bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformation of the municipal waste management sector in Poland. A case study of the Świętokrzyskie Region
Authors: Rybaczewska-Błażejowska Magdalena
Published: January 2015

The article discusses the transformation of the municipal waste management sector in Poland, taking place during 2011- 2013, upon the case study of the Świętokrzyskie Region. The pivotal assumptions of the new model of municipal waste management in Poland are: the change of the owner of municipal waste that became communities, the improvement of the municipal waste collection, transportation and processing, and finally regionalization that means the division of the territory of Poland into municipal waste management regions. The research conducted among local authorities of the Świętokrzyskie Region has revealed that the system solutions applied in the field of municipal waste management, being currently implemented in Poland, though they are not free from socio-economic threats, lead to the fulfilment of the waste hierarchy, including the increasing levels of recycling and the reduction of bio-waste disposal.
Panaeolus subfirmus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), a species new for Poland
Authors: Halama Marek
Published: January 2015

Panaeolus subfirmus P. Karst. is reported for the first time from Poland, and described and illustrated based on Polish specimens. Its ecology, general distribution and taxonomy are also presented. A key for determination all Polish species of Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél. is provided.
The Impact of Climate Change on the Eutrophication of Water Ecosystems in the Southern Part of the Republic of Moldova
Authors: Nedealcov Maria , Drumea Dumitru
Published: January 2015

The accelerating pace of climate change mainly on the adjacent territory of the Danube basin, contribute to the essential eutrophication of water basins within the region. The results indicate that air temperature recorded a double warming compared to territories from the central part of the country. On the background the accelerated warming there is a declining trend and of annual rainfall amounts. These climate changes, especially in recent decades have led to significant increase of water temperature in rivers and lakes. Thus, it constituted in the years 1990-2000 by 0.7 and 1.50C compared to the period 1980-1990, and by 1.0...2,00C accordingly in the years 2000-2013 compared to the previous decade. The significant increase of temperature during the last decade contributed to the intensification of algae growth and together with other factors contributed to the increase by about 20% of the nitrogen content, thus ensuring the ―flowering‖ with 50% of the water bodies’ volume.
Considerations on Recent Freezing Phenomena on Bistriţa and Bistricioara Rivers
Authors: Găman C.
Published: January 2015

It is highly important to have a better knowledge of river systems during the seasons when air temperature drops below freezing point if we consider the difficulties posed to hydrotechnical exploitations and the destruction caused by floods (as a result of ice jam development). The article presents briefly some opinions and hypotheses various researchers have formulated over time on the genesis of ice formations on rivers. Moreover, the article includes several analyses of ice formations developed on the Bistriţa and Bistricioara rivers as wells as hazardous winter phenomena that may cause such ice formations, e.g., ice jams (ice dams). The development of winter-specific phenomena on the two rivers during the winter of 2011 - 2012 is illustrated in pictures, graphs, and maps taken or developed on the basis on data collected in situ during research.
The Effect of Peat and Vermicompost Cavitation Products on the Soil Biological Activity
Authors: Steinberga Vilhelmine , Dubova Laila , Alsina Ina , Gmizo Galina , Malecka Solveiga
Published: January 2015

Commercial products with humic substances have often been recommended for plant growth stimulation and yield improvement. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of two products, containing cavited peat and vermicompost respectively on the soil biological activity. Vegetation experiments with garden cress and cucumbers were arranged in pots with a peat substratum in the greenhouses of the Latvia University of Agriculture. The plants were treated with the preparations once a month. The first treatment was done at sowing. Dose of 20, 2, 0.2 mL per m2 during each treatment time were used. A control variant was without peat or vermicompost preparation. Field experiments with onions were carried out in the organic farming experimental field of the Latvia State Institute of Cereal Breeding. Plant growth and soil (substratum) biological activity (respiration and enzymatic activity) were tested. Plant growth and response to the different preparations depended on the plant species and its development stage. The effect of preparations decreases during plant development. The impact of peat or vermicompost preparation on soil biological activity depended not only on the concentration of preparation, but was influenced by the soil or growth media type. The decrease of onion yield in field conditions as a result of preparations was observed.
Results of 90 Years of Flax Breeding in Lithuania/ 90 Gadu Linu Selekcijas Rezultâti Lietuvâ
Authors: Jankauskienė Zofija
Published: January 2015

Fibre flax breeding was started in Lithuania in 1922 at the Dotnuva Plant Breeding Station. Later flax breeding was carried out at Savitiškis Experimental Station, and since 1965 this work has been continued at the Upytė Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (former Upytė Research Centre of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture). In the period between 1922 and 2005, eighteen fibre flax varieties have been developed with the main aim to increase fibre yield per hectare, fibre quality (being suitable for textile purposes), and flax resistance to lodging and diseases. Considering growing interest in healthy life and nutrition, linseed breeding was also started. Between 2005 and 2012, three fibre flax and three linseed varieties were developed. The aim of the breeding work consists of many duties, the most important of which are developing high yielding fibre flax and linseed varieties, resistant to lodging, with a high fibre yield and quality, high seed yield, resistance to fungal diseases, with a moderately long vegetative growth period, and which are well adapted to Lithuania’s soil and climate conditions.
A new instrument for estimating the survival of patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression from esophageal cancer
Authors: Rades Dirk , Huttenlocher Stefan , Bajrovic Amira , Karstens Johann H. , Bartscht Tobias
Published: January 2015

Background. This study was initiated to create a predictive instrument for estimating the survival of patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) from esophageal cancer.

