bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late onset and rapid progression of cerebellar abiotrophy in a domestic shorthair cat
Authors: Biolatti C. , Gianella P. , Capucchio M. T. , Borrelli A. , D' Angelo A.
Published: February 2010

A two‐year‐old male domestic shorthair cat was seen because of sudden onset of incoordination and tremors that had rapidly worsened over five days. Neurological examination revealed severe cerebellar ataxia, intention tremors and bilaterally decreased menace response. Blood work evaluation included a complete cell blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry profile, urinalysis, faecal flotation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and retroviral testing. Except for testing positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies, all other results were within the normal range. The patient was euthanased two days later because of progression of clinical signs, and a necropsy was performed. Histologically, lesions were limited to the cerebellum and consistent with cerebellar abiotrophy. No secondary diseases that could explain the rapid development of clinical signs were found. It was considered unlikely that cerebellar degeneration was related to FIV positivity, as virus invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) is mainly limited to the cerebral cortex. This case report is the first to describe late onset and rapid progression cerebellar abiotrophy in a cat.
Toxicities and salvage therapy following overdose of vinblastine in a cat
Authors: Grant I. A. , Karnik K. , Jandrey K. E.
Published: February 2010

A cat receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma was administered a four times overdose of vinblastine in error. Severe, acute life‐threatening toxicities occurred. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) was suspected based on electrolyte disturbances. A favourable outcome was achieved with aggressive supportive care. Personnel involved in administering chemotherapy to small animal patients must check that the patient is receiving the correct drug, at the appropriate dose, prior to every treatment.
Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section
Authors: Evans Katy M. , Adams Vicki J.
Published: February 2010

Objectives: To describe the frequency of caesarean sections in a large sample of pedigree dogs in the UK.

Methods: Data on the numbers of litters born in the previous 10 years were available from a cross‐sectional study of dogs belonging to breed club members (2004 Kennel Club/BSAVA Scientific Committee Purebred Dog Health Survey). In this survey 151 breeds were represented with data for households that had reported on at least 10 litters (range 10–14,15): this represented 13,141 bitches which had whelped 22,005 litters. The frequency of caesarean sections was estimated as the percentage of litters that were reported to be born by caesarean section (caesarean rates) and are reported by breed. The dogs were categorised into brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolicocephalic breeds.

Results: The 10 breeds with the highest caesarean rates were the Boston terrier, bulldog, French bulldog, mastiff, Scottish terrier, miniature bull terrier, German wirehaired pointer, Clumber spaniel, Pekingese and Dandie Dinmont terrier. In the Boston terrier, bulldog and French bulldog, the rate was > 80%.

ClinicalSignificance: These data provide evidence for the need to monitor caesarean rates in certain breeds of dog.
Flightless flies: Drosophila models of neuromuscular disease
Authors: Lloyd Thomas E. , Taylor J. Paul
Published: February 2010

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has a long and rich history as an important model organism for biologists. In particular, study of the fruit fly has been essential to much of our fundamental understanding of the development and function of the nervous system. In recent years, studies using fruit flies have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. Fly models of spinal muscular atrophy, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, myotonic dystrophy, dystrophinopathies and other inherited neuromuscular diseases recapitulate many of the key pathologic features of the human disease. The ability to perform genetic screens holds promise for uncovering the molecular mechanisms of disease, and indeed, for identifying novel therapeutic targets. This review will summarize recent progress in developing fly models of neuromuscular diseases and will emphasize the contribution that Drosophila has made to our understanding of these diseases.
Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience1
Authors: Johnsen Torbjørn M. , Eikrem Wenche , Olseng Christine D. , Tollefsen Knut E. , Bjerknes Vilhelm
Published: February 2010

Johnsen, Torbjørn M., Wenche Eikrem, Christine D. Olseng, Knut E. Tollefsen, and Vilhelm Bjerknes, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):6‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00386.x

Abstract:  In Norwegian waters, Prymnesium parvum has been reported from Oslofjorden in the south to Spitzbergen in the north. However, blooms of P. parvum have only been reported from the Sandsfjorden system in Ryfylke, Western Norway where the salinity of the permanent brackish layer (2‐5 m) typically is in the range of 4‐7 psu during the summer months. The first bloom on record occurred in 1989, and it killed 750 metric tons of caged salmon and trout which was a significant economic loss to the fish farming industry. Toxic blooms occurred as well in subsequent years and the number of fish farms in the area decreased considerably as did the occurrence of P. parvum. In 2005, fish farming was reintroduced to the area and again, in 2007 a toxic bloom of P. parvum killed 135 metric tons of caged fish. The Norwegian Institute for Water Research has, in collaboration with “Erfjord Stamfisk” fish farm, set up a monitoring program that includes light microscopy cell counts of Prymnesium, water quality measurements, and observation of the caged fish. A submergible fish net was mounted over the fish pens and during the toxic outbreak of P. parvum in July‐August 2007, which was as previous years confined to the upper brackish water layer, the fish nets were lowered to 10 m depths below the surface and fish feeding was temporarily stopped. Despite substantial weight loss, the fish survived the toxic bloom and the economic loss was minimal. Monitoring of P. parvum bloom dynamics in 2007 revealed that populations were initially dominated by the nonmotile forms which were gradually replaced by the flagellated forms. Toxicity was observed when the flagellated cells dominated populations in the summer. Chrysochromulina, solitary small Chaetoceros species, and small centric diatoms co‐existed with P. parvum during the monitoring period (June‐October).
Prymnesium parvum: The Texas Experience1
Authors: Southard Gregory M. , Fries Loraine T. , Barkoh Aaron
Published: February 2010

