bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair
Authors: Godet Gilles , Bertrand Michèle , Fléron Marie-Hélène , Goarin Jean-Pierre , Colson Pascal , Cardon Alain , Koskas Fabien , Verhoye Jean-Philippe , Kieffer Edouard
Published: October 2017

Spinal cord complications including paraplegia and partial neurologic deficits remain a frequent problem during repair of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Effective prevention of this dreaded complication is of paramount importance. Among the many adjuncts that have been proposed to prevent spinal cord complications, spinal fluid drainage is one that has been used by numerous teams. The aim of this review is to answer the following question: does spinal fluid drainage afford spinal cord protection during both open and endovascular repair of thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms?
Review: Achille Mbembe, trans. Lauren Dubois, Critique of Black Reason
Authors: Apata Gabriel O
Published: October 2017

Let us begin by posing a series of questions. Can there ever be such a thing as black reason, and if so what would that entail? If there can be such a thing as black reason, could such an idea ever be objective? What kind of properties or experiences may constitute black reason that only black people share? But if black reason exists, does this not essentialize blackness, thus running the risk of undermining the entire social constructionist project that there is no black essence? These are some of the questions that Achille Mbembe sets out to explore in his new book.
Review: Cookies – More than Meets the Eye
Authors: Carmi Elinor
Published: October 2017

Web-cookies revolutionized the web because they gave it a memory. Cookies gave your actions on the web a ‘past’, which you have no idea about or access to. This think piece encourages an examination of ‘technical’ and ‘boring’ media phenomena such as cookies and spam, and points to their important contribution to the way we experience and understand the web.
Review: Isabelle Stengers, In Catastrophic Times: Resisting the Coming Barbarism
Authors: Beuret Nicholas
Published: October 2017

In Catastrophic Times: Resisting the Coming Barbarism (2015) offers a welcome intervention into the current state of global political impasse and ecological catastrophe. Less a cautionary tale or a series of political injunctions, In Catastrophic Times sets out a clear account of how the ‘cold panic’ induced by looming ecological crises such as climate change is actively produced by the managers of the status quo – those Stengers calls ‘Guardians’. Stengers claims it is the convergence of governance without legitimacy with enclosed knowledges and the cult of expertise that has produced a general state of panicked political impotence. Against this mode of governance, Stengers offers a series of tactical experiments, from paying attention as intervention to acts of scientific commoning, articulated through what she calls the GMO event, that seek to seize environmental issues and sociotechnical problems as political questions in order to resist the devolution of modernity into a global social apartheid state.
The Role of Controlled Substance Use in Diversion Outcomes Among Mentally Ill Offenders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Boland Jennifer K. , Rosenfeld Barry
Published: October 2017

Diversion programs offer opportunities to offenders with substance abuse or mental illness to attend treatment as an alternative to incarceration. The present study identified variables associated with drug relapse and recidivism and the moderating role of substance use on recidivism in a diversion sample. Data were collected from 80 clients with psychotic disorders from a diversion program in New York City. Outcomes were examined after 6 and 12 months of program participation. Individuals who used controlled substances other than alcohol or cannabis were more likely to have a positive toxicology result than those who used alcohol or cannabis only or those with no alcohol/drug history. Individuals with schizoaffective disorder were more likely to be rearrested than individuals with other diagnoses, as were those with a violent offense (e.g., assault, robbery). Positive toxicology results were unrelated to rearrest and did not moderate recidivism, suggesting substance abuse may be only indirectly related to rearrest among diverted offenders.
The state of play in children's occupational therapy: A comparison between Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland
Authors: Lynch Helen , Prellwitz Maria , Schulze Christina , Moore Alice H
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Play is viewed as an important occupation in childhood and consequently in children's occupational therapy. However, few studies have explored the place of play in therapy practice. This study aimed to contribute to this knowledge gap by exploring play in occupational therapy in three European countries.

Method

A cross-sectional survey of occupational therapists in Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland was conducted to examine the use of play with children under 12 years old. A web-based survey was distributed to 935 occupational therapists, resulting in 338 returned surveys (36%). Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis.

Results

Results were organised into three themes: (1) demographics and practice context; (2) play education and (3) use of play in practice. Respondents reported that although they valued play as an occupation, their primary focus was on play as a means to achieving other goals. Lack of education on play (research, theory and interventions) and pressures in the workplace were identified as barriers to play-centred practice.

Conclusion

Findings indicate that there is a mismatch between therapists valuing play as an occupation and how play is utilised in therapy practice. There is a need to strengthen education and research on play occupation to strengthen play-centred practice.
Migraine and cognitive function: Baseline findings from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health: ELSA-Brasil
Authors: Pellegrino Baena Cristina , Goulart Alessandra Carvalho , Santos Itamar de Souza , Suemoto Claudia Kimie , Lotufo Paulo Andrade , Bensenor Isabela Judith
Published: October 2017

Background

The association between migraine and cognitive performance is unclear. We analyzed whether migraine is associated with cognitive performance among participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, ELSA-Brasil.

