing that in the cases of Singapore, Dubai, and Sydney, this does not mean discarding global city as a vague and inconsistent buzzword. It considers the politics of building global cities, the responsibilities of those who partake in them, and the often-absent voices of those who live their ordinary lives within the confines that global city makers are setting today. Global city-speak remains central in urban development and holds much symbolic power that most are quick to dismiss. The chapter addresses the question of what is in an idea, citing a century of discussion and debate surrounding the ingredients of the causes and consequences of globalization in cities. The idea of the global city is anything but a new phenomenon, and its imagination runs deep into the history of the twentieth century at the very least.
The Governance
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates the line between the “governors” and the “governed” when it comes to high-powered global urbanists shaping the growth of global cities the world over. It considers the politics of the global city as fundamentally a question of politics of boundaries: not just the relations of power over a defined territory, but the making of the shape, boundaries, and global–local relations of that place. The edifice of global city politics is generally a complex interplay of different layers of government within and beyond the boundaries of the city in question. The chapter investigates how global city politics are intertwined with the complexity of public–private relationships and community-driven advocacy. Speaking of leadership requires speaking of governance, including the whole edifice of governing a city, whether formal, private, and even informal.
Contested Ecological, Cultural, and Political Sovereignty in Russia
Authors: Mandelstam Balzer Marjorie
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the fragile and disorganized dynamic of differential, nested sovereignties that has developed within Russia, centered on its frequently overlooked “ethnic republics.” Based on field and historical research in the republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Buryatia, and Tyva (Tuva), the book highlights the implications of indigenous groups' concerns. Self-determination for indigenous groups in Russia's republics is problematic when many of the republics have majority or plurality Russian populations. However, being a minority is far from the key to indigenous status or identity, especially in Siberia, with its historically shifting and varied legacies of uneven colonial settlement in different remote regions. Many indigenous Siberians prefer not to think of themselves as minorities, given that some were majorities in their homelands until relatively recently. The book explores possibilities that indigenous peoples and local Russians have had for cooperation and self-determination in Siberia's Far East.
Republic of Buryatia
Authors: Mandelstam Balzer Marjorie
Published: July 2022

This chapter begins by looking at historical boundaries, demographic legacies, and the geopolitics of Buryatia's location on the border with Mongolia. The splintering of Buryat identities has occurred on numerous fronts, beginning with difficulties of maintaining the Buryat language in a multiethnic and demographically divided homeland. Throughout the republic, urban language politics have served as proxies for identity politics. However, it has been particularly difficult to mobilize civic society in Buryatia, due to its history of divided territory, demographic imbalances, and impoverishment. The chapter then explores why interethnic relations involving Buryats and others have been described with diametrically opposite conclusions, why identity politics are particularly complex in Buryatia, and how the boundaries of the republic have become threatened. It reveals a geopolitical discrepancy between Buryats' concept of their homeland as Greater Buryatia and internal republic boundaries within Russia. The chapter also highlights multiethnic ecological activism, including its interconnections with Buddhist, shamanist, and Russian Orthodox revival projects.
Republic of Tyva (Tuva)
Authors: Mandelstam Balzer Marjorie
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the degree to which Tyvans, a Turkic-language-speaking people with an overwhelming demographic majority in their own republic, have been able to consolidate their identity as an ethnonational group. This depends on their ability to negotiate use of their regional resources and maintain much-needed subsidies from Russia while preserving their cultural, ecological, and spiritual values. Significantly, Tyvans are among the few non-Russian peoples of Russia, along with the Chechens and Chuvash, who constitute a substantial majority within the current borders of their “titular republic.” The Republic of Tyva, despite considerable internal diversity, provides a key case for exploring contingent dimensions of relative and nested sovereignty within Russia. The chapter considers the shifting dimensions of what aspirations are plausible for a non-Russian group within Russia, as the centralizing state has become increasingly less federal and more authoritarian. It places Tyva in the context of Russia, and of Russian nationalism, by reviewing historical legacies, secessionist dynamics, language activism, ecological advocacy integrated with homeland discourses, and religious-spiritual revitalization.
