bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction and Use of Body Weight Measures from Administrative Data in a Large National Health System: A Systematic Review
Authors: Annis Ann , Freitag Michelle B. , Evans Richard R. , Wiitala Wyndy L. , Burns Jennifer , Raffa Susan D. , Spohr Stephanie A. , Damschroder Laura J.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Administrative data are increasingly used in research and evaluation yet lack standardized guidelines for constructing measures using these data. Body weight measures from administrative data serve critical functions of monitoring patient health, evaluating interventions, and informing research. This study aimed to describe the algorithms used by researchers to construct and use weight measures.

Methods

A structured, systematic literature review of studies that constructed body weight measures from the Veterans Health Administration was conducted. Key information regarding time frames and time windows of data collection, measure calculations, data cleaning, treatment of missing and outlier weight values, and validation processes was collected.

Results

We identified 39 studies out of 492 nonduplicated records for inclusion. Studies parameterized weight outcomes as change in weight from baseline to follow‐up (62%), weight trajectory over time (21%), proportion of participants meeting weight threshold (46%), or multiple methods (28%). Most (90%) reported total time in follow‐up and number of time points. Fewer reported time windows (54%), outlier values (51%), missing values (34%), or validation strategies (15%).

Conclusions

A high variability in the operationalization of weight measures was found. Improving methods to construct clinical measures will support transparency and replicability in approaches, guide interpretation of findings, and facilitate comparisons across studies.
Change in nutritional status among women of childbearing age in India (1998–2016)
Authors: Yaya Sanni , Ghose Bishwajit
Published: June 2020

Introduction

In absolute numbers, India has more undernourished people than all the countries in sub‐Saharan Africa combined. In parallel with the high rates of hunger and undernutrition, the country has been undergoing rapid demographic and dietary transition marked by an increased prevalence of overweight/obesity, particularly among women.

Objective

To measure the changing prevalence of overnutrition during last two decades, as well as to identify the associated sociodemographic correlates among pregnant and non‐pregnant women in India.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study based on data from the latest round of National Family Health Survey (2015–2016) conducted among urban and rural women. Participants were 687,876 women (655,850 non‐pregnant and 32,026 pregnant) aged between 15 and 49 years. Nutritional status was assessed in terms of body mass index (BMI) using the cut‐off for Asian population.

Results

Since 1998–1999, the prevalence of underweight has decreased by 9.2%, while that of overweight (BMI = 23–27.4 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) has increased by 6.7% and 3.4%, respectively. Results of multivariable regression analysis revealed significant association between nutritional status and age, parity residency, educational level, religious affiliation, household wealth quintile, and TV watching behaviour. Of those, age and wealth status appeared to be the strongest predictors among both pregnant and non‐pregnant women.

Conclusion

Since 1998, there has been a considerable drop in the prevalence of underweight and rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Significant sociodemographic variations exist in nutritional status, notably age and financial situation, which should be highlighted in national nutrition policymaking and intervention programmes.
Single‐chain polymer nanoparticles via click crosslinking and effect of photoinduced radical combination on crosslink points
Authors: Keklik Merve , Akar Irem , Temel Binnur Aydogan , Balta Demet Karaca , Temel Gokhan
Published: June 2020

Folding of azide functionalized polymer chains was obtained via the copper‐catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) methodology using a light‐responsive crosslinker as the ‘click’ component. Subsequently, crosslinked junction points were combined with a photoinduced radical combination strategy to achieve more compact nanoparticles. The resultant folding particles possess smaller particle sizes and higher glass transition temperature values compared to their linear analogues. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, SEC, DSC, dynamic light scattering, 1H NMR and TEM techniques were used for characterization. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Whether extended pelvic lymph node dissection should be performed in prostate cancer: The present evidence from a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zheng Yuxiao , Gao Yang , Cheng Yifei , Qi Feng , Zou Qing
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To compare non‐extended pelvic lymph node dissection (nePLND) with extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) in outcomes and complications of patients with prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

A comprehensive search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science was performed. We extracted the first author, year of publication, basic characteristics of patients, method of radical prostatectomy (RP), extent of PLND, number of lymph node yields (LNY), and percentage of LN metastasis. Besides, information about inpatients outcomes and complications were also collected. The modified Newcastle‐Ottawa scale was compiled to assess the level of evidence of all controlled studies. Next, we used odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate the difference between nePLND and ePLND in meta‐analysis, and a P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 11 studies including 7489 patients were included in our study. Compared with nePLND, more LNY and metastasized LNs (OR = 3.104, 95% CI: 2.407‐4.001, z = 8.74, P < .001) could be dissected by ePLND. Besides, more complications from ePLND group compared with nePLND group (ePLND vs nePLND: OR = 2.118, 95% CI: 1.107‐4.051, z = 2.27, P = .023). Furthermore, the results of subgroup analysis revealed that ePLND group led to more complications from all three RP approaches. In addition, our results showed that extender PLND led to more blood loss and longer operating room time in PCa patients with open radical prostatectomy (ORP). No statistics discrepancy in postoperative length of stay and operating room time was observed except one single study. Finally, there were no significant difference observed in transfusion and prostate weight.

