bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOES THE GENERATION INFLUENCE DOMESTIC LEISURE TOURISM PRACTICES? THE CASE OF BULGARIA
Authors:   National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Geography Department, Economic and Social Geography Division, Sofia, Bulgaria, VARADZHAKOVA Desislava , NAYDENOV Alexander ,   University of National and World Economy, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: June 2024

The main goal of the article is to study the generations that are actively participating in the tourism market at the moment and to examine their attitudes towards domestic tourism. The analyses of the generations’ domestic leisure tourism practices in Bulgaria include two-dimensional frequency distributions and statistical pair-wise hypothesis testing in order to clarify the exact differences amongst the generations studied. The study reveals that the youngest generations travel more than the elders. The top 3 ‘factors’ that burden the travelling intentions amongst the Bulgarians are: lack of financial resources, lack of enough free time and family reasons. The most significant reason for older generations not traveling is lack of enough money and for the younger is mix between lack of finance and lack of enough free time. The generations differ from each other in their travel preferences, behaviour, expectations. However, some similarities are observed between them. It is noteworthy that most respondents, regardless of the generation they belong to, have visited more summer seaside resorts than mountain winter resorts in the last five years.
Evaluation of Ovary Radiation Dose in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy with Modern Techniques: A Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Aral İpek Pınar , Altınışık İnan Gonca , Beyaz Havva , Gümüş Karadeniz Hande , Arpacı Elif , Sekkin Eser Miray , Tezcan Yılmaz
Published: June 2024

Background: Although the radiotherapy (RT) effect is reversible in some tissues, it is progressive and permanent for the ovary. Ovary radiation exposure during breast cancer radiotherapy (BCR) may cause concern in patients and obstetricians. In this study, we evaluated ovarian radiation doses in patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer prospectively. Methods: Ovary doses were calculated in patients diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) and receiving RT at the Radiation Oncology clinic of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital. Helical intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning and three-dimensional (3D) planning were performed for each patient. Results: The data of 8 patients who received BCR at 8 August 2023 and 19 September 2023 were evaluated prospectively. The median age of the patients was 57 (range 39–65), 4 (50%) had breast conserving surgery (BCS), and 4 (50%) patients underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Four (50%) patients were left sided, while four (50%) patients were right sided. According to our results, the ovarian doses in adjuvant radiotherapy of breast cancer patients who received RT with the 3D technique were zero. In helical IMRT plans, the ipsilateral ovary dose was median 12 (range 10–30) centi Gray (cGy); the contralateral ovary dose was median 8 (range 5–13) cGy. In patients with MRM, ipsilateral ovary dose in helical IMRT plans was median 10 (range 10–13); in patients with BCS, it was median 15 (12–30) cGy. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine ovarian doses in breast cancer radiotherapy on patients. In our study, in which we evaluated eight patients with 2 different RT techniques, the dose values of ovaries in breast cancer radiotherapy were found to be negligible and no measurable dose was noted in 3DRT technique.
Impact of LAB Fermentation on the Nutrient Content, Amino Acid Profile, and Estimated Glycemic Index of Sorghum, Pearl Millet, and Kodo Millet
Authors: Mohapatra Debabandya , Nickhil Chowdaiah , Kar Abhijit , Sharma Yogesh , Deshpande Sumedha S , Tripathi Manoj Kumar , Haromuchadi Sadvatha Ramanna
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Millets, owing to their rich nutritional and low-to-moderate glycemic index values, are termed superfoods; however, some anti-nutritional factors, such as tannins, limit the absorption of micro and macronutrients. Non-thermal processing technologies, such as fermentation, can improve nutrient content and reduce these anti-nutritional factors. Methods: The effect of a controlled submerged fermentation of whole grain sorghum, pearl millet, and dehusked Kodo millet using mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) culture in tofu whey-based media on the proximate, antioxidant, tannin content, vitamin B, amino acids profile and estimated glycemic index (eGI) of different millets were evaluated. Results: The protein content (2–12.5%), carbohydrate content (2–13.6%), antioxidant activity (3–49%), vitamin B complex, amino acid profile (89–90%), and eGI of whole grain sorghum, pearl millet, and dehusked Kodo millet improved due to LAB-assisted submerged fermentation. In contrast, fat (4–15%), ash (56–67%), crude fiber (5–34%), minerals, tannin and resistant starch content decreased due to LAB fermentation. Conclusion: Controlled LAB fermentation can improve the nutritional quality of sorghum and millets while reducing anti-nutritional factors. This non-thermal process can be adopted industrially to produce more palatable and nutritionally superior millet products.
Isolation, Characteristics, and Prospects of Using the Ochrobactrum Intermedium Strain in the Degradation of the Cypermethrin Pesticide
Authors: Kosimov Diyorbek , Ergashev Rustambek , Mavjudova Aziza , Lazutin Nikolay , Khegay Tatyana , Zaynitdinova Lyudmila
Published: June 2024

