bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expanding international news coverage: existing barriers and emerging opportunities
Authors: Jones Brennon
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the common complaints about inter national news coverage; demonstrates that much of the accepted analysis (particularly that of Unesco) is wrong; pro vides some practical suggestions for making mass media more responsive; and shows how new technologies allow news sources to bypass the restraints of mass media completely.
The employment market for librarians and information specialists in the United Kingdom
Authors: Moore Nick
Published: March 2007

The supply of trained librarians and information specialists has grown very rapidly in the last 35 years. Significant changes have also taken place in the demographic structure of that workforce. Until recently there has been a similar expansion in the demand as represented by the number of posts for such staff. Mainly economic factors have greatly reduced the extent to which demand in the established markets is growing. There are signs that new employment markets are emerging. Three types of jobs are being created—for librarians and information workers; for information analysts and research workers, and for information systems specialists. When filling these posi tions employers rate expenence more highly than qualifica tions. Perhaps as a consequence, a very wide range of qualified people are obtaining the jobs and so far librarians and infor mation workers have failed to make a major impact on the employment market.
The universe of online databases; reality and model(s)
Authors: Staud Josef L.
Published: March 2007

The primary purposes of this article is to describe the range of currently available online databases. This will be done by analysing the modelling effect during database construction, that is by looking at the universes of discourse, the targets of modelling and the resulting data structures. As tools for mod elling, the following information types are differentiated: prop erty space, formatted fields, texts, formal languages (e.g., in chemistry) and mathematical models (in physics). Finally, some remarks are made concerning the online database of tomorrow which should be 'integrated' (integrating different information types) and ' knowledge-based' (with meta-knowledge about in formation types, the universe of discourse and the database).
How good are Indian ecology journals?
Authors: Arunachalam Subbiah , Manorama K.
Published: March 2007

There is very little overlap among the sets of journals cited by Indian Journal of Ecology and Tropical Ecology on the one hand and eight core journals of the field on the other. Also, the two Indian journals refer to a much higher percentage of work reported ten or more years ago and to a much lower percentage of papers published in the preceding four years than the core journals do. On both these counts, the two Indian journals do not belong to the mainstream literature of ecology, as is also evident from the fact that they are quoted hardly ever in international journals. Ecological research in India, to the extent reflected by these two journals, is of low quahty and of negligible international relevance.
Le Musée Documentaire: reflections on a database of works mentioned in art treatises and town descriptions before 1800
Authors: Schwartz Gary
Published: March 2007

The opinion is presented that database design is less forgiv ing when it comes to intellectual ambiguities than are the traditional methods and tools of the art historian. A database cannot perform for the art historian until he is absolutely certain about his own definition of an atom of art-historical information, and about exactly which interatomic relations interest him. The author tests this argument against both existing and hypothetical database systems.
Copyright laws and online
Authors: Eisenschitz T.S.
Published: March 2007

The copyright protection offered to databases and online systems under the new UK legislation is reviewed. The copyrights applicable to the contents of an online search and to a complete database are considered, also to the provision of documents subsequent to a search. Information passed through a system of computer, telecommunications network and termi nals is separately protected and forms yet another layer of copyright.

In addition to the familiar economic rights, the effect of the new moral rights are explained. For instance they can be used to insist on error correction.

A green paper from the EEC details its plans to tailor copynght protection to the needs of the single market of 1992. These proposals set the UK provisions in their international context.
A licence to steal? The growth and development of airline information systems
Authors: Adam Ralph
Published: March 2007

Online information systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated and entering the realm of very large databases. At the same time, the range of services is increasing and bibliographical hosts are growing, merging and expanding into non-bibliographical areas. Such changes inevitably bring prob lems for users. One area in which hosts have developed with particular rapidity is the airline industry. This article outlines the ways in which the major airline systems operate, sum marizes the issues raised by them and points to possible similar problems which could arise with bibliographical systems as they develop.
Online public access catalogues: characteristics of the literature
Authors: Efthimiadis Efthimis N.
Published: March 2007

The paper reports on the characteristics of the OPAC literature as reflected by the two editions of A Classified Bibliography on Online Public Access Catalogues [2.3] which covered 769 and 1226 unique references respectively. Data was collected on the number of authors and of author productivity, language of publication, format and year of publication, and the countries of origin of the references, as well as on Journal productivity. Whenever possible the data was compared with that of other similar studies of library and information science literature. There is a 24% of multiple authorship as opposed to 70.3% of single authors. English (93.9%) is the predominant language and 72.8% of all publications originated in the USA. The most popular form of publication is Journals (58.3%). The names of the most prolific authors and of Journal titles are also given.
Application of computer technology in the libraries of Ghana
Authors: Kedem Kosi A.
Published: March 2007

Library automation in Ghana is a relatively new concept. Not much has been done to use the computer for information storage and retrieval in the hbranes of Ghana. Nevertheless, some librarians have gained some awareness of the great potentials to which the computer can be addressed in the library.

