Phylogenetic analysis of plant-pathogenic and non-pathogenic
Trichoderma
isolates on maize from plants, soil, and commercial bio-products
Authors: Pfordt Annette , Douanla-Meli Clovis , Schäfer Bernhard C. , Schrader Gritta , Tannen Eike , Chandarana Madhav Jatin , von Tiedemann Andreas 
Published: February 2025

Fungi of the genus
Trichoderma
are primarily associated with the mycobiome of dead wood but can also be occasionally found in soil and plant rhizospheres. Several
Trichoderma
spp. are used in crop health management to promote growth and control plant diseases. Although widely considered beneficial to plants, some members have been reported to be pathogenic to maize, causing a disease called
Trichoderma
ear rot. Since 2018,
Trichoderma afroharzianum
has caused significant infections of maize cobs in Germany, France, and Italy. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenicity and phylogenetic relationships among different
Trichoderma
strains from diverse sources and geographical origins. While previous studies primarily identified
T. afroharzianum
as the main species causing
Trichoderma
ear rot, this study found that isolates of
T. asperellum
,
T. atroviride,
and
T. guizhouense
may also exhibit pathogenicity on maize cobs. Additionally,
Trichoderma
strains from commercial biocontrol products displayed unexpected pathogenicity inducing up to 92% disease severity on maize cobs. Most
T. afroharzianum
strains induced high levels of disease severity, although some isolates of the same species did not cause any disease, indicating a large heterogeneity in pathogenicity within the species. Notably, phylogeny reconstruction based on the
tef1-α
and
rpb2
genes did not result in any discernible clustering between pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates. A further novel finding is the isolation of pathogenic
Trichoderma
isolates from agricultural soil, demonstrating that soil can serve as a reservoir for pathogenic species. This study highlights the need for biosecurity assessment and monitoring of
Trichoderma
strains for agricultural use, considering their beneficial and pathogenic potential.

IMPORTANCE

In this study, we explored the ability of different
Trichoderma
species to infect maize plants.
Trichoderma
is a group of fungi known for its beneficial role in agriculture, often used as a biological pesticide to control fungal plant diseases. However, some species within this genus can also act as pathogens, causing infections in crops like maize. We found that one species,
T. afroharzianum
, is particularly aggressive, capable of infecting maize without the plant being wounded first. This makes it a potentially serious threat to crop health. In contrast, other species, such as
T. atroviride
and
T. asperellum
, only caused infections when maize plants were injured before. Our research suggests that pathogenic
Trichoderma
species not only effectively infect plants but can also survive well in soil, making their control difficult. These findings highlight the need for better understanding of how these fungi operate in order to manage the risks they pose to important crops like maize, while still taking advantage of their beneficial uses in agriculture.