bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Double Slit Experiments: Right-hand Rule and Left-hand Rule ---Interference Patterns Curved, Expanded and Inclined Simultaneously
Authors: Peng Hui
Published: July 2021

Young’s double slit experiments express the mystery of quantum mechanics. To explore the mystery, varieties of the double slit experiments were performed. In this article, we show the novel double slit experiments in which the following three phenomena emerged simultaneously: see abstract figure in the downloadable PDF.(1) the interference patterns incline towards the axis that perpendicular to the axis the diaphragm rotating around; (2) the interference patterns curved; (3) the distances between the fringes of the interference patterns expanded. To determine the direction the pattern curved towards, we propose the right-hand rule for the clockwise rotating diaphragm and the left-hand rule for the counterclockwise rotating diaphragms. Those experiments show more mysteries of the double slit and provide comprehensive data for developing/testing a theoretical model.
Çeşitli Kuraklık İndisleri ile Batman İlinin Kuraklık Analizi ve Kontur Haritalarının Çıkarılması
Authors: BATAN Murat
Published: July 2021

Küresel iklim değişikliği ile kuraklık ve taşkın gibi doğal afetlerde artış gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle literatürde kuraklık, taşkın gibi doğal afetler üzerine birçok çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada genel olarak iklim yönünden kurak bir bölge olan Türkiye’nin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yer alan Batman ilinde çeşitli kuraklık indisleri ile kuraklık analizi yapılmıştır. Sadece yağış verilerini dikkate alan Normalin Yüzdesi İndisi (NYİ), Modifiye Fournier İndisi (MFİ) ve Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndisi (SYİ) ile; yağış ve sıcaklık verilerini birlikte dikkate alan De Martonne-Gotmann İndisi (DMGİ) ve Bagnauls-Gaussen İndisine (BGİ) göre analizler yapılmıştır. Bu analizlerde Batman iline ait 1988-2018 yılları arası Meteoroloji Bölge Müdürlüğünden temin edilen 31 yıllık sıcaklık ve yağış verileri kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, beş yöntemin sonuçlarının birebir uyuşmadığı görülmüştür. NYİ indisine göre; 23 yılın normal, 1 yılın hafif kurak, 5 yılın orta kurak ve 2 yılın şiddetli kurak olduğu, MFİ indisine göre; 4 yılın çok az yağışlı, 18 yılın az yağışlı, 8 yılın orta yağışlı ve 1 yılın yüksek yağışlı olduğu, SYİ indisine göre; 1 yıl aşırı yağışlı, 1 yıl çok yağışlı, 4 yıl orta yağışlı, 11 yıl hafif yağışlı, 8 yıl hafif kurak, 3 yıl orta kurak, 3 yıl çok kurak olduğu, DMGİ indisine göre; 10 yılın yarı kurak-nemli arası, 21 yılın yarı kurak olduğu ve BGİ indisine göre ise tüm yılların çok kurak olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Makalede Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndisi (SYİ) ile yıllık analizlerin yanında mevsimlik analizler de yapılmıştır. Bazı yöntemlerin analiz sonuçlarının SURFER haritalama programıyla kontur haritaları da çıkarılıp görselleştirilmiştir.
Inclusions in calcite phantom crystals suggest role of clay minerals in dolomite formation
Authors: Farsang Stefan , Pekker Péter , Lampronti Giulio I. , Molnár Zsombor , Milovský Rastislav , Pósfai Mihály , Ozdín Daniel , Raub Timothy D. , Redfern Simon A.T.
Published: July 2021

Micro- and nano-inclusions embedded in calcite phantom crystals from Gemerská Ves, Slovak Republic, have been characterized by a combination of Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and C and O isotope analysis. Whereas the outer, colorless part of the phantom crystal is relatively homogeneous and cavity and inclusion-free, the inner terracotta-colored part contains abundant cavities, dolomite, hematite, goethite, titanite, phyllosilicates (mainly kaolinite and illite), and apatite inclusions and nanostructures that have formed on the walls of cavities. The nanostructures comprise hematite and goethite particles sandwiched between either two phyllosilicate crystals or a phyllosilicate and a carbonate (calcite or dolomite) crystal. Our observations suggest that all inclusions in the terracotta calcite originate from the terra rossa (a common soil type in karstic areas) and limestone outcropping adjacent to the calcite crystals. While the micrometer-sized phyllosilicate and hematite particles were likely transported from the terra rossa and attached to the surface of growing calcite, the presence of phyllosilicates that are only a few atomic layers thick and of euhedral hematite, goethite, and dolomite crystals suggests that these particles precipitated along with the phantom calcite in situ, from an aqueous solution carrying terra rossa-derived and limestone-derived solutes. The compositional differences between the terra rossa (e.g., smectite as the only major Mg-rich phase) and terracotta calcite inclusions (e.g., dolomite as the only major Mg-rich phase and the presence of only Mg-free clays) hint that a smectite-illite conversion provides the Mg necessary for the precipitation of dolomite and possibly the Fe associated with the iron oxyhydroxide nanostructures. Phyllosilicate nucleation on calcite and dolomite nucleation on phyllosilicates, as inferred from nanoscale mineralogical associations, suggest that carbonates and phyllosilicates may mutually enhance nucleation and growth. This enhancement may result in the formation of large-scale clay-carbonate successions in aqueous settings, including the enigmatic, pink-colored cap dolostones succeeding late Neoproterozoic “Snowball Earth” deposits. The distribution of inclusions in the terracotta calcite and the preferred nucleation of hematite and goethite on phyllosilicate, rather than on carbonate surfaces, indicates that phyllosilicates have a potential to not only disrupt crystal growth and trigger the formation of cavities in the structure of the calcite host, but also to provide surfaces for the precipitation of different phases in the cavities and to uniformly distribute otherwise incompatible materials in a calcite host crystal. This calls for further exploration of the potential application of phyllosilicates in composite structure development.
Vaterite in a decrepitated diamond-bearing inclusion in zircon from a stromatic migmatite in the Chinese Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt
Authors: Fei Chenhui , Liu Jingbo
Published: July 2021

