bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Access to Oncology Drugs in Brazil: Juggling Innovation and Sustainability in Developing Countries
Authors: Ades Felipe
Published: March 2017

Brazil is a developing country of continental proportions and faces challenges in organizing an effective, universal, and affordable public health system. In a context of limited resources, the budget allocation to health care must be consistent with the health priorities of each population. The Brazilian population is ageing and the number of new cancer cases is likely to steadily increase in the near future. To deal with the extra cancer burden, strategies to match this future health necessity must be proactively put in place.

Keeping the balance between the incorporation of a new drug and the sustainability of the public health system is a complex matter. Decisions for incorporation must be assessed, taking into consideration the ability of the drug to improve the public health in relation to its monetary impact. This is a societal discussion, and multiple stakeholders are involved in this process - from health authorities to pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and civil society.

This article discusses the issues of incorporating a drug into the public health system and the strategies to improve access to innovative medicines, from the regulatory to the drug development perspectives.
Alternatives When an Authorized Medicinal Product is Not Available
Authors: Selmin Francesca , Musazzi Umberto M. , Cilurzo Francesco , Minghetti Paola
Published: March 2017

The industrialization of medicinal products has permitted us to reach important results in terms of quality, efficacy, safety, and availability of drugs; however, not all the legitimate expectations of patients are met. When an authorized medicinal product is not available on the market, the physician can prescribe other pharmacological treatments in the following scenario: off-label prescriptions, extemporaneous preparations, compassionate use of medicinal products, and medicinal products authorized in foreign countries. The best solution among these alternatives should be evaluated case-by-case on the basis of good scientific evidence, expert medical judgement, and published literature, also keeping an eye on the availability, the cost, and the regulatory requirements at a national level.
Unlicensed Medicines in the UK - Legal Frameworks, Risks, and their Management
Authors: Bourns Ian M.
Published: March 2017

The UK laws regarding the licensing of medicines have been developed to reduce the likelihood of harm through their use. Unlicensed medicines lie outside that harm management process; they have additional risks and require professional responsibilities that are complex. Therefore, pharmacy practice applies risk management tactics that are specific to how it manages unlicensed medicines, especially in hospitals, where the risks of their use is at its highest. Due to increasing demand and costs - but static funding - healthcare in the UK's National Health Service is under stress and undergoing a period of transformation and cost savings. That transformation affects all areas of pharmacy practice and medicines procurement. Service leaders need to keep a focus on maintaining safety systems for unlicensed medicines through a period of change, including potential changes in roles and responsibilities.
Os direitos da personalidade enquanto direitos fundamentais
Authors: Kunrath Yasmine Coelho
Published: March 2017

Os direitos da personalidade estão previstos na legislação infraconstitucional brasileira, mas dada sua fundamentalidade há discussão doutrinária acerca da possibilidade de serem considerados direitos fundamentais. O presente artigo, em investigação bibliográfica de método indutivo, trata dos direitos da personalidade enquanto direitos fundamentais, tendo como objetivo geral investigar o entendimento de alguns autores sobre o assunto e como objetivos específicos estudar o que são direitos fundamentais, o conceito de direitos da personalidade e o que as doutrinas hodiernas falam sobre a possibilidade de considerar direitos da personalidade como direitos fundamentais. Conclui-se que existem teorias que não consideram os direitos da personalidade como direitos fundamentais diante do fato de estarem previstos na legislação infraconstitucional, outras, consideram-nos direitos fundamentais porque decorrentes do princípio maior da dignidade da pessoa humana, constitucionalmente positivado. Mais, os direitos da personalidade podem ser considerados direitos fundamentais na ótica de Gregorio Peces-Barba.
Cellular Calcium Distribution Modulates the Growth of Callus and Protoplasts of Halophyte Mangrove Plant, Avicennia Alba - an X-ray Microanalysis
Authors: Hayatsu Manabu , Suzuki Suechika , Tsuchiya Shinpei , Sasamoto Hamako
Published: March 2017

Two cultured cell lines were developed from cotyledons of a halophyte mangrove, Avicennia alba.In the high-Ca callus line, which was sub-cultured in amodified amino acid medium containing 3 mM CaCl2, growth of calluses and their protoplasts were both inhibited by low concentrations of CaCl2 in the culture medium. Removal of Ca2+ from the culture medium stimulated callus growth and the calluses could be sub-cultured without CaCl2 (low-Ca callus line). The intra- (cytoplasmic matrix and vacuole) and extra- (cell wall) cellular concentrations of elements, i.e., [Ca], [K], [Cl], [Na], [Mg], [P] and [S] were investigated using quantitative X-ray microanalysis of cryosections of calluses from bothcell lines. [Ca] was high in the cytoplasmic matrix and cell wall of the high-Ca line. [Ca] was lowered in the low-Calineinall cell compartments, though still detected. Ca-containing electron-dense precipitates were accumulated in the middle lamella of cell walls in resin-embedded sections of the high-Ca line. CaCl2 in the medium stimulated protoplast growth only in the low-Caline. These results suggested that a low cellular [Ca] is needed for protoplasts growth of A. alba. The importance of cellular [Ca] for the growth of halophilic mangrove plant cells was discussed.
Farmers’ Poverty Eradication Policies and Resolution of Developing Countries
Authors: Nguyen Nguyen Thanh
Published: March 2017

