bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quadrotor trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance by chaotic grey wolf optimization- based backstepping control with sliding mode extended state observer
Authors: Wang Yingxun , Ma Yan , Cai Zhihao , Zhao Jiang
Published: January 2020

In this paper, a new swarm intelligent-based backstepping control scheme is proposed for quadrotor trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance. First, the sliding mode extended state observer (SMESO) is used to estimate different disturbances, and the tracking differentiator (TD) is integrated to enhance the performance of backstepping control scheme. Then, the chaotic grey wolf optimization (CGWO) is developed with chaotic initialization and chaotic search to optimize the parameters of attitude and position controllers. Further, the virtual target guidance approach is proposed for quadrotor trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance. Comparative simulations and Monte Carlo tests are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the CGWO-based backstepping control scheme and virtual target guidance approach.
Plain Language Summary: Nosebleed (Epistaxis)
Authors: Tunkel David E. , Holdsworth Sarah M. , Alikhaani Jacqueline D. , Monjur Taskin M. , Satterfield Lisa
Published: January 2020

This plain language summary explains nosebleeds, also known as epistaxis (pronounced ep‐ih‐stak‐sis), to patients. The summary applies to any individual aged 3 years and older with a nosebleed or history of nosebleed who needs medical treatment or wants medical advice. It is based on the 2020 “Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis).” This guideline uses research to advise doctors and other health care providers on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nosebleeds. The guideline includes recommendations that are explained in this summary. Recommendations may not apply to every patient but can be used to help patients ask questions and make decisions in their own care.
Electroconvulsive therapy, depression severity and mortality: Data from the Danish National Patient Registry
Authors: Jørgensen Martin Balslev , Rozing Maarten Pieter , Kellner Charles H , Osler Merete
Published: January 2020

Background:

The effects of electroconvulsive therapy are usually estimated from changes in depression scales from studies with relatively small patient samples. Larger patient samples can be achieved from epidemiological registers, which provide information on other social and clinical predictors, results and risks.

Aims:

To examine whether depression severity predicts the use of electroconvulsive therapy, risk of re-hospitalization, suicidal behaviour and mortality following electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depression.

Methods:

A cohort of 92,895 patients diagnosed with single or recurrent depression between 2005 and 2016 in the Danish National Patient Registry was followed for electroconvulsive therapy and adverse outcomes. Associations between electroconvulsive therapy and outcomes were analysed using Cox regression.

Results:

A total of 5004 (5.4%) patients were treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Depression severity was the strongest predictor of electroconvulsive therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy was used more frequently above age 70, in those better educated or married, whereas comorbid alcohol abuse or history of prior stroke at study entry were associated with lower rates. Electroconvulsive therapy was associated with lower mortality. The adjusted hazard ratio for the association between electroconvulsive therapy and suicide in patients with mild depression was 6.99 (3.30–14.43), whereas it was 1.10 (0.55–2.20) in those with severe depression and psychotic symptoms. A similar pattern was seen for emergency contacts and attempted suicide.

Conclusions:

Electroconvulsive therapy was associated with lower all-cause mortality and the relative risk for re-hospitalization and attempted and committed suicide was lowest in patients with the most severe depression. Electroconvulsive therapy is an important treatment, with significant public health benefits, for patients with severe depression.
News about Dental Prophylaxis
Authors: Auvil James D.
Published: January 2020

The most important measure in the treatment of inflammation of the gums is the removal of the concretions from the teeth, and next the arousing in the mind of the patient an active determination to keep them clean in the future. These two measures are absolutely necessary for success; nothing can be accomplished unless they are scrupulously carried out. The removal of these concretions in such a manner as to assure success is, however, one of the most difficult operations in dental surgery. Another very serious difficulty standing in the way of success is the very slack and inefficient notions that have been held in regard to it by the profession at large. When dentists learn to regard this operation as equal in importance to, and requiring as much thoroughness as, the filling of teeth, and when they apply themselves with the same diligence to acquiring the necessary dexterity in its performance, they will be rewarded with success; without this, success in the treatment of this disease cannot be attained.
Prognostic Factors Affecting Teeth in the Line of Mandibular Fractures
Authors: Alexander J. , Marretta Sandra Manfra
Published: January 2020

Historically, the treatment of teeth in the line of mandibular fractures has been a controversial topic. Teeth in the line of mandibular fractures initially were extracted. With the advent of antibiotics, the decision to routinely extract all involved teeth was questioned. The question to retain or extract teeth in the fracture line is addressed following a review of the literature. Recommendations for assessing teeth in the fracture line based on new treatment modalities are included in this review.
Evaluation of Mortal Amputation
Authors: Zetner Karl
Published: January 2020

