bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Synergetic Effect of Inorganic and Organic Compounds Hydrolyzed by Tetrabutyl Titanate on Improving Dispersion and Electrochemical Performance of Li4Ti5O12 Anode Material
Authors: Zhang Yanhua , Fan Weifeng , Li Xuan , Qiao Yingjun , Hu Yuxin , Li Wanpeng , Qu Meizhen , Peng Gongchang , Xie Zhengwei
Published: August 2020

Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) with small particle size has the problem of easy agglomeration, which seriously worsens electrochemical performance but hasn't been yet attracted enough attention. This is one of the biggest challenges in the practical application of LTO. Herein, LTO is modified with tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) to generate inorganic‐organic wrapped LTO anode under simple hydrolysis process. The X‐ray diffraction, fourier transformation infrared spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show the existence of modifying layer, which not only could promote dispersion, but also improve the electrochemical performance. The LTO modified with 0.5 wt.% TBT displays good dispersion with homogeneous particle size distribution and stable viscosity. Moreover, it exhibits excellent cycling properties over 200 cycles at 5 C (153.4 mAh g−1). These results are assigned to the synergetic effect of the inorganic and organic modifying layer, which could be beneficial to the dispersion and electrochemical performance.
Densely Populated Bismuth Nanosphere Semi‐Embedded Carbon Felt for Ultrahigh‐Rate and Stable Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Zhou Xuelong , Zhang Xiangyang , Mo Lanlan , Zhou Xuechang , Wu Qixing
Published: August 2020

The elaborate spatial arrangement and immobilization of highly active electrocatalysts inside porous substrates are crucial for vanadium redox flow batteries capable of high‐rate charging/discharging and stable operation. Herein, a type of bismuth nanosphere/carbon felt is devised and fabricated via the carbothermic reduction of nanostructured bismuth oxides. The bismuth nanospheres with sizes of ≈25 nm are distributed on carbon fiber surfaces in a highly dispersed manner and its density reaches up to ≈500 pcs µm−2, providing abundant active sites. Besides, a unique bismuth nanosphere semi‐embedded carbon fiber structure with strong interfacial BiC chemical bonding is spontaneously formed during carbothermic reactions, offering an excellent mechanical stability under flowing electrolytes. It shows that the bismuth nanosphere semi‐embedded carbon felt can effectively promote V(II)/V(III) redox reactions with appreciable catalytic activity. The battery with the present electrode sustains an energy efficiency of 77.1 ± 0.2% and an electrolyte utilization of 57.2 ± 0.2% even when a current density up to 480 mA cm−2 is applied, which are remarkably higher than those of batteries with the bismuth nanoparticle/carbon felt synthesized by the electrodeposition method (62.6 ± 0.1%, 23.6 ± 0.2%). Further, the battery with the present electrode demonstrates a stable energy efficiency retention of 98.2% after 1000 cycles.
H2S‐Scavenged and Activated Iron Oxide‐Hydroxide Nanospindles for MRI‐Guided Photothermal Therapy and Ferroptosis in Colon Cancer
Authors: Li Yangyang , Chen Weiyu , Qi Yuchen , Wang Shuai , Li Lei , Li Wanlin , Xie Tingting , Zhu Huanle , Tang Zhe , Zhou Min
Published: August 2020

Overproduced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is of vital importance for the progress of colon cancer and promotes cancer cellular proliferation. Devising pharmacological nanomaterials for tumor‐specific H2S activation will be significant for precise colon cancer treatment. Herein, a biocompatible fusiform iron oxide‐hydroxide nanospindles (FeOOH NSs) nanosystem for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ferroptosis, and H2S based cascade reaction‐enhanced combinational colon cancer treatment is developed. The FeOOH NSs can effectively scavenge endogenous H2S via the reduction reaction to prohibit the growth of CT26 colon cancer. The cascade produced FeS driven by overexpressed H2S exhibits near‐infrared‐triggered photothermal therapy capability and Fe2+‐mediated ferroptosis functionality. Meanwhile, the as‐prepared FeOOH NSs can light up tumor tissues as a potent MRI contrast agent. Additionally, FeOOH NSs present desirable biosafety in a murine model for up to three months and avoid any long‐term toxicity. Furthermore, it is found that these H2S‐responsible nanotheranostics do not cause any cure effects on other cancer types, such as 4T1 breast cancer. Overall, the findings illustrate that the biocompatible FeOOH NSs can be successfully employed as a theranostic for specifically treating colon cancer, which may promote the clinical translation and development of H2S‐responsive nanoplatforms.
Biomimicking Fiber Platform with Tunable Stiffness to Study Mechanotransduction Reveals Stiffness Enhances Oligodendrocyte Differentiation but Impedes Myelination through YAP‐Dependent Regulation
Authors: Ong William , Marinval Nicolas , Lin Junquan , Nai Mui Hoon , Chong Yee‐Song , Pinese Coline , Sajikumar Sreedharan , Lim Chwee Teck , Ffrench‐Constant Charles , Bechler Marie E. , Chew Sing Yian
Published: August 2020

