bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disturbance to biocrusts decreased cyanobacteria,N‐fixer abundance, and grass leafNbut increased fungal abundance
Authors: Adelizzi Rose , O'Brien E. A. , Hoellrich Mikaela , Rudgers Jennifer A. , Mann Michael , Fernandes Vanessa Moreira Camara , Darrouzet‐Nardi Anthony , Stricker Eva
Published: February 2022

Interactions between plants and soil microbes influence plant nutrient transformations, including nitrogen (N) fixation, nutrient mineralization, and resource exchanges through fungal networks. Physical disturbances to soils can disrupt soil microbes and associated processes that support plant and microbial productivity. In low resource drylands, biological soil crusts (“biocrusts”) occupy surface soils and house key autotrophic and diazotrophic bacteria, non‐vascular plants, or lichens. Interactions among biocrusts, plants, and fungal networks between them are hypothesized to drive carbon and nutrient dynamics; however, comparisons across ecosystems are needed to generalize how soil disturbances alter microbial communities and their contributions to N pools and transformations. To evaluate linkages among plants, fungi, and biocrusts, we disturbed all unvegetated surfaces with human foot trampling twice yearly from 2013–2019 in dry conditions in cyanobacteria‐dominated biocrusts in the Chihuahuan Desert grassland and shrubland ecosystems. After 5 years, disturbance decreased the abundances of cyanobacteria (especiallyMicrocoleus steenstrupiiclade) and N‐fixers (Scytonemasp., andSchizothrixsp.) by >77% and chlorophyllaby up to 55% but, conversely, increased soil fungal abundance by 50% compared with controls. Responses of root‐associated fungi differed between the two dominant plant species and ecosystem types, with a maximum of 80% more aseptate hyphae in disturbed than in control plots. Although disturbance did not affect15N tracer transfer from biocrusts to the dominant grass,Bouteloua eriopoda, disturbance increased available soil N by 65% in the shrubland, and decreased leaf N ofB. eriopodaby up to 16%, suggesting that, although rapid N transfer during peak production was not affected by disturbance, over the long‐term plant nutrient content was disrupted. Altogether, the shrubland may be more resilient to detrimental changes due to disturbance than grassland, and these results demonstrated that disturbances to soil microbial communities have the potential to cause substantial changes in N pools by reducing and reordering biocrust taxa.
Acute and chronic exercise training in patients with Class II pulmonary hypertension: effects on haemodynamics and symptoms
Authors: Lunardi Mattia , Wu Sijing , Serruys Patrick W. , Onuma Yoshinobu , Soliman Osama , Wijns William , Mullens Wilfried , Sharif Faisal
Published: February 2022

More than half of heart failure (HF) patients have concomitant pulmonary hypertension, impacting symptoms and prognosis. The role of exercise in this category of patients is still unclear, probably because of the lack of a clear relationship between exercise and acute and chronic pulmonary artery pressure variations and related changes in symptoms. The limited evidence on this topic is contradictory and hardly comparable due to use of different exercise programmes and pulmonary artery pressure assessment techniques. This is further compounded by different functional and structural classes of HF making definite assessments and interpretations of exercise effect on outcomes difficult. Exercise training programmes were proven beneficial in HF patients; however, the lack of data about their pulmonary haemodynamic effects prevents clear indications on the best exercise types for patients presenting secondary pulmonary hypertension and different HF categories. Indeed, some data suggest that not all HF patients have similar responses to training, leading to either beneficial or detrimental effects, depending on the HF type. Future studies, involving modern technologies such as continuous pulmonary artery pressure monitoring implantable devices, may clarify the current gaps in this field, aiming at patient‐tailored exercise training rehabilitation programmes, in order to improve clinical outcomes, quality of life, and hopefully prognosis.
Incident heart failure and myocardial infarction in sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 vs. dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor users
Authors: Zhou Jiandong , Lee Sharen , Leung Keith Sai Kit , Wai Abraham Ka Chung , Liu Tong , Liu Ying , Chang Dong , Wong Wing Tak , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Cheung Bernard Man Yung , Zhang Qingpeng , Tse Gary
Published: February 2022

Aims

This study aimed to compare the rates of major cardiovascular adverse events in sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2I) and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4I) users in a Chinese population. SGLT2I and DPP4I are increasingly prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. However, few population‐based studies are comparing their effects on incident heart failure or myocardial infarction.

Methods and results

This was a population‐based retrospective cohort study using the electronic health record database in Hong Kong, including type 2 diabetes mellitus patients receiving either SGLT2I or DPP4I from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2020. Propensity score matching was performed in a 1:1 ratio based on demographics, past comorbidities, and non‐SGLT2I/DPP4I medications with nearest neighbour matching (caliper = 0.1). Univariable and multivariable Cox models were used to identify significant predictors for new‐onset heart failure, new‐onset myocardial infarction, cardiovascular mortality, and all‐cause mortality. Sensitivity analyses with competing risk models and multiple propensity score matching approaches were conducted. A total of 41 994 patients (58.89% males, median admission age at 58 years old, interquartile range [IQR]: 51.2–65.3) were included with a median follow‐up of 5.6 years (IQR: 5.32–5.82). In the matched cohort, SGLT2I use was significantly associated with lower risks of new‐onset heart failure (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.66, 0.81], P < 0.0001), myocardial infarction (HR: 0.81, 95% CI: [0.73, 0.90], P < 0.0001), cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: [0.53, 0.84], P < 0.001), and all‐cause mortality (HR: 0.26, 95% CI: [0.24, 0.29], P < 0.0001) after adjusting for significant demographics, past comorbidities, and non‐SGLT2I/DPP4I medications.

