bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some modified mathematical analytic derivations of the annual total relevant cost of the inventory model with two levels of trade credit in the supply chain system
Authors: Srivastava Hari M. , Chung Kun‐Jen , Liao Jui‐Jung , Lin Shy‐Der , Chuang Sheng‐Tu
Published: May 2019

Several recent studies in supply chain system and related areas explored various economic order quantity (EOQ) models for noninstantaneous deteriorating items with imperfect quality and trade credit financing. In particular, in the year 2007, Teng et al investigated an EOQ model in which the supplier offers the retailer the permissible delay period M and the retailer, in turn, provides the trade credit period N (with
) to his/her customers. The main purpose of this article is twofold: (a) It modifies the annual total relevant cost TVC(T) in the study of Teng et al and presents the correct derivations of TVC(T) by applying mathematical analytic tools and techniques. (b) It exposes some logical and mathematical problems in the proof of Theorem 1 in Teng et al. It also corrects and overcomes all of the errors and shortcomings by systematically presenting the complete and mathematical solution procedures in order to locate all optimal solutions for the model in Teng et al.
A nonprobabilistic reliability–based topology optimization method of compliant mechanisms with interval uncertainties
Authors: Wang Lei , Liang Jinxiong , Chen Wenpin , Qiu Zhiping
Published: May 2019

On account of the inevitable multisource uncertainty factors in compliant mechanisms, which seriously affect the accuracy of output motion, a nonprobabilistic reliability–based topology optimization (NRBTO) framework for compliant mechanisms with interval uncertainties is introduced. Combined with the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) model and the set‐theoretical interval method, the uncertainty quantification analysis is conducted to obtain mathematical approximations and boundary laws of considered mean compliance. By normalization treatment of the limit‐state function, a new quantified measure of the nonprobabilistic reliability is then defined. The compliance‐based NRBTO design method ensures the output motion realizing its target value accurately considering the uncertainty factors. The sensitivities of the nonprobabilistic reliability index with respect to design variables are calculated by the adjoint vector method. Two engineering examples are eventually presented to illustrate the applicability and the validity of the present problem statement as well as the proposed numerical techniques.
X‐chromosome inactivation pattern of amniocytes predicts the risk of dystrophinopathy in fetal carriers of DMD mutations
Authors: He Wen‐Bin , Du Juan , Xie Ping‐Yuan , Zhou Shuang , Zhang Ya‐Xin , Lu Guang‐Xiu , Lin Ge , Li Wen , Tan Yue‐Qiu
Published: May 2019

Objective

To predict the risk of dystrophinopathy in fetal carriers of dystrophin gene (DMD) mutations.

Methods

Twenty‐three pregnant women, with a total of 25 female fetuses carrying DMD mutations, were recruited. Among them, 13 pregnant women who participated in this study were only used to analyse the incidence of induced abortion after fetuses were diagnosed as dystrophinopathy carriers. Eleven fetal carriers from 10 pregnant women were tested to analyse X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) using amniocytes to assess the risk of dystrophinopathy. Follow‐ups were conducted on all cases.

Results

Approximately one‐third of fetuses were aborted before assessing the risk of dystrophinopathy. XCI analysis of amniocytes showed that 10 fetuses had random XCI patterns, and one fetus exhibited a highly skewed XCI pattern (100:0) with primary expression of the maternal X chromosome that carried the mutant allele. These 11 fetal carriers were born, and follow‐up showed that the girl who showed the skewed XCI pattern as a fetus was diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) at the age of four. The others did not present with dystrophinopathy‐associated symptoms.

Conclusions

XCI was significantly implicated in symptomatic female carriers of dystrophinopathies, and XCI pattern analysis of amniocytes may be useful in predicting the risk of dystrophinopathy in fetal carriers.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Achievement Goal Orientations Shift with Age
Authors: Zheng Anqing , Briley Daniel A. , Malanchini Margherita , Tackett Jennifer L. , Harden K. Paige , Tucker–Drob Elliot M.
Published: May 2019

Students engage in learning activities with different achievement goal orientations. Some students pursue learning for learning sake (i.e. mastery goal orientation), some are driven by gaining favourable judgement of their performance (i.e. performance approach goal orientation), and others focus on avoiding negative judgement (i.e. performance avoidance goal orientation). These goal orientations are linked with academic achievement, and troublingly, students report decreasing levels of goal orientations across the school years. However, little is known concerning the mechanisms that drive this decline. In a large ( N = 891 twin pairs) cross–sectional genetically informative sample (age = 8 to 22 years), we found that older students reported lower goal orientations. Then, we identified shifts in the magnitude of genetic and environmental variance in each goal orientation. For example, variance in mastery goal orientation was primarily associated with environmental factors during the elementary school years. As students entered high school, genetic influences increased, replacing shared environmental influences. Finally, we situated these findings in the larger nomological network by testing associations with psychological constructs (e.g. personality and cognitive ability) and contextual variables (e.g. parents, schools, and peers). The development of academic motivation is complex with many interconnecting factors that appear to shift with age © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
Treatment of Relapsed Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Four Young Children with Atorvastatin and Low‐dose Dexamethasone
Authors: Huang Jinhao , Li Lihong , Zhang Jingyi , Gao Chuang , Quan Wei , Tian Ye , Sun Jian , Tian Qilong , Wang Dong , Dong Jingfei , Zhang Jianning , Jiang Rongcai
Published: May 2019