Southard, Gregory M., Loraine T. Fries, and Aaron Barkoh, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Texas Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):14‐23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00387.x

Abstract:  Golden alga Prymnesium parvum was first identified in Texas during a fish kill investigation on the Pecos River in 1985. Since then golden alga kills occurred sporadically in a variety of waters in the western part of the state until 2001 when the alga became endemic in the Brazos, Canadian, Colorado, Red, and Rio Grande river systems, including the water supplies of two public fish hatcheries, the Possum Kingdom and Dundee state fish hatcheries. The increasing area adversely affected by the alga and frequent massive fish kills heightened public and political awareness and concerns regarding the ecological and economic impacts of P. parvum blooms. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), the wildlife conservation agency of the state, responded to these concerns with a program to assess the ecological and economic impacts and to develop management options. To date 33 water bodies have been affected and losses are conservatively estimated at 34 million fish valued at US$13 million. Several sport fisheries, including smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, striped bass Morone saxatilis, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus, have been severely affected. Additionally, 26 imperiled fish species occur in the affected water basins and some have been adversely affected. Economic losses associated with reduced fishing and other water‐based recreational activities appear considerable. The combined economic losses to three counties (Palo Pinto, Stephens, and Young) surrounding Possum Kingdom reservoir for 2001 and 2003 were estimated at US$2.8 million and US$1.1 million, respectively. This paper describes how the TPWD responded to public and political concerns relative to the emergence of golden alga, its harmful effects to fisheries, and its historic and current statewide distribution.
Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum)1
Authors: Lutz‐Carrillo Dijar J. , Southard Gregory M. , Fries Loraine T.
Published: February 2010

Lutz‐Carrillo, Dijar J., Gregory M. Southard, and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum).Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(1):24‐32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00388.x

Abstract: Prymnesium parvumis considered among the most harmful algal species in the world for finfish and other gill breathing organisms. Although it is globally distributed, with the exception of Antarctica,P. parvumis usually associated with coastal and brackish waters. Historically,P. parvumincidents were recorded in the eastern hemisphere; however, in 1985 it was detected in inland Texas waters. We used DNA sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer in the nuclear ribosomal operon (ITS1) among multiple samples ofP. parvumfrom Texas and other locales to address the possible origins ofP. parvumin Texas and the United States (U.S.). With the exception of a sample from Diversion Lake, other samples from Texas, South Carolina, and Wyoming exhibited limited genetic variation and were similar in sequence to a sample from Scotland. The Diversion Lake sample was similar in sequence to samples from Denmark and Norway, and the Maine sample was highly similar to samples from England. These results suggest multiple independent introductions ofP. parvumto the U.S.
Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC‐ESI‐MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum)1
Authors: Schug Kevin A. , Skingel Theodore R. , Spencer Sandra E. , Serrano Carlos A. , Le Cuong Q. , Schug Christopher A. , Valenti Jr. Theodore W. , Brooks Bryan W. , Mydlarz Laura D. , Grover James P.
Published: February 2010

Schug, Kevin A., Theodore R. Skingel, Sandra E. Spencer, Carlos A. Serrano, Cuong Q. Le, Christopher A. Schug, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Bryan W. Brooks, Laura D. Mydlarz, and James P. Grover, 2010. Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC‐ESI‐MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum). Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):33‐44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00389.x

Abstract:  Erythrocyte lysis and fish mortality assays, in combination with high performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS) analysis, were investigated for bioassay‐guided fractionation of cultured golden alga (Prymnesium parvum). Intracellular constituents from isolated cell pellets and extracellular supernatant growth medium were fractionated by a variety of common separation modes, including reversed phase and normal phase solid phase extraction step fractionation procedures. For reversed phase fractionation of extracellular growth medium, one fraction was obtained that displayed hemolytic activity and adversely affected fish survival. Effective dose concentrations for this sample were similar in both assays and the LC‐ESI‐MS analysis of the fraction showed a number of mass spectral signals which were distinct to this fraction. Fractions obtained from separation of an ethanol extract of the lyophilized cell pellet provided one sample that was highly hemolytic, but not toxic to fish. Discrepancies such as this, along with notable fish behavioral responses from other nonhemolytic cell pellet fractions, problems with the use of unbonded silica gel for fractionation, and misleading mass spectral signatures are interesting in the context of our current understanding of P. parvum toxicity and remain to be investigated further. This work provides an account of ongoing research aimed toward comprehensive elucidation of toxic constituents produced by golden alga for the purpose of providing a better understanding and means to potentially remediate the ecological impact of this harmful bloom organism.
Comparative Toxicity ofPrymnesium parvumin Inland Waters1
Authors: Brooks Bryan W. , James Susan V. , Valenti, Jr. Theodore W. , Urena‐Boeck Fabiola , Serrano Carlos , Berninger Jason P. , Schwierzke Leslie , Mydlarz Laura D. , Grover James P. , Roelke Daniel L.
Published: February 2010

