bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Policy Change in the Rehnquist Court
Authors: Baum Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Measurement of policy change is complicated by change in the content of the issues that policymakers face. The author presented a method to control for issue change in decisions of the Supreme Court and used that method to measure change in civil liberties policy from 1946 to 1986. This article uses the same method to measure policy change in the early Rehnquist Court (1986-1993). The analysis indicates that the early Rehnquist Court was less favorable to civil liberties than its record of pro- and anti-civil liberties decisions indicates, because it increasingly accepted cases in which pro-civil liberties votes were relatively "easy" to cast. The results underline the need to take issue change into account in analyzing policy change.
Attorney Advertising in the Wake of Bates V. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Authors: Bowen Lauren
Published: March 2007

In this study the author seeks to understand responses to judicial policies where the consumer population (i.e., those most directly affected by the change in the policy status quo) have a variety of options available to them, including the option of doing nothing. On the basis of the "voluntary consumption" situation of lawyer advertising that was permitted by the Supreme Court decision in Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977), members of the consumer population are surveyed to determine their responses to the change in judicial policy. Competing utility and attitudinal and environmental theories are tested by estimating a logit model designed to predict advertising behavior by lawyers in the wake of the Bates decision. When theoretically distinct models are tested against one another, the attitudinal framework is most successful in predicting which potential consumers would become actual consumers. More research is necessary, however, to determine the ways in which these competing theoretical perspectives interact in shaping the decisions of potential consumers to become actual consumers.
Career Advancement and Subcommittee Chairs in the U.S. House of Representatives
Authors: Deering Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author examines the career advancement of subcommittee chairs in the U.S. House of Representatives from the 86th to the 103rd Congresses (1959-1994). The author demonstrates that the rate of advancement to subcommittee chairs increased immediately after House reforms in the early 1970s but decreased once again during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Further, cross-sectional differences among committees are presented to show that there are also nonperiod effects that determine the pace of member career advancement. Finally, the author constructs and tests a model to examine the determinants of the rate of subcommittee chair acquisition.
Segregation and Black and Hispanic Group Outcomes
Authors: ALOZIE NICHOLAS O.
Published: March 2007

This research uses Black and Hispanic employment on large-city police forces to explore the relative efficacy of two competing hypotheses on the potential effect of residential segregation on minority-group outcomes. The latent-need hypothesis postulates that Blacks and Hispanics would fare better in more segregated communities because Black and Hispanic personnel are needed to police “their” own neighborhoods. Alternatively, the discrimination hypothesis contends that, ceteris paribus, the extent of residential segregation is an indicator of community-level intolerance and expects that more segregated communities would present Blacks and Hispanics with fewer opportunities in policing. The analysis indicates that the discrimination imperative is germane for Blacks. However, residential segregation is of no significant consequence for Hispanics.
Development of a Course in Complementary and Alternative Healing Practices Within University-Based Pharmacy Education
Authors: Quiñones Ana C. , Riedlinger June , Moyer Eileen C.
Published: March 2007

"A Survey of Complementary/Alternative Healing Practices" has been offered for the last five years at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences as an elective course. The objective of this course is to expose pharmacy students to medical practices other than conventional Western medicine, such as: chiroprac tic, traditional Chinese medicine, homeopathy, mind-body practices, and shamanic medicine. For each of the disciplines, the course covers their beliefs concerning health, how therapy is administered and monitored and various socioeconomic issues. This is accomplished through lectures and experiential presentations from complementary/alternative healing practitioners. This article describes how the course has evolved since its inception.
A Preliminary Survey of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Courses in Graduate Public Health Programs
Authors: Burke Adam , Gordon Rena J. , Bhattacharya Bhaswati
Published: March 2007

Interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has grown significantly in the United States. In response, numerous medical and nursing schools are now offering CAM courses. Considering the significant overlap of many CAM and public health objectives, it seems prudent for Schools of Public Health to also consider inclusion of this content into graduate training. This study examined the current status of CAM courses in public health programs. Interviews were conduct ed with school representatives attending the American Public Health Association annual meeting in Boston (November, 2000). School representatives reported a substantial interest in CAM among students and faculty, and that many schools were currently offering or considering CAM courses.
Congressional and Governmental Agencies
Authors: Gordon Rena J.
Published: March 2007

Policy, clinical, and research activity in governmental sectors regarding complementa ry and alternative health practices is increasing. Reported in this column are selective policy activities from the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy and from congressional hearings on cancer care. Also reported is a clinical initiative to provide better health care to underserved populations implemented by the Bureau of Primary Health Care. Also noted is a new health services research program of the NIH/NCCAM that targets the challenges in the integration of CAM into the health care system.
Doing It with Mirrors: A Case Study of a Novel Approach to Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Sathian K. , Greenspan Arlene I. , Wolf Steven L.
Published: March 2007

