bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Ambivalence about American Cities
Authors: Garber Judith A.
Published: November 2009

This article is addressed to urban scholars, who often have deep doubts about whether cities have a place in a more democratic and redistributive political order. Urbanists are so ambivalent about cities because many mistakenly believe that cities are, politically, inherently untrustworthy and, economically, inherently ineffectual. Rather than entering into the communitarian debate, it is more fruitful to attempt to understand how local government authority, properly conceived, is actually necessary to many left and minority goals regarding politics and economics. The lack of confidence that the left has in cities has not really been recognized or explored in the existing urban political economy literature.
Can Politicians Bargain with Business?
Authors: Kantor Paul , Savitch H. V.
Published: November 2009

These authors examine the capability of local government to influence economic development by formulating a framework that treats state-business relations as a bargaining process. This framework suggests that governmental influence is tied to the distribution of bargaining advantages along three dimensions of a liberal-democratic political economy: market conditions, popular-control systems, and public-intervention mechanisms. The authors offer an explanation of how characteristics of these dimensions strengthen or weaken city governments in dealing with private enterprise; experiences of U.S. and Western European cities are drawn upon to illustrate this. They conclude that differences in bargaining resources accounts for wide variation in local political control of business development.
Black and Hispanic Council Representation
Authors: Alozie Nicholas O. , Manganaro Lynne L.
Published: November 2009

The authors use black and Hispanic representation on city councils to address the proposition that the size of an elective body is related to minority officeholding in that body. A conceptual framework of the nature of minority representation and the types of differences that council size can make are examined using national survey data for 525 cities. The results support the position that council size does not explain the strength of minority representation but that larger councils provide a greater opportunity for minority incumbency. This effect is strongest in at-large election cities. For blacks, the strongest effect is found for at-large election cities in the South.
The Progrowth Entrepreneur in Local Government
Authors: Schneider Mark , Teske Paul
Published: November 2009

In this research note, the authors explore progrowth entrepreneurs in suburban governments. They first identify the role of progrowth entrepreneurs in proposing policies favorable to the business community and in creating the coalitions necessary to enact probusiness policies in local governments. They then examine the conditions that increase the likelihood of finding a progrowth entrepreneur in suburban communities. Although some fiscal and demographic factors affect the emergence of progrowth entrepreneurs, they find that political structures that increase the benefits of entrepreneurship and that reduce its costs are more important.
Housing and Neighborhood Assessment Criteria among Black Urban Households
Authors: Cook Christine C. , Bruin Marilyn J.
Published: November 2009

In much of the previous research on residential evaluation criteria, scholars have neglected to examine possible variations by household type, particularly among black households. In this research, the housing and neighborhood satisfaction of six black household types are reported. The specified model predicted neighborhood somewhat better than housing satisfaction and was more predictive for some household types than for others. Neither the housing and neighborhood satisfaction of couple-headed households nor women alone was particularly well defined. The results highlight the limited housing and neighborhood options of blacks, particularly female-headed families and the elderly, and suggest public policy intervention in urban settings on their behalf.
Expenditure Patterns and Interactions among Local Governments in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Park Kee Ok
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study is to compare expenditure patterns of central-city, county, and suburban-city governments in metropolitan areas and to explore service-and-expenditure interactions among these local governments. An analysis of expenditures of local governments in 52 of the largest metropolitan areas indicates that the determinants of expenditures by central-city, county, and suburban-city governments are different and that some degree of service-and-expenditure interactions among these governments exists. For example, in solid-waste and police policy areas, local governments spend more if their neighboring governments spend more, whereas in welfare policy areas, they spend less if their neighboring governments spend more.
Reorganization in Three Cities
Authors: Savitch H. V.
Published: November 2009

The author compares urban reorganization over a period of three decades in New York, Paris, and London, asking why reorganization produces unanticipated consequences, how the process of reorganization can be understood, and, using cities as a type of organization, what can be learned about their behavior in comparative context. A model is presented that identifies the process and values of reorganization. This model illustrates that conflicting values often account for unanticipated consequences, that efforts to reconcile these values sometimes yield worsening (undermining) effects, and that changes in organizational structure can be a powerful tool in shaping priorities.
The Role of the Nonprofit Sector in Low-Income Housing Production
Authors: Schill Michael H.
Published: November 2009

In recent years, nonprofit organizations in the United States and the United Kingdom have increasingly taken a leading role in the provision of housing to low- and moderate-income households. In this article, the author compares and contrasts how British housing associations and American community-based nonprofit housing providers are financed, the size and scope of their activities, their management, the regulations they are subject to, and the increasing role they play in each nation's housing policy. In addition, the author applies the leading economic theory of the nonprofit sector to examine what the appropriate role of these organizations should be in the development and implementation of housing policy.
The Effects of State Enabling Legislation on Local Economic Development Policies
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Malmer Amy B.
Published: November 2009

