bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of a Novel Built-In Energy-Absorbing Component for Adaptive Steering Columns
Authors: Liu D-S , Tu C Y , Fan C-M , Yeh S-S , Wang W-F , Hsieh C-L
Published: July 2010

The steering-wheel—steering-column assemblies fitted in automobiles must have a high energy absorption performance in order to minimize occupant chest injuries in the event of a collision. This paper proposes a novel built-in energy-absorbing (EA) component which causes the impact load transmitted to the occupant to vary in accordance with the crash severity and the occupant mass. A finite element (FE) model of the steering-column system is constructed on the basis of realistic product computer-aided design data, and a series of LS-DYNA simulations are performed to examine the dynamic responses of the steering wheel and steering column in body block impact tests performed using body blocks of different weights. The validity of the FE model is confirmed by comparing the numerical results for the torso force profile over the duration of the impact with the experimental results obtained in two standard body block tests. The validated model is then used to examine the energy absorption performance of the proposed EA device consisting of a hollow cylindrical tube patterned with an array of circular openings. The simulations focus specifically on the effects of the total hole-opening area, the cylinder thickness, and the cylinder material on the torso force profile over the duration of the impact. It is shown that, given an appropriate specification of the design parameters, the proposed EA device satisfies the peak load requirement specified in the FMVSS 203 standard and absorbs 163 J and 235 J of the impact kinetic energy for body block weights of 24 kgf and 34 kgf respectively.
Observer-based estimation of selective catalytic reduction catalyst ammonia storage
Authors: Hsieh M-F , Wang J
Published: July 2010

This paper presents two non-linear observer designs with different robustness to estimate engine selective catalytic reduction (SCR) ammonia coverage ratio. The observers estimate the SCR catalyst ammonia storage (or coverage ratio) based on the available measurements of NO x, NH3, and temperature. An extended Kalman filter is proposed to eliminate the NO x sensor cross-sensitivity to ammonia. A sliding mode observer technique was employed for the design. The robustness of the observers with respect to sensor measurement uncertainties was theoretically analysed. FTP75 test cycle simulation results show the robustness and estimation accuracies of the different observers in the presence of different measurement errors/uncertainties.
Optimization potential of the vehicle launch performance for start—stop micro-hybrid vehicles
Authors: Dhand A , Cho B , Walker A , Kok D , Burgess M , Semar B
Published: July 2010

One of the primary features of a micro-hybrid vehicle is the automatic shutdown and restart of the engine to avoid engine idling when the vehicle is at rest. The system strategy and its calibration have important significance for the driveability of the vehicle in terms of the vehicle launch behaviour.

An unsatisfactory vehicle launch is defined as an inferior launch performance of the vehicle resulting in a stalled engine, a launch with negative vehicle acceleration, and an aborted engine restart due to the inability of the vehicle to provide torque as demanded by the user. In this research, micro-hybrid system optimization for reduction in the percentage of impaired vehicle launch events in real-world usage has been conducted on a start—stop vehicle. The design for the six-sigma process was followed for the optimization study. A high-fidelity electrical and powertrain system and a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model for a start—stop vehicle have been developed. The model has been validated with experimental data. The drivers' behaviour for vehicle launch events from a customer clinic of start—stop vehicles has been used as an input to the model. Using design of experiments, the system has been optimized to maximize the percentage of successful launch events in real-world usage.
Sonification and its Application to the Study of Cyclic Variability in Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Tily R , Brace C J
Published: July 2010

Cyclic variability (CV) in combustion has been studied over many years and is still an active area of research. Despite the application of many analytical tools, including, in more recent years, those connected with the study of non-linear dynamic systems, CV remains a challenging subject. In the past, most researchers into CV have presented their findings in the form of overall statistical measures. However, it is felt that perhaps more attention needs to be paid to sequences of combustion cycles on a detailed cycle-to-cycle basis, particularly where the aim is to try to formulate a control mechanism to reduce CV, and that sonification combined with self-similarity plots provides a useful tool to facilitate such an approach. The purpose of this paper is to introduce sonification to automotive engineers, who may be unfamiliar with it, and to give an example of its implementation and application in the study of CV in internal combustion engines.
Life-Cycle Assessment Modelling and Life-Cycle Assessment Evaluation of a Triboelement
Authors: Wani M F , Anand A
Published: July 2010

