bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biliotti's Excavations at Satala
Authors: Mitford T. B.
Published: January 2007

Alfred Biliotti, British vice-consul at Trebizond, spent nine days at Satala in 1874. He is well known as an enquiring and meticulous observer. The account of his visit, in a consular paper in the British Museum, remains by far the best description of the legionary fortress, and holds several items of particular interest.

Biliotti was able to record at leisure structural remains in an altogether better state of preservation than is true today. His 18 ft walls, with traces of ashlar facing, are now reduced to rubble cores visible, except at the north-east and south-east angles, only in eroded sections (Figs. 1, 2). Of the square projecting towers there is now barely a trace. The supposed look-out towers reported on the surrounding mountain tops are known from no other source.

His are the only excavations on record in Armenia Minor, and at any point on the limes itself between Trapezus and the rescue work north of the Keban dam.

His account is a valuable source for social conditions in the villages during the late Ottoman period. The way of life at Satala depended on techniques that can have changed little since Roman times, and survived virtually unaltered until the introduction of tractors in the later 1960s.
Ptolemy II and Halicarnassus: An Honorary Decree
Authors: Frost Frank J.
Published: January 2007

This white marble slab was cut into its present shape when the verso was incised for use as a decorative panel. An unknown amount of text is therefore missing on all sides, while a few spots in the middle make for difficult reading because of patches of mortar and some pick marks, notably in the first two lines. I am unable to guess at the original length of line, other than to say that it was considerably longer than what is preserved here.

Height, 0·24 m.; width, 0·187 m; thickness, 0·043 m.

Height of letters, 0·011–0·014 m.

At some time between 1960 and 1964, this inscription was brought to the Castle of St. Peter in Bodrum, which has in recent years doubled as the Bodrum Museum under the wise and careful supervision of Director Halık Elbe. Unfortunately, no one today knows who brought the stone in, or where it had been found, for the Museum fell heir to a vast store of material of archaeological value before any system of cataloguing could be devised.
Preliminary Report on Excavations at Şar, Comana Cappadociae, in 1967
Authors: Harper Richard P. , Bayburtluoğlu İnci
Published: January 2007

The site of Comana Cappadociae lies, according to Strabo (XII. 2. 3.), in a deep and narrow valley of the Antitaurus, on both banks of the river Sarus. That this description is aptly fitted by the ruins at the village of Şar, in the valley of the Göksu or Sarız çay, in the kaza of Mağara (in 1967 renamed Tufanbeyli), at the northernmost point of the vilayet of Adana, was soon noted by visitors (Plates XLIV a, b, XLV a). The best evidence for the location of Comana is given by the Tabula Peutingeriana and by the Itineraria Antoniniana, both of which show the city to be on the direct route from Caesareia (Kayseri) to Melitene (Eski Malatya). The Tabula Peutingeriana shows that the traveller had to cross a range of mountains as he approached Comana from the west, as now one can approach Şar by the direct route across the Antitaurus. The Itineraria Antoniniana (210.5–211.4) give a distance of 154 Roman miles between Melitene and Comana, while a milestone in the village at Şar, of the great series belonging to that road, bears the number 157. This close correspondence makes it certain that the ruins at Şar are those of the classical Comana, even without the cumulative circumstantial evidence of the inscriptions. The relationship of the Hittite Kummanni, and Kizzuwatna, with Comana is of course another problem which, regrettably, remains unsolved.
A Byzantine Well-Deposit from Anemurium (Rough Cilicia)
Authors: Williams Caroline
Published: January 2007

Excavations at the coastal Cilician city of Anemurium (Eski Anamur) have recently brought to light a significant well-deposit containing pottery, lamps, coins and miscellaneous metal objects. The well appears to have been deliberately filled in on one occasion for reasons that we cannot now ascertain. The homogeneous nature of the deposit is indicated by the fact that joining sherds come indiscriminately from all levels in the deposit. Since all the pieces from any one vessel are generally not present and the majority of sherds are body sherds from amphorae for which there are no necks, handles or bases, it would seem that those charged with the task of filling in the well took whatever was closest to hand for their work and it is quite fortuitous that almost whole vessels came to be included in the deposit.

The terminus post quem for the act of filling in the well is provided by two coins of Heraclius belonging to the years A.D. 629–630 and 630–631. The evidence of coins also points to widespread abandonment of the city c. A.D. 660, although the appearance of a few coins belonging to the last decades of the seventh century seems to indicate a limited degree of continued occupation.
Two Dokimeian Sculptors in Iconium
Authors: Hall Alan , Waelkens Marc
Published: January 2007

A small, thin, rectangular limestone plaque, bearing a five-line inscription, was copied by A.H. in the Konya Archaeological Museum in September 1980. The stone lacked an inventory number, and the Museum's staff could supply no information about its provenance. One may presume, however, that it has reached the Museum in recent years, probably after discovery in Konya itself. As will be demonstrated below, other grounds exist for supposing that it comes from Konya, but a provenance elsewhere in the Konya İli cannot be ruled out.

