bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near-Wall Flame and Flow Measurements in an Optically Accessible SI Engine
Authors: Schmidt Marius , Ding Carl-Philipp , Peterson Brian , Dreizler Andreas , Böhm Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Near-wall processes in internal combustion engines strongly affect heat transfer and pollutant emissions. With continuously improving capabilities to model near-wall processes, the demand for corresponding measurements increases. To obtain an in-depth understanding of the near-wall processes within spark-ignition engines, flame distributions and flow fields were measured simultaneously near the piston surface of an optically accessible engine operating with homogeneous, stoichiometric isooctane–air mixtures. The engine was operated at two engine speeds (800 rpm and 1500 rpm) and two different intake pressures (0.95 bar and 0.4 bar). Flame distributions were obtained at high spatial resolution using high-speed planar laser induced fluorescence of sulfur dioxide ($$\hbox {SO}_{{2}}$$

SO
2

). Particle tracking velocimetry was utilized to measure the flow field above the piston at high spatial resolution, which enabled the determination of hydrodynamic boundary layer profiles. Flame contours were extracted and statistical distributions of the burnt gas area determined. The burnt gas distributions were compared with the simultaneously recorded high-speed flow field measurements in the unburnt gas. A direct comparison with motored engine operation showed comparable boundary layer profiles until the flame approaches the wall. Flow acceleration due to flame expansion rapidly increases velocity gradients and the boundary layer development becomes highly transient. The interaction of flame and flow depends on the operating conditions, which results in a different evolution of burnt gas positions within the field-of-view. This has additional implications on the development of the velocity boundary layer. Depending on the operating conditions, the flame strongly affects the velocity boundary layer profiles resulting in boundary layer thicknesses (defined by 50% maximum velocity) in the order of $$80{-}180\, \upmu \hbox {m}$$

80
-
180

μ
m

.
A multi-perspective lens on web assurance seals: contrasting vendors’ intended and consumers’ perceived effects
Authors: Löbbers Julian , Lins Sebastian , Kromat Theresa , Benlian Alexander , Sunyaev Ali
Published: May 2020

Web assurance seals are actions taken by e-commerce vendors to increase their trustworthiness and alleviate consumers’ concerns. In their essence, web assurance seals are a product of negotiations, adoptions, and settlements among various groups of interests (e.g., seal authorities, vendors, consumers, or governmental institutions). However, previous research has hitherto used a unilateral research perspective when studying web assurance seals (i.e., either consumer- or vendor-centric), which has acted as a gridlock for web assurance seal literature development. Drawing on signaling theory, we use a ranking-type Delphi study with three distinct, yet mutually supportive expert panels (N = 60) to compare vendors’ intentions to acquire web assurance seals and perceived effects by consumers. Our results uncover a mismatch between consumers’ perceptions and vendors’ intentions of web assurance seals, unintended side effects as well as vendors targeting other stakeholders than consumers, ultimately providing starting points for research to move forward.
Exploring the prevalence of gambling harm among active duty military personnel: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Paterson Marisa , Whitty Megan , Leslie Patrick
Published: May 2020

The prevalence of gambling harm among active duty military personnel is a largely unexplored topic. With different forms of social gambling often found within (or in close proximity to) military bases around the world, understanding the extent of gambling activities and consequent harms occurring within military contexts warrants further attention. This review aims to identify, describe and thematically synthesise published literature on gambling harm and related issues among active duty military personnel. Scoping review methods were applied in order to understand this relatively under-researched population and understand appropriate avenues for future research. A systematic multi-database text word search, incorporating search results from Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, PsychInfo, and the Journal Military Medicine, was conducted. A total of 11 sources met inclusion criteria, all originating from the United States of America. The results suggest a distinct gap in the current international literature on this topic. Despite gambling’s long and colourful association with defence downtime, research into gambling harm prevalence rates in relation to what could be considered a high-risk group is limited. Findings reveal that strategies to identify and address gambling harm within this population are severely lacking from the published literature and non-existent outside North America. Implications for understanding and addressing gambling harm among active duty personnel and directions for future research are discussed.
Impact of Socio-economic Status on Low Birthweight: Decomposing the Differences Between Natives and Immigrants in Spain
Authors: Stanek Mikolaj , Requena Miguel , del Rey Alberto
Published: May 2020

In this population-based study, we explored the relationships between immigration, socio-economic status (SES), and perinatal outcomes. We quantified the effects of SES on birthweight disparities between native and immigrant mothers in Spain. We obtained birth and SES data from the 2011 census and administrative registers for years 2011–2015. The associations between origin, statuses, and the likelihood of low birthweight were estimated using logistic regressions. Fairlie’s nonlinear extension of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method was applied to identify the extent to which the differences in birthweight between groups corresponded to socio-economic composition or to rates. Our results showed that African and Latin American mothers exhibited advantage in the perinatal outcomes over native mothers [odds ratio (OR) 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63–0.90 and OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.65–0.82, respectively]. Decomposition analyses revealed that such advantage was not affected by the lower positions within the socio-economic structure that African and Latin American populations occupied.
Methodologies of Rule of Law Research: Why Legal Philosophy Needs Empirical and Doctrinal Scholarship
Authors: Taekema Sanne
Published: May 2020

