bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noncovalent force spectroscopy using wide-field optical and diamond-based magnetic imaging
Authors: Lourette S. , Bougas L. , Kayci M. , Xu S. , Budker D.
Published: November 2019

A realization of the force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy technique of specific biomolecular binding is presented, where detection is accomplished with wide-field optical and diamond-based magnetometry using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy color centers. This diamond-based technique that has both optical and magnetic detection modalities may be adapted for massively parallel screening of arrays of nanoscale samples.
Making many-body interactions nearly pairwise additive: The polarized many-body expansion approach
Authors: Veccham Srimukh Prasad , Lee Joonho , Head-Gordon Martin
Published: November 2019

The Many-Body Expansion (MBE) is a useful tool to simulate condensed phase chemical systems, often avoiding the steep computational cost of usual electronic structure methods. However, it often requires higher than 2-body terms to achieve quantitative accuracy. In this work, we propose the Polarized MBE (PolBE) method where each MBE energy contribution is treated as an embedding problem. In each energy term, a smaller fragment is embedded into a larger, polarized environment and only a small region is treated at the high-level of theory using embedded mean-field theory. The role of polarized environment was found to be crucial in providing quantitative accuracy at the 2-body level. PolBE accurately predicts noncovalent interaction energies for a number of systems, including CO2, water, and hydrated ion clusters, with a variety of interaction mechanisms, from weak dispersion to strong electrostatics considered in this work. We further demonstrate that the PolBE interaction energy is predominantly pairwise unlike the usual vacuum MBE that requires higher-order terms to achieve similar accuracy. We numerically show that PolBE often performs better than other widely used embedded MBE methods such as the electrostatically embedded MBE. Owing to the lack of expensive diagonalization of Fock matrices and its embarrassingly parallel nature, PolBE is a promising way to access condensed phase systems with hybrid density functionals that are difficult to treat with currently available methods.
Construction of self-interaction-corrected exchange-correlation functionals within the correlation factor approach
Authors: Wang Rodrigo , Zhou Yongxi , Ernzerhof Matthias
Published: November 2019

To model the exchange-correlation hole ρXC(r, u) of Kohn-Sham theory, we employ the correlation factor ansatz, which has recently been developed in our group. In this ansatz, ρXC(r, u) is written as a product of the correlation factor fC(r, u) and an exchange-hole model ρX(r, u), i.e., ρXC(r, u) = fC(r, u)ρX(r, u). In particular, we address the one-electron, self-interaction error and introduce a modified correlation factor model where fC(r, u) is constructed such that it reduces identically to one in localized one-electron regions of a many-electron system. This self-interaction corrected exchange-correlation hole is then used to generate the corresponding exchange-correlation energy functional. The new functional is implemented into a Kohn-Sham program and assessed by calculating various molecular properties. We find that, overall, a significant improvement is obtained compared to previous versions of the correlation factor model.
Nonlinear frequency conversion of vector beams with four wave mixing in atomic vapor
Authors: Hu Huajie , Luo Dajin , Chen Haixia
Published: November 2019

We experimentally investigate the frequency conversion of vector beams with four-wave-mixing (FWM) in rubidium vapor. The conversion of vector beams from the probe beam to the conjugate beam is realized. In FWM experiments, the pump and the probe beam have orthogonal polarizations because of the polarization sensitivity of the FWM process and detection convenience. In order to satisfy the polarization sensitive phase matching condition and realize the nonlinear frequency conversion of vector beams, a Sagnac interferometer is used to form two FWM processes in the same rubidium cell, and two generated conjugate beams are combined with a polarizing beam splitter to form a conjugate vector beam. The experimental results agree well with our theoretical simulation. Compared with nonlinear optical crystals, the atomic vapor provides another platform to control and manipulate the vector beams nonlinearly.
Prediction of Kapitza resistance at fluid-solid interfaces
Authors: Alosious Sobin , Kannam Sridhar Kumar , Sathian Sarith P. , Todd B. D.
Published: November 2019

Understanding the interfacial heat transfer and thermal resistance at an interface between two dissimilar materials is of great importance in the development of nanoscale systems. This paper introduces a new and reliable linear response method for calculating the interfacial thermal resistance or Kapitza resistance in fluid-solid interfaces with the use of equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) simulations. The theoretical predictions are validated against classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations are carried out in a Lennard-Jones (L-J) system with fluid confined between two solid slabs. Different types of interfaces are tested by varying the fluid-solid interactions (wetting coefficient) at the interface. It is observed that the Kapitza length decreases monotonically with an increasing wetting coefficient as expected. The theory is further validated by simulating under different conditions such as channel width, density, and temperature. Our method allows us to directly determine the Kapitza length from EMD simulations by considering the temperature fluctuation and heat flux fluctuations at the interface. The predicted Kapitza length shows an excellent agreement with the results obtained from both EMD and non-equilibrium MD simulations.
Predictions of electronic structures and optical performance of potential near infrared absorber Sn0.33WO3
Authors: Liu Changqing , Shu Qunwei , Qin Jingyun , Yuan Yi , Qiu Wei , Peng Ping , Xiao Lihua
Published: November 2019

