bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Internationalisation Squeeze: Double Capital Movement and Job Transfer within Philips® Worldwide
Authors: Teulings A W M
Published: October 2006

Internationalisation of domestic capital is decomposed into four distinct processes. As a result, it is possible to show that, from a national perspective, increased internationalisation and deinternationalisation of the national economy may occur at the same time. A brief historical analysis of internationalisation processes in the electronics industry also reveals that extensive phases are followed by intensive phases of reorganisation of capital. These are more ‘political’ in nature and do not follow the pattern of typical ‘market forces’. Basic concepts such as power and dependency structure are more suitable to the analysis of these phases. This is illustrated by the case of Philips, an international electrotechnical company. Part of the movement of Philips capital is determined by comparative costs advantages and export substitution; in particular, the movement towards Third World countries. An increasing part of its capital is flowing, however, towards countries in the core of the world economy, with larger (state) markets. This second movement can be understood as a strategic response to the increased dependency of multinational firms upon economic ‘backing’ powers of the state. As a result, employment in multinational firms, located in small industrialised countries like the Netherlands, is squeezed between these two capital movements. A quantitative analysis of the changing distribution of jobs within Philips worldwide is introduced to illustrate these issues. The data also show that a dual process is not only typical for small core countries, but also for large industrialising countries in the periphery. This, however, has been observed before, and it has played a role in modern theories of ‘imperialism’, like that of Galtung. In view of the present analysis, however, this theory should be refined: workers in small core countries have more interests in common with workers in some Third World countries than predicted by Galtung's theory.
Dynamic Properties of Static-Recursive Model Systems of Transportation and Location
Authors: Putman S H
Published: October 2006

In the past decade there have been a number of efforts aimed at the development of more-complete representations of urban transportation and land-use interactions. In this paper, it is suggested that there is a great deal to be learned from experimentation with existing as well as emerging techniques. Systems of models are discussed in general terms with particular reference to the implications of selecting one system over another. A report is given of some empirical work with an integrated transportation and land-use model structure and the consequences of the model-system structure for the empirical work are discussed.
Specification of Individual Residential Utility Functions: A Comparative Analysis of Three Measurement Procedures
Authors: Veldhuisen K J , Timmermans H J P
Published: October 2006

This research note presents the main findings of a comparative analysis conducted to assess the validity of magnitude estimation, conjoint measurement, and functional measurement for specifying and evaluating residential utility functions. The results of the analysis suggest that all three measurement procedures may be used to evaluate an individual's evaluations of attributes of residential environments and to identify overall evaluations. In addition, the results support the view that multiplicative models perform slightly better than additive models in terms of capturing the way in which subjects integrate part-worth utilities into some overall measure of utility or evaluation.
Economic—Demographic Models for Forecasting Interregional Migration
Authors: Plane D A , Rogerson P A
Published: October 2006

A class of spatial economic–demographic forecasting models is proposed. The models combine elements of traditional Markov and economic gravity models. A base-period probability structure is modified by the changing relative distribution of economic opportunity. Estimation issues are addressed, and an empirical application to US interstate migration during the late 1970s is described. It is contended that the framework represents a merger of past demographic and economic modeling traditions in a spatial interaction framework.
An Empirical Investigation on the Social Time-Preference Rate for the United Kingdom
Authors: Kula E
Published: October 2006

In this paper, a social time-preference rate is derived for the United Kingdom on the basis of a conventional utility function. The model which the estimate is based upon is developed in a two-period analysis in which a representative individual is the central figure. The component parameters of this rate are: growth rate of real consumption, elasticity of marginal utility of consumption, and a pure time-discount rate derived on the basis of individuals' survival probabilities. Then each of these parameters is estimated separately with the final result of 3.65% which is very much in line with expectations of many economists.
Research Policy and Review 2. House-Price Statistics for the United Kingdom: A Survey and Critical Review of Recent Developments
Authors: Fleming M C , Nellis J G
Published: October 2006

This survey updates an earlier one made in 1980 (published in 1981). It provides a comprehensive review of the sources and nature of all statistics on house prices in the United Kingdom, paying particular attention to major developments that have occurred in the period since 1980. An appraisal of each source is made in the context of the problems involved in measuring price levels and price movements on a representative and comparable basis. Comparisons are made of the evidence provided by the various sources. In a concluding section guidance is offered on the choice of series for particular uses and desirable improvements are considered.
Employment Change in Permanent Manufacturing Plants: Analysis and Implications from an Irish Case Study
Authors: O'Farrell P N , Crouchley R
Published: October 2006