Arm amputees can experience the perception of movement of a phantom limb while looking at a mirror reflection of the moving, intact arm superimposed on the perceived phantom. Such use of a mirror to provide illusory visual feedback of move ment can be useful in rehabilitation of hemiparetic patients. In this case report, we de scribe the successful application of "mirror therapy" to the post-stroke rehabilitation of a patient with poor functional use of an upper extremity, due mainly to so matosensory deficits. Mirror therapy facilitated employment of a motor copy strategy (bimanual movements) and later progression to "forced use" of the affected arm. The end result was increased functional use of the affected upper limb.
Critical Illness Neuropathy
Authors: Nagaratnam Nages , Jamieson Gail , Chiu Kevin , Ramos Christie
Published: March 2007

Critical illness neuropathy frequently accompanies the septic syndrome in inten sive care units. Another entity that may occur independently or concurrently in crit ically ill patients is a myopathy, giving rise to difficulties in distinguishing between them. The two patients described had sensorimotor axonal peripheral neuropathy. Ax onopathy as a rule has a poor prognosis for recovery, which is slow and often incom plete. There are few reports of the functional outcome after rehabilitation therapy. The two patients described had 5-6 weeks of active rehabilitation therapy with improve ment from moderate/severe disability at the onset to slight debility at the end of ther apy. Key Words: Septic syndrome—Systemic inflammatory response syndrome—Crit ical illness neuropathy—Rehabilitation.
Selegiline Treatment Facilitates Recovery After Stroke
Authors: Sivenius Juhani , Sarasoja Taneli , Aaltonen Helena , Heinonen Esa , Kilkku Olavi , Reinikainen Kari
Published: March 2007

Objective: Selegiline (L-deprenyl) is a selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO- B) inhibitor used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In addition, it is thought to rescue neurons with a loss of target-derived trophic support. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these phenomena, such as the production of neurotrophic actions through astrocyte activation, reduction of free radical production, or the pres ence of antiapoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the systemic administration of selegiline facilitates recovery after a cerebral infarction in humans. Methods: This phase II study was randomized, double-blind, and placebo con trolled. Selegiline, 5 mg, or matched placebo was given twice a day for 3 months. The drug therapy was started within 48 h after a hemispheric infarction in the territory of middle cerebral artery. There were 24 patients recruited. Twenty patients were followed up to 3 months or until their death, and they represent the efficacy analysis group. The primary efficacy parameters were Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS), Barthel Index (BI), and Fugl-Meyer Scale (FMS). Secondary parameters were Zung Self-Rating Depres sion Scale (ZDS) and 15-Dimensional Measure of Health Related Quality of Life test (15-D). Results: SSS improved statistically significantly from the baseline when com pared with placebo (p = 0.019). The results were parallel among the other two pri mary efficacy variables (BI and FMS), showing a positive trend for selegiline, although they did not reach statistical significance. Similarly, in the analysis of the secondary efficacy variables, both the 15-D test and ZDS supported this positive trend in favor of selegiline, although no statistically significant differences between groups were found (p = 0.06 in 15-D test). Conclusions: Selegiline seems to be beneficial after a cere bral infarction. This benefit may be due to the enhancement of the recovery process. Key Words: Cerebrovascular disorders—Stroke—Selegiline—L-deprenyl—Recovery of function.
Two Experimental Strategies to Restore Muscle Mass in Adult Rats Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Murphy René J. L. , Dupont-Versteegden Esther E. , Peterson Charlotte A. , Houle John D.
Published: March 2007