Conclusions

The results of our study indicated that extender PLND led to more LNY and more metastasized LNs. More harm would be brought by ePLND in ORP, whereas not in LRP and RALP. In addition, ePLND may lead to more overall compilations than nePLND.
Screening of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in unselected triple‐negative breast cancer patients: A series from north of Morocco
Authors: Mansouri Mohammed , Derkaoui Touria , Bakkach Joaira , Loudiyi Ali , Ghailani Nourouti Naima , Barakat Amina , de Villarreal Jaime Martínez , Bringas Carlos Cortijo , Bennani Mechita Mohcine
Published: June 2020

Background

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is strongly associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants. Revised NCCN guidelines recommend that TNBC patients ≤60 years of age should be referred for genetic counseling and consideration of BRCA1/2 testing. The aim of the present study is to characterize germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants in a series of TNBC patients from the north of Morocco.

Methods

We analyzed BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by next generation sequencing in a cohort of 32 patients unselected for family history and age of diagnosis.

Results

Among 32 patients with TNBC, 7 carried a pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant (21.87%). Six patients carried a pathogenic BRCA1 variant and one carried a pathogenic BRCA2 variant. Overall, six different pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variants were identified, including frameshift, nonsense, and missense variants. The BRCA1 missense c.5309G>T, a founder pathogenic variant in the Moroccan population, was identified in two unrelated patients. In addition, six variants of unknown clinical significance were identified.

Conclusions

The understanding of BRCA1 and BRCA2 status in TNBC patients plays an important role in optimizing the preventive and therapeutic management. Despite the small size of our cohort, we believe that this work would help broaden our knowledge of TNBC and BRCA1/2 variants in Morocco.
Climate‐based seasonal dynamics of the invasive red palm mite Raoiella indica
Authors: da Silva Ricardo Siqueira , Fidelis Elisângela Gomes , Amaro George , Ramos Rodrigo Soares , Junior Paulo Antônio Santana , Picanço Marcelo Coutinho
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is the most critical coconut and banana pest recently introduced in Brazil. Once the mite pests are introduced, it is essential to understand their dynamics in important crops under open‐field climatic conditions to implement strategies for their management and determine the periods when species populations may increase in the field. Modelling tools have been used to determine the potential distribution of species and implications for the management of invasive species. Thus, our aim in this study was to determine the seasonal variation in R. indica and the influence of the monthly climate using CLIMEX modelling. We adjusted the CLIMEX model for R. indica based on distribution data, additional biological characteristics, and fluctuations in the R. indica population in a commercial coconut plantation.

RESULTS

The model for the current climate shows a good match between the ecoclimatic index and the global distribution of R. indica. The model results demonstrate that most states of Brazil and several regions worldwide include areas with highly suitable climatic conditions for R. indica. We observed variations in the density of R. indica in commercial coconut crops, with the highest incidence occurring during the first months of the year.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed different alterations in seasonal suitability for R. indica that may provide information for the implementation of methods for time management, such as strategies for sampling and control during periods with a high degree of suitability for R. indica. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of two treatments in the presence of competing risks
Authors: Lyu Jingjing , Chen Jinbao , Hou Yawen , Chen Zheng
Published: June 2020

Competing risks data arise frequently in clinical trials, and a common problem encountered is the overall homogeneity between two groups. In competing risks analysis, when the proportional subdistribution hazard assumption is violated or two cumulative incidence function (CIF) curves cross; currently, the most commonly used testing methods, for example, the Gray test and the Pepe and Mori test, may lead to a significant loss of statistical testing power. In this article, we propose a testing method based on the area between the CIF curves (ABC). The ABC test captures the difference over the whole time interval for which survival information is available for both groups and is not based on any special assumptions regarding the underlying distributions. The ABC test was also extended to test short‐term and long‐term effects. We also consider a combined test and a two‐stage procedure based on this new method, and a bootstrap resampling procedure is suggested in practice to approximate the limiting distribution of the combined test and two‐stage test. An extensive series of Monte Carlo simulations is conducted to investigate the power and the type I error rate of the methods. In addition, based on our simulations, our proposed TS, Comb, and ABC tests have a relatively high power in most situations. In addition, the methods are illustrated using two different datasets with different CIF situations.
On sigma estimators for the case of M>1 subgroups and quality control S charts of varying sample sizes
Authors: Maghsoodloo Saeed
Published: June 2020

