bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical prediction rule to identify high‐risk inpatients for adverse drug events: the JADE Study
Authors: Sakuma Mio , Bates David W. , Morimoto Takeshi
Published: August 2012

Purpose

Adverse drug events (ADEs) are common health problems worldwide. Developing a prediction rule to identify patients at high risk for ADEs to prevent or ameliorate ADEs could be one attractive strategy.

Methods

The Japan Adverse Drug Events (JADE) study is a prospective cohort study including 3459 participants. We randomly divided the JADE study cohort into the derivation and the validation sets, using an automated random digit generator. We calculated the probabilities of ADE in each patient in the validation set after applying the prediction rule developed in the derivation set. The actual incidence and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the validation set were compared with those in the derivation set to evaluate the prognostic ability of our developed prediction rule.

Results

The developed prediction rule included eight independent risk factors. Each patient in the validation set was classified into three categories of risk for the ADEs according to the probability of ADEs calculated by the developed prediction rule. Eight percent (137/1730) of patients in the validation set fell into the high‐risk group, and 35% of this group (48/137) had at least one ADE. The AUC in the validation set was 0.63 (95%CI 0.60–0.66), and the performance to discriminate the probability of ADE was similar (p = 0.08) compared with that in the derivation set.

Conclusions

This prediction rule had the modest predictive ability and could help physicians and other healthcare professionals to make an estimation of patients at high risk for ADEs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological, electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding characterization of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/polystyrene nanocomposites
Authors: Al‐Saleh Mohammed H , Sundararaj Uttandaraman
Published: August 2012

The influence of melt mixing conditions on the level of dispersion and the aspect ratio of vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) in a polystyrene (PS) matrix was studied. Final electrical and electromagnetic shielding capabilities in the 0.05–1.5 GHz frequency range are reported and discussed in the light of the composites' microstructure. The morphological study was based on analyzing scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy micrographs and measuring the VGCNF length as a function of shear mixing conditions. The influence of mixing conditions on the microstructure was also indirectly studied by analyzing the dynamic mechanical behavior of the composites via rheology. Degradation of the VGCNF aspect ratio was found to be a function of the mixing energy. VGCNFs lost one‐third of their aspect ratio under gentle (low shear stress and mixing energy) mixing conditions. After VGCNFs had lost 40% of their aspect ratio, they had more resistance to breakage with increase in mixing energy. The dispersion of the VGCNFs was remarkably enhanced with increase in mixing energy. The percentage of area taken up by big agglomerates in the micrographs decreased from 14.1% to 5.5% when the mixing energy was increased from 100 J mL−1 to 453 J mL−1. The electrical and electromagnetic shielding properties of the 7.5 vol% VGCNF/PS composites were not affected by changing the processing energy because the enhancement of VGCNF dispersion with increasing mixing energy was accompanied by a loss in nanofiber aspect ratio. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes surface‐stamped on polydimethylsiloxane for microvalve actuation
Authors: Salzbrenner Jeffrey , Apblett Christopher , Khraishi Tariq
Published: August 2012

We report a study of the electrical and mechanical effects of the inclusion of a thin layer of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the surface of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a method of creating an electrically actuated, flexible microfluidic valve. Samples of PDMS with various surface loadings of MWCNTs were prepared and tested using a uniaxial tension tester, combined with a four‐point probe electrical test. In contrast to other works reporting the inclusion of MWCNTs in the bulk of the material, we have found that inclusion of the MWCNTs on the surface only has no discernible effect on the mechanical properties of the PDMS samples, but causes a significant and repeatable change in the electrical performance. We have found that a loading of 4.16 g m−2 results in an electrical resistivity of 7.31 × 10−4 Ω cm, which is 200% lower than that previously reported for bulk inclusion samples. The microstructure of the MWCNTs was found to consist of both individual fibers and spherical clumps of fibers. We suggest that, due to the microstructure of the MWCNTs used in this study, the mechanical properties can be modeled as a thin layer of particulates, while the electrical properties can be modeled as a thin bed of bulk MWCNTs. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
An accurate proteomic quantification method: Fluorescence labeling absolute quantification (FLAQ) using multidimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Junyan , Liu Yang , Gao Mingxia , Zhang Xiangmin
Published: August 2012

A facile proteomic quantification method, fluorescent labeling absolute quantification (FLAQ), was developed. Instead of using MS for quantification, the FLAQ method is a chromatography‐based quantification in combination with MS for identification. Multidimensional liquid chromatography (MDLC) with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection with high accuracy and tandem MS system were employed for FLAQ. Several requirements should be met for fluorescent labeling in MS identification: Labeling completeness, minimum side‐reactions, simple MS spectra, and no extra tandem MS fragmentations for structure elucidations. A fluorescence dye, 5‐iodoacetamidofluorescein, was finally chosen to label proteins on all cysteine residues. The fluorescent dye was compatible with the process of the trypsin digestion and MALDI MS identification. Quantitative labeling was achieved with optimization of reacting conditions. A synthesized peptide and model proteins, BSA (35 cysteines), OVA (five cysteines), were used for verifying the completeness of labeling. Proteins were separated through MDLC and quantified based on fluorescent intensities, followed by MS identification. High accuracy (RSD% < 1.58) and wide linearity of quantification (1–105) were achieved by LIF detection. The limit of quantitation for the model protein was as low as 0.34 amol. Parts of proteins in human liver proteome were quantified and demonstrated using FLAQ.
Hartree–Fock and density functional theory study of remote substituent effects on heterolytic Fe–N bond energies of p‐G‐C6H4NHFe(CO)2(η5‐C5H5) and p‐G‐C6H4N(COMe)Fe(CO)2(η5‐C5H5)
Authors: Zeng Qing , Li Zucheng , Zhang Yujie , Sun Zhirong , Wang Yingzi , Jiang Fubin
Published: August 2012

The nature and strength of metal–ligand bonds in organotransition‐metal complexes are crucial to the understanding of organometallic reactions and catalysis. Quantum chemical calculations at different levels of theory have been used to investigate heterolytic Fe–N bond energies of para‐substituted anilinyldicarbonyl(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)iron [p‐G‐C6H4NH(η5‐C5H5)Fe(CO)2, abbreviated as p‐G‐C6H4NHFp (1), where G = NO2, CN, COMe, CO2Me, CF3, Br, Cl, F, H, Me, MeO, and NMe2] and para‐substituted α‐acetylanilinyldicarbonyl(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)iron [p‐G‐C6H4N(COMe)(η5‐C5H5)Fe(CO)2, abbreviated as p‐G‐C6H4N(COMe)Fp (2)] complexes. The results show that BP86 and TPSSTPSS can provide the best price/performance ratio and more accurate predictions in the study of ΔHhet(Fe–N)'s. The linear correlations [r = 0.98 (g, 1a), 0.93 (g, 2b)] between the substituent effects of heterolytic Fe–N bond energies [ΔΔHhet(Fe–N)'s] of series 1 and 2 and the differences of acidic dissociation constants (ΔpKa) of N–H bonds of p‐G‐C6H4NH2 and p‐G‐C6H4NH(COMe) imply that the governing structural factors for these bond scissions are similar. And the linear correlations [r = −0.99 (g, 1c), −0.92 (g, 2d)] between ΔΔHhet(Fe–N)'s and the substituent σp− constants show that these correlations are in accordance with Hammett linear free energy relationships. The polar effects of these substituents and the basis set effects influence the accuracy of ΔHhet(Fe–N)'s. ΔΔHhet(Fe–N)'s(1, 2) follow the captodative principle. MEα‐COMe, para‐Gs include the influences of the whole molecules. The correlation of MEα‐COMe, para‐Gs with σp− is excellent. MEα‐COMe, para‐Gs rather than ΔΔHhet(Fe–N)'s in series 2 are more suitable indexes for the overall substituent effects on ΔHhet(Fe–N)'s(2). Insight from this work may help the design of more effective catalytic processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cationic cure kinetics of a polyoxometalate loaded epoxy nanocomposite
Authors: Anderson Benjamin J.
Published: August 2012

The reaction cure kinetics of a novel polyoxometalate (POM) loaded epoxy nanocomposite is described. The POM is dispersed in the epoxy resin up to volume fractions of 0.1. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements show the cure of the epoxy resin to be sensitive to the POM loading. A kinetics study of the cure exotherm confirms that POM acts as a catalyst promoting cationic homopolymerization of the epoxy resin. The cure reaction is shown to propagate through two cure regimes. A fast cure at short time is shown to be propagation by the activated chain end (ACE) mechanism. A slow cure at long time is shown to be propagation by the activated monomer (AM) mechanism. The activation energies for the fast and slow cure regimes agree well with other epoxy based systems that have been confirmed to propagate by the ACE and AM mechanisms.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
New polymer‐chemical developments in clinical dental polymer materials: Enamel–dentin adhesives and restorative composites
Authors: Moszner Norbert , Hirt Thomas
Published: August 2012

In the past 10 years, many new components were synthesized and evaluated for an application in enamel–dentin adhesives and direct composite restoratives. New bisacrylamide cross‐linkers with improved hydrolytic stability and new strongly acidic polymerizable phosphonic acids and dihydrogen phosphates, as well as novel photoinitator systems, in combination with the implementation of novel application devices, have significantly improved the performance of the current enamel–dentin adhesives. The currently used resins for direct composite restoratives are mainly based on methacrylate chemistry to this day. A continuous improvement of the properties of current composites was achieved with the use of new tailor‐made methacrylate cross‐linkers, new additives, and photoinitiators as well as tailor‐made fillers. Nowadays, dental adhesives and methacrylate‐based direct restorative materials have found wide‐spread acceptance. Nevertheless, future developments in the field of dental adhesives and direct composite restoratives will focus on improving durability and biocompatibility as well as the development of materials with a broader application spectrum and of smart adhesives or composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Plasma–Liquid Interactions at Atmospheric Pressure for Nanomaterials Synthesis and Surface Engineering
Authors: Mariotti Davide , Patel Jenish , Švrček Vladimir , Maguire Paul
Published: August 2012

Plasma‐induced non‐equilibrium liquid chemistry (PiLC) offers enhanced opportunities over solution chemistry for developing new nanomaterials and tailoring their functional properties. Recent advances in the design and scientific understanding of microplasma devices operating at atmospheric pressure offer simple and effective routes to non‐equilibrium chemistry for both scientific study and future nanomanufacturing. This paper presents a short review of our recent work on atmospheric pressure plasma–liquid interactions used in the fabrication and functionalization of nanoparticles. A brief discussion of possible electron‐liquid reactions highlights outstanding scientific and engineering questions.

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Thermokarst Lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska: Geomorphic Controls on Bathymetry
Authors: Hinkel Kenneth M. , Sheng Yongwei , Lenters John D. , Lyons Evan A. , Beck Richard A. , Eisner Wendy R. , Wang Jida
Published: August 2012

Detailed bathymetric data were collected for 28 thermokarst lakes across the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of northern Alaska from areas with distinctly different surficial sediments and topography. Lakes found in the low‐relief coastal area have developed in marine silts that are ice‐rich in the upper 6–10 m. The lakes tend to be shallow (~ 2 m), of uniform depth and lack prominent littoral shelves. Further inland on the ACP, lakes have formed in relatively ice‐poor aeolian sand deposits. In this hilly terrain, average lake depth is less (~ 1 m) despite deeper (3–5 m) central pools. This bathymetry reflects the influence of broad, shallow littoral shelves where sand, eroded from bluffs at the lake margin, is deposited concurrently with deep penetration of the talik beneath the basin centre. Lakes in the ACP‐Arctic Foothills transition zone to the south have developed in loess uplands. These yedoma deposits are extremely ice‐rich, and residual lakes found inside old lake basins (alases) are generally 2–4 m deep, reflecting continued talik development and ground subsidence following drainage of the original lake. However, where the expanding lake encroaches on the flanks of the upland at actively eroding bluffs, near‐shore pools develop that can be 6–9 m deep. It appears that thawing of ice‐rich permafrost during lake expansion causes ground subsidence and formation of deep pools above ablating ice wedges. These data suggest that thermokarst lake morphometry largely depends on the characteristics of the substrate beneath the lake and the availability of sediments eroded at the lake margin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward understanding the microscopic origin of nuclear clustering
Authors: Okołowicz J. , Nazarewicz W. , Płoszajczak M.
Published: August 2012

Open Quantum System (OQS) description of a many‐body system involves interaction of Shell Model (SM) states through the particle continuum. In realistic nuclear applications, this interaction may lead to collective phenomena in the ensemble of SM states. We claim that the nuclear clustering is an emergent, near‐threshold phenomenon, which cannot be elucidated within the Closed Quantum System (CQS) framework. We approach this problem by investigating the near‐threshold behavior of Exceptional Points (EPs) in the realistic Continuum Shell Model (CSM). The consequences for the alpha‐clustering phenomenon are discussed.
The double Gaussian distribution of inhomogeneous barrier heights in the organic‐on‐inorganic Schottky devices
Authors: Tuğluoğlu Nihat , Yüksel Ö. Faruk , Şafak Haluk , Karadeniz Serdar
Published: August 2012

We have fabricated an Au/perylene–monoimide (PMI)/n‐Si organic‐on‐inorganic Schottky device by spin coating of PMI solution on an n‐Si semiconductor wafer. Current–voltage (I–V) measurements on the device in the temperature range of 75–300 K were carried out. An abnormal decrease in the experimental barrier height ΦB and an increase in the ideality factor n with a decrease in temperature have been observed. This behaviour has been explained on the basis of thermionic emission theory with a double Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights due to the barrier height inhomogeneities.
In situ high‐pressure synchrotron X‐ray diffraction study of the structural stability in the intermetallic compound Mn2Sb
Authors: Yu Z. H. , Li C. Y. , Liu H. Z.
Published: August 2012

Cu2Sb‐type (Strukturbericht designation: C38) intermetallic compound Mn2Sb was studied up to 25.7 GPa at room temperature using the in situ synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Our results from the XRD analysis showed that the (C38)‐type Mn2Sb undergoes a pressure‐induced structural phase transition near 22.4 GPa. In the low‐pressure (LP) phase of Mn2Sb, an anisotropic compressibility was observed with greater compressibility along the a‐axis than the c‐axis. And the mechanism for the anisotropy of compressibility was discussed in terms of the stacking of crystallography. Fitted to a third‐order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BM‐EOS), the pressure–volume data of Mn2Sb yielded the stable lattice volume V0 = 109.45(3) Å3, bulk modulus B0 = 50.1(5) GPa, and its derivative $B'_{{\rm 0}} $ = 7.0(2) for the LP phase. We propose that the distortion of Mn(I)Sb4 tetrahedra may give rise to the structural instability of Mn2Sb under high pressure (HP).
Investigation of Si nanowires from VLS growth
Authors: Herr Ulrich , Riedmueller Benjamin , Haddad Mike , AbuShgair Khaleel , Madel Manfred , Jakob Julian Benjamin , Thonke Klaus
Published: August 2012

Si nanowires are of interest for photovoltaics and sensors. We report about the growth of Si nanowires from SiH4 using a Au catalyzed vapor‐liquid‐solid (VLS) growth process in a tube furnace at atmospheric pressure. At elevated growth temperatures, single crystalline wires with clear facets are obtained. The influence of the furnace temperature and the Au layer thickness on the nanowire growth is investigated in detail. The orientation of the wires has been studied by EBSD. For electrical characterization, Pt metal contacts have been applied to individual wires using Pt deposition in a FIB microscope. The high values found for the conductivity indicate that Ga implantation occurs during the FIB process. Electrical characterization under illumination shows the presence of a significant photoconductivity. Further functionalization of the Si nanowires will be done by combining them with luminescent nanoparticles (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Computational studies of the corrosion‐inhibition efficiency of iron by triazole surfactants
Authors: Touil M'hamed , Hajjaji Najat , Sundholm Dage , Rabaâ Hassan
Published: August 2012

The corrosion‐inhibition efficiency of N‐decyl‐1,2,4‐triazole, N‐undecyl‐1,2,4‐triazole, and N‐dodecyl‐1,2,4‐triazole surfactants and the corresponding protonated molecules have been studied computationally using density functional theory and second‐order Møller–Plesset calculations. Corrosion‐inhibition properties and the strength of the affinity of the iron‐surfactant molecules were estimated by using an appropriate cluster model. The iron‐surfactant complexes were constructed by attaching the triazole ring to the iron surface modeled by one and five iron atoms, respectively. Relations between molecular properties and corrosion‐inhibition efficiency were determined by using linear regression and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR). The QSAR analysis yielded significant correlations between the corrosion‐inhibition activity of the studied molecules with molecular properties such as the highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, dipole moments (μ), and the total atomic charges. Fukui indexes were also calculated for assessing correlations between them and experimental corrosion‐inhibition efficiencies. Solvent effects were investigated by using the polarized continuum model. The effects of the acidity medium and the local reactivity of the triazole derivatives with iron were also analyzed. The calculated binding energy of 276 kJ/mol for the Fe5‐N‐dodecyl‐1,2,4‐triazole cluster shows that the surfactant molecules bind strongly to iron surfaces, which is in agreement with experimental data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Composition of uranium oxide particles related to TOF‐SIMS ion distributions
Authors: Hocking Hannah E. , Burggraf Larry W. , Duan Xiaofeng F. , Gardella Joseph A. , Yatzor Brett P. , Schuler Wesley A.
Published: August 2012

Uranium oxide particles tens of micrometers in size, including natural and depleted UO2, U3O8, and UO3 were analyzed using an IONTOF V time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) V. Particulate samples were mounted on gold substrates made using a novel technique that reduced hydrocarbon contamination and volatile outgassing as well as provided an internal standard of Aux ion peaks to calibrate high masses. For UO2 surfaces, the dominant U3Ox and U4Oy cations were U3O6+ and U4O8+, whereas for both U3O8 and UO3 surfaces, they were U3O7+ and U4O9+. Secondary ion abundance ratios contained additional information about the chemical composition of the sample related to the relative stability of the cluster ions. Relative stabilities of the most stable cation isomers corresponding to masses observed in SIMS spectra were calculated using high‐level density functional theory in order to compare ion stabilities to TOF‐SIMS intensity distributions. Cation isomers having high oxygen content were doublets, and those having low oxygen content were quartet spin states. Depth profile trends for ‘protonation’ ratio and ‘lattice valence’, as defined by Plog, Wiedmann, and Benninghoven, were used to distinguish U3O8 from UO3. Cations containing a greater number of uranium atoms were also found to have a lower protonation ratio. UO2 and U3O8 surfaces show a steeper reduction in protonation ratio compared to UO3 surfaces which exhibit a nearly constant near‐surface protonation ratio followed by a more gradual smaller decline with depth. We interpret secondary ion distribution results using density functional quantum mechanics calculations comparing the relative stability of cations and anions for different oxygen atom environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of F‐ doping on the microstructure, surface morphology and electrochemical properties of the lead dioxide electrode
Authors: Kong HaiShen , Li Wei , Lin HaiBo , Shi Zhan , Lu HaiYan , Dan YuanYuan , Huang WeiMin
Published: August 2012

The lead dioxide electrode (PbO2) with Ti substrate and SnO2‐Sb2O5 intermediate layer was doped by F‐ ion through the potentiostatic anode co‐deposition method. The content of F in the coating can be controlled by adjusting deposition potential. The effect of F‐ doping on the composition, surface morphology and electrochemical properties of the PbO2 electrode was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical measurement methods. The results have confirmed that the content of β‐PbO2 increases with increasing that of F, and the doping can make the β‐PbO2 grains become fine and the electrode surface become smooth; the specific surface areas and conductivity increase, and the initial potential of oxygen evolution shifts toward positive direction compared with the free‐doped PbO2 electrode; the oxygen evolution potential increases with the increasing of the F‐content in the PbO2 film electrode. The bulk electrolysis result demonstrated that the performances of the F‐PbO2 electrode for anodic oxidation aniline have been improved to some extent. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory with Analytic Network Process to Perform an Investigation of Information Technology Auditing and Risk Control in an Enterprise Resource Planning Environment
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Hsien , Chou Yu‐Wei , Lee Kuen‐Chang , Lin Wan‐Rung , Hwang Elliott T.Y.
Published: August 2012

The research examined different types of risk through interviews with experts. The risks studied include business interruption risk, process interdependency risk and system security risk. The decision making trial and evaluation laboratory is used to find the relationship among risks and combined with the analytic network process to select the optimal measures for reducing risks. The results indicate that information technology (IT) consultants prefer the Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP). They usually use the remote replication or High Availability (HA) to protect data. IT personnel believe that all of the IT risk controls are important. Auditors indicate that data access control is very important because users have to execute data access every day. Users of IT express a preference towards data input/output control as the most important control. The results achieved from all experts indicate that the most important controls overall are data input/output control, data access control and so on. Managers need to consider these risks to avoid any potential problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
End Temperature Prediction of Molten Steel in LF Based on CBR
Authors: He Fei , Xu Anjun , Wang Hongbing , He Dongfeng , Tian Naiyuan
Published: August 2012

In order to improve the temperature control level of molten steel in ladle furnace (LF), a case‐based reasoning (CBR) method has been proposed for predicting end temperature of molten steel in LF. To predict the temperature accurately and efficiently, this paper develops two‐step retrieval approach and the correlation based feature weighting (CFW) method for CBR. And, the study evaluates the prediction effect of CBR method by the experiment of comparison with back propagation neural network (BPNN) model and CBR model. Experimental results show that CBR model achieves better accuracy than BPNN model and the CBR method is effective to predict end temperature of molten steel in LF.
The Influence of Hot Charging Conditions on Microstructure and Precipitation of High Strength Nb–Ti Complex Microalloyed Steels
Authors: Luo Yanzhao , Zhang Jiongming , Xiao Chao , Song Wei , Wang Shunxi
Published: August 2012

A comprehensive microstructure analyses were conducted for hot charging processed Nb, Ti microalloyed steel, especially focusing on the evolution of microstructure and precipitation behavior. Hot charging process was simulated in the laboratory in the current research. Precipitation and microstructure in Ti–Nb microalloyed HSLA steels were investigated in different hot charging temperature conditions using transmission electron microscope (TEM), optical microscopy, analytical transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the microstructure consists of fine and homogeneous lath bainite at 1000°C, lath bainite and granular bainite at 900°C. As the hot charging temperature decreased, there appeared a small fraction of proeutectoid ferrite along grain boundary at 800°C. The grain sizes in hot charging are coarse compared with that of 700°C due to the phase transformation didn't occur. The chemical composition of complex carbonitrides changes from Ti rich to Ti–Nb uniform with decreasing temperature.
Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of [FeIIILCl3] (L = 1, 4, 8‐Triazacycloundecane, 1, 4, 7‐Triazacyclononane)
Authors: Banerjee Atanu , Panda Manashi , Tolla Azam S. , Li Jia , Brennessel William W. , Loloee Reza , Chavez Ferman A.
Published: August 2012

The structures of [FeIII(tacud)Cl3] (1) and [FeIII(tacn)Cl3] (2) (tacud = 1, 4, 8‐triazacycloundecane, tacn = 1, 4, 7‐triazacyclononane) are reported. Both compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a = 12.5570(9), b = 12.0028(9), c = 8.2577(6) Å, V = 1244.59(16) Å3, and Z = 4 for 1 and a = 12.095(4), b = 11.125(4), c = 7.963(3) Å, V = 1071.5(6) Å3, and Z = 4 for 2. The structures of 1 and 2 feature iron(III) in distorted octahedral arrangement with three facially coordinated nitrogen ligands and three chlorides. Bidirectional intermolecular hydrogen bonding between N–H groups and coordinated chlorides is seen for 1 and 2. Compound 1 is the first example of iron(III) bonded to tacud and compound 2 is only the second structure reported of a 1:1 complex between iron and tacn. The Fe3+/2+ redox couple for 1 is observed at E1/2 = 0.25 V (ΔEp = 99 mV), and for 2 at E1/2 = 0.09 V (ΔEp = 108 mV) versus NHE in DMF at 298 K. Comparison of structural, magnetic, and electrochemical properties for 1 and 2 reveal subtle differences consistent with the stronger coordinating properties of tacn relative to tacud.
Antethoracic Pedicled Jejunum Reconstruction with the Supercharge Technique for Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Iwata Naoki , Koike Masahiko , Kamei Yuzuru , Tanaka Chie , Ohashi Norifumi , Nakayama Goro , Nomoto Shuji , Fujii Tsutomu , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Michitaka , Kodera Yasuhiro
Published: August 2012

Background

Gastric tube is the first choice as an esophageal substitute for reconstruction after esophagectomy. Colon or jejunum is selected for patients in whom stomach cannot be used. Colon interposition is reported to have a high incidence of anastomotic leakage and mortality. For safer surgical treatment, the authors adopted supercharged pedicle jejunum reconstruction as the operation of choice in patients with esophageal cancer who had no stomach to use as an esophageal substitute. The aim of this study was to review our experience with this technique.

Methods

From 2003 to 2009, esophagectomy and antethoracic pedicled jejunum reconstruction with the supercharge technique was performed in 27 patients with esophageal cancer at the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Hospital. Medical records of these 27 patients were retrospectively reviewed to determine demographic data, diagnosis, functional results, and perioperative course.

Results

Median operating time, blood loss, hospital stay, and duration of enteral feeding were 636 min (range 454–856 min), 580 ml (range 208–1959 ml), 27 days (range 16–72 days), and 80 days (range 26–1740 days), respectively. There were no in‐hospital deaths. Anastomotic leakage occurred in two patients and was successfully managed conservatively. In 2 of 27 patients, the pedicled jejunum was of insufficient length, and additional procedures were needed to complete the anastomosis.

Conclusions

Although antethoracic pedicled jejunum reconstruction with the supercharge technique is technically demanding, it is a reliable technique and contributes to successful reconstruction after esophagectomy for patients in whom stomach is not available for reconstruction.
Whereabouts of an internal short stent placed across the pancreaticojejunostomy following pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Kadowaki Susumu , Miura Fumihiko , Amano Hodaka , Toyota Naoyuki , Wada Keita , Shibuya Makoto , Maeno Sawako , Takada Tadahiro , Sano Keiji
Published: August 2012

Background/Purpose

It is generally thought that an internal short stent placed across the pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) usually passes spontaneously through the rectum thereafter; however, we experienced some patients who presented with pancreatitis and cholangitis owing to delayed defecation of the stent. The purpose of this study was to clarify when the stent eventually became detached from the PJ and how it passed through the body until it was finally defecated. In addition, we also investigated the factors that may prevent such detachment and defecation.

Methods

This study retrospectively analyzed 57 patients who had had internal short stents placed across the PJ following PD. Defecation from the body, detachment from the PJ, and distal migration of the stent was confirmed by X‐ray or computed tomography (CT) during the postoperative course. The cumulative rates of defecation and detachment of the stents, complications in relation to delayed defecation of the stents, and factors predictive of the delayed defecation, delayed detachment, and distal migration of the stents were analyzed.

Results

Defecation of the stent was confirmed in 35 patients. The median time to defecation after PD and the cumulative defecation rate at 1 year were 454 days and 41 %, respectively. Acute pancreatitis occurred in 2 patients with the stent remaining in the pancreatic duct. One patient experienced acute cholangitis owing to migration of the stent to the bile duct. Multivariate analysis showed that ≥5 stitches in the duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis, stent size of ≥5 Fr, and pancreatic fistula classified as either Grade B or C were independent predictive factors for delayed defecation of the stent. Five or more stitches in the duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis was an independent predictive factor for delayed detachment of the stent. A stent size of ≥5 Fr was a risk factor for distal migration of the stent.

Conclusion

In more than half of the study patients, internal short stents were not defecated within 1 year. Retrieval of the stent should be considered following the migration of an internal short stent. A stent size of ≥5 Fr was an independent predictive factor for delayed defecation and distal migration of a stent. Five or more stitches in the duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis was an independent predictive factor for delayed defecation and detachment of a stent.
First-Principles Calculations on Stabilization of Iron Carbides (Fe3C, Fe5C2, and η-Fe2C) in Steels by Common Alloying Elements
Authors: Ande Chaitanya Krishna , Sluiter Marcel H. F.
Published: August 2012

The control of carbide formation is crucial for the development of advanced low-alloy steels. Hence, it is of great practical use to know the (de)stabilization of carbides by commonly used alloying elements. Here, we use ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations to calculate the stabilization offered by common alloying elements (Al, Si, P, S, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Nb, Mo, and W) to carbides relevant to low-alloy steels, namely cementite
$$(\hbox{Fe}_{3}\hbox{C}),$$
Hägg
$$(\hbox{Fe}_{5}\hbox{C}_{2}),$$
and eta-carbide
$$(\eta{\text{-}}\hbox{Fe}_{2}\hbox{C})$$
. All alloying elements are considered on the Fe sites of the carbides, whereas Al, Si, P, and S are also considered on the C sites. To consider the effect of larger supercell size on the results of (de)stabilization, we use both 1 × 1 × 1 and 2 × 2 × 2 supercells in the case of
$$\hbox{Fe}_{3}\hbox{C}.$$
Effects of Holding Time on Thermomechanical Fatigue Properties of Compacted Graphite Iron Through Tests with Notched Specimens
Authors: Ghodrat Sepideh , Riemslag Ton A. C. , Kestens Leo A. I. , Petrov Roumen H. , Janssen Michael , Sietsma Jilt
Published: August 2012