The block is complete to left and right, probably complete above and below, broken behind: H. 0·16, W. 0·32, Th. 0·06, with letters varying between 1·5 and 3 cm. (the smallest on the bottom line) which are irregular in shape and unevenly set out on the stone (see photograph of squeeze, Plate XXVIIa). The face is slightly damaged at its top right-hand corner and at the bottom left.
Some Gold Bird Ornaments Falcon or Wryneck?
Authors: Tufnell Olga
Published: January 2007

An enquiry which seemed simple enough at the outset, has developed alarmingly in the course of investigation and now covers a wide field which can only be briefly indicated in this note. It concerns seven ornaments in all, two of which have long been in the possession of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden; the other five were excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and his staff for the British School of Egyptian Archaeology at Tell el-Ajjul, south of Gaza, between 1930–52, and are now dispersed in various museums (see Fig. 1 and Plates XXI–XXII).

From the time of discovery onwards, the bird represented on the Ajjul ornaments was described as a falcon, and there seemed no reason to question it. But many years later, Miss Sylvia Benton suggested to me – on seeing the Ajjul gold ornaments – that the craftsman intended to represent a wryneck jynx torquilla. It is only recently that I have had the opportunity to explore the possibility further. This paper is the result of that enquiry. Furthermore, I would like to suggest that the bird portrayed on Tutankhamen's earrings is the same bird as on the examples found at Tell el-Ajjul, whatever that may prove to be. The authors of the catalogues accompanying the exhibition of these treasures on view in Paris (1967) and in London (1972) did not commit themselves as to the identity of the bird.
The Hittite Name of Til Barsip: Evidence from a new Hieroglyphic Fragment from Tell Ahmar
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

Writing in Carchemish, Vol. III (1952), Richard Barnett brought the evidence of the two Hieroglyphic Luwian stelae found at Tell Ahmar (the Assyrian Til-Barsip) to bear on the Karkamiš chronology. At that date, immediately after the discovery of KARATEPE, the value of a number of Hieroglyphic signs was still not established, which hampered the readings of some of the rulers' names. Also the actual dynastic information provided by the two mutilated stelae lay still largely out of reach. It is nevertheless remarkable that the progress in interpretation of these and related monuments over the last thirty years has tended to confirm the datings originally proposed by Barnett. Thus it is with great pleasure that I offer to Richard Barnett in this volume a new piece of information which elucidates some points on the TELL AHMAR stelae and permits an interesting new interpretation.
Fifty-five New Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson
Published: January 2007

This is the second publication of new fragments of Diogenes discovered by participants in the Oenoanda project of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Thirteen of the twenty-three fragments which came to light in 1974 have already been published (Smith H). The present work presents the remaining ten fragments (NF 55, 57, 66, 68, 70, 73, 81, 83, 92, 101) found in 1974, forty-four fragments discovered in 1975, and one fragment (NF 94) recorded in 1976. In 1975 we discovered three more fragments recorded in the nineteenth century (HK fr. 4, 23, 25) and a piece broken off the bottom of HK fr. 42.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge, with sincere gratitude, the debt which we owe to the Republic of Turkey for generously permitting us to continue our work at Oenoanda. We are extremely grateful to Bay Hikmet Gürçay and his colleagues in the Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüǧü for their help in securing the renewal of our permit and for their kind interest in our work. We also thank Bay Salih Kütük, Director of the Fethiye Museum, and the local officials in Muǧla, Fethiye, and Seki for their courteous attention and assistance.
A Note on the Jewellery Listed in the Inventory of Manninni (CTH 504)
Authors: Maxwell-Hyslop K. R.
Published: January 2007

The lack of stratified examples of Hittite jewellery emphasizes the importance of the evidence afforded by inventories such as the Inventory of Manninni recently published by Dr S. Košak. Although many of the words designating specific pieces of jewellery or goldwork cannot yet be translated, a study of the inventories combined with contemporary archaeological evidence can assist in forming a more detailed assessment of the products of Hittite jewellers and gold workers. It is possible to make some tentative suggestions concerning the identification of different types of jewellery mentioned in the Manninni inventory with reference to excavated pieces, some of which, although originating from sites beyond the area of direct Hittite influence yet can be dated to a period contemporary with or slightly earlier than the Hittite inventories. The Manninni inventory has been assigned to the 13th century B.C. by F. Kammenhuber but in Košak's view it could have been composed at any time during the later Hittite Empire.
Lions of the Mountains: the Sarcophagi of Balboura
Authors: Money D. K.
Published: January 2007

This paper is the result of a study carried out in July and August 1987 as part of the survey of the Greco-Roman city of Balboura in North Lycia. Its aim was to produce a plan and catalogue of the large number of sarcophagi in and around the site. Due to the rugged nature of the area such a catalogue cannot claim to be absolutely complete; I suspect, in particular, that more awaits discovery in the trees to the west of the site. Nevertheless, the material at our disposal seems an adequate basis for discussion. The evidence collected is presented in full in the appendix, and on the plans (Figs. 1–5). What follows is an attempt to summarize and comment on the significance of these results.
The Lower Theatre at Balboura
Authors: Bier Lionel
Published: January 2007

Amongst the standing remains of Greco-roman Balboura in northern Lycia are those of two theatres (Fig. 1). The smaller and better preserved clings to the steep south slope of the acropolis hill close to the line of the Hellenistic city's defence wall. The reports of early travellers provide little useful information about the monument, concerned as they are more with Balboura's rich epigraphic material than with her architecture. Spratt and Forbes, who visited the site in 1842 during their archaeological survey of the area, wrote a brief account, and nearly half a century later Petersen and Von Luschan published without comment a single photograph of the stage building's fine retaining wall showing its heavily bossed polygonal stones and its buttresses of squared blocks. No detailed picture was available, however, until the appearance in 1969 of the second volume of de Bernardi Ferrero's monumental survey of the ancient theatres in Asia Minor.

