bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophets, Priests and Preachers: Dene Shamans and Christian Missions in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Abel Kerry
Published: July 2012

Throughout the nineteenth century, European and Canadian observers recorded instances of “prophets” arising among the Dene in the northwest. These men and women reported having travelled to the land of the spirits or to heaven, where they learned new rules for human behaviour which would bring about a change of circumstances for the better. Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society and particularly the Oblates of Mary Immaculate were concerned about these events and interpreted them in a variety of ways. Anthropologists and historians have considered similar postcontact events in North American Indian societies as “revitalization movements” and “crisis cults.” These concepts are examined and found somewhat misleading when applied to the Dene prophets. Instead, the activities of these prophets are interpreted as manifestations of traditional cultural responses to the various pressures of life in a harsh northern environment.
Secrets Between Different Kinds of Friends: Canada’s Wartime Exchange of Scientific Military Information with the United States and the USSR, 1940‑1945
Authors: Avery Donald
Published: July 2012

The outbreak of the Second World War, with the emphasis on new weapons and defence technology, brought about dramatic changes in the role of the scientist in Britain, the United States, and Canada. In many ways, Canadian scientists were most affected by these changes. Now, through the National Research Council and various defence agencies, they were able to gain access to highly confidential scientific data through the medium of joint British and Canadian research projects. Equally important was the extent that the British connection made it possible for Canadian scientists to become involved in sophisticated American military projects. Canada was also indirectly affected by the complex negotiations between Britain, the United States and the USSR on applied science exchanges during World War II. In addition, there were a variety of bilateral arrangements between Canada and the Soviet Union which had important implications for the exchange of military technology. But even more important were the revelations in September 1945 that the Soviet Union had been operating an extensive espionage system in Canada which had obtained considerable “Top Secret” scientific military information. The subsequent report of the Royal Commission on Espionage had major national and international ramifications.
Local Control, Resources and the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company
Authors: Inwood Kris E.
Published: July 2012

Financial market activity indicates that Maritime interests lost control of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company in 1915 and 1916. Production and financial records of the firm suggest that poor profitability contributed to the change of ownership. The firm's weakness is traced to its resource base and the resulting high costs of production. The causation implicit in conventional accounts is reversed: control and ownership changes were a result of, rather than a cause of, production difficulties and weak profitability.
The Transportation Revolution and its Consequences: The Railway Freight Rate Controversy of the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Cruikshank Ken
Published: July 2012

By the turn of the century, a growing coalition of business and political leaders came to share a common goal — the creation of a national regulatory commission to control railway freight rates. The development of a coordinated railway network and advances in locomotive technology made possible a general decline in transportation costs. Business leaders consequently became concerned with the uneven way in which the private rate-making process distributed the benefits of the transportation revolution, particularly declining freight rates. In eastern Canada, they blamed railway rate-making policies for disrupting established patterns of trade. In western Canada, they castigated railway officials for failing to adjust the rate structure in response to the rapid development of new centres of economic activity. At the same time as it made possible the development of large-scale mercantile and industrial enterprise, then, the transportation revolution also created demands for a significant expansion of the state's authority over the largest of all nineteenth-century industries, the railway.
The Vision of the Good Society in the Social Gospel: What, Where, and When is the Kingdom of God?
Authors: Merkley Paul
Published: July 2012

The Progressive years, from the 1890s to 1919, were the last period of American history during which the “national faith” was publicly proclaimed in the political arena. By the 1930s, politicians excused themselves from appearing on platforms with the ministers and the symbols of Christian faith. Protestant clergymen owed their lease on the attentions of the politicians and the voting public of those years to the intellectuals' patience with the liberal preachers ' reinterpretation of the agenda of progress in terms of the imminent, poslmillenial “Kingdom of God.” Meanwhile, the spectacular advance of premillenialism in the ranks of the laity embarrassed the clergy by exposing the gulf between the liberal-philosophic commitments of the learned leadership and the continued investments of the laity in a supernaturalist understanding of the Christian faith. The vehemence of the Social Gospelers ' denunciation of premillenialism is the best clue to their determination not to accept the reality that would henceforth govern the life of the churches: that Christian faith and doctrine no longer belonged in the general culture.
The First Mrs. Rochester: Wrongful Confinement, Social Redundancy, and Commitment to the Private Asylum, 1883‑1923
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: July 2012

Historians have debated the growth of asylums as either a movement towards social

control or as a benevolent reform; yet commitment was primarily initiated by kin. The

rapid overcrowding of asylums reflected the success of institutions in responding to

family crises. Through analysis of 1,134 case histories of a private asylum, the

Homewood Retreat of Guelph, Ontario, the dynamics of the late Victorian and

Edwardian middle-class household are evident in the circumstances which culminated in

the decision to commit. Urban industrialization and the declining birth rate rendered

households less able to care for the insane, while the permeation of capitalist relations

into family life rendered the heads of households less willing to care for nonproductive

adult members, particularly socially redundant women. The diagnosis of neurasthenia

enabled members of the middle class to institutionalize kin for behaviour which,

although not violent or destructive, was irritating and antagonistic, thereby reflecting the

high standard of middle-class proprieties.
Quatre-Vingt-Neuf Revisited: Social Interests and Political Conflict in the French Revolution
Authors: Comninel George C.
Published: July 2012

