bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Site Index Curves for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas
Authors: Hacker W. David , Bilan M. Victor
Published: August 2019

Stem analysis data collected from dominant and codominant trees growing in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations were used to develop site index curves. These data were collected from loblolly and slash pine plantations growing in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas. The height prediction curves were based on the Chapman-Richards function and will provide an indication of site productivity based an plantation age. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):97-100.
Benomyl Root Dips Adversely Affect First-Year Performance of Stored Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Stumpff Nancy J. , South David B.
Published: August 2019

Dipping loblolly pine roots into a clay slurry containing benomyl (1.25% active ingredient) at the time of packing did not improve survival of seedlings stored (near 3°C) for 1 to 4 weeks. In some situations, benomyl decreased out-planting survival. Regardless of lifting date or storage length, benomyl slightly decreased first-year height growth (by 12 to 17%). Although previous research has demonstrated that a benomyl treatment can improve the ability of March-lifted seedlings to withstand prolonged storage, a beneficial response is not yet predictable for loblolly pine seedlings lifted between October and February. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):133-137.
A Regional Study on the Influence of Woody and Herbaceous Competition on Early Loblolly Pine Growth
Authors: Miller James H. , Zutter Bruce R. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Edwards M. Boyd , Haywood James D. , Newbold Ray A.
Published: August 2019

A common study design has been installed at 14 locations Southwide to track the growth of loblolly pine established with four different competition control treatments: (a) no control, (b) woody control, (c) herbaceous control, and (d) total control after site preparation. This regionwide investigation is the Competition Omission Monitoring Project (COMP). During the first 5 years, the general pine response by treatment has been greater growth in height, diameter, and volume index as follows: total control > herbaceous control > woody control > no control. Generally, diameter growth was more responsive than height to vegetation control treatments. On 13 plantation study sites, pine volume after 5 years with total control averaged about fourfold more than with no control. Volume was increased by an average of 67% with woody control, while herbaceous control increased volume by 171%, showing the greater average influence of herbaceous competition during the initial 5 years. The magnitude of growth reductions by competitors varied by site and intensity. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):169-179.
A Financial Assessment of Capital-Extensive Management Alternatives for Storm-Damaged Timber
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Baker James B.
Published: August 2019

An analysis of the investment costs of three management alternatives for storm-damaged pine stands is presented: (1) selection management, with 25-30% initial stocking, (2) natural even-aged management resulting from chemical release of suppressed pine seedlings, and (3) a standard pine plantation, with and without increased site preparation costs due to storm damage. Selection management and natural even-aged management were shown to provide a low-capital alternative with reasonable rates of return for stand rehabilitation. The landowner's management objective and treatment of land cost will determine the optimal alternative. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):208-212.
Risk and Return from Investments in Pine, Hardwoods, and Financial Markets
Authors: Thomson Thomas A.
Published: August 2019

This paper compares the return and risk of growing fully regulated sawtimber stands of pine, oak, gum, and ash, with the financial market investments of common stocks, corporate bonds, U.S. Government bonds, and U.S. Treasury bills during the 1956-1984 period. Over this period, timber investments realized higher real rates of return than financial market investments. Portfolio analysis shows that for investors considering both types of investments, efficient portfolios typically consist of a mix of pine, ash, common stocks, and Treasury bills. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):20-24
An Iterative Reweighting Procedure for Volume Equations Based on Diameter
Authors: Smith W. Rick , Thomas Charles E.
Published: August 2019

An iterative reweighting scheme for regression with censored data is introduced. The method provides increased precision of parameter estimates for weighted linear or polynomial, diameter at breast height (dbh) based volume equations. This method can also improve equations that predict unreasonable volumes for trees with small dbh's. The technique was applied to highly heteroscedastic inventory data. Improvement in the precision of both softwood and hardwood, merchantable volume and sawtimber volume equations was achieved using this procedure. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):64-67.
A Thinned/Unthinned Loblolly Pine Growth and Yield Simulator for Planted Cutover Site-Prepared Land in the Mid-Gulf South
Authors: Matney Thomas G. , Farrar Robert M.
Published: August 2019

The components and structure of a thinned/unthinned growth and yield simulator, developed by the MSU Growth and Yield Cooperative, for planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on cutover site-prepared land are generally described. Prior to the first thinning, a three-parameter Weibull diameter distribution recovery system supported on the arithmetic-mean, quadratic-mean, and minimum-stand diameters is employed. At the first thinning, or if an initial tree list is supplied as input, a parameter-free least squares adjustment, diameter moment recovery system is used to allocate mortality and diameter growth to the elements of the tree list. Because thinnings from below essentially are equivalent to heavy competition mortality, the parameter-free mortality allocation procedure is adapted for allocating thinned trees to the before-thinning tree list. Copies of a PC-compatible computer program implementing the model can be obtained by writing to the senior author. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):70-75.
Growth and Wood Properties in a Carolina Sandhills Pine Seed Source Study
Authors: Jett J. B. , Guiness W. M.
Published: August 2019

