bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Feeling of Inequality
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

This book analyzes the impact that large socio-economic inequalities have on how we relate to each other emotionally and intellectually. How, the question is, could these inequalities not influence the goods we aspire to or the content of what we imagine to be (or what could be) the case? How could they not influence our capacity to empathize with those who are either higher or lower on the socio-economic ladder? The book thus sets itself the task of proving that the impact of inequality reaches far beyond measurable differences of income or capital. Inequalities have emotional impacts and influence our aspirational, imaginative, and empathic capacities. Further, the study suggests that feelings do not just passively register given inequalities but serve themselves as engines of social differentiation. This is particularly true of relative feelings such as envy, contempt, shame, or hatred that structure social relations and mark social distance and differentiation. The book sketches a relational theory of democracy that construes equality as a social relationship and thereby questions the strong focus most studies of inequality put on distributional questions. In a wide sense, questions of inequality should be tackled within a frame not just highlighting relative economic standing but also relative emotional standing.
Against Empathy?
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses some of the criticisms levied against empathy. It is meant to further specify the concept of empathy; it will also prepare the ground for the discussion of empathy gulfs. Three kinds of critique are distinguished. The first critique (1) is a critique of models of (higher and lower level) empathy, not of empathy itself. The second critique (2) is more straightforwardly aimed at empathy; it blames empathy for not being what it pretends to be (Peter Goldie). The third critique (3) blames empathy for its moral shortcomings (Paul Bloom). Even if empathy can be what it purports to be, it cannot solve the moral challenges that it pretends to solve. All three critiques are rebutted.
The Principle of Comparison and the Peculiar Self
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

Hume’s principle of comparison is introduced and discussed in relation to his notion of sympathy. Much ink has been spilled on the role played by the principle of sympathy in Hume’s moral philosophy and his philosophy more generally. This is not true of his principle of comparison, which is surprising given the importance of comparison in Hume’s philosophy, particularly in A Treatise of Human Nature. Hume is the philosopher of comparison: in fact, he suggests in Book One of the Treatise that reasoning consists in nothing but comparison. It is further suggested that comparative feelings such as envy and contempt structure processes of social differentiation and establish seemingly natural distinctions between otherwise equal citizens. Hume’s account of social differentiation is distinguished from Rousseau’s account in the Second Discourse.
Sympathy and the Impartial Spectator
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

The chapter analyzes Smith’s account of sympathy to assess it in terms of the central topic: the question of relational inequality. The egalitarian reading of Smith’s approach to sympathy is contested. While it is true that many of his central moral categories, such as the impartial spectator in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, seem to be designed to prove that humans can treat others with equal dignity and consideration, it is easy to show that Smith writes instructively on inequalities and their emotional underpinnings; the egalitarian reading, it is suggested, tends to downplay these insights. His account can also be taken as presenting some of the shortcomings of sympathy as impartiality. Finally, particularly in the 1790 edition of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith introduces the figure of the “wise and virtuous man” who is clearly distinguished from the “mob of mankind” and thus appears to confute the egalitarian reading of Smith.
The Materiality of Moral Distance II
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

In continuation of Chapter 15, the question tackled is which built worlds or designed spaces, habits and languages, tax schemes and marriage patterns, levels of difference in wealth and income, or online “bubble” effects impact on our capacity to empathically enlarge our circle of understanding and feeling. Phenomena like gated communities, the privatization of public space, gentrification, ghettos, marriage patterns, income, wealth and taxation schemes, echo chambers and language barriers are discussed. Apart from discussing various forms of empathy gulf, the phenomenon of unempathizability is introduced as constituting a radical type of non-relation. Jason Stanley’s notion of flawed ideology is taken up and reinterpreted as allowing justification of certain forms of non-relation.
Critique and Comparison
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

The question this chapter confronts is this: How do massive socio-economic inequalities shape the ability to criticize just these inequalities? How is privilege downplayed and criticism made difficult? In a reading of Rachel Sherman’s The Anxieties of Affluence, the chapter proposes various strategies of the privileged to divert attention away from given relations and discourage critically inspired processes of comparison. Among these strategies one also finds reference to luck as the one factor helping to establish one’s status. The chapter offers several quotes from the interviews Sherman led with wealthy New Yorkers and interprets them in the term suggested by the study.
Public Health Policymaking
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides an overview of various elements involved in public health policy making. It starts with a look at how legislatures develop policymaking priorities. It discusses the tools of policymaking, including laws, rules, executive orders and more, and weighs some of their benefits and shortcomings. It also describes the process of drafting legislation, highlighting a number of factors that should be considered, including strategies regarding coalition building inside government and with external organizations and community groups.
A History of Changing Places for Learning, Creativity, and Care in the City
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

