bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between constitution, axiography, analysis of dental casts, and postural control in women aged between 41 and 50 years
Authors: Ohlendorf Daniela , Fay V. , Avaniadi I. , Erbe C. , Wanke E. M. , Groneberg D. A.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anamnestic, axiographic and occlusal parameters and postural control in healthy women aged between 41 and 50 years.

Materials and methods

A total of 100 female participants aged between 41 and 50 (45.12 ± 2.96) years participated in the study. In addition to completing a general anamnesis questionnaire, lower jaw movements were measured axiographically, dental occlusion parameters were determined using a model analysis and postural parameters were recorded using a pressure measurement platform. The significance level was 5%.

Results

An increasing weight and a rising BMI lead to a weight shifted from the rearfoot (p ≤ 0.01/0.04) to the forefoot (p ≤ 0.01/0.02). A limited laterotrusion on the right resulted in a lower forefoot load and an increased rearfoot load (p ≤ 0.01). Laterotrusion to the left (extended above the standard) showed a lower frontal sway (p ≤ 0.02) and a reduced elliptical area, height and width (p ≤ 0.01, 0.02, 0.03). Thus, the extent of deviation correlated with reduced right forefoot loading (p ≤ 0.03) and the extent of deflection correlated with increased left foot loading (p ≤ 0.01). The higher the extent of angle class II malocclusion, the larger the ellipse area (p ≤ 0.04) and the ellipse height (p ≤ 0.02) resulted.

Conclusions

There is a connection between weight, BMI and laterotrusion, as well as between angle class II malocclusion and postural control in women aged between 41 and 50 years. Interdisciplinary functional examinations of mandibular movements treating possible limitations can be conducive for an improvement of postural control.

Clinical relevance

Angle class II malocclusion has a negative influence on postural control.
Performance of parallel-in-time integration for Rayleigh Bénard convection
Authors: Clarke Andrew , Davies Chris , Ruprecht Daniel , Tobias Steven , Oishi Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2020

Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC) is a fundamental problem of fluid dynamics, with many applications to geophysical, astrophysical, and industrial flows. Understanding RBC at parameter regimes of interest requires complex physical or numerical experiments. Numerical simulations require large amounts of computational resources; in order to more efficiently use the large numbers of processors now available in large high performance computing clusters, novel parallelisation strategies are required. To this end, we investigate the performance of the parallel-in-time algorithm Parareal when used in numerical simulations of RBC. We present the first parallel-in-time speedups for RBC simulations at finite Prandtl number. We also investigate the problem of convergence of Parareal with respect to statistical numerical quantities, such as the Nusselt number, and discuss the importance of reliable online stopping criteria in these cases.
The Influence of Physiological and Psychological Learning Mechanisms in Neurofeedback vs. Mental Imagery Against Binge Eating
Authors: Schmidt Jennifer , Martin Alexandra
Published: September 2020

In biofeedback research, the debate on physiological versus psychological learning has a long tradition and is still relevant today, regarding new developments of biofeedback for behavior modification. Analyzing the role of these learning mechanisms may help improving the protocols and answer the question, whether feedback of physiological functions is necessary to modify a target behavior. We explored the presence and impact of physiological (EEG changes) versus psychological learning (changes in somatic self-efficacy) in a recently developed EEG neurofeedback protocol for binge eating. The protocol targets a reduction of food-cue induced cortical arousal through regulation of EEG high beta activity. In an experimental study accompanying a randomized controlled trial, pre and post treatment EEG measurements were analyzed in a neurofeedback group (n = 18) and an active mental imagery control group without physiological feedback (n = 18). Physiological learning in terms of EEG high beta reduction only occurred in the neurofeedback group. Post treatment, participants with successfully reduced binge eating episodes (≥ 50% reduction) showed lower EEG high beta activity than unsuccessful participants (p = .02) after neurofeedback, but not after mental imagery. Further, lower EEG high beta activity at post-treatment predicted fewer binge eating episodes in neurofeedback only. In mental imagery, somatic self-efficacy predicted treatment success instead of EEG activity. Altogether, the results indicate that physiological changes serve as a specific treatment mechanism in neurofeedback against binge eating. Reducing cortical arousal may improve eating behaviors and corresponding neurofeedback techniques should therefore be considered in future treatments.
Causal and Corrective Organisational Culture: A Systematic Review of Case Studies of Institutional Failure
Authors: Hald E. Julie , Gillespie Alex , Reader Tom W.
Published: September 2020

