bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proof of CMB-driven X-ray brightening of high-z radio galaxies
Authors: Hodges-Kluck Edmund , Gallo Elena , Ghisellini Gabriele , Haardt Francesco , Wu Jianfeng , Ciardi Benedetta
Published: May 2021

We present a definitive assessment of the role of inverse Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons (IC/CMB) in the context of radio galaxies. Owing to the steep increase of the CMB radiation energy density, IC/CMB is supposed to become progressively more important with respect to radio synchrotron cooling as the redshift increases. For typical energies at play, this process will up-scatter the CMB photons into the X-ray band, and is thus expected to yield a redshift-dependent, concurrent X-ray brightening and radio dimming of the jet-powered structures. Here, we show how a conclusive proof of this effect hinges on high-resolution imaging data in which the extended lobes can be distinguished from the compact hotspots where synchrotron self-Compton dominates the X-ray emission regardless of redshift. We analyse Chandra and Very Large Array data of 11 radio galaxies between $1.3 \lesssim z \lesssim 4.3$, and demonstrate that the emission from their lobes is fully consistent with the expectations from IC/CMB in equipartition. Once the dependence on size and radio luminosity are properly accounted for, the measured lobe X-ray luminosities bear the characteristic ∝(1 + z)4 proportionality expected of a CMB seed radiation field. Whereas this effect can effectively quench the (rest-frame) GHz radio emission from $z \gtrsim 3$ radio galaxies below ${\lesssim}$1 mJy, IC/CMB alone cannot be responsible for a deficit in high-z, radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) if – as we argue – such AGNs typically have bright, compact hotspots.
Cosmic rays and non-thermal emission in simulated galaxies − I. Electron and proton spectra compared to Voyager-1 data
Authors: Werhahn Maria , Pfrommer Christoph , Girichidis Philipp , Puchwein Ewald , Pakmor Rüdiger
Published: May 2021

Current-day cosmic ray (CR) propagation studies use static Milky Way models and fit parametrized source distributions to data. Instead, we use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of isolated galaxies with the moving-mesh code arepo that self-consistently accounts for hydrodynamic effects of CR protons. In post-processing, we calculate their steady-state spectra, taking into account all relevant loss processes. We show that this steady-state assumption is well justified in the disc and generally for regions that emit non-thermal radio and gamma rays. Additionally, we model the spectra of primary electrons, accelerated by supernova remnants, and secondary electrons and positrons produced in hadronic CR proton interactions with the gas. We find that proton spectra above 10 GeV only weakly depend on galactic radius, while they acquire a radial dependence at lower energies due to Coulomb interactions. Radiative losses steepen the spectra of primary CR electrons in the central galactic regions, while diffusive losses dominate in the outskirts. Secondary electrons exhibit a steeper spectrum than primaries because they originate from the transported steeper CR proton spectra. Consistent with Voyager-1 and AMS-02 data, our models (i) show a turnover of proton spectra below GeV energies due to Coulomb interactions so that electrons start to dominate the total particle spectra and (ii) match the shape of the positron fraction up to 10 GeV. We conclude that our steady-state CR modelling in MHD CR galaxy simulations is sufficiently realistic to capture the dominant transport effects shaping their spectra, arguing for a full MHD treatment to accurately model CR transport in the future.
An appraisal of trials investigating the effects on macular pigment optical density of lutein and zeaxanthin dietary interventions: a narrative review
Authors: Fitzpatrick Naomi , Chachay Veronique , Bowtell Joanna , Jackman Sarah , Capra Sandra , Shore Angela , Briskey David
Published: May 2021

Lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z), xanthophylls obtained from the diet, are deposited in the macula of the eye. The macular concentration of L/Z is quantifiable as macular pigment optical density (MPOD). The aim of this review was to critically appraise the effect on MPOD of increasing L/Z intake by dietary intervention in adults. Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Cinahl were searched up to April 2020. Ten studies investigating populations with and without age-related macular degeneration were included. MPOD increased significantly in 2 of the 8 controlled studies. Studies varied largely in the prescribed dietary L/Z dosage, duration, and participant characteristics. No relationships between types of dietary L/Z interventions and MPOD response could be determined. Limited monitoring of habitual dietary L/Z intake was identified as a major limitation of all 10 studies. Habitual dietary L/Z intake should be closely monitored in future studies to account for their effects on MPOD response to dietary L/Z interventions.
Bimodules of Banach Space Nest Algebras
Authors: Duarte LuÍs , Oliveira Lina
Published: May 2021