In the United Kingdom, the “non-formal learning sector” refers to a raft of organizations that offer young people, frequently from low-income families, opportunities to participate, learn about, and possibly be trained in a range of performing and creative arts. This chapter presents an anatomy of an organization to give some sense of the uniqueness of YouthSites. It then provides a brief overview of the size and scope of “the sector,” including a sense of how these organizations contribute to the notion of a discrete “field” of action. It also prefigures some of the debate about what it means to talk about these organizations working as a sector in the service of youth transitions.
The Challenges of Researching the Non-Formal Learning Sector
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

This section offers an overview of the scope, range, and reach of the organizations that comprise what should be thought of as a sector or field in the three cities of London, Toronto, and Vancouver. The section provides an explanation of how the authors imagined, found, and excavated these organizations over a period of time since the 1990s to compare and contrast them as a data set. It then offers a synoptic overview of the organizations as a city-by-city story, followed by an attempt to change perspective. Rather than viewing the organizations from a top-down scholarly gaze, explanations from young people’s points of view are presented regarding why they might be interested in attending these organizations, what participation might mean for them—in general, to give some sense of what the point of the experience might be from viewpoints other than those of the funders, leaders, and policymakers.
A Tale of Three Cities
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

This chapter offers a historical overview of the rise, reach, and fall of YouthSites in the cities of London, Toronto, and Vancouver. The national histories of youth, education, and arts provision in each country manifestly influence the organizations. The political commitments within city politics, which, of course, fluctuate over the period, are equally influential. The chapter discusses the particular kinds of influence that spurred growth—ranging from evangelical youth provision to investments in the creative technology workforce—and shows how these were supported and were equally subject to changes in funding fashions, moral panics, political concerns, and social anxieties in the United Kingdom and Canada.
The Paradox of Enterprise
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

YouthSites consolidated as a “non-formal learning sector” in the wider political context of neoliberal reform of the welfare state. This chapter discusses how this context enabled growth and enterprise supporting visions of service, community, education, and the arts. Changes witnessed since 1990 have come about as a result of a particular kind of struggle over the growth of funding regimes that emerged in response to the privatization of welfare funding. These changes were designed and implemented through forms of new public management and galvanized by the energies of social enterprise. This chapter describes the difficulties that organizations had in morphing into fully fledged businesses and, in particular, the stresses that emerged between organizations forced to diversify and become accountable to different control mechanisms. It is suggested that these tensions are best understood as a form of neoliberal governance that determined some of the key ways organizations shaped themselves to appear fit and competitive in the changing marketplaces of the enterprise state.
Misunderstood Water
Authors: Zeitoun Mark
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains the first part of the paradox between the care that many of us think we have about water and the actual way we use it. It suggests two ways of understanding water. The natural scientific method describes the biological and physical reasons for the water cycle, floods, and scarcity. A social science understanding of water reveals how scarcity can be manufactured, how water flows uphill (to money and power) and rain is commodified. It also explains why those who understand the limits and merits of both scientific and social understandings of water may begin to see past the paradox and challenge the status quo.
Conclusion
Authors: Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2023

The book’s concluding chapter has three tasks. First, by drawing on insights provided throughout the book, I use the entanglement thesis to paint a composite picture of evangelical/gang interactions. Second, I lay out policy recommendations for evangelicals in their efforts to reduce gang violence and prevalence. Workshops are needed, for example, to increase evangelicals’ ability to effectively leverage soft power in their communities, provide trauma counselling to gang members and victims of violence, and to navigate extortion demands and other forms of gang aggression. Finally, I highlight cross-cutting lessons about how contemporary evangelicals interact with society and social problems more generally. Today, evangelicals are more likely to be community leaders in creating solutions to poverty. But evangelicals are also more likely to engage in criminal activity and to be incarcerated. For better and for worse, evangelicals are increasingly part of the fabric of mainstream Latin American society.
Policing in a Complex and Coupled Criminal Legal System
Authors: Monaghan Jake
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that just policing requires attention to the complexity of the social world. Attempts at social control are fraught, and we should expect them to produce injustices of their own. But it is important to understand the nature of the injustices. They are often the result of honest political disagreements or the result of small problems in one social system interacting with problems in others and creating new or amplifying existing injustices. Policing is coupled with key social arrangements at all levels of society, so pathologies in other social arrangements can affect the justice of policing and vice versa. Unintended consequences, misaligned incentives, and feedback loops are the rule rather than the exception. This chapter argues that police discretion is an essential tool in avoiding many of the injustices arising from complexity and coupling.
Conclusion
Authors: Monaghan Jake
Published: March 2023

This chapter summarizes the foregoing. Social control is an ineliminable part of society and an essential part of a just society. Institutions of social control settle predictable conflicts of legitimate interest that arise in contexts of density and diversity. Unfortunately, that diversity entails that there is unavoidable disagreement over what justice demands of the police and what just social control looks like. The strategic, legitimacy-risk-minimizing use of police discretion is important for just policing. We should accept a framework that encourages police to minimize normative risks rather than pushing them to achieve a fully-formed ideal of justice because the nature of public policing is that there will always be competing visions of justice, and so competing claims on police power. Policing, like all forms of social control, is fraught with injustice.
Matter and spirit: The great illusion
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

