bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kalabari-Ijo
Authors: Harry Otelemate G.
Published: September 2003

Kalabari-Ijo (hereafter, Kalabari) is one of the four lects of the KOIN group of East Ijo of the Ijo
language cluster in the Niger-Congo phylum (Williamson & Blench 2000: 22). The other lects in this group
are Kirike (Okrika), Ibani and Nkoroo. Kirike and Ibani are mutually intelligible with Kalabari, and
Nkoroo is partially so. All the lects in this group are spoken in Rivers State, Nigeria. In addition, there are
three other groups of Ijo: Nembe-Akaha (Akassa) in East Ijo, Inland Ijo (Oruma, Akita (Okordia), Biseni) and
Izon, which together make up West Ijo. These groups are all spoken in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, with
Izon spreading further to the west (Williamson, p.c.).
American English: Southern Michigan
Authors: Hillenbrand James M.
Published: September 2003

As Ladefoged (1999) points out in his description of American English, there is considerable diversity in the phonetic characteristics of English spoken in North America, such that the commonly used phrase ‘General American English’ is not entirely meaningful. The description of American English provided by Ladefoged was based on a southern California dialect. The purpose of this report is to augment that account with a brief description of southern Michigan speech patterns. According to Labov and colleagues (e.g. Labov, Yeager & Steiner 1972, Labov 1994), southern Michigan, particularly in its urban areas, is part of a relatively large dialect region in the inland northeast United States called ‘Northern Cities’. According to Labov, the Northern Cities dialect cuts an irregular swath through a chain of cities in the inland northeast extending, roughly, from upstate New York (e.g. Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo), through northern Ohio (e.g. Cleveland, Toledo), southern Michigan (e.g. Detroit, Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids), northwest Indiana (e.g. Gary, Hammond), northeast Illinois (e.g. Chicago, Rockford) and south-central Wisconsin (e.g. Milwaukee, Madison). Speakers from neighboring regions such as northwest Vermont, northwest Pennsylvania, and north-central/northeast Indiana appear to show some features of the dialect. Labov contends that the vowel shifts that characterize the Northern Cities dialect are observed in their most advanced forms in the largest urban areas of the region, such as Detroit, Buffalo, and Rochester.
O QUELLE ARMONYE: DIALOGUE SINGING IN LATE RENAISSANCE FRANCE
Authors: Brooks Jeanice
Published: September 2003

François de Billon’s Fort inexpugnable de l’honneur du sexe feminin (1555) was among the most extensive contributions to the sixteenth-century polemic on the nature of women known as the querelle des femmes. In keeping with the military connotations of its title, Billon’s ‘impregnable fortress’ is an exercise in bellicose rhetoric; his sallies are illustrated with woodcuts of roaring lions and fire-spitting cannons to heighten the effect of bravado. In the section on women’s musical gifts, he vaunts the ‘angelic sweetness’ of the female singing voice, and claims that although male musicians more often win fame, women have always been better singers:

In [singing] nevertheless women have always been the very best. Whatever may be said by Sandrin, Arcadelt or Janequin, the most renowned musicians of Europe in our time, whom I would willingly ask, ‘Where is it that one can find sweetness of vocal harmony, in general, if not in the musical throat of Woman, even if she puts forth only a little warbling?’ And if they answered that in some men one finds more, could I not rightly reply, ‘What is the reason, my friends, that so few men of your profession are married and that you all flee marriage, if not that through propriety [honnesteté] you would be forced to bring your wives (instead of choirboys) into princely chambers to sing with you, or without you, which would be found so much sweeter than any childish voice? O what harmony, if you were all married in the normal fashion to beautiful women; if they were well instructed by you in the rules of music; and if in the aforementioned manner, you tuned yourselves well with them. The pleasure of listening to you would be double, the advantage triple, and thus, frequently nothing would be sung except in duo’.
ENTÉ: A SURVEY AND REASSESSMENT OF THE TERM IN THIRTEENTH- AND FOURTEENTH-CENTURY MUSIC AND POETRY
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: September 2003

