bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syndromic Trends in the Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) among Patients Visiting STD Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital in the National Capital Region
Authors:   MSN, MPH, Lobo Ameeka Shereen
Published: March 2021

Sexually transmitted diseases or infections are a major threat to the public. Every year more than one million people acquire it globally. The objectives of this study were: a) to identify the number of patients tested for STDs, b) to assess the number of patients tested positive for STDs, c) to understand the trends of STD syndrome among the patients from January 2018 to June 2019. Data of patients visiting the STD Outpatient Department (OPD) of Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi with symptoms related to STI/ STD was analysed. Data of patients who visited the OPD for consultation was available, and was used as proxy denominator to guide the analyses. Descriptive analyses were conducted using this dataset. The total number of patients in 2018 was 7363, out of which 4089 (55.53%) were males. In 2019, the total number of patients between January and June was 4346, with an almost similar proportion of males (2241- 51.56%). Of 7363 patients that visited the clinic, 19.7% of patients tested positive for one or the other STD in 2018, whereas from January to June 2019, 18.38% patients tested positive for STD. A total of 1561 cases of Vaginal/ Cervical discharge was seen across the span of 18 months in 2018. This analysis gives an understanding of the number of patients with STD symptoms and syndromes over a period of 18 months at a tertiary level STD centre in Delhi. Since the data available is only for one centre, the results cannot be generalized to the wider population.
Teletrabalho a partir do estrangeiro
Authors: Fernandes da Costa Suzana , Soares Conceição
Published: March 2021

Com a pandemia causada pela COVID-19, o recurso ao regime de teletrabalho tem sido cada vez mais frequente em Portugal. Muitas vezes a prestação de trabalho é exercida a partir de um segundo país configurando uma situação de teletrabalho internacional. Esta circunstância pode comportar relevantes consequências quer para os trabalhadores, quer para empregadores. Neste artigo propomo-nos analisar o enquadramento fiscal, laboral e em matéria de segurança social da prestação de teletrabalho a partir do estrangeiro e os riscos que podem resultar no recurso a esta forma de trabalho.
El acceso a las prestaciones sanitarias esenciales para hacer frente a la COVID-19 y los derechos de propiedad intelectual
Authors: Curto Polo Maria Mercedes
Published: March 2021

La Organización Mundial de la Salud, en su actualización de abril de 2020 del Plan estratégico de preparación y respuesta frente a la COVID-19, hizo hincapié en la necesidad de acelerar la investigación, la innovación y el conocimiento compartidos como parte de la estrategia internacional para hacer frente a la pandemia. A este respecto insistió en que la comunidad internacional debe hacer un esfuerzo unificado e internacional para lograr el máximo impacto de la investigación, poniendo de manifiesto algunas iniciativas puestas en marcha por la OMS para posibilitarlo.
Con todo, no parece que las empresas (apoyadas en ocasiones por los Gobiernos de distintos países) que han emprendido una carrera sin precedentes para obtener la vacuna o el medicamento que se revele más efectivo en la lucha contra la enfermedad vayan a renunciar a proteger sus resultados a través de derechos de propiedad intelectual y, principalmente, a través de patentes de invención. De hecho, tal como informan las Oficinas de patentes de distintos países, las solicitudes relacionadas con la COVID-19 se han disparado en los últimos meses.
Dado que las patentes confieren un monopolio exclusivo a su titular durante un tiempo determinado, la fabricación de estos fármacos solamente será posible con el consentimiento de su titular; lo cual limita las posibilidades de acceso generalizado a tales prestaciones. Se plantea así, una vez más, el conflicto entre la existencia de patentes y la salud pública, que no es nuevo, pero que se está sintiendo de manera especial en los últimos meses. La propia normativa reguladora de las patentes contempla algunos límites a tales derechos de exclusiva fundamentados en motivos de interés público y, en especial, la posibilidad de permitir su uso sin el consentimiento de su titular a través de licencias obligatorias. En el presente artículo analizamos este instrumento jurídico que permitiría hacer un uso no autorizado de la patente, así como mecanismos alternativos que permitirían satisfacer la demanda de estas prestaciones en casos de emergencia sanitaria como el que estamos viviendo.
Recensión a Cazurro Barahona, Víctor: Antecedentes y fundamentos del Derecho a la protección de datos, J.M. Bosch Editor, Barcelona, 2020, 156 pp. (ISBN 9788412157918)
Authors: López Jiménez David
Published: March 2021

Recensión a Cazurro Barahona, Víctor: Antecedentes y fundamentos del Derecho a la protección de datos, J.M. Bosch Editor, Barcelona, 2020, 156 pp. (ISBN 9788412157918)
Teleworking/telecommuting – system podnoszący stopień zinformatyzowania sektora pracy. Szanse i zagrożenia dla społeczeństwa informacyjnego
Authors: Brzozowski Tomasz Tadeusz
Published: March 2021

Teleworking and telecommuting are the newest and very popular ways of employment. This kind of employment is connected with changing the place of employment. An employee moves from the head offices (which are frequently based in the centre of a big town) to his home. Employment in this system permits to save time, driving expenses, operating costs, etc. From the employers` viewpoint, teleworking has a direct impact on the company’s costs reduction (equipment, accident and national insurance), while from the point of view of employees, it raises their degree of independence and develops discipline and diligence. Teleworking also takes advantage of the Internet, contributes to the development of the information society and raises its level of informatization. It has an important influence on the society’s structural components.
Starzenie się ludności na obszarach przemysłowych w Polsce
Authors: Kurek Sławomir
Published: March 2021