Rule of law is a concept that is regularly debated by legal philosophers, often in connection to discussion of the concept of law. In this article, the focus is not on the substance of the conceptual claims, but on the methodologies employed by legal philosophers, investigating seminal articles on the rule of law by Joseph Raz and Jeremy Waldron. I argue that their philosophical argumentations often crucially depend on empirical or legal doctrinal arguments. However, these arguments remain underdeveloped. I explore how these arguments could be linked to approaches related to rule of law in different fields of legal scholarship and investigate how the methodologies of these fields may complement each other. Thus, the article aims to provide an argument for a specific form of triangulation of three kinds of approaches to the rule of law: philosophical, social-scientific and legal doctrinal. This method of triangulation is illustrated by a discussion of the World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index.
Evidence for improved survival with bevacizumab treatment in recurrent high-grade gliomas: a retrospective study with (“pseudo-randomized”) treatment allocation by the health insurance provider
Authors: Hofmann Susanne , Schmidt Manuel Alexander , Weissmann Thomas , Eyüpoglu Ilker , Strnad Annedore , Semrau Sabine , Fietkau Rainer , Putz Florian , Lettmaier Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Despite a large number of trials, the role of bevacizumab (BEV) in the treatment of recurrent high-grade gliomas is still controversial. Evidence regarding an effect on overall survival in this context is ultimately inconclusive. At the Department of Radiation Oncology at Erlangen, Germany we treated a large cohort of patients with recurrent gliomas where bevacizumab use was determined exclusively by the health care provider’s approval of reimbursement.

Methods

61 patients (between 06/2008 and 01/2014) with recurrent high-grade gliomas had reimbursement requests for BEV sent to their health insurance. 37 patients out of 61 (60.7%) had their requests approved and therefore received bevacizumab (BEV-arm) as part of their treatment. The remaining 24 (39.3%) patients received standard therapy without bevacizumab (non-BEV-arm). Survival endpoints were defined with reference to the first BEV request to the health insurance provider.

Results

Median overall survival (OS) for the whole cohort was 7.0 months. OS was significantly better for BEV vs. Non-BEV patients (median, 10.3 vs. 4.2 months, logrank p = 0.023). There was an increased BEV benefit in cases of higher-order recurrences (first order recurrence BEV vs. Non-BEV, 12.5 vs. 10.2 months, p = 0.578) (second or higher order of recurrence, 9.9 vs. 2.6 months, p = 0.010). On multivariate analysis for overall survival the prognostic impact of bevacizumab (HR = 0.43, p = 0.034) remained significant.

Conclusion

Our results suggest an influence of BEV on overall survival in a heavily pretreated patient population suffering from high-grade gliomas with BEV benefit being greatest in case of second or later recurrence.
Novel application of synchrotron x-ray computed tomography for ex-vivo imaging of subcutaneously injected polymeric microsphere suspension formulations
Authors: Patterson Claire , Murphy Dean , Irvine Sarah , Connor Leigh , Rattray Zahra
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Subcutaneously or intramuscularly administered biodegradable microsphere formulations have been successfully exploited in the management of chronic conditions for over two decades, yet mechanistic understanding of the impact of formulation attributes on in vivo absorption rate from such systems is still in its infancy.

Methods

Suspension formulation physicochemical attributes may impact particulate deposition in subcutaneous (s.c.) tissue. Hence, the utility of synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) for assessment of spatial distribution of suspension formulation components (PLG microspheres and vehicle) was evaluated in a porcine s.c. tissue model. Optical imaging of dyed vehicle and subsequent microscopic assessment of microsphere deposition was performed in parallel to compare the two approaches.

Results

Our findings demonstrate that synchrotron μCT can be applied to the assessment of microsphere and vehicle distribution in s.c. tissue, and that microspheres can also be visualised in the absence of contrast agent using this approach. The technique was deemed superior to optical imaging of macrotomy for the characterisation of microsphere deposition owing to its non-invasive nature and relatively rapid data acquisition time.

Conclusions

The method outlined in this study provides a proof of concept feasibility for μCT application to determining the vehicle and suspended PLG microspheres fate following s.c. injection. A potential application for our findings is understanding the impact of injection, device and formulation variables on initial and temporal depot geometry in pre-clinical or ex-vivo models that can inform product design.
An Integrated Dialysis Pharmacometric (IDP) Model to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics in Patients Undergoing Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Broeker Astrid , Vossen Matthias G. , Thalhammer Florian , Wallis Steven C. , Lipman Jeffrey , Roberts Jason A. , Wicha Sebastian G.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Clearance via renal replacement therapy (RRT) can significantly alter the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. The aim of this study was (i) to improve the use of clinical trial data and (ii) to provide a model that allows quantification of all aspects of drug elimination via RRT including adsorption to dialysis membranes and/or degradation of the drug in the dialysate.

