bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study in Enhancing AES Algorithm: Data Encryption
Authors: Khudair Jamal , Abd Ghan Khanapi , Rizuan Bin Baharon Mohd
Published: July 2023

Abstract: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is defined as the standard algorithm for the encryption of transmitted data packets specially over cloud computing. Therefore, this review was conducted with the aim of studying its enhancing trials based on different methodologies. eleven published review articles were reviewed, these articles have compared encryption standards with respect to certain transmission parameters. The results have clearly concluded that the transmission of  data packets  over the Internet is considered as a major threat, especially when we talk about the evolution of computation power and quantum computers near epoch, therefore, new solutions have been developed to maintain  the issue of authentication and protect data by simultaneous encryption procedures. In addition, the comparative study concludes that enhancing AES algorithm is a promising field for data encryption. The study aims to provide academics with a better awareness of new encryption methods to enhance the performance of data encryption algorithms.
Multi-Objective Reliability Optimization using Fuzzy Nonlinear Programming with Interval Membership Functions and Bias Functions: A Comparison of Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Abdulhussein Jabbar Ahmed , Sabri  Abd  ALRazaq Audi
Published: July 2023

Multi-objective reliability optimization is a complex problem that involves simultaneously optimizing multiple objectives while ensuring that the system meets certain reliability requirements. In this paper, we present a methodology for solving multi-objective reliability optimization problems using fuzzy nonlinear programming. The methodology involves representing the reliability of each component as a triangular interval number and each objective function as an interval membership function. Conflicts between objectives are resolved using linear and nonlinear membership functions, and exponential and quadratic membership functions are used to obtain definite biases towards the objective. The proposed methodology employs Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) or Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve the problem, and the approach is compared with GA for linear and nonlinear membership functions. The results indicate the effectiveness of the methodology in addressing multi-objective reliability optimization problems
A Association between Anthropometric Measurements and some Biochemical Parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Frayyeh Maha jamal , Q. D. Al-Lami Makarim
Published: July 2023

Abstract:

Numerous physiological and biochemical changes are linked to menopause. The current study was intended to examine the transforms linked to anthropometric measurements and bone-related factors. In this study of 80 women which included; they comprised 40 premenopausal women and 40 postmenopausal women.

waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), moreover waist to hip ratio are among the anthropometric measurements (W-HR) was recorded by standard procedures. The plasma samples were tested for following biochemical parameters: bone-related parameters [calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), uric acid (UA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)] and serological agglutination tests [rheumatoid factor (RF) and C-reactive protein (CRP)].

The mean of BMI, WC, and W-HR were significant (p<0.05) much higher in postmenopausal women than their values in perimenopause women, while a non-significant (p>0.05) difference was found in the mean of HC between the two groups.

The findings revealed that postmenopausal women's levels of Ca were substantially (p0.05) lower than premenopausal women's levels, while postmenopausal women's levels of P were significantly (p0.05) greater than premenopausal women's levels. In comparison to premenopausal women, post menopause women had significantly much higher levels of UA, ALP, and ESR (p<0.05).

The results revealed that out the number and percentage of CRP positive women out of the premenopausal women are only 8 (20 %), while the number and percentage of CRP positive women out of the postmenopausal women are only 18 (45%); the differences are significant (p<0.05). Also, the results revealed that the number and percentage of RF positive women out of the premenopausal women are only 5 (12.5 %), while the number and percentage of RF positive women out of the postmenopausal women are only 15 (37.5%). The differences are significant (p<0.05).

According to the results, postmenopausal women had significant (P<0.05) higher rates of all chronic illnesses than premenopausal women. On the other hand, the prevalence of bone-related disease was substantially (P<0.05) greater in the premenopausal women (30%) and postmenopausal women (45%) research groups as well as the overall study population of women (37.5%). In conclusion, changes related to age in the anthropometric measurements and in the bone-related parameters, accompanied by reduced physical activity may all lead to the installation of several chronic diseases among postmenopausal women.
Phishing Website Detection Using Machine Learning: A Review
Authors: Al saedi Marwa , Abbas Flayh Nahla
Published: July 2023

Phishing, a form of cyber attack in which perpetrators employ fraudulent websites or emails to Deceive individuals into divulging sensitive information such as passwords or financial data, can be mitigated through various machine-learning algorithms for website detection.

These algorithms, including decision trees, support vector machines, and Random Forest, analyze multiple website features, such as URL structure, website content, and the presence of specific keywords or patterns, to ascertain the likelihood of a website being a phishing site.

