bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Step 3 and Step 4: From Refining Program Components to Testing Effectiveness
Authors: Fraser Mark W , Richman Jack M , Galinsky Maeda J , Day Steven H
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes Steps 3 and 4 of the five-step intervention research process. Step 3 involves refining and confirming program components through efficacy testing. Step 4 focuses on effectiveness testing in which the effects of interventions are assessed in a variety of settings and circumstances. More broadly, this chapter tells the story of why we evaluate social interventions using the logic of experimentation; how to begin with small, inexpensive pilot tests to help refine program components; and how to expand the effort to conduct an efficacy test with high-quality implementation. We conclude by discussing the challenges of relaxing control over programs and testing effectiveness under routine practice conditions.

One of the basic maxims of practice is the need to allocate scarce resources to their best use. That is the rationale for trying to understand the value of social and health interventions before committing resources to one program over another. In a curious way, we found this competition for resources in our work as we developed the Making Choices program for elementary schools. School principals and teachers whom we approached were interested in new methods to prevent aggressive behavior, especially teasing and bullying. In most cases, the classroom management techniques they used were not working well and some children repeatedly disrupted class despite behavior contracts, consistent consequences, and trips to the assistant principal’s office. At the same time, principals and teachers (and our research team) also viewed class time as a scarce resource with many competing uses. As stakeholders in the education of the students, teachers wanted to know what types of outcomes they could expect from the Making Choices program—Were they likely to see reductions in social aggression and classroom disruptions? Should they expect to see improved class communication and dynamics? Moreover, the teachers also had questions about how much effort they would have to invest in the program: how much time out of the thirty-hour school week “budget” would a teacher spend on in-service training, how much time lecturing on new concepts, how much time for in-class activities and homework, how much out-of-class preparation time would Making Choices require each week? To address these concerns, the intervention team undertook a series of studies intended to refine program components and improve fit with the practice setting (in this case, the classroom).
Developing Worker Competence
Authors: Brittain Charmaine R , Potter Cathryn C
Published: November 2023

A primary role for the supervisor is to teach workers so that they develop competence in their jobs to better serve children and families. Educational supervision focuses on helping workers acquire the knowledge and skills that are essential to the job, and assisting them to integrate their thinking and actions into a coherent approach to case practice (Kadushin & Harkness, 2002). Supervisors are on the frontline, and through their teaching, mentoring, and coaching they ensure that workers have sufficient competence to perform their jobs and achieve the agency’s mission and goals. Workers themselves often cite the role of teacher as the most important component of supervision (Tsui, 2005). While much child welfare training takes place in formal training sessions delivered by others, supervisors can “make or break” that training by the ways they handle transfer of learning, on-the-job learning, and coaching. In addition, there is a strong teaching element inherent in the supervisory relationship itself. Thus, supervisors have important direct and indirect roles in developing and sustaining worker competence.

Teaching and learning take place in the larger organizational environment as well. Some have suggested that child welfare agencies should pay greater attention to the learning organization literature (Austin & Hopkins, 2004).
A Concise History of Somatoform Symptoms and Disorders
Authors: Lamberty Greg J
Published: November 2023

Somatization and somatoform symptoms have been observed throughout the course of recorded history (Trimble, 2004). Four thousand years ago, the Egyptians proffered theories about somatization that included the well-known description of the ‘‘wandering uterus’’ and its effects on a woman as it moved about her body. So powerful and evocative was that description that it maintained currency well into the early part of the twentieth century. The Greek physician Hippocrates, upon whose musings and thoughts modern medicine was built, did little to alter the concept of the wandering uterus except to provide a name that survives to the present: hysteria. In the second century, Galen updated the concept by explaining that hysteria was common in sexually deprived women and recommended intercourse for those females who were married, marriage for the single woman, and ‘‘massage’’ by a midwife or physician as a last resort (Maines, 1999). Galen noted that although these measures would prevent the uterus from wandering, the cause of the problem—the uterus—would continue to reside in women, and hysteria would remain an affliction of women only.
Epidemiology of Somatoform Disorders
Authors: Lamberty Greg J
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 reviews issues of concern regarding definitions of somatization and somatoform disorders. The epidemiology of somatization is obviously tied to the definitions used in clinical and research contexts. Accordingly, there is substantial variability in terms of prevalence estimates of somatization and specific somatoform disorders. Among the lowest prevalence ratings are those found in the actual DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). As noted in chapter 2, this likely has to do with the fact that DSM-IV somatoform disorders have much more restrictive criteria than those employed by many researchers and clinicians.