Methods

Cross-sectional analysis, including participants with complete information about migraine and aura at baseline. Headache status (no headaches, non-migraine headaches, migraine without aura and migraine with aura), based on the International Headache Society classification, was used as the dependent variable in the multilinear regression models, using the category “no headache” as reference. Cognitive performance was measured with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease word list memory test (CERAD-WLMT), the semantic fluency test (SFT), and the Trail Making Test version B (TMTB). Z-scores for each cognitive test and a composite global score were created and analyzed as dependent variables. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, education, race, coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, depression, and anxiety. In women, the models were further adjusted for hormone replacement therapy.

Results

We analyzed 4208 participants. Of these, 19% presented migraine without aura and 10.3% presented migraine with aura. All migraine headaches were associated with poor cognitive performance (linear coefficient β; 95% CI) at TMTB −0.083 (−0.160; −0.008) and poorer global z-score −0.077 (−0.152; −0.002). Also, migraine without aura was associated with poor cognitive performance at TMTB −0.084 (−0.160, −0.008 and global z-score −0.077 (−0.152; −0.002).

Conclusion

In participants of the ELSA-study, all migraine headaches and migraine without aura were significantly and independently associated with poorer cognitive performance.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Improves Tendon Cell Viability In Vitro and Tendon-Bone Healing In Vivo When a Tissue Engineering Strategy Is Used in a Rat Model of Chronic Massive Rotator Cuff Tear
Authors: Sevivas Nuno , Teixeira Fábio Gabriel , Portugal Raquel , Direito-Santos Bruno , Espregueira-Mendes João , Oliveira Filipe J. , Silva Rui F. , Sousa Nuno , Sow Wan Ting , Nguyen Luong T.H. , Ng Kee Woei , Salgado António J.
Published: October 2017

Background:

Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) represent a major clinical concern, especially when degeneration and chronicity are involved, which highly compromise healing capacity.

Purpose:

To study the effect of the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on tendon cells (TCs) followed by the combination of these activated TCs with an electrospun keratin-based scaffold to develop a tissue engineering strategy to improve tendon-bone interface (TBi) healing in a chronic MRCT rat model.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Human TCs (hTCs) cultured with the human MSCs (hMSCs) secretome (as conditioned media [CM]) were combined with keratin electrospun scaffolds and further implanted in a chronic MRCT rat model. Wistar-Han rats (N = 15) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: untreated lesion (MRCT group, n = 5), lesion treated with a scaffold only (scaffold-only group, n = 5), and lesion treated with a scaffold seeded with hTCs preconditioned with hMSCs-CM (STC_hMSC_CM group, n = 5). After sacrifice, 16 weeks after surgery, the rotator cuff TBi was harvested for histological analysis and biomechanical testing.

Results:

The hMSCs secretome increased hTCs viability and density in vitro. In vivo, a significant improvement of the tendon maturing score was observed in the STC_hMSC_CM group (mean ± standard error of the mean, 15.6 ± 1.08) compared with the MRCT group (11.0 ± 1.38; P < .05). Biomechanical tests revealed a significant increase in the total elongation to rupture (STC_hMSC_CM, 11.99 ± 3.30 mm; scaffold-only, 9.89 ± 3.47 mm; MRCT, 5.86 ± 3.16 mm; P < .05) as well as a lower stiffness (STC_hMSC_CM, 6.25 ± 1.74 N/mm; scaffold-only, 6.72 ± 1.28 N/mm; MRCT, 11.54 ± 2.99 N/mm; P < .01).

Conclusion:

The results demonstrated that hMSCs-CM increased hTCs viability and density in vitro. Clear benefits also were observed when these primed cells were integrated into a tissue engineering strategy with an electrospun keratin scaffold, as evidenced by improved histological and biomechanical properties for the STC_hMSC_CM group compared with the MRCT group.

Clinical Relevance:

This work supports further investigation into the use of MSC secretome for priming TCs toward a more differentiated phenotype, and it promotes the tissue engineering strategy as a promising modality to help improve treatment outcomes for chronic MRCTs.
Time Trends in Homicide and Mental Illness in Ontario from 1987 to 2012: Examining the Effects of Mental Health Service Provision
Authors: Penney Stephanie R. , Prosser Aaron , Grimbos Teresa , Darby Padraig , Simpson Alexander I. F.
Published: October 2017

Objective:

We examine the association between rates of homicide resulting in a mental health disposition (termed mentally abnormal homicide [MAH]) and homicides without such a disposition, as well as to province-wide psychiatric hospitalisation and incarceration rates.

Method:

In this population-based study, we investigate all adult homicide perpetrators ( n = 4402) and victims ( n = 3783) in Ontario from 1987 to 2012. We present annual rates of mentally abnormal and non–mentally abnormal homicide and position them against hospitalisation and incarceration rates.