Eight pine sources were planted on a sandhills site in South Carolina. Total height, dbh, wood specific gravity, tracheid length, and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercum [Berk.] Miyabe ex. Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection were evaluated following 17 growing seasons. The Choctawhatcheesource of sand pine (Pinus clausa [Chapm.] Vasey) is apparently well adapted to the deep sands of the Carolina sandhills and exhibited superior height and diameter growth to slash pine, two local sources of loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and two sources of Virginia pine (P. virginiana Mill.). A combination of excellent growth and reasonable survival resulted in significantly more cubic foot volume per acre than the other seed sources or species included in this study. Despite having the lowest weighted specific gravity of all sources in this planting, the Choctawhatchee sand pineproduced more than twice as much dry weight per acre than any other source.

A single open-pollinated family of drought-hardy loblolly pine from Bastrop County, TX, displayed excellent growth, survival, rust resistance, and wood quality. Its performance warrants a more careful and wider evaluationof this seed source for use on these difficult sandhills sites in the Carolinas. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):164-169
Long-Term Development of Regeneration Under Longleaf Pine Seedtree and Shelterwood Stands
Authors: Boyer William D.
Published: August 2019

Well-stocked mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands were cut to five residual basal areas in 1957, namely 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45 ft² per ac, to observe the effect of stand density on seed production and seedling establishment. Seedlings, mainly from the 1955 or 1961seed crops, were established in treated stands. All pines on net 0.9 ac plots were remeasured in 1991 to determine the effect of residual pine density on development of the regeneration. Even the lightest residual overstory converted the structure of 29- to 35- yr-old ingrowth into the reverse-Jdiameter class distribution characteristic of uneven-aged stands. Four or six residual trees, now comprising 7 to 10 ft² basal area (ba)/ac, reduced ingrowth basal area to about half that of same-aged stands released from overstory competition. Merchantable volume of ingrowth under theselow residual densities averaged 40% of that in released stands. Mean annual per ac volume increment of ingrowth averaged 21 to 22 ft³ under the 9 ft² density but did not exceed 7 ft³ under any residual density above this. The potential impact of significant growth reductionsshould be taken into account when considering uneven-aged management methods for longleaf pine. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):10-15.
Performance of Container and Bareroot Loblolly Pine Seedlings on Bottomlands in South Carolina
Authors: Barnett J. P. , McGilvray J. M.
Published: August 2019

The performance of container and bareroot loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings from the same improved seedlot was compared on highly productive bottomland sites in South Carolina. At the time of planting, size and quality of the open-grown container stock were equal to or betterthan bareroot material. When outplanting conditions were ideal, field plantings in March, April, and May of 2 successive years indicated equal performance of the 2 stock types. When conditions were more stressful, container stock survived and grew better than bareroot seedlings. Needle-tipburn caused by postplanting applications of herbicides had no long-term effects on seedling growth. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):80-83.
Availability and Use of Spring and Summer Woody Browse by Deer in Clearcut and Uncut Forests of the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Ford William M. , Johnson A. Sydney , Hale Philip E. , Wentworth James M.
Published: August 2019

We sampled 1,890 vegetation plots in young clearcuts, clearcut-edges, and mature forests at 21 locations in the Southern Appalachians during the summers of 1985-1990. We tallied browsed and unbrowsed twig tips by species to assess woody browse availability and use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Although each plot location produced an abundance of twigs, the mean numbers available to and browsed by deer were significantly greater in both clearcut and clearcut-edge plots than in mature forested plots. Twigs of several preferred deer browse species were more available and more heavily browsed in clearcut plots than in mature forested plots. Because of the large number of twigs available in all locations sampled, overall percent browsing was low (> 5%). Under present conditions on public lands in the Southern Appalachians, summer browse is adequately abundant for deer foraging and forest regeneration, but trends toward reduced clearcutting may alter this situation. South J. Appl. For. 17(3):116-119.
Effects of Viterra® Root Dips and Benomyl on Root Growth Potential and Survival of Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: South David B. , Loewenstein Nancy J.
Published: August 2019

A mixture of clay and benomyl is registered for use on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to control diseases and increase outplanting survival. However, for one sandy site in Alabama, treating roots with a gel slurry of Viterra containing benomyl reduced survival of stored seedlings when compared to a clay slurry containing benomyl (2.5% active ingredient). Root growth potential for January-lifted seedlings was also reduced by adding benomyl to a Viterra gel. For this study, seedlings planted in January and mid-February had better survival than seedlings planted in December or March. Poor survival in December resulted when seedlings were planted 2 wk prior to a hard freeze. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):19-23.
Characterizing Fusiform Rust Incidence and Distribution in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Gregoire Timothy G. , Kronrad Gary D. , Holley A. Gordon
Published: August 2019

Three measurement cycles were completed on an extensive network of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plots in industrial plantations throughout East Texas in 1984, 1987, and 1990. Because the incidence of fusiform rust caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme had been recorded at each measurement, it is possible to characterize the temporal and geographic distribution of fusiform rust among these industrial pine plantations in East Texas. Average rust incidence for each species by two year age classes is presented. For loblolly pine, there is no apparent change in overall average incidence between 1987 and 1990, whereas for slash pine, there is an apparent overall average decline of about 7-8 percentage points. For some slash pine age classes, the incidence decline is 20-30 percentage points. Loblolly and slash pine rust incidence maps depict the geographic distribution of rust infection by plantation age groups in East Texas. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):29-34.
Early Growth Reductions in Short Rotation Loblolly and Slash Pine in Central Louisiana
Authors: Haywood James D.
Published: August 2019

Twenty-two-year-old loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) research plantations were clearcut-harvested and replanted with the same species. The objective was to compare tree growth between the two rotations. Seven growing seasons into the second rotation, loblolly and slash pines averaged an 8- and 3-ft reduction in total height, respectively. Height growth of loblolly pine was especially reduced on replanted plots that had been harrowed or harrowed and bedded 22 yr earlier, but the reduction in growth occurred on the burn-only (check)plots as well. The reasons for these growth declines were not identified, but it was unlikely that differences between rotations in rainfall patterns, logging damage, or competition were responsible. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):35-39.
Timber Harvesting, Regeneration, and Best Management Practices Among West Central Alabama NIPF Owners
Authors: Henry William A. , Bliss John C.
Published: August 2019

Timber harvesting, forest regeneration, and best management practices have major environmental and productivity impacts on NIPF lands in the South. This paper presents data on NIPF owner's knowledge and implementation of such practices. Satellite imagery was used to locate recent clearcut tracts on NIPF land in west-central Alabama. Forest regeneration, waterway protection, and other measures of site condition were determined by field inspection. Fifty-two tract owners responded to a mail survey questionnaire which included demographic, forest practices, attitudinal, and forestry knowledge questions. Comparison of survey responses with field inspection reveals that NIPF owners who are satisfied with postharvest conditions in their forests are inclined to regenerate harvested stands and plan future harvests. Most owners appear knowledgeable about the regeneration status of their forests and have taken steps to achieve regeneration. In contrast, few owners recognize the need for best management practices (BMPs) to protect adjacent waterways, and fewer still have implemented adequate BMPs. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):116-121.
Cone and Seed Yields from Slash Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Powell Gregory L. , White Timothy L.
Published: August 2019

The Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program (CFGRP) initiated a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) in 1985 to quantify cone and seed yields of slash pine orchards in the cooperative program. First, historical data were obtained from CFGRP slash pine seed orchards. Secondly, starting in 1985, cultural treatments and production yield data have been collected annually from 56 slash pine seed orchards located throughout Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. The vast majority of these orchards are intensively managed for seed production including the use of fertilizer, herbicide, and up to 10 applications of insecticide annually. From 1980 through 1990, the average seed yield from mature orchards (orchards greater than 14 yr old) was 25.1 bushels of cones, and 27.3 lb of seed/ac. For pounds per acre, orchards reach 50% and 90% of full production at ages 11 and 18 yr from grafting, respectively. The use of insecticides in slash pine seed orchards approximately doubles orchard yields. The CFGRP slash pine seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) can aid orchard managers in determining factors that limit or promote seed production. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):122-127.
Geographical Intensity of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations
Authors: Doggett Coleman A. , Tweed Don R.
Published: August 2019

Data on the geographical distribution and frequency of multiple-tree infestations of southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) collected in North Carolina from 1960-1980 were analyzed. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to construct a map showing geographical distribution of SPB from 1960-1980. Beetle intensity, measured in numbers of infestations (spots)per thousand acres of host type, is shown. The authors point out that infestation intensities vary geographically. The location of pine timberland in respect to SPB hazard may dictate economic and silvicultural strategies for managing southern pines. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4): 145-146.
Estimated Economic Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Southern Softwood Stumpage Markets
Authors: Wagner John E. , Cubbage Frederick W. , Holmes Thomas P.
Published: August 2019

We estimated the economic effects on southern softwood timber producers and buyers of reduced western federal timber harvests and of reduced southern private harvests caused by federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Estimates were computed using applied welfare analysis and current stumpage market conditions. A range of likely changes in southern softwood stumpage markets were analyzed. The combined effects of the environmental regulations and western set-asides are expected to result in higher stumpage prices with little significant change in available quantity supplied. The results indicated that in the short run, timber producers in aggregate (although not necessarily individually) are expected to be the initial overall beneficiaries. Timber producers would realize a net gain (in producer surplus) of about 4.8% in the pulpwood stumpage market and 2.0% in the solidwood stumpage market, while stumpage buyers would realize a net loss (in consumer surplus) of about 4.9% in each market. The estimates provide means of valuing some of the tradeoffs that must be made between protecting the environment and growing timber. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4):156-162.
Plant Community Structure and Composition in Uneven-aged Stands of Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine at Four Basal Area Levels
Authors: Tappe Philip A. , Cain Michael D. , Wigley T. Bently , Reed Derik J.
Published: August 2019

The effects of overstory pine basal area on plant community structure and composition were assessed in uneven-aged stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taedaL. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Basal area treatments were 40, 60, 80, and 100 ft2/ac for the merchantable pine component (>3.5 in. dbh) and were maintained on a 6 yr cutting cycle using single-tree selection. Assessments of plant communities were made 10 yr after a single hardwood control treatment. The four levels of pine basal area had no effect on percent ground cover of most plants <3 ft tall, but ground cover from graminoids decreased as pine basal area increased. Vertical cover above loft height increased 33% as overstory basal area increased from 40 to 100 ft2/ac, but basal area had no effect on horizontal cover in height zones between 0 and 10ft. It is concluded that uneven-aged stands of loblolly-shortleaf pine with merchantable basal areas of from 40 to 100 ft²/ac may support similar plant species in the understory and consequently probably provide similar habitat requirements for a variety of game and nongame wildlife. South. J. Appl. For. 19(2):84-88.
Early Plant Succession in Loblolly Pine Plantations as Affected by Vegetation Management
Authors: Miller James H. , Zutter Bruce R. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Edwards M. Boyd , Newbold Ray A.
Published: August 2019

A common study design has been used at 13 locations across the South to examine loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established using four vegetation control treatments after mechanical site preparation: (a) No Control, (b) Woody Control, (c) Herbaceous Control for 4 yr, and (d) Total Control. This research, the Competition Omission Monitoring Project (COMP), is monitoring both pine growth and plant succession. During the first 8 yr, the cover of herbaceous components and prevalent genera, along with pine, woody (nonpine), and total herbaceous cover were estimated annually in September. Stem numbers and heights of arborescent and nonarborescent woody species were measured during the first 5 yr and yr 8. There were 101 prevalent genera of herbaceous plants and 76 species/genera of woody plants present on the study sites, with a core group common to most. Herbaceous cover was rapidly reestablished on No Control and Woody Control treatments, with greater than 80% cover in the first year. After the first year, herbaceous cover steadily declined on No Control plots and was sustained when woody plants were eliminated. In general grasses dominated the herbaceous layer (mainly Andropogon and Panicum spp.) with cover peaking in yr 4. Woody control increased the actual cover of both grasses and forbs, but only the relative proportion of forbs, which peaked in yr 1-2. Woody control also increased the actual cover of vines and semiwoodies (mainly nontargeted Rubus spp.) by yr 6-8, but only the relative cover of semiwoodies. Development of the pine canopy cover was similar with woody and herbaceous control, but pine heights were greater with herbaceous control. Interestingly, herbaceous control did not increase total woody cover until year 8, but the proportion of arborescent tree to nonarborescent shrub cover was increased. Most arborescent species and rootstocks became established in the first year. South. J. Appl. For. 19(3):109-126.
Regenerating Slash Pine Naturally Without Suppression
Authors: Feduccia Donald P.
Published: August 2019

Following a good seedling catch, slash pine overstories were reduced to 0, 5, 10, and 20 trees per acre. Retaining 10 or 20 trees for 18 years significantly reduced reproduction height, diameter, and volume growth compared to plots with no trees. Volume increment loss was not offset by growth of the residual stand.
Financial Returns from Cultural Work in Natural Loblolly Pine Stands
Authors: Balmer William E. , Utz Keith A. , Langdon O. Gordon
Published: August 2019

Results of two large studies in North Carolina and Virginia show that volume growth of natural stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) can be substantially increased through cultural practices. A corresponding increase in financial returns may also be expected if costs are reasonable and adequate markets are available. Control of competing hardwoods and precommercial thinning are keys to success. Control of large hardwoods alone doubled pine production and increased financial returns more than 200 percent. Additional treatments such as precommercial thinning and control of small hardwoods, tripled pine production above levels with no treatment and increased financial returns four to six times. The most dramatic increase occurred when the pine component of the stand was precommercially thinned and all hardwoods controlled at an early age. This more than doubled the financial returns from all the preceding steps.
Benefits and Costs of Forestry Best Management Practices in Virginia
Authors: Aust W. M. , Shaffer R. M. , Burger J. A.
Published: August 2019

Benefits and costs of Virginia's forestry best management practices (BMPs) were estimated for the Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions using three actual nonregulatory phases and one theoretical regulatory phase of forest water quality protection. The four phases ranged from passive, nonregulatory to regulatory BMPs with increasingly restrictive provisions. As the level of regulation increased, the benefit:cost ratio decreased, indicating that costs were accruing at a proportionately greater rate than benefits. This pattern was most pronounced in the Coastal Plain region where average erosion rates were low, and substantial acreages were harvested. Results suggested that an aggressive, nonregulatory BMP program is the most efficient approach to forest water quality protection assuming that overall program compliance levels are sufficient to satisfy society's needs. South. J. Appl. For 20(1):23-29.
Eight-Year Field Performance of Pine Seedlings after Mycorrhizae Were Triadimefon-Inhibited in the Nursery
Authors: Carey W. A. , Kelley W. D.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pine seedlings were not sprayed with a fungicide or were sprayed with triadimefon (Bayleton®) at 6 oz ai/ac or with twice or four times that rate to differentially suppress mycorrhizal development. Seedlings were planted at three sites and evaluated in the eighth year after outplanting. Fusiform rust incidence and tree heights and diameters differed significantly between nursery sources and among outplanting sites, but not between triadimefon treatments. Survival did not differ between sites, nursery sources or triadimefon treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):42-44.
Chemicals Used in Southern Forest Nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Zwolinksi Janusz B.
Published: August 2019

Large-scale tree planting programs have placed a tremendous pressure on nursery managers to supply unprecedented numbers of seedlings. Inclusion of chemicals into seed production regimes have made it possible for southern pine nurseries to be the most productive in the world, in terms of both output per nursery and average cost per seedling. Nursery managers in the South rely on the use of fertilizers, fumigants, and pesticides to help keep production costs low. Judicious use of fertilizers can reduce the production of cull seedlings as well as increase field growth after outplanting. It has been our experience that investing in the use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers provides a high rate of return for the nursery manager. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):127-135.
Point-Sampling of Tree Crowns Using Aerial Photographs for Forest Inventory
Authors: Gering Lawrence R. , May Dennis M.
Published: August 2019

Aerial-photo angle-gauges were designed and constructed for developing a procedure for using variable-radius plot sampling for forest inventory of natural stands in Hardin and Wayne Counties, Tennessee. Data were obtained during the 1989 USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station survey of the forests of Tennessee, with supplemental aerial photographic measurements. Photo-based cruises of the two counties were made on 9 x 9 in. color aerial photographs (with a nominal scale of 1:4,800) taken during the fall color season. Photo cruises were compared to traditional ground-based cruises, and great differences were observed in number of trees, basal area, and merchantable volume. Evaluation of empirical diameter distributions revealed that the photo-based inventory failed to tally many of the smaller diameter trees. The development of the angle-gauge is theoretically sound, but results from its use are questionable due to differences with corresponding ground-based inventories. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):28-36.
Machine Vision System for Quality Control Assessment of Bareroot Pine Seedlings
Authors: Wilhoit J. H. , Kutz L. J. , Vandier W. A.
Published: August 2019

A PC-based multiple camera machine vision system for measuring bareroot pine seedlings has been developed for operational data collection in a forest nursery. The system was used for quality control sampling in a forest nursery for 2 lifting seasons. In tests conducted during the first lifting season measuring 100 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings, there was only moderate correlation on a seedling-by-seedling basis between manual measurements made by nursery personnel and machine vision measurements of root collar diameter, shoot height, and tap root length. Overall machine vision and manual measurement distribution results for seedling samples were in close agreement, however. A bud tip height measurement routine was added to the system after the first lifting season, and a second set of tests was conducted measuring 175 history plot seedlings. In these tests, manual measurements made by researchers correlated well with machine vision measurements of root collar diameter and tap root length. Overall sample distribution results were also in close agreement for root collar diameter, tap root length, and bud tip height. With the machine vision system, seedling samples can be measured by 1 person in approximately the same or less time than it takes 2 people to measure them manually. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):90-96.
Forestry Education and Employment: Views from Alumni of a Southern Forestry School
Authors: Egan Andrew F.
Published: August 2019

Forestry alumni of the School of Forest Resources at Mississippi State University were surveyed to elicit their views on curriculum improvements and employment success in their fields of study. The Forestry major consists of two options: Forest Management and Wildlife Management. Results indicated a need for curricular improvements in communications and personnel management in both options. Forest Management Option graduates suggested a more practical orientation to the curriculum, particularly in the area of timber procurement. About two thirds (68%) of Forest Management alumni worked in private forest industry. Interestingly, more Wildlife Management Option graduates were employed in a forestry-related (50%) enterprise than in a wildlife-related enterprise (about 38%). Almost one-third (31%) of the forestry jobs held by wildlife graduates were in timber procurement. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):139-142.
Fomesafen: A Herbicide for Pine Seedbeds
Authors: South David B.
Published: August 2019

Tolerance of southern pines to preemergence applications of fomesafen was examined at eight nursery experiments in 1984. When sown on coarse textured soils, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) were tolerant to 0.5 kg ai/ha applied after sowing. However, a reduction in loblolly pine seedling production was observed with one test on a silt loam soil in Louisiana. The risk of injury from a preemergence application may be related to soil texture. Pine tolerance to a single postemergence treatment was tested at seven nurseries in 1985. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha was applied 3 to 8 weeks after sowing loblolly pine or shortleaf pine, and no injury was observed on fall-sown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). When applied 1 or 2 months after sowing, loblolly pine appears tolerant to fomesafen even on silt loam soils. Injury has been observed from postemergence applications when a surfactant was used in combination with fomesafen. Preemergence applications of fomesafen are now an operational practice at several southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):143-145.
Rehabilitation of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands—I. Recently Cutover Natural Stands
Authors: Baker James B. , Shelton Michael G.
Published: August 2019

Two loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands were cut to stocking levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% to simulate recently cutover, understocked, uneven-aged stands. Number of trees ranged from 38 per acre for 10% stocking to 213 per acre for 50% stocking; comparable total basal areas were 4 and 16 ft²/ac, respectively. One stand was on a good site (site index = 90 ft at age 50), the other on a medium site (site index = 75 ft at age 50). As a rehabilitation treatment, all hardwoods 1 in. groundline diameter and larger were injected with a herbicide. At 2, 5, 10, and 15 yr after treatment, the stands were inventoried to determine: (1) rate at which the understocked stands recovered, and (2) minimum stocking levels required for successful rehabilitation.

During 15 yr of rehabilitation, the understocked stands changed dramatically, and because of rapid growth of residual pines, stocking levels, basal areas, and tree volumes increasedmarkedly. Stands having at least 20% residual stocking and 5 ft²/ac of pine basal area reached an acceptable stocking level of 60% (based on number and size of trees), or 45 ft²/ac of basal area within 15 yr. Stands at this minimum stocking threshold produced 4,600 bd ft(Doyle)/ac of sawtimber volume on the good site and 3,000 bd ft/ac of sawtimber volume on the medium site during the 15 yr period.

The study indicates that recently cutover, or damaged, understocked stands with at least 20% to 30% stocking or 5 to 10 ft²/ac of pine basal area can be rehabilitated to produce respectable sawtimber volumes. This management strategy provides a low-cost alternative to establishing a new stand at considerable cost to the landowner. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):35-40.
A Southwide Rate Test of Azinphosmethyl (Guthion®) for Cone and Seed Insect Control in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Mangini A.C. , Barber L.R. , Cameron R.S. , DeBarr G.L. , Hodge G.R. , Jett J.B. , Lowe W.L. , McConnell J.L. , Nord J. , Taylor J.W.
Published: August 2019

A southwide efficacy test of reduced rates of azinphosmethyl (Guthion®) for control of seed and cone insects in loblolly pine seed orchards was conducted in 1992. In each of nine loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchards, an untreated (no protection) check and two of five possible rates of Guthion® (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 lb ai/ac/application) were randomly assigned to three test plots. Insecticide treatments improved first-year conelet survival, second-year cone survival, sound seeds per cone, and sound seeds per conelet at nearly every rate. There was no trend of better protection with increasing rates of Guthion®. The 1.0 lb ai/ac rate was as efficacious as the EPA-registered maximum aerial rate of 3.0 lb ai/ac. Based on these results, orchard managers should consider reduced rates of Guthion® for operational cone and seed insect control programs. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):106-110.
Implementation Monitoring of Forestry Best Management Practices for Site Preparation in South Carolina
Authors: Adams Tim O.
Published: August 2019

One hundred seventy-seven tracts in South Carolina were evaluated for compliance with site preparation Best Management Practices (BMPs). South Carolina Forestry Commission foresters evaluated compliance with BMPs in each of four categories of site preparation: (1) mechanical treatments, (2) herbicide applications, (3) prescribed burning, and (4) minor drainage. In addition, each site was evaluated for overall BMP compliance, which was based on the level of BMP compliance and evidence of off-site water quality impacts. Overall BMP compliance was 86.4%. Compliance was highest for mechanical (92.0%) and herbicide (88.3%) site preparation treatments and lowest for minor drainage (76.9%) and prescribed burning (70.4%). Eleven variables were analyzed to determine their influence on BMP compliance. Four variables were found to be significantly related to BMP compliance: (1)physiographic region, (2)proximity to streams, (3)percent slope, and (4) terrain type. The four significant variables described the increased risk involved in site preparing land that is in close proximity to streams. Noncompliance with BMPs was clearly focused on the Piedmont physiographic region where 22 of the 24 inadequate sites were located. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):74-80.
Field and Computer Application of Mesavage and Girard Form Class Volume Tables
Authors: Parker Robert C.
Published: August 2019

Mesavage and Girard form class volume tables for estimating board foot volume of standing trees remain the most widely used volume tables in the East and South even though newer, more versatile and sophisticated volume functions are available. The volume tables are being misused by foresters because the merchantability standards of the average, upper-log taper table used to derive the volume tables does not show that merchantable top diameters and form class applications require appropriate sampling and accurate measurement of form on selected trees. The original upper-log tapers, developed from averages of actual tree measurements and ocular estimates, were fitted to a regression model to smooth the inconsistencies of the table values. The resulting Mesavage and Girard "taper equation" is used to obtain upper stem diameters for trees of known Girard form class, dbh, and merchantable height. The taper equation shows that top-limit diameter increases with both tree size (dbh and height) and Girard form class, and any attempt to apply form class volume tables to a fixed-top diameter on inventory trees would produce erroneous cruise volumes. The derived taper equation can be used in an iterative procedure during computer applications to obtain single tree volumes as the sum of log segment volumes for segments of user-defined length. A hierarchy of suggested form class application options is presented along with suggestion sampling, measurement, and stratification procedures. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):81-87.
Managing Chinese Privet for White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Stromayer Karl A. K. , Warren Robert J. , Harrington Timothy B.
Published: August 2019

After cutting forest understory Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) stands to ground level in northwestern Georgia, we assessed privet regrowth production and use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 1 yr post-treatment. We then assessed privet browse availability and crude protein (CP) content 2 and 3 growing seasons post-treatment on cut and uncut plots. Privet regrew vigorously and was used heavily by deer the first winter after cutting, but privet browse availability and crude protein content did not differ between cut vs. uncut plots 2 and 3 growing seasons post-treatment. Although our sample sizes were too small to demonstrate an increase in privet browse availability after cutting, this practice may be a sustainable and inexpensive way of maintaining deer forage availability, as privet often grows out of reach of deer. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):227-230.
Visually Determined Soil Disturbance Classes Used as Indices of Forest Harvesting Disturbance
Authors: Aust W. Michael , Burger James A. , Carter Emily A. , Preston David P. , Patterson Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Visual estimates of soil and site disturbances are used by foresters, soil scientists, logging supervisors, and machinery operators to minimize harvest disturbances to forest sites, to evaluate compliance with forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs), and to determine the need for ameliorative practices such as mechanical site preparation. Although visual estimates are commonly used by field personnel, the actual relationships of visually determined soil disturbance classes to various soil physical properties and site characteristics have not been determined. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate if visually determined soil disturbance classes are related to quantitative soil and site properties that are known to influence soil productivity and hydrologic function. Several types of quantitative data were evaluated within the soil disturbance classes:static data (bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total, capillary, noncapillary pore space, and soil roughness) and dynamic data (mechanical resistance, volumetric soil moisture, subsurface water table depth). All data were collected from a long-term forest productivity study located in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. The study is a randomized complete block design with two harvest disturbance levels (wet-weather harvest vs. dry-weather harvest) and a maximum of five site soil disturbance (SD) classes. Disturbance classes included undisturbed (SD0), compressed but not rutted (SD1), rutted (SD2), deeply rutted (SD3), and churned (SD4).

Analyses revealed that three static variables (soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, macropore pore space) and two dynamic variables (depth of the subsurface water table and mechanical resistance) were significantly related to disturbance. Although undisturbed and compressed areas generally were affected less than the more severe disturbance classes, the three most severe disturbance classes, churned areas, deeply rutted areas, and rutted areas were not different from one another. Thus, it appears visual disturbances do not necessarily equate to site damage. The overall implications are that visually determined soil disturbance classes have merit as indices of some soil and site changes, but they should not be equated to soil damage categories. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):245-250.
Use of Stand Density Index to Schedule Thinnings in Loblolly Pine Plantations: A Spreadsheet Approach
Authors: Doruska Paul F. , Nolen W. Robert
Published: August 2019

Density management diagrams have been developed and presented for use in stand management by a number of researchers. Such diagrams can be somewhat crowded, limited in scope, and awkward to use. A spreadsheet application is described that enhances the use of a stand density index measure to schedule thinnings/harvests of loblolly pine in the Western Gulf region. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):21-29.
Growth and Yield Predictions for Lower Coastal Plain Slash Pine Plantations Fertilized at Mid-Rotation
Authors: Martin Stacey W. , Bailey Robert L. , Jokela Eric J.
Published: August 2019

We present a new system of equations for slash pine plantations (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) that express the combined effects of CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization Program) soil group and mid-rotation nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization on survival, basal area growth or yield, dominant height growth and the stand diameter distribution. A diameter growth model that accepts an initial diameter distribution (or tree list)provides the ability to predict future diameter distributions. Predictor variables include combinations of three mid-rotation fertilizer treatments: (1) no fertilizer; (2) N only (150 lb/ac elemental), (3) N and P (150 lb/ac and 50 lb/ac elemental, respectively) and three CRIFF soil groups: (1) B soils (e.g., Arenic Paleaquult), (2) C soils (e.g., Ultic Haplaquod), and (3) D soils (e.g., Grossarenic Haplaquod). These models derive from analyses on data taken in 243 permanent sample plots, some having been remeasured up to 6 times at 2 yr intervals, located in slash pine plantations on prepared sites. The models predict that fertilization with N and P at age 15 will result in around 30% (462 ft3/ac) more cumulative merchantable growth by age 25 for a typical site-index-60 plantation growing on CRIFF soil group B. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):39-45.
Minority Forest Landowners in Southeastern Alabama
Authors: Gan Jianbang , Kolison Stephen H.
Published: August 2019

This study investigated the characteristics of minority forest landowners and their forest resources in Macon and Bullock counties in Alabama through a landowner survey. The size of forestland held by these landowners was relatively small, with a mean of 113 ac. Most of their forests were mixed pine and hardwood stands. The top ranked management objectives of these landowners were for timber production and wildlife (hunting). About two-thirds of these landowners have thinned or harvested their forests. However, the forestland has not significantly contributed to the landowners' income. The lack of capital, labor, and knowledge of forest management and marketing impeded the landowners from generating more benefits from their forestland. South. J. Appl. For. 23(3):175-178.
Projecting the Growth of Loblolly Pine in a Changing Atmosphere
Authors: Valentine Harry T. , Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. , Gregoire Timothy G. , Hollinger David Y. , MacFarlane David W.
Published: August 2019

Recent findings regarding the magnitude of the influence of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis in loblolly pine have been incorporated into Pipestem, a model of carbon allocation and growth. Pipestem translates photosynthetic rates into rates of change in stand basal area, quadratic mean diameter, tree density, average tree height, average crown length, dominant tree height, and woody dry matter. Projections of loblolly pine growth were run under the assumption that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 will continue to increase by 1.6 ppm/yr, the average rate of increase in the last 10 yr. Standing crops of woody dry matter in 20-yr-old loblolly pine stands in Buckingham County, Virginia, are projected to increase, on the average, by 9.8% in 20 yr. It is concluded that the CO2 effect should be accounted for in long-term projections of loblolly pine growth. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):212-216.
Loblolly and Slash Pine Growth and Yield Prediction for Regional Timber Supply Projection Algorithms
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Jordan Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2019

Regional and national timber supply models require standing inventory update procedures. To date, most inventory update procedures used in regional timber supply algorithms have not made use of growth and yield methodology. We present growth and yield models to update standing inventories for natural and planted slash and loblolly pine stands in Georgia. These models were fitted to USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data obtained from the sixth survey of Georgia and should prove useful in regional timber supply projection algorithms. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):230-237.
Effects of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Insecticide Spray Schedules on Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , McCravy Kenneth W. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: August 2019

Frequent and prolonged insecticide applications to control the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (NPTM), although effective, may be impractical and uneconomical for commercial timber production. Timed insecticide sprays of permethrin (Pounce 3.2® EC) were applied to all possible combinations of spray schedules for three annual NPTM generations during the first, second, and first and second years following stand establishment. An optimal insecticide spray schedule that minimized the number of costly insecticide applications and maximized volume index in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was determined by applying a single spray during the first generation of the first and second years following planting. This schedule eliminates four sprays over a 2 yr period when compared to standard insecticide application schedules and has important implications toward establishing an integrated pest management program for this common regeneration pest. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2): 106-111.
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens): An Emerging Forest Resource in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Carrington Mary E. , Mullahey J. Jeffrey , Krewer Gerard , Boland Bob , Affolter James
Published: August 2019

Saw palmetto fruits collected from the wild are becoming a significant economic resource in Florida and south Georgia. The fruits are used to produce a drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Here we introduce saw palmetto as an emerging resource for foresters and land managers, evaluate potential management practices, and discuss harvesting, processing and marketing aspects. Fruit production can be variable, affected by fruit disease, insect damage to flowers, depletion of plant carbohydrate reserves and drought. Controlled burning can enhance flowering and fruiting, but frequent burning may severely limit fruit production. Fruit harvesting in late summer is currently dominated by a freelance market. Fruits are dried immediately after harvesting, and most are shipped to Europe, where they are ground and active ingredients extracted with solvents. With recognition of the medicinal use of saw palmetto increasing, demand for fruits is likely to rise. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):129-134.