bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources of Financing Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Areas in the EU in the Financial Perspective of 2021-2027
Authors: Walenia Alina
Published: March 2022

In the Financial Perspective of 2021-2027, the European Commission has earmarked an amount of 365 billion euros for agricultural and rural development under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), compared to 416 billion euros in the previous Perspective. Of the planned funds in the current financial perspective, EUR 265.2 billion was allocated for direct payments (previously EUR 294.9 billion) and EUR 78.8 billion for rural development (previously EUR 95.3 billion). There was also an additional allocation of EUR 20 billion for market support and EUR 10 billion for the Horizon Europe research program. Overall, the 2021-2027 Financial Perspective budgeted funds from the EU budget at 88% compared to the previous Financial Perspective for actions at CAP. The new funding rules indicate a wider range of powers granted by the European Commission to Member States under subsidiarity delimitation. As a result, Member States will be able to make greater use of spending powers to take account of local conditions and needs in strategic planning for agriculture and rural areas. The main role of CAP, as in the previous perspective, will be to provide measures to support sustainable agriculture and rural development in individual Member States.
AIRFOIL SHAPE OPTIMIZATION USING BÉZIER CURVE AND GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: Ümütlü Hatice Cansu Ayaz , Kiral Zeki
Published: March 2022

There are different types of airfoil used in many applications such as energy production, aerospace, mixing of fluid products. Design optimization studies are still being carried out on the airfoil type structures. The airfoil section is the most important factor affecting the quality and efficiency of the performed work. The aim of this study is the optimization of the airfoil shape to generate more lift than the original airfoil shape creates. For this purpose, Bézier curves are used to generate the airfoil polar points, XFOIL is used as a flow solver and MATLAB is used to create optimization codes using the genetic algorithm. The results show that the created optimal airfoil shape produces more lift than the original airfoil shape. In this study, design optimization studies are supported by flow analysis using ANSYS Fluent.
THE THEORY OF COMBINATIONS FOR LAND PLOT EXCHANGE MODELLING IN THE COURSE OF LAND CONSOLIDATION
Authors: Malashevskyi Мykola , Malashevska Olena
Published: March 2022

The paper is aimed at the promotion of voluntary land consolidation through the improvement of land plots exchange. The issue of the existing land plots boundaries adjustment in the course of voluntary land consolidation has been singled out. Possibilities, advantages and risks of land plots exchange without changing the existing boundaries as a constituent of land consolidation measures have been substantiated. The improvement of approaches to land plots exchange modelling without the existing boundaries adjustment has been suggested. Demands to the formation of consolidated land tenures as the result of exchange have been singled out. Theory of combinations has been applied to specify land plots exchange options. Calculation formulas for the number of the optimal consolidated agricultural land tenure placement options have been suggested. The calculations can be applied in the optimization and heuristic approaches to land reallocation and at land consolidation performance evaluation. Suggested approaches facilitate the implementation of heuristic methods especially in non-standard conditions, allow to increase the number of developers, especially involving experts with little experience. The results can be used for land plots lease optimization.
EARTH SECTION PATHS. SOLUTION TO THE INVERSE AND DIRECT PROBLEMS, AND WAYPOINTS WITHOUT ITERATIONS
Authors: Orihuela Sebastian
Published: March 2022

The use of central elliptical sections in the calculation of air and sea routes and normal sections in Geodesy is common. Elliptic sections do not represent the shortest path between two points, although are often used in navigation to replace the geodesic lines. All developments include some kind of iteration to solve one of the problems, direct or inverse. When using vector algebra methods and perturbed series, the problems can be solved using an equidistant circle that represents the path of the elliptical section. This is possible because the flattening of the elliptical section is less than or equal to the Earth’s flattening, which implies that the series calculated for the terrestrial ellipsoid, used in the section, always converge. Three direct methods are described in order to calculate: the distance, the azimuth, the coordinates of a point and intermediate positions of an elliptical section. Those algorithms provide solutions to the inverse and direct algorithms with a consistency of the order of truncation error of double-type numbers.
Snails across Scales: Local and Global Phase-mixing Structures as Probes of the Past and Future Milky Way
Authors: Gandhi Suroor S. , Johnston Kathryn V. , Hunt Jason A. S. , Price-Whelan Adrian M. , Laporte Chervin F. P. , Hogg David W.
Published: March 2022

Signatures of vertical disequilibrium have been observed across the Milky Way’s (MW’s) disk. These signatures manifest locally as unmixed phase spirals in z–v

z
space (“snails-in-phase”), and globally as nonzero mean z and v

z
, wrapping around the disk into physical spirals in the x–y plane (“snails-in-space”). We explore the connection between these local and global spirals through the example of a satellite perturbing a test-particle MW-like disk. We anticipate our results to broadly apply to any vertical perturbation. Using a z–v

z
asymmetry metric, we demonstrate that in test-particle simulations: (a) multiple local phase-spiral morphologies appear when stars are binned by azimuthal action J

