bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaeological Sites, Cultural Heritage, and Sustainable Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Chang Claudia
Published: November 2019

This paper addresses the problem of protecting and preserving archaeological sites from the Bronze Age through the Medieval Period (ca. 2500 BC–1500 CE) as part of sustainable development that includes such economic and social benefits as (1) promoting national status; (2) integrating archaeological sites into the Silk Route narrative; (3) developing tourism related to historic and cultural heritage; and (4) creating a citizenry that values its cultural and historic resources in the face of rapid economic development and changing natural and cultural landscapes. Two UNESCO World Heritage sites will be discussed briefly: Otrar and the surrounding oasis, a medieval complex of sites along the Great Silk Route, and Tamgaly, a petroglyph and archaeological reserve. These two UNESCO World Heritage archaeological sites or preserves will be contrasted with the Talgar Iron Age sites (400 BC–100 CE) situated in a rapidly changing landscape due to economic development and infrastructure (pipelines, railways, roads, and housing) about 12–15 km east of the major city of Almaty. The goal of this article is to discuss the complexity of the entangled sectors of cultural and historic preservation, economic development, tourism, and global transnational heritage within the framework of sustainability.
Use of Porous no Metallic Minerals to Remove Heavy Metals, Precious Metals and Rare Earths, by Cationic Exchange
Authors: Hernandez-Avila Juan , Serrano-Mejía Edgar Omar , Salinas-Rodríguez Eleazar , Cerecedo-Sáenz Eduardo , Isabel Reyes-Valderrama María , del Pilar Gutiérrez-Amador María , Rodríguez-Lugo Ventura
Published: November 2019

This chapter is related with the preliminary study of some non-metallic minerals to evaluate their cationic exchange capacity, to remove heavy and precious metals, as well as rare earths elements. The minerals and materials used to execute the ion metals removal were bentonite, phosphorite, and diatomite. The chapter shows the physicochemical behavior of all these minerals, which were used to remove the mentioned elements from solutions coming from ore leaching. It was found that in all cases, the removal of heavy and precious metals, as well as rare earths elements reached over 90%. Although, there were minimal differences in efficiency for all minerals used (bentonite, phosphorite, and diatomite), it could be pointed that the phosphorite has the best results going from 99.43% of removal of Gd, to 99.95–100% for the case of Ce, Nd, La, Yb, Eu, Er, Sm, Tb, Ge, Pd, Pt, and Au.
An Anatomical and Pathological Classification of Thoracolumbar Adjacent Segment Disease
Authors: Christopher Kieser David , Hammer Niels
Published: November 2019

Structural failure of the spine adjacent to the level of a previous spinal fusion is commonly observed. It may be defined by the radiologic degree of adjacent deformity, often termed junctional level kyphosis, proximal junctional kyphosis or junctional level failure, or the symptomatic failure of the spine above the level of an operation, termed adjacent segment disease (ASD). ASD can be further specified according to its anatomical location of failure, which provides insight into the specific pathological cause of failure and the optimal subsequent management. This chapter describes the anatomical and pathological classification of ASD in order to help clinicians understand the cause of failure and thereby reduce its rate and offer a treatment algorithm if it occurs.
Christian Sexual Ethics and the #MeToo Movement
Authors: Ross Karen , McCabe Megan K. , Garbers Sara Wilhelm ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2019

These three reflections look at the theological and ethical implications of sexual violence in light of the attention brought by #MeToo. The first explores ethnographic interviews which indicate that Church leaders, teachers, and parents contribute to rape culture by leaving sexual violence unaddressed in Christian sexual education, arguing that it must be reconstructed to eliminate the Church’s participation in a culture that promotes gender-based violence. The second notes that feminist scholarship has made the case that rape and “unjust sex” are associated with what is considered acceptable heterosexuality, require the category of “cultural sin” to account for the social responsibility of persons. Finally, the third explores how a feminist political theological ethics of “dangerous memory” is required to critique of the structures and systems that violate women’s selves and bodies.
Aprender a Pensar en la Educación Infantil (4 y 5 años)
Authors: de Puig Irene , Sátiro Angélica
Published: November 2019

He aquí un proyecto para educación infantil como introducción al curriculum ‘Philosophy for Children’ creado por Matthew Lipman. Este proyecto ha sido desarrollado desde una perspectiva multicultural a partir de tres lenguas: catalán (TOT PENSANT), castellano (PENSANDO) y portugués (BRINCAR DE PENSAR). La finalidad de este proyecto no es convertir a los niños en pequeños o grandes filósofos sino en individuos que sepan tomar decisiones, que prevean consecuencias de sus acciones, que sean en la vida activa más reflexivos, considerados y razonables; es decir, se trata de mejorar la capacidad de juicio para mejorar la acción.
Filoso a Entre el Parvulario y la Primaria (De 5 a 7 años)
Authors: de Puig Irene , Sátiro Angélica
Published: November 2019