The problem of farmers' poverty eradication is one of puzzles of many governments. Beside political purposes, the real subsidy of governments for farmers varies from countries to others. Their policies usually aim to enhance the live of poor farmers who are the most low income stratum in the society. The governmental policies could alleviate this social problem in short term, and most of them seem to be modestly successful and confronted serious criticism. The resolution of the socio-economic situation is still a question for many agricultural countries. This paper presents the subsidy policies of some developing countries with their success and failures; the author also introduces the experiences of solving farmers' poverty in rural areas and proposes resolutions.
ESTIMATION OF SAMPLE SPACING IN STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
Authors: Rønn-Nielsen Anders , Sporring Jon , B. Vedel Jensen Eva
Published: March 2017

Motivated by applications in electron microscopy, we study the situation where a stationary and isotropic random field is observed on two parallel planes with unknown distance. We propose an estimator for this distance. Under the tractable, yet flexible class of Lévy-based random field models, we derive an approximate variance of the estimator. The estimator and the approximate variance perform well in two simulation studies.
Typification of Blechnum spicant var. fallax Lange (Blechnaceae)
Authors: Wąsowicz Paweł , Folcik Łukasz , Rostański Adam
Published: March 2017

Blechnum spicant var. fallax Lange is a fern taxon endemic to Iceland where it occurs in the vicinity of hot springs on geothermally heated soils. The taxon was first described by a Danish botanist Johan Martin Christian Lange in 1880 on the basis of plant material collected by Christian Grønlund in Iceland. Because its holotype was not designated in the protologue, we examined the extant original material including illustrations from Flora Danica and a single plant on sheet C10021769 (deposited in C) that was the basis for the respective plate. We select this specimen as the lectotype of Blechnum spicant var. fallax.
Herosi w odcinkach. Wczesne ekranizacje komiksów o superbohaterach
Authors: Murawski Bartosz
Published: March 2017

Films based on comic books are now at the peak of their popularity. Every year we get at least a couple of movies about superheroes. These are high-budget productions, perfected to the smallest detail. But it was not always so. In my article I discuss the first attempts to filming comics – so-called “serials” filmed in the 1940’s. These films were shot quickly, cheaply and without paying special attention to faithfulness of the source material. However, these movies had also an impact on conventions presented in modern comic book movies.
Wampir antybohaterem? (Próżne) zmagania z rolą superbohatera na przykładzie Morbiusa, żywego wampira.
Authors: Wolski Michał
Published: March 2017

The aim of the paper is to analyze the American comic book character named Michael Morbius, the Living Vampire, who appears in Marvel comics and other audiovisual texts of culture (most notably the 1994 Spider-Man animated TV series). Morbius is not only an interesting exemplification of the vampire motif, but also can be described as the antihero – an outsider, a misfit and a morally ambiguous person. The paper also tries to answer the question of what makes characters recognized as contemporary antiheroes so popular – not only in comics, but, for instance, also in TV series – and in which ways can they appear in superhero comics.

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Corpo e experiência no processo criativo de frida kahlo: Conexões entre dança e cultura visual
Authors: Berte Odailso
Published: March 2017

A reflexão do presente artigo é articulada a partir de elementos e imagens de um processo criativo e pedagógico de dança inspirado no universo pictórico de Frida Kahlo. O autor compartilha elementos de sua própria experiência com imagens da referida pintora com o objetivo de refletir sobre corpo e experiência no processo criativo desta artista. Disso emergem críticas que interpelam o papel das artes e de instituições culturais no contexto contemporâneo atravessado pela estetização cultural e pela reprodutibilidade técnica das imagens. Em torno das práticas artísticas de Frida Kahlo e das experiências estéticas e criativas desenvolvidas a partir de suas imagens, este estudo aponta possibilidades para fazeres críticos, criativos e performativos no ensino e na criação de dança e demais artes.Palavras chave: corpo, imagem, dança, processo criativo, Frida Kahlo. Enviado em: 18 de outubro de 2016.Aprovado em: 01 de dezembro de 2016.
Gestión del sector minero en el ámbito nacional y su relación entre el accionar gubernamental y empresarial
Authors: Pérez Osorno Margarita , Betancur Vargas Angie
Published: March 2017

A medida que la economía avanza, los Estados se ven obligados a innovar en sus medios de producción con el fin de generar estrategias competitivas que permitan su incursión en la esfera del mercado mundial. Una de estas pericias tenidas en cuenta por Colombia ha sido la incursión de la minería en gran parte de sus departamentos, lo que ha generado una fuerte ola de inversión tanto extranjera como nacional ante este sector económico. El presente documento pretende caracterizar la gestión de la industria minera en el ámbito colombiano y su relación entre el accionar gubernamental y empresarial, lográndose esto a través de una revisión y análisis documental. El territorio colombiano se encuentra bastante desprotegido por el Estado, lo que ha generado fuertes repercusiones en el desarrollo de esta actividad en las áreas donde se ejecuta.As the economy advances, States are forced to update their means of production in order to generate competitive strategies that allow its foray into the sphere of the world market. One of these skills considered by Colombia, it has been the incursion of mining in many of its departments, which has generated a strong wave of investment both foreign and domestic to this economic sector. This document aims to characterize the management of the mining industry in Colombia and the relationship between government and business actions, this being achieved through a review and document analysis. The Colombian space is fairly unprotected by the state territory, which has generated strong impact of this activity in the areas where it runs.
Community engagement in sexual health and uptake of HIV testing and syphilis testing among MSM in China: a cross‐sectional online survey
Authors: Zhang Tiange P. , Liu Chuncheng , Han Larry , Tang Weiming , Mao Jessica , Wong Terrence , Zhang Ye , Tang Songyuan , Yang Bin , Wei Chongyi , Tucker Joseph D.
Published: March 2017

