bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Confinement Derived High‐Strength MXene@Graphene Oxide Core‐Shell Fibers for Electromagnetic Wave Regulation, Thermochromic Alerts, and Visible Camouflage
Authors: Ye Lvxuan , Liu Liu‐Xin , Jin Meng , Zhou Xinfeng , Yin Guang , Yu Zhao Hao− , Yang Jinglei , Zhang Hao‐Bin , Yu Zhong‐Zhen
Published: February 2025

Although electrically conductive Ti₃C₂Tx MXene fibers are promising for wearable electronics, the poor inter‐sheet interactions and the random stacking structure of MXene sheets seriously hinder electron transport and load transfer of the fibers. Herein, mechanically strong and electrically conductive MXene@graphene oxide (GO) core‐shell fibers are fabricated with a coaxial wet‐spinning methodology for electromagnetic wave regulation, thermochromic alerts, and visible camouflage. During the coaxial wet‐spinning, the trace‐carboxylated GO sheets in the shell align readily because of the spatial confinement of the coaxial needle, while the MXene sheets in the core are progressively oriented and flattened because of the spatial confinement of the GO shell. The positively charged chitosan in the coagulating solution enhances the interfacial interactions between the GO and MXene sheets and facilitates the sheet′s orientation inside the fibers. Consequently, the highly aligned core‐shell fibers exhibit an ultrahigh tensile strength of 613.7 MPa and an outstanding conductivity of ≈7766 S cm−1. Furthermore, fiber‐woven textiles not only offer excellent electromagnetic interference shielding performance but also achieve quantitative regulation of electromagnetic wave transmission by adjusting the angle of the double‐layered textiles. The textiles can combine with thermochromic coatings for thermotherapy alerts, visual thermochromic warnings, and visible camouflage.
Young Adult Patients With Paediatric‐Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease Have a Higher Educational Level and a Higher Employment Rate Than the General Population
Authors: Sarter Hélène , Le Coniac Mathilde , Leroyer Ariane , Savoye Guillaume , Fumery Mathurin , Guillon Nathalie , Gower‐Rousseau Corinne , Ley Delphine , Turck Dominique ,   The EPIMAD study group
Published: February 2025

Background & Aims

There are few published data on the impact of paediatric‐onset inflammatory bowel diseases on education and employment. The objective of the present cross‐sectional study was to assess the educational level and occupational status of adult patients with paediatric‐onset inflammatory bowel diseases from the EPIMAD Registry.

Methods

The inclusion criteria were (i) a diagnosis of paediatric‐onset (< 17 years at diagnosis) inflammatory bowel diseases, and (ii) age 25 or over at the time of study. The patients answered a self‐questionnaire on their educational level and profession. The data were compared with those of the general population of the same age and geographic area.

Results

Three hundred and sixty‐one patients (286 with Crohn's disease and 75 with ulcerative colitis) filled out and returned the questionnaire. The median [interquartile] age was 15.0 [12.9; 16.3] years at diagnosis and 34.2 [29.6; 39.5] years at the time of the study. Patients were more likely to have a higher education degree than the general population (57% vs. 41%, p < 0.0001). The unemployment rate was significantly lower among study participants than among the general population (9% vs. 15%, p = 0.001). Salaried patients were significantly more likely to be employed in the healthcare sector (14% vs. 9% in the general population; p = 0.005) and in the public sector (34% vs. 22% in the general population; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Our results showed that relative to the general population, patients with paediatric‐onset inflammatory bowel diseases have a higher educational level and a higher employment rate, and are more likely to work in the healthcare and public sectors.
Antiviral strategies against influenza virus: an update on approved and innovative therapeutic approaches
Authors: Bonomini Anna , Mercorelli Beatrice , Loregian Arianna
Published: February 2025

Influenza viruses still represent a great concern for Public Health by causing yearly seasonal epidemics and occasionally worldwide pandemics. Moreover, spillover events at the animal-human interface are becoming more frequent nowadays, also involving animal species not previously found as reservoirs. To restrict the effects of influenza virus epidemics, especially in at-risk population, and to prepare a drug arsenal for possible future pandemics, researchers worldwide have been working on the development of antiviral strategies since the 80’s of the last century. One of the main obstacles is the considerable genomic variability of influenza viruses, which constantly poses the issues of drug-resistance emergence and immune evasion. This review summarizes the approved therapeutics for clinical management of influenza, promising new anti-flu compounds and monoclonal antibodies currently undergoing clinical evaluation, and molecules with efficacy against influenza virus in preclinical studies. Moreover, we discuss some innovative anti-influenza therapeutic approaches such as combination therapies and targeted protein degradation. Given the limited number of drugs approved for influenza treatment, there is a still strong need for novel potent anti-influenza drugs endowed with a high barrier to drug resistance and broad-spectrum activity against influenza viruses of animal origin that may be responsible of future large outbreaks and pandemics.
Math Sorting: Unintended Consequences of Developmental Education Reforms in Community Colleges
Authors: Mishra Soumya , Swanson Elise , Yucel Elif , Ngo Federick , Melguizo Tatiana , Ching Cheryl
Published: February 2025