Conclusions

SGLT2 inhibitors are protective against adverse cardiovascular events including new‐onset heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular mortality, and all‐cause mortality. The prescription of SGLT2I is preferred when taken into consideration individual cardiovascular and metabolic risk profiles in addition to drug–drug interactions.
Integrin activation enables rapid detection of functional Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ γδ T cells
Authors: Herold Nicola , Schöllhorn Anna , Feile Adrian , Gaißler Andrea , Mohrholz Anne , Pawelec Graham , Löffler Markus W. , Dimitrov Stoyan , Gouttefangeas Cécile , Wistuba‐Hamprecht Kilian
Published: February 2022

Conformational change of the β2 integrin lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 (LFA‐1) is an early marker of T cell activation. A protocol using the mAb clone m24 recognizing the active, extended high‐affinity conformation has been previously described for the assessment of functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to MHC‐peptide stimulation. We investigated the applicability of the m24 mAb to detect the activation of γδ T cells in response to different soluble and immobilized stimuli. m24 mAb staining was associated with the expression of cytokines and was detectable as early as 10 min after stimulation, but with different kinetics depending on the nature of the stimulus. Hence, we conclude that this assay is suitable for the detection of functional γδ T cells and allows the assessment of activation more rapidly than alternative methods such as cytokine detection. Intracellular staining, protein trafficking inhibitors, or prior knowledge of the stimulating moiety recognized are no longer required for monitoring γδ T cell activation.
Hydrogenation Reaction Pathways and Crystal Structures of La2H2Se, La2H3Se and La2H4Se
Authors: Pflug Christian , Rudolph Daniel , Schleid Thomas , Kohlmann Holger
Published: February 2022

The crystal structures and formation reactions of lanthanum hydride selenides were studied by neutron diffraction on the deuterides. The reaction of La2D2−x Se with deuterium gas (298 K≤T≤567 K, 0.1 MPa≤p(D2)≤9.0 MPa) was followed in situ by neutron diffraction in a sapphire single‐crystal gas‐pressure cell with a time resolution of two minutes. The crystal structures and phase fractions of La2D2−xSe, La2D3Se and La2D4Se were determined by Rietveld refinement. With stepwise increasing deuterium pressure at 498 K up to 3.0 MPa La2D2−xSe is deuterated to La2D4Se. La2D3Se remains present, even when further increasing the pressure up to 9.0 MPa and heating up to 567 K. The previously suggested structural models were confirmed by Rietveld refinement (La2D1.6Se: Ce2O2S type,
m1, a=4.1268(1) Å, c=6.8733(3) Å at 298 K; La2D3Se: Ba2H3Cl type,
m1, a=4.139(2) Å, c=6.960(5) Å at 298 K; La2D4Se: Ce2F4Se type,
m, a=4.0542(2) Å, c=22.609(2) Å at 310 K). La2D2−x Se exhibits a considerable hydrogen gas pressure dependent phase width (0≤x<0.40).
Reduced Graphene Oxide‐based Sensor for 17α‐Ehinylestradiol Voltammetric Determination in Wastewater, Tablets and Synthetic Urine Samples
Authors: Monteiro Michael Douglas S. , Sant'Anna Mércia V. S. , Santos Junior José C. , Macedo José F. , Alves Anderson A. C. , de Oliveira S. Silva Jonatas , Gimenez Iara F. , Midori Sussuchi Eliana
Published: February 2022

The following study reports the development of modified electrode with reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) for the voltammetric determination of 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2). The structural and morphological characterizations of the rGO were carried out by FTIR, Raman, UV‐Vis, TEM and SEM, and showed the typical formation of the nanomaterial. Electrochemical analyses were performed using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). Under optimized conditions, an analytical curve was generated for the sensor, which presented a linear dynamic range (LDR) from 0.04 to 8.28 μmol L−1 (R2=0.9999), with limit of detection (LOD) of 6.79 nmol L−1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 22.60 nmol L−1. The reproducibility and repeatability studies showed relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.31 % and 5.23 %, respectively. ErGO was used to determine EE2 in wastewater, tablets, and synthetic urine samples with recovery values between 94.8 % and 110.1 %. The results obtained with ErGO show that the developed sensor can be used for the identification and quantification of EE2 in several matrices, due the excellent analytical performance presented.
Development of a new ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of digoxin and digitoxin in plasma: Comparison with a clinical immunoassay
Authors: Ballotari Marco , Taus Francesco , Tolle Giulia , Danese Elisa , Dorizzi Romolo M. , Tagliaro Franco , Gottardo Rossella
Published: February 2022

