bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asset Transfer of Subsidiary of PT ASKES (Persero) and Its Implications for the Utility of Participant Health Security
Authors: Kristian Adhi
Published: February 2018

Abstract. This research aims to learn about PT AJII transformation process as well as the implications of the transfer concerning  service delivery to the National Health Insurance beneficiary.This is a normative empirical research, analyzing provision of the prevailing laws, legal principles and of the  practice by carrying out library and field research. Informants of the research were the Primary Commissioner of PT AJII, who acted as internal supervisor of the transfer, member of Social Security Ageny Bodies, (BPJS) and experts of social security who provided information and solution about the problems researched. The data obtained were analyzed by using qualitative method.Research result indicated that 80 percent shares of PT AJII were acquiesced, resulting in a transfer of control toward the company. The transfer process was problematic, dilemmatic, and potentially illegal. In addition to the three different legal provisions involved, the transfer also had to comply with both the public interest, that was the stakeholder participants, and the private interests, (shareholder of PT AJII). There was a possibility of illegality. It was on 23 of December 2013 that the transfer process of PT AJII was still in the stage of agreement signing, while the whole process had to end before 1 January 2014. This is in accordance with article 60 paragraph (3) of BPJS Law, that on 1 January 2014 PT Askes was no longer exist. All legal acts on behalf of PT Askes, including the transfer of its subsidiary company, remain intolerate because the management of PT Askes had become the management of BPJS. Additionally, it was also found that the transfer could have an implication to the increase of the service capacity of BPJS and the increase of utility for the participants.         Keywords: BPJS, assets transfer, implications , utility
An Analysis of the Implementation of the Policy to Integrate of National Defense Components in Managing Non-Military Threats in the Health Sector
Authors: Winarno Sugeng , Suwondo Prastuti
Published: February 2018

Abstract. This research was based on the Minister of Defense’s Decree No. 16/2012 that stated that all national defense components to integrate into one unit when they encounter military and non-military threats. The Ministry of Health, as the main player, and other governmental and private agencies would also play a role in overcoming complex and multidimensional non-military threats, especially in the health sector. Among those threats are infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Ebola. We aim to discover the implementation process of the law above in the management of those two diseases. This was a qualitative analytical research with in-depth interviews. From this research we discovered that there are several confounding factors in both the main and supporting elements of the implementation, they are the lack of socialization for the policy and fragmented management of the resources and early awareness. We recommend that the ministry increase the socialization and coordination between all stakeholders of all the sectors and from the central to the regional government. Keywords: non-military threats, national defense components, policy implementation
Analysis of Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction JKN Non PBI at Primary Health Care in East Jakarta District 2016
Authors: Arbitera Cahya , Sjaaf Amal Chalik , Sulistiadi Wahyu
Published: February 2018

Health development in the period 2015-2019 is Indonesia Sehat program with the goal to improve the health and nutritional status of the community through health and community empowerment efforts which are supported with financial protection and health care equity. Social Health Security Agency (BPJS) as JKN organizers estimate in 2015 is a deficit of more than 6 trillion rupiahs. In 2016, the deficit is estimated to be 11 trillion rupiahs. This study used a cross-sectional study design. The population in this study were outpatients at the sub-district Kramat Jati and Pasar Rebo primary health care with the total number of 800 people and studied sample of 100 people. Patient satisfaction in this study has mean score of 43,06. Education variable; job and services are not significantly affects patient satisfaction JKN Non PBI at East Jakarta district primary heallth care. In conclusion, dimension of punctuality; convenience in obtaining services and ease in obtaining services most influence on patient satisfaction JKN Non PBI in East Jakarta district primary health care with the p value = 0,000 < 0,05. In addition, politeness and friendliness within the service still have big influence on patient satisfaction bicause it is important factors on patient satisfaction. Therefore, the author gives some recommendations to appropriate and thorough improvement added with upgrading to the punctuality of service, conducting a survey of patient satisfaction by BPJS and primary health care, disseminating the research results regarding the effect of service quality on patient satisfaction level, further and in-depth research needs to be done related to the effect on service quality dimension to JKN patient satisfaction level in all primary health care included in East Jakarta district, especially at primary health care which has never been conducted with survey and research on JKN patient satisfaction level.
Haploinsufficiency of Trp53 dramatically extends the lifespan of Sirt6-deficient mice
Authors: Ghosh Shrestha , Wong Sheung Kin , Jiang Zhixin , Liu Baohua , Wang Yi , Hao Quan , Gorbunova Vera , Liu Xinguang , Zhou Zhongjun
Published: February 2018

Mammalian sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) is a conserved NAD+-dependent deacylase and mono-ADP ribosylase that is known to be involved in DNA damage repair, metabolic homeostasis, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and aging. Loss of Sirt6 in mice results in accelerated aging and premature death within a month. Here, we show that haploinsufficiency (i.e., heterozygous deletion) of Trp53 dramatically extends the lifespan of both female and male Sirt6-deficient mice. Haploinsufficiency of Trp53 in Sirt6-deficient mice rescues several age-related phenotypes of Sirt6-deficient mice, including reduced body size and weight, lordokyphosis, colitis, premature senescence, apoptosis, and bone marrow stem cell decline. Mechanistically, SIRT6 deacetylates p53 at lysine 381 to negatively regulate the stability and activity of p53. These findings establish that elevated p53 activity contributes significantly to accelerated aging in Sirt6-deficient mice. Our study demonstrates that p53 is a substrate of SIRT6, and highlights the importance of SIRT6-p53 axis in the regulation of aging.
MreB filaments align along greatest principal membrane curvature to orient cell wall synthesis
Authors: Hussain Saman , Wivagg Carl N , Szwedziak Piotr , Wong Felix , Schaefer Kaitlin , Izoré Thierry , Renner Lars D , Holmes Matthew J , Sun Yingjie , Bisson-Filho Alexandre W , Walker Suzanne , Amir Ariel , Löwe Jan , Garner Ethan C
Published: February 2018

MreB is essential for rod shape in many bacteria. Membrane-associated MreB filaments move around the rod circumference, helping to insert cell wall in the radial direction to reinforce rod shape. To understand how oriented MreB motion arises, we altered the shape of Bacillus subtilis. MreB motion is isotropic in round cells, and orientation is restored when rod shape is externally imposed. Stationary filaments orient within protoplasts, and purified MreB tubulates liposomes in vitro, orienting within tubes. Together, this demonstrates MreB orients along the greatest principal membrane curvature, a conclusion supported with biophysical modeling. We observed that spherical cells regenerate into rods in a local, self-reinforcing manner: rapidly propagating rods emerge from small bulges, exhibiting oriented MreB motion. We propose that the coupling of MreB filament alignment to shape-reinforcing peptidoglycan synthesis creates a locally-acting, self-organizing mechanism allowing the rapid establishment and stable maintenance of emergent rod shape.
Genome-Enhanced Detection and Identification (GEDI) of plant pathogens
Authors: Feau Nicolas , Beauseigle Stéphanie , Bergeron Marie-Josée , Bilodeau Guillaume J. , Birol Inanc , Cervantes-Arango Sandra , Dhillon Braham , Dale Angela L. , Herath Padmini , Jones Steven J.M. , Lamarche Josyanne , Ojeda Dario I. , Sakalidis Monique L. , Taylor Greg , Tsui Clement K.M. , Uzunovic Adnan , Yueh Hesther , Tanguay Philippe , Hamelin Richard C.
Published: February 2018

Plant diseases caused by fungi and Oomycetes represent worldwide threats to crops and forest ecosystems. Effective prevention and appropriate management of emerging diseases rely on rapid detection and identification of the causal pathogens. The increase in genomic resources makes it possible to generate novel genome-enhanced DNA detection assays that can exploit whole genomes to discover candidate genes for pathogen detection. A pipeline was developed to identify genome regions that discriminate taxa or groups of taxa and can be converted into PCR assays. The modular pipeline is comprised of four components: (1) selection and genome sequencing of phylogenetically related taxa, (2) identification of clusters of orthologous genes, (3) elimination of false positives by filtering, and (4) assay design. This pipeline was applied to some of the most important plant pathogens across three broad taxonomic groups: Phytophthoras (Stramenopiles, Oomycota), Dothideomycetes (Fungi, Ascomycota) and Pucciniales (Fungi, Basidiomycota). Comparison of 73 fungal and Oomycete genomes led the discovery of 5,939 gene clusters that were unique to the targeted taxa and an additional 535 that were common at higher taxonomic levels. Approximately 28% of the 299 tested were converted into qPCR assays that met our set of specificity criteria. This work demonstrates that a genome-wide approach can efficiently identify multiple taxon-specific genome regions that can be converted into highly specific PCR assays. The possibility to easily obtain multiple alternative regions to design highly specific qPCR assays should be of great help in tackling challenging cases for which higher taxon-resolution is needed.
A striking new genus and species of cave-dwelling frog (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae: Asterophryinae) from Thailand
Authors: Suwannapoom Chatmongkon , Sumontha Montri , Tunprasert Jitthep , Ruangsuwan Thiti , Pawangkhanant Parinya , Korost Dmitriy V. , Poyarkov Nikolay A.
Published: February 2018

We report on a discovery ofSiamophryne troglodytesGen. et sp. nov.,a new troglophilous genus and species of microhylid frog from a limestone cave in the tropical forests of western Thailand. To assess its phylogenetic relationships we studied the 12S rRNA–16S rRNA mtDNA fragment with final alignment comprising up to 2,591 bp for 56 microhylid species. Morphological characterization of the new genus is based on examination of external morphology and analysis of osteological characteristics using microCT-scanning. Phylogenetic analyses place the new genus into the mainly Australasian subfamily Asterophryinae as a sister taxon to the genusGastrophrynoides, the only member of the subfamily known from Sundaland. The new genus markedly differs from all other Asterophryinae members by a number of diagnostic morphological characters and demonstrates significant mtDNA sequence divergence. We provide a preliminary description of a tadpole of the new genus. Thus, it represents the only asterophryine taxon with documented free-living larval stage and troglophilous life style. Our work demonstrates thatS. troglodytesGen. et sp. nov.represents an old lineage of the initial radiation of Asterophryinae which took place in the mainland Southeast Asia. Our results strongly support the “out of Indo-Eurasia” biogeographic scenario for this group of frogs. To date, the new frog is only known from a single limestone cave system in Sai Yok District of Kanchanaburi Province of Thailand; its habitat is affected by illegal bat guano mining and other human activities. As such,S. troglodytesGen. et sp. nov.is likely to be at high risk of habitat loss. Considering high ecological specialization and a small known range of the new taxon, we propose a IUCN Red List status of endangered for it.
Geografia econômica e economia
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: February 2018

Vou apresentar a geografia econômica moderna e suas relações com a economia. Para explicar a sua gênese e as suas mudanças, acho necessário refletir sobre a evolução da Geografia Econômica e dos seus laços com a Economia. Vou distinguir quatro fases nessas relações, sublinhando as duas ultimas.
A estruturação do mercado de terra urbana e habitação em Salvador-Ba a partir de 1970
Authors: Brito Cristóvão
Published: February 2018

Neste texto busca-se examinar o desenvolvimento do processo de reprodução do espaço residencial urbano na cidade de Salvador a partir da estruturação do mercado de terras urbanas organizado pelas ações dos agentes sociais envolvidos com o mercado imobiliário local. A discussão sobre a especulação fundiária e suas implicações na reprodução e organização do espaço urbano torna-se um fato sempre atual, pois está diretamente associada às questões dos elevados custos financeiros referentes à implantação e manutenção da infra-estrutura urbana; do não menos importante déficit habitacional estimado, que em 1950 era de 16.539 habitações e em 2000 já atinge 91.170 habitações das quais, no último período, 98,8% são demandadas por famílias das camadas sociais de renda de até três salários mínimos; e ainda a todas as precariedades das áreas residenciais periféricas.

Abstract

The present text tries to examine the development of the urban residential space reproduction in the city of Salvador, Bahia, from the structuring of the urban lands market, organized through the actions of the social agents involved with the local real state market. The discussion on the agrarian speculation and its implications in the reproduction and organization of the urban space becomes an always current fact, since it is directly associated with the issue of the high financial costs referring to the implantation and maintenance of the urban infrastructure; of the not less important inhabitation deficit esteemed, that in 1950 was of 16.539 habitations and in 2000 already reaches 91,170 habitations, of which, in the last period, 98.8% are demanded by families of the social classes of income of up to three minimum wages; and yet to all the precariousness of the peripheral residential areas.
Reforma agrária e produção do espaço: um estudo sobre o projeto de assentamento Almas/BA
Authors: Santos Flávio Luiz Assiz dos
Published: February 2018

Este artigo busca analisar como o processo de criação e desenvolvimento de assentamentos de reforma agrária representa também um processo de produção do espaço humano. Cada assentamento se constitui numa unidade territorial da reforma agrária, sendo resultado da intervenção estatal no que concerne à modificação do uso e da propriedade da terra no Brasil. O objetivo da pesquisa centrou-se na análise dos resultados, do ponto de vista espacial, da criação de um assentamento rural – o Projeto de Assentamento Almas, localizado no município de Itaguaçu da Bahia/BA – que teve seu processo de implantação antecedido de um planejamento, o qual consistiu, basicamente, em estudos que subsidiaram a definição de um modelo diferente de planejamento. A análise do PA Almas a partir das categorias do espaço – forma, função, estrutura e processo – permitiu-nos apreender a evolução do assentamento na perspectiva das modificações ocorridas em sua configuração territorial. O ritmo de produção espacial do assentamento foi se acelerando à proporção que a dinâmica social estabelecida, ao longo do tempo, foi moldando um novo espaço, a partir do espaço pré-existente, e as novas demandas do grupo social foram sendo materializadas em novas formas-conteúdo e/ ou refuncionalizando formas pretéritas, que participam da dialética espaço-sociedade dentro do assentamento.

Abstract

This paper analyzes as the agrarian reform establishment creation process and development would also represents a process of production of human space Each establishment is a territorial unit of the agrarian reform as a result of state intervention in the modification of use and earth property in Brazil. The objective of the research was centered in analyses the results on the space point of view of the creation of one rural establishment, called Assentamento Almas’ Project, located in the municipal district of Itaguaçu da Bahia/ BA. It had its implantation process preceded of a planning, which consisted, basically, in studies that subsidized the definition of a different planning model. The analysis of the rural establishment of Almas from the categories of the space - form, function, structure and process - allowed to apprehend the evolution of the establishment in the perspective of the modifications that taken place in its territorial configuration. The rhythm of production of the space of this establishment was accelerated as the established social dynamics along the time went molding a new space from the pre existent one and the new demands of the social group materialized in new form content and / or reoperating former forms which participate in the dialectics space-society inside the rural establishment.
Digital Control
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaka , Nagahara Masaaki
Published: February 2018

This article gives a brief account on digital control, particularly sampled‐data control where signals are sampled with a uniform rate. We first review basic notions such as sampling and hold, digital‐to‐analog (DA) converter, z‐transform, and pulse transfer functions. The relationship of sampling theorem with aliasing and controllability is also reviewed. We then discuss standard classical design methodologies and problems inherent to them. The problem lies in the fact that sampled‐data systems operate on two time sets ‐ continuous and discrete. This is usually the cause of difficulties encountered in the classical design methods, in particular the oscillatory intersample behavior called ripples. This problem is resolved by introducing a new technique called lifting. It is seen that lifting makes linear continuous‐time time‐invariant plant an infinite‐dimensional discrete‐time system, thereby making the total system a time‐invariant discrete‐time system. Time‐invariant notions, such as steady‐state response, frequency response, transfer functions, can then be fully recovered. This framework makes it possible to formulate and solve robust control such as H2 and H‐infinity control and improve upon the continuous‐time performance dramatically. The same design philosophy is then applied to digital signal processing, where one can use this robust control method to optimize the intersample signals optimally. Robust sampled‐data control is suitably applied to the signal processing context, and is seen to optimally reproduce intersample high‐frequency signals. Applications to digital signal processing are discussed. The article concludes with reviews on the existing literature and recent advances in sampled‐data control as well as discussing some future directions.
Time Reversal in Electromagnetics
Authors: Hoefer Wolfgang J. R.
Published: February 2018

This chapter addresses the reader who wishes to explore the theory and practice of time reversal, and to obtain an overview of the concepts, definitions, and applications of time reversal methods. Having no natural sense of negative time flow, we must resort to our imagination to describe what happens to physical phenomena, notably the behavior of waves in space and time, when time is reversed. The meaning of time reversal in mechanics and wave propagation is discussed in general terms, and the nature of one‐dimensional causal and acausal electromagnetic waves is explained by means of computer visualizations. The concept of the time reversal mirror as an active transmitter of time‐reversed incident fields is demonstrated and extended to two‐ and three‐dimensional scenarios. The principles of radiating and scattering source reconstruction in both open and closed ergodic structures are introduced and illustrated by means of typical modeling examples. Classical and algorithmic formulations of time reversal in terms of Green's functions lead to an interpretation of time reversal focusing in space and time as a correlation process. Superresolution as a consequence of multiple scattering or multipath propagation is demonstrated. A selected list of references containing seminal papers, books, reviews, and applications of time reversal in different areas of acoustics, electromagnetics, and optics concludes the chapter. The references provide in‐depth coverage of the fundamental concepts presented in this chapter and will guide the reader toward application‐specific extensions of the theory and numerical models for advanced researchers and practitioners of time reversal.
Tracking Formation of a Lava Lake From Ground and Space: Masaya Volcano (Nicaragua), 2014–2017
Authors: Aiuppa Alessandro , de Moor J. Maarten , Arellano Santiago , Coppola Diego , Francofonte Vincenzo , Galle Bo , Giudice Gaetano , Liuzzo Marco , Mendoza Elvis , Saballos Armando , Tamburello Giancarlo , Battaglia Angelo , Bitetto Marcello , Gurrieri Sergio , Laiolo Marco , Mastrolia Andrea , Moretti Roberto
Published: February 2018

A vigorously degassing lava lake appeared inside the Santiago pit crater of Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) in December 2015, after years of degassing with no (or minor) incandescence. Here we present an unprecedented‐long (3 years) and continuous volcanic gas record that instrumentally characterizes the (re)activation of the lava lake. Our results show that, before appearance of the lake, the volcanic gas plume composition became unusually CO2 rich, as testified by high CO2/SO2 ratios (mean: 12.2 ± 6.3) and low H2O/CO2 ratios (mean: 2.3 ± 1.3). The volcanic CO2 flux also peaked in November 2015 (mean: 81.3 ± 40.6 kg/s; maximum: 247 kg/s). Using results of magma degassing models and budgets, we interpret this elevated CO2 degassing as sourced by degassing of a volatile‐rich fast‐overturning (3.6–5.2 m3 s−1) magma, supplying CO2‐rich gas bubbles from minimum equivalent depths of 0.36–1.4 km. We propose this elevated gas bubble supply destabilized the shallow (<1 km) Masaya magma reservoir, leading to upward migration of vesicular (buoyant) resident magma, and ultimately to (re)formation of the lava lake. At onset of lava lake activity on 11 December 2015 (constrained by satellite‐based MODIS thermal observations), the gas emissions transitioned to more SO2‐rich composition, and the SO2 flux increased by a factor ∼40% (11.4 ± 5.2 kg/s) relative to background degassing (8.0 kg/s), confirming faster than normal (4.4 versus ∼3 m3 s−1) shallow magma convection. Based on thermal energy records, we estimate that only ∼0.8 of the 4.4 m3 s−1 of magma actually reached the surface to manifest into a convecting lava lake, suggesting inefficient transport of magma in the near‐surface plumbing system.
Plasma Density Estimates From Spacecraft Potential Using MMS Observations in the Dayside Magnetosphere
Authors: Andriopoulou Maria , Nakamura Rumi , Wellenzohn Simon , Torkar Klaus , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Torbert R. B. , Lindqvist Per‐Arne , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Dorelli John , Burch James L.
Published: February 2018

Using spacecraft potential observations with and without active spacecraft potential control (on/off) from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, we estimate the average photoelectron emission as well as derive the plasma density information from spacecraft potential variations and active spacecraft potential control ion current. Such estimates are of particular importance especially during periods when the plasma instruments are not in operation and also when electron density observations with higher time resolution than the ones available from particle detectors are necessary. We compare the average photoelectron emission of different spacecraft and discuss their differences. We examine several time intervals when we performed our density estimations in order to understand the strengths and weaknesses of our data set. We finally compare our derived density estimates with the plasma density observations provided by plasma detectors onboard MMS, whenever available, and discuss the overall results. The estimated electron densities should only be used as a proxy of the electron density, complimentary to the plasma moments derived by plasma detectors, especially when the latter are turned off or when higher time resolution observations are required. While the derived data set can often provide valuable information about the plasma environment, the actual values may often be very far from the actual plasma density values and should therefore be used with caution.
Crustal Metasomatism at the Slab‐Mantle Interface in a Continental Subduction Channel: Geochemical Evidence From Orogenic Peridotite in the Sulu Orogen
Authors: Li Hai‐Yong , Chen Ren‐Xu , Zheng Yong‐Fei , Hu Zhaochu , Xu Lijuan
Published: February 2018

To understand crust‐mantle interactions in a continental subduction channel, we carried out a combined study of whole‐rock elements and Sr‐Nd isotopes, mineral elements, and whole‐rock and mineral O isotopes in orogenic peridotite and its host gneiss from the Sulu orogen in China. The results indicate that the peridotite originated from highly depleted subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton and underwent three episodes of metasomatism via crustally derived fluids. The peridotite was offscraped from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle wedge base and experienced petrographic transformation from a spinel peridotite to a garnet peridotite during continental subduction from forearc to subarc depths. The peridotite underwent the first episode of metasomatism via aqueous solutions at high‐pressure conditions. Afterward, the peridotite underwent a second episode of metasomatism by carbonate melts at ultrahigh‐pressure conditions and a third episode of metasomatism by aqueous solutions at high‐pressure conditions. While the aqueous solution was derived from the metamorphic dehydration of the subducting/exhuming continental crust at the forearc depths, the carbonate melts were produced by partial melting of the ultrahigh‐pressure metasedimentary rocks in the exhuming continental crust at subarc depths. These metasomatic agents did not originate from the gneiss directly hosting the peridotite but from another part of the deeply subducted continental crust that was not in direct contact with the peridotite. Therefore, the orogenic peridotite recorded the geochemical transfer from the subducting crust into the mantle in the continental subduction zone.
Locations of Injection‐Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma Controlled by Crustal Structures
Authors: Pei Shunping , Peng Zhigang , Chen Xiaowei
Published: February 2018

In recent years, many small‐ to moderate‐size earthquakes occurred in central northern Oklahoma, likely associated with wastewater injection. The most recent one is the M5.8 Pawnee earthquake occurred on 3 September 2016. It is still not clear what controls the locations of these injection‐induced earthquakes. Here we conduct 2‐D Pg wave tomography with anisotropy to image seismogenic structures in this region, using more than 10 years of Pg arrivals recorded by 81 seismic stations. Our high‐resolution Pg wave tomography shows two high‐velocity zones with northwest fast direction alternated by low‐velocity zones with northeast fast direction. The two dominant anisotropy directions are consistent with conjugated microfractures from surface faults and two nodal planes from focal mechanisms of moderate‐size earthquakes. Most moderate‐size (M > 4) earthquakes occurred either close to the boundaries between high‐ and low‐seismic velocity zones or within the high‐velocity zones, suggesting that they are associated with geological boundaries of different basement rock properties or with strong material properties in the upper crust. We suggest that although these moderate‐size earthquakes were induced by fluid injection, their spatial locations were likely controlled by local geologic structures.
Seismicity, Deformation, and Metamorphism in the Western Hellenic Subduction Zone: New Constraints From Tomography
Authors: Halpaap Felix , Rondenay Stéphane , Ottemöller Lars
Published: February 2018