Beginning in 2019, California community colleges were required to use multiple measures to determine students’ placement into initial math courses. Community colleges also created structured BSTEM and liberal arts (SLAM) math pathways beginning in 2017. This contemporaneous implementation could reproduce racialized stratification in math course-taking. This study analyzes changes in math course-taking between Fall 2017 and Summer 2021 using multinomial logistic regression. We find that after the reforms, fewer students across racial/ethnic groups took developmental math and more students attempted SLAM and BSTEM math in the first year of enrollment. Students of color were more likely to take SLAM math and slightly less likely to take BSTEM math, even among academically prepared students. We find some evidence of racial tracking in the steeper increase in SLAM course-taking among Latina/o/x students compared to other racial/ethnic groups. We discuss implications for future policy and practice given these results.
Is serum AMH a suitable biomarker to determine litter size or fetal sex in goats?: A preliminary study
Authors: Koldaş Ürer Ece , Köse Ayşe Merve , Pir Yağcı İlknur , Pekcan Mert , Gözer Ahmet , Bahan Onur
Published: February 2025

This study was conducted in Damascus goats to i) investigate the relationship between serum AMH concentrations and litter size, ii) evaluate the change in serum AMH concentration between the 35th and 135th days of pregnancy, iii) determine whether fetal sex affected the maternal AMH level. Estrus was synchronized in 110 goats (intravaginal sponge containing medroxyprogesterone acetate for nine days, combined with d-cloprostenol and Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin at sponge removal). Blood samples were taken on the 4th and 9th days of synchronization. Goats at estrus were mated naturally. Study groups were established based on the number of fetuses on ultrasound examination as Group I (n = 18, goats carrying one fetus) and Group II (n = 18, goats carrying multiple fetuses) (Experiment I). Additionally, blood samples were taken every 20 days between the 35th and 135th days of pregnancy. After the parturition, groups were formed according to the sex of the kids; single/multiple male fetuses (GroupM, n = 8), single/multiple female fetuses (GroupF, n = 8), and fetuses of the opposite sex (GroupFM, n = 8), (Experiment II). There was no significant relationship between serum AMH concentration and litter size (P > 0.05). As pregnancy progressed maternal AMH concentration tended to decrease (P < 0.001), and fetal sex did not affect maternal AMH (P > 0.05). In conclution circulating AMH was not an ideally biomarker for determining litter size on natural breeding or predicting fetal sex in goats. Futher studies with larger sample sizes and the reduced individual variables (age and ovarian activity) are recommened.
Review of the Effects of Trace Metal Concentrations on the Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Solid Waste
Authors: Salazar-Batres Karina J. , Moreno-Andrade Iván
Published: February 2025

Anaerobic digestion is a promising technology for producing methane-rich biogas. Various wastes, including waste activated sludge, food waste, farm waste, agricultural waste, and wastewater, have been used as substrates to generate biogas, which can be transformed into electrical or thermal energy. However, process instability and low methane yield restrict the widespread application of this process. Several strategies have been employed to increase methane yield and energy production, including adding trace elements, such as iron, cobalt, molybdenum, and nickel. Trace elements are part of the cofactors of enzymes involved in methane synthesis and microbial growth. This review aims to analyze the effects of trace elements on methane yield and propose concentrations at which methane production increases, as well as potential inhibitory effects. The addition of trace metals to the anaerobic digestion process has been found to have positive effects, such as enhanced methane yields and productivities, volatile fatty acid (VFA) removal, and chemical oxygen demand removal. An analysis of previously published data from other researchers was adjusted to a variant of the Haldane equation, suggesting that ranges of mg of trace metals per gram of substrate added promote an increase in methane production (0.56–1.67 mg/g VS for iron, 0.01–0.1 mg/g VS for cobalt, 0.03–0.5 mg Mo/g VS for molybdenum, and 0.04–0.5 mg Mo/g VS for nickel). Furthermore, the literature review revealed that the efficiency of the process decreases with increasing metal dose beyond the proposed range. The frequency of trace elements addition directly influences VFA removal. Some trace elements, such as nickel, generate VFAs of higher molecular weight, modifying the process performance. Notably, the process efficiency decreases with higher doses of trace elements, although this promotes the VFA removal.
Challenging the Performance-Interpretability Trade-Off: An Evaluation of Interpretable Machine Learning Models
Authors: Kruschel Sven , Hambauer Nico , Weinzierl Sven , Zilker Sandra , Kraus Mathias , Zschech Patrick
Published: February 2025

Machine learning is permeating every conceivable domain to promote data-driven decision support. The focus is often on advanced black-box models due to their assumed performance advantages, whereas interpretable models are often associated with inferior predictive qualities. More recently, however, a new generation of generalized additive models (GAMs) has been proposed that offer promising properties for capturing complex, non-linear patterns while remaining fully interpretable. To uncover the merits and limitations of these models, the study examines the predictive performance of seven different GAMs in comparison to seven commonly used machine learning models based on a collection of twenty tabular benchmark datasets. To ensure a fair and robust model comparison, an extensive hyperparameter search combined with cross-validation was performed, resulting in 68,500 model runs. In addition, this study qualitatively examines the visual output of the models to assess their level of interpretability. Based on these results, the paper dispels the misconception that only black-box models can achieve high accuracy by demonstrating that there is no strict trade-off between predictive performance and model interpretability for tabular data. Furthermore, the paper discusses the importance of GAMs as powerful interpretable models for the field of information systems and derives implications for future work from a socio-technical perspective.
Five commentaries on ‘Waves Dangerous, Domesticated and Diagnostic’ plus Stefan Helmreich’s response
Authors: Colenbrander Darryl , Driessen Clemens , Fisch Michael , Mizukawa Jun , Steinberg Philip , Taddei Renzo , Helmreich Stefan
Published: February 2025

