bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuller’s Clock: A Case for Legal Non-Positivism in Artefactual Theory of Law1
Authors: Jędrczak Stanisław
Published: December 2022

This article covers the traditional problems of the philosophy of law: the controversies between realism and normativism, on the one hand, and positivism and non-positivism, on the other. The author, adopting the ontological perspective of the artefactual theory of law, attempts to attain two research aims. First, he argues that artefactual theory of law paves the way towards a moderate position overcoming realism-normativism duality. Second, he advocates the thesis that the supposedly ontological difference between positivist and non-positivist views might be dispelled and described as merely conceptual. Therefore, the opposite points of view could be considered as metaphysically equivalent ways of grasping the same social reality. According to the crucial premise of the argument law is a meliorative thick concept. The essay was inspired by an analogy between the philosophy of law and the philosophy of science first discussed by Lon L. Fuller.
Calibration of conceptual rainfall-runoff models by selected differential evolution and particle swarm optimization variants
Authors: Napiorkowski Jaroslaw J. , Piotrowski Adam P. , Karamuz Emilia , Senbeta Tesfaye B.
Published: December 2022

The performance of conceptual catchment runoff models may highly depend on the specific choice of calibration methods made by the user. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) are two well-known families of Evolutionary Algorithms that are widely used for calibration of hydrological and environmental models. In the present paper, five DE and five PSO optimization algorithms are compared regarding calibration of two conceptual models, namely the Swedish HBV model (Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenavdelning model) and the French GR4J model (modèle du Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier) of the Kamienna catchment runoff. This catchment is located in the middle part of Poland. The main goal of the study was to find out whether DE or PSO algorithms would be better suited for calibration of conceptual rainfall-runoff models. In general, four out of five DE algorithms perform better than four out of five PSO methods, at least for the calibration data. However, one DE algorithm constantly performs very poorly, while one PSO algorithm is among the best optimizers. Large differences are observed between results obtained for calibration and validation data sets. Differences between optimization algorithms are lower for the GR4J than for the HBV model, probably because GR4J has fewer parameters to optimize than HBV.
A Review on Constraint Handling Techniques for Population-based Algorithms: from single-objective to multi-objective optimization
Authors: Rahimi Iman , Gandomi Amir H. , Chen Fang , Mezura-Montes Efrén
Published: December 2022

Most real-world problems involve some type of optimization problems that are often constrained. Numerous researchers have investigated several techniques to deal with constrained single-objective and multi-objective evolutionary optimization in many fields, including theory and application. This presented study provides a novel analysis of scholarly literature on constraint-handling techniques for single-objective and multi-objective population-based algorithms according to the most relevant journals and articles. As a contribution to this study, the paper reviews the main ideas of the most state-of-the-art constraint handling techniques in population-based optimization, and then the study addresses the bibliometric analysis, with a focus on multi-objective, in the field. The extracted papers include research articles, reviews, book/book chapters, and conference papers published between 2000 and 2021 for analysis. The results indicate that the constraint-handling techniques for multi-objective optimization have received much less attention compared with single-objective optimization. The most promising algorithms for such optimization were determined to be genetic algorithms, differential evolutionary algorithms, and particle swarm intelligence. Additionally, “Engineering,” “Computer Science,” and “ Mathematics” were identified as the top three research fields in which future research work is anticipated to increase.
The osteometric identification of castrated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and the significance of castration in tracing human-animal relationships in the North
Authors: van den Berg Mathilde , Wallen Henri , Salmi Anna-Kaisa
Published: December 2022

Reindeer are the only domestic cervid and have formed the cosmologies and practical daily lives of numerous peoples in the Northern Hemisphere for thousands of years. The questions of when, how, and where reindeer domestication originated and how it developed remain one of the scientific enigmas of our time. The practice of reindeer castration is an essential feature of all communities practicing reindeer herding today. It has probably been one of the most important interventions in the reindeer’s life cycle and biology that marked the start of domesticating human-reindeer relationships long ago. Castration is and has been essential for reindeer taming, control, training, herd management, and ritual practices. Unsuitably, to this present day, there are no methods zooarchaeologists can employ to distinguish a reindeer gelding from a reindeer bull in the archaeological record. In this current paper, we outline a new method that presents the possibility of differentiating between full males, castrated males, and females based on osteometric features. We measured the leg bones and pelvis of the complete or partial skeletons of 97 adult modern domestic reindeer individuals to determine the precise effects castration has on skeletal size and morphology. We explored our osteometric dataset with different statistical methods. We found a clear separation of the two male groups in the radioulna, humerus, and femur but in the tibia and metapodials to a lesser extent. Osteometric depth and width were generally more affected than the longitudinal axis. Females were easily distinguishable from castrates and full males based on nearly every bone measurement. Our analysis shows that reindeer castration can be proven through osteometric analysis.
Latest Triassic (Sevatian–Rhaetian) reef carbonates from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria), their mollusc dwellers, and their fate at the end-Triassic extinction event
Authors: Nützel Alexander , Nose Martin , Hautmann Michael , Hochleitner Rupert
Published: December 2022

