bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Solution Phase Synthesis of Triazadibenzoazulenones: “Designer Isonitrile Free” Methodology Enabled by Microwaves.
Authors: Hulme Christopher , Chappeta Shashi , Griffith Chris , Lee Yeon‐Sun , Dietrich Justin
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Features of Reactions Between (3,5‐Dioxo‐4‐azatricyclo [5.2.1.02‐endo,6‐endo]dec‐8‐en‐4‐yl)carboxylic Acids and p‐Nitrophenyl Azide.
Authors: Tarabara I. N. , Bondarenko Ya. S. , Kas'yan Li. I.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Process for the Synthesis of 4H‐Imidazo[1,5‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines.
Authors: Yang Jie , Teng Yun , Ara Shamim , Rallapalli Sundari , Cook James M.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron Tomography for Heterogeneous Catalysts and Related Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Friedrich Heiner , de Jongh Petra E. , Verkleij Arie J. , de Jong Krijn P.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bridging the Gap Between Coordination and Cluster Compounds: Unusual Bonding Modes for Zinc
Authors: Kays Deborah L. , Aldridge Simon
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Sulfur Heterocycles with Sulfur Monochloride: Synthetic Possibilities and Prospects
Authors: Konstantinova Lidia S. , Rakitin Oleg A.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Binols: Chiral 3,3′‐Bis(aminomethyl)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthols (Binolams) in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Najera Carmen , Sansano Jose M. , Saa Jose M.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Phthaloyl‐L‐glutamic Anhydride: A Chiral γ‐L‐Glutamyl Transfer Reagent
Authors: Kalyanam Nagabushanam , Majeed Muhammed
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Kazemizadeh Ali Reza , Ahmadi Ebrahim , Noshiranzadeh Nader , Souldozi Ali
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Accurate Theoretical Chemistry with Coupled Pair Models
Authors: Neese Frank , Hansen Andreas , Wennmohs Frank , Grimme Stefan
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transport of Chloride Ion Through Phospholipid Bilayers Mediated by Synthetic Ionophores.
Authors: Gokel George W. , Barkey Natalie
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Cost, Fast, Convenient Peptide Synthesis with HCTU and Automated Peptide Synthesizers
Authors: Hood Christina , Fuentes German , Patel Hirendra , Page Karen , Menakuru Mahendra , Park Jae H.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Process Research and Development in the 21st Century: Challenges, Strategies, and Solutions from a Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective
Authors: Federsel Hans‐Juergen
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Reconstitution Methods for Visualizing Biomolecular Function in Living Cells
Authors: Ozawa Takeaki
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Supramolecular dynamics of thalidomide and its derivatives in water‐sediment system
Authors: Ali Imran , Gupta Vinod K. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: July 2009

The contamination of drug residues, including chiral ones, is not acceptable in earth's ecosystem. The dynamicity of enantiomers of thalidomide and its derivatives (3‐methyl thalidomide, 3‐ethyl thalidomide, and 3‐butyl thalidomide) was ascertained at supramolecular level in water‐sediment system using solid phase extraction (SPE) and stereoselective HPLC. Enantiomeric separation of these drugs was carried out on Ceramosphere RU‐2 (25 cm × 0.46 cm, particle size 50 μm) chiral column using pure ethanol (1.0 ml/min) as eluent at 230 nm detection. Retention times, capacity, separation, and resolution factors of the enantiomers of these drugs were in the range of 20.0–36.0, 2.08–3.93, 1.35–1.57, and 1.0–2.0 min, respectively. Percentage recoveries of the enantiomers in SPE were in the range of 90.0 to 95.0 in water‐sediment system. Langmuir and Freundlich model were best fitted for dynamic equilibrium concentrations at different experimental parameters. Thalidomide and its derivatives follow first‐order kinetics at dynamic equilibrium. The rate constants of chiral interconversions were 0.390 and 0.385 days−1 for S‐ and R‐enantiomers, respectively. The uptake of thalidomide by sediment is quite good and of endothermic nature indicating good self‐purification capacity of the nature for such toxic species. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First‐order bias correction for fractionally integrated time series
Authors: Lee Jaechoul , Ko Kyungduk
Published: July 2009

