bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosody in contact in French: A case study from a heritage variety in the USA
Authors: Bullock Barbara E.
Published: December 2009

This article focuses on the prosody of heritage speakers of a minority variety of French, spoken in Frenchville, Pennsylvania, since the 1830s. Specifically, this case study focuses on three distinct supra-segmental phenomena: (i) penultimate prominence, (ii) focus via prominence in situ, and (iii) the prosody of left dislocation. Although all three phenomena appear to be convergent with the speakers’ dominant language, American English, I argue that penultimate prominence cannot be unambiguously attributed to English influence but may instead be an inheritance from the 19th-century source dialect for Frenchville. Prominence at the higher discourse levels, for the expression of information structure, can much more clearly be interpreted as contact induced. As is demonstrated here, these bilinguals use pitch accents and tonal contours for a variety of pragmatic and discursive functions in ways that are very similar to English but impossible in any attested variety of French. Despite the influence of the structure of the dominant language on the heritage language, these data cannot be easily interpreted as evidence of attrition since the usual syntactic means for the expression of information structure in French are still very much intact in this variety. This implies that contact-influenced prosodic innovations among heritage speakers may serve as additional communication resources for the expression of discourse-pragmatic distinctions rather than as mere replacement strategies.
Two Movements in Emotions: Communication and Reflection
Authors: Oatley Keith
Published: December 2009

In understanding the degree of choice we have in our emotions, we benefit from the Stoics’ analysis into first and second movements: appraisals and reappraisals. The Stoics were concerned to avoid the harm that emotions can cause, but their idea of working on goals, rather than on emotions as such, generalizes beyond their concerns. For modern people, the problem of taking responsibility for our emotional life becomes less paradoxical when we consider interpersonal issues.
Love for a Reason
Authors: Goldie Peter
Published: December 2009

According to Bob Solomon, love is a human emotion, with a complex intentional structure, having its own kind of reasons. I will examine this account, which, in certain respects, tends to mask the deep and important differences between love and other emotions.
DNA Compaction on Histone Mimics Prepared from Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Takenaka Toshio , Zinchenko Anatoly A , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Murata Shizuaki
Published: December 2009

Silica nanoparticles, the surface of which was modified by a 3-aminopropylsilyl group, compacted gene-size DNA in aqueous solutions in the presence of Na+ or K+. The DNA-compaction efficiency of histone-size (10 nm diameter) nanoparticles is greater than that of large (100 nm) nanoparticles under similar experimental conditions.
Synthesis of Gold Nanorods/Nanobelts and Their Potent Electrocatalytic Properties toward Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Kumar S Ashok , Wang Sea-Fue , Yang Jen-Chang , Yeh Chun-Ting , Lu His-Chuan
Published: December 2009

This paper describes surfactant-free and template-free synthesis of gold nanorods/nanobelts (Au-NRBs) using ciprofloxacin (CF) as a reducing/stabilizing agent (a fluoroquinolone antibiotic). Synthesized Au-NRBs were stable and easily soluble in water. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–visible spectroscopy are used for characterization of synthesized Au-NRBs. Indeed, synthesized Au-NRB-modified electrodes show high electrocatalytic properties toward oxidation of ethanol in alkaline solution (0.1 M NaOH).
The interplay between motivation, self‐efficacy, and approaches to studying
Authors: Prat‐Sala Mercè , Redford Paul.
Published: December 2009

Background

The strategies students adopt in their study are influenced by a number of social‐cognitive factors and impact upon their academic performance.

Aims

The present study examined the interrelationships between motivation orientation (intrinsic and extrinsic), self‐efficacy (in reading academic texts and essay writing), and approaches to studying (deep, strategic, and surface). The study also examined changes in approaches to studying over time.

Sample

A total of 163 first‐year undergraduate students in psychology at a UK university took part in the study.

Methods

Participants completed the Work Preference Inventory motivation questionnaire, self‐efficacy in reading and writing questionnaires and the short version of the Revised Approaches to Study Inventory.

Results

The results showed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation orientations were correlated with approaches to studying. The results also showed that students classified as high in self‐efficacy (reading and writing) were more likely to adopt a deep or strategic approach to studying, while students classified as low in self‐efficacy (reading and writing) were more likely to adopt a surface approach. More importantly, changes in students' approaches to studying over time were related to their self‐efficacy beliefs, where students with low levels of self‐efficacy decreased in their deep approach and increased their surface approach across time. Students with high levels of self‐efficacy (both reading and writing) demonstrated no such change in approaches to studying.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate the important role of self‐efficacy in understanding both motivation and learning approaches in undergraduate students. Furthermore, given that reading academic text and writing essays are essential aspects of many undergraduate degrees, our results provide some indication that focusing on self‐efficacy beliefs amongst students may be beneficial to improving their approaches to study.
Children's printed word database: Continuities and changes over time in children's early reading vocabulary
Authors: Masterson Jackie , Stuart Morag , Dixon Maureen , Lovejoy Sophie
Published: December 2009