Vaterite was identified in a decrepitated carbonaceous material (CM) bearing inclusion in zircon from a stromatic migmatite in the Chinese Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane. It is associated with nanometer to micrometer anhedral diamonds, aragonite, calcite, amorphous C-Si-O, and amorphous Zr-Si-O materials. The inclusion developed offshoots and abundant indigenous holes. The C-Si-O material is carbon-rich and porous and shows diagnostic Raman bands of highly disordered CM, whereas the Zr-Si-O material is spherulitic or banded with little or no carbon. The observations from focused ion beam–scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) verify that both diamond and highly disordered CM are of indigenous origin. The formation pathway of vaterite means that an amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) phase occurred as the precursor of vaterite. The highly disordered CM contains the subsidiary bands at 1150 and 1250 cm−1 on the low-frequency side of the D1 band, suggesting that there exist aliphatic hydrocarbon chains. Thus, the highly disordered CM was derived from carbonization of some kind of organic species in the fluid inclusion. Decrepitation of inclusion resulted in an extremely high supersaturation state of the fluid that induced the precipitation of amorphous materials and released residual fluid out of the inclusion, which became dry and preserved vaterite and amorphous materials.
Crystal structure determination of orthorhombic variscite2Oand its derivative AlPO4 structure at high temperature
Authors: Ardit Matteo , Phillips Brian L. , Bish David L.
Published: July 2021

Variscite [Al(PO4)·2H2O] is an uncommon secondary phosphate mineral but is important in a variety of environmental and technological applications. It exists in at least one monoclinic (metavariscite) and two orthorhombic polymorphs (“Lucin-type” and “Messbach-type”), but the fine-grained nature of the “Messbach-type” variscite has hampered the determination of its crystal structure. The crystal structure of the latter from Tooele County, Utah, was solved and refined using laboratory powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, charge-flipping, and the Rietveld method. Both variscite modifications belong to the family of framework 3D MT structures in which octahedra (M) and tetrahedra (T) are linked by bridging O atoms. Topological analysis reveals that the two structures are polytypes. Based on our results and our structural interpretations, we refer to “Lucin-type” variscite as variscite1O and the “Messbach-type” as variscite2O, to be consistent with modern polytype terminology. The similarity of these two structures suggests that 1O-2O interstratifications may exist in nature, which is consistent with observed broadening of diffraction peaks of the Tooele material. 31P and 27Al MAS/NMR measurements are consistent with the XRD-determined crystal structure, and they show distinct signals for each of the two independent P and Al positions in variscite2O.

High-temperature XRD, thermal analyses, and NMR measurements were applied to study the nature of the transformation of variscite2O to a derivative AlPO4 structure above 473 K. Charge-flipping analysis showed that the crystal structure of the new anhydrous AlPO4 phase (AlPO4-var2O in analogy to its parent structure) can be described as a 3D framework of alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra linked by bridging O atoms. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed almost complete dehydration above ~450 K, and NMR results were consistent with tetrahedral Al and P atoms.
Autogestión: una interpretación analítica conductual
Authors: Ferreira da Costa Edneli Natalia , Kienen Nádia
Published: July 2021

La autogestión es un fenómeno que, aunque está presente en varias dimensiones de la vida humana, aún carece de una definición precisa. Es posible identificar diferentes conceptos y usos del término en diferentes áreas del conocimiento. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo sistematizar el concepto de autogestión basado en la literatura científica de diferentes áreas del conocimiento y, a partir de eso, proponer una definición analítica conductual del fenómeno. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en seis bases de datos, se seleccionaron 31 artículos de diferentes áreas que contenían información sobre la definición del concepto y los comportamientos relacionados con la autogestión. Se excluyeron los textos referentes a la autogestión a nivel colectivo, de equipo o de grupo social. A partir de los artículos analizados se identificaron nueve categorías de definiciones de conceptos y 26 categorías de comportamientos. La autogestión es un fenómeno complejo que involucra una serie de comportamientos como el autocontrol, el autoconocimiento, el refuerzo personal y el establecimiento de objetivos. Se caracteriza por ser un proceso conductual en el que el individuo manipula las variables, de las cuales su comportamiento es una función, para aumentar la probabilidad de lograr el comportamiento deseado y obtener un refuerzo posterior. La sistematización del concepto permite una mejor comprensión del fenómeno para futuras investigaciones sobre autogestión.
A novel framework for prediction of dam deformation based on extreme learning machine and Lévy flight bat algorithm
Authors: Chen Youliang , Zhang Xiangjun , Karimian Hamed , Xiao Gang , Huang Jinsong
Published: July 2021

