bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential consumption of baits by pest blattid and blattellid cockroaches and resulting direct and secondary effects
Authors: Bayer Barbara E. , Pereira Roberto M. , Koehler Philip G.
Published: October 2012

Consumption was measured of three commercially available cockroach gel baits (0.01 and 0.05% fipronil and 0.6% indoxacarb) by two pest blattellid (German cockroach,Blattella germanicaL., and brownbanded cockroach,Supella longipalpaFabricius) and three pest blattid [oriental cockroach,Blatta orientalisL.,American cockroach,Periplaneta americanaL., and smokybrown cockroach,Periplaneta fuliginosa(Serville)] species (Dictyoptera), and direct and secondary effects were quantified. All three baits were greatly preferred for consumption over dog food; however, virtually all consumption (ca. 98%) by pest blattids was gel baits containing sugar feeding stimulants and water. Pest blattid greater preference for gel baits was probably due to their greater need for nutrients in baits due to their greater cuticular water permeability and higher metabolism than the pest blattellids. Brownbanded cockroaches had lowest percentage gel bait selection. Pest blattellids consumed greater amounts of bait per g body weight than pest blattids. Cockroaches consumed more active ingredient than needed to cause mortality; however, based on bait consumption, a 30‐g tube of gel bait potentially killed from 394 to 6 966 adult cockroaches, depending on species. Mortality for all cockroach species was faster for adults (≥3 days) than for nymphs (≥7 days); however, most brownbanded cockroaches exposed to indoxacarb survived despite consuming 1.5‐ to >3‐fold more than other baits, suggesting low enzyme production by brownbanded cockroaches and consequently lower conversion of indoxacarb into its toxic form. Besides direct mortality, German cockroaches died from indirect effects: exposure to debris from other cockroaches that had direct access to the gel baits or bait contact without ingestion. Although maximization of bait consumption is important, factors that enhance secondary mortality and contact toxicity should also be considered.
Differential responses of circadian Per2 expression rhythms in discrete brain areas to daily injection of methamphetamine and restricted feeding in rats
Authors: Natsubori Akiyo , Honma Ken‐ichi , Honma Sato
Published: October 2012

Behavioral rhythms induced by methamphetamine (MAP) and daily restricted feeding (RF) in rats are independent of the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and have been regarded to share a common oscillatory mechanism. In the present study, in order to examine the responses of brain oscillatory systems to MAP and RF, circadian rhythms in clock gene, Period2, expression were measured in several brain areas in rats. Transgenic rats carrying a bioluminescence reporter of Period2‐dLuciferase were subjected to either daily injection of MAP or RF of 2 h at a fixed time of day for 14 days. As a result, spontaneous movement and wheel‐running activity were greatly enhanced following MAP injection and prior to daily meal under RF. Circadian Per2 rhythms were measured in the cultured brain tissues containing one of the following structures: the olfactory bulb; caudate‐putamen; parietal cortex; substantia nigra; and SCN. Except for the SCN, the circadian Per2 rhythms in the brain tissues were significantly phase‐delayed by 1.9 h on average in MAP‐injected rats as compared with the saline‐controls. On the other hand, the circadian rhythms outside the SCN were significantly phase‐advanced by 6.3 h on average in rats under RF as compared with those under ad libitum feeding. These findings indicate that the circadian rhythms in specific brain areas of the central dopaminergic system respond differentially to MAP injection and RF, suggesting that different oscillatory mechanisms in the brain underlie the MAP‐induced behavior and pre‐feeding activity under RF.
Constitutive knockout of the membrane cytoskeleton protein beta adducin decreases mushroom spine density in the nucleus accumbens but does not prevent spine remodeling in response to cocaine
Authors: Jung Yonwoo , Mulholland Patrick J. , Wiseman Shari L. , Judson Chandler L. , Picciotto Marina R.
Published: October 2012

The adducin family of proteins associates with the actin cytoskeleton in a calcium‐dependent manner. Beta adducin (βAdd) is involved in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus; however, the role of βAdd in synaptic plasticity in other brain areas is unknown. Using diolistic labeling with the lipophilic dye DiI, we found that the density of mature mushroom‐shaped spines was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in brain slices from βAdd‐knockout (KO) mice as compared to their wildtype (WT) siblings. The effect of 10 days of daily cocaine (15 mg/kg) administration on NAc spine number and locomotor behavior was also measured in βAdd WT and KO mice. As expected, there was a significant increase in overall spine density in NAc slices from cocaine‐treated WT mice at this time‐point; however, there was a greater increase in the density of mushroom spines in βAdd‐KO animals following chronic cocaine administration than in WT. In addition, βAdd‐KO mice showed elevated locomotor activity in response to cocaine treatment compared to WT siblings. These results indicate that βAdd is required for stabilising mature spines under basal conditions in the NAc, but that lack of this protein does not prevent synaptic remodeling following repeated cocaine administration. In addition, these data are consistent with previous studies suggesting that βAdd may normally be involved in stabilising spines once drug‐ or experience‐dependent remodeling has occurred.
The Pattern of Nipple Use Before Weaning Among Littermates of the Domestic Dog
Authors: Arteaga Lourdes , Rödel Heiko G. , Elizalde Marise T. , González Daniel , Hudson Robyn
Published: October 2012