The second theatre, located in a rocky bay in the hillside at the edge of the valley three hundred metres to the south, has attracted even less attention, and understandably so, for its remains consist of little more than the foundations for the stage building which lie half buried beneath earth and debris. De Bernardi Ferrero has published several photographs but no drawings. Her brief description concentrates on the system of arches supporting the pavement of the proscenium, an unusual feature for which she cites several parallels in the area.
Amorium 1988: The First Preliminary Excavation
Authors: Harrison R. M.
Published: January 2007

The site of Amorium was surveyed in 1987, and the Turkish authorities kindly issued a permit for excavation in 1988. Our purpose was to study the site from the late Hellenistic period to the Medieval, in particular its growth, development and change from a small Roman town to the Late Roman and Early Byzantine city, which was destroyed by the Arabs in 838. After Constantinople and Thessalonica, this was probably the third city of the Byzantine Empire, and thus the first in Asia Minor (W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival 780–842 (1988), 41).
“Thorn” and “Minus” in Hieroglyphic Luvian Orthography
Authors: Melchert H. Craig
Published: January 2007

It has long been known that HLuvian sign 383, an oblique stroke (\), when added to another sign, indicates the presence of a postvocalic r: see the references cited by Laroche, HH 205. The “thorn”, as it is often called, may indicate /r/ alone, or a sequence /ra/ or /ri/. The now standard transliteration ra/i is thus a cover symbol for all three possibilities. The actual reading in any particular case may be determined only on comparative grounds, internal or external. As examples of /r/, /ra/, and /ri/1 may cite respectively dat.-loc. pl. (“FINES”)I + ra/i-ha-za = /irhanza/ “boundaries” (cf. Hitt. irḫa- “idem”), pret. 3rd sg. i + ra/i = /ira/ “went”, and pres. 3rd sg. i + ra/i = /iri/ “goes”.

Hawkins, Morpurgo-Davies and Neumann, HHL 171 f, have argued that in internal and final position the combination 209 + 383 (), in addition to i + ra/i, may also indicate ri+i = /ri/. That is, in combination with a vowel sign V, the “thorn” may indicate the sequence /rV/ instead of/Vra/i/. Note that the HLuvian syllabary has no CV sign for /ri/, while sign 412 (and less often sign 103) spells /ru/. Evidence for the reading ri+i comes from alternations such as abl./inst. DEUS-na-ri+i beside deus-na-ti-(i) “by/from the god(s)” or tu-pi-ri+i beside tu-pi-ti-i “strikes”.
A leading Family of Cibyra and some Asiarchs of the first century
Authors: Kearsley R. A.
Published: January 2007

Recent studies of some of the leading families of Asia Minor in the early imperial period have shown the value of a prosopographical analysis for elucidating the history of the region and, in particular, of bringing into sharp focus the complex and far-reaching connections among those families which formed the aristocratic elites in the Graeco-Roman cities. In her 1966 study, Shelagh Jameson dealt at length with the Lycian family of Licinnii from Oenoanda. Among its members was a certain Marcia Lycia who, as the daughter of Marcius Titianus, married into the family from Cibyra. Jameson did not turn her attention to these Cibyran relatives of the Licinnii and the following is offered, therefore, as a supplementary study of the history and significance of that network of families. The discussion has two aspects: the delineation of one of the connections of these Cibyrans with another family elsewhere in Asia Minor, and a discussion of the evidence provided about the nature of the title asiarch in the first century.
Kuzi-Tešub and the “Great Kings” of Karkamiš
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

The recent discovery of a hitherto unknown king of Karkamiš of the Hittite Empire period is an event of some significance. This is the son of Talmi-Tešub (hitherto the last known king of the dynasty installed by Suppiluliumas I), Kuzi-Tešub by name, who is now attested on two impressions of his seal on bullae excavated at Lidar Höyük on the east bank of the Euphrates above Samsat.

The seal has a fine Storm-God figure standing on two mountain-men in the centre, and the rest of this area, apart from filling motifs of a rosette and an animal, is occupied by an inscription in Hieroglyphic. Around the outer circle, only partially preserved in both exemplars, is a Cuneiform legend. The Hieroglyphs divide into four groups: (1) the name of the Storm-God written above his outstretched left hand; (2) in front of the Storm-God a group reading “Kuzi-Tešub, King of the land of Karkamiš”; (3) behind him a group “Talmi-Tešub, King of the land of Karkamiš”. This was all clearly read by Sürenhagen, who for the fourth group, below the Talmi-Tešub group, proposed a reading “Kunitimuwas the King's Son”.
The Sanctuary of the God Eurymedon at Tymbriada in Pisidia
Authors: Kaya Durmuş , Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2007

