bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(344) Effects of Ozone-treated Irrigation Water on Vegetative Growth of Chrysanthemum
Authors: McDonald Garry V. , Arnold Michael A. , Lesikar Bruce J. , Barnes Larry W. , Wilkerson Don C.
Published: February 2019

An experiment was initiated in June and Aug. 2004 to determine affects of ozonated fertilizer–injected water on plant growth of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum× morifoliumT. de Romatuelle `Covington'). Aliquots (20 L) of reverse osmosis water were amended with 0, 50, and 300 mg·L-1 N (21N–3.1P–5.8K) water-soluble fertilizer and exposed to ozone (O3) gas for 0, 30, 60, or 120 s at a flow rate of 300 mL/min. Containers were sealed and allowed to set for 15 min for O3 diffusion. Treated water was used to irrigate plants. Plants were in 10.2-cm pots and grown until floral initiation. Plants were harvested on 12 Aug. 2004 or 24 Nov. 2004. Growth index (height x canopy width × canopy width in a perpendicular direction/3), and shoot and root dry masses were determined. Interactions between fertility concentration and ozone exposure rates were nonsignificant (P≤ 0.05). Significant main effect differences occurred in growth index and shoot/root dry masses in response to fertilizer concentrations, but growth measures were not affected by ozone exposure. Peak ozone concentrations in fertilizer-injected irrigation water averaged 0.21 mg·L-1 O3 (120 s exposure at 300 mL·L-1) after 15 min diffusion time. At 20 min diffusion times, ozone levels dropped to 0 mg·L-1. No gross morphological differences or obvious necrosis typical of ozone damage on chrysanthemum occurred at any O3 exposure level. No observable nutritional deficiencies were noted. Vegetative growth of chrysanthemum was not directly injured by irrigation water that was exposed to ozone gas for 0 to 120 s at a 300 mL/min flow rate.
(346) Effect of Rhizosphere pH on Root Growth of Two Landscape Species
Authors: Wright Amy N. , Wright Robert D. , Jackson Brian E. , Browder Jake A.
Published: February 2019

Rhizosphere pH preferences vary for species and can dramatically influence root growth rates. Research was conducted to determine the effect of root zone pH on the root growth of BuxusmicrophyllaSieb. & Zucc. `Green Beauty' (boxwood) and KalmialatifoliaL. `Olympic Wedding' (mountain laurel). Boxwood plants removed from 3.8-L containers and mountain laurel plants removed from 19-L containers were situated in the center of separate Horhizotrons™. The key design feature of the Horhizotron is four wedge-shaped quadrants (filled with substrate) that extend away from the root ball. Each quadrant is constructed from glass panes that allow the measurement of roots along the glass as they grow out from the root ball into the substrate. For this experiment, each quadrant surrounding a plant was filled with a pine bark substrate amended per m3 (yd3) with 0.9 kg Micromax (Scotts-Sierra, Marysville, Ohio) and 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 kg dolomitic limestone. All plants received 50 g of 15N–3.9P–9.8K Osmocote Plus (Scotts-Sierra), distributed evenly over the surface of the root ball and all quadrants. Plants were grown from May to Aug. 2003 in a greenhouse. Root lengths were measured about once per week throughout the experiment. Root length increased linearly over time for all species in all substrates. Rate of root growth of boxwood was highest in pine bark amended with 3.6 kg·m3 lime and lowest in unamended pine bark. Rate of root growth of mountain laurel was lowest in pine bark amended with 3.6 kg·m3 lime. Results support the preference of mountain laurel and boxwood for acidic and alkaline soil pH environments, respectively.
(398) Basil Competition Above and Below Ground with Livid and Smooth Amaranths
Authors: Morales-Payan J. Pablo , Stall William M.
Published: February 2019

Competition partitioning experiments were conducted to determine the extent of shoot and root interference between sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and the weeds smooth amaranth (Amaranthushybridus) and livid amaranth (A.lividus). Sweet basil and amaranths were grown for 45 days in plastic 19-L containers filled with fertilized sandy soil. The plants were grown: 1) individually (one plant per container = no interference); 2) one basil plant and one amaranth plant together in the same container (= full interference); 3) one basil plant and one amaranth plant together in the same container, training the shoots apart to avoid canopy contact (= below ground interference); or 4) basil and amaranth grown in different containers set side by side (= above ground interference). Each basil/amaranth treatment was replicated five times and the experiment was conducted twice. The effects of smooth and livid amaranths on basil yield were the same for a given type of interference (full, above ground, below ground). Full interference from amaranth reduced basil shoot yield by about 35%, as compared to the yield of basil with no interference from amaranth. The effects of above-ground and below-ground interference on basil yield were additive, but interference above ground had a greater impact (about 21% basil yield loss) than below ground interference (about 14% basil yield loss). These results show that smooth and livid amaranths may drastically reduce sweet basil shoot yield, and that amaranth interference with sweet basil occurred to a greater extent above ground than below ground.
(400) Basil Yields Were Affected by Production Systems and Environmental Control Strategies in a Retractable Roof Greenhouse
Authors: Nelkin Jennifer , Schuch Ursula
Published: February 2019

Fresh weight production of basil (Ocimum basilicum`Genovese') growing in a retractable roof greenhouse (RRGH) or outdoors was evaluated under different shade environments, cultural production systems, and roof control strategies in a semi-arid climate. Cultural production systems included raised beds and towers consisting of six pots arranged vertically and stacked on edge. The growing substrate in both systems was perlite. The three shade environments included a RRGH with either a clear woven roof (35% shade) or a white woven roof (50% shade), or outdoors in full sun (0% shade). Within the RRGH, three strategies of roof control were tested based on air temperature thresholds, quantum thresholds, and globe thermometer temperature thresholds. After establishment, plants were grown for 4 weeks, each under the three roof control strategies in each environment and in both cultural systems. New shoots were harvested weekly and fresh weights were determined. Overall, fresh weight per plant was significantly affected by cultural production system, and basil grown in raised beds produced twice the biomass compared to plants grown in vertical towers. Productivity of basil grown in raised beds was not affected by the three shade environments, but plants in vertical towers produced about 20% more when grown in full sun or under 35% shade compared to under 50% shade. Within the RRGH, roof control strategy significantly affected basil fresh weight per plant. Roof control, based on either a quantum sensor or globe thermometer, increased production by 31% compared to air temperature control. Greater productivity was related to higher cumulative light exposure of plants. Quality of basil grown in the RRGH was superior to that grown in full sun.
(402) Effect of Light Quality on Growth and Essential Oil Composition in Rosemary
Authors: Mulas Giuliana , Craker Lyle E.
Published: February 2019

Variation in light quality is known to modify plant morphology, growth, and chemical constituency in plants. In the present study, the effect of light quality on growth and essential oil composition in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) was investigated by comparing plants receiving supplemental red (660 nm) and far-red (730 nm) with each other and with control plants not receiving supplemental light. Except for the supplemental light treatments, all plants were grown under natural light conditions in a greenhouse and received full daylight, averaging 9.23 h/day during the study. The red and far-red light treatments, given as day extensions, started daily 15 min before sunset and continued for 4 h each evening for 4 weeks. No significant differences were observed in biomass yield from the different light treatments, but far-red light caused elongation of internodes and a reduction in the number of leaves in comparison with control and red-light treated plants. Essential oil production was highest in plants grown under far-red light treatments.
(405) Regeneration of Venus Fly Trap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) from Leaf Culture
Authors: Ahmad Khalid M. , Zobayed Syed M. A. , Saxena Praveen K. , Hunter David M.
Published: February 2019

Dionaeamuscipula Ellis commonly known as Venus fly trap is an important carnivorous plant with medicinal importance. It contains certain secondary metabolites like naphthoquinones and is used in anti-aid and anti-cancer drugs and other medicines like Cornivora. Increasing interest and use as an ornamental and medicinal plant, and dietary supplement have put it in an endangered state. Development of in vitro techniques for the preservation of germplasm that is on the brink of extinction is highly demanded. A regeneration protocol for the multiplication and micropropagation of Dionaeamuscipla Ellis was established. In vitro regeneration potential of leaf explants in different concentrations and combinations of plant growth substances was investigated in this study. Seeds were grown and leaf disc explants were excised and cultured under aseptic conditions on nutritional medium containing half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) mix with combinations of 1.0–20.0 μm BA, 2.5.0 μm IBA, 1.0–10.0 μm 2iP and 0.1–0.5μm TDZ. The cultures were kept in growth cabinet with cool white light (40–60 μmol·m-2·s-1) under 16-h photoperiod. Regeneration was recorded after 60 days with the intervals of 15 days based on the degree of shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. 1/2 MS + 0.1 TDZ appeared to be efficient for somatic embryogenesis and simple MS for direct shoot organogenesis. 1/2 MS combined with 2iP appeared to be efficient for regeneration either by direct shoot organogenesis or by somatic embryogenesis. Plants were rooted well in Cape Cundew medium. These investigations will aid in the development of a model system for clonal mass propagation and in vitro regeneration of Dionaeamuscipla Ellis.
(407) Tropical Spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis) Density and Time of Emergence Effects on Cilantro Yield
Authors: Morales-Payan J. Pablo , Stall William M.
Published: February 2019

The effect of density and time of emergence of the weed tropical spiderwort (Commelinabenghalensis) (TS) on cilantro (Coriandrumsativum) yield were determined in a field experiment in Citra, Fla. TS (0, 1, 2, and 4 plants per m2) emerged at 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after cilantro emergence (WACE) and allowed to grow with the crop for the remainder of the season. No significant yield loss was detected when TS emerged 4 WACE. Season-long competition with 1, 2, and 4 TS plants per m2 resulted in yield loss of 27%, 44%, and 65%, respectively. Cilantro yield was reduced by <10% when TS emerged 3 WACE or later, regardless of TS density.
(152) The Effect of Live Plants and Window Viewson Employee Job Satisfaction
Authors: Dravigne Andrea K. , Waliczek Tina M. , Zajicek Jayne M. , Lineberger R. Daniel
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the presence of live interior plants or window views of exterior green spaces on employee job satisfaction. A survey was administered through an online database. The survey included questions regarding physical work environment, the presence or absence of live interior plants, windows, exterior green spaces, environmental preferences, job satisfaction, and demographical information. About 600 office workers from Texas and the Midwest responded to the on-line workplace environment survey. Data were analyzed to compare levels of job satisfaction of employees that worked in office spaces that included live interior plants or window views of exterior green spaces and employees that worked in office environments without live plants or window views. Demographic information collected allowed controlling for salary, occupational level, educational level, age group, gender, and ethnicity. This research data can be particularly useful in urban planning, commercial property design and to encourage the incorporation of plants and green spaces in interior and exterior development projects.
(153) Delighted Consumers Buy Again
Authors: Hicks Jessica M. , Behe Bridget K. , Page Thomas J. , Dennis Jennifer H. , Fernandez R. Thomas
Published: February 2019

Customers take some risk when they buy plants, and the emotions they experience from that purchase are important indications of whether they will return to buy again. Previous research by Dennis et al. showed that regret, a negative emotion, caused consumer switching behavior by their intentions to either buy an alternative product, purchase products from an alternative retailer, or switch out of gardening entirely. What happens when things go right? Customer satisfaction has been the metric businesses use to quantify success in customer retention. If customers who regret the purchase switch, do happy customers return to buy again? This research investigated the role of customer satisfaction, delight (a positive emotion), and prior plant knowledge on repurchase intentions. An Internet survey with 659 flowering plant purchasers throughout the U.S. was conducted in Sept. 2004 to examine the initial purchase and the actual performance of the plant following purchase.

Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with LISREL software. Results showed that customer satisfaction level and delight were not affected by prior plant knowledge. Satisfaction level did not affect repurchase intentions, but customer delight did. Results were consistent with existing literature, indicating that greater emphasis should be placed on delighting consumers, rather than merely satisfying them.
(156) New Entrepreneurial Approach: A Model for Asian Herbal Products with Small Business Management Strategies
Authors: Palaniswamy Usha , Bokhari Zafar
Published: February 2019

The important effect of dietary factors on health status has been recognized since antiquity. Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of dietary phytochemicals and bioactives, a new dimension of foods have emerged in the market. These “functional foods” are being developed by all major food companies and new ones are regularly brought into the market. While developing new functional foods and nutraceuticals, the association and identification of such foods and beverages with traditional foods and medicinal preparations, and/or popular forms of existing products are bound to bring long-standing consumer acceptance, which is an important desirable factor in sales and marketing. Following this concept, Zafi Beverages, Inc., Chicago, is developing a new line of functional products (new herbal teas and energy drinks). Zafiis also introducing a unique marketing and distribution system to create a new team of entrepreneurs, providing an excellent opportunity for growth in sales and marketing to new entrepreneurs. It targets ethnic entrepreneurs by offering an opportunity to use their networking abilities and be part of an exciting new partnership in the new host country, as well as a strategic business plan. The ethnic entrepreneurs are also constantly in contact with their consumers by virtue of the existing ethnic allegiance and cohesion and are able to identify the consumer needs and concerns directly. These small ethnic entrepreneurial networks can be identified as distinct “micro-marketing systems” within the national economy. The advertised market potential for Zafi is summarized to include an offer of immediate cash flow, more revenue and profits, marketing and financial education support, as well as a promising new line of products.
(157) Analysis of Ornamental Horticulture Productsand Services in Iowa
Authors: Haynes Cynthia , Van Der Zanden Ann Marie , Iles Jeffery
Published: February 2019

In 2004, the greenhouse and nursery industry was ranked as the fourth largest crop group in the United States based on farm cash receipts (USDA, 2004). The ornamental crop sector was expected to post total sales in excess of 15.3 billion dollars in 2004 (USDA, 2004). Landscape services within the green industry have risen from 28.9 billion in 2002 to 41.6 billion in 2004 (ALCA, 2004). In Iowa, recent surveys of turfgrass and edible food crop production and services have shown a combined net worth of more than 1 billion dollars. However, these surveys failed to include nursery and garden centers, greenhouse growers, landscape designers/contractors, arborists, and florists. Therefore, the objective of this project was to better understand the scope and scale of the ornamental horticulture industry in Iowa. A questionnaire was developed and mailed to 1293 horticulture businesses in Iowa. The survey instrument was developed with input from members of the Iowa Nursery and Landscape Association Research Corporation. Before mailing, it was reviewed by survey professionals and piloted to a select group of green industry representatives and edited per their suggestions. Three weeks after mailing, a reminder postcard was sent. Respondents were sorted as to type and size of business, number of employees, and annual sales. The percentage of gross receipts was categorized by types of plants sold and services provided. Respondents also were asked about the factors that limit their success, their strengths compared to competitors, and their expectations for future growth.
(328) Effect of Supplemental Nitrogen Applicationat Selected Times on Pecan
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: February 2019

Supplemental nitrogen applications were tested to reduce irregular bearing and improve yield on drip-irrigated pecan (Caryaillinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch. cv. Mohawk) trees planted in 1989. Treatments were: 1) no N fertilization; 2) 75 kg·ha-1 N in March; 3) 75 kg·ha-1 N in March plus 50 kg·ha-1 N in August; and 4) 75 kg·ha-1 N in March plus 50 kg·ha-1 N in October. Withholding N did not reduce July leaf N concentration compared to the other treatments until the sixth year of the study. Trees receiving N had similar July leaf N concentrations regardless of treatment throughout the study. October leaf N concentrations were unaffected by treatment, except in 2002, when withholding N suppressed leaf N compared to other treatments. The percentage of fruiting shoots was lower when supplemental N was applied in October compared to August during 2 of 6 years. Otherwise, the percentage of fruiting shoots was unaffected by treatment. Weight per nut and kernel percentage were not affected by treatment, except kernel percentage was lower during 1 year when supplemental N was applied in August compared to October. Kernel grade was usually not affected by treatment.
(329) Postharvest Urea Foliar Sprays Affect Almond and Prune Leaf Nitrogen and Sulfur Dynamics
Authors: Niederholzer Franz J. A. , Johnson R. Scott
Published: February 2019

Urea foliar sprays may be a more efficient and environmentally sound alternative to soil applied fertilizer N in the postharvest period in tree crop production in California. While tree crop sulfur (S) status can interact with tree N status to affect growth, we know of no study assessing tree crop leaf N and S dynamics following fall (postharvest) foliar urea applications. We conducted a field study to measure temporal dynamics of leaf N and leaf S (% dry weight basis) following postharvest urea sprays on prune (Prunusdomestica) and almond (Prunus dulcis). June-budded nursery stock prune (`French' on Myro 29C) and almond (`Price' on Lovell) trees were sprayed to dripping with 6.5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) standard urea solutions, respectively. Prunes were sprayed on 1 Oct. 2003 and almonds on 18 Nov. 2003. Leaf samples were taken over a 3-week (almond) or 8-week (prune) period, beginning just before treatment. Foliar urea sprays significantly increased prune (23%) and almond (14%) leaf N compared to untreated control within 8 days of application. This affect was transient, as there were no differences in leaf N concentrations between treated and untreated trees at final leaf sampling. Urea sprays did not affect almond leaf S concentration relative to untreated trees. Prune leaf S was significantly reduced compared to untreated trees 8 days after treatment, but only on that sampling date. Remobilization of S from the leaves of control trees of either species was not apparent.
(14) Hybrid Azalea (4X) × Rhododendron (2X) `Azaleodendron' Progeny Have an Azalea Phenotype
Authors: Krebs Stephen L.
Published: February 2019

Genus Rhododendron contains more than 800 species worldwide, currently grouped into eight subgenera. Four of these subgenera—comprising the evergreen azaleas, deciduous azaleas, small scaly-leaved rhododendrons, and large non-scaly leaved rhododendrons—have been the focus of ornamental breeding for over 150 years. As a rule of thumb, species within a subgenus are cross-fertile, and most hybrids are derived from intra-subgeneric crosses. Success with wider (inter-subgeneric) crosses, especially deciduous azaleas × large-leaved rhododendrons, has been occasionally reported in the past, based on the intermediate morphology of the hybrids. I crossed a tetraploid `Ilam group' azalea with R.`Catlalgla' (a selection of the native diploid rhododendron species R. catawbiense) and produced a small population of seedlings that proved to be true `azaleodendron' hybrids, based on shared parental alleles at 2 isozyme loci, Idh-1 and Mdh-3. However, none of the progeny are hybrid in appearance; they share the leaf morphology and deciduous trait of the maternal azalea parent. I attribute this result to a dosage effect in these (probable) triploid hybrids, where the azalea genetic contribution is twice that of the rhododendron parent. Higher copy number can be inferred from stronger band intensities for the azalea gene at diallelic loci (Idh-1), or from triallelic loci (Mdh-3) where the genetic contribution to the hybrid progeny appears to be 2:1, azalea: rhododendron. Previously, azalea-like progeny from azalea × rhododendron crosses were thought to result from parthenogenesis or accidental self-pollination.
(18) Biodiversity of the Flavonoid Phlorizin in a Subset of the USDA Apple Germplasm Core Collection
Authors: Einhorn Todd C. , Stushnoff Cecil , McSay Ann E. , Forsline Phil L. , Cox Sam , Ehrenkranz Joel R.L. , Sandoval Loretta
Published: February 2019

Phlorizin is known for its role in reducing glucotoxicity and has a long history of use in diabetes research. In addition, its contribution to the pool of total phenolics adds to the overall health benefits attributed to fruit. Phlorizin is limited to Rosaceae family plants, of which apple comprises its current commercial source; however, limited information exists regarding its biodiversity among apple taxa. A subset of 22 taxa from a core collection of apple accessions representative of the global genetic diversity of apple was used to investigate the biodiversity of phlorizin present in apple shoots and in fruit relative to total phenolic content and free radical scavenging capacity. Fruit and shoots were harvested from the USDA Plant Genetic Resources Unit in Geneva, N.Y. Validation and quantification of phlorizin was conducted using a rigorous high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure. Total phenolics in fruit, assayed using a Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents, ranged from 227 to 7181 mg·L-1

and were strongly related to 2,2' azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) antioxidant capacity for the core collection (r= 0.778). On a molar basis, phlorizin had lower antioxidant capacity than other major phenolic compounds present in apple fruit, but was more effective than ascorbic acid. Phlorizin yield in dormant apple shoots, expressed as percent weight, ranged from 0.9% to 5.5%. A rapid, 96 well micro-plate spectrophotometric assay was also developed to aid in the screening of multiple samples for selection of high phlorizin yielding apple taxa. Spectrophotometry overestimated phlorizin content as expected, but the calibration curve between HPLC and spectrophotometry was acceptable, r2 = 0.88.
(19) Cryopreservation of Arabidopsisthaliana Shoot Tips
Authors: Towill Leigh E. , Volk Gayle M.
Published: February 2019

Arabidopsisthaliana shoot tips provide a model to study processes important for cryopreservation. Cryopreservation was accomplished using both vitrification and two-step cooling methods. With vitrification methods, shoot formation after liquid nitrogen (LN) exposure was as high as 100% and 95% for shoot tips exposed to PVS2 at 0 °C and to PVS3 at 23 °C, respectively. A two-step cooling method also gave greater than 90% survival if shoot tips were cooled at 0.3 °C per minute to below –30 °C before immersing the samples into LN. The high levels of shoot formation after LN exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot tips will allow the use of mutants to examine how alterations in biochemical, metabolic, and developmental processes affect survival and growth.
(377) Consumer Acceptance of Mayhaw (Crataegus opca Hook. and Arn.) Fruit Juice Blended with Muscadine (Vitisrotundifolia Michx.) Grape Juice
Authors: Trappey Alfred F. , Johnson Charles E.
Published: February 2019

Growth in juice-based products is supported by an increasing consumer base, which perceives fruit and fruit-based beverages as an integral component of nutritious food types that can benefit health. New flavor combinations, as well as added ingredients (i.e., vitamins) continue to help boost juice appeal as a nutraceutical. New juice-based food products such as blends, jellies, marinades, and pastry fillings could benefit from the unique flavor attributes specific to mayhaw fruit juice. Juice from one cultivar of muscadine grape (Vitisrotundifolia Michx.) `Carlos' (bronze skinned) was mixed with varying levels of juice from one cultivar of mayhaw (Crataegusopaca) `Texas Star' (reddish-orange skinned) fruit. Five different blend combinations were tested for both individual juice quality and for juice-blend compatibility. A consumer preference test was conducted (n = 75) on a 9-point hedonic scale for color, taste, and overall liking. Next to the taste/flavor preference scores for control (6.8), mayhaw juice used as the primary flavor ingredient in blends was the second most preferred of all juices by the panelists. A 50/50 juice blend and 70/30 mayhaw/muscadine blend were the least desirable of the five combinations tested. Juices from 60/40, 30/70, and 40/60 mayhaw/muscadine were considered by the panelists as best in flavor and overall acceptability. “Taste” had the strongest effect on overall acceptability of juice from varying levels of mayhaw juice in combination with muscadine grape juice. Panelists' mean score averages collectively were favorable of 60:40 and 50:50 juice blends and were significant (P < 0.05) toward acceptance of a “mayhaw-muscadine” fruit juice blended drink.
(379) Ploidy Determinationin Vitis rotundifolia using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Xu Xia , Lu Jiang , Ren Zhongbo
Published: February 2019

Ploidy level in grapevines varies, especially since in vitro techniques are employed in the breeding process and after plants are treated with either chemicals or radiation. Detection of ploidy level in grapevines by microscopic chromosome counting is complicated by their high number and the small size of chromosomes. Flow cytometry provides an accurate and rapid method in determining the ploidy level in plant tissue by measuring the nuclear DNA content in living cells and thus is a very useful tool in plant breeding or genetic studies. The objective of this research was to analyze the ploidy level of a selected group of muscadine vines that were different from normal diploid vines in morphology. These grapes were derived from either chemical treatment of known varieties or from controlled/open pollinations. Among the 26 grapevines investigated, 8 were found to be diploids, 11 were tetraploids, and 7 were chimeric aneuploids. Results of this study indicate that flow cytometry is a quick, reliable tool for determining ploidy levels of grapevines.
(380) The Effect of Kaolin Clay-based Particle Film Applications and Canopy Manipulations on Fruit Composition and Incidence of Cluster Damage due to Sunburn in `Cabernet Sauvignon' Grapevines
Authors: Smith Rhonda J.
Published: February 2019

The effect of sunlight exposure on yield, fruit composition, amount of damaged clusters, and berry temperature was evaluated in a terraced, hillside `Cabernet Sauvignon' vineyard on the north coast of California. Each terrace contained two vine rows identified as “inside” and “outside” relative to the terrace surface. The standard canopy management practice of removing lateral shoots from below the clusters was imposed with three modifications (“umbrella”, “fogger”, and “umbrella+fogger”) and an unmodified control. Applications of a kaolin-based particle film were made to unmodified canopies and a final treatment consisted of leaving lateral shoots. Canopies with umbrella modifications were not fully vertically shoot positioned. Fogger emitters directed water into the cluster area when ambient temperature reached 33.9 °C beginning in mid-July for a total of 16 fogger-events through 8 Sept. 2004. Treatments were harvested 17 Sept. Yield was affected by row type but not treatment, and inside and outside rows produced an average of 2.1 and 3.4 kg/vine, respectively. Particle film applications significantly reduced berry surface temperatures in the afternoon of two measurement dates by 0.7 and 1.5 °C, respectively. Applications did not significantly affect fruit maturity indices when compared to fruit in the control; however, at the 7% probability level, berry samples from vines that had been treated with kaolin-clay had lower °Brix than samples from control vines. The mean range of sunburn fruit across all treatments was 0.2 to 1.4 clusters per vine. Umbrella and umbrella+fogger treatments significantly reduced the number of damaged clusters (P < 0.05).
(381) Nutraceutical Profile of Selected Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) Cultivars and Breeding Lines
Authors: Stringer Stephen J. , Perkins-Veazie Penelope , Marshall Donna A.
Published: February 2019

The consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables has always been known to provide essential nutrition to mankind and, both anecdotally and clinically, has been linked to the prevention or alleviation of chronic diseases. The muscadine grape, a fruit native to the southeastern U.S., contains numerous phenolic compounds that act as antioxidants and also other compounds, such as resveratrol, that acts as a chemopreventative. The concentrations of these compounds present in the muscadine grape equal or exceed that known for any other small fruit. Fruit of selected muscadine grape genotypes, including breeding lines and cultivars, were evaluated over a 2-year period to assess the existing genetic base for these nutraceutical compounds. Results demonstrated that concentrations of total phenolics, ellagic acid, and resveratrol differ significantly among cultivars and breeding lines. These results suggest that it should be possible to breed for increased concentrations of the health-promoting compounds in muscadine grapes.
(382) Application of a Molecular Marker for Berry Seed Size to Two Populations of Grapevines (Vitis sp.) Developed in a Breeding Program
Authors: Ryan Frederick J. , Ramming David W.
Published: February 2019

The development of grapevines with berries with small seed traces, so-called seedless grapes, is a costly process. Marker assisted selection would save time and money. Adam-Blondin et al. (Vitis 40:147. 2001) demonstrated that a sequence characterized amplified region, SCC8, could identify seedless grapevine cultivars in European accessions of Vitisvinifera L. We have applied this marker to two populations of grapevines in a breeding program in California. One population consisted of 100 individuals while the second had 109. The two crosses had a common female parent, derived from `Flame Seedless'. Fruit were evaluated over several seasons for parameters including total weight of seeds or traces. DNA was isolated from leaves during the spring. Amplification was carried out with SCC8 primers, followed by digestion with Bgl II, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Individuals were scored as homozygous SCC8+ (small seeded), heterozygous SCC8+/scc8-(intermediate sized seeds), or homozygous scc8-(large seeded) and mean total seed weight per berry was calculated for each genetic class. In the first population, the number of individuals in the inferred genotypes fit an expected 1:2:1 distribution (χ2 = 0.480, P> 0.787) and seed weights for each genetic class were reasonable. For the second population, it was necessary to postulate a null allele in one parent, with a 1:1:1:1 expected distribution for genotypes SCC8+/SCC8+, SCC8+/null, SCC8+/scc8-, and scc8-/null. The actual distribution was in agreement with this model (χ2 = 4.379, P> 0.223). The genotype SCC8+/null had the SCC8+ marker and total seed weight >10 mg per berry. Large seeded individuals and heterozygotes could be reliably identified with this marker.
(385) Phenolic Analysis of Selected Grape Cultivars
Authors: Andersen Keri L. , Cuppett Susan L. , Paparozzi Ellen T. , Read Paul E.
Published: February 2019

Phenolic levels have been analyzed in several grape cultivars that are suited for growing in southeastern Nebraska. The phenolic levels of these cultivars are not known to have been previously published. The polyphenol content of fruits and fruit products such as wine have been shown to be directly correlated to the antioxidant potential of the product. Antioxidants help to prevent the effects of aging and age-associated diseases. The grape cultivars in the study are grown primarily for wine production, but also as fresh table grapes and for making juice and jellies. The total phenolic content is being analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Of the red grapes, `St. Croix' and `Frontenac' have the highest levels of polyphenols, followed by `Chambourcin' and `deChaunac', with levels varying from 1.4–4.9 mg·g-1 (polyphenols/grape), measured as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The white grapes `Vignoles' and `LaCrosse' have total phenolic levels of 1.4 to 2.2 mg·g-1 (polyphenols/grape), also measured as gallic acid equivalents (GAE).
(386) The Commercial Potential and Antioxidant Characteristics of Unique Varietal Grape Juices
Authors: Scheerens Joseph C. , Steiner Todd E. , Tulio Artemio Z. , Ozgen Mustafa , Miller Diane D. , Reese R. Neil , Miller A. Raymond , Ferree David C.
Published: February 2019

Eight unique varietal grape juices were examined for their antioxidant characteristics and commercial potential compared to that of commercial `Niagara' and `Concord'. Grape juices were cold-pressed from mature grapes, clarified, preserved, analyzed for pH, soluble solid and titratable acidity levels, pasteurized at 73 °C for 12 seconds, and sampled for microbial testing. A preliminary panel of 41 routine evaluators assessed all juices for 18 quality characteristics against known and blind controls. Based on these results, `Reliance', `Traminette', and New York 73 juices were presented to a 107-member panel of untrained judges. Panelists rated experimental juices against commercial controls for color, appearance, aroma and flavor intensity, sweetness, tartness, overall quality, and preference. Among juices tested, `Reliance' and NY 73 offer the greatest potential as specialty grape juices. `Traminette', `Chardonel', `Chambourcin', and NY 62 may also have potential as grape juice cultivars, if processed to improve their color and clarity. Small juice lots were hand-pressed from mature grapes and examined for total anthocyanin and phenolic content, antioxidant characteristics (DPPH and FRAP) and levels of individual phenolic compounds via GC-MS. Total anthocyanin and phenolic contents of experimental juices varied from 0–1460 μg·gfw-1 and 1001–2850 μg·gfw-1, respectively, and were highest in NY 73. Estimates of antioxidant activity differed slightly among tests, but activity appeared highest in `Chambourcin' and NY 73 and lowest in `Reliance'. Levels of individual compounds varied substantially among juices.
(409) The Impact of Tarnished Plant Bug Damage on Antioxidant Characteristics of Organically and Conventionally Grown Strawberries
Authors: Ozgen Mustafa , Kovach Joseph , Harper Lauren D. , Wright Simeon , Scheerens Joseph C.
Published: February 2019

Six strawberry cultivars (`Earliglow', `Honeoye', `Idea', `Jewel', `Northeaster', and `Seneca') were grown organically on three different composts (yard waste, dairy barn waste, and vermicompost). Organic treatments were contrasted against a synthetic fertilizer standard, a conventional pesticide standard and an untreated control. Plots were rated for tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) damage during the growing season. At harvest, berries were examined for their ascorbic acid levels and total anthocyanin and phenolic contents. Ascorbic acid content of berries in different cultivars and treatments were similar. As expected, fruit anthocyanin and phenolic contents were significantly different among the cultivars, and ranged between 160–230 μg·gfw-1 and 1039–1333 μg·gfw-1, respectively. Among treatments, anthocyanin contents of strawberries were not significantly different, but berries grown on the conventional pesticide standard had 8% to 12% lower total phenolic content than the other treatments. In organic treatments, production of phenolic compounds may have been induced in response to increased tarnished plant bug feeding. This putative biotic stress defense mechanism was seen most dramatically on tarnished plant bugsusceptible cultivars. However, as differences in phenolic levels were greater among cultivars than among treatments, cultivar choice may be a more important consideration than growing system for optimizing antioxidant levels in commercially available fruit.
(410) Soil and Tissue Nitrogen and Fall Cabbage Yield Associated with Varying Rates of Nitrogen Applied as Different Organic Sources
Authors: Gaskell Mark , Grande Rachel
Published: February 2019

Fertilization is the most expensive cultural practice for increasing numbers of organic vegetable growers in California. Nitrogen (N) is the most important and costly nutrient to manage and cost-effective N management practices are needed for efficient organic vegetable production. Compost and green manure cover crops are widely used, economical sources of N for organic vegetable production, but the pattern of release from these pre-plant incorporated N sources may not adequately match crop need for N. Additional application of an organic N fertilizer material is needed to provide adequate N to long-season vegetable crops. Seven types of organic fertilizers–feather meal (13% N), blood meal (14% N), liquid fish waste (6% N), a micronized liquid feather meal (4% N), a micronized feather/blood meal (13% N) for injection as a liquid suspension, and the two micronized materials with an added microbial inoculant—were each applied to fall cabbage at N rates of 0, 90, 180 lb/acre. Weekly residual soil nitrate N (SNN) was proportional to applied N rate much of the season and varied from 5 to over 70 ppm. Marketable yield ranged from 8000 to 33,300 lb/acre. The SNN was highest in plots receiving the liquid fish waste most weeks, and marketable cabbage yield was also highest following application of N as liquid fish waste at 180 lb/acre. A positive marketable yield response to increasing rates of applied N was also observed for the other organic N materials.
(414) Evaluation of Potato Leafhopper Control and Plastic Mulch Culture for Organic Potato Production
Authors: Maletta Martha , Henninger Melvin , Holmstrom Kristian
Published: February 2019

Potato leafhopper (PLH) control and plastic mulch culture for certified organic potato production were evaluated in 2003 and 2004. The trials were conducted on the Rutgers Snyder Research and Extension Farm's certified organic fields. Production practices conformed to the National Organic Program. The potato cultivar grown was `Superior'. In 2003, PLH controls were: untreated control (UTC); Surround WP, 25 lb/acre; PyGanic EC 1.4, 1 pt/acre; Surround plus PyGanic; and silver plastic mulch. PyGanic and Surround/PyGanic treatment reduced PLH nymph counts and damage (hopperburn–HB), when compared to the UTC. Counts were higher and HB more severe in silver mulch plots than in the UTC, but marketable yield was more than double the UTC. PyGanic and Surround/PyGanic treatment yields were 50% higher than the UTC. In 2004, PLH controls were: PyGanic EC 1.4, 1–2 pt/acre; Diatect V, 2–4 lb/acre; and Surround WP, 25 lb/acre. The crop was grown on bare ground or silver plastic mulch. Nymph counts and HB were lowest on PyGanic- and Diatect-treated plots. Nymph counts and HB for UTC and Surround treatment were higher on plastic mulch than bare ground plots. Marketable yield was highest from PyGanic-treated plots. PyGanic or Diatect treatment yields were higher from plastic mulched than from bare ground plots. The PLH control and plastic mulch culture significantly increased organic potato yields. Marketable yield from the UTC was lower than the New Jersey average for conventional potato (275 hundred wt/acre) by 71% on bare ground and by 39% with plastic mulch in 2003; 59% on bare ground; and 52% with plastic mulch in 2004. PLH control with PyGanic combined with plastic mulch culture resulted in yields just 7% less than the state average; yield on bare ground was 26% less.
(416) Weed Management in Organic Sweet Corn
Authors: Silvernail Anthony
Published: February 2019

Organic weed control in direct seeded vegetables depends on management strategies that control weed germination or growth which depletes the weed seedbank. In 2004, a randomized complete-block experiment conducted on land transitioning to organic production examined the effects of tillage and control treatments on weed pressure in sweet corn [Zeamays (L.) cv. Silver Queen]. The two tillage treatments consisted of conventional (moldboard and rototill) and spader tillage. Weed control treatments included a weed free control, a spring-tine weeder, rolling cultivator, row flamer, stale seedbed, and corn gluten meal. In August, the weed infestation was primarily goose grass [Eleusineindica (L.) Gaertn.], crab grass [Digitariasanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setariafaberi Herrm.), and smooth pigweed [Amaranthushybridus (L.)] species. Dried weed weights indicated that smooth pigweed constituted about 80% of the total weed biomass in all but the control and flamer treatments. Plots managed with the spring-tine weeder or corn gluten had twice the weed biomass of those managed with the rolling cultivator and flamer. The rolling cultivator and control treatments produced equivalent husked corn yields (6.9 t·ha-1); yields were reduced by the other weed control methods. At 5.4 t·ha-1, yields in the flamer treatment were the lowest among all weed control methods. The flamer suppressed both weeds and the crop, which may preclude its utility for sweet corn production. Results demonstrated that the rolling cultivator provided the best weed control without negatively affecting potential yields.
(216) Effect of Supplemental Potassium on Yield and Quality of Processing Tomato
Authors: Gunter Christopher C. , Francis David
Published: February 2019

Physiological disorders affect both the appearance and nutritional quality of processing tomatoes intended for whole-peel and diced products. The cause of color disorders, such as yellow shoulder disorder (YSD), involves an interaction between plant genotype and the environment. Soil factors that correlate with the incidence of YSD are soil K, K:Mg ratios, organic matter, and phosphorus. Fields with an organic matter above 3.5% have a lower incidence of YSD. Progress in developing an integrated crop management system that growers and processors can use to profitably improve quality and nutritional value while reducing color disorders of tomato has been made. Decision tools for managing color disorders have been developed. Varieties of tomato differ in their susceptibility to color disorders; thus, variety use may offer growers a strategy to manage fields with low potassium, phosphorus, or low organic matter. Soil K application through drip irrigation was effective when applied at full bloom when the plants were most actively growing. Trials conducted in Indiana and Ohio during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons demonstrated that weekly K application as a batch injection or solid application improved fruit color and reduced internal whitening. The effect of K addition is toward improved hue and L (lower values), but that trend is not always statistically significant and variety-specific responses are observed. Environmental factors for this response are explored. Managing this complex color disorder will entail minimizing risk of incidence, rather than preventative or curative applications.
(218) Optimum Soil K Application and Sufficient Leaf K concentration for Fresh Market Tomatoes Grown on a Midwest Fine Textured Soil
Authors: Taber Henry G.
Published: February 2019

Tomato transplants were set mid-May 1998, 1999, and 2001, with black plastic mulch and a single line source drip irrigation system. The soil type was a well-drained, central Iowa loam (prairie developed on glacial till) with 2.4% organic matter, 13.1 CEC, and a pH of 6.8. The soil test level of 89 kg·ha-1 of K was considered low for field corn and would require 121 kg·ha-1 of K for optimum yield. The experimental design was a factorial, split-plot, randomized complete block with four replications. The whole unit was K rates (0 to 372 kg·ha-1 of K as KCl). The subunit was cultivar, either `Mtn. Spring' (a determinate) or `Jet Star' (an indeterminate). Fruit harvest began the first week of August and continued weekly for 5 to 8 weeks. As expected, `Jet Star' produced from 12% to 35% more total fruit than `Mtn. Spring'. The K response was best described by a quadratic function. Total maximum yield occurred from 325 to 372 kg·ha-1 of K, depending on the production year. Cullage was high, mostly as a result of ripening disorders, and `Jet Star' consistently produced more culls than `Mtn. Spring', 10% to 11%. Increasing soil K rate did not reduce the percentage of culls. For 2001, increasing K rate to 300 kg·ha-1 of K enhanced `Mtn. Spring' marketable fruit size 18%, from 258 g to 305 g each, but not `Jet Star', which remained at 258 g. There was a difference (P< 0.01) between the varieties for leaf K; `Mtn. Spring' consistently had higher K concentrations, from 0.2% to 0.4%. The leaf K sufficiency range at the rapid flowering and vegetative growth stage was determined to be 3.10% to 3.25% with the corresponding petiole leaf sap K (using a dilution of 1 sap: 1 water) of 5000 mg·kg-1, for the same time period. The correlation between the Cardy meter petiole sap K values and whole leaf K was r= 0.83.