bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical Pluralism Without Complementarity
Authors: FitzPatrick William Joseph
Published: January 2007

Grinnell, Bishop, and McCullough (2002) have proposed extending Bohr's notion of complementarity from the realm of quantum physics to that of bioethics, arguing that many ethical disputes cannot in principle be resolved. On this view, we should give up the aim of reaching all-things-considered moral verdicts on a variety of disputed questions, settling instead for a holism of irreducibly complementary perspectives. I discuss a number of difficulties with this proposal, and argue that the desire for inclusiveness that motivates it is properly captured through a different approach to ethical pluralism already familiar in moral philosophy, which does allow for resolution.
A "Small-World" Network Hypothesis for Memory and Dreams
Authors: Tsonis Panagiotis A , Tsonis Anastasios A
Published: January 2007

Memories are associated to one another and to the environmental cues that accompanied the events that gave rise to them. Thus, a memory is more likely to be recalled (reconstructed) if it is strongly connected to a particular environment. We propose that memory associations form a "small-world" network. According to this hypothesis, one memory might lead to the recall of an apparently unrelated memory because they are actually connected by only a few steps. This small-world hypothesis might also be relevant to the peculiar features of dreaming.
The Sculpturing Role of Fibroblast-Like Cells in Morphogenesis
Authors: Doljanski Fanny
Published: January 2007

Cells of multicellular organisms are semi-fluid creatures. Even when they form specific cell-cell adhesions, they cannot create a defined shape or a tissue-specific architecture. Cartilaginous organs, such as ears and noses, exemplify the fact that form is imprinted in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which leads to the conclusion that cells must have the ability to shape the ECM in which they reside. This seems to be true for most tissues. The role of the ECM as an integrator of cells into functional assemblies with defined architecture is unique to multicellular organisms. The evolution of multicellularity became possible as a consequence of cells acquiring two new properties: first, cell surface macromolecular complexes that function in cell-cell binding; and, second, an ECM that integrates cells into three-dimensional structures. These two new properties allowed the evolution of the two basic types of cells—epithelial and mesenchymal. The appearance of the latter, a fibroblast-like cell with abundant filopodia, enabled the sculpturing of the ECM and the formation of complex tissue-specific architectures.
Conceptualizing "Religion": How Language Shapes and Constrains Knowledge in the Study of Religion and Health
Authors: Hall Daniel E , Koenig Harold George , Meador Keith G
Published: January 2007

Despite recent advances in the field of religion and health, meaningful findings will increasingly depend on the capacity to conceptualize "religion" properly. To date, scientists' conception of religion has been shaped by the Enlightenment paradigm.However, recent developments in philosophy make the "objectivity" of the Enlightenment paradigm problematic, if not untenable. Contrary to common understanding, the secularism essential to the Enlightenment paradigm does not enjoy any special privilege over religious ways of seeing the world, because both religious and secular worldviews constitute self-referentially complete interpretations of the human condition. If there is no objective frame of reference from which to measure religiousness, then the study of religion and health is fundamentally contingent on the specific languages and contexts in which particular religions find expression. While applying this cultural-linguistic approach to religion would require significant changes in the existing methods for studying religion and health, such changes may generate a deeper understanding of this relationship.
Meaning-Making in the Immune System
Authors: Neuman Yair
Published: January 2007

Meaning-making is the process by which a system responds to an indeterminate signal. This article focuses on meaning-making in living systems. It proposes several guidelines for studying the process of meaning-making in living systems in general, and in the immune system in particular. Drawing on a general framework for studying meaning-making in living systems, I suggest three basic organizing concepts for studying meaning-making—variability of the signal, context markers, and transgradience. Those concepts present a radical alternative to the information-processing approach that governs biological research and may shed new light on biological processes.
The Formation of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the Development of a Medical Specialty, 1964-1973
Authors: Krueger Gretchen Marie
Published: January 2007

In April 1964, seven physicians met to discuss the formation of a new medical society for clinicians interested in the management of patients with cancer. Chemical warfare research during World War II had led to the advent of chemotherapeutic agents, a new, systemic approach toward cancer treatment. While skeptics questioned the benefits of chemotherapy, some internists viewed these drugs as promising new tools. Founders of the American Society of Clinical Oncology built their organization upon the importance, despite potential dangers, of utilizing chemotherapy as an essential component of cancer treatment, and positioned themselves as best qualified to manage the care of patients with cancer. The establishment of a new professional organization helped to anchor medical oncology as a distinct field during a time of increasing medical specialization in the United States. This essay examines the Society's early history within a broader context of the development of new chemical agents and cooperative groups, the formation of a new subspecialty, and increasing federal involvement in health care policy and funding, and describes the struggle of medical oncologists to solidify their authority over clinical cancer research and patient care.
The Fundamentals of Clinical Discovery
Authors: Rees Jonathan
Published: January 2007

