bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMEN2: A Flexible & Mineable Data/Metadata Archival System for Cryo-EM
Authors: Tu H , Chiu W , Mann D , Ludtke SJ
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
3D Measurements of Wear on Machining Tools Using a Confocal Microscope
Authors: Huq S , Abidi B , Kammerud C , Page D , Abidi M , Frafjord J , Dekanich S
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Production of Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Dot Nanoparticles Using Tomato Hairy Root Tissue Culture: Ultrastructural Effects and Localization of Cadmium
Authors: Levick KJ , Stevens-Kalceff MA , Zhao H , Doran PM
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Immunolabelling of Isolated Cell Fractions
Authors: Cook H , Warley A , Brady K , Vermeulen E , Jen A , Morris R
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Diffraction-Contrast Analysis of Dislocation Loops in BCC Alloys
Authors: Bentley J
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Variogram Characterization of the Length Scales of Topographic Patterns
Authors: Fuentes NO , Favret EA
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Minute foreign materials analysis using mono-capillary with 10-micrometer spatial resolution
Authors: Ohzawa S , Yokota Y , Matsunaga D , Komatani S , Obori K , Whitley A , Mamedov S
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Non-Random Distribution of Four Chloroplastic Isozymes and the Corresponding Cytosolic Isozymes with respect to DNA in the Pea Leaf Nucleus
Authors: Gibbons J , Anderson L
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Oxygen Content of Twin Domains in YBCO by Geometric Phase Analysis
Authors: Johnson CL , Zhu Y
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Electron Cryomicroscopy of Bacterial Flagellar Structures
Authors: Yonekura K
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography
Authors: Midgley P , Gass M , Arslan I , Tong J , Yates T , Hungria A , Dunin-Borkowski R , Weyland M , Thomas J
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Modeling Noise in Gas Cascade Secondary Electron Amplifiers
Authors: Tileli V , Thiel B
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Catalytic Nanocrystals Electrochemically Formed in Active Mesoporous Nanocomposites
Authors: Park G-S , Kim HS , Doo SG
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Measuring Pixel Classification Accuracy Using Synthetic Spectrum Images
Authors: Scott JH , Ritchie N
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Three-dimensional Nanostructure Fabrication by Focused-ion-beam Chemical-vapor-deposition
Authors: Matsui S
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Imaging Au-Pd Nanoparticles with the Aberration-Corrected STEM/TEM
Authors: José-Yacamán M , Mejía-Rosales S , Pérez-Tijerina E , Blom DA , Allard LF
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Nanotechnology in the Laboratory and in Society
Authors: Boyes ED
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
An Introduction to Helium Ion Microscopy
Authors: Notte J , Hill R , McVey S , Farkas L , Percival R , Ward B
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Contamination Removal on FIB Nano-Patterned Surfaces
Authors: Dovidenko K , Tarte LA Le , Potyrailo RA
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of upper stratospheric BrO: Implications for total bromine
Authors: Livesey Nathaniel J. , Kovalenko Laurie J. , Salawitch Ross J. , MacKenzie Ian A. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Read William G. , Jarnot Robert F. , Waters Joe W.
Published: October 2006

This paper describes new total stratospheric inorganic bromine (Bry) abundance estimates inferred from the first global observations of upper stratospheric BrO, made by the EOS Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. Our ‘best estimate’ of total upper stratospheric bromine loading (based on JPL‐2002 kinetics with the addition of a BrONO2 + O reaction) is 18.6 ± 5.5 pptv, for the period September 2004 to August 2005, from 55° S to 55° N. This implies a contribution of 3.0 ± 5.5 pptv from sources other than long lived CH3Br and halons. The possibility of such other sources has been raised by balloon, aircraft and satellite observations of BrO in the lower and middle stratosphere. These upper stratospheric observations provide new information to help resolve the current uncertainty in stratospheric bromine loading. The abundance of bromine, particularly in the lower stratosphere, is a significant factor in the budget of stratospheric O3.
Analysis of global climate model experiments to elucidate past and future changes in surface insolation and warming in China
Authors: Rangwala Imtiaz , Miller Jim , Russell Gary L. , Xu Ming
Published: October 2006

Trends in climate variables and their interrelationships over China are examined using a combination of observations and global climate model simulations to elucidate the mechanism for producing an observed 1°C increase in surface temperature despite a significant decrease in surface insolation from 1950 to 2000. For the 21st century, the model simulations suggest that the downward trend in insolation is expected to continue until 2050, primarily forced by the prescribed atmospheric sulfate burden (IPCC SRES A1B). A continuous increase in surface temperature (3°C) and vapor pressure (1mb) is simulated during the 21st century. Our analysis suggests that both the past and the future warming are primarily caused by an increase in downward longwave radiation. This occurs, in part, as a result of both the lower and upper atmospheric water vapor feedbacks, triggered by the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Memory of the magnetic field applied during cooling in the low‐temperature phase of magnetite: Grain size dependence
Authors: Smirnov A. V.
Published: October 2006