Results:

Among the total sample of homicide accused, 3.7% were mentally abnormal. Most (82.5%) had a psychotic disorder at the time of the offense. Contrasted with declining hospitalisation, incarceration, and population homicide rates, the rate of MAH remained constant at an average of .07 perpetrators per 100,000 population. The rate of MAH was not associated with discharges from or average length of stay in psychiatric hospitals (ρ = 0.10; 0.34, P > 0.10), incarceration rates (ρ = 0.16, P = 0.42), or the total homicide rate (ρ = 0.25, P = 0.22). The proportion of MAH perpetrators with a substance use disorder increased modestly over time (β = 0.35, R2 = 0.12, P = 0.08).

Conclusions:

The rate of MAH has not changed appreciably over the past 25 years. Declining psychiatric service utilisation was not associated with the rate of homicide committed by people with mental illness and, secondarily, was not linked to increases in the population homicide or incarceration rates. Substance use has become a more prevalent problem for this population.
How Does Internet Usage Influence Young Travelers’ Choices?
Authors: Hong Jinhyun , McArthur David Philip
Published: October 2017

New technologies have significant effects on travel behavior, attitudes, habits and potentially future travel demand. Effects may be more prominent for Millennials. Little empirical research has investigated these relationships, mainly due to data limitations. This study focuses on the potential influence of using the Internet while traveling on Millennials’ plans for car ownership. We examine two questions: Does using the Internet while traveling influence trip frequencies? and Does it affect Millennials’ intention to purchase a car? Results suggest that Internet use while traveling is positively associated with travel demand and the intention to purchase a car in the near future.
Employees’ Perception of Leadership Styles and Successful Aging in the Workplace
Authors: Cheung Francis , Yeung Dannii Y. , Wu Anise M. S.
Published: October 2017

The relationship between employees’ perceptions of their supervisor’s leadership styles and their self-rated successful aging in the workplace (i.e., adaptability and health, positive relationship, occupational growth, personal security, continued focus, and achievement of goals) was examined in this study. A total of 350 Chinese aging workers in Hong Kong (average age in years was 51.9, SD = 5.2) were recruited. In line with our hypothesis, regression result showed that perceived transformational leadership was positively related to all successful aging in the workplace dimensions. Perceived transactional leadership was significantly related to occupational growth. Finally, perceived laissez-faire leadership was negatively related to all successful aging in the workplace dimensions. Implications and recommendation for organizations, including strategies to facilitate successful aging in the workplace, were discussed.
Experimental investigation of diesel/gasoline dual-fuel premixed compression ignition strategies for high thermal efficiency and high load extension
Authors: Lee Jeongwoo , Chu Sanghyun , Min Kyoungdoug , Jung Hyunsung , Kim Hyounghyoun , Chi Yohan
Published: October 2017

In this study, two different operating strategies of gasoline and diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition (PCI) were investigated by using a single cylinder compression ignition engine. Verification of high thermal efficiency potential under the low load condition and the suppression of the maximum in-cylinder pressure rise rate (PRRmax) under the relatively high load condition were considered in this study. Two approaches to implement dual-fuel PCI were considered. The first approach (A-mode PCI) was an early diesel injection with very leaner overall equivalence ratio condition. In this case, a high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate was not needed because lean premixed combustion promised to provide low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The second method (B-mode PCI) involved the use of a high EGR rate to moderate dual-fuel combustion with adjusting diesel injection timing. The first operating strategy prolonged the ignition delay via early diesel injection and lean mixture condition; in this manner, a high EGR helped to increase ignition delay. The experimental result showed that the A-mode PCI strategy promised higher gross indicated thermal efficiency (GIE) than that of the B-mode PCI. However, the B-mode PCI strategy provided a lower PRRmax than that of the first case. By applying the A-mode PCI, which was implemented by the early diesel injection with overall lean premixed combustion, a high GIE of 47.8 % could be obtained under low speed and low load condition. In addition, the dual-fuel PCI operating range could be increased using a gross indicated mean effective pressure (gIMEP) of 14 bar at 2000 r/min with a low PRRmax of 7 bar/deg (constraint 10 bar/deg) by applying the B-mode PCI strategy, which split the heat release rate (HRR) peaks to enable smooth combustion.
The multi-objective optimization of the damaged aircraft trailer based on a dynamic model
Authors: Hong Zhenyu , Yu Xiaoli , He Zhenpeng , Zhang Guichang
Published: October 2017

