bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Achievement, Dominance, and Creativity
Authors: Heinzen Thomas E. , Teevan Richard C. , Britt Michael A.
Published: August 2011

A review of literature suggests that creativity and authoritarianism are negatively correlated. Based on a validation study by Ray and Lovejoy in 1983 in which need for achievement and dominance were offered as better predictors of authoritarian behaviors than traditional authoritarianism scales, we examined this relationship using a projective test for Need for Achievement (the Thematic Apperception Test) and a self-descriptive scale (the Adjective Check List) which produced multiple measures of achievement plus scores on dominance and creativity. The anticipated negative relationship between creativity and this operationalization of authoritarianism was not produced by any of the measures. Instead, we replicated Gough and Heilbrun's 1983 data in which dominance and achievement are positively related to creativity. The results are discussed in terms of how researchers might examine the relations between authoritarianism and creativity as the social psychology of creativity.
Type a Behavior, Occupational and Life Demands, Satisfaction, and Well-Being
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relation of Type A behavior to measures of occupational and life stress, satisfaction and well-being. Both main and moderating effects of Type A were investigated. Data were obtained from 828 police officers using questionnaires completed anonymously. Type A was significantly related to measures of personal well-being but only weakly to work and life demands. No support was found for hypothesized moderating effects of Type A on the stressor-strain relationship.
Comparisons of Paranormal Beliefs of Black and White University Students from the Southern United States
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome , Miller Mark , Murphy Patsy , Mitchell Thomas
Published: August 2011

Paranormal beliefs of 250 black and 208 white university students from the Southern United States were compared on the Paranormal Belief Scale. This sample of black students reported significantly greater belief than the sample of white students in Superstition, Witchcraft, Spiritualism, and Precognition. The white students showed significantly greater Traditional Religious Belief and belief in Extraordinary Life Forms. However, notwithstanding these significant group differences, both groups similarly reported “belief” in Traditional Religious Belief and in Precognition, while reporting “disbelief” in Psi, Witchcraft, Superstition, Spiritualism, and Extraordinary Life Forms.
Extreme Response on a Likert Scale
Authors: Albaum Gerald , Murphy Brian D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of alternative scale formats on reporting of extreme attitudes on Liken scales of agreement. The formats were tested on samples of university students who responded to a set of statements about economic systems. In general, a two-stage format generated a greater percentage of extreme-position responses than did the common one-stage format, with a modified one-stage version falling in between.
Psychology of the Scientist: LIX. The Academic Elite in Psychology: Linkages among Top-Ranked Graduate Programs
Authors: Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

The top-ranked doctoral programs in psychology, based on a national survey of faculty ratings, were substantially linked to each other by hiring each other's graduates. It is suggested that this linkage helps these departments to maintain and enhance their prestige.
Methods of Self-Destructive Behaviour in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Pillay Anthony L.
Published: August 2011

Of 87 young Indian subjects hospitalized for self-destructive behaviours 93.1% had ingested medicinal or toxic substances. The predominance of this method appears related to the availability of these substances. Also, the relatively low incidence of violent methods seems consistent with previous findings that this community is generally less aggressive in their responses.
Effect of Incentives Delivered for Correctly Answered Items on the Measured IQS of Children of Low and High IQ
Authors: Lloyd Margaret E. , Zylla Therese M.
Published: August 2011

Preschool children were tested on a modified form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Equal numbers of high and low scoring children were assigned to token and no-token groups. The tokens, exchangeable for back-up items, were shown to be reinforcers for each of the children in the study. Four weeks later, the children were retested. This time children in the token group received tokens for correct answers. High- as well as low-scoring children who received tokens did better than children who did not receive tokens. This suggests that high-scoring children, like low-scoring children, are not all maximally motivated to do their best by intrinsic reinforcement and that preschool children are similar to older children in this regard.
Effects of Shock Controllability on Subsequent Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors in the Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Hughes Gary D. , Jones Andrew A.
Published: August 2011

Male cockroaches ( Periplaneta americana) were exposed to either escapable, inescapable, or no shock in an escape task for three consecutive days. 24 hr. later they were placed individually in an aquarium with a naive cockroach and the frequency of aggressive behavior and defensive behavior was recorded by a blind observer. The inescapable shock group of cockroaches displayed less aggressive behavior and a greater tendency to retreat from social encounter than the escapable shock or no shock groups.
Biological Model of Agoraphobia: A Comment
Authors: Goldberg Carlos
Published: August 2011