A reef-associated mollusc fauna (gastropods and bivalves) and its facies context are described from latest Triassic (Sevatian–Rhaetian) reef carbonates of Austria (Rötelwand reef at Gaissau and Gosaukamm near Hallstatt). The studied carbonates from the Rötelwand reef consist of mollusc-rich rudstones, partly boundstones, which contain branched corals (Cycliphyllia and Retiophylia, Pinacophyllum), whereas coralline sponges are absent. The rich foraminiferid fauna that is associated with the reef builders consists of 11 genera; eight of these genera became extinct until the end of the Rhaetian. Associated with small patch reefs was a rich mollusc fauna with 19 gastropod species and 8 epifaunal bivalve species. The gastropod fauna is dominated byMicroschiza rhaetica,Trochotoma praecursor, and the large growingPurpuroidea moosleitneri. Six gastropod species are new to science:Angulomphalus senowbariisp. nov.,Stuorella zapfeisp. nov.,Hologyra callosasp. nov.,Microschiza rhaeticasp. nov.,Angularia corallinasp. nov., andPurpuroidea moosleitnerisp. nov. Four Triassic gastropod species are placed in other genera (new combinations):Tylotrochus diversicostatusWolff, 1967 andEucycloscala epitoniformisNützel and Senowbari-Daryan, 1999 are placed inSadkia, Praelittorina sepkoskiiNützel and Erwin, 2004 inMicroschiza, andPurpuroidea?minioiLeonardi, 1935 inAngulariaKoken, 1892. Reversal of precedence is proposed forAngulariaKoken, 1892 (Gastropoda) andAngulariaBusk, 1881 (Bryozoa) under ICZN Art. 23.9. Although reefs suffered a catastrophic decline at the end of the Triassic, most of the studied reef-associated bivalve and gastropod genera survived into the Jurassic, indicating a considerable ecological plasticity of these groups. Only 12 out of 47 reef-associated mollusc genera became extinct (25.5%). This observation is at variance with earlier suggestions that taxa that were associated with reefs and carbonate substrata had a significantly higher extinction risk than level-bottom dwellers. However, extinction at the species level appears more severe; only three bivalve species but no gastropod species recorded in this fauna have records from the Jurassic.
Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Network Analysis
Authors: Gámez-Guadix Manuel , Sorrel Miguel A. , Martínez-Bacaicoa Jone
Published: December 2022

Introduction

The present study sought to analyze the relationships between different forms of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) perpetration and victimization, including gender- and sexuality-based harassment, digital sexual harassment, and image-based sexual abuse (IBSA), which includes both sextortion and non-consensual pornography.

Methods

The sample was composed of 1682 adolescents (865 girls; Mage = 13.90, SDage = 1.26) who completed self-report measures from November 2019 to March 2020. We conducted network analyses to analyze the relationships among different forms of TFSV perpetration and victimization.

Results

Overall, girls had higher victimization scores, whereas boys had higher scores in the perpetration of several forms of TFSV. Gender- and sexuality-based victimization formed a cluster with digital sexual harassment victimization, while sextortion and nonconsensual pornography victimization formed a differentiated cluster. Forms of IBSA victimization and digital sexual harassment victimization were strongly associated with their perpetration counterparts for boys, but this was not the case for girls.

Conclusions

The results revealed that the different forms of victimization and perpetration appear to be related and suggest that TFSV is a gendered form of abuse.

Policy Implications

Findings from the present study suggest that preventive programs in schools and communities should be holistic and address various forms of TFSV.
Fuzzy optimal control of nonlinear systems by fuzzy generalized cell mapping method with Bellman’s principle
Authors: Pan Fei , Yan Hanxueyu , Jiang Jun , Hong Ling
Published: December 2022

A novel method is proposed in this paper to obtain global solutions of fuzzy optimal control with fixed state terminal conditions and control bounds. The global solution implies that the optimal control solutions are valid for all the initial conditions in a region of the state space. The method makes use of Bellman’s principle of optimality and fuzzy generalized cell mapping method (FGCM). A discrete form of fuzzy master equation with a control dependent transition membership matrix is generated by using the FGCM. This allows to evaluate both the transient and the steady-state responses of the controlled system. The method, simply called FGCM with BP, is applied to three nonlinear systems leading to excellent control performances.
Evolution von Produktionskultur und Sicherheitskultur zu einer Ganzheitlichen Sicherheitsgerichteten Produktionskultur für KMU
Authors: Welz Torsten , Kluth Karsten
Published: December 2022