A key hallmark of many diseases, especially those in the central nervous system (CNS), is the change in tissue stiffness due to inflammation and scarring. However, how such changes in microenvironment affect the regenerative process remains poorly understood. Here, a biomimicking fiber platform that provides independent variation of fiber structural and intrinsic stiffness is reported. To demonstrate the functionality of these constructs as a mechanotransduction study platform, these substrates are utilized as artificial axons and the effects of axon structural versus intrinsic stiffness on CNS myelination are independently analyzed. While studies have shown that substrate stiffness affects oligodendrocyte differentiation, the effects of mechanical stiffness on the final functional state of oligodendrocyte (i.e., myelination) has not been shown prior to this. Here, it is demonstrated that a stiff mechanical microenvironment impedes oligodendrocyte myelination, independently and distinctively from oligodendrocyte differentiation. Yes‐associated protein is identified to be involved in influencing oligodendrocyte myelination through mechanotransduction. The opposing effects on oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination provide important implications for current work screening for promyelinating drugs, since these efforts have focused mainly on promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation. Thus, the platform may have considerable utility as part of a drug discovery program in identifying molecules that promote both differentiation and myelination.
Unraveling Nanostructured Spin Textures in Bulk Magnets
Authors: Bender Philipp , Leliaert Jonathan , Bersweiler Mathias , Honecker Dirk , Michels Andreas
Published: August 2020

One of the key challenges in magnetism remains the determination of the nanoscopic magnetization profile within the volume of thick samples, such as permanent ferromagnets. Thanks to the large penetration depth of neutrons, magnetic small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a powerful technique to characterize bulk samples. The major challenge regarding magnetic SANS is accessing the real‐space magnetization vector field from the reciprocal scattering data. In this study, a fast iterative algorithm is introduced that allows one to extract the underlying 2D magnetic correlation functions from the scattering patterns. This approach is used here to analyze the magnetic microstructure of Nanoperm, a nanocrystalline alloy which is widely used in power electronics due to its extraordinary soft magnetic properties. It can be shown that the computed correlation functions clearly reflect the projection of the 3D magnetization vector field onto the detector plane, which demonstrates that the used methodology can be applied to probe directly spin textures within bulk samples with nanometer resolution.
Nomenclature and typification of Swertia angustifolia (Gentianaceae), its infraspecific taxa and synonyms
Authors: Husain Danish , Barik Saroj Kanta , Srivastava Abhai K. , Katiyar Pushpendra , Sahoo Dinabandhu , Husain Tariq , Agnihotri Priyanka
Published: August 2020

Swertia angustifolia is lectotypified. Complete synonymies are presented for each of its two recognized varieties: S. angustifolia var. angustifolia and S. angustifolia var. pulchella. Six heterotypic synonyms are lectotypified: Ophelia florida, S. angustifolia var. wallichiana, S. dielsiana, O. pratensis, O. pulchella var. minor, and S. pulchella var. elegans. Also, previously cited “holotypes” for O. porrigens, S. esquirolii, S. kachinensis and S. lacei are corrected to lectotypes. In particular, confusion that arose from the protologue of S. angustifolia var. wallichiana is discussed and resolved.
The CNN‐based Coronary Occlusion Site Localization with Effective Preprocessing Method
Authors: Park YeongHyeon , Yun Il Dong , Kang Si‐Hyuck
Published: August 2020

The coronary artery occlusion (CAO) acutely comes to human, and it highly threats the human's life. When CAO detected, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) should be conducted timely. Before PCI, localizing the CAO is needed firstly, because the heart is covered with various arteries. We handle the three kinds of CAO in this paper and our purpose is not only localization of CAO but also improving the localizing performance via preprocessing method. We improve the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve at CAO site localization from a minimum of 0.150 to a maximum of 0.372 via our noise reduction and pulse extraction‐based method. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Glucose control and cognitive and physical function in adults 80+ years of age with diabetes
Authors: Zaslavsky Oleg , Walker Rod L. , Crane Paul K. , Gray Shelly L. , Larson Eric B.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

We modeled associations between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (<7%, 7% to 8%, and >8%) and cognitive and physical function among adults 80+ years of age with diabetes and determined whether associations differ by frailty, multimorbidity, and disability.

Methods

A total of 316, adults with diabetes, 80+ years of age, were from the Adult Changes in Thought Study. The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument Item Response Theory (CASI‐IRT) measured cognition. Short performance‐based physical function (sPPF) and gait speed measured physical function. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were from clinical measurements. Analyses estimated associations between average HbA1c levels (<7%, 7% to 8%, and >8%) and functional outcomes using linear regressions estimated with generalized estimating equations.

Results

sPPF scores did not differ significantly by HbA1c levels. Gait speed did, but only for non‐frail individuals; those with HbA1c >8% were slower (‐0.10 m/s [95% CI, −0.16 to −0.04]) compared to those with HbA1c 7% to 8%. The association between HbA1c and CASI‐IRT varied with age (interaction P = 0.04). At age 80, for example, relative to people with HbA1c levels of 7% to 8%, CASI‐IRT scores were, on average, 0.18 points lower (95% CI, −0.35 to −0.02) for people with HbA1c <7% and 0.22 points lower (95% CI, −0.40 to −0.05) for people with HbA1c >8%. At older ages, these estimated differences were attenuated. Estimated associations were not modified by multimorbidity or disability.