The biological model proposed by Klein was evaluated. It was argued that agoraphobia is not invariably preceded by panic attacks, and Klein's observations may have been restricted to severe cases. Furthermore, there is a need to determine why some individuals who suffer from panic do not develop agoraphobia. The limitations of the basic premises concerning panic and anxiety, dependency needs, and separation anxiety are discussed. A comprehensive model of agoraphobia must consider the interaction between biological dysfunction and cognitive processes. In addition, several diagnostic groups should be compared to clarify which factors are specific to agoraphobia.
Predicting Academic Performance: Nelson-Denny Reading Test and Measures of College Students' Study of Expository Prose
Authors: Feldt Ronald C.
Published: August 2011

Prediction of performance in an introductory psychology course was examined for a sample of 65 freshmen college students. Students completed the Comprehension subtest of the Nelson-Denny Reading Test, then studied a 956-word passage, reported their reading strategies, and responded to 18 test questions. Predictors included Nelson-Denny Comprehension score, reading strategy, study time, retention interval, time to complete the test, and test score. Percentage of total points earned in the course for the semester was the criterion. The best set of predictors included Comprehension score, test score, and retention interval; R = .61. The text-study procedure with exemplary test questions may have utility in improving prediction of course performance.
Relation of Job Satisfaction and Job Knowledge and Their Effect on Intention to Turnover
Authors: Ward Edward A.
Published: August 2011

The construct of job knowledge has received increasing attention from researchers interested in the relations with variables such as performance ratings, work experience, job sample test scores, and ability. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the previously unexamined relationship of job knowledge to both job satisfaction and intention to turnover. Although job satisfaction and intention to turnover were negatively correlated as predicted, the job knowledge of 60 MBA students was independent of the other two variables.
Sex-Related Attitudes toward Humor among High-School and College Students
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Tyler Kimberly E.
Published: August 2011

This exploratory study describes comparisons of high-school and college men and women regarding attitudes toward the “importance” of humor in their lives. 45 high-school students and 33 college students volunteered to complete Vitulli's Humor Rating Scale. This Likert-type scale has 12 items dealing with varying opinions regarding the importance of humor for men and women. Four subscales measured general humor appreciation, male-oriented humor, female-oriented humor, and differentiation of humor by sex, respectively. Results from a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial (mixed) design yielded a significant difference between high-school and college groups. Scheffé tests of multiple comparisons gave significant differences between high-school males and college males regarding male-oriented humor and between high-school males and high-school females regarding male-oriented humor. There were no significant differences between college males and college females regarding male- or female-oriented humor. These data are explained in terms of “androgynous” social conditioning.
Adaption-Innovation and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: The Level-Style Issue Revisited
Authors: Isaksen Scott G. , Puccio Gerard J.
Published: August 2011

Kirton has asserted that his measure of creative style, Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory, is discrete or orthogonal to level measures of creativity. This study used a well-established measure, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, on a relatively larger sample than in previous studies. Scores for 132 (40 men, 92 women) college students on Kirton's measure were significantly correlated with scores on Torrance's Fluency, Flexibility, and Originality subtests. Further, t tests showed a significant difference between the extreme adaptor and innovator groups for fluency.
Differences in Locus of Control between Expectant Women and Their Spouses
Authors: Schneider Nancy J. , Eichmann Mary Avellone
Published: August 2011

115 expectant married couples from an HMO population were recruited during a routine 5-mo. prenatal visit. Husbands and wives independently completed a background questionnaire and the Rotter Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale. Differences in I-E scale scores between husbands and wives were significant. I-E scores of expectant wives indicated greater external locus of control than those of expectant husbands. This finding was derived from a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance with socioeconomic status as the covariate and within-couple scores as the repeated-measure. The relationship between pregnancy and locus of control and the need for research are discussed.
Age, Gender-Role Orientation, and Attitudes toward Menstruation
Authors: Chrisler Joan C.
Published: August 2011

Students aged 18 to 23 yr. at a community college in suburban New Jersey and adults aged 30 to 39 yr. from suburban New Jersey completed the 1974 Bern Sex-role Inventory and Brooks-Gunn and Ruble's 1980 Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire. Significant age differences, sex differences and gender role differences in attitudes toward menstruation were found. Their implications are discussed.
Memory for Wording and Meaning of Content-Relevant Jokes Presented in Differing Arousal Conditions
Authors: Maher Kathleen M. , Van Giffen Katherine
Published: August 2011

122 male and female undergraduates were presented with 12 written jokes, half during an examination (moderate arousal) and half during a lecture (low arousal). Two weeks after each presentation the students were asked to recall as many jokes and characteristics of the jokes as possible. Across the conditions there was better memory for meaning than for literal wording of these jokes which were used to illustrate a concept. Furthermore, this difference was enhanced by moderate arousal, especially for women.
Hybrid Theory: What is Learned in Classical Conditioning?
Authors: Logan Frank A.
Published: August 2011

