bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: NITROGEN‐NITROGEN BOND CLEAVAGE AND REARRANGEMENTS OF ARYL HYDRAZONES AND ARYL HYDRAZIDES ‐ RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: FUSCO R. , SANNICOLO F.
Published: April 2016

Review: Recent Developments.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF TIN(II): CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (CO(H2O)6)(SNF3)2
Authors: MAURY F. , GLEIZES A.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe PT mit Z=1.
ChemInform Abstract: IRON DIFFUSION IN IRON‐ALUMINATE SPINELS
Authors: HALLORAN J. W. , BOWEN H. K.
Published: April 2016

Der Diffusionskoeffizient von 59 Fe in Fe3O4 ‐FeA12O4‐Mischkristallen wird mit Hilfe des Serienschnittverfahrens in Abhängigkeit von Temp., Zusammensetzung und O2 ‐Partialdruck gemessen und die Ergebnisse anhand eines Defektmodells unter der Annahme, daß die vorherrschenden Defekte Kationenleerstellen und Zwischengitteratome sind, analysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF α ⇄ β NICKEL(II) SULFIDE TRANSITION
Authors: DUBUSC M. , CLAIRE Y. , REY J.
Published: April 2016

Oberhalb 394°C ist α‐NiS (Raumgruppe P63/mmc) , unterhalb 394°C ist β‐NiS (R3m) stabil.
ChemInform Abstract: PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE CERIUM‐INDIUM AND CERIUM‐THALLIUM SYSTEMS
Authors: DELFINO S. , SACCONE A. , FERRO R.
Published: April 2016

Die Ergebnisse von DTA‐, metallographischen und röntgenographischen Untersuchungen der Titelsysteme werden in Zustandsdiagrammen und Tabellen der Kristallstrukturdaten der Phasen zusammengefaßt. Beide Systeme zeigeneine gewisse Analogie, die sich im kongruenten Schmelzverhalten der 1:1‐t, 3:5‐ und l:3‐Zusammensetzungen sowie dem Vorliegen einer Reihe isostruktureller Phasen ausdrückt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW DERIVATIVES OF TETRAHYDROBORATE(1‐), BH3SIF3‐ AND BH2(SIF3)2‐
Authors: BROWNSTEIN S.
Published: April 2016

Aus Siliciumtetrafluorid (I) und dem Boranat (II) erhält man ein Gemisch der Verbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SPECIFIC SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS IN THE DEHALOGENATION OF HALOBENZENE DERIVATIVES BY THE GASEOUS BROENSTED ACID CH5+
Authors: LEUNG H.‐W. , HARRISON A. G.
Published: April 2016

Die chemische Ionisation von Chlorbenzolen mit einer m‐Donatorgruppe wie z.B. (I) in CH4 führt über das protonierte Molekülion unter HCl‐Verlust zu den Phenylkationen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF η2‐COORDINATED ENAMINES BY AMINATION OF A PLATINUM(II) COORDINATED ALLENE. A CHEMICAL AND X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY
Authors: DE RENZI A. , GANIS P. , PANUNZI A. , VITAGLIANO A. , VALLE G.
Published: April 2016

Bei Zugabe einer äquimolaren Menge von 2‐Chloranilin zu einer Lösung des Allenkomplexes (I) bildet sich ein β‐Ammonioalkenyl‐Komplex, der sich in die Verbindung (II) umlagert, die in Lösung in Form von zwei Rotationsisomeren vorliegt, die sich langsam ineinander umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF OCTACARBONYL‐μ‐METHYLENE‐DIIRON
Authors: SUMNER C. E. JUN. , RILEY P. E. , DAVIS R. E. , PETTIT R.
Published: April 2016

Der luftstabile Titelkomplex, der durch die Umsetzung des komplexen Dianions (I) mit Methyleniodid entsteht, besitzt im festen Zustand die Struktur (II).
ChemInform Abstract: GAS‐PHASE HEATS OF FORMATION OF KETO AND ENOL IONS OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: HOLMES J. I. , LOSSING F. P.
Published: April 2016

Wie an einer Reihe von aliphatischen Verbindungen (Aldehyde, Ketone, Säuren, Ester) durch Elektronenstöß‐Untersuchungen festgestellt wird, sind die Enol‐ionen um 14‐31 kcal/mol stabiler als die entsprechenden Keto‐ionen, im Gegensatz zu den neutralen Tautomeren, in denen die Ketoform allgemein stabiler ist.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSELECTIVE MANNICH REACTIONS VIA TRIMETHYLSILYL ENOL ETHERS
Authors: DANISHEFSKY S. , PRISBYLLA M. , LIPISKO B.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Enolsilylether (I) und Dimethyl‐methylen‐ammoniumsalzen (II) entsteht die Mannichverbindung (III), aus dem isomeren Enolether (IV) daneben die Mannichbase (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ANTARAFACIAL ROLE OF AN AROMATIC NUCLEUS; A NOVEL REGIOSPECIFIC (Π4A + Π2A) INTRAMOLECULAR CYCLOADDITION OF THE ENE‐KETENE WITH AN AROMATIC RING
Authors: KUZUYA M. , MIYAKE F. , OKUDA T.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Oxidation mit Bleitetraacetat erhält man aus dem Dihydrophthalazinon (I) bzw. dem N‐Amino‐phthaljmin (III) über die Zwischenstufen (II) bzw. (IV) die Folgeprodukte (V)‐(VIII), deren Bildung diskutiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF DIOLEFINS AND ALKYNES IN THE PRESENCE OF PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: SISAK A. , JABLONKAI I. , UNGVARY F.
Published: April 2016

