bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objective Measures of Spatial Effects in Spanish Concert Halls
Authors: Girón Sara , Zamarreño Teófilo , Bustamante Pedro
Published: February 2013

The present work consists of a statistical study of the monaural (lateral-reflection fractions and level) and binaural acoustic parameters (inter-aural cross-correlation coefficients) that evaluate the amount of early and late lateral acoustic energy encountered in 9 performance halls in Andalusia (southern Spain). Hall volumes range between 6,163 m3 and 34,594 m3 and all enclosures are used for presentations of symphonic concerts and other music performances. The majority of these venues are located in provincial capitals of the community and often constitute the only premises in the city where symphonic concerts can be held. The acoustic parameters under study here were derived from impulse responses analyses using a sine-sweep signals which were generated and processed by WinMLS 2004 software in the octave- band frequency centred from 125 to 4 kHz, and all parameters were spectrally averaged according to the ISO 3382-1 standard. A comparison is presented of monaural experimental results as a function of source- receiver distance with the prediction of Barron’s revised theory for concert halls, and the analyses of the acoustic parameter results are carried out in terms of their respective just noticeable differences: at the many microphone positions for the two source positions on stage, for the spatial distribution of seats in the audience zone relative to the central axis (for left- and right-hand sides) of the rooms, and for the presence of the orchestra shell on stage. Results reveal that the orchestra shell propitiates a perceptible decrement in the values of the early lateral energy fraction and an increment in the late lateral level at the audience seats. In addition, a regression study reveals that the two kinds of measures of laterality, monaural and binaural, are correlated when the hall-average data is considered, but they remain uncorrelated when all individual positions are used. Likewise, the ranges of variation of the acoustic parameters found in these halls are narrower than those specified in the ISO 3382-1. The paper concludes with a discussion on the relationships of hall-average data of the five parameters with eight geometric and acoustic variables.
Pressure Level Standard Deviation at Low Frecuencies: Effect of the Wall Vibrational Field
Authors: Navacerrada María A. , Díaz Cesar , Pedrero Antonio
Published: February 2013

Knowledge of the uncertainty of measurement of testing results is important when results have to be compared with limits and specifications. In the measurement of sound insulation following standards ISO 140-4 and 140-5 the uncertainty of the final magnitude is mainly associated to the average sound pressure levels L1 and L2 measured. However, the study of sound fields in enclosed spaces is very difficult: there are a wide variety of rooms with different sound fields depending on factors as volume, geometry and materials. A parameter what allows us to quantify the spatial variation of the sound pressure level is the standard deviation of the pressure levels measured at the different positions of the room. Based on the analysis of this parameter some results have been pointed out: we show examples on the influence of the microphone positions and the wall characteristics on the uncertainty of the final magnitudes mainly at the low frequencies regime. In this line, we propose a theoretical calculus of the standard deviation as a combined uncertainty of the standard deviation already proposed in the literature focused in the room geometry and the standard deviation associated to the wall vibrational field.
Combination Tones in the Model of Central Auditory Processing for Pitch Perception
Authors: Ziębakowski Tadeusz
Published: February 2013

This work addresses the problem of difficulties in classical interpretation of combination tones as non- linear distortions. One of the basic problems of such an interpretation is to point out the sources of these distortions. Besides, these kinds of distortions have numerous “anomalies” which are difficult to explain on the grounds of physics or physiology. The aim of the model presented in this paper is to show that combination tones phenomenon can be explained as an effect of central mechanisms. Most of existing theories of pitch perception focus mainly on virtual pitch perception and do not take into account combination tones as an element of the same mechanism. The proposed model of central auditory processing for pitch perception allows one to interpret in a coherent way both virtual pitches and combination tones phenomena. This model is of a demonstrative nature and gives an introduction to more advanced model. It belongs to the class of spectral models and it will be shown that such a model can be in a simple way extended to spectral - time model which is partially consistent with autocorrelation models.
Keratocystic odontogenic tumor and its radiological diagnosis by 3 dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
Authors: Banik Shoma , Banik Samir , Shaikh Mushfiq H , Sadat SM Anowar , Mallick Parimal Chandra
Published: February 2013

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor is a special type of odontogenic cyst. Frequent recurrence after surgical removal, world health organization termed it as a tumor instead of cyst. It is a real challenge for oral and maxillofacial surgeon to deal with this tumor. To manage this tumor, a detailed radiological diagnosis may be of a great help to prevent recurrence. In this presented case, we used Cone beam computed tomography to find out the margin of the extension of cortical perforation diameter of the lesion and type of bone destruction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i1.13947 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2011; 1 (1): 10-13
Retrieval of a fractured instrument using File Braiding technique: A case report
Authors: Uddin Md Farid , Alam Md Samsul , Howlader Md Mujibur Rahman , Moral Ali Azgor
Published: February 2013

In the present study, a conservative approach for removal of a fractured instrument located at the apical root area of maxillary left central incisor of a 35 years old male was performed and the clinical outcome was evaluated. On clinical examination, localized swelling associated with discharge of pus was seen near to the affected tooth. Furthermore, the tooth was restored with temporary filling and it was severely discolored. On radiographic examination, a radiolucent area around the apex was seen and there was a fractured instrument at the apex of the tooth. Tooth was then treated as nonsurgical endodontic technique and an attempt to remove the fractured instrument was undertaken. The results confirms that fractured instrument was successfully removed by using the File Braiding technique and after 3 months follow up, the tooth was asymptomatic and radiograph shows complete healing of the periapical lesion.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i1.13957 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (1): 25-30
Natural Theology and the Qur'an
Authors: Morrison Robert G.
Published: February 2013

While the Qur'an's doctrine of naskh means that the particulars of a revealed text were significant, the Qur'an's discussion of humans’ fiṭra and ḥunafāʾ (s. ḥanīf), along with its evocation of the wonders of creation as evidence of God's existence and power, meant that at least some of the Qur'an's message might not have to depend on a specific revealed text. Thus, the import of the Qur'an's references to order in nature has long been a question probed by commentators. This article will examine the responses of the mufassir and mutakallim al-Bayḍāwī (d. c. 1300) who wrote a tafsīr informed by kalām at a time when kalām texts, including al-Bayḍāwī’s, began to incorporate the approach and findings of falsafa and natural science.

Al-Bayḍāwī’s comments on Q. 21:32 held that one could learn more about signs (āyāt) of God's greatness through physics and astronomy. Then, in his interpretation of Q. 2:164, al-Bayḍāwī referred to the technical terminology of astronomy in order to argue that while there was order in nature, astronomy could not, on its own, provide an explanation for the existing order, as opposed to another possible order. Al-Bayḍāwī navigated the tension between acknowledging Ashʿarī kalām's arguments that scientists’ conclusions were contingent and the Qur'an's insinuations that the human intellect could detect a meaningful order in nature.
The Foundations of Islamic Society as Expressed by the Qur'anic Term mawlā
Authors: Urban Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

This article posits that the Qur'anic term mawlā (pl. mawālī) is crucial for understanding the foundations of the Islamic community; the term designates those bonds of help and cooperation that united the earliest umma as a functional faith community. To demonstrate the significance of the term mawlā in the Qur'an, this article combines two distinct methodologies. First, it shows how the word mawlā relates to other variations of the Arabic root w-l-y in the Qur'an, thus situating the term into a wider semantic network. Second, it shows that attestations of the term mawlā/mawālī form a coherent discourse about communal identity construction. This discourse culminates in Q. 33:5, which declares but if you do not know their fathers, [they are] your brothers in religion and your mawālī. When read in context, this verse reveals a connection between the term mawlā and host of pivotal ideas, including the Qur'anic concept of Law, the proper use of language, and the role of genealogy in structuring the umma. Hence, this verse express some of the Qur'an's most explicit and nuanced statements about the relationship between religious bonds, genetic bonds and social bonds in the Islamic community.
Oroxylum indicum Seeds—Analysis of Flavonoids by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
Authors: Krüger Anja , Ganzera Markus
Published: February 2013

Flavonoids are bioactive constituents in Oroxylum indicum seeds, an Asian traditional remedy used for the treatment of respiratory infections. In this study the first capillary electrophoretic method for their determination is presented. By using a 25 mM borax buffer at pH 9.2 containing 10 mM SDS as detergent, the determination of seven flavonoids was feasible in only 13 min. Method validation confirmed that the assay is in accordance with ICH requirements in respect to linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Quantitative results revealed that baicalein-7-O-gentiobioside is the most abundant flavonoid in the drug (1.19 to 5.33%), followed by other baicalein derivatives (7-O-glucoside, 7-O-glucuronide). These observations were in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with LC-MS results.
Improved Control Strategy for DFIG Wind Turbines for Low Voltage Ride Through
Authors: Wu Zaijun , Zhu Chanxia , Hu Minqiang
Published: February 2013

This paper presents an improved control strategy for both the rotor side converter (RSC) and grid side converter (GSC) of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine (WT) system to enhance the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability. Within the proposed control strategy, the RSC control introduces transient feed-forward compensation terms to mitigate the high frequency harmonic components and reduce the surge in the rotor currents. The proposed GSC control scheme also introduces a compensation term reflecting the instantaneous variation of the output power of the rotor side converter with consideration of the instantaneous power of grid filter impendence to keep the dc-link voltage nearly constant during the grid faults. To provide precise control, non-ideal proportional resonant (PR) controllers for both the RSC and GSC current regulation are employed to further improve dynamic performance. Simulations performed in Matlab/Simulink verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
The Apolipoprotein M–Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Axis: Biological Relevance in Lipoprotein Metabolism, Lipid Disorders and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Arkensteijn Bas , Berbée Jimmy , Rensen Patrick , Nielsen Lars , Christoffersen Christina
Published: February 2013

Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a plasma apolipoprotein that mainly associates with high-density lipoproteins. Hence, most studies on apoM so far have investigated its effect on and association with lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. The insight into apoM biology recently took a major turn. ApoM was identified as a carrier of the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P activates five different G-protein-coupled receptors, known as the S1P-receptors 1–5 and, hence, affects a wide range of biological processes, such as lymphocyte trafficking, angiogenesis, wound repair and even virus suppression and cancer. The ability of apoM to bind S1P is due to a lipophilic binding pocket within the lipocalin structure of the apoM molecule. Mice overexpressing apoM have increased plasma S1P concentrations, whereas apoM-deficient mice have decreased S1P levels. ApoM-S1P is able to activate the S1P-receptor-1, affecting the function of endothelial cells, and apoM-deficient mice display impaired endothelial permeability in the lung. This review will focus on the putative biological roles of the new apoM–S1P axis in relation to lipoprotein metabolism, lipid disorders and atherosclerosis.
Molecular Analysis of RNA-RNA Interactions between 5’ and 3’ Untranslated Regions during the Initiation of Translation of a Cardiovirulent and a Live-Attenuated Coxsackievirus B3 Strains
Authors: Souii Amira , Gharbi Jawhar , M'hadheb-Gharbi Manel
Published: February 2013

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a causative agent of viral myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis. CVB3 overcome their host cells by usurping the translation machinery to benefit viral gene expression. This is accomplished through alternative translation initiation in a cap independent manner at the viral internal ribosomal entry site. The 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of CVB3 genomic RNA is highly structured. It is the site of multiple RNA-protein and RNA-RNA interactions and it plays a critical role during translation initiation. Similar to the 5’UTR, CVB3 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) also contains secondary structural elements consisting of three stem-loops followed by a poly (A) tail sequence. Long-range RNA-RNA interactions between 5’ and 3’ ends of some viral genomes have been observed. Because of their dual role in translation and replication, the 5’ and 3’UTRs represent promising candidates for the study of CVB3 cardiovirulence. Taking into account that efficient initiation of mRNA translation depends on a temporally and spatially orchestrated sequence of protein-protein, protein-RNA and RNA-RNA interactions, and that, at present, little is known about RNA-RNA interactions between CVB3 5’ and 3’UTRs, we aimed in the present study, to assess a possible RNA-RNA interaction between 5’ and 3’UTRs during the initiation of translation of a wild-type and a previously characterized mutant (Sabin3-like) CVB3 strains and to investigate the effect of the Sabin3-like mutation on these potential interactions. For this purpose, “Electrophoretic Mobility Shift” assays were carried out. Data obtained did not show any RNA-RNA direct interactions between the 5’- and 3’- ends. Therefore, we can suggest that the possible mechanism by which 3’UTR enhances CVB3 IRES activity may be by bridging the 5’ to the 3’ end through RNA-protein interaction and not through RNA-RNA direct contact. However, these findings need to be confirmed by carrying out further experiments.
Cesium Inhibits Plant Growth through Jasmonate Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Adams Eri , Abdollahi Parisa , Shin Ryoung
Published: February 2013

It has been suggested that cesium is absorbed from the soil through potassium uptake machineries in plants; however, not much is known about perception mechanism and downstream response. Here, we report that the jasmonate pathway is required in plant response to cesium. Jasmonate biosynthesis mutant aos and jasmonate-insensitive mutant coi1-16 show clear resistance to root growth inhibition caused by cesium. However, the potassium and cesium contents in these mutants are comparable to wild-type plants, indicating that jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling are not involved in cesium uptake, but involved in cesium perception. Cesium induces expression of a high-affinity potassium transporter gene HAK5 and reduces potassium content in the plant body, suggesting a competitive nature of potassium and cesium uptake in plants. It has also been found that cesium-induced HAK5 expression is antagonized by exogenous application of methyl-jasmonate. Taken together, it has been indicated that cesium inhibits plant growth via induction of the jasmonate pathway and likely modifies potassium uptake machineries.
A Laboratory of Extremophiles: Iceland Coordination Action for Research Activities on Life in Extreme Environments (CAREX) Field Campaign
Authors: Marteinsson Viggó , Vaishampayan Parag , Kviderova Jana , Mapelli Francesca , Medori Mauro , Calfapietra Carlo , Aguilera Angeles , Hamisch Domenica , Reynisson Eyjólfur , Magnússon Sveinn , Marasco Ramona , Borin Sara , Calzada Abigail , Souza-Egipsy Virginia , González-Toril Elena , Amils Ricardo , Elster Josef , Hänsch Robert
Published: February 2013

Existence of life in extreme environments has been known for a long time, and their habitants have been investigated by different scientific disciplines for decades. However, reports of multidisciplinary research are uncommon. In this paper, we report an interdisciplinary three-day field campaign conducted in the framework of the Coordination Action for Research Activities on Life in Extreme Environments (CAREX) FP7EU program, with participation of experts in the fields of life and earth sciences. In situ experiments and sampling were performed in a 20 m long hot springs system of different temperature (57 °C to 100 °C) and pH (2 to 4). Abiotic factors were measured to study their influence on the diversity. The CO2 and H2S concentration varied at different sampling locations in the system, but the SO2 remained the same. Four biofilms, mainly composed by four different algae and phototrophic protists, showed differences in photosynthetic activity. Varying temperature of the sampling location affects chlorophyll fluorescence, not only in the microbial mats, but plants (Juncus), indicating selective adaptation to the environmental conditions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA microarray and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based analysis in laboratory showed the presence of a diverse microbial population. Even a short duration (30 h) deployment of a micro colonizer in this hot spring system led to colonization of microorganisms based on ribosomal intergenic spacer (RISA) analysis. Polyphasic analysis of this hot spring system was possible due to the involvement of multidisciplinary approaches.
Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergic Activities of Pentaherb Formula, Moutan Cortex (Danpi) and Gallic Acid
Authors: Liu Kelly , Hu Shuiqing , Chan Ben , Wat Elaine , Lau Clara , Hon Kam , Fung Kwok , Leung Ping , Hui Patrick , Lam Christopher , Wong Chun
Published: February 2013

Pentaherb formula (PHF) has been proven to improve the quality of life of children with atopic dermatitis without side effects. The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of PHF, Moutan Cortex (Danpi/DP) and gallic acid (GA) using human basophils (KU812 cells), which are crucial effector cells in allergic inflammation. PHF, DP and GA could significantly suppress the expression of allergic inflammatory cytokine IL-33-upregulated intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and the release of chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8 and inflammatory cytokine IL-6 from KU812 cells (all p < 0.05). With the combined use of dexamethasone (0.01 μg/mL) and GA (10 μg/mL), the suppression of ICAM-1 expression and CCL5 and IL-6 release of IL-33-activated KU812 cells were significantly greater than the use of GA alone (all p < 0.05). The suppression of the IL-33-induced activation of intracellular signalling molecules p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-kB and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase in GA-treated KU812 cells could be the underlying mechanism for the suppression on ICAM-1, chemokines and cytokines. The combined use of dexamethasone with the natural products PHF or DP or GA might therefore enhance the development of a novel therapeutic modality for allergic inflammatory diseases with high potency and fewer side effects.
Thermotropic and lyotropic behaviour of new liquid-crystalline materials with different hydrophilic groups: synthesis and mesomorphic properties
Authors: Bubnov Alexej , Kašpar Miroslav , Hamplová Věra , Dawin Ute , Giesselmann Frank
Published: February 2013

Several new calamitic liquid-crystalline (LC) materials with flexible hydrophilic chains, namely either hydroxy groups or ethylene glycol units, or both types together, have been synthesized in order to look for new functional LC materials exhibiting both, thermotropic and lyotropic behaviour. Such materials are of high potential interest for challenging issues such as the self-organization of carbon nanotubes or various nanoparticles. Thermotropic mesomorphic properties have been studied by using polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray scattering. Four of these nonchiral and chiral materials exhibit nematic and chiral nematic phases, respectively. For some molecular structures, smectic phases have also been detected. A contact sample of one of the prepared compounds with diethylene glycol clearly shows the lyotropic behaviour; namely a lamellar phase was observed. The relationship between the molecular structure and mesomorphic properties of these new LCs with hydrophilic chains is discussed.
Tourisme médical : quelle place pour les pays en développement ?
Authors: Menvielle Loick
Published: February 2013

Le tourisme médical est vu comme une nouvelle tendance et n’est appréhendé que pour la chirurgie esthétique. Dans la réalité, le tourisme fait état de patients désireux de bénéficier de soins à l’étranger tout en obtenant une convalescence dans un environnement différent de leur quotidien. Plusieurs facteurs conduisent à l’adoption de ces offres : longueur des listes d’attente d’accès aux soins et prix constituent des variables influençant le comportement des patients. Cet article analyse l’impact du tourisme médical sur l’économie, les patients et les régions à l’origine de ces offres de services médicaux.
Les perspectives du développement touristique durable dans un territoire insulaire vulnérable : le cas des îles de Kerkennah
Authors: Hellal Mohamed , Jarraya Mounir
Published: February 2013

Les îles de Kerkennah se distinguent par des caractéristiques climatiques qui leur permettent de développer un produit touristique toute l’année. Les contraintes physiques qui se conjuguent avec des problèmes environnementaux ne favorisent pas le développement d’un tourisme de masse qui pourrait être préjudiciable pour ce territoire fragile. Cette fragilité du territoire pourrait devenir en elle-même un argument pour créer un produit original à Kerkennah et attirer une clientèle spécifique.
Terrorizing Terrorism: A Comparative Study of The Dynamiter and The Secret Agent
Authors: Berthiot Marine
Published: February 2013

Les Stevenson et Conrad expérimentent avec le genre de la littérature terroriste en utilisant la polyphonie et l’ironie pour vider le terrorisme de son contenu : la terreur. Construits sur la figure de l’anamorphose, ces textes déplacent et explosent leur sujet principal, en créant des quiproquos comiques ou une écriture du désastre capables d’opposer au terrorisme des valeurs communautaires.
Moving Personal Tax Online
Authors: Chamberlain Jeff , Castleman Tanya
Published: February 2013

In exploiting the capabilities of online technologies, governments have developed policies and launched projects to conduct transactions and deliver their services through the Internet. The motivations for this include cost cutting, efficiency improvements, service enhancements, and leadership in business transformation. However, these diverse goals are not necessarily consistent, especially in the early stages of implementation. The e-government initiative discussed in this case study (E-Tax) provided an additional service to individual Australian taxpayers by enabling them to file their tax returns online. This case study provides an analysis of the E-Tax implementation in the first three years of its operation. Data on E-Tax use compared to other filing methods show that the package worked well technically, was favorably received by users, and was consistent with policy on e-government. However, adoption levels in the early stages did not meet government targets. The analysis suggests that impediments to a greater level of E-Tax use included entrenched patterns of filing, the nature of the taxation system, and political sensitivities. The E-Tax case demonstrates how complex e-government projects can be and the need to take contextual factors into account in planning and evaluating e-government implementation.
The Mortality of an E-Commerce Formula for Success
Authors: Wang John , Yao James , Xing Ruben , Lee Zu-Hsu
Published: February 2013

Commerce One (or C1) developed software systems enabling companies to transform their purchasing interactions into real-time trading networks. Commerce One acquired the e-business budgets of many Fortune 1000 companies. On December 28, 1999, as a highflier in the dot-com era, Commerce One sharply increased to $1,655 (a split-adjusted) per share. In the constellation of corporations, Commerce One was a bright star. Soon after, diminished enthusiasm for the company and its nascent business-to-business (B2B) software industry deflated its stock value. On October 15, 2004, CMRCQ, a new symbol for Commerce One after being removed from the NASDAQ in July 2004, plummeted to $0.03 per share. In the period of devaluation of the stock market that followed the dot-com era, Commerce One became extinct. This article will examine the rise and fall of Commerce One by exploring the industry backdrop, the key events in the company’s history, and the challenges that ultimately overcame it.
Managing E-Government Application Evolution
Authors: Kung Hsiang-Jui , Tung Hui-Lien , Case Thomas
Published: February 2013

The State Technology Agency (STA) is accountable for delivering e-government services for a state in the United States. One of its major responsibilities is to develop and maintain the state portal. As the result of challenges that it has encountered, the STA has developed a holistic view of state portal applications evolution and management. The case examines the three perspectives of Web application evolution — applications, processes, and services — and illustrates how application evolution dynamics are impacted by their interplay. The STA case also reinforces the importance of defining and applying processes to manage application evolution; it is the execution of application evolution processes that determines whether the services delivered fulfill customers’ expectations, and it is only through monitoring the outcomes of application evolution processes and quality of delivered services that opportunities for improved/enhanced applications are identified. The case also illustrates the importance of integrating tools with evolution processes to deliver/monitor better services and portal applications.
CARE
Authors: Orange Graham , Burke Alan , Elliman Tony , Kor Ah Lian
Published: February 2013

This is an eGISE network article which aims to justify the need for a holistic approach (the CARE framework) to the evaluation of e-government projects and to outline a programme of research for its delivery. It is argued that existing methods of evaluation are too limited in terms of scope, perspective, and application and do not offer the necessary potential for learning in an environment characterised by enormous change and considerable investment. Developing the CARE framework addresses these limitations by providing a method of collaborative inquiry which involves relevant stakeholders in the appraisal of both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ aspects of an e-government system. It is also intended that the research project also produces supporting software tools for the framework. The proposed project is based on previous work in the construction industry that developed a cross organisational learning approach (COLA). Developing a similar strategy for Knowledge Management is likely to be effective because the ‘silo’ culture of local government organisations has parallels with the segmented organisational structures within the construction industry.
Bringing E-Commerce to a Dental Supply Company
Authors: Gadis David
Published: February 2013

This case describes a dental supply company’s experiences in the design and implementation of an e-commerce solution. The online store provides dentists with over 16,000 different dental products, from alloys to dental instruments to X-ray products. The design choices, process, and challenges of implementing this e-commerce solution are discussed.
Medication adherence and blood pressure control amongst adults with primary hypertension attending a tertiary hospital primary care clinic in Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Iloh Gabriel U.P. , Ofoedu John N. , Njoku Patrick U. , Amadi Agwu N. , Godswill-Uko Ezinne U.
Published: February 2013