For better synthesis and development of novel WO3-based near infrared absorbing materials for smart-window applications, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of hexagonal Sn0.33WO3 were investigated through the first-principles calculation. The optimized crystal structure parameters agree well with experimental values. The electronic structure shows that when Sn ions are doped in the host hexagonal WO3, Sn0.33WO3 displays a typical n-type electronic conductivity, which leads to an upshift of the Fermi energy to the conduction band. It was found that Sn0.33WO3 exhibits low reflectivity and weak absorption in the visible region, while exhibiting strong reflectivity and absorption in the near infrared light region. Therefore, it significantly reduces the optical transmittance of infrared wavelengths (down to 3.9% for the compacted film and 25.3% for the coated film), while maintaining fair optical transparency for visible wavelengths. This research indicates that Sn0.33WO3 is a prospective near infrared absorber and it can be used as near infrared shielding filters for smart windows with high transparency for visible light.
Pulsed and continuous-wave magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a low-cost software-defined radio
Authors: Doll A.
Published: November 2019

Software-defined radios (SDRs) constitute a modern and highly adaptive realization of a radio-frequency transceiver system. This work demonstrates how a particular radio transceiver, namely, the LimeSDR board, can be configured for pulsed and continuous-wave magnetic resonance spectroscopy. As a first step, the board needed to be extended by a bit pattern generator, so as to facilitate synchronization of other spectrometer equipment. The upgraded board was incorporated into two different spectrometers, namely, into a pulsed spectrometer operating at either 30 MHz for nuclear spins or 150 MHz for electron spins and into a continuous-wave spectrometer at 150 MHz for electron spins. Pulse sequencing capabilities were approved by relaxometry and Rabi oscillations of electron spins at a time resolution of 33 ns. Upon exhaustive averaging of acquired transients, unwanted oscillations that are characteristic for fast analog-to-digital converters emerged out of the noise floor. Methods for cancellations of these oscillations are presented, in particular a new acquisition scheme with cyclic incrementation of the acquisition position. The continuous-wave spectrometer provided derivative spectra of absorption and dispersion by phase-synchronous sideband demodulation. Furthermore, this spectrometer featured a software-defined automatic frequency control to account for probe drift, which has been incorporated into the open-source spectrometer control software.
Theoretical study of the chemical reaction mechanisms and reaction rates of CFx + SFy (where x = 1–3 and y = 1–6) in SF6–polytetrafluoroethylene arc plasma
Authors: Xu Mengyuan , Yan Jing , Yang Minghao , Geng Yingsan , Liu Zhiyuan , Wang Jianhua
Published: November 2019

The microscopic properties of nonequilibrium arc plasma have great significance for researching the breaking capacity of SF6 circuit breakers and constructing arc plasma simulation models. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vapor generated by the ablation of the nozzle material significantly affects the SF6 arc plasma particles and thus affects the microscopic properties of the nonequilibrium arc plasma. At present, the calculation of the microscopic properties of nonequilibrium SF6–PTFE arc plasma has not been reported, mainly because the basic data for the chemical reaction mechanism and chemical reaction rate in the plasma cannot be obtained effectively. In this paper, quantum chemistry was used to theoretically research the reaction mechanisms and rates between CF3, CF2, and CF radicals and SF6, SF5, SF4, SF3, SF3, SF2, and SF in SF6–PTFE arc plasma at 298–10 000 K. A total of 18 chemical reactions are included. Structural optimizations, vibrational frequency calculations, and zero-point energy calculations for the reactants, products, and transition states were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The single-point energies of all species were obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-PVTZ level. The reaction rates of all reactions between 298 and 10 000 K were obtained by using transition state theory. The reaction rates were successfully fitted using the Arrhenius equation and the three-parameter Arrhenius equation. It has found that reactions between CF2 and fluoro sulfides have higher potential energies. Reactions R13, R7, R14, and R8 exhibit higher reaction rates at 298–10 000 K, whereas R3, R4, R5, and R6 have lower reaction rates. This work can provide theoretical guidance for research on nonequilibrium SF6–PTFE and SF6–CF4 arc plasma microscopic properties.
Push-out force and impulse measurement of seven types of small arms ammunition with three different surface states
Authors: Muster Michael , Hameed Amer , Wood David , Wasmer Kilian
Published: November 2019

