bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disperse dyes ‐ the challenge of the 1990s: (Meeting demands for increasingly higher levels of wash fastness in the exhaust dyeing of polyester/cellulosic blends)
Authors: Leadbetter P W , Leaver A T
Published: August 2010

International industrial trends to increasing usage of polyester/cellulosic Mends for sportswear and leisure wear apparel outlets have put increasing demands on the performance of disperse dyes, particularly the cross staining and fastness. Innovation in developing novel disperse dyes to meet increasingly higher quality demands is reviewed. The prospect of rendering thermomigration a problem of the past' with respect to dispetse dyes is also considered.
Fibre identification and the quantitative analysis of fibre blends
Authors: Greaves Philip H
Published: August 2010

The fibre composition of a textile is a fundamental characteristic in determining the product's behaviour, end use and value. This paper reviews recent developments in the fields of fibre identification and blend analysis, several of which are extensions of more traditional methods. Difficulties and advantages associated with the techniques described are considered.
Polymeric colorants
Authors: Guthrie J T
Published: August 2010

Polymeric colorants are a group of intermediate or high molar mass compounds that may also be thought of as being intrinsically coloured. As such, they fall into the broader class of inherently useful polymers. Often part of this usefulness arises from the presence of some other attribute than those of colour and high molar mass, e.g. liquid‐crystalline character, required hydrophilic/lipophilic balance, ionomer character and so on. In this review the attribute that is emphasised is that of colour within the context of practical applications, synthesis and characterisation. The various classifications are discussed and the relevant background information assessed. The coverage is designed to be reasonably comprehensive and informative. Nevertheless, readers are strongly encouraged to consult the references quoted for further details of specific systems or applications. This review concentrates on the period since 1984, except for its coverage of safety data, which extends over a longer timescale.
Microencapsulates in textile coloration and finishing
Authors: Nelson G
Published: August 2010

Microencapsulation technology has been widely used in a number of industrial sectors including agriculture, medicine, toiletries and cosmetics. The textile industry, although initially slow to exploit the technology, is now generating innovative ideas and inventions within the field. Examples of traditional microencapsulation techniques, and of the wide spectrum of innovations utilising microencapsulation technology in coloration and finishing, are discussed.
The textile coloration industry in India
Authors: Datye Keshav V
Published: August 2010

Organisational, statistical and technological aspects of the textile coloration and related industries of India are reviewed, whilst examining the functioning of some of the typical centres where coloration is carried out. The impact of government policy planning, modernisation efforts, role of viscose and synthetic fibres, existing traditional coloration practices, exports, etc. are analysed to bring out the strengths and weaknesses of the coloration industry in India. The serious efforts to increase exports of value‐added textiles and garments and to compete in the world markets have given impetus to the growth of modern coloration and related industries. However, it may still be said that a review of the coloration industry of India takes the reader through several centuries of developments in coloration technology.
Market development: challenge to dyeing and finishing
Authors: Holme I
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews market developments in the 1990s and the challenges that these present to chemical pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and chemical and mechanical finishing. The globalisation of textiles and the driving forces for change are discussed in relation to fibre developments, quality with quick response, the philosophy of right‐first‐time processing and energy costs. A major challenge to all textile wet processing is posed by the problems generated by environmental issues and many of the current developments in this field are described. A detailed study is presented of the likely effects of market development in the specific areas of chemical pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and chemical and mechanical finishing, together with the challenges and changes that they will create. Some current and future paths to progress through research and development are discussed that will influence the evolution of chemical technology and revolutionise wet‐processing treatments up to the year 2000.
Jet printing
Authors: Dawson T L
Published: August 2010

Ink jet printers, some capable of producing a full colour gamut, are now widely used as output devices for computer‐generated design work. Some advances have been made in the application of these ink jet paper printing technologies to textile printing, mainly for carpets. This review describes the principal jet systems that have been developed commercially for both textile and reprographic uses, and indicates areas in which the ink jet principle appears to have future potential. The physical and chemical requirements of the inks used in the different systems, as well as the possible pretreatment of the substrate to improve ink receptivity and the durability of the print, are also discussed.
Formaldehyde‐free durable‐press finishes
Authors: Welch Clark M
Published: August 2010

Durable‐press finishing agents that neither contain nor release formaldehyde when applied to cotton fabrics are reviewed and compared with conventional N‐methylolamides in regard to fabric wrinkle resistance, smooth drying properties, strength retention and yellowing imparted. The need for agents that are not derived from formaldehyde results from international recognition that formaldehyde is a probable human carcinogen. When formaldehyde‐free cellulose crosslinking agents are screened to eliminate those having toxicity, odour and environmental problems of their own, the most likely candidates are seen to be polycarboxylic acids and 1,3‐dimethyl‐4, 5‐dihydroxy‐ethyleneurea (also known as DHDMI). These differ in cost and effectiveness, and will require further research and development to become fully practical.
Does the labour supply of wives respond to husbands' wages? Canadian evidence from micro data and grouped data
Authors: Morissette René , Hou Feng
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  Using micro data and grouped data, we assess the extent to which Canadian wives adjusted their labour supply in response to changes in husbands' wages during the period 1980‐2000. Grouped data parameters based on weighted least squares and the unbiased‐error‐in‐variables estimator developed by Devereux (2004, 2007a,b) yield cross‐wage elasticities that are substantially higher (in absolute value) than those derived from OLS regressions run on micro data. Both grouping estimators indicate that the labour supply of Canadian wives responded strongly to changes in husbands' wages during the 1980s. For the 1990s, our estimates of wives' cross‐wage elasticity display greater dispersion.
An At‐Risk Profile of Probation Supervised Youthful Offenders in a Rural, Midwest County: Significant Gender and Race Differences
Authors: Mallett Christopher A.
Published: August 2010

