bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Certitude and Linguistic Play in Chinese Critical Inquiry
Authors: Davies Gloria
Published: July 2011

What do we mean by “Chinese thought,” and how should we engage with it? This essay begins with the claim that sixiang, or “Chinese thought,” is best approached as both a mode of critical inquiry and a style of rhetorical persuasion. It argues that Lu Xun's reflections on baihua, the modern Chinese vernacular, offer important insights into the mission-encumbered language of China's present-day intellectual elite. As the critical exemplar of choice in intellectual China, Lu Xun's evocative formulations, together with his aspiration to transform hearts and minds through baihua, have been and remain a formidable rhetorical influence on Chinese critical discourse. In reading this aspiration as symptomatically expressed in diction and style, I refer to the effects of certitude in present-day Chinese critical discourse, and do so to highlight a striking feature of Chinese linguistic play: namely, the importance that the producers of sixiang place on imparting a tone of conviction and purpose to the presentation of their arguments. To draw attention to the difference between Chinese certitude and European self-reflexivity as styles of rhetorical persuasion, I include a contrastive reading of Lu Xun and Jacques Derrida on the question of language conceived of as a mother tongue. The essay also dwells on the remarkable reverence accorded to Lu Xun as well as the politics of commemorating Lu Xun in mainland China of the twentieth century and since.
MR staging accuracy for endometrial cancer based on the new FIGO stage
Authors: Shin Kyung Eun , Park Byung Kwan , Kim Chan Kyo , Bae Duk Soo , Song Sang Yong , Kim Bohyun
Published: July 2011

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been frequently used to determine a preoperative treatment plan for gynecologic cancers. However, the MR accuracy for staging an endometrial cancer is not satisfactory based on the old FIGO staging system.

Purpose

To evaluate MR accuracy for staging endometrial cancer using the new FIGO staging system.

Material and Methods

Between January 2005 and May 2009, 199 women underwent surgery due to endometrial cancer. In each patient, an endometrial cancer was staged using MR findings based on the old FIGO staging system and then repeated according to the new FIGO staging system for comparison. Histopathologic findings were used as a standard of reference.

Results

The accuracy of MRI in the staging of endometrial carcinoma stage I, II, III, and IV using the old FIGO staging system were 80% (159/199), 89% (178/199), 90% (179/199), and 99% (198/199), respectively, compared to 87% (174/199), 97% (193/199), 90% (179/199), and 99% (198/199), respectively, when using the new FIGO staging criteria. The overall MR accuracy of the old and new staging systems were 51% (101/199) and 81% (161/199), respectively.

Conclusion

MRI has become a more useful tool in the preoperative staging of endometrial cancers using the new FIGO staging system compared to the old one with increased accuracy.
Utility of time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material for assessment of intracranial dural arterio-venous fistula
Authors: Hori Masaaki , Aoki Shigeki , Oishi Hidenori , Nakanishi Atsushi , Shimoji Keigo , Kamagata Koji , Houshito Haruyoshi , Kuwatsuru Ryohei , Arai Hajime
Published: July 2011

Background

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is an arteriovenous shunting disease of the dura. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is expected to be a safer alternative method in evaluation of DAVF, compared with invasive intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA).

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic use of time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography (MRDSA) without contrast material in six patients with DAVF.

Material and Methods

Images for 3D time-of-flight MRA, which has been a valuable tool for the diagnosis of DAVF but provide little or less hemodynamic information, and Time-SLIP 3D MRDSA, were acquired for each patient. The presence, side, and grade of the disease were evaluated according to IADSA.

Results

In all patients, the presence and side of the DAVF were correctly identified by both 3D time-of-flight MRA and Time-SLIP 3D MRDSA. Cortical reflux present in a patient with a grade 2b DAVF was not detected by Time-SLIP 3D MRDSA, when compared with IADSA findings.

Conclusion

Time-SLIP 3D MRDSA provides hemodynamic information without contrast material and is a useful complementary tool for diagnosis of DAVF.
USA study of sex toy use by HIV-positive men who have sex with other men: implications for sexual health
Authors: Satinsky S , Rosenberger J G , Schick V , Novak D S , Reece M
Published: July 2011

HIV/AIDS disproportionately impacts men who have sex with men (MSM) in the USA. Most existing literature on MSM with HIV focuses on transmission risk, but does not acknowledge health-promoting sexual behaviours men may undertake. This study examined sex toy use within this population to describe the extent to which using toys is incorporated into their sexual repertoires as a risk reduction practice. Data regarding sociodemographics, sexual/health-related behaviours and sex toy use were collected from 2275 MSM using an online survey. Most participants reported being sexually active (88.5%), and the majority (70.2%) of participants reported sex toy use within the previous year. Sex toy users were more likely to be white, in sexual relationships with others, and reported higher levels of sexual satisfaction. Given that sex toy use is common among this population, room for discussion exists about sex toys as tools to enhance pleasure and reduce HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission.
Reticence to prescribe: utilization of expedited partner therapy among obstetrics providers in Arizona
Authors: Taylor M M , Collier M G , Winscott M M , Mickey T , England B
Published: July 2011