There is a widespread view that clinical research is failing to advance appropriately, particularly in comparison with other aspects of biomedical science. I argue that this is due in part to an inadequate understanding of how medical advance occurs. The common usage of such terms as basic or fundamental, or the uncritical use of the term model is unhelpful—unhelpful, in that such terms tend to presuppose a certain model of clinical advance that is unusual, and furthermore, because they tend to exaggerate the importance of research in subjects such as biochemistry and genetics at the expense of other areas. I suggest that much medical research is best viewed as a form of engineering rather than science, and that the knowledge base and research funding for the amelioration of disease needs to be much more broadly based than at present.
Narrative Possibilities: using mindfulness in clinical practice
Authors: Connelly Julia E
Published: January 2007

Narrative is ever present in medicine and is an integral aspect of the doctor and patient relationship. Although theoretical discussions of narrative medicine and narrative ethics are important, they may serve to reify the patient's story, to make it a specific entity. In practice, the patient's story unfolds in the moment of communication depending on the individuals and the circumstances; the story is not an "object." Patients' narratives heard in clinical settings are often limited by physician behaviors, especially the tendency of physicians to control the interaction with the patient. To develop individual narratives effectively and competently, physicians must be able to help the patient tell the story that is most important, meaningful, and descriptive of the situation. If the patient's narrative is not heard fully, the possibility of diagnostic and therapeutic error increases, the likelihood of personal connections resulting from a shared experience diminishes, empathic opportunities are missed, and patients may not feel understood or cared for. The practice of mindfulness—moment-to-moment, nonjudgmental awareness—opens a doorway into the patient's story as it unfolds. Such mindful practice develops the physician's focus of attention and offers the possibility for a meaningful and important narrative to arise between patient and physician.
The Evolution of Euthanasia and Its Perceptions in Greek Culture and Civilization
Authors: Mystakidou Kyriaki , Parpa Efi , Tsilika Eleni , Katsouda Emmanuela , Vlahos Lambros
Published: January 2007

Death has preoccupied humanity since before the dawn of civilization. As a multidimensional and moral problem, the end of life has concerned different civilizations, and different approaches to euthanasia, or "good death," have been developed in each culture. In Greece, there is a long record of the culture's evolving attitudes toward death and euthanasia.A more widespread knowledge of the views and traditions surrounding the act of euthanasia can contribute to a better understanding of the controversies surrounding modern attitudes and practice.
Three Tests for Measuring Unjustified Disparate Impacts in Organ Transplantation: The Problem of "Included Variable" Bias
Authors: Ayres Ian
Published: January 2007

Civil rights statutes often prohibit two distinct types of discrimination, referred to as "disparate treatment" and "disparate impact." Disparate treatment is race-contingent decision making. But even decision making that is not affected by people's race may still produce an unjustified disparate impact. For example, a race-neutral transplantation preference for allografts with partial antigen matches might produce an unjustified disparate impact on African Americans with end-stage renal disease. The transplantation preference might make it harder for African Americans to receive a transplant without significantly increasing the chance of transplant survival. Because disparate impact and disparate treatment claims have distinct elements, they require distinct methods of statistical testing. This article analyzes three different ways of testing unjustified disparate impacts in organ transplantation, which I will call the traditional test, the omitted variable test, and the outcome test. Each of these methods of testing for disparate impact are attuned to the problem of "included variable" bias. Controlling statistically for nonracial variables may actually bias the analysis and mask the existence of unjustified disparate impacts.
Correlation and Causation: A Comment
Authors: Stigler Stephen M
Published: January 2007

Some purely methodological comments are made on the pitfalls and difficulties in making causal inferences from observational data, including in studies of disparity in medicine. The ideas of spurious correlation and measurement error are discussed with an eye towards their impact upon inferences about causality, and cautions are offered about over-reliance upon testing hypotheses.
Changes in the Disparities in Chronic Diseases During the Course of the 20th Century
Authors: Fogel Robert William
Published: January 2007

Longitudinal studies support the proposition that the extent and severity of chronic conditions in middle and late ages are to a large extent the outcome of environmental insults at early ages, including in utero. Data from the Early Indicators Project, undertaken at the Center for Population Economics, suggest that the range of differences in exposure to disease has narrowed greatly over the course of the 20th century, that age-specific prevalence rates of chronic diseases were much lower at the end of the 20th century than they were at the beginning of the last century or during the last half of the 19th century, and that there has been a significant delay in the onset of chronic diseases over the course of the 20th century. These trends appear to be related to changes in levels of environmental hazards and in body size. These findings have led investigators to posit a synergism between technological and physiological improvements. This synergism has contributed to reductions in inequality in real income, body size, and life expectancy during the 20th century.
The Institutes of Medicine Report: Too Quick to Diagnose Bias
Authors: Satel Sally L , Klick Jonathan
Published: January 2007

