bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Independent Component Analysis Based Defect Detection for the OLED Display
Authors: Wang Zhi Liang , Gao Jian , Jian Chuan Xia , Liang Yao Cong , Cen Yu
Published: December 2012

Organic Light Emitting Displays (OLED) is a new type of display device which has become increasingly attractive and popular. Due to the complex manufacturing process, various defects may exist on the OLED panel. These defects have the characteristics of fuzzy boundaries, irregular in shape, low contrast with background and they are mixed with the texture background increasing the difficulty of a rapid identification. In this paper, we proposed an approach to detect these defects based on the model of independent component analysis (ICA). The ICA model is applied to a perfect OLED image to determine the de-mixing matrix and its corresponding independent components (ICs). Through the choice of a proper ICi row vector, the new de-mixing matrix is generated which contains only uniform information and is used to reconstruct the OLED background image. The defect result can be obtained by the subtracting operation between the reconstructed background and the source images. The detection system is implemented in the Labview and the testing results show that the ICA based OLED defect detection method is feasible and effective.
Application of Measurement System Analysis in Controlling the Gun Maintenance Quality
Authors: Zhang Meng , Wang Shuai , Wang Guo De , Jiang Wei
Published: December 2012

The large amounts of data will be produced through the measurement in the gun maintenance process. So the performance of the measurement system will directly affect the quality of the data and the gun maintenance. Based on the situation, the application of measurement system analysis in controlling the gun maintenance quality was studied. Taking the measurement of the gun recuperator fluid amount for an example, the calculator of the gun fluid amount was analyzed. The result showed that it could effectively improve the quality to use the measurement system analysis in controlling the gun maintenance process.
Recognition of Branch Insulation Parameters in Coal Mine Distribution Network using Least Squares Method
Authors: Zhao Jian Wen
Published: December 2012

The precondition for leakage protection is to identify insulations parameters exactly and quickly in coal mine distribution networks. A novel identification method of insulation parameters is presented. Time domain differential mathematic model of man-made leakage test is built, and then the least squares method is used to solve model coefficient, ground insulation resistances and ground capacitance are obtained correctly. This insulation identification method can not only calculate the total ground insulation resistance and the total ground capacitance but also provide the insulation parameters of each branch in detail. The results of simulation for a 660V coal mine distribution network indicate that this identification method is accurate and effective and can identify each insulation parameters rapidly in 15ms after adding a resistor to one phase of line.
Optimizing Design of New Kind Acoustic Horns for Ultrasonic Machining Based on Finite-Element Method
Authors: Zhang Xiang Hui , Gao Ju , Zhang Ke Xin
Published: December 2012

In view of inaccuracy of the traditional design method of acoustic horns with milling tool, by using the cubic spline curve as the generatrix of the axis cross-section of the horn with finite element analysis, this paper designs a kind of new ultrasonic horn not only meet the Material Allowable working stress conditions, but also has a good shape factor and larger amplification factor. In addition, the impact of the length of milling tool on the amplification factor and resonance length of the horns and are discussed.
Requirement Forecasting of Equipment’s Maintenance Spares-Parts Based on Exponential Smoothing Method
Authors: Liu Xiao Chun , Zhang Yong Liang , Huang Ai Jun , Xu Li Ya
Published: December 2012

Management of equipment’s maintenance spares-parts is one of important contents of equipment support. In allusion to the problem of requirement forecasting of maintenance equipment spares-parts, and based on exponential smoothing method, a requirement forecasting model of equipment’s maintenance spares-parts was built. Microsoft EXCEL was employed to forecast the equipment’s maintenance spares-parts requirements. The forecasting method provides a scientific and alternative approach to forecast requirement of equipment’s maintenance equipment.
Researches on the Size Measurement of Mechanical Parts Based on Image Processing
Authors: Dong Hua Jun , Yang Hai Jun , Han Guo Hui
Published: December 2012

In order to improve the precision and efficiency of the size measurement of mechanical parts, in this paper the size measurement of mechanical parts based on image processing system is designed , and the digital image processing is applied, meanwhile, geometric characteristics of the mechanical parts are extracted by this system ,then the geometric parameter can be measured. From the results we can see that this new technique guarantees the accurate measurement of linear parts and porous parts.
Determination of Trimethylamine in Air by Cataluminescence-Based Gas Sensor
Authors: Zhou Kao Wen , Gu Chun Xiu , Li Xin , Su Di , Yang Hui Zhu , Shen Xu
Published: December 2012