ϕ
, excited by a single event (in our case, a satellite disk crossing); (b) these distinct phase spirals are traced back to distinct disk locations; and (c) they are excited at distinct times. Thus, local phase spirals offer a global view of the MW’s perturbation history from multiple perspectives. Using a toy model for a Sagittarius (Sgr)–like satellite crossing the disk, we show that the full interaction takes place on timescales comparable to orbital periods of disk stars within R ≲ 10 kpc. Hence such perturbations have widespread influence, which peaks in distinct regions of the disk at different times. This leads us to examine the ongoing MW–Sgr interaction. While Sgr has not yet crossed the disk (currently, z
Sgr ≈ −6 kpc, v

z,Sgr ≈ 210 km s−1), we demonstrate that the peak of the impact has already passed. Sgr’s pull over the past 150 Myr creates a global v

z
signature with amplitude ∝ M
Sgr, which might be detectable in future spectroscopic surveys.
Exploring the Milky Way Circumgalactic Medium in a Cosmological Context with a Semianalytic Model
Authors: Faerman Yakov , Pandya Viraj , Somerville Rachel S. , Sternberg Amiel
Published: March 2022

We combine the Santa Cruz semianalytic model (SAM) for galaxy formation and evolution with the circumgalactic medium (CGM) model presented in Faerman et al. to explore the CGM properties of L
* galaxies. We use the SAM to generate a sample of galaxies with halo masses similar to the Milky Way (MW) halo, M
vir ≈ 1012
M
⊙, and find that the CGM mass and mean metallicity in the sample are correlated. We use the CGM masses and metallicities of the SAM galaxies as inputs for the FSM20 model and vary the amount of nonthermal support. The density profiles in our models can be approximated by power-law functions with slopes in the range of 0.75 < a

n
< 1.25, with higher nonthermal pressure resulting in flatter distributions. We explore how the gas pressure, dispersion measure, O VI–O VIII column densities, and cooling rates behave with the gas distribution and total mass. We show that for CGM masses below ∼3 × 1010
M
⊙ photoionization has a significant effect on the column densities of O VI and O VIII. The combination of different MW CGM observations favors models with similar fractions in thermal pressure, magnetic fields/cosmic rays, and turbulent support and with M
CGM ∼ (3–10) × 1010
M
⊙. The MW O VI column requires t
cool/t
dyn ∼ 4, independent of the gas distribution. The AGN jet-driven heating rates in the SAM are enough to offset the CGM cooling, although exact balance is not required in star-forming galaxies. We provide predictions for the column densities of additional metal ions—N V, Ne VIII, and Mg X.
Determining Star Formation Rates of Active Galactic Nucleus Host Galaxies Based on SED Fitting with Submillimeter Data
Authors: Kim Changseok , Woo Jong-Hak , Jadhav Yashashree , Chung Aeree , Baek Junhyun , Lee Jeong Ae , Shin Jaejin , Hwang Ho Seong , Luo Rongxin , Son Donghoon , Kim HyunGi , Woo Hyuk
Published: March 2022

We present the star formation rate (SFR) measurements based on the spectral energy distribution (SED) analysis with new submillimeter fluxes combined with archival multiwavelength data for a sample of 52 active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxies at z < 0.2. We carried out submillimeter observations using the SCUBA-2 camera at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and obtained flux or an upper limit at 450 and 850 μm for each target. By experimenting with the effect of the AGN dust component in the SED fit, we find that the dust luminosity can be overestimated if the AGN contribution is ignored. While the SFR based on the 4000 Å break shows a significant offset compared to the dust-luminosity-based SFR, the SFR obtained by the artificial neural network generally shows consistency, albeit with a large scatter. We find that SFR correlates with the AGN outflow strength manifested by the [O iii] λ5007 emission line, and that AGNs with higher Eddington ratios and stronger outflows are generally hosted by galaxies with a higher SFR, which is consistent with the correlation reported by Woo et al. This suggests no instantaneous quenching of star formation due to AGN feedback.
On the Use of CHIME to Detect Long-duration Radio Transients from Neutron Star Mergers
Authors: Shikauchi Minori , Cannon Kipp , Lin Haoxiang , Totani Tomonori , Shaw J. Richard
Published: March 2022

The short gamma-ray burst (SGRB) GRB 170817A was found to be related to a binary neutron star (BNS) merger. It is uncertain whether all SGRBs are caused by BNS mergers and also under what conditions a BNS merger can cause an SGRB. As BNS mergers can cause SGRBs, afterglow observations will also provide an alternative measurement of the BNS merger rate independent of gravitational-wave observations. In previous work by Feng et al., the feasibility of the detection of afterglows was considered using a variety of radio observatories and a simple flux threshold detection algorithm. Here, we consider a more sophisticated detection algorithm for SGRB afterglows and provide an estimate of the trials factors for a realistic search to obtain an updated estimate of the possibility of observing afterglows with the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME). We estimate 893 and 312 afterglows per year can be detected using a 3σ confidence level threshold with two jet models, one with half-opening angle uniformly distributed in 6°–30° and the other uniformly distributed in 3°–8° with the median of 6°. We also find that 88% and 98%, respectively, of the detectable afterglows for each jet-opening distribution are off axis, which are candidates for orphan afterglows. Our result predicts fewer detectable sources per year than the earlier analysis but confirms the essential conclusion that using CHIME to search for afterglows will be effective in constraining the astrophysical merger rate.
AT 2019avd: A Tidal Disruption Event with a Two-phase Evolution
Authors: Chen 陈 Jin-Hong 劲鸿 , Dou 窦 Li-Ming 立明 , Shen 申 Rong-Feng 荣锋
Published: March 2022

