bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green Water Scarcity Index Mapping for India Using Geospatial Data Products
Authors: Vasala Saicharan , Hassan Rangaswamy Shwetha
Published: February 2023

Green water assessment is evolving as a significant aspect of hydrological science since its existence is critical for crop production in rain-fed areas. The green water scarcity index (GWSI), which is based on evapotranspiration and effective rainfall, can assist researchers in understanding the water requirements of agriculture and the current water stress condition. To generate a GWSI map of India from 2017 to 2019 at monthly and yearly scales, this study employed Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded rainfall and TerraClimate-based actual evapotranspiration data products. The results showed that India experienced low GWSI throughout the monsoon season, as was to be expected, but interestingly, there were no high GWSI values (> 0.9) during the summer months, as seen in the winter. India experienced average GWSI values of 0.87, 0.86, and 0.83 in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. In comparison to other years, 2019 has a lower GWSI, and rest years have similar GWSI values in the July and December months. In contrast to how almost all months in all years have similar GWSI values, the substantial discrepancy is only seen in September 2019. Due to the high frequency of rainfall events in September 2019, the ER rate has increased, which has led to a decrease in the GWSI in India's month of September 2019. According to the findings of this study, the monsoon has less of an impact on GWSI scarcity. India experiences green water scarcity all year round, necessitating extensive irrigation for agriculture. The lack of gree water resources enabled the transition away from rainfed agriculture cultivation. This research will aid in determining the precise condition of water stress in the targeted region, as well as the zoning of water-scarce regions, so that future irrigation planning can be done appropriately.
Geo-Hazardous of AlUla Ancient City, Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlHumidan Saad
Published: February 2023

AlUla, is a city in the Medina Region in north-western Saudi Arabia. The city lies within the governorate of Ula, one of seven in the Medina Region, covering an area of 29,261 square kilometres. The city is 110 km southwest of Tayma and 300 km north of Medina. The city (municipality) covers 2,391 square kilometres. The population of the city is 5,426.The walled city of AlUla was founded in the 6th century BC.It was located along "Incense Road", the network of routes that facilitated the trading luxury items through Arabia, Egypt and India. AlUla stands on the site of the Biblical city of Dedan but was founded with the ancient North Arabian Kingdom of Lihyan, which ruled from the 5th to 2nd century BC. The older history of the oasis has been divided into several phases. The Dedanite kingdom spans the seventh and sixth centuries BC. It is thought that around the turn of the fifth century BC the kingdom became hereditary. In the 20th century the new town centre was established beside the old town and eventually the people left the old buildings. The last family left in 1983. Both the ruins of the town and the site of the Liyhanite settlement now lie within the limits of the modern town. AlUla has the potential to be one of the most important archaeological destinations for tourists from around the world. AlUla’s Hegra archaeological site (Al-Hijr / Mada’in Salih) was the first world heritage property to be inscribed in Saudi Arabia. A major integrated archaeological survey of AlUla valley and beyond was launched by the royal commission for AlUla (RCU). AlUla is a unique and extraordinary landscape because of the distinct geological eras packed together in one region. The earliest of the geologic ages which formed the rocks during the Precambrian Arabian shield rocks, marked by different layers of sedimentary rock. Second, the area’s underlying sandstone created during the Cambrian period and tectonic activity has helped further shape its dramatic geology, creating volcanic landscapes, basalt plateaus and sandstone massifs. These geological features enable the area to act as a water catchment basin allowing the valley to flow southwards towards AlUla’s settlements. Trilobite trace fossils discovered in sandstone date to at least 252 million years ago. The soft and porous rock, perfect for carving, also acts as an aquifer that can store the vital fresh water resources required to sustain life in an arid environment. Following that the black basalt layer formed by volcanic eruptions creates the dramatic plateaus called the Harrat. The desert of AlUla is famous for its several geological rock formations, formed over millions of years by wind and water, to form natural shapes untouched by human hands. geological and geophysical studies show that Geohazards in the area may include weathering and erosion processes, rock falling or sliding, and collapse of the carved architectonic structures.
Plio-Pleistocene rimobilization of a Mesozoic salt diapir in the Southern Adria Plate (Northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean)
Authors: Chizzini Nicolò , Artoni Andrea , Torelli Luigi , Maiorana Mariagiada
Published: February 2023

