bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
My journey in changing facets of agronomic research during three decades of green revolution in India
Authors: R.L. YADAV
Published: December 2023

The changing facets of agronomic research in India as observed and followed by me during the past three de- cades, are reviewed in this paper. Green Revolution ushered in a new paradigm of agronomic management of crops in India. Fertilizer responsiveness of dwarf wheat generated heavy demand of fertilizers and gave major boost to the Indian fertilizer industry. Thus, due to the increased availability of fertilizers in the market, sugarcane farmers also started using heavy doses of N fertilizer to improve the cane yield, but at the cost of sugar content. Therefore, determination of optimum dose of N became important. In the first decade of my research career, I worked in this direction to work out the optimum dose and time of N application in sugarcane. Later on, with the in- troduction of fertilizer-responsive short-duration varieties in many crops like pulses and oilseeds, multiple cropping emerged as an important concept for intensification of agriculture. Consequently, I reoriented my research activi- ties to develop companion cropping system with sugarcane and worked out fertilizer requirement of different crop combinations. Within two decades of Green Revolution, due to expansion of irrigation facility, ricewheat crop rota- tion became predominant production system in the Indo-Gangetic plains, with gradual decrease in the area under pulse cultivation. Efforts were made to introduce pulses as companion crops of sugarcane for sustaining soil fertil- ity and providing extra income to cane growers. Within a short span of time rice-wheat system, due to heavy de- mand of nutrients developed soil fatigue and witnessed decline in factor productivity. My research interest again changed during 1980s towards conservation of soil-organic carbon, by utilizing the organic farm waste material and crop residues. Various options of green-manuring were also tried in rice-wheat and sugarcane-based cropping systems to achieve this objective and to increase the fertilizer-use efficiency. From high-input agronomy, my re- search interest thus, finally changed to conservation agronomy. Conservation of soil moisture through trash mulch- ing, in-situ decomposition of trash using bio-agents and bio-manuring to improve the soil fertility as well as nutri- ent-use efficiency has now become my prime concern. In sugarcane, the improvement in productivity of ratoon crop remained a major research activity throughout my career.
Studies on intercropping of medicinal, aromatic and spice crops in poplar plantation
Authors: B.S. GILL  , A. SINGH  , DEVINDER SINGH  , N. GANDHI
Published: December 2023

The performance of lemongrass, Tagetes minuta, turmeric, celery, coriander, fennel, dillseed, fenugreek, Men- tha arvensis, Mentha spicata, sarson ( Brassica napus L.) and wheat in compact poplar plantation (clone Udai) es- tablished in March 2004 at 5 m x 4 m spacing, was studied at Ludhiana. Results revealed that an increase in the age of poplar decreased the yield of crops. During 2004-05 the reduction in yield was more in crops like Mentha ar vensis (64.9%), M. spicata (65.5%), coriander (26.7%) and Tagetes minuta (16.1%), but was less in lemongrass (2.6%), turmeric (1.1%), fennel (6.8%), dillseed (12.6%), fenugreek (7.1%), sarson (1.84%) and wheat (4.75%). During 2005-06 the reduction in the yield of lemongrass, Tagetes minuta, Mentha ar vensis and M. spicata; and yield of turmeric rhizome, seed of coriander, fennel, dillseed, fenugreek, sarson and wheat was 6.55, 7.50, 60.5,
Productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by continuous use of new low dose herbicides for management of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor)
Authors: R. S. DHAWAN  , S. S. PUNIA  , S. SINGH  , D.YADAV  , R. K. MALIK
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at villages Uchana and Sagga near Karnal, Haryana during rabi of 1998-99 through 2006-07 to study the effect of continuous and rotational use of fenoxaprop, sulfosulfuron and clodinafop on control of Phalar is minor and productivity of wheat. Application of all the 3 herbicides resulted in 35-50% in- crease in wheat yield over weedy plots during first year of application. With continued application of these herbi- cides, the increase in yield remained 23-27% in sulfosulfuron- sprayed plots, 12-23% in fenoxaprop-sprayed plots and 17-35% in clodinafop- sprayed plots in 2005-06 and 2006-07. A similar decline was observed in plots that re- ceived rotational treatment of herbicides. Herbicide sprays resulted in a decline in density of P. minor till 2003-04 after which it increased till 2006-07. In 2006-07 the density of P. minor in some of the herbicide sprayed plots was equivalent to that in the weedy plots. Bioassay test showed increased insensitivity of P. minor to the herbicides. Mortality declined from 85-100% in 2001-02 to 10 % with fenoxaprop and 30-40% with sulfosulfuron in 2006-07. With clodinafop, the decline was relatively lesser. It was upto75% only. GR values of surviving populations 50 showed 10-fold increase than the initial value in sulfosulfuron, 8-fold increase in fenoxaprop and 3-4-fold increase in clodinafop indicating the evolution of cross resistance to these herbicides in this weed.