Some libranes have even installed computers. But how far has this computer revolution caught up in Ghana? To answer this question a survey was carried out which covers all libraries which, in one way or another, are using computers for informa tion control and retrieval. The result of this comprehensive survey is contained in this paper.
Professional development and the Institute of Information Scientists
Authors: Davies J. Eric
Published: March 2007

A working party to examine professional development is sues set up by the UK Institute of Information Scientists Professional Standards & Development Committee is de scribed. It studied a variety of methods and problems and made some 21 recommendations which are enumerated. The topics covered by the working party's report are detailed and discussed. Aspects which were covered included institutional and individual attitudes, staff induction, government pro grammes such as PICKUP, distance education, information tech nology, visits and exchanges, cooperation, appraisal, research, mentoring, personal mapping, professional stagnation, unem ployment/redundancy, and external factors such as European Communities' activity, the role of government agencies in monitoring qualifications, and favourable tax treatment of investment in professional development. The options for CPD are not applicable to all members and this point is highlighted in a minority view in the working party's report.

The working party drew on information yielded by a sam ple survey of IIs members and some of its findings are noted.

A concluding commentary reviews the aftermath of the appearance of the report and examines the current situation and future prospects for professional development for mforma tion scientists.
The design of electronic bulletin boards
Authors: Sulaiman Mubarak , Meadows A.J.
Published: March 2007

Electronic bulletin boards for professional and re search communication are becoming increasingly popular The results of a comparison of three such bulletin boards, available via JANET, are presented here They indicate that, though the overall layout and operation of these boards is acceptable. a range of factors relating to user needs must be taken into account if a fully acceptable bulletin board is to be designed.
Quality of indexing information: authors' views on indexing of their articles in Chemical Abstracts online CA-file
Authors: Braam Robert R. , Bruil Jeanet
Published: March 2007

The quality of subject indexing by Chemical Ab stracts Indexing Service is studied by confronting authors with the particular indexing terms attributed to their papers Data were drawn from the online ( A-file, available from STN host- computer. for 270 articles published in 54 journals, five arti cles out of each journal Responses (80%) indicate the supe rior quality of keywords, both as content descriptors and as retrieval tools. Author judgements on these two different aspects do not always converge, however. cas's indexing pol icy to cover only "new" aspects is reflected in authors judge ments that index lists are somewhat incomplete, in particular in the case of thesaurus terms (index headings). The large effort expended by CAS in maintaining and using a subject thesaurus, in order to select valid index headings, as com pared to quick and cheap keyword postings, does not lead to clear superior quality of thesaurus terms for document de scription nor in retrieval Some 20% of papers were not placed in the "proper" CA main-section, according to authors As concerns the use of indexing data by third parties, e.g in bibliometries, users should be aware of the indexing policies behind the data, in order to prevent invalid interpretations.
Tables and photos on the Iraqi aggression to the library and information infrastructure in Kuwait
Authors: Salem Shawky
Published: March 2007

In this paper the tables and photos clearly show the effects of the Iraqi aggression on the Library and Information Infrastructure in Kuwait in different sectors such as university libraries, special libraries, school libraries, the destroyed and missing collections, equipment, furniture, and manpower as well (Kuwaiti nationals as well as foreigners). The tables give detailed figures about the catastrophe and the photos reflect the actual situation.
Libraries and information systems in the Arab Gulf States: after the war
Authors: Aman Mohammed M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the conditions which will be facing libraries and information centres and their services in the Arab world after the Gulf War, which resulted from Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
Libraries and library education in Oman
Authors: Al-Mufaraji Moosa N.
Published: March 2007

This article surveys the current status of librarian ship in the Sultanate of Oman Similar to any other develop ing country, Oman faces problems in librarianship, such as shortage of professional librarians, lack of well-equipped li braries, and the absence of a professional library organisation. The article deals with the various types of existing libraries in the Sultanate, with emphasis on the Sultan Qaboos University Libraries, the largest in the country It also reviews the foundation of the Librarianship and Documentation Depart ment at Sultan Qaboos University and discusses other infor mal training programmes for librarians.
Automated financial diagnosis: a comparison with other diagnostic domains
Authors: Verkooijen William J.
Published: March 2007

