bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects on Metabolic Health after a 1-Year-Lifestyle Intervention in Overweight and Obese Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Waling Maria , Bäcklund Catharina , Lind Torbjörn , Larsson Christel
Published: September 2011

Objective.To evaluate the effect of a family-based intervention on anthropometric and metabolic markers in overweight and obese children.Methods.Overweight or obese 8–12 years olds (n= 93) were randomized into intervention or control groups. The intervention group participated in a program aiming for lifestyle changes regarding food habits and physical activity. Anthropometric measures and venous blood samples were collected from all children at baseline and after 1 year.Results.BMI z-scores decreased in both groups, 0.22 (P= 0.002) and 0.23 (P= 0.003) in intervention and control group, respectively, during the 1-year study, but there was no difference in BMI between the groups at 1-year measurement (P= 0.338). After 1 year, there was a significant difference in waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio between intervention and control group.Conclusions.The intervention had limited effects on anthropometrics and metabolic markers, which emphasizes the need of preventing childhood overweight and obesity.
Remarks on Constitutive Modeling of Nanofluids
Authors: Massoudi Mehrdad , Phuoc Tran X.
Published: September 2011

We discuss briefly the constitutive modeling of the stress tensor for nanofluids. In particular, we look at the viscosity of nanofluids containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) stabilized by cationic chitosan. MWCNTs can be used either to enhance or reduce the fluid base viscosity depending on their weight fractions. By assuming that MWCNT nanofluids behave as generalized second-grade fluid where the viscosity coefficient depends upon the rate of deformation, a theoretical model is developed. A simplified version of this model, similar to the traditional power-law model, is used in this study. It is observed that the theoretical results agree well with the experimental data.
Sasang Constitutional Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Comparative Overview
Authors: Yoo Junghee , Lee Euiju , Kim Chungmi , Lee Junhee , Lixing Lao
Published: September 2011

Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) is a holistic typological constitution medicine which balances psychological, social, and physical aspects of an individual to achieve wellness and increase longevity. SCM has the qualities of preventative medicine, as it emphasizes daily health management based on constitutionally differentiated regimens and self-cultivation of the mind and body. This review's goal is to establish a fundamental understanding of SCM and to provide a foundation for further study. It compares the similarities and differences of philosophical origins, perspectives on the mind (heart), typological systems, pathology, and therapeutics between SCM and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM is based on the Taoist view of the universe and humanity. The health and longevity of an individual depends on a harmonious relationship with the universe. On the other hand, SCM is based on the Confucian view of the universe and humanity. SCM focuses on the influence of human affairs on the psyche, physiology, and pathology.
Genetic Factors Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Leveziel Nicolas , Tilleul Julien , Puche Nathalie , Zerbib Jennyfer , Laloum Franck , Querques Giuseppe , Souied Eric H.
Published: September 2011

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, multifactorial disease associated with environmental and genetic factors. This review emphasizes the clinical impact of the major genetic factors mainly located in the complement factor H gene and on the 10q26 locus, and their current and future implications for the management of AMD.
Early Visual Symptom Patterns in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies
Authors: Prokofyeva Elena , Troeger Eric , Wilke Robert , Zrenner Eberhart
Published: September 2011

The present retrospective study compared initial visual symptom patterns in inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) on the basis of records of 544 patients diagnosed with a wide variety of IRD at the Tuebingen University Eye Hospital from 2005 to 2008. Age at first onset of symptoms was noted, and the following clinical data were analyzed: visual acuity (VA), night vision disturbances, photophobia, onset of visual field defects, best corrected VA, and types of visual field defects. Median age at visual symptom onset was defined with 25th and 75th percentiles and compared in 15 IRD types. The main trends in VA changes in retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod dystrophies were identified. This study was the first to combine disease history and clinical data analysis in such a wide variety of IRD. It showed that patterns of initial symptoms in IRD can provide extra clues for early differential diagnosis and inclusion of IRD patients in clinical trials.
Shortening the Antibiotic Course for the Treatment of Neonatal Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Sepsis: Fine with Three Days?
Authors: Hemels Marieke A.C. , van den Hoogen Agnes , Verboon-Maciolek Malgorzata A. , Fleer André , Krediet Tannette G.
Published: September 2011

Background: The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) sepsis is high in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and treatment significantly adds to the antibiotic pressure, increasing the threat of resistance. Because infants recover within 24–48 h, blood cultures are negative within 48 h and CRP normalizes within 72 h, we reduced anti-CoNS treatment from 7 to 3 days in infants with uncomplicated CoNS sepsis. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of short (3 days) treatment duration for CoNS sepsis. Methods: All infants with CoNS sepsis from January 2006 to September 2010 were evaluated. Before 2008 the duration of anti-CoNS treatment was 7 days, but in 2008 it was reduced to 3 days, provided that infants recovered within 48 h, CRP value decreased, thrombocytes were normal and central venous catheters were either not present or removed. Clinical results of treatment for 3 days were compared with 7 days of treatment. Results: There were 142 infants with CoNS sepsis who were eligible for 3 days of antimicrobial treatment duration, 62 (44%) from the period 2006–2008 were treated over 7 days (Group 1) and 80 (56%) from the period 2008–2010 were treated over 3 days (Group 2). Clinical characteristics were not different between the groups. All infants recovered within 48 h and CoNS sepsis did not relapse. Conclusions: Antibiotic treatment for CoNS sepsis may be shortened to 3 days when clinical improvement is rapid and central lines are not present. Prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm the results of this single-center study. Future studies may reveal the effects on the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Circulation
Editors' Picks
Authors:   The Editors
Published: September 2011