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) can develop in children in rare cases. Burr‐hole drainage (BHD) is the treatment of choice, but it is associated with a high rate of recurrence. This report describes four cases of pediatric patients (1–7 yrs of age) with post‐BHD relapsed CSDH who were successfully treated with a drug regimen that included 2.5–5 mg atorvastatin daily combined with dexamethasone with stepwise‐decreasing dosing for a total of 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment, the hematoma was completely resolved in three patients and significantly reduced in one patient. During the treatment, no patient reported clinically significant adverse events. No patient experienced hematoma relapse during the follow‐up period that lasted for up to 4 years. This case report suggests the need for a randomized placebo‐controlled trial to evaluate this drug regimen for nonsurgical treatment of patients with relapsed CSDH.
The Proteome of Pancreatic Cancer‐Derived Exosomes Reveals Signatures Rich in Key Signaling Pathways
Authors: Han Song , Huo Zhiguang , Nguyen Kathy , Zhu Fanchao , Underwood Patrick W. , Basso Kari B. Green , George Thomas J. , Hughes Steven J.
Published: May 2019

Exosomes are membrane‐bound vesicles that traffic small molecular cargos. These cargos participate in cell–cell communication and contribute to the pathogenesis of many disease including cancer. How these mechanisms contribute to communication within the pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) microenvironment and how they contribute to PDAC biology are poorly understood. Performed in this study are comprehensive, quantitative comparisons of the proteomes of three PDAC cell lines to those of the exosomes they produce. Approximately 35% of whole cell proteins sort into exosomes. Analysis of composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) determined a cluster of 98 enriched pancreatic cancer exosome core proteins (ePC‐ECPs). Further, these proteins are predicted by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) as actively involved in signaling pathways regulating cell death and survival, cellular movement, and cell‐to‐cell signaling and interaction in particular (top three p‐value significant pathways). Significant enrichment of canonical pathways of acute phase response signaling (inflammatory response signaling pathways) and FXR and RXR activation in biosynthetic pathways are also predicted; 97 ePC‐ECPs are associated with cancer and among them, 34 are specifically associated with PDAC. In conclusion, exosomes from PDAC are enriched with cancer‐associated signaling proteins. Further assessment of these proteins as PDAC biomarkers or therapeutic targets is warranted.
Identification of equol‐7‐glucuronide‐4′‐sulfate, monoglucuronides and monosulfates in human plasma of 2 equol producers after administration of kinako by LC‐ESI‐MS
Authors: Obara Aki , Kinoshita Mizuki , Hosoda Kaori , Yokokawa Akitomo , Shibasaki Hiromi , Ishii Kazuo
Published: May 2019

Equol is a product formed during the biotransformation of the naturally occurring isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria. The role of equol in the prevention of several hormone‐dependent diseases such as prostate cancer and osteoporosis as well as vasomotor symptoms has been extensively investigated. Equol primarily occurs in the form of major metabolites such as glucuronides and sulfates, while intact equol has been detected at only ca. 1% in human plasma. However, to date, conjugated metabolites have been evaluated by measuring the free equol obtained after selective enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, the precise types of conjugates circulating in vivo and the position(s) of the conjugation sites on the equol skeleton have yet to be clarified. Our study describes the identification of polar equol metabolites in the plasma of 2 equol‐producers obtained at 8 hours after consuming 50 g of kinako (approximately 37 mg of daidzein). The structural identification of these conjugated metabolites in plasma was performed by comparison to the LC‐ESI‐MSn and 1H‐NMR spectral data of the corresponding chemically synthesized compounds. The results of the LC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis indicated that the main conjugated metabolite in plasma was (S)‐equol‐7‐glucuronide‐4′‐sulfate along with lower amounts of 7‐ and 4′‐monoglucuronides as well as 7‐ and 4′‐monosulfates.
Electro‐Optical Performance of Surface‐Emitting Micromirror Superluminescent Diodes
Authors: Jentzsch Bruno , Gomez-Iglesias Alvaro , Tonkikh Alexander , Niebling Tobias , Witzigmann Bernd
Published: May 2019