It has long been recognized that the central Adria Plate, as well as the Dinaric-Hellenic sector, contains a vast volume of Triassic salt associated with diapirism and it is well know that Triassic evaporites developed in the Mediterranean Sea region over epicratonic platforms. Nearby the Apennines and Dinaric-Hellenic front, several authors highlighted the presence of Triassic salt structures such as pillows, diapirs and salt walls, mostly triggered by Neogene tectonic shortening associated with the accretion of these opposite Chains. Nevertheless, in the Apulian foreland, representing the southernmost termination of the Adria plate the Northern Ionian Sea, Triassic evaporitic deposits have never been mapped due to the lack of explorative wells in this deepwater offshore sector. Based on seismic reflection profiles, we illustrate new evidences of Triassic evaporites in the Apulian foreland subsurface associated with two squeezed diapirs as evidence of regional shortening episodes, probably enucleated from inherited Mesozoic salt structures such as pillows and/or salt domes, thus implying new constrains on the paleogeographic reconstruction of the Northern Ionian Sea. The identification of halokinetic-related sequences up to the Plio-Quaternary foreland shallow sediments allows to constrain the evolution of the two diapirs. It results that they are reactivated till Plio-Pleistocene times in response to  the compressive stress trasmitted by the Southern Apennines/Calabrian Arc and Hellenides to the Apulian foreland. Later, after Middle Pleistocene, they were  dismembered by extensional tectonics related to Adria plate flexuring, as they represent areas of weakness. These observations make the regional geological contest one of the foundamental features controlling the Plio-Pleistocene Triassic evaporitic squeezing in the southern Adria Plate.
Using a mineralogical approach to recover metals efficiently from wastewater
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Iphigenia , Heuss-Aßbichler Soraya
Published: February 2023

Significant amounts of heavy metal-loaded wastewater are produced during the processing and manufacturing of metals. These wastewaters are challenging to treat owing to their chemically complex properties and are considered hazardous, as they are toxic to humans and the environment. The conventional purification method binds the heavy metals into a hydroxide complex, which causes large amounts of voluminous sludge, usually disposed of in landfills. Hence, valuable metals are lost due to dissipation. Recently, waste has received greater attention as a potential metal resource for economic and political reasons. Accordingly, research is carried out to improve wastewater treatment methods to extract metals from wastewater efficiently.In our work, we apply insights from mineralogy to (1) recover heavy metals from wastewater so they can be recycled and (2) purify the wastewater. We explore the precipitation conditions of metal oxide conditions experimentally and study the effects of parameters such as reaction temperature, alkalization conditions, kinetic effects, and alteration conditions on the metal phases. We find that transformation reactions play a crucial role, and kinetics can, directly and indirectly, control the mineralogy of the precipitated minerals. Based on our findings, we formulated treatment recipes for individual wastewater and constructed an automated pilot facility that enables the treatment. Heavy metal-enriched wastewater from different industries, such as electroplating and chemical catalyst production, is used as sample material. Three elemental wastewater systems (Zn, Au, and Cu) were tested. However, the Cu-enriched electroplating wastewater is multi-element wastewater showing lower concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Mn.Zn could be recovered as ZnO, and Cu-recovery is possible as Cu-ferrite (CuFe2O4), delafossite (CuFeO2), or CuO depending on the addition of Fe to the system. With a two-step process, Au is retrieved as zero-valent Au during the first process step and Fe as magnetite during the second. In the Cu-system a variation of stirring speed resulted in either the formation of brochantite, a Cu-sulfate mineral, or CuO. Alteration of the suspension generally leads to reduced metal concentrations, and limit values for discharge are met for Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cr.
Artificial groundwater recharge for adapting to drought risk in large agricultural areas
Authors: Delfini Ilaria , Chahoud Andrea , Montanari Alberto , Zamrsky Daniel
Published: February 2023

Artificial groundwater recharge is a promising adaptation measure to face the increasing drought risk on freshwater availability. Its efficiency strongly depends on the climatic and hydrogeological conditions of the area of interest. In particular the structure of the underlying aquifer plays a key role. In fact, many open questions remain about the effectiveness of recharge for multi-layer aquifers, due to the complexity of their hydrogeological behaviour.In this study we perform a series of simulations aimed at assessing the effectiveness of winter/spring artificial groundwater recharge on a portion of alluvial fans in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). This area is a large agricultural plain which heavily relies on groundwater for irrigation. Here, aquifers are located mainly in fluvial sediment deposits of several hundred meters thickness, and in underlying marine sediment deposits.A numerical groundwater flow model has been developed in MODFLOW 6. This model is based on a previous application of MODFLOW to the whole Emilia-Romagna area by the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPAE), and extends over a wide area east of the River Secchia. Input data cover a multi-year simulation period, therefore representing seasonal variations of hydrometeorology.Calibration has been implemented by comparing observed and simulated water table levels during the period 2002-2018.Simulations are generated for various boundary conditions, mainly for different hypotheses of groundwater recharge. In particular, we assume that winter/spring recharge is increased by an assigned multiplier that is homogeneous in space over the recharge area, in order to simulate a spatially distributed artificial recharge which may be provided by winter irrigation.The results show that the effectiveness of recharge depends on the initial conditions of the aquifer and the precipitation regime during the winter season. During drought conditions artificial recharge seems to be an interesting option for risk mitigation.
Multi-year Hyper-high Resolution Snow Cover Simulation in a Mountainous Region in Central Spain (Peñalara Massif).
Authors: González Cervera Álvaro , Durán Luis
Published: February 2023

