bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial Context and Political Support for California School Taxes
Authors: Nations Jennifer M. , Martin Isaac W.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To determine how racial context influences school districts’ ability to raise taxes and whether it is mitigated by racial context.

Method

Panel regression models are fit to a data set of 293 parcel tax measures and 967 California school districts from 1997 to 2010, including data on the racial composition of enrolled students, the district population, and the school board, with controls for features of the policy and the social, political, and economic context.

Results

School boards were least likely to propose new parcel taxes where there was a high percentage of Latinx students or a large gap between the percentage of white students and the percentage of white residents 65 and older. Once a tax was proposed, these and other measures of racial context had no measurable influence on the propensity of voters to approve it. Policy design influenced outcomes, but not by mitigating racial context.

Conclusion

Racial context affects whether school districts propose new taxes.
Comparison of a digital soil map and conventional soil map for management of topsoil exchangeable sodium percentage
Authors: Li Nan , Zhao Dongxue , Arshad Maryem , Sefton Michael , Triantafilis John
Published: October 2020

The soil in the sugarcane growing area of far north Queensland is often sodic (exchangeable sodium percentage—ESP > 6%). Gypsum therefore needs to be applied to reduce potential for land degradation. To accurately map ESP, a digital soil map (DSM) approach can be used. In this paper, we compare and contrast various aspects of DSM for mapping topsoil (0–0.3 m) ESP, including a suitable model (i.e. linear mixed model (LMM), Cubist and regression kriging (Cubist‐RK)), usefulness of digital data (in combination or alone) and how many calibration data (i.e. n = 20, 30,…120) are required. We compare these with ordinary kriging (OK) of soil data and using prediction agreement (i.e. Lin's concordance—Lin's) and accuracy (root mean squared error—RMSE). We compare all of these results with a DSM derived from numerical clustering (fuzzy K‐mean—FKM) of digital data to identify management zones (k = 2, 3, 4 and 5) and a conventional Soil Order map (k = 5 Orders). We do this by calculating mean squared prediction error (MSPE). Prediction of topsoil ESP by OK using 120 samples gave moderate agreement (Lin's = 0.72) with accuracy satisfactory given RMSE (3.69) was less than half standard deviation of measured ESP (½SD = 3.75). Moreover, a minimum number of 100 samples would be required for OK. However, when digital data were used to value add to soil data in models, the results were equivocal, given Cubist (Lin's = 0.74) and Cubist‐RK (0.79) outperformed OK, while LMM (0.65) was inferior to OK. In addition, a smaller sample size (i.e. 70 and 60, respectively) was enough for Cubist and Cubist‐RK to permit the development of accurate predictions of ESP given the RMSE was less than ½SD of measured ESP. Prediction of ESP (considering 120 samples) using only the γ‐ray data (Lin's = 0.77) was superior to ECa (0.72), however, using both in combination was best (0.79). The MSPE (n = 120) indicated creating DSM from clustering of digital data was best for k = 4 zones (MSPE = 27.60); however, Cubist‐RK (13.40), Cubist (14.75), OK (15.56) and LMM (15.76) were able to provide better prediction of ESP. Nevertheless, all DSM generated smaller MSPE than a conventional Soil Order map (32.33). We recommend using Cubist‐RK and both digital data, is the optimal approach to develop a DSM for application of gypsum to enable implementation of Six‐Easy‐Steps soil management guidelines for Proserpine.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*18:181 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Genebrier Steve , Elsermans Vincent , Nivet Carl , Chérel Mathilde , Renac Virginie
Published: October 2020

B*18:181 differs from B*18:01:01:02 by one nucleotide substitution at position 1043 in exon 6.
Activation of the 5‐HT7 receptor but not nitric oxide synthase is necessary for chronic 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐induced hypotension
Authors: Seitz Bridget M. , Fink Gregory D. , Watts Stephanie W.
Published: October 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What mechanisms account for the hypotension observed during chronic elevations in circulating 5‐hydroxytryptamine in rats?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Chronic 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐induced hypotension requires continued activation of the 5‐HT7 receptor subtype but does not require NO, an outcome that resolves previous conflicting results. Therapeutic interruption of the hypotensive actions of 5‐HT under pathophysiological conditions can only be achieved through blockade of the 5‐HT7 receptor.

