bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The North Doorway of the Erechtheum
Authors: Barnsley Sidney H.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Schultz in his paper upon the above subject, published in the last number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies, pointed out some interesting facts which had not been hitherto noticed, and also advanced several new theories. My object in writing the following notes is to draw attention to one of the theories put forward by him and which I do not think he has proved. And I do this the more willingly as Mr. Schultz at the close of his article expressly states that he gives his theories in order to open up further discussion on the subject. The point I refer to is the contention that the present door-jambs are not contemporary with the rest of the building, and that the decorations of the original doorway were much simpler.

Towards the end of the article, classed under points of miscellaneous evidence, mention is made of some iron cramps ‘the principal use for which would have been to steady the jambs, not actually to tie them back.’ Now these cramps, which Mr. Schultz considers of such slight importance, appear to me to be the main evidence as to whether the present jambs are original or not, for if it can be proved that the cramps have been in any way altered, or if they are not fulfilling the purpose for which they were placed in the wall, then we have certain proof that the jambs are later.
Archaeology in Greece, 1890—91
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

The season which is to be recorded in the following pages has been marked by a persevering and wide-spread activity, both on the part of the Greek Government and the Archaeological Society, and also among all the foreign schools established in Athens. This activity has been rewarded by results which are in many cases very interesting; but at the same time there are no discoveries to record so fortunate and brilliant as those which gave us last season the gold cups of Baphion or the great group by Damophon at Lycosura. One fact, however, is of higher importance than any single discovery. The long-postponed excavation of Delphi has at last been formally conceded to the French School. Those who have heard of the complicated negotiations which have been going on about this matter for the last few years may be surprised to hear that the original draft of the contract, which was published last spring, bears the date 1887. But it did not receive the Royal assent and so become law until 13/25 April, 1891. The chief features of the agreement, which follows the same lines as that made with the Germans about Olympia, are as follows. Right of compulsory expropriation is given, as in the case of roads and railways; all land thus acquired becomes the property of the Greek Government, as also do all antiquities of any kind which may be discovered. On the other hand the right of excavation is given to the French for ten years, and also the exclusive right of copying, photographing, and publishing all antiquities discovered for five years from the date of discovery in each case. The expropriation of the village of Castri is a difficult and tedious process; but it is to be hoped that work will actually begin upon the site of Delphi during the coming season. All will await its results with the highest interest, and with confidence that the French School, under the able direction of M. Homolle, will carry out the excavations with the same high efficiency that has marked its other undertakings.
Explorations in Aeolis
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: May 2006

In his valuable Contributions to the History of Southern Aeolis, Mr. Ramsay remarks (Journ. Hell. Stud. II. 2, p. 278): ‘In the plain of the Kodja we might expect more than one Aeolic settlement, if it be fully explored.’ This prediction was verified a few months only after it was written by discoveries made in this district in the spring of 1881, by Mr. George Dennis, M. Salomon Reinach, M. Baltazzi, and myself. I published a brief account of them in the Academy of April 9th, 1881, and M. Reinach has alluded to them, in the history of his excavations on the site of Myrina, in the Bulletin de Correspondence hellénique April 1882; but do details in regard to them have yet appeared. These details I now propose to give, throwing the account of them, for the sake of convenience, into narrative form.

Mr. Ramsay has already explained the topography of the coast from Myrina to Kymê. Midway between the two, about two and a half miles from Kyniê and three from Myrina, stands the little Greek village of Ali Aghá, while the Koja Chai, or ‘Big River,’ flows into the sea just below the ancient acropolis of Myrina, now known as Kalabassary. The Koja runs in an easterly direction, turning slightly to the north about eight miles from its mouth, towards the ruins of Namrût Kalessi, already described by both Mr. Ramsay and M. Reinach. Before entering the sea it is joined by a stream which runs past the village of Güzel Hissár.
The Tale of Saint Abercius
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

The chief authority for the life of this saint is the biography by Symeon Metaphrastes, written about 900–50 A.D. It quotes the epitaph on the saint's tomb, and the question whether this epitaph is an original document of the second century A.D., or a later forgery, is one of the utmost importance for the early history of the Christian church, and of many literary points connected with it. The document is not very easily accessible, so that it may be well to quote it as it is given in the Life by Metaphrastes; the criticism of the text has been to a certain extent advanced by the metrical restorations proposed by Pitra and others.
Bust of Perseus
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

The bust here published was acquired by the British Museum in 1879 from Alessandro Castellani, but without an accompanying record of where it had been found. The marble is Italian and the workmanship Roman, or, as it is generally termed, Graeco-Roman. In the type of head and in the features is to be traced a powerful and pathetic original. The chin is aesthetically large, the eyes and eyebrows are strained forward as if by constant intensity of pathos, in contrast to the relaxation of muscle produced by an equable mind. Doubtless the original is to be sought in the schools of Praxiteles and Scopas; but in the search for it allowance must be made for great differences. In this marble the collar-bones and the strongly-marked muscles of the neck are represented so as to aid the effect of the strain on the neck rather than for the sake of truth to nature. The object of the sculptor has been to produce a first impression, not of form but of action. He has been regardless of form, now exaggerating, as in the muscles of the neck, now reducing such details as the right wing of the helmet to a condition of subordination which has a paltry effect. The feathers which cover the helmet are from the hand of an ordinary workman. The left wing has been made of a separate piece and let in, but is now wanting.