African American Intellectual and Musical Migration to the Kaiserreich
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the African American intellectual and musical migration to the Kaiserreich. African Americans mostly found that living in Germany was better than in the United States. The chapter mentions the importance of letters of introductions for musical networking in Germany and Austria. African Americans also needed to find a way to live outside the shadow of Jim Crow despite living in Germany. Thus, they discovered how the opera house and concert halls functioned as a transnational space for social formation. It also notes the hierarchy between the privileged African American travellers and the Black German subject in Germany.
Breaking with the Past
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the interplay of race, gender, and opera after 1945. Narratives of post-war West German and Austrian cultural life frequently show Anglo-American actors as the primary agents of change. Following the Holocaust and the Nazi racial state, the Allied powers pushed policies to drastically alter the function of German musical culture. Longstanding notions of Blackness shaped the production and reception of operas featuring Black singers in West Germany and Austria. The chapter references Annabelle Bernard, the first Black woman to be part of a German ensemble, who indicated the lack of opportunity in America made her stay in Europe to sing.
Singing in the Promised Land
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into Black musicians in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Paul Robeson's visit to East Germany in 1960 symbolized an exchange between a version of the United States that the US State Department was uncomfortable representing and a new nation-state whose existence most nations refused to recognize. The performances of African American musicians in the communist East German state show the GDR perspective on music and race in an officially antiracist state. East German approaches to Black classical musicians were dualistic as they tried to uphold the German musical tradition while expressing a vocal commitment to antiracism and anticolonialism.
New Deal Legacy at the Crossroads
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter details how, as US liberalism began to divide into hostile camps with the onset of the Cold War, the Liberal Party found itself in an ambiguous position. On the one hand, it had established a formal structure and gained recognition as an official party under New York election law. On the other hand, it had yet to achieve any major electoral victories, or even to differentiate itself clearly in voters' minds from the American Labor Party, let alone overtake its left-wing rival. But in 1948 and 1949, it did all those things. In 1948, after some vacillation, it firmly committed itself to the national anti-communist Fair Deal coalition led by President Harry Truman, against the communist-backed third-party movement led by its former hero, Henry Wallace. In so doing, however, the Liberal Party surrendered any lingering hopes of forming the basis for a new national progressive party, and settled uneasily into the balance-of-power strategy that remained its stock and trade for the long term.
Not Liberal, Not a Party
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter studies how the Liberal Party had to navigate its treacherous course between pragmatism and idealism without Alex Rose. In the late 1970s, the Liberal Party showed that it could still play an important role in New York politics and command the attention of politicians and voters. But over the next two decades, vote totals dwindled along with the party's active membership. Moreover, the progressive ideals expressed in party chair Donald Harrington and outgoing executive director Ben Davidson's manifesto increasingly took a back seat to the kind of cynical maneuvering and patronage politics that critics had long charged the party with. Leadership circles continued to narrow, until the party resembled a family business. By the end of the century, the Liberals were neither liberal nor a party, but a law firm with a ballot line. And then they lost the ballot line, their last remaining significant asset.
All Future Plunges to the Past
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This book explores how Russian writers from the mid-1920s on have read and responded to Joyce's work. The book uncovers the many roles Joyce has occupied in Russia over the last century, demonstrating how the writers Yury Olesha, Vladimir Nabokov, Andrei Bitov, Sasha Sokolov, and Mikhail Shishkin draw from Joyce's texts, particularly Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, to address the volatile questions of lineages in their respective Soviet, émigré, and post-Soviet contexts. Interviews with contemporary Russian writers, critics, and readers of Joyce extend the conversation to the present day, showing how the debates regarding the Irish writer's place in the Russian pantheon are no less settled one hundred years after Ulysses. The creative reworkings, or “translations,” of Joycean themes, ideas, characters, plots, and styles made by the five writers that the book examines speak to shifting cultural norms, understandings of intertextuality, and the polarity between Russia and the West. The book illuminates how Russian writers have used Joyce's ideas as a critical lens to shape, prod, and constantly redefine their own place in literary history. The book offers one overarching approach to the general narrative of Joyce's reception in Russian literature. While each of the writers examined responded to Joyce in an individual manner, the sum of their methods reveals common concerns. This subject raises the issue of cultural values and, more importantly, how they changed throughout the twentieth century in the Soviet Union, Russian emigration, and the post-Soviet Russian environment.