Low dose infusion of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) to rats causes both an acute and a chronic fall in arterial blood pressure. The 5‐HT7 receptor subtype plays a critical part in the observed hypotension. Acute (minutes to hours) 5‐HT infusion shows no depressor role for nitric oxide (NO), but 5‐HT depressor responses under chronic conditions suggest that NO production may be critical. We test the hypothesis that NO contributes to the chronic, but not the acute, depressor response to 5‐HT. We compared the role of NO and 5‐HT7 receptors in 5‐HT‐induced hypotension under acute and chronic conditions in the same animal. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured by radiotelemetry in conscious rats during 5 days of saline or 5‐HT (25 μg kg−1 min−1; osmotic pump) infusion and for 2 days after infusion was stopped. To quantify the contributions of NO and the 5‐HT7 receptor to 5‐HT‐induced hypotension, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor l‐NAME or the selective 5‐HT7 receptor antagonist SB‐267790 were given at 1, 3 and 5 days of chronic infusion, and 1 day after 5‐HT infusion pumps were removed. Nω‐Nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) caused a pressor response of the same magnitude in the absence or presence of 5‐HT infusion. Conversely, SB‐269970 did not affect mean arterial pressure in the absence of 5‐HT infusion and reversed the 5‐HT‐induced depressor response at each time point. Our findings demonstrate that acute and chronic 5‐HT‐induced hypotension does not require NOS activation but does require continued activation of the 5‐HT7 receptor.
Dynamic Flexible Riser Ancillary Equipment—North Sea Asset Integrity Management Experience and Lessons Learned
Authors: Tadjiev Damir
Published: October 2020

Dynamic flexible risers are complex engineered systems, which provide a connection between topside (normally floating) facilities and subsea pipeline infrastructure on offshore oilfields. Such systems require the use of ancillary equipment to ensure the riser’s correct configuration is maintained throughout the service life. Industry experience shows that the integrity management of riser ancillary equipment is not always comprehensive, and failure of such equipment is one of the causes of premature removal of flexible risers from service. This article presents some case studies from the operational experience of dynamic flexible risers by an operator in the UK North Sea covering a period of approximately 20 years. The case studies look at the anomalies identified in service by general visual inspection (GVI) using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and the lessons learned. Some of the anomalies, had they not been identified and addressed promptly, could have resulted in costly repairs, which demonstrates the importance of inspecting the ancillary equipment of flexible risers as a part of the riser integrity management strategy. The challenges associated with integrity management of ancillary equipment of dynamic flexible risers are also discussed. The case studies presented in this article demonstrate that ROV GVI is an effective method for identifying installation and in-service anomalies related to flexible riser ancillary equipment. The purpose of this article is to share lessons learned with the wider offshore oil and gas community. It is also believed that the information presented in this article may provide useful information to other users of dynamic flexible riser systems when developing and/or implementing their subsea pipelines integrity management programs.
Performance Evaluation of the SAMBA II SARS-CoV-2 Test for Point-of-Care Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Assennato Sonny M. , Ritchie Allyson V. , Nadala Cesar , Goel Neha , Tie Cuijuan , Nadala Lourdes M. , Zhang Hongyi , Datir Rawlings , Gupta Ravindra K. , Curran Martin D. , Lee Helen H.
Published: October 2020

Nucleic acid amplification for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in respiratory samples is the standard method for diagnosis. The majority of this testing is centralized and therefore has turnaround times of several days. Point-of-care (POC) testing with rapid turnaround times would allow more effective triage in settings where patient management and infection control decisions need to be made rapidly. The inclusivity and specificity of the Simple AMplification-Based Assay (SAMBA) II SARS-CoV-2 test were determined by both
in silico
analyses of the primers and probes and wet testing.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Potential Commercial Biocellulose Producer, Strain Komagataeibacter europaeus GH1
Authors: Nagmetova Gulden , Berdimuratova Kalysh , Amirgazin Asylulan , Shevtsov Vladislav , Ismailova Aisulu , Ramankulov Yerlan , Shevtsov Alexandr , Kurmanbayev Askar
Published: October 2020

In this work, we present the draft genome sequence of
Komagataeibacter europaeus
strain GH1 which is an extremely efficient biocellulose producer.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Phylogenetically Distinct Clostridium gasigenes Strains, CM001 and CM004, Isolated from Chilled Vacuum-Packed Meat
Authors: Wambui Joseph , Cernela Nicole , Stevens Marc J. A. , Corti Sabrina , Stephan Roger
Published: October 2020

We present the draft genome sequences of
Clostridium gasigenes
strains CM001 and CM004. The genomes are 4,147,089 and 4,191,074 bp with GC contents of 28.7% and 28.8%, respectively. Although both strains belong to the same species, whole-genome sequence-based analyses reveal that the strains are phylogenetically distinct.
Streamlined Subpopulation, Subtype, and Recombination Analysis of HIV-1 Half-Genome Sequences Generated by High-Throughput Sequencing
Authors: Hora Bhavna , Gulzar Naila , Chen Yue , Karagiannis Konstantinos , Cai Fangping , Su Chang , Smith Krista , Simonyan Vahan , Shah Sharaf Ali , Ahmed Manzoor , Sanchez Ana M. , Stone Mars , Cohen Myron S. , Denny Thomas N. , Mazumder Raja , Gao Feng
Published: October 2020