Output power characteristics and efficiency of novel surface‐emitting superluminescent diodes are presented. Tilted micromirrors terminate an in‐plane waveguide, and laterally gain‐guided modes are deflected perpendicularly to the anti‐reflection‐coated chip surface. The epitaxial structures are grown by a metal‐organic vapor‐phase epitaxy with several InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells emitting at a peak wavelength of 950 nm, and the chip technology involves only wafer‐scale processes. The spectral full width at half maximum of the amplified spontaneous emission is larger than 10 nm. In a pulsed operation, a room temperature output power that exceeds 250 mW with a wall‐plug efficiency higher than 15% is achieved.
Evolution of surface characteristics of two industrial 7xxx aluminium alloys exposed to humidity at moderate temperature
Authors: Schwarzenböck Elisabeth , Hack Theo , Kolb Max , Engel Christian , Heidenblut Torsten , Maier Hans Jürgen
Published: May 2019

This study analyses the evolution of surface characteristics of two industrial high‐strength 7xxx aluminium alloys with a focus on alloy composition and environmental parameters. Based on storage and transport conditions of as‐machined products, the effect of humidity—as liquid and vapour phase—on the natural oxide layer has been studied. The evolution of the natural oxide layer has been analysed by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The growth behaviour of the surface layer is dominated by environmental conditions, while microgalvanic activity depends mainly on the alloys' chemical composition and differs significantly for tested alloys. Scanning transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated that the long‐term exposure at moderate temperatures affects the microstructure near the surface, which differs for the analysed alloy compositions. An anomalous precipitation of zinc‐rich particles at the surface and along the precipitate‐free zone is observed for the alloy with higher Zn/Mg ratio and lower Cu content.
Recent Progress in Organic Electron Transport Materials in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Said Ahmed Ali , Xie Jian , Zhang Qichun
Published: May 2019

Organic n‐type materials (e.g., fullerene derivatives, naphthalene diimides (NDIs), perylene diimides (PDIs), azaacene‐based molecules, and n‐type conjugated polymers) are demonstrated as promising electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (p–i–n PSCs), because these materials have several advantages such as easy synthesis and purification, tunable frontier molecular orbitals, decent electron mobility, low cost, good solubility in different organic solvents, and reasonable chemical/thermal stability. Considering these positive factors, approaches toward achieving effective p–i–n PSCs with these organic materials as ETLs are highlighted in this Review. Moreover, organic structures, electron transport properties, working function of electrodes caused by ETLs, and key relevant parameters (PCE and stability) of p–i–n PSCs are presented. Hopefully, this Review will provide fundamental guidance for future development of new organic n‐type materials as ETLs for more efficient p–i–n PSCs.
Stepwise transition to agile: From three agile practices to Kanban adaptation
Authors: Diebold Philipp , Theobald Sven , Wahl Johannes , Rausch Yves
Published: May 2019

Many smaller companies cannot afford the time and effort to change their development processes all at once. In some cases, companies are not aware of the fact that many aspects of agile development are already in place. The aim of this work was to evaluate if an evolutionary transition to agile software development is suitable for small companies. We conducted a case study with a small company to start their step‐by‐step agile transition. Initially, three agile software development practices were introduced. Based on the assessment of improvements, the transition continued with three Kanban practices. Experiences with the improvement process and the selected practices were elicited by means of qualitative interviews for data collection. Our case study reports details on the implementation of the first practices as well as the way the resulting agile transition has taken so far. The positive experiences reported by all employees during the agile transition indicate that an evolutionary transition is suitable for small companies. The experiences concerning the transition process and the positive effects of the selected practices motivate practitioners to start their own agile transition.
Radical empathy, the imaginary and affect in (post)colonial records: how to break out of international stalemates on displaced archives
Authors: Lowry James
Published: May 2019

As the European powers appeared to withdraw from their colonies, they often took with them records that were subsequently claimed by the governments of the newly independent countries. These records are post-colonial examples of displaced archives. In recent history, the problem of displaced archives has been approached as a legal problem, and this has produced relatively few resolutions to archival claims. This article approaches displaced archives from a new perspective, applying theories and concepts recently introduced into archival theory by Michelle Caswell, Anne Gilliland and Marika Cifor: affect, imagined records and impossible archival imaginaries, and radical empathy. This article will show that these concepts, which have been deployed to decolonise diverse aspects of archival work, could also help resolve a persistent international problem, which is both technical and geopolitical/diplomatic. This article will argue that archival theory, as recently influenced by Caswell, Gilliland and Cifor, demands a significantly changed approach to archival displacement, even as it sometimes arrives at established positions on repatriation and access. This change involves opening up dialogues about displaced archives to considerations beyond the juridical or geopolitical, to form richer understandings of archival displacement and its effects on individuals and communities. The article challenges individual archivists to apply the concepts of affect, imagined records and impossible archival imaginaries, and radical empathy in their work with colonial records as a component of decolonial archival praxis, and finally proposes a critical theorisation of displaced archives.
Warburg Effects in Cancer and Normal Proliferating Cells: Two Tales of the Same Name
Authors: Sun Huiyan , Chen Liang , Cao Sha , Liang Yanchun , Xu Ying
Published: May 2019

