bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Performance and Durability of Self-Cleaning Treatments Based on TiO2 Nanoparticles Applied to Cement-Based Renders and Boards
Authors: Fregni Alberto , Venturi Luca , Franzoni Elisa
Published: May 2023

Photocatalytic coatings based on TiO2 nanoparticles have been applied to building materials over the past few decades, following encouraging results obtained by many laboratory studies and a few onsite testing campaigns showing their self-cleaning, antimicrobial and depolluting performance. However, these results clearly point out the need for a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of TiO2-based treatments when applied over different substrates and their durability when exposed to an outdoor environment. The present paper investigates the behavior of a nanodispersion of titania nanoparticles applied to cement-based substrates. Cementitious materials are widely used in building façades, roofs, structures, roads and tunnels; hence, any improvement in their performance and/or the introduction of new and unique functionalities have potentially a very high impact on everyday life. A TiO2 nanodispersion was applied by brushing and spraying on three cement-based substrates (a render, a prefabricated board and a painted prefabricated board), investigating its photocatalytic activity. Then, the samples were subjected to two artificially weathering procedures, involving rain washout and UV light exposure, and the changes in terms of the photocatalytic activity and contact angle were measured. The results suggest that the nature of the substrate plays a key role in the performance of the coating and that weathering has a significant impact too.
Cathodoluminescence Characterization of Point Defects Generated through Ion Implantations in 4H-SiC
Authors: Vuillermet Enora , Bercu Nicolas , Etienne Florence , Lazar Mihai
Published: May 2023

The high quality of crystal growth and advanced fabrication technology of silicon carbide (SiC) in power electronics enables the control of optically active defects in SiC, such as silicon vacancies (VSi). In this paper, VSi are generated in hexagonal SiC (4H) samples through ion implantation of nitrogen or (and) aluminum, respectively the n- and p-type dopants for SiC. The presence of silicon vacancies within the samples is studied using cathodoluminescence at 80K. For 4H-SiC samples, the ZPL (zero phonon line) of the V1′ center of VSi is more intense than the one for the V1 center before annealing. The opposite is true after 900 °C annealing. ZPLs of the divacancy defect (VCVSi) are also visible after annealing.
Modeling the Interfacial Bonding Strength of Al-Zn-Si Alloy between Substrates with Linear Surface Roughness and Its Coating
Authors: Li Jubo , Ma Zhenyu , Man Ruidong , Jia Chenhui , Zhang Zhuangya
Published: May 2023

Interfacial bonding strength between the substrate and its coating is one of the important indexes affecting the service life of parts. To reduce the manufacturing cost, a mathematical model can be established to quantitatively describe the microscopic surface roughness and its anti-corrosion coating adhesion strength. Anti-corrosion life could be improved by controlling the surface roughness of the substrate. In this study, a model of interfacial bond strength and roughness, which was calibrated using the substrate surface and closely related to the cell spacing and length of the support, was established. Under the same condition as the coating, component materials and the coating thickness, results were obtained that the coating strength changed along with the substrate roughness. When roughness changed between 37.1 μm and 48.4 μm, the bonding strength showed a decreasing trend. The larger the value of the roughness, the more conducive it was to the bonding between the arc spraying layer and the substrate. The adhesion between the coating and substrate was not always increased with the higher roughness on the same surface. It should be evaluated based on the surface roughness and its evaluation parameters, and there was an optimal roughness evaluation and selection range. The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical predictions.
Influence of the Relative Position of Powder–Gas Jet and Laser Beam on the Surface Properties of Inconel 625 Coatings Produced by Extreme High-Speed Laser Material Deposition (EHLA)
Authors: Brucki Matthias , Schmickler Tobias , Gasser Andres , Häfner Constantin Leon
Published: May 2023

Laser material deposition (LMD) is a widely used coating process in industry. However, to increase its economic appeal, higher process speeds are required. The solution to this challenge is an innovative modification known as extreme high-speed laser material deposition (EHLA). EHLA allows for an impressive increase in process speed from 2 m/min for conventional LMD to 500 m/min. With the ability to adjust process parameters, EHLA can generate tailor-made surface properties, expanding its potential application beyond current industrial uses. In this novel study, we explore the effects of relative positioning between tools (laser beam and powder–gas jet) and substrate on the surface properties of EHLA coatings. By laterally and axially offsetting the tools, the proportional energy coupling of the laser radiation into the powder–gas jet and substrate can be modified. Altering the position of the powder–gas jet can also affect the weld pool flow or number of particle attachments, thereby affecting surface properties. This approach allows for the adjustment of surface roughness over a wide range—from smooth, quasi-laser-polished surfaces to rough surfaces covered with particle adhesions.
Addressing the Folding of Intermolecular Springs in Particle Simulations: Fixed Image Convention
Authors: Sgouros Aristotelis P. , Theodorou Doros N.
Published: May 2023

