bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tatami Taxonomy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

As i Sit On a Woven Mat and savor the great variety of small dishes of food that are set before me, the slight aching of my legs is offset by the mild anesthetic effect of inhaling and sipping the tiny cups of hot sake. Ever the biologist, I begin to wonder how many major taxa of flora and fauna have gone into this meal. Japanese cuisine must be the richest in the world in terms of taxonomic variety, and the idea arises of exploring the world of living in terms of the menus of Nippon. This exercise in systematic gastronomy will be called, quite naturally, tatami taxonomy. To make the exercise more tangible, I recall the norimaki sushi hors d’oeuvre that began this feast. This wonder of the life sciences contains materials from the four major classification groups, which perhaps had best be reviewed, just in case. The major division in all life forms is between the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. The former include bacteria and simple, nonnucleated, unicellular forms. The latter encompass all higher forms and are partitioned into three kingdoms: plants, animals, and protists. Protists are a collection of algae, fungi, and protozoa, which are generally at a lower level of organization than plants and animals.
The Litmus Test
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

IT’S DIFFICULT TO READ through a newspaper these days without encountering reference to a litmus test. Whether the article deals with appointing a Supreme Court justice or the director of the National Institutes of Health, the notion of such a test keeps working its way into the political rhetoric. To those of us who first encountered litmus in cherished childhood chemistry sets, the notion of a political litmus test impinges on the psyche in a strange way. Obviously, a more detailed understanding of litmus is called for. It begins, appropriately enough, with the 1911 edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica:

LITMUS (apparently a corruption of lacmus, Dutch lacmoes, lac, lac, and moes, pulp, due to association with “lit,” an obsolete word for dye, colour; the Ger. equivalent is Lackmus, Fr. tournesol), a colouring matter which occurs in commerce in the form of small blue tablets, which, however, consist mostly, not of the pigment proper, but of calcium carbonate and sulphate and other matter devoid of tinctorial value. Litmus is extensively employed by chemists as an indicator for the detection of free acids and free alkalis. An aqueous infusion of litmus, when exactly neutralized by an acid, exhibits a violet colour, which by the least trace of free acid is changed to red, while free alkali turns it to blue. The reagent is generally used in the form of test paper bibulous paper dyed red, purple or blue by the respective kind of infusion. Litmus is manufactured in Holland from the same kinds of lichens (species Roccella and Lecanora) as are used for the preparation of archil.
X∝os, Chaos Chaos, And Chaos
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I SUPPOSE it is a fitting sign of the times that chaos has become, simultaneously, an important concept in science, the title of a widely read book, and a topic for cocktail party conversation. It is to the last of these subjects that this essay is addressed.

The English word “chaos” comes to us from the ancient Greek x<iocr. The earliest extant reference is from Hesiod, who lived in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. In his Theogony (lines 114- 116), he wrote:

Thus, Chaos was the name of the most ancient of the Greek deities, the first member of the Pantheon. From very early times there was apparently an association between the first god, Chaos, and the unformed matter of the universe, chaos. The word “chaos” is first recorded in English in Scala perfeccionis by Walter Hylton in 1440. He writes of chaos as “a thycke derkeness.”
Cavalier and Yankee
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

William Taylor’s Cavalier and Yankee was one of the most famous works of American history written in the 1960s. The book is an intellectual history of the South before the Civil War, the perception of it in the North, and the effect it had upon the nation in the years from 1800 to 1860. First published in 1961 and out of print for several years, Taylor’s classic study remains essential to the study of the pre-Civil War South.
A Northern Man of Southern Principles
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

When the morning was up, they had him to the top of the house and bid him look south. So he did, and behold, at a great distance he saw a most pleasant mountainous country, beautified with woods, fountains, very delectable to behold.
Fidelity to Trust
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

Trust is ineradicable in human relationships. Without it we could not live in society or attain even the rudiments of a fulfilling life. Without trust we could not anticipate the future, and we would therefore be paralyzed into inaction. Yet to trust and entrust is to become vulnerable and dependent on the good will and motivations of those we trust. Trust, ineradicable as it is, is also always problematic. Trust is most problematic when we are in states of special dependence-in illness, old age, or infancy or when we are in need of healing, justice, spiritual help, or learning. This is the situation in our relationships with the professions that circumstances force us to trust. We are forced to trust professionals if we wish access to their knowledge and skill. We need the help of doctors, lawyers, ministers, rabbis, priests, chaplains, or teachers to surmount or cope with our most pressing human needs. We must depend on their fidelity to trust and their desire to protect rather than exploit our vulnerability.
Curtain: The End of Performance
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