A damaged aircraft trailer is an essential piece of airport emergency rescue equipment which is made up of frames and multiple suspensions. As a load–force transferring mechanism, the suspension bears heavy loads which can cause fatigue damage. Therefore, reducing the maximum stress of the suspension is necessary to improve the vehicle performance. Besides, lightweight design should be considered to reduce energy consumption. Thus, lighter suspension which can bear more pressure is the optimization objective of this research. A multi-objective optimization method was carried out to analyze the suspension arm of a damaged aircraft trailer. Firstly, to investigate the dynamic characteristics and the reliability of the damaged aircraft trailer, a detailed three combined damaged aircraft trailers model was built. Based on the flexible-rigid coupled method, dynamic simulation of the damaged aircraft trailer was conducted in MSC.ADAMS. Then a suspension model was established, and the stress under different loads was measured to verify the accuracy of the finite element suspension arm model by experiments. Based on the design of experiment method, the effect of suspension arm parameters were obtained to build the approximate models. Besides, the influences of some effect parameters on optimal objectives were analyzed based on the surface response method. During the optimization process, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II was adopted to optimize the mass and stress of the suspension arm. The results show that the mass of the suspension arm is reduced from 146.81 kg to 126.69 kg, which is a reduction of 14%. The maximum von Mises stress is changed from 325 MPa to 297 MPa, which is a decrease of 8.6%. This optimal method can be extended to the overall vehicle, which has an important significance in the whole damaged aircraft trailer characteristics improvement design.
Rapid testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections improve patient care and yield public health benefits
Authors: Whitlock Gary G , Gibbons Daniel C , Longford Nick , Harvey Michael J , McOwan Alan , Adams Elisabeth J
Published: October 2017

A service evaluation of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) testing and result notification in patients attending a rapid testing service (Dean Street Express [DSE]) compared with those attending an existing ‘standard’ sexual health clinic (56 Dean Street [56DS]), and modelling the impact of the new service from 1 June 2014 to 31 May 2015. Primary outcome: time from patients’ sample collection to notification of test results at DSE compared with 56DS. Secondary outcomes estimated using a model: number of transmissions prevented and the number of new partner visits avoided and associated cost savings achieved due to rapid testing at DSE. In 2014/15, there were a total of 81,352 visits for CT/NG testing across 56DS (21,086) and DSE (60,266). Rapid testing resulted in a reduced mean time to notification of 8.68 days: 8.95 days for 56DS (95% CI 8.91–8.99) compared to 0.27 days for DSE (95% CI 0.26–0.28). Our model estimates that rapid testing at DSE would lead to 196 CT and/or NG transmissions prevented (2.5–97.5% centile range = 6–956) and lead to annual savings attributable to reduced numbers of partner attendances of £124,283 (2.5–97.5% centile range = £4260–590,331). DSE, a rapid testing service for asymptomatic infections, delivers faster time to result notification for CT and/or NG which enables faster treatment, reduces infectious periods and leads to fewer transmissions, partner attendances and clinic costs.
Uptake of HIV testing during antenatal care in Honduras
Authors: Kuhlmann Anne Sebert , Bergquist Eleanor P , Fu Qiang , Shacham Enbal , Foggia Janine , Sierra Manuel
Published: October 2017

In order to interrupt vertical transmission of HIV, the WHO recommends universal HIV testing during antenatal care (ANC), a policy that has been adopted by the Ministry of Health in Honduras. We examined HIV counseling and testing practices during ANC in the Honduras Demographic and Health Survey to understand compliance with this established standard of care. Among currently married women with a child aged five years or younger who attended ANC, only 66% recalled being offered HIV testing during ANC, yet 95% of those got tested. Older, less literate women who lived in a rural area, a small household, or had an older husband were significantly less likely to recall being offered HIV testing. These findings highlight necessary revisions to ANC protocols to ensure that all women in Honduras get HIV testing to interrupt mother-to-child transmission.
Neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis and Sweet-like neutrophilic dermatosis: under-recognized neutrophilic dermatoses in lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lee W J , Kang H J , Shin H J , Won C H , Chang S E , Choi J H , Lee M W
Published: October 2017

Background/Objectives

Neutrophilic dermatoses can be associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We analyzed clinical and histological features of neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis (NUD) and Sweet-like neutrophilic dermatosis (SLND)—the most recently delineated entities of the neutrophilic dermatoses.

Methods

We retrieved database medical records of patients with SLE whose skin biopsy demonstrated a neutrophilic-predominant infiltrate of the skin, and included those whose biopsies revealed findings of SLND or NUD.

Results

SLND skin lesions lasted longer than those of NUD and were localized to sun-exposed areas. All NUD cases resolved within one week either spontaneously or with treatment such as antihistamines, but SLND skin lesions lasted longer than one week; prednisone was used in four of these five patients. All NUD cases were found in existing SLE patients and were not associated with systemic signs of flare-up of SLE. However, 80% of SLND cases experienced flare-up of SLE; and in 60%, SLND developed concomitantly with SLE as a presenting sign.

