bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns of the Andean population of Puna and Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina
Authors: Romaguera D. , Samman N. , Rossi A. , Miranda C. , Pons A. , Tur J. A.
Published: August 2007

The aim of the present study was to describe dietary patterns in a representative sample from Puna and Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina. A cross-sectional nutritional survey was carried out in a representative sample (n 1236) of individuals from these regions. For the present study, only children aged 2–9 years (n 360), adolescents aged 10–18 years (n 223) and adults aged 18 years or over (n 465) were considered. Breast-fed children, pregnant women and lactating women were excluded. Dietary data collection methods comprised one 24 h recall and a semi-quantitative FFQ. We used principal component (PC) analyses to identify prevailing dietary patterns. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the determinants of the identified dietary patterns. Two dominant PC were identified: PC1 reflected a ‘Western-like’ diet with an emphasis on not-autochthon foods. This pattern tended to be present in urban areas of the Quebrada region and was associated with a younger age, a higher level of development, and a worse diet quality. PC2 reflected an ‘Andean-like’ diet including a variety of autochthon crops. This was preferred by individuals living in rural areas from Puna with a high level of development during the post-harvest season, and was associated with a greater diet quality. These results suggest that the nutrition transition phenomenon is a reality in certain sectors of this population and might be one of the leading causes of the observed double burden of malnutrition.
Association between zinc pool sizes and iron stores in premenopausal women without anaemia
Authors: Yokoi Katsuhiko , Sandstead Harold H. , Egger Norman G. , Alcock Nancy W. , Sadagopa Ramanujam V. M. , Dayal Hari H. , Penland James G.
Published: August 2007

The simultaneous occurrence of Zn and Fe deficiencies in man has been known since the discovery of human Zn deficiency. However, it is not established that low Fe storesper seor Fe-deficiency anaemia infer low Zn status. Therefore our objective was to identify relationships between Zn and Fe status in premenopausal women without anaemia. We also examined the contribution of food frequencies and blood loss to Zn and Fe status. The subjects were thirty-three apparently healthy premenopausal women without anaemia, who were not taking dietary supplements containing Zn or Fe or oral contraceptives. Main outcomes were Zn kinetic parameters based on the three-compartment mammillary model and serum ferritin (SF) concentration; contributing factors were the frequency of consumption of specific foods and menorrhagia. Lower SF was significantly associated with smaller sizes of Zn pools. The breakpoint in the relationship between SF and the lesser peripheral Zn pool was found to be 21·0 μg SF/l. SF also correlated positively with frequency of beef consumption and negatively with bleeding through menstrual pads (BTMP). Similar to SF, the Zn pool sizes correlated positively with frequency of beef consumption, and negatively with BTMP. In summary, Zn pool sizes and Fe stores were highly correlated in premenopausal women. SF concentrations < 20 μg/l suggest an increased likelihood of low Zn status.
Family continuity in England and Japan
Authors: TAKAHASHI MOTOYASU
Published: August 2007

This article examines generational continuity and kinship patterns in Willingham (England) between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries and in Kami-shiojiri (Japan) in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In Willingham few families continued to survive in a given locality for more than a couple of generations in the male line. Yet at the same time local testators left bequests to a wide range of kin in their wills, indicating that, despite the mobility of the population, kinship ties remained important and were acknowledged. For Kami-shiojiri, the almost continuous series of Shumon Aratame-cho (religious faith registers) reveals a gradual change towards smaller and simpler household structures (Ie). In addition, occasional abrupt increases in the numbers of households and in the numbers of messuages (dwelling units) imply that the community as a whole and/or the local overlord did sometimes intervene to reconstruct sections of the village economy and the use of household labour. Households in Kami-shiojiri were larger and more complex than those in England and the population was much more stable, with the mobility rate about half that reported for England. The extent of variation in inheritance patterns within both populations is also discussed, showing that some families persisted for several generations in Willingham and that in Kami-shiojiri more than a third of cases of change of headship of the household, involved a successor who was not the eldest son of the previous head.
Dangers to going it alone: social capital and the origins of community resilience in the Philippines
Authors: BANKOFF GREG
Published: August 2007

Robert Putnam's influential article ‘Bowling alone: America's declining social capital’ puts forward a number of possible factors to explain the decline of civil society in the USA. Many of these same forces are also at work in America's erstwhile colony in Asia, the Philippines, where almost the opposite outcome is true if one can measure such things as social capital by the activity of formal and informal associations and networks devoted to mutual assistance. Unlike Americans, however, Filipinos are exposed to a much higher degree of everyday risk. This article traces the evolution of mutual benefit associations and networks and suggests that it is in precisely those geographical regions most exposed to personal misfortune and community danger that they proliferate most readily.
Legal borrowing and its impact on Ottoman legal culture in the late nineteenth century
Authors: RUBIN AVI
Published: August 2007