Brooks, Bryan W., Susan V. James, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Fabiola Urena‐Boeck, Carlos Serrano, Jason P. Berninger, Leslie Schwierzke, Laura D. Mydlarz, James P. Grover, and Daniel L. Roelke, 2010. Comparative Toxicity ofPrymnesium parvumin Inland Waters.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(1):45‐62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00390.x

Abstract: Numerous studies have examined the impacts ofPrymnesium parvumto aquatic life, but the majority of information available is from experiments or field studies performed at salinities of marine and coastal ecosystems. Ambient toxicity ofP. parvumhas been characterized within vitroandin vivomodels because reliable quantitation ofP. parvumtoxins in environmental matrices is often precluded by a lack of available analytical standards. Hemolytic activity and fish mortality assays have been used most frequently to characterize toxic conditions; however, relatively fewin vivostudies employed standardized methods. Because the relative sensitivities of different taxa toP. parvumtoxins in inland waters were undefined, we assessed the comparative toxicity ofP. parvumfiltrate from a laboratory study (20°C, 12:12 light:dark cycle, f/8 media, 2.4 psu) to several common standardizedin vitroandin vivomodels. After exposure to cell‐free filtrate hemolytic activity (1 h EC50 = 13,712 cells/ml) and juvenile fish (Pimephales promelas) survival (48 h LC50 = 21,754 cells/ml) were the most sensitive assay responses examined, followed by rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) population growth rate [48 h no observable adverse effect levels (NOAEL) = 19,072 cells/ml] and cladoceran (Daphnia magna) reproduction (10‐day NOAEL = 47,680 cells/ml). Green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) growth (96 h) was not adversely affected but was instead significantly stimulated byP. parvumtoxins. We further propose an initial species sensitivity distribution approach forP. parvum, which may be used to support future environmental management decisions. Our findings from these laboratory studies indicate that although fish kills are increasingly associated withP. parvumblooms occurring in inland waters, further study is required to define the influences of toxin sensitivities of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish communities onP. parvumbloom initiation and termination.
Factors Influencing Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Initiation: Results from In‐lake Mesocosm Experiments1
Authors: Roelke Daniel L. , Schwierzke Leslie , Brooks Bryan W. , Grover James P. , Errera Reagan M. , Valenti Theodore W. , Pinckney James L.
Published: February 2010

Roelke, Daniel L., Leslie Schwierzke, Bryan W. Brooks, James P. Grover, Reagan M. Errera, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., and James L. Pinckney, 2010. Factors Influencing Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Initiation: Results from In‐Lake Mesocosm Experiments. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):76‐91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00392.x

Abstract:  The alga Prymnesium parvum forms large fish‐killing blooms in many Texas lakes. In some of these lakes, however, P. parvum occurs but does not develop blooms. In this study, we investigated factors that may influence bloom initiation by conducting a series of in‐lake experiments involving mixing of waters from Lake Whitney, which has a history of P. parvum blooms, with waters from Lake Waco where no blooms have occurred. In all experiments, the addition of Lake Waco waters resulted in a poorer performance of P. parvum. Various experimental treatments and field data show that differences in grazing, pathogens, nutrients, and salts between the two lakes were not likely factors that contributed to this observation. Industrial and agricultural contaminants, allelochemicals and algicidal chemicals were not measured as a part of this research. However, anthropogenic contaminants other than nutrients were not observed at levels exceeding water quality standards in Lake Waco in recent years. On the other hand, nuisance cyanobacteria are common in Lake Waco, where Microcystis sp. and Anabaena sp. were abundant during the initiation of our experiments, both taxa are known to produce chemicals with allelopathic properties. In addition, the emergent field of algal‐heterotrophic bacteria interactions suggests that chemicals produced by heterotrophic bacteria should not be overlooked. Further research focusing on the chemical interactions between cyanobacteria and P. parvum, as well as the potential role of algicidal bacteria, in the initiation of P. parvum blooms is necessary, as it may be important to the management of these blooms.
Current Status of Mathematical Models for Population Dynamics of Prymnesium parvum in a Texas Reservoir1
Authors: Grover James P. , Baker Jason W. , Roelke Daniel L. , Brooks Bryan W.
Published: February 2010

Grover, James P., Jason W. Baker, Daniel L. Roelke, and Bryan W. Brooks, 2010. Current Status of Mathematical Models for Population Dynamics of Prymnesium parvum in a Texas Reservoir. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):92‐107. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00393.x