We extend to Banach space nest algebras the theory of essential supports and support function pairs of their bimodules, thereby obtaining Banach space counterparts of long-established results for Hilbert space nest algebras. Namely, given a Banach space nest algebra $\mathcal{A}$, we characterize the maximal and the minimal $\mathcal{A}$-bimodules having a given essential support function or support function pair. These characterizations are complete except for the minimal $\mathcal{A}$-bimodule corresponding to a support function pair, in which case we make some headway. We also show that the weakly closed bimodules of a Banach space nest algebra are exactly those that are reflexive operator spaces. To this end, we crucially prove that reflexive bimodules determine uniquely a certain class of admissible support functions.
Managing Plant Microbiomes for Sustainable Biofuel Production
Authors: Zhalnina Kateryna , Hawkes Christine , Shade Ashley , Firestone Mary K. , Pett-Ridge Jennifer
Published: May 2021

The development of environmentally sustainable, economical, and reliable sources of energy is one of the great challenges of the 21st century. Large-scale cultivation of cellulosic feedstock crops (henceforth, bioenergy crops) is considered one of the most promising renewable sources for liquid transportation fuels. However, the mandate to develop a viable cellulosic bioenergy industry is accompanied by an equally urgent mandate to deliver not only cheap reliable biomass but also ecosystem benefits, including efficient use of water, nitrogen, and phosphorous; restored soil health; and net negative carbon emissions. Thus, sustainable bioenergy crop production may involve new agricultural practices or feedstocks and should be reliable, cost effective, and minimal input, without displacing crops currently grown for food production on fertile land. In this editorial perspective for the Phytobiomes Journal Focus Issue on Phytobiomes of Bioenergy Crops and Agroecosystems, we consider the microbiomes associated with bioenergy crops, the effects beneficial microbes have on their hosts, and potential ecosystem impacts of these interactions. We also address outstanding questions, major advances, and emerging biotechnological strategies to design and manipulate bioenergy crop microbiomes. This approach could simultaneously increase crop yields and provide important ecosystem services for a sustainable energy future.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Contrasting Maize Inbred Lines Provides Insights on Molecular Mechanisms of Stalk Rot Resistance
Authors: Salcedo Andres , Al-Haddad Jameel , Buell C. Robin , Trail Frances , Góngora-Castillo Elsa , Quesada-Ocampo Lina
Published: May 2021

Maize stalk rot caused by Fusarium graminearum can lead to severe losses and accumulation of mycotoxins with detrimental effects on livestock health. Because few management strategies are available, the development of resistant varieties is considered the most cost-effective way to control the disease. However, the stalk-tissue-specific mechanisms underlying resistance to F. graminearum remain poorly understood, although it is believed to be strongly influenced by environmental factors. In this study, we performed a temporal transcriptome analysis of two maize inbred lines with contrasting responses to stalk rot using gene expression profiling. We observed differential downregulation of gene expression during the first 2 weeks in a resistant inbred line inoculated with F. graminearum. Time-course gene ontology enrichment analysis suggests that resistance may be caused by a modulation of gene expression associated with redox homeostasis, hormone biosynthesis, cytoskeleton activity, and cell wall remodeling. We validated our gene expression profiling data by measuring the expression of 10 differentially expressed genes using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Our analyses also revealed the effect of two environmental conditions with contrasting temperatures and relative humidity on the resistant phenotype and gene expression. This research expands our knowledge of molecular events underlying resistance to stalk rot and the effect of environmental conditions on the disease interaction. Our findings can be exploited for the development of resistant varieties.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Effect of Nurse Practitioner Interventions on Hospitalizations in the Community Transitions Intervention Trial
Authors: Osakwe Zainab Toteh , Barrón Yolanda , McDonald Margaret V. , Feldman Penny H.
Published: May 2021

Background

Despite improvements in hypertension treatment in the United States, Black and Hispanic individuals experience poor blood pressure control and have worse hypertension-related outcomes compared to Whites.

Objective

The aim of the study was to determine the effect on hospitalization of supplementing usual home care (UHC) with two hypertension-focused transitional care interventions—one deploying nurse practitioners (NPs) and the other NPs plus health coaches.

Methods

We examined post hoc the effect of two hypertension-focused NP interventions on hospitalizations in the Community Transitions Intervention trial—a three-arm, randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of (a) UHC with (b) UHC plus a 30-day NP transitional care intervention or (c) UHC plus NP plus 60-day health coach intervention.

Results

The study comprised 495 participants: mean age = 66 years; 57% female; 70% Black, non-Hispanic; 30% Hispanic. At the 3- and 12-month follow-up, all three groups showed a significant decrease in the average number of hospitalizations compared to baseline. The interventions were not significantly different from UHC.

Conclusion

The results of this post hoc analysis show that, during the study period, decreases in hospitalizations in the intervention groups were comparable to those in UHC, and deploying NPs provided no detectable value added. Future research should focus on testing ways to optimize UHC services.
Pain Behaviors and Pharmacological Pain Management Among Newly Admitted Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Mbrah Attah K. , Bova Carol , Jesdale Bill M. , Nunes Anthony P. , Lapane Kate L.
Published: May 2021

Background

Clinicians may place more weight on vocal complaints of pain than the other pain behaviors when making decisions about pain management.