European veterinary dentists are using four methods to treat injured pulpal tissue. These methods include pulpotomy, pulp extirpation, mortal amputation and apicoectomy. A review of the endodontic methods being used in the dental department in Vienna is included. An evaluation of mortal amputation or pulp mummification including bacteriology, histopathology, and radiography is described.
Aerobes in Periodontal Disease in the Dog: A Review
Authors: Hennet Philippe R. , Harvey Colin E.
Published: January 2020

Periodontal disease has been shown to be caused by bacteria. Periodontal inflammation results as the plaque bacteria change from a predominantly non-motile, Gram-positive, aerobic coccoid microbiotal flora to a more motile, Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped flora. A review of the literature related to aerobic flora is included. The important effects of aerobic flora as well as their importance in contributing to periodontal disease development is reported.
Dental and Oral Disease in Lagomorphs
Authors: Lobprise Heidi B. , Wiggs Robert B.
Published: January 2020

The dental diseases of rabbits are unique because of their dental anatomy and physiology. Common problems of Lagomorph dentition are covered in this article including malocclusions, periodontal disease, and their treatment. The anatomy of Lagomorph dentition is reviewed and anesthesia protocols are included.
Veterinary Dental Instruments
Authors: Zoll Kenneth
Published: January 2020

Efforts to design dental instruments specifically for veterinary dentistry are being approached by various companies. Cislak has developed these instruments for the veterinary patient. A description of the instruments and their application is included with accompaning photographs.
Oral Photography
Authors: Holmstrom Steven E.
Published: January 2020

Oral photography is an important tool in veterinary dentistry. For years it has been used in the education process. Case documentation by photography has become more valuable. It is important that these photographs be of good quality. This article reviews the hardware such as cameras and the software such as film and exposure.
Anterior Crossbite Correction in a Dog Using a Lingual Bar, A Labial Bow, Lingual Buttons, and Elastic Threads
Authors: Legendre Loic F. J.
Published: January 2020

Anterior crossbite occurs as a result of several conditions. These conditions include retained deciduous teeth, overcrowding, trauma to developing permanent tooth buds, and trauma to erupted teeth. Treatment includes the use of orthodontic appliances and materials to correct the occlusal relationship. This case illustrates the use of a maxillary labial bow, a mandibular lingual bar and lingual buttons to correct an anterior crossbite in a dog.
The Modified Triadan System: Nomenclature for Veterinary Dentistry
Authors: Floyd Michael R.
Published: January 2020

Recently the issue has been raised concerning the nomenclature for describing dentition in the veterinary dental patient. Several methods for referencing teeth have been utilized, leading to confusion concerning an acceptable system that is interchangeable between species. The Modified Triadan System is introduced and offers a simple, accurate, “user friendly” veterinary dental nomenclature system. This article describes how the system evolved and its advantages for the veterinary dentist.
Coronal access of the Canine Dentition
Authors: Visser Chris J.
Published: January 2020

Access preparation for endodontic treatment should be very exact, and knowledge of the anatomy of the teeth is a very important requirement for success. The use of radiographs is indispensable and should be used throughout endodontic treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate correct coronal access for endodontic treatment in regard to the anatomy of the endodontic system. The most common teeth that require endodontic treatment are the canines, fourth maxillary premolars, first mandibular molars, incisors, and then the remaining premolars and molars. Special emphasis will be placed on coronal access of the canine, carnassial and incisor dentition.
Diagnostic Approach to Malocclusions in Dogs
Authors: Hennet Philippe R. , Harvey Colin E.
Published: January 2020

Malocclusions may be associated with any of the cranial shapes recognized in dogs. Orthodontic treatments for malocclusions are frequently reported. However, these reports often lack a diagnostic plan and use confusing terminologies. The purpose of this paper is to describe, using standardized terms, a diagnostic approach to the most common malocclusions found in dogs.
Classification and Prognostic Factors of Endodontic-Periodontic Lesions in the Dog
Authors: Marretta Sandra Manfra , Schloss Alexander J. , Klippert Undo S.
Published: January 2020

The classification of the possible pathologic relationships between the periodontium and endodontium in man includes three separate groups. This classification system is adapted for utilization in the dog to clarify the appropriate treatment and prognosis of dog's teeth affected with endodontic-periodontic lesions. This article describes the classification and treatment planning with illustrations of each type.
The Influence of Dry Food on the Development of Feline Neck Lesions
Authors: Zetner Karl , Steurer Iris
Published: January 2020

The pH of the tooth surface was determined in cats with neck lesions. The presumption that commercial dry cat food with an acid coating can lead to neck lesions is investigated. In general cats with neck lesions had lower pH values of the tooth surface (7.93 +/-0.61) than healthy cats (8.65 +/- 0.58). Feeding dry cat food with an acid surface did not contribute to the pathogenesis of neck lesions.
Dens in Dente in a Six Year Old Doberman Pinscher
Authors: DeForge Donald H.
Published: January 2020