This paper is an analysis of employment change in the stock of Irish manufacturing plants which was in existence throughout the period 1973–1981. Logit models are calibrated to test a series of hypotheses relating to the expansion or contraction of an industrial plant. The influences of previous employment history and size upon recent employment change are analysed, and the implications of the findings for industrial policy are discussed.
Distance-Weighted Geographic Interpolation
Authors: Upton G J G
Published: October 2006

The results of estimates of population density for individual states of the United States of America are compared with those obtained previously by Kennedy and Tobler. The new estimates are much simpler to calculate and of equal accuracy. However, neither method utilises geographical information.
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing: An Application in Planning Research
Authors: Doorn P K , Dekker F
Published: October 2006

The collection of data for geographic and planning research by means of interviewing is a time-consuming and costly affair. A new method of interviewing, computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI), makes it possible to reduce labour input and financial costs. Programs to carry out CATI on microcomputers were developed by the Department of Geography at Utrecht University. The technique was applied to collect data for research projects on retailing and commuting in a planning context. As an example, it is demonstrated how the collected data were used in a shopping model of spatial interaction type in order to make conditional forecasts of retail spending in the province of Utrecht, Holland.
The Econometrics of Search
Authors: Lerman S R , Mahmassani H S
Published: October 2006

Many urban activity and location decisions can be viewed as the outcomes of sequential search processes. In this paper are addressed the special econometric aspects associated with the analysis of observations on such processes. Four distinct informational situations of particular relevance to search phenomena are identified, each one corresponding to different data-availability conditions. The likelihood functions appropriate for estimating the parameters of search models in each one of those informational situations are derived. Special cases in which these likelihood functions appear to be computationally tractable are also indicated in the appendix.
Product Sophistication, Industrial Organisation, and Location: The UK Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Howells J
Published: October 2006

In this paper are presented the results of an analysis of the location and organisation of product innovation and sophistication in the UK pharmaceutical industry. Significant spatial variations in plant product technological sophistication were identified on an urban-size basis, with factories located in smaller urban centres less likely to be of low-technology status. In terms of nonspatial factors it was the organisational characteristics of the companies, rather than the plants themselves, that were influential in determining product sophistication. The importance of the spatially dispersed nature of manufacturing by large, often foreign, firms was confirmed as having an important role in the pattern of plant product sophistication within the UK pharmaceutical industry.
Intended-Mobility Responses to Inner-City School Closure
Authors: Phipps A G , Holden W J
Published: October 2006

The simulated impact of a school closure on the intended mobility of approximately one hundred inner-city households is traced by utilizing a refined stress-resistance model of household mobility. The substantive finding is that 69% of the surveyed households would be more likely to be intending to move if the simulated change to a 25-minute to 30-minute bus ride to the nearest school were to occur. This finding, which represents a massive jump over the 19% that would be intending to move due to stress with their actual experienced levels of their residential attributes, became the focus for challenge of a behavioural approach to modelling residential mobility by the Saskatoon Public Board of Education. Vulnerabilities of this type of modelling in an adversarial planning situation are discussed.
The Conceptualisation of Output and Cost-Benefit Evaluation for Leisure Facilities
Authors: Knapp M R J , Vickerman R W
Published: October 2006

Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses have become widely used tools for the justification of leisure-related expenditures, but are based on a number of inadequate assumptions. The narrow conceptualisations both of outputs and of inputs, and an oversimplified production function linking them are the main problems. Participation is usually assumed to provide an adequate measure of output or benefit accruing to the participant, but it is a measure neither of demand nor of supply, and it ignores the individual-level production that is so characteristic of services. Inputs have previously been equated with resources, to the neglect of nonresource influences on output. An alternative ‘production of welfare’ approach is described, and its implications for cost-benefit evaluations—and for efficiency studies generally—are examined.
A Simplified Model of Spatiotemporal Population Dynamics
Authors: Puu T
Published: October 2006

The paper is a development of the Hotelling model of population growth and migration. In the original model, a logistic growth term is combined with linear diffusion. Since man produces his own means of subsistance and himself decides which standard of living per capita is desirable, the ‘saturation’ population cannot be regarded as a constant, and production technology and technological development are introduced. At the same time it is noted that the reach of migration has increased with developments in transportation. Basic nonlinearities are introduced by use of a production technology with increasing-decreasing returns to scale. It is demonstrated how industrial takeoffs, population transitions, and agglomerative spatial patterns can emerge by changing the model parameters.
Modelling Commodity Flows under Uncertainty
Authors: Roy J R , Lesse P F
Published: October 2006