This comprehensive review elucidates the concept of phishing website detection and the diverse techniques employed while summarizing previous studies, their outcomes, and their contributions. Overall, machine learning algorithms serve as a potent tool in the identification of phishing websites, thereby safeguarding users against falling prey to such malicious attacks.
PSO vs GA: A Comparative Study of Multi-Objective Reliability Optimization using Fuzzy Nonlinear Programming Functions
Authors: Abdulhussein Jabbar Ahmed , Sabri  Abd  ALRazaq Audi
Published: July 2023

Abstract— Multi-objective reliability optimization is a complex problem that involves simultaneously optimizing multiple objectives while ensuring that the system meets certain reliability requirements. In this paper, we present a methodology for solving multi-objective reliability optimization problems using fuzzy nonlinear programming. The methodology involves representing the reliability of each component as a triangular interval number and each objective function as an interval membership function. Conflicts between objectives are resolved using linear and nonlinear membership functions, and exponential and quadratic membership functions are used to obtain definite biases towards the objective. The proposed methodology employs Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) or Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve the problem, and the approach is compared with GA for linear and nonlinear membership functions. The results indicate the effectiveness of the methodology in addressing multi-objective reliability optimization problems.
Protective Effect of Expired Drug on Corrosion of Copper in Acidic Medium
Authors: W. Ahmed Zainab , A.Qasem Mariam
Published: July 2023

Researchers used weight loss methods to investigate how the influence of expired Augmentin had on the ability of copper alloy to resist corrosion when exposed to solutions of hydrochloric acid. According to the findings, Augmentin shown remarkable effectiveness as a copper alloy inhibiting agent in acidic environment. We investigated how temperature affected the effectiveness of the medicine against corrosion, and in the end, we calculated the activation and adsorption parameters based on thermodynamics. The findings of this investigation revealed a high level of congruence regardless of the methodology employed.

By using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm to match experimental data, we found that inhibitor molecules adsorb onto copper surfaces via physical adsorption, as evidenced by the levels and signs of the adsorption Gibb's free energy.
Soc–L-Small –T–ABSO Submodules and Related Concepts
Authors: Allami Marwah , H. Hanoon Wafaa
Published: July 2023

Abstract— in this entire paper V is any ring with identity and W be a nitary left-module.The Soc-L-small-T-ABSO submodule, a generalization of the small-T-ABSO, is a new class of submodules that we introduce in this study, and we also outline some of its key characteristics and examples that are achieved and not achieved in it and its relationship to other submodules
Desordem Informativa no Contexto da Pandemia de Covid-19
Authors: Klein Gisiela
Published: July 2023

Em tempos de pandemia, a desordem informativa pode provocar danos irreparáveis, colocando em risco a vida de pessoas e a estabilidade de nações. Este trabalho objetiva alcançar o estado da arte sobre os estudos acadêmicos que tratam de desordem informativa no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática expondo o corpus científico referente ao tema entre os anos de 2020 e 2022.  Foram analisados 59 artigos acadêmicos nas línguas inglesa e portuguesa com acesso aberto nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science e Communication & Mass Media. Os resultados demonstram que, no período analisado, os estudos acadêmicos se concentraram em seis eixos principais: 1) motivação para consumir e compartilhar os conteúdos, 2) literacia mediática, 3) regulação das plataformas digitais, 4) fact-checking e os efeitos das correções na receção, 5) teoria da inoculação e 6) revisões de literatura. De forma geral, o corpus acadêmico sobre desordem informativa no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19 se mostrou bastante consistente.
Hacker and Chinese food; Jargon File; CalTech in movies (Supplement III:1)
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: July 2023

“Knights of the Lambda Calculus”, A Portrait of J. Random Hacker, The War of the Worlds (1953) etc. [Supplement to the History of computer science and technology]
SLC19A3 is differentially expressed in central nervous system metastasis.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2023

Metastasis to the brain occurs in a significant fraction of patients with solid tumors including breast cancer and metastatic melanoma (1-3). We mined published RNA-sequencing and microarray data (4, 5), comparing primary and brain metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the CNS. We found that solute carrier family 19 member 3, encoded by SLC19A3, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Study of microarray data (5) revealed conserved differential expression of SLC19A3 in CNS metastasis in patients with metastatic melanoma. SLC19A3 mRNA was present at decreased quantities in metastasis to the brain in humans with breast cancer. Expression of SLC19A3 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient distant metastasis-free survival. Modulation of SLC19A3 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize to the brain in humans with solid tumors with propensity for the CNS including breast cancer and metastatic melanoma.
CYP4F22 is a differentially expressed gene in brain metastatic human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2023