In 1977, during the construction of a tunnel at Aksu, in the İlçe of Eǧridir, a statue of the river god Eurymedon was discovered and brought to İsparta Museum. This proved to have come from a sanctuary situated in front of a cave, known as the Zindan maǧarası, overlooking the river Aksu. The statue has remained unpublished to date, and for permission to make it known here I am grateful to the Museum Director, Mr İlhan Ünlüsay. In 1982 I acted as the Turkish government representative for Dr. Stephen Mitchell's survey at Yalvaç (Pisidian Antioch); he gave me friendly encouragement to write this article. I would like to thank him for providing translations and notes on the inscriptions, and also Dr. Marc Waelkens for sending his observations on the architectural remains at the sanctuary.
A paramone Text on a Family Funerary bomos at Burdur Museum
Authors: Horsley G. H. R. , Kearsley R. A.
Published: January 2007

Accessed in late 1964 into Burdur Museum not long after the latter had been formally constituted, inv. no. 292 is the only inscribed monument there which bears the word paramone. This rectangular marble bomos with a phiale top, corner acroteria and a decorative moulding around its outer edge, carries relief decoration and text on all four faces. The monument warrants a little more discussion than can be allowed in the catalogue which we are preparing of the inscriptions in that Museum. No provenance is stated in the Museum Inventory register; we must settle on a general origin within the province of Pisidia.
The Alacami in Kadirli: Transformations of a Sacred Monument
Authors: Bayliss Richard
Published: January 2007

Situated on the outskirts of the modern town of Kadirli is the best preserved late Roman church in eastern Cilicia. Its characteristics of design and construction are of pivotal significance for addressing the development of early Christian architecture in the region, as it represents the archetype of a definable group of churches in the upper Cilician plain, which link the building traditions of Syria with those of Anatolia and the southern shores. As it stands today, this structure known as the Alacami displays over a millennium and a half of local history, the liturgy of three different faiths and even more transitional building phases. In 1949 a full measured survey of the building was conducted by Michael and Mary Gough who in the same year were working at nearby Anazarbus. The results were never published and remained lost until 1994 when work commenced on cataloguing the Gough archive. The following study presents the full details of the Gough's survey for the first time and provides a detailed discussion of the monument in context, charting its development from the Roman period to the present day.
Early Bronze Age Plant Remains from İmamoğlu Höyük, Se Turkey
Authors: Oybak E. , Demirci Ş.
Published: January 2007

İmamoğlu Höyük was situated in the Euphrates basin, ca. 15 km. northeast of Malatya in south east Turkey (Fig. 1). On account of the construction of a dam at Karakaya on the Euphrates, salvage excavations were carried out at the site from 1980 to 1987 under the direction of Edibe Uzunoğlu of İstanbul Archaeology Museums. In the 1986 excavation season, some Early Bronze Age remains (dated between 2300–2000 B.C.) were recovered. These remains included carbonised plant material, consisting principally of barley and pea. The five samples of plant remains were collected from the floors of buildings in squares 7H and 7I.
Das Edikt des L. Antistius Rusticus: eine Preisregulierung als Antwort auf eine überregionale Versorgungskrise?
Authors: Wiemer Von Hans–Ulrich
Published: January 2007

Das anläßlich einer Versorgungskrise im pisidischen Antiochia erlassene Edikt des Statthalters L. Antistius Rusticus zählt zu den bekanntesten lateinischen Inschriften der römischen Kaiserzeit. Seit seiner Entdeckung und Veröffentlichung in den Jahren 1924 und 1925 wurde es in zahlreiche Auswahlsammlungen aufgenommen und wiederholt in moderne Sprachen übersetzt; kaum eine moderne Darstellung der Wirtschaftsgeschichte der römischen Kaiserzeit versäumt es, wenigstens am Rande auf das Edikt hinzuweisen. Indessen ist das Edikt längst nicht so gut erforscht, wie sein Bekanntheitsgrad vermuten lassen könnte: Zentrale Fragen seiner Interpretation werden in der Literatur zwar äußerst unterschiedlich beantwortet, doch niemals systematisch diskutiert. Schon bald nach Bekanntwerden der Inschrift konzentrierte sich das Interesse auf die Laufbahn des Antistius Rusticus, die seither immer wieder behandelt wurde und daher als so weit geklärt gelten kann, wie dies beim gegenwärtigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse überhaupt möglich erscheint. Als Dokument der Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte ist es jedoch seit der hitzigen Kontroverse der beiden Erstherausgeber David Robinson und William Ramsay nicht mehr zum Gegenstand einer Untersuchung gemacht worden. Dieses Versäumnis will der vorliegende Beitrag nachholen.
An Exedra for Demosthenes of Oenoanda and his Relatives
Authors: Milner N. P. , Mitchell S.
Published: January 2007

The Roman–Lycian notable and ex-procurator of Sicily, C. Julius Demosthenes of Oenoanda, who flourished under the Flavian Emperors, under Trajan and under Hadrian, is now well-known, following the publication of the richly-detailed Demostheneia Festival inscription by M. Wörrle. New investigation in 1994 into the archaeological context of Demosthenes' statue base (YÇ 1024), found on the site of Oenoanda in 1895 and published by Heberdey and Kalinka, has revealed that it was not re-used as stated by Hall and Milner, but shaped specifically for its original construction as the western anta of a semicircular exedra. In this article we trace the location, design and decoration of the exedra and discuss the inscriptions which adorned it.
Excavations at Sos Höyük 1994: First Preliminary Report
Authors: Sagona Antonio , Sagona Claudia , Özkorucuklu Hilmi
Published: January 2007