A procedure based on digraph and matrix method is developed for modelling and evaluation of life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a triboelement. LCA parameters of a triboelement are identified and are called LCA attributes. Consideration of these attributes and their interrelations is rudiment in modelling and evaluation of LCA index. The LCA attributes of a triboelement are modelled in terms of LCA attributes digraph. The digraph is represented by a one-to-one matrix for the development of LCA expression, which is based on various LCA parameters/attributes. A variable LCA attributes relationship permanent matrix is defined to develop LCA expression (VPF-t), which is also useful in comparing two triboelements. LCA index of the triboelement is obtained from permanent of the matrix by substituting the numerical values of the attributes and their interrelations. A higher value of the index implies better LCA of the triboelement. The ideal value of LCA index ( I L t) is also obtained from the matrix expression, which is useful in assessing the relative LCA ( I L t) r of the triboelement. The procedure is not only useful for evaluation of LCA of triboelements at operational stage, but can also be used for the design and development of a triboelement at system design stage from LCA point of view. A step-by-step procedure for evaluation of LCA index is also suggested and is illustrated by means of an example.
The influence of antiwear additive concentration on the tribological behaviour of a-C:H:W/steel tribosystem
Authors: Vlad M , Szczerek M M , Michalczewski R , Kajdas C , Tomastik C , Osuch-Słomka E
Published: July 2010

The effect of antiwear (AW) commercial additive concentration on the load-carrying capacity (scuffing resistance) of a-C:H:W/steel tribo-system intended for heavy-loaded machine parts was investigated. For comparison, steel/steel contacts were also investigated.

The scuffing resistance has been measured as the limiting pressure of seizure ( poz) using the four-ball apparatus. The method with continuously increasing load was applied. The tribo-systems were lubricated with poly-alpha-olefin as base oil mixed with a commercial zinc dialkyldithiophosphates type of AW additive. The AW concentration was varied in the range of 0.1–5.0 wt%.

The results of the tribological experiments performed in sliding contact have shown that, by the application of the a-C:H:W coating, the tribological properties of the system were significantly improved compared with the steel friction pairs. It has also been found that it is possible to reduce the concentration of commercial AW additive below 1.0 wt%.

The surface topography of the rubbed surface was investigated with optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy; the elemental chemical nature of the AW film generated on the steel counter-surface (a-C:H:W/steel tribosystem) was investigated with energy dispersive spectrometry, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Characterization of friction coefficient and heat partition coefficient between an AISI4140 steel and a TiN-coated carbide – influence of (Ca, Mn, S) steel's inclusions
Authors: de Eguilaz E Ruiz , Rech J , Arrazola P
Published: July 2010

This work aims at characterizing the influence of Ca—Mn—S inclusions in an AISI4140 steel (280 HB) during friction against a TiN-coated carbide under extreme conditions. A specially designed open tribometer has been used to characterize the friction coefficient and heat partition coefficient at the contact under specific extreme contact conditions simulating those occurring at the tool—chip—workpiece interface in dry cutting. It has been shown that sliding velocity is the most influential parameter. A great decrease of the friction coefficient and heat partition coefficient is observed under high sliding velocities. Moreover, it has been revealed that inclusions lead to a great decrease of friction at low sliding speeds, irrespective of contact pressure. On the contrary, under high sliding velocities, there is no significant influence of inclusions. Additionally, it has been observed that inclusions are not able to modify the heat partition coefficient at the interface. Finally, this work provides quantitative data of the friction coefficient and heat partition coefficient versus sliding velocity and contact pressure in order to be implemented in any analytical and numerical model.
Acid–Base Behavior of Substituted Hydrazone Complexes Controlled by the Coordination Geometry
Authors: Chang Mee , Horiki Hiroyuki , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Kobayashi Atsushi , Chang Ho-Chol , Kato Masako
Published: July 2010

A new series of substituted hydrazone complexes, [Cu(Hpbph)I] (1), [Cu(Hpbph)PPh3]PF6 (2-PF6), [NiCl(Hpbph)]Cl (3-Cl), [PtCl(Hpbph)]ClO4 (4-ClO4), and [PtCl(pbph)] (4b) (Hpbph = 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde 2-pyridylhydrazone) have been synthesized and characterized. X-ray crystallography revealed that the copper(I) complexes adopt pseudo-tetrahedral geometry, while the nickel(II) and platinum(II) complexes provide square-planar forms. All the complexes exhibit distinct color changes on the basis of the deprotonation/protonation on the ligand although their acid/base behaviors are largely different. The acidity constants (pKa) in methanol were determined to be 11.4 (1), 12.5 (2), 7.7 (3), and 6.7 (4). The results indicate that the dissociation of the proton on the ligand strongly depends on the ligand deformation controlled by the coordination geometry of the complexes and ancillary ligands also somewhat affect the acidity.
An Application of near Infrared and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy to the Study of Natural Halotrichites: Halotrichite, Apjohnite and Wupatkiite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Reddy B. Jagannadha , O'Keeffe Eloise C.
Published: July 2010

Near infrared (NIR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy have been used to determine the mineralogical character of isomorphic substitutions for Mg2* by divalent transition metals Fe, Mn, Co and Ni in natural halotrichite series. The minerals are characterised by d→ d transitions in the NIR region 12,000–7500 cm−1. The NIR spectrum of halotrichite reveals broad features from 12,000 cm−1 to 7500 cm−1 with a splitting of two bands resulting from ferrous ion transition 5T2g→5Eg. The presence of overtones of OH− fundamentals near 7000 cm−1 confirms molecular water in the mineral structure of the halotrichite series. The appearance of the most intense peak at around 5132 cm−1 is a common feature in the three minerals and is derived from a combination of OH− vibrations of water molecules and v2 water-bending modes. The influence of cations such as Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ shows on the spectra of halotrichites, especially for wupatkiite-OH stretching vibrations in which bands are distorted conspicuously to low wave numbers at 3270 cm−1, 2904 cm−1 and 2454 cm−1. The observation of a high-frequency v2 mode in the infrared spectrum at 1640 cm−1 indicates that the coordination of water molecules is strongly hydrogen bonded in natural halotrichites. The splitting of bands in v3 and v4 (SO4)2− stretching regions may be attributed to the reduction of symmetry from T d to C2 v for sulphate ion. This work has shown the usefulness of NIR spectroscopy for the rapid identification and classification of the halotrichite minerals.
Determination of Olive Oil Adulteration with Vegetable Oils by near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Calibration
Authors: Öztürk Betül , Yalçin Ayşegül , Özdemir Durmuş
Published: July 2010

There has been growing public awareness about the health benefits of olive oil throughout the world in recent years, resulting in a significant increase in its consumption as part of the daily diet. This demand has attracted fraudulent attempts to market olive oil which has been adulterated with cheaper oils. This study focuses on the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic determination of adulteration of olive oil by vegetable oils using multivariate calibration. The binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures of olive, soybean, cotton, corn, canola and sunflower oils were prepared using a random design. The absorbance spectra of these synthetic samples were measured by a near infrared (NIR) spectrometer. A genetic algorithm-based variable selection algorithm, coupled with an inverse least squares multivariate calibration method (GILS) was used to build calibration models for possible adulterants and olive oil in the adulterated mixtures. The correlation coefficients of actual versus predicted concentrations resulting from multivariate calibration models for the different oils were between 0.90 and 0.99. The results demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy in conjunction with the GILS method makes it possible to determine the adulteration of olive oils regardless of adulterant vegetable oils over a wide range of concentrations.
Application of near Infrared Spectroscopy to Control the Protective Reaction in the Synthesis of Emamectin Benzoate
Authors: Jiang B. , Huang Y.D. , Liu L. , Wu L.N.
Published: July 2010

A near infrared (NIR) method was developed for the control of the protective reaction in the synthesis of emamectin benzoate. A NIR spectrometer with a fibre-optic probe was used to analyse the residual content of avermectin and the by-product content of the shield. Partial least squares regression was used to develop the calibration models, which for the residual content were preprocessed by second derivative and for the by-product content by first derivative and straight-line subtraction preprocessing methods. After optimising the spectral pre-treatment, the coefficient of determination ( R2) of the residual content and by-product content were 0.92 and 0.99 and the root mean square errors of calibration were 0.18% and 0.46%, respectively. When the models were used to determine the residual content and by-product content, the root mean square errors of prediction were 0.20% and 0.48%, respectively. These preliminary findings suggest that the NIR method could be used to predict the residual content and by-product content simultaneously and the process could be completed within 2 min without sample destruction. The control of the protective reaction could be adjusted according to the results obtained using the NIR method. The results indicated that information contained in NIR spectra may be useful to control the protective reaction in the synthesis of the emamectin benzoate.
Automated Quality Evaluation System for Net and Gross Sugarcane Samples Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Taira Eizo , Ueno Masami , Kawamitsu Yoshinobu
Published: July 2010

Sugar content is the most important index of sugarcane quality in the payment system. A quality evaluation technique for shredded sugarcane was investigated using an automatic and high-speed near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy system. In this study, net and gross canes were tested in order to assess the potential for labour saving and cost reduction by the NIR measurement. NIR reflectance spectra ranging from 1100 nm to 2498 nm were collected to evaluate the cane quality of the shredded cane. A calibration equation for the pol in cane (PIC) of net cane was developed using a modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression. The accuracy of the PIC calibration for net cane was satisfactory with standard errors of prediction ( SEP) of 0.21% and a bias of −0.06% in the range 1100–1848 nm wavelength. To eliminate the trash removal, a PIC calibration for gross cane was also examined. Results of the PIC calibration in the 1100–1848 nm wavelength range showed the highest accuracy ( SEP=0.46%, bias=0.01%), although the accuracy for gross cane was lower than that for net cane. The NIR instrument could be used as an evaluation tool for the quality of net and gross sugarcane in a practical payment system.
Short Communication: Classification of Offset and Flexo Printed Newspapers by near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Pigorsch Enrico
Published: July 2010