The highly recombinogenic nature of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads to recombination and emergence of quasispecies. It is important to reliably identify subpopulations to understand the complexity of a viral population for drug resistance surveillance and vaccine development. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) provides improved resolution over Sanger sequencing for the analysis of heterogeneous viral subpopulations. However, current methods of analysis of HTS reads are unable to fully address accurate population reconstruction. Hence, there is a dire need for a more sensitive, accurate, user-friendly, and cost-effective method to analyze viral quasispecies. For this purpose, we have improved the HIVE-hexahedron algorithm that we previously developed with
in silico
short sequences to analyze raw HTS short reads. The significance of this study is that our standalone algorithm enables a streamlined analysis of quasispecies, subtype, and recombination patterns from long HIV-1 genome regions without the need of additional sequence analysis tools. Distinct viral populations and recombination patterns identified by HIVE-hexahedron are further validated by comparison with sequences obtained by single genome sequencing (SGS).
Effect of endurance exercise training on liver gene expression in male and female mice
Authors: Melo Luma , Tilmant Karen , Hagar Amit , Klaunig James E.
Published: October 2020

Chronic endurance exercise is a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of many chronic diseases in humans, including the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and endocrine pathways targeted by chronic endurance exercise have been identified. In the liver, however, the cellular and molecular pathways that are modified by exercise and have preventive or therapeutic relevance to metabolic disease need to be elucidated. The mouse model used in the current study allows for the quantification of a human-relevant exercise “dosage”. In this study we show hepatic gene expression differences between sedentary female and sedentary male mice and that chronic exercise modifies the transcription of hepatic genes related to metabolic disease and steatosis in both male and female mice. Chronic exercise induces molecular pathways involved in glucose tolerance, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis while producing a decrease in pathways related to insulin resistance, steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. Given these findings, this mouse exercise model has potential to dissect the cellular and molecular hepatic changes following chronic exercise with application to understanding the role that chronic exercise plays in preventing human diseases.

Novelty: Exercise modifies the hepatic gene expression and hepatic pathways related to metabolic disease in male and female mice. Sex differences were seen in hepatic gene expression between sedentary and exercised mice. The mouse exercise model used in this study allows for application and evaluation of exercise effects in human disease.
A nonlinear semi-continuum model for silicon micro/nanosheets and its application in bending and vibration
Authors: Li C. , Wang P. Y. , Luo Q. Y.
Published: October 2020

Background: This paper is concerned with a nonlinear semi-continuum model for an ultrathin structure. The basic equations of the theoretical model for silicon micro/nanosheets are derived, and the geometric nonlinearity is introduced in the model. Methods: From two different approaches including the new strain energy and the new external potential energy, we establish the nonlinear semi-continuum theoretical model of silicon micro/nanosheets, respectively. A new dimensionless nonlinear semi-continuum parameter is defined. Based on the theoretical model, the characteristics of bending deformation and free vibration are revealed. Results: The relationships between bending deflection and atomic layers in thickness direction as well as the relaxation coefficient between atomic layers are analyzed. The resonance frequencies of free vibration and their relationship with atomic layers are calculated. By introducing the specific property parameters of silicon micro/nanomaterials, several numerical calculations have been carried out. Conclusion: The theoretical results are compared with other studies in the literature, such as nonlinear finite element method (FEM), experimental and classical results, to validate the semi-continuum model established in the present research. This work can provide new ideas for the mechanical analyses of micro/nanomaterials and structures, and the results could be foundations for the design and application of silicon micro/nanosheets.
Complete integrability and complex solitons for generalized Volterra system with branched dispersion
Authors: Babalic Corina N.
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we show that complete integrability is preserved in a multicomponent differential-difference Volterra system with branched dispersion relation. Using the Hirota bilinear formalism, we construct multisoliton solutions for a system of coupled [Formula: see text] equations. We also show that one can obtain the same solutions through a periodic reduction starting from a two-dimensional completely integrable generalized Volterra system. For some particular cases, graphical representations of solitons are displayed and stability is discussed using an asymptotic analysis.
Independent and interactive effects of thermal stress and mental fatigue on manual dexterity
Authors: Valenza Alessandro , Charlier Harry , Bianco Antonino , Filingeri Davide
Published: October 2020

Many occupations and sports require high levels of manual dexterity under thermal stress and mental fatigue. Yet, multistressor studies remain scarce. We quantified the interactive effects of thermal stress and mental fatigue on manual dexterity. Seven males (21.1 ± 1.3 yr) underwent six separate 60-min trials characterized by a combination of three air temperatures (hot, 37°C; neutral, 21°C; cold, 7°C) and two mental fatigue states (MF, mental fatigue induced by a 35-min cognitive battery; no-MF, no mental fatigue). Participants performed complex (O’Connor test) and simple (hand-tool test) manual tasks pre- and posttrial to determine stressor-induced performance changes. We monitored participants’ rectal temperature and hand skin temperature (Thand) continuously and assessed the reaction time (hand-click test) and subjective mental fatigue (5-point scale). Thermal stress ( P < 0.0001), but not mental fatigue ( P = 0.290), modulated Thand (heat, +3.3°C [95% CI: +0.2, +6.5]; cold, −7.5°C [−10.7, −4.4]). Mental fatigue ( P = 0.021), but not thermal stress ( P = 0.646), slowed the reaction time (∼10%) and increased subjective fatigue. Thermal stress and mental fatigue had an interactive effect on the complex manual task ( P = 0.040), with cold-no-MF decreasing the performance by −22% [−39, −5], whereas neutral-MF, cold-MF, and heat-MF by −36% [−53, −19], −34% [−52, −17], and −36% [−53, −19], respectively. Only mental fatigue decreased the performance in the simple manual task (−30% [−43, −16] across all thermal conditions; P = 0.002). Cold stress-induced impairments in complex manipulation increase with mental fatigue; yet combined stressors’ effects are no greater than those of mental fatigue alone, which also impairs simple manipulation. Mental fatigue poses a greater challenge to manual dexterity than thermal stress.
Would Cortisol Measurements Be a Better Gauge of Hydrocortisone Replacement Therapy? Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia as an Exemplar
Authors: Hindmarsh Peter C , Honour John W
Published: October 2020