Abstract:  Blooms of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum have apparently increased in frequency in inland waters of the United States, especially in western Texas. A suite of mathematical models was developed based on a chemostat (or continuously stirred tank reactor) framework, and calibrated with data from Lake Granbury, Texas. Inputs included data on flows, salinity, irradiance, temperature, zooplankton grazing, and nutrients. Parameterization incorporated recent laboratory studies relating the specific growth rate of P. parvum to such factors. Models differed in the number of algal populations competing with P. parvum, and whether competition occurred only by consumption of shared nutrients, or additionally through production of an allelopathic chemical by one of the populations, parameterized as cyanobacteria. Uncalibrated models did not reproduce the observed seasonal dynamics of P. parvum in Lake Granbury, which displayed a maximum population in late February during a prolonged bloom in cooler weather, and reduced abundance in summer. Sensitivity analyses suggested two modifications leading to predictions that better resembled observations. The first modification greatly reduces the optimal temperature for growth of P. parvum, an approach that disagrees with laboratory experiments indicating a strong potential for growth at temperatures above 20°C. The second modification increases the growth rate of P. parvum at all temperatures, in models including cyanobacterial allelopathy. Despite these adjustments, calibrated models did not faithfully simulate all features of the seasonal dynamics of P. parvum.
Aspects of The Origins, Ecology, And Control Of Golden Alga Prymnesium parvum: Introduction To The Featured Collection1
Authors: Barkoh Aaron , Fries Loraine T.
Published: February 2010

Barkoh, Aaron and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Aspects of the Origins, Ecology, and Control of Golden Alga Prymnesium parvum: Introduction to the Featured Collection. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):1‐5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00394.x
Combining Flow Cytometry and Real‐Time PCR Methodology to Demonstrate Consumption by Prymnesium parvum1
Authors: Bowers Holly A. , Brutemark Andreas , Carvalho Wanderson F. , Granéli Edna
Published: February 2010

Bowers, Holly A., Andreas Brutemark, Wanderson F. Carvalho, and Edna Granéli, 2010. Combining Flow Cytometry and Real‐Time PCR Methodology to Demonstrate Consumption by Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):133‐143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00397.x

Abstract:  Harmful algal bloom species can persist in the environment, impacting aquatic life and human health. One of the mechanisms by which some harmful algal bloom species are able to persist is by consumption of organic particles. Methods to demonstrate and measure consumption can yield insight into how populations thrive. Here, we combine flow cytometry and real‐time PCR to demonstrate consumption of a cryptophyte species (Rhodomonas sp.) by a toxic mixotrophic haptophyte (Prymnesium parvum). Using flow cytometry, the feeding frequency of a population of P. parvum cells was calculated using the phycoerythrin (PE) fluorescence signal from Rhodomonas sp. and the fluorescence of an acidotropic probe labeling the food vacuoles. Feeding frequency increased in the beginning of the experiment and then began to decline, reaching a maximum of 47.5% of the whole P. parvum population after 212 min. The maximum number of consumed Rhodomonas sp. cells was 0.8 per P. parvum cell, and occurred after 114 min corresponding to an ingestion rate of 0.4 Rhodomonas sp. cells/P. parvum/h. Cells from the feeding P. parvum population were sorted, washed, and subjected to a real‐time PCR assay targeting the cryptophyte 18S locus. There was a correlation between cycle threshold (Ct) values and number of consumed prey cells calculated by fluorescence. Overall, this study shows that flow cytometric analysis, of the acidotropic probe and prey pigments, is an efficient and rapid tool in enumerating food vacuoles and the number of prey cells consumed. Furthermore, we suggest that real‐time PCR can be applied to cells sorted by flow cytometry, thus allowing for the detection and potential quantification of the targeted prey cells.
Mini Review: Probes for Detecting Prymnesium parvum and Preliminary Results From Gene Expression Studies1
Authors: Medlin Linda K. , Diercks Sonja , Beszteri Sara
Published: February 2010

Medlin, Linda K., Sonja Diercks, and Sara Beszteri, 2010. Mini Review: Probes for Detecting Prymnesium parvum and Preliminary Results From Gene Expression Studies. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):144‐152. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00398.x

Abstract:  Prymnesium parvum is common in brackish and marine coastal waters within temperate zones, world‐wide. P. parvum forms recurrent blooms causing fish kills in many parts of the world. Harmful blooms are formed in nutrient rich, low salinity lakes, ponds, river systems, or estuaries. Probes made to this species and to the genus Prymnesium have been tested in dot blot and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and used with a solid‐phase cytometer using a tyramide signal amplification (TSA) enhanced FISH hybridization to provide a means to identify the cells before blooms develop with automated counting. Field counts from light microscopy have been compared with solid‐phase cytometer counts. Additional detection systems, such as biosensors and microarrays, have also been developed to identify rapidly this species without resorting to electron microscopy. Advantages and disadvantages of each detection system are discussed. A study of the genes expressed by P. parvum under environmental conditions that can induce blooms or stress was undertaken to try to understand the ecology behind toxic blooms.
Comparison of Three Algaecides for Controlling the Density ofPrymnesium parvum1
Authors: Rodgers Jr. John H. , Johnson Brenda M. , Bishop West M.
Published: February 2010