The Institute of Medicine report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, claims that medical studies document a systematic causal relationship between race and disparities in health inputs and outcomes among individuals of different races. This article argues that the majority of studies are not powerful enough to establish a causal link, since they do not sufficiently control for differences among patients that happen to correlate with race, and it outlines a powerful audit study that could isolate any effect of race on health care decisions. Even if there are race-based disparities in health inputs, evaluations of welfare and policy prescriptions should be based on health outcomes, since the relationship between care and health is, at least in some cases, weak.
The President's Council on Bioethics 2002-2004: An Overview
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: January 2007

The President's Council on Bioethics, headed by Leon Kass, was created by President George W. Bush to advise the President on issues of ethical import raised by advances in biomedical science. Between 2002 and 2004, members of the Council from diverse disciplines addressed topics such as human cloning, stem cell research, assisted reproduction, and medical interventions intended to enhance human capability or appearance. This article provides background on the Council and reviews its published reports. It also considers key definitions and distinctions, specific recommendations of the Council, and positions articulated by members who contributed to the development of its reports.
William James, Faith, and the Placebo Effect
Authors: Miller Franklin G
Published: January 2007

Long considered a fact of medicine and of clinical investigation, the placebo effect has recently been challenged. The thought of the great American psychologist and philosopher William James, particularly his understanding of the practical value of faith, helps to illuminate the nature of the placebo effect and the implications of this puzzling phenomenon for understanding healing and the practice of medicine.
The Influence of Nietzsche in Wang Guowei's Essay "On the Dream of the Red Chamber "
Authors: Cai Zong-qi
Published: January 2007

There are numerous traces of Nietzsche's influence in Wang Guowei's "On the Dream of the Red Chamber " even though there is not a single mention of Nietzsche's name in that seminal essay. Nietzschean thought looms large where Wang openly disagrees with or quietly departs from the views of Schopenhauer and, to a lesser extent, those of Kant and Aristotle. His questioning of Schopenhauer's "no-life-ism" harks back to Nietzsche's challenge to Schopenhauer's life-negating ethics. His portrayal of Bao Yu reveals three distinctive character traits of the Nietzschean overman. In particular, the praise of Bao Yu's rebellious character reveals Wang's preference for the iconoclastic Nietzschean overman over the passive Schopenhauerian saint. A strong influence of Nietzsche's views of tragedy may also be observed in Wang's discussion of the tragic form. His modification of Aristotle's catharsis seems to have been made in the spirit of Nietzsche's criticism of its "pathological discharge." His stress on the ultimate salvational function of the Dream strongly reminds us of what Nietzsche has said about the life-saving role of the Dionysian tragedy in the Birth. Finally, in his conditional endorsement of "live-life-ism" we can see a thinly disguised repudiation of the extreme Darwinian tendency he mistakenly reads into Nietzsche's works. It should not be surprising that there are so many echoes of Nietzschean thought in "On the Dream." While writing this essay Wang was deeply occupied with the study of Nietzsche's aesthetic and ethical theories through comparisons with Schopenhauer's. If this influence of Nietzsche can be established on the basis of the evidence given above, there is then a need to reassess Nietzschean thought as a catalyst more important than hitherto thought for the rethinking of traditional Chinese literary and cultural traditions-a broad twentiethcentury critical and intellectual trend initiated by none other than Wang's "On the Dream."
Guarding Moral Boundaries: Shame in Early Confucianism
Authors: Geaney Jane
Published: January 2007

In response to allegations that China is a "shame culture," scholars of Confucian ethics have made use of new studies in psychology, anthropology, and philosophy that present shame in a more favorable light. These studies contend that shame involves internalization of social moral codes. By adapting these new internal models of shame, Confucian ethicists have attempted to rehabilitate the emphasis on shame in early Confucianism, but in doing so they have inadvertently highlighted the striking absence in early Confucian texts of such prominent shame metaphors as being seen, particularly with genitals exposed. This essay analyzes these visual metaphors for shame, in contrast to contact metaphors, and considers the implications for Confucian ethics that they might be two different types of shame.
A Reexamination of the Structure and Content of Confucius' Version of the Golden Rule
Authors: Mou Bo
Published: January 2007