In this paper we introduce a comprehensive database of the vocabulary in reading materials used by 5 – 9 year old children in the UK. The database is available on‐line http:www.essex.ac.ukpsychologycpwd and allows researchers into early reading development the possibility of rigorous control over critical characteristics of experimental stimuli such as word frequency, regularity and length, frequency of grapheme‐phoneme correspondences, orthographic and phonological neighbourhoods etc. The on‐line database is also a resource that can be used by practitioners with interests in literacy development and literacy instruction. It can be used to obtain characteristics for a user‐generated list of words, or else to generate a list of words according to constraints specified by the user. Here we present an overview of the construction of the database, the materials entered into it, the survey of schools by which we obtained information about the books that were most likely to be used by children in each age group, and the search features available on the database website. We also discuss certain characteristics of the Vocabulary itself and compare these with those reported in an earlier non‐representative database reported in Stuart, Dixon, Masterson and Gray (2003). We then present a detailed analysis of the characteristics of Vocabulary in books used in the Reception year, against the background of recent recommendations for change in the early teaching of reading. Finally, we present data showing that the database is indeed already proving a useful resource for both practitioners and researchers.
Odour‐based context reinstatement effects with indirect measures of memory: The curious case of rosemary
Authors: Ball Linden J. , Shoker Jaswinder. , Miles Jeremy N. V.
Published: December 2009

Previous studies examining environmental context‐dependent memory (ECDM) effects using indirect measures of memory have produced inconsistent findings. We report three experiments that examined ECDM in an indirect memory paradigm (word‐fragment completion) using ambient odours as environmental contexts. Expt 1 manipulated the odour present at learning and testing (rosemary or lemon) to produce reinstated‐context or switched‐context conditions. Reinstating rosemary led to a striking ECDM effect, indicating that indirect memory testing can be sensitive to ECDM manipulations. Odour ratings also indicated that rosemary induced a more unpleasant mood in participants than lemon. Expt 2 assessed the influence on indirect retrieval of odour‐based mood induction as well as odour distinctiveness, and indicated that rosemary's capacity to promote ECDM effects appears to arise from an additive combination of its unpleasantness‐inducing properties and its distinctiveness. Expt 3 partially supported these proposals. Overall, our findings indicate that some odours are capable of producing ECDM effects using indirect testing procedures. Moreover, it appears that it is the inherent proprieties of odours on dimensions such as unpleasantness and distinctiveness that mediate the emergence of ECDM effects, thereby explaining the particular potency of rosemary's mnemonic influence when it is reinstated.
Can experts help jurors to evaluate eyewitness evidence? A review of eyewitness expert effects
Authors: Martire Kristy A. , Kemp Richard I.
Published: December 2009

Courts occasionally permit psychologists to present expert evidence in an attempt to help jurors evaluate eyewitness identification evidence. This paper reviews research assessing the impact of this expert evidence, which we argue should aim to increase jurors' ability to discriminate accurate from inaccurate identifications. With this in mind we identify three different research designs, two indirectly measuring the expert's impact on juror discrimination accuracy and one which directly assesses its effect on this measure. Across a total of 24 experiments, three have used the superior direct methodology, only one of which provides evidence that expert testimony can improve jurors' ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitness identifications.
Outdoor Seating Design to Facilitate Social Interaction Among Older Adults
Authors: Swart Thamar , Molenbroek Johan , Langeveld Lau , Van Brederode Martin , Daams Brecht J.
Published: December 2009

AT A GLANCE: The number of older adults who like to meet each other in public spaces in the Netherlands is increasing. For this article, older adults were surveyed regarding their wants and needs for public meeting spaces. By means of a literature search on ergonomics, interviews, observations, and discussions with experts and older adults, a list of needs and preferences was created and used to guide a design for an outdoor meeting space for older adults, dubbed “The Oud-door.” Older adults were engaged in the design process by asking them questions, discussing the ideas and concepts with them, and, finally, conducting a usability test. Manufacturer Jan Kuipers Nunspeet will develop this design further, and “The Oud-door” will be available on the market in the near future.
HF/E Issues Involved in the Disappearance of and Search for Amelia Earhart
Authors: Hancock P. A.
Published: December 2009

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: A reexamination of the final flight of Amelia Earhart points to some human factors/ergonomics issues that may well have played a role in the failure of the aircraft to make its rendezvous at Howland Island. HF/E issues were also involved in the failed search to find the downed flyer and her navigator in the vastness of the Pacific Ocean.
Modeling the Influence of Microstructure in Rolling Contact Fatigue
Authors: Alley Erick S. , Sawamiphakdi Krich , Anderson Patrick I. , Neu Richard W.
Published: December 2009

Crack nucleation, first spall generation, and spall growth in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) are known to be highly sensitive to the heterogeneity of the microstructure. Yet the current state-of-the-art in the design of high performance bearing materials and microstructures is highly empirical requiring substantial lengthy experimental testing to validate the reliability and performance of these new materials and processes. We have laid the groundwork necessary to determine the influence of microstructure in RCF to aid in the development and processing of bearing steels. Microstructure attributes that may control the fatigue behavior are explicitly modeled in a 41xxx steel. The methodology is demonstrated by studying the role of an aluminum oxide inclusion embedded in a matrix of tempered martensite and retained austenite. The matrix is represented by crystal plasticity, which provides more realistic accumulations of localized plastic strains with cycling compare to homogenized J2 plasticity. As a demonstration of the approach, the relative influence of the volume fraction of retained austenite on RCF is evaluated.
Evaluation of the Stiffness and Volumetric Behaviors of Medium Dense Sand under Principal Stress Rotations
Authors: Chang Kuang-Tsung , Ge Louis , Sture Stein
Published: December 2009

