bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All Together Now
Authors: Andrews Nick , Driffield Deborah , Poole Vicky
Published: September 2011

The need for more holistic and inclusive approaches to assessment and care management for older people is widely promoted but difficult to achieve. This paper describes the All Together Now initiative in Swansea, South Wales, which seeks to promote better practice in assessment and care management by actively involving all stakeholders, older people and family carers, and practitioners and service providers from across the statutory and third sectors. The project is underpinned by a relationship‐centred approach based on the belief that an enriched environment of care will only be created when the needs of all stakeholders are acknowledged and given attention. How such a model was used to establish the goals for the project is described, together with the proposed model of evaluation.
Enhancing learning in care settings: the Profile of Learning Achievements in Care Environments (PLACE) project
Authors: Brown Jayne , Robb Yvonne , Duffy Kathleen , Lowndes Andrew
Published: September 2011

This paper argues that all parties in care settings ‐ that is, older people and their carers, qualified and unqualified staff and students ‐ have learning needs, and that an appreciation of these needs is essential if high‐quality care and a positive work environment are to be achieved. It describes the rationale for, and the development of, the Profile of Learning Achievements in Care Environments (PLACE) approach. Building on the notions of relationship‐centred care and underpinned by the 'Senses Framework', PLACE seeks to provide a toolkit for identifying learning needs, establishing what seems to be working well and agreeing areas in need of improvement. The theory underpinning PLACE and the methodology for its development are described and potential areas for application are considered.
Ensuring high quality health and social care for our older population: residential care in Ireland as a case example
Authors: O'Connor Irene
Published: September 2011

Southern Ireland faces similar challenges to the rest of Europe in that it has a rapidly increasing older population, seemingly infinite demand for health and social care and growing financial pressures. Against such a background, there are concerns about the quality of care provided for frail older people, especially in long‐term care settings. This paper considers some recent policy development in Ireland, with a particular focus on long‐term care. It describes the response to a series of inquiries about the quality of care in such environments and the subsequent formation of the Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA). HIQA has just introduced a series of new inspections standards, and these are presented in the article. However, whilst these standards are to be welcomed, it is argued that standards alone will not result in improved quality unless there is also a recognition of the role and value of long‐term care as a positive care environment for older people.
Sheltered housing and care for older people
Authors: Taylor Brian , Neill Andrea
Published: September 2011

Sheltered housing schemes for older people took a new turn in the UK with the community care policy of the early 1990s giving care provision for people living in such schemes. There is relatively little research on what sheltered housing schemes provide and what makes them work well. Data was gathered in relation to sheltered housing provision for older people in the north Antrim area of Northern Ireland through 10 focus groups with tenants and 16 questionnaires administered with managers of schemes. Tenants valued the independence and choice of sheltered housing in comparison with institutional care. They also highly valued the social interaction with other tenants, fostered by activities such as coffee mornings, regular lunches and social events. Tenants often helped each other with transport and when sick. Tenants of schemes in small towns were generally satisfied, because of access to shops, churches and other services. Transport was an issue for many, particularly in more rural areas and in relation to attending hospital appointments. Scheme managers were often available to tenants for long and anti‐social hours. The home care arrangements were generally regarded as satisfactory although there were criticisms of the limited hours for tasks and the skills of some care workers. Some scheme managers thought that the publicly‐funded homecare service would be more efficient if the staff were managed from the housing scheme. Appropriate social activities and effective care arrangements are an important aspect of supported housing, as well as the independence it offers. Consideration needs to be given to access to services in locating new schemes.
The effects of eight‐week balance training or weight training
Authors: Kim Sukwon , Lockhart Thurmon , Roberto Karen
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of participating in an eight‐week physical training (ie. balance or weight training) on psychosocial outcomes for independently living healthy older adults. Eighteen older adults (65 years old or older) voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were randomly and evenly distributed in three different groups such as balance, weight or control group; six participants in each. Fear of falling and social activity levels were statistically tested by evaluating questionnaires validated in previous studies. Psychological factors improved in all groups after eight weeks (P < 0.05). Social interaction levels did not improve in any of the three groups, although all participants exhibited improvements in being physically independent (P < 0.05). Results suggested that being physically active as well as being socially active could result in being less fearful of falls, more confident of leaving residency, being more independent, and being more active.
What Role for Housing in Health and Social Care Provision?
Authors: Adams Sue
Published: September 2011

