bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE AQUATIC DANCE FLY FAUNA OF A SUBARCTIC RIVER SYSTEM IN QUÉBEC, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HEMERODROMIA (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE)
Authors: Landry Bernard , Harper P.P.
Published: December 2009

As part of a preimpoundment baseline study in the James Bay Hydroelectric Project in Northwestern Québec, systematic collections of aquatic insects were made in 1974 and 1975 in lakes and streams of the Rivière du Castor drainage. The aquatic Empididae are reported on here: they comprise 12 species, one of which is new (Hemerodromia fibrina n. sp.). Except for the boreal Metachela albipes, the fauna is remarkably temperate in character and composition. Emergence patterns are similar, though foreshortened, to those observed in southern Québec, and there are no bivoltine species. Most species are lotic and many thrive in fast waters (Neoplasm scapularis, Roederiodes recurvatus), but there is nevertheless a distinct lacustrine fauna (H. fibrina and perhaps also Chelifera rastrifera). The bog stations harbored only the widespread Chelifera palloris.
EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO PINE OILS FOR PROTECTING LODGEPOLE PINE FROM ATTACK BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Richmond Charles E.
Published: December 2009

The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is one of the most destructive bark beetles found on pine in western North America (McCambridge et al. 1979), particularly in forests of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia (Furniss and Carolin 1977). The treatment registered in the United States for the protection of high-value trees in residential areas and recreational areas is 2% carbaryl applied to the bole of the tree with a hydraulic sprayer. Recently, pine oil, a derivative of paper pulp waste, was found to be an effective non-insecticidal repellent against several species of bark beetles (Nijholt et al. 1981).
VERSATILE PROGRAM FOR GENERATING INSECT LABELS ON AN IBM-PC MICROCOMPUTER
Authors: Ellis K.A. , Surgeoner G.A. , Ellis C.R.
Published: December 2009

Kissinger (1982) published the first program for producing labels on a microcomputer. This program was limited in that it allowed only 3 lines of labels, worked only on a printer connected to LPTI: (parallel port), had no print options, and restricted the number of characters per label. The program described here is written in BASIC for the IBM-PC microcomputer. It has none of the above restrictions and is more versatile. The program is self-activating with AUTOEXEC to an opening menu with 12 options. Each option is called by number and the user follows a series of explicit, on-screen prompts.
EGG WEIGHT AS A FACTOR IN THE OVERWINTERING SURVIVAL OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE
Authors: Harvey G.T.
Published: December 2009

Relationships between mean egg weight and overwintering survival in the laboratory were explored in selected large- and small-egg lines and also in first laboratory generations from 5 widely separated locations. Overwintering stress was provided by prolonged storage or above average storage temperature. Under stress large eggs were shown to have greater survival than small eggs in both stocks of insects. The results explain why spruce budworm from higher latitudes (longer winters) have heavier (larger) eggs. Other effects of prolonged storage and storage selection on subsequent size and development rates in both the treatment and the F1 generations are reported.
OBSERVATIONS, MONITORING, AND CONTROL OF CLEARWING BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) ON APPLE IN CENTRAL ONTARIO
Authors: Warner J. , Hay S.
Published: December 2009

Observations on Malus domestica (Borkh) in central Ontario between 1981 and 1984 revealed that dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula Harris) larval feeding was primarily associated with burr knots on the above-ground portion of apple rootstocks. Trunk injuries also served as sites of entry. Monitoring with pheromones indicated moth emergence occurred from late June until early August with peak activity occurring near the middle of July. Control of the dogwood borer on apple was obtained with 2 trunk drench sprays of dimethoate, fenvalerate, permethrin plus oil, endosulfan, parathion, chlorpyrifos, or lindane when applied during the period of adult flight activity.
SEX ATTRACTANTS FOR SOME EASTERN SPECIES OF RHYACIONIA, INCLUDING A NEW SPECIES, AND EUCOSMA GLORIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Grant G.G. , MacDonald L. , Frech D. , Hall K. , Slessor K.N.
Published: December 2009

Field-screening tests using dodecenyl and dodecadienyl acetates and alcohols were conducted in pine plantations in northern Ontario to find attractants for Rhyacionia and Eucosma moths. Rhyacionia adana was attracted by various ratios of (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate and (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol (99:1 to 70:30) but no clear preference was observed. Similarly, R. busckana was also attracted to the same ratios of these compounds. Rhyacionia granti Miller, a new species revealed by these tests, was attracted to (E,E)-8.10-dodecadienyl acetate. Rhyacionia granti and R. busckana are newly recognized sibling species distinguished in this study by differences in their respective attractants, EAG responses, and phenologies. The fourth species studied. E. gloriola, was optimally attracted by 9:1 and 8:2 ratios of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate and (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate. Flight data for the 4 species in the same plantation revealed overlapping flight periods. Rhyacionia granti was the earliest flier, followed closely by R. adana and R. busckana, and somewhat later by E. gloriola.
NOTES ON THE GENERA BASSUS FABRICIUS AND AGATHIS LATREILLE, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF BASSUS ARTHURELLUS N. SP. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Sharkey M.J.
Published: December 2009