Behind the two seemingly opposing notions of matter and spirit lies an immense confusion, which contributes to maintaining the subject-object duality in human thoughts and actions. In physics, the matter-energy duality is an arbitrary representation of the complex “substance” of the world, which inextricably mixes the properties of matter and energy. Like energy, the “spirit” of animists and spiritualists is merely the active, immaterial side of what has been reified as inert matter in modernity. Counterintuitively, modern materialism is a disguised form of spiritualism that legitimizes the spiritual power of humans over inert matter. Capitalism itself arose from an ascetic will to work for the glory of the Christian God in this world. Therefore, the solution to the ills of modernity and capitalism lies not in spirituality, but in reconnecting with the sensible world within and around us, at once in all its materiality and in all its spirituality.
Embracing life that flows through us
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

Although unprecedented in human history, the challenge of building a new relationship with nature is within our reach. The main obstacle to its realization lies in the power of the collective fictions that permeate human thoughts and behavior. Major social transformations generally result from the convergence of two factors: a slow evolution of collective consciousness and a crisis situation. The two factors are currently maturing, but there is a considerable gap between the urgency of the necessary transformation and the slow pace of change in human consciousness, action, and demography. This is no reason, however, to contemplate, powerless, the prospect of a seemingly inevitable catastrophe. Life is the most precious thing humans have. It never ceases to surprise, and it calls on people to give the best of themselves to help it flourish as an integral part of nature.
The Ghost of Patrick Henry
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

James Madison takes his seat in the House of Representatives. He is politically committed to write and pass a bill of rights but encounters resistance from federalists and antifederalists. Madison writes a bill of rights and works to move it through Congress. One of his colleagues says Madison was “haunted by the ghost of Patrick Henry” in pursuing this project. The House refers Madison’s proposal to a committee that includes Roger Sherman of Connecticut, who believed it necessary to assure the South that the North could not interfere with slavery. The chapter follows Madison’s proposal through debates, revisions, and adoption.
Conclusion
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

On August 17, 1814, British forces are marching on Washington, DC. Secretary of War John Armstrong informs President James Madison that “as the battle would be between militia and regular forces, the former would be beaten.” He is right. Although on foreign soil and facing a much larger force, British regulars make short work of American militia and burn the Capitol and White House to the ground. These are the fruits of Madison following Jefferson and becoming less of a nationalist, and perhaps, too, of writing a Second Amendment to protect slavery rather than national defense.
Lamentations and the Mourners for Zion
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the “Mourners for Zion”—the Karaites of Jerusalem—and shows how the biblical book of Lamentations became a spiritual and intellectual resource for their community. While the ancient rabbis generally read Lamentations as a paradigm for later catastrophes and advocated quietist attitudes toward a future redemption, the establishment of a Karaite community in Jerusalem in the late ninth century fundamentally altered the exilic context of Jewish biblical interpretation. In Lamentations, the Karaites found a vocabulary of mourning to ground their liturgy and ritual practice, a framework for theological teachings on sin and retribution, and a spiritual justification for their presence in Jerusalem. The chapter introduces Salmon ben Yerūḥīm—author of the earliest extant Karaite commentary on Lamentations—and related scholars of the Judeo-Arabic tradition. These scholars include Daniel al-Qūmisī, Yaʿqub al-Qirqisānī, Saadia Gaon, David ben Abraham al-Fāsī, Yūsuf b. Nūḥ, Yefet b. ʿElī, and Sahl b. Maṣliaḥ.
Salmon’s Engagement with Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

The Karaite movement is known for its antagonism to the traditions and institutions of the ancient rabbis and their intellectual heirs, the medieval Rabbanites. Yet scholars have demonstrated that Salmon and his fellow Karaites were not only familiar with rabbinic texts but also actively engaged with these sources when formulating their own literature. This chapter analyzes Salmon’s allusions to rabbinic sources, from the Targum and the Talmud to the Pesikta de Rab Kahana and Lamentations Rabbah. The purpose of this analysis is to show that Salmon relied upon and strategically reconceived rabbinic teachings as a way of confirming exegetical points, crafting homilies, or constructing anti-Rabbanite polemics. This chapter focuses on the deep imprint of rabbinic culture in Salmon’s intellectual formation, arguing that his genius lies, in part, in his ability to reformulate the rabbinic tradition as a building block of Karaite Judaism.
Salmon’s Approach to Figurative Language
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