Metastasis to the brain occurs in a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published RNA-sequencing and microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 22, encoded by CYP4F22, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. CYP4F22 mRNA was present at decreased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Expression of CYP4F22 in primary tumors was correlated with patient overall, distant metastasis-free, and recurrence-free survival. Modulation of CYP4F22 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Inclusion of children with ADHD in mainstream settings: Preschool Education Teachers’ perceptions
Authors: Arapi Anastasia
Published: July 2023

In this paper, at the beginning, reference is made to the topic and documentation of the specific choice, purpose of the specific research, presentation of research questions and research hypotheses. Then the bibliographic review is presented where a critical engagement with the literature is made, developing research gaps. Then in the methodology there is a presentation of the research design based on the relevant literature, reference to the way of data analysis, where the quantitative method with questionnaires was used and the sample of participants were teachers. In addition to the ethical issues, there is an understanding of the procedures, securing the special systems as well as their application in the specific research, reference to informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, data coding and specific reference to the ways of applying the principles of these in the present investigation. Closing is the analysis and discussion of the findings, more specifically quantitative analysis is done with spss, analysis based on research questions, discussion of the main findings based on the literature review and comparison of the results of the present research with the results of previous ones investigations. And in the conclusions there is a brief summary of the present research emphasizing its results and the correlation with the previous relevant literature and the suggestions for future research.
A Neuroscientific View on the Enneagram of Personality
Authors: Vallander Saleh
Published: July 2023

The Enneagram is a personality typing system that categorizes individuals into nine distinct types based on their emotional and instinctual patterns. Recently, this typological system has gained considerable attention from neuroscientists, in terms of its potential to help us chart the complexities of emotional brain processes. This article will explore the correlations between the Enneagram and the seven primary-process emotional systems charted by neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp: FEAR, RAGE, GRIEF, SEEKING, LUST, CARE, and PLAY. These correlations may potentially have significant implications for our future understanding of the connection between neuroscience and personality.
HMGB3 is a differentially expressed gene in brain metastatic human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2023

Metastasis to the brain occurs in a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published RNA-sequencing and microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that high mobility group box 3, encoded by HMGB3, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. HMGB3 mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Expression of HMGB3 in primary tumors was correlated with overall, distant metastasis-free and recurrence-free survival. Modulation of HMGB3 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
KCNQ2 is a differentially expressed gene in brain metastatic human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2023

Metastasis to the brain occurs in a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published RNA-sequencing and microarray data )4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2, encoded by KCNQ2, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. KCNQ2 mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Expression of KCNQ2 in primary tumors was correlated with overall and distant metastasis-free survival. Modulation of KCNQ2 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
KONSEP DASAR EKONOMI MAKRO ISLAM
Authors: Amelia Kiki Rezky
Published: July 2023

•Ekomoni islam menurut S.M Hasanuzzaman “ Ilmu ekonomi islam adalah pengetahuan dan aplikasi ajaran-ajaran dan aturan-aturan Syariah yang mencegah ketidakadilan dalam pencarian dan pengeluaran sumber- sumber daya , guna memberikan kepuasan bagi manusia dan memungkinkan mereka melaksanakan kewajiban- kewajiban mereka terhadap allah dan masyarakat.•Ekonomi islam menurut M.A Mannan “ ilmu ekonomi islam adalah sesuatu ilmu pengetahuan social yang mempelajari permasalahan ekonomi dari orang-orang memiliki nilai-nilai islam.•Dapat disimpulkan dari dua pendapat diatas bahwa ekonomi islam merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari segala perilaku manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya dengan tujuan memperoleh falah (kedamaian dunia dan kesejahteraan dunia akhirat)
Operationalizing cultural adaptation to climate change: contemporary examples from United States agriculture
Authors: Waring Timothy , Niles Meredith , Kling Matthew , Hebert-Dufresne Laurent , Sabzian Hossein , Miller Stephanie , Gotelli Nicholas J. , McGill Brian
Published: July 2023