The authors examine the effects of state enabling legislation on local economic development policies. Using the 1989 International City/County Management Association economic development data set, economic development practices in cities located in states permitting and prohibiting local tax abatements are compared. They find that although state restrictions on local tax abatements have only limited effects on local policy activity, some evidence suggests that cities in states prohibited from offering abatements are less likely to use financial inducements to attract business and are more likely to employ some types of the more entrepreneurial demand-side incentives, particularly those related to the start-up of new firms.
The Impact of Home Ownership on the Social and Political Involvement of Low-Income People
Authors: Rohe William M. , Stegman Michael A.
Published: November 2009

Supporters of subsidized home-ownership programs have made claims concerning the benefits of home ownership. Home owners are said to be more involved in social and political affairs, including neighboring and participation in community organizations. The authors test these claims using longitudinal data collected on groups of low-income home buyers and low-income renters in Baltimore. The results indicate that home buyers are less likely to neighbor and are more likely to participate in neighborhood and block associations but not other community organizations. Home buyers who perceived more neighborhood problems or who emphasized economic reasons for buying were no more likely to participate in social and political affairs.
Regional Variations in Support for Regional Governance
Authors: Baldassare Mark
Published: November 2009

In a recent Urban Affairs Quarterly article, Gerston and Haas (1993, 154) hypothesized that support for regional governance in the suburbs is growing in the 1990s as a result of "perceived growth of urban problems." They offered proof from a survey of likely voters in Santa Clara County. However, three unique attributes of the San Francisco Bay Area may explain the support. Recent surveys indicate that strong support for regional governance extends to the nine-county Bay Area region. Resident surveys in Orange County and a recent Sacramento County election raise questions about growing support for regional governance. A survey of city planning directors in California indicates strong regional variations.
Residential Proximity among Racial Groups in U.S. and Canadian Neighborhoods
Authors: Fong Eric
Published: November 2009

The author compares the racial residential proximity patterns in U.S. and Canadian neighbor-hoods. In the United States, Asian-Americans experience higher levels of residential proximity in neighborhoods with whites than do blacks. In Canada, blacks and Asians experience similar levels of residential proximity in neighborhoods with whites. A dynamic spatial assimilation perspective is proposed to understand the racial residential proximity patterns in neighborhoods in both countries. In the United States, but not in Canada, blacks appear to be in a disadvantaged position in the beginning of the process of spatial assimilation, and other racial groups appear to actively avoid moving into neighborhoods with dominant black presence.
The Chickens can Come Home to Roost
Authors: Rosell Ellen
Published: November 2009

Local governments are entrusting private developers with supplying their communities' roads and water, sewer, and drainage systems. In this study, the author examines a 30-year public-private partnership in infrastructure that failed its community. The analysis reflects the vulner-ability of local public authority and citizen participation in the public-private partnership. The case highlights the broader issue of governance in land use as county and state intervention in the partnership contributed to the infrastructure crisis. Overlapping local land-use controls with growth management mandates offered no panacea for governing a private producer of public services.
A Study of the Attitudes of Impacted Groups Within a Host Community Toward Prolonged Stay Tourist Visitors
Authors: Thomason Pamela , Crompton John L. , Dan Kamp B.
Published: November 2009

One group which has generally been neglected in research on resort communities has been the host population. This study attempted to determine the impact of winter visitors on Corpus Christi as perceived by residents and particular interest groups in the city. The data revealed a generally positive attitude, suggesting that the major publics in the community are supportive of the state and city tourist agencies in promoting winter tourism.
Respondents' and Nonrespondents' Views on Stimulating Response to Mail Surveys in Travel Research
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N.
Published: November 2009

Numerous studies have evaluated techniques for increasing the response to mail questionnaire surveys, e.g., self-addressed, postage-paid return envelopes and monetary/nonmonetary incentives. These studies have traditionally made judgments on the relative efficacy of various response-stimulating methods through comparisons of the response rates of these methods, using the same questionnaire and the same or similar population. Surprisingly, none of these studies has solicited the views of the respondents and nonrespondents on how to increase participation in these surveys or cautions for researchers who use mail surveys. This article reports the results of such a study in travel research.

Respondents and nonrespondents in a mail questionnaire study of tourism and travel behavior were telephoned and asked questions pertaining to factors that enhanced and also tended to discourage their response to the tourism and travel questionnaire. Their views on what reserachers who use mail surveys can do to stimulate response to mail surveys were also solicited. Implications of the study's findings for travel researchers and other users of mail questionnaires are discussed.
Additional Evidence on the Limited Size of Evoked and Inept Sets of Travel Destinations
Authors: Thompson John R. , Cooper Philip D.
Published: November 2009