Organisational culture is assumed to be a key factor in large-scale and avoidable institutional failures (e.g. accidents, corruption). Whilst models such as “ethical culture” and “safety culture” have been used to explain such failures, minimal research has investigated their ability to do so, and a single and unified model of the role of culture in institutional failures is lacking. To address this, we systematically identified case study articles investigating the relationship between culture and institutional failures relating to ethics and risk management (n = 74). A content analysis of the cultural factors leading to failures found 23 common factors and a common sequential pattern. First, culture is described as causing practices that develop into institutional failure (e.g. poor prioritisation, ineffective management, inadequate training). Second, and usually sequentially related to causal culture, culture is also used to describe the problems of correction: how people, in most cases, had the opportunity to correct a problem and avert failure, but did not take appropriate action (e.g. listening and responding to employee concerns). It was established that most of the cultural factors identified in the case studies were consistent with survey-based models of safety culture and ethical culture. Failures of safety and ethics also largely involve the same causal and corrective factors of culture, although some aspects of culture more frequently precede certain outcome types (e.g. management not listening to warnings more commonly precedes a loss of human life). We propose that the distinction between causal and corrective culture can form the basis of a unified (combining both ethical and safety culture literatures) and generalisable model of organisational failure.
Towards a seamful ethics of Covid-19 contact tracing apps?
Authors: Hoffman Andrew S. , Jacobs Bart , van Gastel Bernard , Schraffenberger Hanna , Sharon Tamar , Pas Berber
Published: September 2020

In the early months of 2020, the deadly Covid-19 disease spread rapidly around the world. In response, national and regional governments implemented a range of emergency lockdown measures, curtailing citizens’ movements and greatly limiting economic activity. More recently, as restrictions begin to be loosened or lifted entirely, the use of so-called contact tracing apps has figured prominently in many jurisdictions’ plans to reopen society. Critics have questioned the utility of such technologies on a number of fronts, both practical and ethical. However, little has been said about the ways in which the normative design choices of app developers, and the products that result therefrom, might contribute to ethical reflection and wider political debate. Drawing from scholarship in critical design and human–computer interaction, this paper examines the development of a QR code-based tracking app called Zwaai (‘Wave’ in Dutch), where its designers explicitly positioned the app as an alternative to the predominant Bluetooth and GPS-based approaches. Through analyzing these designers’ choices, this paper argues that QR code infrastructures can work to surface a set ofethical–political seams, two of which are discussed here—responsibilizationandnetworked (im)permanence—that more ‘seamless’ protocols like Bluetooth actively aim to bypass, and which may go otherwise unnoticed by existing ethical frameworks.
Variability of Skin Pharmacokinetic Data: Insights from a Topical Bioequivalence Study Using Dermal Open Flow Microperfusion
Authors: Bodenlenz Manfred , Augustin Thomas , Birngruber Thomas , Tiffner Katrin I. , Boulgaropoulos Beate , Schwingenschuh Simon , Raney Sam G. , Rantou Elena , Sinner Frank
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Dermal open flow microperfusion (dOFM) has previously demonstrated its utility to assess the bioequivalence (BE) of topical drug products in a clinical study. We aimed to characterize the sources of variability in the dermal pharmacokinetic data from that study.

Methods

Exploratory statistical analyses were performed with multivariate data from a clinical dOFM-study in 20 healthy adults evaluating the BE, or lack thereof, of Austrian test (T) and U.S. reference (R) acyclovir cream, 5% products.

Results

The overall variability of logAUC values (CV: 39% for R and 45% for T) was dominated by inter-subject variability (R: 82%, T: 91%) which correlated best with the subject’s skin conductance. Intra-subject variability was 18% (R) and 9% (T) of the overall variability; skin treatment sites or methodological factors did not significantly contribute to that variability.

Conclusions

Inter-subject variability was the major component of overall variability for acyclovir, and treatment site location did not significantly influence intra-subject variability. These results support a dOFM BE study design with T and R products assessed simultaneously on the same subject, where T and R treatment sites do not necessarily need to be next to each other. Localized variation in skin microstructure may be primarily responsible for intra-subject variability.
Trajectories of health-related quality of life among people with a physical disability and/or chronic disease during and after rehabilitation: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Seves B. L. , Hoekstra F. , Hettinga F. J. , Dekker R. , van der Woude L. H. V. , Hoekstra T.
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To identify Health-related Quality of Life (HR-QoL) trajectories in a large heterogeneous cohort of people with a physical disability and/or chronic disease during and after rehabilitation and to determine which factors before discharge are associated with longitudinal trajectory membership.

Methods

A total of 1100 people with a physical disability and/or chronic disease were included from the longitudinal cohort study Rehabilitation, Sports and Active lifestyle. All participants participated in a physical activity promotion programme in Dutch rehabilitation care. HR-QoL was assessed using the RAND-12 Health Status Inventory questionnaire at baseline (T0: 3–6 weeks before discharge) and at 14 (T1), 33 (T2) and 52 (T3) weeks after discharge from rehabilitation. A data-driven approach using Latent Class Growth Mixture modelling was used to determine HR-QoL trajectories. Multiple binomial multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine person-, disease- and lifestyle-related factors associated with trajectory membership.