The snowpack over mountains represents an important source of water both in these areas and in adjacent lowlands. It also has a large impact on their economy since it affects tourism, communications, logistics and risks associated with its recreational use.  Snow cover in mid elevations is experiencing a significant decrease as a consequence of climate change (IPCC-2021) and it is becoming an important issue in the water management agenda. Despite its importance, there is a lack of understanding of its dynamics, due to the scarcity of properly distributed temporally and spatially mountain snowpack observations and the availability of specific simulation tools. This gap is even more pronounced in mediterranean mountainous regions, where the complex processes involved in snowpack growth and ablation, together with its high spatial variability, pose a challenge for the models. To overcome these challenges, a hyper-high resolution state-of-the-art chain model (SnowCast) has been developed and validated in Penalara Massif (Sierra de Guadarrama, Central Spain). It couples ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis (ECMWF) with the Intermediate Atmospheric Research model (ICAR, NCAR) and the Flexible Snow Model (FSM2, University of Edinburgh) along with own developed parametrizations and high resolution topographic forcing models. A multi-year simulation has been performed for this area and sensitivity tests have been performed with different resolutions and topographically induced air and soil forcings. Results after validation using intensive field work, automatic snowpack monitoring and satellite imagery look very promising. A temporal and spatial realistic representation of the snow cover will be presented along with an analysis of the performance of the model and a discussion about new processes to be implemented, additional validation techniques and future coupling with a hydrological model. 
Modeling of groundwater level changes in the fast-growing Indian Secondary Cities
Authors: Tripathi Indra Mani , Mohapatra Pranab Kumar
Published: February 2023

Due to rapid industrial and population growth, groundwater levels frequently shift, with depletion being the most prominent effect. Numerical models have the potential to save time and money by supplying pertinent information in areas where data is lacking. We investigate the fluctuations in groundwater levels in the secondary cities of India using the well-known MODFLOW-2005 model. The study covers all the wards of three Indian secondary cities (Bhopal, Bhuj and Kozhikode), and we run a simulation for the year 2012–2020. We use groundwater table data from 2012 to 2020, topographic maps and geological maps of the selected cities. Along with these, we use hydraulic conductivity and specific yield values of the aquifer of the study area. We calibrate the model for both steady-state and transient scenarios to match the field conditions up to acceptable standards. Moreover, we validate the model for any one year to justify the acceptability of all the calibrated values. In addition, we perform sensitivity analysis to illustrate which model parameter has the greatest influence on the model output. Finally, we run the model for 2025 to predict the groundwater level changes in the immediate future. From this, we can identify the regions facing serious groundwater-lowering problems. Therefore, more comprehensive policies, as well as laws on groundwater extraction, should be created in order to safeguard this natural resource. In this context, the present study will provide an overview of this urgent issue in Indian cities.
Analytical and numerical model estimates of ground surface displacements in dual magma chamber setting
Authors: Hazarika Pallab Jyoti , Baruah Amiya , Dasgupta Ritabrata , Mandal Nibir
Published: February 2023

Magmatic overpressure in shallow- and mid-crustal magma chambers (MC) can deform the crustal host rocks. Stress field produced by such deformation often control the nucleation and subsequent crack formation for magma emplacement. A direction of physical volcanology is concerned with determination of the volcanotectonic ground surface displacements that can aid in monitoring and sometimes forecasting magmatic eruptions. The existing Mogi Model can analytically calculate surface displacements due to overpressure in a single MC by considering elastic deformation of a finite crustal section. Many geological and geophysical studies report that magma plumbing systems represent an array of randomly placed interconnected MCs, and there is a need of theoretical estimation of their ground surface displacement. In this study we present a new analytical formulation to estimate surface displacement in terms of both vertical as well as horizontal directions above a dual MC setting. Our analytical solution finds support from finite element (FE) models performed with the same set of geometrical and physical parameters. The off-axis chambers considered in our model are separated along both vertical and horizontal directions. The present study suggests that with increasing horizontal chamber separation (Sh) the vertical ground displacement above the two chambers gradually changes from a single peak into an indistinct double-peak, and finally two prominent independent, high-amplitude peaks. On the other hand, on increasing the vertical separation (Sv) between two off-axis chambers we observed that the initial double peaks merged to produce a single peak situated roughly above the middle of the two chambers. Stress map obtained from the FE models shows that the deformation of two MCs can only interact when located within a critical distance, else their deformation remains independent. Interestingly, our study suggests that the magnitude of stress field strongly depends on the strength of the mechanical interaction between two neighboring chambers.
Atmospheric CO2 monitoring over a large tropical metropolitan area: fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fluxes over the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area
Authors: Cruz Alves Alberti Rafaela , Segura Barrero Ricard , Villalba Mendez Gara , Fátima Andrade Maria , Lauvaux Thomas , Ribeiro da Rocha Humberto , Machado Rodrigues Cabral Osvaldo , Ynoue Rita
Published: February 2023

Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, with 39 municipalities and a population of about 22 million inhabitants, aims to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. More than half of its population resides in Sao Paulo city, which, in 2018, was responsible for emitting nearly 18 million tons of CO2 equivalent. Two high-accuracy CO2 sensors have been deployed (Picarro CRDS analyzers)  from the first conventional in situ measurement network installed in South America for GHG monitoring.  The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem V4.0) with a modified version of the greenhouse gas chemistry module (WRF-GHG) was used to simulate the transport of the mole fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) at a horizontal resolution of 3 km in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area during August 2020. Biogenic CO2 fluxes were simulated using an improved version of the “Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model” (VPRM) (Mahadevan et al., 2008) included offline in WRF-GHG. The VPRM parameters were optimized using flux tower data (Net Ecosystem Exchange) for the three main vegetation types in the area (Atlantic Forest, Sugarcane, and Cerrado). Anthropogenic CO2 emissions were simulated with the vehicle emission model VEIN (Ibarra et al., 2018) combined with industrial emissions from EDGAR (Crippa et al., 2020) and ODIAC (Oda et al., 2018). The initial and lateral boundary conditions (IC-BCs) were imported from CAMS and from CARBON-TRACKER global reanalysis for greenhouse gases.The simulated CO2 concentrations from the WRF-GHG model captured both day-to-day and diurnal variations compared to in situ observations in suburban and urban areas (Pico do Jaraguá and IAG). We examined the magnitude of the fossil fuel contribution compared to biogenic signals across the domain, and the anthropogenic signals are heavily influenced by local and nearby sources and sinks. Additionally, the signal includes respiration from vegetation that is carried by winds from vegetation regions. We conducted a long-term analysis of CO2 concentration measurements at the two stations (2019-2022) to determine the seasonality and its relationship with both flux variability and local circulation. Finally, we estimated CO2 concentration gradients from three additional measurement stations around the Sao Paulo metropolitan area to assess the potential of our future urban atmospheric inversion system. 
Deriving optimal single-reservoir operating policies with reinforcement learning based approach incorporating uncertainties of demand and streamflow
Authors: Upadhyay Divya , Dubey Sarth , Bhatia Udit
Published: February 2023

Obtaining optimal reservoir operation policies is a challenging task and a strategic concern for policymakers. These policies are typically derived through a complex decision-making process with conflicting objectives, represented by nonlinear, nonconvex and multi-modal functions. The information on available inflow and various demands play a key role in developing optimal operation rules. However, they are characterized by various uncertainties which reduce the practical applicability of deterministic policy solutions. In literature, most of the studies handle streamflow uncertainty with single-demand scenarios. Although Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) is a widely-used method for reservoir operations optimization under uncertainty, it suffers from the dual curses of dimensionality and modeling. This study considers the uncertainties for streamflow and various demands such as municipal, industrial, hydropower and irrigation water requirements. Here, we present a reinforcement learning framework that utilizes uncertainty-aware streamflow forecasts and demand requirements to yield optimal operation policies for Sardar Sarovar Dam, India. The proposed methodology incorporates the uncertainties of the underlying inflow and demand behavior, and demonstrates better performance than SDP in terms of net benefit. Overall, this work offers reliable techniques that can be used to develop multi-objective reservoir operation policies which are more adaptable in real-time.
“The impacts of climate variability and upland land cover on shoreline erosion, and coastal subsidence in the Bangladesh Delta Region”
Authors: Srivastava Neelay , Nghia Bui
Published: February 2023

Abstract : Sea-level rise and coastal subsidence are two of the most significant impacts of climate change in the Bangladesh Delta Region. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to the effects of climate change due to its low-lying topography, making it sensitive to sea-level rise, and its dependence on the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, making it vulnerable to flooding, land degradation as well as the salinization of freshwater sources. Landcover in the uplands of Bangladesh are largely regulating water flows and sedimentation to the delta. However, deforestation and land-use change in the uplands can also have a negative impact on the delta.
This study attempts to analyze the impacts of climate variables, and changes in upland landcover in deliberation with regional sea-level rise, erosion, and subsidence at a regional scale., This study aims to find a distinctive correlation between these phenomena in a GIS environment. Trend analysis of regional and local sea level rise on Bangladesh coast was taken from  Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forests from 1992 to 2012. GMSL reference  was from AR4 and AR5 from 1901 to 2012. The study would help to anticipate the risk and  planning required on long run to restore coastal ecosystems, and  livelihood security.
Analysis of hydro climatological time series using data mining and artificial intelligence for river flood prediction: A case study of the Consotá River.
Authors: Vargas Juliana , Castaño Juan Mauricio
Published: February 2023