Dam deformation monitoring and prediction are crucial for evaluating the safety of reservoirs. There are several elements that influence dam deformation. However, the mixed effects of these elements are not always linear. Oppose to a single-kernel extreme learning machine, which suffers from poor generalization performance and instability, in this study, we proposed an improved bat algorithm for dam deformation prediction based on a hybrid-kernel extreme learning machine. To improve the learning ability of the global kernel and the generalization ability of the local kernel, we combined the global kernel function (polynomial kernel function) and local kernel function (Gaussian kernel function). Moreover, a Lévy flight bat optimization algorithm (LBA) was proposed to overcome the shortages of bat algorithms. The results showed that our model outperformed other models. This proves that our proposed algorithm and methods can be used in dam deformation monitoring and prediction in different projects and regions.
Identification and characteristics analysis of Meiyu in Anhui Province based on the National Standard of Meiyu monitoring indices
Authors: Zhou Yuliang , Zuo Yilin , Zhang Yuliang , Jin Juliang , Zhou Ping , Wu Chengguo , Cui Yi , Ning Shaowei
Published: July 2021

Meiyu is the term used to depict the consecutive rainy weather advancing in the months before the flooding season in East Asia. However, the temporal-spatial climatic characteristics of Meiyu can be differently specified by different evaluation criteria. In this study, we employ both the atmospheric circulation conditions and meteorological factors to identify the spatial characteristics of precipitation of Meiyu in Anhui Province using the collected data of 1957–2020. We further conduct a comparison analysis of the precipitation characteristics in the northern Huaihe River of Aihui province (NHA) with Meiyu rainfall features in two other regions: south of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province (SYA) and the region between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River in Anhui Province (YHA). Finally, the relation between the intensity index between Meiyu and flood or drought is investigated. The results showed that the climatic feature in NHA is a transitional region between Meiyu and non-Meiyu. Also, we proposed a Meiyu intensity index determined by the precipitation amount, intensity, and days of heavy rain. This index performs better than the Meiyu intensity index of National Standard in terms of flood and drought identification.
Tracking antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from wastewater and agricultural fields
Authors: Shamsizadeh Zahra , Ehrampoush Mohammad Hassan , Nikaeen Mahnaz , Mokhtari Mehdi , Rahimi Mahsa , Khanahmad Hossein , Mohammadi Farzaneh
Published: July 2021

Considering high concentrations of multidrug-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater, agricultural reuse of treated wastewater may be a public health threat due to ARG dissemination in different environmental compartments, including soil and edible parts of crops. We investigated the presence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli as an indicator bacterium from secondary treated wastewater (STWW), water- or wastewater-irrigated soil and crop samples. ARGs including blaCTX-m-32, blaOXA-23, tet-W, sul1, cml-A, erm-B, along with intI1 gene in E. coli isolates were detected via molecular methods. The most prevalent ARGs in 78 E. coli isolates were sul1 (42%), followed by blaCTX-m-32 (19%), and erm-B (17%). IntI1 as a class 1 integrons gene was detected in 46% of the isolates. Cml-A was detected in STWW isolates but no E. coli isolate from wastewater-irrigated soil and crop samples contained this gene. The results also showed no detection of E. coli in water-irrigated soil and crop samples. Statistical analysis showed a correlation between sul1 and cml-A with intI1. The results suggest that agricultural reuse of wastewater may contribute to the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to soil and crop. Further research is needed to determine the potential risk of ARB associated with the consumption of wastewater-irrigated crops.
Analysis of potential of Napier grass, Vetiver and Equisetum plants for the treatment of domestic greywater using box-type constructed wetlands
Authors: MR Sijimol , ML Mansa , Joseph Sabu
Published: July 2021

The management of wastewater generated as a byproduct of various human activities from agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors is a matter of global concern today. Greywater is a class of wastewater generated from the domestic sector. Greywater management can be done effectively by treating greywater at the source itself. In this context, constructed wetlands (CWs) come handy with low-tech, environmental, and economic-friendly options. In the present study, box-type horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands were designed and the efficiency of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), and Equisetum (Equisetum hyemale) were assessed in treating domestic greywater. There was a drastic significant increase in DO with 47.0% in Vetiver, 92.5% in Napier grass, and 97.2% in Equisetum. The average percent pollutant removal of some major parameters was 92.4% for turbidity, 92.7% for acidity, 81.3% for BOD, 91.0% for COD with Napier grass. In the case of Vetiver, the removal percent was 82.5% turbidity, 87.9% acidity, 81.8% BOD, and 92.9% COD. For Equisetum, the average pollutant removal efficiency varied with 94.6% turbidity, 91.4% acidity, 80.0% BOD, and 88.1%COD. The study thus proves the efficiency of all the three plants to be used in box-type constructed wetlands.
Health for all through digital collaboration
Authors: Annette Lucy
Published: July 2021