It might be a question whether this head is not that of Hermes rather than of Perseus. The fact of its having been made to fit into a term—as may be seen from the angle at which the chest-bones project—would be in favour of Hermes, while the winged cap would in its present condition equally suit him.
On the Authenticity of the Olympian Registers
Authors: Mahaffy J. P.
Published: May 2006

There seems a sort of general agreement among modern historians of Greece to accept the 1st Olympiad (776 B.C.) as the trustworthy starting point of solid Greek chronology. Even Grote, so sceptical about legends, and so slow to gather inferences from them, accepts this datum. There is only one exception, I think, to be found in Sir George Cox, who evidently rejects the Olympiad register, who will not set down in his chronology any figure higher than 670 B.C., and even that under the protest of a query.

When we come to inquire on what authority so early a date can be securely established, we find a sort of assumption, not supported by argument, that from 776 onward the Eleians kept a regular record of their great festival, and as a matter of fact such a record is extant. It was generally acknowledged and cited by the later historians of Greece, who determined events according to it. Above all, the critical doubts of philologists are soothed by the supposed authority of Aristotle, who is reported to have made researches on the question, and to refer to the list as if authentic; he even mentioned a discus at Olympia with Lycurgus' name inscribed upon it, but in what work, and for what purpose, is unknown. I know that Aristotle is considered an infallible authority by modern philologists, so much so that those who are ready enough to deny even general inspiration to other authorities, seem almost to attribute verbal inspiration to this philosopher. One other Greek authority shares with him this pre-eminence—the historian Thucydides. And it so happens that in his Sicilian Archaeology (book vi.) Thucydides gives a number of dates, with precision and without hesitation, which reach back to 735 B.C., and therefore persuades his commentators that accurate dates were attainable up to a period close to the 1st Olympiad. These are apparently the silent reasons which have determined the general consent of modern historians.
On two Inscriptions from Olympia
Authors: Comparetti D.
Published: May 2006

In a paper read at the R. Accademia dei Lincei in Rome I communicated the result of my studies upon three of the bronze inscriptions (Nos. 362, 56, 363) found at Olympia, and published in the Archäologische Zeitung. Amongst other inscriptions from the same place recently published in the last number of the same periodical there are two (Nos. 382, 383) deserving the same attention, and demanding it all the more since Professor Kirchhoff in giving them to the public has declared himself unable to divine their meaning. Here I submit to the judgment of the readers of this journal my contribution to the question. My studies are only founded on the facsimile taken from a rubbing and published in the Archäologische Zeitung, together with Dr. Purgold's account of the material condition of the two monuments. I have thought it necessary to give my readers a phototypic copy of the facsimile itself, reduced to smaller proportions. Further particulars will be found in the Archäologische Zeitung, 1881, pp. 78 seq.
On the Composition of the Eastern Pediment of the Zeus Temple at Olympia, and Alcamenes the Lemnian
Authors: Six J.
Published: May 2006

Hardly ever has an artist been more unjustly treated by posterity than has he who adorned the Eastern pediment at Olympia with the story of Oenomaus and Pelops. Archaeologists have censured, and artists parodied his work for faults of composition that it owed probably entirely to their own reconstructions. The standard of Greek art is so high, even in lesser things, that where a work of this importance seems to fall short, we had better doubt of our own method, or at least suspend our judgment rather than rashly condemn. The more so here, where there does not even exist a general accord as to the arrangement which ought to be preferred. It is true that those peculiarities of style which seemed most to blame were not controverted, but as long as it appears that the truth has not yet been found, the fault will most probably lie where it is least sought for. And in fact material indications are not wanting that all was not right. For example, it is a curious fact that, though the composition was too loosely spread, the detached horses should stand outside the teams of three worked from one block, and this notwithstanding that they show unmistakable marks of having stood close to the wall. I was so strongly impressed by this circumstance during a visit at Olympia in May 1888, that I resolved to try by all means a new solution on this principle. But of course I lighted on the same difficulty which had prevented others from accepting this arrangement, as the five central figures, spellbound by the words of Pausanias, did not leave sufficient space to right and left for two horses in succession, and I already half despaired of coming to any conclusion, when Prof. Brunn spoke the magic word that broke the spell.
The Lombards and Venetians in Euboia, A.D. 1340–1470. II
Authors: Bury John B.
Published: May 2006