Introduction: HIV and syphilis testing rates remain low among men who have sex with men (MSM) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Community engagement has been increasingly used to promote HIV testing among key populations in high‐income countries, often in settings with stronger civil society. This study aimed to assess socio‐demographic, behavioural, and community engagement factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing among MSM in China.

Methods: MSM ≥16 years old who had condomless sex in the past three months were recruited nationwide to complete a cross‐sectional online survey in November 2015. Data were collected on socio‐demographics, sexual behaviours, HIV testing, syphilis testing, and community engagement in sexual health. We defined community engagement in sexual health using six items assessing awareness and advocacy of sexual health programmes. The underlying factor structure of a 6‐item community engagement scale was determined through exploratory factor analysis. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions identified correlates of HIV and syphilis testing.

Results: 1189 MSM were recruited. 54% (647/1189) of men had ever tested for HIV and 30% (354/1189) had ever tested for syphilis. Factor analysis suggested three levels of community engagement (minimal, moderate, and substantial) and this model explained 79.5% of observed variance. A quarter (26%, 312/1189) reported none to minimal engagement, over one half (54%, 644/1189) reported moderate engagement, and a fifth (20%, 233/1189) reported substantial engagement. Multivariable logistic regression showed that MSM with greater community engagement in sexual health were more likely to have ever tested for HIV (substantial vs. no engagement: aOR 7.91, 95% CI 4.98–12.57) and for syphilis (substantial vs. no engagement: aOR 5.35, 95% CI 3.16–9.04).

Conclusions: HIV and syphilis testing are suboptimal among MSM in China. Community engagement may be useful for promoting testing in China and should be considered in intervention development and delivery. Further research is needed to better understand the role of LMIC community engagement in HIV interventions.
De yngste barna og tingene deres – en ANT-analyse av lek i småbarnsavdelinger
Authors: Nome Dag Øystein
Published: March 2017

Artikkelen presenterer en mikro-etnografisk undersøkelse av barns forhold til tingene i to småbarnsavdelinger i norske barnehager. Hensikten er å forstå hvordan barns relasjoner til ting virker inn på deres mulighet til deltagelse og sosial posisjonering i gruppen. Undersøkelsen er basert på Aktør-Nettverk-Teori som vektlegger tingenes betydning som agens i sosiale nettverk og tingenes funksjon som forlengelse av barnas kropper. Undersøkelsen viser at tingene har betydning som legitim inngangsbillett til deltagelse i lekegrupper og at tingenes innbyrdes hierarkiske orden bidrar i å uttrykke den sosiale orden mellom barna som inngår i relasjon med dem. The article presents a micro-ethnographic study on toddlers’ relationship to the material artefacts in two Norwegian kindergarten groups. The purpose of the study is to understand how their relationship with objects influences their possibilities for participation in peer groups. The study is based on Actor-Network-Theory. A main point is that material artefacts have agency in social networks surrounding us and function as extensions of our bodies. The study indicates that material artefacts serve as entrance tickets for participation in group activities and that the hierarchic order between the objects in the room, influences the social order among the children using them.
External kinetics of the kettlebell snatch in amateur lifters
Authors: Ross James A. , Keogh Justin W.L. , Wilson Cameron J. , Lorenzen Christian
Published: March 2017

Background

Kettlebell lifting has gained increased popularity as both a form of resistance training and as a sport, despite the paucity of literature validating its use as a training tool. Kettlebell sport requires participants to complete the kettlebell snatch continuously over prolonged periods of time. Kettlebell sport and weightlifting involve similar exercises, however, their traditional uses suggest they are better suited to training different fitness qualities. This study examined the three-dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) and force applied to the kettlebell over a 6 min kettlebell snatch set in 12 kettlebell-trained males.

Methods

During this set, VICON was used to record the kettlebell trajectory with nine infrared cameras while the GRF of each leg was recorded with a separate AMTI force plate. Over the course of the set, an average of 13.9 ± 3.3 repetitions per minute were performed with a 24 kg kettlebell. Significance was evaluated with a two-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, whilst Cohen’s F (ESF) and Cohen’s D (ESD) were used to determine the magnitude.

Results

The applied force at the point of maximum acceleration was 814 ± 75 N and 885 ± 86 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. The absolute peak resultant bilateral GRF was 1,746 ± 217 N and 1,768 ± 242 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. Bilateral GRF of the first and last 14 repetitions was found to be similar, however there was a significant difference in the peak applied force (F (1.11) = 7.42, p = 0.02, ESF = 0.45). Unilateral GRF was found have a significant difference for the absolute anterior–posterior (F (1.11) = 885.15, p < 0.0001, ESF = 7) and medio-lateral force vectors (F (1.11) = 5.31, p = 0.042, ESF = 0.67).

