bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Music Educators Journal in Its Centennial Year
Authors: Reimer Bennett
Published: March 2014

This article views Music Educators Journal ( MEJ) and the hundred years of music education it has served through the lenses of the depth and breadth of music education at the present point in the profession’s history. MEJ has been an important component in our depth of understanding of the nature and values of music education and in the application of theory to practice. It has also played a positive role on our breadth of offerings. Yet in issues of both depth and breadth, our work has been marked by an uncomfortable level of uncertainty as to how to achieve optimal results. Our work remains incomplete, as does, therefore, the work of MEJ as our most prominent periodical.
Darwinism and Organizational Ecology
Authors: Dollimore Denise E.
Published: March 2014

In an earlier article published in this journal I challenge Reydon and Scholz’s (2009) claim that Organizational Ecology is a non-Darwinian program. In this reply to Reydon and Scholz’s subsequent response, I clarify the difference between our two approaches denoted by an emphasis here on the careful application of core Darwinian principles and an insistence by Reydon and Scholz on direct biological analogies. On a substantive issue, they identify as being the principal problem for Organizational Ecology, namely, the inability to identify replicators and interactors “ of the right sort” in the business domain; this is also shown to be easily addressed with reference to empirical studies of business populations.
Talk Is Cheap
Authors: Jerolmack Colin , Khan Shamus
Published: March 2014

This article examines the methodological implications of the fact that what people say is often a poor predictor of what they do. We argue that many interview and survey researchers routinely conflate self-reports with behavior and assume a consistency between attitudes and action. We call this erroneous inference of situated behavior from verbal accounts the attitudinal fallacy. Though interviewing and ethnography are often lumped together as “qualitative methods,” by juxtaposing studies of “culture in action” based on verbal accounts with ethnographic investigations, we show that the latter routinely attempts to explain the “attitude–behavior problem” while the former regularly ignores it. Because meaning and action are collectively negotiated and context-dependent, we contend that self-reports of attitudes and behaviors are of limited value in explaining what people actually do because they are overly individualistic and abstracted from lived experience.
Pay Attention! The Liabilities of Respondent Experience and Carelessness When Making Job Analysis Judgments
Authors: Morgeson Frederick P. , Spitzmuller Matthias , Garza Adela S. , Campion Michael A.
Published: March 2014

Job analysis has a central role in virtually every aspect of HR and is one of several high performance work practices thought to underlie firm performance. Given its ubiquity and importance, it is not surprising that considerable effort has been devoted to developing comprehensive job analysis systems and methodologies. Yet, the complexity inherent in collecting detailed and specific “decomposed” information has led some to pursue “holistic” strategies designed to focus on more general and abstract job analysis information. It is not clear, however, if these two different strategies yield comparable information, nor if respondents are equally capable of generating equivalent information. Drawing from cognitive psychology research, we suggest that experienced and careless job analysis respondents are less likely to evidence convergence in their decomposed and holistic job analysis judgments. In a field sample of professional managers, we found that three different types of task-related work experience moderated the relationship between decomposed and holistic ratings, accounting for an average ΔR2 of 4.7%. Three other more general types of work experience, however, did not moderate this relationship, supporting predictions that only experience directly related to work tasks would prove to be a liability when making judgments. We also found that respondent carelessness moderated the relationship between decomposed and holistic ratings, accounting for an average ΔR2 of 6.2%. These results link cognitive limitations to important job analysis respondent differences and suggest a number of theoretical and practical implications when collecting holistic job analysis data.
Organizational Transparency
Authors: Schnackenberg Andrew K. , Tomlinson Edward C.
Published: March 2014

Transparency is often cited as essential to the trust stakeholders place in organizations. However, a clear understanding of the meaning and significance of transparency has yet to emerge in the stakeholder literature. We synthesize prior research to advance a conceptual definition of transparency and articulate its dimensions, and posit how transparency contributes to trust in organization-stakeholder relationships. We draw from this analysis to explicate the mechanisms organizations can employ that influence transparency perceptions.
The Safety in Unsafe Teams
Authors: Roussin Christopher J. , MacLean Tammy L. , Rudolph Jenny W.
Published: March 2014

Starting with the premise that subteam psychological safety (PS) microclimates are vitally important to team behavior yet invisible to team-level PS concepts and measures, we introduce a multilevel theory and model of PS within work teams. We first demonstrate the inevitability and influence of distinct PS microclimates in teams and highlight the limits of current team PS approaches, and then develop a multilevel PS theory using social network methods. We introduce multilevel PS measures and theorize their influence on specific aspects of team and subteam learning and performance outcomes. These include new applications of traditional network metrics (e.g., team PS density, member-only PS density, subteam PS density, and leader PS centrality) and a newly developed multilevel team PS index (mPSi). The mPSi measure synthesizes multilevel leader and member PS influences in a single number to better predict outcomes in teams that engage in multilevel (subteam and intact-team) activity to meet work demands. We employ the new metrics to examine four archetypal team PS structures, contrasting new and current approaches and illuminating the implications of incongruity between subteam and intact-team safety climates. We propose that this multilevel theory extends the team PS literature, effecting far greater understanding and prediction of team outcomes and development, while increasing the number of team PS studies that reach publication.
Policy Implications of Projecting the Multiplier Effects of Social Safety Net Programs Using IMPLAN
Authors: Paynter Sharon R. , Jolley G. Jason , Nousaine Aaron J.
Published: March 2014

