bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological Evidence for Hyperfocusing of Spatial Attention in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kreither Johanna , Lopez-Calderon Javier , Leonard Carly J. , Robinson Benjamin M. , Ruffle Abigail , Hahn Britta , Gold James M. , Luck Steven J.
Published: March 2017

A recently proposed hyperfocusing hypothesis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia proposes that people with schizophrenia (PSZ) tend to concentrate processing resources more narrowly but more intensely than healthy control subjects (HCS). The present study tests a key prediction of this hypothesis, namely, that PSZ will hyperfocus on information presented at the center of gaze. This should lead to greater filtering of peripheral stimuli when the task requires focusing centrally but reduced filtering of central stimuli when the task requires attending broadly in the periphery. These predictions were tested in a double oddball paradigm, in which frequent standard stimuli and rare oddball stimuli were presented at central and peripheral locations while event-related potentials were recorded. Participants were instructed to discriminate between the standard and oddball stimuli at either the central location or at the peripheral locations. PSZ and HCS showed opposite patterns of spatial bias at the level of early sensory processing, as assessed with the P1 component: PSZ exhibited stronger sensory suppression of peripheral stimuli when the task required attending narrowly to the central location, whereas HCS exhibited stronger sensory suppression of central stimuli when the task required attending broadly to the peripheral locations. Moreover, PSZ exhibited a stronger stimulus categorization response than HCS, as assessed with the P3b component, for central stimuli when the task required attending to the peripheral region. These results provide strong evidence of hyperfocusing in PSZ, which may provide a unified mechanistic account of multiple aspects of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSchizophrenia clearly involves impaired attention, but attention is complex, and delineating the precise nature of attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia has been difficult. The present study tests a new hyperfocusing hypothesis, which proposes that people with schizophrenia (PSZ) tend to concentrate processing resources more intensely but more narrowly than healthy control subjects (HCS). Using electrophysiological measures of sensory and cognitive processing, we found that PSZ were actually superior to HCS in focusing attention at the point of gaze and filtering out peripheral distractors when the task required a narrow focusing of attention. This finding of superior filtering in PSZ supports the hyperfocusing hypothesis, which may provide the mechanism underlying a broad range of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
A Rapid Subcortical Amygdala Route for Faces Irrespective of Spatial Frequency and Emotion
Authors: McFadyen Jessica , Mermillod Martial , Mattingley Jason B. , Halász Veronika , Garrido Marta I.
Published: March 2017

There is significant controversy over the existence and function of a direct subcortical visual pathway to the amygdala. It is thought that this pathway rapidly transmits low spatial frequency information to the amygdala independently of the cortex, and yet the directionality of this function has never been determined. We used magnetoencephalography to measure neural activity while human participants discriminated the gender of neutral and fearful faces filtered for low or high spatial frequencies. We applied dynamic causal modeling to demonstrate that the most likely underlying neural network consisted of a pulvinar-amygdala connection that was uninfluenced by spatial frequency or emotion, and a cortical-amygdala connection that conveyed high spatial frequencies. Crucially, data-driven neural simulations revealed a clear temporal advantage of the subcortical connection over the cortical connection in influencing amygdala activity. Thus, our findings support the existence of a rapid subcortical pathway that is nonselective in terms of the spatial frequency or emotional content of faces. We propose that that the “coarseness” of the subcortical route may be better reframed as “generalized.”

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe human amygdala coordinates how we respond to biologically relevant stimuli, such as threat or reward. It has been postulated that the amygdala first receives visual input via a rapid subcortical route that conveys “coarse” information, namely, low spatial frequencies. For the first time, the present paper provides direction-specific evidence from computational modeling that the subcortical route plays a generalized role in visual processing by rapidly transmitting raw, unfiltered information directly to the amygdala. This calls into question a widely held assumption across human and animal research that fear responses are produced faster by low spatial frequencies. Our proposed mechanism suggests organisms quickly generate fear responses to a wide range of visual properties, heavily implicating future research on anxiety-prevention strategies.
Self‐organized developmental patterning and differentiation in cerebral organoids
Authors: Renner Magdalena , Lancaster Madeline A , Bian Shan , Choi Heejin , Ku Taeyun , Peer Angela , Chung Kwanghun , Knoblich Juergen A
Published: March 2017

Cerebral organoids recapitulate human brain development at a considerable level of detail, even in the absence of externally added signaling factors. The patterning events driving this self‐organization are currently unknown. Here, we examine the developmental and differentiative capacity of cerebral organoids. Focusing on forebrain regions, we demonstrate the presence of a variety of discrete ventral and dorsal regions. Clearing and subsequent 3D reconstruction of entire organoids reveal that many of these regions are interconnected, suggesting that the entire range of dorso‐ventral identities can be generated within continuous neuroepithelia. Consistent with this, we demonstrate the presence of forebrain organizing centers that express secreted growth factors, which may be involved in dorso‐ventral patterning within organoids. Furthermore, we demonstrate the timed generation of neurons with mature morphologies, as well as the subsequent generation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Our work provides the methodology and quality criteria for phenotypic analysis of brain organoids and shows that the spatial and temporal patterning events governing human brain development can be recapitulated in vitro.
Mitochondrial chaperone HSP‐60 regulates anti‐bacterial immunity via p38 MAP kinase signaling
Authors: Jeong Dae‐Eun , Lee Dongyeop , Hwang Sun‐Young , Lee Yujin , Lee Jee‐Eun , Seo Mihwa , Hwang Wooseon , Seo Keunhee , Hwang Ara B , Artan Murat , Son Heehwa G , Jo Jay‐Hyun , Baek Haeshim , Oh Young Min , Ryu Youngjae , Kim Hyung‐Jun , Ha Chang Man , Yoo Joo‐Yeon , Lee Seung‐Jae V
Published: March 2017