Spinal cord injury decreases muscle mass and is associated with myofiber type trans formations in skeletal muscles. The present study evaluated the potential of motor- assisted cycling exercise or transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue into the lesion cavity to inhibit or minimize these changes in skeletal muscles of 27 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Soleus (SO) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were studied 30 to 32 days after injury/intervention in the following groups: uninjured control ani mals (Con); spinal cord injured only (Tx); Tx with a 4-week exercise program con sisting of five weekly 60-minute sessions of cycling exercise initiated 5 days after in jury (TxEx); and Tx with fetal spinal cord tissue transplanted into the lesion cavity at the time of injury (TxTp). SO and TA muscle to body weight ratios were reduced significantly in the Tx group (24-30% decrease vs Con, p < 0.05) but were maintained with regular cycling exercise (6-8% decrease vs Con, no significant difference). The transplant had a beneficial effect on TA muscle mass (16% decrease vs Con, no sig nificant difference) but was not effective in limiting the effects of Tx on SO muscle mass. Immunohistochemistry and Northern analysis of TA and SO muscles revealed a Tx-induced reduction in myofiber cross sectional area (22% and 33% vs Con re spectively, p < 0.05) as well as a conversion in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expres sion toward faster MyHC isoforms. Moreover, one month after injury, there was an increase in myofibers expressing more than one MyHC. mRNA encoding MyoD, a muscle-specific transcription factor, was increased in SO muscles suggesting that it may be involved in the long-term adaptations following spinal cord transection. Although cycling exercise was effective in preventing the decrease in myofiber area in both TA and SO, it did not inhibit the transformations of myofiber type. TA myofiber area was maintained in transplant recipients, however, this treatment was without conse quence on the size of SO myofibers. These results suggest that some of the normally observed spinal cord injury-induced skeletal muscle adaptations are minimized after one month of cycling exercise or fetal spinal cord tissue transplants. Key Words: Myosin heavy chain—Exercise—MyoD—Fetal tissue transplantation—Fiber types.
The Effect of Molecular Weight Distribution on the Physical Properties and Morphology of Polypropylene Stretched Tape
Authors: Flood J.E. , Hart D.W. , Nulf S.A. , Brown H.S.
Published: March 2007

Stretched tape and film were made from isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homopoly mer produced with SHAC* catalyst (Shell High Activity Catalyst). The resins used were nominal 3.5 and 8.0 melt flow (MF) resins with narrow, medium, and broad molecular weight distributions (MWD). Measurements were made of tape and film physical properties as a function of MWD and process heat history. Small angle x-ray two-theta scans through the meridional direction were done to obtain Long Period Spacing (LPS) Long period spacing for an idealized semicrystalline model is the combined distance through both a crystalline lamella and the amorphous region between the lamellae. LPS was correlated to resin melt flow and MWD. Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques using pole figures and Hermans orientation func tions were used to determine molecular orientation.

Density and physical properties (percent elongation at break, Young's modulus, and tenacity) did not change significantly as a function of MWD for the 3.5 and 8 MF tapes. The tenacities of the 8 MF tapes averaged 0.8 gm/denier less than those of the 3.5 MF tapes. The density of the 8 MF tapes was higher than that of the 3.5 MF tape density (0.9039 and 0.8998 gm/cm3, respectively) indicating a higher percent crystallinity for the 8 MF tapes.

The lower molecular weights of the 8 MF resins apparently contribute to a more highly ordered structure; the latter keeps the physical properties of the tape from deteriorating as molecular weight decreases. The net result is that lower molecular weight resins (higher MF) can produce stretched tape with acceptable physical prop erties at high processing speeds.
Transparent Gas Barrier Technologies
Authors: Felts John T.
Published: March 2007

Transparent gas barriers are receiving considerable attention in the plastics industry for roll coating applications. The three principle vacuum deposition processes, evaporation, sputtering and plasma processing are the focus of transparent gas barrier work at various converters, resin producers and equipment manufacturers. Evaporation produces coatings at very high rates, but plasma processing has reported the best gas barrier results to date [ < 0.06 cc/100 in2/day for single-sided coatings on 0.5 mil polyethylene terephthalate (PET)]. Sputtering rates are lower than evaporation rates, but can produce a wide range of transparent oxides including the material of interest, silica. Evaporated, sputtered and plasma deposited coatings were produced and com pared in terms of oxygen gas transmission and film stoichiometry. The plasma deposted coatings provided the best gas barriers and initial results show that the plasma processed barrier coatings are commercially feasible.
On the Application of a Viscoplastic Elastic Model To Uniaxial Elongational Flow
Authors: Babel A.K. , Cao B. , Campbell G.A.
Published: March 2007

Uniaxial extension experimental data of several polymeric melt systems are compared with the predictions of a viscoplastic elastic model which was originally developed to be used in blown film process simulation. The systems include an extensively studied low density polyethylene melt (melt-1), two distinct polystyrene systems, and a series of blends of low density polyeth ylene and linear low density polyethylene. The systems cover a range of vari ables associated with the molecular characterization of the polymeric melts, i.e., the extent of branching, the molecular weight, and the molecular weight distribution. The prominent strain hardening behavior in the non-linear range is accounted for in the model by incorporation of the alignment strength as in troduced by Larson. Yield stress, hardening constant, and structure constant are the parameters of the model. The agreement of the predicted elongational viscosity and the measured values over the total strain history is quite good given the small number of adjustable parameters. The different behavior of the two polystyrene systems considered here can be correlated by a change in the structure constant. This may imply that the presence of a small concentration of the high molecular weight species could result in a similar effect as branch ing does in polyethylene.
Picture this: Researching Child Workers
Authors: Bolton Angela , Pole Christopher , Mizen Phillip
Published: March 2007