In the modelling of the flow of commodities from dispatching firms to receiving firms, consignments of differing amounts of the one homogeneous commodity and perceived heterogeneity across the available receiving firms in each zone are accounted for by using an information-theoretic approach with probabilities disaggregated in terms of the number of unit shipments in any consignment, conditional upon the receiving capacity of the firms. It is shown how these results may be approximately aggregated to yield results similar to those obtained via statistical mechanics. As the model does not enforce full utilization of the capacity of the receiving firms, it is potentially responsive to the consideration of impacts of factors such as differential pricing and credit conditions. Certain criteria are presented for guaranteeing good numerical properties of the solution.
Research Policy and Review 5. Biomass Energy Problems and Policies in Asia
Authors: Soussan J , O'Keefe P
Published: October 2006

This paper is an examination of issues associated with biomass energy resources in a number of Asian less-developed countries. The role of these resources in the energy economies of Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand is outlined; problems associated with the sustained supply of these fuels are identified; and the broader developmental context of this resource use is discussed. Brief summaries of the position in each country are presented, and it is argued that the forms taken by problems associated with the ‘alternative energy crisis’ vary significantly both within and between the countries studied. The policy implications of this are identified, and it is concluded that policy formulation must take account of local patterns of resource production and utilisation if viable solutions are to be generated.
Longitudinal versus Cross-Sectional Methods for Behavioural Research: A First-Round Knockout
Authors: Davies R B , Pickles A R
Published: October 2006

It is explained that statistical problems over omitted variables and endogenous factors cast doubt upon the wisdom of attempting inference about many forms of human behaviour from cross-sectional data. Simulations are used to confirm that cross-sectional analyses can produce seriously misleading results. The problems are avoided by using longitudinal methods.
Allocating the Costs of Labor Mobility
Authors: Clark G L
Published: October 2006

How the costs of labor mobility ought to be distributed is the issue explored in this essay. Neoclassical procedural devices are argued to be irrelevant and unable to guide allocative decisions. A modified structuralist thesis is introduced in which the substantive nature of capitalist employment contracts is emphasized. The actual agent of allocation is the judiciary, and some attention is given to the role of the judiciary in modern society. Four strategic rules are then proposed as the basis for judicial decisions regarding the allocation of mobility costs. These rules are reliance, context, comparability, and resource endowment.
A Case Study of Context Effects and Residential Area Evaluation in Hamilton, Canada
Authors: Preston V
Published: October 2006

Context effects which describe how the characteristics of residential alternatives affect evaluation and residential choices are examined empirically. The extent that people use different criteria to cognize dissimilar residential areas is investigated with survey data from Hamilton, Canada. For nine residential areas, individual differences in cognition and context effects are evaluated by a two-way analysis of variance of attribute ratings. No significant individual differences emerged for fourteen of the sixteen attributes. They are retained in the subsequent derivation of evaluative criteria. These criteria vary among areas, but context effects are comparatively weak. Context effects are reduced by removing individual differences in the cognition of residential area attributes.
Forms of Utility Function for Residential Behavior Analysis and Neighborhood Benefits Estimation
Authors: Morisugi H , Yoshida T
Published: October 2006

The main objective of this paper is to answer the question of what form of utility function is best for forecasting residential behavior and estimating the benefits of various neighborhood changes. This question is a key factor when consistently analyzing the impacts of residential environmental changes on residential behavior and measuring the benefits, because the magnitude and sensitivity of such impacts and benefits vary with the specified utility function forms. In this paper, first, residential behavior is formulated and then benefits of residential environmental changes are rigorously defined emphasizing the importance of estimating the utility function. Second, four utility function forms, namely, linear, log-linear, CES (constant elasticity of substitution), and VES (variable elasticity of substitution), are adopted, and a method for estimating the parameters of the specified utility functions is proposed. Based on a case study, it is concluded that the CES form is best in terms both of analyzing residential behavior and of estimating the benefits of various neighborhood changes.
Industrial Location Models 2: Weber, Palander, Hotelling, and Extensions within a New Framework
Authors: Birkin M , Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

In an earlier paper, the unified theoretical framework was applied to a broad range of alternative approaches to industrial location modelling. These explorations are used in this paper to construct a more general industrial location model from which many of the models can be derived as special cases.
Asian Investment in Australian Capital City Property Markets
Authors: Adrian C , Stimson R
Published: October 2006

In the mid-1970s Asian investment in Australia accounted for less than 15% of the total foreign investment inflow. By 1984 the inflow from Asia had increased dramatically to 40% or $A4155 million per annum. Over the past ten years an increasing proportion of the Asian investment inflow has been directed to the capital city property markets—particularly Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, and the Gold Coast.

