bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The utility of a novel mapping algorithm utilizing vectors and global pattern of propagation for scar‐related atrial tachycardias
Authors: Kuroda Shunsuke , Wazni Oussama M. , Saliba Walid I. , Hilow Henry , Baranowski Bryan , Tarakji Khaldoun G. , Higuchi Koji , Tchou Patrick , Dresing Thomas , Lopez John O. , Bhargava Mandeep , Cantillon Daniel J. , Callahan Thomas , Rickard John , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Anter Elad , Hussein Ayman A.
Published: May 2021

Background

Activation maps of scar‐related atrial tachycardias (AT) can be challenging to interpret due to difficulty in inaccurate annotation of electrograms, and an arbitrarily predefined mapping window. A novel mapping software integrating vector data and applying an algorithmic solution taking into consideration global activation pattern has been recently described (Coherent™, Biosense Webster “Investigational”).

Objective

We aimed to assess the investigational algorithm to determine the mechanism of AT compared with the standard algorithm.

Methods

This study included patients who underwent ablation of scar‐related AT using the Carto 3 and the standard activation algorithm. The mapping data were analyzed retrospectively using the investigational algorithm, and the mechanisms were evaluated by two independent electrophysiologists.

Results

A total of 77 scar‐related AT activation maps were analyzed (89.6% left atrium, median tachycardia cycle length of 273 ms). Of those, 67 cases with a confirmed mechanism of arrhythmia were used to compare the activation software. The actual mechanism of the arrhythmia was more likely to be identified with the investigational algorithm (67.2% vs. 44.8%, p = .009). In five patients with dual‐loop circuits, 3/5 (60%) were correctly identified by the investigational algorithm compared to 0/5 (0%) with the standard software. The reduced atrial voltage was prone to lead to less capable identification of mechanism (p for trend: .05). The investigational algorithm showed higher inter‐reviewer agreement (Cohen's kappa .62 vs. .47).

Conclusions

In patients with scar‐related ATs, activation mapping algorithms integrating vector data and “best‐fit” propagation solution may help in identifying the mechanism and the successful site of termination.
Priming human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells for corneal surface regeneration
Authors: Nieto‐Nicolau Núria , Martínez‐Conesa Eva M. , Fuentes‐Julián Sherezade , Arnalich‐Montiel Francisco , García‐Tuñón Ignacio , De Miguel María P. , Casaroli‐Marano Ricardo P.
Published: May 2021

Limbal stem cells (LSC) maintain the transparency of the corneal epithelium. Chemical burns lead the loss of LSC inducing an up‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory and pro‐angiogenic factors, triggering corneal neovascularization and blindness. Adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT‐MSC) have shown promise in animal models to treat LSC deficiency (LSCD), but there are not studies showing their efficacy when primed with different media before transplantation. We cultured AT‐MSC with standard medium and media used to culture LSC for clinical application. We demonstrated that different media changed the AT‐MSC paracrine secretion showing different paracrine effector functions in an in vivo model of chemical burn and in response to a novel in vitro model of corneal inflammation by alkali induction. Treatment of LSCD with AT‐MSC changed the angiogenic and inflammatory cytokine profile of mice corneas. AT‐MSC cultured with the medium that improved their cytokine secretion, enhanced the anti‐angiogenic and anti‐inflammatory profile of the treated corneas. Those corneas also presented better outcome in terms of corneal transparency, neovascularization and histologic reconstruction. Priming human AT‐MSC with LSC specific medium can potentiate their ability to improve corneal wound healing, decrease neovascularization and inflammation modulating paracrine effector functions in an in vivo optimized rat model of LSCD.
Bone marrow cells are differentiated into MDSCs by BCC‐Ex through down‐regulating the expression of CXCR4 and activating STAT3 signalling pathway
Authors: Liu Quan‐Wen , Chen Yong , Li Jing‐Yuan , Xiao Ling , Zhang Wen‐Jie , Zhao Jia‐Le , Gu Hao‐Cheng , Wu Han‐You , Zuo Guo‐Si‐Lang , Deng Ke‐Yu , Xin Hong‐Bo
Published: May 2021

Studies showed that the increase of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumour microenvironment is closely related to the resistant treatment and poor prognosis of metastatic breast cancer. However, the effect of tumour‐derived exosomes on MDSCs and its mechanism are not clear. Here, we reported that breast cancer cells (4T1)‐secreted exosomes (BCC‐Ex) were able to differentiate bone marrow cells into MDSCs and significantly inhibited the proliferation of T lymphocytes to provide an immunosuppressive microenvironment for cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. The number of MDSCs in bone marrow and spleen of 4T1 tumour‐bearing mice and BCC‐Ex infused mice was significantly higher than that of normal mice, whereas the number of T lymphocytes in spleen was significantly decreased. In addition, BCC‐Ex markedly promoted the differentiation of MDSCs from bone marrow cells or bone marrow cells derived macrophages, seen as the increased expressions of MDSCs‐related functional proteins Arginase‐1 (Arg‐1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, BCC‐Ex significantly down‐regulated the expressions of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and markedly up‐regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐10 in bone marrow cells and macrophages and remarkably inhibited the division and proliferation of T cells. Importantly, CXCR4 agonist, CXCL12, could reverse the function of BCC‐Ex, indicating that BCC‐Ex‐induced MDSCs might be dependent on the down‐regulation of CXCR4. Western blot showed that BCC‐Ex significantly promoted the phosphorylation of STAT3 in bone marrow cells, resulting in the inhibitions of the proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow cells, and the aggravation of the differentiation of bone marrow cells into MDSCs.
Mapping ethico‐legal principles for the use of artificial intelligence in gastroenterology
Authors: Stewart Cameron , Wong Stephen K Y , Sung Joseph J Y
Published: May 2021