Effects of principal stress rotations are important features of granular materials. Experimental data obtained in directional shear cell experiments for dense sand are re-analyzed and re-evaluated in terms of distortional (shear+deviatoric responses) and volumetric behaviors. Principal stress rotations in loading cause greater initial contraction but greater dilation in further shear deformation. In particular, principal stress rotations in unloading cause relatively greater contraction. The mechanisms of principal stress rotation effects on sand behavior are illustrated and interpreted. Rotations of principal stresses can mobilize more sand particles in various orientations facilitating particle rearrangement. Therefore, principal stress rotations cause greater contraction if sand tends to contract under shear but greater dilation if sand tends to dilate under shear. Loading and unloading with significant principal stress rotations are common stress states for underground soils during non-proportional foundation loading, excavation, and tunneling. The effects of principal stress rotations on the volumetric behavior of sands are important phenomena when analyzing settlements in the field involving these geotechnical problems.
Dominus noster vult. Anmerkungen zur päpstlichen Gesetzgebung im SpätmittelalterDominus noster vult. Reflections on Papal Legislation in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Meyer Andreas
Published: December 2009

Ausgangspunkt ist die widersprüchliche Beobachtung, daß zeitgenössische Chronisten und Verfasser von Traktaten die päpstlichen Kanzleiregeln für viele Übel ihrer Zeit verantwortlich machten, die Regeln dennoch oft kopiert und in die eigene Bibliothek gestellt, also als nützlich betrachtet wurden. Kanzleiregeln zeigen, wie die Kurie die ständig wachsende Nachfrage nach Privilegien, Benefizien und Dispensen zu stillen versuchte. Sie interpretierten die päpstliche Signatur auf den Suppliken, enthielten die Kompetenzen des Vizekanzlers, regelten den Geschäftsgang der Briefe und deuteten die päpstliche Verfügungsgewalt über die Kirche in bezug auf Reservationen und auf Prärogativen. Die Kritik entfachte sich an den Reservationen, in denen man die Ursache aller Mißstände sah, die aber in der auf Reskripten basierenden Verwaltung der Kurie nötig waren, weil sie Rechtssicherheit schufen, indem sie die Zuständigkeit festlegten. Da nach 1316 keine Sammlung des neuen Kirchenrechts mehr erfolgte, gerieten die Kanzleiregeln als Ersatzkodifikation ins Schußfeld der Reformer. Angesichts der Bittstellermassen versuchten die Päpste mittels Vorrechten, das System am Laufen zu halten. Weil die Suppliken um Anwartschaften das Angebot an freiwerdenden Pfründen übertrafen, erhielten bestimmte Kreise in Kanzleiregeln festgehaltene Vorrechte, was die Chancen der anderen schmäler te. Zudem kassierten Bonifaz VIII. und seine Nachfolger die Rechtstitel ihrer Vorgänger, die noch zu keinem Erfolg geführt hatten. Auch diese Widerrufe stehen in den Kanzleiregeln. Wer nicht wußte, was wie neu geregelt wurde, fand sich im Heer der Frustrierten wieder. Aber nicht Verbote, sondern erst anders gesetzte Anreize boten den Ausweg aus dem Dilemma.
Religion und Politik im späten Rußländischen Reich
Authors: Frings Andreas
Published: December 2009

Die bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse zu der Frage, ob es wechselseitige Verzahnungen zwischen Politik und Religion im Rußländischen Reich gab und wie das die Beziehungen zwischen Kirche und Welt, Politik und Religion veränderte, lassen erkennen, daß hier in den letzten Jahren grundlegend neue Einsichten gewonnen wurden, die auch zu der übergeordneten Fragestellung nach der langen Persistenz des Rußländischen Reiches einiges beitragen können. Der Staat stützte sich in vielfältiger Weise auf die religiöse und konfessionelle Vielfalt, indem er eine Religion vor anderen durch Monopole auszeichnete (die orthodoxe Kirche), andere vor Heterodoxien zu bewahren suchte, wieder andere durch die Förderung von Heterodoxien einzudämmen suchte und schließlich manche von ihnen als gefährlich in ihrer Tätigkeit drastisch einzuschränken suchte  in der Regel ohne größeren Erfolg. Die einzelnen Religionen wiederum reagierten in Abhängigkeit von ihren je unterschiedlichen Ausgangsbedingungen sehr verschieden auf die Herausforderungen des Staates und die sich wandelnden sozio-ökonomischen Bedingungen. Hervorzuheben ist dabei, daß die jüngere rußlandhistorische Forschung keineswegs bei institutionengeschichtlichen Darstellungen stehengeblieben ist.
Freikauf in Staatsregie. Militärische Stellvertretung im Großherzogtum Hessen 1835/36 bis 1866 Buy-off through Government Agencies. Military Substitution in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 1835/36 to 1866
Authors: Sicken Bernhard
Published: December 2009