Discussion

Moderate HbA1c levels of 7% to 8% were associated with better cognition in early but not late octogenarians with diabetes. Furthermore, HbA1c >8% was associated with slower gait speed among those without frailty. These results add to an evidence base for determining glucose targets for very old adults with diabetes.
What is the Preferred Screening Tool for COVID‐19 in Asymptomatic Patients Undergoing a Surgical or Diagnostic Procedure?
Authors: Huybens E. M. , Bus M. P. A. , Massaad R. A. , Wijers L. , van der Voet J. A. , Delfos N. M. , van der Feltz M. , Heemstra K. A. , Koch S. M. P.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Since the outbreak of COVID‐19, measures were taken to protect healthcare staff from infection, to prevent infection of patients admitted to the hospital and to distribute PPE according to need. To assure the proper protection without overuse of limited supply of these equipments, screening of patients before surgical or diagnostic procedure was implemented. This study evaluates the results of this screening.

Method

All patients screened for COVID‐19 before procedure warranting either general, locoregional anaesthesia or sedation were included. Screening included a symptom questionnaire by phone, PCR and HRCT chest testing. Surgical or procedural details were registered together with actions taken based on screening results.

Results

Three hundred ninety‐eight screenings were performed on 386 patients. The symptom questionnaire was completed in 72% of screenings. In 371 screenings, PCR testing was performed and negative. HRCT chest found 18 cases where COVID‐19 could not be excluded, with negative PCR testing. Three patients had their surgery postponed due to inconclusive screening, and additional measures were taken in three other patients. There were incidental findings in 14% of HRCT chest scans.

Discussion

Pre‐operative screening will differentiate if PPE is needed for procedures and which patients can safely have elective surgery during this COVID‐19 pandemic and in the times to come. HRCT chest has no additional value in the pre‐operative screening of asymptomatic patients. Screening can be performed with a symptom questionnaire, and additional screening with PCR testing in high‐risk patient groups should be considered.
Mobility Assessment of the Supraspinatus in a Porcine Cadaver Model Using a Sensor-Enhanced, Arthroscopic Grasper
Authors: Porschke Felix , Luecke Christoph , Guehring Thorsten , Weiss Christel , Studier-Fischer Stefan , Gruetzner Paul Alfred , Schnetzke Marc
Published: August 2020

Tendon mobility is highly relevant in rotator cuff surgery. Objective data about rotator cuff mobility is rare. Tendon mobility still needs to be evaluated subjectively by the surgeon. This study aims to establish a porcine animal model for mobility analysis of the supraspinatus. In this context, we introduce a sensor-enhanced, arthroscopic grasper (SEAG) suitable for objective intraoperative measurements of tendon mobility in clinical praxis. Tendon mobility of 15 fresh porcine cadaver shoulders with artificial rotator cuff tears was evaluated using the SEAG. Mobility characteristics (load–displacement curves, maximum load, stiffness) were studied and inter- and intraobserver agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) were tested. Factors with a potential adverse effect (plastic deformation and rigor mortis) were also evaluated. All shoulders showed characteristic reproducible load–displacement curves with a nonlinear part at the start, followed by a linear part. Mean maximum load was 28.6 N ± 12.5. Mean stiffness was 6.0 N/mm ± 2.6. We found substantial interobserver agreement (ICC 0.672) and nearly perfect intraobserver agreement (0.944) for maximum load measurement. Inter- (0.021) and intraobserver (0.774) agreement for stiffness was lower. Plastic deformation and rigor mortis were excluded. The animal model demonstrates reliable and in vivo-like measurements of tendon mobility. The SEAG is a reliable tool for tendon mobility assessment.
Epi-off-lenticule-on corneal collagen cross-linking in thin keratoconic corneas
Authors: Cagini Carlo , Riccitelli F. , Messina M. , Piccinelli F. , Torroni G. , Said D. , Al Maazmi A. , Dua H. S.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) performed on overlaying a corneal lenticule to thin recipient corneas of progressive keratoconus (KC) patients.

Methods

In this study were enrolled eyes of patients affected by progressive KC with a minimum corneal thickness less than 400 µm, after overlaying a lenticule of human corneal stroma prepared with the femtosecond laser. The lenticules used were 100 µm thick and of 8.5 mm diameter in all the cases. Both the host cornea and the lenticules were subjected to epithelial debridement. CXL was carried out according to the standard protocol. Visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp examination, endothelial cell density, pachymetry and keratometry, anterior segment tomography (AS-OCT) and confocal microscopy were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively.