Methods. In 27 patients irradiated for MESCC from esophageal cancer, the following nine characteristics were evaluated for potential impact on survival: age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score, histology, number of involved vertebrae, ambulatory status before irradiation, further bone metastases, visceral metastases, and dynamic of developing motor deficits before irradiation. In addition, the impact of the radiation regimen was investigated. According to Bonferroni correction, p-values of < 0.006 were significant representing an alpha level of < 0.05.

Results. ECOG performance score (p < 0.001), number of involved vertebrae (p = 0.005), and visceral metastases (p = 0.004) had a significant impact on survival and were included in the predictive instrument. Scoring points for each characteristic were calculated by dividing the 6-months survival rates (in %) by 10. The prognostic score for each patient was obtained by adding the scoring points of the three characteristics. The prognostic scores were 4, 9, 10, 14 or 20 points. Three prognostic groups were formed, 4 points (n = 11), 9-14 points (n = 12) and 20 points (n = 4). The corresponding 6-months survival rates were 0%, 33% and 100%, respectively (p < 0.001). Median survival times were 1 month, 5 months and 16.5 months, respectively.

Conclusions. This new instrument allows the physician estimate the 6-months survival probability of an individual patient presenting with MESCC from esophageal cancer. This is important to know for optimally personalizing the treatment of these patients.
Measuring creative capacity of Visegrad Four countries’ economies
Authors: Alexy Martin , Káčer Marek
Published: January 2015

In this paper we study creative capacity of economies of Visegrad Four countries in the period 2000-2011. Creativity index is constructed based on the 3Ts concept of talent, technology and tolerance being the key components of the creativity. Creativity index is measured and calculated with both the cross-section and the time series dimensions. The paper provides index as an open source with the description of variables and their respective weights. Comparison of the creative capacity of economies is based on the empirical results of the Creativity index and its components. Czech Republic is the first and Hungary is the second in the ranking continuously during the examined period. Talent and technology areas are the main reasons for differences between the two leading countries and the rest.
Between Sphere of Economy and Cultural Space: Creative Cities / Między sferą rynkową a przestrzeniami kultury: miasta kreatywne
Authors: Golinowska Karolina
Published: January 2015

The aim of this article is to analyze the notion of creativity in reference to social and economical context. The idea of creative industries becomes the fundament for processes supporting commercialization of culture. Their protagonists consider the consequences of those processes without further reflections. Commercialization of culture supported by cultural tourism becomes a formula for economical success of region. However, instrumental attitude towards culture has its serious consequences. Example referring to work of Damian Hirst exposes difficulties that may be encountered by cultural institution in creative city
Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of silent cerebral infarctions in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Sychov Oleg , Borodai Artem , Fedkiv Svetlana , Borodai Elina , Getman Taisia , Rybak Andrei
Published: January 2015

Aim. The aims of the study were to evaluate prevalence of silent cerebral infarctions (SCI) and determine their clinical and echocardiographic predictors in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Patients and methods. In prospective cross sectional study we examined 134 patients with non-valvular AF. Clinical examination, laboratory tests, transoesophageal, transthoracic echocardiography and multislice computed tomography of the brain were performed for all patients. According to current guidelines, SCI was defined as imaging (≥3 mm) or neuropathological evidence of central nervous system infarction, without a history of acute neurological dysfunction attributable to the lesion.

Results. Silent cerebral infarctions were detected in 34.3% (n = 46) of patients, and infarctions ≥ 15 mm (mean diameter 31.3 mm) were detected in 11.2% (n = 15) of patients. Superficial SCIwere found in 12.7%and basal SCI in 21.6% of cases. In multivariate analysis low creatinine clearance < 90 ml/min was independently associated with small basal SCI (p = 0.04). In univariate analysis age ≥ 65 years was significantly associated with basal SCI, p = 0.004, but not with SCI ≥ 15 mm or superficial SCI. The results of multivariate analysis showed that CHA2DS2VASc score was an independent predictor of superficial SCI; low left atrial appendage velocity (LAAV) < 30 cm/s was independently associated both with SCI ≥ 15 mm (p = 0.03) and superficial SCI (p = 0.02).

