bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Cultivar‐Specific Response to O3: Patterns of Biochemical and Plant Growth Characteristics
Authors: Hassan Ibrahim A. , Bell Nigel B. , Ashmore Mike R. , Cotrozzi Lorenzo , Haiba Nesreen S. , Basahi Jalal M. , Summan Ahmad , Almeelbi Talal , Ismail Iqbal M.
Published: March 2018

The sensitivity of four radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars, Baladey “B,” Cherry Belle “CB,” Prinz Rotin “PR,” and Scarlet Globe “SG” to 80 nL L−1 ozone is assessed in fumigation chambers. O3 visible injury symptoms appears as brown spots to chlorotic areas, but the response is cultivar‐specific. O3 induces higher content of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation (it is estimated as malondialdehyde (MDA) content), leading to drastic visible injury symptoms in B compared to the other cultivars. Root and shoot dry weights, Chlorophyll a, net photosynthetic rates, and chlorophyll fluorescence are reduced in B to a greater extent than the other cultivars. On the other hand, stomatal conductance increased in B and CB (+52 and +24%, respectively) due to O3‐exposure, while it was decreased by 35% in PR and SG. Exposure to O3 generates oxidative stress leading to stimulation of antioxidative defense systems. SG shows the highest induction of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR), while B had the lowest activities of these antioxidative enzymes, but had the highest H2O2 and MDA content. The higher accumulation of H2O2, poor induction of antioxidative enzymes, and increased stomatal conductance led to severe visible injury and drastic inhibition in photosynthetic rates and growth in B than other cultivars depicting its higher sensitivity toward O3. Therefore, it can be used as a bioindicator for O3 pollution worldwide.
Head and neck squamous cell cancers in the United States are rare and the risk now is higher among white individuals compared with black individuals
Authors: Fakhry Carole , Krapcho Martin , Eisele David W. , D'Souza Gypsyamber
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

The increasing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC) is well established. However, up‐to‐date incidence estimates and trends for head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCCs) overall, including major anatomic sites, and nonoropharyngeal (non‐OP) HNSCCs by sex, race, and age in the United States are not well described.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of incident HNSCCs during 1992 through 2014 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was performed to evaluate the incidence of HNSCCs overall, OPSCC, and non‐OP HNSCC (those of the larynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, and nasal cavity). Incidence rates were calculated overall and by subgroups of interest, and incidence rate ratios were used to compare rates between groups. The incidence rates presented were per 100,000 population and were age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population (19 age groups; Census P25‐1130). The annual percent change (APC) was modeled with and without joinpoints.

RESULTS

The incidence of HNSCC overall declined (average APC [aAPC], ‐0.8; P<.001) despite significant increases in the incidence of OPSCCs, most notably between 2000 and 2014 (APC, 2.1; P<.001). Significant declines in incidence were observed for all non‐OP HNSCC sites for both women and men (P<.001 each). Among women, the risk of OPSCC also significantly decreased (aAPC, ‐0.8; P = .002), whereas the risk among men was stable during 1992 through 2001 (APC, 0.4; P = .42) and then significantly increased from 2001 to 2014 (APC, 2.7; P<.001). Decreases in the risk of non‐OP HNSCC were especially large for black women (aAPC, ‐2.6; P<.001) and men (aAPC, ‐3.0; P<.001). Although the incidence of HNSCC previously was highest among black individuals, since 2009 its incidence has been higher among white compared with black individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of HNSCC is declining, especially for non‐OP HNSCC and among black individuals. Cancer 2018;124:2125‐33. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Photo and Thermo Dual‐Responsive Copolymer Surfaces for Efficient Cell Capture and Release
Authors: Hao Yuwei , Liu Hongliang , Li Guannan , Cui Haijun , Jiang Lei , Wang Shutao
Published: March 2018

To overcome the low efficiency of single‐responsive smart surfaces, we have constructed a dual‐responsive smart surface – poly(spiropyran‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) (poly(SP‐co‐NiPAAm))‐grafted silicon nanowire arrays – by combining photo‐responsive SP and thermo‐responsive NiPAAm units for enhancing the efficiencies of cancer‐cell capture and release. These enhanced efficiencies probably originate from the binary cooperative effect of two responsive building units: NiPAAm units can decrease the steric hindrance between SP units during the isomerization while SP units can facilitate phase transition of NiPAAm units. This study provides a new strategy for designing smart materials and surfaces with efficient responsiveness for biomedical applications.
Thermodynamic Calculations to Determine the Optimal Composition of Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Gushchin Pavel A. , Lyubimenko Valentina A. , Ivanov Evgenii V. , Kolesnikov Sergey I. , Petrova Daria A. , Vinokurov Vladimir A. , Kolesnikov Ivan M.
Published: March 2018

Thermodynamic calculations of the optimal compositions of oxide catalysts with different natures are performed based on the theory of catalysis by polyhedra. The obtained compositions of the active catalysts agree with experimental data. The electrostatic potential generated by polyhedra of metal‐oxide catalysts in a variety of directions is calculated. The dependence of the sign and magnitude of the potential on the distance from the central metal ion towards the vertex of the polyhedron, the middle of its edge or the centre of the face is estimated. It is assumed that the magnitude of the potential can serve as a reference point for determining active centres, which produce adsorption complexes and intermediate compounds.
Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation on Ice Surfaces
Authors: Kuwahata Kazuaki , Ohno Kaoru
Published: March 2018