As a quick reminder, two basic concepts cited in epidemiological studies are incidence and prevalence. Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disorder or disease within a population during a specified period of time, or the risk of acquiring a particular disorder or disease. Incidence figures are cited frequently in broad epidemiological studies of common health problems such as influenza or chickenpox. The time frame and population under study are important in considering incidence because these allow a more precise characterization of risk. In neuropsychiatric diagnoses, incidence rates are typically low and not really of great interest for our purposes. Prevalence refers to the proportion or percentage of individuals within a population affected by particular disorder or disease, within a specific time frame. Thus, we commonly see references to six-month, one-year, or lifetime prevalence (LTP) of a disorder. Prevalence refers to a proportion or percentage of individuals in a particular sample. In this very basic discussion of epidemiology, I refer mainly to prevalence statistics.
Somatoform Disorders and Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Lamberty Greg J
Published: November 2023

The nature of somatoform disorders is such that studies of specific neurocognitive deficits within these disorders are rare. Indeed, studying memory or executive dysfunction in a disorder with equivocal or no specific neuropathology would be an unusual tack to take. Rather, more general examination of neuropsychological abilities has typically been the preferred approach when describing the cognitive concomitants of somatoform disorders. Binder (2005) notes the nonspecific nature of general symptoms in somatoform disorders and emphasizes the fact that cognitive complaints are typically not specific to a diagnosis. Such symptom reports also tend to be more strongly associated with neuropsychiatric distress than they are with actual pathology or identified cognitive deficits(Binder, Kindermann, Heaton,& Salinskyetal., 1998; Landre, Poppe, Davis, Schmaus, & Hobbs, 2006; Larrabee & Levin, 1986; Wilson, Arnold, Schneider, Li, & Bennett, 2007).

The relationship between reported cognitive difficulties and somatoform symptoms, particularly those involving emotional distress, is not specific to somatoform disorders and is reported in a wide range of neurological and medical conditions. Many studies flesh out this relationship and are helpful for providing a broader conceptual framework for how we look at somatizing patients (Brands et al., 2006, 2007; Castellon et al., 2004; Wilson et al., 2007).
What Death Means to Children
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R , Kelly Madelyn
Published: November 2023

Telling your children that someone they love has died may be the hardest thing you’ll ever do. You are already shattered by the news yourself, and now you have to be the one to blow apart your children’s known universe. You want to cushion the blow, make it more bearable, but there are no magic words; there’s no way to make it easy on them or you. And no matter what you say or how you say it, your children might not even fully comprehend the meaning. Very young children don’t even know that people can die; older children don’t know what to do when someone does die. This girl was eight when her father died after an illness:
Continuing Bonds
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R , Kelly Madelyn
Published: November 2023

In life, we carry our relationships both within ourselves and without. We talk on the phone, e-mail, and spend time with loved ones near and far, but our connections live inside us at the same time whenever we think of the other person, take pleasure (or sometimes pain) in the knowledge that they’re in our lives, or ruminate about a conversation or a disagreement or a shared experience. When someone you love dies, you have to find a way to hold on to that internal relationship, to keep that person in your life, even in their physical absence. In death, as in life, relationships change shape and form as time passes, but they do not end.
Deities, Themes, and Concepts
Authors: Ashkenazi Michael
Published: November 2023

A “teacher” kamui and culture hero who taught humans the domestic arts. Armed with a magical and irresistible spear of mugwort [Artemisia vulgaris, a bitter aromatic herb], Ae-oina Kamui fought many battles on behalf of humankind. Instructed by Kamui Fuchi, the kamui of the hearth, he taught weaving and other domestic tasks to Ainu women. He is depicted as wreathed in mist or smoke. When this parts briefly, he is seen to be skirted by flames from his feet to his belt, wearing a coat of elm-bark fiber, its hem aflame, and a girt with a flame-tipped sword-sheath. The flames indicate his strongly virtuous character and his association with Kamui Fuchi.

There are a number of myths of his origin, due most probably to regional differences among Ainu tribes: Some say he was born of the elm tree, or fathered by the sun or by thunder, or even by Pakoro Kamui, the deity of pestilence and smallpox.
Population-Level Modeling of Mercury Stress in the Florida Panther (Puma concolor coryi) Metapopulation
Authors: Raimondo Sandy , Barron Mace G
Published: November 2023

The Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) is an endangered species that has been the focus of a national conservation effort since 1967, when it was listed as a federally endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999). The Florida panther’s geographic distribution, which once extended throughout the southeastern United States, is now limited to a small area in southern Florida. A census taken in 2003 indicated that the entire Florida panther population may consist of fewer than 90 individuals (McBride 2003), indicating increased need for effective conservation and restoration efforts. The primary concerns of panther conservation have been decreasing habitat and genetic depression associated with low population abundance. Conservation efforts have focused on preserving and expanding suitable habitat and increasing genetic diversity within the population (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999; Beier et al. 2003). Florida panthers have been radio tracked since 1981, and several metapopulation models have been developed for conservation and land management plans (Root 2004; Maehr et al. 2002a; Kautz et al. 2006). However, an additional threat to the vitality of panther populations is the increased risk of anthropogenic stressors, such as contaminant exposure, which may be exacerbated by the geographic isolation of the populations in southern Florida.
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Harvesting on and near the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site: Utility of Metapopulation Modeling for Prediction and Management of Hunter Risk
Authors: Gaines Karen F , Novak James M
Published: November 2023