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital health raise concerns about equitable access to innovative interventions, appropriate use of health data and privacy, inclusiveness, bias and discrimination, and even changes to the clinician–patient relationship. This article outlines a number of ethical and legal issues when examining the use of AI in gastroenterology. Substantive ethico‐legal principles including respect for persons, privacy and confidentiality, integrity, conflict of interest, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, are discussed. Much of what we articulated is relevant to the use of AI in other medical fields. Going forward, consorted efforts should be use to address more particular and concrete problems, but for now, a principle‐based approach is best used in problem‐solving.
VAT and the taxation of rents
Authors: Boadway Robin , Sato Motohiro , Tremblay Jean‐François
Published: May 2021

Cash‐flow corporate taxes can tax corporate‐source rents and avoid some of the distortions on investment and financing caused by conventional corporate taxes. However, cash‐flow taxes applied on an origin basis are prone to international profit‐shifting, which can lead to a competitive reduction in tax rates. While this can be avoided by a destination‐based cash‐flow tax, most countries have opted for origin‐based taxation, asserting the right to tax rents generated within their jurisdictions. Since a value‐added tax (VAT) implicitly includes rents in its base, it can complement origin‐based corporate taxation. We compare and contrast the use of destination and origin VATs as complements to an origin‐based cash‐flow corporate tax.
Urolithiasis in cats: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2005‐2018)
Authors: Kopecny Lucy , Palm Carrie A. , Segev Gilad , Larsen Jennifer A. , Westropp Jodi L.
Published: May 2021

Background

Urolithiasis is an important upper and lower urinary tract disease in cats that results in morbidity and mortality.

Objective

To describe trends in composition of uroliths in cats and evaluate risk factors related to age, breed, sex, urolith location, and bacterial urolith cultures.

Sample Population

A total of 3940 uroliths and the cats from which they were obtained.

Methods

The database of the UC Davis Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from cats between January 2005 and December 2018. Mineral type, age, breed, sex, and urolith location and culture results were recorded. Trends were evaluated and variables compared to evaluate risk factors.

Results

A significant decrease in the proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx)‐containing uroliths occurred over time (P= .02), from 50.1% (204/407) of all submissions in 2005 to 37.7% (58/154) in 2018. In contrast, the proportion of struvite‐containing uroliths increased significantly (P= .002), from 41.8% (170/407) in 2005 to 54.5% (84/154) in 2018. The proportion of CaOx‐containing uroliths in the upper urinary tract was significantly higher compared to the proportion of other urolith types in the upper urinary tract. Urate‐containing uroliths were the third most common type (361/3940, 9.2%). Overall, sex and age predispositions were similar to those reported previously.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The decrease in the proportion of CaOx‐containing uroliths and increase in the proportion of struvite‐containing uroliths warrants investigation. Further education regarding the efficacy of medical dissolution of struvite‐containing uroliths is recommended.
The Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic score: A severity classification of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs
Authors: Vezzosi Tommaso , Grosso Giovanni , Tognetti Rosalba , Meucci Valentina , Patata Valentina , Marchesotti Federica , Domenech Oriol
Published: May 2021

Background

There is no commonly shared severity score for myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) based on routinely acquired echocardiographic variables.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To propose an easy‐to‐use echocardiographic classification of severity of MMVD in dogs.

Animals

Five hundred and sixty dogs with MMVD.

Methods

This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. The proposed Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic (MINE) score was based on 4 echocardiographic variables: left atrium‐to‐aorta ratio, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter normalized for body weight, fractional shortening, and E‐wave transmitral peak velocity. Specific echocardiographic cutoffs were defined based on previous prognostic studies on MMVD, and severity scores were assigned as follows: mild (score: 4‐5), moderate (score: 6‐7), severe (score: 8‐12), late stage (score: 13‐14).

Results

Median survival time was significantly different (P < .05) between the proposed severity classes: mild (2344 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1877‐2810 days), moderate (1882 days, 95% CI 1341‐2434 days), severe (623 days, 95% CI 432‐710 days), and late stage (157 days, 95% CI 53‐257 days). A MINE score >8 was predictive of cardiac death (area under the curve = 0.85; P < .0001; sensitivity 87%, specificity 73%). In the multivariable analysis, all the echocardiographic variables of the MINE score were independent predictors of death because of heart disease (P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The MINE score is a new easy‐to‐use echocardiographic classification of severity of MMVD, which has been proven to be clinically effective as it is associated with survival. This classification provides prognostic information and could be useful for an objective echocardiographic assessment of MMVD.
Combined Anchoring: Prosecution and defense claims as sequential anchors in the courtroom
Authors: Imhoff Roland , Nickolaus Christoph
Published: May 2021

Purpose

When making judgements under uncertainty not only lay people but also professional judges often rely on heuristics like a numerical anchor (e.g., a numerical sentencing demand) to generate a numerical response. As the prosecution has the privilege to present its demand first, some scholars have speculated about an anchoring‐based unfair disadvantage for the defence (who has the last albeit less effective word in court). Despite the plausibility of this reasoning, it is based on a hitherto untested assumption that the first of two sequential anchors exerts a greater influence on a later judgement (a primacy effect). We argue that it is also conceivable that the last word in court has a recency advantage (a recency effect) or that order does not matter as both demands even each other out (a combined anchor).