We have performed density functional calculations to investigate the carbon monoxide hydrogenation reaction (H+CO→HCO), which is important in interstellar clouds. We found that the activation energy of the reaction on amorphous ice is lower than that on crystalline ice. In the course of this study, we demonstrated that it is roughly possible to use the excitation energy of the reactant molecule (CO) in place of the activation energy. This relationship holds also for small water clusters at the CCSD level of calculation and the two‐layer‐level ONIOM (CCSD : X3LYP) calculation. Generally, since it is computationally demanding to estimate activation energies of chemical reactions in a circumstance of many water molecules, this relationship enables one to determine the activation energy of this reaction on ice surfaces from the knowledge of the excitation energy of CO only. Incorporating quantum‐tunneling effects, we discuss the reaction rate on ice surfaces. Our estimate that the reaction rate on amorphous ice is almost twice as large as that on crystalline ice is qualitatively consistent with the experimental evidence reported by Hidaka et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett., 2008, 456, 36.]
One‐Pot Soft‐Template Synthesis of Nanostructured Copper‐Supported Mesoporous Carbon FDU‐15 Electrocatalysts for Efficient CO2 Reduction
Authors: Şahin Nihat Ege , Comminges Clément , Le Valant Anthony , Kiener Julien , Parmentier Julien , Napporn Teko W. , Melinte Georgian , Ersen Ovidiu , Kokoh Kouakou B.
Published: March 2018

Copper‐supported mesoporous carbon nanocatalysts (Cu/FDU‐15) were synthesized using an easy and convenient one‐pot soft‐template method for low‐overvoltage CO2 electroreduction. TEM imaging revealed the presence of large Cu nanoparticles (diameter 140 nm) with Cu2O nanoparticles (16 nm) as an additional phase. From the electron tomography observations, we found that the copper particles were placed inside and on the exterior surface of the porous FDU‐15 support, providing an accessible surface for electrocatalytic reactions. CO2 electrolyses showed that the mesostructured Cu/FDU‐15‐350 cathode materials were active towards CO2 conversion to formic acid with 22 % Faradaic efficiency at a remarkably low overpotential of 290 mV, hydrogen being the only side‐product. The catalyst's activity correlates to the calculated metallic surface area, as determined from a geometrical model, confirming that the mesoporous channels act as a diffusion path for the CO2 molecule, and that the whole Cu surface is accessible to CO2, even if particles are entrapped in the carbon matrix.
Reactivity of CO and C2H4 on Bimetallic PtxAg1‐x/Pt(111) Surface Alloys Investigated by High‐Resolution X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Bauer Udo , Späth Florian , Düll Fabian , Bachmann Phillip , Steinhauer Johann , Steinrück Hans‐Peter , Papp Christian
Published: March 2018

We have investigated the adsorption and thermal reactivity of CO and C2H4 on well‐defined bimetallic PtxAg1‐x/Pt(111) surface alloys (with x=0.67, 0.50, 0.38 and 0.32) using in situ synchrotron‐based high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. During low‐temperature (140 K) adsorption of CO, we find population of the energetically more stable Pt on‐top site followed by the Pt bridge site, as known from clean Pt(111); CO does not adsorb on Ag facets under the applied conditions. The total CO coverage linearly decreases with Ag surface content. Upon heating, COon‐top and CObridge desorb at higher temperatures than on bare Pt(111), for example, by ∼65 K for COon‐top for an Ag content of 33 %. This shift is due to the well‐known electronic ligand‐effect of Ag atoms surrounding Pt atoms/clusters. For C2H4 adsorption on the AgPt alloys at low temperature (120 K), we find two species in the C1s XP spectrum, each displaying a vibrational fine structure; this contrasts the situation on clean Pt(111), where only one species is found. Upon heating, ethylene reacts with ethylidyne being the dominant intermediate; in contrast to clean Pt(111), on the alloy surfaces the reaction to CCH3 occurs at much lower temperatures, e. g. by ∼60 K for the alloy with 68 % Ag, and no ethylene desorption is found.
Periodic Grating‐like Patterns Induced by Self‐Assembly of Gelator Fibres in Nematic Gels
Authors: Topnani Neha B. , Prutha N. , Pratibha R.
Published: March 2018

Periodic orientation patterns occurring in nematic gels, revealed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, are found to be formed by spontaneous self‐assembly of fibrous aggregates of a low‐molecular‐weight organogelator in an aligned thermotropic liquid crystal (LC). Self‐organization into periodic structures is also reflected in a calorimetric study, which shows the occurrence of three thermoreversible states, namely, isotropic liquid, nematic and nematic gel. The segregation and self‐assembly of the fibrous aggregates leading to pattern formation are attributed to the highly polar LC and to hydrogen bonding between gelator molecules, as shown by X‐ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. This study aims to investigate in detail the effect of the chemical nature and alignment of an anisotropic solvent on the morphology of the gelator fibres and the resulting gelation process. The periodic organization of LC‐rich and fibre‐rich regions can also provide a way to obtain templates for positioning nanoparticle arrays in an LC matrix, which can lead to novel devices.
The Antagonist Effect of Nitrogen Lone Pair: 3JHFversus5JHF
Authors: Barbosa Thaís M. , Viesser Renan V. , Martins Lucas G. , Rittner Roberto , Tormena Cláudio F.
Published: March 2018

