bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome size estimation with quantitative real‐time PCR in two Tephritidae species: Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera oleae
Authors: Tsoumani K. T. , Mathiopoulos K. D.
Published: October 2011

The medfly Ceratitis capitata and the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae belong to the Tephritidae family of Diptera, a family whose members cause severe damages in agriculture worldwide. For such insect pests, the utmost concern is their population control. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used in the Tephritidae family with varying degrees of success. Its efficient use usually depends on the development of genetic sexing strains and the release of only male flies. However, such advances are based on modern genetic, molecular and genomic tools. The medfly is clearly the prototype of the family, since such tools have advanced considerably, which has resulted in effective SIT efforts around the world. A whole‐genome sequencing project of this insect is already underway. In contrast, similar tools in the olive fly lag behind, even though the insect is considered a promising candidate for a next SIT target. An accurate estimate of genome size provides a preliminary view of genome complexity and indicates possible difficulties in genome assembly in whole‐genome projects. Taking advantage of a quantitative real‐time PCR approach, we determined the genome size of these two species C. capitata and B. oleae as 591 Mb (CI range: 577–605 Mb) and 322 Mb (CI range: 310–334 Mb) respectively.
Amphotericin B and fluconazole susceptibility of Candida species determined by cell‐chip technology
Authors: Bouquet Orsolya , Kocsis Béla , Kilár Ferenc , Lóránd Tamás , Kustos Ildikó
Published: October 2011

The aim of this study was to apply the microfluidic cell‐chip technology for susceptibility testing. The cell‐chip technology was tested with ATCC Candida strains to determine their viability and susceptibility against amphotericin B and fluconazole. Fungal cells were labelled by Sytox Green, and measurements were carried out in the cell chips of the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system. Results obtained by the chip technology were compared with the standard macrodilution method and conventional flow cytometry. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration values was based on the differentiation between living and dead cells. The cell‐chip method was found to be suitable for the detection of Candida cells, for the differentiation between dead and living cells and for the determination of amphotericin B and fluconazole susceptibility of fungal cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration values obtained by the standard macrodilution, the flow cytometry and the cell‐chip method showed good correlation.
Effect of Donor Cell Type on Nuclear Remodelling in Rabbit Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos
Authors: Tian J , Song J , Li H , Yang D , Li X , Ouyang H , Lai L
Published: October 2011

Contents

Cloned rabbits have been produced for many years by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The efficiency of cloning by SCNT, however, has remained extremely low. Most cloned embryos degenerate in utero, and the few that develop to term show a high incidence of post‐natal death and abnormalities. The cell type used for donor nuclei is an important factor in nuclear transfer (NT). As reported previously, NT embryos reconstructed with fresh cumulus cells (CC‐embryos) have better developmental potential than those reconstructed with foetal fibroblasts (FF‐embryos) in vivo and in vitro. The reason for this disparity in developmental capacity is still unknown. In this study, we compared active demethylation levels and morphological changes between the nuclei of CC‐embryos and FF‐embryos shortly after activation. Anti‐5‐methylcytosine immunofluorescence of in vivo‐fertilized and cloned rabbit embryos revealed that there was no detectable active demethylation in rabbit zygotes or NT‐embryos derived from either fibroblasts or CC. In the process of nuclear remodelling, however, the proportion of nuclei with abnormal appearance in FF‐embryos was significantly higher than that in CC‐embryos during the first cell cycle. Our study demonstrates that the nuclear remodelling abnormality of cloned rabbit embryos may be one important factor for the disparity in developmental success between CC‐embryos and FF‐embryos.
Gene Expression in Bovine Oocytes and Cumulus Cells After Meiotic Inhibition with the Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Butyrolactone I
Authors: Leal CLV , Mamo S , Fair T , Lonergan P
Published: October 2011

Contents

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temporary inhibition of meiosis using the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor butyrolactone I (BLI) on gene expression in bovine oocytes and cumulus cells. Immature bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were assigned to groups: (i) Control COCs collected immediately after recovery from the ovary or (ii) after in vitro maturation (IVM) for 24 h, (iii) Inhibited COCs collected 24 h after incubation with 100 μm BLI or (iv) after meiotic inhibition for 24 h followed by IVM for a further 22 h. For mRNA relative abundance analysis, pools of 10 denuded oocytes and respective cumulus cells were collected. Transcripts related to cell cycle regulation and oocyte competence were evaluated in oocytes and cumulus cells by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). Most of the examined transcripts were downregulated (p < 0.05) after IVM in control and inhibited oocytes (19 of 35). Nine transcripts remained stable (p > 0.05) after IVM in control oocytes; only INHBA did not show this pattern in inhibited oocytes. Seven genes were upregulated after IVM in control oocytes (p < 0.05), and only PLAT, RBP1 and INHBB were not upregulated in inhibited oocytes after IVM. In cumulus cells, six genes were upregulated (p < 0.05) after IVM and eight were downregulated (p < 0.05). Cells from inhibited oocytes showed the same pattern of expression regarding maturation profile, but were affected by the temporary meiosis inhibition of the oocyte when the same maturation stages were compared between inhibited and control groups. In conclusion, changes in transcript abundance in oocytes and cumulus cells during maturation in vitro were mostly mirrored after meiotic inhibition followed by maturation.
Floodplain ants show a stronger response to an extensive flood than to variations in fallen‐timber load
Authors: HORROCKS GREGORY F. B. , CUNNINGHAM SHAUN C. , O'DOWD DENNIS J. , THOMSON JAMES R. , MAC NALLY RALPH
Published: October 2011