Methods

We report a pre‐registered experiment with German law students (N = 475) who were randomly assigned to six experimental conditions in a study on legal decision‐making order to test these three possibilities.

Results

Results indicate an influence of both the prosecution and the defence recommendation, but no effect of order.

Conclusion

This provides strong support for combined anchoring even for knowledgeable participants and rich case material. Specifically, the data are best compatible with the notion that both anchors exert an influence but each on different individuals. The implications of this finding for theory and legal decision‐making are discussed.
Option pricing models without probability: a rough paths approach
Authors: Armstrong John , Bellani Claudio , Brigo Damiano , Cass Thomas
Published: May 2021

We describe the pricing and hedging of financial options without the use of probability using rough paths. By encoding the volatility of assets in an enhancement of the price trajectory, we give a pathwise presentation of the replication of European options. The continuity properties of rough‐paths allow us to generalize the so‐called fundamental theorem of derivative trading, showing that a small misspecification of the model will yield only a small excess profit or loss of the replication strategy. Our hedging strategy is an enhanced version of classical delta hedging where we use volatility swaps to hedge the second‐order terms arising in rough‐path integrals, resulting in improved robustness.
The challenges of medically complex breastfed children and their families: A systematic review
Authors: Hookway Lyndsey , Lewis Jan , Brown Amy
Published: May 2021

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and then alongside solid food for the first 2 years and beyond is the gold standard in young child nutrition. There is an abundance of literature relating to the preventative nature of breastmilk and breastfeeding against many infectious diseases and chronic conditions. However, despite medically complex infants and children being a group that could benefit most from continued breastfeeding, breastfeeding duration and exclusivity are lower among more complex paediatric populations. The reasons for this are not well known, and there is a paucity of data relating to supporting infants who have acute or chronic illness, disability or congenital anomaly to breastfeed. This systematic review aimed to understand the challenges of breast/chestfeeding the medically complex child and to establish the gaps in healthcare provision that act as barriers to optimal infant and young child feeding. The search was limited to studies published in English, focused on breastfed sick infants in hospital, with no date limits as there is no previous systematic review. Of 786 papers retrieved, 11 studies were included for review, and seven themes identified. Themes included practical and psychological challenges of continuing to breastfeed in a hospital setting, complications of the condition making breastfeeding difficult, lack of specialist breastfeeding support from hospital staff and a lack of availability of specialist equipment to support complex breastfeeding. The findings affirm the lack of consistent high‐quality care for lactation support in paediatric settings and reinforce the need for further focused research in this area.
Unboxing mutations: Connecting mutation types with evolutionary consequences
Authors: Berdan Emma L. , Blanckaert Alexandre , Slotte Tanja , Suh Alexander , Westram Anja M. , Fragata Inês
Published: May 2021

A key step in understanding the genetic basis of different evolutionary outcomes (e.g., adaptation) is to determine the roles played by different mutation types (e.g., SNPs, translocations and inversions). To do this we must simultaneously consider different mutation types in an evolutionary framework. Here, we propose a research framework that directly utilizes the most important characteristics of mutations, their population genetic effects, to determine their relative evolutionary significance in a given scenario. We review known population genetic effects of different mutation types and show how these may be connected to different evolutionary outcomes. We provide examples of how to implement this framework and pinpoint areas where more data, theory and synthesis are needed. Linking experimental and theoretical approaches to examine different mutation types simultaneously is a critical step towards understanding their evolutionary significance.
HSP17.4 mediates salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways in the regulation of resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in strawberry
Authors: Fang Xianping , Chai Weiguo , Li Shuigen , Zhang Liqing , Yu Hong , Shen Jiansheng , Xiao Wenfei , Liu Aichun , Zhou Boqiang , Zhang Xueying
Published: May 2021

In this study, we used virus‐mediated gene silencing technology and found that the HSP17.4 gene‐silenced cultivar Sweet Charlie plants were more susceptible to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides than the wild‐type Sweet Charlie, and the level of infection was even higher than that of the susceptible cultivar Benihopp. The results of differential quantitative proteomics showed that after infection with the pathogen, the expression of the downstream response genes NPR1, TGA, and PR‐1 of the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway was fully up‐regulated in the wild‐type Sweet Charlie, and the expression of the core transcription factor MYC2 of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway was significantly down‐regulated. The expression of the proteins encoded by these genes did not change significantly in the HSP17.4‐silenced Sweet Charlie, indicating that the expression of HSP17.4 activated the up‐regulation of downstream signals of SA and inhibited the JA signal pathway. The experiments that used SA, methyl jasmonate, and their inhibitors to treat plants provide additional evidence that the antagonism between SA and JA regulates the resistance of strawberry plants to C. gloeosporioides.
A 20‐kb lineage‐specific genomic region tames virulence in pathogenic amphidiploid Verticillium longisporum
Authors: Harting Rebekka , Starke Jessica , Kusch Harald , Pöggeler Stefanie , Maurus Isabel , Schlüter Rabea , Landesfeind Manuel , Bulla Ingo , Nowrousian Minou , de Jonge Ronnie , Stahlhut Gertrud , Hoff Katharina J. , Aßhauer Kathrin P. , Thürmer Andrea , Stanke Mario , Daniel Rolf , Morgenstern Burkhard , Thomma Bart P. H. J. , Kronstad James W. , Braus‐Stromeyer Susanna A. , Braus Gerhard H.
Published: May 2021

Amphidiploid fungal Verticillium longisporum strains Vl43 and Vl32 colonize the plant host Brassica napus but differ in their ability to cause disease symptoms. These strains represent two V. longisporum lineages derived from different hybridization events of haploid parental Verticillium strains. Vl32 and Vl43 carry same‐sex mating‐type genes derived from both parental lineages. Vl32 and Vl43 similarly colonize and penetrate plant roots, but asymptomatic Vl32 proliferation in planta is lower than virulent Vl43. The highly conserved Vl43 and Vl32 genomes include less than 1% unique genes, and the karyotypes of 15 or 16 chromosomes display changed genetic synteny due to substantial genomic reshuffling. A 20 kb Vl43 lineage‐specific (LS) region apparently originating from the Verticillium dahliae‐related ancestor is specific for symptomatic Vl43 and encodes seven genes, including two putative transcription factors. Either partial or complete deletion of this LS region in Vl43 did not reduce virulence but led to induction of even more severe disease symptoms in rapeseed. This suggests that the LS insertion in the genome of symptomatic V. longisporum Vl43 mediates virulence‐reducing functions, limits damage on the host plant, and therefore tames Vl43 from being even more virulent.
Transcriptional signatures of synaptic vesicle genes define myotonic dystrophy type I neurodegeneration
Authors: Jimenez‐Marin Antonio , Diez Ibai , Labayru Garazi , Sistiaga Andone , Caballero Maria C. , Andres‐Benito Pol , Sepulcre Jorge , Ferrer Isidro , Lopez de Munain Adolfo , Cortes Jesus M.
Published: May 2021

Aim

To delineate the neurogenetic profiles of brain degeneration patterns in myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1).

Methods

In two cohorts of DM1 patients, brain maps of volume loss (VL) and neuropsychological deficits (NDs) were intersected to large‐scale transcriptome maps provided by the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA). For validation, neuropathological and RNA analyses were performed in a small series of DM1 brain samples.

Results

Twofold: (1) From a list of preselected hypothesis‐driven genes, confirmatory analyses found that three genes play a major role in brain degeneration: dystrophin (DMD), alpha‐synuclein (SNCA) and the microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT). Neuropathological analyses confirmed a highly heterogeneous Tau‐pathology in DM1, different to the one in Alzheimer's disease. (2) Exploratory analyses revealed gene clusters enriched for key biological processes in the central nervous system, such as synaptic vesicle recycling, localization, endocytosis and exocytosis, and the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter pathways. RNA analyses confirmed synaptic vesicle dysfunction.

Conclusions

The combination of large‐scale transcriptome interactions with brain imaging and cognitive function sheds light on the neurobiological mechanisms of brain degeneration in DM1 that might help define future therapeutic strategies and research into this condition.
Implementation of childhood obesity prevention and control policies in the United States and Latin America: Lessons for cross‐border research and practice
Authors: Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Vilar‐Compte Mireya , Rhodes Elizabeth , Sarmiento Olga L. , Corvalan Camila , Sturke Rachel , Vorkoper Susan
Published: May 2021

Progress has been made in the development and widespread implementation of effective interventions to address childhood obesity, yet important challenges remain. To understand how the United States and Latin American countries achieved success in implementing obesity policies and programs (PAPs) and identify improvement opportunities using implementation science principles. We identified three comparative case studies: (1) front‐of‐food package labeling (Mexico and Chile); (2) Open Streets/play streets (Colombia and the United States); and (3) the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative (Brazil and the United States). Information from multiple sources (e.g., scientific and gray literature and key informant interviews) was synthesized to describe barriers, facilitators, and progress of PAPs across RE‐AIM framework dimensions. Evidence‐based advocacy along with political will and evidence of scalability and impact were key for successful launch and implementation of all PAPs. Diverse adaptations of PAP design and implementation had to be done across contexts. Stronger process and impact monitoring and evaluation systems that track equity indicators are needed to maximize the population benefits of these PAPs. Implementation science offers an important contribution toward addressing knowledge gaps, enhancing obesity policy dialogue, and producing transferable lessons across the Americas and, therefore, should be used for research and evaluation during PAP development and throughout the implementation and maintenance phases.
Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: An overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies
Authors: Bellicha Alice , van Baak Marleen A. , Battista Francesca , Beaulieu Kristine , Blundell John E. , Busetto Luca , Carraça Eliana V. , Dicker Dror , Encantado Jorge , Ermolao Andrea , Farpour‐Lambert Nathalie , Pramono Adriyan , Woodward Euan , Oppert Jean‐Michel
Published: May 2021

This overview of reviews aimed to summarize the effects of exercise training programs on weight loss, changes in body composition, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity. A systematic search of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (SR‐MAs) published between 2010 and December 2019 was performed. Only SR‐MAs of controlled trials were included. The mean difference (MD) or standardized MD (SMD) were extracted from SR‐MAs. Twelve SR‐MAs (149 studies) were included. Exercise led to a significant weight loss (4 SR‐MAs, MDs ranging from −1.5 to −3.5 kg), fat loss (4 SR‐MAs, MDs ranging from −1.3 to −2.6 kg) and visceral fat loss (3 SR‐MAs, SMDs ranging from −0.33 to −0.56). No difference in weight, fat, and visceral loss was found between aerobic and high‐intensity interval training as long as energy expenditure was equal. Resistance training reduced lean mass loss during weight loss (1 SR‐MA, MD: 0.8 [95%CI: 0.4–1.3] kg). No significant effect of exercise was found on weight maintenance (1 SR‐MA). These findings show favorable effects of exercise training on weight loss and body composition changes in adults with overweight or obesity. Visceral fat loss may lead to benefits for cardiometabolic health. More research is needed to identify training modalities that promote weight maintenance.
Comprehensive Interventions Including Vitamin D Effectively Reduce the Risk of Falls in Elderly Osteoporotic Patients
Authors: Feng Fei , Shi Guan , Chen Hao , Jia Pu , Bao Li , Xu Feng , Sun Qin‐chao , Tang Hai
Published: May 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effects of different intervention measures to prevent falls in elderly osteoporotic patients.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted in our outpatient ward from August 2014 to September 2015. A total of 420 patients over 60 years of age were assigned to four groups. NA VitD group took 800 mg calcium and 800 IU non‐active vitamin D. P‐NA VitD group took 800 mg calcium, 800 IU non‐active vitamin D, and received physical exercise. A VitD group took 800 mg calcium and 0.5 μg active vitamin D. P‐A VitD took 800 mg calcium, 0.5 μg active vitamin D, and received physical exercise. Physical exercise includes guidance in improving muscle strength and balance ability. Short physical performance battery (SPPB), grip strength, modified falls efficacy scale (MFES), blood calcium, and 25‐hydroxyl vitamin D were measured before interventions and at 3, 6, and 12 months after interventions. Bone mineral density (BMD) was detected before interventions and at 12 months after interventions. The incidence of falls and fractures, adverse events, and drug reactions were recorded for 12 months.

Results

A total of 420 patients were allocated in the four groups: 98 cases into the NA VitD group (11 males, 87 females), 97 cases into the P‐NA VitD group (13 males, 84 females), 99 cases in the A VitD group (15 males, 84 females), and 98 cases into the P‐A VitD group (11 males, 87 females). At 6 months after interventions, the SPPB of A VitD group significantly increased from 6.9 ± 1.9 to 8.0 ± 2.4 (P < 0.05), and the SPPB of A VitD group significantly increased from 7.2 ± 2.1 to 8.6 ± 1.7 (P < 0.05). At 6 months after interventions, MFES of P‐NA VitD group 7.0 ± 1.6 to 7.6 ± 1.6 (P < 0.05), and MFES of P‐A VitD group significantly increased from 6.7 ± 1.6 to 7.5 ± 1.6 (P < 0.05). At 12 months after interventions, SPPB of all groups, grip strength, and MFES of P‐NA VitD group, A VitD group, P‐A VitD group were significantly improved (P < 0.05). The BMD of lumbar vertebrae of A VitD group significantly increased from 0.742 ± 0.042 to 0.776 ± 0.039, and P‐A VitD group significantly increased from 0.743 ± 0.048 to 0.783 ± 0.042 (P < 0.05). No serious adverse events occurred during the 12 months of follow‐up.

Conclusion

Active vitamin D is better than non‐active vitamin D to improve physical ability and the BMD of lumbar vertebrae and reduce the risk of falls.
Gongylolepis martiana, an Asteraceae pollinated by bats in the Amazon
Authors: Amorim M. D. , Costa D. da S. , Krahl D. R. P. , Fischer E. , Rech A. R.
Published: May 2021

Most Asteraceae species are pollinated by insects, mainly bees and butterflies, although pollination by birds has been documented and pollination by bats has been suggested for some species. Here, we investigated the pollination of Gongylolepis martiana, a species supposedly pollinated by bats.

We assessed floral traits and visitors in a population of G. martiana in the Brazilian Amazon, measuring pollen removal from anthers and deposition on stigmas by diurnal and nocturnal visitors.

Florets opened at dusk and lasted for 4 days, with the male phase starting on the first night and the female phase on the third night. Accumulated nectar per capitulum was 69.6 μl per night and sugar concentration was 15%. Nectar‐feeding bats and hummingbirds contacted the sexual parts, but pollen removal and deposition were greater throughout the night than during the day, when Meliponini bees considerably reduced pollen availability. Other nocturnal visitors of G. martiana were rare, including nocturnal bees and moths that foraged for pollen and nectar, respectively.

Our results support that nectarivorous bats are the main pollinators of G. martiana, confirming Vogel’s hypothesis of bat pollination in Asteraceae, particularly in the genus Gongylolepis. Since anthesis and each sexual floral phase started in the evening, nectarivorous bats and diurnal bees caused additive priority effects, preventing hummingbirds from being efficient pollinators. The high density of flowering individuals of G. martiana in patches from white‐sand forests likely increases bat attraction, while the small amount of nectar per plant favours cross‐pollination.
Can pupillometry distinguish accurate from inaccurate familiarity?
Authors: Gomes Carlos A. , Montaldi Daniela , Mayes Andrew
Published: May 2021

Pupillometry, the measurement of pupil diameter, has become increasingly popular as a tool to investigate human memory. It has long been accepted that the pupil is able to distinguish familiar from completely novel items, a phenomenon known as “pupil old/new effect”. Surprisingly, most pupillometric studies on the pupil old/new effect tend to disregard the possibility that the pupillary response to familiarity memory may not be entirely exclusive. Here, we investigated whether the pupillary response to old items correctly judged familiar (hits; accurate familiarity) can be differentiated from the pupillary response to new items wrongly judged familiar (false alarms; inaccurate familiarity). We found no evidence that the two processes could be isolated, as both accurate and inaccurate familiarity showed nearly identical mean and across‐time pupillary responses. However, both familiarity hits and false alarms showed pupillary responses unequivocally distinct from those observed during either recollection or novelty detection, which suggests that the pupil measure of familiarity hits and/or false alarms was sufficiently sensitive. The pupillary response to false alarms may have been partially driven by perceptual fluency, since novel objects incorrectly judged to be old (i.e., false alarms) showed a higher degree of similarity to studied images than items correctly judged as novel (i.e., correct rejections). Thus, our results suggest that pupil dilation may not be able to distinguish accurate from inaccurate familiarity using standard recognition memory paradigms, and they also suggest that the pupillary response during familiarity feelings may also partly reflect perceptual fluency.
Unveiling the role of risk‐taking in innovation: antecedents and effects
Authors: Giaccone Sonia C. , Magnusson Mats
Published: May 2021

This study addresses innovation development with a focus on risk‐taking, widely considered a relevant driver for the exploration and exploitation of new ideas. The study empirically examines the effects of risk‐taking propensity on innovation performance and its antecedents. We consider the role of several key antecedents related to the organizational structure and the activities of firms aimed at encouraging employees to take risks in innovation. We performed an empirical survey within a global and innovation‐oriented Swedish company to test our hypotheses. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to analyze the collected data. The results highlight the significant effect of risk‐taking on innovation performance and show that the availability of organizational resources, innovation support activities, clear innovation goals, and collaboration have a significant positive effect on risk‐taking. However, contrary to the hypothesis, well‐established innovation processes have a significant but negative effect on risk‐taking and innovation performance. This study contributes to existing knowledge on the role of risk‐taking for innovation, providing insights into designing organizational contexts that encourage an appropriate risk appetite in employees.
The contribution of Design Thinking to the R of R&D in technological innovation
Authors: Magistretti Stefano , Dell'Era Claudio , Verganti Roberto , Bianchi Mattia
Published: May 2021

Literature on Design Thinking has mainly focused on whether its key principles enhance performance in the development phase (the D of R&D) of the technological innovation process. However, it has dedicated scant attention to the earlier research phase (the R of R&D). This aspect is surprising, given that many innovations fail as a result of early research actions and decisions. This article examines how it is possible and desirable to apply Design Thinking to the research phase of the technological innovation process. How can Design Thinking support innovation, even when advanced breakthrough technologies are at stake, the market is distant, and product applications and specific user needs have not been identified yet? To respond to this question, we investigate the research work of the design center of a global electronics company that uses a design approach called Proxemics to envision future interactions between bodies (people), objects (technology), and spaces (context). Although Proxemics is consistent with and implements the human centeredness and experimentation principles of Design Thinking, results of this study show that its logics and tools are different from those used in Design Thinking in the D of R&D due to the more abstract nature of the tasks in the R of R&D.
Chronic pulmonary comorbidities increase the risk of severe COVID‐19, but critical details remain undetermined
Authors: Maze Michael J.
Published: May 2021

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Political Service through the Human Sciences: Woodson's Mis‐Education of the Negro as Political Philosophy
Authors: Meagher Thomas
Published: May 2021

This article explores Carter G. Woodson’s The Mis‐Education of the Negro in terms of its political philosophical content. It examines how Woodson’s account of the miseducation of Black people and the accordant miseducation of whites is involved in the production and reproduction of an unjust basic structure, with reference to John Rawls and Frantz Fanon. It then turns to Woodson’s critique of leadership and its relationship to miseducation, drawing on E. Franklin Frazier’s study of the Black bourgeoisie and the political philosophy of Enrique Dussel. Finally, it examines miseducation as a site for the reproduction of racist knowledge production in light of the work of Anténor Firmin and examines how, for Woodson, rigor in the human sciences was essential for counteracting miseducation and serving the greater cause of liberation.
Rightful Bargaining: Rural Women Making Claims for Social Provisions in China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation Program1
Authors: Peng Rui Jie
Published: May 2021