Expedited partner therapy (EPT) is the practice of providing an extra dose or prescription of antibiotic to patients diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhoea to deliver to their sexual partner(s). Obstetrical providers who delivered more than 20 infants in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, during the year 2008 were surveyed by telephone regarding their use of EPT. A total of 142 eligible respondents completed the survey, representing 34% (142/421) of the delivering providers, 67 (47%) of whom reported the use of EPT in their clinics. Having received information about EPT was significantly associated with its use (67% versus 41%) ( P = 0.008). The most common reasons for not using EPT included the inability to obtain allergy history in partners (24%) and concern for liability (11%). Additional education regarding the use of EPT may increase the use of this personal and public health tool among some obstetrics providers in Maricopa County; however, concerns for liability may limit broad utilization.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 seroprevalence and incidence in acute and chronic HIV-1 infection
Authors: Lagnese M , Daar E S , Christenson P , Rieg G
Published: July 2011

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) HIV co-infection is common and associated with increased risk of HIV transmission. HSV-2 seroprevalence was assessed on stored samples from baseline and one year follow-up from 81 patients identified with acute HIV infection and 81 age-matched chronically infected men. HSV-2 seroprevalence at baseline was lower for those with acute rather than chronic HIV-infection, 51.9 versus 71.6% ( P = 0.01); relative risk 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57–0.92). Since HSV-2 seroprevalence is lower in those newly HIV-infected, the diagnosis of early HIV infection may allow for counselling to reduce subsequent HSV-2 acquisition.
Do sonographic and cytological features predict malignancy in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules?
Authors: Dutta S , Thaha MA , Smith DM
Published: July 2011

INTRODUCTION

The current algorithm for managing patients with indeterminate (Thy3) thyroid cytology is a thyroid lobectomy followed by a completion thyroidectomy depending on histology. We investigated whether sonographic and or cytological features in addition to clinical characteristics would predict the potential for malignancy in a cohort of patients with thyroid nodules of indeterminate cytology.

METHODS

Perusing a clinical database of all patients undergoing ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules, we identified all Thy3 lesions. The demographic, ultrasonography and cytological details of benign and malignant groups were compared by t-test, chi-square test and, when appropriate, Fisher's exact test. Association between studied characteristics and malignancy was tested by binary logistic regression using single input. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

During the retrospective study period of January 2003 to July 2010, a total of 1,019 patients underwent FNA, of which 69 (6.8%) were classed as Thy3. Of these, 59 underwent surgical treatment and the histological outcomes were grouped as benign (n=42, 71.2%) and malignant (n=17, 28.8%). These groups were analysed for the predictive variables. Age, sex and sonological characters were similar in the two groups (p>0.05). The two microcalcifications observed were both in the malignant group. Among all the variables assessed, only the absence of normal follicular cells was associated with malignant nodules (univariate analysis, p=0.034).

CONCLUSIONS

Malignancy was more common in Thy3 patients with an absence of normal follicular cells and such patients may therefore warrant a total thyroidectomy.
Use of Reporting Guidelines in Scientific Writing: PRISMA, CONSORT, STROBE, STARD and Other Resources
Authors: Tate Robyn L. , Douglas Jacinta
Published: July 2011

In this special article we describe a number of reporting guidelines endorsed by the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) group for a range of research designs that commonly appear in scientific journals: systematic reviews, clinical trials with and without randomisation, observational studies, n-of-1 (or single-case experimental design) trials, and diagnostic studies. We also consider reporting guidelines for studies using qualitative methodology. In addition to reporting guidelines, we present method quality rating scales, which aim to measure risk of bias that threatens the internal validity of a study. Advantages of reporting guidelines and method quality rating scales for authors include the provision of a structure by which to improve the clarity and transparency of report writing; for reviewers and readers advantages include a method by which to critically appraise an article.Brain Impairmentendorses these reporting guidelines and applies them within the review process for submissions to the journal.
‘Cutting Edge’ Developments in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation and Possible Future Directions
Authors: Wilson Barbara A.
Published: July 2011

This article considers 10 of the most important developments in neuropsychological rehabilitation over the past 5 years. While several leaders in the field were contacted to discover what they considered to be the most important developments, the selection discussed here is the author's alone and is, therefore, a personal view. Included are: computational models; support for people with dementia; new assessment procedures; new treatment strategies for cognitive, emotional and psychosocial problems; new theoretical models to improve our understanding of the consequences of brain injury; and recognition of the need to find new ways to evaluate the efficacy of rehabilitation. The final section of the article considers possible future developments in rehabilitation, including stronger links with basic neuro-science; better use of imaging procedures; collaboration with pharmaceutical companies; better evaluation of our programs; and the need to educate researchers and practitioners as to the meaning of rehabilitation.
A Systematic Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Managing Anxiety: Applicability for People With Acquired Brain Injury?
Authors: Soo Cheryl , Tate Robyn L. , Lane-Brown Amanda
Published: July 2011

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is increasingly used in clinical practice to manage anxiety conditions. This psychotherapeutic approach focuses on the following: (1) acceptance of an individual's experience of the spectrum of psychological and emotional states, (2) choosing valued direction for the individual's life, and (3) commitment to action that leads the individual in the direction of those values. This article presents an empirical review of ACT for treatment of anxiety in two parts. In the first part we systematically review the literature for studies examining ACT for anxiety management in the general population with anxiety problems. In the second part, we discuss applicability of acceptance-based approaches for a health population in which these techniques may have applicability, that is, for people with acquired brain injury (ABI). Electronic searches for the review were conducted on PsycINFO and Medline. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) used an ACT intervention study, (2) the target of the intervention was an anxiety disorder or anxiety symptomatology, (3) the intervention used a randomised controlled trial (RCT) or single case experimental design (SCED) methodology, and (4) the paper was available in English. Studies were rated for methodological quality using standardised assessment procedures. Four RCTs provided support for ACT for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), maths anxiety, trichotillomania (TTM), and mixed anxiety and depression. Three SCED trials scoring in the high range on the scale of methodological quality revealed some support for ACT for managing TTM, skin picking, and OCD. Although no studies were identified that investigated ACT for managing anxiety in people with ABI, the review highlights issues for consideration when applying ACT in this population.
What Are the Characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults?
Authors: Kinsella Glynda J.
Published: July 2011

The Australian community is ageing; over the next 40 years, our population over the age of 65 years will double to around 23%, and this considerable increase in older adults means an increasing number of people will be at risk of sustaining trauma through falls or road traffic accidents. In contrast to the increasingly well-documented outcome literature on younger adults, very few studies have focused on older adults. Instead of assuming that outcomes posttraumatic brain injury (post-TBI) will follow similar patterns as in younger samples, there are several reasons to investigate older age recovery separately, and these issues will be discussed by reviewing some of the primary characteristics of older adults who experience traumatic brain injury.
Student Prize-Winning Abstracts 2010
Authors: Hsieh Sharpley , Piguet Olivier , Hodges John R.
Published: July 2011

Introduction: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a progressive neurode-generative brain disease characterised clinically by abnormalities in behaviour, cognition and language. Two subgroups, behavioural-variant FTD (bvFTD) and semantic dementia (SD), also show impaired emotion recognition particularly for negative emotions. This deficit has been demonstrated using visual stimuli such as facial expressions. Whether recognition of emotions conveyed through other modalities — for example, music — is also impaired has not been investigated. Methods: Patients with bvFTD, SD and Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as healthy age-matched controls, labeled tunes according to the emotion conveyed (happy, sad, peaceful or scary). In addition, each tune was also rated along two orthogonal emotional dimensions: valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and arousal (stimulating/relaxing). Participants also undertook a facial emotion recognition test and other cognitive tests. Integrity of basic music detection (tone, tempo) was also examined. Results: Patient groups were matched for disease severity. Overall, patients did not differ from controls with regard to basic music processing or for the recognition of facial expressions. Ratings of valence and arousal were similar across groups. In contrast, SD patients were selectively impaired at recognising music conveying negative emotions (sad and scary). Patients with bvFTD did not differ from controls. Conclusion: Recognition of emotions in music appears to be selectively affected in some FTD subgroups more than others, a disturbance of emotion detection which appears to be modality specific. This finding suggests dissociation in the neural networks necessary for the processing of emotions depending on modality.
A Colorless and Bidirectional WDM-PON Doubling System Capacity
Authors: Cao Yanan , Gan Chaoqin
Published: July 2011

A colorless and bidirectional WDM-PON based on wavelength-locked RSOA technology is proposed. In this scheme, two service-ONUs in different wavelength bands are close to the user terminations. The broadband spectrum from either service-ONU is sliced by AWG located at the RN, and then the sliced lightwave is injected into the RSOA for upstream data. The system capacity can be doubled by adding some passive components at the RN. In simulation system, 2.5 Gb/s up/downstream data are transported successfully. In addition, transmission distance can be extended due to the less path loss of injected lightwave.
Ultracapacitors Based on Graphene/MWNT Composite Films
Authors: Wang Wei , Guo Shirui , Zhong Jiebin , Lin Jian , Ozkan Mihrimah , Ozkan Cengiz
Published: July 2011

Ultracapacitors are promising candidate for alternative energy storage applications since they can store and deliver energy at relatively high rates. In this work, we integrated large area CVD graphene with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to fabricate highly conductive, large surface-area composite thin films used as electrodes in ultracapacitors. Uniform, large area graphene layers were produced by CVD on copper foils and were chemically modified. Chemically shortened MWNTs, ranging in length of 200~500 nm, were deposited by dropping on graphene layers. Graphene/MWNT composite films with different thicknesses were obtained. The surface morphology was investigated by SEM. The results demonstrated relatively dense and homogeneous net nanostructure. The measurements of cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are conducted to determine its performance of graphene/MWNT film structures.
Judicialização da questão social: rebatimentos nos processos de trabalho dos assistentes sociais no Poder Judiciário
Authors: Aguinsky Beatriz Gershenson , Alencastro Ecleria Huff de
Published: July 2011

Embora sejam inegáveis as conquistas civilizatórias dos direitos humanos, seu reconhecimento e sua operacionalização têm demandado, além de lutas históricas, de modo cada vez mais intenso, a interpelação do Poder Judiciário. O fenômeno da judicialização da questão social ocorre em uma superposição de responsabilidades do Judiciário às demais instâncias da esfera pública. Esta forma de acesso à justiça se dá, via de regra, de forma individual e por um segmento seletivo de sujeitos - os que conhecem ou conseguem acessar este canal jurídico. Mas a efetivação dos direitos dependerá de outros fatores que não somente o seu reconhecimento, como a capacidade de atendimento e de financiamento à demanda apresentada. Diante deste quadro, discute-se este processo de efetivação de direitos que, ao privilegiar cada vez mais a via judicial, rebate no descomprometimento do Estado com o enfrentamento da questão social e na despolitização da esfera pública. Esta conjuntura adversa desafia os assistentes sociais a fazerem sentido ético-político em suas respostas profissionais às demandas de judicialização da questão social que se apresentam cotidianamente ao Poder Judiciário.
A nova geração de políticas sociais no contexto europeu: workfare e medidas de ativação
Authors: Moser Liliane
Published: July 2011

Este artigo problematiza, no âmbito dos estados-nações que constituem a União Europeia, a configuração de uma nova geração de políticas sociais governadas pela lógica da ativação, voltadas prioritariamente para a inserção das pessoas no mercado de trabalho. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura com base em autores europeus que analisam a temática a partir de transformações ocorridas em seus sistemas de proteção social. Constatou-se que essa lógica reúne uma série de características que, entre outras, vão fundamentar programas, projetos e ações marcados por conteúdos disciplinadores, punitivos e baseados em contrapartidas em relação aos benefícios recebidos.
Saúde do trabalhador: considerações a partir da crítica da economia política
Authors: Lara Ricardo
Published: July 2011

O presente artigo tem por objetivo abordar a saúde do trabalhador, buscando fundamentação na crítica da economia política. Procura compreender as causas dos adoecimentos e acidentes dos trabalhadores, como também destacar elementos para pensar as lutas da classe trabalhadora, no âmbito da saúde, principalmente no que se refere às políticas públicas e à prática sindical. Infere que os trabalhadores, nas contemporâneas relações de trabalho, adoecem e acidentam-se devido aos ritmos intensificados da produção, seja nas atividades desenvolvidas no chão da fábrica ou na gerência científica do trabalho.
Cardiovascular Toxicity Profiles of Vascular-Disrupting Agents
Authors: Subbiah Ishwaria M. , Lenihan Daniel J. , Tsimberidou Apostolia M.
Published: July 2011

Background.

Vascular-disrupting agents (VDAs) represent a new class of chemotherapeutic agent that targets the existing vasculature in solid tumors. Preclinical and early-phase trials have demonstrated the promising therapeutic benefits of VDAs but have also uncovered a distinctive toxicity profile highlighted by cardiovascular events.

Methods.

We reviewed all preclinical and prospective phase I–III clinical trials published up to August 2010 in MEDLINE and the American Association of Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting abstracts of small-molecule VDAs, including combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P), combretastatin A1 phosphate (CA1P), MPC-6827, ZD6126, AVE8062, and ASA404.

Results.

Phase I and II studies of CA1P, ASA404, MPC-6827, and CA4P all reported cardiovascular toxicities, with the most common cardiac events being National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (version 3) grade 1–3 hypertension, tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial infarction. Cardiac events were dose-limiting toxicities in phase I trials with VDA monotherapy and combination therapy.

Conclusions.

Early-phase trials of VDAs have revealed a cardiovascular toxicity profile similar to that of their vascular-targeting counterparts, the angiogenesis inhibitors. As these agents are added to the mainstream chemotherapeutic arsenal, careful identification of baseline cardiovascular risk factors would seem to be a prudent strategy. Close collaboration with cardiology colleagues for early indicators of serious cardiac adverse events will likely minimize toxicity while optimizing the therapeutic potential of VDAs and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.
Concordance of Predictive Markers for EGFR Inhibitors in Primary Tumors and Metastases in Colorectal Cancer: A Review
Authors: Baas Jara M. , Krens Lisanne L. , Guchelaar Henk-Jan , Morreau Hans , Gelderblom Hans
Published: July 2011

Background.

Currently, only Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutational status is used as a decisional marker for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Concordance of KRAS status between primary tumors and metastases has always been considered to be close to perfect; however, cases of discordance have been reported. The actual rate of concordance of KRAS status remains unclear, as is the same for v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase CA subunit (PIK3CA), and loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN). Therefore, it is unknown whether it is necessary to perform mutational analysis on metastases instead of on (or in addition to) primary tumors.

Design.

A systematic literature search was conducted to collect all studies testing concordance of KRAS in CRC, and also of BRAF, PIK3CA, and loss of PTEN.

Results.

Twenty-one studies have reported concordance of KRAS, with an overall concordance rate of 93% (range, 76%–100%). Overall concordance rates of studies testing concordance of BRAF status and loss of PTEN were 98% and 68%, respectively. Three studies reported concordance of PIK3CA status (range, 89%–94%).

Conclusion.

Though discordance of KRAS status does occur, it is uncommon. When considering the downsides of testing metastatic tissue in all patients along with the low incidence of discordance, we conclude that that testing the primary tumor (or whatever tissue available) is sufficient for clinical decision making on EGFR inhibitor therapy.
Toxic Choices: The Theory and Impact of Smoking Bans
Authors: Irvine Ian J , Nguyen Hai V
Published: July 2011

This paper first proposes a theoretical model of smoker behaviour that serves as a vehicle to evaluate workplace smoking bans. It is a nicotine inventory management model where smoking during one phase of the day impacts utility in other phases. Smoking intensity choice forms part of the optimization. Calibrated model simulations suggest that, with the exception of heavy smokers, workplace bans have small impacts due to substitution possibilities. Quantile regression estimates support the theory. However, restrictions on smoking in the home are an order of greater importance, even when instrumented. The policy conclusion is that workplace ban effectiveness depends heavily upon private choices.
Nitrogen Inflation for Passenger Car and Light Truck Tires
Authors: Daws John
Published: July 2011

Nitrogen as an inflation gas for passenger car and light truck tires use is widely available commercially. Consumers are confronted with a bewildering selection of offerings, and suppliers tout the purity of their nitrogen generation systems and effectiveness of using the gas in place of air. This paper develops models for the initial tire nitrogen purity, the inflation pressure loss rate, and the evolution of the nitrogen gas purity in the tire as a function of the gas used to top off the tire over its life. A series of simulations using the basic model is developed for air and various purities of nitrogen initial inflation with monthly top-off using air or various purities of nitrogen. The initial inflation pressure loss rate is shown as a function of the tire’s initial nitrogen purity. This paper proposes the use of the total oxygen passing through the tire over its lifetime as a metric for evaluation of various inflation schemes. This metric is developed for several of the popular available nitrogen inflation purities using both air and nitrogen as a top-off gas.
Algebraic axiomatization of tense intuitionistic logic
Authors: Chajda Ivan
Published: July 2011

We introduce two unary operators G and H on a relatively pseudocomplemented lattice which form an algebraic axiomatization of the tense quantifiers “it is always going to be the case that” and “it has always been the case that”. Their axiomatization is an extended version for the classical logic and it is in accordance with these operators on many-valued Łukasiewicz logic. Finally, we get a general construction of these tense operators on complete relatively pseudocomplemented lattice which is a power lattice via the so-called frame.
Nondipole parameters of TDCS for electron impact ionization and drag current
Authors: Baltenkov Arkadiy , Manson Steven , Msezane Alfred
Published: July 2011

A comprehensive study is undertaken of angular distributions of electron knock-out from atomic targets by fast electrons with a small transfer of momentum. The general expressions for the parameters of the triple differential cross-section of impact ionization in the optical limit are derived. The calculated parameters are compared with those of the angular distribution of electrons ejected from an atom in the process of photoionization. In these processes, when the multipole transitions are involved, the one-to-one correspondence between the photoionization and impact ionization parameters disappears. The nondipole transitions lead to the backward/forward asymmetry of the angular distribution of ejected electrons that is absent in the dipole approximation for ionization by both fast electrons and photons. Using the He atom as an example, the character of the asymmetry for these two processes is qualitatively different and the backward/forward asymmetry results in macroscopic directed motion of secondary electrons accompanying the passing of a fast electron beam through gas or plasma. The general formulas for this drag current are derived and applied to gaseous He.
Virtual gonio-spectrophotometer for validation of BRDF designs
Authors: Mihálik Andrej , Ďurikovič Roman
Published: July 2011

Measurement of the appearance of an object consists of a group of measurements to characterize the color and surface finish of the object. This group of measurements involves the spectral energy distribution of propagated light measured in terms of reflectance and transmittance, and the spatial energy distribution of that light measured in terms of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In this article we present the virtual gonio-spectrophotometer, a device that measures flux (power) as a function of illumination and observation. Virtual gonio-spectrophotometer measurements allow the determination of the scattering profile of specimens that can be used to verify the physical characteristics of the computer model used to simulate the scattering profile. Among the characteristics that we verify is the energy conservation of the computer model. A virtual gonio-spectrophotometer is utilized to find the correspondence between industrial measurements obtained from gloss meters and the parameters of a computer reflectance model.
A simple model for calculating the compressibility of the transition-metal carbides and nitrides alloys ZrxNb1−xC and ZrxNb1−xN
Authors: Katsika-Tsigourakou Vassiliki
Published: July 2011

The 4d-transition-metals carbides (ZrC, NbC) and nitrides (ZrN, NbN) in the rocksalt structure, as well as their ternary alloys, have been recently studied by means of a first-principles full potential linearized augmented plane waves method within the local density approximation. These materials are important because of their interesting mechanical and physical properties, which make them suitable for many technological applications. Here, by using a simple theoretical model, we estimate the bulk moduli of their ternary alloys ZrxNb1−xC and ZrxNb1−xN in terms of the bulk moduli of the end members alone. The results are comparable to those deduced from the first-principles calculations.
Inmates’ physical activity as part of the health ecology
Authors: Vaiciulis Vidmantas , Kavaliauskas Saulius , Radisauskas Ricardas
Published: July 2011

To evaluate the possibilities of physical activity in developing inmates’ healthy lifestyle and social skills. The research, which was conducted in 2009 in Pravieniskes First and Second Correction Houses, was local and cross-sectional using a written questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of four groups of questions/statements: I — demographic questions; II — questions/statements about inmates’ physical (sports) activities (was created for this study) and III — assessment of inmates’ social skills. And IV — assessment of inmates’ self esteem. Sufficiently physically active inmates (n=185) comprised 57.8 percent of the total number of respondents. Inmates’ physical activity statistically significantly (p<0.05) correlates with their younger age. Secondary education is prevailing in the group of physically active inmates, while primary — lower secondary education predominates in the group of physically inactive inmates (n=135). Only less than 6 percent of inmates have higher education. The average age of physically active inmates is statistically significantly lower than that of physically inactive inmates, 26 and 31.6 years respectively (p=0.01). The analysis of inmates’ contentment with their psychological state and satisfaction with health care services, food quality, and conditions for sports activities showed that physically active inmates are more critical about these factors than physically inactive inmates. Only the contentment with psychological state in physically active inmates is statistically significantly higher than in inactive inmates. Out of eleven social skills assessed in the study, only two skills (ability to initiate conversation with a stranger and sense of responsibility) are statistically significant (p<0.05). The probability that the convicts who have a strong sense of responsibility tend to be more physically active than the inmates who do not consider themselves responsible is 7.4 times higher. The study results showed that self-esteem in physically active inmates is statistically significantly higher that in physically inactive inmates (p=0.033). Low self-esteem was not determined in any inmates.
Combined hormone contraceptive choice experience in Czech Republic
Authors: Fait Tomas
Published: July 2011

The aim of the prospective, multicenter project was to evaluate the effect of standardized information on the decision of woman when selecting application routes for combined hormonal contraceptives (CC). Selection the route of CC’s administration before and after consultation with the physician was evaluated on the group of 1326 women in 125 centres in the Czech Republic using a questionnaire. Analysis of the difference between the intended (4,1%) and selected (33,9%, CI 95% 31%–38%, 451 women) contraception shows that the vaginal ring preference increased by 29,8% (CI 97,5% 26,9%–32,8%, p < 0,0001). The difference for the weekly patch after (5,7%) and prior (4,2%) to the counseling of 1,4% was borderline statistically significant (CI 97,5%–0,002%–3,0%, p = 0,05). Preference of COC remained practically unchanged at 53,5%. Vaginal ring was selected by 45,2% of undecided women and 28,0% of women, who considered other than combined hormonal contraception. Easibility of application, efficacy and cycle control are the most important predictors for contraception choice. Following expert advice, including information on all forms of combined oral contraceptives, more than 33% of women chose the latest application form of combined hormonal contraceptives - vaginal ring.
Investigating gene expression profile of non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Vooder Tõnu , Metspalu Andres
Published: July 2011

Lung cancer is mainly a lifestyle-associated disease with poor prognosis and the lowest five year survival rate of all types of cancer. Lung cancers are divided into two main groups: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Surgical treatment is generally indicated in cases of early stage NSCLC, and those patients treated with radical and aggressive surgery have a somewhat better survival rate. The main problems with lung cancer treatment are due to late diagnosis, rapidly developing drug resistance and side effects of the treatment that are experienced by almost all patients. The next step for distinguishing histologically complicated lung cancers and determining optimal treatment strategies is gene expression analysis. Supported by gene expression data, it is possible to prognosticate the course of the disease.
Activities of brain antioxidant enzymes, lipid and protein peroxidation
Authors: Łukaszewicz-Hussain Anna
Published: July 2011

Organophosphate pesticides are known to induce oxidative stress and cause oxidative tissue damage, as has been reported in studies concerning acute and chronic intoxication with these compounds.