Conclusions. Large and superficial SCI were significantly and independently associated with low LAAV < 30 cm/s and other echocardiographic embolic risk factors and in case of absence of significant large arteries atherosclerosis may be considered as those of cardiac origin. Small basal SCI were associated with age and low creatinine clearance < 90 ml/min which was their independent predictor. CHA2DS2VASc score is useful for assessment of risk of cerebral infarctions even those without history of acute symptoms
The Impact of Physical Therapy Residency or Fellowship Education on Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: Rodeghero Jason , Wang Ying-Chih , Flynn Timothy , Cleland Joshua A. , Wainner Robert S. , Whitman Julie M.
Published: January 2015

Study Design

A retrospective cohort design was conducted using data from an electronic survey and an existing commercial outcomes database.

Objective

To compare the clinical outcomes of patients with musculoskeletal conditions treated by physical therapists who had completed residency or fellowship programs versus those who had not.

Background

There is an increasing focus on specialization through postprofessional education in physical therapy residency and fellowship programs. Scant evidence exists that evaluates the influence of postprofessional clinical education on actual patient outcomes.

Methods

Physical therapists using a national outcomes database were surveyed to determine their level of postprofessional education. Survey responders were categorized into 1 of 3 groups that included no residency or fellowship training, residency trained, or fellowship trained. Outcomes for 25 843 patients with musculoskeletal conditions treated by 363 therapists from June 2012 to June 2013 were extracted from the database. These data were analyzed to identify any differences in functional status change and efficiency achieved between the 3 groups. Potentially confounding variables were controlled for statistically.

Results

The fellowship-trained group of physical therapists achieved functional status changes and efficiency that were greater than those of the other groups. No difference in functional status change was observed between the residency group and the therapists without residency or fellowship training. The group without residency or fellowship training was more efficient than the residency-trained group. Fellowship-trained therapists were more likely to achieve greater treatment effect sizes than therapists without residency or fellowship training. Residency-trained therapists were less likely to achieve greater treatment effect sizes than the therapists without residency or fellowship training.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that fellowship training may contribute to statistically greater patient outcomes. Residency training did not appear to contribute to improved patient functional status change or efficiency. It is unknown whether the statistical differences observed would be clinically meaningful for patients. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(2):86–96. Epub 10 Jan 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5255
Suprascapular Neuropathy After Distal Clavicle Resection and Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction: A Resident's Case Problem
Authors: Tragord Bradley S. , Bui-Mansfield Liem T. , Croy Theodore , Shaffer Scott W.
Published: January 2015

Study Design

Resident's case problem.

Background

Acromioclavicular joint pathology is reported to be present in up to 30% of all patients complaining of shoulder dysfunction. The operative approach to treating acromioclavicular joint disease often includes a distal clavicle excision and, in circumstances of acromioclavicular joint instability, reconstruction of the coracoclavicular and/or the acromioclavicular ligament. Surgical complications for these procedures are rare, but potentially include suprascapular neuropathy secondary to the course of the suprascapular nerve posterior to the clavicle prior to entering the supraspinatus fossa.

Diagnosis

A 28-year-old Caucasian woman reported directly to an outpatient physical therapy clinic with a complaint of right shoulder weakness. Three years prior, the patient underwent a distal clavicle excision and coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction. A detailed examination, including diagnostic imaging, identified infraspinatus atrophy and weakness, increasing the suspicion for suprascapular nerve injury. Electromyography was ordered to confirm the clinical and imaging diagnosis of suprascapular neuropathy and to rule out other nerve lesions, especially considering the selective atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle without mechanical explanation.

Discussion

The clinical decision making and systematic use of diagnostic testing resulted in identifying a rare case of suprascapular neuropathy, selective to the infraspinatus, in a patient who previously underwent a distal clavicle excision and coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction. Without a spinoglenoid cyst or other suprascapular nerve lesion identified on advanced imaging, it is likely that the suprascapular neuropathy identified in this case was related to the surgical procedure.

Level of Evidence

Differential diagnosis, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(4):299–305. Epub 10 Jan 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5416
Pelvic Osteomyelitis Presenting as Groin and Medial Thigh Pain: A Resident's Case Problem
Authors: Hawkins Andrew P. , Sum Jonathan C. , Kirages Daniel , Sigman Erica , Sahai-Srivastava Soma
Published: January 2015

Study Design

Resident's case problem.

Background

Groin pain represents a diagnostic challenge and requires a diagnostic process that rules out life-threatening illness or disease processes. Osteomyelitis is a potential fatal disease process that requires accurate diagnosis and medical management. Osteomyelitis presents a problem for the outpatient physical therapist, as the described physical findings for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis are nonspecific.

Diagnosis

A 67-year-old man with groin and bilateral medial thigh pain was referred for physical therapy care to address right adductor weakness and generalized deconditioning. He had undergone extensive treatment for bladder cancer, with a recent radical cystoprostatectomy and cutaneous urinary diversion with an Indiana pouch. Postsurgical magnetic resonance imaging indicated normal findings, and the patient was currently being managed by an orthopaedic surgeon, who diagnosed the patient as having obturator nerve palsy. The physical therapist's examination produced findings inconsistent with this diagnosis. Subsequently, nuclear medicine studies revealed pubic symphysitis/osteomyelitis with secondary myositis, predominantly affecting the right adductor muscles.