Results

CXL was performed in 10 eyes of 8 patients (main age 23), corneal thickness range 379–414 µm, mean 387.6 µm. One patient was lost at follow-up. In all other cases, visual acuity and the endothelial cell density remained stable over a 12-month follow-up. Preoperative mean K1 and mean K2 were 46.91 ± 1.9 and 50.75 ± 2.93, respectively, and at 12 months mean K1 was 47.36 ± 2.66 and mean K2 50.53 ± 3.35. The AS-OCT clearly showed a demarcation line in all patients at 1, 3 (mean depth 283 µm and 267 µm, respectively) and in some cases at 6 months. Reduced keratocyte density and stromal oedema were observed immediately up to 1 month after treatment, while a slight subepithelial haze was present at 1-month and completely disappeared by 6 months.

Conclusion

This new technique seems to offer a therapeutic opportunity for young patients suffering from progressive KC with very thin corneas, in which the standard treatment is not indicate, and delay or avoid the need for a corneal transplant.
Prisoners’ academic motivation, viewed from the perspective of self-determination theory: Evidence from a population of Norwegian prisoners
Authors: Manger Terje , Hetland Jørn , Jones Lise Øen , Eikeland Ole Johan , Asbjørnsen Arve E.
Published: August 2020

The study presented in this article explores prisoners’ academic motivation structure from the theoretical perspective of self-determination theory, using the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). Analysing survey responses from 529 (29 female, 500 male) prisoners with Norwegian citizenship who participated in education while being incarcerated, the authors investigate how prison students’ motivation might be “reduced” or summarised using a smaller set of factors or components than extant studies. A confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a five-factor model, including intrinsic motivation, three types of extrinsic motivation (namely identified regulation, introjected regulation, and external regulation) and amotivation, yielded the best fit with the data provided by the prisoners. An alternative three-factor model created by collapsing the three extrinsic dimensions into a single dimension was found to fit the data poorly. The structural model revealed that younger prisoners displayed more controlled academic motivations than older ones, who displayed more autonomous motivations. Contrary to the authors’ expectations, prisoners with a higher level of education did not display more autonomous academic motivations than those with a lower level.
Determinants of Citation in Epidemiological Studies on Phthalates: A Citation Analysis
Authors: Urlings Miriam J. E. , Duyx Bram , Swaen Gerard M. H. , Bouter Lex M. , Zeegers Maurice P. A.
Published: August 2020

Citing of previous publications is an important factor in knowledge development. Because of the great amount of publications available, only a selection of studies gets cited, for varying reasons. If the selection of citations is associated with study outcome this is called citation bias. We will study determinants of citation in a broader sense, including e.g. study design, journal impact factor or the funding source of the publication. As a case study we assess which factors drive citation in the human literature on phthalates, specifically the metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). A systematic literature search identified all relevant publications on human health effect of MEHP. Data on potential determinants of citation were extracted in duplo. Specialized software was used to create a citation network, including all potential citation pathways. Random effect logistic regression was used to assess whether these determinants influence the likelihood of citation. 112 Publications on MEHP were identified, with 5684 potential citation pathways of which 551 were actual citations. Reporting of a harmful point estimate, journal impact factor, authority of the author, a male corresponding author, research performed in North America and self-citation were positively associated with the likelihood of being cited. In the literature on MEHP, citation is mostly driven by a number of factors that are not related to study outcome. Although the identified determinants do not necessarily give strong indications of bias, it shows selective use of published literature for a variety of reasons.
Controversies in the treatment of RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Vera R. , Salgado M. , Safont M. J. , Gallego J. , González E. , Élez E. , Aranda E.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To provide guidance for the management of RAS wild-type (wt) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in daily practice.

Methods

Nominal group and Delphi techniques were used. A steering committee of seven experts analyzed the current management of RAS wt mCRC, through which they identified controversies, critically analyzed the available evidence, and formulated several guiding statements for clinicians. Subsequently, a group of 30 experts (the expert panel) was selected to test agreement with the statements, through two Delphi rounds. The following response categories were established in both rounds: 1 = totally agree, 2 = basically agree, 3 = basically disagree, 4 = totally disagree. Agreement was defined if ≥ 75% of answers were in categories 1 and 2 (consensus with the agreement) or 3 and 4 (consensus with the disagreement).

Results

Overall, 71 statements were proposed, which incorporated the following areas: (1) overarching principles; (2) tumor location; (3) triplets; (4) maintenance; (5) second-line and beyond treatments; (6) Rechallenge and liquid biopsy. After the two Delphi rounds, only six statements maintained a lack of clear consensus.

Conclusions

This document aims to describe the expert’s attitude when dealing with several common clinical questions regarding patients with RAS wt mCRC.
Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Identity Is Associated with Physiological and Psychological Masculinization: a Theoretical Integration of Findings, Supported by Systematic Reviews
Authors: Dutton Edward , Madison Guy
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Gender dysphoria (GD) is associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the causal links are not known. We note that some of these conditions are associated with physiological masculinisation.

Methods

Here, we explore this association through a series of systematic reviews, using Google Scholar, on original studies that test the relationship between GD and at least one correlate of androgens, namely autism spectrum disorder, left-handedness, 2D:4D ratio, being male and male heterosexuality.

Results

Individuals with GD tend to exhibit scores that reflect heightened levels of androgens and masculinity compared with non-GD individuals. We further show that these same androgen indices are also associated with other identity disorders (or dysphoriae).

