bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Users' Satisfaction in the University Library by Using a Pareto Analysis and the Automatic Classification Methods
Authors: Oukrich Jaouad , Bouikhalene Belaid
Published: May 2017

This article contributes to identifying the effectiveness of documents resources and services in public University Libraries, based on user's satisfaction. Our aim is to know the students' information needs in terms of customer expectations and identify the performance of library services. A quantitative approach research used as a survey tool to collect data. The questionnaire is distributed to users in different fields of study. The completion of the survey is voluntary and anonymous. We use the frequency analysis, the priority diagram (Pareto), and the automatic classification to measure respondents' levels of satisfaction. The survey showed that the libraries suffer from many problems. The frequency analysis does not allow us to deduct the satisfaction level of the libraries readers. The results of the Pareto diagram allow us to take some primary decisions to promote the service of the public libraries. The KMeans and AHC methods of the automatic classification showed that the percentage of the respondents were in the state of a great satisfaction is still low.
A Differential Evolution Based Multiclass Vehicle Detector and Classifier for Urban Environments
Authors: Dawar Deepak , Ludwig Simone A.
Published: May 2017

Video analytics is emerging as a high potential area supplementing intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) with wide ranging applications from traffic flow analysis to surveillance. Object detection and classification, as a sub part of a video analytical system, could potentially help transportation agencies to analyze and respond to traffic incidents in real time, plan for possible future cascading events, or use the classification data to design better roads. This work presents a specialized vehicle classification system for urban environments. The system is targeted at the analysis of vehicles, especially trucks, in urban two lane traffic, to empower local transportation agencies to decide on the road width and thickness. The main thrust is on the accurate classification of the vehicles detected using an evolutionary algorithm. The detector is backed by a differential evolution (DE) based discrete parameter optimizer. The authors show that, though employing DE proves expensive in terms of computational cycles, it measurably improves the accuracy of the classification system.
Il dibattito in Bioetica - Dalle dichiarazioni alle disposizioni. Con un dubbio da risolvere
Authors: Semplici Stefano
Published: May 2017

Non disponibile / Not available
A Critical Review on Corrosion and Runoff from Zinc and Zinc-Based Alloys in Atmospheric Environments
Authors: Odnevall Wallinder I. , Leygraf C.
Published: May 2017

This critical review aims at addressing important issues concerning zinc corrosion and zinc runoff processes of zinc or zinc alloyed with aluminum or magnesium exposed to atmospheric environments. The evolution of the corrosion product (patina) layer is very important for both processes. While corrosion largely is controlled by electrochemical reactions at the metal/patina interface, runoff is predominantly governed by chemical reactions at the patina/atmosphere interface. The gradual evolution of compounds in zinc patina follows one of two main routes: one in more sulfur-dominated and one in more chloride-dominated environments. Because of climatic changes and reduction of sulfur-containing atmospheric species in many parts of the world, the chloride-route is expected to dominate over the sulfur-route. Alloying with aluminum and magnesium results in substantial improvement in corrosion protection, whereby several mechanisms have been proposed. The released amount of zinc is highly dependent on the amount of rainfall, also on sulfur dioxide concentration or deposition, and to only a low extent on chloride deposition. Based on all runoff data, a model is presented which predicts 70% of all observed zinc runoff rates within 40% from their measured value.
Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecasts with CNRM-CM: a case study on the July 2015 West-European heat wave
Authors: Ardilouze Constantin , Batté Lauriane , Déqué Michel
Published: May 2017