Older people (particularly 75 years+) are the main users of health and social care services. They are also the age group most likely to occupy non‐decent homes. Government health and social care policy is increasingly focused on enabling more older people to remain living independently in their own homes and on delivery of care ‘at or closer to home’. This article considers how greater recognition of the negative impacts of poor‐quality and inappropriate housing on older people's health and well‐being, combined with targeted housing repair and adaptation assistance, could contribute to achieving a range of current health and social care objectives, including enabling older people to live independently in mainstream housing and better management of chronic health conditions.
Reconciling Putting People First and World Class Commissioning: A Case Study
Authors: Klée Deborah
Published: September 2011

Telford and Wrekin Council and PCT have developed a Health and Well‐being Strategy that includes all health and council services that contribute to this area, including secondary health care. This article describes the challenges that they faced in understanding and agreeing shared priorities and how they used this whole‐systems framework to keep a clear focus on what local people want and need, bringing together and making sense of national policy such as World Class Commissioning and Putting People First.
Can Communities of Practice Make a Meaningful Contribution to Sustainable Service Improvement in Health and Social Care?
Authors: Chandler Lynda , Fry Angela
Published: September 2011

A Community of Practice (CoP) on discharge planning was established in South East Wales to test whether it could support sustainable service improvement. We describe the methodology, and report on its piloting and the lessons learnt. A member survey produced positive feedback, but the response rate was low and contained no data on improvements generated.
Screening Adults with Down's Syndrome for Early Signs of Dementia
Authors: McBrien Judith
Published: September 2011

This article outlines the case for learning disability teams to provide routine screening of adults with Down's syndrome for early signs of dementia. It is illustrated by reference to practice in one such service where clinical and research developments have gone hand in hand, with tangible benefits to clients, carers and the multi‐disciplinary team. Although specifically designed to meet the challenge of the increasing number of people with Down's syndrome who develop dementia, it is applicable to the care of all people with learning disabilities.
Inadequate, Often Incomprehensible and Outdated: Reviewing Adult Social Care Law
Authors: Hewitt David
Published: September 2011

A recent Law Commission paper claims that the law on adult social care is complex and based on outdated concepts, and therefore needs to be reformed. The boundary between health care and social care services is less clear than it once was, but its existence can be damaging to service users. Although there is good evidence of integrated working, more needs to be done. Existing duties could be consolidated, or health care and social care bodies ‐ and perhaps others ‐ could be placed under a general duty to co‐operate.
Whole System Working in the Promotion of Independence and Well‐Being for Older People
Authors: Pidgeon Joe
Published: September 2011

This article explores the front‐line experience of a two‐tier shire county, Nottinghamshire, in using a whole‐systems working approach to the promotion of independence and well‐being for older people. Nottinghamshire has been one of the eight national pilot sites for LinkAge Plus. The experience of managing a whole‐systems approach in practice in implementing LinkAge Plus is explored. The importance of ensuring the systematic engagement of older people in the process is emphasised. The article describes six learning areas which helped the development of preventative and well‐being services in the context of whole‐system working and older people's engagement.
Implementing the Mental Capacity Act 2005: Challenges for Commissioners
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Samsi Kritika
Published: September 2011

Local authorities and primary care trusts receive regular instructions to put new legislation into practice, and to ensure appropriate training. This article takes the implementation of the Mental Capacity Act as a case study of how commissioners are involved in such changes, and reports on two models. The MCA is an example of the gains that can be made if commissioners think about implementation across agencies, and between public and private sectors.
Commissioning Dementia Care: Implementing the National Dementia Strategy
Authors: Iliffe Steve , Wilcock Jane
Published: September 2011

The National Dementia Strategy is a challenge to commissioners of health and local government services to knit a thick pullover out of thin wool. The thick pullover is necessary because dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that erodes the capacity of those affected by it, and absorbs increasing resources as it progresses. The thin wool is the limited evidence that investment in new kinds of services will produce benefits for people with dementia and their carers, while being affordable. This paper reviews the scale of the problem of dementia and its likely impact on services in the near future. It discusses some of the key recommendations of the National Dementia Strategy and explores debates about dementia advisors, economic modelling of innovative dementia services and the need for widespread training in the recognition of and response to dementia. Finally, it offers an approach to changing professional practice that is based on adult learning principles and workplace‐based reflective practice.
Continuing Health Care — The Story so Far…
Authors: Dow John
Published: September 2011

This is the first in a series of articles looking at continuing health care (CHC). This article will look at the historical background and key legal judgments which have influenced decision making on eligibility for CHC. Future articles will look at the current position under the frameworks in England and Wales and consider some specific issues in relation to people being cared for at home and in relation to children.
Personalisation: Consumer Power or Social Co‐Production
Authors: Sang Bob
Published: September 2011

