bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Rules of Officials according to Yeznik Koghbatsi
Authors: Mirzoyan Valeri
Published: January 2021

The behavioral rules suggested by the great Armenian philosopher Yeznik Koghbatsi (380-450) can justly find their place in any collection of “aphorisms about rule and power”. He postulated advice, appeals, commandments, norms of behavior which can refer to everyone irrespective of their social position. Koghbatsi’s behavioral norms can be summed up in the following provisions:

Power is not a will to rule, rather it is an obligation.

The just official not only imposes his will on his subjects, but “rules like a loyal servant” and takes care of the latter.

To rule means displaying governing skills, i.e. guiding the subjects to the realization of the common goals.

If the official is loved by people, he must be content, if no, he must demonstrate patience and tenacity

The official must avoid false kindness and must be able to punish the one who is guilty

Reproach and rebuke must be well-grounded and if the subject has not accepted his guilt voluntarily, he must demonstrate tolerance

The subject must be reproached in private

When rebuking others, the official must not abuse his position, rather he must have moral grounds for that.

The most powerful lever of rule is the positive example of the official while the greatest harm is inflicted by his negative behavior

Everybody, be it an official or a subject, must be ready and willing to listen to advice.
Essence and Phenomenon in Linguistic Content and Expression
Authors: Abrahamyan Ashot
Published: January 2021

Essence – phenomenon and content – expression pairs comprise a net of interpenetrations in any language. The picture gets more complicated when the hierarchy of essence, phenomenon, content and expression is viewed on three levels of language generalization – in language in general, in a specific language and in an individual one. The phenomenon of the content of language in general and the essence of the content of an individual language, the phenomenon of expression of language in general and the essence of the expression of an individual language coincide in their order but not always in volume. There exists a relationship of possibility and reality between the essence of language in general and the phenomena of expression on the one hand and the essence of the individual language and the phenomena of expression on the other hand. It can be concluded that language in general and the individual language come closer not only in the phenomenon of the former and the essence of the latter, but, what is more remarkable, in the essence of the former and the phenomenon of the latter.
The Problem of Thinking and Language: Concept
Authors: Israyelyan Stela
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to discuss the nature of the concept in the context of the inter-relationship between thinking and language. Thinking is a process which takes place in the nerve cells of the brain. Language is a means to convey thoughts. Proceeding from the fact that language cannot exist without culture, we come to the belief that concept holds an intermediate position among language, thought and culture.
Strategies and Tactics in Gaining Public Opinion
Authors: Simonyan Armine
Published: January 2021

One of the contemporary spheres of modern linguistics is the study of political discourse.For a politician, language is a weapon to win the favours of public at large. The article aims to reveal how American politicians use English to receive the support of the nation. The research is conducted on the debates between the US presidential candidates in 2008 – Hillary Clinton and Barak Obama. The reason for the choice is obvious. Both candidates, as members of the same party, seem to have a lot in common. Both belong to the same party, hence, they should have an audience committed to the same democratic principles whereas, the differences are more than obvious. It is the first time in the history of the United States that the post of the US president has two main candidates that are so different – a woman and a coloured man. The article includes research on the tactics and strategies applied by both the candidates.
Metaphor in Political Discourse
Authors: Arakelyan Anna
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the importance of metaphor in political discourse as a means of expression that makes the language more impressive. Making the political discourse more expressive, target-oriented and powerful, metaphor gives the audience a chance to perceive the delicate and hidden meanings of the political thought. It has not only an emotional and impressive impact, but logical and realistic nuances, as well.
Stylistic Devices in Marriage Vows
Authors: Chubaryan Astghik , Arakelyan Stella
Published: January 2021

The article examines the recurrent stylistic devices in marriage vows. The investigation of the linguo-stylistic devices in marriage vows reveals that the use of a certain stylistic device pursues a definite communicative purpose, namely – the purpose of making the speech more emotional and evaluative, more expressive and stylistically colored. Many marriage vows contain elements of the creative thinking of the couple, their personal attitude and rich imagination which is expressed in such linguo-stylistic devices as metaphor, epithet, paraphrasis, inversion, parallel constructions and enumeration.
On Ways of Expressing Persuasion in Discourse
Authors: Ghaltkhchyan Siranoush
Published: January 2021

