bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biometallurgical Recovery of Metals from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: a Review
Authors: Ilyas Sadia , Lee Jae‐chun
Published: August 2014

The feasibility of biometallurgical processing for recovering heavy metals, precious metals, and rare earth elements from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is critically reviewed. An overview of past achievements, present scenarios, and future prospects of these techniques is given. The potential of various lithotrophic and organotrophic microorganisms is particularly highlighted for extracting metals by producing inorganic and organic acids in the process. The metal‐binding ability of various biomaterials including algae, fungi, bacteria, and yeast as well as certain biopolymers and biowaste materials, is reviewed in view of recovering metals from WEEE.

Due to the increasing importance of heavy and precious metals and rare earths elements in the transition to a green energy economy based on high‐tech applications, coupled with the shortage of economical and/or operational primary deposits, a substantial improvement in the recycling of WEEE for recovery of metals is therefore an absolute necessity. This can only be realized by developing efficient and fully integrated recycling routes. Current work also focused on most probable recycling routes, with an emphasis on the state of the art in bioprocessing of WEEE.
Recent Developments in Computational Approaches to Optimization under Uncertainty and Application in Process Systems Engineering
Authors: Geletu Abebe , Li Pu
Published: August 2014

The major objective of this paper is to give concise summary and brief discussions on latest developments of optimization methods under uncertainty in process systems engineering (PSE) applications. The work focuses more on the explanation of results than on rigorous mathematical presentations. Results of PSE applications of the robust optimization as well as chance constrained optimization methods are summarized, by providing cross‐references to recent developments in the corresponding fields of mathematical optimization. The presented discussion is more inclined to the contributions of the authors. In particular, the chance constrained optimization methods is given more emphasis. As a result recent developments and future directions will be summarized in the context of PSE applications and related fields of applied sciences.
ChemInform Abstract: CrZn17+δ (‐0.75 ≤ δ ≤ 2.00): A Partly Disordered Complex Intermetallic Compound.
Authors: Jana Partha Pratim
Published: August 2014

The title phases are synthesized from the elements (Ar, silica ampule, 1273 K, 2 h, annealing at 703 K for 5 d) and characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Nonlinear Optical Effects in Nd‐Doped δ‐BiB3O6 Crystals.
Authors: Majchrowski A. , Wojciechowski A. , Kityk I. V. , Chrunik M. , Jaroszewicz L. R. , Michalski E.
Published: August 2014

Second harmonic generation, Pockels effect, and piezoelectricity are investigated on Nd‐doped δ‐BiB3O6 crystals obtained below 680 °C from stoichiometric BiB3O6 melt containing 1 at.% Nd3+ ions.
ChemInform Abstract: Rare‐Earth Cadmium Tellurite Chlorides with a Structural Type Exhibiting [Ln12(TeO3)12] Slabs Alternating with CdCl6 Octahedral Layers.
Authors: Kharitonov Ivan D. , Charkin Dmitri O. , Berdonosov Peter S. , Black Cameron , Downie Lewis J. , Lightfoot Philip , Dolgikh Valery A.
Published: August 2014

The new compounds CdSm2(TeO3)2Cl4 (I), CdEu2(TeO3)2Cl4 (II), and CdGd2(TeO3)2Cl4 (III) are synthesized by the salt flux method from mixtures of LnOCl (Ln: Sm, Eu, Gd), TeO2, and CdCl2 (850 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Chalcohalides, Ba4Ge2PbS8Br2, Ba4Ge2PbSe8Br2 and Ba4Ge2SnS8Br2: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Band Gaps, and Electronic Structures.
Authors: Lin Zuohong , Feng Kai , Tu Heng , Kang Lei , Lin Zheshuai , Yao Jiyong , Wu Yicheng
Published: August 2014

Single crystals of the new title compounds are prepared from mixtures of BaQ (Q: S, Se), MQ (M: Sn, Pb), GeQ2, and NaBr (Ar, silica tubes, 1123 K, 50 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Six New Tin—Sulfur Containing Compounds Obtained under Solvothermal Conditions.
Authors: Pienack Nicole , Luehmann Henning , Seidlhofer Beatrix , Ammermann Janina , Zeisler Christoph , Danker Felix , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

The structures of the new tin—sulfur containing compounds are determined by XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Azocinoindole Synthesis by a Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Ring Expansion of 2‐Propargyl‐β‐tetrahydrocarboline.
Authors: Zhang Lei , Chang Lina , Hu Hongwen , Wang Huaqin , Yao Zhu‐Jun , Wang Shaozhong
Published: August 2014

Gold‐catalyzed ring enlargement of N‐propargylated β‐tetrahydrocarbolines offers a general approach to 1H‐azocino[5,4‐b]indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Amine‐Tunable Ruthenium Catalysts for Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones.
Authors: Rodriguez Sonia , et al. et al.
Published: August 2014

Aryl and heteroaryl cyclic and alkyl ketones are asymmetrically reduced to alcohols by using the new chiral diphosphine diamine ruthenium complexes as catalyst with substrate/catalyst ratios of up to 100000.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Selective Semihydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes with Hypophosphorous Acid.
Authors: Cao Huanyang , Chen Tieqiao , Zhou Yongbo , Han Daoqing , Yin Shuang‐Feng , Han Li‐Biao
Published: August 2014