There have been multiple risk factors identified that lead to youth delinquent behaviors and activities. These risks are family, school, peer, disability, and neighborhood related, though the studies to date have primarily focused on larger urban juvenile court jurisdictions. This exploratory study of one rural juvenile court (in Ashtabula County, Ohio) furthers these risk factor investigations through the evaluation of 91 randomly selected, adjudicated delinquent youth (supervised in 2008 and 2009). Data on 23 risk factors was collected, with further analysis of significant gender and race differences. Key results were that a majority of youth experienced poverty and lived in a one‐parent family; 40% had a mental health or substance abuse problem; 25% were in need of special education disability services; males were much more likely to have school‐related difficulties and to commit felony offenses; females had significantly more mental health and substance abuse problems; and minority youth successfully completed probation more often.
Effect of Hydrophobicity in Cathode Porous Media on PEM Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Yang Lijun , Li Wenan , Du Xiaoze , Yang Yongping
Published: August 2010

Water management is a key issue for the performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Materials of the fuel cell would affect the water transportation in the flow field, thus influence, the overall performance of the fuel cell. A three dimensional, single-channel, counterflow model was built to analyze the performance of the PEM fuel cell. Different surface contact angles were set to the liquid water droplets in the catalyst layers (CLs) and gas diffusion layers (GDLs) to present the different wetting property characterizations of the materials. Assuming that the contact angle ranges from 75 deg to 150 deg, the liquid water content and distribution in the cathode GDL were investigated in details. Numerical analysis showed that the hydrophobicity of the structure affects the water transportation in the fuel cell significantly. Hydrophobic materials could lower the rate of water saturation in the flow field, thus preventing the water flooding in the cathode side. When the surface contact angles of the cathode CL and GDL were set to 135 deg, the liquid water content is least in the GDL. I-V polarization curves of the fuel cell with different materials were also developed to analyze the overall performance. As a result, proper hydrophobic material would lower the rate of cathode water flooding in PEM and benefit the performance of PEM fuel cell.
Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells With Bi2O3–Eu2O3 Infiltrated La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Cathodes
Authors: Yoshikawa T. , Shinde N. , Murata K. , Hirano A. , Takeda Y. , Yamamoto O. , Yamahara K.
Published: August 2010

The fuel cell performance of the anode supported cell with Eu2O3 doped Bi2O3 infiltrated La0.8Sr0.2MnO3(LSM)–Zr0.92Y0.16O2.08(YSZ) composite cathode, Ni-YSZ anode, and YSZ electrolyte was examined in the temperature range 850–650°C. The cell performance was improved by infiltrating the nanoparticle Bi2O3–Eu2O3 solid solution into the porous LSM-YSZ cathode. The power density of the cell with the LSM-LSZ cathode was enhanced from 0.28 W/cm2 to 0.52 W/cm2 at 0.7 V and 750°C by infiltration of (Bi2O3)0.7(Eu2O3)0.3. The improvement of the power density was explained by decreasing the electrode resistance for oxygen reduction on the cathode. No significant degradation of the power density was observed within 200 h at 750°C and 0.7 V.
A Systematic Literature Review on BSCF-Based Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Magnone Edoardo
Published: August 2010

Academic research into Ba1−ySryCo1−xFexO3 cathode (BSCF) for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications has proliferated significantly over the last few years. However, the homogeneity of literature data has not been investigated yet. In the present review, a systematic literature screening is conducted. The study is organized into two main categories (geometries and configurations) and various subcategories as a function of performance classification, which was published on the subject. A semi-empirical model is applied to predict the cell performances on two film thickness (electrolyte and cathode) and three cell fabrication variables (cathode synthesis temperature, firing temperature, and cathode particle size). The semi-empirical model of cell performance showed a good agreement with simulated and literature data. It is concluded that a systematic literature reviewing process holds great potential for the understanding of the mechanisms, which regulate BSFC cathode-based SOFC operation, and thus represents a tool of primary importance for any further advance in the field of SOFC.
Fabrication of Anode-Supported Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using an Extrusion and Vacuum Infiltration Techniques
Authors: Song Jung-Hoon , Sammes Nigel M.
Published: August 2010