It has been observed that both cancer tissue cells and normal proliferating cells (NPCs) have the Warburg effect. Our goal here is to demonstrate that they do this for different reasons. To accomplish this, we have analyzed the transcriptomic data of over 7000 cancer and control tissues of 14 cancer types in TCGA and data of five NPC types in GEO. Our analyses reveal that NPCs accumulate large quantities of ATPs produced by the respiration process before starting the Warburg effect, to raise the intracellular pH from ∼6.8 to ∼7.2 and to prepare for cell division energetically. Once cell cycle starts, the cells start to rely on glycolysis for ATP generation followed by ATP hydrolysis and lactic acid release, to maintain the elevated intracellular pH as needed by cell division since together the three processes are pH neutral. The cells go back to the normal respiration-based ATP production once the cell division phase ends. In comparison, cancer cells have reached their intracellular pH at ∼7.4 from top down as multiple acid-loading transporters are up-regulated and most acid-extruding ones except for lactic acid exporters are repressed. Cancer cells use continuous glycolysis for ATP production as way to acidify the intracellular space since the lactic acid secretion is decoupled from glycolysis-based ATP generation and is pH balanced by increased expressions of acid-loading transporters. Co-expression analyses suggest that lactic acid secretion is regulated by external, non-pH related signals. Overall, our data strongly suggest that the two cell types have the Warburg effect for very different reasons.
Avatars, Monsters, and Machines: A Cyborg Archaeology
Authors: Morgan Colleen
Published: May 2019

As digital practice in archaeology becomes pervasive and increasingly invisible, I argue that there is a deep creative potential in practising a cyborg archaeology. A cyborg archaeology draws from feminist posthumanism to transgress bounded constructions of past people as well as our current selves. By using embodied technologies to disturb archaeological interpretations, we can push the use of digital media in archaeology beyond traditional, skeuomorphic reproductions of previous methods to highlight ruptures in thought and practice. I develop this argument through investigating the avatars, machines, and monsters in current digital archaeological research. These concepts are productively liminal: avatars, machines, and monsters blur boundaries between humans and non-humans, the past and the present, and suggest productive approaches to future research.
Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men
Authors: Johnstone A. M. , Shannon E. , Whybrow S. , Reid C. A. , Stubbs R. J.
Published: May 2019

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or carbohydrate, on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight men with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1–2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1·6 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3–9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30 % of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: carbohydrate: protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13·9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11·7, 11·7 and 12·2 MJ/d on the HP, HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5·35; P = 0·007, sed 0·66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14·6, 14·5, 15·0 and 14·2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4·42; P = 0·017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean men. Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.
Effects of flavour amplification of Quorn® and yoghurt on food preference and consumption in relation to age, BMI and odour perception
Authors: Griep Martijn I. , Mets Tony F. , Massart Desire L.
Published: May 2019

Since the food habits of many elderly people are inadequate, the first experiment of the present study tested whether flavour amplification induces changes in preferences for and consumption of food and thus might result in a nutritional benefit. Two panels, one of 260 and one of 120 subjects, aged 19–98 years, took part in the study in which preferences for flavour-amplified yoghurt and Quorn® were measured. For both products, only a few of the young subjects (20 %) preferred the high flavour level; the percentage of subjects preferring the high flavour levels increased with age. These changes were highly significant. In a second experiment, participants received, under ad libitum conditions over 2 d in random order, a dish of yoghurt with either a high or a low flavour level. When adjusted for total consumption quantity, consumption of the highly flavoured yoghurt was not significantly correlated with age (r -0·03, P = 0·35). In a third experiment, odour perception was measured by determining the detection threshold for isoamylacetate. BMI values were obtained and the relationships between BMI and odour perception, age, preference and consumption were assessed in the age group 40–65 years. A significant correlation was observed between age and BMI (r 0·51, P < 0·0005). No significant correlation was observed between BMI and relative consumption of highly flavoured yoghurt (r -0·14, P = 0·14). A significant correlation was observed between BMI and preference for flavour-amplified yoghurt (r 0·35, P < 0·001). However, no significant correlation was observed between BMI and odour perception (r 0·07, P = 0·32). With increasing age, a combined influence of age, sex, BMI and odour perception on food preference is to be expected. According to our multiple regression analysis, BMI showed a significant partial regression coefficient (standardized β 0·36, P = 0·03). In conclusion, flavour amplification of food for older adults deserves attention, but specific approaches, which are tailored to the candidate food systems and older adult target groups, are needed.
Lime-treated maize husks lower plasma LDL-cholesterol levels in normal and hypercholesterolaemic adult men from northern Mexico
Authors: Vidal-Quintanar Reyna Luz , Mendívil Reyna Luz , Peña Mireya , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: May 2019