Studies of the near infrared (NIR) classification of offset and flexo printed newspapers are presented. The spectroscopic basics of the classification are given and discussed. The classification method was developed on the basis of the PLS discriminant method and online NIR measurements with a process diode-array spectrometer using wavelengths from 1372 nm to 1875 nm. A classification accuracy of about 90% has been achieved.
Aggregate Diffusion Dynamics in Agent-Based Models with a Spatial Structure
Authors: Fibich Gadi , Gibori Ro'i
Published: July 2010

We explicitly calculate the aggregate diffusion dynamics in one-dimensional agent-based models of adoption of new products, without using the mean-field approximation. We then introduce a clusters-dynamics approach, and use it to derive an analytic approximation of the aggregate diffusion dynamics in multidimensional agent-based models. The clusters-dynamics approximation shows that the aggregate diffusion dynamics does not depend on the average distance between individuals, but rather on the expansion rate of clusters of adopters. Therefore, the grid dimension has a large effect on the aggregate adoption dynamics, but a small-world structure and heterogeneity among individuals have only a minor effect. Our results suggest that the one-dimensional model and the Bass model provide a lower bound and an upper bound, respectively, for the aggregate diffusion dynamics in agent-based models with “any” spatial structure.
Multigrid Techniques in Economics
Authors: Speight Adam
Published: July 2010

I present a self-contained introduction to multigrid methods with an emphasis on techniques relevant to dynamic programming and related problems. A probabilistic interpretation of the numerical principles is highlighted. Multigrid solvers are shown to be naturally matched to the challenges posed by intractable structural dynamic models routinely encountered in applied economics. I argue that multigrid techniques have potential to substantially extend the scale and complexity of models under consideration. Multigrid also provides a unified computational framework to extend model solvers to perform sensitivity analysis, calibration, estimation, and counterfactual policy experiments.
Utility of a Computerised Cognitive Screen in MCI and Depression in an Older Population
Authors: Kingsbury Rachell , Pachana Nancy A. , Humphreys Michael , Tehan Gerry , Byrne Gerard J.A.
Published: July 2010

The current study investigated the ability of CogniScreen to differentiate older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from those reporting symptoms of depression. Participants included 140 community-based adults (30 MCI, 15 self-rated depressed, and 95 typical older adults) aged 50–89 years. Intergroup comparisons performed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses suggest tasks within CogniScreen are sensitive to clinically significant memory loss. Data provided partial support for some CogniScreen tasks to also differentiate individuals with MCI from those who are depressed. Results suggest CogniScreen may be potentially useful in screening older adults for early cognitive decline.
Experiential Avoidance, Mindfulness and Depression in Spinal Cord Injuries: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Skinner Timothy C. , Roberton Terri , Allison Garry T. , Dunlop Sarah , Bucks Romola S.
Published: July 2010

This preliminary study sought to explore the link between depression, experiential avoidance and mindfulness in people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). We surveyed patients listed on the SCI database at Royal Perth Hospital who had experienced an injury over the last 10 years. Respondents (62) completed a questionnaire including the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-2; Bond et al., 2007) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003). Thirty per cent of participants scored above the cut-off for possible depression, with equal numbers experiencing mild, moderate or severe depression. Mindfulness and experiential avoidance were significantly associated with depression, and were intercorrelated. Further, regression analysis indicated that experiential avoidance mediated the relationship between depression and mindfulness. Our preliminary data suggest that individuals with SCI who are more mindful use less avoidance and have a more positive mood. These results indicate further work in this area is warranted.
Calibration of Equipment Damping in a Resonant Column and Torsional Shear Testing Device
Authors: Sasanakul Inthuorn , Bay James A.
Published: July 2010

In a coil-magnet drive system of the resonant column (RC) and torsional shear (TS) apparatus, a back electromotive force (back emf) affects the measurement of stiffness and damping in soils. An empirical approach has been used to account for this problem; however, this approach is only applicable for a narrow range of conditions. This study focused on developing a method dealing with the back emf effect more precisely. The method proposed in this study is the use of an electromagnetic model to describe the back emf effect. This approach simplifies the problem by modeling the back emf in terms of an equipment spring constant (keq) and an equipment viscous damping coefficient (ceq). The electromagnetic model consists of four parameters. The method used to measure the model parameters and model verification is presented in this paper. The back emf effect on RC and TS tests can then be predicted. In addition, this study verifies that the equipment generated damping for the TS test is negligible.
Effect of telmisartan on selected adipokines, insulin sensitivity, and substrate utilization during insulin-stimulated conditions in patients with metabolic syndrome and impaired fasting glucose
Authors: Wohl Petr , Krušinová Eva , Hill Martin , Kratochvílová Simona , Zídková Kateřina , Kopecký Jan , Neškudla Tomáš , Pravenec Michal , Klementová Marta , Vrbíková Jana , Wohl Pavel , Mlejnek Petr , Pelikánová Terezie
Published: July 2010

Objective

Telmisartan improves glucose and lipid metabolism in rodents. This study evaluated the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity, substrate utilization, selected plasma adipokines and their expressions in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in metabolic syndrome.

Design and methods

Twelve patients with impaired fasting glucose completed the double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Patients received telmisartan (160 mg/day) or placebo for 3 weeks andvice versawith a 2-week washout period. At the end of each period, a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) combined with indirect calorimetry was performed. During HEC (0, 30, and 120 min), plasma levels of adipokines were measured and a needle biopsy (0 and 30 min) of SAT was performed.

Results

Fasting plasma glucose was lower after telmisartan compared with placebo (P<0.05). There were no differences in insulin sensitivity and substrate utilization. We found no differences in basal plasma adiponectin, resistin and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), but an increase was found in basal leptin, after telmisartan treatment. Insulin-stimulated plasma adiponectin (P<0.05), leptin and resistin (P<0.001) were increased, whereas TNFα was decreased (P<0.05) after telmisartan treatment. Expression of resistin, but not adiponectin, TNFα and leptin was increased after telmisartan treatment.

Conclusions

Despite the decrease in fasting plasma glucose, telmisartan does not improve insulin sensitivity and substrate utilization. Telmisartan increases plasma leptin as well as insulin-stimulated plasma adiponectin, leptin and resistin, and decreases plasma TNFα during HEC. Changes in plasma adipokines cannot be explained by their expressions in SAT. The changes in plasma adipokines might be involved in the metabolic effects of telmisartan in metabolic syndrome.
Successful surgical restoration of a giant immature left ventricular aneurysm with computer assisted ventricle engineering
Authors: Hartyánszky István , Tóth A. , Veres G. , Berta B. , Zima E. , Szabolcs Z. , Acsády G. Y. , Merkely B. , Horkay F.
Published: July 2010

Background:
Although circular ventricle resection techniques are the gold standard of left ventricle restoration, these techniques can lead to suboptimal results. Postoperative systolic resection line can be inadequate, as it must be planned on a heart stopped in diastole. The impaired geometry and contractility may lead to increased short- and long-term mortality. Moreover, postoperative low cardiac output due to insufficient left ventricular volume results in a potentially unstable condition, and cannot be corrected. Our aim was to find a preoperative method to minimize risk and maximize outcome with left ventricle restoration. Methods: We have created a novel method combining surgery with modern imaging techniques to construct a preoperative 3D systolic heart model. The model was utilized to determine resection could be intraoperatively used to create the new left ventricle. Results: The computer assisted ventricle engineering technique is described step by step through a successful aneurysmectomy of a 61-year-old female patient with a complicated giant left ventricle aneurysm. Conclusions: Using this model we are able to find the optimal resection line providing excellent postoperative result, thus minimizing the risk of low cardiac output syndrome. This is the first report of our new combined approach to left ventricle restoration.
Responses of fast and slow growth broilers fed all vegetable diets with variable ideal protein profiles
Authors: Coneglian Jorge Luis Bernardon , Vieira Sergio Luiz , Berres Josemar , Freitas Dimitri Moreira de
Published: July 2010

One thousand eight hundred and ninety male broilers of two strain crosses (fast and slow initial growth) were fed different ideal protein profiles in four-phase feed programs: 1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 34 and 35 to 40 days of age. All vegetable, corn-soybean meal feeds were formulated to maintain the Met+Cys:Lys and Thr:Lys relationships at 75 and 65%, respectively, on true digestible basis. Three ideal protein profiles were used: low, medium and high. From 1 to 21 days of age, half of the birds fed low and high diets were changed to high and low diets, respectively. Birds on the medium diet were kept on the same diet until the end of the study. A 3 × 2 (ideal protein profile x strain cross) factorial design was used for the period from 1 to 21 days and a 5 × 2 design thereafter. Carcass and commercial cuts were performed at 34 and 40 days of age to determine corresponding live weight and carcass yields. In general, the fast strain growth was superior in comparison to the low one when live performance and carcass and commercial cuts were evaluated. Live performance was positively affected by the increases in the dietary protein profiles; however, processing yield parameters could not be related with the dietary parameters. The low diets, which have similar protein contents to those used in some integrations, were shown to produce poor responses and, therefore are not recommended for broilers from 1 to 40 days of age. Alternating low and high ideal protein profiles at 21 days could result in similar feed conversions, and therefore, can lead to production cost reduction.
The effect of GH and IGF1 on linear growth and skeletal development and their modulation by SOCS proteins
Authors: Ahmed S F , Farquharson C
Published: July 2010

Circulating signalling proteins have often been divided into hormones and cytokines, but it is increasingly being recognised that these substances have a number of common characteristics and mechanisms of action. This is clearly illustrated by the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins which are increasingly seen as a central component of the regulation of the action of hormones and cytokines that signal through the cytokine receptor complex. The SOCS protein family is probably more extensive than currently recognised; its members may have differential tissue expression and their potency for suppressing cytokine signalling may vary. Recent knockout and transgenic studies in mice have highlighted the role that these proteins play in growth and skeletal development as well as in inflammation. Chronic inflammation is associated with altered growth and skeletal development, and it is possible that SOCS proteins may have an important role to play in mediating these effects.
Development and Testing of Nurses Information Systems Use Instrument
Authors: Abdrbo Amany A. , Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Hudak Christine A.
Published: July 2010

Information systems provide nurses with a variety of resources to facilitate their work. Nurses’ use of information systems changes the way they collect assessment data, and plan and implement patient care. However, a reliable and valid instrument for measuring nurse’s use of information systems does not currently exist. This study examined the development and psychometric testing of a measure of nurses’ information systems use, the Information Systems Use Instrument (ISUI). A random sample of 570 nurses working in hospitals, providing direct patient care and using at least one information system completed the study questionnaire. The internal consistency reliability was .82. Exploratory factor analysis, using principal components extraction and varimax rotation, revealed that all seven items loaded cleanly and strongly on a single factor. The ISUI showed sufficient evidence for its psychometric properties to encourage its use.
Supercritical Fluid Processing in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries: Scale- Up Issues
Authors: Leboeuf Fabrice , Deschamps Frantz
Published: July 2010

From the early 70s, supercritical fluid processing found numerous applications at industrial scale in the
food industry through extraction and fractionation processes. In the same time, over the past two decades, a wide
variety of supercritical fluid (SCF)-based processes dedicated to the design and engineering of particles were
investigated mainly for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Among these particle engineering processes,
none of them reached commercial and full scale production yet in the pharmaceutical industry, but a few ones
finally found valuable large scale applications in the food industry. Keys for the scale-up of well-known
extraction and fractionation processes, together with examples of applications are discussed briefly. After a short
reminder of the various SCF-based particle engineering processes described in the literature, the scale-up issues
of these particle engineering processes for industrial applications are detailed. The discussed features then focus
on pharmaceutical industry peculiar requirements, such as compliance with current Good Manufacturing
Practices (cGMP). Finally, examples of recent applications, together with cost estimations, are given.
Other Congenital Cardiac Lesions
Authors: AlJaroudi Wael , Lloyd Steve , E. Iskandrian Ami , McLarry Joel
Published: July 2010

Ebstein’s anomaly is an abnorma lity of the tricuspid valve in which there is a failure of
delamination, resulting in tethering of septal and posterior leaflets, apical displacement of the
functional annulus and atrialization of the RV. TTE complemented by 3DE is used to diagnose
and evaluate for surgical repair. Several congenital heart defects also concomitantly have
anomalous origin of their coronary arteries. Some anomalous coronaries, such as an anomalous
coronary arising from the opposite sinus, are associated with sudden cardiac death, making their
detection imperative. TTE often fails to visualize the coronary arteries. TEE has increased
sensitivity, but MRI and MR and CT angiography is the standard to detect anomalous coronaries
and elucidate their course.
Abbreviations
Authors: AlJaroudi Wael
Published: July 2010

Full Text Available.
Structure and Function of the Cells of Oral Mucosa
Authors: K. Markopoulos Anastasios
Published: July 2010

The mucosa lining the oral cavity varies significantly in its structure and function. In some
areas of the mouth, it protects the underlying structures; in others, it provides a means of transepithelial
absorption and around the teeth it provides a unique epithelial structure and controls passage of
crevicular fluid. This chapter reviews briefly the major structural characteristics of the cells of oral
epithelium and connective tissue. The elementary cell mechanisms and functions of keratinocytes and
every cell of the connective tissue are also briefly analyzed.
Functions of Oral Mucosa
Authors: K. Markopoulos Anastasios
Published: July 2010

Oral mucosa shows specializations, which allow it to fulfill several roles. It protects
mechanically against both compressive and shearing forces. It provides a barrier to micro-organisms,
toxins and various antigens. It has a role in immunological defense, both humoral and cell-mediated.
Minor glands within the oral mucosa provide lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some
antibodies. The mucosa is richly innervated, providing input for touch, proprioception, pain and taste.
All these functions of oral mucosa are the main constituents of this chapter.
Speech
Authors: K. Markopoulos Anastasios
Published: July 2010

Speech is the most common way of communication between people. As a phenomenon,
speech is subdivided into two phases, production and perception of speech. Speech production requires
the coordinated action of all anatomic elements of vocal tube. The main theories regarding the activity
of speech cerebral theories are two; connection theory and modular theory.
Signaling Effect of Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (Lrap) on Bone Regeneration
Authors: Zhou Yan , J. Newcomb Christina. , Warotayanont Rungnapa , L. Snead Malcolm , I. Stupp S.
Published: July 2010

Amelogenin is the most abundant protein of the enamel organic matrix and is a structural protein indispensable for enamel formation. A commercial product Emdogain, consisting largely of alternatively spliced and processed amelogenins, could induce new bone, cementum and periodontal ligament formation in the jaws. Using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as a model system, we demonstrate that one of the amelogenin splicing isoforms, Leucine-rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP) activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to induce osteogenic differentiation of mouse ES cells through the concerted regulation of Wnt agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, LRAP stimulates bone regeneration in a rat femoral critical size defect model.
Clinical Applications of an Enamel Matrix Protein Derivative in Regenerative Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Anton Sculean  , Dieter D. Bosshardt  , Michel Brecx
Published: July 2010

The goal of regenerative periodontal therapy is the reconstitution of the lost periodontal structures (i.e. the new formation of root cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone). Findings from basic research have pointed to the important role of an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) in periodontal wound healing. Histological results from acute and chronic animal models and from human case reports have provided evidence that treatment with EMD may indeed promote periodontal regeneration and positively influences wound healing in intrabony, class II furcation and recession type defects. Recent long-term randomized controlled clinical studies have demonstrated that the improvements obtained following surgery with EMD can be maintained on a long term basis. The aim of the present chapter is to provide an overwiev on the clinical applications for EMD in regenerative periodontal therapy.
Psychosocial Influences on College Adjustment in Division I Student-Athletes: The Role of Athletic Identity
Authors: Melendez Mickey C.
Published: July 2010

Traditionally, graduation rates have been employed as a primary measure of college success for student-athletes. However, other sport related factors influencing college success and adjustment have yet to be adequately researched in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine more closely the impact of race, gender, and athletic identity on the college adjustment of a group of freshmen and sophomore varsity student-athletes. A regression model employing athletic identity as a moderator of race for specific indices of college adjustment in student-athletes was tested. One-hundred and one varsity student-athletes from three Division 1 universities participated in the study. Findings revealed significant correlations among the variables of gender, race, athletic identity, and certain aspects of college adjustment. In addition, the model of athletic identity as a moderator of race in student-athletes was partially supported. Implications of the current findings to student-athlete retention and support services are discussed.
Differentiating between Women in Hard and Soft Science and Engineering Disciplines
Authors: Camp Amanda G. , Gilleland Diane S. , Pearson Carolyn , Putten James Vander
Published: July 2010

The intent of this study was to investigate characteristics that differentiate between women in soft (social, psychological, and life sciences) and hard (engineering, mathematics, computer science, physical science) science and engineering disciplines. Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001(2002), a descriptive discriminant analysis was performed using a set of variables known to influence educational attainment. Results indicated that women who went into the hard science and engineering fields primarily had higher SAT math scores and, to a lesser degree, had higher high school mathematics grades, higher first-year cumulative grade point average, more contact with faculty, tended to live off campus, were enrolled in public 4-year institutions, and received less parental support.
Legitimizing Hope: An Exploration of Effective Mentoring for Dominican American Male College Students
Authors: Morales Erik E.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore the informal mentoring relationships of 15 male, Hispanic (Dominican American), first-generation college students, to determine how their mentoring experiences influenced their academic progress, standing, and retention. In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 undergraduates from a comprehensive, public urban university. The mentors proved to be valuable social capital for these statistically at-risk students by providing them with insider academic information, legitimizing their academic and professional goals, and transforming their immigration experiences into academic inspiration. Suggestions for effective mentoring for immigrant/ethnic minority college students are presented.
Leveraging What We Know to Enhance Short-Term and Long-Term Retention of University Students
Authors: Whalen Don , Saunders Kevin , Shelley Mack
Published: July 2010

Logistic regression models of students' 1-year retention and 6-year retention/graduation for the fall 2000 entering class of students at a research-extensive university in the Midwest were estimated by combining university, financial aid, and Cooperative Institutional Research Program data ( n = 1,905; 45% female, 87% Caucasian, 75% in-state). Statistically significant predictors of retention to the second year were first-year cumulative grade point average, financial aid variables, learning community membership, information technology use in high school, and in-state residence. Six-year retention/graduation was predicted significantly by the students' last registered term cumulative grade point average, number of years living on campus, transfer credits, financial aid variables, gender, ability measures (high school rank, ACT composite score), in-state residence, and female gender.
Effectiveness of Structural Feedback Provided by Pathfinder Networks
Authors: Trumpower David L. , Sarwar Gul Shahzad
Published: July 2010

Within the field of education, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of formative assessment and of structural knowledge. In an effort to fill needs in each of these areas, this article describes an innovative feedback strategy intended to improve students' structural knowledge. Twenty-four high school physics students were assessed using Pathfinder networks (PFnets) for their structural knowledge of a just-completed unit on work, energy, and power. As feedback, students were shown both their PFnet and a referent PFnet and were asked to reflect on the differences. In addition, misconceptions regarding the concept of work were identified in their PFnets and used to present individualized remedial exercises to each student. Following this feedback/remediation session, students' structural knowledge was again assessed. Results indicate that overall structural knowledge improved following feedback/remediation. In addition, structural knowledge of the concept work improved more than a control concept, indicating that feedback plus remediation had a larger effect than just feedback. We discuss the innovative features of the feedback strategy employed: the novel application of a computer-based assessment tool to provide graphical feedback aimed at improving structural knowledge.
Assessment Certitude as a Feedback Strategy for Learners' Constructed Responses
Authors: Kealy W. A. , Ritzhaupt A. D.
Published: July 2010

Educational researchers have rarely addressed the problem of how to provide feedback on constructed responses. All participants ( N = 76) read a story and completed short-answer questions based on the text, with some receiving feedback consisting of the exact material on which the questions were based. During feedback, two groups receiving feedback also rated the certainty of their response correctness—an activity we have termed assessment certitude. Additionally, participants in one of these groups viewed their initial responses along with the feedback. All three feedback conditions showed significant gains in recall performance compared to a fourth group that received no feedback. Low ratings of assessment certitude significantly correlated with improved recall for two groups receiving feedback that did not include their original responses. Among these participants, mental reiteration of the feedback received was the most frequently used mental strategy while participants in a third group, who saw their original responses during feedback, reported using other approaches such as visualization.
Education and Health Disparities: A Macro, Not Micro, Phenomenon
Authors: Myers Douglas J.
Published: July 2010

Numerous studies have identified associations between education and various health outcomes. Education and health are commonly measured at the individual level; proposed solutions are also often oriented toward altering the characteristics of persons. Better educating more individuals is frequently suggested. Here it is argued that macro-level processes produce the associations observed across these studies. The institutional context, it is proposed, is structured such that better health is among the rewards of higher education. Institutional changes that decouple this connection between education level and health chances may be better suited to reducing social disparities in health than approaches that promote changes in individuals.
Inequalities in the Nuclear Age: Impact of Race and Gender on Radiation Exposure at the Savannah River Site (1951–1999)
Authors: Angelon-Gaetz Kim A. , Richardson David B. , Wing Steve
Published: July 2010

Changes in the workforce during the civil rights movement may have impacted occupational exposures in the United States. We examined Savannah River Site (SRS) employee records (1951–1999) for changes in radiation doses and monitoring practices, by race and sex. Segregation of jobs by race and sex diminished but remained pronounced in recent years. Female workers were less likely than males to be monitored for occupational radiation exposure [odds of being unmonitored = 3.11; 95% CI: (2.79, 3.47)] even after controlling for job and decade of employment. Black workers were more likely than non-black workers to have a detectable radiation dose [OR = 1.36 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.43)]. Female workers have incomplete dose histories that would hinder compensation for illnesses related to occupational exposures. The persistence of job segregation and excess radiation exposures of black workers shows the need for further action to address disparities in occupational opportunities and hazardous exposures in the U.S. South.
Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the Solid Waste Industry: A Call for Action
Authors: Olorunnishola Olumide Adewale , Kidd-Taylor Andrea , Byrd Lamont
Published: July 2010

Work-related injuries and illnesses are multi-factorial and remain major problems of public health magnitude requiring the attention of all stakeholders in the solid waste industry. The objective of this article was to describe the patterns of occupational injury and illness (OII) reporting incidence among workers in a major private U.S. solid waste management company. A five-year (2003–2007) retrospective review of the corporate Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) logs 300/300A/301 was conducted and employee OII reports ( n = 1895) were analyzed from 37 establishments across 11 different states. The OII reporting rates were compared to industry average.
Social Factors in Occupational Health: A History of Hard Hats
Authors: Rosenberg Beth , Levenstein Charles
Published: July 2010

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the least desirable way to ensure workplace safety, and it is difficult to use consistently. Hard hats are different; they have cachet and are often worn even when they are not required. We investigated the history of this personal protective equipment to see if there were any lessons that could be applied to other forms of PPE. We learned that what makes hard hats special are social factors that are specific to a certain time and place. The importance of social factors illuminates the requirement that cultural and social norms of workers be included in any kind of worker safety and health training.