Discussion

Osteomyelitis represents a difficult problem for the outpatient physical therapist. Careful consideration of red-flag symptoms and inconclusive physical testing indicate the need for further medical work-up. In this case, appropriate medical management led to improvement in patient function, highlighting the need for early diagnosis.

Level of Evidence

Differential diagnosis, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(4): 306–315. Epub 10 Jan 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5546
Neuroplasticity Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Framework for Visual-Motor Training Approaches in Rehabilitation
Authors: Grooms Dustin , Appelbaum Gregory , Onate James
Published: January 2015

Synopsis

The neuroplastic effects of anterior cruciate ligament injury have recently become more evident, demonstrating underlying nervous system changes in addition to the expected mechanical alterations associated with injury. Interventions to mitigate these detrimental neuroplastic effects, along with the established biomechanical changes, need to be considered in the rehabilitation process and return-to-play progressions. This commentary establishes a link between dynamic movement mechanics, neurocognition, and visual processing regarding anterior cruciate ligament injury adaptations and injury risk. The proposed framework incorporates evidence from the disciplines of neuroscience, biomechanics, motor control, and psychology to support integrating neurocognitive and visual-motor approaches with traditional neuromuscular interventions during anterior cruciate ligament injury rehabilitation. Physical therapists, athletic trainers, strength coaches, and other health care and performance professionals can capitalize on this integration of sciences to utilize visual-training technologies and techniques to improve on already-established neuromuscular training methods.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(5):381–393. Epub 10 Jan 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5549
Strengthening labour and welfare institutions in times of global economic crisis: experiences and lessons learnt
Authors: Sudan Falendra Kumar
Published: January 2015

The present paper intends to examine the labour market scenario in the context of the global financial and economic crisis, social protection during crisis, responses to the economic crisis at different levels, and the lessons learnt to protect workers, families and societies from the negative repercussions of this crisis and in the future. The current global financial crisis has quickly spread from its origin in the United States to the global economy, resulting in collapsed aggregate demand and freezing of credit channels. Consequently, millions of workers around the globe have been laid off, or for those lucky enough to have held on to their jobs, many have experienced cuts in hours worked, wages and other benefits. Though there are increasing signs that the major economies are exiting recession, the weakness of the labour market will remain a key challenge for governments in the years to come, particularly in terms of vulnerable groups such as youth. Over the medium? and long?term, governments should also aim to develop a comprehensive and integrated policy and institutional framework that will enable them to better respond to crises, emanating from not only global shocks but also those arising from local and regional phenomena. This involves the development of labour market institutions and a broad?based social security system, which acts as an automatic stabilizer during a crisis. In developing countries, barriers to formalization need to be reduced to ensure that workers have more opportunities to find decent jobs and be protected by labour market institutions, including social protection measures. Finally, the policy response should be the outcome of constructive dialogue between the social partners.Key words: Labour and Welfare Institutions; Strengthening; Global Economic Crisis; Experiences; LessonsEconomic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 11 & 12 No. 1-2 (2010) Combined Issue Page: 33-46 Uploaded date: 10 April, 2012
Assessment of transaction costs in farmer's managed irrigation system in Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Ram Chandra
Published: January 2015

The paper attempts to estimate the transaction cost and compare it with production cost and value of output of crops. It also attempts to analyze the factors influencing the transaction cost. For this information was collected from field survey of 60 irrigation systems covering 360 households. The findings of the study show that the main element of transaction time is watching, waiting and negotiating time and which constitute more than 92 percent of the total transaction time. The study also shows that the transaction time is relatively low for Farmers Managed Irrigation System (FMIS) in Nepal. The transaction time is about 5 % to that of total time required for the production of crops. The transaction time is high for the households cultivating the land at downstream of the canal compared to the households cultivating the land at upstream of the canal. In terms of crops transaction time for the cultivation of winter crops is three times higher than that of the summer crop.Key Words: System; Households; Transaction cost; Repair and maintenance cost; Institution; Farm location; Kathmandu valleyEconomic Journal of Development IssuesVol. 11 & 12 No. 1-2 (2010) Combined IssuePage: 112-123Uploaded date: 10 April, 2012
Agriculture in decline
Authors: Satyal Vikash Raj
Published: January 2015

Despite decade long prioritized investment and planning the agriculture sector in Nepal is continuously declining in terms of production and labour engagement. If such structural shift were systematic it would be satisfactory. But in absence of sustainable development in other sectors like service and industry, such shift could be suicidal for a country having deep-rooted life style, culture, religion and knowledge based on agriculture. This paper attempts to explore the existing disappointments in agriculture, analyses some causes of the problem and will suggest some easily applicable recommendations.Key words: Agriculture; Absence of sustainable development; Service and industry; Decline; NepalEconomic Journal of Development IssuesVol. 11 & 12 No. 1-2 (2010) Combined IssuePage: 144-157Uploaded date: 10 April, 2012
Jahi McMath and the Ethics of the Brain Death Standard
Authors: Swazo Norman K.
Published: January 2015