A sensitive cataluminescence (CTL)-based gas sensor using nano-sized Y2Ti3O9 as a probe was proposed for the determination of trimethylamine (TMA) in air. The gas sensor showed high selectivity for TMA at 490 nm and satisfying activity at 320°C. The linear range of the CTL intensity versus concentration of TMA was 1~70 mg/m3 (γ = 0.995), and the detection limit (3σ) was 0.6 mg/m3. No interference was observed while the foreign substances, such as ammonia, ethanol, benzene, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, were passing through the sensor. The gas sensor displayed good stability for continuously introducing TMA over 100 h, and allowed on-line monitoring of TMA in air.
Application Analysis and Capacity Configuration of Battery Energy Storage in Renewable Generation System
Authors: Ye Ji Lei , Xue Ji Hua , Wu Fu Bao , Yang Bo
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the characteristics and applications of various battery energy storage systems (BESS) are compared. The lead acid batteries are emphatically summarized, involving categories, principles and critical techniques. According to the running condition and performance needs of energy storage in renewable energy power generation system, appropriate lead acid battery is selected. The energy storage system control method based on low-pass filter is systematically expatiated. Finally, the deployment of energy storage in micro-grid is also calculated by supplying reliable power for the consumer within certain time.
Target Values of Combustion Optimization in Coal Fire Boiler Based on Data Mining
Authors: Wang Wen Huan , Pan Wei Guo , He Ming Fu , Pan Bing Chao , Pan Yi Qiong , Hu Guo Xin
Published: December 2012

In this paper, K-means clustering algorithm of data mining technology is applied to determine the targeted value. The historical operation data of 600MW unit boiler are studied to determine the boiler combustion optimization target values of different conditions. The normalized method is used for handling data, directly reflects the position of operation target value in the whole parameter range, provides guide for boiler combustion optimization.
The Review of Photovoltaic Power Generation Technology
Authors: Zhou Xue Song , Shen Xue Bo , Ma You Jie
Published: December 2012

This paper gives an overview of energy status around the world, and shows the importance and prospects of photovoltaic system. It introduces the classification and characteristics of solar of different generation battery in detailed as well as summary of inverter. Finally, some key technology Of connecting grid will be discussed which means great significance to popularizing and spreading of application of Photovoltaic generation.
Investigation on the Condensation Heat Transfer Augmentation by Large Porosity Tube Inserts
Authors: Yang Jun Lan
Published: December 2012

By analyzing and comparing several types of enhancement of heat transfer measures used presently in condenser, a new method of augmentation condensation heat transfer is presented in this paper, that is, tube inserts with porous body of large porosity---twined coil. And the theoretical analysis and experimental investigation are carried out. The results show that it can make the fluids perform complicated three-dimensions mixed flow, make the heat flux appear “sudden” jump at lower temperature difference, make the flow go into turbulence ahead of time. The heat flux enhancement ratio increases by 3-4 times. If compared with other inserts, twined coil insert not only has better heat transfer enhancement performance, but also produces very small pressure drop, so it is an ideal and high efficiency energy saving technology. In the view of its application prospect, the feasibility of twined coil inserts applied to solar heat pump system is analyzed.
The Simulation Study of Hybrid Compression Garbage Trucks
Authors: Sun Qiang , Li Guo Xiang , Bai Shu Zhan , Ma Cheng Cheng
Published: December 2012

This paper focuses on the fuel economy of hybrid compressing garbage trucks (CGT). Measurements of traditional CGT’s main working lines were taken in order to get the standard working cycle of CGT. Based on the analysis of traditional and hybrid CGT’s structure, a traditional CGT model and a hybrid CGT model were built in Cruise and Matlab\Simulink environment. Accuracy of the traditional CGT model was verified by comparing simulation data and test data. The comparison shows that the error in fuel consumption is 7.7%. Then characteristics of hybrid CGT were studied by comparing simulation data of the two models. It is found that, under the test condition, fuel economy gets 25.7% improved and Hybrid technology is suitable for compressing CGT.
Mathematical Model of the Generated Energy Based on “Ordering Power by Heat”
Authors: Li Yong , Jia Tian Jiao
Published: December 2012

Now China has a lot of low-efficiency, large- pollution and small-capacity captive power plant, it is not conducive to energy conservation, also affect the power company electricity sales, so we should achieved “ordering power by heat” to limit the actual generated energy that does not belong to the generated energy based on “ordering power by heat”. This article used the thermoelectric separation method to calculate the generated energy based on “ordering power by heat”. It has laid a certain foundation to truly realize the “ordering power by heat”.
A High Light Response of Silicon P-I-N Detector by an AR Thin Film
Authors: Chen Shen Li , Lee Su Ping
Published: December 2012

For a transmission system, there is always required a light detector with high access speed and high sensitivity. The silicon light detector will achieve those requirements under the consideration of cost and reliability. Generally, the surface of this device will be covered by a passivation layer to protect from external damage or wet erosion. As for a light detector, the passivation layer must possess the anti-reflect ability to increase the absorption of light. In this paper, we have taken the P-I-N silicon photodiode as the main part and compared the difference light absorption for different passivation-material layers. Eventually, according to the experimental results, the optimized thin film structure can increase about 17.94% light response.
Preparation of Silicalite-1 Membranes on α-Al2O3 Tubes and its Concentration Performance of Low Ethanol/water Mixtures
Authors: Chen Hong Liang , Yang Ji Song , Wang Yan , Li Hui Ying , Li Xin Xin , Yang Wei Shen
Published: December 2012