Introduction
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This chapter traverses the evolution of James Joyce's special impact on Russian literature from the mid-1920s to the early 2020s through a series of principal case studies: Yury Olesha, Vladimir Nabokov, Andrei Bitov, Sasha Sokolov, and Mikhail Shishkin. These authors have each explicitly spoken or written about Joyce in interviews, essays, and other paratexts. All five belong to a tradition that can be traced back to Joyce and that keeps their art open to his aesthetics and ideas. The chapter notes that the presence of Joyce in these authors' works, whether explicit or more hypothetical, does not erase what came before him or what was taking place around them. Nonetheless, Joyce and his art stood as an important alternative both in literature and in life. Joyce's project to alter his past and his future through writing, as exemplified by his protagonist Stephen Dedalus's aesthetic theories in Ulysses, appealed to them for numerous reasons. The chapter considers the connections between, say, Nabokov and Joyce to be a dialogue between texts and readers, rather than a monologic exchange of meaning from a single text to another.
Vladimir Nabokov
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights Vladimir Nabokov's The Gift (Dar, written 1935–37, complete version published 1952). Although scholarship on Nabokov and James Joyce has been far more robust than that on the other four subjects of this book, the chapter argues that many more points of contact remain to be explicated. One such area concerns how Nabokov's protagonist, Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev, follows the Joycean system of electing a literary forefather not to alter his paternity, but rather to merge the father of the modern Russian literary language, Alexander Pushkin, with his deceased father to recover a lost birthright. It emphasizes that The Gift is as a transposition of Ulysses in a Russian émigré key. In addition, reading both The Gift and Nabokov's second English-language novel, Bend Sinister (1947), alongside Ulysses brings Nabokov's dialogic stance toward Joyce into better focus. The chapter then unfolds how his treatment of Stephen Dedalus's theory in Bend Sinister is a personal and even political statement.
Conclusion
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This chapter reflects on how writers through 2021 have responded to James Joyce's texts, taken up some of his key themes (fatherhood, history, literary heritage, exile), and viewed him as either a welcome foreign contributor to their national tradition or an influence best worth ignoring. To do so, the chapter puts the interviews of writers and critics into dialogue with one another. This collective holds weekly meetings on Sundays via Zoom as they gradually make their way through Ulysses, over and over; they also organize an annual Bloomsday walk and celebration in central Moscow. The chapter reveals how the Russian Joyce is no less dynamic today. He has become an exile, a peripheral writer (in both senses of the word), a relic of the past, a gargantuan technical innovator, a symbol for the free spirit of prose, a passing fancy in one's youth, a hooligan, and a master of life-creation (zhiznetvorchestvo), among many other things.
The Irony of Fate
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the development of Harry Garfield's views on the conflict from the beginning of mobilization in August 1914 to America's entrance into World War I in April 1917. Garfield never published anything substantial about his perspectives on the war, but he kept a diary that reveals his very sympathetic perspective toward Germany and its people. Garfield's earliest involvement in the domestic politics of the war came in line with the question of American military preparedness. The chapter also notes Garfield's concern over Woodrow Wilson's neutrality policies. Garfield saw as military preparedness' basic incompatibility with the maintenance of American democracy.