Lime-treated maize husks (LTCH), a by-product of tortilla manufacturing in Mexico, have been shown to decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol levels in guinea-pigs by specific alterations in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. To determine whether LTCH would also lower plasma cholesterol levels in normal and hyperlipidaemic individuals, the fibre content of a typical diet was increased by supplementing free-living subjects in North-West Mexico with cookies containing 450 g LTCH/kg. Normal subjects (n11) with plasma cholesterol levels of less than 5·7 mmol/l and hypercholesterolaemic subjects (n12) with plasma cholesterol levels higher than 5·7 mmol/l participated in the study. Plasma glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations, LDL: HDL values and blood pressure were determined at baseline and after 6 weeks of supplementation with LTCH. LTCH supplementation significantly lowered the plasma total cholesterol level by 11–15 % and LDL-cholesterol by 25 %, and improved the LDL: HDL value by 29–33 % (P< 0·01) in both normal and hypercholesterolaemic subjects. HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose concentrations did not change. Both groups consumed equal amounts of LTCH per week; individuals showed excellent compliance and good acceptance of the product. Neither group changed their dietary habits during the time of the experiment as determined by 3 d dietary records at baseline and at week 6. We conclude that LTCH supplements are suitable to increase fibre intake and reduce plasma LDL-cholesterol levels in healthy and hypercholesterolaemic subjects in this population.
The metabolic fate of the amido-N group of glutamine in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract in 24 h-fasted sheep
Authors: Gate J. J. , Parker D. S. , Lobley G. E.
Published: May 2019

Whole-body and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) metabolism of [5-15N]glutamine were monitored in lambs (33 kg live weight) fasted for 24 h. Animals were previously prepared with vascular catheters across the mesenteric-(MDV) and portal-drained viscera (PDV) to permit quantification of mass and isotopic transfers of metabolites by arterio-venous difference. Continuous infusions of [5-15N]glutamine into the jugular vein were conducted for 10 h and integrated blood samples withdrawn over 75 min intervals for the last 5 h of infusion. The lambs were then killed and portions from various tissues of the digestive tract and other body organs removed for determination of15N enrichment in RNA, DNA and protein (the latter obtained by difference using total acid-precipitable N). Whole-body glutamine flux was 108 μmol/min of which 23 and 47 % could be attributed to MDV and PDV metabolism (P< 0·001) respectively. There was a small net production of glutamine across the MDV. GIT blood-flows and NH3production were partitioned 3:2 between MDV and non-MDV components. Less than 5 % of the NH3produced was derived from the amido-N of glutamine, while across the small intestine (MDV) 26 % of the glutamine flux was converted to NH3, compared with 18 % for non-MDV transfers. The15N enrichments in protein were of the order jejunum > duodenum > ileum with mucosal cells more labelled than serosal (P< 0·001). Lesser enrichments were observed for other GIT tissues (abomasum > caecum > rumen) while liver and lymph were comparable with the abomasum; kidney, spleen and muscle were lower still (P< 0·05). Enrichments of RNA were similar to that of protein and followed the same pattern, except for higher relative values for liver, spleen and lymphoid tissue. The lowest enrichments were observed for DNA, but again the pattern order was similar except for increased label in lymph, caecum and the spleen. For the MDV there was reasonable agreement between15N-disappearance as glutamine and appearance in NH3(24 %), protein (81 %), RNA (3·6 %) and DNA (2·1 %). For the total PDV there was a shortfall (−12 %), however, which may be due to losses in lumen components. These results show the importance of the GIT as a contributor to total glutamine plasma flux, but indicate a lesser reliance on glutamine metabolism by the digestive tract of the ruminant compared with observations from non-ruminants.
Blood cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in relation to intakes of animal and plant proteins in US adults
Authors: Smit Ellen , Nieto F. Javier , Crespo Carlos J.
Published: May 2019