Nach 1815 wurde in vielen deutschen Staaten die allgemeine Wehrpflicht eingeführt. Diese war nötig geworden, um die Vergrößerung der Armeen möglich zu machen. Die allgemeine Verpflichtung zum Wehrdienst enthielt allerdings die Möglichkeit, sich von einem Ersatzmann vertreten zu lassen. Der Aufsatz analysiert den Austausch der Rekruten durch Stellvertreter sowie die damit verbundenen Ausgaben im Großherzogtum Hessen. Dabei wird besonders auf den Anspruch der Regierung fokussiert, die Rekruten, die für die Armee von großer funktioneller Bedeutung waren, in ihrem Sinne zu beeinflussen. Das politische Ziel war es, ihre Loyalität zu stärken, da die meisten Unteroffiziere aus den Rängen der Wehrpflichtigen stammten. Sie mussten die militärische Ordnungs aufrecht erhalten und sie den neuen Rekruten beibringen. Daher war eine Auswahl unter den Rekruten durch die Regierung zweckdienlich und wurde trotz liberaler Gegenwehr in den 1830er Jahren durchgeführt. Das Kriegsministerium gründete zu diesem Zweck das Einstandbüro, das für den Austausch der Rekruten durch Ersatzmänner verantwortlich war. Ein Versicherungsunternehmen, die Assekuranzanstalt, unterstützte das Büro mit den notwendigen Geldern, wodurch die Regierung die kommerziellen Rekrutieranstalten um ihre Geschäftsgrundlage brachte und diese Form der Armeevergrößerung monopolisierte. Dass es möglich war, eine derartige Versicherung gegen den Militärdienst abzuschließen, war Gegenstand der Kritik. Jedoch gab es auch in anderen deutschen Staaten die Möglichkeit, durch den Ersatz eines Rekruten Geld zu verdienen, was die hessische Praxis, Geld gegen Freiheit einzutauschen, in einen strukturellen Kontext stellt.
Entspannung, Sicherheit und Ideologie in der sowjetischen Politik 1969 bis 1979. Zur Vorgeschichte des NATO-DoppelbeschlussesDétente, Security and Ideology in Soviet Policy 1969 to 1979. Developments before the NATO´s twin-track decision
Authors: Wettig Gerhard
Published: December 2009

Nach dem gescheiterten Versuch, die NATO auszuschalten, suchte sich der Kreml diesem Ziel durch die Bereitschaft zu weitreichenden zwischenstaatlichen Übereinkünften zu nähern. Der damit erreichten »politischen Entspannung« sollte anschließend die »militärische Entspannung« folgen. Eine Propagandakampagne unter dieser Leitparole sollte den Westen zu einseitiger Abrüstung nötigen, während sich die UdSSR darauf vorbereitete, gemäß der ideologisch begründeten Vorgabe einer »zuverlässigen Verteidigung« die Fähigkeit zum präemptiven nuklearen Erstschlag gegen Westeuropa zu gewinnen. Das Streben sowohl nach sukzessiver Aushöhlung der NATO durch ein sich entwickelndes gesamteuropäisches Sicherheitssystem als auch nach kontinentaler Überlegenheit aufgrund der SS-20-Rüstung waren geeignet, die Sowjetunion zur dominierenden Macht zu machen.
Kollektive gestalten der mündlichen epik
Authors: Samardzija Snezana
Published: December 2009

Svi oblici usmene knjizevnosti medjusobno se razlikuju po tematici, nameni i kontekstu izvodjenja. Kako je to zapazio jos Vuk, upravo je sadrzina "junacke" pesme bitna komponenta njenog trajanja, razumevanja i rasprostiranja. Ona se moze cuti i u kamernom okruzenju porodice, ali se posebno peva u okolnostima javnog okupljanja zajednice. Skup ovih vantekstovnih elemenata i funkcije pesnicke vrste najuze se povezuju sa njenim poetickim zakonitostima. Osobenosti epske stilizacije, izrazite na svim nivoima "teksta", mozda su najuocljivije u kategoriji likova, koji se formiraju kroz sadejstvo tipskih crta i postupaka individualizacije. Oformljen sistem odgovarajucih epskih delokruga ne pociva samo na podeli uloga ili raznovrsnom statusu aktera u sizejnom toku, vec i na nijansama u prikazivanju junaka. Zbog visokog stepena tipiziranosti naizgled su najjednostavnije osvetljeni razliciti kolektivni likovi, ali i ta formulativna resenja i udeo,"grupe" u strukturi pesme ukazuju na slozenost epske tehnike. .
Die Modelle des Kampfes in den Gedichten über die Freischärler
Authors: Suvajdzic Bosko
Published: December 2009

U radu se predstavljaju sizejni modeli koji u osnovi imaju formu borbe (suprotstavljanja) junaka i druzine, pocev od oblikovanja cete, preko modela cetovanja, sve do modela megdana hajduka i u skoka.Vazno je napomenuti da ovde pod "medijatorom" ne podrazumevamo "totemsku hipostazu mitskog junaka" odnosno posrednicke funkcije koje obavljaju "kulturni junaci" u tumacenju E. M. Meletinskog. .
Literarische Gestalt von Bozidar Stojadinovic
Authors: Hristic Zivkovic
Published: December 2009

