bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Multicriteria Assessment Methodology of the Decision Support System Implementation Effectiveness
Authors: Ważna Lilianna , Krupa Tadeusz
Published: March 2012

The Multicriteria Assessment Methodology of the Decision Support System Implementation Effectiveness

The multi-criteria assessment methodology of implementation effectiveness of information systems illustrated by an example of decision support system (DSS) realized in w information technologies is presented in the article. The assessment of DSS under consideration takes place using the knowledge recorded in the form of fuzzy neural network, collected in an enterprise, on the basis of earlier realized implementations of other information systems. A model of retrieved DSS is expressed by means of a set of functionalities serving business processes of the enterprise under consideration. A model of implementation undertaking determined by means of a set of preparatory actions for the implementation and a set of directly implementation and exploitation actions is built for the retrieved DSS as well. Furthermore, a vector determining a current and planned implementation state of a set of DSS functionalities in the enterprise at time moments, before and after the commencement of planned implementation of the retrieved DSS is built. A concept of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers is used in building DSS models. An adjustment of fuzzy parameters of DSS models takes place by means of geometrical method of maximum absolute error points. A presented methodology enables to execute a multi-criteria effectiveness assessment of planned undertaking in relation to subjective criteria established by the enterprise (preferred time, cost and values of priority indexes). Additionally, the knowledge collected on the basis of earlier realized implementations of information systems and applied imprecise description of parameters taking into account errors made in their estimation in the past is used.
Genetic Algorithms for Solving Scheduling Problems in Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Ławrynowicz Anna
Published: March 2012

Genetic Algorithms for Solving Scheduling Problems in Manufacturing Systems

Scheduling manufacturing operations is a complicated decision making process. From the computational point of view, the scheduling problem is one of the most notoriously intractable NP-hard optimization problems. When the manufacturing system is not too large, the traditional methods for solving scheduling problem proposed in the literature are able to obtain the optimal solution within reasonable time. But its implementation would not be easy with conventional information systems. Therefore, many researchers have proposed methods with genetic algorithms to support scheduling in the manufacturing system. The genetic algorithm belongs to the category of artificial intelligence. It is a very effective algorithm to search for optimal or near-optimal solutions for an optimization problem. This paper contains a survey of recent developments in building genetic algorithms for the advanced scheduling. In addition, the author proposes a new approach to the distributed scheduling in industrial clusters which uses a modified genetic algorithm.
Principals of Financial Modelling
Authors: Janiszewski Sławomir
Published: March 2012

Principals of Financial Modelling

The financial statements submitted by each company annually reflect their financial performance in the past but are also utilized to forecast the future results in quantitative and realistic frames. The aim of the following elaboration is to thoroughly research all the issues related to financial modelling. The author step by step introduces the reader with theoretical and practical assumptions related to forecasting of respectively, the profit & loss account, balance sheet account and cash flow statement. All of the issues are illustrated with excel spreadsheets that were prepared exclusively for this article purposes.
Application of image texture analysis for varietal classification of barley
Authors: Zapotoczny P.
Published: March 2012

Application of image texture analysis for varietal classification of barley

This paper presents the results of a study into the use of the texture parameters of barley kernel images in varietal classification. A total of more than 270 textures have been calculated from the surface of single kernels and bulk grain. The measurements were performed in four channels from a 24 bit image. The results were processed statistically by variable reduction and general discriminant analysis. Classification accuracy was more than 99%.
Detecting Mountain Peaks and Delineating Their Shapes Using Digital Elevation Models, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Using Autometric Methodological Procedures
Authors: Podobnikar Tomaž
Published: March 2012

The detection of peaks (summits) as the upper parts of mountains and the delineation of their shape is commonly confirmed by inspections carried out by mountaineers. In this study the complex task of peak detection and shape delineation is solved by autometric methodological procedures, more precisely, by developing relatively simple but innovative image-processing and spatial-analysis techniques (e.g., developing inventive variables using an annular moving window) in remote sensing and GIS domains. The techniques have been integrated into automated morphometric methodological procedures. The concepts of peaks and their shapes (sharp, blunt, oblong, circular and conical) were parameterized based on topographic and morphologic criteria. A geomorphologically high quality DEM was used as a fundamental dataset. The results, detected peaks with delineated shapes, have been integratively enriched with numerous independent datasets (e.g., with triangulated spot heights) and information (e.g., etymological information), and mountaineering criteria have been implemented to improve the judgments. This holistic approach has proved the applicability of both highly standardized and universal parameters for the geomorphologically diverse Kamnik Alps case study area. Possible applications of this research are numerous, e.g., a comprehensive quality control of DEM or significantly improved models for the spatial planning proposes.
Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis strains as probiotics and their potential as a food ingredient
Authors: Permpoonpattana P. , Hong H.A. , Khaneja R. , Cutting S.M.
Published: March 2012