Results

Three HR-QoL trajectories were identified: moderate (N = 635), high (N = 429) and recovery (N = 36). Trajectory membership was associated with person-related factors (age and body mass index), disease-related factors (perceived fatigue, perceived pain and acceptance of the disease) and one lifestyle-related factor (alcohol consumption) before discharge from rehabilitation.

Conclusions

Most of the people who participated in a physical activity promotion programme obtained a relatively stable but moderate HR-QoL. The identified HR-QoL trajectories among our heterogeneous cohort are disease-overarching. Our findings suggest that people in rehabilitation may benefit from person-centred advice on management of fatigue and pain (e.g. activity pacing) and the acceptance of the disability.
Processing of high-speed videos of shock wave boundary layer interactions
Authors: Maharjan Samee , Bjerketvedt Dag , Lysaker Ola Marius
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a framework for processing high-speed videos recorded during gas experiments in a shock tube. The main objective is to study boundary layer interactions of reflected shock waves in an automated way, based on image processing. The shock wave propagation was recorded at a frame rate of 500,000 frames per second with a Kirana high-speed camera. Each high-speed video consists of 180 frames, with image size [$$768 \times 924$$

768
×
924

] pixels. An image processing framework was designed to track the wave front in each image and thereby estimate: (a) the shock position; (b) position of triple point; and (c) shock angle. The estimated shock position and shock angle were then used as input for calculating the pressure exerted by the shock. To validate our results, the calculated pressure was compared with recordings from pressure transducers. With the proposed framework, we were able to identify and study shock wave properties that occurred within less than $$300\, \upmu \hbox {sec}$$

300

μ
sec

and to track evolveness over a distance of 100 mm. Our findings show that processing of high-speed videos can enrich, and give detailed insight, to the observations in the shock experiments.
Diagnostic Value of Muscle Ultrasound for Myopathies and Myositis
Authors: Albayda Jemima , van Alfen Nens
Published: September 2020

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to critically discuss the use of ultrasound in the evaluation of muscle disorders with a particular focus on the emerging use in inflammatory myopathies.

Recent Findings

In myopathies, pathologic muscle shows an increase in echogenicity. Muscle echogenicity can be assessed visually, semi-quantitatively, or quantitatively using grayscale analysis. The involvement of specific muscle groups and the pattern of increase in echogenicity can further point to specific diseases. In pediatric neuromuscular disorders, the value of muscle ultrasound for screening and diagnosis is well-established. It has also been found to be a responsive measure of disease change in muscular dystrophies. In chronic forms of myositis like inclusion body myositis, ultrasound is very suitable for detecting markedly increased echogenicity and atrophy in affected muscles. Acute cases of muscle edema show only a mild increase in echogenicity, which can also reverse with successful treatment.

Muscle ultrasound is an important imaging modality that is highly adaptable to study various muscle conditions. Although its diagnostic value for neuromuscular disorders is high, the evidence in myositis has only begun to accrue in earnest. Further systematic studies are needed, especially in its role for detecting muscle edema.
Multi-Sectoral Reflections and Efforts in Strengthening Partnerships to Reduce Disaster Risk in Mexico: The First MuSe-IDRiM Conference
Authors: Alcántara-Ayala Irasema , Rodríguez-Velázquez Daniel , Garnica-Peña Ricardo J. , Maldonado-Martínez Alejandra
Published: September 2020

Notwithstanding the high societal impact of disasters in Mexico, there is a lack of integrated efforts to establish a sound policy for reducing disaster risk to counterbalance the existing concentrated endeavors in disaster management. In the face of such segmentation, the science and technology community has advocated for a change of perspective, from civil protection to integrated disaster risk management. The first Multi-Sectoral Conference towards Integrated Disaster Risk Management in Mexico: Building a National Public Policy (MuSe-IDRiM Conference) was held in Mexico City at National Autonomous University of Mexico, 21–24 October 2019. In support of the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the conference aimed at enhancing the dialogue between the science and technology community, citizens, civil society organizations, private and public sectors, and the federal, state, and municipal governments to foster the process of transforming the current National Civil Protection System into a national public policy oriented towards integrated disaster risk management (DRM). Barriers and challenges to the implementation of integrated DRM were identified. Implementation of integrated DRM challenges current socioeconomic structures and encourages all relevant stakeholders to think, decide, and act from a different perspective and within and across spatial, temporal, jurisdictional, and institutional scales. Understanding disaster risk from an integrated approach, learning skills that authorities have not learned or used, and hence, strengthening disaster risk governance are prerequisites to effectively manage disaster risk.
How do adolescents deal with intrusive parenting? The role of coping with psychologically controlling parenting in internalizing and externalizing problems
Authors: Flamant Nele , Haerens Leen , Mabbe Elien , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Soenens Bart
Published: September 2020

Introduction

While research has shown convincingly that psychologically controlling parenting increases the risk for internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents, little is known about how adolescents cope with such parenting. This study examined the role of two non‐autonomous ways of coping (i.e., compulsive compliance and oppositional defiance) and one more autonomous way of coping (i.e., negotiation) in the associations between psychologically controlling parenting and internalizing and externalizing problems.