Diagnosis is a well known task in the medical and the physical domain. However, in the financial domain it is not so clear what is encompassed by financial diagnosis. In practice, financial analysts and managers often encounter diagnostic tasks that incorporate much financial data. The objective of this article is to characterise financial diagnosis in order to indicate guidelines for automation of financial diag nosis. We will start with a general, domain independent, description of the problem of diagnosis. Further, we will compare the problem of financial diagnosis with diagnostic problems from the medical and physical domains. We will not give a complete survey of diagnostic research performed in these domains, but look instead at domain specific features that constitute points of comparison with financial diagnosis.
Teleworking stereotypes: a case study
Authors: Crossan Gillian , Burton Paul F.
Published: March 2007

This study compares the findings of the literature on teleworking stereotypes with a case study of a teleworking venture. The study took the form of structured interviews with eight teleworkers, some home based and others working from an office.

The study gives support to the suggestion that the majority of homeworkers are married women with childcare responsi bilities, who are not interested in promotion. It does not agree, however, with the claim that isolation is a major problem for homeworkers and it suggests that teleworkers may not be the homogeneous group commentators often describe.
Non-parametric significance tests of retrieval performance comparisons
Authors: Wilbur W. John
Published: March 2007

It has been observed that statistical tests are infre quently applied in analysing differences in the performance of different retrieval methods. We believe this is explained on the one hand by the complexity of the subject, and on the other hand by the desire to avoid misleading conclusions. Because practical retrieval methods cannot be explained by simple models, parametric statistical tests are generally not suitable. Some non-parametric tests require a symmetry in the null hypothesis that seems inappropriate to the required task. A second class of non-parametric tests comprise the bootstrap methods. Here, the null hypothesis seems appro priate to practical testing, but the bootstrap assumption (that the sample may adequately represent the whole population) may be in question. If the bootstrap assumption is false, one may be led to erroneous conclusions (type I or type II errors). Here, by use of a mathematical model [11] which approxi mates the behaviour of practical retrieval systems, we show that bootstrap methods perform well in performance com parisons based on actual test sets used in practice. Type I error is appropriately predictable and the power loss of the tests, when compared with the theoretically most power ful test in the most realistic setting, may not exceed ten per centage points. We conclude that the bootstrap methods provide a practical approach to statistical testing in the field of retrieval performance analysis.
Changing contexts of communication
Authors: McMurdo George
Published: March 2007

As 'The Internet' becomes ubiquitous in the popular culture, and raises new questions about how computer-mediated communication (CMC) may affect peoples' lives, it may be of value to look back at the effects that earlier sudden exten sions of communication have had. As well as past effects predicting future ones, sometimes contemporary trends may evoke the past. It has been suggested that the emerging Electronic Age has features which correspond to the earlier Middle Ages. This first in a series of Electric Writing essays and reports, which will examine individual, social, political, economic, professional and others aspects of the Internet and Electronic Culture, reflects back on some communication effects of the preceding Oral, Written and Print Cultures. While none of these is in truth clearly distin guishable chronologically or demographically, there are effects which can be associated with each which may inform our future.
The publishing process: the hyper-book approach
Authors: Catenazzi Nadia , Gibb Forbes
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a general overview of the publishing process, including both paper and electronic publishing. The main actors (e.g. authors, publishers and libraries) and the associated publications channels are discussed. One channel is discussed in more detail: this channel incorpo rates all the steps involved from the acquisition of a manu script in a generic mark-up language to the presentation of the final electronic publication to the user in the library. The use of a generic mark-up language (e.g. SGML - stan dard generalised mark-up language) is viewed as being an essential component for facilitating the exchange of elec tronic documents between different systems and applica tions. In addition, the use of a generic mark-up language allows several steps of the publishing process to be auto mated, from the production of electronic books, to the addi tion of the resulting books to a (electronic) library.
An investigation of the relative influences of database informativeness, query size and query term specificity on the effectiveness of Medline searching
Authors: Heine M.H.
Published: March 2007