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) can uncover the quiescent supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the center of galaxies and also offer a promising method to study them. After the disruption of a star by an SMBH, the highly elliptical orbit of the debris stream will be gradually circularized due to the self-crossing, and then the circularized debris will form an accretion disk. The recent TDE candidate AT 2019avd has double peaks in its optical light curve, and the X-ray emerges near the second peak. The durations of the peaks are ∼400 and 600 days, respectively, and the separation between them is ∼700 days. We fit its spectral energy distribution and analyze its light curves in the optical/UV, mid-infrared, and X-ray bands. We find that this source can be interpreted as a two-phase scenario in which the first phase is dominated by the stream circularization, and the second phase is the delayed accretion. We use the succession of the self-crossing model and delayed accretion model to fit the first and second peaks, respectively. The fitting result implies that AT 2019avd can be interpreted by the partial disruption of a 0.9 M
⊙ star by a 7 × 106
M
⊙ SMBH, but this result is sensitive to the stellar model. Furthermore, we find that the large-amplitude (by factors up to ∼5) X-ray variability in AT 2019avd can be interpreted as the rigid-body precession of the misaligned disk due to the Lense–Thirring effect of a spinning SMBH, with a precession period of 10−25 days.
Mushroom-instability-driven Magnetic Reconnections in Collisionless Relativistic Jets
Authors: Kawashima Tomohisa , Ishiguro Seiji , Moritaka Toseo , Horiuchi Ritoku , Tomisaka Kohji
Published: March 2022

We study the kinetic plasma dynamics in collisionless relativistic jets with velocity shear, by carrying out particle-in-cell simulations in the transverse plane of a jet. It is discovered that intermittent magnetic reconnections (MRs) are driven by mushroom instability (MI), which is an important kinetic-scale plasma instability in the plasma shear flows with relativistic bulk speed. We refer to this sequence of kinetic plasma phenomena as “MI-driven MR.” The MI-driven MRs intermittently occur with moving the location of the reconnection points from the vicinity of the initial velocity-shear surface toward the center of the jet. As a consequence, the number density of high-energy electrons that are accelerated by MI-driven MRs increases with time in the region inside the initial velocity-shear surface with the accompanying generation and subsequent amplification of magnetic fields by MI. The maximum Lorentz factor of electrons increases with initial bulk Lorentz factor of the jet. A possible relation of MI-driven MR to the bright synchrotron emission in the jet spine of an active galactic nucleus jet is also discussed.
A 16 au Binary in the Class 0 Protostar L1157 MMS
Authors: Tobin John J. , Cox Erin G. , Looney Leslie W.
Published: March 2022

We present Very Large Array observations toward the Class 0 protostar L1157 MMS at 6.8 and 9 mm with a resolution of ∼0.″04 (14 au). We detect two sources within L1157 MMS and interpret these sources as a binary protostar with a separation of ∼16 au. The material directly surrounding the binary system within the inner 50 au radius of the system has an estimated mass of 0.11 M
☉, calculated from the observed dust emission. We interpret the observed binary system in the context of previous observations of its flattened envelope structure, low rates of envelope rotation from 5000 to 200 au scales, and an ordered, poloidal magnetic field aligned with the outflow. Thus, L1157 MMS is a prototype system for magnetically regulated collapse, and the presence of a compact binary within L1157 MMS demonstrates that multiple star formation can still occur within envelopes that likely have dynamically important magnetic fields.
X-Ray Emission from the Jets and Lobes of the Spiderweb
Authors: Carilli Christopher L. , Anderson Craig S. , Tozzi Paolo , Pannella Maurilio , Clarke Tracy , Pentericci L. , Liu Ang , Mroczkowski Tony , Miley G. K. , Rottgering H. J. , Borgani S. , Norman Colin , Saro A. , Nonino M. , Di Mascolo L.
Published: March 2022

Deep Chandra and Very Large Array imaging reveals a clear correlation between X-ray and radio emission on scales ∼100 kpc in the Spiderweb radio galaxy at z = 2.16. The X-ray emission associated with the extended radio source is likely dominated by inverse Compton upscattering of cosmic microwave background photons by the radio-emitting relativistic electrons. For regions dominated by high surface brightness emission, such as hot spots and jet knots, the implied magnetic fields are ∼50–70 μG. The nonthermal pressure in these brighter regions is then ∼9 × 10−10 dynes cm−2, or three times larger than the nonthermal pressure derived assuming minimum energy conditions, and an order of magnitude larger than the thermal pressure in the ambient cluster medium. Assuming ram pressure confinement implies an average advance speed for the radio source of ∼2400 km s−1 and a source age of ∼3 × 107 yr. Considering the lower surface brightness, diffuse radio-emitting regions, we identify an evacuated cavity in the Lyα emission coincident with the tail of the eastern radio lobe. Making reasonable assumptions for the radio spectrum, we find that the relativistic electrons and fields in the lobe are plausibly in pressure equilibrium with the thermal gas and close to a minimum energy configuration. The radio morphology suggests that the Spiderweb is a high-z example of the rare class of hybrid morphology radio sources (or HyMoRS), which we attribute to interaction with the asymmetric gaseous environment indicated by the Lyα emission.
SDSS-IV MaNGA: Understanding Ionized Gas Turbulence Using Integral Field Spectroscopy of 4500 Star-forming Disk Galaxies
Authors: Law David R. , Belfiore Francesco , Bershady Matthew A. , Cappellari Michele , Drory Niv , Masters Karen L. , Westfall Kyle B. , Bizyaev Dmitry , Bundy Kevin , Pan Kaike , Yan Renbin
Published: March 2022