Silicalite-1 membranes were successfully synthesized on α-Al2O3 tubes by in-situ hydrothermal synthesis after filling the tubes with water and glycerol mixtures, and all the membranes show high concentration performance towards ethanol/water mixtures after pretreating tubes with different NaOH solution. The results show that the flux enhances with the enhancement of NaOH solution concentration, but the separation selectivity decreases with the enhancement of NaOH solution concentration. After pretreating the α-Al2O3 tubes with different NaOH solution, the weight of all the α-Al2O3 tube decreases, but the Si/Al ratio increases, which shows that suitable pretreatment of α-Al2O3 is useful for improving the hydrophobicity of silicalite-1 membranes.
Impact of Substitution of M (M=Mn, Cu) for Ni on Hydriding and Dehydriding Kinetics of as-Spun Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Mg2Ni-Type Alloys
Authors: Zhang Yang Huan , Ren Hui Ping , Li Bao Wei , Hou Zhong Hui , Zhang Guo Fang , Zhao Dong Liang
Published: December 2012

The Ni was partially substituted by M (M=Co, Cu) in order to ameliorate the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of Mg2Ni-type alloy. The melt spinning technology was used to prepare the Mg20Ni10-xMx (M=Mn, Cu; x=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) alloys. The structures of the as-spun alloys were characterized by XRD and TEM. The hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of the alloys were measured by an automatically controlled Sieverts apparatus. The results show that the as-spun (M=Mn) alloys hold a nanocrystalline and amorphous structure, whereas the as-spun (M=Cu) alloys display an entire nanocrystalline structure, indicating that the substitution of Mn for Ni facilitates the glass formation in the Mg2Ni-type alloy. Additionally, Mn substitution incurs the formation of secondary phases MnNi and Mg instead of changing the Mg2Ni major phase. The hydriding kinetics of the as-spun alloys first mounts up and then declines with the rising of M (M= Mn, Cu) content, whereas the substitution of M (M=Mn, Cu) for Ni enhances the dehydriding kinetics of the alloy dramatically.
The Influence of Chemical Dispersants on the Properties of Crude Oil
Authors: Sun Juan , Zhao Dong Feng , Sun Jing , Zhao Chao Cheng
Published: December 2012

After oil spills in the coastal aquatic environment, the physical and chemical properties of the spilled oil may change under the influence of the chemical dispersant and form emulsions in the water. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on the influence of chemical dispersant to the properties of crude oil. The experiments were conducted using two widely-used surfactant GM-2 and BH-X, two crude oil samples and artificial seawater. Density, viscosity and emulsification rate of crude oil with different amounts of dispersant added was measured. The results show that viscosity of the crude oil was highly influenced by the chemical dispersant. The maximum emulsification rate of the Saudi Arabian middle crude oil was 54.1% and 57.4% with the dispersant to oil ratio above 0.8, whereas the emulsification rate of the heavy oil was significantly lower than the middle oil with both of the two types of chemical dispersant.
Synthesis and Analysis of Ethylene Glycol Methyl Ethyl Ether
Authors: Wang Yong Jie , Zhang Mu
Published: December 2012

This document explains and demonstrates the problem of HOCH2CH2OCH3, Na and CH3OCH2CH2OC2H5, factors of CH3OCH2CH2OC2H5 a yield influence degree order: reaction temperature>C2H5Br consumption> etherification reaction time, comprehensive single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment results, and concludes that the C2H5Br, sodium metal and CH3OCH2CH2OH is a laboratory CH3OCH2CH2OC2H5 a the best conditions for, C2H5Br : Na (mol ratio) = 1.4, reaction temperature 80 °C, reaction time is 3.5 h.
Integrated Study on Syngas-to-Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) Process
Authors: Song Guo Hui , Song Qing Yuan , Shen Lai Hong , Xiao Jun
Published: December 2012

A simulation of syngas-to-synthetic natural gas (SNG) process is presented. It mainly consists of the modeling of methanation process via a fluidized bed reactor and CO2 removal via Selexol absorption process. The effects of methanation temperature and pressure on the composition, yield and higher heating value (HHV) of SNG, as well as exergy efficiency of the process were investigated. The results indicate that the methanation temperature with a range of 300 °C to 350 °C and methation pressure with a range of 2.5 bar to 15 bar are recommended for the syngas-to-SNG process. The CO2 removal efficiency should be carefully determined to make the composition of SNG meet the relevant technical requirement. The syngas-to-SNG process with heat recovery has high exergy efficiency, which varies from 90.9% to 94.5%. There is less potential for improving the exergy efficiency of the process.
The Effect of Pressure Disturbance on the Formation Process of Propane Hydrate
Authors: Zhang Xue Min , Li Jin Ping , Wang Lin Jun , Jiao Liang
Published: December 2012

In order to speed up the formation process of gas hydrate, we investigated the effect of pressure disturbance in the static formation process of propane hydrate in visual reaction cell. The results indicate that, compared with the process of no pressure disturbance, pressure disturbance could promote the formation process of propane hydrate effectively in 100 hours of the experimental process, improving the growth rate of propane hydrate. The average growth rate of propane hydrate reached the degree of 0.0526mm/h, it is 4 times as great as that of no pressure disturbance.
Energy Management of Battery Switch Station of Electric Vehicles in Two Settlement Electricity Market
Authors: Liu Yu Jiao , Jiang Chuan Wen , Shen Jing Shuang
Published: December 2012