This study employs input–output (I/O) modeling at the state and county level to compare national estimates of the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The results show that more localized economies cannot achieve the results predicted by national models likely because of leakage of economic activity outside the boundaries of a single state or county. This study sheds light on methodological tools that forecasters and policy makers can use in making decisions based on economic impact of social safety net programs.
From hierarchy to open configurations: decentralization and user-generated content
Authors: Sawhney Harmeet , Suri Venkata Ratnadeep
Published: March 2014

This article calls for research on new technologies at a level of analysis where what seems unchanged is salient and yet the newness of the new technology is given due consideration. It demonstrates the value of this approach by analyzing the decentralization of information systems wherein user-generated content eventually provided the unexpected winning solution for service providers who had long struggled in making their content attractive to the public at large. It identifies three stages in the decentralization process: hierarchy (top-down), open-hierarchy (top-down network, bottom-up content creation), and un-order (bottom-up). The analysis indicates that the Achilles’ heel of hierarchical systems is content creation and that creates pressure to move towards more open configurations that allow for user-generated content. The authors suggest that the framework presented in this article will prompt a more sophisticated analysis of the next new technology even if it does not have a similar development pattern.
Extracting term units and fact units from existing databases using the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel
Authors: Normantas Kestutis , Vasilecas Olegas
Published: March 2014

The extraction of business vocabulary is one of the main tasks in discovering business knowledge implemented in a software system. In this paper we present a model-driven approach to the extraction of business vocabularies from databases of existing software systems. We describe a transformation framework for obtaining the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel based representation of data structure and define an algorithm for the extraction of candidates for business vocabulary entries (i.e. Term and Fact Units) from the representation. The extracted candidates may be further refined by business analysts and used for the identification of business scenarios and rules in software systems.
Extracting the roots of Arabic words without removing affixes
Authors: Yaseen Qussai , Hmeidi Ismail
Published: March 2014

Most research in Arabic roots extraction focuses on removing affixes from Arabic words. This process adds processing overhead and may remove non-affix letters, which leads to the extraction of incorrect roots. This paper advises a new approach to dealing with this issue by introducing a new algorithm for extracting Arabic words’ roots. The proposed algorithm, which is called the Word Substring Stemming Algorithm, does not remove affixes during the extraction process. Rather, it is based on producing the set of all substrings of an Arabic word, and uses the Arabic roots file, the Arabic patterns file and a concrete set of rules to extract correct roots from substrings. The experiments have shown that the proposed approach is competitive and its accuracy is 83.9%, Furthermore, its accuracy can be enhanced more in the sense that, for about 9.9% of the tested words, the WSS algorithm retrieves two candidates (in most cases) for the correct root.
Characterization, Biomarkers, and Reversibility of a Monoclonal Antibody-induced Immune Complex Disease in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Heyen Jonathan R. , Rojko Jennifer , Evans Mark , Brown Tom P. , Bobrowski Walter F. , Vitsky Allison , Dalton Shana , Tripathi Niraj , Bollini Sangeetha Subbarao , Johnson Theodore , Lin John C. , Khan Nasir , Han Bora
Published: March 2014

Two 6-month repeat-dose toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys illustrated immune complex–mediated adverse findings in individual monkeys and identified parameters that potentially signal the onset of immune complex–mediated reactions following administration of RN6G, a monoclonal antibody (mAb). In the first study, 3 monkeys exhibited nondose-dependent severe clinical signs accompanied by decreased erythrocytes with increased reticulocytes, neutrophilia, monocytosis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, decreased albumin, azotemia, and increased serum levels of activated complement products, prompting unscheduled euthanasia. Histologically, immunohistochemical localization of RN6G was associated with monkey immunoglobulin and complement components in glomeruli and other tissues, attributable to immune complex disease (ICD). All 3 animals also had anti-RN6G antibodies and decreased plasma levels of RN6G. Subsequently, an investigational study was designed and conducted with regulatory agency input to detect early onset of ICD and assess reversibility to support further clinical development. Dosing of individual animals ceased when biomarkers of ICD indicated adverse findings. Of the 12 monkeys, 1 developed anti-RN6G antibodies and decreased RN6G exposure that preceded elevations in complement products, interleukin-6, and coagulation parameters and decreases in albumin and fibrinogen. All findings in this monkey, except for antidrug antibody (ADA), reversed after cessation of dosing without progressing to adverse sequelae typically associated with ICD.
Food choice and meal consumption pattern among undergraduate students in two universities in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Otemuyiwa Israel O , Adewusi Steve R A
Published: March 2014