Lamentations is full of poetic imagery and figurative language, and Salmon uses Arabic literary theory to make sense of its meaning. This chapter explores Salmon’s use of linguistic terminology such as majāz (figurative language), istiʿāra (metaphor), tamthīl (analogy), mathal (parable), and ḥaqīqa (true meaning). Salmon’s fluid use of this technical vocabulary places him alongside contemporary Muslim exegetes, who also implemented such terminology experimentally as its meaning evolved during the tenth century. His discussions of figurative language indicate his participation in an Arabic intellectual milieu in which interpretive challenges stretched across religious boundaries. For Salmon, the study of rhetoric was not an end unto itself but, rather, a tool for determining and demonstrating the spiritual message of Lamentations.
Invocation
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

The Lamentations commentary opens with words of praise for God. This Arabic prose composition—variously referred to as the dībāja, khuṭba, or taḥmīd—is somewhat formulaic. It contains concepts and vocabulary familiar from the broader Arabic-Islamic literary and philosophical traditions, as well as distinctively Jewish elements. The initial Hebrew phrase invoking the name of God recalls the basmala of Muslim texts. The assemblage of biblical verses in praise of God’s justice and righteousness are thematically suited to the commentary, since Salmon claims that God’s punishments, as recounted in Lamentations, are inherently just. While divine justice is the predominant theme of the Invocation, Salmon praises God in other terms that resonate with Muʿtazilite thought. He emphasizes divine unity and eternality, glorifies God as Creator of the world ex nihilo, and notes that rational beings recognize their Creator.
Lamentations 4
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

In his comments on Lamentations 4, Salmon expands upon his principles of reflection on history (iʿtibār) and requital in kind (bāb al-muqābala), demonstrating that divine punishments correspond to Israel’s crimes. He often marshals these principles in service of Karaite anti-Rabbanite polemics, as when he contends that God “kindled a fire in Zion” (Lam 4:11) as retribution for unlawful Jewish practices of kindling fires on the Sabbath. This chapter contains one of Salmon’s most explicitly theological passages. For him, Lamentations 4:20 refers to King Josiah, whose death was not a punishment for any sin but, rather, the result of God’s grace in sparing the righteous king from the exile and suffering that the nation deserved because of their corruption. Salmon uses Muʿtazilite terminology to explain that God will compensate Josiah in the Hereafter for the trial of his premature death. Throughout these comments, Salmon emphasizes that Lamentations is Jeremiah’s instruction for Israel. He reads Jeremiah 8 as prophetic instruction for how the Jewish people must lament for themselves in periods of exile (Lam 4:1). Further, he embeds a lament homily of possible liturgical usage, assembled from biblical verses that promote weeping over Israel’s losses (Lam 4:15). The chapter contains translations of Salmon’s comments to Lamentations 4:1, 6, 11, 15, 17, 20, and 22.
Two Mirrors, Fleeting Reflections
Authors: Li Shenghai
Published: March 2023

This chapter traces Dandin’s Mirror of Literature (Kāvyādarśa) in East Asia. Although the Mirror was never adapted into premodern Chinese, indirect knowledge of it and of Sanskrit poetics more generally can be deduced. The chapter follows three extended moments of cultural exchange between South Asia and East Asia. The first phase consists of the earliest (pre-Dandin) wave of translations of Buddhist literature into Chinese, where knowledge of Sanskrit ornaments (alaṅkāra) is demonstrable. The second is found in an early ninth-century anthology of Chinese poetics by the Japanese scholar Kukai who had studied in China; his Mirror of Literature and Treasury of Mysteries has suggestive parallels with Dandin’s Mirror, especially in its discussion of literary flaws and of patterns of syllabic repetition. The third was under the auspices of Song emperor Taizong (927–997), when Indian visual poetry stimulated the development of Chinese counterparts, with some striking parallels to Dandin.
Grounding and Fundamentality
Authors: deRosset Louis
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the notion of grounding, describes the rudiments of a theory of grounding, and says in detail how it is used to understand the idea that some facts are more fundamental than others. A link between grounding and a familiar kind of explanation is developed. Three sources of insight into the nature and features of grounding are described. These sources of insight include a battery of familiar cases in which inquiry into grounds has yielded definitive results, a large class of highly intuitive cases in which we have grounding and in which we have lack of grounding, and a well-established and often successful practice of proposing and assessing explanations of the sort which accompany grounding. The idea that nature is structured into layers, with phenomena in higher layers dependent on and determined by those in lower layers is described and given a ground-theoretic interpretation.
Skepticism
Authors: deRosset Louis
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes some skeptical challenges that have been proposed in the literature, develops a couple of new challenges, and explores the prospects for meeting the challenges. Skeptics of the sort under discussion hold that there are dispositive reasons to think in advance that the project of the book, to develop and fruitfully apply the theory of grounding, is in principle defective. Three types of skepticism are identified. Hard eliminativists hold that grounding claims are never true; soft eliminativists, that, even if such claims are true, the notion of grounding is unsuitable for theorizing; and revolutionary reductionists, that even if such claims are true and the notion is suitable for theorizing, there are other notions that are better suited for the theoretical purposes for which grounding is recruited. Motivations for each type of skepticism are discussed, and reasons for optimism at this early stage are identified.
Preventing Collapse
Authors: deRosset Louis
Published: March 2023