Understanding how species respond to differences in resource availability is critical to managing biodiversity under the increasing pressures associated with climate change and growing human populations. Over the last century, the floodplain forests of Australia's largest river system, the Murray‐Darling Basin, have been much affected by intensive harvesting of timber and firewood, and increasingly stressed by river regulation and, recently, an extended drought. Fallen timber – logs and shed branches – is known to play a key role in the ecology of several important species on these floodplains. Here, we monitored the response of the ant assemblages of a floodplain forest along the Murray River to a large‐scale (34 ha) experimental manipulation of fallen‐timber load (0 to 80 t ha−1) over 4 years. The forest was subjected to an incidental, extensive flood that enabled us to examine how two important stressors (timber removal and river regulation) affect ant assemblages. Ants showed little response to the proximity of fallen timber within plots, prior to the flood, or to different loads among plots, unlike other floodplain biota. After the flood, both ant abundance and species richness increased and species composition changed. However, this increase in species richness after flooding was less pronounced in plots with higher amounts of fallen timber. Managing river red gum forest using a mosaic of flood regimes, more representative of historical conditions, is likely to be the most effective way to maintain and enhance the diversity of ants and other biota on these important floodplains.
Nurses' role in caring for people with a comorbidity of mental illness and intellectual disability: A literature review
Authors: Taua Chris , Hepworth Julie , Neville Christine
Published: October 2011

This article examines literature on the role of the nurse caring for people with a dual disability (DD) of intellectual disability and mental illness. A search of the literature between 2000 and 2010 resulted in a total of 21 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Seven key categories of the role of the nurse were identified: (i) advocacy/health promotion (including working with family); (ii) assessment/case management; (iii) behavioural interventions; (iv) communication; (v) leadership and the nurse's role within the multidisciplinary team; (vi) functions regarding medication administration; and (vii) safety/risk management. There is a paucity of research about the role of nurses working with people with DD, although a number of opinion‐based articles exist. This article identifies a need for the role of the nurse working in DD to be more clearly articulated and for the development of evidence to guide best practice.
Subthalamo‐pallidal interactions underlying parkinsonian neuronal oscillations in the primate basal ganglia
Authors: Tachibana Yoshihisa , Iwamuro Hirokazu , Kita Hitoshi , Takada Masahiko , Nambu Atsushi
Published: October 2011

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, leading to a wide variety of psychomotor dysfunctions. Accumulated evidence suggests that abnormally synchronized oscillations in the basal ganglia contribute to the expression of parkinsonian motor symptoms. However, the mechanism that generates abnormal oscillations in a dopamine‐depleted state remains poorly understood. We addressed this question by examining basal ganglia neuronal activity in two 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐treated parkinsonian monkeys. We found that systemic administration of l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA; dopamine precursor) decreased abnormal neuronal oscillations (8–15 Hz) in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) during the ON state when parkinsonian signs were alleviated and during l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia. GPi oscillations and parkinsonian signs were suppressed by silencing of the STN with infusion of muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist). Intrapallidal microinjection of a mixture of 3‐(2‐carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl)‐propyl‐1‐phosphonic acid (CPP; N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonist) and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6‐nitro‐2,3‐dioxo‐benzo[f]quinoxaline‐7‐sulfonamide (NBQX; AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist) also decreased the oscillations in the GPi and the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe). Neuronal oscillations in the STN were suppressed after intrasubthalamic microinjection of CPP/NBQX to block glutamatergic afferents of the STN. The STN oscillations were further reduced by muscimol inactivation of the GPe to block GABAergic inputs from the GPe. These results suggest that, in the dopamine‐depleted state, glutamatergic inputs to the STN and reciprocal GPe–STN interconnections are both important for the generation and amplification of the oscillatory activity of STN neurons, which is subsequently transmitted to the GPi, thus contributing to the symptomatic expression of Parkinson’s disease.
The influence of orexins on the firing rate and pattern of rat intergeniculate leaflet neurons – electrophysiological and immunohistological studies
Authors: Pekala Dobromila , Blasiak Tomasz , Raastad Morten , Lewandowski Marian H.
Published: October 2011