The optimized conditions allow the selective semihydrogenation of a broad range of terminal aromatic and aliphatic alkynes to afford the corresponding alkenes in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—F Bond Formation Using Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Rueda‐Becerril Montserrat , Mahe Olivier , Drouin Myriam , Majewski Marek B. , West Julian G. , Wolf Michael O. , Sammis Glenn M. , Paquin Jean‐Francois
Published: August 2014

The direct formation of C—F bonds by photodecarboxylation of aryloxyacetic acid derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Vicinal Difunctionalization of Alkenes: Chlorotrifluoromethylation with CF3SO2Cl by Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Oh Se Hwan , Malpani Yashwardhan R. , Ha Neul , Jung Young‐Sik , Han Soo Bong
Published: August 2014

The protocol is applied to the late‐stage functionalization of complicated biologically active compounds such as the pesticide rotenone and the insecticide (+)‐nootkatone.
ChemInform Abstract: RuIII(OTf)SalophenCH2—NHSiO2—Fe: An Efficient and Magnetically Recoverable Catalyst for Trimethylsilylation of Alcohols and Phenols with Hexamethyldisilazane.
Authors: Torki Maryam , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Moghadam Majid , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj
Published: August 2014

Application of this catalyst allows the selective silylation of primary benzylic, aliphatic alcohols and phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward Organocatalytic Alkylation of 2‐Arylacetaldehydes: An Approach Towards Bisabolanes.
Authors: Gualandi Andrea , Canestrari Pietro , Emer Enrico , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: August 2014

Macmillan′s catalyst is employed in the enantioselective α‐methylation of 2‐arylacetaldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: General Catalyst Control of the Monoisomerization of 1‐Alkenes to trans‐2‐Alkenes.
Authors: Larsen Casey R. , Erdogan Gulin , Grotjahn Douglas B.
Published: August 2014

A general method for the highly regioselective isomerization of the title compounds by an in‐situ formed Ru‐catalyst is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective Alkylation of Unactivated C(sp3)—H Bonds.
Authors: Wu Xuesong , Zhao Yan , Ge Haibo
Published: August 2014

A highly regioselective nickel catalyzed alkylation of 2,2‐disubstituted propionamides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced, Copper‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Amides with Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Halides at Room Temperature.
Authors: Do Hien‐Quang , Bachman Shoshana , Bissember Alex C. , Peters Jonas C. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: August 2014

A photoinduced transition‐metal catalyzed N‐alkylation of amides with unactivated secondary alkyl halides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Regioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Esterification.
Authors: Qu Jianping , Rossberg Lydia , Helmchen Guenter
Published: August 2014

A synthesis of a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic substituted chiral allyl esters with high enantiomeric excess from allyl phosphates is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen‐Bond‐Activated Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation via Allylic Alkyl Ethers: Challenging Leaving Groups.
Authors: Huo Xiaohong , Quan Mao , Yang Guoqiang , Zhao Xiaohu , Liu Delong , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: August 2014

The method is also applicable to the allylic alkylation of aldehydes, such as the transformation of (Ia) with phenylacetaldehyde which succeeds with moderate yield.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylstyrenes Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings with 1,1,1‐Trifluoroacetone Tosylhydrazone.
Authors: Jimenez‐Aquino Agustin , Vega Juan A. , Trabanco Andres A. , Valdes Carlos
Published: August 2014

The large‐scale synthesis of the trifluoromethyl source (I) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Arylated Quinones by Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Arylation of Phenols: Formal Synthesis of Phellodonin, Sarcodonin ε, Leucomelone and Betulinan A.
Authors: Deb Arghya , Agasti Soumitra , Saboo Tapish , Maiti Debabrata
Published: August 2014

In a few cases NaOH is found advantageous over K2CO3.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization: Direct Synthesis of N‐Substituted Phthalimides from Isocyanates and Benzoic Acids.
Authors: Shi Xian‐Ying , Renzetti Andrea , Kundu Soumen , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: August 2014

The cyclization reaction provides a facile and direct access to a wide variety of substituted phthalimides.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoselenium‐Catalyzed Mild Dehydration of Aldoximes: An Unexpected Practical Method for Organonitrile Synthesis.
Authors: Yu Lei , Li Hongyan , Zhang Xu , Ye Jianqing , Liu Jianping , Xu Qing , Lautens Mark
Published: August 2014

The reaction can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Melamine and Melamine‐Formaldehyde Polymers as Ligands for Palladium and Application to Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Sustainable Solvents.
Authors: Edwards Grant A. , Trafford Mitchell A. , Hamilton Alaina E. , Buxton Audrey M. , Bardeaux Matthew C. , Chalker Justin M.
Published: August 2014

The melamine/Pd(OAc)2 is soluble and active in both water and the renewable nontoxic organic solvent ethyl lactate (ELA).
ChemInform Abstract: Development of the Direct Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Primary B‐Alkyl MIDA‐Boronates and Aryl Bromides.
Authors: St. Denis Jeffrey D. , Scully Conor C. G. , Lee C. Frank , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: August 2014

While aryl chlorides are unreactive under the reaction conditions, aryl iodides are reactive but give homocoupled instead of cross‐coupling products.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Novel Fused Cycloheptatrienes Through Mn(II)‐Mediated Formal Intermolecular [2 + 2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Shu Wen‐Ming , Ma Jun‐Rui , Yang Yan , Wu An‐Xin
Published: August 2014

