bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey on the management of overactive bladder by Indonesian urologists
Authors: Tirtayasa Pande M.W. , Rahardjo Harrina E.
Published: July 2015

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome consisting of symptom complex of urgency, with or without incontinence which has significant effects on quality of life and has to be managed properly. The aim of this study was to review the management of OAB by Indonesian urologists.Methods: A self-constructed questionnaires containing diagnostic and treatment options of OAB patients were distributed to Indonesian urologists. This was a cross-sectional study and descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the data.Results: 129 Indonesian urologists participated in this study. Most of them faced more than 20 OAB cases per year with the most common type was OAB without incontinence or dry OAB (57.4%). Most urologists (34.1%) ordered at least three diagnostic tools to determine OAB. They were bladder diary, urinalysis and scoring system. The most used scoring system (48.9%) was the overactive bladder symptoms score (OABSS). Thirty-five point seven percents (35.7%) of urologists used antimuscarinic and behavioral therapy as initial therapy. Solifenacin 5 mg/day was the most common antimuscarinic prescribed as the first line therapy (48%). Most common items commonly evaluated for follow-up: symptoms (96.9%), bladder diary (72.9%); and drug’s side effect (58.1%). When initial therapy had failed, most of the urologists (54.3%) chose to increase the dose of antimuscarinic. None of them chose bladder botulinum toxin injection as their additional therapy.Conclusion: OAB is a frequent disorder which remains a challenge for urologists. The management of patients with OAB by Indonesian urologists has been suitable with the previous studies and guidelines.
Annular pancreas: the failure of side-to-side gastrojejunostomy anastomosis and the success of repair with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy
Authors: Deswanto Isaac A. , Barus Janta F.
Published: July 2015

Annular pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a partial or complete encirclement of ectopic pancreas tissue around the duodenum. We report a case of annular pancreas in a 15 day-old infant admitted to the hospital with complaints of profuse and recurrent vomiting and loss of body weight. Non-contrast abdominal X-ray showed a dilated stomach with bubbles formation around the upper abdomen. An obstruction was noted and open laparotomy was performed. Upon laparotomy, pancreatic ring encircled the proximal duodenum causing an obstruction. Side-to-side gastrojejunostomy was performed and passage through the bypass was satisfactory. Four days after the operation, vomiting and bulging abdomen ensued. Contrast abdominal X-ray demonstrated filling defects at the level of obstruction and the anastomosis made. Anastomotic stricture was suspected and thus was corrected using Roux-en-Ygastrojejunostomy procedure. Postoperative course in this patient was satisfactory and patient was discharged after 24 days of hospitalization.
The status of probiotics supplementation during pregnancy
Authors: Wibowo Noroyono , Mose Johanes C. , Karkata Made K. , Purwaka Bangun T. , Kristanto Herman , Chalid Maisuri T. , Yusrawati Yusrawati , Sitepu Makmur , Kaeng Juneke J. , Bernolian Nuswil , Prasmusinto Damar , Irwinda Rima
Published: July 2015

Probiotics have been known for their use in medical field for quite a long time. Strong evidences are now available for the use of probiotics in clinical setting. One of the current issues on this topic is the use of probiotics in pregnancy. Recent studies showed that probiotics may be safe and beneficial for prenatal supplementation. In this review, we highlighted several proven use of probiotics supplementation in pregnant women. A few selected strains of probiotics showed promising outcome to prevent preterm labor and preeclampsia, and to reduce atopic eczema but not asthma and wheezing, in offspring of women who had prenatal probiotics supplementation. The mechanism of action responsible for this effect is closely related to the regulation of T cells, although the exact pathways are not defined yet.
Evaluation of outer dense fiber-1 and -2 protein expression in asthenozoospermic infertile men
Authors: Lestari Silvia W. , Pujianto Dwi A. , Soeharso Purnomo , Loanda Evelyn
Published: July 2015

Background: Most of male infertility are caused by defect in sperm motility (asthenozoospermia). The molecular mechanism of low sperm motility in asthenozoospermic patients has not been fully understood. Sperm motility is strongly related to the axoneme structure which is composed of microtubules and supported by outer dense fiber (ODF) and fibrous sheath (FS) protein. The objective of this study was to characterize the ODF (ODF1 and ODF2) expression in asthenozoospermic infertile male and control normozoospermic fertile male.Methods: Asthenozoospermic samples (n=18) were collected from infertile patients at Andrology Lab, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta and control were taken from normozoospermic fertile donor (n=18). After motility analyses by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), semen were divided into two parts, for Western blot and for immunocytochemistry analysis. Antibody against ODF1 and ODF2 protein were used in both analyses.Results: Analysis of ODF1 protein expression showed bands with molecular weight of ~30 kDa and ODF2 ~85 kDa. The mean band intensity of ODF1 and ODF2 protein were lower in the asthenozoospermic group (AG) compared to normozoospermic group (NG). Moreover, both ODF proteins were less intense and less localized in the AG than NG. Sperm motility was lower in AG, compared to control NG, i.e. average path velocity (VAP) = 32.07 ± 7.03 vs 37.58 ± 8.73 µm/s, p = 0.455; straight line velocity (VSL) = 24.17 ± 6.90 vs 27.61 ± 4.50 µm/s, p = 0.317 and curvilinear velocity (VCL) = 45.68 ± 7.91 vs 55.55 ± 16.40 µm/s, p = 0.099.Conclusion: There is down-regulation of ODF1 and ODF2 protein expression and less-compact localization in AG sperm compared to the NG. These changes might have caused disturbances in the sperm motility as observed in this study.
‘Mellow out or you will pay!’: The society of the spectacle in Dead Kennedys’ Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables and other late Cold War literature
Authors: Fletcher David G.
Published: July 2015