This study analyzes the influence of lubrication treatments on the force absorbed by the breech bolt called push-out force. The results are of high interest for weapon-safety and durability studies, especially when it comes to weapon maintenance. A barrel-ammunition combination represents an expanding vessel under high pressure. The pressure rises from ambient up to 420 MPa in less than a millisecond. During such a highly dynamic process, purely static equations, describing the problem of the casing push-out force, may not be applied. Besides the dynamic behavior, the surface properties and geometry also play an important role. To investigate the push-out force, a measurement system based on a force washer was built. This system was validated using a crusher method and finite element analysis. The impulse was calculated using the data of the measured force to obtain additional information about the force-time properties of the push-out behavior. Untreated ammunition and two lubrication systems: “ice layer” and “oil lubricated,” as well as seven different ammunition sizes ranging from 5.56 to 12.7 mm were considered. The response was the force absorbed by the bolt while the cartridge provides rear obturation to the combustion gases. It was found that both the casing geometry and its treatments have a significant influence on the push-out force.
15N photo-CIDNP MAS NMR analysis of a bacterial photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides wildtype
Authors: Paul Shubhajit , Roy Upasana , Böckers Michael , Neugebauer Johannes , Alia A. , Matysik Jörg
Published: November 2019

The solid-state photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) effect has been studied in a quinone-depleted uniformly (u-)13C,15N-labeled photosynthetic reaction center (RC) protein from purple bacterium Rhodobacter (R.) sphaeroides wild type (WT). As a method for investigation, solid-state 15N NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) is applied under both continuous illumination (steady state) and nanosecond-laser flashes (time-resolved). While all previous 15N photo-CIDNP MAS NMR studies on the purple bacterial RC used the carotenoid-less mutant R26, this is the first using WT samples. The absence of further photo-CIDNP mechanisms (compared to R26) and various couplings (compared to 13C NMR experiments on 13C-labeled samples) allows the simplification of the spin-system. We report 15N signals of the three cofactors forming the spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP) and, based on density-functional theory calculations, their assignment. The simulation of photo-CIDNP intensities and time-resolved 15N photo-CIDNP MAS NMR data matches well to the frame of the mechanistic interpretation. Three spin-chemical processes, namely, radical pair mechanism, three spin mixing, and differential decay, generate emissive (negative) 15N polarization in the singlet decay channel and absorptive (positive) polarization in the triplet decay channel of the SCRP. The absorptive 15N polarization of the triplet decay channel is transiently obscured during the lifetime of the triplet state of the carotenoid (3Car); therefore, the observed 15N signals are strongly emissive. Upon decay of 3Car, the transiently obscured polarization becomes visible by reducing the excess of emissive polarization. After the decline of 3Car, the remaining nuclear hyperpolarization decays with nuclear T1 relaxation kinetics.
Analysis of the magnetic properties of a silicate-coated spherical FeSiAl-based soft magnetic composite for high-frequency power-applications
Authors: Li Wangchang , Yan Huiqin , Ying Yao , Yu Jing , Zheng Jingwu , Qiao Liang , Li Juan , Che Shenglei
Published: November 2019

In this paper, the relationship of the frequency-dependent magnetic permeability, magnetic loss, and DC-bias of a soft magnetic composite was analyzed. The permeability is divided into a domain wall movement component at low frequencies and a spin-rotation part at high frequencies. The resonance-frequency increases when the pressure decreases and, simultaneously, the permeability also decreases following the Snoek limit. Magnetic loss is separated into hysteresis loss, eddy-current loss, and excess loss, which is found to closely relate to the density of the powder core. The DC-bias properties of the composite tend to deteriorate slightly with the density increase. This is due to a decrease in the gap between the particles, which is associated with the pinning of the domain wall movement and coercivity. It is found that DC-bias is positively correlated with hysteresis loss and excess loss with respect to coercivity and pinning of the movable domain-wall. These results provide insights into the soft magnetic performance of soft magnetic composites, particularly with respect to compact, high-DC applications with high frequency and high magnetic saturation for high-power supply.
Picosecond ultrasounds as elasticity probes in neuron-like cells models
Authors: Viel Alexis , Péronne Emmanuel , Sénépart Océane , Becerra Loïc , Legay Claire , Semprez Fannie , Trichet Léa , Coradin Thibaud , Hamraoui Ahmed , Belliard Laurent
Published: November 2019

We report on elasticity measurements in neuronlike cells using picosecond acoustics pump and probe spectroscopy. The stimulated Brillouin oscillations were mapped in PC12 cells to reveal their internal elastic structure. Thanks to a Pearson correlation coefficient mapping, different areas could be distinguished. The nucleus material shows a bulk modulus equal to 12.9 GPa in the case of a dry cell. Attenuation of the Brillouin signature gives access to dynamical longitudinal viscosity equal to 10.6 mPa ⋅ s, one order of magnitude higher than that of water. The modulus considerably drops to 2.6 GPa in the most physiologically relevant case of a hydrated cell.
In situ surface modification of TiO2 by CaTiO3 to improve the UV stability and power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Liu Gang , Yang Bingchu , Chen Hui , Zhao Yuan , Xie Haipeng , Yuan Yongbo , Gao Yongli , Zhou Conghua
Published: November 2019