The aim of the study was to analyse the process of population ageing in selected industrial centres in Poland. Ten industrial towns were taken into account: both old coal-mining areas (Chorzów, Wałbrzych) and industrial areas developed intensively in 1970s and 1980s. In all of them, industrial investments were connected with a high wave of immigration of young people. Nowadays the immigrant population is ageing at a rapid pace, which may have negative consequences for the development of information society. In the years 1988–2007, most of the units recorded a decrease in pre-working population (aged under 18) and an increase in post-working population (aged 60 and over for women and 65 and over for men). According to the demographic transition theory, the proportion of working population (aged 18–59/64) recorded a considerable increase (demographic window of opportunity or demographic bonus), however the changes in the structure of working population were unfavourable with an increase of immobile working population (aged 45–59/64) and a decrease of mobile working population (aged 18–44). According to the author’s own projection up to the year 2030, the negative trends will be confirmed with a considerable drop of the percentage of working population in industrial units, followed by a steady increase in the dependency ratio.
Przejawy procesu globalizacji w sferze produkcji na przykładzie Scania Production Słupsk S. A.
Authors: Czapliński Paweł , Stawarska Anna
Published: March 2021

The article describes the structure of Scania as a global corporation. The company manufactures: city buses, coaches and heavy-load trucks. The article depicts the development of Scania in the world and mainly in Poland. We have described in detail the company from Słupsk – Scania Production Słupsk S.A. Mainly, employment figures and structures, production in numbers, as well as target markets. The part of work concerns the strategy of the company and the plans for further expansion.
Problems of formation of tourist-recreational complex in Irkutsk Region
Authors: Gafarova Elena
Published: March 2021

The key direction of economic development of Irkutsk region is forming a recreational complex based on such a unique resource as the lake Baikal as a competitive advantage of the region. It is possible to develop various kinds of tourism here.Development of the tourist sector may become one of the prime projects of development of interregional cooperation within the limits of the Siberian federal district. There exists a decision of Federal authorities to create in the Irkutsk region a special economic zone of tourist-recreational type, «The Gate of Baikal».The basic problem is that the material base of the sector has been essentially obsolete and does not correspond to the international standards. The airport «Irkutsk» is one of the bottlenecks.Another problem is alignment of seasonal prevalence of tourist flows. In the tourist sector, the practice of private-state partnership seems to be quite effective.
Stan i perspektywy rozwoju bazy noclegowej w obwodzie lwowskim
Authors: Rettinger Renata
Published: March 2021

Lviv Oblast can be proud of most favourable conditions for the development of various forms of tourism. It is a region of unique environmental features, characterized both by lowlands and mountain ranges with large share of protected areas. Tourist functions of the region are proven by numerous cultural heritage sites, especially in such a centre as the city of Lviv. In Lviv there are over three thousand monuments, which makes it a unique “city – museum”, recognized by UNESCO within its list of World Heritage Sites. Lviv Oblast is one of the most important spa regions in Ukraine, with the main spa resort of Truskawiec, which has been recently undergoing a whole range of structural changes. For many years a deficit of tourist accommodation has been observed, both in Lviv itself and in other areas of the region. Another drawback is low quality of the offered services, which is caused by the low standard of available facilities.
Poziom zadowolenia turystów zagranicznych a perspektywy wzrostu ruchu turystycznego w Meksyku
Authors: Winiarczyk-Raźniak Anna , Raźniak Piotr
Published: March 2021

The paper is dedicated to the issue of the relationship between the level of satisfaction of foreign tourists visiting Mexico and the potential for growth in the number of persons visiting from abroad. The publication is based on survey research conducted by the Mexican agency “Secretaria del Turismo” among tourists arriving by air. The survey asked participants to rate the state of the Mexican tourist infrastructure, airport facilities, and attitudes of locals towards foreign tourists. The survey study showed a general increase in the satisfaction level of people who had visited Mexico in 2007 relative to that of people who had visited in 2002. Security and Mexican hospitality were highly rated by survey participants. Forecasts call for growth in tourist traffic and predict increasing revenues for the tourist industry. This may be associated with the growing level of satisfaction experienced by visitors to Mexico.
Dysproporcje w rozwoju sektora ICT w okręgach federalnych Rosji
Authors: Ładysz Jerzy , Ładysz Aleksander
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, ICT and the Internet are the key factors of innovations, research, economic growth and social changes. In Russia there are significant regional disparities in development of the ICT sector in comparison to other countries. The reason for this is relatively large size of Russian Federation and the high density of population living in agglomerations. The ICT sector in Russia is growing much faster in big cities. The aim of this research was to show the spatial differences in development of the ICT sector in Russian Federation on federal districts level.
Wpływ kryzysu na zmiany produkcji przemysłowej w Polsce
Authors: Rachwał Tomasz
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the global economic crisis on changes in industrial production in Poland compared to other European countries. The paper examines the changes in indicators such as industrial production growth, changes in production of major products, employment in industry, labor productivity and economic climate. This analysis shows that current negative effects f economic crisis on Polish industry are not as major as expected and are comparable with previous periods of economic downturn (eg. the late 90’s of the 20th century). It also implies, that very often the changes in industrial production are affected by number of other socio-economic factors, the economic crisis being only one of the external factors.
Rynek pracy województwa dolnośląskiego w okresie spowolnienia gospodarczego
Authors: Brezdeń Paweł , Spallek Waldemar
Published: March 2021

The article focuses on processes of the regional labor market during the economic slowdown that resulted from the global financial crisis in years 2007–2009, which is also called the Great Recession. The labor market’s situation is the result of the interaction of many complex processes. On the one hand, it is a derivative of the level of development and structure of the economy; on the other hand, the shape of the labor market is influenced by the changes associated with an ever-increasing integration of Poland with the European Union. In recent years, global economic processes, especially connected with the Great Recession, also play a significant role in shaping the situation of regional labor markets. The article presents the trends of development of the labor market in the region in years 2000–2009 in the field of economic activity and employment rates taking into consideration the selected demographic and economic categories of the population. The particular attention is devoted to the issues of development of unemployment and its typology. These elements of the labor market were presented in the local systems of the region with an indication of their spatial variation and intensity.On the basis of identified regularity of development of the studied phenomenon, the authors made an attempt to identify and evaluate the impact of the economic slowdown on the regional labor market at the local and regional level.
Personification of genius loci – innovations on the base of geographical identity
Authors: Lidin Konstantin L.
Published: March 2021

Innovative development of a place is necessary associated with the individual positioning of the place. Europe consists of more than 100 thousand competing territorial units, which need to attract the potential consumers by means of creating a bright and actual image. Without having the unique, characteristic image, a potentially attractive place can remain unnoticed on the enormous European location market.The objective of this research is improving our understanding of a place image and its influence on competitiveness of the location. Over the last decades, the emotional essence of place image has made considerable impact on economic and demographic development of places. This project will allow us to study quantitatively the increasing value of a place image as determinative of its appeal. Our project, thus, aspires to improve measurements of features of a place image for the purpose of management on the level of location attractiveness.The research into and expression of geographical identity of a place is convenient to carry out, using the image of a Dragon as the personification of «genius loci». The methodology is confirmed on the example of a number of cities in the southeast area of Bulgaria.
Quality of Life as a Concept in the Modern Society
Authors: Batsun Natalia Vladimirovna
Published: March 2021

By now, neither socialist planned economy, nor market economy, nor the noble public environmental movements have brought reliable instruments of managing ecological aspects of the quality of life. Perhaps, it would be helpful to try to use here the methods of the concept of total quality management, so popular in business management. The main aspects of the quality of life management deriving from quality management positions are: priority of consumer requirements, which in our case means that when evaluating any projects, human interests must be considered higher than any system interests; priority of quality, which means rejecting such alternative options as the “consumer society” concept and radically ecological one, and leads to considering life period expectancy as the main target index; managing processes, not product specific- quality; involvement of all the personnel of organization (the whole population); huge role of continuous training; formalization of input and output control, including standardization and certification procedures.
Aktywność samorządu terytorialnego w budowaniu gospodarki opartej na wiedzy
Authors: Perska Anita
Published: March 2021

W artykule wyjaśnia się pojęcie gospodarki opartej na wiedzy i rolę samorządu terytorialnego w procesie jej budowania. Przyjmuje się, że reorientacja gospodarki przebiega etapami, a regiony w trakcie rozwoju przechodzą od wzrostu surowco- i pracochłonnego przez kapitałochłonny do zaawansowanego technologicznie wzrostu opartego na wiedzy. Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy rozumiana jest jako powstała w wyniku tworzenia, przekazywania i wdrażania wiedzy. Wspieranie nowej gospodarki, w której kluczową rolę odgrywa wiedza, staje się ogromnym wyzwaniem dla samorządów, których celem jest osiągnięcie wysokiego poziomu rozwoju oraz konkurencyjności. Badaniem obejmuje się wybrane jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Celami artykułu są wyjaśnienie pojęć związanych z samorządem terytorialnym i gospodarką opartą na wiedzy oraz identyfikacja działań jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w zakresie budowania gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Analizie poddane zostaną przykłady działań jednostek samorządu terytorialnego sprzyjające tworzeniu się i rozprzestrzenianiu wiedzy.
Convergence and divergence processes in regional development
Authors: Burnasov Alexander , Ilyushkina Maria , Kovalev Yuri , Stepanov Anatoly
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the basic trends of regions in the context of globalization and regionalizationof the world’s economy. The most important factors of regional development today are theinnovation resource areas, their institutional environment, political regimes as well as regional policy,and geographical and socio-demographic factors.
Funkcjonowanie Krakowskich Zakładów Elektronicznych „Telpod” w świetle przemian w polskim przemyśle elektronicznym
Authors: Rachwał Tomasz
Published: March 2021