Persuasion is every planned attempt in communication which aims to impact the interlocutor’s thought or behavior and to change his/her viewpoint or conviction. It aims to force to some action. The article attempts to investigate the speech act of persuasion as a psychological phenomenon and as a subject of functional-linguistic examination which aims to reveal the characteristics of the speech act of persuasion and present the necessary and sufficient conditions which will make the speech act more effective.The article studies the key components of communication, as well as their role in the application of the speech act of persuasion. Special attention is paid to the linguistic and extralinguistic means which make
Similes in D.H. Lawrence’s “Sons and Lovers”
Authors: Matevosyan Armine , Melkonyan Anna
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the role of similes in D.H. Lawrence’s “Sons and Lovers”.Simile is an expressive means of poetic speech that helps readers form a more comprehensive picture of the characters and their inner world.D.H. Lawrence is among the writers of the psychological novel who masterfully use simile in its full power and capacity and bring emotionality to the text.
Ways of Expressing Causation in Modern English
Authors: Khachatryan Robert
Published: January 2021

The article discusses ways of expressing causation in Modern English. Causation finds its grammatical expression in nearly all languages though the ways of its expression may vary. Causation is one of the ways of causing which expresses coercion through force. Modern English abounds in syntactic, morphological and lexical ways of expressing causation.
Cohesive Properties of Modal Adverbs
Authors: Martirossyan Naira
Published: January 2021

At the textual level, modal verbs are linked to the preceding, as well as succeeding sentences thereby creating a modaling-evaluative whole which can be viewed as a supraphrasal unity in its type and structure made up of more than one sentence. The components of this whole create different semantic relations with each other including anaphoric (post-positional) and cataphoric (pre-positional) ones. The article attempts to investigate the cohesive properties of modal verbs in monologues and dialogues.
The Psycho-Grammatical Description of the Existential Locative “there” Constructions
Authors: Suvaryan Armine
Published: January 2021

The article discusses problems related to the psycho-grammatical description of the existential locative “there” constructions.The research indicates that the psycho-grammatical processes not visible to the naked eye in a sentence at first glance, may have their specific expressions in discourse.
Structural-Semantic Patters with Suffixes Expressing Resemblance in Modern English and Modern Armenian
Authors: Karapetyan Lili , Yakhnyan Armine
Published: January 2021

The study focuses on the formation of derivative adjectives containing suffixes that express resemblance in Modern English and Armenian on the synchronic level. The peculiarities of the interaction of the constituents of those patterns (roots and affixes) are studied both from semantic and structural points of view, revealing some similarities and differences of word-building systems in both languages, which will go a long way in working out the typology of patterns.
Etymology and Word Decoding
Authors: Baghdasaryan Susanna
Published: January 2021

The language vocabulary is a system which grows mostly due to word formation. The latter takes place with the help of own or borrowed parts of words (root and suffix), which, certainly, used to be independent words. They penetrated the English vocabulary and made up new words while preserving their previous meanings. Most of the Latin and Greek borrowings do not make up the active vocabulary. They usually refer to scientific terms.
Deixis as a Significant Element of Human Communication
Authors: Yerznkyan Yelena
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to reveal the semantic characteristics of deixis that determine the role of deictic words in the process of communication. Deixis is viewed as a means of linguistic nomination that points out the main elements of the communication act – the place, time, the speaker and the hearer. Deictic words link two different situations – content (what is stated) and speech, extralinguistic (when, where, and by whom the communication is realized).
Democratizing and Dehegamonizing Literature*: Endeavours of Empowerment
Authors: Sivasubramaniam Sivakumar
Published: January 2021

Currently, hegamonization and democratization introduced through literature results in indifference towards literature among students which, in its turn, gradually leads to decrease of interest towards literature.The article offers to create such programs which will develop text-oriented approach towards literature, i.e. teachers should be free to select the material which will boost the language skills of the students and will enrich their imagination.Only by this approach can we be able to understand and appreciate the use of literature in the spheres of education and social activity.

* The stimulus for this paper derives from Professor Carter’s valuable insight discussed in his book “Investigating English Discourse”, published in 1997. This paper was delivered as a sub plenary address at the Second International Conference of the Armenian Association for the Study of English (AASE), held at the Yerevan State University, Yerevan on 16 -19, October 2007.
On Some Issues of Foreign Language Course Modeling and Theory Designing
Authors: Hayryan Karen
Published: January 2021

Foreign Language teaching is a bilateral process of transferring and receiving/understanding knowledge which can be studied from different points of view. The successful realization of a foreign language course is predominantly conditioned by the relevance of highly productive texts.The article discusses the problems of text designing, analysis, evaluation, as well as those connected with revealing its intrinsic instructive opportunities in the framework of text linguistics (grammar) and text theory.Several problems connected with text modeling i.e. text building and elaboration of its effective versions are discussed from the perspective of text theory. This theory is supposed to serve as a stable ground for teaching versatile skills and abilities of foreign language communication.
Literature and Medicine: Asperger Syndrome in Mark Haddon’s Novel “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time”
Authors: Andrijaseviæ Janko
Published: January 2021

