bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissociative Electron Transfer to N‐(Arylthio)phthalimides: Factors Affecting the Formation and Dissociation of Radical Anions
Authors: Saley Michael A. , Hamed Emad M. , Houmam Abdelaziz
Published: March 2024

A series of chemically and biologically relevant N‐(arylthio)phthalimides is synthesized and its electrochemical reduction investigated. The results of the electrochemical study are analysed through application of Savéant's dissociative electron transfer theory and with the assistance of theoretical calculations. Reduction of all investigated N‐(arylthio)phthalimides leads to the corresponding radical anions, followed by the ejection of the phthalimide anion resulting from the dissociation of the N−S chemical bond. This stepwise electron transfer mechanism is evidenced by the electrochemical data which allow determination of the standard reduction potentials of all compounds. In the formation of the N‐(arylthio)phthalimide radical anions, the theoretical calculations show that the incoming electron, is hosted by the phthalimidyl group indicating a homolytic dissociation mechanism. The dissociation rate constants of the radical anions are deduced and show that upon changing the substituent from the MeO, to Me, H, F, Cl and Br the dissociation becomes faster. A good correlation with the Hammett substituent constants is also obtained. Application of Savéant's theory through determination of the associated driving force and the intrinsic barrier energies help rationalize the observed results and show that the change in the dissociation rate constant depends mainly on the standard reduction potential of the parent compounds.
Chemodivergent Synthesis of Benzofurans and 2,3‐Dihydrobenzofurans via Tandem Oxidative Annulation of Enaminones and Salicylaldehydes
Authors: Duan Xiyan , Li Hui , Wang Junqi , Liu Kun , Shi Meixin , Lian Weidong , Chen Ran , Liu Pu
Published: March 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Chemodivergent synthesis of benzofurans and 2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans has been realized. Under a reaction system consisting of DBDMH and K2CO3 as promotors, controlled conditions enabled the formation of two sets of valuable heterocycles from the tandem transformation of enaminones and salicylaldehydes. The key to success was the identification of the reaction parameters, in which the imine intermediate which was formed by transient halogenation coupling and substitution processes underwent either aldol condensation/annulation or imine hydrolysis/aldol condensation. The additives NH4Cl or Fe2(SO4)3 controlled the unique selectivity of this reaction. A broad substrate scope of enaminones and salicylaldehydes has been employed in this reaction, demonstrating excellent functional group tolerance and versatility.
Synthesis of High Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids: Influence of Target Preparation on Stoichiometry and Productivity
Authors: Tahir Shabbir , Shkodich Natalia , Eggert Benedikt , Lill Johanna , Gatsa Oleksandr , Flimelová Miroslava , Adabifiroozjaei Esmaeil , Bulgakova Nadezhda M. , Molina‐Luna Leopoldo , Wende Heiko , Farle Michael , Bulgakov Alexander V. , Doñate‐Buendía Carlos , Gökce Bilal
Published: March 2024

High entropy alloys (HEAs) have a wide range of applications across various fields, including structural engineering, biomedical science, catalysis, magnetism, and nuclear technology. Nanoscale HEA particles show promising catalytic properties. Nevertheless, attaining versatile composition control in nanoparticles poses a persistent challenge. This study proposes the use of pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) for synthesizing nanoparticles using equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi targets with varied preparation methods. We evaluate the impact of target preparation method on nanoparticle yield and composition as well as the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The elemental powder‐pressed heat‐treated target (HEA‐PP), identified as the most time‐efficient and cost‐effective, exhibits noticeable segregation and non‐uniform elemental distribution compared to ball milled hot‐pressed powder (HEA‐BP) and face‐centered cubic (FCC) single crystal (HEA‐SX) alloy targets. From all targets, nanoparticles (sizes from 2 to 120 nm) can be produced in ethanol with a nearly equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi composition and a FCC structure, showing oxidation of up to 20 at.%. Nanoparticles from HEA‐PP exist in a solid solution state, while those from HEA‐BP and HEA‐SX form core‐shell structures with a Mn shell due to inhomogeneous material expulsion, confirmed by mass spectrometry. HEA‐PP PLAL synthesis demonstrates 6.8 % and 15.1 % higher productivity compared to HEA‐BP and HEA‐SX, establishing PLAL of elemental powder‐pressed targets as a reliable, time‐efficient, and cost‐effective method for generating solid solution HEA nanoparticles.
Operando Studies for CO2/CO Reduction in Flow‐Based Devices
Authors: Lin Zih‐Yi , Chang Yu‐Chia , Chen Yi‐Yu , Hsu Yung‐Hsi , Peng Kang‐Shun , Hung Sung‐Fu
Published: March 2024