The Western Hellenic Subduction Zone is characterized by a transition from oceanic to continental subduction. In the southern oceanic portion of the system, abundant seismicity reaches depths of 100 km to 190 km, while the northern continental portion rarely exhibits deep earthquakes. Our study investigates how this oceanic‐continental transition affects fluid release and related seismicity along strike. We present results from local earthquake tomography and double‐difference relocation in conjunction with published images based on scattered teleseismic waves. Our tomographic images recover both subducting oceanic and continental crusts as low‐velocity layers on top of high‐velocity mantle. Although the northern and southern trenches are offset along the Kephalonia Transform Fault, continental and oceanic subducting crusts appear to align at depth. This suggests a smooth transition between slab retreat in the south and slab convergence in the north. Relocated hypocenters outline a single‐planed Wadati‐Benioff Zone with significant along‐strike variability in the south. Seismicity terminates abruptly north of the Kephalonia Transform Fault, likely reflecting the transition from oceanic to continental subducted crust. Near 90 km depth, the low‐velocity signature of the subducting crust fades out and the Wadati‐Benioff Zone thins and steepens, marking the outline of the basalt‐eclogite transition. Subarc melting of the mantle is only observed in the southernmost sector of the oceanic subduction, below the volcanic part of the arc. Beneath the nonvolcanic part, the overriding crust appears to have undergone large‐scale silica enrichment. This enrichment is observed as an anomalously low Vp/Vs ratio and requires massive transport of dehydration‐derived fluids updip through the subducting crust.
First Reprocessing of Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes Profile Records: 3. Uncertainty in Ozone Profile and Total Column
Authors: Witte Jacquelyn C. , Thompson Anne M. , Smit Herman G. J. , Vömel Holger , Posny Françoise , Stübi Rene
Published: February 2018

Reprocessed ozonesonde data from eight SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes) sites have been used to derive the first analysis of uncertainty estimates for both profile and total column ozone (TCO). The ozone uncertainty is a composite of the uncertainties of the individual terms in the ozone partial pressure (PO3) equation, those being the ozone sensor current, background current, internal pump temperature, pump efficiency factors, conversion efficiency, and flow rate. Overall, PO3 uncertainties (ΔPO3) are within 15% and peak around the tropopause (15 ± 3 km) where ozone is a minimum and ΔPO3 approaches the measured signal. The uncertainty in the background and sensor currents dominates the overall ΔPO3 in the troposphere including the tropopause region, while the uncertainties in the conversion efficiency and flow rate dominate in the stratosphere. Seasonally, ΔPO3 is generally a maximum in the March–May, with the exception of SHADOZ sites in Asia, for which the highest ΔPO3 occurs in September–February. As a first approach, we calculate sonde TCO uncertainty (ΔTCO) by integrating the profile ΔPO3 and adding the ozone residual uncertainty, derived from the McPeters and Labow (2012, doi:10.1029/2011JD017006) 1σ ozone mixing ratios. Overall, ΔTCO are within ±15 Dobson units (DU), representing ~5–6% of the TCO. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (TOMS and OMI) satellite overpasses are generally within the sonde ΔTCO. However, there is a discontinuity between TOMS v8.6 (1998 to September 2004) and OMI (October 2004–2016) TCO on the order of 10 DU that accounts for the significant 16 DU overall difference observed between sonde and TOMS. By comparison, the sonde‐OMI absolute difference for the eight stations is only ~4 DU.
Foehn Event Triggered by an Atmospheric River Underlies Record‐Setting Temperature Along Continental Antarctica
Authors: Bozkurt D. , Rondanelli R. , Marín J. C. , Garreaud R.
Published: February 2018

A record‐setting temperature of 17.5°C occurred on 24 March 2015 at the Esperanza station located near the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). We studied the event using surface station data, satellite imagery, reanalysis data, and numerical simulations. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Antarctic Ice Shelf Image Archive provides clear evidence for disintegration and advection of sea ice, as well as the formation of melt ponds on the ice sheet surface at the base of the AP mountain range. A deep low‐pressure center over the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Sea and a blocking ridge over the southeast Pacific provided favorable conditions for the development of an atmospheric river with a northwest‐southeast orientation, directing warm and moist air toward the AP, and triggering a widespread foehn episode. A control simulation using a regional climate model shows the existence of local topographically induced warming along the northern tip of the AP (∼60% of the full temperature signal) and the central part of the eastern AP (>90% of the full temperature signal) with respect to a simulation without topography. These modeling results suggest that more than half of the warming experienced at Esperanza can be attributed to the foehn effect (a local process), rather than to the large‐scale advection of warm air from the midlatitudes. Nevertheless, the local foehn effect also has a large‐scale advection component, since the atmospheric river provides water vapor for orographic precipitation enhancement and latent heat release, which makes it difficult to completely disentangle the role of local versus large‐scale processes in explaining the extreme event.
A Comparison of the Response of the Hadley Circulation to Different Tropical SST Meridional Structures During the Equinox Seasons
Authors: Feng Juan , Li Jianping , Jin Fei‐Fei , Zheng Fei
Published: February 2018