2020 was an eventful year, with the Brexit vote and the COVID-19 pandemic. With health professionals focused on the pandemic, treatments for other conditions have fallen from the priority list and many of the effects of the pandemic could be everlasting. The European Commission's Health
and Food Safety Commissioner, Stella Kyriakides delivered a keynote speech to the World Health Summit 2020 in which she discussed how best to achieve health for all through digital collaboration. She acknowledged that the impact of the virus has further highlighted the importance of digital
solutions and outlined the focus of her intervention which expanded across three key areas: 'how digital solutions enable better health outcomes; what the EU is doing; and what we can do to build global collaboration in this area'. She said that digital solutions are key to making effective
use of data as they 'allow better use of health data in research and innovation, enabling stronger and more resilient health and social care systems'. Kyriakides also acknowledged the challenges that digital tools present in the form of privacy and personal data concerns. There are plans to
create a common European Health Data Space (EHDS) to 'foster collaboration and to harness data for better healthcare, better research, and better evidence-based policy making for the benefit of patients'. Kyriakides said that digital tools have the potential to benefit countries across the
globe and that the 'strategic and innovative use of digital health tools can make an important contribution to essential international objectives'.
Pengaruh Tunjangan Sertifikasi dan Komitmen pada Tugas terhadap Prestasi Kerja Guru
Authors: Anggraini Evi , Harapan Edi , Tahrun Tahrun
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji  1) Ada atau tidak pengaruh tunjangan sertifikasi terhadap prestasi kerja guru di SMA Negeri Tanjung Raja, 2) Ada atau tidak pengaruh komitmen pada tugas terhadap prestasi kerja guru Di SMA Negeri Tanjung Raja, 3) Ada atau tidak pengaruh tunjangan sertifikasi dan komitmen pada tugas terhadap Prestasi Kerja Di SMA Negeri Tanjung Raja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan angket, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 16 for windows. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa 1) Terdapat pengaruh tunjangan sertifikasi (X1) terhadap prestasi kerja (Y),  2) Terdapat pengaruh komitmen pada tugas (X2) terhadap prestasi kerja guru (Y),  dan 3) Ada pengaruh sertifikasi (X1), dan komitmen pada tugas (X2) terhadap prestasi kerja guru (Y) di SMA Negeri Tanjung Raja. Implikasi dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) Sertifikasi guru merupakan sebuah program di mana guru akan dimonitoring dan diuji secara berkala dengan menggunakan alat uji yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah. Sertifikasi guru akan menciptakan mampu sumber daya pengajar yang semakin baik. 2) Komitmen pada tugas yang dimiliki oleh setiap guru sangat penting karena dengan suatu komitmen seorang guru dapat menjadi lebih bertanggung jawab terhadap pekerjaannya. Guru yang memiliki suatu komitmen, akan bekerja secara optimal sehingga dapat mencurahkan perhatian, pikiran, tenaga dan waktunya untuk pekerjaannya, sehingga apa yang sudah dikerjakannya sesuai dengan yang diharapkan oleh sekolah. 3) Prestasi kerja guru merupakan kontribusi yang diberikan oleh seorang guru terhadap tugas dan fungsinya di melalui totalitas kemampuan yang dimilikinya untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan nasional.
Kinerja Wakil Kepala Sekolah Menengah Pertama dilihat dari Tugas Pokok dan Fungsinya
Authors: Paudi Sulistia , Haris Ikhfan , Suking Arifin
Published: July 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu  mengetahui kinerja wakil kepala sekolah (wakasek) bidang kurikulum, kesiswaan, sarana prasarana, dan hubungan masyarakat (humas) di Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) Negeri se-Kecamatan Suwawa Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Kinerja tersebut dilihat dari keterlaksanaan tugas pokok dan fungsi jabatan wakasek. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui angket, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja: (1) wakasek bidang kurikulum berada pada kategori “baik”, (2) wakasek bidang kesiswaan berada pada kategori “sangat baik”, (3) wakasek bidang sarana dan prasarana berada pada kategori “sangat baik”, dan (4) wakasek bidang humas berada pada kategori “baik”. Hasil penelitian menyarankan kepada kepala sekolah untuk (1) melakukan pemantauan kepada setiap wakasek dalam mengerjakan tugas pokok dan wewenang mereka, (2) mengevaluasi setiap program yang dilaksanakan oleh masing-masing wakasek, (3) meningkatkan keefektifan komunikasi dengan wakasek  (4) dan melaksanakan pemotivasian.
Pengaruh Pemberian Penghargaan terhadap Kinerja Guru Honorer Sekolah Menengah Atas di Kota Sekayu, Musi Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan
Authors: Kurniawan Iwan , Harapan Edi , Rohana Rohana
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh pemberian penghargaan terhadapkinerja guru honorer pada sekolah menengah atas (SMA). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian yaitu seluruh guru honorer di delapan SMA di Kota Sekayu yang berjumlah 146 orang. 59 orang dari total populasi dipilih sebagai sampel menggunakan teknik simple random sampling dengan rumus Taro Yaname dan Slovin. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja guru honorer dipengaruhi oleh penghargaan yang diterimanya. Pemberian penghargaan kepada guru honorer berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerjanya, yaitu: (1) peningkatan tanggung jawab dalam mengerjakan tugas, (2) kesediaan bekerja melampaui standar kerja yang telah ditentukan, (3) semangat dan usaha yang tinggi untuk menyelesaikan tugasnya dengan baik, dan (4) kemauan dan kemampuan melaksanakan tugas-tugas administratif dan pengajaran.
Pelaksanaan Supervisi Akademik oleh Kepala Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri di Klaten Jawa Tengah
Authors: Isbianti Pandit , Andriani Dwi Esti
Published: July 2021