Application of 1,4‐benzoquinone, juglone or 1,4‐anthracenedione do not yield the corresponding products.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Formal [3 + 3] Cycloaddition of an Azomethine Ylide with 3‐Indolylmethanol: Enantioselective Construction of a Six‐Membered Piperidine Framework.
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhu Ren‐Yi , Dai Wei , Wang Cong‐Shuai , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: August 2014

For the first time the enantioselective cycloaddition of isatin‐derived 3‐indolylmethanol is presented realized by an unprecedented formal [3 + 3] cycloaddition of azomethine ylide instead of the common [3 + 2] cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Tungsten‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Allylic and Homoallylic Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Wang Chuan , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: August 2014

The first tungsten catalyzed general epoxidation of primary, secondary as well as tertiary allylic and homoallylic alcohols is presented using aqueous H2O2 as oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: DABCO‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Furans from Propargyl Alcohols and Methyl 2‐Perfluoroalkynoate.
Authors: Chong Qinglei , Xin Xiaoyi , Wang Chunxiang , Wu Fan , Wang Haolong , Shi Ji‐cheng , Wan Boshun
Published: August 2014

The title synthesis is applicable to a broad substrate scope under the present mild and effective conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Aryl or Vinyl Addition to Electron‐Deficient Alkenes Cascaded by Cationic Cyclization.
Authors: Zhou Bing , Hou Wei , Yang Yaxi , Feng Huijin , Li Yuanchao
Published: August 2014

The methodology is applied to accomplish a concise formal total synthesis of the natural alkaloids (.+‐.)‐physostigmine and (.+‐.)‐physovenine.
ChemInform Abstract: [Cp*IrCl2]2 Catalyzed Formation of 2,2′‐Biindoles from 2‐Ethynylanilines.
Authors: Kumaran Elumalai , Fan Wai Yip , Leong Weng Kee
Published: August 2014

The reaction can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Carbazole Synthesis via Pd/Cu‐Cocatalyzed Cross‐Coupling/Isomerization of 2‐Allyl‐3‐iodoindoles and Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Zhu Can , Ma Shengming
Published: August 2014

The structures of products (IIIa) and (VIII) are confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Dearomatizing [3 + 2] Annulation of α‐Imino Carbenoids with Aryl Rings Furnishing 3,4‐Fused Indole Skeletons.
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Funakoshi Yuuta , Murakami Masahiro
Published: August 2014

The title reaction constitutes a straightforward synthesis of 3,4‐fused dihydroindoles and indoles starting from simple 5‐aryl‐1‐alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Easy Two‐Step, Microwave‐Assisted Method for the Synthesis of Halophenyl Pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalines via Their Pyrrolo Precursors. Evaluation of Their Bioactivity.
Authors: Manta Stella , Gkaragkouni Dimitra‐Niki , Kaffesaki Eleni , Gkizis Petros , Hadjipavlou‐Litina Dimitra , Pontiki Eleni , Balzarini Jan , Dehaen Wim , Komiotis Dimitri
Published: August 2014

In a one‐pot three‐component reaction, 4‐halobenzaldehydes are condensed with MeNH2 and sodium diethyloxalacetate to 2,3‐dioxo‐5‐halophenylpyrrolo derivatives (III) which are then reacted with o‐phenylenediamine to form either non‐aromatized or aromatized halophenyl‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalines [(VI) or (VII), resp.].
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Methodology for Synthesis of Dihydropyrazole Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Wang Xu , Pan Ying‐ming , Huang Xiao‐chao , Mao Zhong‐yuan , Wang Heng‐shan
Published: August 2014

Title compounds (III) (22 examples) are prepared via addition of hydrazines (II) to propargyl alcohols (I) in the presence of a catalytic amount of tBuOK.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazoles Using Hierarchical Nanoporous Material.
Authors: Senthilkumar Samuthirarajan , Kumarraja Mayilvasagam
Published: August 2014

A highly ordered nanoporous aluminosilicate is prepared and successfully employed as reusable catalyst for the condensation of o‐phenylenediamine and aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Oxazole Derivatives via Palladium‐Catalyzed and Copper‐Mediated Cascade Oxidative Cyclization.
Authors: Zheng Jia , Zhang Min , Huang Liangbin , Hu Xiaohan , Wu Wanqing , Huang Huawen , Jiang Huangfeng
Published: August 2014

A novel approach to forge C—N and C—O bonds in one process for the synthesis of trisubstituted oxazole derivatives (III) and (V) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Stable Triformylmethane Synthon and Its Scalable Application to 7‐Acylamino‐3‐formylquinoline Syntheses.
Authors: Sawai Yasuhiro , Mizuno Masahiro , Ito Tatsuya , Yamano Mitsuhisa
Published: August 2014

Novel 2‐iminiomethylvinamidinium trihalide (II) shows non‐deliquescent nature in air.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Heterocyclization and Cyclopalladation of Selenoanisole Substituted Propargyl Imines: Synthesis and Reactivity of Pd—C Bond Towards Alkynes.
Authors: Racharlawar Shailesh S. , Shankar D. , Karkhelikar Manjusha V. , Sridhar B. , Likhar Pravin R.
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of dimeric cyclopalladated benzoselenophenes (II) is presented and their reactivity towards insertion of internal bisarylalkynes is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Ni/Cu‐Catalyzed Silylation via C—O Cleavage.
Authors: Zarate Cayetana , Martin Ruben
Published: August 2014