The medieval term enté, meaning ‘grafted’, has a long and varied history in musicological study. It is usually held to refer to the practice of grafting a refrain (whether text or melody or both) onto a longer work, such as a motet voice. For modern scholars its chief importance lies in its association with the thirteenth-century motet: it has been discussed principally in its role as a classificatory term, where it occurs as a rubric in several medieval manuscript lyric collections, and is also mentioned (in Latin) in a well-known passage from the musical treatise De musica (c.1300) by Johannes de Grocheio. After a period of settled usage in the work of such scholars as Friedrich Ludwig, Friedrich Gennrich and Yvonne Rokseth, the term has been freshly examined by Mark Everist, and the settled usage declared incorrect. Everist’s stimulating revisionary argument has ensured that we cannot continue to use the term without care. It seems appropriate to consider the implications of his case more fully, and take the opportunity to reassess the term in the light of his arguments. In particular, since he proposes that a motet enté is characterized by a specifically musical technique, his work raises the issue of how far in that case we are to understand grafting as a textual procedure. This essay attempts two kinds of assessment: one, a revisiting of the term in relation to the motet; and the other, a wider, historical look at the term in poetic as well as musical contexts.
AN ‘EPISODE IN THE SOUTH’? ARS SUBTILIOR AND THE PATRONAGE OF FRENCH PRINCES
Authors: Plumley Yolanda
Published: September 2003

Scholars have long been aware of the intriguing fact that the late fourteenth- and early fifteenth-century French song repertory survives almost exclusively in non-French sources. Most of the principal collections of chansons copied between c.1380 and 1420 – that is, in the period corresponding roughly to the reign of Charles VI, sources like PR, Pit, ModA and FP – derive from Italy; further witness to the circulation of this repertory south of the Alps is found in additional, fragmentary sources, such as Lu, SL and GR. In comparison, the number of French songs preserved in manuscripts of northern provenance is remarkably slight. Moreover, those works that do survive in such sources (and these are mostly Flemish fragments) are generally simple works in classic Ars nova style; hardly any songs from the repertory we associate with Ars subtilior feature in these collections at all.
LABOURING IN THE MIDST OF WOLVES: READING A GROUP OF FAUVEL MOTETS
Authors: Roesner Edward H.
Published: September 2003

Il finera car touz iourz vivre

Ne pourra pas.

(He will meet his end, for he cannot live for ever)

The ensemble of texts brought together in the celebrated MS 146 of the fonds français in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, makes up a complex and many-sided essay on government and kingship, one directed to the French monarch Philip V (1317–22) at or near the beginning of his reign. Its various elements reflect on the problem-laden final years of the rule of his father, Philip IV ‘le Bel’ (1285-1314), and the troubled succession that followed in 1315 and 1316. Each fascicle of the manuscript, the so-called Roman de Fauvel, the dits of Geffroi de Paris, the collection of songs and dits ascribed to Jehannot de Lescurel, and the anonymous verse chronicle of the years 1300–16, interacts with the others in myriad ways and on many levels to yield a collective commentary on the state of the monarchy and the realm, and an admonitio on wise rule.
WATERMARKS AND MUSICOLOGY: THE GENESIS OF JOHANNES WISER’S COLLECTION
Authors: Wright Peter
Published: September 2003

The twin questions of the origin and purpose of Trent 88–91,
the four celebrated codices compiled by Johannes Wiser during the third quarter
of the fifteenth century, have continued to puzzle musicologists ever since
the manuscripts were rediscovered more than a hundred years ago. Adler and
Koller, whose pioneering study of the Trent Codices, published in 1900,
still retains so much of its original force, saw Wiser’s collection
as having been compiled ‘in and for Trent’ under the humanistic
influence of Johannes Hinderbach, provost of the cathedral from 1455 and prince-bishop of
the city and region from 1465. At the time of writing, next to nothing was known about the
life of the obscure priest who had been responsible for the most important musical
collection of the fifteenth century, and it was not until nearly thirty years later that
the Trentino scholar Renato Lunelli published his crucial discovery showing that Wiser
was employed as schoolmaster at the cathedral school in Trent during
the very period when he must have been busy assembling his great collection.
The article in question was written partly in response to a highly polemical and
largely unsubstantiated piece that had been published by the Austrian historian Rudolf
Wolkan a few years earlier. Wolkan had rejected the idea of a Tridentine origin for the
codices, arguing that there was literally no evidence of any form of musical activity in
Trent prior to Hinderbach’s time, and that the reign of his predecessor, Georg Hack
(1444–65), which Adler and Koller had defined as the period during which most of the
copying must have taken place, would not have been conducive to so large-scale an artistic
enterprise, owing to Hack’s strained relations with the city over which he presided.
Instead, Wolkan maintained that the codices had been compiled in Vienna, where they might have
formed part of Hinderbach’s library, and suggested that it could have been under his
auspices that they eventually reached Trent.
Solutions for Space Operations with a Star Finder
Authors: Chianese S. , Lucarelli G. , Troisi S.
Published: September 2003

This paper shows a possible new use of a common or computerised star finder for a rapid and easy solution to some space problems such as:

– launch windows;

– satellite fly-over;

– the rise and setting of a satellite;

– Earth or Moon satellite surveys;

– the eclipse of a satellite.
Multisensor Integration Methods in the Development of a Fault-Tolerant Train Navigation System
Authors: Mirabadi Ahmad , Schmid Felix , Mort Neil
Published: September 2003