Objectives

We examined the association between documented pain behaviors and pharmacological pain management among nursing home residents.

Methods

We included 447,684 residents unable to self-report pain, with staff-documented pain behaviors (vocal, nonverbal, facial expressions, protective behaviors) and pharmacological pain management documented on the 2010–2016 Minimum Data Set 3.0. The outcome was no pharmacological pain medications, as needed only (pro re nata [PRN]), as scheduled only, or as scheduled with PRN medications. We estimated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multinomial logistic models.

Results

Relative to residents with vocal complaints only, those with one pain behavior documented (i.e., nonverbal, facial, or protective behavior) were more likely to lack pain medication versus scheduled and PRN medications. Residents with multiple pain behaviors documented were least likely to have no treatment relative to scheduled with PRN medications, PRN only, or scheduled only pain medication regimens.

Discussion

The type and number of pain behaviors observed are associated with pharmacological pain management regimen. Improving staff recognition of pain among residents unable to self-report is warranted in nursing homes.
Study Protocol Modeling Evoked Pain in Older African Americans With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Booker Staja Q. , Starkweather Angela , Manini Todd M. , Staud Roland , Fillingim Roger B.
Published: May 2021

Background

African American (AA) older adults with knee osteoarthritis experience more severe chronic pain and advanced physical disability. One of the most prominent stimuli that provokes knee pain is movement. Research suggests that, compared to Whites, AAs report significantly higher movement-evoked pain (MEP) in the knee. However, little is known about the biopsychosocial–behavioral mechanisms underlying MEP.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to present a study protocol to (a) characterize the biopsychosocial–behavioral mechanisms that predict MEP in AAs with knee osteoarthritis and (b) develop a targeted, mechanism-based self-management intervention to reduce MEP and maximize movement.

Methods

An observational, mixed-methods cohort study will enroll 90 AA/Black adults (ages 55–90 years) to understand intraindividual and interindividual effects on MEP. Participants will complete assessments of MEP, function and gait, biopsychosocial–behavioral questionnaires, quantitative sensory testing, and 7-day ecological momentary assessments of pain and related symptoms. For the qualitative phase, focus groups will be conducted to co-construct a mechanism-based pain self-management intervention.

Results

We will develop phenotypes of MEP based on biopsychosocial–behavioral predictors and correlate measures of MEP with function. Our central hypothesis is that higher levels of MEP will predict lower self-reported function and poorer performance on functional tasks and that multiple biopsychosocial and behavioral factors will be associated with MEP and function. Predictors may serve as risk or protective factors for MEP and physical function. In targeting the biopsychosocial–behavioral mechanisms of MEP, we anticipate that older AAs may request that intervention components include culturally tailored self-management education, movement/physical activity training, treatment decision-making skills, coaching, spirituality, and social/kinship support.

Conclusion

Osteoarthritis is now the single most common cause of disability, mobility limitations, and persistent pain in older adults—especially AA older adults. To our knowledge, this will be the first study to systematically phenotype MEP in an older racial minority population with knee osteoarthritis and will be relevant for reducing knee pain and improving function.
Topical Management of Peristomal Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Authors: Toyoda Tomohiro , Mitsuyama Shinji , Nagao Eri , Abe Fumihito , Kimura Masaaki , Seido Yurie , Higuchi Tetsuya
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND:

Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) presents multiple challenges for healthcare providers. The diagnosis of PPG may be delayed, and it may be mistaken for an irritant dermatitis or an infection. Patients with ostomies secondary to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may experience PPG. Issues related to PPG include difficulty maintaining a seal of the ostomy pouching system and preventing contamination of the painful, necrotic ulcerations characteristic of this condition. Treatment focuses on the appropriate assessment of the ulcers, successful pouch application, and proper management of IBD through a collaborative effort of both dermatologists and certified WOC nurses (CWOCN).

CASES:

We treated 3 patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) who developed refractory PPG. All 3 were treated with a topical steroid lotion, prednisone, and adalimumab or a combination of these agents. Ostomy products and application were tailored to prevent leakage and protect areas of ulceration. All ulcers were healed within 6 months of our initial consultation.

CONCLUSION:

We successfully managed 3 patients with CD and PPG with appropriate ostomy care, including revision of the ostomy pouching techniques, topical steroid treatment, and treatment based on assessment of ulcer status by the dermatologist and the WOC nurse.
A Rapid and Reliable Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics from Gargle Solutions and Saliva
Authors: Kipping Marc , Tänzler Dirk , Sinz Andrea
Published: May 2021

We describe a rapid liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method for the direct detection and quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein in gargle solutions and saliva. The method is based on a multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry approach with a total cycle time of 5 minutes per analysis and allows the detection and accurate quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein as low as 500 amol/µl. We improved the sample preparation protocol of our recent piloting SARS-CoV-2 LC/MS study regarding sensitivity, reproducibility, and compatibility with a complementary reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of the same sample. The aim of this work is to promote diagnostic tools that allow identifying and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infections by LC/MS methods in a routine clinical environment.
Reckitt Benckiser’s CSR program – capitalizing the rural market
Authors: Khan Tauseef Iqbal , Raza Syed Ali , Devji Mahesh
Published: May 2021

Learning outcomes

The learning objectives of this case study are listed below: • What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)? • The role of CSR in creating opportunities to growth. • Distinguish the ways in which social marketing evolved differently in urban and rural areas. • Obstacles in CSR • CSR beyond the competition.