In this paper the reasons for these changes, and in particular the deregulation of the Australian finance sector and the underdeveloped conservative nature of Australian property markets, are analysed. It is argued that the changing nature of the capital city property markets is part of the process of integration into a world property market dominated by finance, corporate, and service linkages, and between the larger global cities, of which Sydney is one.

Comparisons are made between the investment philosophies and behaviours of the Asian property investors active in Australia and those of their Australian and European counterparts. The paper focuses on the risk philosophies of the Asian investors and the degree to which they are providing a vital injection of funds for previously underdeveloped market opportunities.

A critique is made of the existing Foreign Investment Review Board guidelines as they apply to equity investment by foreigners in Australian urban real estate. It is concluded that the guidelines have become an anachronism, and rather than protect the interest of Australia they have contributed to the growth in overseas indebtedness and are detrimental to sustained economic growth.
Predicting Patient Flows and Hospital Case-Mix
Authors: Mayhew L D , Gibberd R W , Hall H
Published: October 2006

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the spatial modelling of health care services: to locate services in a more equitable and efficient manner; to cope with the consequences of structural change in demography and accessibility to services; to examine the interactions between different services over space and time. In this paper, one particular spatial model used for analysing impact on patient flows, catchment populations, and other key variables resulting from changes in supply, demand, or accessibility is examined in depth. Used in several countries for planning purposes, the model was originally developed in 1979 by the Operational Research Service of the Department of Health and Social Security in the United Kingdom, for the London Health Planning Consortium. It was later refined at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria. In the present study the robustness of prediction is tested on four versions of the basic model developed at the University of Newcastle, Australia, in 1984 and applied to data from the Sydney Metropolitan Region. Key outputs from the model are examined and the extent to which it correctly predicts changes in service levels over a three-year period in the case of five different acute clinical specialties is shown. To conclude the paper, the technical details of case-mix model are presented, which combines different acute service categories with the spatial dimension to provide a more comprehensive framework for predicting and analysing the behaviour of, and interactions between, supply and demand.
On the Depletion of Exhaustible Resources in the Presence of Revised Estimates
Authors: Stefani S
Published: October 2006

The aim of this paper is to describe intertemporal optimal policies for a (competitive and monopolist) producer of an exhaustible resource. An important source of uncertainty is considered—that which relates to the actual size of the in-ground resource, because of revisions in estimates. Market uncertainty is also taken into account. Conditions for the expected evolution of the royalty price are given, generalizing results in the literature. Closed form solutions are also given for a particular case, showing clearly the impact of uncertainty on the optimal strategies.
The Incidence and Nature of Redundancy in the Northern Ireland Shipbuilding Industry 1972 – 1983
Authors: Harrison R T
Published: October 2006

The severity of the recession in Britain in the late 1970s and 1980s has stimulated considerable interest in the analysis of the spatial and sectoral incidence of redundancy. In this paper two separate approaches to this topic are identified. In the labour-market – manpower analysis approach detailed empirical case studies were used to assess the local labour-market impact of specific major redundancies. More recently, aggregate official data have been used to investigate the sectoral and spatial incidence of recession in Great Britain. This paper extends this second approach by analysing, for the first time, some aspects of the incidence of redundancy in Northern Ireland. It is argued that trends in the level and incidence of redundancy are strongly affected by sectoral influences, and the analysis is concentrated in particular on the examination of redundancies in the regional shipbuilding industry between 1972 and 1983. It is concluded that redundancies in this sector differ from those elsewhere in the regional economy in terms of both nature and timing: shipbuilding redundancies affected predominantly older and male workers and peaked two or three years later than redundancies in other sectors. This pattern can be related to changes in the external market conditions facing the industry in the late 1970s, and to the specific corporate response of Harland and Wolff plc to these in the 1980s.
Positive Discrimination in the Provision of Primary Education in Sheffield
Authors: Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

This paper contains an examination of the effectiveness of a positive discrimination policy operated by a major English local authority. A longitudinal study of pupil/teacher ratios in local primary education reveals the increasing salience of the policy over time. Further examination shows the structural factors underlying changing provision.
Modelling Population Changes in Small English Urban Areas
Authors: Congdon P , Shepherd J
Published: October 2006