The article sheds fresh light on socio-legal change in the Ottoman Empire during the late nineteenth century by focusing on the legal culture that emerged in the newly established Nizamiye court system. It is argued that a characteristic Nizamiye discourse that emphasized procedure mirrored the syncretic nature of this judicial system. This syncretism was a typical outcome of legal borrowing, encompassing both indigenous and foreign legal traditions. In addition, the article points to the possible impact of the new legal culture on judicial strategies employed by litigants. The accentuation of procedure opened up new litigation opportunities for the wealthier classes while disadvantaging and alienating the lower strata of society. Yet Ottoman law also provided some legal solutions for the lower orders.
Transmission of the microsporidian gill parasite, Loma salmonae
Authors: Becker Joy A. , Speare David J.
Published: August 2007

Since it was first reported in 1987 at a hatchery in British Columbia, Loma salmonae has become increasingly important as an emerging parasite affecting the Canadian salmonid aquaculture industry. L. salmonae causes Microsporidial Gill Disease of Salmon (MGDS) in farmed Pacific salmonids, Oncorhynchus spp., resulting in respiratory distress, secondary infections and high mortality rates. In the last decade, laboratory studies have identified key transmission factors for this disease and described the pathogenesis of MGDS. L. salmonae enters the host via the gut, where it injects sporoplasm into a host cell, which then migrates to the heart for a two-week merogony-like phase, followed by a macrophage-mediated transport of the parasite to the gill, with a final development stage of a spore-laden xenoma within the endothelial and pillar cells. Xenoma rupture triggers a cascade of inflammatory events leading to severe, persistent, and extensive proliferative branchitis. The development of robust and reliable experimental challenge models using several exposure methods in marine and freshwater environments with several fish hosts, is a primary reason for the success of scientific research surrounding L. salmonae. To date, demonstrated factors affecting MGDS transmission include host species, strain and size, the length of contact time between naïve and infected fish, water temperature and flow rates.
Buffalopox: an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis
Authors: Singh R. K. , Hosamani M. , Balamurugan V. , Bhanuprakash V. , Rasool T. J. , Yadav M. P.
Published: August 2007

Outbreaks of buffalopox or pox-like infections affecting buffaloes, cows and humans have been recorded in many parts of the world. Since the first outbreak in India, a large number of epidemics have occurred. Unlike in the previous years, generalized forms of the disease are now rare; however, there are severe local forms of the disease affecting the udder and teats, leading to mastitis thereby undermining the productivity of milk animals. The causative agent buffalopox virus (BPXV) is a member of theOrthopoxvirus, and is closely related to Vaccinia virus (VACV), the type-species of the genus. Earlier studies with restriction fragment length polymorphism and recent investigations involving sequencing of the genes that are essential in viral pathogenesis have shown that BPXV is phylogenetically very closely related to VACV and may be considered as a clade of the latter. The review discusses the epidemiology, novel diagnostic methods for the disease, and molecular biology of the virus, and infers genetic relationships of BPXV with other members of the genus.
Endothelial cells as active participants in veterinary infections and inflammatory disorders
Authors: Behling-Kelly E. , Czuprynski C. J.
Published: August 2007

Endothelial cells were once viewed as relatively inert cells lining the vasculature. They are now recognized as active and responsive regulators of coagulation, platelet adhesion, fluid homeostasis, wound healing, leukocyte extravasation and vascular tone. Endothelial cells play a key role in the host response to infectious agents by regulating leukocyte trafficking, producing inflammatory cytokines and presenting antigen in association with major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) molecules. A number of infectious agents have a tropism for endothelial cells. Infection of endothelial cells can promote thrombosis, vascular leakage, and increased adherence and emigration of leukocytes. Furthermore, activation of a systemic inflammatory response, in the absence of direct endothelial cell infection, can also lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to highlight the interactions between endothelial cells and infectious or inflammatory agents that contribute to coagulation disturbances, vasculitis and edema. A select group of viral and bacterial pathogens will be used as examples to demonstrate how endothelial cell dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory disorders.
Evaluating neuronal and glial growth on electrospun polarized matrices: bridging the gap in percussive spinal cord injuries
Authors: Chow Woon N. , Simpson David G. , Bigbee John W. , Colello Raymond J.
Published: August 2007

One of the many obstacles to spinal cord repair following trauma is the formation of a cyst that impedes axonal regeneration. Accordingly, we examined the potential use of electrospinning to engineer an implantable polarized matrix for axonal guidance. Polydioxanone, a resorbable material, was electrospun to fabricate matrices possessing either aligned or randomly oriented fibers. To assess the extent to which fiber alignment influences directional neuritic outgrowth, rat dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were cultured on these matrices for 10 days. Using confocal microscopy, neurites displayed a directional growth that mimicked the fiber alignment of the underlying matrix. Because these matrices are generated from a material that degrades with time, we next determined whether a glial substrate might provide a more stable interface between the resorbable matrix and the outgrowing axons. Astrocytes seeded onto either aligned or random matrices displayed a directional growth pattern similar to that of the underlying matrix. Moreover, these glia-seeded matrices, once co-cultured with DRGs, conferred the matrix alignment to and enhanced outgrowth exuberance of the extending neurites. These experiments demonstrate the potential for electrospinning to generate an aligned matrix that influences both the directionality and growth dynamics of DRG neurites.
Volcano flank instability in the Lesser Antilles Arc: Diversity of scale, processes, and temporal recurrence
Authors: Boudon Georges , Le Friant Anne , Komorowski Jean‐Christophe , Deplus Christine , Semet Michel P.
Published: August 2007