Most of the long memory estimators for stationary fractionally integrated time series models are known to experience non‐negligible bias in small and finite samples. Simple moment estimators are also vulnerable to such bias, but can easily be corrected. In this article, the authors propose bias reduction methods for a lag‐one sample autocorrelation‐based moment estimator. In order to reduce the bias of the moment estimator, the authors explicitly obtain the exact bias of lag‐one sample autocorrelation up to the order n−1. An example where the exact first‐order bias can be noticeably more accurate than its asymptotic counterpart, even for large samples, is presented. The authors show via a simulation study that the proposed methods are promising and effective in reducing the bias of the moment estimator with minimal variance inflation. The proposed methods are applied to the northern hemisphere data. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 37: 476–493; 2009 © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada
André Dabrowski's work on limit theorems and weak dependence
Authors: Dehling Herold
Published: July 2009

André Robert Dabrowski, Professor of Mathematics and Dean of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Ottawa, died October 7, 2006, after a short battle with cancer. The author of the present paper, a long‐term friend and collaborator of André Dabrowski, gives a survey of André's work on weak dependence and limit theorems in probability theory. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 37: 307–326; 2009 © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada
Elimination of Carbamazepine, Diclofenac and Naproxen from Treated Wastewater by Nanofiltration
Authors: Röhricht Markus , Krisam Jürgen , Weise Ulrich , Kraus Uta R. , Düring Rolf‐A.
Published: July 2009

Most conventional wastewater treatment plants remove very small amounts of micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals. Here, the ability of two different types of submerged nanofiltration flat sheet modules to remove pharmaceuticals from wastewater is analyzed. The two nanofiltration membranes were used at relatively low pressures of only 0.3 and 0.7 bar. At such low pressures, the membranes did not retain salts to a great extent. This is advantageous in wastewater treatment because no salt concentrate is produced. Carbamazepine was retained only slightly by the nanofiltration membranes, whereas approximately 60% of diclofenac and naproxen were retained by both membranes. This level of effectiveness might not be enough to justify the use of such a system as an additional treatment step in wastewater treatment plants.
Myosin Vb localises to nucleoli and associates with the RNA polymerase I transcription complex
Authors: Lindsay Andrew J. , McCaffrey Mary W.
Published: July 2009

It is becoming increasingly clear that the mammalian class V myosins are involved in a wide range of cellular processes such as receptor trafficking, mRNA transport, myelination in oligodendrocytes and cell division. Using paralog‐specific antibodies, we observed significant nuclear localisation for both myosin Va and myosin Vb. Myosin Vb was present in nucleoli where it co‐localises with RNA polymerase I, and newly synthesised ribosomal RNA (rRNA), indicating that it may play a role in transcription. Indeed, its nucleolar pattern was altered upon treatment with RNA polymerase I inhibitors. In contrast, myosin Va is largely excluded from nucleoli and is unaffected by these inhibitors. Myosin Vb was also found to physically associate with RNA polymerase I and actin in co‐immunoprecipitation experiments. We propose that myosin Vb serves a role in rRNA transcription. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic stress‐induced neurotransmitter plasticity in the PVN
Authors: Flak Jonathan N. , Ostrander Michelle M. , Tasker Jeffrey G. , Herman James P.
Published: July 2009

Chronic stress precipitates pronounced enhancement of central stress excitability, marked by sensitization of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses and increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretagogue biosynthesis in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Chronic stress‐induced enhancement of HPA axis excitability predicts increased excitatory and/or decreased inhibitory innervation of the parvocellular PVN. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating chronic variable stress (CVS)‐induced changes in total (synaptophysin), glutamatergic (VGluT2), GABAergic (GAD65), and noradrenergic (DBH) terminal immunoreactivity on PVN parvocellular neurons using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. CVS increased the total PVN bouton immunoreactivity as well as the number of glutamatergic and noradrenergic immunoreactive boutons in apposition to both the corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH)‐immunoreactive cell bodies and dendrites within the parvocellular PVN. However, the number of GABAergic‐immunoreactive boutons in the PVN was unchanged. CVS did not alter CRH median eminence immunoreactivity, indicating that CVS does not enhance CRH storage within the median eminence. Taken together, the data are consistent with a role for both glutamate and norepinephrine in chronic stress enhancement of HPA axis excitability. These changes could lead to an enhanced capacity for excitation in these neurons, contributing to chronic stress‐induced hyperreactivity of stress effector systems in the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:156–165, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐specific expression of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: Rostkowski Amanda B. , Teppen Tara L. , Peterson Daniel A. , Urban Janice H.
Published: July 2009