Research on urbanisation has been hampered by discrepancies between the administrative boundaries of towns and a meaningful spatial framework of urbanism that recognises both the true extent of the built-up areas of towns and the functional linkages between urban centres and their surrounding hinterland. An ‘urban area’ definition has been recently developed for British census statistics to represent the physical reality of urban boundaries in terms of land that is urban in use, whereas the functional approach to urban definition has been implemented in terms of a set of urban-centred labour-market areas. In this paper the spatial frameworks of physical and functional definitions are combined in order to investigate processes of population growth in small- and medium-sized towns in England between 1971 and 1981. As in other studies, a general tendency to counterurbanisation— higher growth rates for smaller urban areas (physically defined)—is demonstrated. However, a variety of types of ‘counterurbanisation’ also become apparent. In addition to growth of smaller towns in rural areas beyond metropolitan influence, there has been growth of towns in the labour-market areas of newer freestanding urban centres, and also in the decentralised commuter hinterlands of large metropolitan cores.

In this paper a number of causal processes which may underlie different types of growth are investigated, setting this investigation within the standard and labour-market regional context of physical urban areas. There is evidence of ‘people-led’ growth in environmentally attractive locations (for example, through retirement migration). However, growth of small- and medium-sized towns also reflects employment decentralisation and deconcentration to freestanding or satellite towns, and the extension of commuter hinterlands linked both to a growth of car commuting and to availability of land for private-sector housing. Government policies encouraging growth are also demonstrated to be significant. Conversely, decline in a minority of small towns often indicates a diminishing employment base or policy restrictions on growth. The impact on modelling growth in urban areas of a diversity of causal processes and locational contexts for growth is considered.
Assessing Options in Resource Use for Renewable Energy through Multiobjective Goal Programming
Authors: Cocklin C , Lonergan S C , Smit B
Published: October 2006

Forest-energy plantations have been recognized as a possible source of renewable energy throughout the world, but the regional consequences of extensive plantation development have not been considered. In an effort to understand better the trade-offs that exist between economic, environmental, and energy concerns associated with regional development projects, a goal-programming model of forest-energy plantation development in Eastern Ontario, Canada has been developed. The results indicate not only the potential for energy plantations, but the utility in using goal-programming as a resource-assessment tool as well. The method is particularly useful in identifying potential conflicts among regional development goals, and can also address uncertainties with respect to decision priorities and production relationships.
The Influence of Unemployment on the Level and Rate of Company Formation in Scotland, 1950–1984
Authors: Hamilton R T
Published: October 2006

In this paper annual time-series data are used to examine the relationship between unemployment and both the level and the rate of new company registrations in Scotland between 1950 and 1984. Lagged unemployment rate and changes in this rate (also lagged) are shown to explain in excess of 90% of the yearly variation in registration activity. The results indicate the importance of those factors, for example, unemployment or the threat thereof, which act to ‘push’ individuals into self-employment.
Research Policy and Review 12. Evaluating a Heritage of Modelling Styles
Authors: Macgill S M
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first to provide a systematic identification of a range of criteria whereby the utility and quality of modelling can be assessed; second to comment on the characteristics of a number of key modelling styles in the light of the criteria distinguished. The goal is to further general understanding of the multiplicity of roles of modelling, and of its various limitations, among interested research and planning communities.
Optimal Clustering
Authors: Rosing K E , ReVelle C S
Published: October 2006

Cluster analysis can be performed with several models. One method is to seek those clusters for which the total flow between all within-cluster members is a maximum. This model has, until now, been viewed as mathematically difficult because of the presence of products of integer variables in the objective function. In another optimization model of cluster analysis, the p-median, a central member is found for each cluster, so that relationships of cluster members with the various central members are maximized (or minimized). This problem, although mathematically tractable, is a less realistic formulation of the general clustering problem.