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey MaNGA program has now obtained integral field spectroscopy for over 10,000 galaxies in the nearby universe. We use the final MaNGA data release DR17 to study the correlation between ionized gas velocity dispersion and galactic star formation rate, finding a tight correlation in which σ
Hα
from galactic H ii regions increases significantly from ∼18–30 km s−1, broadly in keeping with previous studies. In contrast, σ
Hα
from diffuse ionized gas increases more rapidly from 20–60 km s−1. Using the statistical power of MaNGA, we investigate these correlations in greater detail using multiple emission lines and determine that the observed correlation of σ
Hα
with local star formation rate surface density is driven primarily by the global relation of increasing velocity dispersion at higher total star formation rate, as are apparent correlations with stellar mass. Assuming H ii region models consistent with our finding that σ
[O III] < σ
Hα
< σ
[O I], we estimate the velocity dispersion of the molecular gas in which the individual H ii regions are embedded, finding values σ
Mol = 5–30 km s−1 consistent with ALMA observations in a similar mass range. Finally, we use variations in the relation with inclination and disk azimuthal angle to constrain the velocity dispersion ellipsoid of the ionized gas σ

z
/σ

r
= 0.84 ± 0.03 and σ

ϕ
/σ

r
= 0.91 ± 0.03, similar to that of young stars in the Galactic disk. Our results are most consistent with the theoretical models in which turbulence in modern galactic disks is driven primarily by star formation feedback.
Embedded Young Massive Star Clusters in the Antennae Merger
Authors: He Hao , Wilson Christine , Brunetti Nathan , Finn Molly , Bemis Ashley , Johnson Kelsey
Published: March 2022

The properties of young massive clusters (YMCs) are key to understanding the star formation mechanism in starburst systems, especially mergers. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array high-resolution (∼10 pc) continuum (100 and 345 GHz) data of YMCs in the overlap region of the Antennae galaxy. We identify six sources in the overlap region, including two sources that lie in the same giant molecular cloud (GMC). These YMCs correspond well with radio sources in lower-resolution continuum (100 and 220 GHz) images at GMC scales (∼60 pc). We find most of these YMCs are bound clusters through virial analysis. We estimate their ages to be ∼1 Myr and that they are either embedded or just beginning to emerge from their parent cloud. We also compare each radio source with a Paβ source, and find they have consistent total ionizing photon numbers, which indicates they are tracing the same physical source. By comparing the free–free emission at ∼10 pc scale and ∼60 pc scale, we find that ∼50% of the free–free emission in GMCs actually comes from these YMCs. This indicates that roughly half of the stars in massive GMCs are formed in bound clusters. We further explore the mass correlation between YMCs and GMCs in the Antennae and find it generally agrees with the predictions of the star cluster simulations. The most massive YMC has a stellar mass that is 1%–5% of its host GMC mass.
The Value-added Catalog for LAMOST DR8 Low-resolution Spectra
Authors: Wang Chun , Huang Yang , Yuan Haibo , Zhang Huawei , Xiang Maosheng , Liu Xiaowei
Published: March 2022

We present a value-added catalog containing stellar parameters estimated from 7.10 million low-resolution spectra for 5.16 million unique stars with spectral signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) higher than 10 obtained by the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) Galactic spectroscopic surveys. The catalog presents values of stellar atmospheric parameters (effective temperature T
eff, surface gravity log g, metallicity [Fe/H]/[M/H]), α-element to metal abundance ratio [α/M], carbon and nitrogen to iron abundance ratios [C/Fe] and [N/Fe], and 14 bands’ absolute magnitudes deduced from LAMOST spectra using the neural network method. The spectrophotometric distances of those stars are also provided based on the distance modulus. For stars with a spectral S/N larger than 50, precisions of T
eff, log g, [Fe/H], [M/H], [C/Fe], [N/Fe], and [α/M] are 85 K, 0.098 dex, 0.05 dex, 0.05 dex, 0.052 dex, 0.082 dex, and 0.027 dex, respectively. The errors of 14 band’s absolute magnitudes are 0.16–0.22 mag for stars with a spectral S/N larger than 50. The spectrophotometric distance is accurate to 8.5% for stars with a spectral S/N larger than 50 and is more accurate than the geometrical distance for stars with a distance larger than 2.0 kpc. Our estimates of [Fe/H] are reliable down to [Fe/H] ∼−3.5 dex, significantly better than previous results. The catalog provides 26,868 unique very metal-poor star candidates ([Fe/H] ≤−2.0). The catalog would be a valuable dataset to study the structure and evolution of the galaxy, especially the solar neighborhood and the outer disk.
Optical Spectral Variations of a Large Sample of Fermi Blazars
Authors: Zhang Bing-Kai , Zhao Xiao-Yun , Wu Qi
Published: March 2022