Experimental evidence can be interpreted to imply an S-S associative process in classical (Pavlovian) conditioning and an S-R associative process in higher-order conditioning. The evidence comes from the differential effects of changing the value/significance of the US after conditioning. However, all results can be attributed to S-S associations if anticipatory response-produced feedback is included in the analysis. This analysis also has implications for the relation of the CR to the UR and equipotentiality of associability.
Self-Reported Reasons for Students' Absenteeism at a Predominantly Black Urban University
Authors: Lummis Guy , McCutcheon Lynn E.
Published: August 2011

A scale containing 51 reasons for absenteeism was given to 169 students at a predominantly black inner-city university. Means for the importance of each reason were rank-ordered and compared with the rank-order of a group of suburban community college students who had responded to the same scale in a previous study. A similar comparison was carried out by ranking the sizes of the correlations between each reason for absenteeism and the number of reported absences. Analysis confirms the external validity of the scale. Specific reasons yielding both high and low intersample discrepancies were cited and discussed along with directions for research.
Cohabitation and Marriage Licenses: A Research Note
Authors: Stump Linda , Knudsen Dean
Published: August 2011

Of 573 marriage license applicants, members of 301 pairs had different addresses and members of 272 pairs had the same addresses. Telephone interviews with 78 couples verified that addresses on the applications provided a valid measure of cohabitation, More cohabiting pairs had been divorced. Younger persons more often intended to marry.
Relation of Perceived Health with Psychosocial Variables in Elderly Osteoarthritis Patients
Authors: De Forge Bruce R. , Sobal Jeffery , Krick John P.
Published: August 2011

Self-perceived health is related to physical health status and frequently assessed in research on elderly persons. The association of perceived health with sociodemographic, psychological, social functioning, and physical functioning variables was examined in 86 elderly osteoarthritis patients. Psychological well-being (especially depression and anxiety), size of household, physical activity, and education were the most important predictors of self-perceived health ( R = .70). Poor perceived health may suggest problems in elderly patients in several psychosocial areas, but good perceived health does not rule out psychosocial problems.
A Neurotransmitter Basis for Eysenck's Theory of Personality
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A physiological basis for Eysenck's theory of personality is proposed which is different from those bases suggested by Eysenck himself. Psychoticism, neuroticism and extraversion are associated with varying levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, respectively.
Self-Esteem of High School Students as a Function of Sex, Grade, and Curriculum Orientation
Authors: Cienki Scott J. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: August 2011

Rosenberg's global measure of self-esteem was given to freshman and senior high school boys and girls enrolled in schools emphasizing different curricula, vocational-technical or college orientation ( ns = 46 and 56). In the former, boys' self-esteem scores were higher for seniors than for freshmen; in the latter school, however, boys' mean self-esteem was lower for seniors than for freshmen. Girls' means were lower for freshmen than seniors in the vocational school but were similar in the college-oriented school.
Developmental Change in Subjective Probability during Adolescence
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiaki , Ohta Hirohiko
Published: August 2011

The developmental change in subjective probability during adolescence, an important period for establishing the probability concept, was investigated. 75 Japanese adolescents, from 12 to 23 yr. of age, were asked to make probability judgments for a lottery under 15 conditions. Analysis showed that with increase in age their subjective probability came closer to the objective probability. Discussion of these results took into consideration recent studies on the development of the concept of probability.
The Police Stress Survey: Reliability and Relation to Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment
Authors: Martelli Theresa A. , Waters L. K. , Martelli Josephine
Published: August 2011

The 1981 Police Stress Survey of Spielberger, Westbury, Grier, and Greenfield was administered to 99 metropolitan and suburban police officers. Internal consistency reliabilities were in the .90s for both the total scale and two subscales which measure administrative/organizational and physical/psychological stressors. The administrative/organizational, but not the physical/psychological, subscale was significantly related to measures of job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
Direct versus Indirect Measures of Utilities
Authors: Spangler William D.
Published: August 2011

Utilities may be measured directly by questionnaire or indirectly through the statistical analysis of choices individuals make among profiles of jobs or products. In the present research, 211 undergraduate students directly rated the importance to themselves of 10 factors such as location and starting salary thought to be relevant to students seeking their first full-time jobs. Participants also rated 32 hypothetical job profiles, from which indirect measures of job factor utilities were calculated. Finally, participants rated and ranked four additional job profiles. The present research suggested that both measures of utilities may predict job-choice behavior better than either measure used alone.
Influence of Rock Videos on Attitudes of Violence against Women
Authors: Peterson Dena L. , Pfost Karen S.
Published: August 2011

144 undergraduate men viewed rock videos which contained content that was erotic-violent, erotic-nonviolent, nonerotic-violent, or nonerotic-nonviolent. Exposure to nonerotic-violent rock videos resulted in significantly higher Adversarial Sexual Beliefs scores and ratings of negative affect. These and other findings are discussed in terms of Bandura's concept of emotional incompatibility and the frustration-aggression model.
Formal Operational Thought among African and Canadian College Students
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S. , Mwamwenda Bernadette B.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine evidence for formal operational thought among Canadian and African college students, drawn from Edmonton, Canada and Umtata, Transkei, South African, who were tested on propositional and proportional reasoning. Both Canadian and African students surpassed the 75% criterion for propositional reasoning, whereas only Canadians attained the 50% success criterion on proportional reasoning. There was a cultural difference in favour of Canadians on performance of both tasks.
The Krantz Health Opinion Survey: Correlations with Preventive Health Behaviors and Intentions
Authors: Dinning W. David , Crampton Joanne
Published: August 2011

The Krantz Health Opinion Survey, a measure of treatment preferences, was administered to 124 college women who also completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale and rated their own preventive health behaviors and intentions. Analysis confirmed previous findings of relations between the two scales, particularly the moderate negative correlation between the Krantz Behavioral Involvement Scale and Powerful Others Locus of Control. The Krantz scores also were correlated with demographic measures such as education and occupation of the head of the household. With the exception of low correlations with frequency of obtaining Pap tests and with intentions to engage in exercise, the Krantz scores were uncorrelated with preventive health behaviors and intentions. It may be that another variable such as health value moderates these associations.
A Developmental Study of Cognitive Processes in Decision Making: Information Searching as a Function of Task Complexity
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiaki , Hotta Miho
Published: August 2011

This study examined the development of information search behavior in decision making. 75 subjects, aged 12 to 23 yr., made choices among 3 or 6 alternatives described by 6 or 12 features and displayed in matrix form. Before making their choices, subjects freely examined feature information about the alternatives by peeling off stickers that covered the information in matrix cells. Analysis indicated that age was unrelated to the number of information cells examined but was related to order of examination. Haphazard searching through the matrices decreased significantly by age 14, and a search pattern related to a choice process of “elimination by aspects” was clearly detected by age 16. Developmental and methodological implications of the results are discussed.
Similarity in Sensation-Seeking, Sexual Satisfaction and Contentment in Relationship in Heterosexual Couples
Authors: Donaldson Stewart
Published: August 2011

Data from 31 college students and their long-term partners in intimate relationships indicated that similarity in sensation-seeking on Zuckerman's scale was positively and moderately correlated with scores on Traupman, Hatfield, and Wexler's measures of sexual satisfaction and contentment in relationship.
Interactions among Affect, Cognition, and Visuomotor Coordination as Measured in Words and Symbols
Authors: Pack Daniel R. , Cadet Bernard , Pons Louis
Published: August 2011

The associative frequencies of responses to stimulus words during free and controlled forced-choice word-association tests correlate well with each other and with assessments of the affective character (emotional content) of the stimulus words for the test subjects (Osgood Index) for three samples of volunteer French undergraduate students ( ns = 200, 64, and 72). These indices correlate negatively with the subjects' performance on Digit Symbol Substitution tests. Neisser's theory of schemata and Edelman's theory of neuronal group selection may provide insight into this relationship. If the associative frequency of a subject's response decreased, the affective content of the word stimulus (as perceived by the subject) diminished as well. This relationship was associated with a relatively higher score on Digit Symbol Substitution. Conversely, it was observed that subjects whose responses were characterized by high associative frequencies (whether the response was spontaneous or forced-choice) rated the stimulus words as having a relatively stronger affective content or emotional character and performed less well on Digit Symbol Substitution.
Study of Ideal-Self Discrepancy and Observed Social Behaviors in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Rogers Mary K. , Kelly Francis J.
Published: August 2011

This descriptive study explored relations between ideal self-discrepancy (often referred to as self-esteem or self-concept) and behaviors observed in 27 residents of a therapeutic community for polydrug users. The Sliding Person Test (SPERT), an abstract, nonverbal measure of self-reported, ideal self-discrepancy was administered three times a week, for seven consecutive weeks to 27 subjects after regularly scheduled group meetings. Data were charted on graphs to reveal fluctuations of ideal self-discrepancy and incidences of observed, documented changes in behavior. Analysis suggests the instrument detects some changes in ideal self-discrepancy congruent with transitional behaviors. In more than half of the cases, fluctuation of 25% or more in discrepancy between ideal self-concept and at-the-moment self-concept was directly related to an observed change in behavior or residents' transition in the hierarchy of the program's structure. Implications for validity and reliability issues concerning measures of ideal-self-discrepancy are briefly discussed.
Agoraphobia with and without Current Panic Attacks
Authors: Brown Richard , Munjack Dennis , McDowell Diane
Published: August 2011

