bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and application of a survey instrument to measure collaboration among health care and social services organizations
Authors: Brewster Amanda L. , Tan Annabel X. , Yuan Christina T.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To measure strategies of interorganizational collaboration among health care and social service organizations that serve older adults.

Study Setting

Twenty Hospital Service Areas (HSAs) in the United States.

Study Design

We developed and validated a novel scale to characterize interorganizational collaboration, and then tested its application by assessing whether the scale differentiated between HSAs with high vs low performance on potentially avoidable health care use and spending for Medicare beneficiaries.

Data Collection

Health care and social service organizations (N = 173 total) in each HSA completed a 12‐item collaboration scale, three questions about collaboration behaviors, and a detailed survey documenting collaborative network ties.

Principal Findings

We identified two distinguishable subscales of interorganizational collaboration: (a) Aligning Strategy and (b) Coordinating Current Work. Each subscale demonstrated convergent validity with the organization's position in the collaborative network, and with collaboration behaviors. The full scale and Coordinating Current Work subscale did not differentiate high‐ vs low‐performing HSAs, but the Aligning Strategy subscale was significantly higher in high‐performing HSAs than in low‐performing HSAs (P = .01).

Conclusions

Cross‐sector collaboration—and particularly Aligning Strategy—is associated with health care use and spending for older adults. This new survey measure could be used to track the impact of interventions to foster interorganizational collaboration.
Validity and reliability of the unsupported upper‐limb exercise test in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cetin Sebahat Yaprak , Basakci Calik Bilge , Ayan Ayse , Cavlak Ugur
Published: October 2019

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease which affects the performance of the upper extremities. There is no method to evaluate the specific upper extremity endurance of individuals with this disease. The unsupported upper‐limb exercise test (UULEX) is a performance test that evaluates upper extremity performance (functionality and endurance).

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of UULEX and the minimal detectable change (MDC) in individuals with RA.

Methods and Materials

The study included 71 patients (15 male, 56 female) with a mean age of 52.15 ± 10.11 years. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the reliability of UULEX. MDC estimates were calculated using baseline data. Correlations of UULEX with the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), 30‐second push‐up test and 6 pegboard ring test (6PBRT) were assessed for concurrent validity.

Results

The level, weight and duration scores of the UULEX test were found to be excellent for intra‐rater reliability (ICC = 0.922, 0.960, 0.958). Intra‐rater MDC values were determined to be 0.35, 2.04, and 0.80 seconds, respectively. Moderate‐excellent correlations were found between UULEX and DASH, HAQ, 30‐second push‐up test and 6PBRT (P < .05).

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that UULEX test is a valid and reliable method for the assessment of upper extremity performance in individuals with RA.
The Role of Drugs in Alcohol Poisoning and Blackout Events: A Latent Class Analysis of a Residential Treatment Sample
Authors: Fernandez Anne C. , Gicquelais Rachel E. , Jannausch Mary , Bohnert Amy S.B.
Published: October 2019

Background

Alcohol can lead to fatal and nonfatal overdose (OD) through its neurobiological inhibitory effects when used alone or with other drugs. Little research has examined alcohol OD characteristics in the context of concomitant drug use.

Methods

This study utilized alcohol OD data (defined as alcohol poisoning, passing out, or blacking out) collected in a large residential addiction treatment facility (N = 660). Latent class analysis identified classes of alcohol OD events based on concomitant drug use at the time of OD. We evaluated correlates of alcohol OD classes, including depression, emergency medical services, and hospitalization, using latent class regression.

Results

Only 20% of alcohol ODs involved alcohol alone. Marijuana was the most commonly used drug during the most recent alcohol OD (43.2%), followed by sedatives (27.9%), cocaine or crack (25.9%), prescription opioids (26.1%), and heroin (20%). The final latent class model included 3 classes: no/low drug involvement (61%), moderate drug involvement (33%), and high drug involvement (6%). Relative to the no/low drug involvement class, participants admitted to the hospital were 6.4‐fold more likely to be in the high drug involvement class (95% CI: 2.4 to 16.6) and 2.9‐fold more likely to be in the moderate drug involvement class (95% CI: 1.2 to 7.2). Participants receiving emergency medical services were more likely to be in the high drug involvement class (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 2.2, 1.1 to 4.5) and less likely to be in the moderate drug involvement class (aOR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.96).

Conclusions

Combining drug classes with alcohol prior to OD was common and associated with a higher likelihood of hospitalization. Overdose prevention efforts should address acute risks of alcohol ingestion with other drugs.
Analyst versus model‐based earnings forecasts: implied cost of capital applications
Authors: Paton Alexander P. , Cannavan Damien , Gray Stephen , Hoang Khoa
Published: October 2019

We find that a composite implied cost of capital (ICC) estimate – based on the earnings forecasts generated by cross‐sectional models – is highly correlated with future realised returns in both portfolio‐ and regression‐based tests. By contrast, we find very little evidence for an association with future realised returns for an ICC estimate based on analyst earnings forecasts. We also document the time‐varying nature of expected returns and risk premia, and provide up‐to‐date estimates of an implied Australian market risk premium.
Untreated alcohol use disorder in people who inject drugs (PWID) in France: a major barrier to HCV treatment uptake (the ANRS‐FANTASIO study)
Authors: Barré Tangui , Marcellin Fabienne , Di Beo Vincent , Delorme Jessica , Rojas Rojas Teresa , Mathurin Philippe , Protopopescu Camelia , Bailly François , Coste Marion , Authier Nicolas , Carrieri Maria Patrizia , Rolland Benjamin
Published: October 2019

Background and Aims

Although people who inject drugs (PWID) are the core at‐risk population in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic in industrialized countries, few initiate treatment. Alcohol use disorder (AUD), common within this population, has been identified as a barrier to HCV treatment uptake in the general population. We investigated whether the arrival of new and well‐tolerated HCV treatments (direct‐acting antivirals: DAA) has improved HCV treatment uptake in French PWID compared with former treatments (pegylated interferon‐based treatments: Peg‐IFN).

Design

Using discrete‐time Cox proportional hazards models based on exhaustive care delivery data, we tested for associations between AUD (defined by AUD‐related long‐term illness status, diagnosis coding during hospitalization and/or AUD pharmacological treatment) and first HCV treatment delivery, after adjusting for gender, age, complementary universal health cover, liver disease severity and type of opioid agonist therapy (OAT) received. Separate analyses were performed for 2012–13 (Peg‐IFN era) and 2014–16 (DAA era).

Setting

France.

Participants

All French people chronically HCV‐infected who received OAT at least once during 2012–16 and were covered by the national health insurance (n = 24 831).

Measurements

Incidence rate of HCV treatment uptake, hazard ratios associated with AUD and other covariates.

Findings

Incidence rate (IR) of HCV treatment uptake per 100 person‐years was 6.56, confidence interval (CI) = 6.30–6.84; and IR = 5.70, 95% CI = 5.51–5.89 for Peg‐IFN‐based treatment (2012–13) and DAA (2014–16), respectively. After multiple adjustment, people with AUD not receiving related medication had 30 and 14% lower Peg‐IFN‐based treatment and DAA uptake, respectively, than those without AUD [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.62–0.80 and HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78–0.94]. No difference was observed between those treated for AUD and those without AUD.

Conclusions

Despite the benefits of direct‐acting antiviral treatment, untreated alcohol use disorder appears to remain a major barrier to hepatitis C virus treatment access for people who inject drugs in France.
Cost‐effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy in stop smoking services in England (TEC study): a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li Jinshuo , Hajek Peter , Pesola Francesca , Wu Qi , Phillips‐Waller Anna , Przulj Dunja , Myers Smith Katie , Bisal Natalie , Sasieni Peter , Dawkins Lynne , Ross Louise , Goniewicz Maciej Lukasz , McRobbie Hayden , Parrott Steve
Published: October 2019

Aim

To evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of e‐cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid used in routine stop smoking services in England.

Design

Cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed from the National Health Service (NHS) and Personal Social Services (PSS) perspective for 12‐month periods and life‐time. Costs, including that of both treatments, other smoking cessation help and health‐care services, and health benefits, estimated from EQ‐5D‐5L and measured in quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), for the 12‐month analysis, came from a randomized controlled trial. Life‐time analysis was model‐based with input from both trial data and published secondary data sources. Cost‐effectiveness was measured by an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER).

Setting

Three stop‐smoking service sites in England.

Participants

Adult smokers (n = 886) who sought help to quit in the participating sites.

Intervention and comparator

An e‐cigarette (EC) starter kit versus provision of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for up to 3 months, both with standard behavioural support. A total of 886 participants were randomized (439 in the EC arm, 447 in the NRT arm). Excluding one death in each arm, the 1‐year quit rate was 18.0 and 9.9%, respectively.

Measurements

Cost of treatments was estimated from the treatment log. Costs of other smoking cessation help and health‐care services and EQ‐5D‐5 L were collected at baseline, 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. Incremental costs and incremental QALYs were estimated using regression adjusting for baseline covariates and their respective baseline values.

Findings

The ICER was £1100 per QALY gained at the 12 months after quit date (87% probability below £20 000/QALY). Markov model estimated the life‐time ICER of EC to be £65 per QALY (85% probability below £20 000/QALY).

Conclusion

Using e‐cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid with standard behavioural support in stop‐smoking services in England is likely to be more cost‐effective than using nicotine replacement therapy in the same setting.
Does sustainable intensification of maize production enhance child nutrition? Evidence from rural Tanzania
Authors: Kim Jongwoo , Mason Nicole M. , Snapp Sieglinde , Wu Felicia
Published: October 2019

Food insecurity, child malnutrition, and land degradation remain persistent problems in sub‐Saharan Africa. Agricultural sustainable intensification (SI) has been proposed as a possible solution to simultaneously address these challenges. Yet there is little empirical evidence on if agricultural management practices and inputs that contribute to SI from an environmental standpoint do indeed improve food security or child nutrition. We use three waves of data from the nationally‐representative Tanzania National Panel Survey to analyze the child nutrition effects of rural households’ adoption of farming practices that can contribute to the SI of maize production. We group households into four categories based on their use of three soil fertility management practices on their maize plots: “Nonadoption”; “Intensification” (use of inorganic fertilizer only); “Sustainable” (use of organic fertilizer, maize–legume intercropping, or both); and “SI” (joint use of inorganic fertilizer with organic fertilizer and/or maize–legume intercropping). The results from multinomial endogenous treatment effects models with the Mundlak–Chamberlain device suggest that use of practices in the “SI” category is associated with improvements in children's height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age z‐scores relative to “Nonadoption,” particularly for children aged 25–59 months. These effects appear to come through improvements in both crop income and productivity.
MTF1 binds to metal‐responsive element e within the ATP7B promoter and is a strong candidate in regulating the ATP7B expression
Authors: Stalke Amelie , Pfister Eva‐Doreen , Baumann Ulrich , Illig Thomas , Reischl Eva , Sandbothe Maria , Vajen Beate , Huge Nicole , Schlegelberger Brigitte , von Neuhoff Nils , Skawran Britta
Published: October 2019

Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from copper excess. Some patients with clinical Wilson's disease symptoms exhibit no or only heterozygous pathogenic variants in the coding region of the disease‐causing ATP7B gene. Therefore, the ATP7B promoter region is of special interest. Metal‐responsive elements (MREs) located in the ATP7B promoter are promising motifs in modulating the ATP7B expression. We studied protein interaction of MREe, MREc, and MREd by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and revealed specific interactions for all MREs. We further narrowed down the specific binding site. Proteins potentially binding to the three MREs were identified by MatInspector analyses. Metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1) could be validated to bind to MREe by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. ATP7B promoter‐driven reporter gene expression was significantly increased because of this interaction. MTF1 is a strong candidate in regulating the ATP7B expression through MREe binding.
The effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the heart in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure: From cells to patient reports
Authors: Khuanjing Thawatchai , Palee Siripong , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: October 2019

Cardiovascular diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cardiovascular diseases such as acute myocardial infarction, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure are associated with cardiac autonomic imbalance characterized by sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal from the heart. Increased parasympathetic activity by electrical vagal nerve stimulation has been shown to provide beneficial effects in the case of cardiovascular diseases in both animals and patients by improving autonomic function, cardiac remodelling and mitochondrial function. However, clinical limitations for electrical vagal nerve stimulation exist because of its invasive nature, costly equipment and limited clinical validation. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches which moderate parasympathetic activities could be beneficial for in the case of cardiovascular disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors inhibit acetylcholinesterase and hence increase cholinergic transmission. Recent studies have reported that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors improve autonomic function and cardiac function in cardiovascular disease models. Despite its potential clinical benefits for cardiovascular disease patients, the role of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure remediation remains unclear. This article comprehensively reviews the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the heart in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure scenarios from in vitro and in vivo studies to clinical reports. The mechanisms involved are also discussed in this review.
Analysis of the clinical impact of NPM1 mutant allele burden in a large cohort of younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Linch David C. , Hills Robert K. , Burnett Alan K. , Russell Nigel , Gale Rosemary E.
Published: October 2019

Although an NPM1 mutation is generally considered to be a good prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukaemia, it has recently been suggested that a higher level of NPM1 mutant (NPM1MUT) alleles relative to wild‐type alleles is associated with poor clinical outcome. We therefore sought to confirm this finding in a larger study of 876 NPM1MUT cases entered into UK national trials. In univariate analysis, the higher NPM1MUT allele burden was associated with a lower complete remission (CR) rate, higher relapse rate and reduced overall survival, but this was largely attributable to the association of the higher NPM1MUT allele burden with other known poor risk factors, particularly the presence of a concomitant FLT3 internal tandem duplication. In multivariate analysis, there was no significant impact of the NPM1MUT allele burden on CR rates, and the impact on relapse and overall survival, whilst still significant, was greatly reduced. This impact was similar in patients who did or did not receive an allogeneic transplant in first CR. We conclude that the binary presence or absence of an NPM1 mutation, combined with minimal residual disease levels following induction therapy, should continue to be used in therapeutic management rather than stratification according to the NPM1MUT level.
When history becomes his story: Shifts in narrative perspective weaken the blame‐mitigating force of life‐history narratives
Authors: Gill Michael J. , Thalla Natasha
Published: October 2019

Life‐history narratives describing how a transgressor developed aversive traits can mitigate blame. How is their effectiveness affected by narrative perspective? In particular, how is blame mitigation impacted when the transgressor appears to be knowledgeable of the story of his self‐formation? In three experiments, we compare the effectiveness of narratives that reflect an objective perspective to those that reflect the transgressor's perspective. The experiments contrast two hypotheses. The Perspective Taking hypothesis asserts that the transgressor perspective will be especially effective for blame mitigation because it encourages ‘stepping into the shoes’ of the transgressor. In contrast, the Should Know Better hypothesis asserts that the transgressor perspective will be especially ineffective because it reveals the transgressor to have self‐knowledge, which triggers an inference that he deeply comprehends the suffering he causes. Results support the Should Know Better hypothesis. Furthermore, Experiment 3 shows that the transgressor perspective increases blameworthiness regardless of whether the transgressor's prior life experiences parallel what he inflicts on his victims.
Update on the guideline of guidelines: non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Taylor Jacob , Becher Ezequiel , Steinberg Gary D.
Published: October 2019

Non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is the most common form of bladder cancer, with frequent recurrences and risk of progression. Risk‐stratified treatment and surveillance protocols are often used to guide management. In 2017, BJUI reviewed guidelines on NMIBC from four major organizations: the American Urological Association/Society of Urological Oncology, the European Association of Urology, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The present update will review major changes in the guidelines and broadly summarize new recommendations for treatment of NMIBC in an era of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin shortage and immense novel therapy development.
The Role of Agency in Shaping the Educational Journeys of Care‐experienced Adults: Insights from a Life Course Study of Education and Care
Authors: Brady Eavan , Gilligan Robbie
Published: October 2019

Research examining the low educational attainment of children in care and care leavers tends to underuse social theory (Berridge, 2007). To contribute to addressing this gap, we use life course theory to explore the role of agency in shaping the educational pathways of 18 Irish adults (aged 24–36 years) with care experience. Findings suggest that agency is a valuable conceptual tool for examining the nuance and complexity of how individual actions shape the education of care‐experienced adults throughout the life course and interact with contextual and structural factors over time.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without prior cardiovascular events: An updated meta‐analysis and subgroup analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Mannucci Edoardo , Dicembrini Ilaria , Nreu Besmir , Monami Matteo
Published: October 2019

Aim

To conduct a meta‐analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials on the effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

Methods

A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane database and clinicaltrials.gov was performed to identify controlled trials (up to 15 June 2019) of GLP‐1RAs with a cardiovascular endpoint. The principal endpoint of the present meta‐analysis was MACE; secondary endpoints included myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality, and hospitalization for heart failure. Mantel–Haenszel odds ratios (MH‐ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for all outcomes.

Results

In the seven trials included, all placebo‐controlled, GLP‐1RA treatment was associated with a reduction in MACE (MH‐OR 0.87 [95% CI 0.81, 0.93]). Cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke were also reduced (MH‐OR 0.88 [95% CI 0.80, 0.96], MH‐OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.82, 0.98], MH‐OR 0.91 [95% CI 0.84, 0.98] and MH‐OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.77, 0.97], respectively). Results for hospitalization for heart failure were not statistically significant (MH‐OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.83, 1.04]). The meta‐analyses of patient subgroups showed a significant reduction in MACE with GLP‐1RAs, irrespective of gender, advanced age and obesity.

Conclusions

GLP‐1RAs are associated with a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in high‐risk patients with diabetes. This effect does not appear to be moderated by gender or body mass index. The possibility of different effects of GLP‐1RAs between patients in primary and secondary prevention merits further investigation.
Comparative cardiovascular and hypoglycaemic safety of glimepiride in type 2 diabetes: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Douros Antonios , Dell'Aniello Sophie , Yu Oriana Hoi Yun , Suissa Samy
Published: October 2019

Aim

To assess the incidence of cardiovascular and hypoglycaemic adverse events associated with glimepiride compared with other second‐generation sulphonylureas among patients with type 2 diabetes in a real‐world clinical setting.

Materials and methods

We identified all sulphonylurea initiators between 1998 and 2017 in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Using a prevalent new‐user design, glimepiride initiators were matched 1:4 with initiators of other second‐generation sulphonylureas on calendar time, prior sulphonylurea use, and time‐conditional high‐dimensional propensity score. Cox proportional hazards models yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, severe hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular death, and all‐cause mortality.

Results

Among 66 032 sulphonylurea new users, 6438 initiated glimepiride and were matched to up to 20 582 initiators of other second‐generation sulphonylureas. During a mean follow‐up of 1.3 years, glimepiride was associated with a similar incidence of myocardial infarction (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.75–1.30) and ischaemic stroke (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.72–1.27) compared with other second‐generation sulphonylureas, while there was a non‐significant trend towards a higher incidence of severe hypoglycaemia (HR 1.24, 95% CI 0.92–1.68). Glimepiride was also associated with a lower incidence of all‐cause mortality (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67–0.89), and a non‐significant but similar trend for cardiovascular death (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.65–1.05).

Conclusions

Glimepiride was associated with a lower incidence of all‐cause mortality compared with other second‐generation sulphonylureas.
The Paradox of the Excluded Majority in Youth Policy Design
Authors: Kim Chorong , Woo Eunji , Nam Ki‐Young
Published: October 2019

People in their 20s and 30s “have better things to do” than participate in policymaking. These design researchers found a way to draw them out.

Reaching—and making policy for—a cohort of people who aren’t easy to reach.
When you Listen, What Are You Thinking?
Authors: Young Indi
Published: October 2019

If you really want to draw out the best ideas from your colleagues or your direct reports, you’ll need to practice deep listening. It’s not the same as “interviewing.” Listening is a skill that can be improved.

Learning to listen: It’s not that easy.
Critical Career Strategies for Disruptive Times
Authors: Roughley Susan
Published: October 2019

While you help your organization adapt to these most volatile times, have you given any thought to their implications for your own career?

It’s time to take a look at your own career—where you’ve been, where you’d like to go.
Uneven centuries: Turkey's experience with economic development since 1820
Authors: Pamuk Şevket
Published: October 2019

This article examines the economic development of Turkey from a comparative global perspective. With the help of GDP per capita and other series, it shows that Turkey's record in economic growth and human development since 1820 has been close to world averages and a little above developing country averages. The early focus of the article is on the proximate causes—average rates of investment, below‐average rates of schooling, low rates of total productivity growth, and low technology content of production—which provide important insights into why GDP per capita increases were not any higher. For the deeper causes, the article emphasizes the role of institutions and institutional change. Turkey's formal economic institutions had been influenced by international rules since the nineteenth century, and these rules did not always support economic development. Turkey's elites also made extensive changes in formal political and economic institutions. Formal institutions were only part of the story, however. The direction of institutional change also depended on the political order and the degree of understanding between different groups and their elites. When the political system could not manage the recurring tensions and cleavages between the different elites, economic outcomes suffered.
Parental Confirmation, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Female College Students
Authors: Taniguchi Emiko
Published: October 2019

Objective

To examine whether parental communication is associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among college‐age daughters and whether these associations are mediated by psychological well‐being.

Background

Appearance‐related parental comments such as weight criticism have been shown to contribute to daughters' body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Yet less is known about how the general quality of parental communication that is not directly related to appearance is associated with these problems.

Method

Structural equation modeling was used with a convenience sample of 306 undergraduate women who completed an online survey that included perceptions of mothers' and fathers' acceptance (i.e., warmth and care) and challenge (i.e., pushing children so that they can achieve greater success).

Results

Parental confirmation was associated with greater psychological well‐being, which, in turn, was negatively related to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors. The associations of acceptance and challenge with body dissatisfaction differed by parental sex.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that body‐satisfied daughters who are less likely to engage in disordered eating have (a) a combination of accepting and challenging communication from mothers and (b) accepting (not challenging) communication from fathers.

Implications

Family practitioners are encouraged to educate parents about the link between their communication and daughters' issues surrounding body image and eating behaviors.
The role of glutaminase in cancer
Authors: Masisi Brendah K , El Ansari Rokaya , Alfarsi Lutfi , Rakha Emad A , Green Andrew R , Craze Madeleine L
Published: October 2019

Increased glutamine metabolism (glutaminolysis) is a hallmark of cancer and is recognised as a key metabolic change in cancer cells. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different morphological and molecular subtypes and responses to therapy, and breast cancer cells are known to rewire glutamine metabolism to support survival and proliferation. Glutaminase isoenzymes (GLS and GLS2) are key enzymes for glutamine metabolism. Interestingly, GLS and GLS2 have contrasting functions in tumorigenesis. In this review, we explore the role of glutaminase in cancer, primarily focusing on breast cancer, address the role played by oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in regulating glutaminase, and discuss current therapeutic approaches to targeting glutaminase.
Circannual growth in Wisconsin children and adolescents: Identifying optimal periods of obesity prevention
Authors: VanWormer Jeffrey J. , Kieke Burney A. , Hanrahan Lawrence P. , Pomeroy Jeremy J. , Mundy Alex , Schoeller Dale A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Recent studies suggest kids tend to gain the most weight in summer, but schools are chastised for supporting obesogenic environments. Conclusions on circannual weight gain are hampered by infrequent body mass index (BMI) measurements, and guidance is limited on the optimal timeframe for paediatric weight interventions.

Objectives

This study characterized circannual trends in BMI in Wisconsin children and adolescents and identified sociodemographic differences in excess weight gain.

Methods

An observational study was used to pool data from 2010 to 2015 to examine circannual BMI z‐score trends for Marshfield Clinic patients age 3 to 17 years. Daily 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 quantiles of BMI z‐score were estimated, stratified by gender, race, and age.

Results

BMI z‐scores increased July to September, followed by a decrease in October to December, and another increase to decrease cycle beginning in February. For adolescents, the summer increase in BMI was greater among those in the upper BMI z‐score quantile relative to those in the lower quantile (+0.15 units vs +0.04 units). This pattern was opposite in children.

Conclusions

BMI increased most rapidly in late summer. This growth persisted through autumn in adolescents who were larger, suggesting weight management support may be beneficial for kids who are overweight at the start of the school year.
Electronegative low‐density lipoprotein of patients with metabolic syndrome induces pathogenesis of aorta through disruption of the stimulated by retinoic acid 6 cascade
Authors: Chen Chao‐Hung , Ke Liang‐Yin , Chan Hua‐Chen , Chu Chih‐Sheng , Lee An‐Sheng , Lin Kun‐Der , Lee Mei‐Yueh , Hsiao Pi‐Jung , Chen Chu‐Huang , Shin Shyi‐Jang
Published: October 2019

Aims/Introduction

Electronegative low‐density lipoprotein (L5) is the most atherogenic fraction of low‐density lipoprotein and is elevated in people with metabolic syndrome (MetS), whereas the retinol‐binding protein 4 receptor (stimulated by retinoic acid 6 [STRA6]) cascade is disrupted in various organs of patients with obesity‐related diseases. Our objective was to investigate whether L5 from MetS patients capably induces pathogenesis of aorta through disrupting the STRA6 cascade.

Material and Methods

We examined the in vivo and in vitro effects of L5 on the STRA6 cascade and aortic atherogenic markers. To investigate the role of this cascade on atherosclerotic formation, crbp1 transfection was carried out in vitro.

Results

This study shows that L5 activates atherogenic markers (p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases, pSmad2 and matrix metallopeptidase 9) and simultaneously suppresses STRA6 signals (STRA6, cellular retinol‐binding protein 1, lecithin‐retinol acyltransferase, retinoic acid receptor‐α and retinoid X receptor‐α) in aortas of L5‐injected mice and L5‐treated human aortic endothelial cell lines and human aortic smooth muscle cell lines. These L5‐induced changes of the STRA6 cascade and atherogenic markers were reversed in aortas of LOX1−/− mice and in LOX1 ribonucleic acid‐silenced human aortic endothelial cell lines and human aortic smooth muscle cell lines. Furthermore, crbp1 gene transfection reversed the disruption of the STRA6 cascade, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases and Smad2, and the elevation of matrix metallopeptidase 9 in L5‐treated human aortic endothelial cell lines.

Conclusions

This study shows that L5 from MetS patients induces atherogenic markers by disrupting STRA6 signaling. Suppression of STRA6 might be one novel pathogenesis of aorta in patients with MetS.
Optical properties of currently used zirconia‐based esthetic restorations fabricated with different techniques
Authors: Turgut Sedanur
Published: October 2019

Objective

The aim was to evaluate the effects of different types of monolithic zirconia (MZ) and fabrication techniques on the optical properties of newly generated zirconia‐based materials after aging.

Material and Methods

Sixty specimens (n = 10) were prepared. For the groups layering‐veneering (LV), overpressing (OP), porcelain fused to zirconia (PFZ), and cutback (CB), 3Y‐TZP, IPS e.max ZirCAD was prepared as the core material (0.5 ± 0.01 mm). For full‐contour (FC) technique, 3Y‐TZP was used for MZ‐LT (low translucency) and 4Y‐TZP was used for MZ‐MT (medium translucency). L*, a*, b*, chroma (C), and relative translucency (RTP) were measured before (L1*, a1*, b1*, C1, RTP1) and after (L2*, a2*, b2*, C2, RTP2) UV aging. Statistical analyses were performed by one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's test and paired sample t tests (P = .05).

Results

Fabrication techniques significantly affected the L*, a*, b*, C, RTP, and ΔE00 values (P ˂ .01). The highest L1* value was found in MZ‐LT; followed, in order, by OP, PFZ, LV, CB, and MZ‐MT. The highest b1* and C1 values were found in OP, while MZ‐MT had the lowest values (P ˂ .05). FC had the highest RTP values for MZ‐MT (13 ± 0.9 RTP1; 11.2 ± 0.9 RTP2), and the lowest RTP values were found for MZ‐LT (8.5 ± 0.9 RTP1; 8.3 ± 1.2 RTP2) (P ˂ .01). Aging caused significant differences in the L*, a*, b*, C, and RTP values (P < .05). The color changes were between 0.9 and 2.1 ΔE00.

Conclusions

The fabrication technique significantly affected the optical properties. UV aging caused zirconia‐based restorations to become darker and more yellow, red, saturated, and opaque.

Clinical Implications

Fabrication techniques with different zirconia structures affected the optical properties of the restoration, even when the same shades were chosen. If more translucent restorations are needed, choosing 4‐YTZP with the FC technique is better than veneering with 3‐YTZP. Choosing 3‐YTZP with the FC technique produces more esthetic results if brighter and more opaque restorations are needed.
Parasites and Paragons: Ownership Reform and Concentrated Interest among Minority Shareholders
Authors: Jia Nan , Shi Jing , Wang Changyun , Wang Yongxiang
Published: October 2019

Do investors with concentrated shareholding infringe on the value of more‐fragmented shareholders (‘parasites’) or facilitate the growth of firm value for all shareholders (‘paragons’)? In a major ownership reform of Chinese listed firms, we obtain evidence which suggests that larger minority shareholders undertook certain actions both for a rent‐seeking purpose – that these actions allowed them to reap private benefits at the expense of smaller minority shareholders, and for a value‐creating purpose – to potentially increase firm value after the reform. It is plausible that both drivers co‐existed, but they generated different implications of wealth redistribution. When institutional constraints on rent‐seeking were ineffective, higher concentration of minority shares decreased the immediate gains captured by the small investors who held minority shares at the time of the reform, but increased the future value of the firm to be divided among for all investors, large and small, who held firm shares after the reform.
Do the carers care? A phenomenological study of providing care for patients suffering from alcohol use disorders
Authors: Bové Hanne M. , Lisby Marianne , Norlyk Annelise
Published: October 2019

Excessive alcohol consumption can have adverse effects on health, and patients who suffer from alcohol use disorders are subject to much stigmatization. Nurses are often the first point of contact when patients enter the acute medical unit, and it is pivotal that this contact establishes the basis for future collaboration. The aim of this study is to elucidate nurses’ lived experience of providing care to patients suffering from alcohol use disorders. This present study has a qualitative research design, anchored in phenomenological and hermeneutical methodology as described in reflective lifeworld research. Ten in‐depth, open‐ended interviews with nurses working in an acute medical unit were conducted. The analysis showed that providing care to patients suffering from alcohol use disorders was a highly complex task to accomplish. This required the nurse to engage with the patient in a sensitive cooperation in order to be dealing with the intricacy of the patient's life situation and balancing care between standardized procedures and the complexity of the patients. Further, a two‐sided feeling of responsibility emerged: a professional responsibility and a personal responsibility causing the provision of care as being caught between feelings of despondency and resignation. Nurses lack opportunities for being creative in determining how to provide care; instead, patients' perspectives of well‐being should be taken into account and should guide the provision of a meaningful care. Nurses must call for opportunities to deviate from the firmly established procedures restraining the care of this population.
Codeine delays gastric emptying through inhibition of gastric motility as assessed with a novel diagnostic intragastric balloon catheter
Authors: Goelen Nick , de Hoon Jan , Morales John F. , Varon Carolina , Van Huffel Sabine , Augustijns Patrick , Mols Raf , Herbots Marissa , Verbeke Kristin , Vanuytsel Tim , Tack Jan , Janssen Pieter
Published: October 2019

Background

The use of opioids as analgesic is on the rise, despite their inhibitory effect on gastric emptying. A novel feeding catheter with integrated intragastric balloon was developed to continuously assess gastric motility, enabling to investigate the effect of opioids on motility and emptying simultaneously. We aimed to discriminate normal and pharmacologically impaired gastric motility and its impact on gastric emptying in healthy adults.

Methods

The VIPUN Gastric Monitoring System comprises a nasogastric balloon catheter and a monitoring unit. In a four‐way randomized, single‐blinded, cross‐over study, subjects received either placebo or 58.8 mg codeine phosphate in combination with either an uninflated or an inflated (180 mL) balloon catheter. Motility‐induced pressure changes were recorded for 6 hours. During the first 2 hours, nutrients were infused (225 kcal, 75 mL/h). Gastric emptying was assessed with a 13C‐octanoate breath test and expressed as gastric half‐emptying time (GET½). An algorithm, designed to detect phasic contractility, converted pressure changes to a gastric balloon motility index (GBMI). Results are presented as mean(SD).

Key Results

Eighteen subjects completed the investigation (32(13) years, 22(2) kg/m2). After codeine, GBMI was lower (0.31(0.16)) and GET½ was longer (233(57) minutes) compared with placebo (GBMI: 0.48(0.15), P < .01 and GET½: 172(12) minutes, P < .001). Within‐subject ΔGET½ correlated significantly with ΔGBMI (r = −0.77 and P < .001).

Conclusions and Inferences

The VIPUN Gastric Monitoring System allowed to assess gastric motility safely and continuously. The correlation between pharmacologically decreased gastric emptying and motility indicates a strong link between both. Gastric motility, measured with this innovative device, can be an indicator for gastrointestinal intolerance.
Phytochrome evolution in 3D: deletion, duplication, and diversification
Authors: Rockwell Nathan C. , Lagarias J. Clark
Published: October 2019

Canonical plant phytochromes are master regulators of photomorphogenesis and the shade avoidance response. They are also part of a widespread superfamily of photoreceptors with diverse spectral and biochemical properties. Plant phytochromes belong to a clade including other phytochromes from glaucophyte, prasinophyte, and streptophyte algae (all members of the Archaeplastida) and those from cryptophyte algae. This is consistent with recent analyses supporting the existence of an AC (Archaeplastida + Cryptista) clade. AC phytochromes have been proposed to arise from ancestral cyanobacterial genes via endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT), but most recent studies instead support multiple horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events to generate extant eukaryotic phytochromes. In principle, this scenario would be compared to the emerging understanding of early events in eukaryotic evolution to generate a coherent picture. Unfortunately, there is currently a major discrepancy between the evolution of phytochromes and the evolution of eukaryotes; phytochrome evolution is thus not a solved problem. We therefore examine phytochrome evolution in a broader context. Within this context, we can identify three important themes in phytochrome evolution: deletion, duplication, and diversification. These themes drive phytochrome evolution as organisms evolve in response to environmental challenges.
A lysin motif effector subverts chitin‐triggered immunity to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Zeng Tian , Rodriguez‐Moreno Luis , Mansurkhodzaev Artem , Wang Peng , van den Berg Willy , Gasciolli Virginie , Cottaz Sylvain , Fort Sébastien , Thomma Bart P. H. J. , Bono Jean‐Jacques , Bisseling Ton , Limpens Erik
Published: October 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi greatly improve mineral uptake by host plants in nutrient‐depleted soil and can intracellularly colonize root cortex cells in the vast majority of higher plants. However, AM fungi possess common fungal cell wall components such as chitin that can be recognized by plant chitin receptors to trigger immune responses, raising the question as to how AM fungi effectively evade chitin‐triggered immune responses during symbiosis.

In this study, we characterize a secreted lysin motif (LysM) effector identified from the model AM fungal species Rhizophagus irregularis, called RiSLM.

RiSLM is one of the highest expressed effector proteins in intraradical mycelium during the symbiosis. In vitro binding assays show that RiSLM binds chitin‐oligosaccharides and can protect fungal cell walls from chitinases. Moreover, RiSLM efficiently interferes with chitin‐triggered immune responses, such as defence gene induction and reactive oxygen species production in Medicago truncatula. Although RiSLM also binds to symbiotic (lipo)chitooligosaccharides it does not interfere significantly with symbiotic signalling in Medicago. Host‐induced gene silencing of RiSLM greatly reduces fungal colonization levels.

Taken together, our results reveal a key role for AM fungal LysM effectors to subvert chitin‐triggered immunity in symbiosis, pointing to a common role for LysM effectors in both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi.
Cells from a GDF5 origin produce zonal tendon‐to‐bone attachments following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Hagiwara Yusuke , Dyrna Felix , Kuntz Andrew F. , Adams Douglas J. , Dyment Nathaniel A.
Published: October 2019

Following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery, a staged repair response occurs where cells from outside the tendon graft participate in tunnel integration. The mechanisms that regulate this process, including the specific cellular origin, are poorly understood. Embryonic cells expressing growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) give rise to several mesenchymal tissues in the joint and epiphyses. We hypothesized that cells from a GDF5 origin, even in the adult tissue, would give rise to cells that contribute to the stages of repair. ACLs were reconstructed in Gdf5‐Cre;R26R‐tdTomato lineage tracing mice to monitor the contribution of Gdf5‐Cre;tdTom+ cells to the tunnel integration process. Anterior−posterior drawer tests demonstrated 58% restoration in anterior−posterior stability. Gdf5‐Cre;tdTom+ cells within the epiphyseal bone marrow adjacent to tunnels expanded in response to the injury by 135‐fold compared with intact controls to initiate tendon‐to‐bone attachments. They continued to mature the attachments yielding zonal insertion sites at 4 weeks with collagen fibers spanning across unmineralized and mineralized fibrocartilage and anchored to the adjacent bone. The zonal attachments possessed tidemarks with concentrated alkaline phosphatase activity similar to native entheses. This study established that mesenchymal cells from a GDF5 origin can contribute to zonal tendon‐to‐bone attachments within bone tunnels following ACL reconstruction.
Community health learning experiences that influence RN to BSN students interests in community/public health nursing
Authors: Steffy Megan L.
Published: October 2019

Background

As a result of national initiatives reforming the United States’ healthcare delivery system, nurse education must emphasize population health and wellness outside of acute care facilities. Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs implement innovative strategies and partnerships to provide students with community health clinical experiences to learn the professional practice role of the Community/Public Health (C/PH) nurse. This qualitative research explored the community health learning experiences that influenced postlicense nursing students’ interests in a professional role change—from an acute care hospital setting to a community health setting.

Methods

Data collection, analysis, and dissemination methods found in basic qualitative research designs were used in this study. A purposive sample of Registered Nurse (RN) to BSN students (N = 15) completed semi‐structured interviews.

Findings

RN to BSN students sought a professional role change from a hospital to a community‐based setting after favorable community health learning experiences that included (a) a supportive C/PH nurse preceptor, (b) identification of desirable nurse role characteristics, (c) special learning activities, (d) and faculty engagement with students.

Implications

Findings provide nurse educators and other consumers of nursing practice with information regarding specific learning contributors that engage and provide transformative learning for RN to BSN students.