bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Objective-Based Framework for Motion Planning under Sensing and Control Uncertainties
Authors: LaValle Steven M. , Hutchinson Seth A.
Published: March 2007

The authors consider the problem of determining robot motion plans under sensing and control uncertainties. Traditional approaches are often based on methodology known as preimage planning, which involves worst-case analysis. The authors have developed a gen eral framework for determining feedback strategies by blending ideas from stochastic optimal control and dynamic game theory with traditional preimage planning concepts. This generalizes classical preimages to performance preimages and preimage planning for de signing motion strategies with information feedback. For a given problem, one can define a performance criterion that evaluates any executed trajectory of the robot. The authors present methods for selecting a motion strategy that optimizes this criterion under either nondeterministic uncertainty (resulting in worst-case analysis) or probabilistic uncertainty (resulting in expected-case analysis). The authors present dynamic programming-based algorithms that nu merically compute performance preimages and optimal strategies; several computed examples of forward projections, performance preimages, and optimal strategies are presented.
A Unified Approach to Motion Control of Mobile Manipulators
Authors: Seraji Homayoun
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a simple on-line approach for motion control of mobile manipulators comprising a manipulator arm mounted on a mobile base. The proposed approach is equally applicable to nonholonomic mobile robots such as rover-mounted manipulators and holonomic mobile robots such as tracked robots and compound manipulators. For wheeled mobile robots, the nonholonomic base constraints are incorporated directly into the task formulation as kinematic constraints. The configuration control approach is ex tended to exploit the redundancy introduced by the base mobility to perform a set of user-specified additional tasks during the end- effector motion while satisfying the nonholonomic base constraints (if applicable). This approach treats the base nonholonomy and the kinematic redundancy in a unified manner to formulate new task constraints. The computational efficiency of the proposed control scheme makes it particularly suitable for real-time implementation. Two simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the applica tions of the motion control scheme to a rover-mounted arm (non holonomic system) and to a tracked robot (holonomic system).
A Predictive Algorithm for Rate Control of Mechanisms Near Singularities
Authors: Chen Y.C. , Seng J. , O'Neil K.
Published: March 2007

A new kinematic algorithm for the control of mechanisms is described that produces smoother and more accurate control near kinematic singularities than the usual damped least-squares method. The new method predicts the occurence of singularities, evaluates the singular terms of the inverse kinematic function us ing a nonsingular expression, and smoothly interpolates between the singular and nonsingular forms. The desingularized expres sion makes use of the rates of change of the singular vectors and values of the Jacobian matrix; formulas for these derivatives are presented. Simulations of the control of two- and six-joint serial manipulators moving through and near singular configurations are given to illustrate the method.
Psychological Connotations of Harmonic Musical Intervals
Authors: Costa Marco , Ricci Bitti Pio Enrico , Bonfiglioli Luisa
Published: March 2007

The twelve harmonic intervals possible within an octave and reproduced octave in both a high register and low register (geometric mean respectively: 1,510 and 185 Hz) over a three-octave range were judged by 43 university students using a semantic differential. The semantic differential scale was made up of 30 bi-polar adjective rating scales chosen from descriptions of musical interval expressiveness developed by music theorists. Factor analysis of the students' responses grouped the scales along three factors: emotional evaluation, activity and potency. The first two factors proved to be important in interval discrimination and to have the same trend; the latter was less important and resulted in neutral scores. Analysis made with ANOVA revealed a significant Register x Interval interaction for the thirds, the perfect fourth, the sixths and the minor seventh. For these, a high register presentation tended to polarise the bichord perception positively, while with a low register presentation the bichords tended to be perceived as neutral or moderately negative. For intervals with a clear harmonic connotation of consonance or dissonance (octave, fifth, seconds, augmented fourth and major seventh), however, profiles were univocal. The influence of register on the students' semantic differentiation of the intervals was significant: low register bichords were evaluated more negatively emotionally in comparison to high register bichords. Dissonant bichords were clearly perceived as more negative, unstable and tense than consonant ones which were evaluated within a neutral zone. Musical expertise was not a significant factor in the evaluation of the intervals. Mode proved to be significant on seven scales with a weak effect. Gender proved to influence interval evaluation in that females responded with a greater polarisation of scores and greater perception of a sense of activity and tension.
English and American Adolescents' Reasons for Listening to Music
Authors: Tarrant Mark , North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the degree to which English and American adolescents report similar reasons for listening to music. A questionnaire was completed by 245 participants (mean age = 15 27 years), on which they indicated how much each of 11 potential reasons for listening to music applied to them. Factor analysis revealed three factors which accounted for 60.3% of the variance in responses. These factors were interpreted as listening to music for reasons of "selfactualisation", to "fulfil emotional needs", and to "fulfil social needs". Whilst analysis of the factor scores did reveal some individual differences between responses of participants in each culture, overall there were no significant multivariate or univariate main effects of nationality. This suggests that the English and American adolescents' reasons for listening to music may similarly be explained by the same factors.
Social and Musical Co-Ordination between Members of a String Quartet: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Davidson Jane W. , Good James M. M.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the social and musical co-ordination between members of a student string quartet in rehearsal and performance. Devised as an exploratory observation and interview study, a two-tier analysis of the data is undertaken. The first deals with broadly socio-cultural issues, the second with moment-by-moment social and musical co-ordination. The results indicate that there are many factors that influence the functioning of such an ensemble. These include personal concerns about particular social dynamics within the group, performance anxiety worries, as well as immediate musical demands relating to the co-ordination of content and process. The paper concludes with a discussion of ways in which further studies of social and musical co-ordination might be developed. In particular, emphasis is given to the need for the development of a comprehensive theoretical framework reflecting a more adequate conception of music ontology and encapsulating the mutuality of the multi-tier social and musical factors.
The Effect of Instruction Method on Preference, Achievement and Attentiveness for Indonesian Gamelan Mujsic
Authors: Shehan Patricia K.
Published: March 2007