This review article engages with Stefan Helmreich’s paper ‘Waves dangerous, domesticated, and diagnostic’ as well as his ‘A Book of Waves’. It offers a set of critical commentaries on key themes raised in these works unpacking the role of wave science, technology and power in various contexts: On treating waves as an outside enemy to be fought by hard barriers between land and water, or as objects of commodification when models functions as ways to claim and export knowledge thereby overriding other forms of knowing waves and protecting coasts; On the role of the state in coastal governance in the Global South and on transdisciplinary approaches dealing with the systemic nature of coastal risks and resilience; On comparison and integration of modern wave science with indigenous knowledges; On the importance of social besides physical oceanography; On practices of attuning not only to the daily tidal schedule and coastal weather, but also to the oceanic rhythms, tempos, and shifts that materialize the ocean’s potentials and risks, and on waves as carriers of meaning. The review paper ends with a response by Helmreich.
The influence of multifunctional dendritic oligomers on material properties for vat polymerization
Authors: Flesch Maximilian Frederick , Funke Julius Alexander
Published: February 2025

Stereolithography is a state-of-the-art 3D-printing technology that has increasing impact in the dental, hearing-aid and bioprinting industries. The mechanical quality of the final product is highly dependent on the composition of the resin, polymerization kinetics and conversion rate achieved during the printing process (Watts in Dent Mater 21:27–35, 2005; Uzcategui et al. in Adv Eng Mater 20:1800876, 2018). The object of this research was to assess the influence on mechanical characteristics of different molecular weight oligomers and multifunctional dendritic oligomers as crosslinkers in resins. It analyzed the resins conversion rate using FTIR spectroscopy and its impact on the viscosity using rotational (UV)-rheometry. The investigation on the influence of different molecular weights of the aliphatic oligomers were conducted on pure substances with TPO as initiator, while the study of multifunctional crosslinkers used a base material formulation containing two bifunctional polyurethane (meth)acrylate oligomers and TPO as foundation. It incorporated bi-, tri-, tetra- hexa-, and octadeca-functional acrylate crosslinkers which were maintained at an equal ratio of crosslinking to oligomer functional groups. The study demonstrated that mechanical properties can be effectively modulated through the incorporation of long-chain oligomers, revealing an inverse relationship between the Young’s modulus and strain. In addition, investigations into crosslinkers indicated that it can also be utilized to influence the mechanical properties without the inverse behavior of young’s modulus and strain. Large oligomers and crosslinkers significantly increased the viscosity of the resins at room temperature and, therefore, influenced the manufacturing process (Cross in J Appl Polymer Sci 13:765–774, 1969). Incorporating multifunctional dendritic oligomers as crosslinkers allows precise tuning of resin behavior and mechanical properties.
In Search of the Origins of Distance Hunting—The Use and Misuse of Tip Cross-sectional Geometry of Wooden Spears
Authors: Leder Dirk , Milks Annemieke
Published: February 2025

The origins of weapons, and subsequent innovations, constitute a significant focus of archaeological research, particularly for the Pleistocene period. Due to preservation challenges, inorganic components of early weapons, such as lithic points, are often the only artefacts to survive. As a result, archaeologists rely on proxies for understanding performance and function of these lasting components including experimental research and ethnographic comparison. Within these analogical frameworks, and alongside use-wear and fracture analysis, morphometrics constitute a key method in assessing whether a point is a weapon component. Early attempts to use the cross-sectional geometries of weapon points (or tips), making use of complete archaeological specimens and ethnographic weapons as reference datasets, suggested clear demarcations between different delivery modes. Yet, subsequent studies have shown that there are considerable overlaps. Recently, it was proposed that on the basis of tip geometries, the earliest complete weapons, Pleistocene wooden spears, are best matched to thrusting spear use. Here we demonstrate that there are measurement errors involved in this classification, and that furthermore there are overlaps between thrusting spears and javelins (throwing spears) that undermine the use of tip geometries to define spear delivery mode. If the correct methods are applied, archaeological wooden spear tip geometries would fit within both thrusting and javelin categories, meaning this is not methodologically useful at this time. We overview the available archaeological, experimental, and ethnographic evidence and propose that these currently support a hypothesis that the technological capacity for use of distance hunting weapons was in place from at least 300,000 years ago.
Extracting accurate PDF data from in situ environment of materials using X-ray diffractometer
Authors: Shiramata Yuji , Konya Takayuki , Kobayashi Kentaro , Ishii Yui , Hiroi Satoshi , Yamada Hiroki , Ohara Koji
Published: February 2025

Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is a technique traditionally used at synchrotron radiation facilities, but it is now possible to obtain adequate measurements using laboratory-based equipment as well. In addition, cryo-furnaces that enable in situ measurements while controlling temperature have been well established for some time. PDF analysis requires data from a wide range of reciprocal space, along with measurements at short wavelengths. However, the development of time-resolved PDF measurements, which can be captured within a short time span, has also made significant progress. In this study, we demonstrate the reliability of PDF measurements using laboratory equipment and perform a local structure analysis of materials exhibiting an interesting structural phase transition in LaCu6-x
Ag
x
through temperature-dependent in situ PDF analysis. By comparing these results with those obtained from synchrotron sources, we provide further validation of the laboratory-based measurements. Our results confirm that in situ PDF measurements obtained with laboratory-based equipment are reliable and effective for studying structural disorder in various materials.