Background: Due to the constant and improper use of chemicals, including pesticides, many substances, and their degradation products can accumulate in the soil and negatively affect its organisms. Methods: In this study, morphological methods, Gram-staining, and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionzation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) methods were used to isolate bacteria from agricultural soils, while genetic identification was conducted using 16S rRNA. The density of bacteria was determined using the spectrophotometric method, and the residual amount of cypermethrin was determined and analyzed using Gas chromatograohy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. Results: Nine isolates were obtained from various agricultural soils. Isolate No. 3 showed the greatest effectiveness against cypermethrin and was selected for further research. Isolate No. 3 was identified as the Ochrobactrum intermedium strain PDB-3 and was registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (GenBank: OL587509.1). Using this strain, the influence of various external factors on the degradation of cypermethrin was studied. This bacterium demonstrated 100% degradation of cypermethrin in 20 days under optimal conditions (temperature: 30 °C; optical density (OD) = 0.2; cypermethrin concentration: 80 ± 0.02 mg/kg). In addition, PDB-3 changed the original structure of cypermethrin into various intermediate metabolites, such as 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxy benzeneacetonitrile, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, methyl stearate, anethol, citral, and phenol. Conclusions: The results obtained using PDB-3 provide the basis for large-scale field trials on the bioremediation of cypermethrin-contaminated soils.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Effect of Low-Energy Lasers on Dental Pulp Stem Cell Proliferation and the Associated Mechanism
Authors: Pan Wenting , Yan Shiwen , Li Tiantian , Jiang He , Wang Mengwen , Xue Peng
Published: June 2024

Background: Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation potentials. As such, DPSCs have a wide range of clinical applications. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has positive photobiostimulatory effects on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, osteogenic differentiation, bone regeneration, and fracture healing. However, there have been few studies on the effect of low-energy lasers on DPSC proliferation. Methods: DPSCs were obtained from dental pulp tissue. The effects of LLLT on the proliferation of DPSCs and the associated mechanisms were investigated by in vitro culture and laser irradiation. Results: LLLT with energy densities of 3.5 J/cm2 and 14 J/cm2promoted the proliferation of DPSCs. Differential protein expression studies suggested the stimulation of DPSC proliferation by LLLT involved the PI3K-Akt and Rap1 signaling pathways, as well as the apoptosis-related pathway. Conclusion: This preliminary study demonstrated that low-energy lasers have a pro-proliferative effect on DPSCs, and identified possible associated mechanisms. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of DPSCs and suggest novel strategies for the treatment of related diseases.
Insight into the Role of Ferroptosis in Epilepsy
Authors: Huang Limin , Liu Haiyan , Liu Songyan
Published: June 2024

Excessively high or synchronized neuronal activity in the brain is the underlying cause of epilepsy, a condition of the central nervous system. Epilepsy is caused mostly by an imbalance in the activity of inhibitory and excitatory neural networks. Recurrent or prolonged seizures lead to neuronal death, which in turn promotes epileptogenesis and epileptic seizures. Ferrous ion-mediated cell death is known as ferroptosis, which is due to the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products resulting from compromise of the glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant system. The pathophysiology of epilepsy has been linked to anomalies in the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)/GSH redox pathway, lipid peroxidation, and iron metabolism. Studies have shown that inhibiting ferroptosis may alleviate cognitive impairment and decrease seizures, indicating that it is neuroprotective. With the hope of aiding the development of more novel approaches for the management of epilepsy, this research aimed to examine the role of ferroptosis in this disease.
Quantitative Proteomics Provided Insights into the Protective Effects of Heat Acclimation on the Rat Hypothalamus after Exertional Heatstroke
Authors: Xv Fan , Ma Li-zhen , Li Xin , Zhao Jin-bao , Liu Shu-yuan , Mao Han-ding , Ma Jun , Xing Ling , Wang Li-feng , Zhi Wei-jia , Song Qing
Published: June 2024

Background: The effects of heat acclimation (HA) on the hypothalamus after exertional heatstroke (EHS) and the specific mechanism have not been fully elucidated, and this study aimed to address these questions. Methods: In the present study, rats were randomly assigned to the control, EHS, HA, or HA + EHS groups (n = 9). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to examine pathology. Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis was utilized to explore the impact of HA on the protein expression profile of the hypothalamus after EHS. Bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the functions of the differentially expressed proteins. The differential proteins were validated by western blotting. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum. Results: The H&E staining (n = 5) results revealed that there were less structural changes in hypothalamus in the HA + EHS group compared with the EHS group. Proteomic analysis (n = 4) revealed that proinflammatory proteins such as argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1), high mobility group protein B2 (HMGB2) and vimentin were evidently downregulated in the HA + EHS group. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1, and IL-8 were decreased in the serum samples (n = 3) from HA + EHS rats. Conclusions: HA may alleviate hypothalamic damage caused by heat attack by inhibiting inflammatory activities, and ASS1, HMGB2 and vimentin could be candidate factors involved in the exact mechanism.
«His Imperial Highness» under supervision of police in Russian Turkestan
Authors: Litvinov Vyacheslav
Published: June 2024