Przemysł tzw. wysokiej techniki, w tym przemysł elektroniczny, powinien być, podobnie jak w państwach wysokorozwiniętych gospodarczo, głównym czynnikiem rozwoju polskiej gospodarki. Kiedy w Polsce kontynuowano industrializację opartą na energochłonnym i stało-chłonnym przemyśle ciężkim, na przełomie lat siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych w krajach tzw. Triady przemysły wysokiej techniki i przemysł drobny, stały się głównym czynnikiem dynamizującym rozwój całej gospodarki i źródłem postępu cywilizacyjnego społeczeństwa. Wynika to z faktu, że wykorzystują one, w procesach produkcji i wyrobach gotowych, osiągnięcia współczesnej rewolucji przemysłowej, tj. mikroelektronikę, biotechnologie oraz nowe materiały i tworzywa konstrukcyjne. Ich efektem są istotne zmiany w przemyśle polegające na odchodzeniu od gałęzi o charakterze kapitałowo-intensywnym zdominowanych przez duże przedsiębiorstwa na rzecz gałęzi o charakterze intelektualnie-intensywnym z wysokim udziałem małych przedsiębiorstw (Wieloński 1993).
Okręgi przemysłowe w Polsce u progu XXI wieku
Authors: Gierańczyk Wiesława , Stańczyk Arkadiusz
Published: March 2021

Przestrzeń przemysłowa w Polsce jest częścią przestrzeni gospodarczej, ukształtowanej w okresie długiego doświadczenia historycznego. Jej współczesny obraz jest wynikiem różnorodnych wydarzeń społecznych i gospodarczych, obejmujących zarówno okresy rozwoju, jak i okresy wojennej i niewojennej destrukcji. Podstawowymi elementami przestrzeni przemysłowej są różnorodne formy koncentracji przemysłu (skupiska przemysłowe), które stanowią funkcję natężenia sił skupienia przestrzennego potencjału produkcyjnego i czasu. Skupiska przemysłowe różnią się od siebie pod względem genezy, zasięgu, zainwestowania, struktury produkcji, powiązań techniczno-ekonomicznych itp., dlatego ich delimitacja nastręcza wiele trudności.
Przemiany strukturalne przemysłu na przykładzie małych miast Pomorza Środkowego
Authors: Rydz Eugeniusz , Jażewicz Iwona
Published: March 2021

Zapoczątkowane po 1989 r. zmiany ustrojowe w Polsce oraz przejście do systemu gospodarki rynkowej wymagają nowego spojrzenia na funkcjonowanie zakładów przemysłowych w miastach, zwłaszcza najmniejszych jednostkach. Często bowiem w małych miastach przemysł pełnił wiodącą funkcję miastotwórczą (Żechowski 1973, Ginsbert-Gebert 1966). Celem niniejszego wystąpienia jest próba przedstawienia zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju oraz struktury przemysłu w małych miastach Pomorza Środkowego w ujęciu przestrzennym, gałęziowym, wielkości oraz własności w świetle aktualnie trwających przeobrażeń społeczno-gospodarczych.
Transformacje struktur przemysłowych na terenie województwa pomorskiego
Authors: Czepczyński Mariusz
Published: March 2021

Województwo pomorskie liczy 22. l 85 tys. mieszkańców, czyli 5,6% populacji kraju, co plasuje je na 8 miejscu wśród województw. Zajmuje ono 5,8% powierzchni Polski. Województwo cechuje się niskim odsetkiem zatrudnienia w rolnictwie, zaledwie 13% ogółu pracujących, dwukrotnie niższym do średniej krajowej. Stopa bezrobocia, na poziomie około 12,7% jest przy tym nieco wyższa niż średnia krajowa. Województwo cechuje się przy tym stosunkowo wysoką aktywnością gospodarczą i społeczną, pod względem inwestycji samorządowych zajmuje ono 3 miejsce, zaś w liczbie 1zarejestrowanych organizacji non-profit drugie, po Mazowieckim, miejsce w Polsce. Pomorskie jest także, najbardziej po Mazowieckim, wewnętrznie zróżnicowane gospodarczo. Najwyższymi wskaźnikami ekonomicznymi cechuje się Trójmiasto oraz powiat pucki w północnej części województwa, zaś południowe i zachodnie powiaty ziemskie należą do najmniej gospodarczo rozwiniętych w regionie.
The Effects of Spatial Organization of Networking Knowledge-intensive Enterprises from the Point of View of Spatial Planning
Authors: Mrozińska Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy są sieci powiązań tworzone przez przedsiębiorstwa, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem firm intensywnie wykorzystujących wiedzę. Celem pracy jest identyfikacja i próba oceny efektów usieciowienia tych przedsiębiorstw, efektów, jakie niesie za sobą organizacja przestrzenna sieci, a które mogą mieć istotne znaczenie dla polityki przestrzennej. W artykule powołano się na prace badawcze polskich i zagranicznych autorów, które powstały w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Działalność usieciowionych przedsiębiorstw intensywnie wykorzystujących wiedzę wymaga wnikliwej analizy pod kątem obserwowanych, a także potencjalnych efektów widocznych w przestrzeni, w związku z charakterem prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej tych podmiotów, który to nie wymaga, w wielu przypadkach, bliskości przestrzennej uczestników sieci. Na podstawie przedstawionych w artykule badań można zaobserwować różny charakter efektów rozwoju gospodarki opartej na wiedzy w przestrzeni. Procesy usieciowienia przedsiębiorstw mogą prowadzić do negatywnych skutków w postaci nadmiernej koncentracji funkcji zarządzającej i wysysania zasobów z mniej rozwiniętych i mniej atrakcyjnych regionów eskalowanych przez procesy migracyjne. Jednocześnie drugi z przykładów wskazuje, że te same procesy w innych warunkach rozwojowych mogą być odbierane pozytywnie, jako szansa na tworzenie świetnie skomunikowanych z wielkim światem terenów policentrycznego rozwoju na obszarach dotychczas zdominowanych przez małe i średnie miasteczka, które wykorzystują powiązania z węzłami o światowym i międzynarodowym znaczeniu jako pas transmisyjny dla własnego rozwoju.
Specjalna strefa ekonomiczna jako biegun wzrostu (ujęcie teoretyczne)
Authors: Typa Magdalena
Published: February 2021