Fifty years after its publication, Quatre-Vingt-Neuf — Georges Lefebvre's classic statement of the social interpretation of the French Revolution — is widely thought to have been discredited. Revisionist historians have effectively challenged the idea that the bourgeoisie was a revolutionary capitalist class overthrowing feudalism, and this has been taken to repudiate both Lefebvre's interpretation and Marxist history generally.

Yet the new revisionist orthodoxy has been unable to provide a credible alternative account of the origins and course of the Revolution. A “new” social interpretation is therefore suggested which, ironically, is very close to that originally offered by Lefebvre for, while the idea of a bourgeois-capitalist class revolution clearly is refuted by the historical evidence, a return to Quatre-Vingt-Neuf reveals that this concept did not play a central role in Lefebvre's account. Nor is it integral to Marx's historical materialist method of analysis. Indeed, a fresh historical materialist class analysis of the ancien régime supports a very different social interpretation than that of “bourgeois revolution,” one largely consistent with Lefebvre's interpretation of the complex but integral social revolution unleashed in 1789.
Discours du président : Historiens, archives et archivistes : un ménage à trois
Authors: Robert Jean-Claude
Published: July 2012

Dans ce discours, le président invite les historiens à s'impliquer davantage dans les activités para-académiques, particulièrement dans les domaines qui touchent au rapport entre la société et la discipline historique. Cette allocution porte sur un objet précis, la conservation des archives judiciaires du Québec, puisque que les activités d'un groupe professionnel, les archivistes, auront de lourdes conséquences sur les recherches futures des historiens.

Cette communication s'articule autour de trois points. Elle peut de l'expérience d'un comité interministériel chargé de déterminer le niveau de conservation des pièces archivistiques, elle pose ensuite le problème du rapport entre anniversaire historique et archives, puis offre quelques réflexions sur le rapport entre historiens et archivistes. L'auteur rend hommage à la mémoire de Jacques Ducharme, archiviste et membre important de ce comité interministériel, et dont l'esprit de collaboration a servi de modèle aux deux professions. Cette analyse demande aux historiens de se pencher à nouveau sur le rapport des sources avec la connaissance historique car les archives de demain sont en train de se constituer sous nos yeux.
The Limits of Nationalist Politics: Electoral Culture and Mobilization in Germany, 1890-1903
Authors: Fairbairn Brett
Published: July 2012

With Germany's unification, nationalism became an entrenched part of the political culture, until its role was challenged by the rise of social “fairness” issues in the 1890s. In the first decades of the Reich, campaigns against minorities like Catholics, Poles, and Social Democrats helped cement the progovernmental forces, especially in intense “national” elections. The Kartell elections of 1887, in particular, created a patriotic coalition that remained a significant factor in electoral politics for over twenty years. But in the 1890s, nationalist coalition-building became increasingly difficult as the Kartell parties lost support, drifted apart, and competed more and more with one another. The government made efforts to shore up its allies, but these efforts failed to halt the disintegration. Significantly, while some argued the government should use the naval issue or the tariff issue (Sammlungspolitik) to influence the elections of 1898 and 1903, the government was unable to do so. Instead, increasing electoral support went to the parties that were perceived as '“mass” parties, especially the Catholic Centre and Social Democrats. These parties organized social-interest constituencies by appealing to “fairness” issues like suffrage, civil liberties, and fair taxation.
Ethnic Farmers and the “Outside” World: Mennonites in Manitoba and Nebraska, 1874-1900
Authors: Loewen Royden
Published: July 2012

Historians have suggested that two types of farmers settled on the Canadian prairie; one was the commercially oriented Anglo-Canadian farmer, the other was the European ethnic group settler bent on transplanting an “Old World” way of life on the periphery of mainstream society. These latter settlements — comprised of Ukrainians, German-Catholics, French-Canadians, Doukhobors, and Mennonites — have been described as isolated “ethnic islands in a Canadian sea”. This essay, however, argues that even the Mennonites or rural, sectarian, immigrant communities were not dependent on geographical isolation or a transplanted subsistence agriculture. It suggests that their aims were to reproduce their ethnic communities with financial resources derived from a judicious interaction with the marketplace and an adaption of agricultural practices to a new physical environment. It counters the impression that, while Anglo-Canadian farmers adapted quickly to the exigencies of their environments, ethnic farmers like the Mennonites transplanted their traditional ways without change.