The 1997 Boxing Day collapse, a remarkable feature of the ongoing eruption of Soufrière Hills on Montserrat, has prompted new interest in the study of volcano stability in the Lesser Antilles. Building on a few cases documented in the literature, we have now identified at least 47 flank collapse events on volcanoes of the Caribbean arc where this type of behavior is characteristic and repetitive. About 15 events occurred on active volcanoes within the last 12,000 years. In the northern part of the arc, flank collapses are repetitive, do not exceed 1 km3 in volume, occur in all directions, and are promoted by intense hydrothermal alteration and well‐developed fracturing of the summit part of the edifices. In contrast, infrequent but large sector collapses, with volumes up to tens of km3, are typical of the southern volcanoes. They are always directed to the west as a result of the high overall slopes of the islands toward the deep back‐arc Grenada Basin. Because Caribbean islands are small, a large part of the resulting debris avalanches have flowed into the sea thus contributing voluminous and sudden inputs of volcaniclastic sediments to the Grenada Basin. Deposits from such submarine flows have been identified during the recent AGUADOMAR and CARAVAL oceanographic cruises and traced to their source structures on land. Edifice collapses have a major influence on subsequent volcanic activity but also are of high concern because of their tsunamigenic potential.
Concentration of atmospheric cellulose: A proxy for plant debris across a west‐east transect over Europe
Authors: Sánchez‐Ochoa Asunción , Kasper‐Giebl Anne , Puxbaum Hans , Gelencser Andras , Legrand Michel , Pio Casimiro
Published: August 2007

Atmospheric “free cellulose” has been determined as a proxy for “plant debris” in samples from six background stations on a west‐east transect extending from the Atlantic (Azores) to the mid‐European background site KPZ (K‐Puszta, Hungary). Concentration levels of cellulose (biannual averages) range from 16.3 ng/m3 at the oceanic background site AZO (Azores) to 181 ng/m3 at KPZ (Hungary). Concentrations decrease with elevation, winter levels at the midtropospheric Sonnblick site (SBO, 3106 m) are comparable to clean Atlantic conditions. The atmospheric concentration of plant debris (biannual averages) was derived from the cellulose data and ranges from 33.4 ng/m3 at AZO to 363 ng/m3 at KPZ. Relative contributions of plant debris to organic matter (OM) range from around 2% at the semirural coastal site Aveiro (AVE) to 10% at SBO. Surprisingly high relative concentrations of plant debris in OM were observed for wintry conditions at the elevated sites. The relative fraction of plant debris in OM ranged as averages from 6.1% at Schauinsland, Germany (1205 m) to 10.1% at Puy de Dome, France (1405 m) and 22.4% at Sonnblick, Austria (3106 m). Thus plant debris is a very important constituent of the organic material at elevated background sites with summer concentrations of around 5% and winter levels from around 6–22% depending on elevation. Since cellulose is considered rather long‐lived with respect to atmospheric oxidation processes, it may become enriched on the way to background regions, which may explain the elevated relative levels at elevated sites.
Model development and verification for mass transport to Escherichia coli cells in a turbulent flow
Authors: Hondzo Miki , Al‐Homoud Amer
Published: August 2007

Theoretical studies imply that fluid motion does not significantly increase the molecular diffusive mass flux toward and away from microscopic organisms. This study presents experimental and theoretical evidence that small‐scale turbulence modulates enhanced mass transport to Escherichia coli cells in a turbulent flow. Using the technique of inner region and outer region expansions, a model for dissolved oxygen and glucose uptake by E. coli was developed. The mass transport to the E. coli was modeled by the Sherwood (Sh)‐Péclet (Pe) number relationship with redefined characteristic length and velocity scales. The model Sh = (1 + Pe1/2 + Pe) agreed with the laboratory measurements well. The Péclet number that quantifies the role and function of small‐scale turbulence on E. coli metabolism is defined by Pe = () where Ezz is the root mean square of fluid extension in the direction of local vorticity, ηK is the Kolmogorov length scale, Lc is the length scale of E. coli, and D is the molecular diffusion coefficient. An alternative formulation for the redefined Pe is given by Pe = () where = 0.5(ɛν)1/4 is the Kolmogorov velocity averaged over the Kolmogorov length scale, ɛ is dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of fluid. The dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy was estimated directly from measured velocity gradients and was within the reported range in engineered and natural aquatic ecosytems. The specific growth of E. coli was up to 5 times larger in a turbulent flow in comparison to the still water controls. Dissolved oxygen and glucose uptake were enhanced with increased ɛ in the turbulent flow.
Ray tracing of penetrating chorus and its implications for the radiation belts
Authors: Bortnik J. , Thorne R. M. , Meredith N. P. , Santolik O.
Published: August 2007