This article discusses the (precision and accuracy) relative efficiencies of all estimators of a normal population standard deviation σ = σX for M > 1 subgroups of different sample sizes. We have examined the statistical properties of seven estimators of σX which are (1) the pooled estimator Sp, (2) the pooled unbiased estimator
, (3) the maximum likelihood estimator
, (4) Irving W. Burr's weighted ranges, (5 and 6) the last two Burr estimators, and the author's optimal estimator
. Unlike the case of M = 1 subgroup, our introduction section shows that the
for M > 1 subgroups is the least accurate of σ estimators and should be avoided in all applications only when M > 1. As a consequence of our findings, modifications of at least two choices to control limits of S chart are provided. Part 1 of this article (Sections 1–6) compares estimators assuming a process is under statistical control, and Part 2 (Sections 7–10) discusses all statistical aspects of the S chart of varying sample sizes.
Hepatitis C genotype 4: A report on resistance‐associated substitutions in NS3, NS5A, and NS5B genes
Authors: Fadl Nahla , Salem Tamer Z.
Published: June 2020

Author Contribution

FN performed the literature review and wrote the manuscript; STZ coauthored, edited, and reviewed the manuscript.

Treatment response in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has generated varied effects in patients. Recently, nonresponsive and relapse patients related to host and genotype variabilities have been reported in clinical trials. However, these trials included minimal sample sizes of patients with genotype 4, the most prevalent genotype in Egypt and the Middle East, compared with genotypes 1 and 2. The genetic variabilities that have been detected within the HCV genes, especially the ones associated with genotype 4, and are linked to treatment response, will be the focus of this review with emphasis on direct acting antiviral agents. In addition, the major studies and clinical trials performed globally and their inclusivity of genotype 4 are reported. This review also delineates future study areas and missing data that need further investigation when it comes to genotype 4.
Discrete‐time invariant extended Kalman filter on matrix Lie groups
Authors: Phogat Karmvir Singh , Chang Dong Eui
Published: June 2020

In this article, we derive symmetry preserving discrete‐time invariant extended Kalman filters (IEKF) on matrix Lie groups. These Kalman filters offer an advantage over classical extended Kalman filters as the error dynamics for such filters are independent of the group configuration which, in turn, provides a uniform estimate of the region of convergence. In contrast to existing techniques in the literature, the discrete‐time IEKF is derived using minimal tools from differential geometry which simplifies the derivation and the representation of IEKF. In our technique, the linearized error dynamics is defined on the Lie algebra directly using variational approaches, unlike conventional approaches where the error dynamics is translated to an Euclidean space using the logarithm map before its linearization. Moreover, the Kalman gains and its associated difference Riccati equations are derived in operator spaces by setting a discrete‐time optimal control problem and solving it with discrete‐time Pontryagin's maximum principle. The proposed discrete‐time IEKF is implemented for the attitude dynamics of the rigid body, which is a benchmark problem in control. It is observed from the numerical studies that the IEKF is computationally less intensive and provides better performance than the classical extended Kalman filter.
In situ liquid SIMS analysis of uranium oxide
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Ying , Yao Jennifer , Buck Edgar C. , Zhu Zihua
Published: June 2020

Trace analysis of nuclear materials in solid particles collected in the environment or particles in liquid slurry generated in nuclear material manufacturing processes can pinpoint elemental, organic, and isotopic signatures of nuclear fuel cycle activities and processes. Such information can support nuclear safeguards programs by increasing our ability to detect undeclared nuclear materials, routine activities for safeguarding at declared facilities, and illicit activities. However, trace radioactive material analysis in liquids and slurries is challenging using bulk approaches. For example, one drawback of sensitive analysis such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) is that sample is consumed or destroyed as a result of the technical approach. We developed a vacuum compatible microfluidic interface to enable surface analysis of liquids and solid–liquid interactions using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). In this work, we illustrate the initial results from the analysis of liquid uranium oxide standard solutions using in situ liquid SIMS. Because the liquid SIMS analysis is almost nondestructive, the same sample can then be analyzed by other analytical techniques or saved for future reference. Consequently, multimodal analysis is possible. Our results demonstrate that in situ liquid SIMS can be used as a new approach to analyze radioactive materials in liquid and slurry forms of relevance to diverse applications.
How we measure and determine competence: lessons from fetal myelomeningocele repair
Authors: Bebbington M.
Published: June 2020

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020; 55:730-739
A diagnostic framework to assess the governance of the São Francisco River Basin Committee, Brazil
Authors: Bouckaert Frederick Willem , Vasconcelos Vitor Vieira , Wei Yongping , Empinotti Vanessa Lucena , Daniell Katherine Anne , Pittock Jamie
Published: June 2020