The policies of personalisation and choice have reawakened the underlying policy debates about the relationship between the ideologies of service reform and the implementation of policies that affect disadvantaged people. Service users themselves are responding through a range of initiatives that link self‐management, personal budgets, advocacy and the emerging aspiration for ‘co‐production’. By bringing together learning from a community of practitioners this paper identifies both the opportunities for partnership, including with multi‐disciplinary teams, and the threats of new forms of testing that have deep roots in social policy debates. In so doing it begins to identify the real choices that users, citizens and professionals now face.
Organisational Integration in Health and Social Care: Some Reflections on the Northern Ireland Experience
Authors: Heenan Deirdre , Birrell Derek
Published: September 2011

Unlike the rest of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland has had a system of integrated health and social care since the early 1970s. Following devolution, the reconfiguration of services has strengthened this integration with a smaller number of trusts with responsibilities for all heath and social care. This article examines the current and planned operation of this more comprehensive form of integration of health and social care. It considers how this experience of integrated structures and working can inform approaches in other areas of the UK. Finally, it assesses the main achievements of this system and identifies remaining problems.
Mental Health in Later Life: Better Outcomes through Wise Commissioning
Authors: Manthorpe Jill
Published: September 2011

Mental health problems in later life are common and damaging experiences for individuals, their families and those who support them. Some become almost the defining feature of the older person and, while they are challenging professionally and costly for society, they are also influenced by the twin discriminations of stigma and ageism. In this, the last in our series on older people's mental health, we pull together some other key messages from the series and set them in the context of current and future service commissioning and provision. We point to remaining gaps in provision and suggest how commissioners might approach the problems of mental ill‐health in later life in a context of declining resources.
Personalising Health — The West Sussex Story
Authors: Weech Sara
Published: September 2011

This article describes the journey that West Sussex PCT and County Council have set out on to test and experiment how personalisation in health can improve patient outcomes and experience of health care. The journey is far from over, but the article describes the importance of top‐level commitment and leadership, the progress we have made, the lessons we have learned and some of the challenges we see ahead. It is about local action and learning, and does not presume to suggest it is the right or the best approach. The article is a case study to follow up the article about self‐directed support in health by Rita Brewis in the previous Issue of this journal. West Sussex is a provisional DH pilot area for the introduction of personal health budgets, and is a member of the Staying in Control programme. West Sussex County Council has been an individual budget pilot site, and has nearly 2,000 people receiving individual budgets and a target that all adults receiving social care will be offered self‐directed support by April 2010.
Developing and Implementing Research as a Lever for Integration: The Impact of Service Context
Authors: Jarrett Dominic , Stevenson Tommy , Huby Guro , Stewart Ailsa
Published: September 2011

Integration between health and local authority services has been informed more by policy than by evidence. The gap which often exists between the development of an evidence base and its implementation has in this way been circumvented, but new challenges have arisen as a result of the policy context and services' response to it. Research undertaken by a learning disability service to inform the local integration agenda failed to have any impact, possibly in part because the research itself was a product of the same organisational context that was shaping integration. Although several isolated integration initiatives were in existence, the lack of clear strategic direction identified by the project as a key feature of the local integration agenda also limited the extent to which the project itself could effect change. Both the project and those changes which were occurring in services became features of an overall stasis, which in itself can illuminate the challenge of effecting meaningful change through research on services in constant flux.
The community safety ‘profession’: Towards a new expertise in the governance of crime, disorder and safety in the UK?
Authors: Gilling Daniel , Hughes Gordon
Published: September 2011

The role of the community safety practitioner is a newly emerging expertise in local government. A survey conducted with local authorities reveals a relatively fluid and unstructured profession of highly educated or experienced individuals with heavy workloads. Practitioners inhabit a contested policy terrain in which they express a preference for a social regeneration agenda rather than narrower crime specific strategies.
Some reflections on the conference Community Safety Five Years On ‐ 19 March 2002
Authors: Hadley Jo
Published: September 2011

In March, Pavilion and the University of Luton organised a conference ‐ Community Safety Five Years On. This article reviews the contributions of the speakers. It argues for the need to embrace the wider social exclusion agenda and unless community safety becomes a working habit, it risks returning to the limited status of ‘crime prevention’.
Community safety and the school
Authors: Pitts John
Published: September 2011