Supervisi akademik merupakan salah satu tugas dan tanggung jawab utama kepala sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan supervisi kepala sekolah menengah pertama negeri (SMPN) menurut persepsi guru. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Jatinom, Klaten, Jawa Tengah dengan menyebarkan angket ke 109 orang guru di tiga sekolah yang dipilih. Angket penelitian yang digunakan telah divalidasi menggunakan teknik expert judgement. Data dari angket diolah secara kuantitatif dengan teknik persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepala SMPN yang diteliti telah melaksanakan tugas-tugas supervisi akademik. Dari keseluruhan tugas, tugas memotivasi guru untuk memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dalam pembelajaran di setiap mata pelajaran merupakan tugas yang paling tinggi keterlaksanaannya. Sebaliknya, tugas yang paling rendah keterlaksanaannya adalah membimbing guru menyusun silabus tiap mata pelajaran sesuai dengan kurikulum yang berlaku. Dengan demikian, pelaksanaan supervisi akademik kepala sekolah di beberapa area masih perlu ditingkatkan.
Digital Health Training Programs for Medical Students: Scoping Review
Authors: Tudor Car Lorainne , Kyaw Bhone Myint , Nannan Panday Rishi S , van der Kleij Rianne , Chavannes Niels , Majeed Azeem , Car Josip
Published: July 2021

Background

Medical schools worldwide are accelerating the introduction of digital health courses into their curricula. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to this swift and widespread transition to digital health and education. However, the need for digital health competencies goes beyond the COVID-19 pandemic because they are becoming essential for the delivery of effective, efficient, and safe care.

Objective

This review aims to collate and analyze studies evaluating digital health education for medical students to inform the development of future courses and identify areas where curricula may need to be strengthened.

Methods

We carried out a scoping review by following the guidance of the Joanna Briggs Institute, and the results were reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. We searched 6 major bibliographic databases and gray literature sources for articles published between January 2000 and November 2019. Two authors independently screened the retrieved citations and extracted the data from the included studies. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus discussions between the authors. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis and presented narratively.

Results

A total of 34 studies focusing on different digital courses were included in this review. Most of the studies (22/34, 65%) were published between 2010 and 2019 and originated in the United States (20/34, 59%). The reported digital health courses were mostly elective (20/34, 59%), were integrated into the existing curriculum (24/34, 71%), and focused mainly on medical informatics (17/34, 50%). Most of the courses targeted medical students from the first to third year (17/34, 50%), and the duration of the courses ranged from 1 hour to 3 academic years. Most of the studies (22/34, 65%) reported the use of blended education. A few of the studies (6/34, 18%) delivered courses entirely digitally by using online modules, offline learning, massive open online courses, and virtual patient simulations. The reported courses used various assessment approaches such as paper-based assessments, in-person observations, and online assessments. Most of the studies (30/34, 88%) evaluated courses mostly by using an uncontrolled before-and-after design and generally reported improvements in students’ learning outcomes.

Conclusions

Digital health courses reported in literature are mostly elective, focus on a single area of digital health, and lack robust evaluation. They have diverse delivery, development, and assessment approaches. There is an urgent need for high-quality studies that evaluate digital health education.
Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Electronic Medical Record Infusion and Individual Performance: Model Development and Questionnaire Survey Study (Preprint)
Authors: Chen Rai-Fu , Hsiao Ju-Ling
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Electronic medical records (EMRs) are integrated information sources generated by health care professionals (HCPs) from various health care information systems. EMRs play crucial roles in improving the quality of care and medical decision-making and in facilitating cross-hospital health information exchange. Although many hospitals have invested considerable resources and efforts to develop EMRs for several years, the factors affecting the long-term success of EMRs, particularly in the EMR infusion stage, remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of technology, user, and task characteristics on EMR infusion to determine the factors that largely affect EMR infusion. In addition, we examined the effect of EMR infusion on individual HCP performance.

METHODS

A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from HCPs with >6 months experience in using EMRs in a Taiwanese teaching hospital. A total of 316 questionnaires were distributed and 211 complete copies were returned, yielding a valid response rate of 66.8%. The collected data were further analyzed using WarpPLS 5.0.

RESULTS

EMR infusion (R2=0.771) was mainly affected by user habits (β=.411), portability (β=.217), personal innovativeness (β=.198), technostress (β=.169), and time criticality (β=.168), and individual performance (R2=0.541) was affected by EMR infusion (β=.735). This finding indicated that user (habit, personal innovativeness, and technostress), technology (portability), and task (mobility and time criticality) characteristics have major effects on EMR infusion. Furthermore, the results indicated that EMR infusion positively affects individual performance.

