bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Methodological Framework for Assessing the Influence of Process Parameters on Strand Stability and Functional Performance in Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Gkartzou Eleni , Kontiza Artemis , Zafeiris Konstantinos , Mantzavinou Elena , Charitidis Costas A.
Published: December 2023

With an ever-increasing material and design space available for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology, fabrication of complex three-dimensional structures with functional performance offers unique opportunities for product customization and performance-driven design. However, ensuring the quality and functionality of FFF-printed parts remains a significant challenge, as material-, process-, and system-level factors introduce variability and potentially hinder the translation of bulk material properties in the respective FFF counterparts. To this end, the present study presents a methodological framework for assessing the influence of process parameters on FFF strand stability and functional performance through a systematic analysis of FFF structural elements (1D stacks of FFF strands and 3D blocks), in terms of dimensional deviation from nominal geometry and resistivity, corresponding to the printability and functionality attributes, respectively. The influence of printing parameters on strand stability was investigated in terms of dimensional accuracy and surface morphology, employing optical microscopy and micro-computed tomography (mCT) for dimensional deviation analysis. In parallel, electrical resistance measurements were carried out to assess the effect of different process parameter combinations and toolpath patterns on functional performance. In low-level structural elements, strand height (H) was found to induce the greatest influence on FFF strand dimensional accuracy and resistivity, with higher H values leading to a reduction in resistivity of up to 38% in comparison with filament feedstock; however, this occurred at the cost of increased dimensional deviation. At higher structural levels, the overall effect of process parameters was found to be less pronounced, indicating that the translation of 1D strand properties to 3D blocks is subject to a trade-off due to competing mechanisms that facilitate/hinder current flow. Overall, the proposed framework enables the quantification of the influence of process parameters on the selected response variables, contributing to the development of standard operating procedures and recommendations for selecting optimal process parameters to achieve the desired process stability and functional performance in FFF.
Achieving 2.2 GPa Ultra-High Strength in Low-Alloy Steel Using a Direct Quenching and Partitioning Process
Authors: Niu Gang , Jin Donghao , Wang Yong , Chen Haoxiu , Gong Na , Wu Huibin
Published: December 2023

Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have a wide range of applications in equipment safety and lightweight design, and enhancing the strength of AHSS to the ultra-high level of 2 GPa is currently a key focus. In this study, a new process of thermo-mechanical control process followed by direct quenching and partitioning (TMCP-DQP) was developed based on Fe-0.4C-1Mn-0.6Si (wt.%) low-alloy steel, and the effects of microstructure evolution on mechanical properties under TMCP-DQP process and conventional hot rolled quenched and tempered process (HR-QT) were comparatively studied. The results show that the TMCP-DQP process not only shortened the processing steps but also achieved outstanding comprehensive mechanical properties. The TMCP-DQP steel exhibited a tensile strength of 2.23 GPa, accompanied by 11.9% elongation and a Brinell hardness of 624 HBW, with an impact toughness of 28.5 J at −20 °C. In contrast, the HR-QT steel exhibited tensile strengths ranging from 2.16 GPa to 1.7 GPa and elongations between 5.2% and 12.2%. The microstructure of TMCP-DQP steel primarily consisted of lath martensite, containing thin-film retained austenite (RA), nanoscale rod-shaped carbides, and a minor number of nanoscale twins. The volume fraction of RA reached 7.7%, with an average carbon content of 7.1 at.% measured by three-dimensional atom probe tomography (3DAP). Compared with the HR-QT process, the TMCP-DQP process resulted in a finer microstructure, with a prior austenite grain (PAG) size of 11.91 μm, forming packets and blocks with widths of 5.12 μm and 1.63 μm. The TMCP-DQP process achieved the ultra-high strength of low-alloy steel through the synergistic effects of grain refinement, dislocation strengthening, and precipitation strengthening. The dynamic partitioning stage stabilized the RA through carbon enrichment, while the relaxation stage reduced a small portion of the dislocations generated by thermal deformation, and the self-tempering stage eliminated internal stresses, all guaranteeing considerable ductility and toughness. The TMCP-DQP process may offer a means for industries to streamline their manufacturing processes and provide a technological reference for producing 2.2 GPa grade AHSS.
The Influence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Aging Performance of Polymer-Modified Binders
Authors: Obukhova Svetlana , Korolev Evgeniy , Gladkikh Vitaliy
Published: December 2023

The use of polymer-modified binders in asphalt concrete makes it possible to increase the efficiency and durability of highways. However, at present, there is an important and unresolved problem in this area, making it impossible to fully exploit the potential of modified binders. This is a tendency of aging processes that leads to the premature destruction of the pavement. In many literary sources, it is reported that reasons are related to the peculiarity of the chemical composition and occur at the submicron level. Therefore, the influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes has been studied for a better understanding of aging processes. The aging processes of the RTFOT (rolling thin film oven test) and PAV (pressure aging vessel) modified with SBS (styrene–butadiene–styrene) polymer, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and waste industrial oil were simulated in a laboratory furnace. Microstructural features were studied using the method of infrared spectral analysis. The dependences of viscoelastic properties on the component composition of binders were investigated. The optimal content of single-walled carbon nanotubes (0.001%), SBS (styrene–butadiene–styrene) polymer (3.5%), and waste industrial oil (4%) in the binder composition was established, which synergistically improved the performance of the modified binder from PG (52-22) (performance grade) to PG (64-34). It was established that single-walled carbon nanotubes provide improvement in the durability parameter ∆Tc binder by 150%, improved relaxation properties at low temperatures, and resistance to fatigue damage.
Multiscale Modeling of a Chain Comprising Selective Laser Melting and Post-Machining toward Nanoscale Surface Finish
Authors: Teimouri Reza
Published: December 2023

The generation of rough surfaces is an inherent drawback of selective laser melted (SLM) material that makes post-treatment operation a mandatory process to enhance its surface condition and service performance. However, planning an appropriate and optimized chain to attain the best surface finish needs an integrated simulation framework that includes physics of both additive manufacturing and post-processing. In the present work, an attempt is made to model the alternation of surface roughness which is produced by SLM and post-processed by milling and sequential surface burnishing. The framework includes a series of closed-form analytical solutions of all three processes embedded in a sequence where the output of the preceding operation is input of the sequential one. The results indicated that there is close agreement between the measured and predicted values of arithmetic surface roughness for both SLM material and the post-processed ones. It was also found that a nanoscale surface finish is obtained by finishing milling and single pass rolling at a static force of 1500 N. In addition, the results of the simulation showed that elimination of the milling process in the chain resulted in a six-times-longer production time that requires three times bigger rolling force compared to a chain with an included milling operation.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Modeling and Simulations of Grain Growth Behavior in Dual-Phase Steel Using Monte Carlo and Machine Learning
Authors: Sun Fei , Kita Ayano , Ogawa Toshio , Chen Ta-Te , Adachi Yoshitaka
Published: December 2023

Dual-phase (DP) steel has been widely used in automotive steel plates with a balance of excellent strength and ductility. Grain refinement in DP steel is important to improve the properties further; however, the factors affecting grain growth need to be well understood. The remaining problem is that acquiring data through experiments is still time-consuming and difficult to evaluate quantitatively. With the development of materials informatics in recent years, material development time and costs are expected to be significantly reduced through experimentation, simulation, and machine learning. In this study, grain growth behavior in DP steel was studied using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Monte Carlo modeling and simulation to estimate the effect of some key parameters. Grain growth can be suppressed when the grain boundary energy is greater than the phase boundary energy. When the volume fractions of the matrix and the second phase were equal, the suppression of grain growth became obvious. The long-distance diffuse frequency can promote grain growth significantly. The simulation results allow us to better understand the factors affecting grain growth behavior in DP steel. Machine learning was performed to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the affecting parameters and estimate the magnitude of each parameter’s effects on grain growth in the model. Combining MC simulation and machine learning will provide one promising research strategy to gain deeper insights into grain growth behaviors in metallic materials and accelerate the research process.
Advancements in Gas Separation for Energy Applications: Exploring the Potential of Polymer Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM)
Authors: Astorino Carmela , De Nardo Eugenio , Lettieri Stefania , Ferraro Giuseppe , Pirri Candido Fabrizio , Bocchini Sergio
Published: December 2023

Membrane-based Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) are promising candidates for energy-efficient industrial gas separations, especially for the separation of carbon dioxide over methane (CO2/CH4) and carbon dioxide over nitrogen (CO2/N2) for natural gas/biogas upgrading and carbon capture from flue gases, respectively. Compared to other separation techniques, membrane separations offer potential energy and cost savings. Ultra-permeable PIM-based polymers are currently leading the trade-off between permeability and selectivity for gas separations, particularly in CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2. These membranes show a significant improvement in performance and fall within a linear correlation on benchmark Robeson plots, which are parallel to, but significantly above, the CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 Robeson upper bounds. This improvement is expected to enhance the credibility of polymer membranes for CO2 separations and stimulate further research in polymer science and applied engineering to develop membrane systems for these CO2 separations, which are critical to energy and environmental sustainability. This review aims to highlight the state-of-the-art strategies employed to enhance gas separation performances in PIM-based membranes while also mitigating aging effects. These strategies include chemical post-modification, crosslinking, UV and thermal treatment of PIM, as well as the incorporation of nanofillers in the polymeric matrix.
Mechanical Properties of Electrolytically Produced Copper Coatings Reinforced with Pigment Particles
Authors: Mladenović Ivana O. , Vuksanović Marija M. , Dimitrijević Stevan P. , Vasilić Rastko , Radojević Vesna J. , Vasiljević-Radović Dana G. , Nikolić Nebojša D.
Published: December 2023