The essay focuses on the experience of a small but representative Mennonite immigrant group, the “Kleine Gemeinde”, who settled in both the East Reserve, Manitoba, and in Jefferson County, Nebraska in 1874. The writings of these farmers and the parallel Canadian and American public record suggest that these ethnic farmers adapted quickly to their new environments. New climates, labour conditions, and markets brought changes to their crop selections, levels of mechanization, and cultivation practices. The East Reserve farms were relatively small, mixed operations but, it is argued, that rather than suggesting a peasant existence, these facts point to rational market choices in a relatively primitive Manitoba economy. Changes that these Mennonite farmers made during their first generation in Canada reflect the development of Manitoba's economy. A comparison of East Reserve with its sister settlement in Nebraska indicates that, between 1874 and 1900, the two communities diverged significantly in their farming practices. That divergence reflected differences in the economy and physiography of Manitoba and Nebraska. More important than cultural predispositions in shaping their agriculture was the Mennonites' willingness to adapt to a new climate and cultivate a sustained relationship with the markets of the “outside world”.
Creating a New Staple: Capital, Technology, and Monopoly in British Columbia’s Resource Sector, 1901-1925
Authors: Mouat Jeremy
Published: July 2012

This paper examines the mining industry of British Columbia, the province's leading staple during the period when the region was brought within the network of world trade. Specifically, it describes the emergence of zinc production as the most profitable sector of the industry, from the early 1900s through to the mid-1920s. A good deal of importance was attached to discovering some means of treating zinc ore in the early 1900s. Increasing amounts of zinc were being found in the silver-lead ore of eastern British Columbia. Zinc was seen as a contaminant, and smelters penalised mine-owners who shipped ore that was over 10 per cent zinc. The presence of zinc rendered relatively valuable ore (in terms of its silver and lead content) uneconomical. Concern over “the zinc problem” was such that, by 1905, the federal government, responding to the lobbying efforts of mine-owners, appointed a commission “to Investigate the Zinc Resources of British Columbia and the Conditions Affecting Their Exploitation”. During the next twenty years, mining companies in the Kootenays explored a number of different ways to overcome zinc's unfortunate impact upon the mining industry.

These efforts to discover an adequate means to treat zinc ore illustrate the way in which technology and capital became the key ingredients of a distinctively new mining industry. The paper argues that the emergence of zinc mining reflected a fundamental restructuring of the industry, as the focus shifted from the discovery and exploitation of bonanza deposits of gold and silver to the less spectacular production of copper, lead, and zinc. Technology, economies of scale, and substantial capital investment were the hallmarks of the new industry. Not only was the industry profoundly altered — experiencing what other scholars have described as the second industrial revolution — but new vertically integrated companies displaced the traditional mining company.

The paper describes the clearest example of this trend, outlining the early career of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada [Cominco], a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Cominco was able to put in place the necessary technology to tap its enormous lead-zinc deposit at Kimberley, and successfully treat zinc at its Trail refinery. Within two decades, and largely as a result of its ability to treat zinc, Cominco became the most profitable mining company ever to operate in British Columbia. The conclusion suggests some consequences of Cominco's ascendancy.
Presidential Address: A View From the Lectern
Authors: Rea J. E.
Published: July 2012

This paper explores the relationship among teaching, research, and publications for, the author argues, a good teacher must carry out advanced historical research and >report results to a wider academic audience. This observation leads to an examination of three kinds of questions which challenge the historian as teacher: the first, questions to which the primary and secondary literature provide no answer; the second, questions to which standard works offer no adequate response but which inspire research and rethinking and thereby lead to a new understanding of the issue; and the third, questions which can be fully answered only by informed speculation. The paper then illustrates the challenge posed by each type of question by looking at important incidents in twentieth-century Canadian history: the first, why Prime Minister Borden on 1 January 1916 doubled Canada's manpower in the Great War to five hundred thousand; the second, why did the tariff disappear as an issue from elections after 1935; and the third, why did the Cabinet accept the forced resignation of J. L. Ralston as Minister of National Defence in November of 1944? The specialised knowledge required to respond to such questions necessarily enriches our overall understanding of the past.
The Spread of Rural Industry in Lower Canada, 1831-1851
Authors: Courville Serge , Robert Jean-Claude , Séguin Normand
Published: July 2012

As a contribution to a larger project which seeks to explore the contours of the socio-economy of Lower Canada in the nineteenth century, this paper utilises the 1831 and 1851 census data to define the extent, nature, and distribution of an essential component in the rural economy — industry — in the St. Lawrence axis during the first half of the nineteenth century. The aggregate census data suggest that a degree of numerical stagnation, or even deindustrialisation, occurred between 1831 and 1851, localised in the Montréal district. An analysis of the individual census schedules for 1851 indicates that no such deindustrialisation actually took place. What is revealed is a picture of great complexity in terms of type and distribution of industries over time. The evolution of the emerging rural industrial landscape is linked to population growth, expanding land settlement, and urbanisation. What emerges is a picture of an integrated economy based on a relatively well-developed structural exchange system.
Discipliner les fonctionnaires de l’administration municipale de Montréal dans les premières décennies du XXe siècle : en théorie ... et en pratique
Authors: Dagenais Michèle
Published: July 2012