The investigation concerned the effect of instruction method on affective change and cognitive achievement. Two groups of sixthgrade pupils received instruction on the gamelan music of Indonesia through the performance-oriented Heuristic Method and the teacherdirected Didactic Method. The Heuristic Method of instruction was found to be more effective in increasing operant preference and achievement of fundamental concepts of Indonesian musical style. No differences were found between treatment groups in verbal preference response, frequency of off-task behaviour, or teacher approval. Correlations indicated that achievement was more closely related to operant music preference behaviour than the verbal response of preference.
A Comparison of the Music Aptitude, Scholastic Aptitude, and Academic Achievement of Young Children
Authors: Hobbs Christine
Published: March 2007

In this study, analyses were undertaken to assess correlations (1) between music aptitude and scholastic aptitude scores, and (2) between music aptitude and academic achievement scores in first-, second- and third-grade children. The purposes of this investi- gation were: (1) to replicate Edwin E. Gordon's findings in the standardisation of the Primary Measures of Music Audiation, (2) to use individually-administered IQ tests instead of the more common group-administered IQ tests, (3) to include first- and second-grade children's IQ scores, and (4) to broaden the geo- graphic parameters.

Results of the music aptitude and scholastic aptitude com- parisons were similar to those found in the Gordon study. The above-mentioned variables did not appear to affect the corre- lations found in music aptitude and performance IQ comparisons. Verbal IQ and music aptitude correlations were stronger in this study's sample but remained within the range of correlations found in other American studies. Higher correlations were found between academic achievement and music aptitude. These corre- lations may indicate some bias of the PMMA toward young pupils with high academic achievement.
Musical Perspectives on Psychological Research and Music Education
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: March 2007

It is argued that psychological research in music tends to ignore musical matters. In modern Western culture music is prized for qualities of uniqueness and individualism, and musicians are regarded more for their giftedness than their training. In other cultures social acceptability is more important and everyone performs as an essential part of everyday life. Researchers into visual perception and visual art utilise art from any source aS base-lines or guides in their interpretation of children's drawings. In contrast, psychological researchers in music tend to be constrained by narrow definitions of music. It iS also argued that psychological research in mUsiC has resulted in musically undesirable applications in education. The basic point is that the musical inadequacy of such research stems from the applications, in scientific method, of rationalism and empiricism to a study of mUStC Music is a product of mans unique, intuitive and irrational imagination. The traditions of rationalism and empiricism and the artistic products of mans irrational imagination are in opposition. It is not possible, therefore, to promote understanding of the latter from the tenets of the former. This clearly calls into question the efficacy of relying solely on modes of rational enquiry and utilising models based on scientific empiricism in psychological research in music. Examples are cited to defend this viewpoint.
The Ability to Identify Emotional Content of Solo Improvisations Performed Vocally and on Three Different Instruments
Authors: Behrens Gene Ann , Green Samuel B.
Published: March 2007