The main protagonist in the novel “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time” by the contemporary British writer Mark Haddon, the 15-year-old Christopher, suffers from a mental disorder (Asperger’s Syndrome) and is not aware of the fact. Haddon depicts the world perception of a person with a mental disorder so masterfully and so professionally that the reader involuntarily looks for similarities between himself and the boy. Though the novel does not mention the name of the disease and lacks medical considerations, it is expressed in the novel more effectively and markedly than in any medical report.The article examines the relationship between medicine and literature which represent the two sides of man’s unity and hence must make use of each other’s achievements to shed light on the mystery of the human existence.
Rehabilitating Martius: Audience Response to the Hero of “Coriolanus”
Authors: McCarthy Terence
Published: January 2021

The commonly held opinion that Coriolanus is the most rejected among the tragic heroes of Shakespeare stems from the political situation and the conflicting approaches towards the key issues of the class conflict. The negative reaction of the Protagonists also adversely affected the popularity of the work both at the theatre and among the audience. As Rossiter mentions, the reader fails to find a single reason to like Coriolanus throughout the tragedy.The article questions Rossiter’s approach arguing that it is due to the striking expression of emotionality at the end of the work that gives rise to the seeming intolerance towards the character. The idea dominating at the end of the novel is the re-evaluation of the evidently not political but universal ideas and values that are so distinctly incorporated in the character of Martius.
Muslim Romance in Diaspora: Leila Aboulela’s “Minaret” (2005) and the Ethics of Reading in the West
Authors: Stotesbury John A.
Published: January 2021

The inclination of theorizing literary works published in the Diaspora and in the post-colonial period, that has been observed recently tends to turn the investigation of the main components of literary works into a side task. Sudanese writer Leila Aboulela’s work can be considered one of the examples of such pieces of work. The novel is based on existential alternatives which are experienced by Sudanese women living with Muslim values in western society. The ambiguous norms in the Minaret by Aboulela are examined in the light of Andrew Gibson’s critical reception and receptivity.
An Important Source of Information about Islamized Armenians
Authors: Vardanyan Sergey
Published: January 2021

The history of Armenians has been accompanied with struggles against forced Islamization. The Islamized Hamshen-Armenians are of particular interest in this regard. The present article provides solid evidence about Islamized Armenians in general and those in the village of Khevak in particular, making reference to new sources of information that confirm the ideas stated.
Mutual Influences of New Julfa and Isfahan Mural Paintings in the 17th Century
Authors: Babayan Ani
Published: January 2021

The article illustrates evidence about the mutual influence of the mural paintings in New Julfa and Isfahan mural paintings in the 17th century. The careful examination of the mural paintings in both spiritual and secular buildings reveal technical similarities between Isfahan and New Julfa trends of the time.
Some Glimpses of the American-Armenian Press Published in English in the 1990s
Authors: Chalyan Marina
Published: January 2021

The article examines a question that practically has not been studied so far. The question refers to a number of Armenian publications in the USA and reveals certain challenges (ideological, thematic, financial, etc.) American-Armenian press faces. The reasons for the low quality and small circulation are revealed. Meantime, the article offers an analysis of the reasons of success of the relatively influential Armenian-English publications, namely – Asbarez, Armenian Mirror Spectator, Armenian Reporter.The Armenian press in the Diaspora is experiencing very hard times. As the heads of the political parties of the Diaspora claim, the majority of the Armenians living in the Diaspora are not politicized and are mostly concerned with the challenges of surviving in the modern world.The next problem the Armenian publications face is connected with lack of financial means.Besides, publishers in the Diaspora do not have special reporters in Armenia. This is the reason why the Armenian press in the Diaspora has a vague and sometimes wrong idea of the developments in Armenia.However publications such as Asbarez, Armenian Mirror Spectator, Armenian Reporter weeklies are exceptions, since they have more or less stable financial sources and regular readers. These newspapers have always been the most viable ones and have best reflected the political views of different classes and parties of the Armenians in America.
Building and Breaking Discursive Conventions in Academic Writing
Authors: Gotti Maurizio
Published: January 2021

The present article examines the complex and constantly developing relations between characteristics typical of academic discourse and individual style. The analysis has been conducted from the diachronic perspective since it compares the argumentative styles of various authors in different stages of the development of English academic and particularly of economic discourse. Analyzing the authorial identity as an element of discourse identity in the works of two celebrated scholars Robert Boil and John M. Mains, the article demonstrates how the leading scholars contribute to the establishment of new principles of academic discourse overcoming the barrier between the established norms and authorial preferences.
Alternative Questions in English
Authors: Mkhitaryan Yelena , Sargissyan Sona
Published: January 2021