Spores of Bacillus subtilis including one strain used commercially were evaluated for their potential value as a probiotic and as potential food additives. Two isolates of B. subtilis examined here were HU58, a human isolate and PXN21, a strain used in an existing commercial product. Compared to a domesticated laboratory strain of B. subtilis both isolates carried traits that could prove advantageous in the human gastro-intestinal tract. This included full resistance to gastric fluids, rapid sporulation and the formation of robust biofilms. We also showed that PXN21 spores when administered weekly to mice conferred non-specific cellular immune responses, indicative signs of the stimulation of innate immunity. Spores mixed in wholemeal biscuits were found to survive baking at 235 °C for 8 minutes with only a 1-log reduction in viability. That spores can survive the baking process offers the possibility of using spores as probiotic supplements in a range of novel food products.
Widespread Adoption of RFID Technology
Authors: Ahmed Nova
Published: March 2012

In recent years there is an emerging usage of RFID technology in various application scenarios. The authors have classified the applications into three major types: item tracking, where statically placed readers are responsible to track mobile items; item location where mobile readers are able to locate items of interest, and finally, identification applications where RFID tags are used for identification purposes. They have taken a close look at the various applications, the technology driving the RFID systems, and presented a comprehensive picture of requirements and considerations of particular RFID technology behind a class of applications.
Developments of e-Government in Sri Lanka
Authors: Karunasena Kanishka , Deng Hepu , Karunasena Anuradha
Published: March 2012

This chapter investigates the status of e-Government development, explores the opportunities created for citizens and government, and identifies the challenges for an effective implementation of e-Government in Sri Lanka. The study reveals that the dissemination of public information online, the provision of call centre services, and the establishment of tele-centres in rural areas have generally improved the wellbeing of citizens. It further shows that the development of information and communication technology infrastructure and the taking of the human resource capacity building initiative in public organizations have had a positive impact on the performance of public organizations. The study, however, reveals that the continuous development of e-Government in Sri Lanka is troubled by the uneven access of rural citizens to e-Government services, the low e-Readiness of citizens, the delay in implementing major e-Government projects, and the insufficient funding for successfully implementing all the e-Government initiatives.
A Statistical Analysis of Priority Factors for Local e-Government in a Developing Country
Authors: Wijaya St.Wisnu , Dwiatmoko Aris , Surendro Kridanto , Sastramihardja Husni S
Published: March 2012

This chapter presents findings of a study devoted to investigating the factors that influence successful implementation of e-Government at a local level in a developing country context. The study is based on the case study of Yogyakarta Local Government, Indonesia. Using qualitative methods of data gathering, the study developes a conceptual model with 27 items that were used for developing the questionnaire distributed into conducting in-depth interviews with 200 government officials in Yogyakarta, who adopted Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as a platform for their daily work activities. The study also conducted desk research that explored many documents on ICT implementation in the public sector. The results reveal that the most significant factors that influence success in e-Government projects are corporate culture and e-Governance competency. The other factors, in order of importance were users’ willingness and competency in using ICTs, Information quality and human resources competency, and system quality, which was moderated by information quality and human resources competency.
Law Modeling and BPR for Public Administration Improvement
Authors: Ciaghi Aaron , Villafiorita Adolfo
Published: March 2012

The presence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is becoming more pronounced in Public Administrations and in the context of legal knowledge management. In most countries, it is now possible for citizens to freely access the text of Parliamentary Acts, bills, judgments, et cetera. Analysts that work on re-engineering public administration processes must take into account all relevant sources of law as they will ultimately be modified in order to legitimize the new processes. This chapter considers the requirements to design a framework for business process re-engineering for public administrations by analyzing the existing systems for legal knowledge representation and interchange and the current technologies to assist modeling and change management of business processes. The ultimate goal is that of supporting the law-making process, facilitating the participation of people without a jurisprudence background to the editing of regulations, by providing effective means to comprehend and observe the law, make changes to the law, and to keep track of the dependencies between the text and the models. The framework presented in this chapter integrates several different and rather mature technologies developed in Europe and in Africa, providing a set of tools applicable to virtually any legal system.
Analyzing e-Government Research in Emerging Economies
Authors: Hernández Antonio Manuel López , Bolívar Manuel Pedro Rodríguez , Muñoz Laura Alcaide
Published: March 2012

The research field of e-Government is a broad one, and diverse methodologies have been used to analyse this subject. However, most such research has focused on developed countries, with the area of emerging economies being neglected. This chapter offers a framework to help public administrators and researchers evaluate the field of e-Government research in emerging economies, identifying the subjects examined, the research methodology applied and the compilation methods used in the e-Government research published in leading international journals, as well as the possible links between these questions. Knowledge gaps and research opportunities are identified from these observations. In addition, the authors highlight changes in the research methods employed, with a greater application of quantitative methods, thus reinforcing the development of a theoretical framework so that the application of e-Government may efficiently contribute to improving management in the public sector and examine the authors’ institutional affiliations.
The Design of a Lightweight RFID Middleware
Authors: Lin Fengqun , Chen Bocheng , Chan C.Y. , Wu C.H. , Ip W.H. , Mai Andy , Wang Hongyang , Liu Wenhuang
Published: March 2012