Abstract. An intense heat wave struck West Europe in early July 2015. The degree of anticipation of that event is assessed through the new CNRM near-real time subseasonal to seasonal forecast system. A warm anomaly over France was detected for the first week of July in all the successive forecasts issued in June, even up to one month ahead. On the other hand, the positive 500 hPa geopotential anomaly observed during that period was little anticipated. Despite the limited skill of the forecast system beyond twelve days, the relatively successful anticipation of that event pleads for a predictability study based on a multi-system assessment.
The origin of methane in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf unraveled with triple isotope analysis
Authors: Sapart Célia J. , Shakhova Natalia , Semiletov Igor , Jansen Joachim , Szidat Sönke , Kosmach Denis , Dudarev Oleg , van der Veen Carina , Egger Matthias , Sergienko Valentine , Salyuk Anatoly , Tumskoy Vladimir , Tison Jean-Louis , Röckmann Thomas
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean, especially the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS), has been proposed as a significant source of methane that might play an increasingly important role in the future. However, the underlying processes of formation, removal and transport associated with such emissions are to date strongly debated. CH4 concentration and triple isotope composition were analyzed on gas extracted from sediment and water sampled at numerous locations on the shallow ESAS from 2007 to 2013. We find high concentrations (up to 500 µM) of CH4 in the pore water of the partially thawed subsea permafrost of this region. For all sediment cores, both hydrogen and carbon isotope data reveal the predominant occurrence of CH4 that is not of thermogenic origin as it has long been thought, but resultant from microbial CH4 formation. At some locations, meltwater from buried meteoric ice and/or old organic matter preserved in the subsea permafrost were used as substrates. Radiocarbon data demonstrate that the CH4 present in the ESAS sediment is of Pleistocene age or older, but a small contribution of highly 14C-enriched CH4, from unknown origin, prohibits precise age determination for one sediment core and in the water column. Our sediment data suggest that at locations where bubble plumes have been observed, CH4 can escape anaerobic oxidation in the surface sediment.
A high-resolution synthetic bed elevation grid of the Antarctic continent
Authors: Graham Felicity S. , Roberts Jason L. , Galton-Fenzi Ben K. , Young Duncan , Blankenship Donald , Siegert Martin J.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Digital elevation models of Antarctic bed topography are smoothed and interpolated onto low-resolution ( > 1 km) grids as current observed topography data are generally sparsely and unevenly sampled. This issue has potential implications for numerical simulations of ice-sheet dynamics, especially in regions prone to instability where detailed knowledge of the topography, including fine-scale roughness, is required. Here, we present a high-resolution (100 m) synthetic bed elevation terrain for Antarctica, encompassing the continent, continental shelf, and seas south of 60° S. Although not identically matching observations, the synthetic bed surface – denoted as HRES – preserves topographic roughness characteristics of airborne and ground-based ice-penetrating radar data measured by the ICECAP (Investigating the Cryospheric Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate) consortium or used to create the Bedmap1 compilation. Broad-scale ( > 5 km resolution) features of the Antarctic landscape are incorporated using a low-pass filter of the Bedmap2 bed elevation data. HRES has applicability in high-resolution ice-sheet modelling studies, including investigations of the interaction between topography, ice-sheet dynamics, and hydrology, where processes are highly sensitive to bed elevations and fine-scale roughness. The data are available for download from the Australian Antarctic Data Centre (doi:10.4225/15/57464ADE22F50).
Description and Validation of the Simple, Efficient, Dynamic, Global, Ecological Simulator (SEDGES v.1.0)
Authors: Paiewonsky Pablo , Elison Timm Oliver
Published: May 2017

Abstract. In this paper, we present a simple vegetation model whose primary intended use is auxiliary to the land-atmosphere coupling scheme of a climate model, particularly one of intermediate complexity. The model formulations and their derivations are presented here, in detail. The model includes some realistic and useful features for its level of complexity, including a photosynthetic dependency on light, full coupling of photosynthesis and transpiration through an interactive canopy resistance, and a soil organic carbon dependence for bare soil albedo. We evaluate the model's performance by running it using a simple land surface scheme that is driven by reanalysis data. The evaluation against observational data includes net primary productivity, leaf area index, surface albedo, and diagnosed variables relevant for the closure of the hydrological cycle. In this set up, we find that the model gives an adequate to good simulation of basic large-scale ecological and hydrological variables. Of the variables analyzed in this paper, gross primary productivity is particularly well simulated. The results also reveal the current limitations of the model. The most significant deficiency is the excessive simulation of evapotranspiration in mid- to high northern latitudes during their winter to spring transition. The model has relative advantage in situations that require some combination of computational efficiency, model transparency and tractability, and the simulation of the large scale vegetation and land surface characteristics under non-present day conditions.
In situ continuous visible and near-infrared spectroscopy of an alpine snowpack
Authors: Dumont Marie , Arnaud Laurent , Picard Ghislain , Libois Quentin , Lejeune Yves , Nabat Pierre , Voisin Didier , Morin Samuel
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Snow spectral albedo in the visible/near-infrared range has been continuously measured during a winter season at Col de Porte alpine site (French Alps; 45.30° N, 5.77° E; 1325 m a.s.l.). The evolution of such alpine snowpack is complex due to intensive precipitation, rapid melt events and Saharan dust deposition outbreaks. This study highlights that the resulting intricate variations of spectral albedo can be successfully explained by variations of the following snow surface variables: specific surface area (SSA) of snow, effective light-absorbing impurities content, presence of liquid water and slope. The methodology developed in this study disentangles the effect of these variables on snow spectral albedo. The presence of liquid water at the snow surface results in a spectral shift of the albedo from which melt events can be identified with an occurrence of false detection rate lower than 3.5 %. Snow SSA mostly impacts spectral albedo in the near-infrared range. Impurity deposition mostly impacts the albedo in the visible range but this impact is very dependent on snow SSA and surface slope. Our work thus demonstrates that the SSA estimation from spectral albedo is affected by large uncertainties for a tilted snow surface and medium to high impurity contents and that the estimation of impurity content is also affected by large uncertainties, especially for low values below 50 ng g−1 black carbon equivalent. The proposed methodology opens routes for retrieval of SSA, impurity content, melt events and surface slope from spectral albedo. However, an exhaustive accuracy assessment of the snow black properties retrieval would require more independent in situ measurements and is beyond the scope of the present study. This time series of snow spectral albedo nevertheless already provides a new insight into our understanding of the evolution of snow surface properties.
Combined diurnal variations of discharge and hydrochemistry of the Isunnguata Sermia outlet, Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Graly Joseph , Harrington Joel , Humphrey Neil
Published: May 2017