Fifty-eight undergraduate students with low and high musicianship skills rated the degree to which 24 solo improvisations expressed the emotions of sad, angry, and scared. Eight musicians-two violinists, two trumpet players, two vocalists, and two timpanists-performed three short improvisations, each of which expressed one of the three targeted emotions. Accuracy scores were computed to assess the degree to which subjects rated improvi- sations as expressing the emotion intended by the musician in contrast to the other two emotions. The results indicated that the subjects were relatively accurate in assessing the emotional content of the improvisations. In addition, subjects with a higher level of musicianship skills demonstrated greater accuracy for only the trumpet improvisations. Finally, the subjects' accuracy depended not only on the instrument played, but the emotion expressed. For example, subjects were more accurate when identifying scared improvisations performed on a violin. The applied and theoretical implications of these results were discussed.
Perceptual Differences between Expert and Novice Music Listeners: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis
Authors: Gromko Joyce Eastlund
Published: March 2007

This two-part study examined perceptual differences between expert and novice music listeners using multidimensional scaling techniques (ALSCAL and INDSCAL). In part one, novice subjects (N = 174), elementary education majors enrolled in a music methods course, rated for similarity all possible pairings of 15 musical excerpts drawn from European art music composed between 1762 and 1896. Proximities generated a three-dimensional scaling solution (r = .73, Kruskal's stress = *20). The three dimensions were interpreted as secondary musical parameters related to musical activity and character and evaluations of pleasingness by the listener. INDSCAL techniques were used in part two to compare the weights for the salient dimensions in a three-dimensional solution for novices (= *70, stress = .22) and experts (r2 = -83, stress = -16). Weighted most salient for experts was Dimension 1 (.72), related to historical period. Weighted most important for l novices were Dimensions 2 (-51) and 3 (-57), related to secondary musical parameters of activity, character and evaluations of pleasingness.
Pitch Identification in Children and Adults: Naming and Discrimination
Authors: Miller Leon K. , Clausen Holly
Published: March 2007

Elementary school children and adults selected for significant pitch identification ability, so called "absolute pitch", were given two tasks to determine some of the characteristics of this skill. In a pitch-naming task, participants gave the note names for tones randomly selected from the chromatic scale either with a conventional piano or pure tone timbre. Naming accuracy was higher among the adults, on trials having the piano timbre, and for certain pitch categories (note names), reflecting more accurate identification of "white key" pitches. Analysis of errors indicated a strong bias towards certain pitch categories, again primarily the "white key" pitches, in both children and adults. Comparison subjects having similar musical training, but no absolute pitch, also showed these biases. In a pitch recognition task, participants were asked to detect additional exemplars of a target tone in an extended series of tones varying in pitch. While those with significant pitch naming skill were quite adept at this task as well, biases associated with pitch category were less apparent. These results suggest a distinction between pitch encoding and naming in those who excel in pitch identification.
How American Adolescents Interpret Success and Failure in Classroom Music: Relationships among Attributional Beliefs, Self-Concept and Achievement
Authors: Austin James R. , Vispoel Walter P.
Published: March 2007

Research involving early adolescents highlights systematic declines in motiva- tion for learning as students progress from elementary school to secondary school. Students' attributions or explanations for past achievement outcomes often are important determinants of future activity choice, investment and persistence. In this article, we critique prior music attribution research and report findings from our empirical study of American 7th-graders' attributional beliefs about success and failure in classroom music. Our results demonstrated that secondary students do not attribute success and failure to the same factors, and that many of the most salient reasons for music-related outcomes (family-, teacher- and peer-influence) are not addressed in traditional attribution research. Attributional beliefs, particularly those concerning music ability, were strongly linked to students' music self-concept and achievement test scores, and the magnitude of those linkages was typically greater when students reflected upon past failures. Based on these findings, we recommend that music practitioners increase their awareness of students' attributional beliefs (particularly the tendency to attribute failure to lack of ability and/or negative family influence), encourage students to consider the r6le that less stable and more controllable factors (effort, persistence, strategy use, metacognition) play in determining achievement outcomes, and employ instructional or evaluative strategies that promote more expansive and developmental views of music ability among all students.
Imaging the World in a Barrel
Authors: Cloud John
Published: March 2007