The usage of TiO2 in perovskite solar cells is always faced with the risk of device decomposition due to its high photocatalysis activity. To deal with this problem, here in this work, a strategy of in situ surface passivation was proposed and performed on TiO2. After spin-coating Ca(OH)2 solution on a TiO2 mesoporous scaffold and annealing, the surface layer of the scaffold was converted into CaTiO3, as confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. The modified TiO2 scaffold was then used as an electron-transport-material in perovskite solar cells. It was observed that after moderate modification, the short-circuit current density increased from 22.32 (±0.25) to 23.19 (±0.28) mA/cm2, the open-circuit voltage rose from 1.042 (±0.009) to 1.080 (±0.011) V, and the fill factor increased from 63.89 (±1.95)% to 71.37 (±0.43)%, leading to an improvement from 14.92 (±0.36)% to 17.88 (±0.37)% of the power conversion efficiency. Transient photocurrent/photovoltage decay curves and impedance spectroscopy tests showed that moderate modification accelerated charge extraction while it retarded charge recombination. Besides, the in situ CaTiO3 layer prolonged the device stability. After being stored in the dark for 46 days (relative humidity of 30%), 92.6% of the initial efficiency was reserved, compared to that of 68.4% for the control devices. Designated UV irradiation showed that the surface passivation retarded the photocatalysis activity of TiO2, which contributed to the prolonged device stability.
Denaturing double-stranded DNA does not affect its viscosity
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: November 2019

Analysis of the most complex macromolecular architecture studied by rigid bead-rod theory yet yields insight on the phenomenon of viscostasis.
Comparison of selenium bioavailability in milk and serum in dairy cows fed different sources of organic selenium
Authors: Barbé F. , Chevaux E. , Castex M. , Elcoso G. , Bach A.
Published: November 2019

Context
Selenium (Se) bioavailability is an important parameter to consider when supplementing trace minerals to optimise animal health and performance.

Aims
To assess the biological transfer of Se in milk and serum of three sources of organic Se in dairy cattle: two different pure selenomethionines (SM1, SM2) and Se-yeast (SY) containing selenomethionine, selenocysteine and other forms of organic Se.

Methods
Forty-five lactating Holstein dairy cows were randomly distributed in nine groups (three sources of organic Se supplemented at three doses: 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ppm organic Se in addition to 0.3 ppm of inorganic Se) and the Se concentrations in milk and serum were analysed at different times over 34 days of supplementation. Dry matter intake, milk yield, as well as milk fat and protein contents were recorded daily for each cow. Selenium bioavailability in milk was assessed as the ratio between amount of Se secreted in milk and amount of Se consumed.

Key results
The lowest Se dose (0.1 ppm), independent of source, did not allow detection a different pattern of transfer into milk and serum, suggesting that at this level, the Se supplied was mainly used to cover the animal needs. Supplementing SY at 0.2 and 0.3 ppm resulted in the most consistent secretion of Se into milk, whereas SM2 was most effective at increasing serum Se concentrations.

Conclusions
At the supplementing doses of 0.2 and 0.3 ppm, SY elicits an increased transfer of Se into milk concentrations compared with SM1 and SM2, whereas SM2 induces the greatest increase in Se serum concentrations.

Implications
SY is more effective than SM1 and SM2 at increasing Se transfer into milk. Supplementation of SM2 induces a pattern of Se transfer into milk and serum that differs from the other Se sources suggesting a different metabolism of this particular Se source.
Using optimised otolith sectioning to determine the age, growth and age at sexual maturity of the herbivorous fish Kyphosus bigibbus: with a comparison to using scales
Authors: Ogino Yoshimi , Furumitsu Keisuke , Kiriyama Takanari , Yamaguchi Atsuko
Published: November 2019

Determining the population parameters of herbivorous fishes facilitates our understanding of their overall effects on ecosystems. However, this has not been successful with species such as Kyphosus bigibbus that are difficult to age using otoliths. In this study, we estimated the age, growth and age at sexual maturity of K. bigibbus off the west coast of Kyushu, Japan, using fish scales and otoliths. Scales were found unreliable because they caused underestimation of the age of fish older than 5 years, whereas otoliths were reliable when used with our improved otolith-sectioning methodology. The maximum age and fork length were 46 years and 574mm for females and 32 years and 506mm for males. According to the von Bertalanffy growth curves, females became slightly larger than males, and both sexes showed nearly asymptotic fork lengths after 10 years. The age at 50% sexual maturity for females and males was 3.2 and 1.9 years respectively, which is extremely early considering their maximum age. The year-class composition of K. bigibbus suggests that its recruitment may have increased rapidly since 1999, following noticeable losses of kelp forests in this region. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of algal forest ecosystems and advancement of fish ageing studies.
The advance care planning nurse facilitator: describing the role and identifying factors associated with successful implementation
Authors: Rogers Jeremy , Goldsmith Charlotte , Sinclair Craig , Auret Kirsten
Published: November 2019