The formulation of the maximum interflow problem is here transformed in stages into a linear analogue which is economically solvable. Computation experience with the several transformed stages is reported and a practical example of the analysis demonstrated.
Quality of Life in Glasgow: An Applied Geographical Analysis
Authors: Pacione M
Published: October 2006

The structure and distribution of quality of life forms a key area of research in human geography, with particular attention given to conditions at the disadvantaged end of the quality-of-life spectrum. To date, most work has focused on the national, regional, or interurban scale. However, whereas descriptive pattern identification and mapping is of value at the macroscale as a pointer to detailed work, policy-relevant quality-of-life indicators are more likely to be derived at the local scale and to be related to specific life concerns. In the present research, a multiscale multiindicator methodology is used to examine the structure and distribution of life quality in Glasgow. In a series of analyses in which objective and subjective indicators are employed at different geographic scales, the city-wide pattern of life quality is identified and a number of severely disadvantaged subareas isolated. Within one such subarea the quality-of-life experience of a particular social group, the elderly, is examined in detail. Application of the methodology in other cities could facilitate intercity and cross-cultural comparisons of quality-of-life variations within contemporary urban areas. Such investigations can also be of practical utility for decisionmakers seeking to define priorities for social policy.
A Risk-Return Model for Multiregion and Multiproduct Diversification of the Firm
Authors: Hanink D M , Cromley R G
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the integration of locational considerations into product-diversification planning has the potential of supplying gains to the firm by providing hedges against both product-portfolio and location-portfolio risk. An efficient diversification frontier for region – product strategic planning is generated from hypothetical data for purposes of illustration. Results of the analysis are in agreement with Wahlroos's theory of the diversification of the firm.
Dynamic Municipal Allocation Analysis
Authors: Dolan L W , Wolpert J , Seley J E
Published: October 2006

Distributional studies of municipal service provision which do not make allowances for population losses and relocation as well as for austerity impacts can make serious inferential errors about intended beneficiaries. In this study, the relocation of fire, police, library, and school facilities are examined in the context of New York City's rapid population change and service retrenchment in the 1960 – 1984 period. The findings demonstrate a continuing spatial disequilibrium of services. Shortages persist in some neighborhoods and underutilization in others as population shifts more rapidly than the services can relocate.
The Geography of US Union Elections 2: Performance of the United Auto Workers Union and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union, 1970–82
Authors: Clark G L , Johnston K
Published: October 2006

This paper is an extension of previous work on the geography of US union elections. It is largely an exercise in description. The issue here concerns the electoral performance of two unions, the United Auto Workers union and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union, over the period 1970–82. Relevant descriptive variables include location, scale, sector, state right-to-work legislation, and local economic variables. Two arguments are advanced. First, there are parallels between the electoral performance of US unions, and the partisan political process. Forces of electoral fragmentation evident in the partisan political process are mediated, however, by institutional factors relating to the organizing strategies of unions. Second, it is observed that there are significant differences between the unions, especially with respect to the patterns of their electoral successes and failures. These patterns, and their associations with local economic factors, are illustrated through a series of multivariate analyses of variance. Definitive tests of hypothesized causal relationships are left to a subsequent paper.
Industrial Restructuring, Foreign Direct Investment, and Uneven Development: The Case of Wales
Authors: Morris J L
Published: October 2006

This paper is intended as a study of the restructuring of world economy in the postwar period, especially in the 1970s and 1980s, the emergence of new spatial divisions of labour, and the resultant impacts on Wales. The discussion will first focus upon the relevant changes in the world economy in the postwar period, their spatial ramifications, and the theoretical constructs which have arisen out of this new economic and industrial geography. The paper will then proceed to an outline of the effects of these changes on Wales in the form of the foreign investment in the region and the attendant industrial restructuring which has occurred. The central theme of the paper is a plant-based qualitative analysis of the effects of this new spatial division of labour in Wales. The final section is a discussion of the creation and reproduction of uneven development that such a spatial division of labour can create.
A Critical Note on Ball's Reformulation of the Role of Urban Land Rent
Authors: Clark E
Published: October 2006

Ball has recently attempted to reformulate the role of land rent in urban contexts. His reformulation is criticized for containing inconsistent reasoning and a faulty conception of land rent. More specifically, the critique focuses on: (1) his argument against the use of land-rent theories—originally developed for agricultural contexts—in urban settings; (2) his limitation of the rent concept to actual payments to separate landowners; and (3) his use of the term ‘building rent’ in arguing that land rent plays an insignificant role in urban contexts. Major weaknesses are identified in these three substantial parts of Ball's reformulation.
Maximum Entropy Convex Decompositions of Doubly Stochastic and Nonnegative Matrices
Authors: Slater P B
Published: October 2006