Professor at War
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on Harry Garfield becoming the primary symbol of the alleged incompetence of the Wilson administration's war mobilization. Garfield was the driving force behind the order to close down all industry east of the Mississippi to conserve coal and clear up the congestion choking the crucial ports and railroad terminals of the United States. The chapter mentions the appointment and forced resignation of Garfield as the Fuel Administrator. The acceptance of his resignation as Fuel Administrator marked the end of Garfield's formal role in national political affairs. Woodrow Wilson's vision of liberal internationalism became the most important focus of Garfield's career after he left Washington.
The Virtuous Wehrmacht
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This book explores the myth of the German armed forces' innocence during World War II by reconstructing the moral world of German soldiers on the Eastern Front. How did they avoid feelings of guilt about the many atrocities their side committed? This book demonstrates that this myth of innocence was created during the course of the war itself—and did not arise as a postwar whitewashing of events. In 1941, three million Wehrmacht troops overran the border between German- and Soviet-occupied Poland, racing toward the USSR in the largest military operation in modern history. Over the next four years, they embarked on a campaign of wanton brutality, murdering countless civilians, systemically starving millions of Soviet prisoners of war, and actively participating in the genocide of Eastern European Jews. After the war, however, German servicemen insisted that they had fought honorably and that their institution had never involved itself in Nazi crimes. The book shows that this myth was the culmination of long-running efforts by the army to preserve an illusion of respectability in the midst of a criminal operation. The primary authors of this fabrication were ordinary soldiers cultivating a decent self-image and developing moral arguments to explain their behavior by drawing on a constellation of values that long preceded Nazism. The book explains how the army encouraged troops to view themselves as honorable representatives of a civilized nation, not only racially but morally superior to others.
Death and Victimhood
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at practices and attitudes toward death in the Wehrmacht during the Soviet campaign. It explores their contribution to the army's attempts to present itself as a morally worthy organization and traces how the experience of death and day-to-day suffering contributed to a growing emphasis on victimhood in soldiers' writings that would go on to shape public memory. The chapter argues that, just as it had cast itself as a force for religious renewal or freedom from communist tyranny, the Wehrmacht also laid claim to the status of a civilized institution by using burial and memorial practices to demonstrate reverence for life and death. This chapter then shifts to demonstrate that most of the elements of the victimhood narrative scholars have identified as a primary feature of the Wehrmacht myth in the post-1945 period already permeated soldiers' writings by the later years of the war.
Babaylan Sing Back
Authors: Nono Grace
Published: July 2022

This book depicts the embodied voices of Native Philippine ritual specialists popularly known as babaylan. These ritual specialists are widely believed to have perished during colonial times, or to survive on the margins in the present-day. They are either persecuted as witches and purveyors of superstition or valorized as symbols of gender equality and anticolonial resistance. Drawing on fieldwork in the Philippines and in the Philippine diaspora, the book's deep engagement with the song and speech of a number of living ritual specialists demonstrates Native historical agency in the 500th year anniversary of the contact between the people of the Philippine Islands and the European colonizers.
The Neomercantilists
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

At a time when critiques of free trade policies are gaining currency, this book helps make sense of the protectionist turn, providing the first intellectual history of the genealogy of neomercantilism. The book identifies many pioneers of this ideology between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries who backed strategic protectionism and other forms of government economic activism to promote state wealth and power. They included not just the famous Friedrich List, but also numerous lesser-known thinkers, many of whom came from outside of the West. The book's emphasis on neomercantilism's diverse origins challenges traditional Western-centric understandings of its history. It illuminates neglected local intellectual traditions and international flows of ideas that gave rise to distinctive varieties of the ideology around the globe, including in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia. This rich history left enduring intellectual legacies, including in the two dominant powers of the contemporary world economy: China and the United States. The result is an exceptional study of a set of profoundly influential economic ideas. While rooted in the past, it sheds light on the present moment. The book shows how we might construct more global approaches to the study of international political economy and intellectual history, devoting attention to thinkers from across the world, and to the cross-border circulation of thought.