Our objective was to investigate the activities of brain antioxidant enzymes and malonyldialdehyde, as well as the level of carbonyl groups, in rats sub-chronically intoxicated with chlorpyrifos at doses of 0.2, 2 and 5 mg per kg of body weight per day. It was found that chlorpyrifos induces change in brain antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidise, but to a different degree in comparison to proper control values; however, the elevated antioxidant enzymes activities failed to check lipid and protein peroxidation in the brains of rats. Thus, in sub-chronic intoxication with chlorpyrifos, as evidenced by increased level of malonyldialdehyde and carbonyl groups, oxidative stress is induced.

Measurements of protein carbonyl groups appeared to give more consistent responses in the rats’ brains when compared to the malonyldialdehyde level after sub-chronic chlorpyrifos treatment.
Inadvertent epidural infusion of paracetamol in an elderly patient
Authors: Dehne Marius
Published: July 2011

A 76 year old patient underwent a laparoscopic rectal resection performed under thoracic epidural anaesthesia and general anaesthesia. He was inadvertently given 1 g of paracetamol epidural and reported a position-independent holocephalic headache one day later. A severe nausea and vomiting lead to a gastrointestinal bleeding. The last neurological examination after 3 months revealed no nausea, no headaches and no sensory disturbances.
Diaforodiagnostic dilemma of a breast tumor in a patient with known history of chest sarcoidosis: a diagnostic approach
Authors: Stavrogianni Thomai , Psoma Elisavet , Nikolaidou Olga , Xinou Ekaterini , Xirou Persefoni , Koumpanaki Melanie , Karoglou Eleni , Panagiotopoulou Dimitra
Published: July 2011

Breast sarcoidosis is extremely rare, substantially less frequent than other extrapulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis. It can mimic a benign or malignant tumor of the breast. We describe the case of a patient with a history of pulmonary sarcoidosis referred to our hospital for a screening mammography. Mammographic findings raised the suspicion for a breast mass. An additional breast ultrasound and fine -needle aspiration biopsy were performed. Finally, patient underwent a excisional biopsy of the left breast and the histopathological report revealed sarcoidosis.
A Study of Psychiatric Consequences following Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: Rawal N , Thapa P , Bista Y
Published: July 2011

Objectives: Psychiatric consequences are very common following RTA. The study is sought to identify the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (e.g. depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and symptoms related to PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) following injury sustained after road traffic accidents and to evaluate the relationshop between severity of injuries of  victims and psychiatric symptoms. Methods: The 102 (male=83,female=19) patients were interviewed using a questionnaire to collect the socio- demographic data, the Self Rating Questionnaire (SRQ) -Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) and the Impact of Event Scale -Revised (IES-R). Patients were prospectively followed up for 1 month. Patients were aged between 20-69 years. The impact of injury was assessed by ISS (Injury Severity Scale) and ABI (Abbreviated injury Scale). Results:The mean age was 33.93 years (range 20-69). Overall, the prevalence rate o of Anxiety symptoms-19.6%, depressive symptoms-21.6% and PTSD symptoms-35.3%. Females had a higher rate of PTSD symptoms 52.6% (n = 10), compared to the males 31.3% (n=26). The majority of those with PTSD (47.2%) were young, 20 - 29 years. The samples showed maximum symptoms of PTSD in first week 93.1% followed by depressive symptoms 51% and then anxiety symptoms30.4%. The symptoms gradually reduced in the fourth week to PTSD - 35.3%, depression- 21.6% and anxiety-19.6%. The study also showed higher scales of psychiatric symptoms in major injuries in comparison to minor injuries showing direct correlation of psychiatric morbidity with severity of injury. Conclusion: Psychiatric symptoms are frequent and severe after major injuries and less severe after minor RTA. Psychopathology following injury is a frequent and persistent occurrence. Early information and advice might reduce psychological distress and symptoms. Early information and advice might reduce psychological distress and symptoms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v9i2.5017 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital Vol.9(2) 2010: 1-7
A Clinical Study of Congestive Cardiac Failure in Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: Pande R
Published: July 2011

Introduction: Congestive cardiac failure is the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissue and or its ability to do so requires an abnormally elevated pressure. CCF once sets in, pressure with malignant progression with one year mortality of 38% and 15% and six year mortality of 80% and 65% in men and women respectively. Acute rheumatic fever(ARF) and its sequel Rheumatic Heart Disease(RHD) may impair myocardial function to precipitate failure. Aim: To study clinical features of Congestive Cardiac Failure in Rheumatic Heart Disease. Methods: A prospective study with 50 patients admitted between August 2006 and September 2008 in Shree Birendra Hospital formed the subject of this study.Patients of rheumatic valvular heart disease of both sexes in congestive cardiac failure at the time of admission or who developed failure during hospitalization were taken into the study. Detailed history was taken from all patients. Detailed examination was done in all patients with emphasis in cardiovascular and relevant system. Modified Framingham heart study criteria was used for the diagnosis of CCF. Results: A total of 50 patients with RHD in CCF were the subject of study. The average age was 33.78 years. The presenting clinical features of the patients were breathlessness on exertion and it was the commonest presenting complaint and was present in all patients. Palpitation was present 37 of 50 patients(74%). Basal crepitation was the commonest clinical sign present and 29 of 50 patients(58%) had the raised jugular venous pressure. Mitral valve was the commonest valve involved (with/without) other valves) and was seen in 94% (47) patients. Key words: Congestive Cardiac Failure; Rheumatic Heart Disease DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v9i2.5019 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital Vol.9(2) 2010: 8-12
Pancreatic Tuberculosis: A rare case
Authors: Giri NK , Rawal SB , Malia S , Rayamajhi J
Published: July 2011

