bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Catastrophe Quota:
Authors: Mueller John
Published: March 2007

As the major problems that have bedeviled the world over the last half century have been resolved, the quest for things to worry about has continued unabated. The notion has taken hold that international affairs have somehow now become especially tumultuous, unstable, and complex. To arrive at such a conclusion, five techniques have been applied: the past has been simplified, a Eurocentric bias has been introduced, definitions have been changed, standards have been raised, and problems previously considered to be comparatively minor have been elevated in perceived importance.
Arms and Aggression in the Middle East
Authors: Kinsella David , Tillema Herbert K.
Published: March 2007

The authors' understanding of the relationship between the cold war and enduring rivalry in the Third World has been hampered by a tendency to view international conflicts as relatively isolated phenomena. The authors address this question by analyzing the impact of superpower arms transfers on armed interventions in the Middle East from 1948 to 1991. The evidence suggests that arms transfers from the United States to Israel restrained the level of military aggression in the region, on the part of both Israel and its Arab rivals. Soviet arms transfers, however, had the opposite effect. This latter pattern is attributed more to the Soviet Union's inability to restrain its clients than to its active promotion of regional conflict. The authors' conclusions are based on a Poisson regression analysis of time-series data derived from the Overt Military Interventions database and the arms trade registers compiled by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Cognitive Mapping Meets Semantic Networks
Authors: Young Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Cognitive mapping has been a valuable tool in understanding how individuals view their external environment. It has been used successfully to investigate crisis decision making, juror decision making, and international negotiation, and may find further use as a support tool in negotiation and mediation. This article presents a method for enhanced cognitive mapping—WorldView, which uses the symbol-based formalism of semantic networks. WorldView provides important advantages over more traditional cognitive mapping and assists in the systematic study of belief system content and decision process. WorldView eliminates constraints on represented relationships and captures more information than previous content analysis systems for belief structures, provides aggregation over texts or subject responses, provides a synonym facility for collapsing similar concepts, incorporates structural and comparative measures for analysis, and constructs manipulable cognitive maps that provide a basis for process models of belief change and decision making.
Tacit Bargaining in International Relations
Authors: Langlois Catherine C. , Langlois Jean-Pierre P.
Published: March 2007

The authors develop a characterization of subgame perfect equilibrium strategies in discounted repeated games that highlights a class of strategies called countervailing. When using countervailing strategies, the players focus on manipulating the other side's payoff to induce his cooperation. These strategies do not require one player to entertain specific expectations about the strategic choice of the other. For this reason, countervailing strategies are promising vehicles for tacit bargaining. The authors test their relevance using a case of international trade—Japan's penetration of the U.S. automobile market in the early 1980s. The empirical section provides evidence of the tacit bargaining behavior that the model predicts.
When Do “Relative Gains” Impede Trade?
Authors: Morrow James D.
Published: March 2007

Neorealists argue that states may refuse mutually profitable trade because of concern about “relative gains.” If one state profits more than another, the latter may fear the former will use its advantage to dominate it. However, the relative gains argument ignores states' ability to respond to external threats by arming. If a state does not spend its entire gain from trade on the military, it is better off with trade than without. Unless states spend a large fraction of the gain from trade on the military, the division of benefits must be very unequal for either state to spend all its gain on the military. Concern with relative gains, then, should not block trade even between rivals; therefore, the conclusion of the relative gains argument does not follow from its premises. The author analyzes this point with a formal model of the enforceability of trade agreements by examining three types of goods.
A Tale of Two Democratic Peace Critiques
Authors: Thompson William R. , Tucker Richard
Published: March 2007

Of approximately 100 empirical democratic peace articles published in journals and papers presented at conferences over the last 10 years, none identifies a positive and statistically significant relationship between democratic dyads and militarized conflict. Therefore, many international relations researchers have reached the conclusion that widespread democratization will lead to a more peaceful world. Nevertheless, two different attacks on these fundamental premises have been advanced recently. One argues that the pacificity of democratic dyads is restricted to the post-World War II era. The other argues that democratizing states, as opposed to states experiencing regime changes, have a greater propensity to engage in war. The present authors find that neither the arguments nor the evidence hold up well to closer scrutiny. First, when controlling for changes in specific predominant rivalry structures, pre-1914 democratic dyads are less likely to engage in militarized conflict. Second, democratic transitions do not produce a window of heightened vulnerability to war participation.
Explaining U.S. Intervention in Third World Internal Wars, 1945-1989
Authors: Yoon Mi Yung
Published: March 2007