Within the climate change and variability context, the need for continuous monitoring of climate and hydrological variables becomes evident. Due to Colombia being located within an equatorial region, the country is dominated by a tropical climate where precipitation is the aspect most affected by climate variability. Precipitation fluctuations are responsible for the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as flooding, drought, and landslides. In response to the need for frequent meteorological information, the state of Risaralda has created a hydro climatological monitoring network that gathers data every five minutes. This network has been in operation since 2005 and it consists of 40 weather stations; however, there is currently no hydrological model operating as an early warning system for local floods. This study aimed to implement data mining and artificial intelligence methodologies to estimate the probability of flood occurrence within the Consotá River watershed. A database was created using a five-minute time series of precipitation and water level data of five rain gauges and two water level sensors. A total of six classification algorithms were implemented: k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest, AdaBoost, decision tree, and neural network through Orange data mining software. The results indicate that it is possible to estimate the probability of flood occurrence 30 minutes prior to the flood occurring in the study area, with an accuracy of 88% using the random forest algorithm. This information could be valuable for relief agencies and decision-making institutions when utilized for flood preparedness and response planning.
Linkages between Amplified Quasi-stationary Waves and Humid Heat Extremes in Northern Hemisphere Midlatitudes
Authors: Lin Qiyan , Yuan Jiacan
Published: February 2023

Humid heat extremes, taking account of both temperature and humidity, have adverse impacts on society, particularly on human health. It has been suggested that quasi-stationary waves (QSWs) with anomalously high amplitudes contribute to the occurrence of near-surface precipitation extremes and temperature extremes in the mid-latitudes of Northern Hemisphere. While little attention is paid to the linkages between amplified QSWs and humid heat extremes. Using the ERA5 dataset, we identify amplified QSWs of zonal wavenumbers 5-7 (Wave 5-7) in summer months from 1979 to 2020. These amplified QSWs show clear circumglobal wave patterns horizontally and nearly barotropic structure vertically. Linking amplified Wave 5-7 to wet-bulb temperature (WBT) extremes, we find that amplified QSWs preferentially induce prominently prolonged WBT extremes in specific regions: north-central North America for amplified Wave 5; western United States, south-central Asia, as well as eastern Asia for amplified Wave 6; western Europe and the Caspian Sea region for amplified Wave 7. Analyses of physical processes indicate that accompanied by the amplification of Wave 5-7, the changes in horizontal temperature advection, adiabatic heating, downward solar radiation, moisture transport and moisture flux convergence, and surface latent heat fluxes largely account for the increase in persistence of WBT extremes.
Moisture transport associated with multi-day precipitation events in India
Authors: Gupta Hariom , Singh Raghuvanshi Akash , Agarwal Ankit
Published: February 2023

Variations in precipitation characteristics have an impact not only on human society but also on the natural environment. In addition, precipitation events may have detrimental effects on human health and cause severe socioeconomic losses, as well as, in the worst situation, the loss of human life. Therefore, it becomes essential to characterize extreme events and understand the atmospheric dynamics driving them. In this study, we ranked multi-day precipitation events using 63 years (1959 to 2021) of daily precipitation data. The ranking was done based on the intensity as well as the spatial extent of the event. Further, we used integrated vapor transport (IVT) to quantify moisture transport during identified top-ranked precipitation events. Our preliminary analysis showed that the IVT variability is significant during these events, indicating substantial moisture accumulation before these events. Indeed, quantifying the connection of extreme to moisture movement might help in the early prediction of extreme events and lower the associated risks.
Discrepancy between equilibrium thermodynamics-based P-T calculations and quartz-in-garnet elastic barometry in coesite-bearing eclogite (Śnieżnik Massif, NE Bohemian Massif)
Authors: Nowak Malgorzata , Szczepanski Jacek , Dabrowski Marcin
Published: February 2023

The Śnieżnik Massif forms the eastern part of the Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome (OSD), located in the north-eastern part of the European Variscan Belt. The OSD, which exposes the root zone of the Variscan Orogen, comprises mostly orthogneisses containing small bodies of ultra-high pressure (UHP) eclogites. Previous studies on the metamorphic conditions recorded by these eclogites yielded inconsistent results. Some authors suggest that they were metamorphosed in conditions of ~1.9-2.2 GPa and ~700-750 °C 1. Others, however, argue that the eclogites experienced nearly-UHP peak metamorphic conditions of ~2.6-3.0 GPa and 800-930 °C.2This study provides the first evidence of UHP metamorphic episode recorded in eclogites from the OSD, as coesite inclusions were discovered in garnet and omphacite grains. This finding is consistent with our results obtained using Grt-Cpx-Ky-Ph-Coe/Qtz geothermobarometry and phase equilibria modelling, which both indicated conditions of peak metamorphism of ~2.8 – 3.2 GPa and ~830-870 °C, partially overlapping the coesite stability field.We also applied quartz-in-garnet elastic barometry to provide additional constraints on the pressure conditions of metamorphism. About 60 inclusions of quartz were identified using Raman spectroscopy. The residual pressure calculated from the spectral shifts of 464 cm-1 characteristic quartz Raman band reaches a maximum of ~0.73 GPa. This corresponds to the entrapment pressure of ~2.1 GPa, calculated based on the elastic solution for an isotropic spherical inclusion. This estimation contradicts the results coming from methods based on equilibrium thermodynamics. Moreover, such low peak pressure would not explain the presence of the observed coesite inclusions. We hypothesize that the discrepancy might be related to viscous relaxation of garnet host grains under such high peak metamorphic temperatures. References[1]     Štípská, P. et al. The juxtaposition of eclogite and mid-crustal rocks in the Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome, Bohemian Massif. J. Metamorph. Geol. 30, 213–234 (2012).[2]     Majka, J. et al. Integrating X-ray mapping and microtomography of garnet with thermobarometry to define the P-T evolution of the (near) UHP Międzygórze eclogite, Sudetes, SW Poland. J. Metamorph. Geol. 37, 97–112 (2019).
Hydro-climatic shifts of worldwide river basins in the past century
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad , Coenders Miriam , Van der Ent Ruud , Markus Hrachowitz Markus
Published: February 2023

Understanding of river basins hydro-climatic shifts and their drivers in the past is of significant importance for the prediction of future projections. This study evaluates the hydro-climatic shifts of worldwide river basins through Budyko Framework at 20 years’ time steps from 1901 to 2000 based on field-measured runoff data. It is also aimed to identify whether shifts are related to climate change, human interventions, or both. The selected river basins cover a wide range of climates and topography. The movement of basins in the Budyko Space is quantified from the first twenty years to the next twenty years. It is found that 47% of the catchments observed an increase in their aridity and evaporative indices between a period of comparison from 1901 to 1920 and 1921 to 1940. An increase in both indices means that these catchments have moved toward a drier state and more precipitation is partitioned into evaporation as compared to runoff. However, it is observed that during periods from 1961 to 1980 & 1981 to 2000 this percentage has reduced to 20% only and more number of catchments (47%) have observed a decrease in the aridity index as well as the evaporative index. It is seen that major hydro-climatic shifts of river basins have occurred from an increase in aridity and evaporative indices to a decrease in both indices from start to the end of the past century. It is concluded that with time, more number of catchments have moved towards a wet state and observed an increase in runoff as compared to the past. Although, more catchments observed a shift but the magnitude of movement is not that much high for all of them. It is observed that the catchments with a high aridity and evaporative index are more sensitive to change. On average for all time periods of comparison, it is found that for 90% of the catchments the climate change is the main driver of hydro-climatic shifts and the change for the remaining is caused by combined effects of climate and human interventions. This understanding of hydroclimatic shifts of river basins over time can be helpful for water management practices, especially for the catchments which are sensitive to change and also have observed an increase in runoff.
Estimating of the Soil Aggregate Size Fraction in Arid and Semi-Arid Soils using Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Ben-Dor Eyal , Francos Nicolas , Ogen Yaron
Published: February 2023

ESTIMATING THE SOIL AGGREGATES SIZE FRACTIONS IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENTS USING PEDOTRNASFER FUNCTIONS AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS                                                 This paper investigates the relationship of six aggregation fractions (2-1.4mm F1; 1.4-1.0 mm F2; 1.0-0.5 mm F3; 0.5-0.25 mm ; F4; 0.25-0.1mm ; F5, 0.1mm > F6) and their average (AVG) with relation to 74 soil attributes.  The database used in this study is based on the heritage soil spectral library (SSL) of Israel over both semi-arid and arid regions representing seven global soil orders from the  USDA list. The database is composed of chemical, physical and spectral measurements. The spectral data consisted of reflectance measurement using the IEEE  standard protocol and across the VIS-NIR-SWIR spectral region as well as XRF analyses of microelements and XRD determination, wet chemistry analysis and quantitative assessment of the soil mineralogy. The correlation matrix between all attributes enables to isolate four cementation agents (CAs) of the soil micro aggregation namely: clay content, clay mineral specious (smectite), organic matter, and free iron oxides contents. Generating a Pedo Transfer Function (PTF) using these CAs revealed equations that well predict the aggregate size fraction of F1,F2,F3, and the average aggregation stage (AVG ) of all soils. A separate spectral-based analysis to evaluate directly the fraction sizes from reflectance measurements without any prior information regarding the CAs, was also generated and revealed high statistic performance with spectral assignments that belonged to the four selected CAs and their derivatives. The final conclusion was that the micro aggregation stage of soil can be assessed directly or indirectly via PTF and also by using spectral analysis and data mining approaches. Assuming that the reflectance information from hyperspectral remote sensing means such as EMIT (NASA initiative) PRISMA (ASI) and EnMAP (DLR) are available today (2022) this approach may add a great deal to the NASA  mission aims at investigating the potential of soil to act as a dust source. 
Temporal variability of wind power in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
Authors: Aydoğan Burak , Görmüş Tahsin , Ayat Berna
Published: February 2023

In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics and variability of Mediterranean and Black Sea wind power. As the data source, ERA5 1-hourly dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts is used in between the years of 1959 and 2020 and for 100-m altitude. The statistical analysis of the 62-year long time-series covered the investigation of several timescales of hourly, sub-daily, daily, monthly, seasonal, and yearly averaged values. The average values are spatially mapped for yearly and seasonal timescales. The study area has been divided into thirteen subsections to uncover the differences between the statistical parameters of the sub-basins. It is shown that in terms of wind power potential, two of the most energetic locations in the study area is Gulf of Lion and the Aegean Sea. The temporal average wind power density (WPD) map showed that the spatial maximum of the WPD reaches over 1100 W/m2 in the Gulf of Lion where the spatial average of the temporal average is over 370 W/m2. Several well-known indicators of variability have been used, such as yearly variability index, intra-annual variability index, and coefficient of variation to quantify the fluctuations. It is shown that in general, higher temporal variability has been obtained in the Eastern Black Sea, Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Sea of Azov for yearly and monthly timescales. A trend analysis based on over six-decade time-series showed that statistically significant downward trends are found in the Levantine Basin, Tunisian Plateau, and the Ionian Basin. Another important feature of the study is that WPD in the study area is also classified according the two spatial properties: water depth and the distance to the shoreline. A general conclusion of this investigation is that WPD increases with the distance to the shoreline where the most promising sub-sections with the highest potential within the first 25 km distance and up to 60 m water depth are the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Azov.Acknowledgement: This research is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) under grant number 122M279, and Tahsin Görmüş is also supported by TÜBİTAK 2211 PhD scholarship programme.Keywords: wind power, temporal variability, Mediterranean, Black Sea
Projections and uncertainties of future winter windstorm damage in Europe
Authors: Severino Luca , Kropf Chahan M. , Afargan-Gerstman Hilla , Fairless Christopher , De Vries Andries Jan , Domeisen Daniela I.V. , Bresch David N.
Published: February 2023

Extratropical winter windstorms are among the most significant natural hazards in Europe in terms of fatalities and economic losses, and windstorm impacts projections under climate change in Europe are considerably uncertain. This study combines state-of-the-art climatic projections from 29 global climate models participating in CMIP6, with the open-source weather and climate impact-risk assessment model CLIMADA to obtain a set of relevant projections for future windstorm-induced damages over Europe. Spatial patterns of the future changes in windstorm damages projected by the multi-model ensemble show a median increase in the damages in northwestern and northern-central Europe, and a median decrease over the rest of Europe, in agreement with an eastward extension of the North Atlantic storm track into Europe. We combine all 29 available climate models in an ensemble of opportunity approach and find evidence for an overall increase in future windstorm loss events, with events with return periods of 100 years under current climate becoming events with return periods of less than 20 years under future SSP585 climate. Using an uncertainty-sensitivity quantification analysis, we find that the climate model uncertainty dominates the uncertainty in the projections of damages related to frequent events, but that stochastic uncertainty hinders the uncertainty quantification for more extreme events. Our findings demonstrate the importance of climate model uncertainty for the CMIP6 projections of extratropical winter windstorms in Europe, and emphasize the increasing need for risk mitigation and management due to extreme weather in the future.
The role of atmospheric humidity in controlling land-atmosphere feedbacks over forest: regional and global-scale analyses
Authors: Zhang Shulin , Wang Weiguang , Teuling Adriaan J.
Published: February 2023

Abstract:The interaction of land cover and atmosphere can affect the climate patterns via biogeochemical and biogeophysical process. The afforestation contributes to increase the biogeochemical cycles like carbon sequestration. Meanwhile, the landcover change modify the biogeophysical parameters perturbs the energy and water fluxes. The latter will be the most direct process to affect the atmosphere and its effects from landcover change outweigh radiative forcing triggered off by CO2 emissions.After the “Grain to Green Program”, the Loess Plateau (LP) has experienced a widespread forest expansion. Up to 2012, the extension of forest area in the central LP (Ningxia, Shanxi, and Shaanxi) accounted for 11.2 % of the area of the three provinces. The greening trend has changed the energy and water cycle, hence to a climate variability. The moist heat stress (a combined climate metric) has been recently investigated because it is directly related to human health. However, the affection of afforestation to moist heat stress is still unclear in LP.In a recent study, we used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the modulation of moist heat in LP caused by the afforestation. The result demonstrates that the intensive revegetation in LP shows a cooling effect on regional average near surface air temperature, especially in central LP. In addition, an increase of relative humidity caused by afforestation is detected. Driving by the near-surface temperature, sensible heat flux, and the subsidence of the planetary boundary layer the moist heat stress has obvious change after afforestation. The average moist heat stress decreases in central LP. While the decrease rate of moist heat stress is slower than near-surface temperature. It is worth noting that, an increased signal occurs in the maximum moist heat stress which might expose humans to the risk of moist heat stress. Our sensitivity results imply that the moist heat stress should be accounted for in climate change adaptation.In ongoing work, we study the role of atmospheric VPD on mitigating land-atmosphere feedbacks over forest and non-forest land cover based on a global analysis of FLUXNET data. Preliminary results show a strong climate control on the effect of VPD on land-atmosphere exchange, in particular during heatwaves.Reference: Zhang, S., Wang, W., Teuling, A. J., Liu, G., Ayantobo, O. O., Fu, J., & Dong, Q. (2022). The effect of afforestation on moist heat stress in Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 44, 101209
A Novel Method to Generate Global Multi-Hazard Event Sets
Authors: Claassen Judith , Ward Philip , Koks Elco , Daniell James , Tiggeloven Timothy , De Ruiter Marleen
Published: February 2023

While the last decade saw substantial scientific advances in studies aimed at improving our understanding of natural hazard risk, research and policy commonly address risk from a single-hazard, single-sector perspective. Thus, not considering the spatial and temporal interconnections of these events. Single-hazards risk analyses are often inaccurate and incomplete when multi-hazard disasters occur, as the interaction between them may lead to a different impact than summing the impacts of single events.A key first step to reduce this inaccuracy is to create greater understanding of realistic multi-hazard event sets that better examines statistical dependencies between hazard types. Therefore, it is important to understand the spatial and temporal aspects of each individual hazard in order to evaluate when multiple coinciding hazards are a multi-hazard event. To do so, single hazards datasets for meteorological, geological, hydrological and climatological events are explored with the use of a decision tree. The decision tree accounts for varying intensities and time-lags between hazards to better address the dynamics of vulnerability. This paper provides a decision tree that enables realistic multi-hazard event sets to be created based on varying assumptions (such as, the time-lag, the time between two individual hazards). By generating a, first of its kind, global multi-hazard event set database, spanning from 2004 to 2016, we achieve a greater knowledge of the different types of multi-hazards, such as triggering, amplifying, compound and consecutive events, as well as their interconnections. This global dataset provides practitioners and other stakeholders with insights on the frequency of different multi-hazard events and their hotspots. The methods provided in this paper is opensource and can be used by other researchers to conduct a more comprehensive multi-risk assessment.
Adaptation dampens the response of microbial community respiration to temperature
Authors: Millington Rebecca , García Francisca C. , Yvon-Durocher Gabriel
Published: February 2023

Microbial respiration in soils controls a key flux in the global carbon cycle, yet its sensitivity to warming remains uncertain. Respiration rates increase exponentially with rapid warming, but the response is dampened over time. Several possible mechanisms have been suggested to explain the response: taxon-level adaptation, changes to community composition and changes to community biomass. However, the role played by each mechanism has not been resolved. Here, we separate the relative importance of these mechanisms, finding that taxon-level adaptation has a larger role in controlling the dampening of the temperature sensitivity of community respiration rather than changes to community composition. We used a novel dataset of five taxa incubated simultaneously in monoculture and as a community across a range of temperatures in a controlled laboratory environment, which showed the expected dampening of community respiration. Taxon-level adaptation, changes to community composition and changes to community biomass were all observed, with a new mathematical model of taxon-level adaptation revealing that the dampening of taxon-level respiration was due to changes in maintenance respiration and cell mass. The importance of taxon-level adaptation in the dampening of community respiration response to temperature reconciles disagreement from previous studies and provides evidence for a robust representation of microbial processes in carbon cycle models.