bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women, Women Everywhere—So Much Water to Drink!
Authors: Munla Leila
Published: January 2015

It all began with an idea and a conversation… . At the 2014 California‐Nevada Section spring conference in Anaheim, Calif., I organized a women's networking workshop. Because of my previous experience in Canada with starting a women's organization, I felt compelled to initiate a similar endeavor in the California‐Nevada Section. My goal was to begin laying the foundation for a supportive platform to foster a sense of inclusiveness for everyone from experienced professionals to those just starting their careers.
II Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Investigación para la Educación de la Historia y las Ciencias Sociales.
Authors: Barriga Elvira , Salazar Rodrigo
Published: January 2015

El II Congreso organizado por la Asociación Internacional de Investigación para la Educación de la Historia y las Ciencias Sociales (IRAHSSE – AIRDHSS: International Research Association for History and Social Science Education) tuvo lugar el 11, 12 y 13 de setiembre de 2014 en la Universidad de Friburgo (Suiza). El encuentro congregó a personal docente e investigador de la mayor parte de universidades de Europa, Latinoamérica, Canadá y África relacionado con la educación formal y no formal, así como personal responsable de equipamientos patrimoniales, y una pequeña representación de jóvenes pre-doctorales interesados en la Didáctica de la historia y las ciencias sociales.
I Congreso de Jóvenes Investigadores del Mundo Antiguo de la Universidad de Murcia.
Authors: Conesa Navarro Pedro David
Published: January 2015

Entre los días 26 y 29 de marzo del año 2013 en la Facultad de Letras de la Universidad de Murcia, tuvo lugar el I Congreso Internacional de Jóvenes Investigadores del Mundo Antiguo organizado por el Centro de Estudios del Próximo Oriente y la Antigüedad Tardía (CEPOAT) de dicha Universidad. Como centro de estudios que está al servicio de la comunidad científica, uno de sus principales retos es la difusión del mundo antiguo en todos sus aspectos (historia, arqueología, filología, derecho, antropología, didáctica…) a todo interesado en el campo de la Antigüedad.

Entre los días 26 y 29 de marzo del año 2013 en la Facultad de Letras de la Universidad de Murcia, tuvo lugar el I Congreso Internacional de Jóvenes Investigadores del Mundo Antiguo organizado por el Centro de Estudios del Próximo Oriente y la Antigüedad Tardía (CEPOAT) de dicha Universidad. Como centro de estudios que está al servicio de la comunidad científica, uno de sus principales retos es la difusión del mundo antiguo en todos sus aspectos (historia, arqueología, filología, derecho, antropología, didáctica…) a todo interesado en el campo de la Antigüedad.
La sociedad hiperbórea: ¿utopía o mito? Reflexiones acerca de la naturaleza y significado del relato hiperbóreo.
Authors: Castillo Lozano José Ángel
Published: January 2015

En este artículo trataré los elementos que conforman el relato de los hiperbóreos presente en las fuentes antiguas. Estos elementos los podemos clasificar en dos grandes grupos: los elementos utópicos y los elementos míticos. A través del análisis de estos elementos, intentaremos averiguar exactamente cuál es la naturaleza de este relato y el sitio que ocupa en el imaginario colectivo del griego de la Antigüedad.

Throughout this article I will deal with the elements conforming the story of the Hyperboreans, present in ancient sources. We can split these elements into two big groups in order to arrange them: there are utopian elements and mythical elements. By analysing them, we will try to figure out which is the precise nature of this story, as well as the place where it belongs inside the collective imaginary of Ancient Greek
Orthogonal projection of points in CAD/CAM applications: an overview
Authors: Ko Kwanghee , Sakkalis Takis
Published: January 2015

This paper aims to review methods for computing orthogonal projection of points onto curves and surfaces, which are given in implicit or parametric form or as point clouds. Special emphasis is place on orthogonal projection onto conics along with reviews on orthogonal projection of points onto curves and surfaces in implicit and parametric form. Except for conics, computation methods are classified into two groups based on the core approaches: iterative and subdivision based. An extension of orthogonal projection of points to orthogonal projection of curves onto surfaces is briefly explored. Next, the discussion continues toward orthogonal projection of points onto point clouds, which spawns a different branch of algorithms in the context of orthogonal projection. The paper concludes with comments on guidance for an appropriate choice of methods for various applications.
Characterization of machining quality attributes based on spindle probe, coordinate measuring machine, and surface roughness data
Authors: Tseng Tzu-Liang Bill , Kwon Yongjin James
Published: January 2015