The food choices and meal consumption patterns of undergraduate students from two Nigerian universities, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (OAU) and Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko (AAU) ( n = 402; 199 male and 203 female; overall mean age 23) were studied. The result indicated that 60% of the students (58% male and 62% female) consumed the recommended minimum number of servings of cereal, 50% of the males and 35% of the females in the carbohydrate category while 35% of the males and 42% of the females consumed enough from the meat group. More female students (40%) consumed adequate quantities of fruits and vegetables than their male counterparts (20%) while the consumption of milk and milk substitutes was low (10% male and 25% female). Most students ate twice a day substituting snacks for the third meal. More female students (48%) exceeded their energy requirement than their male counterparts (28%) while 60%, 85% and 40% did not meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein, calcium and iron respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) classification indicated that 29% of the students were overweight, 6% were obese while 13% of the male students were underweight. The unhealthy eating habits of Nigerian university students seemed to be a reflection of poor funding.
Responsibility for Failures of Government
Authors: Thompson Dennis F.
Published: March 2014

The problem of many hands—the difficulty of assigning responsibility in organizations in which many different individuals contribute to decisions and policies—stands in the way of investigating and correcting the failures of government. The problem can be mitigated by giving greater attention to the design of processes of organizational responsibility. An independent investigation can identify both the individual actions and the structural defects that contributed to an organizational failure. Then, specific individuals can be designated as overseers, who are held responsible for monitoring the structure and making changes as necessary. Three cases—the official responses to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, and the financial crisis that began in 2007—illustrate how this prospective approach of designing responsibility could work in practice.
Process modelling and optimization of keyhole plasma arc welding of thin Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Sun Wei , Mohammed Mutaz B , Xu Lei , Hyde Thomas H , McCartney D Graham , Leen Sean B
Published: March 2014

This article presents a comprehensive piece of research work focused on the development, validation and application of finite element modelling capability for the prediction and optimization of robotic keyhole plasma arc welding of Ti-6Al-4V thin structures. Experimental and computational investigations were carried out to characterize, develop, optimize and validate various aspects of the finite element modelling. The experimental investigations cover the determination of welding parameter envelopes using a robotic welding cell and the measurements of thermal history, distortion, residual stress and weld pool profile. The computational investigations include the development and validation of finite element models as well as the development and validation of a fully automated welding sequence optimization tool using a genetic algorithm approach. The work provides useful guidance and generic methodologies for optimum design of thin and complex lightweight structures and has formed a basis for the development of a framework on structural integrity assessment and component lifing of thin structures fabricated by welding. The optimization tool has significant potential to be conveniently modified to suit other optimization objectives and/or welding processes.
Is Neoclassical Economics Scientific Knowledge Detached from Ethics? A Kantian Answer, an Institutionalist Alternative
Authors: García-Quero Fernando , Ollero-Perán Jorge
Published: March 2014

This paper aims to criticize the common idea which sustains that current neoclassical economics is detached from ethics, and therefore is scientific knowledge. Using Kantian critical philosophy, we argue, on the contrary, that neoclassical economics is based on certain ethical postulates, and thus it cannot obtain the status of science. Although ethics is but one of the many institutions that affect economics, it plays a major role in setting the basis on which to build its entire theoretical structure. Approaching the analysis from institutionalism places ethical issues at the forefront of economic debate, thus opening the door to future dialogue between disciplines and analytical approaches.
Limits and Barriers of Neodevelopmentalism
Authors: Féliz Mariano
Published: March 2014

Neodevelopmentalism has become Argentina’s hegemonic development project after neoliberalism. While it has been able to bring back economic growth, the development of its inner contradictions is creating growing barriers to the possibility of further expansion within the same project of development, particularly as the world economy enters into crisis. I analyze the constitution of the hegemonic project and the main barriers it faces.
Caregiver Burden
Authors: Abdollahpour Ibrahim , Nedjat Saharnaz , Noroozian Maryam , Salimi Yahya , Majdzadeh Reza
Published: March 2014

Objective:

People having dementia need help and supervision to perform their activities of daily living. This responsibility is usually imposed on family members who endure a great burden, leading to undesirable health outcomes. The aims of our study were to measure caregivers’ health as well as identify its adjusted relevant predictors.

Methods:

One hundred and fifty three registered patients and their caregivers from Iranian Alzheimer Association were included in this cross-sectional study through sequential sampling. Self-rated health (SRH) was measured using a single question with Likert-type scale ranging from very bad (1) to very good (5). The multiple linear regression model was applied to determine the adjusted associations between independent variables under study and SRH.

Results:

The mean caregiver SRH level was 3.03. Of the participant caregivers, 29% were either unsatisfied or very unsatisfied with their health level. In the final regression model, SRH showed a direct significant association with the patient’s number of children but an inverse significant association with the marital status (married patients), patient’s age, and caregiver burden.

