bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More Distally Located Duodenal Webs: A Case Series
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Mathur Praveen , Gubbi Sharanabasappa , Gupta Pradeep Kumar , Shukla Ramendra , Bhandari Anu
Published: October 2016

Duodenal atresia is a frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in the newborn. Obstruction due to duodenal web is infrequent, but its location other than second part of duodenum is rare with only a few cases reported in the literature. We are reporting three patients where we found duodenal webs at unusual locations. In one neonate the web was located at third part of duodenum and in other two patients the web was present at duodeno-jejunal junction (DJ).
Early Reoperations after Primary Repair of Jejunoileal Atresia in Newborns
Authors: Yeung Fanny , Tam Yuk Him , Wong Yuen Shan , Tsui Siu Yan , Wong Hei Yi , Pang Kristine Kit Yi , Houben Christopher H , Mou Jennifer Wai Cheung , Chan Kin Wai , Lee Kim Hung
Published: October 2016

Aim: To review nine-year experience in managing jejuno-ileal atresia (JIA) by primary resection and anastomosis and identify factors associated with reoperations.Methods: From April 2006 to May 2015, all consecutive neonates who underwent bowel resection and primary anastomosis for JIA were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with temporary enterostomy were excluded. Patient demographics, types of atresia, surgical techniques, need for reoperations, and long-term outcomes were investigated.Results: A total of forty-three neonates were included, in which nineteen (44.2%) of them were preterm and fourteen (32.6%) were of low birth weight. Thirteen patients (30.2%) had jejunal atresia whereas thirty patients (69.8%) had ileal atresia. Volvulus, intussusception and meconium peritonitis were noted in 12, 8, and13 patients, respectively. Eight patients (18.6%) had short bowel syndrome after operation. Ten patients (23.3%) required reoperations from 18 days to 4 months after the initial surgery due to anastomotic stricture (n=1), adhesive intestinal obstruction (n=1), small bowel perforation (n=2) and functional obstruction (n=6). Prematurity and low birth weight were associated with functional obstruction leading to reoperation (p=0.04& 0.01 respectively). The overall long-term survival was 97.7%. All surviving patients achieved enteral autonomy and catch-up growth at a median follow-up of 4.7 years.Conclusion: Long-term survival of JIA after primary resection and anastomosis are excellent. However, patients have substantial risk of early reoperations to tackle intraabdominal complications.
Alimentary Tract Atresias associated with Anorectal Malformations: 10 Years’ Experience
Authors: Saha Manoj
Published: October 2016

Anorectal malformation (ARM) is one of the most common congenital anomaly that requires emergency surgery in the neonatal period. ARMs are frequently associated with other life threatening congenital anomalies. Commonly associated anomalies are genito-urinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal and spinal. Alimentary tract anomalies are frequently masked by the intestinal obstruction produced by the anorectal atresia. This retrospective study was carried out to find out the incidence of associated alimentary tract atresias with ARM. In our series, out of 785 cases of high ARM, 14 cases had associated esophageal atresia (1.8%), followed by 7 cases of duodenal atresia (0.89%), and followed by pyloric atresia, jejuno-ileal atresia and colonic atresia.
Isolated Jejunal Duplication Cyst Associated with Intestinal Malrotation in a Newborn
Authors: Tripathy Prasanta Kumar , Jena Pradeep Kumar , Mohanty Hiranya Kishor
Published: October 2016

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Congenital Duodenal Obstruction in Neonates: Over 13 Years’ Experience from a Single Centre
Authors: Kumar Parveen , Kumar Chiranjiv , Pandey Prince Raj , Sarin Yogesh Kumar
Published: October 2016

Aim: To study the prevalence of associated anomalies with neonatal duodenal obstruction and factors impacting short-term survival.Material and methods: Records of 31 neonates with neonatal duodenal obstruction could be retrieved and analyzed for a 13.5-year-period (October 2003-May 2016). M:F ratio was 1.58:1. The mean birth weight was 2.15 kg; 12 patients were preterm. Etiologies included duodenal atresia (n=23), duodenal web (n=8) and malrotation of gut (n= 6).Results: Associated anomalies were seen in 19/31: Down’s syndrome (n=6), anorectal malformation (ARM) (n=5), annular pancreas (n=5), cardiac anomalies (n=4), esophageal atresia with trachea-esophageal fistula (EA with TEF) (n=3). Mortality in the series was 22.5%; 5 deaths and 2 patients left against medical advice in moribund state (hidden mortality). Mortality in associated anomalies group was 5/19; and 2/12 in the no anomalies group, though this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.676). Similarly, low birth weight (LBW) did not have impact on survival (p=0.639) but preterm status had highly significant p value (Conclusion: Duodenal atresia was the commonest cause of neonatal duodenal obstruction. Associated anomalies were noted in 61% patients, Down’s syndrome being the most frequent. These anomalies did not have any significant impact on the survival, nor did LBW. Preterm status had significant impact on prognosis.
Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction: When to Suspect Duplication Cyst of Bowel as the Cause
Authors: Khan Rizwan Ahmad , Wahab Shagufta , Ghani Imran
Published: October 2016