Cardiac glycosides digoxin and digitoxin are used in therapy for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Moreover, these compounds can be responsible for intoxication cases caused by fortuitous ingestion of leaves of Digitalis. Due to the narrow therapeutic range of these drugs, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended in the clinical practice. In this context, immunoassays‐based methods are generally employed but digoxin‐ and digitoxin‐like compounds can interfere with the analysis. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an original UPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of digoxin and digitoxin in plasma. The method shows adequate sensitivity and selectivity with acceptable matrix effects and very good linearity, accuracy, precision, and recovery. A simple liquid–liquid extraction procedure was used for sample clean‐up. The method was applied for the analysis of n = 220 plasma samples collected in two different clinical chemistry laboratories and previously tested by the same immunoassay. The statistical comparison showed a relevant negative bias of the UPLC–MS/MS method versus the immunoassay. These results are consistent with an immunoassay overestimation of digoxin plasmatic levels due to cross‐reaction events with endogenous digoxin‐like substances.
Coastal honeycombs (Tuscany, Italy): Moisture distribution, evaporation rate, tensile strength, and origin
Authors: Mareš Jakub , Bruthans Jiří , Weiss Tomáš , Filippi Michal
Published: February 2022

Cavernous weathering (honeycombs, tafoni) is a common weathering feature of both natural and artificial exposures. Honeycombs are known from various environments but are best developed in coastal areas. There are several theories as to their origin, with salt weathering currently being the most favoured by the geomorphological community. To test if the drying pattern of salt‐laden moisture results in honeycombs (the theory of Huinink et al., Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29(10), 1225–1233, 2004), coastal honeycombs in the metasandstone of Tuscany (Italy) were studied both in the field and with a laboratory evaporation experiment. The depth of the evaporation front was measured by the ‘uranine‐probe’ method in the honeycomb pits and lips. The evaporation rate was calculated from the depth of the evaporation front as well as the climatic conditions at the study site. Lastly, the amounts of precipitated salts were estimated based on the evaporation rate of seawater. In the evaporation experiment, the evaporation front retreated faster in the lips than in the pits, and the field measured evaporation front was closer to the surface in the pits (2 mm) than in the lips (7 mm). Thus, the calculated evaporation rate was higher in the pits than in the lips (16.1 and 4.6 mm/yr, respectively). Similarly, the amount of salts precipitated was also higher in the pits (0.7 kg/m2/yr compared to 0.2 kg/m2/yr in lips). Faster salt deposition in the pits as well as the evaporation front position fits well with the theory of Huinink et al. Based on surface tensile strength measurements, case hardening is not protecting the honeycomb lips.
Contact
Authors: Narayanan Sandhya Krittika
Published: February 2022

Contact refers to the moment of encounter between different populations, and the social, cultural, and linguistic negotiations that ensue. It refers back to a specific time and place when difference and “otherness” is constructed. As a feminist keyword, "contact" can help us critically interrogate various axes of difference, and the conditions that enabled their emergence. Through the meeting of different populations and groups, it demands attention to issues of power and its role in shaping and enacting “othered” identities. It entails both larger, macro‐historical events, and smaller moments of face‐to‐face, intersubjective interactions. Fundamentally, contact is about social change and the potential for it. Social change is interactionally emergent from the contestations that occur between individuals and groups in contact with each other. But the potential for change via contact can also help us see alternative possibilities, allowing us to push against existing typologies, universals, and binaries so that we can better capture the dynamic fluidity of social identities and group boundaries
Delirium detection methodologies: Implications for outcome measurement in clinical trials in postoperative delirium
Authors: Oh Esther S. , Rosenberg Paul B. , Wang Nae‐Yuh , Sieber Frederick E. , Neufeld Karin J.
Published: February 2022

Objective

Delirium is a common postoperative complication of hip fracture. Various methods exist to detect delirium as a reference standard. The goal of this study was to characterize the properties of the measures obtained in a randomized controlled trial, to document their relationship to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:Text Revision based diagnosis of postoperative delirium by a consensus panel, and to describe the method in detail to allow replication by others.

Methods

A secondary analysis of the randomized trial STRIDE (A Strategy to Reduce the Incidence of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients) was conducted. Delirium assessments were performed in 200 consecutive hip fracture repair patients ≥65 years old. Assessors underwent extensive training in delirium assessment and the final delirium diagnosis was adjudicated by a consensus panel of three physicians with expertise in delirium assessment.

Results

A total of 680 consensus panel delirium diagnoses were completed. There were only 19 (2.8%, 19/678) evaluations where the delirium adjudication by the consensus panel differed from delirium findings by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). In 16 (84%, 16/19) of the cases, CAM was negative but the consensus panel diagnosed the patient as having delirium based on all of the available information including the CAM.

Conclusion

The consensus panel diagnosis was more sensitive compared to CAM alone, however the magnitude of the difference was not large. When assessors are well trained and delirium assessments are closely supervised throughout the study, CAM may be adequate for delirium diagnosis in a clinical trial. Future studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
Randomized placebo‐controlled trial of losartan for pediatric NAFLD
Authors: Vos Miriam B. , Van Natta Mark L. , Blondet Niviann M. , Dasarathy Srinivasan , Fishbein Mark , Hertel Paula , Jain Ajay K. , Karpen Saul J. , Lavine Joel E. , Mohammad Saeed , Miriel Laura A. , Molleston Jean P. , Mouzaki Marialena , Sanyal Arun , Sharkey Emily P. , Schwimmer Jeffrey B. , Tonascia James , Wilson Laura A. , Xanthakos Stavra A. ,   NASH Clinical Research Network
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

To date, no pharmacotherapy exists for pediatric NAFLD. Losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, has been proposed as a treatment due to its antifibrotic effects.

Approach and Results

The Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network conducted a multicenter, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial in children with histologically confirmed NAFLD at 10 sites (September 2018 to April 2020). Inclusion criteria were age 8–17 years, histologic NAFLD activity score ≥ 3, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥ 50 U/l. Children received 100 mg of losartan or placebo orally once daily for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was change in ALT levels from baseline to 24 weeks, and the preset sample size was n = 110. Treatment effects were assessed using linear regression of change in treatment group adjusted for baseline value. Eighty‐three participants (81% male, 80% Hispanic) were randomized to losartan (n = 43) or placebo (n = 40). During an enrollment pause, necessitated by the 2019 coronavirus pandemic, an unplanned interim analysis showed low probability (7%) of significant group difference. The Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended early study termination.

Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The 24‐week change in ALT did not differ significantly between losartan versus placebo groups (adjusted mean difference: 1.1 U/l; 95% CI = −30.6, 32.7; p = 0.95), although alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly in the losartan group (adjusted mean difference: −23.4 U/l; 95% CI = −41.5, −5.3; p = 0.01). Systolic blood pressure decreased in the losartan group but increased in placebo (adjusted mean difference: −7.5 mm Hg; 95% CI = −12.2, −2.8; p = 0.002). Compliance by pill counts and numbers and types of adverse events did not differ by group.

Conclusions

Losartan did not significantly reduce ALT in children with NAFLD when compared with placebo.
Palbociclib plus endocrine therapy significantly enhances overall survival of HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer patients compared to endocrine therapy alone in the second‐line setting: A large institutional study
Authors: Ha Min Jin , Singareeka Raghavendra Akshara , Kettner Nicole M. , Qiao Wei , Damodaran Senthil , Layman Rachel M. , Hunt Kelly K. , Shen Yu , Tripathy Debu , Keyomarsi Khandan
Published: February 2022

Cyclin‐dependent‐kinase‐4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) plus endocrine therapy (ET) is standard of care for patients with advanced hormone receptor (HR)‐positive, HER2‐negative breast cancer (BC). The Breast Medical Oncology database at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) was analyzed to assess effectiveness of the CDK4/6i palbociclib plus ET compared to ET alone. From a total of 5402 advanced HR+ HER2− BC patients referred to MDACC between 1997 and 2020, we identified eligible patients who received palbociclib in combination with first‐line (n = 778) and second‐line (n = 410) ET. We further identified “control” patients who received ET alone in the first‐line (n = 2452) and second‐line (n = 1183) settings. Propensity score matching analysis was conducted to balance baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between palbociclib and control cohorts to assess the effect of palbociclib treatment on progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). For propensity‐matched‐cohort in the first‐line setting (n = 708), palbociclib group had significantly longer median PFS (17.4 vs 11.1 months; P < .0001) compared to controls. Median OS (44.3 vs 40.2 months) did not show a statistically significant benefit in the first line setting. However, in the second‐line setting, with 380 propensity‐matched‐cohort, the palbociclib group had significantly longer PFS (10 vs 5 months, P < .0001) as well as OS (33 vs 24 months; P < .022), compared to controls. We conclude that in this single center analysis of a large cohort of metastatic HR+ HER2− BC patients, palbociclib in combination with ET was associated with improved PFS in both first‐line and second‐line settings and OS in the second‐line setting compared to ET alone cohort.
Weighted model‐based optoacoustic reconstruction for partial‐view geometries
Authors: Muhammad Marwan , Prakash Jaya , Liapis Evangelos , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Jüstel Dominik
Published: February 2022

Acoustic heterogeneities in biological samples are known to cause artifacts in tomographic optoacoustic (photoacoustic) image reconstruction. A statistical weighted model‐based reconstruction approach was previously introduced to mitigate such artifacts. However, this approach does not reliably provide high‐quality reconstructions for partial‐view imaging systems, which are common in preclinical and clinical optoacoustics. In this article, the capability of the weighted model‐based algorithm is extended to generate optoacoustic reconstructions with less distortions for partial‐view geometry data. This is achieved by manipulating the weighting scheme based on the detector geometry. Using partial‐view optoacoustic tomography data from a tissue‐mimicking phantom containing a strong acoustic reflector, tumors grafted onto mice, and a mouse brain with intact skull, the proposed partial‐view‐corrected weighted model‐based algorithm is shown to mitigate reflection artifacts in reconstructed images without distorting structures or boundaries, compared with both conventional model‐based and the weighted model‐based algorithms. It is also demonstrated that the partial‐view‐corrected weighted model‐based algorithm has the additional advantage of suppressing streaking artifacts due to the partial‐view geometry itself in the presence of a very strong optoacoustic chromophore. Due to its enhanced performance, the partial‐view‐corrected weighted model‐based algorithm may prove useful for improving the quality of partial‐view multispectral optoacoustic tomography, leading to enhanced visualization of functional parameters such as tissue oxygenation.
Associations of serum amyloid A and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D with diabetic nephropathy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Liu Qian , Sun Jin , Xu Tongdao , Bian Guangrong , Yang Fumeng
Published: February 2022

Background

The present study investigated the relationships between serum amyloid A (SAA), 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)VD) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) to provide evidence for the prevention and management of DN.