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) middleware is often regarded as the central nervous system of RFID systems. In this paper, a lightweight RFID middleware is designed and implemented without the need of an Application Level Events (ALE) structure, and its implementation process is described using a typical commerical enterprise. A short review of the current RFID middleware research and development is also included. The characteristics of RFID middleware are presented with a two-centric framework. The senarios of RFID data integration based on the simplified structure are provided to illuminats the design and implementation of the lightweight middleware structure and its development process. The lightweight middleware is easy to maintain and extend because of the simplified and streamlined structure and the short development cycle.
Oxidative Damage to Proteins
Authors: Davies Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Proteins are a major target for biological oxidants as a result of their abundance and high rate constants for reaction with many species. Protein damage is therefore a major consequence of oxidant formation both external to and within cells. Reaction can occur with both the side chains and backbone, with the extent of attack at particular sites dependent on multiple factors. In some cases, damage is limited to specific residues, whereas with other species (e.g., hydroxyl radicals), damage is widespread and nonspecific. These pathways, and the resulting products, are reviewed here. The latter include reactive hydroperoxides, which can induce further oxidation and chain reactions (both within proteins and to other molecules) and stable products that can be employed as biomarkers for protein oxidationin vitroandin vivo. The product profile can yield data on the oxidants involved. As most protein damage is nonrepairable, oxidation can have deleterious effects, including loss (or sometimes gain) of function (e.g., enzymatic, structural, or signaling), fragmentation, aggregation, unfolding, altered interactions with other proteins, and modified turnover. The major fate of oxidized proteins is catabolism by proteasomal and lysosomal pathways, but in some cases, these altered materials are poorly degraded and accumulate within cells; this may contribute to multiple human pathologies.
Growth of Metal–Metal Oxide Nanostructures on Freestanding Graphene Paper for Flexible Biosensors
Authors: Xiao Fei , Li Yuanqing , Zan Xiaoli , Liao Kin , Xu Rong , Duan Hongwei
Published: March 2012

Flexible biosensors are of considerable current interest for the development of portable point‐of‐care medical products, minimally invasive implantable devices, and compact diagnostic platforms. A new type of flexible electrochemical sensor fabricated by depositing high‐density Pt nanoparticles on freestanding reduced graphene oxide paper (rGOP) carrying MnO2 nanowire networks is reported. The triple‐component design offers new possibilities to integrate the mechanical and electrical properties of rGOP, the large surface area of MnO2 networks, and the catalytic activity of well‐dispersed and small‐sized Pt nanoparticles prepared via ultrasonic‐electrodeposition. The sensitivity and selectivity that the flexible electrode demonstrates for nonenzymatic detection of H2O2 enables its use for monitoring H2O2 secretion by live cells. The strategy of structurally integrating metal, metal oxide, and graphene paper will provide new insight into the design of flexible electrodes for a wide range of applications in biosensing, bioelectronics, and lab‐on‐a‐chip devices.
Regulation of the hydrolysis reactivity of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase with the aid of a hydrophobic porous carrier
Authors: Naya Masakazu , Imai Masanao
Published: March 2012

Lipid hydrolysis reaction by immobilized lipase (Candida rugosa) was achieved with the aid of a hydrophobic porous carrier (Accurel MP100) made of polypropylene. Lipase adsorption on the carrier surface was examined in acetate buffer aqueous solution (pH 6.5). The amount of adsorbed lipase per unit mass of Accurel increased with decreased particle diameter because of increase in surface area of Accurel particles. Adsorbed lipase was successfully immobilized by cross‐linking with the aid of glutaraldehyde (GA). The immobilized lipase yield based on the adsorbed amount exceeded 98% for every particle size. The reaction substrate (triolein) was dissolved in a W/O microemulsion phase prepared with sugar ester (DK‐ester‐F‐110) used as an amphiphilic component. The reactivity of immobilized lipase evaluated from the production rate of oleic acid strongly depended on the Accurel particle size. In particular, 500 to 840 µm diameter particles achieved an outstanding high reaction rate. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satisfaction in the context of customer co‐production: A behavioral involvement perspective
Authors: Hunt David M. , Geiger‐Oneto Stephanie , Varca Philip E.
Published: March 2012