The CORONA satellite reconnaissance programme (1958-72), the first American enterprise for secret photography from space, was predicated on fundamental progress within the strategic earth sciences necessary to resolve the Figure of the Earth with sufficient fidelity to wage or prevent nuclear war. CORONA in turn rapidly evolved from an interim reconnaissance system to a sophisticated series of earth remote-sensing imagery and data systems, which initiated the modern era of global satellite remote sensing. These innovative scientific applications were the results of a productive convergence in the post-war strategic earth sciences, the details and mechanisms of which were diffused and concealed by elaborate security protocols. With CORONA's declassification, and prospects for further declassification of Cold War-era archives, a window is opened into the clandestine reconfiguration of the strategic earth sciences and their complex integration with military and intelligence research and applications during the Cold War.
Parallels and Paradoxes in Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism
Authors: Restivo Sal P.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a prolegomenon to a study of the social origins and functions of the thesis that there are parallels between modern physics and Eastern mysticism. Interest in the parallelism thesis has been growing, but with an emphasis on advocacy as opposed to critical analysis. Advocates of parallelism such as Fritjof Capra have failed to take account of the pitfalls associated with drawing parallels between science and religion, or physics and mysticism. My basic objective in this paper is to establish a prelimmary foundation for social studies of parallelism. l outline the parallelism thesis, emphasizmg physics- mysticism parallelism, identify several pitfalls m the parallelism arguments, and suggest reasons for moderating the skepticism which emerges from the pitfalls analysis.
Boyle's Atomism and the Restoration Assault on Pagan Naturalism
Authors: Jacob J.R.
Published: March 2007

This paper places Boyle's atomism in its social context, and describes the political motives which underlay it.

Boyle's physico-theology was designed to answer the ideological challenges thrown up by the turbulent events of mid-seventeenth-century England. After the Restoration, Boyle and the Royal Society continued to use his natural philosophy to this end. One important example is Boyle's A Free Enquiry ... (written in 1666, but not published until 1686). This addresses itself to the heretical implications of scholastic natural philosophy. Scholasticism, argues Boyle, assumes a universe in which a purposive rationality works quite apart from God and divine providence, and m which there is no distinction between 'nature' and 'providence', this may lead to some form of 'paganizing naturalism', and so must be overthrown. Boyle's strategy is first to show that the scholastic conception is not scientifically valid, and then to offer his corpuscular philosophy as a superior alternative.

However, Boyle's real enemy was not scholastic theory per se, but those who relied on it - papists and paganizing deists. In shoyving that both cherished outmoded assumptions about nature, Boyle attacked both kinds of idolatry simultaneously. The timing of the appearance of A Free Enquiry also added to its effectiveness as a shrewd piece of Anglican apologetics. It was published just when, because of James II's religious policy, the threat of subversion by papists and 'atheists' bulked larger than ever before in the minds of Anglican churchmen.
Production and Citation Measures in the Sociology of Science: The Problem of Multiple Authorship
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: March 2007

Previous studies in the sociology of science have relied on measures of production and citations which have failed to take account of multiple authorship. This study indicates that these previous (and still currently used) measures introduce intolerable error and often profoundly influence substantive interpretation. To address the problem of multiple authorship in the measurement of publications and citations, a revision of current indices is presented. Previous measurement error may well require a re-analysis and rethinking of previous reported studies in the sociology of science.
Can There Be a Consensus on Nuclear Power?
Authors: Bickerstaffe Julia , Pearce David
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the sources of opposition to nuclear power, and the counter-arguments of nuclear advocates, setting the debate in the wider context of concerns about the impact of technological developments in general. A review of the specific arguments leads to the conclusion that the objections of those opposed to nuclear power are 'legitimate' and 'rational'. Differences of value underlying the debate are then discussed, and the prospects of consensus are assessed in the light of alternative views of the role of technology in social change, and of the nature of social decision-making.
Professional-Support and Intellectual-influence Networks of Russian Immigrant Scientists in Israel
Authors: Toren Nina
Published: March 2007

Two kinds of networks of Russian scientists who have recently immigrated to Israel are analyzed and compared. The first type is composed of other scientists, named by the scientists investigated as having influenced their research intellectually. The second type of network includes other scientists who helped those investigated in professional matters, such as using new research techniques and connecting newcomers to scientists and institutions in the new environment. These networks differ in structure and content; however, both are important for sustained research productivity and the integration of immigrant scientists into a new scientific community and research system.
Two Ultracentrifuges: A Comparative Study of the Social Construction of Artefacts
Authors: Elzen Boelie
Published: March 2007

The social constructivist approach to the development of technology is adopted to study the development of two ultracentrifuges which have emerged somewhat independently of each other. In a comparative analysis of these two cases, the socially constructed character of the artefacts is demonstrated: it is shown that the different designs of the two ultracentrifuges reflect the different meanings attributed to them by the researchers involved. Finally, two important aspects are identified which should play a role in theoretical explanations of the developmental process of technological artefacts.
Paradigms and Productivity: The Case of Physiological Optics, 1840-94
Authors: Turner R. Steven
Published: March 2007