Orexins influence various physiological processes associated with feeding behaviour, endocrine functions and wakefulness. One component of mammalian circadian timing systems, intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the lateral geniculate nucleus, is thought to contribute to circadian entrainment by processing photic and non‐photic/arousal‐related signals. Because the IGL is possibly innervated by the orexinergic system, using in vitro extracellular recording techniques we evaluated the influence of orexin A (OXA) and orexin B (OXB) on the rate and pattern of neuronal firing in this structure. Significant increases in the activity of 33 and 28% of IGL cells were observed after locally applied OXA (1 μm) and OXB (1 μm), respectively. In the great majority of neurons responses to OXA were maintained in the presence of orexin‐1 receptor OX1R antagonist, SB 334867 (10 μm). Additionally, 75% of the OXB‐responsive neurons were also sensitive to an orexin‐2 receptor (OX2R)‐selective agonist, [Ala11, D‐Leu15]‐OXB (1 μm). Immunohistochemical stainings showed putative synaptic contacts between OXA‐ and OXB‐immunoreactive fibres and neuropeptide Y, and enkephalin‐positive neurons in the investigated area. The outcome of our experiments reinforces previous reports indicating the possible linkage between the orexinergic and circadian systems. To our knowledge the presented findings are the first showing the direct influence of orexins on the IGL activity, mostly through activation of OX2R.
Loss of striatal cannabinoid CB1 receptor function in attention‐deficit / hyperactivity disorder mice with point‐mutation of the dopamine transporter
Authors: Castelli Maura , Federici Mauro , Rossi Silvia , De Chiara Valentina , Napolitano Francesco , Studer Valeria , Motta Caterina , Sacchetti Lucia , Romano Rosaria , Musella Alessandra , Bernardi Giorgio , Siracusano Alberto , Gu Howard H. , Mercuri Nicola B. , Usiello Alessandro , Centonze Diego
Published: October 2011

Abnormal dopamine (DA) transmission in the striatum plays a pivotal role in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As striatal DA signalling modulates the endocannabinoid system (ECS), the present study was aimed at investigating cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) function in a model of ADHD obtained by triple point‐mutation in the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene in mice, making them insensitive to cocaine [DAT cocaine‐insensitive (DAT‐CI) mice]. DAT‐CI mice had a marked hyperactive phenotype, and neurophysiological recordings revealed that the sensitivity of CB1Rs controlling GABA‐mediated synaptic currents [CB1Rs(GABA)] in the striatum was completely lost. In contrast, CB1Rs modulating glutamate transmission [CB1Rs(Glu)], and GABAB receptors were not affected in this model of ADHD. In DAT‐CI mice, the blockade of CB1R(GABA) function was complete even after cocaine or environmental manipulations activating the endogenous DA‐dependent reward system, which are known to sensitize these receptors in control animals. Conversely, the hedonic property of sucrose was intact in DAT‐CI mice, indicating normal sweet perception in these animals. Our results point to CB1Rs as novel molecular players in ADHD, and suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at interfering with the ECS might prove effective in this disorder.
Solar radiation decreases parasitism in Daphnia
Authors: Overholt Erin P. , Hall Spencer R. , Williamson Craig E. , Meikle Claire K. , Duffy Meghan A. , Cáceres Carla E.
Published: October 2011

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 47–54

Climate change and variation in atmospheric ozone are influencing the intensity of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching ecosystems. Changing UVR regimes, in turn, may alter epidemics of infectious disease. This possibility hinges on the sensitivity of epidemiologically relevant traits of host and parasite to UVR. We address this issue using a planktonic system (a zooplankton host, Daphnia dentifera, and its virulent fungal parasite, Metschnikowia bicuspidata). Controlled laboratory experiments, coupled with in situ field incubations of spores, revealed that quite low levels of UVR (as well as longer wavelength light) sharply reduced the infectivity of fungal spores but did not affect host susceptibility to infection. The parasite’s sensitivity to solar radiation may underlie patterns in a lake survey: higher penetration of solar radiation into lakes correlated with smaller epidemics that started later in autumn (as incident sunlight declined). Thus, solar radiation, by diminishing infectivity of the parasite, may potently reduce disease.
Cyclic di‐GMP, an established secondary messenger still speeding up
Authors: Römling Ute
Published: October 2011

The secondary messenger cyclic di‐GMP coordinately regulates the transition between motility/sessility/virulence in bacterial populations and upon adaptation to novel habitats. Thereby, multiple independent regulatory circuits regulate a diversity of targets. This specific output response is surprising considering the diverse physiological processes regulated by this signalling molecule, which range from transcription to proteolysis and clearly demonstrates the presence of sophisticated developmental programmes in these so‐called simple organisms.
Anterior and posterior segment photography. An alternative approach using a dSLR camera adaptor
Authors: Pirie Chris G. , Pizzirani Stefano
Published: October 2011

Purpose  To describe a novel digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor for anterior and posterior segment photography.

Methods  The adaptor was used to evaluate canine, feline, and equine patients presenting to Tufts Ophthalmology service. Anterior segment imaging was conducted with the adaptor mounted between a dSLR camera body (Canon 7D) and a macro lens (Canon EF‐S 60mm/f2.8). Posterior segment imaging was performed with the aid of an indirect ophthalmic lens mounted in front of the macro lens. Coaxial illumination during viewing was provided by a single white light‐emitting diode (LED) within the adaptor, while illumination during exposure was provided by the pop‐up flash or an accessory flash. Corneal and/or lens reflections were eliminated using a pair of linear polarizers, having their azimuths at right angles to one another.

Results  This dSLR camera adaptor provides quality high‐resolution, reflection‐free, images of both the anterior and posterior segments. It was easy to transport, assemble, and handle. The necessary adjustments, positioning, and focusing required for quality images were easily performed.