Suckling provides a well‐defined and functionally significant context in which to study mammalian sibling competition and the possible consequences of this for long‐term differences in individual behavior, physiology, and life histories. There have, however, been surprisingly few studies of suckling behavior, even in species as accessible as the domestic dog. In a first approach, we filmed the suckling behavior of 10 litters (47 puppies) of various dog breeds in their owners' homes during the first postnatal month before the start of weaning. The pattern of nipple use was very similar across litters but very different to that of the better‐studied pig or cat. Puppies showed only weak preference for particular (central) nipple rows, they often switched nipples during nursing sessions and showed no evidence of teat consistency in which each littermate uses primarily one or two particular nipples. They also showed very little agonistic behavior that could be interpreted as contesting access to nipples. The present findings provide a reminder of the diversity of suckling patterns among altricial mammals and of the need for more comparative information to better understand the reasons for and functional significance of such differences.
Expression of anti‐Müllerian hormone, CDKN1B, connexin 43, androgen receptor and steroidogenic enzymes in the equine cryptorchid testis
Authors: Almeida J. , Conley A. J. , Ball B. A.
Published: October 2012

Reasons for performing study

Cryptorchidism affects 2–8% of male horses and the affected testis undergoes a disruption of normal spermatogenesis. The underlying molecular changes are poorly understood in the cryptorchid equine testis.

Objectives

Compare the expression of anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), anti‐Müllerian hormone receptor (AMHR2), androgen receptor (AR), cyclin kinase inhibitor (CDKN1B), connexin 43 (Cx43), 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5‐Δ4‐ isomerase (3βHSD), P450c17 hydroxylase/lyase (P450c17) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) in the undescended testis of cryptorchid stallions with that of normal stallions.

Methods

Undescended, abdominal testes from four cryptorchid stallions between 2 and 3 years of age were collected during routine castrations along with normally descended testes from normal stallions between 2 and 3 years of age (n = 7). Samples were analysed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time PCR.

Results

Cryptorchid testes had increased AMH and AMHR2 immunolabelling when compared with normal testes, which indicates failure of maturation of Sertoli cells and/or lack of testosterone suppression. Failure of Sertoli cell maturation in the cryptorchid testis may also be attributed to AR abnormalities and/or a consequence of lack of testosterone suppression due to decreased 3βHSD. Cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDKN1B) was not expressed in Sertoli cells of cryptorchid testes suggesting that Sertoli cells are still proliferating, which is also a characteristic of the immature testis. In addition, Cx43 expression is decreased in the cryptorchid testis, indicating a disruption in intercellular communication.

Conclusions

Undescended testes of cryptorchid horses present characteristics of immaturity suggesting that the failure of Sertoli cell maturation may be a consequence of cryptorchidism.

Potential relevance

This study provides a better understanding of the effect of cryptorchidism on testicular function in stallions.
A role for p21‐activated kinase 7 in the development of gastric cancer
Authors: Gu Jun , Li Keqiang , Li Maolan , Wu Xiangsong , Zhang Lin , Ding Qichen , Wu Wenguang , Yang Jiahua , Mu Jiasheng , Wen Hao , Ding Qian , Lu Jianhua , Hao Yuan , Chen Lei , Zhang Wenjie , Li Songgang , Liu Yingbin
Published: October 2012

p21‐activated kinase (PAK)7 (also known as PAK5) is a member of the group B PAK family of serine/threonine protein kinases, which are effectors of the small GTPases Rac and CDC42. PAK7 can promote neurite outgrowth, induce microtubule stabilization, and activate cell survival signaling pathways. However, the role of PAK7 in cancer is still poorly understood. Here, we showed that PAK7 expression was upregulated in different gastric cancer cell lines and gastric cancer tissues, as compared with human embryonic kidney 293 cells and adjacent normal tissues, respectively. The results suggested that PAK7 expression was related to gastric cancer progression. Thus, we employed lentivirus‐mediated small interfering RNA to inhibit PAK7 expression, to investigate the role of PAK7 in human gastric carcinogenesis. RNA interference efficiently downregulated expression of PAK7 in SGC‐7901 and MGC‐803 cells at both mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of PAK7 inhibited human gastric cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, in concordance with the downregulation of CDK2, CDC25A, and cyclin D1. Our data suggest that PAK7 is a new hallmark of gastric cancer, in which PAK7 might contribute to gain of tumor growth potential, acting by affecting the expression of cell cycle regulators. Therefore, PAK7 may be an attractive candidate as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
The effect of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on spring and annual herbage production in urine patches when applied in late summer or early autumn
Authors: O'Connor P. J. , Lynch M. B. , Cahalan E. , O'Donovan M. , Hennessy D.
Published: October 2012