Mesoscopic simulations of long polymer chains and soft matter systems are conducted routinely in the literature in order to assess the long-lived relaxation processes manifested in these systems. Coarse-grained chains are, however, prone to unphysical intercrossing due to their inherent softness. This issue can be resolved by introducing long intermolecular bonds (the so-called slip-springs) which restore these topological constraints. The separation vector of intermolecular bonds can be determined by enforcing the commonly adopted minimum image convention (MIC). Because these bonds are soft and long (ca 3–20 nm), subjecting the samples to extreme deformations can lead to topology violations when enforcing the MIC. We propose the fixed image convention (FIC) for determining the separation vectors of overextended bonds, which is more stable than the MIC and applicable to extreme deformations. The FIC is simple to implement and, in general, more efficient than the MIC. Side-by-side comparisons between the MIC and FIC demonstrate that, when using the FIC, the topology remains intact even in situations with extreme particle displacement and nonaffine deformation. The accuracy of these conventions is the same when applying affine deformation. The article is accompanied by the corresponding code for implementing the FIC.
Evolution of Phase Transformation on Microwave Dielectric Properties of BaSixO1+2x Ceramics and Their Temperature-Stable LTCC Materials
Authors: Wen Tailai , Luo Yulu , Zeng Zehang , Liu Xiaotian , Yin Changzhi , Cai Yiyang , Li Xiaoxiao , Du Kang , Lei Wen , Wang Shengxiang
Published: May 2023

BaSixO1+2x (1.61 ≤ x ≤ 1.90) and LiF-doped BaSi1.63O4.26 ceramics were prepared by using a traditional solid-state method at the optimal sintering temperatures. The evolution of phase compositions of BaSixO1+2x (1.61 ≤ x ≤ 1.9) ceramics was revealed. The coexistence of Ba5Si8O21 and Ba3Si5O13 phases was obtained in BaSixO1+2x (1.61 ≤ x ≤ 1.67) ceramics. The BaSi2O5 phase appeared inBaSixO1+2x (1.68 ≤ x ≤ 1.90) ceramics. At 1.68 ≤ x ≤ 1.69, only BaSi2O5 and Ba3Si5O13 phases existed. With the further increase in x, the Ba5Si8O21 phase appeared, and BaSi2O5, Ba5Si8O21 and Ba3Si5O13 phases coexisted in BaSixO1+2x (1.70 ≤ x ≤ 1.90) ceramics. The phase compositions of BaSixO1+2x (1.61 ≤ x ≤ 1.90) ceramics were controlled by the ratio of Ba:Si. The BaSixO1+2x (x = 1.68) ceramics with 98.15 wt% Ba3Si5O13 and 1.85 wt% BaSi2O5 phases exhibited a negative τf value (−37.53 ppm/°C), and the good microwave dielectric properties of εr = 7.51, Q × f = 13,038 GHz and τf = +3.95 ppm/°C were obtained for BaSi1.63O4.26 ceramics with 70.05 wt% Ba5Si8O21 and 29.95 wt% Ba3Si5O13 phases. The addition of LiF sintering aids were able to reduce the sintering temperatures of BaSi1.63O4.26 ceramics to 800 °C. The phase composition of BaSi1.63O4.26 ceramics was affected by the sintering temperature, and the coexistence of Ba5Si8O21, Ba2Si3O8, BaSi2O5 and SiO2 phases was achieved in BaSi1.63O4.26-3 wt% LiF ceramics. The BaSi1.63O4.26-3 wt% LiF ceramics sintered at 800 °C exhibited dense microstructures and excellent microwave dielectric properties (εr = 7.10, Q × f = 12,463 GHz and τf = +5.75 ppm/°C), and no chemical reaction occurred between BaSi1.63O4.26-3 wt% LiF ceramics and the Ag electrodes, which indicates their potential for low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) applications.
Purification and Improved Photoelectric Properties of Lead-Free Perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 Crystals
Authors: Nan Weina , Li Chao , Zhou Boru , Fu Qing , Li Dapeng , Yu Hongwei , Hu Zhanggui , Wu Yicheng
Published: May 2023

The lead-free halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 is a promising semiconductor material for room-temperature X-ray detection due to its excellent properties. However, material purity and crystal quality still limit the use of Cs3Bi2Br9 crystals as detectors. In this work, we present a highly efficient purification method using continuous vacuum extraction to sublimate BiBr3 precursors for Cs3Bi2Br9. Impurity analysis via inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy showed that the purification method successfully removed most of the impurities in BiBr3 precursors and improved the purity by at least one order of magnitude. Centimeter-sized Cs3Bi2Br9 single crystals were grown by the vertical Bridgman method. The improved properties after purification were confirmed by UV-Vis-NIR spectra, infrared transmittance, and current–voltage (I–V) measurements. The results showed that the average transmittance of Cs3Bi2Br9 crystals significantly increased from 62% to 75% in the 0.5–20 μm spectral range. Additionally, the resistivity increased by nearly three orders of magnitude from 5.0 × 109 Ω·cm to 2.2 × 1012 Ω·cm, meaning the material will have low leakage currents and be suitable for developing applications for room temperature radiation detection.
The Fabrication of GaN Nanostructures Using Cost-Effective Methods for Application in Water Splitting
Authors: Xi Xin , Zhao Lixia , Li Tuo , Li Xiaodong , Yang Chao
Published: May 2023