Consumers increasingly subscribe to community‐supported agriculture (CSA) programs as an alternative retail channel for fresh produce. Compared with supermarket retailers, CSAs are built around an ethos of community rather than efficiency and economies of scale; and CSA programs demand far greater customer co‐production than supermarket retailers. For instance, CSA members (customers) assume responsibilities for physical distribution, market timing, and financial risk taking—activities that, for customers of traditional supermarkets, are assumed by the retailer or other market intermediaries. Service‐dominant logic suggests that such co‐production activities provide value for consumers. And the expanding demand for CSA programs anecdotally supports the notion that consumers find value in co‐producing fresh produce. However, whether or not co‐production leads to greater satisfaction with a product category remains largely untested. We draw on community theory to test if engagement in co‐production activities leads to satisfaction with a product category. By examining product satisfaction, we test an outcome of co‐production that is consumer‐centric. Results from an exploratory field study suggest that two types of value co‐creation—commitment to co‐production and behavioral involvement in product‐related activities—are positively correlated with product satisfaction. Our results support the notion that value co‐creation provides value for consumers. Interestingly, these findings are antithetical to studies that suggest service convenience constitutes non‐monetary value for consumers. Our study suggests that the community theory is a viable theoretical frame for consumer research on co‐production. Further, our findings suggest that consumer research into the co‐creation of value should incorporate measures of product satisfaction and draw on behavioral as opposed to exclusively attitudinal assessments of co‐production activities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Supported Chiral Titanium Cluster (SCTC) as a Robust Catalyst for the Asymmetric Cyanation of Imines under Batch and Continuous Flow at Room Temperature
Authors: Seayad Abdul M. , Ramalingam Balamurugan , Chai Christina L. L. , Li Chuanzhao , Garland Marc V. , Yoshinaga Kazuhiko
Published: March 2012

A robust heterogeneous self‐supported chiral titanium cluster (SCTC) catalyst and its application in the enantioselective imine‐cyanation/Strecker reaction is described under batch and continuous processes. One of the major hurdles in the asymmetric Strecker reaction is the lack of availability of efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalysts that work at room temperature. We exploited the readily hydrolyzable nature of titanium alkoxide to synthesize a self‐supported chiral titanium cluster (SCTC) catalyst by the controlled hydrolysis of a preformed chiral titanium‐alkoxide complex. The isolated SCTC catalysts were remarkably stable and showed up to 98 % enantioselectivity (ee) with complete conversion of the imine within 2 h for a wide variety of imines at room temperature. The heterogeneous catalysts were recyclable more than 10 times without any loss in activity or selectivity. The robustness, high performance, and recyclability of the catalyst enabled it to be used in a packed‐bed reactor to carry out the cyanation under continuous flow. Up to 97 % ee and quantitative conversion with a throughput of 45 mg h−1 were achieved under optimized flow conditions at room temperature in the case of benzhydryl imine. Furthermore, a three‐component Strecker reaction was performed under continuous flow by using the corresponding aldehydes and amines instead of the preformed imines. A good product distribution was obtained for the formation of amino nitriles with ee values of up to 98 %. Synthetically useful ee values were also obtained for challenging α‐branched aliphatic aldehyde by using the three‐component continuous Strecker reaction.
Distinct regional and subcellular localization of the actin‐binding protein filamin a in the mature rat brain
Authors: Noam Yoav , Phan Lise , McClelland Shawn , Manders Erik M. , Ehrengruber Markus U. , Wadman Wytse J. , Baram Tallie Z. , Chen Yuncai
Published: March 2012

Filamin A (FLNa) is an actin‐binding protein that regulates cell motility, adhesion, and elasticity by cross‐linking filamentous actin. Additional roles of FLNa include regulation of protein trafficking and surface expression. Although the functions of FLNa during brain development are well studied, little is known on its expression, distribution, and function in the adult brain. Here we characterize in detail the neuroanatomical distribution and subcellular localization of FLNa in the mature rat brain, by using two antisera directed against epitopes at either the N′ or the C′ terminus of the protein, further validated by mRNA expression. FLNa was widely and selectively expressed throughout the brain, and the intensity of immunoreactivity was region dependent. The most intensely FLNa‐labeled neurons were found in discrete neuronal systems, including basal forebrain structures, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and hypothalamic parvocellular neurons. Pyramidal neurons in neocortex and hippocampus and magnocellular cells in basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were also intensely FLNa immunoreactive, and strong FLNa labeling was evident in the pontine and medullary raphe nuclei and in sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei. The subcellular localization of FLNa was evaluated in situ as well as in primary hippocampal neurons. Punctate expression was found in somata and along the dendritic shaft, but FLNa was not detected in dendritic spines. These subcellular distribution patterns were recapitulated in hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. The characterization of the expression and subcellular localization of FLNa may provide new clues to the functional roles of this cytoskeletal protein in the adult brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3013–3034, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Method for Screening the Potential of MOFs as CO2 Adsorbents in Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
Authors: Pirngruber Gerhard D. , Hamon Lomig , Bourrelly Sandrine , Llewellyn Philip L. , Lenoir Estelle , Guillerm Vincent , Serre Christian , Devic Thomas
Published: March 2012