Case overview/synopsis

The case of CSR by Reckitt Benckiser (RB) follows the marketing practices through purpose-led marketing through CSR. RB Pakistan Limited is a fast-moving consumer goods provider in Pakistan following a vision of the world where people are healthier and live well. The purpose is to make a difference by giving people innovative solutions for healthier lives and happier homes. This means they are expending their capabilities and investing in innovation to stay ahead of the game. RB is trying to achieve this vision by following the strategy of health and hygiene awareness in rural marketing through various types of communications, by introducing low price products to reduce diarrhea and open defecation. In urban areas, the young generation is the trend creators and they are much involved in awareness of state of the world. RB is committed in providing innovative solutions with the help of well-organized programs such as reaching new moms, educating them and providing awareness sessions in schools to students for handwashing practices. RB carries these activities with the help of non-government organizations and small support of Government of Pakistan.

Complexity academic level

This case is appropriate for MBA (Marketing) courses. The case explains the significance of CSR in capitalizing the growing trend and unleashing untapped areas and remaining competitive by providing innovative solutions. The case can be taught to the strategic marketing students.

Subject code

CSS 8: Marketing.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.
GoBhaarati- contributing to the “Journey of Healthy Living”
Authors: Dani Vinit Vijay , Dasgupta Meeta
Published: May 2021

Learning outcomes

The learning outcomes of this paper is as follows: to showcase how a futuristic mission and planned branding initiatives can help start-up social enterprise to create a successful brand; to explain how a comprehensive understanding of the target group and innovative products/services and channel strategies help GoBhaarati position itself as an upcoming not for profit social enterprise; to argue how proper brand mission and branding can help even a small startup to create a brand identity in a fiercely competitive fragmented market dominated by big players; the constraints GoBhaarati faced in constituting and aligning distribution channel. These impulsions can have legal, environmental and or managerial foundations.

Case overview/synopsis

GoBhaarati Agro Industries and Private Limited (GoBhaarati) operated as a nonprofit social enterprise in the Health and Wellness Industry, providing natural indigenous traditional Indian products such as millets, honey, turmeric, jaggery, rock salt and serving millet-based snacks to consumers. At the epicenter of Gobhaarati's branding strategy was its health and wellness positioning. The company's mission was to increase the positive perception of millets and to convince consumers that there was intrinsic value in a product's origin and production processes. Iriventi aimed to achieve a turnover of at least ten crores by 2025, but the company's sales and financial resources were limited. With this clouding in mind, Iriventi could not decide whether to let GoBhaarati stay niche in business or to expand it organically.

Complexity academic level

Graduate and executive management education students can use the case. The case may also be used to focus on entrepreneurship and distribution management for start-up social enterprises.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 8: Marketing.
Retaining human capital: a danger zone for METAL STAR
Authors: Kong Siew Mui , Muthuveloo Rajendran , Chan Josephine Ie Lyn , Nezakati Hossein , Joshi Jignyasu Prafulla
Published: May 2021

Learning outcomes

This case is to familiarise students with the peculiarities of managing people by focussing on human capital development (HCD). Through the case, students are exposed to the critical recruitment and retention issues faced by METAL STAR Limited Company (METAL STAR), which have a detrimental impact on their business operations. Through the novel use of the transformer-transactor-performer (TTP) profiling tool, students are able to recognise the importance of matching the right candidate to the right job as a solution for recruitment and retention issues. At the end of the case analysis and discussion, students would have a clear idea of the TTP Profiling tool and how to identify core elements needed for an effective and holistic recruitment-retention-separation strategy for a company. The knowledge gained is most valuable for the students as it can be applied to other companies having similar HCD issues.

Case overview/synopsis

Carina Yew is the General Manager of METAL STAR, a sheet metal fabrication company in Penang, Malaysia. After more than 28 years of operations, METAL STAR has been adopting the same human resources (HR) processes and has failed to keep up with the current HR trends. Yew has to decide the best way to lead her company in transforming the HCD strategy to enable smooth and profitable business growth.

Complexity academic level

The case is relevant for undergraduate, postgraduate or even executive students taking courses pertaining to HCD or human resource management.