Rodgers, John H., Jr., Brenda M. Johnson, and West M. Bishop, 2010. Comparison of Three Algaecides for Controlling the Density ofPrymnesium parvum.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(1):153‐160. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00399.x

Abstract: Prymnesium parvumhas become more prevalent in water resources of the southern United States. As the potential impacts ofP. parvumare relatively well known, especially its capability to severely affect fish, managers have sought efficacious, environmentally sound, and socially acceptable strategies for mitigating this noxious species. Laboratory testing was used to identify an effective algaecide for control ofP. parvumfrom Texas, Arizona, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Cutrine®‐Plus at 0.2 mg Cu/l significantly decreased the density ofP. parvumin samples from all of these locations. Both copper sulfate and Phycomycin®were less effective for controlling the population growth ofP. parvum. The predicted response from the laboratory study was confirmed in the field at the Arizona site. Strategic use of Cutrine®‐Plus in larger water resources could provide toxin‐free refugia to allow some fish to survive and repopulate the water resource when the golden alga infestation abates.
Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments For Fish Hatcheries1
Authors: Barkoh Aaron , Smith Dennis G. , Southard Gregory M.
Published: February 2010

Barkoh, Aaron, Dennis G. Smith, and Gregory M. Southard, 2010. Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments for Fish Hatcheries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):161‐169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00400.x

Abstract:  In 2001, the ichthyotoxic microalga Prymnesium parvum caused massive fish kills and adversely affected fish production at the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Dundee State Fish Hatchery. Since then, we have investigated several P. parvum bloom and ichthyotoxicity control treatments to develop management strategies that allow fish production and prevent the spread of the alga into unaffected hatcheries and impoundments. Current control successes include treatments for ponds, water supply, and a hazard analysis and critical control point program. For pond treatment, ammonium sulfate (as 0.14‐0.25 mg/l un‐ionized ammonia nitrogen for temperatures above 15°C), copper sulfate (2 mg/l), Cutrine®‐Plus (0.2‐0.4 mg/l as copper), or potassium permanganate (3 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand) controls P. parvum blooms. Copper sulfate at 1 mg/l controls P. parvum but is unable to eliminate ichthyotoxicity whereas potassium permanganate at 2 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand controls ichthyotoxicity. For water treatment, ultraviolet (UV) light at 193‐220 mJ/cm2 doses or ozone at 0.4‐1.2 mg/l for 6 min destroy P. parvum cells and reduce or eliminate ichthyotoxicity. A combination UV and ozone treatment appears to provide the best results; however, successful treatments depend on dosage relative to cell density and toxin concentration. To prevent the spread of the alga, hatchery fish delivery units and equipment are cleaned with household bleach (10% solution for 15 minutes) or hydrogen peroxide (62.5‐12,500 mg/l for 0.25‐24 hours). These treatments are tailored to water quality conditions and the fish species cultured at affected TPWD hatcheries. We recommend that other users test these treatments before applying them to ponds or other impoundments containing fish or other aquatic life.
Refining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies for Controlling the Toxigenic Alga Prymnesium parvum1
Authors: Kurten Gerald L. , Barkoh Aaron , Begley Drew C. , Fries Loraine T.
Published: February 2010

Kurten, Gerald L., Aaron Barkoh, Drew C. Begley, and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Refining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies for Controlling the Toxigenic Alga Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):170‐186. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00401.x

Abstract:  Previous studies have shown that three times weekly applications of phosphorus (30 μg P/l) and nitrogen (300 μg N/l) were effective at reducing the density and toxicity of the alga Prymnesium parvum in limnocorrals simulating a 40‐day moronid (e.g., striped bass, Morone saxatilis, and palmetto bass, M. saxatilis ×Morone chrysops) fingerling culture period. However, this fertilization regime produced high pH and unionized ammonia‐N concentrations that are detrimental to the survival of moronid fry and fingerlings. In two follow‐up experiments we changed the source of N from ammonia to nitrate, reduced fertilization rates, and examined the effect of N‐only or P‐only fertilization. In the first experiment P fertilization rates were reduced by one‐half to 15 μg P/l and NO3‐N was substituted for NH3‐N at the previously used rate of 300 μg N/l. In the second experiment, N fertilization rates were reduced to 150 μg N/l and the frequency of fertilization was determined by pH and P. parvum responses. Nitrate appeared to be as effective as ammonia as a source of N and when used in combination with P reduced P. parvum cell density and ichthyotoxicity. However, reduced N and P application rates and lower pond water temperatures during the study appeared to have decreased the speed at which fertilization produced these effects. While lower fertilization rates reduced algal productivity, high pH remained a concern for fish culture although pH was reduced to levels that might be acceptable with careful management of fish culture activities. Neither N‐only nor P‐only fertilization had a measurable effect on algal productivity or eliminated P. parvum and its toxicity. Furthermore, P‐only fertilization may have increased P. parvum density and toxicity. For controlling P. parvum density and ichthyotoxicity we recommend a fertilization rate of 212 μg NO3‐N/l plus 30 μg PO4‐P/l applied three times weekly for aquaculture ponds where high pH is not a concern. Where high pH is a concern we recommend a fertilization rate of 117 μg NO3‐N/l plus 16 μg PO4‐P/l applied three times weekly with careful attention to afternoon pond pH.
Potential Methods for Managing Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Toxicity, With Emphasis on Clay and Barley Straw: A Review1
Authors: Hagström Johannes A. , Sengco Mario R. , Villareal Tracy A.
Published: February 2010