Graphical abstract
Quantum Computing and the Law: Navigating the Legal Implications of a Quantum Leap
Authors: Balarabe Kasim
Published: February 2025

The rapid advancement of quantum computing presents unparalleled opportunities and challenges for the legal field. This article investigates the key legal implications of quantum computing, focusing on intellectual property, data security, regulation, and ethical considerations. The unique characteristics of quantum algorithms and hardware pose significant challenges for the existing patent system, necessitating a clear and consistent framework for protecting quantum innovations while fostering collaboration. The threat of quantum computing to current encryption methods highlights the urgent need for forward-looking data protection policies and the adoption of post-quantum cryptography. As quantum technologies continue to evolve, policymakers must work closely with stakeholders to develop adaptive, principles-based regulations that strike a balance between promoting innovation and mitigating risks. Moreover, the societal and ethical impacts of quantum computing cannot be overlooked; prioritising applications that deliver significant social good and establishing robust ethical guidelines will be crucial. Preparing the legal workforce for the quantum era requires a concerted effort to develop quantum literacy and expertise. By adopting a proactive, interdisciplinary approach, the legal community can play a vital role in shaping the quantum future, ensuring that this transformative technology upholds the rule of law, protects individual rights, and promotes the greater good of society.
Entheotopos. On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning Sacred Landscapes Creation in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Muñoz Herrera Antonio
Published: February 2025

The examination of funerary landscapes in ancient Egypt has traditionally encountered challenges in establishing comprehensive perspectives that could facilitate the formulation of theories explaining the paradigms governing the creation and evolution of these spaces. Indeed, in recent decades, with the advent of new methodological and epistemological approaches, certain foundational principles explaining the placement of necropolises, the organization of tombs and the symbolism inherent to these environments have been called into question. This article seeks to introduce a fresh perspective on the Egyptian funerary landscape and its role in shaping cosmogonic narratives, establishing sacred spaces and contributing to the cultural transmission of these elements. Employing a methodological framework rooted in emerging fields of study like cognitive archaeology, fractal geometry and a reexamination of Egyptian protoculture, we aim to provide a novel understanding of this landscape. Given the evidence we have presented, it has become necessary to articulate a new concept that crystallizes these innovative viewpoints and offers a fresh interpretive framework for the study of landscape archaeology, not only within Egyptology but also in the broader realm of archaeology as a whole.
Contemporary Ukrainian Poetry: Wartime and Poetic Time
Authors: Murav Harriet
Published: February 2025

“Contemporary Ukrainian Poetry: Wartime and Poetic Time” raises questions about the significance of new technology, new media, and the concept of “real time” by showing how poetry, even the new forms of poetic reportage coming out of present-day Ukraine, makes its own time.
Reconsidering the Ego-Syntonicity of Personality Disorder Traits
Authors: Hart William , Breeden Christopher J. , Cease Charlotte K. , Lambert Joshua T.
Published: February 2025

Abstract: Personality disorders (PDs) are thought to be ego-syntonic, but evidence on this matter is limited. To expand on the evidence, we examined whether people with varying levels of PD traits show tendencies to adjust their behavior to create correspondence with their (self-perceived) PD trait levels. Specifically, we examined whether people higher (vs. lower) in five PD traits would present the self to others in ways that expressed relatively more (vs. less) of those traits regardless of situational advantages. Nonclinical participants ( N = 343) self-reported their levels of five PD traits and then imagined participating in a study wherein conveying personality pathology to an experimenter could be advantageous (unhealthy-advantage condition) or disadvantageous (healthy-advantage condition). Overall, participants higher (vs. lower) in a PD trait conveyed relatively more (vs. less) of that PD trait to the experimenter regardless of experimental condition. Broadly, the present work has implications for understanding the ego-syntonic nature of PDs.
Strain Localization and Seismic Properties in the Heterogeneous Ailaoshan‐Red River Shear Zone, Southeast Asia
Authors: Li Junyu , Cao Shuyun
Published: February 2025