Romanov's dynasty was numerous on structure, however during the Soviet period it was known basically for works about its reigned representatives. About all other members of a dynasty, it was known a little. During the post-Soviet period the attention to them has increased. One of the most interesting members of an imperial dynasty for historians and publicists was Nikolay Konstantinovich Romanov condemned by it and banished to Central Asia. The modern publicism and a historiography wrote about grand duke much, but only in some aspects. This article is the first attempt to create a complete image of him.
Federal definitions, half empty processes, and recovery goals for threatened and endangered species require social and ecological criteria
Authors: VonHoldt Bridgett , Blumstein Daniel T. , Berger Joel , Carroll Carlos
Published: June 2024

Criteria used to assess recovery under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA) often fall short when considering social, group-living species. We use novel recent insights on sociality and genetics in gray wolves to illustrate why such definitional failures in implementing the ESA limit the efficacy of recovery efforts. Loss of conspecifics in social species has an enhanced impact on population viability that is not captured by estimates of population abundance. Reproductive skew in social species reduces effective population size and exacerbates threats to genetic health of populations. For group living species like wolves, it is critical that agencies and governing bodies consider species sociality and its genetic effects in recovery guidelines. Biological processes which include social behavior and group structure need to be more fully considered for the ESA to effectively meld with biological reality. Until our statutory legislation carries language that incorporates this, the species we try to protect will lose.
The relationship between player tracking data and individual risk factors in online sports bettors: an explorative study
Authors: Wirkus Theresa , Czernecka Robert , Bühringer Gerhard , Kräplin Anja
Published: June 2024

Online gambling has advanced responsible gambling using player tracking data. To detect at-risk gamblers early, it is crucial to understand how this data relates to individual risk factors for gambling disorder. Our exploratory study aimed to examine this relationship at two time points in players with and without gambling disorder. We analyzed the association between player tracking data and individual risk factors for gambling disorder (alcohol and tobacco use, impulsivity, difficulties in emotion identification, emotion regulation strategies, stress, comorbid mental disorders) in German online sports bettors. Associations were analyzed for overall samples from two online surveys (Nbaseline = 607, Mage = 34, 92% male; Nfollow-up = 325, Mage = 35, 94% male), with sub-analyses focusing on individuals with and without gambling disorder. Results showed low to modest associations between player tracking data and multiple risk factors, with differences between individuals with and without gambling disorder. This suggests that individual risk factors may not necessarily manifest in actual gambling behavior. Their interaction seems multidimensional and complex. Future studies should consider potential mediators and moderators (e.g. motives) of this relationship. Integrating player tracking and self-report data offers insights into understanding risky gambling in online sports bettors.
Expressed and Perceived Honesty Benefits Relationships Even When Couples Are Not Accurate
Authors: Le Bonnie M. , Chee Princeton , Shimshock Claire J. , Le Jenny Diem Van
Published: June 2024

Honesty is a highly valued virtue, yet it can be challenging to enact when it may compromise our most valued relationships. We tested preregistered hypotheses examining the distinct effects of expressed, perceived, and accurate perceptions of honesty on well-being and change. Romantic partners (N = 214 couples; N = 428 individuals) discussed a desired change in the lab and reported on outcomes concurrently and three months later. Honesty was self-reported and rated by observers, with correspondence between these measures observed. Results of multilevel response surface analyses showed that greater expressed and perceived honesty—but not accurate perceptions of honesty—predicted greater well-being, relationship satisfaction, and target motivation to change concurrently, with some benefits emerging over time. The current results indicate that honesty can benefit relationships even when the truth may hurt, with more expressed and perceived honesty fostering better relationships regardless of whether couples share in that perception of honesty.
Digital Sociability: Examining Online Communities and Social Networks
Authors: Dwiyanti Arinta
Published: June 2024

Digital sociability, driven by digital technology, has transformed how people interact and form communities. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn facilitate connections that transcend geographic boundaries, democratizing access to social networks and building social capital. However, challenges such as the digital divide, online disinhibition, and privacy concerns persist. Those without digital access, often from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, are disadvantaged. Anonymity online can lead to cyberbullying and harassment, creating a toxic environment. Addressing these issues requires fostering positive online behavior, enhancing digital literacy, and ensuring data privacy. By doing so, society can maximize the benefits of digital sociability while minimizing its drawbacks, promoting a more connected and supportive digital world.
Risks and Benefits of Technological Applications in Times of Climate Emergency. Citizens’ Social Perception, Science Enthusiasts, and Civic Engagement.
Authors: Díez García Rubén
Published: June 2024