Hagström, Johannes A., Mario R. Sengco, and Tracy A. Villareal, 2010. Potential Methods for Managing Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Toxicity, With Emphasis on Clay and Barley Straw: A Review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):187‐198. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00402.x

Abstract:  Harmful algal bloom (HAB) control and mitigation is a complex problem in ecosystem management. Phytoplankton play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers and food sources for many commercially important shellfish and there are limited options for targeting just a single species within the community. Chemical treatments (e.g., algaecides), rotting barley straw, nitrogen and phosphorus manipulation, and clay and/or flocculants are but a few techniques tested or used to reduce fish kills or shellfish contamination during a HAB event. Prymnesium parvum control has focused on the use of chemicals, nutrient manipulation, and clay flocculation. However, many HAB control methods have been rejected due to their effects on ecosystems, high costs, or limited effects on target organisms. For example, rotting barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) is considered to be an environmentally friendly alternative, but has been found to have very different results on the phytoplankton community depending on the dominating taxa and is ineffective against P. parvum and dinoflagellate blooms. Clay flocculation is a useful control/mitigation technique during fish kills in marine aquaculture sites in South Korea and can be effective in freshwater if the correct combination of clay and flocculent is used. Toxins produced by P. parvum and Karenia brevis also bind to phosphatic clay, thereby removing and/or neutralizing the toxins, but there is concern that the clay will have a negative effect on sessile organisms. Some shellfish suffer high mortalities and significant impacts on somatic and reproductive tissue growth at high clay loads; however, benthic communities appear to be unchanged after five years of clay treatment in South Korea. There are likely site‐specific and ecosystem‐specific characteristics that make generalizations about control options difficult and require careful assessment of options at each location.
Recovery of litter inhabiting beetle assemblages during forest regeneration in the Atlantic forest of Southern Brazil
Authors: HOPP PHILIPP W. , OTTERMANNS RICHARD , CARON EDILSON , MEYER STEFAN , ROß‐NICKOLL MARTINA
Published: February 2010

Abstract.  1. As mature tropical forests disappear, secondary forests with their potential to conserve mature tropical forest species are increasingly of interest in a conservation context.

2. We investigated the recovery of litter inhabiting beetle diversity and composition during natural forest regeneration in the coastal submontane forest of Southern Brazil, using chronosequences on two different soil types: cambisol and gleysol. Secondary forests, ranging in ages from 5 to 50 years, as well as old‐growth forests were studied. Beetles were sifted from leaf litter and extracted using the Winkler technique.

3. Young secondary forests had a very low species density and a significantly different and heterogeneous species composition compared to old‐growth forests. During forest regeneration, species density greatly increased and the species composition of older secondary forests was similar to that of old‐growth forests. The recovery pattern of species density and composition differed between soil types; nonetheless, they showed the same tendencies generally. Thus, mature secondary forests of about 35–50 years can be assumed to contribute substantially to the maintenance of forest beetle species.

4. Litter quantity was not only significantly correlated with species density; but, even reflected the density pattern of both soil types. Thus, litter quantity is an important factor for maintaining or recovering high beetle densities. The composition of beetle assemblages was strongly affected by soil type. Thus, soil type should be considered in regional biodiversity monitoring and conservation actions.
Command Shaping Slewing Motions for Tower Cranes
Authors: Lawrence Jason , Singhose William
Published: February 2010

Input shaping has been shown to be a practical and effective control scheme for reducing payload swing on industrial bridge and gantry cranes. However, when applied to tower cranes, standard input shapers will have degraded performance due to the nonlinear dynamics of rotational motion. To alleviate this problem, two new command generators for tower cranes are developed for a point-to-point slewing motion. It is shown that standard shaping techniques greatly reduce oscillation and the new tower crane command generators cause even less residual vibration. Simulations and experiments verify the results.
Sensitivity of General Compound Planetary Gear Natural Frequencies and Vibration Modes to Model Parameters
Authors: Guo Yichao , Parker Robert G.
Published: February 2010