Activation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptors (Y1r) in the rat basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLA) produces anxiolysis and interferes with the generation of conditioned fear. NPY is important in regulating the output of the BLA, yet the cell types involved in mediating this response are currently unknown. The current studies employed multiple label immunocytochemistry to determine the distribution of Y1r‐immunoreactivity (‐ir) in glutamatergic pyramidal and GABAergic cell populations in the BLA using scanning laser confocal stereology. Pyramidal neurons were identified by expression of calcium‐calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII‐ir) and functionally distinct interneuron subpopulations were distinguished by peptide (cholecystokinin, somatostatin) or calcium‐binding protein (parvalbumin, calretinin) content. Throughout the BLA, Y1r‐ir was predominately on soma with negligible fiber staining. The high degree of coexpression of Y1r‐ir (99.9%) in CaMKII‐ir cells suggests that these receptors colocalize on pyramidal cells and that NPY could influence BLA output by directly regulating the activity of these projection neurons. Additionally, Y1r‐ir was also colocalized with the interneuronal markers studied. Parvalbumin‐ir interneurons, which participate in feedforward inhibition of BLA pyramidal cells, represented the largest number of Y1r expressing interneurons in the BLA (≈4% of the total neuronal population). The anatomical localization of NPY receptors on different cell populations within the BLA provides a testable circuit whereby NPY could modulate the activity of the BLA via actions on both projection cells and interneuronal cell populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:166–176, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmitter‐phenotypes of commissural interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of newborn mice
Authors: Restrepo Carlos Ernesto , Lundfald Line , Szabó Gabor , Erdélyi Ferenc , Zeilhofer Hanns Ulrich , Glover Joel C. , Kiehn Ole
Published: July 2009

Commissural interneurons (CINs) are a necessary component of central pattern generators (CPGs) for locomotion because they mediate the coordination of left and right muscle activity. The projection patterns and relative locations of different classes of CINs in the ventromedial part of the rodent lumbar cord have been described (Eide et al. [1999] J Comp Neurol 403:332–345; Stokke et al. [2002] J Comp Neurol 446:349–359; Nissen et al. [2005] J Comp Neurol 483:30–47). However, the distribution and relative prevalence of different CIN neurotransmitter phenotypes in the ventral region of the mammalian spinal cord where the locomotor CPG is localized is unknown. In this study we describe the relative proportions and anatomical locations of putative inhibitory and excitatory CINs in the lumbar spinal cord of newborn mice. To directly visualize potential neurotransmitter phenotypes we combined retrograde labeling of CINs with in situ hybridization against the glycine transporter, GlyT2, or the vesicular glutamate transporter, vGluT2, in wildtype mice and in transgenic mice expressing eGFP driven by the promoters of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65, GAD67, or GlyT2. Our study shows that putative glycinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic CINs are expressed in almost equal numbers, with a small proportion of CINs coexpressing GlyT2 and GAD67::eGFP, indicating a putative combined glycinergic/GABAergic phenotype. These different CIN phenotypes were intermingled in laminas VII and VIII. Our results suggest that glycinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic CINs are the principal CIN phenotypes in the CPG region of the lumbar spinal cord in the newborn mouse. We compare these results to descriptions of CIN neurotransmitter phenotypes in other vertebrate species. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:177–192, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anisometric brain dimorphism revisited: Implementation of a volumetric 3D standard brain inManduca sexta
Authors: El Jundi Basil , Huetteroth Wolf , Kurylas Angela E. , Schachtner Joachim
Published: July 2009

Lepidopterans like the giant sphinx mothManduca sextaare known for their conspicuous sexual dimorphism in the olfactory system, which is especially pronounced in the antennae and in the antennal lobe, the primary integration center of odor information. Even minute scents of female pheromone are detected by male moths, facilitated by a huge array of pheromone receptors on their antennae. The associated neuropilar areas in the antennal lobe, the glomeruli, are enlarged in males and organized in the form of the so‐called macroglomerular complex (MGC). In this study we searched for anatomical sexual dimorphism more downstream in the olfactory pathway and in other neuropil areas in the central brain. Based on freshly eclosed animals, we created a volumetric female and male standard brain and compared 30 separate neuropilar regions. Additionally, we labeled 10 female glomeruli that were homologous to previously quantitatively described male glomeruli including the MGC. In summary, the neuropil volumes reveal an isometric sexual dimorphism inM. sextabrains. This proportional size difference between male and female brain neuropils masks an anisometric or disproportional dimorphism, which is restricted to the sex‐related glomeruli of the antennal lobes and neither mirrored in other normal glomeruli nor in higher brain centers like the calyces of the mushroom bodies. Both the female and male 3D standard brain are also used for interspecies comparisons, and may serve as future volumetric reference in pharmacological and behavioral experiments especially regarding development and adult plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:210–225, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior
Authors: Jones Marcus Robert , Grillner Sten , Robertson Brita
Published: July 2009