Conclusions

Autism is associated with masculinisation, and we argue that GD may reflect autism spectrum disorder traits that indirectly lead to anxiety and to one questioning one’s sense of self. We note that this is consistent with Blanchard’s transsexualism typology, which successfully integrates a wide range of empirical findings.
Hydrogen-assisted cracking in GMA welding of high-strength structural steels using the modified spray arc process
Authors: Schaupp Thomas , Rhode Michael , Yahyaoui Hamza , Kannengiesser Thomas
Published: August 2020

High-strength structural steels are used in machine, steel, and crane construction with yield strength up to 960 MPa. However, welding of these steels requires profound knowledge of three factors in terms of avoidance of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC): the interaction of microstructure, local stress/strain, and local hydrogen concentration. In addition to the three main factors, the used arc process is also important for the performance of the welded joint. In the past, the conventional transitional arc process (Conv. A) was mainly used for welding of high-strength steel grades. In the past decade, the so-called modified spray arc process (Mod. SA) has been increasingly used for welding production. This modified process enables reduced seam opening angles with increased deposition rates compared with the Conv. A. Economic benefits of using this arc type are a reduction of necessary weld beads and required filler material. In the present study, the susceptibility to HAC in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the high-strength structural steel S960QL was investigated with the externally loaded implant test. For that purpose, both Conv. A and Mod. SA were used with same heat input at different deposition rates. Both conducted test series showed same embrittlement index “EI” of 0.21 at diffusible hydrogen concentrations of 1.3 to 1.6 ml/100 g of arc weld metal. The fracture occurred in the HAZ or in the weld metal (WM). However, the test series with Mod. SA showed a significant extension of the time to failure of several hours compared with tests carried out with Conv. A.
The Principal Branch of the Lambert W Function
Authors: Beardon A. F.
Published: August 2020

The LambertWfunction is the multi-valued inverse of the function$$E(z) = z \exp z$$E(z)=zexpz. Let$$\widetilde{W}$$W~be a branch ofWdefined and single-valued on a region$$\widetilde{D}$$D~. We show how to use the Taylor expansion of$$\widetilde{W}$$W~at a given point of$$\widetilde{D}$$D~to obtain an infinite series representation of$$\widetilde{W}$$W~throughout$$\widetilde{D}$$D~.
The influence of stiffener geometry on flexural properties of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) beams
Authors: Gebrehiwot Silas Z. , Espinosa Leal L. , Eickhoff J. N. , Rechenberg L.
Published: August 2020

We used finite element analyses (FEA) on Abaqus to study flexural properties of additive manufactured beams using polylactic acid (PLA) polymer. Experimental stress–strain data from flexural testing are used to define elastic–plastic properties of the material in the computation software. The flexural experiments are used to validate the FEA approach suggested. The method provides good results of deflection and stress with errors well below 10% in most of the cases. Therefore, by using the proposed approach, costs related to repeated experimental works can be avoided. In addition, the flexural rigidities of the additive manufactured beams are studied. Five different beam stiffener designs (diamond, honeycomb, square, triangular and wiggle) are studied based on beam bending theory. The force–deflection data from the flexural tests are used to determine the area moments of inertia of the beams. The honeycomb stiffener showed the highest force–deflection behaviour that led to the highest calculated area moment of inertia. However, with the lowest force–deflection behaviour, the square stiffener had the lowest calculated area moment of inertia.
Zum Konzept des magischen Menschen bei Theodor-Wilhelm Danzel
Authors: Wolfradt Uwe
Published: August 2020

Der Ethnologe Theodor Wilhelm Danzel (1886–1954) entwirft in den 1920er-Jahren ausgehend von der Völker- und Ganzheitspsychologie eine kulturpsychologische Strukturtheorie des Religiösen. In diesem theoretischen Ansatz folgt die psychische Struktur des Bewusstseins als Beziehung zwischen Subjekt und Objekt einer kulturellen Stufenentwicklung (von der primitiven zur Hochkultur). Hierbei nimmt Danzel mit stetiger Kulturentwicklung eine Abnahme der Komplexität und Subjektivität, eine Zunahme von Objektivität und Differenzierung an. Dem magischen Menschen (Homo divinans) stellt er den technischen Menschen (Homo faber) entgegen. In der Innenwelt des magischen Menschen ist das Objektiv-Dingliche von der Subjektivität durchdrungen (Subjektivierung des Objektiven), was sich dadurch bemerkbar macht, dass die Dinge wandelbar sind. Dinge besitzen einen inneren Bedeutungscharakter; sie sind beseelt. Der seelische Gehalt von Dingen ist ferner übertragbar, d. h. als Substanz kann er auf andere übertragen werden (wie z. B. die Kraft des Mana in Melanesien). Im Beitrag wird zunächst in die Strukturtheorie Danzels mit ihren geistigen Strömungen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts eingeführt. Anschließend wird die in seiner Theorie zentralen Figur des Homo divinans dargestellt und auf ihre Bedeutung für die heutige Religionsforschung überprüft. Hierbei soll gezeigt werden, dass die Dichotomie Homo divinans und Homo faber auch noch heute in der Psychologie unter anderer Bezeichnung an Bedeutung gewinnt.
US AGAINST THEM: IDEOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ASHURNASIRPAL II'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST ASSYRIAN REBELS IN ḪALZILUḪA
Authors: Dewar Ben
Published: August 2020