Philosophy and Narrative’ is a program designed for five to seven-year-old children. It is intended to exercise basic intellectual skills in a dialogic way, as does the ‘Philosophy for Children’ curriculum. Using The Jolly Postman, a stimulating tale by the English authors A. and J. Ahlberg, as a basis, de Puig has prepared a manual entitled Cuentos para pensar (Tales for Thinking) which comprises a series of resources ordered and adapted to the text and the needs of the curriculum for this age range. This sequentially ordered manual includes a number of popular tales as well as exercises and activities that engage various cognitive skills such as reasoning, research, translation and conceptualization. So far, our classroom experience with these materials has been highly satisfactory. Teachers and children enjoy working with them, creating many activities and engaging in new experiences.
¿Para Qué Sirve Enseñar Filosofía?
Authors: García Moriyón Félix
Published: November 2019

Los profesores de filosofía suelen afirmar que la filosofía debe ocupar un importante lugar en la educación de los niños y adolescentes. La filosofía les ponen en contacto con temas básicos para entender los fundamentos de la democracia y ayuda a que se desarrollen en ellos las capacidades cognitivas y afectivas exigidas en las sociedades complejas, plurales y cambiante de la actualidad. Falta de todas formas definir un poco mejor lo que entendemos por filosofía y cómo debe ser la enseñanza de la misma. La argumentación es correcta, pero no pasa de ser una argumentación filosófica más bien retórica, insuficiente para defender la presencia de la filosofía y poco clara para orientar la acción del profesorado en el aula. Hace falta en estos momentos desarrollar un amplio trabajo de investigación educativa centrado en la enseñanza de la filosofía. En esa investigación debemos confirmar la supuesta aportación de la filosofía y para ello hace falta, partiendo de un marco teórico solido y riguroso: a) definir con precisión que dimensiones desarrolla efectivamente la enseñanza de la filosofía; b) precisar cómo pueden ser observadas esas dimensiones en el aula; c) seleccionar los instrumentos que hagan posible medir el progreso en esas dimensiones; y d) diseñar las prácticas pedagógicas que ayuden a desarrollar esas dimensiones. Esto es lo que se presenta en este trabajo. Dedicado a la enseñanza de la filosofía en el bachillerato desde hace más de 25 años, me ha interesado siempre mucho la justificación de la presencia de esa asignatura, preocupación que se ha incrementado en los últimos años debido a la reforma del sistema educativo español que has supuesto, en parte, una disminución de la presencia de la filosofía, al menos tal y como era concebida anteriormente. Este interés, que comparto con la mayor parte de mis compañeros de prefesión, me ha llevado a profundizar en tres aspectos que quiero abordar en este trabajo. En primer lugar, el término de filosofía y de enseñanza de la filosofía son tan amplios, o tan vagos, que no estoy muy seguro de que, cuando defendemos la presencia de la filosofía en la educación, todos estemos hablando de lo mismo. En segundo lugar, la argumentación que los colegas ofrecen para defender la presencia de la filosofía es, con frecuencia, por no decir siempre, absolutamente retórica e insuficiente para el objetivo que persiguen. En tercer lugar, carecemos de un marco teórico de investigación que permita con cierto rigor avanzar en la verificación del papel que la filosofía puede desempeñar en la enseñanza.
What Makes Something A (Digital) Computer?
Authors: Stufflebeam Robert
Published: November 2019

Turing's analysis of the concept of computation is indisputably the foundation of computationalism, which is, in turn, the foundation of cognitive science. What is disputed is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. For Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its 'behavior' is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function 'f'. As 'computer' names a nonnatural kind, almost everyone agrees that a computational interpretation of this sort is necessary for something to be a computer. But because everything in the universe satisfies at least one (mathematical) function, it is the sufficiency of such interpretations that is the problem. If, as anticomputationalists are fond of pointing out, computationalists are wedded to the view that a computational interpretation is sufficient for something to be a computer, then everything becomes a digital computer. This not only renders computer-talk vacuous, it strips computationalism of any empirical or explanatory import. My aim is to defend computationalism against charges that it is explanatorily bankrupt. I reexamine several fundamental questions about computers. One effect of this computation-related soul-searching will be a framework within which 'Is the brain a computer?' will be meaningful. Another effect will be a fracture in the supposed link between computationalism and symbolic-digital processing.
Tracing Sexual Difference
Authors: Anderson Pamela
Published: November 2019

A reading of Luce Irigaray suggests the possibility of tracing sexual difference in philosophical accounts of personal identity. In particular, I argue that Irigaray raises the possibility of moving beyond the aporia of the other which lies at the heart of Paul Ricoeur's account of self-identity. My contention is that the self conceived in Ricoeur's Oneself as Another is male insofar as it is dependent upon the patriarchal monotheism which has shaped Western culture both socially and economically. Nevertheless there remains the possibility of developing Ricoeur's reference to 'the trace of the Other' in order to give a non-essential meaning to sexual difference. Such meaning will emerge when (i) both men and women have identities as subjects, and (ii) the difference between them can be expressed. I aim to elucidate both conditions by appropriating Irigaray's 'Questions to Emmanuel Levinas: On the Divinity of Love.'
Pragmatism, Perfectionism, and Feminism
Authors: Gilmore Richard
Published: November 2019