Methods

A total of 182 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled in this study. The levels of SAA, 25(OH)VD, and other conventional indicators were measured and analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied for the combined measurement of SAA and 25(OH)VD, and risk factors for DN were evaluated using binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

The levels of SAA in T2DM patients were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects, and the level significantly increased with the progression of DN (p < 0.05). In contrast, the level of 25(OH)VD in T2DM patients was significantly lower than that in healthy subjects, and the level significantly decreased with the progression of DN (p < 0.05). The combined measurement of SAA and 25(OH)VD distinguished DN patients from T2DM patients better than the measurement of SAA or 25(OH)VD alone. SAA was an independent risk factor for DN, and 25(OH)VD was an independent protective factor for DN.

Conclusion

SAA and 25(OH)VD might be used as potential markers to identify patients at increased risk of developing DN.
Disorganized attachment and prolonged grief
Authors: Sekowski Marcin , Prigerson Holly G.
Published: February 2022

Objective

While the relationship between attachment anxiety and avoidance and the severity of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been well‐studied, less is known about the relationship between disorganized attachment and PGD. We test the associations between disorganized attachment and the interaction between it and attachment avoidance and anxiety on PGD.

Method

Participants (N = 258) who had lost a family member from 0.5 to 8.0 years before the survey completed the experiences in close relationships‐revised, the adult disorganized attachment scale, and the PGD‐13 scale.

Results

The model explaining PGD symptoms through attachment, taking into account the level of disorganized attachment, explained variance in PGD significantly better than the model taking into account only the level of attachment anxiety and avoidance as predictors. Additionally, the relationships between attachment avoidance and PGD were positive, negative, or neither, depending on the configuration of the levels of disorganized attachment and attachment anxiety.

Conclusion

Future research into the relationships between attachment and PGD should take into account disorganized attachment. Attachment‐informed grief therapy focused on insecure styles of attachment – including the disorganized style – to the deceased person and other loved ones may prove a promising approach for bereaved persons who experience PGD.
Revising the FOCUS framework through a qualitative study assessing self‐reported counseling skills of genetic counselors
Authors: Zale Abigail , Zierhut Heather , Dean Marleah , Berry Darcy K. , Racobaldo Melissa , Cragun Deborah
Published: February 2022

Frameworks have been developed to help conceptualize clinical genetic counseling (GC), and observational studies have helped understand the process and content of GC sessions. However, additional research is needed to identify GC skills (behaviors or strategies) that practicing genetic counselors report consciously using to meet certain GC goals and determine what common terminology, if any, is being used to describe the various skills. Nineteen practicing genetic counselors in prenatal, pediatric, or cancer specialties were interviewed to elicit how they achieve session goals. Interview recordings were transcribed, coded thematically, and categorized using process categories from the communication strategy domain of the Framework for Outcomes in Clinical Communication Services (FOCUS). Reported skills largely fit within FOCUS, though findings prompted minor modifications of several FOCUS process categories and consolidation of the categories from 13 into 10. Although genetic counselor respondents reported a broad range of strategies and behaviors, they rarely had terms for skills they described. Results reveal concrete examples of GC skills, provide evidence for refinement of FOCUS, and highlight the need for establishing common terminology to describe these skills.
The tourism industry and the risk of “the year 2038 problem”: Long‐term thinking and the illogical cycle of ICT risk management
Authors: Ram Yael , Hall C. Michael
Published: February 2022

Issues of sustainability, resilience, and risk management are linked to how the tourism industry and researchers respond to future ICT risk, known as “the year 2038 problem” (Y2K38). The tourism industry coped with similar but smaller risk, the Y2K “millennium bug” but lessons have not been learned. The paper presents an account of the lack of preparedness to ICT bugs and concludes that a cycle of ICT risk management does not always lead to policy actions. The work suggests a proactive approach for addressing potential ICT risks and presents the main steps for coping with Y2K38 and potentially other risks.
Associations between potentially traumatic events and psychopathology among preadolescents in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study®
Authors: Thompson Erin L. , Lever Nancy A. , Connors Kay M. , Cloak Christine C. , Reeves Gloria , Chang Linda
Published: February 2022