Low‐temperature magnetic hysteresis properties of polycrystalline magnetite samples were studied as a function of the magnetic field (HFC) applied during cooling from 300 K to 10 K. The samples ranged in mean grain size from 0.04 to 100 μm, representing mostly single‐domain (SD), pseudosingle‐domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) magnetic states. The low‐temperature field memory effect, a striking ability of magnetite to memorize the field HFC, is well expressed in PSD magnetite samples (mean grain size ranging from 0.15 to 5 μm). The field memory effect manifests itself as an inflection point of a magnetic hysteresis loop, located in the vicinity of HFC. The effect is greatly reduced in the samples containing larger than 5 μm magnetite grains and is absent in the sample containing large (40 to 200 μm) MD grains. Little or no distortion of hysteresis loops is observed in the samples dominated by SD magnetic grains. The experimental results confirm that the low‐temperature field memory effect is a generic property of PSD magnetite and give further support to a phenomenological model in which the field memory originates from an interplay between the magnetic and twin domains in monoclinic magnetite. The observed grain size dependence of the effect implies that the PSD state is a physically distinct magnetic state, rather than simply a manifestation of SD and MD mixing. The distinction is determined by the relative effect of twinning‐related crystalline defects on the remagnetization process.
Two color far infrared laser interferometer
Authors: Kawahata K. , Akiyama T. , Pavlichenko R. , Tanaka K. , Tokuzawa T. , Ito Y. , Okajima S. , Nakayama K. , Wood K.
Published: October 2006

Two color interferometer using a short wavelength far infrared laser has been developed for high performance plasmas on large helical device and for future fusion devices such as ITER. High power laser lines simultaneously oscillating at 57.2 and 47.6μm were achieved in a CO2-laser-pumped CH3OD laser. By introducing Ge:Ga photoconductive detectors operating at liquid He temperature, we have successfully detected two color beat signals (0.55 and 1.2MHz) with excellent signal-to-noise ratio (∼40dB). These beat signals were fed into phase comparators for phase measurement after passing through intermediate frequency bandpass filters. Two color far infraned laser interferometer work was successful in the demonstration of mechanical vibration compensation.
The calculation of vibrational intensities in forbidden electronic transitions
Authors: Johnson Philip M. , Xu Haifeng , Sears Trevor J.
Published: October 2006

A method is described for the use of electronic structure and Franck-Condon factor programs in the calculation of the vibrational intensities in forbidden electronic transitions. Using the B̃B22-X̃B12 electronic transition of benzonitrile cation as a test case, transition moments were calculated using the symmetry adapted cluster/configuration interaction method at various points along the normal mode displacements of the molecule, from which transition moment derivatives were obtained. The transition moments were found to vary almost linearly with respect to the normal mode displacements. Using these, along with Franck-Condon factors, an expansion of the transition moment with respect to the normal coordinates provides a measure of vibrational intensities, including the effects of geometry change and Duschinsky rotation [Acta Physicochim. URSS 7, 551 (1937)]. Second order terms in the moment expansion are calculated, and it is determined that they must be included if the intensity of combination bands is to be properly obtained.
Morphology transitions of AB diblock copolymer melts confined in nanocylindrical tubes
Authors: Feng Jie , Ruckenstein Eli
Published: October 2006

By employing Monte Carlo simulations for various values for the interactions energies εAB between the beads A and B, the selectivity of the surface for one of the beads, and the diameter d of the nanotube, the morphology transitions in A5B5 and A7B3 diblock copolymer melts were investigated. In symmetrical systems and for a negligible preference of the surface for A and B and not too large values of d, as εAB increases, increasingly thicker stacked-disk macrodomains normal to the tube surface were formed. When εAB became sufficiently large, a configuration transition to helixes occurred which became deformed at larger values of εAB. The helixes contained an imperfect single helix of A coupled with an imperfect single helix of B or imperfect double helixes of A coupled with imperfect double helixes of B. When at constant and relatively large εAB, the attractive interaction εAS between the A bead and the surface was increased, a transition from a succession consisting of stacked disks and a helix to a helical one occurred, which changed to a circular lamellar structure at a sufficiently large attraction εAS by the surface. When the diameter d was increased, in addition to the helixes already mentioned imperfect triple helixes of A coupled with triple helixes of B were identified. In the asymmetrical case, two kinds of helixes were observed, namely, those identified in the symmetrical case, as well as a helix formed by one kind of beads immersed in the matrix of the other one.
Structural relaxation and rheological response of a driven amorphous system
Authors: Varnik F.
Published: October 2006