Advance care planning (ACP) has been shown to improve end-of-life care, yet uptake remains limited. Interventions aimed at increasing ACP uptake have often used a ‘specialist ACP facilitator’ model. The present qualitative study appraised the components of an ACP facilitator intervention comprising nurse-led patient screening and ACP discussions, as well as factors associated with the successful implementation of this model in primary care and acute hospital settings across rural and metropolitan Western Australia. Semistructured interviews were undertaken with 17 health professionals who were directly or indirectly involved in the facilitator ACP intervention among patients with severe respiratory disease. Additional process data (nurse facilitator role description, agreements with participating sites) were used to describe the nurse facilitator role. The interview data identified factors associated with successful implementation, including patient factors, health professional factors, ACP facilitator characteristics and the optimal settings for the intervention. The primary care setting was seen as most appropriate, and time limitations were a key consideration. Factors associated with successful implementation included trusting relationships between the nurse facilitator and referring doctor, as well as opportunities for meaningful encounters with patients. This study suggests a model of ACP nurse facilitation based in primary care may be an acceptable and effective method of increasing ACP uptake.
Developing professional education for primary healthcare providers about nutrition
Authors: Lucas Catherine J. , McMahon Anne T. , Charlton Karen E.
Published: November 2019

Nutrition care is an important component of primary health care as a way to promote positive lifestyle behaviours and reduce risks of chronic disease. Despite this, it appears that primary healthcare settings, including antenatal care, miss opportunities to deliver nutrition care. Time constraints, lack of nutrition knowledge and lack of confidence have been identified as barriers for primary healthcare providers in delivering nutrition care. Nutrition training to upskill primary healthcare providers to deliver nutrition care in a timely manner therefore appears warranted. This forum article discusses models and methods of continuing professional development (CPD) and the effectiveness of nutrition CPD for primary healthcare professionals. It includes a case study as an example of developing nutrition CPD for midwives using adult learning theory and concludes with implications for developing nutrition education resources for primary healthcare providers.
Better alone than in bad company
Authors: Rossi Silvia , Ruocco Martina
Published: November 2019

Using artificial emotions helps in making human-robot interaction more personalised, natural, and so more likeable. In the case of humanoid robots with constrained facial expression, the literature concentrates on the expression of emotions by using other nonverbal interaction channels. When using multi-modal communication, indeed, it is important to understand the effect of the combination of such non-verbal cues, while the majority of the works addressed only the role of single channels in the human recognition performance. Here, we present an attempt to analyse the effect of the combination of different animations expressing the same emotion or different ones. Results show that when an emotion is successfully expressed using a single channel, the combination of this channel with other animations, that may have lower recognition rates, appears to be less communicative.
On the impact of different types of errors on trust in human-robot interaction
Authors: Flook Rebecca , Shrinah Anas , Wijnen Luc , Eder Kerstin , Melhuish Chris , Lemaignan Séverin
Published: November 2019

Trust is a key dimension of human-robot interaction (HRI), and has often been studied in the HRI community. A
common challenge arises from the difficulty of assessing trust levels in ecologically invalid environments: we present in this
paper two independent laboratory studies, totalling 160 participants, where we investigate the impact of different types of errors
on resulting trust, using both behavioural and subjective measures of trust. While we found a (weak) general effect of errors on
reported and observed level of trust, no significant differences between the type of errors were found in either of our studies.
We discuss this negative result in light of our experimental protocols, and argue for the community to move towards alternative
methodologies to assess trust.
Reshaping human intention in Human-Robot Interactions by robot moves
Authors: Durdu Akif , Erkmen Aydan M. , Yilmaz Alper
Published: November 2019

This paper outlines the methodology and experiments associated with the reshaping of human intentions based on
robot movements within Human-Robot Interactions (HRIs). Although studies on estimating human intentions are well studied in the
literature, reshaping intentions through robot-initiated interactions is a new significant branching in the field of HRI. In this
paper, we analyze how estimated human intentions can intentionally change through cooperation with mobile robots in real
Human-Robot environments. This paper proposes an intention-reshaping system that includes either the Observable Operator Models
(OOMs) or Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to estimate human intention and decide which moves a robot should perform to reshape
previously estimated human intentions into desired ones. At the low level, the system needs to track the locations of all mobile
agents using cameras. We test our system on videos taken in a real HRI environment that has been developed as our experimental
setup. The results show that OOMs are faster than HMMs and both models give correct decisions for testing sequences.
At the frontlines of the online scientific article
Authors: Harmon Joseph E.
Published: November 2019