There is an increase in mortality and morbidity as well as poor quality of life in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and other causes of adrenal insufficiency. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy should aim to replace the missing cortisol as close as possible to the normal circadian rhythm using hydrocortisone. Dosing should be based on the individual’s absorption and clearance of the drug. Adequacy of dosing should be checked using 24-hour profiles of plasma cortisol with samples drawn preferably every hour or at least every 2 hours. Measurement of cortisol should be the preferred method of assessing replacement therapy as it is over- and undertreatment with hydrocortisone, both of which can occur over a 24-hour period, which leads to the problems observed in patients with CAH and adrenal insufficiency.
Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue and Psychosis: a Case Report from a 25-Year-Old Ethiopian Woman
Authors: Agenagnew Liyew , Tesfaye Elias , Alemayehu Selamawit , Masane Mathewos , Bete Tilahun , Tadessa Jinenus
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The case after exposure to intense traumatic events manifests signs and symptoms of dissociative amnesia with a dissociative fugue and schizophrenia. The psychotic symptoms we found, in this case, were very complicated and mimicking primary psychotic disorders. Therefore, this might be a good forum for the scientific world to learn from this case report, how psychotic disorders coexist with dissociative disorders, since the literatures in this area are too rare. Main Symptoms and/or Important Clinical Findings. This case report focuses on the case of dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue and psychosis in a 25-year-old Ethiopian female who lost her husband and three children at the same time during the nearby ethnic conflict. Associated with amnesia, she lost entire autobiographical information, and she also had psychotic symptoms like delusions and auditory hallucination which is related to the traumatic event she faced. The Main Diagnoses, Therapeutic Interventions, and Outcomes. The diagnosis of dissociative amnesia with a dissociative fugue comorbid with schizophrenia was made, and both pharmacological and psychological interventions were given to the patient. After the intervention, the patient had a slight improvement regarding psychotic symptoms but her memory problem was not restored. Conclusions. The observation in this case report brings to the fore that individuals with dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue can have psychotic symptoms, and it takes a longer time to recover from memory disturbances.
Application of Quasisubordination to Certain Classes of Meromorphic Functions
Authors: Shah Syed Ghoos Ali , Hussain Saqib , Rasheed Akhter , Shareef Zahid , Darus Maslina
Published: October 2020

Inequalities play a fundamental role in many branches of mathematics and particularly in real analysis. By using inequalities, we can find extrema, point of inflection, and monotonic behavior of real functions. Subordination and quasisubordination are important tools used in complex analysis as an alternate of inequalities. In this article, we introduce and systematically study certain new classes of meromorphic functions using quasisubordination and Bessel function. We explore various inequalities related with the famous Fekete-Szego inequality. We also point out a number of important corollaries.
Factors Affecting Maintenance Probability and Resurfacing Thickness Based on the Pavement Management System
Authors: Li Hongmei , Jiang Jiwang , Ni Fujian
Published: October 2020

In order to investigate the key factors and analyze their effects on maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) strategies, data for 2495 pavement sections were collected from the pavement management system (PMS), including pavement performance data, traffic data, material property data, and M&R record data. Logistic regression was first employed to explore the influential factors on maintenance probability. Afterward, the classification tree model was established to find out the key factors on resurfacing thickness. Results showed that road sections with higher IRI, rutting depth (RD), deterioration rate of surface friction coefficient (DRSFC), pavement patching ratio (PPR), and transverse cracking severity index (TCSI) before treatment had significantly higher maintenance probability, which could be quantified by the developed logistic model. Moreover, treatments implemented on bridge decks tended to have greater resurfacing thickness. For pavement M&R projects, with the tensile strength ratio (TSR) of top layer materials higher than 88.7% and pretreatment SFC higher than 49, the resurfacing thickness would be thinner. For bridge M&R projects, middle layer TSR higher than 88.3% led to thinner overlays, and much thinner resurfacing thickness can be observed if pretreatment RD was less than 8.72 mm. When middle layer TSR was lower than 88.3% and pretreatment IRI was higher than 2.383 m/km with larger AESAL, the resurfacing thickness would probably be the thickest. The two models built in this paper provided probabilistic estimation of maintenance probability and explored key factors together with their critical split points for resurfacing thickness, which could be regarded as an alternative decision‐making tool for pavement engineers.
Not Your Common Athletic Heart Problem: Using Coronary CTA to Visualize Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection
Authors: Shenoy Padma , Tayeb Taher , Covas Pedro , Temesgen Nardos , Tracy Cynthia
Published: October 2020