This article reports consumer behavior literature pertaining to the absolute size of evoked sets; the concept is broadened to inept and inert sets within the awareness sets perceived by potential buyers. The concept is further broadened from products to nonproduct classes. The paper describes a study of travel destination choice behavior undertaken among a sample of visitors to Tennessee, comparing those results with a similar study of visitors in South Carolina reported earlier in this journal. Suggestions for further research arise from these efforts.
Organization Development in Resort Hotel Management
Authors: Loper Marvin
Published: November 2009

Firms in the resort hotel industry depend on their employees to deliver quality service to their guests. This research study addressed the use of organizational development in resort hotel management. Interviews were conducted with managers who represented hotels which accounted for 65% of the available resort hotel rooms on Oahu, predominantly in the Waikiki Beach area. Results of the interviews indicate that organization development is not presently used in hotel management in Hawaii. A number of factors present in the situation are proposed which mitigate against the easy adoption of OD in the near future.
A Coefficient of Association Between Categorical Variables With Partial or Tentative Ordering of Categories
Authors: Siersma Volkert , Kreiner Svend
Published: November 2009

Goodman and Kruskal’s γ coefficient measuring monotone association and its partial variants are useful for the analysis of multiway contingency tables containing ordinal variables. When the categories of a variable are only partly ordered and the variable is treated as a nominal variable, information in the ordering of the categories and statistical power is lost. The authors suggest a Pγ measure that is the maximum of the ordinary γ coefficients obtained by permuting the categories of nominal or partially ordered variables, while leaving the partial ordering intact. When the assumption of a monotone underlying association is justified, this measure has higher power than nominal tests for association. Furthermore, the resulting optimal monotone ordering gives insight into the nature of this association, which is not obtained by tests for nominal variables. The properties of the Pγ coefficient are investigated in a simulation study and its use illustrated in two data sets.
Is Optimal Matching Suboptimal?
Authors: Hollister Matissa
Published: November 2009

Optimal matching (OM) is a method for measuring the similarity between pairs of sequences (e.g., work histories). This article discusses two problems with optimal matching. First, the author identifies a flaw in OM ‘‘indel costs’’ and proposes a solution to this flaw. Second, the author discusses the need for benchmarks to measure the added value of OM and to test competing versions. To that end, the author conducts an empirical test of traditional OM, the alternative localized OM, and sequence comparison. The test documents the problem with traditional OM and shows that it is solved by localized OM. The test also demonstrates the value of OM and sequence comparison in examining occupational sequences; both methods capture variation beyond traditional human capital and status attainment measures, although the marginal improvements of OM over sequence comparison may not justify its computational complexity. These results point to the need for more systematic approaches to sequence analysis methods.
Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Solids
Authors: Peterlin A.
Published: November 2009

A short survey is given of the correlation between mechanical properties and molecular model of homopolymer solids in rubbery, glassy and crystalline state. Particular emphasis is given to the plastic deformation of crystalline solids and the mechanical properties of the fibrous structure obtained by such deformation. The main difference between the spherulitic and the fibrous morphology, which explains the enormous difference in elastic modulus and strength, is not the crystallinity, crystal structure and orientation, but the fact that the basic element of the former structure is the extremely thin and easily deformable crystal lamella and, in the latter case, the very long and strong microfibril. The deformation of the fibrous structure is only possible by the sliding motion of microfibrils which is opposed by the autoadhesion forces between adjacent microfibrils over their full length or by fracture of microfibrils; which demands the rupture of the intrafibrillar tie molecules constituting a much larger fraction of the total number of chains of the crystal lattice than in the case of spherulitic morphology.
Solventless Urethane Coatings
Authors: Bonk H.W. , Ulrich Henri , Sayigh A.A.R.
Published: November 2009

This paper reviews recent progress in the development of solventless solid urethanes for spray and spread coating applications. Formulations based on liquid MDI (Isonate 143L), equipment, compounding, handling, and processing procedures are described in detail. Solventless urethane coatings offer an attractive alternative to conventional materials and practices. Their development is aimed at eliminating atmospheric pollution from manufacturing and application processes.
Marriage and the Military: Evidence That Those Who Serve Marry Earlier and Divorce Earlier
Authors: Hogan Paul F. , Furst Seifert Rita
Published: November 2009

Under the compensation system of the U.S. Armed Forces, members who are married or have dependents receive higher rates of pay and greater benefits than those who are single with no dependents. This article examines the hypothesis that these compensation policies induce earlier marriage by active-duty military members compared to otherwise similar civilians who have not served on active duty. Using a logistic regression model on American Community Survey data, the authors estimate the effect of active-duty military service on the probability of being married for twenty-three- to twenty-five-year-olds. Controlling for other factors affecting marriage rates, the authors find that the odds of being married were about three times greater for those with military service compared to similar civilians who have not served. For persons ever married, the probability of divorce is significantly greater for those who have served two or more years on active duty.
Social Psychology in Crisis: A Study of the References in the Handbook of Social Psychology (2nd Edition)1
Authors: Nelson Carnot E. , Kannenberg Peter H.
Published: November 2009