Methods

An integrated dialysis pharmacometric (IDP) model was developed to simultaneously incorporate all available RRT information. The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the IDP model was compared to conventional approaches in clinical trial simulations and applied to clinical datasets of teicoplanin and doripenem.

Results

The IDP model was more accurate, precise and sensitive than conventional plasma-concentration-based approaches when estimating the clearanceRRT (relative bias <1%). In contrast to conventional approaches, adsorption and degradation were quantifiable using the IDP model (relative bias: −1.1% and − 1.9%, respectively). Applied to clinical data, clearanceRRT, drug degradation (effluent-half-lifedoripenem: 13.5 h−1) and adsorption (polysulphone adsorption capacityteicoplanin: 31.2 mg) were assessed.

Conclusion

The IDP model allows accurate, precise and sensitive characterization of clearanceRRT, adsorption and degradation. Successful quantification of all aspects of clearanceRRT in clinical data demonstrated the benefit of the IDP model as compared to conventional approaches.
Gender Differences in Remembering about Things to Do Depend on Partnership Status
Authors: Niedźwieńska Agnieszka , Zielińska Monika
Published: May 2020

Prospective memory, which is the ability to remember to do something in the future, is strongly linked to gender stereotypes. Women are expected to play a mnemonic role in romantic heterosexual couples and be successful in prospective memory tasks. Our purpose was to test whether stereotypical expectations manifest in gender differences in remembering to perform intended actions. Furthermore, we investigated whether these differences manifest only when participants are in a relationship with an other-gender partner which puts women under higher social pressure to be effective in prospective remembering. Forty Polish women (20 in relationship, 20 out of relationship) and 40 Polish men (18 in relationship, 22 out of relationship) were asked to send a SMS text to the experimenter every day for 7 consecutive days. As predicted, a female advantage in performance was found only for participants who were in a relationship, with no gender differences among those who were not. Of particular interest was that women who were in a relationship performed better compared to women without partners. In contrast, men performed worse if they were in a relationship compared to when they did not have a partner. Implications are discussed for how gender inequalities in prospective remembering can be tackled by educators in secondary schools and psychologists who conduct premarital workshops, as well as how they can be used by couple psychotherapists to deal with crises related to the division of labor in a couple.
Collective Deliberations and Hearts on Fire: Experiential Knowledge Among Entrepreneurs and Organisations in the Mental Health Service User Movement
Authors: Näslund Hilda
Published: May 2020

Previous research has shown that experiential knowledge plays an important role for service user movements and has also discussed ambiguities in the definition of this type of knowledge. This study contributes to clarifying how experiential knowledge is understood within the service user movement. Through semi-structured interviews, it explores how Swedish mental health service user organisations (MHSUOs) and service user entrepreneurs (SUEs) regard the role of experiential knowledge for their endeavours. The study shows that SUEs and MHSUOs view experiential knowledge as complementary to established medical and expert knowledge. Both groups further reflect on the functions of individual and collective dimensions of experiential knowledge. Emotions are important in conveying experiential knowledge, although emotional commitment can be short-lived. The study discusses challenges for SUEs and MHSUOs in developing strategies to manage risks tied to strategic essentialism, and also in maintaining a critical standpoint towards established service providers.
Investigation of Cerebral O-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine Uptake in Rat Epilepsy Models
Authors: Stegmayr Carina , Surges Rainer , Choi Chang-Hoon , Burda Nicole , Stoffels Gabriele , Filß Christian , Willuweit Antje , Neumaier Bernd , Heinzel Alexander , Shah N. Jon , Mottaghy Felix M. , Langen Karl-Josef
Published: May 2020

Purpose

A recent study reported on high, longer lasting and finally reversible cerebral uptake of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET) induced by epileptic activity. Therefore, we examined cerebral [18F]FET uptake in two chemically induced rat epilepsy models and in patients with focal epilepsy to further investigate whether this phenomenon represents a major pitfall in brain tumor diagnostics and whether [18F]FET may be a potential marker to localize epileptic foci.

Procedures

Five rats underwent kainic acid titration to exhibit 3 to 3.5 h of class IV–V motor seizures (status epilepticus, SE). Rats underwent 4× [18F]FET PET and 4× MRI on the following 25 days. Six rats underwent kindling with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 3 to 8×/week over 10 weeks, and hence, seizures increased from class I to class IV. [18F]FET PET and MRI were performed regularly on days with and without seizures. Four rats served as healthy controls. Additionally, five patients with focal epilepsy underwent [18F]FET PET within 12 days after the last documented seizure.

Results

No abnormalities in [18F]FET PET or MRI were detected in the kindling model. The SE model showed significantly decreased [18F]FET uptake 3 days after SE in all examined brain regions, and especially in the amygdala region, which normalized within 2 weeks. Corresponding signal alterations in T2-weighted MRI were noted in the amygdala and hippocampus, which recovered 24 days post-SE. No abnormality of cerebral [18F]FET uptake was noted in the epilepsy patients.