The response of the Hadley circulation (HC) to different tropical sea surface temperature (SST) patterns during the equinox seasons (i.e., boreal spring and autumn) is analyzed. Although the HC shows quasi‐equatorially symmetric structure in both equinox seasons, both the climatology and the interannual variations of the HC display considerable differences, that is, being more equatorially asymmetric (symmetric) during autumn (spring). After decomposing the variations of the HC and zonal SST into the equatorially asymmetric (i.e., HC's equatorially asymmetric variation (HEA) for HC and SST's equatorially asymmetric variation (SEA) for SST) and symmetric (i.e., HC's equatorially symmetric variation (HES) for HC and SST's equatorially symmetric variation (SES) for SST) components, the differences in the HC between spring and autumn are shown to derive mainly from the HEA. Meanwhile, the contrast in the response of the HEA to SEA against HES to SES is greater in spring than in autumn, suggesting the HC is more sensitive to the SST conditions in spring. The variation of the HEA is related to different signals in spring and autumn that is linked to the central Pacific El Niño during spring but to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation during autumn. The different contributors are associated with the differences in both the spatial extent and temporal variations in the HEA. In contrast, both spring and autumn HES are closely linked to the canonical El Niño, favoring similar variations in spring and autumn HES. The results here provide a possible explanation of the different variations in the HC during spring and autumn and highlight the seasonal dependence of the response of the HC to SST.
An Assessment of Regional Variations in Martian Modified Impact Crater Morphology
Authors: Craddock Robert A. , Bandeira Lourenço , Howard Alan D.
Published: February 2018

Impact craters on Mars have been extensively modified by ancient geologic processes that may have included rainfall and surface runoff, snow and ice, denudation by lava flows, burial by eolian material, or others. Many of these processes can leave distinct signatures on the morphometry of the modified impact crater as well as the surrounding landscape. To look for signs of potential regional differences in crater modification processes, we conducted an analysis of different morphometric parameters related to modified impact craters located in the Margaritifer Sinus, Sinus Sabaeus, Iapygia, Mare Tyrrhenum, Aeolis, and Eridania quadrangles, including depth, crater wall slope, crater floor slope, the curvature between the interior wall and the crater floor slope, and the curvature between the interior wall and surrounding landscape. A Welch's t test analysis comparing these parameters shows that fresh impact craters (Type 4) have consistent morphologies regardless of their geographic location examined in this study, which is not unexpected. Modified impact craters both in the initial (Type 3) and terminal stages (Type 1) of modification also have statistically consistent morphologies. This would suggest that the processes that operated in the late Noachian were globally ubiquitous, and that modified craters eventually reached a stable crater morphology. However, craters preserved in advanced (but not terminal) stages of modification (Type 2) have morphologies that vary across the quadrangles. It is possible that these variations reflect spatial differences in the types and intensity of geologic processes that operated during the Noachian, implying that the ancient climate also varied across regions.
Effect of Mars Atmospheric Loss on Snow Melt Potential in a 3.5 Gyr Mars Climate Evolution Model
Authors: Mansfield Megan , Kite Edwin S. , Mischna Michael A.
Published: February 2018

Post‐Noachian Martian paleochannels indicate the existence of liquid water on the surface of Mars after about 3.5 Gya (Irwin et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.012; Palucis et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004905). In order to explore the effects of variations in CO2 partial pressure and obliquity on the possibility of surface water, we created a zero‐dimensional surface energy balance model. We combine this model with physically consistent orbital histories to track conditions over the last 3.5 Gyr of Martian history. We find that melting is allowed for atmospheric pressures corresponding to exponential loss rates of dP/d
or faster, but this rate is within 0.5σ of the rate calculated from initial measurements made by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission, if we assume all the escaping oxygen measured by MAVEN comes from atmospheric CO2 (Lillis et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023525; Tu et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526146). Melting at this loss rate matches selected key geologic constraints on the formation of Hesperian river networks, assuming optimal melt conditions during the warmest part of each Mars year (Irwin et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.012; Kite, Gao, et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3033; Kite, Sneed et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072660; Stopar et al., 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.039). The atmospheric pressure has a larger effect on the surface energy than changes in Mars's mean obliquity. These results show that initial measurements of atmosphere loss by MAVEN are consistent with atmospheric loss being the dominant process that switched Mars from a melt‐permitting to a melt‐absent climate (Jakosky et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai7721), but non‐CO2 warming will be required if <2 Gya paleochannels are confirmed or if most of the escaping oxygen measured by MAVEN comes from H2O.
Linking Soil Moisture Variation and Abundance of Plants to Geomorphic Processes: A Generalized Model for Erosion‐Uplifting Landscapes
Authors: Ding Junyan , Johnson Edward A. , Martin Yvonne E.
Published: February 2018

