bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leukocyte-Associated Ig-like Receptor-1–Deficient Mice Have an Altered Immune Cell Phenotype
Authors: Tang Xiaobin , Tian Linjie , Esteso Gloria , Choi Seung-Chul , Barrow Alexander D. , Colonna Marco , Borrego Francisco , Coligan John E.
Published: December 2011

Cross-linking of the collagen binding receptor leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) in vitro delivers an inhibitory signal that is able to downregulate activation-mediated signals. To study the in vivo function of LAIR-1, we generated LAIR-1−/− mice. They are healthy and fertile and have normal longevity; however, they show certain phenotypic characteristics distinct from wild-type mice, including increased numbers of splenic B, regulatory T, and dendritic cells. As LAIR-1−/− mice age, the splenic T cell population shows a higher frequency of activated and memory T cells. Because LAIR-1+/+ and LAIR-1−/− T cells traffic with equal proficiency to peripheral lymphoid organs, this is not likely due to abnormal T lymphocyte trafficking. LAIR-1−/− mice have lower serum levels of IgG1 and, in response to T-dependent immunization with trinitrophenyl-OVA, switch less efficiently to Ag specific IgG2a and IgG2b, whereas switching to IgG1 is not affected. Several mouse disease models, including experimental autoimmune encephalitis and colitis, were used to examine the effect of LAIR-1 deficiency, and no differences in the responses of LAIR-1−/− and LAIR-1+/+ mice were observed. Taken together, these observations indicate that LAIR-1 plays a role in regulating immune cells and suggest that any adverse effects of its absence may be balanced in vivo by other inhibitory receptors.
Granzyme H of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Is Required for Clearance of the Hepatitis B Virus through Cleavage of the Hepatitis B Virus X Protein
Authors: Tang Haidong , Li Chong , Wang Li , Zhang Honglian , Fan Zusen
Published: December 2011

The granule exocytosis pathway of cytotoxic lymphocytes plays critical roles in eradication of intracellular viruses. However, how hepatitis B virus (HBV) is cleared has not been defined. To clarify immune mechanisms underlying inhibition of the HBV replication, the relationship between granzyme H (GzmH) and HBV clearance was investigated. In this study, we found that the granule exocytosis pathway can inhibit HBV replication without induction of cytolysis of the infected cells. GzmH is essential for HBV eradication. The HBx protein (HBx), required for the replication of HBV, is cleaved at Met79 by GzmH. GzmH inhibitor can abolish GzmH- and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated HBx degradation and HBV clearance. An HBx-deficient HBV is resistant to GzmH- and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated viral clearance. Adoptive transfer of GzmH-overexpressing NK cells into HBV carrier mice facilitates in vivo HBV eradication. Importantly, low GzmH expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes of individuals is susceptible to HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. These results indicate that GzmH might be detected as a potential parameter for diagnosis of HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Relationship between DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency and Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Masuda Kenta , Banno Kouji , Yanokura Megumi , Kobayashi Yusuke , Kisu Iori , Ueki Arisa , Ono Asuka , Asahara Nana , Nomura Hiroyuki , Hirasawa Akira , Susumu Nobuyuki , Aoki Daisuke
Published: December 2011

Some cases of endometrial cancer are associated with a familial tumor and are referred to as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome). Lynch syndrome is thought to be induced by germline mutation of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene. An aberration in the MMR gene prevents accurate repair of base mismatches produced during DNA replication. This phenomenon can lead to an increased frequency of errors in target genes involved in carcinogenesis, resulting in cancerization of the cell. On the other hand, aberrant DNA methylation is thought to play a key role in sporadic endometrial carcinogenesis. Hypermethylation of unmethylated CpG islands in the promoter regions of cancer-related genes associated with DNA repair leads to the cell becoming cancerous. Thus, both genetic and epigenetic changes are intricately involved in the process through which cells become cancerous. In this review, we introduce the latest findings on the DNA mismatch repair pathway in endometrial cancer.
Ta splanchna: A theopaschitic approach to a hermeneutics of God’s praxis. From zombie categories to passion categories in theory formation for a practical theology of the intestines
Authors: Louw Daniel J.
Published: December 2011

It is argued that both the traditional clerical paradigm of an ecclesial approach and the phenomenological paradigm of an empirical approach are not sufficient enough to describe and maintain a theological methodology in practical theology. This has led to the introduction of a theopaschitic paradigm in theory formation. It is argued that the normative task of practical theology implies a philosophical-hermeneutical dimension, that is, to interpret under girding paradigms as related to meaning and being. It also implies a theological dimension; to reflect theologically on the praxis of God as an influential factor within human actions (inhabitational theology.) With reference to ‘the pneumatological praxis of God’, a practical theology of the intestines is proposed. Bowel categories reveal a divine intentionality (teleology) and describe a modus of God’s praxis, the how of God within the vulnerability and suffering of human beings. This divine ontological mode should operate as a practical theological paradigm determining being qualities (ontic status) within human actions and processes of communication. The under girding theological presupposition is that ta splanchna [strong feeling of mercy and compassion expressed by the intestines] denotes a compassionate praxis of co-suffering (the passio Dei). Passion in practical theology emanates in parrhesia and instills a vivid hope: fides quaerens spem [faith in search of hope].
Benutting van vergifnis binne ’n pastorale Gestaltterapeutiese intervensie
Authors: Denton Rudy A.
Published: December 2011