Abstract. In order to examine daily cycles in meltwater routing and storage in the Isunnguata Sermia outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet, variations in outlet stream discharge and in major element hydrochemistry were assessed over a 6-day period in July 2013. Over 4 days, discharge was assessed from hourly photography of the outlet from multiple vantages, including where midstream naled ice provided a natural gauge. pH, electrical conductivity, suspended sediment, and major element and anion chemistry were measured in samples of stream water collected every 3 h.Photography and stream observations reveal that although river width and stage have only slight diurnal variation, there are large diurnal changes in discharge shown by the doubling in width of what we term the active channel, which is characterized by large standing waves and fast flow. The concentration of dissolved solutes follows a sinusoidal diurnal cycle, except for large and variable increases in dissolved solutes during the stream's waning flow. Solute concentrations vary by  ∼  30 % between diurnal minima and maxima. Discharge maxima and minima lag temperature and surface melt by 3–7 h; diurnal solute concentration minima and maxima lag discharge by 3–6 h.This phase shift between discharge and solute concentration suggests that during high flow, water is either encountering more rock material or is stored in longer contact with rock material. We suggest that expansion of a distributed subglacial hydrologic network into seldom accessed regions during high flow could account for these phenomena, and for a spike of partial silicate reaction products during waning flow, which itself suggests a pressure threshold-triggered release of stored water.
War is a cabaret. Reflejos de la Alemania de entreguerras desde la literatura hasta el cine musical
Authors: Castells Molina Isabel
Published: May 2017

Este trabajo pretende ilustrar cómo Cabaret, de Bob Fosse, refleja el ambiente de Alemania durante el avance del nazismo, partiendo del Adiós a Berlín, de Cristopher Isherwood. Para ello, analiza la función diegética de los números musicales como microcosmos que recrean en abismo la sociedad que los contempla. Asimismo, veremos cómo este planteamiento realista del cine musical contribuye a la renovación del propio género.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 6 No. 1
Authors: Young Jenny
Published: May 2017

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development (EMSD) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from November 1, 2016, to May 1, 2017. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether EMSD publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Institute appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Aghop Der-KarabetianArash RiasiBhagawanChristiane do Nascimento MonteElham MohamedFarhaoui MohamedGamal AwadGandhi Escajadillo ToledoGehendra KharelGiacomo ChiesaHayssam Mohamed AliHebin LinHengky HalimIddisah SulemanaJia LiuLiang YuManuel Mendoza-CarranzaMona M. Amin Abdel-FatahMurat EyvazRocsana Tonis (Bucea-Manea)Sokchhay HengTateda Masafumi
A Amazônia em Rio 2: Clichês culturais cinematográficos para a promoção turística
Authors: Nogueira Wilson De Souza , Lopes Rafael De Figueiredo
Published: May 2017

No artigo se busca refletir acerca de clichês associados ao imaginário sobre o Brasil, especialmente, ao Rio de Janeiro e à Amazônia, a partir de cenas do filme de animação Rio2. O objetivo é compreender, pela perspectiva dos Ecossistemas Comunicacionais, reelaborações de aspectos culturais, produzidas para atender demandas da indústria cinematográfica, bem como suas imbricações com estratégias de desenvolvimento do turismo. A metodologia é baseada em revisão bibliográfica aliada à visualização e análise do filme. Pelo estudo, percebeu-se que o filme reproduz estereótipos consolidados no processo histórico e suscita aspectos de promoção ao turismo e megaeventos.
Segunda Residência na dinâmica urbana e turística da cidade de Portalegre (Rio Grande do Norte/RN, Brasil)
Authors: Da Costa Antonio Jaldesmar , Lopes Rosa Maria Rodrigues , Rodrigues João Freire
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo objetiva analisar a influência da segunda residência na dinâmica urbana e turística da cidade de Portalegre (Rio Grande do Norte/RN, Brasil). O estudo inicia com um breve histórico sobre a temática, discutindo, os objetivos específicos que serão direcionados para composição dos aspectos históricos e teóricos sobre Segunda Residência e as mudanças no espaço urbano e turístico em decorrência da instalação destas, neste município. A pesquisa com metodologia descritiva analítica e abordagem quali-quantitativa, foi norteada através de entrevistas com os representantes do Poder Público e loteamento Varandas da Serra, e formulários semiestruturados aplicados com os turistas de segunda residência durante os finais de semana. Vale salientar, que a temática mereceu ser aprofundada devido os poucos estudos na área, principalmente direcionados a segunda residência em cidades serranas potiguares. Através das pesquisas em campo, os resultados apontaram para o fato de que o turismo contribuiu de forma efetiva para o crescimento das segundas residências, e, consequentemente para o aumento da valorização do uso do solo e ampliação da demanda por equipamentos e serviços urbanos. No entanto, percebeu-se que após o ano de 2012, as ações aconteceram de forma limitada, tendo em vista as precárias condições financeiras por parte do Poder Público. Ainda assim, os turistas estavam optando pelo município, motivados principalmente, pelas amenidades naturais que justificam uma melhor tranquilidade para momentos de descanso. Portanto, entende-se que a cidade estava dispondo de uma diversidade de elementos naturais, urbanos e turísticos, favorecendo o crescimento do turismo e das segundas residências e acentuando a dinâmica urbana local.
A Woman’s Touch
Authors: Classen Constance
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to the ways in which certain aspects of sense history were considered feminine. It first examines the tactile qualities that demarcate gender, particularly how certain textures and temperatures are perceived as markedly female or male. The chapter then takes the gendered nature of perception even further in analyzing the various meanings associated with a woman's touch (and the dangers thereof). The gendered discourse is taken a step further with an examination of the spaces in which women live and work—though largely relegated to the domestic sphere or even the confines of the cloister, this chapter explores how women worked within these limitations and how they were perceived when they moved outside of them. Lastly, the chapter looks at another dichotomy—that between the female saint and the female witch.
Animal Skins
Authors: Classen Constance
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how humans dealt with animals through the sense of touch. After all, intimate contact with animals was part of daily life in the premodern world. They were everywhere; and although zoological symbolism associated the sense of touch with the tortoise and the spider, all animals had a general association with touch. This was due to touch being considered the primary sense of the body and animals being considered virtually all body. Furthermore, many familiar animals were eminently touchable (furry, sleek and warm)—and their speechlessness made touch an essential medium for human–animal interaction. Thus, the chapter looks at the ways in which humans interacted with and perceived animals—through companionship, through distinctions between the human and the bestial, through the capacity for reason, and through suffering.
Fragrant Lucre
Authors: Reinarz Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter surveys the wealth of literature that has explored the history of the perfume trade. Not only were some of the first histories of smell histories of perfume, but histories of perfume also outnumber all other studies of smell in society. A survey of this literature provides a greater understanding of the commercialization of scents, as well as the commodities that are at the heart of many discussions of smell. Thus the chapter addresses the earliest production of fragrances and charts the geographical shifts in both the centers of the incense trade and scent manufacture. It focuses on certain products that were at the heart of health-care practices and religious ceremonies. It then concludes with an exploration of the emergence of the modern perfume industry and its related products, packaging, and practices.
Oh, How We Misunderstand
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: May 2017

This chapter is an introduction to the oft-misunderstood opera of Robert Ashley. Ashley's works do not fit the profile of what people generally think of as opera. In his pieces, people sing in a style that resembles speech, and plots are rarely evident in his works. The chapter argues that his works are far more stylistically complex than they initially appear, and that furthermore his oeuvre not only fits the very definition of opera, but even updates it in certain cases. It highlights the unconventionality of his opera and yet situates them squarely among the classical greats. In doing so, the chapter also delves into Ashley's own merits as a composer.
When Slow Starts to Mean Something, We Crave Fast
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes what Ashley refers to as “the glorious chaos of the 1960's,” tracing the rise and fall of the ONCE festivals as well as the various compositions he had worked on at the time, particularly his 1967 piece, That Morning Thing. Not only is it Ashley's most ambitious piece for the ONCE festival and the direct predecessor of Perfect Lives (1979), it is the source of two of his best-known early works after The Wolfman (1964) and of two of his first works to be commercially recorded. In addition, the chapter illustrates how the ONCE festival represented a kind of crunching together of serialism and conceptualism with a characteristically Midwestern disregard for consistency or ideology. Pieces based on intricate systems were common, as were pieces based on verbal instructions, the two techniques cross-fading into each other.
“Blogs 1, CBS 0”: 60 Minutes and the Killian Memos Controversy
Authors: Carlson Matt
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with 60 Minutes alleging that President Bush shirked National Guard duty in the 1970s in a story based on documents provided by an unnamed source. Immediately after it aired, conservative bloggers charged that the piece was a deliberate attempt to discredit Bush with fake documents two months before the 2004 election. CBS News spent two weeks defending its reporting before Dan Rather apologized and retracted the story. The incident hastened Rather's retirement and led to the firing of senior news producers. Discussions of what happened resulted in conservative claims of widespread liberal bias, concern by journalists over competitive constraints on news work, and a consideration of how the growing influence of new media challenged journalists' use of unnamed sources in their prosecution of controversial subjects.
François Ozon
Authors: Schilt Thibaut
Published: May 2017