Method

Two‐wave data from a larger longitudinal study with Belgian adolescents (N = 198; 51% female; mean age = 14.89 years, range = 13–17 years) were analyzed using multilevel modeling.

Results

The results showed that oppositional defiance exacerbated associations between psychologically controlling parenting and externalizing problems at the between‐person level of analysis. Both compulsive compliance and negotiation exacerbated the association with internalizing problems at the within‐person level. In addition to these moderating effects, both oppositional defiance and negotiation played a partly mediating role in associations between psychologically controlling parenting and externalizing problems and oppositional defiance partly mediated associations between psychologically controlling parenting and internalizing problems at the between‐person level.

Conclusion

Overall, results suggest that oppositional defiance and compulsive compliance are rather dysfunctional coping responses and that negotiation is a mixed blessing. Directions for future research are discussed.
Past, Present, and Future of Electronic Word of Mouth (EWOM)
Authors: Verma Sanjeev , Yadav Neha
Published: September 2020

Communication platforms are undergoing a transition from physical to digital spaces. The Internet has radically changed the business scenario wherein people have become the “media” for collaborating to share information. Practitioners have started using electronic word of mouth (eWOM) for consumer insight through text analytics, sentiment, hashtag analytics, and other machine learning tools. Due to the growing importance of the topic as a research area, it is vital to map the research domain. This paper uses performance analysis tools (quantitative and qualitative) and science mapping tools (conceptual and intellectual structures) for literature review and the identification of future research directions. The content analysis of emergent topics and themes offers directions for future researchers. Recommender systems, data mining (artificial intelligence and machine learning), semantics, and sentiment analysis are emergent topics. We contribute to the eWOM literature by canvassing state-of-the-art research and proposing future research directions.
Monasky v. Taglieri (U.S. Sup. Ct.)
Authors: Silberman Linda
Published: September 2020

The Supreme Court of the United States has decided four cases under the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of the International Child Abduction (hereinafter the Hague Convention), the most recent one coming this term in Monasky v. Taglieri. The Hague Convention, adopted in 101 countries, requires the judicial or administrative authority of a country that is party to the Convention to return a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained to the country of the child's habitual residence.The Convention also provides for a limited number of defenses to return. The obligation of return is a “provisional” remedy, in that the merits of any custody dispute will be determined by a court in the country of habitual residence. One of the most critical aspects of the Convention is this concept of “habitual residence,” which was the issue presented to the Court in Monasky.
The grapevine effect in sensitive data collection: examining response patterns in support for violent extremism
Authors: McCauley John , Finkel Steven , Neureiter Michael , Belasco Christopher
Published: September 2020

This study presents a pattern overlooked in previous research on measuring sensitive political outcomes: over the course of data collection, responses tend to shift in the direction of support for the local incumbent power. We suggest that, whereas earlier responses are largely devoid of this social desirability bias, word of the research spreads across enumeration areas, and individuals interviewed later in the process alter their responses out of fear of retribution for inappropriate answers. We document the pattern using original data from two surveys on support for violent extremism conducted in three different countries in the Sahel region of Africa. We rule out a host of alternative explanations and further confirm that the pattern can arise not just with overt survey measures but even with covert, experimental ones. We then demonstrate the same pattern using out-of-sample data from a separate well-known study. The findings offer a cautionary note to both conventional and experimental approaches to measuring sensitive attitudes.
The Political Economy of the Prussian Three-Class Franchise
Authors: Becker Sascha O. , Hornung Erik
Published: September 2020

How did the Prussian three-class franchise, which politically over-represented the economic elite, affect policies? Contrary to the predominant and simplistic view that the system allowed the landed elites to capture most political rents, we find that members of parliament from constituencies with a higher vote inequality support more liberal policies, gauging their political orientation from the universe of roll call votes cast in parliament during Prussia’s rapid industrialization (1867–1903). Consistent with the characteristics of German liberalism that aligned with economic interests of business, the link between vote inequality and liberal voting is stronger in regions with large-scale industry.
Alternative pathways in Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Metastrongyloidea: Angiostrongylidae) transmission
Authors: Modrý David , Fecková Barbora , Putnová Barbora , Manalo Sheina Macy , Otranto Domenico
Published: September 2020