Advantages of the title method are mild conditions, robustness, and wide substrate scope allowing the coupling of Csp2—O and even Csp3—O bonds with similar efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Si‐ and N‐Containing Bicyclo[4.2.1]nona‐2,4‐dienes and Bicyclo[4.2.1]nona‐2,4,7‐trienes
Authors: D'yakonov V. A. , Kolokol'tsev D. I. , Kadikova G. N. , Dzhemilev U. M.
Published: August 2014

[via [6π + 2π] cycloaddition reactions].
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Asterredione.
Authors: Gai Sinan , Zhang Qing , Hu Xiangdong
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of the title compound (I) is accomplished over five linear steps in 21.5% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Remodeling Natural Products: Chemistry and Serine Hydrolase Activity of a Rocaglate‐Derived β‐Lactone.
Authors: Lajkiewicz Neil J. , Cognetta Armand B. III , Niphakis Micah J. , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Porco John A. Jr.
Published: August 2014

The title lactone (I) inhibits the serine hydrolases ACOT1/2 and ABHD10, and the serine peptidases CTSA and SCPEP1 in PC3 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Centrolobine.
Authors: Yang Zunhua , Kim Hee‐Doo
Published: August 2014

The target compound is prepared in 11 steps and 14% overall yield starting from D‐glyceraldehyde acetonide.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic β‐Functionalization of Saturated Carbonyl Compounds — The State of the Art
Authors: Wang Liang , Xiao Jian , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: August 2014

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry in Subcomponent Self‐Assembly
Authors: Castilla Ana M. , Ramsay William J. , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: August 2014

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Organic Ligands with Mixed N‐/O‐Donors Used in Construction of Functional Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Liang , Sun Wei‐Yin
Published: August 2014

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Mediated Self‐Assembled Porphyrin Metallacycles: Synthesis and Multipurpose Applications
Authors: Iengo Elisabetta , Cavigli Paolo , Milano Domenico , Tecilla Paolo
Published: August 2014

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Waste Free Organic Synthesis Using Nanostructured Hybrid Silicas
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Ilharco Laura M. , Pandarus Valerica , Fidalgo Alexandra , Beland Francois , Pagliaro Mario
Published: August 2014

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrins “World′s Smallest Beauty Cases”
Authors: Darakshan Mohi , Khan Nisar Ahmad
Published: August 2014

Review: potential use of cyclodextrins in cosmetic formulations with more emphasis on ecent developments, 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions Between Bicyclic Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Tam William , Jack Kelsey , Goodreid Jordan , Cockburn Neil
Published: August 2014

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward Reversible Control of Cucurbit[n]uril Complexes
Authors: Kaifer Angel E.
Published: August 2014

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Materials from Self‐Assembled Bis‐Urea Macrocycles
Authors: Shimizu Linda S. , Salpage Sahan R. , Korous Arthur A.
Published: August 2014

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Clarifying the Magnetism of Multiferroics with X‐Rays
Authors: Paolasini Luigi
Published: August 2014

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antibacterial and Antifungal Vaccines Based on Synthetic Oligosaccharides
Authors: Balbin Yury Valdes , Rodriguez Maria C. , Bencomo Vicente Verez
Published: August 2014

Review: 194 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoporous Polymers: Bridging the Gap Between Molecular and Solid Catalysts?
Authors: Rose Marcus
Published: August 2014

Review: [83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Critical Review: Effects of Complex Interactions on Structure and Dynamics of Supported Metal Catalysts
Authors: Frenkel Anatoly I. , Cason Michael W. , Elsen Annika , Jung Ulrich , Small Matthew W. , Nuzzo Ralph G. , Vila Fernando D. , Rehr John J. , Stach Eric A. , Yang Judith C.
Published: August 2014

Review: 275 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonexponential Kinetics of Surface Chemical Reactions
Authors: Snopok B. A.
Published: August 2014

Review: 222 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonlinear Optical Imaging — Introduction and Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Fussell Andrew L. , Isomaki Antti , Strachan Clare J.
Published: August 2014

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Natural Product Molecules Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism
Authors: Batista, Joao M. Jr. , Bolzani Vanderlan da Silva
Published: August 2014

Review: 131 refs.
Temperature dependant crosstalk analysis in coupled single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle interconnects
Authors: Rai Mayank Kumar , Sarkar Sankar
Published: August 2014

The temperature‐dependent, crosstalk‐induced, noise voltage waveform and its frequency spectrum, in capacitive coupled single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle interconnects, at the far end of victim line, have been analyzed at 22‐nm technology node. A similar analysis is performed for copper interconnects and a comparison is made between the results of these two analyses. The SPICE simulation results reveal that at temperature variations ranging from 300 to 500 K, compared with conventional metal (copper) conductors, crosstalk noise voltage levels in CNT, at the far end of victim line, are significantly low. Simulated results further reveal that, with rise in interconnect temperatures, compared with copper interconnects, coupled interconnects of SWCNT bundle filter more noise frequency components. Based on these comparative results, an improved model for extracting inter‐bundle, real life, coupling capacitances between SWCNT bundles has been proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When extraordinary injustice leads to ordinary response: How perpetrator power and size of an injustice event affect bystander efficacy and collective action
Authors: Glasford Demis E. , Pratto Felicia
Published: August 2014