Inscrite au coeur du processus de bureaucratisation, la discipline représente un des leviers majeurs permettant la transformation du mode de gestion des entreprises et de l'organisation du travail qui s'amorce au début du XXe siècle. Tout comme les grandes sociétés privées et les autres administrations publiques à cette époque, l'administration municipale de Montréal est amenée à modifier la manière dont elle dirige ses fonctionnaires et exerce son autorité. La croissance importante de ses services de même que l'augmentation rapide de sa main-d'oeuvre favorisent alors l'émergence d'une autorité de type bureaucratique. La mise en place du nouvel ordre disciplinaire quelle induit est mue par une double dynamique qui passe par la redéfinition de l'autorité, de même que par l'élaboration de normes et de codes de conduite nouveaux.À partir de l'analyse du mode de gestion de cette administration publique et de son évolution, à partir aussi de l'étude des règlements de même que des conditions et des modalités entourant leur mise en application, cet article vise à retracer le processus suivant lequel est non seulement adoptée mais aussi intégrée, par l'ensemble des acteurs, une nouvelle conception de la discipline. Au-delà des seuls textes officiels nous verrons donc comment, dans la pratique, sexerce véritablement cette nouvelle autorité bureaucratique, en cherchant à mettre à jour les contradictions qui en résultent et qui sont le plus souvent masquées par l'unité du discours sur la rationalité bureaucratique.
The Seven Oaks Incident and the Construction of a Historical Tradition, 1816 to 1970
Authors: Dick Lyle
Published: July 2012

The Seven Oaks incident, a violent clash between Métis and Hudson's Bay Company/Selkirk settlers at Red River in 1816, was long represented in Canadian historical discourse as a "massacre." In investigating the genesis of this interpretation, the paper examines the primary record and employs textual analysis to distinguish the "story," or basic facts, from the "discourse," or rhetorical overwriting by the event's historians. The paper also reexamines the respective roles of amateur and professional historians in Western Canadian historiography in the context of the discourse on Seven Oaks. The contemporary report of Commissioner William Coltman and works of Red River amateurs are used to establish that Seven Oaks was generally not considered a "massacre" inthepre-Confederationera. Rather, this interpretation largely dates from the post-1870 period, when Anglo-Canadian immigrants to Western Canada became the region's ruling group. Anglo-Canadian historians utilised partisan accounts of the battle and romantic plot structures to reinterpret the Métis actions as a savage slaughter. In these narratives, the alleged Métis role at Seven Oaks functioned allegorically to justify the dispossession of this western Native group's lands by the newcomers. In structuring their texts to promote the ideological position of their own ethnic group, post-Confederation academics established a tradition of writing that dominated Seven Oaks historiography for one hundred years. Since 1970, this tradition has weakened somewhat in academic circles, while popular historians have continued to reproduce its essentials in their accounts.
The Politics of Food and the Disintegration of the Anglo-Canadian Trade Relationship, 1947-1948
Authors: Muirhead B. W.
Published: July 2012

This paper examines a somewhat peripheral event in postwar transatlantic diplomacy, the 1947-48 food negotiations between Canada and the United Kingdom, because the process and the outcome of these talks illuminate the deterioration in the traditionally close relationship between the two countries. Because of the financial strains caused by British wartime expenditures, Canada was unable to negotiate a reestablishment of the prewar trade relationship, in which surpluses in her trade with Great Britain financed deficits in her accounts with the United States. The British negotiating strategy forced the Canadian government to reconsider its traditional dependence on the British connection, which had hitherto been so fundamental to Canadian history. This paper therefore challenges the view that Canadian politicians ''sold out'' the country in shifting attention from Britain to the United States after World War II.
The Short Life of a Local Protest Movement: The Annexation Crisis of 1849-50 in the Eastern Townships
Authors: Little J. I.
Published: July 2012

This paper examines the annexationist movement on the border region of the Eastern Townships, where the American-descended majority felt that union with the United States would end their economic isolation and stagnation as well as remove them from the growing threat of French-Canadian political domination. Leading proponents of this genuinely bi-partisan movement were careful not to appear disloyal to Britain, however, and they actively discouraged popular protest at the local level. Fearful of American-style democracy, the local élite also expressed revulsion towards American slavery and militaristic expansionism. Consequently, the movement died as quickly in the Eastern Townships as it did in Montreal after Britain expressed its official disapproval and trade with the United States began to increase.
The Elderly Poor in Rural Ontario: Inmates of the Wellington County House of Industry, 1877-1907
Authors: Stewart Stormie
Published: July 2012