This study investigates the effects of machining parameters as they relate to the quality characteristics of machined features. Two most important quality characteristics are set as the dimensional accuracy and the surface roughness. Before any newly acquired machine tool is put to use for production, it is important to test the machine in a systematic way to find out how different parameter settings affect machining quality. The empirical verification was made by conducting a Design of Experiment (DOE) with 3 levels and 3 factors on a state-of-the-art Cincinnati Hawk Arrow 750 Vertical Machining Center (VMC). Data analysis revealed that the significant factor was the Hardness of the material and the significant interaction effect was the Hardness + Feed for dimensional accuracy, while the significant factor was Speed for surface roughness. Since the equally important thing is the capability of the instruments from which the quality characteristics are being measured, a comparison was made between the VMC touch probe readings and the measurements from a Mitutoyo coordinate measuring machine (CMM) on bore diameters. A machine mounted touch probe has gained a wide acceptance in recent years, as it is more suitable for the modern manufacturing environment. The data vindicated that the VMC touch probe has the capability that is suitable for the production environment. The test results can be incorporated in the process plan to help maintain the machining quality in the subsequent runs.
A comparison of three design tree based search algorithms for the detection of engineering parts constructed with CATIA V5 in large databases
Authors: Roj Robin
Published: January 2015

This paper presents three different search engines for the detection of CAD-parts in large databases. The analysis of the contained information is performed by the export of the data that is stored in the structure trees of the CAD-models. A preparation program generates one XML-file for every model, which in addition to including the data of the structure tree, also owns certain physical properties of each part. The first search engine is specializes in the discovery of standard parts, like screws or washers. The second program uses certain user input as search parameters, and therefore has the ability to perform personalized queries. The third one compares one given reference part with all parts in the database, and locates files that are identical, or similar to, the reference part. All approaches run automatically, and have the analysis of the structure tree in common. Files constructed with CATIA V5, and search engines written with Python have been used for the implementation. The paper also includes a short comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each program, as well as a performance test.
Development of a simulation method for the subsea production system
Authors: Woo Jong Hun , Nam Jong Ho , Ko Kwang Hee
Published: January 2015

The failure of a subsea production plant could induce fatal hazards and enormous loss to human lives, environments, and properties. Thus, for securing integrated design safety, core source technologies include subsea system integration that has high safety and reliability and a technique for the subsea flow assurance of subsea production plant and subsea pipeline network fluids. The evaluation of subsea flow assurance needs to be performed considering the performance of a subsea production plant, reservoir production characteristics, and the flow characteristics of multiphase fluids. A subsea production plant is installed in the deep sea, and thus is exposed to a high-pressure/low-temperature environment. Accordingly, hydrates could be formed inside a subsea production plant or within a subsea pipeline network. These hydrates could induce serious damages by blocking the flow of subsea fluids. In this study, a simulation technology, which can visualize the system configuration of subsea production processes and can simulate stable flow of fluids, was introduced. Most existing subsea simulations have performed the analysis of dynamic behaviors for the installation of subsea facilities or the flow analysis of multiphase flow within pipes. The above studies occupy extensive research areas of the subsea field. In this study, with the goal of simulating the configuration of an entire deep sea production system compared to existing studies, a DES-based simulation technology, which can logically simulate oil production processes in the deep sea, was analyzed, and an implementation example of a simplified case was introduced.
Regulation of Redfield ratios in the deep ocean
Authors: Auguères Anne‐Sophie , Loreau Michel
Published: January 2015

Biotic regulation of the environment at global scales has been debated for several decades. An example is the similarity between deep‐ocean and phytoplankton mean N:P ratios. N and P cycles are heavily altered by human activities, mainly through an increase in nutrient supply to the upper ocean. As phytoplankton only access nutrients in the upper ocean, it is critical to understand (1) to what extent phytoplankton are able to regulate N and P concentrations as well as their ratio in the deep, inaccessible layer and (2) what mechanisms control the value of the deepwater N:P ratio and the efficiency of its biotic regulation. With a model of N and P cycles in the global ocean separated in two layers, we show that the value of the deepwater N:P ratio is determined by nonfixer's N:P ratio, recycling, and denitrification. Our model predicts that although phytoplankton cannot efficiently regulate deep nutrient pools, they can maintain nearly constant ratios between nutrients because compensatory dynamics between nonfixers and nitrogen fixers allows a control of deepwater chemistry through nutrient recycling. This mechanism could explain the near constancy of the deepwater N:P ratio, in agreement with Redfield's (1934, 1958) classical hypothesis. Surprisingly, N:P ratio of phytoplankton does not affect their ability to regulate the deepwater N:P ratio. Our model suggests that increased water column stratification as a result of global climate change may decrease the stability of the N:P ratio in the deep ocean over long temporal and spatial scales.
Importance and origin of halosteric contribution to sea level change in the southeast Indian Ocean during 2005–2013
Authors: Llovel William , Lee Tong
Published: January 2015