Mitochondria play key roles in cellular immunity. How mitochondria contribute to organismal immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that HSP‐60/HSPD1, a major mitochondrial chaperone, boosts anti‐bacterial immunity through the up‐regulation of p38 MAP kinase signaling. We first identify 16 evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial components that affect the immunity of Caenorhabditis elegans against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14). Among them, the mitochondrial chaperone HSP‐60 is necessary and sufficient to increase resistance to PA14. We show that HSP‐60 in the intestine and neurons is crucial for the resistance to PA14. We then find that p38 MAP kinase signaling, an evolutionarily conserved anti‐bacterial immune pathway, is down‐regulated by genetic inhibition of hsp‐60, and up‐regulated by increased expression of hsp‐60. Overexpression of HSPD1, the mammalian ortholog of hsp‐60, increases p38 MAP kinase activity in human cells, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. Further, cytosol‐localized HSP‐60 physically binds and stabilizes SEK‐1/MAP kinase kinase 3, which in turn up‐regulates p38 MAP kinase and increases immunity. Our study suggests that mitochondrial chaperones protect host eukaryotes from pathogenic bacteria by up‐regulating cytosolic p38 MAPK signaling.
ER–mitochondria contacts control surface glycan expression and sensitivity to killer lymphocytes in glioma stem‐like cells
Authors: Bassoy Esen Yonca , Kasahara Atsuko , Chiusolo Valentina , Jacquemin Guillaume , Boydell Emma , Zamorano Sebastian , Riccadonna Cristina , Pellegatta Serena , Hulo Nicolas , Dutoit Valérie , Derouazi Madiha , Dietrich Pierre Yves , Walker Paul R , Martinvalet Denis
Published: March 2017

Glioblastoma is a highly heterogeneous aggressive primary brain tumor, with the glioma stem‐like cells (GSC) being more sensitive to cytotoxic lymphocyte‐mediated killing than glioma differentiated cells (GDC). However, the mechanism behind this higher sensitivity is unclear. Here, we found that the mitochondrial morphology of GSCs modulates the ER–mitochondria contacts that regulate the surface expression of sialylated glycans and their recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. GSCs displayed diminished ER–mitochondria contacts compared to GDCs. Forced ER–mitochondria contacts in GSCs increased their cell surface expression of sialylated glycans and reduced their susceptibility to cytotoxic lymphocytes. Therefore, mitochondrial morphology and dynamism dictate the ER–mitochondria contacts in order to regulate the surface expression of certain glycans and thus play a role in GSC recognition and elimination by immune effector cells. Targeting the mitochondrial morphology, dynamism, and contacts with the ER could be an innovative strategy to deplete the cancer stem cell compartment to successfully treat glioblastoma.
MTCL1 plays an essential role in maintaining Purkinje neuron axon initial segment
Authors: Satake Tomoko , Yamashita Kazunari , Hayashi Kenji , Miyatake Satoko , Tamura‐Nakano Miwa , Doi Hiroshi , Furuta Yasuhide , Shioi Go , Miura Eriko , Takeo Yukari H , Yoshida Kunihiro , Yahikozawa Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Naomichi , Yuzaki Michisuke , Suzuki Atsushi
Published: March 2017

The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized domain essential for neuronal function, the formation of which begins with localization of an ankyrin‐G (AnkG) scaffold. However, the mechanism directing and maintaining AnkG localization is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that in vivo knockdown of microtubule cross‐linking factor 1 (MTCL1) in cerebellar Purkinje cells causes loss of axonal polarity coupled with AnkG mislocalization. MTCL1 lacking MT‐stabilizing activity failed to restore these defects, and stable MT bundles spanning the AIS were disorganized in knockdown cells. Interestingly, during early postnatal development, colocalization of MTCL1 with these stable MT bundles was observed prominently in the axon hillock and proximal axon. These results indicate that MTCL1‐mediated formation of stable MT bundles is crucial for maintenance of AnkG localization. We also demonstrate that Mtcl1 gene disruption results in abnormal motor coordination with Purkinje cell degeneration, and provide evidence suggesting possible involvement of MTCL1 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia.
Increased osteoclastogenesis in patients with vertebral fractures following discontinuation of denosumab treatment
Authors: Anastasilakis Athanasios D , Yavropoulou Maria P , Makras Polyzois , Sakellariou Grigorios T , Papadopoulou Fotini , Gerou Spyridon , Papapoulos Socrates E
Published: March 2017

Objective

To test the hypothesis that rebound of bone remodeling is responsible for clinical vertebral fractures reported in a few patients with osteoporosis after cessation of denosumab treatment.

Design

In this case-control study we compared clinical and biochemical characteristics of postmenopausal women with clinical vertebral fractures 8–16 months after the last injection of denosumab (Dmab/Fx+, n = 5) with those of treatment-naïve women with such fractures (Fx+, n = 5). In addition, 5 women who discontinued denosumab treatment but did not sustain vertebral fractures 18–20 months after the last injection were studied (Dmab/Fx−, n = 5).

Methods

We measured serum microRNAs, gene expression of mRNAs of factors regulating formation and activity of osteoclasts and biochemical markers of bone and mineral metabolism. In Dmab/Fx+ and Fx+ women, blood was taken 4–8 weeks after the fracture.

Results

Compared to Fx+ women, Dmab/Fx+ women had higher serum P1NP and CTx levels, and significantly lower serum miR-503 and miR-222-2 that downregulate osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity, and higher RANK (13-fold) and CTSK (2.6-fold) mRNA. The respective values of Dmab/Fx− women were in the same direction as those of Dmab/Fx+ women but of a lesser magnitude.

Conclusions

Bone fragility in women with clinical vertebral fractures after stopping denosumab therapy is pathophysiologically different from that of treatment-naïve women with osteoporosis and clinical vertebral fractures and it is associated with upregulation of markers of osteoclast formation and activity. The small number of women with this rare event studied is a limitation.
Functional association of oestrogen receptors with HPV infection in cervical carcinogenesis
Authors: Ramachandran Balaji
Published: March 2017

Repeated parity and usage of oral contraceptives have demonstrated an increased risk of cervical cancer (CC) in HPV-infected women. These lifestyle observations raise the likelihood that oestrogens and HPV infection might act synergistically to affect cancers of the cervix.In vivostudies have indicated the requirement of oestrogens and ERα in the development of atypical squamous metaplasia followed by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, II and III. CIN II and III are precancerous cervical lesions that can progress over time to CC as an invasive carcinoma. Recently, there has been evidence suggesting that ERα signalling in the tumour epithelium is a preliminary requisite during cancer initiation that is subsequently lost during tumorigenic progression. Conversely, continued expression of stromal ERα gains control over tumour maintenance. This review summarises the current information on the association between oestrogens and HPV infection in contributing to CC and the possibility of SERMs as a therapeutic option.
The role of Notch signaling in the mammalian ovary
Authors: Vanorny Dallas A , Mayo Kelly E
Published: March 2017

The Notch pathway is a contact-dependent, or juxtacrine, signaling system that is conserved in metazoan organisms and is important in many developmental processes. Recent investigations have demonstrated that the Notch pathway is active in both the embryonic and postnatal ovary and plays important roles in events including follicle assembly and growth, meiotic maturation, ovarian vasculogenesis and steroid hormone production. In mice, disruption of the Notch pathway results in ovarian pathologies affecting meiotic spindle assembly, follicle histogenesis, granulosa cell proliferation and survival, corpora luteal function and ovarian neovascularization. These aberrations result in abnormal folliculogenesis and reduced fertility. The knowledge of the cellular interactions facilitated by the Notch pathway is an important area for continuing research, and future studies are expected to enhance our understanding of ovarian function and provide critical insights for improving reproductive health. This review focuses on the expression of Notch pathway components in the ovary, and on the multiple functions of Notch signaling in follicle assembly, maturation and development. We focus on the mouse, where genetic investigations are possible, and relate this information to the human ovary.
Determinant of Mudharabah Financing: A Study at Indonesian Islamic Rural Banking
Authors: Amelia Erika , Hardini Eva Fauziah
Published: March 2017

This study aims to determine the variables that affect the financing in the Islamic rural banking in Indonesia. The data used in this study is a monthly time series data that is from June 2009 until June 2015 in the monthly financial statements Islamic Banking Statistics published by Bank Indonesia. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regressions. The results of data analysis showed that the variables simultaneously deposit fund, capital adequacy ratio, inflation, exchange rate and the level of revenue sharing significantly influence the composition of financing. Partially deposit funds and the exchange rate significant positive effect, while capital adequacy ratio had a negative effect. Variable inflation and the level of revenue sharing do not significantly influence the composition of financing. This result implies that Islamic rural banking should increase the deposit funds to increase the mudaraba financing.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v16i1.4638
Clinical Benefit in Response to Palbociclib Treatment in Refractory Uterine Leiomyosarcomas with a Common CDKN2A Alteration
Authors: Elvin Julia A. , Gay Laurie M. , Ort Rita , Shuluk Joseph , Long Jennifer , Shelley Lauren , Lee Ronald , Chalmers Zachary R. , Frampton Garrett M. , Ali Siraj M. , Schrock Alexa B. , Miller Vincent A. , Stephens Philip J. , Ross Jeffrey S. , Frank Richard
Published: March 2017

Background

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) responds poorly to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, and personalized therapies have yet to be systematically explored. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) can identify therapeutic targets and provide insight into the biology of this highly aggressive tumor. We report a case of uLMS treated with the CGP-matched therapy palbociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, with sustained clinical benefit in this rare and deadly malignancy.

Materials and Methods

This study analyzed 279 clinically advanced/recurrent uLMS samples. Median patient age was 54 years (range, 23–83 years). DNA was extracted from 40 µm of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, and CGP was performed on hybridization-captured, adaptor ligation-based libraries for up to 405 cancer-related genes plus introns from up to 31 genes frequently rearranged in cancer. Sequencing data were analyzed for base pair substitutions, insertions/deletions, copy number alterations, and rearrangements.