Alternative questions in English, as well as other interrogative sentences, can fulfil functions of direct and indirect speech acts expressing various pragmatic meanings (advice, threat, resentment, etc.). From the point of view of the form and structure, such interrogative sentences can be different in nature. In certain cases interrogative sentences with the conjunction or do not possess an alternative meaning.
On the Multifunctional Character of Questions
Authors: Harutyunyan Gohar , Karapetyan Sirarpi
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the multifunctional nature of questions in modern English. In particular, it offers a semantic and pragmatic examination of verifying and identifying questions. An attempt is made to investigate the additional meanings expressed by verifying and identifying questions and their application in communicative processes where these questions can express various indirect speech acts such as request, offer, invitation, advice, etc.
Existential and Possessive Constructions in English and German
Authors: Khandanyan Siranush
Published: January 2021

The article examines the semantic and syntactic characteristics of existential (es gibt / there is) and possessive (have / haben) constructions of English and German. The article underlines the effective methods of their teaching for those who study English as a foreign language. The research indicates that having a number of syntactic and semantic similarities, the aforementioned structures are distinguished with their unique forms of expression, which, in its turn, contributes to the elaboration of typology of the patterns.
On Some Criteria for Defining Lexical Semantics
Authors: Yerznkyan Yelena , Harutyunyan Lusine
Published: January 2021

The article examines the two major types of word meaning – broad meaning and polysemy. An attempt is made to define the standards which will make the distinction between these complicated, extremely indefinite and at times partly or fully coinciding phenomena possible. The research demonstrates that broad-meaning and polysemantic words differ from each other not only functionally and semantically, but also with their semantic structure which is the direct outcome of the historical process of the change of meanings. In case of broad meaning words, there are more meanings since the number of the denotators of the latter is not limited. Rather, it is predetermined by its theoretically possible subtexts whereas the number of the meanings of the polysemantic words is determined by the number of the denotators fixed by itself.
Idioms in Colours
Authors: Harutyunyan Kristine
Published: January 2021

The names of colours are frequently encountered in idioms. In fact, idioms are to a great extent a product of culture. The meaning of idioms is often based on particular ideas and perceptions specific to a given nation and culture. Being universalities in the structure of a language the elements of idioms are, at the same time, the most striking linguistic characteristics that express the national features of a given language, its word forming, grammatical and stylistic nuances. The meaning of idioms containing colour names is connected with colour symbols existing in the given society. Evidently, this fact should not be overlooked when doing translations.
The Impact of English on Armenian
Authors: Galstyan Anahit , Sargsyan Julietta
Published: January 2021

It is no news that English has turned into a language of global significance. The influence of English can be observed in various social-political, scientific, economic, cultural spheres in Armenia in recent decades. The present article aims to investigate the impact of English on the Armenian language and culture. The research has been conducted in two directions:

paralinguistic examination which includes about 70 respondents with different professions and belonging to different sex and age groups.

linguistic research based on various articles, commercials and posters, as well as the material collected from various specialized dictionaries.
Repetition in Walt Whitman’s “A Passage to India”
Authors: Matevosyan Armine , Melkonyan Anna
Published: January 2021

The article investigates the stylistic device of repetition which plays an underlying role in Whitman’s poetry. It brings rhythm and harmony to the poetry and helps convey higher moral values – wisdom, morality, various human states of mind and moods. Repetition with its various manifestations is a unique feature in Whitman’s poetry and it is impossible to imagine the great poet without his grand individual language. Undoubtedly, his poetry is the height of the art of repetition.
Foreign Words and Phrases in Newspaper Film Reviews
Authors: Vardanyan Irina
Published: January 2021

The article provides a thorough analysis of the role of foreign words and phrases in newspaper film reviews. They bring expressiveness to newspaper film reviews making them more impressive. Foreign words and phrases fulfil the functions of communication and that of impact. The frequency of their use is conditioned by the social and educational level of the reader.
Emotions in Linguistic Behavior
Authors: Rostomyan Anna
Published: January 2021

The article investigates the role of emotions in speech. People often try to make their speech more expressive with an aim to have a positive impact on the listener and to achieve the desired result more easily. To this end, they make use of various intensifiers, which enhance the meaning of the whole sentence or one of its members. Since the linguistic expression of emotions and its interpretation is connected with the level of expressive speech acts, its solution calls for a pragmatic approach.
Text Interpretation: Intention or Convention?
Authors: Gasparyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to consider text interpretation process in the light of two phenomena that come to describe speech acts – intention and convention. Though both are of importance in terms of text interpretation, they take different positions in case of a national and non-national reader.
Views on EFL Testing System
Authors: Avakyan Naira
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the two most popular types of tests in the EFL testing system – multiple choice and free response questions. Both of the tests have their advantages and disadvantages. Psychological and fairness-related factors are of significant importance during an exam. The article highlights certain reforms suggested by the author in relation to oral HEI entrance exams.
Modernism and Classics: T. S. Eliot as a Critic of Goethe
Authors: Matinyan Karlen
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to analyze the worldview of the famous modernist Eliot, the relation between the contemporary and classical literatures and the possibilities of the poetic language. In his youth Eliot was not able to fully understand and perceive Goethe’s philosophy in its depth since he viewed it in complete isolation from his poetry. Only years after did he come to the conclusion that the greatness of a genius is demonstrated in his ability to merge the philosophical mind with the poetic language thereby creating infinite semantic opportunities for the given language.
The Word “Yeghern” and the Semantic Field of Its Equivalence in English
Authors: Gasparyan Seda
Published: January 2021

The present article examines the translated versions of the Armenian word yeghern in English and the semantic field of its equivalence. Based on the well-known speech/language dichotomy which is of fundamental importance in linguistics, the author examines the word as a unit of the language system and as an element endowed with a certain amount of dynamism and stylistic and pragmatic nuances in speech. The study of the word yeghern at the linguistic level is based on numerous data provided by explanatory, terminological and synonym dictionaries. The study of the speech peculiarities of the use of this unit is carried out from the point of view of the horizontal and vertical contexts based on the appeal to the Swedish parliament of 68 specialists of various fields. The investigation confirms that despite the broad semantic field of the unit both in Armenian and in English, the English equivalent for the word yeghern is genocide – the only equivalent which was internationally acknowledged back in 1948.
Grigor Narekatsi in the Scope of Levon Shant’s Scientific Interests
Authors: Mkhitarian Sargis
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes Levon Shant’s interpretations of the literary and ideological value of the works by Grigor Narekatsi, the medieval Armenian genius. Shant paid special attention to Narekatsi’s poetic art and his spiritual achievements, regarding them as significant. The great interest Shant demonstrates towards not only Narekatsi, but also earlier Armenian Renaissance issues cannot be neglected.
Metrical Relations Between Siamanto’s Poetry and Medieval Armenian Verse
Authors: Asatryan Karina
Published: January 2021

Siamanto’s poetry is closely connected with the metrical characteristics of medieval poetry. Writing in accordance with the basic structural standards of free verse he connected the poetic meters of Armenian medieval lyrical poetry with various stylistic elements of modern poetry of the start of the century. The article presents poetic meters which were used by both several medieval poets, and Siamanto. The structural changes carried out by Siamanto have also been partly addressed in the present article.
Visualization of Death in Armenian Culture
Authors: Galstyan Hayk
Published: January 2021

The article examines the interrelation between death, memory and the material in Armenian culture. The image of a dead person can revive after his death turning into a material memory. This memory is usually preserved with the help of cross-stones, gravestones and statues that come to replace a living person. The article makes reference to the attitude of the society to the photos. Samples of written speech on gravestones have also undergone research. The aim of our work is to create a bond between the perished one and the society through language.
Speech Disguise (Bird Talk) and its Role in Phonological Analyses
Authors: Hovhannisyan Hasmik
Published: January 2021

Certain theoretical explanations recorded in speech disguise, explain why the structures of speech disguise take on this or that form and what phonemic approaches work in such systems. They may provide theoreticians with solid knowledge about the non-linear expressions of the basis-language, dimensional structures, intonational actions as well as other linguistic phenomena. The phonemic analysis of the bird talk in Armenian is an interesting and unique approach to get acquainted and to communicate with the language instincts of the native people. Thus, the examination of the rule of the speech disguise generally reflects the reality that even illiterate, uneducated people can perfectly master the language structures and use the elements and sub-elements of the syllable. Moreover, they can even apply complex mechanisms of syllable breaking without being conscious of the grammar rules.
On Some Linguistic Peculiarities of Internet Slang
Authors: Madoyan Narineh
Published: January 2021

The article examines the linguistic means of communication on the internet. While qualifying the linguistic expressions, the author of the article attaches importance to the analysis of the interrelation between language and slang. Based on the analysis of certain factual material it can be concluded that the language of the internet cannot be viewed as a type of a newly developing language. The article highlights the features typical of slang and generalizing these features, identifies the internet language as a type of slang.
Literality of Metaphor in Science Fiction
Authors: Muradyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

