bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Singapore
Authors: Kumar Harish
Published: June 2022

This chapter opens with a discussion on the local system of Singapore. It underscores that Singapore is a common law jurisdiction, and demonstrates the three primary acts that govern substantive succession law in Singapore: the Intestate Succession Act, the Probate and Administration Act, and the Wills Act. The chapter then jumps to provide a brief description of formalities for different types of will under Singapore law. Under Singapore law, for a will to be valid, it must meet these cumulative requirements: the testator must be above 21 years of age; the will must be made in writing; and signed by the testator at the foot or end of the will or by some other person in the testator’s presence and by his or her direction in the presence of two or more witnesses; and with these witnesses also signing the will in the testator’s presence. In cases of intestacy, the chapter unfolds that the deceased’s estate will be distributed according to the rules set out in the Intestate Succession Act. This chapter ultimately concludes by addressing the concepts of compulsory shares, contracts of inheritance, partition, anticipation, or successor or family settlement. It also considers the concept of community of property and the right of survivorship or doctrine of survivorship.
Spain
Authors: Capell Jorge , Gortázar Carlos
Published: June 2022

This chapter looks into the legal system in Spain. It notes that Spain is a civil law system based mainly on the Civil Code. Spanish law governing succession is common to most of the country. However, the chapter stresses that there are some differences in the regions of Aragon, Catalonia, Galicia, the Balearic Islands, Navarra, and the Basque Country. This chapter also discusses the three main types of will under Spanish law: (a) open; (b) closed; or (c) holograph. Open will, which is signed before a notary and is the only type that is directly valid with no need for any further formality. A closed will is handed over to a notary in a sealed envelope without its contents being revealed. Lastly, holograph wills are initially the simplest to make, since they are handwritten by the testator/trix with no need for any intervention by a notary, but they do require a process of authentication after the testator/trix’s death, either by the courts or by a notary. The chapter also reviews the order of succession in cases of intestacy, emphasizing that when a person dies intestate, his or her relatives will inherit in the order: (1) issue; (2) ascendants; (3) surviving spouse ; (4) siblings and nieces and nephews.
Switzerland
Authors: Wüstemann Tina
Published: June 2022

This chapter surveys the local system of Switzerland. It explains that Switzerland is a federal state divided into 26 cantons and the law of inheritance is part of Swiss civil law and thus unified in Switzerland. The chapter then looks at the forms of wills under Swiss law. It argues that Swiss law basically provides for two instruments to dispose of assets upon death: wills and inheritance contracts. Any other way in which a testator/trix might seek to dispose of his or her assets on death (e.g., mutual will) is not sanctioned under Swiss law. This chapter also provides detailed rules to be applied in cases of intestate succession. It argues that absent a valid disposition on death, the estate of a deceased passes to the statutory heirs. Ultimately, the chapter notes that a testator/trix is only free to dispose of his or her estate up to the so-called ‘devisable portion’, as Swiss forced heirship law gives certain individuals closely related to the testator/trix an entitlement to a share in the estate, the so-called ‘compulsory portion’. It then reviews the three different marital property regimes from which the spouses may choose and the doctrine of joint tenancy.
Taiwan
Authors: Chen Peng Kwang , Huang Pamela
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the civil law system of the Republic of China (‘ROC’). It highlights that the ROC has a national judiciary, with no separate state court system. The chapter then details the forms of will under ROC law: holograph will, notarial will, sealed will, dictated will, and oral will. In the case of an intestacy, the chapter reveals that estate is vested directly in the heirs and only statutory heirs are recognized. It also distinguishes the difference between movable and immovable property. This chapter then shifts to discuss the compulsory shares for husband/wife/common law wife, civil partner, and children. It underlines that the testator/trix may freely dispose of their property in a will to the extent that such disposition does not contravene the provisions in regard to compulsory shares. Ultimately, this chapter elaborates on the two kinds of matrimonial property regimes; namely, statutory and contractual regimes. It also analyzes a provision that governs jointly owned property and the estate inheritance.
United States—Florida
Authors: Antúnez Juan C. , Martinez-Lejarza Kimberly A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter explains the common law legal system of Florida. In Florida, the term ‘probate’ is used to describe the court-supervised process for identifying and gathering the decedent’s assets, determining the validity of wills, identifying intestate heirs, paying applicable taxes, claims, and expenses, and distributing assets to beneficiaries. The chapter then begins by analyzing the amendment, revocation, and revival of wills in Florida. It emphasizes that wills must be in writing and signed at the end by the testator/trix in the presence of at least two witnesses, both of whom must sign the will in the presence of each other and the testator/trix. The chapter also elaborates on the order of succession in cases of intestacy, noting that if a person dies leaving an estate without being survived by any person entitled to a part of it, the estate escheats to the State of Florida. Ultimately, this chapter looks at the rights of adopted children, children born out of wedlock, and half-siblings. It also reviews the community property between husband and wife as well as the right of survivorship.
Sticky Power
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