Steric sea level change has been identified as one of the major contributors to the regional variability of sea level trends observed by satellite altimetry for the past two decades. This contribution varies in space and time. The temperature (thermosteric) contribution to sea level has generally been found to be more important than the salinity (halosteric) effect. Based on sea level measurements from satellite altimetry and temperature and salinity data from Argo floats during 2005–2013, we found that the southeast Indian Ocean experiences a large halosteric contribution to sea level change. The conspicuously large halosteric contribution is associated with a freshening in the upper 300 m. Neither local atmospheric forcing such as Ekman pumping and E − P nor halosteric signal transmitted from the western tropical Pacific can explain this freshening. An enhanced precipitation in the Maritime Continent region and the observed strengthening of the Indonesian throughflow are the likely causes.
Mycophenolate‐based graft versus host disease prophylaxis is not inferior to methotrexate in myeloablative‐related donor stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hamad Nada , Shanavas Mohamed , Michelis Fotios V. , Uhm Jieun , Gupta Vikas , Seftel Matthew , Kuruvilla John , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Messner Hans A. , Kim Dennis (Dong Hwan)
Published: January 2015

We retrospectively reviewed 242 patients who received related donor myeloablative peripheral blood hematopoietic cell transplantation. We compared patients who received mycophenolate (MMF)/cyclosporine (CSA) (n = 71), to historical controls who received methotrexate (MTX)/CSA (n = 172). There were no differences in overall survival, nonrelapse mortality, and relapse. The MMF/CSA group had significantly faster neutrophil and platelet engraftment: medians of 13 versus 18 days and 10 versus 14 days, respectively (P = 0.001). The cumulative incidence of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) (Grades, 2–4) was significantly lower in the MMF/CSA group (45.1 vs. 74.4%, P < 0.001). The MMF/CSA group showed a lower incidence of skin (51.5 vs. 72.1%, P < 0.001) and liver acute GVHD (11.3 vs. 54.2%, P < 0.001) and a higher incidence of lung (42.2 vs. 19.0%, P = 0.045), eye (59.7 vs. 30.1%, P < 0.001), and mouth (72.8 vs. 56.4%, P = 0.001) chronic GVHD but only eye chronic GVHD was confirmed in propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. The incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia was higher in the MMF/CSA group (55.8 vs. 39.6%, P < 0.001) but this was not confirmed in PSM analysis. MMF/CSA was identified as an independent favorable factor for acute GVHD (P < 0.001, hazard ratio, 0.41) but as a possible adverse risk factor for CMV viremia as this was not found to be statistically significant in PSM analysis. MMF/CSA in myeloablative matched related donor peripheral blood stem cell transplant is not inferior as GVHD prophylaxis in comparison with MTX/CSA and is associated with faster engraftment but a potentially higher risk of CMV viremia.Am. J. Hematol. 90:392–399, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The delay time in sickle cell disease after 40 years: A paradigm assessed
Authors: Ferrone Frank A.
Published: January 2015

Sickle hemoglobin polymerization commences with a striking latency period, called a “delay time” followed by abrupt polymer formation. The delay time is exceedingly concentration dependent. This discovery (40 years ago) led to the “kinetic hypothesis,” that is, that the pathophysiology was related to the relationship between the delay time and the capillary transit. The delay time is well described by a double‐nucleation mechanism of polymer formation. In macroscopic volumes, the delay time is highly reproducible, but in small volumes such as erythrocytes, under certain conditions, the intrinsic delay time can be augmented by a stochastic delay owing to random waiting times for the first nucleus to form. This lengthens the average delay and adds further protection from vaso‐occlusion. When oxygen removal is not sudden, the growth of polymers after the delay time is limited by the rate of oxygen removal, further lengthening the time before occlusion may occur. This is important if some polymers have remained in the cell after pulmonary transit as their presence otherwise would obliterate any delay. The difficulty of deforming a cell once polymerized rationalizes the “two‐step” model of vaso‐occlusion in which a postcapillary adhesion event is followed by a sickling logjam. The delay time that is required is therefore generalized to be the delay time for an erythrocyte to move beyond regions in the venuoles where adherent cells have reduced the available lumen. The measurements of delay times correlate well with the severity of sickling syndromes. They also correlate with the improvements owing to the administration of hydroxyurea.Am. J. Hematol. 90:438–445, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Base‐Promoted Coupling of Carbon Dioxide, Amines, and N‐Tosylhydrazones: A Novel and Versatile Approach to Carbamates
Authors: Xiong Wenfang , Qi Chaorong , He Haitao , Ouyang Lu , Zhang Min , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: January 2015

A base‐promoted three‐component coupling of carbon dioxide, amines, and N‐tosylhydrazones has been developed. The reaction is suggested to proceed via a carbocation intermediate and constitutes an efficient and versatile approach for the synthesis of a wide range of organic carbamates. The advantages of this method include the use of readily available substrates, excellent functional group tolerance, wide substrate scope, and a facile work‐up procedure.
SnS and SnS2thin films deposited using a spin‐coating technique from intramolecularly coordinated organotin sulfides
Authors: Řičica Tomáš , Střižík Lukáš , Dostál Libor , Bouška Marek , Vlček Milan , Beneš Ludvík , Wágner Tomáš , Jambor Roman
Published: January 2015