Strain localization is crucial in developing crustal‐scale shear zones; however, a systematic analysis of deformation characteristics and their impact on seismic properties is still lacking. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of migmatites and granitic mylonites in the Ailaoshan‐Red River shear zone (ASRR‐SZ), incorporating detailed field observations, microstructure analysis, mineral crystallographic preferred orientations, rheological parameters, and seismic properties. Pre‐existing compositional and mechanical anisotropies significantly influence strain localization in the ASRR‐SZ. The southern part of the ASRR‐SZ is primarily characterized by crustal anatexis, suggesting these regions as potential initiation sites for strain localization. Strain characteristics in the ASRR‐SZ manifest in deformation temperatures (three ranges, ∼400–440°C, ∼470–500°C, and ∼730°C), differential stress (concentrated at 15.9–65.1 MPa), and strain rate (concentrated at 10−13–10−11 s−1). Notably, strain localization significantly alters the rock fabric and further affects the seismic properties of rocks. Significant differences in Vp values and orientations are noted between melanosomes (anisotropy of P‐waves: AVp = 6.8%–17.9%, Max. Vp along the X‐axis) and leucosomes (AVp = 3.4%–3.7%, Max. Vp along the Y‐axis). The seismic velocities and AVp in granitic mylonites exhibit a linear correlation with quartz content, and deformation conditions strongly influence their orientation. For a middle to lower crust thickness of ∼25 km, the delay times between fast and slow polarized shear waves are 0.3–0.66 s for granitic mylonites, 0.37–0.7 s for melanosomes, 0.22–0.31 s for leucosomes, 0.27–0.58 s for amphibolites, and 0.57–2.7 s for schists. The average delay time (dt) of these rocks along the ASRR‐SZ accounts for the observed delay time (dt = 0.58 s).
Extensive Oxygen Consumption in the Intertidal Infiltration Zone of Beach Aquifers—The Impact of Seasonal Input, Filtration Efficiency, and Morphodynamics
Authors: Auer F. , Ahmerkamp S. , Cueto J. , Winter C. , Holtappels M.
Published: February 2025

Seawater infiltration into the permeable sands of beach aquifers creates a high input of biogeochemical reactants driven by tides and waves. The upper sand layer acts as a filter, retaining particulate organic matter (POM), which is degraded by bacteria under predominantly oxic conditions. The seasonal variation of seawater POM and oxygen (O2) entering the infiltration zone, combined with the POM filtration efficiency of the highly morphodynamic upper layer, determines the organic matter turnover and subsequent redox gradients along porewater flowpaths. We investigated these effects by quantifying the seasonal O2 consumption rates directly from the incubations of sediments taken along a transect in the seawater infiltration zone at Spiekeroog Beach, Germany. We carried out a two‐monthly year‐long sampling campaign with high spatial resolution measurements down to 1 m depth. In summer, O2 consumption rates of up to 106 μM hr−1 were found in the first decimeters with a significant decline over depth, indicating efficient retention of reactive POM in the surface layer. Seasonal variation in organic carbon of the sand's suspendable particulates indicates rapid turnover and little storage. In winter, rates decreased significantly to below 11 μM hr−1. Integrated over the investigated oxic layer, the estimated carbon mineralization varies between 15 (winter) and 143 (summer) mmol C m−2 d−1 with a yearly average of 73 mmol C m−2 d−1. The yearly CO2 production of 35 kg per meter shoreline characterizes the beach as a high‐throughout system with rapid OM remineralization in the retention layer, especially in summer, but with little OM storage.
Plyometric training increases thickness and volume of knee articular cartilage in mice
Authors: Chiaberge Marco , Thottappillil Neelima , Liphardt Anna-Maria , Furlanetto Anderson , Odell Dylan , Wang Christine , Hope Stephen , Smee Stephen , Rehfus Joseph , Niehoff Anja , Shelhamer Mark , Norman Colin , Philippon Marc J. , Huard Johnny , James Aaron W. , Fan Chen-Ming
Published: February 2025

Degeneration and thinning of articular cartilage lead to osteoarthritis and may result from reduced joint loading during e.g. bed rest or as a result of microgravity during space flight. Anabolic physical exercises for cartilage are not well studied to date. We built an experimental apparatus for plyometric training with mice to test potential benefits of jumping for articular cartilage. The exercise group (JUMP) performed jump training for 9 weeks and was compared with sedentary mice (control, CON) and hindlimb-suspended (HLS) mice (to simulate reduced loading) for the same duration. Knee cartilage was assessed via 3-dimensional reconstruction of micro-CT scans and histology. We observed significant thinning and volume reduction of articular cartilage at the medial tibial-femoral point of contact in the HLS group. Clustering of chondrocytes was present in HLS. By contrast, the JUMP group showed both cartilage thickening and volume increase. We observed a similar trend on trabecular bone thickness and volume. Our results show that plyometric training can stimulate cartilage thickness and volume in mice. This suggests further investigation of this mode of exercise as a countermeasure to prevent cartilage atrophy in disuse scenarios such as long duration spaceflight, and for patients at risk of developing osteoarthritis.
Transcriptional enhancers in human neuronal differentiation provide clues to neuronal disorders
Authors: Yoshihara Masahito , Coschiera Andrea , Bachmann Jörg A , Pucci Mariangela , Li Haonan , Bhagat Shruti , Murakawa Yasuhiro , Weltner Jere , Jouhilahti Eeva-Mari , Swoboda Peter , Sahlén Pelin , Kere Juha
Published: February 2025

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of variants associated with complex phenotypes, including neuropsychiatric disorders. To better understand their pathogenesis, it is necessary to identify the functional roles of these variants, which are largely located in non-coding DNA regions. Here, we employ a human mesencephalic neuronal cell differentiation model, LUHMES, with sensitive and high-resolution methods to discover enhancers (NET-CAGE), perform DNA conformation analysis (Capture Hi-C) to link enhancers to their target genes, and finally validate selected interactions. We expand the number of known enhancers active in differentiating human LUHMES neurons to 47,350, and find overlap with GWAS variants for Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Our findings reveal a fine-tuned regulation of human neuronal differentiation, even between adjacent developmental stages; provide a valuable resource for further studies on neuronal development, regulation, and disorders; and emphasize the importance of exploring the vast regulatory potential of non-coding DNA and enhancers.
Anti-Kasha's rule for semiconductor photocatalytic reactions: the wavelength dependence of quantum efficiency
Authors: Lin Yuhan , He Yi , Wang Qiang , Feng Jie , Hou Yue , Wang Chuanyi
Published: February 2025