Conclusions:

Caregiver burden was not only significantly associated with poor SRH after removing the effect of the other covariates but it was also recognized as the strongest predictor of caregivers’ SRH. Therefore, it seems that development of intervention programs, in order to reduce caregiver burden, can be considered as important step in promoting caregivers’ health level.
Structural and Functional Brain Changes in the Default Mode Network in Subtypes of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Li Xin , Cao Miao , Zhang Junying , Chen Kewei , Chen Yaojing , Ma Chao , Fleisher Adam , He Yong , Zhang Zhanjun ,   BABRI Study Group
Published: March 2014

Background:

Various amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subtypes have been identified as single domain (SD) or multiple domain (MD), with differential probabilities of progression to Alzheimer disease (AD). Detecting the differences in the alterations in gray matter (GM) and intrinsic brain activity between the subtypes of aMCI help to understand their pathophysiological mechanisms and was conducive to construct such potential biomarkers to monitor the progression of aMCI.

Methods:

In all, 22 normal controls (NCs), 18 patients with SD-aMCI, and 17 patients with MD-aMCI participated in the study. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) during rest represented intrinsic brain activity. Voxel-based morphometry analysis was used to measure the GM volume.

Results:

The MD-aMCI showed reduced GM in hippocampus (Hip), parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), and other regions than SD-aMCI. The SD-aMCI had reduced GM only in Hip and PHG than in NC. The MD-aMCI showed decreased ALFF in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus and increased ALFF in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), PHG, and Hip compared with both SD-aMCI and NC. However, no ALFF difference was found between SD-aMCI and NC. Neuropsychological measures were correlated with ALFF in PCC and ACC only in the MD-aMCI.

Conclusions:

Patients with MD-aMCI displayed more severe GM atrophy and ALFF changes than patients with SD-aMCI. The results suggested that aMCI is heterogeneous and that MD-aMCI may be a prodromal stage which is more close to AD.
Evaluation of the Alere Pima™ for CD4+ T lymphocytes counts in HIV-positive outpatients in Southern Brazil
Authors: Rathunde L , Kussen GMB , Beltrame MP , Dalla Costa LM , Raboni SM
Published: March 2014

CD4 + lymphocyte counts are routinely ordered during the early phases of antiretroviral therapy and for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients. Flow cytometry is the standard methodology for CD4 counts in Brazilian reference laboratories. However, these laboratories are located in large cities, frequently distant from patients, thus limiting patient access and delaying results. We compared a point-of-care test with flow cytometry determination of CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in HIV patients. We analysed 107 consecutive samples by both methods. Overall, the point-of-care test performed well, with excellent agreement between it and the standard method. Test results were concordant for patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte values above and below 200 cells/mm 3. The performance characteristics obtained were sensitivity 94% (95% CI 89.5–98.5%), specificity 93% (95% CI 88.2–97.8%), positive predictive value 86% (95% CI 79.4–92.6%), and negative predictive value 97% (95% CI 94–100%). The high sensitivity and specificity of the point-of-care test methodology suggest its utility as an alternative method for rapid measurement of CD4+ T lymphocytes in patients with limited access to reference laboratories, enabling prompt therapeutic intervention for patients at risk of progression to AIDS.
Human papillomavirus awareness among HIV-infected drug users in two urban areas
Authors: Rosa-Cunha Isabella , Hooton Thomas M , Cardenas Gabriel A , Del Rio Carlos , Bonney Loida E , Pereyra Margaret , Metsch Lisa R
Published: March 2014

Summary

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical and anal cancer. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cocaine use are associated with increased risk for HPV infection and associated diseases, but little is known about HIV-infected drug users' awareness of HPV. We investigate HPV awareness among HIV-infected, sexually-active crack cocaine users from two inner-city hospitals in Florida and Georgia during their inpatient stays. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine potential correlates of HPV awareness. We interviewed 215 participants (110 women; 105 men) about their awareness of HPV infection. Overall, only 25% of respondents reported having heard of HPV. The odds of having heard of HPV were greater for respondents having a high-school degree or higher, having ever gone to an HIV provider for HIV care, and having two or more sexual partners. Despite increased susceptibility to HPV infection and HPV-related cancers, our study findings suggest that sexually-active HIV-infected crack cocaine users have little awareness of HPV and highlight the need for programmes targeting HPV education for HIV-infected crack cocaine drug users.
Young people’s comfort receiving sexual health information via social media and other sources
Authors: Lim Megan SC , Vella Alyce , Sacks-Davis Rachel , Hellard Margaret E
Published: March 2014