Onboard train positioning (navigation) plays a vital and safety critical role in advanced Automatic Train Control (ATC) and Automatic Train Protection (ATP) systems. Such onboard systems are also essential for moving block signalling and control systems for railways. The application of multi-sensor fusion algorithms to the vehicle navigation field has made it possible to create inexpensive and accurate positioning systems, which will satisfy the railways' requirements. The state estimation methods involved in Kalman filtering have proved to be some of the most effective techniques in multi-sensor data fusion. A multi-sensor navigation system is introduced in this paper to address the shortcomings of the existing train positioning systems. The proposed system utilizes the Global Positioning System (GPS), Doppler radar, gyroscopes, tachometers, digital maps and balises. In order to provide fault detection and isolation capabilities, a hierarchical structure is proposed for the multi-sensor integration system in which different combinations of navigation systems would function. Several data integration nodes, including DR/GPS, DR/Balise, and DR/GPS/Balise, are studied in more detail and their performances are evaluated.
A Triple Difference Approach to Low Earth Orbiter Precision Orbit Determination
Authors: Kwon Jay Hyoun , Grejner-Brzezinska Dorota , Bae Tae-Suk , Hong Chang-Ki
Published: September 2003

A geometric approach to Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) precision orbit determination (POD) based exclusively on triple-differenced GPS carrier phase observables is presented. The algorithm is fast and efficient because there is no ambiguity-resolution requirement, which is a complicated and time-consuming task for long-range kinematic GPS. However, the triple-difference kinematic LEO POD requires careful screening for cycle slips, as the orbit quality depends on the accuracy and the geometry of the observations. It is shown that the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) combined with residual screening offers a good approach to data cleaning. Data from a CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload, altitude ~450 km) mission are used to present the accuracy, speed and efficiency of the processing algorithms. The methods of data screening and the effects of geometry on the orbit quality are discussed and the final achievable accuracy including the limitations and benefits of this method are quantified. It is demonstrated that the triple-difference method offers short processing times and is currently capable of achieving a 3D RMS fit to the dynamic orbit of 15–30 cm and 1 mm/s to the velocity.
Simulator Studies on a Collision Avoidance Display that Facilitates Efficient and Precise Assessment of Evasive Manoeuvres in Congested Waterways
Authors: Pedersen Egil , Inoue Kinzo , Tsugane Masanori
Published: September 2003

This paper is based on two articles by the authors that were published in the March and September 2002 issues of the Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation.

The collision risk to multiple targets and identification of feasible evasive manoeuvres can be assessed simultaneously in true motion by judging the tip of own ship's velocity vector in relation to the display of cone-shaped collision danger regions to acquired targets. Simulator test programmes composed of scenarios with various traffic densities and different speed ranges of own ship have been carried out in order to evaluate the performance of this collision avoidance display versus ARPA (true and relative motion) displays. Experienced navigators and maritime university students with license participated as test subjects. It is shown that the proposed display is capable to facilitate more homogeneous, precise and safe evasive manoeuvres than utilising conventional judgement techniques. The superiority increases with the excess speed of own ship, traffic density and complexity.
Marine DGNSS Availability and Continuity
Authors: Grant Alan , Last David , Kuncheva Ludmila , Ward Nick
Published: September 2003

The maritime radiobeacon differential GNSS service in Europe has recently been reorganised with the aim of having at least two of the 162 stations serve each critical coastal location. Maritime administrations have now set specifications for the availability and continuity of the service. The paper analyses these requirements, noting incompatibilities between them. It proposes a method of predicting the performance of beacons, employing IALA standards. This takes into account each beacon's own availability, and propagation factors that include groundwave signal attenuation, interference, and skywave fading at night. Availability, continuity and coverage maps produced by the new programs are presented in the paper.
An Overview of the Development and Introduction of Ground Radar to 1945
Authors: Kendal Brian
Published: September 2003

If you ask the average Briton, he will tell you that Robert Watson-Watt invented radar in 1935. A German, asked the same question, would reply Christian Hulsmeyer in 1904. Strictly speaking, neither reply would be correct. It is generally accepted that the acronym RADAR stands for “Radio Direction and Ranging”, thus a practical radar system requires that both direction and range be determined. For this, the development of high power pulse transmission, and techniques for direction finding and timing of very short time intervals were needed. Over a period of years, these were individually developed for other purposes, but radar arrived only when all were combined into a single system. By 1939 radar development was also proceeding in a number of countries including France, Holland, Russia and the USA, but only the United Kingdom and Germany had brought it to an operational state.
A Method for Searching Optimal Routes with Collision Avoidance on Raster Charts
Authors: Chang Ki-Yin , Jan Gene Eu , Parberry Ian
Published: September 2003