In Fresh Fruit, Dead Kennedys, like Joan Didion in Democracy (1984) and Thomas Pynchon in Vineland (1990), examine the American cultural landscape through the lens of an exaggerated and victorious totalitarian political regime as a way to investigate the failures of past cultural protest movements. Though Dead Kennedys and these authors may disagree on whether resistance to such a regime is futile, they can agree that recognizing the methods by which the society of the spectacle operates is the first step towards dismantling it. Fresh Fruit enters into a literary dialogue taking place throughout the last official decade of the Cold War, beginning with Ronald Reagan’s election in 1980, continuing throughout Reagan’s re-election in 1984, and ending after his presidency. Seeing Fresh Fruit in dialogue with these literary traditions, I propose that what the album adds to the cultural conversation taking place between these mediums is how it subverts the society of the spectacle. While Vineland (1990) and Democracy (1984) contend with the threat of gradually becoming a part of the society of the spectacle, Fresh Fruit seeks to arm its audience against that threat with the tools of resistance in the form of musical performance, lyrics and album artwork.
Working-class consciousness and connections to place in the work of Rancid
Authors: James Kieran
Published: July 2015

Karl Marx once wrote that ‘men [sic] make their own history but they do not make it in the circumstances of their own choosing’. This article studies the lyrics of the widely respected Californian punk band Rancid. With the Marx quote in mind, the expectation is that Rancid will address the social and political conditions of the (post-)modern, post-communist world whilst retaining some of the left-wing, quasi-Marxist radicalism that is now an established part of the punk rock ethos (neo-Nazi bands aside). It is argued that Rancid has an ‘emotive proletariat spirit’ that identifies with San Francisco’s East Bay region as a place of working-class, oppositional ‘otherness’, and with a globalized proletariat exploited by global capital and authoritarian regimes (see Rancid’s songs on Africa and China). The band critically examines aspects of life in quasi-communist countries such as China and Cuba in a manner that is devoid of much of the romanticizing of Third World Communism present in Joe Strummer of the Clash’s earlier punk world-view and mythology. Consistent with the present age, there is no expectation in Rancid of any future utopian socialist society and this point also distinguishes Rancid from the Clash, with whom they have frequently been compared.
Backstepping-Methode für parabolische Systeme mit punktförmigem inneren Eingriff
Authors: Wang Siqian , Woittennek Frank
Published: July 2015

Für lineare parabolische Systeme mit punktförmigem inneren Eingriff werden Zustandsrückführungen entworfen. Dazu wird die
Zustandsäquivalenz dieser Systeme zu randgesteuerten Systemen gezeigt, für die der Reglerentwurf mit Hilfe der bekannten
Backstepping-Methode erfolgt. Für die Implementierung der untersuchten Methode wird ein leistungsfähiger numerischer Ansatz
vorgestellt.
Plücker varieties and higher secants
of Sato’s Grassmannian
Authors: Draisma Jan , Eggermont Rob H.
Published: July 2015

Every Grassmannian,
in its Plücker embedding, is defined by quadratic polynomials. We prove a vast, qualitative, generalisation of this
fact to what we call Plücker varieties. A Plücker variety
is in fact a family of varieties in exterior powers of vector spaces
that, like the Grassmannian, is functorial in the vector space and
behaves well under duals. A special case of our result says that for
each fixed natural number k, the k-th secant variety of any Plücker-embedded Grassmannian is defined in bounded degree
independent of the Grassmannian. Our approach is to take the limit of
a Plücker variety in the dual of a highly symmetric space known as
the infinite wedge, and to prove that up to symmetry the limit
is defined by finitely many polynomial equations. For this we prove
the auxiliary result that for every natural number p the space
of p-tuples of infinite-by-infinite matrices is Noetherian modulo
row and column operations. Our results have algorithmic counterparts:
every bounded Plücker variety has a polynomial-time membership test,
and the same holds for Zariski-closed, basis-independent properties of
p-tuples of matrices.
Sobolev spaces and hyperbolic fillings
Authors: Bonk Mario , Saksman Eero
Published: July 2015

LetZbe an AhlforsQ-regular compact metric measure space, whereQ>0{Q>0}. Forp>1{p>1}we introduce a new (fractional) Sobolev spaceAp⁢(Z){A^{p}(Z)}consisting of functions whose extensions to the hyperbolic filling ofZsatisfy a weak-type gradient condition. IfZsupports aQ-Poincaré inequality withQ>1{Q>1}, thenAQ⁢(Z){A^{Q}(Z)}coincides with the familiar (homogeneous) Hajłasz–Sobolev space.
Compact Quad-Band BPF Using Quad-Mode Stub Loaded Resonators
Authors: Chen Lei , Wei Feng
Published: July 2015

A compact quad-band microstrip band-pass filter (BPF) using quad-mode stub loaded resonators (SLRs) is presented in this paper. The proposed SLR can achieve quad-band responses analyzed by the odd-even-mode method and have great flexibility to adjust the resonant frequencies. Based on the analysis, a quad-band filter centred at 1.57, 2.5, 3.5 and 5.2 GHz is designed and fabricated. The predicted results on S parameters are compared with the measured ones and good agreement is observed.
The annihilating-ideal graph of a lattice
Authors: Afkhami Mojgan , Bahrami Solmaz , Khashyarmanesh Kazem , Shahsavar Faeze
Published: July 2015

Let L = (L,∧,∨) be a lattice with a least element called zero and denoted by 0.
The annihilating-ideal graph of L, denoted by
𝔸𝔾(L), is a graph whose vertex-set is the set of all non-trivial ideals of L and, for every
two distinct vertices I and J, I is adjacent to J if and only if I ∧ J = {0}. In this paper, we study some properties of 𝔸𝔾(L). Also, we completely determine when the annihilating-ideal graph is complete bipartite, split and end-regular.
The spectrum of the operator D(r,0,0,s) over the sequence space b
v
0
Authors: Paul Avinoy , Tripathy Binod Chandra
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we study the spectrum of the operator D(r,0,0,s) on a sequence space b
v
0, the space of all sequences x such that lim
n→∞
xn
= 0 and ∥x∥ = ∑
n=0,...,∞ |x

n+1-xn
| < ∞.
Extension of the unit normal vector field from a hypersurface
Authors: Duduchava Roland , Shargorodsky Eugene , Tephnadze George
Published: July 2015

In many applications it is important to be able to extend the (outer) unit normal
vector field from a hypersurface to its neighborhood in such a way that the result is a unit gradient field. The aim of this paper is to provide an elementary proof of the existence and uniqueness of such an extension.
Conditions for a safe state of automated road vehicles
Authors: Reschka Andreas , Maurer Markus
Published: July 2015

The term safe state is not yet defined accurately in the
context of automated road vehicles. In this paper we derive several
conditions, which are in our opinion important for the discussion of a
safe state for automated road vehicles. From an engineering view,
several concepts on the classification of automation levels are
analyzed and from their results and current research and development
approaches a definition of a safe state is proposed.
Especially the relation between risk and safety for passengers of
automated vehicles and other traffic participants is considered.
Several use cases for automated vehicles and events with impact to
safety are discussed to identify conditions for a safe state in public
traffic, which have to be fulfilled to keep the risk of operating an
automated vehicle below a reasonable level.
Vision-only fully automated driving in dynamic mixed-traffic scenarios
Authors: Schwesinger Ulrich , Versari Pietro , Broggi Alberto , Siegwart Roland
Published: July 2015

In this work an overview of the local motion planning and dynamic
perception framework within the V-Charge project is presented. This
framework enables the V-Charge car to autonomously navigate in dynamic
mixed-traffic scenarios. Other traffic participants are detected,
classified and tracked from a combination of stereo and wide-angle
monocular cameras. Predictions of their future movements are generated
utilizing infrastructure information. Safe motion plans are acquired
with a system-compliant sampling-based local motion planner. We show
the navigation performance of this vision-only autonomous vehicle in
both simulation and real-world experiments.
Automated driving on public roads: Experiences in real traffic
Authors: Pink Oliver , Becker Jan , Kammel Sören
Published: July 2015

Automated driving on public roads is affected by many foreseeable and
unforeseeable driving situations. Depending on the driving task, the
environmental and road conditions, and the behavior of other drivers,
different actions have to be taken. This paper provides a high-level
overview of the development of highly automated driving systems and
illustrates challenging situations and use cases. We outlined the
impact of these use cases on system design, key technologies, and
their technical realization for a highly automated driving system.
Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how certain aspects of the system
design as well as their implementation are country specific and how
continuous testing is required for robust implementation of the
functionalities.
Calderón problem for Maxwell's equations in two dimensions
Authors: Imanuvilov Oleg Y. , Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: July 2015

We prove the global uniqueness in determination of
the conductivity, the permeability and the permittivity of the
two-dimensional Maxwell equations by the partial Dirichlet-to-Neumann
map limited to an arbitrary subboundary.
The Policeman as a Witness
Authors: Joling RJ
Published: July 2015

In the past decade violent crimes have allegedly increased 174% at a time when the population of the United States has increased only 11%. Murders have allegedly increased 129%; forcible rape, 192%; robberies, 226%; and aggravated assaults, 139% [1]. During the same decade local spending for law enforcement has increased sevenfold, from one billion to seven billion dollars [1]. In addition, during the past half-decade, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration has provided $3.5 billion to help state and local law enforcement agencies in an effort to stem crime on the national scene [1].
Methods Available for Solving Medicolegal Problems of Disputed Parentage
Authors: Wiener AS , Socha WW
Published: July 2015

Until recently, serologists confronted with a forensic problem of disputed parentage limited their tests to a few blood group systems only, especially the A-B-O system, M-N types, and Rh-Hr system. The tests were used mainly for providing evidence of exclusion of parentage, that is, if one or another of the blood groups of the respondent in a paternity action did not match with that of the child, the accused man could be excluded as father and exonerated of the charge of paternity by the court. If, however, the blood groups of the accused man matched, within the laws of heredity, those of the mother and child, the serological findings were interpreted as inconclusive. Because of the limited number of blood types such findings were not generally considered admissible by the court as evidence. There were occasional cases in which the accused man and the child shared a rare blood factor which the mother lacked; in such cases, the findings were usually considered circumstantial evidence though not absolute proof that the respondent was the father.
Toxicological Findings in Victims of Traumatic Deaths
Authors: Bastos ML , Galante L
Published: July 2015

The interpretation of the results of toxicological analyses in cases involving acute poisoning or narcotic-related deaths has been the subject of numerous excellent reviews [1–10].
Age of Attainment of Mineralization Stages of the Permanent Dentition
Authors: Anderson DL , Thompson GW , Popovich F
Published: July 2015

All teeth share morphologically distinct stages of mineralization which can be identified radiographically [1–11]. Bilaterally symmetrical teeth attain each stage at a similar age [1,7,9–12]. Among individuals, the age at which each stage is attained varies, and the variability increases with age [13]. Males and females differ in the age at which their permanent teeth attain various stages of mineralization [2,8,9,11,14], but Nolla [9] has reported the degree of variability is similar in both sexes. The amount of sex differential varies among the teeth and is greatest for the mandibular canines [2,8,9,14].
IBM Correcting Selectric Typewriter: An Analysis of the Use of the Correctable Film Ribbon in Altering Typewritten Documents
Authors: Casey MA , Purtell DJ
Published: July 2015

The IBM Correcting Selectric typewriter was introduced 1 April 1973. It was a new dimension in typewriter history and a product that many wished had been conceived of years ago. The Correcting Selectric uses two types of ribbon systems: a Correctable Film ribbon with lift-off tape and a Tech III ribbon with cover-up tape. This paper is concerned with the former ribbon system because of the unique manner by which a typewriting error is corrected. The mechanical operation of the machine remains the same with both ribbon systems.
Individualizing Oil Delivery Imprints
Authors: Hilton O
Published: July 2015

How can a defendant get a fair trial when charged with rigging a series of fuel oil delivery slips in a period of fuel shortages and energy crunch? This is a problem for the courts and defense attorneys, but the document examiner in the same case can be faced with an unusual problem. How can the source of the slips be established? Are they from one meter? Or from several? Such a determination might well reveal significant evidence relevant to the indictment.
A Review of “Micro-Chemical Analysis of Nervous Tissue”
Authors: Lowry WT
Published: July 2015

Among the many areas of science, the biochemical or pharmacological toxicologist is going to be interested in a book designed to aid in the development of suitable techniques for the study of different biochemical parameters in a physiologically defined area (such as an identified neuron).
A Fatal Case Involving Proparacaine
Authors: Reed D , Cravey RH
Published: July 2015

Proparacaine, also known as proxymetacaine, 2-diethylaminoethyl 3-amino-4-propoxybenzoate hydrochloride, is a topical anesthetic used in ophthalmology. It is sold under various trade names in a 0.5% aqueous solution.
The State of the Art of Bone Identification by Chemical and Microscopic Methods
Authors: Burnham JT , Preston-Burnham J , Fontan CR
Published: July 2015

Traditionally, identification of skeletal remains has been based on distinguishing morphological characteristics. In the past three decades there has been a greater development of techniques used in identification. In part, this effort has been stimulated by the practical need to identify a large number of dead from major wars and by the employment of statistical methods such as multivariate analysis. In addition, new morphological criteria are continually being discovered which will aid the investigator by assigning a racial or sexual classification to bones. Examples of these are tear duct size [2] and total subperiosteal area of the second metacarpal [3]. Although the latter technique is not fully developed, it offers great promise.
Estimation of Age from Individual Adult Teeth
Authors: Burns KR , Maples WR
Published: July 2015

When one must identify a deceased individual, accurate estimation of the age of the individual is important. Teeth are particularly useful in age evaluations because they display a number of observable age-related variables and they tend to remain intact under circumstances which might alter or obliterate the rest of the skeleton. Where dental records are available, of course, separate determination of age may not be necessary, but when little or no information is available about the deceased individual, a simple estimation of age is of great value.
Homicidal Hanging Masquerading as Sexual Asphyxia
Authors: Wright RK , Davis J
Published: July 2015

Accidental asphyxiation occasionally results from autoerotic activity related to the sexual perversion of bondage, a variant of sadomasochism [1–4]. These deaths occur predominantly in the adolescent male population but also rarely in females [5, 6]. They are generally accepted as being accidental, although a recent textbook describes them as suicides [7].
An Overview of the Legal Aspects of Human Experimentation and Research
Authors: Little JW
Published: July 2015

The early months of 1975 perhaps saw more alarm created within the community of professional persons who involve themselves in healing human beings or in conducting research involving human subjects than ever before. The notorious Boston abortion case [1] and the current flap over medical malpractice insurance rates [2] are merely illustrative. Throughout the whole realm of activity that may be generically described as research and experimentation on human subjects this controversy ramifies with consequences yet unknown. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the legal aspects of research and experimentation on human subjects, directed somewhat toward behavioral research and particularly behavioral research in nonlaboratory settings.
Studies by Crossed Electroimmunodiffusion on the Individuality and Sexual Origin of Bloodstains
Authors: Sweet GH , Elvins JW
Published: July 2015

The potential value of serologic reactions to forensic studies has been recognized since 1901 when Uhlenhuth [1] used the precipitin test to distinguish human from animal blood and Landsteiner [2] used agglutination to show ABO antigenic differences among human red blood cells (RBC). However, the successful use of serologic techniques in criminal cases did not occur until 1916 when Lattes [3] devised a simple agglutination test for ABO typing of human bloodstains. The Lattes test, though widely used in the past and improved in various ways [4ߝ9], is no longer the method of choice in most forensic laboratories because positive results depend on preservation of the activity of relatively labile antibodies in the stain.
Identification of Drugs and Other Toxic Compounds from Their Ultraviolet Spectra. Part III: Ultraviolet Absorption Properties of 22 Structural Groups
Authors: Siek TJ , Osiewicz RJ , Bath RJ
Published: July 2015

This paper concludes a series of three papers which present ultraviolet (UV) absorption data of drugs and toxic organic compounds systematically by grouping according to chemical structure. As in Parts I and II [1,2], structural groups are spectrophotometrically characterized by (1) an absorption profile which is a graph of wavelength versus absorbance from 200 to 340 rim, (2) the effect of pH change, (3) the effect of decreased solvent polarity relative to water, and (4) the intensity of the absorption bands. The purposes of this series are first, to aid in rapidly characterizing an unknown organic compound from UV data and second, to interpret UV spectra in terms of chemical structure. An analyst in a forensic situation should be able to defend an identification on the basis that a given molecular structure is specifically indicated by the tests conducted. Understanding the specificity of each test leads the analyst to more clear-cut decisions in establishing an identification with the degree of scientific certainty expected of him. Reviews and pertinent publications related to this presentation have been cited in Parts I and II [1,2].
Identification of Drugs and Their Derivatives
Authors: Wilkinson DR , Pavlikowksi F , Jenson P
Published: July 2015

Identification of abused drugs is a primary endeavor of any comprehensive drug program. Whiie Delaware State College's drug analysis program has long since established workable techniques for the primary screening of drugs in blood, saliva, and urine samples, we investigated rather novel areas, particularly the confirmation of drug identity in confiscated pills by instrumental analyses and the preparation and analysis of derivatives of these drugs. This investigation included these objectives: (1) preparation of reference spectra of some drugs (infrared, ultraviolet, and gas chromatography were most desirable for this purpose); (2) perfection of the procedures for producing convenient drug derivatives; (3) determination of the pill quantities required to proceed through preparation, extraction, purification, and analysis of detectable quantities of a drug or its derivatives; and (4) development of reasonable proposals for certain other drugs to be analyzed by the derivative procedures used.
Latent Fingerprints on Cartridges and Expended Cartridge Casings
Authors: Given BW
Published: July 2015

Crime-scene technology, criminalistics literature, and fiction all stress the importance of dusting a suspected firearm for latent fingerprints. Less attention, however, is devoted to the value and technique of fingerprint examination of cartridges in the weapon or expended cartridge casings found at the scene of a crime.
The Application of a Standard Color Coding System to Paint in Forensic Science
Authors: Fouweather C , May RW , Porter J
Published: July 2015

Much of the effort of forensic scientists is directed towards establishing the possibility of a relationship between two or more items. The approaches vary, but generally, after a visual comparison, the items are subjected to several physical and chemical tests. In the case of paint samples, a visual examination will afford information as to the color [1], layer structure [2], thickness, pigment distribution, and so on. Subsequent tests could include pyrolysis gas chromatography [3] to establish the resin type and infrared spectroscopy [4,5] to examine both the paint vehicle and pigment. The visual examination of paint samples is one of the most valuable tests as it is easily and inexpensively carried out, affords high discrimination, and is nondestructive.
Heat Stroke and Fluphenazine Therapy Report of a Case
Authors: Forbes NT , Gordon EL
Published: July 2015

Deaths coded as heat stroke or sudden heat deaths are uncommon in forensic practice, particularly in areas where heat waves are rare [1,2]. Where sporadic cases occur, additional risk factors are likely to be present. These include the use of certain drugs, particularly phenothiazines, anticholinergic agents, and amphetamines [3]. Heat stroke often pursues an extremely rapid clinical course, and investigation of fatalities may consequently become the responsibility of the medical examiner [2]. The phenomenon of the acute impairment of thermoregulation as a result of phenothiazine therapy is not generally mentioned in general medical reviews of heat stroke [4,5]. However, many psychiatrists are aware of the association, and most of the documented fatalities have been in the psychiatric literature [6ߝ9]. The purpose of this paper is to report another case, with the classic findings of sudden death by heat stroke in a man with chronic schizophrenia who was on long-acting fluphenazine decanoate (Prolixin®) therapy. Environmental temperatures and relative humidity were only moderately high, demonstrating the importance of documenting the drug history and other potential risk factors in cases of this kind.
The Politicalization of the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Johnson TA
Published: July 2015

In discussing the manner in which our juvenile justice system is subject to manipulation by the political process, four factors will be discussed: (1) treatment, (2) administration, (3) agency interface, and (4) selection and appointment of juvenile judges. These factors were selected not only because of the inherent political manipulability within each of them but also because of their more overriding ability to influence the personnel and components of the juvenile justice system in a distinctively negative fashion. These four factors are not always negative or uncontrollable; informed and enlightened juvenile court administrators could, to a degree, minimize the politicalization process and maximize the advantages that characterize these four factors. Whether we can presuppose the existence of such a group of enlightened juvenile court administrators is another matter. In any event, the objective of this paper is to discuss how these four very important variables within the juvenile justice system manifest their dysfunctional consequences and either latently or overtly contribute to the politicalization of the juvenile court and its personnel.
A Review of “Readings on Law and Psychiatry”
Authors: Tuchler MI
Published: July 2015

The authors have prepared a useful and timely book, updated from the original 1968 edition. This volume is current in psychiatric nomenclature, diagnosis, and treatment in areas of immediate medicolegal concern.
The Need for and the Relationship of the Forensic Sciences to the Civil Laws
Authors: Sachs JL
Published: July 2015

The real danger to the civil law is in the misunderstanding, warped evaluations, incorrect assessments of facts, and personal ignorance of the advanced learning and technology of the forensic sciences and their application to the civil law.
Problems of Ethics and Behavior in the Forensic Sciences
Authors: Bradford LW
Published: July 2015

Ethical conduct in the forensic sciences vitally affects the public interest. Although the primary thrust of this discussion is concerned with criminalistics, many of the fundamental concepts are relevant to all of the forensic sciences.
Money and the Expert Witness: An Ethical Dilemma
Authors: Tanay E
Published: July 2015

I will first argue that expert testimony is essential to the administration of justice. I will then attempt to demonstrate that the legal system is hostile to expert testimony. The last subdivision deals with payment for expert testimony.
The Prevention of Legal Problems in Dentistry
Authors: Woolridge ED
Published: July 2015

The dental profession suggests methods of preventing disease in the oral cavity. Like-wise, the legal profession also stresses the adage of “an ounce of Prevention” and suggests that members of the dental profession might be wise to have periodic legal checkups to prevent litigation.
A Low Ionic Strength, Hemagglutinating, AutoAnalyzer® for Rhesus Typing of Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Brewer CA , Cropp PL , Sharman LE
Published: July 2015

The use of absorption-elution processes has resulted in a rapid advance in the grouping of dried bloodstains [1]. An absorption-elution method was successfully applied to the detection of the rhesus antigens using tube techniques by Bargagna and Pereira [2] and Lincoln and Dodd [3].
The Examination of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Infant: Investigative and Autopsy Protocols Death
Authors: Jones AM , Weston JT
Published: July 2015

In 1975, the Office of Maternal and Child Health of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare awarded grants to 24 communities for the management of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) information and counseling projects. Four basic project guidelines were advocated: (1) the performance of autopsies on all infants dying suddenly and unexpectedly, (2) prompt notification of the parents of the results of the autopsy, (3) use of “SIDS” on the death certificate rather than other designations of the cause of death, (4) follow-up information and counseling for SIDS families provided by a health professional knowledgeable of the nuances of SIDS.
Detection of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine-Type Materials in Pharmaceutical and Biological Fluids by Fluorometric Labeling
Authors: Hopen TJ , Briner RC , Sadler HG , Smith RL
Published: July 2015

The increase in illegal use of phenylethylamine-type drugs has produced concurrent investigations for facile analytical methods to detect and identify such drugs, particularly amphetamine and methamphetamine. Two of the most sensitive and rapid methods widely used are thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography [1–7]. These methods have the main advantage of being able to separate different types of phenylethylamine compounds in a single preparation. They also have the disadvantages of lengthy preparation procedures for general screening purposes.
Several Unusual Cases of Child Abuse
Authors: Palmer CH , Weston JT
Published: July 2015

The authors reviewed all deaths which were known or suspected to have resulted from child neglect or abuse in New Mexico during 1974 and 1975. Nine cases were identified, representing a wide spectrum of patterns of maltreatment of children in several racial and cultural groups. Children of Indian, Spanish-American, Anglo, and Negro descent are included, ranging in age from 3 months to 5 years (see Table 1). Some died as the result of a single traumatic episode, while others were victims of multiple, repeated episodes of abuse. The cases are similar to those presented in previous large series in that most injuries resulted from blunt trauma and were inflicted by parents or close relatives of the victims [1–4]. The four cases selected for discussion present unusual variations in the typical pattern of child abuse; one death was due to complications resulting from medical neglect, an occurrence not uncommonly seen in isolated areas of this rural state.
The Expert Witness: A Dilemma
Authors: Byrd GJ , Stults T
Published: July 2015

Witnesses in courts of law may generally be divided into “fact” witnesses and expert witnesses. The law relative to fact witnesses for the most part is well defined, but the law relative to expert witnesses differs considerably in the various jurisdictions. An expert witness in litigation is very often a physician by training. Even though most situations involve a physican as the expert witness, the basic questions of law to be explored will concern other professionals who, by the nature of their training, possess special knowledge. Engineers, attorneys, accountants, judges, and psychiatrists are examples. Conceivably, it could be applicable to nonprofessionals who by virtue of experience or occupation possess a specialized knowledge which could serve as the basis for an expert opinion.
A Review of “Dental Evidence: A Handbook for Police”
Authors: Levine LJ
Published: July 2015

This book proves an exception to the old axiom, “You can't judge a book by its cover.” On the book jacket Dr. Gladfelter's qualifications are listed as, “Member, American Society of Forensic Odontology” and “Member, International Society for Forensic Odonto-Stomatology.” This is analogous to an author of a book on literature giving his qualification as membership in the Book-of-the-Month Club and Literary Guild.
Laser-Assisted Thin-Layer Chromatography and Luminescence of Fingerprints: An Approach to Fingerprint Age Determination
Authors: Duff JM , Menzel ER
Published: July 2015

In an earlier paper [1] we described a new method for the detection of latent fingerprints that involved illuminating an exhibit with high-intensity argon-laser light and viewing the resulting yellow-green inherent fingerprint luminescence. The range of utility of the method could be extended, when needed, by treatment of the exhibit under scrutiny with fluorescent materials.
Determining the Sequence of Ball-Point Pen Writings—A New Method?
Authors: Moore DS
Published: July 2015

Examiners of questioned documents are frequently faced with the problem of determining the sequence of crossed lines. The answer to the question of line sequence can be of immense importance. To determine which of two intersecting pen strokes was made first may ultimately decide the outcome of a contested court case, or even negate the necessity of a trial. The disclosure of a cleverly perpetrated fraud or the sustaining of a genuine writing in controversy may result from such a determination.
Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection Via Its Organic Constituents. Part I: Analysis of Smokeless Powders by Combined Gas Chromatography-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mach MH , Pallos A , Jones PF
Published: July 2015

A quick, convenient, and reliable test for detecting gunshot residue is needed to cope with the increasing number of crimes involving handguns. Chemical color tests for nitrates [1] and for antimony, barium, and lead [2] have been used, but these methods lack the required sensitivity and specificity for forensic purposes. Two instrumental techniques, neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption, have found some acceptance by crime laboratories. Neutron activation analysis has been used to detect antimony and barium in hand samples [3], but it suffers from the drawbacks that samples must be sent out for analysis and that it is insensitive to lead. Atomic absorption has been used to detect lead by flame atomization [4], and antimony and barium have been detected with a flameless atomizer [5]. This approach has extended the availability of gunshot residue analysis. However, the costs still limit the number of laboratories with the required equipment. Perhaps a more serious limitation of any technique that is based on the bulk amounts of antimony, barium, or lead on a person's hands is the possibility of environmental or occupational sources of these elements on the hands. This limitation requires setting a threshold often higher than the amount deposited by firing. Furthermore, the amount of residue on the hand declines very rapidly with time.
Detection of Barbiturates by Latex Agglutination Inhibition
Authors: Heveran JE , Cox M , Tonchen A , Bergamini JA
Published: July 2015

Spector and Flynn [1] initially demonstrated that antibodies to barbiturates could be elicited by immunization of rabbits with a secobarbital derivative coupled to bovine serum albumin. The resultant antiserum and a 14C- or 125I-labeled barbiturate derivative were used to develop a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay [1–3]. Although the radio-immunoassay obviated the need for any sample pretreatment, it did require a nuclear counter and the use of radioactive materials. An enzyme-coupled immunoassay [4] and a hemagglutination inhibition method [5] have been reported as alternative approaches for the detection of barbiturates.
Alcohol-Associated Deaths in the District of Columbia—A Postmortem Study
Authors: Riddick L , Luke JL
Published: July 2015

Accurate determination of the numbers and types of alcohol-associated deaths in the community has proven almost as difficult as defining alcoholism itself. The major reason for this difficulty has been the lack of suitable methods for obtaining comprehensive information concerning the multifaceted relationship between alcohol and mortality [1]. Most epidemiological research on the subject has relied on data from death certificates, a notoriously unreliable measurement criterion. Investigations based on blood alcohol concentration have usually focused on a single type of fatality, traffic deaths for example, almost exclusively on victims of such events, or on the acute effects of alcohol. The bulk of other such research has been directed toward analyzing mortality rates and causes of death of persons defined, in a variety of ways, as alcoholics, on the chronic effects of alcohol abuse, and on the excess mortality of alcoholics over that of the general population [2].
Death Resulting from Lacrimatory Agents
Authors: Chapman AJ , White C
Published: July 2015

Currently used riot control agents are primarily intended to incapacitate an individual without causing him illness or permanent bodily harm. The compounds most commonly employed as lacrimatory agents or “tear gases” are chloroacetophenone (CN) and ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS). Some studies indicate that CS is less likely to produce harmful effects than CN; CN has been implicated in at least five deaths resulting from its use. The case reported is one of a fatality following the apparently indiscriminate use of CN and CS.
A Rapid, Inexpensive Method of Obtaining Infrared Images
Authors: Levkov JS
Published: July 2015

Special photographic techniques have long been used to examine evidence for identification and comparison. Ultraviolet, infrared, and X-ray are the most notable [1,2]. In particular, the visualization of charred writing, obliterated writing, and gunpowder residues and the comparison of inks have been successfully made with the aid of infrared-sensitive films and electronic video techniques [3]. Success with this technique depends on the existence of differences in the tendencies (that is, extinction coefficients) of the components of the materials being studied to absorb radiation in the infrared band. If the ink added to alter a check shows no difference in absorption from the original ink then no distinction between the two can be made with infrared photography.
MN Determinations in Bloodstains—Selective Destruction of Cross-Reacting Activity
Authors: Shaler RC , Hagins AM , Mortimer CE
Published: July 2015

By definition, serology is the study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro [1]. Forensic serology is, however, an expansion of this study and encompasses not only serology but the essentials of biochemistry, immunohematology, immunology, and immunochemistry. The forensic serologist is faced with the dual responsibility of performing analyses within this framework of disciplines and functioning as a criminalist faced with the science of identifications [2]. It is the forensic serologist's ultimate goal to link evidence to a source of origin, if possible.
Identification of Suitable Plaster for Crime-Scene Casting
Authors: Vandiver JV , Wolcott JH
Published: July 2015

Over the years police literature has generally recommended plaster of Paris [1] or dental plaster [2] to make casts at crime scenes. Even extremely unsophisticated testing indicates that different types of plaster vary considerably in tensile strength, hardness, and setting times under similar environmental conditions. Test studies indicate that plaster of Paris and dental plaster are the least suitable materials for police use because they are the least resistant to breakage and abrasion [3].
A Scientific Study of Pencil Lead Components
Authors: Cain S , Cantu AA , Brunnelle R , Lyter A
Published: July 2015

The term “lead” pencil is a misnomer in that the pencil contains no lead but rather is composed of three primary ingredients in varying proportions: graphites, clays, and waxes [1]. Since its introduction during the 16th century, the pencil has become the most widely used writing instrument throughout the world. Americans yearly consume over two billion pencils, with the U.S. government and Bell Telephone System being the largest purchasers. It has been reported that enough pencils are produced every year in the United States to supply every American with one pencil every 40 days.
Identification of Accelerants in Fire Residues by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography
Authors: Armstrong AT , Wittkower RS
Published: July 2015

Since the early 1960s, gas chromatography has been used as a means of determining the presence of hydrocarbons in fire residues. Early investigators relied on packed columns and thermal conductivity detectors. Their results proved that the hydrocarbons could be detected in fire residue [1]. Later work [2] explored the recovery of many different accelerants from various types of fire residues. The method of Ettling's experiments [2] is questionable, and the equipment lacked the resolving power of capillary columns of the support-coated open-tubular type. The burning conditions and time element were not related to typical arson field investigation conditions. In the conclusions of the 1968 study [2], residues were analyzed by comparing a residue chromatogram to a chromatogram of a blank. The blank was a fire residue from materials not ignited by any accelerant. The chromatographic peaks that appeared on the sample chromatogram but not in the blank were attributed to the accelerant. Accelerants were not detected in several residues that had burned for more than 2 min. This conclusion is not fully supported by the present results. We find that residues from fir are more difficult to identify than those from pine. The heat intensity of burning fir volatilizes more accelerant than is characteristic of burning pine, for example. The present study was designed to expand on previous work, to build a file of representative chromatographs, to explore techniques in hydrocarbon determination, and to develop a rapid means of identifying accelerants in fire residues.
A Novel Pyrolysis Technique for Micro Paint Analysis
Authors: Audette RJ , Percy RFE
Published: July 2015

The recent advancement of highly specialized instrumentation and instrumental techniques has enabled the forensic scientist to analyze paint samples in the microgram and picogram ranges. The limiting factor is often the physical recovery of small samples for microchemical analysis. A number of chemical procedures have been employed for the microanalysis of paints. Both infrared spectrophotometry (IR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography (PGC) are popular techniques for the identification and comparison of paints.
Unlawful Possession of Silver
Authors: Powell GLF , Robinson RR , Cocks B , Wright M
Published: July 2015

In a previous paper [1] the interpretation of a variation in trace element content as a function of manufacture was used to show that two parts of a vehicle dismantled by cutting with oxygen had originally been one. The principle has wide application in forensic metallurgy, and this communication describes its employment in a case involving the unlawful possession of silver.