The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation's
Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the most read manuscripts published on the topic of coronary heart disease in 2009 and 2010.
Constraints of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Natural Subject
Authors: Laheij Christian
Published: September 2011

In this paper, I take aim at the typical anthropological routine of criticizing universalist assumptions in social theory by contrasting them with non-Western emic models. I do so by following up on one recent instance of this practice, which has been heralded as a testament to what anthropology can still offer to critical social theory: Mahmood’s work on the Islamic piety movement in Egypt, and her claim that the normative subject of liberal feminist theory needs to be denaturalized, because the women involved in the piety movement hold a self-model that is incommensurable with secular-liberal assumptions about action being structured by innate desires for autonomy and freedom. By analyzing ethnographic data on Egyptian Muslim women through the lens of a combination of non-determinist cognitive theories, I show that in order to understand the lives of pious women much can be gained from keeping psychological predispositions for autonomy in mind. Simultaneously, this paper can be read as an attempt to bring cognitive material on attachment, education and epidemiology of representations into conversation with one another, and discover emerging fault lines and potentialities for mutual reinforcement.
Developmental Changes in the Use of Supernatural Explanations for Unusual Events
Authors: Woolley Jacqueline D. , Cornelius Chelsea A. , Lacy Walter
Published: September 2011

The focus of this research is to explore the developmental trajectory of the propensity to see meaning in unexpected or chance events, and more specifically, to explore the origin and development of nonmaterial or supernatural explanations. Sixty-seven children aged 8, 10 and 12, along with 22 adults, were presented with scenarios describing unusual or unexpected events. They were first asked to provide explanations for why they thought the events occurred and then asked to rate different supernatural explanations (moral justice, God and luck) as they pertained to each scenario. Results indicated that adults spontaneously appealed to supernatural explanations more frequently than did children, and that this tendency to appeal to supernatural concepts increased with age. Participants of all ages frequently endorsed multiple explanations for the same events and were more likely to endorse supernatural explanations for positively valenced than for negatively valenced stories. Religiosity affected both spontaneous explanations and ratings. Findings are discussed in terms of how children acquire the explanatory systems of their culture.
The Hypnotic Stag Hunt
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph
Published: September 2011

Evolutionary researchers argue that religion evolves to support cooperation, where it is assumed that cooperation is threatened by freeriding. I identify a distinct threat to cooperation from uncertainty. I briefly explain how the distinction between freeriding and uncertainty is relevant to both ultimate and proximate explanations of the biocultural mechanisms that express religious traits.
On Imagining the Afterlife
Authors: Hodge K. Mitch
Published: September 2011

The author argues for three interconnected theses which provide a cognitive account for why humans intuitively believe that others survive death. The first thesis, from which the second and third theses follow, is that the acceptance of afterlife beliefs is predisposed by a specific, and already well-documented, imaginative process - the offline social reasoning process. The second thesis is that afterlife beliefs are social in nature. The third thesis is that the living imagine the deceased as socially embodied in such a way as to continue to fulfill on-going social obligations with others. The author further suggests six reasons why the fantasy/reality distinction breaks down for the imaginer such that the continued existence of the decedent in the afterlife is believed to be real. Finally, the author suggests avenues for further research which would support this cognitive account.
Evolution, Original Sin, and Death
Authors: van de Beek Abraham
Published: September 2011

One of most contested Christian doctrines is about original sin. In this article is argued that on this point modern evolutionary thought and traditional Christianity match very well. They have the same basic structure, with similar problems and similar features. In both cases a first human being with moral awareness and conscience of failure is put forward, aspects that were transferred to the offspring by sexual intercourse.

The same is true for the connection of sin, law and death: human beings do not keep to the standards of natural or divine law. As a consequence, human beings do not exist due to their failure to do the right things in their real identity.
The Early Christological Controversy: Apollinarius, Diodore, and Gregory Nazianzen
Authors: Beeley Christopher A.
Published: September 2011

This article sheds new light on a crucial moment in the emerging Christological controversy. Among the key developments that occurred between 360 and the early 380s, the Christological debate between Apollinarius of Laodicea and Diodore of Tarsus made a significant, though largely misunderstood, impact on the Christological works of Gregory of Nazianzus. The article first characterizes the main Christological concerns of Apollinarius and Diodore and identifies the points of contention between them. It then gives a new interpretation of Gregory’s relationship to this debate. It argues, finally, that Gregory Nazianzen defines his Christology chiefly in opposition to Diodore, rather than to Apollinarius, as is commonly believed, even as he opposes them both in the end.
Galenus Christianus? The Doctrine of Demonstration in Stromata VIII and the Question of its Source
Authors: Havrda Matyáš
Published: September 2011