MMPI and SCL-90-R profiles of agoraphobics with and without current panic attacks are presented. Agoraphobics with current panic attacks were more elevated on Psychopathic Deviate (4), Psychasthenia (7), and Social Introversion (0) scales of the MMPI. On the SCL-90-R agoraphobics with current panic attacks had higher scores on Interpersonal Sensitivity, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety, and Total/90.
Learning Styles—Liberal Arts and Technical Training: What's the Difference?
Authors: Reading-Brown Margery S. , Hayden Robert R.
Published: August 2011

In a study comparing the learning types of undergraduate students at two higher education institutions having different educational missions, 222 participants representing three academic divisions took the original Kolb Learning Style Inventory and the Learning Style Questionnaire. Data were subjected to a stepwise discriminant analysis, and canonical discriminant functions were derived. Eight questionnaire items and three Kolb Learning Styles significantly discriminated among the groups of arts, science, and business students. Results indicated that the learning styles of career-oriented students are relatively predictable and that differences exist in learning styles of groups of students choosing different experiences in higher education.
Creative Self-Perceptions of Mexican-American Children
Authors: Masten William G.
Published: August 2011

Responses from 96 ( M age: 11-yr.-old) Mexican-American children, 55 boys and 41 girls in Grades 3 to 8, on Something About Myself from the Khatena-Torrance Creative Perception Inventory showed they believed themselves to be talented in many different areas and to use original ideas to solve problems as well as not take for granted what they are told, but do not participate in musical or dramatic expressions.
Reproducibility across Experiments of Behavioral Results Obtained under Strictly Standardized Conditions: Another View of the Results of the Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study
Authors: Tachibana Toshiaki
Published: August 2011

The data of the Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study were reanalyzed. The degree of reproducibility of the treatment effect across experiments was assessed as the magnitude of fluctuation in strength of association (η2) for the replication experiment. There was no evidence that fluctuation of treatment effects across experiments was greater for behavioral measures than for nonbehavioral ones, suggesting the conventional belief that low reproducibility of results in behavioral teratology reflects the low reliability of the behavior test per se is unwarranted. Although the distributions of obtained treatment effects were almost symmetric and unimodal for most measures, the ranges were considerable. Considering that experiments were conducted under strictly standardized conditions across experiments, finding of the considerable ranges indicates that inconsistency in results across experiments cannot be remedied adequately by employing solely a standardized method. Basing in the main their results in terms of conventional significance tests, research workers in the collaborative study concluded that excellent reproducibility of behavioral data was demonstrated. The logic underlying the statistically nonsignificant interaction used in the original work was examined critically. A serious limitation upon the significance test for assessing the reproducibility of results was pointed out, and a warning issued about customary reliance only on a significance test.
Analysis of the Relations between Personality Characteristics and Education Majors' Sex and Grade-Level Focus
Authors: Jenkins Stephen J. , Fisher Gary L. , Applegate Roy L.
Published: August 2011

Personality profiles of education majors were compared using the California Psychological Inventory and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Discriminant analyses indicated significant differences on selected scales for men ( n = 50) and women ( n = 112) and for those interested in elementary and secondary teaching. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to the future teaching activities of education majors.
Role of the CS-US Interval in the US Preexposure Effect
Authors: Misanin James R. , Hinderliter Charles F.
Published: August 2011

Theory and research suggest that long delay taste-aversion conditioning should be less affected by proximal US preexposure than short-delay conditioning The present research tested this hypothesis by administering illness-inducing LiCl shortly before a saccharin-LiCl pairing in which the postsaccharin LiCl was administered either immediately or 20 min. after access to saccharin. The results suggest that US preexposure has a more deleterious effect on conditioning when the illness-inducing US is delayed in conditioning than when it is immediate. These results are to be expected on the basis of classical conditioning principles and question theory and research that suggest more deleterious effects of US preexposure with shorter intervals between the preexposed and conditioning US.
Exploratory Scaling Procedures for Evaluating Mini-Grant Instructional Improvement Proposals
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: August 2011

Rating procedures were applied to screen small-grant proposals based on three criteria: relevance, innovation and feasibility. A composite total score correlated .70 with project funding. Reliability of the procedures must be improved.
Comparison of Nominal Recall (Standard) and Multiple-Choice Methods for Administration of WISC—R Information Subtest: A Preliminary Study Indicating a Learning Effect of Multiple-Choice Testing
Authors: Weinberg Warren A. , McLean Anne , Snider Robert L. , Rintelmann Jeanne W. , Brumback Roger A.
Published: August 2011

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R) Information subtest was administered to learning disabled children using two methods of administration, the standard (recall) method and a multiple-choice format. Those children who were tested first with the multiple-choice format and subsequently with the standard format did better on the standard format than expected. This preliminary study suggests a learning effect of such multiple-choice testing and the desirability of further research being undertaken.
Effects of Therapist's Self-Disclosure and a Physical Barrier on Subjects' Perceptions of the Therapist: An Analogue Study
Authors: Lundeen Edward J. , Schuldt W. John
Published: August 2011

This analogue study was designed to assess the effects of a therapist's self-disclosure and a physical barrier between therapist and client on subjects' perceptions of the therapist. College students viewed one of four videotaped therapy interactions during which an actor, playing the role of a therapist, did or did not disclose, and where a barrier was or was not present. Students rated the mock therapist on expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Analysis showed that students rated him higher on trustworthiness and attractiveness when he disclosed than when he did not disclose. Moreover, the mock therapist's disclosure had more effect on students' ratings when a barrier was present than when no barrier was present.
Birth Order and Narcissism
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

29 first-born individuals were observed to have significantly higher narcissism scores on the Narcissism Personality Inventory than were 43 last-born individuals. Also, comparisons indicated higher narcissism among men than among women.
Comparison of Patterns of Word Association among Three Grades of Nigerian School Children
Authors: Folarin Bamidele Adepeju
Published: August 2011

79 Nigerian primary school children in Grades 1, 3, and 6 associated to 48 categorizable Yoruba nouns which were randomly presented. They all significantly produced more paradigmatic than syntagmatic responses. Grade 6 gave the most superordinate, temporally, spatially, and functionally related responses. Grade 3 produced the most connotative responses, and Grade 1 emitted the most descriptive responses.
Levels of Emotional Development with Experienced Levels of Emptiness and Existential Concern
Authors: Hazell Clive G.
Published: August 2011

Using a sample of 61 male students the relations between level of emotional development, according to Dabrowski and Piechowski's theory of positive disintegration, and experienced levels of emptiness, existential concern, and depression were examined to see if earlier findings are supported. A positive correlation was noted between level of emotional development and emptiness, confirming the earlier study. These findings support the idea that the emotional development involves the conscious experiencing of emptiness but they do not support similar notions with regard to existential concern and depression.
Sense of Humor as a Mediator during Incidental Learning of Humor-Related Material
Authors: Dixon Paul N. , Strano Donald A. , Willingham Welborn , Chandler Cynthia K.
Published: August 2011

Variations in attention during intentional or incidental learning were investigated. Materials for intentional learning were presented to 165 college students in conjunction with peripheral cues of humorous and non-humorous materials presented for incidental learning. An hypothesized funneling effect, an attentional shift during learning to the incidental materials, was not found for humorous or non-humorous materials and intentional recall of materials. Subjects with high self-reported sense of humor attended significantly more than subjects with a low sense of humor to incidental humorous materials. Further, subjects with high sense of humor showed significantly greater recall of incidental humorous materials than subjects with low sense of humor. A one-item self-report scale of sense of humor provided behavioral discrimination. The complexity of intentional and incidental learning and the effects of sense of humor on attention to intentional and incidental materials were discussed.
Effects of Sex on Peer Ratings of U.S. Army Rotc Cadets
Authors: Jordan James L.
Published: August 2011

The effects of sex of rater and sex of ratee on peer ratings were investigated. Subjects were U.S. Army ROTC cadets at a 6-wk. advanced training camp in 1985; 935 subjects were men and 373 were women. Male ratees received significantly (α = .01) higher peer ratings than the female ratees received. Male ratees received significantly (α = .01) higher peer ratings from male raters than from female raters. Female ratees received significantly (α = .01) higher peer ratings from female raters than from male raters. It is possible that men received higher ratings than women because there were more men doing the rating.
Assessing Men's Social-Sexual Effectiveness: A Self-Report Instrument
Authors: Quackenbush Robert L.
Published: August 2011

The development of a brief self-report scale of men's social effectiveness in the areas of dating and sexual relating is described. For a college sample, the 14-item Likert scale showed adequate internal stability. It is proposed that the scale may have some utility in identifying men in need of training in social and interpersonal skills, although the validity of this assertion has yet to be determined.
Lying by Children: Why Children Say One Thing, Do Another?
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: August 2011

Lying constitutes a problematic behavior for parents and other social agents involved in children's development of effective behaviors. This analysis suggests that lying is, in part, the name for a lack of correspondence between saying and doing, and that effective correspondence training procedures can be designed to teach truthfulness in children through the teaching of either promise-then-do correspondence or do-then-report correspondence. This paper proposes a relational definition of lying and shows its applications in the area of correspondence training. The generalization and maintenance of truthfulness, advantages and disadvantages of correspondence training in the management of lying are also considered.
Influence of Education on Job Preferences
Authors: Argentero Piergiorgio
Published: August 2011

This study represents an effort to estimate the effects of education on job preferences. A total of 1200 young job applicants rated the importance of 21 job characteristics. Results indicated only moderate effects of education on ratings of importance.
A Comparative Study of Narcissism, Gender, and Sex-Role Orientation among Bodybuilders, Athletes, and Psychology Students
Authors: Carroll Lynne
Published: August 2011

This research examined the popular view expressed by Lasch and by Lowen that narcissism is a particularly salient feature among bodybuilders. It also was designed to test hypothesized gender and sex-role differences in narcissism. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Bern Sex-role Inventory were administered to 232 participants within three groups of bodybuilders, athletes, and psychology students. Analysis indicated that bodybuilders scored significantly higher on the Self-absorption subscale of the Narcissism inventory than athletes and psychology students. Men and the masculine group scored significantly higher on the total Narcissism scale and the four subscales than women and androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated groups.
An Integrative Model of Supervisory Training for Medical Center Personnel
Authors: Frisch Michael B.
Published: August 2011

The development of a comprehensive supervisory training program for V.A. Medical Center personnel is described. The program draws upon the literature of both organizational psychology and cognitive-behavior therapy and has four basic components: (a) needs assessment and evaluation, (b) awareness-building and cognitive restructuring, (c) skill training, and (d) application on the job. The training program consists of 16 modules developed on the basis of a preliminary needs assessment and literature review. An initial investigation of the model's efficacy indicated significant improvements in the supervisors' knowledge of sound supervisory practices as well as high levels of satisfaction and self-reported productivity in a sample of supervisors who underwent training. Plans for outcome research and the continuing need for an integration of subdisciplines are discussed.
Reactance Theory: A Test with Collegiate Drinking
Authors: Engs Ruth , Hanson David J.
Published: August 2011

Reactance theory suggests that attempting to prevent alcohol consumption among underage college students will create reactance motivation and lead to increased drinking among such students. Since July of 1987, it has been illegal throughout the USA for those under 21 yr. of age to purchase alcohol. In a national sample of 3,375 college students during the 1987–1988 academic year, significantly more underage students were found to drink. This relationship is in marked contrast to the pattern documented by research extending back to the early 1950s and is interpreted as supporting reactance theory.
Physical Attractiveness Stereotypes and Students' Perceptions of College Professors
Authors: Romano Shelia T. , Bordieri James E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of physical attractiveness of college professors on students' forming impressions of them. 60 high school students answered questions about alleged professors, who varied in physical attractiveness and sex. Analyses showed that attractive professors were (a) seen as better teachers, (b) perceived as more likely to be asked for additional assistance, (c) more likely to be recommended to other students, and (d) less likely to be blamed if a student received a failing course grade than unattractive professors. Female professors were also rated more favorably than their male peers.
Self-Concept Vs Objective Test for Type A/B Behavior
Authors: Chaney Robert H. , Forbes Lorna M.
Published: August 2011

Although it has become popular to classify people as Type A or Type B, particularly with reference to their risk for cardiovascular disease, we questioned the accuracy of the layman's evaluation of himself. 56 adults were asked their concepts of their behavior type, and results were compared to their scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey. There was general agreement in the typing and on the other Jenkins subscales. But many who on the Jenkins scale scored Type A felt they were Type B, and some of these scored low on the other three component scales; and many Type B persons called themselves Type A, and some scored high on the other subscales.
Personality Characteristics of Student Leaders
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor R.
Published: August 2011

95 students were nominated by their schools to attend the Leadership Studies Program, a summer residential program for students in Grades 6 through 11. Students were administered the High School Personality Questionnaire to assess their personality characteristics and differences between boys and girls on any of the factors on the instrument. Girls were significantly higher than boys on Emotional Stability (Factor C), Dominance (Factor E), and on the secondary factor of Independence.
Naturalistic and Technological Values in the Modern World
Authors: Worsley Anthony , Worsley Andrea J.
Published: August 2011