Copper from sulfate baths without and with added inorganic pigment particles based on strontium aluminate doped with europium and dysprosium (SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) was electrodeposited on a brass cathode by a galvanostatic regime. Morphological, structural, and roughness analysis of the pigment particles, the pure (pigment-free) Cu coating, and the Cu coatings with incorporated pigment particles were performed using SEM, XRD, and AFM techniques, respectively. Hardness and creep resistance were considered for the examination of the mechanical properties of the Cu coatings, applying Chicot–Lesage (for hardness) and Sargent–Ashby (for creep resistance) mathematical models. The wettability of the Cu coatings was examined by the static sessile drop method by a measurement of the water contact angle. The incorporation of pigment particles in the Cu deposits did not significantly affect the morphology or texture of the coatings, while the roughness of the deposits rose with the rise in pigment particle concentrations. The hardness of the Cu coatings also increased with the increasing concentration of pigments and was greater than that obtained for the pigment-free Cu coating. The presence of the pigments caused a change in the wettability of the Cu coatings from hydrophilic (for the pigment-free Cu coating) to hydrophobic (for Cu coatings with incorporated particles) surface areas.
Fe-Containing Al-Based Alloys: Relationship between Microstructural Evolution and Hardness in an Al-Ni-Fe Alloy
Authors: Faria Jonas , de Paula Andrei , Silva Cássio , Kakitani Rafael , Barros André , Garcia Amauri , Brito Crystopher , Cheung Noé
Published: December 2023

Recycled Al alloys not only offer environmental and economic benefits but also present a valuable base for the development of innovative materials, such as Al-Ni-Fe alloys. This work particularly focuses on the microstructural changes and hardness of an Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy (wt.%) solidified with an approximate 20-fold variation in cooling rates. For the various microstructural length scales obtained, only the eutectic regions exhibit a uniform pattern, with the eutectic colonies comprising an α-Al phase along with Al3Ni and Al9FeNi intermetallic compounds. It is shown that microstructural refinement can lead to a 36% increase in hardness. To represent this mathematically, hardness values are associated with the eutectic colony and intermetallic fiber spacings (λEC and λIF is, respectively) using experimental equations based on the Hall–Petch relationship and multiple linear regression. In addition, comparisons are undertaken with Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe (wt.%) alloy samples produced under the same conditions. The Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy exhibits higher hardness values than both the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe binary alloys. Furthermore, the hardness of the ternary Al-Ni-Fe alloy is sensitive to microstructural refinement, a characteristic absent in the binary alloys. For λIF−1/2 = 1.56 µm−1/2 (coarser microstructure), the Al-5Ni-1Fe alloy exhibits a hardness of about 13% and 102% higher than that of the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe alloys, respectively, while for λIF−1/2 = 1.81 µm−1/2 (finer microstructure), it demonstrates a hardness of approximately 39% and 147% higher as compared to that of the Al-5Ni and Al-1Fe alloys, respectively. Thus, this research provides experimental correlations that connect hardness, microstructure, and solidification thermal parameters, contributing to a better understanding for the design of as-cast Fe-contaminated Al-Ni-based alloys.
Fragmentation and Branch Elimination of Primary α′ Martensite in Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Ahmed Mansur , McNamara Fionnan , Duggan Greg , Tomonto Charles , O’Donnell Garret E. , Lupoi Rocco
Published: December 2023

Fragmentation and branch elimination are generally noticed in the conventionally processed Ti-6Al-4V. Such a key morphological change produces a positive change in certain mechanical properties. We, for the first time, observe fragmentation and branch elimination of the primary α′ martensite in additively manufactured as-built Ti-6Al-4V and the effect of scan speed on these is studied. Nanovoids inside and on the surface of the primary α′ martensite are assumed to be the starting points of the fragmentation and branch elimination, respectively. At a lower scan speed (250 mm/s) a relatively shorter branch length than that of a higher scan speed (500 mm/s) is observed. Such change in the morphology of primary α′ martensite has positively impacted hardness. This has been discussed in terms of additive manufacturing parameters. Such a fundamental morphological change will further help the understanding of laser powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing. The hardness of the samples is measured and correlated with the fragmentation of the primary α′ martensite.
Monte Carlo Approach to the Evaluation of Nanoparticles Size Distribution from the Analysis of UV-Vis-NIR Spectra
Authors: Pò Cristiano Lo , Iacono Valentina , Boscarino Stefano , Grimaldi Maria Grazia , Ruffino Francesco
Published: December 2023

How nice would it be to obtain the size distribution of a nanoparticle dispersion fast and without electron microscope measurements? UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry offers a very rapid solution; however, the spectra interpretation can be very challenging and needs to take into account the size distribution of the nanoparticles and agglomeration. This work suggests a Monte Carlo method for rapid fitting UV-Vis-NIR spectra using one or two size distributions starting from a dataset of precomputed spectra based on Mie theory. The proposed algorithm is tested on copper nanoparticles produced with Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid and on gold nanoparticles from the literature. The fitted distribution results are comparable with Transmission Electron Microscope results and, in some cases, reflect the presence of agglomeration.
Ultrasonic and Microstructural Evaluation of Sulphide-Rich Tailings Cemented Paste Backfill Properties Containing Alkali-Activated Slag: Effect of Slag Fineness
Authors: Koc Ercument , Cihangir Ferdi
Published: December 2023

Cement paste backfill (CPB) is an effective waste management method allowing the storage of fine process tailings into underground mined-out voids. CPB performance generally depends on the properties of the tailings and the type of binder. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the use of alkali-activated slag (AAS) to improve the performance properties of CPB. This study focuses on the ultrasonic and microstructural investigation of the effect of slag fineness on the mechanical, geochemical, and durability properties of sulphide-rich tailings CPB made of AAS (AAS-CPB) over 360 days. In this scope, the AAS-CPB samples were prepared at three different slag fineness values (3100–4650–6300 cm2/g). According to the findings, the fineness of the slag significantly improved the early-age and long-term strength (~2.3-fold and ~6.6-fold, respectively) of the CPB samples (CPBs). However, a further increase in the slag fineness was observed to impair the CPB microstructure and strength in the long term. Ultrasonic pulse velocity monitoring displayed a very high relation with the strength evolution of the CPBs and is a very reliable method for the durability assessment of the CPBs. Slag fineness around 4600 cm2/g was found to be sufficient for CPB preparation, and was seen to improve the pore structure evolution of the AAS-CPB. Microstructural studies are in good agreement with the geochemical and durability behaviour of the AAS-CPB at this fineness. Microstructural and ultrasonic findings suggest that, while slag fineness enhances the mechanical and microstructural properties of the AAS-CPB, a further increase in the fineness of the slag has no additional technical advantages.
Correction: Santonocito et al. Astaxanthin-Loaded Stealth Lipid Nanoparticles (AST-SSLN) as Potential Carriers for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Formulation Development and Optimization. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 391
Authors: Santonocito Debora , Raciti Giuseppina , Campisi Agata , Sposito Giovanni , Panico Annamaria , Siciliano Edy Angela , Sarpietro Maria Grazia , Damiani Elisabetta , Puglia Carmelo
Published: December 2023

In the original publication [...]
Interaction of Human Behavioral Factors Shapes the Transmission of Arboviruses by Aedes and Culex Mosquitoes
Authors: Renard Aubane , Pérez Lombardini Fernanda , Pacheco Zapata Mitsuri , Porphyre Thibaud , Bento Ana , Suzán Gerardo , Roiz David , Roche Benjamin , Arnal Audrey
Published: December 2023

Arboviruses, i.e., viruses transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, trigger significant global epidemics. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of the (re-)emergence of these pathogens, particularly those transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, has dramatically increased. Therefore, understanding how human behavior is modulating population exposure to these viruses is of particular importance. This synthesis explores human behavioral factors driving human exposure to arboviruses, focusing on household surroundings, socio-economic status, human activities, and demographic factors. Household surroundings, such as the lack of water access, greatly influence the risk of arbovirus exposure by promoting mosquito breeding in stagnant water bodies. Socio-economic status, such as low income or low education, is correlated to an increased incidence of arboviral infections and exposure. Human activities, particularly those practiced outdoors, as well as geographical proximity to livestock rearing or crop cultivation, inadvertently provide favorable breeding environments for mosquito species, escalating the risk of virus exposure. However, the effects of demographic factors like age and gender can vary widely through space and time. While climate and environmental factors crucially impact vector development and viral replication, household surroundings, socio-economic status, human activities, and demographic factors are key drivers of arbovirus exposure. This article highlights that human behavior creates a complex interplay of factors influencing the risk of mosquito-borne virus exposure, operating at different temporal and spatial scales. To increase awareness among human populations, we must improve our understanding of these complex factors.
A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Systemic Ondansetron Concentration in Liver Cirrhosis Patients
Authors: Alqahtani Faleh , Alruwaili Abdullah H. , Alasmari Mohammed S. , Almazroa Sultan A. , Alsuhaibani Khaled S. , Rasool Muhammad F. , Alruwaili Abdulkarim F. , Alsanea Sary
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Ondansetron is a drug that is routinely prescribed for the management of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer, radiation therapy, and surgical operations. It is mainly metabolized in the liver, and it might accumulate in patients with hepatic impairment and lead to unwanted adverse events. Methods: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict the exposure of ondansetron in healthy and liver cirrhosis populations. The population-based PBPK simulator PK-Sim was utilized for simulating ondansetron exposure in healthy and liver cirrhosis populations. Results: The developed model successfully described the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in healthy and liver cirrhosis populations. The predicted area under the curve, maximum systemic concentration, and clearance were within the allowed twofold range. The exposure of ondansetron in the population of Child–Pugh class C has doubled in comparison to Child–Pugh class A. The dose has to be adjusted for liver cirrhosis patients to ensure comparable exposure to a healthy population. Conclusion: In this study, the developed PBPK model has described the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron successfully. The PBPK model has been successfully evaluated to be used as a tool for dose adjustments in liver cirrhosis patients.
Declining Radial Growth in Major Western Carpathian Tree Species: Insights from Three Decades of Temperate Forest Monitoring
Authors: Rybar Jergus , Sitková Zuzana , Marcis Peter , Pavlenda Pavel , Pajtík Jozef
Published: December 2023

This study investigates the radial growth response of five key European forest tree species, i.e., Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Abies alba, Quercus petraea, and Pinus sylvestris, to dry years in the West Carpathians, Slovakia. Utilizing data from ICP Forests Level I plots, we identified species-specific growth declines, particularly in Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica, with milder radial growth declines for Quercus petraea and Picea abies. Abies alba exhibited a growth peak in the mid-2000s, followed by a decline in the end of the observed period. Elevation emerged as the only significant environmental predictor, explaining 3.5% of growth variability during dry periods, suggesting a potential mitigating effect. The scope of this study was limited by the complex interplay of ecological factors that influence tree growth, which vary across the ICP Forests Level I monitoring sites. Nonetheless, our findings enhance the understanding of species-specific growth responses and offer insights for the climate-smart management of temperate forests under changing conditions.
Effects of Post-Anthesis Irrigation on the Activity of Starch Synthesis-Related Enzymes and Wheat Grain Quality under Different Nitrogen Conditions
Authors: Xin Lang , Fu Yuanyuan , Ma Shoutian , Li Caixia , Wang Hongbo , Gao Yang , Wang Xingpeng
Published: December 2023

To develop optimal management strategies for water and nitrogen fertilizer application in winter wheat cultivation, we conducted a potted experiment to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the activity of starch synthesis-related enzymes and the grain quality of winter wheat. The potted experiment consisted of three irrigation levels, with the lower limits set at 50–55% (I0), 60–65% (I1), and 70–75% (I2) of the field capacity. In addition, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer were applied, denoted as N0 (0 kg N hm−2), N1 (120 kg N hm−2), N2 (240 kg N hm−2), and N3 (300 kg N hm−2), respectively. The results revealed the significant impacts of irrigation and nitrogen treatments on the activities of key starch-related enzymes, including adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphrylase (ADPG-PPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzymes (SBE) in wheat grains. These treatments also influenced the starch content, amylopectin content, and, ultimately, wheat yield. In summary, our findings suggest that maintaining irrigation at a lower limit of 60% to 65% of the field capacity and applying nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 240 kg hm−2 is beneficial for achieving both high yield and high quality in winter wheat cultivation.
Evaluation of a Peptide Hydrogel as a Chondro-Instructive Three-Dimensional Microenvironment
Authors: Nogoceke Rodrigo , Josino Raphaella , Robert Anny Waloski , Stimamiglio Marco Augusto
Published: December 2023

Articular cartilage injuries are inherently irreversible, even with the advancement in current therapeutic options. Alternative approaches, such as the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and tissue engineering techniques, have gained prominence. MSCs represent an ideal source of cells due to their low immunogenicity, paracrine activity, and ability to differentiate. Among biomaterials, self-assembling peptide hydrogels (SAPH) are interesting given their characteristics such as good biocompatibility and tunable properties. Herein we associate human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) with a commercial SAPH, Puramatrix™, to evaluate how this three-dimensional microenvironment affects cell behavior and its ability to undergo chondrogenic differentiation. We demonstrate that the Puramatrix™ hydrogel comprises a highly porous matrix permissible for hASC adhesion and in vitro expansion. The morphology and cell growth dynamics of hASCs were affected when cultured on the hydrogel but had minimal alteration in their immunophenotype. Interestingly, hASCs spontaneously formed cell aggregates throughout culturing. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan production and gene expression revealed a noteworthy and donor-dependent trend suggesting that Puramatrix™ hydrogel may have a natural capacity to support the chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs. Altogether, the results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential applications and limitations of the Puramatrix™ hydrogel in developing functional cartilage tissue constructs.
New Poly(lactic acid)–Hydrogel Core–Shell Scaffolds Highly Support MSCs’ Viability, Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation
Authors: Pasini Chiara , Pandini Stefano , Re Federica , Ferroni Matteo , Borsani Elisa , Russo Domenico , Sartore Luciana
Published: December 2023

Scaffolds for tissue engineering are expected to respond to a challenging combination of physical and mechanical requirements, guiding the research towards the development of novel hybrid materials. This study introduces innovative three-dimensional bioresorbable scaffolds, in which a stiff poly(lactic acid) lattice structure is meant to ensure temporary mechanical support, while a bioactive gelatin–chitosan hydrogel is incorporated to provide a better environment for cell adhesion and proliferation. The scaffolds present a core–shell structure, in which the lattice core is realized by additive manufacturing, while the shell is nested throughout the core by grafting and crosslinking a hydrogel forming solution. After subsequent freeze-drying, the hydrogel network forms a highly interconnected porous structure that completely envelops the poly(lactic acid) core. Thanks to this strategy, it is easy to tailor the scaffold properties for a specific target application by properly designing the lattice geometry and the core/shell ratio, which are found to significantly affect the scaffold mechanical performance and its bioresorption. Scaffolds with a higher core/shell ratio exhibit higher mechanical properties, whereas reducing the core/shell ratio results in higher values of bioactive hydrogel content. Hydrogel contents up to 25 wt% could be achieved while maintaining high compression stiffness (>200 MPa) and strength (>5 MPa), overall, within the range of values displayed by human bone tissue. In addition, mechanical properties remain stable after prolonged immersion in water at body temperature for several weeks. On the other hand, the hydrogel undergoes gradual and homogeneous degradation over time, but the core–shell integrity and structural stability are nevertheless maintained during at least 7-week hydrolytic degradation tests. In vitro experiments with human mesenchymal stromal cells reveal that the core–shell scaffolds are biocompatible, and their physical–mechanical properties and architecture are suitable to support cell growth and osteogenic differentiation, as demonstrated by hydroxyapatite formation. These results suggest that the bioresorbable core–shell scaffolds can be considered and further studied, in view of clinically relevant endpoints in bone regenerative medicine.
Optical Study on the Effects of Methane Equivalence Ratio and Diesel Injection Mass on Diesel-Ignited Methane Combustion Process
Authors: Tian Jiangping , Cui Zechuan , Xiao Ge , Wang Yang , Yin Shuo , Shu Deyuan
Published: December 2023

Pilot diesel ignition is an effective approach for achieving efficient and clean combustion of natural gas. In this study, a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) was constructed for examining diesel-ignited premixed methane combustion. The effects of the methane equivalence ratio and pilot diesel mass on the combustion process of diesel-ignited premixed methane gas were investigated. The results show that the combustion process can be divided into two stages: diesel dominance and premixed methane combustion. An increase in the methane equivalence ratio inhibits diesel combustion, leading to delayed CA10 and OH radical generation. However, it enhances premixed methane flame propagation and improves the heat release rate, resulting in a shorter combustion duration. An increase in the pilot diesel mass contributes to a larger flame area and higher OH generation intensity in the ignition region; however, too large a diesel mass inhibits methane flame propagation towards the diesel nozzle due to an extended injection duration. In conclusion, a larger pilot diesel mass can achieve better overall combustion performance, but excessive amounts may be counterproductive.
The Buddhist Concept of “Filial Piety” in the Context of Early Chinese Buddhist Scripture Translation
Authors: Guo Jing
Published: December 2023

Examining the early history of the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures, it is revealed that translators from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, such as An Shigao, Lokakṣema, Kang Senghui and Dharmarakṣa, already paid much attention to and began translating Buddhist scriptures related to “filial piety”. They even, during the translation process, altered the original meanings of some words to promote the sinicization of Buddhism or brought together the contents of several sutras to provide a more culturally attuned interpretation of the Buddhist idea of “filial piety and repayment of kindness”, in accordance with Chinese culture. With their efforts, the Chinese gradually realized that Buddhism also preached filial ethics. Buddhists were not against the value of filial piety when embracing monastic life; instead, they could accumulate merits and dedicate them to their parents and relatives, rescuing them from samsara. This introduced a fresh perspective for traditional Confucian filial piety, and highlighted the importance of “filial piety” beyond the framework of “family and state as one.” Confucianism and Buddhism were able to agree on the significance of filial piety, and Buddhism also affected and complemented the ethical cultivation of the Chinese medieval society.
Examining the Influence of Meaning in Life and Religion/Spirituality on Student Engagement and Learning Satisfaction: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Lima das Chagas Fernanda Augusta , Muñoz-García Antonio
Published: December 2023

In this empirical study, the relationships between religiosity, spirituality, a sense of life, searching for meaning, and a crisis of meaning are explored in relation to engagement and satisfaction with learning among university students. The results of the study, conducted with Spanish university students, revealed a committed sample to learning, not very satisfied with it, whose life has meaning and/or is in the process of seeking it, with a much lower incidence of a crisis of meaning. The presence of meaning in life and the crisis of meaning were shown to be related to vigor, dedication, and absorption in learning, all of which are expressions of commitment to it. Engagement with learning was also found to be linearly and positively related to a sense of life. Extrinsic and intrinsic religious orientations exhibited a similar pattern of relationships, positively correlating with vigor, absorption, and learning engagement, and remaining independent of dedication to learning and satisfaction with it. The results suggest that education should focus on aspects and spiritual practices that have personal meaning for students. The text emphasizes the importance of fostering an active and attentive disposition in students to engage in activities that provide meaning. It also suggests that curriculum content should relate to students’ interests and concerns, irrespective of their religious or spiritual dimensions.
A Data Driven Approach for Analyzing the Effect of Climate Change on Mosquito Abundance in Europe
Authors: Tsantalidou Argyro , Arvanitakis George , Georgoulias Aristeidis K. , Akritidis Dimitris , Zanis Prodromos , Fornasiero Diletta , Wohlgemuth Daniel , Kontoes Charalampos
Published: December 2023

Mosquito-borne diseases have been spreading across Europe over the past two decades, with climate change contributing to this spread. Temperature and precipitation are key factors in a mosquito’s life cycle, and are greatly affected by climate change. Using a machine learning framework, Earth Observation data, and future climate projections of temperature and precipitation, this work studies three different cases (Veneto region in Italy, Upper Rhine Valley in Germany and Pancevo, Serbia) and focuses on (i) evaluating the impact of climate factors on mosquito abundance and (ii) long-term forecasting of mosquito abundance based on EURO-CORDEX future climate projections under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios. The study shows that increases in precipitation and temperature are directly linked to increased mosquito abundance, with temperature being the main driving factor. Additionally, as the climatic conditions become more extreme, meaning higher variance, the mosquito abundance increases. Moreover, we show that in the upcoming decades mosquito abundance is expected to increase. In the worst-case scenario (RCP8.5) Serbia will face a 10% increase, Italy around a 40% increase, and Germany will reach almost a 200% increase by 2100, relative to the decade 2010–2020. However, in terms of absolute numbers both in Italy and Germany, the expected increase is similar. An interesting finding is that either strong (RCP2.6) or moderate mitigation actions (RCP4.5) against greenhouse gas concentration lead to similar levels of future mosquito abundance, as opposed to no mitigation action at all (RCP8.5), which is projected to lead to high mosquito abundance for all cases studied.
Editorial on Antennas
Authors: Parchin Naser Ojaroudi , See Chan Hwang , Abd-Alhameed Raed A.
Published: December 2023

In the ever-evolving landscape of modern wireless communication systems, the escalating demand for seamless connectivity has propelled the imperative for avant garde, versatile, and high-performance antennas to unprecedented heights [...]
Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Using Recursive Feature Elimination–Graph Neural Network (RFE–GNN) and Phenotypic Feature Extractor (PFE)
Authors: Yang Jiahong , Hu Miaojun , Hu Yao , Zhang Zixi , Zhong Jiancheng
Published: December 2023

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) poses as a multifaceted neurodevelopmental condition, significantly impacting children’s social, behavioral, and communicative capacities. Despite extensive research, the precise etiological origins of ASD remain elusive, with observable connections to brain activity. In this study, we propose a novel framework for ASD detection, extracting the characteristics of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and phenotypic data, respectively. Specifically, we employ recursive feature elimination (RFE) for feature selection of fMRI data and subsequently apply graph neural networks (GNN) to extract informative features from the chosen data. Moreover, we devise a phenotypic feature extractor (PFE) to extract phenotypic features effectively. We then, synergistically fuse the features and validate them on the ABIDE dataset, achieving 78.7% and 80.6% accuracy, respectively, thereby showcasing competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods. The proposed framework provides a promising direction for the development of effective diagnostic tools for ASD.
Improving Text-Independent Forced Alignment to Support Speech-Language Pathologists with Phonetic Transcription
Authors: Li Ying , Wohlan Bryce Johannas , Pham Duc-Son , Chan Kit Yan , Ward Roslyn , Hennessey Neville , Tan Tele
Published: December 2023

Problem: Phonetic transcription is crucial in diagnosing speech sound disorders (SSDs) but is susceptible to transcriber experience and perceptual bias. Current forced alignment (FA) tools, which annotate audio files to determine spoken content and its placement, often require manual transcription, limiting their effectiveness. Method: We introduce a novel, text-independent forced alignment model that autonomously recognises individual phonemes and their boundaries, addressing these limitations. Our approach leverages an advanced, pre-trained wav2vec 2.0 model to segment speech into tokens and recognise them automatically. To accurately identify phoneme boundaries, we utilise an unsupervised segmentation tool, UnsupSeg. Labelling of segments employs nearest-neighbour classification with wav2vec 2.0 labels, before connectionist temporal classification (CTC) collapse, determining class labels based on maximum overlap. Additional post-processing, including overfitting cleaning and voice activity detection, is implemented to enhance segmentation. Results: We benchmarked our model against existing methods using the TIMIT dataset for normal speakers and, for the first time, evaluated its performance on the TORGO dataset containing SSD speakers. Our model demonstrated competitive performance, achieving a harmonic mean score of 76.88% on TIMIT and 70.31% on TORGO. Implications: This research presents a significant advancement in the assessment and diagnosis of SSDs, offering a more objective and less biased approach than traditional methods. Our model’s effectiveness, particularly with SSD speakers, opens new avenues for research and clinical application in speech pathology.
Enhancing Circular Business Model Implementation in Pulp and Paper Industry (PPI): A Phase-Based Implementation Guide to Waste Valorisation Strategies
Authors: Sopelana Amaia , Oleaga Asier , Cepriá Juan José , Bizjak Karmen Fifer , Paiva Helena , Rios-Davila Francisco-Javier , Martinez Adriana H. , Cañas Antonio
Published: December 2023

Innovation in the circular economy (CE) and the deployment of effective circular business models (CBM) have attracted significant attention in times of growing natural resource scarcity. Despite this widespread interest, significant challenges remain between theoretical innovations and effective CBM implementation in any industrial sector where companies pursue cost-saving opportunities through waste valorisation strategies. Since current methods mislead in terms of the real limitations to designing feasible novel products and services under a circular economy, this study proposes exploring determinants underpinning the organisational resilience of CBMs under a resource efficiency strategy through three case studies. As a result of a co-creation process, the implementation of a CBM framework was built upon empirical data and, thence, a phase-based implementation guide was laid out to assist companies in designing and implementing innovative CBM dealing with the complexity of innovative waste valorisation strategies between the PPI and construction sectors. Relevant findings on managerial and policy recommendations encountered along the demo stage are provided in this paper favouring an effective implementation of CE strategies: the role of technological and non-technological aspects within the CBM, the perspective of the ecosystem and its value proposition, and specific guidelines for the different phases of CBM life cycle.
Local Economic Impact of COVID-19 on the Urban Tourism-Related Services: A Perspective of Kochi Heritage City, Kerala
Authors: Rahman Fazlur , Halim Norhazliza abd , Ahad Abdul , Alam Aftab , Noor Kahkashan
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has had extremely distressful consequences for the service-providing industries, especially in the sector of tourism. The world is showing a move towards the recovery stage; however, the process has observed a lag in recovery because of a gap in the literature on measuring the local economic impact of COVID-19 on the employability of urban tourism. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the economic impact of COVID-19 on the local market and other tourism-related services in Kochi Heritage City, Kerala. Quantitative research was performed based on stratified sampling with a questionnaire survey among 398 respondents. Data were analyzed descriptively to evaluate the impact and measure the significant difference statistically through a one-sample t-test and a one-way ANOVA. Findings revealed that employability from tourism-related services has observed an adverse impact of COVID-19 by a dip in the local economy in terms of earning reduction, whereas the impact on jobs and reduction in working hours were lopsided. Hence, in identifying the effect of COVID-19 on urban tourism and its sub-scaled classes, it contributes more effectively by intervening with recovery and supporting the local economy through a balanced allocation of financial assistance to the economic dip in Kochi.
Operational Scheduling of Household Appliances by Using Triple-Objective Optimization Algorithm Integrated with Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Authors: Muhsen Dhiaa Halboot , Haider Haider Tarish , Al-Nidawi Yaarob , Shayea Ghadeer Ghazi
Published: December 2023

Load scheduling is a key factor in demand side management (DSM), which manages available generation capacity with regard to the required demand. In this paper, a triple-objective load scheduling optimization problem (LSOP) is formulated for achieving optimal cost and peak demand as well as minimum customer inconvenience. A Henry gas solubility optimization (HGSO) algorithm that is based on multi-objective is used for solving LSOP. The proposed HGSO offers a set of compromise solutions that represent the tradeoff between the three objectives of the formulated problem. A set of all compromise solutions from the dominant Pareto front is achieved first, and then ranked by using MCDM so as to optimally sort these solutions. An entropy weighting method (EWM) is then used for computing the weights of various criteria that dominate the LSOP and is provided as a technique for ordering preferences by similarity to achieve the ideal solution (TOPSIS) so as to rank the sorted solutions. Two types of end-users are considered so as to show the effectiveness of the proposed LSOP: non-cooperative and cooperative users. The results of the proposed load scheduling method show the significance of the proposed method for both the cooperative and non-cooperative end-users. The proposed method achieves a cost of energy of R50.62 as a total cost of energy consumed by four non-cooperative end-users. The cost of energy for the cooperative end-users is found to be R47.39. Thus, saving in the energy cost unit is found to be around 5.5% by using the proposed method; moreover, the peak demand value is reduced by 9.7% when non-cooperative end-users becomes cooperative.
The Decoupling Effect in Italian Agricultural Waste: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Vastola Antonella , Viccaro Mauro , Grippo Valeria , Genovese Francesco , Romano Severino , Cozzi Mario
Published: December 2023

The environmental Kuznets curve has received widespread attention from scholars for its ability to vividly capture the dynamics between economic growth and waste generation. The so-called waste Kuznets curve (KWC) has been used in different fields (e.g., municipal waste, e-waste, construction waste, tourism waste, etc.); nonetheless, WKC studies into agricultural waste remain relatively scarce. Due to the impact of agriculture on socio-economic development and environmental protection, this study applied KWC to the Italian agricultural sector. The aim was to investigate whether a “decoupling effect” exists between agricultural production and waste generation and assess the effects of certain socio-economic variables. The analysis was based on a panel dataset, including geographical observations at a regional level and a time series of 14 years (2002–2015). Empirical results show that the delinking point has not yet been reached, but can be reached if specific policy instruments are applied. Our evidence suggests that public expenditure for environmental protection or the promotion of organic farming could help to achieve this goal. Future studies are recommended to further validate the waste Kuznets curve for agriculture using a wider set of economies and longer panel data.