The current cross‐sectional study aimed to extend the literature on childhood adversity by examining the unique associations between potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and a range of mental health concerns, including domain‐specific versus comorbid concerns. Participants were 11,877 preadolescents (47.8% female, 15.0% Black, 20.3% Hispanic/Latinx, Mage = 9.5 years) taking part in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia was used to measure PTEs and caregiver‐ and child‐reported mental health concerns. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were used for the outcomes of interest. Overall, PTEs were consistently associated with increased odds of experiencing comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), internalizing disorders, and externalizing disorders, significant AORs = 1.34–4.30, after accounting for children's experiences of other PTEs and polyvictimization. In contrast, PTEs were generally not associated with meeting the criteria for diagnoses within only one domain (i.e., internalizing‐only or externalizing‐only diagnoses). We also found PTEs to be differentially related to the various mental health outcomes. In particular, witnessing domestic violence was consistently associated with children's psychopathology. Other PTEs, such as witnessing community violence, were not associated with children's psychopathology in the final model. Associations between PTEs and mental health concerns did not differ as a function of sex. Overall, the results support the notion that PTEs are associated with comorbid concerns rather than individual disorders. These findings have important implications for the screening of PTEs, continued research on the conceptualization of traumatic stress, and the importance of accounting for comorbidities across mental health domains.
University press selection of e‐book vendors forUSacademic libraries: Why work with X but not Y?
Authors: Zhang Mei
Published: February 2022

This article investigates the decision process used by university presses when selecting or deselecting e‐book vendors for academic libraries. It focuses on three research questions: (1) which vendors' university presses worked with; (2) how university presses used different vendors; and (3) why university presses worked or did not work with certain vendors. A series of one‐on‐one interviews were conducted with 19 participants from 18 different university presses in the US. Findings show participants use a core of vendors identified as the ‘Big Four’ plus several other ‘optional’ vendors. The reasons that encourage and discourage presses to work with certain vendors are investigated and reveal a mutual reinforcement cycle that explains the process by which the Big Four vendors became both the main distribution vendors for university presses and the main providers for academic libraries for e‐books in humanities and social science. The research also discusses efforts made by several university presses and other vendors to challenge the dominance of the Big Four.
Beneficial effects of time‐restricted feeding on gentamicin cytotoxicity in mouse cochlea and vestibular organs
Authors: Gao Ying , Kamogashira Teru , Fujimoto Chisato , Iwasaki Shinichi , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: February 2022

Objective

Time restricted feeding (TRF), which is an intermittent fasting protocol, has been reported to decrease the toxicity and mortality rate associated with systemic gentamicin (GM) administration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of TRF on GM‐induced vestibular and auditory function in mice.

Methods

Japan Central Laboratory for Experimental Animals:Institute of Cancer Research (Jcl:ICR) mice were housed in a light–dark (LD) cycle (12:12) and were divided into three groups: (1) GM treatment at a dose of 220 mg/kg with TRF (feeding time: 8 h [9:00–17:00] during the light phase [7:00–19:00]) (GM + TRF group), (2) GM treatment at a dose of 220 mg/kg without TRF (GM group), and (3) saline injection with TRF (NS + TRF group). GM or saline was injected subcutaneously for 18 days (three courses of 5 days' injection + 2 days' rest, and an additional 3 days' injection). The auditory brainstem response (ABR) and vestibular evoked potential (VsEP) were tested after the treatments. The number of sensory hair cells in the cochlear organs and the vestibular organs were quantified using microscopic images.

Results

All animals survived until the end of the experiment. One day after the last injection, GM + TRF mice showed significantly lower ABR thresholds at 4 kHz compared to GM mice, and there was no significant difference between the GM + TRF and NS + TRF groups. There was a significant difference of VsEP between GM and GM + TRF mice only in symmetric parabolic waves with linear acceleration and ramps waveform stimulation. GM + TRF mice showed significantly less outer and inner hair cell loss compared to GM mice. GM + TRF mice showed significantly less type II hair cell loss in the utricle and the ampulla compared to GM mice.

Conclusion

TRF with daytime feeding reduced GM cytotoxicity in the cochlea and vestibular organs of ICR mice.

Level of Evidence

NA
Automatic classification of informative laryngoscopic images using deep learning
Authors: Yao Peter , Witte Dan , Gimonet Hortense , German Alexander , Andreadis Katerina , Cheng Michael , Sulica Lucian , Elemento Olivier , Barnes Josue , Rameau Anaïs
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study aims to develop and validate a convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based algorithm for automatic selection of informative frames in flexible laryngoscopic videos. The classifier has the potential to aid in the development of computer‐aided diagnosis systems and reduce data processing time for clinician‐computer scientist teams.

Methods

A dataset of 22,132 laryngoscopic frames was extracted from 137 flexible laryngostroboscopic videos from 115 patients. 55 videos were from healthy patients with no laryngeal pathology and 82 videos were from patients with vocal fold polyps. The extracted frames were manually labeled as informative or uninformative by two independent reviewers based on vocal fold visibility, lighting, focus, and camera distance, resulting in 18,114 informative frames and 4018 uninformative frames. The dataset was split into training and test sets. A pre‐trained ResNet‐18 model was trained using transfer learning to classify frames as informative or uninformative. Hyperparameters were set using cross‐validation. The primary outcome was precision for the informative class and secondary outcomes were precision, recall, and F1‐score for all classes. The processing rate for frames between the model and a human annotator were compared.

Results

The automated classifier achieved an informative frame precision, recall, and F1‐score of 94.4%, 90.2%, and 92.3%, respectively, when evaluated on a hold‐out test set of 4438 frames. The model processed frames 16 times faster than a human annotator.