A 19-year-old healthy male collegiate athlete presented with typical anginal symptoms after running a 5K race. He had complained of similar symptoms off and on for the past month. On presentation, troponin was 0.12 ng/ml (reference value < 0.01 ng/ml), which peaked at 17.7 ng/ml and CK-MB was 28.71 IU/L (reference value < 25 IU/L). ECG showed diffuse biphasic T-waves. Coronary computed tomography angiogram (cCTA) demonstrated a 1.5 cm dissection in the left anterior descending artery and a1.9×1.8 cm attenuation defect in the left ventricular apex consistent with thrombus. Subsequent coronary catheterization confirmed dissection of the left anterior descending artery. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare phenomenon. Diagnosis can be made through noninvasive measures but is usually done through left heart catheterization. In young patients who present with an NSTEMI, clinical suspicion for SCAD among other conditions should be raised. Additionally, recognizing that complications such as intracardiac thrombi can occur in SCAD is critical in ensuring appropriate therapy.
Alzheimer’s Disease as a Result of Stimulus Reduction in a GABA-A-Deficient Brain: A Neurocomputational Model
Authors: Aguiar-Furucho Mariana Antonia , Peláez Francisco Javier Ropero
Published: October 2020

Several research studies point to the fact that sensory and cognitive reductions like cataracts, deafness, macular degeneration, or even lack of activity after job retirement, precede the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. To simulate Alzheimer’s disease earlier stages, which manifest in sensory cortices, we used a computational model of the koniocortex that is the first cortical stage processing sensory information. The architecture and physiology of the modeled koniocortex resemble those of its cerebral counterpart being capable of continuous learning. This model allows one to analyze the initial phases of Alzheimer’s disease by “aging” the artificial koniocortex through synaptic pruning, by the modification of acetylcholine and GABA-A signaling, and by reducing sensory stimuli, among other processes. The computational model shows that during aging, a GABA-A deficit followed by a reduction in sensory stimuli leads to a dysregulation of neural excitability, which in the biological brain is associated with hypermetabolism, one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.
Factors Associated with the Presence of Extraintestinal Manifestations in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in a Latin American Country
Authors: Yamamoto-Furusho Jesús K. , Sánchez-Morales Germán E.
Published: October 2020

Background and Aim: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease that can develop extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in a subgroup of patients. The aim of this work was to study the frequency and clinical factors associated with the development of EIMs. Methods: We evaluated a total of 260 Mexican patients with confirmed UC who were followed retrospectively in order to identify the factors associated with the presence of EIMs. Results: The frequency of EIM was 55.8%. The factors associated with the development of EIM were pancolitis (p = 0.003, OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.34–4.56) and previous colectomy (p = 0.024, OR = 7.54, 95% CI = 1.20–60.44). A clinical course of initial activity and then long remission for >5 years was found to be a protective factor (p = 0.002, OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14–0.67). Conclusion: The frequency of EIM was 55.8% in our population, and the factors associated with their development were pancolitis and colectomy; meanwhile, a clinical course of initial activity and then long remission was a protector feature.
Effect of Short-Term Cold Exposure on Central Aortic Blood Pressure in Patients with CKD
Authors: Masajtis-Zagajewska Anna , Pawłowicz Ewa , Nowicki Michal
Published: October 2020

Objectives: Study determined effects of arterial hypertension and impaired kidney function on acute cold exposure induced changes in peripheral and central aortic blood pressure (BP). Methods: Five-six subjects were divided into 3 groups including 20 hypertensive patients with normal kidney function (AH-non-CKD), 20 patients with hypertension and CKD (AH-CKD) stage 3b–4 and 16 healthy normotensive subjects (C). Baseline BP, central BP, and central pulse pressure, unadjusted augmentation index (AI) and central augmented pressure were assessed by applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor) before entering the room with constant temperature −10°C (°C), after 10 min in the cold room and in same conditions in room temperature. Results: Cold exposure led to significant increase of central aortic, systolic, and diastolic BP in both AH-non-CKD (p < 0.01) and AH-CKD (p < 0.001). The central aortic BP did not change in healthy subjects. The increase of central aortic systolic blood pressure was significantly larger in AH-CKD compared to AH-non-CKD group (p = 0.0002). Increase of aortic central and brachial systolic and diastolic BP was significantly larger in AH-CKD and AH-non-CKD patients than in controls. AI increased and subendocardial viability ratio and heart rate decreased after cold exposure in all groups. Central aortic and brachial rate pressure product increased by approximately 2,300 bpm × mm Hg (p < 0.001) and 1,600 bpm × mm Hg (p < 0.001), respectively, in the AH-CKD group and by 1,000 bpm × mm Hg (p = 0.007) and 500 bpm × mm Hg (p = 0.19) in AH-non-CKD group after cold exposure. Conclusion: Short-term cold exposure induces larger increase of brachial and central aortic BP in patients with arterial hypertension than in healthy subjects. The changes in central aortic pressure are augmented in hypertensive patients with impaired kidney function.
Impacto da evidenciação de informações no valor das ações das sociedades de economia mista
Authors: Locatelli Octavio , Nossa Valcemiro , Ferreira Felipe Ramos
Published: October 2020