While many problems of behaviour that are manifested in the school have their origins elsewhere, the school can represent a key point of entry for professionals to develop preventive strategies. This article examines the influence of the school upon the prevention of offending by children and young people and explores the effective dynamics of anti‐bullying initiatives and ‘optimal social work’ in the school.
Some thoughts on the Police Reform Bill and its implications for the practice of community safety
Authors: Marlow Alan
Published: September 2011

The Police Reform Bill presently before Parliament will have consequences for community safety practice. The influence of the Home Secretary may give priority to the Government agenda rather than local issues. However, the ability to appoint street wardens may be beneficial to promoting community safety.
Squeezing the middle out of shape
Authors: Clifford Nick
Published: September 2011

This article explores the pressures on middle‐management in public service organisations and the critical position they occupy for effective service delivery in multi‐agency partnerships. It outlines the dynamics of both good and bad practice.
Community safety and detached and outreach youth work
Authors: Pitts John , Pugh Carole , Turner Penelope
Published: September 2011

New Labour has launched ambitious anti‐exclusion and crime control strategies which target young people and require detached and outreach workers to ‘deliver the goods’. New funding streams have spawned new projects which have recruited new, non‐traditional, workers. This article, which draws upon the preliminary findings of a study of contemporary detached and outreach work in the UK funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, explores the contribution of this work to community safety and some of the barriers it faces.
The camera never lies but, in truth, is it any use?
Authors: Shaftoe Henry
Published: September 2011

This article challenges the effectiveness of public surveillance by closed circuit television. Based upon evaluations conducted in the West of England, there is little evidence of systems delivering crime reduction or significant increases in detection.
A view from the street: homelessness, begging and drug misuse
Authors: Banks Garry , Jowett Sandra , Brown Alyson , Goodall Jill
Published: September 2011

This article summarises the findings of a research study conducted to establish the links between homelessness, begging and drug misuse. It concludes that drug misuse is widespread amongst beggars and rough sleepers. It discusses some of the issues concerning care and support services available to the homeless.
Gangs, guns and ghettoes: a view from abroad
Authors: Pitts John
Published: September 2011

This article examines research on the socio‐economic changes that have generated new offending patterns in the United States and a proliferation of the ‘gang’ phenomenon in that country. Evidence is presented that there have been analogous socioeconomic changes in the UK and these may have outcomes that produce similar, if culturally distinct, manifestations of youth criminality.
The internet and child protection (Part 1)
Authors: Kennison Peter , Read Malcolm
Published: September 2011

In the first of two articles, the potential of the internet for child victimisation by paedophiles and the challenges for controls that the technology poses are discussed. The concept of the internet and ‘cyberspace’ are explained and the consequences for new forms of sexual deviancy. The risks should be an issue for community safety.
Sex markets: resilience, toleration and control
Authors: Marlow Alan
Published: September 2011

Once established, street sex markets tend to be very resilient. This article describes the factors that generated an initiative to tackle street prostitution in an inner city area, and the tactics employed. Some of the measures were successful to a degree and improved public perceptions of the area but the overall model needs further development to be sustained.
Measuring the outputs of crime reduction projects
Authors: Crawley Peter , Hope Tim
Published: September 2011

This article argues that measures for project accountability and cost effectiveness generated by the Home Office's Policing and Crime Reduction Unit are ill‐suited to capture the full complexity of project work over time. A new research tool is proposed ‐ a Calendar of Action. This tool has the advantage of being more dynamic and it allows the recording of both quantitative and qualitative data. Its principal aims are to aid the modelling of project impact, the process of evaluation and the measurement of the intensity of action.
Crime reduction programmes and styles of policing
Authors: Rogers Colin
Published: September 2011

Crime reduction partnerships depend a great deal upon the input of the police and the manner in which the police implement their activities impacts upon the success or otherwise of initiatives. This article examines three of the main styles of policing that appear to be prevalent in the delivery of crime reduction programmes, examining their relative strengths and weaknesses.
A better deal for victims and witnesses?
Authors: Williams Brian
Published: September 2011

This article reviews the Government's proposals for ‘putting victims at the heart of the criminal justice system’ (Criminal Justice Online, 2002) and argues that there is little that is new in the proposals. The new innovation is the proposed establishment of the post of Victims' Commissioner.
Community safety officers… What do they do?
Authors: Bailey Joan
Published: September 2011

The definition of community safety is broad and the role of community safety officers has reflected that breadth. This article points to examples of the variety of structures and responsibilities that have emerged since 1998. It argues for a better definition of the role of the community safety officer to enhance the professionalism of the practitioners.
The cost of policing New Urbanism
Authors: Knowles Peter
Published: September 2011

The principles of the housing planning guidance known as New Urbanism give little recognition to those that promote crime reduction contained in Secured by Design and the requirements of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Experience and research indicates that there will be consequences for significantly increased crime and disorder. The consequences of New Urbanism are estimated in terms of increased crime, demands for policing and the resource implications.
The Emperor's New Clothes: the National Crime Recording Standard, a tailor‐made solution to police crime statistics?
Authors: Hallam Steve
Published: September 2011

The unreliability of statistics of crime recorded by the police has been the subject of much comment over the years. The new National Crime Recording Standard represents an attempt to overcome recording variation, provide a ‘victim focus’ and allow comparisons in forces' performance. A consequence has been a significant increase in bureaucracy and audit systems that may have only a modest effect on the reliability of the statistics.
Beyond ‘community’ safety? The new governance of public safety in Europe
Authors: Hughes Gordon , Edwards Adam
Published: September 2011

This article sets the scene for the contributions in this special edition of Community Safety Journal. It examines the political contexts of community safety initiatives, compares transatlantic and European traditions and discusses convergent and divergent themes.
A French model for social prevention? New developments and strategies
Authors: de Maillard Jacques
Published: September 2011

This article describes the development of community safety in France where policy and practice is moving from social prevention to a plurality of measures. There has been a de facto delegation to local authorities with consequences for power relationships and new posts. There is little public participation and some antagonism between key agencies that limits the functioning of partnerships. Nevertheless, there is some evidence of learning to act collectively.
Local crime prevention councils and the partnership model in Greece
Authors: Zarafonitou Christina
Published: September 2011

This article describes the recently introduced model of participatory crime prevention in Greece. The initiative results from dissatisfaction with traditional penal policy, increasing crime, the fear of crime and other social changes.
The development of urban safety policies in Italy
Authors: Nobili Gian
Published: September 2011

This article describes the generation of community safety strategies in Italy. They have tended to develop more unevenly than in much of Europe and a plethora of approaches have developed. Social problems differ to those in the other western European countries. It is difficult to describe an Italian model of community safety as growth has tended to reflect power relations between the ‘centre’ and the regions and the political orientations of local authorities.
Separated by a common goal: some problems of interagency working
Authors: Rogers Colin
Published: September 2011

The future of policing and crime reduction in England and Wales seems firmly set in the partnership arena. Reports of many successes in this area are frequently circulated and there is no doubt that properly organised partnerships can have a major effect in particular circumstances. However, relationships between partners can sometimes be less than cohesive, particularly at a functional level, leading to undesirable consequences. This paper considers the relationship between key partners in a particular local crime reduction partnership and examines the political problems that can sometimes occur and which frustrate policy makers and planning in this area.
A strategic planning model for community safety and housing market renewal
Authors: Clifford Nick , Hope Tim
Published: September 2011

The article proposes a schematic model of how community safety is related to changes in local housing markets ‐ particularly those characterised by low demand and market failure. The model is presented as an example of strategic planning for ‘joined‐up’ working in civil and neighbourhood renewal.
Camgirls, blogs and wish lists: how young people are courting danger on the internet
Authors: Bocij Paul
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the risks surrounding a growing trend for young people to create personal websites that feature online diaries or live video feeds. These websites often chronicle the most intimate parts of their owners' lives in great detail. Unfortunately, a young person may sometimes unintentionally attract the attention of an internet predator visiting the site, for example by publishing unsuitable pictures or through inappropriate self‐disclosure. This risk is increased when a young person has only limited awareness of the basic precautions that should be taken when publishing material to a website or communicating with visitors. However, in a growing number of cases young people are deliberately placing themselves at risk in order to gain a variety of benefits, both emotional and material. The discussion examines the emergence of a ‘wish list’ scene and considers some of the ways in which adults can exploit young people, for example by encouraging them to promote adult services. The paper concludes by offering several potential measures that might be used to reduce risks to young people.
Tough questions on community policing from Northern Ireland
Authors: Gormally Brian
Published: September 2011

This article examines and discusses the assumptions and principles underlying the concept of ‘community policing’ within the context of Northern Ireland and the Patten Report on policing. It raises questions as to the applicability of the ‘community policing’ concept in the context of alienation and conflict.
A uniform approach to order maintenance: can police community support officers step in?
Authors: Rogers Colin
Published: September 2011

The police service in England and Wales is increasingly focusing upon crime detection with the result that the patrol function, including the vital aspect of order maintenance, is being neglected. This article explores the role of police community safety officers (PCSOs) and argues that it is necessary to equip them with sufficient legal powers to perform this task.
Civil contingencies
Authors: French Peter
Published: September 2011