Bassus arthurellus n. sp. is described making the name available for studies currently underway on the parasitoids of pests of sunflower (Helianthus). Reasons are given for including this species in Bassus F., a genus often considered a synonym of Agathis Latr.
A STANDARDIZED BIOASSAY FOR LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS IN SUNFLOWER MOTH HOMOEOSOMA ELECTELLUM (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE)
Authors: Lidstone R. G. , Goerzen D. W. , Khachatourians G. G.
Published: December 2009

A standard test for the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) against the larvae of the sunflower moth Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) has been developed. Bioassay parameters investigated include diet preparation, concentration of B.t., effect of formaldehyde, and method of pathogen incorporation in diet. The LC50 for seconded third-instar larvae is 1.24 μg of Dipel® WP ml−1 or 19.8 IU B.t. ml−1 pathogen-incorporated diet. Layering of a pathogen-suspension upon the surface of the diet was not a reliable bioassay technique for H. electellum. The addition of formaldehyde in the diet reduced the slope of the dose–mortality curve but did not change the LC50.
PREFERENCE OF REDUVIOLUS AMERICOFERUS (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE) FOR POTATO LEAFHOPPER NYMPHS AND PEA APHIDS
Authors: Flinn P.W. , Hower A.A. , Taylor R.A.J.
Published: December 2009

The preference of the nabid, Reduviolus americoferus (L.), for potato leafhopper nymphs, Empoasca fabae (Harris), and pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was examined using functional response models. The nabid exhibited a type-II functional response to each prey. Handling time was much higher for the aphid than for the leafhopper (3.623 vs. 0.211 h). Instantaneous search rates were also higher for the aphid (0.096 vs. 0.020 h−1). A preference index was calculated using the ratio of the instantaneous search rates. The nabid exhibited strong preference for the aphid; when both prey were present in equal numbers, the nabid consumed 3 times as many aphids. The predator did not switch to leafhopper nymphs as the proportion of leafhoppers was increased.
VISITATION FREQUENCIES OF SOME INSECT SPECIES ON CERATOCYSTIS WAGENERI INFECTED AND APPARENTLY HEALTHY PONDEROSA PINES
Authors: Goheen D.J. , Cobb F.W. , Wood D.L. , Rowney D.L.
Published: December 2009

To test the hypothesis that bark beetles and some associated insect species are attracted to ponderosa pines infected by Ceratocystis wageneri, insect visitations on 11 severely diseased, 9 moderately diseased, and 10 apparently healthy trees were monitored from 1 August to 15 October 1972. Larger numbers of Dendroctonus brevicomis, D. ponderosae, Temnochila chlorodia, and buprestids were captured on diseased trees uninfested by bark beetles than on apparently healthy ones, thus possibly indicating attraction to diseased trees. There was strong evidence that D. valens and Spondylis upiformis were attracted more frequently to wounds on diseased than on healthy trees. Arrival patterns of beetles were recorded for trees that became infested during the study. Predators became abundant on traps as bark beetle catches increased.
EFFECT OF ADHESIVE ON THE SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF INSECT TRAPS
Authors: Brach E.J. , Trimble R.M.
Published: December 2009

Sticky traps are commonly used for monitoring insects in studies of their ecology (Southwood 1966) and in programs to manage their numbers (Flint and van den Bosch 1981). These traps may intercept flying insects or may visually attract insects over a distance (Southwood 1966). The relative sensitivity of an insect eye to different wavelengths of light may differ among species (Wigglesworth 1972) and therefore color can affect the quality and magnitude of trap catches (Prokopy and Owens 1983; Southwood 1966). The effect of color on trap catches therefore is often the first step in evaluating trapping methods for use in monitoring insects. Insects attracted to and landing on colored traps are retained by paint- or spray-on adhesives that have been developed specifically for this purpose. This paper reports on the effect that one of these adhesives has on the spectral reflectance of colored traps.
EFFECTS OF REMOVING THE PLANT CANOPY ON PUPAL SURVIVAL AND ADULT EMERGENCE OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Therrien Pierre , McNeil Jeremy
Published: December 2009

Early removal of the alfalfa canopy not only reduced the population density of Agromyza frontella (Rond.) by the elimination of partially developed larvae, but also by increasing mortality of individuals that had already evacuated their mines. This mortality was associated with increased temperatures and/or decreased humidity of the soil, as most pupae are found close to the surface due to the limited burrowing capacity of prepupae. Harvesting data should be included in predictive models, as this parameter affects both the number and time of adult emergence.
EFFICIENT MONITORING OF THE DENSITY OF ADULT NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN HELD CORN
Authors: Sawyer Alan J.
Published: December 2009

Sampling statistics for adult northern corn rootworms in New York field corn are reported, with particular reference to efficient monitoring for decision-making in pest management. The most efficient sample unit of those examined was a single, entire plant. Sample sizes and associated costs required to achieve fixed levels of precision for estimates of density are reported. Because required sample sizes are density dependent, a sequential-sampling plan providing final estimates of density at preset levels of precision is developed. The method makes no assumption about the frequency distribution of insect counts, which was found to vary from field to field and with time. Disturbance caused by sampling activity may introduce a bias of unknown direction and magnitude in estimates of beetle density. Care in approaching and examining plants; should reduce this bias.
DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL OF AXENICALLY REARED MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLES, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Safranyik L. , Whitney H. S.
Published: December 2009