O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar se a divulgação: (i) das demonstrações contábeis; (ii) dos comunicados ao mercado e; (iii) da classificação de rating do governo, afetam o valor das ações das sociedades anônimas de capital aberto. Adicionalmente, a pesquisa também tem como objetivo identificar se o impacto nas sociedades de economia mista ocorre em maior grau quando comparadas as demais firmas. A pesquisa tem como base temporal o intervalo de tempo de 2003 a 2015, e a amostra é composta por 3.514 observações, empresa/ano, sendo 239 observações de sociedades de economia mista. Os eventos de divulgação de demonstrações contábeis e de comunicados ao mercado foram coletados manualmente no site da CVM e os eventos de rating soberano, no site da Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Foram realizadas regressões múltiplas, que demonstraram que os retornos anormais acumulados são impactados pelas divulgações obrigatórias, voluntárias e pelas classificações de rating do governo. Além disso, observou-se que há um impacto adicional nas empresas de economia mista quando das divulgações voluntárias e de classificação de rating soberano.
Consistency, Protection, Responsibility
Authors: Crossley Noele
Published: October 2020

Selective humanitarianism, it has been argued, may be condonable, or even preferable. Several arguments have been proffered in support of these views. This article revisits these arguments in light of the emergence of a discourse of protection and responsibility that now incorporates a wider spectrum of protection measures available to agents, of which armed intervention is but one. Consistency is an essential characteristic of ethics and the law—inconsistent practice diminishes the prospects of the development of norms of protection and associated practices and institutions. Furthermore, inconsistent practice means that fewer people receive protection from egregious violations of human rights. If the principles associated with human protection and humanitarianism are to become established norms of international society, international policy must be coherent, and international practice must be consistent.
Involucrella lithophila (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae): A new species from Guangxi, China

Authors: YUAN MING-DENG , WANG RUI-JIANG
Published: October 2020

Involucrella lithophila from the limestone area of Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated here. It is most similar to Hedyotis kurzii and Involucrella chereevensis in having tetragonal stems, slender pedicels and loculicidally dehiscent capsules, but it differs from the former by its 3–5 (–7)-lobed stipules, heterostylous and white flowers and depressed seeds, and from the latter by its 2–4 secondary leaf veins and heterostylous flowers. The molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that this new species was embedded in the Involucrella clade and closely related to I. chereevensis. It is evaluated as Least Concern according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
Entoloma lushanense (Entolomataceae, Basidiomycota), a new species of Entoloma subgenus Nolanea from Jiangxi Province, China

Authors: WANG JUN , YAN JUN-QING , HUO GUANG-HUA , CUI CHAO-YU , ZHANG LIN-PING
Published: October 2020

A new species, Entoloma lushanense, is described and illustrated from the Jiangxi Province of China. It is characterized by a small brownish grey pileus with obtuse umbo, heterodiametric spores, a pileipellis as a cutis with a subpellis, and the absence of cystidia and clamp-connections. These morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses (Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood) supported the uniqueness of the species and its taxonomic status within the subgenus Nolanea.
Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species
Authors: SAKHVON VITAL V.
Published: October 2020

Nine species of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 are reviewed. Saropogon aliyevi Sakhvon sp. nov. (Azerbaijan), S. astakhovi Sakhvon sp. nov. (Armenia) and S. tajikistanensis Sakhvon sp. nov. (Tajikistan) are described and illustrated. The distribution of some species is increased. Saropogon pittoproctus Loew, 1873 is recorded from Russia (Kalmykia) for the first time. Records of prey of some of the Saropogon species are presented. An identification key to males of the species is given.
Effects of Weak and Strong Winter Currents on the Thermal State of the South China Sea
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Yinxia , Sui Junpeng , Zhou Weidong , Li Daning
Published: October 2020