The long‐range scalar coupling constant between proton and fluorine nuclei, 5JHF, is observed to be larger than 3JHF in the pyrimidinyl moiety of voriconazole. A set of smaller molecules is chosen (fluorobenzene, N‐methyl‐2‐fluoropyridine, N‐methyl‐3‐fluoropyridine, 3‐fluoropyridine, 5‐pyrimidine, and 2‐fluoropyridine) to evaluate the influence of the nitrogen atom in the experimental JHF values. Spectral aliased pure shift heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (SAPS‐HSQC) is applied to determine the relative sign between the JCF and JHF scalar couplings. Theoretical calculations show that the 3JHF and 5JHF coupling constants can be described mainly by a Fermi contact (FC) transmission mechanism. A decomposition analysis of JHF in terms of localized molecular orbital (LMO) contributions allows us to determine that the interaction involving the nitrogen lone pair (LPN) is the main reason for the larger 5JHF compared to 3JHF. Our analysis indicates that delocalization of LPN has a positive contribution to the long‐range coupling, while a negative one is observed for 3JHF.
Molecular Modelling of the H2‐Adsorptive Properties of Tetrazolate‐Based Metal−Organic Frameworks: From the Cluster Approach to Periodic Simulations
Authors: Brea Oriana , Luna Alberto , Díaz Cristina , Corral Inés
Published: March 2018

Hydrogen has been proposed as a long‐term non‐fossil fuel to be used in a future ideal carbon‐neutral energetic economy. However, its low volumetric energy density hinders its storage and transportation. Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) represent very promising materials for this purpose due to their very extended surface areas. Azolates, in particular tetrazolates, are – together with carboxylate functionalities – very common organic linkers connecting metallic secondary building units in MOFs. This study addresses, from a theoretical perspective, the H2 adsorptive properties of tetrazolate linkers at the molecular level, following a size‐progressive approach. Specifically, we have investigated how the physisorption energies and geometries are affected when changing the environment of the linker by considering the azolates in the gas phase, immersed in a finite cluster, or being part of an infinite extended crystal material. Furthermore, we also study the H2 adsorptive capacity of these linkers within the cluster model.
Localizing Conformational Hinges by NMR: Where Do Hepatitis B Virus Core Proteins Adapt for Capsid Assembly?
Authors: Lecoq Lauriane , Wang Shishan , Wiegand Thomas , Bressanelli Stéphane , Nassal Michael , Meier Beat H. , Böckmann Anja
Published: March 2018

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) icosahedral nucleocapsid is assembled from 240 chemically identical core protein molecules and, structurally, comprises four groups of symmetrically nonequivalent subunits. We show here that this asymmetry is reflected in solid‐state NMR spectra of the capsids, in which peak splitting is observed for a subset of residues. We compare this information to dihedral angle variations from available 3D structures and also to computational predictions of “dynamic” domains and molecular hinges. We find that although, at the given resolution, dihedral angles variations directly obtained from the X‐ray structures are not precise enough to be interpreted, the chemical‐shift information from NMR correlates, and interestingly goes beyond, information from bioinformatics approaches. Our study reveals the high sensitivity with which NMR can detect the residues allowing the subtle conformational adaptations needed in lattice formation. Our findings are important for understanding the formation and modulation of protein assemblies in general.
Crystal Size Distribution Resulting from the Time Dependence of Crystal Nucleation
Authors: Nanev Christo N.
Published: March 2018

Most of the experimental studies show that new‐phase nucleation runs over prolonged time periods rather than instantaneously. After crystals nucleate, they start growing immediately. Therefore, the earlier a crystal nucleates, the larger it grows. This instigates a definite crystal size distribution (CSD). The resulting (from the initial crystal growth during the nucleation stage) CSD is calculated from the logistic time dependence of crystal number density. Having the shape of an ogee curve, CSD remains practically unchanged during the following crystal growth stage until the onset of Ostwald ripening. Only earlier born (and hence larger) crystals survive during the Ostwald ripening; the smallest crystals, which are the last born species, are dissolved. As far as the logistic dependence of crystal nuclei number density vs. nucleation time explains small molecule and protein crystallization, the calculated CSD should also describe crystallization of both small and large bio‐molecules.
The social reputation of European companies: Does anti‐corruption disclosure affect stakeholders' perceptions?
Authors: Álvarez Etxeberria Igor , Aldaz Odriozola Maider
Published: March 2018

Corruption is a very important topic in society but also for businesses. However, there are few empirical studies that analyze corruption from the point of view of disclosure by companies and none that analyze its effect in corporate reputation. The aim of this paper is to use stakeholder theory to analyze the potential power of reporting in influencing stakeholders' perceptions and communication tools, such as sustainability reports, to bolster corporate reputation in relation to the social issue of corruption. Based on a regression analysis using data from the 70 largest European companies, we find that disclosure positively correlates with social reputation in the anti‐corruption area. The study addresses a gap in the literature by highlighting the fact that this global and key social issue has not yet been analyzed empirically.
Environmental reporting policy and corporate structures: An international analysis
Authors: Pucheta‐Martínez María Consuelo , Gallego‐Álvarez Isabel
Published: March 2018