References in the Handbook of Social Psychology (2nd Edition) were used to examine the field of social psychology during the period of 1953 to 1967. Measures were developed to indicate the "hotness" and "hardness" of material in the five volumes and in each chapter. The extent to which chapters referenced articles published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology was ascertained. There was no relationship between the "hotness" and "hardness" of an area indicating that social psychology had not become more basic research experimentally oriented. During the period studied, more emphasis was being placed on theory and methodology and less on groups. Data also indicated a variety of changes in more specialized areas. The content of JPSP as reflected in the Handbook emphasized the "harder" areas of social psychology and neglected the applied areas. The views of commentators on the field were discussed.
Suggested Amendments to "New Directions in Equity Research"
Authors: Samuel William
Published: November 2009

walster, Berscheid, and Walster (1973) utilized Adams' (1965) concept of equity as a model for human thought and action in a variety of social contexts. The Walster, et al. paper has been and surely will continue to be a stimulant to research, but in one respect--its reconstruction of the Adams equity formula-it may have introduced some unnecessary complications. The present paper argues that the simpler and more psychologically meaningful Adams equation can be preserved in its original form provided one assumes that inputs and outcomes may, for analytical purposes, be treated as exclusively positive in sign.
The Effects of Pattern of Performance and Order of Presentation On Recall and Attribution of Ability
Authors: Jellison Jerald M. , Blanche John G.
Published: November 2009

Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of the pattern of a stimulus person's performance (ascending pattern or descending pattern) and the order of presentation of the performances (normal chronological order or reverse chronological order) on observers' recall of performance and attributions of ability. A significant interaction between pattern and order was found on the measures of recall of number of success, predictions of future success, and attributed ability. With the normal chronological order, the ratings were higher for the descending pattern, but under the reverse chronological order ratings were higher for the ascending pattern. The results are discussed in terms of the stable entity proposition.
Effects of Contingencies on Cooperative Responding in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game with Anticipated Shock Outcomes
Authors: Downing Leslie L. , Ritter Edward H.
Published: November 2009

Based on an outcome maximization hypothesis, subjects were predicted to respond optimally in a prisoner's dilemma game with anticipated shock outcomes. As expected, cooperation was significantly higher for 100% lag-one contingent matching feedback conditions than for noncontingent yoked-control conditions; also, cooperation increased over trials for contingent subjects, and decreased over trials for noncontingent subjects. Man versus machine characterization of the player did not affect cooperative responding, lending more support in this situation to outcome maximization as opposed to competitive motivation and perceived reactivity of the other player interpretations.
Perceived Choice in Selecting Other Persons
Authors: Harvey John H. , Dingus C. Mary , Alvarez Marlene D.
Published: November 2009

An experiment was conducted to examine whether variables which have been found to affect perceived choice in decisional situations which were relatively asocial in nature would have similar effects in a decisional situation having direct implication for interaction with others. The procedure involved subjects making a decision about which of a set of possible partners they would like to work with on a subsequent task. Similar to evidence deriving from previous research on perceived choice in essentially asocial contexts, perceived choice was found to be greater when positive rather than negative options were available and when a moderately large number rather than a small number of options was available.
Locus of Control, Grades, and Course Evaluations
Authors: Blass Thomas
Published: November 2009

In a recent report, Page and Roy (1975) presented the results of a study on the moderating effects of locus of control on the relationship between grades and course evaluations, to support their conclusion that externals are more dependent on grades in their course evaluations than are internals. It is argued that their use of grade estimates rather than actual grades makes such a conclusion unwarranted. Data relevant to the argument, and in support of the usefulness of studying the moderating effects of conceptually relevant personality variables on the grade-evaluation relationship were presented.
Correlation Between Student Estimated Grades and Actual Grades: A Reply to Blass
Authors: Page Monte M.
Published: November 2009

In response to questions raised by Blass (1976) regarding the interpretation of our data (Page & Roy, 1975), a partial reanalysis using actual grades rather than student estimated grades was undertaken. None of the new results seemed to support the arguments of Blass. The original interpretation of the data still I seems to be the most plausible one.
Methodology or Substance?: A Response to Helmreich
Authors: Weissberg Norman C.
Published: November 2009

It is argued here that while Helmreich's criticisms of mainstream social psychology are valid, his proposed remedy is not. The inadequacies of the field transcend methodology and, therefore, are not seriously confronted by new methodologies. The chief difficulty is that a preoccupation with scientific respectability has diverted us from those problems and phenomena that establish our identity as a discipline.
Applied Social Psychology - A Haven for the Comfortable Radical Pussycat: A Response to Helmreich1
Authors: Ryckman Richard M.
Published: November 2009