An important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257–275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectopic retinal ON bipolar cell synapses in the OFF inner plexiform layer: Contacts with dopaminergic amacrine cells and melanopsin ganglion cells
Authors: Dumitrescu Olivia N. , Pucci Francesco G. , Wong Kwoon Y. , Berson David M.
Published: July 2009

A key principle of retinal organization is that distinct ON and OFF channels are relayed by separate populations of bipolar cells to different sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). ON bipolar cell axons have been thought to synapse exclusively in the inner IPL (the ON sublamina) onto dendrites of ON‐type amacrine and ganglion cells. However, M1 melanopsin‐expressing ganglion cells and dopaminergic amacrine (DA) cells apparently violate this dogma. Both are driven by ON bipolar cells, but their dendrites stratify in the outermost IPL, within the OFF sublamina. Here, in the mouse retina, we show that some ON cone bipolar cells make ribbon synapses in the outermost OFF sublayer, where they costratify with and contact the dendrites of M1 and DA cells. Whole‐cell recording and dye filling in retinal slices indicate that type 6 ON cone bipolars provide some of this ectopic ON channel input. Imaging studies in dissociated bipolar cells show that these ectopic ribbon synapses are capable of vesicular release. There is thus an accessory ON sublayer in the outer IPL. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:226‐244, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size, neurochemistry, and segmental distribution of sensory neurons innervating the rat tibia
Authors: Ivanusic Jason J.
Published: July 2009

Retrograde labeling has been used to identify sensory neurons in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that innervate the rat tibial periosteum, medullary cavity, and trabecular bone. The size, neurochemical profile [isolectin B4 (IB4) binding, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and NF200 immunoreactivity (‐IR)], and segmental distribution of sensory neurons innervating each of these bony compartments are reported. After injections of fast blue into the periosteum, medullary cavity, and trabecular bone (epiphysis), retrogradely labeled neurons were observed throughout the ipsilateral (but not contralateral) lumbar DRG. They were predominantly small (<800 μm2) or medium‐sized (800–1,800 μm2) neurons. CGRP‐IR and SP‐IR were found in 23% and 16% of the retrogradely labeled neurons, respectively. IB4 binding was observed in 20% and NF200‐IR in 40% of the retrogradely labeled neurons. There were no significant differences in the percentage of neurons labeled with any one of the antisera following injections into each of the three bony compartments. To allow a direct comparison with sensory neurons innervating cutaneous tissues, injections of fast blue were also made into the skin overlying the tibia. The percentage of CGRP‐IR neurons innervating bone was significantly lower than the percentage of CGRP‐IR neurons innervating skin (ANOVA; P < 0.05). No other significant differences in the neurochemical profiles of neurons labeled from bone vs. skin were observed. The findings of the present study show that the periosteum, medullary cavity, and trabecular bone are all innervated by sensory neurons that have size and neurochemical profiles consistent with a role in nociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:276–283, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and neuronal expression of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase IIγ in the mouse brain
Authors: Clarke Jonathan H. , Emson Piers C. , Irvine Robin F.
Published: July 2009

The role of cellular phosphatidylinositol 5‐phosphate (PtdIns5P), as a signalling molecule or as a substrate for the production of small, compartmentalized pools of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], may be dependent on cell type and subcellular localization. PtdIns5P levels are primarily regulated by the PtdIns5P 4‐kinases (type II PIP kinases or PIP4Ks), and we have investigated the expression and localization in the brain of the least‐studied PIP4K isoform, PIP4Kγ. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, using antisense oligonucleotide probes and a PIP4Kγ‐specific antibody, revealed that this isoform has a restricted CNS expression profile. The use of antibodies to different cell markers showed that this expression is limited to neurons, particularly the cerebellar Purkinje cells, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, large neuronal cell types in the cerebral cortex including pyramidal cells, and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb and is not expressed in cerebellar, hippocampal formation, or olfactory bulb granule cells. In neurons expressing this enzyme, PIP4Kγ has a vesicular distribution and shows partial colocalization with markers of cellular compartments of the endomembrane trafficking pathway. The PIP4Kγ isoform expression is established after day 7 of postnatal development. Overall, our data suggest that PIP4Kγ may have a role in neuron function, specifically in the regulation of vesicular transport, in specific regions of the developed brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:296–312, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enc1 expression in the chick telencephalon at intermediate and late stages of development
Authors: García‐Calero Elena , Puelles Luis
Published: July 2009