Understanding the toxicodynamics of wildlife populations in contaminated ecosystems is one of the greatest challenges in ecotoxicology today. The goal is to manage these populations to minimize risk to ecosystem integrity as well as human health. Ecological risk assessments (ERAs) in the United States are designed to meet the regulatory mandates of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, an ERA evaluates the potential adverse effects that human activities have on the Rora and fauna that defene an ecosystem (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1997). When conducted for a particular geographic location, the ERA process can be used to identify vulnerable and valued resources, prioritize data collection, and link human activities with their potential effects. Risk assessment results provide a common framework for comparing different management options, thus enabling decision makers and the public to make better informed decisions about the management of ecological resources. The ERA uses available toxicological and ecological information to estimate the occurrence of a specified undesired ecological event or endpoint. The types of endpoints targeted for investigation depend on the objectives and the constraints imposed upon the risk assessment process (Newman and Strojan 1998) based on all of the relevant stakeholders; therefore, multiple endpoints at different scales may be necessary but are not commonly used (Gaines et al. 2004).
Population-Level Effects of PCBs on Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica) Breeding in Vernal Pools Associated with the Housatonic River, Pittsfi eld to Lenoxdale, Massachusetts,
Authors: Tucker W Troy , Litzgus J D , Ferson Scott , AkçAkaya H Resşit , Thompson Michael E , Fortm Douglas J , Lortie John P
Published: November 2023

It is a well-established fact that amphibian populations are declining worldwide (Blaustein and Wake, 1990; Houlahan et al., 2000; Stuart et al., 2004). Several factors have been implicated in global amphibian losses, including habitat degradation, pollution, overexploitation, introduced species, emerging infectious diseases, and climate change (Kiesecker et al., 2001; Collins and Storfer, 2003). Chemical stressors, such as pesticides, heavy metals, and nitrogen-based fertilizers, can have lethal, sublethal, direct, and indirect effects on amphibians (e.g., Blaustein et al., 2003; Hayes et al. 2002). Some of these effects include death, decreased growth rates, developmental and behavioral abnormalities, decreased reproductive success, and weakened immune systems. There has been a recent increase and widespread occurrence of malformations in natural populations of amphibians (e.g., Sessions 2003), and this is perceived as a major environmental problem.
Leptocheirus plumulosus in the Upper Chesapeake Bay Sediment Toxicity Effects at the Metapopulation Level
Authors: Bridges Todd S , Akçakaya H Res¸it , Bunch Barry
Published: November 2023

Although it has been known for some time that spatial heterogeneity of the environment (including the spatial distribution of toxicity) may have important effects on the quantification of ecotoxicological impacts, practical methods for incorporating spatial structure into ecotoxicological assessment has only recently been developed (Hallam and Lika 1997; Ares 2003). Among the spatially explicit methods of population-level ecotoxicological assessment are metapopulation models of target or sensitive species (Spromberg et al. 1998; Johnson 2002; Landis 2002; Chaumot et al. 2003). The metapopulation concept (and spatial structure in general) is important because species that exist in a metapopulation face particular issues related to environmental impacts and have management and mitigation options that can be evaluated more completely, or only, in a metapopulation context (Akçakaya et al. 2007).
Applications of Life Table Response Experiments to the Evaluation of Toxicant Effects at the Population Level with the Polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus
Authors: Simonini Roberto , Prevedelli Daniela , Mauri Marina
Published: November 2023

Heavy metals are among the most widespread pollutants in harbor environments and coastal habitats subject to anthropogenic impact, and their harmful effects have been demonstrated on various species of polychaetes, depending on the metal and its role in physiological processes (Reish and Gerlinger, 1997; Reish, 1998). An evaluation of the impact of contaminants at both individual and population levels can be obtained through life table response experiments, a method for estimating the effect of pollutants on biological fitness (Caswell, 2000). This approach has been recently adopted to study the biological effects of pollutants on marine environments utilizing the polychaetes Capitella capitata, Streblospio benedicti, and Dinophilus gyrociliatus as bio-indicator species (Levin et al., 1996; Hansen et al., 1999; Mauri et al., 2002, 2003). In this chapter, we compare the sensitivity of some population parameters such as the population growth rate, λ, the life expectancy, e0, and the net growth rate, R , estimated for cohorts of D. gyrociliatus exposed to zinc and chromium.
Introduction: Islam in Asia in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Islam is the second largest of the world’s religions. The 1.3 billion Muslims of the world are spread across more than fifty-six Muslim majority countries and in a matter of decades have become a significant presence in Europe and America, where Islam is the second and third largest religion, respectively. Despite its global profile, Islam in the popular imagination— and often in the media—still tends to be disproportionately identified with the Arab world or the Middle East. Yet, in fact, the vast majority of Muslims are in Asia and Africa.
Thai and Cambodian Muslims and the War on Terrorism
Authors: Yusuf Imtiyaz
Published: November 2023