Synthesis and applications of organotin(II) sulfide ({2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn)2(μ‐S) (1), organotin(II) thiophenolate {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(SPh) (2) and organotin(IV) heptasulfide {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}2Sn2S7 (3) as potential single‐source precursors (SSPs) for the deposition of SnS or SnS2 thin films using a spin‐coating method are reported. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 differ either by tin oxidation state or by Sn:S ratio (Sn:S = 2:1 in 1, 1:1 in 2 and 2:7 in 3). It is shown that compound 1 is not a suitable SSP for thin‐film fabrication using the spin‐coating process because of its incomplete decomposition at annealing temperature. However, compounds 2 and 3 seem to be promising SSPs for spin‐coating of amorphous semiconducting thin films of SnS and SnS2, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Freeze‐drying method preparedUHMWPE/CNTs composites with optimized micromorphologies and improved tribological performance
Authors: Fang Jie , Dong Liubing , Dong Wei , Chiang Sum Wai , Makimattila Simo , Du Hongda , Li Jia , Kang Feiyu
Published: January 2015

Uniformly dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites were successfully prepared by freeze‐drying method. Specifically, polymer powders were mixed with CNT aqueous paste, and then freeze‐dried. As a consequence, CNTs covered at the surface of UHMWPE powders evenly when CNT content was not very high, which improved the quantity of crystals and crystallinity of UHMWPE/CNTs composites by providing more nucleation sites during the upcoming compression‐molded process. Furthermore, optimized dispersion state of CNTs and concomitant higher crystallinity made freeze‐drying technique prepared composites display much lower wear rate when compared with pure UHMWPE and UHMWPE/CNTs composites fabricated by common heat‐drying method. In a word, our proposed method of freeze‐drying is simple and effective for mass production of UHMWPE/CNTs composites, and it is promising to be applied to fabricate many kinds of nanofillers modified polymer composites, for example, polymer/graphene material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41885.
Migration resistant glucose esters as bioplasticizers for polylactide
Authors: Yang Xi , Hakkarainen Minna
Published: January 2015

Environmental and sustainability issues have catalyzed efforts to replace traditional polymer additives with biobased alternatives. Glucose pentaacetate (GPA) and sucrose octaacetate (SOA) as model commercial saccharide esters and three synthesized glucose hexanoate esters (GHs) were evaluated as bioplasticizers for polylactide (PLA). For the GHs different reaction times were utilized to reach plasticizers with different number of hexanoate groups to establish how the degree of substitution influences miscibility and migration resistance of the plasticizers. The synthesized GHs, GPA, and SOA all showed good miscibility with PLA. Largest improvements in strain at break were observed for the PLA films containing GH plasticizers. These films also exhibited simultaneous increase in stress at break as compared to plain PLA. The GH plasticizers had low tendency to migrate during aging in water and this migration resistance increased with increasing degree of substitution. The GHs are, thus, promising plasticizer alternatives for bioplastics as they also retain the biodegradable nature of these biobased materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41928.
Protein‐based bioplastics and their antibacterial potential
Authors: Jones Alexander , Mandal Abhyuday , Sharma Suraj
Published: January 2015

The use of conventional petroleum‐based plastics in many applications poses the risk of contamination, potentially causing infection when used in medical applications, and contamination when used in food packaging. Nontraditional materials such as protein are being examined for their potential use in the production of bioplastics for applications that require uncontaminated materials. The proteins of albumin, soy, and whey provide possible sources of raw material for bioplastic production, as they have already been utilized in the area of edible films and low‐stress applications. We conducted this study to investigate the thermal, viscoelastic, and antibacterial properties of the albumin, soy, and whey bioplastics with the use of three plasticizers—water, glycerol, and natural rubber latex (NRL). Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were utilized as Gram (+) and Gram (−) species, respectively, for antimicrobial analysis. Albumin and whey bioplastics exhibited similar thermal and viscoelastic properties, whereas soy bioplastics had varied viscoelastic properties based on the plasticizer used. In terms of antibacterial activity, the albumin–glycerol and whey–glycerol were the best bioplastics, as no bacterial growth was observed on the plastics after 24 h of inoculation. In terms of the future impact of this research, the aim will be to scale up production of the bioplastics for use in food packaging as well as biomedical applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41931.
Films made from poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) and soluble biopolymers isolated from postharvest tomato plant
Authors: Franzoso Flavia , Antonioli Diego , Montoneri Enzo , Persico Paola , Tabasso Silvia , Laus Michele , Mendichi Raniero , Negre Michele , Vaca‐Garcia Carlos
Published: January 2015