Zaboravljeni srpski pesnik s pocetka XX veka, Bozidar Stojadinovic, svojim nevelikim knjizevnim opusom skrenuo je paznju na sebe cinjenicom da su od petnaest njegovih pesama objavljenih u casopisu "Misao", sedam usle u poznatu "Antologiju najnovije lirike" ovog casopisa. U radu se osvetljava njegovo knjizevno delo u celini, ukljucujuci i rukopisnu zaostavstinu. Kao pesnik se pojavio u dnevnim novinama "Stampa", 1911. godine, kao sesnaestogodisnjak. U toku balkanskih i Prvog svetskog rata objavljuje pesme u "Stampi", "Radnickim novinama", "Tribuni", "Cetinjskom vjesniku", "Srpskim novinama", "Zabavniku" i "Ratnom dnevniku"; a posle rata u "Vidovdanu" i casopisu "Misao", kao njegov stalni saradnik. Posle smrti, njegove pesme stampaju "Misao", "Invalidski glasnik ", "Rec ", "Srpska otadzbina ", "Domovina " i "Venac ". Pesme mu se nalaze i u dvema posleratnim antologijama: "Antologiji najnovije lirike" (1921; 1926) i "Antologiji srpskohrvatske posleratne lirike". Objavio je jednu zbirku pesama "Samom sebi", 1921. godine. .
O pripovetkama "Svabica" i "Vucko" Laze K. Lazarevica
Authors: Popovic Bogdan
Published: December 2009

Postoje dve pripovetke Laze K. Lazarevica o kojima bi trebalo jos nesto reci. Prva je dugo radjena, cuvana u piscevoj fioci i objavljena tek posle njegove smrti. Druga je dospela do nas u odlomcima, nedovrsena i nedoradjena. Prva nosi naslov Svabica, a druga bi svakako nosila naslov Vucko, da ju je pisac dovrsio. .
The impact of climate change on future frontal variations of Briksdalsbreen, western Norway
Authors: Laumann Tron , Nesje Atle
Published: December 2009

A flowline model, coupled with a surface mass-balance model forced by climate data from Bergen, was used to simulate future frontal changes of Briksdalsbreen, a western outlet glacier from Jostedalsbreen, western Norway, under various future climate scenarios. The model was used to calculate the time-lag of frontal response to a sudden and short change in the mass balance. According to the model, the front has a time-lag for maximum advance rate of 4–5 years, in close agreement with previous studies. The response time for Briksdalsbreen was calculated by running the model for 200 years with different mass-balance perturbations. For mass-balance perturbations of +0.3 and +0.6 m w.e. the model yields response times of 52 and 60 years, respectively. We ran the model from 1963 to 2007 with measured mass-balance data, and from 2007 to 2085 using calculated mass balances from 12 different climate scenarios. The model predicts retreat up the steep valley from the lake inlet, with a total frontal retreat of 2.5–5.0 km by 2085. A spectacular icefall, one of the main tourist attractions in western Norway, may thus disappear and the glacier may become a plateau glacier that will gradually melt down.
Granulometric investigations of snow avalanches
Authors: Bartelt Perry , McArdell Brian W.
Published: December 2009

Avalanche deposits consist of rounded granules composed of aggregates of snow and ice particles. The size of the granules is related to vertical shear gradients within the flow; studying the granule-size distribution may be useful in understanding the flow and stopping of avalanches. We applied a sediment-size sampling method to measure snow granule-size distributions at different depositional environments on two dry and two wet avalanche deposits at three field sites. The granule-size distributions are approximately log-normal, similar to many natural sediment deposits. The median granule size in the wet and dry avalanches varies between 65 and 162 mm. Wet avalanches tend to produce more large granules than dry avalanches, indicating both smaller flow velocities and near-surface shear gradients. Granule size is similar in frontal lobes and levee deposits, suggesting that levee formation occurs independently of the size segregation at the avalanche front.
The response of glaciers to intrinsic climate variability: observations and models of late-Holocene variations in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Roe Gerard H. , O’Neal Michael A.
Published: December 2009

Discriminating between glacier variations due to natural climate variability and those due to true climate change is crucial for the interpretation and attribution of past glacier changes, and for the expectations of future changes. We explore this issue for the well-documented glaciers of Mount Baker in the Cascades Mountains of Washington State, USA, using glacier histories, glacier modeling, weather data and numerical weather model output. We find that natural variability alone is capable of producing kilometer-scale excursions in glacier length on multi-decadal and centennial timescales. Such changes are similar in magnitude to those attributed to a global Little Ice Age. The null hypothesis, that no climate change is required to explain the glacier fluctuations in this setting, cannot be rejected. These results for Mount Baker glaciers are also consistent with an earlier study analyzing individual glaciers in Scandinavia and the Alps. The principle that long-timescale fluctuations of glacier length can be driven by short-timescale fluctuations in climate reflects a robust and fundamental property of stochastically forced physical systems with memory. It is very likely that this principle also applies to other Alpine glaciers and that it therefore complicates interpretations of the relationship between glacier and climate history. However, the amplitude and timescale of the length fluctuations depends on the details of the particular glacier geometry and climatic setting, and this remains largely unevaluated for most glaciers.
Observed runoff, jökulhlaups and suspended sediment load from the Greenland ice sheet at Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland, 2007 and 2008
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Hasholt Bent
Published: December 2009