A cut plot experiment was undertaken at two sites in Ireland, one a free‐draining acid brown earth at Moorepark (MPK) and the other a fine loam soil with imperfect drainage at Johnstown Castle (JC). The effect of applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) at 10 kg ha−1 in July, August and September or not applying DCD to plots receiving synthetic urine or zero urine on spring and annual herbage production was examined. In the experiment, each site received 350 kg nitrogen (N) fertilizer ha−1 year−1. The application of DCD in August at a rate of 10 kg ha−1 significantly increased spring and annual herbage production by 14 and 15%, respectively, at MPK, when applied following urine application in year 1. There was no effect of DCD applied in year 1 on herbage production at JC. The application of DCD in August resulted in lower soil total oxidized N (TON) content up to sampling day 56 post‐urine application, at MPK in year 1, retaining higher N content in the soil. There was no effect of DCD on any of the parameters measured in year 2 at MPK or at JC. Urine application did not increase spring herbage production at either site. Urine application significantly increased annual herbage production at MPK only in year 1. Urine application increased annual herbage N uptake, herbage crude protein (CP) content and soil mineral N at both sites in both years.
Biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute cellular rejection in liver transplant recipients: A review
Authors: Verhelst Xavier P.D. , Troisi Roberto I. , Colle Isabelle , Geerts Anja , van Vlierberghe Hans
Published: October 2012

The gold standard for the diagnosis of acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a liver biopsy. The quest for an alternative non‐invasive biomarkers has been long and is ongoing. However, an efficient and useful biomarker has not been developed yet. In this manuscript, we review all possible candidate biomarkers that have been studied in recent years, starting with cytokines and ending with an overview of different newly discovered “omics”. Promising paths are being explored but a valid non‐invasive biomarker has not been discovered yet.
‘The missing links’: understanding how context and mechanism influence the impact of public involvement in research
Authors: Staley Kristina , Buckland Sarah A. , Hayes Helen , Tarpey Maryrose
Published: October 2012

Introduction

It is now more widely recognized that public involvement in research increases the quality and relevance of the research. However, there are also more questions as to exactly how and when involvement brings added value.

The nature of the current evidence of impact

Based on the findings of recent literature reviews, most reports of public involvement that discuss impact are based on observational evaluations. These usefully describe the context, the type of involvement and the impact. However, the links between these factors are rarely considered. The findings are therefore limited to identifying the range of impacts and general lessons for good practice. Reflecting on the links between context, mechanism and outcome in these observational evaluations identifies which aspects of the context and mechanism could be significant to the outcome. Studies that are more in line with the principles of realistic evaluation can test these links more rigorously. Building on the evidence from observational evaluations to design research that explores the ‘missing links’ will help to address the question ‘what works best, for whom and when’.

Conclusions

We conclude that a more intentional and explicit exploration of the links between context, mechanism and outcome, applying the principles of realistic evaluation to public involvement in research, should lead to a more sophisticated understanding of the factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of positive outcomes. This will support the development of more strategic approaches to involvement maximizing the benefits for all involved.
Buprenorphine treatment of opioid‐dependent pregnant women: a comprehensive review
Authors: Jones Hendrée E. , Heil Sarah H. , Baewert Andjela , Arria Amelia M. , Kaltenbach Karol , Martin Peter R. , Coyle Mara G. , Selby Peter , Stine Susan M. , Fischer Gabriele
Published: October 2012

Aims

This paper reviews the published literature regarding outcomes following maternal treatment with buprenorphine in five areas: maternal efficacy, fetal effects, neonatal effects, effects on breast milk and longer‐term developmental effects.

Methods

Within each outcome area, findings are summarized first for the three randomized clinical trials and then for the 44 non‐randomized studies (i.e. prospective studies, case reports and series and retrospective chart reviews), only 28 of which involve independent samples.

Results

Results indicate that maternal treatment with buprenorphine has comparable efficacy to methadone, although difficulties may exist with current buprenorphine induction methods. The available fetal data suggest buprenorphine results in less physiological suppression of fetal heart rate and movements than methadone. Regarding neonatal effects, perhaps the single definitive conclusion is that prenatal buprenorphine treatment results in a clinically significant less severe neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) than treatment with methadone. The limited research suggests that, like methadone, buprenorphine is compatible with breastfeeding. Data available thus far suggest that there are no deleterious effects of in utero buprenorphine exposure on infant development.

Conclusions

While buprenorphine produces a less severe neonatal abstinence syndrome than methadone, both methadone and buprenorphine are important parts of a complete comprehensive treatment approach for opioid‐dependent pregnant women.
Predicting treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants born to women maintained on opioid agonist medication
Authors: Kaltenbach Karol , Holbrook Amber M. , Coyle Mara G. , Heil Sarah H. , Salisbury Amy L. , Stine Susan M. , Martin Peter R. , Jones Hendrée E.
Published: October 2012

Aim

To identify factors that predict the expression of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in infants exposed to methadone or buprenorphine in utero.

Design and Setting

Multi‐site randomized clinical trial in which infants were observed for a minimum of 10 days following birth, and assessed for NAS symptoms by trained raters.

Participants

A total of 131 infants born to opioid dependent mothers, 129 of whom were available for NAS assessment.

Measurements

Generalized linear modeling was performed using maternal and infant characteristics to predict: peak NAS score prior to treatment, whether an infant required NAS treatment, length of NAS treatment and total dose of morphine required for treatment of NAS symptoms.

Findings

Of the sample, 53% (68 infants) required treatment for NAS. Lower maternal weight at delivery, later estimated gestational age (EGA), maternal use of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), vaginal delivery and higher infant birthweight predicted higher peak NAS scores. Higher infant birthweight and greater maternal nicotine use at delivery predicted receipt of NAS treatment for infants. Maternal use of SSRIs, higher nicotine use and fewer days of study medication received also predicted total dose of medication required to treat NAS symptoms. No variables predicted length of treatment for NAS.

Conclusions

Maternal weight at delivery, estimated gestational age, infant birthweight, delivery type, maternal nicotine use and days of maternal study medication received and the use of psychotropic medications in pregnancy may play a role in the expression of neonatal abstinence syndrome severity in infants exposed to either methadone or buprenorphine.
Infections and obstetric outcomes in opioid‐dependent pregnant women maintained on methadone or buprenorphine
Authors: Holbrook Amber M. , Baxter Jason K. , Jones Hendrée E. , Heil Sarah H. , Coyle Mara G. , Martin Peter R. , Stine Susan M. , Kaltenbach Karol
Published: October 2012

Aims

To characterize infections and compare obstetric outcomes in opioid‐dependent pregnant women who participated in a randomized clinical trial comparing agonist medications, methadone and buprenorphine.

Design

Incidence of infections was identified as part of the screening medical assessment. As part of a planned secondary analysis, analysis of variance and polytomous logistic regressions were conducted on obstetric outcome variables using treatment randomization condition (maternal maintenance with either methadone or buprenorphine) as the predictor variable, controlling for differences between study sites.

Setting

Six United States sites and one European site that provided comprehensive treatment to opioid‐dependent pregnant women.

Participants

Pregnant opioid‐dependent women (n = 131) who delivered while participating in the Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER) study.

Measurements

Obstetric, infectious and other maternal medical complications captured by medical records, physical examination, blood tests and self‐report. Neonatal medical complications captured by medical records.

Findings

Hepatitis C was the most common infection (32.3%), followed by hepatitis B (7.6%) and chlamydia (6.1%) among participants at study enrollment. Maternal methadone versus buprenorphine maintenance was associated with a higher incidence of preterm labor (P = 0.04) and a significantly higher percentage of signs of respiratory distress in neonates at delivery (P = 0.05). Other medical and obstetric complications were infrequent in the total sample, as well as in both methadone and buprenorphine conditions.

Conclusions

Buprenorphine appears to have an acceptable safety profile for use during pregnancy.
A randomised controlled trial of dexmedetomidine for suspension laryngoscopy
Authors: Liu C. , Zhang Y. , She S. , Xu L. , Ruan X.
Published: October 2012

We randomly allocated 80 patients to intravenous dexmedetomidine (0.25, 0.5, or 1 μg.kg−1) or placebo 15 min before anaesthetic induction. Dexmedetomidine 0.5 and 1.0 μg.kg−1 significantly reduced the mean (95% CI) propofol effect‐site concentrations by 0.83 (0.63–1.03) μg.ml−1, p = 0.001 and 1.29 (1.12–1.46) μg.ml−1, p = 0.0003 at intubation, by 1.05 (0.85–1.25 μg.ml−1, p = 0.0006 and 1.33 (1.15–1.51) μg.ml−1, p = 0.0002 when surgery started, and by 0.59 (0.39–0.79) μg.ml−1, p = 0.030 and 0.72 (0.57–0.87) μg.ml−1, p = 0.004 on completion of surgery, respectively. Patients’ tracheas were extubated sooner after 0.5 and 1.0 μg.kg−1 dexmedetomidine, by 5.36 (2.39–8.32) min, p = 0.009 and 7.37 (3.24–11.51) min p = 0.003, respectively. Tachycardic responses to intubation were present in five placebo patients and no dexmedetomidine patients. Bradycardia was treated after dexmedetomidine in six patients: five after 1.0 μg.kg−1; and one after 0.25 μg.kg−1. Single‐dose dexmedetomidine can reduce anaesthetic requirements, with both desirable and undesirable haemodynamic effects.
CD133: holy of grail of neuro‐oncology or promiscuous red‐herring?
Authors: Donovan L. K. , Pilkington G. J.
Published: October 2012