Blended films were obtained from polyvinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene (EVOH) with 52 kDa weight average molecular weight (Mw) and three water soluble biopolymers isolated from exhausted tomato plants hydrolysates. Two biopolymers contained mainly polysaccharides and had 27 and 79 kDaMw, respectively. The third contained mainly lignin‐like C moieties and had 392 kDaMW. The films were fabricated with a biopolymer/EVOH w/w ratio ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. All blends had molecular weight and solubility which were substantially different from the starting materials. They were characterized for the chemical nature, and the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. Evidence of a chemical reaction between the biopolymers and EVOH was found. Generally, the films exhibited higher mechanical strength but lower strain at break then the neat EVOH. The best performing blended film was fabricated from the 27 kDaMwpolysaccharide. This contained less than 10% biopolymer. It exhibited 1043 MPa Young's modulus and 70% strain at break against 351 MPa modulus and 86% strain for neat EVOH. The results offer scope for investigating biopolymers sourced from other biowastes to understand more the reasons of the observed effects and exploit their full potential to modify or to replace synthetic polymers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41935.
The three dimensions of website navigability: Explication and effects
Authors: Wojdynski Bartosz W. , Kalyanaraman Sriram
Published: January 2015

Although the navigability of digital interfaces has been long discussed as a key determinant of media effects of web use, existing scholarship has not yielded a clear conceptual understanding of navigability, nor how to measure perceived navigability as an outcome. The present paper attempts to redress both and proposes that navigability be conceptually examined along three dimensions, namely, logic of structure, clarity of structure, and clarity of target. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial between‐subjects experiment (N = 128) was conducted to examine distinct contributions of these dimensions to perceptions of a nonprofit website. The results showed significant effects for logic of structure and clarity on perceived navigability, while logic of structure and content domain involvement affected attitudes toward the website.
Size‐Controllable Synthesis of Trimetallic RhPdPt Island‐Shaped Nanoalloys with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance for Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Huang Da‐Bing , He Pei‐Lei , Yuan Qiang , Wang Xun
Published: January 2015

Size‐controllable, high‐yield, island‐shaped RhPdPt trimetallic nanocrystals with sub‐2.0 nm islands have been successfully synthesized through a facile aqueous solution approach. The results of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) line scanning and elemental mapping analysis showed the as‐synthesized RhPdPt nanocrystals are alloy structures. These island‐shaped RhPdPt trimetallic nanoalloys showed a composition‐dependent electrocatalytic performance for ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium. Due to the special structure and intermetallic synergies, the Rh10Pd40Pt50 nanoalloys exhibited an enhanced catalytic activity and durability relative to island‐shaped Pd50Pt50 bimetallic nanoalloys and commercial Pt black. The peak current density for Rh10Pd40Pt50 nanoalloys was 1.81 and 1.38 times that for commercial Pt black and Pd50Pt50 nanoalloys, respectively. In addition, the peak potential on Rh10Pd40Pt50 nanoalloys decreased 42 mV relative to commercial Pt black and Pd50Pt50 nanoalloys.
Reliability analysis of non‐repairable systems modeled by dynamic fault trees with priority AND gates
Authors: Ge Daochuan , Yang Yanhua
Published: January 2015

Many real‐life systems are typically involved in sequence‐dependent failure behaviors. Such systems can be modeled by dynamic fault trees (DFTs) with priority AND gates, in which the occurrence of the top events depends on not only combinations of basic events but also their failure sequences. To the author's knowledge, the existing methods for reliability assessment of DFTs with priority AND gates are mainly Markov‐state‐space‐based, inclusion–exclusion‐based, Monte Carlo simulation‐based, or sequential binary decision diagram‐based approaches. Unfortunately, all these methods have their shortcomings. They either suffer the problem of state space explosion or are restricted to exponential components time‐to‐failure distributions or need a long computation time to obtain a solution with a high accuracy. In this article, a novel method based on dynamic binary decision tree (DBDT) is first proposed. To build the DBDT model of a given DFT, we present an adapted format of the traditional Shannon's decomposition theorem. Considering that the chosen variable index has a great effect on the final scale of disjoint calculable cut sequences generated from a built DBDT, which to some extent determines the computational efficiency of the proposed method, some heuristic branching rules are presented. To validate our proposed method, a case study is analyzed. The results indicate that the proposed method is reasonable and efficient. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From moves to sequences: expanding the unit of analysis in the study of classroom discourse
Authors: Lefstein Adam , Snell Julia , Israeli Mirit
Published: January 2015

What is the appropriate unit of analysis for the study of classroom discourse? One common analytic strategy employs individual discourse moves, which are coded, counted and used as indicators of the quality of classroom talk. In this article we question this practice, arguing that discourse moves are positioned within sequences that critically shape their meaning and effect. We illustrate this theoretical claim through exploration of a corpus of over 7000 discourse moves in primary literacy lessons. First, we use conventional measures such as the proportion of open and closed questions, and show how these indicators can be misleading when abstracted from the sequences in which they are embedded. We propose a complementary method, lag sequential analysis, which examines how discourse is sequentially structured—i.e. which discourse moves are followed by which other moves, and which chains of moves occur more frequently than expected by chance. We illustrate this method through re‐analysis of our corpus of literacy lessons, examining differences between the sequential patterns found in the different classrooms observed. While lag sequential analysis does not resolve all problems inherent in systematic observation of classroom discourse, it does shed light on critical patterns in the data‐set that would have otherwise gone unnoticed.
Development and validation of a LC‐MS assay for the quantification of ikh12 a novel anti‐tumor candidate in rat plasma and tissues and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Otaegui Dorleta , Masdeu Carme , Aldaba Eneko , Vara Yosu , Zubia Aizpea , San Sebastian Eider , Alcalá Maria , Villafruela Sergio , Cossío Fernando P. , Rodriguez‐Gascón Alicia
Published: January 2015

IKH12 is a novel histone deacetylase 6 selective inhibitor. A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of IKH12 in rat plasma and tissue with kendine 91 as internal standard (IS). The samples were prepared by liquid–liquid extraction with tert‐butyl methyl ether. The chromatographic separation was accomplished by using a Zorbax Extend C18 4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm column, with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% formic acid (75:25 v/v). Multiple reaction monitoring, using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode, was employed to quantitatively detect IKH12 and IS. The monitored transitions were set at m/z 418 → 252 and 444 → 169 for IKH12 and kendine 91, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 2–1000 ng mL−1. The intra‐ and inter‐assay precision and accuracy of the quality controls and the limit of quantification were satisfactory in all cases (according to European Medicines Agency guidelines). Stability studies showed that plasma samples were stable in the chromatography rack for 24 h and at −80 °C for 2 months and also after three freeze–thaw cycles. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of IKH12 in rat. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and application of a novel molecularly imprinted solid‐phase microextraction monolith for selective enrichment of cholecystokinin neuropeptides in human cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Ji Xiang , Li Dan , Li Hua
Published: January 2015

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) monolith for highly selective extraction of cholecystokinin (CCK) neuropeptides was prepared in a micropipette tip. The MIPs were synthesized by epitope imprinting technique and the polymerization conditions were investigated and optimized. The synthesized MIPs were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyzer and scanning electron microscope. A molecularly imprinted solid‐phase microextraction (MI‐μ‐SPE) method was developed for the extraction of CCK neuropeptides in aqueous solutions. The parameters affecting MI‐μ‐SPE were optimized. The results indicated that this MIP monolith exhibited specific recognition capability and high enrichment efficiency for CCK neuropeptides. In addition, it showed excellent reusability. This MIP monolith was used for desalting and enrichment of CCK4, CCK5 and CCK8 from human cerebrospinal fluid prior to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis, and the results show that this MIP monolith can be a useful tool for effective purification and highly selective enrichment of multiple homologous CCK neuropeptides in cerebrospinal fluid simultaneously. By employing MI‐μ‐SPE combined with HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis, endogenous CCK4 in human cerebrospinal fluid was quantified. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sugar Recognition: Designing Artificial Receptors for Applications in Biological Diagnostics and Imaging
Authors: Miron Caitlin E. , Petitjean Anne
Published: January 2015

At the cellular level, numerous processes ranging from protein folding to disease development are mediated by a sugar‐based molecular information system that is much less well known than its DNA‐ or protein‐based counterparts. The subtle structural diversity of such sugar tags nevertheless offers an excellent, if challenging, opportunity to design receptors for the selective recognition of biorelevant sugars. Over the past 40 years, growing interest in the field of sugar recognition has led to the development of several promising artificial receptors, which could soon find widespread use in medical diagnostics and cell imaging.
Emerging Enzymes for ATP Regeneration in Biocatalytic Processes
Authors: Andexer Jennifer N. , Richter Michael
Published: January 2015

Adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate‐dependent enzyme catalysed reactions are widespread in nature. Consequently, the enzymes involved have an intrinsic potential for use in syntheses of high value products. Although regeneration systems for ATP starting from adenosine‐5′‐diphosphate are available, certain limitations exist for both in vitro and in vivo applications requiring ATP regeneration from adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate, or adenosine. Following a short overview of the chemical and thermodynamic background, this Minireview focuses on emerging enzymes and methodologies for ATP regeneration. A large range of as yet unexploited reactions will be accessible with new, powerful, multistep ATP regeneration systems that use cheap phosphate donors and provide high longevity, compatibility, and robustness under process conditions. Their potential might go far beyond the direct use of ATP in enzymatic reactions; enzyme discovery, and engineering, as well as immobilisation strategies, will help to realise such systems.
Pd/C‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Isoquinolones through CH Activation
Authors: Shu Zhen , Li Wei , Wang Baiquan
Published: January 2015

The direct synthesis of isoquinolones from benzamides and alkynes through CH activation was developed by using Pd/C as a heterogeneous catalyst without a ligand under mild conditions. A variety of isoquinolones were obtained in good yields with excellent regioselectivities. The Pd/C catalyst could be recycled three times without a significant decrease in the activity (yields as high as 85 %).
Carboxyl Multiwalled Carbon‐Nanotube‐Stabilized Palladium Nanocatalysts toward Improved Methanol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Wang Yiran , He Qingliang , Guo Jiang , Wei Huige , Ding Keqiang , Lin Hongfei , Bhana Saheel , Huang Xiaohua , Luo Zhiping , Shen T. D. , Wei Suying , Guo Zhanhu
Published: January 2015