This is a transitional chapter including both substantial further development of the theory of grounding and an application to a problem of wider significance. The question addressed in this chapter concerns how the connections of ground themselves may be dependent on and determined by more fundamental facts. In the absence of an answer, we seem to have good reason to believe that we have not captured the idea that nature is structured into layers. The chapter argues (following Ted Sider) that a similar question arises more generally for any view which accommodates the idea that some facts are more fundamental than others, and so a solution serves any attempt, ground-theoretic or not, to articulate the idea that nature is structured into layers. A ground-theoretic solution to this problem is proposed. The chapter offers reasons for thinking that this ground-theoretic solution is completely satisfactory.
Resurrecting Biological Essentialism
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: March 2023

The chapter defends the doctrine that Linnaean taxa, including species, have essences that are partly intrinsic underlying, probably largely genetic, properties. The consensus among philosophers of biology is that such essentialism is deeply wrong, indeed incompatible with Darwinism. I argue that biological generalizations about the morphology, physiology, and behavior of species require structural explanations that must advert to these essential properties. The objection that, according to current “species concepts”, species are relational is rejected. These concepts are primarily concerned with what it is for a kind to be a species and throw little light on the essentialist issue of what it is for an organism to be a member of a particular kind. Finally, the chapter argues that this essentialism can accommodate features of Darwinism associated with variation and change. In particular, essentialism can accept gradual change and a certain indeterminacy about species.
CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE ROCKS OF THE EARTH
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

Carbon comes in many forms that continuously cycle around on and in the Earth. Antoine Lavoisier was the first to make the connection between the carbon found in chalks and marbles and the carbon dioxide in the air. But the real insight in matter cycling around on Earth came from James Hutton, the founder of geology. He realized that exposed rock was continually being eroded and that the eroded material would have to be transported into the seas, where adding layer after layer produced compaction and eventually new rock. Jacques Ébelmen did further establish the key elements of the carbon cycle. Ébelmen realized that chemical reactions between the material that formed the rocks and carbon dioxide could take it out of the air and eventually move it into the ocean. Harold Urey would put this into the now classic Urey equations. The combination of availability of water and carbon dioxide provides a key to the geological thermostat. CO2 does play a pivotal role in the Earth’s climate. The Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky established that life was not only driven by geology, but also could act to shape geology. He coined the term biosphere for all the living matter on the planet. His friend Victor Goldschmidt subsequently linked the organic carbon cycle (which consists of producing organic biomass and respiring it) with the geological cycle and with the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. His final estimates of the size of the Earth’s carbon reservoir were eerily close to today’s estimates.
HUMANS, FIRE, FOSSIL FUEL, AND THE RISE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO2
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

At the beginning of the Holocene, 10,000 years ago, 71% of the Earth’s habitable land was covered by forests. We now have cut or burned down 50% of the original forest areas, so are left with only 38% forest cover remaining. The carbon of these trees ends up in the atmosphere when trees are burnt or left to decompose. Historically, changes in atmospheric CO2 were caused by deforestation and land-use change; today these emissions are surpassed by emissions from burning fossil fuel. Before 1950 most of the fossil fuel emissions came from coals, the share of oil and gas increasing after that. Up to 1950, roughly 90% of the emissions came from Europe and the US. In the latter part of the twentieth century CO2 emissions from China, the rest of Asia, and some countries in Latin America picked up. In 2006 China became the largest fossil fuel-related CO2 emitter, surpassing the US. The western world, i.e. the US and Europe, is responsible for over 50% of the cumulative emissions since industrialization. The world’s Gross Domestic Product, global primary energy consumption, and carbon intensity drive the global emissions. Roughly half of the fossil fuel emissions ends up in the atmosphere. Both the ocean and the land currently take up the other part of the emitted CO2. This free hoover service helps regulating the atmospheric load. So far, this service appears to hold, but it is unclear for how long…
DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: March 2023