Collaborative Australian–Turkish archaeological investigations in north-eastern Anatolia, begun in 1988 in the Bayburt province (then an ilçe of Gümüşhane), continued for six weeks during June–July 1994 with excavations at Sos Höyük near Erzurum. The decision to extend the limits of the research project beyond the Bayburt plain, eastwards into the adjacent province, was based primarily on the need to address questions raised by our work in Bayburt, most notably the apparent gaps in its culture sequence. Further, we were acutely aware that in order to establish a sequence for north-east Anatolia we would need to reexamine by systematic excavations the human settlement of the Erzurum plain, long known from the early campaigns of H. Z. Koşay and his colleagues at Karaz, Güzelova and Pulur, and I. K. Kökten's pioneering surveys. Our interest in the site of Sos Höyük was roused by material excavated during a three week campaign in the summer of 1987 by a team from Atatürk University (Erzurum) and Erzurum museum. While some of the material clearly keyed into the Bayburt sequence, much of it did not. A visit to the site revealed a dense surface scatter of artefacts, especially obsidian, and substantial stratified deposits exposed by the diggings of the local villagers. The potentialities of the site were clear. With the material excavated at Büyüktepe and collected in the Bayburt province overlapping and complementing that at Sos, we would move closer toward an understanding of cultural developments in north-east Anatolia.
Zur Entstehung der tönernen Verkleidungsplatten in Anatolien
Authors: Işik von Fahri
Published: January 2007

“Das Hauptmerkmal der phrygischen Felsfassaden, das sie von allen anderen zeitgenössischen kleinasiatischen Felsdenkmaelern unterscheidet, ist der geometrische Dekor. Dieselbe Ornamentsprache haben die Schmuckelemente der gleichzeitigen phrygischen Terrakottafriese und auch die viel aelteren Vasen des schönen Stils”; so lautet die Ansicht von E. Akurgal über die motivische und zeitliche Identitaet der beiden bekannten architektonischen Schöpfungen von Phrygern, der Felsfassaden und der tönernen Verkleidungsplatten. Diese Beziehungen sind schon früher bemerkt und in der Forschung immer wieder zitiert.

Eine Gegenüberstellung des Kultdenkmals der Arezastis mit der—wenn auch phantasiereichen—Rekonstruktionszeichnung einer Gebaeudefassade von Pazarlı oder des “Tempels” von Gordion macht in der Gesamterscheinung tatsaechlich den gleichen dekorativen Eindruck.
Amorium Excavations 1991: The Fourth Preliminary Report
Authors: Harrison R. M.
Published: January 2007

This was the fourth season of excavation at Amorium in east Phrygia, and the team worked for four weeks, from 28th July 1991. Archaeological aims this year comprised the continued excavation of the Byzantine Church in the Lower Town, and more detailed study of the small finds, notably the pottery, glass, and inscriptions. Additional aims included the establishment of an official excavation-house (which is necessary by Turkish Law) in the village of Hisarköy, and the construction of a permanent storage depot there. The village of Hisarköy now consists of only about twenty mud-brick houses and two stone buildings, i.e., thecamiand the school (which closed in summer 1991). This village was said to have been created in 1892, with about 32 houses, and its recent decline is linked particularly with the attraction felt by the inhabitants to the nearby town of Emirdaǧ. The local harvest takes place in July, releasing a large body of manpower for our excavation's needs in late July and August, as the villagers' families (who work in Eskişehir, Afyon and further afield) come home for their “vacation”. The declining local population does, however, mean that it is easier to find accommodation for the excavation team.
Kurunta of Tarḫuntašša and the Imperial Hittite Mausoleum: A New Interpretation of §10 of the Bronze Tablet
Authors: Beal Richard H.
Published: January 2007

In 1986 the world of Hittitology was excited on hearing of the discovery of a well preserved bronze tablet. Inscribed on this tablet was a treaty between Hittite Great-King Tudḫaliya IV and his cousin Kurunta, appanage king of Tarḫuntašša, son of Tudḫaliya's father Ḫattušili III's elder brother Muwattalli II. An editio princeps of this treaty was published promptly, thoroughly, and, as always, extremely competently by H. Otten.