Conclusions

There was no evidence for increased cerebral [18F]FET uptake after epileptic seizures neither in the rat models nor in patients. The SE model even showed decreased [18F]FET uptake throughout the brain. We conclude that epileptic seizures per se do not cause a longer lasting increased [18F]FET accumulation and are unlikely to be a major cause of pitfall for brain tumor diagnostics.
Tensions in sustainable warehousing: including the blue-collar perspective on automation and ergonomic workplace design
Authors: Gruchmann Tim , Mies Annika , Neukirchen Thomas , Gold Stefan
Published: May 2020

In many industrial countries, demographic changes towards an aging society go hand in hand with the need for ergonomic workplaces. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink workplace designs and work processes, particularly in industrial professions, such as logistics. As logistics activities are still characterized by a high amount of manual effort, they represent a suitable field for gaining empirical insights into the implementation of automation and ergonomic practices to inform social sustainable warehousing logistics strategies. By assuming a paradox perspective, this study accordingly examines the research question to which extent tensions arise in the context of sustainable warehousing regarding the implementation of technical automation and improved ergonomic processes. To answer this question, automation and ergonomics practices are studied at two logistics service providers and an industrial manufacturer in Germany. By applying a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzes empirical data derived from semi-structured interviews with logistics and human resource managers at four warehouse sites of these companies. Besides identifying relevant criteria and paradoxical tensions in improving handling processes in the specific cases, technology alternatives were evaluated from blue-collar employees’ perspectives using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) survey. The present study provides evidence that paradoxical tensions with regard to belonging and performing, as well as between organizational levels and through the change process itself are most important in this context. In this line, the current study contributes to theory and practice by providing insights into paradoxical tensions in warehousing logistics and discussing how automation and ergonomic transformational processes can be successfully managed through addressing interrelated demands of blue-collar workers, managers, and customers.
Alloy Stability of Ge1−xSnx with Sn Concentrations up to 17% Utilizing Low-Temperature Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Schwarz Daniel , Funk Hannes S. , Oehme Michael , Schulze Jörg
Published: May 2020

The binary alloy germanium tin has already been presented as a direct group IV semiconductor at high tin concentrations and specific strain. Therefore, it offers a promising approach for the monolithic integrated light source towards the optical on-chip communication on silicon. However, the main challenge faced by many researchers is the achievement of high tin concentrations and good crystal quality. The key issues are the lattice mismatch to silicon and germanium, as well as the limited solid solubility of tin in germanium of less than 1%. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic investigation of the epitaxial growth conditions of germanium tin with tin concentrations up to 17%. For this, we performed two growth experiments utilizing molecular beam epitaxy. In one experiment, we varied the growth temperature for the epitaxy of germanium tin with 8% tin to investigate the inter-growth temperature stability. In the second experiment, we focused on the strain-relaxation of germanium tin, depending on different tin concentrations and doping types. The results of subsequent material analysis with x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy allow us to narrow the epitaxial window of germanium tin. Furthermore, we present a possible explanation for the unique relaxation mechanism of germanium tin, which is significantly different from the well-known relaxation mechanism of silicon germanium.
Organ function support in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Tongji experience
Authors:   Multidisciplinary Team for COVID-19, Li Yong , He Fan , Zhou Ning , Wei Jia , Ding Zeyang , Wang Luyun , Chen Peng , Guo Shuiming , Zhang Binhao , Wan Xiaoning , Zhu Wei
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease and a serious threat to human health. COVID-19 can cause multiple organ dysfunction, such as respiratory and circulatory failure, liver and kidney injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thromboembolism, and even death. The World Health Organization reports that the mortality rate of severe-type COVID-19 is over 50%. Currently, the number of severe cases worldwide has increased rapidly, but the experience in the treatment of infected patients is still limited. Given the lack of specific antiviral drugs, multi-organ function support treatment is important for patients with COVID-19. To improve the cure rate and reduce the mortality of patients with severe- and critical-type COVID-19, this paper summarizes the experience of organ function support in patients with severe- and critical-type COVID-19 in Optical Valley Branch of Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China. This paper systematically summarizes the procedures of functional support therapies for multiple organs and systems, including respiratory, circulatory, renal, hepatic, and hematological systems, among patients with severe- and critical-type COVID-19. This paper provides a clinical reference and a new strategy for the optimal treatment of COVID-19 worldwide.
The Impact of Filter Settings on Morphology of Unipolar Fibrillation Potentials
Authors: Starreveld Roeliene , Knops Paul , Roos-Serote Maarten , Kik Charles , Bogers Ad J. J. C. , Brundel Bianca J. J. M. , de Groot Natasja M. S.
Published: May 2020