A massive bibliography of works on physiological optics allows an approximate reconstruction of literature production in this science between 1840 and 1894. It shows how relative levels of productivity varied in over seventy constituent problem areas and challenges us to explain the shifting foci of research activity in terms of what is known about the institutional and theoretical development of the field. This paper describes the growth of the science and offers such an interpretation, arguing that physiological optics passed from a `pre-paradigm' to a `paradigm' stage between 1850 and 1870. The elements of the paradigmatic formulation affected literature production in various problem areas differently, depending on the nature of the consensus they imposed, and the formulation did not prevent chronic disagreements on important theoretical questions from re-emerging.
A Technocratic Vision: The Ideology of School Science Reform in Britain in the 1950s
Authors: McCulloch Gary
Published: March 2007

Support for school science reform in Britain in the 1950s, focusing on the grammar and `public' (that is, private boarding) schools, was founded upon a technocratic ideology. It emphasized the role of such schools in providing the future leaders of society, but sought also to revise the classic ideology of the nineteenth-century public schools to adapt to new political, social and cultural demands. Sponsors and agencies of reform in the 1950s — including Eric James, the Industrial Fund, the Federation of British Industries, the Incorporated Association of Head Masters, and others — all hoped to equip the future élite with scientific and technological knowledge and skills which would fit them for leading posts in the late twentieth century, rather than the unalloyed classical training that had been deemed appropriate for their Victorian forefathers. The historical roots and associations of the ideology conditioned its growth and characteristics, account for its preoccupation with particular values and groups in society, and explain its eventual failure. In assessing the ideology of school reform in Britain in the 1950s, this historical framework of interpretation is no less important than the theme of `social control', and an awareness of the immediate social, cultural and political milieu.
The Discovery Process: A Counterfactual Strategy
Authors: Farris Hilary , Revlin Russell
Published: March 2007

Claims that college students as well as scientists follow a strategy of confirmation bias in rule-discovery tasks are challenged in this study. A more fine-grained analysis of inquiry behaviour in a standard rule discovery task indicates that the best predictor of a reasoner's success is the use of a rational strategy called `conterfactual inference'. Contrary to earlier results, a disconfirmation strategy fails to distinguish between solvers and non-solvers. More strikingly, evidence shows that over half of the unsuccessful adults employ the same counterfactual reasoning which bears a superficial resemblance to confirmation bias. This normal inquiry behaviour is described in terms of a process model, and supports views in the philosophy of science that advocate the use of multiple hypotheses in testing theories. The data present a challenge to educators, cognitive scientists and psychologists regarding their selection of an `expert' discovery strategy for the purpose of guiding students. Training in counterfactual reasoning is advised, since it may make explicit an implicit strategy already in use.
Motherhood and Scientific Productivity
Authors: Kyvik Svein
Published: March 2007

Virtually all studies on scientific productivity and gender find that men publish more than women. Several investigations indicate that women with children are more productive than childless women, which in turn has been the basis for claiming that women's lower productivity cannot be due to maternal responsibilities. This Note suggests that comparisons between women with children, and those without, can be misleading. When children's age is introduced as a variable, child care turns out to be a critical factor for productivity. While women with children less than ten years of age are considerably less productive than their male counterparts, women with all their children older than this are as productive as men in the same family situation and academic position.
Assimilation of Scientific Change: The Introduction of Molecular Genetics into Biology Textbooks
Authors: Gaster Barak
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the diffusion of the molecular revolution in biology to the level of general undergraduate texts, by focusing on five influential titles which went through multiple editions between 1950 and 1970. Such an analysis reveals that, during this period, textbooks were transformed, not only by the molecular revolution, but by complex social and economic trends. These include the reform of science curricula, and the maturation of the textbook industry. The textbooks also reveal three interesting features about the nature of the biological revolution in the 1950s and 1960s: the continued influence of the concept of `living protoplasm'; the lack of theory reduction between molecular and classical genetics; and the gradual, non-Kuhnian character of the paradigm switch from protein to nucleic acid.
Scientific Elites and the Making of US Policy for Climate Change Research, 1957-74
Authors: Hart David M. , Victor David G.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a case study of the role of scientific élites in mediating between science and politics, securing support for research and shaping the interests of the rank and file. We apply a `garbage can' model, which posits that science, policy and politics typically evolve in separate, unconnected streams, each with its own momentum. In this model, élites may act strategically as `policy entrepreneurs' to take advantage of occasional temporary opportunities, or `windows', to influence the policy and science streams. Our case study is of US policy toward research related to the Greenhouse Effect, from the International Geophysical Year in 1957 to the aftermath of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment.1 We trace the evolution of two research programmes - carbon-cycle research and atmospheric modelling. The major political strategies followed by the relevant élites connected with these programmes were concerned with the pursuit of professional autonomy, with weather modification and with environmentalism. Changes in élite strategy followed mainly from events outside science, in the policy and politics `streams', rather than from scientific findings.
German Politics of Genetic Engineering and its Deconstruction
Authors: Gottweis Herbert
Published: March 2007

