bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

If one were asked to put into a few words the general results which have been arrived at from a study of the Glacial deposits, he would probably say that these deposits gave evidence of a severe Arctic condition of things having obtained in this country,—that the gradual approach of this Arctic climate caused the disappearance from our area of the fauna and flora which had previously characterized it,—that during the continuance of the cold in Britain several speciesof mammalia appear to have died out in the more southern regions of Europe, whither they had migrated,—and that it was not until after our climate had become greatly ameliorated that these islands were visited by what are termed the “Post-glacial mammalia,” several species of which, however, had been denizens. of Britain and northern Europe inPre-glacial times. In short, our island, throughout the Glacial period proper, is commonly supposed to have remained a barren waste of snow and ice. But the evidence which has been accumulating during recent years will compel us, I believe, to modify materially these general inferences. So far from the Glacial epoch having been one long continuous age of ice, it would appear to have been broken up by many intervening periods of less Arctic, and even temperate conditions, during whichthe snow and ice disappeared from our low grounds, and the glaciers shrunk back into our mountain valleys. I speak, of course, of that portion of the Glacial epoch which was antecedent to the general submergence, and is represented by the Till or Boulder-clay of Scotland. la this short paper I propose to give an outline of the facts upon which these conclusions are based. But before doing so it may be well to point out the order of succession of the Scottish drift deposits, which is now no longer a matter of dispute. Beginning with the lower beds, we have the following sequence
VI.—The Valley of the Yar, Isle of Wight
Authors: Browne Alfred J.
Published: May 2009

It may seem superfluous to describe any part of such a well-known district as the Isle of Wight; but although its geology has been so well investigated, still the Post-Pliocene deposits of the island have perhaps received less attention than any others. The origin of its valleys, moreover, has not, so far as I am aware, been carefully studied; and as it may throw light on the date of formation of the Solent and Spithead, I venture to send a few notes made on a recent examination of the valley of the Yar, in the hope they may prove interesting, even if not original.
V.—On a Terebratula from the Upper Chalk of Salisbury
Authors: Westlake E.
Published: May 2009

The two specimens figured below are from the collection of Mr. C. J. Read, of Salisbury, who obtained them from the Upper Chalk (Senonian) of the neighbourhood. Some uncertainty has attached to the exact locality, Mr. Read having told me that he had found them in the Mucronata-Chalk of Clarendon; but he now writes, 18th Jan. 1887—“My belief, on thinking the matter over, is that the right locality is the ‘Devizes Eoad,’ as they were originally marked.” The locality referred to is Old Camp Down lime-pit, three miles N.W. of Salisbury on the Devizes Road.
II.—On the Occurrence of a New Fossiliferous Horizon in the Ordovician Series of the Lake-District
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne , Marr John E.
Published: May 2009

Below the “Coniston Limestone Series”—if we include under this general title not only the Coniston Limestone proper, but also the “Style End Grassing Beds” of Long Sleddale and the “Dufton Shales” of the Cross Fell area—no fossiliferous beds have hitherto been detected in the Lake—district till the horizon of the Upper Skiddaw Slates (Llanvirn Series) is reached. Between these two horizons are placed the thick and varied volcanic rocks which have usually been grouped together under the name of the “ Borrowdale Series ” (the “ Green Slates and Porphyries ” of Prof. Sedgwick); though it may be taken as certain that this name covers more than one series of volcanic ejecta. Up to the present time, no strata containing fossils have been detected in connection with any of the rooks which have been included under the general title of the “ Borrowdale Series.”
III.—On Some Changes of Level during the Glacial Period and their Supposed Cause
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: May 2009

At the close of the Glacial Period in North America the basin of the Red River was occupied by a large lake which has received the name of Lake Agassiz. It extended from what is now Lake Winnipeg southward for some hundreds of miles to the watershed of the Minnesota River. The bottom of this old lake now forms an extensive level plain famous for its fertility and the fine crops of wheat it produces.
V.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: on some Anglesey Dykes. J.
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the Woodwardian Museum is a collection of nearly a thousand rock-specimens made by Professor Henslow to illustrate his “ Geological Description of Anglesea ” (1821, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. i. pp. 359–452, plates xv.–xxi.). Specimens of the principal dykes were submitted to the examination of Professor Cordier, and his remarks on them are quoted in Henslow's paper. As Cordier's determinations date from a time when thin slices of rocks were unknown, and but little attention has since been given to the dykes of Anglesey, it is believed that brief notices of some of the typical rocks from localities easity identified may have an interest for British geologists. As regards the mode of occurrence of the dykes and their effects upon the adjacent strata, little can be added to the accurate descriptions of Henslow, written at a time when the igneous origin of dykes was a proposition to be proved.
VI.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: on some Anglesey Dykes. No. III
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the first paper of this series were described several dykes from the shores of the Menai Straits, belonging apparently to one system of intrusions, and some of them cutting Carboniferous strata. Their precise age, however, can be fixed only on the supposition that they may fairly be correlated with certain post-Carboniferous but pre-Permian dykes in the Anglesey Coal-field. These latter rocks have a strong general resemblance to the Menai Straits dykes, and as they are by no means easily accessible, they will not be described in detail. Only one will be selected, as offering a rather pronounced type: the specimen is from the Henslow collection.
I.—Notes on the Palæontology of Western Australia
Authors: Foord A. H.
Published: May 2009