Science fiction is the unity of a real and imaginary narration. The basis of the imaginary is made up of the problems of the contemporary man and society which have found their expression in various uses of the metaphor and in stylistic devices of its literality. The literality of metaphor is a unique stylistic device which can never be found in any other genre of literature, and one would not be mistaken to state that it is the most typical indicator of science fiction.
On the Functional-Communicative Aspect of Literary Texts
Authors: Sargsyan Mariana
Published: January 2021

The present article attempts to provide grounds for the idea that a literary text is first and foremost a means of establishing communicative links between the reader and the author. All linguistic units used in the text by the author are interconnected by a common function, i.e. promoting the awareness of the reader which, in its turn, contributes to the comprehensive perception of the given text.
On Semantic and Syntactic Structures of Sentences with Deadjectival Causative Verbs in Modern English
Authors: Khachatryan Robert
Published: January 2021

The article investigates the semantic and syntactic structures of sentences with deadjectival causative verbs in modern English. The analysis of these structures and their interrelations has been conducted at two levels – surface (syntactic) and deep (semantic). The article aims to reveal the correlation of meanings of the deadjectival causative verbs and their valency, as well as to compare the semantic and syntactic structures of the sentences made up of these verbs.
Emotionally Intelligent Leadership in Educational Context
Authors: Kuprina Tamara , Minasyan Svetlana
Published: January 2021

Currently, the main problem of education is the irrelevance of the teaching methods and styles with the demands necessary to produce modern specialists. Emotionally intelligent leadership which is based on the study of the emotional reason is an effective approach to solve the problem. Nevertheless, the current method calls for the development of certain professional individual and social skills of the instructors.
The Significance of Memory in the Teaching/Learning Process
Authors: Shmavonyan Gayane , Karapetyan Lili
Published: January 2021

The role of memory as part of a person’s mental activity has long been recognized by psychologists, methodologists and teachers as one of the basic elements of learning and teaching. It has been right in the center of the teaching/learning process. Thus, an effective and efficient memory is of paramount importance for students as memory techniques can facilitate and improve the teaching/learning process. In the present paper the authors suggest some strategies and techniques that will undoubtedly go a long way in helping learners improve their memory in terms of encoding, storing and retrieving information.
Workshop as a Relevant Means of Interactive Teaching
Authors: Manukyan Ani
Published: January 2021

Contemporary pedagogical approaches and rapid development of language teaching methodology provide the specialists with new opportunities to review teaching methods, to understand the aims of teaching in a new way and to organize the language teaching process more effectively. Active discussions and debates promote language teaching process, engage the learners in group work, provide an opportunity to express their opinions freely and to find solutions independently.
Higher Levels of Discourse and Understanding of Language Use
Authors: Keshtegar Iraj Safaei
Published: January 2021

Discourse analysis theory is an extensive scientific field where a number of scientific traditions cooperate, including linguistics, cognitive psychology, sociology and artificial intelligence. The present article attempts to reveal the role of the highest levels of discourse in explaining the role of the application of the language. To achieve the goal 70 male and female students of general English have been chosen randomly. The findings of the research correspond to the famous idea of D.H. Hymes about the application of the language according to which grammar rules are senseless without the knowledge of the rules of the language use. The research presents methodological advice to the lecturers of higher educational institutions which can help develop the communication skills of their lecturers.
On the Relationship between Language and Culture
Authors: Harutyunyan Kristine
Published: January 2021

The issue of the interrelation between language and culture has always been in the center of attention of various representatives of different sciences. When the language is used in the context of communication, it gets connected with the culture by numerous bonds. The members of the society not only express their experience through the language. Rather they create it. Thus, the language expresses and embodies the cultural reality. The language of each society is, in fact, a part of its culture and reflects the important cultural features of the objects, institutions and actions of the given society. In order to understand the meaning of words, it is necessary to have social and individual perception. Thus, while investigating the interrelation between language and culture, it is necessary to take into account both psycholinguistic and ethnolinguistic approaches.
Byzantine Military Pragmatism vs. Imperial Prejudice: Possible Reasons for Omitting the Armenians from the List of Hostiles in Maurice’s “Strategikon”
Authors: Ayvazyan Armen
Published: January 2021

Strategikon which is ascribed to Maurice Emperor (582‒602) was an important strategic and tactical manual designed for the Byzantine Military. The work contains a special chapter which, as the author claims, analyses the tactics and features of the peoples who are able to harm the Byzantine Empire. Persians, Scythians, i.e. Avars, Turks and other fair-haired peoples, including Franks, Lombards and Slavic nations are mentioned in the chapter. Each of the ethnically different nations is given an objective and sometimes a rather high evaluation of their military abilities and features on the one hand and in proportion to its empirical prejudice, on the other hand. Surprisingly, Armenians, who had fought against the Byzantine troops on numerous occasions both independently and more often as an ally of Iran or its subordinate forces, were not included in the list of the enemy nations or potential opponent nations in Strategikon. The present article examines the Armenian–Byzantine relations in the time period and suggests possible reasons for removing Armenians from the list of the potential enemies.
Genocide and Holocaust Education at Secondary Schools in Armenia
Authors: Chubaryan Siranush
Published: January 2021