Using ray tracing and suprathermal electron distributions from CRRES, the final propagation latitudes of typical chorus rays are calculated as a function of L, MLT, AE, and initial wave normal angle. Rays initiated within a certain range of wave normals ψP ∼ −0.8ψG to −0.6ψG (where ψG is the Gendrin angle) propagate to very high latitudes, largely avoiding Landau damping whilst remaining roughly field‐aligned for large portions of their propagation paths. The relative wave power of such penetrating chorus may increase above its initial value due to the low damping rates and magnetic field line convergence. By considering 4 representative rays with f = 0.3fce, and calculating the resonant energies at the edge of the loss‐cone, it is shown that penetrating chorus readily interacts with electrons in the >1 MeV energy range, and may thus contribute to the previously reported relativistic electron microbursts.
Multimodel output statistical downscaling prediction of precipitation in the Philippines and Thailand
Authors: Kang Hongwen , An Kyong‐Hee , Park Chung‐Kyu , Solis Ana Liza S. , Stitthichivapak Kornrawee
Published: August 2007

Six dynamical seasonal model outputs, which are currently used in the APEC Climate Center Multimodel Ensemble (MME) prediction system, are employed for statistical downscaling prediction of station‐scale precipitation in the Philippines and Thailand. Correlation analysis and Singular Value Decomposition Analysis are used to reveal atmosphere dynamic linkage based on the observed data other than model data. The observed linkage provides a robust basis for the choice of predictor and its range in predicted fields. In order to avoid spatial shift of predicted field away from observed climate, a movable window is set to select the most sensible area within the range of predictor for downscaling. The downscaled MME prediction is verified against observed station precipitation in a cross‐validation manner, and the prediction skill is apparently improved compared with the simple composite of raw model predictions for most of the stations.
Northern Hemisphere annular mode in summer: Its physical significance and its relation to solar activity variations
Authors: Lee Jae N. , Hameed Sultan
Published: August 2007

We use the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis to calculate empirical orthogonal functions of summer geopotential heights in the Northern Hemisphere at all levels in the troposphere and the stratosphere. The leading patterns in summer are distinct from the patterns in winter. Also, the leading patterns in the summer stratosphere are distinct from the patterns in the summer troposphere. The summer Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) in the stratosphere has the same sign everywhere but shows higher variability at low latitudes unlike the dipolar structure of the winter NAM. A physical interpretation of the summer NAM in the stratosphere is readily apparent because low (high) values of its principal component correspond to warmer (colder) than climatological mean summer conditions in the stratosphere. The summer NAM in the troposphere, on the other hand, is characterized by variability over the Asian monsoon region. Also, the summer NAM in the stratosphere and upper troposphere is correlated with the solar ultraviolet flux, such that in solar maximum conditions the stratospheric circulation is more “summer‐like” than average and it is less summer‐like in solar minimum conditions. The summer NAM is thus seen as a potentially useful tool in investigating the sources of variability in the summer atmosphere.
EMBRYOTOXICITY OF PHOMOPSIN IN RATS
Authors: Peterson JE
Published: August 2007

The effect of phomopsin, the mycotoxin of Phomopsis leptostromiformis responsible for lupinosis, was examined in pregnant rats and their embryos. A Single injection at the rate of 0·025–0·4 mg/kg was administered on days 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 of pregnancy or repeated Injections at the daily rate of 0·03 or 0· 09 mg/kg were given on days 6·10 or 11·15. Effects on embryonic development were examined on day 20. A single dose of 0·4 mg/kg or repeated doses of 0·09 mg/kg caused heavy embryonic mortality. Repeated doses of 0·03 mg/kg over days 6·10 caused a lower mortality. Foetuses that survived the higher dose rates were severely retarded in their growth and skeletal ossification was irregular. The incidence of other developmental defects was too low for phomopsin to be unequivocally implicated. The dose levels used induced lesiona of lupinosis of varying severity in the dams. Toxicity for dams and embryos was greater when the total dose was administered over 5 days than after a single injection.
UPTAKE AND TOXICITY OF SAFRANINE AND TRIPHENYLMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM ION IN HUMAN TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Parsons PG , Musk P
Published: August 2007

Despite having lower cell membrane potentials, four human melanoma cell lines and HeLa cells accumulated the membrane probe triphenylmethyl‐phosphonium ion (TPMP, 2 μM) 2–10 fold more rapidly than human fibroblasts, and did not reach equilibrium during the 2 h incubation period studied. The difference was not due to drug toxicity, although at much higher levels of TPMP (>20 μM) selective killing of melanoma cells compared with fibroblasts was observed. Some dependence of TPMP accumulation upon membrane potential was indicated by inhibition of uptake in fibroblasts depolarised by culture in calcium‐deficient medium. Melanoma cells exhibited no change in TPMP uptake or membrane potential under these conditions. Uptake of safranine, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential, did not follow the TPMP pattern. Thus, the anomalous accumulation of TPMP by human tumour cells appeared to result from either carrier‐mediated transport or rapid intracellular metabolism and could not be used to determine cell membrane potentials.
TRANSFER OF SENSITISED LYT 2+ CELLS TRIGGERS ACUTE REJECTION OF PANCREATIC ISLET ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Prowse Stephen J , Warren Hilary S , Agostino Michael , Lafferty Kevin J
Published: August 2007

The cellular requirements for rejection of cultured islet allografts, a tissue expressing only class I alloantigens, have been studied. The results obtained show that sensitised Thy 1+, Lyt 2+ lymphocytes and not Lyt 2− lymphocytes trigger acute graft rejection.
INDUCTION OF T CELL HYPORESPONSIVENESS TO BEBARU IN MICE, AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSES OF PROGENY OF HYPORESPONSIVE MALES
Authors: Müllbacher A , Ashman RB , Blanden RV
Published: August 2007

