bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
following philosophy with children concepts in practice of teacher education
Authors: Kizel Arie
Published: January 2020

Teacher-student dialogue plays a central role in facilitating the ongoing growth of those engaged in education, particularly dialogue that invites student reflection on the instruction being given and the teacher herself. Dialogue should aid students in articulating self-awareness (conscious or unconscious) regarding their behaviour and learning habits and the learning process and its results at the same time as assessing their quality and the ways in which they may be improved. One of the reasons behind our increasing inability to break down the inherent barrier between teachers and students is due to a lack of engagement in ongoing dialogical reflection as a means of advancing the teaching-learning process within the school. This article summarizes the philosophical concepts of a ten years of teacher education program which was designed according to the principals of Philosophy with Children. The program fostered creativity and self-reflective thinking in schools and in teacher education and offered dialogical methods. It is based also on six dimensions that are the basis of Philosophy with Children: learning from a place of questions, community of learning that resists the educational hierarchy that boasts of omniscience, coordinator as a participant in the learning process, learning in the real present, legitimization of improvisation as a way of learning , learning as liberating the learner from disciplinary boundaries. All six dimensions view Philosophy with Children as a pedagogy of searching at whose center lies the pursuit of meaning that facilitates personal development—and thus self-direction and capability.
meeting youngsters where they “are at” in summer camps, in sport and in life.
Authors: Gardner Susan t. , Newby Alex
Published: January 2020

When Mathew Lipman first introduced Philosophy for Children (P4C) to the world, his goal was not to sneak a little academic philosophy into the typical school curriculum, as one might expect from the titles of his first books: Philosophy in the Classroom (Lipman et al., 1980) and Philosophy Goes to School (Lipman, 1988). His goal, rather, was to create a paradigm shift in the field of education itself: namely, to transform the typical hierarchical model into one in which the teacher/facilitator solicits responses from students and hence, in that sense, meets them where they “are at.” This non-hierarchical model, however, has stumbled in taking root, which is, perhaps, not surprising given that the hierarchical model, whether in school, in sport or in the home, appears to be so much easier and so much more efficient. If those of us who support a non-hierarchical model in all these arenas are serious about furthering this approach, it would appear that the onus lies with us to articulate precisely in what ways a hierarchical model falls short. In so doing, we will not only provide ourselves with a precise framework by which to make the case for the importance of adopting a non-hierarchical approach, we will also provide ourselves with a metric whereby we can measure whether our own non-hierarchal practice is true to its justification; and that the approach is not simply non-hierarchal for sake of being non-hierarchical, nor quasi-authoritarianism for the sake of more wide-spread acceptance. It is the articulation of the flaws of a hierarchical model that non-hierarchal model can (and should) correct that will be the focus of the analysis here
Patients' experiences of living with multiple myeloma
Authors: Cuffe Clare Horgan , Quirke Mary B , McCabe Catherine
Published: January 2020

Background:

Multiple myeloma is a B-cell haematological malignancy characterised by uncontrolled plasma cell proliferation. Patients with the disease often undergo periods of remission followed by multiple relapses. Understanding patients' experience of living with this chronic condition is key to providing effective patient-centred care.

Aims:

This qualitative descriptive study explored the experiences of patients living with multiple myeloma.

Methods:

A purposive sample of 6 patients was used. Data were collected using in-depth unstructured interviews and analysed using Colaizzi's (1978) thematic framework.

Findings:

The emergent themes included: information and communication; treatment and symptom burden; the importance of support from family/friends and professional help; psychosocial elements of survivorship.

Conclusion:

The complex symptoms of multiple myeloma need to be treated holistically to manage the unpredictable nature of this disease.
Towards a safer NHS in 2020?
Authors: Tingle John
Published: January 2020

John Tingle, Lecturer in Law, Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, looks back at some patient safety policy publications and crises in 2019 and asks whether the NHS will be any safer in 2020 and whether any lessons have been learnt
From staff nurse to nurse consultant: Survival Guide part 8: Surviving on a basic wage
Authors: Fowler John
Published: January 2020

John Fowler, Educational Consultant, explores how to survive your nursing career
Facing up to financial hardship
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: January 2020

Sam Foster, Chief Nurse, Oxford University Hospitals, considers the problems with pensions, and the spectre of money problems generally facing nurses
An exploration of men's experiences of learning intermittent self-catheterisation with a silicone catheter
Authors: Logan Karen
Published: January 2020