Inaugurated in 1665, the scientific journal article slowly evolved an elaborate set of discourse norms related to style, presentation features like references and figures, and argument. With the recent “webification” of the scientific literature, these norms have remained in place while the digital opportunities afforded by webification have supplemented and enhanced some of them. Leading the way on these fronts has been a set of digital-only scientific journals published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) – founded in 2000 and now one of the major digital innovators in scientific publishing. This chapter focuses on the substantive changes PLOS and a few other publishers have brought to the genre of both the scientific article and journal, and speculates on what additional changes in the genre might be expected in the coming decades.
The case of the scientific research article and lessons concerning genre change online
Authors: Mehlenbacher Ashley Rose , Mehlenbacher Brad
Published: November 2019

Although the apparatus surrounding the scientific research article (SRA) has evolved to include hyperlinks, comments, and supplementary data in online repositories, the genre itself seems stubbornly committed to its form. In itself, the lack of change is an important and notable case for genre scholarship. Recently, however, the replication crisis in the psychological and life sciences has created an exigence for genre change. The “Registered Report” is an emerging genre of SRA that responds to issues raised by the replication crisis that we will examine in this chapter. Rather than characterizing the genre in linguistic terms alone, we advance a rhetorical inquiry into the recurrent rhetorical situation to which this permutation on the scientific research article responds.
Continuity and change
Authors: Breeze Ruth
Published: November 2019

The move to new open access formats in scientific peer review is thought to have influenced the way referees and authors interact. This chapter considers the genre of author responses to referees in terms of relational work, and compares published responses in an anonymized online open access review system with a similar corpus of confidential responses to referees submitted by traditional means. In general, the online open access responses are longer, more syntactically complex and show more evidence of relational work than the confidential responses. However, when analyzed qualitatively, the proportions of different compliant and non-compliant moves are found to be similar in the two corpora. This chapter thus illustrates continuity and change in one genre’s transition from traditional to open, online format.
The role of genre hybridity and hypermodality in digital knowledge dissemination
Authors: Mirović Ivana , Bogdanović Vesna , Bulatović Vesna
Published: November 2019

New forms of discourse which have emerged as a result of synergies between traditional and digital genres utilize the resources of multimodal and hypertextual communication to change the ways in which knowledge is communicated. This case study examines the online edition of the IEEE Spectrum magazine, which uses the potential of new media and integrates a variety of genres to inform the members of IEEE, the world’s largest engineering association, about advancements in technology, engineering, and science. The study seeks to explore in what ways the newly evolved genre of the hypermodal digital article is related to the genres traditionally used for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and how the affordances of digital format maximize knowledge dissemination.
#Vaccineswork
Authors: Orpin Deborah
Published: November 2019

This study examines the ways in which information originating in epidemiological reports is recontextualized in the @ECDC_VPD account, the Twitter account of a European health agency. Using a corpus-assisted discourse analytical approach complemented with multimodal analysis, this study compares the strategies used to achieve proximity (Hyland 2010) in the space-constrained genre of Twitter with those used in the source texts. The study finds that the macro-structural properties of the @ECDC_VPD tweets have become more complex over time and the use of images to enhance meaning-making has increased. The drive to present claims as newsworthy, coupled with the 140/280-character constraint, results in the tweets containing greater relative use of stance markers and lower use of epistemic modals than is observed in the source texts. The @ECDC_VPD tweets display a greater range of engagement strategies than is seen in the source texts.
The representation of science and technology in genres of Vatican discourse
Authors: Smart Graham , Falconer Matthew
Published: November 2019

The study presented in this chapter focuses on the discursive representations of science and technology embedded in Laudato Si’, an instance of a traditional print genre in the process of becoming digitalized. The study describes the epistemic discursive activity organized by two genre sets, with Laudato Si’ occupying a place in both. The first genre set, which we have labelled the “science/technology genre set,” has functioned for almost a century as a discursive vehicle supporting an intertextual chain of uptake and recontextualization used in developing an evolving body of institutional knowledge and collective argumentation regarding science and technology, knowledge and argumentation that eventually emerged in Laudato Si’. The second digital genre set, which we refer to as the “launch-day genre set” was employed to rapidly disseminate Laudato Si’ around the world. As well, we characterize Laudato Si’ as an instance of a “hybrid genre,” a genre combining certain affordances of digital communication with valued residual features of an antecedent genre and its traditional print text.
Public- and expert-facing communication
Authors: Reid Gwendolynne , Anson Chris M.
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes a qualitative case study of digitally-mediated production and communication of research in the biological sciences. The study focuses on the citizen science “Heartbeats Project,” conceived by a U.S.-based evolutionary biology lab to explore the data behind the well-known rule that, on average, mammals’ hearts beat one billion times per lifetime. Our analysis describes three ways that polycontextuality and context collapse figured in the team’s production of digital, spoken, and print-based genres arising from their work. These dynamics complicate traditional understandings of the relationships between scientific and public genres, as well as existing conceptions of composition, genre, authors, and audiences in the production and circulation of scientific findings and the (re)production of science.
Dimensions of recipe register and native speaker knowledge
Authors: Kaneyasu Michiko , Kuhara Minako
Published: November 2019