A 29-item attitude inventory, reflecting technical and naturalistic aspects of modern life, was administered by post to a random sample of 700 women in Adelaide, South Australia. The response rate was 65%. The total scale had adequate internal reliability (Cronbach α = 0.78). Cronbach alpha values for two subscales, Nature and Technology, were 0.66 and 0.55, respectively. The scores were negatively related to McClosky and Schaar's 1965 measure of anomy and to educational background, early school leavers having higher scores. The Nature subscale was negatively related to positive attitudes toward food processing, and Technology was inversely related to pronaturalistic food attitudes. Regular users of dietary supplements had higher Nature scores and lower Technology scores than nonsupplementers.
Construct Validity of the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory for Children
Authors: Kroner Daryl , Sinha Birendra K.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the construct validity of three subscales from the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory for Children (Battle, 1981). Subjects were 62 youth who participated in a local community social-service program between 1981 and 1985. Three subscales (Academic, Parent, and Social) of the inventory were compared with data recorded in case files. Data in the case files were quantified into scales according to the frequency and intensity of target behaviors derived from the literature. Correlation between scores on the inventory subscales and on the corresponding constructed scales were –.49, –.46, and –.11 for the academic, parent, and social dimensions, respectively. Correlations among the three subscales of the inventory and the noncorresponding constructed scales were all nonsignificant, giving support for discriminant validity among the subscales.
Sex Differences in the “Depressed Affect” Factor among Selected University Students
Authors: Hawkins Wesley E. , McDermott Robert J. , Sheilds Laurene , Harvey S. Marie
Published: August 2011

The present study examined symptoms of depression among university students. On the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 96 men and 138 women did not differ in over-all reporting of depressive symptoms, but women were significantly more prone to experience symptoms measured by a scale factor known as “depressed affect.”
Who Refuses Chemotherapy? A Profile
Authors: Gilbar Ora
Published: August 2011

This study presents a profile of the patient who refuses chemotherapy. It is based on data from a group of 70 such cancer patients who were compared with a matched group of 70 cancer patients who completed their treatments at five oncological institutes in Israel. Despite the differences found on the Psychological Adjustment to Physical Illness Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory scale, the model shows that the patient who refuses chemotherapy has low confidence in the physician and low expectation of the treatment.
Psychology of Computer Use: X. Effect of Learning Logo on Children's Problem-Solving Skills
Authors: Poulin-Dubois Diane , McGilly Catherine A. , Shultz Thomas R.
Published: August 2011

A natural experiment was used to determine whether learning the computer language Logo improves children's problem-solving strategies outside of the Logo context. 8-yr.-olds who learned Logo in school were found to use both debugging techniques and procedurality in their computer programming. They and a group of control children of the same age were pre- and posttested on a game requiring debugging skills (Mastermind) and another game requiring procedural skills (Tower of Hanoi). Boys, but not girls, trained in Logo showed an improvement in debugging skills relative to the control children. Improvement in procedural skills was not related to training in Logo. The results were discussed in terms of distance of transfer, degree of expertise, and the basis of sex differences in computer programming.
Relative Importance of Perceived Understanding in Developing Male-Female Mate Relationships
Authors: Cahn Dudley D.
Published: August 2011

Data from 155 partners indicated that perceived understanding becomes most important later in the development of male-female mate relationships.
Psychological Coping and the Management of Pain with Cognitive Restructuring and Biofeedback: A Case Study and Variation of Cognitive Experiential Therapy
Authors: Murphy Michael A. , Tosi Donald J. , Pariser Roslyn F.
Published: August 2011

Pain is generally recognized as being influenced by multiple psychological factors. Cognitive experiential therapy may use cognitive restructuring with imagery and hypnosis. The restructuring of negative cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological states occurs through six stages. This case study illustrates the use of cognitive restructuring and biofeedback with a woman hospitalized for depression and a chronic pain syndrome consisting of tension headache pain. Measures of headache pain (frequency, intensity), skin temperature, and assessment with the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory consisting of broad categories and scales were taken at pretest, posttest and follow-up. The biofeedback treatment alone showed some physiological improvement. Cognitive restructuring and biofeedback resulted in improvements on the Millon, and reduction of headache symptoms at the posttest. Gains on the Millon broad categories of personality coping styles and psychosomatic correlates were maintained at follow-up and chronic headache pain was not reported. Self-report headache frequency and intensity decreased over time with the cognitive restructuring and biofeedback approach.
Naive Attributions for an Unexpected Sports Outcome
Authors: Herringer Lawrence , Berger James , Scott Joseph
Published: August 2011

This study applied concepts derived from previous research on causal attribution to a real-world event, Super Bowl XXII. 65 undergraduates responded to a four-item survey, which included questions on amount of the game seen, favorite team, why the victor won, and why the loser lost. The responses were then coded for attributional locus of causality and stability. Analysis of variance indicated that success was attributed to significantly more stable factors than failure although other expected effects for locus of causality and motivational bias were not obtained. The natural context and the use of questions regarding both success and failure were identified as methodological aspects with theoretical import, which was then discussed.
Relation of Divorce to Self-Concepts and Grade Point Averages of Fifth Grade School Children
Authors: Beer John
Published: August 2011

Data from 31 children (age 10.7 yr.) of divorced parents showed lower self-concept scores on the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale than 19 children of nondivorced parents, although the two sets of scores fall within the expected range.