The adjustable bandgap, single crystal structure, and strong chemical inertness of GaN materials make them excellent candidates for water splitting applications. The fabrication of GaN nanostructures can enhance their water splitting performance by increasing their surface area, improving photon absorption, and accelerating photocatalytic reactions. Developing cost-effective methods to fabricate GaN nanostructures is crucial to promote the development of GaN-based materials in water splitting applications. In this review, we introduce the main cost-effective techniques for the fabrication of GaN nanostructures and highlight future development directions.
Extending Ab Initio Phasing up to 2.2 Å Resolution: New Superposition Techniques
Authors: Burla Maria Cristina , Carrozzini Benedetta , Cascarano Giovanni Luca , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Polidori Giampiero
Published: May 2023

Patterson superposition techniques are a historical method for solving the structures of small molecules ab initio, provided they contain heavy atoms in the unit cell. In the 1990s, they were combined with effective EDM procedures and succeeded in the crystal structure solution of macromolecular structures with resolution data up to 1.6–1.9 Å. In this paper we enlarge the concept of Patterson superposition by replacing it with the vector superposition concept. We show, indeed, that besides Patterson other Fourier syntheses may also be used for the superposition of the interatomic vectors. Five Fourier syntheses are described and used in the practical applications. We show that even macromolecular structures with 2.2 Å data resolution may be solved via the new approach.
Role of Non-Covalent Interactions in Novel Supramolecular Compound, Bis(4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium) Oxalate Dihydrate: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Thermal Characterization, Spectroscopic Properties and Quantum Chemical Study
Authors: Jemai Mahdi , Khalfi Marwa , Issaoui Noureddine , Roisnel Thierry , Kazachenko Aleksandr S. , Al-Dossary Omar , Marouani Houda , Kazachenko Anna S. , Malyar Yuriy N.
Published: May 2023

The stoichiometric ratio 2:1 mix of 1-phenylpiperazine and oxalic acid dihydrate followed by slow evaporation results in a new material, bis(4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium) oxalate dihydrate, with the general chemical formula (C10H15N2)2(C2O4).2H2O, indicated by PPOXH. The title compound’s asymmetric unit and three-dimensional network have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Intermolecular O-H…O, N-H…O and C-H…O hydrogen bonding assist in maintaining and stabilization of the crystal structure of this new compound. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprints have been performed to quantify the non-covalent interactions in the PPOXH structure. The vibrational modes of the different characteristic groups of the title chemical were identified using infrared spectrum analysis. The thermal characterization of this product was studied by a coupled TG/DTA analysis. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum has been used to study the optical properties and the energy gap of this compound. DFT calculations were employed to evaluate the composition and properties of PPOXH. The analysis of HOMO-LUMO frontier orbitals analysis allows us to understand the chemical reactivity of this supramolecular compound and to determine the electrophilic and nucleophilic sites responsible for electron transfer. Topological analysis (AIM), reduced density gradient (RDG), molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) and Mulliken population were analyzed to evaluate the types of non-covalent interactions, localization of electrons in space, atomic charges and molecular polarity in depth.
Influence of Temperature on the Growth of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowires in Wet Oxygen Environment
Authors: ElZein Basma , Salah Numan , Barham Ahmad S. , Elrashidi Ali , Al Khatab Mohammed , Jabbour Ghassan
Published: May 2023

The nanowires (NWs) of zinc oxide (ZnO) are developed effectively on an n-type silicon substrate through a seed zinc (Zn) layer by a wet oxidation technique. The growth is performed at different temperatures, 650, 750, and 850 °C, in a wet and rich oxygen environment under a flow of oxygen in the presence of water vapor at atmospheric pressure with a heating rate of 100 °C in 30 min. At 415 °C, the oxygen gas is introduced for the oxidation process. The Zn seed layer is deposited by the thermal evaporation technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties are investigated. The temperature effect on NWs of ZnO growth intensity and their direction are explored. The nanowires are grown vertically oriented at a temperature of T = 750 °C. The ultraviolet (UV) analysis has been exposed in the visible region ranging from 10 nm to 700 nm at UV to visible intensity ratio of 2.22. In addition, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is employed to research the structural properties of NWs of ZnO, and the characterization is verified by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the morphology.
Intramolecularly Stabilized o-Carboranyl Aluminum Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and X-ray Structural Studies
Authors: Sohn Honglae , Lee Jong-Dae
Published: May 2023

The chelating aluminum complex [2-(Me2NCH2)C2B10H10]AlX2 (X = Br 3, CH3 4) was synthesized using 2-dimethylaminomethyl-o-carboranyl lithium (LiCabN, 2) with aluminum tribromide (AlBr3) or dimethylaluminum bromide (Me2AlBr), resulting in a modest yield. Compound 4 was obtained by reacting compound 3 with methyllithium (CH3Li) in toluene. All compounds were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy; 1H, 11B, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy; and X-ray crystallography. X-ray structural studies of CabNAlBr2 (3) and CabNAlMe2 (4) (CabN = 2-dimethylaminomethyl-o-carboranyl) indicated that the aluminum atom was located at the center of a distorted tetrahedron. Crystal structures of CabNAlBr2 (3) [a = 8.9360(3) Å, b = 12.0358(9) Å, c = 14.7730(4) Å, α = β = γ = 90°] and CabNAlMe2 (4) [a = 8.9551(3) Å, b = 11.9126(9) Å, c = 14.7711(4) Å, α = β = γ = 90°] were obtained. The reactivity of aluminum complexes 3 and 4 with Lewis bases, such as H2O, pyridine, alkylamines, and arylamines, confirmed their rapid decomposition due to the strong Lewis acidity of aluminum metals.
Processing, Characterization, and Oxidation Resistance of Glass-Ceramic Coating on CoSb3
Authors: Zawadzka Kinga M. , D’Isanto Fabiana , Mars Krzysztof , Smeacetto Federico , Salvo Milena
Published: May 2023

