bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Flexibility of Basic Risk Attitudes in Monkeys
Authors: Farashahi Shiva , Azab Habiba , Hayden Benjamin , Soltani Alireza
Published: April 2018

Monkeys and other animals appear to share with humans two risk attitudes predicted by prospect theory: an inverse-S-shaped probability-weighting (PW) function and a steeper utility curve for losses than for gains. These findings suggest that such preferences are stable traits with common neural substrates. We hypothesized instead that animals tailor their preferences to subtle changes in task contexts, making risk attitudes flexible. Previous studies used a limited number of outcomes, trial types, and contexts. To gain a broader perspective, we examined two large datasets of male macaques' risky choices: one from a task with real (juice) gains and another from a token task with gains and losses. In contrast to previous findings, monkeys were risk seeking for both gains and losses (i.e., lacked a reflection effect) and showed steeper gain than loss curves (loss seeking). Utility curves for gains were substantially different in the two tasks. Monkeys showed nearly linear PWs in one task and S-shaped ones in the other; neither task produced a consistent inverse-S-shaped curve. To account for these observations, we developed and tested various computational models of the processes involved in the construction of reward value. We found that adaptive differential weighting of prospective gamble outcomes could partially account for the observed differences in the utility functions across the two experiments and thus provide a plausible mechanism underlying flexible risk attitudes. Together, our results support the idea that risky choices are constructed flexibly at the time of elicitation and place important constraints on neural models of economic choice.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe respond in reliable ways to risk, but are our risk preferences stable traits or ephemeral states? Using various computational models, we examined two large datasets of macaque risky choices in two different tasks. We observed several deviations from “classic” risk preferences seen in humans and monkeys: no reflection effect, loss seeking as opposed to loss aversion, and linear and S-shaped, as opposed to inverse-S-shaped, probability distortion. These results challenge the idea that our risk attitudes are evolved traits shared with the last common ancestor of macaques and humans, suggesting instead that behavioral flexibility is the hallmark of risky choice in primates. We show how this flexibility can emerge partly as a result of interactions between attentional and reward systems.
Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Regulate the Vulnerability to Hypoxic Brain Damage
Authors: Poli Alessandro , Beraudi Alina , Villani Luigi , Storto Marianna , Battaglia Giuseppe , Di Giorgi Gerevini Valeria , Cappuccio Irene , Caricasole Andrea , D'Onofrio Mara , Nicoletti Ferdinando
Published: April 2018

We examined the expression of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in species of fish that differ for their vulnerability to anoxic brain damage. Although expression of mGlu1a and mGlu5 receptors was similar in the brain of all species examined, expression of mGlu2/3 receptors was substantially higher in the brain of anoxia-tolerant species (i.e., the carpCarassius carassiusand the goldfishCarassius auratus) than in the brain of species that are highly vulnerable to anoxic damage, such as the troutsSalmo truttaandOncorhynchus mykiss. This difference was confirmed by measuring the mGlu2/3 receptor-mediated inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in slices prepared from the telencephalon ofC. auratusandS. trutta. We exposed the goldfishC. auratusto water deprived of oxygen for 4 hr for the induction of hypoxic brain damage. Although the goldfish survived this treatment, the occurrence of apoptotic cell death could be demonstrated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling staining and by the assessment of caspase-3 activity in different brain region. The extent of cell death was highest in the medulla oblongata, followed by the optic tectum, cerebellum, and hypothalamus. No cell death was found in the telencephalon. This regional pattern of hypoxic damage was inversely related to the expression of mGlu2/3 receptors, which was lowest in the medulla oblongata and highest in the telencephalon. Treatment of the goldfish with the brain permeant mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) amplified anoxic damage throughout the brain and enabled the induction of cell death by anoxia in the telencephalon. In contrast, treatment of the goldfish with the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 (0.5 or 1 mg/kg, i.p.) was highly protective against anoxic brain damage. Finally, exposure to the antagonist LY341495 (0.5 μm) greatly amplified the release of glutamate induced by hypoxia in slices prepared from the medulla oblongata and the telencephalon of the goldfish. We conclude that expression of mGlu2/3 receptors provides a major defensive mechanism against brain damage in anoxia-tolerant species.
Retinoschisin, a Photoreceptor-Secreted Protein, and Its Interaction with Bipolar and Müller Cells
Authors: Reid Silvia N. M. , Yamashita Clyde , Farber Debora B.
Published: April 2018

Usually, photoreceptors interact with other retinal cells through the neurotransmitter glutamate. Here we describe a nonsynaptic interaction via a secreted protein, retinoschisin. Usingin situhybridization, we found that from early postnatal life retinoschisin mRNA is present only in the outer retina of the mouse, and with single-cell RT-PCR we demonstrated its localization in rod and cone photoreceptor cells but not in Müller cells. Western blot analyses of proteins from cultured ocular tissues and microdissected outer and inner retinas, as well as from the culture media of these samples, showed that retinoschisin is secreted from the photoreceptor cells. Immunostaining of permeabilized and nonpermeabilized dissociated retinal cells revealed that retinoschisin is mainly inside and outside the photoreceptors, outside bipolar cells, and associated with plasma membranes of Müller cells and inside their distal processes. Because we showed previously that retinoschisin is distributed all over the retina, our current data suggest that after synthesis and secretion by the photoreceptors, retinoschisin reaches the surface of retinal cells and mediates interactions/adhesion between photoreceptor, bipolar, and Müller cells, contributing to the maintenance of the cytoarchitectural integrity of the retina. These interactions may not occur when the gene encoding retinoschisin is mutated, as it occurs in X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, a disease that results in morphological and electrophysiological defects of the retina.
Presynaptic Depression of Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission by D1-Like Dopamine Receptor Activation in the Avian Basal Ganglia
Authors: Ding Long , Perkel David J. , Farries Michael A.
Published: April 2018