An investigation of search effectiveness in Medline used regression analysis to compare the relative influences on search performance (characterised by Recall, Precision and the MZ-metric) of the three variables: database inform ativeness, and size and mean specificity of the query. (A 'query' is defined as an unstructured set of search terms.) A reduction in random and/or systematic error was sought by means of three experimental devices: (i) error arising from the subjectivity of third-party relevance judges was minimised by using behaviourally-generated target sets of records; (ii) errors associated with the definitions of queries were avoided (or at least standardised) by using algorithmically derived queries, and (iii) error associated with uncontrolled variation in the logical structure of the search expression was minimised by using search expres sions that had been optimised separately against each of the three performance criteria referred to. It was found that the dominant variable influencing search performance was the number of query terms. Database informativeness had a statistically significant, but small, influence on search performance in almost all the data-sets, and this influence could be in either direction, depending on the data-set. The influence of term specificity was in general not statistically significant. Overall, the three predicting variables were able to explain up to 50% of the variation in search performance.
Netiquettes for networkers
Authors: McMurdo George
Published: March 2007

Conventions and etiquettes evolve or are developed for technologically mediated modes of communication. The Internet is now over a decade old, and the use of its pre decessor networks and multiuser computer systems for computer-mediated communication (CMC) dates back to the 1960s. However, although the Internet is increasingly a feature of the global popular culture as a concept, and in the construction of its various associated images, its system atic use for CMC has only recently begun to extend beyond the sub-cultural. Although at its deeper social and psycho logical levels the use and effects of CMC present a fertile new field of investigation for communication researchers, in many of its general aspects conventions for courteous and effective networking behaviour have long been codified and widely documented. The present paper identifies some of the main electronic and print sources of 'netiquette' advice and provides a digest of their consensus.
Getting Wired for McLuhan's cyberculture
Authors: McMurdo George
Published: March 2007

The first UK issue of Wired, the self-styled house magazine of the digital revolution, went on sale on Friday 24 March 1995, to some comment from the print and broadcast media. Louis Rossetto, founder and Editor-in-Chief, was interviewed on BBC2 TV's media and cultural review programme The Late Show on 21 March during UK Science Week, providing a background to the magazine's origins and philosophy. He also appeared again in a May 1995 Late Show in a wider examination of the 'information superhighway', offering the optimistic, utopian view, con trasted with the pragmatic and sceptical views. As a computing publication, Wired is noted for the quality and diversity of its writers; by making all the text of the US magazine freely available and redistributable, via the World Wide Web and electronic mail, it is contributing a useful electronic library for students, educators, and media researchers. Ten selected articles from US back-issues are briefly described.
Drug information bulletins: an analysis of citations
Authors: Smith S.J.
Published: March 2007

The nationally produced drug information bulletins, the Medicines Resource Centre Bulletin and the Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin, are recognised for their critical style and impartiality. As such, they are important sources of information for health professionals involved in the evaluation of medicines, most notably drug information pharmacists and prescribing advisers.
Positive and Negative Power: Thoughts on the Dialectics of Power
Authors: Rus Veljko
Published: March 2007

Positive power (induction), as an ability to initiate activity, and negative power (resis tance), as an ability to stop some activity, are treated in this paper as two closely related poles of the same power cycle. The paper further demonstrates how existing theoretical treatments of power phenomena have been reduced to an analysis of positive power and have consequently been unable to treat the contradictory interdependency of positive and negative power.

Leadership as a power-implementing practice cannot avoid resistance. However, suc cessful leadership can provoke greater induction than resistance. Attempts to avoid resistance completely would provoke secondary effects which would lead towards the deterioration of powerless as well as powerful entities.