“Transversely rhomboidal, moderately gibbose, width four times the length; sides flattened, regularly attenuating to the very acute cardinal angles; cardinal area broad, flat; mesial fold wide, defined, angular, smooth; about sixteen to eighteen slightly convex, simple, smooth ribs on each side of the mesial fold, becoming indistinct as they approach the cardinal angles, so as to leave nearly a third of the length of the sides smooth.”
II.—Foraminiferal and Nullipore Structures in some Tertiary Limestones from New Guinea
Authors: Newton Bullen
Published: May 2009

At the request of Professor J. W. Gregory, F.R.S., of Glasgow University, the following report has been prepared dealing with some microscopical organisms entering into the composition of certain limestones from Central New Guinea. The material studied, comprising Foraminifera and Nullipore (Lithothamnium) remains, has been obtained from some rolled limestone pebbles which were collected in river-beds of the upper reaches of the Fly River by the Right Hon. Sir William Macgregor, G.C.M.G., during an expedition carried out in the years 1889 and 1890. Being desirous that these limestones should be scientifically examined, Sir William submitted them to the Geological Department of the University Glasgow in the hope that Professor Gregory and his staff might issue a statement as to their structural and geological value. In accordance with this request, therefore, the corals were first examined and described in a joint paper by Professor Gregory and Miss J. B. Trench, while some remarks on the Foraminifera and associated structures have been postponed for the present occasion. At the time when the corals were in course of description, the writer was appealed to for an opinion as to the geological age of one of the pebbles (No. 1), exhibiting corals and some smaller organisms, although to give aid in this direction it was necessary to prepare microscopical sections of the limestone for examination by transmitted light.
III.—On the Pre-Thanetian Erosion of the Chalk in parts of the London Basin
Authors: Baker Herbert Arthur
Published: May 2009

It has long been recognized that, in early Eocene times, while the “Calcaire de Mons” was being deposited in the Belgian area, large tracts of the Upper Chalk were removed by denudation from the south-east of England. The true extent of the unconformity between the Chalk and our oldest Eocene strata is now to be seen only where the Eocene cover yet remains. Even where the Chalk is so covered, the unconformity must have been accentuated to some extent in consequence of the solvent action of percolating carbonated waters, the evidence of which is familiar to us as “pipes” in the Chalk filled with Eocene strata, and the persistent bed of unworn, green-coated flints (“Bull-head” Bed) which everywhere occurs between our lowest Eocenes and the Chalk; but such secondary action is likely to have been more or less uniform throughout the whole area beneath the Tertiary cover.
I.—On the Origin of some Land-forms in Caernarvonshire, North Wales
Authors: Dewey Henry
Published: May 2009

The present paper deals with some 30 square miles of land situated in Caernarvonshire and embracing the drainage area of the River Ogwen and parts of adjacent river-basins. It is doubtful if any part of Great Britain presents in such a small area so many interesting topographical features and such beautiful and diversified scenery as this part of North Wales. It is in part a thoroughly mountainous region accompanied by characteristics that belong to mountains, and it is a glaciated mountain region with typical glacial topography. But adjoining the mountains is an area of entirely different characteristics, and the change from the one to the other is sudden and complete. An upland plain abruptly terminates against a range of mountains without the interposition of foot-hills, the crags and pinnacles rising precipitously from the level land; or, in other words, the plain cuts as it were a shelf in the mountainous masses.
III.—Some Pelecypod Shell-fragments described as Cirripedes
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Among a number of Cirripede plates from the Chalk Marl and Cambridge Greensand of Cambridge submitted to me some time ago, were certain fossils which at first puzzled me considerably. Although there were more than twenty examples, all came apparently from the same side of the animal, that is, they were not left and right, and this led me to suspect that they were not Cirripede valves, and to examine them more closely. One edge close to the narrow end of the shell was then seen to be broken quite clean and straight, and on comparing these fossils with some Pelecypod shells from the same horizon it was quite clear that they were the anterior ears of right valves of Aucellina gryphœides (Sow.) (Text-fig. 7, p. 170), a shell belonging to the family Pteriidae (see H. Woods, Pal. Soc. Monogr. Cretaceous Mollusca, 1905, vol. ii, p. 72, pi. x, figs. 6–13). Other specimens submitted at various times from Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks, turned out on examination to be the anterior ears of the right valves of Pelecypod shells like Pecten, and a number of such specimens were included among some Cirripede plates from the Chalk of liugen obtained for the British Museum by Frau Agnes Laur.
I.—Some Additions to the Australian Tertiary Echinoidea
Authors: Gregory J. Walter
Published: May 2009