The tenth paragraph of this treaty reads:

ANA AWATNA4ḫekur SAG.UŠ=ya=kan ABUYAmMaraššantaš KA×U-za karpta

m.dLAMMA-aš=wa ANANA4ḫekur SAG.UŠ lē manninkuwan

nu ABUYA ANAmMaraššanta ṬUPPU iyat

n=atmMaraššantas ḫarzi

eni=ma ABUYA UL šakta

AWATNA4ḫekur SAG.UŠ=kan maḫḫan ŠAd10 kuntarra andan gulšanza

NA4ḫekur SAG.UŠ=kan maḫḫan zilatiya ANAm.dLAMMA parkiyauwanzi UL kišari

uit=ma maḫḫan ABUYA memian IŠME nu memiyan ABUYA=pat ḫullaš

maḫḫann=a ūkmTutḫaliyaš LUGAL.GAL LUGAL-izziaḫḫat

nu antuḫšan uiyanun

nu=kan AWATNA4ḫekur SAG.UŠ maḫḫan ŠAd10 kuntarra andan gulšanza

n=an aušta

nu=kanNA4ḫekur SAG.UŠ zilatiya ANAm.dLAMMA parkiyauwanzi UL kišari

mMaraššantaš=ma kuit ṬUPPU ḫarzi n=at uizzi mān udai n=at lē dattari
The Upper Theatre at Balboura
Authors: Bier Lionel
Published: January 2007

The archaeological survey of Balboura in northern Lycia conducted between 1985 and 1990 under the direction of J. J. Coulton permitted the recording of a number of architectural monuments including two theatres. The first, located at the edge of the valley 200 metres south of the Roman town, was studied during the 1987 season and has been presented in a previous issue ofAnatolian Studiesas an unfinished monument of the late Roman period. The second theatre, situated on the steep southern slope of the acropolis hill some 70 metres above the floor of the gorge, was surveyed in the summer of 1990 and is the subject of this paper (Figs. 1, 2, 3).

The monument was first described—briefly and without drawings—by Spratt and Forbes who made a hurried survey of the city site in 1842. Peterson and Von Luschan came through in 1882 and later published without comment the first photograph showing the impressive levelling platform that supported the scene building. The only study in modern times has been that of de Bernardi Ferrero which appeared in the second volume of her monumental corpus of classical theatres in Asia Minor. Time apparently did not permit a thorough survey which is hardly surprising considering the enormous scope of her undertaking but her observations, as far as they go, are sound, and her photographs numerous and well chosen. De Bernardi Ferrero's graphic documentation is inadequate, however, especially as regards the original appearance of the stage building which, although almost thoroughly denuded, provides more surface clues than her drawings indicate. Her late Hellenistic designation for the building, which remains unexcavated and has produced no inscriptions, is, in any case, accepted here.
Following the Euphrates in antiquity: north-south routes around Zeugma
Authors: Comfort Anthony , Ergeç Rifat
Published: January 2007

This second article on ancient roads around Zeugma deals mainly with navigation along the river itself and north-south routes on both banks of the Euphrates. Like its predecessor (Comfort et al 2000), this one is based on extensive survey work in the years 1996 to 1999 during the excavations carried out at Zeugma by a Franco-Turkish mission. It discusses sites located in the region surrounding the ancient city on both east and west banks of the river Euphrates and seeks to identify the principal roads of the region used in antiquity. Maps to complement those prepared for the preceding article are included.

In Comfort et al 2000, ancient crossing points of the river Euphrates in southern Turkey were discussed in the light of survey work conducted with the help of satellite photos in and around the reservoir created by the Birecik dam. This dam was completed in summer 2000. The lake created behind the Birecik dam stretches north about 100km as far as the Atatürk dam, for the most part constrained in a narrow gorge; a second lake now also reaches for about 20km south from Birecik to the Carchemish dam, itself approximately 6km north of the Syrian border. The survey was conducted over six visits between 1996 and 1999. Given the shortage of resources and the vast area covered (about 2,500km) it can only be considered a preliminary investigation and was indeed originally undertaken with a view only to proving the usefulness of satellite photographs as an aid to archaeological survey work.
A middle Byzantine olive press room at Aphrodisias
Authors: Ahmet K.
Published: January 2007

During the 1962 excavations at Aphrodisias, a number of marble storage jars and a marble basin were discovered which were tentatively associated with wine production. The area was further excavated in 1970 when more pieces were uncovered in situ and then placed west of their original positions where they now remain (fig 1) (Erim 1970: 60, figs 44, 45).

These remains have since been identified as equipment used in the production of olive oil. This article provides a record of the individual items excavated, a discussion of their original findspots, and a hypothetical reconstruction of the operation of the press, followed by a discussion of the production capacity and date of such a processing plant.
The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in northeast Anatolia: a view from Sos Höyük
Authors: Sagona Antonio
Published: January 2007

The ancient settlement of Sos Höyük, situated east of Erzurum, is providing a significant stratigraphic sequence of human occupation from the Late Chalcolithic to the Medieval period. This sequence includes the transition from the end of the Bronze Age into the first centuries of the Iron Age, a period which is surrounded by difficult but intriguing historical questions. At the mound of Sos Höyük evidence for this transition is starting to emerge from a relatively small operation on the northern slope, midway down the mound, in trenches M15 and L16.