Results

CGP shows that 97.1% of uLMS harbor at least one alteration, and approximately 57% harbor alterations in one or more therapeutically targetable pathways. CDKN2A mutations that inactivate p16INK4a were identified in 11% of uLMS. We report the first demonstration of clinical benefit in response to palbociclib treatment for a uLMS patient with a CDKN2A mutation, resulting in disease stabilization and significant symptom reduction.

Conclusion

A patient with uLMS harboring a CDKN2A mutation experienced clinical benefit from treatment with palbociclib, and genomic analysis of 279 uLMS samples revealed that 19% of patients had mutations affecting the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) pathway. These observations provide a rationale for a clinical trial investigating treatment with CDK pathway inhibitors for uLMS harboring relevant genomic alterations.
Cross-cultural features of eye movements in perception of persons of different races
Authors: Ananyeva K.I. , Basul I.A. , Demidov A.A.
Published: March 2017

We studied eye movements of Russians and Tuvans during free viewing and during assessment of individual psychological qualities by facial expressions in representatives of own and other races. Using the “Personal Differential” method, we found differences in the estimates of the representatives of Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid races. We also registered differences in some characteristics of oculomotor activity of the Russian and Tuvan participants, namely, in the gaze direction and the number of fixations on the parts of face during face recognition and its racial attribution.

The study was supported by the Russian President’s grant, project № MK-7445.2015.6.
Cross-cultural study of emotional component of perceived quality of acoustical events
Authors: Vyskochil N.A. , Nosulenko V.N. , Samoylenko E.S.
Published: March 2017

In the article, the results of empirical study of peculiarities of acoustical events’ perception by representatives of three cultural groups from Tuva, Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Moscow are presented. The aim of the study based on the perceived quality paradigm was to contribute to creation of the library of emotionally charged acoustical events. The results of an analysis of verbalizations produced by participants when perceiving acoustical events are given. A set of criterions are proposed to identify an emotionally charged acoustical event. The criterions were used to identify from a set of 23 sounds those 7 ones that were unambiguously attributed by all the three groups of listeners to the concrete emotions. Perspectives of further research and conditions of selecting the ecologically valid sounds for the library are outlined.

Elaboration of the method and criteria for identification of emotional components of acoustical events’ perceived quality was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 15-06-05499 “Perceived quality of acoustical environment in the course of technological changes”, under the direction of V. N. Nosulenko). Empirical data was gathered in the framework of the President grant MK-7002.2015.6 “Ethno-psychological peculiarities of perception of emotionally charged acoustical events” (under the direction of N.A. Vyskochil).
An empirical research of environmental consciousness in preschool and junior school children (6–10 years)
Authors: Mdivani M.O. , Panov V.I. , Cherezova L.B.
Published: March 2017

This article presents the results of an empirical study of the specificity of ecological consciousness of children of preschool and younger school age. The results of the comparative analysis of representations of children of different age of nature and the interaction “man-nature” provide an opportunity to trace the process of formation of ecological consciousness, the influence of knowledge which children receive at school on the cognitive and emotional components of ecological consciousness.
Experimental study of the relationship of intensity of motivation and the structural organization of the cognitive sphere of personality
Authors: Karpov A.V. , Karpova E.V.
Published: March 2017

We studied the influence of motivation on the structural characteristics of the organization of the cognitive function. We tested the hypothesis of the existence of a direct link between the level of motivation and degree of coherence of the structural organization of cognitive parameters in the process of solving experimental problem on a sample of 100 Russian participants using diagnostic tests of intelligence in combination with the authors’ methods of structural psychological analysis, in particular, the method of determining the structural indices intercorrelation matrices. We revealed and a direct significant (p = 0.05) correlation between the degree of motivation and the level of coherence of the individual parameters of cognitive structures. The results are interpreted in terms of information and energy interaction, as well as from the perspective of synergistic effects due to systemic organization of the cognitive sphere.

The study was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation, project № 16-18-10030.
Generalized scales of content analysis of projective narratives in test of social motivation (TSM). Their validity and specifics. Part 1
Authors: Almayev N.A. , Murasheva O.V. , Bessonova Y.V. , Kiselyova N.I.
Published: March 2017

Projective stories possess some advantages in comparison to the questionnaires. They provide considerable amount of additional information about subjects’ current state and the motives. Nevertheless, they are also not free from the effects of censorship and social desirability. The list of content analysis scales in this study was the following: 1) “Affiliation”, 2) “Frustration of Affiliation”, 3) “Long-term relationships”, 4) “Rivalry”, 5)”Loyalty”, 6) “Achievement”, 7) “Hope”, 8) “Egoistic benefit”, 9) “Impulse control”, 10) “Struggle of motives”, 11) “Negative emotions”, 12) “Negative events”, as well as the three scales for detection of desire to avoid projection: a)”Abandon of the task” (stories shorter than 20 words), b) “Description”, c) «Either, or».
Also some of the indicators were adopted: “Fear to live” – sum of “Negative events” and “Negative emotions” scales; “Hardness” that is subtraction of “Negative emotions” from “Negative events”; “General avoidance of projection” that is the sum of “Abandon”, “Description” and “Either, or”. Validity of the scales was checked and proofed through the multiple comparisons within the three samples: students of Humanities, students
of the Moscow Aviation University and MosEmerCom dispatchers.