Utilisation of forgiveness within a pastoral Gestalt therapeutic intervention This article is based on a pastoral base theory within the Gestalt therapeutic perspective to guide abused persons in their utilisation of forgiveness as a source of a recovery experience. The formation of the paradigm is based on a multidisciplinary approach, which takes place on the interface between pastoral counselling and Gestalt therapy without the unique content and character of pastoral care or the Gestalt therapy being lost. It appears that forgiveness, as a source of repair experience, can guide abused persons to psychological and physical health, positive emotions and healthy social interaction. Forgiveness can be defined as the unconditional acceptance of God’s grace through faith, and release (surrender) of an offender to the mercy of God. It does not deny the pain or change the past, but it breaks the cycle of bitterness that abused people associate with the pain of the past. Through the use of forgiveness as a coping mechanism abused people can be guided to handle unfinished business.
A vision for the sending of the Church in Botswana
Authors: Henry Desmond
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article was to present a vision (of a preferred future) for the southern African ecclesia, based on an accurate understanding of what can be termed a missional ecclesiology. This concept was explored using the current context of my ministry, that of the Republic of Botswana, as a primary interlocutor.
Risky Sexual Behavior and Alcohol Use among Young Adults: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Graves Karen L.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

To examine the relationship between alcohol use and sexual activity in a sample of young adults.

Design.

Data were collected as part of a 1990 survey of a multistage area household probability sample.

Setting.

In-home interviews were conducted by experienced interviewers.

Subjects.

In total, 1006 persons from 18 to 30 years of age living in the contiguous United States were contacted.

Measures.

Detailed information was collected on alcohol use and sexual behavior. To minimize the reluctance of respondents to answer queries on sexual behavior, those questions were contained in a self-administered questionnaire.

Results.

At the population level, having had multiple sexual partners in the past year was more likely among men who consumed five or more drinks per sitting. Condom use was less likely among respondents who had consumed five or more drinks on at least one occasion in the past year. In multivariate analyses, the amount of alcohol consumed at the new partner event was not associated with condom use with a new partner. When the effects of other demographic and psychosocial factors were removed, the number of drinks consumed during the heaviest drinking event was a significant predictor of engaging in sex for women but not for men.

Conclusion.

In young adults, alcohol use with sex does not necessarily lead directly to lapses in judgment about safe sexual practices. Alcohol is but one of a number of factors that play an important role in determining the riskiness of a particular sexual encounter.
Behavior Change at the Worksite: Does Social Support Make a Difference?
Authors: Terborg James R. , Hibbard Judith , Glasgow Russell E.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

This study examines whether social support for behavior change at work is associated with changes in employee heart disease risk factors.

Design.

A prospective correlational design was used with data sets collected 12 months apart.

Setting.

Twenty-five small to medium worksites in Oregon.

Subjects.

Participants were 689 men and 421 women volunteers who participated in two health assessments at the worksite on company time.

Measures.

Demographic characteristics, gender, social support, smoking behavior, dietary fat intake, and total blood cholesterol.

Results.

Employees reporting strong social support at work for not smoking and for limiting dietary fat were less likely to smoke (r = -.11, odds ratio [OR] = .86) and to consume fat in their diets (r = −.10) at baseline. Employees who reported the most change in social support over a 12-month period were most likely to have stopped smoking (r = .15, OR = 1.31). Social support at baseline, however, was unrelated to change in smoking, dietary fat, or total blood cholesterol in a prospective design. Although women reported more social support at work than did men, no differential gender effects of social support were reported on heart disease risk status or change in risk status.

Conclusion.

Baseline social support at work did not predict future behavior change. The observed association between social support and lifestyle may be better explained as cognitive rationalization than by the impact of social support on behavior.
A Comparison of Omaha Worksite Health Promotion Activities to the 1992 National Survey with a Special Perspective on Program Intervention
Authors: Eickhoff-Shemek JoAnn M. , Ryan Kay F.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to compare the results from a survey of Omaha worksite health promotion activities with the results of a 1992 national survey. Comparisons were made on: (1) the kinds of health promotion activities offered, (2) progress toward the Healthy People 2000 worksite objectives, (3) types of program intervention offered, and (4) administrative factors.

Design.

A one-time, written, mail-out/mail-back survey design was used.

Setting.

The study took place in Omaha, Nebraska.

Subjects.

All area public and private worksites with 250 or more employees were sent surveys. Individuals who were preselected and identified as the best qualified within the company completed the survey instrument. Of the 176 worksites surveyed, 86 completed the survey (49%).