The interplay between the structural relaxation and the rheological response of a simple amorphous system {a 80:20 binary Lennard-Jones mixture [W. Kob and H. C. Andersen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1376 (1994)]} is studied via molecular dynamics simulations. In the quiescent state, the model is well known for its sluggish dynamics and a two step relaxation of correlation functions at low temperatures. An ideal glass transition temperature of Tc=0.435 has been identified in the previous studies via the analysis of the system’s dynamics in the framework of the mode coupling theory of the glass transition [W. Kob and H. C. Andersen, Phys. Rev. E 51, 4626 (1995)]. In the present work, we focus on the question whether a signature of this ideal glass transition can also be found in the case where the system’s dynamics is driven by a shear motion. Indeed, the following distinction in the structural relaxation is found: In the supercooled state, the structural relaxation is dominated by the shear at relatively high shear rates γ̇, whereas at sufficiently low γ̇ the (shear-independent) equilibrium relaxation is recovered. In contrast to this, the structural relaxation of a glass is always driven by shear. This distinct behavior of the correlation functions is also reflected in the rheological response. In the supercooled state, the shear viscosity η decreases with increasing shear rate (shear thinning) at high shear rates, but then converges toward a constant as the γ̇ is decreased below a (temperature-dependent) threshold value. Below Tc, on the other hand, the shear viscosity grows as η∝1∕γ̇, suggesting a divergence at γ̇=0. Thus, within the accessible observation time window, a transition toward a nonergodic state seems to occur in the driven glass as the driving force approaches zero. As to the flow curves (stress versus shear rate), a plateau forms at low shear rates in the glassy phase. A consequence of this stress plateau for Poiseuille-type flows is demonstrated.
Dense shearing flows of inelastic disks
Authors: Jenkins James T.
Published: October 2006

We introduce a simple phenomenological modification to the hydrodynamic equations for dense flows of identical, frictionless, inelastic disks and show that the resulting theory describes the area fraction dependence of quantities that are measured in numerical simulations of steady, homogeneous shearing flows and steady, fully developed flows down inclines. The modification involves the incorporation of a length scale other than the particle diameter in the expression for the rate of collisional dissipation. The idea is that enduring contacts between grains forced by the shearing reduce the collisional rate of dissipation while continuing to transmit momentum and force. The length and orientation of the chains of particles in contact are determined by a simple algebraic equation. When the resulting expression for the rate of dissipation is incorporated into the theory, numerical solutions of the boundary-value problem for steady, fully developed flow of circular disks down a bumpy incline exhibit a core with a uniform area fraction that decreases with increasing angles of inclination. When the height at which an inclined flow stops is assumed to be proportional to this chain length, a scaling between the average velocity, flow height, and stopping height similar to that seen in experiments and numerical simulations is obtained from the balance of fluctuation energy.
Magnetic anisotropy study of ion-beam synthesized cobalt nanocrystals
Authors: Lee J.-K. , Hundley M. F. , Thompson J. D. , Schulze R. K. , Jung H. S. , Valdez J. A. , Nastasi M. , Zhang X.
Published: October 2006

The magnetic properties of Co nanocrystals in crystalline Al2O3 and amorphous SiO2 are investigated. In contrast to the SiO2 matrix, the Al2O3 matrix provides higher magnetic anisotropy and coercive field for Co nanocrystals. Using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, it is found that a CoAl2O4 layer forms in Co implanted region. Transmission electron microscopy shows that this CoAl2O4 layer is grown epitaxially around Co nanocrystals. The higher coercive field of the Co nanocrystals in Al2O3 is attributed to the presence of antiferromagnetic CoAl2O4 layers.
Fluid in a closed narrow slit
Authors: Berim Gersh O. , Ruckenstein Eli
Published: October 2006