This work reports the adsorption and coadsorption data of CO2/CH4/CO mixtures on several metal–organic frameworks [MOFs; MIL‐100(Cr), MIL‐47(V), MIL‐140(Zr)‐A, Cu‐btc, and MIL‐53(Cr)] and compares them with reference adsorbents, that is, zeolite NaX and an activated carbon material, AC35. We also evaluate the effect of H2O on CO2 adsorption and on the stability of the structures. Based on the experimental adsorption data, the performance potential of MOFs in several pressure swing adsorption processes is estimated by making a ranking of working capacities and separation factors. We discuss the separation of biogas, the purification of H2 produced by steam reforming of methane, and the removal of CO2 from synthesis gas in IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) systems. Some MOFs are very well placed in the ranking of (isothermal) working capacity vs. selectivity. Yet, performance is not the only criterion for the selection of MOFs. Ease and cost of synthesis and long‐term stability are other important aspects that have to be taken into account.
Biosynthesis of Defensive Coccinellidae Alkaloids: Incorporation of Fatty Acids in Adaline, Coccinelline, and Harmonine (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 10/2012)
Authors: Haulotte Eveline , Laurent Pascal , Braekman Jean‐Claude
Published: March 2012

The cover picture shows an adult of the European ladybird Coccinella 7‐punctata. Several species of this family of Coleoptera are able to transform fatty acids into defensive alkaloids that despite their structural diversity have a common biogenetic origin. In vitro incorporation experiments of specifically tritiated or deuterated fatty acids in three ladybird alkaloids, namely coccinelline (Coccinella 7‐punctata), adaline (Adalia 2‐punctata), and harmonine (Harmonia axyridis), indicated that stearic acid is more efficiently incorporated than palmitic or myristic acid into coccinelline and harmonine. On the contrary, it is myristic acid that is the most efficient precursor for the biosynthesis of the carbon skeleton of adaline. Details are discussed in the article by J.‐C. Braekman et al. on p. 1907 ff.

magnified image
Impact of high electromagnetic field levels on childhood leukemia incidence
Authors: Teepen Jop C. , van Dijck Jos A.A.M.
Published: March 2012

The increasing exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has raised concern, as increased exposure may result in an increased risk of childhood leukemia (CL). Besides a short introduction of CL and EMF, our article gives an evaluation of the evidence of a causal relation between EMF and CL by critically appraising the epidemiological and biological evidence. The potential impact is also estimated by the population attributable risk. The etiology of CL is largely unknown, but is probably multifactorial. EMF may be one of the environmental exposures involved. Three pooled analyses of case–control studies showed a 1.4‐ to 1.7‐fold increased CL risk for extremely low‐frequency EMF (ELF‐EMF) exposure levels above 0.3 μT. Several biases may have played a role in these studies, but are unlikely to fully explain the increased risk. For effects of radiofrequency ELF evidence is lacking. None of the proposed biological mechanisms by which ELF‐EMF might cause CL have been confirmed. The estimated overall population attributable risk was 1.9%, with the highest estimates in Northern America and Brazil (4.2% and 4.1%, respectively). The potential impact of EMF exposure on public health is probably limited, although in some countries exposure might be relatively high and thus might have a more substantial impact. We recommend nationwide surveys to gain more insight into the contemporary exposure levels among children. Reducing exposure from power lines near densely populated areas and schools is advised. Future epidemiological studies should focus on limiting bias.
TRADE OPENNESS, MARKET COMPETITION, AND INFLATION: SOME SECTORAL EVIDENCE FROM OECD COUNTRIES
Authors: Binici Mahir , Cheung Yin‐Wong , Lai Kon S.
Published: March 2012

This study evaluates the role market competition plays in determining inflation based on sector‐level data from OECD countries. In theory, trade openness can affect inflation through changes in market competitiveness and productivity. Nonetheless, previous empirical studies often fail to account for productivity effects, and their results may overstate the role of market competition. This study shows that inflation decreases with greater market competitiveness even after controlling for productivity effects. Indeed, when market competition and productivity effects are both accounted for, trade openness becomes insignificant in explaining inflation. The results support that changes in market competitiveness and productivity are the main channels through which trade openness affects inflation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoluminescent biocompatible silicon nanoparticles for cancer theranostic applications
Authors: Osminkina Liubov A. , Tamarov Konstantin P. , Sviridov Andrey P. , Galkin Rostislav A. , Gongalsky Maxim B. , Solovyev Valery V. , Kudryavtsev Andrey A. , Timoshenko Victor Yu.
Published: March 2012

Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) obtained by mechanical grinding of porous silicon have been used for visualization of living cells in vitro. It was found that SiNPs could penetrate into the cells without any cytotoxic effect up to the concentration of 100 μg/ml. The cell cytoplasm was observed to be filled by SiNPs, which exhibited bright photoluminescence at 1.6 eV. SiNPs could also act as photosensitizers of the singlet oxygen generation, which could be used in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. These properties of SiNPs are discussed in view of possible applications in theranostics (both in therapy and in diagnostics). (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrospun bio‐composite P(LLA‐CL)/collagen I/collagen III scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering
Authors: Kijeńska Ewa , Prabhakaran Molamma P. , Swieszkowski Wojciech , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof J. , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: March 2012