The thermal state of the South China Sea (SCS) modulates the regional climate variability over Southeast Asia. Currents in the SCS are an important factor impacting the thermal state of the SCS, but their relationship is not clearly understood. There is an asymmetry in the thermal effect of weak and strong SCS winter currents. Weak SCS winter currents favor stable warm advection of mean temperature by the anomalous horizontal velocity (i.e., Advha), which drives the SCS into a warm phase. However, the cooling effect of strong SCS winter currents on the SCS is weak, due to small and variable negative Advha. The basin-integrated Advha is primarily set by meridional heat flux in the southern SCS, which is mainly determined by the western boundary current (WBC) anomaly. The eastern boundary current (EBC) anomaly with opposite direction of WBC anomaly acts to weaken the Advha. In weak (strong) SCS winter current years, the wind stress anomaly over the southern SCS is localized around the western (eastern) boundary, which induces a weak (strong) EBC anomaly. Therefore, warm Advha in weak SCS winter current years is large enough to drive the SCS into a warm phase. However, the negative Advha in strong SCS winter current years is variable, which can be occasionally offset by positive advection of anomalous temperature by the mean horizontal velocity and then the SCS presents a warm phase, as in 1998. Thus, the strong SCS winter current exerts a weak cooling effect on the SCS.
Charting the Path to Purchase Using Topic Models
Authors: Li Hongshuang (Alice) , Ma Liye
Published: October 2020

In gathering information for an intended purchase decision, consumers submit search phrases to online search engines. These search phrases directly express the consumers’ needs in their own words and thus provide valuable information to marketing managers. Interpreting consumers’ search phrases renders a better understanding of their purchase intentions, which is critical for marketing success. In this article, the authors develop an integrated model to connect the latent topics embedded in consumers’ search phrases to their website visits and purchase decisions. Using a unique data set containing more than 8,000 search phrases submitted by consumers, the model identifies latent topics underlying the searches that led consumers to the firm’s website. Compared with a model lacking any textual information from consumers’ search phrases, a model using textual data in a heuristic approach, and a model based on the latent Dirichlet allocation, the proposed model provides a better evaluation of a consumer’s position on the path to purchase and achieves much better predictive accuracy, which could in turn substantially increase the firm’s revenue. The authors also extend the discussion to aggregators, affiliated websites, and segments of consumers who are exposed to the firm’s outbound ads. Marketing managers can use this method to extract structured information from consumers’ search phrases to facilitate their inference of consumers’ latent purchase states and thereby improve marketing efficiency.
A Step Closer to Racial Equity: Towards a Culturally Sustaining Model for Community Schools
Authors: Daniel Julia , Malone Hui-Ling Sunshine , Kirkland David E.
Published: October 2020

In this article, we explore community schools, as first theorized through community organizing, in relation to movements for racial justice in education to address the following question: How has educational equity been radically imagined by the community school movement in New York City to reframe how we understand success, meaningful school experiences, and the possibility for hope, healing, and racial equity in education?

Using ethnographic methods, we answer this question by examining what went into the grassroots commitments of organizers and the grasstops implementation of the community schools’ strategy at the district level. This examination sets a context for exploring what we saw happening at the school level, where we observed community meetings with organizers and district officials and interviewed key stakeholders about their deep histories of advocating for equitable reform. Drawing on an abolitionist paradigm, we describe how organizers such as those in NYC, who were interested in transforming systems as a prerequisite to advancing freedom, were the first major advocates of the original community schools project. Valuing the knowledge and strength of communities that have survived and thrived in the face of centuries of oppression, we conclude that community stakeholders in collaboration with education workers, from organizers to students, envisioned a blurring of communities and schools as part of a strategy to build collective power that both exposes and challenges injustice.
Tuberculosis heralding connective tissue disorder
Authors: Pratap U , Ravindrachari M , RamyaPriya A , Toi Pampa Ch. , Manju R
Published: October 2020

Connective tissue diseases and infections are amongst the causes for organising pneumonia. However, organising pneumonia preceding other connective tissue disease manifestations is rare. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is rarely associated with organising pneumonia. We report such a case. A 50-year-old diabetic male, a roadside shop keeper, a current smoker presented with fever, breathlessness, cough and weight loss for four months. Chest radiography demonstrated areas of consolidation with halo signs. Anti-nuclear antibody blot was positive for Scl-70 and Jo-1 suggestive of a syndrome of systemic sclerosis and polymyositis overlap. Fibre-optic bronchoscopy guided lung biopsy was suggestive of organising pneumonia, and broncho-alveolar lavage detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be investigated as an aetiology of organising pneumonia, as this may occur in unestablished cases of connective tissue disease even before clinical and radiological manifestations appear, as response can be achieved with anti-tuberculosis therapy alone, without additional use of systemic steroids.
What Birds Know: The Bird-Watcher as Sociologist
Authors: Del Rosso Jared
Published: October 2020

What can birdwatching teach us about teaching? This Final Thought recounts how, by learning to watch and identify birds, one sociologist developed more expansive senses of visual, experiential, and social teaching and learning.
Impaired capillary-to-arteriolar electrical signaling after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Mughal Amreen , Sackheim Adrian M , Sancho Maria , Longden Thomas A , Russell Sheila , Lockette Warren , Nelson Mark T , Freeman Kalev
Published: October 2020

