bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical time‐domain modelling of hoof–ground interaction during the stance phase
Authors: Behnke R.
Published: November 2017

Background

Hoof‐ground interaction impacts on the health and performance characteristics of horses. Due to complex interactions between hoof and ground during the stance phase, previous experimentally dominated studies concentrated on subproblems of the phenomena observed. A multidisciplinary methodology with mathematical modelling, material testing and in vivo experimental measurements seems promising.

Objectives

With the help of a mathematical approach, this contribution aims to explain from a biomechanical point of view the phenomena observed during experimental investigations (hoof acceleration, interacting forces) and aims to contribute to an overall experimental‐mathematical multidisciplinary approach.

Study design

In silico modelling of hoof–ground interaction (limb, hoof and horizontally unbounded ground).

Methods

Hoof‐ground interaction is represented by a time‐domain finite element model including the limb, the hoof and the unbounded representation of the ground via the scaled boundary finite element method to capture radiation damping during the stance phase. Motoric forces (driving forces) of the horse during locomotion are included.

Results

Numerical model results for acceleration–time relations (hoof) at different trotting velocities are compared with previously published acceleration–time relations and show qualitative agreement. From the model approach, power loss due to different ground properties and ground damping is computed in combination with the maximum limb force during the stance phase.

Main limitations

Intentionally, a simplified model approach for the material and structural representation of the limb, the hoof and the ground in terms of material features and spatial resolution has been used for this study, which might be the basis for a model refinement in terms of contact properties as well as the integration of bone and joint structures.

Conclusions

The comparison to experimentally obtained results demonstrates the applicability of the model, which, in turn, enables an insight into the processes taking place during hoof–ground interaction.
Concordance in BRAF V600E status over time in malignant melanoma and corresponding metastases
Authors: Nielsen Line B , Dabrosin Nina , Sloth Karen , Bønnelykke–Behrndtz Marie L , Steiniche Torben , Lade‐Keller Johanne
Published: November 2017

Aims

The aims of the present study were to analyse the usability of an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis as compared with a frequently used mutation detection analysis, and to examine the extent of intratumour and intertumour heterogeneity of BRAF V600E in primary tumours and their corresponding metastases. In the development of intertumour heterogeneity between the primary tumour and the corresponding metastases, time as a factor was also investigated.

Methods and results

In total, 227 samples from 224 melanoma patients were analysed with both the Cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test and IHC anti‐BRAF V600E staining. In 82 primary tumours and 224 corresponding metastases, the extents of intertumour and intratumour heterogeneity were investigated with IHC staining. In 15 cases, disagreement between IHC analysis and the Cobas test was seen. In all but one of the examined patients, homogeneity between the primary tumour and the corresponding metastasis was found. Except for this one case, no heterogeneity developed over longer periods.

Conclusion

IHC analysis can be safely used as a BRAF pretreatment screening tool, and no additional test is needed when staining is positive. However, if stains are negative, additional tests are essential for detection of other BRAF mutations. We suggest that using primary melanoma tissues is just as safe as using metastatic tissue for detection of BRAF V600E, as BRAF intertumour heterogeneity is extremely rare. In addition, the time between diagnosis of the primary tumour and diagnosis of the corresponding metastasis seems not to increase the risk of intertumour heterogeneity.
Biphasic papillary renal cell carcinoma is a rare morphological variant with frequent multifocality: a study of 28 cases
Authors: Trpkov Kiril , Athanazio Daniel , Magi‐Galluzzi Cristina , Yilmaz Helene , Clouston David , Agaimy Abbas , Williamson Sean R , Brimo Fadi , Lopez Jose I , Ulamec Monika , Rioux‐Leclercq Nathalie , Kassem Maysoun , Gupta Nilesh , Hartmann Arndt , Leroy Xavier , Bashir Samir Al , Yilmaz Asli , Hes Ondřej
Published: November 2017

Aims

To further characterise biphasic squamoid renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a recently proposed variant of papillary RCC.

Methods and results

We identified 28 tumours from multiple institutions. They typically showed two cell populations—larger cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and higher‐grade nuclei, surrounded by smaller, amphophilic cells with scanty cytoplasm. The dual morphology was variable (median 72.5% of tumour, range 5–100%); emperipolesis was found in all cases. The male/female ratio was 2:1, and the median age was 55 years (range 39–86 years). The median tumour size was 20 mm (range 9–65 mm). Pathological stage pT1a was found in 21 cases, pT1b in three, and pT3a and pT3b in one each (two not available). Multifocality was found in 32%: multifocal biphasic RCC in one case, biphasic + papillary RCC in two cases, biphasic + clear cell RCC in three cases, biphasic + low‐grade urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis in one case, and biphasic + Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome in one case. Positive immunostains included: PAX8, cytokeratin (CK) 7, α‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase, epithelial membrane antigen, and vimentin. Cyclin D1 was expressed only in the larger cells. The Ki67 index was higher in the larger cells (median 5% versus ≤1%). Negative stains included: carbonic anhydrase 9, CD117, GATA‐3, WT1, CK5/6, and CK20; CD10 and 34βE12 were variably expressed. Gains of chromosomes 7 and 17 were found in two evaluated cases. Follow‐up was available for 23 patients (median 24 months, range 1–244 months): 19 were alive without disease, one was alive with recurrence, and one had died of disease (two had died of other causes).