Discussion

Over the course of a single repetition there were significant differences in the GRF and applied force at multiple points of the kettlebells trajectory. The kettlebell snatch loads each leg differently throughout a repetition and performing the kettlebell snatch for 6 min will result in a reduction in peak applied force.
Rapid determination of P wave‐based energy magnitude: Insights on source parameter scaling of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence
Authors: Picozzi Matteo , Bindi Dino , Brondi Piero , Di Giacomo Domenico , Parolai Stefano , Zollo Aldo
Published: March 2017

We propose a P wave based procedure for the rapid estimation of the radiated seismic energy, and a novel relationship for obtaining an energy‐based local magnitude (MLe) measure of the earthquake size. We apply the new procedure to the seismic sequence that struck Central Italy in 2016. Scaling relationships involving seismic moment and radiated energy are discussed for the Mw 6.0 Amatrice, Mw 5.9 Ussita, and Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquakes, including 35 ML > 4 aftershocks. The Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake shows the highest apparent stress, and the observed differences among the three main events highlight the dynamic heterogeneity with which large earthquakes can occur in Central Italy. Differences between estimates of MLe and Mw allows identification of events which are characterized by a higher proportion of energy being transferred to seismic waves, providing important real‐time indications of earthquakes shaking potential.
Effect of beam profile measurement on arc therapy plan quality assurance: a case study
Authors: Kim Leonard H. , Malajovich Irina , Reyhan Meral L. , Xue Jinyu , Park Joo Han
Published: March 2017

We present an example when profile measurement and modeling of an Elekta Agility multileaf collimator (MLC) had a large effect specifically on arc therapy plan quality assurance (QA) results using ArcCheck. ArcCheck absolute dose measurements of these plans were systematically lower than planned by 3–10%. Failing QA results were seen even with unmodulated static and conformal arcs. Furthermore, the effect was found to be dependent on collimator angle, with worse results associated with near‐zero collimator angles. In contrast, step‐and‐shoot QA results were not affected. Changing the beam model to match steeper profile measurements obtained using a different measurement device resolved the problem. This case study demonstrates that conventional gamma index analysis can be sensitive to small profile modeling changes.
Recent Advances in Wide‐Bandgap Photovoltaic Polymers
Authors: Cai Yunhao , Huo Lijun , Sun Yanming
Published: March 2017

The past decade has witnessed significant advances in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs). Ongoing improvements in the power conversion efficiency of OSCs have been achieved, which were mainly attributed to the design and synthesis of novel conjugated polymers with different architectures and functional moieties. Among various conjugated polymers, the development of wide‐bandgap (WBG) polymers has received less attention than that of low‐bandgap and medium‐bandgap polymers. Here, we briefly summarize recent advances in WBG polymers and their applications in organic photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as tandem, ternary, and non‐fullerene solar cells. Addtionally, we also dissuss the application of high open‐circuit voltage tandem solar cells in PV‐driven electrochemical water dissociation. We mainly focus on the molecular design strategies, the structure‐property correlations, and the photovoltaic performance of these WBG polymers. Finally, we extract empirical regularities and provide invigorating perspectives on the future development of WBG photovoltaic materials.
Current‐Induced Nucleation and Annihilation of Magnetic Skyrmions at Room Temperature in a Chiral Magnet
Authors: Yu Xiuzhen , Morikawa Daisuke , Tokunaga Yusuke , Kubota Masashi , Kurumaji Takashi , Oike Hiroshi , Nakamura Masao , Kagawa Fumitaka , Taguchi Yasujiro , Arima Taka‐hisa , Kawasaki Masashi , Tokura Yoshinori
Published: March 2017

A magnetic skyrmion is a nanometer‐scale magnetic vortex carrying an integer topological charge. Skyrmions show a promise for potential application in low‐power‐consumption and high‐density memory devices. To promote their use in applications, it is attempted to control the existence of skyrmions using low electric currents at room temperature (RT). This study presents real‐space observations for the current‐induced formation and annihilation of a skyrmion lattice (SkL) as well as isolated skyrmions in a microdevice composed of a thin chiral magnet Co8Zn9Mn3 with a Curie temperature, TC ≈ 325 K, above RT. It is found that the critical current for the manipulation of Bloch‐type skyrmions is on the order of 108 A m−2, approximately three orders of magnitude lower than that needed for the creation and drive of ferromagnetic (FM) domain walls in thin FM films. The in situ real‐space imaging also demonstrates the dynamical topological transition from a helical or conical structure to a SkL induced by the flow of DC current, thus paving the way for the electrical control of magnetic skyrmions.
Amorphous Cobalt Phyllosilicate with Layered Crystalline Motifs as Water Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Kim Ju Seong , Park Inchul , Jeong Eun‐Suk , Jin Kyoungsuk , Seong Won Mo , Yoon Gabin , Kim Hyunah , Kim Byunghoon , Nam Ki Tae , Kang Kisuk
Published: March 2017

The development of a high‐performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst is pivotal for the practical realization of a water‐splitting system. Although an extensive search for OER catalysts has been performed in the past decades, cost‐effective catalysts remain elusive. Herein, an amorphous cobalt phyllosilicate (ACP) with layered crystalline motif prepared by a room‐temperature precipitation is introduced as a new OER catalyst; this material exhibits a remarkably low overpotential (η ≈ 367 mV for a current density of 10 mA cm−2). A structural investigation using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the amorphous structure contains layered motifs similar to the structure of CoOOH, which is demonstrated to be responsible for the OER catalysis based on density functional theory calculations. However, the calculations also reveal that the local environment of the active site in the layered crystalline motif in the ACP is significantly modulated by the silicate, leading to a substantial reduction of η of the OER compared with that of CoOOH. This work proposes amorphous phyllosilicates as a new group of efficient OER catalysts and suggests that tuning of the catalytic activity by introducing redox‐inert groups may be a new unexplored avenue for the design of novel high‐performance catalysts.
Large‐Scale Robust Quantum Dot Microdisk Lasers with Controlled High Quality Cavity Modes
Authors: Lin Chun Hao , Zeng Qingji , Lafalce Evan , Smith Marcus J. , Malak Sidney T. , Jung Jaehan , Yoon Young Jun , Lin Zhiqun , Vardeny Zeev Valy , Tsukruk Vladimir V.
Published: March 2017

This study reports a facile on‐chip fabrication of CdSe/Cd1−xZnxSe1−ySy quantum dot microdisk lasers and their large‐area arrays via a pattern‐assisted layer‐by‐layer assembly process. This approach combines the versatility of colloidal semiconducting nanoparticles (bright emission, solubility, and high stability) with the spatial precision of optical lithography to create robust large‐area optical lasing arrays (up to a few thousand disks). Specifically, microdisk lasers with high quality factors (within 1000–2000) are fabricated with predefined size and shape (as controlled by master templates) with high consistency and throughput, essentially providing a new approach to fabricate difficult‐to‐control on‐chip optical cavities in a low‐cost and effective manner. Notably, the number of longitudinal cavity modes in the microdisk laser can be precisely controlled by varying the microdisks' diameter, allowing for either near‐single mode or multimode operation while preserving high quality factors. Furthermore, the cross‐linking of quantum dots imparts high chemical resistance and mechanical robustness that helps retain the structural integrity under harsh processing conditions (such as sonication or direct exposure to various solvents). As such, these quantum dot microdisk laser arrays are promising candidates for advancing the development of large‐area, low‐cost on‐chip photonic structures with controlled lasing modes.
“Molecular Activity Painting”: Switch‐like, Light‐Controlled Perturbations inside Living Cells
Authors: Chen Xi , Venkatachalapathy Muthukumaran , Kamps Dominic , Weigel Simone , Kumar Ravi , Orlich Michael , Garrecht Ruben , Hirtz Michael , Niemeyer Christof M. , Wu Yao‐Wen , Dehmelt Leif
Published: March 2017

Acute subcellular protein targeting is a powerful tool to study biological networks. However, signaling at the plasma membrane is highly dynamic, making it difficult to study in space and time. In particular, sustained local control of molecular function is challenging owing to the lateral diffusion of plasma membrane targeted molecules. Herein we present “molecular activity painting” (MAP), a novel technology which combines photoactivatable chemically induced dimerization (pCID) with immobilized artificial receptors. The immobilization of artificial receptors by surface‐immobilized antibodies blocks lateral diffusion, enabling rapid and stable “painting” of signaling molecules and their activity at the plasma membrane with micrometer precision. Using this method, we show that painting of the RhoA‐myosin activator GEF‐H1 induces patterned acto‐myosin contraction inside living cells.
Substrate‐Assisted, Transition‐Metal‐Free Diboration of Alkynamides with Mixed Diboron: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Access to trans‐1,2‐Vinyldiboronates
Authors: Verma Astha , Snead Russell F. , Dai Yumin , Slebodnick Carla , Yang Yinuo , Yu Haizhu , Yao Fu , Santos Webster L.
Published: March 2017

A substrate‐assisted diboration of alkynamides using the unsymmetrical pinacolato‐1,8‐diaminonaphthalenato diboron (pinBBdan) is described. The transition‐metal‐free reaction proceeds in a regio‐ and stereoselective fashion to exclusively afford trans‐vinyldiboronates in good to excellent yields. Notably, Bdan and Bpin are installed on the α‐ and β‐carbon atoms, respectively.
Template‐Directed Approach Towards the Realization of Ordered Heterogeneity in Bimetallic Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kim Daeok , Coskun Ali
Published: March 2017