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) acutely impairs dynamic regulation of local cerebral blood flow, but long-term (>72 h) effects on functional hyperemia are unknown. Functional hyperemia depends on capillary endothelial cell inward rectifier potassium channels (Kir2.1) responding to potassium (K+) released during neuronal activity to produce a regenerative, hyperpolarizing electrical signal that propagates from capillaries to dilate upstream penetrating arterioles. We hypothesized that TBI causes widespread disruption of electrical signaling from capillaries-to-arterioles through impairment of Kir2.1 channel function. We randomized mice to TBI or control groups and allowed them to recover for 4 to 7 days post-injury. We measured in vivo cerebral hemodynamics and arteriolar responses to local stimulation of capillaries with 10 mM K+ using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy through a cranial window under urethane and α-chloralose anesthesia. Capillary angio-architecture was not significantly affected following injury. However, K+-induced hyperemia was significantly impaired. Electrophysiology recordings in freshly isolated capillary endothelial cells revealed diminished Ba2+-sensitive Kir2.1 currents, consistent with a reduction in channel function. In pressurized cerebral arteries isolated from TBI mice, K+ failed to elicit the vasodilation seen in controls. We conclude that disruption of endothelial Kir2.1 channel function impairs capillary-to-arteriole electrical signaling, contributing to altered cerebral hemodynamics after TBI.
Preliminary Examination of the Impact of Program Factors on Summary Effect Sizes
Authors: Taylor Liana R. , Bhati Avinash , Taxman Faye S.
Published: October 2020

The Washington State Institute for Public Policy (WSIPP) uses meta-analyses to help program administrators identify effective programs that reduce recidivism. The results are displayed as summary effect sizes. Yet, many programs are grouped within a category (such as Intensive Supervision or Correctional Education), even though the features of the programs might suggest they may be very different. The following research question was examined: What program features are related to the effect size in the WSIPP program category? Researchers at ACE! at George Mason University reviewed the studies analyzed by WSIPP and their effect sizes. The meta-regression global models showed recidivism decreased with certain program features, while other program features actually increased recidivism. A multivariate meta-regression showed substantial variation across Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy programs. These preliminary findings suggest the need to further research how differing program features contribute to client-level outcomes, and develop a scheme to better classify programs.
Reaction to a Pandemic: Social Distancing and Driving Among Older Adults During COVID-19
Authors: Roe Catherine M. , Rosnick Christopher B. , Colletta Angela , Babulal Ganesh M.
Published: October 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has produced considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, and older adults are at especially high risk for developing severe COVID-19. A cohort study of driving behavior from January 1, 2019, to April 25, 2019, and January 1, 2020, to April 25, 2020, was conducted. We hypothesized that older adults would reduce the number of days driving and number of trips/day they make after COVID-19 case acceleration. Data from 214 adults aged 66.5 to 92.8 years were used. Women comprised 47.6% of the sample and 15.4% were African American. Participants reduced the proportion of days driven during the pandemic (.673 vs. .382 [ p < .001]) compared with same period the year before (.695 vs. .749). Trips/day showed a similar decline ( p < .001). Participants also took shorter trips ( p = .02), drove slower ( p < .001), had fewer speeding incidents ( p < .001), and had different trip destinations ( p < .001). These results indicate that older adults reduce their driving behavior when faced with a pandemic.
Exploring the Prescribing Process of Domperidone for Low Milk Supply: A Qualitative Study Among Mothers, IBCLCs, and Family Doctors
Authors: Tauritz Bakker Lara A. , van Dijk Liset , van den Bemt Patricia M. L. A.
Published: October 2020

Background

When mothers are confronted with milk supply problems, taking domperidone is regularly suggested. However, domperidone has been associated with sudden cardiac death and caution in prescribing is advised. In 2016, a multidisciplinary group of authors from a tertiary academic hospital (Erasmus MC) published a clinical protocol in a leading Dutch physicians’ journal to support Dutch family physicians in prescribing domperidone to stimulate lactation.

Research aim

To explore consumer and health care provider perspectives and experiences regarding the prescribing of domperidone for lactation insufficiency following publication of a national clinical protocol.

Methods

A cross-sectional qualitative study was performed using semi-structured interviews ( N = 40) based on a topic list covering the prescribing process. Participants were mothers ( n = 18) who had been advised to try domperidone to boost their milk supply between November 2016 and May 2018, their International Board Certified Lactation Consultants ( n = 9), and their family physicians ( n = 15). Another group of participants (mothers; n = 6) answered short questionnaires. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. The resulting list of codes was organized according to the topics.

Results

In the process leading to domperidone use to stimulate lactation, participant family physicians relied on the IBCLC, pharmacist, or mother to guide the prescription of domperidone, often citing the published national clinical protocol as back up. The medical safeguards incorporated in the protocol (e.g., taking medical history, physical exam, performing electrocardiograms, limiting dosage) were usually not implemented.

Conclusions

Though the availability of a national clinical protocol in which the prescribing of domperidone for lactation is supported appeared to increase the willingness of participant family physicians to prescribe, gaps were identified between clinical practice and this clinical protocol for prescribing domperidone.