Although bystanders can play an integral role in the process of social change, relatively few studies have examined the factors that influence bystander collective action. The present research explores the effect of perpetrator power on bystander efficacy and collective action, as well as the moderating role of impact of the injustice event. Across two experiments, bystanders perceived that collective action would be less effective and were less willing to engage in collective action when a high‐power perpetrator engaged in injustice, compared with a low‐power perpetrator. These effects were moderated by impact of the injustice event, such that the effects of power were especially present under conditions of large impact (many victims), compared with small impact (fewer victims). Whereas the effect of the interaction of perpetrator power and impact on bystander efficacy was explained by perceptions of normativity of the injustice event, the effect of the interaction on bystander collective action was explained by bystander efficacy. Implications for bystander collective action and social change are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polychlorinated biphenyl congener distributions in burbot: Evidence for a latitude effect
Authors: Stapanian Martin A. , Madenjian Charles P. , Cott Peter A. , Rediske Richard R. , O'Keefe James P.
Published: August 2014

The authors compared the distributions of the congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) detected in whole-body samples of burbot (Lota lota) from Great Slave Lake and Lake Erie. Total PCB concentrations in Great Slave Lake burbot were about one-sixtieth of the concentrations in Lake Erie burbot. Burbot from Great Slave Lake contained a higher proportion of lower-chlorinated (2–6 chlorines) congeners than did burbot from Lake Erie; the reverse occurred for more highly chlorinated (7–9 chlorines) congeners. Hexachloro congeners, followed by pentachloro congeners, dominated the proportions of total PCBs in burbot from both lakes. There were no differences between sexes in whole-body samples or between gonad and somatic tissues in the proportions of the 39 congeners and 3 sets of coeluters detected in burbot from Great Slave Lake. In contrast, there were distinct sex differences in congener distributions for older burbot from Lake Erie. The results generally supported a prediction of higher proportions of lower-chlorinated PCB homologs in organisms in remote polar areas. However, the latitudinal effect on PCB congener distribution may be more complex than that portrayed in previous studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2448–2454. © 2014 SETAC
Functional analysis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter transporters GlyT1, GAT‐1, and GAT‐3 in astrocytes of the lateral superior olive
Authors: Stephan Jonathan , Friauf Eckhard
Published: August 2014

Neurotransmitter clearance from the synaptic cleft is a major function of astrocytes and requires neurotransmitter transporters. In the rodent lateral superior olive (LSO), a conspicuous auditory brainstem center, both glycine and GABA mediate synaptic inhibition. However, the main inhibitory input from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) appears to be glycinergic by postnatal day (P) 14, when circuit maturation is almost accomplished. Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings at P3‐20, we analyzed glycine transporters (GlyT1) and GABA transporters (GAT‐1, GAT‐3) in mouse LSO astrocytes, emphasizing on their developmental regulation. Application of glycine or GABA induced a dose‐ and age‐dependent inward current and a respective depolarization. The GlyT1‐specific inhibitor sarcosine reduced the maximal glycine‐induced current (IGly (max)) by about 60%. The GAT‐1 and GAT‐3 antagonists NO711 and SNAP5114, respectively, reduced the maximal GABA‐induced current (IGABA (max)) by about 35%. Furthermore, [Cl−]o reduction decreased IGly (max) and IGABA (max) by about 85 to 95%, showing the Cl− dependence of GlyT and GAT. IGABA (max) was stronger than IGly (max), and the ratio increased developmentally from 1.6‐fold to 3.7‐fold. Together, our results demonstrate the functional presence of the three inhibitory neurotransmitter transporters GlyT1, GAT‐1, and GAT‐3 in LSO astrocytes. Furthermore, the uptake capability for GABA was higher than for glycine, pointing toward eminent GABAergic signaling in the LSO. GABA may originate from another source than the MNTB‐LSO synapses, namely from another projection or from reversal of astrocytic GATs. Thus, neuronal signaling in the LSO appears to be more versatile than previously thought. GLIA 2014;62:1992–2003
Technical standards for hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) research
Authors: Slagle Betty L. , Andrisani Ourania M. , Bouchard Michael J. , Lee Caroline G.L. , Ou J.‐H. James , Siddiqui Aleem
Published: August 2014

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The life cycle of HBV is complex and has been difficult to study because HBV does not infect cultured cells. The HBV regulatory X protein (HBx) controls the level of HBV replication and possesses an HCC cofactor role. Attempts to understand the mechanism(s) that underlie HBx effects on HBV replication and HBV‐associated carcinogenesis have led to many reported HBx activities that are likely influenced by the assays used. This review summarizes experimental systems commonly used to study HBx functions, describes limitations of these experimental systems that should be considered, and suggests approaches for ensuring the biological relevance of HBx studies. (Hepatology 2015;61:1416–1424)
Self‐aggregation of amphiphilic [60]fullerenyl focal point functionalized PAMAM dendrons into pseudodendrimers: DNA binding involving dendriplex formation
Authors: Hung Cheng‐Hsiang , Chang Wen‐Wei , Liu Ssu‐Ching , Wu Shang‐Jung , Chu Chih‐Chien , Tsai Ya‐Ju , Imae Toyoko
Published: August 2014