Background: As the case detection rates of hypertension increase in adult Nigerians, achieving target blood pressure (BP) control has become an important management challenge.Objectives: To describe medication adherence and BP control amongst adult Nigerians with primary hypertension attending a primary care clinic of a tertiary hospital in a resource-poor environment in Eastern Nigeria.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 140 adult patients with primary hypertension who have been on treatment for at least 6 months at the primary care clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia. A patient was said to have achieved goal BP control if the BP was < 140 per 90 mmHg. Adherence was assessed in the previous 30 days using a pretested researcher-administered questionnaire on 30 days of self-reported therapy. Adherence was graded using an ordinal scoring system of 0–4; an adherent patient was one who scored 4 points in the previous 30 days. Reasons for non-adherence were documented.Results: Adherence to medication and BP control rates were 42.9% and 35.0% respectively. BP control was significantly associated with medication adherence (p = 0.03), antihypertensive medication duration ≥3 years (p = 0.042), and taking ≥ one form of antihypertensive medication (p = 0.04). BP at the recruitment visit was significantly higher than at the end of the study (p = 0.036). The most common reason for non-adherence was forgetfulness (p = 0.046).Conclusion: The rate of BP control amongst the study population was low, which may be connected with low medication adherence. This study urges consideration of factors relating to adherence alongside other factors driving goal BP control.
Antimicrobial peptides expressed in wheat reduce susceptibility toFusariumhead blight and powdery mildew
Authors: Badea Ana , Eudes François , Laroche Andre , Graf Rob , Doshi Ketan , Amundsen Eric , Nilsson Denise , Puchalski Byron
Published: February 2013

Badea, A., Eudes, F., Laroche, A., Graf, R., Doshi, K., Amundsen, E., Nilsson, D. and Puchalski, B. 2013. Antimicrobial peptides expressed in wheat reduce susceptibility to Fusarium head blight and powdery mildew. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 199–208. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a broad spectrum of action against bacteria, fungi and viruses, which makes them attractive for building plant defense against a diversity of pathogens. Peptides MsrA2 and 10R were cloned in three genetic constructs for tissue-specific expressions in wheat, using either Lem1, GstA1WIR1a, or Ltp6 and LTP6 signal peptide targeting the lemma/palea, leaves and spikes, epicarp and endomembrane system, respectively. The minimal cassettes for these three genetic constructs and for Pat marker construct were co-delivered in immature wheat scutella using biolistics, and green plantlets were regenerated in presence of 5 mg L−1glufosinate. Molecular screening confirmed one regenerated plant carried and expressed all transgenes (AMP+): one copy of 10R driven by Ltp6 promoter, one copy of msrA2 driven by GstA1Wir1a and two copies of msrA2 driven by Lem1. Its offspring and T3generation were challenged with Fusarium graminearum and Blumeria graminis in a contained environment. A reduction of 50% in Fusarium head blight susceptibility was observed in T1, and was inherited through T3generation. The latter, also presented a 53% reduction in Fusarium damaged kernels and 62% reduction in deoxynivalenol accumulation compared with wild cv. Fielder and sister lines AMP−. MsrA2 and 10R producing T3lines showed an average significant reduction of 59% in powdery mildew susceptibility compared with cv. Fielder. Synthetic MsrA2 and 10R peptides were effective as in vivo antifungal peptides in wheat. The expression of antimicrobial peptides in plant cells or tissues may have great potential to limit pathogen infection or growth protecting wheat against a diversity of fungal diseases.
Shaw hard red spring wheat
Authors: Fox S. L. , Wise I. L. , Smith M. A. H. , Humphreys D. G. , Brown P. D. , McCallum B. D. , Fetch T. G. , Menzies J. G. , Gilbert J. A. , Fernandez M. R. , Despins T. , Lukow O. , Niziol D.
Published: February 2013

Fox, S. L., Wise, I. L., Smith, M. A. H., Humphreys, D. G., Brown, P. D., McCallum, B. D., Fetch, T. G., Menzies, J. G., Gilbert, J. A., Fernandez, M. R., Despins, T., Lukow, O. and Niziol, D. 2013. Shaw hard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 299–305. Shaw is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) class. Shaw contains the antibiosis resistance gene Sm1, which is effective against the wheat midge larvae (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). Shaw is derived from the cross Harvest/BW313. Shaw was found to be adapted to the eastern wheat growing regions of the Canadian prairies as represented in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative (CBWC) Registration Test in 2006, 2007 and 2008. For registration testing, the performance of Shaw was estimated using a varietal blend called BW394 which consisted of 90% Shaw and 10% BA51*C222 (a midge-susceptible sibling of Shaw). In this report, Shaw VB refers to BW394. In comparison to the check cultivars (Katepwa, McKenzie, CDC Teal, Unity VB, and 5603HR), Shaw was the highest yielding cultivar overall; although not significant, Shaw was 1% higher yielding than Unity VB. Shaw matured significantly earlier than 5603HR. The plant stature of Shaw was significantly taller than all of the checks except Katepwa, but had similar lodging resistance scores as the checks. The test weight of Shaw was significantly higher than Katepwa and CDC Teal and within the range of the other checks. Shaw expressed resistance to leaf rust, stem rust and common bunt; susceptibility to fusarium head blight and to loose smut. Shaw had preharvest sprouting resistance with an overall sprouting score similar to the best checks McKenzie, Unity VB and 5603HR. The end-use suitability attributes of Shaw were within the range of the checks for all traits except for having significantly larger seeds.
Impact of land classification on potential warm season grass biomass production in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kludze Hilla , Deen Bill , Weersink Alfons , van Acker Rene , Janovicek Ken , De Laporte Aaron
Published: February 2013

Kludze, H., Deen, B., Weersink, A., van Acker, R., Janovicek, K. and De Laporte, A. 2013. Impact of land classification on potential warm season grass biomass production in Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 249–260. This paper examines the land base of southern Ontario to determine the capability of land classes for growing two warm-season grasses, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.), and discusses implications of a provincial biomass industry strictly based on biomass grown on marginal lands. The development of a biomass energy industry is a priority for many regional governments in Canada as a means to reduce fossil fuel use and improve environmental quality. Biomass productivity of the two crops was determined by assuming percentages of arable land area by quality that could be allocated to them: biomass productivity on “prime lands” was assumed to be higher than those of “marginal lands”. Our analysis indicates that Ontario has an adequate land base for producing miscanthus and/or switchgrass biomass to meet and surpass diverse competitive uses without significantly affecting food crop supply. Locations of marginal lands are scattered in the province and the feasibility of establishing a provincial biomass industry strictly based on biomass grown on these lands may not be economically sound or practical. A relatively small percentage of prime lands is required to achieve substantial biomass production with lower costs of production, and perhaps greater environmental benefit.
Fenclorim effects on rice germination and yield
Authors: Chen Yong , Shen Xuefeng , Fang Yue
Published: February 2013

Chen, Y., Shen, X. and Fang, Y. 2013. Fenclorim effects on rice germination and yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 237–241. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is a serious problem in rice-producing areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the safener fenclorim on rice seed germination and yield when used in conjunction with the pre-emergent herbicide pretilachlor in the growth chamber and in the field. Rice seed germination was accelerated by soaking seeds in fenclorim (0.67 g L−1), and pretilachlor (0, 450, 900, 1800, 3600 and 7200 g a.i. ha−1) was applied 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after sowing in a growth chamber. Seeds were also soaked in fenclorim, and then pretilachlor was sprayed (0, 450 and 900 g a.i. ha−1) 1 h after sowing in the field. The percentage of seedling germination for cultured rice was significantly increased by soaking in fenclorim prior to application of the pre-emergence herbicide pretilachlor compared with the control in the growth chamber. The application of the safener fenclorim increased rice yield by 56% and 50% in treatments with 450 and 900 g a.i. hm−2 pre-emergence pretilachlor, respectively, and the weed population, height, and dry matter production were significantly reduced by pretilachlor application.
MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2, HCHO and CHOCHO at a rural site in Southern China
Authors: Li X. , Brauers T. , Hofzumahaus A. , Lu K. , Li Y. P. , Shao M. , Wagner T. , Wahner A.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. We performed MAX-DOAS measurements during the PRIDE-PRD2006 campaign in the Pearl River Delta region (PRD), China, for 4 weeks in July 2006 at a site located 60 km north of Guangzhou. The vertical distributions of NO2, HCHO, and CHOCHO were independently retrieved by an automated iteration method. The NO2 mixing ratios measured by MAX-DOAS showed reasonable agreement with the simultaneous, ground based in-situ data. The tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) observed by OMI on board EOS-Aura satellite were higher than with those by MAX-DOAS. The 3-D chemical transport model CMAQ overestimated the NO2 VCDs as well as the surface concentrations by about 65%. From this observation, a reduction of NOx emission strength in CMAQ seems to be necessary in order to well reproduce the NO2 observations. The average mixing ratios of HCHO and CHOCHO were 7 ppb and 0.4 ppb, respectively, higher than in other rural or semirural environments. The high ratio of 0.062 between CHOCHO and HCHO corresponds to the high VOCs reactivity and high HOx turnover rate consistent with other observations during the campaign.
Warming increases carbon and nutrient fluxes from sediments in streams across land use
Authors: Duan S.-W. , Kaushal S. S.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Rising water temperatures due to climate and land use change can accelerate biogeochemical fluxes from sediments to streams. We investigated impacts of increased streamwater temperatures on sediment fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrate, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and sulfate. Experiments were conducted at 8 long-term monitoring sites across land use (forest, agricultural, suburban, and urban) at the Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Over 20 yr of routine water temperature data showed substantial variation across seasons and years. Lab incubations of sediment and overlying water were conducted at 4 temperatures (4 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) for 48 h. Results indicated: (1) warming significantly increased sediment DOC fluxes to overlying water across land use but decreased DOC quality via increases in the humic-like to protein-like fractions, (2) warming consistently increased SRP fluxes from sediments to overlying water across land use, (3) warming increased sulfate fluxes from sediments to overlying water at rural/suburban sites but decreased sulfate fluxes at some urban sites likely due to sulfate reduction, and (4) nitrate fluxes showed an increasing trend with temperature at some forest and urban sites but with larger variability than SRP. Sediment fluxes of nitrate, SRP and sulfate were strongly related to watershed urbanization and organic matter content. Using relationships of sediment fluxes with temperature, we estimate a 5 °C warming would increase mean sediment fluxes of SRP, DOC and nitrate-N across streams by 0.27–1.37 g m−2 yr−1, 0.03–0.14 kg m−2 yr−1, and 0.001–0.06 kg m−2 yr−1. Understanding warming impacts on coupled biogeochemical cycles in streams (e.g., organic matter mineralization, P sorption, nitrification, denitrification, and sulfate reduction) is critical for forecasting shifts in carbon and nutrient loads in response to interactive impacts of climate and land use change.
Risk Determinants of China's Hotel Industry
Authors: Chen Ming-Hsiang
Published: February 2013

This study examines the risk determinants of China's hotel industry. The risks under consideration are systematic risk (beta), unsystematic risk and total risk. The determinants are debt leverage, size, liquidity, operating efficiency, profitability, growth opportunity and state ownership. Given the distinctive features of its stock markets and its rapidly growing tourism industry, China offers a good case study for this research. Moreover, the rapid expansion of the domestic and international tourism markets in China will create a huge demand for hotels and hospitality services; risk management will consequently be a critical task for hotel executives and investors in China. Thus, a good understanding of risk determinants of the Chinese hotel industry will provide valuable information that will allow both local and foreign hotel business managers and investors to adopt wise investment strategies. Panel regression test results show that debt leverage, size and state ownership are three critical risk determinants of China's hotel industry. Specifically, high debt leverage and state ownership significantly raise all three types of risk for Chinese hotels, whereas large hotels substantially reduce their systematic and total risks.
Estimating the Effects of Different Admission Fees on Revenues for a Mega-Event Using a Contingent Valuation Method
Authors: Lee Choong-Ki , Mjelde James W. , Kim Tae-Kyun
Published: February 2013

Estimates of the effect of different admission fees on revenues for the Expo 2012 Yeosu mega-event are provided. A national survey was conducted for the Korean population. The results indicate that the revenue-maximizing admission fee is approximately KRW 27,000, with an estimated 14.6 million visitors and KRW 388.3 billion for the best-guess scenario. With an eight million visitor capacity constraint, the admission fee should be KRW 39,000. Implications of admission pricing strategies are provided in the conclusion.
Linkages of the Hotel and Restaurant Industry: An International Comparative Analysis
Authors: Teigeiro Luis Robles , Solís Jesús Sanjuán
Published: February 2013

This paper analyses the industrial linkages of the most representative branch of tourism, hotels and restaurants, in a broad sample of countries compiled by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. To examine the linkages, the authors employ analytical methods that, although rarely used, have nevertheless proven very appropriate in this case. An analysis of clusters based on the theory of graphs reveals vertical associations. Furthermore, factorial analysis enables a new grouping to be made based on the similarity of production patterns between the branches. This second analysis produces interesting results that clarify the diversity of the classification previously obtained from the cluster analysis with respect to the countries in the sample.
Do Respondents Report Willingness-to-Pay on a per Person or per Group Basis? A High Mountain Recreation Example
Authors: Keske Catherine M.H. , Lohman Greta , Loomis John B.
Published: February 2013

Contingent valuation methodology (CVM) studies often use dichotomous choice willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions to measure the value that visitors place on recreation. This study assesses whether individuals respond to WTP questions on an individual or a group basis and whether reported WTP values are affected by changes in wording to address this issue explicitly. The authors' analysis reveals statistically significant differences in mean WTP when the payment vehicle is worded more generally, compared to specific language questioning respondents about increases in their share of the cost. Further, dividing the WTP from the standard CVM survey language by group size did not restore the equality of individual average WTP. These results indicate that payment vehicle language in recreation studies should go to great lengths to ask explicitly for either individual or group WTP, to ensure that accurate WTP estimates are obtained.
An Estimation of the Determinants of Same-Day Visit Expenditures in Belgium
Authors: Wynen Jan
Published: February 2013

Few studies have attempted to identify predictors for spending behaviour on same-day visits. A good understanding of these predictors, however, could serve as a guide for the planning of marketing campaigns, could help in increasing the economic benefits of day trips and could be of interest from a policy perspective. Thus the main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of a wide range of socio-demographic and same-day visit related variables on the volumes and probabilities of same-day visit expenditures. Using a unique dataset on same-day visits in Belgium, the empirical results highlight that the duration of a same-day visit, age, information, education and motivation are important determinants of same-day visit expenditures.
Relationship between Price Sensitivity and Expenditures in the Choice of Tourism Activities at the Destination
Authors: Nicolau Juan L. , Masiero Lorenzo
Published: February 2013

The analysis of the drivers of expenditures is an important topic that has been studied in the literature; however, the effect of individual price sensitivities to tourism activities on on-site expenditures has received no attention. Price sensitivity is an internal characteristic of the individual related to an external, very influential variable (price), and expenditures on tourism activities represent direct income for the destination. On this account, the objective of this study is to analyse the effect of individual price sensitivity on tourists' expenditures tourists on vacation activities. The operative formalization follows a mixed logit model to estimate individual sensitivities to price, and then a regression analysis to detect their effect on expenditures. The empirical application finds that price sensitivity has a non-linear quadratic influence on holiday expenditures. The managerial implications are also outlined.