Social media are growing in popularity and will play a key role in future sexual health promotion initiatives. We asked 620 survey participants aged 16 to 29 years about their time spent using social media and their comfort in receiving information about sexual health via different channels. Median hours per day spent using social network sites was two; 36% spent more than 2 hours per day using social network sites. In multivariable logistic regression, being aged less than 20 years and living in a major city (compared to rural/regional Australia) were associated with use of social media more than 2 hours per day. Most participants reported being comfortable or very comfortable accessing sexual health information from websites (85%), followed by a doctor (81%), school (73%), and the mainstream media (67%). Fewer reported being comfortable getting information from social media; Facebook (52%), apps (51%), SMS (44%), and Twitter (36%). Several health promotion programmes via social media have demonstrated efficacy; however, we have shown that many young people are not comfortable with accessing sexual health information through these channels. Further research is needed to determine how to best take advantage of these novel opportunities for health promotion.
Similitude and scaling laws for the rotating flow between concentric discs
Authors: Guha Abhijit , Sengupta Sayantan
Published: March 2014

In this article, a systematic dimensional analysis and similitude study for the three-dimensional rotating flow within the narrow spacing (usually of the order of 100 µm) of multiple concentric discs is presented. An engineering application of this flow configuration is the Tesla disc turbine, and the dimensional analysis leads to proper scaling laws for such machines. Using the Buckingham Pi theorem, the list of non-dimensional numbers necessary for describing the incompressible flow through the concentric discs has been formulated and physical interpretation of the non-dimensional numbers has been provided. The complete criteria for achieving geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity between a model and the prototype have been established. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions have been obtained for various geometries, fluid properties and flow conditions to demonstrate the validity of the similitude criteria developed. The CFD results show that, when the present similitude criteria are fulfilled, the values of all non-dimensional output parameters such as the power and pressure-drop coefficients remain unchanged for various combinations of input variables. What is more striking is that the three-dimensional variations of non-dimensional z component of velocity Uz (whose non-zero values are computed by the CFD solver even though the only physical boundary condition applied is [Formula: see text] at the inlet and on disc surfaces) are superposed on one another for all models and the prototype. Systematic methods for arriving at simplified conservation equations are discussed and it is shown how the corresponding list of non-dimensional numbers and similitude criteria evolve with such simplification of the conservation equations.
Faith in science in global perspective: Implications for transhumanism
Authors: Evans John H.
Published: March 2014

While citizens can know scientific facts, they also have faith in science – with faith defined as a firm belief for which there is no proof. Using national public opinion surveys from twelve nations from 1993 to 2010, I examine three different types of faith in science that citizens could hold. I examine temporal changes in levels of faith in science as well as the social determinants of each type of faith. I focus on the implications of these levels of faith for the transhumanist movement, which is particularly dependent on faith in science. I find that two of three types of faith in science are on the rise across the West, and that the social determinants of these types of faith suggest particular challenges for the transhumanist movement.
Helping highly anxious clients embrace chaos and career uncertainty using cognitive behavioural techniques
Authors: Law Ada K , Amundson Norman E , Alden Lynn E
Published: March 2014

A primary tenet of Pryor and Bright’s Chaos Theory of Careers is that our world is full of change and unpredictability. When it comes to career development, rather than relying solely on good planning, one should accept and embrace unexpected changes and think creatively about possibilities. Although the Chaos Theory of Careers approach to counselling is logical and relevant to the real world, it may not be applied easily to clients with high levels of anxiety and low tolerance of uncertainty. The current paper explores the challenges of providing chaos career counselling to highly anxious clients. Borrowing concepts from a cognitive behavioural theory model for generalized anxiety disorder, this paper suggests several techniques from the cognitive behavioural theory literature that may facilitate chaos career counselling for anxious clients.
Intimate portraits: The profiles of Kenneth Tynan
Authors: Keeble Richard Lance
Published: March 2014

Kenneth Tynan was one of the most celebrated, controversial and prolific journalists in both the US and UK during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. As a theatre reviewer, the appearance of his writings became as much events as the productions he dissected. Amongst his vast journalistic oeuvre was an extraordinary series of profiles, mainly of prominent figures in the worlds of theatre, film and arts. This paper considers the ethical aspects of both his writing and profiling techniques – with particular reference to Janet Malcolm’s critique of journalists’ conventional relationships with their sources. Stuart Allan’s notions of the journalist as an ‘interpretative performer’ and ‘stylistic improviser’ will be seen as crucial to both analysing and appreciating Tynan’s eclectic range of reporting techniques. In addition, the ‘exploitative’ dimensions of Tynan’s display of literary skills will be explored. The paper concludes with the argument that Tynan deliberately confounds the ethics of conventional profiling with the special ‘intimacy’ and collaborative nature of his portraits
A Review of the Evidence on Strategies for Teaching Children Who Are DHH Grapheme–Phoneme Correspondence
Authors: Tucci Stacey L. , Trussell Jessica W. , Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: March 2014

