bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rubral Tremor Associated with Klinefelter Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Dehghani Reihaneh , Agah Elmira , Falsafi Zeinab , Tafakhori Abbas
Published: October 2017

Introduction: Previous case series suggested an association between Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and tremor, but most reported cases had ET-like tremor. Also, previous studies did not suggest any suitable treatments for the tremor. Case Presentation: The current report presented a case of KS that his rubral tremor led to the KS diagnosis at the age of 43. Regular anti-tremor medication was immediately started along with testosterone therapy; none of which were effective on the tremor. Next, a table of KS patients was provided with a tremor to elucidate the type of tremor and medical treatments in the patients. The result of the literature review of the most effective therapy for tremor in such patients showed that primidone, propranolol, gabapentin, and levetiracetam were not always effective, while deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus showed promising results. Conclusion: Since tremor in KS has an unknown origin, it may not be responsive to regular anti-tremor medication; therefore, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate (VIM) may be the best therapy for such patients
Donne e ministeri nella Chiesa antica
Authors: Prinzivalli Emanuela ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: October 2017

The question of the role of women in the Church, in other words, of women’s ministries, is still conditioned today, especially in the Catholic Church, by theological a priori and by anachronism. This essay aims to discuss and to point out the difficulties arising from both of these factors.
La natività nei Vangeli apocrifi dell’infanzia
Authors: Barcellona Rossana ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: October 2017

This article examines the story of Jesus’ birth as it is presented in some of the so-called Apocryphal Infancy Gospels that have always aroused great interest in popular culture and in the arts. These texts describe the birth of Jesus by means of an important ‘narrative expansion’: the childbirth of Mary takes place in a cave, one or more midwives as well as two animals, the ox and the donkey, are added to the scene. These narratives do not relate the preaching of Jesus, his death on the cross and his resurrection, but they present the event of his birth as a new beginning for all mankind. In doing so they reflect early Christian questions concerning Jesus’ nature. Examining some characteristic elements of this narrative development of the birth of Jesus, this article tries to show how this nativity may correspond to the construction of a myth.
A First Order Logic Definition of Beyond-Planar Graphs
Authors: Brandenburg Franz
Published: October 2017

Beyond-planarity is a collective term for classes of graphs that
extend the planar graphs and are defined by drawings with
restrictions on crossings. Examples are 1-planar, fan-planar,
fan-crossing free, and quasi-planar graphs. We define these and
other classes of beyond-planar graphs by simple first order
formulas, using two predicates to express a crossing and an
adjacency of two edges, and establish inclusion relationships
between the so obtained graph classes.
Equilibrium between resources and expenditure of health sector of Social Security Fund: a case study of Iran
Authors: Ahmadi Dashtian Azadeh , Mardali Mohsen
Published: October 2017

In Iran, Social Security is the most important institution of social insurance fund, currently insuring more than a half of country population, and it has a significant role in fulfilling short-term and long-term commitments. Therefore investigation of the balance of resources and expenditure of health sector of the fund can be a scientific process of the funding the future and can pave the way to provide necessary revisions in this sector. Analyzing equilibrium between resources and expenditure of health sector of Social Security Fund in the past years, the present study offers recommendations for improving it in terms of parametric and structural dimensions. The methodology includes documentary library methods and statistical part is descriptive using Excel. Findings indicated that, regarding the present lack of balance of resources and expenditure of health sector, keeping on with the present conditions can lead to many crises. As a result, to escape from the present conditions of the funds where lack of balance of resources and expenditure exists, carrying out parametric and management-structural revisions seems necessary.
Improving Safety at Sea Through Compliance with International Maritime Safety Codes
Authors: Nikčević-Grdinić Jelena
Published: October 2017

There is a number of international instruments that contribute to the improvement and advancement of safety at sea. The primary task of all international instruments is to make sea navigation less dangerous and to reduce, to the maximum extent possible, the risks associated with maritime navigation, and hence the occurrence of maritime accidents and marine pollution. In addition to international conventions as basic international instruments, codes adopted by various international organizations are of particular importance for improving the safety of navigation. The IMO, as the main organization responsible for improving maritime safety, certainly occupies a special place. Since its inception, the IMO has convened many international conferences and developed many regulations, recommendations and codes of practice concerning the carriage of dangerous cargoes by sea. Thirty conventions and protocols, as well as a number of codes and recommendations concerning maritime safety, the prevention of marine pollution and other related matters have been adopted by the IMO. In this paper we have tried to point out the most important international codes the observance of which is imperative for improving safety at sea. Attention is paid to the role of a number of international organizations in the safety of navigation, with special emphasis on the IMO.
Biological parameters of Meccus phyllosomus phyllosomus (Burmeister), 1835, Triatoma recurva (Stål), 1868 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their laboratory hybrids
Authors: Díaz Lizbeth , Covarrubias Karen , Licón Ángel , Astorga Mixtli , Moreno Yaneth , Martínez José Alejandro
Published: October 2017

Introducción. Los híbridos de especies y subespecies de triatominos mexicanos exhiben características biológicas y de comportamiento sobresalientes comparadas con las de sus parentales, específicamente su vigor híbrido, lo cual puede incrementar el riesgo de transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi a sus huéspedes humanos y animales.Objetivo. Describir y comparar los valores de los parámetros biológicos relacionados con el ciclo de vida de Triatoma recurva, de Meccus phyllosomus phyllosomus y de sus híbridos de laboratorio, para estimar su riesgo como transmisores de T. cruzi a las poblaciones humanas.Materiales y métodos. Se entrecruzaron ejemplares de T. recurva y de M. p. phyllosomus y se obtuvo una cohorte híbrida. Las tres cohortes se mantuvieron bajo condiciones similares de laboratorio. En las tres se compararon los datos de sus ciclos de vida, el número de alimentaciones necesarias para mudar, el porcentaje de mortalidad, el de eclosión de huevos y la fecundidad de las hembras.Resultados. La cohorte híbrida tuvo el menor tiempo promedio entre el primer instar o estadio y el adulto (136,6 ± 17,5 días). El número de alimentaciones para cambiar de instar (13,4 ± 1,7; 15,6 ± 5,2) fue mayor en la cohorte híbrida y en la de T. recurva. La cohorte híbrida registró la menor mortalidad (29 %) y el mayor porcentaje (70 %) de hembras al final del ciclo biológico. La fecundidad por hembra por día (rango: 1,1 ± 0,6 -1,6 ± 0,7) fue similar entre las poblaciones. El porcentaje de eclosión de huevos fue superior a 70 % en la cohorte híbrida y en la de M. p. phyllosomus.Conclusión. La cohorte híbrida presentó algunas características biológicas que implicarían un mayor poder transmisor de T. cruzi que el de sus grupos parentales.
Effect of the type and number of washes in the efficacy of long lasting insecticidal nets for Aedes aegypti control in Girardot, Colombia
Authors: García Diana , Alcalá Lucas , Quintero Juliana , Cortés Sebastián , Brochero Helena , Carrasquilla Gabriel
Published: October 2017

Introducción. El uso de mosquiteros tratados con insecticida en fórmulas de larga duración ha demostrado resultados prometedores en el control de Aedes aegypti.Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de mosquiteros impregnados con deltametrina en una fórmula de larga duración para el control de A. aegypti en Girardot, Colombia, después de tres lavados.Materiales y métodos. Se hicieron bioensayos de eficacia de los mosquiteros contra A. aegypti silvestres después de utilizar los siguientes tres productos de lavado, siguiendo la metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud: detergente en polvo, detergente en polvo y blanqueador, y jabón de barra, todos utilizados hasta en 20 lavados.Resultados. El tipo de producto de lavado y el número de lavados afectaron significativamente la eficacia de los mosquiteros impregnados con deltametrina. El lavado con jabón de barra presentó el mayor efecto, pues en tan solo seis lavados la mortalidad bajó a 50 % (25/50), en contraste con 66 % (33/50) de mortalidad después del lavado con detergente en polvo y de 84 % (42/50) después del lavado con detergente y blanqueador. En cuanto al número de lavados, el jabón en barra también causó una mayor reducción de la eficacia: a 68 % con solo tres lavados.Conclusión. La eficacia de los mosquiteros impregnados con deltametrina de larga duración en el control de A. aegypti varió con el tipo de producto de lavado y el número de lavados, siendo el jabón en barra el que redujo su eficacia en mayor medida. Se requieren nuevos estudios para establecer la disminución en la concentración del insecticida entre lavados.
Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Rood 1926: Morphometric variations in wings and legs of populations from Colombia
Authors: Pacheco Miguel Alfonso , González Ranulfo , Brochero Helena Luisa
Published: October 2017

Introducción. Poblaciones naturales de Anopheles darlingi, principal transmisor de malaria en Colombia, han mostrado plasticidad fenotípica en algunos de sus caracteres diagnósticos.Objetivo. Caracterizar variaciones morfométricas en patrones alares y de pata posterior en poblaciones naturales de An. darlingi recolectados en localidades donde la malaria es endémica.Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron mediante morfometría lineal y geométrica, los patrones de manchas de la vena Costa del ala de hembras silvestres recolectadas en los departamentos de Chocó, Guaviare, Meta y Vichada. El segundo tarsómero posterior de las hembras se analizó por morfometría lineal.Resultados. Se encontraron 19 patrones de manchas de la vena Costa, los patrones I con 49 % (n = 118/240) y VI con 28 % (n = 66) correspondieron a los más frecuentes. La proporción DSIII2/TaIII2 constituyó un carácter diagnóstico robusto debido a representó el 89% (n = 213/240) del total de especímenes analizados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para la forma (F = 1,65, gl = 50, p < 0,001) y el tamaño (F = 3,37, gl = 5, p = 0,005) del ala entre poblaciones de diferentes localidades. El tamaño del centroide más pequeño 2,64 mm se encontró en poblaciones de Chocó.Conclusiones. Se registraron once patrones nuevos para manchas de la vena Costa y se confirma la dominancia de los patrones alares I y VI para poblaciones de An. darlingi de Colombia. Se confirma que la relación DSIII2/TaIII2 constituye un carácter diagnóstico robusto para la taxonomía de la especie. Se encontraron diferencias en el tamaño corporal de las poblaciones evaluadas, lo que reviste importancia para el análisis de aspectos bionómicos de la especie.
Significant range extensions and new records of mosses from tropical Australia.
Authors: Cairns Andi , Meagher David
Published: October 2017

We report Pleuridium nervosum and Pseudotaxiphyllum pohliaecarpum as new to the Australian Wet Tropics bioregion, and Fabronia brachyphylla and Pleuridium nervosum as new to the adjacent Einasleigh Uplands bioregion. We also report significant range extensions for other species, and new records of several very rare species.
Health on the Net: Do Website Searches Return Reliable Health Information on Hemorrhoids and Their Treatment?
Authors: Ng Matthew W. , Smith Riley , Wickramesinghe Nilmini , Smart Philip J. , Lawrentschuk Nathan
Published: October 2017

Objective:

To analyze the quality of health information on the Internet on hemorrhoids across 5 Western languages and perform a comparative analysis of website sponsors.

Summary of background data:

Hemorrhoids are a common condition affecting the hemorrhoid cushions of the anal canal. Many treatment options are available. Information on the Internet on hemorrhoids is considered variable, but there is little data analysis to support this. The World Health Organization's Health On the Net (HON) accredits medical and health websites based on a code of conduct and publishes a toolbar that aids identification of such accredited websites.

Methods:

Using the Google search engine (http://www.google.com, Google, Mountain View, California), searches were performed using 11 keywords related to hemorrhoids in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Health On the Net accreditation was determined to assess quality website information. The first 150 websites in each language had their adherence to the HON principles analyzed, and English websites were analyzed to determine sponsorship source.

Results:

Of the 8250 websites analysed, 586 (7.1%) were found to HON-accredited. The rate of HON accreditation ranged from 2.0% (piles) to 10.0% (hemorrhoids), with higher-ranking results having higher rates of HON accreditation (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

There is a paucity of high-quality information on the Internet; however, the Google search algorithm prioritizes high-quality information in its web search results.
SEMI-ABELIAN SURFACES AND INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Faye Ibrahima
Published: July 2002

We study some weight-homogeneous systems which are not algebraically completely integrable (ACI) in the sense of Adler and van Moerebeke, but whose invariant level surface completes into a semi-abelian variety by adding a set of points (thus ACI in the sense of Mumford).

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 37J35. Secondary 14H70; 37N05; 70E40
Response of improved robusta coffee to location and management practices
in Ghana
Authors: Amoah F. M. , Osei-Bonsu K. , Oppong F. K.
Published: July 2002

Studies were carried out at three locations in Ghana to investigate the effects of Glyricidia maculata shade intensity and of the spacing of coffee on the growth and yield of improved robusta coffee. The three locations selected fall within ecological
zones which could be described as suitable, moderately and marginally suitable in terms of rainfall availability and soil conditions.

The experimental design was a split plot with shade as the main plot and coffee spacing as the sub-plot. The four levels of shade were: no shade, and Glyricidia maculata at densities of 70, 90 and 185 per ha corresponding to sparse, moderate and heavy shade conditions. The coffee spacings were 3 m×2 m, 3 m×2.2 m, 3.5 m×2 m and 3.5 m×2.5 m giving plant populations of 1670, 1520,
1430 and 1140 per hectare, respectively.

There were no effects of shade or spacing on coffee seedling growth at all locations during establishment. Sparse shade gave higher yields in the suitable areas. Moderate shade was required for the moderately and marginally suitable areas. In general, closely spaced coffee gave higher yields than the widely spaced coffee at the suitable and moderately suitable areas whilst there was virtually no response to coffee spacing in the marginally suitable area. There were no interaction effects of shade and spacing on coffee growth or yield.
Biennial alternation of coffee-bearing associated with seedling materials was observed
in this study.
A classical setting for associations between markers and loci
affecting quantitative traits
Authors: NIELSEN DAHLIA M. , WEIR B. S.
Published: July 2002

We examine the relationships between a genetic marker and a locus affecting a quantitative trait
by decomposing the genetic effects of the marker locus into additive and dominance effects under a
classical genetic model. We discuss the structure of the associations between the marker and the
trait locus, paying attention to non-random union of gametes, multiple alleles at the marker and
trait loci, and non-additivity of allelic effects at the trait locus. We consider that this greater-than-usual level of generality leads to additional insights, in a way reminiscent of Cockerham's
decomposition of genetic variance into five terms: three terms in addition to the usual additive and
dominance terms. Using our framework, we examine several common tests of association between
a marker and a trait.
Isotopic dating of overthrusting, collapse and related granitoid intrusion in the Grampian orogenic belt, northwestern Ireland
Authors: FLOWERDEW M. J. , DALY J. S. , GUISE P. G. , REX D. C.
Published: July 2002

In the Grampian (Ordovician) orogenic belt in northwestern Ireland the Dalradian
Supergroup abuts and interleaves with an enigmatic psammite-dominant unit, with relict latest
Precambrian granulite-facies assemblages, known as the Slishwood Division. These two units were
most likely tectonically juxtaposed during the D3 phase of Dalradian deformation. Using Ar–Ar,
Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd methods, 53 new mineral ages have been obtained from both rock units, and from
pegmatites intruding them, in an attempt to constrain the timing of their juxtaposition and the history
they subsequently shared. Prior to D3 (c. 480 Ma), retrograde hornblende poikiloblasts grew in
granulite-facies metabasite pods within the Slishwood Division. Tectonic juxtaposition (D3) with the
Dalradian is loosely constrained between 479 Ma and 459 Ma but is likely to have occurred between
470 Ma and 459 Ma. Dalradian peak metamorphic conditions were attained shortly after D3, at
around 460 Ma. Extensional collapse of the orogen, with rapid uplift and exhumation, is dated by an
abundance of mineral cooling ages between 460 Ma and 450 Ma. Orogenic collapse is also dated,
more precisely, by widespread pegmatite intrusion into both rock units at about 455 Ma. Initial
87Sr/86Sr ratios suggest that these pegmatites are partial melts from Dalradian metasediments. A
second suite of pegmatites were intruded, along with the Ox Mountains Granodiorite, much later at
or around 400 Ma during sinistral shearing.
Carbon isotope stratigraphy and the problem of a pre-Tommotian Stage in Siberia
Authors: KOUCHINSKY ARTEM , BENGTSON STEFAN , MISSARZHEVSKY VLADIMIR V. , PELECHATY SHANE , TORSSANDER PETER , VAL'KOV ANATOLIJ K.
Published: July 2002

Carbon isotopic oscillations are useful to elucidate the stratigraphy and biogeochemical
events around the Precambrian–Cambrian transition. New isotopic data from the Manykaj and
Emyaksin formations of the eastern Anabar Uplift (Siberia) help to correlate the Lower Cambrian
and Neoproterozoic–Cambrian transitional beds across the Siberian Platform. The similarity of
trends and amplitudes of the carbon isotopic curves, together with biostratigraphic and sequence-stratigraphic
markers from the Anabar Uplift, provide a precise correlation with the southern part of
the Siberian Platform. Diagenesis of argillaceous limestones of the Emyaksin Formation has apparently
not affected the primary isotopic variations. The resulting curve is nearly identical in sections
about 100 km apart in the Tommotian–Atdabanian portion of the formation. Relatively frequent and
pronounced isotopic oscillations in the lower beds of the Emyaksin Formation fit between features I
and II of the southern Siberian isotopic reference scale but are undetected therein owing to the depositional
hiatus at the base of the Tommotian Stage in its type section. This confirms the transgressive
onlap from the north suggested by previous studies, and makes the appearance of the Cambrian skeletal
fossils on the Siberian Platform less abrupt. The hiatus in the south appears to embrace at least two
biostratigraphic zones as recognized in the north. The case is strengthened for a pre-Tommotian
Cambrian Stage in Siberia, the biostratigraphic framework for which has been elaborated earlier.
Kinematic data on major Variscan strike-slip faults and shear zones

in the Polish Sudetes, northeast Bohemian Massif
Authors: ALEKSANDROWSKI P. , KRYZA R. , MAZUR S. , ŻABA J.
Published: July 2002

The still highly disputable terrane boundaries in the Sudetic

segment of the Variscan belt mostly

seem to follow major strike-slip faults and shear zones. Their

kinematics, expected to place important constraints

on the regional structural models, is discussed in some detail. The most

conspicuous is the

WNW–ESE Intra-Sudetic Fault Zone, separating several different

structural units of the West Sudetes. It

showed ductile dextral activity and, probably, displacement magnitude of
the

order of tens to hundreds kilometres,

during late Devonian(?) to early Carboniferous times. In the late Carboniferous

(to early Permian?),

the sense of motion on the Intra-Sudetic Fault was reversed in a semi-brittle

to brittle regime, with the left-lateral

offset on the fault amounting to single kilometres. The north–south

trending Niemcza and north-east–southwest Skrzynka shear zones

are left-lateral, ductile features in the eastern part of the West Sudetes.

Similarly oriented (northeast–southwest to NNE–SSW) regional

size shear zones of as yet undetermined

kinematics were discovered in boreholes under Cenozoic cover in the

eastern part of the Sudetic foreland

(the Niedźwiedź and Nysa-Brzeg shear zones). One of these

is expected to represent the northern continuation

of the major Stare Mesto Shear Zone in the Czech Republic, separating

the geologically different units

of the West and East Sudetes. The Rudawy Janowickie Metamorphic Unit, assumed

in some reconstructions

to comprise a mostly strike-slip terrane boundary, is characterized by

ductile fabric developed in a thrusting

regime, modified by a superimposed normal-slip extensional deformation.

Thrusting-related deformational

fabric was locally reoriented prior to the extensional event and shows

present-day strike-slip kinematics in

one of the sub-units. The Sudetic Boundary Fault, although prominent in
the

recent structure and topography

of the region, was not active as a Variscan strike-slip fault zone. The

reported data emphasize the importance

of syn-orogenic strike-slip tectonics in the Sudetes. The recognized

shear sense is compatible with a

strike-slip model of the northeast margin of the Bohemian Massif, in which

the Kaczawa and Góry Sowie

Units underwent late Devonian–early Carboniferous southeastward

long-distance displacement along the

Intra-Sudetic Fault Zone from their hypothetical original position within

the Northern Phyllite Zone and the

Mid-German Crystalline High of the German Variscides, respectively, and
were

juxtaposed with units of

different provenance southwest of the fault. The Intra-Sudetic Fault Zone,

together with the Elbe Fault Zone

further south, were subsequently cut in the east and their eastern segments

were displaced and removed by

the younger, early to late Carboniferous, NNE–SSW trending, transpressional

Moldanubian–Stare Mesto Shear Zone.
Evidence for a widespread carbon isotopic event associated
with late Middle Ordovician sedimentological and faunal
changes in Estonia
Authors: AINSAAR LEHO , MEIDLA TÕNU , MARTMA TÕNU
Published: July 2002

An episode of remarkable biotic, climatic, sea-level and facies
changes took place during
the late Viruan (Caradoc) epoch in the Baltoscandian area. We studied the
carbon isotopic composition
of carbonate sediments from this period. Data on the stable carbon isotopic
composition
of whole-rock carbonates from three south Estonian core sections, together
with those on ostracode,
distribution are presented. In two core sections, a positive δ13C

shift of 2 ‰ was revealed in the upper
part of the Keila Stage (mid-Caradoc). The comparison of isotope and ostracode
data in the sections
suggested the occurrence of a gap of late Keilan age in the marginal area
of the basin equivalent to the
North Estonian Confacies Belt. The beginning of the excursion approximately
coincided with climatic
and sea-level changes in the shallow shelf area. The peak of the late Keilan
excursion preceded the
biotic crises and maximum black shale accumulation in the Baltoscandian
palaeobasin. An approximately
synchronous carbon isotopic event has been reported from North America,
referring to a possible
global oceanographic event in the Caradoc epoch. Although the positive
carbon isotopic
excursion and related environmental events of the late Keilan age have
some unique features, they
show more similarities to the end-Ordovician and Silurian events, characterized
by oceanic change
from stratified state to thermohaline circulation state, than to warm anoxic
events related to eustatic
sea-level rise.
Green’s relations and regularity in centralizers of permutations
Authors: KONIECZNY JANUSZ
Published: July 2002

For any permutation σ on N = {1,2,…,n}: (i) Green’s relations are characterized in the centralizer C(σ) of σ (relative to the semigroup PTn of partial transformations on N); and (ii) a criterion is given for C(σ) to be a regular semigroup (inverse semigroup, union of groups).
THE VARIETIES OF CONTEXTS IN EARLY STUART INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
Authors: AHNERT THOMAS
Published: July 2002

Discourse on history, law, and governance in the public career of John Selden, 1610–1635. By Paul
Christianson. London: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+451. ISBN 0 8020
0838 0. £48.00.

Sovereignty and the sword: Harrington, Hobbes, and mixed government in the English Civil Wars.
By Arihiro Fukuda. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. ix+175. ISBN 0 19 8206836.
£35.00.

The intellectual origins of the English Revolution revisited. By Christopher Hill. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. xi+422. ISBN 0 19 820668 2. £25.00.

Constant minds: political virtue and the Lipsian paradigm in England, 1584–1650. By Adriana
McCrea. London: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+342. ISBN 0 8020 0666
3. £49.00.

Sir Henry Vane, theologian: a study in seventeenth-century religious and political discourse. By
David Parnham. London: Associated University Presses, 1997. Pp. 370. ISBN 0 8386
3681 0. £39.50.

King James VI and I and the reunion of Christendom. By W. B. Patterson. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+409. ISBN 0 521 41805 4. £40.00 (pb,
£15.95).

Jacobean gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561–1629. By Theodore K. Rabb. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1998. Pp. xii+412. ISBN 0 691 02694 7. £37.50.

Francis Bacon. By Perez Zagorin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Pp. xvi+286. ISBN 0 691 05928 4. £35.00 (pb, £10.50).
GEOGRAPHY, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND IMPROVEMENT Geography and Enlightenment. Edited by David N. Livingstone and Charles W. J. Withers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Pp. viii+455. ISBN 0-226-48720-2 (hb). $52·00. 0-226-48721-0 (pb). $25·00. Nature's government: science, imperial Britain, and the ‘improvement’ of the world. By Richard Drayton. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. Pp. xxi+346. ISBN 0-300-05976-0. £25·00. Enlightenment geography: the political languages of British geography, 1650–1850. By Robert J. Mayhew. London: Macmillan, 2000. Pp. viii+324. ISBN 0-333-79186-X. £45·00.
Authors: DRIVER FELIX
Published: July 2002

What is Enlightenment? Few questions in the history of ideas can have given rise to
more controversy, sustained over more than two centuries and extending into the
furthest reaches of contemporary thought. In comparison, the ‘where’ of
Enlightenment – the sites from which philosophes garnered their evidence, the settings in which
their ideas took shape, the networks through which they were disseminated, the contexts
in which they were interpreted – has received much less attention. It is not that these
geographies have been altogether neglected. Distinctions between different ‘national’
Enlightenments (French, Scottish, English, and so on) are familiar, perhaps all too
familiar, to historians of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At a smaller
scale, it is difficult to imagine historical accounts of the Enlightenment world without
some sort of tour of those paradigmatic sites – the coffee house, the botanic garden, the
lecture theatre. There is a geography here, of sorts: but in truth it is often simply a stage
for action, a passive background (sometimes ‘national’, sometimes ‘local’) to the real
business of social and intellectual change. In recent years, however, intellectual
historians in general, and historians of science in particular, have begun to pay more
attention to these and many other sites, not simply as inert contexts but as vital
components of the making and communication of new knowledge. Thus is a genuine
geography of knowledge in the making.
MODERN JAPAN'S TROUBLED PURSUIT OF ‘WEALTH AND POWER’
Authors: LARGE STEPHEN S.
Published: July 2002

Japan through American eyes: the journal of Francis Hall, Kanagawa

and Yokohama, 1859–1866.

Edited and annotated by F. G. Notehelfer. Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1992. Pp. 652. £39.00.

Sabotaging the shogun: Western diplomats open Japan, 1859–69.

By John McMaster. New

York: Vantage Press, 1992. Pp. 201. $16.95.

Japan and the world since 1868. By Michael A.

Barnhart. London: Edward Arnold, 1995.

Pp. 198. £40.00 hbk: £13.99 pbk.

The abacus and the sword: the Japanese penetration of Korea,

1895–1910. By Peter Duus.

Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1995. Pp. 480. £37.50.

Race and migration in Imperial Japan. By Michael Weiner.

London and New York:

Routledge, 1994. Pp. 278. £37.50.

Voluntary death in Japan. By Maurice Pinguet. Oxford:

Polity Press, 1993. Pp. 365. £45.00.

Shōwa: the Japan of Hirohito. Edited by Carol Gluck

and Stephen R. Graubard. London

and New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992. Pp. 315. £8.95.

Arming Japan: defence production, alliance politics, and the

postwar search for autonomy. By

Michael J. Green. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Pp. 206. £30.00.

The technological transformation of Japan: from the seventeenth
to

the twenty-first century. By

Tessa Morris-Suzuki. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
1994.

Pp. 304. £35.00.

The emptiness of Japanese affluence. By Gavan McCormack.

Armonk, New York and

London: M. E. Sharpe, 1996. Pp. 311. £16.95.
LIVING THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
JAMES WATT, MATTHEW BOULTON,
AND THEIR SONS
Authors: JONES PETER M.
Published: July 2002

This article is a contribution to the cultural history of English
Enlightenment. It
examines the formation of a discrete ‘family’ of philosophes
in the West Midlands who maintained
close links with their counterparts on the continent. Birmingham's
role as a magnet for ‘industrial
tourists’ in the second half of the eighteenth century helped to
propagate the influence of this local
intelligentsia who were mostly members of the Lunar Society. None the less,
it is argued that the
activities of the Society correspond more closely to an Enlightenment than
to a proto-industrial pattern
of inquiry. The events of 1789 in France disrupted this philosophic ‘family’.
Their impact is explored
through the medium of a real family; that of James Watt, the engineer,
who came to Birmingham
to manufacture the steam engine in partnership with Matthew Boulton. The
vicissitudes of the Watt
family, and of other prominent members of the Lunar Society, are unravelled
to illustrate the dilemmas
faced by men raised in the values of the Enlightenment when confronted
with the reality – and the
proximity – of a far-reaching political revolution.
Pygmées d'Afrique centrale. Par

STEFAN SEITZ. (Langues et cultures africaines 17.

Etudes pygmées IX). Paris: Peeters, 1993. Pp. 367. No price

given (ISBN 2-87723-048-1).
Authors: VANSINA J.
Published: July 2002

This is the translation by L. Bouquiaux and Gloria Lex of

Die zentralafrikanischen Wildbeuterkulturen (Studien zur

Kulturkunde, 45: Wiesbaden, 1977). It deals successively with older

theories about pygmies, the enumeration and classification of

different groups of central African foragers, their ecology and

economy, their transition from gathering to food production, their

confrontation with farmers and their relations to sacred kingship. A

critical evaluation of theories of culture change is also provided.

This enumeration alone reveals how much the author is beholden to the

points of view of Central European ethnology, even though he rejects

the German Kulturkreislehre of P. W. Schmidt in which pygmy

culture was treated as an, or as the, primordial human culture. This

is despite the fact that Seitz stresses culture change, albeit of an

orderly sort. But that does not detract from the fact, underlined in

the preface to the translation (p. 12) that this is a very carefully

documented reference work, an excellent entry into the forest of books

about ‘pygmies’.
‘NO NEED...TO THINK OF HOME’? MASCULINITY
AND DOMESTIC LIFE ON THE NIGERIAN RAILWAY,
c. 1940–61
Authors: LINDSAY LISA A.
Published: July 2002

In 1950, a young man named Ayo Salako went to work for the Nigerian

railway as a casual laborer. He hoped to be like his father, a locomotive
driver
who had worked for the railway from 1916 to his death thirty-four years

later. Indeed, Ayo Salako became a successful railwayman, climbing the

career ladder to locomotive driver, transferring to a number of different

stations and retiring with a pension in 1987. Although the two generations
of
men both made long, continuous careers in railway employment, Ayo Salako

was rather different from his father in terms of his domestic life. The
elder
Salako had parlayed his employment success into a polygamous marriage and

the maintenance of a farm and patron–client relations in his hometown
of
Ogbomosho. His son, in contrast, married his current wife only after the

dissolution of a previous marriage, visited Ogbomosho infrequently and

retired in Ibadan rather than in his patrilineal hometown. During his career

he saw himself as a modernizer, involved with industrial technology, well-traveled

within the country, monogamous, and building a life and educating
his children in the booming towns of post-war Nigeria.

Ayo Salako's young adulthood during the 1940s and 1950s coincided
with
important economic, social and political transformations in Nigeria and

throughout Africa. The Second World War and the end of the depression
brought economic expansion and a new wave of government interventionism.

Cities were swollen with migrants looking for cash and the independence

from elders that came with it. African railways expanded to meet new
demands for transport and their work forces were among the largest and

most politically active on the continent. Faced with imperial financial

pressures and widespread African dissent, officials were turning to new

policies for the colonies. Ambitious planners attempted to rationalize
peasant
agriculture to increase production, stabilize wage labor to improve efficiency,

reshape African cities to make them less ‘disorderly’ and mold
African
family life to conform more closely to a bourgeois European image.
Soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in maize

plots after 14 years of pig slurry applications
Authors: HOUNTIN J. A. , COUILLARD D. , KARAM A.
Published: July 2002

Excessive applications of liquid pig manure (LPM) could result
in

nutrient accumulation in the soil,

thereby increasing the potential for plant nutrient losses through

movement in groundwater. The

objective of this work was to measure the concentrations of total

carbon (Ct), total nitrogen (Nt), total

phosphorus (Pt) and Mehlich-3 extractable-P (PM3)

with depth in a Le Bras silty loam soil growing

maize (Zea maize L.) under reduced tillage conditions.

The soil was fertilized annually with various

rates of LPM (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 m3/ha) in four

completely randomized blocks since 1979. In

autumn 1992, twenty soil plots were sampled in increments of 20 cm to

a depth of 1·0 m and analysed

for total C, total N, total P and Mehlich-3 extractable-P. LPM application

rate (R), soil depth (D)

and the interaction R × D had highly significant

(P<0·001) linear effects on Ct, Nt,

Pt and PM3

concentrations throughout the 100-cm depth profiles. At all depths,

Ct, Nt, Pt and PM3 contents

increased with increasing rates of LPM application. The zone of maximum

accumulation of Ct, Nt,

Pt and PM3 concentrations occurred at the first

0–40 cm depth. A significant relationship was found

between soil organic matter and Nt, Pt and PM3.

Differences in N and P concentrations between

manure rates are due to manure and maize. The increase in PM3

was generally greater for soil samples

with high Pt content. Results from this study indicate

that long-term application of a high rate of

LPM leads to greater total C, N and P concentrations in the soil profile.
Nitrogen and organic matter losses during storage

of cattle and pig manure
Authors: PETERSEN S. O. , LIND A.-M. , SOMMER S. G.
Published: July 2002

Solid pig manure (240 g kg1 DM) and

solid cattle manure (150-180 g kg1 DM)

were stored in an

open storage facility during spring-summer and

autumn conditions for periods of 9-14 weeks during

1994 and 1995. Concentrations of C, N, P and K were determined

prior to and after storage, corrected

for dry matter losses and distance from the surface.

Temperature and, in experiments with pig

manure, gas phase composition inside the manure heap were

monitored during storage. Nitrogen

losses as ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission

and leaching were measured, while total

denitrification was estimated from mass balance calculations.

For both cattle and pig manure there

was little difference between seasons with respect to the

pattern of decomposition, as reflected in

temperature dynamics and C/N turnover. In contrast,

there was a distinct difference between manure

types. Pig manure was characterized by maximum temperatures

of 60-70°C, although the

concentrations of oxygen and methane clearly demonstrated

that anaerobic conditions dominated the

interior parts of the heap for several weeks. Losses of

C and N from pig manure both amounted to

c. 50%. In contrast, the temperature of cattle

manure remained close to the air temperature

throughout the storage period and cattle manure had lower,

not significant losses of C and N.

Leaching losses of N constituted 1-4% with both

manure types. Ammonia volatilization from cattle

manure constituted 4-5% of total N, and from pig

manure 23-24%. In pig manure a similar amount

of N (23-33%) could not be accounted for after

storage, a loss that was attributed to denitrification.

Nitrous oxide emissions amounted to <2% of estimated

denitrification losses.
Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) response to residual soil N
under Mediterranean agronomic practices
Authors: MARTÍN-OLMEDO P. , MURILLO J. M. , CABRERA F. , LÓPEZ R.
Published: July 2002

Autumn-sown sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) responses (sugar yield, plant N-uptake and juice quality)
were studied in relation to the residual NO3−-N in a soil of southwestern Spain which, for the previous
five years (1989–93), had received high N rates, in accordance with conventional fertilization
schedules used by farmers in the area. Three different combinations of fertilizers, supplying equal
amounts of N, were used during the fertilization period (1989–93): a mineral fertilization treatment
(MF, a complex 15N-15P2O5-15K2O) and two organo-mineral fertilization treatments (an olive mill
wastewater sludge compost, AC, and a depotassified concentrated beet vinasse, V). All these
treatments also received a top-dressing with urea (46% N). A control treatment (C), without
fertilization was included for comparison.

During the major part of the beet growing season, the presence of almost four times as much
mineral N in the 0·100 cm soil layer of previously fertilized plots (AC, V and MF) than in the
unfertilized one (C), led to a significant increase (P<0·05) in total fresh weight yield and N-uptake,
but also to a significant decrease (P<0·05) in sugar content and beet processing quality. The time
course of NO3−-N concentration in sugarbeet petioles and the evolution of the nutritional state of
leaf-blades gave advance information about the final response of the crop to the different fertilization
treatments. Besides N, Na was the element which, due to the repeated and high fertilization rates
applied, had a major effect in reducing the technological quality of the sugarbeet.
ASSESSING SURVEY MEASURES OF INFANT BIRTH WEIGHT AND BIRTH SIZE IN ECUADOR
Authors: EGGLESTON ELIZABETH , ONG TSUI AMY , FORTNEY JUDITH
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of using maternal assessments of infant birth size as proxy measures for birth weight in Ecuador, a country in which a sizeable proportion of births take place at home, where birth weight is typically not recorded. Four thousand and seventy-eight women who experienced a live singleton birth between January 1992 and August 1994 were interviewed in the Ecuador Demographic and Maternal–Child Health Survey. All women were asked if their child was weighed at birth, his/her weight, and what they considered to be his/her birth size relative to other newborns. The consistency between birth size and birth weight measures was assessed, and the differences between infants with and without reported birth weights were explored. The authors conclude that maternal assessments of birth size are poor proxy indicators of birth weight. Estimates of low birth weight based on maternal assessments of birth size as very small should be recognized as underestimates of the actual prevalence of low birth weight. Moreover, infants for whom birth weights are missing should not be considered similar to those for whom weight was reported. Those without reported birth weights are more likely to be low birth weight. Thus, relying solely on reports of numeric birth weight will underestimate the prevalence of low birth weight.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE: A REJOINDER TO MACKINTOSH
Authors: LYNN RICHARD
Published: July 2002

The author's theory that among adults men have a higher mean IQ than women has been critized by Mackintosh. His criticisms are examined and found wanting. New evidence is adduced that men obtain higher means than women on Raven's Progressive Matrices.
DOPAMINE RECEPTOR GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
Authors: MILLER WARREN B. , PASTA DAVID J. , MACMURRAY JAMES , CHIU CONNIE , WU H. , COMINGS DAVID
Published: July 2002

The dopaminergic system in the brain seems to play an important role in the regulation of sexual behaviour. The relationship between genes for the D1, D2 and D4 dopamine receptors and age at first sexual intercourse (AFSI) was examined in a sample of 414 non-Hispanic, European–American men and women. A significant association was observed between a DRD2 allele and AFSI and an even stronger association when the DRD2 allele was interacted with a DRD1 allele. A constrained regression model was constructed predicting AFSI using sex and a group of nine psychosocial variables as predictors. Adding the DRD2 and the DRD2-by-DRD1 predictors to this model increased the explained variance by 23 and 55%, respectively. Although these findings suggest a stronger association among males than among females, further research will be necessary to clarify this question, as well as to establish whether the observed association holds in other racial/ethnic groups.
Image analysis applied to electron micrographs of stirred yogurt
Authors: SKRIVER ANNE , HANSEN MARTIN B. , QVIST KARSTEN B.
Published: July 2002

An optimum or a high heat treatment of milk before yogurt preparation

was applied according to an experimental design with the deliberate aim
of making
stirred yogurts with varying properties. Images of sections of yogurt samples
were
obtained using a transmission electron microscope. These were digitized
and
segmented via a threshold determination to separate the protein structure
from the
background. Four spatial statistical estimates were determined in order
to evaluate
their applicability for characterization of yogurt microstructure. The
volume content
was estimated and compared with the protein content obtained through chemical

analysis. Heat treatment had no significant effect on volume content, as
expected.
The surface area of the protein aggregates was a useful measure to describe
the
difference between casein networks obtained by an optimum and a high heat

treatment. The star volume gave a measure of the average local size of
pores in the
yogurt gel. The optimum heat treatment resulted in yogurt with small values
for the
star volume, indicating a less coarse structure of the casein network compared
with
yogurt prepared from high heat milk. The covariance function was able to

differentiate between yogurts made using two types of heat treatment.
On Townsend's rapid-distortion model of the turbulent-wind-wave problem
Authors: IERLEY GLENN , MILES JOHN
Published: July 2002

Townsend's (1980) model of wind-to-wave energy transfer, which is based on a
putative interpolation between an inner, viscoelastic approximation and an outer,
rapid-distortion approximation and predicts an energy transfer that is substantially
larger (by as much as a factor of three) than that predicted by Miles's (1957) quasi-laminar
model, is revisited. It is shown that Townsend's interpolation effectively
imposes a rapid-distortion approximation throughout the flow, rather than only in
the outer domain, and that his asymptotic (far above the surface) solution implicitly
omits one of the two admissible, linearly independent solutions of his perturbation
equations. These flaws are repaired, and Townsend's dissipation function is modified
to render the transport equation for the perturbation energy of the same form as
those for the perturbation Reynolds stresses. The resulting wind-to-wave energy
transfer is close to that predicted by Townsend's (1972) viscoelastic model and other
models that incorporate the perturbation Reynolds stresses, but somewhat smaller
than that predicted by the quasi-laminar model. We conclude that Townsend's (1980)
predictions, although closer to observation than those of other models, rest on flawed
analysis and numerical error.
The influence of friction on the stability of

unbounded granular shear flow
Authors: ALAM MEHEBOOB , NOTT PRABHU R.
Published: July 2002

Some recent studies have considered the stability of

unbounded rapid granular shear

flow, with the sole mechanism for stress generation being instantaneous
inelastic

collisions between grains. This paper extends these studies by presenting
a linear

stability analysis in which stress generation due to grain friction is
also accounted

for. This is accomplished by using the ‘frictional–kinetic’

model, which integrates

in a simple manner the stress arising from the two mechanisms. Solution
of the

linearized equations of motion is obtained by allowing the wavenumber vector
of

the disturbances to rotate as a function of time. As in the case of a purely
kinetic

stress, it is found that the flow is stable to non-layering disturbances.

Disturbances in

the form of layering modes may lead to instability, depending on the solids
fraction

and material parameters. Instability is absent altogether if the balance
of

fluctuational energy is not considered or if the material is assumed

to be incompressible.

Friction may stabilize or destabilize the flow, depending on the

inelasticity of grain

collisions and the effective roughness of the medium. When a purely frictional
stress

is considered, it is found that the system is always neutrally stable.

Even if the flow

is asymptotically stable, there may be significant transient growth of
disturbances

due to the non-normality of the associated linear operator. The initial
transient

growth rate, as well as the temporal maximum of transient growth is enhanced
by

friction.