I consider the revision of pragmatism by three leading neopragmatists: Richard Rorty, Richard Bernstein, and Cornel West. I argue that their vision of pragmatism lacks a teleology, though a teleology is suggested by Bernstein's description of a pragmatic ethos. I appeal to Stanley Cavell's notion of 'moral perfectionism' to suggest a kind of teleology that is available to pragmatism. Finally, I find the weakness of pragmatism done without teleology well exemplified in the exchange between Rorty and Nancy Frazer at Rorty's 1990 Tanner Lecture. Rorty's paper, "Pragmatism and Feminism," was meant to offer feminists some pragmatic strategies for improving their position. Frazer's strong response finds Rorty's suggestions only marginally helpful. I interpret her criticism of Rorty's suggestions to be that they lack something like a teleology. To me, this suggests that pragmatism can learn from feminism.
Is The Second Sex Beauvoir’s Application of Sartrean Existentialism?
Authors: Simons Margaret A.
Published: November 2019

Simone de Beauvoir's 1949 feminist masterpiece, The Second Sex, has traditionally been read as an application of Sartrean existentialism to the problem of women. Critics have claimed a Sartrean origin for Beauvoir's central theses: that under patriarchy woman is the Other, and that 'one is not born a woman, but becomes one.' An analysis of Beauvoir's recently discovered 1927 diary, written while she was a philosophy student at the Sorbonne, two years before her first meeting with Sartre, challenges this interpretation. In this diary, Beauvoir affirms her commitment to doing philosophy, defines the philosophical problem of 'the opposition of self and other,' and explores the links between love and domination. In 1927, she thus lays the foundations of both Sartre's phenomenology of interpersonal relationships and of her own thesis, in The Second Sex, that woman is the Other. Her descriptions of the experience of freedom and choice point to the influence of Bergson, specifically his concepts of 'becoming' and élan vital. Tracing Beauvoir's shift from her apolitical position of 1927 to the feminist engagement of The Second Sex points to the influence of the African-American writer, Richard Wright, whose description of the lived experience of oppression of blacks in America, and whose challenge to Marxist reductionism, provide Beauvoir with a model, an analogy, for analyzing woman's oppression.
La différence sexuelle chez les Grecs
Authors: Songe-Møller Vigdis
Published: November 2019

I want to look at two contrasting ways of seeing the relation between the sexes within ancient Greek thought by dividing Greek thought into two main traditions: the Platonic tradition from Parmenides through Plato to Aristotle, and what one might call 'the tragic tradition' including thinkers such as Anaximander, Heraclitus, and Empedocles. The Platonic tradition is characterized by hierarchical thinking in which the norm is unity, harmony and self-sufficiency. In Plato, this turns out to be the norm also for human existence, with the result that there is no room in his philosophy for thinking of sexual difference and sexual reproduction. When, on the other hand, conflicts, discord, and human vulnerability towards misfortune and death are looked upon as the constitutive elements of life-as with the tragic poets-sexual difference also plays an important part. When human existence is treated as something radically different from divinity, the Greek thinkers-in this paper exemplified by Empedocles and the tragic poets-tend to look upon sexual difference as a constitutive element in human existence. For the philosophers in this tradition, all being is constituted by two oppositional elements which do not form a hierarchy but rather an inimical antagonism. Misogyny is perhaps as strong in this 'tragic' tradition as it is in the Platonic-Aristotelian one. However, even if the former tradition has at least provided some space for thinking of sexual difference, it has not been very influential in western, European thought.
The Philosophy of Sex and Gender in Russia
Authors: Voronina Olga
Published: November 2019

This presentation focuses on the main philosophical approaches toward analyzing the notions of "sex" and "gender" in Russia since the nineteenth century. I analyze the conceptions and ideas which were developed by Aleksey Khomyakov, Nicolai Chernyshevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Fedor Dostoevsky, Vladimir Solovyov and some other philosophers. Then, I discuss the concept of emancipation of women within the framework of Marxist-Leninist theory, which played a role in the state's "women's philosophy" in the Soviet period, and within the existing modern viewpoints. My methodology is based on concepts and guidelines developed in feminist philosophy. One of the goals, as put forward by feminist philosophy, is to discover the gender determinateness of the metatheoretical foundations of science and traditional Western humanitarianism and of philosophy. This problem can be quite successfully solved on the basis of Western philosophic studies. Russian philosophy, however, has not so far become a subject of feminist analysis either in Russia or in the West. Therefore, my research in this field could be considered rather novel.
Gender Identity without Gender Prescriptions
Authors: Wesselius Janet C.
Published: November 2019

The feminist philosopher Susan Bordo suggests that the dilemma of twentieth-century feminism is the tension between a gender identity that both mobilizes a liberatory politics on behalf of women and that results in gender prescriptions which excludes many women. This tension seems especially acute in feminist debates about essentialism/deconstructionism. Concentrating on the shared sex of women may run the risk of embracing an essentialism that ignores the differences among women, whereas emphasizing the constructed natures of sex and gender categories seems to threaten the very project of a feminist politics. I will analyze the possibility of dismantling gender prescriptions while retaining a gender identity that can be the beginning for an emancipatory politics. Perhaps feminists need not rely on a reified essentialism that elides the differences of race, class, etc., if we begin with our social practices of classification rather than with a priori generalizations about the nature of women.
Narrative Cultural Interweavings
Authors: Lara Maria Pia
Published: November 2019

This essay investigates the new meaning of human capabilities that can be drawn out of the feminist model. Drawing on a further elaboration of narratives and the dynamics established between the public sphere and the new emergent publics, I explain how such moral narratives constitute the symbolic order in three stages of 'mimetic representation' (Ricoeur). This model articulates the feedbacks between specific historical moments when 'lay narratives' are invented in response to a particular challenge; the subsequent creative process of the initial construction of the literary narrative; and the return to the experiential dimension of the readers, where narratives gain influence and transform previous ways of seeing things, the process that can occur both contemporaneously and decades or centuries earlier.
Thoreau on Science and System
Authors: Cafaro Philip
Published: November 2019

Though best known as a literary figure, Henry Thoreau showed a lasting interest in science. He read widely in the scientific literature of his day and published one the first scholarly discussions on forest succession. In fact, some historians rate Thoreau as one of the founders of the modern science of ecology. At the same time, Thoreau often lamented science’s tendency to kill poetry. Scientific writings coupled with his own careful observations often revealed life to him, but in other ways rendered nature lifeless. Modern-day Thoreauvians are also aware that science has largely become a tool for control and increased consumption, rather than for the appreciation and protection of wild nature. This paper explores some of Thoreau’s reflections on science and "system," and presents his view of the proper role of science in our lives. As will become clear, Thoreau’s worries are occasioned by his own scientific endeavors. His responses to science’s insufficiencies are reformist, suggesting ways to improve and supplement science rather than discard it.
Polygyny in Africa
Authors: Gbotokuma Zekeh S.
Published: November 2019

Whereas numerous African creation myths are supportive of cultural practices such as circumcision, there are very few, if any, creation myths that justify polygyny. There are many proverbs about polygamy. However, proverbs do not have the same weight as myths in explaining why certain things should be the way they are. African creation myths suggest that monogyny was the original practice not only among creator-gods, but also among the original humans. The pursuit of immortality through procreation is noble. Nevertheless, its achievement through polygyny discriminate against women. So, polygyny is a sexist cultural practice that has no genuine religious basis. It is a "post-original" sin as well as a culturally and morally controversial issue. It undermines the original gender equality. Consequently, it should be dismantled through education, commitment to and enforcement of human rights laws.
Debts of Good Will and Interpersonal Justice
Authors: de Castro Leonardo D.
Published: November 2019

A debt of good will (utang na loob in Filipino) is incurred when a person becomes the beneficiary of significant assistance or favor given by another. Usually, the beneficiary is in acute need of the assistance given or favor granted. This provides an opportunity for the giving of help to serve as a vehicle for the expression of sympathy or concern. The debt could then be appreciated as one of good will because, by catering to another person's pressing need, the benefactor is able to express positive dispositions towards the beneficiary. It is not merely the receipt of the assistance or favor that puts the recipient in a position of indebtedness. The indebtedness is created by the benefactor's kagandahang loob (good will). An act can be considered to convey kagandahang loob only if it is done out of kusang loob (roughly, free will); and can only be considered to have been done out of kusang loob if the agent (1) is not acting under external compulsion, (2) is motivated by positive feelings (e.g. charity, love or sympathy) towards the beneficiary, and (3) is not motivated by the anticipation of reward. These conditions entail debt-of-goodwill relationships where the benefactor has no right to demand reciprocity but the beneficiary has a "self-imposed" obligation to repay kagandahang loob with kagandahang loob. Debts of good will are about some forms of justice. But we should not reduce all talk about debts of good will to talk about justice.
Borges, the Apologist for Idealism
Authors: Martín Marina
Published: November 2019

In Nueva refutación del tiempo, Borges explicitly interprets both Berkeley and Hume as genuine exponents and "apologists" of idealism. We may not owe Berkeley the discovery of a doctrine which according to Borges is practically as "ancient" and "popular" as metaphysics itself. However, his arguments connote a unique philosophical achievement. Borges himself adheres to these arguments and goes beyond them. He makes Berkeley's doctrine flow into Hume's which in turn flows into the uniform ocean of pantheistic idealism as envisioned by Schopenhauer and by Oriental philosophy. A close reading of the story "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" shows how the epistemology inherent in the language descriptions of this planet leads its metaphysicians to move from the underlying Berkeleian-Humean principles to the acceptance of pantheistic idealism. This story is not only a subtle, imaginative fantasy; it is also a work of intellectual elegance reading deep into the problem of knowledge of the external world. Berkeley and Hume devoted their whole attention to this issue and developed views that could adequately address the problem. Borges avoids arguing whether their doctrine falls under the denomination of "immaterialism," "phenomenalism" or "idealism." He seems either to deliberately ignore this scholarly dispute or to go beyond it in an effort to let the texts speak for themselves. Thus, Berkeley's Principles, and Hume's Treatise and first Enquiry show a common fact: the world is mind-dependent.
Theory and Praxis in Aristotle and Heidegger
Authors: Hanley Catriona
Published: November 2019

The discussion of Heidegger's “destructive retrieve” of Aristotle has been intensified in recent years by the publication of Heidegger's courses in the years surrounding his magnum opus. Heidegger's explicit commentary on Aristotle in these courses permits one to read Being and Time with Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Metaphysics. My paper analyzes a network of differences between the two thinkers, focusing on the relationship between theory and praxis. From Aristotle to Heidegger, there is: (1) a shift from the priority of actuality to the priority of possibility. This shift, I argue, is itself the metaphysical ground of: (2) a shift from the priority of theory to the priority of praxis. This shift is seen most clearly in the way in which (3) Heidegger's notion of Theorie is a modification of his poíesis. The temporal ground of the reversal is seen in (4) Heidegger's notion of transcendence towards the world, and not towards an eternal being.
La Labor Olvidada del Pensar
Authors: Krebs Víctor
Published: November 2019

I intend to motivate discussion on the ways of thought in art and philosophy in terms of a problem characteristic of contemporary culture diagnosed by Plato as the "loss of memory." He referred to the impoverishment of knowledge caused by an exclusive and excessive interest in information as well as by the loss of value in reflection. I examine the problem more closely by referring to a passage in the Phaedrus that shows what Plato meant by "a forgetfulness of the soul" is tantamount to the disconnection of intellectual knowledge from emotion and the body. I reflect on the relation between art and philosophy as well as on the character of philosophical thought as regards the need to "cultivate memory" in our time.
La nueva paideia del cuerpo
Authors: Bovio Arturo Rico
Published: November 2019

El autor parte del significado griego de la Paideia. Responsabiliza al individualismo por la falta de un modelo que guíe la dinámica educativa de nuestra Cultura en un Mundo de información que se globaliza. Plantea la urgencia de poner las bases para una nueva Paideia, que forme a las generaciones del milenio que se avecina. Propone sus condiciones: carácter filosófico, aplicación de una base común universalizable, interés por la ciencia, respeto por la diversidad, apuesta por la formación integral humana. En esta línea de búsqueda, se sugiere el rescate de la categoría de 'cuerpo,' previa superación de la errónea identificación del término con nuestras propiedades fisicas visibles. Se invita a emplearia referida holisticamente a la totalidad de los aspectos humanos. Para implementar la noción de 'cuerpo,' se acuñan las categorias de 'valencias' y 'coordenadas' corporales. Las primeras son las necesidades y capacidades naturales biofisicas, sociales y personales; las últimas apuntan los aspectos sincrónicos y diacrónicos que constituyen al cuerpo total. El cuerpo podría ser la base antropológico-axiológica para la nueva Paideia. Algunos de sus lineamientos serían: conocer el cuerpo-quesomos, recorporalizar la Cultura, la alteridad corporal como principio integrador, el imperativo corporal de la hominización, la base corporal del ecodesarrollo y la democracia cultural desde el cuerpo.
Principles for a Pedagogy in the Technological Era
Authors: de Soveral Eduardo Abranches
Published: November 2019

I argue that humanity is initiating a new historical era: the Technological Era. While this mutation opens to man extraordinary possibilities of spiritual and material progress, it is irreversible and threatens to destroy him. The eminent danger can be relieved only by adequately preparing the younger generation. In what follows, the principles which guide this preparation are enunciated and justified. The nuclear importance which should be given to moral education is emphasized, and the cultural and sociological obstacles opposed to it are analyzed. Finally, the means to overcome these obstacles are indicated.
For Public Responsibility for Spaceship Earth
Authors: Agassi Joseph
Published: November 2019

The present global political situation is serious and desperately invites public awareness and concern. Global problems cannot be solved locally; they must be studied locally with an eye towards a mass-movement that would raise awareness of the severity of the problems as well as the absence of viable solutions. A comprehensive view should evolve through critical discussions regarding both problems and possible solutions. The movement must seek to create minimal scientific literacy (that is, attention to factual reports plus a critical attitude toward them). The movement must be educational and democratic; it must encourage individual autonomy. It must freely confess ignorance and slowly develop ideas in a combination of broad propaganda and proper research. Philosophy can contribute by developing a comprehensive view of the situation. Academic research should attend to practical problems. Ideally, the movement will offer grassroots education that will enable graduates to compel appropriate institutions to enact legislation directed toward the alleviation of global problems.
Skills, Generalizability and Critical Thinking
Authors: Bailin Sharon
Published: November 2019

Conceptualizations of critical thinking framed in terms of mental processes have been highly influential in contemporary education. Such conceptualizations have, however, been criticized by philosophers of education both because of the problematic nature of the notion of mental processes and because of their lack of a normative dimension. I argue, however, that the reliance on the notion of skills in the accounts of some of these same philosophers renders their accounts potentially subject to some of the same criticisms which they level against process conceptualizations. This problem becomes particularly salient in the debate over the generalizability of critical thinking where the introduction of the concept of skills frames the issue in terms of the transfer of an inner process or ability. I argue that critical thinking is better conceptualized in terms of the achievement of certain understanding or intellectual resources. The problem of generalizability then becomes one of determining the range of use and application of the principles and criteria which constitute our public traditions of inquiry rather than one of determining the transference of some putative mental ability.
Personalism and Education
Authors: Buford Thomas O.
Published: November 2019

Committed to the metaphysical thesis that Person is first, working within the Liberal Protestant Consensus, and believing that our minds are capable of grasping reality (to some degree), Boston Personalists have followed two roads in developing their thought: ratio and poeisis. The former is represented by Bowne and Brightman with their emphasis on reason (empirical coherence, for Brightman), and the latter by Bertocci with his emphasis on creativity. Though Bowne and Brightman were deeply concerned with education, it was Bertocci who wrote on the subject, and his focus was on moral education. My interest, however, is not in developing Bertocci's position. Rather I shall state the essentials of a Personalist view of moral education within the poeisis tradition. To do that I shall address this question: "Must one know to be good?" I shall discuss that question by examining the life of the developing moral person and the place of knowledge in that life. As this discussion unfolds, we shall see the educational ideal of Boston Personalism.
Toward a Complete Axiology of Classroom Practice
Authors: Gordon Marshall
Published: November 2019

Kant's argument that autonomy is the basis of human dignity complements the experiential truth that students have the ultimate agency with regard to their learning. Students must see themselves as objects with workable content objectively subject to evaluation — "objects being events-with-meanings" (Dewey), that can be more appreciated personally, socially, and intellectually. To do so sustains and broadens the conditions in which paideia can flourish for its own sake as well as for human ends.
Searching for the Foundations of Whitehead’s Philosophy of Education
Authors: Mellert Robert B.
Published: November 2019

The inspiration for this paper comes from the Fiftieth Anniversary of the death of Alfred North Whitehead and the theme of this Congress. In Aims of Education, Whitehead describes the role of freedom and limitation in the educational process. The foundations of these concepts, and important clues to their application, can be found in his general metaphysical framework outlined in Process and Reality. Positive and negative prehensions seem to be the model for freedom and limitation; hence, the latter concept implies the discipline of subjective aim. This analysis supports an interpretation of the mutual complementarity of freedom and discipline, with obvious applications to the educational process.
Paideia and Modern Educational Policy
Authors: Olson Randall
Published: November 2019

The lofty ideals of the classical notion of paideia, and the restatement of those principles in 1982 by Mortimer Adler and the 'paideia group' remain an unfulfilled promise in terms of the actualities of public education in the United States. The notion of an educational system for all students built upon a rigorous curriculum manifesting a framework of values to be acted out in the public and democratic forum continues to have great attraction for educators. Indeed, the notion of paideia continues to carry a sense of urgency as it should. However, the actual task of creating systems devoted to these ideals has run headlong into a political labyrinth generated by the conflict between conservative (technical/authoritative) political thought and liberal (teaching/learning theory) application. The political seductiveness of the trend towards 'standardization' currently in vogue throughout the United States (both locally and nationally) works counter to the classroomcentered/teacher-student encounter needed to educate students capable of interacting meaningfully in their social and political world. The use of the 'standard' to teach and to measure students carries the authority of the technical and reinforces the stereotype of intellectual elitism. To bring balance to this conflict and create an apolitical design requires attention to the meditative role of the teacher and the nature of learning.
Trapped in a Fortune-Cookie Factory with no Stories to Tell
Authors: Schroeder Steven
Published: November 2019

Drawing on a distinction between 'primary' and 'secondary' experience derived from J. J. Gibson's ecological psychology, Edward S. Reed argues that our 'psychosocial ills' result from rampant 'degradation of opportunities for primary experience.' That Reed slides easily from 'experience' to 'information' is less due to Gibson's psychology than to the spirit of the time in which he writes: it is a truism that we live in an age of information, where every experience is an act of communication. But, as Reed notes, progress in information technology has been matched by regress in communication. We spend billions on a 'superhighway' that carries every kind of information except the ecological information 'that allows us to experience things for ourselves.' In a pattern familiar from cities shaped by automobiles, the line of this highway traces a virtually impermeable wall. While (sometimes) increasing access to 'processed' information, it (almost always) decreases access to 'ecological' information. This is a 'pedagogical' as well as a 'perceptual' problem; my intent in this paper is to pose the problem clearly as a first step toward addressing it adequately.
Humanity Educating Philosophy
Authors: Thayer-Bacon Barbara J.
Published: November 2019

In what follows, I focus on the partiality and fallibility of each of us as individuals, and explore what that means for us as epistemic agents. When we examine the tradition of Western European thought, we note that most epistemological theories assume individuals can know the answer, and are able to critique what is passed down to others as socially constructed knowledge. Many have made the argument that while humanity can be deceived, one individual can know, and therefore teach the others about their deceptions and false beliefs. I argue that because we are embedded and embodied social beings who do not have transcendental, objective, "God's eye views" of the world in which we live, we need each other to help us be potential knowers able to make knowledge claims. Others help us become aware of our own situatedness and help us develop enlarged views. Rather than thinking that individual philosophers, credentialed experts in their field of study, know more and therefore have knowledge they can teach humanity, I argue that all of us, as members of humanity, have much that we can teach each other. My position is that it is only with the help of others that we are able to know anything.
Do travestimento como dispositivo em ‘A mulher do garimpo: o romance no extremo sertão do Amazonas’, de Nenê Macaggi
Authors: Monteiro Huarley Mateus do Vale
Published: November 2019

O romance ‘A mulher do garimpo’ configura-se nas tensões vividas pela protagonista Ádria que ainda na infância é travestida frente as condicionante de vulnerabilidade social em que a mesma se encontrava, evitando assim a violação do corpo. Nesse contexto o presente artigo surge como proposta de discursão sobre a categoria travestimento como dispositivo que opera no romance em questão tanto para resguardar a protagonista evitando ser violada, quanto instaura zonas de conflitos individuais que apontam clamores outros. É a partir da materialidade literária que configuramos os alinhaves metodológicos que ganham sustentação em Foucault (1977, 1979, 1986, 2001a), Agamben (2002, 2017), Esposito (2011), Sarmento-Pantoja (2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014).
As marcas do estado de Exceção no corpo grotesco: infâmia e vergonha em narrativas sobre a violência
Authors: Moraes Viviane Dantas
Published: November 2019

Em algumas narrativas de resistência que abordam contextos de violência e suspensão dos direitos fundamentais, uma estratégia usada pelos escritores para elucidar o sofrimento psíquico, moral e físico por meio de seus personagens é explorar o corpo torturado enquanto um viés de denúncia para dizer que ali se expressam as marcas de um crime. Sob o ponto de vista da teoria do Estado de exceção e do conceito de vida nua, ou seja, vida indigna de ser vivida, dialogamos com as reflexões de Giorgio Agamben e escritos literários sobre violência. Ao observar que o corpo se constrói como um elemento narrativo fundamental para desvelar o esfacelamento do individuo sob condição de repressão, o grotesco se constitui em linguagem da resistência, revelando-se, deste modo, uma estética do estado de exceção.
A resistência ao discurso nacionalista hegemônico na dramaturgia de Sean O’Casey
Authors: Sousa Raimundo Expedito dos Santos
Published: November 2019

A fim de provar a virilidade dos homens irlandeses, subestimados pelo império britânico, o nacionalismo anticolonial implicou suspensão provisória do código de masculinidade civil em favor do código de masculinidade cívica, na qual o romance heteroerótico deveria ser proscrito em benefício da nação. Sean O’Casey, divergente desse ideário propalado pelo teatro nacionalista, enfoca em suas obras o descaso pela mulher-carne em favor da mulher-símbolo. Mediante exame da peça The Plough and the Stars, este trabalho verifica como o dramaturgo desconstrói o mito sacrificial na medida em que denuncia a patologização do nacionalismo como histeria coletiva decorrente da interdição a Eros.
Feasibility Study of Gas-EOR Using CO2 and N2 Mixture in a Heavy Oil Reservoir: Experiments and Pilot Test
Authors: Hao Hongda , Hou Jirui , Zhao Fenglan , Huang Handong , Wang Zhixing , Liu Huaizhu
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Since shallow-buried oil reservoirs of Nanpu Block, Jidong Oil Field, China belong to complex fault-block oil reservoirs, effective flooding networks are difficult to be established compared with other conventional oil reservoirs. Although horizontal wells are widely used in the field to expand drainage area, severe water invasions still happened after years of development [1,2]. Cyclic CO2 injection, also known as CO2 huff-n-puff, was then conducted to enhance oil recovery (EOR) since 2010, and great profits has been brought with 109.5×104 t of oil productions until the year of 2018. As a kind of solvent, CO2 can dissolve with the heavy oil, and then cause oil swelling and viscosity reduction [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. However, production problems such as wellbore corrosions, gas channeling, etc. still cannot be avoided during the operation of CO2 injection, which then reduce the oil yielding and lower the CO2 utilization. N2 can also be used to enhance oil recovery according to the literatures [8, 9, 10], more importantly, it is not corrosive and usually cheaper than CO2 for EOR applications. Thus, CO2 and N2 mixture is proposed as an alternative gas-EOR technique for those shallow-buried heavy oil reservoirs.

In order to figure out the interaction mechanisms between CO2/N2 mixture and heavy oil, a feasibility study is firstly evaluated using a PVT cell in the laboratory. Mixtures with different CO2/N2 molar ratios (1:0, 4:1, 7:3, 1:1, 0:1) are designed, and the high-pressure properties of gas/oil system including saturation pressure, volume factor and viscosity are investigated. Then, a series of cyclic gas injection experiments are conducted using outcrop cores to compare the oil recovery factors of CO2, N2, and CO2/N2 mixtures. A pilot test of CO2/N2 mixture injection is also introduced in this paper.
Study on Operation Strategy of Aquifer Underground Gas Storage Using CO2 as Cushion Gas
Authors: Mu Lingyu , Liao Xinwei , Yu Qiang , Hao Litao , Zhang Jingtian , Zhao Jinglei , Wu Jiaqi
Published: November 2019

The cushion gas is indispensable to maintain the reservoir pressure, prevent the water intrusion and ensure the stability of underground gas storage (UGS). Considering the good thermodynamic properties, economic benefit and carbon storage, CO2 is the ideal option for the cushion gas. However, it is inevitable that the cushion will mix with the working gas during the operation of gas storage, which reduces the thermal enthalpy and even changes the pressure dynamics of the reservoir. It is important to research how to control the injection of CO2 to operate the UGS efficiently. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of CO2 as the cushion gas and develops an operation strategy for aquifer UGS. The numerical simulation method with consideration of the effect of the dissolution of CO2 in water and the diffusion between the gases is adopted to model the injection and production process of UGS with CO2 as cushion gas. Firstly, the feasibility of CO2 is demonstrated through the analyses of physical properties and mixing characteristics of CO2 and CH4. Then, the dynamics of UGS is analyzed and the influential factors are discussed. Eventually, the optimum operation strategy is recommended. This work can provides a better understanding of the dynamics of UGS and a scientific basis for the efficient operation of gas storage and production. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of CO2 as the cushion gas, and develops an operation strategy for aquifer UGS, which provides a scientific basis for the efficient operation of gas storage.
Numerical Simulation of CO2 Utilization as Hydrates in Depleted Natural Gas Hydrate Formation
Authors: Ahmad Sheraz , Li Yiming , Li Xiangfang , Xia Wei , Chen Zeen , Wang Peng
Published: November 2019

In the current study, a novel methodology is introduced based on classical conservation model equations of mass, momentum and heat transfer in porous media sediments. Set of model equations have been used in discrete form to investigate liquefied high pressure CO2 transformation into solid hydrates. During this numerical analysis, CO2 phase transition, effect of hydrate nucleation on temperature variations by exothermic heat release and effect of injected CO2 pressure and temperature on hydrate growth speed have been studied.

The results of numerical simulation show that at 0.01 Darcy intrinsic permeability of formation, a significant pressure delay is witnessed during CO2injection in hydrate formation. At 18 MPa injection pressure, the pressure hardly becomes stable during 4 weeks of hydrate growth process. Due to slow pressure distribution, it also affects temperature distribution and hydrate covered length during hydrate growth process. Low formation absolute permeability decreases the speed of injected CO2 and it is also unable to reduce the temperature of formation. Thus, the temperature near the injection point continuously increases at initial stage of hydrate growth process(during 1stweek) and finally, exceeds the formation initial local temperature. From 2nd week, the exothermic effect diminishes and temperature starts decreasing near the wellbore region but in the far zones it exceeds from initial temperature and temperature boundary moves towards extended formation. The partially saturated hydrate covered length during this time is 585 m with 315 m fully saturated hydrate region length. When the injection pressure is increased to 19 MPa, both regions extend to 617 m and 325 m respectively. The 5 K decrease in injected CO2 temperature doesn't give any appreciable results. But if dual-injection method is used, the hydrate storage capacity can be enhanced significantly using less injection pressure.
Modifying Peng-Robinson Equation of State To Consider Influence of Confinement on Fluid Phase Behavior
Authors: Song Yilei , Song Zhaojie , Hou Jirui , Wang Zhixing
Published: November 2019

The behavior of confined fluids in shale reservoirs is significantly different from that of bulk fluids due to the confinement of nanopores. The unique physicochemical properties of confined fluids invalidate the current available equations of state (EOS) used in such reservoirs. In this study, first, the molar volume term of the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) is modified to describe the phase behavior of fluid under confinement. Second, a new dimensionless parameter β is proposed to describe fluid adsorption in nanopores and its empirical correlation is given. Finally, based on the modified PR-EOS, a generalized analytical formula is proposed to calculate critical temperature and pressure shifts by considering fluid adsorption in the nanopores. The modified PR-EOS, new adsorption correlation, and generalized formulations have been validated to be accurate by comparing with the experimental and molecular simulation results. The modified PR-EOS can provide a consistent fluid phase behavior description over the macro-to nano-scale pore sizes.
Respecting Cultural Differences in Goals of Care Conversations
Authors: Choudhury Divya , Nortjé Nico
Published: November 2019

Goals of care conversations are often tough when patients face a poor prognosis, yet when patients are from a different culture it may be even more difficult. However, seeing cultural values as complementing rather than opposing could be beneficial to the care of the patient.
Get online to support wellbeing of graduate students
Authors: Krause Liesl A , Harris Susanna L
Published: November 2019

Universities should use online resources to help graduate students who are struggling with their mental health to access appropriate support.