This paper is a study of the rebellion against the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II in the city of Ḫalziluḫa in 882bc, which is an unusual instance of a rebellion by Assyrians being recorded in the Assyrian royal inscriptions. This paper explores the significance of the rebellion from two angles: the ideological problem of rebellion by Assyrians, and the psychological impact on Assyrian troops of killing their fellow Assyrians. Within the ideology of the royal inscriptions, Assyrians did not normally rebel against the incumbent king, who was in all ways presented as a model ruler. It will be argued that Ashurnasirpal therefore made efforts in his inscriptions to stress that the Assyrian rebels in Ḫalziluḫa inhabited territory that had been lost to Assyria prior to his reign, and had become “de-Assyrianised” and “uncivilised.” It will be argued that a similar message was conveyed to the Assyrian soldiers through the ceremonies surrounding the creation of a monument at the source of the River Subnat, and that this message helped the soldiers to “morally disengage” from the act of killing other Assyrians, thus avoiding “moral self-sanctions” for an otherwise morally problematic act.
Transformed-likelihood estimators for dynamic panel models with a very small T
Authors: Pickup Mark , Hopkins Vincent
Published: August 2020

Conventional OLS fixed-effects and GLS random-effects estimators of dynamic models that control for individual-effects are known to be biased when applied to short panel data (T ≤ 10). GMM estimators are the most used alternative but are known to have drawbacks. Transformed-likelihood estimators are unused in political science. Of these, orthogonal reparameterization estimators are only tangentially referred to in any discipline. We introduce these estimators and test their performance, demonstrating that the unused orthogonal reparameterization estimator in particular performs very well and is an improvement on the commonly used GMM estimators. When T and/or N are small, it provides efficiency gains and overcomes the issues GMM estimators encounter in the estimation of long-run effects when the coefficient on the lagged dependent variable is close to one.
Mismatches of scale in the application of paleoclimatic research to Chinese archaeology
Authors: Jaffe Yitzchak Y. , Castellano Lorenzo , Shelach-Lavi Gideon , Campbell Roderick B.
Published: August 2020

Issues surrounding the difficult task of correlating archaeological and climatic trajectories are directly impacting the study of human-environmental interaction in Ancient China. We have chosen to focus on the 4.2 ka BP event due to the widespread belief in recent Chinese archaeological publications that it brought about the collapse of Neolithic cultures in multiple regions of China. Following a literature review concerning the many issues surrounding the reconstruction of the 4.2 ka BP event in East Asia, we present three short case studies from the Lower Yangzi, the Shaanxi loess plateau, and the Central Plains detailing a number of problems with Chinese archaeological attempts at using climate change as a causal mechanism for sociopolitical change. We then focus on a common but highly problematic methodology—the growing use of archaeological data compiled in theAtlas of Chinese Cultural Relicsto correlate with climate proxies in order to generate linear, causal models explaining sociopolitical collapse. We follow with an example from Northeast China, where work from the past three decades has provided ample data with which to begin answering these questions in a more productive manner, and end with a set of suggestions for archaeologists and climate scientists going forward.
LINEAR RELATIONS AND INTEGRABILITY FOR CLUSTER ALGEBRAS FROM AFFINE QUIVERS
Authors: PALLISTER JOE
Published: August 2020

We consider frieze sequences corresponding to sequences of cluster mutations for affine D- and E-type quivers. We show that the cluster variables satisfy linear recurrences with periodic coefficients, which imply the constant coefficient relations found by Keller and Scherotzke. Viewing the frieze sequence as a discrete dynamical system, we reduce it to a symplectic map on a lower dimensional space and prove Liouville integrability of the latter.
The social meaning of stylistic variability: Sociophonetic (in)variance in United States presidential candidates’ campaign rallies
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette , Stecker Amelia
Published: August 2020

While speakers have been shown to deploy linguistic styles to project socially meaningful personae, less well-understood are the ways that variability or consistency of stylistic practice across and within speech events can itself accumulate to construct a public image. This study examines the use of (ING) and word-final /t/-release across multiple campaign rallies of three US presidential candidates, speakers in heightened contexts of persona construction. Differences emerged in the degree and nature ofvariabilitycandidates exhibited in the use of these features across rally locales and utterance-level topic differences. We argue that the degree of linguistic variability a candidate exhibits across events itself serves as a socially meaningful linguistic resource, contributing to a constructed public image of flexibility or consistency in relation to a speaker's audience and public platform. We conclude that the amount of linguistic variability a speaker exhibits across contexts is itself a dimension of stylistic practice. (Style, sociophonetics, politicians, variability)*
“There Were Females That Danced Too”: Uncovering the Role of Women in Breaking History
Authors: Aprahamian Serouj
Published: August 2020