Wavelength-dependent quantum efficiency for semiconductor photocatalytic PCET reactions.
A stimuli-responsive dimeric capsule built from an acridine-based metallacycle for ratiometric fluorescence sensing of TNP
Authors: Jin Qi-Qi , Duan Xiao-Fang , Yan Dan-Ni , Yin Fan , Li Chen-Chen , Zhou Li-Peng , Cai Li-Xuan , Sun Qing-Fu
Published: February 2025

An acridine-based metallacycle exhibits stimuli-responsive supramolecular fluorescence switching between the monomer and excimer states, enabling ratiometric fluorescence sensing toward 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP).
Template-directed self-assembly of porphyrin nanorings through an imine condensation reaction
Authors: Xu Ziwei , Ying Xinwen , Li Yi , Dong Xiaoyan , Liu Jiyong , Wang Shuping , Little Marc A. , Zhang Dahao , Xie Yongshu , Zhang Zibin , Yu Ling , Huang Feihe , Li Shijun
Published: February 2025

Triporphyrin and hexaporphyrin nanorings were assembled with the assistance of pyridine templates through imine condensation reactions. These nanorings can effectively encapsulate C60 or C70 and have an apparently higher binding affinity towards C70.
Realization of high optical temperature sensing sensitivity based on fluorescence intensity ratio
Authors: Zhang Shen Long , Zhao Dan , Zhang Rui-Juan , Yao Qingxia , Jia Lei , Zong Qiu
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the development of Er3+ doped phosphors for temperature sensing by using the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of the thermally coupled energy levels (2H11/2 and 4S3/2) of Er3+...
Dodecanuclear [NiII8Ln4] clusters and rings of corner-sharing {NiII2Ln2} cubanes (Ln = Dy, Gd, Y); magnetic and magnetothermal properties
Authors: Tziotzi Thomais G. , Agapaki Eleftheria , Charkiolakis Emmanouil K. , Gracia David , Ubach I. Cervera Marc , Dalgarno Scott J. , Evangelisti Marco , Brechin Euan K. , Milios Constantinos J.
Published: February 2025

The syntheses, structures, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of three new hetero-dodecametallic 3d–4f complexes are reported.
Nanostimulants and nanofertilizers for precision agriculture: transforming food production in the 21st century
Authors: Bekah Devesh , Boyjoo Yash , Mistry Panpadoo Rajnee , White Jason C. , Bhaw-Luximon Archana
Published: February 2025

The risk of long-term global food insecurity is being exacerbated by climate change, as well as by a range of other socio-economic and political factors.
Photocurrent enhancement by thionine-capped thylakoid membranes embedded in indium tin oxide nanoparticle films on a graphite surface†
Authors: Im Jaekyun , Choi ShinWoo , Lee Youngrok , Lee Jinhwan , Kim Sunghyun
Published: February 2025

A simple but effective way of enhnacing photocurrent from thylakoid membranes has been developed using a thin film of thionine-capped TMs embedded in ITO nanoparticles. Photoexcited electrons in thylakoid are...
Photoactive methylene blue-functionalized polymer for antimicrobial activation under red light
Authors: Shao Zeyu , Sun Huanli , Wong Edgar H. H.
Published: February 2025

Towards targeted and safe photoinduced bacterial elimination through skin barriers using a newly developed, biocompatible dye-embedded polymer micelle.
High Intensity Interval Training and Arterial Hypertension: Quality
of Reporting
Authors: Bünzen Claudia , Oberbeck Kaija , Ketelhut Sascha , Weisser Burkhard
Published: February 2025

The benefits of exercise have been well described for the treatment of
hypertension. Poor reporting quality impairs quality appraisal and
replicability. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be an
effective alternative to traditional aerobic exercise in patients with
hypertension. We evaluated the completeness of reporting of randomized
controlled trials (RCTs) with HIIT for hypertension and to compare both exercise
modes in reporting quality. RCTs of HIIT with a minimum duration of 6 weeks in
adults with at least high normal blood pressure (≥130 mmHg/≥85 mmHg) were
evaluated using the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT). Nine RCTs
conducting HIIT in hypertensive patients (N=718; 51.8 years) were evaluated. A
mean of 62.6% of items were sufficiently described, compared with 49.2% in
moderate intensity training interventions. Exercise dose was adequately reported
in 8 out of 9 studies. Only one study reported information on adverse events. In
a small sample of RCTs with HIIT in patients with hypertension we found a better
reporting quality than in moderate intensity training interventions. However,
reporting completeness is not optimal for a good replicability in clinical
practice. The lack of reporting of adverse events in interventions using high
intensities is particularly unfavourable.
Optimization of morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of ball-milled graphene through modulating the ratio of grinding balls with different sizes
Authors: Zheng Ranlu , Wu Wei , Hu Miao , Li Bo , Tang Yongliang , Deng Hongxiang , Zu Xiaotao , Xiang Xia
Published: February 2025