The state of relationship between the world of Islam and the West since the event of 9/11 and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has been topic of many discussions with which we are familiar— for example, ‘‘Unholy Terror,’’ ‘‘A Fury for God,’’ ‘‘The Crisis of Islam,’’ and ‘‘Clash of Ignorance.’’ All these discussions have focused on the Middle Eastern political scenario. But in view of the worldwide presence of Islam, it is necessary that we also look at and understand the Asian Muslim interpretations and responses to the same events, including those of Muslim minorities in Thailand and Cambodia.
Conclusion: Asian Islam at a Crossroads
Authors: Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Every society and human tradition is experiencing major transformations at the beginning of the twenty-first century. An examination of Islam in Asia must place itself firmly in this context of global transformations. Asian Islam is at a major and significant crossroads, and this is an experience shared by virtually every other society around the world. Old and long-established patterns of politics and society are rapidly disappearing and being replaced by new ways of thinking and doing things. Yet, the underlying historical and cultural foundations continue to shape events in significant ways. In this present time of turmoil and rapid change, it is clear that conscious and unconscious decisions of leaders and the general public are determining which paths are being taken in this crossroads era of history.
Parade of Faiths
Authors: Joselit Jenna Weissman
Published: November 2023

Since the seventeenth century, millions of people from every continent have settled in America. Seeking a better life for themselves and their children, they braved deprivations, studied an unfamiliar language, adapted to a different way of life, and battled prejudices and hostility. Most of them held on to their faith as well, re-establishing churches and meeting-houses, synagogues and mosques, temples and cathedrals, and electing priests, rabbis, imams, and other spiritual leaders from among their number. Immigration irreversibly altered the face of the new republic, and it still moulds the political and spiritual fabric of the nation even to this day. Joselit surveys the history of immigration--which is actually the history of this country--and its effect on both political and religious issues through the centuries. The book explores the immigrant experience through case studies representative of all major newcomers' groups. The vividly rendered stories of courage and perseverance will alternately inspire and horrify.
The Ethnic Churches
Authors: Erickson John H
Published: November 2023

In a 1916 report to the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox church, Archbishop Evdokim Meshchersky was enthusiastic about the current state and future prospects of his North American archdiocese: “Have you encountered the same labor in your country? Have you seen the same rivers of gold which are poured out here by the private people and not by the government or state institutions? Have you seen such intense service rendered to those who suffer? Have you seen such multitudes of self-denying workers who voluntarily, without any pay, toil in Christ’s vineyard?” After pointing out the growing strength of the archdiocese-and also the difficulties it encountered because it remained dependent on distant Russia-he concluded: “It is necessary to grant some kind of autocephaly to the mission”-in other words, to make the American branch of Orthodoxy an independent, or self headed, body.
Buddhists Adapt and Explore
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B
Published: November 2023

The laws excluding immigrants of various countries that were passed in the early part of the twentieth century brought Asian emigration to the United States to a near stand still from the late 1920s to the mid-1940s. During these years the immigrant Buddhist communities already in the United States-mostly Chinese and Japanese-settled into the task of adapting to their new home. “For some time,” explained Reverend Koyu Uchida, director of the Buddhist Mission of North America in the early 1900s, “special emphasis has been laid on the necessity of the Americanization of our people, and all the clergy located at different churches [temples] strive to educate the members in the American way of life.” But the Americanization of the Japanese in these years took on a unique poignancy. Despite their efforts to blend into American society, Japanese living in the United States would face the harsh reality of their “differentness” when the United States entered into a war with Japan in 1941.
Hindus at Home
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B
Published: November 2023

As Dr. Ravindra Marri left his home in Bangalore, India, to enter a medical residency program at a hospital in New York City, his mother carefully handed him doth-wrapped religious objects from their home shrine. They included a small image of Ganesh, a copy of the Bhagavad Gita, images of Krishna and Radha, a picture of the family’s guru in a silver frame, a small oil lamp, and an incense holder. In his New York apartment, Marri placed these objects on a shelf beside the bed. Later he went back to India to get married and returned to New York with his wife. She brought sacred objects from her home and set up a small shrine in the kitchen. They consolidated the sacred objects in a home shrine in the family room of their first house.
Building an American Catholic Community
Authors: Fisher James T
Published: November 2023