Generally, learning to decode printed English has been a difficult skill to master for children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). The purpose of this review was to examine the literature regarding strategies used to teach the grapheme–phoneme relationship to children who are DHH. The authors identified six strategies in the evidence base relative to decoding: cued speech, visual phonics, speechreading, fingerspelling, semantic and iconic representation, and morphographemics. Nine articles containing 11 studies met the standards of research rigor established by the authors. The specifics of these nine articles (e.g., participant age and degree of hearing loss, research design, results) are presented in a table format. In addition, an explanation of each of the six strategies, a summary of the articles found in their support, and implications for the field are included.
Visual Evoked Potentials in Infants With Diffuse Periventricular Leukomalacia
Authors: Carbajal-Valenzuela Cintli Carolina , Santiago-Rodríguez Efraín , Harmony Thalía , Fernández-Bouzas Antonio
Published: March 2014

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is characterized by necrosis of the cerebral white matter in the dorsolateral portions of the lateral ventricles. PVL causes motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to analyze the conduction characteristics of the visual pathway in infants with diffuse PVL using visual evoked potentials (VEPs). We studied 11 healthy infants (mean age 3.3 ± 1.3 months) and 17 with diffuse PVL (mean age 2.9 ± 0.8 months and mean gestational age 31.9 ± 3.1 weeks). The N75, P100, and N135 wave latencies; the interwave N75-P100 and P100-N135 latencies; and the N75-P100 and P100-N135 amplitudes were measured in the occipital leads. VEPs were recorded during binocular stimulation at an angle of 120′ from the Fz-Oz lead. Healthy children had mean N75, P100, and N135 wave latencies of 84.4 ± 5.8, 143.4 ± 30.6 and 222.9 ± 40.4 ms, respectively. The mean interwave N75-P100 and P100-N135 latencies were 59.0 ± 28.6 and 79.5 ± 13.6 ms, respectively. Compared with the healthy group, infants with PVL had longer N75 and N135 latencies at 92.3 ± 15.3 ( P = .05) and 265.0 ms ± 60.3 ( P = .05), respectively. The interwave latency P100-N135 (105.5 ± 29.1 ms; P = .017) was longer in children with PVL than in healthy infants. Infants with diffuse PVL had mild alterations in their N75, P100 and, particularly, their N135 latencies. These increases in P100-N135 interwave latencies could be because of damage to the geniculocortical pathways and V2-V3 networks.
Indocyanine Green (ICG) Fluorescent Cholangiography During Robotic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Daskalaki Despoina , Fernandes Eduardo , Wang Xiaoying , Bianco Francesco Maria , Elli Enrique Fernando , Ayloo Subashini , Masrur Mario , Milone Luca , Giulianotti Pier Cristoforo
Published: March 2014

Background/Aim. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently the gold standard treatment for gallstone disease. Bile duct injury is a rare and severe complication of this procedure, with a reported incidence of 0.4% to 0.8% and is mostly a result of misperception and misinterpretation of the biliary anatomy. Robotic cholecystectomy has proven to be a safe and feasible approach. One of the latest innovations in minimally invasive technology is fluorescent imaging using indocyanine green (ICG). The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of ICG and the Da Vinci Fluorescence Imaging Vision System in real-time visualization of the biliary anatomy. Methods. A total of 184 robotic cholecystectomies with ICG fluorescence cholangiography were performed between July 2011 and February 2013. All patients received a dose of 2.5 mg of ICG 45 minutes prior to the beginning of the surgical procedure. The procedures were multiport or single port depending on the case. Results. No conversions to open or laparoscopic surgery occurred in this series. The overall postoperative complication rate was 3.2%. No biliary injuries occurred. ICG fluorescence allowed visualization of at least 1 biliary structure in 99% of cases. The cystic duct, the common bile duct, and the common hepatic duct were successfully visualized with ICG in 97.8%, 96.1%, and 94% of cases, respectively. Conclusions. ICG fluorescent cholangiography during robotic cholecystectomy is a safe and effective procedure that helps real-time visualization of the biliary tree anatomy.
Opioid formulations with sequestered naltrexone: a perspective review
Authors: Taylor Robert , Raffa Robert B. , Pergolizzi Joseph V.
Published: March 2014

In response to good-intentioned efforts to correct the traditional undertreatment of pain, opioid prescribing experienced a dramatic increase over the past decade. But there is now concern that the pendulum has swung too far in the opposite direction, with a rise in morbidity and mortality associated with prescription opioid misuse and abuse. Yet despite potential problems, opioids are a mainstay for the treatment of pain and are an important component of a comprehensive pain management strategy. Therefore, the overall goal of pain management is to decrease pain and to improve patient functioning and quality of life, while monitoring for adverse effects or aberrant behaviors. That is, to balance effective chronic pain management with appropriate use of opioids. Toward this end, several abuse deterrent strategies (formulations) have been, and continue to be, developed. Several major ones are reviewed here. These products should be a first step in trying to address diversion and abuse in a manner that does not discriminate against any particular patient and aligns with universal prescribing precautions. They should also comprise only one aspect of an overall opioid risk management plan.
Information, rebel organization and civil war escalation: The case of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Authors: Obayashi Kazuhiro
Published: March 2014