Vocal behavior in songbirds exemplifies a rich integration of motor, cognitive, and social functions that are shared among vertebrates. As a part of the underlying neural substrate, the song system, the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) is required for song learning and maintenance. The AFP resembles the mammalian basal ganglia–thalamocortical loop in its macroscopic organization, neuronal intrinsic properties, and microcircuitry. Area X, the first station in the AFP, is a part of the basal ganglia essential for vocal learning. It receives glutamatergic inputs from pallial structures and sends GABAergic outputs to thalamic structures. It also receives dense dopaminergic innervation from the midbrain. The role of this innervation is essentially unknown. Here we provide evidence that dopamine (DA) can modulate the glutamatergic inputs to spiny neurons in area X. In whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from neurons in brain slices of adult zebra finches, we found that activation of D1-like DA receptors depresses ionotropic glutamatergic synaptic current in area X spiny neurons. This effect is mediated by a presynaptic site of action, mimicked by activation of adenylyl cyclase, and blocked by protein kinase A inhibitor and an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that, in addition to altering the input–output function of spiny neurons by modulating their excitability, as we have shown previously, DA can directly influence the excitatory inputs to these neurons as well. Thus, DA can exert fine control over information processing through spiny neurons in area X, the dynamics of the AFP output, and ultimately song learning and maintenance.
PENGARUH KARET ALAM SIKLIK (CYCLIC NATURAL RUBBER) TERHADAP RONGGA ASPAL MODIFIKASI
Authors: Ritonga W. , Irfandi I.
Published: April 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karet alam siklik terhadap rongga aspal modifikasi. Tahapan peneltian meliputi pembuatan aspal modifikasi dengan menyampur aspal murni dengan karet alam siklik, pengujian persyaratan fisik aspal, pembuatan benda uji dan pengujian marshall. Berdasarkan pengujian sifat fisik aspal diperoleh data bahwa keseluruhan aspal modifikasi memenuhi persyaratan fisik aspal. Setelah pembuatan benda uji, dilakukan pengujian marshall untuk memperoleh rongga aspal meliputi VIM, VMA dan VFA. Nilai VIM pada penambahan 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, dan 4 phr adalah 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, dan 2,88%. Nilai VMA sebesar 15,52%, 17,26%, 16,07%, 15,80%, dan 15,17%. Nilai VFA sebesar 76,48%, 68,72%, 73,54%, 75,76%, dan 81,34%. Diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa karet alam siklik bisa dijadikan sebagai bahan memodifikasi aspal dan berpengaruh terhadap rongga aspal.This research aimed to determine the effect of cyclic natural rubber (CNR) to cavity of modified bitumen. The steps of the research were mixing the pure bitumen with CNR, testing bitumen physical requirement, making the specimen, and testing the cavity of modified bitumen with marshall method. Testing showed that all the modified bitumen met the physical requirement. After making specimen, marshall method was used to determine the cavity of bitumen, including VIM, VMA, and VFA. VIM in addition of 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, and 4 phr was 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, and 2,88%. The value of VMA was 15.52%, 17.26%, 16.07%, 15.80% and 15.17%. The value of VFA was 76.48%, 68.72%, 73.54%, 75.76% and 81.34%. The conclusion of this study was CNR could be used as material for bitumen modified and had the effect on bitumen cavity.
RADIATION SAFETY ANALYSIS OF NEUTRON COLIMATOR BASED ON NICKEL MATERIAL FOR PIERCING RADIAL BEAMPORT UTILIZATION OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR
Authors: Widarto W. , Trikasjono T. , Akbar F.
Published: April 2018

Radiation safety analysis of nickel material neutron colimator (as requirement) for pearcing radial beamport utilization of Kartini research reactor has been done before the neutron colimator instaled. The neutron collimator made of nickel material with cyllindrical geometry which is 156 cm length. The Inside and outside diameter are 16 cm and 19 cm respectively with mean cyllindrical thickness is 1.5 cm. Irradiation process to the neutron collimator begin when the reactor beeing operated for 6 (six) hours per day and assumed optimum at 100 kW power level. Results of the analysis showed that gamma dose rate which was generated by collimator at a distance of 50 cm from the end of the collimator is 1.5328e-03 mr/hours. The dose rate is still below the dose limit value which was required by Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) is 1 mr/hours. It can be concluded that utilization neutron colimator of nickel material which installed at the radial pierching beamport of Kartini Reactor is safelly.Telah dilakukan kajian analisis keselamatan paparan radiasi terhadap kolimator neutron (sebagai persyaratan) sebelum dipasang pada beamport tembus radial reaktor kartini. Kolimator neutron terbuat dari bahan nikel berbentuk silinder panjang 156 cm dengan diameter dalam 16 cm dan diameter luar 19 cm sehingga tebal silinder 1.5 cm. Proses iradiasi terhadap kolimator neutron terjadi pada saat reaktor dioperasikan pada suatu daya dan diasumsikan optimal pada daya 100 kw selama 6 jam dalam satu hari. Hasil analisis menunjukan laju dosis gamma yang dihasilkan kolimator pada jarak 50 cm dari ujung kolimator sebesar 1.5328e-03 mr/jam. Laju dosis tersebut masih dibawah nilai batas dosis yang ditetapkan oleh bapeten sebesar 1 mr/jam, sehingga penggunaan kolimator tersebut dalam batas aman
Improving of The Student Learning in Lectures of General Physics I by Collaborative Learning Model Based on Saintific Approach
Authors: Panggabean D. D. , Irfandi I. , Sinuraya J.
Published: April 2018

This research aim is improving the learning outcomes of the students on General Physics course I. This research was done at Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan. The Collaborative Learning Model is based on a Scientific Approach. There are three subject matters: Kinematics, Dynamics, Effort and Energy. A set of 20 multiple choice questions was used in each cycle as the instrument to measure the student's learning outcomes which had been predictively validated. Based on SPSS 17.0 analysis result, this instrument was declared valid and has had high reliability. For each cycle a pre-test and post-test were implemented. The result shows that there is a significant increase of student learning outcomes for each cycle in respect to the value of normalized gain.
Virtual Laboratory of Electricity Concept to Improve Prospective Physics Teachers� Creativity
Authors: Gunawan G. , Harjono A. , Sahidu H. , Herayanti L.
Published: April 2018

A virtual laboratory for electrical materials has been developed in this study. The virtual laboratory was developed as an alternative laboratory due to the limited equipment of physics experiments and simultaneously assisting students in visualizing abstract concepts in physics. This article discusses the results of testing on the effects of virtual laboratories on improving the creativity of prospective physics teachers. Measurable creativity includes verbal and figural creativity. The model testing process uses the quasi-experimental method. The participant of this research is prospective physics teachers in Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram. The research instrument used in the form of tests of verbal and figural creativity related to the electrical material being studied. The results showed that there is a difference in the improvement of prospective physics teachers creativity after learning in both groups. In general, the increase in creativity in the experimental group is higher than the control group. The increase in verbal and figural creativity of the two groups also differed significantly. In both groups, the increase of verbal creativity is higher than that of figural creativity. This suggested that the developed virtual lab model proved to enhance the creativity of prospective physics teachers.
Influence of Problem Based Learning Learning Model on Student Creative Thinking on Elasticity Topics A Material
Authors: Wartono W. , Diantoro M. , Bartlolona J. R.
Published: April 2018

The phenomenon in the classroom where teachers are still limited space to train and to improve students' creative thinking skills (CTS) on the topic of material elasticity is the main reason for this research. Information on improving students' creative thinking skills in material elasticity topics by implementing problem based learning model (PBL) in learning is also limited. Previous research has not revealed any effort related to improving students' creative thinking skills on material elasticity topics by comparing two different learning models. Therefore this study aims to reveal differences in student learning outcomes on material elasticity materials in PBL and conventional models. Based on the research results obtained information that students 'creative thinking skills scores using PBL model is higher compared with that of conventional learning. It also revealed at each meeting that the CTS indicator of students are always improve. It can be concluded that PBL is very effective in training and improving students' creative thinking skill in physics learning. Thus PBL can be recommended in improving students' creative thinking skills.
Development of Guided Inquiry-based Physics Teaching Materials to Increase Critical Thinking Skills of Highschool Students
Authors: Nisa E. K. , Jatmiko B. , Koestiari T.
Published: April 2018

This study aims to produce teaching materials based on inquiry physics to improve the critical thinking skills of high school students. This type of research is Research and Development and refers to the 4-D development model. This study was tested in class X. The results of this study obtained some findings include: 1) the validation of teaching materials obtained categories are very valid and reliable; 2) test legibility of physics teaching materials categorized high readability; and 3) N-gain improves students' critical thinking skills. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the guided inquiry-based physics teaching materials worthy of use in learning and can improve the critical thinking skills of high school students.
The Porosity Calculation of Various Types of Paper Using Image Analysis
Authors: Astuti N. H. , Wibowo N. A. , Ayub M. R. S. S. N.
Published: April 2018

The paper porosity study has been done by observing microscopically.The purpose is provide airborne porosity data on various paper types, so that we can rank the ability of liquid absorption on the same paper type. This porosity analysis is done by using ImageJ, with converting the image to binary, set the threshold limit, and clarify the watershed limit. The result of the porosity of filter paper A=51,50586 , B=18,30719 ,C=21,68076 ,D=29,72028 ; tissue paper A=9,174071 ,B=20,96931 ,C=32,76454 ; HVS paper A=23,31616 ,B=27,70944 . So it can be concluded that the ability of filter paper absorption A > filter paper D > filter paper C > filter paper B. Absorption ability tissue paper C > tissue paper B > tissue paper A. Absorption ability HVS B paper > HVS paper A. In general can be inferred that the higher the porosity value of the paper the greater ability to absorb liquids on paper.
Evaluation of lipid profile and its relationship with blood pressure in patients with Cushing’s disease
Authors: Qin Lang , Zhu Xiaoming , Liu Xiaoxia , Zeng Meifang , Tao Ran , Zhuang Yan , Zhou Yiting , Zhang Zhaoyun , Yang Yehong , Li Yiming , Wang Yongfei , Ye Hongying
Published: April 2018

Introduction

The purpose of the study was to describe lipid profile and explore pathogenetic role of LDL-c on hypertension in patients with Cushing’s disease (CD). Hypertension is a common feature in patients with CD. Previous study found low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) uptake in vascular cells might be involved in vascular remodeling in patients with CD. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between lipid profile and the blood pressure in patients with CD.

Methods

This retrospective study included 84 patients referred to Huashan Hospital for the evaluation and diagnosis of CD from January 2012 to December 2013. All subjects had detailed clinical evaluation by the same group of endocrinology specialists to avoid subjective influences.

Results

We found that high LDL-c patients had significant higher body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), and apolipoproteinB (apoB) (P < 0.05). An association was detected between SBP values and lipids profile including CHO, TG, LDL-c, apolipoproteinA (apoA), apoB and lipoprotein(a) (LP(a)). After adjustment for all covariates, the LDL-c remained positively associated with SBP. In patients with or without taking statins, patients with LDL-c ≥3.37 mmol/L had higher SBP than patients with LDL-c <3.37 mmol/L. Then, LDL-c was coded using restricted cubic splines (RCS) function with three knots located at the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of the distribution of LDL-c. Compared to individuals with 3.215 mmol/L of LDL-c, individuals with 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 mmol/L of LDL-c had differences of 3.86, 8.53 and 14.11 mmHg in SBP, respectively.

Conclusions

An independent association between LDL-c and SBP was found in patients with CD. We speculate that LDL-c may be a pathogenic factor for hypertension in those patients.
Podemos in the Regional Elections 2015: Online Campaign Strategies in Castile and León
Authors: Calvo Dafne , Renedo Farpón Cristina , Díez- Garrido María
Published: April 2018

Internet has revolutionized many aspects in the way that political parties communicate. The Network has induced a complete transformation of the political strategies used during election campaigns to spread their message to the electorate. Politicians use social networks and digital platforms to promote their messages and to communicate with citizens during these periods of time. Facebook has proven to be one of the most effective networks in this regard. The party Podemos was born in 2014 in Spain, surrounded by a deep economic, institutional and political crisis. This political party promises to be a real hope to the negative situation of the country. In the recent years, Podemos has aroused the interest of social scientists because of the innovative way they use social networks. This paper explores the cybercampaign strategies that Podemos used during the 2015 Castile and León regional elections, a region where the population is very different from the party’s average voter. To this end, a quantitative analysis of their activity on Facebook and their website was made during the regional election campaign. The results of this study allow us to observe an ordinary use of the digital tools by Podemos that highlights the engagement achieved with users in Facebook.
The Inordinate Activities of Boko Haram: a Critical Review of Facts and Challenges
Authors: Ogbonna Chidiebere C. , Ruiz Jiménez Jose Ángel
Published: April 2018

The insecurity caused by Boko Haram’s insurgency is among the primary challenges faced by Nigeria. The group’s activities in the North have resulted in thousands of casualties, the displacement of more than one million people, the destruction of hundreds of schools, mosques, churches and government establishments and have ravaged the economy of the region. The nefarious actions of the sect even undermine the existence of the country as a single sovereign political territory. In fact, the group’s appalling operations made it the deadliest terrorist organization worldwide in 2015. The dynamics, sophistication and boldness of the sect’s actions have raised fundamental questions about national security and governance. In March 2015 the faction, through its leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and further declared that territories under its control belong to the Islamic State and will be governed under orthodox Islamic Sharia law. The authors contend that economic deprivation and want, poverty, illiteracy, inequality and corruption are among the principal factors propelling Boko Haram’s violent rampage across northern Nigeria. This study investigates the activities of the sect, whilst underscoring the need for a permanent solution to terrorism and insurgency in.
Variation in dietary cation-anion differences (DCAD) of feed ingredients in relation to milk fever disease in dairy cattle
Authors: Al-Rabadi Ghaid , Al-Hijazeen Marwan
Published: April 2018

Milk fever is an important disease that affect lactating cow due to the shortage of calcium circulation after parturition. Incidence of milk fever can be minimized by changing diet acidity/alkalinity before parturition to enhance Ca release of bone, and minimizing it excretion through several regulatory mechanisms. However, cow’s regulatory mechanisms are inadequate in its ability to satisfy the increased metabolic requirement of calcium. Many formulas have been suggested in literature for calculating Dietary Cation-Anion Differences (DCAD) in attempts to acidify diets to minimize the incidence of milk fever. Thus, selection of feed ingredients, and used formula (DCAD below 0 mEq/kg) are important when formulating diet to reach appropriate acidification of the cows’ blood. The aim of current study is to characterize and to measure DCAD of different feed ingredients (Listed in: National Research Council (NRC, 2001)) using the most used equations reported in the literature which are highly correlated with the incidence of milk fever. Tabulated DCAD values showed that the ability of most forages to cause acidification of the cow is not possible and few feed ingredients possessed mild-strong acidic effect. However, using ingredients with acidic effect have nutritional and economic limitations especially in dairy diets. This screening study showed that mostly used feed ingredients in Jordan possess alkaline effect. The magnitude of DCAD1 ((Na++ K+) + (Cl-)), DCAD2 ((Na++ K+) + (Cl-+ S-2)) and DCAD3 ((Na++ K+) + (Cl-+ 0.6S-2)) of different feed ingredients mainly used in Jordan ranged from 93.5 - 592.7 mEq/kg, 31.2 - 349.5 mEq/kg, and 56.1 - 446.8 mEq/kg, respectively. Thus, incorporation of acidifying ingredients is necessary when feeding dry cows without compromising feed intake when cows fed under Jordanian conditions. Several nutritional strategies have been suggested to acidify complete diet, and positively enhance Ca releasing from bones to decrease the possibility occurring milk fever in dairy cows.
Anatomical leaves characteristics of Quercus rubra L. and Quercus robur L. and stand density
Authors: Kryvoruchko A. P. , Bessonova V. P.
Published: April 2018

The influence of growing of Quercus rubra L. trees in the groups and solitary on leaf indices and their anatomical structure in comparison with indigenous species Quercus rоbur L. under the same conditions was investigated. The bigger area of leaves and their green weight in plants of both species growing in groups is revealed. Both Q. rubra and Q. rоbur leaf cuticle thickness is increasing with solitary growth, while in Q. rubra also increasing the height of the cells of the adaxial epidermis; in Q. rоbur, such changes have not been established. Under conditions of solitary growth of trees, the density of stomata per unit area of the epidermis is greater in both Q. robur and Q. rubra, relative to data from these plants growing in the groups by 30.6% in the first and by 25.3% in the second species. In single trees, there are a decrease in their size. For solitary landing, the length of cells of the palisade mesophyll is greater in the leaves of both tree species, but their width is reduced. The width of the palisade tissue of leaves in Q. rubra is greater in single trees than in groups of plants, while Q. robur has the same pattern, but the difference between the variants is greater (25.89%). Both spongy parenchyma of leaves of Q. rubra growing solitary and growing in groups has not difference in size, but in Q. robur there is some thickening of it by 10.16%. Indicators of the relation of the size of the palisade parenchyma to the spongy parenchyma in both species on the two sites are almost identical. In single trees of both species due to the greater shortage of air and soil moisture, some anatomic-morphological parameters change in the direction of xeromorphism, which can be considered as adaptive.
Гетерогенність популяцій гризунів на термінальних фазах динаміки щільності
Authors: Myakushko S. A.
Published: April 2018

The population structure of populations of two vole species (Myodes glareolus Schreber, 1780 and Microtus subterraneus de
Selys-Longchamps, 1836) were analyzed towards the peaks and depressions of their dynamics of density. Field researches were
conducted throughout the first half of summer during 2000-2013. The sample was more than 800 individuals.
Reactions of populations of rodents to changes of living conditions during dynamics of the population are provided with speciesspecific
reorganizations of sex and age structure. On the basis of allocation of functional and physiological groups, comparison
of their contribution to changes of density of populations is carried out. Specifics of this approach consist that at allocation of
such groups as criterion the similarity of a functional condition of individuals connected with features of growth, development
and unity of a reproductive state is accepted.
Changes of living conditions during dynamics of population density, cause realization of species-specific population reactions
are being show. In population of a bank vole delay of intensity of reproduction in years of density peaks is reached due to
preservation of a considerable share of the wintered individuals. It is followed by simplification of age structure and change of
a sex ratio towards prevalence of females. The analysis of coefficients of a reproduction shows that the wintered individuals
provide 1/3 population increase. In years of the low density of an intensification of reproduction the maximum realization of
biotic potential of young animals promotes. Also as the buffer a large number of individuals who will enter at reproduction the
next year remains.
In population of pine vole the priority mechanism of regulation of reproduction is the effective date variation in a reproduction
of bulk of representatives of spring and summer generation. In the conditions of an overpopulation (density peak) the share of
animals who don't breed is maximum and exceeds quantity of breeding almost twice. The wintered individuals aren't enough
and they don't provide such essential contribution to a reproduction as at a bank vole. In depression phases the quantity of the
breeding voles of the current year of birth more than twice increases, they provide the further growth of population.
The effect of strategic management to minimize pollution for oil refinery (the case of Tehran oil refinery)
Authors: Kianous Atoosa , Karimzadegan Hasan
Published: April 2018

With increasing rates of pollution in major cities, the various concerns that arise from implementing an environmental project are on the rise, while large industries such as oil refining often have adverse effects on the environment. Therefore, the present study examines the effects of strategic management on pollution reduction caused by oil refining processes. This is a descriptive-case study. A practical purpose was conducted in year 2017. The realm of Tehran Oil Refinery Research, and the statistical population of this research, consisted of senior experts, group presidents, and refinery managers employed in the Tehran Oil Refinery, which numbered 35 people. This study, based on cluster sampling. The Delphi method was used to design and prepare the questionnaire. The questionnaires were used to identify and weigh the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The validity of the questionnaire was verified using Lavshe method and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was approved. Identification and analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were performed based on SWOT. In the final analysis, Friedman test was used to determine the significance of each item. All information was analyzed by SPSS software version 18 and the best strategy was determined using a quantitative evaluation matrix. According to the findings of the study, the existence of a strategic plan in the refinery could reduce the pollution from oil refining processes in the Tehran refinery, occupational diseases due to the lack of appropriate protective equipment for Tehran refinery workers. Future development of the plans could reduce pollution from refinery processes in Tehran refinery and destruction of vegetation and land degradation. Strategic management and SWOT approach can be used by using internal capabilities and strengths to exploit foreign opportunities, eliminate internal weaknesses and avoid external threats.
Ecological analysis of natural ventilated facade system and its performance in Tehran's climate
Authors: Mahdavinejad Mohammadjavad , Mohammadi Sahar
Published: April 2018