Non‐specific hyporesponsiveness of cytotoxic T cells to alphaviruses and alloantigens was induced in male mice by multiple, large injections, starting at birth, of gamma‐inactivated alphavirus, stock‐grown in outbred mouse brains. Offspring of matings between 2 out of 17 treated males and normal females also exhibited significant non‐specific hyporesponsiveness (in comparison with normal control mice), without prior exposure to gamma‐inactivated alphavirus stock.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEANYER VIRUS: RESEMBLANCE TO BUNYAVIRUS
Authors: Stuckly Keith G , Wright Peter J
Published: August 2007

The properties of Leanyer virus, isolated in Northern Australia in 1974, were compared with those of Bunyamwera virus. Leanyer virus replicated in BHK‐21 and Vero cells. In sucrose gradients it had a density of 1·17 g/cm3 and sedimented with the same S value as Bunyamwera virus. The diameter of negatively stained virions was approximately 110 nm. Three species of RNA sedimenting at 30S (L), 26S (M) and 14S (S) and four virion proteins (L, G1, G2, N) were detected in preparations of purified virions. The results were consistent with the classification of Leanyer virus as a member of the family Bunyaviridae, possibly within the Bunyavirus genus.
THE MAPPUTTA GROUP OF ARBOVIRUSES: ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES WHICH PLACE THE GROUP IN THE BUNYAVIRUS GENUS OF THE FAMILY BUNYAVIRIDAE
Authors: Newton Susan E , Short Nicholas J , Irving Anne‐Marie , Dalgarno Lynn
Published: August 2007

We have characterized members of the Mapputta group of ‘bunya‐virus‐like’ viruses in terms of morphology, structure, ultrastructural development and virus‐directed RNA and protein synthesis. Our primary study has been with Maprik virus (MPK) as a representative of the group. The MPK virion is uniformly spherical (≃ 90 nm diameter) and possesses a membrane envelope. Virus maturation is by budding into small vesicles in the perinuclear region. During infection of BHK cells which is cytopathic, maximum viral RNA synthesis is ≃ 20% of RNA synthesis in uninfected cells without actinomycin D. In Aedes alboplctus cells, where high initial titres are followed by a persistent infection, maximum viral RNA synthesis is only 1·5% of levels in control cells. MPK virions contain three RNA species. MPK generates four virus‐specific RNAs (L, M, S1 and S2) and three nucleocapsid species in infected BHK cells. Six virus‐specific polypeptides are present in infected cells; the four largest correspond to L (a probable transcriptase component), G1 and G2 (envelope proteins) and N (the nucleocapsid protein), respectively. These results and complementary studies with Trubanaman and Gan Gan viruses indicate that the members of the Mapputta serogroup can be placed in the bunyavirus genus of the family Bunya‐viridae.
BLOCKADE OF CARDIAC NERVES BY INTRAPERICARDIAL LOCAL ANAESTHETICS IN THE CONSCIOUS RABBIT
Authors: Dorward PK , Flaim M , Ludbrook J
Published: August 2007

Local anaesthetic drugs were instilled into the pericardial sac of conscious rabbits through a chronically implanted catheter. Twenty mg of procaine HCl always caused complete blockade of cardiac vagal and sympathetic efferent nerves, tested by eliciting the baroreceptor‐heart rate reflex, and abolished the reflex depression of renal sympathetic nerve activity elicited by impeding left ventricular outflow. It also slowed heart rate by a direct effect on the sinoatrial pacemaker. When the same dose of procaine was given intravenously there were only transient changes in blood pressure, heart rate and the baroreceptor‐heart rate reflex. Lignocaine HCl and bupivacaine HCl were relatively less effective in blocking cardiac sympathetic efferent nerves. Intrapericardial procaine can be used in conscious animals to elucidate the part played by the cardiac receptor reflexes in control of the circulation.
TRYPSIN‐CHYMOTRYPSIN INHIBITORS FROM THE TICK, BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: Willadsen P , McKenna RV
Published: August 2007

The eggs of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, contain at least two proteolytic enzyme inhibitors which have been purified and partially characterized. One of these is closely related to an inhibitor from larval ticks previously purified. It is similar in general properties, in amino acid composition and it cross‐reacts immunologically with the larval protein. The egg and larval proteins are, however, largely or completely stage‐specific. The significance of this to the study of She host‐parasite interaction is discussed.
THE ENZYMES OF PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN BABESIA BOVIS AND BABESIA BIGEMINA
Authors: Gero Annette M , O'Sullivan William J , Wright Ian G , Mahoney David F
Published: August 2007

All six enzymes of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis leading to the formation of UMP have been demonstrated in whole homogenates from two bovine Babesia species, B. bovis and B. bigemina. The specific activities of the respective enzymes were of the same order of magnitude as observed for the related parasite, Plasmodium berghei. The results indicate that both these parasites have the potential of obtaining their pyrimidine requirements by de novo synthesis.