Bio intensive Agronomy: A paradigm shift in agronomic research
Authors: R.L. YADAV  , D.V. YADAV  , S.K. SHUKLA
Published: December 2023

The term paradigm shift was first introduced by Thomas Kuhn in his highly influential landmark book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Kuhns book shows how almost every significant breakthrough in scientific en- deavor is first break with tradition, with old ways of thinking, with old paradigms. The word paradigm comes from the Greek. It was originally a scientific term, and is more commonly used today to mean model, theory, perception, assumption, or frame of reference. In more general sense, its the way we see the world- not in terms of our visual sense of sight, but in terms of perceiving, understanding and interpreting. In pre green revolution period, the plant architecture of the cultivated cereal crops was long duration and tall. These plants were not responsive to input use i.e. with application of fertilizers and irrigation, they used to be lodged. Most of our agriculture was rainfed. Agronomic research therefore was revolving around increasing yield under this scenario available at that part of time. Simple fertilizer trial, tillage practices to conserve moisture and control weeds and mixed cropping were the main aspects of research. Farming was done for subsistence. Yields were sustained at low levels. Then, there was a breakthrough. Plant architecture was changed. Short duration dwarf varieties came into existence. Agronomic research also shifted from simple fertilizer trials to complex fertilizer experiments, mono- cropping to multiple cropping and scheduling irrigation. Use of herbicide increased to control weeds. With the expansion of irrigation, scheduling of irrigation became main focus and legumes went out of the cultivation and cereal- cereal cropping became predominant. Spread of rice- wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic Plain region is the glar- ing example of this. Due to this cereal-based crop rotation, natural resources started degrading and weeds de- veloped resistance to herbicides. Factor productivity started declining. Presently these are our cultivation prac- tices i.e. our convention, which is chemical based and input intensive, this we wish to change to bring bio-in- tensive agronomic practices, which will include massive use of biomanures, biofertilizers and biopesticides. The research on rhizospheric engineering and carbon sequestration has to be strengthened to improve the soil health and nutrient use efficiencies. Rhizospheric engineering refers to bringing changes in root architecture by modifying planting methods and crop geometry and also improving root zone soil profile through rhizodeposition. In irrigated ecosystem, where legumes could not be introduced due to their sensitivity to water, sugarcane is to be brought in the system, because several beneficial microorganisms are associated with its roots, which mobilizes soil materials. Also, large quantity of root mass of sugarcane upon decomposition adds substantial quantity of organic matter to the soil.
Constraints and opportunities of crop diversification in Assam
Authors: A. BAISHYA  , J.P. HAZARIKA  , B.K. MEDHI  , J.K. GOGOI  , M.C. KALITA  , S. AHMED
Published: December 2023

Out of the net sown area of 2.83 m lakh ha in Assam, area sown more than once is around 1.24 m ha so crop- ping intensity stands around 148%. Total flood prone area of the State is 3,41,00 ha out of which 2,50,000 ha is chronically flood prone and 91,000 ha is occasionally flood prone area. Around 4.9 m ha of land which accounts for 62.6% of total geographical area are moderately and slightly acidic in reaction. Average consumption of NPK fertilizers is 51.83 kg/ha which was far below the national average; the crop removal found to be higher than that of added. The period December to February in the state showing very low moisture availability demanding artifi- cial irrigation for better production of different crops. In Assam more than 83% farmers are having either marginal or small holding size. Inclusion of vegetable crops in the system provides better return; pulses and oilseeds may be included in the system under less moisture available condition, fodder crop may be included in the system to meet up the livestock requirement. If irrigated area is expanded and marketing infrastructure develops, then there is tremendous possibility for crop diversification with high profitability in the state. The paper presents the research work carried out by senior author on crop diversification in Assam.
Climate change and agriculture: Adaptation and mitigation stategies
Authors: B. VENKATESWARLU ANO ARUN K. SHANKER
Published: December 2023

Changes in climate can be expected to have significant impacts on crop yields through changes in temperature and water availability. The purpose of mitigation and adaptation measures is therefore to attempt a gradual reversal of the effects caused by climate change and sustain development. There are several mitigation and adaptation practices that can be effectively put to use to overcome the effects of climate change with desirable results. These methods fall into the broad categories of under crop/cropping system-based technologies, resource conservation-based technologies and socio-economic and policy interventions. These measures are discussed to suggest effective strategies among them to combat climate change with specific reference to India.
Integrated farming systems for sustainability in agricultural production
Authors: V.S. KORIKANTHIMATH  , B.L. MANJUNATH
Published: December 2023

Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) seem to be the possible solution to the continuous increase of de- mand for food production, stability of income and improvement of nutrition particularly for the small and marginal farmers with limited resources. Integration of different agriculturally related enterprises with crop activity as base, will provide ways to recycle produces and waste materials of one component as input through another linked component and reduce the cost of production which will finally enhance the total income of the farm. Research carried out at ICAR Research Complex Goa. On rice based IFS revealed that rice- brinjal+mushroom+poultry as best one interns of rice equivalent yield (21.49 t/ha), employment generation (392 man days), energy efficiency and economics. In coconut gardens, integration of fodders (napier bajra hybrid + Centrosema) for supporting dairy unit proved the best based on above criteria used in rice based IFS. Similarly integration of cardamom in are canut gardens, arable crops and livestock in cashewnut, and poultry/duck-fish IFS were found more profitable and sustainable.