It is maintained that the failure of applied social psychology to fulfill its promise is due in large measure to communication barriers between social psychologists and the members of society, as well as to the continual squabbling on an intra-discipline basis concerning the relative merits of theoretical and applied social psychology, as Helmreich suggests. It is argued further that there is a need for the creation and utilization of diverse techniques for increasing communication between discipline members and the citizenry, and also for the development of graduate programs that are rooted primarily in the community, along with an incentive system that rewards such involvement, if we are to move toward the establishment of a viable, applied social psychology.
Theorizing in Social Psychology1
Authors: Deutsch Morton
Published: November 2009

The perpetual crisis in social psychology has several facets: the unstable balance between the social and the psychological in social psychology; the conflict between the abstract and the concrete; and the chronic gap between our aspirations and our capabilities with regard to solving social problems. A perspective for theorizing is presented which is oriented toward making social psychology more relevant to specific individuals in particular situations. The author's recent theorizing on distributive justice is summarized. It is concerned with specifying the conditions under which a given value--"equity," "equality," or "need" will be the value underlying a group's system of distributive justice.
Recruitment and Training of Ethnic Minorities in Psychology
Authors: Taylor Dalmas A.
Published: November 2009

Two sets of values are presumed to be operating at cross purposes in the implementation of affirmative action programs. On the one hand, universities are committed to excellence by rewarding ability and quality productivity. On the other hand, universities have also committed themselves to the promotion of social justice by helping disadvantaged groups achieve parity. The conflict between these two persuasions have led some to label affirmative action perjoratively, "affirmative discrimination." The DeFunis case epitomizes the sentiment against affirmative action. Considerations for recruitment are discussed, including curriculum modification for a successful or more effective outcome.
Fourteen Years of Social Psychology: A Growing Commitment to Field Experimentation
Authors: Mark Melvin M. , Cook Thomas D. , Diamond Shari S.
Published: November 2009

Has the percentage of field experiments in basic and applied social psychology increased recently? In the more basic area, the annual percentage of field experiments in the Journal of Social Psychology rose from about 1% in 1961 to about 10% in 1974, and in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1961 - 1964)/Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1965-1974) the percentages rose from a 1961-1969 level of about 2.5-3% to a post-1969 level of about 5%. The major applied journal (Journal of Applied Social Psychology) began in 1971, making a trend extimate impossible. However, the annual percentages (17%-33%) were higher than in the basic journals. The evaluation research literature in areas of concern to social psychologists indicates a higher percentage of field experiments than in the basic research journals. Our results give a different picture of the field involvement of social psychologists than do the results of Fried, Gumpper, and Allen (1973).
Opportunity for Interaction as Reinforcement in a T-maze
Authors: Werner Carol M. , Anderson D. Frank
Published: November 2009

Two forms of handling were used as reinforcement in a T-maze for 34 albino rats. In a twelve-day experiment, those receiving gentling learned to avoid reinforcement while those receiving fondling learned to obtain it. In a six-day follow-up, rats were given either a fondling hand or a rat companion as reinforcement. The proportion of reinforced trials and running times were similar for both objects. Rats learned a task to obtain interaction with a rat or responsive surrogate.
Observers' Inferences As A Function of Observers' Set, Situational Cues, and Actor's Behavior
Authors: Pallak Michael S. , Heller Jack F.
Published: November 2009

Observers either received Bem's (1965) instructions or not and read a description of an actor's compliance with either a discrepant or consonant essay request for either $.50 or $4.50. The three-way interaction indicated that observers receiving Bem's instructions discriminated actor's attitude as a function of both essay position and incentive cues, while in the absence of Bem's instructions incentive magnitude had no effect on observers' inferences. Since all observers perceived the general relationship between incentive and compliance, Bem's instructions may increase the salience of situational cues for observers in line with the implications of Jones & Nisbett (1972) and Storms (1973).
Category of Moral Judgment and Attitudes towards Amnesty and the Nixon Pardon
Authors: Woll Stanley B. , Cozby Paul C.
Published: November 2009

The relationship of assessed category of moral judgment to subjects' attitudes on two socially-relevant moral issues was examined. Using Hogan's Survey of Ethical Attitudes (SEA), the philosophy of moral rationalism was found to be related to positive attitudes towards the pardon of Nixon and negative attitudes towards amnesty for draft evaders. It was argued that these results support an interpretation of the SEA as primarily a measure of political and social preferences rather than as a scale of moral judgment.
Love, Liking, and Trust in Heterosexual Relationships
Authors: Dion Kenneth L. , Dion Karen K.
Published: November 2009

The construct validity of Rubin's love scale and Driscoll, Davis, and Lipetz's distinction between romantic and conjugal love were assessed by administering love, liking, and trust scales to casual dating, exclusive dating, engaged and married couples. Discoll et al's (1972) finding that love and trust are more strongly related for married than unmarried couples was replicated, though only when couples served as the unit of analysis. Also, the construct validity of Rubin's love scale received additional confirmation against criteria of the known groups method by a rough correspondence between type of relationship and love scale scores. Individuals in casual dating couples had lower love scores than the other three categories and expressed more liking and trust than love for their partners. The implications of these findings and the issue of behavioral correlates of the love scale are discussed.
Bibliography of Journal Articles in Social Psychology: Second Half 1975
Authors: Capasso Deborah R. , Hendrick Clyde
Published: November 2009