In order to elucidate the infection pathways of third stage larvae (L3) of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, we performed experiments to assess: (i) the shedding of L3 from two species of experimental veronicellid slugs drowned in water and the ratio of emerged larvae, (ii) the transmission of viable L3 from drowned terrestrial gastropods to aquatic snails, and (iii) the transmission of viable L3 between terrestrial snails. Molluscs were experimentally infected by first stage larvae (L1) of A. cantonensis. Significantly more L3 larvae were released from Veronicella cubensis than from Veronicella sloanei. Numerous L3 were observed in the muscular foot, and also in the connective tissue between internal organs. Experimental exposure of P. maculata to L3 of A. cantonensis liberated from other gastropod species led to their infection and the infectivity of larvae after intermediesis was demonstrated by infection of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). The transmission of L3 was observed in three out of four experiment replications and L3 were retrieved from 6 out of 24 Subulina octona snails. The infected synanthropic molluscs represent a key component in the epidemiology of human infections by A. cantonensis. Escape of L3 larvae from bodies of dead snails or slugs and their ability to infect further gastropod hosts (intermediesis) represents a public health risk. Thus, control of molluscs living in peri-domestic environment is an essential part of prevention of human infections.
Visions of international law: An interdisciplinary retrospective
Authors: Alter Karen J.
Published: September 2020

Taking the opportunity of this LJIL special lecture, Professor Alter provides an interdisciplinary retrospective that explains, defends and critiques six common visions of international law: The naïve political scientist’s expectations about international law as a fixed reflection of political choices; the legal formalist and structural theorist who believes that formal rules, institutions, and processes should generate similar outcomes in different parts of the world; the Western centric scholar’s notion that one can draw general lessons based on European and American experiences; the liberal internationalist who believes that multilateral processes generate consent based agreements and outcomes; the law and society scholar whose focus on the local can minimize international structural elements; and the international legal sociologist who believes that meanings and practices constitute international law. After reflecting on what each vision captures and misses about international law, Professor Alter identifies the policy stakes of residing within a vision. While we need to draw from multiple visions to understand the hybridity of international law, we also need to understand the implicit presumptions of each vision, as these presumptions generate contradictory prescriptive recommendations.
The possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a haemodialysis unit – report from a large in-hospital centre
Authors: Gubensek J. , Vajdic Trampuz B. , Persic V. , Gregorcic S. , Mrvic T. , Arnol M.
Published: September 2020

Data on the possibility of transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the provision of chronic haemodialysis, which often entails many person-to-person contacts, are lacking. We report a follow-up of the in-centre contacts of three positive chronic haemodialysis patients. Under strict preventive measures, only one patient out of 21 patient-contacts and 29 personnel-contacts tested positive within 2 weeks after the last contact. This patient, case #3, most likely became infected during unprotected, organised group transportation to the dialysis centre.
RICARDO’S SIDE OF THE MALTHUS PAPERS IN THE COLLECTION OF KANTO GAKUEN UNIVERSITY
Authors: Depoortère Christophe
Published: September 2020

In 1997 and 2004, John Pullen and Trevor Hughes Parry published a set of manuscripts by and relating to Thomas Robert Malthus held at the Kanto Gakuen University in Japan. Their achievement is impressive. However, a few important elements relating to these manuscripts escaped their attention. These elements concern Malthus, but also his very good friend and theoretical opponent David Ricardo. The purpose of this article is to point out these elements inasmuch as they enable 1) the establishment of the correct dating and contextualization of some manuscripts, and 2) the attribution of the true authorship of some other material.
Study to increase the pneumococcal vaccination rates of individuals aged 65 years and older
Authors: Biyik M. V. , Arslan I. , Yengil Taci D.
Published: September 2020

Background:

In our study, we intended to observe the impact of recommending the pneumococcal vaccine to individuals who were called on the phone or interviewed face-to-face by their doctors on vaccination rates.

Methods:

Two hundred individuals who were 65 years old and older were included in our study. They were questioned about their awareness regarding adult immunisation, and their knowledge level and vaccination statuses were determined regarding the tetanus, influenza, hepatitis, and pneumococcal vaccines. After they were given information about the pneumococcal vaccine, they were asked about their interest in being vaccinated. Those who agreed to be vaccinated were invited and vaccinated.

Results:

According to the questionnaire, 150 people (75%) knew of the influenza vaccine, 130 people (65%) knew of the tetanus vaccine, 53 people (26.5%) knew of the hepatitis B vaccine, and 49 people (24.5%) knew of the pneumococcal vaccine. A total of five people (2.5%) had received the pneumococcal vaccine. Fifty-eight of 97 patients (59.8%) who completed the questionnaire during a phone call and 84 of 103 patients (81.6%) who completed the questionnaire during a face-to-face interview received the pneumococcal vaccine. As a result, the rates of pneumococcal vaccination increased from 2.5% before the study to 73.5% after the study.

Conclusion:

The findings show that the vaccination rates for pneumococcus were very low among our participants. The immunisation rates increased when doctors provided consultation to participants about adult immunisation.
The Unorthodox Relationship between the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Secondary Rights in the Court of Justice Case Law on Disability Discrimination
Authors: Ferri Delia
Published: September 2020

Court of Justice – Discrimination on the basis of disability – Article 21 and 26 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights – UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – Employment Equality Directive – Relationship between different sources of law protecting the right of persons with disabilities – Charter as interpretative aid – Charter as a parameter of validity – Scope of application of the Charter – Constitutionalisation of the UN Convention
Working with Husband?“Occupation’s Wife” and Married Women’s Employment in the Censuses in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911
Authors: You Xuesheng
Published: September 2020

Women played a vital role in British industrialization. However, studies of women’s work are often hindered by data limitation. The British censuses provide an unparalleled opportunity to study women’s work and its impact systematically. However, the reliability of the census recording of female employment is still under debate. This articles aims to contribute to this ongoing debate by examining a particular census recording concerning married women who were supposedly working with their husbands, that is “occupation’s wife.” By analyzing a new source of big data, namely 100 percent sample of Census Enumerators’ Books and published census reports, this article shows that the recording of “occupation’s wife” was not informative about the level of married women’s labor in the form of working together with their husbands in the same trade. Given the important fact that married women recorded as “occupation’s wife” constituted the largest group of married women with any occupational titles in the censuses, the results presented in this article suggest a reassessment of some of the empirical foundations in the studies of married women’s work.
Oxygen Isotopic Fractionation in Clouds: A Bin‐Resolved Microphysics Model Approach
Authors: Hiron Thibault , Flossmann Andrea I.
Published: September 2020

Measurements of the ratio of oxygen‐18 to oxygen‐16 are often used to reconstruct past climate or to quantify phase changes. However, in most models, the evolution of the isotopic ratio is calculated using the Rayleigh parameterization. The Descam model has recently been extended to simulate isotopic fractionation from occurring condensation/evaporation processes and the mass of oxygen‐18 in aerosol particles, droplets, and ice crystals explicitly as a function of their size. In a first step, isotopic calculations are implemented into the 1.5d dynamical framework where several sensitivity studies are conducted to test the evolution of the isotopic ratio as a function of the different phase changes in a convective cloud. Though an isotopic signature can be identified for different microphysical pathways, the predominant factor for the isotopic ratio in the precipitation seems to be the dynamical evolution of the considered cloud.
Estimating Polar Cap Density and Medium‐Frequency Burst Source Heights Using 2fce Roar Radio Emissions
Authors: Burnett Adam C. , LaBelle James
Published: September 2020

Competing theories exist for the generation mechanism of auroral medium‐frequency burst (MFB). In an effort to constrain MFB source heights, this study analyzes 33 events in which MFB and auroral 2fce roar co‐occurred at Sondrestrom, Greenland. Using measurements from an array of receiving antennas, direction‐of‐arrival calculations indicate that in a given co‐occurrence, the elevation angle of MFB typically is higher than that of roar. Ray tracing is used to determine source heights of the MFB signals. Density profiles are obtained from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and shifted in magnitude until each event's roar signals originate at heights where the frequency‐matching condition for 2fce roar generation is satisfied. This shifting method is validated using density measurements from the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar (ISR) facility for the two events with available ISR data. After shifting, ray tracing demonstrates that in 25 of the 33 events, burst originates at a height of about 200 km, lower than the typical altitude of peak electron density. However, ISR measurements show that the density profile is enhanced at low altitudes while MFB is observed, peaking in the E region rather than the F region. This finding implies that the MFB sources at 200 km are on the topside of the density peak, in a region of downward pointing density gradient, in qualitative agreement with the mechanism of MFB generation by Langmuir waves in the topside ionosphere. These results also suggest a new method of estimating density in the polar cap using roar signals to calibrate IRI profiles.
Asymmetric Internal Tide Generation in the Presence of a Steady Flow
Authors: Dossmann Yvan , Shakespeare Callum , Stewart Kial , Hogg Andrew McC.
Published: September 2020

The generation of topographic internal waves (IWs) by the sum of an oscillatory and a steady flow is investigated experimentally and with a linear model. The two forcing flows represent the combination of a tidal constituent and a weaker quasi‐steady flow interacting with an abyssal hill. The combined forcings cause a coupling between internal tides and lee waves that impacts their dynamics of IWs as well as the energy carried away. An asymmetry is observed in the structure of upstream and downstream IW beams due to a quasi‐Doppler shift effect. This asymmetry is enhanced for the narrowest ridge on which a superbuoyancy (ω > N) downstream beam and an evanescent upstream beam are measured. Energy fluxes are measured and compared with the linear model, that has been extended to account for the coupling mechanism. The structure and amplitude of energy fluxes match well in most regimes, showing the relevance of the linear prediction for IW wave energy budgets, while the energy flux toward IW beams is limited by the generation of periodic vortices in a particular experiment. The upstream‐bias energy flux—and consequently net horizontal momentum—described in Shakespeare (2020, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO‐D‐19‐0179.1) is measured in the experiments. The coupling mechanism plays an important role in the pathway to IW‐induced mixing, that has previously been quantified independently for lee waves and internal tides. Hence, future parameterizations of IW processes ought to include the coupling mechanism to quantify its impact on the global distribution of mixing.
MJO Wind Energy and Prediction of El Niño
Authors: Lybarger Nicholas D. , Shin Chul‐Su , Stan Cristiana
Published: September 2020

This study applies the energetic framework developed to quantify the interaction between the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to El Niño forecasting. The MJO wind power, measured by the covariability of MJO‐related wind stress and oceanic Kelvin wave activity, is combined with the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, and two new indices are proposed. The MJO‐Kelvin wave‐ENSO (MaKE) index is proposed as an ENSO predictor and is shown to slightly outperform Niño 3.4 when applied to observational data sets and to greatly outperform Niño 3.4 when applied to CFSv2 reforecasts of the years 1980–2014. The MJO‐Kelvin wave Influence (MaKI) index is proposed to predict MJO influence on developing El Niño events. This index performs reasonably well when applied to observations. The forecast skill of MaKI in the CFSv2 reforecasts suggests that this model does not predict the observed MJO‐ENSO relationship as measured by this index.
The Vulcan Version 3.0 High‐Resolution Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions for the United States
Authors: Gurney Kevin R. , Liang Jianming , Patarasuk Risa , Song Yang , Huang Jianhua , Roest Geoffrey
Published: September 2020

Estimates of high‐resolution greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become a critical component of climate change research and an aid to decision makers considering GHG mitigation opportunities. The “Vulcan Project” is an effort to estimate bottom‐up carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (FFCO2) for the U.S. landscape at space and time scales that satisfy both scientific and policy needs. Here, we report on the Vulcan version 3.0 which quantifies emissions at a resolution of 1 km2/hr for the 2010–2015 time period. We estimate 2011 FFCO2 emissions of 1,589.9 TgC with a 95% confidence interval of 1,367/1,853 TgC (−14.0%/+16.6%), implying a one‐sigma uncertainty of ~ ±8%. Per capita emissions are larger in states dominated by electricity production and industrial activity and smaller where onroad and building emissions dominate. The U.S. FFCO2 emissions center of mass (CoM) is located in the state of Missouri with mean seasonality that moves on a near‐elliptical NE/SW path. Comparison to ODIAC, a global gridded FFCO2 emissions estimate, shows large total emissions differences (100.4 TgC for year 2011), a spatial correlation of 0.68 (R2), and a mean absolute relative difference at the 1 km2 scale of 104.3%. The Vulcan data product offers a high‐resolution estimate of FFCO2 emissions in every U.S. city, obviating costly development of self‐reported urban inventories. The Vulcan v3.0 annual gridded emissions data product can be downloaded from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (Gurney, Liang, et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1741).
Coupling of Phosphorus Processes With Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model: Model Structure, Parameterization, and Evaluation in Tropical Forests
Authors: Wang Zhuonan , Tian Hanqin , Yang Jia , Shi Hao , Pan Shufen , Yao Yuanzhi , Banger Kamaljit , Yang Qichun
Published: September 2020

The biogeochemical processes of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) are fully coupled in the Earth system, which shape the structure, functioning, and dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the representation of P cycle in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) is still in an early stage. Here we incorporated P processes and C‐N‐P interactions into the C‐N coupled Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM‐CNP), which had a major feature of the ability in simulating the N and P colimitation on vegetation C assimilation. DLEM‐CNP was intensively calibrated and validated against daily or annual observations from four eddy covariance flux sites, two Hawaiian sites along a chronosequence of soils, and other 13 tropical forest sites. The results indicate that DLEM‐CNP significantly improved simulations of forest gross and net primary production (R2: 0.36–0.97, RMSE:1.1–1.49 g C m−2 year−1 for daily GPP at eddy covariance flux sites; R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 176.7 g C m−2 year−1 for annual NPP across 13 tropical forest sites). The simulations were also consistent with field observations in terms of biomass, leaf N:P ratio and plant response to fertilizer addition. A sensitivity analysis suggests that simulated results are reasonably robust against uncertainties in model parameter estimates and the model was very sensitive to parameters of P uptake. These results suggest that incorporating P processes and N‐P interaction into terrestrial biosphere models is of critical importance for accurately estimating C dynamics in tropical forests, particularly those P‐limited ones.
Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances and Climate Change on Riverine Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Transport
Authors: Wang Yan , Xie Zhenghui , Liu Shuang , Wang Longhuan , Li Ruichao , Chen Si , Jia Binghao , Qin Peihua , Xie Jinbo
Published: September 2020

Nitrogen (N) transport from land to rivers, estuaries, and coastal marine systems has been markedly altered by anthropogenic and climatic drivers over recent decades. In this study, a riverine N transport scheme considering anthropogenic N discharge and water regulation was incorporated into the Land Surface Model of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS‐LSM). Seven groups of simulations using the developed model at the global scale for the period of 1981–2010 were conducted to investigate the effects of anthropogenic disturbances and climate change on riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) transport. It was shown that fertilization and point source pollution have enhanced the DIN fluxes in rivers across the world, especially in western Europe and eastern China. The DIN exports were significantly reduced due to retention by reservoirs and the withdrawal of surface water and groundwater, with a retention efficiency of 50–70%. Climate variability and trends increased or decreased the riverine DIN fluxes depending on the specific hydroclimatic conditions. We further analyzed the contributions of climatic and anthropogenic changes to the riverine DIN changes in four major rivers. The riverine DIN exports in the Mississippi River Basin were affected primarily by fertilization, while the changes in DIN exports of the Danube were dominated by point source pollution and water regulation. The Yangtze River in China was seriously affected by both fertilization and point source pollution, and water regulation played a significant role in reducing DIN exports. Climate variability was the primary factor explaining the interannual variability of DIN exports.
Erythrocyte ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated with the risk of oral cancer: a case-control study
Authors: Chen Qing , Wang Jing , Wang Jing , Lin Jing , Chen Lin , Lin Li-song , Pan Li-zhen , Shi Bin , Qiu Yu , Zheng Xiao-yan , Chen Fa , He Bao-chang , Liu Feng-qiong
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Evidence about ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and oral cancer risk were limited. We aimed to evaluate the association of erythrocyte ω-3 PUFAs with the risk of oral cancer in a population from China.

Methods

Erythrocyte ω-3 PUFAs of 236 oral cancer patients and 300 controls were determined by gas chromatography. Restricted cubic spline and logistic regression were used to analyze the association between erythrocyte ω-3 PUFAs and oral cancer risk. The crude and adjusted OR with 95% CI was calculated. Stratification analysis was performed to explore the potential interaction between ω-3 PUFAs and other traditional risk factors such as smoking and drinking.

Results

Eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and ω-3 index were negatively but non-linearly related to risk of oral cancer as observed by restricted cubic spline. The adjusted OR of EPA, DHA, and ω-3 index were 0.52 (95% CI: 0.35–0.76), 0.19 (95% CI: 0.08–0.44), 0.20 (95% CI: 0.09–0.44), respectively. Stratification analysis showed that the adverse correlation between EPA and oral cancer was only significant in the non-smoking group, while the adverse correlation of ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, and DHA were only significant in the non-drinking group. General multiplicative interactions were observed between ω-3 PUFAs and smoking or drinking.

Conclusions

Adverse but non-linear associations were observed between erythrocyte EPA, DHA, ω-3 index, and oral cancer risk. Additionally, there were multiplicative interactions between ω-3 PUFAs and other behavior factors such as smoking and drinking. The protective effect of ω-3 PUFAs maybe more significant in the non-smoking or non-drinking population.
The effects of polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and smoking behaviour on psychotic experiences in UK Biobank
Authors: García-González Judit , Ramírez Julia , Howard David M. , Brennan Caroline H. , Munroe Patricia B. , Keers Robert
Published: September 2020

While psychotic experiences are core symptoms of mental health disorders like schizophrenia, they are also reported by 5–10% of the population. Both smoking behaviour and genetic risk for psychiatric disorders have been associated with psychotic experiences, but the interplay between these factors remains poorly understood. We tested whether smoking status, maternal smoking around birth, and number of packs smoked/year were associated with lifetime occurrence of three psychotic experiences phenotypes: delusions (n = 2067), hallucinations (n = 6689), and any psychotic experience (delusions or hallucinations; n = 7803) in 157,366 UK Biobank participants. We next calculated polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRSSCZ), bipolar disorder (PRSBP), major depression (PRSDEP) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PRSADHD) in 144,818 UK Biobank participants of European ancestry to assess whether association between smoking and psychotic experiences was attenuated after adjustment of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and the PRSs. Finally, we investigated whether smoking exacerbates the effects of genetic predisposition on the psychotic phenotypes in gene-environment interaction models. Smoking status, maternal smoking, and number of packs smoked/year were associated with psychotic experiences (p < 1.77 × 10−5). Except for packs smoked/year, effects were attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and PRSs (p < 1.99 × 10−3). Gene-environment interaction models showed the effects of PRSDEP and PRSADHD (but not PRSSCZ or PRSBP) on delusions (but not hallucinations) were significantly greater in current smokers compared to never smokers (p < 0.002). There were no significant gene-environment interactions for maternal smoking nor for number of packs smoked/year. Our results suggest that both genetic risk of psychiatric disorders and smoking status may have independent and synergistic effects on specific types of psychotic experiences.