How does one account for the discrepancy between the evidence of total and irreversible brain death and the current evidence of recovered brain function?  This is the question that is raised by recent legal action in the case of 13-year old Jahi McMath, certified dead on the basis of neurological criteria but maintained in mechanical ventilation and medical/nursing care since then at the insistence of the parents who claim she is alive.  In this brief discussion, the medical and legal issues are reviewed.  Here the argument is advanced that this is not a case that means there should be a re-evaluation of the neurological criteria for determination of brain death.  Instead, this case is to be understood as the exception that proves the rule. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i3.21533 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014; 5(3):18-22
The Bangladesh Midwifery Programme  a giant step towards Safe Motherhood
Authors: Ahmed Tahera
Published: January 2015

Safe Motherhood is not only a Reproductive Right but also a basic human right. Provision of Safe Motherhood services like skilled attendants at birth reduces maternal deaths and morbidities. Bangladesh has reduced maternal deaths from 540/ 100,000 live births in the nineties to 194 in 2010. In a recent estimate by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division, the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) has declined to 170 per 100,000 live births in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i3.21535 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014; 5(3):26-27
News of BBS Vol.5(3)
Authors: Lasker Shamima Parvin
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i3.21536 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014; 5(3):28
Mid ureteric stone clearance by Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): a clinical study
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Mizanur , Chowdhury Md Shafiqul Alam , Karmakar Uttam , Borua Ujjal , Lipi Lutfa Begum , Shamim Ishtiaque Ahmed , Rahman Arafat
Published: January 2015

Background: In the last 20 years, the management of ureteric stones has changed dramatically from an open operative procedure to endoscopic,minimally invasive and non invasive methods. Urinary stone disease is a major problem due to its high prevalence and incidence and recurrence. The present study aimed to determine the outcome of in situ Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) in mid-ureteric stone in terms of stone clearance, per operative and post operative complications. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Urology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, between September 2011 and August 2012. Total 30 patients with mid ureteric stone sized less than 10 mm were selected purposively. They were evaluated preoperatively by history, physical examination and relevant investigations. ESWL monotherapy with Siemens Lithoscope (3rd generation) lithotripter was used to treat mid ureteric stone. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 13,0. Results: Mean age of the patients was 36.73±8.03 years with a range of 2051 years. Among the patients 18 (60.0%) were male and 12 (40.0%) were female. Seventeen (56.7%) patients had stone in the right ureter and 13(43.3%) had stone in the left ureter. Mean stone size was 8.07±1.32 mm with a range of 6.0010.00 mm. Most of the patients (96.7%) had post procedure pain, 15 (50.0%) had haematuria and 9 (30.0%) had fever. Final outcome of treatment showed that complete stone clearance was 83.3% after one month. Conclusion: Mid ureteric stone clearance with ESWL is more than eighty percent in with a very low rate of complications. So ESWL may be recommended as safe and first line therapy for mid ureteric stones. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i2.21523 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No.2, October, 2013, Page 136-143
Microscopic study on the shape of pineal calcification of Bangladeshi cadavers
Authors: Afroz Halima , Nurunnabi Abu Sadat Mohammad , Ara Shamim , Rahman Mushfika , Perven Hosna Ara
Published: January 2015

Context: The degree of calcification increases from younger to older in human pineal gland and the morphology of pineal calcifications change with advancing age as well. The aim of the present study was to describe the microscopic features of the pineal calcifications and find out age related changes in a Bangladeshi population. Methods: A descriptive type of study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, from July 2009 to June 2010, based on the collection of 60 human pineal glands from whole human brains of unclaimed dead bodies that were under postmortem examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. After collection of the pineal gland, those were divided into group A (15-45 years), group B (31-40 years), group C (41-50 years) and group D (>50 years). All the histological slides from different groups were observed under the light compound microscope and their shapes were noted down. Results: In group A, 53.33% were found to be round, 40% oval and 6.67% of irregular shape. In group B, there were 45.46% round, 40.90% oval and 13.64% of irregular shape. In group C, there were 75% of irregular shape, 21.47% mulberry shaped and 3.53% oval. In group D, there were 80.65% mulberry shaped and 19.35% of irregular shaped. Conclusion: Age related changes were found in morphological features of pineal calcification. In young adults, the shape of the pineal calcification remains round or oval. With increasing age, it becomes irregular and mulberry shaped. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i2.21526 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No.2, October, 2013, Page 151-155
Combined use of metformin and Pioglitazone than metformin alone in Glucose intolerance patients with Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease showed significant Radiological and Biochemical improvement
Authors: Amin Mohammod Feroz , Sultana Syeda Rezina , Prasad Indrajit , Rahim Muhammad Abdur , Rahman Md Anisur , Mir ABM Rezaul Karim
Published: January 2015