One of the biggest challenges in peripheral nerve tissue engineering is to create an artificial nerve graft that could mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and assist in nerve regeneration. Bio‐composite nanofibrous scaffolds made from synthetic and natural polymeric blends provide suitable substrate for tissue engineering and it can be used as nerve guides eliminating the need of autologous nerve grafts. Nanotopography or orientation of the fibers within the scaffolds greatly influences the nerve cell morphology and outgrowth, and the alignment of the fibers ensures better contact guidance of the cells. In this study, poly (L‐lactic acid)‐co‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) or P(LLA‐CL), collagen I and collagen III are utilized for the fabrication of nanofibers of different compositions and orientations (random and aligned) by electrospinning. The morphology, mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of the electrospun scaffolds along with their biocompatibility using C17.2 nerve stem cells are studied to identify the suitable material compositions and topography of the electrospun scaffolds required for peripheral nerve regeneration. Aligned P(LLA‐CL)/collagen I/collagen III nanofibrous scaffolds with average diameter of 253 ± 102 nm were fabricated and characterized with a tensile strength of 11.59 ± 1.68 MPa. Cell proliferation studies showed 22% increase in cell proliferation on aligned P(LLA‐CL)/collagen I/collagen III scaffolds compared with aligned pure P(LLA‐CL) scaffolds. Results of our in vitro cell proliferation, cell‐scaffold interaction, and neurofilament protein expression studies demonstrated that the electrospun aligned P(LLA‐CL)/collagen I/collagen III nanofibrous scaffolds mimic more closely towards the ECM of nerve and have great potential as a substrate for accelerated regeneration of the nerve. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Adeno‐associated virus‐delivered polycistronic microRNA‐clusters for knockdown of vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo
Authors: Pihlmann Maria , Askou Anne Louise , Aagaard Lars , Bruun Gitte Hoffmann , Svalgaard Jesper Dyrendom , Holm‐Nielsen Marie Hebsgaard , Dagnæs‐Hansen Frederik , Bek Toke , Mikkelsen Jacob Giehm , Jensen Thomas Gryesten , Corydon Thomas Juhl
Published: March 2012

Background

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor that plays a critical role in several diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and diseases of the eye. Persistent regulation of VEGF by expression of small interfering RNAs targeting VEGF represents a potential future strategy for treatment of such diseases. As a step toward this goal, the present study combines the potency of VEGF‐targeted miRNA mimics, produced from a miRNA cluster, with delivery by adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐based vectors.

Methods

Nine different engineered tri‐cistronic miRNA clusters encoding anti‐VEGF effectors were generated and tested in adult human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE‐19) cells using Renilla luciferase screening, quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), western blotting and immunostaining analysis. In vivo efficacy was tested by the injection of scAAV2/8 vectors expressing the most effective miRNA cluster into murine hindlimb muscles, followed by quantitative RT‐PCR.

Results

Plasmids containing anti‐VEGF miRNA clusters showed efficient silencing of VEGF and demonstrated a combined gene silencing effect for miRNA clusters composed of multiple miRNA‐mimicked RNA interference effectors. The most potent molecule, miR‐5,10,7, resulted in a knockdown of VEGF by approximately 75%. Injection of scAAV2/8 vectors expressing miR‐5,10,7 into murine hindlimb muscles, resulted in a 44% reduction of endogenous VEGF.

Conclusions

We have developed miRNA clusters encoding anti‐VEGF effectors and shown, in a mouse model, that VEGF is efficiently down‐regulated by scAAV2/8‐delivered miRNA clusters, allowing potent attenuation of VEGF. These findings may contribute to the development of gene therapy based on AAV‐mediated delivery of miRNA clusters. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LAND RESOURCES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN: STATUS, PRESSURES, TRENDS AND IMPACTS ON FUTURE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Zdruli P.
Published: March 2012

The Mediterranean region covers about 854 million ha, but only 118 million (or 14 per cent) are suitable for agricultural production. In North Africa and the Middle East (MENA), agricultural land covers about 5 per cent; in Egypt and Algeria, it occupies less than 4 per cent and, in Libya, less than 2 per cent of the total national land area. Across the Mediterranean region land use divides between natural pastures/rangelands (ca. 15 per cent), forests and woodlands (ca. 8 per cent), with the ca. 63 per cent remaining desert sands, shallow, rocky, saline, sodic soils and areas effectively sealed by urbanisation. Land degradation is a severe problem in most Mediterranean countries. Estimates for the period 1961 to 2020 show that although the Mediterranean population is likely to more than double, ca. 8.3 million ha of agricultural land (7 per cent) may be lost as a result of continued urbanisation and land degradation. If these estimates are correct, agricultural land per capita would more than halve from ca. 0.48 ha (1961) to ca. 0.21 ha in 2020. Food security is likely to become increasingly problematic, especially in the MENA countries, which require a major reassessment of their agricultural development policy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eicosanoids and Their Drugs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on Atherosclerosis and Stroke
Authors: Capra Valérie , Bäck Magnus , Barbieri Silvia S. , Camera Marina , Tremoli Elena , Rovati G. Enrico
Published: March 2012