In this article, the author outlines the government proposals for effective responses to emergencies and major disasters. Partnership working is a major theme within this and therefore there will be implications for crime and disorder partnerships.
The development of the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) and the implications for community safety
Authors: Fox Chris , Jenkins David
Published: September 2011

The emergence of the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) represents a major restructuring of the criminal justice sector which, in time, is likely to have a significant impact on the community safety field. New approaches to commissioning services, the management of offenders and the potential for a service more strongly focused on community interventions all present challenges and potential opportunities for community safety partnerships and partners.
Recent legislation on offenders and victims of crime: restorative justice or co‐option?
Authors: Williams Brian
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews some recent criminal justice legislation and policy in England and Wales and considers whether the changes introduced genuinely implement new, restorative approaches or whether attempts have been made to use the rhetoric of restorative justice for other purposes.
Vulnerable young people and the misuse of anti‐social behaviour orders
Authors: Varnfield Kate
Published: September 2011

Anti‐social behaviour orders (ASBOs) are increasingly used against young people. This article argues that their offending behaviour frequently masks a catalogue of individual and material disadvantage of which the behaviour may be a consequence. The criminal consequences of a breach of an ASBO only serve to exacerbate the disadvantage.
Defining terrorism, racial profiling and the demonisation of Arabs and Muslims in the USA
Authors: Onwudiwe Ihekwoaba
Published: September 2011

This article examines definitions of terrorism, racial profiling and the demonisation of Arabs and Muslims in the United States (US). Additionally, it explores the impact of the US Patriot Act 2001 in the war against terrorism.
Repairing harm and transforming African‐American communities through restorative justice
Authors: Elechi O
Published: September 2011

The massive incarceration of African‐American men impacts negatively on African‐American families and undermines their communities' informal social control mechanisms, thereby hindering community safety efforts. To repair the harm and transform African‐American communities, a case is hereby made for the empowerment of African‐American communities through restorative justice.
Governing violence: gender, community and state interventions
Authors: Gill Aisha
Published: September 2011

The use of ‘community’ in the governance of minority ethnic groups in the UK is explored in relation to public responses to violence against women. It will be argued that effective prevention requires an understanding of the socio‐cultural contexts women face in negotiating culture and ‘honour’.
Recent research into the downloading of child pornographic materials from the Internet (1983‐2004)
Authors: Lowenstein Ludwig
Published: September 2011

This article summarises recent research into the subject of downloading child pornography and the different kinds of individuals engaged in the activity. Current attitudes to paedophilia are assessed. The question as to whether the downloading of pornographic paedophile material always leads to paedophilia is a core discussion. The law and current views on downloading are also discussed. The issue of whether downloaders of such materials are a danger is addressed and ways of preventing children being sexually exploited via the internet are explored.
Trends and patterns in crack cocaine use in a predominantly rural county in the east of England
Authors: Duffin Michelle , Owen Katy
Published: September 2011

This article reports findings from qualitative research conducted in a rural county. Crack cocaine is often used in combination with heroin with the latter drug acting as a ‘downer’ after the intense experience of crack. Users see their heroin use as a problem but not their crack use. Services are geared to opiate misuse and there is a need to consider provision for crack misuse.
Two evaluations of arrest referral schemes
Authors: Airth James , Doherty Noeleen
Published: September 2011

This article summarises two evaluations of arrest referral schemes in a county force where support services are offered as an alternative to case disposal under the criminal justice system. Random samples of individuals who had accessed the schemes were selected for analysis. Strong success was indicated in the drug arrest referral scheme evaluation and the alcohol arrest referral project received a positive outcome.
The future of crime and disorder reduction partnerships
Authors: Fox Chris
Published: September 2011

What does the future hold for crime and disorder reduction partnerships (CDRPs) over the coming year? A number of initiatives pre‐dating the 2005 election are likely to continue to shape the agenda for crime and disorder reduction partnerships over the coming months. However, announcements since the election are likely both to make the government's agenda underlying these initiatives clearer and speed‐up the pace of change.
Binge drinking: the latest moral panic?
Authors: Frost Julie , Gardiner Sandra
Published: September 2011

‘Binge drinking’ has been the subject of national concern and there are an increasing number of government initiatives to tackle it. The publicity and hyperbole that it receives has prompted the question as to whether the issue is another ‘moral panic’. The evidence is examined and the authors suggest that there are real grounds for concern.
The substance of crime: the use of crime science in the reduction of alcohol and drug‐related crime
Authors: Sadique Kim
Published: September 2011