CONCLUSIONS

The factors identified in this study can extend information systems infusion theory and provide useful insights for the further improvement of EMR development in hospitals and by the government, specifically in its infusion stage. In addition, the developed instrument can be used as an assessment tool to identify the key factors for EMR infusion, and to evaluate the extent of EMR infusion and the individual performance of hospitals that have implemented EMR systems. Moreover, the results can help governments to understand the urgent needs of hospitals in implementing EMR systems, provide sufficient resources and support to improve the incentives of EMR development, and develop adequate EMR policies for the meaningful use of electronic health records among hospitals and clinics.
Evaluation of Flextra® efficiency in patients with lateral elbow and Achilles tendinopathies
Authors: Blonskyi R.I.
Published: July 2021

Background. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination use of Flextra® and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) or ESWT alone from the standpoint of clinical and structural evolution of tendinopathies (Achilles and lateral elbow tendinopathy). Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the premises of the Medical Center “European Orthopedics” in Kyiv for 2020–2021. Seventy-four patients (39 women and 35 men, mean age of 42.7 ± 5.4 years) were examined, they were randomly divided into four groups. The first group included patients with Achilles tendinopathy and the second one — those with lateral elbow tendinopathy. Both groups received two Flextra capsules a day for 90 days and underwent a course of ESWT. The third group included individuals with Achilles tendinopathy and the fourth group — patients with lateral epicondylitis, who underwent the same course of ESWT (7 procedures). Results. The study showed that taking Flextra® in combination with ESWT has a statistically significant effect on the structure and clinical symptoms of various tendinopathies. In patients with t.calcaneus tendinopathy and epicondylitis, the drug plays an important role in the healing of tendons, which is reflected in the results of ultrasound examinations. Conclusions. Flextra® is an effective and safe drug in the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy and epicondylitis, and the additional use of ESWT provides high efficiency, especially in the initial stages of the disease.
The state of the sagittal balance of the injured cervical spine depending on the nature of the damage to the subaxial level
Authors: Nekhlopochyn O.S. , Verbov V.V.
Published: July 2021

Background. Three main interrelated principles form the basis for modern surgery of traumatic cervical spine injuries, namely decompression, reconstruction and stabilization. Restoration of the sagittal profile is one of the basic tasks of the reconstructive stage. Currently, there are no clear recommendations for surgical management in traumatic injuries depending on the degree of deformation, and the state of sagittal balance of the injured cervical spine in the preoperative period has practically not been studied. The purpose of the work is to study the state of the sagittal profile and the degree of segmental deformation of the cervical spine following traumatic injury at the subaxial level, to determine the relationship between them and the type of injury. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of X-ray data from 140 patients with subaxial cervical spine traumatic injury who were hospitalized at the Department of Spinal Cord Pathology of the Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine in the period from 2008 to 2018. We calculated indicators of segmental kyphosis and general cervical lordosis and determined the type of damage according to AO Spine Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System. Results. We found that the type of the damage affects the degree of segmental deformation (p < 0.001). Type A1, A2 and C injuries show the maximum kyphotic angulation: 13.51° (8.18; 20.07), 21.8° (20.12; 22.96) and 20.01° (17.52; 21.99), respectively. Injuries of type A2 and C statistically significantly differ from other types of lesions. We registered maximum values of deviations from the normal sagittal circuit in patients with injuries types A2 and C: ‒26.77° (‒32.78; ‒20.91) and ‒26.70° (‒36.30; ‒16.77), respectively. The parameters of segmental kyphosis and general cervical lordosis reveal high interdependence (r2=0.766, p < 0.001). We found maximum correlation in type A3, A4 and B3 injuries: ‒0.93, ‒0.91 and ‒0.97, respectively (p < 0.001). And types A1 and A2 injuries demonstrated statistically insignificant relationship (p > 0.05). Conclusions. The results show that traumatic injury of the subaxial cervical spine is characterized by a wide range of kyphotic segmental angulation values, which is largely determined by the type of injury. General cervical lordosis tends to flatten in most cases, but the degree of physiological curvature loss correlates with local deformation to some extent.
Economics of Child Mining Labor: Estimation of Corporation’s Profits
Authors: Liwanga Roger-Claude
Published: July 2021

This article estimates the contribution of child labor to the production of mined minerals and calculates the profit made by manufacturers involved in the supply chains of child- labor minerals. Several thousands of children in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) work in the artisanal and small-scale mines under dangerous conditions to extract a variety of minerals, including those used in the fabrication of modern electronics. But there is no detailed data on the scope of productivity of child-miners, the value of their production at the world market, and the profit made by those buying and using their minerals. The lack of data on this issue is occasioned by the quasi-secrecy surrounding the supply chains of child-labor minerals. The paper uses a simple method of estimation based on economic assumptions and available data to calculate the contribution of child-miners in the DRC to the cobalt production at the national and international level, and to estimate the profit made by electronic manufacturers that use cobalt tainted with child-labor in their products.
A Truly Free State in the Congo: Slavery and Abolition in Global Historical Perspective
Authors: Donoghue John
Published: July 2021