Controlling the arrangement of different metal ions to achieve ordered heterogeneity in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been a great challenge. Herein, we introduce a template‐directed approach, in which a 1D metal–organic polymer incorporating well‐defined binding pockets for the secondary metal ions used as a structural template and starting material for the preparation of well‐ordered bimetallic MOF‐74s under heterogeneous‐phase hydrothermal reaction conditions in the presence of secondary metal ions such as Ni2+ and Mg2+ in 3 h. The resulting bimetallic MOF‐74s were found to possess a nearly 1:1 metal ratio regardless of their initial stoichiometry in the reaction mixture, thus demonstrating the possibility of controlling the arrangement of metal ions within the secondary building blocks in MOFs to tune their intrinsic properties such as gas affinity.
Attitude Tracking Control of A Quad‐Rotor with Partial Loss of Rotation Effectiveness
Authors: Song Zhankui , Sun Kaibiao
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates the attitude control problem of a quad‐rotor unmanned helicopter. In response to adverse factors, including the lumped disturbance, inertia parameter uncertainties, and the partial loss of rotation effectiveness, an adaptive compensation control strategy combining the terminal sliding mode technique and the input shaping method is proposed. Specifically, a group of updating laws using an adaptive mechanism is added to adjust the control strategy in a manner conductive to attitude stability and performance preservation in the presence of adverse factors. The key features of the proposed control strategy are that it is independent from the knowledge of actuator faults, and adaptive compensation control is achieved without the need for online identification of rotor failure. The finite time convergence and stability of the attitude tracking errors are proved by using Lyaponov's method. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Ultrafast outflows in ultraluminous X‐ray sources
Authors: Pinto C. , Fabian A. , Middleton M. , Walton D.
Published: March 2017

Ultraluminous X‐ray sources (ULXs) are bright extragalactic sources with X‐ray luminosities above 1039 erg s−1 powered by accretion onto compact objects. According to the first studies performed with XMM‐Newton, ULXs seemed to be excellent candidates to host intermediate‐mass black holes (102 − 4M⊙). However, in the last years, the interpretation of super‐Eddington accretion onto stellar‐mass black holes or neutron stars for most ULXs has gained a strong consensus. One critical missing piece to confirm the super‐Eddington scenario was the direct detection of the massive, radiatively driven winds expected as atomic emission/absorption lines in the ULX spectra. The first evidence for winds was found as residuals in the soft X‐ray spectra of ULXs. Very recently, we have been able to resolve these residuals into rest‐frame emission and blueshifted (∼ 0.2c) absorption lines arising from highly ionized gas in the deep, high‐resolution XMM‐Newton spectra of two ULXs. The compact object is therefore surrounded by powerful ultrafast winds as predicted by models of hyper‐Eddington accretion. Here we discuss the relevance of these discoveries and the importance of further deep XMM‐Newton observations of powerful winds in many other ULXs to estimate the energetics of the wind, the geometry of the system, and the masses of the central accretors.
XMM‐Newton: Status and scientific perspective
Authors: Schartel N. , Jansen F. , Ward M. J.
Published: March 2017

Over the last 50 years, X‐ray astronomy has become firmly established as an essential window on the universe. We review some selected scientific highlights based on observations made with XMM‐Newton during the most recent few years of its 16‐year operation. These range from studies of objects in our solar system to topics in cosmology. Now, as the XMM‐Newton mission moves toward its second decade, we look forward and describe some new areas that are likely to produce exciting advances. Future programs will no doubt be a blend of pursuing current productive themes and original ground‐breaking projects, either as stand‐alone X‐ray observations or in conjunctions with new major ground‐ and space‐based facilities.
Extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic field induces neural differentiation of hBM‐MSCs through regulation of (Zn)‐metallothionein‐3
Authors: Aikins Anastasia Rosebud , Hong Sung‐Won , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Yoon Cheol‐Ho , Chung Joo‐Hee , Kim MiJung , Kim Chan‐Wha
Published: March 2017

Extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic field (ELFEMF) can stimulate neural differentiation in human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal cells (hBM‐MSCs), and this provides an opportunity for research on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metallothionein‐3 (MT3), an isoform of the metal‐binding proteins, metallothioneins, involved in maintaining intracellular zinc (Zn) homeostasis and the deregulation of zinc homeostasis, has separately been implicated in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of ELFEMF‐induced neural differentiation of hBM‐MSCs on Zn‐MT3 homeostatic interaction. Exposure to ELFEMF induced neural differentiation of hBM‐MSCs, which was characterized by decreased proliferation and enhanced neural‐like morphology. We observed expression of neuronal markers such as β‐tubulin3, pleiotrophin, and neurofilament‐M at the mRNA level and MAP2 at the protein level. ELFEMF‐induced neural differentiation correlated with decreased expression of metal‐response element‐transcription factor 1 and MT3, as well as decreased intracellular Zn concentration. In addition, upregulation of dihydropyrimidinase‐related protein 2 was observed, but there was no change in γ‐enolase expression. These data indicate a possible regulatory mechanism for MT3 during neural differentiation. Our findings provide considerable insight into molecular mechanisms involved in neural differentiation, which is useful for developing new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:364–373, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of fluvoxamine maleate in human urine and human serum using alkaline KMnO4–rhodamine B chemiluminescence
Authors: Yang Dongqin , He Yanyan , Chen Funan
Published: March 2017

The flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) behavior of a gold nanocluster (Au NC)–enhanced rhodamine B–KMnO4 system was studied under alkaline conditions for the first time. In the present study, the as‐prepared bovine serum albumin‐stabilized Au NCs showed excellent stability and reproducibility. The addition of trace levels of fluvoxamine maleate (Flu) led to an obvious decline in CL intensity in the rhodamine B–KMnO4–Au NCs system, which could be used for quantitative detection of Flu. Under optimized conditions, the proposed CL system exhibited a favorable analytical performance for Flu determination in the range 2 to 100 μg ml−1. The detection limit for Flu measurement was 0.021 μg ml−1. Moreover, this newly developed system revealed outstanding selectivity for Flu detection when compared with a multitude of other species, such as the usual ions, uric acid and a section of hydroxy compounds. Additionally, CL spectra, UV–visible spectroscopes and fluorescence spectra were measured in order to determine the possible reaction mechanism. This approach could be used to detect Flu in human urine and human serum samples with the desired recoveries and could have promising application under physiological conditions.
Avian embryos and related cell lines: A convenient platform for recombinant proteins and vaccine production
Authors: Farzaneh Maryam , Hassani Seyedeh‐Nafiseh , Mozdziak Paul , Baharvand Hossein
Published: March 2017

Chick embryos are a significant historical research model in basic and applied sciences. The embryonated eggs have been used for virus inoculation in order to vaccine production for nearly a century. Recently, avian eggs and cell lines derived from embryonated eggs have found wide application in biotechnology. This review will discuss about the unique characteristics of avian eggs in terms of safety, large scale and economical production of recombinant proteins. This system also provides the human‐like glycosylation on target proteins and therefore can be considered as a suitable host for biomanufacturing of humanized monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins. Avian derived cell lines are an alternative for rapid vaccine manufacturing during a pandemic. Based on the latest knowledge in cell and animal transgenesis, the currently available germ cell‐mediated gene transfer system provides a more efficient strategy in gene targeting and creation of transgenic birds that lead to advancements in industrial, biotechnology, and biological research applications. This review covers the recent development of avian fertilized eggs and related cell lines in a variety of human biopharmaceuticals and viral vaccine manufacturing.
MicroRNA: an important regulator in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wang Xiaman , Chen Hongli , Bai Ju , He Aili
Published: March 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a general class of endogenous non‐coding RNAs with a length of 22 nucleotides, widely existing in diverse species and playing important roles in malignancies initiation and progression. MiRNAs are essential to many in vivo biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune response, and tumorigenesis. Significant progress till date has been made in understanding the roles of microRNAs in normal hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignant diseases. In this review, we summarize the particular signatures of microRNAs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with specific karyotype and the clinical significance of microRNAs in early diagnosis and treatment. MicroRNAs hypermethylation was also proved to correlate with the pathogenesis of AML. However, the target genes and exact pathways of microRNAs participating in these processes are still unknown and more efforts need to be made in the near future.
An alternative technique to safely close the chest after placing a child on central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Bobos Dimitrios , Kanakis Meletios A. , Koulouri Sofia , Rammos Spyridon , Karabinis Andreas , Giannopoulos Nicholas M.
Published: March 2017

Key Clinical Message

Central venoarterial (VA) placement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is performed surgically, and in the majority of cases, the patient remains with an open sternum. Herein, a case of a 3‐year‐old patient who underwent insertion of a central VA ECMO for heart failure due to acute myocarditis is described. An alternative technique for ECMO placement providing sternal closure and minimizing infection risk for the safe patient transport is described.
Formation of a Cubic Liquid Crystalline Nanostructure with π‐Conjugated Fluorinated Rods on the Gyroid Minimal Surface
Authors: Poppe Marco , Chen Changlong , Liu Feng , Poppe Silvio , Tschierske Carsten
Published: March 2017

Bicontinuous cubic phases are of significant importance for numerous applications, for example, for the crystallization of membrane proteins, as photonic materials and as templates for porous silica. A new variant of bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase with Ia
d lattice is reported herein for X‐shaped bolapolyphiles. It was shown that in this class of compounds, cubic‐phase induction can be achieved by proper aromatic core fluorination; in addition, the first cubic phases having π‐conjugated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) rods on the gyroid minimal surface were obtained. These new structures composed of 3D folded layers of parallel arranged π‐conjugated rods should allow charge transport in all three dimensions, which is of interest for organic semiconductor applications.
Homochiral Self‐Sorted and Emissive IrIII Metallo‐Cryptophanes
Authors: Pritchard Victoria E. , Rota Martir Diego , Oldknow Samuel , Kai Shumpei , Hiraoka Shuichi , Cookson Nikki J. , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Hardie Michaele J.
Published: March 2017

The racemic ligands (±)‐tris(isonicotinoyl)‐cyclotriguaiacylene (L1), or (±)‐tris(4‐pyridyl‐methyl)‐cyclotriguaiacylene (L2) assemble with racemic (Λ,Δ)‐[Ir(ppy)2(MeCN)2]+, in which ppy=2‐phenylpyridinato, to form [{Ir(ppy)2}3(L)2]3+ metallo‐cryptophane cages. The crystal structure of [{Ir(ppy)2}3(L1)2]⋅3BF4 has MM‐ΛΛΛ and PP‐ΔΔΔ isomers, and homochiral self‐sorting occurs in solution, a process accelerated by a chiral guest. Self‐recognition between L1 and L2 within cages does not occur, and cages show very slow ligand exchange. Both cages are phosphorescent, with [{Ir(ppy)2}3(L2)2]3+ having enhanced and blue‐shifted emission when compared with [{Ir(ppy)2}3(L1)2]3+.
Chromatographic enantioseparation by poly(biphenylylacetylene) derivatives with memory of both axial chirality and macromolecular helicity
Authors: Ishidate Ryoma , Ikai Tomoyuki , Kanoh Shigeyoshi , Yashima Eiji , Maeda Katsuhiro
Published: March 2017