The Tertiary Echinoid fauna from the South-east of Australia is well known from the work of Duncan, Laube, R. Etheridge, jun., and M‘Coy. A collection made by H. P. Woodward, Esq., F.G.S., from the Tertiary beds of Willunga near Adelaide, enables several additions to be made. These are of interest as they considerably strengthen the Cretaceous facies which the fauna owes to the presence of such genera as Holaster and Micraster, and as they throw some additional light upon a genus the stability of which has long been questioned. The collection has been presented to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) by H. Y. L. Brown, Esq., F.G.S., the Government Geologist for South Australia.
IV.—On Some Fossils from Central Africa
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In Professor Henry Drummond's “Tropical Africa,” 8vo. London, 1888, pp. 183–199 are occupied with an interesting “Geological Sketch” of the country between the Zambesi River (about 18° S. Lat.) and the Tanganyika plateau (about 3° S. Lat.), his own observations having been made along a route from Kilimane on the coast, to the Shiré, and up that river, by Lake Shirwa and Lake Nyassa, to Karonga (or Karonga's village) on the north west shore near the end of the lake; and thence through the Uchungu district, for about 70 miles, in a part of the Tanganyika plateau.
V.—The Effects Produced by Earth-movements on pre-Cambrian and Lower Palæozoic Rocks in some Sections in Wales and Shropshire
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

In this paper I purpose giving a few examples to show the powerful influences which have been exerted by Earth-movements in producing changes in the rocks, and in obliterating the evidences of succession in some of the disturbed areas in Wales and Shropshire. For a long time past it has been well known that certain changes such as cleavage, etc., have been induced in the rocks in Wales and elsewhere by pressure, but only of late years has the magnitude of the results due to Earth-movements been fully understood.
II.—On Porphyritic Quartz in Basic Igneous Rocks
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Although the old-fashioned ideas as to the association of different minerals held by Breithaupt and others have been found to require much modification, there are still certain rules which hold with a high degree of generality. They are, indeed, merely consequences of the principle that the most important of the factors which determine the mineralogical constitution of an igneous rock, is the chemical composition of the magma from which it is formed. Roughly speaking, we may say that original free silica and acid silicates occur characteristically in acid rocks, more basic silicates in basic rocks.
III.—Note on the Lithophyses in Obsidian of the Rocche Rosse, Lipari
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J.
Published: May 2009

It is a pretty well recognized fact that Obsidian is a hydrous silicate of indefinite composition and your fusion experiments confirm that fact. Now molten obsidian may give off its H2O in consequence of two processes—by simple vesiculation, or by the individualization from the glass of a definite anhydrous silicate. More commonly these two processes have gone on together, but modified by the vicissitudes of temperature that the molten aquiferous glass is exposed to during its eruption.
I.—Description of the Cretaceous Saw-Fish Sclerorhynchus Atavus
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

In the “Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum“ (pt. i. 1889, p. 76, pl. iii. fig. 1), the imperfect rostrum of a Selachian fish from the Upper Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon was described under the new generic and specific name of Sclerorhynchm atavus. Presenting some resemblances to the rostrum both of the typical saw-fish (Prislis) and of PristiopJtorus, hesitation was expressed in determining the systematic position of the genus to which the fossil pertained; but from the apparently complex nature of the rostral cartilages and the absence of extended prepalatines, it was deemed advisable to place the fish provisionally in the family of Pristidæ.
II.—On the Wenlock and Ludlow Strata of the Lake District
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

The beds above the Borrowdale volcanic group, and below the Coniston Flags, have been treated, in detail in other communications, but, notwithstanding all that has been written of the higher Silurian rocks of the Lake District, something remains to be said about them.
VII.—Notes on Russian Geology
Authors: Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

Covering a vast extent of the southern portion of Russia in Europe, occurs the sandy clay which is commonly known as Loess, whose origin has given rise to the most varied and conflicting opinions. In the course of a visit to the above country, this deposit struck the writer as well worthy of further study, whilst its connection with the Black Earth invited closer inspection. Its distribution and general characters, as regards the greater part of Western and Central Europe, have been dealt with in a most masterly manner by Baron von Richthofen in his “China,” chap. v.; but at the Russian frontier his description ceases almost abruptly, and he merely mentions that the Dniester and its tributaries appear to have cut their channels through the Loess.
II.—Inter-Glacial Land-Surfaces in England and Wales
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The exploration of the caves in the Vale of Clwyd, and the conclusions announced by Dr. Hicks at the last meeting of the British Association, have naturally aroused much interest; for if the facts are rightly interpreted by Dr. Hicks, and the deposits which are banked up against the north-western end of the cave are really of Glacial age, then it is clear that the contents of the cave date from a time anterior to the great submergence during which those deposits were formed.
IV.—The Cambrian Books of North America
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Considerable attention has been given of late years to the faunas of the rocks in North America considered to be the equivalents of the rocks usually classed as Cambrian in this country, and the facts which have been obtained are particularly interesting to British geologists. Two recent communications by Mr. C. D. Walcott, Palaeontologist to the U. S. Geological Survey, are especially deserving of study in reference to the classification of these rocks, and many facts of importance bearing on the same question are also given in papers by Mr. G. F. Matthew, of St. John's, N.B.
V.—The Appearance and Development of Dicotyledons in Time
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