Perhaps because they are so uncertain and so provisional, endings seem anxiously to demand validation; they want gestures to confirm that this is the proper place to end. There are, as we shall see, many different ways of lending formal or cultural authority to the ending, but the simplest and most familiar is confirmation that the performance is over. As a movie comes to an end, the strings strike up their coda, the credits begin to roll, and finally the house lights come up. The plot of a novel comes to an end as we turn the last few pages of the book and finally reach a blank space inscribed “The End.” A manuscript will advertise its own conclusion with the flourish of a koronis (“hook” or “crow’s beak”) or with a grander declaration such as ‘tEAoi; Et.>pmioou EK<X(3’!li; (“End of Euripides’ Hecuba”) or vergili maronis georgicon fiber IIII explicit (“Book Four of Virgil’s Georgics is ended”). And a modern play will confirm that the performance is over when the curtain falls, the house lights come up, and members of the cast line up to take their bows. Greek drama was different. The outdoor the after had no curtain and no lights, and so far as we know the actors did not come back onstage to receive applause; the only confirmation that the show had ended was the exit of the actors and the chorus. This emptying of the stage was a familiar signal that the play was over-a signal that might be exploited in interesting ways, as when actors and chorus exit after less than 400 lines in Euripides’ Helen, prematurely ending the action and preparing for the second, comic prologue in which the gatekeeper drives Menelaus from the palace. But whereas the koronis and the curtain are external markers, signals from outside the action that confirm the work has come to an end, the same is not true of the emptied stage. The departure of characters and chorus requires plausible motivation within the plot, and the need for such motivation seems to impose on Greek tragedy a stricter sense of closure. At the end of Trojan Women, the stage is left empty because now the surviving women of Troy must depart with the herald to a life of slavery. At the end of Eumenides, the acting area is emptied as the characters, the chorus, a second chorus of attendants, and perhaps the audience as well march from the theater in a grand civic procession. In either case, the emptying of the stage is a natural part of the drama’s end.
Postscript: Outside the Frame
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

Greek tragedy, unlike many other forms of drama, presumes a historical and cultural continuum that embraces both the events enacted onstage and the viewers themselves, and the Euripidean aition overtly complicates this thread. Yet the drama implies (or seems to imply) another more essential continuum: the thread of events that constitute the plot. And insofar as the drama raises questions about the end of this thread, it brings us back to the issues of form versus content and of artistic invention.Any narrative genre must grapple (it would seem) with the problem of choosing an end. How does the author decide where to begin and end the story? How does she or he choose, from the countless events of history or the infinite possibilities of fiction, what to enact or tell? And how do readers or spectators know that this is the end? Do they recognize that lives and events continue and that no retelling willem brace them all? The problem (as stated) assumes a contrast between form and con tent, between the infinite continuum and the finite story that tries to contain it, or between the real world of human experience and the contrivance of narration. This problem and this implied contrast are my point of departure in discussing closing prophecies in Euripides. It does not follow that my reading requires or depends upon the validity of this (Aristotelian) contrast; as I hope to show, the problem is one that some texts pose with greater or lesser insistence, and in various ways.
Phoenician Women and Narrative
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

Around the time of the production of Orestes,  1 Euripides produced another play that was just as experimental and would become just as popular: Phoenician Women and Orestes were the most commonly read and quoted classical works apart from Homer throughout antiquity, and together with Hecuba came to form the “Byzantine triad” of select plays. It is an interesting item in the history of reception that ancient audiences and readers showed much greater interest in these innovative plays than do their modern counterparts, although there are signs that this is beginning to change. But my interest here is not in the play’s reception, but in its highly original narrative structure. Phoenician Women is a remarkable pastiche of legends about Oedipus and his family; the cast list, as Elizabeth Craik observes, “reads like a guest list for a macabre house party of the Theban royal family,” and these legends and characters are woven together in a way that explores the possibilities, uncertainties, and prosaic pleasures of a narrative text. Where Helen offers a happily fortuitous and romantic end, and Orestes is torn between the opposing ends of tragedy and comedy, Phoenician Women becomes immersed in the difficulties of seeing or choosing an end, in the mundane pleasures and problems of grappling with knots. I will therefore let this play with its unprecedented narrative impulse serve as a final example of the ways in which Euripides’ experimentation with closing gestures and closural patterns transformed tragedy into something entirely different.
Characterization of Contaminants, Environments, and Human Health
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