§ 45. War of Venice and Genoa.—The relations between Euboia and Attika continued to be peaceful. The Spanish lords of Athens had become less like a horde of robbers and more like a civilized community; they ceased to consort with Turks and infidels. Walter of Brienne indeed did not leave off his agitation against the Company, and he continued to importune Venice to form or join a league to restore him to his ducal seat. Venice however would not listen to him, and in 1344, when she bestowed on him the freedom of the city and allowed him to procure arms at Negroponte, she stipulated that such arms were not to be used against the Catalans. The Turks however continued their depredatory expeditions, and we learn that in 1341 Bartolommeo Ghisi, the Triarch, and the Duke of Naxos conjointly equipped a galley for the defence of the Archipelago and the coast of Euboia. It appears moreover that in 1343 Balzana Gozzadini, the widow of Pietro della Carceri, who acted as guardian for her son Giovanni, equipped another galley, and Negroponte itself was strengthened with new fortifications. These precautions seem to have protected the island efficiently for the next few years.
Researches among the Cyclades
Authors: Bent J. Theodore
Published: May 2006

About a year ago I paid a hurried visit to the Cyclades, with the purpose of ascertaining how far they would repay a more lengthened sojourn; and having satisfied myself that no part of Greece offered a better field for examination than the islands of the Aegaean sea, this last winter I undertook to visit the Cyclades one by one—no trifling matter when we consider that there are twenty-two of them, and only two of them have anything like hotel accommodation.

The objects of interest there to be studied may be conveniently classed under four distinct heads, and every one of these interests is essentially due to the position of the islands, as the stepping-stones used in all ages before the invention of steam between Europe and Asia.
The Arabs in Asia Minor (641–750), from Arabic Sources
Authors: Brooks E. W.
Published: May 2006

Considering the attention now paid to the geography ot Asia Minor, it has struck me that a collection of the notices relating to the Arabic invasions of that district, which are scattered here and there in the Arabic annalists and must be sought through thousands of pages of Arabic print, would serve a very useful purpose. These extracts not only throw light on geography and the Arabic nomenclature of the localities, but, when compared with the accounts of the same events in Greek and Syriac writers, are of great value for the study of chronology.

The writers from whom extracts are given under years are the following:—
Some Early Funeral Lekythoi
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: May 2006

Among the white lekythoi, upwards of a hundred in number, which have passed into the National Museum at Athens from excavations at Eretria, there is one which especially claims attention on account of its unusual size and exceptionally well preserved design. It is reproduced on Plate II. after a water-colour drawing made in the summer of 1896 by M. Chesnay, architect, of Paris, who was then working in Greece under the direction of the French School. I am much indebted to Dr. Cavvadias for permission to publish what is justly regarded as one of the chief treasures of the Greek national collection, and to Dr. Staïs for facilities in studying it.

It was found in 1889, ἐν κτήμασι Νοστράκη on an estate which yielded a large proportion of the wonderful harvest obtained during the authorised excavations of 1888–92.
Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: May 2006

Among the greater monuments or actual structural remains of the Mycenaean world hitherto made known, it is remarkable how little there is to be found having a clear and obvious relation to religious belief. The great wealth of many of the tombs, the rich contents of the pit-graves of Mycenae itself, the rock-cut chambers, the massive vaults of the bee-hive tombs, are all indeed so many evidences of a highly developed cult of departed Spirits. The pit-altar over grave IV. of the Akropolis area at Mycenae, and the somewhat similar erection found in the Court-yard of the Palace at Tiryns, take us a step further in this direction; but it. still remains possible that the second, like the first, may have been dedicated to the cult of the ancestors of the household, and it supplies in itself no conclusive evidences of a connexion with any higher form of worship.
Poseidon's Trident
Authors: Walters H. B.
Published: May 2006

We have all been accustomed to associate the familiar form of the trident with a marine deity, whether the Greek Poseidon or the Roman Neptune, but it may not have occurred to many to enquire what is the particular appropriateness of such an emblem to the ruler of the sea, or in what way it was adopted as his emblem. It is my purpose to offer some suggestions which may throw light on the subject, and may further tend to show that, in artistic representations at least, the trident is merely an evolution of a somewhat different form, that it is in fact the development of an originally purely decorative ornament.

Such developments of simple decorative motives into definite mythological representations are by no means uncommon in Greek art. In a former number of this Journal Miss Harrison has traced the ‘Odysseus and Sirens’ type to a purely decorative origin. The same writer, in her Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, pp. cxiv., cxxv., suggests that the tortoise of the robber Skiron slain by Theseus, and the clue which guided that hero through the labyrinth of the Minotaur, found their way into mythology from vase-paintings in which they were merely decorative. These may be only suggestions, but I am of opinion that difficult points in many myths may be cleared up in this way.
The Chariot-Group of the Mausoleum
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

As the re-arrangement of the sculptures at the British Museum has now reached the Mausoleum Room, the questions as to the restoration of that famous building are naturally brought to the front, and it is to be hoped that the occasion will arouse fresh interest in it in the minds of English friends of art and antiquity.