It has been acknowledged by botanists that the methods generally pursued in determining fossil dicotyledonous plants have been scarcely such as were likely to lead to trustworthy results. Their study has, or should have, two practical aims. The one, that geologists may be able to determine the ages of strata, when they only contain fossil plants, with as much certainty as if they contained the remains of animals. The other, that botanists may be able to trace the evolution of the existing genera of plants from the pala?ontological record under conditions no less favourable than those at the disposal of the zoologist.
II.—Did the Mammoth Live Before, During, or After the Deposition of the Drift
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Having sifted the evidence in so far as it is available in Scotland and the North of England, we will now advance further south; and first in regard to the Eastern Counties. Here as elsewhere it is unfortunate that we so very seldom can find the beds upon which the solution of the problem depends in actualcontact so as to apply the only real test, namely, that of superposition. When we can do so, it seems to me the case is conclusive.
III.—On Rapid Elevation of Submerged Lands and the Possible Results
Authors: Hill E.
Published: May 2009

It is not impossible that readers of a paper lately published by our venerated senior geologist may have been startled, some for one reason others for another and opposite. On reading the suggestions he has put forward as to the results from rapid elevations over southern England, some will recoil as at a revival of catastrophic machinery; some on the other hand may hail the invention of anovel and most potent agency. I doubt whether either view is altogether correct or defensible.
III.—Periods of Dreikanter Formation in South Notts
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

In the summer of 1911 I discovered numerous wind-worn stones in a gravel-pit near to Ramsdale, and situated at the side of the Old North Road 6 miles out of Nottingham. Samples of these were exhibited at the Geological Society's conversazione in 1912. During the next few months a trench for the water-main from the Derwent valley to Nottingham was opened along this road, and passed for a distance of over a mile through similar gravels, which in one place were at least 10 feet thick. Throughout this distance ‘dreikanter’ were common in the top 18 inches of soil and subsoil.
IV.—Note on the Source of the Pebbles of the Bunter Pebble-beds of the English Midlands
Authors: Matley C. A.
Published: May 2009

The subject of the derivation of the materials which form the Bunter Pebble-beds has given rise to wide differences of opinion and to a voluminous literature. These it is not my intention to recapitulate, as an excellent summary of the subject will be found in Mr. O. H. Shrubsole's paper of 1903. Mr. Shrubsole then gathered together the known evidence, added some new facts of his own, and came to the conclusion that the Midland Bunter pebbles were brought from a southerly direction. This opinion may be said to have held the field until recently, when the question was again taken up by Mr. Jukes-Browne in the third edition of The Building of the British Isles (1911). After reviewing the whole evidence and taking into consideration the results of an investigation by Mr. E. C. Martin, which tended to show that the direction of transportation in Somersetshire in Bunter times was towards the south, Mr. Jukes-Browne abandoned the view he had taken in the second edition (1892) of that work, and now, adopting in the main the conclusions of Professor Bonney, considers that the bulk of the pebbles of the Midland Bunter came from the north-west, though he agrees that the fossiliferous quartzite pebbles could not have come from that direction, and he suggests for these a south-easterly derivation (Suffolk).
I.—On Variations of the Climate
Authors: Jäderin Edw.
Published: May 2009

How often do we not hear old people assert that when they were young the climate was quite different; that the weather was warmer or colder, etc.; and even comparatively young people are sometimes of the same opinion. It is most natural to assume that these observers have been misled by the more intense impressions of youth, which cause, for instance, a hot summer, bringing with it more rural pleasures and open-air sports, to be engraved on the mind for life. On the other hand, should the early years be accompanied by much wet weather and storms, these years are perhaps more easily forgotten, as the monotonous and tedious life within four walls to which one is then confined does not leave that distinct impression upon the youthful mind as that of a glorious summer spent out-of-doors. However, the importance of the question and its great general interest demand an investigation of the problem ; the more so as certain scientific theories and hypotheses tend to prove that a change in the climate must necessarily take place.
II.—The Recent and Rapid Elevation of the Ural Mountains
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

You have permitted me recently to publish two short papers in the Geological Magazine in which I have advocated some unconventional views. Perhaps you will allow me to continue my induction.