0n April 30, 1789, on the balcony of New York City’s Federal Hall, General George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States. Several weeks later, at Whitemarsh Plantation in Maryland, John Carroll was elected the first American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Carroll was elected by his peers in the American priest hood, who numbered fewer than 30 in active service at the time. Many, like Carroll himself, were Jesuits who had been serving in a freelance capacity since the suppression of their order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV; who had feared the Jesuits’ growing international influence. In 1784 Pope Pius VI, with the urging of U.S. Minister to France Benjamin Franklin, named Carroll the Prefect Apostolic, or chief administrator of the church in the United States. In 1788 the pope granted a request of the U.S. clergy that they be empowered to choose their first bishop. John Carroll’s election as bishop in 1789 confirmed his stature as the most revered and influential leader of Catholics living in the new American nation.
The People of God Divided?
Authors: Fisher James T
Published: November 2023

In October 1958 Pope Pius XII died after leading the Roman Catholic Church for two eventful decades. The College of Cardinals, the body responsible for electing a new pope, chose as his successor Angelo Roncalli, the popular bishop of Venice, Italy. The cardinals could hardly have selected a man more different from the aloof, aristocratic Pius XII. Roncalli, who reigned as John XXIII, came from a peasant family with 13 children. Despite his background as a papal diplomat in several countries, he was known more for his personal warmth than for political or theological talents. Because he was 76 it was widely assumed that his would merely be a caretaker papacy, filling time until a more viable candidate for a lengthier reign emerged. But just three months after his election, John XXIII shocked the Vatican elite by declaring his intention to convene a general council of the church, the first in nearly a century.
Prophecy as Ethical Instruction
Authors: Barton John
Published: November 2023

The ‘prophetic’ books of the Old Testament contain, in various blends, narrative, prediction, and ethical pronouncements. The critical reader will often want to ask which was uppermost in the mind of a particular author. Thus we perceive Ecclesiastes primarily as a wisdom book, that is, a book of ethical instruction and reflection on the meaning of life and its moral coherence; the ‘autobio¬ graphical’ material about the author (1:1; 2:1-11) we sec as merely a fictitious frame.
War, State Formation, and the Evolution of Military Institutions in Ancient China and Rome
Authors: Rosenstein Nathan
Published: November 2023

Warfare in Bronze Age China during the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou periods (c.2000–770 B.C.E.) constituted one of the two great affairs of the state—the other being the sacrifice of animals and humans. These “affairs” were the exclusive prerogative of the aristocracy and formed the basis for legitimating its rule as well as its self-definition. Consequently, war was central to state formation in this era. The aristocracy at this date formed a seminary lineage system, that is, a group of clans and households that organized and ranked itself according to their genealogical proximity to the ruling lineage. Monarchs enjoyed primacy in honor but a rough degree of social parity with their aristocratic peers. The members of this class thought of themselves as sharing a common nobility but jealously guarded the honor to which each believed his rank entitled him. It is not surprising, therefore, that the personal slights, real or imagined, formed an endless source of feuding or that such feuds regularly issued in violence among members of a class that defined itself in large part through war. Monarchs became progressively less able to control these conflicts owing to the inherent weakness of the governments they headed. The seminary lineage system not only shaped the social hierarchy of the aristocracy but the political landscape of Bronze Age kingdoms. Lineages’ rankings within the system determined which of the various ministries at court and territories of the realm a clan controlled.
Male Lament in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Suter Ann
Published: November 2023

Much work has been done recently on the dramatic use of ritual lament in tragedy. A pervasive assumption of this work is that, because ritual lament was a female responsibility in real life, it was a female activity in tragedy. McClure even calls it the ‘‘normative’’ speech genre for women in tragedy; it has come to be seen as the female genre par excellence both in real life and onstage. In this essay I question that assumption and attempt to redress the imbalance in the focus of current scholarship by marshaling new material from tragedy. It will be seen that, if we had only the evidence of tragedy to inform us, we might not see lament as a particularly gendered genre. At the same time, it seems clear that ritual lament was a female activity in real life in fifth-century b.c.e. Athens, and it is argued that lamentation was perhaps discouraged, even scorned, in men in real life.
Greek Comedy’S Parody of Lament
Authors: Karanika Andromache
Published: November 2023

This essay analyzes the parody of lament in Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae, and discusses how lament is represented in a comic context and what this tells us about the lament genre. Much of current scholarship on lament focuses on reconstructing ritual lamentation based on evidence from early Greek epic poetry and Classical tragedy. As it has been argued, lament in epic poetry fulfils an important position of complement to heroic activity and “becomes the linguistic and generic inverse of heroic kleos.”1 Likewise, in elegy and tragedy it forms an integral part of the protagonists’ situation.
Lament in Lucan’s Bellvm civile
Authors: Keith Alison
Published: November 2023