Novel poly(biphenylylacetylene) derivatives bearing two acetyloxy groups at the 2‐ and 2′‐positions and an alkoxycarbonyl group at the 4′‐position of the biphenyl pendants (poly‐Ac's) were synthesized by the polymerization of the corresponding biphenylylacetylenes using a rhodium catalyst. The obtained stereoregular (cis‐transoidal) poly‐Ac's folded into a predominantly one‐handed helical conformation accompanied by a preferred‐handed axially twisted conformation of the biphenyl pendants through noncovalent interactions with a chiral alcohol and both the induced main‐chain helicity and the pendant axial chirality were maintained, that is, memorized, after complete removal of the chiral alcohol. The stability of the helicity memory of the poly‐Ac's in a solution was lower than that of the analogous poly(biphenylylacetylene)s bearing two methoxymethoxy groups at the 2‐ and 2′‐positions of the biphenyl pendants (poly‐MOM's). In the solid state, however, the helicity memory of the poly‐Ac's was much more stable and showed a better chiral recognition ability toward several racemates than that of the previously reported poly‐MOM when used as a chiral stationary phase for high‐performance liquid chromatography. In particular, the poly‐Ac‐based CSP with a helicity memory efficiently separated racemic benzoin derivatives into enantiomers.
A Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of 2 Pemetrexed Formulations in Indian Adult Chemonaive Patients With Adenocarcinoma Stage III/IV Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kavathiya Krunal , Gurjar Murari , Patil Anand , Naik Madhura , Noronha Vanita , Joshi Amit , Gota Vikram , Prabhash Kumar
Published: March 2017

The study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of 2 pemetrexed formulations (Pemgem, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories w.r.t; Alimta, Eli Lilly) in adult chemonaive subjects with adenocarcinoma stage III/IV non–small cell lung cancer. All patients received 500 mg/m2 pemetrexed (Alimta or Pemgem) as a 10‐minute infusion on day 1 of a 21‐day cycle. Plasma pemetrexed concentrations were determined on day 1 of cycle 1. Area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0–inf) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were estimated using noncompartment analysis and compared between the 2 arms. Forty‐eight patients were enrolled in the study, 24 in each arm. Patient demographics were comparable in both arms. Mean AUC0–inf for the generic and innovator formulations was 218.2 ± 19.18 and 223.6 ± 34.24 μg·h/mL, respectively, and mean Cmax was 119 ± 13.44 and 113 ± 7.26 μg/mL, respectively. Volume of distribution of pemetrexed was 17.5 and 27.6 L, clearance was 4.2 versus 4.72 L/h, and half‐life was 4.3 and 4.83 h in the 2 arms respectively. Both formulations showed comparable response rates (objective response of 45% versus 50% in the Pemgem and Alimta arms, respectively) and similar safety profiles. To conclude, Pemgem showed pharmacokinetic and safety profiles similar to Alimta. Substitution of Alimta with Pemgem will be cost‐effective and likely to yield comparable efficacy.
GRO‐TDC with gate‐switch‐based delay cell halving resolution limit
Authors: Park Jung‐Hyun , Jung Dong‐Hoon , Jung Seong‐Ook
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we propose a time‐to‐digital converter (TDC) with first‐order noise‐shaping. The proposed gated ring oscillator (GRO)‐TDC overcomes the limitation associated with GRO's intrinsic resolution by adopting two GROs, whose delay difference is equal to half the delay of a delay cell. The GRO is composed of 17 stages of a newly proposed delay cell, which utilizes a gate‐switched configuration to solve the charge redistribution problem. The proposed GRO‐TDC is designed using a 65‐nm process technology, with an area of 0.015 mm2 and a supply voltage of 1 V. The sampling rate and the effective resolution of the proposed GRO‐TDC are 50 MS/s and 1.22 ps, respectively. Finally, the proposed GRO‐TDC consumes a power of 9.08 and 2.41 mW in the calibration and conversion modes, respectively. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evidence that mycorrhizal nitrogen strategies affect soil carbon
Authors: Wurzburger Nina , Brookshire E. N. Jack
Published: March 2017

Most land plants acquire nitrogen (N) through associations with arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, but these symbionts employ contrasting strategies for N acquisition, which may lead to different stocks of soil carbon (C). We experimentally test this hypothesis with a mesocosm system where AM and ECM tree seedling roots, or their hyphae only, could access mineral soils with 13C‐ and 15N‐enriched organic matter. We quantified loss of soil C and N, plant uptake of N and new inputs of plant C to soil. We found that AM, but not ECM, seedlings reduced soil C relative to controls. Soil C loss was greater in the presence of roots relative to hyphae only for both AM and ECM seedlings, but was correlated with plant N uptake for AM seedlings only. While new plant C inputs stimulated soil C loss in both symbioses, we detected plant C inputs more frequently and measured higher rates of decomposer activity in soils colonized by AM relative to ECM seedlings. Our study experimentally demonstrates how mycorrhizal strategies for N can affect soil C and C:N, even at the scale of an individual plant. Such effects may contribute to broad patterns in soil C across terrestrial ecosystems.