Previous studies of claims‐making on authoritarian states have focused on how the aggrieved use episodic protests to challenge the state’s authority or adopt alternative group strategies to circumvent repression. Few studies have thus far applied these insights regarding groups’ innovative strategies and their interactions with the state apparatuses to explore individuals’ claims‐making at the microlevel. Based on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in southwest China, this study analyzes how rural ethnic minority Qiang women actively engage various levels of government officials to demand enhanced social provisions. These women play off stereotypical gender assumptions about them to appear as nonthreatening subjects who accommodate state priorities for poverty alleviation and social stability. They also engage state officials and exploit (not always successfully) the government’s official rhetoric and internal divisions to secure much‐needed social provisions. I call this type of gendered individual claims‐making “rightful bargaining.” Yet, paradoxically, the study also reveals that, because the state’s legitimacy is founded precisely on economic growth and the appearance of popular consent, the incremental material gains these women achieve inadvertently reinforce the authoritarian regime’s overall legitimacy, domination, and control.
A proposal to minimize the cost of processing big geospatial data in public cloud providers
Authors: Bachiega João , Holanda Maristela , Araujo Aleteia P. F.
Published: May 2021

Spatial data represent abstractions of real‐world entities and can be obtained in various ways. They have properties that differentiate them from other types of data, such as a complex structure and dynamism. In recent years with the increasing volume of spatial data, referred to as “big geospatial data,” some tools have been developed to process such data efficiently, such as SpatialHadoop. The use of appropriate data indices based on the data set to be processed, as well as queries and operations to be performed, is essential for the optimal performance of these applications. In particular, since public cloud providers’ charges are based on the resources used, it is imperative to optimize application execution in order to avoid unnecessary expense. This article proposes the use of six conditions that seek to minimize the cost of processing big geospatial data in public cloud providers. The tests performed demonstrate that the use of these conditions and the choice of the lowest‐cost provider can reduce the total processing cost by up to 41%.
Hybrid RANS–LES Simulation of Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Channel Flow With Imposed Streamwise or Spanwise Mean Temperature Gradient
Authors: Shobayo Olalekan O. , Walters D. Keith
Published: May 2021

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are presented for turbulent flow and heat transfer in a plane channel. This study investigates an idealized fully developed planar channel flow case for which the mean velocity gradient is nonzero only in the wall-normal direction, and the mean temperature gradient is imposed to be uniform and nonzero in the streamwise or spanwise direction. The objective is to evaluate the accuracy of turbulent heat flux predictions using hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)–large eddy simulation (LES) models in wall-bounded flows. Results are obtained at Prandtl number of 0.71 and Reynolds number of 180 based on wall friction velocity and channel half-height and are compared to available direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and to a well-validated RANS model (k–ω shear-stress transport (SST)). The specific hybrid RANS–LES (HRL) models investigated include delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES), improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES), and dynamic hybrid RANS–LES (DHRL). The DHRL model includes both the standard formulation that has been previously documented in the literature as well as a modified version specifically developed to improve predictive capability for flows in which the mean velocity and mean temperature gradients are not closely aligned. The modification consists of using separate RANS-to-LES blending parameters in the momentum and energy equations. Results are interrogated to evaluate the performance of the three different model types and specifically to evaluate the performance of the new modified DHRL variant compared with the baseline version.
Shifting Attributions, Shaping Behavior: A Brief Intervention With Youth Tennis Players
Authors: Moffat Zoe Louise , McCarthy Paul Joseph , McCann Bryan
Published: May 2021

This case reports a brief attribution-retraining (AR) intervention with youth tennis players. Athletes were struggling to maintain emotional control, resulting in problematic on-court behavior (e.g., racket throwing). The intervention used a Think Aloud protocol and AR across five key phases: (a) assessment, (b) psychoeducation, (c) AR, (d) evaluation, and (e) follow-up. The authors determined intervention effectiveness using qualitative (Think Aloud) and quantitative (Causal Dimension Scale-II) athlete data and feedback provided by athletes and the coach, alongside practitioner reflections. Evaluation suggested that AR and Think Aloud interventions can improve athletes’ emotional control and attribution capabilities, and, in turn, their behavior. The case seeks to present a novel approach to working with youth athletes, highlighting the importance of practitioner adaptability.
Jumping Test for Assessing Peak Power in Female Volleyball and Football Players
Authors: Krawczyk Marcin , Pociecha Mariusz , Kozioł Paulina , Stepek Aleksandra , Gębica Gabriela
Published: May 2021

The countermovement jump test (CMJ) is commonly used as an indicator of the anaerobic capacity of the lower limbs. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the CMJ with arm swing and the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) among female volleyball and football players. A group of first league female volleyball club players (VG, n = 12, age = 24.2 years), a group of first league female football club players (FG, n = 12, age = 20.6 years), and a control group (CG, n = 10, age = 20.4 years) participated in this research. The measurements of selected somatic features were carried out. The CMJ and WAnT were used to assess the explosive strength and maximum muscle power of the lower extremities. An analysis of variance test demonstrated differences between the VG and FG in terms of height (p < .001), body weight (p < .001), and lean body mass (p < .001). In the FG and VG groups, correlations between CMJ and maximum anaerobic power as determined by WAnT were r = .82 and r = .57, respectively. There was not statistically significant differences between values of these coefficients. The obtained results showed a potentially lean body mass influence on the results of the CMJ in VG. In women’s football and volleyball, the results of the CMJ are strongly correlated with the power parameters registered with the WAnT. In volleyball, players’ coaches should include a measurement of lean body mass in the assessment peak power by vertical jump tests.
Data secrecy may cripple U.S. attempts to slow pandemic
Authors: Piller Charles
Published: May 2021

California and other states don't release as much detail on cases and contacts as epidemiologists want.
University reopening plans under fire
Authors: Madhusoodanan Jyoti
Published: May 2021

As the pandemic surges in the United States, academics worry returning students could spread the virus.
Anomalous absorption of electromagnetic waves by 2D transition metal carbonitride Ti
3
CNT

x

(MXene)
Authors: Iqbal Aamir , Shahzad Faisal , Hantanasirisakul Kanit , Kim Myung-Ki , Kwon Jisung , Hong Junpyo , Kim Hyerim , Kim Daesin , Gogotsi Yury , Koo Chong Min
Published: May 2021

Shields up!

Specialized conductive materials are used to shield or block electromagnetic radiation such as microwaves or radio waves to either prevent the escape of stray radiation or prevent interference from unwanted sources. Ideal materials should show high effective shielding while requiring a small volume or mass of material. Materials from the MXene family of two-dimensional ceramics, where M is a transition metal and X is either carbon or nitrogen, have shown excellent shielding properties. Iqbal
et al.
now show even better and somewhat unexpected performance from a metal carbon nitride.

Science
, this issue p.
446
Ultrahigh-strength and ductile superlattice alloys with nanoscale disordered interfaces
Authors: Yang T. , Zhao Y. L. , Li W. P. , Yu C. Y. , Luan J. H. , Lin D. Y. , Fan L. , Jiao Z. B. , Liu W. H. , Liu X. J. , Kai J. J. , Huang J. C. , Liu C. T.
Published: May 2021

Strength through disorder

Jet turbine blades and other objects with ultrahigh strength at high temperatures are made of special alloys that are often grown as costly single crystals to help avoid failure. Yang
et al.
discovered that adding a small amount of boron in a nickel-cobalt-iron-aluminum-titanium alloy creates an ultrahigh-strength material. Critically, the alloy has a nanoscale-disordered interface in between crystal grains that substantially improves the ductility while preventing high-temperature grain coarsening. This alloy design creates attractive high-temperature properties for various applications.

Science
, this issue p.
427
Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention
Authors: Dobson Andrew P. , Pimm Stuart L. , Hannah Lee , Kaufman Les , Ahumada Jorge A. , Ando Amy W. , Bernstein Aaron , Busch Jonah , Daszak Peter , Engelmann Jens , Kinnaird Margaret F. , Li Binbin V. , Loch-Temzelides Ted , Lovejoy Thomas , Nowak Katarzyna , Roehrdanz Patrick R. , Vale Mariana M.
Published: May 2021

Investments to prevent tropical deforestation and to limit wildlife trade will protect against future zoonosis outbreaks
Was smallpox a widespread mild disease?
Authors: Alcamí Antonio
Published: May 2021

Ancient DNA from the Viking Age suggests a rethink about the origin and evolution of smallpox
Fine-tuning stemness
Authors: Borsa Mariana , Simon Anna Katharina
Published: May 2021

Targeted degradation determines whether embryonic stem cells undergo differentiation
Avoiding another Hiroshima
Authors: Albright Madeleine K.
Published: May 2021

The nuclear age dawned on 16 July 1945—75 years ago this month—when the U.S. military detonated an atomic weapon deep in the New Mexican desert. In his diary 1 week later, President Harry Truman wrote: “We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire destruction prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark.” The world would soon witness, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the unprecedented devastation these new instruments of war could cause. Almost immediately, a global effort began to keep them under control. This effort was, until recently, led by the United States. Now that early progress is in jeopardy, and the world risks heading down a dark and dangerous path toward what experts bloodlessly call a “nuclear exchange.”
Quantum mechanics–free subsystem with mechanical oscillators
Authors: Mercier de Lépinay Laure , Ockeloen-Korppi Caspar F. , Woolley Matthew J. , Sillanpää Mika A.
Published: May 2021

Quantum entanglement goes large

Quantum entanglement occurs when two separate entities become strongly linked in a way that cannot be explained by classical physics; it is a powerful resource in quantum communication protocols and advanced technologies that aim to exploit the enhanced capabilities of quantum systems. To date, entanglement has generally been limited to microscopic quantum units such as pairs or multiples of single ions, atoms, photons, and so on. Kotler
et al.
and Mercier de Lépinay
et al.
demonstrate the ability to extend quantum entanglement to massive macroscopic systems (see the Perspective by Lau and Clerk). Entanglement of two mechanical oscillators on such a large length and mass scale is expected to find widespread use in both applications and fundamental physics to probe the boundary between the classical and quantum worlds.

Science
, this issue p.
622
, p.
625
; see also p.
570