In the first paper I endeavoured to show that the identity of the living Mammalian fauna of Siberia and North America necessitates our postulating that those areas have very recently, namely, during the Mammoth age, been connected by a land bridge; further that the facts compel us to the conclusion that this land bridge must have been across a portion of the Polar area, and that when it existed comparatively temperate conditions prevailed there.
III.—On the Crags of Suffolk and Antwerp. (Part I.)
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

The Suffolk Crags.—There are few deposits in this country which form so admirable a field for study as the Crags of Suffolk. Unique as to age, the sole representatives in England of the great Pliocene deposits of Europe, it becomes a matter of very high interest to identify them in any way with particular strata in other countries. The lowest of these Crags occurs in small patches over an area of about eighty square miles, and consists of either loose or compact light-coloured sand, alternating with bands of Polyzoa, which sometimes form a kind of limestone. From this Crag 299 species of Mollusca have been obtained: of these, 148 are extinct, 151 are still living. This so-called ‘Coralline Crag’ lies on London Clay, and is seldom more than 20 feet in thickness. The ‘Red Crag,’ so called from its iron-stained appearance, is an irregularly stratified deposit, composed of rather coarse sand and fragments of shells, abounding also in more perfect remains, but very rarely affording the valves of Conchifera, opposed or in sitû. It extends over a larger area than the Coralline Crag, abont 200 square miles, part of which is in Essex. The Red Crag, rarely exceeding 20 feet in thickness, in most localities rests on the London Clay, the Lower Crag having probably been denuded: it is occasionally, however, found resting on the latter. At the base of both Crags, when resting on the London Clay, a deposit of rounded concretionary nodules, derived from and containing the fossils of the London Clay, is found, and is worked for the nodules, which in great part consist of phosphate of lime, and are manufactured into manure. Associated with these nodules, are teeth of Mastodon, Rhinoceros, and other Mammals,† which have been derived perhaps from earlier Pliocene, perhaps from Miocene strata, and are similar, in some respects, to those obtained at Eppelsheim in Germany. In addition to these, there are the remains of large Cetacea, much worn and rolled, as well as the teeth of the large Carcharodon and Oxryrhina. These are probably the remains of a former Pliocene deposit, broken up like the Miocene beds at the beginning of the Crag era. Similar vertebrate fossils and phosphatic nodules are also dispersed at intervals in the higher strata of the Red Crag. Their occurrence here has led to much confusion, since they have been, and still are by many, regarded as indigenous to the Crag.
I.—On the Origin of Valleys
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

A Controversy apperas to be carried on between geologists as to the causes of the excavation of valleys, and the degree in which marine denudation on the one hand, or the eroding power of rain and rivers on the other, have been concerned in the process. To this controversy Mr. D. Mackintosh has contributed two papers, in recent numbers of this Magazine. I am desirous of recalling to the recollection of its readers certain facts which demonstrate, beyond the possibility of doubt, how vast is the error of those writers who, like Mr. Mackintosh, speak of “the impotence of rain as a denuding agent.”
III.—On the Occurrence of a Recent Species of Trigonia (T. Lamarckii) in Tertiary Deposits in Australia
Authors: Jenkins H. M.
Published: May 2009

In No. VI. of the “Quarterly Journal of Science” I gave a brief account of the Trigonia semiundulata, M'Coy, MS., which has been found in certain Tertiary strata in the Colonies of Victoria and South Austraila, and which had been named, but not described, by Professor M'Coy. This species differs altogether from the recent forms, and approaches very closely in its essential characters to the members of the group “costata”, characteristic of the Oolites. It was therefore remarked, in the communication referred to, that its occurrence in Tertiary strata in Australia added another link to the chain of evidence which connects the recent fauna of that region with the Oolitic fauna of Europe. But doubt may be expressed as to the exact value to be assigned to this similarity in facies between two faunæ so widely separated in time; and it is a fair question whether the discovery of this Trigonia does not diminish, rather than add to the apparent peculiarity of the existing Australian fauna.
IV.—On the Formation of the “Rock-Basin” of Lough Corrib, County Galway
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

Lough Corrib is a long irregular lake of various widths, but having a general bearing of about N.W. and S.E. Its N.W. portion is in a granite and metamorphic rock country, while the rest of it overlies Carboniferous rocks, principally limestone. The northern portion is deep, the southern shallow, and through the whole of it are scattered numerous islands which, in the former part, are generally composed of Boulder-clay, while those in the latter portion are nearly always rock. Its known natural outlets are two, one being over the barrier of metamorphic rocks at Galway (U on Map, Pl. XIX), and the other subterranean passage south of Castlegar (T on Map, Pl. XIX). On all sides of the lake are rocks extending under it, or, to use Professor Ramsay's term, it lies in a “Rock-basin.” What excavated this Rock-basin? I propose in this paper to consider.
VI.—On a Bed of Chalk-flints near Spa
Authors: Birds J. A.
Published: May 2009

The fashionable Belgian watering place, Spa, is situated 1000 feet above the sea, in the centre of a circle of hills called the High Moors (Lea Hautes Fauges), a wild and desolate tract covered with peat-bogs and heaths, themselves some 600 to 800 feet above the town. Immediately above Spa, and opposite to it, there are two other distinct hills, of lesser height, the limits of which are definitely marked out by streams or deep valleys, and these, together with the “High Moors” and their rock, constitute the leading geographical features of the immediate neighbourhood.
I.—Note on a Nearly Perfect Skeleton of Ichthyosaurus Tenuirostris from the Lower Lias of street, Somerset
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