Conclusion  The described dSLR camera adaptor provides an alternative to existing imaging systems. High‐resolution image acquisition occurred at a fraction of the cost of established imaging system, particularly those devoted to the posterior segment.
Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test results in clinically normal Long‐Eared Hedgehogs (Hemiechinus auritus): reference values
Authors: Ghaffari Masoud Selk , Hajikhani Ramin , Sahebjam Farzin , Akbarein Hessamodin , Golezardy Habib
Published: October 2011

Objective  The present study was undertaken to establish reference values for Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in the long‐eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus).

Animals  Fourteen healthy long‐eared hedgehogs (H. auritus) of either sex were studied.

Procedures  The hedgehogs were individually immobilized with an intramuscular injection of combined Ketamine (20 mg/kg) and Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg), and each animal underwent ophthalmic examinations including: STT, tonometry, biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Results  No significant effects of animal gender, weight, side (right vs. left eye) were found in this study. Mean (SD) STT values for all eyes (n = 28) were 1.7 ± 1.2 mm/1 min with a range of 0–4 mm/1 min. Mean STT in male animals was 2.2 ± 1.2. Mean STT in female Hedgehogs was 1.3 ± 1.1. Mean (SD) IOP values by applanation tonometry were 20.1 ± 4.0 mmHg (range 11.5–26.5 mmHg). Mean (SD) IOP values by applanation tonometry were 18.2 ± 4.0 and 22.0 ± 3.2 mmHg for males and females, respectively.

Conclusions  This study reports STT and IOP findings in long‐eared hedgehogs (H. auritus).
Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical features of the epidermis of the lizard Heloderma suspectum indicate richness in lipids and lack of a specialized shedding complex
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo , DeNardo D. F.
Published: October 2011

Alibardi, L. and DeNardo, D.F. 2011. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical features of the epidermis of the lizard Heloderma suspectum indicate richness in lipids and lack of a specialized shedding complex. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00: 1–9.

The epidermis of the venomous lizard Heloderma suspectum has been studied for detecting generalized and desert adaptations. A thick and non‐completely syncytial beta‐keratin layer is followed by 60–90 layers of mesos‐cells. Non‐lamellated or sparse lamellated lipid material is seen among mesos‐cells where lipids form the main barrier against water loss. The alpha‐layer is made of interlocking cells with irregular perimeter that are connected through desmosomal remnants. Immunocytochemistry shows that beta‐keratin is present in beta‐cells, disappears in mesos‐cells but is diffuse in alpha‐cells. Alpha‐keratin is seen in mesos‐cells but lowers in alpha‐cells where alpha‐keratin probably mixes with beta‐keratin. Although the sequence of layers formed during the renewal stage of the epidermis was not available, a specialized shedding layer with an outer oberhautchen faced to an inner clear layer appears absent in this species. This condition suggests that shedding occurs at the boundary between the outer (old) alpha‐layer and the inner (new) beta‐layer formed underneath the alpha‐layer. The thick mesos layer is likely an efficient adaptation to limit water loss in desert conditions while the poorly specialized shedding complex may suggest a primitive stage in the evolution of the shedding layer in this lizard or a special adaptation to water shortage.
Eighteen‐ and 24‐month‐old infants correct others in anticipation of action mistakes
Authors: Knudsen Birgit , Liszkowski Ulf
Published: October 2011

Much of human communication and collaboration is predicated on making predictions about others’ actions. Humans frequently use predictions about others’ action mistakes to correct others and spare them mistakes. Such anticipatory correcting reveals a social motivation for unsolicited helping. Cognitively, it requires forward inferences about others’ actions through mental attributions of goal and reality representations. The current study shows that infants spontaneously intervene when an adult is mistaken about the location of an object she is about to retrieve. Infants pointed out a correct location for an adult before she was about to commit a mistake. Infants did not intervene in control conditions when the adult had witnessed the misplacement, or when she did not intend to retrieve the misplaced object. Results suggest that preverbal infants anticipate a person’s mistaken action through mental attributions of both her goal and reality representations, and correct her proactively by spontaneously providing unsolicited information.
Hierarchical Deformation of Locally Rigid Meshes
Authors: Manson Josiah , Schaefer Scott
Published: October 2011

We propose a method for calculating deformations of models by deforming a low‐resolution mesh and adding details while ensuring that the details we add satisfy a set of constraints. Our method builds a low‐resolution representation of a mesh by using edge collapses and performs an as‐rigid‐as‐possible deformation on the simplified mesh. We then add back details by reversing edge‐collapses so that the shape of the mesh is locally preserved. While adding details, we deform the mesh to match the predicted positions of constraints so that constraints on the full‐resolution mesh are met. Our method operates on meshes with arbitrary triangulations, satisfies constraints over the full‐resolution mesh and converges quickly.
Tracking Measles Infection through Non-Linear State Space Models
Authors: Chen Shi , Fricks John , Ferrari Matthew J.
Published: October 2011

Estimating the burden of infectious disease is complicated by the general tendency for underreporting of cases. When the reporting rate is unknown, conventional methods have relied on accounting methods that do not make explicit use of surveillance data or the temporal dynamics of transmission and infection. State space models are a framework for various methods that allow dynamic models to be fitted with partially or imperfectly observed surveillance data. State space models are an appealing approach to burden estimation as they combine expert knowledge in the form of an underlying dynamic model but make explicit use of surveillance data to estimate parameter values, to predict unobserved elements of the model and to provide standard errors for estimates.
Reliability of skin‐type self‐assessment: agreement of adolescents’ repeated Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification ratings during a cohort study
Authors: Magin P. , Pond D. , Smith W. , Goode S. , Paterson N.
Published: October 2011

Background  The Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype Classification (FSPC) is the most commonly used measure of skin type. In questionnaire‐based surveys, self‐rated FSPC is often used as a measure of respondents’ skin type.

Objective  The objective of this analysis was to assess test‐retest reliability of the self‐rated FSPC within a 12‐month cohort study that examined the psychological sequelae of acne.

Methods  Participants were students aged 14–17 years in four Australian secondary schools; two‐government system schools and two private schools. The primary outcomes were a number of psychological measures. The FSPC was assessed by a single concise questionnaire item. Test‐retest agreement (as measured by quadratic weighted kappa) of participants’ self‐rated FSPC at three time‐points (baseline, 6 and 12 months) was calculated.

Results  Of the 244 participating students, 209 students (86%) completed all three rounds of data collection. A further 26 students (11%) completed two rounds. Quadratic weighted kappa for Rounds 1 and 2 was 0.757 (95% CI 0.663–0.831). For Rounds 2 and 3 it was 0.805 (95% CI 0.659–0.893). Between Rounds 1 and 3 it was 0.767 (95% CI 0.698–0.832). This represents good‐to‐very‐good agreement.

Skin type was retained as an independent variable in 8 of the16 regression models built to explain psychological outcomes in this study.

Conclusion  Skin type appears to be a significant factor in psychological morbidity in acne. The FSPC is a reliable method for assessing skin phenotype, even when elicited via a concise questionnaire item suitable for assessing skin type as a potential confounder in studies of other outcome factors.
Adiponectin levels, insulin resistance and their relationship with serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with Behçet’s disease
Authors: Şahin E. , Karaman G. , Uslu M. , Karul A. , Şendur N. , Şavk E.
Published: October 2011

Aim  Increased frequency of cardiovascular disease and its possible relations with insulin resistance have been reported in patients with inflammatory diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate insulin resistance and serum adiponectin levels as cardiovascular risk markers in patients with Behçet’s disease.

Method  Study population consisted of 40 patients with Behçet’s disease (BD) and a control group composed of age, gender, body mass index‐matched 46 healthy individuals. All patients were examined for signs of Behçet’s disease. Body mass index, waist and hip circumference were measured. Insulin resistance was evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance method. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lipid profile, high sensitive CRP (hsCRP), adiponectin, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels were measured.

Results  Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum hsCRP and IL‐6 levels were significantly higher in patients with BD than those in the controls (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). Fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels and lipid profile were not different between the two groups. Insulin resistance and decreased levels of the serum adiponectin were not detected in the patients. There was no relationship between insulin resistance, adiponectin levels and inflammatory markers. Active and inactive patients did not differ in respect of any parameters.

Conclusion  Being a systemic vasculitis, BD may cause cardiovascular involvement. In this study, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and low adiponectin levels were not detected among our patients with Behçet’s disease. Our results suggest that there exists no increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease associated with adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in patients with Behçet’s disease.
Phytomenadione pre‐treatment in EGFR inhibitor‐induced folliculitis
Authors: Tomková H. , Pospíšková M. , Zábojníková M. , Kohoutek M. , Šerclová M. , Gharibyar M. , Šternberský J.
Published: October 2011

Background  Targeted oncology therapy with inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with numerous cutaneous side effects. Acneiform eruptions are the most frequent skin toxicities reported. They may lead to impairment of patients’ quality of life and sometimes may even become severe enough to necessitate the interruption or cessation of therapy.

Objective  To assess the possible effect of topical phytomenadione (vitamin K1) pre‐treatment in diminishing the extent and severity of acne‐like follicular rash associated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy.

Methods  A series of 20 patients with colorectal cancer or head and neck cancer were pre‐treated with phytomenadione cream (0.05% in seven patients and 0.1% in 13 patients), starting morning before the first infusion of cetuximab or panitumumab, and followed up for the development of therapy‐associated folliculitis. The cream was prepared from phytomenadione solution added to a hydrophilic cream base, oil in water, to obtain the concentration of 0.05% or 0.1%.

Results  Majority of patients (15 out of 20, 75%) pre‐treated with phytomenadione cream experienced only mild, grade I acneiform eruptions. Five patients (25%) had grade II rash, which included two of seven patients pre‐treated with 0.05% phytomenadione cream and three of 13 patients who used 0.1% phytomenadione cream. Topical phytomenadione cream was well tolerated and no abnormalities in blood coagulation were observed.

Conclusions  Topical pre‐treatment with phytomenadione cream might become useful in epidermal growth factor inhibitor‐associated acneiform eruptions.
Governing transnational social problems: public health politics on the US–Mexico border
Authors: COLLINS‐DOGRUL JULIE
Published: October 2011

Governance research suggests that transnational networks are the key to developing and implementing cooperative public policy across borders. I examine this claim through analysing how the US–Mexico Border Health Commission, a policy instrument designed to enhance transnational public health cooperation, developed from idea to law in Mexico and the United States. Despite a long‐standing transnational network, the policy process took over ten years and was contentious, politicized by domestic policymaking in the United States. I show how transnational networked governance intersects with domestic politics and find that the structure of overlap between the two are places where actors promoting state and transnational interests struggle with each other to define public problems in an attempt to shape policy outcomes.
Constructing human wellbeing across spatial boundaries: negotiating meanings in transnational migration
Authors: WRIGHT KATIE
Published: October 2011

In this article, I examine how human wellbeing is constructed transnationally. Whereas much attention has been paid to migrants based in the North, how the out‐migration of kin affects the construction of human wellbeing of those living ‘back home’ remains little understood. Existing literature has tended to focus on the impact of financial remittances but the broader psychosocial impacts affecting human wellbeing outcomes have received less attention. In this article I suggest that this gap might be filled by adopting a human wellbeing approach to deepen understanding of what Peru‐based immediate relatives and close friends regard as the benefits and challenges of this migration. By examining how human wellbeing is constructed across material, perceptual and relational domains, this approach offers greater holism in analysis. I also extend work on ‘social remittances’ by offering insights into the meanings that ensure that migration continues to be regarded in Peru as a livelihood improvement strategy worth pursuing.
γ‐Secretase modulators do not induce Aβ‐rebound and accumulation of β‐C‐terminal fragment
Authors: Li Ting , Huang Yunhong , Jin Shiyi , Ye Liang , Rong Na , Yang Xiujuan , Ding Yu , Cheng Ziqiang , Zhang Jinqiang , Wan Zehong , Harrison David C. , Hussain Ishrut , Hall Adrian , Lee Daniel Hong Seng , Lau Lit‐Fui , Matsuoka Yasuji
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 277–286.

γ‐secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed to reduce amyloid‐β (Aβ) production for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by inhibiting the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, cross‐inhibitory activity on the processing of Notch can cause adverse reactions. To avoid these undesirable effects, γ‐secretase modulators (GSMs) are being developed to selectively reduce toxic Aβ production without perturbing Notch signaling. As it is also known that GSIs can cause a paradoxical increase of plasma Aβ over the baseline after a transient reduction (known as Aβ‐rebound), we asked if GSMs would cause a similar rebound and what the potential mechanism might be. Our studies were performed with one GSI (LY‐450139) and two chemically distinct GSMs. Although LY‐450139 caused Aβ‐rebound as expected in rat plasma, the two GSMs did not. Inhibition of APP processing by LY‐450139 induced an accumulation of γ‐secretase substrates, α‐ and β‐C‐terminal fragments of APP, but neither GSM caused such an accumulation. In conclusion, we discover that GSMs, unlike GSIs, do not cause Aβ‐rebound, possibly because of the lack of accumulation of β‐C‐terminal fragments. GSMs may be superior to GSIs in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease not only by sparing Notch signaling but also by avoiding Aβ‐rebound.
Trans‐equatorial migration, staging sites and wintering area of Sabine’s GullsLarus sabiniin the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: STENHOUSE IAIN J. , EGEVANG CARSTEN , PHILLIPS RICHARD A.
Published: October 2011

The migrations and winter distributions of most seabirds, particularly small pelagic species, remain poorly understood despite their potential as indicators of marine ecosystem health. Here we report the use of miniature archival light loggers (geolocators) to track the annual migration of Sabine’s GullLarus sabini, a small (c.200 g) Arctic‐breeding larid. We describe their migratory routes and identify previously unknown staging sites in the Atlantic Ocean, as well as their main Atlantic wintering area in the southern hemisphere. Sabine’s Gulls breeding in northeast Greenland displayed an average annual migration of almost 32 000 km (n = 6), with the longest return journey spanning close to 39 000 km (not including local movements at staging sites or within the wintering area). On their southern migration, they spent an average of 45 days in the Bay of Biscay and Iberian Sea, off the coasts of France, Spain and Portugal. They all wintered in close association with the cold waters of the Benguela Upwelling, spending an average of 152 days in that area. On their return north, Sabine’s Gulls staged off the west African coast (Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal), spending on average 19 days at this site. This leg of migration was particularly rapid, birds travelling an average of 813 km/day, assisted by the prevailing winds. Sabine’s Gulls generally followed a similar path on their outbound and return migrations, and did not exhibit the broad figure‐of‐eight pattern (anti clockwise in the southern hemisphere and clockwise in the northern hemisphere) seen in other trans‐equatorial seabirds in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Metabolic effects of intra‐abdominal fat in GHRKO mice
Authors: Masternak Michal M. , Bartke Andrzej , Wang Feiya , Spong Adam , Gesing Adam , Fang Yimin , Salmon Adam B. , Hughes Larry F. , Liberati Teresa , Boparai Ravneet , Kopchick John J. , Westbrook Reyhan
Published: October 2011

Mice with targeted deletion of the growth hormone receptor (GHRKO mice) are growth hormone (GH) resistant, small, obese, hypoinsulinemic, highly insulin sensitive and remarkably long‐lived. To elucidate the unexpected coexistence of adiposity with improved insulin sensitivity and extended longevity, we examined effects of surgical removal of visceral (epididymal and perinephric) fat on metabolic traits related to insulin signaling and longevity. Comparison of results obtained in GHRKO mice and in normal animals from the same strain revealed disparate effects of visceral fat removal (VFR) on insulin and glucose tolerance, adiponectin levels, accumulation of ectopic fat, phosphorylation of insulin signaling intermediates, body temperature, and respiratory quotient (RQ). Overall, VFR produced the expected improvements in insulin sensitivity and reduced body temperature and RQ in normal mice and had opposite effects in GHRKO mice. Some of the examined parameters were altered by VFR in opposite directions in GHRKO and normal mice, and others were affected in only one genotype or exhibited significant genotype × treatment interactions. Functional differences between visceral fat of GHRKO and normal mice were confirmed by measurements of adipokine secretion, lipolysis, and expression of genes related to fat metabolism. We conclude that in the absence of GH signaling, the secretory activity of visceral fat is profoundly altered and unexpectedly promotes enhanced insulin sensitivity. The apparent beneficial effects of visceral fat in GHRKO mice may also explain why reducing adiposity by calorie restriction fails to improve insulin signaling or further extend longevity in these animals.
Measurement and alienation: making a world of ecosystem services
Authors: Robertson Morgan
Published: October 2011

The development of markets in water quality, biodiversity and carbon sequestration signals a new intensification and financialisation in the encounter between nature and late capitalism. Following Neil Smith’s observations on this transformation, I argue that the commodification of such ‘ecosystem services’ is not merely an expansion of capital toward the acquisition or industrialisation of new resources, but the making of a new social world comparable to the transformation by which individual human labours became social labour under capitalism. Technologies of measurement developed by ecosystem scientists describe nature as exchange values, as something always already encountered in the commodity form. Examining these developments through specific cases in US water policy, I propose that examining this transformation can provide political ecology and the study of ‘neoliberal natures’ with a thematic unity that has been absent. I understand capital’s encounter with nature as a process of creating socially‐necessary abstractions that are adequate to bear value in capitalist circulation. Such an argument supersedes the issue of nature’s materiality and points toward a common language for the analysis of both humans and nature as two participants in the labour process. Political ecologists struggling with the commodification of nature have tended to overlook the social constitution of nature’s value in favour of explicit or implicit physical theories of value, often as more‐or‐less latent realisms. I suggest that critical approaches to nature must retain and elaborate a critical value theory, to understand both the imperatives and the silences in the current campaign to define the world as an immense collection of service commodities.
Urban Phosphorus Metabolism through Food Consumption
Authors: Li Gui‐Lin , Bai Xuemei , Yu Shen , Zhang Hua , Zhu Yong‐Guan
Published: October 2011

Urbanization has significant impacts on local, regional, and global biogeochemical cycles, including through nutrient enrichment by food consumption, and especially in rapidly urbanizing countries. This article presents a time‐series estimation of phosphorus (P) metabolism through food consumption in Chinese cities and examines its relationship to income level during the period 1985–2006. Our results show that approximately 39% of the total dietary P inflow is exported through direct sewage discharge without treatment, 35% is exported via the output of solid human excreta, 7% is exported through sewage sludge landfill, and 19% is left within urban areas. The total inflow of dietary P to urban systems increases with per capita disposable income level. Furthermore, the ratio of dietary P remaining in urban systems to total dietary P inflow, the dietary P remaining in urban systems per capita, and the dietary P remaining per unit urban built‐up area respond in an inverted U shape to increases in per capita disposable income; the per capita outflow of dietary P shows a U‐shaped response. These relationships may indicate that the impact of urban dietary P on urban environmental systems follows the traditional environmental Kuznets curve, while the environmental impact of urban dietary P on surrounding nonurban ecosystems initially decreases but then increases with the rising income of urban residents.
Review of a Geriatric Health Literacy Workshop for Medical Students and Residents
Authors: Farrell Timothy W.
Published: October 2011

The “Geriatric Health Literacy Workshop for Medical Students and Residents” developed by Seema Limaye, MD, introduces medical students and residents to important concepts in communicating with older adults with low health literacy through a variety of teaching modalities. The workshop is available on the Portal of Geriatric Online Education (POGOe) and includes a didactic session, role‐playing exercises, and a critique of patient education handouts. A preworkshop health literacy module and postworkshop clinical observation sessions reinforce the workshop content. The activity is designed to take approximately 2.5 hours to administer to small groups of three to five learners and is also suitable for interdisciplinary teams of health professions trainees. This POGOe product review highlights important features of the workshop and suggests opportunities for improvement.
Differences in Clinical Features and In‐Hospital Outcomes of Older Adults with Tako‐Tsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Citro Rodolfo , Rigo Fausto , Previtali Mario , Ciampi Quirino , Canterin Francesco Antonini , Provenza Gennaro , Giudice Roberta , Patella Marco Mariano , Vriz Olga , Mehta Rahul , Baldi Cesare , Mehta Rajendra H. , Bossone Eduardo
Published: October 2011

Objectives

To describe the clinical characteristics and in‐hospital outcomes of older adults with tako‐tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC).

Design

Partially retrospective, partially prospective observational study.

Setting

Eleven Italian referral cardiac centers included in the Tako‐tsubo Italian Network.

Participants

One hundred ninety consecutive individuals with TTC (92.1% female, mean age 66) were divided into three groups according to age (<65, n = 78; 65–74, n = 61; ≥75, n = 51).

Measurements

Clinical findings and in‐hospital outcomes were evaluated in each group.

Results

Participants aged 65 and older had a greater prevalence of hypertension (P = .001) and a lower glomerular filtration rate (P < .001), and those aged 65 to 74 had a greater prevalence of psychiatric disorders (P = .01), ST‐segment elevation on admission (P = .01) and a cerebrovascular disease (P = .003) than those younger than 65. Despite similar left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on admission (P = .26), the oldest group had a lower LVEF at discharge (P = .03). Inotropic agents were used more frequently in older adults (P = .03). In‐hospital composite adverse events (all‐cause death, acute heart failure, life‐threatening arrhythmias, stroke, and cardiogenic shock; P = .03) and overall complications (P = .004) were more common in participants aged 75 and older. Overall in‐hospital mortality was low (2.8%) but was more prevalent in participants aged 75 and older (6.3%). On multivariate analysis, age of 75 and older (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28–5.82, P = .04) and LVEF on admission (HR = 0.874, 95% CI = 0.81–0.95, P < .001) were the only independent predictors of in‐hospital adverse events.

Conclusion

The clinical profile of participants aged 75 and older with TTC was different from that of those younger than 75 with TTC, and they had a higher in‐hospital complication rate.
Analysis of Abstracts Presented at the Prosthodontic Research Section of IADR General Sessions 2004–2005: Demographics, Publication Rates, and Factors Contributing to Publication
Authors: Lee Damian J. , Yuan Judy Chia‐Chun , Prasad Soni , Barão Valentim Adelino Ricardo , Shyamsunder Nodesh , Sukotjo Cortino
Published: October 2011

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to describe the demographics of abstracts presented at the prosthodontics section of IADR General Sessions from 2004 to 2005, evaluate the publication rate of abstracts, and analyze the relationship between variables in abstracts and publication.

Materials and Methods: Prosthodontics research section abstracts from the IADR General Session in 2004 and 2005 were evaluated for: number of authors, presentation type, origin, affiliation, topic, study design, statistics, study outcome, and funding. The publication rate was calculated following a PubMed search. The journal of publication, year of publication, and the length of time before publication were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used for the data analysis; the relationships between presentation type, study design, study outcome, statistics, funding, and publication were analyzed using logistic regression (α= 0.05).

Results: From 346 abstracts, 37.0% were published. For oral presentations, 40.7% were published; 35.8% of poster presentations were published. The mean duration before publication was 26.4 months. North America had the most abstracts, and Europe had the most publications. Fixed prosthodontic research had the highest number and proportion for publication. A significant association with publication was noted for neutral study outcomes (p= 0.018), studies with funding (p= 0.035), and abstracts from Europe (p= 0.001).

Conclusions: The majority of abstracts from the prosthodontics research section of IADR General Sessions from 2004 and 2005 remain unpublished. A significant association for publication was noted with neutral outcomes, funding, and abstracts from Europe.
Biomechanical Testing of a Novel Suture Pattern for Repair of Equine Tendon Lacerations
Authors: Everett Eric , Barrett Jennifer G. , Morelli Jeffrey , DeVita Raffaella
Published: October 2011

Objective

To comparein vitrobiomechanical properties of a novel suture pattern to a current standard for primary repair of equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) laceration.

Study Design

In vitrorandomized, paired design.

Animals

Cadaveric equine forelimbSDFT(n= 24).

Methods

The 3‐loop pulley (3LP) and 6‐strandSavage (SSS) suture patterns were applied to transected equineSDFT. Ultimate failure load, stiffness, mode of failure, and load required to form a 3‐mm gap were obtained using a materials testing system and synchronized high‐speed video analysis. Statistical comparisons were made usingStudent's t‐test, with significance set atP< .05.

Results

TheSSSrepair failed at a higher ultimate load (421.1 N ± 47.6) than the 3LPrepair (193.7 N ± 43.0;P< .001). There was no significant difference in stiffness (P= .99). Failure mode was suture breakage for allSSSrepair and suture pull through for all 3LPrepair. The maximum load to create a 3‐mm gap in theSSSrepair (102.0 N ± 22.4) was not significantly different from the 3LPrepair (109.9 N ± 16.0;P= .27).

Conclusions

SSStenorrhaphy has improved strength and resistance to pull through compared with 3LPfor equineSDFTin a single load‐to‐failure test. Load required to form a 3‐mm gap was not significantly different betweenSSSand 3LP.