Modern civilization revolves around money. However, money is a paradox. It is nothing more than a representation of and medium for decentralized networks of social trust, but its production is controlled by highly centralized networks of firms, places, and governments, and there is never enough of it to go around. Moreover, given that the creation of money, as credit, is based on expectations, money is at its heart an instrument for human agency to change the future. At the same time, however, the financial systems that produce money are deeply rooted in the past, and perpetuate themselves through history. This book seeks to deepen our understanding of the paradox of money, by introducing a novel conceptual lens—that of Global Financial Networks—to cast new light on the geography, history, politics, and sociology of finance from the middle ages to the global financial crisis and beyond. It shows that the power of finance is inherently “sticky”; with what are generally assumed to be new innovations such as “offshore” finance actually dating back centuries, and the architecture of global financial networks more broadly adapting to the rise and fall of empires and new technologies while changing surprisingly little in their basic character; or at most changing very slowly. A recognition of the mechanics of this durability, it is argued, calls for a new approach to reforming finance which is less reactively focused on regulation, and more proactively focused on building new institutional systems with a long-term “sticky power” of their own.
Global Financial Networks: What They Are and Where They Come from
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the global financial network conceptual framework, and the outline of the analysis and arguments in the book. It outlines the conceptualization of global financial networks as “assembly lines” for money, which sit at the heart of the capitalist system. It also explains how a single centralized global financial network is produced as an emergent property of the interaction between diverse decentralized global financial networks that are constructed and used by actors around the world; and describes the basic logic of the “sticky power” that allows this centralized global financial network to perpetuate itself through history.
The Paradox of Sticky Power
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

Post-Keynesian models of finance place an emphasis on understanding how the tension between “animal-spirits”-driven endogenous monetary production, and stability-seeking liquidity preference, behaves cyclically over time. This chapter shows that a post-Keynesian model of finance also needs to be understood in terms of how this tension operates over space. Specifically, it shows that the architecture of the global financial network can be problematized in terms of the mediation of financial innovation-enabled monetary “quantity production” through an institutional process of monetary “quality production.” This monetary quality production has three key elements—liquidity production, legal production, and guaranteeing of value—which are undertaken through a three-pronged networked geographic division of labor between world cities, offshore jurisdictions, and world governments. Crucially, the logic of how these interact produces powerful tendencies toward the centralization of financial and political power; with power concentrating in the hands of financial “platform” firms monopolizing functions necessary for market operation, and in the hands of the few exceptionally powerful states able to extend their umbrella of double-edged sovereign “protection” to globe-spanning processes of international monetary production. While the cast of public and private actors who dominate the global financial network changes historically, the general contours of its organizational and evolutionary logic are remarkably stable, and essentially stretch back to the origins of western capitalism. Indeed, the basic paradox of finance is that the very fluid and unbounded nature of endogenous monetary production generates a powerful countervailing impulse toward durability and conservatism, which is inherently geographically mediated.
The End of Investment Bank Capitalism?
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

This chapter investigates employment patterns, remuneration, and power relations in the US financial sector between 1978 and 2008; identifying the economic geography of investment banking as one of the keys to understanding the dynamics of the contemporary world economy, and promoting a mesolevel approach to the study of geographies of finance. It demonstrates that investment banking occupies the most lucrative and powerful position in the securities industry, which has been the primary driving force behind the expansion of the US financial sector in payrolls in recent decades, and the phenomenon described as “financialization” more broadly; suggesting that the latter might be most precisely understood in terms of the rise of “investment bank capitalism.” The power of investment banking has risen since the late 1970s under the conditions of the growing demand for investment services, technological change, deregulation, and globalization. Investment banks are at the heart of the shadow banking system, inventing and producing many of its key products, and contributing decisively to the outbreak of the global financial crisis of 2007–2009. With leading US investment banks converted into bank holding companies and increased reregulation, the future of investment banking is uncertain. The growing concentration of power in the securities industry “buy side,” especially in the hands of passive fund managers and sovereign wealth funds, presents a particular potential challenge to investment banks. Broadly speaking, however, investment banks appear to be mostly adapting to these new challenges, and indeed often harnessing them as opportunities.
The Dark Side of NY–LON
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