The dominant narrative regarding breaking history is that the dance developed as an “exclusively male” expression of inner-city “machismo.” In this study, I challenge this narrative by bringing in the voices of breaking's often-neglected founding practitioners. By juxtaposing primary testimonies with mainstream representations, I aim to show how women have histoirically played a critical role in the dance, and how hegemonic discourse has obscured our understanding of hip-hop's beginnings. I also consider how uncovering the role of women in breaking's history reframes prevailing conceptualizations of its gender performance.
Continuous Finite-Time Torque Control for Flexible Assistance Exoskeleton with Delay Variation Input
Authors: Xue Tao , Wang ZiWei , Zhang Tao , Bai Ou , Zhang Meng , Han Bin
Published: August 2020

Accurate torque control is a critical issue in the compliant human–robot interaction scenario, which is, however, challenging due to the ever-changing human intentions, input delay, and various disturbances. Even worse, the performances of existing control strategies are limited on account of the compromise between precision and stability. To this end, this paper presents a novel high-performance torque control scheme without compromise. In this scheme, a new nonlinear disturbance observer incorporated with equivalent control concept is proposed, where the faster convergence and stronger anti-noise capability can be obtained simultaneously. Meanwhile, a continuous fractional power control law is designed with an iteration method to address the matched/unmatched disturbance rejection and global finite-time convergence. Moreover, the finite-time stability proof and prescribed control performance are guaranteed using constructed Lyapunov function with adding power integrator technique. Both the simulation and experiments demonstrate enhanced control accuracy, faster convergence rate, perfect disturbance rejection capability, and stronger robustness of the proposed control scheme. Furthermore, the evaluated assistance effects present improved gait patterns and reduced muscle efforts during walking and upstair activity.
Invasive vertebrate eradications on islands as a tool for implementing global Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: de Wit Luz A , Zilliacus Kelly M , Quadri Paulo , Will David , Grima Nelson , Spatz Dena , Holmes Nick , Tershy Bernie , Howald Gregg R , Croll Donald A
Published: August 2020

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets a framework of universal Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address challenges to society and the planet. Island invasive species eradications have well-documented benefits that clearly align with biodiversity conservation-related SDGs, yet the value of this conservation action for socioeconomic benefits is less clear. We examine the potential for island invasive vertebrate eradications to have ecological and socioeconomic benefits. Specifically, we examine: (1) how SDGs may have been achieved through past eradications; and (2) how planned future eradications align with SDGs and associated targets. We found invasive vertebrate eradication to align with 13 SDGs and 42 associated targets encompassing marine and terrestrial biodiversity conservation, promotion of local and global partnerships, economic development, climate change mitigation, human health and sanitation and sustainable production and consumption. Past eradications on 794 islands aligned with a median of 17 targets (range 13–38) by island. Potential future eradications on 292 highly biodiverse islands could align with a median of 25 SDG targets (range 15–39) by island. This analysis enables the global community to explicitly describe the contributions that invasive vertebrate management on islands can make towards implementing the global sustainable development agenda.
Frequency of legume consumption related to sociodemographic factors, health status and health-related variables among surveyed adults from Poland
Authors: Skórska Katarzyna Beata , Grajeta Halina , Zabłocka-Słowińska Katarzyna Agnieszka
Published: August 2020

Objective:

The aims of the study were: (i) to estimate the frequency of legume consumption in a study sample from Poland; (ii) to assess relationships between frequency of legume consumption and sociodemographic factors, health status and health-related variables and (iii) to describe the sociodemographic and health-related profiles of ‘frequent’, ‘rare’ and ‘never legume consumers’.

Design:

A cross-sectional study with a self-administered questionnaire was conducted. χ2 test compared the distribution of sociodemographic, health status and health-related variables in accordance with frequency of legume consumption. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) revealed the sociodemographic and health-related profiles of ‘frequent’, ‘rare’ and ‘never legume consumers’.

Setting:

Adult individuals from Poland.

Participants:

The present study included 1135 adults aged 18–80 years.

Results:

Only 22·8 % of all participants declared frequent legume consumption. The prevalence of ‘rare’ and ‘never consumers’ was 72·1 and 5·1 %, respectively. The MCA highlighted strong correspondence of sociodemographic factors, health status and health-related variables with the frequency of legume consumption.

Conclusions:

Low frequency of legume consumption in a study sample of adults from Poland was strongly associated with male sex, low educational level, physical work, living in villages and small cities, and living with more than one co-resident; low legume consumption was also associated with sedentary lifestyle, no disease prevalence and no dietary supplementation.
Five- and ten-year survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in northern Thailand: a multivariate analysis
Authors: Chakrabandhu Somvilai , Bunyatisai Walaithip , Sripan Patumrat , Traisathit Patrinee , Chitapanarux Imjai
Published: August 2020

Aim:

To report 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and identify prognostic factors.

Methods:

Data on 2,095 patients at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand between 2007 and 2014 were analysed using the Kaplan–Meyer method to estimate 5- and 10-year OS rates. Cox proportional hazard regression models were applied to assess the independent prognostic factors of survival.