Measures.

Descriptive statistics (percentages) were used to compare the two surveys on kinds of programs offered, progress toward Healthy People 2000 related to worksite health promotion, the types of program intervention offered, and administrative factors.

Results.

Generally, a greater percentage of respondent worksites from the national survey are offering more health promotion activities and have made more progress toward the Healthy People 2000 worksite objectives than the Omaha worksites. Results from both surveys showed that low levels of intervention are more prevalent than high levels of intervention, and that health promotion activities in most worksites are coordinated by human resources departments and not by someone professionally prepared in health education.

Conclusions.

Traditionally, major goals of worksite health promotion programs have focused on important organizational outcomes such as improved productivity/morale, reduction in absenteeism, and health care cost-containment. It is important to recognize, however, that low levels of intervention have less impact than more intensive programs on these desired outcomes. Future goals for local and national worksite health promotion programs may need to encourage implementation of more intensive intervention programs.
Comparison of Maternal Absenteeism and Infant Illness Rates among Breast-Feeding and Formula-Feeding Women in Two Corporations
Authors: Cohen Rona , Mrtek Marsha B. , Mrtek Robert G.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

A comparison was made between breast-feeding and formula-feeding among employed mothers. Absenteeism directly related to child care was examined.

Design.

This quasi-experimental study followed convenience samples of breast-feeding and formula-feeding mothers until their infants were weaned or reached 1 year of age.

Setting.

Two corporations with established lactation programs were used. One had approximately 100 births annually among 2400 female employees, and the other had approximately 30 births annually among 1200 female employees.

Subjects.

A sample of 101 participants, 59 feeding breast milk and 42 using commercial formula, was composed of employees returning from maternity leave for a medically uncomplicated birth.

Intervention.

The programs provided counseling by a lactation professional for all participants and facilities to collect and store breast milk.

Measures.

Confidential participant diaries provided descriptive data on infant illnesses and related absenteeism that the lactation consultant verified with health care providers and through employer attendance records.

Analysis.

Attribute counts of illnesses and absenteeism were reported as percentages. Single degree of freedom χ2tests were used to compare rates between nutrition groups.

Results.

Approximately 28% of the infants in the study had no illnesses; 86% of these were breast-fed and 14% were formula-fed. When illnesses occurred, 25% of all 1-day maternal absences were among breast-fed babies and 75% were among the formula-fed group.

Conclusions.

In this study fewer and less severe infant illnesses and less maternal absenteeism was found in the breast-feeding group. This was not an experimental study. Participants were self-selected, and a comparison group was used rather than a true control group. Corroboration of these findings from larger experimental studies is needed to generalize beyond these groups.
The Impact of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Government Payments to Physicians in Quebec
Authors: Herron Robert E. , Hillis Stephen L. , Mandarino Joseph V. , Orme-Johnson David W. , Walton Kenneth G.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

This study evaluated whether government medical payments in Quebec were affected by the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique.

Design.

This retrospective study used a pre- and postintervention design in which government payments for physicians' services were reviewed for 3 years before and up to 7 years after subjects started the technique. Payment data were adjusted for aging and year-specific variation (including inflation) using normative data. No separate control group was used; thus it is impossible to determine whether the changes were caused by the TM program or some other factor.

Subjects.

A volunteer group of 677 provincial health insurance enrollees was evaluated. The subjects had chosen to practice the TM technique before they were selected to enter the study. The subjects (348 men, 329 women) had diverse occupations. Their average age was 38 years and ranged from 18 to 71 years at the start of the TM program.

Intervention.

The TM technique of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is a standardized procedure practiced for 15 to 20 minutes twice daily while sitting comfortably with eyes closed.

Setting.

Province of Quebec, Canada.

Results.

During the 3 years before starting the TM program, the adjusted payments to physicians for treating the subjects did not change significantly. After beginning TM practice, subjects' adjusted expenses declined significantly. The several methods used to assess the rate of decline showed estimates ranging from 5% to 7% annually.

Conclusions.

The results suggest that the TM technique reduces government payments to physicians. However, because of the sampling method used, the generalizability of these results to wider populations could not be evaluated.
Ecological Foundations of Health Promotion
Authors: Green Lawrence W. , Richard Lucie , Potvin Louise
Published: December 2011

In this article, human ecology is defined; its historical and intellectual roots are traced through various disciplines to its applications in public health and health promotion today; its strengths and limitations are described; some potential contributions of systems theory are suggested; and some emerging ecological models of health promotion are anticipated.
Toward a Social Ecology of Community Coalitions
Authors: Wandersman Abraham , Valois Robert , Ochs Leslie , de la Cruz David S. , Adkins Erica , Goodman Robert M.
Published: December 2011

This article is guided by several premises. First, community coalitions fit with a social ecology perspective of health promotion because they work with multiple domains and promote community change. Second, the community context affects the functioning of coalitions. Third, key leaders are an important part of the social fabric of a community and influence the social ecology of a community; therefore a coalition should include key leaders and influence them and their organizations. The purpose of this article is to advance an understanding of the social ecology of coalitions by describing concepts, variables and results from two national studies and by providing anecdotal evidence and a measure of key leaders from our own work. After briefly defining and describing community coalitions, we: (1) review literature on contextual variables and community coalitions, (2) provide examples of contextual variables influencing community coalition development, and (3) discuss the relationship of key leaders in multiple domains and community coalitions. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for a framework of contextual variables and a promising next step.
Assessment of the Integration of the Ecological Approach in Health Promotion Programs
Authors: Richard Lucie , Potvin Louise , Kishchuk Natalie , Prlic Helen , Green Lawrence W.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

This article proposes a model of the ecological approach in health promotion programs. Based on system theory, the model identifies intervention settings and targets as two independent dimensions for assessing the integration of this approach in programs. Additional objectives are to present and pretest an analytical procedure that allows the assessment of integration of the ecological approach in programs.

Design.

This was a descriptive study of the integration of the ecological approach in a sample of health promotion programs.

Subjects.

Subjects were 44 health promotion programs drawn from the population of Canadian federally funded programs.

Measures.

Descriptions of programs were obtained by telephone interviews. A coding scheme was applied to the data to identify intervention settings and targets for each program. Using this information, a summative score of the integration of the ecological approach was estimated for each program.

Results.

Singh-setting programs were the dominant pattern in the sample. Individuals whose health was of concern were very frequently the direct targets of the programs. However, organizational and interpersonal environments were also often directly targeted. Single-setting or single-intervention strategy programs outnumbered ecological programs.

Conclusion.

The proposed model and analytical procedure is a useful framework for the assessment of integration of the ecological approach in health promotion programs. The pilot test having been conducted on a convenience sample, future work should replicate the study in a representative sample of programs.
Worksite Fitness and Exercise Programs: A Review of Methodology and Health Impact
Authors: Shephard Roy J.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

To examine the methodology of worksite fitness and exercise programs and to assess their effect on health-related fitness, cardiac risk factors, life satisfaction and well-being, and illness and injury.

Search methods.

The 52 studies reviewed cover English-language literature for the period from 1972 to 1994, as identified by a search of the Cumulative Index Medicus, Medline, the Canadian Sport Documentation Centre's “Sport Discus,” computerized bibliography, and my own files. Reports were divided into five controlled experimental studies, 14 quasi-experimental studies with matched controls (one reported in abstract), and 33 other interventions of varied quality.

Methodologic problems include difficulty in allowing for Hawthorne effects, substantial sample attrition, and poor definition of the intervention (exercise or broad-based health promotion). Findings are analyzed by specific fitness and health outcomes. Program participants show small but favorable changes in body mass, skinfolds, aerobic power, muscle strength and flexibility, overall risk-taking behavior, systemic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Claims of improved mood state are based heavily on uncontrolled studies. Quasi-experimental studies suggest reduced rates of illness and injury among participants, but seasonal and year-to-year differences in health weaken possible conclusions.

Conclusions.

Participation in worksite fitness programs can enhance health-related fitness and reduce risk-taking behavior, but population effect is limited by low participation rates.
The Relationship between Perceived Stress and Self-Reported Illness-Related Absenteeism
Authors: Jacobson Bert H. , Aldana Steven G. , Goetzel Ron Z. , Vardell K. D. , Adams Troy B. , Pietras Rick J.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

To investigate the association between perceived stress and illness-related work absenteeism.

Design.

A standardized health profile questionnaire developed by Johnson & Johnson Advanced Behavioral Technologies, Inc., was used to collect demographic and personal health data between June 1988 and January 1993. Chi-square, odds ratio, and stepwise regression tests were used to analyze perceived stress and self-reported absenteeism data.

Setting.

Worksite health promotion programs in 250 U.S. companies.

Subjects.

Subjects consisted of 79,070 employees.

Measures.

Stress data, grouped as low, moderate, and high, were correlated with absenteeism data grouped by annual days missed (None, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5+).

Results.

Significant relationships were found (p ⩽ .05) between high stress and absenteeism for both genders. Female workers reported higher stress levels and absenteeism than men. Those with high stress were 2.22 more likely to be absent 5+ days per year than those with low stress. Work, finances, and family were the highest stress sources. Greatest absenteeism predictors were health, legal, social, and financial stress.

Conclusions.

These data primarily represented self-selected white workers and may not apply to all employees. However, if high stress relates to absenteeism, these data may provide valuable information for program design in stress management.
The Myth of “Healthism” in Organized Sports: Implications for Health Promotion Sponsorship of Sports and the Arts
Authors: Holman C. D'Arcy J. , Donovan Robert J. , Corti Billie , Jalleh Geoffrey
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The study examines the association of involvement in sports and arts with five health risk factors. The aims were to evaluate the argument that promotion of sports alone will achieve health objectives and to assess the suitability of sports and arts populations as targets for health promotion sponsorship.

Design.

Personal and telephone cross-sectional surveys were performed in Western Australia in 1992 ( N = 2629) and 1994 (N = 2031).

Setting.

Sports and arts venues in Western Australia.

Subjects.

Random samples of household respondents aged 16 to 69 years.

Measures.

Measures of association between risk factors and involvement in sports and the arts were adjusted for sex, age, residence, income, and other types of sports/arts involvement.

Results.

Spectators attending sports events, who were not members of organized sports clubs, were more likely to possess three or more risk factors than nonparticipants (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.20–1.70). They were more likely to report cigarette smoking, unsafe alcohol drinking, and poor sun protection practices. Sports club members had a similar profile of risk factors, except that their prevalence of smoking was reduced and they were much less likely to report inadequate physical exercise. The most elevated risk factor in sports populations was unsafe alcohol drinking (OR = 1.81 in club members, 1.88 in spectators, and 2.25 in spectators who were also members). Arts populations were less likely than average to report elevated risk factors, especially in the case of members of arts organizations who also attended arts events (for three or more risk factors, OR = 0.59; 95% CI .45–.75). However, the majority of arts respondents had at least two risk factors. Levels of inadequate exercise in arts populations were the same as those in sports populations.

Conclusions.

The promotion of sports alone is unlikely to achieve health objectives. Highest priority in the use of health promotion sponsorship funds should be given to the populations attending sports events and involved as members of sports clubs. Investment in arts sponsorship is warranted, but at a lower level than health sponsorship of sports.
The Effects of a Telephone-Based Intervention on Weight Loss
Authors: Hellerstedt Wendy L. , Jeffery Robert W.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

To evaluate minimal-contact and telephone-assisted weight-loss programs for overweight persons.

Design.

Participants were randomized to a minimal-contact group or one of two telephone-assisted weight-loss groups. All participants attended two group-based behavioral weight-loss classes and received written educational materials and diaries. For the subsequent 24 weeks, the minimal-contact group received no contact and the telephone-assisted group members received weekly calls to monitor their weight, food intake, and exercise.

Setting.

Baseline educational sessions and data collection were conducted at a university site.

Subjects.

Sixty-four healthy subjects (4 men) who were from 120% to 150% of ideal weight and were 25 to 55 years of age participated in the study.

Measures.

The major outcome of interest was change in measured weight over a 24-week period Data on calories expended in exercise, dietary intake, and demographics were also gathered at baseline and 24 weeks.

Results.

Weight loss did not differ significantly by treatment. Unexpectedly, the minimal-contact group lost almost twice as much weight as the telephone-assisted groups (12.7 vs 7.9 lb).

Conclusions.

There appears to be an audience for low-contact and telephone-assisted weight-loss programs, and such programs can be delivered easily. However, because the data show only modest weight-loss success, work should continue to identify the optimal content and design of such interventions.
Preliminary Investigation of a Culturally Specific Smoking Cessation Intervention for Hispanic Smokers
Authors: Nevid Jeffrey S. , Javier Rafael A.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to compare a culturally specific, multicomponent behavioral smoking cessation program for Hispanic smokers with a low-intensity, enhanced self-help control condition.

Design.

Participants who completed pretreatment assessment were randomly assigned to treatment conditions. Smoking status was evaluated at posttreatment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up intervals.

Setting.

The study was based in predominantly Hispanic neighborhoods in Queens, New York.

Participants.

Ninety-three Hispanic smokers participated: 48 men and 45 women.

Intervention.

The multicomponent treatment involved a clinic-based group program that incorporated a culturally specific component consisting of videotaped presentations of culturally laden smoking-related vignettes. The self-help control program was enhanced by the use of an introductory group session and follow-up supportive telephone calls.

Measures.

Smoking outcomes were based on cotinine-validated abstinence and self-reported smoking rates. Predictors of abstinence were examined, including sociodemographic variables, smoking history, nicotine dependence, acculturation, partner interactions, reasons for quitting, self-efficacy, and linguistic competence.

Results.

Significant group differences in cotinine-validated abstinence rates in favor of the multicomponent group were obtained, but only at posttreatment. With missing data included and coded for nonabstinence, validated abstinence rates at posttreatment were 21% for the multicomponent group and 6% for the self-help group. At the 6-month follow-up, the rates were 13% for the multicomponent group and 9% for the self-help group. By the 12-month follow-up, the rates declined to 8% and 7% for the multicomponent and self-help groups, respectively. A dose-response relationship between attendance at group sessions and abstinence status was shown at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up intervals.

Conclusions.

The results of the present study failed to show any long-term benefit from use of a clinic-based, culturally specific multicomponent smoking cessation intervention for Hispanic smokers relative to a minimal-contact, enhanced self-help control.
Postpartum Return to Smoking: Who is at Risk and When
Authors: Mullen Patricia Dolan , Ann Richardson Mary , Quinn Virginia P. , Ershoff Daniel H.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

Despite high rates of spontaneous and assisted smoking cessation during pregnancy, postpartum maintenance is disappointingly low. Predictors of return to smoking remain unclear, thus limiting the development of interventions that could protect the health of women and their children. This study followed women who had participated in a prenatal smoking cessation intervention trial and successfully stopped smoking to address two aims: (1) describe the probability of relapse in confirmed quitters during the first 6 months after the birth, and (2) identify factors that increase relapse.

Design.

Prospective design during pregnancy and retrospective report at 6 months postpartum used survival analysis with return to smoking as the dependent variable and the Cox proportional hazards regression technique.

Measures.

Questionnaires were used at the first prenatal visit and telephone interviews at the 26th week of pregnancy and 6 months postpartum. Nonsmoking after the 20th week was measured by urine cotinine tests (m = 3); nonsmoking postpartum was measured by retrospective self-report.

Setting.

The setting was an HMO-based group practice in Los Angeles.

Subjects.

Subjects were white, black, and Hispanic women (n = 127) available for follow-up.

Results.

The proportion of the sample classified as relapsers at 6 months postpartum was 62.9%. The final model identified the following risk factors for smoking: taking puffs in late pregnancy and having friends who smoke at the first prenatal visit, less confidence in mid-pregnancy that they could maintain nonsmoking postpartum, and a partner who smokes postpartum.

Conclusions.

Intervention should begin in late pregnancy, and smoking networks, including partner smoking, should be addressed.
Development of a Health Risk Appraisal for the Elderly (HRA-E)
Authors: Breslow Lester , Beck John C. , Morgenstern Hal , Fielding Jonathan E. , Moore Alison A. , Carmel Martha , Higa Jerilyn
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this project is to develop a health risk appraisal for the elderly (HRA-E) and test its application in both medical and nonmedical settings. The HRA-E system consists of a questionnaire and software for computer-generation of personalized reports to participants, 55 years and older, and their physicians. Items in the questionnaire cover a comprehensive range of content domains relevant to health promotion in the elderly. The goal of the HRA-E system is to prevent functional decline.

Samples of eligible subjects from the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), a group practice, and a senior center were extended invitations to participate. Those responding affirmatively to the invitation were given a questionnaire and evaluation form. Each person who returned the questionnaire received his or her personal report and a second evaluation form. Four months after receiving their reports, respondents were questioned about behavior changes during the interim.

Preliminary findings, based on 1895 respondents, indicate that nearly all participants found the questionnaire easy to complete and were pleased with its overall length. In addition, most participants read their reports, and many planned to take action, based on report recommendations.

In the next phase of this project, the intent is to refine the questionnaire, extend the intervention protocols for longitudinal application, and evaluate its impact on health-related behaviors, medical care utilization, and functional decline.
3-D transponder antennas for future SHF RFID applications
Authors: Zichner R. , Baumann R. R.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is omnipresent since a few years. Some of the most popular fields of application are the use for security tasks, for logistics and for the consumer segment. For example, chip card or key ring sized RFID transponders can allow wireless access to secured rooms. The number of applications for wireless data transmission for the identification and tracking of objects increases every year. There is a large development need for highly functional and inexpensive RFID transponders due to the ever-increasing demand on improved reliability, higher data rates and read and write ranges of the RFID systems. Therefore, research was performed on new 3-D transponder antennas for the Super High Frequency Band around 5.8 GHz. Additionally, wave propagation effects and the influence of different dielectric environments were considered. Parallel to the design of the novel antenna structures, the printing process for inexpensive manufacturing was investigated. The gained results are the basis for prospective RFID applications.
REMOVING EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BY CALCIUM CHLORIDE FROM CHICKEN EGGSHELLS
Authors: Tangboriboon Nuchnapa , Phudkrachang Prapapan , Kunanuruksapong Ruksapong , Sirivat Anuvat
Published: December 2011

Controlling the level of the extractable protein contents in a natural rubber latex is important to the sensitization of natural rubber latex products users. Allergies caused by latex products cause a serious problem in which the sweat removes proteins and allowing a skin contact causing allergic reactions. Calcium oxide from calcined chicken eggshells at 900 °C for 1 h was dissolved in 2M HCl (CaCl2) and used as the thickening agent in which it can modify the protein structure. The eggshells were characterized by the particle size analysis, the impedance analysis, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Calcium chloride (CaCl2) interacts with the protein molecules and the solvent ions through the hydrogen bonding and the electrostatic interactions driving the extractable protein toward the film surface. Sodium dodecyl sulphate was used as the stabilizer in the natural rubber latex film formation. The extractable protein contents were measured and determined by the modified Lowry method. The concentrated latex samples were further characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscope, and XRD and the results were reported here. Moreover, near infrared was used to measure the extractable protein spectra of the concentrated latex compounds in the region of 1100–2500 nm.
EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER-POLYANILINE DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE BLENDS: EFFECT OF STRAIN
Authors: Yong K. C.
Published: December 2011

Colorable, sulfur-vulcanized epoxidized natural rubber-polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate (ENR-PAni.DBSA) blends with good electrical conductivities (up to 10−1 S·cm−1) and good mechanical properties (including high damping) were successfully prepared. An effect of conductive filler particle's surface area and shape was studied for the vulcanized blends by testing them through 900 cycles of straining. The elongated shape of PAni.DBSA particles (as observed by using transmission electron microscope) did contribute to the very low percolation threshold for unstrained samples (about 3.0 wt. % of PAni.DBSA loading) and the reproducible electrical behavior (≥95% retention of original unstrained value) for samples under straining cycles. With the ideal mechanical properties and reproducible electrical behavior, these vulcanized blends do have good potential to be used as flexible smart materials that can correspond to the straining process.
Results of Combined Cyclectomy/Trabeculectomy Procedure Compared with Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implant in Neovascular Glaucoma Cases
Authors: Engin Kaya N. , Yılmazlı Cemil , Engin Günay , Bilgiç Levent
Published: December 2011

Purpose. Cyclectomy/trabeculectomy and Ahmed glaucoma valve implant are operations suggested for refractory glaucomas. In this study, we have evaluated the outcomes that we observed with these two techniques in neovascular glaucoma patients.Material and Methods. Thirty-five eyes with neovascular glaucomas were included in this study. Ahmed Glaucoma valve (group A) was applied to ten eyes, while cyclectomy/trabeculectomy was applied to 25 eyes (group C/T). Vision, intraocular pressure and complications were evaluated at the end of the first week and after 6 and 12 months.Results. Vision preservations were 80% and 92%, and success rates in reducing intraocular pressure were 50% and 72% for Ahmed glaucoma valve and cyclectomy/trabeculectomy groups, respectively. None of the differences in complication rates was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions. In the surgical management of neovascular glaucoma, cyclectomy/trabeculectomy was shown to be an alternative to Ahmed glaucoma valve operation.
Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in a microchemical system: The role of SO3 and product inhibition
Authors: Zhang J. S. , Wang K. , Lu Y. C. , Luo G. S.
Published: December 2011

The mechanism of Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in oleum is investigated with a multiphase microchemical system, which is designed to give good control of the reaction temperature and residence time. The influences of SO3 and caprolactam concentrations in oleum on the conversion are investigated. The results indicate that SO3 acts as the catalyst and caprolactam plays a product inhibition role. Based on these results and previous mechanism analysis, an equilibrium relation between protonated caprolactam and caprolactam hydrogen sulfate is proposed and the equilibrium constants at 70, 80, and 90°C are gained. According to the equilibrium, the lowest acid/oxime molar‐ratio of 0.5 for sufficient conversion (>99%) at 100°C has been provided. This quantitative mechanism analysis gives the reason for the negative influences of higher caprolactam concentration and lower temperature on the reaction conversion, which is very useful for the optimization and reliable design of Beckmann rearrangement processes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3156–3160, 2012
Ludwig Plate: Haeckel‐Nachfolger mit vielen Facetten
Authors: Hoßfeld Uwe , Levit Georgy S.
Published: December 2011

Ludwig Plate galt im ersten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts als einer der bedeutendsten Deszendenztheoretiker und Genetiker Deutschlands. Allerdings erwarb er sich auch durch seine nationalistischen, antisemitischen und frauenfeindlichen Ansichten einen zweifelhaften Ruhm.
Reactivity and Mechanistic Insight into Visible‐Light‐Induced Aerobic Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction by Organophotocatalysts
Authors: Liu Qiang , Li Ya‐Nan , Zhang Hui‐Hui , Chen Bin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: December 2011

With visible‐light irradiation, a mild, simple, and efficient metal‐free photocatalytic system for the facile construction of sp3–sp3 CC bonds between tertiary amines and activated CH bonds has been achieved. Spectroscopic study and product analysis demonstrate for the first time that photoinduced electron transfer from N‐aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines to eosin Y bis(tetrabutylammonium salt) (TBA‐eosin Y) takes place to generate TBA‐eosin Y radical anion, which can subsequently react with nucleophiles and molecular oxygen. More strikingly, electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements provide direct evidence for the formation of superoxide radical anions (O2−.) rather than singlet oxygen (1O2) during visible‐light irradiation. This active species is therefore believed to be responsible for the large rate of acceleration of the aerobic photocatalytic reactions.
High‐Nitrogen‐Based Pyrotechnics: Longer‐ and Brighter‐Burning, Perchlorate‐Free, Red‐Light Illuminants for Military and Civilian Applications
Authors: Sabatini Jesse J. , Nagori Amita V. , Chen Gary , Chu Phillip , Damavarapu Reddy , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: December 2011

The full‐up prototype testing of perchlorate‐free, hand‐held, signal illuminants for the US Army’s M126A1 red star parachute hand‐held signal is described. Compared to the perchlorate‐containing control, the disclosed illuminants yielded excellent stabilities toward various ignition stimuli while offering superior pyrotechnic performance. Militarily, the illuminants provided further evidence that development of smaller hand‐held signal items in an environmentally conscious way is a realistic and obtainable goal. The results are also important from the perspective of civilian fireworks, as the development of brighter, longer‐burning, and environmentally compatible red‐light‐emitting pyrotechnics is now possible.
Structure of the B4 Liquid Crystal Phase near a Glass Surface
Authors: Chen Dong , Heberling Michael‐Scott , Nakata Michi , Hough Loren E. , Maclennan Joseph E. , Glaser Matthew A. , Korblova Eva , Walba David M. , Watanabe Junji , Clark Noel A.
Published: December 2011

The B4 liquid crystal phase of bent‐core molecules, a smectic phase of helical nanofilaments, is one of the most complex hierarchical self‐assemblies in soft materials. We describe the layer topology of the B4 phase of mesogens in the P‐n‐OPIMB homologous series near the liquid crystal/glass interface. Freeze‐fracture transmission electron microscopy reveals that the twisted layer structure of the bulk is suppressed, the layers instead forming a structure with periodic layer undulations, with the topography depending on the distance from the glass. The surface layer structure is modeled as parabolic focal conic arrays generated by equidistant parabolas whose foci are defect lines along the glass surface. Nucleation and growth of toric focal conics near the glass substrate is also observed. Although the growth of twisted nanofilaments, the usual manifestation of structural chirality in the B4 phase, is suppressed near the surface, the smectic layers are intrinsically chiral, and the helical filaments that form on top of them grow with specific handedness.
Linking Single‐Molecule Blinking to Chromophore Structure and Redox Potentials
Authors: Stein Ingo H. , Capone Stella , Smit Jochem H. , Baumann Fabian , Cordes Thorben , Tinnefeld Philip
Published: December 2011

Intensity fluctuations between an ON‐state and an OFF‐state, also called blinking, are common to all luminescent objects when studied at the level of individuals. We studied blinking of three dyes from a homologous series (Cy3, Cy5, Cy7). The underlying radical anion states were induced by removing oxidants (i.e. oxygen) and by adding the reductant ascorbic acid. We find that for different conditions with distinct levels of oxidants in solution the OFF‐state lifetime always increases in the order Cy3<Cy5<Cy7. Longer OFF‐times are related to higher reduction potentials of the fluorophores, which increase with the size of the chromophore. Interestingly, we find reaction rates of the radical anion that are unexpectedly low at the assumed oxygen concentration. On the other hand, reaction rates meet the expectations of similar Rehm–Weller plots when methylviologen is used as oxidant, confirming the model of photoinduced reduction and oxidation reactions. The relation of OFF‐state lifetimes to redox potentials might enable predictions about the nature of dark states, depending on the fluorophores’ nano‐environment in super‐resolution microscopy.
Erdbebensicherheit von Mauerwerksbauten – neueste Erkenntnisse, Anwendungsbeispiel Österreich
Authors: Pech Anton
Published: December 2011

Mit der Neufassung der ÖNORM B 1998‐1:2011, einer Überarbeitung der ÖNORM B 1996‐3:2009 sowie vorliegender internationaler (ESECMaSE) und nationaler (ÖIBI‐Bestandsmauerwerk) Forschungsergebnisse können die vertikalen und horizontalen Einwirkungen und Widerstände von Mauerwerksbauten nunmehr neu bewertet werden und stellen sich bei einer genaueren Berechnung nicht so schlecht dar, wie sie bei einer vereinfachten Betrachtung erscheinen.

Earthquake safety of masonry structures. With the revised version of Austrian Standard ÖNORM B 1998‐1:2011, a revision of the ÖNORM B1996‐3: 2009 as well as available international (ESECMaSE) and national (ÖIBI Bestandsmauerwerk) research results the vertical and horizontal actions and resistances of masonry structures can be evaluated. After more detailed calculation these do not present themselves as bad as they appear in a simplified view.
New Octahedral, Head–Tail Iron(II) Complexes with Spin Crossover Properties
Authors: Schlamp Stephan , Thoma Peter , Weber Birgit
Published: December 2011

The synthesis and characterisation of four new Schiff base‐like ligands with long alkyl chains in the outer periphery and their iron(II) complexes with methanol and pyridine as axial ligands is reported. Two of the methanol complexes crystallise in a lipid layer‐like arrangement with the alkyl chain (tail) packed in the middle and the iron centres (head) in the outer sites. The pyridine complexes show varying types of spin transition (step wise, incomplete, with hysteresis), which depends on the alkyl chain length and substituents in the outer periphery of the ligand. Investigations in solution using 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrate that the differences in the spin transition behaviour are due to packing effects as the same transition curve is obtained independently of the alkyl chain length.