The behavior of a fluid inside a closed narrow slit between solid walls is examined on the basis of the density functional theory. It is shown that the constraint of constant number of molecules leads to interesting effects which are absent when the slit is open and in contact with a reservoir. If the slit walls are identical, the density profiles at low temperatures or at high average densities ρav of the fluid molecules in the slit have a sharp maximum in the middle of the slit, the value of the density at maximum being comparable to that of a liquid. The density of fluid at the walls is in this case comparable to the density of a vapor phase. At high temperatures or at low ρav the fluid density in the middle of the slit is of the same order of magnitude as at the walls. For nonidentical walls the density maximum is shifted towards the wall with a stronger wall-fluid interaction. The transition between the two types (with and without the sharp maximum) of density profiles with the change of temperature in the slit occurs in a narrow range of temperatures, this range being larger for narrower slits. The pressures which the fluid exerts on the walls as well as the forces per unit area arising due to stresses in the sidewalls of the system can decrease with increasing ρav. Such a behavior is not possible for homogeneous systems and can be explained by analyzing the fluid density at the walls when ρav increases. The normal and transversal components of the pressure tensor were calculated as functions of the distance from the wall using the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium and direct calculation of the forces between molecules, respectively. The normal component decreases with increasing distance near the wall in contrast to the normal component near the liquid-vapor interface reported previously in the literature. The behavior of the transverse component does not depend on the fluid-solid interaction and is comparable to that for a liquid-vapor interface.
Room temperature metal direct bonding
Authors: Tong Q.-Y.
Published: October 2006

A highly scalable room temperature direct bonding in air between aligned metal posts on oxide-covered silicon wafers has been developed. With the help of the forces generated by strong room temperature bonding between oxide layers on mating wafers, the compression forces for thermocompression metal bonding is self-satisfied and no external pressure is required. When the height of the metal extended above the oxide surface is reduced, the width of an unbonded ring around the metal posts is reduced. Interdiffusion and/or self-diffusion of metal atoms at the interface of intimately contacted posts are most likely responsible for forming metallic bonds. A 50Å thick layer of Au may be deposited on top of the posts to promote electrical connections between posts of almost any metal.
Ferroelectric properties of Pt∕PbTiO3∕PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3∕PbTiO3∕Pt integrated capacitors etched in noncrystalline phase
Authors: Wang Longhai , Yu Jun , Wen Xin’yi , Wang Yunbo , Gao Junxiong , Liu Feng , Wei Chaogang , Ren Tianling
Published: October 2006

Uniformly patterned Pt∕PbTiO3∕PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3∕PbTiO3∕Pt capacitor arrays were etched in noncrystalline phase. The ferroelectric layer was well crystallized and contains uniform grains. The capacitors exhibit well-saturated hysteresis loop and excellent fatigue properties in terms of larger saturation polarization Pmax of 53.2μC∕cm2 at an applied voltage of 12V, higher remnant polarization Pr of 30.5μC∕cm2 for a coercive field of 58kV∕cm, remnant polarization of about 81.2% at 1010 switching cycles, and a low leakage current density of 10−8A∕cm2 at an applied voltage of 3V. The etching effects on the properties of capacitor were reduced to minimal values, confirmed by scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis, and piezoresponse force microscopy results. The reliable electric properties and fine profile of the patterns indicate that the capacitors are suitable for ferroelectric random access memories and other integrated ferroelectric devices.
Solvent effects on the three-photon absorption cross-section of a highly conjugated fluorene derivative
Authors: Cohanoschi Ion , Belfield Kevin D. , Toro Carlos , Hernández Florencio E.
Published: October 2006

Herein, we report the study of the three-photon absorption cross-section dependence on solvents parameters for a highly conjugated organic dye, 2,2′-(4,4′-(1E,1′E)-2,2′-(9,9-didecyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl) bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dibenzo[d]thiazole (A-π-π-π-A). The three-photon absorption cross-section was measured for this organic dye in solution in four different solvents with polarity function, Δf between 0.162 and 0.247. The experiments show how the solvent’s reorientation of the electrons and polarity contribute to the 3PA cross-section. Multiphoton-absorption experiments of A-π-π-π-A in all four different solvents were performed with a tunable OPG pumped by a 25 picosecond Nd-YAG laser.
Thermolysis of RAFT-Synthesized Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
Authors: Chong Bill , Moad Graeme , Rizzardo Ezio , Skidmore Melissa , Thang San H.
Published: October 2006

Thermolysis provides a simple and efficient way of eliminating thiocarbonylthio groups from RAFT-synthesized polymers. The course of thermolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) prepared with dithiobenzoate and trithiocarbonate RAFT agents was followed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 1H NMR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The weight loss profile observed depends strongly on the RAFT agent used during polymer synthesis. PMMA with a methyl trithiocarbonate end group undergoes loss of that end group at ~180°C, at least in part, by a mechanism believed to involve homolysis of the C–CS2SCH3 bond and subsequent depropagation. In contrast, PMMA with a dithiobenzoate end appears more stable. Only the end group is lost at ~180°C and the dominant mechanism is proposed to be a concerted elimination process analogous to that involved in the Chugaev reaction.
One-Pot Synthetic Strategy to Core Cross-Linked Micelles with pH-Sensitive Cross-Linked Cores and Temperature-Sensitive Shells through RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Yang Li-Ping , Pan Cai-Yuan
Published: October 2006