We have investigated the optical spectral behavior of a large sample of Fermi blazars (40 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and 13 BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs)), and found two new universal optical spectral behaviors. In the low state the optical spectrum gradually becomes softer (steeper) or harder (flatter), but more and more slowly as the brightness increases, and then tends to stabilize in the high state. These are briefly named the redder-stable-when-brighter (RSWB) and bluer-stable-when-brighter (BSWB) behaviors, respectively. Thirty-four FSRQs and 7 BL Lacs exhibit clear RSWB behavior, and 2 FSRQs and 5 BL Lacs show distinct BSWB behavior, which means that FSRQs favor more RSWB than BSWB behavior, while BL Lacs have no clear preference between both behaviors. We have put forward a unified nonlinear formula to quantitatively characterize the optical spectral behaviors of FSRQs and BL Lacs, which can fit both kinds of behaviors very well. We argue that the RSWB and BSWB behaviors originate from the same mechanism, and that they are the universal optical spectral behaviors for blazars. The frequently observed redder-when-brighter and bluer-when-brighter trends can be considered to be the approximations of the RSWB and BSWB behaviors, respectively. The rarely observed stable-when-brighter trend can also be viewed as an approximation or a special case of the RSWB or BSWB behaviors. We have developed a model with two constant-spectral-index components, which cannot only explain the two kinds of optical spectral behaviors well, but also successfully interpret the differential behaviors between FSRQs and BL Lacs.
Occultation Mapping of Io’s Surface in the Near-infrared. I. Inferring Static Maps
Authors: Bartolić Fran , Luger Rodrigo , Foreman-Mackey Daniel , Howell Robert R. , Rathbun Julie A.
Published: March 2022

With hundreds of active volcanoes varying in intensity on different timescales, Jupiter’s moon Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Io has been observed from Earth using high-cadence near-infrared photometry during occultations by Jupiter and other Galilean moons since the 1980s. These observations encode a wealth of information about the volcanic features on its surface. We built a generative model for the observed occultation light curves using the code starry, which enables fast, analytic, and differentiable computation of occultation light curves in emitted and reflected light. Using this model, we are able to recover surface thermal emission maps of Io containing known volcanic hot spots without having to make assumptions about the locations, shapes, or number of hot spots. Our model is also directly applicable to the problem of mapping the surfaces of stars and exoplanets.
The Impact of Emotional Expressions of Parents on their Children with Specific Learning Disorders: The Role of Parental Educational Counseling Program
Authors: Al-Safory Ola Aly , Hussein Hoda Abdo , Mowafy Maha Abdul Rahman , Sarhan Mai Diaa
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND: Children are the world’s real treasures; they should be cherished, well raised, and given the chance to develop properly. Some of them in different countries worldwide are suffering from various forms of specific learning disorders (SLDs), which can be extremely frustrating the school child, especially if associated with parental high emotional expression (EE).

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to identify the relation between parents’ EEs and anxiety rate in their children with SLDs and its correlation with serum cortisol level of the children. The effect of parental educational counseling program (PECP) on the anxiety rate of children and parental EE was studied.

METHODS: The study was carried out on 140 children with SLD to evaluate their anxiety rate using Taylor anxiety scale of children, and measuring serum cortisol level. Data were collected from parents by EE scale (EES). Taylor anxiety scale and EES were repeated for children and parents after conducting sessions of PECP.

RESULTS: Results of Taylor anxiety scale showed that 60% of studied children were suffering from morbid anxiety. Results of EES showed that 80% of parents were practicing high EE. Scores of children on Taylor anxiety scale demonstrated a significant drop from 33.06 ± 10.4 to 25.85 ± 10.4 after applying the intervention (p < 0.001). More than two-thirds of parents became practicing low EE after receiving sessions of the interventional program PECP. Scores of parents on EES showed a significant drop from 61.31 ± 16.84 to 36.51 ± 13.89 after PECP (p < 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation between scores of Taylor anxiety scale and EES before PECP was found (r = 0.533) and after PECP (r = 0.309). Average level of serum cortisol of children with SLD was 8.973 ± 1.784 mcg/dl, and it was significantly higher in boys than girls (p < 0.05). Serum cortisol level of studied children was higher in children with morbid and severe anxiety (p < 0.001). Cortisol levels of children were significantly higher in those whose parents were practicing high EE. Serum cortisol level of children revealed a positive correlation with each of their scores on Taylor anxiety scale (r = 0.771) and scores of parents on EES (r = 0.468).