Pancreatic tuberculosis is an extremely rare condition, even in an endemic region like Nepal, and Confirming the diagnosis is even more difficult due to the difficulty in obtaining the pathological specimen. In this case report, we present a young male who was diagnosed with pancreatic tuberculosis and inadvertent surgery avoided following proper workup of the patient. Key words: tuberculosis; pancreas; ascites DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v9i2.5025 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital Vol.9(2) 2010: 42-43
Smith in Beijing, Stalin in Urumchi
Authors: Hann Chris
Published: July 2011

The extraordinary growth rates of China’s “reform socialist” economy
have helped to finance not only the United States’ debt but also large-scale transfers
to the country’s underdeveloped regions. Yet violence in Tibet in 2008 was followed
in July 2009 by major rioting in Xinjiang. This article approaches the latter
events through the analysis of contemporary labor markets, socialist policies toward
ethnic minorities, and the history of Xinjiang’s incorporation into the
Manchu empire. Theoretical inspiration for this longue durée analysis is drawn
from Adam Smith, via Giovanni Arrighi’s recent reassessment of the Smithian
market model; anthropological work points to flaws in this vision.
BUS STOP LOCATION UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NETWORK CONGESTION AND ELASTIC DEMAND / AUTOBUSO STOTELĖS NUOTOLIO NUSTATYMAS SKIRTINGAIS TRANSPORTO GRŪSTIES ATVEJAIS REGULIUOJANT POREIKIUS / ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МЕСТА АВТОБУСНОЙ ОСТАНОВКИ ПРИ РАЗНЫХ УРОВНЯХ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ЗАТОРА С ЦЕЛЬЮ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ПОТРЕБНОСТЕЙ
Authors: Alonso Borja , Moura José Luis , dell’Olio Luigi , Ibeas Ángel
Published: July 2011

The article analyses optimal bus stop locations under different network congestion levels applying a bi-level optimisation model, covering an upper level minimizing an overall cost function (Social Cost) and a lower level that includes a modal split assignment model. This model is applied to Santander city (Spain) under a range of demand levels, starting from very low to high congestion, representing the evolution of variables in each case and analysing different solutions. The optimal distances between stops obtained for each demand and congestion level indicate that very low demands produce wider spaces. However, as demand increases, accessibility to public transport service should be increased and then spacing between bus stops drops to 360 metres. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip nustatyti optimalią autobuso stotelės vietą (nuotolį), esant skirtingiems transporto grūsties lygiams. Taikomas dviejų lygmenų optimizavimo modelis, kuris aukštesniame lygmenyje iki minimumo sumažina bendrąsias (socialines) išlaidas, o žemesniajame – vertina transporto rūšių pasiskirstymo modelį. Šis modelis naudojamas Santandero mieste (Ispanija), kuriame transporto priemonių poreikiai grūsties atveju svyruoja nuo labai mažo iki didelio ir kiekvieną kartą reškia kintamųjų kaitą, analizuojant skirtingus sprendimus. Kiekvienu atveju tarp stotelių gauti optimalūs nuotoliai rodo, kad labai maži transportavimo poreikiai ir grūsties lygis sukuria daugiau erdvės. Tačiau, jiems didėjant, turėtų padidėti ir galimybės naudotis viešuoju transportu. Tokiu atveju nuotoliai tarp autobusų stotelių mažėja iki 360 metrų. Резюме Исследуется проблема определения конкретного расстояния (месторасположения) между автобусными остановками при разных уровнях транспортных заторов. Для этого используется оптимизационная модель, благодаря которой снижаются до минимума обобщенные (социальные) расходы, а также учитывается модель распределения типов транспорта. Данная модель нашла практическое применение в испанском городе Сантандер. В этом городе потребность в транспортных средствах во время заторов изменяется от очень маленького до очень большого значения и каждый раз по-своему влияет на значения переменных, что затрудняет анализ и принятие решения. Оптимальные расстояния между остановками, полученные в каждом случае, показывают, что малая потребность в транспортировании и малый уровень заторов создают большее пространство. А при их возрастании потребность в общественном транспорте также должна увеличиваться. В этом случае расстояния между автобусными остановками уменьшаются до 360 метров.