Functional micelles with a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) shell and a cross-linked poly((acrylic acid)-co-(ethylene glycol diacrylate)) core have been successfully prepared in one pot by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of acrylic acid and ethylene glycol diacrylate in selective solvent using PNIPAM-SC(S)Ph as a RAFT agent. Since PNIPAM and poly(acrylic acid) are temperature- and pH-sensitive polymers, respectively, the micelles obtained should display double environmental sensitivity to temperature and pH in water.
Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process—A First Update
Authors: Moad Graeme , Rizzardo Ezio , Thang San H.
Published: October 2006

This paper provides a first update to the review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of Reversible Addition–Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) published in June 2005. The time since that publication has witnessed an increased rate of publication on the topic with the appearance of well over 200 papers covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization ranging over reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics, and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and diverse applications.
Fiscal Migration and the London Boroughs
Authors: Davies Howard
Published: October 2006

An amended version of the Aronson-Schwartz model and a more detailed econometric model are used to test the proposition that population movements within the London metropolitan area are related to the 'value-for-money' provided by local authorities. Both approaches reveal evidence of a significant relationship, which has a variety of implications for policy towards local government finance.
Inner-City Reinvestment: Neighborhood Characteristics and Spatial Patterns Over Time
Authors: Bradway Laska Shirley , Seaman Jerrol M. , McSeveney Dennis R.
Published: October 2006

Renovation activity within 68 census tracts comprising old New Orleans, Louisiana, neighborhoods, as measured by real estate transfer (sales) rates, were estimated from a series of social, demographic, housing and locational characteristics of the tracts. The physical remnants of the nineteenth-century city - as measured by architectural design, age of housing and to some extent location of earlier wealthy neighborhoods - were more predictive of the popularity of an area for renovation than were the current social characteristics of the tracts as reflected in their racial composition, lack of poverty and age structure characteristics. It is concluded that while gentrification supports the belief from ecological theory that the wealthy may find many 'niches' within the urban area to be optimal residential locations, especially if the structures are considered very architecturally desirable, the renovation movement has brought into question earlier assumptions about the importance to middle-income home buyers of the social characteristics of a neighborhood.
Housing Consumption Over the Family Life Cycle: an Empirical Analysis
Authors: McLeod P.B. , Ellis J.R.
Published: October 2006

The family life cycle has long been an important element in the analysis of household consumption and earnings patterns. Housing studies have, however, given surprisingly little attention to the concept. Using a sample of recent house purchasers from Perth, Western Australia, this paper analyses the pattern of housing consumption and location over the family life cycle, together with the financial position of the household. The results indicate that marriage-partnering and initial schooling are the significant stages. Contrary to some recent work, we find clear evidence of reduced space consumption once child rearing is completed and for the presence of income constraints within life cycle stages. Wealth and income are found to be more important in explaining housing consumption than the family life cycle concept.
Opportunity, Preference and Constraint: an Approach to the Analysis of Metropolitan Migration
Authors: Gordon Ian , Vickerman Roger
Published: October 2006

The paper aims to consider how the fragmentation in the literature on migration may be overcome and to develop an integrated model of migration which can be applied to all types of population flow in the London metropolitan region. The need for such an approach follows from the complexity of flows observed at the 112-zone level of disaggregation as well as the unresolved problems of the literature. Despite this catholicity of aim the theoretical basis of the model is essentially economic, drawing on aspects of human capital, and search and spatial choice theories with an emphasis on the interaction between three concepts, opportunities, preference and constraints, in determining observed levels of migration.
Industrial Land Use, Externalities, and Residential Location
Authors: Burnell James D.
Published: October 2006

Studies using individual housing units as the observation base have not supported the hypothesis that certain nonresidential land uses have a negative impact on housing values. Basically, externalities associated with these land uses have very localized effects. Other studies, using municipalities as the observation base, have found that nonresidential land uses do reduce housing values, and suggest that there may be municipality-wide or nonlocalized externality effects.

This paper extends these analyses, of nonlocalized externality effects and test the hypothesis that residential locational choice is also affected by the nonlocalized nature of externalities associated with nonresidential land use, distinguishing between the localized versus nonlocalized externalities associated with industrial land use. An empirical model is used to test this hypothesis. The results show that the concentration of industrial activity has a positive effect on housing values but that municipalities with major air polluting industries have significantly lower housing values. This suggests that the type of industrial activity, especially in relation to the type of externalities being generated, as well as the concentration of activity should be included in models determining the effectiveness of zoning.
Jobs and Local Authority Subsidies
Authors: Wiltshaw Desmond G.
Published: October 2006

Though limited, local authorities possess a number of powers by which they can attempt to increase employment. A direct labour subsidy to a small competitive industry can never destroy jobs absolutely. However the same measure may create or destroy jobs relative to the effect of an indirect subsidy to a particular type of property. Different indirect subsidies may create or destroy jobs absolutely or relatively. Hence empirical research must precede policy formulation.
Resident Age and Housing Search: Evidence From Hedonic Residuals
Authors: DeBoer Larry
Published: October 2006

Elderly people are likely to have higher housing market search costs than the population as a whole. Costly search increases the price paid by older persons for housing relative to its characteristics, and also increases the range of prices paid. To test this latter hypothesis, hedonic equations are estimated for six SMSAs using data from the Annual Housing Survey. The residuals of these hedonics represent variation in prices not explained by housing characteristics. It is found that the absolute variation of these residuals is positively related to resident age, which is evidence supporting the hypothesis that the elderly pay higher housing prices due to higher search costs. A possible policy response to this problem is to create a housing market information service directed at reducing the search costs of the elderly.
Property Tax Resources and Political Party Control in England 1974-1984
Authors: Hoggart Keith
Published: October 2006

The fiscal plight of many inner city local authorities in England raises questions about similarities in urban fiscal stress processes in England and the United States. This paper focuses on one explanation for urban fiscal strain, the reduced viability of property taxes for local revenue gathering, which has been reported as significant in the United States. Given central government grant reductions and party political differences over expenditure priorities, it is argued that Labour controlled councils are (and should be) most prone to fiscal trauma. The results do not find that Labour control is linked to a poorer property tax environment. Labour's fiscal problems are linked to ideological issues, not to local economic conditions.
Toward an Evaluative Framework for Land Use Policy in Industrial Districts of the Urban Core: A Qualitative Analysis of the Exclusionary Zoning Approach
Authors: Heikkila Eric , Hutton Thomas A.
Published: October 2006

This paper provides a preliminary analysis of costs and benefits associated with exclusionary zoning, a policy vehicle which seeks to preserve or promote industry in the urban core especially (where competition for land resources is typically the greatest), by prohibiting the incursion or encroachment of 'higher uses.' The paper examines arguments commonly advanced pertaining both to alleged 'costs' of exclusionary zoning (e.g., relating to efficiency arguments, impacts on urban economic adaptability, and municipal revenues); and also to perceived 'benefits' (diversification of the economic base and urban employment structure, efficiency of public service provision, the restriction of negative externalities, etc.).

It is observed that for both costs and benefits, basic underlying arguments have in some cases been over-stated, or have failed to critically examine all relevant factors. It is suggested that in general, exclusionary zoning may be appropriate if applied in a selective manner; but that expectations as to outcome should be tempered in the light of possible costs, and also by an understanding of serious limitations associated with that approach.
Race, Ethnicity, Class and Urban Spatial Conflict: Chicago as a Crucial Test Case
Authors: Kemp Kathleen A.
Published: October 2006

The research reported in this paper is an attempt to unravel the conflicting descriptions and explanations of black-ethnic political relations in cities. Three conflicting within-city models of white political behavior vis a vis blacks were explicated and tested using Chicago as a 'crucial test' case study. Little support was found for either the 'group competition' or 'class politics' models. The findings did support the Downs-Williams 'spatial conflict' theory. A pooled estimation analysis found the parameter estimates of the spatial variables to be invariant across three city elections.
Locational Choice Behaviour of Entrepreneurs: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Timmermans Harry
Published: October 2006

So far only a few studies have investigated the actual locational decision-making process of retailers. The purpose of the present article is to fill this gap. A decompositional multi-attribute preference model is used to study retailers' locational preferences under experimental conditions. It is found that accessibility, the size of a shopping centre and the presence of magnet stores are the most important factors influencing retailers' locational preferences. The study also suggests the potential of the experimental method in studying locational preferences. The experimental task was easy to implement and retailers were able to provide consistent preference judgements.
The Population Density Gradient and the Spatial Structure of a Third World City: Nairobi, A Case Study
Authors: Kahimbaara J.A.
Published: October 2006