The article refers to the organization of Genocide and Holocaust Education at secondary schools in Armenia. The survey and investigation indicate the key direction of the reforms in the national program of education. Special attention is paid to reforms in the fields of social sciences, as well as human rights (including the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust) at the secondary schools in Armenia which significantly contribute to the establishment of civil society in our country.
The Pragmatic Impact of Background Emotional Memory on Interpersonal Relations
Authors: Paronyan Shushanik , Rostomyan Anna
Published: January 2021

The article studies the role of the background knowledge and particularly that of emotional memory on speech interpretation and formation. The examination of the factual material is carried out through the cognitive and pragmatic concept. Emotions expressed in speech and having a significant impact on the interpersonal relations of the interlocuters are viewed not only as sensory factors, but also as elements belonging to the cognitive sphere of speech.
On Some Problems of Sex-Oriented Linguistic Behavior in Modern English
Authors: Harutyunyan Gohar , Mkrtchyan Ashkhen
Published: January 2021

The article investigates the linguistic expressions of sex as a decisive social factor. An attempt is made to question the topicality of some of the characteristics of female speech elaborated by R. Lakoff which later turned into generally accepted beliefs.
Politeness Strategies in English and Armenian
Authors: Hovsepyan Gohar
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to carry out a comparative analysis of politeness strategies in English and Armenian based on the factor of directness and indirectness. The connection between indirect expression and politeness have been widely discussed among linguists and pragmatists (see Brown and Levinson 1987; Lakoff 1973; Leech 1983; Searle 1976). Many of the scholars having underlined the close connection between the concepts mentioned, note that a higher degree of indirectness presupposes more politeness. Speech act of request has been chosen as the material of the research. The investigation has revealed a number of similarities and differences in the application of politeness strategies of expressing request in both languages. In particular, the two languages use the same three basic strategies of request – direct, conventional and indirect and unconventional indirect. Conventional Indirect strategy especially in patterns made up with interrogative sentences prevail both in Armenian and in English. However, along with the similarities in the strategies of the two languages, many differences have been observed in their forms of expression – in the structures and patterns.
On Language Determinism and Relativity
Authors: Baghdasaryan Susanna
Published: January 2021

Language, i.e. the human ability to communicate, reflects and enhances our view of the world and as a structural element largely contributes to the development of culture. Linguistically the phenomenon is defined as linguistic determinism and relativity. Language is not only a means to transfer ideas and concepts but it also creates and reflects them. It can give birth to phenomena that do not exist as such. Being a means of inter-cultural communication, language is also the bearer of a national make-up with its light or serious pronouncement, solemnity or dramatism. Despite the linguo-cultural diversity of the world, there are some universalities that have turned into a subject of serious linguistic investigation.
On Some Peculiarities of Medical Slang
Authors: Ohanyan Marianna
Published: January 2021

Slang is a general language phenomenon. All layers of the society use slang units characteristic of the very layer they belong to. Medical field proves no exception in this regard. Medical slang is used by medical workers and is recognized and understood only by that very community. Since the relationship between a doctor and a patient is based on trust, slang acts as a secret and coded language for cases when the discussion of a certain case is not to be directly understood by the patient himself.
Structural-Semantic Analysis of English Proverbs with “Smile”
Authors: Israyelyan Stella
Published: January 2021

The present article specifies the place of the proverbs with “smile” among set phrases based on their structural integrity, unity of sense and the syntactic role they play in a sentence. The analysis also provides their classification according to their meaning, type of the sentence and stylistic value.
Metonymic Similes in Newspaper Film Reviews
Authors: Vardanyan Irina
Published: January 2021

The article analyses the role of the metonymic simile in newspaper film reviews. To make the speech more impressive reviewers turn to the use of similes. The type of simile prevailing in film reviews is metonymic simile which is based on associations, usually limited to the combination of physical and some other features (size, form, scale, color). Any simile in a film review carries out the functions of impact, cognition, persuasion and propaganda.
Some Aspects of Computer-Aided Formative and Summative Assessments
Authors: Avakyan Naira , Markaryan Arus
Published: January 2021

The article highlights several problems related to computer-aided formative and summative assessments. Formative tests tend to check the knowledge of the learners in order to teach them. Summative tests aim to assess the knowledge acquired. The authors of the article attach importance to the role of the computer-aided testing system that is being developed in the Armenian education system and single out certain factors that could contribute to the process.
Game as Educational Activity
Authors: Gabrielyan Seda
Published: January 2021

The article aims to highlight the role games play in shaping the psychological image of a child and in the process of his/ her realization as a social being. The research has been conducted with special reference to W. Saroyan’s “Papa, You’re Crazy” where the relationship between the father and the son develops through various games. These, in their turn, contribute to the development of the linguistic abilities and life skills of the child. The article shows that the short story may serve as a unique guideline for child upbringing.
Textbook and Present-Day Requirements for Course Design
Authors: Babayan Amalia
Published: January 2021

These days foreign language course design requirements are diverse depending on the social-political and economic conditions of a given society, existing linguistic and pedagogical theories, opportunities provided by scientific-technical progress and the individual and public personality of the learner. The current article attempts to combine the underlying components, aims and means that make up the given foreign language course emphasizing the role of the textbook as a decisive factor. Special reference is made to the tasks that might contribute to develop student-oriented courses as well as to the working characteristics of the group of authors that is engaged in the development of the course.
Logic Puzzles as Mental Gymnastics for LSAT Preparation
Authors: Karapetyan Marina
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the methods that help developing skills to express logical and critical thoughts and to hold attention which are of great importance in exam tests of law school in the USA, Canada, Australia and now in Armenia (LSAT). Solving logic puzzles and games is one of these methods. It gives an opportunity to future lawyers, as well as people with other professions to develop their deductive thinking as well as to improve the necessary skills to categorize, group and match.
Discourse Approach to Teaching Language and Communication Skills
Authors: Hovsepyan Gohar
Published: January 2021

The successful realization of speech acts is a challenge which supposes general sociocultural background knowledge about the types of speech acts and strategies that are applicable under certain circumstances and the appropriateness and relevance of the given speech act, etc. However, the necessity of such a comprehensive approach is not always understood and accepted in the process of teaching speech acts. There is a primitive tendency to identify speech acts with certain linguistic patterns. The investigation shows that discourse analysis can provide valuable material for efficient language teaching at different levels and in various spheres in courses of grammar, vocabulary, communication strategies, intercultural communication and socio-linguistics.
Partial Intersection and Discrepancy of Concepts in Cross-Cultural Communication
Authors: Harutyunyan Narine
Published: January 2021

As is well known, a concept is an integrity of the perception and interpretation of the world. It acts as a condensed system which is expressed through certain language elements. Very often concepts that are used in different linguocultures as equivalent units, coincide only partially in terms of their content. This phenomenon is conditioned by the integrity of cultural-historical and social characteristics which add national and cultural shade to the concept. The “conflict” between concepts in intercultural communication can lead to cultural clashes. Thorough research of linguocultures is needed to avoid such developments.
Marginal in/for Literature: Topographical and Rhetorical Aspects
Authors: Lyutskanov Yordan
Published: January 2021

The present article examines the problem of the semantic borders of a piece of literature and attempts to clarify which phenomena are considered marginal, i.e. uperficial for the piece of writing. The article states that marginality refers to virtual images that appear while reading the work, as well as to the printed images which give rise to different metaphorical meanings.
I-Narration: Revealing Narrator’s Selfhood
Authors: Tonyan Marika
Published: January 2021

The present article is aimed to discuss the narrator’s selfhood in I-narrations. The investigation shows that first and third person narrations reveal the identity of the narrator in different ways. If in the first case the narrator introduces himself/herself as an individual, the second version keeps his personality in secret. This difference rests upon the semantic peculiarities of personal pronouns. The altering technique of the two narrations in the same text creates a complex psychological image of the character.
Text (Context) Comprehension and Structuring via Different Types of Presuppositions
Authors: Tovmasyan Hranush
Published: January 2021

The current article highlights the mechanisms of text (context) perception, coherence and construction with the help of various types of presuppositions. The author distinguishes between different presuppositions, such as egotistical, functional, communicative and linguistic, and discusses the contribution of each to the perception, coherence and construction of the text.
Syntactic Variability in Spoken English Discourse through Age Dimensions
Authors: Velyan Karen
Published: January 2021

The present article demonstrates certain syntactic expressions of the informal spoken English discourse among native speakers belonging to different age groups. The data of our analysis demonstrate that the frequency of the application of linguistic variables differs among different age categories of native speakers. This is particularly expressed in the frequency of the use of English conjunctions and and but in terms of the frequent use of attributive clauses and adverbial clauses with because.