Authority is treated in this paper as a specific state of equilibrium between conditionally tolerated positive power and conditionally tolerated negative power. Authority can, therefore, be treated as a unity of contradictions.
Institutions, Organizations, Medical Disciplines, and the Dissemination of Research Results
Authors: de Kervasdoué Jean
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the story of a failure in research, and shows how this failure led to new directions of inquiry. The first part of the article explains how an attempt in France to replicate an American study designed to link the organizational structure of hospitals to the adoption of innovations by these institutions failed. It was not possible to find identical measures for similar concepts in the two countries. Questions are raised on the adequacy of the methodological and theoretical assumptions shared by students of organization. The second part of the article uses French data to explore the relation ship between the pattern of diffusion of innovations and the structure of knowledge in the medical field, a structure which has been produced and negotiated through time.
Electricity and Resistance: A Case Study of Innovation and Politics
Authors: Wilson David C.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a case study of decision making in a British chemical organization. The initial problem is one of whether the generation of electricity is a feasible prop osition in addition to the production of chemicals. This issue acts as a platform for protracted political debate as soon as questions of career succession and career interests are aroused. The focus shifts from economic criteria to those of career aspirations. The decision spans four years, from 1964 to 1968, and data for the case study were collected over a three-year period, from 1976 to 1979. Existing notions of decision making are examined for their adequacy in explaining the events that took place and modifications to these concepts are explored in the analysis of the case study. It is found that hoth the effects of the organization and the specific individuals within it, combine simultaneously to produce the events of this decision. The article begins with a short introduction of existing decision making theories, follows with an account of the case study, and concludes with an analysis of its decisional characteristics.
Research Note: A Longitudinal Study of the Stability of Interpretative Schemes, Organizational Structure, and their Contextual Correlates
Authors: Leblebici Huseyin , Marlow Edward K. , Rowland Kendrith M.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a longitudinal investigation of how interpretative schemes of organizational members change through time, and whether any contextual factors are related to this change. In an exploratory study of two bureaux of an American state highway department, which are different in terms of work demands, interpersonal interactions, and subordinate-superior relations, multidimensional scaling methodology is utilized to detect any changes in the perception of interpersonal interaction, which is assumed to represent the interpretative schemes of organization members. Results show that during a period of five years neither the perception of interpersonal interaction nor the contextual variables changed to a considerable degree. The only change which occurred is related to the surface articulation of interpersonal interaction, which is directly influenced by the day-to-day activities of the members.
On Form and Function in Organization Theory
Authors: Abrahamsson Bengt
Published: March 2007

In current organization theory, 'hierarchy' is often associated with absence of intra- organizational democracy. The emergence of hierarchy is frequently seen as the consequence of control and domination aspirations of power-holders in the organiza tion. But is the elimination of hierarchy a necessary condition for the achievement of democracy? As this essay tries to assess, it is necessary to separate the existence of hierarchical form from the question of to what extent the organization can function in a democratic way. Transaction-specific phenomena and other 'inner-logical' factors preclude the elimination of hierarchy. Democracy in organizations, however, is less tied to particular organizational forms than to e.g. equal possibilities among organizational actors to control mandator positions. Labour-managed enterprises derive their democratic character not from being non-hierarchical, but from allowing their members the constitutional right to exert mandatorial power. Mandator positions are strategic for decision-making on e.g. distributional issues within the organization.
Organizational Size and Bureaucratic Structure
Authors: Astley W. Graham
Published: March 2007

Patterns in the evolutionary development of bureaucratic organization are analysed as functions of the interplay between four structural dimensions: work-flow interdepen dence, hierarchical shape, administrative intensity, and mechanisms of control. Three stages of growth, marked by distinct configurations of these four structural dimensions are associated with increases in organizational size. The growth stages are derived as ideal types which are constructed on the basis of 'technical rationality'. These technically ideal types are compared to Max Weber's bureaucratic ideal-type, and some terminological confusions in the organizational literature are identified.
Incompatible Goals in Unconventional Organization: The Politics of Alaska Native Corporations
Authors: Anders Gary C. , Anders Kathleen K.
Published: March 2007

This article examines issues of culture and values in the context of a highly unusual situation. Alaska Natives (Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts) are attempting to mould a corporate organizational structure (established by an act of the U.S. Federal Govern ment) into development institutions that will help them keep their traditional home- land. After presenting relevant aspects of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the legislation which mandated these corporations, this article discusses fundamental differences in values, goals, and operational styles of conventional bureaucratic cor porations, and contrasts them with the shared values of Alaska Natives. An effort is made to expose the reader to the variety and complexity of institutional responses, while at the same time offering certain insights that expose critically important problems faced by Alaska Natives regarding conflicts between Native culture and the profit-making functions of their corporations. Our research suggests that there are limited prospects for achieving goals of both a social and economic nature unless major changes are made.
Structural Contingency Theory: A Multivariate Test
Authors: Pennings J.M.
Published: March 2007

This paper reconsiders structural contingency theory. It presents a discussion of the methodological underpinnings which surround the research activities of this theory. Two research strategies are reviewed. They entail a multivariate examination of the structure-environment-effectiveness relationship. One of these strategies examines deviations from ideal structural profiles, while the second one involves a canonical correlation analysis between structural and environmental attributes for low and high effectiveness units. The results from field research in a commercial bank are used to illustrate the two analysis strategies. They indicate that effective organizational units show strong structure-environment interrelationships and lead one to conclude that there are indeed effectiveness-induced constraints on the choice of an organization's design or its environment. The methodological and conceptual implications of the findings are then discussed.
Defining Strategic Problems: Subjective Criteria of Executives
Authors: Lyles Marjorie A.
Published: March 2007