In this work we studied the regional expression pattern of the Enc1 gene in the chick embryo telencephalon at intermediate and late stages of development, bearing on architectonic groupings and boundaries of current interest. In general, the Enc1 signal shows a markedly heterogeneous areal pattern of expression throughout the telencephalon; this corroborates data on new pallial and subpallial structures defined recently in the stereotaxic chick brain atlas of Puelles et al. (2007. The chick brain in stereotaxic coodinates. San Diego, CA: Academic Press). For example: a periventricular/central domain is Enc1‐negative in the ventral pallium or nidopallium; core and shell nuclei appear in the mesopallium; the redefined caudodorsolateral area shows a characteristic pattern; the limits of the densocellular hyperpallium in the dorsal pallium are illuminated; and the postulated entorhinal cortex area is distinct at the posterior telencephalic pole. Interestingly, Enc1 transcripts are distinctly present in the piriform cortex at the surface of the ventral pallium throughout its longitudinal extent, as well as in the most rostral part of the lateral pallium, implying a layout of this cortex more similar to the situation in mammals than was assumed previously. Separate corticoid superficial strata are labeled by the Enc1 probe in the lateral and dorsal pallial regions. In the subpallium, the expression of Enc1 agrees with the new radial subdivisions defined by Puelles et al. (2007). J. Comp. Neurol. 517:564–580, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative, three‐dimensional anterior sensory reconstruction of Aphelenchus avenae (nematoda: Tylenchomorpha)
Authors: Ragsdale Erik J. , Ngo Phuong T. , Crum John , Ellisman Mark H. , Baldwin James G.
Published: July 2009

The anterior sensory anatomy (not including amphids) of the nematode Aphelenchus avenae (Tylenchomorpha) has been three‐dimensionally reconstructed from serial, transmission electron microscopy thin sections. Models, showing detailed morphology and spatial relationships of cuticular sensilla and internal sensory receptors, are the first computerized reconstruction of sensory structures of a Tylenchomorpha nematode. Results are analyzed with respect to similarly detailed reconstructions of Rhabditida outgroup nematodes, Acrobeles complexus (Cephalobomorpha) and Caenorhabditis elegans (Rhabditomorpha). Homologies identified in A. avenae demonstrate the general conservation of the anterior sensory system between freeliving nematodes and the largely plant parasitic Tylenchomorpha. A higher degree of similarity is shown between A. avenae and A. complexus, with common features including: the presence of a second, internal outer labial dendrite (OL1); a second cephalic dendrite in the female (CEP2/CEM); an accessory process loop of inner labial dendrite 1; and terminus morphology and epidermal associations of internal sensory receptors BAG and URX. Unique to A. avenae is a pair of peripheral, lateral neurons of unknown homology but with axial positions and intercellular relationships nearly identical to the “posterior branches” of URX in A. complexus. Knowledge of homologies and connectivity of anterior sensory structures provides a basis for expansion of the experimental behavioral model of C. elegans to the economically important nematodes of Tylenchomorpha. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:616–632, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of two melanin‐concentrating hormone genes in zebrafish reveals evolutionary and physiological links with the mammalian MCH system
Authors: Berman Jennifer R. , Skariah Gemini , Maro Géraldine S. , Mignot Emmanuel , Mourrain Philippe
Published: July 2009

Melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) regulates feeding and complex behaviors in mammals and pigmentation in fish. The relationship between fish and mammalian MCH systems is not well understood. Here, we identify and characterize two MCH genes in zebrafish,Pmch1andPmch2. WhereasPmch1and its corresponding MCH1 peptide resemble MCH found in other fish, the zebrafishPmch2gene and MCH2 peptide share genomic structure, synteny, and high peptide sequence homology with mammalian MCH. ZebrafishPmchgenes are expressed in closely associated but non‐overlapping neurons within the hypothalamus, and MCH2 neurons send numerous projections to multiple MCH receptor‐rich targets with presumed roles in sensory perception, learning and memory, arousal, and homeostatic regulation. Preliminary functional analysis showed that whereas changes in zebrafishPmch1expression correlate with pigmentation changes, the number of MCH2‐expressing neurons increases in response to chronic food deprivation. These findings demonstrate that zebrafish MCH2 is the putative structural and functional ortholog of mammalian MCH and help elucidate the nature of MCH evolution among vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:695–710, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A compact locally one‐dimensional finite difference method for nonhomogeneous parabolic differential equations
Authors: Qin Jinggang , Wang Tongke
Published: July 2009