CONCLUSION: Results of this study proved the presence of direct relation between anxiety in school children with SLDs and high EEs of their parents. Results concluded the effectiveness of PECP in the management of children’s anxiety and parental EE.
Expression of Melanocortin-1 Receptor and Serum Melanin in Canities at Young Male students
Authors: Anggraini Dwi Rita , Feriyawati Lita , Sitorus Mega Sari , Syarifah Siti , Daulay Milahayati
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND: Molecular genetics suggest that hair pigmentation is related to the melanocortin-1 receptor gene. It is a G protein-coupled receptor, which is activated by a number of peptides to stimulate melanogenesis. Melanocortin-1 receptor gene mutation tends to produce functional variability in premature hair graying (PHG) or canities.

AIM: Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine melanocortin-1 receptor expression and asses serum melanin in college students canities at Universitas Sumatera Utara.

METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional design. We recruited 80 subjects equally divided into normal (control) and premature hair graying groups. The sample included males, aged 25 years who had gray hair and had no history of pigmentary disorders of the skin. Expression of melanocortin-1 receptor was detected with conventional PCR and serum melanin was measured with Elisa using Elisa kit melanin for human.

RESULTS: The results showed that the Mean ± SD graying age was 20.28 ± 1.99 years with an age range of 19–24 years and the average age in the control group was 21.25 ± 2.02 years with an age range of 18–24 years. Melanocortin-1 receptor gene expression was shown in the control and PHG groups. Serum melanin levels were decreased significantly (p = 0.0001) in the gray-haired group was 9.27 ± 1.62 μg/dl and the control group was 10.72 ± 1.78 μg/dl.

CONCLUSION: Melanocortin-1 receptor gene plays a role in hair graying at young age and there serum melanin levels were low significantly.
Assessment of Cystatin-C level in Newly Diagnosed Iraqi Children with Nephritic Syndrome
Authors: Tahir Noor , Hashim Rasha Kareem , Bohan Alyaa , Mahmood Luay
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND: Nephritic syndrome (NS) is a common kidney disease in children that causes protein leakage from the blood into the urine due to glomerular injury.

AIM: The aim of this research was to determine the level of Cystatin-C (CysC) and other biochemical parameters in newly diagnosed NS children in Iraq.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety Iraqi children divided into: 50 children with newly diagnosed NS (28 boys and 22 girls) aged between (4 and 16) years, and 40 healthy control children (20 boys and 20 girls) aged between (5 and 16) years, who were attending Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad.

RESULTS: There was a significant increase in blood urea, serum total cholesterol (S.TC), and serum low density lipoprotein (S.LDL) and a significant decreased of serum creatinine (S. creatinine), protein/creatinine ratio, serum total bilirubin, serum albumin, and serum high density lipoprotein, while a highly significant increased (p < 0.001) of CysC levels in children with newly diagnosed NS when compared with control group. A significant positive correlation between CysC level versus systolic blood pressure, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, S.TC, S. LDL cholesterol (S.LDL-C), S. Total Bilirubin, S. Albumin, S. Total protein, and B. urea, while a significant negative correlation was found between CysC level versus serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and estimated glomerular filtration rate in children with newly diagnosed NS.

CONCLUSION: It may come to the conclusion that CysC can be the best predictor of overall efficacy than creatinine and in the diagnosis of any damage to the kidney in children with NS.
Quantitative EEG Correlates with NIHSS and MoCA for Assessing the Initial Stroke Severity in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Asmedi Ahmad , Gofir Abdul , Satiti Sekar , Paryono Paryono , Sebayang Ditha Praritama , Putri Dyanne Paramita Arindra , Vidyanti Amelia
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) measure stroke severity by assessing the functional and cognitive outcome, respectively. However, they cannot be used to measure subtle evolution in clinical symptoms during the early phase. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) can detect any subtle changes in CBF and brain metabolism thus may also benefit for assessing the severity.

AIM: This study aims to identify the correlation between qEEG with NIHSS and MoCA for assessing the initial stroke severity in acute ischemic stroke patients.

METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. We recruited 30 patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke hospitalized in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We measured the NIHSS, MoCA score, and qEEG parameter during the acute phase of stroke. Correlation and regression analysis was completed to investigate the relationship between qEEG parameter with NIHSS and MoCA.