I do not propose in the present paper to do more than call attention to one point, the composition of the chariot-group which is sometimes supposed to have crowned the edifice. Larger and more general questions I leave. The restorations of Fergusson, Pullan and Petersen, which have been repeated by subsequent writers, all professedly follow the statements of Pliny, and hold the building to have consisted of a pteron standing on a lofty base, and supporting a pyramid on which the chariot-group stood. These writers all gave the Mausoleum the height fixed by Pliny of 140 feet: but recently Dr. Trendelenberg has called this view in question, maintaining that the full height was only 75 feet, and that the high base is a modern fancy. The question would be worthy of a more careful discussion than it has yet received. Both the older and the newer view are by no means free from difficulty: but I do not propose in this place to say more on the matter.
Archaeology in Greece 1901—1902
Authors: Bosanquet R. C. , Tod M. N.
Published: May 2006

The repairs of the Parthenon are drawing to a close and visitors coming to Athens next Easter may hope to see the temple freed from its casing of timber. They must be prepared for other changes also. Already the removal of part of the scaffolding and the re-erection of it in July round the Erechtheum have shown that the Greek authorities intend to carry into effect the scheme for rebuilding the North Porch and West Wall which aroused some vigorous protests when it was publicly announced in April. The Parthenon repairs have been works of conservation. The present scheme is one of restoration, and it is natural therefore that it should have aroused a good deal of hostile criticism.
A Scarab from Cyprus
Authors: Pierides G. D.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Hogarth in his Devia Cypria, page 9, describes a scarab found near Chrysochou, as follows :—

‘It is beautifully engraved with a group of Heracles, armed with bow, quiver and skin, wrestling with a lion, while behind him stands a draped female figure, without any distinguishing attributes. Over the group are cut the following characters:

i.e., genitive of the name , which occurs in the twenty-first line of the bronze tablet of Dali (Sammlung der gricch. dialekt-Inschr. i. p. 28). I was unable to take an impression of the scarab, or to examine it satisfactorily; but I should judge the lettering to be of the fourth century B.C.’
The Chasm at Delphi
Authors: Oppé A. P.
Published: May 2006

Those who have written upon the Greek Oracles in this country have been content, for the most part, to accept without criticism the traditional accounts of the procedure at these institutions. Where the meaning of a custom appears entirely strange and unsympathetic, there seems to be little to choose between one account of its details and another. Truth is hard enough to discover when the subject is intelligible; when the whole sphere of enquiry is dark its claims yield to those of the picturesque. This has been the fate of the oracles; their place in the life of the Greeks cannot be explained to the satisfaction of our reason and therefore they demand that they should be represented to our imagination with all possible violence. But the very reason which makes us prone to accept any account of the oracles and their procedure if it be sufficiently lurid and effective, should make us exercise the greatest caution before we endorse any traditional account as a fact. We are not the first to refuse our approbation to the oracles, and to demand in the place of intellectual conviction a striking appeal to the imagination.
An Athenian Lekythos
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

The Athenian lekythos here published has been recently acquired by the British Museum. It is interesting in two aspects. First, the design upon it illustrates the use to which such lekythi were put. We see a woman, apparently an ordinary mourner, carrying offerings for the dead. In her right hand is a funeral lekythos of just the same shape as the one on which the design itself occurs. In her left is a basket of fruits and a coloured sash to bind round the stelè on the tomb when she reaches it. Secondly, but more important, is the inscription beside her, Πάτροκλ(༵) χαῖρ༵. On first thought one would suppose that the vase-painter must have intended to represent one of the women who, according to the Iliad (xix. 301), mourned ostensibly for Patroclos but each having her own sorrows in her bosom,

with which may be compared the parallel passage later on in the same book (338)
A New Astragalos-Inscription from Pamphylia
Authors: Ormerod H. A.
Published: May 2006

The inscription here published was discovered on the site found by Mr. E. S. G. Robinson and myself beside the deserted village of Indjik, some six hours to the N.E. of Adalia (Attaleia in Pamphylia). The stone stood towards the N.W. corner of the site, near the ruins of a large apsidal building, which was probably a Byzantine church. Most of the site was covered with thick brushwood, and in a fire which is said to have taken place some ten years ago the stone suffered severely. The lower part, which was covered with earth, is better preserved, but a square capital which, when found, lay beside the pillar, had suffered so badly from the effects of the fire that although it seems to have been inscribed on the four sides it was not possible to make out more than occasional letters, either from the stone itself or from the impressions. The stone was found on a second visit to the site early in June, 1911. The paper which I then had, having previously fallen into the Xanthos marshes, prevented me from making reliable impressions, and I only succeeded in copying most of the western face and a part of the southern, before a slight sunstroke compelled me to return to Adalia. It was not until the end of July that I was able to re-visit the site with a fresh supply of paper. In the meantime my former activities had attracted the attention of the treasure-hunter. The stone, already much damaged, had now been split in two, and the surface further destroyed, while many fragments that I had previously collected were not to be found. The departure of the Yuruks with whom I had stayed on my former visit prevented me from remaining more than one night on the site, during which time I copied as much more as possible of the southern face and made new impressions of the whole. The parts that I publish from the eastern and northern faces, in each case from the lower part of the stone, have been read from the impressions made on the last visit. A new examination of the stone would probably clear up many doubtful points, and add to what I have been able to read from the impressions.
The Master of the Boston Pan-Krater
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