In ball milling, the process parameters are decisive in influencing the quality and performance of the final ball-milled product, and crucial but often neglected is the ratio of the grinding balls in terms of their size. Here, for a given number of large grinding balls, the ratio of large to small ones is set to 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 by altering the number of small ones, and how this affects the morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of ball-milled graphene nanosheets is investigated. The results show that changing the ball ratio causes distinct changes in the morphology, structure, and properties of the graphene nanosheets. Increasing the number of small (6 mm) grinding balls decreases the nanosheet grain size monotonically; meanwhile, the crystal plane spacing, defect density, and specific surface area increase and then decrease, but the graphitization degree decreases and then increases. Ball-milled samples are then used as anodes for lithium-ion batteries, and both the specific capacity and rate capability exhibit the same trend of increase and then decrease. The ball ratio of 1:3 gives the best electrochemical performance, i.e., a reversible specific capacity of 262.09 mA ⋅ h/g at a current density of 100 mA/g, and even after 2000 cycles at 2000 mA/g, the reversible specific capacity is 87.4% of the optimal value.
Direct numerical simulations of head-on collision of evaporating droplets
Authors: Zhou Meizhen , Chen Jinyu , Shao Changxiao
Published: February 2025

Spray combustion is crucial in aero-engines and various industrial applications, with the dynamics of evaporating droplets being a critical phenomenon. This study employs direct numerical simulations to examine the head-on collision of evaporating droplets, utilizing the volume-of-fluid method to capture the gas–liquid interface while fully resolving the heat transfer across it. The effects of different evaporating conditions, characterized by varying ambient gas phase temperatures, on droplet dynamics are explored. The temporal evolution of kinetic energy, surface energy, and viscous dissipation is quantitatively analyzed. It is observed that kinetic energy decays more rapidly with higher temperatures, and viscous dissipation decreases with increasing gas phase temperature. In contrast to non-evaporating droplet collisions, the critical Weber number increases due to Stefan flow on the evaporating droplet surface, which impedes the collision process. Consequently, a semi-empirical model for the critical Weber number under evaporating conditions is developed, aiming to offer accurate predictions of droplet dynamics for realistic spray combustion simulations in aero-engines.
Transitions near the onset of stationary rotating magnetoconvection: Role of magnetic Prandtl number
Authors: Sarkar Snehashish , Mandal Sutapa , Pal Pinaki
Published: February 2025

We investigate the instabilities and associated bifurcation structure near the onset of rotating magnetoconvection of low Prandtl number fluids by performing three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. Previous studies considered zero magnetic Prandtl number (Pm) limit for the investigation of bifurcation structure near the onset of convection. Here, we numerically investigate the effect of Pm on the bifurcation structure. The classical Rayleigh–Bénard convection setup in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field and rotation about the vertical axis is considered for the study. The control parameters, including the Taylor number (Ta), the Chandrasekhar number (Q), the reduced Rayleigh number (r), and the magnetic Prandtl number (Pm), are varied in the ranges 1≤Ta≤500, 0<Q≤1000, 0.8≤r≤3.7, and 10−4≤Pm≤0.5 by considering Prandtl numbers Pr=0.025 and 0.1. The investigation reveals the presence of supercritical, subcritical, and hybrid transitions to convection. These transitions lead to infinitesimal and finite amplitude fluid patterns at the onset of convection. The finite amplitude solutions can be both stationary and time-dependent. The bifurcation structures associated with these flow patterns at the onset are studied in detail. For very small Pm, the bifurcation structure is found to be qualitatively similar to the ones observed in the Pm→0 limit. However, as Pm is increased, several new solutions appear at the onset, and the resulting bifurcation structures are greatly modified.
Adjusting the microstructure and mechanical properties of near-liquid phase squeeze casting AZ91D magnesium alloy controlled through heat treatment
Authors: Zhao Chunfang , Ma Guangquan , Yang Xiaohua , Wang Ke , Ji Zesheng
Published: February 2025

To address the issues arising from residual stress, structural non-uniformity, and component segregation in AZ91D magnesium alloy automotive differential brackets, this study comprehensively investigates the phenomenon of component segregation and the influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of near-liquidus squeeze casting (NLSC) of the AZ91D alloy. The results indicate that significant variations in cooling rates occur during alloy solidification along the casting and mold wall directions, leading to the predominant alloying elements segregating into individual clusters and promoting the primary presence of the non-equilibrium Mg17Al12 phase. By subjecting key components of the automotive differential bracket produced through NLSC of the AZ91D alloy to heat treatment, one can see that the solid solution treatment at 430 °C for 12 h alleviates the segregation phenomenon in the as-cast alloy, allowing the Mg17Al12 phase to basically integrate into the matrix to form a supersaturated solid solution. After aging at 330 °C for 21 h, the microstructure precipitates small and dispersed nanoscale short rod-shaped Mg17Al12 second phase. Compared with as-cast alloys, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation after aging have increased from 229.2 MPa to 3.43% to 256 MPa and 3.41%, respectively. Although the elongation change is not significant, its strength has significantly improved. Research has revealed that heat treatment has strong potential in strengthening NLSC forming AZ91D alloy castings.
Numerical study on flow characteristics of a submerged circular water jet at varying impingement heights
Authors: Zhang Li , Fan Jiawei , Wang Chuan , Wang Yong , Cui Yong
Published: February 2025

