bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning of longitudinal chest X-ray and clinical variables predicts duration on ventilator and mortality in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Duanmu Hongyi , Ren Thomas , Li Haifang , Mehta Neil , Singer Adam J. , Levsky Jeffrey M. , Lipton Michael L. , Duong Tim Q.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To use deep learning of serial portable chest X-ray (pCXR) and clinical variables to predict mortality and duration on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective study. Serial pCXR and serial clinical variables were analyzed for data from day 1, day 5, day 1–3, day 3–5, or day 1–5 on IMV (110 IMV survivors and 76 IMV non-survivors). The outcome variables were duration on IMV and mortality. With fivefold cross-validation, the performance of the proposed deep learning system was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and correlation analysis.

Results

Predictive models using 5-consecutive-day data outperformed those using 3-consecutive-day and 1-day data. Prediction using data closer to the outcome was generally better (i.e., day 5 data performed better than day 1 data, and day 3–5 data performed better than day 1–3 data). Prediction performance was generally better for the combined pCXR and non-imaging clinical data than either alone. The combined pCXR and non-imaging data of 5 consecutive days predicted mortality with an accuracy of 85 ± 3.5% (95% confidence interval (CI)) and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87 ± 0.05 (95% CI) and predicted the duration needed to be on IMV to within 2.56 ± 0.21 (95% CI) days on the validation dataset.

Conclusions

Deep learning of longitudinal pCXR and clinical data have the potential to accurately predict mortality and duration on IMV in COVID-19 patients. Longitudinal pCXR could have prognostic value if these findings can be validated in a large, multi-institutional cohort.
The associations between lipid profiles and visceral obesity among gastrointestinal cancer patients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gao Bo , Li Xiangrui , Chen Wenqing , Wang Shu’an , He Jian , Liu Yu , Ding Chao , Chen Xiaotian
Published: October 2022

Background

Visceral obesity is associated with cancer incidence and prognosis. Altered lipid profiles are frequently seen in visceral obese patients. The blood test of lipid profiles is more convenient and has no radical side effects than computed tomography (CT), which is presently the most accurate way to measure visceral fat area. This article aims to investigate the associations between lipid profiles and visceral obesity in gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Methods

In total, 399 patients newly diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer were enrolled in this observational study. Lipid profiles were obtained from blood samples, and visceral fat mass area (VFA) was measured by CT. VFA ≥ 100 cm2 was considered visceral obesity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was utilized to evaluate the prognostic powers of lipid parameters for viscerally obese gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Results

Patients who had visceral obesity had higher triglyceride (TG) levels (1.20 ± 0.60 vs. 0.87 ± 0.57 mmo/L, P < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) levels (3.57 ± 0.84 vs. 3.40 ± 0.82, P = 0.044), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels (2.08 ± 0.66 vs. 1.94 ± 0.66, P = 0.047) and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels (0.88 ± 0.24 vs. 1.00 ± 0.26, P < 0.001) than those in the normal group. TG was positively correlated with VFA (r = 0.299, P < 0.001), while HDL-C was inversely correlated with VFA (r = -0.237, P < 0.001). TG and HDL-C had predictive capacity for visceral obesity at cutoff levels of 0.92 mmol/L (AUROC 0.700, 95% CI, 0.653–0.745, P < 0.001) and 0.98 mmol/L (AUROC 0.700, 95% CI, 0.585–0.682, P < 0.001), respectively. TG > 0.92 mmol/L with HDL-C < 0.98 mmol/L was linked with an increased risk of visceral obesity (OR = 4.068, 95% CI, 2.338—7.079, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Lipid profiles were significantly correlated with VFA. Gastrointestinal cancer patients with TG > 0.92 mmol/L and HDL-C < 0.98 mmol/L were at elevated risk of visceral obesity in the Chinese population. Identifying visceral obesity and taking proper actions in gastrointestinal cancers are helpful for overall tumor prognosis.
Opening up the black box of recovery processes in persons with complex mental health needs: a qualitative study of place-making dynamics in a low-threshold meeting place
Authors: De Ruysscher Clara , Vandevelde Stijn , Vanheule Stijn , Bryssinck Dirk , Haeck Wim , Vanderplasschen Wouter
Published: October 2022

Background

The recovery processes of persons with complex mental health needs take a slow and unpredictable course. Despite the fact that a number of essential building blocks of recovery in this population have been identified (e.g. social relationships, treatment, personal beliefs), the actual process of recovery in persons with complex mental health needs largely remains a black box. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how the recovery processes of persons with complex mental health needs take place, by applying a relational geographical approach and scrutinizing the place-making dynamics of one low-threshold meeting place in Belgium engaging with this group.

Methods

Data collection took place during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic by means of 11 in-depth interviews with different involved actors (service users, staff members, volunteers) and analyzed thematically.

Results

Results showed how the daily practice of the meeting place is continuously reproduced through place-making rituals that create an inclusive space of hospitality, are fueled by creative processes and form an indispensable counterweight for service users’ mental health needs.

Conclusions

To further open up the ‘black box’ of recovery in persons with complex mental health needs, it is vital to focus our analytic gaze onto recovery as a dynamic and relational practice.
Reading activities compensate for low education-related cognitive deficits
Authors: Wang Yue , Wang Shinan , Zhu Wanlin , Liang Na , Zhang Chen , Pei Yuankun , Wang Qing , Li Shiping , Shi Jiong
Published: October 2022

Background

The incidence of cognitive impairment is increasing with an aging population. Developing effective strategies is essential to prevent dementia. Higher education level is associated with better baseline cognitive performance, and reading activities can slow down cognitive decline. However, it is unclear whether education and reading activities are synergistic or independent contributors to cognitive performance.

Methods

This was a sub-study of an ongoing prospective community cohort of China National Clinical Research Center Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research (CANDOR). Demographic and clinical information, educational levels, and reading activities were collected. All participants finished neuropsychological testing batteries and brain MRIs. We analyzed cognitive performance and brain structures with education and reading activities.

Results

Four hundred fifty-nine subjectively cognitively normal participants were enrolled in the study. One hundred sixty-nine (36.82%) of them had regular reading activities. Participants in the reading group had better performance in all cognitive tests compared with those in the non-reading group, but no difference in brain MRI variables. Participants with higher education levels (more than 13 years) had better cognitive performance and higher hippocampal volumes. In low education groups (less than 12 years), more reading activities were associated with better cognitive test scores.

Conclusions

Both education and reading activities are important and synergistic for baseline cognitive function. Higher education level is associated with larger hippocampal volumes. Education may stimulate the growth and development of the hippocampus. Reading activities help to maintain and improve cognitive function in people with low levels of education.

Trial registration

NCT04320368.
Plasma metabolomics provides new insights into the relationship between metabolites and outcomes and left ventricular remodeling of coronary artery disease
Authors: Zhu Qian , Qin Min , Wang Zixian , Wu Yonglin , Chen Xiaoping , Liu Chen , Ma Qilin , Liu Yibin , Lai Weihua , Chen Hui , Cai Jingjing , Liu Yemao , Lei Fang , Zhang Bin , Zhang Shuyao , He Guodong , Li Hanping , Zhang Mingliang , Zheng Hui , Chen Jiyan , Huang Min , Zhong Shilong
Published: October 2022

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a metabolically perturbed pathological condition. However, the knowledge of metabolic signatures on outcomes of CAD and their potential causal effects and impacts on left ventricular remodeling remains limited. We aim to assess the contribution of plasma metabolites to the risk of death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) as well as left ventricular remodeling.

Results

In a prospective study with 1606 Chinese patients with CAD, we have identified and validated several independent metabolic signatures through widely-targeted metabolomics. The predictive model respectively integrating four metabolic signatures (dulcitol, β-pseudouridine, 3,3ʹ,5-Triiodo-l-thyronine, and kynurenine) for death (AUC of 83.7% vs. 76.6%, positive IDI of 0.096) and metabolic signatures (kynurenine, lysoPC 20:2, 5-methyluridine, andl-tryptophan) for MACE (AUC of 67.4% vs. 59.8%, IDI of 0.068) yielded better predictive value than trimethylamine N-oxide plus clinical model, which were successfully applied to predict patients with high risks of death (P = 0.0014) and MACE (P = 0.0008) in the multicenter validation cohort. Mendelian randomisation analysis showed that 11 genetically inferred metabolic signatures were significantly associated with risks of death or MACE, such as 4-acetamidobutyric acid, phenylacetyl-l-glutamine, tryptophan metabolites (kynurenine, kynurenic acid), and modified nucleosides (β-pseudouridine, 2-(dimethylamino) guanosine). Mediation analyses show that the association of these metabolites with the outcomes could be partly explained by their roles in promoting left ventricular dysfunction.

Conclusions

This study provided new insights into the relationship between plasma metabolites and clinical outcomes and its intermediate pathological process left ventricular dysfunction in CAD. The predictive model integrating metabolites can help to improve the risk stratification for death and MACE in CAD. The metabolic signatures appear to increase death or MACE risks partly by promoting adverse left ventricular dysfunction, supporting potential therapeutic targets of CAD for further investigation.

Graphical Abstract
Helmet noninvasive support for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: rationale, mechanism of action and bedside application
Authors: Cesarano Melania , Grieco Domenico Luca , Michi Teresa , Munshi Laveena , Menga Luca S. , Delle Cese Luca , Ruggiero Ersilia , Rosà Tommaso , Natalini Daniele , Sklar Michael C. , Cutuli Salvatore L. , Bongiovanni Filippo , De Pascale Gennaro , Ferreyro Bruno L. , Goligher Ewan C. , Antonelli Massimo
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Helmet noninvasive support may provide advantages over other noninvasive oxygenation strategies in the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. In this narrative review based on a systematic search of the literature, we summarize the rationale, mechanism of action and technicalities for helmet support in hypoxemic patients.

Main results

In hypoxemic patients, helmet can facilitate noninvasive application of continuous positive-airway pressure or pressure-support ventilation via a hood interface that seals at the neck and is secured by straps under the arms. Helmet use requires specific settings. Continuous positive-airway pressure is delivered through a high-flow generator or a Venturi system connected to the inspiratory port of the interface, and a positive end-expiratory pressure valve place at the expiratory port of the helmet;  alternatively, pressure-support ventilation is delivered by connecting the helmet to a mechanical ventilator through a bi-tube circuit. The helmet interface allows continuous treatments with high positive end-expiratory pressure with good patient comfort. Preliminary data suggest that helmet noninvasive ventilation (NIV) may provide physiological benefits compared to other noninvasive oxygenation strategies (conventional oxygen, facemask NIV, high-flow nasal oxygen) in non-hypercapnic patients with moderate-to-severe hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mmHg), possibly because higher positive end-expiratory pressure (10–15 cmH2O) can be applied for prolonged periods with good tolerability. This improves oxygenation, limits ventilator inhomogeneities, and may attenuate the potential harm of lung and diaphragm injury caused by vigorous inspiratory effort. The potential superiority of helmet support for reducing the risk of intubation has been hypothesized in small, pilot randomized trials and in a network metanalysis.

Conclusions

Helmet noninvasive support represents a promising tool for the initial management of patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. Currently, the lack of confidence with this and technique and the absence of conclusive data regarding its efficacy render helmet use limited to specific settings, with expert and trained personnel. As per other noninvasive oxygenation strategies, careful clinical and physiological monitoring during the treatment is essential to early identify treatment failure and avoid delays in intubation.
Genome-centric insight into metabolically active microbial population in shallow-sea hydrothermal vents
Authors: Chen Xiaofeng , Tang Kai , Zhang Mu , Liu Shujing , Chen Mingming , Zhan Peiwen , Fan Wei , Chen Chen-Tung Arthur , Zhang Yao
Published: October 2022

Background

Geothermal systems have contributed greatly to both our understanding of the functions of extreme life and the evolutionary history of life itself. Shallow-sea hydrothermal systems are ecological intermediates of deep-sea systems and terrestrial springs, harboring unique and complexed ecosystems, which are well-lit and present physicochemical gradients. The microbial communities of deep-sea and terrestrial geothermal systems have been well-studied at the population genome level, yet little is known about the communities inhabiting the shallow-sea hydrothermal systems and how they compare to those inhabiting other geothermal systems.

Results

Here, we used genome-resolved metagenomic and metaproteomic approaches to probe into the genetic potential and protein expression of microorganisms from the shallow-sea vent fluids off Kueishantao Island. The familiesNautiliaceaeandCampylobacteraceaewithin the Epsilonbacteraeota and theThiomicrospiraceaewithin the Gammaproteobacteria were prevalent in vent fluids over a 3-year sampling period. We successfully reconstructed the in situ metabolic modules of the predominant populations within the Epsilonbacteraeota and Gammaproteobacteria by mapping the metaproteomic data back to metagenome-assembled genomes. Those active bacteria could use the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle or Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle for autotrophic carbon fixation, with the ability to use reduced sulfur species, hydrogen or formate as electron donors, and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor via cytochromebdoxidase or cytochromebb3oxidase. Comparative metagenomic and genomic analyses revealed dramatic differences between submarine and terrestrial geothermal systems, including microbial functional potentials for carbon fixation and energy conversion. Furthermore, shallow-sea hydrothermal systems shared many of the major microbial genera that were first isolated from deep-sea and terrestrial geothermal systems, while deep-sea and terrestrial geothermal systems shared few genera.

Conclusions

The metabolic machinery of the active populations within Epsilonbacteraeota and Gammaproteobacteria at shallow-sea vents can mirror those living at deep-sea vents. With respect to specific taxa and metabolic potentials, the microbial realm in the shallow-sea hydrothermal system presented ecological linkage to both deep-sea and terrestrial geothermal systems.
Surgical resection of a tuberculoma in the diaphragm: a case report
Authors: Hashinokuchi Asato , Kohno Mikihiro , Kosai Keisuke , Ono Yuki , Haratake Naoki , Shibata Daiki , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Takenaka Tomoyoshi , Yoshizumi Tomoharu
Published: October 2022

Background

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis commonly affects the lymphatic system, nervous system, and gastrointestinal system. Tuberculous infection in the muscle is very rare. Moreover, tuberculous infection in the diaphragm is extremely rare. We herein report a case of tuberculomas in the diaphragm and posterior mediastinum that were successfully diagnosed and treated.

Case presentation

We encountered a 62-year-old woman with a tuberculoma in the diaphragm. The patient presented with mild dyspnea. Computed tomography showed a mass in the left diaphragm, focal thickening of the posterior mediastinum, and multiple nodules in the lungs. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography showed increased uptake in the left diaphragm mass and thickening of the posterior mediastinum; therefore, we considered the masses to be malignant and planned surgical resection. However, the patient was diagnosed with tuberculosis from a sputum culture, and she was treated with anti-tuberculous therapy. The masses in the diaphragm and posterior mediastinum had become enlarged after 6 months of anti-tuberculous therapy; therefore, the patient underwent resection of both masses. Tuberculous infection was histologically confirmed in each lesion. She was pathologically diagnosed with tuberculous abscesses in the diaphragm and posterior mediastinum and began treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Conclusions

Preoperative diagnosis of a tuberculoma in the diaphragm is usually difficult, and surgical intervention is important for both diagnosis and treatment.
The management of perioperative pain in craniosynostosis repair: a systematic literature review of the current practices and guidelines for the future
Authors: Mortada Hatan , AlKhashan Raghad , Alhindi Nawaf , AlWaily Haifa B. , Alsadhan Ghada A. , Alrobaiea Saad , Arab Khalid
Published: October 2022

Background

Craniosynostosis is a condition characterized by a premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. The surgical repair of craniosynostosis causes significant pain for the child. A key focus of craniosynostosis repair is developing effective strategies to manage perioperative pain. This study aimed to review perioperative pain control strategies for craniosynostosis repair systematically.

Methods

Guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used in the design of this review. In May 2022, the following databases were used to conduct the literature search: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. A search was performed using MeSH terms “craniosynostosis,” “pain management,” and “cranioplasty.”

Results

The literature review yielded 718 publications. After applying our inclusion criteria, 17 articles were included, accounting for a total of 893 patients. During the postoperative period, most studies used multimodal analgesia, primarily opioids, and acetaminophen. In the postoperative period, oral ibuprofen was the most commonly used NSAID, rectal codeine, and acetaminophen were the most commonly used weak opioids, and continuous remifentanil infusion was the most commonly used potent opioid.

Conclusion

The authors determined the best pain management options for pediatric patients undergoing cranioplasty by analyzing the most commonly used analgesics. A high-quality clinical trial comparing different types of analgesic combinations would be a valuable addition to the present literature.
Sleep quality and associated factors among type 2 Dm patients and non-Dm individuals in Bahir Dar governmental hospitals: comparative cross-sectional study
Authors: Zewdu Dagmawit , Gedamu Haileyesus , Beyene Yeshiwork , Tadesse Mekdes , Tamirat Mahlet , Muluken Silenat
Published: October 2022

Background

Multiple factors may contribute to sleep disruption among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellites. Sleep disruption among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellites is frequently associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs. Nevertheless, literature in this regard is scanty in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of poor sleep quality and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellites patients and non-diabetes individuals in Bahir Dar governmental hospitals.

Methods

Comparative cross-sectional study was employed among 292 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellites and 291 non-diabetic individuals in Bahir Dar governmental hospitals from March 01- to April-01. A two-stage cluster sampling method was employed to select participants. Pittsburgh sleeps quality index was used for assessing sleep quality. For analysis, descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression models were used.

Result

The prevalence of poor sleep was 50.7% (95% CI; 44.9–56.2) and 31.8% (95% CI 26.5–37.5) among individuals with type 2 diabetes melilites and non-diabetic, respectively. Among the overall participants, type 2 diabetes melilites patients were also significantly associated with poor sleep quality than non-diabetic individuals (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI; 1.19–2.87). Comorbidity, duration of DM > 10 years, Poor glycaemic control, depression, low physical activity, and poor social support were factors significantly associated with poor sleep quality among individuals with type 2 diabetes melilites. Among non-diabetic individuals, low physical activity, poor social support, depression, and age group (> 50 years) were factors significantly associated with poor sleep quality.

Conclusion

In this study, poor sleep among individuals with type 2 diabetes melilites was higher than in non-diabetes individuals.
Plasmonic anapole metamaterial for refractive index sensing
Authors: Yao Jin , Ou Jun-Yu , Savinov Vassili , Chen Mu Ku , Kuo Hsin Yu , Zheludev Nikolay I. , Tsai Din Ping
Published: October 2022

Electromagnetic anapole mode is a nonradiative state of light originating from the deconstructive interference of radiation of the oscillating electric and toroidal dipole moments. The high quality anapole-related resonances can be used in enhancing nonlinear electromagnetic properties of materials and in sensor applications. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate plasmonic anapole metamaterial sensor of environmental refractive index in the optical part of the spectrum. Our results show that the sensor exhibits high sensitivity to the ambient refractive index at the level of 330 nm/RIU and noise floor of 8.7 × 10-5 RIU. This work will pave the way for applications of anapole metamaterials in biosensing and spectroscopy.
CRISPR/Cas systems usher in a new era of disease treatment and diagnosis
Authors: Li Ruiting , Wang Qin , She Kaiqin , Lu Fang , Yang Yang
Published: October 2022

The discovery and development of the CRISPR/Cas system is a milestone in precise medicine. CRISPR/Cas nucleases, base-editing (BE) and prime-editing (PE) are three genome editing technologies derived from CRISPR/Cas. In recent years, CRISPR-based genome editing technologies have created immense therapeutic potential with safe and efficient viral or non-viral delivery systems. Significant progress has been made in applying genome editing strategies to modify T cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ex vivo and to treat a wide variety of diseases and disorders in vivo. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of this unique technology still faces many challenges, especially targeting, safety and delivery issues, which require further improvement and optimization. In addition, with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), CRISPR-based molecular diagnosis has attracted extensive attention. Growing from the specific set of molecular biological discoveries to several active clinical trials, CRISPR/Cas systems offer the opportunity to create a cost-effective, portable and point-of-care diagnosis through nucleic acid screening of diseases. In this review, we describe the development, mechanisms and delivery systems of CRISPR-based genome editing and focus on clinical and preclinical studies of therapeutic CRISPR genome editing in disease treatment as well as its application prospects in therapeutics and molecular detection.
State of the Biomarker Science in Ovarian Cancer: A National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Planning Meeting Report
Authors: Ethier Josee-Lyne , Fuh Katherine C. , Arend Rebecca , Konecny Gottfried E. , Konstantinopoulos Panagiotis A. , Odunsi Kunle , Swisher Elizabeth M. , Kohn Elise C. , Zamarin Dmitriy
Published: October 2022

PURPOSE

Despite therapeutic advances in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC), 5-year survival remains low, and patients eventually die from recurrent, chemotherapy-resistant disease. The National Cancer Gynecologic Cancer Steering Committee identified the integration of scientifically defined subgroups as a top strategic priority in clinical trial planning.

METHODS

A group of experts was convened to review the scientific literature in OC to identify validated predictive biomarkers that could inform patient selection and treatment stratification. Here, we report on these findings and their potential for use in future clinical trial design on the basis of hierarchal evidence grading.

RESULTS

The biomarkers were classified on the basis of mechanistic targeting, including DNA repair and replication stress, immunotherapy and tumor microenvironment, oncogenic signaling, and angiogenesis. Currently, BRCA mutations and homologous recombination deficiency to predict poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor response are supported in OC by the highest level of evidence. Additional biomarkers of response to agents targeting the pathways above have been identified but require prospective validation.

CONCLUSION

Although a number of biomarkers of response to various agents in OC have been described in the literature, high-level evidence for the majority is lacking. This report highlights the unmet need for identification and validation of predictive biomarkers to guide therapy and future trial design in OC.
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia Diagnosed in Childhood Can Be Monogenic
Authors: Hopkins Jasmin J , Childs Alexandra J , Houghton Jayne A L , Hewat Thomas I , Atapattu Navoda , Johnson Matthew B , Patel Kashyap A , Laver Thomas W , Flanagan Sarah E
Published: October 2022

Context

Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is characterized by inappropriate insulin secretion despite low blood glucose. Persistent HI is often monogenic, with the majority of cases diagnosed in infancy. Less is known about the contribution of monogenic forms of disease in those presenting in childhood.

Objective

We investigated the likelihood of finding a genetic cause in childhood-onset HI and explored potential factors leading to later age at presentation of disease.

Methods

We screened known disease-causing genes in 1848 individuals with HI, referred for genetic testing as part of routine clinical care. Individuals were classified as infancy-onset (diagnosed with HI < 12 months of age) or childhood-onset (diagnosed at age 1-16 years). We assessed clinical characteristics and the genotypes of individuals with monogenic HI diagnosed in childhood to gain insights into the later age at diagnosis of HI in these children.

Results

We identified the monogenic cause in 24% (n = 42/173) of the childhood-onset HI cohort; this was significantly lower than the proportion of genetic diagnoses in infancy-onset cases (74.5% [n = 1248/1675], P < 0.00001). Most (75%) individuals with genetically confirmed childhood-onset HI were diagnosed before 2.7 years, suggesting these cases represent the tail end of the normal distribution in age at diagnosis. This is supported by the finding that 81% of the variants identified in the childhood-onset cohort were detected in those diagnosed in infancy.

Conclusion

We have shown that monogenic HI is an important cause of hyperinsulinism presenting outside of infancy. Genetic testing should be considered in children with persistent hyperinsulinism, regardless of age at diagnosis.
Latina/o Postsecondary Education: Trends in Racial/Ethnic Education Gaps and the Role of Citizenship in Access to Higher Education
Authors: Dyer Shauna , Román-Torres Giovanni
Published: October 2022

Black–Latina/o and White–Latina/o bachelor's degree gaps persist in the United States despite substantial increases in Latina/o educational attainment since the late 1950s. The Latina/o population has grown rapidly in recent decades and currently comprises more than 20% of the U.S. population; however, barriers to citizenship have grown in tandem and have limited access to higher education. Using data from the U.S. Census (1950–2010) and the American Community Survey (2015–2017), we examine trends in Black–Latina/o and White–Latina/o college completion gaps and factors that may explain them. We find that college enrollment differences explain the majority of the bachelor's degree gaps. We then decompose enrollment gaps by differences in enrollment by citizenship and find that if the Latina/o population had the same citizenship rate as the White and Black populations, the Black–Latina/o enrollment gaps would effectively disappear and the White–Latina/o enrollment gaps would be reduced by up to 75%. Our findings indicate that the Latina/o population's relatively low college completion rates are partially explained by restricted access to citizenship. The high proportion of Latina/o noncitizens has also masked the considerable educational progress Latina/o citizens have made in recent decades.
Investigating the link between morphological characteristics and diet in an island population of omnivorous reptiles (Sphenodon punctatus)
Authors: Lamar Sarah K. , Altobelli Joseph T. , Nelson Nicola J. , Ormsby Diane K.
Published: October 2022

The morphological characteristics that impact feeding ecology in ectotherms, particularly reptiles, are poorly understood. We used morphometric measures and stable isotope analysis (carbon-13 and nitrogen-15) to assess the link between diet and functional morphology in an island population of an evolutionarily unique reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). First, we established a significant positive correlation between overall body size, gape size, and fat store in tuatara (n=56). Next, we describe the relationship between stable isotope profiles created from whole blood and nail trim samples and demonstrate that nail trims offer a low-impact method of creating a long-term dietary profile in ectotherms. We used nitrogen-15 values to assess trophic level in the population and found that tuatara on Takapourewa forage across multiple trophic levels. Finally, we found a significant relationship between gape size and carbon-13 (linear regression: P<0.001), with tuatara with large gapes showing dietary profiles that suggest a higher intake of marine (seabird) prey. However, whether body size or gape size is the primary adaptive characteristic allowing for more optimal foraging is yet unknown.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
News from around the RNA world: new avenues in RNA biology, biotechnology and therapeutics from the 2022 SIBBM meeting
Authors: Brancato Virginia , Brentari Ilaria , Coscujuela Tarrero Lucia , Furlan Mattia , Nicassio Francesco , Denti Michela A.
Published: October 2022

Since the formalization of the Central Dogma of molecular biology, the relevance of RNA in modulating the flow of information from DNA to proteins has been clear. More recently, the discovery of a vast set of non-coding transcripts involved in crucial aspects of cellular biology has renewed the enthusiasm of the RNA community. Moreover, the remarkable impact of RNA therapies in facing the COVID19 pandemics has bolstered interest in the translational opportunities provided by this incredible molecule. For all these reasons, the Italian Society of Biophysics and Molecular Biology (SIBBM) decided to dedicate its 17th yearly meeting, held in June 2022 in Rome, to the many fascinating aspects of RNA biology. More than thirty national and international speakers covered the properties, modes of action and applications of RNA, from its role in the control of development and cell differentiation to its involvement in disease. Here, we summarize the scientific content of the conference, highlighting the take-home message of each presentation, and we stress the directions the community is currently exploring to push forward our comprehension of the RNA World 3.0.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in detection and follow-up of focal renal infections in children
Authors: Pšeničny Evita , Glušič Mojca , Pokorn Marko , Ključevšek Damjana
Published: October 2022

Objective:

Focal renal infections in children have to be diagnosed early in order to enable an appropriate antibiotic treatment. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the efficacy and clinical utility of intravenous renal contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as an alternative imaging method for the diagnosis and follow-up of focal renal infections in children.

Methods:

Fourteen children aged from 6 months to 17 years (mean 6.5 years) in whom focal renal infection was suspected were included in this retrospective study. All data were obtained from medical and imaging records of the patients.

Results:

CEUS was performed for the diagnosis in all 14 children and then also for follow-up in seven children with renal abscess. In three children enhancement pattern was concordant with focal nephritis and in four children CEUS excluded focal renal infection and the diagnosis of pseudolesion was confirmed.

Conclusion:

Renal CEUS was proven to be an efficient and self-sufficient imaging in diagnosis and further follow-up of focal renal infections in children. CEUS patterns of focal renal infections are described as well as relevant CEUS enhancement patterns important for differential diagnosis. Renal abscess follow-up algorithm with CEUS is suggested.

Advances in knowledge:

All clinically relevant imaging data was obtained by CEUS and no other imaging was necessary for the diagnosis and follow-up.
Sovereignty as an environmental practice: the problem of territoriality and anthropocentrism
Authors: Walewicz Piotr
Published: October 2022

The article is a theoretical study of state sovereignty. By looking at the concept in a different way from traditional methods, it tries to discern whether sovereignty is necessarily antithetical to a sustainable world. Emphasis is put on its territoriality and anthropocentrism – both of which make it into a major obstacle when tackling global and transnational environmental problems. State sovereignty is analyzed as an environmental practice of the state, which allows for the control of resources to be used by capital. The analysis is conducted using theoretical and conceptual critique as the main method. It is based on various sources ranging from critical geopolitics and critical geography to political science and political ecology, including the concept of Capitalocene.

As long as sovereignty remains utilized by the state in service to capital, it will be used to cement its ability to control space and extract resources. However, a different kind of sovereignty is imaginable and therefore the institution itself is neither friend nor enemy to environmental politics. This new understanding of sovereignty opens up new avenues for theoretical research in political ecology and International Relations, bridging the gap between traditional state-centric approaches and the transboundary nature of ecological problems.
Russian-Chinese cooperation and competition in Afghanistan and its implications for Central Asia
Authors: Aliyev Nurlan
Published: October 2022

Background: This paper aims to explore current and perspective trends of relations between Russia and China in Afghanistan and Central Asia.  It also analyzes whether the withdrawal of the U.S. and the subsequent Taliban takeover helped—and continues to help—strengthen the two powers' positions in the region and what kind of challenges and benefits they face. The paper examines the hypothesis that the U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Taliban's return to power added to Russia and China's benefits in the region.

Methods: The research uses content analysis regarding official documents, political and military elite speeches, interviews, and reports to explain Russia and China’s official positions and policies regarding Afghanistan and Central Asia. Relations between the two powers as regards Afghanistan and Central Asia are comparatively analyzed. The paper uses the neorealist approach, which is fit for explaining relations between Russia and China in Afghanistan and Central Asia.

Results: After the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, regional security is now the business of the regional powers, mainly China and Russia. Now they should bear the responsibilities and share the burdens. 

There is probably more ground for competition after eliminating the threats in Afghanistan and especially in Central Asia for Moscow and Beijing.

However, Russia and China will continue to try to align their interests in Afghanistan and Central Asia, especially if their relations with U.S. remain at the current level or worsen in the coming years. 

Conclusions: Based on the findings, this paper argues that, on the one hand, Russia and China continue to try to take advantage of the instability in the region by stepping up their security and economic influences in Central Asia. However, their stabilizing efforts in Afghanistan following the withdrawal of the U.S., ironically may increase competition between China and Russia.
Personality profiles and engagement with the augmented reality game Pokémon GO: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Moscoso Miguel G. , Villarreal-Zegarra David , Del Castillo Darwin , Zavaleta Elizabeth , Miranda J. Jaime
Published: October 2022

Background: Since its release in 2016, Pokémon GO™ has achieved not only extensive popularity but has also accrued evidence that it helps to increase physical activity and sense of belonging. Personality traits may explain a differential engagement and fidelity with the game, hence potentially allowing for prediction of different patterns of game engagement as well as its health benefits. Our objective was to compare personality traits between Pokémon GO game players and non-players.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in participants aged 18+ years through an online survey. The following categories of game engagement were defined: active players, occasional players, former players, and never players. Personality was measured with the NEO-FFI inventory that evaluates personality across five domains: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. ANOVA and MANOVA models were performed to test differences in personality traits’ scores. Multivariate regression models were also used to describe specific differences across groups of game engagement.

Results: Data from 654 participants, average 28.6 years of age, 75% male, were included in the study. In the ANOVA analysis, we observed differences between the three players' subgroups in openness (p=0.015) and conscientiousness (p=0.032). In MANOVA and multivariate regression analyses, we found that active players presented higher scores in openness and agreeableness, but lower scores in conscientiousness compared to former or non-players.

Conclusions: We found evidence that people that actively play Pokémon GO are more likely to be friendlier and more open to new experiences, but also scored less on conscientiousness which is related to discipline. This gives us better insight on how personality may help identification of people and their involvement with activities that demand fulfillment of tasks. These findings could help inform the engagement with health-related behaviors, including physical activity and medication adherence.
Revenue Management in Crowdfunding
Authors: Zhang Jiding , Savin Sergei , Veeraraghavan Senthil
Published: October 2022

Problem definition: We study the optimal design of crowdfunding campaigns and develop a model that maximizes revenue for a given crowdfunding campaign by optimizing both the pledge level sought from donors and the duration of the campaign. Academic/practical relevance: Our model explains the patterns of backer/donor arrival and pledging observed on crowdfunding platforms, such as Kickstarter. This model can be used to calibrate the revenue impact from using prespecified pledge levels or campaign durations. Methodology: We develop a theoretical model of the dynamics of the pledging process within the campaign duration, which employs a continuous-time, finite-horizon framework with two types of backer populations. Our model follows a diffusion-based approach and incorporates the structure of empirical observations. Results: We show that when campaign creators must follow an external standard for either the pledge level or the campaign duration, they should match low pledge levels with long campaign durations and high pledge levels with short campaign durations. We show that the optimal duration of a campaign, when not fixed by external constraints, depends on the composition of the backer population. Shorter campaigns are attuned to independent backers, and longer campaigns cater to herding backers. Managerial implications: Our analysis provides creators of crowdfunding campaigns with straightforward prescriptions for how to set the optimal pledge level and campaign duration. Platform managers could use the analysis to calibrate the arrival process of backers and creators’ campaign parameters.

Funding: This work was supported by the Fishman-Davidson Center.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1147 .
Pelatihan Pembuatan Keramik Kepada Masyarakat Umum untuk Meningkatkan Kereativitas dan Memperkenalkan Proses Pembuatan Keramik Sebagai Upaya Melestarikan Karya Seni Indonesia
Authors: Anggraita Aria Weny , Rachmaniyah Nanik , Budiono Budiono , Hawari Firman
Published: October 2022

Keramik sebagai salah satu seni terapan dengan kearifan lokal memiliki kekhasan dengan Teknik finishing yang beragam menghasilkan keramik estetik dan fungsional. Saat ini tren akan keramik semakin meningkat, semakin banyak usaha kecil menjual keramik dengan kekhasan masing-masing. Pelatihan keramik yang ditujukan kepada masyarakat umum maka masyarakat umum dapat memanfaatkan pengetahuan pembuatan keramik sebagai hobi atau untuk memulai usaha kecil yang dapat dikembangkan. Melalui pelatihan ini masyarakat dapat menuangkan kreativitasnya pada seni terapan dengan material lokal sekaligus untuk melestarikan budaya seni keramik Indonesia dengan bahan tanah liat lokal. Pelatihan keramik dilakukan secara online menyesuaikan kondisi pandemic saat ini dimana harus membatasi pertemuansecara langsung. Pelatihan akan diadakan sebanyak tiga kali dengan jeda satu minggu/pertemuan untuk memberi kesempatan kepada peserta mencoba berkreasi dengan tanah liat. Peralatan dalam membuat keramik pada workshop keramik ini sangat sederhana dan dapat ditemukan di sekitar lingkungan masing-masing peserta. Untuk lebih memudahkan para peserta, kami membuat paket khusus peralatan sederhana dan mengirimkan tanah liat earthenware untuk mendukung membuat keramik yang kami kirimkan langsung ke alamat rumah masing-masing peserta. Dampak yang diharapkan dari kegiatan ini, peserta menjadi lebih kreatif. Peserta dapat berkreasi membuat keramik sesuai keinginan dan kebutuhannya. Dampak lainnya diharapkan pengetahuan dalam membuata keramik ini dapat menjadikan kehidupan masyarakat menjadi lebih baik dan lestarinya budaya seni keramik di Indonesia.
Picture Book Reviews
Authors: Hughes Laura
Published: October 2022

A professional book with a difference; focusing on the evolutionary perspective around children's play. This is certainly a text which will get you thinking, reflecting, sparking your curiosity and wanting to research more! The picture books this month are a selection that can really be used to discuss a variety of important topics with young children, from the feeling of fear to perseverance.
Effects of the pandemic on smoking and the way forward
Authors: Cope Graham F. , Bloodworth Charlotte
Published: October 2022

Graham Cope and Charlotte Bloodworth look at the state of smoking in the aftermath of the pandemic
Prevalence and prognosis of hard-to-heal wounds with comorbidities in China
Authors: Zhou Jing-qi , Huang Li-fang , Lu Ye-chen , Li Qing , Ma Xian , Tang Jia-jun , Niu Yi-wen , Lu Shu-liang
Published: October 2022

Objective:

Regular retrospective analysis is necessary for potential improvement in clinical practice for the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds. Comorbidities and outcomes have demonstrated spatial and temporal diversity, emphasising the importance of updates in epidemiology. The complexity of healing hard-to-heal wounds has long been known, and so we sought evidence-based improvement on the current principles of treatment.

Method:

Demographic and clinical information of patients from the WoundCareLog database was collected. Patients who met the inclusion criteria and completed follow-up after treatment were included. Comorbidities were diagnosed and classified into eight categories based on ICD-10. We compared the demographic and aetiological characteristics between patients with and without comorbidities by t-test and Chi-squared test. The impact of comorbidities on wound healing were evaluated with a multivariate Cox model.

Results:

A total of 2163 patients met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled, of whom 37.0% were aged 61–80 years, 36.0% were aged 41–60 years and 60.8% were male. The lower extremities and buttocks were the most commonly affected areas with hard-to-heal wounds. Non-traumatic wounds accounted for 66.6% of cases, and infection, pressure and diabetes were the most common causes. Paralysis and diabetes were the most important factors which led to a prolonged healing process and inferior clinical outcomes.

Conclusion:

Comorbidities of hard-to-heal wounds were treated as separate contributors and their weighted effect on outcome was calculated through correlation analysis. Paralysis and diabetes were the most unfavourable comorbidities affecting the treatment of non-traumatic hard-to-heal wounds. Our study highlighted the priority of comorbidity treatment through data-driven approaches. It provides potential value in developing better public health strategies and preventive medicine.
Current concepts in the management of radial head fractures: a national survey and review of the literature
Authors: Barakat A , Mcdonald C , Singh H
Published: October 2022

Introduction

This study aims to report on current practice in the management of radial head fractures (RHFs) in the United Kingdom and to review the literature to identify areas for future investigation.

Methods

A 12-question online survey was sent to 500 surgeon members of the British Elbow and Shoulder Society in 2021. Questions focused on clinical assessment, indications for surgical treatment and willingness to participate in future studies. Descriptive statistical analysis summarised the responses.

Results

The response rate was 20.4% (n = 102). For minimally displaced RHFs, non-operative management with immediate mobilisation was reported by 90.2% (n = 92) as opposed to 9.8% (n = 10) for initial immobilisation in plaster or brace. The most cited indication for radial head arthroplasty as opposed to fixation was increased patient age or low functional demand in 69.9% of responses (n = 71). In total, 41.2% (n = 42) indicated the need for a future randomised controlled trial (RCT) concerning the management of RHF. Only five RCTs were returned by the literature review.

Discussion

There is considerable variability in the management of RHF among an experienced cohort of surgeons. With the interest declared by the participating surgeons, there is a call for a well-designed sufficiently powered RCT.