Eicosanoids are biologically active lipids in both physiologic and pathophysiologic situations. These mediators rapidly generate at sites of inflammation and act through specific receptors that following the generation of a signal transduction cascade, lead to coordinated cellular responses to specific stimuli. Prostanoids, that is, prostaglandins and thromboxane A2, are active products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, while leukotrienes and lipoxins derive from the lipoxygenase pathway. In addition, a complex family of prostaglandin isomers called isoprostanes is derived as free‐radical products of oxidative metabolism. While there is a wide consensus on the importance of the balance between proaggregating (thromboxane A2) and antiaggregating (prostacyclin) cyclooxygenase products in cardiovascular homeostasis, an increasing body of evidence suggests a key role also for other eicosanoids generated by lipoxygenases, epoxygenases, and nonenzymatic pathways in cardiovascular diseases. This intricate network of lipid mediators is unique considering that from a single precursor, arachidonic acid, may derive an array of bioproducts that interact within each other synergizing or, more often, behaving as functional antagonists.
FMS Kinase Inhibitors: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: El‐Gamal Mohammed I. , Anbar Hanan S. , Yoo Kyung Ho , Oh Chang‐Hyun
Published: March 2012

FMS, first discovered as the oncogene responsible for Feline McDonough Sarcoma, is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to the macrophage or monocyte colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF or CSF‐1). Signal transduction through that binding results in survival, proliferation, and differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Overexpression of CSF‐1 and/or FMS has been implicated in a number of disease states such as the growth of metastasis of certain types of cancer, in promoting osteoclast proliferation in bone osteolysis, and many inflammatory disorders. Inhibition of CSF‐1 and/or FMS may help treat these pathological conditions. This article reviews FMS gene, FMS kinase, CSF‐1, IL‐34, and their roles in bone osteolysis, cancer biology, and inflammation. Monoclonal antibodies, FMS crystal structure, and small molecule FMS kinase inhibitors of different chemical scaffolds are also reviewed.
Successful retrograde arterial inflow through a muscular branch in a free anterolateral thigh chimeric flap transfer
Authors: Numajiri Toshiaki , Sowa Yoshihiro , Nishino Kenichi , Sugimoto Kayo , Iwashina Yuki , Ikebuchi Kaichiro , Nakano Hiroshi , Shimada Taketoshi , Hisa Yasuo
Published: March 2012

In this report, we present a case in which a free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap was transferred for head and neck reconstruction after oropharyngeal cancer ablation, and a retrograde arterial inflow was used to salvage the flap when the main arterial pedicle showed usual repeated spasms. The flap was raised as a chimera flap comprising a fasciocutaneous flap and a vastus lateralis muscle flap. After reperfusion, the pedicle artery exhibited spasms repeatedly and vascular flow was unstable. Therefore, we performed arterial supercharge. In the distal portion of the muscle flap, a small arterial branch was dissected as a reverse‐flow arterial pedicle. The recipient artery was also a retrograde limb of the superior thyroid artery. The flap survived; however, postoperative ultrasonographic echo evaluation revealed that the spastic descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was obstructed and that the reverse‐flow muscular perforator alone nourished the whole flap. In free ALT flap transfer, a small perforator level artery was able to nourish a flap, even in a retrograde manner. Moreover, when the vasculature of the free flap is unstable, retrograde arterial supply to a small perforator can be an option to save the flap transfer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
The outcome of prostaglandin‐E1 and dextran‐40 compared to no antithrombotic therapy in head and neck free tissue transfer: Analysis of 1,351 cases in a single center
Authors: Riva Francesco M.G. , Chen Yen‐Chou , Tan Ngian‐Chye , Lin Pao‐Yuan , Tsai Yun‐Ta , Chang Hsueh‐Wen , Kuo Yur‐Ren
Published: March 2012

Free tissue transfer has become a popular technique for soft tissue defect reconstruction in head and neck cancer ablation. Although high success rates and good reliability of free flaps are proven, microvascular thrombosis is still the most critical issue for microsurgeons. Pharmacological antithrombotic agents are widely used but their efficacy is still debated. In this study, we analyzed whether prostaglandin‐E1 (PGE1) and dextran‐40 can improve the outcomes compared to no antithrombotic therapy at all. We retrospectively reviewed 1,351 free flaps performed for head and neck reconstruction after cancer ablation. Three groups defined were 232 flaps received PGE1, 283 flaps received dextran‐40, and 836 received no antithrombotic therapy. The demographics of these three groups indicated no statistical differences. The results showed that flap survival revealed no significant difference among PGE1, dextran‐40, and control group (P = 0.734). There was a tendency to hematomas in PGE1 group (P = 0.056) when compared with other two groups. Dextran‐40 significantly increased flap failure rate in high‐risk patients with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.006) or hypertension (P = 0.003), when compared with PGE1 and control group. These results revealed antithrombotic therapy with PGE1 and dextran‐40 do not determine a significant improvement in flap survival. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Reconstructive indications of simultaneous double free flaps in the head and neck: A case series and literature review
Authors: Balasubramanian Deepak , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Kuriakose Moni Abraham , Duraisamy Sriprakash , Sharan Rajeev , Mathew Jimmy , Sharma Mohit , Iyer Subramania
Published: March 2012