Subject code

CSS 6: Human resource management.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only.
Aditya Gandhi and Gandhi jewels: earning a place in the family business (Part A and B)
Authors: Jayakumar Tulsi , Punjabi Aarti , Shah Jyotsnaa
Published: May 2021

Learning outcomes

Part A – to identify the challenges of inducting and nurturing next-gen leaders, to outline the building blocks for the successful induction of the next generation into the family business and to spell the importance of mentoring conversations as a tool for successful induction in the family business. Part B – to define the basic tenets of effective communication-goal setting, planning and action using the goals, plans and action framework, to build a “listening” environment through understanding the hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding mode and to relate the importance of “questioning” in diagnosing a problem and reading both verbal and non-verbal cues in communication.

Case overview/synopsis

The two-part case describes the role of communication amongst young family business scions and a mentor’s role in shaping such communication. Part A traces the induction of Aditya Gandhi, a fourth-generation scion of Gandhi Gems and Jewels, a 110-year old Indian family business dealing in precious gems and jewels. It deals with the challenges of mentoring and successful induction of the next-generation into family business Part B of the case describes the communication between Aditya Gandhi and the proprietor of Gandhi Gems and Jewels’ key client, Ghanshyam Das. It deals with the tenets of effective communication as should be understood by young next-generation family members.

Complexity academic level

The case can be used in an executive programme for owners of family businesses or in an undergraduate or post-graduate programme in general business administration or family business management.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 11: Strategy.
Grupo Lindo Ecuador: air gas production project for Acería Ecuatoriana
Authors: Arteaga María Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Learning outcomes

This case teaches participants to: identify evaluation feasibility criteria for project alternatives according to their typology (market, techniques, finances, environmental and social), starting from the analysis of the information available about them. Prepare a comparative project alternative evaluation table, applying good business analysis practices promoted by PMI® and other authors for selecting the most viable project option that will add the most value to the organization.

Case overview/synopsis

At the start of 2013, Acería Ecuatoriana, because of a million-dollar investment that had been started by its general manager, Pérez, increased its melting and steel production capacity from 100,000 tons per year to 220,000 tons per year. This implied a greater demand for industrial gases and require its main additional supplier to deliver. Demand increase caused Grupo Lindo Ecuador´s plant saturation, unit separation air 1. For this reason, Grupo Lindo Ecuador had to import considerable oxygen amounts and this increased its cost of production. This caused Cadena to seek the establishment of a strategic alliance with Acería Ecuatoriana, for the purpose of developing a project for gas production (oxygen, nitrogen and argon). In September of the same year, Nelson became interested but required to know the Grupo Lindo Ecuador project proposal before signing the strategic alliance.

Complexity academic level

The case is addressed to an audience made up of graduate students (graduation and Master’s Degree) who have managerial experience and would like to improve their project management empirical practices.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 9: Operations and logistics.
A qualitative study: health professionals’ perceptions toward psychiatric palliative care for people with serious mental illness
Authors: Baird Donna S.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

People with mental disorders experience higher rates of disability and mortality disproportionately than the general population. Until recently, psychiatric palliative care (PPC) for people with serious mental illness (SMI) was not explored as a treatment option. This paper aims to explore the feasibility of PPC as a supportive care model for people with serious mental illness.

Design/methodology/approach

Fifteen health-care professionals’ in the USA and Europe participated in semi-structured phone interviews regarding PPC for people with SMI. The Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven (QUAGOL) was used to conduct thematic analysis of the data.

Findings

PPC was identified as a supportive care model that could improve quality of life and enhance patient autonomy for people with SMI. While PPC was endorsed as a possible new standard of care, it is imperative that the model be piloted to determine its efficacy as a viable treatment option among adults.

Originality/value

There are limited studies that investigate the perceptions of health professionals’ regarding the use of PPC as a treatment option for people with SMI.
Faculty perception of teaching translation courses online during Covid-19
Authors: Almahasees Zakaryia , Qassem Mutahar
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The spread of Covid-19 has led to the closure of educational institutions worldwide, forcing academic institutions to find online platforms. The purpose of this paper is to accelerate the development of the online learning (OL) environments within those institutions. The Covid-19 pandemic has unfolded the extent of the academic institutions' readiness to deal with such a crisis.

Design/methodology/approach

In this vein, the study aimed to identify the perception of translation instructors in teaching translation courses online during Covid-19, using a questionnaire to explore the strategies and challenges of teaching and assessing students' performance. The analysis revealed instructors' reliance on Zoom and Microsoft Teams in offering virtual classes and WhatsApp in communication with students outside the class.

Findings

The findings revealed the relative effectiveness of online education, but its efficacy is less than face-to-face learning according to the respondents' views. It was also found that students faced difficulties in OL, which lie in adapting to the online environment, lack of interaction and motivation and the deficiency of data connections. Even though online education could work as an aid during Covid-19, but it could not replace face-to-face instruction. Based on the findings, the study recommended blended learning. Combining online education with face-to-face instruction, i.e. face-to-face plus synchronous and asynchronous, would result in a rigorous OL environment.