We get acquainted with measurements of the concentration (mole fraction) of CO2 in the atmosphere. Charles David Keeling started the famous Mauna Loa series in 1958 that is now the iconic symbol of human impact on the climate. He made direct measurements of the mole fraction, rather than the indirect measurements obtained by chemical titration. He noticed that there was a small gradual increase per year in the baseline. Soon he related this to the impact of fossil fuel burning. In 1957 Roger Revelle and Hans Suess stated famously that ‘human beings are now carrying out a large-scale geophysical experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be reproduced in the future.’ Bert Bolin subsequently showed that taking up CO2 by the surface ocean is one thing but bringing it down to the deep ocean quite another. Measuring carbon in the ocean is more difficult than in the atmosphere as it comes in three different forms, dissolved CO2, carbonate, and bicarbonate. The three are in intricate chemical equilibrium, which can shift depending on the availability of one or more of the components. This equilibrium forms the basis for the buffering capacity of the ocean. The US-based Japanese scientist Taro Takahashi did for ocean measurements what Keeling had done for the atmosphere—he developed a system to directly measure the concentration of CO2 in ocean surface waters. Today, observations in the atmosphere and ocean are coordinated by several large international programmes.
The Bible in Insular Tradition
Authors: McNamara Martin
Published: March 2023

Abstract: This chapter considers the Latin Bible in Insular tradition, principally that of Ireland, from earliest times until around the fourteenth century. It first examines the relevant background in Ireland during this period, noting the manifold contacts with Northumbria, Bede, and Anglo-Saxon England. It then lists and discusses Irish biblical manuscripts, in the sequence of complete Bibles, psalters (containing the Gallicanum and Hebraicum texts), gospel books, glosses on the Pauline Epistles and commentaries on other New Testament books. The biblical text of these is largely Vulgate, but with distinctive Irish features many of which go back to Old Latin tradition. Finally, mention is made of Irish scribes and scholars on the European continent.
The Latin Bible in the Renaissance and Early Print Culture
Authors: Needham Paul
Published: March 2023

Abstract: Four stages may be identified in the transmission of the Vulgate text in the first century of its printing. First is the Gutenberg Bible, probably completed in 1455, closely related to the tradition of Paris Bibles. Next come the partial corrections in a 1462 Mainz edition, followed by additional adjustments in Franz Renner’s 1475 Venice Bible. Finally, there are the emendations of Robert Estienne’s Paris editions of 1528, 1532, and 1540, leading to the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate. Other humanist printers and scholars made major contributions in this period, most notably Desiderius Erasmus, Anton Koberger, Lucantonio Giunta, Santi Pagnini, and Sebastian Münster. The most advanced textual scholarship, by Gobelinus Laridius on the Old Testament, did not become part of broader tradition. An important role was also played by the development of multilingual editions, especially the Complutensian Polyglot and multiple-column psalters. Developments in the selection of biblical books and the creation of paratextual material and indexes are also considered, as well as the printing of the standard medieval commentaries alongside the biblical text.
A Polyphenol Oxidase Catalyzes Aurone Synthesis in Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Furudate Hiraku , Manabe Misaki , Oshikiri Haruka , Matsushita Ayako , Watanabe Bunta , Waki Toshiyuki , Nakayama Toru , Kubo Hiroyoshi , Takanashi Kojiro
Published: March 2023

Aurones constitute one of the major classes of flavonoids, with a characteristic furanone structure that acts as the C-ring of flavonoids. Members of various enzyme families are involved in aurone biosynthesis in different higher plants, suggesting that during evolution plants acquired the ability to biosynthesize aurones independently and convergently. Bryophytes also produce aurones, but the biosynthetic pathways and enzymes involved have not been determined. The present study describes the identification and characterization of a polyphenol oxidase (PPO) that acts as an aureusidin synthase (MpAS1) in the model liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. Crude enzyme assays using an M. polymorpha line overexpressing MpMYB14 with high accumulation of aureusidin showed that aureusidin was biosynthesized from naringenin chalcone and converted to riccionidin A. This activity was inhibited by N-phenylthiourea, an inhibitor specific to enzymes of the PPO family. Of the six PPOs highly induced in the line overexpressing MpMyb14, one, MpAS1, was found to biosynthesize aureusidin from naringenin chalcone when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MpAS1 also recognized eriodictyol chalcone, isoliquiritigenin and butein, showing the highest activity for eriodictyol chalcone. Members of the PPO family in M. polymorpha evolved independently from PPOs in higher plants, indicating that aureusidin synthases evolved in parallel in land plants.
Higher-order NLS with anisotropic dispersion and modulation spaces: a global existence and scattering result
Authors: Chaichenets L , Pattakos  N
Published: March 2023

In this paper we transfer a small data global existence and scattering result by Wang and Hudzik to the more general case of modulation spaces $M_{p, q}^s(\mathbb{R}^d)$ where q = 1 and $s \geq 0$ or $q \in (1, \infty]$ and $s \gt \frac{d}{q^{\prime}}$ and to the non-linear Schrödinger equation with higher-order anisotropic dispersion.
SAZERAC BRANDS, LLC v LIVERPOOL GIN DISTILLERY LTD
Authors:   Court of Appeal
Published: March 2023