Background: Duplication cyst is a rare cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction. Their most common location is the small intestine. The clinical presentation is extremely variable depending upon its size, location and type and the age of the patient and are mainly encountered during infancy or early childhood. The diagnosis is very difficult in neonates. This study was undertaken to study their presentation, diagnostic modality of choice and further management in neonatal age group.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study performed at the Department of Paediatric Surgery, J .N Medical College Hospital, AMU Aligarh from July 2008 to June 2014. The data was analyzed with respect to demographic profile of the neonates, their initial clinical presentation, radiological features and subsequent event leading to intervention, operative features and outcome.Results: There were a total of seven neonates between ages of 3 days and 21 days who were diagnosed as cases of intestinal obstruction due to duplication cyst. The majority of the patients were having ileal duplication cyst (n=4). Ultrasonography played important role in majority of the cases for diagnosis. There was one patient in which the diagnosis was confused with ileal atresia. All the patients underwent excision with restoration of bowel continuity.Conclusion: The diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in neonate due to duplication cyst is difficult. It has varied presentation and preoperative diagnosis at times may be challenging. Surgery is the mainstay of the treatment.
Rare Association of Extended Total Colonic Aganglionosis and Intestinal Malrotation
Authors: Stratulat-Chiriac Iulia , Mc Laughlin Danielle , Antao Brice
Published: October 2016

Total colonic aganglionosis occurring together with malrotation is a rare occurrence and may pose diagnostic and management dilemmas for the paediatric surgeon. We report a case of a neonate that presented with extended total colonic aganglionosis and malrotation, along with a spectrum of central nervous system and renal abnormalities. The clinical and radiological features and potential diagnostic and management pitfalls are discussed along with a literature review of this exceptionally infrequent association.
Postoperative Gastric Perforation in a Newborn with Duodenal Atresia
Authors: Antabak Anko , Bogović Marko , Vuković Jurica , Grizelj Ruža , Babić Vinka Barbarić , Papeš Dino , Luetić Tomislav
Published: October 2016

Gastric perforation (GP) in neonates is a rare entity with high mortality. Although the etiology is not completely understood, it mostly occurs in premature neonates on assisted ventilation. Combination of duodenal atresia and gastric perforation is very rare. We present a case duodenal atresia who developed gastric perforation after operetion for duodenal atresia. Analysis of the patient medical record and histology report did not reveal the etiology of the perforation.
Congenital Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction
Authors: Rahman Mitul Ashrarur
Published: October 2016

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A Minor Innovation in Constructing a Small Bowel Stoma in Neonates with Small Bowel Atresia to Reduce the Morbidity
Authors: Khan Naeem , Bakht Saba , Zaheer Nadia
Published: October 2016

Background: Intestinal atresia has still significant morbidity in developing countries. Stomas are now not recommended in every case of intestinal atresia; primary anastomosis is the goal of surgery after resection of dilated adynamic gut. A new type of stoma formation along with primary anastomosis is being presented here.Materials and Methods: This report is based on our experience of many cases with this technique in last 12 years but all the details and long follow-up of each case is not available. However the method of surgical procedure, progress, complications, and advantages encountered have been highlighted.Results: Presently we have data of 7 patients; others are lost to follow up. Three had died with other associated problems, namely one with multiple atresias, two with septic shock and prematurity. Two stomas did not require formal closure because stoma shriveled and disappeared. Two other stomas had grown very long like a diverticulum when these were closed after 5 and 8 months.Conclusion: This technique is another attempt to decrease morbidity of patients of intestinal atresia especially in those cases where short bowel syndrome is feared after resection of proximal dilated gut.
To Evaluate the efficacy of Aahara –Vihara on Stanya Kshaya in Healthy Female Volunteers of different Deha Prakriti
Authors: Kiran Tanwar  , Uma Shankar Sharma  , Ankur Kumar Tanwar
Published: October 2016

Ayurveda is a practical science that deals with physiological and pathological status of human beings. Acharyas of Ayurveda has classified the elements of the body under three fundamental components Dosa, Dhatu and Mala. Though the basic elements are categorised under these three groups but some elements are left which are not defined. These specialised group of elements termed as Updhatu. Upa is suggestive of ‘Proximity’ and close resemblance to the term Dhatu. So in nutshell, it could be said that Updhatu is derivative of Dhatu and has some resemblance in terms of structure, function, and nature. The present study evaluate the role of the efficacy of Aahara–Vihara on Stanyaksaya in healthy female volunteers of different Deha Prakriti.The study was undertaken on 30 Females having Stanyaksaya and baby in Ksirapa Avastha in a single group. The duration of therapy was 3 months. The patients were followed up every 2 weeks.This trial revealed that this disease is common in VataKapha Prakriti patients. After treatment, statistically significant (p<0.01) reduction was observed in selected parameters. We found that the Aahara-Vihara was found effective in Stanyaksaya. On the basis of above observation, it may be recommended that this diet (Ahara-Vihara) is a safe and effective in the management of Stanyakshaya.
Effect of isolated and combined practice of Yoga and Ayurveda Therapy on pain among Cervical Osteoarthritis Patients
Authors: Dr. Smeeta B. K.  , Dr. V. Rukmani  , Dr. Vijaylakshmi. H
Published: October 2016

Cervical Osteoarthrities is one of the most common disorder of the cervical spine. It is caused by degenarative changes in the vertebral and intervertebral discs, that occur because of constant improper stress on the cervical spine due to abnormal posture, injury, aging, rheumatoid disease. The medical management options inclued use of analgesics for pain. However due to the adverse effects that they produce it has its own limitations. This study has been designed to evaluate the combined effect of Yoga Therapy and Ayurvedic Medications in Cervical Osteoarthritis. It was a Randomized single blind study conducted in 30 patients attending O.P.D. of S.H.E.S. A.M.C. College Kalaburagi, Karnataka and grouped into three. The first group of subjects received Yoga treatment, the second group received Ayurvedic treatment and the third group received both Yoga and Ayurvedic treatment for eight weeks. The result of the study showed that the combined group of Yoga and Ayurveda treatment (Group C) shows good response compaired to Ayurveda (Group-A) and Yoga (Group-B).
An Observational Study on Urdwaga Amlapitta Nidana w.s.r. to Diet and Lifestyle
Authors: Shubhasri. B  , Vijay B. Negalur  , Yogeesha Acharya
Published: October 2016