Late in the nineteenth century, a number of Ontario county governments financed and built social welfare institutions. Essentially modelled after English and American work-houses, these institutions were intended to provide indoor relief to all indigent members of the community. By the turn of the century, however, the inmate population was almost uniformly elderly. This paper traces the demographic evolution of one such institution, the Wellington County House of Industry, and examines the circumstances and problems, frequently gender-specific, which compelled aged men and women to enter.
The Reconstruction of Rural Society in the Aftermath of the Mayan Rebellion of 1847
Authors: Angel Barbara A.
Published: July 2012

In 1847, Mayan peasants under the leadership of their traditional caciques rose up against the creole authorities of the state of Yucatán. This rebellion, known to contemporaries and later historians as the Caste War, has been described as the most prolonged and bloody resistance on the part of an indigenous group in the Americas since the Spanish conquest. While the rebellion itself poses challenging questions regarding the nature of peasant involvement in movements for social change, this paper deals with the government's efforts to restore order in the countryside, and the response of the Mayan campesinos as they found themselves caught up in a struggle which they could not avoid. The study focuses on a specific region of the Yucatán peninsula, the Sierra or Puuc, which, because of its strategic location between the northwest region dominated by the government and the hinterland controlled by various rebel groups, played a pivotal role in the war.

The paper assesses the results of the government's pacification policy, examines the question of migration and flight of refugees into zones of refuge, and discusses the survival strategies adopted by Mayan peasants in the communities of the Puuc. The study also addresses the role of non-combatants in guerrilla warfare, and their ambiguous relationship with both sides in the conflict, as potential allies or enemies.
Paradise Postponed: A Re-examination of the Green Book Proposals of 1945
Authors: Finkel Alvin
Published: July 2012

During World War Two, all federal political parties sought to accommodate the growing demand for "welfare state" programs. Mackenzie King's Liberals successfully checked the growth of the CCF by promising a comprehensive program of cradle-to-grave security. After the 1945 election the Liberal government prepared such a program and brought it to a dominion-provincial conference whose purpose was to determine the taxation and administrative arrangements necessary for its implementation. The "conference", which became a series of mini-conferences stretched over nine months, ended without agreement. The federal government blamed recalcitrant premiers in Ontario and Quebec for the conference's failure and abandoned much of the reform program. This article argues that the federal government, in fact, wanted the conference to fail because it did not want to undertake the expenses implied in the reform proposals. After proving inflexible in dealing with provincial criticisms, it cynically and successfully manipulated events to make it appear that the provinces had killed hopes for reform. Post-war prosperity and a declining interest in reform, particularly on the part of the corporate and medical elites, contributed to the federal government's unwillingness to pursue reform vigorously.
L’arme favorite de l’épicier indépendant : éléments d’une histoire sociale du crédit (Montréal, 1920-1940)
Authors: Taschereau Sylvie
Published: July 2012

À Montréal, dans la première moitié du 20e siècle, les détaillants indépendants de l'alimentation ont l'habitude de faire crédit à leur clientèle des milieux populaires, en leur permettant d'ouvrir un compte courant, réglé en principe à intervalles réguliers. À cette époque, pour une large part de la population, le revenu familial suffit à peine à couvrir les besoins de base et ne permet pas de faire face aux impondérables. Le crédit qu’accordent les détaillants de quartier donne au budget familial un peu de la souplesse qui lui manque et représente en quelque sorte un filet de sécurité à une époque où les revenus des familles ouvrières sont peu élevés et instables. Aussi, en dépit du danger d'endettement qu'il représente, il est activement recherché par les résidents des quartiers populaires.

Dans le contexte économique et social des années 1920 à 1940, et à ce moment de l'évolution du commerce de l'alimentation, les détaillants indépendants qui accordent crédit se trouvent placés dans une situation paradoxale. D'abord, le progrès important des chaînes de magasins dans le secteur de l'alimentation les inquiète vivement. Or tandis que les chaînes appliquent en principe la règle du « cash & carry », le crédit qu'accordent les détaillants indépendants leur permet de se distinguer de leurs concurrents et de retenir leur clientèle des quartiers populaires. Dans ce sens, cette pratique devient leur « arme favorite », suivant l'expression d'un contemporain. Il s'agit cependant d'une arme à deux tranchants. Pour la majorité des petits commerçants, dont les entreprises sont fragiles et manquent de capital, le crédit représente une charge considérable. Les détaillants les mieux établis se trouvent eux aussi partagés entre la crainte de perdre leur clientèle au profit des chaînes et le désir d'éliminer cette forme de crédit qu'ils ne gèrent pas nécessairement à profit.
“Cradle to Grave: An Examination of Demographic Behaviour on Two British Columbian Frontiers”
Authors: Belshaw John Douglas
Published: July 2012

This paper begins an exploration of British Columbia's historical demography. It assesses rates of nuptiality and marital fertility in two turn-of-the-century cities, Nanaimo and Kamloops. Numerical male dominance is considered, along with the likelihood of high rates of nuptiality on the "frontier". The findings indicate a greater role for non-native women in early far west communities, and a greater range of options outside marriage in some locales. Fertility rates are described as well, revealing connections between natural increase and local economic factors. The study also identifies a large dependent population in the new cities and considers the effects this demographic and cost element would have had on British Columbia life.
The Practice of Portage in the Early Modern North Atlantic: Introduction to an Issue in Maritime Historical Anthropology
Authors: Pope Peter
Published: July 2012

In some respects, we know more about the anthropology of Amerindian groups in the early modern period than we do about the working European seamen with whom they interacted. We do know that negotiated wages or shares were but part of the economic culture of early modern mariners. Portage, also known in specific forms as “privilege” or “venture”, was a right European mariners once had to carry cargo, on their own account, for private sale. This hardly made them “merchants in the forecastle” but the practice of portage does make it difficult to accept, entirely, early modern mariners as a maritime proletariat. An examination of portage, both in the records of specific legal cases and in the body of maritime law, sheds some light on the historical anthropology of maritime life.
World War II and the Rebirth and Death of Canada’s Merchant Marine
Authors: Hennessy Michael A.
Published: July 2012

Twice before the Second World War the Canadian merchant marine had collapsed in the face of competing conceptions of empire and commercial interest. Though once home to a thriving merchant fleet, the passing of the age of sail marked Canada's decline as a maritime nation. Most of the surviving merchant fleet sailed under British registry, employing British crews and officers. During the Second World War, Canada rebuilt its merchant marine. As the war drew to a close, the state, labour and enterprise supported the framing of a Canadian maritime policy to preserve the merchant shipping capacity developed during the war.

The fleet's ambiguous origins, conflicting national trade policy, the absence of a laissez-faire international shipping market, the rise of cold-war tensions and the very peculiar problems of trade to the sterling bloc savaged post-war efforts to maintain the fleet. The timing and nature of the collapse were particularly Canadian. Barriers to currency convertibility, carriage restrictions, and high labour and production costs, proved formidable obstacles which representatives of the Canadian state were very largely powerless to overcome. In combination, these elements, rather than some invisible hand, explain why Canadian ship owners led the way in abandoning their national flag and why the state helped them. Sole attribution for the death of the merchant marine should no longer fall to unfavourable labour costs or union activism.
“Cool courage should always mark me”: John Wilkes and Duelling
Authors: Sainsbury John
Published: July 2012

The duelling activity of John Wilkes, the eighteenth-century English radical, has not received much attention from historians. Yet it tells us a lot about his career and the responses that it evoked from the public at large. Through allegiance to the honour code, Wilkes self-consciously sought to identify with the hegemonic aristocratic culture, an insight which renders problematic his frequent depiction as the champion of a bourgeois style of politics. At the same time, his duelling helped to elicit popular support because it defined a manly persona which could be contrasted with the effeteness of his political enemies, especially those who had allegedly betrayed England's patriotic interests in the country's struggle with France. Significantly, Wilkes's duelling career ended once he found sanctuary in London's civic arena, where the honour code was discounted in favour of demonstrations of political heroism that were not potentially fatal.
Constructing the Citizen: The Primrose League and the Definition of Citizenship in the Age of Mass Democracy in Britain, 1918-1928
Authors: Hendley Matthew
Published: July 2012

The Primrose League was a patriotic mass organisation nominally independent from, but allied to the British Conservative Party. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, it politically mobilised large numbers of British women. In addition, through its social activities, the League assisted with the social integration of those holding full political rights with those who did not. The Fourth Reform Act of 1918 fundamentally altered the structure of British politics by tripling the size of the electorate and giving the vote to a significant number of British women for the first time. In this new political environment, Conservatives were concerned with countering the rising Labour Party and limiting the expectations of new voters. After 1918, the Primrose League attempted to define or construct a partisan model of citizenship. The League's model emphasised citizens' duties, individuals' civil rights and the idea of active citizenship. This campaign both helped the Conservative Party to adjust to the new political order and gave the Primrose League a new role to play in the age of mass democracy.
Évolution organisationnelle et sociale de la milice sédentaire canadienne : le cas du bataillon de Saint-Hyacinthe, 1808-1830
Authors: Dessureault Christian , Legault Roch
Published: July 2012

Cet article propose d'effectuer, de manière conjointe, l'analyse organisationnelle de la milice et l'étude sociale du bataillon de Saint-Hyacinthe au début du XIXe siècle. Cette recherche permet entre autres de vérifier la persistance de cette instance traditionnelle de pouvoir dans la société rurale bas-canadienne. La structure de commandement du bataillon de Saint-Hyacinthe respecte la hiérarchie de cette société rurale. Les officiers de milice disposent de manière générale d'un niveau de fortune et d'une richesse foncière supérieurs. De plus, les liens familiaux constituent un facteur important de cohésion à l'intérieur de l'institution. Au cours de la période étudiée, les nouvelles responsabilités civiles et politiques confiées aux officiers de milice, la présence grandissante des marchands et des membres des professions libérales dans la structure de commandement, ainsi que le resserrement des liens familiaux entre les officiers, sont témoins de la vigueur de cette institution.
Pacifism or Anti-Imperialism?: The CCF Response to the Outbreak of World War II
Authors: Naylor James
Published: July 2012

Examining the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation's response to the outbreak of World War II, this paper shifts the focus away from J.S. Woodsworth's allegedly “pacifist” refusal to support the war effort. Instead, it explores the context and language of the broader debate among CCFers regarding militarism, fascism and imperialism. Very rarely was this debate framed in pacifist terms. It was axiomatic to the CCF that the twin evils of fascism and war were the products of capitalism and that war among capitalist powers retained an imperialist character. Acquiescing to participation in such a war was not only unprincipled but also undermined the basis upon which a socialist, working-class identity could be constructed. Once the war was under way, the CCF could hardly deny its initial ambivalence to the war, but chose to restate it in pacifist terms that were less challenging to the Canadian state, the allies, and the war effort.
Comportements violents (Réflexion psychodynamique)
Authors: Millaud Frédéric
Published: July 2012

L'auteur s'attache à distinguer dans ce texte les notions d'agressivité et de violence. Il se réfère à la réflexion théorique de Bergeret et donne des illustrations cliniques à propos de deux patients. Une telle différenciation améliore la compréhension des passages à l'acte et favorise mite meilleure prise en charge thérapeutique.
Et si on parlait des hommes?
Authors: Perrault Chantal
Published: July 2012

Cet article se veut un questionnement sur quelques-uns des effets pervers du discours sur l'association sexe/santé dans notre contexte socio-culturel. Ce discours dénonce haut et fort les problèmes psychosociaux des femmes, mais tend à passer sous silence la vulnérabilité des hommes, pourtant inscrite en noir sur blanc dans nos statistiques officielles sur le suicide, la dépendance à l'alcool et autres drogues, la violence et l'itinérance.
Va te faire soigner, ton usine est malade : la place de l’hystérie de masse dans la problématique de la santé des femmes au travail
Authors: Brabant Carole , Mergler Donna , Messing Karen
Published: July 2012

L'hystérie de masse se déduit comme l'occurrence épidémique d'une série de symptômes physiques en l'absence de désordre organique et d'agent pathogène identifiables. En dépit de larges variations individuelles et contextuelles, une étonnante similarité unit les différents épisodes rapportés dans la littérature : présence d'un événement déclencheur, progression et régression rapide de symptômes diffus et prédominance de femmes parmi les cas. Nous résumons les recherches dans ce domaine et discutons de la surreprésentation des femmes à travers les hypothèses rattachées à : 1- la biologie et le poids de la socialisation différentielle des hommes et des femmes ; 2- la mauvaise évaluation des risques environnementaux, organisationnels et ergonomiques dans les milieux où l'on assiste à l'hystérie de masse. L'interprétation féministe, en filigrane, s'attaque au préjugé de la vulnérabilité féminine pour mettre en lumière la sous-estimation de la pénibilité des conditions de travail des femmes.
Un espace à construire pour le désir...
Authors: Fernandez-Desjardins Anita , Légaré Gilles , Paquette Renée
Published: July 2012

Question de femme ou question d'être? Y a-t-il un être au féminin ou une manière d'être femme? Des femmes interrogent la psychanalyse. Cet article propose un retour sur la notion de castration et sur les développements entourant la signification du phallus. L'expérience de la castration est présentée comme étant étroitement liée au processus de la sexuation et à la constitution même du sujet parlant. Cet article tente de faire état de la position féminine, qui questionne la castration. La psychanalyse n'apporte pas une réponse, elle pose une limite : celle de l'ordre symbolique dans lequel l'être parlant est inscrit. En deçà de cette limite de la castration, il reste à construire pour chaque femme et chaque homme, dans le Québec contemporain, un espace pour le désir.
Pour en arriver à croire
Authors: Haineault Doris-Louise
Published: July 2012

La plupart des textes psychanalytiques afférents à la question de l'inceste supposent que le passage à l'acte s'est déroulé entre un parent et un enfant de sexes opposés. Dans la plupart de ces cas, il s'agit d'ailleurs d'un inceste père-fille (voir, par exemple, les travaux de Julien Bigras). Or, ce n'est là qu'une des quatre virtualités mathématiques possibles. L'intrusion incestueuse dans les rapports mère-fille constitue en particulier un événement dont on mésestime la fréquence et, conséquemment, les répercussions. L'importance biologique et psychologique de la mère dans le développement de l'enfant colorent l'inceste mère-fille de façon radicale. Dans la reviviscence du transfert, l'analyste, surtout peut-être si cet analyste est de sexe féminin, se trouve confrontée aux choix les plus fondamentaux de la vie du nourrisson: vivre ou mourir; croître ou s'arrêter de croître. Et il devient alors urgent de saisir les composantes les plus archaïques de la toute première vie du nourrisson.