Some ten years ago Mr. Alfred Gillett observed in a quarry of the Lower Lias near his residence at Overleigh, Street, Somerset, a number of broken slabs of shaly limestone, containing portions of the skeleton of an Ichthyosaur. These slabs, which had been cast aside by the workmen, were fitted together by Mr. Gillett, who finally succeeded, after the expenditure of great pains, in skilfully developing from them an almost entire example of the skeleton of Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, Conybeare.
IV.—The Recent and Rapid Elevation of the Himalayas
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In the last Number of the Geological Magazine my friend Mr. W. T. Blanford takes exception in very courteous terms to the views I have maintained in regard to the recent elevation of the Highlands of Eastern Asia. I cannot, however, quite grasp how far he agrees or disagrees with me. He does not apparently question the evidence which has so impressed experienced observers like Humboldt, Murchison, Tschihatcheff, Cotta, and Senkofski in regard to the absence of traces of widespread glacial phenomena in the high mountains of the Ural, the Altai, and the Thian Shan ranges, and which apart from all considerations seems to me inexplicable on any other theory than that these mountains did not exist during the so-called Glacial Period.
I.—Notes on the Pycnodont Fishes
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

The Pycnodonts were the coral fishes of Mesozoic seas, with a deepened body, produced face, and a small mouth having grasping and grinding teeth, capable of obtaining their hard-shelled food from hollows and crannies. They are evidently not to be regarded as closely allied to any of the typical coral fishes of Tertiary and existing seas, which are spiny-finned teleosteans. They are merely Lepidotus-like and Dapedius-like forms with adaptations to a similar mode of life. The study of their skeleton is therefore of great interest.
IV.—Albite-Granophyre and Quartz-Poephyby from Brandy Gill, Carrock Fell
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

In the course of an investigation into British resources of sands and rocks for glass-making and refractory purposes, which is being carried out by my colleague Dr. P. G. H. Boswell, it became desirable to search for an alumina-bearing siliceous rock low in iron-content. Among other rocks considered by Dr. Boswell was the granophyre of Brandy Gill, and a sample, obtained from Mr. W. Hemingway, was submitted to Dr. H. F. Harwood for analysis. So far as industry is concerned, the analysis indicates that the iron-percentage of the rock is too high for its use in glass manufacture. As such an analysis would be of interest and value to geologists—there being few first-class analyses of Lake District igneous rocks—and as it seemed undesirable that only a bare record should occur in a technological publication, Dr. Boswell handed to me the analysis and a sample of the granophyre, with the suggestion that the rock might be described in the pages of the Geological Magazine.
V.—On the British Earthquakes of 1889
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

Time of occurrence, 13 h. 58 m.; Intensity, about IV. Epicentrum, probably not far from Ben Nevis.

I am indebted to Mr. E. T. Omond, Director of the Ben Nevis Observatory, for the only information I have been able to obtain with reference to this earthquake. “It was,” he says, “sufficiently strong to make part of the wooden roof creak, but was, as far as I know, not noticed in any other part of the country.” The few inquiries that I have been able to make confirm this remark, and I think we may therefore conclude that the epicentrum cannot have been very distant from Ben Nevis. The great fault, which crosses Scotland from Inverness in a south-westerly direction, passes at the surface within a short distance from Ben Nevis; and being, in other parts of its course, closely associated with recent earthquakes, may possibly, by a slip, have given rise to the Ben Nevis shock.
III.—Transverse Valleys in the Eastern Caucasus
Authors: Sjögren Hjalmar
Published: May 2009

Among the many valleys of Daghestan that are interesting to the geologist there are none more remarkable than the channel by which the river Sulak passes through the chain of Cretaceous and Jurassic mountains which borders Inner Daghestan. Just above the entrance of this defile the four rivers Koissu unite in one stream, which in a series of cataracts tears through a stupendous chasm some fifteen miles in length, cutting the huge ridge almost at right angles to its axis.
VI.—On the Sands and Gravels Intercalated in the Boulder-Clay
Authors: Bulman G. W.
Published: May 2009

On the Italian side of the Alps a similar set of lignite beds occurs as on the Swiss side. But these Italian lignites, although occurring beneath, are not underlaid by glacial deposits.
V.—Recent Geological Investigations in the Salt Range
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: May 2009

The Geological Survey of India Records, vol. xxiv. part 1, 1890, only came to hand to-day, enabling me to see Mr. Middlemiss's late paper on the Salt Range.
I.—The Fossil Insects of the Primary Rocks: a Rapid Survey of the Entomological Fauna of the Palæozoic Period
Authors: Brongniart Charles
Published: May 2009

The fossil insects of Palæozoic times are but little known, in consequence of the small number of specimens which have been discovered in the various Carboniferous deposits of the globe.
II.—Ball or Pillow-form Structures in Sandstones
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: May 2009

The structures described below occur in rocks of a rather monotonous and generally uninteresting type; namely in sandstones, interstratified with masses of shale and mudstone, exposed near the centre of the Berwyn Anticline in parts of Denbighshire. The necessity, however, of examining every exposure, incumbent upon the Surveyor, has led me to pay attention to detail, and especially to certain phenomena that would appear to be of world-wide occurrence in sediments of all ages.
V.—Further Geological Notes on the Land of Deep Corrosions
Authors: Ward F. Kingdon
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for April, 1913, I drew attention to certain features of the country forming the Yunnan–Tibet border. Further travels there in 1913 and through the Burmese hinterland in 1914 enable me now to supplement and extend those notes.
V.—Note on the Gault and Chalk Marl of West Norfolk
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Hill W.
Published: May 2009