Technische und organisatorische Maßnahmen führen heute nur noch zu einer geringen Reduktion von Arbeitsunfällen, da im Rahmen der etablierten Sicherheitskultur bereits sehr hohe Standards erreicht wurden. Dementsprechend schwanken die Unfallzahlen seit Jahren um ein erreichtes Niveau. Heutige Arbeitsunfälle können deshalb zu einem Großteil auf das (falsche) Verhalten der Mitarbeitenden zurückgeführt werden. Eine weitere Reduzierung der Arbeitsunfälle kann somit nur gelingen, wenn die Mitarbeiter sicherheitskritische Zustände meiden und proaktiv mitarbeiten, um diese abzustellen. Hier lassen sich aus der Sicherheitskultur grundlegende Parallelen zu Ganzheitlichen Produktionssystemen (GPS) herausarbeiten. GPS zielen darauf ab, dass Mitarbeitende Verschwendung und Prozessfehler selbstständig erkennen und sich wertschöpfend bei der Behebung einbringen. Beide Philosophien sollen nun in einem ganzheitlichen Ansatz vereint werden. Hierdurch soll es speziell kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) ermöglicht werden, sowohl den Arbeitsschutz als auch die Prozesse im Unternehmen ressourcenschonend weiterzuentwickeln. Gerade Unternehmen mit beschränkten Ressourcen, wie es bei KMU häufiger der Fall ist, werden dadurch in die Lage versetzt sich zukunftssicher aufzustellen.

Praktische Relevanz: In diesem Beitrag wird das Modell einer Ganzheitlichen Sicherheitsgerichteten Produktionskultur (GSPK) vorgestellt. Der Ansatz einer GSPK soll dazu beitragen die Zahl der Arbeitsunfälle weiter zu senken, indem gerade KMU motiviert werden eine Präventionskultur einzuführen.
Student experiences and entrepreneurship education in a specialist creative arts HEI: a longitudinal approach
Authors: Pennill Nicola , Phillips Keith , Phillips Michelle
Published: December 2022

A longitudinal study of music students in a specialist higher education institution explored career intentions of students preparing for a career in the music industry. Stage of study had an impact on career goals, with students likely to gravitate away from aspirations for a performance career, towards a portfolio, freelance career. Alumni data supported this, with 80.3% of graduates from the institution currently engaged in a portfolio career. Reasons for changing intentions included gaining awareness of alternatives, personal insights, and negative prospects of the sector. Role models and other sources of inspiration were also key. Early students, especially those holding offers and yet to start, were particularly susceptible to external inspiration, such as advice or experiencing an exciting performance. Alumni were inspired by continuing to learn new skills, and networking with peers. Students were asked to self-rate themselves against generic industry competencies, and were most confident in setting goals and working as a team, and least confident in applying specific business skills such as managing finances. Findings are discussed in relation to the role that entrepreneurship education can play in supporting the needs of students in specialist performing arts, underpinning the need for early intervention and support as students perspectives emerge and are re-evaluated during their studies.
Data Analytics in Healthcare: A Tertiary Study
Authors: Taipalus Toni , Isomöttönen Ville , Erkkilä Hanna , Äyrämö Sami
Published: December 2022

The field of healthcare has seen a rapid increase in the applications of data analytics during the last decades. By utilizing different data analytic solutions, healthcare areas such as medical image analysis, disease recognition, outbreak monitoring, and clinical decision support have been automated to various degrees. Consequently, the intersection of healthcare and data analytics has received scientific attention to the point of numerous secondary studies. We analyze studies on healthcare data analytics, and provide a wide overview of the subject. This is a tertiary study, i.e., a systematic review of systematic reviews. We identified 45 systematic secondary studies on data analytics applications in different healthcare sectors, including diagnosis and disease profiling, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and sepsis. Machine learning and data mining were the most widely used data analytics techniques in healthcare applications, with a rising trend in popularity. Healthcare data analytics studies often utilize four popular databases in their primary study search, typically select 25–100 primary studies, and the use of research guidelines such as PRISMA is growing. The results may help both data analytics and healthcare researchers towards relevant and timely literature reviews and systematic mappings, and consequently, towards respective empirical studies. In addition, the meta-analysis presents a high-level perspective on prominent data analytics applications in healthcare, indicating the most popular topics in the intersection of data analytics and healthcare, and provides a big picture on a topic that has seen dozens of secondary studies in the last 2 decades.
Utilization of cloud point extraction for enhancement the efficiency of spectrophotometric estimation of milnacipran HCl as anti-depression drug in dosage forms and application to its tablets uniformity testing
Authors: Garoub Mohannad M. , Gouda Ayman A. , ElSheikh Ragaa , Fawzy Eman , ElToukhi Walid E.
Published: December 2022