The article is a source-critical study of the doctrine of demonstration in the so-called eighth book of Stromata by Clement of Alexandria. After an overview of the doctrine, as presented in Str. VIII 3,1-15,1, it examines parallels in philosophical literature, especially in the writings of Galen. This examination brings to light correspondences (not all of which have been previously noted) whose number and proximity opens the question of the relation between Galen and the source of Stromata VIII. After considering three explanations to account for these similarities, the article proposes that Galen’s lost writing on demonstration could be Clement’s source.
Exclusionary Processes and Constitution Building in Nepal
Authors: Tamang Seira
Published: September 2011

The current constitution building exercise in Nepal must be seen in the context of a history of an exclusionary state run by high-caste, hill, male elites. Past democratic transitions, including the 1990 change, failed to ensure the rights, participation and representation of excluded groups. The April 2006 peoples' movement, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the election to the Constituent Assembly of the most representative elected body in Nepal's history and the establishment of a Republic has raised hopes for real change. However, current tendencies to narrowly define the peace process solely in terms of a political settlement between the Maoists and other dominant political parties has marginalised larger commitments made in the peace agreement to tackle deepseated economic, political and social inequalities. In the context of a highly politicised climate and the rise of identity politics, such an orientation risks jeopardising long term, sustainable peace building in Nepal.
The Logic of Physiognomony in the Late Renaissance
Authors: Maclean Ian
Published: September 2011

This article studies the advances made in the logic of Renaissance physiognomy from the state of the subject in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The properties and accidents of the human body are investigated in the context of the signs selected by physiognomers, whether univocal or in syndromes, strong or weak in character, negative or positive, consistent with each other or contradictory. When these signs are translated into propositions, the construction of argument which flows from them is shown to ut plurimum reasoning, in which an element of quasi-mathematical proto-probability and hermeneutical thinking (in the treatment of ambiguity and obscurity) may be detected. These allow the question "is x more likely to be the case than y or z?" to be answered through a variety of procedures. Renaissance physiognomy is shown to be a discipline in which a novel combination of rational procedures come together, and a site of conceptual change in respect of property and accidence.
Philo of Alexandria’s Use of Sleep and Dreaming as Epistemological Metaphors in Relation to Joseph
Authors: Reddoch M. Jason
Published: September 2011

Dreams are used figuratively throughout Greek literature to refer to something fleeting and/or unreal. In Plato, this metaphorical language is specifically used to describe an epistemological distinction: the one who has false knowledge or opinion is said to be dreaming while the one who has true knowledge is said to be awake. These figures are also central to Philo of Alexandria’s philosophical language in De somniis 1-2 and De Iosepho. Although scholars have documented these epistemological metaphors in Plato and related treatments of the concept of sleep in Heraclitus, it has not been discussed in any detail in relation to Philo’s treatment of Joseph in these two treatises. In De somniis 1-2, Philo primarily emphasizes his role as a dreamer and thus one incapable of true knowledge. In De Iosepho, Joseph is a dream interpreter who is not only awake but also capable of interpreting the figurative dream of life to which most people are subject. Although some scholars have considered these treatises contradictory in terms of their treatments of Joseph, an analysis of Philo’s figurative use of sleep and dreaming reveals that they are a part of a coherent exegetical framework.
Missions and Empire Revisited
Authors: Etherington Norman
Published: September 2011

In the five years that have passed since the publication of Missions and Empire a wide range of scholarly reviewers have extensively discussed the book's merits, defects and omissions. Their diverse opinions provide a guide to the state of current research on the topic and suggest new directions for exploration by the next generation of historians.
Psicología Social y Psicología Positiva: algunas reflexiones
Authors: Javaloy Federico , Morales J. Francisco , Fernández Saulo , Magallares Alejandro
Published: September 2011

La Psicología Positiva abre nuevas avenidas de investigación y teoría para todas las áreas de la Psicología, la Psicología Social incluida, disciplina que, salvo excepciones (como el caso de Peter Suedfeld, que se describe brevemente), ha prestado escasa atención a los aspectos positivos de la interacción social. Como ejemplo del valor de la posible aportación de la Psicología Positiva a la Psicología Social, se propone el estudio de la exclusión social, en un intento de mostrar cómo cambia su comprensión cuando se la analiza bajo la óptica de la Psicología Positiva. Se finaliza con unas reflexiones generales sobre la forma en que Psicología Positiva y Psicología Social pueden colaborar mutuamente y complementarse para lograr sus respectivos objetivos.
Vinculación a la naturaleza y orientación por la sostenibilidad
Authors: Corraliza José-Antonio , Bethelmy Lisbeth C.
Published: September 2011

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre la inclusión de la naturaleza en el self, las creencias del nuevo paradigma de interdependencia humana, la afinidad hacia la diversidad, la frecuencia de visita a un espacio natural, la conexión hacia la naturaleza y la preocupación prosostenible. Se plantea además la conexión a la naturaleza como una variable que media el efecto de las variables cognitivas sobre dicha preocupación. Participaron 135 jóvenes entre 20 y 25 años, con una media de edad de 23.5 años (DT = 5.33). Los resultados de la regresión múltiple muestran que la conexión con la naturaleza, la inclusión del medio natural en el self y la frecuencia de visita a un espacio natural explican la preocupación ambiental. Se confirma el efecto mediador de la conexión a la naturaleza mediante un análisis de ruta y se plantea un modelo para la compresión de las variables psicológicas del desarrollo sostenible implicadas en la experiencia de la naturaleza.
A Dynamic hp-Adaptive Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Shallow-Water Flows on the Sphere with Application to a Global Tsunami Simulation
Authors: Blaise Sébastien , St-Cyr Amik
Published: September 2011

A discontinuous Galerkin model solving the shallow-water equations on the sphere is presented. It captures the dynamically varying key aspects of the flows by having the advantageous ability to locally modify the mesh as well as the order of interpolation within each element. The computational load is efficiently distributed among processors in parallel using a weighted recursive coordinate bisection strategy. A simple error estimator, based on the discontinuity of the variables at the interfaces between elements, is used to select the elements to be refined or coarsened. The flows are expressed in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, but tangentially constrained to the sphere by adding a Lagrange multiplier to the system of equations. The model is validated on classic atmospheric test cases and on the simulation of the February 2010 Chilean tsunami propagation. The proposed multiscale strategy is able to reduce the computational time by an order of magnitude on the tsunami simulation, clearly demonstrating its potential toward multiresolution three-dimensional oceanic and atmospheric applications.
Eat Less Meat: A New Ecological Imperative for Christian Ethics?
Authors: Grumett David
Published: September 2011

Awareness of the large contribution made by livestock production to global warming is growing rapidly. In response, John Barclay has developed an important Pauline call for greatly reducing meat consumption. The case from scripture can be strengthened by attending to the rich history of weekly, seasonal and occasional meat abstention in secular Christian society, which was grounded in a collective literal reading of both Testaments and a desire to enter into the life of Christ. In monasteries, moreover, red meat was prohibited. In the present-day context, these traditions of lived biblical interpretation need to be recovered and rearticulated.
Law Reform, Lesbian Parenting, and the Reflective Claim
Authors: Leckey Robert
Published: September 2011

The article aims to complicate efforts to make law fit or catch up to social practices. It scrutinizes the ‘reflective claim’ using the case study of recognition of parenting by lesbian couples. Reforms in the United Kingdom’s Human Embryology and Fertilisation Act 2008 and the Canadian province of Quebec’s civil code are compared with empirical work from the social sciences on lesbians’ family practices. The reflective claim rests on problematic ideas about social practices and law. Since law is always blunt and incomplete, choices must be made as to which practices it should aim to recognize. Furthermore, the impact of heterosexist and homophobic conditions on lesbian families means that observable practices may not be a suitable model for gay-affirmative reforms. As advanced in the literature, the reflective claim overlooks law and society’s complex interaction, including how reform will not merely reflect but also alter practices. It fails to do justice to law reform’s normative character, obscuring its costs and positive potential.
Electrodeposition of Super Hard Ni–B/Diamond Composite Coatings
Authors: Ogihara Hitoshi , Miyamoto Kazuyuki , Udagawa Kaori , Saji Tetsuo
Published: September 2011

Super hard Ni–B/diamond composite coatings were prepared by electrodeposition. Such extreme hardness (ca. 2500 Hv) was ascribed to a large content of diamond particles and hardness of Ni–B matrix. Thermal treatment of the coatings resulted in the formation of Ni–B alloys, which led to increase in film hardness. This method is much simpler than previously reported methods for preparing hard coatings.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of LiFe0.9V0.1(PO4)0.95F0.15/C Cathode Material
Authors: Pan Maosen , Lin Xuehao , Zhou Zhentao
Published: September 2011

LiFe0.9V0.1(PO4)0.95F0.15/C was prepared via solid-state carbothermal reaction (CTR). F and V codoping did not alter the olivine structure of LiFePO4 but reduced the particle size and improved the Li+ diffusion coefficient. The cells based on this material showed higher discharge capacity, working voltage, rate capability, and better cyclic performance than that of undoped and F-doped materials.
Sundays with Mildred
Authors: Hastie Amelie
Published: September 2011

A study of Todd Haynes's HBO adaptation of James M. Cain's 1941 novel, Mildred Pierce, which emphasizes the way compassion for the central character is patiently built, and which argues for the relevance of feminist readings of the earlier 1945 film adaptation for this mini-series.
Filming the Crisis: A Survey
Authors: Kinkle Jeff , Toscano Alberto
Published: September 2011

How can cinema represent, let alone dramatize, the impersonal and amorphous complexities of modern-day fnancial capitalism, especially at a time of crisis? This article provides both an historical account of past attempts to and a survey of films that struggle with the problem of fnding cinematic form for the 2008 banking collapse.
A Framework for Assessing the Quality of Democratic Deliberation: Enhancing Deliberation as a Tool for Bioethics
Authors: De Vries Raymond , Stanczyk Aimee E. , Ryan Kerry A. , Kim Scott Y. H.
Published: September 2011

The goal of democratic deliberation (DD) bioethics research is to elicit informed and considered opinions on ethically controversial issues. But the trustworthiness of DD outcomes depends on the quality of deliberations. We provide a framework to evaluate the quality of deliberations and apply that framework to a DD project on surrogate consent for dementia research involving randomly selected samples of the older general public. Using a mixed method approach, we found that participants were very satisfied with the sessions, learned and used new information, were respectful and collaborative, and were able to “reason together” to arrive at societal policy recommendations. Implications and limitations of the paper are also discussed.
Ethical Issues in Research on Sensitive Topics: Participants' Experiences of Distress and Benefit
Authors: Decker Suzanne E. , Naugle Amy E. , Carter-Visscher Robin , Bell Kathryn , Seifert Abby
Published: September 2011

While many studies ask participants to disclose sensitive information or to participate in emotionally arousing tasks, little is known about participants' subjective experiences of discomfort and benefit. Ethics review committees, therefore, have little information about participant experiences to guide their informed decision-making. We asked undergraduate females about their experiences in a study that included an experimental session, interviews, and self-report measures on sensitive topics. We examined results overall, and compared the responses of individuals with and without childhood abuse experiences. Participants who had experienced child abuse were more likely to report distress due to remembering the past, but also more likely to report that participation was helpful. Implications for future research, and recommendations for review boards, are discussed.
Screening for Understanding of Research in the Inpatient Psychiatry Setting
Authors: Hickman Norval J. , Prochaska Judith J. , Dunn Laura B.
Published: September 2011

People with mental illness constitute a substantial proportion of smokers and an important population for smoking cessation research. Obtaining informed consent in this population is a critical ethical endeavor. We examined performance on a three-item instrument (3Q) designed to screen for understanding of several key elements of research: Study purpose, risks, and benefits. Patients were clinically diagnosed with primary unipolar depression (n = 40), a primary psychotic disorder (n = 32), both mood and psychotic disorders (n = 17), and primary bipolar disorder (n = 14). Among an ethnically diverse sample of 124 psychiatric inpatients approached for a smoking cessation trial, 107 (86%) performed adequately on the 3Q (i.e., obtained a score of at least 3 out of a possible 6). Patients were better able to identify the study risks and benefits than to describe the study purpose. The 3Q appears to be a useful tool for researchers working with vulnerable psychiatric patients.
Ancillary Care in Public Health Intervention Research in Low-Resource Settings: Researchers' Practices and Decision-Making
Authors: Taylor Holly A. , Merritt Maria W. , Mullany Luke C.
Published: September 2011

Little is known about researchers' practices regarding the provision of ancillary care (AC) in public health intervention studies they have conducted and the factors that influence their decisions about whether to provide ancillary care in low-resource settings. We conducted 52 in-person in-depth interviews with public health researchers. Data analysis was iterative and led to the identification of themes and patterns among themes. We found that researchers who conduct their research in the community setting are more likely to identify and plan for the AC needs of potential research subjects before a study begins, whereas those affiliated with a permanent facility are more likely to deliver AC to research subjects on an ad hoc basis. Our findings suggest that on the whole, at least for public health intervention research in low-resource settings, researchers conducting research in the community setting confront more complex ethical and operational challenges in their decision-making about AC than do researchers conducting facility-based studies.
Music Perception and Cognition Research from 1983 to 2010: A Categorical and Bibliometric Analysis of Empirical Articles in Music Perception
Authors: Tirovolas Anna K. , Levitin Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

in this review we sought to document the longitudinal course of empirical studies in the journal Music Perception, from the journal’s first issue in 1983 to 2010. The aim was to systematically characterize the nature of empirical research in one of the principal peer-reviewed outlets for work in our field, and to consider these data as a sample representing the overall course of research across the last three decades. Specific domains examined within each article were: Topics, Participants, Stimuli, Materials, and Outcome Measures. In total, 384 empirical articles in the journal were examined. In addition, relevant details were extracted from the full set of 578 articles regarding geographic and disciplinary (departmental) distribution of the authors. Together, the data we report allow an examination of 26-year trends in music research. These are made available in a database that is fully searchable or sortable by interested researchers.
Critical Parametres of Quasi-one-dimensional Growth of Nanowires According to the Scheme Vapor→ Liquid Drop → Crystal.
Authors: Nebolsin V.A.
Published: September 2011

We have determined critical parametres that restrict the vapor→liquid drop→solid growth of silicon NWs. We demonstrate that there are maximum and minimum critical radii for NW growth and identify boundary conditions that lead to solvent droplet breakdown and crystal branching.
Fabrication of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macro-/Mesoporous Titania Monoliths by a Dual-Templating Approach
Authors: Hu Zhiyan , Hua Zhongjiong , Cai Shaohua , Chen Jianfeng , Yan Yushan , Xu Lianbin
Published: September 2011