21st century is the era of competition with full of stress having more speed and accuracy are the prime demand to fulfill their need. The needs of the human being are infinite but the availability is less to fulfill the growing needs. So man is trying to utilize his time in fulfillment of such needs without thinking about his health. He is changing his lifestyle, diet pattern and behavioral pattern and inviting many lifestyle disorders like Amlapitta. Ayurvedic literature mentions about diseases Amlapitta mainly caused because of Ahitakara Ahara, Vihara and Manasika Bhava. So avoiding such Nidana can prevent and control the disease. So in this present study importance has been given for Aharaja and Viharaja Nidana in the manifestation of Urdwaga Amlapitta. As no considerable works were done w.s.r to Nidana, the study was taken up entitled “An Observational Study on Urdwaga Amlapitta Nidana w.s.r to Diet and Lifestyle”.
Teaching and Learning Methodology – An Ayurvedic Perspective
Authors: Umapati C. Baragi  , Jyoti M. Ganer  , N. B. Mashetti
Published: October 2016

Teaching and learning are the two sides of a coin. Today’s education in Ayurveda is mostly becoming an exam oriented "teaching and learning". The prevalent 'direct teaching' method also known as the "factory approach" discourages student curiosity, questioning, innovation and feedback. Innovation in teaching and learning methods aimed at development of creativity and original thinking skills are rarely adopted in Ayurveda. There is very little focus on application of knowledge and development of practical skills. Basically teaching should include two major components transferring and receiving information. So, any communication methods that serve this purpose without destroying the objective could be considered as novel methods of teaching. Various teaching, learning as well as debating methods have been narrated by our Ancient Acharyas to gain and update one’s own knowledge. So this present review article pays a tribute to all the Ancient Acharyas who planned to explore the methodology of teaching as well as other learning methods that can be attempted in imparting knowledge to the students as well as the teachers in the present era.
Panchakarma Perception - An Overview
Authors: Dr. Bhojraj Arun Chaudhari  , Avinash B. Chavan
Published: October 2016

Panchakarma therapy is a potent system of medicine. These five specialised techniques, collectively termed as Panchakarma, attack the very root causes of diseases, cleanse all body microcirculatory channels, remove the vitiated Doshas from the body and produce long lasting beneficial effects. Panchakarma therapy is effective against the treatment of majority of diseases. On the other hand this therapy improves the body resistance (Immunity) and thereby checks the pathogenesis of the disease confirming its preventive effects also. It is to be noted that Panchakarma therapy is not a classification of specialised techniques but is a compressive Samshodana regimen under which all other similar procedures may be included. The classical Panchakarma therapy consists of Purvakarma i.e. Snehana and Swedana Karma, Pradhana Karma i.e. Vamana, Virechana, Anuvasana and Niruha Basti and Nasya Karma and Raktamokshana by Acharya Sushruta and Paschyat Karma like Dhumapana, Ahara Sansarjana Krama etc.
Role of Rasayana in Geriatric Care - A Review
Authors: Dr. Yagyik Mishra  , Negalur Vijay  , Thakor Krunal  , Bhat Nagaraj  , Shubhasri B
Published: October 2016

The growth of any country or society depends on the number of youth dwelling in that country but according to recent statistical data we soon will have older people more than children and more people at extreme old age than ever before. The number of people aged 65 or older is projected to grow from an estimated 524 million in 2010 to nearly 1.5 billion in 2050. Geriatrics (Jarachikitsa) is the branch of medicine dealing exclusively with the problems of aging and the diseases of elderly. The term Rasayana (rejuvination) refers to nourishment or nutrition. Rasayana therapy act essentially on nutrition dynamics and rejuvenate the body on both physical and mental levels. The problems of health due to modernization can be solved by increasing resistance against diseases and psychological improvement by implementing Rasayana therapy. Aging (Jara) is one among the Swabhavika Vyadhis. Jara Chikitsa is one among the Astanga of Ayurveda which is specifically dedicated for geriatric care. As per estimation, India currently has around 75 million persons over 65 years. By proper administration of Rasayana therapy as preventive tool one can delay Jara Janita Vyadhis to occur. This paper highlights the role of Rasayana in geriatric care.
Concept of Satwavajaya Chikitsa (Psychotherapy)
Authors: Dr. Sachin S. Bagali  , Dr. Umapati C Baragi  , Dr. R. A. Deshmukh
Published: October 2016

Health is defined as, a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity. Manas or Satwa plays an important role in keeping person healthy, even during the time of physical disorder Manas helps in relieving it. But during present day’s lifestyle and stress related environment, human beings are suffering from many psychological disorders; As many as 450 million people suffer from a mental or behavioral disorder. Among them nearly 1 million people commit suicide every year (WHO). So this balancing nature of mind nowadays is getting deprived under the influence of growing stress and strain in life. But treatment is not absolute in the modern science, but Ayurveda may provide better treatment modality in controlling or curing these then other existing sciences. Satwavajaya Chikitsa is a unique non-pharmacological approach for treating the mental disorders. It is the first of its kind and if developed can really prove much useful. So Satwavajaya plays major role to get rid of these problems. So it is very much essential to understand the concept of Satwavajaya Chikitsa.
Critical analysis of Nitya Sevaniya Ahara Dravya’s - Balanced diet in Ayurveda
Authors: Dr. Krunal Thakor  , Vijay B. Negalur  , Yagyik Mishra  , Shubhasri. B  , Nagraj Bhat
Published: October 2016