Lament in Classical antiquity has been studied extensively in Greek ritual and literature, primarily from the perspectives of anthropology, feminism, and literary criticism. Roman codes and conventions of funerary lamentation, however, have received far less attention, although Vergil’s Aeneid has been the focus of some discussion. In this study I explore the literary representation of lament in Classical Rome but press the investigation beyond Vergil to Lucan, beyond female lamentation to male, and beyond public lament to private lament. In a stimulating article surveying lament in the growth and eclipse of Roman epic, Elaine Fantham has suggested that “[c]ommunal public lament is . . . used by Lucan . . . to anticipate the catastrophe of Pompey’s death” throughout his epic. My study complements her discussion of public lament by focusing on the private personal laments for Pompey of his wife Cornelia and of his quaestor Cordus in conjunction with Cato’s public eulogy of Pompey.
The Father As An Idea
Authors: Hertz Rosanna
Published: November 2023

I sat on my living room floor with all these anonymous donor profiles around me. I had spent hours earlier that day downloading them from the Cryobank Web site. I was trying to look them over before my best friend from college came over to help me. Well, not really help me-she was more there for moral support. I was both excited and nervous, having prepared for this evening for a long time.
Adoption And Fitting In
Authors: Hertz Rosanna
Published: November 2023

I had tried to get pregnant with the help of the fertility clinic for four years, on and off, starting when I was thirty-six years old. A couple years into it, I started moving through the adoption steps, like attending workshops for prospective adoptive parents. By the time I’d run out of sperm, I had started my home study. As hard as that was to finally give up becoming pregnant, I decided to stop trying. At least in terms of turning my energy to a new set of activities. At that time, the adopting part just came out of wanting to have a baby and then continuing on that path.
Beyond the Borders (1959-1963)
Authors: D'Elia John A
Published: November 2023

As the 1950s came to a close, Ladd crystallized his assessment of evangelical thought-and his vision for improving its content and image-in an address celebrating the opening of a library at the North American Baptist Theological Seminary in South Dakota. His presentation, titled “Renaissance in Evangelicalism,” was an in dictment of the pervasive and contentious anti-intellectualism of the conservative evangelical movement, as well as a call to participation in the life of the mind of the broader culture.1 He argued that evangelicals had surrendered their intellectual and spiritual leadership in American life.
Twentieth-Century Muslim Immigrants: From the Melting Pot to the Cold War
Authors: Curtis Edward E
Published: November 2023

Mary Juma arrived in Ross, North Dakota, in 1902. Like most immigrants who traveled to the United States during the first decade of the twentieth century, she did not come from a country in northern or western Europe. In this period, the majority of immigrants hailed from eastern and southern Europe. But Mary Juma and her husband, Hassin, were not from Italy or Russia. They were from Syria, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. Following the lead of other immigrants who sought riches in America, they sold all of their possessions, asked relatives to take care of their two daughters, and pledged their small farm as collateral for the loan they needed to pay for their travel from Lebanon to France and then to Montreal, Canada. Though many European and Middle Eastern immigrants in this era entered the United States through Ellis Island in New York, others came via Canada. After arriving in Montreal, the Jumas went first to Nebraska and then settled in North Dakota.
Stochastic Models of Propagule Pressure and Establishment
Authors: Drake John M , Jerde Christopher L
Published: November 2023

Most research on risk analysis for species invasions has focused on predicting species that are capable of invading on the basis of biological characteristics (Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1998; Kolar and Lodge 2001; Keller et al. 2007; see also chapter 3) and/or a match between species biology and environments (Herborg et al. 2007). In what follows, we presuppose that a focal species or set of species has already been identified. We focus on the next step in the risk analysis and management process—identifying conditions under which establishment is likely to occur and when (Carlton 1996; Sakai et al. 2001). In particular, we focus on theories that assign probabilities to establishment events. Such estimated probabilities could be useful for evaluating the economic costs and benefits of preventing invasions (Leung et al. 2002) and optimizing management plans (see chapter 7).
Uncertain Invasions: A Biological Perspective
Authors: Jerde Christopher L , Bossenbroek Jonathan M
Published: November 2023

In the absence of perfect knowledge about how a system or process works, there is unexplained variability in observations and predictions, or uncertainty. Uncertainty is the reason biologists experience difficulty identifying the properties of successful invaders and predicting invasions (Kolar and Lodge 2001). Prior to and following Elton’s (1958) treatise, invasion biology received mainly disparate scientific interest, and it has only recently gained general ecological popularity (Davis et al. 2001; Puth and Post 2005) because of threats to biodiversity and Financial losses (Pimentel et al. 2000, 2005). Now scientists are faced with the challenge of predicting and ideally preventing invasions without fully understanding the mechanisms that lead to successful invasion. Some have argued that predicting invasions in light of such uncertainty is futile (Gilpin 1990).
Supralapsarian Christology: Conceptual Structures
Authors: Van Driel Edwin Chr.
Published: November 2023