In this research note, we explore citizens' perceptions of climate change and the risks and benefits associated with various technologies, attending to citizens’ interest in science and technology and their civic-ecological engagement. We focus on technologies such as energy generation, medical experimentation and genetic modification, artificial intelligence, and work robotization, emphasizing the complexity of the socio-ecological dimension of contemporary society. Using data from the Science and Technology Perception Survey (EPSCT) 2022, we analyse the association between civic engagement activities, interest in science and technology, climate consciousness, and these technologies. Our findings indicate that citizens' perceptions of technology risks and benefits are associated with civic involvement and interest in science and technology. Active participation in public debates, NGO activities, or expressive civic actions tends to be associated with more positive perceptions of technology benefits, independently of the higher risk generally associated with some of them, for example, nuclear energy. However, significative differences emerge when considering climate consciousness and the perception of technologies as risks, with science and technology enthusiasts and engaged citizens potentially shaping public perceptions differently. Activating socio-ecological civic engagement and cultivating scientific culture can play a role in persuading public opinion on the perceptions of technology risks and benefits, highlighting the need for inclusive and informed decision-making processes in addressing contemporary socio-technological and socio-ecological challenges, such as climate change.
Getting Undone Technology Done: Global Techno-Assemblage and the Value Chain of Invention
Authors: Williams Logan D. A.
Published: June 2024

The global techno-assemblage shapes the continued lagging of southern countries and firms behind those from the global north. The biotechnology industry is one form of this assemblage and operates according to inter-related logics (i.e., economic, hybrid, and social) which are shaped by particular governmental policies, corporate decisions to minimize risk, and philanthropic efforts. Within this form, a non-profit ophthalmic consumables manufacturing company, Aurolab, in southern India creates new innovations. According to the "technology follower" conceptual framework by innovation studies and management scholars, biotechnology firms have two options to "move up" the international value-chain of invention: they must either "catch up" at a very high rate, or "leap-frog" up through research, design and development. Aurolab innovates to heal eye diseases. They focus on affordability issues through research and development as well as design and development. At Aurolab, they shift between these two strategies depending upon the drug or device they are working on. This paper considers additional incentives to re-focus firms on local needs-based technology according to a social logic. As Aurolab demonstrates, a new focus on technology to address structural inequality may be necessary to get "undone technology" done.
Rhythm as a Counter-cultural Political Instrument of Empowerment in James Brown’s ‘Say it Loud, I‘m Black and I’m Proud’
Authors: BELWEFI Kalthoum
Published: June 2024

Like other art forms, the tensely-rhythmical genre of funk music has often been touted as a powerful weapon to counter race-based regimes and carry overt political messages during the tension-filled period of the civil rights movement in America. More particularly, at the end of the 1950s and the beginning of 1960s, funk music, which evolved from Rhythm and Blues, jazz and soul music, inspired the African American community to break free from the fetters of institutional racial segregation and give voice to the downtrodden black race. Funk music is typified by its powerfully-rhythmical tones which echo much dynamism and energy. The song’s strong bass lines, drumbeats, syncopated beats and the recurrent refrain all along the song: “Say it Loud, I’m Black and Proud” create rhythmic patterns that awaken black consciousness and emphasize black pride. Accordingly, that rhythm is a carrier of power is the quintessence of the present paper. It is a medium of expression that conveys life-changing thoughts. In this song, rhythm is featured as an effective strategy to re-construct the new Black identity and chart a new life wherein racial equity prevails. Brown’s rhythm-driven patterns are aprelude to a new life African Americans have long been waiting for.
Inclusive Education in Tunisia: Expectations versus Reality
Authors: Journal Atras , AYADI Mouna
Published: June 2024

The study aimed to investigate the barriers to the implementation of inclusive education practices in Tunisia. This study is distinguished by a focus on the psychological barriers to inclusive education. Second, it is distinguished by using speech act theory to investigate Tunisian inclusive education provisions.A mixed-methods research approach was used to achieve the study's goal. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a stratified sample of forty-four English teacher. The qualitative data was collected by analyzing five legal provisions using the Speech Act theory. According to the findings, various issues such as inappropriate policy development, insufficient support and resources, and curriculum issues hampered the implementation of inclusive education.Furthermore, an examination of the provisions revealed that the actual outcomes fell short of the authorities' expectations, highlighting the need for additional action and support to achieve true inclusivity in education. As a result, policymakers and educators must address these issues and provide comprehensive support to ensure that all studentshave equal access to high-quality education.
Diagnostics of Low Pressure DC Glow Discharge Using Double Langmuir Probe
Authors: Ghimire B. , Khanal R. , Subedi D.P.
Published: June 2024