Originality/value

The research is genuine and there is no conflict of interest.
Nexus between higher ethical objectives (Maqasid Al Shari’ah) and participatory finance
Authors: Nouman Muhammad , Siddiqi Muhammad Fahad , Ullah Karim , Jan Shafiullah
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to conceptualize the nexus between the participatory finance and the higher ethical objectives within the Islamic moral economy, also termed as Maqasid al Shari’ah.

Design/methodology/approach

Insights from the extant Islamic economics and finance literature are integrated through an interpretative systematic review using the principles from critical interpretative synthesis (CIS).

Findings

A coherent framework is synthesized comprising the typology of the Maqasid al Shari’ah, the axioms of participatory finance and their nexus which is formulated by theorizing the common thread of meaning through the axioms of participatory finance and Maqasid al Shari’ah at the interpretative level. This framework postulates that the participatory finance fits well in the ethos and the value system of Islam. Moreover, “social well-being” invariably provides the nexus between the Maqasid al Shari’ah and participatory finance.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the Islamic economics and finance literature by integrating the dissenting views from the divergent literature related to the basic philosophy of Shari’ah and participatory finance and provides grounds for policy implications, particularly, for designing the financial products. Moreover, it demonstrates an application of interpretative systematic review in Islamic banking and finance research.
International Biological Flora: Nervilia nipponica
Authors: Gale Stephan W. , Maeda Ayako , Miyashita Ayana , Sugiura Daisuke , Ogura‐Tsujita Yuki , Kinoshita Akihiko , Fujimori Shohei , Hutchings Michael J. , Yukawa Tomohisa
Published: May 2021

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Nervilia nipponica Makino (mukago‐saishin) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to the environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity.

Nervilia nipponica is a small, stoloniferous, seasonally dormant herb that grows in the understorey of evergreen forests in the humid subtropical zone of central and western Japan, with a few outlying populations on Jeju Island in South Korea. Its northern extent is defined by the 0°C winter isotherm, and its occurrence is also limited by site aspect and incline. It is a weak competitor that occupies species‐poor microsites in which bare ground and leaf litter predominate. Plant numbers tend to decline as percentage ground cover of surrounding understorey vegetation increases.

The inflorescence sprouts from a short‐lived, subterranean tuber in late spring and leaf‐flush occurs after fruit‐set. However, most tubers do not flower in any one annual growth cycle. Long‐term monitoring of individually marked plants suggests that tubers are resource‐limited and that flowering constrains future genet growth. Nervilia nipponica is exclusively autogamous and has a strong capacity for vegetative propagation. The species is genetically depauperate but exhibits significant differentiation between populations, which comprise clonal clusters in phalanx formation.

The level of mycorrhizal infection differs between plant parts and through successive phenological stages. Stable isotope signatures indicate that the species is partially mycoheterotrophic, with fungal partners supporting growth particularly at lower light intensities. Despite this, falling light availability associated with forest succession can lead to population decline.

Populations tend to be small and prone to extirpation, but the species is probably under‐recorded as a result of its ephemeral emergence above‐ground and inconspicuous habit. Management interventions likely to benefit the species at the site level include thinning dense forest canopy and removing encroaching ground cover.
A change of perspective – Exploring Mexican primary and secondary school students’ perceptions of their teachers differentiated instructional practice
Authors: Pozas Marcela , Jaquelina González Trujillo Claudia , Letzel Verena
Published: May 2021

With the increasing student diversity, the establishment of inclusive classrooms has become a top concern of policy‐makers worldwide urging teachers to differentiate their instruction according to students’ individual learning needs. As the implementation of differentiated instruction (DI) relies mainly on teachers, previous research has mostly focused on examining teachers’ perspectives on their use of differentiation. In contrast, far less attention has been paid to explore students’ perspectives about their experiences in inclusive classrooms. Therefore, this study aims at examining students’ experiences of their teachers’ actual DI practice. Moreover, this study sets the spotlight on Mexico, a country that has faced changes with a recent proposed educational model. Results from a mixed analysis of variance revealed that students do in fact perceive that their teachers implement DI practices. It appears that both primary and secondary school teachers implement more frequent variants of mastery learning as well as tutoring systems as a means to differentiate their instruction. Implications of the results, as well as further lines of research, are discussed.
Sporulation is dispensable for the vegetable‐associated life cycle of the human pathogen Bacillus cereus
Authors: Antequera‐Gómez María Luisa , Díaz‐Martínez Luis , Guadix Juan Antonio , Sánchez‐Tévar Ana María , Sopeña‐Torres Sara , Hierrezuelo Jesús , Doan Hung K. , Leveau Johan H.J. , de Vicente Antonio , Romero Diego
Published: May 2021