Battery switch station (BSS) can resolve the conflict between life and charging time of batteries of electric vehicles by offering quick replacement services though pre-charging with small power. This paper proposed an energy management model for BSS in two settlement electricity markets. The present program focused on how to satisfy demands of electric vehicles with lowest cost in electricity markets, which are the key issue of lowering operating costs of BSS. The program adopted the mean-variance theory to control financial risks of uncertainties of prices, and simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed program
RFID Technology Application in Electric Vehicle’s Battery Charging Stations
Authors: Gong Dong Liang , Niu Rong Yi , Jin Jie , Geng Hua
Published: December 2012

Regarding the development of the electric vehicle replacement charging stations, this paper comes up with the application solution of RFID technology in the electric vehicle battery replacement charging stations. This paper first analyzes the specific characteristics of the RFID technology, provides an overview on the RFID technology solution to solve the management problem of the battery compartment, introduces the RFID technology application on the management of charging vehicles, as well as on the unified management of battery compartment in battery replacement charging stations. The paper makes the outlook on the RFID technology application in other fields of the electric vehicle replacement charging stations.
The Design of Embedded PV Inverter Grid-Connected System
Authors: Zheng En Rang , Li Ming Yong
Published: December 2012

An embedded PV inverter Grid-Connected system based on STM32F103 whose main program is built with Keil uVision4 is designed here, which is consisted of control core unit, SPWM wave modulating unit, dead-band and optical isolating unit，IR2110 driver unit, three-phase inverter unit, RC filter unit, Grid signal acquisition unit and LCD320x240 unit. The dead time of the designed dead-band unit is adjustable, which can effectively prevent inverter subversion. The experimental results show that the system can not only meet the design requirements, but also make the Grid-Connected effect ideal.
Study on Various Types of Cooling Techniques Applied to Power Battery Thermal Management Systems
Authors: Tang Zhi Jun , Zhu Qun Zhi , Lu Jia Wei , Wu Ming Yan
Published: December 2012

Power battery thermal management system (BTMS) is very important for the safe operation of electric vehicles (EVs). The cooling effect of air cooling, phase change material(PCM)cooling and liquid cooling applyed to BTMS are compared. The experiment results show that, in comparison with air cooling, PCM cooling and liquid cooling methods can reduce the battery temperature rise effectively; in comparison with PCM cooling, liquid cooling has a better effect in the aspect of controlling the battery temperature rise.
Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Mode on Load Characteristic in the Shandong Electric Power Grid
Authors: Wang Jian , Wu Kui Hua , Wang Feng , Wu Kui Zhong , Liu Zhi Zhen
Published: December 2012

The large scale development of electric vehicle will have both benefits and potential stresses on power grid. It is shown that uncoordinated charging of EVs’ on the grid will produce series of problems, while intelligent charging can improve the operation of the power grid. In this study, based on several scenarios of charging modes, such as plug and charge, night charging and intelligent charging, the corresponding EV load models have been established. Therefore, an analysis is performed for the load characteristics of Shandong power grid to demonstrate the impacts of different EV charging scenarios. The results demonstrate that rational utilization of EVs’ load and energy storage property can help to decrease the maximum load of grid and the peak-valley difference, to stable load, and to raise the utilization of the power facilities.
Factors Affecting Future Scenarios for Alternative Vehicles Market
Authors: Ciarapica Filippo E. , Matt Dominik T. , Luccarelli Martin , Rossini Matteo , Russo Spena Pasquale
Published: December 2012

In the literature, many foresight methods have been used to cope with uncertainty concerning the future demand for electric, hydrogen, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. As a result, different scenarios and roadmap have been provided, often with contrasting outcomes. This paper is a short review of the existing literature aiming to summarize the main results obtained so far, describing the diverse ranges of possible development of these alternative vehicles over the next 40 years. This paper then addresses some key questions through the answers provided by the literature: what are the drivers of an alternative vehicles economy What are the principal barriers and the strategic goals When will an economy of alternative vehicles emerge What does an alternative vehicle economy attain
The V2G Technique and its Application in Distributed Generation
Authors: Liu Cheng , Qin Jian
Published: December 2012

Traditional distributed power sources are usually natural energy sources, their output power is not stable and difficult to join up to the grid. Battery electric vehicles(BEV) based on V2G technique is a new kind of Distributed Generation(DG). This paper introduces a V2G technique. A V2G-based BEV could be used to realize load shifting and stabilize the disturbance for DG's joining up with the grid. Many countries started researching V2G technique and in China NARI Group Corporation and Xuji Group Corporation have researched and started manufacturing practical V2G device. This paper also shows the main principle of V2G and its application in China, concludes its advantages and analyzes its development in the future.
A Summer Case Study on Applying Ventilated Double-Skin Facade to a Building in Cold Zone of China
Authors: Yang Hua , Wan Qian Zhao , Yang Bin , Sun Chunhua , Xia Guo Qiang , Wang Jiao
Published: December 2012

It is crucial for ventilated double-skin facade (DSF) compared to single- skin facade to avoid high energy consumption, optic pollution and inadequate ventilation problems. In this paper, the performance of ventilated DSF applied to a building located in a university in cold zone (Tianjin) of China is tested. The original conditions of both outdoor and indoor within each testing room are comparatively same.The temperature behaviors of both the ventilated air cavity of DSF and indoor space with different experimental modes during summer are investigated. Additionally, the effects on indoor temperature due to the ventilated DSF with different modes in summer are also analyzed. The results shows that the ventilated DSF is a effective approach to reduce indoor temperature; the opening airflow windows of external façade of the DSF should be effective to lower temperature of both the ventilated air cavity of DSF and indoor space.
Improving Sustainability of Housing in Ghana through Energy Efficient Climate Control Strategies
Authors: Dauda Abdul Manan , Gao Hui
Published: December 2012

This paper aims at explaining testing procedures used to evaluate the potential of natural ventilation and daylighting applications to passive design of housing in Ghana. The objectives of research were to reduce energy costs and increase the sustainability of housing. From the results of these experiments actual and potential designs are illustrated and discussed. Mass housing results in multi-storey buildings which require substantial artificial lighting and ventilation. Also, with the increasing usage of glass for windows and doors in Ghana, even the shaded depths of buildings require additional daylight usually resulting in more energy consumption. By supplementing the internal lighting levels with daylight, reducing the internal heat load by shading windows to direct radiation and the utilization of natural ventilation over air conditioning where possible, significant energy savings are could be achieved. The research proposes mass housing design changes such as: delivering daylight above the suspended ceiling into the depths of the building by horizontal light pipes and natural ventilation, utilizing stack effect and wind siphonage, etc.
Assessment of Energy Use Performance of the St. James Parish Council (STJPC) and the Montego Bay Inland Revenue Department in Jamaica
Authors: Ntakirutimana Theoneste , Marcene Lyn Krystal Delaine , Guo Jin Song , Li Bai Zhan , Gao Xu
Published: December 2012

Two office buildings in Montego Bay Jamaica were investigated in order to assess indoor environment and visualize building energy usage. The field survey was performed to obtain first hand data of occupant perception of their actual working environment. In this paper, the energy break and historical energy usage for the years 2010 and 2011 are presented. A questionnaire which was developed at the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) was modified and randomly issued to 210 building workers at both buildings. On examining the equipment currently being used in these buildings a building Energy Index (BEI) was used to identify and quantify inefficient of energy consumptions in both buildings. The results showed that the energy performance of the Internal revenue Department (IRD) is not in an efficient condition. However, the St. James Parish Council (St.JPC) is within the targeted BEI .The research also revealed that HVAC was the most energy consumptive in both buildings, followed by lighting, office equipment and Miscellaneous. We suggested that a comprehensive program of efficiency, improvement and energy diversification is required in Jamaica to provide high quality, affordable, environmentally-friendly energy and reduce the country’s dependence on high cost imported oil.
Experimental Investigation of PCM-LWA Composite for Building Wallboard
Authors: Shi X. , Cui H. Z.
Published: December 2012

In this paper, a experimental investigation of application of room wallboard containing Phase-Change-Material / Lightweight-Aggregate composite (PCM-LWA) was carried out. A PCM-LWA composite thermal energy storage material was prepared by absorbing the paraffin. In such a composite, the paraffin serves as a latent heat storage material and the porous lightweight aggregate acts as the supporting material. Mixture of cement paste and epoxy were used to seal the PCM-LWA surface. Through comparing temperature curves of a general room model and the model using wallboards containing PCM-LWA, it can be known that the highest temperature of the room model using the wallboards containing PCM can be controlled in a narrow range. Therefore, room model assembled with the walls containing phase change material can effectively reduce the highest indoor temperature and the range of reduced temperature is about 2~4°C.
Analytical Optimization of Key Design Parameters of Phase Change Materials Used in Passive Building Envelopes
Authors: Cheng Rui , Wang Xin , Zhang Yin Ping
Published: December 2012

Phase change materials have been widely used in energy efficient buildings for thermal energy conservation. Determination of the optimal phase change temperature and melting enthalpy is important to achieve the best energy saving performance. This paper presented a novel method to determine the optimal phase change temperature and melting enthalpy in a passive solar house based on analytical analysis. It was showed that the optimal phase change temperatures of PCMs in Copenhagen and Madrid are 23 °C and 22.6 °C. And the optimal melting enthalpy of the given house is 735.4 MJ/m3 for the whole winter. In addition, sensitivity analysis was applied to determine the most influencing fators to the optimal phase change temperature and melting enthalpy. The results showed that the most influencing factors are ACH and dimensionless thermal resistance number. The proposed method can offer guidelines to determine the optimal phase change materials in given buildings.
Experimental Study on the Compression Rebound Modulus of Coal Gangue Mixture
Authors: Xu Xian Hai , Zhang Ya Peng , Zhang Zhi Fei , Zhang Ju Jun
Published: December 2012

This experiment was designed by making a coal gangue with coal gangue, fly ash, lime power and a small amount of cement mixture selected from Dongpang coal mine in Hanxing area.We tested the compressive rebound modulus strength of the mixture, and according to the method of uniform design, 8 groups mix ratio were designed and the experiments on the coal gangue mixture in various mix proportion have been conducted. The experimental results were analyzed by regression analysis model, and the regression equation between the compression rebound modulus of coal gangue mixture and the blending amount of each admixture was established. Finally, using this regression analysis model, the influence of the fly ash, calces, cement to strength on the compression rebound modulus of coal gangue mixture was analyzed.
Applications of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Insulation Materials in Architectural Energy Conservation
Authors: Zhang Xiao Ying , Wang Guo Hui , Liu Dan , Wang Ying
Published: December 2012

This paper briefly introduces the main properties and four systems of rigid polyurethane thermal insulation foam intended for use in buildings for energy conservation purposes, and application development at home and abroad. Although the applications of polyurethane are widespread in architectural energy conservation, there are some problems just as high price, smoke toxicity, fire safety and so on thus it still occupies a small proportion in buildings for energy conservation purposes. It is no doubt that the function with high efficiency of thermal insulation, fireproof and low smoke density of rigid polyurethane foam conservation products is our goal.
The Study on Comprehensive Utilization of Liquefied Natural Gas
Authors: Yang De Zhi , Peng Xue Feng , Xu Yuan
Published: December 2012

In recent years, the price of oil has been soaring. As an alternative energy, natural gas could well be the main energy of the future development. Next twenty years will be the age of rapid natural gas growing. It has been predicted that China will be one of the largest global natural gas consumers. Twenty-five percent of country’s total natural gas consumption was imported. However, China is unable to be self-sufficient in natural gas resources in last ten years. So it is necessary to depend on imports to meet the rapid rise in natural gas demand. There are two main channels to import natural gas: pipeline transportation and ship-loading liquefied natural gas. Due to the limitation of pipeline transportation, ship-loading LNG will be China’s major import channel in the future. LNG is irreplaceable, wide-used, clean and low-carbon. With continued progress in mining technique and the discoveries of unconventional energy, the available natural gas resources in China will be increasingly rich; this enables sustainable development in energy. The introduction and innovation of liquefaction technique and the localization of LNG technique will improve the embarrassing dependence on imported process technology and supply strong technique support for the development of LNG. Domestic liquefied natural gas plants’ out-put is expected to exceed 7.5 million tons per year. As the key measure to reduce PM 2.5 emission, LNG will gradually replace oil as a new-generation car fuel and become the new surpass the old-timer. With the implementation of LNG terminal project, the reception capacity will gradually increase. It is predicted that the reception capacity of China will reach about 65 million tons per year in 2015. Based on the present data, the utilization and promotion of LNG will explosively grow. This article is concerned with the following topics: utilization of LNG, the future of LNG, and some related problems and suggestions regarding LNG.
Effect of Temperature on Dry Anaerobic Fermentation of Animal Manure and Straw
Authors: Shi Li Jun , Li Jian Bo , Zhang Wei Yu , Liu Hui Fen
Published: December 2012

Dry anaerobic fermentation of animal manure and straw was conducted to produce biogas. Under C/N=25-30 and TS=20%, three different temperature conditions of room temperature condition(16.5°C-25°C), mesophilic condition(36°C) and thermophilic condition(55°C) were tested to investigate the effect of operation temperature on dry fermentation. The results show that dry fermentation under room temperature starts up slowly with low biogas production, so room temperature is unfit for dry fermentation. Dry fermentation under thermophilic condition and mesophilic condition proceed steadily with high biogas production and mesophilic condition is more suitable for dry fermentation. The organic loading rates under thermophilic condition and mesophilic condition are 1.69 kg•m-3•d-1 and 1.89 kg•m-3•d-1 respectively with total solid (TS) biogas yields of 0.237 m3•kg-1 and 0.208 m3•kg-1, and volumetric biogas yields of 0.401 m3•m-3•d-1 and 0.393 m3•m-3•d-1 respectively. It could provide instructive meaning to the engineering application of dry anaerobic fermentation.
Application of Bioenergy in Sweden and its Revelation to China
Authors: Feng Dan , Zhou Shan Dan , Miao Yuan Yuan
Published: December 2012

Through implementation the positive tax policy and application the “Green Electricity Certificates System”, the bioenergy production and application technologies came to maturity gradually in Sweden: Integrated Forest Biorefinery " produced lots of bioenergy in the form of heat, electricity and fuel particles ;Many heat and power plants used energy plant Salix as biomass fuels, and the plant ash was filled back into Salix field for air purification; City garbage and food industry wastes were produced the biogas for city public transport system. At present, the bioenergy consumption accounts for 1/3 of the total energy consumption. The Bioenergy application in Sweden has a profound and revelatory meaning in the problems of Chinese energy reconstruction, energy saving and emission reduction, area bioenergy production and bioenergy application.
Overview of Methods to Remove Solid Particles from Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oils
Authors: Liao Hang Tao , Lu Qiang , Zhang Zhi Bo , Dong Chang Qing
Published: December 2012

Fast pyrolysis of biomass to produce bio-oil is an important technology to utilize lignocellulosic biomass materials, as it offers a convenient way to convert solid biomass mainly into the liquid bio-oil. Bio-oil is regard as a promising candidate of petroleum fuels, but it is a low-grade liquid fuel and difficult to be used in various thermal devices, due to the presence of many undesirable components. One of the undesirable components is the solid particles, resulting from insufficient separation of the pyrolytic products. The solid particles will bring many negative effects to the storage and combustion of bio-oil, and thus, should be removed. This paper reviews the recent progress on the removal of solid particles, through the filtration of liquid bio-oil or pyrolysis vapors.
Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using a Recombinant Yeast Strain
Authors: Chen Ming , Zu Guo Ren , Zhang Chun Zhi
Published: December 2012

Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass corn stover was investigated. Compared with acid pretreatment and ammonia steeping pretreatment, alkali pretreatment with 2% NaOH markedly enhanced lignin removal and thereby improved the enzymatic hydrolysis yield to 81.2% by 48 h. Fed-batch hydrolysis was started with a batch hydrolysis containing 80 g/l substrate, with cellulosic residue added at 6 and 12 h twice to get a final substrate concentration of 110 g/l. After 72 h of hydrolysis, the reducing sugar concentration reached 89.5 g/l with a hydrolysis yield of 83.3%. Further fermentation of the cellulosic hydrolysate containing 56.7 g/l glucose and 23.6 g/l xylose was performed using a recombinant yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZU-10, and 36.3 g/l ethanol was produced within 72 h. The research results are meaningful in fuel ethanol production from renewable lignocellulosic biomass.
Producing Biogas with Two-Stage Fermentation Process of High Total Solids Content Kitchen Wastes
Authors: Zhang Xiao Ju , Li Shi Jie
Published: December 2012

This paper inoculated kitchen waste with activated sludge and fresh cow dung to explore the acidification and fermentation separated two-stage fermentation biogas process, in order to get acclimation acidification bacteria and methanogenic bacteria, high total solids content (TS) fermentation process, reduce the hydraulic load and shorten the fermentation cycle. The physiochemical characteristics of kitchen waste were that TS is 22.9%,the volatile solids (VS) is 11.7%, initial pH value is 6. The biogas producing process was as follow: Adjusting the TS of kitchen waste to 11.5% ,with 10% inoculum quantity, fermented at 37 °C , monitoring and adjusting pH. There were two biogas producing peak , and biogas production cycle was 15 days. The two-stage fermentation biogas process was as follow: Acidized the material of 22.9%TS for 5 days, Feeding the acidized material at the ratio of 1/4 to the vigorous biogas reaction system, then pH reduced but the biogas production was normal. After 5 days, pH raised and the second batch of material could be added. Feeding materials to the acidification tank and fermentation tank continuously, which can gradually get good acclimation acidification bacteria and methanogenic bacteria. Refluxing the biogas to acidification tank and methane fermentation tank, which can mix the materials evenly, shorten the fermentation cycle, improve the efficiency of the acidification and biogas production.
Economic Analysis Model for Biopower Plants Based on Biomass Logistics Networks and its Application in Heilongjiang Province, China
Authors: Wu Jin Zhuo , Wang Li Hai
Published: December 2012

A mathematical model was developed to assess the economic feasibility of a biomass-based power plant in the Northeast of China. The objective of this model is to maximizes the net present value (NPV) of a biopower plant over its economic life, which subjects to the constraints of biomass availability, plant investment and operation & maintenance costs, plant capacity, transportation logistics, raw material and product pricing, financing, and business taxes. The model was applied in a biopower plant located in Wangkui County, China, which belongs to the National Bio-Energy Group Company Limited. Results showed that the maximum NPV of the Wangkui Biopower plant in the base case was approximately 117 million Yuan given the electricity sale price of 0.64 Yuan kWh-1 (or 0.75Yuan kWh-1 with tax). This study provides a reference for evaluating the economic feasibility of biopower plants based on biomass logistics networks in China.
The Research of Control Strategy for Three-Phase Photovoltaic Grid-Connected VSI Using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation and P-Q Theory
Authors: Cheng Qi Ming , Hu Xiao Qing , Wu Kai , Bai Yuan Fei , Zhao Jin Bin
Published: December 2012

This paper investigates the operation of a PV unit which is connected via a three-phase voltage-source inverter to the grid. The PV grid-connected control system is mainly related to a few key issues that are characteristics of photovoltaic cells, maximum power point tracking and grid-connected control of three-phase inverter. The control strategy of the three-phase PV grid-connected system is analyzed and studied by simulative experiment in this paper. A mathematical model of solar cells is established. Then the algorithms based on perturb & observe to track maximum power point is used. The structure of three-phase PV grid-connected system is introduced, and the current control method with Space Vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is examined and compared to other current control methods. The p-q theory is used to achieve uninterrupted compensation of the reactive power of the system. Simulative results on Matlab/Simulink software illustrate the reliability and superiority of this control strategy.
Analysis of Char Specific Surface Area and Porosity from the Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass and Pulverized Coal
Authors: Luan Ji Yi , Wu Xue Mei , Wu Gui Fu , Shao Dong Wei
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the chars of wood dust, corn straw, rice husk and coal pulverized were obtained at different residual time of various pyrolysis temperature (1173 K, 1273 K and 1373 K) during the process of flash pyrolysis in the drop tube furnace (DTF). In order to obtain the parameters of porous structure which included specific surface area, pore volume and fractal dimension of char, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption method was employed to obtain nitrogen adsorption isotherm of chars sample. For the four chars, the corn straw char had the biggest specific surface area and pore volume, the rice husk in second place, the wood dust in third place, and the pulverized coal char in the last one. By taking Frenkel-Halsey Hil (FHH) method to analyze the fractal character of char surface structure, we found that the fractal dimension of biomass except wood char is higher than those of pulverized coal char.
Anaerobic Fermentation of Cow Dung — Effect of Solid Concentration and Temperature on Biogas Quality
Authors: Zhou Dan Dan , Li Jin Ping , Wang Chong Long , Liu Ye
Published: December 2012

In order to study the influence of temperature and total solid on biogas components of thermostatic anaerobic fermentation of cattle dung, three parallel anaerobic digesters of 11.5L of three group were operated in batch mode at temperature of 30°C,37°C and 52°C respectively and real-time analysises were carried out to determine the biogas composition with Biogas Check. When the temperature was the same, total solid (TS) which was 8% was the good choice for anaerobic fermentation, while the TS was same,37°C was the choose to get the maximum yield of the methane production, the cumulative methane production was 12.56L/TS,and the average methane content of the percentage by volume was 53.59%.This study could provide useful parameters for the anaerobic fermentation of cow dung.
A Review on the New Structure of Savonius Wind Turbines
Authors: Tang Zhi Peng , Yao Ying Xue , Zhou Liang , Yu Bo Wen
Published: December 2012

This paper summarizes the research results of the structural parameters which have effects on the performance of Savonius wind turbine. Savonius wind turbine being used in wind power and tidal power belongs to vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Recently, more and more research have placed on it for its advantages such as: being able to accept wind from any direction, long fatigue life of the blades, high starting torque, wide working wind speed range, easy to install, manufacture and maintain and low noise etc. The performance of Savonius wind turbine is affected by many factors. Different structural parameters can bring huge differences in turbine performance. Especially the differences in the maximum wind energy utilization (Cp-max) can be more than 30% with different structure. Many new turbines get higher Cp-max by improving the structural parameters. In this paper, the structural improvement information of Savonius wind turbine is summarized in order to provide useful knowledge for the researchers in the structural design and improvement.
An Overview of Fire Risk and Fire Protection Solutions for Wind Turbines
Authors: Wang Ying Xin , Xing Hui , Wu Zhan Hua , Duan Shu Lin
Published: December 2012

To search effective technical solutions to control fire risk of wind turbines, based on the risk system composed of “Human- Equipment - Environment – Management” in safety systems engineering theory, the four main aspects of wind turbines fire risk, i.e., lightning strikes and bad weather, mechanical and electrical equipment failure, human errors and poor management and fire protection systems missing, were pointed out. The fire risk and fire risk control measures of wind turbines were analyzed, the progress of fire detection technology and fire protection solutions of wind turbines were reviewed. The results show that, to develop and equip with high-performance automatic fire detection, alarm and extinguishing systems is the inevitable choice to effectively control the fire risk of wind turbines.
Research on Development of Wind Power Grid Integration in China
Authors: Luo Wei , Wang Feng , Li Qun Ju , Xie Huan
Published: December 2012

The paper collects and analyzes the data of wind power installed capacity, grid integration capacity, and wind power generation from 2008 to 2011, and also researches the proportion of wind power grid-connected in top 10 provinces in China. Based on analysis of wind abandonment in 2011, the paper concludes the difficulties in wind power grid integration from technical and political perspectives. At last the paper proposes some recommendations on the issue of wind power grid integration in China.
Analyses on Integration of Wind Power into Gansu Power Grid
Authors: Zhou Xi Chao , Liu Fu Chao , Zheng Jing Jing
Published: December 2012

In recent years, wind power penetration into the grid has increased rapidly with abundant wind resources in Jiuquan, according to the policy of the Chinese government to “establish a ‘Hexi Wind Power Corridor’ and rebuild another Western ‘Terrestrial Three Gorges Dam’”. By the end of 2010, the total installed capacity of wind power in Jiuquan has reached 5160 MW. The wind farms are connected to 110 kV transmission network or above in Jiuquan, the studies of their impacts on the grid, in particular, the grid operation are becoming serious and urgent. Jiuquan is far away from the load center with a weak grid configuration, therefore issues such as transmission line overloading, local grid voltage fluctuation, and transient stability limitation are looming with large scale wind power integration. The power system dispatch and operation are influenced by the intermittent nature of the wind power, which should be regulated by the system reserves. This paper discusses the recent integration of wind power into the grid with a focus on the impact on the Gansu power grid operation. The paper also presents the measures to deal with these issues.