RESULTS: Four acute qEEG parameter demonstrated moderate-to-high correlations with NIHSS and MoCA. DTABR had positive correlation with NIHSS (r = 0.379, p = 0.04). Meanwhile, delta-absolute power, DTABR, and DAR were negatively correlated with MoCA score (r = −0.654, p = 0.01; r = −0.397, p = 0.03; and r = −0.371, p = 0.04, respectively). After adjusted with the confounding variables, delta-absolute power was independently associated with MoCA score, but not with NIHSS (B = −2.887, 95% CI (−4.304–−1.470), p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Several qEEG parameters had significant correlations with NIHSS and MoCA in acute ischemic stroke patients. The use of qEEG in acute clinical setting may provide a reliable and efficient prediction of initial stroke severity. Further cohort study with larger sample size and wide range of stroke severity is still needed.
Low Back Pain Physiotherapy: Does Expectation Really Influence Outcome?
Authors: Oen Alina , Sukmajaya William Putera , Alkaff Firas Farisi , Sukmajaya Alverina Cynthia , Inez Swan Ien
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Low Back Pain (LBP) is prevalent in most people of working age. The morbidity it causes cannot be taken lightly, as is its economic burden. Physiotherapy has long been prescribed to LBP patients, but treatment outcome measurements, along with the factors influencing it, have not been widely evaluated. In this study, we aim to assess the correlation between patient’s expectation and LBP physical therapy outcome.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted at physical rehabilitation outpatient clinic in September-December 2019. Participants were patients with LBP who were treated with physical therapy. One series of physical therapy consists of 5 sessions of modality only or modality with exercise therapy; one patient underwent 2 sessions per week. Oswestry disability index (ODI) score was used to evaluate treatment outcome and Stanford Expectation of Treatment Scale score was used to evaluate patient’s expectation. Data was collected twice, before and after 1 series of therapy.
Results: There were 91 participants included in this study, most of whom were female. Most patients reported a significant decrease in ODI score, irrespective of the LBP chronicity or nutritional status. However, patients who received a combination of physical exercises and modalities reported lower after therapy ODI than those who only received modalities (p=0.009). No correlation was found between positive (p=0.567) or negative (p=0.910) expectations with ODI improvement.
Conclusion: Our study did not find any correlation between positive or negative expectations towards ODI score improvement.
Keywords: Low back pain; Physical therapy; Treatment outcome; Patient expectation; ODI score
Doctor Placement’s Policy and Its Implications in Indonesia: Legal Qualitative Study
Authors: Absori Absori , Quinncilla Kiara Hanna , Rizka Rizka , Budiono Arief , Surbakti Natangsa
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND: Remote, Underdeveloped Areas, Frontiers, and Islands (RUAFI) in Indonesia have a less equal distribution of doctors compared to other more developed areas, causing a decline in healthcare service quality in RUAFI and the health degree of the overall population.

AIM: This research aims to describe the policy and the implication of doctor distribution in Indonesia and to provide a proportional justice-based doctor distribution policy concept.

METHODS: This is a mixed qualitative research of juridical-normative and literature review. The laws that regulate the distribution of doctors in Indonesia are the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 36 of 2009, Law No. 26 of 2014, Governmental Decree No. 67 of 2019, Presidential Decree No. 72 of 2012, and the Decree of the Minister of Health No. 16 of 2017.

RESULTS: The unequal doctor distribution is mainly caused by the low motivation for recruitment and retention in RUAFI. The affecting factors include disparity of incentives between doctors, low regional government involvement in the healthcare system in RUAFI, and the lack of career development for doctors being placed in RUAFI.

CONCLUSION: The concept of proportional justicebased policy proposed is as follows: (a) Intensive proportionality between doctors and other types of health workers, (b) a direct regional government function of control, and (c) providing career and educational prospects.
Poor Glycaemic Control and its Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Southern Part of Peninsular Malaysia: A Registry-based Study
Authors: Amsah Norizzati , Md Isa Zaleha , Kassim Zaid
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern that is likely to reach a pandemic level by 2030 and is one of the leading causes of death globally. Recently, T2DM has been causing an increase in premature mortality including in developing countries.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with poor glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Segamat, Malaysia. 
METHOD: The study population was selected from the National Diabetic Registry (NDR) database between June 2019 and September 2020 which included a total of 3,100 patients. General and clinical information were retrieved from the registry. Glycaemic control was categorised as good (HbA1c ≤6.5 %) or poor (HbA1c >6.5%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess the factors of poor glycaemic control
RESULTS: More than half (59.2%) of the patients had poor glycaemic control. As high as 55.1% of older patients (≥60 years old) had poorer glycaemic control. Most patients with poor glycaemic control (62.0%) were obese. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age (≥60 years old), ethnicity (Malay and Indian), more than 10 years of diabetes, obesity, early diabetes onset before 40 years, and dyslipidaemia were associated with poor glycaemic control.
CONCLUSION: These findings can provide the necessary guidance for the stakeholders in identifying T2DM patients at risk of poor glycaemic control so that early preventive measures and organised care can be provided for the patients.
Identifying Patients for Nonstatin Therapy
Authors: Robinson Jennifer G. , Watson Karol E.
Published: March 2022

Statins are first-line therapy for reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Some patients remain at high ASCVD risk despite maximizing statin therapy. Ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been shown to reduce ASCVD events in randomized trials and may be of benefit in selected high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Number-needed-to-treat (NNT) to prevent one ASCVD event can help identify groups of patients who may gain a net benefit from added nonstatin therapy. Patient groups with NNTs <25 (in whom PCSK9 mAbs may approach cost effectiveness with discounting) include extremely high-risk patients (those with CVD with FH, polyvascular disease, or recurrent ASCVD events) with lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ≥70 mg/dL, very high-risk patients (those with CVD with diabetes [and no polyvascular disease], chronic kidney disease, or acute coronary syndromes, or CVD or FH with poorly controlled risk factors) with LDL-C levels ≥100 mg/dL, and high-risk patients (those with CVD or FH with well-controlled risk factors) with LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL. Ezetimibe, which is generic in the United States, is reasonable for patient groups with NNTs <30, the level considered reasonable by most patients. This includes extremely high-risk patients with LDL-C levels ≥130 mg/dL, or very high-risk patients with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL. All guidelines recommend statin therapy for the prevention of ASCVD.
Statin Intolerance
Authors: Brown Alan S. , Watson Karol E.
Published: March 2022