En présence d'un tel cas, l'analyste est forcé de s'enquérir des développements théoriques les plus complexes. Nous avons, quant à nous, largement puisé aux expériences de Renatta Gaddini qui insiste sur l'importance d'élaborer, dans l'analyse, un espace pré-transitionnel. Cet espace pré-transitionnel, toutefois, reste inutile, si l'analyste ne parvient pas, à sa suite, à devenir, pour l'analysante, un objet transformationnel au sens où l'entend Christopher Bollas: c'est-à-dire un objet offrant à la patiente de revivre les étapes du passage de la pré-pensée à la pensée, du concret au symbolique. Ces travaux nous ont aidé à développer une vision un peu plus juste des enjeux en cause. Mais nous mesurons, à notre tour, l'importance du travail qu'il reste à accomplir dans un secteur où peu de recherches, à ce jour, supportent notre exploration.
De la symptomatologie à la résolution de problèmes : approche intégrée pour les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie
Authors: Morin Christiane , Briand Catherine , Lalonde Pierre
Published: July 2012

Les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie présentent des difficultés d'adaptation et de gestion des situations problématiques de la vie quotidienne, diminuant ainsi leurs capacités d'ajustement social (coping). Plusieurs composantes, comme les biais et les déficits cognitifs, en association avec la symptomatologie, perturbent les habiletés pour la résolution de problèmes. Dans la démarche de réadaptation, il est essentiel de tenir compte de l'ensemble de ces caractéristiques et ainsi d'offrir une approche d'intervention intégrée. Cet article présente une approche d'intervention au niveau des habiletés de résolution de problèmes qui tient compte des connaissances contemporaines sur la schizophrénie. Le fonctionnement de la Clinique Jeunes Adultes (schizophrénie) de l'hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine est présenté et sert de référence.
Le système policier et les services de santé mentale
Authors: Cardinal Christiane , Laberge Danielle
Published: July 2012

L'accès à des services de santé mentale pour des personnes référées par la police représente un enjeu important pour éviter la criminalisation d'infractions mineures dont ces personnes pourraient être accusées. La police joue un rôle essentiel dans le choix de la réponse qui sera donnée à ces situations. Quand des mesures informelles ne peuvent être retenues ou que les services en santé ne sont pas accessibles ou que la personne les refuse, la criminalisation apparaît souvent comme la seule façon de régler le problème et, potentiellement, d'obtenir des soins pour cette personne. Cet article examine les travaux ayant porté sur cette question afin de tracer un canevas à partir duquel peut se faire une lecture des transformations récentes qui traversent le secteur de la santé mentale.
L’Échelle de provisions sociales : une validation québécoise
Authors: Caron Jean
Published: July 2012

Cet article présente les résultats de la validation québécoise du Social Provisions Scale (Cutrona et Russel, 1989). L'Échelle de provisions sociales a été administrée à 790 personnes au cours de deux études. La première comporte 387 étudiants universitaires de premier cycle et la seconde, 266 personnes de la population générale, 79 bénéficiaires d'aide sociale et 58 personnes ayant reçu un diagnostic relatif à la psychose. Les résultats montrent que l'échelle présente une bonne cohérence interne et une stabilité temporelie satisfaisante, assurant ainsi la fidélité de l'instrument. Les analyses factorielles n'ont pas reproduit exactement le même profil que l'instrument original, toutefois les corrélations modérées entre les différentes provisions sociales soutiennent la validité du construit multidimensionnel du support social. De plus, des analyses de la variance et l'analyse discriminante permettent de constater que les sous-échelles ont un pouvoir discriminant élevé, elles permettent de distinguer la population générale, les bénéficiaires d'aide sociale et les personnes psychotiques. Enfin, les normes sont présentées pour la population générale.
A Method for Palaeoclimatic Reconstruction in Palynology Based on Multivariate Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Guiot Joël
Published: July 2012

A method based on multiple regression, canonical correlation analysis and the Kalman filter is developed with a view to producing a reliable reconstruction of climate from pollen spectra. The study region is the southern France, where traditional analytical techniques are unsatisfactory due to the heavy influence of human activity and the existence of a complex climate. The first stage of the proposed method is the same as the standard techniques in which a spatial network of 36 sites with recent pollen and climate data were analyzed by regression techniques. But since the recent data are frequently subjected to disturbance by such factors as human activity or the particularities of the local vegetations, a second, independent analytical stage was added, in which pairs of fossil sites were compared using ancient data exclusively. In this way a model of the climatic forcing can be obtained, with the above-mentioned factors left out of account. The reconstructions obtained from the first two stages were then compared in the third stage of the method, and the result is a corrected reconstruction, from which it appears that at 14 000 BP annual temperature was 9oC cooler than present, with a 4°C increase between 13 500 and 11 500 BP followed by a 2oC cooling at 10 500 BP. The Holocene temperature maximum occurred between 8000 and 6000 BP. when the temperature was 1°C warmer than present.