Two spectrophotometric techniques that are straightforward, sensitive, accurate, and precise have been created and validated for the detection of a particular antidepressant drug, milnacipran HCl (MCN), in both pure and dosage forms. The method A was based on the reaction of MCN with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (p-DMAB) in an acidic medium, to give a yellow colored Schiff’s base product that can be measured at a maximum wavelength of 400 nm. The concentration range of 60–300 μg/mL, with an excellent correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9991) and with a relative standard deviation (RSD% = 2.0), complies with Beer’s law under ideal circumstances. The method B approach uses a cloud point extraction (CPE) methodology to measure the amount of the yellow color product utilizing Triton X-114 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactants at a maximum wavelength of 410 nm. Beer’s law was obey in the concentration range of 0.2–4.0 μg mL−1, a correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9995) and a relative standard deviation of (RSD% = 1.70). The best optimized reaction circumstances, including the type of solvent, reagent concentration, reaction time, and molar ratio. Calculations were made about the detection and quantification limits. No interference was seen with the frequently used excipients and additives. The proposed methods for determining MCN in its pharmaceutical formulations were effectively used, and the results for pure MCN and commercial tablets were in good agreement with those from the reported approach.
Roadmap toward subtype-specific vulnerabilities in adult glioma
Authors: Feng Jing , Zhang Yunqiu , Li Jiuyi , Fan Xiaolong
Published: December 2022

Gliomas are the most common primary malignancies in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and over the course of the last decades a wealth of data on their genomic characterization has been acquired. Nevertheless, attempts to stratify patients on the basis of this work has so far conspicuously failed to identify useful treatment targets, and no phase III clinical trials conducted to date have reached a favorable outcome. We suggest that these translational failures are due to inadequacies in classification schemes, which fail to capture the range of biologically distinct entities that give rise to gliomas. Treating gliomas of different subtypes together, rather than as a set of biologically distinct but related tumors, has resulted in a classification scheme rich in unexplained heterogeneities, and has restricted target identification efforts to cell cycle and cell growth regulators. We suggest that this failure of detailed genomic characterizations to identify useful treatment targets requires a re-assessment of our assumptions concerning glioma origins. We propose a re-interpretation of glioma subtypes in the light of knowledge of the developmental pathways of the various neural lineages that make up the adult CNS. Such a developmental subtype-specific classification scheme based on dys-regulated cell fate decisions may not only improve classification and diagnosis but, more importantly, identify potentially druggable subtype-specific developmental vulnerabilities.
Steering on-surface reactions through molecular steric hindrance and molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions
Authors: Wang Shiyong , Nishiuchi Tomohiko , Pignedoli Carlo A. , Yao Xuelin , Di Giovannantonio Marco , Zhao Yan , Narita Akimitsu , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus , Ruffieux Pascal , Fasel Roman
Published: December 2022

On-surface synthesis is a rapidly developing field involving chemical reactions on well-defined solid surfaces to access synthesis of low-dimensional organic nanostructures which cannot be achieved via traditional solution chemistry. On-surface reactions critically depend on a high degree of chemoselectivity in order to achieve an optimum balance between target structure and possible side products. Here, we demonstrate synthesis of graphene nanoribbons with a large unit cell based on steric hindrance-induced complete chemoselectivity as revealed by scanning probe microscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations. Our results disclose that combined molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions and intermolecular steric hindrance promote a selective aryl-aryl coupling, giving rise to high-quality uniform graphene nanostructures. The established coupling strategy has been used to synthesize two types of graphene nanoribbons with different edge topologies inducing a pronounced variation of the electronic energy gaps. The demonstrated chemoselectivity is representative for n-anthryl precursor molecules and may be further exploited to synthesize graphene nanoribbons with novel electronic, topological and magnetic properties with implications for electronic and spintronic applications.
Evaluation of Identification Method of Corresponding Numerical Attributes in Heterogeneous Databases Based on Instances
Authors: Nozaki Kenji , Hochin Teruhisa
Published: December 2022

This paper experimentally evaluates the instance-based schema matching method for the attributes storing numerical data. This method uses data distributions and correlations between two attributes. Experimental results show that this method could find appropriate attribute correspondences even for the attributes of different kinds of tables in databases.
Managers’ Perceptions of Barriers to Using IT for Organizational Development: Case of a Hospital Chain in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alkharji Maha , Alqurashi Heba
Published: December 2022

Background

Information technology is widely used by managers in healthcare settings in Saudi Arabia and has positive effects on healthcare systems. This study focuses on mangers’ perspectives on barriers, as healthcare system users and leaders.

Method

This work was conducted as a qualitative exploratory case study based on semi-structured audio-recorded interviews conducted at a hospital chain in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using open-ended questions to provide in-depth information.