Power generation based on thermoelectric (TE) materials is very attractive due to its low environmental impact and waste heat recovery. Thermoelectric materials based on cobalt triantimonide CoSb3 exhibit one of the highest energy conversion efficiencies, revealing thermoelectric figures of merit, ZTs > 1, but undergo oxidation above 380 °C and sublimation above 500 °C. In this work, a glass-ceramic coating was chosen to match the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the TE substrate 9.2 × 10−6 K−1 (200–400 °C), deposition temperature (max. 700 °C), and maximum working temperature (600 °C). Coating processing involved the production of glass powder and glass-ceramic sintering. The glass-ceramic and the coating/CoSb3 interface were systematically investigated by means of dilatometry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As a result, a coating with good substrate coverage and adherence was developed. Finally, oxidation tests were carried out at 500 and 600 °C in order to assess the protective properties of the glass-ceramic. Microstructural and chemical composition analysis indicated limited protective properties of the coating.
Deposition of Nanocrystalline Multilayer Graphene Using Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Wang Yuxuan , Zou Bin , Rente Bruno , Alford Neil , Petrov Peter K.
Published: May 2023

The wide application of graphene in the industry requires the direct growth of graphene films on silicon substrates. In this study, we found a possible technique to meet the requirement above. Multilayer graphene thin films (MLG) were grown without a catalyst on Si/SiO2 using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). It was found that the minimum number of laser pulses required to produce fully covered (uninterrupted) samples is 500. This number of laser pulses resulted in samples that contain ~5 layers of graphene. The number of layers was not affected by the laser fluence and the sample cooling rate after the deposition. However, the increase in the laser fluence from 0.9 J/cm2 to 1.5 J/cm2 resulted in a 2.5-fold reduction in the MLG resistance. The present study reveals that the PLD method is suitable to produce nanocrystalline multilayer graphene with electrical conductivity of the same magnitude as commercial CVD graphene samples.
Additive Manufacturing of Piezoelectric Niobium-Doped Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-N) by Binder Jetting
Authors: Mariani Marco , Mercadelli Elisa , Cangini Laura , Baldisserri Carlo , Galassi Carmen , Capiani Claudio , Lecis Nora
Published: May 2023

Binder jetting is an emerging indirect additive manufacturing technique for ceramic materials, which could be employed to produce application-oriented designed components impossible to achieve with traditional processes and featuring enhanced performances. In our study, niobium-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT-N) powder, usually processed through the standard press-and-sinter route, was employed as the raw material. First, the powder was characterized in terms of granulometry and flowability to assess its suitability for the printing process. Then, shaping by binder jetting was studied, and the effect of three levels of binder saturation (75–90–105%) on the green bodies was assessed. Finally, the microstructure of the sintered samples was studied using SEM, to investigate the effect of thermal treatments on the grain size distribution and residual porosity (~40%). The piezoelectric properties were measured and compared to those of conventionally processed material. The piezoelectric charge and voltage constants (d33 and g33) were evaluated to determine the possible use of printed parts as porous piezoelectric components to be exploited in hydrophones in the direct mode.
Variation of Gene Expression in the Endemic Dinaric Karst Cave-Dwelling Bivalve Mollusk Congeria kusceri during the Summer Season
Authors: Scapolatiello Annalisa , Manfrin Chiara , Greco Samuele , Rončević Tomislav , Pallavicini Alberto , Puljas Sanja , Gerdol Marco
Published: May 2023

The cave systems of the Neretva River basin in the Dinaric Karst are home to Congeria kusceri, one of the very few known examples of stygobiotic bivalve mollusks, which displays several unique life history traits and adaptations that allowed its adaptation to the subterranean environment. This endemic species is undergoing rapid decline, most likely linked with habitat degradation, which might seriously threaten its survival in the next few decades. Unfortunately, the urgent need for effective conservation efforts is hampered by the lack of effective regulations aimed at preserving remnant populations as well as by our limited knowledge of the biology of this species. Although the precise factors underlying the disappearance of C. kusceri from its type locations are not entirely clear, the alteration of seasonal changes in water temperatures and alkalinity is most likely involved, as these are the main drivers of shell growth, spawning, and the onset and progression of the new gametogenic cycle. While these aspects have so far only been studied using morphological and physiological observations, future conservation efforts would certainly benefit from an integrated multidisciplinary approach. Here, using RNA-sequencing, we provide an overview of the modulation of gene expression recorded in five key tissues (the mantle, gonads, gills, adductor muscle, and digestive gland) between early June and late September. We highlight the presence of markedly tissue-specific responses, with the most dramatic changes affecting the gonads, mantle, and gills. We further identified a drastic switch in the use of energy budgets between the two periods, with evidence of ongoing shell growth and high metabolic activity in the mantle and gills at the early time point, followed by a massive redirection of all available energy to the gonads for the generation of new gamete primordia in early autumn.
Impact of Global Warming on Kryal Fauna: Thermal Tolerance Response of Diamesa steinboecki (Goetghebuer, 1933; Chironomidae)
Authors: Muñiz-González Ana-Belén , Martínez-Guitarte José-Luis , Lencioni Valeria
Published: May 2023