This study investigates native Japanese speakers’ context-dependent linguistic knowledge of cooking recipes. Recipes are a typical example of a register, defined as the use of language in a particular social situation for a specific purpose. Thirty participants in the present study were asked to write a recipe for curry rice (a popular dish in Japan) or an unnamed soup (shown in a photo) on a blank piece of paper without access to any resources. Most participants’ texts contained specialized vocabulary and basic procedural organization. On the other hand, few integrated the typical grammatical features of commercial recipes. It suggests that the latter details are not part of the communicative repertoires of most participants. The grammatical characteristics of commercial recipes are likely a product of careful editing, aimed for clarity and consistency. Professional editing appears to have a significant role in shaping the grammar of the written register.
Questioning the clause as a crosslinguistic unit in grammar and interaction
Authors: Laury Ritva , Ono Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Ryoko
Published: November 2019

This paper focuses on ‘clause’, a celebrated structural unit in linguistics, by comparing Finnish and Japanese, two languages which are genetically, typologically, and areally distinct from each other and from English, the language on the basis of which this structural unit has been most typically discussed. We first examine how structural units including the clause have been discussed in the literature on Finnish and Japanese. We will then examine the reality of the clause in everyday talk in these languages quantitatively and qualitatively; in our qualitative analysis, we focus in particular on what units are oriented to by conversational participants. The current study suggests that the degree of grammaticization of the clause varies cross-linguistically and questions the central theoretical status accorded to this structural unit.
Expressing possibility in two Oceanic languages
Authors: Prince Kilu von , Margetts Anna
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we offer the first detailed description of expressions of possibility in the Oceanic languages Daakaka and Saliba-Logea. We show that in these languages basic expressions of possibility are bi-clausal. This suggests that, depending on their intended scope, typological studies of modal expressions may need to consider grammaticalized bi-clausal structures which have typically been excluded in studies of this domain based on their structural complexity. Relevant features to consider bi-clausal constructions as basic, grammaticalized expressions of possibility include their frequency, semantic specificity, and paradigmatic relationship with other modal expressions. The findings presented here are based on the analysis of original corpus data and targeted fieldwork.
Norms and normativity in language and linguistics
Authors: Mäkilähde Aleksi , Leppänen Ville , Itkonen Esa
Published: November 2019

Underlying all the chapters of this volume are the concepts of norm and normativity. In this Introduction we set the stage for the individual chapters: first, by introducing certain basic concepts and relevant terminology; second, by briefly discussing the status of two types of norms in linguistics; third, by providing an overview of the role of normativity in the history of linguistics; and fourth, by presenting an outline of the volume and contextualising it in broader terms.
Concerning the scope of normativity
Authors: Itkonen Esa
Published: November 2019

Wherever a mistake can be made, there is a corresponding norm. Normativity is divided into correctness and rationality. These two dimensions are independent of each other, as shown by the fact that rational actions can be performed by speaking incorrectly, and irrational actions can be performed by speaking correctly. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the scope of both aspects of normativity. The main focus is on the pervasiveness of normativity in linguistics, exemplified here in particular through linguistic semantics and the use of explanations in the field of ‘causal’ linguistics (e.g. psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, diachronic linguistics). In addition, it is shown that normativity permeates such broader areas as scientific activity in general as well as our everyday lives.
A primer for linguistic normativists
Authors: Kac Michael B.
Published: November 2019

A normative domain is a realm of action or thought in which it’s necessary to invoke the concepts of requirement/obligation, permission or prohibition. Closely associated with these is that of correctness. A rule of grammar, as this term is traditionally understood (e.g., the requirement that determiners precede the nouns with which they are associated) is accordingly normative in nature. This chapter explores some of the consequences of this fact, including: the relationship between the notions of rule and constraint; broad- vs. narrow-scope rules; and ascription of different kinds of ill-formedness to ungrammatical examples. Some attention is also given to the critique of grammaticality-based and intuition-grounded linguistic practice advanced by Sampson and Babarczy (2013), and motivation is offered for a warmer embrace of traditional grammar than is customary among linguists.
The normative basis of construal
Authors: Möttönen Tapani
Published: November 2019