A generalized Newling function to the fourth degree is used as a regionalizing technique to analyze population density data from the 1969 national census of Kenya in order to identify the spatial structure of Nairobi, Kenya's primate city. On the premise that the colonial origins of Nairobi encouraged residential segregation, first, by race during the colonial period and, second, by socio-economic class during the period of political independence, it is hypothesized: (1) that the density gradient applies to Nairobi for reasons that are traditionally unexpected; (2) that Nairobi's spatial structure is sectoral; (3) that Nairobi's different racial and socio-economic communities relate, due to differences in occupation, to different geographical centres (defined as the centres of the central business district and the industrial area); (4) that autonomous urban villages during the founding of the city influence the basic sectoral pattern towards a multicentred pattern; (5) that the city boundary changes influenced the density gradient. All the hypotheses are confirmed with the qualification that the influence of the autonomous villages on the overall sectoral pattern is relatively minimal. Regarding the second hypothesis, the European and/or upper income sector relates to the central business district while the African, Asian and/or middle-low income sector relates to the industrial area.
Imputed Income from Owner-Occupied Housing and Income Inequality
Authors: Lerman Donald L. , Lerman Robert I.
Published: October 2006

Imputed income from owner-occupied housing is generally not included in analyses of the distribution of income. Yet the value of homeownership is undoubtedly an important element distinguishing the economic status of one family from another. In this paper, using a new method to decompose income inequality by income source, we analyze the impact of potential income derived from the net worth of housing on a representative national sample of US homeowners. Using 1980 Survey of Residential Finance data, we find that housing income adds less to inequality per dollar of income than does income from all other sources.
Income, Location and Housing in Greater London
Authors: Slater J.R.
Published: October 2006

This paper, in the neoclassical tradition, uses house purchase data to estimate income and (indirectly) price elasticities of demand. Grouping of data is a familiar means of 'washing out' transitory variations in measured income. Errors in the independent variable would be expected to bias downward the elasticity estimate, but recent work demonstrates that incorrect grouping may yield overestimates. Of the aggregation methods used, the 'correct' method yields results very close to those from the ungrouped data. A conventional demand analysis then follows which points to income inelasticity of demand. If price is proxied by location, then demand seems superficially price elastic. However, there are suggestions, with caveats, that income elasticity may vary with income and further work on specification seems called for.
Industrial Decentralization Policy in South Africa: Rhetoric and Practice
Authors: Dewar David , Todes Alison , Watson Vanessa
Published: October 2006

Industrial decentralization has formed a central element of state regional policy under South Africa's apartheid government. Increasingly, the government has attempted to justify this policy by linking it to international theories and precedents regarding regional development and the use of growth poles. This paper examines the potential efficacy of decentralization policy as a tool for promoting regional development in South Africa. It concludes that, in general terms, the policy has failed to meet the expectations of its proponents. Its continued emphasis in this country suggests that the motives underpinning the policy lie outside the field of regional development.
Neighbourhood Change and the Federal Housing Administration: Some Theoretical and Empirical Issues
Authors: Morrow-Jones Hazel A.
Published: October 2006

The Federal Housing Administration has been accused of playing a major role in neighbourhood change. This paper examines the empirical evidence from a comparison of FHA and conventional activity in Columbus, Ohio. Clear differences in areas and units served by the two loan types are found, but the lack of strong conceptual frameworks makes their interpretation unclear. The paper goes on to discuss these results in light of the theoretical issues involved in examining neighbourhood change. It concludes with a call for detailed empirical studies firmly grounded on improved theoretical constructs.
Building Societies and Credit Rationing: An Empirical Examination of Redlining
Authors: Jones Colin , Maclennan Duncan
Published: October 2006

Redlining in the housing market occurs when building societies explicitly delineate in some way sections of cities where they will not usually grant mortgages. This paper considers redlining as part of the broader question of credit rationing, and derives a number of alternative possible explanations of the spatial distribution of mortgage finance. These are considered using data on house sales, and surveys of building society managers and house buyers in Glasgow. The conclusions drawn are that, in the place and time period studied, the distribution of building society finance cannot be explained to any great extent by a simple loan refusal/area lending process.
Some Factors Explaining Variations in Rents of Downtown Apartments for 49 Cities of the World
Authors: Asabere Paul K. , McGowan Carl
Published: October 2006

There exists a substantial variation in apartment rents between cities of the world. Several factors must contribute to inter-city variations in rents. This paper presents an empirical identification and measurement of some of the relevant factors explaining the variations in rents between a sample of forty-nine cities. The results of our empirical analysis show that the variables which explain inter-city variations in rents are: population size, costs of public and private intra-urban transport, tax assessments, and social insurance contributions.
Fiscal Policy and the Price of Land and Housing in Japan
Authors: Kirwan Richard M.
Published: October 2006

The improvement of the urban capital stock in Japan is caught between the high price of land (and housing) and local and national fiscal constraints. In recent years rising land prices have been underpinned by the relatively recent system of planning controls and by a wide array of subsidies: suppliers of urban development have not been charged the full cost of infrastructure; while the demand for housing and development has been supported by the protected capital market and by many forms of direct and indirect assistance. Since 1980, the stringent budgetary situation has helped to reduce the rate of increase of land prices. But higher local taxes and more expropriation of the land needed for development remain politically unacceptable.
Semiconductors, Scotland and the International Division of Labour
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: October 2006

The paper seeks to analyse the semiconductor industry in Scotland in relation to the international division of labour of which it is a part. It does this by theorising the emergence and subsequent development of the industry both within Scotland, and in terms of its structural connections with American semiconductor production in the USA and Southeast Asia. In this context, the paper explores some of the social and spatial implications of the industry's development in 'Silicon Glen'. The paper concludes with a number of comments on the significance of the semiconductor industry in Scotland for analyses informed by the international division of labour perspective.
A ghost in the growth machine: the aftermath of rapid population growth in Houston
Authors: Kirby Andrew , Lynch A. Karen
Published: October 2006

This paper focuses upon the social and political consequences of rapid growth in cities outside the regions of traditional economic development in the US. We argue that this growth has taken place despite a number of broadly-defined environmental costs. For the most part, these costs have been transfered to low-income residents, or passed to other levels of government, as these cities have functioned as growth machines. A slowdown in economic development, plus contractions within federal expenditures are uniting to pose serious problems for these cities; we examine how the growth machines will function, and consider the implications for future federal urban policies.
Metropolitan Evolution, Sectoral Economic Change, and the City Size Distribution
Authors: Suarez-Villa Luis
Published: October 2006

Metropolitan evolution is conceptualised from a broad, long term perspective that focuses on demographic and sectoral economic variables. Emphasis is placed on understanding these changes from a process-oriented approach that considers its general relevance rather than its outcomes or microanalytic details. A selective review of the literature provides a significant perspective and background on the stages model that is applied to the study of metropolitan change. This is then related to the Pareto city size distribution by considering the interurban population distribution coefficient and its expected performance over the various phases of metropolitan evolution. A hypothetical interurban manufacturing employment distribution coefficient, analogous to the Pareto population coefficient, is also considered and is related to the process of metropolitan and interurban sectoral economic change. The relationship between metropolitan change and national urban size distribution is viewed as a significant component of the emerging hierarchy of global metropolitan cities in both advanced and developing nations.
Graphical Assessment of Housing Market Models
Authors: Longley Paul A. , Dunn Richard
Published: October 2006

This paper considers the selection of appropriate functional forms for discrete choice models of housing market behaviour. It is argued that uncritical adoption of linear or log-linear forms may be inappropriate, and that Box-Tukey transformations are unnecessarily cumbersome and mechanistic devices in the search for more general functional forms. An alternative graphical assessment procedure based on partial residuals is first presented and is then applied to an empirical case study of tenure choice in London, England. Results are compared with a Box-Tukey analysis, and suggest that the graphical procedure constitutes an important exploratory modelling tool. Graphical functional form evaluation is thus seen to add important insights to analysis of the policy-dominated United Kingdom housing market.
Towards an Optimal Public Housing Policy
Authors: Sang Ho Lok
Published: October 2006

The prevalent practice of public participation in housing is taken as indicating a 'revealed public preference' for better housing for the poor. Assuming that sufficient external benefit exists to justify public housing, this paper attempts to derive analytically the best public housing strategy. The proposed 'conditional bidding' mechanism consists of the free (but not entirely open) market renting or selling of public housing units to eligible target group households only. Market allocation according to the 'conditional equilibrium price' is shown to be more efficient and more equitable than administratively-based allocation schemes.
Valuing Urban Lakeview Amenities Using Implicit and Contingent Markets
Authors: Blomquist Glenn
Published: October 2006

Amenities influence individual location decisions and affect overall social well being. This comparative study focuses on the potential complementarity of implicit and contingent market approaches to valuing amenities. Lakeshore residents in Chicago were surveyed to collect data to estimate implied housing hedonic values and contingent values for two view-related amenities. The consumers in the housing market and the bidders in the contingent market are the exact same people. Presumably differences in estimates are primarily due to the different approaches. For willingness to pay, contingent values are found to be within a factor of two of implicit values. The difference is consistent with sorting which occurs in the housing market. The results provide further evidence of progress in valuing amenities.
Variable Transportation Rates and The Profit-Maximization Location Theory of The Firm
Authors: Shieh Yeung-Nan
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the role of variable transportation rates on the independence between optimum location and demand. When transportation rates are a function of quantity and distance, it shows that the independence between optimum location and demand crucially depends upon whether the elasticities of transportation rates with respect to quantity are constant and identical ; and the ratio of marginal products is equal to the ratio of marginal transportation costs. This is quite different from the well-known Miller and Jensen result.