Carboxyl‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT‐COOH) decorated with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs, Pd–MWNT‐COOH) are prepared by using a one‐pot thermal decomposition method without addition of reductant or surfactant. An increased ratio of the D band to G band in Raman spectra and a decreased ratio of oxygen‐containing groups measured using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest the interaction between Pd NPs and carboxyl groups in Pd–MWNT‐COOH. TEM studies reveal improved dispersion of Pd NPs after introducing MWNT‐COOH or MWNTs; the carboxyl groups act as anchors to perfectly disperse Pd NPs in Pd–MWNT‐COOH, which is responsible for the highest peak current of Pd–MWNT‐COOH for the methanol oxidation reaction. The best catalytic performance is observed in conditions that afford a balanced adsorption between hydroxide and methanol through varying the concentrations of methanol and KOH. Increasing temperature can also improve the catalyst performance due to enhanced reaction kinetics.
Synthesis of Few‐Layer MoS2–Graphene Composites with Superior Electrochemical Lithium‐Storage Performance by an Ionic‐Liquid‐Mediated Hydrothermal Route
Authors: Ma Lin , Ye Jianbo , Chen Weixiang , Wang Jianming , Liu Run , Lee Jim Yang
Published: January 2015

Few‐layer MoS2–graphene (FL‐MoS2/G) composites are successfully fabricated by using a facile hydrothermal approach with the assistance of a small amount of ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [BMIM]BF4). The effects of the ionic liquid on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of the FL‐MoS2/G composites are investigated. It is found that the composites have quasi‐3D architectures composed of the interconnected graphene, on which the few‐layer MoS2 sheets with more edges and defects are anchored. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the FL‐MoS2/G delivers a high reversible capacity of approximately 1200 mA h g−1 with excellent cycle performance and enhanced high‐rate capability. The remarkable electrochemical performance can be attributed to novel features such as the robust quasi‐3D heterostructural architecture and the synergetic interaction between FL‐MoS2 sheets and graphene.
Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complexes That Induce and Stabilise G‐Quadruplex DNA
Authors: Xu Li , Chen Xiang , Wu Jingheng , Wang Jinquan , Ji Liangnian , Chao Hui
Published: January 2015

A series of dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes were synthesised, and the complexes were determined to be new highly selective compounds for binding to telomeric G‐quadruplex DNA. The interactions of these complexes with telomeric G‐quadruplex DNA were studied by using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting assays, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and molecular modelling. The results showed that the complexes 1, 2 and 4 induced and stabilised the formation of antiparallel G‐quadruplexes of telomeric DNA in the absence of salt or in the presence of 100 mM K+‐containing buffer. Furthermore, complexes 1 and 2 strongly bind to and effectively stabilise the telomeric G‐quadruplex structure and have significant selectivity for G‐quadruplex over duplex DNA. In comparison, complex 3 had a much lesser effect on the G‐quadruplex, suggesting that possession of a suitably sized plane for good π–π stacking with the G‐quadruplets is essential for the interaction of the dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes with the G‐quadruplex. Moreover, telomerase inhibition by the four complexes and their cellular effects were studied, and complex 1 was determined to be the most promising inhibitor of both telomerase and HeLa cell proliferation.
Phosphorylation and turnover of paxillin in focal contacts is controlled by force and defines the dynamic state of the adhesion site
Authors: Qin Ruifang , Schmid Heidrun , Münzberg Christin , Maass Ulrike , Krndija Denis , Adler Guido , Seufferlein Thomas , Liedert Astrid , Ignatius Anita , Oswald Franz , Eiseler Tim , von Wichert Götz
Published: January 2015

Micro‐environmental clues are critical to cell behavior. One of the key elements of migration is the generation and response to forces. Up to now there is no definitive concept on how the generation and responses to cellular forces influence cell behavior. Here, we show that phosphorylation of paxillin is a crucial event in the response to exogenous forces. Application of force induced growth of adhesion sites and this phenomenon was accompanied by a downregulation of Src family kinase activity, which in turn led to a decrease in the phosphorylation of paxillin at the tyrosine residues Y31 and Y118. The force‐dependent growth of adhesion sites is mediated by a decrease in the turnover‐rate of paxillin in focal contacts. This turnover critically depended on the phosphorylation state of paxillin at Y31/118. Paxillin is an important regulator in the control of the aggregate state of the whole adhesion site since the turnover of other adhesion site proteins such as vinculin is influenced by the phosphorylation state of paxillin as well. Taken together these data suggest that SFK dependent phosphorylation of paxillin is a crucial event in the regulation of adhesion site function in response to force. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A secure re‐encryption scheme for data services in a cloud computing environment
Authors: Xiong Lizhi , Xu Zhengquan , Xu Yanyan
Published: January 2015