H1 Trade Marks—European trade marks—Alcoholic beverages—EAGLE RARE—AMERICAN EAGLE—Infringement—Global assessment—Average consumer—Likelihood of confusion—Indirect confusion—“Wrong-way round” confusion—Appeal to Court of Appeal
Systemic effects of excessive alcohol consumption
Authors: Pullen Richard L. , Hammond Lori , Harris Shonna
Published: March 2023

This article presents priority nursing assessments and interventions that address the multicellular assault of excessive alcohol consumption on bodily organs and the impact on the patient's quality of life.
Routine Versus On-Demand Blood Sampling in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review*
Authors: Hjortsø Carl J. S. , Møller Morten H. , Perner Anders , Brøchner Anne C.
Published: March 2023

OBJECTIVES:

We aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence on routine versus on-demand blood sampling in critical care. We assessed the reported proportion of patients exposed to daily routine blood sampling, the tests performed, characteristics associated with more frequent blood sampling, and the reported benefits and harms of routine blood sampling compared with on-demand sampling.

DATA SOURCES:

We systematically searched the Cochrane Library, the Excerpta Medica Database, and the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online for studies assessing routine versus on-demand blood testing in critically ill patients from inception to September 2022.

STUDY SELECTION:

Abstracts and full texts were assessed independently and in duplicate by two reviewers.

STUDY EXTRACTION:

Data were extracted independently and in duplicate by two reviewers using predefined extraction forms.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Of 12,212 records screened, 298 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. We included 70 studies; 50 nonrandomized interventional studies and 20 observational studies. Exposure to routine blood testing was 52–100% (very low certainty of evidence). Blood testing seemed to occur more frequently in medical intensive care settings with a median of 18 blood tests per patient day (interquartile range, 10–33) (very low certainty of evidence). Mixed biochemistry seemed to be the most frequently performed blood tests across all settings (five tests per patient day; interquartile range, 2–10) (very low certainty of evidence). Reductions in routine blood testing seemed to be associated with reduced transfusion rates and costs without apparent adverse patient outcomes (low certainty of evidence).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this systematic review, routine blood testing in critically ill patients was common and varied considerably. A reduction in routine blood testing appeared to be associated with reduced transfusion rates and costs without adverse effects, but the evidence was very uncertain.
Establishing breakpoints for amoxicillin/clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbactam for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from positive blood culture bottles
Authors: König Elisabeth , Iser Juliane , Zechner-Sammer Tanja , Friedl Herwig , Krause Robert , Valentin Thomas , Leitner Eva , Steinmetz Ivo , Zollner-Schwetz Ines
Published: March 2023

Introduction. In 2018, EUCAST released guidelines on rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) directly from positive blood culture bottles for selected bacterial species and antimicrobial agents, but not for the commonly used agents amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMC) and ampicillin/sulbactam (SAM).

Hypothesis/Gap statement. This work addresses the

Enterobacterales

RAST capability gap for betalactam/betalactamase inhibitor combinations.

Aim. We aimed to determine RAST breakpoints for AMC and SAM for

Escherichia coli

and

Klebsiella pneumoniae

after 4 and 6 h of incubation directly from positive blood cultures.

Methodology. Blood culture bottles were spiked with clinical isolates of

E. coli

(n=89) and

K. pneumoniae

(n=81). RAST was performed according to EUCAST guidelines and zones were read after 4 and 6 h. Breakpoints were defined to avoid very major errors.

Results. The proportion of readable zone diameters after 4 h of incubation were 90.8 % in

E. coli

and 85.8 % in

K. pneumoniae

isolates. After 6 h of incubation all zone diameters could be read. The proposed breakpoints for

E. coli

after 6 h of incubation were ≥16 mm S (susceptible), 14–15 mm ATU (area of technical uncertainty) and <14 mm R (resistant) for AMC; ≥15 mm S, 12–14 mm ATU and <12 mm R for SAM; for

K. pneumoniae

these were ≥16 mm S, 14–15 mm ATU and <14 mm R for AMC; ≥13 mm S, 12 mm ATU, <12 mm R for SAM. Applying our newly set breakpoints, major errors were infrequent (2.6 %).

Conclusion. We propose novel AMC and SAM breakpoints for RAST directly from positive blood cultures for reading after 4 and 6 h of incubation.
Statistical modeling and analysis of multiplexed imaging data
Authors: Bost Pierre , Casanova Ruben , Mor Uria , Bodenmiller Bernd
Published: March 2023