It has been proposed that climate adaptation research can benefit from an evolutionary approach. But related empirical research is lacking. We advance the evolutionary study of climate adaptation with two case studies from contemporary United States agriculture. First, we define ‘cultural adaptation to climate change’ as a mechanistic process of population-level cultural change. We argue this definition enables rigorous comparisons, yields testable hypotheses from mathematical theory, and distinguishes adaptive change, non-adaptive change, and desirable policy outcomes. Next, we develop an operational approach to identify ‘cultural adaptation to climate change’ based on established empirical criteria. We apply this approach to USDA data on crop choices and the use of cover crops between 2008 and 2021. We find evidence that crop choices are adapting to local trends in two separate climate variables in some regions of the US. But evidence suggests that cover cropping may be adapting more to economic incentives than climatic conditions. Further research is needed to characterize the process of cultural adaptation, particularly the routes and mechanisms of cultural transmission. Furthermore, climate adaptation policy could benefit from research on factors that differentiate regions exhibiting adaptive trends in crop choice from those that do not.
The Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Chronic Low-Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: luicy anser
Published: July 2023

This paper presents the findings of a randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on individuals with chronic low-back pain. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of MBSR in reducing pain intensity, improving functional disability, and enhancing psychological well-being among participants. The trial consisted of 100 participants randomly assigned to either the MBSR intervention group or a control group receiving standard care. Measurements were taken at baseline, post-intervention, and three-month follow-up. The results revealed significant improvements in pain intensity, functional disability, and psychological well-being in the MBSR group compared to the control group. However, several challenges, including participant adherence and variability in treatment response, were identified. The study highlights the potential benefits of MBSR as a complementary treatment approach for chronic low-back pain and emphasizes the need for further research to optimize its effectiveness.
Psychosocial Factors in the Management of Low Back Pain: Implications for Treatment and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Abbas Fakhar
Published: July 2023

This paper explores the role of psychosocial factors in the management of low back pain (LBP) and their implications for treatment and patient outcomes. Psychosocial factors, including psychological distress, beliefs, coping strategies, social support, and work-related factors, have been recognized as important contributors to the experience and management of LBP. Understanding the influence of these factors on treatment response, functional outcomes, and quality of life can inform a comprehensive approach to LBP management. This paper reviews the current literature, highlights the key psychosocial factors, and discusses strategies for incorporating psychosocial interventions into LBP treatment plans.
Online Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation to Reduce Anxious Thinking During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Larrazabal Maria A , Eberle Jeremy William , de la Garza Evia Angel F. Vela , Boukhechba Mehdi , Funk Dan , Barnes Laura , Boker Steven M. , Teachman Bethany
Published: July 2023

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, and rates increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most individuals with elevated anxiety do not access treatment due to barriers such as stigma, cost, and availability. Digital mental health programs, such as cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I), hold promise in increasing access to care. Before widely disseminating CBM-I, we must rigorously test its effectiveness and determine whom it is best positioned to benefit. The present study (which is a substudy of a parent trial) compared CBM-I against psychoeducation offered through the public website MindTrails, and also tested whether baseline anxiety tied to COVID-19 influenced the rate of change in anxiety and interpretation bias during and after each intervention. Adults with moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to complete five sessions of either CBM-I or psychoeducation as part of a larger trial, and 608 enrolled in this substudy after Session 1. As predicted (https://osf.io/2dyzr), CBM-I was superior to psychoeducation at reducing anxiety symptoms (on the OASIS but not the DASS-21-AS: d = −0.31), reducing negative interpretation bias (d range = −0.34 to −0.43), and increasing positive interpretation bias (d = 0.79) by the end of treatment. Results also indicated that individuals higher (vs. lower) in baseline COVID-19 anxiety had stronger decreases in anxiety symptoms while receiving CBM-I but weaker decreases in anxiety symptoms (on the DASS-21-AS) while receiving psychoeducation. These findings suggest that CBM-I may be a useful anxiety-reduction tool for individuals experiencing higher anxiety tied to uncertain events such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Students' Burnout at University: The Role of Adverse Life Events
Authors: Karakaya Joshua , Diserholt Amanda
Published: July 2023

This study investigated whether adverse life events predicted burnout in a non-medical university student population. The study group consisted of a total of 117 students from Canterbury Christ Church University, including 94 females (80%) and 23 males (20%). The study’s data were collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey and the Social Readjustment Scale. Pearson bivariate correlation analysis, linear regression analysis for the relationship, and a t-test for gender differences were used in the analysis of the study. Findings showed that adverse life events did not predict burnout in this sample, and that no gender differences were observed in burnout scores. The studies results are discussed in relation to theoretical and methodological issues as well as outlining future research.
For the Next Seven Generations: An Indigenous Strengths-Based Developmental Science
Authors: Fish Jillian , Uink Bep , Wiglesworth Andrea , Tsethlikai Monica , Him Deana Around , O'Keefe Victoria M.
Published: July 2023

Among some Indigenous peoples, the Seventh Generation philosophy refers to the idea that our present actions affect future generations of the earth and its inhabitants (Hill, n.d.). Accordingly, it is important to move through the world with the next seven generations in mind. As Indigenous scholars, we consider the implications that Seventh Generation “thinking” has for the future of developmental science. Specifically, we imagine the potential that an Indigenous strengths-based approach to developmental science has to promote the healing, growth, and flourishing of Indigenous futures. Towards this end, we offer a conceptualization of what an Indigenous strengths-based developmental science entails, which we adapted from recent research on Indigenous strengths-based approaches (O’Keefe et al., 2023). Overall, an Indigenous strengths-based approach to developmental science withstands coloniality, honors relationships, transforms Indigenous futures, promotes intergenerational healing, incorporates original instructions, and centers Indigenous cultures. We define each component and discuss research that exemplifies a strengths-based approach to conducting research that promotes positive developmental outcomes among Indigenous peoples. Finally, we conclude with the implications that adopting an Indigenous strengths-based approach has for the next seven generations of Indigenous peoples, urging developmental science to commit to co-creating healthy futures with Indigenous communities.
How does parental monitoring reduce adolescent substance use? Preliminary tests of two potential mechanisms
Authors: Pelham William E.
Published: July 2023

Objective: To test two non-exclusive mechanisms by which parental monitoring might reduce teen substance use. The first mechanism is that monitoring increases punishment for substance use, since parents who monitor more are more likely to find out when substance use occurs (M1). The second mechanism is that monitoring directly prevents/averts teens from using substances in the first place for fear that parents would find out (M2).Method: 4,503 teens ages 11-15 years old in 21 communities across the U.S. (51% female, 9% Black, 17% Hispanic) completed a survey reporting on parents’ monitoring/knowledge and teen’s substance use.Results: We found no support for M1: Parents with greater parental monitoring were not more likely to be aware when the teen had used substances (odds ratios=0.79-0.93, ps=.34-.85), so they could not have increased the rate of punishment. We found support for M2: When asked directly, teens identified instances in which they planned to or had a chance to use substances but did not because their parents got in the way or would have found out (p<.01). Had all those opportunities of substance use occurred rather than been averted by parents, the rate of substance use in the sample would have been 1.4 times higher.Conclusion: In this community-based sample of teens, we failed to support prior punishment-centric theories of how monitoring might reduce teen substance use. Rather, monitoring may directly discourage teens from using substances regardless of whether it increases parents’ awareness of substance use or results in more punishment.
Applying Information Theory to Validate Commanders’ Critical Information Requirements
Authors: Timms Mark Andrew Charles , Mandel David R. , Nelson Jonathan D.
Published: July 2023

The primary aim of this chapter is to introduce a novel approach to strengthen contemporary intelligence community practices for establishing intelligence collection priorities based on expected information value. We propose the integration of quantitative measures of information utility that have been discussed in the literature on information theory (Lindley, 1956; Nelson, 2005; Crupi & Tentori, 2014) as a method for optimizing intelligence collection planning. We argue that enhancing the effectiveness through which command information requirements are established can improve consequent intelligence collection priorities. We contrast this approach with the structured analytic technique (SAT) approach that is currently described as a method for prioritizing information requirements in intelligence collection. Specifically, we proceed with a review of the Indicators Validator (IV) SAT (Heuer & Pherson, 2008) for establishing information value, illustrating how it works, and where it falls short as an analytic method. Next, we introduce a quantitative information-theoretic measure of information utility called information gain (Lindley, 1956). We illustrate the contrast between these approaches using a practical example featuring a hypothetical North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) dilemma. This analysis shows how information gain overcomes many limitations of the IV technique, along with how it might be applied to modern NATO operational practice.
Early roots of information-seeking: Infants predict and generalize the value of information
Authors: Ghilardi Tommaso , Poli Francesco , Meyer Marlene , Colizoli Olympia , Hunnius Sabine
Published: July 2023

Humans face the challenge of making sense of a complex world. Learning where to find information is crucial to filter through the abundance of stimuli, distinguish relevant from irrelevant sources, and optimize our learning. Here, we examined the developmental roots of information-seeking by testing whether 8-month-old infants can predict where to find information. We presented infants with visual cues indicating whether they will later receive information about the location of a rewarding stimulus. We analyzed the dynamics of pupil dilation when the cues were presented, but before the actual information was delivered. By combining additive Bayesian models with reinforcement learning, we show that infants learn to successfully predict what cues have a greater informational value and that they generalize these predictions to novel cues that share the same perceptual features. These results reveal the fundamental learning processes that support information-seeking from early in life.
Expectancies and the generation of perceptual experience: Predictive processing and phenomenological control
Authors: Lush Peter , Dienes Zoltan , Seth Anil
Published: July 2023