This work was supported by grant RFH №12-06-00647.
Development of animal psychophysics technique for determining of hydrobios chemical sensitivity
Authors: Selivanova L.A.
Published: March 2017

The initial, intermediate and final version of techniques of animal psychophysics are presented. Their critical analysis and gradual modification eventually allowed to develop a version, which is adequate for determining the limits and laws of the chemosensitivity of fish and other hydrobios. Analysis of the shortcomings of the original and intermediate versions of this technique can help in the development of other techniques of animal psychophysics.
Sistematični pregled literature s področja ambivalentnega seksizma
Authors: Svetek Mojca
Published: March 2017

Pojavne oblike seksizma so pod stalnim vplivom družbenih sprememb in odnosov med spoloma. V pričujočem članku predstavljam sodobne oblike seksizma, s poudarkom na teoriji ambivalentnega seksizma (Glick in Fiske, 1996), ki obravnava seksizem ne samo na družbeni, ampak tudi na medosebni in osebni ravni. Prispevek nudi obsežen pregled empiričnih ugotovitev s področja dobronamernega in sovražnega seksizma ter njunih učinkov na intimne medosebne odnose, spolno nasilje, lepotne ideale in prakse, samopodobo ter karierne odločitve in aspiracije žensk. Na koncu teorijo ambivalentnega seksizma umestim v širše družbeno-psihološke mehanizme in razmišljam o možnostih preseganja seksističnih ideologij in praks.
Logistic Regression Inside and Out
Authors: Strickland Jeffrey
Published: March 2017

I am often asked if logistic regression is a machine learning algorithm. I say that it is not, for I can formulate it mathematically and solve it using matrix equations, for example. Its solution is derived deterministically and estimation is performed mathematically, through optimization methods. Its link function is a is a mathematical equation.

Logistic regression is most appropriate when the dependent variable (target variable) has two possible outcomes (binary). Will customers respond to an offer or unsubscribe, will the enemy fight or flee, will subjects respond to treatment or grow ill, will livestock live or die? Yes or no? One or zero?

Here I will take you on a journey into the art and science of predictive modeling using logistic regression, inside-and-out.
Adsorption characteristics of ciprofloxacin on the schorl: kinetics, thermodynamics, effect of metal ion and mechanisms
Authors: Yin Danyang , Xu Zhengwen , Shi Jing , Shen Lili , He Zexiang
Published: March 2017

In this study, schorl was used as an effective adsorbent for ciprofloxacin removal from wastewater. The adsorption performance, mechanism and effect of metal ion on sorption were investigated. Adsorption capacity reached a maximum (8.49 mg/g) when the pH value was 5.5. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich model could better describe the experimental data. The negative ΔH (–22.96 KJ/mol) value showed that the adsorption process was exothermic. The results also indicated physical adsorption existed on the adsorption process, which was in agreement with the analysis of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The desorption rate could reach 94%, which suggested that schorl had a good desorption and regeneration performance. Coexisting ions, such as Cu2+ and Al3+, could obviously inhibit adsorption, and the inhibition from Al3+ was significantly higher than that from Cu2+. However, the additional Zn2+ could slightly promote the adsorption.
Climatization, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection
Authors: Arcentales Galvin A. Toala , Gordín Reinaldo Guillén , Pérez Antonio Vázquez , Rodríguez Alfredo Zambrano
Published: March 2017

It is known that approximately 15% of the energy consumed in Ecuador is used for the operation of climate conditioning equipment and, on the other hand, most of the existing technology operates on the basis of the use of refrigerant gases Are invasive to the ozone layer. In the work, a case study is shown that allows the identification of a relevant result linked to an action of technological innovation based on the conversion of the R-22 gas by the R-290 gas, thus reducing the consumption of electric energy and reducing the Environmental inventory of the institution, achieving a better performance of the technology.
Variation in wood physical properties within stems of Guazuma crinita, a timber tree species in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Tuisima-Coral Lady L. , Odicio-Guevara Joel E. , Weber John C. , Lluncor-Mendoza David , Lojka Bohdan
Published: March 2017