Intermittent self-catheterisation (ISC) is the method of choice for men with lower urinary tract symptoms who need to drain retained urine from the bladder. It is preferred to using an indwelling urinary catheter as it has lower risks of complications and catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Learning ISC can be challenging for men initially but, with the support of knowledgeable nurses experienced in teaching ISC, the technique can be learned, accepted and normalised, improving symptom control and quality of life. This paper discusses the results of a survey exploring men's experiences of learning ISC with the Hydrosil Go™(C.R. Bard Inc—now part of Becton, Dickinson and Company) silicone catheter and to highlight issues important to men when learning and living with ISC. The survey collected data from four countries: UK, France, Netherlands and Italy. It aims to help nurses who teach ISC and inform them to discuss what matters to men when learning and living with ISC.
Acceptability of external jugular venepuncture for patients with liver disease and difficult venous access
Authors: Sheils Sinead , Mason Susan , Gullick Janice
Published: January 2020

Background:

Difficult venous access (DVA) is common in liver patients requiring blood collection using traditional peripheral approaches. This study aimed to understand the experience of DVA for liver patients and the acceptability of peripheral venepuncture versus external jugular venepuncture (EJV). A secondary aim was to explore the impact of EJV on local resource utilization.

Methods:

Semistructured interviews with liver outpatients with DVA (n = 10) requiring venepuncture were firstly themed inductively. We then deductively applied the acceptability framework of Sekhon et al. as a further analytic lens. Audit data from DVA encounters (n = 24) allowed analysis of issues from multiple perspectives. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research reporting checklist guides this report.

Results:

Peripheral venepuncture had poor prospective, concurrent, and retrospective acceptability, requiring significant mental and physical preparation. Fear, stigma, pain and distress, poor continuity of care, and poor effectiveness led to service disengagement. While EJV caused initial trepidation, it had high concurrent and retrospective acceptability. The significant improvement in patient experience was corroborated by audit data for both procedure duration (5 versus 15 minutes) and first attempt success (100 versus 28.5%) for EJV versus peripheral venepuncture, respectively. While EJV required a recumbent position, it required less staff.

Conclusions:

EJV is highly acceptable to patients, using less time and staff resources. EJV protocols and staff training should be considered where DVA presentations are common. Individualized care plans and careful care coordination could divert DVA patients needing venepuncture to services that use EJV preferentially. HIGHLIGHTS Peripheral venepuncture results in fear, stigma, pain, & distress for those with DVA. This poor acceptability of traditional venepuncture leads to service disengagement. External jugular venepuncture is highly acceptable & improves resource utilization.
Find your spark
Authors: Bissett Julie
Published: January 2020

Julie Bissett considers the importance of inspiring role models
A chance encounter: Levison's inspiration
Authors: Sinclair Michelle
Published: January 2020

In the course of her work with dependant older patients, senior dental nurse and oral health educator and tutor, Michelle Sinclair, stumbled upon a person she has revered all her working life…
Sugar – an appetite for change
Authors: Goolnik James
Published: January 2020

We hear from dentist James Goolnik about his new book that encourages us all to ‘kick sugar’ and tweak our tastebuds for a healthier life
Are you really ‘all ears’?
Authors: Bissett Gaby
Published: January 2020

Do you hear what people are saying – or just think you do? Gaby Bissett considers the importance of fine-tuning our communication skills
‘Humbled’ – dental nurse Mary's enlightening homecoming
Authors: Chati Mary
Published: January 2020

Dental nurse Mary Chati shares her enriching experience as dental nurse in Zimbabwe after working in the UK for 10 years
More than just an exam
Authors: Grimwood Heidi
Published: January 2020

Dental nurse tutor Heidi Grimwood reveals why her passion for teaching student dental nurses goes beyond gaining a qualification
Why we all need more than just a ‘nodding dog’
Authors: Fowler John
Published: January 2020

John Fowler discusses the importance of trust, honesty and objective appraisal within a succssful mentoring relationship
Clinical photography and the dental nurse
Authors: Ireland Bob
Published: January 2020

In the second of a two-part article, Professor Bob Ireland considers image consent, storage and transmission

Aim

The reader should be able to understand the role of informed consent and confidentiality when taking, storing or transmitting clinical image or video data.