Z uwagi na to, że specjalne strefy ekonomiczne (SSE) działają w Polsce od 20 lat, to zasadne  jest ustalenie, czy mogą one tworzyć układy przestrzenne, które przekształcają się w bieguny wzrostu  regionalnego. Dlatego celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie w świetle teorii rozwoju lokalnego, regionalnego,  prawidłowości dotyczących powstawania biegunów wzrostu w oparciu o specjalne strefy ekonomiczne  wraz ze wskazaniem skutków ich funkcjonowania z punktu widzenia zagospodarowania przestrzeni ekonomicznej.  Jako metodę badawczą zastosowano studia literatury przedmiotu. W wyniku przeprowadzonej  analizy ustalono, że strefa ekonomiczna może być przyczynkiem do powstania układów przestrzennych  wskutek napływu inwestorów zainteresowanych maksymalizacją korzyści zewnętrznych z lokalizacji  w sąsiedztwie innych przedsiębiorstw. W krótkim terminie w miejscu powstania strefy wzrost gospodarczy  jest zdynamizowany wskutek działania mechanizmów mnożnikowych. W dłuższym okresie, w konsekwencji  powiązań tworzonych z podmiotami spoza strefy, efekty te są rozprzestrzeniane i prowadzą do  rozwoju w skali regionalnej.
Entrepreneurial Activities of Communes in Creation of Competitive Advantages at Regional Investment Markets – Evidence from Poland
Authors: Pilewicz Tomasz
Published: February 2021

The objective of this paper is to present examples of local regions represented by Polish communes that demonstrate entrepreneurial activities within competition for investors, tourists, and inhabitants at regional investment markets. I will present local regions of different location, size, functional type, and potential investment attractiveness that were the best in their class within the research sample studied. I decided to perform multilayer research on 50 communes in Poland using electronic audit research method, mystery client research method, and benchmarking of communes within their subpopulation types. Within the research 10 communes that are the best in their class have been selected. Identified activities of the best in class communes are presented and enable to form recommendations of applicable character for local regions aiming to improve their competitiveness in attraction, and retention of investors, tourists, and inhabitants.
Kierunki przemian bazy noclegowej oraz jej wykorzystanie na wybrzeżu Chorwacji w latach 1993–2013
Authors: Wiskulski Tomasz , Jaźwiecka Marta , Wendt Jan A.
Published: March 2021

Proces rozpadu Jugosławii, zapoczątkowany po śmierci Josipa Broza-Tito, doprowadził do proklamowania przez Chorwację niepodległości 25 czerwca 1991 roku. Konsekwencją tej decyzji były rozpoczęte działania wojenne, które nie pozostały bez znaczenia dla wielkości bazy noclegowej oraz stopnia jej wykorzystania. Od roku 1995 nastąpił silny proces prywatyzacji, który objął swoim zasięgiem również bazę noclegową. Rządy Franjo Tuđmana, poprzez wzrost bezrobocia i inflacji, doprowadziły niemalże do upadku chorwackiej waluty. Wpłynęło to na zmianę atrakcyjności turystycznej Chorwacji od strony rynkowej. W latach 2000–2007 doszło do poprawy sytuacji na rynku usług turystycznych, co pokrywało się z okresem przemian gospodarczych. Niestety, brak poważniejszych bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ) doprowadził w roku 2007 i kolejnych latach do wyhamowania wzrostu chorwackiego PKB oraz zubożenia społeczeństwa. Również międzynarodowy kryzys gospodarczy nie pozostał bez wpływu na sytuację na rynku usług turystycznych. W latach 2007–2008 doszło do rozwoju wielkości bazy noclegowej oraz wzrostu liczby turystów, przy jednoczesnym skróceniu średniego czasu ich pobytu. Lata 2009–2011 to okres, w którym nastąpił spadek liczby turystów w Chorwacji. Można to wytłumaczyć jako opóźniony efekt międzynarodowego kryzysu gospodarczego. Jednak powolny wzrost wielkości wskaźnika rozwoju bazy noclegowej pozwala definiować omawiany okres jako etap pozytywnych przemian na rynku usług turystycznych. W roku 2012 doszło do znacznego spadku liczby miejsc noclegowych, przy niewielkim wzroście liczby turystów. Doprowadziło to do zwiększenia efektywności wykorzystania bazy noclegowej, wzrósł też wskaźnik jej rozwoju. W lipcu 2013 roku Chorwacja stała się członkiem Unii Europejskiej (UE). Wpłynęło to w bezpośredni sposób na rynek usług turystycznych. Nastąpił znaczny wzrost liczby turystów, szczególnie z krajów UE, oraz rozwój bazy noclegowej. Nie bez znaczenia dla wielkości ruchu turystycznego było wprowadzenie obowiązku wizowego od 1 kwietnia 2013 roku dla obywateli z takich krajów, jak Rosja, Ukraina czy Turcja. Zaistniałe zmiany nie wpłynęły jednak na średnią długość pobytu turystów w Chorwacji. W ciągu całego okresu nastąpiło przesunięcie bazy noclegowej z głębi kraju do strefy nadmorskiej, gdzie w roku 1993 kumulowało się 89% miejsc noclegowych, by w roku 2014 skupiać ich 98%.
Przemiany funkcjonowania Zakładów Przemysłu Dziewiarskiego „Jarlan” S.A. w Jarosławiu (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem lat 1999–2003)
Authors: Kilar Wioletta
Published: March 2021