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) conducted in a flow‐based device exhibits a substantial enhancement in Faradaic efficiency and catalytic current density compared to a conventional H‐type configuration. This highlights the distinct catalytic environment and behavior inherent in flow cells as opposed to H cells. To investigate the authentic properties of a catalyst within a flow‐based device, customized flow cells have been specifically devised for operando techniques during CO2RR and CORR, rather than resorting to an in‐situ three‐electrode H‐type configuration with its disparate catalytic environment and performance. This approach ensures a catalytic environment identical to that employed in electrochemical measurements. This review delineates the disparities between H‐type and flow‐based cells as well as the operando techniques tailored for flow‐based devices, including X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, preserving a consistent catalytic environment. It also compiles recent findings on copper‐based systems using operando flow‐based devices. The operando insights reveal a significant augmentation in catalytic current density, impacting both chemical properties and crystal structures. Furthermore, the observation of various catalytic intermediates enriches our comprehension. In essence, the application of operando techniques to flow‐based devices furnishes a comprehensive understanding of the catalytic behavior exhibited by diverse systems, propelling progress toward achieving Net Zero emissions.
The paradox of plant preference: The malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii select suboptimal food sources for their survival and reproduction
Authors: Paré Prisca S. L. , Hien Domonbabele F. D. S. , Youba Mariam , Yerbanga Rakiswendé S. , Cohuet Anna , Gouagna Louis‐Clément , Diabaté Abdoulaye , Ignell Rickard , Dabiré Roch K. , Gnankiné Olivier , Lefèvre Thierry
Published: March 2024

Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes, two major malaria vectors in sub‐Saharan Africa, exhibit selectivity among plant species as potential food sources. However, it remains unclear if their preference aligns with optimal nutrient intake and survival. Following an extensive screening of the effects of 31 plant species on An. coluzzii in Burkina Faso, we selected three species for their contrasting effects on mosquito survival, namely Ixora coccinea, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, and Combretum indicum. We assessed the sugar content of these plants and their impact on mosquito fructose positivity, survival, and insemination rate, using Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae, with glucose 5% and water as controls. Plants displayed varying sugar content and differentially affected the survival, sugar intake, and insemination rate of mosquitoes. All three plants were more attractive to mosquitoes than controls, with An. gambiae being more responsive than An. coluzzii. Notably, C. indicum was the most attractive but had the lowest sugar content and offered the lowest survival, insemination rate, and fructose positivity. Our findings unveil a performance–preference mismatch in An. coluzzii and An. gambiae regarding plant food sources. Several possible reasons for this negative correlation between performance and preference are discussed.
Theoretical Identification on Typical Fe3X (X=B, C, N) Compounds for Polysulfide Conversion in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Sun Hongxu , Qian Chengfei , Guo Cong , Li Min , Tao Yibin , Li Jingfa
Published: March 2024

Li−S batteries (LSBs) are considered as the attractive candidates for next‐generation high‐energy system due to their high energy and low cost. However, their practical application is hindered by several stubborn issues, including the poor electric conductivity of sulfur cathodes, the shuttle of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the slow dynamics during charge/discharge cycles. Transitional iron (Fe)‐based compounds are regarded as effectively electrocatalysts for polysulfide conversion by accelerating the reaction kinetics and enhancing the electric conductivity and electron/charge transfer. In this study, we investigate the typical transition Fe‐based compounds (Fe3X, X=B, C, N), known for their high catalytic ability, analyze their roles as sulfur host for LSBs using density functional theory (DFT). Our finding reveals that Fe3C and Fe3B surfaces exhibit more Fe‐S bonds compared to Fe3N surface, which explains the different electrochemical behaviors observed during battery testing with sulfur cathodes. Additionally, Fe3N demonstrates greater structural stability and effective polysulfide adsorption according to DFT calculations, outperforming the other two compounds in these aspects. We believe that this theoretical investigation would guide the identification of highly efficient hosts for sulfur cathodes and open new avenues for sulfur host selection in LSBs.
Pain trajectories and neuropathic pain symptoms following lung cancer surgery: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Danielsen A. V. , Andreasen J. J. , Dinesen B. , Hansen J. , Petersen K. K. , Duch K. S. , Bisgaard J. , Simonsen C. , Arendt‐Nielsen L.
Published: March 2024

Background

Persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) after lung cancer surgery is common and current definitions are based on evaluations at a single time point after surgery. Pain intensity and symptoms may however fluctuate and change over time, and be impacted by multiple and shifting factors. Studies of postoperative recovery patterns and transition from acute to chronic pain are needed for further investigation of preventive measures and treatments to modify unfavourable recovery paths.

Methods

In this explorative study, 85 patients undergoing surgery due to either presumptive or confirmed lung cancer reported pain intensities bi‐monthly for 12 months. Pain trajectories during recovery were investigated, using group‐based trajectory modelling. Associations with possible risk factors for PPSP, including clinical variables and anxiety and depression score (HADS), were also explored.

Results

A trajectory model containing three 12‐month pain recovery groups was computed. One group without PPSP fully recovered (50%) within two to three months. Another group with mild‐intensity PPSP followed a protracted recovery trajectory (37%), while incomplete recovery was observed in the last group (13%). Acute postoperative pain and younger age were associated with a less favourable recovery trajectory. More neuropathic pain symptoms were observed in patients with incomplete recovery.

Conclusions

Three clinically relevant recovery trajectories were identified, based on comprehensive pain tracking. Higher acute postoperative pain intensity was associated with an unfavourable pain recovery trajectory.