This chapter brings financial centers into the debate on the causes and consequences of the global financial crisis, by focusing on New York and London. It argues that the degree of commonality, complementarity, and connectivity between the two leading global financial centers justifies the use of the term “New York–London axis” (the axis). It traces how the axis developed historically as the single most important connection within the global financial network, and shows that the global financial crisis 2007–2009 originated to large extent in the axis rather than in an abstract space of financial markets. The dominance of the axis in global finance can be easily underestimated and evidence suggests that, contrary to expectations, the axis is not in decline. The main implication is that the debate on global financial reform has to take seriously the role of global financial centers. In particular, if global finance is to change, the New York–London axis has to change.
From the Euromarket to the Great Inversion
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents a novel analysis of the geographic evolution of international banking since 1980, which addresses still unanswered questions about the role of offshore centers in the global financial crisis, and the post-crisis stability of these centers. It shows that post-1980 regulatory shifts prompted a “Great Inversion” of offshore banking, wherein conventional Euromarket activity was partially overshadowed by the growth of European “midshore” center national banks. As a result, offshore (or in this case midshore) jurisdictions (1) were likely more responsible for pre-crisis regulatory failures in a home than host regulator capacity and (2) internalized far greater domestic fiscal risks than in previous crises. It also delves into the basic political geographic paradox of offshore banking, arguing the emergence of offshore as an institution needs to be understood just as much as an expression of state agency—both offshore and onshore—as in terms of the private sector subversion of state agency.
Regional Blocks and Imperial Legacies
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

While foreign direct investment (FDI) is generally assumed to represent long-term investments within the real economy, approximately half of global FDI is accounted for by networks of offshore shell companies created by corporations and individuals for tax and other purposes. Important empirical as well as conceptual questions surround both the global structure, and the significance of these networks. This chapter seeks to answer these questions by employing principal component analysis to decompose the global bilateral FDI anomaly matrix into its primary constituent subnetworks. It finds that the global offshore FDI network is highly globalized, with a centralized core of jurisdictions in Northwest Europe and the Caribbean exercising a largely homogeneous worldwide influence. To the extent that the network is internally differentiated, this appears to primarily reflect a historic layering of social and political relationships. Four primary offshore FDI subnetworks are identified, bearing the imprint of four key processes and events: European, particularly UK colonialism, the post–WWII hegemonic alliance between the United States and Western Europe, the fall of Soviet communism, and the rise of Chinese capitalism. Evidence is also found of qualitative, more than quantitative variation in offshore FDI based on national rule of law and communist history.
“Capitalist Tools in Socialist Hands”?
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

This chapter analyzes the evolution of China Mobile—one of China’s pioneer “national champions,” and one of the world’s largest telecom companies—through the lens of the global financial network framework, focusing on the role of financial and business services (FABS), financial centers, offshore jurisdictions, and various governments, in its development. It demonstrates that despite being a domestic company, China Mobile is plugged firmly into the global financial network, with incorporation in Hong Kong, cross-listing in Hong Kong and New York, and numerous offshore companies registered in the British Virgin Islands. Indeed, global FABS firms, with Goldman Sachs in the lead, were instrumental in the very conception of China Mobile in 1997 and its subsequent expansion, thus helping the Chinese government to consolidate and modernize its whole telecom sector. Hong Kong, meanwhile, has played a critical role as an onshore–offshore financial center intermediating between global financial markets and mainland China, and in underwriting the reputation of China’s “national champions.” The analysis also points to the advantages of Beijing over Shanghai as a financial center within the context of China’s state-dominated financial system. It also highlights the surprising parallels between China’s contemporary strategies of global financial engagement, and the strategies pursued by the USSR historically. Ultimately, it argues that China sits at a crossroads in its relationship with the global financial network, wherein it may end up turning the tables on the fundamentally postcolonial relationships that this network represents, even while becoming more deeply entangled in these relationships than ever.
A Great Transformation?
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: June 2022

This concluding chapter summarizes the basic findings and arguments of the preceding chapters of the book, and examines the question of how to go about reforming the contemporary financial system, drawing on insights gained through the lens of the global financial network framework. It argues that the key to the effective and enduring reform of finance, from the local to national level, is to reorient the focus of reform away from a predominantly reactive emphasis on regulation—which seeks to stamp out the financial practices that we do not want—toward a proactive emphasis on financial institutional building, which seeks to construct the financial system that we actually do want. It argues, moreover, that the logic of this proactive financial institution-building needs to be grounded in an appreciation of the paramount centrality of liquidity production, much more than the provision or intermediation of capital, to the role and operation of the financial system. Specifically, it argues that what is needed is a financial institution-building program that prioritizes the radical “democratization of liquidity,” and lays out the general outlines of how the device of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) might be used to help achieve this, in conjunction with a broader program of reform.
Perception
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 explains perception as a sensory capacity controlled by present stimulation. The capacity’s distinguishing conditions include representation with accuracy conditions as an aspects of the capacity’s nature. An objectifying process marks the capacity in perception-formation. The objectification process distinguishes cues relevant to the environment from cues relevant primarily to proximal stimulation. Representation with accuracy conditions is distinct from non-perceptual sensing, a form of information registration. Science postulates perceptual states with accuracy conditions in its causal explanations. Pre-representational sensory states register information whose fulfillment of biological functions constitutes an environmental success. But causal explanations of such states do not, and need not, take them to have accuracy conditions. Perceptual states have representational contents as aspects of their natures—what, as indicated in causal explanation—they fundamentally are. Representational contents have three central aspects. They set accuracy conditions. They function as modes of presentation of represented entities. And they are finest-grained, fundamental psychological kinds. Perceptual representational contents have three representational constituents: referential applications, referential schemas, and perceptual attributives. The basic representational form of perceptual states is nominal or noun-phrase-like. The form is that of various contextual, referential determiners, scope dominating attributives that function to be applied by the determiners. Perceptual states differ from non-representational sensory states in being formed by a process of objectification that embeds perceptual states in one or more perceptual constancies. Perceptual constancies mark emergence of representational mind.
Some Basics about Perceptual Systems
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 discusses several framework issues. Transitions are distinguished from representational states in perceptual systems. A specific version of the language-of-thought hypothesis is criticized as not applying to perceptual-state formation. Dependence hierarchies in perceptual-state formation are discussed. Formation of certain types of attributives for natural kinds are shown not to occur in perceptual systems. Methodology for determining whether an attributive is generated by the perceptual system is laid out, with special application to the issue of whether attributives for functional properties (danger, mate, food) occur in perceptual systems. Both perceptual attributives and conceptual attributives are shown to occur at various levels of abstraction—controverting the traditional empiricist attempt to distinguish perceptual from conceptual representation primarily in terms of degrees of abstraction.
Perceptual Reference Requires Perceptual Attribution
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 argues in detail that perceptual reference is always guided by perceptual attribution, and that, in the case of every successful perceptual reference (perception of something), at least one perceptual attributive is accurate of the referent. The arguments are taken to be apriori. Discrimination that occurs in perceptual representation differs from other types of discrimination. Attempts to maintain that perceptual reference occurs without there being any accurate perceptual attribution to the referent are shown to be confused.
Form and Semantics of Representational Contents of Perceptual States
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 6 begins to fill in the idealized, over-simplified form of representation by perceptual states that was presented in Chapter 2. It is argued that individuals always perceive property-instances or tropes, not just individuals that instantiate kinds. A consequence of this point is that there are four types of attribution of properties and kinds. Perceptual attribution of relations is embedded into these four types of attribution. The notion of scope in perceptual representation is introduced. Scope bears on determining the relational or non-relational representation of an entity (edge versus edge of). Absence of logical constants from perceptual contents is grounded and explained. The chapter develops differences between perceptual representational contents and the sorts of noun phrases with which they share a basic structure.
Intra-Saccadic Perception and Recurrent Processing
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 11 discusses the nature of fast generation of visual perceptions, including later less-sketch-like perceptions generated between saccades. The discovery of the multi-directional nature of perceptual processing forms a background. Basics of neural processing underlying perceptual processing in areas of the brain specialized for vision and timings of perceptual processing, largely evinced by timing of underlying neural processing, are laid out. The chapter highlights timings of the formation of spatial representations, equivalent to timings of emergence of spatial perceptual constancies, which culminate in timings of perceptual categorization. Various levels of specificity in perceptual categorization are distinguished.
Further Attributives: Primitive Attribution of Causation, Agency
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 12 sets out a methodology, building on the methodology stated in Chapter 4, that reflects scientific explanatory practice for determining whether an attributive is a perceptual attributive—whether a candidate for a given substitute is produced by the perceptual system, or is produced only at some higher psychological level—perhaps only as a conceptual attributive. Armchair approaches to perception that center on phenomenology, or on views about epistemology are briefly criticized. It has long been known that there are attributives for spatial properties and relations, temporal properties and relations, motion, color, and lightness. How are candidate additions to this list adjudicated? The chapter criticizes various over-simple tests (for adaptation, bi-stability, pop-out, retinotopy) for determining whether an attributive is perceptual. A holistic best-explanation approach to adjudication is recommended. The discussion proceeds to two candidates for being perceptual attributives—those for agency and for causation. The candidates function as illustrations of the methodological complexities of settling whether the most primitive attributives for such attributes are perceptual. Issues regarding attributives for functional properties, such as edible, danger, mate, predator, nest, are briefly discussed.
Perceptual Learning, Perceptual Anticipation, Perceptual Imagining
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 18 explains the notions of perceptual learning, perceptual anticipation, and perceptual imagining. Various types of perceptual learning are distinguished. The power and primitivity of the mechanisms are highlighted. Generic non-representational anticipation differs from perceptual-level anticipatory representation. Relations to priming and memory are outlined. Perceptual-level anticipatory representation is sharply distinguished from prediction, fore-knowledge, and other higher-level capacities. The discussion outlines the form and roles of perceptual-level anticipatory representation in perception and action; it stresses the primitiveness of such anticipatory representation. Empirical evidence suggests that perceptual-level anticipatory representation occurs in all actual perceivers, from humans to lions to insects, in motion tracking and in saccades. Conditions for successful reference to future entities are outlined. Doubts are entered about predictive coding accounts. A perceptual-level type of imagining is delineated. Such a level is present even in the famous rotation-of-mental-image capacities.
Perception and Cognition
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Chapter 19 presents a view of the perceptual and perceptual-motor systems as large, unified systems representationally dominated by perception and practically dominated by conation. Relations between perceptual-level capacities and concepts, or other cognitive capacities, are characterized with considerable specificity. The discussion lays out recent history of views about cognitive influence on perception. It criticizes aspects of the framework for the dispute over modularity and impenetrability of perceptual systems. Confusions in use of the term ‘cognition’ are canvassed, and a conception of psychological system, which is not in fact penetrated, that differs from the standard one (which focuses on any sort of non-pathological causal influence) and that features the computational character of actual patterns described in the science is developed. The computational account of perceptual and perceptual-motor systems is supplemented by functional considerations. Broadly empiricist ways of distinguishing concepts from perceptual attributives by featuring the supposed abstract nature of concepts, or that features their supposed simple, relative removal from the “here and now”, are criticized. A function-based account of the distinction that better accords with science is proposed. The proposed computational account of modularity is reconciled with the multi-layered and multi-directional nature of perceptual processing partly by looking in detail at empirical facts about perceptual processing and partly by appealing to the distinction between perceptual-level capacities and supra-perceptual-level capacities developed in Chapters 13–18. The discussion refines a notion of psychological system, postulated in psychological explanations. The chapter brings together and develops further criticisms of the empiricist approach to understanding perception, an approach that relies on introspection and distinguishes perception from conception by levels of abstraction. Territory between perceptual-level representation and propositional representation is explored.
Soot and Whitewash
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: June 2022

The third of the levels of engagement comprising the structure of sympathy, allegiance, designates the way in which we are oriented towards characters in terms of the values they embody; the way in which we are invited to evaluate and sympathize with characters. Moral evaluation is central to this process, even if we allow that other, non-moral factors may inflect our sympathies towards characters, and recognize that moral systems are variable and moral judgements often matters of dispute. The chapter surveys the filmmaking techniques exploited by filmmakers to shape our sympathies, which give rise to a work’s moral structure and our moral orientation towards its characters. It explores a spectrum of possible moral structures, from Manichaean structures positing a sharp contrast between good and bad characters, to graduated structures eschewing such stark contrasts. Eisenstein’s Strike is examined as a work enlisting a Manichaean moral structure in the service of revolutionary ideology, while Melville’s Le Doulos, stretching generic convention to breaking point, embodies a bold form of moral (dis)orientation. This final case study also demonstrates the interdependence of perception, cognition, and emotion in our experience of narrative works: while alignment and allegiance remain distinct levels of engagement and aspects of structure, our moral evaluation of characters plays an integral role in narrative understanding and experience.
Incomplete absorption reactions at high energy
Authors: Makiguchi Katsuhito , Horiuchi Wataru
Published: June 2022

The total reaction cross section of high-energy nucleus–nucleus collision reflects the nuclear density profiles of the colliding nuclei and is a standard tool to investigate the size properties of short-lived unstable nuclei. This relies on the assumption that the nucleus–nucleus collision is strongly absorptive in the sense of an optical model. However, this property does not hold completely, while incomplete absorption occurs when the overlap density of two colliding nuclei is low enough. In this paper, we propose a way to quantify this incompleteness, i.e., the “blackness” of the total reaction cross section. The significance of this quantification is shown by taking an example of the total reaction cross sections of proton-rich C isotopes.
Childhood embedded: childhood abuse and chronic physical health conditions over a 10-year period
Authors: Fitzgerald Michael , Notice Maxine
Published: June 2022

Background

Childhood abuse is linked to experiencing multiple chronic health problems in midlife adults. Research has seldom examined whether childhood abuse is associated with a greater number of chronic physical health issues over time. The current study was to examine the contributions of childhood abuse on the development of chronic health conditions over a 10-year period.

Participants and setting

Data were taken from the study of Midlife Development in the United States. Using three waves of data, 661 married adults were included in the analysis.

Results

Using hierarchical regression, we found that childhood abuse was uniquely associated with the development of a greater number of chronic physical health conditions over a 10-year period. Post-hoc analysis found that neither gender nor age moderated the associations.

Conclusions

Findings of the study indicate that childhood abuse was uniquely associated with a greater number of chronic physical health conditions over a 10-year period. These findings suggest that abuse in childhood may speed up biological aging and erode adult’s health over time leaving adults vulnerable to chronic health conditions. Prevention efforts should assess adults for childhood abuse and the impact of childhood abuse on adult health over time may be preventable or more manageable.
A content analysis of ‘junk food’ content in children’s TV programmes: a comparison of UK broadcast TV and video-on-demand services
Authors: Barker Alexander B , Parkin Megan , Sinha Shreesh , Wilson Emma , Murray Rachael L
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Exposure to high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) food imagery is associated with unhealthy consumption, and subsequently obesity, among young people. We report and compare the results of two content analyses, one of popular children’s television channels in the UK and the other of a selection of children’s programmes available on video-on-demand (VOD) services.

Methods

Content analysis of 3 days’ worth of programmes on two popular children’s television channels broadcast on UK television (CBeebies and Milkshake as well as a sample of children’s programmes available on the VOD platforms (Netflix and Amazon Prime) using 1-min interval coding.

Results

In children’s television channels, HFSS content was seen in 181 episodes (36%) and in 417 intervals (13%) on terrestrial television, ‘Milkshake’ had a significantly higher proportion of broadcasts, which contained HFSS content than ‘CBeebies’. In VOD platforms, HFSS content was seen in 82 episodes (72% of the total number of episodes), across 459 intervals (19% of the total number of intervals), with no significant difference in the proportion of programmes containing HFSS content between Netflix and Amazon Prime.

Conclusions

HFSS content is common in both popular UK children’s television channels and children programmes on VOD services and is likely having an effect on HFSS consumption in children. Legislative opportunities to prevent this exposure are being missed.
Benzimidazole-Resistant Isolates with E198A/V/K Mutations in the β-Tubulin Gene Possess Different Fitness and Competitive Ability in Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Fan Fei , Li Xia-Bing , Yang Yuan-Yuan , Zhang Jing-Yue , Zhu Yong-Xu , Yin Wei-Xiao , Li Guo-Qing , Luo Chao-Xi
Published: June 2022

Previous studies in Botrytis cinerea showed that resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) was mainly related to E198A/V/K and F200Y mutations of the β-tubulin gene, and E198V was the dominant mutation in the resistant subpopulation in Hubei Province of China, indicating that resistant mutations might influence fitness. However, little is known about the effect of each E198A/V/K mutation on fitness. In this study, the fitness and competitive ability of isolates with E198A/V/K mutations were investigated. Results showed that E198A/V/K isolates and wild-type isolates shared similar fitness components in terms of virulence, sporulation, conidial germination, oxidative sensitivity, and sclerotial production and viability. However, slower mycelial growth at 4°C, higher sensitivity to 4% NaCl, and increased sclerotial production percentage at 4°C were observed in the isolates with E198V, E198K, and E198A mutations, respectively. Competitive analysis showed that the wild-type subpopulation became dominant after three disease cycles in the absence of fungicide selection pressure, whereas the resistant subpopulation seized the space of the sensitive subpopulation upon MBC application. Unexpectedly, the frequency of E198V isolates decreased dramatically after the first disease cycle with or without fungicide selection pressure. These results suggest that MBC-resistant isolates suffer little fitness penalty but possess competitive disadvantages in the absence of fungicide selection pressure. Under fungicide selection pressure, E198V isolates could not compete with E198A/K isolates. According to the current results, there is a great possibility that the E198V mutation will lose dominance in the future in China.
Beyond Training the Next Generation of Physicians: The Unmeasured Value Added by Residents to Teaching Hospitals and Communities
Authors: Tomei Krystal L. , Selby Luke V. , Kirk Lynne M. , Bello Jacqueline A. , Nolan Nathan S. , Varma Surendra K. , Turner Patricia L. , Elliott Victoria Stagg , Brotherton Sarah E.
Published: June 2022

Following medical school, most newly graduated physicians enter residency training. This period of graduate medical education (GME) is critical to creating a physician workforce with the specialized skills needed to care for the population. Completing GME training is also a requirement for obtaining medical licensure in all 50 states. Yet, crucial federal and state funding for GME is capped, creating a bottleneck in training an adequate physician workforce to meet future patient care needs. Thus, additional GME funding is needed to train more physicians.

When considering this additional GME funding, it is imperative to take into account not only the future physician workforce but also the value added by residents to teaching hospitals and communities during their training. Residents positively affect patient care and health care delivery, providing intrinsic and often unmeasured value to patients, the hospital, the local community, the research enterprise, and undergraduate medical education. This added value is often overlooked in decisions regarding GME funding allocation. In this article, the authors underscore the value provided by residents to their training institutions and communities, with a focus on current and recent events, including the global COVID-19 pandemic and teaching hospital closures.
Dyadic psychosocial interventions for patients with cancer and their caregivers: an update
Authors: Tiete Julien , Porter Laura S.
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

Cancer causes significant impacts on patients and their caregivers. Cancer is also associated with multiple physical and emotional challenges for the patient-caregiver dyad. This patient-caregiver dyad should be considered as a unit of care by healthcare providers and supported through dedicated psychological interventions.

Recent findings

Twelve studies that tested dyadic interventions aiming to support patient-caregiver dyads were identified from the period April 2020 to December 2021. Studies were predominantly randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and single-arm pilot studies. Half of the interventions were online. Interventions were mostly focused on dyadic adjustment and appeared to be acceptable, feasible and globally effective. However, effects were evident predominantly on individual rather than dyadic outcomes. The interventions targeted either individual psychological outcomes, such as depression and anxiety, and are reported to be effective or various individual outcomes and also appeared to be effective. However, there was a large heterogeneity in quality and sample sizes across all intervention types.

Dyadic psychological interventions may be an effective support for patient-caregiver dyads dealing with multiple physical and emotional challenges. Online interventions and the variability of intervention types may respond to dyads specific needs, but though need to be rigorously evaluated through powered RCTs.
Interventions for children of parents with cancer: an overview
Authors: Wuensch Alexander , Kirbach Annette , Meyerding Luca , Bengel Jürgen , Pietsch Stefanie
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

The purpose of this overview is to analyze existing reviews on psychosocial interventions for children of parents with cancer and synthesize implications for further practice, interventions, and research in this field. The aim of this overview is therefore to generate systematic knowledge about what can be classed as evidence-based knowledge in this field.

Recent findings

The literature search in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, and PsycARTICLES resulted in three systematic reviews, which were evaluated by the AMSTAR-2-tool for quality assessment and the PRISMA-checklist for reporting. Results were analyzed through narrative synthesis due to the heterogeneity of the studies. The three systematic reviews were evaluated by the AMSTAR-2-tool for quality assessment and the PRISMA-checklist for reporting. AMSTAR-2 revealed critically low quality for all three reviews but taking into account the study situation of this scientific context, a more optimistic quality assessment can be suggested. The PRISMA checklist revealed good results. Positive evidence was found for the effect of psychosocial interventions concerning depressive symptoms, children's behavior, communication within the family, and quality of life. A comparison of the interventions is not possible due to the high degree of heterogeneity of the studies.

Following the principles of evidence-based medicine, this overview, together with clinical-practical expertise and the needs of those affected, could contribute to evidence-based care and stimulate future guidelines in this important field. The valuable engagement with questions around evidence-based practice invites professionals and researchers to enter into a common discourse to ultimately contribute to an improvement of the life situation of children of parents with cancer.
Next questions for the medical treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Italiano Antoine
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

Since its approval in 2002, imatinib remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Overall, all the drugs approved for patients who have developed secondary resistance to imatinib are less effective than imatinib in first-line. Even if, overall survival of patients with advanced GIST has improved over time the last 20 years, imatinib-resistant GIST remains therefore a difficult-to-treat cancer. The aim of this review is to elaborate on the potential strategies to improve outcome for patients with imatinib-refractory disease.

Recent findings

New-generation potent KIT and PDGFRA inhibitors such as ripretinib and avapritinib developed for the treatment of GIST have shown very promising clinical activity in patients with highly refractory disease. However, both failed to improve outcome in comparison with standard of care in earlier lines settings. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of multikinase inhibitor with highly specific KIT inhibitors are currently ongoing. Targeting the microenvironment of GIST may also represent a promising approach and is investigated in several clinical studies.

Imatinib-refractory GIST still represent a therapeutic challenge. It is likely that only combination therapies with new generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and/or immune-oncology agents might potentially result in an enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared with current standard of care.
Clinical Features and Prognosis of Young and Middle-Aged Adults With Skin Sebaceous Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Fan , Wang Xiu-Yun , Jiang Xian
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Sebaceous adenocarcinoma (SAC) mostly occurs in the elderly, and SAC in young and middle-aged population is inadequately investigated.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the clinical features and prognosis of young and middle-aged adults with SAC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with skin SAC between ages 18 and 59 years from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1975–2016) were eligible for this study.

RESULTS

Seven hundred thirty-nine cases were identified. The proportion of extraocular SAC in the nonelderly increased from 1975-2005 to 2006-2016 (p = .001), male predominance was observed in overall patients whereas female predominance in Asian population, and young patients had more head and neck SAC than middle-aged patients (p = .014). The prognosis of young patients was better than middle-aged patients (p = .004). Other independent prognostic factors included sex, marital status, tumor size, surgery, chemotherapy, and multiple primary cancer history.

CONCLUSION

An increasing proportion of extraocular SAC was observed in young and middle-aged patients, and the young developed more head and neck SAC than the middle-aged. Female predominance was found in Asian population, and female patients had better prognosis. Younger age and married status indicated better prognosis, and around 20% of young and middle-aged patients might have poorer survival because of Muir–Torre syndrome.
Coronavirus disease 2019 and the cardiologist
Authors: Mohammad Khan O. , Rodriguez Jose B. Cruz , Urey Marcus A.
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

There continues to be extensive clinical and epidemiological data to suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is associated with numerous different types of cardiac involvement.

Recent findings

Myocardial injury has been reported in over 25% of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection and is not only associated with a worse prognosis but with higher mortality, approaching 40%. Currently proposed mechanisms of myocardial injury include direct viral infection, cytokine storm, endothelial inflammation, demand ischemia, interferon-mediated response and stress cardiomyopathy. COVID-19 infection is associated with new-onset arrhythmias and heart failure regardless of history of previous cardiovascular disease. Echocardiographic findings can be useful to predict mortality in COVID-19 patients and cardiac MRI is an effective tool to both assess COVID-19 induced myocarditis and to follow-up on cardiac complications of COVID-19 long-term. Although there is an association between COVID-19 vaccination and myocarditis, pericarditis or arrhythmias, the risk appears lower when compared to risk attributable to the natural infection.

Patients with cardiovascular disease are not only more likely to suffer from severe COVID-19 infection but are at increased risk for further complications and higher mortality. Further data compilation on current and emerging treatments of COVID-19 will have additional impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection.