bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Ancient Practical Ethics and Philosophy as a Way of Life
Authors: Owen Joel ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2020

In this article, I describe an approach to teaching ancient practical ethics that encourages learners to engage actively with the ideas under consideration. Students are encouraged to apply a range of practical exercises to their own lives and to reflect both independently and in collaboration with others on how the experience impacts their understanding of the theories upon which such exercises are built. I describe how such an approach is both in keeping with the methods advocated by the philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome, and also well supported by a wide range of contemporary educational research. I suggest that such active learning strategies encourage students towards a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the philosophical theories under consideration. Practical recommendations for incorporating such an approach into the teaching of applied philosophy are given. I finish by considering the impact such an approach may have on student motivation.
Dynamics of a spherical enclosure in a liquid during ultrasonic cavitation
Authors: Kuznetsova Elena , Fedotenkov Gregory
Published: November 2020

The paper investigates the process of pulsation of a spherical cavity (bubble) in a liquid under the influence of a source of ultrasonic vibrations. The pulsation of a spherical cavity is described by the Kirkwood-Bethe equations, which are one of the most accurate mathematical models of pulsation processes at an arbitrary velocity of the cavity boundary. The Kirkwood-Bethe equations are essentially non-linear, therefore, to construct solutions and parametric analysis of the bubble collapse process under the influence of ultrasound, a numerical algorithm based on the Runge-Kutta method in the Felberg modification of the 4-5th order with an adaptive selection of the integration step in time has been developed and implemented. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to fully describe the process of cavitation pulsations, to carry out comprehensive parametric studies, and to evaluate the influence of various process parameters on the intensity of cavitation. As an example, the results of calculating the process of pulsation of the cavitation pocket in water are given and the influence of the amplitude of ultrasonic vibrations and the initial radius on the process of cavitation of a single bubble is estimated.
Aporte de serapilheira e teor de carbono orgânico em um fragmento florestal urbano
Authors: Batista Daniela Biondi , Dácol Fernando Vicente , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Martine Angeline , Reis Allan Rodrigo Nunho
Published: November 2020

Os fragmentos florestais urbanos produzem inúmeros serviços ecossistêmicos que contribuem diretamente para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental das cidades, como a produção de oxigênio atmosférico a fixação de carbono, a ciclagem de nutrientes e a conservação da natureza. A importância destes serviços não deve ser atribuída exclusivamente ao componente arbóreo ou a seu dossel, mas a todo o conjunto de componentes de uma floresta, incluindo a serapilheira, responsável pela sustentabilidade de todo o ecossistema. Os objetivos deste trabalho foi avaliar o aporte e a quantidade e teor de carbono em diferentes classes de serapilheira depositada em um fragmento florestal localizado em Curitiba, Paraná. Para isso, 30 parcelas foram distribuídas ao longo de uma trilha no interior deste fragmento para coletar a serapilheira, entre os meses de outono e inverno de 2019. A serapilheira coletada foi separada e classificada em: folhas; galhos e cascas; raízes; estruturas reprodutivas e miscelânea. O peso úmido e seco deste material foi determinado e por meio de um analisador de carbono por combustão o percentual de carbono foi definido. Os resultados indicam um aporte de serapilheira no valor de 11,61 Mg/ha, com predomínio da classe galhos e cascas (6,30 Mg/ha). A quantidade média de carbono neste aporte corresponde a 5,08 Mg/ha e o teor médio de carbono foi significativamente maior na classe miscelânea (44,46%) em relação às outras classes de serapilheira. Conclui-se que o fragmento florestal avaliado, apesar de isolado e antropizado, apresentou tanto aporte de serapilheira quanto quantidade e teor de carbono semelhantes aos encontrados em florestas com menos intervenções urbanas, demonstrando ser a serapilheira um parâmetro eficiente para se avaliar o estado de conservação destes ambientes.
Mudas de tamarindeiro produzidas em substratos compostos por bagana de carnaúba e casca de arroz
Authors: Santos Gessiane Maria da Silva , Oliveira Jéssica Maria de Sousa , Araújo Joseane Barbosa , Cardoso Vanessa Reis , Rodrigues Brenda Ellen Lima , Oliveira Paula Sara Teixeira de , Santos Janaiane Ferreira dos , Santos Maria do Livramento da Silva , Matos Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva
Published: November 2020

A busca por alternativas para cultivo de espécies frutíferas torna-se cada vez mais oportuno, a fim de reduzir custos utilizando materiais que forneçam condições nutricionais para seu crescimento. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a produção de mudas em substratos a base de bagana de carnaúba e casca de arroz em diferentes proporções. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, entre dezembro de 2018 e fevereiro de 2019 com controle de 70% de luminosidade. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), contendo 6 repetições, distribuído em esquema fatorial 2x3, referente a dois substratos e três proporções 0%, 50% e 100% acrescidas de solo para os respectivos substratos, com 6 tratamentos, totalizando 180 mudas experimentais. Aos 60 dias foram analisadas as variáveis: número de folhas, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento radicular, volume radicular, massa fresca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e índice de qualidade de Dickson. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos sob a testemunha e o uso da bagana de carnaúba em interação a proporção 50%. Sendo assim, a produção de mudas de tamarindeiro é viável tanto em solo quanto em substrato bagana de carnaúba sob a proporção 50%.
Hydric ecosystem services in a non-disturbed rainforest of the Amazon, Amapá, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Leidiane Leão de , Canani Luis Gustavo de Castro , Barreto Naurinete de Jesus da Costa , Cunha Alan Cavalcanti da
Published: November 2020

Understanding the processes of the hydrological cycle of tropical forests reduces the uncertainties about water vapor estimates on a regional scale. Interception refers to water that does not participate directly in ecological processes. Thus, we investigated the interception process using 30 pluviometers, spaced one kilometer apart, within an area of 25 km² of the Amapá National Forest (FLONA Amapá). The total precipitation above the canopy was 2184.2 mm, and the internal precipitation was 1322.4 mm, representing a fraction of 60.5%. The estimated intercepted fraction was 828.3 mm, corresponding to 37.9% of the total precipitation above the canopy. As consequence of this water balance, approximately 828.3 L.m-2 of rainwater was temporarily retained by the forest and returned to the atmosphere as water vapor. We concluded that FLONA Amapá (4120 Km²) returns about 1.36 x 106 Olympic swimming pools to the atmosphere, annually. The moisture produced in this process, locally cools the air that is transported to other regions of Brazil. This process is a relevant ecosystem service to produce water vapor, confirming the hypothesis that tropical forests are effectively promoting the dynamic balance of the hydrological cycle in the Amazon basin.
Efeitos de diferentes épocas de indução floral no desenvolvimento de frutos de abacaxizeiro ‘Pérola’ no norte do Tocantins
Authors: Gonçalves Rafael Gomes da Mota , Sousa Aline Gomes de Paula , Castro Tadeu Augusto van Tol de , Silva Ruy Borges da , Silva Miguel Camargo da
Published: November 2020

Diversos fatores podem interferir no ciclo da cultura do abacaxizeiro e na qualidade dos frutos produzidos, dentre esses os tratos culturais, principalmente no que se refere ao tratamento de indução floral. O período de colheita e a uniformização dos frutos podem ser regulados pelo uso de indutores florais. Dentro desse contexto, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da indução floral (IF) em diferentes dias após plantio (dap) sobre características de frutos de abacaxizeiro da cultivar Pérola cultivados no município de Araguatins-TO. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos consistiram de 4 épocas de IF (T1–305dap; T2–320dap; T3– 335dap; T4–350dap) e 5 repetições. Foram avaliados a duração das fases entre o plantio à colheita, o teor de Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST), Acidez Total Titulável (ATT), relação SST/ATT, peso de fruto com e sem coroa, diâmetro do fruto e produtividade. A fase compreendida entre indução-florescimento oscilou de 41 a 43 dias e do florescimento-colheita de 100 a 104 dias. O ciclo total da cultura variou de 450 a 492 dias. O peso de fruto com e sem coroa não sofreu interferência dos tratamentos, variando respectivamente, de 1.388 a 1.552g, e de 1.381 a 1.489g. Quanto às características químicas dos frutos, apenas o SST sofreu influência dos diferentes tratamentos, sendo que o T4 permitiu o desenvolvimento de frutos com ºBrix mais elevado. A produtividade não foi influenciada pelos diferentes tratamentos e oscilou entre 39.413 e 44.794 kg.ha-1.
Palha de arroz carbonizada e caule decomposto de babaçu na produção de girassol dobrado ‘Anão Sungold Amarelo’
Authors: Moraes Lídia Ferreira , Pereira Ramón Yuri Ferreira , Barroso Vanessa Brito , Pachêco Maurivan Barbosa , Moura Monik Silva de , Oliveira Neto Edson Dias de , Sousa Alex Eduardo da Silva , Leite Marcos Renan Lima , Freitas Júnior Francisco Gilvan Borges Ferreira , Matos Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva
Published: November 2020

O girassol (Helianthus annuus L.)  é uma oleaginosa que se caracteriza por sua adaptabilidade às diferentes condições edafoclimáticas e sua versatilidade, com aproveitamento ornamental, na alimentação animal, produção de óleo para consumo humano e produção de biodiesel. Dentre os substratos alternativos, a palha de arroz carbonizada (PAC) vem sendo intensamente utilizada nos últimos anos para produção de mudas, outra matéria-prima com potencial para composição de substratos é o caule decomposto da palmeira de babaçu (CDB). Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes proporções de caule decomposto de babaçu e palha de arroz no desenvolvimento do girassol. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), no município de Chapadinha-MA. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (T) e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes formulações de substrato com 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% e 100% de PAC acrescidos de CDB. Foram quantificadas as seguintes variáveis: emergência de plântulas; número de folhas; altura de planta; diâmetro do caule; comprimento do sistema radicular; volume radicular; massa seca do sistema radicular; massa seca da parte aérea; massa fresca do sistema radicular; massa fresca da parte aérea e estabilidade do torrão. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste “F”, e os T comparados entre si pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade através do programa computacional Assistat®. Conclui-se que o T1 com 100% de PAC acrescido de 0% de CDB exerce influência positiva no desenvolvimento de plantas de girassol ornamental.
Percepção ambiental de estudantes de comunidades litorâneas e metropolitanas sobre o Ambiente Marinho e sua conservação
Authors: Romeiro Dalvan Henrique Luiz , Silva Clécio Danilo Dias da , Cavalcante Brayan Paiva , Santos Daniele Bezerra dos
Published: November 2020

A Percepção Ambiental (PA) pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta eficiente para diagnosticar as informações prévias de um determinado grupo, e são relevantes para planejar e executar ações de educação ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a percepção de estudantes da educação básica de comunidades litorâneas e metropolitanas em relação ao Ambiente Marinho (AM), dando ênfase nos conhecimentos da fauna e conservação. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com 65 alunos do 2° ano do ensino médio, em três escolas públicas do Rio Grande do Norte, sendo duas Escolas Litorâneas (EL) (n=31 alunos), e uma Escola Metropolitana (EM) (n=34 alunos). Os dados da percepção foram coletados em um encontro para cada turma, utilizando três métodos de abordagens: aplicação de questionário estruturado (1); concepção de elementos do ambiente marinho através de mapas mentais (2); reconhecimento de fauna marinha através de amostra fotográfica (3). Os resultados encontrados revelaram dados relevantes sobre como as diferentes comunidades de estudantes investigadas vêm o AM em sua dimensão e elementos constituintes. Também foi possível verificar o conhecimento dos estudantes quanto a biodiversidade marinha regional. Este estudo demonstrou a percepção ambiental como ferramenta inicial e de relevante importância, para um aprofundamento de aplicações de intervenções ambientais, por permitir a realização de uma situação de diagnóstico.
Programas bilingües en centros de Educación Primaria, ¿qué dicen los docentes implicados en su desarrollo?
Authors: Porto Currás Mónica , Bolarín Martínez M.ª José , Lova Mellado María
Published: November 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN. Se presentan en este artículo valoraciones de docentes implicados en las primeras promociones de los Programas Bilingües en Centros de Educación Primaria de la Región de Murcia, su satisfacción con su desarrollo y las propuestas de mejoras que consideran para su continuidad en todos los centros educativos. MÉTODO. Con un enfoque de investigación descriptivo, y siguiendo un muestreo estratificado, se entrevistó a 78 docentes de centros públicos y privados, distribuidos entre todas las comarcas de la Región y con diversos años de experiencia. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN. Los principales resultados indican un alto grado de satisfacción profesional, a pesar de las quejas generalizadas por la poca implicación de la Administración educativa y dudas sobre las ventajas de estos Programas para alumnado con necesidades de apoyo educativo.

INTRODUCTION. This article explores the satisfaction of teachers in the Region of Murcia involved in bilingual education and presents the proposals they make to improve its implementation. METHOD. With a descriptive research methodology, 78 teachers of public and private primary schools distributed among all areas of the Region of Murcia and with several years of experience in bilingual education were interviewed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The main results show that the satisfaction of teachers is high, despite widespread complaints about the lack of involvement of the education authorities and doubts about the advantages of these programs for students with educational needs.
Creación surrealista de sueños colectivos en Educación Primaria. Investigación- acción intercultural
Authors: Chocobar Cynthia Nathaly
Published: November 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN. Este artículo recoge una experiencia educativa de investigación-acción efectuada durante dos ciclos sucesivos de intervención didáctica con alumnado de sexto curso de Educación Primaria de dos colegios públicos situados respectivamente en Salta (Argentina) y Murcia (España). El marco teórico de esta investigación se centra en una concepción epistémica del desarrollo de la competencia en comunicación lingüística concerniente a textos literarios de índole surrealista cuya desenvoltura requiere conexión con otras competencias, lenguajes, artes y culturas. MÉTODO. La metodología cualitativa empleada, a través de cuestionarios, entrevistas y documentación didáctica de enfoque semiótico ha investigado el proceso de diseño y experimentación de una tarea compleja basada en la creación de sueños colectivos y performance onírica a partir de hipótesis fantásticas. RESULTADOS. La educación literaria de esta investigación centrada en el proyecto imaginario surrealista se ha materializado en las aulas hallando evidencias del cumplimiento de la hipótesis de trabajo. DISCUSIÓN. La educación literaria de esta investigación centrada en el proyecto imaginario surrealista se ha materializado en las aulas a través de experiencias didácticas de interacción significativa entre el mundo lector y el de la obra literaria, postulando un modelo educativo que potencia la creatividad, la autoestima y el empoderamiento de los aprendices en edad escolar.

INTRODUCTION. This article reports an educational action-research experience carried out during two successive cycles of didactic intervention with students in the sixth year of Primary Education from two public schools located respectively in Salta (Argentina) and Murcia (Spain). The theoretical framework of this research focuses on an epistemic conception of the development of competence in linguistic communication concerning literary texts of a surrealist nature whose development requires connection with other competences, languages, arts and cultures. METHOD. The qualitative methodology adopted included questionnaires, interviews and didactic documentation with a semiotic approach to investigate the process of design and experimentation of a complex task based on the creation of collective dreams and oneiric performance based on fantastic hypotheses. RESULTS. The idea of literary education implemented in this piece of research complied with the working hypothesis. DISCUSSION. The idea of literary education implemented in this research based on the surrealist imaginary project crystalized in the classrooms through didactic experiences of significant interaction between the reading world and that of the literary work, postulating an educational model that enhances creativity, self-esteem and the empowerment of school-age learners.
Caracterización de los procesos cognitivos relacionados con variables cognitivas en entornos naturales y su relación con la actividad física. Una revisión en estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Baena-Morales S. , González-Fernández F.T. , García-Taibo O. , López-Morales J.
Published: November 2020

El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar la literatura que ha comparado el efecto de la actividad física (AF) en entornos naturales (AFMN) y artificiales (AFEA) sobre la atención selectiva (AS). Para ello se ha realizado una búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos como PubMed, Google académico y Sports DISCUS. Todas las búsquedas se realizaron desde el enero de 2000 hasta diciembre de 2019 a través de palabras clave como atención selectiva, ejercicio verde, actividad física, universitarios o estudiantes. Se excluyeron los artículos en los que la población no fuera exclusivamente estudiantes universitarios o no se especificaran variables metodológicas como el tipo de ejercicio realizado o el test de medición de la AS. Se seleccionaron un total de seis artículos que cumplieron todos los criterios de inclusión. Del análisis de estas investigaciones se concluye que la AFMN no presenta un efecto significativamente superior en la AS en comparación con la AEFA. La implementación de diversas mejoras metodológicas sería necesaria en futuras investigaciones.

The aim of the present work is to review the bibliography that has compared the effect of physical activity (PA) performed in different environments, such as natural (AFMN) and artificial (AFEA), on directed attention (SA). For this purpose, a search has been made in different databases such as PubMed, Google academic and Sports DISCUS. All the searches were done from January 2000 to December 2019 using keywords such as directed attention, green exercise, physical activity or university students. In addition, articles were excluded if the population was not exclusively university students or if methodological did not specify variables such as the type of exercise performed or the AS measurement test. A total of six articles were selected which fully met the inclusion criteria. From the analysis of these investigations it was concluded that the effect of the AFMN is not significatively greater than the AEFA on the SA. Several methodological improvements are recommended for future research.
Relación de la actividad física con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en ciudadanos adultos de Melilla
Authors: Fernández Gómez E. , Sánchez-Ojeda M.A. , Martín-Salvador A. , Enrique Mirón C.
Published: November 2020

La actividad física influye positivamente en la salud de las personas, teniendo un papel fundamental en la prevención, tratamiento, control y rehabilitación de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la relación entre la práctica de actividad física y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Estudio transversal y correlacional mediante un cuestionario con una muestra de 160 participantes. Los resultados muestran que el 70% de la muestra manifiesta no hacer prácticamente actividad física frente a un 33% que afirma realizar una actividad física moderada/alta. De las variables relacionadas con el riesgo cardiovascular sexo, glucemia y tensión arterial sistólica se encuentran asociadas con el grado de actividad física de forma significativa (p<.05). Es fundamental reforzar la educación sanitaria a toda la población para mantener una adecuada actividad física y otros estilos de vida saludables que repercutan en la disminución de las enfermedades crónicas prevenibles.

Physical activity has a positive influence on people's health, playing a key role in the prevention, treatment, control and rehabilitation of chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of the study is to analyse the relationship between the practice of physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors. Cross-sectional and correlational study using a questionnaire with a sample of 160 participants. The results show that 70% of the sample stated that they did not do much physical activity compared to 33% who stated that they did moderate/high levels of physical activity. Of the variables related to cardiovascular risk, sex, glycemia and systolic blood pressure are significantly associated with the degree of physical activity (p<.05). It is essential to strengthen health education for the entire population in order to maintain adequate physical activity and other healthy lifestyles that will have an impact on reducing preventable chronic diseases.
Competencia Sociolaboral en Relación al Nivel Formativo y Laboral del Alumnado de Formación Profesional de Ceuta
Authors: Sánchez-Bolívar L. , Escalante-González S.
Published: November 2020

Uno de los aspectos principales, durante el proceso de formación del alumnado y de su inserción en el mercado laboral, es el nivel de desarrollo social del mismo. Mediante este estudio, con un diseño descriptivo, exploratorio y de corte transversal; se analizan las habilidades sociolaborales autopercibidas por el alumnado de formación profesional de un instituto de Ceuta. La muestra estaba formada por 100 individuos (86 mujeres y 14 hombres). El instrumento empleado fue el Test de factores sociopersonales para la inserción laboral de los jóvenes de Martínez-Rodríguez y Carmona (2010). En cuanto al nivel de estudios, el alumnado que procede de ciclos formativos de grado superior cuenta con mayor nivel de habilidades sociolaborales que aquel que accede con otras titulaciones. Respecto a la situación laboral del alumnado, quienes trabajan cuenta con mayores niveles de habilidades sociolaborales que los alumnos desempleados.

One of the main aspects, during the student training process and its insertion in the labor market, is its level of social development. Through this study, with a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional design; the self-perceived socio-labor skills by the professional training students of a Ceuta institute are analyzed. The sample consisted of 100 individuals (86 women and 14 men). The instrument used was the Test of sociopersonal factors for the labor insertion of the young people of Martínez-Rodríguez & Carmona (2010). Regarding the level of studies, students who come from higher cycles of vocational training have a higher level of socio-labor skills than students who access other degrees. Regarding the work situation of students, students who work have higher levels of socio-labor skills than unemployed students.
Private Antitrust Enforcement: A New Era for Collective Redress?
Authors: Pais Silvia
Published: November 2020

It will be argued in this article that the EU Recommendation on common principles for collective redress might have limited impact on the field of competition law due to: several uncertainties regarding the legal standing in class actions; difficulties in their funding; and the risk of forum shopping with cross-border actions. Nevertheless, Belgium and Great Britain have recently introduced class actions into their national legal systems and addressed some of the difficulties which other Member States were experiencing already. It will also be suggested that the Portuguese model – the ‘Popular Action’ – and recent Portuguese practice may be considered an interesting example to follow in order to overcome some of the identified obstacles to private antitrust enforcement.
Georgia’s First Steps in Competition Law Enforcement: The Role and Perspectives of the Private Enforcement Mechanism
Authors: Gvelesiani Zurab
Published: November 2020

The goal of this article is to assess the role and perspectives of the private enforcement of competition law mechanism in Georgia. The discussion starts with a brief review of a number of major events that have occurred in Georgia in the last two decades, which have shaped its competition law. The paper provides next an assessment of the current stage of the development of Georgian competition legislation, the necessity for a private enforcement model as well as the rules and legal tools offered by existing Georgian law in that regard. Outlined are also a number of challenges that must be overcome in order for Georgia to develop a successful and effective private enforcement system. The examination is based on a wide range of Georgian legislation; the interpretations provided are supported by existing enforcement practice, views of experts and scholars, research studies, reports and surveys from various national and international organizations.
Collecting Evidence Through Access to Competition Authorities’ Files – Interplay or Potential Conflicts Between Private and Public Enforcement Proceedings?
Authors: Gulińska Anna
Published: November 2020

Information asymmetry between claimants seeking damages for competition law violations and the alleged infringing undertaking(s) is a key problem in the development of private antitrust enforcement because it often prevents successful actions for damages. The Damages Directive is a step forward in the facilitation of access to evidence relevant for private action claims. Its focus lies on, inter alia, 3rd party access to files in proceedings conducted by national competition authorities (NCAs). The harmonization was triggered by the inconsistencies in European case-law and yet the uniform rules on access to documents held in NCAs’ files proposed in the Damages Directive seem to follow a very stringent approach in order to protect public competition law enforcement. The article summarizes the most relevant case-law and new provisions of the Damages Directive and presents practical issues with respect to its implementation from the Polish perspective
Anti-Competitive Agreements according to Kosovo’s Law on the Protection of Competition – Case Study of the Insurance Market
Authors: Çeku Orhan M. , Shaqiri Mentor Q.
Published: November 2020

Competition law is an area which links the economy with the law and is very important for the functioning of a free market economy. Anti-competitive agreements, along with the abuse of dominance and concentrations of undertakings, are the subject matter of the Law on the Protection of Competition (LPC) of the Republic of Kosovo. Anti-competitive agreements can be horizontal or vertical in nature. The following paper deals with agreements and other multilateral practices prohibited under Kosovo’s Law on the Protection of Competition. The LPC explicitly states also specific circumstances where the prohibition does not apply – these are covered by the so called ‘exceptions and allowances’ section of the LPC. In this respect, the LPC has incorporated the entirety of the principles covered by Article 101 TFEU. The insurance market of the Republic of Kosovo was analyzed in the context of this case study, which has all the features of an oligopoly including: a limited number of participating firms, product standardization, interdependence in controlling prices and, difficulty of new market entry. From this perspective, the insurance market is highly problematic as far as violations of the provisions of the law dealing with anti-competitive agreements are concerned. The analysis is conducted based on the enforcement measures undertaken by the Kosovo Competition Authority and reviewed by the judiciary of the Republic of Kosovo. Taking into consideration that Kosovo is a young country facing special transitional challenges and aiming to become a member of the European Union, much needed reforms are to take place still. The aim of this analysis is thus to contribute to further development of competition law in Kosovo through the analysis of current market situation, domestic legislation and its compliance with EU rules.
National Identity as a General Principle of EU Law and its Impact on the Obligation to Recover State Aid
Authors: Rzotkiewicz Marek
Published: November 2020

Unlike other general principles of EU law, which derive from the CJ jurisprudence, the principle of national identity is based on a clear legal provision. Article 4(2) TEU stipulates that the Union shall respect important State functions, like the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security. The list of values covered by the national principle identity is open and it is for the Member State to decide what values should be protected by its national identity, while the CJ is only empowered to determine the relevance of national identity under EU law. This article analyses if the principle of national identity could influence the EC examination of State aid and if the EC should refrain from issuing an order to recover incompatible aid, if that aid was to be protected by the Member State’s national identity. There has not yet been a single judgment by the CJ on that issue and the question stays open. The analysis also focuses on the division of competences between Member States and EU institutions in carrying out that analysis, as well as on the requirements for that analysis, including the scope of an examination carried out by EU institutions.
The First Cartel Discovered on the Georgian Market. Case Comment to the Decision of 14 July 2015 on the Car Fuel Commodity Market (Order No 81 of the Chairman of the Georgian Competition Agency)
Authors: Gvelesiani Zurab
Published: November 2020

An oligopoly and a presumed cartel on the fuel market used to be a widely discussed issue and topic of endless speculations in Georgia for years. It was an issue frequently covered by the media, discussed by politicians, studied and analysed by the NGO sector, examined by various experts and commented on by academics. In the absence of competition rules, the fuel market was often used as proof of the unhealthy development of the Georgian economy, in order to demonstrate the need for state intervention (Rimple, 2012; Transparency International Georgia, 2012). It thus came as no surprise that when Georgian Competition Law (hereafter, GCL) was adopted, and the Georgian Competition Agency (hereafter, GCA or Agency) started functioning, the first segment of the economy which the Agency choose to investigate on its own initiative was no other but the fuel commodity market. It was a strategically well chosen subject, which would attract the attention of the public as well as of businesses. It would popularize the new legal field as well as make an example and establish new standards for fair business practices in Georgia.
What Role for EU Competition Law in Regulated Industries? Reflections on the Judgment of the General Court of 17 December 2015 Orange Polska v European Commission (Case T-486/11)
Authors: Marco Colino Sandra
Published: November 2020

On 17th December 2015, the General Court of the European Union (GC) confirmed a fine of over EUR 127 million imposed by the European Commission (hereinafter the Commission) on the Polish telecommunications company Orange Polska (hereinafter OP), formerly known as Telekomunikacja Polska. According to the fining decision, issued in 2011 (hereinafter the Commission decision), OP abused its dominant position by refusing access to its wholesale broadband services to new entrants, acting in contravention of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
Effectiveness of Judicial Review in the Polish Competition Law System and the Place for Judicial Deference
Authors: Bernatt Maciej
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the effectiveness and the intensity of judicial review in the Polish competition law system. First, it studies whether the judicial review offered by the 1st instance Court of Competition and Consumer Protection in Warsaw (SOKiK) is effective in practice. Next, the article analyzes whether Polish courts tend to defer to the findings of the Polish competition authority, UOKiK. Judgments of the Supreme Court concerning relevant market definition serve as case studies. Finally, the article discusses whether proceedings before the Polish competition authority ensure sufficient due process guarantees, the impartiality of decisionmakers, and the overall expert character of UOKiK’s decision-making process. On this basis the article examines whether there are grounds for the reviewing courts to defer to UOKiK’s findings. The article concludes that currently the review undertaken by SOKiK happens to be superficial and thus ineffective. At the same time, the Supreme Court’s review of the determination of the relevant market is not deferential towards UOKiK’s findings. The Supreme Court substitutes its own definition of the relevant market for that of UOKiK and that of the lower courts. However, the article shows that there are no grounds at the moment for arguing for greater judicial deference. Proceedings held before UOKiK, despite recently introduced improvements, still do not offer sufficient due process guarantees or a division between investigatory and decision-making functions. In addition, UOKiK’s expertise is not sufficient for both institutional and practical reasons
The Scope of the Implementation of the Damages Directive in CEE States
Authors: Petr Michal
Published: November 2020

The Damages Directive has a rather limited scope, focusing only on damages claims stemming from anticompetitive agreements or abuse of a dominant position, provided such conduct was able to affect trade between EU Member States. However, Member States are not limited by this scope and so they may decide, when implementing the Directive, to enhance not only claims for damages, but the overall private enforcement of competition law. In this article, we shall explore the scope of the implementing legislation of selected Central and Eastern European Countries, namely in Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Disclosure of Evidence in Central and Eastern European Countries in Light of the Implementation of the Damages Directive
Authors: Druviete Inese , Jerņeva Jūlija , Ravindran Aravamudhan Ulaganathan
Published: November 2020

The article looks primarily at the material comprised in the volume edited by A. Piszcz, Implementation of the EU Damages Directive in Central and Eastern European Countries published in 2017 and based on that compares aspects of the disclosure of evidence issue in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The purpose of this article is to look into how the process for the disclosure of evidence has evolved in eleven countries of the European Union in light of Directive 2014/104/EU. The article looks at six key issues with regard to disclosure of evidence in light of Directive 2014/104/EU: general procedural issues; procedure for the submission of evidence; criteria for the disclosure of evidence; restrictions on the disclosure of evidence; disclosure of evidence by parties other than the defendant; and consequences of the failure to comply with a request to submit evidence. The article relies on primary data from eleven EU countries from Central and Eastern Europe.
Problems Related to Determining of a Single Economic Entity under Competition Law
Authors: Moisejevas Raimundas , Urbonas Danielius
Published: November 2020

The article explores the problems related to the determination of a single economic unit under competition law. The first part of the article addresses the concept of a single economic entity. It is presumed that companies belonging to a group are separate undertakings, but under certain circumstances the group might constitute a single economic entity. The second part refers to the analysis of the concept of ‘control’, which is the main criterion describing the relationship inside a group of companies. The third part refers to the analysis of the cases when de jure separate undertakings are recognized as a single economic entity. When a company exercises decisive influence over another company, they form a single economic entity and, hence, are part of the same undertaking. Decisive influence is the most important criterion for recognizing that de jure separate undertakings constitute a single economic unit. Finally, the fourth part refers to problems concerning the presumption of the decisive influence. It is presumed that a parent company exercises a decisive influence over a subsidiary where it holds 100 percent of capital. Thus, separate companies are recognized as a single economic unit, if 100 percent of a company’s capital is owned by the controlling entity.
Selectivity in Fiscal Aids: Recent Developments
Authors: Perotto Gabriella
Published: November 2020

The notion of fiscal aid is becoming crucial in determining the relationship between supra-national integration and national tax sovereignty; the selectivity criterion is often key in the assessment of compatibility of fiscal measures with Article 107(1) TFEU. Therefore, the notion of selectivity as defined by the recent case-law of the CJEU and decision-making practice of the Commission is fundamental in order to understand the actual allocation of powers in direct taxation matters. Against this backdrop, the aim of the present article is to establish what the current notion of selectivity is in fiscal aids, assessing whether the approach used by the CJEU and the Commission share common patterns, and evaluating the impact of such interpretation on the division of competences within the EU. In particular, this article offers a critical reading of the recent European Commission v. World Duty Free case and of the so-called Tax Rulings Decisions.
Empowering the ‘Unempowerable’. Behavioural Insights into Informing Consumers about Internet Access Services in the European Union under Regulation 2015/2120
Authors: Nałęcz Andrzej
Published: November 2020

The European consumer policy relies on the ideal of consumer empowerment, which involves providing all consumers with detailed information on the goods on offer. This policy also applies to the electronic communications sector, and empowering consumers who are the end-users of internet access services. The author reviews behavioural law and economics literature that pertains to consumer empowerment and applies the resulting insights to interpret Article 4 (1) of Regulation 2015/2120 laying down measures concerning open internet access in a way that would truly empower the sophisticated consumers. The author also proposes advising or obliging the providers of internet access services to label those services to provide even the unsophisticated consumers with meaningful and understandable information.
Europeanisation of the Polish Leniency Programme
Authors: Korycińska-Rządca Paulina
Published: November 2020

Leniency programmes in competition law make it possible to grant immunity from fines, or a reduction of any fine that would otherwise have been imposed on an undertaking who was a party to an unlawful agreement restricting competition. This immunity or fine reduction is granted as a reward for the cooperation with the competition authority and the provision of evidence of an unlawful agreement restricting competition. Legal rules regarding the application of leniency programmes have been introduced at the EU level as well as in the national legislations of numerous countries, including Polish law. The author makes an attempt to establish the degree to which the Polish leniency programme is an effect of the impact of EU law or the application of law within the EU (for instance, by its institutions). The analysis has been made on three levels. Examined first was the degree to which the Polish leniency programme is a result of spontaneous harmonisation. Second, the impact of legislative harmonisation in the area of leniency programmes was taken into consideration. Finally, it was verified whether those Polish authorities that apply Polish competition law are inspired by judgements issued by EU courts in cases regarding leniency programmes.
Can an Ideal Court Model in Private Antitrust Enforcement Be Established?
Authors: Wolski Dominik
Published: November 2020

Any discussion of private antitrust enforcement usually focuses on substantive law and proceedings applicable to private antitrust cases. Those elements are important, however, the efficacy of both public and private enforcement relies upon rules of law (substantive and procedural) along with their application. The latter constitutes a substantial aspect affecting the institutions which make decisions in private antitrust enforcement cases, namely the relevant courts. The enforcement of competition law is inextricably intertwined with the economy and markets. As a result, antitrust cases are demanding for non-specialist judges, who usually do not have enough knowledge and experience in the field of competition. Even if the Damages Directive has already been implemented in all EU Member States, there is still room for discussion about developing an optimal court model for the adjudication of private antitrust enforcement cases. In the aforementioned discussion the issue of the binding effect of decisions made by the European Commission (EC) and National Competition Authorities (NCAs) in private enforcement cases, as well as the experience of judges stemming from the number of cases they have resolved, cannot be missed. Bearing this in mind, the main aim of this paper is to analyse the model of competent courts operating in private antitrust cases in twenty selected countries including the US, the UK and the vast majority of EU Member States. Taking into account that a theoretically pure concept of an ideal model of relevant court operations presumably does not exist, it is essential to try to figure out what the main characteristics of the courts might be that can lead to effective private antitrust enforcement.
Les facteurs de poursuite de l’implantation internationale des PME au Maghreb : exploration du rôle de l’expérience de la firme et du résultat de la première implantation
Authors: Aymard Charles , Brulhart Franck , Vieu Marion
Published: November 2020

L’émergence de l’Afrique sur la scène internationale questionne les choix de localisation sur ce territoire. À partir du modèle d’Uppsala et de la théorie de l’apprentissage organisationnel, l’article interroge le rôle de l’expérience de la firme et l’influence du résultat d’une première localisation, sur la décision d’une deuxième. L’étude d’une PME française montre qu’une base expérientielle solide et importante conduit à poursuivre et étendre géographiquement les implantations. Nos résultats renforcent la pertinence du modèle des aspirations organisationnelles et tendent à confirmer qu’un succès initial limite le développement de connaissances locales en encourageant les décideurs à simplifier le processus de décision.
Profils coévolutifs au sein de groupements hétérogènes : cas de PME exportatrices malgaches
Authors: Ralandison Gilde , Milliot Eric , Harison Victor
Published: November 2020

Pour s’internationaliser, les PME s’impliquent parfois durablement dans des groupements intégrant des acteurs directs locaux (producteurs et/ou transformateurs) et des firmes étrangères chargées de les aider à accéder aux marchés étrangers. Pour identifier et analyser les profils qui contribuent au processus de coévolution des membres de ces groupements hétérogènes, cette recherche examine les conditions qui permettent de créer dans le temps un avantage commun tout en permettant de servir un projet individuel. Deux cas complémentaires de groupements associant des PME exportatrices malgaches et des firmes étrangères sont étudiés, de manière longitudinale et qualitative, pour comprendre un tel processus. Fondée sur une approche abductive, la mise en relation de ces cas permet d’identifier deux profils séquentiels d’acteurs qui conditionnent le potentiel coévolutif des parties impliquées : les profils comportementaux (capacités réactives permettant de faire face aux conditions de l’environnement externe) et les profils managériaux (attitudes proactives contribuant à impacter l’environnement externe).
Les valeurs publiques entre stabilité et dynamisme : une exploration du management public marocain
Authors: Mériade Laurent , El Khamlichi Abdelbari , Sahib Eddine Abdelhak
Published: November 2020

Les valeurs publiques sont généralement définies comme des « jugements » ou des préférences publiques orientant les actions et comportements des acteurs publics. D’importants travaux les concernant décrivent l’existence de constellations de valeurs publiques (Jorgensen et Bozeman, 2007) disposant de leur propre hiérarchie. Par contre, peu de travaux définissent comment ces assemblages de valeurs publiques fonctionnent.

Une quasi-expérience, menée auprès de deux groupes de managers publics marocains, nous permet de mettre en lumière, à partir de deux dynamiques de fonctionnement, les articulations des valeurs publiques au sein de ces assemblages.
When Local Meets Global: How Introducing English Destabilizes Translanguaging Practices in a Cross-Border Organization
Authors: Langinier Hélène , Ehrhart Sabine
Published: November 2020

Drawing on an interdisciplinary approach combining linguistics and International Business, we suggest that global and local dynamics interact to co-construct specific language practices in an MNC subsidiary situated in a cross-border territory. We show how introducing a foreign language can modify the benefits that these local multilingual practices generate.

Employees revert to translanguaging: They combine all their language knowledge, French, German and local vernacular, to make themselves understood. These specific local language practices have an inclusive role that enables low-level employees in the hierarchy to play a linking role between the multinational company subsidiary and its headquarters in Germany.