Until the appearance of the article by Messrs. C. Iieid and G. Sharman in the Geological Magazine for February, 1886, p. 55, no one had ever thrown a doubt on the existence of true Gault in Norfolk.
V.—On the Beds Containing the Gelinden Flora
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

The Gelinden Flora, described by Saporta and Marion (Mém. de l'Acad. de Belge, t. 37; and Révision de la Flore Heersienne de Gélinden, ibid., t. 41), has assumed an immense importance owing to the fact that it alone, among Tertiary fossil floras whose age is definitely ascertained on stratigraphical and palæontological grounds, contains certain remarkable types of leaves which are common to it, to the inter-basaltic beds of GlenarminAntrim, and to Atanekerdluk in Greenland. Two of these are long lanceolate leaves, with three or more parallel mid-ribs.
III.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

It may be thought that some apology is due to the readers of this Magazine on the ground of the largely zoological bearing of this paper. But in the opinion of the writer no such apology is necessary. Zoology is palæontology brought up to date, and ontogeny is but a compressed and individualistic type of phylogeny; so that in spirit, though not in matter, this paper is no less appropriate for publication here than its seven predecessors have been. According to Lovén himself, the minute Echinoid which supplies the text for the sequel is to be considered a survivor, not merely of the Holectypoida, but of the most primitive family of that Order—a kind of Lingula or Nucula among Irregular Echinoids. Although one of the main purposes of the following pages ia to offer reasons for disbelieving that contention, nevertheless Pygastrides, as far as the only specimen known is concerned, is for all practical purposes primitively Holectypoid in essential characters. This seeming paradox may be resolved by the anticipatory remark that Lovén's so-called genus is believed to be an early post-larval stage in the development of some more completely Irregular adult form. It is ontogenetically related to that problematical adult, just as the Pygasteridæ must be phylogenetically ancestral to it.
IV.—The Basic Intrusions East of Gelli Hill, Radnorshire
Authors: Smith H. G. , Williams J. H.
Published: May 2009

During the last few years I have spent a considerable amount of time studying the geology of the country east of Llandrindod, but much still remains to be done, and the present paper merely embodies a few of the points which seem to be satisfactorily established with regard to a small portion of the area. Three distinct types of igneous rocks are recognized, and some facts and ideas with regard to each are put forward.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoœcia strongly pyriporiform, very small, length about ·4 mm.; areas broadly speaking elliptical but with a strong tendency to have the upper end flattened rather askew to the central line, average length ·18 mm., breadth ·11 mm.; the side walls of the area bear about a dozen tubercles so small that their existence is only just recognizable under a 3 in. objective; a 1 in. objective shows them to be perforated; below the area there is typically (after the early stages) a small perforated boss placed centrally on the front wall, but when the front wall has to accommodate an oœcium the boss splits into two, often very massive, one on either side of the oœcium.
IV.—The Origin of Topaz and Cassiterite at Gunong Bakau, Malaya
Authors: Jones William R.
Published: May 2009

Topaz is commonly supposed to have been formed by the action of fluorine-bearing vapours on felspar, but evidence has recently been advanced with the object of showing that some important veins intrusive in the porphyritic granite of Gunong Bakau, a mountain 4,426 feet high, situated in the centre of the Main Granite Range of the Malay Peninsula, were formed of a rock in which “the topaz and cassiterite are not alteration products of previously formed minerals”. The author of this theory gives the rock the descriptive name of ‘quartz-topaz’, and adds as his reasons for not calling it ‘greisen’ the fact that in places it contains very little mica and that, unlike the majority of greisens, it is not an alteration product.
III.—Dr. C. D. Walcott's Researches on the Appendages of Trilobites
Authors: Walcott C. D.
Published: May 2009

It is nearly forty years since Walcott published the well-known memoir which first gave palæontologists definite information regarding the appendages of Trilobites. This work was based on a laborious investigation of Calymene senaria and some other species by means of thin sections. Since then much knowledge has been gained, and, in particular, Beecher's researches on Triarthrus have provided us with a new conception of the Trilobite limb which, in some respects, is not readily to be reconciled with Walcott's earlier results. Now, at length, in this finely illustrated monograph, the veteran student of the Trilobita brings together the results of his own work and that of other investigators and reviews the whole in the light of his unrivalled experience.
III.—The Magnesian Limestone of Durham
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

Conditions of Deposition — Former Presence of Sulphates — Formation of “ Demagnesified ” Rocks—Development of Concretionary and Segregated Structures, etc.
IV.—The Distribution of ‘Terebella’ cancellata
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