Few quantitative studies of U.S. intervention have focused specifically on interventions in Third World internal wars and few have taken account of the wide range of U.S. intervention behaviors. To provide empirical analyses of the causes of U.S. intervention in such wars, this study tested three groups of hypotheses emphasizing strategic and economic interests and domestic factors of foreign policy. Cases are Third World internal wars that occurred during the period from 1945 to 1989. Results show that half of the hypotheses concerning strategic interests received empirical support, whereas hypotheses stressing the importance of economic interests received little support. The hypotheses emphasizing domestic factors supported in the literature of war or use of force are not supported when they are tested in the context of U.S. interventions in Third World internal wars.
Explaining the Stability of Negotiated Settlements to Intrastate Wars
Authors: Hartzell Caroline A.
Published: March 2007

Although the majority of civil wars end when one warring party achieves a victory over the other, negotiated agreements are growing more common as a means of ending intrastate conflict. To explain why some negotiated settlements prove stable and others do not, scholars have examined the impact of factors such as superpower conflict, group identities, and third-party guarantors. This article argues that those negotiated settlements that are the most extensively institutionalized—that is, that provide institutional guarantees for the security threats antagonists face as they move toward a situation of centralized state power—are the ones most likely to prove stable. An analysis of all settlements negotiated to end intrastate conflicts during the period between 1945 and 1997 supports this proposition.
Practicing Coercion
Authors: Harvey Frank P.
Published: March 2007

When do coercive threats succeed or fail? Does success depend on a uniform set of necessary conditions or do core prerequisites vary depending on context? If prerequisites vary, are some combinations more likely than others to lead to success or provoke challenges? The evidence to date is far from definitive. Critics cite proof from comparative case studies that rational deterrence has failed as a strategy and theory, whereas proponents have compiled an equally impressive body of material to support the same theory. Because each side offers compelling reasons to accept its respective, often contradictory, interpretations of events in relevant crises, the debate over deterrence is not likely to be resolved solely with reference to historical records. This article reevaluates the “crucial” evidence put forward by Lebow and Stein in what has become the most widely cited critique of rational deterrence theory. Viewed through the prism of necessity and sufficiency, their data produce stronger support for the theory's core hypotheses than corresponding evidence compiled by proponents. The author develops this argument further by applying Boolean logic and set theory to data compiled by Huth and Russett and Lebow and Stein. Boolean minimization techniques are used to derive models from competing interpretations of behavior in these cases, which are then compared and evaluated in terms of the theory's predictions.
On the Relationship between Marital Opportunity and Teen Pregnancy
Authors: Barber Nigel
Published: March 2007

Since Guttentag and Secord proposed that low sex ratios (i.e., scarcity of men) produce marital instability and high rates of nonmarital pregnancy, empirical investigations of this issue have produced weak and conflicting results. This study sought to clarify the issue using cross-national data compiled by the United Nations. Geographical region, per capita gross national product (GNP), the marriage rate, and whether the sample was urban or rural were used as control variables in regression analyses which used sex ratios to predict teen births. The model explained 67% of the variance in teen birth rates. Teen births were significantly higher in rural samples and in the Americas and were inversely correlated with the sex ratio for 15- to 19-year-olds and with GNP. The data suggest that early childbearing is partly a response to poor marital opportunity, as Guttentag and Secord hypothesized.
Predicting Socio-Economic Satisfaction Levels among British Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire containing personality measures, emigrationrelated measures, background socio-economic measures, and demographic measures was administered to a volunteer sample of male and female British emigrants ea route to Australia by ship. After approximately 12 months residence a follow-up questionnaire was despatched in which information on aspects of social and economic adjustment was requested. A cumulative scale of satisfaction was constructed from answers to three of the social and economic questions. Levels of socio-economic satisfaction were found to be predictable on the basis of responses to the shipboard questionnaire. Altogether seven significant predictor variables were isolated for the men and six for the women. Three of the variables were common to both sexes. The significance of two theoretical constructs, adaptive capacity and situational stress, was emphasized and some empirical evidence advanced in support of their predictive value.
Inflated Expectations and Social Reinforcement in the Lowland Philippines
Authors: McKendry James M. , McKendry Margaret S. , Guthrie George M.
Published: March 2007

Two alternative hypotheses of the psychological impact of planned social change in the lowland Philippines were investigated. (1) Planned social change produces social reinforcement which leads to a more content population; or (2) it leads to a cycle of rising expectations which outstrip actual accomplishment, the result of which is dissatisfaction and hostility-especially among young people. Results in general favored the social reinforcement hypothesis. Efforts aimed at increasing a community's level of development tend to produce more modern value systems and increased general contentment. However, they also tend to produce a greater emphasis upon the local government to continue to meet the needs of people.
Perception of Emotional Responses to Social Interactions by Chinese and American Children
Authors: Borke Helene , Su Sarah
Published: March 2007

In the first stage of this study, groups of Chinese and American kindergarten children were asked to describe the kinds of situations that would make them feel happy, sad, afraid, or angry. Situations mentioned in each emotional category by both Chinese and American kindergarten children were written up as short stories and administered to second grade children from each cultural group. The responses of the Chinese and American second grade children to the social interaction situations were generally consistent with the spontaneous answers given by the kindergarten youngsters. The Chinese and American groups differed in that the Chinese second grade children perceived significantly more angry reactions whereas the American second grade children perceived significantly more sad reactions. An explanation was suggested on the basis of probable variations in child rearing practices in the two cultures.
A Nonverbal Indicator of Attitudes: I. Data From Thailand
Authors: Schmeidler Gertrude , Windholz George
Published: March 2007

207 Thai college students made nonverbal responses to show their attitudes toward 5 abstract concepts and 5 social roles. Compared with American students (tested in the same way) Thai students demonstrated more cross-cultural similarity for abstract concepts than for social roles.
Coaction and Competition in India and Canada
Authors: Carment D. W. , Hodkin Barbara
Published: March 2007

Two experiments examined the performance of Indian and Canadian male undergraduates while either alone or coacting, under competitive and noncompetitive instructions and under instructions which emphasized either quality or quantity. The first experiment indicated that the Indians performed much more rapidly than the Canadians and were less responsive to the competitive instructions and the presence of a coactor. The Indians were found to have larger intradyadic differences in performance than the Canadians, and they paid less attention to the quality of their performance. These results were confirmed in a second experiment in which the response rate was reduced by emphasizing performance quality. Two alternative explanations were offered to account for the lack of coaction effects among the Indians: first, adaptation or reduced arousal due to smaller personal space and a crowded environment; and, second, lack of concern about the actual performance of the coactor.
Linguistic Determinants of Choice-Reaction Time among Aborigines and White Australians
Authors: Davidson Graham R.
Published: March 2007

Aboriginal and white Australian adolescent males classified stimuli along a specifically Aboriginal or a moiety dimension of dual organization and a colour dimension. A 2 x 2 randomized factorial design with simple reaction time (SRT) as the covariate showed that Aborigines recorded significantly greater choice-reaction times (CRT) on both CRT tasks. A significant culture x task interaction was in the opposite direction to the suggestion that moiety classification would favour Aborigines in a CRT task. Codability was slightly related to CRT for the white Australian group.
Locus of Control and Chinese College Students
Authors: Lao Rosina C. , Chuang Chong-Jen , Yang Kuo-Shu
Published: March 2007

The cross-cultural feasibility of the internality-externality (I-E) construct was examined by studying 517 male and female Chinese college students in Taiwan. Levenson's IPC (Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance) Scales were used to correlate various factors concerning the background, performance, and expectancy areas. Results indicated that: (1) compared to females, Chinese males felt they had more control over their lives on the general internality factor; (2) the relationships among the various components of the l-E presented the same pattern for the Chinese as they did for Americans; and (3) I-E was found to relate to many other important variables for the Chinese. These findings were similar to previous findings in the United States and some other countries, indicating that l-E seems to be a potentially meaningful variable across cultures, while some cultural specific characteristics were also unveiled. Future research should be directed at testing I-E in still other cultures and looking further into the dynamics, the uses, and limitations of the l-E construct for the Chinese.
Moral Judgment
Authors: Ziv Avner , Green David , Guttman Joseph
Published: March 2007

Four hundred fifty-four preadolescents from seventh and eighth grades in three subcultures-city, kibbutz, and Israeli Arabs-were compared on the realistic-relativistic dimension of moral judgment. City children were more relativistic in their judgment than both kibbutz children and Israeli Arabs, who were similar in their scores. The results were explained in light of Wright's theory of moral behavior and attributed to the differences in the socialization pattern in the three subcultures.
Personality Differences among Blacks in Jamaica and the United States
Authors: Jones Enrico E. , Zoppel Christina L.
Published: March 2007

Personality differences among black populations of varying socioeconomic background from Jamaica and the United States were investigated using Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control measure, Gough's Adjective Check List, and Kelly's Role Construct Repertory Test. Results demonstrate the differential utility of these personality measures for cultural comparisons, and in particular suggest that the I-E Scale lacks equivalence of meaning cross-culturally as well as for differing sample populations within the United States. Differences in personality traits and social constructs were generally consistent with those that might be predicted between members of a more traditional society and those of a modern nation. The view that studies of racial minorities within a nationality are appropriately conducted in a cross-cultural framework is presented.
Ethnic Adaptation and Minority Status
Authors: DeVos George A.
Published: March 2007

Ethnic identity involves past cultural traditions, present sociological factors including economic conditions and social and political realities, and a psychocultural dimension related to family and peer-group socialization patterns and their interaction. Considerations are given to how social degradation is related to family cohesion and peer-group functions and how these are in turn dependent on past cultural traditions. Referring briefly to research findings in Japan as evidence, it is indicated how a study of cognitive style patterns and learning or nonlearning within the classroom must include psychocultural determinants related to social or ethnic identity and the awareness of a disparaged minority status. Identity formation for the given individual depends on how and what basic mental mechanisms are involved in the development of personality. Mechanisms of denial and repression are involved in the selective permeability to social experience that maintains an ethnic identity. The formation of an ethnic identity takes place not only in a family but in mutual socialization among peers. The peer group may be involved in compensatory socialization in some ethnic minorities that have been most vulnerable to social degradation.
Helpfulness in Turkey
Authors: Korte Charles , Ayvalioglu Namik
Published: March 2007

A field study was carried out in Turkey in order to compare the level of helpfulness in towns, cities, and urban squatter settlements. Three different naturalistic measures of helpfulness were used: willingness to give change, willingness to cooperate with an interview, and response to a small accident. The results generally showed significantly less helpfulness in Turkish cities than in the towns and urban squatter settlements, which showed equivalent levels of helpfulness. This supports the view that the squatters may in a psychological and social sense be "urban villagers." Consistent differences in helpfulness were also found between other types of city districts. Environmental input level was found to influence the level of helpfulness for female subjects but not for male subjects. Finally, males were significantly more helpful than females and this sex difference did not lessen between towns and cities; the strongest sex difference, in fact, occurred in the urban squatter settlements.
Mental Development after Dietary Intervention
Authors: Palmer Carolyn F. , Barba Corazon Vc
Published: March 2007

In an earlier study it was found that the nutritional status of young, rural Philippine children improved after their diets were supplemented for one year, while the status of nonsupplemented children deteriorated. The current study is concerned with the effects of nutrition on the mental development of those children. Following a year of supplementation (experimental group) and monthly checkups (experimental and control groups), 40 children, 24 girls and 16 boys, responded to the mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. While there were differences in nutritional status between the experimental and control groups, there were no significant differences on the measure of mental development. The control group consisted of 2 barrios whose responses were significantly different from one another in an unexpected direction-the barrio with significantly higher Bayley scores had a significantly poorer nutritional status than the other control barrio. These results suggest that there is a complex relationship between nutrition and mental development.
Stress Syndromes and Stress Predictors in American and Polish College Students
Authors: Harari Herbert , Jones Catherine A. , Sek Helena
Published: March 2007

The basic premise of this cross-national study was that political-cultural-historical orientations can combine to produce stress-buffering moderator variables. A total of 380 American and Polish college students were subjected to a series of measures in which the Americans scored higher on internal locus of control and social support, and the Poles scored higher on external locus of control, anxiety, and depression. As hypothesized, internal locus of control buffered stress among Americans, in line with their presumed individualistic privatistic orientation. However, the expected stress-buffering power of social support among the Poles, with their presumed collectivistic-institutional orientation, did not materialize. The latter finding is discussed in terms of the social stratification and competition for limited resources that mark the current Polish political scene.
Changing Family Values in Greece
Authors: Georgas James
Published: March 2007

Changes in family values in Greece, from traditional collectivist to individualist, are related to recent cultural and technological developments, to changes in the family system from extended to nuclear, to migration of the population from small rural communities to urban centers, to changes in the structure of the in-group, and so forth. A family values questionnaire was given to 417 students from Athens and from small rural communities. The factor structure of Athenian family values differed from that of small community values, particularly in relation to the extended family-nuclear family dimension, indicating a transition from collectivist to individualist values.
On the Empirical Identification of Dimensions for Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Authors: Leung Kwok , Bond Michael Harris
Published: March 2007

In cross-cultural psychology a major goal is to identify dimensions of culture. For this purpose, the cross-cultural analysis (referred to as ecological analysis by Hofstede, 1980) is often used. Two methodological difficulties associated with this method are discussed, and their solution is proposed. A method intended to identify universal dimensions of individual difference, the pancultural analysis, is likely to produce results similar to those obtained in a cross-cultural analysis and hence is unable to achieve its purpose of identifying individual dimensions. A new procedure, based on a within-culture standardization procedure, is introduced for this purpose. A case study of the differences in the results produced by the cross-cultural and the new analyses is then used as a springboard for a further discussion of Shweder's(1973) between-within issue. The theoretical meaning of cultural and individual dimensions is also discussed.
Opposite-Sex Ideal in the U.S.A. and Mexico as Perceived by Young Adolescents
Authors: Stiles Deborah A. , Gibbons Judith L. , Schnellmann Jo De La Garza
Published: March 2007

In this cross-cultural study, 188 9th-grade girls and boys from the U.S.A. and Mexico ranked 10 characteristics of the opposite sex ideal person, and drew pictures of the ideal person engaged in an activity. These young adolescents showed significant agreement about the characteristics of the ideal man and woman; however, there were important gender and cross-cultural differences. Boys emphasized physical characteristics more so than girls. As compared to U.S.A. adolescents, Mexican adolescents more highly valued liking children, helping others, high intelligence, and inner qualities such as goodness and honesty in the opposite sex ideal. U.S.A. adolescents gave higher rankings to having a lot of money and being fun, popular, good looking, and sexy; they drew the ideal person as more physically mature, and involved in a less sex-stereotyped activity than did Mexicans.
The Role of Culture in the Representation of Conflict in Dreams
Authors: Levine Julia B.
Published: March 2007

The relationship of culture to the representation of conflict in children's manifest dreams was explored. Dream reports of Irish, Israeli, and Bedouin children were collected and independently scored by raters who were blind to the culture of the dreamer. Conflictual dreams were found to be more distorted than nonconflictual dreams in all three cultures. Manifestly conflictual dream reports differed cross-culturally along four domains: self-representation, other representation, realistic quality of the dream, and the nature of the conflict. Cross-cultural differences observed in the representation and distortion of dream conflicts were explored as reflecting culturally related socialization practices. The findings were used to support the idea that the manifest dream reflects characteristic coping processes of the dreamer and is therefore a useful measure of culturally mediated ego processes.
Sex-Role Orientations and Control Orientations of Southern Italian and West German University Students
Authors: Krampen Gunter , Galli Ida , Nigro Giovanna
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis was tested that generalized self-related cognitions concerning sex-role orientations and locus of control beliefs are more strongly associated with cultural membership than with morphophenotype sex. In addition, it was expected that differences in generalized locus of control orientations between the morphophenotype sexes can be duplicated by psychological sex-role orientation variables. Questionnaire data on normative sex-role orientations (SRO scale), gender-related self-concepts (masculinity, femininity, and androgyny; BSRI), and three dimensions of locus of control (internality, powerful others control, and chance control; IPC scales) were obtained from 98 Southern Italian and 98 West German university students. The samples were matched for age, sex, education, and student status. The hypothesis that morphophenotype sex differences in control beliefs can be duplicated by psychological sex-role orientation measures, and its corollary that these psychological variables explain more variance than morphophenotype sex, were confirmed by the data. In addition, the findings show that national and cultural differences exceed markedly morphophenotype sex differences in locus of control and sex-role orientations. The results are discussed with reference to an action theoretical approach to human development, which focuses on the efforts of individuals to regulate and to control their own development within a given cultural context.
Antecedents and Correlates of the Strange Situation Behavior of Japanese Infants
Authors: Nakagawa Miyuki , Lamb Michael E. , Miyaki Kazuo
Published: March 2007

Varying distributions across attachment classifications in different cultures have raised questions about the cross-cultural validity of the Strange Situation. These questions can be addressed by examining the antecedents and correlates of Strange Situation behavior outside the United States. If the Strange Situation is a mild-to-moderate stressor for both U.S. and Japanese infants, the antecedents and correlates of attachment classifications should be similar in both cultures. The present study examined the validity of the Strange Situation with Japanese infants and mothers by investigating the correlates and antecedents of Strange Situation behavior. In the United States, Ainsworth et al. reported that mothers' responsiveness to their infants was the best predictor of infants' later attachment classifications. Dickstein et al. found that resistant infants referenced their mothers most frequently, avoidant infants the least, and secure infants an intermediate amount. These findings suggested two hypotheses: Japanese infants should, like U.S. infants, reference their mothers differentially depending on their attachment classifications and "responsive" Japanese mothers should have "secure" infants. However, none of the statistical tests related to these hypotheses were significant. "Secure" and "resistant" Japanese infants were equally likely to reference their mothers, and maternal responsiveness was not associated with the infants' later attachment classifications. These results suggest that the Strange Situation may not be a valid index of the security of infant-mother attachment in Japan.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Values and Nuclear War Attitudes
Authors: Mayton Daniel M. , Sangster Roberta L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the cross-cultural differences between 336 Caucasian and 67 American Indian adolescents in a rural area of the Pacific Northwest. Participants completed the Rokeach Value Survey-Form G, the Modified World Affairs Questionnaire, selected items from a nuclear freeze questionnaire, the Nuclear Attitudes Questionnaire, and selected demographic items. American Indians placed a higher priority on the values of family security, social recognition, helpfulness, and obedience than their Caucasian peers and a lower priority on freedom, ambition, independence, and capability than their Caucasian peers. They also demonstrated less pessimism about the effectiveness of civil defense measures, less hesitancy to escalate in a nuclear confrontation, and less pessimism about the effectiveness of actions to bring about a nuclear freeze.
Work Cognitions in Multicultural Interaction
Authors: Holt John , Keats Daphne M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the influence of ethnic cultural background and multicultural interaction on the structure of individual work cognitions. Subjects drawn equally from the Aboriginal, Anglo-Saxon, Chinese, and Lebanese Australian cultural communities responded to the Work Cognitions Questionnaire, an instrument designed to measure cultural and personal achievement goals and work values. The rank-ordering pattern of Cultural Goals, Personal Goals, and Work Values were positively correlated (all p <. 0001) within each cultural group. Multidimensional unfolding revealed that not only did the structure of achievement goals and work values vary between the four cultural groups, but that in environments where cultural groups interact, cognitive transition was found among individuals of minority ethnic groups who moved away from ethnic work norms, and moved toward work norms of the dominant cultural group. The variations in work cognition structures are explained in the basis of the culture-specific achievement structure, which effectively accounts for the dynamic of culture and cultural interaction at both the group and individual levels of cognitive functioning.
Comparing Classes of Psychotherapeutic Interventions
Authors: Matt Georg E.
Published: March 2007

This article explores how substantive and methodological differences between English- and German-language psychotherapy outcome studies may have contributed to observed differences in their effectiveness. Data from the meta-analyses by Smith, Glass, and Miller and Wittmann and Matt were reanalyzed to examine the extent to which substantive and methodological differences can account for the difference in the overall effect size of psychotherapy published in English- and German-language sources. The findings indicate that differences in the study of simple phobias, the use of trait inventories as outcome measures, and the selection of effect sizes within studies are likely to have led Smith et al. to overestimate, or conversely, Wittmann and Matt to underestimate the benefits of psychotherapy. Such results suggest that average effect estimates derived for English- and German-language psychotherapy outcomes studies depend on, and have to be interpreted in, the cultural context in which the research is being conducted and reviewed. The comparison between different classes of interventions has to take into account how this context shapes the effect derived for such classes.
Yupno Number System and Counting
Authors: Wassmann Jürg , Dasen Pierre R.
Published: March 2007

The starting point of this study is the apparent contradiction between the existence in Yupno (Papua New Guinea) culture of an elaborate number system and the lack of importance attributed to counting in everyday life. The study is designed to answer two questions: To what extent is the model described by the socially most prestigious expert shared by other Yupno men? How can the system be used to solve new, unfamiliar problems? Indeed, the variability found in the description and use of the number system is very important, to the extent where almost each subject uses it in a slightly different, idiosyncratic way. Without the help of a psychological perspective, this astounding variability may have gone unnoticed. However, to the anthropologist, it is too early to speak of a "requiem for the omniscient informent" because the ideal model "fits" with the rest of the culture-for example, the symbolic separation between the left and right parts of the body. Arithmetic computations can be performed by the older Yupno men using the traditional Yupno system and by children using school algorithms but not by those young men who are in between two cultures.
The Understanding of Morality, Convention, and Personal Preference in an African Setting
Authors: Zimba Roderick Fulata
Published: March 2007

Forty-three Zambian secondary school teachers and 121 of their students were interviewed to examine distinctions between direct moral, belief-mediated moral, social-conventional, and personal events. Additionally, 17 Zambian villagers and 15 American college students made judgments about a belief-mediated moral event Two main predictions were made: Zambian secondary school teachers and students would make distinctions between the four types of events, and subjects' understanding of belief-mediated moral and social-conventional transgressions would be patterned by sociocultural orientations. These predictions were confirmed. Discussed and deduced from the results is the proposition that as applied to individuals per se the concepts of unfairness, harm, justice, violation of human rights, and obligation form an insufficient basis for morality. A collective sense of well-being should, in addition, be part of this foundation.
Impact of Labeled Anger and Blame in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Kubany Edward S. , Bauer Gordon B. , Pangilinan Maria Eva , Muraoka Miles Y. , Enriquez Virgilio G.
Published: March 2007

Three recent studies in the United Stats investigated the impact of negative feeling statements in intimate relationships. Accusatory "You" messages were rted as more likely to evoke animosity and antagonistic behavior than were assertive 'T' messages. Statements communicating angry feelings were rated as more likely to evoke animosity and antagonistic behavior than were statements communicating feelings of distress. The present study investigated the applicability of these findings in an Asian culture using a native language. College students in the Philippines rated their likely reactions to negative feeling statements written either in English or Tagalog. Overal findings were consistent with results obtained with American subjects. Effects due to language were not in a consistent direction. The authors conclude that verbalized anger and blame may evoke emotional and behavioral inclinations that are universally antagonistic, and that cultural, gender, and language differences-where they occur-may be in degree rather than direction.
Cross-Cultural Assessment of the Five-Factor Model
Authors: McCrae Robert R. , Costa Paul T. , Del Pilar Gregorio H. , Rolland Jean-Pierre , Parker Wayne D.
Published: March 2007

The five-factor model (FFM) is a representation of the patterns of covariation of personality traits in terms of five broad factors. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory, a questionnaire measure of the FFM, has recently been translated into a number of different languages, permitting tests of its cross-cultural replicability. Data from Filipino and French translations are presented, showing clear and detailed replication of the American normative factor structure when targeted rotation is used. Results from these and other cross-cultural and behavior genetic studies suggest that the FFM is a biologically based human universal. Applications of trait psychology in clinical, educational, and organizational settings may prove generalizable across cultures, and cross-cultural psychologists can profitably explore the expression of the same personality traits in different cultural contexts.
Preference for Third Party Help in Conflict Management in the United States and Turkey
Authors: Kozan M. Kamil , Ergin Canan
Published: March 2007

One hundred twenty student subjects from the United States and Turkey participated in a prisoner's dilemma type game where subjects were given a chance to communicate with their adversary either directly or through an intermediary. Turkish subjects were found to significantly prefer the intermediary, whereas United States subjects chose direct communication. An interaction effect with gender was also found: Reliance on intermediaries was particularly high for female Turkish subjects. Contrary to expectations, the preference for mediation in Turkey did not increase when, under one experimental condition, the subject's gains from cooperation was higher than that of the other player. These findings are interpreted in terms of differences in individualism-collectivism between the two cultures.
A Cross-Cultural Ranking of Stressful Life Events in Germany, India, South Africa, and the United States
Authors: McAndrew Francis T. , Akande Adebowale , Turner Saskia , Sharma Yadika
Published: March 2007

Five groups of college and university students (N= 555) from four countries ranked 32 life events according to the amount of stress each was perceived to cause. The analyses of the rankings revealed substantial agreement on the relative stressfulness of life events among Americans, Germans, Indians, non-White South Africans, and White South Africans. The results suggest that standard measures of life stress can be used cross-culturally with some degree of confidence.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons and the Presumption of Equivalent Measurement and Theoretical Structure
Authors: Byrne Barbara M. , Campbell T. Leanne
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate, paradigmatically, the extent to which item score data can vary across cultures despite measurements from an instrument for which the factorial structure is equivalently specified in each group. Based on item scores from the Beck Depression Inventory, the authors first tested for the group invariance of factorial structure and then examined the patterns of item score distributions and response frequencies across Canadian ( n = 658), Swedish ( n = 1,096), and Bulgarian ( n = 691) high school adolescents. Findings carry important implications for multigroup comparisons research in general, and for cross-cultural research in particular, where the primary interest focuses on testing for mean group differences.
The Hard Road to the Good Life: The Happy, Mature Person
Authors: King Laura A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine how two aspects of the good life, happiness and maturity, are reflected in the stories that people tell about their lives. This article highlights the ways that ego development may change the meaning and experience of happiness. When happy people tell stories of life transition, they are more likely to use foreshadowing and happy endings. When mature people tell such stories, they tend to include mention of their active struggle with their life changes. The stories of happy, mature individuals are examined to illustrate how negative life experiences and difficult times may be accommodated into the good life.
Rogers’s Person-Centered Approach: Consideration for Use in Multicultural Counseling
Authors: MacDougall Carol
Published: March 2007

To provide competent counseling services to an increasingly diverse clientele, attention must be given to the applicability of the dominant theoretical orientations. Rogers’s person-centered approach is widely used, but the appropriateness of its diverse applications should not be assumed. This article considers the applicability of Rogers’s person-centered approach in multicultural counseling contexts.
The Phenomenology of Belief Systems
Authors: Hersh Tom
Published: March 2007

In our journeys through life, sometimes we get lost. Suddenly people appear from all around offering us maps that will show us the right direction. Even when we're not lost and we're walking down the street toward some specific goal, fanatics try to drag us to their meetings where supposedly we will learn about the true path and the error of our ways.

In this article I focus on the world views and advice given by religions, psychotherapies, cults, and schools. I call these groups that offer such advice, "systems."

The reader is reminded of what it is like to be approached by a person representing a belief system, and also of the great variety of such systems that exist in our culture. Next, some characteristics of systems are presented. Then, the reader is asked to identify with an imaginary individual who has "fallen into" a system and to join him on a phenomenological journey through five stages or levels of his relationship to systems.
The Pre/Trans Fallacy
Authors: Wilber Ken
Published: March 2007

In any developmental sequence, growth will proceed from pre-X to X to trans-X (unless X is a definite end limit). Because both pre-X and trans-X are, in their own ways, non-X, they may appear similar, even identical, to the untutored eye. This is particularly the case with prepersonal and transpersonal, or prerational and transrational, or pre-egoic and trans-egoic. Once these two conceptually and developmentally distinct realms of experience are theoretically confused, one tends either to elevate prepersonal events to transpersonal status or to reduce transpersonal events to prepersonal status. This is the pre/trans fallacy, and this article examines some of its various forms and influences in psychology, anthropology, and sociology, with particular emphasis on Freud and Jung.
Dickens and Maslow
Authors: Tharaud Barry
Published: March 2007

Most great writers are concerned with social relationships and principles of human behavior, and Dickens was no exception. But while Dickens's literary predecessors such as Homer and Shakespeare portrayed principles of human behavior through "psychology" based on systems of ethics or primitive biology, Dickens himself made a striking literary departure by basing his portrayal of character on a coherent, modern theory of human motivation and needs. In his second novel, Oliver Twist (1837), through the behavior of his characters Dickens delineated a theory of motivation that corresponds point for point with the theories of Abraham Maslow. In so doing, Dickens, like Maslow, sought to humanize the social policy of his time and to improve the quality of human life.
A Behavior Therapist Looks at Rapprochement
Authors: Goldfried Marvin R.
Published: March 2007

There is a growing movement within the field of psychotherapy in the direction of increasing rapprochement. In pursuing the search for common elements across the psychotherapies, it is likely to be more profitable if we look at clinical principles or strategies, which represent a level of abstraction somewhere between technique and theory. In finding points of commonality among different orientations, however, it would be a mistake to arrive at the conclusion that "we all do the same thing." Real differences are likely to remain even after we have isolated overlapping themes. Rather than viewing psychodynamic, humanistic, and behavioral orientations as representing antagonistic forces, it may be more appropriate to considered them complementary vantage points for understanding human functioning and the facilitation of therapeutic change. In addition to discussing the above issues, this article considers the barriers that may prevent rapprochement, together with ways in which they may be overcome.
The Existential Context of Lovestyles
Authors: Prasinos Steven , Tittler Bennett I.
Published: March 2007

This study is an attempt to demonstrate empirically that the way in which one views love occurs within a broad and definable existential context. John Lee's (1974; 1977) typology of six "lovestyles" was investigated in relation to other phenomenological dimensions, including the fear of death, ego strength, self-esteem, and the meaningfulness of life. The lovestyles were also related to various self-ratings and demographic variables. One hundred and fifty-three undergraduates responded to measures of lovestyle and the existential and demographic variables. Existential profiles were generated for each lovestyle. A canonical correlation procedure resulted in an equation that placed the lovestyles along an existential dimension broadly conceived of as affirmativeness. The agapic and manic lovestyles were particularly prominent in that they seemed to occur within opposite existential contexts. The agapic appeared as a giving and positive position and the manic as dependent and negative. Comments are offered on the value of studying love and on the relevance of the findings to the theories of Maslow, Fromm, and others.