The ice fly Diamesa steinboecki Goetghebuer, 1933 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Diamesinae) is exclusive to glacier-fed streams in the East Palaearctic region and is threatened by extinction due to global warming and glacier retreat. To date, no data are available on its thermal tolerance or ability to develop a heat shock response (HSR) or involve other biomarkers when exposed to higher-than-natural temperatures (i.e., >4–6 °C). Our study aimed to investigate the warmth resistance of IV-instar larvae of D. steinboecki in terms of (1) ability to survive heat shock and (2) gene expression of four genes known to be involved in the detoxification/stress response (cytochrome p450 (Cyp450), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), hsp70 with intron and heat shock protein cognate 70 (hsc70)). Larvae were exposed to short-term shocks for 1 h at increasing temperatures (26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 °C) to estimate the lethal temperature, obtaining high values (LT10 = 38.1 °C, LT50 = 39.2 °C, LT99 = 40.3 °C), suggesting a strong heat resistance up to 38 °C and a very rapid decline in survival thereafter. Moreover, gene expression analysis by real-time PCR was performed on larvae from the control (at 2 °C) and larvae found alive after the previous treatment at 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, and 38 °C. Modulation of the expression was observed only for hsc70 and hsp70 genes. Specifically, hsc70 resulted in constitutive overexpression, even at 26 °C when all larvae were found alive without evidence of suffering. By contrast, hsp70 showed up and downregulation according to the specific temperature, suggesting the activation of an HSR at 28 °C, when some larvae were found alive but suffering (almost paralyzed). The results suggest that, based on LTs, D. steinboecki is more thermally tolerant than other Diamesa species (e.g., D. tonsa) from cold freshwaters, but, as in these, hsp70 and hsc70 are involved in surviving short-term heat shock. This makes the ice fly from the Alps different from Belgica antarctica and other cold-adapted organisms living in extremely cold habitats that, constantly exposed to cold, have lost the ability to develop an HSR. Further research is needed to investigate the response to prolonged exposure to temperatures higher that the natural one, giving new insights into the biological response to climate change of alpine species threatened by extinction.
Stable Isotopes and Herding Strategies in Middle Uruk Period in Tell Humeida (Syrian Euphrates Valley)
Authors: Grandal-d’Anglade Aurora , García-Vázquez Ana , Moreno-García Marta , Peña-Chocarro Leonor , Sanjurjo-Sánchez Jorge , Montero-Fenollós Juan Luís
Published: May 2023

The techniques of agriculture and animal husbandry at Tell Humeida, a Middle Uruk Period (Late Chalcolithic) site on the middle Syrian Euphrates, were studied using stable isotopes of bone collagen of domestic and wild mammals and from cereal and ruderal plant seeds. Two archaeological campaigns in 2009 and 2011 yielded a small collection of bones, most of which were taxonomically indeterminable. The work had to be interrupted due to the political conflict. The faunal study comprised collagen peptide fingerprinting for taxonomic identification, followed by isotopic analysis. Multiple 14C dating were performed to date the infill to around 3600 cal BC. An isotopic analysis of the sparse plant remains suggested that irrigation and manuring were common practices. Sheep and equids predominated in the faunal assemblage. Sheep grazed on manured soils, and their diet could include millet or another C4 plant, of which, however, no carpological remains were found. The diet of equids differed from that of sheep but also that of other wild ungulates (cervids/gazelles). Their isotopic signatures indicated that they grazed in humid areas, near the watercourse. These finds indicated a settlement that was closely linked to the availability of water, which made it possible to grow crops in an almost desert-like area, and the rearing of sheep.
The Anodontini of Vietnam (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae: Unioninae) with the Description of a New Species
Authors: Bogan Arthur E. , Do Van Tu , Froufe Elsa , Lopes-Lima Manuel
Published: May 2023

The basic knowledge of freshwater bivalves in the Unionida in some regions of the world is still limited, hindering potential conservation efforts, including in Vietnam. A subset of these mussels, the freshwater bivalve tribe Anodontini, is especially difficult to properly identify morphologically due to intraspecific shell similarity. This study aims to define the species of Anodontini in Vietnam and describe their evolutionary relationships and distributions by estimating phylogenies and analyzing collected specimens. The Anodontini are represented in Vietnam by five species divided among three genera: Sinanodonta, Cristaria, and Pletholophus. Sinanodonta woodiana, a large species complex, is represented in Vietnam by Sinanodonta jourdyi. Cristaria is confirmed to include the widespread Cristaria plicata and substantiates the validity of Cristaria truncata. Finally, Pletholophus is here recognized as distinct from Cristaria, containing two species in Vietnam, Pletholophus tenuis, and a species new to science. Our study is an important baseline for future studies on Vietnamese freshwater mussels and highlights the importance of surveys, molecular work, and taxonomic expertise to describe the biodiversity of understudied regions.
Applicability and Advantage of Mitochondrial Metagenomics and Metabarcoding in Spider Biodiversity Survey
Authors: Ding Yuhui , Zhang Feng , Zhang Junxia
Published: May 2023

Spiders are an extraordinary animal group with extremely high diversity in species, morphology, and behavior. Accurate estimation of species diversity and community composition is essential in spider ecological studies as well as applications of biodiversity surveys and monitoring. However, spider biodiversity surveys still largely utilize the morphology-based approach, which is often time-consuming and highly dependent on taxonomic experts. In this study, we tested the applicability of mitochondrial metagenomic and metabarcoding methods in the biodiversity survey of spiders. Local mitogenome and barcode databases of 62 reference species were built using next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing technologies. The performances of mitochondrial metagenomics, metabarcoding, and morphological methods were compared for five plot samples of spiders. The results show that the molecular methods (mitochondrial metagenomics and metabarcoding) have a higher species detection rate compared with the traditional morphological biodiversity method, which is largely due to their capability of incorporating the large proportion of immature specimens in each plot into the biodiversity assessment. Our study demonstrates the great potential of molecular approaches in advancing spider biodiversity and community ecology studies and suggests that by combining both mitochondrial metagenomic and metabarcoding methods we could provide more accurate and reliable biodiversity assessment for spiders.
A Dataset of Scalp EEG Recordings of Alzheimer’s Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia and Healthy Subjects from Routine EEG
Authors: Miltiadous Andreas , Tzimourta Katerina D. , Afrantou Theodora , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Tsalikakis Dimitrios G. , Angelidis Pantelis , Tsipouras Markos G. , Glavas Euripidis , Giannakeas Nikolaos , Tzallas Alexandros T.
Published: May 2023

Recently, there has been a growing research interest in utilizing the electroencephalogram (EEG) as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for neurodegenerative diseases. This article provides a detailed description of a resting-state EEG dataset of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia, and healthy controls. The dataset was collected using a clinical EEG system with 19 scalp electrodes while participants were in a resting state with their eyes closed. The data collection process included rigorous quality control measures to ensure data accuracy and consistency. The dataset contains recordings of 36 Alzheimer’s patients, 23 frontotemporal dementia patients, and 29 healthy age-matched subjects. For each subject, the Mini-Mental State Examination score is reported. A monopolar montage was used to collect the signals. A raw and preprocessed EEG is included in the standard BIDS format. For the preprocessed signals, established methods such as artifact subspace reconstruction and an independent component analysis have been employed for denoising. The dataset has significant reuse potential since Alzheimer’s EEG Machine Learning studies are increasing in popularity and there is a lack of publicly available EEG datasets. The resting-state EEG data can be used to explore alterations in brain activity and connectivity in these conditions, and to develop new diagnostic and treatment approaches. Additionally, the dataset can be used to compare EEG characteristics between different types of dementia, which could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of these conditions.
Contemporary Review of Multimodality Imaging of the Prostate Gland
Authors: Calderone Carli E. , Turner Eric M. , Hayek Omar E. , Summerlin David , West Janelle T. , Rais-Bahrami Soroush , Galgano Samuel J.
Published: May 2023

Tissue changes and the enlargement of the prostate, whether benign or malignant, are among the most common groups of diseases that affect men and can have significant impacts on length and quality of life. The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) increases significantly with age and affects nearly all men as they grow older. Other than skin cancers, prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States. Imaging is an essential component in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. Multiple modalities are available for prostate imaging, including several novel imaging modalities that have changed the landscape of prostate imaging in recent years. This review will cover the data relating to commonly used standard-of-care prostate imaging modalities, advances in newer technologies, and newer standards that impact prostate gland imaging.
Assessment of Image Quality of Coronary CT Angiography Using Deep Learning-Based CT Reconstruction: Phantom and Patient Studies
Authors: Jeon Pil-Hyun , Jeon Sang-Hyun , Ko Donghee , An Giyong , Shim Hackjoon , Otgonbaatar Chuluunbaatar , Son Kihong , Kim Daehong , Ko Sung Min , Chung Myung-Ae
Published: May 2023

Background: In coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), the main issue of image quality is noise in obese patients, blooming artifacts due to calcium and stents, high-risk coronary plaques, and radiation exposure to patients. Objective: To compare the CCTA image quality of deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) with that of filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR). Methods: This was a phantom study of 90 patients who underwent CCTA. CCTA images were acquired using FBP, IR, and DLR. In the phantom study, the aortic root and the left main coronary artery in the chest phantom were simulated using a needleless syringe. The patients were classified into three groups according to their body mass index. Noise, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured for image quantification. A subjective analysis was also performed for FBP, IR, and DLR. Results: According to the phantom study, DLR reduced noise by 59.8% compared to FBP and increased SNR and CNR by 121.4% and 123.6%, respectively. In a patient study, DLR reduced noise compared to FBP and IR. Furthermore, DLR increased the SNR and CNR more than FBP and IR. In terms of subjective scores, DLR was higher than FBP and IR. Conclusion: In both phantom and patient studies, DLR effectively reduced image noise and improved SNR and CNR. Therefore, the DLR may be useful for CCTA examinations.
Exploring the Utility of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Radiomic Feature Extraction for Evaluation of Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: Mushari Nouf A. , Soultanidis Georgios , Duff Lisa , Trivieri Maria G. , Fayad Zahi A. , Robson Philip M. , Tsoumpas Charalampos
Published: May 2023

Background: The aim of this study is to explore the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging of radiomic features to distinguish active and inactive cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). Methods: Subjects were classified into active cardiac sarcoidosis (CSactive) and inactive cardiac sarcoidosis (CSinactive) based on PET-CMR imaging. CSactive was classified as featuring patchy [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake on PET and presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on CMR, while CSinactive was classified as featuring no [18F]FDG uptake in the presence of LGE on CMR. Among those screened, thirty CSactive and thirty-one CSinactive patients met these criteria. A total of 94 radiomic features were subsequently extracted using PyRadiomics. The values of individual features were compared between CSactive and CSinactive using the Mann–Whitney U test. Subsequently, machine learning (ML) approaches were tested. ML was applied to two sub-sets of radiomic features (signatures A and B) that were selected by logistic regression and PCA, respectively. Results: Univariate analysis of individual features showed no significant differences. Of all features, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) joint entropy had a good area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy with the smallest confidence interval, suggesting it may be a good target for further investigation. Some ML classifiers achieved reasonable discrimination between CSactive and CSinactive patients. With signature A, support vector machine and k-neighbors showed good performance with AUC (0.77 and 0.73) and accuracy (0.67 and 0.72), respectively. With signature B, decision tree demonstrated AUC and accuracy around 0.7; Conclusion: CMR radiomic analysis in CS provides promising results to distinguish patients with active and inactive disease.
Iron Rim Lesions as a Specific and Prognostic Biomarker of Multiple Sclerosis: 3T-Based Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging
Authors: Kim Sooyoung , Lee Eun Kyoung , Song Chang June , Sohn Eunhee
Published: May 2023

This study aimed to identify the clinical significance of iron rim lesions (IRLs) in distinguishing multiple sclerosis (MS) from other central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating diseases, determine the relationship between IRLs and disease severity, and understand the long-term dynamic changes in IRLs in MS. We retrospectively evaluated 76 patients with CNS demyelinating diseases. CNS demyelinating diseases were classified into three groups: MS (n = 30), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (n = 23), and other CNS demyelinating diseases (n = 23). MRI images were obtained using conventional 3T MRI including susceptibility-weighted imaging. Sixteen of 76 patients (21.1%) had IRLs. Of the 16 patients with IRLs, 14 were in the MS group (87.5%), indicating that IRLs were significantly specific for MS. In the MS group, patients with IRLs had a significantly higher number of total WMLs, experienced more frequent recurrence, and were treated more with second-line immunosuppressive agents than were patients without IRLs. In addition to IRLs, T1-blackhole lesions were observed more frequently in the MS group than in the other groups. IRLs are specific for MS and could represent a reliable imaging biomarker to improve the diagnosis of MS. Additionally, the presence of IRLs seems to reflect more severe disease progression in MS.
Development and Evaluation of a Multifrequency Ultrafast Doppler Spectral Analysis (MFUDSA) Algorithm for Wall Shear Stress Measurement: A Simulation and In Vitro Study
Authors: Malone Andrew J. , Cournane Seán , Naydenova Izabela , Meaney James F. , Fagan Andrew J. , Browne Jacinta E.
Published: May 2023

Cardiovascular pathology is the leading cause of death and disability in the Western world, and current diagnostic testing usually evaluates the anatomy of the vessel to determine if the vessel contains blockages and plaques. However, there is a growing school of thought that other measures, such as wall shear stress, provide more useful information for earlier diagnosis and prediction of atherosclerotic related disease compared to pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography, or computed tomography angiography. A novel algorithm for quantifying wall shear stress (WSS) in atherosclerotic plaque using diagnostic ultrasound imaging, called Multifrequency ultrafast Doppler spectral analysis (MFUDSA), is presented. The development of this algorithm is presented, in addition to its optimisation using simulation studies and in-vitro experiments with flow phantoms approximating the early stages of cardiovascular disease. The presented algorithm is compared with commonly used WSS assessment methods, such as standard PW Doppler, Ultrafast Doppler, and Parabolic Doppler, as well as plane-wave Doppler. Compared to an equivalent processing architecture with one-dimensional Fourier analysis, the MFUDSA algorithm provided an increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by a factor of 4–8 and an increase in velocity resolution by a factor of 1.10–1.35. The results indicated that MFUDSA outperformed the others, with significant differences detected between the typical WSS values of moderate disease progression (p = 0.003) and severe disease progression (p = 0.001). The algorithm demonstrated an improved performance for the assessment of WSS and has potential to provide an earlier diagnosis of cardiovascular disease than current techniques allow.
Superficial Endometriosis at Ultrasound Examination—A Diagnostic Criteria Proposal
Authors: Pedrassani Marcelo , Guerriero Stefano , Pascual María Ángela , Ajossa Silvia , Graupera Betlem , Pagliuca Mariachiara , Podgaec Sérgio , Camargos Esdras , Vieira de Oliveira Ygor , Alcázar Juan Luis
Published: May 2023