Extensive and complex defects of the head and neck involving multiple anatomical and functional subunits are a reconstructive challenge. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the reconstructive indications of the use of simultaneous double free flaps in head and neck oncological surgery. This is a retrospective review of 21 consecutive cases of head and neck malignancies treated surgically with resection and reconstruction with simultaneous use of double free flaps. Nineteen of 21 patients had T4 primary tumor stage. Eleven patients had prior history of radiotherapy or chemo‐radiotherapy. Forty‐two free flaps were used in these patients. The predominant combination was that of free fibula osteo‐cutaneous flap with free anterolateral thigh (ALT) fascio‐cutaneous flap. The indications of the simultaneous use of double free flaps can be broadly classified as: (a) large oro‐mandibular bone and soft tissue defects (n = 13), (b) large oro‐mandibular soft tissue defects (n = 4), (c) complex skull‐base defects (n = 2), and (d) dynamic total tongue reconstruction (n = 2). Flap survival rate was 95%. Median follow‐up period was 11 months. Twelve patients were alive and free of disease at the end of the follow‐up. Eighteen of 19 patients with oro‐mandibular and glossectomy defects were able to resume an oral diet within two months while one patient remained gastrostomy dependant till his death due to disease not related to cancer. This patient had a combination of free fibula flap with free ALT flap, for an extensive oro‐mandibular defect. The associated large defect involving the tongue accounted for the swallowing difficulty. Simultaneous use of double free flap aided the reconstruction in certain large complex defects after head and neck oncologic resections. Such combination permits better complex multiaxial subunit reconstruction. An algorithm for choice of flap combination for the appropriate indications is proposed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
The international expansion of religious organizations in Africa
Authors: Richelieu André , Korai Bernard
Published: March 2012

The marketing of religion remains a large research area to explore, simply because the studies that have been conducted are mostly applications of a marketing mix to the religious offer. In the context of globalization, it is surprising that the internationalization of religious organizations remains an uncovered subject because Christian religions have a biblical mission to become international. This paper explores the phenomenon of the internationalization of religious organizations in order to better understand their preferred expansion modes in Ivory Coast, since Western evangelist Christian communities in West Africa have flourished in recent decades. The current analysis allows us to draw a conclusion that the process of religious expansion is truly the result of a strategic reflection supported by marketing tools and communication. This emphasizes the role of marketing as a leverage for profit and nonprofit organizations, as well as its growing importance as a means for appealing to the masses among new Christian communities of Third World countries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyester nanocomposite fibers with improved flame retardancy and thermal stability
Authors: Teli Mangesh D. , Kale Ravindra D.
Published: March 2012

Polyester (PET) nanocomposite fibers were spun by adding master batches of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) loaded with Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay after compatibilizing the PET and LLDPE. The spun fibers showed increased thermal stability as well as flame retardancy, which increased progressively with the amount of nanoclay loaded into the fiber. There is slight decrease in tensile strength of the fiber accompanied by decrease in elongation % indicating addition of nanoclay makes the filaments stiffer. The onset of crystallization temperature occurred at higher temperature in case of composite fibers than on the neat PET fiber because of nucleating effect of nanoclay. The dyeability of the fibers was not affected and also had very little impact on the flame retardancy of the fiber. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation on particular phase morphology of immiscible polyamide 12 and polystyrene blends prepared via anionic ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Wu Bozhen , Xie Tingxiu , Yang Guisheng
Published: March 2012

In this article, the particular phase morphology of immiscible polyamide 12/polystyrene (PA12/PS) blends prepared via in situ anionic ring‐opening polymerization of laurolactam (LL) in the presence of polystyrene (PS) was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the morphology of the blends. The results show that the PS is dispersed as small droplets in the continuous matrix of PA12 when PS content is 5 wt%. However, when the PS content is higher than 10 wt%, two particular phase morphologies appeared. Firstly, dispersed PS‐rich particles with the spherical inclusions of PA12 can be found when PS content is between 10 and 15 wt%. Then the phase inversion occurred (the phase morphology of the PA12/PS blends changed from the PS dispersed/PA12 matrix to PA12 dispersed/PS matrix system) when PS content is 20 wt% or higher, which is unusual for polymer blends prepared via conventional methods such as mixing, hydrolytic polycondensation and so on. The formation of this particular phase morphology development was simply elucidated via a phase inversion mechanism. Furthermore, the stability of the phase morphology of the PA12/PS blends after annealing at 230°C was also investigated via SEM. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:1831–1838, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers