bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Diversity of Soil Microorganisms and Influencing Factors in Three Typical Water-Conservation Forests in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area
Authors: Yao Zengwang , Zhang Xudong , Wang Xu , Shu Qi , Liu Xinmiao , Wu Hailong , Gao Shenghua
Published: December 2022

As a key part of the forest ecosystem, soil microorganisms play extremely important roles in maintaining the ecological environment and the security of water quality in reservoir areas. However, it is not clear whether there are differences in the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in different types of water-conservation forests in reservoir areas, and which factors affect the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. In our study, the Biolog-Eco microplate technique was used to analyze the carbon source metabolic characteristics of soil microbial communities in three typical water-conservation forests and a non-forest land: Pinus massoniana-Quercus variabilis mixed forest (MF), Pinus massoniana forest (PF), Quercus variabilis forest (QF) and non-forest land (CK). The results showed that the average well color development (AWCD), the Shannon diversity index (SDI) and the richness index (S) of the three forest lands was significantly greater than that of the non-forest land (p < 0.05). The mean values of AWCD, SDI and S of the three forests had the same order (QF > PF > MF), but there was no significant difference among different types of forests. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) of QF and PF were higher than those of MF and CK, but the microbial biomass C/N ratio (MBC/MBN) was lower. The variance partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that 86.4% of the variation was explained by plant (community) diversity, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial biomass, which independently explained 10.0%, 28.9%, and 14.9% of the variation, respectively. The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that total phosphorus (TP), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), number of plant species (Num) and alkali-hydro nitrogen (Wn) were the key factors affecting the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. This study confirmed that forest ecosystem is better than non-forest land in maintaining soil microbial function diversity. Moreover, Quercus variabilis forest may be a better stand type in maintaining the diversity of soil microbial functions in the study area.
Use of Mixed Cultures for the Production of Grape–Plum Low-Alcohol Fermented Beverages
Authors: Moreno Daniel , Redondo Patricia , Lozano Eduardo , Valdés M. Esperanza , Pérez-Nevado Francisco
Published: December 2022

This work presents the attempt to develop a production technology for grape–plum low-alcohol beverages and enhance their chemical composition and flavor complexity through the non-Saccharomyces species. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) pure cultures were used as reference beverages. Pure cultures of Lachancea thermotolerans (LT) and co-inoculated Lachancea thermotolerans with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MIX) were included for grape–plum must fermentation at a pilot scale. The process involves two steps: a primary alcoholic fermentation in stainless steel tanks (F1) and a secondary fermentation in a bottle after dextrose syrup addition (F2). The chemical compositions of all beverages obtained in F1 and F2 were studied. Compared to SC, must inoculated with L. thermotolerans (LT and MIX) required four more days to complete the fermentation of sugars during F1. SC fermentation tended to have slightly higher pH and titratable acidity values and lower concentrations of total phenols. Final levels of aromatic precursor nitrogen and sulfur amino nitrogen were obtained more in SC than in LT and MIX. SC treatment had higher final levels of histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, and cysteine. Related to individual amino acids, SC treatment had higher final levels of histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, and cysteine. Analysis of the volatile composition showed that, compared with SC, MIX had the highest percentage of higher alcohols (3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol) and acetates (isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate) which are associated with fruity and banana aromas. A decreasing trend in volatile fatty acids was observed in LT and MIX compared to SC. LT application, both in pure and mixed culture, significantly modified the values of the percentage of 5 of the 10 ethyl ester compounds analyzed. Finally, the sensory analysis showed that there were no significant differences, even though the non-Saccharomyces had a higher percentage of volatile metabolites. The results have shown that through this process an innovative and high-quality product was obtained: a low-alcohol beverage made from grapes and plums, which could be developed at an industrial level due to the increasing interest of consumers in this type of product.
Queijo Serra da Estrela PDO Cheese: Investigation into Its Morpho-Textural Traits, Microbiota, and Volatilome
Authors: Rampanti Giorgia , Ferrocino Ilario , Harasym Joanna , Foligni Roberta , Cardinali Federica , Orkusz Agnieszka , Milanović Vesna , Franciosa Irene , Garofalo Cristiana , Mannozzi Cinzia , Mozzon Massimo , Osimani Andrea , Aquilanti Lucia
Published: December 2022

Queijo Serra da Estrela is a PDO Portuguese cheese produced through coagulation of raw ewe’s milk using cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) flowers. The present research was aimed at depicting an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the microbiota of Queijo Serra da Estrela cheese. To this end, viable counting and metataxonomic analysis were carried out on cheeses sampled from four Portuguese artisan producers. Physico-chemical and morpho-textural analyses were also performed, together with the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Finally, non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) isolated from the cheeses were characterized for their enzymatic activities using a semi-quantitative method. According to the metataxonomic analysis, Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus piscium were the species occurring at the highest relative abundance. The isolates collected from the cheeses were assigned to Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus lactis, Levilactobacillus brevis, Latilactobacillus graminis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and the Lacticaseibacillus casei group. The enzymatic characterization of these cultures highlighted esterase, aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and beta-glucosidase among the major enzymatic activities. Fungal populations were dominated by Debaryomyces hansenii and Kurtzmaniella zeylanoides; however, species rarely found in cheese (e.g., Candida boidinii, Vishniacozyma victoriae, and Starmerella) were also detected. The volatile compounds characterizing the analyzed cheeses were carboxylic acids and esters, followed by carbonyl compounds and alcohols.
Oligopoly Pricing: The Role of Firm Size and Number
Authors: Bos Iwan , Marini Marco A.
Published: December 2022

This paper examines a homogeneous-good Bertrand–Edgeworth oligopoly model to explore the role of firm size and number in pricing. We consider the price impact of merger, break up, investment, divestment, entry and exit. A merger leads to higher prices only when it increases the size of the largest seller and industry capacity is neither too big nor too small post-merger. Similarly, breaking up a firm only leads to lower prices when it concerns the biggest producer and aggregate capacity is within an intermediate range. Investment and entry (weakly) reduce prices, whereas divestment and exit yield (weakly) higher prices. Taken together, these findings suggest that size matters more than number in the determination of oligopoly prices.
Highly Thermally Resistant Bisamide Gelators as Pharmaceutical Crystallization Media
Authors: Torres-Moya Iván , Sánchez Abelardo , Saikia Basanta , Yufit Dmitry S. , Prieto Pilar , Carrillo José Ramón , Steed Jonathan W.
Published: December 2022

Three simple bisamide derivatives (G1, G2 and G3) with different structural modifications were synthesized with easy synthetic procedures in order to test their gel behaviour. The outcomes showed that hydrogen bonding was essential in gel formation; for this reason, only G1 provided satisfactory gels. The presence of methoxy groups in G2 and the alkyl chains in G3 hindered the hydrogen bonding between N-H and C=O that occurred G1. In addition, G1 provided thermally and mechanical stable gels, as confirmed with Tsol and rheology experiments. The gels of G1 were also responsive under pH stimuli and were employed as a vehicle for drug crystallization, causing a change in polymorphism in the presence of flufenamic acid and therefore providing the most thermodynamically stable form III compared with metastable form IV obtained from solution crystallization.
Growth Factor Loaded Thermo-Responsive Injectable Hydrogel for Enhancing Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Tallapaneni Vyshnavi , Mude Lavanya , Pamu Divya , Palanimuthu Vasanth Raj , Magham Sai Varshini , Karri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy , Parvathaneni Madhukiran
Published: December 2022

Background: Diabetic wound (DW) is the most devastating complication resulting in significant mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients. The objective of the current study was to formulate Epidermal Growth Factor loaded Chitosan nanoparticle impregnated with thermos-responsive injectable hydrogel with protease inhibitor. EGF, shown in all stages of wound healing from inflammation to proliferation and remodelling, combined with Doxycycline, a well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial drug, could be a better strategy in diabetic wound healing. However, EGF’s low stability makes it difficult to use. Methodology: The nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and SEM studies. Further, the optimized nanoparticle batch was loaded into hydrogel with a protease inhibitor. The hydrogel was evaluated for morphology, protease degradation, in vitro drug release, anti-bacterial activity, cell migration, in vitro cell biocompatibility, and in vivo wound healing studies. Results and Conclusion: The particle size analysis of nanoparticles revealed the size (203 ± 1.236 nm), Zeta potential (+28.5 ± 1.0 mV), and entrapment efficiency of 83.430 ± 1.8%, respectively. The hydrogel showed good porous morphology, injectability, thermo-responsive, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release. In vitro anti-bacterial studies revealed the potential anti-bacterial activity of doxycycline against various microbes. In vivo data indicated that combining EGF and DOX considerably reduced inflammation time-dependent than single-agent treatment. Furthermore, histological studies corroborated these findings. After topical application of hydrogel, histopathology studies revealed significant collagen synthesis and a fully regenerated epithelial layer and advancement in all three stages (proliferation, remodelling, and maturation), which are required to improve the diabetic wound healing process by any dressing. These findings demonstrated that hydrogel promoted cutaneous wound healing in STZ-induced rats by suppressing inflammation at the wound site. Furthermore, histological studies corroborated these findings. After topical application of hydrogel, histopathology studies revealed significant collagen synthesis, a fully regenerated epithelial layer, and advancement in all three stages (proliferation, remodelling, and maturation), which are required to improve the diabetic wound healing process by any dressing. These findings demonstrated that hydrogel promoted cutaneous wound healing in STZ-induced rats by suppressing inflammation at the wound site.
Rapid and Efficient Optimization of Poly(1,2-Ethanediol Citrate) Synthesis Based on Magic Squares’ Various Methods
Authors: Howis Joanna , Bandzerewicz Aleksandra , Gadomska-Gajadhur Agnieszka
Published: December 2022

New biomaterials among aliphatic polyesters are in demand due to their potential applications in tissue engineering. There is a challenge not only to design scaffolds to regenerate defects in load-bearing tissues but also to ensure a proper blood supply to the reconstructed tissues. Poly-(1,2-ethanediol citrate) is one of the novel citrate-based polymers that could have the desired properties for cell scaffold fabrication and for enhancing cell adhesion. Both citric acid and 1,2-ethanediol are used in medicine and are fully resorbable by cells. This work aimed to synthesize poly(1,2-ethanediol citrate) in a catalyzed reaction with water removed by the Dean–Stark apparatus. The polyester structure was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and the HMBC experiment was performed to support the theory of successful polymer synthesis. The molecular weight was determined for the products obtained at 140 °C. The process was described via non-linear mathematical models. The influence of temperature and catalyst content on the degree of esterification and the conversion of acid groups in citric acid is described. The optimal process parameters are determined at 140 °C and 3.6% of p-toluenesulfonic acid content. The presented results are the starting point for scaffold design and scaling-up the process.
Correction: Liu, Y.; Yang, J. Hydrophobic Modification of ZrO2-SiO2 Xerogel and Its Adsorption Properties to Rhodamine B. Gels 2022, 8, 675
Authors: Liu Yan , Yang Jing
Published: December 2022

In the original publication [...]
Negative Molecular Diagnostics in Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss: What Next?
Authors: Clabout Thomas , Maes Laurence , Acke Frederic , Wuyts Wim , Van Schil Kristof , Coucke Paul , Janssens Sandra , De Leenheer Els
Published: December 2022

Congenital hearing loss has an impact on almost every facet of life. In more than 50% of cases, a genetic cause can be identified. Currently, extensive genetic testing is available, although the etiology of some patients with obvious familial hearing loss remains unknown. We selected a cohort of mutation-negative patients to optimize the diagnostic yield for genetic hearing impairment. In this retrospective study, 21 patients (17 families) with negative molecular diagnostics for non-syndromic hearing loss (gene panel analysis) were included based on a positive family history with a similar type of hearing loss. Additional genetic testing was performed using a whole exome sequencing panel (WESHL panel v2.0) in four families with the strongest likelihood of genetic hearing impairment. In this cohort (n = 21), the severity of hearing loss was most commonly moderate (52%). Additional genetic testing revealed pathogenic copy number variants in the STRC gene in two families. In summary, regular re-evaluation of hearing loss patients with presumably genetic etiology after negative molecular diagnostics is recommended, as we might miss newly discovered deafness genes. The switch from gene panel analysis to whole exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing for the testing of congenital hearing loss seems promising.
Gene Structure Evolution of the Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase (SDR) Family
Authors: Gabrielli Franco , Antinucci Marco , Tofanelli Sergio
Published: December 2022

SDR (Short-chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases) are one of the oldest and heterogeneous superfamily of proteins, whose classification is problematic because of the low percent identity, even within families. To get clearer insights into SDR molecular evolution, we explored the splicing site organization of the 75 human SDR genes across their vertebrate and invertebrate orthologs. We found anomalous gene structures in members of the human SDR7C and SDR42E families that provide clues of retrogene properties and independent evolutionary trajectories from a common invertebrate ancestor. The same analyses revealed that the identity value between human and invertebrate non-allelic variants is not necessarily associated with the homologous gene structure. Accordingly, a revision of the SDR nomenclature is proposed by including the human SDR40C1 and SDR7C gene in the same family.
The Relationship between Nursing Students’ Smart Devices Addiction and Their Perception of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Farghaly Abdelaliem Sally , Dator Wireen , Sankarapandian Chandrakala
Published: December 2022

Background: The concept of addiction in relation to cellphone and smartphone use is not new, with several researchers already having explored this phenomenon. Artificial intelligence has become important in the rapid development of the technology field in recent years. It has a very positive impact on our day-to-day life. Aim: To investigate the relationship between nursing students’ addiction to smart devices and their perceptions of artificial intelligence. Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied. The data were collected from 697 nursing students over three months at the College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. Results: The correlation test shows a significant correlation between smart device addiction and the artificial intelligence of the respondents (p-value < 0.05). In addition, the majority of the students, 72.7% (507), are moderately addicted to smartphones, 21.8% (152) are highly addicted, and only 5.5% (38) have a low addiction. Meanwhile, 83.6% (583) of them have high levels of perception of artificial intelligence and the rest, 16.4% (114), have a moderate level. Conclusions: The nursing students’ perception of artificial intelligence varies significantly according to their level of addiction to smart device utilization.
It Is in the Eye of the Beholder: Ocular Ultrasound Enhanced Monitoring of Neurotoxicity after CAR-T Cell Therapy
Authors: Garcia-Robledo Juan Esteban , Valencia-Sanchez Cristina , Knox Molly G. , Goodman Brent P. , Rosenthal Allison C. , Patel Bhavesh , Castro Januario E.
Published: December 2022

Usually used in emergency settings, bedside sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter can aid in diagnosing elevated intracranial pressure. We report a case of a 26-year-old male hospitalized for CAR T-cell therapy with Axicabtagene Ciloleucel for treatment of relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, who developed progressive symptoms of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Fundoscopic examination suggested the presence of blurred optic disc margins. Bedside ocular ultrasound revealed wide optic nerve sheath diameters and bulging optic discs bilaterally. The patient had a ventriculostomy placed for monitoring and received treatment with steroids and mannitol, as well as tocilizumab. After 7 days in the ICU, the patient recovered with no evidence of long-term neurological deficits.
Integrated Dynamic Autonomic and Cardiovascular Regulation during Postural Transitions in Older Adults Living with Frailty: A Systematic Review Protocol
Authors: de Matos Dihogo Gama , de Santana Jefferson Lima , Mendelson Asher A. , Duhamel Todd A. , Villar Rodrigo
Published: December 2022

Older adults often experience episodes of a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing, known as orthostatic hypotension (OH). OH is associated with an increased risk of life-threatening health problems, falls, and death. Although OH has been studied in older adults, the integrated dynamic autonomic and cardiovascular regulation during postural transitions in older adults with frailty remains scarce and poorly understood. The primary aim of this systematic review is to determine the association between how active (e.g., lie-to-stand) and passive (head-up tilt) postural transitions affect the dynamic integrated autonomic and cardiovascular regulatory responses, comparing older adults with different levels of frailty (non-frail, pre-frail, or frail). A second aim is to perform a meta-analysis to compare autonomic and cardiovascular responses during active postural transitions in non-frail, pre-frail, and frail older adults. The systematic review will be outlined according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. The meta-analysis will generate estimates of the comparative autonomic and cardiovascular responses after active postural transitions in adults who are non-frail, pre-frail, and frail. This systematic review will provide critical information on how integrated dynamic autonomic and cardiovascular regulation occurs during postural transitions in older adults with different frailty statuses.
Others’ Facial Expressions Influence Individuals Making Choices and Processing Feedback: The Event-Related Potential and Behavioral Evidence
Authors: Yu Xin , Xu Bo , Zhang Entao
Published: December 2022

To date, several studies have found the effect of facial expressions on trust decision, using the event-related potentials (ERPs). However, little is known about the neural mechanism underlying the modulation effect of facial expressions on making choices and subsequent outcome evaluation. In the present study, using an ERP technique, we investigated how the neural process of making choices and subsequent outcome evaluation were influenced by others’ facial expressions for the first time. Specifically, participants played a modified version of the Trust Game, in which they watched a photo of the trustee before making choices. Critically, trustees’ faces differed regarding emotional types (i.e., happy, neutral, or angry) and gender (i.e., female or male). Behaviorally, an interaction between expressions and gender was observed on investment rates. On the neural level, the N2 and P3 amplitudes were modulated by facial expressions in the making-choice stage. Additionally, the feedback-related P3 was also modulated by facial expressions. The present study proved the effect of facial expressions on making choices and subsequent outcome evaluation.
Factors Associated with the Prevalence and Severity of Menstrual-Related Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mitsuhashi Risa , Sawai Akemi , Kiyohara Kosuke , Shiraki Hitoshi , Nakata Yoshio
Published: December 2022

This study aimed to identify factors associated with the prevalence and severity of menstrual-related symptoms. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021208432). We conducted literature searches of PubMed and Ichushi-Web and used the Jonna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist to assess the quality. Of the 77 studies included in the meta-analysis, significant odds ratios (ORs) were obtained for eight factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea (PD): age ≥ 20 years (OR: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.34), body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.01–2.26), longer menstrual periods (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04–0.28), irregular menstrual cycle (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.13–1.45), family history of PD (OR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.18–6.61), stress (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.30–2.72), sleeping hours < 7 h (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.04–1.35), and bedtime after 23:01 (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.16–1.45). Two factors were associated with severity of PD (moderate vs. severe): BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.01–3.54) and smoking (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.08–3.47). PD severity (mild vs. severe) and prevalence of premenstrual syndrome were associated with BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.04–3.50) and smoking (OR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.31–2.66), respectively. The identified risk factors could be utilized to construct an appropriate strategy to improve menstrual symptoms and support women’s health.
Fast Air-to-Liquid Sampler Detects Surges in SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Levels in Hospital Rooms
Authors: del Álamo Cristina , Vázquez-Calvo Ángela , Sanchiz África , Rodríguez-Caravaca Gil , Martín Rocío , Hernáez Bruno , Méndez-Vigo-Carranza Pablo , Sánchez García-Casarrubios Juan , Alcamí Antonio , Pérez-Díaz José Luis
Published: December 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the dangers of airborne pathogen transmission. SARS-CoV-2 is known to be transmitted through aerosols; however, little is known about the dynamics of these aerosols in real environments, the conditions, and the minimum viral load required for infection. Efficiently measuring and capturing pathogens present in the air would help to understand the infection process. Air samplers usually take several hours to obtain an air sample. In this work a fast (1–2 min) method for capturing bioaerosols into a liquid medium has been tested in hospital rooms with COVID-19 patients. This fast sampling allows detecting transient levels of aerosols in the air. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in aerosols from several hospital rooms at different levels. Interestingly, there are sudden boosts of the SARS-CoV-2 load in the air, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 could be released abundantly at certain moments. These results show that the distribution of SARS-CoV-2-containing aerosols is not homogeneous in the hospital room. This technology is a fast and effective tool for capturing airborne matter in a very short time, which allows for fast decision-making any kind of hazard in the air is detected. It is also useful for a better understanding of aerosols dynamics.
Risk of Lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Planus in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Alharbi Ahmad , Khobrani Attiah , Noor Afnan , Alghamdi Waad , Alotaibi Abdulmalik , Alnuhait Mohammed , Haseeb Abdul
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are recommended for various types of cancer. On the other hand, these ICIs may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Lichen sclerosus (LS) and lichen planus (LP) are two distinct phenotypes of irAEs that occur in a subset of patients treated with ICIs. These adverse effects have a detrimental effect on the patient’s quality of life and treatment phases; however, the clinical evaluation and assessment of LS and LP remain uncertain. This study aims to assess and evaluate the risk of LS and LP associated with the use of ICIs via a systematic review of the literature and the USA FDA Adverse Events FAERS database. Method: The study searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for case reports on immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-associated lichen sclerosus and lichen planus published in English between inception and 31 December 2021. The FDA’s adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database was also analyzed. Results: Thirty-eight case reports and two retrospective studies with a total of 101 patients, in addition to the FAERS data, were evaluated. More cases involved lichen planus (78.9%) than lichen sclerosis (21%). Nivolumab and pembrolizumab were most frequently reported with LS and LP, among other ICIs. Thirty-six out of thirty-eight patients with LS or LP experienced complete remission, while two patients experienced partial remission. Most of the cases had an excellent response to corticosteroids (92.1%), while the remainder had moderate (5.2%) and poor (2.6%) responses. Additionally, the reporting odds ratio (ROR) of the FAERS database indicated a favorable association for ICIs, the risk of LP, and LS. A stronger association was uniquely found between nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Conclusion: There have been published case reports for these adverse events. Healthcare providers should be aware of the possibility of lichen sclerosis and lichen planus developing in patients receiving ICIs which could necessitate hospitalization or discontinuation. Regulatory agencies are advised to monitor the risks as a potential safety signal.
Effects of Loss and Gain Incentives on Adherence in Pediatric Weight Management: Preliminary Studies and Economic Evaluation of a Theoretical Trial
Authors: Siegel Robert , McGrady Meghan , Dynan Linda , Kharofa Roohi , Stackpole Kristin , Casson Paula , Siegel Francesca , Kasparian Nadine
Published: December 2022

Pediatric weight management is often hampered by poor engagement and adherence. Incentives based on loss have been shown to be more effective than gain-based incentives in improving outcomes among children with health conditions other than obesity. In preparation for a clinical trial comparing loss-framed to gain-framed incentives, a survey of youth and caregiver attitudes on weight management incentives, reasons for program attendance, and an economic evaluation of a theoretical trial were conducted. Ninety of 835 (11%) surveys were completed by caregiver and child. The economic evaluation showed that loss-framed incentives had a preferable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (a lower value is considered preferable) than gain-based incentives. Most youth and caregivers felt a gain incentive would be superior, agreed that the full incentive should go to the youth (vs. the caregiver), and identified “improving health” as a top reason for pursuing weight management.
Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety among Stable Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Malaysia
Authors: Bin Adnan Muhammad Azri Adam , Bin Kassim Mohd Shaiful Azlan , Bt Sahril Norhafizah , Bin Abd Razak Mohamad Aznuddin
Published: December 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has created anxiety among hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and its associated factors among stable inpatient COVID-19 patients in Malaysia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a web-based online survey involving 401 patients from Malaysia’s leading COVID-19 hospitals from 15th April until 30th June 2020, who were chosen using quota sampling. The General Anxiety Disorders 7 items (GAD-7) scale, the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE) and a socio-demographic profile questionnaire were used. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression were performed using SPSS v23 to determine the prevalence of anxiety and its associated factors. Result: The results showed that the prevalence of anxiety was 7.0%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender (p < 0.05), a fear of infection (p < 0.05), a lack of information (p < 0.05), a maladaptive coping mechanism of behavioral disengagement (p < 0.001) and self-blame (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with anxiety. Meanwhile, adaptive coping mechanisms via instrumental support (p < 0.001) were a significant protective predictor of anxiety. Conclusions: COVID-19 infection has had a significant influence on the mental health of patients. Findings in our study provide baseline data on the prevalence of anxiety among stabilized COVID-19 inpatients in Malaysia. Despite the relatively low prevalence, the data have the potential to improve the present mental health monitoring system and the deployment of suitable treatments in dealing with similar circumstances.
Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning—The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions
Authors: Hussein Tareq
Published: December 2022

Tobacco smoking and incense burning are commonly used in Jordanian microenvironments. While smoking in Jordan is prohibited inside closed spaces, incense burning remains uncontrolled. In this study, particle size distributions (diameter 0.01–25 µm) were measured and inhaled deposited dose rates were calculated during typical smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios inside a closed room, and the exposure was summarized in terms of number and mass concentrations of submicron (PNSub) and fine particles (PM2.5). During cigarette smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios, the particle number concentrations exceeded 3 × 105 cm−3. They exceeded 5 × 105 cm−3 during shisha smoking. The emission rates were 1.9 × 1010, 6.8 × 1010, and 1.7 × 1010 particles/s, respectively, for incense, cigarettes, and shisha. That corresponded to about 7, 80, and 120 µg/s, respectively. Males received higher dose rates than females, with about 75% and 55% in the pulmonary/alveolar during walking and standing, respectively. The total dose rates were in the order of 1012–1013 #/h (103–104 µg/h), respectively, for PNSub and PM2.5. The above reported concentrations, emissions rates, and dose rates are considered seriously high, recalling the fact that aerosols emitted during such scenarios consist of a vast range of toxicant compounds.
Dimensions of Sexual Health Conversations among U.S. Black Heterosexual Couples
Authors: Leblanc Natalie M. , St. Vil Noelle M. , Bond Keosha T. , Mitchell Jason W. , Juarez Adrian C. , Lambert Faith , Muheriwa Sadandaula R. , McMahon James
Published: December 2022

Sexual health communication is an important feature of healthy intimate relationships; however, some couples may avoid discussing difficult matters (e.g., HIV/STI testing, sexual satisfaction) to minimize interpersonal conflict. From October 2018 to May 2019 in New York State, we conducted a multi-method descriptive pilot study to characterize Black heterosexual couples’ (N = 28) sexual health conversations. Partners individually completed an online sexual health/relationship survey before engaging in-person for a joint dyadic qualitative in-depth interview. Quantitative descriptive statistics demonstrated that most absolute score differences among couple’s preferences for sexual health outcomes, communal coping and sexual relationship power were mainly small, but greatest regarding extra-dyadic sexual behaviors. A qualitative descriptive approach discerned, motivation and norms for sexual health conversations, and communication patterns. Thematic and content analysis revealed two central themes: initiating and sustaining sexual health conversations, and leveraging features of the couples to promote sexual health. Integrated findings indicate that couples possess varied communication patterns that operate with motivations for sexual health conversations toward subsequent sexual health promotion. Equitable and skewed communication patterns emerged as relationship assets that can be leveraged to optimize sexual health. There is also opportunity for future work to address communication regarding extra-dyadic behavior and preferences. Asset-based considerations are discussed.
Assessment of Supply and Demand of Regional Flood Regulation Ecosystem Services and Zoning Management in Response to Flood Disasters: A Case Study of Fujian Delta
Authors: Tian Jian , Zeng Suiping , Zeng Jian , Jiang Feiyang
Published: December 2022

Global climate change has led to flood disasters increasing in terms of frequency and damage caused, which seriously threatens urban and rural security. The flood regulation (FR) service function of the ecosystem plays an important role in mitigating flood disaster risk. Previous studies on flood regulation ecosystem services (FRES) are still lacking in a cross-scale assessment of supply and demand, refined simulation of regional complex hydrology, and application of spatial zoning management. Taking the Fujian Delta as an example, this study established a cross-scale research framework based on the social-ecosystem principle. The SWAT model was used to simulate the regional hydrological runoff and calculate the macro-scale supply of FRES. Taking patches of land as units, a flood risk assessment model was constructed to calculate the micro-scale demand for FRES for urban and rural society. Through a comparison of supply and demand across spatial scales, a zoning management scheme to deal with flood disaster risk was proposed. The results showed that: (1) The supply of FRES differed greatly among the sub-basins, and the sub-basins with low supply were mostly distributed in the lower reaches of Jiulong River and the coastal areas. (2) The demand for FRES was concentrated in high-density urban built-up areas. (3) By comparing the supply and demand of FRES in sub-basin units, 2153 km2 ecological space was identified as the primary ecological protection area, and 914 km2 cultivated land and bare land were identified as the primary ecological restoration area. (4) By comparing the supply and demand of FRES of land patch units, 65.42 km2 of construction land was identified as the primary intervention area. This study provides a decision-making basis for regional flood disaster management from the perspective of FRES.
Diarrhoea among Children Aged 5 Years and Microbial Drinking Water Quality Compliance: Trends Analysis Study in South Africa (2008–2018)
Authors: Malebatja Mohora Feida , Mokgatle Mpata Mathildah
Published: December 2022

In developing countries such as South Africa, diarrhoeal diseases are reported to be linked to inadequate drinking water quality, sanitation, and hygiene behaviours. The consumption of microbiologically contaminated drinking water has been reported to cause diarrhoea, mortality, and morbidity in children under the age of five years. This study evaluated the microbiological pathogens detected in municipal drinking water and diarrhoea trends for children under 5 years of age in South Africa between 2008 and 2018. A trends analysis study was conducted using secondary data on diarrhoea for children under the age of five years and microbial drinking water quality compliance. A negative correlation was found between the occurrence of microbial pathogens in water, morbidity, and mortality rates of children under the age of 5 years in South Africa. As compliance status improved, the mortality rate among children under 5 years old decreased by 31% over the study period. A conclusion can thus be drawn that the microbiological pathogens detected in drinking water at levels complying with SANS 241:2015 Edition 2 standards and diarrhoea incidences were not the primary cause of the mortality of children under 5 years old in South Africa between 2008 and 2018.
Metagenomic Analysis of Microbial Contamination in the U.S. Portion of the Tijuana River Watershed
Authors: Allsing Nicholas , Kelley Scott T. , Fox Alexandra N. , Sant Karilyn E.
Published: December 2022

The Tijuana River watershed is binational, flowing from Tijuana, Mexico into San Diego and Imperial Beach, USA. Aging sewage and stormwater infrastructure in Tijuana has not kept pace with population growth, causing overflows into this watershed during major rainfall or equipment failures. The public health consequences of this impaired watershed on the surrounding communities remain unknown. Here, we performed untargeted metagenomic sequencing to better characterize the sewage contamination in the Tijuana River, identifying potential pathogens and molecular indicators of antibiotic resistance in surface waters. In 2019–2020, water samples were collected within 48 h of major rainfall events at five transborder flow sites and at the mouth of the river in the US portion of the Tijuana River and estuary. After filtration, DNA was extracted and sequenced, and sequences were run through the Kaiju taxonomic classification program. A pathogen profile of the most abundant disease-causing microbes and viruses present in each of the samples was constructed, and specific markers of fecal contamination were identified and linked to each site. Results from diversity analysis between the sites showed clear distinction as well as similarities between sites and dates, and antibiotic-resistant genes were found at each site. This serves as a baseline characterization of microbial exposures to these local communities.
Exploring the Influence of Social Capital on HIV Prevention with Migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Living in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Buhendwa Mulumeoderhwa , Sliep Yvonne , Mchunu Gugu Gladness , Nxumalo Celenkosini Thembelenkosini
Published: December 2022

Background: Research shows a growing attentiveness to the role of social and environmental influences on HIV risk behaviours. Moreover, the understanding of HIV risk behaviours has moved from an earlier consideration of individual risk, to ecological models, with the understanding that behaviours are rooted in the economic, environmental and social structure. Aim: To explore how social capital, specifically on a social bonding level, operates as a risk or protective factor for the spread of HIV among French-speaking migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), living in Durban, South Africa. Methods: A qualitative approach using a case study design was used to conduct the study. Data were collected through focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews from a purposive sample of French-speaking migrants from DRC, living in Durban, South Africa. Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Human and Social Science Research Ethics’ Committee. Data were analysed thematically using Creswell’s steps of data analysis. Results: This study found that social capital can act as both a protective factor in certain circumstances, and a risk factor in others. Trust, norms, reciprocity and social networks are complex elements in the refugee community and are influenced by a myriad of factors including the past and present stressors that are prevalent within this community. Conclusions: The findings confirm the complexity of issues related to HIV prevention which necessitate policy and practice interventions to mitigate consequences that may result from the higher risks of HIV transmission in this community.
Childhood Prevalence of Involvement with the Child Protection System in Quebec: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Esposito Tonino , Caldwell Johanna , Chabot Martin , Blumenthal Anne , Trocmé Nico , Fallon Barbara , Hélie Sonia , Afifi Tracie O.
Published: December 2022

The goal of this study, the first of its kind in Canada, was to estimate the child lifetime prevalence of child protection involvement in Quebec. Using administrative and population data spanning 17 years, we performed a survival analysis of initial incidents of child protection reports, confirmed reports, confirmation of a child’s security or development being compromised, and placement outside the home for one day or more. We found that before reaching the age of 18 years, over 18% of children were reported to child protection at least once, one in every ten children (10.1%) in the province had a report that led to the finding of their security or development being compromised, and over 5% were placed outside the home. We found that neglect was a primary concern in close to half (47.6%) of cases. By using a full population dataset, we obtained a more accurate prevalence estimate than studies using synthetic cohort life tables. These findings only captured initial incidents of involvement with child protection, meaning this study does not show the extent of recurrent involvement for some children. The findings reflect prior results showing that neglect is common in initial child protection involvement but less pervasive than has been shown in incidence studies, suggesting that recurrent child protection involvement is more driven by neglect than initial incidents are.
Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire—Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) in Chilean Youth
Authors: Lizana-Calderón Paula , Alvarado Jesús M. , Cruzat-Mandich Claudia , Díaz-Castrillón Fernanda , Quevedo Sergio
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study is to analyze the factorial structure of the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire—Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) to determine the adjustment of the study structure proposed in the Spanish short version in a young, non-clinical Chilean population and to evaluate the possible influence of sex, age, and BMI on body image measurement. The sample consisted of 614 Chilean youth (259 male and 355 female) between 15 and 28 years old (M = 18.81; SE = 2.46), from the Metropolitan Region, and four regions of the coast and south-central zone of the country. The average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.5 kg/m2 (SD = 3.16). The model fit was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (WLSMV) using the following: a model with a single general factor, a model with the five factors of the original version, a five-factor ESEM model, and a MIMIC model analyzed including sex, age, and BMI. The results show that the MIMIC sex, age, and BMI model presents an acceptable fit, observing that four factors, Appearance Orientation (AO), Body Areas Satisfaction (BAS), Overweight Preoccupation (OP), and Self-Classification Weight (SCW), are affected significantly for the sex variable, one for age, Appearance Evaluation (AE), and four for BMI (AE, BAS, OP, and SCW). In conclusion, MBSRQ-AS replicates the five-dimensional structure in a non-clinical sample of young Chileans; however, their scores are not invariant as they depend on sex, age, and BMI.
Comment on Huijghebaert et al. Does Trypsin Oral Spray (Viruprotect®/ColdZyme®) Protect against COVID-19 and Common Colds or Induce Mutation? Caveats in Medical Device Regulations in the European Union. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5066
Authors: Davison Glen
Published: December 2022

I read with interest the recent paper of Huijghebaert et al. published recently in this journal [...]
Reply to Davison, G. Comment on “Huijghebaert et al. Does Trypsin Oral Spray (Viruprotect®/ColdZyme®) Protect against COVID-19 and Common Colds or Induce Mutation? Caveats in Medical Device Regulations in the European Union. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5066”
Authors: Huijghebaert Suzy , Vanham Guido , Van Winckel Myriam , Allegaert Karel
Published: December 2022

We have read the comment from Davison with great interest [...]
Moving beyond the Court of Public Opinion: A Citizens’ Jury Exploring the Public’s Values around Funding Decisions for Ultra-Orphan Drugs
Authors: Stafinski Tania , Street Jacqueline , Young Andrea , Menon Devidas
Published: December 2022

Health system decision-makers need to understand the value of new technology to make “value for money” decisions. Typically, narrow definitions of value are used. This paper reports on a Canadian Citizens’ Jury which was convened to elicit those aspects of value that are important to the public. The criteria used by the public to determine value included those related to the patient, those directly related to caregivers and those directly created for society. Their choices were not binary (e.g., cost vs. health gained), but rather involved multiple factors (e.g., with respect to patient factors: disease severity, health gained with the drug, existence of alternatives, life expectancy, patient age and affordability). Overall, Jurors prioritized funding treatments for ultra-rare disease populations when the treatment offered significant improvements in health and quality of life, and when the pre-treatment health state was considered extremely poor. The prevalence of the disease by itself was not a factor in the choices. Some of the findings differ from previous work, which use survey methods. In our Citizens’ Jury, Jurors were able to become more familiar with the question at hand and were exposed to a broad and balanced collection of viewpoints before and throughout engaging in the exercises. This deliberative approach allows for a more nuanced approach to understanding value.