The development and survival of mountain pine beetles axenically reared on standardized diet at 8 constant temperatures (10°–35 °C) were observed. At 32 °and 35 °C, 22 and 18% of the eggs hatched and all larvae died within 10 d of hatching. At the lower temperatures, 60–70% of the eggs hatched. The highest survival for all developmental stages was at 24 °C. At 10° and 15 °C development of all beetles reared in bolts of lodgepole pine or on axenic diet stopped when larvae were fully developed, whereas at 24 °and 27 °C all of the beetles developed normally to the adult stage. Larvae that had stopped developing during rearing at 15 °C resumed development after being transferred to 24 °C, indicating that pupation was limited by temperature. Although mean development times to the larval, pupal, and adult stages all decreased with increasing incubation temperature, heat-unit requirements above a base temperature of 5.6 °C were lowest for individuals reared at 27 °and 24 °C for all developmental stages. At these temperatures, an estimated average of 673 and 674 degree-days above 5.6 °C were required for development from egg to the tanned (dark) adult stage, respectively. The average widths of the prothorax and the sex ratios of axenic beetles were within published ranges. Mean development times and heat-unit requirements at constant temperatures for development to various life stages agreed well with published field and laboratory studies from western Canada.
NOUVELLE SOUS-ESPÈCE CHEZ ORNITHOPTERA TITHONUS DE L'ILE MISOÖL, INDONESIE (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)
Authors: Deslisle G.
Published: December 2009

Une nouvelle sous-espèce, Ornithoptera (Schoenbergia) tithonus misoolana de l'île Misoöl, est décrite ici par la ♀, seulement.
UNE NOUVELLE ESPÈCE DU GENRE SHIVAPHIS DAS DE TURQUIE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W. , Remaudière G.
Published: December 2009

Les auteurs décrivent Shivaphis catalpinari sp. nov. récolté sur Celtis australis L. La position taxonomique de ce puceron est mentionnée en rapport avec les autres espèces du genre.
THE WING LENGTH OF SWELTSA REVELSTOKA (PLECOPTERA: CHLOROPERLIDAE)
Authors: Donald D.B.
Published: December 2009

Functional wing length (wing length/head-capsule width) of female Sweltsa revelstoka (Jewett) from streams was measured for 19 sites that have been free of Wisconsin glacial ice for about 15 000 years and possibly longer, and from 23 sites that have been ice free for about 10 000 years. At the former sites brachypterous populations were common and there was a significant negative relationship between functional wing length and elevation, and a positive relationship between functional wing length and stream size. In the area that deglaciated more recently, populations were not or only slightly brachypterous and there was no significant relationship between wing length and elevation or between wing length and stream size. Functional wing length was not related to body size. These analyses indicate that the brachypterous condition is probably genotypic in origin. I suggest that streams were colonized by macropterous forms shortly after deglaciation, and that brachyptery takes several millennia to develop at small, high-elevation streams.
AN AIR-FILTER HOOD FOR THE CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN SCALES
Authors: Seabrook W. D. , Ponder B. , Dyer L. J.
Published: December 2009

A hood incorporating a removable air filter and an electrostatic dust precipitator reduced the numbers of air-borne scales around laboratory workers handling insects, thereby reducing the occupational hazard of allergic reactions. The hood is mobile and easy to maintain. Construction details are provided.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNDATRIX MORPH OF LONGICAUDUS TRIRHODUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Pelletier Yvan
Published: December 2009

The fundatrix morph of Longicaudus trirhodus (Walker) is described for the first time. The main difference from the apterous viviparous female is the absence of cornicles. Fundatrices as well as both apterous and alate viviparous female were collected on cultivated roses in May and early June, 1984 at Fredericton, NB.
SURVIVAL AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND LONGEVITY IN MYZUS PERSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Smilowitz Z.
Published: December 2009

In a previous report (Jansson and Smilowitz 1985), several life statistics of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were compared on upper and lower leaves of three potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum tuberosum cvs. Katahdin, Norchip, and Superior). In general, life statistics were similar (p > 0.05) between cultivars. However, certain life statistics (fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase) consistently were greater (p < 0.05) on lower leaves than on upper leaves of each cultivar. In the previous study, we did not include data on age-specific survival or the relationship between fecundity and longevity to support the premise that the population dynamics of M. persicae on potato are related to the physiological age of leaves (i.e. nutritional quality of leaves) (see Jansson and Smilowitz 1985). This information would be useful for developing a model describing the population dynamics of M. persicae. For this reason, we present here data on age-specific survival and the relationship between fecundity and longevity of M. persicae on upper and lower leaves of three Dotato cultivars.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF FACE FLIES,MUSCA AUTUMNALIS, CAPTURED FROM CATTLE DURING THE FALL MONTHS
Authors: Schmidtmann Edward T. , Redfern Robert E.
Published: December 2009

The face fly,Musca autumnalisDe Geer, overwinters in an imaginal diapause characterized by cessation of reproductive activity and hypertrophy of the fat body (Stoffolano and Matthysse 1967). As in species of mosquitoes that employ a similar overwintering strategy (see Washino 1977), the potential of the face fly to serve as a vector of animal disease agents would be enhanced if flies contact animals prior to hibernation, thus possibly acquiring pathogens that overwinter in the insects. Because little is known about the prehibernation behavior of the face fly, a vector of several parasites of cattle (Branch and Stoffolano 1974; Bech-Neilsenet al.1982), we here report observations of the physiological condition of face flies captured from cattle during the fall months.
SEPARATING EARLY LARVAE OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SPRUCE CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIA RENICULLELOIDES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN SURVEYS OF OVERWINTERING LARVAE
Authors: Spies III Charles J. , Dimond J. B.
Published: December 2009

The spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculleloides (Mut. and Mun.), is often associated with the spruce budworm on spruce host trees and sometimes approaches or equals the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in numbers (Spies and Dimond 1985). The coneworn is probably~responsiblefo r some of the damage on spruce attributed to the budworm, and with much balsam fir in eastern North America now dead from defoliation or harvested, there is increasing interest in spruce as the major resource to protect.
CONTROL OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG LYGUS LINEOLARIS PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS ON PEACHES
Authors: Pree D.J.
Published: December 2009

Cypermethrin was more toxic to adults of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois, in both laboratory and field studies, than other synthetic pyrethroid, organophosphorus, or chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides. The synthetic pyrethroids were more toxic than other groups of insecticides. Residues of cypermethrin were toxic to plant bugs for 7–10 days; other compounds were effective for shorter periods. In the field 1 application of cypermethrin effectively controlled tarnished plant bugs on peach.
TISSUE PREFERENCE AND DAMAGE BYFENUSA PUSILLAANDMESSA NANA(HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), LEAF-MINING SAWFLIES ON WHITE BIRCH (BETULA PAPYRIFERA)
Authors: DeClerck Rosemarie A. , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: December 2009

Fenusa pusilla(Lepeletier) andMessa nanaKlug coexist on white birch near Sudbury, ON. Both species often oviposit simultaneously, but their mines are spatially separated because of differences in ovipositional behavior. Most first-generationF. pusillaoviposit in unfolding leaves arising from currently expanding shoots situated distally on the branch, whereasM. nanaoviposits in fully expanded leaves arising from older shoots situated proximally on the branch. Leaf tissues damaged by oviposition and larval feeding were examined. Larvae ofF. pusillaconsume both palisade and spongy mesophyll, whereas larvae ofM. nanaconsume only palisade. It is suggested thatF. pusilladevelops faster thanM. nanabecause it feeds on leaves of greater nutritional value and digests more cellular components.
CONTROL OF THE OAK-LEAF SHREDDER, CROESIA SEMIPURPURANA (KEARFOTT) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), BY AERIAL APPLICATION OF DIFLUBENZURON
Authors: Retnakaran A. , Grant G.G.
Published: December 2009

Unlike some tortricids that are refractory to diflubenzuron, the oak-leaf shredder, Croesia semipurpurana (Kearfott), is susceptible to this molt-inhibiting insect growth regulator. Aerial application of 140 g in 4.7 L/ha provides good control of this insect and affords foliage protection. The success of diflubenzuron was evaluated by sampling larvae and pupae. Monitoring male moths with pheromone traps provided corroborative evidence of a significant decrease in the post-treatment population. The successful assessment by pheromone monitoring here merits its consideration for other control operations in forestry.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF ADULT CARROT RUST FLIES, PSILA ROSAE (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE), IN THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Judd Gary J.R. , Vernon Robert S.
Published: December 2009

Mean weekly catch of adult Psila rosae (F.) on sticky, yellow-painted cardboard traps from 93 commercial carrot fields provided seasonal records of their activity during 1980–1983 in the lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. When monitoring extended from April through November in 1982 and 1983, 3 distinct periods of adult activity were observed that probably reflect the occurrence of 3 adult generations per year. Trap catch first peaked in mid- to late-May, followed by a second peak in late-July to early-August, and a third peak in mid-October. Of the temperature summations calculated, those commencing 1 February provided the most accurate degree-day (DD) indices for predicting seasonal activity of overwintering and 1st-generation adults. Four-year means for cumulative DD above 3 °C (air temperature) after 1 February for first, 10%, maximum, and 90% trap catch of the overwintering generation were 326, 435, 557, and 838 DD, respectively.
EFFECTS OF SCHEDULED HIGH TEMPERATURE ON MALE PRODUCTION IN THELYTOKOUS MUSCIDIFURAX UNIRAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Legner E.F.
Published: December 2009

The production of excess males in thelytokous Muscidifurax uniraptor Kogan & Legner was triggered by high temperature (32.2 °C) during oviposition, and may result from a blockage of endomitosis in the egg. A minimum oviposition period of 24 h at 25 °C prior to continuous high temperature was an important prerequisite. A few receptive oocytes may be present before oviposition, with new ones formed during the first 24 h of the oviposition period at 25 °C. Although heat treatment must begin during a relatively short receptive period ("window of susceptibility") early in adult life, it has to persist longer than 24 h at low oviposition rates (20 hosts/day) and < 24 h at high oviposition rates (50 hosts/day) to block effectively endomitosis and the formation of diploid, female-producing eggs.
DISRUPTION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), MATING IN A WIND TUNNEL BY SYNTHETIC PHEROMONE: ROLE OF HABITUATION
Authors: Sanders C.J.
Published: December 2009