Using unipolar atrial electrogram morphology as guidance for ablative therapy is regaining interest. Although standardly used in clinical practice during ablative therapy, the impact of filter settings on morphology of unipolar AF potentials is unknown. Thirty different filters were applied to 2,557,045 high-resolution epicardial AF potentials recorded from ten patients. Deflections with slope ≤ − 0.05 mV/ms and amplitude ≥ 0.3 mV were marked. High-pass filtering decreased the number of detected potentials, deflection amplitude, and percentage of fractionated potentials (≥ 2 deflections) as well as fractionation delay time (FDT) and increased percentage of single potentials. Low-pass filtering decreased the number of potentials, percentage of fractionated potentials, whereas deflection amplitude, percentage of single potentials, and FDT increased. Notch filtering (50 Hz) decreased the number of potentials and deflection amplitude, whereas the percentage of complex fractionated potentials (≥ 3 deflections) increased. Filtering significantly impacted morphology of unipolar fibrillation potentials, becoming a potential source of error in identification of ablative targets.
Thermal maturity and TOC prediction using machine learning techniques: case study from the Cretaceous–Paleocene source rock, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
Authors: Shalaby Mohamed Ragab , Malik Owais Ahmed , Lai Daphne , Jumat Nurhazwana , Islam Md Aminul
Published: May 2020

Thermal maturity, organic richness and kerogen typing are very important parameters to be evaluated for source rock characterization. Due to the difficulties of high cost geochemical analyses and the unavailability of rock samples, it was necessary to examine and test many different method and techniques to help in the prediction of TOC values as well as other maturity indicators in case of missing or absence of geochemical data. Integrated study of machine learning techniques and well-log data has been applied on Cretaceous–Paleocene formations in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. A novel approach of maturity prediction using Tmax and vitrinite reflectance (VR%) is the first and preliminary objective of this research. Moreover, the organic richness or the total organic carbon (TOC) content has been predicted as well. Geochemical and well-log data collected from the Cretaceous Rakopi and North Cape formations and Paleocene Mangahewa Formation have been processed and prepared to apply the machine learning techniques. Five machine learning techniques, namely Bayesian regularization for feed-forward neural networks (BRNNs), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) for regression, linear regression (LR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR), were employed for prediction of TOC, Tmax and VR, and their results have been compared. For TOC prediction, the best model achieved the coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.964 using RF model. For Tmax prediction, BRNN with one hidden layer achieved the R2 value of 0.828. BRNN with two hidden layers produced the best model for VR prediction achieving R2 = 0.636. A comparison of five ML techniques showed that all of these techniques performed exceedingly well for TOC prediction with a value of R2 > 0.96. In contrast, BRNN with one hidden layer was the only ML technique able to achieve R2 > 0.8 for Tmax and BRNN with two hidden layers was the only ML technique able to achieve R2 > 0.6 for VR prediction. Therefore, this research provides a strong empirical evidence that ML techniques can capture the nonlinear relationship between the well-log data and TOC as well as the maturity indicators which may not be fully understood by existing linear models.
Preoperative assessment of skeletal muscle mass during magnetic resonance enterography in patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Celentano V. , Kamil-Mustafa L. , Beable R. , Ball C. , Flashman K. G. , Jennings Z. , O’ Leary D. P. , Higginson A. , Luxton S.
Published: May 2020

Measurement of the psoas muscle area has been applied to estimate lean muscle mass as a surrogate marker of sarcopenia, but there is a paucity of evidence regarding the influence of sarcopenia on clinical outcomes following inflammatory bowel disease surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between MRI enterography defined sarcopenia and postoperative complications in patients undergoing elective ileocaecal resection for Crohn’s disease. To obtain cross sectional area measurement of the psoas muscle, the freehand area tool was used to trace the margin of each psoas muscle at the level of L4, with the sum recorded as Total Psoas Area (TPA). The total cross sectional muscle area of the abdominal wall was recorded as Skeletal Muscle Area (SMA), while myosteatosis was measured by normalising the psoas muscle intensity with the mean intensity of the cerebrospinal fluid. The primary outcome was the incidence of 30-day postoperative complications in patients in the lowest quartile of TPA and SMA. 31 patients were included and ten patients (32.25%) developed postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery. The cut-off values for the lowest quartile for TPA were 11.93 cm2in men and 9.77 cm2in women, including a total of 8 patients (25.8%) with 5 patients in this group (62.5%) developing postoperative complications and 3 patients (37.5%) Clavien-Dindo class ≥ 3 complications. The cut-off values for the lowest quartile for SMA were 73.49 cm2in men and 65.85 cm2in women, with 4 patients out of 8 (50%) developing postoperative complications. Psoas muscle cross sectional area and skeletal mass area can be estimated on Magnetic Resonance Enterography as surrogate markers of sarcopenia with high inter-observer agreement.
The trade patterns of the South China Sea during the Song period
Authors: Li Peining
Published: May 2020