Subcellular fractionation established that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme of the pathway, was of a particulate nature. Mammalian respiratory chain inhibitors and ubiquinone analogues caused inhibition of the Babesia dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. As observed for other eukaryotic systems, the dehydrogenase appears to be linked to a respiratory chain via ubiquinone.
THE EFFECT OF SPLENECTOMY ON THE PRODUCTION OF ABLASTIN AND THE TERMINATION OF THE PARASITAEMIA IN RATS INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI
Authors: Drew PA , Jenkin CR
Published: August 2007

This study investigated the effect of splenectomy on the production of ablastin and the elimination of Trypanosoma lewisi from the circulation of infected Porton rats. Rats were splenectomized or sham‐splenectomized either before or at various stages during the infection and the course of the parasitaemia compared with untreated control animals. Ablastin titres in the serum were measured by a sensitive in vitro assay and were found to be the same in all the rats, regardless of the nature or timing of the operation. Splenectomized animals eliminated the parasite more slowly from the circulation than either the sham‐splenectomized animals or unoperated controls. It is concluded that the presence of the spleen enables the rat to clear the parasite more rapidly from the circulation, but that the spleen is not essential for the production ablastin during the infection.
TRANSFERABLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL: A TWO YEAR SURVEY
Authors: Ackerman VP , Groot Obbink DJ , Sivertsen Terri
Published: August 2007

For two years transferable antibiotic resistance (TAR) was studied by replicator methods in strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated in a 900‐bed hospital. Transfer to an Escherichia coli recipient was demonstrated in 21% of 7,800 Enterobacteriaceae. It was most common in Klebsiella (37% of isolates) and least in Acinetobacter (6%). The mean number of phenotypic resistance markers (RMs) transferred was higher from Klebsiella pneumoniae or Enterobacter cloacae than from E. coli or P. mirabilis. K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae especially transferred 7 or more RMs much more often than other species. Some RMs were associated with a particular species, e.g. streptomycin with E. coli, kanamycin or gentamicin with E. cloacae and kanamycin with P. mirabilis. The same was true of certain patterns of resistance transfer, e.g. Ap‐Km and P. mirabilis, Ap‐Sm and E. coli, Ap‐Km‐Gm‐Tm‐Cm and K. pneumoniae. However, many of the commonest resistance phenotypes were transferred from several species and from several biotypes within any given species. Resistance patterns transferred from E. coli were detected sporadically throughout, whereas many of those transferred from Klebsiella, Enterobacter or Proteus were found only for a limited time.
COMPARISON OF MAMMARY GLAND FUNCTION DURING THE OVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND ACUTE BREAST INFLAMMATION IN WOMEN
Authors: Prosser CG , Hartmann PE
Published: August 2007

Studies were undertaken to characterize the changes in the milk composition which occur 5–6 days before and 6–7 days after ovulation in lactating women. The composition of the milk at these times was compared to that from women with an acute inflammation (mastitis) in the breast to clarify the nature of the mechanism which caused the change in milk composition during the ovulatory menstrual cycle.

The composition of breast milk taken from 2 women from days −8 to −3 and days 4 to 9, relative to the day of ovulation, showed significant (p < 0·05) increases in Na and Cl and a decrease in glucose. The concentration of albumin and total protein in the milk was unchanged. In contrast, the milk composition from 3 women who developed an inflammation in the one breast during lactational amenorrhea showed significant (p < 0·05) increases in the concentrations of Na, Cl, total protein and albumin in the milk from the affected breast as compared to the normal breast. The concentration of glucose was not significantly altered.

The differences between the composition of milk during the menstrual cycle and during acute breast inflammation are exemplified by a further woman who developed an inflammation in the right breast only on day 7 after ovulation, which coincided with the post‐ovulatory change in milk composition. The concentration of albumin in the milk from the affected breast was significantly (p < 0·01) increased during the period of inflammation, while it remained stable in the milk from the normal breast. The other constituents showed the normal alterations associated with the luteal phase of the cycle.

While the changes in the concentrations of the ions and albumin in the milk from the affected breast are consistent with the existence of a paracellular pathway between the cells, the changes during the menstrual cycle are not. It is suggested that the milk compositional changes which occur during the cycle are caused by a decrease in the mammary uptake of glucose, with a subsequent reduction in the synthetic activity of the gland.
HOST DEFENCES IN THE UPPER GENITAL TRACT OF THE FEMALE: STUDIES IN A MURINE SYSTEM
Authors: Sorrell Tania C , Baker Pamela A , Chow Anthony W
Published: August 2007

Mechanical and cellular factors which maintain sterility in the fallopian tube were studied in virgin, BALB/c mice. Quantitative cultures of homogenates from ovary/periovarian sac, fallopian tube and uterine horn were obtained at various times after intratubal injection of 6 × 107 Escherichia coli (E. coli) by micropuncture.

Immediately post‐injection, significantly higher bacterial counts were obtained from fallopian tube than from uterine horn, indicating a functional barrier at the uterotubal junction. Viable E. coli were usually absent from the genital tract within 7 days. Reduction in bacterial counts was significant at 24 h post‐injection. Ligation of the uterine horn and/or induction of leucopenia prior to injection were associated with decreased bacterial clearance at 24 h. Histology of samples from normal, injected mice revealed marked polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) infiltration in response to E. coli, confirmed by quantitation of intralumenal PMNL. By 72 h post‐injection, viable E. coli and PMNL containing phagocytosed particles were prominent in vaginal washings. No inflammatory response was elicited in leucopenic mice.