Two years ago Hauser published a remarkable bell-krater then in private possession and now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. (FRH. Pl. 115). On the one side we see a picture of Artemis shooting Actaeon, on the other a young shepherd is hotly pursued by a goat-headed Pan, while a small god-stick, or phallic herm, views the scene from a neighbouring eminence. The drawing is a marvel of elaborate elegance, the subjects uncommon, the forms and attitudes strangely and finely stylized. Who is the author of this fascinating work? In the text which accompanies the plate Hauser mentioned and reproduced a small pelike in Vienna, which he saw was closely related to the Boston krater, though he did not feel certain it was by the same artist: on the front of this vase, a man squats on a rock fishing with a rod and a youth with a basket stands beside him; on the reverse, a second youth carrying two baskets on a pole across his shoulder is speeding past a phallic herm (ibid. 2 pp. 293 and 295). In the opinion of the present writer, krater and pelike are undoubtedly by one master; and forty other vases are to be attributed to the same ingenious hand. A list of these vases will first be given, arranged according to shape; and a description of the master's style will follow. Cunning composition; rapid motion; quick deft draughtsmanship; strong and peculiar stylization; a deliberate archaism, retaining old forms, but refining, refreshing, and galvanizing them; nothing noble or majestic, but grace, humour, vivacity, originality, and dramatic force: these are the qualities which mark the Boston krater, and which characterize the anonymous artist who, for the sake of convenience, may be called ‘the master of the Boston Pan-vase,’ or, more briefly,‘the Pan-master.’
A Celtic Cult and Two Sites in Roman Galatia
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2006

Eleven years ago I contributed to the Journal an account of exploration in Galatia, and in summarizing the evidence which it supplied as to the civilization of Galatia, I pointed out that the Celtic conquerors assimilated the culture of the conquered Phrygians without seriously modifying its character. And more particularly in the religious sphere I observed that the evidence indicated that the religion prevailing in the Imperial period was ‘purely Phrygian: there is no trace of any Celtic cult…The new settlers perforce adopted the native cultus: for it was always necessary to “know the manner of the god of the land” (2 Kings, xvii. 26). Doubtless they identified their gods with the Phrygian, and did not keep up any separate cult: otherwise it would be incredible that no trace of it should have remained.’

A similar view was expressed in the following year by Sir W. M. Ramsay. ‘Few traces,’ he says, ‘of the old Gaulish religion can be detected in Galatia. It would be difficult to mention any except the sacrifice of captives, which was practised as late as B.C. 160, and presumably the rites at Drynemeton. It is hardly probable that the Gaulish religion was wholly disused or forgotten in the last century B.C. But certainly almost all the references—unfortunately very few—to Galatic religion point to the rapid adoption of the ancient and impressive cult of Cybele… The Galatians may perhaps have modified to some degree the character of the Phrygian ritual by their own nature and customs, as both the Phryges and the Greeks did. But we have no evidence on this point.’ His survey ends with the observation that in the inscriptions of the Roman period no allusion is made to any religion except that of the old Phrygian gods and that of the Emperors.
A Rare Vase-Technique
Authors: Six J.
Published: May 2006

Cette figure, d'un beau dessin, est peinte en noir sur un fond blanc. Les traits de l'intérieur, au lieu d'être tracés à la pointe, le sont ici en relief noir, comme sur les figures rouges. This is the Duc de Luynes' description in 1840 of the technique of a lekythos, with a hoplite in black swinging his lance, wearing a helmet and holding a shield, in outline, and wounded by two arrows. It was then in his collection, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris. This description, in which so distinguished an amateur can hardly have made a mistake, the object being in his own hands, is fully corroborated by Plate XVI. of his work, made as all those of this publication, not with a view to the subject, but in the intention of rendering the art. Here this design of black on black has been rendered by deeply bitten etched lines, standing out in velvet-black relief on an even tint of gray so dark that it looks black on the white paper. I need hardly add that a mechanical reproduction of this plate is impossible.

That this technique is not altogether unknown I shall soon show by a few examples.
The Pankration and Wrestling. III
Authors: Gardiner E. Norman
Published: May 2006

The combination of boxing and wrestling known as the pankration was a development of the primitive rough and tumble. To get his opponent down and by throttling, pummelling, biting, kicking, to reduce him to submission is the natural instinct of the savage or the child. But this rough and tumble is not suitable for an athletic competition: it is too dangerous and too undisciplined. To the early Greeks, athletics were the recreation of a warrior class, they were not the serious business of life or even a profession, and in an age of real warfare the warrior's life was too valuable to be endangered for sport. Moreover, without some form of law athletic competitions are impossible, and in the growth of law the simpler precedes the more complex Hence it was only natural that particular forms of fighting, such as boxing and wrestling, should be systematized first, and so made suitable for competitions before any attempt was made to reduce to law the more complicated rough and tumble of which they both formed parts. Wrestling and boxing were known to Homer, but not the pankration, and Greek tradition was following the natural order of evolution in assigning the introduction at Olympia of wrestling to the 18th, of boxing to the 23rd, and of the pankration to the 33rd Olympiad.
The Last Scene of the Eumenides
Authors: Headlam Walter
Published: May 2006