Context: Non Alcoholic Fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of steatosis and cellular injury is thought to be related mostly to insulin resistance. Insulin sensitizing drugs showed promising results in number of trials. This was an open label clinical trial in newly detected glucose intolerant patients with NAFLD, to evaluate the effectiveness and superiority of pioglitazone and metformin combination to metformin alone. Methods: Forty nine patients with newly detected abnormal glucose tolerance, naïve to any anti diabetic drug, were randomly selected, from the gastroenterology out-patient department of BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka, with the findings of ultasonographic changes of fatty liver and raised ALT and assigned to 6 months treatment with pioglitazone 30 mg plus metformin 1700 mg daily (Group 1, n=27) or only metformin 1700 mg alone (Group 2, n=22). Results: Mean age of the study population was 45.80±8.54 years, Male female distribution of the study subjects were 65.3% and 34.7% respectively. Significant reduction of ALT, F, ABF, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride of the study population were achieved either by metformin alone or with combination after six months (visit 1 vs visit 3, ALT: 97.99+22. vs 55±17.49 u/ l; Fasting sugar: 9.1+1.9 vs6.64±0.94, mmol/l; ABF: 13.3±2.5 vs 8.69±1.21 mmol/l; HBA1c: 8.1±0.9 vs 6.87±0.57%; Cholesterol: 205.9±30.1 vs 186.12±22.26 mg/dl; TG: 230.4+48.1 vs 166.2±31.82). In comparison between two groups, Group 1 had found to be significantly better glycemic control compared to their counterpart at the end of 6 months (Group 1 vs Group 2, FBG: 6.37±0.56 vs 6.98±1.2; ABF: 8.34±0.84 vs 9.1±1.46; serum cholesterol, TG, and ALT levels were also found to be significant change as Cholesterol: 178.89±18.59 vs 195±23.55 mg/dl; TG: 155.85±20.99 vs 178.91±38.24 mg/ dl; ALT: 55±17.49 vs 45.74±12.63 u/L. In final visit, ultrasonographic change also found to be significantlyimproved from fatty change to normal in patients with both metformin and pioglitazone group than patients on metformin alone. Conclusion: Treatment of NAFLD of newly detected Type 2 DM or IGT patients with high ALT by both metformin and pioglitazone is more effective in reduction of ALT and lipids and also able to reverse the severity of fatty changes of liver towards normal significantly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i2.21540 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No.2, October, 2013, Page 188-194
Determinants of child Immunization under expanded programme on Immunization (EPI) in a rural setting of Bangladesh
Authors: Adhikary Minati , Haque Rumana , Tanira Shaorin
Published: January 2015

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate immunization status of children aged 12 to 23 months and to find out reasons for non-immunization and partial immunization, if any, under national Extended Programme on Immunization (EPI). Methods: This cross sectional study was done among a representative sample of 249 mothers/ principal caretakers of children under 2 years of age from households with varying socioeconomic status and with varying levels of education, from a rural setting, village Mulaid under Telihati union at Sreepur Upozilla under Gazipur district, in between March and June of 2011. Results: The study found that 221 (88.76%) of the children were fully immunized (FI) with BCG, PENTA3, OPV3 and measles; 27 children (10.84 %) were partially immunized and only 1 (0.40%) was non-immunized according to the recommendations used. Four of the children were missing full coverage of PENTA, seven of the children were missing OPV, 8 children were missing BCG where as 9 children were missing measles. The vaccination rate increased with an increase in the age of the children and the education level of the mother. Children of older mothers were more likely to have had the correct vaccinations. The mothers knowledge of and attitudes to vaccination showed a strong relationship with the vaccination status of their children. When the coverage rate for each vaccine was taken separately, the economic level of the households significantly affected the vaccine coverage. Most vaccinations occurred in public outlet agencies. Postponement of immunization due to the illness of the child, mothers lack of information about place, schedule and eligible age of immunization, parental lack of knowledge for the need for vaccines and family size constituted the main reasons for partial /onimmunization. A significant number of children in this study were found to be lacking recommended immunizations for age; a large number of their mothers stated that they did not know further vaccines were needed. Future efforts targeting immunization must emphasize better education of parents. Conclusion: It was concluded that lack of appropriate information is still the main hurdle for success of primary immunization in rural areas. Improvement could be achieved by improving IEC activities especially among females, as well as making this program success by putting all efforts in the case of EPI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i2.21543 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No.2, October, 2013, Page 201-206
Bone marrow trephine biopsy in Haematological diseases: a study of 53 cases
Authors: Khatun Hazera , Afrose Salma , Khan Mohiuddin Ahmed , Ara Tasneem , Islam Mohammad Sirajul , Biswas Akhil Ranjan
Published: January 2015

Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) and biopsy (BMTB) are important investigations for diagnosis of haematolgical malignancies and non-malignant diseases both in adults and children. BMA and BMTB are complementary and if both are done a comprehensive analysis of bone marrow involvement is possible. 53 cases of BMTB were studied in order to underscore the indications and importance of BMTB. BMTB was done to determine cellularity in aplastic anaemia (AA) (33.96%, n=18) and in cases of failure of aspiration (32.08%, n=17). Failure of aspiration was attributable to bone marrow (BM) fibrosis (76%, n=13) due to acute leukaemia (35.30%, n=6) and myelofibrosis (43.17%, n=7). BMTB upstaged non Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) from IIIB to IVB in 22.22% cases. 1 case of AA showed focal lymphoid aggregate which later evolved into acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). BMTB is a safe procedure and increased bleeding was noted only in a case of polycythaemia vera. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i2.21544 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No.2, October, 2013, Page 207-210
Disseminated cat-scratch disease: a case report
Authors: Chowdhury Faizul Islam , Kashem MA , Hossain Md Anwar , Ahsan Imran Munadil , Pandit Avijit , Halim Rizwana , Islam Gazi Yasinur
Published: January 2015

Cat-scratch disease is an infectious disease caused by Bartonella henselae, a gram-negative bacillus. The disease is usually transmitted to the human being by cat scratches. Cat-scratch disease typically presents with painful regional lymphadenopathy. Systemic involvement is unusual. A 35 years old lady, came with the complaints of fever, abdominal pain along with nausea, anorexia & difficulties of swallowing for 6 months. She has painful cervical lymphadenopathy. Histopathology of her lymph node biopsy shows features of cat-scratch disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i2.21550 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No.2, October, 2013, Page 229-231
Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Benzene in Petroleum Refinery Environments
Authors: Edokpolo Benjamin , Yu Qiming , Connell Des
Published: January 2015

The health risk resulting from benzene exposure in petroleum refineries was calculated using data from the scientific literature from various countries throughout the world. The exposure data was collated into four scenarios from petroleum refinery environments and plotted as cumulative probability distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) at 50% (CEXP50) and 95% (CEXP95) exposure levels. Benzene levels were estimated to pose a significant risk with HQ50 > 1 and HQ95 > 1 for workers exposed to benzene as base estimates for petroleum refinery workers (Scenario 1), petroleum refinery workers evaluated with personal samplers in Bulgarian refineries (Scenario 2B) and evaluated using air inside petroleum refineries in Bulgarian refineries (Scenario 3B). HQ50 < 1 were calculated for petroleum refinery workers with personal samplers in Italian refineries (Scenario 2A), air inside petroleum refineries (Scenario 3A) and air outside petroleum refineries (Scenario 4) in India and Taiwan indicating little possible adverse health effects. Also, HQ95 was < 1 for Scenario 4 however potential risk was evaluated for Scenarios 2A and 3A with HQ95 > 1. The excess Cancer risk (CR) for lifetime exposure to benzene for all the scenarios was evaluated using the Slope Factor and Overall Risk Probability (ORP) methods. The result suggests a potential cancer risk for exposure to benzene in all the scenarios. However, there is a higher cancer risk at 95% (CEXP95) for petroleum refinery workers (2B) with a CR of 48,000 per 106 and exposure to benzene in air inside petroleum refineries (3B) with a CR of 28,000 per 106.
Acetic Acid Can Catalyze Succinimide Formation from Aspartic Acid Residues by a Concerted Bond Reorganization Mechanism: A Computational Study
Authors: Takahashi Ohgi , Kirikoshi Ryota , Manabe Noriyoshi
Published: January 2015

Succinimide formation from aspartic acid (Asp) residues is a concern in the formulation of protein drugs. Based on density functional theory calculations using Ace-Asp-Nme (Ace = acetyl, Nme = NHMe) as a model compound, we propose the possibility that acetic acid (AA), which is often used in protein drug formulation for mildly acidic buffer solutions, catalyzes the succinimide formation from Asp residues by acting as a proton-transfer mediator. The proposed mechanism comprises two steps: cyclization (intramolecular addition) to form a gem-diol tetrahedral intermediate and dehydration of the intermediate. Both steps are catalyzed by an AA molecule, and the first step was predicted to be rate-determining. The cyclization results from a bond formation between the amide nitrogen on the C-terminal side and the side-chain carboxyl carbon, which is part of an extensive bond reorganization (formation and breaking of single bonds and the interchange of single and double bonds) occurring concertedly in a cyclic structure formed by the amide NH bond, the AA molecule and the side-chain C=O group and involving a double proton transfer. The second step also involves an AA-mediated bond reorganization. Carboxylic acids other than AA are also expected to catalyze the succinimide formation by a similar mechanism.
Do Offspring of Insects Feeding on Defoliation-Resistant Trees Have Better Biological Performance When Exposed to Nutritionally-Imbalanced Food?
Authors: Quezada-Garcia Roberto , Fuentealba Alvaro , Nguyen Ngoc , Bauce Éric
Published: January 2015