Three-dimensionally ordered macro-/mesoporous (3DOM/m) TiO2 monoliths were fabricated by a dual-templating synthesis approach employing a combination of both colloidal crystal templating (hard-templating) and surfactant templating (soft-templating) techniques. Titania precursor, consisting of amphiphilic triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 as a mesopore-structure-directing agent and titanium tetraisopropoxide as a titanium source, was infiltrated into the void spaces of the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal crystal monolith. Subsequent thermal treatment produced 3DOM/m TiO2 monolith. The macropore walls of the prepared 3DOM/m TiO2 exhibit a well-defined mesoporous structure with narrow pore size distribution, and the mesopore walls are composed of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2. The material also shows a high surface area (171 m2/g), and large pore volume (0.402 cm3/g).
The Effect of Patterned vs. Unpatterned Acoustic Bragg Reflector on Barium Strontium Titanate Solidly Mounted Resonator
Authors: Saddik George N. , York Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Barium strontium titanate solidly mounted resonators were fabricated with patterned and unpatterned acoustic Bragg reflectors on a sapphire substrate. The patterned and unpatterned solidly mounted resonator devices had acoustic Bragg reflectors consisting of Pt/SiO2/Pt/SiO2. The s-parameters of both devices were measured. The results showed that the quality factor increased for the device with the patterned acoustic Bragg reflector structure. The quality factors for the devices with patterned and unpatterned acoustic Bragg reflector structures were 54 and 115 and 28 and 86, respectively at the resonant and antiresonant frequencies. This investigation shows how an unpatterened acoustic Bragg reflector can contribute to the degradation of the overall quality factor of the device.
Theory of conductive filaments in threshold switches
Authors: Karpov V. G. , Nardone M. , Simon M.
Published: September 2011

We show that the average parameters of conductive filaments and the related characteristics of threshold switches can be described thermodynamically based on the system free energy. In particular, we derive analytical expressions for the filament radius as a function of applied bias, and its current-voltage characteristics, the observations of which have remained without mathematical description for about 30 years. Our theory is extendible to filament transients and allows for efficient numerical simulations of arbitrary switching structures. This new understanding may be important in the advancement of novel technologies that combine threshold switches with phase change memory, such as 3D architectures.
Nature and Excitation Mechanism of the Emission-dominating Minority Eu-center in GaN Grown by Organometallic Vapor-phase Epitaxy
Authors: Poplawsky Jonathan , Woodward Nathaniel , Nishikawa Atsushi , Fujiwara Yasufumi , Dierolf Volkmar
Published: September 2011

In-situdoped Eu ions in GaN grown by Organometallic Vapor-phase Epitaxy (OMVPE) at different pressures were investigated under different excitation methods and through the use of the following experimental techniques: (1) resonant site-selective laser irradiation (2) electron beam excitation, and (3) a dual excitation using a combination of electron beam and laser irradiation. With these means, we have examined the difference in the excitation pathways that result from resonant laser and electron hole (e-h) pair excitation of Eu ions for two different distinct incorporation sites, which are responsible for most of the luminescence. We have obtained clear evidence that e-h pairs do not have the ability to excite all of the ions and that there is excitation trapping by defects involved in the Eu excitation.
AlGaN Channel HEMT with Extremely High Breakdown Voltage
Authors: Nanjo Takuma , Takeuchi Misaichi , Imai Akifumi , Suzuki Yousuke , Suita Muneyoshi , Shiozawa Katsuomi , Abe Yuji , Yagyu Eiji , Yoshiara Kiichi , Aoyagi Yoshinobu
Published: September 2011

A channel layer substitution of a wider bandgap AlGaN for a conventional GaN in high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is an effective method of enhancing the breakdown voltage. Wider bandgap AlGaN, however, should also increase the ohmic contact resistance. Si ion implantation doping technique was utilized to achieve sufficiently low resistive source/drain contacts. The fabricated AlGaN channel HEMTs with the field plate structure demonstrated good pinch-off operation with sufficiently high drain current density of 0.5 A/mm without noticeable current collapse. The obtained maximum breakdown voltages was 1700 V in the AlGaN channel HEMT with the gate-drain distance of 10 μm. These remarkable results indicate that AlGaN channel HEMTs could become future strong candidates for not only high-frequency devices such as low noise amplifiers but also high-power devices such as switching applications.
Enhancement of Nonvolatile Floating Gate Memory Devices Containing AgInSbTe-SiO2 Nanocomposite by Inserting HfO2/SiO2 Blocking Oxide Layer
Authors: Chiang Kuo-Chang , Hsieh Tsung-Eong
Published: September 2011

This work presents an enhancement of nonvolatile floating gate memory (NFGM) devices comprised of AgInSbTe (AIST) nanocomposite as the charge-storage trap layer and HfO2 or HfO2/SiO2 as the blocking oxide layer. A significantly large memory window (ΔVFB) shift = 30.7 V and storage charge density = 2.3×1013 cm−2 at ±23V gate voltage sweep were achieved in HfO2/SiO2/AIST sample. Retention time analysis observed a ΔVFB shift about 19.3 V and the charge loss about 13.4% in such a sample under the ±15V gate voltage stress after 104 sec retention time test. Regardless of applied bias direction, the sample containing HfO2/SiO2 layer exhibited the leakage current density as low as 150 nA/cm2 as revealed by the current-voltage (I-V) measurement. This effectively suppresses the electron injection between gate electrode and charge trapping layer and leads to a substantial enhancement of NFGM characteristics.
Origins of rapid aging of Ba-based proton conducting perovskites
Authors: Slodczyk Aneta , Dabrowski Bogdan , Malikova Natalie , Colomban Philippe
Published: September 2011

Proton conducting ceramics are considered as promising membranes for medium temperature fuel cells, water stream electrolyzers and CO2/syngas converters. Materials for these applications have to be mechanically and chemically stable at corrosive conditions of temperature and water vapor pressure in order to ensure the long life-time operation. Our comprehensive Raman, infrared, thermogravimetric, thermal expansion and neutron diffraction studies have shown that the choice of A and B elements as well as the material processing (synthesis, geometry, density, etc.) are crucial to control aging of material. We will consider an example of BaZr0.25In0.75O3 perovskite to show that several factors such as the carbonation, the traces of secondary AO phases at the grain boundaries as well as the use of samples with highly active surface, i.e. powders or lightly densified ceramics can cause: i) preferential adsorption of surface protonic species such as hydroxides, (hydro)carbonates, water, ii) decreased incorporation of bulk protonic species responsible for the proton conduction, iii) significant modification of the host perovskite structure up to complete crumbling of the material. We will show how to improve potential application of perovskites by understanding and controlling these processes.
A Study of Phase Transition Behaviors of Chalcogenide Layers Using In-situ AC Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Huang Yin-Hsien , Huang Yu-Jen , Hsieh Tsung-Eong
Published: September 2011

The electrical properties of chalcogenide thin films, both pristine Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and cerium-doped GST (Ce-GST), were investigated by in-situ AC impedance spectroscopy. In conjunction with the brick layer model, the contributions of both the grain and the grain boundary to the phase-transition behaviors of chalcogenide samples could be distinguished; the results illustrated the dominance of the grain boundary in the phase transition process. Moreover, impedance analysis applied to characterize the effects of doping on the phase-transition kinetics yielded results similar to those obtained by conventional methods. Therefore, in-situ AC impedance spectroscopy is a feasible tool for analyzing the phase transitions of chalcogenides.
Temperature Induced Evolution of Bond-Centered Hydrogen (BCH) Defects in Crystalline Silicon: Dynamical, Electronic, Vibrational and Optical Signatures
Authors: Ibrahim Zahraa A. , Shkrebtii Anatoli I. , Zimmer-De Iuliis Frederic , Gaspari Franco
Published: September 2011

The thermal stability, evolution and structure of the bond-centered-hydrogen (BCH) defect in crystalline silicon, its temperature induced dissociation, and the new H complexes formed have been studied in the temperature range from 50 K to 650 K by first-principles molecular dynamics (MD). We demonstrate that BCH is stable at 60 K, but decays at and above 310 K in agreement with experimental results. The dissolved BCH forms new complexes: transitional interstitials, stable monohydride-like and monohydride/dihydride-like complexes. The calculated asymmetric vibrational frequency of H in the BCH complex is 2000 cm-1, very close to the experimental values. Calculated vibrational frequencies, electron charge densities, electron densities of states (DOS), and optical spectra demonstrate noticeable differences for the different geometries with the BCH, interstitial and monohydride-like complexes, especially in the vicinity of the energy gap. The BCH complex is found to induce characteristic donor states below the conduction band, and raises the Fermi level to above the donor state energies.
Properties of Phase Change Materials Modified by Ion Implantation
Authors: Raoux Simone , Cohen Guy M. , Hopstaken Marinus , Maurer Siegfried , Jordan Sweet Jean L.
Published: September 2011

Ion implantation of germanium and carbon ions into thin films of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and GeTe was applied to modify the properties of these phase change materials. It was found that it is possible to amorphize crystalline GST and GeTe using ion implantation for optimized ion doses and energies which depend on the film thickness, ion species and capping layer. A relatively low minimum dose is required for complete amorphization as judged by the absence of diffraction peaks in x-ray diffraction (XRD) scans. It is 4–5×1013 cm−2 for germanium implantation into GST, and slightly higher (1014 cm−2) for germanium implantation into GeTe. The properties of the re-amorphized films depend on ion species, dose and energy. The re-crystallization temperature of re-amorphized GST by ion implantation is comparable or higher than as-deposited amorphous GST. Carbon implantation in particular leads to a large increase in the crystallization temperature Tx. A carbon dose of 1016 cm−2 implanted into 20 nm amorphous GST yielded a crystallization temperature of 300 ºC, much higher than the crystallization temperature of 160 ºC we recorded for as-deposited, amorphous GST. Similarly, high dose carbon implantation into amorphous GeTe leads to large increase in Tx. We recorded a shift in Tx from 195 ºC for as-deposited GeTe to 400 ºC for C-implanted GeTe. Crystalline GeTe re-amorphized by a low dose germanium ion implantation exhibits a re-crystallization temperature below Tx of as-deposited amorphous GeTe and Tx increased with the implanted Ge dose to a crystallization temperature above that of unimplanted GeTe. Ion implantation can be regarded an additional tool to create phase change materials with different and improved switching properties that cannot be achieved by conventional sputter deposition.
Highly Efficient Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Han Liyuan , Islam Ashraful
Published: September 2011

The present paper discusses the principle of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) in terms of equivalent circuit model and the key issues to improve the device efficiency. Equivalent circuit model is proposed following analysis by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the voltage dependence of the internal resistance elements of DSCs. The influence of these elements upon cell performance in areas such as short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) was examined based on the equivalent circuit. Efficient sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 film was observed across the whole visible range and into the near-IR region as far as 1000 nm with a new panchromatic substituted β-diketonato Ru(II)-terpyridine dye (HIG1). Introduction of bulky alkyl substituent group in a β-diketonato Ru(II)-terpyridine dye (A3) suppress aggregate formation result in an improved performance of DSCs and the performance is independent of the additive added during the dye adsorption process. The haze factor of TiO2 electrodes is a useful index when fabricating light-confined TiO2 electrodes to improve Jsc. It was demonstrated that blocking of bare TiO2 surface with small molecules is an effective way of suppress interfacial charge recombination at the TiO2-dye/electrolyte interface and of improving shunt resistance and Voc. FF was also improved by reduction of the internal series resistance, which is composed of the following three elements: the redox reaction resistance at the platinum counter electrode, the resistance of carrier transport by ions in the electrolyte, and resistance due to the sheet resistance of the transparent conducting oxide. Finally, the highest efficiency scores of 10.4% and 11.1% (aperture illumination area 1.004cm2 and 0.219cm2, respectively) were confirmed by a public test center.
Low Temperature Transparent ITO-based Contacts for Mid-IR Applications
Authors: Genty F. , Margueron S. , Ould Saad Hamady S. , Petit J.C. , Srour H. , Karsaklian dal Bosco A. , Sadok J. , Huguenin J. , Bouirig M. , Jacquet J.
Published: September 2011

In this work, thin films of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-based materials were tested as potential candidates for mid-IR transparent contacts on Te-doped GaSb and Si-doped InAs semiconductor wafers. Since these contacts are devoted to be inserted in Sb-based devices which are generally MBE-grown at ∼450°C, low-temperature fabrication processes were particularly tested with a maximum temperature of annealing of 400°C. 50 nm-thick ITO films were deposited on glass, Te-doped GaSb and Si-doped InAs wafers and resistivity of 8.10−4 Ω.cm combined with ∼80% of transmittance at 2 μm and ohmic contacts with a specific resistance of 3.10−4 Ω.cm2 were obtained. Then, in order to improve these properties in the mid-IR, other ITO-based materials were tested: In doped ZnO (IZO) and Zn doped ITO (ITZO). The first results obtained on these materials show that the insertion of 10% of Zn in classical ITO structure results in a degradation of the electrical properties of the layer without a real impact on its optical transmittance near 2 μm. Concerning IZO, a large improvement of the transmittance in the whole visible-mid-IR wavelength range was observed for annealed samples at a temperature as low as 350°C. However, the electrical resistivity appears very sensible to the temperature of annealing.
Photoactivity of Anatase–Rutile TiO2 Nanocrystalline Mixtures Obtained by Heat Treatment of Titanium Peroxide Gel
Authors: Bakardjieva Snejana , Subrt Jan , Pulisova Petra , Marikova Monika , Szatmary Lorant
Published: September 2011

Nanosized titanium dioxide photocatalysts with anatase structure or mixture of anatase and rutile phases have been synthesized. Homogeneous precipitation of aqueous solutions containing TiOSO4 and ammonia and following treatment with H2O2 was used to prepare porous yellowish (Ti-Per) gel. The gel was lyophilized for 48h and (Ti-Per)LYO-powder was obtained. Single phase anatase TiO2 samples were prepared by heating of the (Ti-Per)LYO powder. The lamella-like particle morphology of TiO2 samples determined by SEM were stable in air up to 950°C.The structure evolution during heating of the starting (Ti-Per)LYO powder was studied by DTA and XRD analyses in overall temperature range of phase transformation. The morphology and microstucture characteristics were also obtained by HRTEM and BET methods. The photocatalytic activity of the sample titania TI-LYO/950 heated to 950ºC in air contained 78.4% anatase and 21.6% rutile was higher than standard Degussa P25. Titania sample TI-LYO/950 reveals the highest catalytic activity during the photocatalyzed degradation course of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous suspension under UV-irradiation.
Growth and Characterization of Thermoelectric Mg2Si Thin Films
Authors: Hasapis Thomas C. , Stefanaki Eleni C. , Siozios Anastasios , Hatzikraniotis Euripides , Vourlias George , Patsalas Panagiotis , Paraskevopoulos Konstantinos M.
Published: September 2011

In this work, room temperature co-deposition of Mg and Si was used to successfully fabricate Mg2Si thin films on Si substrate by dual cathode magnetron sputtering (DCMS). Films were annealed at 380°C. Various Mg/Si sputtering power ratios have been examined. XRD, SEM and IR reflectivity measurements on grown and annealed films, reveal that annealing is enhancing the formation of crystalline Mg2Si.