At the end of the play, when the Eumenides are to be ushered to their cave beneath the Areopagus, Athena joins to the procession a special escort of her own temple-servants, and sets forth the procession with these words:

The unsolved questions in lines 1028–1030 are two:—first, how to punctuate them, that is, who are to be the wearers of the crimson cloaks, the Escort or the Eumenides themselves: and second, what is the reason for the crimson colour? Neither question, perhaps, may seem to be of great importance; but Aeschylus is not a poet who does things at random; he is apt to have more than superficial meanings; and enquiry may, I hope, reward us with a new significance.
Note on the Atalanta of Tegea
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

When writing about the Atalanta of Tegea in the earlier part of this volume (pp. 169 sqq.), I stated my impression that I was not the first to have made the observations which I there recorded; but I overlooked the fact that Prof. Furtwängler's opinion, which in essential matters accords with mine, had already been published in a footnote to an article by Dr. L. Curtius in the Jahrbuch des K. Deutsch. Inst. xix. p. 79. There is, however, the less to regret since my article has given occasion to some further notes on the subject by Prof. Furtwängler, which he has published in the Sitzungsberichte of the K. Bayer. Akademie, 1896, pp. 383 sqq. I have to thank him for a copy of these notes, which give a fuller account than before of his observations and the inferences to be drawn from them. His visit to Tegea, at which his notes were made, was in March 1904; mine was in April of the same year; and so his observations have the priority, though I had, of course, no knowledge of them either when I examined the sculptures at Tegea, or when I wrote down my results for publication; it is a matter for great satisfaction to find them confirmed by so eminent an authority.
The Master of the Achilles Amphora in the Vatican
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

The two vases reproduced on Pl. 13 and Pl. 14. 2 are the earliest redfigured lekythoi on which a grave-stele is represented. Shape and patterns and composition are the same in both; and if we compare the drawing of legs, arms, heads, and feet in the two vases, we shall find the closest resemblances. Now put the legs of the youth on a third lekythos (Fig. 2) beside the male legs on the two stele-vases: and the woman on Pl. 13 beside the standing women on a fourth lekythos, Pl. 14. 1, and a fifth, Fig. 3. Then let us turn to the Nolan amphora on p. 183, Fig. 4; surely the youth on A is strangely like the two youths and the man on our lekythoi: and now look at the figure on the reverse of the vase (Fig. 5(l)): have we not seen that himation before? and where if not in Pl. 14. 1 and Fig. 3? But no fewer than fifteen such himatia are collected in Fig. 5: each of the fifteen figures who wear them is the ‘mantle-figure’ drawn on the back of a vase. Would it not be interesting to know what the figures on the front of these vases were like?
Archaeology in Greece—a Correction
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

In my article on Archaeology in Greece (1906–1907), published in vol. xxvii. of this Journal, I inadvertently misrepresented Dr. Doerpfeld's views on the relation of Geometric to Mycenean objects in Greece, and as he has pointed this out to me, I am anxious to rectify the error as soon as possible. At the bottom of p. 295 I wrote that ‘few will follow him [Dr. Doerpfeld] in his revolutionary view that the “Geometric” finds at Olympia are pre- and not post-mycenean.’ This is not Dr. Doerpfeld's view. He has kindly told me that he holds that the ‘Geometric’ objects belong to a different sphere from the Mycenean, and thus may be some older than, some contemporary with, and some later than, the Mycenean period. If I had written that his view is that some of the ‘Geometric’ finds at Olympia go back into the Mycenean and even into the pre-mycenean period, or had even written ‘some of the “Geometric” finds’ instead of ‘the “Geometric’ finds’ in the sentence in question, I should have presented his theory correctly. I have to thank Dr. Doerpfeld for the kind way in which he privately pointed out this mistake, and am glad to have this opportunity to put the matter right.
Inscriptions from Asia Minor, Cyprus, and the Cyrenaica
Authors: Van Buren A. W.
Published: May 2006

The following inscriptions, with the exception of No. 7, were copied during the cruise of Mr. Allison V. Armour's yacht ‘Utowana’ in the Eastern Mediterranean in the spring of 1904. The copying was done by Mr. D. G. Hogarth, of Magdalen College, Oxford, Mr. Richard Norton, Director of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome, and myself; and in preparing the material for publication I have had the benefit of Mr. Hogarth's advice and assistance. The inscriptions Nos. 1 and 25, as well as the three stelae from Larnaca mentioned under No. 30, are now at the American School in Rome; No. 21 is in America.
Two Greek School-Tablets
Authors: Kenyon F. G.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Milne's article in the last volume of the Journal (xxviii. 121 ff.) calls attention to an interesting class of documents, the tablets or ostraka which served as school-books in Graeco-Roman Egypt. The British Museum has recently acquired two unusually good and complete specimens of this class. As they are, to the best of my belief, the most perfect that have yet come to light, it seems worth while to publish them in extenso.