The differences between slavery now and then are less important than the historical links that bind them, links in an awful chain of bondage that bind the history of the transatlantic slave trade from Africa to the resurgence of slavery in Africa today. As this article illustrates, nowhere is this truer, both in historical and contemporary terms, than in the Congo. The links binding the Congo to the history of human bondage were first forged in the crucible of early modern capitalism and they have been made fast by the proliferation of “free market reform” today, which despite the fundamentalist cant of its advocates, has hardly proven to be a force of human liberation; instead, placing the last 500 years of the Congo region in global context, we can see how capitalism has proven to be the world’s greatest purveyor of human bondage. The article concludes with an argument that the reconstruction of civil society in the Democratic Republic of Congo after decades of war, dictatorship, and neo-colonial rule depends crucially on the continued success of an already impressive Congolese abolitionist movement. Without making an end to slavery, once and for all, civil society can hardly prosper in a country where slavery has historically brought about its destruction.
Review and estimation of disutility for joint health states of severe and nonsevere hypoglycemic events in diabetes
Authors: Xie Xuanqian , Guo Jennifer , Bremner Karen E , Wang Myra , Shah Baiju R , Volodin Andrei
Published: July 2021

Aim:
Many economic evaluations used linear or log-transformed additive methods to estimate the disutility of hypoglycemic events in diabetes, both nonsevere (NSHEs) and severe (SHEs).
Methods:
We conducted a literature search for studies of disutility for hypoglycemia. We used additive, minimum and multiplicative methods, and the adjusted decrement estimator to estimate the disutilities of joint health states with both NSHEs and SHEs in six scenarios.
Results:
Twenty-four studies reported disutilities for hypoglycemia in diabetes. Based on construct validity, the adjusted decrement estimator method likely provides less biased estimates, predicting that when SHEs occur, the additional impact from NSHEs is marginal.
Conclusion:
Our proposed new method provides a different perspective on the estimation of quality-adjusted life-years in economic evaluations of hypoglycemic treatments.
The Effect of Traditional Korean Medicine for Chemotherapy-Induced Hand-Foot Syndrome in Cancer Patients: Review
Authors: Kim Eun-ji , Park Chan-ran , Son Chang-gue , Cho Jung-hyo , Lee Nam-hun
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy in cancer patients. This review synthesizes research results to assess the effect of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) on HFS in cancer patients.Methods: Four databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Research Information Sharing Service, China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of TKM on HFS. The effects and quality of RCTs were assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias (ROB) tool.Results: Six RCTs met our study criteria. In all six, TKM showed improvement in HFS symptoms as well as quality of life scores when compared to the control group. However, the methodological quality of RCTs was relatively low due to the unclear or high ROB.Conclusions: TKM would be helpful to patients with HFS after chemotherapy. To clarify the clinical efficacy of TKM, well-designed studies are required in the future.
The Effect of Banhasasim-tang in Cough: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Han Seung-hee , Sun Seung-ho
Published: July 2021

Objective: This study confirms the safety and efficacy of Banhasasim-tang (BST) against cough through systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Wiley online library, OASIS, KISS, NDSL, RISS, Science and Technology Society Village, DBpia, CNKI, J-STAGE, and CiNii were used as search engines. The search period was from the start of search engine support to June 30. 2020. And search language was not limited. Cochrane’s risk of bias (RoB) tool was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. A meta-analysis of the total effective rate (TER), cough symptom score, and spirometry results was performed using the Review Manager program.Results: 6 studies were finally selected. The group using BST showed significant symptom relief, as the odds ratio (OR) value of TER was 5.56 times higher (95% CI: 3.50, 8.82, P<0.0001) compared to the control groups. The reported adverse effects did not occur in the intervention group. In addition, the cough symptom score and spirometry results showed that BST was more effective than Western medicine alone.Conclusion: BST can be expected to relieve cough, and it can be applied to chronic cough that is not treated with existing treatments. However, due to the low quality of the selected articles, additional high-quality RCTs will be required in the future.
A Case Report of Korean Medicine Treatment for Pleural Effusion due to Metastasis of Breast Cancer
Authors: Moon Jiseong , Kim Hakkyeom , Kim Yeseul , Min Seonwoo , Park Jiyoon , Ahn Lib
Published: July 2021

The survival time of breast cancer patients with lung metastasis has been prolonged as treatment methods have improved. However, there is yet no definitive therapy for the additional symptoms of lung metastasis to improve the quality of life of these patients. We report a patient who was suffering from pleural effusion due to metastasized breast cancer. She was treated with Korean medicine, including herbal medicine (Bojungikgi-tang-gami), combined with hormone therapy, for two months. We assessed her other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, generalized weakness, and lower extremity swelling, using a numeric rating scale (NRS). We also evaluated pleural effusion with chest X-rays. Shortness of breath was maintained at NRS 5, generalized weakness was slightly improved from NRS 6~7 to NRS 7~8 (10=healthy condition), and lower extremity edema was improved from NRS 3 to NRS 2 (10=highest score of discomfort). Malignant pleural effusion was maintained during the admission period. This report suggests that Korean medicine can help to maintain malignant pleural effusion and improve additional symptoms of lung metastasis.
Agmatine: A potential Neurotherapeutic Agent
Authors: Binjhade Neha , Supare Vinanti , Ghaywat Shailesh , Trivedi Sagar , Wadher Kamlesh , Umekar Milind
Published: July 2021