This bibliography updates four previous ones which may be obtained from JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. The bibliography consists of 530 journal articles selected from 15 journals. The articles are arranged under 34 subject headings. Headings are arranged alphabetically; as are authors under each heading. For ease of use the articles are numbered consecutively 1-530. The number of articles under a heading varies from 2 to 44. The bibliography should be useful for courses and seminars emphasizing current literature.
Interpersonal competence configurations and peer relations in early elementary classrooms: Perceived popular and unpopular aggressive subtypes
Authors: Robertson Dylan L. , Farmer Thomas W. , Fraser Mark W. , Day Steven H. , Duncan Tisha , Crowther Amity , Dadisman Kimberly A.
Published: November 2009

Social relations of second grade students (247 boys, 290 girls) were examined in rural elementary classrooms. Cluster analysis of teacher ratings was used to identify interpersonal competence configurations including perceived unpopular-aggressive (i.e., Troubled ) and perceived popular-aggressive (i.e., Tough) subtypes for both boys and girls. Troubled children tended to have rejected status and were more likely to be either socially isolated or members of peer groups that did not contain popular classmates. Tough children were perceived by peers as being socially prominent (i.e., popular, cool, leaders) and they tended to associate with perceived popular peers. Tough boys had elevated levels of rejected or controversial sociometric status while Tough girls were distributed at expected levels across sociometric status classifications. The implications for intervention are discussed.
Target Organ Specificity of Cell Proliferation Induced by Various Carcinogens
Authors: Yoshida Yasunori , Tatematsu Masae , Takaba Katsumi , Iwasaki Shogo , Ito Nobuyuki
Published: November 2009

The target organ specificities of cell proliferation and histopathological lesion induction by 5 carcinogens having different target organs were evaluated using a multiorgan carcinogenesis bioassay. In Group 1, male F-344 rats aged 6 wk were sequentially treated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN, single 100-mg/kg ip injection, week 0), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU, 4 20-mg/kg ip injections, weeks 0-2), N-butyl -N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN, 0.05% in drinking water, weeks 0-2), N,N'-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 4 40-mg/kg sc injections, weeks 2-4), and dihydroxy-di- N-propylnitrosamine (DHPN, 0.1% in drinking water, weeks 2-4) during the first 4 wk. In Groups 2-6, rats were treated with only one of the above initiators, applied as in Group 1. Group 7 served as the no-treatment control. Bromouracil deoxyriboside (BUdR) labeling indices (LI) were counted in various organs at weeks 2 and 4. Numbers and areas of glutathione S-transferase placental form positive (GST-P+) liver foci were measured at weeks 2, 4, and 28. Preneoplastic or neoplastic lesion development was assessed at week 28. With regard to specific elevation of cell proliferation in target organs, BUdR LIs in the urinary bladder, liver, and colon were, respectively, increased in the BBN alone, DEN alone, and DMH alone treated groups as well as in Group 1. However, LIs of thyroid, lung, and kidney were also elevated by several carcinogens not including these organs in their carcinogenic target specificity. On the other hand, morphological lesions and GST-P+ foci were limited to Group 1 and the target organs of the corresponding carcinogen-treated groups. Renal lesions were only observed in Group 1. These results demonstrate that carcinogenic target organs of chemicals should be evaluated not simply on the basis of cell proliferation but rather in terms of the essential parameter of preneoplastic or neoplastic lesion induction.
Renal Papillary Cytoplasmic Granularity and Potassium Depletion Induced by Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Rats
Authors: Owen Roger A. , Durand-Cavagna Geneviève , Molon-Noblot Sylvain , Boussiquet-Leroux Christine , Berry Peter H. , Tonkonoh Nicholas , Peter Chennekatu P. , Gordon Lea R.
Published: November 2009

Renal papillary cytoplasmic granularity (RPCG) induced by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) in rats is characterized by the accumulation of dense secondary lysosomes in epithelial, endothelial, and interstitial cells and may be related to drug-induced potassium depletion. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given the CAI, acetazolamide, by gavage. Half were supplemented with 1% potassium chloride in the drinking water. Two treated groups were allowed to recover for 1 or 2 mo. Potassium supplementation inhibited RPCG by 80% but produced little amelioration of the mild 13% decrease in serum potassium induced by 200 mg/kg/ day acetazolamide for 28 days. Acetazolamide-induced RPCG is reversible because 1- and 2-mo recovery periods decreased the incidence by 75% and 80%, respectively. The results support the hypothesis that RPCG is related to potassium depletion secondary to carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Because supplementation of potassium chloride had little effect on serum potassium, these data suggest that depletion of renal medullary potassium content is important in the pathogenesis of RPCG as previously suggested by others. Other types of diuretics that produce hypokalemia as a side effect may not deplete medullary potassium since RPCG has not been reported in humans or animals given these drugs.
Histopathologic Approaches to Chemical Toxicity Using Primary Cultures of Dissociated Neural Cells Grown in Chamber Slides
Authors: Bolon Brad , Dorman David C. , Bonnefoi Marc S. , Randall Holly W. , Morgan Kevin T.
Published: November 2009

Morphologic lesions have received only limited attention as in vitro endpoints of toxicity. In the present work, "tissue" and cell morphology of control and toxicant-treated primary dissociated cerebrocortical cell cultures from fetal mice were examined using phase-contrast and bright-field microscopy. In untreated control cultures, a reproducible sequence of developmental events included cellular reaggregation, intercolony bridging with cell migration, and neuronal apoptosis, with maturation yielding confluent monolayers containing both neurons and glia. Because even mature cultures had regions of varying differentiation, an understanding of the normal developmental sequence was essential when assessing toxicant-treated cultures for damage. Chemicals induced neuronotoxic, gliotoxic, and cytotoxic (i.e., nonspecific) patterns of morphologic damage in growing (<6 day old) or mature (6-15 day old) cultures in both a concentration-dependent and cell type-specific manner. In addition, exposure to some toxicants consistently reduced the staining intensity for glial fibrillary acidic protein in the astrocyte carpet prior to the appearance of structural damage. These data indicate that histopathologic endpoints, including methods for neural-specific markers, represent potentially valuable criteria for in vitro assessments of neurotoxicity.
Sequential Neuropathology of Dogs Treated with Vigabatrin, a GABA-Transaminase Inhibitor
Authors: Yarrington John T. , Gibson John P. , Dillberger John E. , Hurst Gail , Lippert Bruce , Sussman Neil M. , Heydorn William E. , Marler Ronald J.
Published: November 2009

Vigabatrin (Sabril®) is a γ-aminobutyric acid-transaminase (GABA-T) inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of certain types of drug-resistant or uncontrolled epilepsy but is known to cause microscopic vacuolation (intramyelinic edema) in the brains of treated rats, mice, and dogs. The effects of high oral doses (300 mg/kg/day) of vigabatrin administered orally to Beagle dogs were studied during treatment weeks 1-12 and recovery weeks 13, 14, 16, 20, 24, and 28. Emesis, loose stools, and anorexia and 3 drug-related deaths were observed during the first 4 wk of treatment but were virtually nonexistent thereafter because of adaptation to the drug aided by food supplementation. In more sensitive areas of the brain (columns of the fomix, thalamus, and hypothalamus), microscopic quantitative differences between background vacuolation in controls and drug-related vacuolation in treated dogs could be delineated after 4 wk, generally reached highest levels of severity between 8 and 12 wk, and were reversible upon cessation of dosing. Inhibition of brain GABA-T and elevation of brain GABA were noted after 1 wk of treatment. During the course of treatment vigabatrin ranged between 4-17 nmol/ml (plasma) and 42-1,570 nmol/ml [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] while CSF GABA concentrations were 4-32 nmol/ml (treated dogs) and 0.1-0.6 nmol/ml (control dogs). Although the cause of vigabatrin-induced microvacuolation is unknown, the results of the study demonstrated that GABA-T inhibition with subsequent GABA elevation occurred within the first week of treatment and was followed by the onset of detectable microvacuolation several weeks later.
The Histopathology of Kidney Changes in Rats and Monkeys Following Intravenous Administration of Massive Doses of FCE 26184, Human Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Authors: Mazué Guy , Newman Arthur J. , Scampini Giovanna , Torre Paola Della , Hard Gordon C. , Iatropoulos Michael J. , Williams Gary M. , Bagnasco Serena M.
Published: November 2009

Intravenous administration of human basic fibroblast growth factor up to 100 μg/kg/day to Sprague-Dawley rats caused changes in the kidneys that included enlargement, vacuolation, and karyomegaly of podocytes in glomeruli, dilatation and cast formation in tubules, thickening of the media in the lobular arteries, and hyperplasia of the epithelium of the papilla and collecting ducts. In cynomolgus monkeys there was hyperplasia of the parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule in the glomeruli, tubular dilatation, and minimal arteriopathy. These changes were only seen at 100 μg/kg/day. The development and eventual recovery over time were investigated in a sequence of sacrifices. In monkeys the first changes were seen after 7 days of treatment, but in rats only after 16 days. In both species the changes had partially resolved after 30 days of recovery and were considered to return to normal after 60 days without treatment. The morphological changes were accompanied by functional alterations that included proteinuria and raised blood urea. Changes that occurred in other tissues including bone, red blood cells, adrenals, ovaries, liver, gall bladder, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus, aorta, salivary glands, and injection site are not described in this paper.
Chronic Effects of Corticosteroid Oral Treatment in Rats on Blood Glucose and Serum Insulin Levels, Pancreatic Islet Morphology, and Immunostaining Characteristics
Authors: Zwicker Gary M. , Eyster Randy C.
Published: November 2009

Corticosteroids have for many years proven beneficial in the necessary treatment of diseases and conditions that respond to their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, or hormonal effects. Deflazacort is a derivative of prednisolone and is currently used in humans. Deflazacort was fed in the diet for 1 yr to Crl:CD® BR rats at doses from 0.03 to 1.0 mg/kg/day to evaluate its toxic potential. Deflazacort-induced pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia in the 1-yr study was evaluated using subjective and objective methods on routine hematoxylinand-eosin- or peroxidase-anti-peroxidase-stained preparations of pancreas (islets); the relationship of blood glucose and serum insulin levels to doses of deflazacort administered to rats was also examined. Diagnostic electron microscopy was conducted on similar proliferative islet lesions for a few high-dose males of a parallel carcinogenicity study.

This study revealed that proliferative islet lesions were comprised mainly of beta cells (insulin producing) and that the islet area correlated well with hyperplasia grade and dose. However, there were no statistically significant relationships among reductions in blood glucose, serum insulin concentration, and proliferative islet alterations.
The Early Effects of Dietary Restriction on the Pathogenesis of Chronic Renal Disease in Sprague-Dawley Rats at 12 Months
Authors: Gumprecht Laura A. , Long C. Ynthia R. , Soper Keith A. , Smith Peter F. , Haschek-Hock Wanda M. , Keenan Kevin P.
Published: November 2009

This study evaluated the effects of different diets and dietary regimens on the pathogenesis of chronic renal disease (CRD) in Sprague-Dawley rats at 52 wk and correlated these data with survival at 106 wk. A commercial diet (5002) was compared to a modified diet (5002-9) with less protein, fat, and energy and more fiber. Both diets were fed by ad libitum (AL) or dietary restriction (DR) regimens. The glomerular area (GA), glomerular sclerotic index (GSI), tubulo-interstitial index (TII), and tubular labeling index (tubular LI) were measured. The 5002-9 diet fed AL did not decrease the severity of CRD or increase survival, nor did the 5002 diet fed 6.5 hr/day. Both diets fed by DR did improve CRD and survival. Both AL groups had higher indices, and the 5002 AL males had the highest GA and GSI. These data indicate that the initial events in CRD occur as glomerular hypertrophy. Because the TII and tubular LI were only increased with advanced CRD, tubulo-interstitial damage did not occur until the glomerular changes were established. The 52-wk glomerular indices correlated with survival at 106 wk. Increased GA at 52 wk predicted low survival rates at 106 wk. These findings support a hypothesis that glomerular sclerosis and tubulo-interstitial damage occur secondary to early initial glomerular hypertrophy that is mitigated by caloric restriction.
Interspecies Variations in the Histology of Toxicologically Important Areas in the Larynges of CRL:CD Rats and Syrian Golden Hamsters*†
Authors: Renne Roger A. , Sagartz John W. , Burger Gary T.
Published: November 2009

Specific regions in the rodent larynx exhibit cellular changes in response to inhaled xenobiotics. These regions include the base of the epiglottis, ventral pouch, and medial surfaces of the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages. There are interspecies differences among laboratory rodents in the microscopic anatomy of these sensitive areas of the laryngeal mucosa. In CRL:CD strain Sprague-Dawley rats, the mucosa covering the epiglottis differs from that of Syrian golden hamsters. The epithelium covering the base of the epiglottis is relatively thin in rats and is composed of a mixture of cell types, whereas in hamsters it is much thicker and is made up almost entirely of tall ciliated columnar cells. The cartilage supporting the ventral pouch in the larynges of hamsters is much more prominent than in rats and forms a distinct protrusion into the laryngeal lumen at the base of the epiglottis. The purpose of this paper is to describe and illustrate these and other subtle differences in rat and hamster laryngeal anatomy, which may be of toxicologic significance.
An Autoradiographic Study of the Renewal of Mouse Bronchiolar Epithelium Following Bromobenzene Exposure
Authors: Ogawa Takehiko , Tsubakihara Motofumi , Ichikawa Misao , Kanisawa Masayoshi
Published: November 2009

This study discusses mice bronchiolar epithelium following bromobenzene (BrBZ) exposure. Our study shows 3 cell types following BrBZ exposure: Clara cells, ciliated cells, and newly discovered BrBZ-resistant nonciliated cells. Through electron microscopic autoradiography, we were able to show the proliferative ability of BrBZ-resistant nonciliated cells. This finding suggests that BrBZ-resistant nonciliated cells may function as progenitor cells. In addition to discovering this new cell type, our results also demonstrate and confirm the proliferative ability of modified Clara cells.