This paper is concerned with accurate and efficient numerical methods for solving parabolic differential equations. A compact locally one‐dimensional finite difference method is presented, which has second‐order accuracy in time and fourth‐order accuracy in space with respect to discrete H1 norm and L2 norm. The scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable. All computations are implemented in one direction and the CPU time is relatively smaller compared with some other compact computational schemes. Numerical results are presented to show the accuracy and efficiency of the new algorithm for the parabolic differential equations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescent Alteration on a Bistable Molecular Shuttle
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Zhang Shuai , Li Guoxing , Zhao Yingjie , Shi Zhiqiang , Liu Huibiao , Li Yuliang
Published: July 2009

Solvent driven molecular shuttles containing a pyrene‐connected macrocycle and an intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) chromophore stopper are constructed. In one of the molecular shuttles, a long C‐10 chain is introduced in the thread to separate the peptide station and the ICT stopper. The macrocycle stays in the peptide station in apolar solvents and moves to the C10‐chain station in highly polar solvents. This moving process alters the electronic interaction between the pyrene unit in the macrocycle and the ICT stopper, which induces the change of the pyrene fluorescence emission. The molecular shuttle exhibits stronger emission when the macrocycle is adjacent to the ICT stopper.
Joint queue control and user scheduling in MIMO broadcast channel under zero‐forcing multiplexing
Authors: She Feng , Chen Wen , Luo Hanwen , Yang Damao
Published: July 2009

This paper studies the problem of queue control and user scheduling in multi‐antenna broadcast (downlink) systems under zero forcing beamforming transmit strategy. In the system, we assume that the data packet arrives randomly to the buffered transmitter. By taking the broadcast channel as a controlled queueing system, we deduce the property of queue control function that maximizes the weighted system throughput while guarantees the delay fairness among users. We also present a low‐complexity user selection algorithm with the consideration of queue state and channel state together. Simulation results show that the joint queue control and user selection policy can achieve considerable fairness and stability among users. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An architecture for amplify‐and‐forward cooperative systems with real modulations
Authors: Krikidis Ioannis
Published: July 2009

This paper proposes a simple architecture for half‐duplex cooperative systems which use amplify‐and‐forward (AF) as a relay strategy and one‐dimensional modulations for source messages. The proposed solution uses the two orthogonal channels of quadrature modulation in order to allow a node to behave simultaneously as a source and a relay. We demonstrate that the new scheme has a similar performance to the conventional orthogonal amplify‐and‐forward protocol without suffering from bandwidth loss, and avoids error propagation problems of previously reported AF superposition schemes. The proposed technique is suitable for applications with low spectral efficiencies and practical adaptive systems where real modulations are implemented based on a quadrature modulation core. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D‐QSAR studies of cytotoxic heterocyclic quinones using calculated reduction potential
Authors: Lee Yoonji , Kim Seoeun , Rhee Hee‐Kyung , Doh Kyung‐Eun , Park Junhee , Lee Chong‐Ock , Choi Sun , Choo Hea‐Young Park
Published: July 2009

Most quinones with 2–4 fused aromatic rings exhibit cytostatic activity via DNA intercalation that causes enzyme blockade and reading errors during the replication process. The redox activity of quinones plays a role in the DNA cleavage mediated by oxygen or sulfur radicals. To develop novel anticancer agents based on nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic quinones, pharmacophore models of representative molecules with high activity were generated using Genetic Algorithm with Linear Assignment of Hypermolecular Alignment of Database (GALAHAD). A series of compounds were aligned to the selected pharmacophore model and the 3D‐quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) were analyzed using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), resulting in q2 values of 0.734 and r2 of 0.951, and q2 of 0.803 and r2 of 0.917, respectively, in each study. In addition, the potentials for the one‐electron reduction of quinones were calculated from LUMO energies using the semi‐empirical Austin Model 1 (AM1) method. These also showed a good correlation (r2 of 0.816) with the cytotoxic activities of the quinones. Drug Dev Res 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of CJX2, an amlodipine derivative, combined with verapamil on P‐glycoprotein efflux function in vitro
Authors: Ji Bian‐Sheng , Li Ming , He Ling
Published: July 2009

In an effort to inhibit P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) efflux function with greater activity and less side effects, the combined effect of CJX2 and verapamil (Ver) was evaluated isobolographically in fixed ratio combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:10 in doxorubicin‐resistant human myelogenous leukemia (K562/DOX ) cells and rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (RBMEC). The results displayed that mixtures of both drugs at the fixed ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:10 exerted synergistic interactions, indicating that when the two blockers that bind P‐gp on separate membrane sites were combined, each contributes to the overall interaction with P‐gp, leading to the greater effect than that seen by either agent alone. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased numbers of thymic and peripheral CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ cells in the absence of CD5 signaling
Authors: Ordoñez‐Rueda Diana , Lozano Francisco , Sarukhan Adelaida , Raman Chander , Garcia‐Zepeda Eduardo A. , Soldevila Gloria
Published: July 2009