Current literature on civil war is well aware of the importance of defection by rebel members for civil war dynamics, including that of ethnic defection. However, scholars have not closely examined the effects of defection on civil war. In this article, I argue that rebel members’ defection and resultant information leaks to the state increase the likelihood of the state’s military escalation through their effects on three aspects of conflict: the efficiency of the state’s offensives against the rebel group; the efficiency of the state’s defenses against rebel group’s offensives; and the level of uncertainty for the state in war. These effects of defection, however, are conditional on the credibility and consequentiality of the information from the defectors. The utilities of the alternative courses of action for the state also matters. The theory is applied to the case of civil war in Sri Lanka to explain the state’s initiation of Eelam War IV, which ended with a swift and thorough state victory. An implication of the theory is that the experience in Sri Lanka is not easily replicable elsewhere. The findings have implications to the studies of the duration and termination of civil war as well as to the studies of the use of violence against civilians.
Diamond deposition on WC–Co substrate with amorphous SiC interlayer
Authors: Cui Y.-X. , Shen B. , Sun F.-H.
Published: March 2014

An amorphous SiC (a-SiC) thin film is deposited on the WC–Co insert from dimethyldiethoxysilane/hydrogen gas mixture using hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) technique. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope are used to characterise the as fabricated a-SiC thin film. Subsequently, the a-SiC film is used as an intermediate film, and an adherent top layer of CVD diamond with well faceted crystallites is synthesised on the a-SiC interlayer. Rockwell indentation tests indicate that the CVD diamond film with a-SiC interlayer results in less delamination in comparison with that directly deposited on WC–Co substrate. The multilayer (a-SiC+diamond) film coated insert exhibits better cutting performance and longer lifetime than the CVD diamond coated insert with no interlayer in dry turning of Al–Si alloy. By introducing the a-SiC interlayer, the adhesion and wear endurance of diamond film on WC–Co substrate can be dramatically improved.
Idelalisib, a selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-δ, as therapy for previously treated indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Flinn Ian W. , Kahl Brad S. , Leonard John P. , Furman Richard R. , Brown Jennifer R. , Byrd John C. , Wagner-Johnston Nina D. , Coutre Steve E. , Benson Don M. , Peterman Sissy , Cho Yoonjin , Webb Heather K. , Johnson David M. , Yu Albert S. , Ulrich Roger G. , Godfrey Wayne R. , Miller Langdon L. , Spurgeon Stephen E.
Published: March 2014

Key Points

This clinical study assessed idelalisib, a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, in 64 patients with relapsed, indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Idelalisib treatment rapidly induced durable disease responses in heavily pretreated patients with a favorable safety profile.
PPAR Gamma agonists regulate tobacco smoke-induced toll like receptor 4 expression in alveolar macrophages
Authors: Yin Yan , Hou Gang , Li Erran , Wang Qiuyue , Kang Jian
Published: March 2014

Background

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that exerts multiple biological effects. Growing evidence suggests that PPARγ plays an important role in inflammation; however, the effects of this transcription factor on the inflammation caused by smoking are unclear.

Methods

We measured the expression of inflammatory cytokines (leukotriene B4, LTB4 and interleukin 8, IL-8), PPARγ and toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) in alveolar macrophages (AMs) harvested from rats exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 3 months in vivo. Some of the rats were pre-treated with rosiglitazone (PPARγ agonist, 3 mg/kg/day, ip), rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg/day, ip) + BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a PPARγ antagonist, 30 mg/kg/day, ig), or BADGE alone (30 mg/kg/day, ig). We also measured the expression of PPARγ, TLR2, TLR4 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in AMs gained from normal rats, which exposed to 5% CSE (cigarette smoke extract) for 12hrs, respectively pretreated with PBS, rosiglitazone (30 uM), rosiglitazone (30 uM) + BADGE (100 uM), 15d-PGJ2 (PPARγ agonist, 5 uM), 15d-PGJ2 (5 uM) + BADGE (100 uM), or BADGE (100 uM) alone for 30 min in vitro.

Results

In vivo, rosiglitazone counteracted CS-induced LTB4 and IL-8 release and PPARγ downregulation, markedly lowering the expression of TLR4 and TLR2. In vitro, both rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 inhibited CS-induced inflammation through the TLR4 signaling pathway.