Results

The use of IT in healthcare settings has had positive effects, but many barriers can cause delays or problems in using IT, including hacking, human resistance to new technology and the need for experts in the field of IT in healthcare. Training and support of employees are leading solutions to the many problems encountered in implementing and using IT in healthcare.

Conclusion

The study identified the problems in using IT for the development of healthcare services and the positive effects on the services provided to patients, and indicated a need for further development and support.
The Impact of Fundamentals on Volatility Measures of Agricultural Substitutes
Authors: Goswami Alankrita , Karali Berna
Published: December 2022

This study builds upon the existing literature on the Working curve and backwardation to explore the impact of storage regimes on the volatility measures of substitute agricultural commodity markets. We investigate the impact of commodity fundamentals (storage regime and stocks-to-use ratio), commodity-specific financial variables (options hedging pressure-long and -short), world economic activity, market-wide volatility index, seasonality, and time-to-maturity on nearby and deferred implied volatility (IV) series of selected commodity pairs of corn-soybean and winter wheat-spring wheat. Our work confirms that, in some cases, grain and oilseed IV derived from options premia respond to shocks in commodity (and substitute commodity) fundamentals which are in line with the behaviour of volatility in futures markets. Own-storage regime effects on price variability are stronger in the selected markets, while spillover effects from substitute commodity storage regimes show a modest impact on volatilities. We also find some evidence for the stocks-to-use ratio of both corn and soybean to impact both their own and each other’s IV, while options hedging pressure has some impact only on wheat IVs.
Justification: Insights from Corpora
Authors: Grindrod Jumbly
Published: December 2022

In this paper I use insights from exploratory analyses on large English language corpora to consider the extent to which there is a widely used ordinary notion of justification that attaches to beliefs. I will show that this has ramifications for one broad approach to theorising about justification – the folk justification approach. I will argue that the corpus-based findings presented pose a challenge to the folk justification approach insofar as they suggest that “justify” is not widely used talk about the justification of our beliefs. I will conclude by presenting the possible solutions to this challenge, and remarking on their feasibility.
Instability and symmetry breaking of surfactant films over an air bubble
Authors: Shi Xingyi , Fuller Gerald G. , Shaqfeh Eric S.G.
Published: December 2022

We examine the asymmetric flows of aqueous surfactant films over an air bubble. A thin film is formed by raising an equilibrated air bubble through an aqueous solution of Triton X-100 (0.01 mM, below critical micelle concentration). Due to the advection generated by the squeezing motion, the initially uniformly distributed surfactants redistribute and, thus, generate an axisymmetric surface tension gradient that drives a Marangoni flow. The external forcing of raising the bubble also creates an axisymmetric dimpled film with a radial thickness variation that reaches its minimum at the rim of the dimple. The curvature in the film thickness generates an axisymmetric capillary pressure driven flow. When the apex of the bubble has penetrated the initially flat air-solution interface, the rising bubble is stopped and the resulting flow demonstrates symmetry breaking both in the experiment and in the parameter matched numerical simulation. Linear stability analysis reveals the mechanism behind the disturbance growth. It is found that the most dangerous azimuthal wavenumber scales linearly with the ratio of the rim radius to the radial width of significant radial pressure and surface tension gradients after stopping the bubble. Finally, we compare this instability to the previously studied surfactant spreading induced fingering phenomenon (Warner, Craster & Matar, Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, issue 8, 2004, pp. 2933–2951).
Membrane flutter in three-dimensional inviscid flow
Authors: Mavroyiakoumou Christiana , Alben Silas
Published: December 2022

We develop a model and numerical method to study the large-amplitude flutter of rectangular membranes (of zero bending rigidity) that shed a trailing vortex-sheet wake in a three-dimensional (3-D) inviscid fluid flow. We apply small initial perturbations and track their decay or growth to large-amplitude steady-state motions. For 12 combinations of boundary conditions at the membrane edges we compute the stability thresholds and the subsequent large-amplitude dynamics across the three-parameter space of membrane mass density, pretension and stretching rigidity. With free side edges we find good agreement with previous 2-D results that used different discretization methods. We find that the 3-D dynamics in the 12 cases naturally forms four groups based on the conditions at the leading and trailing edges. The deflection amplitudes and oscillation frequencies have scalings similar to those in the 2-D case. The conditions at the side edges, although generally less important, may have small or large qualitative effects on the membrane dynamics – e.g. steady vs unsteady, periodic vs chaotic or the variety of spanwise curvature distributions – depending on the group and the physical parameter values.
Predicting convection configurations in coupled fluid–porous systems
Authors: McCurdy Matthew , Moore Nicholas J. , Wang Xiaoming
Published: December 2022