The disruption of chemical communication between adult insects by the use of synthetic sex pheromones is an attractive method of insect control. However the mechanism of disruption is not clearly understood. It is generally considered that 3 mechanisms are in operation (see review by Bartell 1982): masking of the natural-pheromone plumes by permeation of the atmosphere with synthetic pheromone; orientation of males to false trails; and habituation of the central nervous system by prolonged or repeated exposure to the pheromone. The relative importance of these 3 mechanisms in disruption is of concern, as this can affect the strategy for disseminating the pheromone.
OVERWINTERING SPRUCE BUDWORM ON BLACK SPRUCE: SAMPLE-UNIT SIZE AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Robison Daniel J. , Abrahamson Lawrence P. , Czapowskyj Miroslaw M. , White Edwin H. , Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

Optimum size of a sample unit and within-branch distribution of overwintering spruce budworm were determined for black spruce in northern Maine. No significant differences in sample reliability were found between whole-branch and 45-cm branch-tip samples. Larval distribution on branches varied with total branch length and a model was developed to estimate the whole-branch population from a 45-cm branch tip. Use of a 45-cm branch-tip sample unit is recommended because it is biologically and statistically valid and reduces sampling costs.
INSECT AND MITE ASSOCIATES OFSCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Hajek Ann E. , Dahlsten Donald L.
Published: December 2009

Thirty-four species of insects associated withScolytus multistriatus(Marsham) were reared or collected from several species of elm collected throughout California. Few of these species occurred in large numbers and many of their ecological roles in this subcortical habitat are unknown. Predators were uncommon; only 6 species of parasitic Hymenoptera were reared, 3 of which were not previously known from California. One,Dendrosoter protuberans(Nees), had previously been released for biological control ofS. multistriatusonly as far west as Colorado. The most abundant insect associate reared from northern California,Cheiropachus quadrum(F.), exhibited a maximum percentage parasitism of 2%. Seven species of mites, including 2 new species, were also collected in association withS. multistriatus.
PREDATORY ARTHROPODS IN HIGH- AND LOW-MAINTENANCE TURFGRASS
Authors: Cockfield Stephen D. , Potter Daniel A.
Published: December 2009

Predatory arthropods were sampled in high-maintenance Kentucky bluegrass lawns (lawns under commercial lawn care), low-maintenance Kentucky bluegrass lawns (under minimal care), and low-maintenance tall-fescue lawns. In general, tall fescue supported fewer predators than Kentucky bluegrass, specifically the families Erigon-idae, Linyphiidae, and Carabidae. Populations of Erigonidae, Linyphiidae, and Carabidae were lower in high-maintenance bluegrass than in low-maintenance bluegrass. The carabids Amara cupreolata Putzeys, Agonum punctiformum (Say), and Harpalus (Pseudopkonus) spp., and a staphylinid, Philonthus sp., were particularly uncommon in high-maintenance sites. Hierarchical classification of sites suggested that the structure of the staphylinid and carabid communities differs in tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass turf, and differs in high- and low-maintenance bluegrass.
THE LARVAE AND PUPAE OF STICTOCHIRONOMUS MARMOREUS AND S. QUAGGA (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Mason P. G.
Published: December 2009

The larvae and pupae of Stictochironomus marmoreus (Townes) and S. quagga (Townes) are described. Diagnostic features of the larvae of S. marmoreus and S. quagga are found in the relative lengths of antennal segments 2 and 3, in the length of the antennal blade, and in the size of the mental teeth. The pupae can be distinguished by the conformation of the shagreen pattern on tergites II–V and the number of spines in the caudolateral comb on abdominal segment VIII. Preliminary keys to known Nearctic larvae and pupae of Stictochironomus are given.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE DURING EMBRYOGENESIS ON EMBRYOGENESIS, EMBRYO SURVIVAL, AND EGG HATCHING IN THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G.H.
Published: December 2009

Embryogenesis, embryo survival, and hatching were studied in eggs of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, incubated at 9 constant temperatures (5–35 °C) for 5–50 days before cold storage at −5 °C for 200 days during winter. Embryogenesis occurred at all temperatures tested, but the threshold and upper limit for embryogenesis were near 5 and 35 °C, respectively, and the optimum-temperature range was about 12.5–20 °C. Embryo survival was about 12–65% lower in eggs incubated at 5 °C for 50 days and at 7.5 and 10 °C for 30–50 days than in those incubated at these temperatures for shorter times, indicating that prolonged exposure to temperatures near the threshold during embryogenesis adversely affects the embryos. Embryo survival declined to low levels in eggs incubated at 25 and 30 °C for more than 30 and 5 days, respectively, and only a small number of embryos survived in those incubated at 35 °C for 5 days. The times to 50% hatch in eggs that contained late-stage embryos before cold storage and had been incubated at 25, 30, and 35 °C were 1.6, 2.6, and 6.5 times longer, respectively, than in those at 12.5–20 °C. These results indicate that embryos incubated at 25–35 °C during embryogenesis before diapause require a recovery period before initiating the normal postdiapause events, and that these events can be adversely affected by unfavorably high temperatures before diapause. The physiological and ecological significance of the data is discussed.
COMPARATIVE BIONOMICS OF TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL BUMBLE BEES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BOMBUS EPHIPPIATUS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Laverty Terence M. , Plowright R.C.
Published: December 2009