Significance Statement

Understanding the transition from acute to chronic postoperative pain and identifying preoperative risk factors is essential for the development of targeted treatments and the implementation of preventive measures. This study (1) identified distinct recovery trajectories based on frequent pain assessment follow‐ups for 12 months after surgery and (2) evaluated risk factors for unfavourable postoperative pain recovery paths. Findings suggest that early higher postoperative pain intensity is associated with an unfavourable long‐term recovery path.
Geological hazards susceptibility evaluation based on multi‐year spatial–temporal evolution of assessment factors in Luding area, Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Qu Yongping , Jin Xiao
Published: March 2024

More than 50 earthquakes occurred in the Luding region, including a 6.8‐magnitude earthquake on September 5, 2022, which induced huge amounts of geological disasters. As the main triggered factors for the geological disasters, the vegetation, precipitation and temperature show regular changes on the time axis. Thus, this paper based on the spatial–temporal evolution of the precipitation, temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), focuses on the susceptibility of the Luding area using the weighted information content method (ICM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for the post‐earthquake regional planning and reconstruction. In the Luding area, it was found that there were 18 debris flow gullies, and 470 geological disasters scattered in the debris flow gullies. The NDVI of the study area has been declining in recent years, with only about 12% of the NDVI increasing from 2015 to 2020. From 2011 to 2015, the annual cumulative precipitation has been dropping overall, while the July average temperature has increasing quadratic functions after decreasing trend. Furthermore, the studied area's geological hazards susceptibility was classified into five categories, with extremely low susceptibility accounting for 5.82%, low susceptibility accounting for 13.61%, moderate susceptibility accounting for 38.54%, high susceptibility accounting for 39.96% and extremely high susceptibility accounting for 2.08%. The geological disasters in moderate, high and extremely high susceptibility accounted for approximately 95.08%, and the covered area of geological disasters in moderate, high and extremely high susceptibility accounted for 88.06%. Through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the model verification found the AUC = 0.743. The geological hazards susceptibility study results show that the approach is useful for the analysis and prevention of geological disasters.
Low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 5/6 promotes endometrial cancer progression and cancer cell immune escape
Authors: Shen Lifan , Zhang Chen , Zhu Genhai
Published: March 2024

The study investigated the potential association of the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) genome with endometrial cancer progression based on the Gene Expression Omnibus data set and The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. Differential and weighted gene coexpression network analysis was performed on endometrial cancer transcriptome datasets GSE9750 and GSE106191. The protein‐protein interaction network was built using LDL‐receptor proteins and the top 50 tumor‐associated genes. Low‐density lipoprotein‐related receptors 5/6 (LRP5/6) in endometrial cancer tissues were correlated with oncogenes, cell cycle‐related genes, and immunological checkpoints using Spearman correlation. MethPrimer predicted the LRP5/6 promoter CpG island. LRP2, LRP6, LRP8, LRP12, low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐associated protein, and LRP5 were major LDL‐receptor‐related genes associated with endometrial cancer. LRP5/6 was enriched in various cancer‐related pathways and may be a key LDL‐receptor‐related gene in cancer progression. LRP5/6 may be involved in the proliferation process of endometrial cancer cells by promoting the expression of cell cycle‐related genes. LRP5/6 may be involved in the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells by promoting the expression of cell cycle‐related genes. LRP5/6 may promote the immune escape of cancer cells by promoting the expression of immune checkpoints, promoting endometrial cancer progression. The MethPrimer database predicted that the LRP5/6 promoter region contained many CpG islands, suggesting that DNA methylation can occur in the LRP5/6 promoter region. LRP5/6 may aggravate endometrial cancer by activating the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B pathway.
The mobile giving gap: The negative impact of smartphones on donation behavior
Authors: Hock Stefan J. , Ferguson Kristen A. , Herd Kelly B.
Published: March 2024

While charities typically use the same messaging when appealing to consumers on their smartphones and PCs, this approach may backfire. Across three studies, we find consumers are less likely to donate on their smartphones (vs. PCs), a phenomenon we call the mobile giving gap. In study 1, we demonstrate that consumers are less willing to donate real money to a charitable organization. In study 2, we provide process support and demonstrate that the focal effect is mediated by other‐focus. Finally, a field experiment using Google display ads (study 3) replicates the focal effect and demonstrates that the negative impact of smartphones is attenuated when the appeal explicitly focuses on others (vs. the self). This study not only provides additional process support, but also suggests an easily implementable strategy that charities can use to close the mobile giving gap. Taken together, our findings offer theoretical insights related to the mobile mindset and its impact on consumer behavior and highlight that charities should tailor their donation appeals based on device type.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of ANKK1, DDR4, and GRIN2B genes predict behavior in a prospective cohort of Mexican children and adolescents
Authors: Moctezuma Barbara , Santiago Ángel , Burguete‐García Ana , Martínez‐Barnetche Jesus , Morales‐Gómez Claudia , Hernandez‐Chavez Carmen , Gil Gabriela , Peterson Karen E. , Tellez‐Rojo Martha M. , Lamadrid‐Figueroa Hector
Published: March 2024

Numerous studies have established associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various behavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions. This study explores the links between SNPs in candidate genes involved in central nervous system (CNS) physiology and their implications for the behavioral and emotional aspects in children and teenagers. A total of 590 participants, aged 7–15 years, from the Early Life Exposures In Mexico To Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort study in Mexico City, underwent genotyping for at least one of 15 CNS gene‐related SNPs at different timepoints. We employed multiple linear regression models to assess the potential impact of genetic variations on behavioral and cognitive traits, as measured by the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) and Conners parent rating scales. Significant associations were observed, including the rs1800497 TC genotype (ANKK1) with the Cognitive Problems/Inattention variable (p value = 0.003), the rs1800955 CT genotype (DDR4) with the Emotional Lability Global index variable (p value = 0.01), and the rs10492138 GA and rs7970177 TC genotypes (GRIN2B) with the Depression variable (p values 0.007 and 0.012, respectively). These finds suggest potential genetic profiles associated with “risk” and “protective” behaviors for these SNPs. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of genetic variations in neurobehavior and highlight the need for further research in the early identification and intervention in individuals at risk for these conditions.
What is a trait? Lessons from the human chin
Authors: Meneganzin Andra , Ramsey Grant , DiFrisco James
Published: March 2024

The chin, a distinguishing feature of Homo sapiens, has sparked ongoing debates regarding its evolutionary origins and adaptive significance. We contend that these controversies stem from a fundamental disagreement about what constitutes a well‐defined biological trait, a problem that has received insufficient attention despite its recognized importance in biology. In this paper, we leverage paleoanthropological research on the human chin to investigate the general issue of character or trait identification. First, we examine four accounts of the human chin from the existing literature: the mandibular differential growth byproduct, the bony prominence, the inverted T‐relief, and the symphyseal angle. We then generalize from these accounts and propose a three‐stage framework for the process of character identification: description, detection, and justification. We use this framework to reinterpret the four accounts, elucidating key points of contention surrounding the chin as well as other morphological characters. We show that debates over the chin carry broad and important biological implications that extend beyond this trait and that are not mere semantic issues of definition.
The antiviral potential of the antiandrogen enzalutamide and the viral‐androgen signaling interplay in seasonal coronaviruses
Authors: Ogunjinmi Oluwadamilola D. , Abdullahi Tukur , Somji Riaz‐Ali , Bevan Charlotte L. , Barclay Wendy S. , Temperton Nigel , Brooke Greg N. , Giotis Efstathios S.
Published: March 2024

The sex disparity in COVID‐19 outcomes with males generally faring worse than females has been associated with the androgen‐regulated expression of the protease TMPRSS2 and the cell receptor ACE2 in the lung and fueled interest in antiandrogens as potential antivirals. In this study, we explored enzalutamide, an antiandrogen used commonly to treat prostate cancer, as a potential antiviral against the human coronaviruses which cause seasonal respiratory infections (HCoV‐NL63, −229E, and ‐OC43). Using lentivirus‐pseudotyped and authentic HCoV, we report that enzalutamide reduced 229E and NL63 entry and infection in both TMPRSS2‐ and nonexpressing immortalized cells, suggesting a TMPRSS2‐independent mechanism. However, no effect was observed against OC43. To decipher this distinction, we performed RNA‐sequencing analysis on 229E‐ and OC43‐infected primary human airway cells. Our results show a significant induction of androgen‐responsive genes by 229E compared to OC43 at 24 and 72 h postinfection. The virus‐mediated effect on AR‐signaling was further confirmed with a consensus androgen response element‐driven luciferase assay in androgen‐depleted MRC‐5 cells. Specifically, 229E induced luciferase‐reporter activity in the presence and absence of the synthetic androgen mibolerone, while OC43 inhibited induction. These findings highlight a complex interplay between viral infections and androgen‐signaling, offering insights for disparities in viral outcomes and antiviral interventions.
Clinico‐epidemiological presentations and management of Nipah virus infection during the outbreak in Kozhikode district, Kerala state, India 2023
Authors: AS Anoop Kumar , Sahay Rima R. , Radhakrishnan Chandni , P Shihabudheen , Kandath Sathishkumar , Patil Deepak Y. , Shete Anita M. , M Shamsudheen , Ramakrishnan Gayathri , Moorkoth Anitha Puduvail , Gupta Nivedita , Yadav Pragya D. , Godbole Sheela , Ramakrishnan Lathika Velichapat , Vadekkandiyil Shameer , Ekkalayil Danish , V Nithasha , Balakrishnan Anukumar , Pullor Niyas K. , Asokan Neelakandhan , Joseph Reena Kalathil , Nair Priyanka R. , Purayil Sreejayan Meethale , Mathew Thomas , Kizhakkekandiyil Rajaram , Poovullathil Jayesh Kumar , PS Kannan Sabarinath , PT Ullas , George Kalpana , Rahim Asma , Kumar Surendra , S Siba , Mohandas Sreelekshmy , Rajan Lekshmi S. , Ramachandran Shamin Punnath , Thampi Seethu Ponnu , Ashadevi  , Anish Thekkumkara Surendran , Chandran Priya , Mohan Anuja , Vadakkayil Bindu , Koroth Shaji Cheriya , Hafeez Nimin , Sasi Rajasi Ranjini , Abraham Minu
Published: March 2024

India experienced its sixth Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in September 2023 in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state. The NiV is primarily transmitted by spillover events from infected bats followed by human‐to‐human transmission. The clinical specimens were screened using real‐time RT‐PCR, and positive specimens were further characterized using next‐generation sequencing. We describe here an in‐depth clinical presentation and management of NiV‐confirmed cases and outbreak containment activities. The current outbreak reported a total of six cases with two deaths, with a case fatality ratio of 33.33%. The cases had a mixed presentation of acute respiratory distress syndrome and encephalitis syndrome. Fever was a persistent presentation in all the cases. The Nipah viral RNA was detected in clinical specimens until the post‐onset day of illness (POD) 14, with viral load in the range of 1.7–3.3 × 104 viral RNA copies/mL. The genomic analysis showed that the sequences from the current outbreak clustered into the Indian clade similar to the 2018 and 2019 outbreaks. This study highlights the vigilance of the health system to detect and effectively manage the clustering of cases with clinical presentations similar to NiV, which led to early detection and containment activities.
Parenteral nutrition emulsion inhibits CYP3A4 in an iPSC derived liver organoids testing platform
Authors: Harrison Sean P. , Baumgarten Saphira F. , Chollet Maria E. , Stavik Benedicte , Bhattacharya Anindita , Almaas Runar , Sullivan Gareth J.
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is used for patients of varying ages with intestinal failure to supplement calories. Premature newborns with low birth weight are at a high risk for developing PN associated liver disease (PNALD) including steatosis, cholestasis, and gallbladder sludge/stones. To optimize nutrition regimens, models are required to predict PNALD.

Methods

We have exploited induced pluripotent stem cell derived liver organoids to provide a testing platform for PNALD. Liver organoids mimic the developing liver and contain the different hepatic cell types. The organoids have an early postnatal maturity making them a suitable model for premature newborns. To mimic PN treatment we used medium supplemented with either clinoleic (80% olive oil/20% soybean oil) or intralipid (100% soybean oil) for 7 days.

Results

Homogenous HNF4a staining was found in all organoids and PN treatments caused accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes. Organoids exhibited a dose dependent decrease in CYP3A4 activity and expression of hepatocyte functional genes. The lipid emulsions did not affect overall organoid viability and glucose levels had no contributory effect to the observed results.

Conclusions

Liver organoids could be utilized as a potential screening platform for the development of new, less hepatotoxic PN solutions. Both lipid treatments caused hepatic lipid accumulation, a significant decrease in CYP3A4 activity and a decrease in the RNA levels of both CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 in a dose dependent manner. The presence of high glucose had no additive effect, while Clinoleic at high dose, caused significant upregulation of interleukin 6 and TLR4 expression.
Multiple biotic interactions establish phytoplankton community structure across environmental gradients
Authors: Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Follett Christopher L. , Follows Michael J. , Henderikx‐Freitas Fernanda , Ribalet Francois , Gradoville Mary R. , Coesel Sacha N. , Farnelid Hanna , Finkel Zoe V. , Irwin Andrew J. , Jahn Oliver , Karl David M. , Mattern Jann Paul , White Angelicque E. , Zehr Jonathan P. , Armbrust E. Virginia
Published: March 2024

The combination of taxa and size classes of phytoplankton that coexist at any location affects the structure of the marine food web and the magnitude of carbon fluxes to the deep ocean. But what controls the patterns of this community structure across environmental gradients remains unclear. Here, we focus on the North East Pacific Transition Zone, a ~ 10° region of latitude straddling warm, nutrient‐poor subtropical and cold, nutrient‐rich subpolar gyres. Data from three cruises to the region revealed intricate patterns of phytoplankton community structure: poleward increases in the number of cell size classes; increasing biomass of picoeukaryotes and diatoms; decreases in diazotrophs and Prochlorococcus; and both increases and decreases in Synechococcus. These patterns can only be partially explained by existing theories. Using data, theory, and numerical simulations, we show that the patterns of plankton distributions across the transition zone are the result of gradients in nutrient supply rates, which control a range of complex biotic interactions. We examine how interactions such as size‐specific grazing, multiple trophic strategies, shared grazing between several phytoplankton size classes and heterotrophic bacteria, and competition for multiple resources can individually explain aspects of the observed community structure. However, it is the combination of all these interactions together that is needed to explain the bulk compositional patterns in phytoplankton across the North East Pacific Transition Zone. The synthesis of multiple mechanisms is essential for us to begin to understand the shaping of community structure over large environmental gradients.
Microsurgical reconstruction using thoracoacromial vessels as recipients for complicated chest wall defects
Authors: Kim Jisu , Lee Kyeong‐Tae
Published: March 2024

Background

Free tissue transfer is often required for the reconstruction of complex and deep anterior chest wall wounds, for which the identification of suitable recipient vessels is crucial. Although the internal mammary arteries (IMAs) are a representative option, identifying secondary options when these vessels are compromised remains a challenge. This report evaluated the efficacy of using the thoracoacromial vessels (TAVs) as recipients for chest wall reconstruction by reviewing our experience.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of patients undergoing free‐flap‐based chest wall reconstruction using TAVs as recipient vessels from February 2020 to March 2023. Patient demographics and surgery‐related characteristics data were collected. The primary outcome of interest was the occurrence of flap perfusion‐related complications.

Results

In total, 12 cases utilized TAVs as recipients, primarily for defects following sternotomy, where bilateral IMA was unavailable due to prior surgery. The TAVs with reliable perfusion were consistently identified beneath the pectoralis major muscle. The anterolateral thigh flap was predominantly employed, with musculocutaneous or chimeric flaps introduced for bony defects. The mean pedicle length of the harvested flap was 7.2 cm (range, 3–13), and in cases with a vascular gap, the pedicle was extended using an arteriovenous interposition graft. This resulted in a mean pedicle length needed to reach recipient vessels of 9.9 cm (range, 6.5–19). All flaps survived, with only one experiencing partial necrosis.

Conclusions

The TAV could be considered as an attractive alternative recipient vessel in microsurgical reconstruction of complicated chest wall defects when the use of IMA is not feasible.
Identification of minimum thresholds for dietary self‐monitoring to promote weight‐loss maintenance
Authors: Arroyo Kelsey M. , Carpenter Chelsea A. , Krukowski Rebecca A. , Ross Kathryn M.
Published: March 2024

Objective

Reduced schedules of dietary self‐monitoring are typically recommended after the end of behavioral weight‐loss programs; however, there exists little empirical evidence to guide these recommendations.

Methods

We explored potential thresholds for dietary self‐monitoring during a 9‐month maintenance period following a 3‐month weight‐loss program in 74 adults with overweight or obesity (mean [SD] age = 50.7 [10.4] years, BMI = 31.2 [4.5] kg/m2) who were encouraged to self‐monitor weight, dietary intake, and physical activity daily and report their adherence to self‐monitoring each week via a study website.

Results

Greater self‐monitoring was correlated with less weight regain for thresholds of ≥3 days/week, with the largest benefit observed for thresholds of ≥5 to ≥6 days/week (all p < 0.05); significant weight gain was observed for thresholds of ≥1 to ≥2 days/week, whereas no change in weight was observed for thresholds of ≥3 to ≥4 days/week, and weight loss was observed with thresholds of ≥5 or more days/week.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate that self‐monitoring at least 3 days/week may be beneficial for supporting long‐term maintenance, although greater benefit (in relation to weight loss) may be realized at thresholds of 5 to 6 days/week. Future research should investigate whether individuals who were randomized to self‐monitor at these different thresholds demonstrate differential patterns of weight‐loss maintenance.
Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Hemolytic Properties of Euphorbia calyptrata (l.) Essential oils: in Vitro and in Silico Analysis
Authors: El Kamari Fatima , Zouirech Otmane , Metouekel Amira , Bouslamti Mohammed , Maliki Imane , El Moussaoui Abdelfattah , Chebaibi Mohamed , Taibi Mohamed , Alsahli Abdulaziz Abdullah , Nafidi Hiba‐Allah , Bourhia Mohammed , Dauelbait Musaab , Abdellaoui Abdelfattah
Published: March 2024

In this work, we sought to validate the use of Euphorbia calyptrata (L.), a Saharan and Mediterranean medicinal plant, in traditional pharmacopeia. GC‐MS/MS identified volatile compounds of potential therapeutic interest. Antioxidant tests were performed using β‐carotene decolorization, DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, beta‐carotene bleaching, and TAC. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated on solid and liquid media for bacterial and fungal strains to determine the zone of inhibition and the minimum growth concentration (MIC) of the microbes tested. The hemolytic activity of these essential oils was assessed on red blood cells isolated from rat blood. Phytochemical characterization of the terpenic compounds by GC‐MS/MS revealed 31 compounds, with alpha‐Pinene dominating (35.96 %). The antioxidant power of the essential oils tested revealed an IC50 of 67.28 μg/mL (DPPH), EC50 of 80.25.08±1.42 μg/mL (FRAP), 94.83±2.11 μg/mL (beta carotene) and 985.07±0.70 μg/mL (TAC). Evaluating solid media‘s antibacterial and antifungal properties revealed a zone of inhibition between 10.28 mm and 25.80 mm and 31.48 and 34.21 mm, respectively. On liquid media, the MIC ranged from 10.27 μg/mL to 24.91 μg/mL for bacterial strains and from 9.32 μg/mL to 19.08 μg/mL for fungal strains. In molecular docking analysis, the compounds naphthalene, shogunal, and manol oxide showed the greatest activity against NADPH oxidase, with Glide G scores of −5.294, −5.218 and −5.161 kcal/mol, respectively. For antibacterial activity against E. coli beta‐ketoacyl‐[acyl carrier protein] synthase, the most potent molecules were cis‐Calamenene, alpha.‐Muurolene and Terpineol, with Glide G‐scores of −6.804, −6.424 and −6.313 kcal/mol, respectively. Hemolytic activity revealed a final inhibition of 9.42±0.33 % for a 100 μg/mL concentration. The essential oils tested have good antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hemolytic properties thanks to their rich phytochemical composition, and molecular docking analysis confirmed their biological potency.
Mechanical and gas barrier properties of polyamides 6/ organically modified montmorillonite/ maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin elastomer composites produced by rotational molding
Authors: Ma Yitao , Wang Xiulei , Tian Mingming , Zha Yan , Duan Yuchen , Jin Yao , Yang Weimin , Xie Pengcheng
Published: March 2024

High‐strength and high‐gas‐barrier plastic packaging liners have emerged as competitive products with promising potential application in the field of Type IV hydrogen storage cylinders. Ternary composites, which contain PA6, organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), and maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin elastomer (POE‐g‐MAH), have been proposed as possible material for this application. To achieve the goal of developing this material, the influence of material formulation on various properties such as mechanical, microstructure, gas barrier, thermal stability, and flow properties of the composites was investigated. The results show that the composites with 3 wt% OMMT had the best gas barrier and mechanical properties. Additionally, the effect of rotational molding process parameters on the wall thickness of the plastic liner was studied. Process parameter regulation methods were proposed to improve wall thickness consistency of the products. The investigation shows that the composites containing 3 wt% OMMT had the best wall thickness consistency of the products.

Highlights

The effect of filler content on the properties of PA6 composites was investigated.

The composites with 3 wt% OMMT had the best wall thickness consistency.

The gas barrier property of the composite is improved by 43.9% over virgin PA6.

The impact strength of the composite is improved by 133.8% over virgin PA6.

Insights for the development of processing methods for plastic packaging inserts.
Empathic accuracy in individuals with schizotypal personality traits
Authors: Hu Ding‐ding , Guo Xiao‐dong , Zheng Hong , Yan Chao , Lui Simon S. Y. , Wang Yan‐yu , Wang Yi , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: March 2024

Empirical research using the Empathic Accuracy Task (EAT) has suggested that schizophrenia patients and people with schizotypal personality disorder exhibit lower empathic accuracy than healthy people. However, empathic accuracy in a subclinical sample with high levels of schizotypy has seldom been studied. Our study aimed to investigate empathy in a subclinical sample using the Chinese version of the EAT and a self‐report empathy measure. Forty participants with high levels of schizotypy (HS participants) and 40 with low levels of schizotypy (LS participants), as measured by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), were recruited. All participants completed the Chinese version of the EAT and the self‐report Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy. Empathic accuracy (EA) scores and the intra‐individual variability of EA scores were calculated. Independent samples t tests and Pearson correlation analyses were performed to examine group differences in empathy and the relationship between empathy and schizotypy respectively. HS participants exhibited reduced EA for both positive and negative videos, and larger intra‐individual variability of EA for negative videos than LS participants. However, HS and LS participants did not differ in self‐report cognitive empathy. Moreover, the interpersonal dimension of the SPQ was negatively correlated with EAT performance and self‐report cognitive empathy in LS participants. Individuals with HS show poorer performance‐based EA but relatively intact self‐report cognitive empathy. This study provides empirical evidence for the ontogeny of empathy deficits in subclinical populations at risk of developing schizophrenia, supporting early interventions for social cognitive deficits.
When advisors do not know what is best for advisees: Uncertainty inhibits advice giving
Authors: Zhu Ruida , Tang Honghong , Xue Jinghua , Li Yuanping , Liang Zilu , Wu Simeng , Su Song , Liu Chao
Published: March 2024

While seeking advice can be beneficial for advisees, advisors may not always possess the necessary knowledge to provide appropriate guidance. Poor‐quality advice can mislead advisees rather than offering assistance. Despite the research interest in advisees, few studies have investigated advisors' psychological and behavioral responses, especially when they faced uncertainty regarding the optimal course of action for advisees. To fill this gap, we developed novel paradigms aiming at manipulating advisors' uncertainty, allowing for a systematic investigation of advisors' behavior, motivation, and emotion. Across four studies, we consistently found that advisors under uncertainty give less advice. Furthermore, we observed that uncertainty modulates advisors' motivation to influence, worry about harm to others, and/or sense of power. The motivation to influence and/or worry about harm to others can mediate the effect of uncertainty on advice giving. Besides, we identified nuanced distinctions in the effects of ambiguity and risk, two distinct types of uncertainty, on advisors' psychological processes. Our findings shed light on advisors' self‐monitoring of the quality of their advice, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of advisor–advisee communication from the perspective of advisors.
Working memory components modulation of attentional disengagement from evaluative distractor
Authors: Yan Minmin , Tian Yanying , Hai Min , Zhang Bohua , Chen Antao
Published: March 2024

It is important for people to disengage attention from a distraction, which can help them complete the task at hand as quickly as possible. Recent studies have shown that people's attention stays longer on reward‐distractors than on loss‐distractors, and a delay in attentional disengagement is noted when reward‐distractors are present. However, few studies have examined whether attentional disengagement from an evaluative distractor relies upon working memory (WM) components. In the present study, we used an attentional disengagement paradigm in which reward‐ or loss‐distractors were presented at a central location and the target was presented at a peripheral location, in combination with different WM tasks. The results from Experiment 1 showed that participants were slower to disengage their attention from a central reward‐distractor than a loss‐distractor regardless of cognitive load when the phonological loop component of WM was involved. The results from Experiment 2 revealed that people had difficulty in shifting their attention away from a reward‐distractor in comparison to a loss‐distractor when spatial WM was low, whereas no such difference was observed when spatial WM was high. We conclude that WM components differently modulate attentional disengagement from evaluative distractors. That is, the processing of evaluative (reward and loss) distractors may rely on the same cognitive resources as the spatial WM component, but not the phonological loop component.
Genomic dissection of productivity, lodging, and morpho‐physiological traits in Eragrostis tef under contrasting water availabilities
Authors: Alemu Muluken Demelie , Ben‐Zeev Shiran , Hellwig Timo , Barak Vered , Shoshani Gil , Chen Assaf , Razzon Stephane , Herrmann Ittai , Vorobyova Alexandra , Hübner Sariel , Saranga Yehoshua
Published: March 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Underutilized species (also known as orphan crops) present opportunities to increase crop diversity and food security. Such crops lack modern genetic tools and knowledge to facilitate efficient modern breeding approaches. A wide collection of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) genotypes was used to identify genomic regions associated with productivity, lodging, and morpho‐physiological traits under contrasting water availabilities. The obtained results are expected to enhance modern breeding and improve tef productivity under traditional and modern cropping systems, thus improving farmers' livelihood and food security.

Tef (E. tef (Zucc.) Trotter) is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) C4 cereal crop, endemic to Ethiopia and mainly cultivated in the Horn of Africa. Tef is characterized by high grain and feed nutritional qualities and resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses; thus, it holds great potential to sustain food and nutrition security in Africa and other parts of the world. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with responses to contrasting water regimes, as a basis for future improvement.

A tef diversity panel was genotyped with 28,837 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotyped for productivity, lodging, and morpho‐physiological traits along two seasons (2020 and 2021) under well‐watered and water‐limited treatments. A genome‐wide association study was performed to identify genomic regions associated with key traits for tef breeding.

A total of 107 SNPs were associated with one or more of the studied traits, resulting in 138 marker–trait associations (MTAs) detected under both water treatments. Of these, 22 SNPs were associated with more than one trait, showing either multiple trait (pleiotropic) or multiple environment associations or both. A particularly strong association was found between grain yield, lodging, and time to heading.

These findings open new avenues to further research on the genetic basis and physiological mechanisms underlying major traits in tef, as well as to marker‐assisted breeding of drought‐resilient tef cultivars.
Risk assessment method in relation to coal mine gas explosion based on safety information loss
Authors: Guo Huimin , Cheng Lianhua , Li Shugang , Jiang Bolin
Published: March 2024

Considering the uncertainty and fuzziness of the risk assessment index of coal mine gas explosion, a risk assessment model of gas explosion based on combinatorial weighting‐unascertained measure of safety information loss is proposed. First, 20 risk indicators are extracted from the six aspects of supply loss, transformation loss, transmission loss, perceived loss, cognition loss, and response loss in the process of safety information flow. The weight vector is constructed by the G1 method and anti‐entropy weight combination weighting method. Then, the single‐index measurement function is used to process the risk index measure. Based on the classification standard of the gas explosion risk assessment index, the single‐index and multi‐index measurement matrices are constructed. And the grade is judged according to the principle of maximum membership. Finally, a mine is selected for case application. The results show that the evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation and the method has certain feasibility. It provides a new idea and method for advanced control and accident prevention of coal mine gas explosion risk.
A reliability analysis and optimization method for a turbine shaft under combined high and low cycle fatigue loading
Authors: Bai Song , Zeng Ying , Huang Tudi , Wang Ke , Huang Hong‐Zhong
Published: March 2024

The combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) loading condition and random uncertainty exert a considerable impact on the design of turbine shafts. To enhance the fatigue life and reliability, this research proposes a CCF reliability analysis and optimization method for turbine shafts. A CCF fatigue reliability analysis framework is established, which focuses on the quantification of CCF loading characteristics and random uncertainty. The consideration of CCF loading characteristics contain the loading frequency ratio of high cycle fatigue (HCF) to low cycle fatigue (LCF), the stress amplitude ratio of HCF to LCF, as well as their interaction. The consideration of random uncertainty contains material, geometry and load, and a surrogate model‐based method is introduced to improve the quantification efficiency. Through the validation by comparing with experimental data and traditional methods, the proposed method is with higher accuracy and efficiency. By integrating the proposed fatigue reliability analysis method with design optimization, optimal design values for the turbine shaft were identified. This method theoretically extends the shaft's CCF life and provides practical engineering guidance for its reliability analysis and design.
A man having ‘cyst’ in the ‘cyst’!
Authors: Mehta Asmita A. , Surendran Divya , Radhakrishnan Gopika
Published: March 2024

Key message

Hydatid disease is a zoonotic parasitic infestation caused by tapeworms, particularly Echinococcus granulosus. The lung is the second most site followed by liver accounting for 10%–30% of the cases. Rupture of hydatid cyst can occur into pleura or bronchus. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for pulmonary hydatid.