Bacillus cereus is a common food‐borne pathogen that is responsible for important outbreaks of food poisoning in humans. Diseases caused by B. cereus usually exhibit two major symptoms, emetic or diarrheic, depending on the toxins produced. It is assumed that after the ingestion of contaminated vegetables or processed food, spores of enterotoxigenic B. cereus reach the intestine, where they germinate and produce the enterotoxins that are responsible for food poisoning. In our study, we observed that sporulation is required for the survival of B. cereus in leaves but is dispensable in ready‐to‐eat vegetables, such as endives. We demonstrate that vegetative cells of B. cereus that are originally impaired in sporulation but not biofilm formation are able to reach the intestine and cause severe disorders in a murine model. Furthermore, our findings emphasise that the number of food poisoning cases associated with B. cereus is underestimated and suggest the need to revise the detection protocols, which are based primarily on spores and toxins.
Prognostic factor analysis of patients with small cell lung cancer: Real‐world data from 988 patients
Authors: Ma Xiangjuan , Zhang Ziran , Chen Xiaoling , Zhang Jie , Nie Jun , Da Ling , Hu Weiheng , Tian Guangming , Wu Di , Han Jindi , Han Sen , Long Jieran , Wang Yang , Fang Jian
Published: May 2021

Background

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by aggressive spread and poor prognosis, but has limited treatment options. Results of prognostic factors from randomized trials on treatment arrangement are conflicting and large‐scale real‐world analysis is lacking.

Methods

Patients diagnosed SCLC between 2008 and 2018 in Peking University Cancer Hospital were included in this study. Kaplan–Meier methods were adopted, and univariate analysis and multivariate Cox regression models were constructed to analyze prognostic factors.

Results

Among 1045 patients who presented to our center, 988 eligible patients were identified. Median overall survival (OS) was 16.0 months for the whole group, 24.0 months and 11.0 months for limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS‐SCLC) and extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ES‐SCLC), separately. Limited‐stage, good performance status (PS) (ECOG 0–1), response to primary systemic treatment, and patients who received initiative irradiation and three or more lines of chemotherapy were predicted to have better OS in the whole group. Only response to first‐line systemic therapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) were independent prognostic factors of survival in LS‐SCLC; while good PS (ECOG 0–1), without liver, bone, or subcutaneous metastases, response to first‐line therapy, initial local irradiation, and three or more lines of systemic therapy predicted a favorable prognosis in ES‐SCLC.

Conclusions

The present study retrieved from large real–world data suggested that response to primary systemic therapy and aggressive radiotherapy are independent prognostic factors for SCLC. PCI and initiative irradiation for original or metastatic sites improved the OS in LS‐SCLC and ES‐SCLC, respectively.
Therapeutic efficacy of novel memantine nitrate MN‐08 in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Wu Liangmiao , Zhou Xinhua , Cao Yiwan , MAK Shing Hung , Zha Ling , Li Ning , Su Zhiyang , Han Yifan , Wang Yuqiang , Man Hoi Maggie Pui , Sun Yewei , Zhang Gaoxiao , Zhang Zaijun , Yang Xifei
Published: May 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia in elderly individuals and therapeutic options for AD are very limited. Over‐activation of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation, a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF), and downstream pathological events play important roles in the disease progression of AD. In the present study, MN‐08, a novel memantine nitrate, was found to inhibit Aβ accumulation, prevent neuronal and dendritic spine loss, and consequently attenuate cognitive deficits in 2‐month‐old APP/PS1 transgenic mice (for a 6‐month preventative course) and in the 8‐month‐old triple‐transgenic (3×Tg‐AD) mice (for a 4‐month therapeutic course). In vitro, MN‐08 could bind to and antagonize NMDA receptors, inhibit the calcium influx, and reverse the dysregulations of ERK and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway, subsequently preventing glutamate‐induced neuronal loss. In addition, MN‐08 had favorable pharmacokinetics, blood‐brain barrier penetration, and safety profiles in rats and beagle dogs. These findings suggest that the novel memantine nitrate MN‐08 may be a useful therapeutic agent for AD.
Impacts of COVID‐19 induced income and rice price shocks on household welfare in Papua New Guinea: Household model estimates
Authors: Schmidt Emily , Dorosh Paul , Gilbert Rachel
Published: May 2021

Concerns over the potential effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic have led to trade restrictions by major rice exporters, contributing to an average 25% increase in Thai and Vietnamese rice export prices between December 2019 and March–September 2020. This article assesses the consequences of these rice price increases in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where 99% of rice is imported. Utilizing data from a PNG 2018 rural household survey along with earlier national household survey data, we examine rice consumption patterns in PNG and estimate demand parameters for urban and rural households. Model simulations indicate that a 25% rise in the world price of rice would reduce total rice consumption in PNG by 14% and reduce rice consumption of the poor (bottom 40% of total household expenditure distribution) by 15%. Including the effects of a possible 12% decrease in household incomes because of the COVID‐19 related economic slowdown, rice consumption of the urban and rural poor fall by 20% and 17%, respectively. Maintaining functioning domestic supply chains of key staple goods is critical to mitigating the effects of global rice price increases, allowing urban households to increase their consumption of locally produced staples.
Self‐dilatation of benign oesophageal strictures: a literature review
Authors: Alwan Mostafa , Giddings Charles E.
Published: May 2021

Background

Benign oesophageal strictures can have several aetiologies and often require serial endoscopic dilatation. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature regarding the efficacy of self‐dilatation for benign oesophageal strictures.

Methods

This study presents the results of a systematic review that was performed on the available literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Full‐text articles from Medline, PubMed and Embase were used, as well as associated reference lists. This study systematically reviews the literature to present the efficacy and different outcome measurements associated with self‐dilatation of benign oesophageal strictures.

Results

This study identified 13 articles with 274 participants.

Conclusion

Self‐dilatation for refractory benign oesophageal strictures is effective regardless of aetiology. It is well tolerated, safe and leads to lasting symptom resolution in the majority of patients.
Australian experience with total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation to treat chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Bampton Tristan J. , Holmes‐Walker D. Jane , Drogemuller Chris J. , Radford Toni , Anderson Patricia , Etherton C. , Russell C. H. , Khurana S. , Torpy David J. , Couper J. J. , Couper R. L. T. , Macintyre Pamela , Neo E. L. , Benitez‐Aguirre Paul , Thomas G. , Loudovaris T. , Thomas H. E. , Palmer Lyle J. , Wu Denghao , Rogers Natasha M. , Williams L. , Hawthorne W. J. , O'Connell P. J. , Kay Tom W. , Pleass Henry , Chen John W. , Coates P. Toby ,   Australian Islet Consortium
Published: May 2021

Background

This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes of total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TP‐IAT) in Australia.

Methods

Individuals selected for TP‐IAT surgery according to the Minnesota Criteria (Appendix) without evidence of diabetes were evaluated including time to transplantation from pancreatectomy, islet numbers infused and post‐transplantation HbA1c, C‐peptide, total daily insulin and analgesic requirement.

Results

Sixteen individuals underwent TP‐IAT from Australia and New Zealand between 2010 and 2020. Two recipients are deceased. The median islet equivalents/kg infused was 4244 (interquartile range (IQR) 2290–7300). The median C‐peptide 1 month post‐TP‐IAT was 384 (IQR 210–579) pmol/L and at median 29.5 (IQR 14.5–46.5) months from transplant was 395 (IQR 139–862) pmol/L. Insulin independence was achieved in eight of 15 (53.3%) surviving recipients. A higher islet equivalents transplanted was most strongly associated with the likelihood of insulin independence (P < 0.05). Of the 15 surviving recipients, 14 demonstrated substantial reduction in analgesic requirement.

Conclusion

The TP‐IAT programme in Australia has been a successful new therapy for the management of individuals with chronic pancreatitis including hereditary forms refractory to medical treatment to improve pain management with 50% insulin independence rates.
Reporting guidelines for artificial intelligence in healthcare research
Authors: Ibrahim Hussein , Liu Xiaoxuan , Denniston Alastair K.
Published: May 2021

Reporting guidelines are structured tools developed using explicit methodology that specify the minimum information required by researchers when reporting a study. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) reporting guidelines that address potential sources of bias specific to studies involving AI interventions has the potential to improve the quality of AI studies, through improvements in their design and delivery, and the completeness and transparency of their reporting. With a number of guidance documents relating to AI studies emerging from different specialist societies, this Review article provides researchers with some key principles for selecting the most appropriate reporting guidelines for a study involving an AI intervention. As the main determinants of a high‐quality study are contained within the methodology of the study design rather than the intervention, researchers are recommended to use reporting guidelines that are specific to the study design, and then supplement them with AI‐specific guidance contained within available AI reporting guidelines.
A scalable framework for smart COVID surveillance in the workplace using Deep Neural Networks and cloud computing
Authors: Singh Ajay , Jindal Vaibhav , Sandhu Rajinder , Chang Victor
Published: May 2021

A smart and scalable system is required to schedule various machine learning applications to control pandemics like COVID‐19 using computing infrastructure provided by cloud and fog computing. This paper proposes a framework that considers the use case of smart office surveillance to monitor workplaces for detecting possible violations of COVID effectively. The proposed framework uses deep neural networks, fog computing and cloud computing to develop a scalable and time‐sensitive infrastructure that can detect two major violations: wearing a mask and maintaining a minimum distance of 6 feet between employees in the office environment. The proposed framework is developed with the vision to integrate multiple machine learning applications and handle the computing infrastructures for pandemic applications. The proposed framework can be used by application developers for the rapid development of new applications based on the requirements and do not worry about scheduling. The proposed framework is tested for two independent applications and performed better than the traditional cloud environment in terms of latency and response time. The work done in this paper tries to bridge the gap between machine learning applications and their computing infrastructure for COVID‐19.