For the purposes of interpretation and constructive engagement, the structure and content of Confucius' version of the Golden Rule (CGR) is examined by elaborating its three dimensions as suggested in the Analects. It is argued that the CGR, which consists of two intertwined central ideas in Confucius' ethics, shu and zhong, involves three interdependent and complementary dimensions: (1) the methodological (i.e., the methodological aspect of shu), which consists of the principles of reversibility and extensibility; (2) the internal starting point (i.e., the substantial aspect of shu), which somehow points to the fundamental virtue ren and constitutes the internal starting point for applying the methodological principles of the CGR; and (3) the external starting point (i.e., zhong as one's sincere and devoted commitment to those established social constituents specified by the li, regardless of the involved moral recipient's social status), which constitutes the external starting point for applying the methodological principles of the CGR.
Is Indian Logic Nonmonotonic?
Authors: Taber John A.
Published: January 2007

Claus Oetke, in his "Ancient Indian Logic as a Theory of Non-monotonic Reasoning," presents a sweeping new interpretation of the early history of Indian logic. His main proposal is that Indian logic up until Dharmakirti was nonmonotonic in character-similar to some of the newer logics that have been explored in the field of Artificial Intelligence, such as default logic, which abandon deductive validity as a requirement for formally acceptable arguments; Dharmakirti, he suggests, was the first to consider that a good argument should be one for which it is not possible for the property identified as the "reason" (hetu) to occur without the property to be proved (sadhya)-a requirement akin to deductive validity. Oetke's approach is challenged here, arguing that from the very beginning in India something like monotonic, that is, deductively valid, reasoning was the ideal or norm, but that the conception of that ideal was continually refined, in that the criteria for determining when it is realized were progressively sharpened.
Laughter and Literature: A Play Theory of Humor
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: January 2007

Humor seems uniquely human, but it has deep biological roots. Laughter, the best evidence suggests, derives from the ritualized breathing and open-mouth display common in animal play. Play evolved as training for the unexpected, in creatures putting themselves at risk of losing balance or dominance so that they learn to recover. Humor in turn involves play with the expectations we share-whether innate or acquired-in order to catch one another off guard in ways that simulate risk and stimulate recovery. An evolutionary approach to three great literary humorists, Shakespeare, Nabokov and Beckett, shows that a species-wide explanation not only cuts deeper but in no way diminishes individual difference.
Mann Contra Nietzsche
Authors: Clegg Jerry S
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this article is two fold: to correct a frequent misinterpretation of Nietzsche's account of the relationship between the gods Dionysos and Apollo, and to then clarify the position adopted by Thomas Mann in his novella Death in Venice. The argument is that far from simply borrowing a theme from The Birth of Tragedy, Mann takes issue with Nietzsche's call for the abandonment of modernity in favor of a return to the "tragic age" of the Greeks.
Comedy's Intention
Authors: La Farge Benjamin
Published: January 2007

I begin by asking, What is the underlying dynamic of comedy, its generic intention? I answer by testing each of several classic theories (plus two popular cliches) against a single, brief scene in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest. Each of the first six sections subjects that scene to one of seven theories, in each case singling out an idea that seems convincing and discarding other ideas that do not. Illogical Logic explains the various means by which the structure of a comedy reduces the characters to absurdity, thereby generating a Catharsis of wish and fear, analogous to Aristotle's tragic catharsis of pity and fear.
William James's Lost Souls in Ursula Le Guin's Utopia
Authors: Simon Linda
Published: January 2007

Ursula Le Guin's "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" (1973), a staple of short fiction anthologies, was inspired by James's "The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life." In Le Guin's moral tale, a devastating bargain causes some citizens of Omelas to reject their apparently utopian community. Although critics have seen this rejection as a Jamesian act of pragmatism and free will, this essay examines the story in the context of "The Moral Philosopher" and other writings by James on pragmatism, its moral consequences, free will, and faith to refute that conclusion. I argue, instead, that James's work suggests responses that reflect his thinking about the limits and meaning of possibility and about sustaining belief in a transcendent force.
Theoretical Downsizing and the Lost Art of Listening
Authors: Stow Simon
Published: January 2007

What is the proper role for Theory in literary study? An aid to reading? Or source of insight into the world beyond the text? Half-heartedly apologizing for the political-theoretical excesses of the past two decades, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Jean-Michel Rabaté offer up more of the same, with Spivak in particular recycling the ideas of others so as to revive literature as a source of political "Othering." Noting the ways in which Theory silences the sounds of "Others," I argue Valentine Cunningham's placing of Theory permits both texts and others to speak, and in so doing, teaches us to listen.
Wittgenstein Underground
Authors: Hagberg Garry
Published: January 2007

This paper argues that Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground makes a fundamental point that runs directly counter to the received popular image of the work; i.e. the understanding that Notes describes a consciousness reflecting on itself, hermetically sealed within its own Cartesian interior. In truth, a closer reading shows that the mind depicted therein is profoundly relational and situated in a particularized context, and that this discursive mind characterizes what Wittgenstein says about mental privacy in the context of the private language argument. The upshot is that language is not secondary, not an afterthought, and thus not posterior to pure subjectivity of the kind that many who celebrate "inferiority" take as a given human experience.
On Å½iÅ¾ek and Trilling
Authors: Holbo John
Published: January 2007

J.S. Mill declares the true liberal prays for enlightened opposition. Slavoj Å½iÅ¾ek's anti-liberal Kierkegaardian-Leninist philosophy, as presented in On Belief, is sized up as an opponent but fails to measure up philosophically. Å½iÅ¾ek is not clear-headed; doesn't understand Kierkegaard; doesn't understand Lenin; or is too much of a soft-hearted liberal who only wishes he weren't. Å½iÅ¾ek fears liberalism may threaten freedom. But the threats he sees â although real â are old news to liberals. Lionel Trilling-inspired hints concerning the proper care and feedings of the liberal imagination conclude the paper.
The Development of MyContents, an Enriched Electronic Tables of Contents Service
Authors: Horne Angela K , Kristensen Terry L
Published: January 2007

In August 2002, Cornell University Library (CUL) launched MyContents,
a campus-wide table of contents (TOC) service. This article describes
how a cross-functional team of librarians and technical staff developed
and implemented MyContents. It discusses the service's key features,
addresses patron response, details the latest user enhancements, and
conveys our vision for the future of the service.
Library Services for Users of Personal Digital Assistants: A Needs Assessment and Program Evaluation
Authors: Carney Stephen , Koufogiannakis Denise , Ryan Pam
Published: January 2007

Research was undertaken to guide development of services for personal digital assistant (PDA) users at the University of Alberta Libraries. A variety of qualitative methods were used to assess user satisfaction with current PDA services and identify potential PDA services for the libraries and resources. The research and needs assessment results demonstrate an emerging interest in PDA technologies supported by the libraries, as well as the types of services and resources users would value. Results guided the libraries' direction and encouraged further expansion of services.
Supporting a Culture of Scholarship for Academic Librarians
Authors: Sapon-White Richard , King Valery , Christie Anne
Published: January 2007

Academic library faculty require a supportive atmosphere in order to successfully engage in research and publication. At Oregon State University, the Library Faculty Association (LFA) provides venues for peer criticism of manuscripts and presentations and for the discussion of professional issues. A survey of LFA members on their level of participation in the association and their attitudes toward its various programs revealed that most were frequent participants in LFA activities and had a high regard for them. Differences in response were found between tenured and untenured faculty. Strategies for increasing the association's impact are suggested.
Chucking the Checklist: A Contextual Approach to Teaching Undergraduates Web-Site Evaluation
Authors: Meola Marc
Published: January 2007

This paper criticizes the checklist model approach (authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, coverage) to teaching undergraduates how to evaluate Web sites. The checklist model rests on faulty assumptions about the nature of information available through the Web, mistaken beliefs about student evaluation skills, and an exaggerated sense of librarian expertise in evaluating information. The checklist model is difficult to implement in practice and encourages a mechanistic way of evaluating that is at odds with critical thinking. A contextual approach is offered as an alternative. A contextual approach uses three techniques: promoting peer- and editorially-reviewed resources, comparison, and corroboration. The contextual approach promotes library resources, teaches information literacy, and encourages reasoned judgments of information quality.
Trends in the Usage of ISI Bibliometric Data: Uses, Abuses, and Implications
Authors: Cameron Brian D
Published: January 2007

Librarians rely on the Institute for Scientific Information's journal impact factor as a tool for selecting periodicals, primarily in scientific disciplines. A current trend is to use this data as a means for evaluating the performance of departments, institutions, and even researchers in academic institutions—a process that is now being tied to tenure and promotion—despite the fact that such usage can be misleading and prejudicial. This paper will highlight the history of the development of impact factors, describe the limitations in their use, and provide a critique of the usage of impact factors in academic settings.
Preservation of Electronic Scholarly Publishing: An Analysis of Three Approaches
Authors: Honey Sadie L
Published: January 2007

Scholars publish in journals to preserve their work and to make sure that it is available for current and future researchers. More and more of this publishing is done in electronic format. Libraries, the institutions that have traditionally overseen the preservation of print publications, are now struggling with the preservation of digital scholarly works. Issues of technical and licensing constraints and economic concerns must be addressed. This paper analyzes three approaches to the preservation and archiving of electronic scholarly publishing. A set of basic criteria is applied to dark archives, moving wall, and caching approaches.
A Collaborative Model for Teaching E-Resources: Northwestern University's Graduate Training Day
Authors: Lightman Harriet , Reingold Ruth N
Published: January 2007

The authors report on the planning, execution, and future of Northwestern University's Introduction to Electronic Resources/Humanities Computing Training Day, a mandatory one-day set of classes for first-year doctoral students in humanities disciplines. The project is a collaborative effort among the Office of the Dean of the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences; the University Library; and Academic Technologies. In this case study the authors explain the intricacies of the program and set it in the context of current thought and practices regarding graduate student training and collaborative ventures.
Salary Compression in the Association of Research Libraries
Authors: Seaman Scott
Published: January 2007

Using salary data from the ARL Annual Salary Survey, this paper analyzes 2003-2004 salary data for evidence of salary compression. It reviews the concept of salary compression to explain its relationship to market salary rates and salary dispersion within an organization. The analysis utilizes comparison ratios between salaries and years of service of the 16 formally defined ARL position classifications. For each position classification (i.e., reference librarian, cataloger, circulation department head, and so on) average salaries are analyzed at the entry level, mid-career, and senior level for evidence of salary compression. It finds evidence for salary compression for several ARL position classifications between the mid- and senior-career levels. It finds no evidence that entry-level salaries are causing compression among mid-career librarians. However, the comparison ratio technique used to investigate evidence of compression precludes drawing larger conclusions for the reasons such compression exists.
Organizing for Digitization: A Survey
Authors: Boock Michael , Vondracek Ruth
Published: January 2007

How are academic libraries organizing themselves in order to engage in the content selection and digitization of local collections? Are libraries creating new positions or units, assigning responsibilities to existing departments, setting up cross-functional collaboration among existing departments, or using a combination of these strategies? Who holds responsibility for the various activities related to digitization? The authors surveyed the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and the Greater Western Library Alliance (GWLA) to answer these questions.
If We Teach, Do They Learn? The Impact of Instruction on Online Catalog Search Strategies
Authors: Novotny Eric (Eric C.) , Cahoy Ellysa Stern
Published: January 2007

A usability study was undertaken at Penn State University to explore how students search the library's online catalog after they have received library instruction. In 2004, eight first-year students received library instruction and were subsequently recruited for the study. Participants were recorded using the online catalog, and a think-aloud protocol was employed to capture students' thoughts. Results were compared with nine first-year students observed in 2002, using the same methodology. Analysis of both groups revealed subtle differences in how they utilized the online catalog. Although these differences cannot be definitively attributed to library instruction, the evidence suggests that instruction can have a positive effect on user search behaviors. The article recommends strategies for increasing the impact of library instruction.
Getting in on the Game: Partnering with a University Athletics Department
Authors: O'English Lorena , McCord Sarah
Published: January 2007

This article summarizes the approaches taken by the Washington State University Libraries in an ongoing partnership with the WSU Athletics Department. Library instruction and liaison relationships, the libraries' presence at game day events, the involvement of the libraries' development director, and a multi-part advertising campaign tied to the football season have all brought positive outcomes. Results have included an increased library presence for student athletes, as well as an increase in awareness and "friend-raising" development activities in the larger campus and alumni community.
Using Localized Survey Items to Augment Standardized Benchmarking Measures: A LibQUAL+ Study
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Cook Colleen , Kyrillidou Martha
Published: January 2007

The LibQUAL+TM protocol solicits open-ended comments from users with regard to library service quality, gathers data on 22 core items, and, at the option of individual libraries, also garners ratings on five items drawn from a pool of more than 100 choices selected by libraries. In this article, the relationship of scores on these locally selected LibQUAL+TM augmentation items with LibQUAL+TM scores are examined for the first time. The results provide some guidance regarding which augmentation items do and do not add different information than the 22 core LibQUAL+TM items with respect to users' library service quality perceptions. These results may be helpful to future LibQUAL+TM users in selecting augmentation items because the results quantify the degrees of overlap of information from these items with the LibQUAL+TM core items. The findings also suggest that LibQUAL+TM scores are reasonably psychometrically valid.
Psychopathology and the Narrative Self
Authors: Phillips James
Published: January 2007

Focusing on four cases presented by Lloyd Wells, M.D., this paper
addresses the relationship of clinical psychopathology to the
philosophical concept of narrative identity. The paper begins with a
review of the debate among historians, literary critics, and philosophers
over the referential status of narrative identity, that is, whether
the narrative self is a fictive structure unrelated to lived life or
whether ordinary life is in fact lived narratively. Agreeing with those
philosophers who argue for the reference of narrative identity to actual
life, the author analyzes the four cases from the perspective of narrative
identity to determine what light this philosophical concept sheds on the
various psychopathologies. Then, having used the philosophical concept
to illuminate psychopathology, he reverses direction and questions what
psychopathology has to offer philosophy and its notion of narrative
identity. The author argues both that the philosophical concept of
narrative identity contributes to our understanding of psychopathology
and that psychopathology offers challenges to the philosophical notion
of narrative identity.
Bottom-Up or Top-Down: Campbell's Rationalist Account of Monothematic Delusions
Authors: Bayne Tim , Pacherie Elisabeth
Published: January 2007