Few studies have examined the association between specific sources of protein and blood lipids in a national sample of adults. We examined this relationship in a sample of adults 20 years and older who participated in phase 1 (1988–91) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative sample of the United States non-institutionalized population. After excluding those participants who reported having been told they had high blood cholesterol concentrations, the final sample size was 6228. Mean intakes of different sources of proteins, as a percentage of total protein, were compared in quartiles of blood lipids. Intakes were adjusted for age, sex and race. Additional adjustments were made for other dietary variables, recall day, BMI, smoking, and income. We observed a lower percentage meat, fish and poultry (MFP) protein intake, including a lower percentage of beef and pork protein, among persons in the lowest quartile of serum total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) concentrations than among persons in the higher quartiles. The percentage of plant protein intake was higher in the lowest quartile than in the highest quartile of serum cholesterol. We also observed a higher percentage of fruit protein intake with lower serum cholesterol and ApoB concentrations. We conclude that in this cross-sectional sample, consumption of MFP proteins was consistently higher among persons with higher cholesterol concentrations while consumption of plant proteins was consistently higher among persons with lower cholesterol concentrations. Our findings support the importance of assessing intake of specific protein sources, especially in studies that address dietary intake in relation to blood lipids.
Relationships between fatty acid status of sow plasma and that of umbilical cord, plasma and tissues of newborn piglets when sows were fed on diets containing tuna oil or soyabean oil in late pregnancy
Authors: Rooke J. A. , Bland I. M. , Edwards S. A.
Published: May 2019

To investigate the relationships between maternal, umbilical cord and piglet fatty acid status, multiparous sows (six per diet) were fed on diets containing supplements (30 g/kg) of either soyabean oil or tuna oil for the last 21 d of pregnancy. The proportions of most fatty acids differed between diets: in particular, the tuna-oil-containing diet supplied more 22:6n-3 and less 18:2n-6 fatty acids than the soyabean-oil-containing diet. Maternal plasma fatty acid concentrations (mg/l) were greater than those in umbilical plasma and 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids were present in higher proportions (g/100 g fatty acids) in umbilical than maternal plasma. Feeding tuna oil increased the proportionate amounts (g/100 g fatty acids) of total n-3 fatty acids (particularly 22:6n-3) in umbilical cord, plasma and piglet tissues compared with feeding soyabean oil: in contrast, the proportion of 20:4n-6 was decreased by feeding tuna oil. Changes in piglet fatty acid proportions as a result of oil feeding were not influenced by piglet weight. While proportions of the long-chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglet liver, spleen and reproductive tract (ovaries plus uterus of the female, testes of the male) correlated well with those of umbilical plasma, those in brain and retina were poorly correlated. Therefore umbilical plasma cannot be used to predict the fatty acid status of piglet brain.
Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations
Authors: Sierksma Aafje , Weststrate Jan A. , Meijer Gert W.
Published: May 2019

In a 9-week study seventy-six healthy adult volunteers with an average age of 44 (sd11) years, with baseline plasma total cholesterol levels below 8 mmol/l, received in a balanced, double-blind, crossover design, a total of three different table spreads for personal use. Two spreads were fortified either with free (non-esterified) vegetable-oil sterols, mainly from soyabean oil (31 g sterol equivalents/kg; 0·8 g/d) or sheanut-oil sterols (133 g sterol equivalents/kg; 3·3 g/d). One spread was not fortified (control). Average intake of spread was 25 g/d for 3 weeks. None of the spreads induced changes in blood clinical chemistry or haematology. Plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were statistically significantly reduced by 3·8% and 6% (both 0·19 mmol/l) respectively, for the spread enriched with free soyabean-oil sterols compared with the control spread. The spread enriched with sheanut-oil sterols did not lower plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol levels. None of the plant-sterol-enriched spreads affected plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Plasma-lipid-standardized concentrations of α- plus β-carotene were not statistically significantly affected by the soyabean-oil sterol spread in contrast to lipid-standardized plasma lycopene levels which showed a statistically significant decrease (9·5%). These findings indicate that a daily intake of free soyabean-oil sterols as low as 0·8 g added to a spread is effective in lowering blood total- and LDL-cholesterol levels with limited effects on blood carotenoid levels. The lowering in total- and LDL-cholesterol blood levels due to consumption of the vegetable-oil-sterol-enriched spread may be helpful in reducing the risk of CHD for the population.
No effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adults
Authors: Baker Aimi , Turley Eithne , Bonham Maxine P. , O'Connor Jacqueline M. , Strain J. J. , Flynn Albert , Cashman Kevin D.
Published: May 2019

The influence of Cu supplementation of the usual diet for 6 weeks on biochemical markers of bone turnover and on putative indices of Cu status was investigated in healthy adults (twelve male and twelve female) aged 22–46 years, who participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled repeated crossover study. The study consisted of three 6-week supplementation regimens of 3 mg CuSO4, 3 mg Cu–glycine chelate (CuGC), and 6 mg CuGC, each separated by placebo periods of equal length. During baseline and on the last day of each dietary period, fasting morning first-void urine and fasting blood serum, plasma and erythrocytes were collected. The habitual dietary Cu intakes in males and females were approximately 1·4 and 1·1 mg/d respectively. Females had significantly higher (50 %) plasma caeruloplasmin (Cp) protein concentrations than males at baseline. Cu supplementation had no effect on erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD,EC1.15.1.1) activity or plasma Cp protein (putative indices of Cu status) in the total group. Similarly, serum osteocalcin (a marker of bone formation), urinary creatinine (Cr) concentration, urinary pyridinoline : Cr or deoxypyridinoline : Cr excretion (markers of bone resorption) were unaffected in either the total group or in males and females separately, by any Cu supplementation regimen. It is concluded that Cu supplementation of the usual diet in healthy adult males and females had no effect on biochemical markers of bone formation or bone resorption over 6-week periods.
Blood glucose and meal patterns in time-blinded males, after aspartame, carbohydrate, and fat consumption, in relation to sweetness perception
Authors: Melanson Kathleen J. , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S. , Arthur Campfield L. , Saris Wim H. M.
Published: May 2019