Acharya Charaka describe that the whole world runs towards food, as complexion, happiness, pleasant voice, life, talent, health and satisfaction, maintenance of body, body strength and even intellectual capacities of the individual depends on food. Since from Vedic period they gave importance to the food. In Upanishad food is considered as Brahma. Food is a substance consumed other than water and drugs for maintenance of the health, well-being and vitality of the individual. Present paper highlights the importance of Ayurvedic nutrition in the form of Nitya Sevaniya Ahara Dravya and critical analyses on the importance of it in day today life.
Pharmaceutical and Therapeutical Utility of Ikshu Varga Dravya: A Review
Authors: Dr. Abhishek  , Dr. Ashok Kumar B.N.  , Dr.Sujatha K.  , Dr. Renjal P. U.
Published: October 2016

Aharavarga Dravya and Aushadhavarga Dravya have been explained in Ayurveda to get an approach towards nutritional and medicinal values. Ayurveda explains dietary regimen for maintaining health and treatment of diseases. Ikshu Varga has been explained under Ahara Varga by the Brihatrayees which has got a very specific role in therapeutics and pharmaceutics as well. Ikshu is having properties Guru, Madhura Rasa, Brimhana and Vrushya. This establishes a strong base for Ikshu Vikaras being utilised in different formulations in different forms like as an ingredient, Anupana, binding agent. In daily routine these could be included under diet regimen because of their nutritional values and even they could prove to be beneficial in cases of malnutrition.
Process of Ageing - An Ayurvedic Perspective
Authors: Dr. Ankur Singhal  , Dr. Komal Gupta
Published: October 2016

Census shows that one out of every two elderly suffers from at least alone chronic disease that requires lifelong medication. Nearly 50% report arthritis, 40% hypertention, 30% hearing impairement, 40% defective vision, 10% diabetes, 89 out of every 1000 are mentally ill. Ayurveda has considered Jara as one of the branch among eight branches of Ayurveda but detailed description as a disease has not been mentioned anywhere. Process of ageing can be described by Sahaja Theory and Vatic Theory and how various pathological factors such as impaired Dhatu Vyuha Karatha, Rasa Shoshana, Dhatu Asamata, Agni Asamata, Mano Vyaharsha and Ayu Upaghata leads to Ojakshaya and ultimately Jara.
Ayurvedic Management of Ardita - A Case Report
Authors: Dr Mridula M. K.  , Aswathi A.T.
Published: October 2016

Ardita is a condition that developes due to excessive aggravation of Vata and causes distortion of face. Facial palsy the paralysis of facial nerve also affects the movement of facial muscles and shows similar symptoms. So we can almost correlate these diseases. Allopathic management of facial palsy includes the use of steroids and some anti-inflammatory drugs only, with a chance of recurrence and side effects. Present study reveals that Ardita can be managed successfully with ayurvedic treatments with lesser chance of recurrence and without any side effects.
The Young in the Kirchnerist Age (Argentina. 2007-2015): Political Payoff or Transformation Tool?
Authors: Becher Yussef
Published: October 2016

The objective of this text (which also involves a working hypothesis) is to contribute elements intended to analyze social policies as political and institutional resources which can add to the building of a presidential leadership. Taking this as a starting point, social policies designed for the young—which were especially fostered and financed during Cristina Fernández de Kirchner’s second term of office—are analyzed as elements that may have helped to build a political leadership. However, it is also appropriate to consider the presidency of Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) in order to gain a better understanding of such a construction, since this is the point where the political-institutional scaffolding that propelled that leadership lies.

With regard to social interventions of the young, different studies conducted across Argentina have highlighted the increase of social participation and citizenship building. Those studies provide some hints in relation to the question raised when considering such interventions as political and institutional resources: are the young a political payoff or a transformation tool?
A Critical Role for the Type I Interferon Receptor in Virus-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes in Rats
Authors: Qaisar Natasha , Lin Suvana , Ryan Glennice , Yang Chaoxing , Oikemus Sarah R. , Brodsky Michael H. , Bortell Rita , Mordes John P. , Wang Jennifer P.
Published: October 2016

The pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes, characterized by immune-mediated damage of insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islets, may involve viral infection. Essential components of the innate immune antiviral response, including type I interferon (IFN) and IFN receptor–mediated signaling pathways, are candidates for determining susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes. Numerous aspects of human type 1 diabetes pathogenesis are recapitulated in the LEW.1WR1 rat model. Diabetes can be induced in LEW.1WR1 weanling rats challenged with virus or with the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). We hypothesized that disrupting the cognate type I IFN receptor (type I IFN α/β receptor [IFNAR]) to interrupt IFN signaling would prevent or delay the development of virus-induced diabetes. We generated IFNAR1 subunit–deficient LEW.1WR1 rats using CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–associated protein 9) genome editing and confirmed functional disruption of the Ifnar1 gene. IFNAR1 deficiency significantly delayed the onset and frequency of diabetes and greatly reduced the intensity of insulitis after poly I:C treatment. The occurrence of Kilham rat virus–induced diabetes was also diminished in IFNAR1-deficient animals. These findings firmly establish that alterations in innate immunity influence the course of autoimmune diabetes and support the use of targeted strategies to limit or prevent the development of type 1 diabetes.
Effects of 13-Hour Hyperglucagonemia on Energy Expenditure and Hepatic Glucose Production in Humans
Authors: Chakravarthy Manu , Parsons Stephanie , Lassman Michael E. , Butterfield Kristin , Lee Anita Y.H. , Chen Ying , Previs Stephen , Spond Jeffrey , Yang Shan , Bock Christopher , Yi Fanchao , Moon Jon , Wohlers-Kariesch Erica , Smith Steven R. , Meyer Christian
Published: October 2016