A popular approach to monothematic delusions in the recent literature
has been to argue that monothematic delusions involve broadly rational
responses to highly unusual experiences. Campbell (2001) calls this the
empiricist approach to monothematic delusions, and argues that it
cannot account for the links between meaning and rationality. In place
of empiricism, Campbell offers a rationalist account of monothematic
delusions, according to which delusional beliefs are understood as
Wittgensteinian framework propositions. We argue that neither Campbell's
attack on empiricism nor his rationalist alternative to empiricism
is successful.
Understanding Interpersonal Problems in Autism: Interaction Theory as An Alternative to Theory of Mind
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: January 2007

I argue that theory theory approaches to autism offer a wholly inadequate explanation of autistic symptoms because they offer a wholly inadequate account of the non-autistic understanding of others. As an alternative I outline interaction theory, which incorporates evidence from both developmental and phenomenological studies to show that humans are endowed with important capacities for intersubjective understanding from birth or early infancy. As part of a neurophenomenological analysis of autism, interaction theory offers an account of interpersonal problems that is fully consistent with the variety of social and nonsocial symptoms found in autism.
Autism and the Dynamic Developmental Model of Emotions
Authors: Shanker Stuart
Published: January 2007

The present paper argues that what the phenomenon of autism may really represent is not, as has been argued by some, a window into the hidden mechanisms involved in a theory of mind, but rather a window into the conceptual problems involved in Cartesianism that lead one to postulate the need for a theory of mind. Far from constituting an anomaly for the Cartesian view of social cognition and empathy, autism actually exemplifies it. After reviewing the main themes in the Cartesian view of emotions, which underpin the view that the ability to understand facial expressions of emotion must be innate, the paper considers how recent advances in dynamic systems research have laid the groundwork for a non-Cartesian view of this capacity. Such a non-Cartesian view of emotional experience then leads to a new understanding of the factors that place a child at risk of developing autism.
Autism: Disembodied Existence
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni , Ballerini Massimo
Published: January 2007

This paper considers the nature of schizophrenic autism and urges its importance for understanding the phenomenological core of schizophrenia. Different clinical manifestations of schizophrenic autism are demonstrated, and it is asked whether these might reflect different aspects of one underlying phenomenologically intelligible phenomenon. Four phenomenological hypotheses are put forward: that autism is a function of semantic drifting, emotional drifting, ontological incompleteness, or a particular ethic rejecting common sense. By way of conclusion an integrative hypothesis is considered: that autism is intelligible in terms of the experience of disembodiment.
A Madness for Identity: Psychiatric Labels, Consumer Autonomy, and the Perils of the Internet
Authors: Charland Louis C
Published: January 2007

Psychiatric labeling has been the subject of considerable ethical debate. Much of it has centered on issues associated with the application of psychiatric labels. In comparison, far less attention has been paid to issues associated with the removal of psychiatric labels. Ethical problems of this last sort tend to revolve around identity. Many sufferers are reticent to relinquish their iatrogenic identity in the face of official label change; some actively resist it. New forms of this resistance are taking place in the private chat rooms and virtual communities of the Internet, a domain where consumer autonomy reigns supreme. Medical sociology, psychiatry, and bioethics have paid little attention to these developments. Yet these new consumer-driven initiatives actually pose considerable risks to consumers. They also present complex ethical challenges for researchers. Clinically, there is even sufficient evidence to wonder whether the Internet may be the nesting ground for a new kind of identity disturbance. The purpose of the present discussion is to survey these developments and identify potential issues and problems for future research. Taken as a whole, the entire episode suggests that we may have reached a turning point in the history of psychiatry where consumer autonomy and the Internet are now powerful new forces in the manufacture of madness
Lacan for the Philosophical Psychiatrist
Authors: McConnell Douglas , Gillett Grant
Published: January 2007

Lacan, despite being largely ignored and misunderstood in Anglo-American analytic philosophy, brings psychoanalytic theory into close contact with the philosophy of mind and psychiatry as illuminated by the continental tradition. He draws on Freud, phenomenology, existentialism, and structuralism to construct a subtle theoretical approach to the psyche according to which our engagement in discourse and our existence in the world combine to generate a many layered structure of meanings and influences that forms us. This allows him to focus on the nature and role of language and our discursively constructed self-conceptions both in the therapeutic encounter and in the maladies of the psyche. The relevance of Lacan's thought for analytic philosophy of psychiatry can be explored by pursuing his links to Freud, his complex treatment of issues in the philosophy of language, and a subtle blend of existentialism and continentally inspired naturalism that paints the contours of the unconscious mind in operationally compelling terms.
Global Governance and the Critical Public
Authors: Bruner Michael Lane
Published: January 2007

The last great social movement of the twentieth century was the
anti-corporate globalization movement, whose primary goal was to
democratize international government organizations by opening up their
deliberations to the public. However, the movement suffered a dramatic
setback after the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11,
2001. By examining the overlapping and oftentimes contradictory history
of political and economic liberalism, the historical debate between
advocates and opponents of publicity in governance, and the shifting
rhetorical strategies of corporate globalization supporters and their
critics, this essay surveys the prospects for global governance as we
enter the new millennium.
Rhetorical Distance in "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
Authors: Osborn Michael
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the concept of rhetorical distance as the counterpart of esthetic distance. Rhetorical distance functions as a critical lens through which one may view Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail." It reveals King's artistry in controlling an array of implied symbolic spatial relationships to achieve rhetorical ends. Chief among these relationships are those that divided King from his ostensible audience, his ostensible audience from his actual audience, his actual audience from that level of illumination required for them to grasp the issues agitated by King's movement, and the chasm that separated African Americans from the heritage promised them by mythic America. The essay revisits more precisely the contrasts between rhetoric and poetic, and explores a tragic ethical flaw that may lie at the heart of the human communication condition. The essay concludes by considering how the "Letter"'s rhetoric served the prevailing journalistic melodrama and by connecting its work to the functions of rhetorical depiction.
A Transforming Response: Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
Authors: Patton John H
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the rhetorical situation of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail." It argues that King's "Letter" was an essential response for civil rights to continue as a mass movement in Birmingham and beyond. At a broader level, King's "Letter" demonstrated the enactment of rhetorical transformation. By creative use of kairos and pathos the letter rebutted the claims of the moderate white clergy in Birmingham and changed King's rhetorical persona and presence. The "Letter" transformed the idea of reasonableness from the province of moderation alone and united it with justifications for direct civil disobedience. Consequently, the "Letter" as rhetorical response opened a new public frame for pragmatic, value-based identification with civil rights for historical and contemporary audiences.
Woodrow Wilson's "Rhetorical Restructuring": The Transformation of the American Self and the Construction of the German Enemy
Authors: Flanagan Jason C
Published: January 2007

From a comprehensive study of the public addresses of Woodrow Wilson in the period following the outbreak of the war in Europe in August 1914 to the war's conclusion in June 1919, this essay examines Wilson's transformation of the long-held vision of America as merely a great example of liberty to its embodiment as the self-sacrificing champion of liberty. It will demonstrate how this transformation of the American "self" was inextricably connected to a changing image of the war and the construction of an enemy image of the German government.
Lincoln's Use of Constitutive Metaphors
Authors: Gross Alan G
Published: January 2007

What is the role of metaphor in Lincoln's major public addresses? My position is that metaphor is central to these speeches, that it constitutes their persuasive core. Lincoln uses such metaphors to mobilize deep-seated, shared values and their concomitant emotional resonances. He does so in the interest of creating a social and political reality worthy of the founders and the American people. The tapping of these resources is a reaffirmation of nationhood as a common enterprise founded in a common past.
One Friend's Journey
Authors: Graves Michael P.
Published: January 2007

This essay begins with the presentation of an abbreviated historical framework for one of the most enduring, significant, and widely held Quaker beliefs, that of inward, immediate, and direct revelation. This belief is charted with particular reference to significant writings by seventeenth-century Quaker leaders George Fox and Robert Barclay. Many contemporary Quakers believe that direct revelation, also known as "the Inward Light of Christ," is a primary source of knowledge, that it originally inspired and presently empowers the scriptures, that it is superior to reason alone, and that it discovers validation in the gathered Quaker meeting when it achieves consensus. Some of the implications of this experiential epistemological position are then illustrated with reference to two anecdotes drawn from the author's attempts to discover divine guidance in scholarly writing projects.
Being Baptist
Authors: Reid Robert Stephen
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the shape of a constitutive Baptist rhetoric in order to discover ways Baptist identity functions as a source of rhetorical invention. A Matrix of Contemporary Christian Voices is employed to array differences among Baptists in their expression of denominational identity and to discover limits as to what it means to think like a Baptist.
Doing Time: King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
Authors: Berry Edward I
Published: January 2007

The enduring rhetorical power of King's "Letter" has much to do with the way in which it responds to the central problem faced by the civil rights movement generally, and especially in Birmingham: is this the time for civil disobedience? King made the question of timeliness the central motif in his "Letter." In developing three interrelated conceptions of time—"sacred," "personal," and "patriotic"—King challenged his audience, both emotionally and intellectually, to achieve a new understanding of time and to fulfill its demands in a moment of crisis.