Policy-making, as exemplified by biotechnology policy, can be understood as an attempt to manage a field of discursivity, to construct regularity in a dispersed multitude of combinable elements. Following this perspective of politics as a textual process, the paper interprets the politicization of genetic engineering in Germany as a defence of the political as a regime of heterogeneity, as a field of `dissensus' rather than `consensus', and a rejection of the idea that the framing of technological transformation is an autonomous process. From its beginnings in the early 1970s, genetic engineering was symbolically entrenched as a key technology of the future, and as an integral element of the German politics of modernization. Attempts by new social movements and the Green Party to displace the egalitarian imaginary of democratic discourse into the politics of genetic engineering were construed by the political élites as an attack on the political order of post-World War II Germany. The 1990 Genetic Engineering Law attempted a closure of this controversy. But it is precisely the homogenizing idiom of this `settlement' which continues to nourish the social movements and their radical challenge to the definitions and codings of the politics of genetic engineering.
A Sociological Study of the Official History of the Perceptrons Controversy
Authors: Olazaran Mikel
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I analyze the controversy within Artificial Intelligence (AI) which surrounded the `perceptron' project (and neural nets in general) in the late 1950s and early 1960s. I devote particular attention to the proofs and arguments of Minsky and Papert, which were interpreted as showing that further progress in neural nets was not possible, and that this approach to AI had to be abandoned. I maintain that this official interpretation of the debate was a result of the emergence, institutionalization and (importantly) legitimation of the symbolic AI approach (with its resource allocation system and authority structure). At the `research-area' level, there was considerable interpretative flexibility. This interpretative flexibility was further demonstrated by the revival of neural nets in the late 1980s, and subsequent rewriting of the official history of the debate.
Science Policy Reforms: The New Zealand Experience
Authors: Cartner Monica , Bollinger Tim
Published: March 2007

Changes in science policy are taking place in industrialized democracies throughout the world. This paper is concerned with the implications of these changes for the content and conduct of publicly-funded science and research. We start from the view that science policy changes are related to wider changes in the role of government, and in the structure, organization and management of the public sector. New Zealand has attracted international attention in this context because of its commitment to a radical programme of public sector reforms. While this reflects similar developments and concerns elsewhere, the New Zealand experience is especially interesting because of the rigour with which policy has been implemented, the radical nature of the changes made, and the relatively short time-span involved. Thus, in focusing on New Zealand, we hope to present material of interest both there and to a wider audience.
Designing the User/Using the Design:
Authors: Mulcahy Monica Dianne
Published: March 2007

Competency-Based Training (CBT) is a newly introduced national system of vocational skills development, designed to improve the performance of Australian enterprises through upgrading workers' skills. This paper presents a modified network analysis of the development and use of CBT by the various actors - including government, industry, unions, organizations, training practitioners, trainees, training protocols and training materials - making up this `social technology'. `Competency training' is taken to conform to a conventional approach to systems design, where things are divided up according to the separate spheres of planned development and practical implementation. I deal, first, with the constitution of CBT's design, including its manifest and hidden heterogeneities; second, I show how this design is translated into use. I argue that relations of design and use are created and sustained together. Where this relationship is understood, design can serve as a ground for critique. More generally, I consider the limitations of actor-network conceptions of `heterogeneity'. I argue that translation implies exploring both similarity and difference, with difference having a positivity and non-assimilability that tend to remain hidden in actor-network theory. Using concepts from post-structuralist and feminist interactionist analysis, I argue that recovering the hidden heterogeneities of networks of technology design and use (for example, users' contribution to design) serves to complexify network accounts, and to help deal with forms of technology analysis with political relevance.
Tantalus and the Aliens:
Authors: Collins H. M.
Published: March 2007

Different audiences at different distances from the core-set read scientific papers in different ways. If the institutional circumstances are right, an `inner audience' may try to control an outer audience's reading.