This paper reports the result of electrical diagnostics of low pressure DC glow discharge using Langmuir double probe. The electron and ion distribution function at the probe sheath edges are considered to be Maxwellian so that the most important requirement of pre-sheath and sheath transitions are satisfied. The electrons and ions are assumed to penetrate the sheath region due to their large thermal velocities. Using the probe biasing technique, the discharge plasma parameters like electron temperature (KTe) and electron number density (ne) are measured at the applied voltage ranging from 400V to 700V, between the two electrodes, and pressure, inside the discharge tube, ranging from 0.013mbar to 0.070mbar. Our result showed that electron temperature (KTe) and electron number density (ne) increases with the pressure inside the discharge tube and applied voltage across the electrodes.
Non-Compactness of a Closed and Bounded Set
Authors: Dhungana Bishnu Prasad
Published: June 2024

If every closed and bounded set in a metric space is compact, the space is said to have the Heine-Borel property. This property holds in every finite dimensional normed space, but may not be true in general. Though its proof appears in many basic analysis courses, it is hard to motivate as the result is subtle and the applications are not obvious. Our goal is to provide an elegant proof as a resource for teachers that will enable them to motivate the study of this essential property and to understand the mathematics in it as a valuable teaching tool.
An Overview on Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System
Authors: Chhetri Himal Paudel , Thapa Panna
Published: June 2024

Oral controlled release and site-specific drug delivery systems have been of great interest in the pharmaceutical field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is a highly variable procedure, and prolonging gastric retention of the dosage form extends the time for drug absorption. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems are one such novel approach to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site-specific drug release in the stomach for local or systemic effects. This approach is useful particularly for drugs which have a narrow absorption window in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. Various approaches of gastroretentive drug delivery systems, such as floating and non-floating, have been discussed in this review. Additionally, this review provides an overview of the merits, demerits, and evaluation parameters of gastroretentive systems.
Numerical Experiments to Obtain the Scaling Laws for Neutron Yield on Mather-Type Plasma Focus Machines Below 500 Joules
Authors: Singh A. , Lee S. , Saw S. H.
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we explain how we have fitted Lee‘s 5-phase and 6-phase model code to analyze the current waveforms of 6 small plasma focus machines (below 500 Joules) working in deuterium gas medium. Using the information from the code fitted to these current waveforms, the scaling laws for these small-energy machines were obtained as follows: Yn ~ E02.1 ; Yn ~ Ipeak3.9 ; Yn ~ Ipinch5.0
On the Role of Fast Neutrals in the Process of Blob Formation in Low Temperature Plasmas
Authors: Sahoo Gourishankar , Paikaray Rita , Samantaray Subrata , Das Partha Sarathi , Ghosh Joydeep , Sanyasi Amulya Kumar
Published: June 2024

The variation of electron temperature of argon plasma with base pressure is reported using emission spectroscopy signature. It is observed that the electron temperature of plasma is < 1 eV. It is reported that at higher base pressure ~ 1 mb or above a number of prominent argon lines are observed unlike that at lower base pressure. This indicates formation of more fast neutrals inside bulk plasma at high base pressure value. Fast imaging results (~9100 fps) shows blob formation from main plasma column at base pressure 1 mb and above. For these experimental findings it can be proposed that the asymmetry force due to fast neutrals inside bulk plasma and slow neutrals outside main plasma column is responsible for blob formation at higher base pressure.
A Comparative Study of Green Geopolymer Concrete Using Fly Ash
Authors: Gurlhosur Shri Krishna , Kamdod Abdul Samad M , Patil V.M. , B Sreekanth
Published: June 2024

In this work, the long-term properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete were studied. The long-term properties included in the study were compressive strength, sulfate resistance, and sulfuric acid resistance. Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete in this study utilized the low-calcium (ASTM Class F) dry fly ash as the source material. The alkaline liquid comprised a combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide solids in flakes or pellets form dissolved in water. The coarse aggregates were crushed granite-type aggregates comprising 16 mm, and the fine aggregate was fine sand. High-range water reducer superplasticizer was used to improve the workability of fresh geopolymer concrete. The mixture proportions used in this study were developed based on a previous study on fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Two different mixing ratios, M15 and M20, were used for the fly ash concrete, cement concrete, and a mixture of cement+fly ash concrete specimens. Test specimens were manufactured in the laboratory using the equipment normally used for Portland cement concrete, such as a pan mixer and steel molds. For sulfate resistance tests, the test specimens were immersed in 4% sodium sulfate solution for a period of exposure up to one week. The sulfate resistance was evaluated based on the change in mass, change in length, and change in compressive strength of the specimens after sulfate exposure. The test specimens were 150x150x150 mm cubes. The sulfuric acid resistance of concrete was also studied. The concentration of sulfuric acid solution was 5% for soaking concrete specimens. The sulfuric acid resistance of concrete was evaluated based on the mass loss and the residual compressive strength of the test specimens after acid exposure up to one week. For each type of test, companion specimens were prepared and tested to determine the 7th day and 28th day compressive strength.
Influence of Welding Variables on the Microstructural and Tensile Properties of 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Heat Affected Zone
Authors: Oyetunji A.
Published: June 2024

This work investigates the effects of welding speeds and power inputs at different ranges on the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), microstructural characteristics, and tensile behavior of type 304L austenitic stainless steel. Chemical analysis of the as-received 304L austenitic stainless steel was done to determine its chemical composition. Thereafter, the as-received 304L austenitic stainless steel plate was cut with a hacksaw into samples of dimensions 70 mm length, 45 mm breadth, and 8 mm thickness. Thirty samples were produced in all, with ten samples each assigned to groups A, B, and C respectively. The grouped samples were further cut into two equal halves with a hacksaw and welded using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GTAW) process and 304L electrode to produce butt joint HAZ square geometry samples. The obtained HAZ samples and as-received sample were machined to standard tensile test specimens, and tensile tests were made using standard approaches. The HAZ and as-received specimens were prepared for microscopy studies and etched in a solution of 1 ml HCl + 3 ml HNO3 + 1 ml glycerol, and the microstructures were examined using a metallurgical microscope at a magnification of 400x. Results obtained show that the microstructures are composed mainly of a mixture of austenite and ferrite phases. Also, variations in volume fraction and grain size of the phases were observed at the different welding speeds and power inputs. In addition, chromium carbide formation and precipitation due to sensitization were seen at the grain boundaries. Also, optimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) were obtained for HAZ sample at moderate (4.5 mm/s) welding speed, and optimum % elongation at slow welding speed. Optimum UTS and YS were obtained for HAZ sample at a power input of 9.2 KW, and optimum % elongation at 12.00 KW. Generally, when compared with the as-received sample, a remarkable influence of the welding variables on the tensile characteristics of the material’s HAZ was noticed.
Waste Vegetable Oil: A Boon for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Kavita H S , Krishnamurthy V. , Chandra Prabha M N , Roshan Makam
Published: June 2024

Edible Waste Vegetable Oils (WVO) pose a potential threat to water quality, putting pressure on community water treatment facilities due to their recalcitrant nature. Repurposing them as feedstocks for biodiesel production through the trans-esterification process offers a sustainable solution to address water pollution while meeting the rising demand for fuel. This study aimed to synthesize biodiesel from WVO using an indigenously designed, modular, and mobile biodiesel reactor plant capable of producing 40 liters of biodiesel per day. The biodiesel obtained underwent standard fuel tests, and the results aligned well with the corresponding ASTM standards, ensuring quality and reliability. With a cost of just thirty rupees per liter, the biodiesel proved to be economically viable. Field tests were conducted to evaluate its performance, including blending it at a 20% level with commercial diesel in heavy motor vehicle fuel tanks and using it as a boiler oil fuel for water heating. Additionally, the incidental by-product, glycerol, was found to have commercial value, further enhancing the sustainability of the biodiesel production process.
Third-Party Monitoring of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Implementation on Sand, Gravel, and Stone Extraction in Nepal
Authors: Khanna Sabita Aryal , Karki Suraj , Sigdel Ek Raj
Published: June 2024

The wise use of natural resources can help boost development. IEE (Initial Environmental Examination) is a tool used to check and balance environmental disorders (EPA, 1996). With the enactment of Local Self-Governance Act, 1999, district development committees have been given responsibilities to formulate and implement programs related to the use and protection of natural resources for the development of their area. This paper is an attempt to study the scenario of IEE implementation in developmental projects in four districts namely Sarlahi, Sindhuli, Arghakhanchi, and Kapilvastu. The different parameters like baseline, compliances, impact, physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural aspects are assessed by use of the monitoring format developed under national EIA Guidelines 1993 and Environmental Protection Regulation 1998.
Compliance monitoring in sand and gravel extractions projects are highly complied in hilly districts as compared to Terai districts. Out of twenty-six parameters taken for the study purpose, only seven parameters are not complied in all sand excavation projects, twelve parameters are not found complied in more than four sand, gravel, and boulder extraction projects in the study area. However, the poorest condition is found at Lakhandehi river of Sarlahi district where only two parameter are found complied. Mitigation measures of all project sites are planned and allocated the costs, however, the implementation level is found very poor. Only few activities like protection work for small irrigation canals, earthen roads, and cross over are made in Arghakhanchi and safety measures in Sindhuli districts are implemented. Amount of extraction of river sediments is found greatest in Bagmati River, which is also larger than the other rivers. The extraction in Sukwel and Mainar river of Kapilvastu district are closed due to the ban imposed by the court until further notice. Continuous monitoring and strictness by authority are needed for proper implementation of IEE promises.
A Vowel Based Word Splitter to Improve Performance of Existing Nepali Morphological Analyzers on Words Borrowed from Sanskrit
Authors: Adhikari Madhusudan , Neupane Aatish
Published: June 2024

Nepali lexicon is rich in words borrowed from Sanskrit language, called "Tatsama" words. These words have a specific set of rules to split them into affixes and morphemes. This paper details these rules and describes an implementation that can be used to improve existing Nepali Morphological Analyzers which do not yet implement concrete rules for these kinds of words.
Impact of Pharmaceutical Intervention on Inhalation Technique
Authors: Ansari Mukhtar , Rao B.S. , Koju Rajendra , Shakya Rajani
Published: June 2024

The study carried out presents causes of poor compliance among the patients using inhaler devices. Evaluation of the patient's prior knowledge and practice of using inhalers and the improvement on using inhalers after counseling intervention through standard guidelines were the outcome measures of this study. It was hypothesized that pharmaceutical intervention gives better outcome. There was lesser compliance and lesser improvement in inhalation technique score in females than in males and furthermore the female patients falling under the resting category were mostly above the age of 60 years. Comparing the mean scores and mean improvement before and after counseling in rotahaler users, it was observed that there was 62.25% improvement in discharged patients 57.75% improvement in outpatients after counseling 47.87% improvement in inpatients after first counseling 80.12% improvement after second counseling. In the case of MDI users, there was 63.30% improvement after counseling. From the follow-up (second counseling) in inpatients it was evident that as the number of counseling was increased, there was an increase in improvement in mean score, decrease in numbers of critical point missing, increase in compliance of patients to inhalation techniques and ultimately there were better outcomes.
Controlled Release Oral Delivery System Containing Water Insoluble Drug
Authors: Thapa Panna , Ghimire Manish , Mullen Alex B. , Stevens Howard N.E.
Published: June 2024

The objective of this study was to formulate a controlled release oral delivery system and to investigate the influence of different diluents, Carbopol 934P concentration, and granulation technique on the release of a poorly water-soluble drug (Ibuprofen) from Carbopol 934P matrix tablets. Matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression, wet granulation, and dry granulation methods at different polymer concentrations using lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and starch as diluents. Dissolution studies were carried out in 900 ml phosphate buffer pH 7.4 using USP-apparatus I. At 5% Carbopol 934P concentration, the t50% was found in the rank order of tablets containing starch < MCC < DCP < lactose. The integrity of tablets and drug release were primarily governed by the properties of diluents at low polymer concentration. At 12.5% Carbopol 934P concentration, the t50% was found in the rank order of tablets containing MCC < DCP < Starch < Lactose. The effect of polymer predominated as the polymer concentration increased. Similar release profiles were observed at 20% Carbopol 934P concentration with t50% (>9hrs). Drug release rate decreased with polymer concentration. Granulation technique had an appreciable effect on the drug release profile which was in the rank order of direct compression < dry granulation < wet granulation (alcohol) < wet granulation (water). There was a significant effect of granulation technique, polymer concentration on the drug (Ibuprofen) release rate from Carbopol 934P matrix-based tablets (ANOVA, p<0.05). Diluents have an appreciable effect on the drug release rate only at low polymer concentration.
Comparative Study Between Two Triple Therapy Regimens on Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori (HP)
Authors: Khanal Sharad , Rao B.S. , Sharma Yubaraj , Khan G.M. , Makaju Ramesh
Published: June 2024

Helicobacter pylori (HP) are a bacterium that infects the mucus lining of the human stomach. HP has emerged as one of the most common bacterial pathogens worldwide [1]. It is estimated that about half the world’s population is infected with HP [2]. Curing the infection has the best outcome and is clearly the most cost effective management strategy for HP infected patients with ulcer disease [3]. The goal of the therapy is to eradicate the infection. A comparison of two ‘triple therapy’ regimen to patient with Rapid Urease Test (RUT) and histologically proven HP infection and to evaluation of cost factor of two regimens is studies Regimen-I Omeprazole 20mg bid-Clarithromycin 500mg bid –Amoxicilin 1g bid; Regimen-II Omeprazole 20mg bid-Clarithromycin 500mg bid – Tinidazole-500mg bid. It was hypothesized that Omeprazole – Clarithromycin – Amoxycillin regimen is superior to Omeprazole – Clarithromycin – Tinidazole regimen for eradication of HP. The study was conducted from in Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, (KUTH- DH), Dhulikhel, Nepal.Eradication rate of regimen-I and II was found 93.8% and 91.4% respectively, However there was no significant difference between regimen-I and II both are effective in eradication of HP. While analyzing cost difference between two regimens, it was found that regimen-II was cheaper (Rs.361.20 per course) than regimen-I and eradication rate was also satisfactory.
Minimization of Soil and Nutrient Losses in Maize-Based Cropping Systems in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal
Authors: Atreya K. , Sharma S. , Bajracharya R.M.
Published: June 2024