In just over a decade, François Ozon has earned an international reputation as a successful and provocative filmmaker. A student of Eric Rohmer and Jean Douchet at the prestigious Fémis, Ozon has made a number of critically acclaimed shorts and eleven feature films, including international successes 8 femmes and Swimming Pool, and more recent releases such as Angel, Ricky, and Le refuge. Despite tremendous diversity in cinematic choices, Ozon's oeuvre is surprisingly consistent in its desire to blur the traditional frontiers between the masculine and the feminine, gay and straight, reality and fantasy, auteur and commercial cinema. The book provides an overview of François Ozon's career to date, contextualizing Ozon's filmmaking within the larger fields of French filmmaking and international queer cinema. The book discusses several major themes running through Ozon's work, including obsessions with inadequate fathers, various types of mourning, and a recurring taste for “the foreign.” The volume also includes an insightful interview with the director.
Interviews with Steven Soderbergh
Authors: Baker Aaron
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the two interviews with Steven Soderbergh that offer insights into several of the most prominent aspects of his career as a filmmaker. The first interview, Geoff Andrew talking with Soderbergh and George Clooney before a live audience in London in 2003, touches on remakes, allusion, and their collaboration with the aim, in the actor's words, “to push the things we've learned from foreign and independent films ... back into the studio system.” The second interview, conducted by David Sterritt, focuses on Che, probably Soderbergh's most ambitious film to date. After acknowledging Soderbergh's tendency to experiment and defy expectations, Sterritt in his introduction calls Che “a daring project even for him.” What follows in the interview is the director's defense of the politics of class, embedded in all his films, that came to the forefront in Che.
Introduction
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the gaps in current American lynching historiography, noting that, while several recent studies of lynching have enhanced our understanding of the history of the rhetoric surrounding the term lynching, they have only peripherally addressed the very real practices of collective violence that the word actually connoted in particular times and places. In addition, the chapter provides a brief overview of American lynching, which arose in the early to mid-nineteenth century as a response to alterations in law and social values (the shift from a penology of retribution and deterrence to one centered on reform of the criminal, the rise of the adversarial system and aggressive defense lawyering, the shift from private to public criminal prosecution, and the professionalization of criminal justice) that occurred throughout the Anglo-American world.
Lynchers versus Due Process
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter treats the Far West, the Upper South, and the Midwest in the mid-to-late 1850s as a laboratory for a variety of lynching violence that would become widespread in the postbellum era. The cultural conflict over the direction of criminal justice took on particular intensity at midcentury, as a result of reformers' success in modifying criminal law, increasing attention to and concerns about perceived threats to sectional identity, and the challenges posed by the rapid growth of a novel, multicultural social landscape with the American incorporation of California and the ensuing Gold Rush. Within these dynamic southern, midwestern, and western cultural and legal contexts, lynchers performed collective violence that protested the administration of criminal justice, particularly the adjudication of homicide cases.
Introduction
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