Visual methods such as photography are under-used in the active process of sociological research. As rare as visual methods are, it is even rarer for the resultant images to be made by rather than of research participants. Primarily, the paper explores the challenges and contradictions of using photography within a multi-method approach. We consider processes for analysing visual data, different ways of utilising visual methods in sociological research, and the use of primary and secondary data, or, simple illustration versus active visual exploration of the social. The question of triangulation of visual data against text and testimony versus a stand-alone approach is explored in depth.
Information and cervical screening: a qualitative study of women's awareness, understanding and information needs about HPV
Authors: Goldsmith Megan R , Bankhead Clare R , Kehoe Sean T , Marsh Gill , Austoker Joan
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To explore women's attitudes towards the information about human papilloma virus (HPV) provided during cervical screening and to describe women's HPV information needs.

Setting: Women with a range of screening results (normal, inadequate, borderline and abnormal) were identified by three screening centres in England. Two consecutive samples of women attending for colposcopy for the first time following screening were also approached.

Methods: Seven focus groups were conducted between May 2005 and April 2006 with 38 women who had recently been for cervical screening or had attended a colposcopy appointment.

Results: Most women had no prior awareness of HPV. Many women queried the importance of being informed about HPV as no preventive advice or treatment is available. The HPV information included in the UK national screening programme abnormal result leaflet left women with more questions than answers (a list of unanswered questions is included with the results). Further information was requested about HPV detection, infection and transmission as well as the natural history and progression of cervical cancer. No consensus was reached regarding the best time to provide HPV information.

Conclusions: Clear communication of the complicated issues surrounding HPV infection and the natural history of cervical cancer is a considerable educational challenge for screening providers. As awareness of HPV becomes more widespread and HPV testing is explored as a triage during cervical screening, women are likely to require more information about the virus and the implications of infection. Consideration should be given to the production of a separate national screening programme HPV leaflet.
Transverse low‐field RF coils in MRI
Authors: Claasen‐Vujčič Tatjana , Borsboom Henny M. , Gaykema Harry J. G. , Mehlkopf Toon
Published: March 2007

Imaging at low fields imposes a number of nonstandard requirements on the RF coil. At low fields, coil losses are dominant over patient losses. This means that even more stress is put on the quality factor Q. Furthermore, the low frequency also implies a high inductance L and/or a high capacitance C product. Just increasing the capacitance C results in a difficult optimal matching to the preamplifier as well as increased costs and higher complexity of the resonator construction. Coils with a high quality factor Q and a high inductance are thus required at low fields. Birdcage coils possess a number of advantages over saddle and solenoidal coils. However, the currently used birdcages have inherently low inductances limited by the size of the coil. The problem can be solved by a novel design in which the strip configuration for inductors is abandoned and the inductors are realized as a certain number of turns. The Q factor can be further improved by using Litz wire. Three novel transverse RF coils with high inductances are presented and compared with each other as well as to the standard coils. Both linear and quadrature modes are discussed.
The Houle Typology After Twenty-Two Years: A Large-Scale Empirical Test
Authors: Boshier Roger , Collins John B.
Published: March 2007

More than 20 years ago, Houle proposed that adult learners were goal, learning or activity oriented. His typology aroused considerable interest, because it appeared to be a parsimonious way of classifying adult learners. Various instruments were designed to investigate the structural foundations of the typology and relationships between "orientation" scores and other variables. The most enduring, often used, and psychometrically defensible instrument was the Education Participation Scale which Boshier used during a 1971 search for Houle's typology. During the last decade, the E.P.S. has been used in most parts of the world. In this study, E.P.S. data from 13,442 learners in Africa, Asia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States were combined and subjected to a cluster analysis designed to examine the extent to which Houle's typology fitted the phenomenological reality that exists within adult education participants. Houle's goal and learning orientations were reasonably clear. His activity orientation was evident but only as a forced aggregate of the Social Stimulation, Social Contact, External Expectations and Community Service factors. In some respects this study completed a survey research tradition begun more than twenty years ago. In the future the scope of this research needs to be broadened to test the impact of participation on motivational orientations and to include experimental studies where E.P.S. scores are treated as the independent variables.
Church and the Laity Among Catholics
Authors: Kane John J.
Published: March 2007

The relation of the Catholic laity to the Roman Catholic Church is clearly defined by obligations encumbent upon adherents throughout the centuries. The attitudes of the lay Catholics toward their church vary. On one hand, a variety of charitable, professional, and social organizations with a distinctively Catholic orientation flourish. On the other hand, less than half the Catholics in some dioceses attend mass regularly, although regular attendance is required and expected. The Catholic laity belongs, organizationally, at the bottom of the Church hierarchy. This stems historically from the prestige of the priests and monks who preserved the Catholic intellectual heritage during hostile onslaughts throughout the Christian ages. The reluctance of the Church in America to welcome lay participation has historical roots in an early trusteeism which humiliated and embarrassed the young Church in this country. The current growing demands upon the Church and the resulting burden upon facilities and clergy as well as the increase in numbers of educated and able Catholics will lead the laity into fuller participation in the business of their Church.—Ed.
The Costs and Consequences of the Cold War
Authors: Fleming D.F.
Published: March 2007

After World War II, the consequences of the Soviet Union's victory over the Nazis were rejected, and a global containment of communism was elevated into a doctrine by President Truman. By the Cold War, we spurred the Soviet Union from exhaustion to great-power status, the atomic bomb, and space achievement. Our policies against communism in China had much the same effect there. The Cold War has also frozen the world into its immediate postwar postures and pre vented peace settlements in East and West. Since 1945 the United States has spent enough resources on the Cold War to make many ailing societies healthy, resulting in a dangerous weakening of our economy. We ourselves have submitted to the militarism we fought in two world wars and have gone far to create a United States dominated by the military. We have depleted our resources for peacetime living, while our competi tors have forged ahead with such technologies. We have sadly neglected the nation's poor, and the President's Great Society legislation, aimed at helping them, is suffering because of the expense of the war in Vietnam. By making anticommunism our life motive, we have fostered rightist fanaticism. We have forgotten the inexorable law of life that every social system is in constant evolution, and, now that the Cold War with the So viet Union has eased, we are preparing to wage one against Communist China. Is it too late for us to welcome China to the community of nations, avoid the final world war, and try to organize the unity of man?—Ed.
Wars Prolonged by Misunderstood Signals
Authors: Quester George H.
Published: March 2007

Various kinds of stimulus for war can be identi fied. Men and nations may simply be incompatible with each other. Both sides may expect a prolonged war to pro duce military victory, at least one of them necessarily being in error. The strategic situation may handsomely reward those who violate truces and launch sneak attacks. Each side may be overrating the other's willingness to launch such at tacks, thereby misunderstanding the other's commitment to peace. History offers a number of examples of wars prolonged by misunderstanding of peace signals. Yet the stimuli listed suggest that the explanation for any war typically must be more complicated. Statesmen may therefore misunderstand signals because they want to, because basic strategy suggests they come out better that way.
How Wars End in Latin America
Authors: Wood Bryce
Published: March 2007

Wars have ended in Latin America since 1850 in various ways. Until 1948 most of them ended on the victors' terms. Before the establishment of the Pan-American Union in 1889, the victors' terms received no international sanction; the three significant conflicts between 1932 and 1942—the Chaco, Leticia, and the Marañón—were concluded by military triumphs by Paraguay, Colombia, and Peru, but in all three instances internationally mediated settlements cloaked the military decisions in decent guise.
Faculty Needs and Resources in American Higher Education
Authors: Cartter Allan M.
Published: March 2007

The stock of doctorates in the United States has been growing at about 6.3 percent per year over the last thirty years, but current Ph.D. output is adding to the stock—after allowance for deaths and retirements—at a nearly 9 percent rate. In light of the slow-down in the growth of research and development funding, expected to continue in the 1970s, and the likely decline in the growth of college enrollments after 1975, this rate appears higher than can be easily assimilated. After 1975, the demand for new teachers with the doctorate in higher education is likely to drop from about fifteen thousand annually to close to zero in the 1984-88 period, unless there are marked changes in customary student/staff ratios or col lege enrollment trends. A slow-down in new hiring of college teachers will tend to skew the faculty age distribution, and the median age of teachers may rise from its present age thirty- nine to age forty-eight by 1990 unless there are changes in tenure and retirement policies. These factors will create a time of stress for higher education, most acute in the 1975-85 period and most burdensome on the graduate schools and on private institutions.
Democracy and the Governing of the University
Authors: Thompson Dennis F.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that although the case for popular participation in university government is not the same as the case for participation in a democratic state, some of the principles and structures of representative democracy can contribute to furthering the traditional purposes of the uni versity. The institution of the university council or senate is examined, and the role of students in decisions on academic matters is discussed. Finally, the growing external pressures on the university and the reluctance of students and faculty to participate in university politics are cited as factors affect ing the prospects of university governance.
Radical Premises in Collegiate Reform
Authors: Jerome Judson
Published: March 2007