Conclusions

These results suggest that PPARγ agonists regulate inflammation in alveolar macrophages and may play a role in inflammatory diseases such as COPD.
Billions of basepairs of recently expanded, repetitive sequences are eliminated from the somatic genome during copepod development
Authors: Sun Cheng , Wyngaard Grace , Walton D Brian , Wichman Holly A , Mueller Rachel Lockridge
Published: March 2014

Background

Chromatin diminution is the programmed deletion of DNA from presomatic cell or nuclear lineages during development, producing single organisms that contain two different nuclear genomes. Phylogenetically diverse taxa undergo chromatin diminution — some ciliates, nematodes, copepods, and vertebrates. In cyclopoid copepods, chromatin diminution occurs in taxa with massively expanded germline genomes; depending on species, germline genome sizes range from 15 – 75 Gb, 12–74 Gb of which are lost from pre-somatic cell lineages at germline – soma differentiation. This is more than an order of magnitude more sequence than is lost from other taxa. To date, the sequences excised from copepods have not been analyzed using large-scale genomic datasets, and the processes underlying germline genomic gigantism in this clade, as well as the functional significance of chromatin diminution, have remained unknown.

Results

Here, we used high-throughput genomic sequencing and qPCR to characterize the germline and somatic genomes ofMesocyclops edax, a freshwater cyclopoid copepod with a germline genome of ~15 Gb and a somatic genome of ~3 Gb. We show that most of the excised DNA consists of repetitive sequences that are either 1) verifiable transposable elements (TEs), or 2) non-simple repeats of likely TE origin. Repeat elements in both genomes are skewed towards younger (i.e. less divergent) elements. Excised DNA is a non-random sample of the germline repeat element landscape; younger elements, and high frequency DNA transposons and LINEs, are disproportionately eliminated from the somatic genome.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that germline genome expansion inM. edaxreflects explosive repeat element proliferation, and that billions of base pairs of such repeats are deleted from the somatic genome every generation. Thus, we hypothesize that chromatin diminution is a mechanism that controls repeat element load, and that this load can evolve to be divergent between tissue types within single organisms.
Identification and characterization of cancer stem cells in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Han Jing , Fujisawa Toshio , Husain Syed R , Puri Raj K
Published: March 2014

Background

Current evidence suggests that initiation, growth, and invasion of cancer are driven by a small population of cancer stem cells (CSC). Previous studies have identified CD44+ cells as cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, CD44 is widely expressed in most cells in HNSCC tumor samples and several cell lines tested. We previously identified a small population of CD24+/CD44+ cells in HNSCC. In this study, we examined whether this population of cells may represent CSC in HNSCC.

Methods

CD24+/CD44+ cells from HNSCC cell lines were sorted by flow cytometry, and their phenotype was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Their self-renewal and differentiation properties, clonogenicity in collagen gels, and response to anticancer drugs were tested in vitro. The tumorigenicity potential of CD24+/CD44+ cells was tested in athymic nude mice in vivo.

Results

Our results show that CD24+/CD44+ cells possessed stemness characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation. CD24+/CD44+ cells showed higher cell invasion in vitro and made higher number of colonies in collagen gels compared to CD24-/CD44+ HNSCC cells. In addition, the CD24+/CD44+ cells were more chemo-resistant to gemcitabine and cisplatin compared to CD24-/CD44+ cells. In vivo, CD24+/CD44+ cells showed a tendency to generate larger tumors in nude mice compared to CD24-/CD44+ cell population.

Conclusion

Our study clearly demonstrates that a distinct small population of CD24+/CD44+ cells is present in HNSCC that shows stem cell-like properties. This distinct small population of cells should be further characterized and may provide an opportunity to target HNSCC CSC for therapy.
Supraspinal Characterization of the Thermal Grill Illusion with fMRI
Authors: Leung Albert , Shukla Shivshil , Li Eric , Duann Jeng-Ren , Yaksh Tony
Published: March 2014

Background:

Simultaneous presentation of non-noxious warm (40°C) and cold (20°C) stimuli in an interlacing fashion results in a transient hot burning noxious sensation (matched at 46°C) known as the thermal grill (TG) illusion. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and psychophysical assessments were utilized to compare the supraspinal events related to the spatial summation effect of three TG presentations: 20°C/20°C (G2020), 20°C/40°C (G2040) and 40°C/40°C (G4040) with corresponding matched thermode stimuli: 20°C (P20), 46°C (P46) and 40°C (P40) and hot pain (HP) stimuli.

Results:

For G2040, the hot burning sensation was only noted during the initial off-line assessment. In comparison to P40, G4040 resulted in an equally enhanced response from all supraspinal regions associated with both pain sensory/discriminatory and noxious modulatory response. In comparison to P20, G2020 presentation resulted in a much earlier diminished/sedative response leading to a statistically significantly (P < 0.01) higher degree of deactivation in modulatory supraspinal areas activated by G4040. Granger Causality Analysis showed that while thalamic activation in HP may cast activation inference in all hot pain related somatosensory, affective and modulatory areas, similar activation in G2040 and G2020 resulted in deactivation inference in the corresponding areas.

Conclusions:

In short, the transient TG sensation is caused by a dissociated state derived from non-noxious warm and cold spatial summation interaction. The observed central dissociated state may share some parallels in certain chronic neuropathic pain states.