Statins are critical medications to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease2 and they are generally very well tolerated. In some instances, however, statin intolerance may limit use of these lifesaving medications. Statin intolerance has many definitions but is commonly diagnosed when a patient is unable to continue statin therapy due to perceived, or objectively documented, adverse effects. A very high rate of discontinuation of statin therapy warrants a closer look at the implications from the standpoint of cardiovascular risk in statin-intolerant patients, as well as an evaluation of the available options to help patients maintain their statin therapy and understand the potential benefits of such therapy.
The bacterial communities of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) during consecutive, industrial rearing cycles
Authors: Gorrens E. , De Smet J. , Vandeweyer D. , Bossaert S. , Crauwels S. , Lievens B. , Van Campenhout L.
Published: March 2022

In recent years, the (gut) microbiota of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) has been the focus of several studies that try to elucidate its composition, its interaction with rearing parameters (like the substrate used) and its impact on rearing performance. While these studies have improved our understanding, conclusions from these studies are often based on only one or a few (mostly laboratory) rearing cycles. This leaves the questions whether such results are impacted by variability in between rearing cycles and whether sampling the microbiota, under the same rearing parameters, would yield repeatable results. To obtain insight in the overall variability in the microbiota, the bacterial community compositions of BSFL as well as the feeding substrates were investigated at two different time points during six consecutive rearing cycles in three BSFL-producing companies. This was done by sequencing the partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. Based on the results, two main observations were done: (1) there was a clear resemblance over the different cycles at each time point for each individual company, and (2) a clear shift in the community for larvae as well as substrates occurred between the two time points within one production cycle. Additionally, when comparing production sites, an Enterococcus sp. was found at each time point for each company. Other species, such as Corynebacterium sp. and Providencia sp., were commonly found in all companies as well. To conclude, our study reveals that there is a low inter-cycle variability in the larval bacterial community over consecutive rearing cycles within a single company, when they operate using a standardised rearing protocol.
Workplace relationships in Europe: An analysis by occupation and employment status
Authors: Barroso Margarida
Published: March 2022

Purpose: This article analyses the extent to which two objective attributes of work – employment status, and occupation – influence workplace relationships in Europe. Employing a quantitative and transnational approach, we explore how far the segmentation of the labour market is reflected in the non-material dimensions of working life, seeing the nature of work and the stabilisation of employment as resources that help explain broader dynamics of job quality.Design/methodology/approach: Based on three indicators from the European Working Conditions Survey (support from colleagues; support from managers; and the quality of relationships), we performed a two-way ANOVA to test both the primary effects of the variables ‘employment status’ and ‘occupation’ on support and quality of workplace relationships, and their interaction effect. Additionally, we carried out a descriptive analysis of the mean scores of each of the dependent variables in the various groups of the independent variables.Findings: The results show that workers with more stable jobs, and those who occupy positions at the top of the occupational hierarchy, enjoy more support and better interpersonal relationships, thus suggesting the need to extend labour market segmentation discussions to the relational spheres of work.Research limitations/implications: The statistical indicators used need a more robust operationalisation, able to provide greater empirical validity. Other independent variables, such as the perceptions of job security or the country of work should be considered in future analysis to control for institutional and policy specificities.Originality/value: Research on workplace relationships tends to emphasise the effects that such relationships have on both organisations and individuals, usually based on case studies and individual narratives of relationships formed in stable work contexts. In this article, we shift the focus from the effects of workplace relationships, to the ways in which they vary in accordance with the nature of work and the objective employment conditions.
Evaluation of entrepreneurial behavior of technology-based companies in stages of the business life cycle
Authors: Michelin Cláudia , Minello Italo Fernando , Siluk Julio Cezar , Gerhardt Vinícius , Dos Santos Jordana , Neuenfeldt Alvaro
Published: March 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the entrepreneurial behavior of managers of technology-based companies in specific stages of the business life cycle.Design/methodology/approach: Structured questionnaire based on the entrepreneurial behavior characteristics was applied to the thirty-one managers of the technology-based companies mapped for the paper. The collected data were processed by the Hierarchical Process Analysis (AHP) technique in a multicriterial approach to measure the entrepreneurial behavior according stages of the business life cycle. Findings: The results of the paper show that the level of entrepreneurial behavior of managers follows the development of the company. Managers working in technology-based companies at later stages of the business life cycle showed more entrepreneurial characteristics. The results showed that the experience that the manager acquires as the company evolves influences his or her behavior and consequently the company's performance. Moreover, certain characteristics could be related to the particularities of each stage of the business life cycle. Originality: The results of this paper can provide managers with understanding of how entrepreneurial behaviors diversify according to the stage of the technology-based company. Since both entrepreneurial behavior and the stages of the business life cycle influence the performance of technology-based companies, the results provide important knowledge for managers to improve their businesses. These managers can use the contributions of the paper as a management practice throughout the stages of their existence, which may provide the adoption of more appropriate strategies, being a connection between the theory studied and the business practices.