We conclude that clearance of E. coli from the fallopian tube depends primarily on excretion through the lower genital tract and PMNL‐associated bacterial activity.
COMPETITIVE RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS USING HYBRIDOMA AND ANTI‐IDIOTYPE ANTIBODIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO, AND ANTIGENS OF, SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Garcia Edito G , Cruise Kathy M
Published: August 2007

A hybridoma‐derived monoclonal antibody, 1.134, with apparent specificity for Schistosoma japonicum adult worms has immunodiagnostic potential for schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. Sera from known infected individuals will inhibit the binding of 125I‐labelled 1.134 to a crude adult worm extract (AWE) in a competitive radioimmunoassay (CRIA), although a 10% false negative rate has been noted. Another monoclonal antibody, P.41, which produces circumoval precipitation (COP) reactions with S. japonicum eggs was shown previously not to he useful in identification of heavily infected individuals using a CRIA with extracted egg antigens (EA). However, the 125I‐P.41/EA assay has now been demonstrated to be capable of detecting a small subset of infected persons. Thus, four infected individuals with serum COP reactions shown to be consistently of the bleb type only (and with no segmented precipitates seen in the optimized COP test) have serum inhibitory activity in the P.41 CRIA. These same sera are negative in the I.134 CRIA.

Unsuccessful attempts have been made to substitute a large Pool of affinity purified anti‐I.134 idiotypic (Id) antibodies for antigen (i.e. AWE) in the immunodiagnostic I.134 CRIA. However, anti‐Id CRIAs have been shown to be useful in monitoring the isolation of target antigens of hybridoma anti‐schistosome antibodies. The availability of a range of hybridoma antibody‐based CRIAs will greatly Facilitate the quantitative analysis of anti‐S. japonicum antibody specificities in sera from clinically defined patient groups and the isolation of antigens of immunoparasitological interest.
INHIBITION BY LANTHANUM OF THE CALCIUM PARADOX PHENOMENON IN RAT HEART
Authors: Hunt William G , Willis Roger J
Published: August 2007

Injury is sustained by isolated hearts on repletion with calcium after a short period of perfusion with calcium‐free medium at 37°. A possible mechanism for the ‘calcium paradox’ is that exposure to a calcium‐free medium removes extracellular calcium rendering the sarcolemma more permeable to calcium. On calcium repletion, cell injury is triggered by calcium influx. Since lanthanum is known to displace calcium from extracellular pools in heart, it was used in an attempt to modulate the injury of the calcium paradox. The presence of 10 μM lanthanum in the calcium‐free perfusion fluid was found to inhibit totally protein release normally produced by subsequent calcium exposure. When lanthanum was added after the calcium‐free period and before calcium repletion, protein release was only partly prevented. This shows that a change in membrane properties occurred during the calcium‐free perfusion period which could be prevented, but not reversed, by the addition of lanthanum.
THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL AXONS IN NORMAL AND DEHYDRATED RATS: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY INCLUDING ZIO‐STAINING METHOD
Authors: Loesch Andrzej
Published: August 2007

The neurohypophysial axons from normal rats and those dehydrated for 4 and 12 days were investigated by means of conventional glutaraldehyde fixation and the zinc‐iodide‐osmium (ZIO) staining technique. Conventionally fixed axons from dehydrated rats revealed depletion of dense core of neurosecretory granules, more frequent occurrence of microvesicles, proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum or accumulation of lysosomes. It has been disclosed that the ZIO reaction product has the ability to stain microvesicles (normal rats) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, some neurosecretory granules and some parts of stromal inclusion at the release site (dehydrated rats). Quantitative data are also presented. They indicate a significantly decreased number of both neurosecretory granules (NSG) and ZIO‐positive microvesicles (MV) in dehydrated rats. Equally, the value of the median of the MV/NSG ratio was significantly increased from 1·38 in normal rats to 5·50 and 7·50 in rats dehydrated for 4 and 12 days, respectively. Thus, the possible involvement of ZIO‐positive microvesicles in a process associated with neurosecretion is suggested. While in normal rats a correlation was found between the number of neurosecretory granules and the area of sectioned profiles of the axons, no evidence was obtained for it in 12‐day dehydrated rats. Conversely, no evidence for a relationship between the axon area and the number of ZIO‐positive microvesicles was obtained in normal rats, while in rats dehydrated for 12 days a correlation was found.
LIMITATIONS OF STANDARD FILTRATION TECHNIQUES IN MEASURING SPECIFIC BINDING OF TRANSPORTED SUBSTRATES TO RENAL PLASMA MEMBRANES
Authors: Miller John H , Wesniewski Jerome W
Published: August 2007

Under equilibrium conditions, the specific binding of 14C‐α‐methyl‐D‐glucoside and 14C‐p‐aminohippurate to brushborder and basolateral membranes of rabbit kidney cortex could not be quantitated using standard filtration techniques. It was concluded that the low receptor affinities of these transported solutes and the masking of bound isotopic counts by vesicular uptake prevented accurate measurement of specific binding activities.
INVESTIGATION WITH DEXAMETHASONE OF THE PROCESSES WHICH MODERATE IMMUNITY AGAINST THE NEMATODE, HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS, IN SHEEP
Authors: Adams David B
Published: August 2007