The Knitting Factory “Jarlan” in Jarosław was established in 1972, when the country’s economy was centrally controlled. Initially, “Jarlan” comprised of four smaller plants, but in the process of shifting to market economy some of them were closed as they proved unprofitable. In 1992, the Factory was turned into a sole shareholder company of the Treasury. Subsequently, together with other companies in the clothing – knitting field, “Jarlan” became a part of the “Próchnik” holding, and in 2002 the controlling interest was purchased by Krzysztof Dajczak.Due to the nature of its production, women prevail among “Jarlan’s” employees. In the 1980’s, out of 3000 people employed, two-thirds were women. During the transformation period, employment was reduced to 982 people, 199 men and 783 women, which constituted only 28% of the 1980 employment level. The year 2000 was a breakthrough for “Jarlan”, which resulted from the difficulties that the “Próchnik” holding, to which the Factory belonged, was going through. The number of finished articles dropped significantly and the sales profits were the lowest in the company’s entire history – 11 million of estimated losses. Measures were undertaken to regain “Jarlan’s” financial fluency and its position on the market through winning new customers, especially abroad. As soon as 2002, the profits amounted to 1mln. Presently, the Knitting Factory “Jarlan” is an international company, selling their turtlenecks, round-neck sweaters, vests, cardigans and tunics mainly to England, Spain, Germany and France. Due to high quality products and varied sets of patterns and colours, the company is extremely competitive, which has been recognized by Polish customers as well.
Providing Validation Evidence for a Clinical-Science Module: Improving Testing Reliability with Quizzes
Authors: Peeters Michael , Cor M Kenneth , Maki Erik
Published: February 2021

Description of the Problem: High-stakes decision-making should have sound validation evidence; reliability is vital towards this. A short exam may not be very reliable on its own within didactic courses, and so supplementing it with quizzes might help. But how much? This study’s objective was to understand how much reliability (for the overall module-grades) could be gained by adding quiz data to traditional exam data in a clinical-science module.
The Innovation: In didactic coursework, quizzes are a common instructional strategy. However, individual contexts/instructors can vary quiz use formatively and/or summatively. Second-year PharmD students took a clinical-science course, wherein a 5-week module focused on cardiovascular therapeutics. Generalizability Theory (G-Theory) combined seven quizzes leading to an exam into one module-level reliability, based on a model where students were crossed with items nested in eight fixed testing occasions (mGENOVA used). Furthermore, G-Theory decision-studies were planned to illustrate changes in module-grade reliability, where the number of quiz-items and relative-weighting of quizzes were altered.
Critical Analysis: One-hundred students took seven quizzes and one exam. Individually, the exam had 32 multiple-choice questions (MCQ) (KR-20 reliability=0.67), while quizzes had a total of 50MCQ (5-9MCQ each) with most individual quiz KR-20s less than or equal to 0.54. After combining the quizzes and exam using G-Theory, estimated reliability of module-grades was 0.73; improved from the exam alone. Doubling the quiz-weight, from the syllabus’ 18% quizzes and 82% exam, increased the composite-reliability of module-grades to 0.77. Reliability of 0.80 was achieved with equal-weight for quizzes and exam.
Next Steps: Expectedly, more items lent to higher reliability. However, using quizzes predominantly formatively had little impact on reliability, while using quizzes more summatively (i.e., increasing their relative-weight in module-grade) improved reliability further. Thus, depending on use, quizzes can add to a course’s rigor.
Organic Geochemistry and Thermal Maturity Assessment of Cretaceous Balambo Formation from Selected Sites, Kurdistan, NE Iraq
Authors: Sarraj Razawa Hamarashid A. , Mohialdeen Ibrahim Mohammed J.
Published: February 2021