This study fills the gap in hydrologic measurements of runoff exiting a part of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), the Kangerlussuaq drainage area, West Greenland. The observations are of value for obtaining knowledge about the terrestrial freshwater and sediment output from part of the GrIS and the strip of land between the ice sheet and the ocean, in the context of varying ice-sheet surface melt and influx entering the ocean. High-resolution stage, discharge and suspended sediment load show a decrease in runoff of ∼25% and in sediment load of ∼40% from 2007 to 2008 in response to a decrease in the summer accumulated number of positive degree-days. During the 2007 and 2008 runoff seasons, jökulhlaups were observed at Kangerlussuaq, drained from an ice-dammed lake at the margin of the GrIS.
Methanesulphonic acid loss during ice-core storage: recommendations based on a new diffusion coefficient
Authors: Roberts Jason L. , Van Ommen Tas D. , Curran Mark A.J. , Vance Tessa R.
Published: December 2009

The loss of methanesul phonic acid (MSA) from stored ice cores can be significant over typical storage times, with diffusion to the ice-core surface controlling the loss. Methods for minimizing this loss are discussed and it is shown how measurements can be corrected by calculating the amount of MSA lost. A revised diffusion coefficient for MSA in solid ice, (4.1 × 10−13) ± (2.5 × 10−14) m2 s−1, is derived to improve such MSA loss corrections.
Transient response of idealized glaciers to climate variations
Authors: Lüthi Martin P.
Published: December 2009

The transient response of glaciers to climate variations is investigated with a novel low-order model of an idealized glacier resting on uniformly inclined bedrock. The model consists of two volumes representing the accumulation and ablation areas, which are joined by a flux gate controlling mass flow according to the shallow-ice approximation. Under the assumption of a constant vertical mass-balance gradient, a volume–length scaling relation is derived which depends explicitly on mass-balance gradient and bedrock slope. Analytic expressions for the volume and area timescales are given, which are inversely proportional to the mass-balance gradient and a geometric factor which is the ratio between the vertical extent of the ablation area and the ice thickness at the equilibrium line. From the low-order model, a dynamical system in length and volume is obtained. Results from this system are in good agreement with solutions obtained from a transient finite-element model solving the full force-balance and mass-conservation equations. Under periodic forcing there are significant deviations of the length response, which show that the usual relaxation-type parameterization of length change is not well suited for short-term reactions. Switching on and off periodic climate forcing, the model glaciers show surprisingly large initial and final transient responses that have not been investigated before. These results are of significance for the interpretation of length and thickness changes observed on glaciers.
La Péri, poème dansé (1911–12): A Problematic Creative-Collaborative Journey
Authors: Julia Minors Helen
Published: December 2009

This exploration of the creation of the poème dansé, La Péri (1911–12) for which the score was composed by Paul Dukas (1865–1935) establishes the role played in its development by the première danseuse, Natalia (Natasha) Trouhanova (1885–1956) and other artists. It charts the troubled collaboration on the initial project, which Serge Diaghilev (1872–1929) abandoned in 1911 and follows the process of its presentation the following year under the guidance of Jacques Rouché (1862–1957).
Anaclitic Therapy in North American Psychoanalytic and Psychiatric Practice in the 1950S–1960s
Authors: Raz Mical
Published: December 2009

Anaclitic therapy, a little-known chapter in the history of North American psychoanalysis and psychiatry, sheds light on the prevailing trends and therapeutic approaches common in the 1950s and 1960s. It touches upon major junctions in the history of psychoanalysis and psychiatry, such as the therapeutic use of regression, the usage of biological measures in conjunction with psychoanalysis, the relationship between therapist and patient and eclecticism in North American psychiatry. By following the brief history of this form of therapy, this article affords a glimpse of the history of some of the significant issues practitioners in psychoanalysis and psychiatry faced at the time.
Sandor Rado and the Fate of the Berlin Model in New York
Authors: Craig Tomlinson W.
Published: December 2009

This paper examines the influence of the Berlin model on psychoanalytic education in New York through the person of Sandor Rado, who was recruited from Berlin to become the first Education Director at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in 1931, and later went on to found the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research. While the basic elements of the so-called tripartite model of psychoanalytic education were adopted in principle in New York prior to Rado's arrival, he had an enormous impact on the development and implementation of that curriculum, while attempting to modify it both theoretically and clinically, and became one of the focal points of the controversies that led to the break-up of that institute. He also sought to expand ties to American medicine and psychiatry and to research in general.
Design Issues for Socially Intelligent User Interfaces
Authors: McVittie C. , Reiter E. , Freer Y. , Sykes C. , Logie R. , McKinlay A.
Published: December 2009

Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the usability of discourse analyses as a means of evaluating medical informatics systems by examining one particular computer-based data-to-text system for delivering neonatal health care information.

Methods: Six textual summaries of clinical information, three produced by human clinicians and three by the data-to-text system, were subjected to fine-grain discourse analysis. Analysis was performed ‘blind’ on all six textual summaries. Analysis focused on the identification of lexical items and on the potential effects of these items on users of these clinical information summaries.

Results: Results showed that there were clear differences between human- and system-generated clinical summaries, with human clinicians providing better narrative flow and textual detail. The data-to-text system successfully produced textual summaries although it fell short of human abilities.