Phenomenological control is the stable trait ability to alter subjective experience in accordance with goals. Although voluntary, phenomenological control is experienced as involuntary and has predominantly been studied within the context of hypnosis, in which direct verbal imaginative suggestions for a range of experiences are given by a designated ‘hypnotist’ (e.g., involuntary movement, paralysis, analgesia, amnesia or auditory, gustatory, tactile and visual hallucinations). However, hypnosis is not required for phenomenological control and the ability can be exercised in a variety of contexts, including in response to demand characteristics in scientific experiments. Here we trace the modern history of phenomenological control from the context of mesmerism in 18th century (which employed indirect, non-verbal suggestion) through to contemporary accounts. We focus on three theories: response expectancy theory (in which experience arises directly from expectancies), cold control theory (in which voluntary acts are experienced as involuntary due to being unaware of relevant intentions) and the predictive processing theory of hypnosis (in which voluntary acts arise from aberrant interplay of top-down predictions and bottom-up prediction error signals). We consider the pros and cons of each and explore the extent to which predictive processing might be extended to offer a full-fledged theory of phenomenological control.
Accounting for the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Youth Political Participation: A Twin Family Study
Authors: Zapko-Willmes Alexandra , Theocharis Yannis
Published: July 2023

Political participation (PP) has been found to be associated with socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, most strongly with educational attainment. At the same time, previous research has been inconclusive regarding potentially biasing effects of personality and cognitive characteristics on this association. In the present study, we investigated the association between different forms of youth PP and attained SES, taking youth's and parents' individual characteristics into account. We used data from 983 German twin families with same-sex twin pairs of emerging adults (aged 21 to 25) that provided information on electoral, nonelectoral individual and collective political participation as well as on youth’s and their parents relevant personality and cognitive characteristics. After adjusting for youth’s and parents’ individual characteristics, regression analyses showed educational attainment and household income to be solely significantly associated with emerging adults’ electoral political participation. Genetically informative analyses revealed confoundedness due to shared environmental factors for electoral PP and due to genetic factors for individual and collective PP. Depending on the form of PP, the covariance between attained SES indicators and youth’s PP mostly or fully overlapped with variance in political interest, general cognitive ability, and/or openness to experience. Findings are discussed against the backdrop of genotype-environment interplay.
Autistic individuals benefit from gestures during degraded speech comprehension
Authors: Mazzini Sara , Seijdel Noor , Drijvers Linda
Published: July 2023

Iconic co-speech gestures enhance degraded speech comprehension in neurotypical adults. Nonetheless, the benefit of gestures in comprehending degraded speech has not been investigated in neurodivergent populations, such as autistic individuals. Previous research demonstrated atypical audiovisual and speech-gesture integration in autistic individuals, suggesting that integrating speech and gestures may be more challenging and less beneficial for speech comprehension in adverse listening conditions in comparison to neurotypicals. Conversely, autistic individuals could also benefit from additional cues to comprehend speech in noise, as they encounter difficulties in filtering relevant information from noise. In the present study, we investigated gestural enhancement of degraded speech in neurotypical and autistic adults. Participants were presented with videos of an actress uttering a Dutch action verb and had to complete a 4-alternative forced choice task. The action verb was produced in either clear or degraded speech and accompanied by a matching gesture or without a gesture. We observed a gestural enhancement effect in both neurotypical and autistic individuals, and no difference in the size of this effect between the groups. Our findings suggest that despite the previously reported differences in audiovisual integration and gesture interpretation, autistic individuals do benefit from gestures in degraded speech comprehension, similarly to neurotypicals. These findings provide relevant insights to improve communication practices with autistic individuals and to develop new interventions for speech comprehension.
No one listens to us, we know this, so we participated: Qualitative evidence from menstruation research during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Junkins Eleanor J , Chehab Samar , Lee Katharine MN , Clancy Kathryn
Published: July 2023

Background: We created a survey to assess menstrual side effects after COVID-19 vaccination when we noticed news stories that denied or discounted the experiences of tens of thousands of menstruating and formerly menstruating people who reported experiencing bleeding changes. This survey had an unprecedented response hundreds of times higher than we had anticipated (n = 101,824). Objectives: We investigated what motivated our sample to participate without remuneration to understand both general motivations for survey participation as well as why this survey captured the interest of so many. Design: We used open-ended responses from our online, mixed-method survey collected from April to October 2021. Methods: Using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis tools in R, we conducted a thematic analysis on open-ended responses. We used topic modeling to cluster the data, synthesize responses across 22,737 participants, and inform the themes summarizing the responses to “What is your interest in this project?” We compared and contrasted responses across groups (racial identity, ethnicity, gender) to examine whether the themes were representative across the demographic groups in our study. Results: The themes that characterized participants’ interest in participating were vaccine effects and women’s/people’s health, personal experience related to the vaccine, and a love for science and data. We compared responses among demographic subgroups to avoid an overfocus on majority group responses and found the themes were reflected across each group. Lastly, we found our themes reflected multiple types of altruism. Conclusion: These results were important in showing how emergent research that focuses on the concerns of potential participants can encourage high response rates from both marginalized and majority communities. Inclusive practices and familiarity with the research team built credibility that engendered trust with the public.
Economic status as a predictor of motivational and affective experiences in Physical Education and physical activity intentions: a cross-sectional study in six European countries
Authors: SAOUDI Ilyes , Sarrazin Philippe , Papaioannou Athanasios G. , Krommidas Charalambos , Borrueco Marta , Gobbi Erica , Martins João , Appleton Paul , Maltagliati Silvio , Erturan Gokce , tessier Damien , Escriva-Boulley Géraldine , Laloux Yago Ramis , Demirhan Gıyasettin , Carraro Attilio , Duda Joan , Digelidis Nikolaos , Loules Georgios , Cheval Boris , Chalabaev Aïna
Published: July 2023

Lower economic status (ES) is associated with a less adaptive experience of school and physical activity. However, empirical evidence supporting the detrimental association of lower ES on the affective and motivational experience in Physical Education (PE) remains scarce. Using a large sample (n = 10392) of adolescents from six countries (i.e., Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, England, Turkey), this cross-sectional study tested whether students’ ES was associated with the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs in PE, and in turn with motivational and affective outcomes in PE and their out-of-school physical activity intention. We further explored whether gender moderated the abovementioned relationship. Multigroup structural equation modelling showed that, in five of six countries (i.e., Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, England), a lower ES was associated with lower basic needs satisfaction (β = .10, p < .001), which in turn was associated with lower enjoyment (β = .75, p < .001), lower autonomous motivation (β = .83, p < .001), and weaker out-of-school physical activity intention (β = .36, p < .001), higher displeasure (β = -.51, p < .001), higher controlled motivation (β = -19, p < .001) and stronger amotivation in PE (β = -.28, p < .001). Exploratory analyses suggested that the relationship between lower ES and the less adaptative outcomes was amplified among girls. At the crossroad between psychology and sociology, this study provides new insights into how family lower ES and gender might interact to predict less adaptative motivational and affective experiences and outcomes in PE.
Confidentiality washing in online advertising
Authors: Veale Michael
Published: July 2023

In this chapter, I consider the rise of confidentiality-preserving techniques and infrastructures in online advertising, and how they might reconfigure power and maintain some of the hazards of the contemporary tracking ecosystem. This paper is to appear in Corinne Cath-Speth (ed.) Eaten by the Internet (Meatspace Press 2023).
Status and Subfield: The Distribution of Sociological Specializations across Departments
Authors: Elder Timothy B , Kozlowski Austin C
Published: July 2023

This study takes the well-established finding that sociology departments are ordered by a stable status hierarchy and investigates the relation of this hierarchy to the discipline's subfields. Using data drawn from the 2001 and 2020 editions of the American Sociological Association's "Guide to Graduate Departments", we show that subfields are not uniformly distributed across departments, but that certain subfields are over-represented in elite departments while others are concentrated in lower status institutions. Notably, we find that male dominated and theoretically oriented subfields are more highly represented at elite departments than those that are feminized or practically oriented. Longitudinal evidence suggests that this patterning has persisted for at least two decades without diminishing. We discuss potential advantages accrued to elite subfields, yet note that the most prestigious subfields are not the most prominent nor the best funded. Rather, we argue that status often sustains niche theoretical work despite limited popularity or practical application.
An observational study to evaluate the outcome of patients admitted in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) using pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM-III) score in a tertiary care hospital of West Bengal
Authors: Sudipto Paul  , Kanai Lal Barik  , Nilanjan Ghosh  , Laha Sumanta , Sayan Bera  , Sukanya Nath
Published: July 2023

Background: Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM III) score is used across the globe to predict the mortality of hospitalized children by an objective method based on 17 variables measured during first 24 h of admission in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
Aims and Objectives: We have done this study to evaluate the cause, management and outcome of PICU admissions and also to find out the statistical significance of PRISM III score in predicting mortality.
Materials and Methods: This observational prospective study was conducted for a period of 1 year in the PICU of a district Medical College of West Bengal among children 1–12 years age. They were divided into 4 groups according to the PRISM III scores of 1–10, 11–20, 21–30, and >30 and outcome in all the groups were recorded and analyzed.
Results: Respiratory (25%), neurological (20.1%), and infectious (17.3%) etiology were major cause of PICU admission. About 17.4% patients needed mechanical ventilation, 31.2% Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and 66% patients inotropic support. Out of 144 cases, 117 discharged and 27 expired. Percentage of death is 100%, 44.4%, 21.6%, and 4.6% among child with PRISM III score of >30, 21–30, 11–21, and ≤10, respectively. Significant increase in mortality noted with increase in number of organ failures. Specificity and positive predictive value increases with higher PRISM III score and sensitivity and negative predictive value is more with low PRISM III score.
Conclusion: PRISM III score can be used as a triage tool in limited resource settings for early initiation of intense management to high risk and salvageable cases.
Effect of preemptive ultrasound-guided TAP block on intraoperative analgesic requirements in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgeries under general anesthesia: A prospective, randomized controlled study
Authors: Petkar Jyoti , Kishore Kumar  , Petkar Kiran , Manasa M  , Sudheer R  , Rangalakshmi S  , Keertana Prasad
Published: July 2023

Background: Pain could lead to an increased consumption of opioids intraoperatively as well as postoperatively with subsequent side effects and prolonged post-operative recovery. Transverse abdominus plain (TAP) block is commonly used for post-operative analgesia. We wanted to study the effect of TAP block, when given as pre-emtive analgesia.
Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to ascertain the benefit TAP block when given before surgical incision. The primary objective was to study the intraoperative fentanyl requirement in patients undergoing Laparoscopic gynecological surgeries. The secondary objectives was to analyze the Intra-operative hemodynamic parameters, time needed to extubate the patient, sedation score, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and the time of first rescue analgesia.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-two eligible female patients posted for total laproscopic hysterectomy or Laproscopic-assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy coming were divided into two groups. Group A – Standard General Anaesthesia with pre-operative TAP block. Group B- Standard General Anaesthesia. Whenever there was 15% rise in heart rate (HR) or mean blood pressure (MBP) above the baseline, 20 mcg bolus of fentanyl was given. Total intra-operative Fentanyl consumption, intraoperative HR and MBP, time needed to extubate, post-operative sedation, VAS score, and time of first rescue analgesia was noted.
Results: There was no difference in the demographic profile between two groups. The mean intraoperative fentanyl required was significantly higher in Group B (140.33±12.17 mcg) than in Group A (101.33±5.07 mcg). HR and MBP were lower in Group A throughout the procedure. The mean time of extubation was 5.4 min and 15.77 min in Group A and B. The mean sedation score observed was significantly higher up to 30 min in Group B. Mean Time of first rescue analgesia in Group A was 452.90±110.46 min and Group B was 240±89.13 min.
Conclusion: Pre-operative TAP block given in laparoscopic gynecological surgeries decreases intraoperative fentanyl consumption leading to early extubation and causes less sedation in early post-operative period.
A comparison of intrathecal clonidine and buprenorphine as spinal anesthesia adjuvant for abdominal and lower limb surgeries
Authors: Mallappa Kiran , Manjunath BN  , Narendra PL  , Kavi Chandrashekarappa
Published: July 2023

Background: Many intrathecal adjuvants are being used with local anesthetics to prolong the intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. Clonidine and buprenorphine are known to potentiate the effects of local anesthestics.
Aims and Objectives: This study was designed to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia as well as duration of sensory and motor block onset, intraoperative hemodynamic changes, and perioperative complications between buprenorphine and clonidine when used as an adjuvant to intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Materials and Methods: A randomized double-blind study for 80 patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries and lower limb surgeries was designed with Group B receiving 50 mcg of buprenorphine and Group C receiving 50 mcg of clonidine with 15 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used for comparing the data.
Results: The time of onset of duration of post-operative analgesia as well as sensory and motor block was significantly higher in buprenorphine group as compared to clonidine group. In present study, incidence of bradycardia as well as hypotension was significantly higher in group C as compared to group B (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Addition of intrathecal buprenorphine and clonidine potentiates the duration of analgesia, sensory and motor block, with buprenorphine has a longer analgesic effect when compared to clonidine.