Results:

8·7% had hypopharyngeal cancer, 19·7% laryngeal, 53·3% oral cavity and 18·3% oropharyngeal. Two-thirds of the patients had locally advanced stage (III–IVB). Five- and ten-year OS rates were 30·1 and 22·8%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Cancer site, stage and age at diagnosis were associated with mortality, highlighting the importance of prevention and early detection.
Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper, DS529
Authors: Kim Sang Man , Bohanes Jan
Published: August 2020

The dispute concerned anti-dumping duties imposed by Australia on two exporters of A4 copy paper from Indonesia which Indonesia claimed were inconsistent with several provisions of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. Australia imposed these duties, ranging between 30% and 40%, on the basis of a comparison of constructed normal values with export prices. Those constructed values were based, for certain input items, on substitute values – prices of pulp exported by Brazilian and South American producers to China and Korea – rather than on the actual costs recorded in those exporters' financial records. These kinds of ‘cost adjustments’ currently rank among the most controversial topics in contemporary WTO anti-dumping case law.
Levels, centers, and peripheries: the spatio-political structure of political systems
Authors: Donnelly Jack
Published: August 2020

This article develops a ‘spatio-political’ structural typology of (national and international) political systems, based on the arrangement of homogeneous or heterogeneous political centers and peripheries in layered political spaces. I then apply this typology to Eurocentric political systems from the high middle ages to today. Rather than see no fundamental change across nearly a millennium (the system remained anarchic) or a singular modern transition (with several centuries of fundamental structural continuity on either side), I depict a series of partial structural transformations on time scales of a century or two. I also recurrently step back to consider the nature and significance of such structural models; why and how they explain. International systems, I try to show, do not have just one or even only a few simple structures; their parts are arranged (structured) in varied and often complex ways. Structural change therefore is common and typically arises through the interaction and accumulation of changes in intertwined elements of interconnected systems (not from radical innovations or dramatic changes in core principles). And structural models, I argue, explain both continuity and change not by identifying causes (or mechanisms) but through configurations; the organization of the parts of a system into a complex whole.
Control power as a special case of protean power: thoughts on Peter Katzenstein and Lucia Seybert'sProtean Power: Exploring the Uncertain and Unexpected in World Politics
Authors: Adler Emanuel
Published: August 2020

Human experience of control is an illusion; all forms of power are a special, transient, and unstable case of protean power. Taking risks is governed by critical uncertainty less because of our lack of perfect knowledge than because the world is physically and socially indeterminate. Power, thus, lies not only in agents' potential to dominate each other, but also in acting in concert to turn propensities into reality. Radical uncertainty is, therefore, not necessarily bad news. Whether protean power endangers or protects humanity depends less on calculating risks than on agents practicing common humanity values. I revise Katzenstein's and Seybert's concepts accordingly and illustrate by discussing Artificial Intelligence's challenges to humanity.
Protean power: a second look
Authors: Katzenstein Peter J.
Published: August 2020

This paper restates the central point ofProtean Power, pushes the analysis forward by engaging each of the commentators, and concludes by underlining the importance of uncertainty and potentialities and mapping some of the areas that need further attention.
Irreparable ignorance, protean power, and economics
Authors: DeMartino George F. , Grabel Ilene
Published: August 2020

The ongoing crisis in mainstream economics has opened the door to recognition of true uncertainty. Economists are increasingly embracing uncertainty and tracing its implications for responsible economic practice and policy design that foregrounds rather than dismisses the limits to knowledge. Protean Power (PP) promotes a similar shift in international relations. PP advances a key distinction between operational and radical uncertainty. We argue that a complementary and perhaps more productive way to theorize the epistemic insufficiency facing agents as they map and implement strategies is to distinguish between ‘reparable’ and ‘irreparable’ ignorance, which leads to ‘Hirschmanian’ pragmatism.
Of Harm, Culprits and Rectification: Obtaining Corrective Justice for Climate Change Displacement
Authors: Thornton Fanny
Published: August 2020

In light of the accelerating nature of climate change and its effect, it is unsurprising that various entities increasingly resort to courts and tribunals to seek to address the many harms and wrongs that clearly stem from climate change. This article discusses the opportunities in this context for those who face displacement by the effects of climate change, an issue that is not necessarily at the heart of either climate justice debates or climate displacement debates. Discussions about how to respond to displacement arising in the context of climate change often focus on the ‘protection space’ or ‘assistance space’, in which those affected are conceptualized as actual or potential seekers of protection or assistance, who may or may not be owed refuge elsewhere on account of unmet needs for shelter, support or safety. This article takes a different approach and conceptualizes those affected as potential or actual seekers of justice, who may be owed rectification for inflicted harm. The article thus contributes to emerging scholarship concerning climate change litigation and climate harm reversal, by focusing on the corrective justice potential for those who face the specific issue of displacement stemming from climate change. To this end, the article provides the relevant practical and analytical background, and discusses key recent law and policy developments in both the domestic and cross-border spheres. The article considers not merely the nexus between displacement stemming from climate change and considerations of justice, but also how and where justice in this context is or may be sought.