Environmental governance requires integrating social‐institutional governance and river basin management as part of the sustainable river basin development. This remains challenging and few tools exist to facilitate this objective. As part of a diagnostic governance framework on basin management in the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil, this paper investigates the influence of four governance indicators of institutions, leadership, collaboration, and learning. Data on governance and biophysical condition were collected through semi‐structured stakeholder interviews and indicator scoring. Institutions were found to be robust and based on shared values, despite adherence to different paradigms (top‐down vs. bottom‐up) and lack of transparency and clarity of roles. It was found that leadership, and its function of decision making, required enhanced subsidiarity and autonomy for the river basin committee. Collaboration was based on mutual respect, but needed to be improved to achieve fairer water allocation and payments, social justice, and ecological sustainability. It was found that learning requires better knowledge transfer and capacity building at municipal level. The current São Francisco Basin Plan (2016–2025) will build on a robust history of capacity building, but should include governance indicators for performance evaluation of environmental governance.
Restoration of Released Prisoners to Society: Issues, Challenges and Further Ways; Insights from Kerala, India
Authors: Varghese Jenu , Raghavan Vijay
Published: June 2020

Social re-entry in the criminal justice system cannot be avoided since virtually all prisoners are released sooner or later. These initiatives are the outcome of a restorative justice approach which aims to reduce future offences by bringing back offenders to normal life by rehabilitation and restoration. Prisoners’ lives in prisons were very difficult in the Indian context till the last decade. Different rehabilitative approaches have been introduced inside prisons but, after release, the number of social re-entry initiatives is much less. The released face many psycho-social and economic issues which may destroy a person’s ability to adjust with the services provided. The national prison policy of India recommends aftercare services for the rehabilitation of released prisoners. The labelling and social stigma due to the crime hinders prisoners’ ability to re-enter society after release. In this context, the present paper explored the issues and challenges faced by the released prisoners during their social re-entry and came up with rehabilitative initiatives for a better restoration process in the Indian context.
Changes in body mass index and risk of adolescent psychopathology: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Cotter I. , Healy C. , King R. , Cotter DR. , Cannon M.
Published: June 2020

Background.

Abnormal body mass index (BMI) has been associated with development of psychopathology. This association in children is well documented, for both overweight and underweight children. However, the association between change in BMI and the development of psychopathology has been less investigated.

Aim.

To investigate the association between change in BMI between childhood and adolescence and psychopathology in adolescence.

Methods.

Data from the Growing Up in Ireland cohort were used. We investigated the ’98 cohort (also known as the child cohort) at age 9/13. BMI, defined using internationally recognised definitions as underweight, healthy or overweight, was used as the exposure, and abnormal Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire scores were used as the outcome. Logistic regression was undertaken for the analysis. All analyses were adjusted for confounders.

Results.

A change to overweight from healthy BMI was significantly associated with increased risk of psychopathology (adjusted OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.19–2.32). Both change from underweight to healthy (adjusted OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.03–0.43) or from overweight to healthy (adjusted OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.79–0.8) was associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing psychopathology.

Discussion.

As a child’s BMI returns to within the healthy range, their risk of adolescent psychopathology is reduced. Interventions to restore healthy BMI, in both underweight and overweight, children may reduce their risk of adolescent psychopathology.
Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Gavin B. , Lyne J. , McNicholas F.
Published: June 2020

With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have witnessed the greatest global challenge in a generation. The full extent of the mental health impact is, as yet, unknown, but is anticipated to be severe and enduring. In this Special Issue dedicated to mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic, we aim to lay the foundation for an improved understanding of how COVID-19 is affecting mental health services both in Ireland and globally. This Special Issue highlights how the mental health effects of COVID-19 stretch to almost every element of society. The issue includes perspectives from several countries across multiple disciplines and healthcare settings. The drive for rapid innovation and service development is clearly evident throughout and provides hope that by working collaboratively we can positively impact population mental health in the months and years ahead.
ON THE POSITION OF NODES OF PLANE CURVES
Authors: LOZANO HUERTA CÉSAR , RYAN TIM
Published: June 2020

The Severi variety $V_{d,n}$ of plane curves of a given degree $d$ and exactly $n$ nodes admits a map to the Hilbert scheme $\mathbb{P}^{2[n]}$ of zero-dimensional subschemes of $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ of degree $n$. This map assigns to every curve $C\in V_{d,n}$ its nodes. For some $n$, we consider the image under this map of many known divisors of the Severi variety and its partial compactification. We compute the divisor classes of such images in $\text{Pic}(\mathbb{P}^{2[n]})$ and provide enumerative numbers of nodal curves. We also answer directly a question of Diaz–Harris [‘Geometry of the Severi variety’, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.309 (1988), 1–34] about whether the canonical class of the Severi variety is effective.
Vitamin D3 reduces risk of cardiovascular and liver diseases by lowering homocysteine levels: double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Al-Bayyari N. , Hailat R. , Subih H. , Alkhalidy H. , Eaton A.
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 on total homocysteine (tHcy) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and liver and kidney function tests in overweight women with vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, a randomised, double-blind placebo, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 eligible women. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: the placebo (n 50) and the vitamin D (n 50) which received 1250 µg vitamin D3 per week for 2 months. The participants’ 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), tHcy, CRP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured and compared before and after treatment. Results showed that the tHcy, CRP, AST, ALT and eGFR levels after the 2nd month of vitamin D3 intervention were significantly (P < 0·001) decreased and the 25(OH)D, urea and creatinine levels were significantly (P < 0·001) increased in the treatment group. In the placebo group, no significant changes were identified throughout the follow-up period. In conclusion, vitamin D3 intervention with a treatment dose of 1250 µg/week for at least 2 months may help in lowering Hcy and CRP levels and may improve liver function tests, which in turn might help in minimising the risk of CVD and liver diseases among overweight women but negatively affect kidney function.
Morphological and molecular evidence reveals a new species ofLyperosomumLooss, 1899 (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) fromMelanerpes aurifrons(Wagler, 1829) from northern Mexico
Authors: González-García M.T. , Ortega-Olivares M.P. , Andrade-Gómez L. , García-Varela M.
Published: June 2020

A new species of the genusLyperosomumLooss, 1899, from the intestine of the golden-fronted woodpecker (Melanerpes aurifrons) from northern Mexico is described.Lyperosomum cuauhxinquisp. n. is morphologically distinguished from other congeneric species from the Americas by a higher oral/ventral sucker ratio and its body length and width. The sequences of domains D1–D3 of the large subunit (LSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) from the mitochondrial DNA of the new species were obtained and compared with available sequences from GenBank. The genetic divergence estimated between the new species and other congeneric species ranged from 2 to 6% and 13.4 to 17.3% for LSU andcox 1, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the two (LSU andcox 1) molecular markers consistently showed thatL. cuauhxinquisp. n. was nested within the genusLyperosomum, with strong bootstrap support (100%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (1.0). In particular, the LSU tree indicated that the sequence of the new species is closely related to sequences fromZonorchis alveyi,Zonorchis delectansandZonorchissp. from Central America, suggesting that these sequences should be transferred to the genusLyperosomum.The new species represents the first record from Mexico and the fifth species identified in the Americas. Our study also revealed that the taxonomy of the genusLyperosomumshould be re-examined by combining molecular, morphological and ecological characteristics.
Relationship between the excretion of eggs of parasitic helminths in roe deer and local livestock density
Authors: Verheyden H. , Richomme C. , Sevila J. , Merlet J. , Lourtet B. , Chaval Y. , Hoste H.
Published: June 2020

Because of their continuing expansion, wildlife ruminant species that prosper in rural landscapes may be increasingly affected by and/or contribute to the circulation of certain generalist pathogens also infecting domestic ruminants, when they share common spaces or resources. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that parasitism with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of wild roe deer inhabiting different rural landscapes is correlated with livestock density. We used faecal egg counts of GINs and spatial data of 74 GPS-collared roe deer, inhabiting various landscapes from closed forests to open fields, together with weekly records of livestock abundances on pasture. We tested whether the excretion of GIN eggs in roe deer was influenced by the density of livestock in their home range over the grazing season. Our results showed that all of the roe deer home ranges, except four, contained pastures occupied by livestock. Excretion of GIN eggs occurred in 77% of the roe deer. The excretion of GIN eggs in roe deer tended to increase with livestock density in their home range. This result suggests, but does not prove, a higher risk of ingesting GIN larvae originating from livestock dung. In the context of increasing overlap between roe deer and livestock ranges, the exchange of pathogens between both hosts is plausible, although species identity of the parasites present was not determined. Assessing which GIN species are shared between wild and domestic ruminants, and how this may affect the health of both hosts, is a central question for future research in the context of interspecific pathogen circulation.
The first rapid forest inventory and resource use assessment of Dashtijum Nature Reserve, Tajikistan: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Pilkington Fred , Singh Minerva , Wilkins Vicky , Clubbe Colin
Published: June 2020

There is critical need for more information on the status of forests in Central Asia, to inform conservation management. Here we assess the status and use of the globally important, threatened walnut–fruit forests of Dashtijum Nature Reserve, Tajikistan. We use a mixed methods approach combining a semi-structured interview based socio-economic survey with statistical analysis. Thirty-three tree species were recorded, with Rosaceae the most common family. The mean basal area of the forest was 20.8 m2 per ha and most tree species exhibited stable population structures. Resource use was prevalent throughout the community; most households harvested at least one fruit or nut species (78%), firewood (88%) and grazed livestock (85%). Most respondents noted declines in availability of fruits, nuts and firewood and reported a decrease in the overall area and quality of grazing. Statistical analysis and machine learning identified that distance to nearest settlement significantly affected forest total basal area, tree species richness and the Shannon index, a metric of diversity sensitive to rare species. Our results suggest that conservation management by the government and NGOs is partly effective but there is a need for increased enforcement of grazing restrictions, to prevent further forest degradation.
Maternal immune-related conditions during pregnancy may be a risk factor for neuropsychiatric problems in offspring throughout childhood and adolescence
Authors: Patel Shrujna , Cooper Matthew N. , Jones Hannah , Whitehouse Andrew J.O. , Dale Russell C. , Guastella Adam J.
Published: June 2020