Glucagon (GCG) acutely stimulates energy expenditure (EE) and hepatic glucose production (HGP) in humans, but whether these effects persist during hyperglucagonemia of longer duration is unclear. Using a prospective, randomized, single-blind, crossover study design, we therefore measured EE and rates of glucose appearance (glucose RA) during three separate infusion protocols in healthy lean males: A) 10-h overnight GCG infusion (6 ng/[kg × min]) followed by 3-h infusion of GCG, octreotide (OCT), and insulin (INS) for basal replacement; B) overnight saline (SAL) infusion followed by GCG/OCT/INS infusion; and C) overnight SAL infusion followed by SAL/OCT/INS infusion. Sleep EE, measured at 6 to 7 h of the overnight infusion, was increased 65–70 kcal/24 h in A compared with B and C. During the 3-h infusion, mean resting EE remained significantly increased in A versus C by ∼50 kcal/24 h; in B, resting EE increased with a statistical trend but was not significantly greater than in C. Glucose RA increased to comparable levels in A and B. We conclude that in healthy lean males, stimulation of EE and HGP is sustained during hyperglucagonemia of longer duration when insulin secretion is inhibited. The increase in EE at the present GCG dose was of marginal clinical significance.
Teacher and Teaching Effects on Students’ Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Blazar David , Kraft Matthew A.
Published: October 2016

Research has focused predominantly on how teachers affect students’ achievement on standardized tests despite evidence that a broad range of attitudes and behaviors are equally important to their long-term success. We find that upper-elementary teachers have large effects on self-reported measures of students’ self-efficacy in math, and happiness and behavior in class. Students’ attitudes and behaviors are predicted by teaching practices most proximal to these measures, including teachers’ emotional support and classroom organization. However, teachers who are effective at improving test scores often are not equally effective at improving students’ attitudes and behaviors. These findings lend empirical evidence to well-established theory on the multidimensional nature of teaching and the need to identify strategies for improving the full range of teachers’ skills.
Diversification and coevolution in brood pollination mutualisms: Windows into the role of biotic interactions in generating biological diversity
Authors: Hembry David H. , Althoff David M.
Published: October 2016

Brood pollination mutualisms—interactions in which specialized insects are both the pollinators (as adults) and seed predators (as larvae) of their host plants—have been influential study systems for coevolutionary biology. These mutualisms include those between figs and fig wasps, yuccas and yucca moths, leafflowers and leafflower moths, globeflowers and globeflower flies,Sileneplants andHadenaandPerizomamoths, saxifrages andGreyamoths, and senita cacti and senita moths. The high reciprocal diversity and species‐specificity of some of these mutualisms have been cited as evidence that coevolution between plants and pollinators drives their mutual diversification. However, the mechanisms by which these mutualisms diversify have received less attention. In this paper, we review key hypotheses about how these mutualisms diversify and what role coevolution between plants and pollinators may play in this process. We find that most species‐rich brood pollination mutualisms show significant phylogenetic congruence at high taxonomic scales, but there is limited evidence for the processes of both cospeciation and duplication, and there are no unambiguous examples known of strict‐sense contemporaneous cospeciation. Allopatric speciation appears important across multiple systems, particularly in the insects. Host‐shifts appear to be common, and widespread host‐shifts by pollinators may displace other pollinator lineages. There is relatively little evidence for a “coevolution through cospeciation” model or that coevolution promotes speciation in these systems. Although we have made great progress in understanding the mechanisms by which brood pollination mutualisms diversify, many opportunities remain to use these intriguing symbioses to understand the role of biotic interactions in generating biological diversity.
Pour un usage sociologique du dessin
Authors: Couronné Julie
Published: October 2016

L’auteure restitue un entretien « improvisé » mené auprès d’Abdou, un collégien cumulant les stigmates dans le milieu scolaire. Cet entretien a la particularité d’avoir été conduit en réalisant un dessin. Alors que l’emploi du dessin revient traditionnellement à la psychiatrie et à la psychanalyse, cet article propose une réflexion méthodologique sur l’usage du dessin en sociologie, et interroge les effets sur la relation d’enquête. Le dessin est présenté ici comme un outil efficace pour accéder aux représentations et aux pratiques sociales d’un enfant surexposé aux préjugés, car il limite les effets de la violence symbolique instaurée par la situation d’entretien « classique ».
Identités de genre et consommation d’alcool
Authors: Pecqueur Christophe , Moreau Christophe , Droniou Gilles
Published: October 2016

Les façons de boire et de faire la fête des jeunes ont fortement changé en l’espace de trois générations. À mesure que les formes traditionnelles du contrôle social perdent de l’influence, l’alcool et l’ivresse occupent une place de plus en plus centrale dans les représentations et les pratiques des jeunes, qui s’en servent pour alimenter leurs sociabilités, ce qui a pour effet de les distinguer des autres classes d’âge. Toutefois, bien que les normes de genre aient évolué, laissant davantage de liberté aux jeunes filles, la pratique de l’ivresse s’accompagne du renforcement de certains stéréotypes de genre, marquant la persistance d’une domination masculine.
Ne pas se sentir concerné par ses droits
Authors: Vial Benjamin
Published: October 2016

Cette contribution s’intéresse au phénomène du non-recours aux droits et services chez les jeunes. Le fait de ne pas se sentir concerné par des droits sociaux et de l’offre publique d’insertion est une raison majeure et première du non-recours à la mission locale. Les formes passives et actives du non-concernement renvoient à trois dimensions : la sensibilité à l’information, la perception d’un intérêt au recours, le rapport à la demande. L’analyse du non-recours souligne certains décalages entre les dispositions, besoins et attentes des jeunes et la réponse publique qui leur est adressée.
Les rapports d’âge dans les pratiques judiciaires
Authors: Bessin Marc , Vuattoux Arthur
Published: October 2016

L’âge constitue un objet d’étude pour la sociologie, il est aussi un révélateur de la manière dont la discipline se saisit des institutions. Plusieurs conceptions de l’âge peuvent être mises en évidence, comme celle qui consiste à qualifier de manière homogène la jeunesse via des attributs tels que la vulnérabilité, en réifiant au passage la catégorie administrative. Une autre conception, plus pragmatique, s’interroge sur les âges situés et la variabilité dans les rapports d’âge (entre jeunes et dans le rapport entre jeunes et adultes). L’exemple de la justice des mineurs et du traitement réservé à son public minoritaire, les adolescentes, permet de développer une analyse contextuelle des rapports d’âge qui, en outre, montre la nécessité de penser l’âge en relation avec d’autres rapports de pouvoir, liés aux dynamiques de genre, de classe et de race.
Le salut par les œuvres : les bienfaiteurs laïcs de l’Aumône Notre-Dame de Chartres à la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Niveau Séverine
Published: October 2016

Au Moyen Âge, les dons aux établissements hospitaliers sont perçus comme extrêmement méritoires, en raison de l’image des pauvres et des malades véhiculée par l’Église. Afin d’assurer leur salut, les élites urbaines laïques chartraines vont multiplier les œuvres envers l’établissement hospitalier le plus important de la ville de Chartres : l’Aumône Notre-Dame. Du don pécuniaire ponctuel réalisé par un bourgeois à la lettre de sauvegarde émanant d’un souverain, la charité s’est exercée suivant une gamme variée d’initiatives. En faisant preuve de générosité, les donateurs ont un but : tenter d’accéder au salut ; la communauté hospitalière et les pauvres, par le biais notamment des fondations de messes, vont en être les vecteurs.
La charité collective contre l’individuation du salut. Les bonnes œuvres des jansénistes parisiens au xviii e siècle
Authors: Lyon-Caen Nicolas
Published: October 2016

Le jansénisme est généralement considéré comme une forme particulièrement individualisée et intellectualisée du catholicisme. En dépit d’un augustinisme farouche qui devrait les prédisposer à valoriser la grâce aux dépens des œuvres, ses adeptes sont au xviii e  siècle intensément investis dans l’action charitable, celle propre aux amis de la vérité (la Boîte à Perrette) comme celle relevant des institutions locales de la capitale (paroisses, hôpitaux). Ces activités traduisent le statut social des adeptes en même qu’une motivation remarquable pour accomplir des tâches absorbantes. C’est aussi qu’à partir de ces pratiques ordinaires de charité se construit un discours associant notabilité et salut, lequel tente de justifier une domination charitable de « droit divin » sur le peuple parisien.
Entre technique et politique : les adductions d’eau dans les capitales provinciales en France du xvi e au xviii e siècle
Authors: Fournier Patrick
Published: October 2016

Les adductions d’eau des villes de la période moderne sont souvent considérées comme des équipements peu fiables, techniquement archaïques et qui auraient donc été incapables de répondre aux besoins réels des populations. Si certaines fontaines ont été érigées comme des signes urbains, les fonctions des conduites qui y menaient étaient cependant multiples. Leur utilité doit être évaluée non en fonction d’un objectif d’abondance et des critères hygiénistes du xix e siècle, mais en tenant compte des stratégies de diversification des approvisionnements en eau qui furent promues par les pouvoirs locaux et provinciaux. À partir d’un choix raisonné de capitales provinciales françaises, l’étude de l’évolution des adductions d’eau entre les xvi e et xviii e siècles permet de comprendre le progressif développement d’un besoin dont la nature a cependant été adaptée à des configurations politiques et économiques variées.
En première ligne. Voltaire face aux théories parlementaires pendant la « révolution » Maupeou (1771-1772)
Authors: Cossarutto Vincent
Published: October 2016

En 1771, la « révolution » orchestrée par le chancelier Maupeou contre les parlements est vigoureusement défendue par Voltaire. S’il a marqué les contemporains puis certains historiens, cet engagement inattendu de l’écrivain dans le camp ministériel reste encore aujourd’hui mal connu. Publiant une dizaine de pamphlets en quelques mois, le philosophe vient riposter aux audacieuses théories politiques exprimées par le Judicium Francorum et son épigone, les Lettres historiques de l’avocat Le Paige. Voltaire est une des figures les plus à la pointe de la campagne pamphlétaire en faveur de Maupeou. Façonnant un discours partisan de l’autorité royale face au constitutionnalisme parlementaire, l’écrivain est devenu théoricien politique sur ses vieux jours.
Le développement des réseaux de soins dans l’Amérique de Richard Nixon. Les enseignements du Managed Care américain depuis le HMO Act de 1973
Authors: Parel Véronique
Published: October 2016

L’article présente une analyse du Managed Care américain depuis 1973, date à laquelle Richard Nixon adopte le HMO Act, destiné à développer les HMO dans le pays. On montre ici comment le succès fulgurant des HMO puis leur effondrement au début des années 2000 s’expliquent par l’évolution de conditions socio-économiques particulières, dont notamment le développement d’une offre de soins diversifiée. Le système américain est devenu aujourd’hui le système le plus coûteux au monde avec 18 % du PIB consacré aux dépenses de santé. L’article met en avant la difficulté à contenir les coûts médicaux dans ce nouveau contexte de performance médicale, notamment dans un système concurrentiel où l’État cherche alors à garantir l’accès aux soins pour tous.
La bonne gouvernance est-elle bonne pour les sociétés ?
Authors: Hours Bernard
Published: October 2016

La bonne gouvernance semble se présenter aujourd’hui comme le principal projet global pour les sociétés. Elle se mesure en termes de performances économiques autant que de qualités morales. Cette notion est ici analysée sous 3 angles : le marché de plus en plus souverain, l’interdépendance globale et la gestion des risques qu’elle impose, enfin la communauté morale présumée à la fois sujet et objet de la bonne gouvernance. Cette communauté morale qui se substitue aux diverses sociétés soumises aux normes de bonne gouvernance est en proie à la terreur sécuritaire comme à la violence du marché.
La bonne gouvernance entre terreur et marché
Authors: Hours Bernard
Published: October 2016

La bonne gouvernance semble se présenter aujourd’hui comme le principal projet global pour les sociétés. Elle se mesure en termes de performances économiques autant que de qualités morales. Cette notion est ici analysée sous 3 angles : le marché de plus en plus souverain, l’interdépendance globale et la gestion des risques qu’elle impose, enfin la communauté morale présumée à la fois sujet et objet de la bonne gouvernance. Cette communauté morale qui se substitue aux diverses sociétés soumises aux normes de bonne gouvernance est en proie à la terreur sécuritaire comme à la violence du marché.
La gouvernance ou le règne de la raison instrumentale
Authors: Spurk Jan
Published: October 2016

La gouvernance, généralement louée dans les milieux politiques et dans les médias comme réponse raisonnable aux défaillances du monde politique et à l’inexistence d’une régulation mondiale, est analysée dans cet article comme une stratégie servant à imposer un nouveau « dispositif » (Foucault) qui peut fonctionner partout : aussi bien sur le plan mondial que local, aussi bien dans les entreprises que dans les universités etc. Nous caractérisons la gouvernance comme une stratégie post-étatique et développons cinq exemples de la gouvernance pour ensuite montrer que la gouvernance a comme finalité de maintenir ou de rétablir l’ordre dans le monde selon ses critères, un ordre qui est porté par la raison instrumentale. Elle est également l’expression d’une nouvelle qualité du politique, des institutions et, in fine, de l’organisation de la vie sociale qui reforme ou établit la sérialité des sociétés.
Les subjectivations paradoxales de la gouvernance
Authors: Selim Monique
Published: October 2016

L’édification permanente de nouvelles identités et appartenances constitue un ressort de plus en plus puissant de la gouvernance globale scruté ici à partir de quatre de ses tremplins : sexe, parenté, origine, religion ; dans ces champs sociaux et politiques, imaginaires et symboliques, qui se présentent comme des marchés idéels, se constatent avec particulièrement d’acuité les doubles processus constants de dissolution et de récréation des modes d’identification intrinsèques à la globalisation idéologique. Ces phénomènes de scissiparité identitaire mettent en scène la liquidité et la fluidité des productions de subjectivités dans la configuration présente et désignent des formes de gouvernance inédites qui s’extirpent de l’entreprise de soi, bien repérée par les sociologues au XX e  siècle.
Gouvernance et démocratie au regard de la privatisation des normes
Authors: Brugvin Thierry
Published: October 2016

Les acteurs qui défendent l’éthique, les normes sociales et environnementales cherchent à réguler le système capitaliste, notamment par une régulation participative. Cependant, on observe des conflits de légitimité entre les acteurs de la régulation (pouvoirs publics, acteurs économiques, associations de travailleurs, de citoyens). De plus, il existe plusieurs formes de régulation normative. Aussi, on observe les limites de la régulation privée, par exemple avec labels forestiers ou les codes de conduites en matière sociale. Concernant la fiabilité des labels, on relève un conflit entre la logique procédurale et la logique de communication marketing. C’est pourquoi la gouvernance globale peut favoriser la démocratisation, mais aussi privatiser la régulation sociale au détriment de la démocratie.
La gouvernance du climat : entre climatisation du monde et schisme de réalité
Authors: Dahan Amy
Published: October 2016

Depuis le premier Sommet de la Terre de Rio (1992), un processus multilatéral s’est mis en place pour essayer de répondre au problème du changement climatique, sur lequel les scientifiques lançaient l’alerte depuis plusieurs années. Cette gouvernance onusienne a longtemps paru dans l’impasse. Les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l’atmosphère, responsables du réchauffement et des dérèglements climatiques qui en résultent, n’ont cessé de croître et ont atteint un niveau record en 2013. Selon le cinquième rapport du GIEC, il est fort probable que le réchauffement climatique dépassera le seuil critique dangereux des 2 °C supplémentaires. Mais à Paris, en décembre 2015, un texte d’Accord universel a été signé par les 198 États ou Parties de la Convention climatique, ce succès étant salué comme un Momentum historique par de nombreux acteurs et observateurs. Cet article s’interroge sur le passé, le présent et l’avenir de cette « gouvernance ».
L’État commercial fermé comme issue à l’impossible gouvernance des échanges internationaux de produits agricoles
Authors: Pouch Thierry
Published: October 2016

Lorsqu'il s'agit d'analyser l’échange international de marchandises, un clivage oppose deux courants de pensée. Le premier voit dans l’échange une source possible d’accroissement de la richesse des nations et un vecteur de la pacification des sociétés. L'autre courant montre au contraire que, dès lors que des marchandises sont échangées, elles battent nécessairement pavillon et que, nécessairement, un jeu de rivalités s'instaure pour capter des parts de marché. Les produits agricoles constituent l’une des manifestations de ces rapports de force dans l'économie mondiale.
Les ressources de l’autorité éducative
Authors: Hammouche Abdelhafid
Published: October 2016

Cet article porte sur l’autorité éducative telle qu’elle est exercée par des enseignants ou des animateurs sociaux, en considérant que sa définition résulte de la prime socialisation et d’expériences ultérieures. En interrogeant des manières de définir l’autorité, il s’agit d’élaborer un questionnement sur sa construction dans le temps, notamment pour éclairer ce qu’on appelle la part inspirée et comprendre comment se forge une autolégitimation qui ne saurait suffire à elle seule, mais qui acquiert plus d’importance aujourd’hui. C’est dans cette perspective qu’elle est mise en question dans un même contexte urbain pour des enseignants et des animateurs et approchée à partir d’une enquête menée de février 2006 à juin 2010 dans l’agglomération lyonnaise. Les uns et les autres se situent en continuité avec ce qu’ils ont vécu dans leur enfance et la distinction entre enseignants et animateurs n’est guère pertinente. On propose de rendre compte de ce qui fonde leurs positionnements par une typologie qui fasse ressortir la structuration de l’apprentissage d’une forme d’autorité. Dans cette typologie, la matrice se forge dans la famille et dans les rapports à l’environnement que constitue le quartier, soit pour que s’affirme une prépondérance constante de l’adulte (les « vigilants »), soit sur la volonté première d’emporter l’adhésion par le dialogue (les « empathiques »).
L’État, la drogue et le « complot » en France : de la French Connection à l’îlot Chalon, des années 1960 aux années 1980
Authors: Marchant Alexandre
Published: October 2016

La « guerre à la drogue » est un domaine qui a particulièrement sécrété, depuis les années 1970, des hypothèses « complotistes » censées dévoiler les buts implicites des politiques publiques ou les véritables acteurs que le « système » aurait souhaité dissimuler. Ces accusations se rejoignent dans le schéma d’un État faible avec les forts (grands trafiquants) et fort avec les faibles (usagers). Cet article se propose de questionner quelques-unes de ces accusations dans le cas français, en les reprenant dans l’ordre chronologique de leur formulation, au fur et à mesure de l’évolution du problème drogue dans la France contemporaine : l’implication de « l’État profond » gaulliste dans le trafic d’héroïne de la French Connection , la protection politique offerte aux grands trafiquants de drogue, la lutte contre la drogue comme prétexte pour s’en prendre aux jeunes protestataires post-1968 ou aux minorités ethniques, le pourrissement volontaire des scènes urbaines de la drogue pour favoriser des opérations immobilières dans les années 1980, la diffusion de la drogue dans les banlieues comme stratégie de contrôle politique. Il s’agit de partir de ces lectures pour réfléchir aux véritables logiques institutionnelles, politiques et sociales qu’elles dissimulent, portant sur la nature même de l’État, du crime organisé ou de la diffusion de la toxicomanie. Elles apparaissent finalement comme le reflet déformé d’une analyse incomplète des réseaux et des pouvoirs qui est à mener de façon plus approfondie.
La fabrique de l’art : re-contextualisation et circulation d’une œuvre de l’artiste Meschac Gaba
Authors: Cozzolino Francesca
Published: October 2016

Cet article s’interroge sur la « mise en fabrique » d’une œuvre d’art à partir du suivi ethnographique d’un projet élaboré par l’artiste Meschac Gaba dans le cadre de la Biennale Benin (Cotonou, novembre 2012-janvier 2013) exposé par la suite à la FIAC de 2013, alors que ce projet, réalisé au Bénin, faisait son apparition sur le marché de l’art international. Par la mise en place d’une anthropologie multi-sites qui nous a conduite à varier échelles et angles d’observation (des objets aux situations, puis à une multiplicité d’acteurs), nous avons suivi les étapes de la production de Bibliothèque roulante , qui a pris la forme d’une performance consistant à faire circuler dans la ville des extraits de textes sur l’art, affichés sur les plaques minéralogiques des zémidjans (taxis-motos). En analysant les différents modes d’existence de ce projet, et en suivant sa trajectoire globale – depuis sa production dans le contexte d’une biennale d’art en Afrique jusqu’à son devenir dans le monde de l’art international – nous montrons comment une production artistique locale est influencée par le monde de l’art global et dans quelle mesure le changement du contexte d’exposition peut entraîner des acclimatations du concept et de la perception de l’œuvre.