The diffusive and advective erosion‐created landscapes have similar structure (hillslopes and channels) across different scales regardless of variations in drivers and controls. The relative magnitude of diffusive erosion to advective erosion (D/K ratio) in a landscape development model controls hillslope length, shape, and drainage density, which regulate soil moisture variation, one of the critical resources of plants, through the contributing area (A) and local slope (S) represented by a topographic index (TI). Here we explore the theoretical relation between geomorphic processes, TI, and the abundance and distribution of plants. We derived an analytical model that expresses the TI with D, K, and A. This gives us the relation between soil moisture variation and geomorphic processes. Plant tolerance curves are used to link plant performance to soil moisture. Using the hypothetical tolerance curves of three plants, we show that the abundance and distribution of xeric, mesic, and hydric plants on the landscape are regulated by the D/K ratio. Where diffusive erosion is the major erosion process (large D/K ratio), mesic plants have higher abundance relative to xeric and hydric plants and the landscape has longer and convex‐upward hillslope and low channel density. Increasing the dominance of advective erosion increases relative abundance of xeric and hydric plants dominance, and the landscape has short and concave hillslope and high channel density.
Drivers of Variability in Public‐Supply Water Use Across the Contiguous United States
Authors: Worland Scott C. , Steinschneider Scott , Hornberger George M.
Published: February 2018

This study explores the relationship between municipal water use and an array of climate, economic, behavioral, and policy variables across the contiguous U.S. The relationship is explored using Bayesian‐hierarchical regression models for over 2,500 counties, 18 covariates, and three higher‐level grouping variables. Additionally, a second analysis is included for 83 cities where water price and water conservation policy information is available. A hierarchical model using the nine climate regions (product of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) as the higher‐level groups results in the best out‐of‐sample performance, as estimated by the Widely Available Information Criterion, compared to counties grouped by urban continuum classification or primary economic activity. The regression coefficients indicate that the controls on water use are not uniform across the nation: e.g., counties in the Northeast and Northwest climate regions are more sensitive to social variables, whereas counties in the Southwest and East North Central climate regions are more sensitive to environmental variables. For the national city‐level model, it appears that arid cities with a high cost of living and relatively low water bills sell more water per customer, but as with the county‐level model, the effect of each variable depends heavily on where a city is located.
Testing the Hydrological Coherence of High‐Resolution Gridded Precipitation and Temperature Data Sets
Authors: Laiti L. , Mallucci S. , Piccolroaz S. , Bellin A. , Zardi D. , Fiori A. , Nikulin G. , Majone B.
Published: February 2018

Assessing the accuracy of gridded climate data sets is highly relevant to climate change impact studies, since evaluation, bias correction, and statistical downscaling of climate models commonly use these products as reference. Among all impact studies those addressing hydrological fluxes are the most affected by errors and biases plaguing these data. This paper introduces a framework, coined Hydrological Coherence Test (HyCoT), for assessing the hydrological coherence of gridded data sets with hydrological observations. HyCoT provides a framework for excluding meteorological forcing data sets not complying with observations, as function of the particular goal at hand. The proposed methodology allows falsifying the hypothesis that a given data set is coherent with hydrological observations on the basis of the performance of hydrological modeling measured by a metric selected by the modeler. HyCoT is demonstrated in the Adige catchment (southeastern Alps, Italy) for streamflow analysis, using a distributed hydrological model. The comparison covers the period 1989–2008 and includes five gridded daily meteorological data sets: E‐OBS, MSWEP, MESAN, APGD, and ADIGE. The analysis highlights that APGD and ADIGE, the data sets with highest effective resolution, display similar spatiotemporal precipitation patterns and produce the largest hydrological efficiency indices. Lower performances are observed for E‐OBS, MESAN, and MSWEP, especially in small catchments. HyCoT reveals deficiencies in the representation of spatiotemporal patterns of gridded climate data sets, which cannot be corrected by simply rescaling the meteorological forcing fields, as often done in bias correction of climate model outputs. We recommend this framework to assess the hydrological coherence of gridded data sets to be used in large‐scale hydroclimatic studies.
Distribution of Large Wood Within River Corridors in Relation to Flow Regime in the Semiarid Western US
Authors: Wohl Ellen , Cadol Daniel , Pfeiffer Andrew , Jackson Karen , Laurel DeAnna
Published: February 2018

The cumulative volume and spatial distribution of large wood (LW) along river corridors (channels and floodplains) reflect interactions between rates and volumes of LW recruitment and channel transport capacity through time. Rivers of the semiarid interior western US can have relatively low‐magnitude disturbances associated with annual snowmelt or relatively high‐magnitude disturbances associated with episodic rainfall runoff, especially following wildfires. We use characteristics of LW from 25 river segments in four regions of New Mexico and Colorado to analyze wood loads and spatial patterns of wood distribution in relation to disturbance regime. High‐magnitude disturbances move LW onto floodplains and create longitudinally nonuniform LW distributions with aggregated (closer together than random) LW pieces and abundant LW jams in the floodplain. Sites with low‐magnitude disturbances have a greater proportion of LW in the channel and much of this wood is within segregated (farther apart than random) jams. These results imply that river management, which typically focuses on LW within channels, should focus on floodplain as well as in‐channel LW in rivers with high‐magnitude disturbances. The results also indicate that the proportions of LW loads in channels versus floodplains can differ significantly among rivers with different disturbance regimes that are otherwise similar in terms of forest type or drainage area. This is particularly relevant to mountainous regions with elevation‐related changes in flow and disturbance regime. River management that reintroduces LW to river corridors will be most effective if it incorporates the mobility and spatial distribution of LW.