In laboratory colonies, 8 temperate Bombus Latreille species and the tropical montane species, B. ephippiatus Say, had significantly more first-brood workers, more rapid worker development time, and faster rates of worker production than the tropical lowland species, B. atratus Franklin. Bombus ephippiatus did not differ from most temperate species in any of the 3 characters. Differences in these bionomic characters among arctic, temperate, and tropical Bombus are assessed in terms of latitudinal trends.
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONION MAGGOTS (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON AXENIC ONION AGAR
Authors: Eymann M. , Friend W.G.
Published: December 2009

Under axenic conditions, larvae of Delia antiqua develop to the adult stage on onion agar only if the agar is supplemented with mixtures of 10 essential amino acids and 8 water-soluble vitamins. The omission of the amino-acid mixture allowed no development past the first instar. When the vitamin mixture was omitted, 1 of 25 larvae developed to the pupal stage. Omission of individual vitamin supplements caused less marked effects. Omitting supplemental choline, thiamine, pyridoxine, or pantothenic acid had no significant effect on development. Omitting supplemental biotin or nicotinic acid resulted in suboptimal development to the adult stage. Omitting riboflavin or folic acid resulted in development to the adult stage, but the adults did not lay viable eggs. Presumably nutrients that are in insufficient supply in onion tissue are supplied by bacteria in nature.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE SIBLING SPECIES EUXOA RIDINGSIANA (GRT.) AND EUXOA MAIMES (SM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND BLENDS FOR THEIR SPECIFIC ATTRACTION
Authors: Struble D.L. , Byers J.R.
Published: December 2009

The sex-pheromone components of the sibling species Euxoa ridingsiana and Euxoa maimes were identified in abdomen-tip washes and extracts of calling female moths. Both species produced the same primary pheromone component, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (i.e. Z9-14:Ac), but they produced different amounts of secondary pheromone components. In the field, male moths of E. ridingsiana were specifically attracted to a 3-component blend of Z7-12:Ac, and Z7-14:Ac, and Z9-14:Ac in a ratio of 1:2:40 at 500 μg per dispenser, and males of E. maimes were specifically attracted to a 5-component blend of Z7-14:Ac, Z9-14:Ac, Zl 1-14:Ac, Zll-16:Ac, andZll-16:OH in a ratio of 1.5:500:5:50:2.5 at 500 μg per dispenser. Both synthetic pheromone blends were competitive with conspecific females. These pheromone analyses confirm that E. ridingsiana and E. maimes are valid biological species that can maintain their reproductive isolation solely by specific sex pheromones.
POSTERIOR DISPERSAL OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF MICROCTONUS VITTATAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN CRUCIFER-INFESTING FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H.G.
Published: December 2009

Microctonus vittatae Mues. oviposit in the hemolymph of flea beetles, Phyllotreta striolata (F.) and Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), by inserting the ovipositor into the host's mouth and occasionally, membranous areas between body segments. Some of the eggs are transported in the hemolymph posteriorly from the head to the thorax or abdomen, and some laid in the thorax are carried into the abdomen, but eggs hatch in all 3 body regions of the hosts. First-instar larvae that eclose in the head and thorax disperse into the abdomen where they develop. Egg and larval dispersal into the abdomen increase the probability that the parasite has adequate space for development.
DEVELOPMENT RATES OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TIMING AUGMENTATIVE RELEASES FOR SUPPRESSION OF EGG POPULATIONS OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Lawrence Robert K. , Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Southard Susan G. , Halteman William A.
Published: December 2009

Development rates of the parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley, were studied to provide information required in timing field releases of T. minutum for suppression of egg populations of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). Development was observed in eggs of 2 host species, C. fumiferana and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), at constant temperatures of 14, 21, and 27 °C. Parasitoid development varied directly with temperature. Parasitoids developed more rapidly in eggs of S. cerealella than in those of C. fumiferana. Parasitoid males developed faster than females in some host-temperature treatments. Development of T. minutum is apparently rapid enough to allow progeny of parasitoids released early in the spruce budworm's oviposition period to mature and be available to oviposit in budworm eggs deposited later in the budworm oviposition period. Potential release strategies are discussed.
TOXICOLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson J. L. , Stock M. W.
Published: December 2009

The responses of 11 population samples of sixth-instar larvae of the western spruce budworm,Choristoneura occidentalisFreeman, to carbaryl spray were determined. Representatives of one population each from Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Washington were included. Five response levels of progressively higher tolerance were apparent; the most tolerant population sample was ca. 18 times more tolerant than the most susceptible sample to carbaryl. Trends in relationships of site characteristics and response to carbaryl were not evident. Previous spray history of an area, however, appeared to be related to response at a site; populations from sites sprayed with DDT were significantly more tolerant than those from sites where DDT had not been used. The most tolerant groups were collected from a Montana population in an area where both DDT and carbaryl had been applied. The electrophoretic characteristics of each population sample were determined. No loci detectable by electrophoresis were correlated with response to carbaryl.
A LOW-SPRAY APPLE-PEST-MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR SMALL ORCHARDS
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: December 2009

From 1981 to 1984, a low-spray management program was employed against injurious arthropods on the 40 disease-resistant apple trees in my experimental orchard in Massachusetts. The program consisted of an annual early-season application of petroleum oil followed by 2 applications of phosmet (1 at petal fall and another 10–14 days later). Visual traps were used to suppress Rhagoletis pomonella flies. For all years combined, a mean of 89.7% of fruit sampled at harvest in this orchard was free of insect injury compared with 0% uninjured fruit on neighboring unsprayed trees. Populations of foliar-feeding pests never reached injurious levels.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFESTATION LEVELS AND YIELD LOSS CAUSED BY WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN SPRING WHEAT IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Olfert O.O. , Mukerji M.K. , Doane J.F.
Published: December 2009

Losses in yield of spring wheat due to infestations of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) were determined for 700 000 ha of arable land in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada in 1983. The proportion of kernels infested (y) was a power function of the number of wheat-midge larvae (x) (y = 35.3x0.725). One, 2, 3, and 4 larvae per kernel resulted in a level of infestation of 38, 58, 78, and 96%, respectively. There was no significant difference between infestation levels from fields sampled at the heading stage of crop growth and the estimates of infestation levels for these fields at harvest time. Yield of grain (y) was negatively exponential to an increase in level of infestation (x) (ln y = 5.7−0.017x). Infestations of 30, 60, and 90% reduced yields of spring wheat by 40, 65, and 79%, respectively. The average decrease in crop yield in the study area was about 30%, which resulted in estimated losses in total gross revenue of about $30 million.
REDEFINITION OF MEGAGATHIS KRIECHBAUMER, AND REASSIGNMENT OF NEW WORLD SPECIES TO ZACREMNOPS NEW GENUS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE)
Authors: Sharkey M.J. , Wharton R.A.
Published: December 2009

The genus Zacremnops Sharkey & Wharton is erected to include 2 New World species formerly placed in Megagathis Kriechbaumer. Phylogenetic relationships between Zacremnops and selected genera of Agathidinae are briefly discussed.
AGE-DEPENDENT ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING BY EXERISTES ROBORATOR (F.) (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Wardle A.R. , Borden J.H.
Published: December 2009

Females of the polyphagous ichneumonid parasitoid, Exeristes roborator (F.), that were conditioned for 10 days to hosts in a specific habitat demonstrated associative learning by responding with ovipositor probes into the habitat alone. Females conditioned immediately after eclosion showed a higher participation rate, intensity, and duration (approximately 7 days) of learned behavior than those conditioned 5 or 10 days after eclosion, despite the fact that newly eclosed females did not probe for hosts with their ovipositors until 4 or 5 days after eclosion. The reduction in the learning ability of females within a short time after eclosion may impart a selective advantage to E. roborator by reducing the costs of learning. It could also reflect developmental constraints on the process of learning. The results suggest that carefully controlled associative learning could be exploited to improve the efficiency of host location by parasitoids released in biological-control programs.
IMPACT OF REMOVAL OF MALES WITH SEX-PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS ON SUPPRESSION OF THE PEACH-TWIG BORER, ANARSIA LINEATELLA (ZELLER)
Authors: Hathaway D.O. , Tamaki G. , Moffitt H.R. , Burditt A.K.
Published: December 2009

The peach-twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller), is one of the most important pests of peaches, almonds, and other stone fruits in the western United States (Bailey 1948), with larvae infesting both twigs and fruit. Infested fruit cannot be marketed and twig injury is damaging to young trees because the young worms burrow into the tender terminal growth of the twigs and cause the rapidly growing twigs to wilt. In this way, infestations by the peach-twig borer interfere with development in young orchards (Newcomer 1966).
BIOLOGY AND REARING OF PARAPHLEPSIUS IRRORATUS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), A VECTOR OF PEACH X-DISEASE
Authors: Chiykowski L.N.
Published: December 2009

A method of rearing Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say) under artificial conditions was developed by using a leguminous plant species as the oviposition host and a gramineous species as the food plant for nymphs. Nymphs completed their development on all 10 gramineous species tested. Total time for completion of the 5 nymphal instars ranged from 31.8 to 59.2 days, depending on the plant species used. With the exception of Alopecurus pratensis, all monocotyledonous species tested were found to be suitable food plants for nymphs, allowing 50% or more of the insects to survive for 3 weeks or more. Only 5 dicotyledonous species supported a similar survival level of nymphs. Adult survival remained above the 50% level on Apium graveolans var. dulce, 6 members of the Leguminosae, and all members of Composite with the exception of Callistephus chinensis. Survival of adult leafhoppers on monocotyledons was relatively high after 1 week but considerable mortality followed longer confinement. Although nymphs emerged from eggs laid on a wide range of plant species, the numbers recorded on monocotyledons suggest that monocots are important as oviposition hosts for P. irroratus in nature.
IDENTIFICATION OF CHRYSOPIDAE IN CANADA, WITH BIONOMIC NOTES (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Garland J.A.
Published: December 2009

Chrysopidae in Canada comprise 24 species in 9 genera and 2 subfamilies. Additional southern species are mentioned, 1 as a new combination, and other nomenclatorial changes are reviewed in relation to the Canadian fauna. Generic diagnosis of males employs sternum VIII + IX, the arcessus, gonapsis, pseudopenis, and tignum. Generic diagnosis of females is based on the dorsal furrow, ectoprocts, spermatheca, subgenitale, and a non-genitalic trait, the innermost gradate crossvein in the wings. The ecological implications and inherent difficulties in taxonomy are discussed for coloration in Chrysopidae, to develop a practical key to differentiate 26 species using color and other non-genitalic traits. A checklist summarizes maps of the geographic distribution in Canada and notes species in Alaska, based on specimens examined. Patterns of distribution for the Canadian chrysopid fauna are either Holarctic for 1 species or indigenously Nearctic, with eastern, western, or boreal foci. Disjunctions are apparent for species with a more southern, transcontinental distribution, which enter Canada primarily in Ontario and British Columbia. Life-history and bionomic notes are limited to 6 species in Canada, for which synonymies and figures are based on specimens examined. Most data originate from studies performed in Ontario. There are 5 species of parasites from 2 chrysopids. Hosts include 11 species of insects and mites, with 2 cases of hyperpredation. Three insecticides account for the more recent scarcity of chrysopids in the Niagara region. Conclusions relate the following: variable color in the 1 Holarctic species to post-glacial mingling in the northwest; gaps in temporal and spatial distribution to extinctions in progress; and renewed interest in Chrysopidae to earlier research on this group in Canada.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ONION MAGGOT, DELIA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), TO THE MYCOTOXIN DESTRUXIN E
Authors: Poprawski T.J. , Robert P.-H. , Maniania N.K.
Published: December 2009

The onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen), is the most important pest of Allium spp. in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere (Loosjes 1976; Ellis and Eckenrode 1977). If left uncontrolled, the onion maggot can cause from 20 to 100% crop losses, especially in light organic soils. In the early 1950's, with the development of organochlorine insecticides, onion growers obtained good control of onion maggot populations (Finlayson et al. 1959), but the pest rapidly developed resistance to these toxicants (Harris 1977). The chlorinated hydrocarbons were replaced by the less persistent organophosphorus and carbarnate insecticides (Hanis et al. 1981), but the onion maggot was reported to become resistant to these compounds (Harris et al. 1981; Carroll et al. 1983). Among alternatives to the use of insecticides to control the onion maggot are the entomopathogenic fungi and their metabolites. The potential of mycotoxins as rnicrobially derived insecticides has been investigated by several researchers and reviewed recently by Roberts (1981).
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA AND PUPA OF CARDIOCLADIUS ALBIPLUMUS SAETHER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Oliver D.R. , Bode R.W.
Published: December 2009

The larva and pupa of Cardiocladius albiplumus Saether are described and compared with other members of Cardiocladius and the genus Eukiefferiella. The male adult is typically Cardiocladius, whereas the immature stages have many characteristics of Eukiefferiella. The traits of this species indicate a need to redefine the generic limits for Cardiocladius and Eukiefferiella.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON SURVIVAL AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF PTEROMALUS VENUSTUS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Whitfield G.H. , Richards K.W.
Published: December 2009

Incidence of parasitism by Pteromalus venustus Walker in populations of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), in western Canada from 1976 to 1983 was found to average ca. 1%. An average of 17.4 parasite adults emerged from each host cocoon and the ratio of males to females was 1:1. Temperature-dependent development and survival at 8 constant temperatures are described. The range of temperatures for greatest survival of the parasite (30–32 °C) coincided with the recommended incubation temperatures for cocoons of the leafcutter bee. Development data fitted a 4-parameter development model. Linear regression of development rate versus temperature provided estimates of base temperature and development time in degree-days for the egg, larval, pupal, and combined stages.
LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF IPS LATIDENS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Miller D.R. , Borden J.H.
Published: December 2009

The life history and biology of Ips latidens (LeConte) were investigated using bark-sandwich and whole-log rearing methods. In contrast with other Ips spp., some females initiated galleries under conditions of female-biased sex ratios, and sometimes 2 or more males were present in a gallery. In general, however, I. latidens exhibited typical ipine characteristics. A single male usually admitted 1–3 females into a gallery. Females oviposited at a rate of 2.25 eggs/day and achieved a mean fecundity of 64.4 eggs. The larval stage comprised 80% of the generation time (egg to teneral adult) and analysis of head-capsule widths disclosed 3 larval instars. The mean survivorship within broods was 56.0% after 70 days; the reproductive success of monogamous pairs of beetles was 36.1 teneral adults. Single females constructed 3–4 egg tunnels/gallery system; hence, harem size cannot always be inferred from the number of egg tunnels in each gallery. The mean generation time in the laboratory was 2.07 × greater than for I. pini. By comparing laboratory data on I. latidens with laboratory and field data on I. pini, the generation time of I. latidens is estimated at 64–124 days in the field. In south-central British Columbia, I. latidens probably has 1 generation, and possibly 2 broods, per year.
THE ECONOMICS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL EFFORT: PROCEEDINGS OF A 1981 SYMPOSIUM: INTRODUCTION TO SYMPOSIUM
Authors: McEwen F.L.
Published: December 2009

When I was asked to serve as moderator for a symposium on the “Economics of Entomological Effort”, I was honored and pleased to accept. The honor became abundantly clear when I received the full details of the symposium and recognized the high caliber of the speakers who would participate. The pleasure to accept derived from the great importance of the subject and my own conviction that neither the public, the scientific community, nor the administrators of research realize fully the economic importance of studies on insects. It is therefore timely that this symposium be held, a symposium that has as its purpose to show how efforts in entomology contribute to public welfare through advances in the discipline and through “spin off” to other areas of science.