Objectives

To understand the role of capacity when obtaining informed consent To understand the importance of obtaining informed consent when taking patient images To understand the limitations of clinical photography and the electronic storage and transmission of clinical data GDC development outcome A, C and D
Look to the future
Authors: Waters Rebecca
Published: January 2020

If you type ‘How has dentistry changed in the last 10 years?’ into your browser, you'll get an endless list of relevant pages dedicate to the subject. Rebecca Waters looks at the shifting landscape
Desmoplastic small round-cell tumour of the peritoneal cavity: case report and literature review
Authors: Tsoukalas N , Kiakou M , Nakos G , Tolia M , Galanopoulos M , Tsapakidis K , Kamposioras K , Christofyllakis C , Dimitrakopoulos G , Sambaziotis D
Published: January 2020

Desmoplastic small round-cell tumour is a very rare neoplasm, which usually arises from the abdominal or pelvic peritoneum of adolescents and young adults. Early diagnosis is difficult, because most tumours present with non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms after a long asymptomatic period. It is generally a very aggressive tumour, which grows rapidly with poor prognosis and an overall five-year survival rate of 15% despite multimodal treatment. Despite multiple treatment strategies, the management of desmoplastic small round-cell tumour still remains a clinical challenge and no consensus about a therapeutic protocol has been established. A 35-year-old man presented with mild abdominal pain, constipation and weight gain, and was eventually diagnosed with desmoplastic small round-cell tumour, which was shown to be limited to the abdomen. After incomplete debulking surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, he developed multiple metastatic nodular foci in chest and the pleura and, unfortunately, he died due to disease progression.
Dimensions of Impact in the Social Sciences
Authors: Haux Tina
Published: January 2020

Academics are increasingly required to demonstrate their impact on the wider world. The aim of this book is to compare and contextualise the dimensions of impact within the social sciences. Unlike most other studies of the 2014 Research Excellence Framework impact case studies, this book includes case studies from three different sub-panels (Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work and Politics and International Relations), which in themselves capture several disciplines, and therefore allows for a comparison of how impact and academic identify are defined and presented. The impact case studies are placed in an analytical framework that identifies different types of impact and impact pathways and places them in the context of policy models. Finally, it provides a comparison across time based on interviews with Social Policy professors who are looking back over 40 years of being involved as well as analysing the relationship between research and policy-making. This long view highlights successes but also the serendipitous and superficial nature of impact across time.
Dimension 3: The nature and reach of impact
Authors: Haux Tina
Published: January 2020

In this chapter the nature and reach of impact is evaluated and compared across the three sub-panels based on a typology that distinguishes between the effects on policy-making (new policy invention, new direction or new ideas), on practitioners or whether the contribution is based on improved data and knowledge capture. In addition, concepts such as impact pathways and impact agents are being applied to the Impact Case studies of the 2014 REF.
Summary and conclusions
Authors: Haux Tina
Published: January 2020

Key themes coming out from the book are that there still seems to be a role for the academic as the expert on a topic over their role as producer of specific pieces or, even, programmes of research, both normative and technical. However, the most successful impact case studies in terms of submitting units are mainly from established universities and academics, frequently submitted by (male) lone scholars and void of national and international or interdisciplinary collaborations in the case studies. Finally, it is important to distinguish between impact agents and impact beneficiaries when assessing 2014 REF impact Case Studies in terms of their contribution to society. Impact agents are those able to make changes be it policy-makers or professionals. Impact beneficiaries are those whose lives are improved as a result of the changes, e.g. children in poverty, the elderly in need of care, prospective pensioners and voters. Therefore, it is not an overstatement to say that the contribution of academics as captured by the impact submissions analysed here has improved the lives of many people in the UK and around the world.
Introduction: social policy in an era of competition
Authors: Horsfall Dan , Hudson John
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how the intensification of global economic competition has influenced the direction of welfare state reform processes across the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in recent decades and vice versa. Three broad umbrella terms capture key dimensions of change that connect the arguments made across the book as a whole: competition, conditionality, and cognition. One of the ways in which welfare states have been reconfigured in response to perceived competition pressures is through a rewriting of social contracts in order to de-emphasise social rights and place a stronger emphasis on individual responsibilities. Not only have such interventions been used in an attempt to scale back welfare state expenditures, they have also been deployed in order to underline the prioritisation of work obligations over social rights. Arguably the most profound impact of the rise of both conditionality and neoliberal competition discourses has been on how the social role of the state is conceived and understood.
Changing labour markets, changing welfare across the OECD: the move towards a social investment model of welfare as a response to competition
Authors: Finch Naomi , Horsfall Dan , Hudson John
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines in more depth one of the attempts to develop a ‘progressive’ modernisation of welfare: the social investment model. The notion of a ‘social investment welfare state’ has gained increasing ground over recent years, playing an important role in the discourse of international organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and EU. It forms a part of a number of concepts — others include ‘active social welfare’, the ‘new welfare state’ and ‘new risk welfare’ — that might be grouped under the label ‘new welfare’. All are based around a shared view that developed welfare states have begun to place less emphasis on income protection and more emphasis on investing in human capital. Put differently, they stress the growing importance of the ‘productive’ elements of social policy, chiefly on the basis that this may square the circle of maintaining social expenditures while responding to increased economic competition. The chapter then reviews how far reform agendas match the reality of the social investment model theory and, moreover, evaluates the effectiveness of the approach in reconciling social and economic pressures.
Housing and mortgage markets in the everyday: how globalisation came home
Authors: Lowe Stuart
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the globalisation and liberalisation of mortgage markets. What has happened is that the mortgage market has become a conduit between global finance and the everyday. The home has become financialised in ways that were impossible before banking deregulation. For homeowners, the ability to unlock housing equity has been a widely used practice almost since the start of the deregulated mortgage market in the 1980s. This has created a super-commodified realm at the heart of the competition state. The democratisation of access to capital also required a new citizenship contract based around norms of risk taking and self-provisioning. More than this, however, homeowners are predisposed to support low-tax public policy because of the front-loading of housing costs.
Global ‘vulnerabilities’: new configurations of competition in the era of conditionality?
Authors: Brown Kate
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses the increasingly strong targeting of welfare provisions on the most ‘vulnerable’ groups. In the current era of heightened pressure on resources and often increasing social polarisation, focusing resources on more intensive support for the most vulnerable is an inviting option for policy makers. Indeed, key international organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have begun to adopt the language of vulnerability to this end. The chapter then considers the rise of this vulnerability rationale, but investigates its application in practice to demonstrate that a heightened focus on the most vulnerable can contribute towards an intensified competition for resources among the least well-off, obscuring questions about the distribution of resources and opportunities across the whole of society. In such a context, debates about who is vulnerable become increasingly key, with attempts to define and classify people accordingly often serving to exclude groups not seen as vulnerable in the popular imagination.
Introduction
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: January 2020