Due to the high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness, water jet cleaning has become an ideal dredging method for rivers and reservoirs dredging. To accurately investigate the impact of impingement height on the flow characteristics near the impingement wall, this study, in conjunction with comparisons to experimental measurements, selected the RNG (Renormalization Group) k-ε turbulence model and LES (Large Eddy Simulation) method to analyze the time-averaged and transient flow fields of submerged impinging jets with impingement angles θ = 90°, Re (Reynolds number) = 35 100, and various impingement heights H/d = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8. The research reveals that: (1) The axial and radial velocities near the wall depend on the impingement height; the wall blockage effect is confined to within 0.75d, and the jet completes the transition from axial to radial flow at about x/d = 1.8. (2) In the range of 1d from the jet axis, the impingement height significantly affects the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy k/Uj2. (3) The impingement height influences the diffusion of turbulence in the near-wall area; the higher the impingement height, the more fully the shear layer diffuses radially, finally, the jet shear layer completes its inward penetration while the impingement height reaches H/d = 6.
Casing treatment effects on a multistage axial compressor over a wide range of Reynolds number
Authors: Zhao Jiangbin , Ren Xuyang , Dong Xu , Luo Qiaodan , Lu Xingen , Han Ge
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the effects of casing treatment (CT) on a multistage axial compressor over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Re) through experimental and numerical methods. A compressor test rig with continuously variable Re was employed to evaluate the CT's impact on compressor performance. The CT improves the compressor stall margin by 3.73%, 12.27%, and 18.16% at Re = 8.7 × 105, Re = 1.2 × 105, and Re = 4.5 × 104, respectively. Numerical simulations further reveal the stall mechanisms at varying Re and the operational principles of the CT. At Re = 8.7 × 105, stall initiates in the first stator due to flow separation near the hub, exacerbated by a low-momentum region. The CT mitigates hub-side blockage and redistributes the spanwise flow field, improving stator inlet conditions. At Re = 1.2 × 105, stall is linked to trailing-edge separation at the first stator blade tip, caused by upstream rotor suction surface separation that worsens the stator inlet flow. The CT alleviates rotor blade tip separation, improving stator inlet incidence and delaying stall onset. At Re = 4.5 × 104, stall originates at the first rotor blade tip, driven by the interaction of tip leakage flow and suction surface separation. The CT suppresses leakage flow and reduces radial transport, significantly improving tip flow characteristics. These findings demonstrate the CT's ability to improve compressor stability over a broad Re range, offering insights for optimizing the CT designs in advanced axial compressors.
Dissenting emails in academia
Authors: Rodríguez Velasco David , Ainciburu María Cecilia
Published: February 2025

This research studies a group of Chinese university students of Spanish as a foreign language (SFL) and observes
the macro- and microstructure of their emails and their pragmatic competence. In order to study the features and context adequacy
of their communication, a corpus of 135 emails written by fourth-year students was analysed to identify the uses and preferences
concerning subject lines and opening and closing moves, and to investigate the uses and functions of strategies related to
disagreement in their communication to a faculty member. Our results have reflected the obstacles that the vast majority of
students manifest in the use of Spanish when it comes to adequately achieving their communicative purpose in a given context. Data
also proved that the emails analysed were inappropriate due to insufficient mitigation, lack of acknowledgement of the imposition
involved and lack of status-congruent language.
L-shell Photoionisation Cross Sections in the S+, S2+, S3+ Isonuclear Sequence
Authors: Mosnier Jean-Paul , Kennedy Eugene T , Bizau Jean-Marc , Guilbaud Ségolène , Cubaynes D , Blancard Christophe , McLaughlin Brendan M , Hasoglu Muhammet Fatih , Gorczyca Thomas W
Published: February 2025

We present absolute L-shell photoionisation cross sections for the S+, S2+, S3+ ions. The cross sections were obtained using the monochromatised photon beam delivered by the SOLEIL syn- chrotron source coupled with an ion beam extracted from an electron cyclotron resonance source (ECRIS) in the merged dual-beam configuration. The cross sections for single, double and triple ionisation were measured and combined to generate total photoionisation cross sections. For each of the S+, S2+ and S3+ ions, the photon energy regions corresponding to the excitation and ionisation of a 2p or a 2s electron (∼ 175-230 eV) were investigated. The experimental results are interpreted with the help of multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock (MCDF) and Breit-Pauli R-Matrix (BPRM) or Dirac R-Matrix (DARC) theoretical calculations. The former generates photoabsorption cross sec- tions from eigenenergies and eigenfunctions obtained by solving variationally the multiconfiguration Dirac Hamiltonian while the latter calculate cross sections for photon scattering by atoms. The cross sectional spectra feature rich resonance structures with narrow natural widths (typically ≤ 100 meV) due to 2p → nd excitations below and up to the 2p thresholds. This behaviour is consistent with the large number of inner-shell states based on correlation and spin-orbit mixed configurations hav- ing three open subshells. Strong and wide (typically ∼ 1 eV) Rydberg series of resonances due to 2s → np excitations dominate above the 2p threshold.