A ubiquitous arrangement in nature is a free-flowing fluid coupled to a porous medium, for example a river or lake lying above a porous bed. Depending on the environmental conditions, thermal convection can occur and may be confined to the clear fluid region, forming shallow convection cells, or it can penetrate into the porous medium, forming deep cells. Here, we combine three complementary approaches – linear stability analysis, fully nonlinear numerical simulations and a coarse-grained model – to determine the circumstances that lead to each configuration. The coarse-grained model yields an explicit formula for the transition between deep and shallow convection in the physically relevant limit of small Darcy number. Near the onset of convection, all three of the approaches agree, validating the predictive capability of the explicit formula. The numerical simulations extend these results into the strongly nonlinear regime, revealing novel hybrid configurations in which the flow exhibits a dynamic shift from shallow to deep convection. This hybrid shallow-to-deep convection begins with small, random initial data, progresses through a metastable shallow state and arrives at the preferred steady state of deep convection. We construct a phase diagram that incorporates information from all three approaches and depicts the regions in parameter space that give rise to each convective state.
Coherent propagation of vortex rings at extremely high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Švančara P. , La Mantia M.
Published: December 2022

We take advantage of the extremely small kinematic viscosity of superfluid

$^4$

He to investigate the propagation of macroscopic vortex rings at Reynolds numbers between

$2 \times 10^4$

and

$4 \times 10^6$

. These inhomogeneous flow structures are thermally generated by releasing short power pulses into a small volume of liquid, open to the surrounding bath through a vertical tube

$2$

 mm in diameter. We study specifically the ring behaviour between

$1.30$

and

$1.80$

 K using the flow visualization and second sound attenuation techniques. From the obtained data sets, containing more than

$2600$

realizations, we find that the rings remain well-defined in space and time for distances up to at least

$40$

tube diameters, and that their circulation depends significantly on the travelled distance, in a way similar to that observed for turbulent vortex rings propagating in Newtonian fluids. Additionally, the ring velocity and circulation appear to be influenced solely by a single, experimentally accessible parameter, combining the liquid temperature with the magnitude and duration of the power pulse. Overall, our results support the view that macroscopic vortex rings moving in superfluid

$^4$

He closely resemble their Newtonian analogues, at least in the absence of significant thermal effects and at sufficiently large flow scales.
Height, wealth, and schooling outcomes in young women from lower- and middle-income countries
Authors: Murasko Jason
Published: December 2022

This study evaluates a large (N > 366,000) sample of young women (15-18 years) from 64 lower- and middle-income countries for associations between height, household wealth, and schooling outcomes, with a focus on secondary school attendance. A pooled sample and regional samples (Latin America, South/Southeast Asia, East Africa, and West Africa) are evaluated. A dual purpose is to evaluate both associations between height and schooling, and potential height-wealth interactions such that height associations to schooling vary over levels of wealth. Ordered probit analysis indicates positive marginal probabilities from height on secondary school attendance in all samples, with diminishing probabilities in the Latin America and South/SE Asia samples, and flat/increasing probabilities in the African samples. For South/SE Asia and taller women in Latin America, height associations are stronger at lower household wealth. For both African samples and shorter women in Latin America, height associations are stronger at higher wealth. The findings suggest that the height-schooling relationship may derive from the influence from early-life health, and may also be affected by differences in health and education environments as suggested by variations across regions and height-wealth interactions within regions.
A review on innovative optical devices for the diagnosis of human soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis: from research and development to commercialization
Authors: Meulah Brice , Bengtson Michel , Lieshout Lisette Van , Hokke Cornelis Hendrik , Kreidenweiss Andrea , Diehl Jan-Carel , Adegnika Ayola Akim , Agbana Temitope Ebenezer
Published: December 2022

Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and schistosome infections relies largely on conventional microscopy which has limited sensitivity, requires highly trained personnel and is error-prone. Rapid advances in miniaturization of optical systems, sensors and processors have enhanced research and development of digital and automated microscopes suitable for the detection of these diseases in resource-limited settings. While some studies have reported proof-of-principle results, others have evaluated the performance of working prototypes in field settings. The extensive commercialization of these innovative devices has, however, not yet been achieved. This review provides an overview of recent publications (2010–2022) on innovative field applicable optical devices which can be used for the diagnosis of STH and schistosome infections. Using an adapted technology readiness level (TRL) scale taking into account the WHO target product profile (TPP) for these diseases, the developmental stages of the devices were ranked to determine the readiness for practical applications in field settings. From the reviewed 18 articles, 19 innovative optical devices were identified and ranked. Almost all of the devices (85%) were ranked with a TRL score below 8 indicating that, most of the devices are not ready for commercialization and field use. The potential limitations of these innovative devices were discussed. We believe that the outcome of this review can guide the end-to-end development of automated digital microscopes aligned with the WHO TPP for the diagnosis of STH and schistosome infections in resource-limited settings.
Turnover in fish species composition is related to water colour of Amazonian rivers
Authors: Borges Sérgio Henrique , D’Aquino Deyse Darse , Victória da Cruz Marcela , Felipe de Souza Ramison
Published: December 2022