The first (now Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 37516) is a single wooden tablet, 1 ft. 4½ in. in length, 5¼ in. high at the left-hand end, and 4¾ in. at the right-hand end. Projecting from the left-hand end is a small knob, nearly an inch in diameter, through which a hole is bored, by which means the tablet could be suspended from a nail in the wall of the school, as in the well-known kylix of Douris at Berlin. The corners at both ends are rounded.
Thasos. Part I.—Inscriptions
Authors: Tod Marcus N. , Baker-Penoyre J. ff.
Published: May 2006

During his visit to Thasos, of which an account, with a map of the island, and plans and drawings of the more important sites will appear in a subsequent number of this Journal, Mr. J. ff. Baker-Penoyre took copies and squeezes of a number of inscriptions both on the island itself and at Cavalla on the mainland opposite.

The inscriptions of Thasos are collected in I.G. xii. 8, which is now in the press and may be expected to appear shortly. Hitherto the most complete collection of them has been that in M. G. Dimitsas, ῾Η Μακεδονία i. (Athens, 1896), pp. 853–1000, consisting of 481 texts. A bibliography of Thasian epigraphy will be found in B.C.H. 1900, 263 f. together with 46 inscriptions previously unpublished.
A Vase Fragment from Orvieto
Authors: Van Buren E. Douglas
Published: May 2006

Perhaps an apology is due to the readers of the Journal of Hellenic Studies for venturing to call their attention to so fragmentary a vase as the one depicted in the accompanying illustrations, Figs. 1, 2; the excuse must be that the design offers certain points of interest which make one regret its mutilated state.

All that are preserved are the stem and part of the interior design, cm. 5·5 × 4·8, of a r.-f. kylix which was purchased at Orvieto and purports to have been found there. The clay is fine and well worked, the black varnish of the stem of a brilliant lustre. Of the exterior design there remains only a small section of the ring indicating the ground, and one long, slender foot.
Ancient Decorative Wall-Painting
Authors: Rostovtzeff M.
Published: May 2006

The history of ancient decorative wall-painting has yet to be written. The attention of the whole world was attracted by the wonderful discoveries made in Pompeii, and indeed for many years Pompeii stood for ancient decorative wall-painting in general.

That Pompeii so completely overshadowed modern ideas on the evolution of this art is due in great measure to the fact that at Pompeii it had found a wonderful exponent and explorer in the late Professor August Mau. His book dealing with the Pompeian decorative mural painting at once became a classic and influenced profoundly text-books and popular works on the history of ancient art and customs.

Two facts, however, should be borne in mind. First, that the decoration of Pompeian houses illustrates the art of one epoch. only—the Hellenistic and the earlier Roman Empire, except for a few examples from a still earlier age, and those not before the third century B.C. Also it should be remembered that this art at Pompeii can be taken as characteristic only of Italy and indeed only of Southern Italy; it does not follow that it developed on the same lines in other regions of the ancient world.
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1923–1924
Authors: Tod M. N.
Published: May 2006

In the following Bibliography an attempt is made briefly to summarise the progress made during the years 1923 and 1924 in our knowledge of Greek inscriptions, alike by the addition of new epigraphical texts to those already known and by the more adequate restoration or interpretation of documents previously discovered. I follow once again the order adopted in my last Bibliography, namely, that of the Inscriptiones Graecae so far as Europe is concerned and, beyond its boundaries, that of the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

I. General

The ever-increasing number of epigraphical books and articles calls for, and gives additional value to, the various bibliographies which aim at rendering them more generally useful to students. In addition to my own summary for 1921–1922 in this Journal and that which dealt separately for the same period with the Greek inscriptions found in Egypt, I may specially mention the ‘Bulletin Bibliographique’ of M. Lacroix for 1919–1922 and the very full and valuable survey by P. Roussel of the epigraphical contents of the periodicals bearing the date 1921. The pertinent sections of the ‘Revue des Revues’ appended to the Revue de Philologie should also be noted, as well as P. Kretschmer's ‘Literaturbericht’ for 1919 and 1920, which is restricted to questions of philological interest.
Hellenistic Ruler-Cult: Interpretation of Two Texts
Authors: Farnell L. R. , Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

The article published by Mr. Tarn on ‘The Hellenistic Ruler-Cult and the Daimon’ in J.H.S., 1928, p. 206, is convincing in its main points and an effective refutation of certain serious errors into which Miss Taylor and Dr. Schnabel have fallen. I merely write this note to criticise his interpretation of two passages in his Greek authorities, which I consider wrong, while it does not affect his main argument.