In Physics, the literature is sufficiently open to allow some papers that have no credibility with the mainstream to be published. This normally causes no problem within `core-groups' of scientists, because the orthodox interpretation is widely understood. There can still be trouble, however, from those who have not been socialized into the core-group's interpretative framework. Strangers to the field may give credence to papers which the core-group considers to be interpretatively dead. The `strangers' to which I refer are not scientific antagonists but scientists in different specialisms to those in the core-group, as well as policymakers and funders. A problem arises for the core-group when non-core-groupers are drawn into important decisions - as when a Big Science is fighting for funds.

The case of heterodox publications in gravitational radiation is examined. It is shown that papers published between 1985 and 1995, of which the core-group could normally be expected to think, `Ho hum - more of this', were strongly attacked. The institutional background of these attacks is explained.
Computer Models and the Public's Understanding of Science
Authors: Yearley Steven
Published: March 2007

Many of the aspects of science which touch the public most deeply involve some degree of modelling (for example, the dispersion of pollutants, predicted climate change or the spread of flood waters), yet explicit analyses in the public understanding of science tradition (PUS) have seldom examined computerized scientific models. However, scientific models of all sorts are increasingly run on computers, often raising new obstacles to public understanding and participation. The availability of increasing computer power at declining cost makes the possibility of modelling all the greater; recently, UK local authorities and other regional executive bodies, as well as lobby groups, have been able to carry out their own modelling activities. Though the practicalities of modelling have received some attention from social scientists, it is clear that there are comparatively neglected questions about PUS in relation to public judgements of the accuracy and legitimacy of such models, and to their reception and use by the public. This paper examines the significance of these issues through a recent case study of a local authority-operated air-quality model in the British city of Sheffield.
A psychiatrist on the tension that affects siege captors and captives
Authors: Sargant Dr. William
Published: March 2007

With sieges and hostages so much in the public mind, we have pleasure in reproducing two short but important articles which appeared in "The Times", Friday, 2nd May, 1980.
Child Abuse: Control, Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Tahourdin Betty
Published: March 2007

A short description of the agencies involved in the care and protection of children in Great Britain and a con sideration of the factors which result in failures in the system of safeguards.
Mapping the Domains of Crime: The Contributions of Literary Works to Criminology
Authors: Kelly Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to discover what benefits criminologists might derive from a study of literature. In its accounts and depictions of every day life, literary art has had a profound effect on our ways of thinking and feeling about crime and criminals. Why? What is it about the literary form, its structure, and its themes, that makes it appealing, and expands our horizons of knowledge? Tentative suggestions are offered in this article.
Peer Group Counseling: A Normalized Residential Alternative to the Specialized Treatment of Adolescent Sex Offenders
Authors: Brannon James M. , Troyer Richard
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the community readjustment of adolescent sex offenders released from a state residential group treatment facility. The results suggest: (1) Large percentages of youth entering correctional care have committed "undetected" sexual assaults, (2) The post-release behavior of sex offenders may not present the degree of personal risk assumed by the public, and (3) Serving sex offenders within an agency's main campus peer group treatment program may produce recidivism rates comparable with those reported among specialized treatment models. These findings are discussed in relation to the current demand for specialized sex offender programs and the need for correctional practitioners to develop strategies for this population of youthful offenders.
AIDS-Related Issues among Female Prostitutes and Female Arrestees
Authors: Kuhns Joseph B. , Heide Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

Literature has documented a positive relationship between prostitution and sexually transmitted diseases. There have been efforts to educate prostitutes regarding sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS. To determine whether female prostitutes are more knowledgeable about AIDS than female non-prostitute arrestees, a comparison was made of their scores on a standard AIDS knowledge test. Results indicated that self-reported frequency of prostitution was significantly and positively related to knowledge about AIDS. Comparisons were also made between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics, condom use, sexually transmitted disease rates and other related issues. The findings of this study highlight that continuing education is of paramount importance in the community's struggle against AIDS.
Prevalence of Childhood Conduct and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders in Adult Maximum-Security Inmates
Authors: Vitelli Romeo
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of childhood conduct disorder (CD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was studied in a sample of 100 adult maximum-security inmates. Inmate criminal and developmental history was obtained using interviews and records, and the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) was administered to assess childhood ADHD. It was found that 63% of the sample met DSM-IV criteria for childhood CD, whereas 41% were either treated or assessed for childhood ADHD. Significant comorbidity was found between childhood CD and ADHD, but CD was the only significant predictor of adult criminality. CD and non-CD inmates differed significantly in juvenile and adult criminal behavior, age of first arrest, substance abuse, and violence. The WURS indicated significant validity in identifying childhood ADHD and CD as well as substance abuse and criminality. These findings are discussed in tenrs of methodological difficulties and the adult consequences of childhood disruptive behavior disorders.
Reasoning and Rehabilitation in Britain: The Results of the Straight Thinking on Probation (STOP) Programme
Authors: Raynor Peter , Vanstone Maurice
Published: March 2007