This paper aims to outline two different trade patterns in the South China Sea during the Song period by examining the distribution pattern of cargos on the Intan, Cirebon, Nanhai No.1 (南海I号) and Quanzhou Bay 泉州湾 wrecks. Through the detailed analysis, it is argued that the voyage of some merchant ships would be conducted at the request of a single authority, from a few available, who handled bulk selling while the remaining spaces on the ship would be leased to some individual traders who did retail business. The major cargo on board would be aimed toward a single directional destination, as is represented by the Inan and Cirebon wrecks. In other cases, the sea-going journey would be a joint operation involving multiple traders and the major cargo would be handled by peddlers and possibly sold at a number of ports-of-call, as is seen with the Nanhai No.1 and Quanzhou Bay wreck.
Pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)
Authors: Yang Lu‐Lu , Yang Ting
Published: May 2020

As a highly infectious respiratory tract disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) can cause respiratory, physical, and psychological dysfunction in patients. Therefore, pulmonary rehabilitation is crucial for both admitted and discharged patients of COVID‐19. In this study, based on the newly released pulmonary rehabilitation guidelines for patients with COVID‐19, as well as evidence from the pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, we investigated pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COVID‐19 having complications, such as chronic pulmonary disease, and established an intelligent respiratory rehabilitation model for these patients.
Culture counts: the diverse effects of culture and society on mental health amidst COVID-19 outbreak in Australia
Authors: Furlong Y. , Finnie T.
Published: May 2020

Since COVID-19 first emerged internationally, Australia has applied a number of public health measures to counter the disease’ epidemiology. The public heath response has been effective in virus testing, diagnosing and treating patients with COVID-19. The imposed strict border restrictions and social distancing played a vital role in reducing positive cases via community transmission resulting in ‘flattening of the curve’. Now is too soon to assess the impact of COVID-19 on people’s mental health, as it will be determined by both short- and long-term consequences of exposure to stress, uncertainty, loss of control, loneliness and isolation. The authors explored cultural and societal influences on mental health during the current pandemic utilising Geert Hofstede’s multidimensional construct of culture and determined psychological and cultural factors that foster resilience. We also reflected on the psychological impact of the pandemic on the individual and the group at large by utilising Michel Foucault’ and Jacques Lacan’ psychoanalytic theories. Remote Aboriginal Australian communities have been identified as a high-risk subpopulation in view of their unique vulnerabilities owing to their compromised health status, in addition to historical, systemic and cultural factors. Historically, Australia has prided itself in its multiculturalism; however, there has been evidence of an increase in racial microaggressions and xenophobia during this pandemic. Australia’s model of cultural awareness will need to evolve, from reactionary to more reflective, post COVID-19 pandemic to best serve our multicultural, inclusive and integrated society.
The benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices during times of crisis such as COVID-19
Authors: Behan C.
Published: May 2020

Meditation and mindfulness are practices that can support healthcare professionals, patients, carers and the general public during times of crisis such as the current global pandemic caused by COVID-19. While there are many forms of meditation and mindfulness, of particular interest to healthcare professionals are those with an evidence base such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Systematic reviews of such practices have shown improvements in measures of anxiety, depression and pain scores. Structural and functional brain changes have been demonstrated in the brains of people with a long-term traditional meditation practice, and in people who have completed a MBSR programme. Mindfulness and meditation practices translate well to different populations across the lifespan and range of ability. Introducing a mindfulness and meditation practice during this pandemic has the potential to complement treatment and is a low-cost beneficial method of providing support with anxiety for all.
COVID-19, mental health and psychological first aid
Authors: Minihan E. , Gavin B. , Kelly B. D. , McNicholas F.
Published: May 2020

Crises such as the global pandemic of COVID-19 (coronavirus) elicit a range of responses from individuals and societies adversely affecting physical and emotional well-being. This article provides an overview of factors elicited in response to COVID-19 and their impact on immunity, physical health, mental health and well-being. Certain groups, such as individuals with mental illness, are especially vulnerable, so it is important to maximise the supports available to this population and their families during the pandemic. More broadly, the World Health Organization recommends ‘Psychological First Aid’ as a useful technique that can help many people in a time of crisis.
COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability: impacts of a pandemic
Authors: Courtenay K. , Perera B.
Published: May 2020

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic affect all groups in society. People with intellectual disability (ID) are especially vulnerable to the physical, mental and social effects of the pandemic. Cognitive impairments can limit understanding of information to protect them relying on carers to be vigilant on their behalf during quarantine. Restrictions on usual activities are likely to induce mental stress especially among those who are autistic leading to an escalation in challenging behaviours, risk of placement breakdown and increased the use of psychotropic medication. People with ID are vulnerable to exploitation by others where the usual community supports no longer function to protect them. In future pandemics, it is important that lessons are learned from the impacts COVID-19 have on people with ID. Collecting the evidence through a rigorous approach should help to empower people with ID and their carers to face future outbreaks of infectious diseases.
Comparison between Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep in adipocyte phenotype, lipid metabolism and energy homoeostasis regulation of adipose tissues when consuming diets of different energy levels
Authors: Jing Xiaoping , Zhou Jianwei , Degen Allan , Wang Wenji , Guo Yamin , Kang Jingpeng , Liu Peipei , Ding Luming , Shang Zhanhuan , Qiu Qiang , Ding Xuezhi , Long Ruijun
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to gain insight into how adipose tissue of Tibetan sheep regulates energy homoeostasis to cope with low energy intake under the harsh environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). We compared Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep (n 24 of each breed), all wethers and 1·5 years of age, which were each divided randomly into four groups and offered diets of different digestible energy (DE) densities: 8·21, 9·33, 10·45 and 11·57 MJ DE/kg DM. When the sheep lost body mass and were assumed to be in negative energy balance: (1) adipocyte diameter in subcutaneous adipose tissue was smaller and decreased to a greater extent in Tibetan than in Small-tailed Han sheep, but the opposite occurred in the visceral adipose tissue; (2) Tibetan sheep showed higher insulin receptor mRNA expression and lower concentrations of catabolic hormones than Small-tailed Han sheep and (3) Tibetan sheep had lower capacity for glucose and fatty acid uptake than Small-tailed Han sheep. Moreover, Tibetan sheep had lower AMPKα mRNA expression but higher mammalian target of rapamycin mRNA expression in the adipocytes than Small-tailed Han sheep. We concluded that Tibetan sheep had lower catabolism but higher anabolism in adipose tissue and reduced the capacity for glucose and fatty acid uptake to a greater extent than Small-tailed Han sheep to maintain energy homoeostasis when in negative energy balance. These responses provide Tibetan sheep with a high ability to cope with low energy intake and with the harsh environment of the QTP.
Does Collective Interest or Self-Interest Motivate Mask Usage as a Preventive Measure Against COVID-19?
Authors: van der Linden Clifton , Savoie Justin
Published: May 2020

The revised guidance on masks from public health officials has been one of the most significant COVID-19 policy reversals to date. Statements made at the outset of the pandemic, including those from the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Surgeon General, and the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, all actively discouraged asymptomatic members of the general public from wearing masks. However, on April 3, 2020, the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued new recommendations that called for nonmedical masks, such as cloth face coverings, to be worn in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain (Adams, 2020). Canadian public health officials quickly followed with their own guidance for wearing nonmedical masks or face coverings when out in public; however, they have stressed that doing so is optional for asymptomatic persons and should be seen as a complement to existing precautionary measures such as physical distancing and hand hygiene, particularly in cases where physical distancing may not be feasible (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2020). Emphasis was placed on nonmedical masks serving not to protect the wearer, but rather others who come within close proximity of the wearer. Echoing her public statements on the matter, Canada's chief public health officer Tweeted that “[w]earing a NON-MEDICAL mask in public settings has not been proven to add any protection TO the person wearing it, but it can be an additional way to prevent spread FROM an infected person to others” (Tam, 2020).
Detection of clinical bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis in Brazil
Authors: Junqueira Nathália Brancato , Salina Anelise , Oliveira Gabriela Capriogli , Mettifogo Elena , Joaquim Sâmea Fernandes , Guimarães Felipe Freitas , Dalanezi Felipe Morales , Langoni Helio
Published: May 2020

The work reported in this research communication investigated the occurrence of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) in milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis on dairy farms from seven Brazilian states. We hypothesized that M. bovis was present in bovine clinical mastitis milk in Brazil. A total of 561 milk samples were cultured on Hayflick agar and incubated in a microaerophilic atmosphere at 5% CO2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the detection of Mycoplasma spp. and Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples. Mycoplasma spp. were isolated in 2% of the milk samples, and Mycoplasma bovis was verified in 3% of the milk samples by PCR. The results showed that Mycoplasma bovis is involved in clinical mastitis in Brazilian dairy herds. We emphasize the need for further studies to investigate the infection by this agent in clinical mastitis cases, particularly in Brazil, due to the lack of knowledge about its prevalence.
Economic Policy Uncertainty and Self-Control: Evidence from Unhealthy Choices
Authors: Kalcheva Ivalina , McLemore Ping , Sias Richard
Published: May 2020

We hypothesize that greater economic policy uncertainty (EPU) leads to increases in unhealthy behaviors by lowering individuals’ impulse control. Based on 6.1 million interviews over 22 years, our analysis reveals a positive relation between EPU and the propensity to make poor lifestyle choices, including higher rates of alcohol consumption, a larger number of drinks consumed, and greater binge drinking. EPU has long-lasting effects on drinking behavior, consistent with habit formation. Moreover, the relation is stronger for younger individuals whose habits are more malleable. We find similar results when using smoking rates to measure unhealthy choices.
Molecular survey on cattle and sheep hydatidosis and first detection ofEchinococcus canadensis(G6/G7) in sheep in Turkey
Authors: Mehmood Sarfraz , Simsek Sami , Celik Figen , Kesik Harun Kaya , Kilinc Seyma Gunyakti , Ahmed Haroon
Published: May 2020

Larval stage of genus Echinococcus is the causing agent for the zoonotic infection which is life threatening known as Echinococcosis. The purpose of this study was the identification, molecular analysis and characterization ofEchinococcusspp. in sheep and cattle. The sampling was done from slaughterhouse of Elazig, Turkey. A total of 85 isolates (sheep,n= 19 and cattle,n= 66) have been collected after slaughtering. Following the gDNA isolation and PCR products of mt-CO1 gene (446 bp) of all the samples were sequenced. Out of 85 isolates, 84 were recognized asEchinococcus granulosus sensu strictoand one sheep isolate was found asEchinococcus canadensis(G6/G7 ) which is identified for the first time in Turkey. However, single nucleotide polymorphism has been observed not only in samples of different animals but also in samples collected from the same cattle. Six liver and three lung hydatid cysts have been detected in cattle. Although no nucleotide differences have been observed in the liver samples, there was single nucleotide polymorphism (C→T) in 40th nucleotide of two lung cysts. As a result of haplotype analysis, 16 haplotypes ofE. granulosus s.s.were detected in 66 cattle isolates whereas 7 haplotypes ofE. granulosus s.s.were identified in 19 sheep samples.
Evaluation of immune response toBacillus subtilisspores expressingClonorchis sinensisserpin3
Authors: Lin Zhipeng , Sun Hengchang , Ma Yan , Zhou Xinyi , Jiang Hongye , Wang Xi , Song Jiaman , Tang Zeli , Bian Qing , Zhang Zhen , Huang Yan , Yu Xinbing
Published: May 2020

Clonorchis sinensis(C. sinensis) is one of the most serious food-borne parasites, which can lead to liver fibrosis or cholangiocarcinoma. Effective measures for clonorchiasis prevention are still urgently needed.Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis) is an effective antigen delivery platform for oral vaccines.Chonorchis sinensisserpin (CsSerpin) was proved to be potential vaccine candidates. In this study, CsSerpin3 was displayed on the surface ofB. subtilisspore and recombinant spores were orally administrated to BALB/C mice. CsSerpin3-specific IgA levels in faecal, bile and intestinal mucous increased at 4–8 weeks after the first administration compared with those in control groups. The mucus production and the number of goblet cells in intestinal mucosa elevated inB.s-CotC-CsSerpin3 (CotC, coat protein ofB. subtilisspore) spores treated group compared to those in blank control. No significant difference in the activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase/ alanine aminotransferase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase were observed between groups. There was no side effect inflammation and observable pathological damage in the liver tissue of mice after administration. Moreover, collagen deposition and Ishak score were statistically reduced inB.s-CotC-CsSerpin3 spores treated mice. In conclusion,B. subtilisspores displaying CsSerpin3 could be investigated further as an oral vaccine against clonorchiasis.
Measures of adult psychological resilience following early-life adversity: how congruent are different measures?
Authors: Nishimi Kristen , Choi Karmel W. , Cerutti Janine , Powers Abigail , Bradley Bekh , Dunn Erin C.
Published: May 2020

Background

Psychological resilience – positive psychological adaptation in the context of adversity – is defined and measured in multiple ways across disciplines. However, little is known about whether definitions capture the same underlying construct and/or share similar correlates. This study examined the congruence of different resilience measures and associations with sociodemographic factors and body mass index (BMI), a key health indicator.

Methods

In a cross-sectional sample of 1429 African American adults exposed to child maltreatment, we derived four resilience measures: a self-report scale assessing resiliency (perceived trait resilience); a binary variable defining resilience as low depression and posttraumatic stress (absence of distress); a binary variable defining resilience as low distress and high positive affect (absence of distress plus positive functioning); and a continuous variable reflecting individuals' deviation from distress levels predicted by maltreatment severity (relative resilience). Associations between resilience measures, sociodemographic factors, and BMI were assessed using correlations and regressions.

Results

Resilience measures were weakly-to-moderately correlated (0.27–0.69), though similarly patterned across sociodemographic factors. Women showed higher relative resilience, but lower perceived trait resilience than men. Only measures incorporating positive affect or resiliency perceptions were associated with BMI: individuals classified as resilient by absence of distress plus positive functioning had lower BMI than non-resilient (β = −2.10, p = 0.026), as did those with higher perceived trait resilience (β = −0.63, p = 0.046).

Conclusion

Relatively low congruence between resilience measures suggests studies will yield divergent findings about predictors, prevalence, and consequences of resilience. Efforts to clearly define resilience are needed to better understand resilience and inform intervention and prevention efforts.
“The Work of Some Irresponsible Women”: Jurors, Ghosts, and Embracery in the Irish Free State
Authors: Coen Mark
Published: May 2020

This article examines a campaign of jury intimidation conducted by female Republicans in the Irish Free State from 1926 to 1934. It discusses the rationale, logistics and key personalities of the campaign, as well as the policing, prosecutorial and legislative responses to it. The article demonstrates that a small number of women disrupted the administration of justice and generated a significant amount of publicity for their actions, not only in Ireland but also in the British press. In-depth consideration of this overlooked campaign brings issues of gender, state legitimacy, subversive activity and the vulnerability of the jury system into sharp relief.