The Cretaceous Balambo Formation from three sections in Kurdistan Region of Northern Iraq was studied. The selected sections are located in the Zagros Fold -Thrust Belt. Eleven rock samples were analyzed by means of the organic geochemical method, Bitumen extraction method, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine the bitumen and hydrocarbon content, kerogen types, origin of organic matter, thermal maturity level, and depositional environment. The analyzed samples are considered to have an excellent potential in Baranan-1.G1 and Sazan sections, with poor to fair potential in Baraw section. The Baranan-1.G1 source rocks are of type II kerogen (oil prone), whereas Sazan and Baraw samples are of type II/III (oil/ gas prone). Detailed distribution analysis of biomarkers such as normal alkane, isoprenoids, sterane and terpane was performed on saturated hydrocarbons. The mode of n-alkanes and isoprenoids distribution in all analyzed samples is similar, with a unimodal distribution that indicates non-biodegraded hydrocarbons, with the same range of alkane compounds between C13-C34 alkanes. The results of n-C17, pristane, n-C18 and phytane, and regular steranes show that the source rocks of Balambo Formation in Baranan-1.G1 are mainly rich with algal marine organic matter deposited under a reducing environment, while Baraw and Sazan sections are composed of mixed marine organic matter that refers to terrestrial land plants input deposited under reducing anoxic/dysoxic environments. Thermal maturation appraisal is deduced from Pristane/n-C17 versus Phytane/n-C18 diagram, Carbon Preference Index (CPI), C29 Î²Î²/ (Î²Î²+Î±Î±), C29 20S/ (20S +20R), C32 22S/ (22S+22R), and Ts/ (Ts+Tm). All these parameters indicate that the analyzed samples are mature and have entered the oil window (early to peak oil window). Biomarker ratios of C22/C21, C24/C23 and C26/C25, C31R/C30H show that the Balambo Formation is composed mostly of carbonates with less shale beds.
Application of Velocity Analysis Picking for 2D Seismic Data Processing in West An-Najaf Are
Authors: Ali Kamal K. , Wanas Ahmed , Mahdi Mohanad E.
Published: February 2021

In the current study, 2D seismic data in west An-Najaf (WN-36 line) were received after many steps of processing by Oil Exploration Company in 2018. Surface Consistent Amplitude Compensation (SCAC) was applied on the seismic data. The processing sequence in our study started by sorting data in a common mid-point (CMP) gather, in order to apply the velocity analysis using Interactive Velocity Analysis Application (INVA) with Omega system. Semblance of velocity was prepared to preform normal move-out (NMO) vs. Time. Accurate root mean square velocity (VRMS) was selected, which was controlled by flatness of the primary events. The resultant seismic velocity section for the study area shows that the velocity analysis became smother and provided an accurate seismic section.
The Use of Seismic Reflection Data Inversion Technique to Evaluate the Petro- Physical Properties of Nahr Umr Formation at Kumait and Dujaila Oil Fields â€“ Southern Iraq
Authors: Nassir Nowfal A. , AL- Banna Ahmed S. , Al-Sharaa Ghazi H.
Published: February 2021

The estimation of rock petrophysical parameters is an essential matter to characterize any reservoir. This research deals with the evaluation of  effective porosity (Pe), shale volume (Vsh) and water saturation (Sw) of reservoirs at Kumait and Dujalia fields, which were analyzed from well log and seismic data. The absolute acoustic impedance (AI) and relative acoustic impedance (RAI) were derived from a model which is based on the inversion of seismic 3-D post-stack data. NahrUmr formationâ€™s sand reservoirs are identified by the RAI section of the study area. Nahr Umr sand-2 unit in Kumait field is the main reservoir; its delineation depends on the available well logs and AI sections information. The results of well logging interpretation showed a decrease of Sw and Vsh and an increase of effective porosity in the oil reservoir area, which coincides with the decrease of AI values. The existence of the water reservoir in Du-2 well revealed a convergence of the results of AI and effective porosity with those of Kumait wells , along with and some differential results of Sw and Vsh values that may be related to changes in lithology and fluid density.
Asymptotic Stability for Some Types of Nonlinear Fractional Order Differential-Algebraic Control Systems
Authors: Hasan Sameer Qasim
Published: February 2021

The aim of this paper is to study the asymptotically stable solution of nonlinear single and multi fractional differential-algebraic control systems, involving feedback control inputs, by an effective approach that depends on necessary and sufficient conditions.
Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Euphorbia paralias L. and Melilotus sulcatus Desf. against some pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Miloud Miloud M. , Senussi Najma A.
Published: February 2021

The present study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of leaf extracts of Euphorbia paralias and Melilotus sulcatus against four bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. and two fungal species Asperigillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The agar well diffusion assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. The effect of these extracts was most effective against the bacterial species compared to the fungal species at a used concentration (100 mg/ml). Methanolic extracts of selected plants displayed good antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms species, while, no activity for aqueous extracts against tested fungal species. Methanolic extracts were the most effective plant extracts against all tested bacterial species, with MIC and MBC reached 6.2 and 12.5 mg/ml, except Klebsiella sp. which was less sensitive to M. sulcatus methanolic extract and its MIC and MBC reached 12.5 and 25 mg/ml, respectively. These plant extracts which proved to be potentially effective can be used as bioactive agents to control microorganisms caused for diseases and they can be used naturally in the human and veterinary healthcare systems.
Development potential of the Institution of the heads of village community in modern Russian municipalities (on the example of sociological research in Tver Region)
Authors: Maykova Eleonora Yurievna , Simonova Elena
Published: February 2021

The subject of this article is the analysis of indicators that characterize development potential of the institution of the heads of village community (Starosta) in modern Russian municipalities. These indicators include the representations, opinions and attitudes of the residents of different types of municipalities regarding the institution of the headman. The conducted research allows determining the peculiarities of administrative and self-governing processes on the local level, as well as outline the development prospects for the Institution of the heads of village community in Russia. The object of this article is the residents of different types of municipalities in Tver Region. Using the method of structured interview the author provides the data of sociological monitoring carried out in Tver Region in the 2018-2019, as well as the results of sociological survey conducted in rural municipalities in accordance with a specifically developed toolset (2019). The article analyzes the attitude of the population of Tver Region towards implementation of post of headman (Starosta) in the rural areas; examines the awareness of rural residents on the institution of the heads of village community, their representations on the nature of social position of Starosta, legal status and social functions of the institution. The author’s special contribution consists in identification of characteristics that form social portraits of categories of citizens who gear towards the development of the institution of Starosta and participation in its functioning. The acquires results can be used by state and municipal branches aimed at engagement of population in the practices of self-governance.
The impact of representations on social threats and risks upon creation of Russia’s image of the future
Authors: Turkulets Svetlana Evgenievna , Turkuletc Aleksei Vladimirovich , Listopadova Evgeniya Vyacheslavovna
Published: February 2021

The object of this research is the social threats and risks as the factors that impact the formation of Russia’s image of the future. The subject of this research is the public opinion of residents of the Far East – representatives of generations X, Y and Z on the current state and prospects of the Russian society. The goal consists in identification of peculiarities of the opinion among the representatives of different generations of residents of the Far East in determination of social risks caused by new external and internal threats in the context of creation of Russia’s image of the future. Leaning on the analysis of scientific theoretical sources and data of the own empirical research, the authors attempted to construct a universal image of the future of Russia, typical to the representatives of different generations of Russians. The novelty of this work lies in the analysis of public opinion of expressed by the representatives of different generations of residents of the Far East on the future of Russia, taking into account the risks and threats (in their perception), as well as in extrapolation of the results of empirical study upon the process of formation of Russia’s image of the future. The scientific value of the acquired results is defined by fact that determination of peculiarities of the worldview of different generations regarding Russia’s image of the future allows creating a generalized image that may become an integrating factor in the process of implementation of social activity of the Russian citizens. The practical importance is that the obtained result would help social scientists in their further theoretical research, forecasts and envisioning scenarios on the future of Russian society, and modern politicians – in elaboration of the projects of social reforms.
Ethno-consolidating role of art in sustainable development of cross-border regions
Authors: Popov Evgenii Aleksandrovich
Published: February 2021

This article explores the capacity of art in consolidation of the society on ethnic grounds. This affects the sustainability of regional development, results of the exchange of sociocultural experience between the generations of culture bearers and, and overcoming severe socioeconomic and sociopolitical problems in general. The subject of this research is the ethno-consolidating role of art. The theoretical-methodological framework of leans on the trend of ethnic art studies. The article is based not only on the theoretical consideration of the indicated vector, but also on the results of empirical research, such as expert survey of administrative employees of the cultural, art and educational institutions (cross-border regions of Russia: Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo Region, Kazakhstan: Pavlodar and East Kazakhstan Regions, n=120); expert survey of the government officials and local self-governance that are responsible for implementation of regional and municipal programs aimed at preservation and development of ethno-national cultural assets in cross-border regions of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan (n=65). The following conclusions were formulated: 1) ethnic consolidation of culture bearers in cross-border regions can be effectively realized through the phenomena of traditional and indigenous art; 2) the current processes of assimilation of cultural values and norms, ethnic tension, intercultural dialogue, and the phenomenon of multiculturalism as a whole can blunt the effect of art upon ethnic consolidation of the society, although not affecting the pace of intergenerational interaction, in which the important role is allocated to art; 3) art carries out a consolidating role in the society based on continuity of values and norms.
Combating corruption-related crimes in the context of counterterrorism efforts
Authors: Vasnetsova Anastasiya Sergeevna , Merkur'ev Viktor Viktorovich
Published: February 2021

The authors study in details such aspects of the problem as the processes of criminal concrement of organized crime, corruption and terrorism, in which organized crime plays the role of initiating (defining) factor of emergence of corruption interconnections of government institutions and terrorist groups. It means that terrorist activity, possessing a range of common features typical for, among other things, organized crime, is impossible without corruption-related contacts in government institutions and self-government bodies. Therefore, long-term functioning of terrorist groups means the presence of a corruption element. The authors study the common patterns of using corruption-related practices by terrorists and substantiate the list of corruption-determined terrorist threats. The authors formulate the suggestions about the extension of the list of risks connected with the corruption-based financing of terrorism. Corruption in government institutions, local self-government bodies and security agencies is a fueler for the development of terrorism, acting, on the one hand, as a reason for its emergence, and on the other hand, as an indispensable condition of its existence. The recognition of corruption as an independent risk factor of the creation of favorable conditions for the financing of terrorism will help to improve counterterrorism efforts.  The authors note that the terrorist threat increases with the level of corruption. Thus, the fight against corruption should remain one of the key directions of national policy, and the effectiveness of these counterterrorism efforts will affect the reduction of terrorist threat level for the state.   