In cylinder heads of compacted graphite iron (CGI), the heating and cooling cycles can lead to localized cracking due to thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). Traditionally, TMF behavior is studied by thermal cycling of smooth specimens. The resulting number of cycles to failure (N
f) constitutes a single parameter that can be used to predict actual service failures. Nevertheless, there are also some drawbacks of the conventional testing procedures, most noticeably the prolonged testing times and a considerable scatter in test results. To address these drawbacks, TMF tests were performed using notched specimens, resulting in shorter testing times with less scatter. In the case of cast iron, artificial notches do not necessarily change the TMF behavior since the inherent graphite particles behave as internal notches. Using a notch depth of 0.2 mm, the effect of prolonged holding times (HT) on TMF lifetime was studied and a clear effect was found. Extended holding times were also found to be accompanied by relaxation of compressive stresses, causing higher tensile stresses to develop in the subsequent low temperature stages of the TMF cycles. The lifetimes in notched CGI specimens can be predicted by the Paris’ fatigue crack growth model. This model was used to differentiate between the individual effects of stress level and holding times on TMF lifetime. Microstructural changes were evaluated by analyzing quantitative data sets obtained by orientation contrast microscopy based on electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD).
Writing Well
Authors: Tredinnick Mark
Published: August 2012

Writing Well is a guide to expressive creative writing and effective professional prose. The author, a poet, writer, editor and teacher, explains the techniques required for stylish and readable writing. Everyone who wants to improve their writing can benefit from this book, which describes how to:
• identify topics that inspire you to write
• get into the habit of writing regularly
• develop ideas
• construct effective arguments
• choose words for maximum effect
• use grammar correctly
• structure sentences and paragraphs appropriately
• write with integrity
The book is enriched by examples from great modern writers, and includes a variety of exercises and suggestions for writing activities. Mark Tredinnick practises what he preaches, making his book highly enjoyable as well as technically instructive.
Handbook of International Law
Authors: Aust Anthony
Published: August 2012

A concise account of international law by an experienced practitioner, this book explains how states and international organisations, especially the United Nations, make and use international law. The nature of international law and its fundamental concepts and principles are described. The difference and relationship between various areas of international law which are often misunderstood (such as diplomatic and state immunity, and human rights and international humanitarian law) are clearly explained. The essence of new specialist areas of international law, relating to the environment, human rights and terrorism are discussed. Aust's clear and accessible style makes the subject understandable to non-international lawyers, non-lawyers and students. Abundant references are provided to sources and other materials, including authoritative and useful websites.
Designing Effective Web Surveys
Authors: Couper Mick P.
Published: August 2012

Designing Effective Web Surveys is a practical guide to designing web surveys, based on empirical evidence and grounded in scientific research and theory. It is designed to guide survey practitioners in the art and science of developing and deploying successful web surveys. The author guides the researcher through the steps involved, from the basic building blocks and suggests ways to increase visual impact and interactivity. Throughout, he considers the importance of layout and design, and attention is also given to the way questions are put together. The book is intended for academic, government, and market researchers who design and conduct web surveys.
Our Cosmic Origins
Authors: Delsemme Armand H. , Duve Christian de
Published: August 2012

Our Cosmic Origins, first published in 1998, traces the remarkable story of the emergence of life and intelligence right through the complex evolutionary history of the Universe. Armand Delsemme weaves together a rich tapestry of science, bringing together cosmology, astronomy, geology, biochemistry and biology in this wide-ranging book. In following the complex, chronological story, we discover how the first elements formed in the early Universe, how stars and planets were born, how the first bacteria evolved towards a plethora of plants and animals, and how the coupling of the eye and brain led to the development of self-awareness and, ultimately, intelligence. Professor Delsemme concludes with the tantalising suggestion that the existence of alien life and intelligence is likely, and examines our chances of contacting it. This provocative book provides the general reader with an accessible and wide-ranging account of how life evolved on Earth and how likely it is to exist elsewhere in the Universe.
Therapy after Terror
Authors: Seeley Karen M.
Published: August 2012

Therapy After Terror examines the 2001 World Trade Center attack from the perspectives of New York City mental health professionals who treated the psychologically wounded following the attack. Therapists discuss the attack's effects on their patients, its personal and professional consequences for them, and the ways it challenged fundamental aspects of clinical theory and practice. The book describes crisis mental health services that were established after the attack, as well as longer-term treatments. It also examines notions of trauma, diagnostic procedures, and the politics of psychological treatment. Seeley uses her unique interdisciplinary background as she provides a detailed study of the post-9/11 mental health crisis, including depictions of the restricted 'hot spots' such as the Lexington Avenue Armory, Family Assistance Centers, and Respite Centers at Ground Zero, where mental health workers delivered aid.
The 20-cm Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope
Authors: Manly Peter L.
Published: August 2012

This is a 1994 guide to the use of the most popular telescope in the world, the 20-cm (8-in) Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope. This compact instrument revolutionized amateur astronomy and astrophotography, and more than ten thousand are purchased each year. Peter Manly, a devotee and keen user of the Schmidt-Cassegrain, takes the telescope owner through all aspects of using the telescope in easy stages. It starts with techniques for viewing the Moon, then takes the observer through our planetary system and on to the deep sky, where nebulae and galaxies are treated extensively. There are interesting projects to try, such as observing the nearest star and chasing eclipses. A full range of telescope accessories and detectors is described, together with advice on their use, and suggestions for projects. The 40-page appendix is packed with hard-to-find practical information, arranged in ten separate sections.
Reunion Without Compromise
Authors: Perman Michael
Published: August 2012