In environmental science, confusion often arises from the use of the same or similar sounding terms that have different meanings in different contexts. This is especially true when considering the concentrations of air and water contaminants. Both are frequently expressed in terms of a ratio, such as parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb). However, when used for air contaminants, the units are molar or volume fractions, while when used for water contaminants, they are weight fractions. In order to avoid unnecessary confusion, the concentration units used in this book have appropriate subscripts: pomp to indicate parts per million parts of air, a volume ratio, and ppmw, to indicate parts per million parts of water, a weight ratio. This problem is often avoided altogether by expressing all fluid contaminant concentrations as the weight of contaminant per unit volume (e.g., cubic meter, m3, or liter, L) of fluid. In air, the units generally used are mg/m3 or µ,g/m3, while in water they are most often mg/L or µ,g/L.
Anthropogenic Impacts on Environmental Quality: Their Influence on Human Health and Welfare
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

Humans are not independent of their natural environment. We consume natural resources, and generate waste products. Moreover, the wastes are often discharged into systems that cannot handle them effectively, often upsetting the balance of nature that is essential to human well being.
Our Environmental Future
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

The environment that we inhabit is ever changing, and the only thing that is reasonably certain is that it will continue to change. Furthermore, it is most likely to change at an ever increasing rate. Affluence allows some of us to directly control many aspects of our personal environments (within our homes and property boundaries). However, as we consider our neighborhoods, villages and cities, states, countries, and global communities, our individual capacity to influence factors affecting our collective environments diminishes, and we become more dependent on political and judicial processes for the protection and/or enhancement of our collective environments, through legislation, enforcement of environmental regulations, and through public information and educational programs. In the United States, most people look to the EPA, the DHHS, and their state and local counterpart agencies to take the lead roles in the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of the environmental factors and forces that could or do affect human health. While these agencies can, should, and sometimes do greatly influence our environmental quality and health status, they cannot and do not do so alone.
Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

Providing a comprehensive picture of the design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation of non-experimental studies of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, the Second Edition of this widely used text has been thoroughly updated to take into account the numerous developments in epidemiology over the past decade. Since the first edition was published in 1986, additional sources of data have become available through the increasing use of computerized records for health-related purposes. Also, a better understanding of the uses and limitations of certain epidemiologic concepts has been gained. Modifications of traditional study designs, including nested case-control studies and case-cohort studies, are now more frequently employed. Biological markers of exposure, disease susceptibility, and disease itself are used in many studies and methods of statistical analysis have been further developed. All of these developments have been considered in writing the Second Edition. The authors cover the full scope of observational studies, describing in detail cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and epidemic investigation. The use of statistical procedures is described in easy-to-understand terms. Sample size estimation, sampling, measurement, and measurement error are fully discussed. Each chapter in the second edition has been updated and several chapters have been expanded. Chapter 3, which summarizes sources of data on disease occurrence, includes several additional sources of data. Chapter 5, which describes modifications of traditional study designs, now contains nested case-control and case-cohort studies. Chapter 15, on other types of measurement, has been expanded to include sections on measurement in epidemiologic studies of the elderly and on biological markers since these have become major areas of epidemiologic research in recent years. Much of the material in Chapters 6, 7, and 9 on the analysis of data from epidemiologic studies is also new to this edition. Perhaps the greatest challenge for the authors in writing this Second Edition was to make some of the modern, frequently used methods of statistical analysis understandable to readers with a limited mathematical or statistical background. Although this book is intended for readers who have had introductory courses in epidemiology and biostatistics, even readers who do not fully comprehend the theory behind some of the techniques should understand the rationale for their use and be able to interpret results when they appear on a computer printout or in the literature. The Second Edition of this widely used text will serve as a practical resource for students and practitioners of epidemiology, public health and biostatistics.
Retrospective Cohort, Nested Case-Control, and Case-Cohort Studies: Planning and Execution
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 pointed out that one of the major advantages of prospective cohort studies is that the exposure is measured before the disease is diagnosed, while one of the main limitations is the high cost of most studies. Chapter 5 presents three types of study designs that may be considered modifications of the traditional prospective cohort study: the retrospective cohort study, the nested case-control study, and the case-cohort study. When the appropriate circumstances occur such that one of these designs can be implemented, the cost is generally considerably decreased, yet expo sure is still measured before the disease is diagnosed.
Cohort Studies: Statistical Analysis I,
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