Conclusion

Different clinical courses and relationships with SLE suggest that NUD and SLND have different pathogeneses for neutrophilic inflammatory reactions.
Understanding “understanding” in Public Understanding of Science
Authors: Huxster Joanna K. , Slater Matthew H. , Leddington Jason , LoPiccolo Victor , Bergman Jeffrey , Jones Mack , McGlynn Caroline , Diaz Nicolas , Aspinall Nathan , Bresticker Julia , Hopkins Melissa
Published: October 2017

This study examines the conflation of terms such as “knowledge” and “understanding” in peer-reviewed literature, and tests the hypothesis that little current research clearly distinguishes between importantly distinct epistemic states. Two sets of data are presented from papers published in the journal Public Understanding of Science. In the first set, the digital text analysis tool, Voyant, is used to analyze all papers published in 2014 for the use of epistemic success terms. In the second set of data, all papers published in Public Understanding of Science from 2010–2015 are systematically analyzed to identify instances in which epistemic states are empirically measured. The results indicate that epistemic success terms are inconsistently defined, and that measurement of understanding, in particular, is rarely achieved in public understanding of science studies. We suggest that more diligent attention to measuring understanding, as opposed to mere knowledge, will increase efficacy of scientific outreach and communication efforts.
Trade Potential between India and Central Asia
Authors: Agrawal Pradeep , Sangita Seema
Published: October 2017

South–South bilateral trade partnerships have been growing increasingly important, and this article analyses the current patterns of bilateral trade between India and five Central Asian countries and the potential for improving them. We apply the gravity model of trade to construct a trade potential index from an Indian perspective and assess the potential for improving India’s trade with Central Asia. We find that the volume of trade between India and Central Asia in 2015 could be six to ten times greater than the actual volume. Political disturbances in the countries that fall along the direct trade route are a major barrier to trade in this region; therefore, we re-examine the potential for trade using alternate routes via Iran and China. We find that the potential for greater bilateral trade between India and Central Asia continues to be positive.

JEL Classification: F10, F14
Is Sub-Saharan Africa on a Genuinely Sustainable Development Path? Evidence Using Panel Data
Authors: Bissoon Ourvashi
Published: October 2017

Although resource rich, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has in general been characterised by poor economic performance and widespread poverty. The region is, however, now poised to enjoy high levels of growth and is increasingly attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). However, it is important to determine the sustainability of this development path. Given the lack of research on sustainability in the context of SSA, this study attempts to bridge this gap. A capital approach is adopted using the genuine savings (GS) rate computed by the World Bank, a measure of weak sustainability. GS endeavour to assess the sustainability path of countries, based on how ‘well’ they manage their total capital stock through the difference between consumption in natural capital and counter-balancing investments in other forms of man-made capital, namely physical and human. Since GS is based on the assumption of perfect resource substitutability, it can be taken as a limit value of sustainability whereby a country experiencing a positive value of GS is deemed to be weakly sustainable. This article thus aims to investigate whether SSA is on a sustainable development path and the factors affecting GS for this sample of countries. This study looks at a panel data set of 30 SSA countries over a period of 35 years. The fixed, random as well as dynamic effects are taken into account using System-GMM. In particular, improving institutional quality in the countries considered in the sample could directly and significantly improve their weak sustainability.

JEL Classification: O11, Q01, B22, C23
Evaluation of thromboelastography in bitches with pyometra
Authors: Dorsey Tovah I. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Sharp Claire R. , Babyak Jonathan M. , de Laforcade Armelle M.
Published: October 2017

We investigated the effect of pyometra on kaolin-activated thromboelastography (TEG). Eighteen client-owned dogs with pyometra and 8 healthy spayed dogs were recruited. TEG parameters and packed cell volume were determined. Results from spayed females and from intact females with pyometra were compared using a Student t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Bitches with pyometra were hypercoagulable compared to spayed bitches as evidenced by elevated maximum amplitude, G, and alpha angle. There were no significant group differences in R time, K time, or clot lysis at 30 or 60 min. Dogs with pyometra should be anticipated to have hypercoagulable TEG variables, and this should be addressed when planning surgical and medical therapy.
Complexities and Challenges of Singapore Nurses Providing Postacute Home Care in Multicultural Communities: A Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Wong Alfred Ka-Shing , Ong Shu Fen , Matchar David Bruce , Lie Desiree , Ng Reuben , Yoon Kirsten Eom , Wong Chek Hooi
Published: October 2017

Introduction: Studies are needed to inform the preparation of community nurses to address patient behavioral and social factors contributing to unnecessary readmissions to hospital. This study uses nurses’ input to understand challenges faced during home care, to derive a framework to address the challenges. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted to saturation with 16 community nurses in Singapore. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and transcripts independently coded for emergent themes. Themes were interpreted using grounded theory. Results: Seven major themes emerged from 16 interviews: Strained social relationships, complex care decision-making processes within families, communication barriers, patient’s or caregiver neglect of health issues, building and maintaining trust, trial-and-error nature of work, and dealing with uncertainty. Discussion: Community nurses identified uncertainty arising from complexities in social-relational, personal, and organizational factors as a central challenge. Nursing education should focus on navigating and managing uncertainty at the personal, patient, and family levels.
Analysis of beams with piezo-patches by node-dependent kinematic finite element method models
Authors: Carrera Erasmo , Zappino Enrico , Li Guohong
Published: October 2017

This article presents a family of one-dimensional finite element method models with node-dependent kinematics for the analysis of beam structures with piezo-patches. The models proposed are built by applying Carrera unified formulation. Carrera unified formulation permits to obtain finite element method stiffness matrices through so-called fundamental nuclei whose form is independent of the assumptions made for the displacement/electrical field over the cross section of a beam. In the previous works, uniform kinematic assumptions have been applied to all the nodes within the same element. The present contribution proposes to use different kinematics on different nodes, leading to node-dependent kinematic finite element method formulations. In such an approach, non-uniform cross sections introduced by piezo-patches can be considered. With the help of layer-wise models, piezoelectric and mechanical domains each can possess individual constitutive relations. Meanwhile, node-dependent kinematics can integrate equivalent single layer models and layer-wise models to reach an optimal balance between accuracy and use of computational resources. Static governing equations for beam elements with node-dependent kinematics accounting for electromechanical effects are derived from the principle of virtual displacements. The competence of the proposed approach is validated by comparing the obtained results with solutions taken from the literature and ABAQUS three-dimensional modelling. Both extension and shear actuation mechanisms are considered.
Untangling Infinite Regress and the Origins of Capability
Authors: Hallberg Niklas L. , Felin Teppo
Published: October 2017

We argue that strategic management in general—and capability theory in particular—suffers from problems of infinite regress that can be traced to an unsatisfactory specification of initial conditions. We argue, first, that this has led to an overemphasis on path dependence, experience, and history, without sufficient attention on initial conditions: more proximate, decision-oriented punctuation points that can be used for better theoretical explanation. Second, we show how the initial conditions of theories are often not distinctively different from what is being explained, which prevents theory from providing credible specifications of causal mechanisms. Third, we highlight how the regress problem has led to a relatively casual borrowing of concepts from neighboring disciplines, which has created a mismatch between the aims of management theory and relevance to practice. We suggest research heuristics for how to deal with infinite regress problems, in order to develop more rigorous and relevant theories of capability and strategic management.
Stability of the Syndesmosis After Posterior Malleolar Fracture Fixation
Authors: Miller Matthew A. , McDonald Tyler C. , Graves Matthew L. , Spitler Clay A. , Russell George V. , Jones LaRita C. , Replogle William , Wise Jeremy A. , Hydrick Josie , Bergin Patrick F.
Published: October 2017

Background:

We sought to define the rate of syndesmotic instability after anatomic reduction of the posterior malleolus when posterior stabilization of a trimalleolar or trimalleolar equivalent ankle fracture was chosen vs when a supine position and initially conservative management of the posterior elements was chosen.

Methods:

The types of syndesmotic and posterior malleolar fixation used to treat adult patients with ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus at our level I trauma center were retrospectively assessed (N = 198). Specifically, both bimalleolar and trimalleolar fractures were included. Exclusion criteria included pilon fractures, trimalleolar fractures with Chaput fragments, and neurologic injury. Demographics, fracture classification, initial operative position, medial clear space, and posterior malleolar fragment size were recorded for each fracture.

Results:

In total, 151 patients (76.3%) were initially positioned supine, 27.2% of whom had syndesmotic instability requiring operative stabilization. Almost 25% of supine patients also underwent posterior malleolar stabilization for posterior instability. Overall, 73 (48.3%) patients who were initially treated in the supine position needed some form of additional stabilization. Forty-seven patients (23.7%) were initially positioned prone. Syndesmotic stability was restored in 97.9% of these patients. This 2.1% rate of instability vastly differs from the 13-fold higher syndesmotic instability rate observed in the supine group ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Our data demonstrate that the rate of syndesmotic instability was reduced in trimalleolar and trimalleolar equivalent fractures when prone positioning and direct fixation of the posterior malleolus were first performed. Using traditional preoperative estimates of posterior stability to determine the need for posterior malleolar fixation may be inadequate since almost a quarter of patients treated supine received posterior stabilization.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative series.
Exploring Ethics and Client Work in Public Relations Education
Authors: Place Katie R.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of ethics and service learning client work in public relations education. Interviews were conducted with students at three universities who had completed public relations client work. Findings suggest that ethics in client work involves honesty, respect, following personal convictions, bracketing personal values, and balancing ethical values. Students perceived that client work prepared them to be accountable, perform quality work, rely on mentoring, and learn that being ethical takes practice. Ultimately, client work appears to help students explore ethical beliefs and competencies in a realistic environment with assistance.
Heteromasculinities: Sexual Experiences and Transition to Adulthood among Young Moroccan Men in Europe
Authors: Fidolini Vulca
Published: October 2017

The aim of this article is to describe how masculinities among a group of young Moroccan men in Europe are produced by the hegemonic power of heteronormativity. This article is based on the findings of research involving a group of thirty-five Muslim migrant men in Italy and France. The aim of the research was to analyze the impact of heterosexual scenarios in shaping the experiences of these young men during their transition to adulthood abroad. First, this article will show how, during youth, different profiles of premarital masculinity are constructed in relation to the various heterosexual scripts described by these men. Our analysis illustrates how intercultural and intracultural dimensions define masculinities in social interactions by reproducing the hegemony of the heteronormative scenario. Then, we will show that the interviewees also give particular importance to the moment of marriage when they want to display an “adult masculinity” and to recover their “moral integrity” after premarital, illicit, and sexual experiences. By focusing on family relations and intra- and interethnic dynamics in the migrant milieu, we will reveal how these different dimensions play a decisive role in producing sexual scripts and consequently in gender identification. This will lead us to discuss the role of heteronormative hegemonic models of masculinity references in the accounts of the interviewees, showing how sexuality is a field where the cultural belongings of these young men are defined and redefined during their transition to adulthood in a foreign country.
“He Can’t Say a Man’s Stuff to a Woman…”: Perspectives on the Preferences of Men Living with HIV for Gender-Concordant Care Workers in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Gittings Lesley
Published: October 2017

Community health workers (CHWs) play a central role in the provision of HIV care in South Africa, and people receiving such community-based adherence support have considerably better health outcomes. As with other forms of care work, the majority of CHWs are women. HIV vulnerability is also gendered, with women being more likely to contract HIV, while men living with HIV are more likely to die of AIDS-related illness. This article explores the relational gender dynamics of eight Cape Town–based CHWs and their male clients. Derived from multiple semistructured interviews, it engages the perspectives of CHWs, men living with HIV, and HIV and masculinities activists to explore HIV-positive men’s gender preferences for CHWs, and how these pairings may support their health and well-being. Reasons cited for gender-concordant preferences include gendered power dynamics, comfort in sharing intimate health information of someone of the same gender, and, in some cases, negative associations of women as untrustworthy gossips.
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: Update and Review of Challenges and Successes
Authors: To Derek , Beecker Jennifer
Published: October 2017

Background:

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a variant of lichen planopilaris (LPP) and is characterised as a progressive cicatricial alopecia affecting the frontotemporal hairline.

Objectives:

To perform a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the etiopathogenesis, clinicopathological features, and therapeutic options for FFA.

Methods:

A literature search was conducted using PubMed (from 1946) and Cochrane (from 1991) databases on March 7, 2017. We included all retrospective and prospective studies reported in English. Only cases studies with reported treatment regimen and outcome were included. No randomised control trials were found. MeSH terms used included frontal fibrosing alopecia, postmenopausal, histopathologic, cicatricial, and treatment.

Results:

With an increasing incidence of FFA occurring predominantly in postmenopausal women, progress has been made clinically and histologically in understanding this scarring alopecia. Conflicting results have been reported with various treatments, including intralesional or oral corticosteroids, antiandrogens, antimalarials, antibiotics, and surgery. To date, no randomised control trials for treatment of FFA have been conducted.

Conclusion:

The aetiology and clinical course of FFA remain to be established. Unfortunately, despite the numerous treatment options available, no one therapeutic regimen has proven effective in stopping recession of the hairline and inducing hair growth.
Reinventing Nollywood: The impact of online funding and distribution on Nigerian cinema
Authors: Ebelebe Ugo Ben
Published: October 2017

The Nigerian film industry, often referred to as Nollywood, is currently experiencing significant transformations in its mode of production and distribution. These far-reaching transformations are driven by tech-savvy Nigerian film-makers who are willing to consider innovative models in the film-making practice – from crowdfunding to content distribution via online platforms – in their effort to become relevant in the changing digital global marketplace. Drawing on pertinent case studies and in-depth interviews with stakeholders in the Nigerian film industry, this article suggests that advances in digital technologies, such as the Internet and digital media, are creating new ways for new-generation film-makers in Nigeria to fund and circulate their creative work to a vast global audience.
National study of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Danish women from 2004 to 2012
Authors: Jeppesen Charlotte , Maindal Helle T. , Kristensen Jette K. , Ovesen Per G. , Witte Daniel R.
Published: October 2017

Aims: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. We studied the prevalence of GDM from 2004 to 2012 in Danish women aged 15–49 years using registries with records of the diagnosis of GDM at delivery. Methods: We conducted a national register-based study of 12,538 women with a diagnosis of GDM during a pregnancy leading to a live birth in the period 2004–2012. The diagnosis of GDM was taken from the National Patient Registry and combined with the total number of births at the national level from Statistics Denmark. Prevalence estimates were reported as crude and age-standardized using Danish and international data for women aged 15–49 years. Results: A total of 566,083 live births was registered in Denmark from 2004 to 2012. The age-standardized prevalence of GDM increased from 1.7% (1095/63,465) of the total births in 2004 to 2.9% (1721/56,894) of the total births in 2012. During the period 2004–2012, the age-stratified prevalence increased from 1.1 to 1.8% among women aged 15–24 years, from 1.5 to 2.6% among women aged 25–34 years and from 2.9 to 4.7% among women aged 35–49 years. The prevalence was higher among immigrants and their descendants than in native Danish women (4.06 and 2.09% in 2007 vs. 4.51 and 2.72% in 2012, respectively). Conclusions:The prevalence of GDM in Denmark has increased across all age groups. Although the prevalence is low on a global scale, attention should be paid to this development by preventive health services.
Authenticity as (post-) modern ethics: An analysis of the New York Times’ Ethicist column
Authors: Smirnova Michelle
Published: October 2017

As (post-) modern institutions multiply and become more abstract and fractured in their ethical prescriptions, individuals must learn navigate ethical ambiguity on their own. One way that this appears to be accomplished is through the pursuit of ‘authenticity’ within and across specific contexts. Based on a sample of 600 letters published between 2002 and 2014, this article explores the New York Times’ Ethicist column as a site where individuals grapple with personal responsibility to engage in ethical behavior, often doing so in the name of authenticity. Instead of relying on external institutions, to dictate ethical choices, such ethical trade-offs become the bones of one’s identity. This can result in tension between within-context authenticity that is derived from specific roles and relationships and across-context authenticity that transcends people and places. This tension is a defining feature of ethical action in the (post-) modern era.
The Role of E-mail Communications in Determining Response Rates and Mode of Participation in a Mixed-mode Design
Authors: Cernat Alexandru , Lynn Peter
Published: October 2017

This article is concerned with the extent to which the propensity to participate in a web face-to-face sequential mixed-mode survey is influenced by the ability to communicate with sample members by e-mail in addition to mail. Researchers may be able to collect e-mail addresses for sample members and to use them subsequently to send survey invitations and reminders. However, there is little evidence regarding the value of doing so. This makes it difficult to decide what efforts should be made to collect such information and how to subsequently use it efficiently. Using evidence from a randomized experiment within a large mixed-mode national survey, we find that using a respondent-supplied e-mail address to send additional survey invites and reminders does not affect survey response rate but is associated with an increased proportion of responses by web rather than face-to-face and, hence, lower survey costs.
Not a Metaphor: Immigrant of Color Autoethnography as a Decolonial Move
Authors: Chandrashekar Santhosh
Published: October 2017

This essay argues that if “decolonization in the settler colonial context must involve the repatriation of (Native) land”(p. 7), then autoethnography committed to decolonization should first and foremost center Native struggles over land and life. For this task and given my own position as a postcolonial immigrant on Native lands, I elaborate an immigrant of color autoethnography to demystify the discourses that privilege select postcolonial immigrants such as myself over Indigenous people and render me as a desirable minority and settler. I start this project unpacking my journey as an international student through the higher education apparatus in the United States as I narrate how the material structures and academic knowledge that circulate within the university (re)produce the devaluation of indigeneity. Then I shift my attention to my time in Albuquerque, a border city that excludes Indigenous people through a host of policies even as international students are welcomed to make home in the city. Against these two sites, I turn to (un)Occupy Albuquerque to map coalition possibilities between postcolonial immigrants and Indigenous people. Together, these three sites allow for an understanding of the ideological and material structures that rationalize (and disrupt) settler colonialism and Native dispossession.
Development and validation of a biofidelic head form model to assess blast-induced traumatic brain injury
Authors: Downes Devon , Bouamoul Amal , Ouellet Simon , Nejad Ensan Manouchehr
Published: October 2017

Traumatic Blast Injury (TBI) associated with the human head is caused by exposure to a blast loading, resulting in decreased level of consciousness, skull fracture, lesions, or death. This paper presents the simulation of blast loading of a human head form from a free-field blast with the end goal of providing insight into how TBI develops in the human head. The developed numerical model contains all the major components of the human head, the skull, and brain, including the tentorium, cerebral falx, and gray and white matter. A nonlinear finite element analysis was employed to perform the simulation using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method. The simulation captures the propagation of the blast wave through the air, its interaction with the skull, and its transition into the brain matter. The model quantifies the pressure histories of the blast wave from the explosive source to the overpressure on the skull and the intracranial pressure. This paper discusses the technical approach used to model the head, the outcome from the analysis, and the implication of the results on brain injury.
Comments on “Issues in Human–Automation Interaction Modeling: Presumptive Aspects of Frameworks of Types and Levels of Automation” by David B. Kaber
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B.
Published: October 2017

Three aspects of Kaber’s paper are discussed: (a) the origins of the level-of-automation concept as related to various misconceptions in the literature regarding the intent of the original paper; (b) distinctions between descriptive, predictive, presumptive, and normative models; and (c) the difficulty, even impossibility, of making level-of-automation taxonomies into readily useful tools for system design.