In this research, we successfully performed a “click” synthesis of amphiphilic poly(amido amine) dendron‐bearing fullerenyl conjugate (C60G1) using a copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The strong hydrophobicity of the C60 moiety induces self‐assembly of C60G1 into core–shell‐like “pseudodendrimers” with a uniform size distribution and positively charged peripherals. The pseudodendrimers were well‐characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. On the basis of electrostatic interactions, the polycationic C60G1 assembly can serve as a nonviral gene vector. An ethidium bromide displacement assay and agarose gel electrophoresis both indicated that C60G1 assembly forms stable complexes with the cyclic reporter gene (pEGFP‐C1) at low nitrogen‐to‐phosphorous (N/P) ratios. AFM analysis revealed a dynamic complex‐formation process, and confirmed the synthesis of C60G1/pEGFP‐C1 hybrids with a particle dimensions less than 200 nm. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that 51% of HeLa and 43% of MCF‐7 cells are positive to the YOYO‐1‐labeled hybrids at an N/P ratio of 2, being comparable to TurboFect‐mediated delivery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1595–1604, 2015.
Detection of Phosphorylated Insulin Receptor in Colorectal Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma: Implications for Prognosis and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Abbruzzese Claudia , Diodoro Maria Grazia , Sperduti Isabella , Mileo Anna Maria , Pattaro Giada , De Salvo Laura , Cosimelli Maurizio , Perrotti Nicola , Paggi Marco G.
Published: August 2014

Colorectal carcinoma remains among the most frequent causes of cancer death. Besides the well‐known genetic predisposition, a key role in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma etio‐pathogenesis, mainly in sporadic cases, is played by definite risk factors, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hyper‐insulinemia, and insulin therapy. These epidemiological data motivated us to determine, by means of immunohistochemistry, the amount of activated (phosphorylated) insulin receptor in archival samples from 22 colorectal adenoma and 117 adenocarcinoma patients, with the objective to estimate the role of this factor in colorectal epithelium transformation and cancer progression. Statistical analysis of the results clearly showed that positive staining for phosphorylated insulin receptor was significantly more frequent in adenomas than adenocarcinomas (P < 0.0001) and, within the adenocarcinoma cohort, it was more frequent in low‐grade tumors (P = 0.005). In adenomas, staining was exclusively cytoplasmic, while in adenocarcinomas it was cytoplasmic and/or nuclear (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, disease‐free survival in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients pointed out a significantly better prognosis for those bearing a positive staining for phosphorylated insulin receptor (P = 0.02). From these data, we can argue that activated insulin receptor plays a fundamental role at the early stages of tumorigenesis, where late stages could be characterized by a shift toward more active oncogenic drivers. Determining the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor could thus represent a novel prognostic/predictive tool in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 562–567, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Assessment of the effect of ofatumumab on cardiac repolarization
Authors: Jewell Roxanne C. , Laubscher Kevin , Lewis Eric , Fang Lei , Gafoor Zarina , Carey Jodi , McKeown Astrid , West Sarah , Wright Oliver , Sedoti Donna , Dixon Iestyn , Hottenstein Charles Scott , Chan Geoffrey
Published: August 2014

Ofatumumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to a unique CD20 epitope on the surface of B lymphocytes, resulting in efficient lysis of CD20‐expressing cells via complement‐dependent cytotoxicity and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. The potential effect of ofatumumab on cardiac repolarization and the relationship between ofatumumab concentration and change in corrected QT interval (ΔQTcF) were evaluated in data from three clinical trials in 82 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia receiving ofatumumab alone (n = 14), ofatumumab with chemotherapy (n = 33), and chemotherapy alone (n = 35). Because of ofatumumab accumulation, baseline QTcF interval was recorded prior to the first infusion for each patient. No patient had a post‐baseline QTcF interval >480 milliseconds or a ΔQTcF >60 milliseconds; five patients (four on ofatumumab) had a ΔQTcF between 30 and 60 milliseconds. At cycle 6 (week 21; 308 μg/mL), there was an increase in QTcF in patients on ofatumumab treatment, with an estimated between‐treatment difference (90% CI) of 12.5 (4.5, 20.5) milliseconds. However, at the visit with the highest median concentration (week 8; 1386 μg/mL), median ΔQTcF was 4.8 milliseconds. There was no significant relationship between ofatumumab plasma concentration and ΔQTcF. Ofatumumab did not have a clinically significant effect on cardiac repolarization.
South African Serial Homicide: Offender and Victim Demographics and Crime Scene Actions
Authors: Salfati C. Gabrielle , Labuschagne Gerard N. , Horning Amber M. , Sorochinski Marina , De Wet Jackie
Published: August 2014

There is an abundance of literature on serial homicide from a Western perspective that outlines operational definitions, types of offenders and how they prey upon their victims. However, currently, there is a lack of studies that compare serial homicide in different countries. The current study aims to give an overview of the demographics of serial homicide offenders and victims in South Africa and compare these to the demographics of offenders and victims from other currently available empirical studies of other countries. The sample consisted of 33 out of the total 54 solved series in South Africa between 1936–2007, which includes a total of 33 offenders, 302 victims, and 254 crime scenes. Results of the sample as a whole showed that South African serial homicide offenders are similar to offenders in other countries in terms of their actions at the crime scene and victim choice, with some notable exceptions. Additional analysis looked at the offender's consistency of targeting certain types of victims across their homicide series in comparison with the patterns of serial homicide offenders in other countries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
South African Serial Homicide: Consistency in Victim Types and Crime Scene Actions Across Series
Authors: Salfati C. Gabrielle , Horning Amber M. , Sorochinski Marina , Labuschagne Gerard N.
Published: August 2014

Key to understanding the significance of behavioural evidence for linkage purposes is in establishing how consistently an offender displays the same or similar behaviours across their series. There have however to date been very few studies aiming at identifying salient components of offending behaviour that can be used reliably for linking individual crimes as part of a single series. In addition, studies that have been conducted have all dealt with serial homicide in the Western world and have been based on small samples of cases from each country. Some of the recent literature has started to disentangle some of these salient features, notably the victim, violence levels, control, and planning. The current study focused on evaluating the consistency of these features across series, using a sample of serial homicides from South Africa consisting of 30 offenders with a total of 283 victims and 235 crime scenes. Results indicate that the level of interaction with the victim may be influential to the stability or instability of offending patterns across the series. How offenders approach planning in their offence also showed a certain degree of consistency, with patterns of violence being the least consistent across the series of all components tested. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient‐based radiographic exposure factor selection: a systematic review
Authors: Ching William , Robinson John , McEntee Mark
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Digital technology has wider exposure latitude and post‐processing algorithms which can mask the evidence of underexposure and overexposure. Underexposure produces noisy, grainy images which can impede diagnosis and overexposure results in a greater radiation dose to the patient. These exposure errors can result from inaccurate adjustment of exposure factors in response to changes in patient thickness. This study aims to identify all published radiographic exposure adaptation systems which have been, or are being, used in general radiography and discuss their applicability to digital systems.

Methods

Studies in EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS were systematically reviewed. Some of the search terms used were exposure adaptation, exposure selection, exposure technique, 25% rule, 15% rule, DuPont™ Bit System and radiography. A manual journal‐specific search was also conducted in The Radiographer and Radiologic Technology. Studies were included if they demonstrated a system of altering exposure factors to compensate for variations in patients for general radiography. Studies were excluded if they focused on finding optimal exposures for an ‘average’ patient or focused on the relationship between exposure factors and dose.

Results

The database search uncovered 11 articles and the journal‐specific search uncovered 13 articles discussing systems of exposure adaptation. They can be categorised as simple one‐step guidelines, comprehensive charts and computer programs.

Conclusion

Only two papers assessed the efficacy of exposure adjustment systems. No literature compares the efficacy of exposure adaptations system for film/screen radiography with digital radiography technology nor is there literature on a digital specific exposure adaptation system.
Evaluation of tertiary pyridine resin for the separation of lanthanides by simulated moving‐bed chromatography
Authors: Sreedhar Balamurali , Suzuki Tatsuya , Hobbs David T. , Kawajiri Yoshiaki
Published: August 2014

Lanthanide separation by simulated moving‐bed chromatography was studied as a model system for separating lanthanide fission products and minor actinides from used nuclear fuels. The simulated moving‐bed system was modeled for a tertiary pyridine anion‐exchange resin supported on silica particles as the stationary phase and a mixture of methanol and 1M nitric acid as the mobile phase. Pulse injection tests using a single packed column were used to obtain chromatographic parameters for mathematical modeling of the simulated moving‐bed system. Higher concentrations of methanol improved the separation, but the chromatograms showed evidence of nonlinearity of the isotherms. The mathematical model of the simulated moving‐bed process predicted a production rate of purified samarium and neodymium at 118 g solute/L resin/day and a purity of 99.5%. The optimal methanol ratio for the production rate for various product purities was determined from the model. The excellent separation of Nd and Sm suggests that the simulated moving‐bed system could be applied to the separation of minor actinides such as americium and curium.
Enteric glial cells: New players in Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Clairembault Thomas , Leclair‐Visonneau Laurène , Neunlist Michel , Derkinderen Pascal
Published: August 2014

Lewy pathology has been described in neurons of the enteric nervous system in nearly all Parkinson's disease (PD) patients at autopsy. The enteric nervous system not only contains a variety of functionally distinct enteric neurons but also harbors a prominent component of glial cells, the so‐called enteric glial cells, which, like astrocytes of the central nervous system, contribute to support, protect, and maintain the neural network. A growing body of evidence supports a role for enteric glial cells in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and chronic constipation. We have recently shown that enteric glial cell dysfunction occurs in PD. In the present review, we discuss the possible implications of enteric glia in PD‐related gut dysfunction as well as in disease initiation and development. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
An automated tool for cortical feature analysis: Application to differences on 7 Tesla T2*‐weighted images between young and older healthy subjects
Authors: Doan Nhat Trung , van Rooden Sanneke , Versluis Maarten J. , Buijs Mathijs , Webb Andrew G. , van der Grond Jeroen , van Buchem Mark A. , Reiber Johan H.C. , Milles Julien
Published: August 2014

Purpose

High field T2*‐weighted MR images of the cerebral cortex are increasingly used to study tissue susceptibility changes related to aging or pathologies. This paper presents a novel automated method for the computation of quantitative cortical measures and group‐wise comparison using 7 Tesla T2*‐weighted magnitude and phase images.