Modern concepts of agricultural research : Ripples and options for conservation agriculture and resource use efficiency
Authors: SHAIK MOHAMMAD
Published: December 2023

India witnessed self sufficiency in food production by shifting from the traditional organic to chemical-industrial agriculture in the second half of the past century. The production levels plateaud and several challenges of soil- health, crop production and environment have become critical in the new millennium. This need paradigm shifts in agricultural practices and research priorities. Systems Rice intensification conserves water, but it is difficult to practice. Organic farming is eco-friendly but, organic source of nutrients are not sufficient to meet the nutrient re- quirement of crops and the yield reduction is substantial. It has little scope for farmers to export the produce to de- veloped countries after meeting the standards of trade and cumbersome procedures. The integrated supply of nu- trients is potential to sustain the crop yields and restore the soil-health. The transgenic crops opened new vistas in agricultural production. But, such genetically modified crops are frequently unstable and inactivated. They lose the newly acquired traits due to gene silencing. The cell and tissue culture techniques may substitute the traditional crops for the production of food like starch, protein and fats in fermentation tanks. The nanotechnology is likely to revolutionize the agricultural production system. Nutrition with desired elements and flavor stored in the capsules burst open in the stomach and deliver the nutrients in quantities needed by the organ. Similarly, they release the toxins in the stomach of the harmful insects of crop plants. Nano-sensors will alert the farmers before the occur- rence of the pest, disease or nutrient deficiency and damage to the crops. The resource conservation technologies for anaerobic crops after the harvest of aerobic rice save expenses and time for land preparation. This will facili- tate early sowing of the crops after the harvest of rice on the carry over soil moisture or a shallow irrigation. The use of heavy machinery for sowing may compact the soil in the long run. The residue on the soil surface add or- ganic matter but, it is also likely that it may hinder proper seedling growth. The rice stubbles may harbour the harm- ful pests and disease inoculums, refuge the rats and invite the snake problem.
Growth and development of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) under foliar application of panchgavya and leaf extracts of endemic plants
Authors: R.N. KUMAWAT  , S.S. MAHAJAN  , R.S. MERTIA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, CAZRI, Jaisalmer during kharif 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applied panchgavya on the physiological growth, nutrient uptake, yield and economics of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) with and without mixing leaf extracts of neem ( Azadirachta indica), datura ( Datura metel) and tumba ( Citr ullus colocynthis). The results of the experiment revealed that foliar appli- cation of panchgavya + neem leaf extract (NLE) recorded significant improvement in chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, root nodule weight, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, nutrient content and uptake of groundnut when compared with control and panchgavya alone. Yield attributes (pod weight, pod index, kernel index, shelling per cent) and harvest index were also recorded significantly higher with panchgavya + NLE. The pod, haulm and biological yield increased by 54, 25 and 39% with foliar application of panchgavya + NLE over the control. Maximum net return (Rs 45,399/ha) and B: C ratio (2.19) was recorded with foliar application of panchgavya + NLE over other sources. Foliar application at branching (35 DAS) and flowering (55 DAS) re- corded significantly higher growth and yield of groundnut, net return (Rs 42,880/ha) and benefit: cost (2.06) than foliar application of the sources either one of these two stages.
Sulphur management in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: D.R. PALSANIYA  , I.P.S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during 2003 and 2005 on sandy loam soil with 14.35 kg/ha available S to evaluate the relative efficiency of sulphur (S) sources and rates in pigeon pea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system. The study revealed that application of 30 kg S/ha being at par with 60 kg/ha produced 24.9 and 0.62 more pods/plant and seeds /pod respectively than control (no S). This increase in yield attributes finally led to 0.47 t/ha higher pigeon pea yield over no S ap- plication (1.15 t/ha). S applied to pigeon pea at 60 kg/ha left behind 1.19 kg/ha more S in soil than 30 kg/ha, which resulted in higher grain yield of succeeding wheat by 0.58 tonne/ha. Among the S sources, cosavet being on par with gypsum gave 14.8% (0.23 t/ha) more grain yield of pigeon pea over elemental S (1.55 t/ha). Both these sources also proved superior in their residual effect on succeeding wheat when compared with elemental S. Wheat responded to direct application of 30 kg S/ha only. Cosavet was the best source from productivity point of view. However, application of 30 kg S/ha to pigeon pea as gypsum and to wheat as elemental S was promis- ing in terms of S efficiency and economics.
Productivity, economics and competitive indices of lentil (Lens Culinaris)based intercropping systems in Kashmir valley
Authors: LAL SINGH  , J.K. SINGH  , LEKH CHAND  , BADRUL HASAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 at Shalimar, Srinagar to study the productivity and profitability of lentil ( Lens Culinaris Medik)based intercropping systems. Eleven lentil based cropping systems viz., lentil sole, brown sarson ( Brassica campestris L. var. brown sarson) sole, oats ( Avena sativa L.) sole, lentil+brown sarson 1:1, lentil+brown sarson 2:1, lentil+brown sarson 4:1, lentil+brown sarson 6:1, lentil+oats 1:1, lentil+oats 2:1, lentil+oats 4:1 and lentil+oats 6:1, were tested in randomized block design with three replications. Number of pods/ plant of lentil were significantly higher in sole crop followed by 6:1 and 4:1 row ratio of lentil + brown sarson and lentil + oats systems, respectively. Significantly higher siliquae/ plant was recorded in intercropping systems compared to sole brown sarson. Seed yield of lentil (1.46 t/ha) and brown sarson (1.37 t/ha) was highest in sole stand. Based on lentil seed equivalent yields (1.47 t/ha), net returns (Rs 25,750) and B:C ratio (3.32), lentil + oats in 2:1 was found the best. It was closely followed by sole lentil.
Polyethylene mulching for enhancing crop productivity and water use efficiency in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and maize (Zea mays) cropping system
Authors: P. NALAYINI  , R. ANANDHAM  , K. SANKARANA AYANAN  , T.P. RAJENDRAN
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted consecutively for 2 years at Coimbatore between 2002-03 and 2003-04 crop seasons during winter (August - February). Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) followed by summer (March - May), maize (Zea mays L.) crops using different thickness black polyethylene mulch film of 30, 50, 75 and 100 micron were evaluated against conventionally planted (no mulch) cotton - maize cropping system for moisture conservation and enhanced crop production efficiency. Higher uptake of nutrients due to higher temperature coupled with higher available soil moisture caused significant increase in root cation exchange capacity, nutrient uptake, dry matter accumulation and partitioning of assimilates under polyethylene mulching with an average yield enhancement of 1.83 to 1.90 fold in cotton and 1.95 to 2.10 fold in maize crops besides saving water. The water requirement of mulched cotton was 58.63 ha-cm whereas conventionally grown cotton was 84.19 ha-cm. The water use efficiency of mulched cotton was 43.2 kglha-cm as against 16.6 kglha-cm for conventionally planted no mulch cotton crop. The poly-mulched cotton-maize system recorded the highest net return (Rs 74,1781ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.68) as against the conventional system (Rs 29,863 and 1.04).
Pinoxaden: an alternate herbicide against littleseed canary grass (Phalaris minor) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) DHARAM BIR YADAV1, S.S. PUNIA* , ASHOK YADAV*, SAMUNDER SINGH* AND ROSHAN LAL
Authors: DHARAM BIR YADAV  , S.S.  , ASHOK YADAV  , SAMUNDER SINGH  , ROSHAN LAL
Published: December 2023

Two field experiments were conducted at Karnal, Haryana daring rabi 2005-06 and 2006-07 to evaluate the efficacy of pinoxaden against Phalaris minor in wheat. Pinoxaden 10 EC 40 g/ha + adjuvant 2,000 ml/ha and pinoxaden 5 EC (with built-in adjuvant) 50 g/ha reduced the dry weight of Phalaris minor to the extent of 92-99 and 89-98?,, respectively, and were at par with weed free checks during both the years. Consequently, Pinoxaden 5 EC 50 g/ha and Pinoxaden 10 EC 40 g/ha + adjuvant 2,000 mVha being at par with weed free checks produced grain yield of wheat to the tunne of 6.1-6.2 and 5.7-6.1 t/ha. Efficacy of pinoxaden 10 EC against P minor increased by about 70% with addition of adjuvant indicating that adjuvant is must with this for- . mulation. Pinoxaden 5 EC 50 g/ha was superior to lower doses, fenoxaprop and sulfosulfuron, however, it was at par with clodinafop during both the years. Both formulations of pinoxaden were ineffective against broad-leaved weeds. Maximum net returns (Rs 14,400-19,50O/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (0.74-0.91) was obtained under pinoxaden 5 EC 50 g/ha. There was no phytotoxicity on wheat and no residual toxicity on the succeeding rice crop.
Productivity, quality and economics of rainfed ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) as influenced by spacing and fertilizer levels V.S. KUBSAD' , Y.B. PALLED AND C.R MANSUR
Authors: VS. KUBSAD  , Y.B. PALLED  , C.P. MANSUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Annigeri (Karnataka) during rabi 2004-05 and 2005-06 to study the ef- fect of 4 spacings (1 5 cm x 5 cm, 15 cm x 10 cm, 30 cm x 10 cm and 45 cm x 10 cm) and 4 N-P fertilizer levels (control, 12-1 0.6, 18-1 5.9 and 24-21.2 kglha) on performance of ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera Dunal). The results indicated that dry root yield, nutrient uptake and total withanolide content were significantly higher at a spacing of 15 cm x 10 cm when compared with other spacings. At 15 cm x 10 cm spacing, the increase in dry root yield was 10.2, 54.9 and 107.4% over 15 cm x 5 cm, 30 cm x 10 cm and 45 cm x 10 cm respectively. Signifi- cant increase in dry root yield, nutrient uptake and total withanolide content was noticed with increase in fertilizer levels from control to 24-21.2 kg N-Plha. Application of 24-21.2 and 18-15.9 kg N-Plha, being comparable re- corded significantly higher dry root yield, N and P uptake and total withanolide content than control and 12-10.6 kg N-Plha. At 24-21.2 kg N-Plha, the increase in dry root yield, N, P uptake and total withanolide content was 22.1, 51.5, 43.6 and 13.5% over control respectively. Further, there was remarkable improvement in root length, root diameter and dry root weight of ashwagandha which resulted in increase in dry root yield. Maximum dry root yield (1.55 tlha), net returns (Rs 50,1411ha) and total withanolide content (0.62%) accrued when the crop was sown at 15 cm x 10 cm spacing along with fertilizer doze of 24-21.2 kg N-Plha. Consequently, a spacing of 15 cm x 10 cm spacing along with fertilizer application of 24-21.2 kg N-P/ha was found optimum for ashwagandha in vertisols of Northern dry zone of Karnataka.
Herbage production and soil fertility changes in different pastures as influenced by fertilization under semi-arid conditions
Authors: G. SURESH  , S.B. TRIPATHI  , J.N. GUPTA  , D.K. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted between 2001 and 2004 on six different pasture systems [natural pasture, buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), stylo (Stylosanthes hamata L.), buffel + stylo + shrub (Leucaena leucocephala L.), buffel + stylo + shrub + tree (Albizia lebbeck L.]. The performance under fertilized and unfertilized situations in re- lation to amount of rainfall received was analysed over the years. A total of 19 species were encountered in natural pasture which included 6 grasses, 5 legumes and 8 forbs. Significantly the highest pasture production (9.90 tiha) was recorded in buffel + stylo + shrub-based mixed pasture. Over all, there was about 21 3% increase in yield due to fertilizer application. The fodder shrub Leucaena contributed about 16% to the total biomass. The physico-chemical properties of soil improved under different pastures after 4 years in increasing water-holding capacity, pore space, and decreasing bulk density particularly under fertilized situation. The build up of organic carbon content was higher under sole Stylosanthes. The soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzymatic activ- ity were enhanced in both fertilized and unfertilized pastures. Dehydrogenase activity was the highest in fertil- ized pure legume. Supplementation of legume and top feeds viz,. Leucaena and Albizia in Cenchrus ciliaris based fodder improved the quality in crude protein, ether extract, calcium and phosphorus contents with reduc- tion in neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre contents.
Yield and quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) as influenced by irrigation and nutrient levels
Authors: R.P. YADAV  , M.L. TRIPATHI  , S.K. TRIVEDI
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were carried out on sandy loam soil at Morena, during the winter ( rabi) seasons of 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 to study the effect of irrigation and levels of NPK nutrients (% of recommended dose) on growth, yield, economics and quality parameters of Indian mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj and Cosson]. Irri- gation at flower initiation and seed development stage achieved the maximum growth and yield attributes, resulting in 8.78% and 24.18% higher seed yield over one irrigation applied at flower initiation stage and siliquae develop- ment stage respectively. The application of 125% recommended dose of NPK fertilizers (RDF) induced signifi- cantly higher growth and yield characters, water use efficiency, protein and oil yield over other treatments and yielded 29.03%, 19.59% and 8.30% more seed yield over 50, 75 and 100% RDF, respectively.
Agro-techniques for increasing productivity of wheat (Triticum oestivum) under poplar (Populus deltoides) plantation
Authors: NAVNEET KAUR  , BALJIT SINGH  , R.I.S. GILL
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were done to standardize the agronomic practices of wheat grown in association with poplar ( Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantation at Ludhiana, Punjab. The study was conducted under block plantation of pop- lar (Clone G-48) grown at a spacing of 5 x 4 m, (accommodating 500 trees/ha) at the age of 2, 3 and 4 years in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The soil of the site was low in available N and medium in available P. Three seed rates (100, 125 and 150 kg/ha) and combinations of 3 N (125, 187.5 and 250 kg N/ha) and 2 P levels (27 and 40.5 kg P/ha) were evaluated to find out the optimum fertilizer and seed requirement of wheat (cv. PBW 343) inter- cropped with poplar. The height and diameter of trees increased from 10.4-15.1 m and 10.4 - 16.5 cm, respectively in the span of 2 years (2004-06). Wheat yield under poplar reduced with the increase in tree age. However, the crop under poplar responded positively to higher fertilizer and seed rates. The yield of sole wheat was significantly higher when compared with intercropped wheat. Among 3 seed rates, 25% additional seed rate (125 kg/ha) over recommended to sole wheat significantly increased (6%) the grain yield of wheat under poplar plantation. Among different fertilizer levels, grain yield of wheat was significantly higher (3.93 tonne/ha) at 50% additional N than rec- ommended to sole wheat with recommended P i.e. at 187.5 kg N and 27 kg P/ha. N and P uptake by wheat was higher in sole wheat than under poplar. Additional application of seed and nutrients over the recommended levels significantly increased their uptake. The benefit cost ratio in poplar plantation were highest with the application of 150 kg/ha seed and 187.5 + 27 kg N + P/ha to wheat.
Productivity, quality, nutrient use efficiency and economics of senna (Cassia angustifolia) as influenced by FYM and fertilizer nitrogen under rainfed conditions
Authors: G. PRATIBHA  , G.R. KORWAR  , S.K. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for 4 consecutive rainy ( kharif) seasons between 2000-2003 on alfisols of Hyderabad to study the influence of FYM (0 and 5 tonne/ha) and fertilizer N (0, 25, 50, 75 kg/ha) on productivity, profitability, and nutrient use efficiency in senna ( Cassia angustifolia Vahl.). FYM application enhanced the senna leaf, pod and leaf equivalent yields significantly over its control. An increase of 54, 59, 70% in N, P and K uptake, respectively was recorded with FYM over control. FYM enhanced agronomic efficiency (AE) by 3.52 kg leaf equivalent yield / kg N; the apparent recovery efficiencies (ARE) of N P K increased from 40 to 53, 13.1 to 18.9 and 41.1 to 58.5%, respectively. The partial factor productivity (66.28 kg leaf equivalent yield / kg N) was improved with FYM. FYM application registered an additional net monetary return of Rs 4,190/ha. Nitrogen application im- proved the yield, sennoside content, ARE and monetary returns. Application of 25 kg N/ha recorded highest AE, ARE, and partial factor productivity (PFP) whereas the increasing levels of N beyond 25 kg/ha reduced the ARE, and PFP. 50 kg N/ha registered highest B: C ratio (2.3). The leaf yield of 2,733 kg/ha was recorded at economic optimum of dose (70.88 kg/ha) and the response to each kg-applied N was 37.5 kg.
Effect of organic v/s chemical nutrient packages on productivity, economics and physical status of soil in rice (Oryza sativa) potato (Solanum tuberosum) cropping system in Chhattisgarh
Authors: J.S. URKURKAR  , SHRIKANT CHITALE  , ALOK TIWARI
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted at Raipur in Inceptisols between 2003-04 and 2007-08 to compare organic, integrated and chemical fertilizer nutrient inputs pakages in scented rice ( Or yza sativa L.) potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) a high value cropping system. Seven different nutrient treatments, 5 of them having use of organic inputs and 1 each having integrated (50% through fertilizers and 50% through organic nutrients) and 100% through fertilizers were studied in RBD with 3 replications. Organic transition effect in which decline in yield from 1 to 3 years and again increase in yield was noticeable in rice under organic nutrient inputs packages. These treat- ments followed a steady increase and registered 20 to 50% more yield at the end of study compared to first year yield i.e. 2003-04. However, effect of different organic inputs packages on potato tuber yield was not stable over the years. Total productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield of the system (13.36 tonne/ha) and total net return (Rs 92,634/kg) was highest with chemical fertilizer treatment closely followed by integrated inputs use. 100% N (1/3 each from cowdung manure, neem cake and composed crop residue) appreciably increased the organic carbon (6.3 g/kg) over initial value (5.8 g/kg). However, availability of P and K did not show any perceptible change after completion of five cropping cycles under organic as well as integrated nutrient approaches.
Productivity of short-duration summer forage crops and their effect on succeed- ing aromatic rice in conjunction with gypsum-enriched urea
Authors: H.N. MEENA  , YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during 2006 and 2007 at New Delhi to study the productivity of summer for- age crops and their effect in conjunction with gypsum-enriched urea (GEU) viz., absolute control, 0, 5, 10 and 15% on aromatic rice and economics of summer forage-aromatic rice cropping system. Among the 3 forage crops, maize + cowpea mixture recorded significantly higher dry fodder yields (13.18 t/ha) than sole cowpea (10.98 t/ha). Significantly the higher grain yield (2 year mean of 5.86 tonne/ha) and N, P, K and S uptake of aromatic rice was recorded when it was grown after cowpea than other treatments. Significantly higher grain (6.19 t/ha), and biologi- cal yields were recorded with 10% GEU. Significantly higher nutrient (NPKS) uptake was recoded with 15% GEU when compared with lower levels of GEU. Significantly higher net returns were recorded in forage maize + cowpea mixture-aromatic rice cropping system and with 15% GEU.
Impact of nitrogen application on the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and nitrogen use efficiency under different dates of sowing
Authors: ANUREET KAUR  , R.K. PANNU  , G.S. BUTTAR
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during rabi seasons of 2003-04 and 2004-05 to find out the effect of sowing time and nitrogen schedules on perofrmance of wheat and N balance in sandy loam soils of Hisar, Haryana .The results showed that 40 days delayed sowing resulted in 24.5% reduction in wheat grain yield. However, there was increase in nitrogen content in grains with the delayed sowing whereas, nitrogen uptake decreased with delayed sowing. Maximum mobilization of nitrogen to grain was recorded on 25 December and minimum on 15 November sown crop. There was decrease in physiological efficiency (PE), agronomic efficiency (AE), nitrogen recovery (NR) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 8.4, 37, 9 and 8% respectively with delay in sowing from 15 November to 25 December. There was 4.14% increase in grain yield when N was applied as 45.3% of recommended N (150 kg) at sowing (F ) followed by 50% at first irrigation and 4.7% as foliar application @ 3% concentration over recom- 4 mended (F ) schedule (50% at sowing and 50% at first irrigation) and 58.4% increase over no nitrogen application. 1 About 60 kg/ha increase in nitrogen uptake was recorded in different nitrogen schedules over control. The highest nitrogen mobilization was observed in treatment where no nitrogen was applied and minimum in recommended schedule. NR, NUE and AE were 15.7%, 8.0% and 12% more under F when compared with F treatment. How- 4 1 ever, there was decrease of 6% in PE under F than F treatment. The highest B:C ratio was also recorded in early 4 1 sowing and in F treatment . 4
Productivity, profitability and quality of soybean (Glycine max) and residual soil fertility as influenced by integrated nutrient management
Authors: SUMIT CHATURVEDI  , A.S. CHANDEL  , V.C. DHYANI  , A.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Pantnagar to assess the effect of various fertilizer and manurial treat- ments on soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] productivity, quality and residual soil fertility during kharif seasons of 2003 and 2004. Fourteen treatments that include use of FYM, B and Fe over 50 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) viz., 20.0-26.4-33.3 kg N-P-K/ha. Integrated use of RDF with FYM or soil application of Fe/B being at par increased the seed yield of soybean significantly over RDF alone (3.13 tonne/ha). Highest net re- turns were recorded with the application of RDF + 10 tonne FYM/ha. Application of FYM/Fe/B with both 50% RDF and RDF markedly improved the unsaturated fatty acids content (linolenic, linoleic and oleic) and reduced satu- rated fatty acids (palmatic and stearic) content. Use of FYM and micronutrients helped in maintaining soil fertility and rhizospheric microbial population.
Influence of non-monetary inputs on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) under system of rice intensification (SRI)
Authors: N. BOMMAYASAMY  , N. RAVISANKAR  , T. SUBRAMANI
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were carried out from 2003 to 2005 at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu to optimize the establishment techniques of System of Rice Intensification (SRI). The treat- ments consisted of types of nursery and age of seedling in main plot, three different plant geometry in sub-plot and two number of seedlings/ hill in sub sub-plot and replicated thrice. SRI and conventional nursery with 14- days-old seedlings had registered statistically similar yields as that of conventional nursery with 21 days old seedlings. However, conventional nursery recorded higher nutrient uptake leading to more depletion of soil fertil- ity. Closer spacing (20 cm x 20 cm) had higher number of productive tillers/m2 (491) but number of filled grains/ panicle (116.7) are lower resulting in significantly higher grain (8.0 t/ha) and straw yield (9.1t/ha). Number of seedlings/hill failed to exert any significant influence on either yield, nutrient uptake or residual soil fertility.
Dual cropping of rice (Oryza sativa) and green manure crops A cost effective management alternative for direct seeded semi-dry system of rice cultivation
Authors: S. ANITHA  , JOSE MATHEW  , C.T. ABRAHAM
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy during 2004 and 2005 to fine tune the technology of dual culturing of rice ( Or yza sativa) and green manure crops to ensure the supply of re- quired quantity of organic manure to dry seeded rice in a cost effective manner. Two green manure crops viz., horse gram ( Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam) Verdc) and cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] sown along with rice were incorporated at 45 days after sowing by three methods viz., using cono weeder, spraying 2,4-D, and allowing self decomposition due to flooding at the onset of monsoon. Two levels of nitrogen (100 and 75% of recom- mended dose of N i.e. 90 kg) were super imposed over them. Dual cropping of cowpea with dry seeded rice could add about 12 t/ha of organic manure and resulted in a weed suppression of 69-75% and reduction in labour re- quirement for weeding (40 man-days/ha). This system guarantees 25% nitrogen saving (22.5 kg/ha) with 11% yield enhancement and increase in profitability (Rs 14,562/ha). The study revealed that, cowpea can be effectively incorporated by spraying 2, 4-D with effective weed control. The peak nitrogen release from concurrently grown cowpea coincides with the critical growth stages of rice, the panicle initiation stage, and thereby ensures availabil- ity of N at the critical stage.
Effect of live mulching with annual legumes on performance of maize (Zea mays) and residual effect on following wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: A.R. SHARMA  , RATAN SINGH  , S.K. DHYANI  , R.K. DUBE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Selakui, Dehradun during 2001 to 2004 to study the effect of in situ grown live mulching with legumes viz. sunnhemp ( Crotalaria juncea L.), dhaincha ( Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], besides weed mulching at 30 and 45 days of maize ( Zea mays L.) growth on mois- ture conservation, crop productivity and soil properties in maizewheat ( Triticum aestivum L. emend Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Legume mulching accumulated 1.091.17 t/ha dry biomass and added 27.931.3 kg N/ha com- pared with 1.31 t/ha biomass and 10.3 kg N/ha with weed mulching at 30 days; which increased further by 68.5 74.8% when applied at 45 days. Maize productivity was 5.68.8% higher with legume mulching at 30 days when compared with no mulching. Soil moisture content (015 and 1530 cm depth) at maize harvest increased by a magnitude of 1.632.91% due to live mulching, and the effect of sunnhemp was relatively more pronounced than other materials. Wheat yields increased by 13.314.0% due to legume mulching in previous maize following en- hanced soil moisture and nutrient conservation. Mulching with weed biomass was inferior to legume mulching in both the crops. Mulching at 45 days adversely affected maize growth and yield but was more beneficial to the fol- lowing wheat due to addition of greater biomass and N. The yield performance of wheat was lower when mulching with cowpea stover was done at maize harvest or wheat sowing, as well as under minimum tillage compared with conventional tillage conditions. Wheat gave 2.53.0 folds more net returns than maize, and the net B : C ratio of the system was >1.0 with live mulching of sunnhemp and dhaincha. There was an improvement in organic C and total N, and a decrease in bulk density with a corresponding increase in infiltration rate due to mulching at the end of 3 cropping cycles. It was concluded that live mulching with legumes in maize was beneficial for improving soil moisture conservation, productivity, profitability and soil health in rainfed maizewheat cropping system under Doon valley conditions.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) based intercropping systems for Southern hills
Authors: K. MANORAMA  , S.S. LAL
Published: December 2023

Field trials were conducted on sandy clay loam soils of the Nilgiris during summer seasons of 2003 to 2005 to study the intercropping possibilities of French beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), maize ( Zea mays L.) and wheat ( Tr iti- cum aestivum L.) with potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) in three population proportions (75:25, 75:50 and 50:50) un- der rainfed conditions. The results indicated that potato + French bean at 75:50 population recorded significantly higher potato equivalent yield, (PEY) (27.1 t/ha), land equivalent ratio (LER) (1.28) and net returns (Rs 69,090) over sole potato. Intercropping of potato with wheat and maize resulted in significant decrease in PEY over sole potato. Potato is more competitive than other crops as evident from Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) values. However, at 50:50 ratios, French bean and maize are more competitive. Potato + maize (75:50 and 50:50) was found soil exhaustive while potato + French bean is soil restorative system.
Influence of Sesbania green manure with or without wheat residues and N fertilization on maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: N.K. JAT  , ASHOK KUMAR  , SHIVA DHAR
Published: December 2023

Meager information is available on the use of Sesbania in conjunction with-crop residue and N-dose in maize wheat cropping system. Therefore, an attempt was made to substitute the fertilizer N through organic sources in maizewheat cropping sequence. Hence a field experiment was conducted for 2 year from 20062008, on maize ( Zea mays L.)wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol) system to evaluate the influence of four organic
Fodder yield and quality of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) grown pure and in mixture with different seed rates of oat (Avena sativa) and sarson (Brassica campestris)
Authors: K.P. PURI  , U.S. TIWANA  , D.P. CHAUDHARY
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted during rabi 2002-03 to 2005-06 to get higher fodder yield of ryegrass in the first cut and to see the effect of oat and sarson crops sown at different seed rates on the succeeding cuts. The experi- ment consisted of nine treatment combinations viz., ryegrass-monoculture, ryegrass + oats (22.5, 30.0, 37.5 and 45.0 kg/ha), and ryegrass + sarson (0.625, 1.25, 1.875 and 2.5 kg/ha) conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The addition of oats at the rate of 22.5, 30.0, 37.5 and 45.0 kg/ha and sarson at the rate of 0.625 kg, 1.25 kg, 1.875 kg and 2.50 kg/ha with full seed rate of ryegrass increased green fodder yield by 14.3, 21.1, 25.1 and 27.2% and; 22.6, 33.7, 54.5 and 63.1%, respectively over the ryegrass monoculture. The addition of different seed rates of oats and sarson had no adverse effect on the fodder yield of subsequent cuttings. Sarson contributed 60 to 81% in the first cutting and oats contributed 22 to 60% in first cutting and 7 to 15% in second cut- ting in mixture with ryegrass. The highest net returns (Rs 49,398/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.12) were obtained with berseem + 2.5 kg/ha sarson mixture. The uptake of N by ryegrass + oats/sarson mixtures were higher than pure ryegrass. Crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility contents were higher in pure crop of ryegrass in first cutting and the trend was reverse in subsequent cuttings.
Bio-ethanol production potential of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars under different spacing and harvest stages
Authors: S. T. BHAIRAPPANAVAR  , SHARANAPPA
Published: December 2023

In a field experiment conducted at Kathalagere, Karnataka during kharif 2007 and 2008, three sweet sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech] cultivars (Madhura, SSV-84 and RSSV-9) were evaluated for ethanol production potential under two spacing (45 cm X 10 cm) and two stages of harvest (50% flowering and at physiological matu- rity). Among the cultivars tested Madhura produced significantly higher ethanol yield (556.7 l/ha and 571.7 l/ha) when compared with SSV-84 (378.5 l /ha and 405 .2 l /ha) and RSSV-9 (368.4 l/ha and 425.9 l/ha). Madhura harvested at physiological maturity showed significantly higher ethanol yield 929.7 l/ha and 958.3 l/ha when com- pared with that harvested at 50% flowering (183.7 l/ha and 185.2 l/ha). Similarly Madhura cultivar recorded sig- nificantly higher brix (degrees) (13.6 and 14.0), pol percent in juice (7.3 and 6.4%) and reducing sugar per cent (3.1 and 3.7%), when compared with SSV-84 and RSSV-9.The highest benefit cost ratio was recorded with Madhura (1.88 and 1.73) when sown at spacing of 45 cm X 15 cm and 45 cm X 10 cm and harvested at physi- ological maturity.
Influence of nitrogen management on expression of cry protein in Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: S.S. HALLIKERI  , H.L. HALEMANI  , B.C. PATIL  , R.A. NANDAGAVI
Published: December 2023

To assess the requirements of nitrogen (N), schedule of N application, detopping in Bt-cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their effects on cry protein concentration, other related parameters and yield were studied by con- ducting field experiment at Dharwad for 2 years (2005-06 and 2006-07) under irrigated conditions. Present study indicated that N fertilization significantly affected cry protein concentration in leaf at various growth stages. At 60 days after sowing (DAS) increased level of nitrogen from 120 and 160 kg N increased cry protein by 9.3 and 14.8 % over 80 kg/ha. Leaf nitrogen concentration and SPAD readings followed same pattern as that of cry protein con- centration. Application of N in 7 splits significantly improved the cry protein level (5043 ng/g) over either N applied in 4 splits (4066 ng/g) or recommended practice of three splits (3583 ng/g). Studies also indicated that increasing level of nitrogen from 80 to 120 and further to 160 kg/ha significantly increased seed cotton yield by 12 and 19%, respectively. Application of nitrogen with recommended method of 3 splits (2.27 t/ha) and N applied in 7 splits at 15 days interval (2.24 t/ha) produced on par yields. There was no beneficial and significant effect of detopping in Bt-cotton at different growth stages.
Productivity of oat (Avena sativa) under different cutting management and split application of nitrogen
Authors: T.U. PATEL  , M.K. ARVADIA  , P.K. MALIK  , D.D. PATEL  , P.S. PATEL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season for three consecutive years (2006-2009) at Navsari, Gujarat to assess the seed production potential of oat ( Avena sativa L.) under three cutting management viz., No cut, one cut at 30 DAS and one cut at 45 DAS and three times of nitrogen application viz., Two equal splits at basal and 30 DAS (60+60 kg N/ha), three splits at basal, 30 and 45 DAS (60+30+30 kg N/ha) and three equal splits at basal, 30 and 45 DAS (40+40+40 kg N/ha). Among cutting management practices, no cut treatment pro- duced higher seed (2.33 t/ha) and straw (11.05 t/ha) yields than cutting at 30 and 45 DAS. However, highest green fodder yield (14.38 t/ha) was recorded with cutting at 45 DAS. Net returns (`46,642/ha) and B: C ratio (2.10) was higher with no cutting treatment. Application of nitrogen in three equal splits (40+40+40) gave significantly higher seed (2.15 t/ha) and straw (10.04 t/ha) yields which were at par with three splits (60+30+30), whereas green fod- der yield (12.26 t/ha) was found significantly higher when nitrogen applied in two equal splits. Net returns (`51,617/ha) and B:C ratios (2.26) were increased when N was given in three equal splits. Consequently for higher productivity and profitability of oat crop, it should be grown without cutting and fertilized with three equal splits of nitrogen (at basal, 30 and 45 DAS).