Conclusions: These results indicate potential future improvements to the system. Discourse analysis as used here may offer significant advantages in evaluating and developing similar medical informatics systems.
Auditory Steady-State Responses and Speech Feature Discrimination in Infants
Authors: Cone Barbara , Garinis Angela
Published: December 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a correlation between auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) for complex toneburst stimuli and speech feature discrimination (SFD) abilities in young infants. Study Sample: Seventeen infants (mean age  = 
9.4 months) and 21 adults (mean age  =  27 years) with normal hearing had ASSR and SFD tests. Data Collection: The ASSR test employed an eight-component complex toneburst stimulus; threshold and input‐output functions were determined as level was systematically varied.
The SFD test utilized an observer-based, visual-reinforcement test procedure to determine the infant's ability to detect the speech feature change from /ba/ to /da/. Results: The correlation of the group mean /ba/‐/da/ discrimination performance (percent correct) with the group
mean ASSR score (percent responses present) ranged from r  =  0.64 for the 1500 Hz amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated tone burst to 0.99 for ASSRs for all stimulus components; however, correlations between ASSRs and SFD scores for individual subjects were modest.
Conclusion: The ASSR and SFD results appear to reflect the audibility of the stimuli.
Susceptibility to Genital Herpes as a Biomarker Predictive of Increased HIV Risk: Expansion of a Murine Model of Microbicide Safety
Authors: Wilson Sarah S , Cheshenko Natalia , Fakioglu Esra , Mesquita Pedro MM , Keller Marla J , Herold Betsy C
Published: December 2009

Background

A crucial gap in the development of microbicides for HIV prevention is the absence of models predictive of safety. Previous studies have demonstrated an increased susceptibility to genital herpes in mice following repeated applications of nonoxynol-9 (N-9). This study was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms, focusing on the effects that N-9 has on genital tract epithelium and to apply this expanded model to evaluate the safety of microbicides that have been advanced to clinical trials.

Methods

Mice were treated intravaginally with formulated 3.5% N-9, 1% tenofovir, 0.5% or 2% PRO 2000, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) placebo or no treatment and the effect on herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) susceptibility, epithelial cell architecture, junctional proteins and inflammation were assessed.

Results

Mice treated with seven daily doses of N-9, but not tenofovir, PRO 2000 or HEC, were significantly more susceptible to challenge with low doses of HSV-2; confocal microscopy demonstrated increased numbers of viral particles deep within the genital tract. N-9 disrupted the epithelium with loss of tight and adherens junctional proteins. By contrast, the epithelium was relatively preserved following tenofovir, PRO 2000 and HEC exposure. Additionally, N-9, but not the other microbicides, triggered a significant inflammatory response relative to untreated mice.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that disruption of the epithelium contributes to increased HSV-2 susceptibility and might provide a biomarker predictive of increased risk for HIV acquisition. The results are consistent with the safety outcomes of the recently completed Phase IIb clinical trial with 0.5% PRO 2000 gel, and predict that tenofovir gel will not adversely affect the genital tract.
A randomized controlled trial of pegylated interferon-α2a plus adefovir dipivoxil for hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Piccolo Paola , Lenci Ilaria , Demelia Luigi , Bandiera Franco , Piras Maria R , Antonucci Giorgio , Nosotti Lorenzo , Mari Terenzio , De Santis Adriano , Ponti Maria L , Sorbello Orazio , Iacomi Fabio , Angelico Mario
Published: December 2009

Background

Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-α monotherapy is the current standard of care for short-term antiviral treatment of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of PEG-IFN-α plus adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) versus PEG-IFN-α monotherapy for compensated HBeAg-negative CHB.

Methods

A multicentre randomized controlled trial was performed in eight outpatient hepatology/infectious disease clinics in central Italy. A total of 60 patients (67% male and median age 48 years) with biopsy-proven HBeAg-negative compensated CHB (mean alanine aminotranferase [ALT] levels 3.3 ±3x the upper normal limit and serum hepatitis B virus [HBV] DNA 5.8 ±0.9 log10 IU/ml) were randomized at baseline to receive PEG-IFN-α2a 180 μg/week plus ADV 10 mg/day or PEG-IFN-α2a monotherapy for 48 weeks. Post-treatment follow-up was for 24 additional weeks. The primary end point was sustained HBV DNA suppression defined as serum HBV DNA<2,000 IU/ml after 24 weeks of post-treatment follow-up. The secondary end point was ALT normalization at the end of follow-up.

Results

At week 48, HBV DNA was undetectable in 20/30 (67%) in the combination group versus 11/30 (37%) patients in the monotherapy group ( P=0.02). ALT normalization was achieved in 17/30 (57%) versus 10/30 (30%) patients, respectively ( P=0.03). At week 72, sustained virological response was achieved in 7/30 (23.3%) in the combination group versus 6/30 (20%) patients in the monotherapy group ( P=0.75); 5 (16%) patients in each group dropped out because of adverse events or non-compliance.

Conclusions

In HBeAg-negative CHB, combination PEG-IFN-α2a plus ADV for 48 weeks is safe and resulted in greater on-treatment efficacy than PEG-IFN-α2a monotherapy. No difference in sustained virological and biochemical response rates were observed between the two treatment regimens.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Increase the Antiretroviral Activity of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in HIV Type-1-Infected T-Lymphocytes: Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 4
Authors: Clemente Ma Isabel , Álvarez Susana , Serramía Ma Jesús , Turriziani Ombretta , Genebat Miguel , Leal Manuel , Fresno Manuel , Muñoz-Fernández Ma Ángeles
Published: December 2009

Background

The multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) form a subfamily within the ATP binding cassette transporters that confer resistance to a variety of structurally unrelated compounds. MRP4 has been reported to transport antiretroviral drugs out of cells in an active process. Although the main therapeutic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity, in recent years, some pharmacological effects independent of this action have been described, such as inhibition of the activity of MRP4.