The CD133 glycoprotein is a controversial cancer stem cell marker in the field of neuro‐oncology, based largely on the now considerable experimental evidence for the existence of both CD133+ve and CD133−ve populations as tumour‐initiating cells. It is thought that decreasing oxygen tension enhances the complex regulation and phenotype of CD133 in glioma. In light of these ideologies, establishing the precise functional role of CD133 is becoming increasingly critical. In this article, we review the complex regulation of CD133 and its extracellular epitope AC133, and associated alterations, to tumour cell behaviour by hypoxia. Furthermore, its role in functional modulation of tumours, rather than determination of a specific stem cell type is therefore alluded to, while evidence for and against its ability as a cancer stem cell marker in primary brain tumours, is critically evaluated. Thus, the suggestion that CD133 may be a central ‘holy grail’ in identifying core cells for propagation of malignant glial neoplasms seems increasingly less convincing. It remains to be seen, however, whether CD133 is randomly expressed on such brain tumour cell populations or whether it is of major significance to brain biological behaviour.
Unravelling the retention of proliferation and differentiation potency in extensive culture of human subcutaneous fat‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in different media
Authors: Dhanasekaran M. , Indumathi S. , Rashmi M. , Rajkumar J. S. , Sudarsanam D.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

This study has intended to investigate longevity of subcutaneous fat‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (SF‐MSCs) under extensive culturing. It has also focused on optimization of culture media for them over prolonged periods in vitro.

Materials and methods

We evaluated SF‐MSCs with reference to phenotypic characterization, proliferative ability, karyotype stability and differentiation potency with early (P3) and late passage (P20) conditions, using four different media, DMEM‐LG, ALPHA‐MEM, DMEM‐F12 and DMEM‐KO.

Results

This study unravels retention of SF‐MSC characteristics in facets of phenotypic expression profile (CD 90, CD 105, CD 73, CD 34, CD 29, CD 54, CD 49d, CD 117, HLA‐DR, CD 166, CD 31, CD 44), proliferative characteristics, karyotyping and differentiation potency prolonged culturing to P25 in all media. Population doubling time (PDT) in Alpha MEM, DMEM LG, DMEM F 12, DMEM KO were identified to be (1.81, 1.84, 1.9, 2.08 days) at early passage and (2.93, 2.94, 3.12, 3.06 days) at late passage. As a corollary, Alpha MEM and DMEM LG serve as appropriate basal media for SF‐MSC when proliferative potency is considered.

Conclusions

In research, it is imperative that SF‐MSC uphold their expansion potency in the aforesaid attributes in all media over extensive culturing, thereby transforming their colossal in vitro potency, with the aim of curing a wide horizon of diseases.
The mechanisms of nadroparin‐mediated inhibition of proliferation of two human lung cancer cell lines
Authors: Carmazzi Y. , Iorio M. , Armani C. , Cianchetti S. , Raggi F. , Neri T. , Cordazzo C. , Petrini S. , Vanacore R. , Bogazzi F. , Paggiaro P. , Celi A.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

Clinical data suggest that heparin treatment improves survival of lung cancer patients, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We investigated whether low molecular weight heparin nadroparin, directly affects lung cancer cell population growth in conventionally cultured cell lines.

Materials and methods

A549 and CALU1 cells’ viability was assessed by MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. Cell proliferation was assessed using 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine incorporation. Apoptosis and cell‐cycle distribution were analysed by flow cytometry; cyclin B1, Cdk1, p‐Cdk1 Cdc25C, p‐Cdc25C and p21 expressions were analysed by western blotting. mRNA levels were analysed by real time RT‐PCR.

Results

Nadroparin inhibited cell proliferation by 30% in both cell lines; it affected the cell cycle in A549, but not in CALU‐1 cells, inducing arrest in the G2/M phase. Nadroparin in A549 culture inhibited cyclin B1, Cdk1, Cdc25C and p‐Cdc25C, while levels of p‐Cdk1 were elevated; p21 expression was not altered. Dalteparin caused a similar reduction in A549 cell population growth; however, it did not alter cyclin B1 expression as expected, based on previous reports. Fondaparinux caused minimal inhibition of A549 cell population growth and no effect on either cell cycle or cyclin B1 expression.

Conclusions

Nadroparin inhibited proliferation of A549 cells by inducing G2/M phase cell‐cycle arrest that was dependent on the Cdc25C pathway, whereas CALU‐1 cell proliferation was halted by as yet not elucidated modes.
Moral status: what a bad idea!
Authors: Silvers A.
Published: October 2012

Background

Advocates of people with disabilities sometimes have advanced their cause within a conceptual frame of human exceptionalism, shaped specifically by one or another proposal about a moral property or capacity with which human individuals alone are endowed.