The actual prevalence of superficial endometriosis is not known. However, it is considered the most common subtype of endometriosis. The diagnosis of superficial endometriosis remains difficult. In fact, little is known about the ultrasound features of superficial endometriotic lesions. In this study, we aimed to describe the appearance of superficial endometriosis lesions at ultrasound examination, with laparoscopic and/or histologic correlation. This is a prospective study on a series of 52 women with clinical suspicion of pelvic endometriosis who underwent preoperative transvaginal ultrasound and received a confirmed diagnosis of superficial endometriosis via laparoscopy. Women with ultrasound or laparoscopic findings of deep endometriosis were not included. We observed that superficial endometriotic lesions may appear as a solitary lesions, multiple separate lesions, and cluster lesions. The lesions may exhibit the presence of hypoechogenic associated tissue, hyperechoic foci, and/or velamentous (filmy) adhesions. The lesion may be convex, protruding from the peritoneal surface, or it may appear as a concave defect in the peritoneum. Most lesions exhibited several features. We conclude that transvaginal ultrasound may be useful for diagnosing superficial endometriosis, as these lesions may exhibit different ultrasound features.
Analysis of Missed Skeletal Injuries Detected Using Whole-Body Bone Scan Applied to Trauma Patients: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Chung Jae Sik , An Sanghyun , Gong Seong Chan , Jung Pil Young
Published: May 2023

(1) Background: Skeletal injuries may be missed in patients presenting multiple traumas during initial assessment. A whole-body bone scan (WBBS) may aid the detection of missed skeletal injuries, but the current level of research in this regard is insufficient. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether a WBBS is useful for the detection of missed skeletal injuries in patients with multiple traumas. (2) Methods: This retrospective, single-region, trauma center study was conducted at a tertiary referral center from January 2015 to May 2019. The rate of missed skeletal injuries detected via WBBSs was evaluated, and factors that could influence the outcome were analyzed and divided into missed and not-missed groups. (3) Results: A total of 1658 patients with multiple traumas who underwent WBBSs were reviewed. In the missed group, the percentage of cases with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16 was higher than the not-missed group (74.66% vs. 45.50%). The rate of admission route through surgery and embolization was high in the missed group. Moreover, the proportion of patients that experienced shock in the missed group was higher than that in the not-missed group (19.86% vs. 3.51%). In univariate analysis, ISS ≥ 16, admission route through surgery and embolization, orthopedic surgery involvement, and shock were related to missed skeletal injuries. ISS ≥ 16 was determined to be statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Additionally, a nomogram was constructed based on multivariable analysis. (4) Conclusions: Missed skeletal injuries were significantly associated with several statistical factors, and a WBBS can be used as a screening method to detect missed skeletal injuries in patients with multiple blunt traumas.
Clinical and Prognostic Significance of p-ANCA Positivity in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Libra Alessandro , Muscato Giuseppe , Ielo Giuseppe , Spicuzza Lucia , Palmucci Stefano , Fagone Evelina , Fruciano Mary , Gili Elisa , Sambataro Gianluca , Vancheri Carlo
Published: May 2023

Perinuclear Anti Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (p-ANCA) is a serological marker of Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA), a vasculitis associated with lung involvement potentially mimicking Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). In this study, we evaluated the role of p-ANCA in predicting clinical evolution and prognosis in a cohort of IPF patients. In this observational, retrospective, case–control study, we compared 18 patients with an IPF diagnosis and p-ANCA positivity with 36 patients with seronegative IPF, matched for age and sex. IPF patients with and without p-ANCA showed similar lung function decline during the follow-up, but IPF p-ANCA+ showed better survival. Half of IPF p-ANCA+ patients were classified as MPA for the development of renal involvement (55%) or skin signs (45%). The progression towards MPA was associated with high levels of Rheumatoid Factor (RF) at baseline. In conclusion, p-ANCA, mainly when associated with RF, could predict the evolution of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) towards a definite vasculitis in patients, with a better prognosis compared with IPF. In this view, ANCA testing should be included in the diagnostic workup of UIP patients.
Scurvy: Rediscovering a Forgotten Disease
Authors: Gandhi Mustafa , Elfeky Omar , Ertugrul Hamza , Chela Harleen Kaur , Daglilar Ebubekir
Published: May 2023

Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency caused by low vitamin C levels that has been described since ancient times. It leads to a varied presentation, affecting multiple organ systems due to its role in the biochemical reactions of connective tissue synthesis. Common manifestations include gingival bleeding, arthralgias, skin discoloration, impaired wound healing, perifollicular hemorrhage, and ecchymoses. Although there has been a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of scurvy in modern times owing to vitamin C supplementation and intake, sporadic cases still occur. In developed countries, it is mainly diagnosed in the elderly and malnourished individuals and is associated with alcoholism, low socio-economic status, and poor dietary habits. Scurvy has been an unusual cause of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding among other GI manifestations. It can be adequately treated and prevented via vitamin C supplementation.