This paper studies the sensitivity of general compound planetary gear natural frequencies and vibration modes to inertia and stiffness parameters. The model admits planetary gears having any combination of stepped-planet, meshed-planet, and multiple stage arrangements. Eigensensitivities in terms of eigenvalue and eigenvector derivatives are analytically derived for both tuned (i.e., cyclically symmetric) and mistuned systems. The results are expressed in compact closed-form formulas. The well-defined modal properties of general compound planetary gears simplify the expressions of eigenvalue sensitivities to ones that are proportional to modal strain/kinetic energies. Inspection of the modal strain/kinetic energy distribution plots provides an effective way to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the parameters that have the largest impact on a certain mode. For parameter perturbations that preserve the system symmetry, the structured modal properties imply that the modes of the same type are independent of the same group of system parameters. Parameter mistuning, with a few exceptions, splits a degenerate natural frequency of the unperturbed system into two frequencies; one frequency keeps its original value and retains its well-defined modal properties, while the other frequency changes and its associated mode lose its structured modal properties.
Sound Transmission Through Simply Supported Finite Double-Panel Partitions With Enclosed Air Cavity
Authors: Xin F. X. , Lu T. J. , Chen C. Q.
Published: February 2010

The vibro-acoustic performance of a rectangular double-panel partition with enclosed air cavity and simply mounted on an infinite acoustic rigid baffle is investigated analytically. The sound velocity potential method rather than the commonly used cavity modal function method is employed, which possesses good expandability and has significant implications for further vibro-acoustic investigations. The simply supported boundary condition is accounted for by using the method of modal function and the double Fourier series solutions are obtained to characterize the vibro-acoustic behaviors of the structure. The results for sound transmission loss, panel vibration level, and sound pressure level are presented to explore the physical mechanisms of sound energy penetration across the finite double-panel partition. Specifically, focus is placed on the influence of several key system parameters on sound transmission including the thickness of air cavity, structural dimensions, and the elevation angle and azimuth angle of the incidence sound. Further extensions of the sound velocity potential method to typical framed double-panel structures are also proposed.
Micropolar Continuous Modeling and Frequency Response Validation of a Lattice Structure
Authors: Salehian A. , Inman D. J.
Published: February 2010

A simple approach is employed here to determine an equivalent continuum representation of a lattice type structure with flexible joints. Kinetic and strain energy expressions are written in terms of the nodal velocities and strain components of the beam members, as well as the joints stiffness values. Necessary assumptions are made to reduce the order of the strain variables while retaining the effects of the microrotations that are coupled to the primary strain terms. As a result, an equivalent one-dimensional model has been found, which takes the assumptions of a micropolar continuum into account rather than an ordinary continuum. The frequency response function of the presented model has been validated experimentally and is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results for a planar truss with Pratt girder configuration.
Orthogonal Eigenstructure Control for Vibration Suppression
Authors: Rastgaar Mohammad , Ahmadian Mehdi , Southward Steve
Published: February 2010

Orthogonal eigenstructure control is a novel active control method for vibration suppression in multi-input multi-output linear systems. This method is based on finding an output feedback control gain matrix in such a way that the closed-loop eigenvectors are almost orthogonal to the open-loop ones. Singular value decomposition is used to find the matrix, which spans the null space of the closed-loop eigenvectors. This matrix has a unique property that has been used in this new method. This unique property, which has been proved here, can be used to regenerate the open-loop system by finding a coefficient vector, which leads to a zero gain matrix. Also several vectors, which are orthogonal to the open-loop eigenvectors, can be found simultaneously. The proposed method does not need any trial and error procedure and eliminates not only the need to specify any location or area for the closed-loop eigenvalues but also the requirements of defining the desired eigenvectors. This method determines a set of limited number of closed-loop systems. Also, the elimination of the extra constraints on the locations of the closed-loop poles prevents the excessive force in actuators.
Improved Experimental Ritz Vector Extraction With Application to Damage Detection
Authors: Taylor Stuart G. , Zimmerman David C.
Published: February 2010

Load-dependent Ritz vectors, or Lanczos vectors, are alternatives to mode shapes as a set of orthogonal vectors used to describe the dynamic behavior of a structure. Experimental Ritz vectors are extracted recursively from a state-space system realization, and they are orthogonalized using the Gram–Schmidt process. In addition to the Ritz vectors themselves, the associated nonorthogonalized vectors are required for application to damage detection. First, this paper presents an improved experimental Ritz vector extraction algorithm to correctly extract the nonorthogonalized Ritz vectors. Second, this paper introduces a Ritz vector accuracy indicator for use with noisy data. This accuracy indicator is applied as a tool to guide the deflation of a state-space system realization identified from simulated noisy data. The improved experimental Ritz vector extraction algorithm produces experimental nonorthogonalized Ritz vectors that match the analytically computed vectors. The use of the accuracy indicator with simulated noisy data enables the identification of a state-space realization for Ritz vector extraction from which damage location and extent are correctly estimated. The improved Ritz vector extraction algorithm improves the application of Ritz vectors to damage detection, more accurately estimating damage location and extent. The accuracy indicator extends the application of Ritz vectors to damage detection in noisy systems as well.
A New Low-Frequency Resonance Sensor for Low Speed Roller Bearing Monitoring
Authors: Hou Shumin , Li Yourong , Wang Zhigang , Liang Ming
Published: February 2010