Background

Emerging research suggests that maternal immune activation (MIA) may be associated with an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental and mental health outcomes in offspring. Using data from the Raine Study, we investigated whether MIA during pregnancy was associated with increased behavioral and emotional problems in offspring longitudinally across development.

Methods

Mothers (Generation 1; N = 1905) were classified into the following categories: AAAE (Asthma/Allergy/Atopy/Eczema; N = 1267); infection (during pregnancy; N = 1082); no AAAE or infection (N = 301). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered for offspring at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17. Generalized estimating equations were used to investigate the effect of maternal immune status on CBCL scores.

Results

AAAE conditions were associated with significant increases in CBCL Total (β 2.49; CI 1.98–3.00), Externalizing (β 1.54; CI 1.05–2.03), and Internalizing (β 2.28; CI 1.80–2.76) scores. Infection conditions were also associated with increased Total (β 1.27; CI 0.77–1.78), Externalizing (β 1.18; CI 0.70–1.66), and Internalizing (β 0.76; CI 0.28–1.24) scores. Exposure to more than one AAAE and/or infection condition was associated with a greater elevation in CBCL scores than single exposures in males and females. Females showed greater increases on the Internalizing scale from MIA, while males showed similar increases on both Internalizing and Externalizing scales.

Conclusions

MIA was associated with increased behavioral and emotional problems in offspring throughout childhood and adolescence. This highlights the need to understand the relationship between MIA, fetal development, and long-term outcomes, with the potential to advance early identification and intervention strategies.
EATING, DRINKING, PAYING. THE PRICE OF FOOD IN MONTEVIDEO IN THE LATE COLONIAL PERIOD
Authors: Moraes María Inés
Published: June 2020

This paper gathers information on the diet of the people of Montevideo. It puts forward some hypotheses regarding the caloric intake of the plebeian and non-elite social groups, introduces two Laspeyres indexes of food prices for Montevideo in 1760-1810, analyses the movements of food prices in Montevideo in this period and compares the case of Montevideo with neighbouring cities.
PERFORMANCE OF PROGNOSIS INDICATORS FOR SUPERIMPOSED RENEWAL PROCESSES
Authors: Liu Xingheng , Dijoux Yann , Vatn Jørn , Toftaker Håkon
Published: June 2020

The paper deals with prognosis estimation for industrial systems in a series configuration, modeled by superimposed renewal processes (SRP), when the cause of failures is not available. In the presence of missing information, an SRP is commonly approximated by a Poisson process or a virtual age model. The performance of the approximations was assessed in the ideal configuration where all parameters of the models are known. The current article adopts a practitioner's perspective by assuming that the parameters of the models are unknown and must be estimated. In addition to inference procedures, the assessment of the prognosis indicators, such as the remaining useful life, is discussed. Finally, we investigate a fleet of infrastructure components of the Norwegian railway network operated by Bane NOR.
Foraging patterns of Antarctic minke whales in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea
Authors: Ainley David G. , Joyce Trevor W. , Saenz Ben , Pitman Robert L. , Durban John W. , Ballard Grant , Daly Kendra , Kim Stacy
Published: June 2020

Evidence indicates that Antarctic minke whales (AMWs) in the Ross Sea affect the foraging behaviour, especially diet, of sympatric Adélie penguins (ADPEs) by, we hypothesize, influencing the availability of prey they have in common, mainly crystal krill. To further investigate this interaction, we undertook a study in McMurdo Sound during 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 using telemetry and biologging of whales and penguins, shore-based observations and quantification of the preyscape. The 3D distribution and density of prey were assessed using a remotely operated vehicle deployed along and to the interior of the fast-ice edge where AMWs and ADPEs focused their foraging. Acoustic surveys of prey and foraging behaviour of predators indicate that prey remained abundant under the fast ice, becoming successively available to air-breathing predators only as the fast ice retreated. Over both seasons, the ADPE diet included less krill and more Antarctic silverfish once AMWs became abundant, but the penguins' foraging behaviour (i.e. time spent foraging, dive depth, distance from colony) did not change. In addition, over time, krill abundance decreased in the upper water column near the ice edge, consistent with the hypothesis (and previously gathered information) that AMW and ADPE foraging contributed to an alteration of prey availability.
Conservation status of the recently described Ecuadorian Amazon parrot Amazona lilacina
Authors: BIDDLE REBECCA , SOLIS PONCE IVETTE , CUN PAUL , TOLLINGTON SIMON , JONES MARTIN , MARSDEN STUART , DEVENISH CHRISTIAN , HORSTMAN ERIC , BERG KARL , PILGRIM MARK
Published: June 2020

Amazona lilacina is a threatened species endemic to Ecuador, existing across a patchwork of mangroves, lowland coastal forests, agricultural and community owned land. The species was described in 2014 and listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List, however, full assessment of the population was lacking. Using a combination of field observations, roost surveys and community questionnaires, conducted over the last 20 years, we provide up-to-date information on the species’ Extent of Occurrence, estimate its global population size, and evaluate its level of threat. Our results suggest the species occurs across an area of 19,890 km2 in three distinct geographically isolated subpopulations. Roost surveys across the range estimate the minimum remaining population at 741–1,090 individuals and we present evidence to suggest a 60% decline over the past 19 years in one part of the species’ range. We conducted community questionnaires with 427 people from 52 communities. The presence of pet parrots was reported in 37 communities, including 17 communities which reported pet A. lilacina. From this we predict that over half of all communities within our study area keep parrots as pets and at least 96 communities keep A. lilacina. Our findings justify an IUCN Red Listing of at least ‘Endangered’ for this species and highlight the need for conservation support. In order to assess population health in more detail, further research is required to assess genetic diversity and roost dynamics, and to identify areas that may be important for feeding and nesting throughout the range. As many of these areas are likely to overlap with community owned land, we suggest that future conservation actions should revolve around, and be led by, these communities.
Effects of the Rango Cards game intervention on food consumption, nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices of high school students: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chagas Carolina Martins dos Santos , Melo Giselle Rhai-Sa , Botelho Raquel Braz Assunção , Toral Natacha
Published: June 2020

Objective:

The study aimed to assess the impact of a game-based nutritional intervention on food consumption, nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices.

Design:

This cluster randomised controlled trial included both male and female high school students from private schools in the Federal District, Brazil. Four schools were randomly selected for each group. Investigated variables were age, sex, monthly family income, maternal education level, dietary perceptions and practices, nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices.

Setting:

Intervention group participants were instructed to play Rango Cards, a digital game developed for the study, on their own, for a period of 7–17 d, while the control group was not provided with any game or material during the study.

Participants:

The study included 319 adolescents (mean age = 15·8 (sd 0·7) years).

Results:

Significant reductions were observed in the intervention group compared with the control group for the following variables: habit of eating while watching TV or studying and having meals at fast food restaurants. The intervention group showed increased knowledge of the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption as well as improved self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices such as reducing Na intake and preparing healthy meals.

Conclusions:

The design of Rango Cards is potentially capable of effecting positive changes. Therefore, the digital game promotes autonomy and self-care among adolescents with regard to healthy eating.
Proof of concept for growing lettuce and carrot in a biobased mulch membrane
Authors: Tofanelli Mauro B. D. , Kadoma Ignatius , Wortman Sam E.
Published: June 2020

Manufactured biobased mulch (biomulch) films and fabrics are useful non-chemical weed management tools, but are not typically used for high-density plantings of vegetables such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus). However, it may be possible for crop roots to grow through a permeable biomulch membrane. Our objective was to demonstrate the potential for lettuce and carrot to germinate on and grow through biomulch, and assess changes in crop growth and yield. Biomulches included a 100% polylactic acid (PLA) biofabric and a PLA (37%) + soybean meal (63%) biofabric (PLA + SOY). Seeds were placed directly on biomulch and top-dressed with a soil mix or compost. Crop roots grew through the biomulch (despite visible constriction in carrot), and total yields were either the same or greater than those in the no-mulch control. PLA + SOY increased lettuce yield by 72% and also degraded faster than the PLA mulch. Results hold promise for improving weed control and reducing labor in high-density vegetable plantings.
High-frequency diffraction contribution by planar metallic–DNG metamaterial junctions
Authors: Gennarelli G. , Riccio G.
Published: June 2020

The plane wave diffraction by a planar junction consisting of a thick metallic sheet and a lossy double-negative metamaterial slab is studied by using the Uniform Asymptotic Physical Optics approach. This approach assumes the radiation integral as a starting point and uses the physical optics surface currents as sources to be integrated. The integral is manipulated by taking advantage of useful approximations and evaluations, and re-formulated in order to apply an asymptotic procedure able to generate a closed-form approximate solution in the framework of the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Accordingly, advantages and drawbacks result from the application of the proposed solution. The jumps of the geometrical optics field are compensated. Implementation and handling of the computer code are facilitated by the evaluation of well-known functions and parameters. No differential/integral equations or special functions must be computed.
A 3-bit load-pulling digital power amplifier
Authors: Watkins Gavin T.
Published: June 2020