In a study of the impact of aspartame, fat, and carbohydrate on appetite, we monitored blood glucose continuously for 431 (se 16) min. Ten healthy males (19–31 years) participated in three time-blinded visits. As blood glucose was monitored, appetite ratings were scored at randomized times. On the first meal initiation, volunteers consumed one of three isovolumetric drinks (aspartame, 1 MJ simple carbohydrate, and 1 MJ high-fat; randomized order). High-fat and high-carbohydrate foods were available ad libitum subsequently. Blood glucose patterns following the carbohydrate drink (+1·78 (se 0·28) mmol/l in 38 (se 3) min) and high-fat drink (+0·83 (se 0·28) mmol/l in 49 (se 6) min) were predictive of the next intermeal interval (R 0·64 and R 0·97 respectively). Aspartame ingestion was followed by blood glucose declines (40 % of subjects), increases (20 %), or stability (40 %). These patterns were related to the volunteers' perception of sweetness of the drink (R 0·81, P = 0·014), and were predictive of subsequent intakes (R -0·71, P = 0·048). For all drinks combined, declines in blood glucose and meal initiation were significantly associated (χ2 16·8, P < 0·001), the duration of blood glucose responses and intermeal intervals correlated significantly (R 0·715, P = 0·0001), and sweetness perception correlated negatively with hunger suppression (R -0·471, P = 0·015). Effects of fat, carbohydrate, and aspartame on meal initiation, meal size, and intermeal interval relate to blood glucose patterns. Varied blood glucose responses after aspartame support the controversy over its effects, and may relate to sweetness perception.
Carbohydrate intake improves cognitive performance of stress-prone individuals under controllable laboratory stress
Authors: Markus C. R. , Panhuysen G. , Jonkman L. M. , Bachman M.
Published: May 2019

Cognitive performance has been found to decline after exposure to stress, particularly in stress-prone subjects. The present study investigated whether a carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor (CR/PP) diet, which may enhance cerebral serotonin function in stress-prone subjects due to increases in the available tryptophan, improves the performance of stress-prone subjects after exposure to acute laboratory stress. Twenty-two high-stress-prone (HS) subjects and twenty-one low-stress-prone (LS) subjects aged between 19 and 26 years performed a memory scanning task after controllable and uncontrollable stress, following either a CR/PP diet or a protein-rich, carbohydrate-poor (PR/CP) isoenergetic diet. Uncontrollable stress reduced feelings of control (F(1,38) 9·30; P = 0·004), whereas pulse rate and skin conductance increased after both stress tasks (F(1,38) 78·34; P = 0·0005 and F(1,37) 83·16; P = 0·0004). Diet, stress-proneness and stress-controllability interacted (F(1,36) 9·46; P = 0·004) in such a way that performance in HS subjects was better with the CR/PP diet than with the PR/CP diet, but only after controllable stress. As the CR/PP diet has been found to increase the plasma tryptophan: large neutral amino acids ratio, indicating an increased availability of cerebral tryptophan and, thus, higher serotonin levels, it appears that there may be an increased availability of brain serotonin in HS subjects after controllable laboratory stress.
The effect of palm oil, lard, and puff-pastry margarine on postprandial lipid and hormone responses in normal-weight and obese young women
Authors: Jensen Janne , Bysted Anette , Dawids Steen , Hermansen Kjeld , Hølmer Gunhild
Published: May 2019

Only a few studies have been published on the postprandial effects of different fatty acids in obese subjects. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of three test meals containing palm oil (PO), lard (LD), or puff-pastry margarine (PPM), all normal dietary ingredients, on postprandial lipid and hormone responses in normal-weight and obese young women. The study was performed as a randomized, crossover design. The fats differed in the content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, andtransmonounsaturated fatty acids allowing a dietary comparison of different ‘solid’ fatty acids. The obese women had significantly higher fasting concentrations and postprandial responses of plasma total triacylglycerol (TAG), chylomicron-TAG, and insulin compared with the normal-weight women but there was no significant difference in the postprandial responses between the three test meals. The obese women had fasting concentrations of leptin four times greater than the normal-weight women. There were no postprandial changes in the concentrations of leptin. The fasting concentrations of HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in the obese women than in the normal-weight women, whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups in the concentrations of total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol. These results provide evidence that obese women have exaggerated lipid and hormone responses compared with normal-weight women but the different contents of saturated andtransmonounsaturated fatty acids provided by PO, LD, and PPM have no effect in either group.
The Numbered Treaties and the Politics of Incoherency
Authors: Starblanket Gina
Published: May 2019