The resonance demodulation technique has been widely used to detect rolling bearing faults based on the signal acquired by piezoelectric accelerometers. However, this method is ineffective in extremely low speed applications due to the instrument limitations of many commercial piezoelectric accelerometers. To alleviate this difficulty, we present a low-frequency resonance accelerometer to capture extremely low speed rolling bearing faults. The design details are reported in this paper. With this new sensor, the resonance demodulation technique can be extended to many low rotational speed applications. This has been demonstrated by two industrial cases: (a) bearing fault detection for a tilting mechanism in a converter mill and (b) monitoring a crossed roller bearing of a bucket wheel staker-reclaimer in a thermal power plant.
Elimination of Unstable Ranges of Rotors Utilizing Discontinuous Spring Characteristics: An Asymmetrical Shaft System, an Asymmetrical Rotor System, and a Rotor System With Liquid
Authors: Ishida Yukio , Liu Jun
Published: February 2010

Unstable vibration occurs in the vicinities of the major critical speeds of asymmetrical shaft and rotor systems. It occurs also in a wide rotational speed range higher than the major critical speed of a shaft with a hollow disk partially filled with liquid. The occurrence of the unstable vibrations is a serious problem because the amplitude increases exponentially, and finally, the system is destroyed. The active vibration control can suppress unstable vibrations but the method is generally complicated and costly. No simple effective method to suppress unstable vibrations has been developed yet. In the previous paper, the authors proposed a simple method by utilizing discontinuous spring characteristics, which can suppress steady-state resonances. This paper shows that this method is also effective to suppress unstable vibrations. By using this method, the unstable vibrations can be changed into almost periodic motions, and the amplitudes are suppressed to the desired small level even in an unstable range. The validity of the proposed method is also verified by experiments.
Electrochemical acidity functions
Authors: Janata Jiří , Zuman Petr
Published: February 2010

Experimental realization of a reference potential for potentiometric measurements in non-ideal media is discussed. A liquid junction-free reference potential is realized at a dropping mercury electrode, using the standard potential of the metallocene redox couple. This approach is particularly suitable for determination of acidity functions that are seamlessly anchored to aqueous standard buffers.
Valorisation de coproduits de l’industrie agro-alimentaire par production de compost de haute qualitéArticle envoyé à la Revue du génie et de la science de l'environnement.
Authors: Boutin Élaine , Blais Jean-François , Mercier Guy , Drogui Patrick , Chartier Myriam
Published: February 2010

Les industries de transformation alimentaire génèrent des quantités imposantes de coproduits organiques, lesquels demeurent, même aujourd’hui, peu valorisés. La présente recherche a permis de réaliser un inventaire détaillé des coproduits générés dans des usines de production de biscuits, chocolat, céréales et barres collations et d’identifier des formulations adéquates de mélanges d’intrants (écailles de cacao, résidus de biscuits et céréales, boues physico-chimiques et biologiques) pour des essais de compostage. Un dispositif expérimental comprenant six tas de compost d’approximativement une tonne métrique, et aérés par retournement manuel, a ensuite été opéré pendant une période de 4 mois. Des températures maximales se situant entre 60 et 68 °C ont été mesurées dans les différents tas au cours de la période de compostage, alors que des températures moyennes supérieures à 50 °C ont été maintenues pendant des périodes se situant entre 6 et 10 semaines. Des composts d’excellente qualité, répondant aux exigences de qualité AA (normes du Bureau de normalisation du Québec) en termes de teneurs en contaminants métalliques et microbiens et de stabilité microbiologique, ont été générés au terme de la période de compostage. Ces essais ont aussi démontré que les écailles de cacao, un coproduit important de la fabrication du chocolat, constituent un excellent agent de foisonnement de compostage.
Seismic performance of a 12-storey ductile concrete shear wall system designed according to the 2005National building code of Canadaand the 2004 Canadian Standard Association standard A23.3
Authors: Boivin Yannick , Paultre Patrick
Published: February 2010

This paper presents an assessment of the seismic performance of a ductile concrete core wall used as a seismic force resisting system for a 12-storey concrete office building in Montréal, designed according to the 2005 National building code of Canada (NBCC) and the 2004 Canadian Standards Association standard A23.3. The core wall consists of a cantilever wall system in one direction and a coupled wall system in the orthogonal direction. The building is analyzed in the nonlinear regime. The main conclusion from this work is that the capacity design shear envelope for the studied wall structure largely underestimates that predicted, primarily in the cantilever wall direction, and this in turn significantly increases the risk of shear failure. This issue is essentially due to (i) an underestimation by the new NBCC spectral response acceleration of the higher mode responses of a reinforced concrete wall structure whose seismic response is dominated by higher modes; and (ii) a deficiency in the capacity design method in estimating the wall shear demand on such walls, even when their behavior is lightly inelastic.