‘Terebella’ cancellata was the name given to some supposed worm-tubes from the Cenomanian of the East and South-east of England, in the Geological Magazine for December, 1911 (p. 553, pi. xxiv, figs. 3-5). The chief feature of the species is an obscure cancellate ornament formed by transverse and longitudinal folds.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Productus humerosus ( = sublævis) in Dove Dale; and its Value as a Zone-fossil
Authors: Jackson Wilfred
Published: May 2009

During a recent examination of the Carboniferous Limestone in the Dove Dale district I have met with an abundance of Productus humerosus. This species is a common fossil in the cliffs extending for a distance of quite 2 miles from the top end of Nabs Dale to beyond Tissington Spires. It is most prolific at and near Reynard's Cave, where the shells occur in clusters, often cupped into each other.
I.—Cambrian Hyolithidæ, etc., from Hartshill in the Nuneaton District, Warwickshire
Authors: Cobbold E. S.
Published: May 2009

Professor Charles Lap Worth, in his “Sketch of the Geology of the Birmingham District”, gives a list of species (pp. 343 and 349) from “the Hyolite Limestone” and the associated shales as provisionally determined by Miss E. M. R. Wood (Mrs. Shakespeare). He referred the beds generally to the Lower Cambrian and paralleled them approximately with the fossiliferous beds of Comley, the details of which had not then been worked out. The present study of the Hyolithidæ, etc., of Woodlands Quarry, fully confirms the reference to the Lower Cambrian, and it would seem that the position of the Hyolite Limestone in the faunal sequence is near to or a little below that of the Olenellus and Grey Limestones of Comley at the local summit of the Lower Cambrian. The evidence of this is indirect, for no species has yet been identified from both localities, unless it be Micromitra labradorica, Billings sp. Nevertheless, the Hyolithidæ, etc., found in North America that are nearest to, or representative of, those of Hartshill, are there associated more or less intimately with a number of trilobites and brachiopods that find their representatives in the Comley Limestones.
IV.—Drake's Island, Plymouth
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

The main feature of the geology of Drake's Island is the association of volcanic rocks with marine limestone of Mid-Devonian age. The Geological Survey memoir by Mr. W. A. E. Ussher attributes the discovery of the volcanic rocks to Mr. R. N. Worth. Mr. Ussher leaves their precise nature, “whether lavas or tuffs,” somewhat in doubt, but states that they are “most certainly contemporaneous”. As a matter of fact both lava and tuff occur, and are definitely distinguishable.
V.—The Mineral Composition of the Lower Greensand Strata of Eastern England
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

The well-known section alongside the Great Northern Railway just north of Sandy Station shows a total thickness of about 50 feet of ferruginous sands with occasional concretionary ironstone bands, resting on the Oxford Clay. This is therefore the lowest portion of the Lower Greensand. Numerous specimens from different levels in the exposure have been collected and examined, but they were all found to be very similar, and as a matter of fact not very interesting, so that a short description will suffice.
III.—On a New Plesiosaur from the Oxford Clay
Authors: Smellie William R.
Published: May 2009

This Plesiosaur was collected from the Oxford Clay at Peterborough by A. N. Leeds, Esq., F.G.S., and was acquired for the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, by Professor J. W. Gregory. The specimen has many striking resemblances to Cryptocleidus oxoniensis, but detailed examination showed that it could not belong to that species, and the differences existing in the paddle, shoulder-girdle, number of vertebræ, and conditions of ossification are such that it cannot be retained in that genus as now defined. The paddle closely resembles that of Tricleidus, but the shoulder-girdle alone is sufficient to prevent the inclusion of the specimen in that genus. It seems advisable to create a new genus, and as it may be some time beforea full description can be published a preliminary account is here given.
IV.—Alpine, Lowland, and Jura Lakes in Switzerland
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S.
Published: May 2009

In the preceding paper I dealt with the five principal and zonal sub-Alpine lake basins in relation to their age and origin, while the object of the present one is to group and consider the more prominent of the smaller Swiss lakes which I have had repeatedly occasion to visit and examine. Omitting the high altitude lakes, such as the Merjelen and the Engadine Lakes, which I described in previous papers, as also the hundreds of lakelets disseminated throughout Switzerland, I shall confine myself to those lake basins from whose glacial or hydrographic features definite conclusions may be drawn. The illustrations (Sheets Nos. 1–4, Figs. I–X), having to cover the large area of Central and Northern Switzerland, are necessarily drawn to a small scale, but all particulars may be gleaned from the Swiss 1 : 25,000 contour map, to which the metric altitudes and dimensions in this paper correspond.
II.—Suggestions for a Revised Classification of Trilobites
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

In 1897 C. E. Beecher published his “Outline of a Natural Classification of the Trilobites”, which has since “proved superior to any previously proposed”. If early a score of years have passed since that time and many new Trilobites have been discovered, the majority of which fit into this system without difficulty and prove that to a large extent it is conceived on a sound basis. A few, however, do not fit in and have therefore revealed in it weaknesses, the existence of which tend to hinder the systematic study of Trilobites. In the following pages it is proposed to point out these weaknesses and to make suggestions for modifying and extending Beecher's system upon what it is hoped will prove to be natural lines.