A simple and mass productive extrusion technique was applied to fabricate anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). A standard NiO/8YSZ (nickel oxide/8 mol % yttria stabilized zirconia) cermet anode, 8YSZ electrolyte, and lanthanum strontium manganite (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3) cathode were used as the material components. Secondary electron microscopy images indicated that vacuum infiltration method successfully generated the thin electrolyte layer (about 15 μm) with a structurally effective three phase boundaries. Fabricated unit cell showed the open circuit voltage of 1.12 V without any fuel leaking problems. Electrochemical tests showed a maximum power density up to 0.30 W cm−2 at 800°C, implying the good performance as tubular SOFCs. This study verified that the extrusion aided by vacuum infiltration process could be a promising technique for mass production of tubular SOFCs.
Transparent PEM Fuel Cells for Direct Visualization Experiments
Authors: Rosli M. I. , Borman D. J. , Ingham D. B. , Ismail M. S. , Ma L. , Pourkashanian M.
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews some of the previous research works on direct visualization of water behavior inside proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells using a transparent single cell. Several papers which have employed the method have been selected and summarized, and a comparison between the design of the cell, materials, methods, and visual results are presented. The important aspects, advantages of the method, and a summary on the previous investigations are discussed. Some initial works on transparent PEM fuel cell design using a single serpentine flow-field pattern are described. The results show that the direct visualization via transparent PEM fuel cells could be one potential technique for investigating the water behavior inside the channels and a very promising way forward to provide useful data for validation in PEM fuel cell modeling and simulation.
Effect of the Capillary Property of Porous Media on the Water Transport Characteristics in a Passive Liquid-Feed DMFC
Authors: Xu Chao , Faghri Amir
Published: August 2010

The porous diffusion medium (DM) used in fuel cells has a complex heterogeneous structure in which both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores coexist. The capillary flow in such a mixed-wet DM is mainly controlled by the capillary pressure and saturation relation (CPSR). In order to investigate the water transport characteristics in a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), taking into account the coexistence of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores in the DM, we presented the mechanisms of capillary flow in the mixed-wet DM and provided a comprehensive evaluation of the CPSRs used in various existing fuel cell studies. Then, based on a two-dimensional, two-phase, nonisothermal model for the passive DMFC, we investigated the liquid transport phenomena through the mixed-wet DM by employing an experimentally measured mixed-wet CPSR. Moreover, we compared the water transport predicted by the mixed-wet CPSR and the uniform-wet Leverett CPSR for better understanding of the liquid water transport in passive DMFCs. The results show that water transport in the passive DMFC depends greatly on the CPSR of the DM, which demonstrates an urgent need for the accurate CPSRs of the DM used in fuel cells. It is also shown that the dependence of water transport on the CPSRs can be significantly influenced by the use of a hydrophobic air filter layer at the cathode.
A Dynamic Model of PEMFC System for the Simulation of Residential Power Generation
Authors: Yu S. , Han J. , Lee S. M. , Lee Y. D. , Ahn K. Y.
Published: August 2010

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system of residential power generator (RPG) has a different operating strategy from the PEMFC system of transportation application because of its environmental difference. In this study, a dynamic simulation model of the PEMFC system is introduced, which has a model for a turbo blower, a membrane humidifier, two cooling circuits, and a PEMFC stack. The thermal efficiency of the PEMFC system for the RPG is very high because it supplies the electricity and hot water to the house. This study is designed to study the dynamic response of individual components during the dynamic change of current density. In particular, since the operation of the turbo blower is very sensitive at low current density, the parasitic power consumption of the blower is significant. Additionally, the system performance and the operating strategy are also presented.
Scale-Up Correlation for the Flow of Surfactant-Based Fluids in Circular Coiled Pipes
Authors: Kamel Ahmed H. Ahmed , Shah Subhash N.
Published: August 2010

This study involves experimental investigation on the flow properties of aqueous surfactant-based (SB) fluids in small and large-scale coiled tubing. It aims at understanding the viscoelastic properties and its effect on the flow behavior of SB fluids in coiled tubing. In spite of SB fluids wide use as friction reducer and/or fracturing fluid in the oil and gas industry, the flow data in large pipe sizes as well as coiled tubing are very scarce. Majority of the available flow data are gathered in straight pipes with small sizes. The scale-up of small-scale flow data is questionable due to the pronounced diameter effect. Furthermore, previous studies have correlated flow behavior of these fluids only through simple power-law model parameters. Limited work with polymeric fluids has been reported that includes fluid elasticity in scale-up procedure and it is nonexistent for highly elastic SB fluids. In this study, the properties of widely used Aromox APA-T, a highly active surfactant used as gelling agent in aqueous and brine base fluids, are thoroughly investigated. Rheological measurements are conducted using Bohlin rheometer for SB fluid concentration of 1.5 vol %, 2 vol %, 3 vol %, and 4 vol %. Flow data are gathered using 1.27 cm, 3.81 cm, 6.03 cm, and 7.30 cm OD coiled tubing with various curvature ratios. This study presents the first attempt to investigate the flow behavior SB fluids in large-scale coiled tubing. The results show that SB fluids exhibit non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior. Elastic and viscous properties of SB fluids are very sensitive to surfactant concentration. Friction losses in coiled tubing are significantly higher than those in straight pipes due to secondary flow effect. Increasing curvature ratio yields higher friction pressure loss. Also, small-scale data correlations using only simple power-law model fluid rheological parameters lead to erroneous results when scaled-up to large pipe sizes. New technique, based on the modified Deborah number, which includes fluid elasticity and pipe shear effect, has been developed to correlate data from the small laboratory-scale tubing and large field-scale pipes. Correlation to predict Fanning friction factor of SB fluids in coiled tubing as a function of Deborah number and fluid flow behavior index is presented. Correlation is validated by comparing predictions with the experimental data. It is shown that the new correlation accurately predicts friction factor of SB fluids and thus alleviates the scale-up issue.
Developing Laminar Gravity-Driven Thin Liquid Film Flow Down an Inclined Plane
Authors: Lan H. , Wegener J. L. , Armaly B. F. , Drallmeier J. A.
Published: August 2010

Three-dimensional (3D)—steady-developing-laminar-isothermal—and gravity-driven thin liquid film flow adjacent to an inclined plane is examined and the effects of film flow rate, surface tension, and surface inclination angle on the film thickness and film width are presented. The film flow was numerically simulated using the volume of fluid model and experimental verification was conducted by measuring film thickness and width using a laser focus displacement instrument. The steady film flow that is considered in this study does not have a leading contact line, however, it has two steady side contact lines with the substrate surface at the outer edge of its width. Results reveal that the film width decreases and the average film thickness increases as the film flows down the inclined plane. The film thickness and width decrease but its streamwise velocity increases as surface inclination angle (as measured from the horizontal plane) increases. A higher film flow rate is associated with a higher film thickness, a higher film width, and a higher average film velocity. Films with higher surface tension are associated with a smaller width and a higher average thickness. A ripple develops near the side contact line, i.e., the spanwise distribution of the film thickness exhibits peaks at the outer edges of the film width and the height of this ripple increases as the surface tension or the film flow rate increases. The width of the film decreases at a faster rate along the streamwise direction if liquid film has higher surface tension. Measurements of the film thickness and the film width compare favorably with the numerically simulated results.
Far-Field Boundary Condition Effects of CFD and Free-Wake Coupling Analysis for Helicopter Rotor
Authors: Wie Seong Yong , Lee Jae Hoon , Kwon Jang Hyuk , Lee Duck Joo
Published: August 2010

Rotor aerodynamics is governed by wake geometry and strength. However, rotor wake characteristics computed by the rotor computational fluid dynamics are not clearly described due to numerical dissipation. To overcome this numerical problem, free-wake is used for wake simulation. The present free-wake describes the inboard vortices as well as the tip vortices of the blade. At each time step, the free-wake provides inflow and outflow conditions of the boundary of the Eulerian domain, and the Euler solver is used for solving the flow field near the rotor blade. Finally, the coupled method is compared with the conventional method and the experimental results.
Shear Flow Over a Wavy Surface With Partial Slip
Authors: Wang C. Y.
Published: August 2010

A viscous shear flow moves parallel to a wavy plate. Partial slip occurs on the wavy surface. The problem is solved by perturbation about a small amplitude parameter, namely, the amplitude to wavelength ratio. It is found that the interaction of waviness and slip decreases the apparent slip coefficient.
A Methodology to Measure Aerodynamic Forces on Cylinders in Channel Flow
Authors: Thrift Alan A. , Brumbaugh Scott J. , Thole Karen A. , Kohli Atul
Published: August 2010

While the measurement of drag and lift forces on a body in external flow is common practice, the same cannot be said for aerodynamic forces on bodies in internal flows. The inherent difficulty in making force measurements on a body in an internal channel flow is decoupling the body from the bounding walls. The methodology presented in this paper uses a technique to overcome this constraint to accurately measure two components of force on a single cylinder within a single row array, with an aspect ratio (height-to-diameter ratio) of 1. Experiments were conducted with air over a range of Reynolds numbers between 7500 and 35,000 and for three different spanwise pin spacings. Experimental results indicated an increase in cylinder drag with a reduction in spanwise pin spacing. The gas turbine and electronics industries use cylinders or pin fins in internal flow channels to increase heat transfer augmentation through high turbulence and increased surface area. The flow fields in these obstructed channels are difficult to predict, so these measurements can be used to directly compare with predicted drag and lift forces.
Mass Transfer in a Rigid Tube With Pulsatile Flow and Constant Wall Concentration
Authors: Moschandreou T. E. , Ellis C. G. , Goldman D.
Published: August 2010

An approximate-analytical solution method is presented for the problem of mass transfer in a rigid tube with pulsatile flow. For the case of constant wall concentration, it is shown that the generalized integral transform (GIT) method can be used to obtain a solution in terms of a perturbation expansion, where the coefficients of each term are given by a system of coupled ordinary differential equations. Truncating the system at some large value of the parameter N, an approximate solution for the system is obtained for the first term in the perturbation expansion, and the GIT-based solution is verified by comparison to a numerical solution. The GIT approximate-analytical solution indicates that for small to moderate nondimensional frequencies for any distance from the inlet of the tube, there is a positive peak in the bulk concentration C1b due to pulsation, thereby, producing a higher mass transfer mixing efficiency in the tube. As we further increase the frequency, the positive peak is followed by a negative peak in the time-averaged bulk concentration and then the bulk concentration C1b oscillates and dampens to zero. Initially, for small frequencies the relative Sherwood number is negative indicating that the effect of pulsation tends to reduce mass transfer. There is a band of frequencies, where the relative Sherwood number is positive indicating that the effect of pulsation tends to increase mass transfer. The positive peak in bulk concentration corresponds to a matching of the phase of the pulsatile velocity and the concentration, respectively, where the unique maximum of both occur for certain time in the cycle. The oscillatory component of concentration is also determined radially in the tube where the concentration develops first near the wall of the tube, and the lobes of the concentration curves increase with increasing distance downstream until the concentration becomes fully developed. The GIT method proves to be a working approach to solve the first two perturbation terms in the governing equations involved.
Optimally Interacting Minds
Authors: Bahrami Bahador , Olsen Karsten , Latham Peter E. , Roepstorff Andreas , Rees Geraint , Frith Chris D.
Published: August 2010

Two Heads Are Better Than One

When two people peer into the distance and try to figure out if a faint number is a three or an eight, classical signal detection theory states that the joint decision can only be as good as that of the person with higher visual acuity.

Bahrami
et al.

(p.
1081
; see the Perspective by

Ernst

) propose that a discussion not only of what each person perceives but also of the degree of confidence in those assignments can improve the overall sensitivity of the decision. Using a traditional contrast-detection task, they showed that, when the individuals did not differ too much in their powers of visual discrimination, collective decision-making significantly improved sensitivity. The model offered here formalizes debates held since the Enlightenment about whether collective thinking can outperform that of elite individuals.
Crystal Structure of Human Adenovirus at 3.5 Å Resolution
Authors: Reddy Vijay S. , Natchiar S. Kundhavai , Stewart Phoebe L. , Nemerow Glen R.
Published: August 2010

Human Adenovirus Structures

Human adenoviruses may be a common cause of acute infections in humans, but they can also be used as vectors for vaccine and therapeutic gene transfer. Rational engineering of safe adenovirus vectors has been hampered by a lack of high-resolution structural information. Two papers now describe the structure of human adenovirus using complementary techniques.

Reddy
et al.

(p.
1071
; see the Perspective by

Harrison

) have determined the crystal structure at 3.5 angstrom resolution, while

Liu
et al.

(p.
1038
; see the Perspective by

Harrison

) solved the structure to 3.6 angstrom resolution by electron microscopy. Together the structures provide insights into viral assembly, stabilization, and cell entry mechanisms.
Response to Comment on “A Southern Tyrant Reptile”
Authors: Benson Roger B. J. , Barrett Paul M. , Rich Tom H. , Vickers-Rich Patricia , Pickering David , Holland Timothy
Published: August 2010

Herne
et al
. doubt our identification of tyrannosauroid pubes from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia. They suggest that the fossil is broken and can be identified only as an indeterminate neotetanuran (representing the wider clade that includes coelurosaurs such as birds and tyrannosauroids, and also more primitive large theropods, the allosauroids). However, we maintain that unique tyrannosauroid features are clearly preserved or interpretable.
The Dynamics of Plate Tectonics and Mantle Flow: From Local to Global Scales
Authors: Stadler Georg , Gurnis Michael , Burstedde Carsten , Wilcox Lucas C. , Alisic Laura , Ghattas Omar
Published: August 2010

Improving Earth Models

The geophysical processes responsible for shaping the planet's surface and interior need largescale simulations, but to achieve high resolution at these scales is costly and tends to focus on gradual processes such as plate tectonics. By using large parallel supercomputers,

Stadler
et al.

(p.
1033
; see the Perspective by

Becker

; see the cover) have improved on a commonly used method—adaptive mesh refinement—to increase the resolution of global geodynamic models to the scale of a single kilometer and been able to reveal unexpected insights into localized processes, such as subduction zone mechanics, thermal anomalies in the lower mantle, and the speed of movement of oceanic plates.
Insects Betray Themselves in Nature to Predators by Rapid Isomerization of Green Leaf Volatiles
Authors: Allmann Silke , Baldwin Ian T.
Published: August 2010

Plants' Modified SOS Call

Plants have several ways of defending themselves against insect attack. The release of distinctive volatile chemicals betrays the location of herbivores to their predators, but volatile production can be slow and the pests may escape. Compounds known as green leaf volatiles are released immediately after damage, and
Allmann and Baldwin
(p.
1075
) have found that, when attacked by tobacco hornworm (
Manduca sexta
) caterpillars,
Nicotiana attenuata
plants emit a compound that, when combined with an oral secretion from the caterpillar, is transformed into an attractant for the generalist hemipteran predator
Geocoris pallidens
, which preys on the hornworm eggs and young larvae. Thus, insect feeding activity can begin the process of plant defense before other protective volatiles are synthesized and emitted.
Genomic Comparison of the Ants
Camponotus floridanus
and
Harpegnathos saltator
Authors: Bonasio Roberto , Zhang Guojie , Ye Chaoyang , Mutti Navdeep S. , Fang Xiaodong , Qin Nan , Donahue Greg , Yang Pengcheng , Li Qiye , Li Cai , Zhang Pei , Huang Zhiyong , Berger Shelley L. , Reinberg Danny , Wang Jun , Liebig Jürgen
Published: August 2010

Ant Variation

Ants of the same genotype can exhibit numerous phenotypic forms and develop multiple functional castes within a colony.

Bonasio
et al.

(p.
1068
) sequenced the genomes of two ant species exhibiting differences in caste development—
Camponotus floridanus
and
Harpegnathos saltator
—and used the sequences to compare gene expression and identify differences in epigenetic gene regulation that lead to the phenotypic differences. Ants may offer a model system for studying the role of epigenetics in behavior and development.
Fine-Scale Modeling of Global Plate Tectonics
Authors: Becker Thorsten
Published: August 2010

Powerful numerical methods are enabling the creation of fine-grained models of Earth's dynamic geology.
Microenvironment Mimicry
Authors: Bhatia Mickie
Published: August 2010

Muscle stem cells cultured in vitro retain regenerative ability when conditions reflect the physical nature of their in vivo environment.
Decisions Made Better
Authors: Ernst Marc O.
Published: August 2010

Under certain circumstances, joint decisions of a group can be better than those of the individuals.
Looking Inside Adenovirus
Authors: Harrison Stephen C.
Published: August 2010

Vaccines and gene therapy vectors could benefit from new insights into structure.
What Is STEM Education?
Authors: Bybee Rodger W.
Published: August 2010

The United States needs a broader, more coordinated strategy for precollege education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). That strategy should include all the STEM disciplines and address the need for greater diversity in the STEM professions, for a workforce with deep technical and personal skills, and for a STEM-literate citizenry prepared to address the grand challenges of the 21st century. There have been repeated efforts to produce major improvements in such education, including the production of voluntary national education standards for science and for mathematics in the 1990s. But as a battle-scarred veteran of those efforts, I view the next decade as the time when real progress might finally be made.
U.S. Physicists Eye Australia for New Site of Gravitational-Wave Detector
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: August 2010

U.S. physicists want to take parts from their massive twin gravitational-wave detectors and use them to build a third detector near Perth in western Australia, greatly enhancing the experiment's ability to pinpoint sources of gravitational waves, should such waves ever be spotted.
To Scientists' Dismay, Mixed-Up Cell Lines Strike Again
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: August 2010

Over the past 5 years, a handful of research teams have found that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could become cancerlike after growing for months in the lab. But three of these research teams have now discovered that the cancerlike cells they spotted are unrelated to the original MSCs.
From Pigs to People: The Emergence of a New Superbug
Authors: Ferber Dan
Published: August 2010

The discovery of a novel strain of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
able to jump from livestock to humans has sparked a multicountry effort to see how dangerous it might be.
Vaccination of Rhesus Macaques with the Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Vaccine Produces a Serum Antibody Response That Effectively Neutralizes Receptor-Bound Protective AntigenIn Vitro
Authors: Clement Kristin H. , Rudge Thomas L. , Mayfield Heather J. , Carlton Lena A. , Hester Arelis , Niemuth Nancy A. , Sabourin Carol L. , Brys April M. , Quinn Conrad P.
Published: August 2010

Anthrax toxin (ATx) is composed of the binary exotoxins lethal toxin (LTx) and edema toxin (ETx). They have separate effector proteins (edema factor and lethal factor) but have the same binding protein, protective antigen (PA). PA is the primary immunogen in the current licensed vaccine anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA [BioThrax]). AVA confers protective immunity by stimulating production of ATx-neutralizing antibodies, which could block the intoxication process at several steps (binding of PA to the target cell surface, furin cleavage, toxin complex formation, and binding/translocation of ATx into the cell). To evaluate ATx neutralization by anti-AVA antibodies, we developed two low-temperature LTx neutralization activity (TNA) assays that distinguish antibody blocking before and after binding of PA to target cells (noncomplexed [NC] and receptor-bound [RB] TNA assays). These assays were used to investigate anti-PA antibody responses in AVA-vaccinated rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that survived an aerosol challenge withBacillus anthracisAmes spores. Results showed that macaque anti-AVA sera neutralized LTxin vitro, even when PA was prebound to cells. Neutralization titers in surviving versus nonsurviving animals and between prechallenge and postchallenge activities were highly correlated. These data demonstrate that AVA stimulates a myriad of antibodies that recognize multiple neutralizing epitopes and confirm that change, loss, or occlusion of epitopes after PA is processed from PA83 to PA63 at the cell surface does not significantly affectin vitroneutralizing efficacy. Furthermore, these data support the idea that the full-length PA83 monomer is an appropriate immunogen for inclusion in next-generation anthrax vaccines.
Immune Responses and Therapeutic Antitumor Effects of an Experimental DNA Vaccine Encoding Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Oncoproteins Genetically Fused to Herpesvirus Glycoprotein D
Authors: Diniz Mariana O. , Lasaro Marcio O. , Ertl Hildegund C. , Ferreira Luís C. S.
Published: August 2010

Recombinant adenovirus or DNA vaccines encoding herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) genetically fused to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) oncoproteins (E5, E6, and E7) induce antigen-specific CD8
+
T-cell responses and confer preventive resistance to transplantable murine tumor cells (TC-1 cells). In the present report, we characterized some previously uncovered aspects concerning the induction of CD8
+
T-cell responses and the therapeutic anticancer effects achieved in C57BL/6 mice immunized with pgD-E7E6E5 previously challenged with TC-1 cells. Concerning the characterization of the immune responses elicited in mice vaccinated with pgD-E7E6E5, we determined the effect of the CD4
+
T-cell requirement, longevity, and dose-dependent activation on the E7-specific CD8
+
T-cell responses. In addition, we determined the priming/boosting properties of pgD-E7E6E5 when used in combination with a recombinant serotype 68 adenovirus (AdC68) vector encoding the same chimeric antigen. Mice challenged with TC-1 cells and then immunized with three doses of pgD-E7E6E5 elicited CD8
+
T-cell responses, measured by intracellular gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and CD107a accumulation, to the three HPV-16 oncoproteins and displayed
in vivo
antigen-specific cytolytic activity, as demonstrated with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled target cells pulsed with oligopeptides corresponding to the

H-2D
b

-restricted immunodominant epitopes of the E7, E6, or E5 oncoprotein. Up to 70% of the mice challenged with 5 × 10
5
TC-1 cells and immunized with pgD-E7E6E5 controlled tumor development even after 3 days of tumor cell challenge. In addition, coadministration of pgD-E7E6E5 with DNA vectors encoding pGM-CSF or interleukin-12 (IL-12) enhanced the therapeutic antitumor effects for all mice challenged with TC-1 cells. In conclusion, the present results expand our previous knowledge on the immune modulation properties of the pgD-E7E6E5 vector and demonstrate, for the first time, the strong antitumor effects of the DNA vaccine, raising promising perspectives regarding the development of immunotherapeutic reagents for the control of HPV-16-associated tumors.
Complication of Corticosteroid Treatment by Acute
Plasmodium malariae
Infection Confirmed by Small-Subunit rRNA Sequencing
Authors: To Kelvin K. W. , Teng Jade L. L. , Wong Samson S. Y. , Ngan Antonio H. Y. , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Woo Patrick C. Y.
Published: August 2010

We report a case of acute
Plasmodium malariae
infection complicating corticosteroid treatment for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a patient from an area where
P. malariae
infection is not endemic. A peripheral blood smear showed typical band-form trophozoites compatible with
P. malariae
or
Plasmodium knowlesi
. SSU rRNA sequencing confirmed the identity to be
P. malariae
.
Diagnostic Limitations to Accurate Diagnosis of Cholera
Authors: Alam Munirul , Hasan Nur A. , Sultana Marzia , Nair G. Balakrish , Sadique A. , Faruque A. S. G. , Endtz Hubert P. , Sack R. B. , Huq A. , Colwell R. R. , Izumiya Hidemasa , Morita Masatomo , Watanabe Haruo , Cravioto Alejandro
Published: August 2010

The treatment regimen for diarrhea depends greatly on correct diagnosis of its etiology. Recent diarrhea outbreaks in Bangladesh showed
Vibrio cholerae
to be the predominant cause, although more than 40% of the suspected cases failed to show cholera etiology by conventional culture methods (CMs). In the present study, suspected cholera stools collected from every 50th patient during an acute diarrheal outbreak were analyzed extensively using different microbiological and molecular tools to determine their etiology. Of 135 stools tested, 86 (64%) produced
V. cholerae
O1 by CMs, while 119 (88%) tested positive for
V. cholerae
O1 by rapid cholera dipstick (DS) assay; all but three samples positive for
V. cholerae
O1 by CMs were also positive for
V. cholerae
O1 by DS assay. Of 49 stools that lacked CM-based cholera etiology despite most being positive for
V. cholerae
O1 by DS assay, 25 (51%) had coccoid
V. cholerae
O1 cells as confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay, 36 (73%) amplified primers for the genes
wbe
O1 and
ctxA
by multiplex-PCR (M-PCR), and 31 (63%) showed El Tor-specific lytic phage on plaque assay (PA). Each of these methods allowed the cholera etiology to be confirmed for 97% of the stool samples. The results suggest that suspected cholera stools that fail to show etiology by CMs during acute diarrhea outbreaks may be due to the inactivation of
V. cholerae
by
in vivo
vibriolytic action of the phage and/or nonculturability induced as a host response.
Improved Identification of Epidemiologically Related Strains of
Salmonella enterica
by use of a Fusion Algorithm Based on Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis
Authors: Broschat S. L. , Call D. R. , Davis M. A. , Meng D. , Lockwood S. , Ahmed R. , Besser T. E.
Published: August 2010

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) are used to assess genetic similarity between bacterial strains. There are cases, however, when neither of these methods quantifies genetic variation at a level of resolution that is well suited for studying the molecular epidemiology of bacterial pathogens. To improve estimates based on these methods, we propose a fusion algorithm that combines the information obtained from both PFGE and MLVA assays to assess epidemiological relationships. This involves generating distance matrices for PFGE data (Dice coefficients) and MLVA data (single-step stepwise-mutation model) and modifying the relative distances using the two different data types. We applied the algorithm to a set of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium isolates collected from a wide range of sampling dates, locations, and host species. All three classification methods (PFGE only, MLVA only, and fusion) produced a similar pattern of clustering relative to groupings of common phage types, with the fusion results being slightly better. We then examined a group of serovar Newport isolates collected over a limited geographic and temporal scale and showed that the fusion of PFGE and MLVA data produced the best discrimination of isolates relative to a collection site (farm). Our analysis shows that the fusion of PFGE and MLVA data provides an improved ability to discriminate epidemiologically related isolates but provides only minor improvement in the discrimination of less related isolates.
Diagnosis of Bacteriuria and Leukocyturia by Automated Flow Cytometry Compared with Urine Culture
Authors: Pieretti Barbara , Brunati Pietro , Pini Beatrice , Colzani Carlo , Congedo Pierluigi , Rocchi Marco , Terramocci Riccardo
Published: August 2010

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a widespread disease, and thus, the most common samples tested in diagnostic microbiology laboratories are urine samples. The “gold standard” for diagnosis is still bacterial culture, but a large proportion of samples are negative. Unnecessary culture can be reduced by an effective screening test. We evaluated the performance of a new urine cytometer, the Sysmex UF-1000i (Dasit), on 703 urine samples submitted to our laboratory for culture. We compared bacteria and leukocyte (WBC) counts performed with the Sysmex UF-1000i to CFU-per-milliliter quantification on CPS agar to assess the best cutoff values. Different cutoff values of bacteria/ml and WBC/ml were compared to give the best discrimination. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, we suggest that when the Sysmex UF-1000i analyzer is used as a screening test for UTI the cutoff values should be 65 bacteria/ml and 100 WBC/ml. Diagnostic performance in terms of sensitivity (98.2%), specificity (62.1%), negative predictive value (98.7%), positive predictive value (53.7%), and diagnostic accuracy (73.3%) were satisfactory. Screening with the Sysmex UF-1000i is acceptable for routine use. In our laboratory, we have reduced the number of bacterial cultures by 43%, speeded up their reporting, and decreased the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
Molecular Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
in a Single Institution over a 10-Year Period
Authors: Runnegar Naomi , Sidjabat Hanna , Goh H. M. Sharon , Nimmo Graeme R. , Schembri Mark A. , Paterson David L.
Published: August 2010

Multidrug-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
is a worldwide nosocomial menace. We sought to better understand its behavior through studying the molecular epidemiology of this organism at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, over a 10-year period. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), semiautomated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were performed on a selection of 31
A. baumannii
isolates collected over the 10-year period to determine their relationships to one another. MLST also allowed us to put this information in a global context. The presence or absence of
bla
OXA-23
was also established. The presence of
bla
OXA-23
closely correlated with carbapenem resistance in our collection. Sequence type 92 (ST92) was the dominant sequence type and was present in the hospital for 9 years. There was also evidence of the spread of ST69, ST73, and ST125 (novel) within the hospital, but this was not sustained over long periods. There were only single examples of the novel sequence types ST126 and ST127. The different typing methods clustered the isolates similarly; however, PFGE and rep-PCR were more discriminatory than MLST. Worldwide, ST92 and the associated clonal complex 92 represent the most sampled and widespread sequence type(s) and are also known as European clone 2 and worldwide clonal lineage 2. Antibiotic susceptibility within ST92 is variable, suggesting a role for mechanisms other than antibiotic resistance in its success.
Evaluation of BBL CHROMagar VanRE for Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Rectal Swab Specimens
Authors: Stamper Paul D. , Shulder Stephanie , Bekalo Pearl , Manandhar Deepika , Ross Tracy L. , Speser Sharon , Kingery Julie , Carroll Karen C.
Published: August 2010

A study was performed on 517 surveillance rectal swabs to evaluate a selective and differential chromogenic medium, the BBL CHROMagar VanRE (CVRE), which enables recovery and identification of VanA- and VanB-containing
Enterococcus faecium
(ENFM) and
Enterococcus faecalis
(ENFS) isolates. Compared to BBL Enterococcosel agar, a bile-esculin-azide-vancomycin (BEAV) agar, the initial overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CVRE for the detection of vancomycin-resistant ENFM and ENFS were 99.1% and 94.8% and 84.2% and 99.7%, respectively. Among our patient population, more vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were recovered with CVRE than BEAV.
Efficiency of Fine-Needle Aspiration Compared with Other Sampling Techniques for Laboratory Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer Disease
Authors: Herbinger Karl-Heinz , Beissner Marcus , Huber Kristina , Awua-Boateng Nana-Yaa , Nitschke Jörg , Thompson William , Klutse Erasmus , Agbenorku Pius , Assiobo Awovi , Piten Ebekalisai , Wiedemann Franz , Fleischmann Erna , Helfrich Kerstin , Adjei Ohene , Löscher Thomas , Bretzel Gisela
Published: August 2010

In accordance with recent WHO recommendations, this study evaluates the sensitivities of PCR and microscopy for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) versus techniques involving swabs and punch biopsy specimens and suggests that FNA can replace punch biopsies for nonulcerative lesions and may serve as an alternative for ulcerative lesions in cases where scarred edges prevent the collection of swabs.