Treatment of sheep with the corticosteroid, dexamethasone, was used to investigate some properties of the immunoregulatory process which dampens the expression of protective responses against the abomasal nematode, Haemonchus contortus, and which may occur as an adaptation for evasion of host immunity by this parasite. The protective responses released by giving dexamethasone early in infection operated during a series of superimposed infections. Accordingly, they may also operate during field exposure to the parasite. Dexamethasone‐released protective responses acted earlier than 7 days after infection. Accordingly, there is no reason to suggest that they are distinct from the responses which usually produce refractoriness to infection. Results from two consecutive but not superimposed infections show that activity of the immunoregulatory process identified by dexamethasone treatment can persist for a month. This implies that there is memory for immunoregulation in infection by H. contortus.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN C57BL MICE. HUMORAL RESPONSES TO POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE
Authors: Price Patricia , Turner KJ
Published: August 2007

Infection with Trichuris muris eggs or Nematospiroides dubius larvae (orally administered) did not affect IgG or IgM antibody responses to 0·2 μg polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (intravenously (i.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or 20 μg PVP (i.p.) in C57BL mice. However, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 subcutaneously (s.c.) and N. dubius L3 (i.v.) significantly increased responses to PVP (i.p.) so migrating larvae are probably responsible. Similar enhancement was obtained when extracts of N. brasiliensis worms or N. dubius larvae were administered i.p. The activity of N. brasiliensis extract was trypsin‐insensitive and unaffected by heat (1 h, 60°). Extracts of A. suum did not cause significant enhancement and BALB/c mice were not affected by N. brasiliensis extract. The possible roles of regulatory T‐cells, non‐specific mitogenesis and macrophage activation are discussed.
GROWTH AND GLIOTIC RESPONSE OF ASTROCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Lolait Stephen J , Harmer Jennifer H , Dahl Doris , Toh Ban‐Hock
Published: August 2007

We investigated the development of astrocytes in mechanically dissociated primary cultures of foetal and neonatal rat brain grown in different culture media using immunofluorescence and antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP‐positive cells developed at a time corresponding to the 16th day of embryonic development and initially grew more slowly in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) than in Medium 199 (M199) or Modified Eagle's Medium (MEM), but as the cultures matured a greater proportion of GFAP‐positive cells was obtained in DMEM, resulting in relatively pure populations of GFAP‐positive cells after 1–2 months in vitro. GFAP‐positive cells comprised process‐bearing and fibroblastoid cell types and cells with intermediate morphology. Cultures in DMEM were also characterized by the appearance after 8–18 days in vitro of thick long bands of glial processes surrounding cyst‐like spaces. The morphological change may represent a gliotic reaction to necrosis in vitro.
GROWTH OF ORGAN‐CULTURED FOETAL MOUSE PANCREAS GRAFTS IN SYNGENEIC DIABETIC AND NON‐DIABETIC RECIPIENTS
Authors: Mandel TE
Published: August 2007

Organ‐cultured foetal mouse pancreatic islets can reverse streptozotocininduced diabetes in syngeneic mice. Tissue from one donor is enough to produce and maintain euglycaemia in each recipient, but even smaller amounts of donor tissue may be sufficient and less than one third of a foetal pancreas frequently suffices. Insulin extracted from grafts removed after some months in situ shows that their insulin content is proportional to the amount of tissue transplanted, and suggests that the grafted foetal islets have a finite capacity for growth. In organ culture some loss of potential islet tissue may occur, and larger grafts are obtained when small pieces of tissue are cultured, thereby minimizing losses of tissue in vitro. The growth of the graft in situ also depends on the diabetic state of the host, and greater and more prolonged mitotic activity is seen in grafts in diabetic than in non‐diabetic recipients, A degree of hyperglycaemia in the recipient may enhance graft growth.
STABILIZATION OF ISLET ALLOGRAFTS BY TREATMENT OF RECIPIENTS WITH ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED DONOR SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Agostino Michael , Prowse Stephen J , Lafferty Kevin J
Published: August 2007

Culture of mouse pancreatic islets in an oxygen‐rich atmosphere before transplantation facilitates long‐term allograft survival without the use of immunosuppression. A comparison of the capacity of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated and live spleen cells of donor origin to induce allograft rejection showed that UV‐irradiated spleen cells were not immunogenic: live spleen cells were immunogenic and their injection triggered allograft rejection. Following treatment with irradiated spleen cells from about day 30 post‐transplantation, recipient animals were able to withstand subsequent challenges with 106 and 107 viable donor spleen cells. Untreated animals rejected their graft when challenged with 106 donor spleen cells. That is. treatment with UV‐irradiated cells stabilized the islet allograft by inducing a state of tolerance. Subsequent transplantation of stabilized animals with uncultured thyroids of both donor origin and from a third party strain demonstrated that the tolerance was specific. In vitro test of immune reactivity showed this tolerance was not due to the deletion of antigen reactive cells.