Normative and cognitive-linguistic accounts of linguistic meaning are often portrayed and conceived as mutually exclusive alternatives. This dichotomy stems from an insufficient understanding of what the phenomenological accessibility of meaning and usage-basedness of language entail. Namely, the theoretical premises of Cognitive Linguistics actually presuppose socially grounded, normative linguistic meanings. The question remains, what kind of entities normative meanings are like. The present chapter makes a case for construal, linguistic perspective-taking usually analyzed as a conceptual phenomenon, as a normative facet of meaning. Analysis presented here suggests that construal emerges as an inherent property of linguistic expressions via conventionalization of intentionality. This analysis does not only expand the area of linguistic normativity but also points to the integral relation between linguistic norms and intentionality.
Language as a system of norms and the Voloshinovian critique of abstract objectivism
Authors: Laasanen Mikko
Published: November 2019

Valentin Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics is sometimes presented as an alternative to the Saussurean doctrine, especially in the dialogical approach to language. The purpose of this study is to review Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics and to critically examine his critique of the Saussurean position, which he calls abstract objectivism, in order to determine whether his critique is accurate, and to ascertain whether his concept of linguistics offers a viable alternative to the Saussurean position. The analysis of Voloshinov’s critique is based on the key Saussurean concepts of langue, parole and synchrony. In addition, the study also discusses Voloshinov’s theory of meaning, the role of written language in linguistic study and the normativity of language. Based on the results of the study, Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics does not offer a viable alternative to the Saussurean position, as it presupposes it.
Linguistic variation and change
Authors: Leppänen Ville
Published: November 2019

This chapter offers a preliminary examination of linguistic variation and change from the normative perspective. Both key aspects of normativity, correctness and rationality, are discussed in the context of theoretical discussion and demonstrated by concrete examples drawn from the existing literature on normativity, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics. The goal is to show, how linguistic variation and change can be understood as empirical phenomena involving norms as constitutive (as opposed to merely evaluative or prescriptive) entities in the ontology of language. Of the three variation types thus identified, only the one involving indeterminable correctness appears central to language change. Finally, language change is conceptualized and discussed as a process of norm change (i.e. as an appearance, disappearance or replacement of norms).
Intuition and beyond
Authors: Pajunen Anneli , Itkonen Esa
Published: November 2019

From the methodological point of view, linguistics is not a monolith. Nor is it an arbitrary conglomerate of unrelated methods. Rather, the methods most commonly used in linguistic description constitute a definite hierarchy that is motivated both logically and temporally, namely: intuition-based research > corpus research > experimentation. The last stage is in turn divided into loose (i.e. questionnaire method) and strict (e.g. eye movement research). It is the purpose of the present article to justify this thesis in some detail.
Feasibility of grain refinement method for AZ91 alloy using commercial Al-SiC composite
Authors: Bae Jun Ho , You Bong Sun
Published: November 2019

SiC is well-known as an effective carbon inoculation material for grain refinement of Mg-Al-based alloys. In this study, grain refinement ability of stir-casted Al-SiC composite for Mg-Al-based alloy was investigated to confirm the feasibility of industrial application. Commercialized Al-20 vol.-% SiC composite ingot was used in AZ91 alloy as a grain refiner, and grain size of AZ91 alloy dramatically reduce from 650 to 74 µm and become uniform with 0.7 wt-% Al-SiC composite addition. And acicular type Al-Mn phase existed at the grain boundaries are changed to polygonal type and positioned inside grains after grain refinement. These morphological changes of small grain size and uniform second phases contributed to the excellent mechanical properties of AZ91 alloy.
The effects of unknown additional eccentric loading on bench‐press kinematics and muscle activation in professional handball and rugby players
Authors: García‐López David , Maroto‐Izquierdo Sergio , Zarzuela Raúl , Martín‐santana Esperanza , Antón Sandra , Sedano Silvia
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to investigate the influence of unknown additional eccentric loading on bench‐press kinematics (peak velocity, peak acceleration and accelerative percentage of the concentric phase) and muscle activation (pectoralis major and anterior deltoid) in professional rugby and handball players. Seventeen professional athletes were randomly assigned to complete three separate bench‐press repetitions with different AEL schemes (100/40%, 100/60% and 100/80% of 1RM eccentric/concentric loading, respectively) under two conditions: known‐ and unknown‐concentric load (KL and UL, respectively). Results indicate that the lack of knowledge regarding the additional eccentric load induced a significant increase in peak acceleration and agonist‐muscles electromyographic activity, with no changes regarding peak velocity or accelerative percentage during the concentric phase. These results support the use of unknown loads as a practical strategy in eliciting rapid muscle activation and force production, which is critical in many sports, such as handball or rugby.