Conclusion

The CNN‐based classifier demonstrates high precision for classifying informative frames in flexible laryngostroboscopic videos. This model has the potential to aid researchers with dataset creation for computer‐aided diagnosis systems by automatically extracting relevant frames from laryngoscopic videos.
Effects of freshwater salinization on a salt‐naïve planktonic eukaryote community
Authors: Astorg Louis , Gagnon Jean‐Christophe , Lazar Cassandre S. , Derry Alison M.
Published: February 2022

Freshwater salinization is a widespread issue, but evidence of ecological effects on aquatic communities remains scarce. We experimentally exposed salt‐naive plankton communities of a north‐temperate, freshwater lake to a gradient of chloride (Cl−) concentration (0.27–1400 mg Cl L−1) with in situ mesocosms. Following 6 weeks, we measured changes in the diversity, composition, and abundance of eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene. Total phytoplankton biomass remained unchanged, but we observed a shift in dominant phytoplankton groups with increasing salt concentration, from Cryptophyta and Chlorophyta at lower chloride concentrations (< 185 mg Cl− L−1) to Ochrophyta at higher chloride concentrations (> 185 mg Cl− L−1). Crustacean zooplankton and rotifers were sensitive to the salinity, and disappeared at low chloride concentrations (< 40 mg Cl− L−1). While ciliates thrived at low chloride concentrations (< 185 mg Cl− L−1), fungal groups dominated at intermediate chloride concentrations (185–640 mg Cl− L−1), and only phytoplankton remained at the highest chloride concentrations (> 640 mg Cl− L−1).
The oxidation behavior of nickel‐based alloy Inconel 617 in supercritical water
Authors: Zhong Li , Xiao Bo , Su Chao , Khan Hasan I. , Xu Hong , Zhang Naiqiang , Zhu Zhongliang
Published: February 2022

The corrosion behavior of Inconel 617 in supercritical water has been analyzed at 600°C–650°C and 25 MPa for up to 1000 h. The time dependence of the oxidation rate indicated that the oxidation kinetics follows parabolic law. Many fine oxide crystallites were observed at the surface of Inconel 617 while the thickness of the oxide increased with an increase of exposure temperature and time. The Inconel 617 exhibited excellent oxidation resistance due to the formation of Cr2O3. Furthermore, NiFe2O4, NiCr2O4, and CoO were also detected at 600°C while TiO2, NiFe2O4, and NiCr2O4 were detected at 650°C by using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The formation mechanism of the oxide film is discussed.
Corrosion behavior of tin‐phosphor bronze strips in environments containing Cl− and HCO3−
Authors: Luo Chengsheng , Su Longshui , Wang Chen , Tong Changqing , Zhou Jianhui , Wang Bingshu , Chen Junfeng
Published: February 2022

The corrosion behaviors of Cu–7.42Sn–0.156P and Cu–5.78Sn–0.162P alloys in different solutions were investigated. The results show that the Cu–Sn–P alloy with higher Sn content exhibits better corrosion resistance. In the NaCl, NaHCO3, and NaCl+NaHCO3 solutions, compared with Cu–5.78Sn–0.162P alloy, the corrosion current densities of Cu–7.42Sn–0.156P alloy are reduced by 25.2%, 36.9%, and 34.5%, and the polarization resistances are increased by 32.0%, 25.4%, and 29.9%. The Cu–Sn–P alloys have the best corrosion resistance in the NaHCO3 solution, followed by the NaCl solution and the worst in the NaCl + NaHCO3 solution. The increase of Sn is helpful to improve the density and spalling resistance of the corrosion film. There is a double‐layer structure for the corrosion film of Cu–Sn–P alloy. For the alloys immersed in the NaCl solution and the NaCl+NaHCO3 solutions, the corrosion films consisted of Cu2O, CuO, and SnO2. For the alloys immersed in the NaHCO3 solution, the corrosion films are composed of Cu2O, CuO, SnO, and SnO2. The increase of Sn content in the alloy can increase the contents of Cu2O and SnO in the corrosion films.
Galvanostatic testing of coated aluminum alloy 7075‐T6 galvanic assemblies: Effects of coating systems and environmental factors
Authors: Jokar Mahdi , Frankel Gerald S.
Published: February 2022

A galvanostatic test panel design consisting of a coated and scribed 7075‐T6 Al alloy as a working electrode and an uncoated through‐hole 316 stainless‐steel fastener as a counter electrode has been used to accelerate galvanic corrosion and compare various primer coatings and pretreatments and different impressed passed currents in an ASTM G85‐A2 environment. The relative humidity, chloride concentration, and impressed current magnitude were changed to investigate their effects on galvanic corrosion. During the chamber exposure, the electrochemical measurements showed fluctuations in the measured current and potential. Various corrosion morphologies, depths, and volume loss were recorded for panels with different coating systems. Electrochemical measurements, optical profilometry, and photography were used to characterize and measure the corrosion performance of different coating systems. Also, electrochemical impedance spectrometry was used to compare the corrosion resistance and porosity of different coating systems.
Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Enhanced Polymers via Interlayer Welding
Authors: Zhu Guangda , Hou Yi , Xu Jian , Zhao Ning
Published: February 2022

Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is advantageous in high printing efficiency and printing resolution for fabricating complex structures across various applications. However, the layer‐by‐layer curing manner of DLP leads to weak interlayer adhesion and the anisotropic mechanical properties of printed objects. Here, linear polymers are introduced into commercial resins to weld the interlayer by the diffusion and entanglement of linear polymers after DLP printing via heat treatment. This introduction of linear polymers not only shows a strengthening and toughening effect on the printed objects, but also has no negative impact on the DLP printability. The tensile strengths of objects containing 4.7 wt% polycaprolactone can reach up to ≈500% of that of neat samples in any printing direction. This simple strategy by adding linear polymers into printing resins provides an effective access to prepare DLP printed objects with improved mechanical properties as well as ensure printing resolution and printing efficiency.
Finite time extended dissipative control for a class of linear neutral semi‐Markovian jumping systems under event‐triggering scheme
Authors: Ding Zhishuai , Cheng Guifang , Ju Yuanyuan
Published: February 2022

This article concentrates on finite time extended dissipative issue for neutral semi‐Markovian jumping system (S‐MJSs) in the framework of event‐triggering control (ETC) policy. To begin with, ETC strategy is presented, which can both greatly alleviate communication burden and keep a satisfying closed loop performances. Novel sufficient conditions are moreover expounded to ensure finite time extended dissipative performances of neutral S‐MJSs. By adjusting the parameter matrices in the extended dissipative concepts, some relative performance indexes, including L2 − L∞, H∞, passivity as well as
‐ dissipativity performance, could be gotten. An instance is demonstrated in order to verify the presented work being highly effective and correct of the expounded results.
Study of environmental behavior and its effect on solid particle erosion behavior of hierarchical porous activated carbon‐epoxy composite
Authors: Panchal Manoj , Minugu Om Prakash , Gujjala Raghavendra , Ojha Shakuntala , Mallampati Chowdary Somaiah , Mohammad Alamgir
Published: February 2022

Porous carbon materials have versatile physical and chemical characteristics; however, these materials are not be fully exploited as reinforcements in polymer composites. The present investigation focuses on extraction of hierarchical porous carbon and its utilization in polymer composite in order to enhance the erosion wear resistance and hardness of polymer composite. The current research work also demonstrates the wear behavior of the hierarchical porous carbon epoxy composite when exposed to different environmental conditions. The attributes of hierarchical carbon have verified through different characterization techniques, further porous carbon with optimum properties has been included as reinforcement in different ratios viz. 1, 2 and 3 wt. % to make the epoxy composites. The composites were studied for their hardness, moisture absorption and erosion wear behavior at variable impingement angles (30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) and impingement velocities (101, 119, and 148 m/s). Moisture uptake results suggests that the increase in filler percentage increased the moisture absorption, and the highest moisture absorption was reported in composite immersed in saline water environment. It was observed that addition of activated carbon particles has enhanced hardness and wear resistance of the composite. Composite with 2 wt.% particulate reinforcement was found to be the optimum percentage of reinforcement which was subjected to 82.4% less material loss that is, erosion rate at 45° impact angle compared to neat polymer. From the erosion wear results it was further noticed that moisture absorption has deteriorated the erosion wear resistance of composites resulting in high material loss.
Effects of Brønsted acid cocatalysts on the activities and selectivities of charge‐enhanced thiourea organocatalysts in Friedel–Crafts and oxa‐Pictet–Spengler reactions
Authors: Riegel George F. , Payne Curtis , Kass Steven R.
Published: February 2022

Charge‐enhanced chiral thioureas were used in the organocatalysis of the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole with trans‐β‐nitrostyrene and the oxa‐Pictet–Spengler reaction of tryptophol and benzaldehyde. The effects of substoichiometric Brønsted acidic additives on the reaction conversions and enantiomeric ratios of these transformations were examined, and the role of these species in the mechanism of the latter reaction was explored using variable time normalization kinetics to elucidate the reaction order of the catalyst, cocatalyst, and reagents. A proposed pathway for the oxa‐Pictet–Spengler cyclization that involves matched and mismatched catalyst and cocatalyst pairs and an off‐cycle racemization of the latter species is provided.
Ethnoracial disparities in intergenerational coresidence among Canadian millennial
Authors: Dilmaghani Maryam , Akbari Ather
Published: February 2022

Using the Canadian Census of 2016 and restricting the sample to the Canadian‐born millennials, this paper is concerned with ethnoracial disparities in adult children's coresidence with their parents. Substantial disparities are found in the prevalence of intergenerational coresidence by race and ethnic origin. Rather surprisingly, Canadian‐born millennials of Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent are found the least likely to coreside with their parents than their counterparts in other ethnoracial groups. There is little gender difference in this regard. Further exploration shows that millennials of Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent are much more likely than others to be geographically mobile across Canada, and this greater mobility drives the gaps. In other words, the lower intergenerational coresidence among Canadian millennials of Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent also implies a lower intergenerational proximity among these groups. Future implications of the findings for local labour and housing markets, as well as the healthcare system, are discussed in light of the Confucian concept of filial piety.