Top executives were surveyed to determine their subjective criteria regarding the process of strategic problem formulation. Three criteria (clarity, politicality and complexity) were identified and used to determine which activities in the SPF process contributed to explaining the criteria. It was found that a clear process was perceived to be one in which several views were considered but where a synthesis was developed.
The Organizational Imperative in Science
Authors: Goldberg Albert I. , Kirschenbaum Alan B.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of organizational attachment processes accentuates the pervasive influence work sites have on the community of scientists. Work climates determine the distribution of rewards and resources to researchers and by meeting both personal and professional objectives can encourage allegiance to a specific organization. The basis for organizational allegiance, however, varies by employment sector: the fidelity of university scientists is related to satisfaction with general work conditions and is not necessarily connected to their research work; in contrast, non-academic scientists — employed at governmental and industrial laboratories — develop strong functional research relationships with their organizations. These complementary work locations for stable scientific careers highlight the organizational imperative as a vital link between alternative motivational structures for researchers and the development of the scientific enterprise.
The Rules of Organizing and the Managerial Role
Authors: Leblebici Huseyin , Salancik Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to clarify the meaning of the term 'an organization' based on the Weberian distinction between corporate groups and organizations and to identify the managerial role imbedded in his definition. This is done in two stages. First, Weber's definition is theoretically analyzed and its logical implications are presented. In the second stage, the hypotheses generated from these implications are empirically tested. By utilizing data collected from 64 U.S. national manufacturing trade associations, Weber's analytical distinctions between corporate groups and organizations are examined. The patterns of findings are congruent with Weber's argument that organizations are a distinct subset of corporate groups. In addition, findings suggest that the existence of a staff distinct from the members of the group is critical for understanding the nature of organizations.
On the Language of Organization Theory
Authors: Sandelands Lloyd , Drazin Robert
Published: March 2007

Theories of organization rely upon verbs such as shape, determine, select, and choose. Although these verbs appear to depict processes of organization, instead they obscure organization processes behind empty and misbegotten abstractions. These verbs are shown to have the character of achievements; their grammatical form encompasses the very outcomes they purport to explain. The reasons why such verbs exist and are used so prevalently are explored and implications for revising the language of organization theory are considered.
Vertical Integration as Organizational Strategy Formation
Authors: Romme A. Georges L.
Published: March 2007

This paper contributes to research into the strategy-environment relationship, especially looking at the issue of vertical integration. It aims at a synthesis of process and content approaches to strategic change on the level of the organization's dominant group. The key factor is uncertainty, which will be defined as the gap between perceptual competence of the dominant group and environmen tal difficulty. After presenting a typical vertical integration case, the vertical integration literature is surveyed. Next, a framework of strategy-making under uncertainty serves as a vehicle to formulate some propositions on the formation of vertical integration strategy.
Emergence and Development of Business Interest Associations. An Example from The Netherlands
Authors: van Waarden Frans
Published: March 2007

This paper describes and analyzes the emergence and development of Dutch business interest associations (BIAs), combining the approaches of corporatism and Olsonian logic of collective action. Various factors facilitating the emergence of BIAs are identified. The development of BIAs from representative to control organizations is described on a number of dimensions. The emergence and development of BIAs can only be explained by looking at both the 'logic of membership' and the 'logic of influence' which denote the exchange relations with members and interlocutors. Crises and conflicts in these environments were important. Hence separately, Olsonian logic (referring to the logic of member ship) and corporatism (referring to the logic of influence) stop short of explaining BIAs. Their combination is required.
Autopoiesis and the Science of (Public) Administration: Essence, Sense and Nonsense
Authors: Kickert Walter J. M.
Published: March 2007

The model of 'autopoiesis' — originally a biological model of a living system- has stimulated some outstanding social and administrative scientists to creative thinking about possible implications and applications. In this paper, the applica bility of the model to the science of (public) administration is discussed. Applying a natural scientific model to a social science is hazardous. The paper begins with a description of the original model and a discussion of its systems theoretical impli cations. Next a review of the various interpretations of autopoiesis in different fields of the social sciences is presented. Finally an attempt is made to perform a careful translation and cautious application.

The autopoiesis model seems to offer new insights into the self-governance of organizations. The model opens a fundamentally different perspective on the relationship between organization and environment. From an organization science point of view the model seems intriguing enough to have a close look at it.
Organizational Change and Accounting: Understanding the Budgeting System in its Organizational Context
Authors: Ezzamel Mahmoud
Published: March 2007

This paper utilizes Foucault's framework of power/knowledge relations, but tressed by work on the sociology of translation (Callon 1986; Latour 1987), to examine the extent to which the budgeting system is implicated in a process of organizational change. The analysis is based on a field study in which a change initiative was developed by top policy-makers (the Centre) in a U.K. university against a background of reduction in funding by the state. The budgeting system is perceived to have relevance in this context at two levels: (i) as the vehicle through which reallocation of resources is effected, and (ii) as a means that provides actors with technical knowledge which can be utilized in the context of power relations. The analysis demonstrates that the Centre failed to deploy the budgeting system as a disciplinary regime in the sense of making it possible for the proposed resource reallocations to be implemented. The analysis also shows how the groups opposed to the proposed change: (i) through their technical knowledge successfully deployed arguments from within the accounting discipline to render the Centre's calculations 'incorrect' or at best debatable; (ii) combined these technical accounting arguments with arguments from outside the accounting discipline to cast strong doubts on the ethical and professional underpinnings of the Centre's proposals; and (iii) evolved, and promoted, a 'more viable' strategy to cope with the reduction in funding at the Centre's university.
Institutional Pressures and Isomorphic Change: An Empirical Test
Authors: Slack Trevor , Hinings Bob
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the process of isomorphic change. It does so by examin ing the dynamics of the change process and looking at change holistically. Using a population of 36 national-level sport organizations, subject to environ mental pressures from a state agency to adopt a more professional and bureau cratic design, the paper shows that over time there is an increase in the level of homogeneity of these organizations. Although the general shift is to a more professional and bureaucratic type of organization, certain elements of struc ture do not change as much as others, thus demonstrating resistance to institu tional pressures. The processes by which the changes that occurred took place are explored.
Maturation and Life in Organizations
Authors: Bowles M.L.
Published: March 2007

The paper attempts to integrate issues of organization culture, control and indi vidual psychological development. The notion of 'maturation' is used to mon itor the way in which individuals confront the forces of organization control. Such forces are understood as those stemming from the 'organization society', producing the likes of 'mass' and 'organization man'. Maturation is viewed as emerging throughout the life process and can be encouraged or retarded at any moment resulting in a loss of unity and direction for an individual. The implications for experience in organizations are reviewed.
Paradoxes of Participation: Textual Analysis and Organizational Change
Authors: O'Connor Ellen Swanberg
Published: March 2007

This paper applies literary theory and methods to four accounts of organiza tional change. The paper furthers an understanding of change processes and demonstrates the contribution of literary approaches. With regard to the first purpose, the paper points out several paradoxes connected with organizational change. For example, although the stated aim of the programme was 'involve ment', the texts indicate a constant play between inclusion and exclusion of individuals. As for the second purpose, I argue that the texts produce and reproduce a particular interpretation of change and that literary methods reveal the social construction of organizational change.
The Firm as a Total Institution: Reflections on the Chinese State Enterprise
Authors: Shenkar Oded
Published: March 2007

All organizations manifest some features of a total institution; however, no other commercial organization is as close to that metaphor as the Chinese state-owned enterprise (CSE). After establishing the similarity between the CSE and the total institution, the present paper uses four types of total institution to describe the CSE: a work camp, a religious order, a prison and a boarding school. The functions of each of the four for the Chinese system are considered, and individual and group repercussions are assessed. Finally, a typology of organizational totality is proposed, and theoretical implications are drawn.
Values and Judgments
Authors: Hill Dilys M.
Published: March 2007

The article reviews and assesses criticisms of the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act, particularly after its 1968 reformed version. Focusing on the shift in planning values, it examines such factors as the unforeseen postwar changes in economic and environmental expectations in both the private and public sectors, and changes in local government structure and administration brought about by the 1972 Local Government Act. It con cludes that the problems which became evident after the 1968 reforms in the planning system—"internal difficulties, local government changes, economic downturn"— con tinue to affect planning values and provoke dissatisfaction with the planning process. The article looks ahead to the 1980s and concludes that planning will be characterized by professionalism; planners will implement policy, will act as facilitators, and will con centrate on regeneration rather than manage growth.
Nationalization of Local Politics and the Governance of Cities in the United States
Authors: Teune Henry
Published: March 2007