It has been suggested that high affinity/avidity interactions are required for the thymic selection of Treg. Here, we investigated the role of CD5, a negative regulator of TCR signaling, in the selection and function of “naturally occurring” CD4+CD25+ Treg (nTreg). Analysis of CD5−/− mice showed a significant increase in the percentage and absolute numbers of CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes, compared with BALB/c mice. Thymi from CD5−/− mice showed reduced cellularity due to increased apoptosis, which preferentially affected naïve T cells. To characterize nTreg selection at the molecular level we investigated the phosphorylation of Erk, c‐Cbl, PI3K and Akt. CD5−/− nTreg showed increased basal levels of p‐Erk compared with wild‐type nTreg. Interestingly, in response to CD3 plus CD28 costimulation, CD5−/− naïve T cells but not CD5−/− nTreg showed lower levels of p‐Akt. Finally, CD5−/− nTreg were thymus‐derived and fully functional. We conclude that the enrichment of nTreg observed in the absence of CD5 signaling is due to de novo generation of nTreg and selective reduction of CD4+CD25− naïve thymocytes. Furthermore, we provide new evidence supporting a potential role of CD5 in thymocyte survival, through a mechanism that may involve the phosphorylation of Akt.
Synergistic OX40 and CD30 signals sustain CD8+ T cells during antigenic challenge
Authors: Bekiaris Vasileios , Gaspal Fabrina , Kim Mi‐Yeon , Withers David R. , Sweet Clive , Anderson Graham , Lane Peter J. L.
Published: July 2009

Prior to acquiring a memory phenotype, antigen‐activated CD8+ T cells need to expand and then undergo a contraction phase. Utilizing two different antigenic stimuli, we provide evidence that the tumor necrosis factor receptors OX40 and CD30 integrate synergistic signals during the expansion phase to help maintain CD8+ effectors. Thus, double deficiency in OX40 and CD30 leads to CD8+ cell loss during expansion after immunization either with OVA or with murine CMV. Following their contraction, OX40‐ and CD30‐deficient CD8+ T cells persist normally in CMV‐infected mice. In contrast, persistence after OVA challenge is dependent on OX40 and CD30. Collectively, our data define the important role of both OX40 and CD30 during CD8+ T‐cell activation, and show that long‐term CD8 persistence after contraction is regulated not only by stimulatory receptors but also by the nature of the antigen or how the antigen is presented.
Aluminum Complexes with Bidentate N,N‐Dialkylaniline–arylamido Ligands: Synthesis, Structures, and Catalytic Properties for Efficient Ring‐Opening Polymerization of ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Gao Aihong , Mu Ying , Zhang Jingshun , Yao Wei
Published: July 2009

A number of Al complexes bearing bidentate N,N‐dialkylaniline–arylamido ligands, ortho‐(ArNCH2)C6H4NR2AlMe2 (R = Me, Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, 3a; 2,6‐Et2C6H3, 3b; 2,6‐Me2C6H3, 3c; 4‐MeC6H4, 3d; Ph, 3e; and R = Et, Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, 3f; 2,6‐Me2C6H3, 3g; Ph, 3h), have been synthesized from the reaction of the corresponding free ligands, ortho‐(ArNHCH2)C6H4NR2 (R = Me, Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, 2a; 2,6‐Et2C6H3, 2b; 2,6‐Me2C6H3, 2c; 4‐MeC6H4, 2d; Ph, 2e; and R = Et, Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, 2f; 2,6‐Me2C6H3, 2g; Ph, 2h), with AlMe3 (1 equiv.). All complexes were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of complexes 3c and 3e revealed that these Al complexes have a distorted tetrahedral geometry around the metal center. All complexes were found to be efficient catalysts for the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone (CL) in the presence of benzyl alcohol, and complexes 3a–h catalyze the polymerization of CL in a living fashion. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Calixarene‐Based Fluorescent Molecular Sensors for Toxic Metals
Authors: Leray Isabelle , Valeur Bernard
Published: July 2009