A radio frequency (RF) 3-bit digital power amplifier (DPA) is described in this paper. It consists of three RF amplifiers connected at their outputs with a transmission line (TL) network. The three amplifiers are designed for different output powers (POUT). The TL network allows them to load-pull one other to achieve eight different amplitude states by alternatively enabling and disabling the amplifiers via their gate bias. A prototype was designed in the National Instruments' Microwave Office (MWO) for 500 MHz with the aid of a genetic algorithm to optimize the TL network for all seven active (on-) states. The optimizer efficiencies goals were based on data derived from load-pull simulation. The POUT goals were based on a 1 Vrms step-size. In simulation, ≥50% efficiency was achieved at all on-states with 29.7 dBm peak POUT. A practical prototype based on the simulation achieved an efficiency of ≥40% over all seven on-states. A peak POUT of 28.9 dBm was achieved, with the lowest state at 22.4 dBm.
Neogene Retroarc Foreland Basin Evolution, Sediment Provenance, and Magmatism in Response to Flat Slab Subduction, Western Argentina
Authors: Capaldi Tomas N. , Horton Brian K. , McKenzie N. Ryan , Mackaman‐Lofland Chelsea , Stockli Daniel F. , Ortiz Gustavo , Alvarado Patricia
Published: June 2020

Understanding the effects of flat slab subduction on mountain building, arc magmatism, and basin evolution is fundamental to convergent‐margin tectonics, with implications for potential feedbacks among geodynamic, magmatic, and surface processes. New stratigraphic and geochronological constraints on Cenozoic sedimentation and magmatism in the southern Central Andes of Argentina (31°S) reveal shifts in volcanism, foreland/hinterland basin development, sediment accumulation, and provenance as the retroarc region was structurally partitioned during slab flattening. Detrital zircon U‐Pb age distributions from the western (Calingasta basin), central (Talacasto and Albarracín basins), and eastern (Bermejo foreland basin) segments of the retroarc basin system preserve syndepositional volcanism and orogenic unroofing of multiple tectonic provinces. Initial shortening‐related exhumation of the Principal Cordillera at 24–17 Ma was recorded by the accumulation of distal eolian deposits bearing Oligocene–Eocene zircons from the Andean magmatic arc. The Calingasta basin chronicled volcanism and basement shortening in the Frontal Cordillera at ~17–11 Ma, as marked by an upward coarsening succession of fluvial to alluvial fan deposits with a sustained zircon U‐Pb age component that matches pervasive Permian‐Triassic bedrock in the hinterland. An ~450 km eastward inboard sweep of volcanism at 11 Ma coincided with the inception of flat slab subduction, and subsequent thin‐skinned shortening in the Precordillera fold‐thrust belt that exhumed wedge‐top deposits and induced cratonward (eastward) advance of flexural subsidence into the Bermejo foreland basin. This foreland basin was structurally partitioned as basement uplifts of the Sierras Pampeanas transformed a fluvial megafan sediment routing network into smaller isolated alluvial fan systems fed by adjacent basement blocks.
Papuan mitochondrial genomes and the settlement of Sahul
Authors: Pedro Nicole , Brucato Nicolas , Fernandes Veronica , André Mathilde , Saag Lauri , Pomat William , Besse Céline , Boland Anne , Deleuze Jean-François , Clarkson Chris , Sudoyo Herawati , Metspalu Mait , Stoneking Mark , Cox Murray P. , Leavesley Matthew , Pereira Luisa , Ricaut François-Xavier
Published: June 2020

New Guineans represent one of the oldest locally continuous populations outside Africa, harboring among the greatest linguistic and genetic diversity on the planet. Archeological and genetic evidence suggest that their ancestors reached Sahul (present day New Guinea and Australia) by at least 55,000 years ago (kya). However, little is known about this early settlement phase or subsequent dispersal and population structuring over the subsequent period of time. Here we report 379 complete Papuan mitochondrial genomes from across Papua New Guinea, which allow us to reconstruct the phylogenetic and phylogeographic history of northern Sahul. Our results support the arrival of two groups of settlers in Sahul within the same broad time window (50–65 kya), each carrying a different set of maternal lineages and settling Northern and Southern Sahul separately. Strong geographic structure in northern Sahul remains visible today, indicating limited dispersal over time despite major climatic, cultural, and historical changes. However, following a period of isolation lasting nearly 20 ky after initial settlement, environmental changes postdating the Last Glacial Maximum stimulated diversification of mtDNA lineages and greater interactions within and beyond Northern Sahul, to Southern Sahul, Wallacea and beyond. Later, in the Holocene, populations from New Guinea, in contrast to those of Australia, participated in early interactions with incoming Asian populations from Island Southeast Asia and continuing into Oceania.