For over a half century, perhaps the best scholarly work exploring African American life in large, industrialized, northern cities with expanding populations has been St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton's Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (1945). However, a formal history examining businesses as part of an institutional structure, the role of a professional class, religion and the church, and political organization was never undertaken in Black Metropolis. The present volume presents the contributing factors that produced the contemporarily recognized dynamism of the period between 1920 and 1929 as well as the many impediments encountered. Hindsight has produced a view of life in this vibrant area of settlement, one that was not yet the “ghetto” that future historians in the 1960s would envision and write about.
The Golden Decade of Black Business
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines black business activities in Chicago in the 1920s. Robert S. Abbott, Jesse Binga, and Anthony Overton dominated the business activities of the Black Metropolis with their control over finance and information like no others in their community and very much like the business titans found throughout other major Chicago economic enclaves. Business was national king at this time and their collective presence provided a significant part of the foundation of making the Black Metropolis a reality. The economic influence of the 1920s built to such a crescendo that other interests and activities were virtually submerged to it as an epicenter. In fact, one internal memorandum of the NAACP concluded the following: “There are so many diversified interests in Chicago that the N.A.A.C.P. really suffers greatly from indifference on the part of the people.” These diversified interests were related to economics and the emergence of a consumers'society—working for extra money from which to increase spending and buying; spending for recreation and leisure rather than just for necessity; buying property, automobiles, and the new technological devices such as the refrigerator and record player; and investing in oil exploration, stocks, bonds, and real estate.
Californians Secure Wartime Child Care
Authors: Fousekis Natalie M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the Lanham Act program, which was established by the federal government during World War II. Rather than looking at public policy from the perspective of Washington D.C., it focuses on the main centers of war industry in California: Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego. The move to establish child care during the war was fueled by the grassroots political activism of local child care committees and political organizations, many of which were dominated by women. Ultimately, it was the initiative of people far removed from Washington that resulted in the planning, implementation, and promotion of Lanham Act centers.
Who Can Organize? Trade Unions, Worker Insurgency, Labor Power
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the policy and practice of established U.S. labor unions toward migrant labor and guest workers and provides alternative models for building worker power on a global basis. Organized labor operates at a disadvantage as it typically responds rather than acts as capital changes the nature of work to lower wages. Ideally, a proactive labor movement would shape the nature of work. Therefore, U.S. national labor unions and peak organizations have historically opposed all forms of migration. Most notably, in 1986, national unions were instrumental in shaping the employer-sanction provision in the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA). However, because legal penalties for hiring undocumented workers are minimal, the law has not deterred employers from hiring them. Furthermore, because minimum wage and hour standards are often unenforced by state and federal government regulatory agencies, undocumented immigrants are frequently more desirable to employers than U.S.-born workers.
Introduction
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This book delves into Ray Bradbury's emotional world as it matured through his explorations of cinema and art, his interactions with agents and editors, his reading discoveries, and the reading suggestions of older writers. It analyzes the origins of Bradbury's wariness of intellectual writing and his conviction that intuitive things are the real truths, that “the fiction writer is, first and foremost, an emotionalist.” These origins reveal why Bradbury's unique style and his abiding creative focus on the basic emotions that define our humanity remain his greatest contributions to American literature. In order to probe Bradbury's writing career, the book establishes the chronology of his encounters with the works of authors, artists, illustrators, playwrights, and filmmakers who stimulated his imagination throughout the first three decades of his life. The goal is to elucidate the “truth” of the many masks he assumes as he becomes Ray Bradbury.
Modernist Alternatives
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the dark themes and moods that characterize some of Ray Bradbury's short stories, a reflection of his deep ambivalence toward an increasingly destabilized world. Bradbury never developed a postmodernist dislike of where technology and science had brought the world, but he always remained wary of where science may lead mankind in the future. This predictive urge led him to use his science fiction stories to work through some of the issues left unresolved in his failed novels. This chapter discusses “—And the Moon Be Still as Bright” and several of Bradbury's tales, written in the 1946–1948 period, which are distinguished from other Bradbury stories of the period by their science fiction trappings, their unrelieved darkness, the lack of any familiar points of reference, and their relative obscurity within the Bradbury canon. It also considers the relationship stories that eased Bradbury through his impasse with Modernist themes.
Critical Praise, Private Worries
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's anxiety about long fiction amid critical praise in 1951. By the time Bradbury's Miracle Year had run its course, he had successfully built a new story collection around the Illustrated Man framing device. And with the February 1951 release of his second Doubleday book, Bradbury was beginning to solidify his reputation as a major market book author. This chapter starts with a discussion of the critical acceptance for Bradbury's The Illustrated Man and The Martian Chronicles, focusing on their favorable reviews, their publication in major American and British trade houses, and the mass-market paperback contracts Bradbury received for both of them. It then examines Bradbury's private worry about whether he would be able to build book-length success, similar to what he achieved with the Chronicles, out of an expansion of “The Fireman” novella. Finally, it looks at Don Congdon's advice for Bradbury to pursue the conventional realism of the Mexican stories and develop them into a 60,000-word novel.
Conclusion
Authors: Gellman Erik S. , Roll Jarod
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter traces developments in Claude Williams's and Owen Whitfield's activism throughout the Cold War years. PIAR leaders believed democracy could flourish in postwar America now that working people had defeated fascism abroad, and continued to make progress even as the United States entered the Cold War and the red scare had made things especially difficult for the group—and particularly for Williams. In addition, the chapter reflects on the shared faith between Williams and Whitfield, as well as their practical approach to religion and social reform. It charts the legacy of these men and their successful crossing over the racial and gender divides. Furthermore, the chapter contends that their attempts to empower ordinary people to fight for social and economic justice and claim the redemptive, democratic promises of the American political tradition should give us pause.
It’s Shakespeare they Don’t Like
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D. , Timmermann Marybeth
Published: May 2017

For a year now there have been some rather considerable changes in the French press. It is truly regrettable that in glancing through the newspaper columns devoted to theatrical critiques, one might think one has been transported back to the time when Alain Laubreaux and the like systematically strove to muddle values, destroying any strong and great work with their insults....
New Heroes for Old
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Simons Margaret
Published: May 2017

Today in France they frequently say that the novel is dying, that the novel is dead. That is one of the leitmotivs of postwar criticism. Nevertheless, if you loiter by the bookshop windows, or prowl among the editors’ offices, you cannot help being struck by the great number of books and manuscripts that flaunt the label “novel.” Nor are they dead works, for many of them are received by the public with enthusiasm. The critics cannot ignore this fact, but they nevertheless shake their heads and mutter, “These are not true novels. The novel is dead.” You might be tempted to regard this argument as a mere quibble; but even quibbles have some meaning, and the meaning of this one is clear: the modern French novel has so far departed from tradition that for those souls who respect outmoded forms it no longer deserves the name....
Introduction
Authors: Keefe Terry
Published: May 2017

In 1992 the French journal Roman 20–50. Revue d’étude du roman du XXe siècle printed a previously unpublished story of some 21,000 words by Simone de Beauvoir, which receives no explicit mention in her memoirs.1 The editor of the journal issue and of Beauvoir’s text, Jacques Deguy, suggests that “Malentendu à Moscou” (“Misunderstanding in Moscow”) was due to be included in the collection of short stories ...
Introduction
Authors: Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

When Simone de Beauvoir undertook a lecture tour of Japan with Sartre in the autumn of 1966 she had long been a writer with a substantial international reputation. She had published four novels and three volumes of her autobiography, as well as Le deuxième sexe...
My Experience as a Writer
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

Jean-Paul Sartre spoke to you about literature in general. He told you what all writers have in common; for them it is a question of communicating “the lived sense of being-in-the-world” by giving as a product an object which is a singular universal: their oeuvre....
Introduction to Bluebeard and Other Fairy Tales
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D.
Published: May 2017

The stories you are about to read were written down in France, nearly three hundred years ago, by a very learned old gentleman. He wore a white wig, and his name was Charles Perrault.1 He didn’t make up the stories himself, though. They were already old when he found them, so old that no one can tell their age. What is more, they had traveled by word of mouth so far around the globe—from Ireland to India, and all through Europe and Asia—that no one is sure where they first started. A thousand years ago in China, grandmothers were telling their grandchildren the wonderful story of a slit-eyed Cinderella who lost a golden slipper at the ball....
Foreword to History: A Novel
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D.
Published: May 2017

History is Elsa Morante’s latest novel.1 However, don’t expect to find in these pages glorified accounts of ancient or modern crises that have rocked the world. True, each chapter begins with a summary of world events, but the author does not see History as the upheavals reported in newspapers and described in books. For Morante, History is the hidden repercussion of these events in the hearts and bodies of the anonymous individuals who suffer through them, usually without understanding what is taking place....
Enter the Dissidents
Authors: Cloud Dana L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces more fully union activists and their organizations, and relates their stories about the origins and purposes of the caucuses as they told the author. It also lays out the agenda and perspectives of these activists regarding Boeing and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAMAW) and its leadership. The themes of these stories include the rejection of cooperation with management in the form of joint programs; the identification of union leaders as “Boeing managers”; the desire to retain and restore labor gains of previous generations (which they view as having been squandered by union leaders); and the recognition of the ways in which race, gender, and sexual orientation influence the working experience. The overall goal of this chapter is to understand more fully the critique, resounding in these accounts, of the practices of both the union and the company.
The Nature of Contrivance
Authors: O'Sullivan Sean
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a commentary on Mike Leigh's film career. It attempts to reclaim him from the kindly ghetto in which he has been placed by his well-meaning enthusiasts. Leigh is typically considered an unassuming crafter of little movies, who has written little or nothing that we would consider theory, or even criticism. However, it is shown that Leigh is a filmmaker deeply invested in cinema's formal, conceptual, and narrative dimensions. The recurrent simplifications of what his cinema is, and what his cinema does, result in part from the mode in which he works, or the mode in which he is said to work: realism. The films examined in this chapter include The Short and Curlies (1987), Naked (1993), Secrets and Lies (1996), Career Girls (1997), Topsy-Turvy (1999), All or Nothing (2002), Vera Drake (2004), Happy-Go-Lucky (2008), and Another Year (2010).
Trauma, News, and Narrative
Authors: Underwood Doug
Published: May 2017

This book investigates the impact of trauma and coverage of violence on journalists, the subjects of their coverage, and their audience—including the possibility that journalists who have suffered early life stress (such as unhappy childhoods and distorted family relationships) may gravitate toward high-risk assignments, such as war reporting. It examines the sources and the consequences of traumatic experience in the lives of 150 journalist–literary figures in American and British history dating from the early 1700s to today—from Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift to Charles Dickens and Ernest Hemingway—and the traumatic events in their lives that can be viewed as contributing to their emotional struggles, the vicissitudes of their journalism careers, and their development as artists. It considers the ways that their experiences in journalism may have contributed to these writers' psychological stress and played a role in their mental health history. The book demonstrates how the intersection of journalism and fiction writing offers important insights about trauma's role in literary expression.
Depression, Drink, and Dissipation
Authors: Underwood Doug
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the prevalence of alcoholism, substance abuse, depression, and general mental health symptoms among journalist–literary figures, along with the connections that can be made between addiction and compulsive behaviors and the experiences in journalism that may have helped to foster them. The stereotype of the hard-drinking journalist pervades the work of journalists that both celebrate and condemn the lifestyle of the journalistic personality. Ernest Hemingway's romanticizing of drinking in the 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises provides a tragic counterpoint to the story of his last years—that of a depressed and despairing writer suffering from alcoholic psychosis, trying in vain to rediscover his lost talent, and ultimately committing suicide. This chapter first considers the depression, anxiety, and aberrant behavior found among journalist–literary figures before discussing their excessive drinking, drug abuse, and dysfunctional lives. It also looks at twentieth-century journalists and writers with addictive and psychologically compulsive behaviors, such as Charles Bukowski, Brendan Behan, and Thomas Paine.
Healing the Self to Heal the World
Authors: Emerich Monica M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how LOHAS salvages its “New Age” focus on self-development or actualization. It examines the Mind Cure, New Thought, and New Age movements in terms of their relationship to capitalism to show how LOHAS extends and expands these movements through the LOHAS category of Personal Development (also referred to as the Mind/Body/Spirit market). In Personal Development goods and services, physical and spiritual self-healing reflects a moral pragmatism by linking self-healing work with that of healing the world. Threaded through the LOHAS discourse is a popular American theme—the power of positive thinking—and this healing modality is put to use in so-called the quantum spiritualities, the latest incarnation of the American therapeutic tradition. The end of the chapter shows how the LOHAS texts use examples of healed selves as testimonials to show that it is indeed possible for individuals to transform themselves to social warriors.
Apologies, Redemption, and Repair
Authors: Emerich Monica M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter deals with the healed self, contextualized as united with the natural world, moving toward its reconciliation with the third arm of the holistic model of health—the social world. First, there are apologies and confessions to be made by industrialists and consumers who have recognized the “Consequences of Modernity”and their own roles in those results. LOHAS is a capitalist endeavor but also attempts to position itself as resistant to those processes, and as such it must articulate “LOHASians” as ultimately powerful in themselves to change the course of late capitalism and consumer culture. There are instructions on how to say you're sorry and move on to the real work of mopping up the mess. As part of this, LOHAS narratives tell us to remain positive, but also that older notions of desire and ideals of happiness afloat in the culture were off course. By situating individual consumers and producers as capable of bringing about sweeping social transformation, LOHAS not only sustains consumer culture, but also contextualizes it as the locus for the healing of the world.
Conclusion: John Henry, Efficiency, and Community
Authors: McNeil Bryan T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the origin of the John Henry legend and how it has been attributed to West Virginia around the time railroads expanded into the new frontier, seeking the region's rich raw materials. Though there are many interpretations of the legend, John Henry still serves as a parable for the shift to modern industrial society and its ramifications. The social struggles represented by the conflict over mountaintop removal belong not to John Henry's era, but to a subsequent social shift that West Virginians and Americans in general struggled with at the turn of the twenty-first century. Nevertheless, the relationships between corporate efficiency and community bonds are similar enough to warrant revisiting the parable.
Toward a Multiracial Democracy
Authors: Henry Charles P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the evolution of Blacks from voters to candidates following the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. It argues that there were two waves of Black electoral success. Focusing on Black mayors, it contrasts the “insurgent strategy” with the later “deracialized strategy.” The “insurgent” strategy often resembles a social movement more than a political campaign and is directed at mobilizing the candidate's racial support base. The “deracialized” strategy attempts to downplay any racial issue as the candidate reaches out to form a broad coalition of supporters. The chapter also gives credit to Harold Washington and Jesse Jackson for their strategy of expanding the base of the Democratic Party rather than moving to the right to capture “Reagan Democrats.”