An understanding of wood physical properties and the interrelationships that govern them is required for efficient utilization of timber tree species. Guazuma crinita is a fast-growing timber tree of agroforestry systems in the Peruvian Amazon. The aim of this study was to assess variation in wood physical properties within the G. crinita stem. Wood samples were obtained from the base, middle and top of the stem of 12 randomly selected eight-year-old trees from six provenances in order to determine wood moisture content, density, specific gravity, radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage and the coefficient of anisotropy. Pearson correlations between physical properties were also determined. The highest basic density was 459 kg/m3 from Tournavista provenance. Mean basic density and specific gravity were 430 kg/m3 and 0.45 respectively. There was statistically significant variation (p ≤ 0.05), due to stem level within the trees. The moderate values of density and anisotropy coefficient (1.56) suggest that G. crinita is a stable wood; these are important advantages in terms of costs of the processes of transport and transformation. Given the variation found in the limited tree samples of this study, we recommend further analysis with larger samples from different provenances and planting zones.Variación de las propiedades físicas en troncos de Guazuma crinita, una especie maderable en el Amazonas Peruano El entendimiento de las propiedades físicas de la madera y de las interrelaciones que las gobiernan es necesario para el uso eficiente de las especies maderables. Guazuma crinita es una especie arbórea de rápido crecimiento en sistemas agroforestales del Amazonas peruano. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variación de las propiedades físicas de la madera en el fuste de árboles G. crinita. Las muestras de madera fueron obtenidas de la base, parte media y parte superior del tronco de 12 árboles de ocho años de edad aleatoriamente seleccionados, de seis lugares de procedencia. Con ellas se determinó: contenido de humedad, densidad, densidad relativa, contracciones radial, tangencial y volumétrica y coeficiente de anisotropía; se determinaron también las correlaciones de Pearson entre las propiedades físicas. La densidad básica mayor fue 459 kg/m3, de la procedencia de Tournavista. Las densidades básica y relativa promedio fueron 430 kg/m3 y 0.45, respectivamente. Se encontró variación estadísticamente significativa (p ≤ 0.05) entre alturas en el fuste. La madera moderadamente densa y el coeficiente de anisotropía (1.56) sugieren que G. Crinita es una madera estable, lo que representa importantes ventajas en términos de costos por transporte y proceso de transformación. Debido a la variación encontrada en las limitadas muestras de árboles de este estudio, se recomienda la realización de más análisis con mayores muestras y de diferentes sitios y plantaciones.
A voluntariedade da colaboração premiada e sua relação com a prisão processual do colaborador
Authors: Suxberger Antonio Henrique Graciano , De Mello Gabriela Starling Jorge Vieira
Published: March 2017

A colaboração premiada, meio de obtenção de prova utilizado no enfrentamento das organizações criminosas, exige voluntariedade do colaborador que celebra o acordo jurídico-processual. Na aferição da voluntariedade, muitas são as críticas dirigidas ao acordo celebrado nos casos em que o colaborador se encontre preso. Esses dois institutos – prisão preventiva e colaboração premiada–, embora não possuam relação de causa e efeito, não raro são vistos intrinsecamente ligados na prática. O artigo busca avaliar a voluntariedade nos casos em que imposta ao pretenso colaborador prisão no curso da persecução e os principais argumentos favoráveis e contrários à legitimidade do acordo firmado pelo colaborador preso. Propõe, ao final, a construção de uma relação específica e bem delineada entre prisão processual e colaboração premiada. A identificação de problemas pontuais não implica a construção de um problema estrutural no desenho do instituto da colaboração premiada, sob pena de serem alcançadas soluções superficiais, que acabariam por fragilizar, ainda mais, a situação do acusado preso. Quanto à metodologia, o artigo se vale do conceito de “caso” penal e utiliza revisão bibliográfica e análise documental do tema eleito.
O problema do conteúdo da valoração do depoimento dos delatores diante do conceito de justa causa para o regular exercício da ação penal
Authors: Bittar Walter Barbosa
Published: March 2017

O artigo analisa os problemas conceituais quanto à natureza jurídica do instituto da delação premiada, bem como da justa causa, buscando estabelecer limites quanto à valoração do conteúdo da versão apresentada pelos delatores, com maior atenção ao valor probatório, na forma prevista no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, observando se é possível abranger o conteúdo do que pode ser compreendido como justa causa admitida, ou não, como requisito legítimo para o exercício da ação penal. Para cumprir este objetivo, buscou-se estabelecer requisitos de existência e validade para o início de um procedimento persecutório penal, destacando aspectos político criminais que terminam por influenciar a conclusão dos contornos inerentes ao objeto da análise do presente estudo.
A colaboração premiada como instrumento de política criminal: a tensão em relação às garantias fundamentais do réu colaborador
Authors: Aires Murilo Thomas , Fernandes Fernando Andrade
Published: March 2017

O presente estudo almeja analisar a colaboração premiada a partir de sua fundamentação político-criminal, de modo a atingir a tensão que mantém em relação a determinadas garantias fundamentais do acusado, sobretudo daquele que firma o acordo. Nesta ocasião, será realizada, substancialmente, uma contraposição entre o procedimento legal de colaboração e os princípios do contraditório, da ampla defesa, da presunção de inocência, e da não-autoincriminação. A aplicação da colaboração premiada se mostra extremamente controvertida não só no senso comum, frequentemente veiculado pelos meios de comunicação, mas principalmente na perspectiva técnica, especialmente em relação ao debate científico, o que reflete a complexidade do tema proposto. Para uma efetiva abordagem do tema, o trabalho faz-se valer dos métodos dedutivo, histórico-evolutivo e dialético, sendo a pesquisa bibliográfica a técnica fundamentalmente utilizada.
Assessment of Pancreas Safety in the Development Program of Once-Weekly GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Dulaglutide
Authors: Nauck Michael A. , Frossard Jean-Louis , Barkin Jamie S. , Anglin Greg , Hensley Ingrid E. , Harper Kristine D. , Milicevic Zvonko
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE

To assess the risk of acute pancreatitis during treatment with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist dulaglutide, placebo, and active comparators across phase 2/3 dulaglutide trials.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 6,005 patients with type 2 diabetes participated (dulaglutide group N = 4,006 [dose range 0.1–3.0 mg]; active comparator group [metformin, sitagliptin, exenatide twice daily, insulin glargine] N = 1,541; placebo group N = 703; 245 placebo-treated patients subsequently received dulaglutide or sitagliptin and were also included in these groups) for up to 104 weeks. The following events were adjudicated: investigator-reported pancreatitis, adverse events (AEs) of severe or serious abdominal pain of unknown etiology, and confirmed asymptomatic increases in pancreatic enzymes ≥3× the upper limit of normal range.

RESULTS

Overall, 203 events from 151 patients underwent adjudication (dulaglutide group n = 108; comparator group including placebo n = 43). Acute pancreatitis was confirmed by adjudication in seven patients (dulaglutide n = 3, placebo n = 1, sitagliptin n = 3). Exposure-adjusted incidence rates were as follows: dulaglutide group 0.85 patients/1,000 patient-years, placebo group 3.52 patients/1,000 patient-years, sitagliptin group 4.71 patients/1,000 patient-years. No events of pancreatitis were confirmed by adjudication in patients treated with exenatide twice daily, metformin, or glargine. Increases in median values of lipase and pancreatic amylase within the normal range were observed with all treatments except glargine. These changes were not associated with AEs.

CONCLUSIONS

The exposure-adjusted incidence rate of acute pancreatitis in dulaglutide-treated patients was similar to the rates with placebo, with few reported cases during the entire program.
Youth Employment in Tourism and Hospitality
Authors: Walmsley Andreas
Published: March 2017

The first comprehensive overview of key concepts, theories and knowledge relating to youth employment in the Tourism and Hospitality sectors.
Conclusion
Authors: Walmsley Andreas
Published: March 2017

This aim of this book was to establish a baseline of information on youth employment in tourism and hospitality, as well as to review the nature and determinants of youth employment in the sector. In doing so it has covered a broad body of literature and, on occasion, been quite critical in the process, notably in relation to educational policy but also in relation to working conditions. Notwithstanding the critique, the text seeks to offer a conciliatory tone and acknowledges that many young people go on to find extremely satisfying careers in the sector. As examples throughout have demonstrated, being a responsible employer and being successful are not mutually exclusive – far from it. Ultimately, ensuring young people are offered meaningful work, which tourism is well placed to do, is in everyone’s interest, from key stakeholders such as young people and the business community, to policy makers, and educational institutions, as well as to wider society who all suffer the effects of high rates of youth unemployment.
Forty years of ‘Archaeology for children’
Authors: Moreno Torres Sergio , Márquez-Grant Nicholas
Published: March 2017

The last 40 years have seen an increase in outreach activities, many primarily targeted to children, in archaeology. This outreach has benefited both the discipline of archaeology as well as public education. Several projects have pioneered the development of ‘archaeology for children’ in recent decades and have narrowed the gap between heritage and the public.An overview of these developments is presented in this paper. Particular reference is made to the work undertaken in schools and museums, by associations and archaeological companies, as well as the promotion of archaeology through the media. Examples are drawn especially from the United Kingdom and Spain.
Public Archaeology Via Skyscraper: Outcome and Experience
Authors: Jeppson Patrice L. , Muschio Glen , Winograd Hannah , Haas Matthew , Oxholm Geoffrey , Nishino Ko
Published: March 2017

A recent archaeology awareness campaign projected Public Service Announcements from the top of a city skyscraper. These 30-second videos featured animated 3D artifact reconstructions alongside an archaeology-themed message. This was not just public archaeology done in an unusual way but public archaeology conducted toward an unusually broad end: the processes involved in creating the PSAs served many masters, not just archaeology’s needs. This paper reports on this reflexive, dialogic, public archaeology case study where communities make use of the past for their own needs in the present.
Archaeologists’ perceptions on public outreach and education
Authors: Rocks-Macqueen Doug
Published: March 2017

This paper presents the results of a survey of archaeologists’ perceptions of public outreach and education, also known as public archaeology. The results obtained indicate that archaeologists’ views on public archaeology are generally positive but with reservations. Those specific reservations being that public archaeology is not perceived as one of the most important aspects of archaeology. This paper ends with a discussion on exactly what this means for public outreach and education in archaeology.
APLICACIÓN DE NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS AL ESTUDIO DE POSICIONES DE LA GUERRA CIVIL ESPAÑOLA EN PINTO (MADRID)
Authors: Crespo Fraguas Ángela , Díaz Moreno Miguel Ángel , Farjas Abadía Mercedes , Martínez-Pardo Gil Guillermo , Alfonso Carbajosa Esther , Ruiz Serrano Carlos
Published: March 2017

Los trabajos de prospección llevados a cabo en el término municipal de Pinto (Madrid) han permitido localizar diferentes enclaves con restos arqueológicos re- lacionados con las operaciones militares realizadas en torno a la capital durante la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939). Para su identificación y documentación se recurrió al uso de GPS durante las batidas de prospección así como a fotografías aéreas de diferentes periodos que ayudaron en el proceso. En colaboración con investigadores de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid se aplicaron en una de las   zonas de mayor relevancia, el yacimiento de “Los Yesares”, diversas   técni- cas   con el objetivo de conseguir una representación espacial lo más completa posible. Estas técnicas incluyeron levantamientos topográficos para realizar car- tografias a diferentes escalas, la captación de imágenes mediante   vuelos UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) y el uso de escáneres terrestres para la obtención de representaciones 3D.
EL USO DE FOTOGRAMETRÍA DE BAJO COSTE EN LA CREACIÓN DE NUBES DE PUNTOS APLICADA A LA ARQUEOLOGÍA COMERCIAL
Authors: Hernández Cordero Moisés
Published: March 2017

El Láser Escáner y la Fotogrametría han sido recientemente incorporados a nuevos proyectos en el marco de trabajo del equipo de Geomática de Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA). La intención es adaptar nuevas formas de medición a la Arqueología de la Arquitectura y la Arqueología de campo, para poder ampliar los servicios que se ofrecen en el mercado de dichas disciplinas.En la presente comunicación se quiere mostrar el uso de estos métodos aplicados a  distintos  ambientes  de  trabajo,  para  así  reforzar  la  idea  del  uso  del  Láser Escáner y de la Fotogrametría como alternativa –especialmente cuando el registro arqueológico ha desaparecido- en la captura de datos estratigráficos, edificios y objetos. El uso conjunto de dichos métodos puede ayudar a completar o mejorar el empleo de otras técnicas utilizadas (GPS y estación total) facilitando así un mejor resultado final que, además, puede ser rectificado con posterioridad.Finalmente, abordaremos la cuestión acerca del uso real de estas técnicas en la arqueología comercial llevadas a cabo por el equipo de Geomática de MOLA. Se  pretenden  exponer  con  ello  las  distintas  posibilidades  existentes  de  uso  de esta técnica con uno de los distintos softwares disponibles (Agisoft Photoscan), los problemas surgidos en su empleo, así como las posibles aplicaciones de las mismas a la arqueología de investigación.
APORTACIONES DE LOS REMONTAJES ÓSEOS EN LOS ESTUDIOS ZOOARQUEOLÓGICOS, TAFONÓMICOS Y DE ARQUEOLOGÍA ESPACIAL
Authors: Fernández Laso María Cristina
Published: March 2017

Los remontajes óseos pueden aportarnos información relevante en los estudios zooarqueológicos, tafonómicos y de arqueología espacial. En zooarqueología nos permiten, entre otros, la reconstrucción de los huesos fracturados, mejorar los porcentajes de identificación anatómica y taxónomica de los restos óseos, y el cálculo del número de elementos identificados por especie (NISP), el número mínimo de elementos (NME) y el número mínimo de individuos (NMI); también nos permiten evaluar la integridad de un conjunto óseo, e inferir aspectos del procesamiento de animales por parte de los humanos, carnívoros u otros agentes tafonómicos. En los estudios tafonómicos nos aportan por ejemplo información sobre los procesos de formación de los yacimientos arqueológicos, nos permiten resolver problemas estratigráficos, reconocer desplazamientos horizontales/verticales de los huesos, o identificar procesos postdeposicionales. Y en la arqueología espacial, en Paleolítico, pueden ayudarnos en la reconstrucción de los patrones de movilidad de los homínidos, por ejemplo identificar áreas de actividad, procesado de animales, o su relación con el espacio ocupado. Este artículo se centra en los trabajos sobre remontajes óseos realizados en yacimientosdel Paleolítico, y en sus aportaciones en los estudios zooarqueológicos, tafonómicos y de arqueología espacial.
PEQUEÑOS PERO VISIBLES: EL ESTUDIO OSTEOLÓGICO DE LOS INDIVIDUOS NO-ADULTOS COMO FUENTE DE INFORMACIÓN ARQUEOLÓGICA
Authors: Molina Moreno María , Herrero Corral Ana Mercedes , González Martín Armando
Published: March 2017

Cada vez con más frecuencia los estudios osteoarqueológicos forman parte de la reconstrucción de las poblaciones del pasado. En ellas, son fundamentales los individuos no-adultos, que precisan de un tratamiento adecuado debido a sus características particulares que los diferencian de los restos óseos adultos. Por este motivo, es fundamental definir qué es un individuo no-adulto y considerar su importancia tanto en la antropología como en la arqueología para el conocimiento de las sociedades pretéritas. A continuación se presenta como ejemplo de estudio de este grupo poblacional el caso de la colección del Cerro de La Encantada, perteneciente al bronce de La Mancha peninsular, compuesta por más de 80 individuos, de los cuales 39 son no-adultos. A través del estudio antropológico se ponen de manifiesto cuestiones tan interesantes como la reutilización funeraria, que permite hablar de un posible patrón de enterramiento para estas sociedades del II milenio a.C.
LAS REPRESENTACIONES ZOOMORFICAS DEL ARTE MUEBLE EN SOPORTE LÍTICO EN LA TRANSICIÓN MSF-AZILIENSE DEL NORTE PENINSULAR
Authors: De Juana Ortín Cristina
Published: March 2017

Este trabajo se fundamenta en el estudio de la fauna que aparece representada en la transición MS-Aziliense, tras la catalogación de 61 piezas de arte mueble en soporte lítico pertenecientes a 17 yacimientos del norte peninsular. Se ha comprobado que dichas representaciones concuerdan con las pautas de elección intencionada de temas, al igual que ocurre con otros soportes.Los resultados obtenidos apuntan a lo que ya señalaran Balbín y Alcolea (2003 y 2004) sobre la dificultad de utilizar las representaciones zoomórficas en el arte prehistórico para hablar de cambios climáticos. A pesar de esto, si bien no resultan infalibles a la hora de señalar características medioambientales precisas, las grafías que conviven junto a los animales en estos soportes se convierten en un elemento destacado para apoyar la continuidad en el tiempo de una tradición cultural.