PdCl2 bildet in DMF mit konjugierten Dienen, 1,2‐Diene und Acetylenen stabilisierende Komplexe; bei Hydrierungen dieser Komplexe entstehen in hoher Selektivität Monoolefine; erst an dem dann ausfallenden metallischen Pd werden die Monoolefine beschleunigt weiter hydriert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE IRON CARBONYL INDUCED DEOXYGENATION OF ALCOHOLS
Authors: ALPER H. , SALISOVA M.
Published: April 2016

In Gegenwart von Kalium werden Alkohole mit Eisenpentacarbonyl (I) zu den entsprechenden Kohlenwasserstoffen reduziert, wobei als Nebenprodukte entsprechende Dimerisierungsprodukte entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: MODIFIED MOLYBDENUM CARBONYL SPECIES; EXCELLENT REAGENTS FOR THE DESULFURIZATION OF THIOLS
Authors: ALPER H. , BLAIS C.
Published: April 2016

In guten Ausbeuten werden die Thiole (I) mit Molybdänhexacarbonyl zu den Verbindungen (II) entschwefelt.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROGEN TRANSFER FROM TERTIARY AMINES TO TRIFLUOROACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: SCHREIBER S. L.
Published: April 2016

Tertiäre Amine wie Triethylamin (I) werden durch Trifluoracetanhydrid (II) in die Kondensationsprodukte (III) und (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐AMINO‐1‐AZETINES, A NEW CLASS OF STRAINED AMIDINES
Authors: MARCHAND‐BRYNAERT J. , MOYA‐PORTUGUEZ M. , LESUISSE D. , GHOSEZ L.
Published: April 2016

Die Benzhydrylimine (II) reagieren mit den aus (I) hergestellten Amid chloriden zu den Azetidin‐iminiumperchloraten (III), die nach hydrogenolytischer Spaltung zu (IV) in die Azetine (V) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 1,3‐DIARYLISOBENZOFURANS
Authors: OIDA T. , TANIMOTO S. , SUGIMOTO T. , OKANO M.
Published: April 2016

Die substituierten Diene (I) liefern mit den trans‐Diketonen (II) die Cycloaddukte (III), deren Cyclisierung zu den Isobenzofuranen (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DERIVATIVES OF 3,5‐DINITROPYRIDINE ALDEHYDES
Authors: ACHREMOWICZ L.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Oxidation des Dinitro‐dimethyl‐pyridins (I) mit Selendioxid in Alkoholen erhält man die Bis‐aldehydhalbacetale (II) bzw. (III) Dinitro‐methyl‐pyridin (IV) reagiert mit Selendioxid zum Aldehyd‐halbacetal (V).
ChemInform Abstract: AMIDE CATALYZED FACILE ISOMERIZATION OF 5,6‐DIHYDROISOQUINOLINES: SYNTHESIS OF STABLE 1,2‐DIHYDROISOQUINOLINES
Authors: KASTURI T. R. , KRISHNAN L.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von den Isochinolinderivaten (I) werden die verschiedenen Hydrochinoline (II)‐(IV) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS FOR PHENOTHIAZINOLS AND THEIR SULFOXIDES
Authors: JAIN S. K. , AGARWAL N. L.
Published: April 2016

Reduktion der Phenthiazinone (I) mit Na2S2O4 oder Zn/Eisessig liefert die Phenothiazinole (II), die in ihre O‐Acetylderivate (III) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON HYDROGENATED CYCLIC HOMOLOGS OF PHENOTHIAZINE. SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT OF SOME CYCLOALKYL DERIVATIVES OF 4H‐BENZO(B)(1,4)THIAZINE
Authors: MARCHINI P. , TRAPANI G. , BERARDI V. , DECARO G. , VENTURI F.
Published: April 2016

Die Benzothjazine (I) reagieren mit Natriumborhydrid zu den Cycloalkyl‐benzothiazinen (II), deren Estergruppe mit Propylendiamin (III) zu den Amiden (IV) umgesetzt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLATED KETENES. III. CONVERSION OF KETENES TO KETENIMINES AND ALLENES
Authors: KOLODYAZHNYI O. I. , YAKOVLEV V. N.
Published: April 2016

Das phosphorylierte Phenylketen (I) reagiert mit Triphenyl‐phosphazomethan oder Triphenylphosphazobenzol (II) zu den Ketiminen (IIIa) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE (PH4P)2(CL2FES2MS2FECL2) COMPLEXES (M = MOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN). FIRST EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLY BRIDGING THIOMOLYBDATE (MOS4) UNIT AND ITS POSSIBLE RELEVANCE AS A STRUCTURAL FEATURE IN THE NITROGENASE ACTIVE SITE
Authors: COUCOUVANIS D. , BAENZIGER N. C. , SIMHON E. D. , STREMPLE P. , SWENSON D. , SIMOPOULOS A. , KOSTIKAS A. , PETROULEAS V. , PAPAEFTHYMIOU V.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:2‐mola.re Umsetzung der Komplexe (I) mit Fe(III)‐chloridhexahydrat führt unter oxidativer Eliminierung von Diphenyldisulfid bei gleichzeitiger Bildung von Fe(II) zu den Titelkomplexen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: FARNESIC ACID GLYCERIDES FROM THE NUDIBRANCH ARCHIDORIS ODHNERI
Authors: ANDERSEN R. J. , SUM F. W.
Published: April 2016

Aus der im Titel genannten Gastropodenart werden zu den Sesquiterpenen gehörende Farnesolderivate (I) isoliert bzw. zweckes Strukturaufklärung in entsprechende Derivate übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: PRODUCTION OF L‐TRYPTOPHAN BY IMMOBILIZED BACTERIA
Authors: AZERAD R. , CALDERON‐SEGUIN R. , DECOTTIGNIES‐LE MARECHAL P.
Published: April 2016