Correctional practitioners and researchers increasingly advocate the use of programmes based on cognitive-behavioural methods. One approach in widespread use is the "Reasoning and Rehabilitation" model developed in Canada. This article describes and evaluates the first attempt to implement such a programme within a British probation service. Evaluation of the programme has included staff views, consumer views, and a reconviction study. Information arising from these is summarised and assessed, with suggestions about future practice.
Sexual Abuse of Children: Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Criminology
Authors: Schneider Hans Joachim
Published: March 2007

In traditional perpetrator-orientated criminology, sexual abuse of children was seen as a rare offense committed by strangers. In this view, it was more likely to happen in the child's imagination. The presumed cause of the actually committed offense was the abnormal personality of the offender The psychical and social injury of the victim was thought to be rather small. Since the mid-1970s, this view has changed on account of empirical studies on victimization. In modem society-and victim-orientated criminology-sexual abuse of children within their social environments is no longer an unusual occurrence. It results from the disturbed interaction between offender, victim, and society. The psychical and social injury of the victim is very extensive in its short-, medium-, and long-term effects.
Measuring Conflict Tactics in Offender and Nonoffender Populations
Authors: Wolfus Beverly , Stasiak Eugene
Published: March 2007

A 50-item self-rating scale, the Getting Along Scale (GAS), was developed in order to provide information that would (a) identify offenders who might be physically dangerous, (b) identify offenders who might cause psychological harm to others whose living or working environment they shared, and (c) contribute to the development of treatment programs for violent or abusive offenders. The items represent a range of positive and negative tactics used in conflict situations. The scale examines the use of these tactics in conflict with strangers and known persons.
The Mediterranean Matriarchate
Authors: Pestalozza Uberto
Published: March 2007

I wish to make it clear that this article will not be concerned with a general theory of the matriarchate. I have limited myself to a clearly defined cultural zone, from which I think that the hypothesis of a primitive matriarchal society cannot be rejected on the debatable grounds (recently stated), that the matriarchate could not have been established until after the discovery of agriculture. If in fact the matriarchate cannot legitimately be separated from the divine cult of the Mother, this in itself presupposes a matriarchal constitution, not political and military save for exceptions, but based simply on feminine authority and prestige. On the other hand, ethnologists and historians of religion tell us that the great goddesses are not born of agricultural civilizations, which merely provide them with conditions particularly favorable to their development. They exist before these civilizations and are worshipped by peoples who live solely by hunting, fishing, and the rudimentary gathering of products from still virgin land.
Modern Social Forces in Indian Folk Songs
Authors: Deva Indra
Published: March 2007

Indian villages are not yet industrialized. Influences of modern technology on village life come mostly from outside. Industrialization has affected the urban centers and is bringing about a change in the relationship between these centers and folk societies, thereby influencing the latter as well.

Indian folk communities have not been isolated societies like the primitive tribes. They were closely connected with non-industrial urban centers and together with them formed regional cultures. Folk and urban cultures maintained a give and take relationship during the ages. “Folk tunes, regional songs and styles, even non-Indian melodies,” says Professor D. P. Mukerji “were incorporated into the classical texture, and the new classical style in its turn was always affecting folk music a great deal.”
Primitive Messianism and an Ethnological Problem
Authors: Lowie Robert H.
Published: March 2007

One of the perennial problems of theoretical ethnology has been the interpretation of cultural similarities between remote peoples. In fact, the question troubled observers long before the rise of anthropology as a distinct branch of learning. When the painter George Catlin saw Mandan Indians crossing the Missouri in hide-covered craft resembling an inverted open umbrella, he recalled the Welsh coracle and concocted the amazing theory that the Mandan were the descendants of Welsh immigrants to America. Equally flimsy was the view that the natives of America represented the Ten Lost Tribes of Irsael because redskin and Jew shared such observances as menstrual taboos—customs by no means peculiar to them.