A study of the political leadership of the Southern States during the decisive three years immediately after the American Civil War. This was the crucial moment when the terms and shape of the post-war sectional settlement were being deliberated and determined and its outcome depended on the policy pursued by the Federal government towards the leaders of the Confederacy as well as on the Southerners' response to whatever course was adopted. Consequently, the Southern politicians were at the centre of the whole problem of reunion. It is very surprising, therefore, that until this study there has been virtually no analysis by historians of the goals, strategies and priorities of the Confederates. Yet without this, the struggle over Southern readmission cannot properly be understood.
The Kongolese Saint Anthony
Authors: Thornton John
Published: August 2012

This book tells the story of the Christian religious movement led by Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita in the Kingdom of Kongo from 1704 until her death, by burning at the stake, in 1706. Beatriz, a young woman, claimed to be possessed by St Anthony, argued that Jesus was a Kongolese, and criticized Italian Capuchin missionaries in her country for not supporting black saints. The movement was largely a peace movement, with a following among the common people, attempting to stop the devastating cycle of civil wars between contenders for the Kongolese throne. Thornton supplies background information on the Kingdom, the development of Catholicism in Kongo since 1491, the nature and role of local warfare in the Atlantic slave trade, and contemporary everyday life, as well as sketching the lives of some local personalities.
Electroweak Interactions
Authors: Renton Peter
Published: August 2012

This book describes the theory of electroweak interactions, starting from a level understandable to students with only a first degree in physics. This theory, the Glashow–Salam–Weinberg (GSW) model, unifies the weak and electromagnetic forces of nature and gives a detailed description of the interactions between quarks and leptons, the basic building blocks of matter. The various experimental tests of the model that have been made and that are planned are described in detail, with reference to the fact that all results obtained so far are in agreement with the model. The interactions of quarks by the strong force, the theory of quantum chromodynamics, are also discussed. The GSW model, together with quantum chromodynamics, constitute the so-called 'standard model'. Theories proposing further unification of the forces of nature are outlined. This is a rapidly moving subject, and this up-to-date book will be of great value to researchers and beginning graduate students in high energy physics.
The Background of Ecology
Authors: McIntosh Robert P.
Published: August 2012

The Background of Ecology is a critical and up-to-date review of the origins and development of ecology, with emphasis on the major concepts and theories shared in the ecological traditions of plant and animal ecology, limnology, and oceanography. The work traces developments in each of these somewhat isolated areas and identifies, where possible, parallels or convergences among them. Dr McIntosh describes how ecology emerged as a science in the context of nineteenth-century natural histor
Exercises in Fourier Analysis
Authors: Körner T. W.
Published: August 2012

For physicists, engineers and mathematicians, Fourier analysis constitutes a tool of great usefulness. A wide variety of the techniques and applications of the subject were discussed in Dr Körner's highly popular book, Fourier Analysis. Now Dr Körner has compiled a collection of exercises on Fourier analysis that will thoroughly test the understanding of the reader. They are arranged chapter by chapter to correspond with Fourier Analysis, and for all who enjoyed that book, this companion volume will be an essential purchase.
A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies
Authors: Whittaker E. T. , McCrae Sir William
Published: August 2012

This classic book is a encylopaedic and comprehensive account of the classical theory of analytical dynamics. The treatment is rigorous yet readable, starting from first principles with kinematics before moving to equations of motion and specific and explicit methods for solving them, with chapters devoted to particle dyanmics, rigid bodies, vibration, and dissipative systems. Hamilton's principle is introduced and then applied to dynamical systems, including three-body systems and celestial mechanics. Very many examples and exercisies are supplied throughout.
Building Scientific Apparatus
Authors: Moore John H. , Davis Christopher C. , Coplan Michael A. , Greer Sandra C.
Published: August 2012

Unrivalled in its coverage and unique in its hands-on approach, this guide to the design and construction of scientific apparatus is essential reading for every scientist and student of engineering, and physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Covering the physical principles governing the operation of the mechanical, optical and electronic parts of an instrument, new sections on detectors, low-temperature measurements, high-pressure apparatus, and updated engineering specifications, as well as 400 figures and tables, have been added to this edition. Data on the properties of materials and components used by manufacturers are included. Mechanical, optical, and electronic construction techniques carried out in the lab, as well as those let out to specialized shops, are also described. Step-by-step instruction supported by many detailed figures, is given for laboratory skills such as soldering electrical components, glassblowing, brazing, and polishing.
Models of Man
Authors: Hollis Martin
Published: August 2012

All social theorists and philosophers who seek to explain human action have a 'model of man', a metaphysical view of human nature. Some make man a plastic creature of nature and nurture, some present him as the autonomous creator of his social world, some offer a compromise. Each view needs its own theory of scientific knowledge calling for philosophic appraisal and the compromise sets harder puzzles than either. Passive accounts of man, for example, have a robust notion of causal explanation but cannot either find or dispense with a self to apply them to. Active accounts rightly stress an autonomous self, but lack a proper concept of explanation. Martin Hollis takes these tensions and contrasts from the thought of sociologists, economists, and psychologists. He then develops a model of his own - one which seeks to connect personal and social identity through an ambitious theory of rational action and a priori knowledge, proposing a sense in which men can act freely and still be a subject for scientific explanation.