Infralapsarianism and supralapsarianism are both family names. Neither of these names stands for a particular theory; they stand for two families of ideas. Infralapsarians agree that God became human in order to take care of the sin problem, but they disagree widely on the reason why. The result of this disagreement is a variety of atonement and reconciliation models. Likewise, supralapsarians agree that the incarnation is not contingent upon human sin; but they differ widely on the reason why. The result of this disagreement is a variety of supralapsarian approaches concerning the meaning of the incarnation.
Supralapsarian Christology: A Proposal
Authors: Van Driel Edwin Chr.
Published: November 2023

On a small table in our living room stands a statue of two persons: a standing man and a kneeling person in front of him. Whether the kneeling person is a man or woman, one cannot tell. The man holds the other in an embrace. His hands rest tenderly and protectively on the shoulder and head of the other. The kneeling person, overwhelmed with emotion, kneels with the head against the man’s chest, hands holding him tight. The man’s face rests on the other one’s head. The kneeling person’s body speaks of joy, relief. The man’s face is filled with love. The whole scene suggests peace, completion, a wait that is finally over.
The Rising Fortunes of Flexible Families
Authors: Gerson Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Even when family life gets off to a bumpy start, as it did for many of my interviewees, it can take a turn for the better. For about two-fifths, family life began with serious difficulties, ranging from economic distress to severe parental depression and conflict. But among this group, two-thirds (or a quarter of all those interviewed) believe their homes ultimately became supportive and secure. Dwayne’s family hit “rock bottom” when his father left and the household descended into poverty:

Whether it was two parents or one, I just thought life was a struggle. We were at rock bottom, so it could only get better.

Early domestic difficulties can take many forms, from a clearly unhappy parent to pervasive marital discord to severe economic uncertainty to neglect, abandonment, and mistreatment. Among those with improving family fortunes, most experienced some combination of these domestic woes early on. By the time they reached adulthood, however, all of these young people had a far more optimistic outlook. When Dwayne was twenty-four, his family seemed “on top of the world, maybe with little minor setbacks, but still on top of the world,” and Josh (whose experiences were introduced earlier) saw his household shift from one saturated with parental hostility and estrangement to a close-knit, supportive home:
Women’s Search for Self-Reliance
Authors: Gerson Kathleen
Published: November 2023

The fragility of modern relationships and the conflicting pressures of parenting and work leave young women with deep concerns. They know a marriage license does not come with a lifetime guarantee, and they might not be happy even if it did. Most want to be an attentive parent and a successful worker, but fear it might be easier to win the lottery than to find both good child care and a flexible job. Most want an egalitarian partnership, but finding a suitable, supportive companion hardly seems a foregone conclusion.

As they negotiate these uncertain waters, young women hope for the best, but are determined to avoid the worst. In the face of persistent obstacles to gender equality, about a quarter of the women I interviewed are prepared to stress the primacy of marriage and motherhood, even if this means forgoing a career. But three out of four seek a level of independence they cannot find in domesticity. Like a life-boat in rough seas, strong workplace ties and a sphere of autonomy within their intimate relationships offer the separate base they want and are convinced they need. Even the minority inclined toward more traditional marital arrangements hope to fashion a modified form of traditionalism with some tie to paid work. Whether the fallback strategy focuses on self-reliance or domesticity, it represents young women’s best efforts to cope with the obstacles to achieving their ideals.
Finishing the Gender Revolution
Authors: Gerson Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Born into an era of tumultuous shifts in the way their parents organized and balanced their work and family lives, the children of the gender revolution inherited a complicated mix of new options, challenges, and uncertainties. As they move into and through adulthood, they have an unprecedented opportunity to create new ways of living, working, and building families, but they also face entrenched patterns of working and caretaking that pose unavoidable dilemmas. This unique position gives their lives special significance. As a window onto the causes, processes, and limits of social change, their experiences call on us to reframe the broader debate about gender, work, and family. How they negotiate life paths amid the persistent obstacles also provides telling lessons about what social policies will allow new generations to achieve the lives they seek.
Pretending
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

My earliest memory—was I two? three?—is of a nurse or babysitter who was dressed in white and had a bad smell. When she came into my room, I would pretend to be asleep. She looked down at me (I could sense her presence), then, satisfied by my closed eyes and quiet, if shallow, breathing, would turn and leave the room. Soon her odor would go away, too, and I could breathe deeply again. This taught me a lesson of dubious value: when helpless in a situation, pretending can give you power. A small, weak child, I had controlled the movements of an enormous, smelly adult. It was some time later, I suppose, when I learnedthat pretending usually doesn’t work.
Brainstorming Has Its Limits
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

A number of years ago, I participated in a brainstorming session in Washington, D.C. Although not my first panel meeting, it was, nevertheless, the first that I served on that was officially called a brainstorming session. I was filled with nervous anticipation as my train pulled into by a change of heart.” For a moment I felt discouraged—had I been wasting my time in a fruitless activity? Then I stretched, took some deep, aerobic breaths, and was myself again. Midgley must have been referring to other people, not to brainstorming environmentalists. Time for one more spontaneous idea.
Nothing Simple
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

A saying attributed to the eighteenth-century Ukrainian philosopher Gregory Skovoroda has long stayed in my mind. Skovoroda wrote that “we must be grateful to God that He created the world in such a way that everything simple is true and everything complicated is untrue.” I have always suspected this statement to be profound, and I would like to believe it. I often do believe it. As I write these words, I am pretty sure that I believe it. But I can’t say that I am 100 percent free of doubt. Gregory Skovoroda came of simple peasant stock and lived in the days before multinational corporations, environmental management, lengthy tax returns, and global free trade. I know that great wisdom is supposed to be timeless, unaffected by changing circumstances, yet I wonder if exceptions can be made for times like ours.
Hot Spots and the Globalization of Conservation
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

Eight friends were seated around the dining room table, two bulging photo albums at the ready, about to start a round of that curious adult version of Show and Tell known as Our Summer Vacation. Donna and Stanley had begun their album with pictures of Stanley delivering a lecture to clinical psychologists at the Catholic University of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Putting a Value on Nature
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

I started out to read the article thoroughly, word by word, examining the methods, the assumptions, and the numbers in the tables with care. But it was hard to do; I kept wanting to skim. Not that it was badly written; it was clear and lucid. Not that it was aggressive or arrogant in tone; indeed, it was mildly apologetic. Not that it was illintentioned; its goal was to demonstrate that nature in the form of intact ecosystems is worth far more to us than we currently imagine.
The Downside of Corporate Immortality
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

On May 22, 2000, Randolph Walker, a seventy-one-year-old career actor, was struck and killed by a double-decker tour bus while crossing a street in midtown Manhattan near the low-rent apartment complex where he lived. This sad accident—an all-too-common occurrence in crowded cities—nevertheless galvanized the New York community, for reasons that should concern us all.
An Opposing View of Nature
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

My old college housemate Claude had dropped by for one of his stimulating visits, an infrequent happening even though his apartment on Manhattan’s Upper West Side was only an hour away by car. In college, we had been utter opposites in interests and temperaments—Claude’s direction was art criticism, which he celebrated with an élan that gained him a wide circle of friends. Mine was biology, and shyness was my distinguishing social feature. A shared liking for history and the attraction of very different personalities formed a narrow bridge between us, enough to have kept us in occasional contact over the years.
Thinking about Breeds and Species
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

Our family dog is an Andalusian bog hound, a perfect specimen of his breed. His appearance and behavior are typical of bog hounds, but for those readers not familiar with them, a description is in order. An unusually handsome animal, he stands twenty-two inches high at the shoulder, maintains a trim weight of fifty-seven pounds, and has a short, smooth coat of a rich, red-brown color and a well-proportioned head with strong jaw musculature and brown eyes. He is extremely fast, and while running in open areas makes frequent, stiff-legged bounds straight up in the air.
Teaching Field Ecology
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The first thing I did when I arrived at Rutgers in the late summer of 1974 was to plan the courses I would teach. My principal fall course was to be based on one that I had helped teach for a few years at Barnard College: The Natural History of the New York Area. At Barnard, I had learned the subject by accompanying far more experienced colleagues— Tony Warburton, an evolutionary biologist, and Patricia Dudley, an ecologist—on their field trips.
The Ubiquitous Right-of-Way
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

On all but one of the field trips in my Field Ecology course, I take my students to the sorts of places that most of them have been to before: the beach, the pinelands, the Highlands forest, farms, old fields, streams, salt marshes, suburbs. But on the third trip, after the ones to the campus and to the experimental plots at Hutcheson Forest, we go to a place that is, for all its superficial familiarity, altogether different and exotic.
Computers and Computing
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

Before we can use a computer as a tool for scientific computing, we must gain a basic understanding of key concepts concerning physical components, communication protocols and procedures, programming, and the design of computational strategies implemented in algorithms. The term “computation” usually brings to mind the image of a computing machine that generates strings or tables of numbers, or the image of a roomful of engineers, scientists, or accountants, patiently sitting in their desks and carrying out thousands of additions and multiplications.