Variation in water colour is a remarkable characteristic of Amazonian rivers and reflects their limnological properties and the geomorphology of sub-basins. We present here a literature-based study to examine the relationships between fish species turnover and abiotic properties of Amazonian rivers with contrasting water colours. We analysed fish records and water physicochemical properties (pH, colour, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and suspended solids) of eight Amazonian rivers with white-, black- and clearwaters. Rivers with similar water colour shared more fish species than those that contrasted in colour. Increased differences in abiotic parameters imply an increased dissimilarity in fish species composition. Species composition is also related to distance among rivers with high dissimilarity observed in rivers distant to each other. The fish species turnover could be ultimately driven by the geological history of rivers which provides different opportunities to speciation and biotic interchange. Water types likely influence species turnover by selecting fishes with different limits of physiological tolerance and specialized use of different habitat types. Our findings suggest that river water colours are reliable proxies for historical and ecological mechanisms affected fish species distribution. Antropic disturbances of Amazonian rivers with distinct water colours could threaten unique fish assemblages.
Cross-sectional associations between adaptive functioning and social cognitive and neurocognitive functions in adolescents with first-episode, early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Jepsen J.R.M. , Rydkjaer J. , Fagerlund B. , Lemvigh Cecilie K. , Pagsberg A.K. , Glenthøj B.Y. , Oranje B.
Published: December 2022

Background:

Few studies have explored associations between adaptive functioning and cognition in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOS).

Methods:

Adaptive functioning, cognition, positive, negative, and general symptoms were characterized in adolescents with EOS and healthy controls. A modified scale of negative, respectively, general symptoms was used. Bivariate analyses identified correlates of adaptive functioning to be included in multivariate analysis.

Results:

Adolescents with EOS showed significant impairments of social- and neurocognitive functions (−0.86 < Cohen´s ds < −0.58) and adaptive functioning (Cohen´s d = −2.23). Visual memory, verbal working memory, processing speed, reaction time, social cognition, and modified negative and general symptoms correlated significantly with adaptive functioning. The multiple regression analysis revealed only verbal working memory as uniquely associated with adaptive functioning (explaining 22.7 % of its variance). Verbal working memory also associated significantly with adaptive functioning in the context of the nonsignificant modified negative and the significant modified general symptoms dimension.

Conclusions:

Adolescents with first-episode EOS had large impairments in adaptive functioning and moderate to large cognitive deficits. Verbal working memory was an important associate to concurrent adaptive functioning and may be a treatment target for trials to improve cognitive and adaptive functioning in adolescents with EOS.
Ideas and Policy Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Yuda Tauchid Komara , Qomariyah Nur
Published: December 2022

Coronaviruses have emerged as a potential disruptive force in policymaking. Using a comparative case study method, we examine two social policy responses in Jakarta, Indonesia: the Social Safety Nets (SSN) programme and the health policy. Such examples demonstrate an aggressive change in policy direction from means-tested systems and government-centred approaches to a total relaxation of conditions with the involvement of non-state actors in the provision of services. Our study analyses the ideational dimensions of the policy process that produces abrupt and radical change. From our analysis, the policy change may be explained by the emergence of a new policy paradigm created through the emulation-contextual process – an alternative model of policy learning. The theoretical implication of our research is that policy response in this study cannot be viewed in a completely path-dependent process. Instead, we propose a ‘path-creation accelerator,’ which represents an infrequent instance of policy change.
Herbicide options for sterile oats (Avena ludoviciana) control in winter-planted sorghum
Authors: Mahajan Gulshan , Chauhan Bhagirath Singh
Published: December 2022

Australian grain growers are showing interest in winter-planted sorghum to avoid heat and water stress during the grain-filling stage. Winter-planted sorghum may face competition from winter weeds, including sterile oats, and no herbicides are registered for controlling winter weeds in winter-planted sorghum. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify alternate herbicide options for sterile oats control in winter-sown imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant sorghum and (2) assess the crop injury levels due to herbicides. Sterile oats control with pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha−1, trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha−1, and prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai ha−1 was poor (<30%). Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha−1, imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha−1, and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha−1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha−1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100% and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control. Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha−1 and trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha−1 caused phytotoxicity to the crop and gave similar yields to nontreated control. Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha−1, pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha−1, and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha−1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control. This research identified herbicide treatments for the effective control of sterile oats in winter-sown IMI-resistant sorghum that could be used in rotations to reduce the reliance on single herbicide treatments.
Using a Simple Representation of Non‐Structural Carbohydrates Allocation to Predict Wood Growth in Temperate Forests
Authors: Fang Jing , Liu Feng , Shugart Herman H. , Yan Xiaodong
Published: December 2022

Wood growth is an important process of carbon sequestration and plant physiology in forest ecosystems. Hence, understanding and predicting wood growth is central to quantifying forest carbon cycling. Current dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are mainly driven by carbon inputs (e.g., Gross Primary Production, GPP). However, observations indicate that wood growth is often independent of carbon flux at the annual scale. Here, we revised a DGVM, FORCCHN2 model, to use the active non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) pool and slow NSC pool (i.e., represented temporary and long‐term NSC storage, respectively), and to integrate the stored NSC with annual wood growth. For the diameter increments (ΔDBH) and aboveground wood growth of 506 trees in 32 plots of Harvard Forest, we tested the NSC allocation coefficients from 5% to 95%. The predictions reproduced 31.2%–55.1% of individual‐tree ΔDBH and 36.8%–43.0% of the aboveground wood increment. Trees of shade‐intolerant species invested more of their available carbon resources (i.e., NSC storage) into wood growth than shade‐tolerant species. Specifically, the shade‐tolerant trees consumed approximately 32% NSC storage by wood growth at the annual scale, while the shade‐intolerant trees consumed about 90%. Our study provides a simple framework that constructs a direct link between annual wood growth and NSC dynamics. The findings highlight the need for research into NSC storage and allocation in trees, particularly in considering NSC allocation strategies of different tree species.
Designing an Optimal GNSS Receiver Network for Space Weather Studies Using Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Dashora N. , Harsha P. Babu Sree
Published: December 2022

Ionospheric maps from an optimal GNSS (global navigation satellite system) receiver network may lead to better understanding and prediction of the equatorial ionospheric gradients. An unsupervised machine learning framework is proposed using the ‐means clustering approach to optimize the available number of GNSS receivers. Beginning with  = 15 receivers, the simulations are performed to obtain distribution of the ionospheric pierce points (IPPs) in different grid resolutions up to  = 1,000. The algorithm uses a reference grid and subsequently optimizes the locations according to the available IPPs in a cluster. The IPP cluster centers are iteratively optimized based on minimizing the “within cluster sum of squares” error. The IPPs from the optimal receiver locations are used to generate a 2‐D vertical total electron content (VTEC) map using NeQuick‐G model. A one‐sigma confidence limit derived from hourly histogram of the IPPs from the locations is used as decisive criteria for useable grid cells. The number of empty bins thus obtained in a given scenarios provides a percentage normalized empty grid ratio (). A below 10% is used as a threshold to make a decision over eligibility of a scenario to produce a desired VTEC map. Several scenarios are thus tested for varying temporal and spatial grid resolutions, geographical boundaries, GNSS and NavIC satellite configurations, considering the diurnal and annual variation in year 2019. The framework is found to be successful in designing a GNSS network for any geographical region to obtain high resolution 2‐D VTEC maps for space weather applications.
Towards an Optimal Representation of Sub‐Grid Heterogeneity in Land Surface Models
Authors: Torres‐Rojas L. , Vergopolan N. , Herman J. D. , Chaney N. W.
Published: December 2022

One of the persistent challenges of Land Surface Models (LSMs) is to determine a realistic yet efficient sub‐grid representation of heterogeneous landscapes. This is particularly important in emulating the fine‐scale and nonlinear interactions between water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes at the land surface. In LSMs, landscape heterogeneity can be represented using sub‐grid tiling techniques, which partition macroscale grid cells (e.g., 1°) into smaller units or “tiles.” However, there is currently no formal procedure to define the number of tiles required to adequately represent the heterogeneity of hydrologic processes within a macroscale grid cell, and across spatial scales. To address these challenges, a new approach is presented to diagnose sub‐grid process heterogeneity formally and to infer an optimal number of tiles per macroscale grid cell. The approach is demonstrated using the HydroBlocks modeling framework coupled to Noah‐MP LSM implemented over a 1.0‐degree domain in Western Colorado in the United States. Our results show that (a) a surrogate model can accurately infer the spatial structure of the LSM's time‐averaged hydrological fields, with over 95% overall R2 performance in the validation stage; (b) the optimal configurations for a target level of complexity can be determined using a multi‐objective Pareto efficiency analysis, which includes the simultaneous representation of the multi‐scale heterogeneity of several processes; (c) the use of ∼100 tiles effectively reproduces a quasi‐fully distributed LSM setup (i.e., 83,000 tiles) with approximately 1% of the computational expense. This method provides a path forward to efficiently determine the optimal tile configurations for LSMs while simultaneously considering the spatial heterogeneity and spatial accuracy of hydrologic processes.