There is an increasing interest in the early detection of toxic metals in the environment. In this context, fluorescence is a very attractive detection method because of its intrinsic sensitivity, its response time and the possibility of imaging via fluorescence microscopy. Of the various complexing units available for the detection of toxic metal ions (chelators, open‐chain structures, crown‐ethers, cryptands), calixarenes offer distinct advantages in term of selectivity and the easy incorporation of a fluorophore into the structure. In this microreview, after recalling the main classes offluorescent molecular sensors based on cation‐induced changes in excited‐state processes (photoinduced electron‐ or charge‐transfer, excimer formation, energy transfer), we present various calixarene‐based sensors designed for the detection of caesium, mercury, lead and cadmium.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Ligation of Substituted Pyridines to Metallosalphen Complexes – Crystallographic Characterization of an Unexpected Four‐Component Supramolecular Assembly Comprising a Sterically Demanding Ligand
Authors: Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: July 2009

The binding properties of various Zn(salphen) complexes with a range of substituted pyridine ligands has been studied in detail using NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis and molecular modelling studies. The combined results clearly demonstrate that subtle differences in the ortho‐substitution pattern on the pyridine ring have a dramatic effect on the strength of the Zn–Npyr interaction. In the case of a double ortho‐substitution, the pyridine donor is unable to bind to the Zn(salphen) complex as a result of the rigid geometry around the Zn ion and the steric repulsion that results upon ligation. The steric requirements of the pyridine ligand infers a preferred positioning of its pendant groups as to minimize repulsive interactions with the salphen ligand. The crystallization of two separate Zn(salphen) complexes in the presence of 2,6‐dimethylpyridine has furnished two remarkable 4‐component supramolecular structures in which the Zn ion is associated with a water ligand that in turn is surrounded by two pyridine H‐bond acceptors; a result that relates to the inability of this pyridine ligand to directly interact with the Zn metal centre. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Separation of reaction mixture after ethanolysis of rapeseed oil
Authors: Černoch Michal , Skopal František , Hájek Martin
Published: July 2009

Various effects on the separation of a raw reaction mixture after the ethanolysis of rapeseed oil were investigated. Water addition, initial temperature of separation, centrifugation, ionic compound addition and time effects affecting the concentrations of potassium and free glycerol and the yield of the ester phase were revealed. Centrifugation has the most positive effect. Finally, a correlation between the concentrations of potassium and free glycerol was found.
One‐Step Synthesis of Tröger's Base Hybrids Containing at Least One Halogen Atom
Authors: Faroughi Masoud , Zhu Kai‐Xian , Jensen Paul , Craig Donald C. , Try Andrew C.
Published: July 2009

The one‐step synthesis of a series of hybrid dibenzo Tröger's base analogues bearing at least one halogen atom is described. The strategy involves a reaction between two different anilines and affords hybrid compounds in yields as high as 46 %, together with the symmetric Tröger's base products. This straightforward approach requires only one chromatographic step and has the potential to replace multi‐step approaches to hybrid Tröger's base compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of (±) Wine Lactone and Its Analogues by a Diels–Alder Approach
Authors: O'Connor Patrick D. , Kim U Bin , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: July 2009

A novel route to (±)‐wine lactone (1) by a cis‐selective kinetically controlled intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition of the linear triene 2 is reported. The triene precursor was synthesised by TBAF‐catalysed coupling of an acyl fluoride with an silyl enol ether. Four butadienyl but‐3‐enoates were prepared and cyclised under mild conditions to give a series of wine lactone analogues. The diastereoselectivity of the IMDA cycloadditions was determined by NMR spectroscopy and GC‐MS, whereby the formation of the natural cis‐configured wine lactone (1) was established. The diastereomeric IMDA transition states were optimised by using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) level, and the Boltzmann populations of the electronic energies were found to correlate well with the experimentally observed diastereoselectivity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Novel Synthesis of Ferrocenylpyridazines
Authors: Klimova Elena I. , López Eduardo A. Vázquez , Alamo Marcos Flores , Klimova Tatiana , Martínez García Marcos
Published: July 2009

The reaction of 3‐[acyl(ethoxycarbonyl)]methylidene‐, 3‐diethoxycarbonylmethylidene‐, and 3‐diacylmethylidene‐1,2‐diferrocenylcyclopropenes with hydrazine at 80–85 °C afforded 3,4,5,6‐tetrasubstituted 5‐acyl(‐ethoxycarbonyl)pyridazines (3a–f) in 65–70 % yield. The structures of the obtained ferrocenylpyridazines were determined by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The structures of 5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐ and 5‐acetyl‐3‐ferrocenyl‐4‐ferrocenylmethyl‐6‐methylpyridazines (3a, 3d) were confirmed by the data from X‐ray diffraction analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)