Two maximum entropy convex decompositions are computed with the use of the iterative proportional fitting procedure. First, a doubly stochastic version of a 5 × 5 British social mobility table is represented as the sum of 120 5 × 5 permutation matrices. The most heavily weighted permutations display a bandwidth form, indicative of relatively strong movements within social classes and between neighboring classes. Then the mobility table itself is expressed as the sum of 6 985 5 × 5 transportation matrices—possessing the same row and column sums as the mobility table. A particular block-diagonal structure is evident in the matrices assigned the greatest weight. The methodology can be applied as well to the representation of other nonnegative matrices in terms of their extreme points, and should be extendable to higher-order mathematical structures—for example, operators and functions.
The Problems of Analysing Party Politics: Labour and Conservative Approaches to Rural Conservation
Authors: Flynn A , Lowe P
Published: October 2006

In his paper on political parties and planning controls, Brotherton tried to explain the political reasons behind each party's approach to the rural environment. Here Brotherton's analysis is challenged and an alternative explanation for Labour and Conservative attitudes towards rural conservation proposed. The emphasis is upon Labour's preference for centralised intervention in the countryside, which contrasts with the more laissez-faire approach favoured by the Conservatives.
The Geography of US Union Elections 4: Patterns of Close Elections and Determinants of the Margins of Victory and Loss (the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union and the United Auto Workers Union, 1970–82)
Authors: Clark G L , Johnston K
Published: October 2006

Patterns of close union representation elections and the determinants of the margins of victory and loss are the topics of this paper. The importance of close elections for management, unions, and the National Labor Relations Board is emphasized. Likely union and management strategies for contesting close elections are noted, as is the significance of these elections in relation to the changing political and institutional environment of US labor relations. Empirically, a set of structural and contextual variables are used to discriminate between close and nonclose elections. The determinants of close elections are analyzed through a set of regression models, using as dependent variables the margins of victory and loss. Data on close elections are developed from the electoral performance of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union and the United Auto Workers union over the period 1970–82. Implications of these results are considered for the role of the National Labor Relations Board and the effectiveness of management consultants in union representation campaigns.
The Role of Business-Service Offices in the Economy of Medium-Sized Cities
Authors: van Dinteren J H J
Published: October 2006

In the Netherlands over the last fifteen years business-service activities have decentralized towards the intermediate provinces and the regions around the large cities in the west. A survey, based on postal questionnaires, was conducted to analyze this sector in thirteen medium-sized cities in the intermediate provinces. Work in this paper centers on the role of the business-service offices in the urban economy. From Pred's information-circulation theory it is argued that this role can be demonstrated by the following measures: the amount of local inputs, the degree of external control, the size of regional exports, and the size of the business-service sector (both in terms of employment and establishments). It is demonstrated that business services are not so reliant on a local market and on the manufacturing sector as has been assumed formerly. However, there are differences between the different types of offices. In a consideration of the role of business services in the economy of medium-sized cities it is shown that there are important variations between the cities studied. Initial advantages, the region in which the city is situated, planning policies, and the nature of the market are some factors accounting for the variations. Given the strong degree of regional export orientation, the intermediate function of business services and their recent and possible future growth, these results suggest that regional and urban policies, which in the Netherlands concentrate on stimulating indigenous development opportunities in the cities and regions themselves, need to reexamine the role of business services in the economy.
Research Policy and Review 16. Geographical Disparities in State Cancer-Prevention Policies: The Need for Strong Federal Intervention
Authors: Greenberg M
Published: October 2006

Analysis of changes in cancer mortality rates and cancer prevention programs shows that the states that experienced the sharpest increases in cancer mortality during the last thirty years have the weakest cancer-prevention programs. The federal government should intervene to increase cancer prevention, especially in these laggard states.
The Geography of US Union Elections 5: Reconceptualizing the Theory of Industrial Unionism
Authors: Clark G L , Johnston K
Published: October 2006

In this paper an argument is put for a reconceptualization of the theory of US industrial unionism. It reflects lessons learnt about the patterns and determinants of the electoral performance of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union and the United Auto Workers union over the period 1970–82. Empirically, the spatial and temporal diversity of unions' electoral performance is emphasized. Theoretically, it is suggested that unions' performances in representation elections are the product of a complex array of processes and their interrelationships. Diversity of patterns and complexity of processes makes forecasting the future of industrial unionism a risky project. Also considered are competing theories of unionism and the methodologies for analyzing union electoral performance. Based on these observations, a case is made for the necessity of a ‘new’ framework for understanding the geography of US unionism.
The Spatial Division of Information Labour in Great Britain
Authors: Hepworth M E , Green A E , Gillespie A E
Published: October 2006

In this paper the prevailing geography of the information economy in Great Britain is examined. Attention is focused on the 1981 labour-force share of information occupations at the level of standard regions. This occupation approach, as developed by Porat, is interrelated with Singlemann's sectoral classification in order to provide a new view of the information-based service economy in a regional context.