Agmatine, a natural polyamine disregarded almost for over 100 years, was discovered in year 1910. Almost after a decade, several researches on Agmatine indicated its modulatory action at multiple molecular targets such as, nitric oxide synthesis, neurotransmitter systems, and polyamine metabolism unbolt the new avenues for extensive therapeutic applications which includes neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases, antidepressant, cognitive disorders. Agmatine exerts its varied biological characteristics and therapeutic potential in diverse arena. Agmatine has been extensively researched for its neuroprotective effect in various types of neurological diseases, including stroke and trauma brain injury along with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Hypoxia /Ischemia. In the present review we have summarized the therapeutic potential of agmatine as protective and regenerative properties in the CNS.

Keywords: Agmatine, Neuroprotective, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, CNS disorders.
Topical Drug Delivery Therapeutics, Drug Absorption and Penetration Enhancement Techniques
Authors: Bani Kamal Singh , Bhardwaj Khushboo
Published: July 2021

The delivery of medications through the skin has long been a fascinating as well as difficult subject of study. For different medications, topical drug administration has brought substantial benefits over the systemic route, one of the most important of which is reduced toxicity due to minimal or no exposure to non-target organs. Because of its simplicity and affordability, topical administration is the preferred method for delivering medicinal substances locally. Topical drug delivery system includes solid powders, semisolids, liquid preparations, and sprays, among other pharmaceutical dose forms. Gels, creams, and ointments are the most often used semisolid preparations for topical medication delivery. Topical medication delivery methods allow a medicine to enter the systemic circulation at a controlled rate by penetrating the epidermal layer. New drugs are being developed utilizing the transdermal approach in addition to the existing formulations due to the inherent benefits of delivery via this route. Although low skin permeability limits its applicability, it does provide a non-invasive route of medication administration. Innovative research using penetration-enhancing technologies such iontophoresis, electroporation, microneedles, sonophoresis, and others offers promise for successful implementation of these drugs in clinical practice as consumer-friendly, transdermal dosage forms. This paper examines some of the most promising new strategies for enhancing transdermal permeability, as well as providing a scientific update on recent improvements in the topical drug delivery system. The current study focuses on the most modern methods and techniques for administering local treatment to the skin. This data can be used as a foundation for further research and development of existing methodologies and technologies.

Keywords: Topical drug delivery, Recent techniques, TDDS, Advances in skin delivery
A Review on Nanoparticles Drug Delivery System
Authors: Pawar Kranti , Kachave Ramanlal , Kanawade Madhuri , Zagre Vinayak
Published: July 2021

The method or process of delivering a pharmaceutical ingredient to create a therapeutic effect in people or animals is referred to as drug delivery. Nasal and pulmonary routes of medication administration are becoming increasingly important in the treatment of human illnesses. These methods, especially for peptide and protein therapies, provide potential alternatives to parenteral drug administration. Several medication delivery methods have been developed for this purpose and are being tested for nasal and pulmonary delivery. Chitosan, Alginate, vanilline oxalate, zinc oxalate, cellulose, polymeric micelles, Gliadin, and phospholipid are examples of these. Multidrug resistance, a key issue in chemotherapy, can be reversed with these nanoparticles. Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation are all well-established treatments used in cancer treatment. A nanoparticle has emerged as a potential method for the targeted delivery of medicines used to treat certain illnesses.

Keywords: Nasal Drug Delivery, Pulmonary Drug Delivery, Nanoparticles
Profile of Bioactive Phyto-compounds in Essential Oil of Cymbopogon martinii from Palani Hills, Western Ghats, INDIA
Authors: Soorya C. , Balamurugan S. , Basha Afroze Naveed , Kandeepan C. , Ramya S. , Jayakumararaj R.
Published: July 2021

Worldwide interest in use of plants based natural products (PBNPs) has been growing, and its beneficial effects being rediscovered for the development of novel drugs. Literature survey on indigenous traditional knowledge bestows ethnopharmacological potentials of PBNPs that has inspired current research in drug design and discovery; PBNPs provide baseline for the development of novel drug leads against various pharmacological targets. Studies indicate that Cymbopogon martini Essential Oil (CMEO) exhibit wide range of biological activities such as hepatoprotective, antifungal, insecticide, antioxidant and antibacterial. Pharmacological properties in Palmarosa Essential Oil (PEO) may be due to the presence of compounds like 4-Decen-6-yne, (Z), 2-Ethylimino-4-methyl-pent-3-enenitrile, Dihydrocarvyl acetate, 2-Methylbenzaldehyde, Geranyl butyrate, 1,5,9,9-Tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene. However, its application is limited because of the odor, color and taste. In the present study, GCMS based profile of bioactive phyto-compounds in essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii along with its physiochemical, biological, molecular, pharmacological and drugable properties has been envisaged.

Keywords: Cymbopogon martinii Essential Oil (CMEO); Pharmacological Activity; ADMET Properties; Bioactive Compounds; Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs);