bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing trends in ethnicity and academic performance: observational cohort data from a UK medical school
Authors: Mukherji Prokriti , Adas Maryam A , Clarke Benjamin , Galloway James B , Mulvey Thomas , Norton Sam , Turner Jonathan , Russell Mark D , Lempp Heidi , Li Shuangyu
Published: December 2022

Objective

Quantify differential attainment by ethnicity in undergraduate medical assessments and evaluate whether institutional efforts to reduce the attainment gap have had impact.

Design

Observational cohort study.

Setting

A single UK MBBS medical programme.

Participants

Pseudonymised data of adults aged ≥18 years enrolled in one of the UK MBBS medical programmes between 2012 and 2018. Ethnicity was self-declared during enrolment as White, Asian, Black, mixed and other.

Main outcome measure

Module mark (distinction, merit, pass, fail) graded according to a variety of assessments, including single best answer examinations, objective structured clinical examinations and coursework submissions. All modular assessments are graded as a percentage. Logistic regression models were used to calculate relative risk ratio to study the association between ethnicity and attainment gap over a calendar and scholastic year. Models were adjusted for age, gender, social deprivation and scholastic year of study.

Results

3714 student records were included. In the sample, 2134 students (57%) were non-white. The proportion of non-white students increased from 2007 (49%) to 2018 (70%). Mean age was 18 (IQR 18–21) and 56.6% were females. Higher proportion of non-white students 218 (24.8%) were from more deprived backgrounds versus white 76 (14.8%). Compared with non-white, there were no significant differences in the proportion of students failing assessments. However, white students were more likely to achieve merit (relative risk ratio 1.29 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.45)) or distinction (1.69 (95% CI 1.37 to 2.08)). Differences in attainment gap have remained unchanged over time, and for black students, attainment gap grew between their first and final year of study.

Conclusion

A similar proportion (97%) of non-white and white students had a passing score, but attainment gap for higher grades persists over years despite widespread efforts in medical schools to diminish the attainment gap linked to ethnicity. Our findings are from a single institution, thus affecting generalisability.
Representativeness in population-based studies of older adults: five waves of cross-sectional examinations in the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Wetterberg Hanna , Rydén Lina , Ahlner Felicia , Falk Erhag Hanna , Gudmundsson Pia , Guo Xinxin , Joas Erik , Johansson Lena , Kern Silke , Mellqvist Fässberg Madeleine , Najar Jenna , Ribbe Mats , Sterner Therese Rydberg , Samuelsson Jessica , Sacuiu Simona , Sigström Robert , Skoog Johan , Waern Margda , Zettergren Anna , Skoog Ingmar
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To describe representativeness in the Gothenburg H70 1930 Birth Cohort Study.

Design

Repeated cross-sectional examinations of a population-based study.

Setting

Gothenburg, Sweden.

Participants

All residents of Gothenburg, Sweden, born on specific birth dates in 1930 were invited to a comprehensive health examination at ages 70, 75, 79, 85 and 88. The number of participants at each examination was 524 at age 70, 767 at age 75, 580 at age 79, 416 at age 85, and 258 at age 88.

Primary outcome measures

We compared register data on sociodemographic characteristics and hospital discharge diagnoses between participants and (1) refusals, (2) all same-aged individuals in Gothenburg and (3) all same-aged individuals in Sweden. We also compared mortality rates between participants and refusals.

Results

Refusal rate increased with age. At two or more examination waves, participants compared with refusals had higher educational level, more often had osteoarthritis, had lower mortality rates, had lower prevalence of neuropsychiatric, alcohol-related and cardiovascular disorders, and were more often married. At two examination waves, participants compared with same-aged individuals in Gothenburg had higher education and were more often born in Sweden. At two examination waves or more, participants compared with same-aged individuals in Sweden had higher education, had higher average income, less often had ischaemic heart disease, were less often born in Sweden and were more often divorced.

Conclusions

Participants were more similar to the target population in Gothenburg than to refusals and same-aged individuals in Sweden. Our study shows the importance of having different comparison groups when assessing representativeness of population studies, which is important in evaluating generalisability of results. The study also contributes unique and up-to-date knowledge about participation bias in these high age groups.
Association between chiropractic spinal manipulation and lumbar discectomy in adults with lumbar disc herniation and radiculopathy: retrospective cohort study using United States’ data
Authors: Trager Robert James , Daniels Clinton J , Perez Jaime A , Casselberry Regina M , Dusek Jeffery A
Published: December 2022

Objectives

Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy (CSMT) and lumbar discectomy are both used for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR); however, limited research has examined the relationship between these therapies. We hypothesised that adults receiving CSMT for newly diagnosed LDH or LSR would have reduced odds of lumbar discectomy over 1-year and 2-year follow-up compared with those receiving other care.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

101 million patient US health records network (TriNetX), queried on 24 October 2022, yielding data from 2012 query.

Participants

Adults age 18–49 with newly diagnosed LDH/LSR (first date of diagnosis) were included. Exclusions were prior lumbar surgery, absolute indications for surgery, trauma, spondylolisthesis and scoliosis. Propensity score matching controlled for variables associated with the likelihood of discectomy (eg, demographics, medications).

Interventions

Patients were divided into cohorts according to receipt of CSMT.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

ORs for lumbar discectomy; calculated by dividing odds in the CSMT cohort by odds in the cohort receiving other care.

Results

After matching, there were 5785 patients per cohort (mean age 36.9±8.2). The ORs (95% CI) for discectomy were significantly reduced in the CSMT cohort compared with the cohort receiving other care over 1-year (0.69 (0.52 to 0.90), p=0.006) and 2-year follow-up (0.77 (0.60 to 0.99), p=0.040). E-value sensitivity analysis estimated the strength in terms of risk ratio an unmeasured confounding variable would need to account for study results, yielding point estimates for each follow-up (1 year: 2.26; 2 years: 1.92), which no variables in the literature reached.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest receiving CSMT compared with other care for newly diagnosed LDH/LSR is associated with significantly reduced odds of discectomy over 2-year follow-up. Given socioeconomic variables were unavailable and an observational design precludes inferring causality, the efficacy of CSMT for LDH/LSR should be examined via randomised controlled trial to eliminate residual confounding.
Modelling carbon capture on metal-organic frameworks with quantum computing
Authors: Greene-Diniz Gabriel , Manrique David Zsolt , Sennane Wassil , Magnin Yann , Shishenina Elvira , Cordier Philippe , Llewellyn Philip , Krompiec Michal , Rančić Marko J. , Muñoz Ramo David
Published: December 2022

Despite the recent progress in quantum computational algorithms for chemistry, there is a dearth of quantum computational simulations focused on material science applications, especially for the energy sector, where next generation sorbing materials are urgently needed to battle climate change. To drive their development, quantum computing is applied to the problem of CO2 adsorption in Al-fumarate Metal-Organic Frameworks. Fragmentation strategies based on Density Matrix Embedding Theory are applied, using a variational quantum algorithm as a fragment solver, along with active space selection to minimise qubit number. By investigating different fragmentation strategies and solvers, we propose a methodology to apply quantum computing to Al-fumarate interacting with a CO2 molecule, demonstrating the feasibility of treating a complex porous system as a concrete application of quantum computing. We also present emulated hardware calculations and report the impact of device noise on calculations of chemical dissociation, and how the choice of error mitigation scheme can impact this type of calculation in different ways. Our work paves the way for the use of quantum computing techniques in the quest of sorbents optimisation for more efficient carbon capture and conversion applications.
On piecewise hyperdefinable groups
Authors: Fanlo A. Rodriguez
Published: December 2022

The aim of this paper is to generalize and improve two of the main model-theoretic results of “Stable group theory and approximate subgroups” by Hrushovski to the context of piecewise hyperdefinable sets. The first one is the existence of Lie models. The second one is the Stabilizer Theorem. In the process, a systematic study of the structure of piecewise hyperdefinable sets is developed. In particular, we show the most significant properties of their logic topologies.
Vaccination effect on a stochastic epidemic model with healing and relapse
Authors: Abdeslami M. M. , Basri L. , El Fatini M. , Sekkak I. , Taki R.
Published: December 2022

In this work, we consider a stochastic epidemic model with vaccination, healing and relapse. We prove the existence and the uniqueness of the positive solution. We establish sufficient conditions for the extinction and the persistence in mean of the stochastic system. Moreover, we also establish sufficient conditions for the existence of ergodic stationary distribution to the model, which reveals that the infectious disease will persist. The graphical illustrations of the approximate solutions of the stochastic epidemic model have been performed.
Analysis on Coal Mine Safety in Southwest China
Authors: Wang Fei , Yang Yuzhong , Wu Liyun
Published: December 2022

China ranks first in the number of coal mines and coal production in the world, its geological conditions of coal storage and mining costs are inferior to other coal producing countries. However, China’s attention and mining enthusiasm for coal have not decreased at all. The concentration of coal production has been increasing, and the important role and strategic position of the main coal producing areas in the central and western regions have become more and more prominent. In particular, the number of coal mines and accidents in Southwest China ranks first in the country. Contrary to the dominant position of state-owned coal companies in other regions of the country, there are more private coal companies in Southwest China. Take Liupanshui (LPS) as an example, considering the analysis of its coal geological conditions, high-quality development, industrial structure, potential risks, accident types, accident time and other safety conditions, regardless of regional factors, the safety situation of coal mine in LPS is an epitome of the China’s private coal companies, which can be used for reference to improve the safety production situation in other regions.
JPEG Column: 91st JPEG Meeting
Authors: Pinheiro Antonio
Published: December 2022

The 91st JPEG meeting was held online from 19 to 23 April 2021. This meeting saw several activities relating to holographic coding, notably the release of the JPEG Pleno Holography Call for Proposals, consolidated with the definition of the use cases and requirements for holographic coding and common test conditions that will assure the evaluation of the future proposals.
From the President: Sustainable Solutions to Global Challenges Require Science and Innovation
Authors: Gür Turgut M.
Published: December 2022

Expanding on my earlier statement in the summer 2022 issue of Interface, I wish to share my views with you on the pressing challenges regarding sustainable energy and the environment. I will take an entirely global perspective in viewing these complex and difficult issues, irrespective of local or regional energy practices and trends that can mislead to tunnel vision.
Probing the Production of Intracellular Vesicles Containing Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species by Electrochemical Resistive-pulse Sensing
Authors: Jia Rui
Published: December 2022

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are known to play an essential role in cell signaling, disease development and progression. The production of ROS/RNS in living cells can be induced by diacylglycerol-lactone (DAG-lactone) through activation of protein kinase C, an important therapeutic target for cancer and other diseases. In a previous report, nano-electrochemistry was performed to evaluate the production of ROS/RNS inside a human breast cell (MCF-10A) treated with DAG-lactone. Simultaneously, the formation of large intracellular vacuoles was observed using a microscope. These results suggest a possibility that the ROS/RNS were stored in the intracellular vacuoles. The experiments carried out during this summer were aimed to elucidate the relationship between the intracellular production of vesicles and ROS/RNS.
Looking at Patent Law-The Impact of Electrochemical Science and Engineering on the Patent Literature
Authors: Taylor E. Jennings , Inman Maria
Published: December 2022

In this installment of the “Looking at Patent Law” series, we illustrate a high-level perspective of the impact of electrochemical science and engineering on innovation and technology development, as evidenced by inclusion within the patent literature. We searched the USPTO patent data base for the past thirty-one years using commercially available software. The search was limited to U.S. patents and included the Boolean search string was “electrochem* OR electroly*” for U.S. patents issued within the date range of 01/01/1991 to 12/31/2021. Over the past ten years “electrochemical” patents represent nearly 5% of “all” issued patents. The top assignees of the “electrochemical” patents attend and/or present at biannual ECS meetings and publish in ECS journals. Notable top inventors of “electrochemical” patents include: 1) Dr. Shumpei Yamazaki with over 800 patents, 2) Dr. Adam Heller, the inventor of the electrochemical-based glucose monitor, and 3) Dr. Esther Takeuchi, inventor of the implantable cardiac defibrillator.
An Authentication-Oriented Approach to Model the Crosscutting Constraints in Sequence Diagram Using Aspect OCL
Authors: Ullah Ubaid , Musharaf Usama , Haleem Muhammad
Published: December 2022

The modeling of software functional requirements is very important in the development of software systems. In addition, it is also highly important to model security requirements, specifically authentication requirements, to prevent security risks and threats at the design level. The authentication requirements impose various constraints on granting access to only legitimate users to use computer resources. These constraints play an important role in the modeling of functional and authentication concerns of software systems. However, due to their crosscutting nature, their modeling results in pervasiveness across several design models. These constraints crosscut other constraints, which raises the problems of tangling and scattering. As a result, it is highly difficult to manage and maintain the constraints put on design models. Moreover, taking ad hoc approaches to deal with these constraints in complex systems is likely to result in faulty design models. All the existing approaches only deal with crosscutting behavior and completely ignore the crosscutting constraints. Therefore, our main research objective is to improve the modeling of crosscutting constraints and remove the scattering and tangling problems. For this purpose, we propose an authentication-oriented approach to modeling these constraints using the aspect-oriented technique. Using this approach, two case studies are implemented. Finally, the results show that the tangling and scattering problems are eliminated by separately modeling the crosscutting constraints as aspects using aspect OCL. This reduces the overall number of constraints and lowers the maintenance and management effort, which ultimately reduces the complexity of sequence models. The constraint-oriented sequence models are successfully verified, which shows that the output models are correct and complete. To conclude, our research approach is more useful and effective than the other approaches as it covers all the necessary steps required for functional and authentication behavior and constraint modeling.
Numerical Simulation of Grounding Characteristics and Temperature Field of Mine Tires under Multiple Working Conditions
Authors: Guo Jinquan , Ding Peng , Gao Jianhong , Huang Zhenhua , Guo Qiyan , Yang Xiaoxiang
Published: December 2022

Mine tires are an essential and expensive component of heavy mining machinery. This study explored the grounding characteristics and temperature field distribution of mining tires during driving as well as the relationships between the maximum temperature and tire inflation pressure, load, and speed. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element models of mine tires were established. Steady-state rolling simulation analysis was conducted based on inflation and static load simulations. Temperature field simulation analysis was conducted with the tire section as a research object. The accuracy of the finite element model was verified. Analysis results demonstrated that the grounding contact area decreased with an increase in charging pressure and increased with an increase in load. With an increase in inflation pressure, the maximum normal grounding stress increased in the middle part of the tread and decreased near the shoulder. The maximum normal grounding stress continuously deviated in the shoulder direction with an increase in load. Temperature field analysis indicated that the tire had the maximum temperature at the binder position, where the first belt layer was connected to the second belt layer, which corresponds to the maximum stress position in the steady-state rolling simulations. Tire temperature increased with driving speed. The maximum temperature increased with an increase in tire deflection, whereas the deflection decreased with an increase in inflation pressure and increased with an increase in load. Speed had the greatest influence on the maximum temperature, followed by load, with inflation pressure having the smallest influence. The results of this research can be used to improve the service life of mine tires to improve productivity and reduce costs.
Ultrasound-Assisted Stable Curcumin Nanoemulsion and Its Application in Bakery Product
Authors: Bagale Uday , Kadi Ammar , Malinin Artem , Potoroko Irina , Sonawane Shirish , Potdar Shital
Published: December 2022

The quality of the bread has been always an important issue and needs to be improved. Curcumin nanoemulsion provides an antioxidant and other nutritional value to the bakery products. Our aim was to determine the effect of curcumin nanoemulsions as a food additive on the quality and digestibility of breads. Curcumin nanoemulsion was stabilized by using Tween 80 and an ultrasound approach and its incorporation of curcumin nanoemulsion into bread formulation as the replacement of margarine. The objects of the study were the obtained bread from wheat flour, namely, control sample, CuNE containing sample, and raw curcumin containing bread sample. The results of the sensory evaluation of prototype bread suggest that curcumin nanoemulsion does affect organoleptic properties of bread. The result of antioxidant activity for curcumin nanoemulsion bread is higher (31.59%) compared to a control bread (20.59%). Also, in addition to a positive effect, there is an increase in the total strain and the elasticity of the crumb of bread compared to the control bread. SEM (scanning electron microscope) study shows that formulation with nanoemulsion promotes uniform distribution of fine pores (porosity).
A Time-Optimal Intersection Search Algorithm for Robot Grasping
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhang Kai , Yang Mingquan , Zhang Xuwei , Liang Fei
Published: December 2022

In industrial automation, an important task of robot system is to grasp moving objects. In order to grasp the moving target on the conveyor belt in the shortest time, this paper proposes a method of location prediction and interception grasping of the target object, and puts forward the corresponding time-optimal grasping point search algorithm. In order to reduce the motion impact of the manipulator and meet the kinematic constraints, the velocity planning curve of the normalized quintic polynomial was adopted to plan the motion of the manipulator in the joint space. In order to express the algorithm more clearly, the position-time function of the moving object and the position-time virtual function of the robot are introduced, and the time optimal grasping point appears at the intersection of the two functions. Finally, the method is verified by simulation analysis.
Influence of Lip Appearances and Tooth Shade on Smile Attractiveness Perception
Authors: Krajangta Nantawan , Phumpatrakom Panupat , Supachartwong Chayaporn , Kamolwarin Pornpisut , Leelaponglit Seelassaya
Published: December 2022

This study determined the effect of lip thickness, lipstick color, and tooth shade on the smile attractiveness perceptions of dentists, laypersons, dental students, and other faculty students. A set of 27 smile photographs was prepared with different lip thicknesses (Tk, thick; M, medium; and Tn, thin), lipstick shade (R, red;

P

, pink; and O, orange), and tooth shades (0M1, 0M3, and A1). A total of 212 Thai participants in four rater groups (dentists, laypersons, dental students, and other faculty students) rated smile attractiveness using a visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and pairwise analysis at a 0.05% level of significance. Tk or M lip thickness was associated with more smile attractiveness than Th lip thickness. The R lipstick is more attractive than the

P

and O lipsticks. The 0M1 tooth shade appeared to be the most attractive for laypersons and other faculty students, whereas tooth shades (0M1, 0M3, or A1) did not influence the smile attractiveness perception of dentists and dental students. The smile attractiveness perception was influenced by the lip appearance and tooth shade for each rater group, which are essential for an attractive smile design.
Nasopalatine Duct Cyst with Impacted Inverted Mesiodens: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Hasan Shamimul , Popli Deepika Bablani , Ahmad Syed Ansar , Sircar Keya , Mansoori Shahnaz , Dua Kirti
Published: December 2022

Nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) is a non-odontogenic, developmental epithelial cyst that accounts for 1% of maxillary cysts. It often arises due to the spontaneous proliferation of the epithelial tissue remnants, although trauma, bacterial infection, and mucous retention may also trigger the proliferation. Owing to its slow-growing, asymptomatic nature, the cyst is often discovered as an accidental finding during routine clinical and radiographic examinations. However, the majority of cases present as a tiny, asymptomatic swelling just posterior to the palatine papillae. Radiographically, it appears as a well-defined oval or round radiolucency in the maxillary anterior teeth region and should be differentially diagnosed with inflammatory periapical lesions and a wide incisive foramen. A pulp vitality test is essential to rule out lesions of endodontic origin. Microscopically, NPDCs display a mixed pattern of the epithelial lining and exhibit neurovascular bundles (small to medium-sized nerves, arteries, and veins), and minor salivary glands in the cystic connective tissue, a distinctive feature facilitating a confirmatory diagnosis. Enucleation and marsupialization remain the treatment of choice. NPDC associated with impacted mesiodens is an extremely uncommon entity. A comprehensive literature search carried out on the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines revealed only three cases of NPDC with impacted mesiodens to date. The purpose of this study is to report an extremely rare case of NPDC associated with an impacted inverted mesiodens in a 19-year-old male patient who presented with an asymptomatic swelling in the maxillary anterior teeth region. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the fourth reported case of NPDC with impacted mesiodens.
Ultrasonography Comparison of Diaphragm Morphological Structure and Function in Young and Middle-Aged Subjects with and without Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Xiao Wenwu , Zheng Fuming , Dong Ke , Wang Zhuangfu , Zu Yao , Wang Chuhuai
Published: December 2022

Background. It is reported that impaired postural control in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP) was associated with “core” trunk muscle incoordination. However, as the diaphragm is an important component of the “core” deep trunk muscle group, we still know little about the potential relationship between diaphragm dysfunction and NCLBP. Objectives. This case-control study is intended to investigate the changes of diaphragm morphological structure and function in young and middle-aged subjects with and without NCLBP by ultrasound evaluation and its possible validity in predicating the occurrence of NCLBP. Methods. 31 subjects with NCLBP (NCLBP group) and 32 matched healthy controls (HC group) were enrolled in this study. The diaphragm thickness at the end of inspiration (Tins) or expiration (Texp) during deep breathing was measured through B-mode ultrasound, and the diaphragm excursion (Texc) was estimated at deep breathing through M-mode ultrasound. The diaphragm thickness change rate (Trate) was calculated by the formula:Trate=Tins−Texp/Texp×100%. Results. Compared with the HC group, the NCLBP group had a significant smaller degree of Tins (t = −3.90,P<0.001), Texp (Z = −2.79,P=0.005), and Trate (t = −2.03,P=0.047). However, there was no statistical difference in Texc between the two groups (t = −1.42,P=0.161). The binary logistic regression analysis indicated that Trate (OR = 16.038,P=0.014) and Texp (OR = 7.714,P=0.004) were potential risk factors for the occurrence of NCLBP. Conclusions. The diaphragm morphological structure and function were changed in young and middle-aged subjects with NCLBP, while the diaphragm thickness change rate (Trate) and diaphragm thickness at the end of expiration (Texp) may be conductive to the occurrence of NCLBP. Furthermore, these findings may suggest that abnormal diaphragm reeducation is necessary for the rehabilitation of patients with NCLBP.
Preserflo Microshunt Surgery for Ocular Hypertension following Intravitreal Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant Removal: A Case Report
Authors: Rezkallah Amina , Loria Olivier , mathis Thibaud , Chacun Samuel , Denis Philippe , Kodjikian Laurent
Published: December 2022

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is now a well-known condition for which a number of treatments have been shown to be effective. Intraocular corticosteroids are part of this therapeutic arsenal but are sometimes responsible for ocular hypertension. We describe here the case of a 60-year-old man with a history of bilateral DME who received an intravitreal injection of 190 µg fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) (ILUVIEN®, Alimera Sciences, Alpharetta, GA, USA) who presented a persistent ocular hypertension in one eye despite FAc removal by pars plana vitrectomy and was successfully managed by Preserflo® microshunt surgery.
Geografias da imigração: o Rio de Janeiro de Samuel Rawet e a Porto Alegre de Moacyr Scliar
Authors: Kirschbaum Saul
Published: December 2022

A obra de Moacyr Scliar e a de Samuel Rawet têm, no mínimo, um aspecto em comum. Scliar, nascido em Porto Alegre e filho de imigrantes, e Rawet, nascido na Polônia mas nem por isso menos carioca, dedicaram às suas cidades – natal ou de acolhida - um papel de destaque, dando-lhes, em seus escritos, quase que posição de personagens. A guerra no Bom Fim e O exército de um homem só, de Scliar, “Reinvenção de Lázaro” e “Madrugada seca”, de Rawet, são exemplos eloquentes desse protagonismo. Outros autores de origem étnica judaica, imigrantes ou filhos de imigrantes, seguiram essa trilha, como Ronaldo Wrobel em Traduzindo Hannah e Eliezer Levin em Bom Retiro. Este artigo busca aprofundar a análise da relação dos autores elegidos com suas cidades de residência, tentando acompanhar os deslocamentos geográficos dos judeus que imigraram, notadamente da Europa do Leste, e sua concentração em bairros específicos.
Para o estudo da imitatio camoniana
Authors: Brito Matheus de
Published: December 2022

O artigo oferece uma perspectiva sobre a prática imitativa de Camões, considerando a imitação como normativa para a escrita de poesia, no século XVI. Comparamos alguns poemas que parecem oferecer boa compreensão da variedade de procedimentos empregues por Camões no processo, procurando apreender a reestruturação argumentativa assim imposta ao texto modelar imitado. Como um anexo, disponibilizamos uma listagem mais completa das aproximações possíveis, em grande medida com base nos comentários de Faria e Sousa e na crítica do século XX.
Clarice à beira ou o avesso da infância
Authors: Brites Mell
Published: December 2022

Em Clarice, uma garota reflete sobre o entorno de mistério em que se encontra desde que sua mãe desapareceu e seu pai foi embora sem explicações. Buscando entender tais acontecimentos, ela permanece imersa em seus pensamentos, sem saber que o culpado é o regime ditatorial brasileiro, pano de fundo do romance. Aqui, texto visual e verbal se unem para formar aos olhos do leitor o quebra-cabeça da mente de Clarice, e é assim que o pensamento do livro ilustrado é transposto para uma obra juvenil, gênero que trabalha tradicionalmente apenas com texto. O resultado é uma narrativa que se transforma em objeto para além da palavra, dispondo dos mais variados recursos na composição de seu significado.
Revisitar o Camões de Eduardo Lourenço no contexto da sua geração literária
Authors: Branco Luís Carlos S.
Published: December 2022

Pretendo, por um lado, analisar os contornos do pensamento camoniano de Eduardo Lourenço, iniciado na época da ditadura do Estado Novo e desenvolvido no Pós 25 de Abril, e, por outro, indagar até que ponto as suas postulações se cruzavam, ou não, com uma série de outros destacados estudiosos camonianos da mesma geração intelectual, entre os quais, Jorge de Sena e António José Saraiva.
Camões apostilado
Authors: Chauvin Jean Pierre
Published: December 2022

Nos manuais sobre literatura portuguesa produzidos no Brasil, o autor empírico Luís de Camões continua a ser confundido com as personae poéticas que enunciam os versos atribuídos a ele. Neste ensaio, discute-se a construção e a fixação da imagem do poeta em alguns compêndios que pretendem sintetizar períodos históricos (tais como Renascimento e Classicismo) e gêneros literários, como a épica e a lírica.
Antonio Onorati e a polêmica literária em torno do Padre Vieira no século XIX
Authors: De Martini Marcus , Trevisan Dario
Published: December 2022

Neste artigo, traça-se uma relação entre uma edição oitocentista de sermões do Padre Antônio Vieira, O Crisóstomo português (1878-90), organizada pelo Padre Antonio Onorati, e a recepção de Vieira no século XIX, especialmente desde o comentário de António Feliciano Castilho, que o comparava desfavoravelmente ao Padre Manuel Bernardes, juízo que seria posteriormente abonado por Camilo Castelo Branco. A partir da análise das alterações promovidas por Onorati no “Sermão da Sexagésima”, propõe-se O Crisóstomo português como intervenção na esfera pública de seu tempo, retratando Vieira como modelo da oratória sacra, em resposta à preferência pela prosa de Bernardes que então se consolidava.
Brain Enlarged Perivascular Spaces as Imaging Biomarkers of Cerebrovascular Disease: A Clinical Narrative Review
Authors: Ramaswamy Srinath , Khasiyev Farid , Gutierrez Jose
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT: Perivascular spaces or Virchow‐Robin spaces form pathways along the subarachnoid spaces that facilitate the effective clearance of brain metabolic by‐products through intracellular exchange and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Best seen on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVSs) are increasingly recognized as potential imaging biomarkers of neurological conditions. EPVSs are an established subtype of cerebral small‐vessel disease; however, their associations with other cerebrovascular disorders are yet to be fully understood. In particular, there has been great interest in the association between the various parameters of EPVSs, such as number, size, and topography, and vascular neurological conditions. Studies have identified cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between EPVS parameters and vascular events, such as ischemic stroke (both clinical and silent), intracerebral hemorrhage, vascular risk factors, such as age and hypertension, and neurodegenerative processes, such as vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease. However, these studies are limited by heterogeneity of data and the lack of consistent results across studied populations. Existing meta‐analyses also fail to provide uniformity of results. We performed a qualitative narrative review with an aim to provide an overview of the associations between EPVSs and cerebrovascular diseases, which may help recognize gaps in our knowledge, inform the design of future studies, and advance the role of EPVSs as imaging biomarkers.
Informal Cold War Envoys: West German and East German Cultural Diplomacy in East Asia
Authors: Gehrig Sebastian
Published: December 2022

The bifurcation of Germany during the Cold War induced the two German states to compete around the world over German cultural sovereignty, as they offered rival conceptions of what it meant to be German. The contest over this matter was fueled not only by the division of Germany but also by the military occupation. With restrictions imposed on both governments in their foreign policy activities during the early Cold War, foreign cultural diplomacy (auswärtige Kulturpolitik), a form of proxy diplomacy developed in the interwar period, became a crucial means of forging ties with countries outside Europe. This article traces how the two German governments sent language teachers, artists, academics, musicians, and exchange students to Asia as cultural ambassadors in a bid to reestablish a German presence. Divided countries along the Bamboo Curtain, especially the People's Republic of China, became the most important battlegrounds in the competition for hegemony in representing Germany in Asia. The need to engage in foreign cultural diplomacy also brought Asian ideological conflicts home to Germany. Exchange visitors and their governments tried to achieve their own interests by steering a middle course between the two German states. Foreign cultural diplomacy thus was an essential—and complicated—part of “soft power” for both German governments in trying to win over foreign audiences.
Outdoor Cats: An Introduction
Authors: Lynn William S. , Santiago-Ávila Francisco J. , Stewart Kristin L.
Published: December 2022

A moral panic over cats has gripped portions of the conservation community, with claims that outdoor house cats (felis catus) are wrecking havoc on biodiversity and public health akin to a zombie apocalypse. This is a mistake, a result of poor scientific reasoning and selective attention to data, or worse, pure demagoguery. The situation is more nuanced. Outdoor cats can cause significant harm to wildlife in specific ecological contexts, even when there is no evidence they do so across the board. And like all mammals, cats can be vectors of disease, even when they pose no threat to public health overall. Careful attention to the complex questions of ethics, science, and politics is required to understand how people, outdoor cats, and nature interact, and how we ought to thrive together. This special issue brings together a diverse set of articles from different points of view to address these issues.
The Formal Sources of International Law, the Relationship between Treaties and Custom, and the International Law-Making Process
Authors: Kwiecień Roman
Published: December 2022

James Crawford in his Hague general course on public international law discussed the problem of making international law by treaties under the Baxter paradox—“the more agreement, the less law”. Crawford concluded that the Baxter paradox is not so much an insoluble paradox as a valid reflection on the distinct attributes of treaties and custom—something to be embraced and not avoided. The essay seeks to readdress the relationship between treaties and custom taking into account the Baxter paradox and its critical examination by Crawford. It is also discussed in light of the complex problem of exploitation of outer space natural resources.

The author supports the idea of formal sources as the most workable method of analyzing rules and principles of international law in practice. The primary aim of the article is to consider whether treaties can be seen, as most scholars claim, the formal source of international law. The author argues that they are not of that nature, since they are not the self-sufficient source of general international law. The author is inspired by Gerald Fitzmaurice’s views of the 1950s denying treaties the status of formal sources of international law, instead seeing them merely as sources of international legal obligations. According to the author, these views, although controversial and even outmoded under the contemporary opinions on the sources of international law, still deserve attention and careful consideration. Treaties can promote legal certainty with regard to legal obligations within the international community. Yet, as the author claims, in a decentralized legal order such as international law, it is not treaties but custom that still remains its primary formal source.
James Crawford and the Law of State Immunity
Authors: Miles Cameron
Published: December 2022

In James Crawford’s later career as a public international lawyer, he was synonymous with the great topics of inter-state relations—the creation of states, state responsibility, and so forth—and with the work of the International Court of Justice. But he retained throughout his professional life an abiding interest in foreign relations law, being that loose collection of issues that characterises the interface between public international and municipal law. Nowhere is this better reflected than in his contribution to the law of state immunity—and, in particular, his preparation as Commissioner of the ground-breaking 1984 Australian Law Reform Commission Report No 24 on Foreign State Immunity (‘ALRC 24’), which led in due course to the Foreign States Immunities Act 1985 (Cth) (‘FSIA’) being passed by the Federal Parliament almost unchanged from Commission’s suggested text. This paper aims to assess the legacy of ALRC 24 alongside other writings on state immunity that Crawford published prior to and in conjunction with the report—in particular his significant articles in the Australian Year Book of International Law, the American Journal of International Law and the British Yearbook of International Law. This corpus of materials shows Crawford in two underexplored guises—as municipal lawyer and legislative draftsman. And they also show his instincts as one of the great liberalisers of public international law, committed to ensuring that the parameters of the restrictive theory of state immunity, then novel to the common law, were accurately reflected in legislative language.
Description of a new Scottocheres Giesbrecht, 1897 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Asterocheridae), including an emended diagnosis and key for the genus
Authors: CANÁRIO ROBERTA , FARIAS AMILCAR , NEVES ELIZABETH , JOHNSSON RODRIGO
Published: December 2022

The siphonostomatoid copepod genus Scottocheres was established by Giesbrecht in 1897 and now includes nine species. Consequently, these new species introduced new characteristics that must be considered to define the genus. This study provides an emended diagnosis of the genus, describes a new species, discusses the geographic distribution and hosts of the genus, and includes a key to the species. The new species was found associated with the sponge Callyspongia in Todos-os-Santos Bay and can be distinguished from its congeners by a set of characters that includes the presence of a unique seta on the inner margin of the second endopodal segment of legs 1 to 4 and only two spines on the outer margin of third endopodal element of leg 1.
Coastal Erosion Risk: Population Adaptation to Climate Change—A Case Study of the Pays de la Loire Coastline
Authors: Chadenas C. , Chotard M. , Navarro O. , Kerguillec R. , Robin M. , Juigner M.
Published: December 2022

Studying the population’s perception of coastal erosion is essential and is increasingly used by coastal administrators, especially because it strongly influences the acceptance of coastal adaptation strategies. This article explores the population’s perception of coastal risk on the Atlantic coast of France (Pays de la Loire region) that is an at-risk territory historically affected by erosion and is particularly sensitive to coastal flooding. The major goal of the paper is to collect data in terms of risk perception by carrying out a field survey on three territorial collectivities, with the aim to enhance the feasibility of the managed retreat operations that will be implemented on this coast in the next years. A total of 700 surveys were collected and several original results can be drawn: the population has a good knowledge of erosion in the area where they live, and this knowledge is key because the territory is vulnerable. Similarly, the respondents have a good knowledge of protection measures, but some are more important than others: for example, the reinforcement of coastal defenses is the most commonly cited strategy to deal with coastal hazards whereas relocation is the second-most-known but least-popular scenario. Several factors influence people’s perception of risk: for example, time spent in the residence and age of residents are two elements contributing to place attachment that must be taken into account before starting to implement any climate adaptation policies.
Avoiding fallout from terrorist attacks: The role of local politics and governments
Authors: Arı Emine , Bayer Reşat , Kemahlıoğlu Özge , Kural Ece
Published: December 2022

Even though violent attacks resulting in civilian fatalities can be seen as constituting failure on the part of the incumbent party to provide security to citizens, governments are not always punished electorally. Rather, at times, they appear to gain votes following terrorist attacks. Here we argue that political parties that can take advantage of their local presence to frame and communicate their narrative in response to terrorism, can better manage to avoid blame and even to emerge victorious in times of violent conflict. The AKP in Turkey is one such important example. Our statistical analyses of municipality-level aggregate election results show that the party not only maintained national incumbency, but even strengthened its predominance in the political system in the face of growing security threats. In municipalities where AKP controlled the local government and hence municipal resources, the party did not lose votes following terrorist attacks. This finding remains even when we consider past voting, regional variations, competitive districts, and ethnicity. Our argument that incumbents can avoid punishment through their capacity to reach out to voters at the local level is also supported by individual-level survey data and the comparison with neighboring municipalities. As such, we highlight how local government control can be consequential for national politics, including periods when security dominates the national agenda.
Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Substance Use Among Middle School and High School Students: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Noel Jonathan K. , Rosenthal Samantha R. , Skierkowski-Foster Dorothy , Borden Samantha K.
Published: December 2022

Objective:

Research on COVID-19’s effect on substance use is mixed, and few studies have focused on adolescents. We assessed whether implementation of the COVID-19 lockdown affected substance use and changed perceptions of psychoactive substance availability in middle and high school students.

Methods:

We assessed self-reported use and perceived availability of alcohol, tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, marijuana, synthetic marijuana, nonprescribed prescription drugs, and illicit drugs (heroin, inhalants) among middle and high school respondents aged 11-18 years to the Rhode Island Student Survey (N = 17 751). An administrative pause because of COVID-19 lockdowns allowed us to divide results into surveys completed before (January through March 2020; n = 13 259) and after (November 2020 through May 2021; n = 4492) the lockdown implementation. We determined the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown using logistic regression models, adjusting for age, gender/sexual orientation, middle/high school level, and city/town classification.

Results:

After the COVID-19 lockdown implementation, the odds of respondents using psychoactive substances decreased, with the largest decreases occurring for prescription drugs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.28-0.54) and inhalants (OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.26-0.53). The odds of respondents perceiving difficulties in obtaining psychoactive substances significantly increased after lockdown implementation, with the largest increases occurring for prescription drugs (OR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.39-1.69) and illicit drugs (OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.44-1.88).

Conclusions:

COVID-19 lockdown implementation was associated with a decreased perception of availability of psychoactive substances and use of psychoactive substances. Decreases in substance use may be because of decreased perceived availability and increased parental support and oversight. Interventions that focus on parental oversight and strengthened policies to disrupt the licit and illicit drug markets are needed.