Developmental abnormalities of tooth shape and form are rare. Identification of dens in dente is made by radiographic and clinical examination. Pulpitis, pulp necrosis and periapical inflammation can be associated with this abnormality. The tooth should be evaluated for endodontic therapy. A review of the literature related to dens in dente is described with the findings in a doberman pinscher.
Repair of Labial Avulsion in a Cat
Authors: Masztis Paul S.
Published: January 2020

This photo essay illustrates a technique used for treating a cat presented with a trauma induced detachment of the labial mucosa. Stainless steel orthopedic wire was placed through the mandible to effect reattachment of the labial avulsion.
Multiple Oral Procedures Performed on a Dog with Distemper Myoclonus
Authors: Fiorito Debra A.
Published: January 2020

A 3-year-old male mixed-breed dog was treated for an oral defect along the rostral portion of the hard palate and an oronasal fistula secondary to a severe mandibular brachygnathism and persistent canine distemper virus associated myoclonus. This report describes the treatment using a bilateral radical premaxillectomy, oronasal fistula repair, and pulpotomy.
The Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Clindamycin in Diseases of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Zetner Karl , Thiemann Gerald
Published: January 2020

Veterinary dental ultrasonic equipment can cause bacteria to be aerosolized during prophy procedures. Preoperative treatment with clindamycin prior to removal of calculus using an ultrasonic scaler can reduce aerosolized bacteria. Reduction of plaque bacteria was assessed and was statistically significant in those patients receiving clindamycin. This article describes the evaluation and results of clindamycin application when given prior to dental prophy.
Odontogenic Cysts
Authors: Anderson Jamie G. , Harvey Colin E.
Published: January 2020

Oral examination often reveals the presence of gingival or mucosal swelling. This swelling may be exostosis, cystic, hyperplastic or neoplastic tissue. This case report describes a diagnosis and surgical treatment of an odontogenic cyst. Odontogenic cysts can be classified depending on the stage in odontogenesis when cyst formation occurs. A table describing the features of odontogenic cysts is presented.
Association of Age and Body Weight with Periodontal Disease in North American Dogs
Authors: Harvey Colin E. , Shofer Frances S. , Laster Larry
Published: January 2020

Thirteen hundred and fifty dogs were examined under anesthesia at veterinary hospitals in the USA and Canada. Periodontal health was recorded in detail. Teeth were frequently absent (particularly lower third molar, upper and lower first premolars, and incisor teeth). Calculus was most extensive on the upper fourth premolar and molar teeth. Missing teeth, mobility of remaining teeth, extent of calculus and gingival inflammation, and furcation exposure and attachment loss all were more common in small dogs compared with larger dogs, and in older dogs compared with younger dogs.
Fixed Prosthodontic Replacement of Single Incisors in Three Dogs
Authors: Verstraete Frank J.M. , van Vuuren Pieter A.J.
Published: January 2020

Three dogs each received a three-unit fixed-fixed porcelain-veneer bridge for the replacement of traumatically-lost upper first or second incisor teeth. The bridges remained in place for a period ranging from 6–36 months, before becoming dislodged as a result of external trauma. It was concluded that this type of bridgework is technically feasible and may be justifiable.
Microglossia in Three Littermate Puppies
Authors: Wiggs Robert B. , Lobprise H. B. , de Lahunta Alexander
Published: January 2020

Three of five two-day-old Miniature Schnauzer puppies were diagnosed as having 'bird- tongue,' a microglossia that prevents normal nursing. With intensive nursing care, the puppies survived to seven weeks of age, then deteriorated and were euthanized. From clinical and pathological examinations, a multisystem defect is suspected, though no primary neuromuscular abnormality could be determined.
Crown Amputation with Intentional Root Retention for Advanced Feline Resorptive Lesions - A Clinical Study
Authors: DuPont Gregg
Published: January 2020

Whole tooth extraction is generally considered to be the treatment of choice for teeth with advanced feline external odontoclastic resorptive lesions. These teeth often have both a weakened, brittle crown and radicular ankylosis. These two factors cause frustration and sometimes complications during attempts at extraction. This study investigated the alternative of intentionally leaving part or all of non-pathologic tooth roots in situ to prevent iatrogenic trauma to the patient, loss of alveolar bone, and prolonged healing of surgical defects. Fifty one roots from 23 teeth were radiographed 5–36 months following elective root retention; continued resorption without surrounding bony reaction was seen in almost all cases. In one cat, the roots retained normal periodontal ligament one year later, and in another cat that developed severe stomatitis, the intentionally retained roots were extracted at the same time that the remaining molar teeth were extracted.
The use of Calcium Hydroxide in the Treatment of Abscesses in the Cheek of the Rabbit Resulting from a Dental Periapical Disorder
Authors: Remeeus P.G.K. , Verbeek M.
Published: January 2020

Abscesses on the jaws of 10 rabbits resulting from diseased premolar or molar teeth were treated by extraction of diseased teeth and injection of calcium hydroxide paste into the abscess cavity. The abscesses did not recur (follow-up period 3–38 months, median 24 months).
The Use of a Particulate, Microporous, Calcified Copolymer as a Ridge Maintenance Device in Dogs
Authors: Cranin A. Norman , Simons Alan , Klein Michael , Sirakian Aram , Ashman Arthur , Colmery Benjamin H.
Published: January 2020

HTR® polymer Synthetic Bone™ was found to be an osteoconductive, biocompatible, reliable nonresorbable matrix ridge maintenance material (Ridge Preservation). When used as socket implants immediately after the extraction of teeth over a one-year period in 16 beagle dogs, HTR was observed clinically and radiographically and compared with controls (unimplanted, sutured) extraction sites. As the control areas resorbed, the stability and effectiveness of the synthetic bone material in the operative sites became more clearly delineated. Quantitative analyses could not be made using radiographic techniques, but radiographs supported by subjective clinical observations as well as study casts taken of the height and width of the implanted areas, showed greater ridge retention compared with controls. Histological sections demonstrated dense laminar bone gradually forming into and around the HTR particulate material.
Measurement of Bite Force in Dogs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lindner Donna L. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Pijanowski Gerald J. , Johnson Ann L. , Smith Charles W.
Published: January 2020

A force transducer was developed to measure bite force in dogs. A total of 101 readings was obtained from 22 pet dogs ranging in size from 7 to 55 kg. Bite forces ranged from 13 to 1394 Newtons with a mean for all dogs of 256 Newtons and a median of 163 Newtons. Most measurements fell within the low end of the range, with 55% of the biting episodes less than 200 Newtons and 77% less than 400 Newtons.
Endodontic Therapy and Management of Grade II Furcation Periodontal Disease in a Mandibular First Molar Tooth of a Dog
Authors: Stapleton Barbara L.
Published: January 2020

Conventional endodontic therapy, necessitated by the development of a carious lesion coronal to the furcation area of a mandibular first molar tooth, and management by gingivoplasty of a resultant Grade II furcation lesion are described. In addition, the significance of radiographic changes associated with the periapical region of an under-condensed mesial root is addressed.
Fluorescence of Dental Calculus from Cats, Dogs, and Humans and of Bacteria Cultured from Dental Calculus
Authors: Dolowy William C. , Brandes Mary Lou , Gouterman Martin , Parker Jason D. , Lind John
Published: January 2020

Recently we reported that feline and canine dental calculus fluoresced pink to red under long wavelength ultraviolet light due to the presence of porphyrin.1 Here we report the observation of such fluorescence in 30 of 30 cats, 30 of 30 dogs, and 8 of 13 supragingival samples and 5 of 5 subgingival samples of humans. The fluorescence spectra of the calculus dissolved in 9M HCl show that it is due to three distinct metal-free porphyrins. Similar fluorescence is obtained from bacterial cultures grown from calculus deposits of cats and dogs and bacteria grown on blood agar containing hemin and vitamin K1. The results of the bacterial culture study suggest that the metal-free porphyrin is produced by bacteria in the mouth. The clinical observation of fluorescence can be used for diagnosis.
Renal Dysplasia with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Loose Teeth in a Young Dog
Authors: Carmichael Daniel T. , Williams Charles A. , Aller M. Suzanne
Published: January 2020

In a dog with renal dysplasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, loose teeth resulted from excessive resorption of alveolar bone. Sharpey's fibers, still anchored in the cementum, were lost in the replacing fibrous tissue and few fibers found their way to distant bone fragments. The alveolar bone is the site of predilection for the excessive, generalized resorption of bone in hyperparathyroidism. Clinical radiographic examination of the jaws is a valuable tool in the detection of the disease.
Subgingival Bacteria - Comparison of Culture Results in Dogs and Cats with Gingivitis
Authors: Harvey C.E. , Thornsberry C. , Miller B.R.
Published: January 2020

Aerobic and anaerobic subgingival bacteria were cultured and identified from 49 dogs and 40 cats with spontaneous gingivitis. The most common organisms were gram-negative anaerobes (37% of canine isolates and 39% of feline isolates) and gram-positive aerobes (36% of canine isolates and 29% of feline isolates). No major differences were found between the subgingival floras of dogs and cats with gingivitis.
Reduction in Accumulation of Plaque, Stain, and Calculus in Dogs by Dietary Means
Authors: Jensen Lyn , Logan Ellen , Finney Oliver , Lowry Stephen , Smith Martyn , Hefferren John , Simone Alex , Richardson Daniel
Published: January 2020

We conducted 215 evaluations for plaque, stain, and calculus in 120 dogs at two research sites. Dogs were balanced in groups of five according to baseline plaque index scores; groups were randomly assigned to treatment or control dietary regimens. Dental cleanings were done on Day 0. Dogs in the treatment group were fed a food formulated to reduce accumulation of plaque, stain, and calculus. Control group dogs were fed a commercially available dry dog food. No other foods, treats, or snacks were given to either group. We graded 22 teeth for plaque accumulation on Day 7 and for stain and calculus accumulation on Day 21. Six trials were conducted and the results reported as a combined mean for all treatment and control groups. Dogs fed the treatment food had significantly less plaque, stain, and calculus accumulation (p=0.001) than dogs fed the control food. Plaque, stain, and calculus accumulation can be reduced by dietary means.
Identification of the Endodontic System in Carnassial and Canine Teeth in the Dog
Authors: Rochette Judy
Published: January 2020

A single radiograph of the endodontic system of a canine or carnassial tooth provides a two-dimensional image. Serial sectioning of these same teeth achieved a three-dimensional image, which may assist our understanding and therapies of these teeth. From the three dimensional images it was noted that the pulp chambers and root canals closely approximated the external topography of the teeth, with the exception of the palatal root of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth, and with this similarity becoming less obvious as the tooth matured. Developmental fissures were present in many teeth. Variations in the morphology of the endodontic system were noted in the distal root of the first mandibular molar tooth and the palatal root of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth. Accurate radiographs, with attention to these variations, are important determinants for successful endodontic therapy.
Apicoectomy on an Incisor Tooth of a Victorian Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus victor)
Authors: Coles Stephen
Published: January 2020

An eight year old Victoran Koala was presented with a discharging mandibular sinus of at least one month duration. On examination, a dental abscess of the right mandibular incisor tooth was found. During the course of endodontic treatment, a size 2 Gates Glidden bur separated from the shank and was lodged in the canal. Due to the anatomy of the tooth the bur could not be removed and an apicoectomy was performed. Following the apicoectomy (follow-up period two years), the periapical pathology resolved.
Use of the Dental Pulp Tester in Veterinary Dentistry
Authors: Remeeus Peter , Verbeek Marion
Published: January 2020

Personal experience with a manually-set electronic dental pulp tester is described. The small battery-operated hand-held unit is used in awake dogs and cats, and can rapidly indicate absence of vitality or increased or decreased responsiveness of the pulp tissue.
Surgical Management of the Tight Lip Syndrome in the Shar Pei Dog
Authors: McCoy Donald E.
Published: January 2020

The lower lip in some Shar Pei puppies curls up over the mandible, causing lingual displacement of the incisor and canine teeth and may result in interference with the natural growth of the mandible. Surgical correction of this defect at the proper age can allow the mandible to grow normally and avoid development of an uncomfortable mouth. Two methods of correction are described. Cheiloplasty has been used by the author on 99 puppies over a 10 year period, only two of which were returned for additional surgery because the result was inadequate; the cheiloplasty procedure was repeated in these two dogs. Excision of an elliptical section of the skin of the chin was performed once during the same 10 year period.
Dental Plaque Flora of the Dog with Reference to Fastidious and Anaerobic Bacteria Associated with Bites
Authors: Allaker R. P. , Young K. A. , Langlois T. , de Rosayro R. , Hardie J. M.
Published: January 2020

Animal bite wounds are amongst the most common types of traumatic injuries in humans. The organisms isolated from these wounds generally reflect the oral flora of the biting animal and may be fastidious in nature and difficult to identify. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Eikenella corrodens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas and Prevotella spp. in supragingival dental plaque collected from the right maxillary canine and carnassial teeth and the right mandibular canine tooth of dogs. In part one of the study, 30 dogs were used. E. corrodens was found in 62% of these dogs and 44% of individual plaque samples. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any of the dogs sampled. In pan two, 34 dogs were used to determine the prevalence of the black pigmented anaerobic bacilli (Porphyromonas and Prevotella spp.). Porphyromonas gingivalis was present in 68% of these dogs and 47% of individual plaque samples. Prevotella intermedia was present in 44% of the dogs and 23% of individual plaque samples. The recently described Porphyromonas canoris, Porphyromonas salivosa, Porphyromonas cangingivalis, Porphyromonas cansulci, Porphyromonas crevioricanis and Prevotella denticola species were isolated from only 9%, 6%, 3%, 3%, 3% and 3% of dogs respectively. Porphyromonas gingivicanis was not isolated from any of the animals sampled. In conclusion, black-pigmented anaerobic bacilli were isolated from 91% of the animals sampled and therefore constitute a significant risk with respect to bite wound infections. It is also suggested that the prevalence of E. corrodens in wound infections has been underestimated in previous reports because of use of inappropriate techniques for detecting this organism.
Loss of wetlands due to the expansion of polder in the Dongting Plain, China, AD 1368–1980
Authors: Li Yikai , Ye Yu , Fang Xiuqi , Zhang Chengpeng , Zhao Zhilong
Published: January 2020

The Dongting Plain is an area characterized by wetland losses because of long-term polder construction. The study of historical polder expansion provides an opportunity to better understand the loss of wetlands covered by polders. To reconstruct the polder expansion over time, the polder patches extracted though remote sensing were marked with the names obtained from maps and the times of construction obtained from local gazetteers, and shown in the chronological order of turning points. Then, the distribution and changes in the wetlands covered by polders during 1368–1980 were reconstructed. The following are the major findings: (1) the current polders (2010s) accumulated over many centuries. There were 5.7% of the current polder area in 1644, 14.0% in 1735, 23.4% in 1850, 55.0% in 1911, 73.6% in 1949, and 100% in 1980; (2) the wetlands were mostly lost in the northern part of the region and declined rapidly over the past two centuries. The wetland area in 1850 was 6635 km2, which in 1911, 1949 and 1980 were 73.9%, 62.7% and 40.6% of that in 1850, respectively; (3) there were differences in the rate of wetland loss. The fastest time of wetland area disappearance was in 1949–1980, and 45.8 km2 of the wetlands had been lost each year; and (4) there was a spatial difference in wetland losses caused by polder expansion. In the northern part of the area, the wetland loss was mainly in 1851–1980, and the polders constructed in this period covered 89.5% of the polder area. In contrast, in the southern part of the area, the change in the wetland area was relatively small in each period, and the polder constructed before and after 1850 covered 48.3% and 52.7% of the polder area, respectively.
Systematic analysis of the number needed to treat
Authors: Vancak V , Goldberg Y , Levine SZ
Published: January 2020

The number needed to treat is often used to measure the efficacy of a binary outcome in randomized clinical trials. There are three different available measures of the number needed to treat. Two of these measures, Furukawa and Leucht’s and Kraemer and Kupfer’s, focus on converting Cohen’s δ index into the number needed to treat, while Laupacis et al.’s measure deals primarily with the number needed to treat’s estimation rather than with a reformulation. Mathematical and numerical analysis of numbers needed to treat and their estimators was conducted. Three novel number needed to treat estimators were introduced to supplement the numbers needed to treat introduced by Laupacis, Furukawa and Leucht, and Kraemer and Kupfer. The analysis showed that Laupacis et al.’s number needed to treat is intrinsically different from Kraemer and Kupfer’s number needed to treat, and that Furukawa and Leucht’s estimator is appropriate to use only for normally distributed outcomes with equal standard deviations. Based on the numerical analysis, the novel numbers needed to treat outperformed the existing ones under correct model specifications. Asymptotic analysis was used to test three different types of confidence intervals to supplement the numbers needed to treat. An R-package to calculate these numbers needed to treat and their confidence intervals has been developed and made available for users online.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Innovation: Evidence from Asian Countries
Authors: Malik Sakshi
Published: January 2020

Innovation is fundamental to the process of an economy’s growth and is crucial for its survival in today’s dynamic world. Investing in innovation, therefore, is a requisite for developing and developed countries alike. The innovation revolution has been as manifesting as the Industrial Revolution. Yet, its patterns are unevenly distributed. While some regions have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the level of patenting activity, other regions have shown a decline in the innovative output. With this backdrop, the present article analyses various institutional and macroeconomic variables that impact the level of innovation for a set of 15 Asian countries. Using two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) technique on a panel dataset for the period 2008–2017, the study examines the determinants of macroeconomic indicators on the level of innovation (as measured by the country’s patenting activity). The econometric results indicate that institutional quality, education and trade openness influence innovation favourably. Further, foreign direct investments have a negative impact on the level of innovation. A key finding of emerging from the analysis is the U-shaped relationship between financial development and innovation. Based on the results, the article concludes from a broad policy perspective.
Developing an adaptable pipe inspection robot using shape memory alloy actuators
Authors: Hadi Alireza , Hassani Azadeh , Alipour Khalil , Askari Moghadam Reza , Pourakbarian Niaz Pouya
Published: January 2020

To detect and repair the faults existing in pipes and narrow ducts in the industry, access to the inside of these pipes is often required. In this article, the conceptual design for a miniature robot for inspecting the inner walls of pipes is presented, such that the proposed robot can operate adaptably and freely in vertical, inclined, and bent paths. The robot utilizes a simple mechanism based on shape memory alloy actuators for adjusting the contact force between the robot and the inner wall of the pipe. Use of shape memory alloys as actuators for the adaptive part will result in a smaller and lighter robot, further increasing its mobility in narrower ducts. Modeling, simulation, and control of the proposed system is conducted and simulation results are validated by performing practical laboratory experiments on a built prototype.
Cilostazol Mediates Immune Responses and Affects Angiogenesis During the Acute Phase of Hind Limb Ischemia in a Mouse Model
Authors: Paronis Efthymios , Katsimpoulas Michalis , Kadoglou Nikolaos P. E. , Provost Claire , Stasinopoulou Marianna , Spyropoulos Christos , Poulaki Elpida , Prignon Aurelie , Kakisis Ioannis , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos G. , Bouziotis Penelope , Kostopoulos Ioannis V. , Tsitsilonis Ourania , Lazaris Andreas
Published: January 2020

Background:

Cilostazol is a drug of choice for the treatment of intermittent claudication that also affects innate and adaptive immune cells. The purpose of our study was the evaluation of cilostazol’s impact on the immune and angiogenic response in murine models of hind limb ischemia.

Methods:

We used 108 immunodeficient NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice and 108 wild-type CB17 mice. At day 0 (D0), all animals underwent hind limb ischemia. Half of them in both groups received daily cilostazol starting at D0 and for the next 7 postoperative days, while the rest of them served as controls, receiving vehicle. Interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) serum concentrations were measured by flow cytometry on postsurgery days D1, D3, D5, and D7. On D7, both groups underwent positron emission tomography scan with 68Ga-RGD. Mice were euthanatized and gastrocnemius muscles were obtained for histological evaluation.

Results:

There was a statistically significant augmentation ( P < .05) in IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ concentrations in treated CB17 animals, while IL-2 was significantly suppressed. Significant difference was detected between the CiBisch and Bisch groups on D1 and D7 ( P < .05) in CD31 staining. In treated NOD.CB17 animals, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ presented significant augmentation, while 68Ga-NODAGA-RGDfK uptake and CD31 expression were found significantly lower for both legs in comparison to the control.

Conclusion:

Cilostazol seems to significantly increase angiogenesis in wild-type animals during the first postoperational week. It also influences immune cells, altering the type of immune response by promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine production in wild-type animals, while it helps toward inflammation regression in immunodeficient animals.
Fixed-time fractional-order sliding mode control for nonlinear power systems
Authors: Huang Sunhua , Wang Jie
Published: January 2020

In this study, a fractional-order sliding mode controller is effectively proposed to stabilize a nonlinear power system in a fixed time. State trajectories of a nonlinear power system show nonlinear behaviors on the angle and frequency of the generator, phase angle, and magnitude of the load voltage, which would seriously affect the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Therefore, fractional calculus is applied to design a fractional-order sliding mode controller which can effectively suppress the inherent chattering phenomenon in sliding mode control to make the nonlinear power system converge to the equilibrium point in a fixed time based on the fixed-time stability theory. Compared with the finite-time control method, the convergence time of the proposed fixed-time fractional-order sliding mode controller is not dependent on the initial conditions and can be exactly evaluated, thus overcoming the shortcomings of the finite-time control method. Finally, superior performances of the fractional-order sliding mode controller are effectively verified by comparing with the existing finite-time control methods and integral order sliding mode control through numerical simulations.
A Retrospective Analysis of the Use of 3-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrates for Refractory Bleeding After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children Undergoing Heart Surgery: A Matched Case-Control Study
Authors: Harris Andrea D. , Hubbard Richard M. , Sam Rebecca M. , Zhang Xu , Salazar Jorge , Gautam Nischal K.
Published: January 2020

The 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (3FPCC) may be used off-label to treat refractory bleeding during cardiac surgery in children. This retrospective study examined the rate of clinical complications following the use of 3FPCC. Patients treated with 3FPCC were matched to controls for age, gender, prematurity, weight, cardiopulmonary bypass times, and cross-clamp times. Fifty-nine cases were individually matched to 59 controls based on propensity scores. 3FPCC was not associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events, mortality, or need for postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support. These results suggest the safety of 3FPCC when used for refractory bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass in children undergoing congenital heart surgery.
The long-term efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 190 μg (ILUVIEN®) in diabetic macular oedema in a multi-ethnic inner-city population
Authors: Panos Georgios D , Arruti Natalia , Patra Sudeshna
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to report the long-term efficacy and safety of 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (ILUVIEN®) in pseudophakic eyes with diabetic macular oedema in a multi-ethnic patient cohort.

Methods:

This is a single-centre retrospective analysis of patients with persistent diabetic macular oedema, despite previous anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and/or steroid treatment, treated with the ILUVIEN implant according to national guidelines. Patients with follow-up of less than 24 months were excluded. Best corrected visual acuity, central retinal thickness and intraocular pressure were evaluated at baseline and month 3, 12, 24 and 36 post-treatment. A sub-group analysis was performed on eyes with 36-month follow-up data.

Results:

In total, 24 eyes (24 patients) completed at least 24 months of follow-up, of which 9 completed 36 months of follow-up. Three-fourths of the patients were black or South Asian (blacks, Asians and minority ethnic). Improvement in mean best corrected visual acuity was seen at year 1 and year 3 improving from 0.62 LogMAR at baseline to 0.55 LogMAR at year 1 and 0.47 LogMAR at year 3 (all p > 0.05). Mean central retinal thickness also showed a progressive reduction from 471 μm at baseline to 397 μm at year 1 and 339 μm at year 3 (all p < 0.05). Four eyes required intraocular pressure–lowering drops post-implant. Supplementary treatment for persistent or recurrent diabetic macular oedema was necessary in 13 eyes over the total study period of 3 years. Blacks, Asians and minority ethnic patients had a worse response compared with white patients.

Conclusion:

The ILUVIEN implant was effective and safe in the treatment of multi-ethnic patients with diabetic macular oedema refractory to conventional therapies, improving the vision and macular anatomy, without significant adverse events up to 36 months post-treatment.
The fate of sagittal alignment in tapered uncemented femoral components in total hip arthroplasty: 889 hips followed for a minimum of 10 years
Authors: García-Rey Eduardo
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

Aseptic loosening is rare after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) with mostly uncemented tapered stems; however, different factors can modify the results. We question whether 3 different current femoral components and/or the surgical technique affect the clinical and radiological outcome after a minimum follow-up of 10 years.

Methods:

889 uncemented tapered stems implanted from 1999 to 2007 were evaluated for a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Group 1 (273 hips) shared a conical shape and a porous-coated surface, group 2 (286 hips) a conical splined shape and group 3 (330 hips) a rectangular grit-blasted stem. Groups 1 and 2 were implanted through a posterolateral approach and group 3 using an anterolateral approach. Clinical outcomes and anteroposterior and sagittal radiographic analyses were compared.

Results:

No thigh pain was reported in unrevised patients. Mean Harris Hip score was lower for patients in group 3 for pain and function at all intervals. 14-year implant survival for aseptic loosening was 98.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 96.2–100) in group 3. No revision for aseptic loosening was found with the other designs. A stem position outside neutral limits in the sagittal alignment ( p = 0.001, hazard ratio: 6.17, 95% CI, 2.05–18.61) was associated with aseptic loosening in group 3.

Conclusions:

Most current uncemented straight tapered femoral components can provide adequate bone fixation in primary THA after 10 years. Conical stems inserted through a posterolateral approach are more reliable than rectangular ones inserted through an anterolateral approach.
Psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Spanish version of the parent-report Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ-P)
Authors: Fernández-Martínez Iván , Morales Alexandra , Espada José Pedro , Orgilés Mireia
Published: January 2020

The parent-report Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ-P) is one of the few well-established available measures specifically designed to assess childhood depression from the parent’s perspective. However, to date, few studies have analyzed the factorial structure of the MFQ-P. The aim of this study was to examine for the first time the psychometric properties of the scores and factorial structure of the Spanish-adapted version of the MFQ-P in a community sample of Spanish-speaking children. Parents of 181 children (54.1% boys) aged 6–8 years participated in this study. The MFQ-P was translated into Spanish and administered along with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-parent version (SDQ-P) and the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale-parent version (SCAS-P). The scale showed high internal consistency (α = .92) and acceptable test–retest reliability, and factor analysis confirmed the original single-factor structure after removing one item. Convergent and divergent validity was supported. The findings provide initial support for the use of a 33-item version of the MFQ-P in the Spanish population, adding further international evidence for this promising scale.
Subclinical: The Invisible Service Worker
Authors: Bhatnagar Kushagra
Published: January 2020

Performing frontline interactive service work can be an alienating experience for many of those who join the ranks. On one side are customers who have internalized the mantra of consumer sovereignty, and on the other side are managers intent on producing the perfect, fully customer-oriented, branded service worker. Frontline employees feel the full brunt of these two impositions in sectors such as luxury hospitality, especially in emerging economies. Customers possess much higher reserves of economic and cultural power than frontline workers, which can exacerbate their sovereign-like (mis)behaviour. Managers control almost every aspect of the worker and train workers to reproduce a particular embodied style of service. These conditions reduce workers’ ability to de-alienate and humanize themselves and increase work stress, which can then accelerate negative consequences, such as burnout or worse.
The Intersection of Food Insecurity and Tobacco Use: A Scoping Review
Authors: Kim-Mozeleski Jin E. , Pandey Rajshree
Published: January 2020

Cigarette smoking is increasingly concentrated in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, and food insecurity also disproportionately affects lower-income groups. Recent studies have suggested that smoking and food insecurity operate as risk factors for one another, but there is limited understanding of their intersection. This scoping review aimed to synthesize the published literature on the association between food insecurity and tobacco use across population groups in the United States and Canada. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO using key words. Studies included were published in English between 2008 and 2018, reported empirical findings, measured both tobacco use and food insecurity, and considered either variable as a study outcome. Nineteen articles were identified; 6 examined tobacco use as an outcome variable and 13 examined food insecurity as an outcome variable. Most articles were of studies using cross-sectional designs. Study samples ranged from general populations, clinical samples, and underserved populations. For each article, we extracted information including specific findings related to the association between food insecurity and tobacco use. We synthesized the current research by formulating a model by which food insecurity and tobacco use are bidirectionally associated. This scoping review concludes that the co-occurrence of food insecurity and tobacco use exists across populations in the United States and Canada. As the evidence is largely from cross-sectional investigations, there is a need for longer term, comprehensive assessments of relationships between tobacco use and food insecurity. Such investigations can inform policies and interventions aimed toward addressing the inequitable burden of tobacco use and of food insecurity among disadvantaged populations.