The spatial division of information labour in Great Britain is identified and its theoretical and policy implications are discussed. It is shown that, despite regional differences in industrial specialisation, job prospects in all parts of the country are increasingly dependent on information-based services. There is, however, clear evidence of Greater London's dominance of the information economy, particularly in higher-order information occupations related to management and control functions and specialised producer-services activities. It is suggested that innovations in information technology (computer-communications networks) will reinforce this uneven geography of employment opportunities, particularly with the further integration of Britain into the global information economy. In this light, theoretical approaches to regional economic policy must embody an international dimension and address the transsectoral nature of information-based development in which the new technologies play a central role.
Where Do Centers Come From?
Authors: Krieger M H
Published: October 2006

A ‘center’ is a marked place in space or time or in a collection of objects, and surrounding it is a structure or pattern that supports it. The questions that concern us here are: ‘Why are there centers at all?’ ‘Why is a center at a particular X?’ Historical and combinatorial processes of centralization are reviewed, and a phenomenology and mechanisms are provided. Models considered include: stochastic markets with increasing returns to scale, codes as in DNA, combinatoric processes as in statistical mechanics, and differentiation in biology. Polycenters.
The AGW Spatial Interaction Workstation
Authors: Clarke M , Openshaw S
Published: October 2006

Despite the advances made in the development of computer models of urban and regional systems the lack of an appropriate software package incorporating much of this work prevents the popularisation and widespread use of these methods. In statistical analysis the availability of packages such as SPSSX, GLIM, SAS, etc have enabled undergraduates, academics, and professionals to access easily a wide range of techniques. The authors feel that a similar type of package would have tremendous appeal both in the public and in the private sector. In this paper they outline their view of what this modelling package would consist of and how it could be constructed as a software system for a personal computer.
Quantitative Measurement of Some Marxist Categories
Authors: Webber M J
Published: October 2006

In this paper the theoretical and methodological requirements for the measurement of Marxist categories are examined. After a brief introduction to the Marxist theory of value, it is claimed that labour must be the standard of commodities; the meaning of social necessity is explained, the methods of treating skilled and heterogeneous labour illustrated, and productive labour defined. It is then shown how value is measured, when there is joint production, fixed capital, and choice of technique; the methods explicitly treat the time structure of production and emphasise that only expected values can be measured. Measures of the performance of the capitalist system are derived; and the relationship of value measures to price measures is stated. Last, the data requirements of these proposals are considered in the conclusion.
An Empirical Study of the Competing Destinations Model Using Japanese Interaction Data
Authors: Ishikawa Y
Published: October 2006

The misspecification issue, that the estimated distance parameter in spatial-interaction models might be biased by the spatial structure under investigation, has remained unsettled. However, the competing destinations model recently developed by Fotheringham is the first ray of hope for a solution. In this paper, the empirical validity of Fotheringham's model is examined using data of migration and of university enrollment among Japanese prefectures. It becomes clear that the origin-specific estimates of the distance-decay parameter, calibrated from the production-constrained model, are, on the whole, less negatively biased. It is also confirmed that the dominance of the agglomeration effect for one set of data, and of the competition effect for other sets of data, are the sources of the misspecification issue. The empirical implications are discussed.
Retail Regulation in England and Wales: The Results of a Survey
Authors: Blomley N K
Published: October 2006

Debates on the Shops Act (1950), which regulates the hours and conditions of retail employment and operation in England and Wales, have largely occurred in ignorance of the realities of enforcement at local level. This paper, drawing upon a postal survey and official prosecution statistics, is an attempt to examine spatial, temporal, and sectoral variations in proceedings and offenders. The findings seem to reflect the breakdown in local compliance with the Act. This can be related to the major restructuring of some sectors of retail capital. It also seems that enforcement is locally specific. The Act, in other words, is not applied, but interpreted at local level in the light of place-specific conditions.
Some Implications of the Commodification of Information and the Emerging Information Economy for Applied Geographical Analysis in the United Kingdom
Authors: Openshaw S , Goddard J
Published: October 2006

This paper contains a consideration of some of the implications of the emerging information economy for quantitative geography. The vast increase in computer data bases creates exciting new prospects for applied analysis relevant to public policy and private organisations. An attempt is made to identify where these new opportunities are located, to discuss some of the reasons for previous failures, to exploit the intrinsic value of geographical analysis techniques, and to outline a research agenda for the future.