Current criminological theory and the Government's focus on ‘community safety’ and ‘crime and disorder reduction’ has led to the creation of a new discipline, or at least a new paradigm, that of crime science. This article explores the theoretical basis and multi‐disciplinary nature of crime science and its usefulness in the reduction of alcohol and drug‐related crime.
Identifying and disseminating ‘good’ community safety practice: a problem solving approach
Authors: Erol Rosie , Millie Andrew
Published: September 2011

This paper describes how a problem solving approach was used to identify good practice lessons from four community safety projects implemented in Birmingham, and how these lessons were disseminated to meet the different needs of practitioners, managers and a wider community safety audience.
Exploring the links between domestic abuse and drugs
Authors: Owen Katy
Published: September 2011

Little research has been carried out on the links between drug misuse and domestic violence. This article attempts to address this gap by presenting key findings and recommendations from research carried out by Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International Ltd in the West Midlands exploring the links between substance misuse and domestic violence
The role of crime and disorder reduction partnerships (CDRPs) in supporting the voluntary and community sector
Authors: Bailey Joan
Published: September 2011

An enormous amount of time is spent talking about the involvement of the voluntary and community sector with crime and disorder reduction partnerships (CDRPs) and yet the reality is that the approach to the way that statutory services work with them continues to be mostly tokenistic. Whilst the government advocates the necessity of closer working relationships with voluntary or community organisations, few of these organisations play an integral part in working alongside most CDRPs as they discharge their responsibilities under the Crime and Disorder Act (1998). This article highlights the importance of CDRPs recognising how well placed the voluntary and community sector is in enabling them to plan, implement and evaluate their work.
Alley gates and signals: the word on the street
Authors: Rogers Colin
Published: September 2011

Alley gating schemes have been given impetus by government funding. A simple causal relationship is assumed by the presence of the gates and a reduction in crime and disorder. The post‐implementation research discussed in this article shows that implementation and installation decisions may have unintended consequences for the displacement of problems and the creation of new signal crimes in areas subject to alley gating.
Alley gating, fear of crime and housing tenure
Authors: Staunton Carl
Published: September 2011

This article discusses the interim findings from a research project carried out by the Wirral Joint Community Safety Team (WJCST) that has sought to measure residents' fear of crime prior to the implementation of an ‘alley gating’ target‐hardening project in a local authority ward in Wirral, Merseyside. The main determinant of fear for residents in this sample has been housing tenure, which may be a more reliable indicator for fear of crime than age or gender as cited in previous studies. This study found that those who reside in the private rented sector express more concern for safety issues and crime than those who are owner‐occupiers or rent from registered social landlords. The hypotheses are that within housing tenure, the two key variables are length of residence in the community and financial resources to fund security measures. These are probably the main causal factors for a higher margin of fear for private renters.
Averting ghettoisation: the role of educational services in reducing crime and victimisation in the ethnic minority community in Anderlecht, Brussels
Authors: Pitts John , Porteous David
Published: September 2011

A successful multi‐level intervention in a high crime low income, innercity Brussels neighbourhood, with a large minority ethnic community, has important implications for how educational and community safety initiatives might be brought together to achieve the goals set out in Every Child Matters, Youth Matters and Narrowing the Justice Gap.
Housing drug and alcohol users
Authors: Duffin Michelle
Published: September 2011

In this article Michelle Duffin reports on the difficulties of finding adequate housing for vulnerable groups including drug users and ex drug users.
Neighbourhood policing: the story so far
Authors: Kirkby Jerry
Published: September 2011

The recommendations of the recent Crime and Disorder Act Review will shape the evolution of neighbourhood policing. This article explains how neighbourhood policing in the UK has developed, including milestones such as the National Reassurance Policing Programme. Now, as neighbourhood policing is rolled out more widely, there is not one model in use, rather ten principles that forces are expected to apply. Early lessons from the roll out of neighbourhood policing suggest that much has been achieved and that the key to success is effective partnership working, particularly with local governments.
What's anti‐social about sex work? The changing representation of prostitution's incivility
Authors: Scoular Jane , Pitcher Jane , Campbell Rosie , Hubbard Phil , O'Neill Maggie
Published: September 2011

This article considers the likely success of recent reforms of prostitution policy by reflecting on a recent Joseph Rowntree Foundation‐funded study that examined the experiences of those living and working in areas of street sex work. This empirical work points to some of the dangers of policy frameworks and techniques of control that continue to situate sex work as antithetical to the cultivation of community safety.
A co‐ordinated prostitution strategy and response toPaying the price— but what about the men?
Authors: Gaffney Justin
Published: September 2011