Cloud computing as a promising technology and paradigm can provide various data services, such as data sharing and distribution, which allows users to derive benefits without the need for deep knowledge about them. However, the popular cloud data services also bring forth many new data security and privacy challenges. Cloud service provider untrusted, outsourced data security, hence collusion attacks from cloud service providers and data users become extremely challenging issues. To resolve these issues, we design the basic parts of secure re‐encryption scheme for data services in a cloud computing environment, and further propose an efficient and secure re‐encryption algorithm based on the EIGamal algorithm, to satisfy basic security requirements. The proposed scheme not only makes full use of the powerful processing ability of cloud computing but also can effectively ensure cloud data security. Extensive analysis shows that our proposed scheme is highly efficient and provably secure under existing security model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasoning about security in sensor networks
Authors: Peralta Manuel , Mukhopadhyay Supratik , Bharadwaj Ramesh
Published: January 2015

We present a formal framework for reasoning about security concerns in the context of embedded sensor networks. We first provide an agent‐based programming model for sensor networks. A logical framework enables reasoning about security, safety, and integrity with respect to usage of resources in this model. Embedded sensor networks often operate in rapidly changing mission‐critical environments where both functional and nonfunctional requirements can alter dynamically in an unforeseen manner. The network may need to be reconfigured and reprogrammed in response to changes in its operating conditions. We provide a framework based on counterfactual logic to formally represent changes to the system and perform what‐if reasoning about their impact on security and safety even before they have been applied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Cubes with High Activity towards the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen
Authors: Chen Lisong , Cui Xiangzhi , Zhang Lingxia , Wang Yongxia , Wang Min , Cui Fangming , Wei Chenyang , Feng Jingwei , Ge Tongguang , Ren Wenchao , Shi Jianlin
Published: January 2015

Hollow‐structured mesoporous carbon cubes (HMCCs) have been successfully synthesized from carbon dioxide by a facile approach based on thermal reduction of magnesium. The approach is economical and applicable to large‐scale synthesis. Notably, pyrrole‐type nitrogen species are doped into the HMCCs during the synthesis in situ, that is, without introducing a nitrogen‐containing precursor. A formation mechanism of the HMCCs is proposed, and formation of the structure is attributed to MgO templates generated in situ. Furthermore, the HMCCs are demonstrated to be a promising alternative to commercial Pt/C fuel‐cell catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction.
A Review of Studies on Strongly‐Coupled Coulomb Systems Since the Rise of DFT and SCCS‐1977
Authors: Dharmawardana M. W. C.
Published: January 2015

The conferences on “Strongly Coupled Coulomb Systems” (SCCS) arose from the “Strongly Coupled Plas‐mas” meetings, inaugurated in 1977. The progress in SCCS theory is reviewed in an ‘author‐centered’ frame to limit its scope. Our efforts, i.e., with François Perrot, sought to apply density functional theory (DFT) to SCCS calculations. DFT was then poised to become the major computational scheme for condensed matter physics. The ion‐sphere models of Salpeter and others evolved into useful average‐atom models for finite‐T Coulomb systems, as in Lieberman's Inferno code. We replaced these by correlation‐sphere models that exploit the description of matter via density functionals linked to pair‐distributions. These methods provided practical computational means for studying strongly interacting electron‐ion Coulomb systems like warm‐dense matter (WDM). The staples of SCCS are wide‐ranged, viz., equation of state, plasma spectroscopy, opacity (absorption, emission), scattering, level shifts, transport properties, e.g., electrical and heat conductivity, laser‐ and shock‐created plasmas, their energy relaxation and transient properties etc. These calculations need pseudopotentials and exchange‐correlation functionals applicable to finite‐T Coulomb systems that may be used in ab initio codes, molecular dynamics, etc. The search for simpler computational schemes has proceeded via proposals for orbital‐free DFT, statistical potentials, classical maps of quantum systems using classical schemes like HNC to include strong coupling effects (CHNC). Laughlin's classical plasma map for the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a seminal example where we report new results for graphene. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Mass and Charge of Ionic Species on Spatio‐Temporal Evolution of Transient Electric Field in CCP Discharges
Authors: Sharma S. , Mishra S. K. , Kaw P. K. , Turner M. M. , Karkari S. K.
Published: January 2015

The formation of capacitive sheath and existence of the transition electric field between sheath edge and bulk plasma in RF‐CCP discharge is predicted (PRL 89, 265006 2002); such structures are sensitive to the plasma composition. On the basis of semi‐infinite particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation the effect of charge and mass of ionic species on the spatio‐temporal evolution of the transient electric field and phase mixing phenomena in linear and weakly nonlinear regime has been explored. As an important feature, the simulation results predict that the maximum amplitude of the transient electric field decreases with increasing ionic mass and charge; further the sheath width increases with increasing ionic mass while follow opposite trend with increasing ionic charge. The excitation of wave like structures in the transition region and efficient energy transport to the bulk region of CCP discharges in a nonlinear regime has also been predicted. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)