Conclusions

Biphasic papillary RCC is a rare variant of papillary RCC, and is often multifocal.
Hygiene practices in removable prosthodontics: A systematic review
Authors: Papadiochou S , Polyzois G
Published: November 2017

Objective

To systematically review the recent scientific evidence about the hygiene practices of removable prostheses relative to the effectiveness, colour and dimensional stability. This review aimed also to identify patients' attitudes and habits towards denture hygiene.

Methods

Three electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library) were screened, in English language, between January 1995 and December 2016. A supplementary hand search in the reference list of the identified articles was also performed. Controlled clinical trials (CCTs) involving patients with no clinical signs of denture stomatitis along with a comprehensive aim to assess the effectiveness of hygiene interventions and their impact on prosthesis colour and dimensional stability were eligible for inclusion.

Results

Following a thorough screening of titles/abstracts/full texts and consideration of the defined inclusion criteria, 21 CCTs examined the effectiveness of the hygiene approaches, 3 evaluated the colour stability of dentures subjected to hygiene practices, 2 examined the dimensional stability of dentures following microwave disinfection and 30 studies registered patients' attitudes and habits towards denture hygiene.

Conclusions

Combined application of different hygiene interventions, including brushing or ultrasound vibration in conjunction with chemical agents, leads to more effective outcomes (reduction in denture biofilm percentage and/or number of microorganisms' colony‐forming units). The dimensional stability seems to be unaltered, but the number of clinical trials was limited. Critical concentrations of cleansing solutions along with the duration of their implementation influence the serviceability of dentures regarding colour stability. Brushing represents the most commonly applied hygiene practice, while denture wearers' attitudes are not complied with the recommended guidelines considering the reported frequency of hygiene practices and the continuous denture wear.
Short‐term storage stability of NaOCl solutions when combined with Dual Rinse HEDP
Authors: Zollinger A. , Mohn D. , Zeltner M. , Zehnder M.
Published: November 2017

Aim

To assess the stability of NaOCl solutions when combined with a novel product for clinical use, Dual Rinse HEDP, which contains etidronate (1‐hydroxyethane 1,1‐diphosphonate).

Methodology

Mixtures of NaOCl solutions with Dual Rinse HEDP were prepared so that they initially contained 5.0%, 2.5% or 1.0% NaOCl and always 9.0% of dissolved Dual Rinse HEDP powder per total weight. NaOCl solutions alone were used as controls. The stability of these solutions over 8 h was assessed in transparent borosilicate glass bottles at ambient temperature (23 °C). Subsequently, the effects of heating (60 °C) or storing the solutions at 5 °C were studied in polypropylene syringes. NaOCl concentrations were measured by iodometric titration, that is free available chlorine contents. Experiments were performed in triplicate.

Results

In the glass bottles at 23 °C, the 5.0% NaOCl/9.0% Dual Rinse HEDP solution lost 20% of the available chlorine after 1 h, whilst the corresponding 2.5% NaOCl and 1.0% NaOCl solutions retained this relative amount of available chlorine for 2 and 4 h, respectively. Results obtained in the glass bottles were similar to those achieved in the syringes. Heating of the NaOCl/Dual Rinse HEDP mixtures had a detrimental effect on available chlorine, with a complete loss after 1 h. In contrast, storing the NaOCl/Dual Rinse HEDP mixtures in a refrigerator at 5 °C kept the available chlorine high for 7 h, with the expected loss after a further hour of storage at 23 °C.

Conclusions

Initial NaOCl concentration and temperature both affected short‐term storage stability of combined solutions containing Dual Rinse HEDP.
Perceptions of risk of coronary heart disease among people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ammouri Ali Ahmad , Abu Raddaha Ahmad H. , Natarajan Jansi , D'Souza Melba Sheila
Published: November 2017

Aims

Our aim is to assess perception of risk of developing coronary heart disease and to examine its associations with individuals' characteristics and health behaviours among Omani people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Background

Evaluating perceptions of being at risk of developing a disease may give insight into health promotion behaviours. People with diabetes are at high risk of coronary heart disease. The management of diabetes mellitus should include prevention and control of coronary heart disease.

Design

A cross‐sectional correlational study was conducted.

Methods

A convenience sample of 160 adults with T2DM was invited to participate in this study between November 2014 and March 2015. Descriptive and regression analyses were performed to examine associations between study variables.

Results

Perception of risk of developing coronary heart disease was significantly associated with low educational level (β = 0.191, P < .05), low income (β = 0.201, P < .05), and high level of knowledge about diabetes mellitus (β = 0.200, P < .05). People with T2DM who perceived coronary heart disease as having few moderate known outcomes and consequences reported consuming healthy diet more frequently.

Conclusion

Teaching people with T2DM about the risk of developing coronary heart disease is essential as it could motivate them to perform health promotion behaviours, which may assist in controlling and reducing coronary heart disease.
A mHealth randomized controlled trial to reduce sugar‐sweetened beverage intake in preschool‐aged children
Authors: Nezami B. T. , Ward D. S. , Lytle L. A. , Ennett S. T. , Tate D. F.
Published: November 2017

Background

Sugar‐sweetened beverages and maternal weight are strong drivers of child obesity, but few studies have targeted these risk factors as an obesity prevention strategy in children.