Methods

This essay is a philosophical reflection about the notion of moral status.

Results

Arguments presented here show, however, that framing the pursuit of protection for people with disabilities in terms of humanity's exceptional moral status is more hazardous than helpful.

Conclusions

Appeals to moral status do not settle debates about whether there are obligations to provide protection and support for individuals with disabilities because the idea of moral status is as contentious as the disagreements it is invoked to resolve.
Physical health outcomes in prisoners with intellectual disability: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Dias S. , Ware R. S. , Kinner S. A. , Lennox N. G.
Published: October 2012

Background

People with intellectual disability (ID) in the general population and people in prison experience unrecognised medical conditions and inadequate disease prevention. Among prisoners, those with an ID may be particularly disadvantaged. The aim of this study was to identify demographic, health and health‐related characteristics of adult prisoners who screened positive for ID.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data were collected via face‐to‐face administration of a structured questionnaire in seven prisons in Queensland, Australia, between 2008 and 2010. Participants were adult prisoners within 6 weeks of release from custody. We identified ID using a pragmatic screening tool. Prisoners who scored <85 on the Hayes Ability Screening Index and either (a) reported having attended a special school or (b) reported having been diagnosed with an ID were considered to have screened positive for ID. We compared the characteristics of participants who screened positive and negative for ID using univariable and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Screening positive for ID was associated with younger age, identifying as Indigenous and lower educational achievement. Prisoners who screened positive for ID were more likely to have been diagnosed with medical conditions such as heart disease (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval = 2.1; 1.0–4.2) and hearing problems (2.2; 1.3–3.7), after adjustment for age, sex, education level and Indigenous status. Screen‐positive prisoners were less likely to have received preventive care interventions such as testing for hepatitis A infection (0.4; 0.2–0.6), and immunisation for tuberculosis (0.4; 0.2–0.8). Prisoners with possible ID were more likely to be obese (1.7; 1.1–2.7).

Conclusions

Adult prisoners who screen positive for ID have worse health outcomes than their non‐disabled peers. An improved understanding of physical health characteristics prior to release can direct treatment and support pathways out of the criminal justice system and inform transitional planning of health services for this profoundly disadvantaged group.
Management and quality indicators of diabetes mellitus in people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Taggart L. , Coates V. , Truesdale‐Kennedy M.
Published: October 2012

Background

People with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at a higher risk of developing diabetes compared with the non‐intellectually disabled population, as a consequence of genetic syndromes and because this cohort are more exposed to many of the identified risk factors. However, little is known about the management of diabetes in this population. The aim of this study was to examine the demographics, health and the diabetes quality of care indicators used with people with ID in one region of the UK.

Methodology

This was a quantitative study using a postal survey design. An anonymised questionnaire was posted to all community ID teams and supported living/residential facilities requesting information on the demographics, health and quality of care indicators for people with ID who have diabetes on their caseloads.

Results

In total 186 questionnaires were returned. Results showed that 125 people with ID had Type 2 diabetes (67%) and 61 people had Type 1 (33%). Significantly more people with Down syndrome and Autistic Spectrum Disorder had Type 1 diabetes. This study found that 6% had glycossylated glucose levels (HbA1c) greater than 9.5% and for 52% the levels were between 6.5% and 9.4%. Individuals reported to have poor glycaemic control were statistically more likely to have Type 1 diabetes and be younger, live with parents or independently and be obese. Results also illustrate that the national standards for good diabetes management were only partially met.

Discussion

Because of their enhanced predisposition for the development of diabetes this population merits particular attention with regards to screening for the onset of diabetes. The extent to which the quality of diabetes care indicators were achieved was variable but results suggest that for many people the indices were not met, that glycaemic control was poor, that only a quarter were of normal weight, that many were hypertensive and that almost a quarter had no record of their lipid levels. These findings provoke two important questions: first, who should be responsible for promoting diabetes management in this client group and second, how can service provision be tailored to better meet their needs? Greater collaborative working and education is required between ID services, primary healthcare and diabetes clinicians in order to promote the health and meet the quality indicators of diabetes care among this population.
Perceived burden and neuropsychiatric morbidities in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Karas D. J. , Costain G. , Chow E. W. C. , Bassett A. S.
Published: October 2012

Background

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common genetic subtype of intellectual disability (ID) remarkable for its constellation of congenital, developmental and later‐onset features. Survival to adulthood is now the norm, and serious psychiatric illness is common in adults. However, little is known about the experiences and perceived needs of individuals with 22q11.2DS and their caregivers at time of transition from paediatric to adult models of care and beyond.

Method

We administered a mail survey to 84 caregivers of adults with 22q11.2DS and 34 adult patients themselves, inquiring about medical and social services, perceived burden and major challenges in adulthood in 22q11.2DS. Standard quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyse the responses.

Results

Fifty‐three (63.1%) caregivers and 20 (58.8%) adults with 22q11.2DS completed the survey. Perceived burden was high, with psychiatric illness and/or behavioural issues considered the most challenging aspects of adulthood in 22q11.2DS by the majority of caregivers (70.0%) and many patients themselves (42.9%). Irrespective of the extent of ID and the presence or absence of other major features, caregivers expressed dissatisfaction with medical and social services for adults, including at time of transition from paediatric care.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the subjective experiences of adults with 22q11.2DS and their caregivers and to identify their perceived needs for services. Better awareness of 22q11.2DS and its later‐onset manifestations, early diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric illness, additional support at time of transition and dedicated clinics for adults with 22q11.2DS may help to improve patient outcomes and reduce caregiver burden.
Human rights and intellectual disabilities in an era of ‘choice’
Authors: Fyson R. , Cromby J.
Published: October 2012

Background

Efforts to uphold and promote the human rights of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are being affected by the increasing emphasis on ‘choice’ in the delivery of social care services. While rights presume subjects or selves to whom they apply, there is a disconnect between the subjects presumed within human rights frameworks and the variable capacities of a heterogeneous ID population. This disconnect is amplified by choice discourses which characterise current service provision based upon neoliberal ideologies.

Method

Conceptual assumptions and theoretical positions associated with human rights in relation to people with ID are critically examined.

Results

The analysis results in an argument that current conceptualisations of personhood in relation to human rights exclude people with ID. The adverse effects of this exclusion are exacerbated within services which emphasise the permissive rights associated with a neoliberal agenda of ‘choice’ over protective rights.

Conclusions

In order to ensure that the human rights of people with ID are upheld, neoliberal emphases on choice need to be tempered and a more nuanced and inclusive notion of personhood in relation to universal human rights needs to be adopted.
Psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities: comments on a Matrix of evidence for interventions in challenging behaviour
Authors: Campbell M. , Robertson A. , Jahoda A.
Published: October 2012

Background

Psychological therapies with a proven efficacy in the general population are being adapted for use with people who have intellectual disabilities in community settings.

Methods

A systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature published between 1980 and 2010 was carried out, to identify the evidence base for effective psychological interventions in challenging behaviour. Relevant databases were searched using applied key terms. Evidence was graded, according to the quality of the research. A best‐evidence Matrix was produced to improve guidance for service providers and practitioners in the range, volume and quality of psychological interventions.

Results

There is a limited amount of efficacy research that meets the most stringent standards of empirical evidence.

Conclusions

It is important to broaden the evidence base and consider the context of psychological interventions, alongside the values underpinning care and treatment.
Current status of robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: How does it compare with other surgical approaches?
Authors: Lim Sey Kiat , Kim Kwang Hyun , Shin Tae‐Young , Rha Koon Ho
Published: October 2012

The aim was to review the current status and evaluate the outcomes of robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in comparison with open radical prostatectomy and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Between January 2008 and June 2012, published English language comparative studies comparing robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with either open radical postatectomy and/or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were reviewed. End‐points for this review include oncological, functional and perioperative outcomes, and complications. Compared with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and/or open radical prostatectomy, robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy offered at least equivalent oncological control. Current evidence seems to suggest a superiority of robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy over open radical prostatectomy and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in terms of functional outcomes, such as urinary continence and potency. Risks of perioperative complications were also low after robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy offers at least equivalent oncological and functional outcomes with low risks of complications when compared with open radical prostatectomy and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. However, there is a paucity of high‐level evidence available in current literature.
Preoperative prediction of malignant involvement of resected ureters in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer
Authors: Gondo Tatsuo , Nakashima Jun , Ohno Yoshio , Hashimoto Takeshi , Takizawa Issei , Sakamoto Noboru , Horiguchi Yutaka , Aoyagi Teiichiro , Ohori Makoto , Tachibana Masaaki
Published: October 2012

Objective

To investigate preoperative predictors of ureteral involvement of bladder malignancy and to develop a novel preoperative model for the prediction of ureteral involvement in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy.

Methods

This study included 197 consecutive bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy. The correlations of preoperative factors with ureteral involvement were analyzed by univariate analysis with Pearson's χ2‐test and multivariate logistic regression analysis with a stepwise selection procedure.

Results

Positive ureteral involvement was observed in 38 (19.3%) patients. Tumor location (involvement of the vesical trigone), clinical T stage (≥ cT3) and the number of tumors (≥3), but not sex, tumor grade and histological features determined by transurethral resection of bladder tumor, tumor size, shape of tumor, concomitant presence of carcinoma in situ, preoperative intravesical therapy, number of transurethral resection of bladder tumor procedures or the presence of hydronephrosis were significantly associated with ureteral involvement in the univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that the aforementioned three significant factors identified in the univariate analysis were significant independent predictors of ureteral involvement. The probability of ureteral involvement estimated by a combination of these three parameters was well correlated with the real incidence (R = 0.904, P = 0.0021).

Conclusions

Tumor location (involvement of vesical trigone), clinical T stage (≥cT3) and the number of tumors (≥3) are significant independent preoperative predictors of ureteral involvement of malignancy in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Our predictive model might be useful for preoperative prediction of ureteral tumor involvement.
Incidence and risk of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia in Japanese men: A 15‐year longitudinal community‐based study
Authors: Fukuta Fumimasa , Masumori Naoya , Mori Mitsuru , Tsukamoto Taiji
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To determine the incidence of and the risk factors for treatment in Japanese men with benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms enrolled into a longitudinal community‐based study.

Methods

A total of 267 of 319 men aged 40–79 years were eligible for this study, with nearly 15 years of follow up. Their medical records were checked to look for any medical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms. The risk of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms was determined by calculating the hazard ratio using the Cox proportional hazards model. Five baseline parameters were considered: the International Prostate Symptom Score, the peak urinary flow rate, the prostate volume, the serum prostate‐specific antigen and the internal prostatic architecture on transrectal ultrasonography.

Results

Data were successfully collected for 171 men (64%; 121 survivors and 50 deceased). During approximately 1900 person‐years of follow up, the overall incidence of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms was 15.4/1000 person‐years. All five parameters were statistically significant predictors of future treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms: International Prostate Symptom Score greater than 7 (hazard ratio 6.2, P < 0.001), prostate volume greater than 30 mL (hazard ratio 4.3, P = 0.002), peak urinary flow rate less than 12 mL/s (hazard ratio 4.4, P < 0.001), prostate‐specific antigen greater than 1.4 ng/mL (hazard ratio 4.0, P < 0.001) and internal prostatic architecture group 3 (hazard ratio 3.2, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, decreased peak urinary flow rate, enlarged prostate volume, high prostate‐specific antigen value and internal prostatic architecture at baseline are independent risk factors for treatment in Japanese men presenting with benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms.
Non‐suture technique for rabbit oviduct anastomosis with 2‐octyl cyanoacrylate: A histopathologic and biomechanical analysis
Authors: Zhu Hua , Yang Xiao‐Jun , Li Xiao‐Lin , Zhang Hu‐Xiang , Zheng Fei‐Yun
Published: October 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate histological and biomechanical properties of oviduct anastomosis with 2‐octyl cyanoacrylate (OCA) in the rabbit.

Material and Methods:  Sixty female rabbits were randomly divided equally into three groups: A (control), B (traditional catgut suture), and C (non‐suture technique using OCA). After suture or OCA anastomosis, gross examination (adhesion formation) and histopathology (hematoxylin–eosin), ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy), and biomechanics (bursting pressure) on para‐anastomotic site were investigated on oviduct taken at 1 (A1, B1, C1) and 4 (A2, B2, C2) weeks, respectively.

Results:  Adhesion score in group B was more severe than that in groups A and C at 1 and 4 weeks. Histopathology showed that acute endosalpingitis in group B was the most intense at 1 week, followed by significantly more tissue stimulation induced by catgut and foreign‐body giant cells in group B than in group C at 4 weeks. Ultrastructural damage of ciliated cells was reversed partly (B2) and completely (C2) at 4 weeks. Bursting pressure in C1 was weaker than that in B1, followed by no significant difference at 4 weeks.

Conclusion:  Non‐suture using OCA for oviduct anastomosis can be accepted as a new‐perspective technique.
Modified pheromone traps help reduce bycatch of bark‐beetle natural enemies
Authors: Martín Ana , Etxebeste Iñaki , Pérez Gema , Álvarez Gonzalo , Sánchez Estela , Pajares Juan
Published: October 2012

Thanasimus formicariusandTemnochila caerulea,two of the main predators ofIps sexdentatus, a well‐known forest pest in Southern Europe, are captured in high numbers when trappingI. sexdentatusas a result of the kairomonal effect of the lures used.

A preliminary field trial showed that predators could survive for at least 1 week within trapping containers, although predator mutilation and high predator death rates were observed.

Different modifications of conventional multiple funnel and slot traps with the objective of reducing natural enemy entrance into trap containers were bioassayed in field experiments conducted over four seasons. Based on the larger sizes of predators, different designs using welded wire‐mesh screens improved performance to different extents. Providing escape windows just above the screen on multiple funnel traps gave the most promising results, including when effect sizes among all tested designs were compared.

Thus, a simple modification of the lowest funnel of the multiple funnel traps would reduce the bycatch ofT. formicariusandT. caerulea, hence improving the efficiency of trapping programmes by lowering the likely impact on natural populations of these predators.