White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees that are resistant or susceptible to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) attack were identified in a southern Quebec plantation. Due to high mortality-induced selective pressures imposed by resistant trees on spruce budworm larvae, insects that survive on resistant trees exhibited greater biological performance than those on susceptible trees. We tested the hypothesis that this better biological performance is maintained across generations when progeny were subjected to nutritional stress. We collected pupae from resistant and susceptible trees (phenotype). Adults were reared under controlled laboratory conditions. Progeny were subsequently reared on two types of artificial diet (high vs. low quality). Low quality diet simulated food quality deterioration during outbreak conditions. Results confirmed that surviving insects collected from resistant trees have better performance than those from susceptible trees. Offspring performance (pupal mass, developmental time) was affected only by diet quality. These results suggest that adaptive advantages that would be acquired from parents fed on resistant trees are lost when progeny are exposed to nutritionally-imbalanced food, but the effects persist when larvae are fed a balanced diet. Offspring mortality, fecundity and fertility were positively influenced by parental origin (tree phenotype).
Cholesterol-Enhanced Polylactide-Based Stereocomplex Micelle for Effective Delivery of Doxorubicin
Authors: Wang Jixue , Xu Weiguo , Ding Jianxun , Lu Shengfan , Wang Xiaoqing , Wang Chunxi , Chen Xuesi
Published: January 2015

Nanoscale micelles as an effective drug delivery system have attracted increasing interest in malignancy therapy. The present study reported the construction of the cholesterol-enhanced doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly(D-lactide)-based micelle (CDM/DOX), poly(L-lactide)-based micelle (CLM/DOX), and stereocomplex micelle (CSCM/DOX) from the equimolar enantiomeric 4-armed poly(ethylene glycol)–polylactide copolymers in aqueous condition. Compared with CDM/DOX and CLM/DOX, CSCM/DOX showed the smallest hydrodynamic size of 96 ± 4.8 nm and the slowest DOX release. The DOX-loaded micelles exhibited a weaker DOX fluorescence inside mouse renal carcinoma cells (i.e., RenCa cells) compared to free DOX·HCl, probably because of a slower DOX release. More importantly, all the DOX-loaded micelles, especially CSCM/DOX, exhibited the excellent antiproliferative efficacy that was equal to or even better than free DOX·HCl toward RenCa cells attributed to their successful internalization. Furthermore, all of the DOX-loaded micelles exhibited the satisfactory hemocompatibility compared to free DOX·HCl, indicating the great potential for systemic chemotherapy through intravenous injection.
Microstructure and Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Aluminum Containing 1 wt.% SiC Nanoparticles
Authors: Aliyu Ismaila , Saheb Nouari , Hassan Syed , Al-Aqeeli Nasser
Published: January 2015

The low hardness and strength of aluminum, which limits its use in many industrial applications, could be increased through the addition of nanoparticles. However, the appropriate processing method and parameters should be carefully selected in order to achieve the desired improvement in properties. In this work, aluminum was reinforced with low weight fraction (1 wt.%) of SiC nanoparticles and consolidated through spark plasma sintering. The effect of processing parameters on the densification, microstructure, and properties of the processed material was investigated. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) facility was used to characterize the microstructure and analyze the reinforcement’s distribution in sintered samples. Phases present were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD). A densimeter and a digital microhardness tester were used to measure the density and hardness, respectively. Compressive tests were performed using universal testing machine. A fully dense Al-1 wt.% SiC sample was obtained. Analysis of density and hardness values showed that the influence of applied pressure was more pronounced than heating rate while the influence of sintering temperature was more significant than sintering time. Within the range of parameters used, the highest values of the characterized properties were obtained at a sintering temperature of 600 °C, sintering time of 10 min, pressure of 50 MPa, and heating rate of 200 °C/min.
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Novel 1-(Diethoxy-phosphoryl)-3-(4-one-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-propan-2-yl Carboxylic Esters
Authors: Jin Yan , Zhao Hanqing , Lu Huizhe , Kuemmel Colleen , Zhang Jianjun , Wang Daoquan
Published: January 2015

A series of novel compounds, namely 1-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-3-(4-ones-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-yl carboxylic esters, were designed on the basis of the diazafulvene intermediate of imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase (IGPD) and high-activity inhibitors of IGPD, and synthesized as inhibitors targeting IGPD in plants. Their structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 31P-NMR and HR-MS. The herbicidal evaluation performed by a Petri dish culture method showed that most compounds possessed moderate to good herbicidal activities. Six compounds were chosen for further herbicidal evaluation on barnyard grass by pot experiments. 1-(Diethoxyphosphoryl)-3-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-yl 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate (5-A3) and ethyl 1-(2-acetoxy-3-(diethoxyphosphoryl)propyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate (5-B4) showed good herbicidal activities. Compared with the compounds with the best herbicidal activity ever reported, both compounds 5-A3 and 5-B4, which can inhibit the growth of barnyard grass at the concentration of 250g/hm2, efficiently gave rise to a nearly 4-fold increase of the herbicidal potency. However, their herbicidal activities were lower than that of acetochlor (62.5 g/hm2) in the pot experiments.