While some radicals remain in colleges intending to control them and dedicate them to the creation of a just society, others are more concerned with the new culture or New Age which is emerging, which requires a revolution in con sciousness and a redefinition of personhood and wealth and of the relation of humanity to nature. The very efforts to achieve justice by increasing economic opportunity through higher education for those heretofore denied access are con tributing to the deadly spiral of production and consumption which is endangering the planet and to the narrowly utilitarian and materialistic definition of self which limits human fulfill ment. The New Age discovers a benign abundance in natural process, human association, and the repressed or "unemployed" self. It fosters no-growth economics, decentralization, "soft" technology aimed at self-sufficiency, and ecological balance. Population growth and technological advance have made the goal of full employment unrealistic. Thus to educate people for survival, schools and colleges will have to relinquish their credentializing function and requirements, prepare people for a post-vocational world, and generate cooperative and self- actualizing ethics. It seems so unlikely that university struc tures could be adapted to these ends that many radicals who are very committed to education believe they can work only outside the academy, building a new culture rather than at tempting to convert or undermine existing institutions.
Committee Reform in the House of Representatives and the Subcommittee Bill of Rights
Authors: Rohde David W.
Published: March 2007

Prior to 1971 committee-related reforms in the House were primarily changes in the House rules, which had to be voted on by the full membership. After 1971 most committee reforms were in the form of resolutions passed by the Democratic Caucus. The post-1970 reforms dealt primarily with the selection of committee chairmen and the make-up and powers of subcommittees. The most recent of these reforms was the Subcommittee Bill of Rights which established the method of selection of subcommittee chairmen and members and defined powers and duties of subcommittees. One short run result of the reforms has been the strengthening of the liberals within the House. A possible long run consequence both of the use of the Democratic Caucus as a vehicle for reform and of the reforms, themselves, is the creation of a milieu in which the Democratic leadership can exert a substantially greater influence over outcomes within the House.
Exchanges with the People's Republic of China: Symbols and Substance
Authors: Murray Douglas P.
Published: March 2007

Since the advent of Ping-Pong diplomacy in April 1971 and the joint U.S.-PRC Shanghai Communique almost a year later, the United States has become one of China's princi pal exchange partners—despite the absence of formal diplo matic relations. The countries' differing social systems and goals are well reflected in the exchange process and the im balance in flow of visitors: approximately 10,000 to 12,000 Americans to the PRC and barely 700 Chinese to the U.S. On the U.S. side, two general categories and four specific ex change "channels" are involved: "government-facilitated" exchanges, through direct negotiations and in cooperation with designated private organizations, and private arrange ments, ad hoc and through organizations apparently having a "special relationship" with the PRC. Although Americans of all backgrounds and viewpoints have visited China, formal exchanges of scholars have been heavily weighted in scien tific and technical fields, and cultural projects in performing arts and sports—reflecting Chinese but not always U.S. pref erences. Exchanges cannot be entirely removed from politics despite their avowed "people-to-people" nature, and critical problems remain concerning reciprocity, substantive content, and integrity. Although diplomatic relations might lead to extended student exchanges and cooperative research, the effect probably will be most evident in the form and content rather than volume of activity.
Institutional Linkages: A Key to Successful International Exchange
Authors: Smuckler Ralph H.
Published: March 2007

As we approach a new era of international re lations, institutional linkages—planned, long-term agreements between universities to cooperate along mutually beneficial lines—should form the basis for expanded and increasingly valuable international exchange. From an institutional per spective, there are various types of exchanges, each with its own purpose, clientele, and use. Institutional linkage en compassing these exchanges can take various forms. Link ages offer advantages by encouraging planned use of re sources and, particularly at unit levels within universities, drawing on new resources of support. They can add to the quality of both faculty and student exchange. In relations with some non-Western countries, institutional cooperative agreements based on gain for both sides are an appropriate and timely replacement for assistance contracts and can help to correct past deficiencies in exchange programs. While other bases of expanded exchange programming exist and should be encouraged, the institutional focus provides ad vantages of size, diversity, and resources which give it ad vantages in the foreseeable future. There is a study now in progress to appraise various means of encouraging produc tive higher educational relations between the United States and other countries. One alternative being examined is the proposed new Association for International Cooperation in Higher Education and Research (AICHER) which would assist in the formation of institutional linkages.
Exchange of People among International Companies: Problems and Benefits
Authors: Holland Susan S.
Published: March 2007

As international companies have expanded throughout the world, they have increasingly served as an important vehicle for the transfer and exchange of people. However, the extent to which these exchanges have led to improved understanding and forging links of friendship and cooperation, or, conversely, to increased suspicion, resentment, and distrust, depends largely on the participants' ability to understand and adapt to each other's perspectives, goals, and cultural backgrounds. This ability can be developed through adequate special training prior to and during the exchanges. However, adequate training of this type has not been provided by international companies to personnel in volved in exchanges. Other factors affecting the outcome of such exchanges include the willingness of the people in volved to integrate into and become active members of the host community and the companies' policies concerning the hiring, training, compensation, and promotion of the host country nationals on the same basis as parent company managers. On the other hand, benefits resulting from these exchanges include training of host country employees and transfer to them of productive management, market ing, and financial knowledge, creation of new jobs, and in creased productive capabilities of the host countries. Espe cially important, given the training and sensitivities of the people involved, is the ability of international company managers to stimulate among people of diverse backgrounds and outlooks a cooperative working relationship.
Results and Effects of Study Abroad
Authors: Flack Michael J.
Published: March 2007

"Results" and "effects" of study abroad present major problems for research and assessment. Positing largely post-return criteria of "effect," a number of propositions seek to indicate some aspects of "results" and "impacts" relating to (1) the individual, (2) the host institution and society, (3) the home society, and (4) intersocietal and interna tional relations. The footnote lists compilations and analyses of pertinent literature.
Report on Committee I
Authors: Bender Paul , Field Martha A.
Published: March 2007

It was suggested that a way of clarifying con stitutional values might be to look closer at the framers of the Constitution—what were their views and background. They were elitists, from diverse backgrounds, representing a rela tively broad spectrum for the time. Particular revolutionary values were discussed, beginning with equality. Discussion particularly centered on whether equality referred to "equal ity of opportunity" or "equality of result." It was expressed that equality of result was not in conflict with equality of opportunity but a necessary tool to achieve it. Generally, equality of opportunity was preferred to equality of result, except that there should be a certain amount of result equality in order to ensure real equality of opportunity, and it was agreed that quotas were sometimes necessary to correct past discrimination. Other values were discussed briefly, including domestic tranquility, exporting democracy, free speech, constitutional respect for individual autonomy and privacy, and fairness of treatment by government. Revolu tionary values were summarized as falling into 3 categories: freedom of expression, equality, and protection from govern ment arbitrariness.
Postlude: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Johnston Denis F.
Published: March 2007

Recent federal efforts to produce social indicator reports are a partial response to the growing perception that economic indicators alone cannot provide an adequate informational basis for developing viable public policies and programs. That perception stems in part from the rise in public concern regarding the nonmaterial ingredients of the good life and in part from the emergence of a bewildering variety of problem areas whose components include a complex of social, economic, political, and ecological factors. Significant improvements in the state of the art of social reporting await the establishment of an improved data base that would permit more sophisticated analysis of the interplay of environmental and socioeconomic factors, but even if our analytic capabilities are increased, the essential task remains: that of effectively communicating these findings and interpretations to as wide an audience as possible. Such communication will promote informed public consideration of the issues we face and will thereby encourage the development of both public and private policies that reflect a realistic appraisal of our present condition and an appreciation of our goals and aspirations. Social Indicators, 1976, together with this issue of THE ANNALS, represents a modest effort in that direction.
Barriers to the Racial Integration of Neighborhoods: The Detroit Case
Authors: Farley Reynolds , Bianchi Suzanne , Colasanto Diane
Published: March 2007

This paper reports findings from a 1976 study of the causes of racial residential segregation in the Detroit metropolis. One of the reasons for the persistence of high levels of segregation is white ignorance of the changing values of other whites. If all whites— especially real estate dealers and lenders—recognized the willingness of most whites to accept black neighbors, to remain in racially mixed areas and even to consider purchasing homes in neighborhoods which have black residents, the pattern of whites fleeing when blacks enter their neighborhood might be altered. Blacks overwhelmingly prefer mixed neighborhoods but are somewhat reluctant to move into a neighborhood where they would be the only black family because they fear the hostile reactions of whites. Blacks may also be ignorant of the changing racial attitudes of whites and may overestimate the difficulties which would arise if they entered a white neighborhood.
Education for Global Perspectives
Authors: Kerr Clark
Published: March 2007

The nations of the world are increasingly interdependent in a political, economic, and environmental sense. American education for over 100 years has been isolationist in its content, centered around the concerns of a growing nation. Now it must teach global perspectives suitable for citizens of what is increasingly a worldwide and culturally diverse community. Three kinds of instruction need to be incorporated into present curricula to achieve this goal: (1) skills—the ability to think in terms of systems rather than isolated events, and in interdisciplinary and generalist (as well as specialist) terms; (2); knowledge of other nations and cultures; and (3) cross-cultural awareness, enabling Americans to put themselves imaginatively in the place of persons with other values and interests. The present status of such education is uneven. Some organizations, both national and international, provide material designed to aid all three kinds of instruction at the elementary and secondary level, but at the higher education level cut-backs in funding in the United States jeopardize valuable programs of research and training. The greatest hope that education for global perspectives will emerge comes from the long tradition in education of transnational institutions and international intellectual cultures.
Offenses Against the Environment and Their Prevention: An International Appraisal
Authors: Mueller Gerhard O.W.
Published: March 2007

While pollutants recognize no jurisdictional boundaries and, therefore, constitute a threat to people everywhere, there has been little effort to utilize criminal sanctions within the framework of international law to control them. A partial explanation for this may be the fact that there is really no effective enforcement mechanism for international criminal law; the United Nations International Criminal Court is still on the drawing board. Certain pollution offenses have become matters of international criminal law by being subjected to universal jurisdiction under national law. However, there are many problems that have inhibited the use of criminal sanctions for protecting the environment on a national level and these carry over into the international level. These include: qualification, quantification, strict liability, vicarious liability, corporate liability, proof, abuse of power, changing priorities, inadequate enforcement, and countervailing penalization policies and trends toward decriminalization. Even a cautious use of the criminal sanction to combat pollution will succeed only if there is a strong public awareness of the problem and a determination to control it; threats to the environment are not yet adequately perceived as posing a problem.
Air Pollution Control
Authors: Palomba Joseph
Published: March 2007

Pollutants—foreign material in the air—can be man made or occur naturally, and are concentrated where people are concentrated. Pollution is injurious to health and its prevention places an economic burden on the citizen. Amendments to the Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 and in 1977, have been utilized to control air pollution. They encompass different strategies which have met with varying success. Progress to date has been significant but it has been effected in those areas most amenable to control. Further emission reductions from automobiles, and transportation measures and programs will be more difficult to accomplish, but the challenge has been presented. The decision is up to the citizenry as to whether there shall be clean air for all—and at what price.
The Crisis of the Professoriate
Authors: Altbach Philip G.
Published: March 2007

The academic profession has been affected by substantial changes in the post-World War II period. The dramatic growth of universities in many nations in terms of enrollments and also of their societal role has placed the professoriate in a central social position. Challenges of expansion, pressures for reform and accountability, the student activism of the sixties, and other factors have endangered the traditional professorial role. Standard norms such as tenure and academic freedom have been questioned. Academic unions have appeared in many nations. This article focuses on a comparison of the major challenges to the academic profession. It discusses some of the ways in which the profession has been altered and analyzes how the professoriate has dealt with some of these difficult problems.
The Effects of Inflation on and in Higher Education
Authors: Berg Ivar
Published: March 2007

Discussions of the effects of inflation typically see a large number of victims and a small number of single-minded groups who specifically seek to be inflation's beneficiaries. It is possible, however, to redefine the effects of inflation in terms other than those we frequently identify as zero-sum games. While a more subtle analysis of inflation's effects could be applied to a variety of sectors with equally illuminating results, an examination of the higher education sector is especially revealing and suggestive: such an exercise not only helps one avoid pitfalls in zero-sum game thinking, it also directs our attention to some causes of inflation that are overlooked, even in increasingly useful discussions these days of the role of declining productivity in the American economy.
The Global Dollar: Trends and Issues in Official and Private International Finance
Authors: ALLEN DEBORAH L. , LANEY LEROY O.
Published: March 2007

At the close of nearly a decade of managed floating exchange rates, the U.S. dollar remains the world's primary international reserve asset and vehicle currency. Some underlying macroeconomic characteristics of the United States as the major reserve currency country have undergone a marginal diminution relative to other emerging reserve centers, and noticeable currency diversification of private and official international liquidity has taken place. The underlying microfoundations of dollar financial markets remain dominant, however, and continue to underpin the U.S. currency in its reserve role. In spite of efforts to introduce officially sponsored multiple currency units, such as the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Right, into a larger role, these currency composites have met with only limited success to date. One must look primarily to private markets for the future evolution of the international financial system, and on this basis it is likely that the dollar will remain most important. The decade of the 1970s also witnessed a trend toward privatization of international financial markets in general, at the expense of the role formerly played by official lending agencies. This environment also will likely reinforce the role of market forces in determining the future course of the world monetary system.