The recently published Home Office strategy document, A co‐ordinated prostitution strategy and a summary of responses to Paying the price (Home Office, 2006), focuses on the role of men in prostitution. However, this focus is centred on men being the abusers of women and children involved in the sex industry, and vilifies men as the perpetrators that drive the sex market. This article traces the implications of the strategy for men involved in prostitution.
What role for street crime wardens?
Authors: Smithson Hannah , Armitage Rachel
Published: September 2011

This paper presents the findings of an evaluation of a street crime warden scheme in a city in the north west of England. It specifically focuses on the aims of the warden scheme and provides a detailed overview of the role of the wardens. The scheme is examined with regard to the threat from police community support officers (PCSOs), public perceptions and the overall financial sustainability of the scheme.
Research note: Reporting anti‐social behaviour
Authors: Ives Galen
Published: September 2011

In general, surveys conducted by post are much cheaper than individual interviews and they can be attractive when budgets are limited. While results differ between the two methods ‐ respondents tend to be more positive in their comments when faced with an interviewer ‐ such differences are usually quite small. However, in some research areas this difference can be much larger. This paper reports large differences between the two methods in the case of reporting anti‐social behaviour.
Making a reality of rural community safety
Authors: Gilling Daniel
Published: September 2011

This article subjects rural community safety to critical scrutiny. It reviews the background to this rural governmental infrastructure, considers how well it is working and identifies the barriers to the effective development of rural community safety. It concludes with an agenda for rural community safety.
‘An effective tool if used appropriately’: but what is an appropriate use of Asbos for young people?
Authors: Bateman Tim
Published: September 2011

This article considers the use of Asbos as a response to problematic behaviour exhibited by children and young people under the age of 18 years. Drawing on research conducted on behalf of the Youth Justice Board, it suggests that the perceptions of key professionals involved in the Asbo process may have a greater impact on their use than the level of anti‐social behaviour in an area.
Gathering community intelligence: initial findings from south Wales
Authors: Rogers Colin
Published: September 2011

The current drive for community engagement and the introduction of neighbourhood policing teams has highlighted the importance of gathering intelligence from communities. This article explores one initiative that seeks to do this, by discussing the method involved and the initial findings, which should inform crime reduction partnerships, the police and policy‐makers.
Young people and cannabis use: messages for practitioners
Authors: Melrose Margaret
Published: September 2011

This article is based on a study of 100 young people who were regular marijuana users, which aimed to discover the impact of their drug use on key life transitions. The article identifies the implications for practitioners who work with these young people.
Guns, gangs and young people ‐ engaging faith communities
Authors: McConnochie Andrew
Published: September 2011

Recent research suggests that faith communities can be successfully involved in gang initiatives and, indeed, many are already working with children and young people at risk. However, despite their commitment, they receive little professional support and attract few resources. This article outlines how effective partnerships can be developed between statutory agencies and faith communities.
The role of victim decisionmaking in reporting of hate crimes
Authors: Wong Kevin , Christmann Kris
Published: September 2011

This study tests assumptions implicit in many of the policy developments around hate crime reporting that concern the social context and some of the psychological processes behind decisionmaking on victim reporting. Results suggest that official concern over reporting all hate crimes for service planning requirements is not shared by the overwhelming majority of respondents and would not be feasible to deliver. If reporting is to be increased it needs to deliver a more tangible and personally experienced outcome for the individual.
A perpetual sense of crisis… how to spend the £40 million
Authors: Williams Patrick , Clarke Rebecca
Published: September 2011

This paper discusses the opportunity that has arisen from the injection of £40 million for the National Probation Service. Importantly, the funds have been allocated to promote the use of community orders and to contribute to alleviating the perennial crises facing the wider criminal justice system. It will be argued that the incessant policy and practice guidance has contributed to a shift in probation values thereby unwittingly contributing to current challenges. The funding therefore provides a space within which the probation service can again promote its rehabilitative ideals and draw on emerging evidence from the desistance literature, which, when incorporated into practice, will result in increasing positive offender compliance and reducing offending behaviour.
The government's terrorism strategy: implications for partnerships
Authors: Rogers Colin , Coliandris Geoff
Published: September 2011

Government plans for combating terrorism have been unveiled in their new strategic statement. Besides a focus on international and national activity, there are major implications for local partnerships that are expected to play a considerable part in the programme. In particular, the impact of preventative measures and the economic impact of this implied by the strategy will have major consequences for partnerships operating at a local level.