In einem System aus in Polyacrylamidgel irnmobilisierten Zellen von Escherichia coli (induziert für Tryptophanase), Indol, NH3 (im Überschuß) und Brenztraubensäure wird die Produktion von L‐Tryptophan (in einem kontinuierlichen Fließverfahren) in Abhängigkeit von pH, Temp., Konzentration und Fließgeschwindigkeit der Substrate untersucht (Kinetik).
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE ENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF L‐CARNITINE WITH REGENERATION OF THE NADH USED
Authors: VANDECASTEELE J.‐P. , LEMAL J.
Published: April 2016

Die enzymatische Synthese von L‐Carnitin (II) erfolgt durch Reduktion der Carbonylfunktion von 3‐Dehydrocarnitin (I) mit NADH unter Verwendung von Carnitindehydrogenase (CARH) als Katalysator und einem NADH‐regenerierenden System (NARS).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REDUCTION OF PENTACYCLIC IMMONIUM SALTS. APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐(E)‐NORVINCAMONE
Authors: BUZAS A. , JACQUET J. P. , LAVIELLE G.
Published: April 2016

Tryptamin (Ia) liefert mit dem entsprechenden Säurechlorid das Amid (Ib), das mit tert‐Butylat zu (II) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTREME ANALYSIS: DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM, IRON, AND COBALT IN THE PPB‐ AND PPT RANGE FOR TESTING THE PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR HIGHLY PURE NIOBIUM
Authors: FAIX W. G. , KRIVAN V. , SCHULZE K.
Published: April 2016

Im Anschluß an einen 3‐stufigen Reinigungsprozeß (der beschrieben wird), durch den aus käuflichem reinem Nb das bisher reinste Nb erhalten wurde, werden die Gehalte an Cr, Fe und Co n‐aktivierungsanalytisch bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: DEVELOPMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
Authors: GRIESBAUM K. , SWODENK W.
Published: April 2016

Review: Der Artikel enthält eine Übersicht der Informationen des Welt‐Erdöl‐Kongresses in Bukarest über Probleme, Fortschritte und Entwicklungslinien der Petrochemie einschließlich.
ChemInform Abstract: RADICAL IONS. 39. ALTERATION OF STRUCTURE BY OXIDATION: EQUALIZATION OF THE TETRAHEDRANE C4 CLUSTER
Authors: BOCK H. , ROTH B. , MAIER G.
Published: April 2016

Tetra‐tert.‐butyltetrahedran (Ia) weist als gesättigtes Alkan die ungewöhnlich niedrige Ionisierungsenergie von nur 7.50 eV auf und wird daher durch AlCl3 /CH2Cl, zum Radikalkation oxidiert, dessen ESR‐Spektrum aufgezeigt ist.
ChemInform Abstract: DI‐μ‐(CARBOXYLATO)‐BIS(DICARBONYL(TRI‐TERT‐BUTYLPHOSPHINE)RUTHENIUM(I))(RU‐R# U)
Authors: SCHUMANN H. , OPITZ J.
Published: April 2016

Das Ru‐carbonyl (I) reagiert mit Tri‐tert.‐butylphosphin und entsprechenden Carbonsäuren unter Bildung der Titelverbindungen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: POLYNUCLEOTIDES. LV. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF DINUCLEOSIDE MONOPHOSPHATES DERIVED FROM ADENINE 8,2′‐S‐ AND URACIL 6,2′‐O‐CYCLONUCLEOSIDES. FURTHER SUPPORT FOR THE LEFT‐HANDED STACKING OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES HAVING HIGH‐ANTI BASE TORSION ANGLES
Authors: IKEHARA M. , UESUGI S. , SHIDA T.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation geschützter Nucleotide oder Nucleoside in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid (DCC) werden die Dinucleosid und (VI) hergestellt.
Teratogenic drugs and their drug interactions with hormonal contraceptives
Authors: Ahn MR , Li L , Shon J , Bashaw ED , Kim M‐J
Published: April 2016

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidance for Industry—Drug Interaction Studies, recommends that a potential human teratogen needs to be studied in vivo for effects on contraceptive steroids.1 This article highlights the need to evaluate the drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between drugs with teratogenic potential and hormonal contraceptives (HCs) during drug development. It also addresses the FDA's effort of communicating DDI findings in product labels to mitigate the risk of unintended pregnancy.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomatizing Difunctionalization of Indoles and Benzofurans
Authors: Ramella Vincenzo , He Zhiheng , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido
Published: April 2016

A palladium‐catalyzed dearomatizing difunctionalization of N‐Boc‐indoles and benzofurans to give tricyclic indolines and 2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans with a fully substituted carbon center is described. Product formation occurs under mild conditions at room temperature with commercially available aryl boronic acids and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) as a mild oxidant in good yields.
Efficient Iron‐Catalyzed Kumada Cross‐Coupling Reactions Utilizing Flow Technology under Low Catalyst Loadings
Authors: Buono Frederic G. , Zhang Yongda , Tan Zhulin , Brusoe Andrew , Yang Bing‐Shiou , Lorenz Jon C. , Giovannini Riccardo , Song Jinhua J. , Yee Nathan K. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: April 2016

An efficient continuous flow iron‐catalyzed Kumada cross‐coupling was developed for the coupling of 2‐chloropyrazine and various aryl Grignard reagents in presence of low catalyst loadings (0.5 mol‐%). Compared to batch mode, the continuous flow approach overcomes the exothermicity which enabled longer catalyst lifetime, facilitated scale‐up and significantly improved the yield. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of flow iron‐catalyzed Kumada cross‐coupling reactions which addresses scale dependence issues which often plague Kumada reactions carried out in the traditional batch mode.
Don't be fooled—A no-observed-effect concentration is no substitute for a poor concentration–response experiment
Authors: Fox David R. , Landis Wayne G.
Published: April 2016

Renowned mathematician and science historian Jacob Bronowski once defined science as “the acceptance of what works and the rejection of what does not” and noted “that needs more courage than we might think.” Such would also seem to be the case with no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs) and no-observed-effect levels in ecotoxicology. Compelling arguments were advanced more than a quarter of a century ago as to why the use of a model to describe the concentration–response relationship was preferable to an isolated metric, with the NOEC singled out as a particularly poor toxicity measure. In the ensuing years numerous articles critical of the NOEC have been written, with some calling for an outright ban on its use. More recently, arguments have been made for the retention of NOECs, with supporters suggesting that this metric is particularly useful in situations where the concentration–response relationship is weak or nonexistent. In addition, it has been claimed that there are situations in ecotoxicology where suitable models are simply not available. These arguments are not correct, and they also have impeded the decades-overdue incorporation of numerous recommendations based on research that NOECs should no longer be used. In the present study the authors counter some of the most recent claims in support of NOECs and provide new insights for 1 class of problem claimed not to be amenable to such modeling. They are confident that similar insights will be developed as further original research in this area is undertaken. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2141–2148. © 2016 SETAC
Organizational Commitment and Engagement in Two Finnish Energy Sector Organizations
Authors: Einolander Jarno
Published: April 2016

This study was conducted to show a novel way to analyze organizational commitment and engagement levels in organizations and to compare the results of two Finnish organizations operating in the energy sector. Employees estimate the truth value of statements with regard to their own organization at a given moment in time. The employees also specify how they would like the situation represented by the statements to be in the future. In this study, we requested participation from a total of 90 senior salaried employees from two companies in the spring of 2014. In the end, we obtained 54 responses in total, giving us a response rate of 88% for Company A and 25% for Company B. On the basis of the responses, a collective understanding of each organization was first defined, and then a comparison was made between these two organizations. The results of these comparisons show that there are similarities between the companies, even though the degree of affective commitment was significantly higher in one of the companies. However, both companies had similar focus points and priorities in the current state, target state, and proactive vision. On the other hand, the study also discovered that there were major differences regarding some of the evaluated features, as expected. As a result of the analysis, important areas of development were observed in both companies.
Impact of FokI (rs10735810) and BsmI (rs1544410) on Treatment of Chronic HCV Patients With Genotype 4
Authors: Shaker Olfat , Nassar Yasser , Ayoub Shymaa , Elrazki Maissa , Zahra Amr
Published: April 2016

Background and Aim

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a huge problem both globally and at the level of the individual patient. Our aim is to detect the influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms (BsmI and Fok1) and vitamin D level in HCV patients under treatment with interferon.

Subject and Methods

Blood samples were taken from 103 HCV patients all of them are genotype 4. They were divided into responders (n = 63) and nonresponders (n = 40) according to their response to interferon treatment. Also 120 subjects with matched age and sex were enrolled as controls. All subjects were subjected to history taking, general examination, liver function tests, hepatitis markers, HCV quantitation by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA extraction from whole blood, PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for genotyping, and quantitation of vitamin D level by ELISA.

Results

There were significant differences between responders and nonresponders in the mean values of vitamin D (P = 0.001) as well as the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BsmI (Bb) (P = 0.02). Meanwhile, no significant differences in Fok1 genotype between responders and nonresponders to interferon therapy of HCV patients in all genotypes [FF, Ff, ff) (P = 0.34, 0.091, and 0.43), respectively.

Conclusion

BsmI and vitamin D level in chronic liver disease patients are predictors of response to combination therapy of HCV.
Improving Students' Conceptual Reasoning by Prompting Cognitive Operations
Authors: Van Meter Peggy N. , Firetto Carla M. , Turns Stephen R. , Litzinger Thomas A. , Cameron Chelsea E. , Shaw Charlyn W.
Published: April 2016

Background

We tested the effects of an intervention on the learning of introductory thermodynamics principles. This intervention, OEM‐Thermo, is designed to prompt the cognitive operations of meaningful learning: organization, elaboration, and monitoring. We also sought evidence to show that execution of these operations was associated with learning gains and that cognitive operations are influenced by different intervention exercises.

Purpose/Hypothesis

Study 1: Students who complete OEM‐Thermo will gain more conceptual knowledge than students who complete traditional problems. Study 2: First, elaboration and monitoring contribute to learning with OEM‐Thermo. Second, students engage in elaboration and monitoring at a higher rate when answering elaboration questions than when completing matrix exercises.

Design/Method

Study 1: A two‐group, pre‐ and post‐test experimental design tested OEM‐Thermo effectiveness. Study 2: A one‐group, pre‐ and post‐test design where participants thought aloud while completing OEM‐Thermo tested deep and surface reasoning as well as the frequency of elaboration and monitoring events.

Results

Study 1: A significant interaction between test time (pre‐ and post‐test) and condition shows that OEM‐Thermo promoted development of conceptual reasoning more effectively than did traditional homework problems. Study 2: Significant partial correlations were found between post‐test scores on one of two deep reasoning categories and the frequency of elaboration and monitoring events in the think‐aloud protocols. Differences were also found in the rate of elaboration across intervention exercises.

Conclusions

An intervention that includes tasks designed to stimulate the cognitive operations of meaningful learning improves students' conceptual reasoning.
Kinetid structure in Choanocytes of Sponges (Heteroscleromorpha): Toward the ancestral Kinetid of Demospongiae
Authors: Pozdnyakov Igor R. , Karpov Sergey A.
Published: April 2016

Every large clade of Eukarya has its own pattern of kinetid (flagellar apparatus) structure, which is stable and specific within the group, thereby being a good phylogenetic marker. The kinetid structure of sponge choanocytes might be a candidate for such marker for the phylogeny of Porifera. Kinetids of two heteroscleromorphs, Halichondria sp. (Suberitida) and Crellomima imparidens (Poecilosclerida), have been investigated here for the first time, and a reconstruction of the kinetid for each species is provided. The kinetids of both species comprise a flagellar kinetosome with a nuclear fibrillar root, a basal foot and satellite producing microtubules; a centriole is absent. Good resolution images reveal a new thin structure, the axial granule, in the flagellar transition zone which might be present in other sponges. The comparison of kinetids in investigated sponges revealed three types of kinetid in Demospongiae, and their distribution in the taxon has been shown on a molecular phylogenetic tree. Kinetid characters of the common ancestor of Demospongiae are discussed. J. Morphol. 277:925–934, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raman spectroscopy as a tool for detecting mitochondrial fitness
Authors: Erjavec Nika , Pinato Giulietta , Ramser Kerstin
Published: April 2016

Raman spectroscopy allows the molecular chemical analysis of whole living cells by comparing them to known Raman signatures of specific vibrational bonds. In this work we used Raman spectroscopy to differentiate between wild type yeast cells and mutants characterized by increased or reduced mitochondrial fragmentation. To associate mitochondrial fragmentation with biochemical markers, we performed Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) of whole cell Raman spectra (~50–100 cells/spectrum). We show that the long‐lived, less fragmented mutants fall into a significantly distant cluster from the wild type and short‐lived, more fragmented mutants. Clustering depends on respiratory growth and coincides with that of membrane phospholipids and some respiratory chain components. Spectral clustering is supported by enzymatic activity measurements of OXPHOS Complexes. In addition, we find that NAD(P)H autofluorescence also correlates with mitochondrial fragmentation, representing another likely aging biomarker, besides phospholipids and OXPHOS components. In summary, we demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy has the potential to become a powerful tool for differentiating healthy from unhealthy aged tissues, as well as for the prognostic evaluation of mitochondrial function and fitness. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Raman Spectroscopy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
The Effects of Vertical Individualism on Status Consumer Orientations and Behaviors
Authors: Zhang Jing , Nelson Michelle R.
Published: April 2016

Values have been shown to explain advertising response and consumer behavior. Expanding the individualism–collectivism cultural framework, this research primarily focuses on the vertical individualism (VI: emphasizing independence and competition) value given its prevalence in the U.S. culture. Results of a survey among a national U.S. sample (a pilot study) showed that VI values were positively related to status consumer orientations, including tendencies to be brand conscious, buy branded products, and shop at upscale retail establishments. Moreover, in two experiments, the causal impact of VI values on status consumer orientations and behavior was demonstrated. Specifically, Study 1 showed that participants who were primed with VI values via a campus scenario (vs. control) indicated higher ratings of status consumption, brand‐buying behavior, and brand consciousness. Study 2 revealed further that an incidental exposure to a news story reflecting VI values (vs. horizontal collectivism values emphasizing cooperation and interdependence) influenced participants’ choices of a pen. Theoretical contributions to the study of values, advertising, and consumer orientations and practical implications for marketing are discussed.
A differential quadrature hierarchical finite element method and its applications to vibration and bending of Mindlin plates with curvilinear domains
Authors: Liu Cuiyun , Liu Bo , Zhao Liang , Xing Yufeng , Ma Chaoli , Li Huanxi
Published: April 2016

A differential quadrature hierarchical finite element method (DQHFEM) is proposed by expressing the hierarchical finite element method matrices in similar form as in the differential quadrature finite element method and introducing interpolation basis on the boundary of hierarchical finite element method elements. The DQHFEM is similar as the fixed interface mode synthesis method but the DQHFEM does not need modal analysis. The DQHFEM with non‐uniform rational B‐splines elements were shown to accomplish similar destination as the isogeometric analysis. Three key points that determine the accuracy, efficiency and convergence of DQHFEM were addressed, namely, (1) the Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre points should be used as nodes, (2) the recursion formula should be used to compute high‐order orthogonal polynomials, and (3) the separation variable feature of the basis should be used to save computational cost. Numerical comparison and convergence studies of the DQHFEM were carried out by comparing the DQHFEM results for vibration and bending of Mindlin plates with available exact or highly accurate approximate results in literatures. The DQHFEM can present highly accurate results using only a few sampling points. Meanwhile, the order of the DQHFEM can be as high as needed for high‐frequency vibration analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Students Speak/Resources
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2016

Students Speak

Supportive professors boost immigrant's confidence

Resources

Study finds debt increase for law students

Half of community college students struggle with mental health

Study finds grad student teaching advantages
Consider creative approaches to balancing family with career
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2016

ORLANDO, FLA. — Finding the right balance between family and work certainly has its challenges for any parent. But that juggle becomes even more challenging when you have a career with long hours and academic events that often overlap into nights and weekends. It's further complicated if you're a single parent or if your career takes you far from the support of extended family.
Epistemic Motivation and the Structure of Moral Intuition: Dispositional Need for Closure as a Predictor of Individualizing and Binding Morality
Authors: Federico Christopher M. , Ekstrom Pierce , Tagar Michal Reifen , Williams Allison L.
Published: April 2016

Moral foundations theory argues that morality encompasses both group–preserving binding concerns about in–group loyalty, authority and purity and individualizing concerns about harm avoidance and fairness. Although studies have examined the relationship between sociopolitical attitudes and the moral foundations, the relationship between individual differences in epistemic motivation—as indexed by need for cognitive closure—and moral intuition remains unexplored. Given the role of groups in providing epistemic security, we hypothesized that the need for closure would be most strongly related to support for the foundations most central to the regulation of group ties, that is, the binding foundations as opposed to the individualizing ones. Data from three samples provided evidence for this. Unpacking this pattern, we also found that those high in need for closure endorsed all foundations, whereas those low in need for closure emphasized only the individualizing ones. Finally, we found that the relationship between need for closure and the binding foundations was mediated by right–wing authoritarianism, an orientation closely linked to a desire for the preservation of conventional in–group morality. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal Behavior of 3‐(4‐Aminofurazan‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐nitrofurazan‐3‐yl)furazan (ANTF)
Authors: Yi Qianhong , Liang Dehui , Ma Qing , Huang Ming , Tan Bisheng , Liu Yucun , Chi Yu
Published: April 2016

The energetic material 3‐(4‐aminofurazan‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐nitrofurazan‐3‐yl)furazan (ANTF) with low melting‐point was synthesized by means of an improved oxidation reaction from 3,4‐bis(4′‐aminofurazano‐3′‐yl)furazan. The structure of ANTF was confirmed by 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and the crystal structure was determined by X‐ray diffraction. ANTF crystallized in monoclinic system P21/c, with a crystal density of 1.785 g cm−3 and crystal parameters a=6.6226(9) Å, b=26.294(2) Å, c=6.5394(8) Å, β=119.545(17)°, V=0.9907(2) nm3, Z=4, μ=0.157 mm−1, F(000)=536. The thermal stability and non‐isothermal kinetics of ANTF were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with heating rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 K min−1. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of ANTF calculated by Kissinger's equation and Ozawa's equation were 115.9 kJ mol−1 and 112.6 kJ mol−1, respectively, with the pre‐exponential factor lnA=21.7 s−1. ANTF is a potential candidate for the melt‐cast explosive with good thermal stability and detonation performance.
A Miniature Device for Shock Initiation of Hexanitrostilbene by High‐Speed Flyer
Authors: Zeng Qingxuan , Li Bing , Li Mingyu , Wu Xingyu
Published: April 2016

A miniature device for shock initiation of the hexanitrostilbene (HNS) through micro‐charge detonation‐driven flyer was fabricated. This device consisted of the substrate, micro‐charge, flyer, and barrel. Four types of flyer (titanium of 28 μm, aluminum of 22 μm, copper of 22 μm and polyimide (PI) of 55 μm in thickness) were studied and the effect of micro‐charge thickness, diameter, and barrel length were investigated by measuring the average flyer velocities using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films. The results show that the titanium flyer is more proper for such initiation device compared to aluminum, copper, and polyimide flyer. The average velocity of the flyer increased with the thickness of micro‐charge and the increment was larger when the thickness increases from 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm than when the thickness increases from 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm. The flyer velocity significantly increased with the increase in the diameter of micro‐charge until a plateau appeared at 0.8 mm. The flyer velocity increased first and then decreased sharply with the increase in barrel length. The average velocity for a 28 μm thick titanium flyer was measured to be as high as 2468 m s−1 when the thickness, micro‐charge diameter and the length of barrel were 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 659 μm, respectively. The HNS‐IV explosive with density 1.57 g cm−3 was initiated by this miniature device.
Sensitivity and Performance of Energetic Materials
Authors: Zeman Svatopluk , Jungová Marcela
Published: April 2016

This paper provides an overview of the main developments over the past nine years in the study of the sensitivity of energetic materials (EM) to impact, shock, friction, electric spark, laser beams, and heat. Attention is also paid to performance and to its calculation methods. Summaries are provided of the relationships between sensitivity and performance, the best representations for the calculation methods of performance being the volume heat of explosion or the product of crystal density and the square of detonation velocity. On the basis of current knowledge, it is possible to state that a single universal relationship between molecular structure and initiation reactivity does not yet exist. It is confirmed that increasing the explosive strength is usually accompanied by an increase in the sensitivity. In the case of nitramines this rule is totally valid for friction sensitivity, but for impact sensitivity there are exceptions to the rule, and with 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazepane, 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane, β‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane, and the α‐, β‐ and ε‐polymorphs of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane the relationship works in the opposite direction. With respect to the QSPR approach there might be reasonably good predictions but it provides little insight into the physics and chemistry involved in the process of initiation.
Source‐gating effect in hydrothermally grown ZnO nanowire transistors
Authors: Opoku Charles , Dahiya Abhishek Singh , Poulin‐Vittrant Guylaine , Camara Nicolas , Alquier Daniel
Published: April 2016

Nanowire source‐gated field‐effect transistors (NW SGT) are demonstrated using hydrothermally grown ZnO NWs. Device quality ZnO NWs with moderate n‐type doping are achieved by thermal annealing in ambient air at ∼550 °C. A single ZnO NW device with Au source‐drain contacts (s/d) is found to operate under source‐gating mode, with characteristics markedly different from a reference device with ohmic contacts. The NW SGT shows exceptionally early drain current–voltage saturation (IDSAT–VDSAT) below 1 V. The change in saturation with the gate voltage (VG) is over 80 times lower than a reference device with ohmic contacts. This device behavior is attributed to the source‐gate overlap, enabling gate field penetration inside the depleted source. Current modulation is obtained by a combination of gate‐induced image force barrier lowering and the high internal electric fields at source pinch‐off. Effective Schottky barrier heights are extracted from activation energy measurements, revealing systematic barrier lowering with increasing VG. These features of the device lead us to conclude that the single NW field‐effect transistor (FET) with Schottky contacts operated under SGT mode.
Protective effect of Co‐enzyme Q10 On doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyopathy of rat hearts
Authors: Chen Pei‐Yu , Hou Chien‐Wen , Shibu Marthandam Asokan , Day Cecilia Hsuan , Pai Peiying , Liu Zhao‐Rong , Lin Tze‐Yi , Viswanadha Vijaya Padma , Kuo Chia‐Hua , Huang Chih‐Yang
Published: April 2016

Q10 is a powerful antioxidant often used in medical nutritional supplements for cancer treatment. This study determined whether Q10 could effectively prevent cardio‐toxicity caused by doxorubicin treatment. Four week old SD rats were segregated into groups namely control, doxorubicin group (challenged with doxorubicin), Dox + Q10 group (with doxorubicin challenge and oral Q10 treatment), and Q10 group (with oral Q10 treatment). Doxorubicin groups received IP doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg) every 3 days and Q10 groups received Q10 (10 mg/kg) every day. Three weeks of doxorubicin challenge caused significant reduction in heart weight, disarray in cardiomyocyte arrangement, elevation of collagen accumulation, enhancement of fibrosis and cell death associated proteins, and inhibition of survival proteins. However, Q10 effectively protected cardiomyocytes and ameliorated fibrosis and cell death induced by doxorubicin. Q10 is, therefore, evidently a potential drug to prevent heart damage caused by doxorubicin. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 679–689, 2017.
An Objective Assessment of the Surgical Trainee in an Urban Trauma Unit in South Africa: A Pilot Study
Authors: Spence Richard Trafford , Zargaran Eiman , Hameed Morad , Nicol Andrew , Navsaria Pradeep
Published: April 2016

Background

Surgical outcomes are provider specific. This prospective audit describes the surgical activity of five general surgery residents on their trauma surgery rotation. It was hypothesized that the operating surgical trainee is an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes following major trauma.

Materials and methods

This is a prospective cohort study. All patients admitted, over a 6‐month period (August 2014–January 2015), following trauma requiring a major operation performed by a surgical trainee at Groote Schuur Hospital’s trauma unit in South Africa were included. Multiple logistic regression models were built to compare risk‐adjusted surgical outcomes between trainees. The primary outcome measure was major in‐hospital complications.

Results

A total of 320 major operations involving 341 procedures were included. The mean age was 28.49 years (range 13–64), 97.2 % were male with a median ISS of 9 (IQR 1–41). Mechanism of injury was penetrating in 93.42 % of cases of which 51.86 % were gunshot injuries. Surgeon A consistently had the lowest risk‐adjusted outcomes and was used as the reference for all outcomes in the regression models. Surgeon B, D, and E had statistically significant higher rates of major in‐hospital complications than Surgeon A and C, after adjusting for multiple confounders. The final model used to calculate the risk estimates for the primary outcome had a ROC of 0.8649.

Conclusion

Risk‐adjusted surgical outcomes vary by operating surgical trainee. The analysis thereof can add value to the objective assessment of a surgical trainee.
Corneal Opacity in a Participant of a 161-km Mountain Bike Race at High Altitude
Authors: Khodaee Morteza , Torres David R.
Published: April 2016

Visual dysfunction is a relatively uncommon complaint among athletes during ultraendurance races. The pathophysiology of most of these cases is unknown. Corneal opacity has been speculated as the etiology for most of reported cases. We are presenting a case of a 56-year-old man with a partial unilateral corneal opacity and edema at kilometer 150 of a 161-km mountain bike race in high altitude. He was not able to finish the race (12-hour cutoff) because of his visual symptoms. He completely recovered in 3 days with no sequelae.
Novel Technique for Epinephrine Removal in New Generation Autoinjectors
Authors: Robinson Patrick E. , Lareau Stephanie A.
Published: April 2016

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening, multisystem hypersensitivity reaction that can rapidly progress to hypotension and airway compromise. Successful management of anaphylaxis has been documented with the use of prescription intramuscular epinephrine pens that require only minimal training for safe use. The prior generations of these commercially available autoinjectors were produced for single use; however, safe removal of multiple doses has been demonstrated for use in dire situations. We aim to show a novel technique for removal and administration of additional doses of epinephrine from the new generation autoinjector, the Auvi-Q. There was a voluntary manufacturer recall of this product as of October 30, 2015, because of concerns about inaccurate dosing. However, an uncertain number of devices remain in public hands.
CHAIN LADDER AND ERROR PROPAGATION
Authors: Röhr Ancus
Published: April 2016

We show how estimators for the chain ladder prediction error in Mack's (1993) distribution-free stochastic model can be derived using the error propagation formula. Our method allows for the treatment of the general case of the prediction error of the loss development result between two arbitrary future horizons. In the well-known special cases considered previously by Mack (1993) and Merz and Wüthrich (2008), our estimators coincide with theirs. However, the algebraic form in which we cast them is new, considerably more compact and more intuitive to understand. For example, in the classical case treated by Mack (1993), we show that the mean squared prediction error divided by the squared estimated ultimate loss can be written as ∑jû2j, where ûj measures the (relative) uncertainty around the jth development factor and the proportion of the estimated ultimate loss that it affects. The error propagation method also provides a natural split into process error and parameter error. Our proofs identify and exploit symmetries of “chain ladder processes” in a novel way. For the sake of wider practical applicability of the formulae derived, we allow for incomplete historical data and the exclusion of outliers in the triangles.
Development of turbulent boundary layers past a step change in wall roughness
Authors: Hanson R. E. , Ganapathisubramani B.
Published: April 2016

In this study, the development of a boundary layer past a change in surface roughness (from rough to smooth,$\text{R}\rightarrow \text{S}$) is examined. Measurements of the flow were made by hot wires, whereas the friction velocity was estimated by Preston tube measurements. By means of a diagnostic plot of the turbulence intensity, it is shown that above the internal layer the flow exhibits characteristics of a rough, wall-bounded flow, whereas near the wall the turbulence intensity is similar to that of an isolated smooth wall. Similarly, viscous scaling of the mean streamwise velocity shows an excessive wake region downstream of the$\text{R}\rightarrow \text{S}$wall surface change that diminishes with the fetch from the surface change. Above the internal layer a second peak in the streamwise Reynolds stress was associated with the upstream rough-wall flow. Examination of the turbulent spectra revealed the presence of large-scale motions within this region that gradually diminish in strength with increasing distance from the change in surface roughness. The magnitude of the near-wall peak failed to collapse to that of a comparable smooth-wall boundary layer under viscous scaling, however, the wall-normal location of the peak appears to be at$y^{+}\approx 15$at all downstream distances. A new mixed scaling is proposed for the near-wall peak based on the corrected wake deficit and the friction velocity. This shows the importance of outer region to the growth of near-wall peak in this non-equilibrium boundary layer.
Meeting Country and Self to Initiate an Embodiment of Knowledge: Embedding a Process for Aboriginal Perspectives
Authors: McKnight Anthony
Published: April 2016

Social justice is often the primary framework that directs academics to embed Aboriginal perspectives into teacher education programmes. The effectiveness and limitations of social justice as a catalyst and change agent was examined when six school of education academics from an Australian regional university were introduced to Yuin Country as knowledge holder. This paper argues that social justice in Australian education systems can contribute to the colonial control of knowledge production. At the same time, however, social justice may provide a means for non-Aboriginal people to experience Aboriginal ways of knowing and thereby to diversify their thinking. A cultural experience with Yuin Country played a central role in connecting and separating social justice to provide a balance in relatedness, disrupting the colonial emphasis of Western binary thinking that only separates. The academics shared their ideas and feelings in relation to Aboriginal people and culture before, during and after the cultural experience Mingadhuga Mingayung (McKnight, 2015) of two significant Yuin Mountains on the far south coast of New South Wales. The research described in this paper explored the academics’ journey with Country to investigate the role of social justice thinking to unveil and or conceal Aboriginal perspectives as Country.
A Radiocarbon Sequence from Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj, Jordan and its Implications for Early Bronze IV Chronology in the Southern Levant
Authors: Falconer Steven E , Fall Patricia L
Published: April 2016

Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj, an agrarian Early Bronze IV village in the northern Jordan Valley, Jordan, provides a series of 24 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) seed dates spanning seven stratified phases of occupation. Bayesian analysis of these ages reveals that habitation at Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj began between 2600 and 2500 cal BC and ended just before 2000 cal BC. This sequence provides the longest radiocarbon record of occupation for an Early Bronze IV settlement in the southern Levant and pushes the beginning of the Levantine Early Bronze IV earlier than proposed previously. When integrated with14C dates from an array of sites in the southern Levant, Egypt, and Lebanon, this evidence aligns with recent14C-based chronologies calling for earlier ages for Early Bronze I–III, details Early Bronze IV chronology through the course of this period, and corroborates the date of the Early Bronze IV/Middle Bronze Age transition ~2000 cal BC.
A predictor-based attitude and position estimation for rigid bodies moving in planar space by using delayed landmark measurements
Authors: Senejohnny Danial , Namvar Mehrzad
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a globally and exponentially convergent predictive observer for attitude and position estimation based on landmark measurements and velocity (angular and linear) readings. It is assumed that landmark measurements are available with time-delay. The maximum value of the sensor delay under which the estimation error converges to zero is calculated. Synthesis of the observer is based on a representation of rigid-body kinematics and sensor delay, formulated via ordinary and partial differential equations (ODE-PDE). Observability condition specifies necessary and sufficient landmark configuration for convergence of attitude and position estimation error to zero. Finally, for implementation purposes, a PDE-free realization of the predictive observer is proposed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate performance and convergence properties of the predictive observer in case of a wheeled mobile robot.
Rewriting Title IX: The Department of Education's Response to Feminists' Comments in the Rulemaking Process
Authors: English Ashley
Published: April 2016

Feminist organizations, like many other interest groups and advocacy organizations, have increasingly turned to the rulemaking process to create meaningful policy change. Although rulemaking is an attractive policy-making venue for feminists because it provides them with an opportunity to bypass congressional gridlock and interact with more women policy makers than they might in Congress, the existing literature does not address how and when feminist organizations' participation in rulemaking is influential. To examine this question for the first time, I analyze a sample of the 5,860 comments that the U.S. Department of Education received in response to its 2004 proposed rule allowing for public single-sex education programs and the department's justifications for its proposed and final rules. Specifically, I ask whether findings from the rulemaking literature showing that organizations can encourage bureaucrats to change their proposed rules when they submit large numbers of high-quality, homogenous, opposing comments hold for feminist organizations in a redistributive policy area. The findings indicate that when bureaucrats receive multiple sets of high-quality homogenous comments, they are more likely to side with commenters who support their initial proposals and/or partisan and ideological positions.