Objective

The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of a smartphone‐delivered intervention to reduce parent‐provided sugar‐sweetened beverage and juice (SSB/juice) consumption among children ages 3–5 and maternal weight.

Methods

Mothers with overweight or obesity, who had a child ages 3–5 that consumed at least 12 fl. oz./day of SSB/juice (N = 51 dyads) were randomized to the Smart Moms group that received one group session, lessons on a mobile website, and text messages, or to a waitlist control group. Mothers self‐monitored their children's beverages in addition to their own beverages, high‐calorie foods, and weight. Assessments at baseline, 3, and 6 months included dietary recalls to measure SSB/juice intake and objectively measured maternal weight.

Results

Using linear mixed models controlling for baseline values, child age and race, there was a greater reduction in child SSB/juice in Smart Moms compared with control at 6 months (−9.7 oz./day vs. 1.7 oz./day, p < .01). Mothers in Smart Moms lost 2.4 kg at 6 months compared with a 0.9‐kg gain in the control group (p < .01).

Conclusions

An intervention delivered using mHealth technologies can target mothers to change child dietary behaviours and improve maternal weight, which suggests a novel approach to family‐based obesity prevention.
Highly porous mullite ceramics from engineered alkali activated suspensions
Authors: Rincón Romero Acacio , Elsayed Hamada , Bernardo Enrico
Published: November 2017

Air may be easily incorporated by vigorous mechanical stirring, with the help of surfactants, of activated geopolymer‐yielding suspensions. The cellular structure is stabilized by the viscosity increase caused by curing reactions, configuring an “inorganic gel casting”. The present paper is aimed at extending this approach to mullite foams, obtained by the thermal treatment of engineered alkali activated suspensions. “Green” foams were first obtained by gel casting of a suspension for Na‐geopolymer enriched with reactive γ‐Al2O3 powders. Sodium was later extracted by ionic exchange with ammonium salts. In particular, the removal of Na+ ions was achieved by immersion in ammonium nitrate solution overnight, with retention of the cellular structure. Finally, the ion‐exchanged foams were successfully converted into pure mullite foams by application of a firing treatment at 1300°C, for 1 hour. Preliminary results concerning the extension of the concept to mullite three‐dimensional scaffolds are presented as well.
Relaxor nature in Ba5RZr3Nb7O30 (R = La, Nd, Sm) tetragonal tungsten bronze new system
Authors: Feng Wen Bin , Zhu Xiao Li , Liu Xiao Qiang , Fu Mao Sen , Ma Xiao , Jia Shu Jing , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: November 2017

Ba5RZr3Nb7O30(R = La, Nd, Sm) lead‐free relaxor ferroelectrics were prepared by a standard solid‐state reaction process, and the influence of A and B site ion occupation on the dielectric characteristics especially the relaxor nature were investigated systematically. Tetragonal tungsten bronze structure with space group P4/mbm was determined for all compositions, ion cross distribution by Ba2+ and R3+ in A1 site was observed, while A2 site was only occupied by Ba2+. Selected area electron diffraction patterns confirmed the existence of incommensurate superlattice modulation. Furthermore, temperature and frequency dependences of the dielectric properties showed a broad permittivity peak with strong frequency dispersion, following well the Vogel‐Fulcher relationship. The maximum dielectric constant temperature increased gradually with decreasing A1 site ion size. Slim P‐E hysteresis loops were obtained at room temperature for all compositions. Meanwhile, micro ferroelectric domains were observed in Ba5SmZr3Nb7O30. For Ba4R2Zr4Nb6O30 and Ba5RZr3Nb7O30 (R = Nd, Sm), the transition from normal ferroelectric to relaxor behavior originates from the increased tA1, which is a result of cross distribution at A1 site. Compared with Ba5RTi3Nb7O30, Zr substitution at B site enhances the relaxor nature.
The journey of adult psoriasis patients towards biologics: past and present ‐ Results from the BioCAPTURE registry
Authors: van den Reek J.M.P.A. , Seyger M.M.B. , van Lümig P.P.M. , Driessen R.J.B. , Schalkwijk C.J.M. , Berends M.A.M. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , de Jong E.M.G.J.
Published: November 2017

Background

A considerable disease period often precedes initiation of a biologic in patients with psoriasis. Little is known about this important period in patients’ lives. Evaluation of this ‘journey’ can reveal important insights and opportunities for physicians and healthcare decision makers.

Objectives

(i) To describe patient and treatment characteristics until the start of biologic treatment in patients with severe psoriasis, (ii) to assess shifts in early (2005–2009) versus established (2010–2015) biologics prescription periods, (iii) to assess changes in hospital/day care admissions before vs. after starting biologics.

Methods

Explorative, retrospective study on the treatment characteristics of the disease period until first biologic, presented with descriptive statistics of patients included in the BioCAPTURE registry. Journeys of 2005–2009 and 2010–2015 were compared with statistical tests to identify important shifts.

Results

Median TUS (time until conventional systemic) was 11.0 years and median TUB (time until biologic) was 18.9 years for all patients treated from 2005 to 2015. Most patients received three different conventional antipsoriatic systemic therapies. We noticed a small trend towards a shorter journey (TUB) with only two conventional systemic agents instead of three before initiating a biologic in later years (2010–2015, vs. 2005–2009). We also noticed a significant decrease in (day care) admissions comparing the two years before, versus the first two years after the start of a biologic treatment (17.7 vs. 8.6 admissions/100 follow‐up years, P < 0.001). Cyclosporine, intensive topical treatment (dithranol), retinoids and PUVA therapy lost popularity in recent years.

Conclusion

The ‘journey’ of patients with psoriasis towards a biologic is still long and characterized by many different treatments. Shifts towards fewer conventional drugs before biologic initiation and a clear decrease in hospital and day care admissions before vs. after a biologic are seen. Improvement of this journey, especially in young or recently diagnosed patients, can decrease negative influences on patients’ lives and reduce societal impact.
Stress‐induced suppression of neuropeptide Y‐induced hunger in anorexic chicks involves corticotrophin‐releasing factor signalling and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Authors: Wang J. , Yi J. , Siegel P. B. , Cline M. A. , Gilbert E. R.
Published: November 2017

The Virginia lines of chickens have been selected for low (LWS) or high (HWS) juvenile body weight and have different severities of anorexia and obesity, respectively. The LWS that are exposed to stressors at hatch are refractory to neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐induced food intake and the objective of the present study was to determine the underlying mechanisms. Chicks were exposed to a stressor (−20°C for 6 minutes and 22°C and delayed access to food for 24 hours) after hatching and the hypothalamic nuclei, including the lateral hypothalamus (LH), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), were collected 5 days later. In LWS but not HWS, stress exposure up‐regulated corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF), CRF receptor subtypes 1 and 2 (CRFR1 and CRFR2, respectively), melanocortin receptor 4 and urocortin 3 in the PVN, as well as CRFR2 mRNA in the VMH and ARC. In LWS, stress exposure was also associated with greater NPY and NPY receptor subtype 5 mRNA in the ARC and PVN, respectively, as well as decreased agouti‐related peptide mRNA in the ARC. In HWS, stress exposure was associated with increased CRFR1 and decreased cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript in the ARC and PVN, respectively. Refractoriness of the food intake response to NPY in LWS may thus result from the over‐riding anorexigenic tone in the PVN associated with CRF signalling. Indeed, the orexigenic effect of NPY was restored when LWS were injected with a CRF receptor antagonist, astressin, before stress exposure. The results of the present study provide insights into the molecular basis of eating disorders and suggest that CRF signalling in the PVN may exacerbate the anorexic phenotype in the presence of environmental stressors.
Verbal responses, depressive symptoms, reminiscence functions and cognitive emotion regulation in older women receiving individual reminiscence therapy
Authors: Wu Dongmei , Chen Taolin , Yang Hao , Gong Qiyong , Hu Xiuying
Published: November 2017

Aims and objectives

To examine the effectiveness of individual reminiscence therapy in community‐dwelling older women with depressive symptoms and to explore the characteristics of participants’ verbalisation in the process.

Background

Previous studies have found reminiscence was related to depression and anxiety. Although reminiscence therapy is widely used to reduce depression, little is known about how it works, and the content of verbalisations might provide one explanation.

Design

The study employed a one‐group pretest–post‐test design.

Methods

Twenty‐seven participants underwent 6‐week interventions of individual reminiscence therapy at home that were conducted by one nurse and induced through seeing old photographs. The Geriatric Depression Scale, Zung Self‐rating Anxiety Scale, Reminiscence Functions Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to measure the emotional states, reminiscence functions and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Participants’ verbalisations were categorised using the Client Behavior System.

Results

Reminiscence therapy relieved depression and anxiety. Both the reminiscence function and cognitive emotion regulation became more favourable after interventions. Furthermore, higher frequencies of recounting, cognitive‐behavioural exploration and affective exploration were noted in the process. Participants with more severe depressive symptoms tended to display a higher frequency of affective exploration. The reduction in depression, self‐negative reminiscence and negative‐focused emotion regulation were respectively associated with verbalisations.

Conclusions

Individual reminiscence therapy might relieve negative emotion and improve reminiscence function and cognitive emotion regulation. The participants’ verbalisation is worthy of our attention, due to its correlation with the severity of depression and its mitigating effects on the depression, anxiety, self‐negative reminiscence and negative‐focused regulation in older women. The results contribute to our understanding of the therapeutic procedure and suggest a need for more research on the therapeutic processes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Study on processes could help training novice clinical interveners so that reminiscence therapy can work better on emotional disorders in clinical practice.
Fundamental care and knowledge interests: Implications for nursing science
Authors: Granero‐Molina José , Fernández‐Sola Cayetano , Mateo‐Aguilar Ester , Aranda‐Torres Cayetano , Román‐López Pablo , Hernández‐Padilla José Manuel
Published: November 2017

Aims and objectives

To characterise the intratheoretical interests of knowledge in nursing science as an epistemological framework for fundamental care.

Background

For Jürgen Habermas, theory does not separate knowledge interests from life. All knowledge, understanding and human research is always interested. Habermas formulated the knowledge interests in empirical‐analytical, historical‐hermeneutic and critical social sciences; but said nothing about health sciences and nursing science.

Design

Discursive paper.

Results

The article is organised into five sections that develop our argument about the implications of the Habermasian intratheoretical interests in nursing science and fundamental care: the persistence of a technical interest, the predominance of a practical interest, the importance of an emancipatory interest, “being there” to understand individuals’ experience and an “existential crisis” that uncovers the individual's subjectivity.

Conclusions

The nursing discipline can take on practical and emancipatory interests (together with a technical interest) as its fundamental knowledge interests. Nurses’ privileged position in the delivery of fundamental care gives them the opportunity to gain a deep understanding of the patient's experience and illness process through physical contact and empathic communication.

Relevance to clinical practice and nursing research

In clinical, academic and research environments, nurses should highlight the importance of fundamental care, showcasing the value of practical and emancipatory knowledge. This process could help to improve nursing science's leadership, social visibility and idiosyncrasy.
Person‐centredness in elder care: A secondary analysis of data from a study among home‐dwelling men and women in the Faroe Islands
Authors: Róin Ása
Published: November 2017

Aims and objectives

As individuals in Western societies age, there is increasing demand for home‐based care to help older people stay in their homes for as long as possible and provide services that ensure a person's quality of life in old age. Numerous attempts are made to develop a framework to secure quality of care. However, research has shown insufficient quality in care for older people. In this study, the purpose is to study how older people's experiences with home care reflect a person‐centred approach to care. Data derived from an earlier study on ageing among home‐dwelling men and women who are aged 67–91 and living in the Faroe Islands.

Background

Person‐centredness as a concept is an often quoted, but ill‐defined concept. Most studies concerning person‐centred care are conducted within hospital wards or long‐term care institutions. Empirical studies concerning home‐dwelling older people receiving home care are scarce.

Methods

The study is a secondary analysis of data from an earlier qualitative study. Latent thematic analysis was used which meant coding issues of potential interest and collecting these codes into themes.

Results

Three themes appeared to combine the initial codes: sense of involvement, sense of meaningfulness and contextual conditions. Overall, the analysis showed that the users were seldom involved in planning or scheduling the care they received. What they were offered did not always make sense to them or correspond to their needs or preferences.

Conclusions

The number of interviews included was limited. However, findings from this study point at some possible barriers to successful implementation of person‐centredness within elder care. Especially, contextual conditions seem to limit the facilitation of person‐centred practices.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare providers must take the user's preferences, resources and networks into consideration when coordinating and planning home care and, importantly, be open for negotiating needs. It is important to draw attention to the contrast between political intentions regarding elder care and the limited options for putting the intentions into practice.
Reproductive health decision‐making among US‐dwelling Somali Bantu refugee women: A qualitative study
Authors: Agbemenu Kafuli , Volpe Ellen M , Dyer Ervin
Published: November 2017

Aims and objectives

To explore Somali Bantu refugee women's reproductive health decision‐making, as influenced by their resettlement in the USA.

Background

Available literature on reproductive health of refugee women is mostly from the healthcare provider perspective, neglecting the lived experience of the population.

Design

Qualitative descriptive.

Methods

A purposive sample of 30 women was recruited for five focus groups. Data were collected via demographic survey and semi‐structured focus group discussion. Content analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

Our study revealed that Somali Bantu women considered children as wealth. Reproductive health decision‐making was influenced by three main factors: family influence, cultural/religious ideas and experience with various hormonal birth control methods.

Conclusions

Nurses and other healthcare providers would better serve refugee women if equipped with a more nuanced understanding of factors in their reproductive healthcare decision‐making. This study can inform tailored and cultural relevant interventions to improve reproductive health among those at greatest need.

Relevance to clinical practice

Our findings can serve to guide nurses and other healthcare providers' clinical approach to a subset of the population whose cultural beliefs and practices regarding reproductive health may be unfamiliar. Incorporating the perspective of the Somali Bantu women will facilitate the provision of person‐centred care and ensure women receive appropriate, efficient and quality care that meets their needs, which may potentially reduce financial costs to the healthcare system.
Amidst the Reign of Behaviour and Disorder: Recalling Schools as Problems
Authors: Harwood Valerie , McMahon Samantha
Published: November 2017

In May 2013 one of the most profoundly influential books of the late twentieth and early twenty‐first century was released in its fifth edition. Yet, it is not unreasonable to speculate that this newest edition will pass largely unnoticed, even as new diagnoses (and the loss of current ones) seep into the everyday. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) will undoubtedly be influential in education – defining and re‐defining student maladies. Its list of extensive categories provides, so it is argued, a means to uniformly identify mental disorders. Applied in educational contexts, children and young people can thus be categorized by clinical experts and teachers able to identify an individual's problems, and in theory, respond appropriately. Criticism of the DSM includes debate over its application in cross‐cultural contexts as well as the ways that socio‐economic differences are, to put it bluntly, diagnosed differently. Although these issues of diagnosis do get attention, historical contexts can remain bereft in commentary. In this paper we consider the value that historical perspectives can bring to an analysis of the contemporary effects of DSM‐inspired readings of education and disadvantage. The paper also draws on two projects, one with young people, the other with parents of young children, both of whom experienced disadvantage and precarious relationships with education. In these excluded contexts, people are more likely to come into contact with diagnostic repertoires that originate from the DSM. Drawing on Georges Canguilhem's analysis the ‘concept' as well as Michel Foucault's discussion of Canguilhem's work, this paper considers how attention to school problems is important for disengaging with education's appetite for psychiatric disorders.
Effects of chestnut tannins on intestinal morphology, barrier function, pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression, microflora and antioxidant capacity in heat‐stressed broilers
Authors: Liu H. W. , Li K. , Zhao J. S. , Deng W.
Published: November 2017

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chestnut tannins (CT) on intestinal morphology, barrier function, pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression, microflora and antioxidant capacity in heat‐stressed broilers. Four hundred 28‐day‐old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned into four groups, with 10 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. The broilers in the normal (NOR) group were kept at 22 ± 1°C and fed the basal diet, and each of the other three groups were treated with cyclic heat (33 ± 1°C from 0800 to 1800 and 22 ± 1°C from 1800 to 0800) and fed the basal diet with 0 (HT), 1 (CT1) or 2 (CT2) g of CT/kg of diet. The experiment lasted for 14 days. Compared with the HT group, broilers in the NOR and CT2 groups had higher (p < .05) average daily gain and villus height in the jejunum and lower serum d‐lactate (p < .001) and diamine oxidase (p < .01) levels. The addition of 2 g CT/kg of diet increased the total antioxidant capacity (p < .001) and superoxide dismutase activities (p < .05) and zonula occludens‐1 mRNA expression level (p < .05) and decreased the malondialdehyde concentration (p < .01) and mRNA expression levels of interleukin‐6 (p < .001) and nuclear factor kappa B (p < .001) in the jejunal mucosa of heat‐stressed broilers. The populations of Escherichia coli and Clostridium in the jejunum (p < .01) and caecum (p < .05) of broilers in the HT group were higher than those in the NOR and CT2 groups. In conclusion, the addition of 2 g CT/kg of diet seemed to be a feasible means of alleviating the negative effects of heat stress on the growth performance and intestinal function of broilers.
Rapid assessment with physical examination in dyspnoeic cats: the RAPID CAT study
Authors: Dickson D. , Little C. J. L. , Harris J. , Rishniw M.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To determine the underlying disease prevalence in acute feline dyspnoea and to examine whether historical and clinical examination findings can differentiate between acute cardiac and non‐cardiac dyspnoea in cats in primary practice.

Materials and Methods

We prospectively enrolled cats presenting with dyspnoea for the first time to primary practice between June 1, 2011 and October 31, 2016. We collected signalment, historical and clinical data at presentation using a standard form. Cases were investigated by primary clinicians, and the final diagnosis was confirmed by the authors. Records lacking critical data were excluded. Relationships between historical or clinical variables and dyspnoea aetiology were examined. Diagnostic test performance analyses were used to find optimal cut‐off values for select historical or clinical variables that could differentiate cardiac and non‐cardiac dyspnoea.

Results

Participants included 108 cats. A definitive diagnosis was reached in 92 cases; 60 were cardiac (65%), 15 respiratory (16%), 10 neoplastic (11%) and 7 traumatic (8%). Of cats with cardiac dyspnoea, 25% had a history of cough. A gallop sound, rectal temperature less than 37·5°C, heart rate of greater than 200 bpm and respiratory rate greater than 80 per minute were all useful to predict cardiac‐associated dyspnoea. A triage algorithm using these findings in combination was designed to optimise the rapid diagnosis of probable cardiac dyspnoea.

Clinical Significance

Dyspnoeic cats presenting in practice with hypothermia, tachycardia, gallop sounds or profound tachypnoea are likely to have a cardiac cause underlying their dyspnoea. Although diagnosis requires confirmation, clinicians may be able to stratify risk and prioritise further investigation based on these findings.
Effects of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and aspirin, alone and combined, on canine platelet function
Authors: Westgarth S. , Blois S. L. , D. Wood R. , Verbrugghe A. , Ma D. W.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To compare haemostatic function in healthy dogs after treatment with low‐dose aspirin alone, fish oil alone or a combination of these two therapies.

Materials and Methods

Double‐blinded randomised controlled clinical trial on 16 healthy client‐owned dogs. Comprehensive haemostatic testing was performed at baseline and after 7 days of therapy with low‐dose aspirin in all dogs. Following a 14‐day washout, six dogs received fish oil, and nine dogs received combination therapy of aspirin plus fish oil; haemostatic testing was performed before and at 7 and 28 days after treatment initiation.

Results

Aspirin was associated with significantly decreased platelet function as measured by a collagen‐epinephrine cartridge and inhibited arachidonic acid‐induced whole‐blood platelet aggregometry. Fish oil alone did not significantly affect any haemostatic tests. The combination of aspirin plus fish oil therapy caused a significantly greater inhibition of adenosine diphosphate and collagen‐induced whole blood aggregometry compared to aspirin alone.

Clinical Significance

Fish oil added to aspirin therapy appears to augment inhibition of some measures of platelet function in healthy dogs.
Robust Wilcoxon‐Type Estimation of Change‐Point Location Under Short‐Range Dependence
Authors: Gerstenberger Carina
Published: November 2017

We introduce a robust estimator of the location parameter for the change‐point in the mean based on Wilcoxon statistic and establish its consistency for L1 near‐epoch dependent processes. It is shown that the consistency rate depends on the magnitude of the change. A simulation study is performed to evaluate the finite sample properties of the Wilcoxon‐type estimator under Gaussianity as well as under heavy‐tailed distributions and disturbances by outliers, and to compare it with a CUSUM‐type estimator. It shows that the Wilcoxon‐type estimator is equivalent to the CUSUM‐type estimator under Gaussianity but outperforms it in the presence of heavy tails or outliers in the data.
STAT3 Expression and Activity are Up‐Regulated in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma of Dogs
Authors: Assumpção A.L.F.V. , Jark P.C. , Hong C.C. , Lu Z. , Ruetten H.M. , Heaton C.M. , Pinkerton M.E. , Pan X.
Published: November 2017

Background

The Janus Kinase (JAK) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathways play important roles in the pathogenesis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in humans, and up‐regulated STAT3 expression and activity are associated with worse clinical outcome in humans. No studies have evaluated the JAK‐STAT signaling pathway in DLBCL of dogs.

Hypothesis

STAT3 pathway is deregulated in DLBCL in dogs. We aim to assess the expression, activation, and cellular localization of STAT3 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase ERK1/2 in DLBCL of dogs.

Animals

Forty‐three client‐owned dogs diagnosed with DLBCL by histopathology

Methods

Retrospective analysis of DLBCL in dogs, including patient characteristics and treatment, immunohistochemistry, and protein expressions by Western blot.

Results

A higher percentage of STAT3 and p‐STAT3 immunolabelled cells were observed in DLBCL of dogs when compared to normal canine lymph nodes. In STAT3 immunolabelled cells, STAT3 has higher nuclear expression in lymphoma samples than in normal or reactive lymph nodes. In addition to up‐regulated STAT3 expression and activation, mitogen‐activated kinase ERK1/2 activation is up‐regulated in DLBCL of dogs.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Compared with the normal canine lymph node, DLBCL of dogs has up‐regulated STAT3 pathway. Our results support future investigation of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of DLBCL in dogs.
The Effect of Gender and Relational Distance on Plaintiff Decision Making in the Litigation Process
Authors: Wofford Claire B.
Published: November 2017

Individuals’ choices about whether to resolve disputes via litigation can be affected by their relationship with the potential defendant. I explore whether gender also plays a role, with women being less aggressive in legal tactics than men as their connection to the potential defendant becomes closer. The study uses a survey design with vignettes to explore decisions across the legal process, including the willingness to sue, responses to settlement offers, and whether or not to appeal. The survey varies the extent of the relationship between the potential plaintiff and defendant and includes two types of injuries—a “slip and fall” and pay discrimination. The findings reveal that once litigation has begun, women have a greater preference than men for mediation in both types of cases, but they are more resistant than men to settlement in discrimination disputes. Neither men nor women's legal strategies seem to be affected by relational distance.
End Impunity! Reducing Conflict-Related Sexual Violence to a Problem of Law
Authors: Houge Anette Bringedal , Lohne Kjersti
Published: November 2017

Whilst sexual violence has been an offence associated both with war- and peacetime throughout history, its rise to the tables where international peace and security are negotiated, represents a significant shift. This article continues the scholarly conversation about conflict-related sexual violence and its emergence as a “hot topic” on academic, political, and activist agendas. Specifically, we ask how and why criminal law constitutes the ultimately meaningful response to such violence. Building on frame analysis, we address how the fight against conflict-related sexual violence has become the fight against impunity. We examine what imageries of victims and perpetrators, causes and consequences key actors within interstate diplomacy and human rights advocacy evoke to drive this development. We argue that these narratives shape the political discourse on conflict-related sexual violence, which may in turn influence the perceived political maneuverability in the face of such harms.
On‐treatment changes of liver stiffness at week 26 could predict 2‐year clinical outcomes in HBV‐related compensated cirrhosis
Authors: Wu Shanshan , Kong Yuanyuan , Piao Hongxin , Jiang Wei , Xie Wen , Chen Yongpeng , Lu Lungen , Ma Anlin , Xie Shibin , Ding Huiguo , Shang Jia , Zhang Xuqing , Feng Bo , Han Tao , Xu Xiaoyuan , Huo Lijuan , Cheng Jilin , Li Hai , Wu Xiaoning , Zhou Jialing , Sun Yameng , Ou Xiaojuan , Zhang Hui , You Hong , Jia Jidong
Published: November 2017

Background & Aims

It is unclear whether liver stiffness measurement (LSM) dynamic changes after anti‐HBV treatment could predict the risk of liver‐related events (LREs), particularly in patients with HBV‐related compensated cirrhosis.

Methods

Treatment‐naïve patients with HBV‐related compensated cirrhosis were enrolled. All patients were under entecavir‐based antiviral therapy, and followed up every 26 weeks for 2 years. The association between LSM and LREs was analysed by Cox proportional hazard model and Harrell C‐index analysis.

Results

A total of 438 patients were included in the study. At the follow‐up of 104 weeks, LREs developed in 33/438 (7.8%) patients, including 16 episodes of decompensation, 18 HCC and 3 deaths. The median LSM remained high from 20.9, 18.6, 20.4 to 20.3 Kpa at week 0, 26, 52 and 78 among patients with LREs, whereas the LSM decreased from 17.8, 12.3, 10.6 to 10.2 Kpa in patients without LREs respectively. Percentage changes of LSM at 26 weeks from baseline were significantly associated with LREs (excluding 11 cases occurred within the first 26 weeks), with a crude hazard ratio of 2.94 (95% CI: 1.73‐5.00) and an albumin‐adjusted hazard ratio of 2.47 (95% CI: 1.49‐4.11). The Harrell C‐index of these 2 models for predicting 2‐year LREs were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.56‐0.80) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.65‐0.85) respectively. Nomograms were developed to identify individuals at high risk for point‐of‐care application.

Conclusions

Dynamic changes of LSM alone, or combined with baseline albumin, could predict LREs in patients with HBV‐related compensated cirrhosis during antiviral therapy.
Female urinary incontinence and obesity assessed by anthropometry and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry: Analysis from the 2008–09 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Park Yeon Won , Lee Jun Ho
Published: November 2017

Objective

In the present study we evaluated the association between obesity, assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and urinary incontinence (UI).

Methods

The study was performed on 5792 women who had taken part in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. UI was deemed to be present if a woman answered “yes” to the question “Do you have current UI?”. Obesity was assessed using anthropometry and DEXA. Data were analyzed using Chi‐squared tests, t‐tests, receiver operating characteristic curves, and logistic regression analysis.

Results

The UI group had significantly higher mean (±SD) waist circumference (78.5 ± 10.0 vs, 82.4±9.1 kg) and body mass index (23.3 ± 3.4 vs. 24.2 ± 3.1 kg/m2) than the non‐UI group. In addition, total fat mass (18.5 ± 5.3 vs. 19.4 ± 4.9 kg), trunk fat mass (9.3 ± 3.4 vs. 10.1 ± 3.2 kg), the trunk fat/leg fat (mass) ratio (1.58 ± 0.54 vs. 1.73 ± 0.50), total body fat percentage (32.3 ± 5.4% vs. 33.0 ± 5.0%), and trunk fat percentage (32.4 ± 7.3% vs. 33.9 ± 6.6%) were significantly higher in the UI group. Of these parameters, the trunk fat/leg fat ratio showed highest sensitivity (83.6%), with a cut‐off value of 1.272. Before and after adjustment, trunk fat/leg fat ratio >1.272 was significantly related to UI and had the highest odds ratio (OR) among all DEXA parameters (adjusted OR 1.807; 95% confidence interval 1.343–2.431).

Conclusion

Obesity parameters obtained using DEXA are closely related to UI. Of these parameters, the trunk fat/leg fat ratio is the strongest in predicting the presence of UI. In addition, the present study has found a novel trunk fat/leg fat ratio cut‐off value for defining obesity related to the UI.
Drug trafficking, money laundering and the business cycle: Does secular stagnation include crime?
Authors: Barone Raffaella , Delle Side Domenico , Masciandaro Donato
Published: November 2017

The aim of the paper is to analyze theoretically and empirically the impact the macroeconomic cycle has on the accumulation of capital by organized crime, using estimates for the global drug market. So far, the economic literature has neglected the relationships existing between illegal markets, money laundering and the business cycle. We propose a dynamic model where the business cycle influences the criminal economy via two different channels. On the one side, illegal markets grow at variable rates, depending on the health of the legal economy. Second, a pass‐through effect can exist, since the business cycle affects the legal markets which criminal operators use to launder their revenues. Furthermore, we analyze the consequences of a ‘saturation effect’ limiting maximum accumulation of illegal capital. We find that overall illegal capital is affected by the business cycle through a capital multiplier; in addition to this, the dynamics of interest rates in financial markets can influence such multiplier.
Cultural nationalism and everyday resistance in an illiberal nationalising state: ethnic minority nationalism in Russia
Authors: Yusupova Guzel
Published: November 2017

Ethnic minority nationalism has always been one of the most important subfields of nationalism studies, yet it lacks the consideration in illiberal settings. Limitations of civil liberties and restrictive legislation have undoubtedly affected the existence and the ways to express minority nationalism when it is considered a threat to authoritarian government, which is the case of the contemporary Russian Federation. The paper provides a methodological framework that helps to investigate ethnic minority nationalism when its direct articulation is restricted. It argues that the combination of a cultural nationalism approach and complexity theory can be a fruitful way to explore minority nationalism in an illiberal nationalising state using the case of Russian ethnic minorities. It also argues that the complex context of authoritarianism and market economy creates tipping points towards the growing importance of ethnic minority identification as a basis for social solidarity.