The corporate governance structures of firms differ among countries for cultural, political or social reasons, among others, which may affect the environmental reporting policies of firms. In this regard, institutional contexts where firms are domiciled vary among regions, and consequently environmental reporting policies of firms will depend on the institutional factors where companies operate. The aim of this paper is to examine how institutional features such as investor protection, ownership dispersion and market‐oriented financial systems impact on environmental reporting policies of firms in different countries. The sample is composed of 5293 international companies, whose information was obtained from the Thomson Reuters Eikon database for the year 2015. The theoretical framework is based on institutional and stakeholder theories. Institutional theory argues that companies localized in the same institutional setting tend to behave in similar ways, and therefore the stakeholders’ attitudes toward environmental reporting will be similar. The findings report that companies operating in countries with high ownership dispersion and where the most important capital providers are capital markets are most likely to disclose environmental issues, while firms domiciled in countries with strong investor protection are not associated with environmental disclosure policies.
Hydrodehalogenation of Polyhalogenated Aromatics Catalyzed by NiPd Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene
Authors: Guo Xuefeng , Yu Chao , Yin Zhouyang , Sun Shouheng , Seto Christopher T.
Published: March 2018

Ni30Pd70 nanoparticles supported on nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG) acts as a catalyst for the hydrodehalogenation of halogenated aromatics under mild reaction conditions. It reduces mono‐ or dichloroarenes to the corresponding dehalogenated arenes in >90 % yield in 10 % aqueous isopropanol solvent at or below 50 °C within 5 h. Tests on a variety of substrates containing various functional groups show that the catalyst is selective for reduction of C−Cl and C−Br bonds. In addition, this catalyst completely hydrodehalogenates high‐concentration solutions of dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, chloroaromatic constituents of the defoliant agent orange, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in 12 h. The catalyst is reusable and shows no morphological or compositional changes after 5 cycles. This methodology offers a powerful, low‐cost, and safe technology for the degradation of polyhalogenated aromatics, and may be useful for preventing proliferation of these toxins in the environment from causing serious health issues.
Performances of Several Solvents on the Cleavage of Inter‐ and Intramolecular Linkages of Lignin in Corncob Residue
Authors: Zhang Hui , Liu Xudong , Li Jianmei , Jiang Zhicheng , Hu Changwei
Published: March 2018

The performances of solvents, including γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), γ‐valerolactone (GVL), tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate (EAC), 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF), and the corresponding mixtures with H2O, on the cleavage of inter‐ and intramolecular linkages of lignin in corncob residue were investigated. At 200 °C, miscible cosolvents (H2O–GBL, H2O–GVL, and H2O–THF) exhibited much better efficiency for lignin dissolution than that of both immiscible cosolvents (H2O–EAC and H2O–2‐MeTHF) and pure solvents. The synergetic effect between H2O and organic solvent significantly promoted the breakage of intermolecular linkages between C6−O−H of amorphous cellulose and lignin. GBL and THF solvents preferentially dissolved lignin with H and G units, whereas GVL, EAC, and 2‐MeTHF solvents exhibited high selectivity for the dissolution of lignin with S and G units. In addition to dissolution, the intramolecular β−O−4 linkage in lignin could be selectively cleaved in H2O–GBL cosolvent, whereas the β−O−4, α−O−4, and β−5 linkages were cleaved in H2O–EAC, H2O–THF, and H2O–2‐MeTHF cosolvents. At 300 °C, the breakage of the β−γ bond prior to β−O−4 in H2O–GBL, H2O–THF, H2O–EAC, and H2O–2‐MeTHF produced 4‐ethylphenol and 4‐ethylguaiacol selectively (accounting for ≈70 % of the total identified monophenols), whereas the α−1 bond was preferably broken in H2O–GVL to form guaiacol (accounting for ≈75 % of the total identified monophenols).
Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO by Cobalt(II) Tripodal Complexes: Low Overpotentials, High Efficiency and Selectivity
Authors: Wang Jia‐Wei , Huang Hai‐Hua , Sun Jia‐Kai , Ouyang Ting , Zhong Di‐Chang , Lu Tong‐Bu
Published: March 2018

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Tong‐Bu Lu at Sun Yat‐Sen University/Tianjin University of Technology. The Cover picture depicts a beautiful lady, an imaginary figure of a forest fairy, praying with an Earth‐like crystal ball that is filled with cobalt complexes, aiming to realize the transformation of atmospheric CO2 to CO The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201702280.
A Simple and Effective Method for Flow Cytometric Study of Lymphoid Malignancies Using Needle Core Biopsy Specimens
Authors: Chi Pei‐Dong , Freed Natalie S. , Wake Laura , Page Cynthia , Smith Lynette M. , Amador Catalina , Qureishi Hina Naushad , Greiner Timothy C. , Rodig Scott J. , Pirruccello Samuel J. , Yuan Ji , Fu Kai
Published: March 2018

Objectives

We developed a simple and effective rinsing technique (RT) of needle biopsies to produce cell suspensions for flow cytometry (FCM) and evaluated whether the RT is comparable to the conventional tissue cell suspension (TCS) technique.

Methods

We retrieved 93 needle core biopsy cases employing the RT for FCM and 25 needle biopsy cases using TCS for FCM.

Results

The diagnostic concordance between the FCM results and the morphologic diagnoses of both groups was compared. The diagnostic concordance was comparable in the RT group (92.6%) to the TCS group (71.4%). Furthermore, the diagnostic concordance in the RT group was associated with number of isolated cells. The diagnostic accuracy increased significantly when the cell number was above 30,000 in the RT group.

Conclusions

The RT for FCM not only maximizes the tissue utilization, but also is a simple and effective method to obtain cell suspension as compared to traditional cell suspension technique. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Fine needle aspiration cytology of the normal kidney: A cyto‐histological and immunocytochemical correlation study
Authors: Jiménez‐Heffernan José A. , Muñoz‐Hernández Patricia , Canca Velasco Alberto , Freih Fraih Alwalid , Cuesta Julián , González‐Peramato Pilar , Olivier‐García Carlos , Vicandi Blanca
Published: March 2018

Background

Differentiation between normal renal cellular structures and renal tumors can be a diagnostic challenge during fine needle aspiration. It is of particular relevance during percutaneous thermal ablation because of the small size of tumors and when performing rapid on‐site evaluation.

Methods

A cyto‐histological correlation study assisted by immunocytochemistry was performed. The study was based on 10 nephrectomy specimens. For the identification of proximal tubular cells we used CD10 and α‐methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR). PAX8 and GATA3 were used for the recognition of distal and collecting duct cells. For a precise correlation representative cytologic groups were photographed before and after immunocytochemistry.

Results

All cases showed: (a) glomeruli; (b) presence of at least 2 different epithelial cell populations that distribute separately, one representing the proximal tubule and the other more distal segments; and (c) existence of isolated, laminar basement fragments and slender, intact tubular structures. Proximal tubular cells were large with granular cytoplasm, indistinct cell borders, moderate anisonucleosis, and variable presence of pigment. Their immunophenotype was CD10+, AMACR+, PAX8–, and GATA3–. In all cases, cellular aggregates different of nonproximal tubular cells were present. They were smaller than proximal tubular cells with less cytoplasm, better‐defined cell borders and uniform nuclei. Their immunophenotype was CD10–, AMACR–, PAX8+, and GATA3+

Conclusion

Aspirates from the normal kidney show characteristic features that permit a specific recognition. Different segments of the tubular system can be specifically recognized avoiding confusion with renal tumors. In difficult cases immunocytochemistry is a very helpful aid.
Detectability of fentanyl and designer fentanyls in urine by 3 commercial fentanyl immunoassays
Authors: Helander Anders , Stojanovic Katarina , Villén Tomas , Beck Olof
Published: March 2018

In recent times, structural variants of fentanyl (designer fentanyls) have appeared on the recreational drug market for new psychoactive substances (NPS). These potent opioids have caused harmful intoxications and increased opioid‐related mortality in many countries. This work evaluated 3 commercial immunoassays for fentanyl screening in urine and investigated whether they are useful also for screening of designer fentanyls. The assays examined were the Thermo DRI® Fentanyl Enzyme Immunoassay, the ARK™ Fentanyl Assay homogeneous enzyme immunoassay, and the Immunalysis® Fentanyl Urine SEFRIA™ Drug Screening Kit. A liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry method was used as reference. The DRI fentanyl immunoassay generated somewhat higher assay imprecision values (%CV) compared with the ARK™ and SEFRIA™ assays, but all assays showed %CV values acceptable for routine use. The 3 assays showed overall good detectability (33%–95% cross‐reactivity) for blank urine samples spiked with acetylfentanyl, acrylfentanyl, butyrfentanyl, 4‐chloroisobutyrfentanyl, 4‐fluorobutyrfentanyl, 4‐fluorofentanyl, 4‐fluoroisobutyrfentnyl, isobutyrfentanyl, methoxyacetylfentanyl, or tetrahydrofuranfentanyl, whereas 4‐methoxybutyrfentanyl (all assays) and 2‐fluorofentanyl (DRI assay) showed low cross‐reactivity. A good detectability of designer fentanyls was confirmed in urine samples from authentic acute intoxications. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that the urinary fentanyl immunoassays are generally useful also for preliminary screening of fentanyl analogs sold as NPS. When the SEFRIA™ assay was applied for testing of 980 urine samples from patients treated for drug dependence in Sweden, only 1 sample was confirmed positive for fentanyl.
A novel role for cilia‐dependent sonic hedgehog signaling during submandibular gland development
Authors: Elliott Kelsey H. , Millington Grethel , Brugmann Samantha A.
Published: March 2018

Background: Submandibular glands (SMGs) are specialized epithelial structures which generate saliva necessary for mastication and digestion. Loss of SMGs can lead to inflammation, oral lesions, fungal infections, problems with chewing/swallowing, and tooth decay. Understanding the development of the SMG is important for developing therapeutic options for patients with impaired SMG function. Recent studies have suggested Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in the epithelium plays an integral role in SMG development; however, the mechanism by which Shh influences gland development remains nebulous. Results: Using the Kif3af/f;Wnt1‐Cre ciliopathic mouse model to prevent Shh signal transduction by means of the loss of primary cilia in neural crest cells, we report that mesenchymal Shh activity is necessary for gland development. Furthermore, using a variety of murine transgenic lines with aberrant mesenchymal Shh signal transduction, we determine that loss of Shh activity, by means of loss of the Gli activator, rather than gain of Gli repressor, is sufficient to cause the SMG aplasia. Finally, we determine that loss of the SMG correlates with reduced Neuregulin1 (Nrg1) expression and lack of innervation of the SMG epithelium. Conclusions: Together, these data suggest a novel mechanistic role for mesenchymal Shh signaling during SMG development. Developmental Dynamics 247:818–831, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of the exercise and eating disorder questionnaire in males with and without eating disorders
Authors: Danielsen Marit , Bjørnelv Sigrid , Bratberg Grete Helen , Rø Øyvind
Published: March 2018

Objective

The need to consider gender when studying exercise in eating disorder (ED) has been underscored. The study aimed to test the psychometric properties and factor structure of the exercise and eating disorder (EED) questionnaire for males with and without ED, to highlight gender differences, and to explore issues relevant for a male version of the EED questionnaire.

Method

This cross sectional study included 258 male participants: 55 ED patients (inpatients and outpatients) and 203 student controls. The patient group consisted of 54.5% (n = 30) with AN, 18.2% (n = 10) with BN, 27.2% (n = 15) with unspecified ED. The ED sample was treated as transdiagnostic in all analyses. t Tests, chi‐square test, correlations analyses, and a principal component analysis were conducted.

Results

The analyses confirmed that the EED questionnaire had adequate psychometric properties, and a four‐factor solution: (a) compulsive exercise, (b) positive and healthy exercise, (c) awareness of bodily signals, and (d) weight and shape exercise. The questionnaire discriminated significantly (p < .01– < .001) between patients and controls on the global score, subscales, and 16 out of 18 individual items. Convergent validity was demonstrated by high correlations between the EED questionnaire and the eating disorder examination questionnaire (r = .65).

Discussion

The results indicated that the EED questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for males. It is a clinically derived, self‐report questionnaire to assess compulsive exercise among ED patients, regarding attitudes and thoughts toward compulsive exercise and identification of treatment targets and priorities
Livelihood changes matter for the sustainability of ecological restoration: A case analysis of the Grain for Green Program in China's largest Giant Panda Reserve
Authors: Xu Jianying , Wang Qing , Kong Ming
Published: March 2018

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are expected to promote ecological restoration while simultaneously improving human livelihoods. As an adaptive management tool, PES programs should be dynamic and adjusted according to changing natural and socio‐economic contexts. Taking the implementation of China's famous ecological restoration policy known as the Grain for Green Program (GGP) in the Wolong National Nature Reserve as an example, we analyzed changes in the livelihood capitals and strategies of local households that had participated in the GGP over a 10‐year period and discussed the implications of these changes for the next stage of the program's implementation. Data were collected from a locally implemented questionnaire in both 2004 and 2015. We found that local livelihood capitals and strategies had experienced dramatic change over the 10‐year period. Natural capital decreased and was unequally distributed among local respondents. In terms of financial capital, despite that agricultural and nonagricultural income increased, compensation from the GGP decreased and did not keep pace with increasing cost of cropland, household income and more broadly national economic development and inflation. Regarding human capital, the local labor force is facing huge transformational pressures. In particular, there is a increase in the supply of local labor force aged between 21 and 40 and the implications of this for the future of the GGP should be given more attention. The findings have demonstrated that: Some changes in participants’ livelihood were expected by the GGP but were not evenly distributed among the participants; and PES programs are embedded in changing and multi‐dimensional socio‐economic contexts, and so their design and implementation must be coordinated with other related policies if they are to achieve long‐term success.
Riparian plant biodiversity reduces stream channel migration rates in three rivers in Michigan, U.S.A.
Authors: Allen Daniel C. , Wynn‐Thompson Theresa M. , Kopp Darin A. , Cardinale Bradley J.
Published: March 2018

Recent work has shown that the biodiversity of organisms can influence geophysical processes such as the transport of streambed sediments and the erosion of soils. Yet most of this work has been conducted in small‐scale fluvial system mimics, demonstrating a clear need to investigate the relationship between biodiversity and erosion in natural systems. We conducted an observational field study across 3 rivers in forested watersheds in northern Michigan, U.S.A., quantifying streambank retreat rates using aerial photos and measuring riparian plant community biodiversity and abundance. We hypothesized that more diverse riparian plant communities would produce greater woody plant stem density and basal area, which in turn would reduce erosion rates of streambanks due to increased root production. We used structural equation modelling to compare causal networks using plant biodiversity metrics to predict streambank migration rate indirectly through effects on plant abundance, as well as models that used migration rate to predict plant abundance indirectly through effects on plant biodiversity. Although structural equation models explained both causal pathways successfully, models using biodiversity to predict migration rate were a better fit to data than models that used migration rate to predict plant biodiversity and abundance. The best performing models suggested plant biodiversity was indirectly negatively correlated with erosion rate (average standardized path coefficient = −0.22), after accounting for environmental differences between sites. This work adds to a growing body of evidence indicating that biodiversity can modify geophysical processes, demonstrating the need to explicitly account for biological variation when considering ecogeomorphic feedbacks.
Left ventricular myxoma with Carney complex
Authors: Kuyama Naoto , Hamatani Yasuhiro , Fukushima Satsuki , Ikeda Yoshihiko , Nakai Eri , Okada Atsushi , Takahama Hiroyuki , Amaki Makoto , Hasegawa Takuya , Sugano Yasuo , Kanzaki Hideaki , Fujita Tomoyuki , Ishibashi‐Ueda Hatsue , Yasuda Satoshi , Anzai Toshihisa , Kobayashi Junjiro
Published: March 2018

The left ventricle is a less frequent location of cardiac myxomas overall. Meanwhile, cardiac myxomas related to Carney complex (CNC), which is a multiple neoplasia syndrome involving cardiac, endocrine, neural, and cutaneous tumours, more frequently occur in the left ventricle compared with sporadic cardiac myxomas. Herein, we report a case of a 20‐year‐old woman with CNC who underwent complete surgical excision of a large and mobile left ventricular myxoma. In our case, echocardiography performed 4 years earlier was normal. This case highlights the importance of annual follow‐up by echocardiography in patients with CNC, because early diagnosis of cardiac myxomas might improve their prognosis. Besides, we should bear in mind the possibility of CNC if the patients have cardiac myxoma in a cardiac chamber other than the left atrium at a younger age.
Colonization‐induced protection against invasive pneumococcal disease in mice is independent of CD103 driven adaptive immune responses
Authors: Dommaschk Anne , Lang Lara F. , Maus Regina , Stolper Jennifer , Welte Tobias , Maus Ulrich A.
Published: March 2018

Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is known to mount protective adaptive immune responses in rodents and humans. However, the cellular response of the nasopharyngeal compartment to pneumococcal colonization and its importance for the ensuing adaptive immune response is only partially defined. Here we show that nasopharyngeal colonization with S. pneumoniae triggered substantial expansion of both integrin αE (CD103) positive dendritic cells (DC) and T lymphocytes in nasopharynx, nasal‐associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and cervical lymph nodes (CLN) of WT mice. However, nasopharyngeal de‐colonization and pneumococcus‐specific antibody responses were similar between WT and CD103 KO mice or Batf3 KO mice. Also, naïve WT mice passively immunized with antiserum from previously colonized WT and CD103 KO mice were similarly protected against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). In summary, the data show that CD103 is dispensable for pneumococcal colonization‐induced adaptive immune responses in mice.
Nickel–Alkyl Complexes with a Reactive PNC‐Pincer Ligand
Authors: Jongbloed Linda S. , Vogt Nicolas , Sandleben Aaron , de Bruin Bas , Klein Axel , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar
Published: March 2018

Based on previous work related to the design and application of rigid tridentate phosphine–pyridine–phenyl coordination offered by a PNC‐pincer ligand upon cyclometalation to nickel, the synthesis, spectroscopic and solid state characterization and redox‐reactivity of two NiII(PNC) complexes featuring either a methyl (2CH3) or CF3 co‐ligand (2CF3) are described. One‐electron oxidation is proposed to furnish C–C reductive elimination, as deduced from a combined chemical, electrochemical, spectroscopic and computational study. One‐electron reduction results in a ligand‐centered radical anion, as supported by electrochemistry, UV spectroelectrochemistry, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. This further attenuates the breadth of chemical reactivity offered by such PNC‐pincer ligands.
Continuous Flow Organic Chemistry: Successes and Pitfalls at the Interface with Current Societal Challenges
Authors: Gérardy Romaric , Emmanuel Noémie , Toupy Thomas , Kassin Victor‐Emmanuel , Tshibalonza Nelly Ntumba , Schmitz Michaël , Monbaliu Jean‐Christophe M.
Published: March 2018

This review intends to provide the reader with a clear and concise overview of how preparative continuous flow organic chemistry could potentially impact on current important societal challenges. These societal challenges include health/well‐being and sustainable development. Continuous flow chemistry has enabled significant advances for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, as well as for biomass valorization toward a biosourced chemical industry. Examples related to pharmaceutical production are herein focused on (a) the implementation of flow chemistry to reduce the occurrence of drug shortages, (b) continuous flow manufacturing of orphan drugs, (c) continuous flow preparation of active pharmaceuticals listed on the WHO list of essential medicines and (d) perspectives for the manufacturing of peptide‐based pharmaceuticals. Examples related to sustainable development are focused on the valorization of biosourced platform molecules. Besides positive impacts on societal challenges, this review also illustrates some of the potentially most threatening perspectives of continuous flow technology within the actual context of terrorism and drug abuse.
Discrimination of the Chirality of α‐Amino Acids in ZnII Complexes of DPA‐Appended Binaphthyl Imine
Authors: Shirbhate Mukesh Eknath , Nandhakumar Raju , Kim Youngmee , Kim Sung‐Jin , Kim Seong Kyu , Kim Kwan Mook
Published: March 2018

Binaphthol aldehydes with appended dipicolylamine moieties, (R)‐1, and (R)‐2, were synthesized. The reaction of (R)‐1 with an amino acid together with the ZnII ion produces a monomeric complex that discriminates the chirality of the bound amino acid by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The same reaction of (R)‐2, which is different from (R)‐1 by only one nitrogen atom, generates a dimeric complex that is highly enantiospecific for the l‐form of amino acids such as Phe and Trp.
A Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Divalent Propargylamines by Copper‐Catalyzed Annulation/Double A3‐Couplings
Authors: Zhang Yazhen , Feng Huangdi , Liu Xiaohui , Huang Liliang
Published: March 2018

Divalent propargylamines are prominent intermediates in the preparation of multidentate ligands, which have wide implications for use in catalysis. Herein, a highly chemoselective and versatile protocol for the construction of cyclic divalent propargylamines has been achieved under microwave irradiation. This sequential transformation comprises a copper‐catalyzed annulation/A3‐coupling/A3‐coupling of a primary diamine with formaldehyde solution and two alkynes to directly providing a diverse set of N,N′‐dipropargylimidazolidines and hexahydropyrimidines in moderate to excellent yields.
Evidence for the improvement of fatigue in fibromyalgia: A 4‐week left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation randomized‐controlled trial
Authors: Fitzgibbon B.M. , Hoy K.E. , Knox L.A. , Guymer E.K. , Littlejohn G. , Elliot D. , Wambeek L.E. , McQueen S. , Elford K.A. , Lee S.J. , Enticott P.G. , Fitzgerald P.B.
Published: March 2018

Background

Fibromyalgia is a complex chronic disorder with few effective treatments currently available. One promising treatment option is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non‐invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown promise in disorders effecting the central nervous system.

Methods

We assessed the efficacy of a course of high‐frequency (10 Hz) left‐hemisphere dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) rTMS in 26 patients (14 active; 12 sham) with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Participants underwent a double‐blind stimulation protocol of daily (Monday–Friday) rTMS sessions over four consecutive weeks (total of 20 sessions; 75 × 4‐s 10 Hz trains at 120% resting motor threshold). Assessments were conducted at baseline, 4 weeks and at 1‐month follow‐up.

Results

Using mixed‐model analysis we did not identify a group difference for our primary outcome measures. However, we found that patients in the active group compared to sham treatment group had significantly greater improvement in the Physical Fatigue (p = 0.045) and General Fatigue (p = 0.023) scales of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory‐20 at the 1 month follow‐up. In a responder analysis, we also found the active group was significantly more likely (2.84 times) to achieve a minimum 30% improvement in pain intensity ratings. (p = 0.024).

Conclusions

High‐frequency rTMS applied daily for 4 weeks to the left DLPFC induces significant relief from fatigue and a greater chance of clinically meaningful improvement in pain intensity in patients with fibromyalgia. These results suggest DLPFC rTMS may be a relevant therapy for fibromyalgia.

Significance

This study provides evidence that 4‐weeks of daily rTMS to the left DLPFC is able to improve fatigue in fibromyalgia. This novel finding provides impetus for the further investigation of the utility of TMS approaches for the relief of fatigue, an otherwise difficult‐to‐treat symptom, in fibromyalgia and related disorders.
Voltammetric Determination of Serine Using L‐Cysteine Modified Platinum Electrode and Brief Exploration from the Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Xue Bingchun , Fu Yan , Li Jing , Liu Erbao
Published: March 2018

A new method for the detection of serine was described using L‐cysteine chemically modified electrode, which was prepared by cyclic voltammetry. The factors, such as pH, scan rate, and soaking time for the experimental process were discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range for serine concentration was 3×10−7∼8×10−5 mol L−1, the detection limit was 2.34×10−7 mol L−1 (S/N=3), and the relative standard deviation was 2.14 % (n=10) for 3×10−7 mol L−1 serine solution. The method was applied to the detection of serine in apple cider vinegar sample with a recovery of 97.5 %–101.9 %. To further discuss the change of the property of platinum surface on atomic level, theoretical calculations were carried out. The change of adsorption energy indicated that the possible interaction of Pt and cysteine was O−C−O bridge adsorption. The analysis about the density of states (DOS) of the system and pseudo band gap showed an increase in the Pt surface activity.
Amperometric Determination of Catecholamines by Enzymatic Biosensors in Flow Systems
Authors: Josypčuk Oksana , Barek Jiří , Josypčuk Bohdan
Published: March 2018

Four various biosensors based on flow enzymatic mini‐reactors containing one of the two different mesoporous silica powders (SBA‐15 or MCM‐41) modified by one of the two enzymes (laccase or tyrosinase) were used for the determination of L‐DOPA, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Dependences of peak currents on detection potentials, flow rates, injected volumes, reactor volumes, and analyte concentrations were studied and optimized. The silica powder of MCM‐41 with covalently bonded laccase (Lac) was found to be the best filling for the detection of catecholamines. Relative current response of such biosensor was: 100 % for dopamine, 32.1 % for L‐DOPA, 26.2 % for noradrenaline, and 0.71 % for adrenaline. Statistical evaluation of parallel determinations of studied analytes with this biosensor proved its good accuracy (RSD=1.82–5.18 %) and sensitivity (5.46–15.5 μmol L−1). Life time of the studied biosensors is several months. The practical applicability of Lac‐MCM41 biosensor was successfully verified by the determination of dopamine and noradrenaline in medical solutions for infusions.