Because all cohort studies, whether prospective or retrospective, monitor the disease status of cohort members over time, it is essential to account for the time at risk for disease by each member while he or she is monitored. A cohort member is said to be at risk for the disease of interest during a given time period if he or she is both under observation and susceptible to the disease during that period; therefore, if he or she does develop the disease, its occurrence will be documented.
Cohort Studies II: Further Design Considerations and Analysis
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned mainly with control of confounding in case control studies. When controlling for potential confounding variables in a case-control study, the investigator often has the options of (a) matching controls to cases on potential confounding variables at the time they are selected and using methods of statistical analysis appropriate for matched studies; (b) not matching controls to cases on any potential confounding variables at the time they are selected, but rather controlling for all potential confounding variables in the analysis, using statistical procedures appropriate for unmatched designs; and (c) using a combination of matching at the time cases and controls are selected and controlling for confounding variables in the analysis, using methods of analysis that take into account the matching. Combining the approaches may involve matching controls to cases on some potential confounding variables, not matching on others, and controlling for them all appropriately in the analysis. It may also entail matching loosely on certain potential confounding variables and controlling for them more tightly in the analysis. Although matching on potential con founding variables has considerable intuitive appeal, it also has limitations, and should be used only when its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
Epidemic Investigation
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

This book has considered studies that are prospective and retrospective from the standpoint of the observer, studies that require observation of a cohort of persons, and studies that involve comparisons of cases with controls. The placement of epidemic investigations in this scheme is difficult because the methods of study vary considerably, depending on the circumstances, and may involve different approaches at different times, or even several approaches during a single outbreak.
Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages
Authors: Vikner Sten
Published: November 2023

This book is the study of two different kinds of variation across the Germanic languages. One involves the position of the finite verb, and the other the possible positions of the "logical" subject in constructions with expletive (or "dummy") subjects. The book applies the theory of principles and parameters (also known as the "government-binding theory") to the study of comparative syntax. Several languages are considered, including less frequently discussed ones like Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, and Yiddish.
V°-to-1° Movement
Authors: Vikner Sten
Published: November 2023

According to chapter 3, the preferable analysis of V2 in main clauses is that V2 involves both movement of the finite verb into C0 and movement of some maximal projection into CP-spec, although this maximal projection is not necessarily an overt element, in that no overt element precedes the finite verb in, e.g., yes/no-questions. In chapter 4, it was further argued that this analysis could be maintained for the V2 phenomena that occur in embedded sentences as well, even if embedded V2 sentences may be preceded by a complementiser.
The Poetics Of Colonization
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

Tales of archaic Greek city foundations continue to be told and retold long after the colonies themselves were settled, and this book explores how the ancient Greeks constructed their memory of founding new cities overseas. Greek stories about colonizing Sicily or the Black Sea in the seventh century B.C.E. are no more transparent, no less culturally constructed than nineteenth-century British tales of empire in India or Africa; they are every bit as much about power, language, and cultural appropriation. This book brings anthropological and literary theory to bear on the narratives that later Greeks tell about founding colonies and the processes through which the colonized are assimilated into the familiar story-lines, metaphors, and rituals of the colonizers. The distinctiveness and the universality of the Greek colonial representations are explored through explicit comparison with later European narratives of new world settlement.
Olympian 7 and Bacchylides Ode I I: Murder, Victory, and Colonization
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

In Pythian 5, Pindar adapts Cyrene’s colonial tradition to fit the conventions of epinician poetry; in drawing close parallels between the civic roles of founder and victor, he suggests that each brings significant power and fame to his city. In Olympian 1 as well, Pindar paints an elaborate triptych of colonial tales in praise of Diagoras of Rhodes’ victory in the boxing competition at Olympia in 464 B.C.E. We have already examined one panel of this aetiological tableau-the marriage of Helius and Rhodes-within the larger context of marriage and rape imagery in city foundation legends. Now in this chapter, I will focus on another chapter in Rhodes’ early history-its colonization by Tlepolemus of Argos. Pindar uses the colonial tradition of Rhodes to celebrate his client’s athletic success both in terms that will be familiar to us from our discussion of Pythian 5 and in new ways as well. In addition to praising the victor in light of the city founder, Pindar exploits the murderer founder analogy that we discussed in Chapter 2 (for Tlepolemus, the founding hero of Rhodes, is also a murderer) and extends it to include athletic victory as well. Bacchylides, too, describes Panhellenic competition and city foundations as parallel acts of purification, and for this reason, a reading of Bacchylides Ode 11 in conjunction with a discussion of Olympian 1 will explore how the purification-colonization metaphor operates within the context of epinician poetry.
When And How Are Populations Limited? The Roles Of Insect Outbreaks, Fire, And Other Natural Perturbations
Authors: Rotenberry John T , Cooper Robert J , Wunderle Joseph M , Smith Kimberly C
Published: November 2023

Populations of migrant birds are affected by natural changes in weather, climate, and habitat, including those brought about by unpredictable events like drought, floods, fire, and insect infestations. This chapter will review effects of potentially “catastrophic” natural events on bird populations and discuss methods for understanding, interpreting, and managing (or at least mitigating) effects of such disturbances. In most cases we will focus on the proximate, rather than ultimate, consequences of these events, although we note where appropriate if a particular species appears adapted to a recurring disturbance. Likewise, we emphasize extrinsic rather than intrinsic (e.g., the relationship between food abundance and reproductive success) factors relating to population limitations, the latter being amplified by Sherry and Holmes (Chapter 4, this volume).Sousa (1984) provides an excellent review of potentially catastrophic natural disturbances that may occur in ecological systems. He points out that the old view of disturbance as an uncommon, irregular event that causes an abrupt, structural change in a natural community and moves it away from a static, near-equilibrium condition, probably has little utility.
Habitat Requirements During Migration: Important Link In Conservation
Authors: Moore Frank R , Gauthreaux Sidney A , Kerlinger Paul , Simons Theodore R
Published: November 2023

Conservation of Neotropical land bird migrants is complicated by the very life history characteristic that permits these birds to exploit seasonal environments, namely migration. Choice of habitat must be made in Neotropical wintering quarters, in temperate breeding areas, and repeatedly during migration. Each of the habitats encountered during the migrant’s annual cycle faces different threats of degradation and destruction (Gradwohl and Greenberg 1989, Askins et al. 1990).Stopover habitat is defined here as “ ... an area with the combination of resources (like food, cover, water) and environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, presence and absence of predators and competitors) that promotes occupancy by individuals of a given species (or population) and allows those individuals to survive ...” (Morrison et al. 1992) during passage. The importance of habitat during migration has been largely overlooked in our developing conservation strategy (Moore and Simons 1992, Berthold and Terrill 1991). Migration is a period of exceptional energy demand, and small land bird migrants generally do not deposit enough fat to fly without stopping between breeding and wintering areas (Berthold 1975, Blem 1980). Hence, avail ability of suitable habitats where depleted fat stores can be safely and rapidly replenished becomes critical to a successful migration.
Habitat Use And Conservation In The Neotropics
Authors: Petit Daniel R , Lynch James F , Hutto Richard L , Blake John G , Waide Robert B
Published: November 2023

Habitat, the vegetative, physical, and topographic features associated with the location in which an animal lives (Odum 1971), has important ramifications for the persistence of a species because it can influence reproductive and mortality rates. The evolutionary significance of habitat selection is clearly reflected by the close association between habitat use and morphology, behavior, and life-history traits of a species (Cody 1985). Understanding habitat requirements has motivated much of the study of avian ecology during this century and, consequently, habitat studies form the framework for conservation efforts aimed at preserving species diversity (Cody 1985, Probst and Crow 1991). Wildlife ecologists agree that conservation of populations of wild animals depends upon protection of habitats at appropriate spatial scales (Harris and Kangas 1988, Grumbine 1990). This prospect grows increasingly difficult, however, due to encroachment of civilization into even the most remote ecosystems on earth. Migratory birds that breed in North America and overwinter in the Neotropics have been affected by human alteration of natural landscapes (Robbins et al. 1989a, Sauer and Droege 1992). Declines in populations of many Neotropical migrants have been documented through long-term studies at continental, regional (Breeding Bird Survey of the US Fish and Wildlife Service; Robbins et al. 1986), and local (Ambuel and Temple 1982, Wilcove 1988, Johnston and Hagan 1992) scales during breeding (Briggs and Criswell 1978, Robbins et al. 1989a), migration (Stewart 1987, Gauthreaux 1992, Russell et al. 1992), and winter periods (Faaborg and Arendt 1992).
Silviculture In Central And Southeastern Oak-Pine Forests
Authors: Dickson James G , Thompson Frank R , Conner Richard N , Franzreb Kathleen E
Published: November 2023

The objective of this chapter is to document the Neotropical migratory bird NTMB communities of eastern pine-oak and oak hickory forests and provide information on how silviculture practices affect those bird communities. The area covered is the southeastern pine-oak forests from Virginia to eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas and the oak-dominated forests northerly, particularly the midwestern United States. Eastern pine-oak and oak-hickory forest are characterized by conifers and hardwoods, particularly pines and oaks in the south, oaks and hickories northerly from the east to midwest, and bottomland hardwoods along rivers and streams. Climate is generally mild and annual precipitation averages about 100-150 cm. The moderate climate and diverse vegetative systems support abundant and diverse wildlife communities. The current Neotropical migrants found in this region represent a group of robust species that were able to survive the drastic land use practices of the 1800s and early 1900s. Species associated with old-growth forests have declined. Exotics, and species associated with man-altered habitats and younger forests have generally increased over the long term (Smith and Petit 1988). Silviculture, or the culture of trees, is the manipulation of forest stand establishment, composition, and growth. Even-aged stands are regenerated by clear cuts, seed tree, or shelter wood cuts, uneven-aged stands usually are re generated by individual tree or group selection.
They Seek a City
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

“Jane was yesterday afternoon about six o’clock arrested by Jones, a constable of this city, “ Charles Colcock Jones Jr. began a letter to his father from Savannah, on the first day of October 1856, “and is now in confinement in Wright the broker’s yard. “ Owned by cotton planter Charles C. Jones Sr. of Liberty County, Georgia, Jane had been in the city more than a month before she had been discovered. She had passed herself off as a slave from the upcountry who was permitted to hire her own time, and she had found employment at $6.50 a week doing housework.
Profile of a Runaway
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

On 25 october 1816, william w. bell, a North Carolina farmer, placed a notice in the North Carolina Minerva and Raleigh Advertiser about his runaway slave. Explaining that he had purchased Frank from John Patterson of Matthews County, Virginia, Bell wrote: Runaway, from the Subscriber, on Friday Evening last, Near Enfield Court House, a Negro man, named Frank, pretty stout, one strait scar on his cheek passing from the under part of the ear towards the corner of the mouth, of a common dark color, something of a flat nose, a short, round chin, and a down look, about 26 or 27 years of age. Had on, brown yarn homespun Pantaloons, striped homespun waistcoat, and a white yarn roundabout. Twenty-five dollars reward will be given for lodging said runaway in any gaol in this state or Twenty dollars if in any gaol out of the state.
Wilderness and the Cult of Manliness: Hooker) Lincoln) and Defeat
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: November 2023

Joseph Hooker And Ulysses S. Grant would have looked remarkably alike to a • president reviewing their records early in 1863. They had their flaws, but both were judged to be among the best generals in the Union army. Both gained their promotions on merit. Both were reasonably successful and consistently hard-fighting professional soldiers with about as much experience of warfare as an American could get. By early 1863 each had engaged in the heaviest fighting of the war, Grant at Shiloh and Hooker at Antietam.
Race and Health: A Multidimensional Approach to African-American Health
Authors: King Gary , Williams David R
Published: November 2023

At the turn of the century, W. E. B. Du Bois (1903), the distinguished American sociologist, declared that the problem of the twentieth century is the color line. The issues of race and racism have plagued this country since its very beginning, and remain a disturbing and volatile component of the American dilemma. The roots of the problem, as historians (Franklin, 1980; Stampp, 1956; Davis, 1966; Bennett, 1966; Jordan, 1968), sociologists (Silberman, 1964; van den Berghe, 1967; Blauner, 1972; Wilson, 1980) and other observers (de Tocqueville, 1835; Myrdal, 1944) have determined, lie in the nature of the relationships established by Europeans in their contacts with and conquests of, physically distinct and culturally disparate peoples throughout the world.
Explanations for Social Inequalities in Health
Authors: Marmot Michael , Bobak Martin , Smith George Davey
Published: November 2023

Britain’s secretary of state for health recently published her strategy for improving health in England, The Health of the Nation (Secretary of State for Health, 1992). Among the sillier responses to this publication was one along the line of, “Health is improving anyway—why do we need to take action to improve it further?” It is true that there have been dramatic across—the-board improvements in life expectancy in industrialized countries. However, two phenomena stand in stark contrast to this general trend: marked divergence in life expectancy among industrialized countries, and persistent, even widening, social inequalities in health within countries. These realities made only fleeting appearances in the British government’s health strategy. Gender, ethnic, and regional variations in mortality also persist.
The Cultural Frame: Context and Meaning in the Construction of Health
Authors: Corin Ellen
Published: November 2023

In Western countries, and more specifically in North America, ethnic diversity is a growing topic of concern for health planners and service providers. There is evidence that the prevalence of health problems varies among ethnic communities, but to what extent this variation is influenced by cultural features, by social status, and by differential access to economic and social resources remains unknown. Rates of utilization of health services have also been shown to vary by cultural group. Culture, therefore, has increasingly come to the fore as a potential determinant of health. What we now need is a more precise definition of “culture,” as well as approaches and methods to elucidate the mechanisms through which culture could influence health and health behaviors.
Autonomy and Intervention
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

The basic relationship between people should be care, and the caring life is the highest which humans can live. Unfortunately, care that is not thoughtful slides into illegitimate intrusion on autonomy. Autonomy is a basic good, and we should not abridge it without good reason. On the other hand, it is not the only good. We must sometimes intervene in the lives of others to protect them from grave harms or provide them with important benefits. The reflective person, therefore, needs guidelines for caring. Some contemporary moralists condemn paternalism categorically. This work examines weaknesses in their arguments and proposes new guidelines for paternalism, which it calls “parentalism” to avoid the patriarchal connotations of the old term. Its antiparentalism is more moderate than standard antipaternalism based on an exaggerated respect for autonomy. The work explores implications for both the personal sphere of interactions between individuals, such as friends and family members, and the public sphere of institutions, legislation, and the professional practices.
Parentalism Defined
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

The impulse to rush to a neighbor’s aid engages some of the best and worst elements of human nature; hence, the urge to help must be both encouraged and disciplined. A caring society promotes parentalism where it is needed and blocks it where it is repugnant. To do this it must sort out the forms and develop guidelines for its members. This is what we will now try to do.
The Anatomy of Intervention
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

Any reasonable ban on parentalism based on respect for autonomy must be replete with exceptions because the forms of autonomy vary in degree and importance and some deserve much more respect than others. We will next examine the nature of autonomy, its value, the points at which it can be affected by intervention of others, and how all of this relates to justification of parentalism.
The State as Parentalist
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

People take care of others without their consent in two ways. They help them directly, and they support or participate in institutions which in turn serve them. I will refer to the latter form of parentalism as public parentalism, in contrast to the personal parentalism with which we have been occupied to this point.
The Appositive Group
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

Before embarking on an analysis of the appositive group, which is the prosodic domain ranked one step above the word, it will be appropriate to consider the theoretical status of the prosodic domain in general and the sort of evidence that can be adduced from speech and from verse in support of particular domains. The rules of connected speech surveyed in Chapter 6-gliding, elision, contraction, resyllabification, refoot ing, and remapping-apply within domains which, in the present state of knowledge, can usually be stated most easily morphologically or syntac tically. However, even in terms of a purely formal and logical analysis, this approach is open to the criticism that it omits an explanatory link. The concept of the domain, in common with all phonological constructs not concerned with ordinal and quantitative relations, arises from the related fundamental organizational principles of classification and abstrac tion. A domain is a set of syntactic structures within which apply a set of phonological rules; by virtue of the existence of the domain, the syntac tic structures and the phonological rules become cooccurrence classes. Unless the classification is accidental, the members of each class can be assumed to share some internal property. In concrete terms, if in a language syntactic phrases are characterized by a conjunction of phrase accent, final lengthening, resyllabification and elision, either this partic ular combination of phonological properties is quite accidental or it represents the various manifestations of a single shared property, and that shared property must obviously be phonological and not syntactic, since the class of items sharing it is phonological. This interpretation, based on formal analysis, is supported by substantive considerations. In general, the rules of phrase prosody serve to improve the fluency of speech within prosodically demarcated domains.
Consuming Angels
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne
Published: November 2023

Timid and retiring, the Victorian housewife was an "angel in the house," or so says the stereotype. But when this angel picked up a popular magazine--The Lady, for instance--she saw in its advertisements images of Greek goddesses, women warriors, queens, actresses, adventurers. These arrestingly sexual and surprisingly powerful images are the subject of Consuming Angels, a major examination of how Victorian ads shaped social values. Stylishly written and featuring 73 reproductions, this book shows how ads used the hedonistic aspects of Victorian culture to sell their wares, glorified consumerism, and mythologized the middle-class life. Images of aggressive women, Loeb shows, played well to both men and women. And ultimately, these ads helped usher in the twentieth century with the creation of a new community: the community of consumers.
To the future
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan
Published: November 2023

There is a very funny Monty Python sketch in which John Cleese portrays a famous British writer. When reminiscing, he notes that his old mentor was fond of giving the following advice to would-be writers: “The words are all out there, now we just need to get them in the right order.” In some way, I think that advice applies to the study of cooperative behavior. While not ubiquitous, cooperation is certainly widespread in the animal kingdom and sooner or later we will “get the words in the right order” and come up with a solid fundamental understanding of the evolution of cooperation. But we have a long way to go. Despite interest that can be traced back to at least the time of Darwin and although hundreds of models have been constructed and empirical work has begun testing some of these models, we have only just begun a journey that may bring us, at the end, to a complete picture of how cooperation evolves.
Evaluating Standards
Authors: Philips Michael
Published: November 2023

In chapter 4, I argued for ESA in relation to core moral standards. In this chapter I will further develop that account in relation to domain specific standards. I will also discuss the problem of evaluating goods and evils. Before beginning, it is worth repeating that the fact that a standard is justified for a society does not entail that every member of that society is obligated to act on that standard. The relation between justifying moral standards and evaluating individual conduct or character is more complicated than is ordinarily supposed. I will discuss that relationship in some detail in chapter 7.
American Original
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

Hailed by The New York Times as "America's Aristophanes," Will Rogers was one of this century's most astute and beloved humorists. If as he often remarked, he never met a man he didn't like, it is also true that Rogers never met a man he didn't like to make fun of. Everyone from congressmen and Presidents to Hollywood movie moguls and wealthy industrialists bore the brunt of his gently lacerating wit--and seemed, mostly, to be charmed in the process. So popular did Rogers become--through dozens of films, a daily column that ran for nine years in newspapers across the country, and countless lectures and stage performances--that he was often urged to run for Congress and even the Presidency. Upon receiving a mock appointment as Congressman-at-Large for the whole United States, Rogers protested, "I regret the disgrace that's been thrust upon me here tonight. I've tried to live my whole life so that I would never become a congressman." In American Original, Ray Robinson chronicles the trajectory of Will Rogers' remarkable life. Written with engaging immediacy and filled with a wealth of delightful anecdotes, this lively portrait follows Rogers from his childhood in the Indian Territory of what is now Oklahoma, to his first spellbinding lariat performances in the Wild West shows (where he would often lasso prominent audience members and drag them on stage), to his stardom in vaudeville and the Ziegfeld Follies, to his early silent movies and the later "talkies," and finally to his astonishing influence as a "cowboy philosopher" columnist read by over 40 million Americans. Far more than other biographers, Robinson excels at conveying Rogers' impact as a political commentator ("I belong to no organized political party. I am a Democrat.") and his great success as an actor in Hollywood, where he was the leading star of Fox Films. And along the way, Robinson paints a vibrant portrait of one of America's most colorful eras. We follow the early evolution of modern entertainment, enjoy vivid snapshots of W.C. Fields, Charlie Chaplin, Florenz Ziegfeld, Eddie Cantor, Samuel Goldwyn, Shirley Temple, and John Ford, and, perhaps most important, witness the major political events of the era through Will Rogers' uniquely perceptive eyes. American Original succeeds most appealingly in bringing Will Rogers before us with all the spontaneity, intimacy, and honesty of a live performance. In it we are given front row seats to the life of a character unabashedly American and unforgettably original.
The Meanings of Mutualism
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Ethically, there is nothing in the phenomena of symbiosis to justify the sentimentalism they have excited in certain writers. Practically, in some instances, symbiosis seems to result in mutual advantage. In all cases it results advantageously to one of the parties, and we can never be sure that the other would not have been nearly as well off, if left to itself. During the late nineteenth century struggle and competition were elaborated equally in the “natural” and the human social realms. The use of natural law as the basis for a given view of society became commonplace in social, political, and economic theory.s Studies of symbiosis, insofar as they implied something other than conflict, became identified with mutualism. There was no coherent theory for the origin and nature of mutualistic associations. Some emphasized cooperation within species; others emphasized cooperation between them. Collectively, they were considered to oppose the main focus of Darwinian evolutionists on illustrating conflict and competition. The result was a transformation in the meaning of the term symbiosis.
Symbiogenesis in Russia
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The suggestion that symbiosis was a primordial characteristic of plants and animals faced serious opposition since it was first proposed in the late nineteenth century. That stable symbiotic associations between phylogentically distinct organisms was a phenomenon of general occurrence flew in the face of the overwhelming belief in individual life struggle and the parasitic nature of microorganisms. The proposal that cells were symbiotic complexes relied on evidence for the relative autonomy of intracellular constituents. And this, in tum, had to be weighed against the arguments that the nucleus alone controlled the synthetic processes of the cell.
Les Symbiotes Revisited
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Their universal presence in the cell coupled with the known properties of bacteria, appear to indicate that mitochondria represent the end adjustment of a fundamental biologic process. The establishment of intimate microsymbiotic complexes has been designated “Symbionticism” by the author. Symbionticism, then, is proposed as the fundamental factor or the cardinal principle involved in the origin of species.
Verbal Phantoms
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, symbiosis continued to be discussed and understood in terms of laws and principles about conflict and cooperation in nature. Empirical investigations of symbiotic associations remained scarce, and there was a plurality of views about how they originated and were maintained and about their place in natural history. In fact, there was still no consensus over what the term symbiosis actually meant or whether it had any legitimate place in scientific discourse.