The introduction chapter introduces the concept of theorising and argues that time has come for scholarship on the intersection between ethnicity/ race and ageing/ old age to engage on a theorising exercise of its own. In doing so, this chapter sets the stage for the idea engaging in a scoping review of the last twenty years of research on this intersection makes sense at this point in time since we need to make sense of which understandings of ethnicity and race inform this scholarship. By arguing for why it is that our imagination needs to be expanded in this regard, this chapter identifies the scholarly fields that work on this intersection (i.e. social gerontology, ethno-gerontology and ethnicity/ race scholarship), and the ways in which these fields have become interested on the intersection in question. Last but not least (and as it is customary), this introduction chapter ends with a description of, and rationale for, how the book is structured.
Literature on health inequalities
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: January 2020

This chapter aims specifically to describe what characterises the portion of the scholarship on the intersection of ethnicity/ race and ageing/ old age that focuses on health inequalities. This chapter brings attention to the fact that this literature regards ethnicity and race as crude proxies and fails therefore to acknowledge the complexity embedded in these social positions. The chapter brings attention to the main trends observed when reviewing the literature (i.e. that most studies come from North America and focus on a small number of ethnic minorities, most fail to address how ethnicity and race is made sense of in the studies, most are informed by the essentialist and/ or structuralist perspectives, and that most studies rely on studies that have not been designed to specifically explore the nexus in question). In doing so, this chapter shows what the perspectives that inform this literature mean not only for the themes that have received attention (i.e. general health/ physical functioning, disability and mobility/ disease-specific/ mental health/ cognitive functioning), but also for the ones that remain unexplored (such as, for example, the study of how perceived racism impacts the health of older ethnic minorities).
Literature on health and social care
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the literature on ethnicity/ race and ageing/ old age that brings attention to issues related to health and social care. Just as it was the case in the previous chapter, this chapter exposes the main trends observed as far as what characterises the literature in focus. Besides being research on the North American context and focusing on very few ethnic minorities, this chapter discusses the fact that this literature takes for granted that ethnicity and race matter for older people’s health and social care service utilisation but does not, in fact, answers why this is the case. In addition, this chapter problematizes the fact that by focusing almost exclusively on older ethnic minorities’ experiences, the literature fails to bring attention to the views of those whose practices are important to the issues being discussed (i.e. health and social care staff). Noted is also that few of the studies reviewed take into account the attitudinal and/or behavioural patterns that are implicitly conveyed to pose a challenge to older ethnic minorities’ access and usage of health and social care services. Thus, by bringing attention to the areas that have received attention (i.e. access and usage/ attitudes, preferences and experiences/ the suitability of different programs, interventions and services and self-care practices), this chapter identifies the array of areas that remain unexplored.
Literature on social relations and caregiving
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: January 2020

This chapter is the third and last chapter in the book that is based on the scoping review of scholarship on the intersection of ethnicity/ race and ageing/ old age. This chapter brings attention to social relations, social support/ help and caregiving (receiving), which is the third theme that has received the most attention when it comes to the scholarship in question. Just as it is the case with the two previous chapters, this chapter exposes the trends observed, and the ways in which ethnicity and race are made sense of in this literature. By bringing attention on the angles of investigation that this literature most often relies on (e.g. relying on others’ identification instead of own identification and the meanings attach to that), this chapter shows not only which topics have received attention, but also which ones remain unexplored.
Gender and the politics of the public sphere
Authors: Brooks Ann
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the relationship between gender and the politics of the public sphere. The bluestockings were instrumental in framing a set of literary and political discourses that opened the door for a range of political movements where women occupied leading positions, including the Bloomsbury Group and the suffrage movement. The chapter then distinguishes between two forms of public sphere. The first is the world of letters, where ‘privatized individuals in their capacity as human beings communicated through critical debate’. The second form is the political realm, where ‘private people in their capacity as owners of commodities communicated through rational-critical debate’. Despite the significance of women writers within the public sphere through elite groupings such as the bluestockings, their role was still limited. While the bluestockings were actively involved in literary and political debates, their distance from the political sphere highlights the gendered character of the 18th-century public sphere.
Spain: leave policy in times of economic crisis1
Authors: Meil Gerardo , Romero-Balsas Pedro , Rogero-García Jesús
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how the economic crisis, and the political crisis it spawned, conditioned the evolution of leave policy in Spain during the period 2007-2017. At the outset of the period, a socialist government adopted gender equality legislation, which introduced a two week fully paid Paternity Leave, as a means to foster co-responsibility, as well as improving the terms of other leave. Whilst cuts in public spending in the wake of the economic crisis and the switch from a socialist to a conservative government neither shortened the duration of nor lowered payments for existing types of leave, they did retard further improvements. Throughout the period, developments in leave policy have been justified essentially on the grounds of protecting women's employment and furthering gender equality, with conservative parties placing more discursive emphasis on the former, with a rhetoric of freedom, choice and flexibility; and leftist parties on the latter, supported by a growing demand in public debate for equal and non-transferable leave. The doubling of the duration of Paternity Leave in early 2017 under a conservative government marked the attainment of a long-awaited goal and attested to a consensus among political parties around extending Paternity Leave.
United Kingdom: leave policy and an attempt to take a new path
Authors: Moss Peter , O’Brien Margaret
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines an attempt to transform UK leave policy, re-configuring it away from maternalism and towards greater gender equality, and why this attempted change of direction failed. It shows how the country introduced statutory leave at a late date, compared to other European countries, and adopted with little consideration a model centred on long and low paid Maternity Leave. After two decades of neglect, when leave policy came back onto the government’s agenda, this model became more established as Maternity Leave was further extended, while a newly introduced Parental Leave was marginalised. Attempted reform, in 2011-12, failed, due to insufficient support and understanding, leaving UK leave policy as a classic case of path dependency.
Mexico: leave policy, co‑responsibility in childcare and informal employment1
Authors: Pérez-Hernández Cándido , Escobedo Anna
Published: January 2020

Maternity Leave was established in 1917 within the Mexican Constitution, but Paternity Leave was only introduced in 2012. In this chapter, drawing on a review of 85 legislative initiatives presented to the Mexican Congress since 2012 and relating the national experience to wider Latin American academic debates, we analyse present challenges to improving leave and related policies in Mexico, to further gender co-responsibility, social equity and child well-being. Such improvement would mean extending publicly paid leave for both mothers and fathers, addressing issues of funding and the informal economy, and reforming early childhood education and care, which is currently marred by fragmentation and inequality of access, often dependent on the employment status of mothers. The chapter argues for the need to inform future policy reforms with data on how leave is used as well as with cost-benefit analysis, and also to link leave policy with ECEC policy. Such coordinated policies can act as pull factors for the formalisation of informal employment, so that the associated public costs could then be reformulated as social investments.
What do people want? Leave policy preferences in different countries1
Authors: Valarino Isabel
Published: January 2020

Leave schemes vary considerably across countries, notably regarding their duration and the extent to which mothers and fathers are encouraged to share them. This chapter analyses individuals’ attitudes toward leave duration and gender division of leave in 27 countries to examine whether these different institutional contexts influence leave policy preferences. It draws on representative sample data from the period 2012-2014 and uses descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results show that paid leave is a well-accepted family policy instrument in Europe and beyond, but that stark differences exist across welfare regimes regarding what is considered a ‘good’ leave. Leave duration preferences range from about six months in liberal regimes, to roughly one year in social democratic and conservative ones, and up to two and three years in some post-communist regimes. Consensus is highest in post-communist and social democratic regimes, where leave has the longest history and is most institutionalised.
Gender equality: Parental Leave design and evaluating its effects on fathers’ participation
Authors: Duvander Ann-Zofie , Eydal Guðný Björk , Brandth Berit , Gíslason Ingólfur V. , Lammi-Taskula Johanna , Rostgaard Tine
Published: January 2020

This chapter is about the design of Parental Leave policy and its relationship to leave-taking by fathers and gender equality more generally. The Nordic countries have historically emphasised gender equality in policymaking and have been in the forefront for introducing policies that encourage mothers and fathers to share responsibility for the care of children. Parental Leave is considered to be one such policy as it secures fathers’ rights to participate in the care of the child, with potentially long-term effects on their involvement with children and the division of unpaid and paid work. However, there are different designs for Parental Leave, and the chapter identifies the major dimensions in the design of Nordic Parental Leave policies and evaluates them in relation to their effect on gender equality. It also considers how to conceptualise and measure gender equality in association with Parental Leave.
Flexibility: some consequences for fathers’ caregiving1
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2020

This chapter is about flexibility in the use of Parental Leave. Many countries aiming at greater father involvement in early childcare have introduced flexible leave designs allowing Parental Leave to be taken over an extended period either on a part-time basis or split into shorter blocks. This chapter examines flexible use of the non-transferable quota for fathers in Norway and its effects on fathers’ caregiving. Results show that in choosing part-time leave fathers make themselves available for work, something that often creates stressful situations and interrupts their caregiving. Part-time use assumes that the mother is available, and thus it tends to confirm her as the primary caregiver. Taking the leave in blocks has less negative effects depending on the length of the blocks. The study relates to the Norwegian situation, but the knowledge produced may be relevant to other countries that are in the process of introducing flexible leave for fathers with gender equality in mind.
Care-work policies: conceptualising leave within a broader framework1
Authors: Mazzucchelli Sara , Pesenti Luca , Bosoni M. Letizia
Published: January 2020

The central argument of this chapter is that statutory Parental Leave policy must be conceptualised within a broader framework of care-work policies and cultural ideas over care tasks. We propose a model based on structural and cultural dimensions. The former includes leaves (Maternity, Paternity, Parental), ECEC services, the relationship or gap between leave and ECEC entitlements, occupational welfare, and family structures (e.g. proportion of children living with two parents); the latter include levels of gender inequality and intergenerational solidarity orientation. Considering these six dimensions we focus on four countries, namely Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK, representing well-established welfare regime models. Our analysis highlights how Germany and Sweden seem more similar than might be expected in light of established welfare regime models, while Italy and the UK are in contrast somewhat similar in terms of their Parental Leave models, whilst showing many differences in relation to other social actors involved in providing welfare goods.
Universal Basic Income: what could it mean for gender equality in care work?
Authors: Koslowski Alison
Published: January 2020

Support for the idea of a universal Basic Income paid to every eligible adult and child is gaining across the developed world, though it remains a controversial and largely untested proposal. It has been defined as an income paid by a political community to all its members on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement, and would likely have significant implications for all socially valuable activities including those without direct economic benefit; caring is one such activity. Basic Income might replace other benefits, some of which are multi-dimensional in the way that they support citizens, going beyond the financial support that a Basic Income offers. One example is parenting leave, which can have multiple aims, including gender equality in care as well as in the labour market. Whilst advocates argue that Basic Income would alleviate child and maternal poverty, critics are concerned that it would further entrench rather than undermine a gendered division of paid and unpaid labour. This chapter considers the gendered implications of a Basic Income, in particular with regard to early parenthood. It concludes with a discussion of whether or not Basic Income could replace parenting leave policy or whether parenting leave would still be needed as a complementary policy.
Towards a multi-active society: daring to imagine a new work–life regime
Authors: Fusulier Bernard , Nicole-Drancourt Chantal
Published: January 2020

Despite equal opportunity and work/life balance policies, no modern labour societies have solved the structural work/family conflict in a gender equal way. These societies continue to struggle with reconciling working life and family life and to overcome persistent inequalities between men and women. It is possible to talk about an improvement in women’s condition at the same time as an increase in gender inequalities, because though the situation of women has improved in modern societies, that of mothers has been, and today remains, quite worrisome. To be transformative, legislative choices must deconstruct the foundations of the work/family regime in these societies. This chapter analyses these foundations in order to build an alternative ‘reconciliation’ scenario, with the creation of a ‘multi-active society’ as the central goal and whose structuring principle of societal organisation is no longer ‘employment’ but rather ‘contribution’.
Parental Leave and beyond: recent international developments, current issues and future directions
Authors: Koslowski Ann-Zofie , Duvander Peter
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the recent developments and current issues around parental leave such as multiple rationales for leave, policy designs, the politics of flexibility and choice, eligibility (employment related entitlement or social right?), adapting policies to increasing diversity in employment and household type. In addition, it covers topics such as the relationship between parental leave, workplace and other policy areas, future directions for politics and policy for parental leave.
Debt drive and the imperative of growth
Authors: Bjerg Ole
Published: January 2020

Slavoj Žižek's Freudian concepts of desire and drive provide a model to distinguish between 'normal' engaged behavior and 'pathological' addiction. While desire is structured around the pursuit of an object onto which the subject projects different fantasies of enjoyment and redemption, drive has moved beyond the realm of fantasy and thus also beyond the realm of subjectivity as such. The proposition I would like to raise is that contemporary financial capitalism is no longer even structured around the desire for money but has moved into a state of debt drive. Political initiatives in the wake of the financial crisis such as bank packages, quantitative easing, and austerity politics seem to have given up even on the fantasy that we can move out of the crisis. Ultimately, they all boil down to the compulsive repetition of the same failed act of creating money out of debt.
‘Deferred lives’: money, debt and the financialised futures of young temporary workers
Authors: Davis Mark , Cartwright Laura
Published: January 2020

The systemic necessity to take on ever more unsecured credit simply to go about the business of everyday life in a financialized society is still positioned as a personal choice rather than an unavoidable means of survival. In our contribution to this volume, we offer a qualitative analysis of the lived experiences of indebted lives in the context of precarious temporary employment in the UK, in order to examine the extent to which young people are ‘governed’ by debt. Rather than total discipline, we demonstrate empirically how young people actively reject, resist and negotiate the debts that they undertake, challenging a normative framing of debt that seeks to condemn the moral character of struggling debtors. As well as this empirical work, our theoretical contribution here is to interpret this data in terms of what we consider to be the temporal dynamics of indebtedness, which result in living ‘deferred lives’.
Debt, usury and the ongoing crises of capitalism
Authors: Gane Nicholas
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses a concept that was once central to debates within classical liberal thought but today is largely neglected: usury. The question of usury divided classical liberals over whether there should be a free market in the provision of credit or rather government policing of the social and moral limits of debt. These divisions resurface in a contemporary the current post-crisis period in debate over whether the short-term loan market should be free to meet the demands of credit supply (the libertarian position) or should be regulated by government agencies to ensure that it works within limits (a neoliberal stance). This chapter argues that the concept of usury is useful for questioning the role of state and government in regulating private debt, and for considering the possibility of an alternative politics of debt that centres not on regulating the rate of interest charged on credit, but rather the freedom of banks and other institutions to lend money at a price.
The art of unpayable debts
Authors: Haiven Max
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores a dialectics of what the author terms unpayable debts that define the current financialized global capitalist paradigm. On the one hand, these are the widely acknowledged and profoundly influential debts of individuals, institutions and nation-states which are unlikely or impossible to repay, from subprime mortgages to the sovereign debt of nations like Greece (or even the US for that matter). On the other hand, unpayable debts refers to those unacknowledged, silenced or purposefully ignored debts for the atrocities and injustices that helped create this current financialized order, including reparations for the transatlantic slave trade, restitution of stolen Indigenous lands and recompense for colonial pillage and subjugation. These latter unpayable moral and political debts must be silenced, ignored or deligitimized in order for the former unpayable fiscal debts to have such power. To explore these tensions the author provides a contextual and aesthetic reading of three interventionist and performative public artworks: English artist Darren Cullen’s “Pocket Money Loans” (2012-present), Argentine artist Marta Minujín’s “Payment of Greek Debt to Germany with Olives and Art” (2017), and Anishinaabe artist Rebecca Belmore’s “Gone Indian” (2009).
Waifs, strays, and foundlings: illegitimacy, gender, and youth migration from Britain, 1870–1930
Authors: Frost Ginger
Published: January 2020

This chapter studies migration of illegitimate children from Britain to the empire between 1870 and 1930 from two organizations, the London Foundling Hospital and the Church of England's Waifs and Strays Society. Adding the issue of illegitimacy changes the view of child migration in three ways. First, illegitimate children had already moved multiple times before their migration, so this transition might be the end, not the beginning of their travels. Second, many had already lost their families as infants, so had less to lose than other poor children. Indeed, migration might give them back families (especially mothers) they had lost. The shame of illegitimacy, primarily with girls, could be lost. Finally, migration was only one of many factors that harmed these children psychologically. When the children were illegitimate, poverty and family breakdown was a larger problem than leaving the U.K.
Life in a Cold Lake: childhood, mobility, and social structures
Authors: Asselin Gabriel
Published: January 2020

The students of École Voyageur come from two distinct groups: those from military families and those whose parents work in the oil industry, two institutional social networks which have very different gendered representations. In this chapter, I discuss the experience that boys and girls from mobile military familieshave,and draw on the notion of agency to show how these youth contribute to the production and reproduction of the communities in which they are involved. I call upon observations and testimonies collected during fieldwork to show that children of military families at École Voyageur are far from passive actors, but important agents in the creation and maintenance of their gendered social and cultural environment.
Balancing family, aspirations, and higher education: the gendered experiences of second-generation Arab American college women1
Authors: Aronson Pamela , Forsythe-Brown Ivy
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the subjective gendered experiences of second generation Arab American young women. Based on 22 in-depth interviews, we examine how these women think about their educational and occupational goals, how they experience college, and the ways in which they blend gendered “Arab” and “American” cultural expectations. This study finds that Arab American young women weave together a variety of approaches toward blending what we call collective-family and individualist gendered cultural ideals. These approaches exist on a continuum. At one end is the collective-family approach, which emphasizes cultural ideals based on family needs and desires, including early marriage and childbearing. At the other end of the continuum are young women who embrace individualist approaches, emphasizing their individual desires and aspirations. In contrast, single, young, Arab American women typically occupied a middle point on the continuum, as they combined the collective-family and individualist approaches.
Measures of extreme poverty applied in the European Union
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan , Movshuk Oleksandr
Published: January 2020

This chapter operationalises and tests out a number of possible measures of extreme poverty applied to the European Union countries, using the analysis of household survey data from EU- Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC). It starts by reviewing developments in the conventional measurement of poverty in the EU. Then the concepts of absolute and extreme poverty are discussed. The bulk of the chapter presents the results of an analysis of the poverty rates, poverty gaps and poverty composition of five conceivable measures of extreme poverty. These are: The World Bank $ per day concept; poverty thresholds based on national minimum income schemes – social assistance; a threshold set on the basis of a minimal reference budget standard; a severe deprivation standard; and an overlaps measure based on severe deprivation and low income. The latter is the preferred option.
The uncounted poor in EU-SILC: a statistical profile of the income and living conditions of homeless people, undocumented immigrants and travellers in Belgium
Authors: Nicaise Ides , Schockaert Ingrid , Bircan Tuba
Published: January 2020

Whereas official poverty rates and related indicators based on EU-SILC are now widely used in national and EU-level policy documents, some of the most vulnerable groups are de facto excluded from such panels. This chapter reports the findings of a pilot of ‘satellite surveys’ to EU-SILC among homeless people, undocumented immigrants and travellers in Belgium, using simplified versions of the EU-SILC questionnaires so that comparisons can be made with the ‘mainstream’ EU-SILC data.
Despite the small sample sizes of our satellite surveys and doubts concerning their representativeness, our findings do provide useful insights into on the relative severity as well as some key dimensions of poverty (education, income, family life, work, housing and health) among these hidden high-risk groups. They also demonstrate the feasibility of such satellite surveys, using simplified, multilingual and more flexible questionnaires. We therefore recommend an extension of this approach to all EU-countries as well as to other high-risk groups, and a systematic replication at regular time intervals.
Absolute poverty and the EU Social Policy Agenda
Authors: Gaisbauer Helmut P.
Published: January 2020

In recent decades, charitable food assistance has grown into a prevalent way to respond to hunger as a manifestation of severe or absolute poverty that persists even in the affluent European Welfare States. Food charity has been often framed as a social innovation that aims to bring together and, thereby, solve the problems of overproduction of food and people who do not have enough food. This paper problematizes this perception by discussing the puzzles behind the seemingly propitious arrangement by utilizing the emergent concept of the charity economy. By examining food charity as part of the charity economy, we argue that food charity is an indication of, rather than an effective solution to the problems of persistent severe or absolute poverty and food waste. Faith-based organizations participate in the institutionalization and entrenchment of such a secondary market for non-consumers that actually rests on what the food charity system proclaims to fight against.