Façade as the most outer part of building has very important role in building’s energy exchange and its thermal comfort.

Using of ventilated facade have been increased due to its positive points, including aesthetics, energy saving and sustainable approach so it is important to study its compatible in different climate conditions. In the present study to evaluate the effectiveness of this technology in Iran’s climate compared to conventional systems as well as the effect of other factors in improving its performance, five models of a building with different situations have been modeled in Design Builder software and samples were examined in terms of the amount of energy needed to achieve comfort conditions. The result was that buildings with ventilation facades use 40% less energy than the building with conventional facade system. Its effectiveness in improving the cooling performance is better than its performance in the heat and its performance in the southern facade and areas that are exposed to direct sunlight looks much better. Factors such as the effect of height and number of floors also have an impact on system performance.
Сезонні ритми розвитку Hyssopus officinalis за культивування в умовах Житомирського Полісся
Authors: Kotyuk L. A. , Shvaika O. V.
Published: April 2018

The duration of phenological phases of 1-7-yeats-old Hyssopus officinalis and its seasonal rhythms depending on the abiotic conditions of growth are established. It has been proved that hyssop belongs to late species by the terms of regrowth, the spring phase of which begins with the establishment of stable heat in April-May. The hyssop is attributed to the summer flowering plants, the flowering is the longest phase, and mass flowering is registered in July-August. Hyssop is a spring-summer-autumn-green plants, which begin the vegetation in spring, and in autumn they stay under the snow in green. Climatic conditions during the years of research were marked by temperature and precipitation fluctuations that affected the duration of the growing season and individual phenophases. First year seedlings of H. officinalis had the period of intensive growth and development from sowing to a period of rest was 159 days, whereas in Zhytomyr Polissya the sum of active temperatures was 2610 °С and sum of effective temperatures – 1180 °С. For 2-7-year-old hyssops the period from the spring regeneration to the death of the blooming plants and the formation of seeds lasted an average for 144 days (from 133 days in 2010 to 147 days in 2014). The range of temperatures required for the entire period was insignificant: active - from 2548.2 °C (2011) to 2696.3 °C (2012); effective - from 1152 °C (2009) to 1402.2 °C (2010). Compared with other phenological phases during the blooming period, plants require considerably more heat. The water scarcity did not affect significant on the duration of H. officinalis season rhythms. It is shown that to complete the development cycle of H. officinalis from the total amount of active temperatures was spent on average: for germination of seeds and spring regrowth – 5.9%, for stem formation phase – 13.5%, budding – 22.11%, blooming – 29.5%, fruiting – 16.5%, seeds maturation and pedicels dying – 12.6%; effective temperatures, respectively - 5.2%, 11.9%, 22%, 32.6%, 17.7%, 10.5%. The climatic conditions of Ukrainian Polissya allow to obtain hyssop plant raw material during one growing season, that indicates the adaptation of the species to the new conditions of growth.                
Індикаторна роль ферментів нітратного обміну в умовах екологічних змін стану навколишнього середовища
Authors: Vasilyuk O.M. , Pakhomov A.Y.
Published: April 2018

The paper reflects analyzes of Cd impact on the total activity (nM pyruvic acid/ml s) of aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1) nitrogen metabolism in Glechoma hederacea L. leaves subject (as model) which dominated in the research area (in natural floodplain oak with Stellaria holostea L.) in conditions of Cd pollution (as anthropogenic press) and digging activity by Mammalia (as biotic action, with Talpa europaea L., European mole, as model),) and their combine action. The Cd was introduced in the form of salts Cd(NO3)2 in the concentrations: 0.25, 1.25 and 2,5 g/m2, equivalent to the inclusion of Cd in 1,5 and 10 doses of MAC on experimental sites. When adding Cd, the content of doses (5 mg/kg soil MAC of Cd) was taken into account. It was founded the increasing of the AST activity on 26% (with adding the Cd salts at a dose of 1 МAС and digging activity by Talpa europaea L) according to control (1 MAC Cd), witch it proved the non-specific reaction on stress. With Cd concentration 5 and 10 MAC we observed the repression of the enzymes activity according to controls (5 and 10 MAC Cd) on 10% and 50% in accordance. The protective properties by T. europaea L. hadn’t positive results. The transferase enzyme activity according to another control (the area, is without pollution of Cd and digging activity by T. europaea L.) reflected the increasing AST enzyme activity from 166% tо 218% (in presence 1 and 5 MAC Cd) and reduction around 46% (in presence 10 MAC Cd). The digging activity by T. europaea L. lowered the toxic metal effect and the normalisation of the nitrogen metabolism by increasing the activity of AST from 55% to 266%, from 318% to 291% (AST, 1 та 5 MAC Cd). The digging activity by Mammalia did not contribute the metal toxic effect under the Cd 10 MAC. Thus, using the different representatives of zoocoenosis promotes improvement in the Steppe Dnieper at low concentrations of the factor has been revealed.
The wild pear (Pyrus L., Rosaceae) species in the flora of Azerbaijan Republic
Authors: Ibrahimov A. M. , Matsyura A. V.
Published: April 2018

The article provides information about wild pears spread in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It has been revealed that currently 21 species of wild pears belonging to the Pyrus L. genus are known in the flora of Azerbaijan. 17 species of them have been spread in the area of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Pyrus zangеzura Malееv., P. vоrоnоvii Rubtz., P. gеоrgica Kuth., P. demetrii Kuth., P. fedorovii Kuth., P. psuеdоsyriaca Gladkоva., P. chosrovica Gladkova., P. mеgrica Gladkоva, P.caucasica var. schuntukеnsis Tuz., P. salicifolia var. angustifolia Kuth., P. salicifolia var. latifolia Alexenko species have been given firstly for the flora of Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. As a result of climate change and anthropogenic factors in recent years in the Autonomous Republic considering the wild pears of Pyrus boissieriana Buhse (CR A2 abc; C1), P. eldarica Grossh. (CR A2 abc; C1), P. grossheimii Fed. (CR A4 cd; C1), P. hyrcana Fed. (CR A2 abc; C1), P. salicifolia Pall. (NT), P.vsevolodii Heidemann (NT) species rareness and endangering they have been included the Red Book of Azerbaijan, P. mеdvеdеvii Rubtz. (NT), P. syriaca Bоiss. (NT), P. zangеzura Malееv. (VU B1a(i)c(ii); C2a(i)), P. raddеana Wоrоnоw (VU B1a(i)c(ii); C2a(i)), P. vоrоnоvii Rubtz. (VU B1a(i)c(ii); C2a(i)), P. mеgrica Gladkоva (VU B1a(i)c(ii); C2a(i)) species have also been included the Red Book of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.
Морфо-анатомічні показники хвої Pinus pallasiana D. Don. у різних лісорослинних умовах протиерозійного насадження
Authors: Bessonova V. , Iusypiva Т.
Published: April 2018

The paper studies morpho-anatomical parameters of the needles of Pinus pallasiana D. Don. in different forest growth conditions of the antierosion afforestation in the steppe Prydniprovya. The research objects are 25-27-year-old plants, which grow in cross-sectional rows on the northern slope of wooded ravine Viyskovyi. The test Plots differ in forest growth conditions especially in the extent of water supply.In spite of the relatively high drought tolerance of P. pallasiana, such morphometric indices of needles as length, width and thickness are reduced in dry forest conditions. Quantitative changes in a number of indicators of the structural elements of the anatomical structure of the needles indicate adaptive changes to the lack of moisture. The formation of needles in dry forest conditions causes the formation of a thicker cuticle, an increase in the thickness of the cells of the epidermis and the hypodermis (radially in the transverse section), which reduces the loss of moisture. However, reducing the size of the conducting beams limits both the flow of water into the needle and the outflow of assimilates. In arid growing conditions, the number of resin canals in needles is reduced compared to plants of thalweg, the layer of folded parenchyma, both the adaxial and abaxial parts of the needles, is thinned.
Влияние технологии возделывания яровой мягкой пшеницы, гороха и рапса на водный режим почвы и урожайность
Authors: Belyaev V.I. , Meinel Т. , Grunevald K. , Sokolova L.V. , Kuznetsov V.N. , Matsyura A.V.
Published: April 2018

We performed field research with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the technology of spring soft wheat, pea and rape cultivation in the GPR “Timiryazevsky” in the Mamontovsky District of the Altai Territory within the framework of the international research project "Kulunda" in 2013-2016. The technological process of crop cultivation in the rotation of wheat-pea-wheat-rape was chosen as an object of research. The subject of the study was the interrelation of technology of cultivation of crops, water regime of soil and yield. Variable factors in the experiment for each culture were the methods of autumn soil cultivation, pre-sowing treatment and sowing aggregates. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, a tendency has been found to reduce the specific consumption of moisture with a decrease in the intensity of autumn soil cultivation, as well as variants of agricultural technologies with a maximum crop yield of the studied crops has been found.
Pobożność maryjna św. Jadwigi Śląskiej na tle ówczesnej epoki
Authors: Nowak Paweł
Published: April 2018

Na duchowość św. Jadwigi – księżnej śląskiej wpływ wywarły trzy wielkie zakony wczesnego średniowiecza: benedyktyni, cystersi i franciszkanie. Jadwiga w młodości została wychowana w benedyktyńskim klasztorze w Kitzingen. Wraz z mężem ufundowała cysterski klasztor w Trzebnicy, według reguły którego żyła po śmierci męża, a jej spowiednikiem był zakonnik franciszkański. Maryjna duchowość tych trzech zakonów znalazła odzwierciedlenie w kulcie Matki Bożej w życiu św. Jadwigi.Księżna śląska czciła Matkę Bożą poprzez modlitwę do niej, fundowanie kościołów i ołtarzy ku jej czci. W sposób szczególny oddawała Maryi cześć, nosząc przy sobie jej figurkę bądź też obraz. Tekst łaciński Legenda maior nie wskazuje jednoznacznie, czy była to figurka. Jednak analiza tego tekstu i zwyczajów, które panowały we wczesnym średniowieczu, pozwala na stwierdzenie, że była to figurka Matki Bożej.
Sönümsüz gürültü transfer fonksiyonunun hesaplanması
Authors: Oktav Akın
Published: April 2018

Mühendislik yapılarında gürültü iletimi yapısal yolla, hava
yoluyla veya ikisinin birleşimi şeklinde gerçekleşmektedir. Gürültü iletiminin
tanılanmasında deneysel metot kullanımı yaygındır. Deneysel çalışmalarda tercih
edilen başlıca metot ise kaynak–iletim yolu–alıcı yaklaşımıdır. Gürültü
transfer fonksiyonları bu metot ile ölçülmektedir. Yapısal yolla gürültü
iletimi, bir binanın duvarındaki, bir köprünün tabliyesindeki veya bir aracın
tabanındaki titreşimlerle oluşabilir. Verilen örneklerdeki yapısal titreşimlerin
hiç birinin sönümlemeden azade olmadığı açıktır. Dolayısıyla, ölçülen gürültü
transfer fonksiyonları sönümleme bilgisini de içermektedir. Bu çalışmada,
gürültü transfer fonksiyonlarından sönümleme bilgisinin ayrıştırılması için
analitik bir çözüm önerilmektedir. Sönümleme verisi ekseriyetle mevcut
olmadığından, gürültünün modellenmesi ve azaltılmasına dönük bilgisayar
benzetimi çalışmalarında sönümsüz hesaplamalı modeller kullanılmaktadır.
Hesaplamalı ve deneysel modellerin ikisinin de sönümsüz olması, yüksek
ilgileşim katsayılarına erişilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.
On the Benefits of Universal Banks: Concurrent Lending and Corporate Bond Underwriting
Authors: Anenberg Elliot , Church Maggie , Grundl Serafin , Kim You Suk
Published: April 2018

In this note, we explore whether "universal banks" provide value to firms through their ability to provide both lending and underwriting services.
Review of Comparison Studies Investigating Bilingualism and Bilingual Instruction for Students with Disabilities
Authors: Cheatham Gregory A. , Santos Rosa Milagros , Kerkutluoglu Ayfer
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this article is to provide a narrative review of comparison studies regarding the impacts of bilingualism and interventions including the home and second language for students with disabilities. Although research is limited, preliminary findings from existing studies illustrate that bilingualism does not negatively impact language or academic abilities for students with disabilities. Additionally, researchers suggest that instruction in and through the home and second language does not negatively impact language and academic abilities of students with disabilities assessed within these studies. We conclude with a discussion of steps forward, given that acceptance and promotion of bilingualism cannot only be effective for students with disabilities but also is a component of culturally and linguistically appropriate services for bilingual students with disabilities.
Calculating and plotting size range of morphological structures v1
Authors: Ordynets Alexander , Denecke Jonathan
Published: April 2018

Summarising measurements data into table and figure formats.
Calculating tolerance intervals for the size of measurable objects v1
Authors: Ordynets Alexander
Published: April 2018

Tolerance intervals are hypothetical intervals within which a specified portion of all existing mean values lie. Mean value in this case is an average size of objects measures from a single individual.
Plotting phylogenetic tree with branch supports from two phylogenetic analyses v1
Authors: Ordynets Alexander
Published: April 2018

Displaying branch supports from two phylogeneticanalyses on a single phylogenetic tree in R.
Homemade Gibson Mastermix v1
Authors: Behle Anna
Published: April 2018

Recipe for homemade 1.33 x Gibson Mastermix.
Quick Protocol for Monarch® Total RNA Miniprep Kit (NEB #T2010) v1
Authors: England Biolabs New
Published: April 2018

Quick Protocol for Monarch® Total RNA Miniprep Kit (NEB #T2010). Quickly and easily purify up to 100 µg of high-quality total RNA from multiple sample types – all with one kit! For use with blood, cells and tissues Also works with tough to lyse samples (bacteria, yeast, plant) Effectively purifies total RNA of all sizes, including small RNAs >20 nt Efficient genomic DNA removal (column and DNase I-based) Contains Proteinase K for processing of tissues and blood samples Includes RNA Protection Reagent for sample preservation Excellent value Kit components available separately
Colagens de futebol / Fußballcollagen [imagem]
Authors: Augustin Michael
Published: April 2018

A revista FuLiA / UFMG apresenta esta sensacional e inventiva série composta de seis desenhos sobre papel que representam o futebol de maneira deslocada da situação comum de jogo.
Entre sinos e atabaques [narrativa]
Authors: Cornelsen Elcio
Published: April 2018

A revista FuLiA / UFMG apresenta  o belo conto em que o Elcio Cornelsen “se debruça sobre as relações entre o futebol e a religião, tomando como fio condutor as experiências de um garoto no dia da lendária final do Campeonato Paulista de 1977, quando o Corinthians sagrou-se campeão após um jejum de mais de 22 anos”.