Methods

Detection of MRP4 expression was carried out by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Cells were infected with HIV type-1NL4.3 isolate, and treated with anti-retroviral drugs plus different NSAIDs. Agp24 was measured by ELISA 3 days post-infection. Intracellular [3H] zidovudine (AZT) was quantified by a scintiller counter. Expression of different cell markers was assessed by flow cytometry.

Results

NSAIDs, as well as probenecid, were able to potentiate the antiretroviral effect of several nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). PBLs expressed MRP4 and treatment with ibuprofen did not affect this expression. However, MRP4 expression increased following phytohaemaglutinin and AZT treatment. This decrease of Agp24 was correlated with an increase in the intracellular AZT concentration. This effect was unrelated to changes on expression of CD4, CXCR4, cell viability or activation. Interestingly, patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, who had a detectable viral load, presented a higher expression of MRP4 than those with an undetectable viral load.

Conclusions

NSAIDs can improve the antiretroviral activity of NRTIs, increasing their intracellular concentration by blocking MRP4. This finding could have implications for success of antiviral therapy.
Combined prophylactic and therapeutic intranasal vaccination against human papillomavirus type-16 using different adeno-associated virus serotype vectors
Authors: Nieto Karen , Kern Andrea , Leuchs Barbara , Gissmann Lutz , Müller Martin , Kleinschmidt Jürgen A
Published: December 2009

Background

Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among woman worldwide and is considered to be caused by infection with high-risk papilloma viruses. Genetic immunization using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors has shown great promise for vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) infections.

Methods

rAAV5, -8 and -9 vectors expressing an HPV16 L1/E7 fusion gene were generated and applied intranasally for combined prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination of mice.

Results

The rAAV5 and the rAAV9 vectors showed efficient induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses, whereas rAAV8 failed to immunize mice by the intranasal route. The L1-specific immune response evoked by expression of the L1/E7 fusion gene, however, was lower than that evoked by expression of the L1 antigen alone. This deficiency could be compensated by application of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin or monophsphoryl lipid as adjuvant upon vaccination with rAAV5-L1/E7. Coimmunization of rAAV9-L1/E7 with rAAV5-L1 or boosting of rAAV9-L1/E7 with rAAV5-L1 strongly increased L1-specific neutralizing antibody titres to levels above those achieved by vaccination with vectors expressing L1 alone. Both vectors elicited a vibrant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against L1 or E7. Nasal immunization with rAAV5 or rAAV9 was superior to vaccination with HPV16-L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) or HPV16-L1/E7 CVLPs with respect to humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccination with the rAAV vectors led to a significant protection of animals against a challenge with different HPV tumour cell lines.

Conclusions

Our results show that rAAV5 and rAAV9 vectors are promising candidates for a non-invasive nasal vaccination strategy.
Study of Ultrasonically Assisted Internal Grinding of Small Holes: Effect of Grain Size of cBN Grinding Wheel
Authors: Nomura Mitsuyoshi , Wu Yong Bo , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto , Kawashima Takahiro , Shibata Takayuki
Published: December 2009

This study aims to develop an ultrasonically assisted grinding technology for precision internal grinding of a small hole measuring several millimeters in diameter, such as those formed in a fuel injector for an automotive engine. In a previous work, an experimental apparatus mainly composed of an ultrasonic vibration spindle was designed and constructed, and grinding experiments were carried out. The previous investigation found that applying ultrasonic vibration to the wheel decreased the normal and tangential grinding forces, respectively, and improved the surface roughness in surface grinding. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of ultrasonic vibration on grinding force and surface roughness in internal grinding when the grain sizes of small cBN grinding wheel are changed. The experimental results indicate that applying ultrasonic vibration to the wheel decreases the normal and tangential grinding forces by more than 83 % and 80 %, respectively, and improves the surface roughness by as much as 62 % while the wheel grain size is changed. In addition, over the range of grinding conditions employed in this paper, the grain size as small as 3 µm can be used in ultrasonically assisted internal grinding.
Development of Advanced Surface Engineering Technologies for the Benefit of Multipoint Cutting Tools
Authors: Sarwar Mohammed , Haider Julfikar
Published: December 2009

The benefits of applying advanced coatings on both single point and multipoint cutting tools such as improvement of productivity, tool life, machined surface quality etc. have been realised by the surface engineering researchers [1], commercial coaters [2-4] and end users [5]. The demand for advanced coatings in cutting tool industries is continually growing to meet the challenges of high speed machining, dry machining, near net-shape machining, machining of hard-to-cut materials etc.. Advanced coatings with excellent properties on flat coupon in a laboratory deposited by modern deposition technologies should not be taken for granted in improving the performance of complex shaped cutting tools [6] in aggressive cutting environments. This is because the end performance of coated cutting tools is not only dependant on the coating itself but also on the tool substrate material, geometry, surface finish and cutting edge conditions prior to coating deposition. The paper presents case studies with examples of successes and failures of advanced coatings on different multipoint cutting tools (e.g., milling cutters, bandsaws, circular saws, holesaws etc.). The future strategy for developing successful coating technology for cutting tools should be directed towards adopting a systems approach to bridge the communication gap amongst the cutting tool manufactures, tool coaters and end users.