The stratigraphic record at Sos Höyük together with a large range of radiocarbon readings taken from samples collected over four seasons of excavation indicate that the site was occupied throughout the late fourth/third millennium BC and intermittently in the second millennium. The earliest centuries of the second millennium BC are best defined by storage pits, wattle and daub dwellings and burials that conform generally to a tradition initially documented by Kuftin in his excavations of the Trialeti kurgan burials near Tbilisi, Georgia (Kuftin 1941; Miron, Orthmann 1995: 79–94).
The Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project: a final report from the 1999 field season
Authors: Parker Bradley J. , Creekmore Andrew , Cavallo Chiara , Maliepaard Rik , Paine Richard
Published: January 2007

During the summer of 1999 members of the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) conducted archaeological excavations and surveys at two sites in the upper Tigris river region of southeastern Turkey. This article presents the results of that research. At the site of Boztepe excavations yielded four Halaf period burials, all of which contained grave goods, and an Iron Age house dated by C14 to the Assyrian Imperial period. Intensive surveys at Talavaş Tepe and Boztepe have refined the chronology and size of both sites. Although the exposures of the Halaf period are very small, these data add important insights into Halaf mortuary practices, while evidence from both Boztepe and Talavaş Tepe supplements our understanding of the upper Tigris river region during the Iron Age.
Plant stores at pottery Neolithic Höyücek, southwest Turkey
Authors: Martinoli Danièle , Nesbitt Mark
Published: January 2007

Eleven samples comprising an estimated 39,000 plant remains were analysed from a burnt destruction level at the pottery Neolithic site of Höyücek, southwest Turkey (radiocarbon dated 7550–7350 uncalibrated bp, 6400–6100 calibrated BC). Large stores of emmer (Triticum dicoccum), free threshing wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum), lentils (Lens culinaris), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were identified and these plants were interpreted as crops. The low levels of weeds and crop processing by-products suggest most of the samples were remains of stores of human food. Two samples in which wild components (for example,Triticum boeticum, Medicago, Aegilops) dominated were interpreted as crop processing by-products, presumably stored for fodder. The presence of these stores in a structure interpreted as having a religious function shows that domestic activities also took place there. Comparison with other Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites of west central Turkey demonstrates a good correspondence in the range of crops. The poor representation of barley at Höyücek doubtless reflects the small number of samples from the site.
Osteoclast distribution within the rat interdental septum coincident to experimental tooth movement using light forces
Authors: Johnson Roger B.
Published: January 2007

There is little quantitative information concerning the number and distribution of bone‐matrix resorbing osteoclasts (BMRO) within the adjacent alveolar bone coincident to tooth movement. We moved the right first maxillary molar tooth anteriorly in 40 female rats (E), the left side was untreated, serving as an internal control (IC). Forty female age and weight matched rats were untreated, serving as external controls (EC). BMRO were identified on periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the interdental septum from 1–5 days after initial force application using the MTB‐322 antibody. The number of BMRO at periosteal surfaces of E was greater in IC and EC from 2–5 days (P < 0.001). Similarly, the number of BMRO at endosteal surfaces was greater from 1–5 days (P < 0.001). The number of BMRO at periosteal and endosteal surfaces was greater within E than within EC from 1–5 days (P < 0.001). Outcome data from IC were often significantly different from EC. Our data suggest that relatively low forces increase the number of BMRO, which are not uniformly distributed onto both periosteal and endosteal surfaces. Thus, the interdental septum resorbs at the alveolar wall and within spaces between the trabeculae, which, taken together, results in net removal of bone from areas of compression. These data also suggest that experimental tooth movement produces significant differences in the number and distribution of BMRO within IC and EC. Thus, EC groups should be included in studies of tooth movement. Anat Rec, 290:74–82, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative morphometrics of embryonic facial morphogenesis: Implications for cleft‐lip etiology
Authors: Young Nathan M. , Wat Stephen , Diewert Virginia M. , Browder Leon W. , Hallgrímsson Benedikt
Published: January 2007

Cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CL[P]) has a complex etiology but is thought to be due to either genetic or environmentally induced disruptions of developmental processes affecting the shape and size of the facial prominences (medial nasal, lateral nasal, and maxilla). Recent advances in landmark‐based morphometrics enable a rigorous reanalysis of phenotypic shape variation associated with facial clefting. Here we use geometric morphometric (GM) tools to characterize embryonic shape variation in the midface and head of six strains of mice that are both cleft‐liable (A, A/WySn, CL/Fr) and normal (BALB/cBy, C57BL, CD1). Data were comprised of two‐dimensional landmarks taken from frontal and lateral photographs of embryos spanning the time period in which the facial prominences fuse (GD10‐12). Results indicate that A/‐ strain mice, and particularly A/WySn, have overall smaller midfaces compared to other strains. The A/WySn strain also has significant differences in facial shape related to retarded development. Overall, CL/Fr strain mice are normal‐sized, but tend to have undersized maxillary prominences that do not project anteriorly and have a small nasal contact area. These results suggest that the etiology of clefting differs in A/WySn and CL/Fr strains, with the former strain suffering disruptions to developmental processes affecting overall size (e.g., neural crest migration deficiencies and lower mitotic activity), while the latter strain has defects restricted to the shape and size of the maxilla. A combination of molecular experimentation and phenotypic analysis of shape is required to test these hypotheses further. Anat Rec, 290:123–139, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary care organizations in New Zealand and England: tipping the balance of the health system in favour of primary care?
Authors: Smith Judith , Mays Nicholas
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the experience of developing primary care organizations (PCOs) in New Zealand and England, exploring how far these new institutional forms have been able to ‘tip the balance’ of their host health system in favour of primary care. The original objectives for establishing PCOs in the two countries are assessed using published research evidence on the impact of PCOs covering: efficiency and cost containment; the development of clinical engagement and leadership; the development of primary care; and the purchasing of secondary and referred services. It is concluded that in both countries, progress has been made in aligning more closely the individual focus of general practice with the population perspective of the wider public health system. The New Zealand approach of using non‐governmental PCOs is judged consistent with harnessing the professional culture of general practice towards community‐based public health. By contrast, English primary care trusts (PCTs) are at risk of becoming remote from their origins as purchasers in primary care and general practice, unless the re‐introduction of practice‐level purchasing can provide GPs with new enthusiasm for local planning and service development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaporation estimation on Lake Titicaca: a synthesis review and modelling
Authors: Delclaux François , Coudrain Anne , Condom Thomas
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to validate evaporation models that can be used for palaeo‐reconstructions of large lake water levels. Lake Titicaca, located in a high‐altitude semi‐arid tropical area in the northern Andean Altiplano, was the object of this case study. As annual evaporation is about 90% of lake output, the lake water balance depends heavily on the yearly and monthly evaporation flux. At the interannual scale, evaporation estimation presents great variability, ranging from 1350 to 1900 mm year−1. It has been found that evaporation is closely related to lake rainfall by a decreasing relationship integrating the implicit effect of nebulosity and humidity. At the seasonal scale, two monthly evaporation data sets were used: pan observations and estimations derived from the lake energy budget. Comparison between these data sets shows that (i) there is one maximum per year for pan evaporation and two maxima per year for lake evaporation, and (ii) pan evaporation is greater than lake evaporation by about 100 mm year−1. These differences, mainly due to a water depth scale factor, have been simulated with a simple thermal model θw(h, t) of a free‐surface water column. This shows that pan evaporation (h = 0·20 m) is strongly correlated with direct solar radiation, whereas the additional maximum of lake evaporation (h = 40 m) is related to the heat restitution towards the atmosphere from the water body at the end of summer. Finally, five monthly evaporation models were tested in order to obtain the optimal efficiency/complexity ratio. When the forcing variables are limited to those that are most readily available in the past, i.e. air temperature and solar radiation, the best results are obtained with the radiative Abtew model (r = 0·70) and with the Makkink radiative/air temperature model (r = 0·67). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional laser micrometry characterization of surface wear in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Kohm Andrew , Gaumer Jeremy , Ravula Vishnu , Urban Robert , Gilbertson Les , Bos Gary , Dey Tamal , Nelson Laura , Dyce Jonathan , Lannutti John
Published: January 2007

Even after decades of clinical use, our ability to quantify wear across total hip replacement implant surfaces is largely limited to single value measurements. The influence of patient factors on wear remains enigmatic. This pilot study for the development of three‐dimensional laser micrometry (3DLM) introduces an easy, accurate means of ‘mapping’ and quantifying material removal. A three‐dimensional laser micrometer was constructed using a laser micrometer having an accuracy of 0.5 μm. A 3D surface map is triangulated from a point cloud consisting of ∼140,000 individual points. Comparison to a reference sphere determines radial wear over the entire surface. 3DLM was able to map and quantify fine scale surface features. Even for zirconia on relatively soft ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene, this technique maps the contributions of localized wear at the macroscopic level. The 0.5 μm (or greater) accuracy of these lasers allows us to image surfaces with a high degree of confidence. This analysis lends itself well to automation, and we anticipate that this advance will prove valuable in establishing that each head and cup combination emerging from a given clinical environment has unique wear patterns as observed in this trial data set. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus infection in two different ethnic populations from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Utsumi Takako , Yano Yoshihiko , Truong Bui Xuan , Tanaka Yasuhito , Mizokami Masashi , Seo Yasushi , Kasuga Masato , Kawabata Masato , Hayashi Yoshitake
Published: January 2007

The Solomon Islands is a multi‐ethnic nation with a high rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The prevalence relative to ethnicity was examined in relation to HBV infection, genotypes, and mutations. Asymptomatic populations (n = 564, 308 Melanesian and 118 Micronesian) from the Western Province were enrolled. Positive samples for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were examined for serological status, genotyping, viral load, and mutations of the basic core promoter (BCP) and pre‐core (Pre‐C) regions. The positive rate for HBsAg was 21.5%. The major Melanesian genotype was C (HBV/C), whereas the major Micronesian genotype was D (HBV/D). The prevalence of Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in serum was lower in carriers of HBV/D than of HBV/C. While the prevalence of the BCP mutation (T1762A1764) tended to be higher in HBV/C, that of the Pre‐C mutation (T1846) was significantly higher in HBV/D (P < 0.0001). Genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses based on complete genome sequences were also carried out for two strains of HBV/C and two strains of HBV/D, and the findings were compared with those in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database. The full‐length sequence revealed that strains from the Solomon Islands were classified into subgenotype C3 (HBV/C3) and D4 (HBV/D4), and that the HBV/D strains were related closely to those from Papua New Guinea. HBV infection in the Solomon Islands is hyperendemic, and the genotype is ethnicity‐specific. HBeAg appears to clear from the serum in young adulthood in HBV/D infection, which may be influenced by genotype‐dependent features in relation to viral mutations. J. Med. Virol. 79:229–235, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.