The first is Plutarch, Alexand. c. 54 (p. 696 A), containing the account given by Chares of Mitylene of Alexander's feast, where all the guests drank his health with προσκύνησις, except Kallisthenes, who refused this act of adoration: the first who received the cup from Alexander is said πρὸς ἑστίαν ἀναστῆναι καὶ πιόντα προσκυνῆσαι πρῶτον, εἷτα φιλῆσαι τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον: the phrase πρὸς ἑστίαν ἀναστῆναι puzzled Dr. Schnabel, but Mr. Tarn regards as convincing Prof. Otto's elucidation, ‘who has brilliantly shown that the function of the ἑστία in question was to carry the eternal fire which burnt before the Persian kings’ (p. 207). According to this, the first person who drank Alexander's health rose and before he drank turned towards the πῦρ ἀθάνατον. I need not discuss the significance of this act; for Mr. Tarn himself does not, and I regard the explanation as far-fetched, unnatural, and in fact impossible; for the words will not bear the weight put upon them.
The New Athenian Statue Bases
Authors: Casson S.
Published: May 2006

The three marble statue bases found in February 1922, incorporated as integral parts of the wall of Athens, are unique records of Attic art. While their supreme importance was recognised from the moment of their discovery, their exact contribution to our knowledge of Attic art is a matter upon which a variety of opinions has been expressed.

M. Philadelpheus, who as Ephor of antiquities of Attica was responsible for their custody at the time of discovery, was the first to publish them. He describes each briefly. No. I. he dates to the end of the sixth century B.C. No. II. he leaves undated, and No. III. he assigns either to the Peisistratid period or to the period of the Republic before 480. He makes no attempt to deal with the works in detail or to analyse their artistic significance.

M. Oikonomos has published a brief account of II. b, in which he suggests an interpretation of the so-called ‘hockey’ game. He disregards the problems of style and date.

Dr. della Seta of the Italian School at Athens is the only authority at present to discuss the artistic value and significance of Bases I. and II. and to attempt to place them chronologically in the Attic series. His exhaustive and attractive articles deserve the closest attention.
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1923–1924
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

[I.G. x.] Various potters' names on ancient lamps now preserved in the Museum at Preveza have been published by A. Philadelpheus. G. Seure devotes two articles to votive reliefs belonging to the Belgrade Museum which have remained unpublished or have disappeared; in the first of these no inscriptions are actually published, but notes are given on the history and provenance of the stones, the Thracian names and certain curious types of the ‘Dieu Cavalier,’ while the second contains a descriptive catalogue of twenty portrayals of various divinities and dedications to the hunter-god, of which, however, only two, both from Philippopolis, bear Greek inscriptions. M. N. Tod has completed his discussion of the Macedonian era, drawing up lists of (a) Macedonian inscriptions dated by the Augustan era only and of (b) those dated by one unspecified era, and concluding that almost all, if not all, of those in the latter category refer to the provincial era of 148 B.C. Ten inscriptions—one votive and the rest sepulchral—from Epidamnus, attributable apparently to the second or first century B.C., were published by S. Lambros, while C. Praschniker, in his account of his archaeological exploration of Middle Albania, gives a detailed description of various ancient sites, notably those of Apollonia, Nymphaeum and Byllis, and of the Via Egnatia and publishes thirteen epitaphs, six tile-stamps, a dedication to Asclepius, an honorary inscription and an interesting epigram of Justinian's reign, commemorating the work of the prefect Victorinus. To F. Bulič we owe our knowledge of an inscribed gem from Salona. G. I. Kazarov has collected in the districts of Mariovo and Prilep, in W. Macedonia, a Latin boundary-inscription of Hadrian's reign and thirteen Greek texts, several of which have since received needed correction. Three dedications, found near Kozani and now preserved there, have been copied and edited by A. D. Keramopoullos.
Agatharchos
Authors: Six J.
Published: May 2006

Though I can hardly hope to justify it, I must record (as having given the impulse to this study) my impression that it was not so much the art of his days, as the theories built thereon, which led Plato to such definitions of the skiagraphia as ‘essentially servile and devoid of reality and truth,’ as ‘not altogether true nor pure,’ as ‘unclear and misleading,’ and as ‘an inferior coupled to an inferior and producing inferior offspring.’
Greek Sea-Power, 776–540 B.C., and The ‘Carian’ entry in the Eusebian Thalassocracy-List
Authors: Burn A. R.
Published: May 2006

I. The Problem.—The purpose of this note is to suggest a possible solution of a notorious difficulty in that curious and interesting historical document, the Thalassocracy-list quoted by Eusebius from Diodorus; and, secondly, to trace the historical implications following on the adoption of that suggestion.

The list of ‘those who held the empire of the sea, from the fall of Troy to Xerxes' crossing into Europe,’ was evidently given by Diodorus in the lost ‘second volume’—Books VI to X—of his Historical Library in forty books. That work, we know, was arranged in sections of five books each, the second of which covered exactly that period—from the Τρωικά to the Μηδικά—and this no doubt gives us the reason why the list does not continue so as to cover the thalassocracy of Athens. The latter fact cannot therefore, unfortunately, be used as evidence for an early fifth-century origin for the document. This, however, obviously need not deprive the list of all interest for us, especially since it appears to be corroborated by such evidence on its subject as we have from other sources.