Collision avoidance is an intensive discussion issue for navigation safety. This article introduces a new routing algorithm for finding optimal routes with collision detection and avoidance on raster charts or planes. After the required data structure of the raster chart is initialized, the maze routing algorithm is applied to obtain the particular route of each ship. Those ships that have potential to collide will be detected by simulating the particular routes with ship domains. The collision avoidance scheme can be achieved by using the collision-area-marking method with collision avoidance rules at sea. The algorithm has linear time and space complexities, and is sufficiently fast to perform real-time routing on the raster charts.
Dynamic Localization of Car-like Vehicles using Data Fusion of Redundant ABS Sensors
Authors: Bonnifait Ph. , Bouron P. , Meizel D. , Crubillé P.
Published: September 2003

A localization system using GPS, ABS sensors and a driving wheel encoder is described and tested through real experiments. A new odometric technique using the four ABS sensors is presented. Due to the redundancy of measurements, the precision is better than the method using differential odometry on the rear wheels only. The sampling is performed when necessary and when a GPS measurement is performed. This implies a noticeable reduction of the GPS latency, simplifying the data-fusion process and improving the quality of its results.
Effective Cycle Slip Detection and Identification for High Precision GPS/INS Integrated Systems
Authors: Lee Hung-Kyu , Wang Jinling , Rizos Chris
Published: September 2003

To ensure high accuracy results from an integrated GPS/INS system, the carrier phase observables have to be used to update the filter's states. As a prerequisite the integer ambiguities must be resolved before using carrier phase measurements. However, a cycle slip that remains undetected (and uncorrected) will significantly degrade the filter's performance. In this paper, an algorithm that can effectively detect and identify any type of cycle slip is presented. The algorithm uses additional information provided by the INS, and applies a statistical technique known as the cumulative-sum (CUSUM) test. In this approach, cycle slip decision values can be computed from the INS-predicted position (due to the fact that its short-term accuracy is very high), and the CUSUM test used to detect cycle slips (as it is very sensitive to abrupt changes of mean values). Test results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Lateral Collision Risk In Air Traffic Track Systems: A ‘Post-Reich’ Event Model
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: September 2003

A model is developed for lateral collision risk in air traffic track systems, which resolves the problems of the Reich Model. It is a direct and concrete approach focusing on events, in contrast to Reich's synthetic methodology, in which (e.g.) three types of collision have to be modelled and the focus is on flying hours spent away from the planned flight path. This model makes it straightforward to see what is being assumed, and easy to understand the roles of the main parameters. It is a good starting point for the incorporation of collision detection and the use of hazard analysis.
Indoor Navigation System using Asynchronous Pseudolites
Authors: Kee Changdon , Jun Haeyoung , Yun Doohee
Published: September 2003

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is now attracting worldwide attention as a navigation sensor. One of the advantages of GPS is that people can find their position using a GPS receiver wherever they are except in obstructed environments. Existing GPS receivers do not work in an obstructed environment despite there being many potential applications. This paper shows the possibility of navigation using GPS technologies indoors in a blocked environment. The paper describes the pseudolite-based indoor navigation system that was developed and implemented at Seoul National University (SNU). The system, which uses GPS technologies, has some different characteristics to normal outdoor GPS systems. The differences cause some practical problems, such as near/far, time-tag, multipath and unknown transmission position problems, which need to be solved to implement the indoor navigation system. The paper introduces various methods for solving such problems. The paper then shows the experimental results and the system accuracy. The satisfactory experimental results show that the RMS static error is 1 mm(1σ) horizontally and 2 mm(1σ) vertically and the RMS dynamic error is 5·6 mm(1σ) horizontally and 15 mm(1σ) vertically. The paper also shows the result of a field application test in the ocean engineering basin of the Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO).
Burdens of evidence and the benefits of marine reserves: putting Descartes before des horse?
Authors: Willis T.J. , Millar R.B. , Babcock R.C. , Tolimieri N.
Published: September 2003

An extensive literature has appeared since 1990 on the study of ‘no-take’ marine reserves and their potential to make significant contributions to the conservation and management of fisheries, especially in tropical environments (see Polunin 1990; Roberts & Polunin 1991; DeMartini 1993; Roberts 1997; Allison et al. 1998; Guénette et al. 1998). The literature describes many potential benefits of marine reserves to fisheries, including increases in spawner-biomass-per-recruit and increases in larval supply from protecting ‘source’ populations (Jennings 2000). The important word here is ‘potential’. Some claims made by advocates of marine reserves might be regarded as optimistic, whereas critics of reserves might sometimes have been unduly harsh. Conservation goals for marine reserves are often poorly defined, and differences of opinion regarding the efficacy of reserves for fulfilling any of their stated goals can frequently be attributed to a lack of good information with which to predict their effects. Here, we critically examine the literature from 1990–2001 to determine (1) the relative effort put into empirical and theoretical approaches to predict reserve effects, and (2) the quality of empirical evidence available to support theoretical predictions. It is not the purpose of this article to single out particular studies for criticism (although this is sometimes inevitable to provide examples), nor to draw conclusions concerning the efficacy of marine reserves.
Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems
Authors: Danielopol Dan L. , Griebler Christian , Gunatilaka Amara , Notenboom Jos
Published: September 2003

Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of subterranean hydrosystems have changed during the past 40–50 years. The major environmental pressures (mainly anthropogenic ones) impact the quantity and quality of groundwater resources and the state of subsurface ecosystems, and it is expected that the environmental pressures on groundwater will continue, at least until 2025, unless new environmental policies change this state of affairs. The world demographic increase and the general rise of water demand constitute one of the major environmental pressures on groundwater ecosystems especially in less developed countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Specific human activities leading to the depletion of groundwater reserves include agricultural practices, landscape alteration, urbanization demand for domestic and public drinking water, various industrial activities such as thermoelectric production and mining, and the rise of tourism in coastal areas. Climate change is contributing to the water crisis too, especially in areas with arid climate and/or in some humid monsoonal countries. The overload of aquifers with pollutants derived from agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides), from industry (release of hydrocarbon chemicals, especially spills), from waste and industrial waters, from domestic and industrial landfills, from the infiltration of pollutants from surface and from the intrusion of saline water affect groundwater quality. The dangerous increase in contaminated subsurface sites with chemicals and microbial pathogens brings with it health risks to humans. Changes of redox condition in groundwater zones, changes of biological diversity, vegetation changes with modification of agriculture practices and impacts at the biosphere scale, such as the increase in the concentration of nitrous oxides in the atmosphere, all impact groundwater ecosystems. Groundwater ecosystems must be better investigated and understood. Economic, social and ecological lines of thinking have to be combined in order to achieve meaningful policies for the sustainable development of groundwater reserves and for the protection of subsurface ecosystems. Practical measures and ideas for the development of policies up to the 2025 time-horizon should improve the sustainable usage of the world's groundwater resources.
Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Mesoamerica: environmental and developmental perspectives
Authors: Aguilar-Støen Mariel , Dhillion Shivcharn S.
Published: September 2003

Mesoamerica (Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) is a culturally diverse region considered a conservation priority due to its biotic richness and high endemism. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) sets out obligations and objectives for national parties to cope with biodiversity reduction, and encourages these national parties to develop measures to conserve and manage biodiversity. This paper presents trends in Mesoamerican countries in the implementation of the CBD, specifically in relation to the general measures for conservation and sustainable use (Article 6), identification and monitoring (Article 7), and in situ conservation (Article 8) derived from examination of reports from the CBD National Reports unit, questionnaires to national focal points, and interviews in the field. In general, there was increased effort toward CBD implementation and related issues. The scientific capacity, political stability, and accessibility to resources in each country, however, influenced the rate at which capacity was being built and the relative importance governments afforded to each of the CBD articles. Lack of resources or institutional limitations are identified as major impediments to fulfilling obligations. The CBD is also poorly known among actors in civil society and at several levels of administration. Overall, Costa Rica and Mexico are exceptions in the region with regard to inventory and monitoring, and the efforts to incorporate biodiversity into broader intersectoral policies. However, the measures required to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from biodiversity are poorly developed, or not developed at all, in the region. It is pivotal that, since Mesoamerica is one of the poorest regions in the world, any attempt to conserve biodiversity in the region must include sustainable use and equity.
Evaluating non-user willingness to pay for a large-scale conservation programme in Amazonia: a UK/Italian contingent valuation study
Authors: Horton Bruce , Colarullo Giordano , Bateman Ian J. , Peres Carlos A.
Published: September 2003

Contingent valuation (CV) is a popular method in economics for eliciting individuals' preferences for non-market environmental resources, but very few attempts have been made to apply it to distant environmental goods of global importance. This paper reports the results of a CV study in the UK and Italy, which evaluated non-users' willingness to pay for the implementation of a proposed programme of protected areas in Brazilian Amazonia. The main focus of the survey was the wealth of biodiversity in the region proposed for protection and the ecosystem services provided by such areas. Taking both countries together, respondents were willing to pay, on average, £30 (US$ 45.60) per household per annum to fund the implementation of a protection programme covering 5% of Brazilian Amazonia and £39 (US$ 59.28) per household per annum to fund a 20% programme. Aggregated across households, an annual fund to conserve 5% of Brazilian Amazonia as strictly protected areas could yield around £600 million (US$ 912 million) in the UK and a similar amount in Italy. It should be noted that respondents appeared to show a high degree of uncertainty in the bid decision process for such an unfamiliar and distant good, leading to questions as to the validity and reliability of results. Nevertheless, responses were non-random and systematically related to a range of socio-economic characteristics and attitudinal variables. Thus initiatives such as international financial transfers from wealthy developed countries to support the protection of threatened areas of global significance could attract widespread support in those countries.
The development and scientific principles of an environmental classification for strategic ecological survey in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sheail J. , Bunce R.G.H.
Published: September 2003

A method of environmental classification has been applied twice to surveys of the whole of England, Scotland and Wales (the United Kingdom). Such experience is now being extended to the European continent. The paper draws on the unpublished working-papers of the relevant scientists and institutions in reconstructing both the motives and circumstances in which a methodology was developed in the UK for the assessment of the ecological resources of the wider countryside. The principles of strategic classification and subsequent sampling from defined strata were initially devised for broadleaved woodland, and first tested at a regional level. They drew on classical regression theory, with the environmental classification being the independent, and the vegetation or habitat the dependent, variable. The approach was linked to the development of efficient algorithms for analysis and classification, and more recently remote sensing and geographical information systems. Successive Countryside Surveys of the UK, carried out since 1978, have provided an objective measurement of the decline in the quality of vegetation and habitats. Such a statistically robust approach can be used to measure the rates of vegetation and habitat change at the strategic European level, and as an aid to devising appropriate rural-resources policies.
Environmental control for determining human impact and permanent visitor capacity in a potential show cave before tourist use
Authors: Calaforra J.M. , Fernández-Cortés A. , Sánchez-Martos F. , Gisbert J. , Pulido-Bosch A.
Published: September 2003

Cave temperature monitoring was carried out in the Cueva del Agua de Iznalloz, Granada, Spain, a cave that has great tourist potential and which has been maintained under natural conditions for over 30 years. The cave temperature under natural conditions was used to identify possible anthropogenic influences, in order to distinguish these from the variations directly related to natural changes. In particular, the relative influence of external weather conditions, thermal modification caused by visitors and the subsequent thermal recovery of the cave were identified. In addition, controlled experiments investigated the effect of two large-scale visits (980 and 2088 visitors day−1) to the cave interior, before any tourist activities in the cave were undertaken. Correlation and spectral analyses of time series were used to determine the thermal behaviour of the cave over time. The effect of both mass visits on the air temperature in the interior of the cave was very rapid (2.5 min). The maximum perturbation of air temperature within the cave during the two experiments was after 30 and 70 min. The memory effect for temperature whilst the cave was open to the public was estimated to be 5–6 h, whilst the response to external meteorological changes exceeded one week. A permanent visitor capacity of 53 people ensures that the natural cave temperature can be regained within 4–5 h. The cave can only support small groups of visitors, not the massive visits characteristic of show caves.
Amelioration of a saline sodic soil through cultivation of a salt-tolerant grass Leptochloa fusca
Authors: Akhter J. , Mahmood K. , Malik K.A. , Ahmed S. , Murray R.
Published: September 2003

Reclamation of saline lands seems difficult for climatic and economic reasons, but cultivation of salt-tolerant plants is an approach to increasing productivity and improvement of salt-affected wastelands. A five-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of growing a salt-tolerant species Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth (kallar grass) on chemical properties of a saline sodic soil irrigated with poor quality groundwater. Soil salinity, sodicity and pH decreased exponentially by growing kallar grass as a result of leaching of salts from surface (0–20 cm) to lower depths (>100 cm). Concentrations of soluble cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (Cl−, SO42− and HCO3−) were reduced through to greater soil depths. A significant decline in soil pH was attributed to release of CO2 by grass roots and solublization of CaCO3. Both soil salinity and soil pH were significantly correlated with Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, HCO3− and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Significant correlations were found between soluble cations (Na+, Ca2+ and K+), soluble anions (Cl−, SO42− and HCO3−) and the SAR. In contrast, there were negative correlations between soil organic matter content and all chemical properties. The ameliorative effects on the soil chemical environment were pronounced after three years of growing kallar grass. Cultivation of kallar grass enhanced leaching and interactions among soil chemical properties and thus restored soil fertility. The soil maintained the improved characteristics with further growth of the grass up to five years suggesting that growing salt-tolerant plants is a sustainable approach to biological amelioration of saline wastelands.
Local perceptions of Waza National Park, northern Cameroon
Authors: Bauer Hans
Published: September 2003

Waza National Park, Cameroon, is representative of trends towards more participatory protected area management in Africa. It has no transition zone and interactions with the surrounding human population are complex. A recently adopted management plan allows experiments with limited consumptive use of natural resources, in exchange for people's collaboration. In order to determine which resources are desired and which resources are liabilities, people in the Park's vicinity were interviewed. Respondents' attitudes towards conservation were positive, motivated by both use and intrinsic values, and with reference to future generations. Attitudes were significantly related to locally perceived benefits. Respondents found most of the Park's resources useful but differences between user groups were significant. User groups also differed in their complaints about human-wildlife conflicts, but overall they considered the animals most important for tourism as the main nuisance. This case study shows that local aspirations cannot all be met, but indicates that limited outreach can improve existing public support for conservation measures.
Post-apartheid perceptions of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa
Authors: Picard Catherine H.
Published: September 2003

In the wake of apartheid, South African protected areas have come under increasing pressure to reconcile a wealth of natural resources with the acute social and economic needs of the black rural majority. Demands for land reform, poverty alleviation and job creation have all had profound implications for the conservation and management of the nation's protected areas. An attitudinal study was conducted within three diverse South African communities, and among employees of the Kwa Zulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service (KZN Wildlife) to assess how the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park (GSWP) and the authorities charged with its management are perceived in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Despite significant revisions to South Africa's conservation policies in the post-apartheid era, attitudinal research has continued to focus on rural black communities, leaving white residents, urban black populations and the conservation authorities themselves largely under-represented. As a result, the relationships between local communities, protected areas and conservation authorities remain largely unknown and outdated. Qualitative analysis of 90 semi-structured interviews indicated limited support (5%) for the abolition of the GSWP. The potential loss of the GSWP was associated with negative economic (88%) and environmental (66%) impacts by all respondents, regardless of race, gender, age or residency. Contrary to previous research conducted during the apartheid era, an overwhelming majority of Zulu respondents perceived a positive association between nature conservation, tourism and improved local economic welfare. Thus, local attitudes towards protected areas appeared to be improving. There remained however a discrepancy between support for the GSWP and the management authorities, particularly among respondents with limited contact with conservation staff. This is consistent with previous surveys where residents expressed support for the concept of conservation, but significant hostility towards local conservation authorities. The distinction is critical, as negative attitudes towards conservation authorities are often misinterpreted as a lack of support for conservation in general. Local residents (regardless of race or socioeconomic status) also expressed high expectations of KZN Wildlife to address issues of unemployment, poverty and tourism in the region. If these expectations are not met, support for the GSWP, as well as the conservation authorities, is likely to decline dramatically.
Wildlife knowledge among migrants in southern Sumatra, Indonesia: implications for conservation
Authors: Nyhus Philip J. , Sumianto  , Tilson Ronald
Published: September 2003

The value of traditional ecological knowledge for biodiversity research and conservation is widely recognized. The value of wildlife knowledge provided by recent migrants is less clear. Photographs of 10 mammal species were shown to 622 individuals in communities near Way Kambas National Park in Sumatra, Indonesia, to assess wildlife knowledge among recent migrants and to identify socio-economic variables that can be used to identify more knowledgeable informants. Knowledge scores were categorized by taxonomic family, genus and species. Large, charismatic and abundant animals were identified more frequently than smaller and more secretive animals. Higher knowledge scores were significantly associated with males, higher educational attainment and past experience with these animals. Number of years respondents had lived in the area and respondent age were also good predictors of higher scores. The characteristics of animals that were likely to be identified more accurately were assessed. Generic terms used to describe animals can confound individual responses. Biodiversity research, conservation and education programmes frequently rely on ‘local’ knowledge to inform management and policy. This information can be a valuable addition to field-based efforts to identify the distribution and abundance of rare endangered species. With more and more migrants living near the world's wildlife protected areas, care must be taken to understand how human demographic shifts may affect such studies.
The effects of marine reserve protection on the trophic relationships of reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Graham N.A.J. , Evans R.D. , Russ G.R.
Published: September 2003

What are the effects of no-take marine reserves on trophic relationships of coral reef fish? Previous studies often have lacked detailed dietary information on major predators, and have often been confounded by differences in habitat complexity between reserve and fished sites. This study investigates the effects of marine reserve protection on predator-prey interactions of coral reef fish on the inshore islands of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The abundance of species of prey fish of Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae), a piscivore and the major target of the hook and line fisheries on the GBR, were estimated in protected and fished zones. These prey species were identified from previous detailed studies of the diet of P. leopardus. Fish populations and habitat characteristics were surveyed by underwater visual census. Previous studies had determined that the biomass of P. leopardus was 3–4 times higher in protected than fished zones in the Whitsunday and Palm Islands, central GBR, after 14 years of protection. Eight of the nine prey species had a higher density within fished zones than protected zones, six significantly so. The density of all prey fish was twice that in the fished than the protected zone (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in availability of different sized refuge holes, structural complexity or live coral cover between zones. Thus, important attributes of habitat complexity did not confound the comparisons between reserve and fished zones. Finally, a significant negative correlation (r = 0.46) between coral trout biomass and summed prey fish biomass suggested that predation may be an important structuring process in this system. The results have implications for the conservation of fishery targets and their prey. The study highlights the potential ecosystem implications of the use of no-take marine reserves as conservation and fisheries management tools.
Profit and duty in the Second Bank of the United States' exchange operations
Authors: KNODELL JANE
Published: September 2003

The Second Bank of the United States (1816–36) faced a potential trade-off between the private profits it was expected to produce for shareholders and the ‘free’ yet costly fiscal services it was mandated to provide to the Federal government during an era of westward expansion and primitive transportation networks. This article shows that the bank's large-scale dealings in domestic and foreign exchange transformed this potential trade-off into a positive synergy between the bank's private and public obligations. The bank was financially successful because it found a market niche – the provision of interregional and international payment services – whose exploitation had the added virtue of reducing the cost to the bank of being the Treasury's fiscal agent.
Savings banks as an institutional import: the case of nineteenth-century Ireland
Authors: GRÁDA CORMAC Ó
Published: September 2003

The article examines the early history of provident institutions or trustee savings banks in Ireland. Combining aggregate data and an archive-based study of one savings bank, it describes the growth and performance of this ‘institutional import’. By and large, Irish savings banks catered for the lower-middle and middle classes, not the poor as intended by the founders of the movement. The article also explains how the collapse of three savings banks in 1848 dealt savings banks in Ireland as a whole a blow from which they never really recovered.
The Philippine currency board arrangement, 1945–48: a case of deflationary bias?
Authors: TREADGOLD MALCOLM L.
Published: September 2003

This article provides an historical case study of the hypothesis that a currency board imparts a deflationary bias to a growing economy. The hypothesis is based on the argument that, while economic growth increases the demand for money, the expansion of the money supply in a currency board system is constrained by the balance of payments. After examining the origins, development and criticisms of the deflationary bias hypothesis, the article investigates the experience of the Philippines during its economic recovery from the devastation of the Second World War. The evidence suggests that, under the currency board arrangement then in place, deflationary pressure emerged in the manner predicted by the hypothesis.
Credit for Africans; the demand for a ‘national bank’ in the Gold Coast colony
Authors: UCHE CHIBUIKE U.
Published: September 2003

This article traces the origins of the ‘national bank’ in the Gold Coast. It shows how the Colonial authorities perverted the demand by Africans for a special kind of bank to aid their development. The Colonial Office preferred and ensured the establishment of an orthodox institution, which had little to give with regard to Africans' demand for developmental credit. This was because it believed that such development institutions would be unhelpful to, arguably, uncreditworthy Africans. This attitude, it is argued, represented a setback to the Gold Coast's development. Either such an institution, as demanded by Africans, would have helped the colony's advance, or Africans would have learnt earlier that the concept of development was more fundamental than setting up a ‘national bank’.
Altered behaviour in spotted hyenas associated with increased human activity
Authors: Boydston Erin E. , Kapheim Karen M. , Watts Heather E. , Szykman Micaela , Holekamp Kay E.
Published: September 2003

To investigate how anthropogenic activity might affect large carnivores, we studied the behaviour of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) during two time periods. From 1996 to 1998, we documented the ecological correlates of space utilization patterns exhibited by adult female hyenas defending a territory at the edge of a wildlife reserve in Kenya. Hyenas preferred areas near dense vegetation but appeared to avoid areas containing the greatest abundance of prey, perhaps because these were also the areas of most intensive livestock grazing. We then compared hyena behaviour observed in 1996–98 with that observed several years earlier and found many differences. Female hyenas in 1996–98 were found farther from dens, but closer to dense vegetation and to the edges of their territory, than in 1988–90. Recent females also had larger home ranges, travelled farther between consecutive sightings, and were more nocturnal than in 1988–90. Finally, hyenas occurred in smaller groups in 1996–98 than in 1988–90. We also found several changes in hyena demography between periods. We next attempted to explain differences observed between time periods by testing predictions of hypotheses invoking prey abundance, climate, interactions with lions, tourism and livestock grazing. Our data were consistent with the hypothesis that increased reliance on the reserve for livestock grazing was responsible for observed changes. That behavioural changes were not associated with decreased hyena population density suggests the behavioural plasticity typical of this species may protect it from extinction.