The related developments of the emergence of a national economy and the nationalization of local politics have fragmented the "traditional" local political order of American cities. This becomes apparent beginning around 1965 and especially in the 1970s. As a consequence, the cities, particularly the older cities which grew up in the nineteenth century with industrialization, have lost their rationale as centers of production to a national economy and their political agenda to the federal government. The point of departure is that the urban problem is that of governance and the problem of governance is the lack of local political organizations that can act as focal points for participation into policy. The local political system of the mid-1960s is described, certain changes since then hypothesized, and the possible development of "vertical" (neighborhood-local govern ment) linkages is discussed.
Kemalism in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Kili Suna
Published: March 2007

Revolution in Turkey began with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's organization of resistance movement in Anatolia after Turkey's surrender to the Allies in 1918. The Turkish revolution comprised the period of national struggle and the ensuing period of reforms which were aimed at complete transformation of Turkish society. Kemalism represented the ideological basis of this revolution. The successful termination of the Turkish national liberation movement heralded the birth of the third world. The scope and depth of the institutional, legal, and cultural reforms of Atatürk were more conducive to nation building than those in the economic sphere. The unfinished aspects of the Turkish revolution, that is, the modernization of the socioeconomic structure, constitute the highest priority on the agenda of contemporary Turkey. Kemalism is a national ideology of modernization, and as such it continues to be the most favored ideology of the Turkish political elite and intelligentsia.
Cabinet Ministers and Coup Groups
Authors: Riggs Fred W.
Published: March 2007

In many countries almost all cabinet ministers are military and civil officials. We can explain this phenomenon if we first consider the relative power (or weakness) of extra- bureaucratic institutions, such as political parties and elected assemblies, and the position of the head of government. When such structures are very weak—as they are in many Third World countries—or even nonexistent—power devolves in large measure upon the state bureaucracy (military as well as civil). It appears to be almost unavoidable that, under such conditions, a small conspiratorial group of men, mainly military officers, should succeed in grasping power by means of a coup d'état. The will, then, also name to cabinet positions some of their associates in the public services, including both civil and military officials, and nonpromoters of the coup d'état as well as some of its pro moters. This type of recruitment dynamics is exemplified in a case study based on con temporary Thai history.
Political Values as Ideas of Social Needs
Authors: Karwat Miroslaw
Published: March 2007

Values are considered abstract, culturally objectified ideas about phenomena. Such ideas have a lasting significance for the satisfaction of the needs of political subjects. Values can be called the "ideas of needs." Political values are of a dual nature, which is both the source of an inner conflict and is also overcome on the basis of a system of political values. The political value system is always the value system of a particular class, of a specific stratum as an organized social force. Thus political values are ideas expressing the attitude of large social groups as wholes toward the needs of other large social groups and of society as a whole, in respect to the awareness of their own needs. A basic task of Marxist political axiology is the examination of the characteristics governing the emergence of a political value system in order to find a concrete solution to a problem that each social group must cope with—that of correlating its own needs with the needs of the entire society.
Les Langages Scientifiques, Culturels et Politiques des Transferts
Authors: Crousse Bernard
Published: March 2007

Ce texte met en évidence la multiplicité et la diversité des langages qui interviennent au cours des transferts de technologie. Cette multiplicité et cette diversité, ainsi que leurs consequences sur les transferts eux-mêmes, n'ont pas été prises en compte suffisament jusqu'ici par ceux qui réalisent les transferts, ni par ceux qui concoivent et appliquent les politiques scientifiques destinées à les faciliter et à les généraliser. Une part des échecs et des dysfonctionnements dans ces domaines provient de cette méconnaissance. Pour l'auteur, il importe avant tout de prendre la mesure exacte de cette méconnaissance en voyant bien les formes diverses sous lesquelles elle se présente, puis d'en tirer les consé quences qui s'imposent pour la science politique et la théorie des transferts, en créant de nouveaux comportements méthodologiques.
Science Policies and the New International Order
Authors: Schwartzman Simon
Published: March 2007

The new international political order has eroded the former bipolarity that was the mark of the postwar international system. Several cleavages within the Western and Eastern blocs, together with changes in the economic and political status of developing countries, have provided a much more complex system. The new context led to the disappearance of the former division of scientific and technological labor based on the dominance of the United States and the Soviet Union. Attempts to build some kind of "scientific internationalism" as an extension of the new international economic and political orders aspired to does not seem to have much future, as witnessed by the recent Vienna UN Conference on Science and Technology for Development. Several different national science policies seem, however, possible, and are briefly discussed, including policies of technological feats, alternative technologies, and comparative advantages.