The rapid development of multiplexed imaging technologies has enabled the spatial cartography of various healthy and tumor tissues. However, the lack of adequate statistical models has hampered the use of multiplexed imaging to efficiently compare tissue composition across sample groups, for instance between healthy and tumor tissue samples. Here, we developed two statistical models that accurately describe the distribution of cell counts observed in a given field of view in an imaging experiment. The parameters of these distributions are directly linked to the field of view size and also to properties of the studied cell type such as cellular density and spatial aggregation. Using these models, we identified statistical tests that have improved statistical power for differential abundance testing of tissue composition compared to the commonly used rank-based test. Our analysis revealed that spatial aggregation is the main determinant of statistical power and that to have sufficient power to detect differences in cell counts when cells are highly aggregated may require sampling of hundreds of fields of view. To overcome this challenge, we provide a new stratified sampling strategy that might significantly reduce the number of required samples.
Elevated CD153 Expression on Aged T Follicular Helper Cells is Vital for B cell Responses
Authors: Thomas Alyssa L. , Wayman Joseph A. , Almanan Maha , Bejjani Anthony T. , Miraldi Emily R. , Chougnet Claire A. , Hildeman David A.
Published: March 2023

Our recent data showed that an aberrant IL-10-producing T follicular helper population (Tfh10) accumulates dramatically with age and is associated with age-related declines in vaccine responsiveness. Through single cell gene expression and chromatin accessibility analysis of IL-10+and IL-10−memory CD4+ T cells from young and aged mice, we identified increased expression of CD153 on aged Tfh and Tfh10 cells. Mechanistically, we linked inflammaging (increased IL-6 levels) to elevated CD153 expression of Tfh cells through c-Maf. Surprisingly, blockade of CD153 in aged mice significantly reduced their vaccine-driven antibody response, which was associated with decreased expression of ICOS on antigen-specific Tfh cells. Combined, these data show that an IL-6/c-Maf/CD153 circuit is critical for maintaining ICOS expression. Thus, although overall Tfh-mediated B cell responses are reduced in the context of vaccines and aging, our data suggest that elevated expression of CD153 on Tfh cells potentiates the remaining Tfh function in aged mice.
Control of meiotic entry by dual inhibition of a key mitotic transcription factor
Authors: Su Amanda J. , Yendluri Siri C. , Ünal Elçin
Published: March 2023

The mitosis to meiosis transition requires dynamic changes in gene expression, but whether and how the mitotic transcriptional machinery is regulated during this transition is unknown. In budding yeast, SBF and MBF transcription factors initiate the mitotic gene expression program. Here, we report two mechanisms that work together to restrict SBF activity during meiotic entry: repression of the SBF-specific Swi4 subunit through LUTI-based regulation and inhibition of SBF by Whi5, a functional homolog of the Rb tumor suppressor. We find that untimely SBF activation causes downregulation of early meiotic genes and delays meiotic entry. These defects are largely driven by the SBF-target G1 cyclins, which block the interaction between the central meiotic regulator Ime1 and its cofactor Ume6. Our study provides insight into the role ofSWI4LUTIin establishing the meiotic transcriptional program and demonstrates how the LUTI-based regulation is integrated into a larger regulatory network to ensure timely SBF activity.

HIGHLIGHTS

SBF subunit Swi4 is downregulated at meiotic entry by the LUTI-based mechanism

SWI4LUTIand Whi5 work together to inhibit SBF at meiotic entry

SBF and Ime1 TFs antagonize each other, ensuring mutually exclusive cell states

SBF-target G1 cyclins block meiosis by preventing Ime1-Ume6 interaction
Embryonic type 3 innate lymphoid cells sense maternal dietary cholesterol to control local Peyer’s patch development
Authors: Howley Kelsey , Berthelette Alyssa , Ceglia Simona , Kang Joonsoo , Reboldi Andrea
Published: March 2023

Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells develop during intrauterine life and rely on developmental programs to initiate the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). This evolutionary conserved process endows the fetus with the ability to orchestrate the immune response after birth and to react to the triggers present in the environment. While it is established that LTi function can be shaped by maternal-derived cues and is critical to prepare the neonate with a functional scaffold to mount immune response, the cellular mechanisms that control anatomically distinct SLO organogenesis remain unclear.

We discovered that LTi cells forming Peyer’s patches, gut-specific SLOs, require the coordinated action of two migratory G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) GPR183 and CCR6. These two GPCRs are uniformly expressed on LTi cells across SLOs, but their deficiency specifically impacts Peyer’s patch formation, even when restricted to fetal window. The unique CCR6 ligand is CCL20, while the ligand for GPR183 is the cholesterol metabolite 7α,25-Dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-HC), whose production is controlled by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). We identified a fetal stromal cell subset that expresses CH25H and attracts LTi cells in the nascent Peyer’s patch anlagen. GPR183 ligand concentration can be modulated by the cholesterol content in the maternal diet and impacts LTi cell maturation in vitro and in vivo, highlighting a link between maternal nutrients and intestinal SLO organogenesis.

Our findings revealed that in the fetal intestine, cholesterol metabolite sensing by GPR183 in LTi cells for Peyer’s patch formation is dominant in the duodenum, the site of cholesterol absorption in the adult. This anatomic requirement suggests that embryonic, long-lived non-hematopoietic cells might exploit adult metabolic functions to ensure highly specialized SLO development in utero.