Soil nutrient depletion is a major concern in terms of resource utilization and optimization of production in the middle hills of Nepal. Soil and nutrient losses from agricultural land is responsible for pollution of surface waters and this reduces the productive capacity of land. A field experiment was initiated in May 2001 on acidic sandy loam soil in Kavre district; Nepal to investigate the efficiency of widely recommended researchable options for soil conservation. The experimental plots were set up as a two factorial design with three main factors (mulching, reduced tillage and conventional farmers' practice as control) and were divided on the basis of cropping patterns (maize sole and maize inter-cropped with soybean). Soil N, P, K, and OM losses were determined from soil eroded in runoff. Nutrient loss in pre- monsoon period (in the month of May) was highly significant among the management practices. Much of nutrient (60 to 90 percent of annual) losses occurred during this period. As compared to conventional farmers' practice, mulching reduced annual soil organic matter loss by 52 percent, annual total nitrogen by 46 percent, annual available P2O5 by 32 percent and annual exchangeable K2O by 53 percent in maize – mustard cropping system. Similarly, in maize + soybean - mustard cropping system, the annual loss of these nutrients were reduced by 58, 49, 26 and 60 percent, respectively. Reduced tillage, on the other hand, produced higher soil loss and hence more nutrient and organic matter loss as compared to mulching practice because of freshly prepared plots and hence less vegetation and more compaction.
Foundations of Geometry – I
Authors: Adhikary Pushpa Raj
Published: June 2024

N/A
Study of Drug Use in Essential Hypertension and Their Compliance
Authors: Joshi Mili , Rao B.S. , Khan G.M.
Published: June 2024

Hypertension (HTN) Affects Approximately 1 Billion People Worldwide. The Prevalence of HTN Increase with Age and Even Further Unless Broad and Effective Preventive Measures Are Implemented. Significant Age, Obesity, Lifestyle, Smoking and Alcohol Use Related Factors in Prevalence of Essential HTN Were Seen. The Use of Drugs Was Observed Related to Different Factors. Out of Total 156 Patients, the Distribution of Antihypertensive Agents (AHA) Used Were Calcium Channel Blockers (65%), Beta Blockers (52%), Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (19%), Diuretics (28%) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (9%). Among Individual Drugs, 102 Patients Were on Amlodepine, 39 on Hydrochlorthiazide, 82 on Atenolol, 14 on Losartan, and 30 Subjects Were on Enalapril. With Respect to Overall Utilization, Calcium Channel Blockers (Amlodepine) Were Observed to Be the Most Frequently Prescribed AHAs, Beta Blockers (Atenolol) Ranked Second Followed by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (Enalapril), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (Losartan) and Diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide). Within Each Class of AHA Used the Most Frequently Used Were Calcium Channel Blockers, (Amlodepine- 97.14% and Nefidipine- 2.86%) Followed by Beta Blockers (Atenolol 97.6% and Metoprolol 2.4%, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (Enalapril 96.77% and Lisinopril 3.23%), Diuretics (Hydrochlorthiazide 88.63 %and Loop Diuretics 11.35%), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (Losartan). Both in Monotherapy and Combination Therapy, the Most Preferred AHA Remains Amlodepine. In Combination Therapy, the Most Extensively Used Combination Was Amlodepine with Atenolol. Calcium Channel Blockers Were Appropriately Prescribed in Significant Number of Patients Above 50 Years. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Account for a Very Small Proportion of Drug Use Profile, Which May Be Due to the High Cost and Lower Availability of These Drugs. The General Pattern of Antihypertensive Agent Utilizations Appears to Be Within the Recommendation of British HTN Society Guidelines
Study on the Prescribing Patterns of Drugs Used in Heart Failure
Authors: Baskota Mitu , Rao B.S. , Shakya Rajani
Published: June 2024

Heart failure is the common cardiovascular diseases among people of south Asian Origin including Nepal. The prevalence of Heart failure increases with age and accounts for most of the adult hospital admissions. The objective of the study was to study the prescribing patterns of drugs used in the heart failure. The study included both the in-patients and outpatients conducted at 2 different hospitals inside the Kathmandu valley and one outside the valley, Dhulikhel. The period of study was nearly four months and the number of patients included was 156, which included total of 71 Males (52.59 %) and 64 Females (47.4%). Subjects of age groups 45-65 (45%) were found to be more susceptible to heart failure. Significant age, smoking & alcohol use, associated disease family history of disease related factors in the prevalence of heart failure were seen. The various drugs used frequently were, Diuretics, Cardiac glycosides, ACE-I, A II Receptor Blockers and Anti-Coagulants with respect to overall utilization. In the combination of drugs, was ACE-I +Diuretics + Digoxin was used most frequently. ACE-I was not appropriately prescribed as per the literature facts that they have various benefits in the treatment of congestive Heart failure and hence was underused. Ramipril, Lisinopril were also considered in the prescriptions in spite of their new entries. ARB, though similar in properties to the ACE accounts for a very small proportion of drug use profile, where high cost and lower availability may be accounted. Beta-blockers were also prescribed extensively.