This article explores the role of the numbered treaties relative to the continuity of the settler colonial project in Canada. Although the treaties are often invoked to characterize the federal government's commitment toward strengthening or renewing its relationship with Indigenous peoples at a symbolic level, there remains a disjuncture between the “nation-to-nation” depictions of treaties and the complex political relationships that Indigenous peoples have called for since their signing. This article explores the inconsistent ways in which treaties have been taken up within Canadian legal and political institutions, arguing that the incoherency surrounding treaties promulgates the notion that treaties are being implemented while simultaneously obscuring, distorting and minimizing the rights of Indigenous peoples in practice. It demonstrates that the failure to engage with treaties as the locus of Indigenous peoples’ distinct political relationship with the Canadian state functions to continually produce conditions of colonization and dispossession through the denial of Indigenous sovereignty and jurisdiction as affirmed in treaties.
Dick Niebuhr: Some Personal Memories
Authors: Kaufman Gordon
Published: May 2019

The essays in this issue of Harvard Theological Review were originally presented at a celebration in honor of Richard R. Niebuhr on the occasion of his retirement as Hollis Professor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School. On that day, May 7, 1999, many of Dick's colleagues, friends, and students past and present gathered to pay tribute to him and his forty-three years of service at Harvard. The papers that were delivered and the memories that were shared all told of the profound effect that Dick's teaching, scholarship, and friendship has had on those who have had the pleasure of working and talking with him over the years.
Fiddling While Rome Burns: The Place of Academic Theology in the Study of Religion
Authors: Cooey Paula M.
Published: May 2019

Theology, defined specifically as academic theology, belongs as a legitimate area of expertise in the study of religion. Academic theologians, like historians, comparatists, philosophers, and social scientists of religion, should hold a rightful and honorable place as teachers and scholars in the discipline. Like other scholars of religion, academic theologians advance knowledge of religion. As intentional critics and makers of religious symbol systems and as critics of the wider cultures within which such systems flourish, academic theologians make a distinctive, valuable contribution to teaching and to scholarship—in non-sectarian liberal education environments, as well as in seminaries and divinity schools. In this essay I seek to represent the contribution of academic theology to private undergraduate institutions of liberal education in particular.
Putting ‘Experience’ to the Test in Theological Reflection
Authors: Lamberth David C.
Published: May 2019

I discovered religious experience at Harvard Divinity School, in the Sperry lecture hall, sometime in the late 1980s. By that I do not mean to confess that I had a “first religious experience” there; nor do I mean that, somehow through some activity of my own, I laid hold novelly to the notion of “religious experience,” exposing something new to scholarship, some new direction, or some deep, fundamentally new insight. Rather, I mean quite simply that “religious experience,” the idea, the genre for thinking and reflection, came to my attention for the first time in that room in the late 1980s. In retrospect, I must say that it did so momentously, as I have not been able since to expunge it from my habits of thinking.
Reading the Ostia Synagogue: A Reply to A. Runesson
Authors: White L. Michael
Published: May 2019

A scholar who respects the nature of historical and archaeological evidence can hardly complain when others take his work seriously and read it carefully. So it is with gratitude that I offer this reply to Anders Runesson for his forgoing article in which my own work figures so prominently. I can honestly say that I have learned some things from it. Nor do I take undue umbrage at the clearly critical, albeit rather strident, tone. Some of it I attribute to the natural give-and-take of scholarly debate; some, to a few key misunderstandings on the part of Runesson regarding the terminology and intention in my earlier argument; and others, to the complex nature of the material under discussion. It is a matter of reading the evidence.
Marcel Simon'sVerus Israelas a Contribution to Jewish History
Authors: Baumgarten Albert I.
Published: May 2019

Marcel Simon (1907–1986) wrote many articles and published a number of books during a long, active career as a scholar. Yet he remains most prominently associated with the first of his books,Verus Israel, initially submitted as a dissertation. Published in 1948,Verus Israelwas revised with the addition of a lengthy post-script in the original French in 1964, and translated into English in 1986. Based on research virtually complete before the war, this book is an outstanding example of new circumstances forcing scholars to revise their conceptions of the past. As Simon explains in the preface, his book is a response to the calamity of racist anti-Semitism. Although this anti-Semitism had been apparent even before the Second World War, its disastrous results had become painfully evident only in the war's aftermath. These were the issues that led Simon to re-examine the nature of the relationship between ancient Christianity and Judaism.