Methods

The cerebral cortex was segmented using a combination of T2*‐weighted magnitude and phase information and subsequently was parcellated based on an anatomical atlas. Local gray matter (GM)/white matter (WM) contrast and cortical profiles, which depict the magnitude or phase variation across the cortex, were computed from the magnitude and phase images in each parcellated region and further used for group‐wise comparison. Differences in local GM/WM contrast were assessed using linear regression analysis. Regional cortical profiles were compared both globally and locally using permutation testing. The method was applied to compare a group of 10 young volunteers with a group of 15 older subjects.

Results

Using local GM/WM contrast, significant differences were revealed in at least 13 of 17 studied regions. Highly significant differences between cortical profiles were shown in all regions.

Conclusion

The proposed method can be a useful tool for studying cortical changes in normal aging and potentially in neurodegenerative diseases. Magn Reson Med 74:240–248, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative amide proton transfer imaging with reduced interferences from magnetization transfer asymmetry for human brain tumors at 3T
Authors: Zhao Xuna , Wen Zhibo , Li Chunmei , Chen Min , Wang Yi , Gao Jia‐Hong
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To develop a novel analysis method to evaluate quantitative amide proton transfer (qAPT) effects with reduced interference of conventional magnetization transfer effect.

Methods

A modified Z‐spectrum is generated by a fitting procedure that achieves an effectively reduced magnetization transfer asymmetry. A qAPT map is then produced by subtraction of the original Z‐spectrum from the modified version. This approach has been tested on both healthy volunteers and patients with brain tumors. Comparisons are made between the maps of qAPT and the commonly‐used MTRasym(3.5 ppm) at different saturation powers. The negative background (NB) in MTRasym(3.5 ppm) image is recovered from the difference between the MTRasym(3.5 ppm) and qAPT maps.

Results

Both qAPT and MTRasym(3.5 ppm) are strongly dependent on saturation power. At a saturation power below 2 µT, the MTRasym(3.5 ppm) map is dominated by the NB rather than the APT effects for healthy brain tissue. Similar to the MTRasym(3.5 ppm) image, the qAPT image exhibits strong and robust tumor contrast.

Conclusion

The newly‐developed analysis method of qAPT is able to obtain a quantitative APT effect with less inferences from magnetization transfer asymmetry as compared to the conventional MTRasym(3.5 ppm) and can be used to evaluate human brain tumors at 3T. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Magn Reson Med 74:208–216, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐located Nonprofit Centers
Authors: Vinokur‐Kaplan Diane , McBeath Bowen
Published: August 2014

Nonprofit centers are organized to house individual nonprofits “under one roof” to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness and to offer shared services to diminish administrative load. This post‐occupancy tenant satisfaction survey of three such US centers represents the first empirical analysis of such organizations. We find that nonprofit tenants (N = 118) initially co‐located due to the leasing price and the new physical environment (free parking and safety). Nearly all nonprofit tenants wished to remain at their nonprofit centers, largely for the same reasons that brought them there. The article then discusses strategies to achieve the high response rates attained in this study. It concludes with some implications for nonprofit centers, communities, and nonprofit staff—now and in the future, including lower occupancy costs and enhanced quality of nonprofits’ workspace.
Advances in Isoflavone Profile Characterisation using Matrix Solid‐phase Dispersion Coupled to HPLC/DAD in Medicago Species
Authors: Visnevschi‐Necrasov Tatiana , Barreira João C. M. , Cunha Sara C. , Pereira Graça , Nunes Eugénia , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P.
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Analytical methods used in phytochemistry analysis are limited by the sample preparation step, which should ideally be fast, accurate, ecofriendly and achievable using low quantities of the sample. Matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) may be a good alternative for combining extraction and purification procedures, thereby reducing the indicated limitations.

Objective

Applying an MSPD extraction procedure coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography diode‐array detection (HPLC/DAD) as an alternative methodology to evaluate isoflavone profiles.

Methods

Isoflavone profiles were determined for the leaves of nine species of Medicago in the late flower phenological stage (one or more nodes with 50% open flowers, no seed pods). Extraction was performed following MSPD, and isoflavone profiles were characterised using HPLC/DAD. The quantified amounts were compared with previous results in different species commonly recognised as good sources of isoflavones.

Results

Formononetin was the major isoflavone in most species, except M. polymorpha and M. truncatula. The isoflavone amounts were significantly different among the assayed species, with M. orbicularis and M. arabica as the major isoflavone sources, while M. rigidula presented the lowest contents. Furthermore, the detected differences allow electing the best species as a primary source of a specific isoflavone.

Conclusion

The MSPD allowed good extraction efficiency, reproducibility and recovery. Some of the species showed relevant isoflavone contents, even when compared with acknowledged plant sources such as soy or red clover. To the best of our knowledge the results presented are reported for the first time in these species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of amphiphilic homopolymers with high chain end functionality by SET–LRP
Authors: Samanta Shampa R. , Cai Ruilong , Percec Virgil
Published: August 2014

Single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET–LRP) of two amphiphilic acrylates, 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate up to [M]0/[I]0 = 1,000 and di(ethylene glycol) 2‐ethylhexyl ether acrylate up to [M]0/[I]0 = 200, is accomplished with good control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol at 25 °C using hydrazine activated Cu(0) wire as catalyst, methyl 2‐bromopropionate as initiator, and Me6‐TREN as ligand. The chain end functionality of the resulting polymers has been analyzed by MALDI‐TOF spectrometry to demonstrate the synthesis of perfect or near‐perfect chain‐end functional amphiphilic homopolymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 294–303