bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KAJIAN KUALITAS AIR WADUK KEBON MELATI, JAKARTA PUSAT
Authors: Marisi Kartika , Hendrawan Diana , Astono Widyo
Published: January 2018

Waduk Kebon Melati di Jakarta Pusat memiliki luas 4,9 Ha dan berfungsi sebagai pengendali banjir. Pembangunan dan pertumbuhan penduduk di sekitar waduk memberikan tekanan pada kondisi waduk Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Menganalisis kualitas air dan status mutu air Waduk Kebon Melati dan(2) Menganalisis pengaruh dari aktivitas sekitar waduk terhadap kualitas airnya. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Februari-Agustus 2016 dengan melakukan pengambilan sampel pada 11 titik sampel.Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan sebanyak 6 kali. Data kualitas air yang didapat dibandingkan dengan baku mutu berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah RI No 82 Tahun 2001. Sedangkan status mutu air dihitung dengan menggunakan Indeks Kualitas Air (IKA-NSF). Untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktivitas sekitarnya, dilakukan survey identifikasi kegiatan dan data sekunder. Hasil memperlihatkan bahwa parameter yang melebihi baku mutu di Waduk Kebon Melati adalah BOD, COD, deterjen, minyak dan lemak, dan E. coli.Konsentrasi BOD di Waduk Kebon Melati berkisar antara 5,64-83,39 mg/l sedangkan baku mutu 6 mg/l, COD antara 28,35 mg/l-283,5 mg/l sedangkan baku mutu 50 mg/l, deterjen antara 0,07 mg/l sampai 0,67mg/l, minyak dan lemak antara 0,16 sampai 9,54 mg/l sedangkan baku mutu 1 mg/l dan E.coli antara 2200 MPN/100 ml sampai 5100 MPN/100 ml sedangkan baku mutu 2000 MPN/100 ml. Indeks Kualitas Air (IKA) Waduk Kebon Melati sebesar 41,27 yang berarti kondisi waduk termasuk dalam kondisi buruk(tercemar). Kegiatan di sekitar Waduk Kebon Melati memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar padapencemaran yang terjadi. Sedangkan masukan dari Kali Cideng membawa pencemar dari tempat-tempat yang dilewatinya. Sumber pencemar umumnya adalah non point source yang berasal dari permukiman, rumah makan, pusat perbelanjaan, perkantoran, usaha madiri (warung makan, laundry, salon danbengkel). Karakteristik air limbah yang dihasilkan berupa limbah organik, anorganik dan B3.
â€œBLESSED IS HE WHO CONSIDERS THE POORâ€ PERSPECTIVES FROM BOOK V IN THE PSALTER
Authors: Fischer Georg SJ
Published: January 2018

The fifth book of the Psalter shows a notable increase in the attention given to the poor. Several psalms therein emphasize this topic and occupy specific positions, e.g., Pss 107, 109, 146, and 147. Dominant themes are hunger, justice, and the constant and all-embracing support that God gives, and which leads, towards the end of the Psalter, to a number of psalms dedicated to praise of God.
JOSHUA 24 IN THE LXX: SOME LITERARY AND THEOLOGICAL REMARKS
Authors: Wildenboer Johan
Published: January 2018

The differences between the MT and LXX texts of Joshua 24 are numerous and complex. In this essay, I will discuss these differences from a theological viewpoint. I will start with the assumption that the MT of Joshua 24 displays a distinctive pro-Samaritan attitude. The aim of this essay is to determine the theological viewpoint of the LXX of Joshua 24 regarding the attitude toward the Samaritan question. I will argue that the LXX of Joshua 24 displays an antiSamaritan attitude and that it embeds the covenant of Joshua 24 in the broader narrative of apostasy and fall, in sharp contrast to the MT of Joshua 24.
WHAT IS YOUR GOD? A CLASSIC PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ××œ×™ -X THEOPHORY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE
Authors: Gericke Jaco
Published: January 2018

What, according to the Hebrew Bible, was a god assumed to be? In this article the author looks at data potentially relevant to any attempt at answering this question within a sub-type of ××œ theophory in the Hebrew Bible. These involve personal names that can be rendered into English as â€œMy god is xâ€, where x denotes a phenomenon the deity is prima facie wholly identified with. The approach adopted by the study is philosophical in general and descriptively metaphysical in particular. The objective is to provide an experimental clarification of this particular sub-type of proper names in Biblical Hebrew with the aid of technical conceptual distinctions found within mainstream interpretations of Aristotleâ€™s theory of predication.
THE STANDARDS ON THE VICTORY STELE OF NARAM-SIN
Authors: Van Dijk Renate Marian
Published: January 2018

The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin is one of the most well-known works of art from Mesopotamia, and has been much studied. However, little has been written on the standards depicted on the Victory Stele. The intention of this paper is to study these standards and thus further the academic dialogue on them by addressing questions such as how the standards function, what they look like, with whom or what they are associated, and who or what they represent. The iconographic evidence of the Victory Stele itself will be examined to place the standards within their context. Similar iconographic depictions, which can assist in identifying the appearance of the standards and may suggest their deeper meaning, will be considered. Textual evidence from contemporary inscriptions from the reign of Naram-Sin may further help in the identification of the standards.
â€œA FOOTSTOOL OF WAR, HONOUR AND SHAME?â€ PERSPECTIVES INDUCED BY PSALM 110:1
Authors: Sutton Lodewyk
Published: January 2018

One of the key concepts and metaphors in Psalm 110:1 is the concept of â€œthe enemy made a footstoolâ€. The war language is especially illustrated by the imagery of the footstool, where the warfare function or purpose can be expressed through the concepts of honour and shame. To gain a better perspective on the meaning and use of this imagery it is first indicated why the imagery of the footstool can be considered as part of war language and imagery (part of warfare). Secondly, the role of honour and shame as an expression of the function and purpose of the war language and imagery is made through a social-scientific analysis of the footstool. Thirdly, iconography of different ancient Near Eastern (and Mediterranean) contexts is used as an extratextual source to elucidate the concept of the footstool in its use of war language and imagery as further expressed through the concepts of honour and shame. Lastly, the use of footstool in Psalm 110:1 is examined and applied. This identifies the footstool in Psalm 110:1 as â€œa footstool of war, honour and shameâ€.
WHAT IS A GOD LIKE? META-THEISTIC PRESUPPOSITIONS IN THE LETTER OF JEREMIAH
Authors: Gericke Jaco
Published: January 2018

In the apocryphal text of the Letter (Epistle) of Jeremiah (Ep Jer), a long list of reasons is given by the implied author as to why certain entities alleged to be gods are not in fact such. Brief summaries of the authorâ€™s various points characterise scholarly perspectives thereon. What has been overlooked in the research, however, and the topic of this article, concerns the converse fact that, in the construction of a negative identity for divinity, the text also assumes a lot about what a god must actually be like. Moreover, what is implicit in these â€œmeta-theisticâ€ presuppositions has never before been identified; hence the need for an attempted inferential reconstruction of what, according to the polemics of Ep Jer, makes a god divine.
THE PROGRESSIVE IN ARCHAIC BIBLICAL HEBREW AND THE ORIGIN OF THE HEBREW PARTICIPIAL PREDICATE
Authors: BergstrÃ¶m Ulf
Published: January 2018

The article is a diachronic study of the Biblical Hebrew imperfect and active participle in predicate position in Archaic (ABH) and Standard Biblical Hebrew (SBH). On the premise that the two forms developed along a progressive-imperfective diachronic path, the article looks for evidence of semantic change occurring between ABH and SBH. It is claimed that there is no evidence that the imperfect is the normal form for progressive meaning in ABH. Further, it is found that established models of diachronic pathways cannot explain all the uses of the participle, and that participial predicates probably stem from different source constructions. Whereas the progressive use has developed from attributive participles, some hymnic and proverbial uses may be based on substantivised forms. The substantivised constructions do not belong to the progressive-imperfective path, and can be old. The hymnic participial predicates in the Song of Hannah belong to this group.
FROM RIVER WEEDS TO REGAL FABULOUS: ICONOGRAPHY AND SYMBOLISM OF A 12TH DYNASTY EGYPTIAN DIADEM
Authors: Harris Stephanie J.
Published: January 2018

Ancient Egyptian womenâ€™s headdresses in the form of circlets, fillets and diadems are intriguing in their complexity. In response to the increased need to indicate social status in a poorly literate dynastic society, these items of personal adornment became a powerful form of non-verbal communication. Garlands, originally made from handfuls of river plants, gradually developed into innovative and imaginatively powerful visual symbols when fashioned from metal and a variety of semi-precious stones. Botanical motifs symbolic of the Nile River and the duality of a unified Sema Tawy (Two Lands) were incorporated into magical and superstitious symbolism that encompassed social, political, religious, mythological and amuletic contexts. The headdresses that were worn were not purely ornamental but, it was believed, also provided apotropaic protection for the head. Flower motifs, material and colour played an important role in their belief system. The iconography and symbolism incorporated into a delicately crafted gold wire diadem excavated from Princess Khnumetâ€™s 12th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom) tomb at Dashur (and currently housed in the Cairo Museum) will be systematically interpreted at primary and secondary levels in order to provide some insight into its owner. Given the relationship between form and function, a novel connection has been proposed between the iconography and symbolism, and the diademâ€™s use during an annual Nile inundation cultic festival.
GARDENS AS â€œPARTNERSâ€ IN CONTEMPLATION: READING THE STORIES OF THE FIRST EDEN (GENESIS 2â€“3) AND A RESTORED EDEN (SONG OF SONGS) THROUGH THE LENS OF ATTENTION RESTORATION THEORY
Authors: Viviers Hendrik
Published: January 2018

It is well known that gardens have always been inspiring for great thinkers of the past, for instance Greek and Roman philosophers, Confucian thinkers, Desiderius Erasmus, Isaac Newton and Arnold Toynbee, to name but a few. Why is this so? Attention Restoration Theory, developed by environmental psychologists Stephen and Rachel Kaplan, explains how both wild (e.g., reserves) and cultivated nature (e.g., parks, gardens) can assist in replenishing our cognitive and emotional coping capacities, and uplift us. Nature is not only a setting but an active agent/â€œpartnerâ€ in sustaining human well-being, inter alia when contemplating or reflecting on the meaning of life. In order to achieve this the human/nature relationship needs to meet the properties of â€œbeing awayâ€, â€œcompatibilityâ€, â€œâ€˜softâ€™ fascinationâ€ and â€œextentâ€. Shining the light of these insights on two â€œEdensâ€ in the Old Testament, the one lost (Gen 2â€“3) and the other revived (Song of Songs), natureâ€™s role in evoking contemplation especially, whether on human fate or human delight, will be highlighted.
ZECHARIAHâ€™S â€œSONS OF OILâ€ AND THE OLIVE TREES OF ROMANS 11:16â€“24
Authors: Moselle Bryan
Published: January 2018

This study explicates the significance of the olive trees in Zechariah 4:1â€“14 and Paulâ€™s metaphorical illustration of the olive trees in Romans 11:16â€“24 and draws a comparison between the two. Both in Zechariah 4:1â€“14 and in Romans 11:16â€“24 the focused attention on two olive trees may indicate a common theological parallelism that may have been influential in crafting Paulâ€™s analogy. This study suggests the possibility that Zechariahâ€™s olive trees may have been at the forefront of Paulâ€™s categorical interpretation of the natural and wild olive trees of Romans 11.
FEMALE HUMANIMALITY: ANIMAL IMAGERY IN THE SONG OF SONGS AND ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ICONOGRAPHY
Authors: ThÃ¶ne Yvonne Sophie
Published: January 2018

This article examines the interconnectedness of humans and animals in the biblical Song of Songs. After giving an overview about the Songâ€™s use of metaphor, the humanimal association of woman and animal is analysed. The image of the woman as a mare drawing the chariots of the Egyptian king (Song 1:9) evokes the impression of a strong and precious being but one simultaneously under male command. The metaphor of the woman as a dove in the clefts of the rock (Song 2:14) shows an independent person, who is hard to reach and is closely associated with the ancient love goddess in her temple.
PEDAGOGY, PRAYER AND PRAISE: THE WISDOM OF THE PSALMS AND PSALTER, BY C PETRANY
Authors: Weber Beat
Published: January 2018

(Forschungen zum Alten Testament II/83. TÃ¼bingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015). 249 Seiten. Paperback. â‚¬ 79. ISBN 978â€“3â€“16â€“154272â€“5.
JOHN BISHOP OF NIKIOUâ€™S CHRONICON (SEVENTH CENTURY A.D.): AN INDISPENSABLE SOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF THE ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT AND ITS AFTERMATH*
Authors: Christides V.
Published: January 2018

John, Bishop of Nikiouâ€™s Chronicon is the oldest preserved work dealing with the Arab conquest of Egypt (639 A.D./H. 18â€“645 A.D./H. 25) and its initial aftermath. This little known author, who lived in Egypt in the seventh century, was a high official in the Coptic Church. His accurate depiction of all the relevant historical events, based mainly on his own remarkable observations, proves him to be a simple but wellâ€“balanced historian. My article focuses on three aspects of the Chronicon: (a) landholding under the early years of Arab dominion compared to the parallel information of the Greek papyri of Apollonopolis in a special appendix; (b) the attitude of the Arab conquerors of Egypt towards its population, and the reaction of the local people as perceived by John, Bishop of Nikiou; and (c) a short account on the elusive role of the Blues and Greens during the Arab conquest of Egypt as recorded by John of Nikiou.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE AMARNA LETTERS TOWARDS A STUDY OF SYRO-PALESTINIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE (1). TERMINOLOGY FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Authors: Muntingh Lukas M.
Published: January 2018

Egyptian domination under the 18th and 19th Dynasties deeply influenced political and social life in Syria and Palestine. The correspondence between Egypt and her vassals in Syria and Palestine in the Amarna age, first half of the fourteenth century B.C., preserved for us in the Amarna letters, written in cuneiform on clay tablets discovered in 1887, offer several terms that can shed light on the social structure during the Late Bronze Age. In the social stratification of Syria and Palestine under Egyptian rule according to the Amarna letters, three classes are discernible:1) government officials and military personnel, 2) free people, and 3) half-free people and slaves. In this study, I shall limit myself to the first, the upper class. This article deals with terminology for government officials.
HEBREW DIACHRONY AND THE LINGUISTIC PERIODISATION OF BIBLICAL TEXTS: OBSERVATIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF REWORKED PENTATEUCHAL MATERIAL
Authors: Hornkohl Aaron
Published: January 2018

The accepted ancient Hebrew diachronic paradigm and the standard linguistic approach for the periodisation of biblical texts are today heavily criticised, the criticism most recently centring on the textual situation of the sources. Critics argue that the high degree of textual instability and linguistic fluidity characterising the extant witnesses preclude any reliable tracing of the history of the language and make even the most approximative attempts at linguistic dating impossible. However, much of this textual argument is abstract, since the effect of secondary intervention on the stability of diachronically significant features has been studied in detail in the case of only a few texts, the investigations reaching conflicting conclusions. After a brief survey of foregoing investigations, the present study compares Pentateuchal material from the MT and Qumran, concluding that (a) preservation of diachronically meaningful detail is still very much the norm, and (b) differences between editions of the Torah often indicate the linguistic conservatism of one edition, here the MT, as opposed to linguistic development of the other, here the Qumran material.
THE VALIDITY OF THE MASORETIC TEXT AS A BASIS FOR DIACHRONIC LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF BIBLICAL TEXTS: EVIDENCE FROM MASORETIC VOCALISATION
Authors: Samet Nili
Published: January 2018

The last decade has witnessed a lively scholarly debate regarding the diachrony of biblical Hebrew and the validity of the differentiation between CBH and LBH. Lately, two of the prominent challengers of the traditional views have criticised the diachronic school from a new perspective, arguing against the use of the Masoretic Text as a basis for the linguistic discussion. This paper seeks to establish the validity of the Masoretic Text as a basis for diachronic linguistic analysis from the angle of Tiberian vocalisation. Three case studies from the Book of Qoheleth are examined, each involving an LBH component whose existence in the text is revealed to us only through Masoretic vocalisation. The case studies include the assimilation of third aleph with third he participles; the use of the abstract nominal pattern qitlÃ´n; and the feminine demonstrative ×– Ö¹×” .The case studies show that the Masoretes had preserved the difference between CBH and LBH pronunciations, although they were probably unaware of the historical nature of these different pronunciations and of their diachronic dimension. These findings testify to a strong and stable oral Masoretic tradition which accompanied the written one. Both were transmitted for many centuries, and they were, in many cases, precise to the extant they could reflect dialectological differences within Biblical Hebrew. The paper concludes with a comment regarding Masoretic anachronisms and their place in the overall picture of Masoretic traditions.
THE AFRICAN WIFE OF SOLOMON (1 KINGS 3:1; 9:16; 7:8; 11:1)
Authors: Adamo David Tuesday
Published: January 2018

Both the Deuteronomist and the Chronicler repeatedly testify that Solomon married an African woman who was the daughter of Pharaoh. The fact that Pharaohâ€Ÿs daughter was singled out in this manner is significant as similar treatment was not given to his many other wives and concubines. In the African polygamous system, the first wife exercises enormous power over the husband and other wives. In keeping with the tradition, as chief wife Pharaohâ€Ÿs daughter would have had immense influence over Solomon. This pervasive influence can be seen in the economic, political, and administrative policies of the day, as well as in the prohibition on Solomon marrying an Israelite woman. Although Solomonâ€Ÿs African wife is nameless in the biblical record, and both Solomon and his wife are unattested in the archaeological record, the marriage represents an aspect of African influence on and contribution to ancient Israel.
THE PRESENT-FUTURE IN AMORITE
Authors: Andrason Alexander , Vita Juan-Pablo
Published: January 2018

The present note discusses the problem of a paradigmatic present-future form in the Amorite language. By employing the continuum model of language evolution and dialectal classification and using the comparative, typological and empirical evidence, the authors conclude that Amorite must have had a systematic category with the meaning of a dynamic present-future. They argue that, out of the two possible candidates â€“ i.e., yaqattal and yaqtulu â€“ it is the former that is the most plausible. This conclusion, in turns, strengthens the hypothesis whereby the reduplicative yaqattal was a Proto-Semitic paradigmatic present-future category.
DANIEL 3, CONTESTING SPACE FOR CLASHING IMAGES
Authors: De Bruyn Joseph Jacobus
Published: January 2018

It becomes clear that the narrative of Daniel 3 is part of a larger narrative that already starts in Daniel 1 when one applies a spatial-body-frameset to the story. Utilising spatial markers, the author of Daniel 3 demonstrates to his readers that the God of Israel indeed has the ability to operate inside the spatial authority (domain) of foreign gods. The narrative is not so much a question of Elohimâ€™s ability to protect his people from death; it rather asks which deity has authority over the plain of Dura. Due to Elohimâ€™s rescue of the three men, the fiery furnace cognitively becomes an image of Elohimâ€™s god-space and power. In this way the author indicates that the plain of Dura does not belong to the authority domain of Marduk, but to the god-space of the God of Israel. Daniel 3 is not a story about three faithful men, but rather a story about the God of Israel. In his own manner the author attempts to persuade his readers that Elohimâ€™s authority is universal, and not restricted to a particular spatial context.
IS IT AMBER OR METAL?
Authors: Evans Annette
Published: January 2018

The KJV translates ×—×©××ž×œ in Ezekiel 1 as "amber" (fossilized resin) whereas the Septuagint renders it "electron" (translated in the Vulgate asÂ electrum, which is a mixture of gold and silver). Amber possesses the characteristic of static electricity, and has been known to fly into splinters when polished, thus the use of ×—×©××ž×œ with the meaning of amber contributes to the sense of a dynamic mechanism moving outwards from theÂ merkebahÂ throne. When ×—×©××ž×œ is taken in context the communicative aspect is most clearly conveyed in Ez 1:14, which suggests angelic activity in the movement described as back and forth from the throne of YHWH. The suggestion of a dynamic communicative aspect is confirmed when extra-biblical texts relating to Ezekiel chapters 1 and 10 such as I Enoch, Book of Watchers, and the Angelic Liturgy from Qumran, are consulted. Thus it is argued that the metaphorical use in Ezekiel 1 of ×—×©××ž×œ as amber to explain the mechanism of mediation believed to arise from the enthroned deity justifies the translation as amber.
CONTRACTUAL MAINTENANCE SUPPORT OF A PRIESTESS-SISTER IN THREE OLD BABYLONIAN SIPPAR DIVISION AGREEMENTS
Authors: Van Wyk Susandra J.
Published: January 2018

Generally, the family members conclude a division agreement of their inheritance received from a parental deceased estate to escape the perils of their shared inheritance by dividing it into portions of unburdened sole ownership. However, in some Old Babylonian Sippar division agreements, the family members devised and agreed to burden an elected inheritance property with aÂ sui generisÂ usufruct. This entails that they contractually agreed to share or appropriate to a family member the responsibility to manage the burdened property and use of its proceeds, for the maintenance and support of their priestess-sister. Only in the event of the priestess-sister's death is the burdened property restored from the restraints of the usufruct. In the article, I have applied my developed analysis method to the study of three Old Babylonian Sippar division agreements which consist of a usufruct-clause. First, I outline the prerequisite elements of the analysis method, which identify the three texts as a family division agreement from a deceased estate. Then follows a discussion of the legal practices found in the three texts of which the usufruct as a chosen legal practice receives special attention. The aim of the article is to show that family members can decide to utilise theÂ sui generisÂ usufruct in the division agreement for the maintenance and support of their priestess-sister, imposing on themselves lifelong personal and financial consequences, while ensuring that the family retain their property on the death of the priestess-sister.
REREADING CIRCUMCISION AS AN IDENTITY MARKER (GN 17:9-14): CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON MALE GENITAL MUTILATION AMONGST XHOSA COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Rugwiji Temba T.
Published: January 2018

During biblical times in the Near Eastern world, circumcision was a common practice. Reasons for conducting the operation varied. In biblical times, only males were circumcised. This essay attempts to answer the following questions: (1) What was the significance of circumcision in the ancient Near East? (2) Can one say with certainty that circumcision amongst Xhosa communities was influenced by the biblical text? This article commences by examining circumcision in the ancient Near East. The study will then explore the rise of circumcision in ancient Israel when Yahweh commanded Abraham to circumcise all males in his household as a sign of keeping the covenant with Yahweh (cf. Gn 17:9-14). Next, the ideology of excluding women from being circumcised during biblical times is discussed. Thereafter, circumcision conducted in our modern postbiblical world - contemporary perspectives on circumcision, also known as male genital mutilation (hereafter, MGM) - is examined in terms of the following four themes: (1) the role of culture amongst Xhosa communities in motivating MGM, (2) the emergence of female genital mutilation (hereafter, FGM) in Africa, (3) the theory that circumcision reduces transmission of HIV which causes AIDS, and (4) the theory that a circumcised penis enhances orgasm during sex. Next, MGM in South Africa is explained as a violation of human rights. Lastly, this research concludes with possible solutions towards mitigating fatalities of MGM amongst Xhosa communities in South Africa.
A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENERIC ××œ×”×™× IN THE HEBREW BIBLE IN RELATION TO THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF CONCEPTS
Authors: Gericke Jaco
Published: January 2018

Contemporary analyses of ××œ×”×™× as generic concept tend to be based on psychological theories of concepts. This article, by contrast, attempts to show what a philosophical analysis of the concept of generic ××œ×”×™× in the Hebrew Bible is concerned with when approached from the perspective of the classical or definitionist view of conceptual structure. However, rather than offering a conceptual analysis of generic ××œ×”×™× in any given context, the discussion features a general meta-conceptual overview of the classical theory and the pros and cons of applying it to the concept in question.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PALAEODONTOLOGY IN REVEALING THE PALAEODEMOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT EGYPT
Authors: Greeff Casper
Published: January 2018

Palaeodemography, the means of amassing information from the teeth of the general population, is addressed in this study. Palaeodemography deals with the social characteristics of an ancient population and their development through time, in essence, the lifestyle of a population. The analysis and interpretation of dental data provided by the archaeologistâ€™s discovery of human remains, specifically dental remains, will throw light on settlement history, palaeodemography and kinship. The internal shifts and strains caused by population migration are vital for understanding the social lifestyle of ancient Egypt. To determine the age at death of individuals, dental wear is but one of the changes that occurs in the process of natural aging and provides one of the most accurate means to determine the age of an individual. The populationâ€™s health and disease issues are measured by hypoplastic markings in teeth and even sex physiognomics are locked in teeth. Modern technology, in the form of x-rays, has invaluable prominence in the research of mummified and skeletal human dental remains. Non-invasive procedures in examination of bioarchaeological remains have become all important to preserve data for future research.
VIRTUE AND PHILOSOPHY IN 4 MACCABEES
Authors: Decock Paul B
Published: January 2018

The first section of this article focuses on the use of the term and theme of á¼€ÏÎµÏ„Î® in the argument that the Jewish religion can be seen as a most worthy philosophy. The second section shows how 4 Maccabees can be seen as a Jewish version of a philosophical work in the ancient Greco-Roman tradition: it raises the practical question of the noble way of life and shows us inspiring examples of persons who embodied this way by the manner in which they faced their death. The third section explores how a reading of 4 Maccabees can be seen as one of the â€œspiritual exercisesâ€ in the philosophical tradition (Pierre Hadot). The fourth section touches briefly on the issue of the Hellenization of the Jewish religion, of which 4 Maccabees is a strong example.
LION IMAGERY IN 1 MACCABEES 3:4
Authors: KotzÃ© Gideon R
Published: January 2018

A very interesting case of lion imagery appears in 1 Macc 3:4. In this verse, the poet compares Judas Maccabee to a lion and a roaring cub. These similes merit closer investigation as part of the narratorâ€™s characterisation of Judas as one of the narrativeâ€™s main protagonists and as unique examples of lion images in early Jewish literature. This study undertakes such an investigation and concludes that the lion images communicate the fearsomeness of Judas, his power to dominate his enemies and to protect his people. They make a small contribution to the narratorâ€™s portrayal of Judas in 1 Macc 3:1â€“26 as a mighty warrior whose military feats against his enemies are in service of his people and win him great renown.
A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST PREFIXED LETTER (1:1-1:10a) IN 2 MACCABEES
Authors: Coetzer Eugene
Published: January 2018

The text of 2 Maccabees has been fruitfully explored throughout the centuries. An aspect which scholars have struggled with is the significance of the two prefixed letters. The discussions on the reason for adding the letters are, however, mainly concerned with the respective authors, vocabulary and main ideas which are present in both the letters and the narrative. This article proposes an alternative approach to the problem. Through applying a rhetorical analysis to the first prefixed letter, the study explicates similarities in the communicative strategies applied in both the letter and the narrative. Both focus on a unified and ideal group who function as ambassadors for a specific purpose, and both employ the elements of threat and response in order to highlight important ideas. This will hopefully provide new insight into the reasons for attaching this letter to such a rhetorically effective narrative.
USE AND FUNCTION OF METAPHORICAL DISCOURSE IN 1 MACCABEES
Authors: Tilly Michael
Published: January 2018

In the poetic passages of 1 Maccabees, the narrated events are summarized and interpreted from the perspective of a third-person omniscient narrator. In these passages metaphorical speech is prominent. This article examines the functions of these metaphors within their literary contexts and investigates which social, cultural and religious conditions are recognized as integral parts of the â€œcultural encyclopaediaâ€ of the ancient Jewish author and his addressees.
BENEFITS OF A PRINCIPLED ANALYSIS OF BIBLICAL HEBREW PREPOSITIONS
Authors: Lyle Kristopher
Published: January 2018

Â As Biblical Hebrew studies have become more attuned to the explanatory power accompanying modern linguistic theory, some theoretical pitfalls of standard lexicons have become more apparent. Specifically within the realm of lexicology, it has been demonstrated that current frameworks, such as cognitive semantics, can bring a great deal of theoretical muscle into semantic endeavours. This article applies a methodology based on such advances and shows the benefits of a principled analysis of BH prepositions, with ×¢Ö´× and ×Öµ×ª as examples. In the end, a replicable investigation is rendered that carefully explores the semantic potential and network of each lexeme.Â
AN APPRAISAL OF SOURCE MATERIAL FOR THE STUDY OF TARGUM MINOR PROPHETS
Authors: Lier Gudrun , Van Zyl Anna Fransina
Published: January 2018

The study of Aramaic Bible translations (Targumim) continues to be a valuable source of information, not only for uncovering the history of biblical interpretation but also for providing insights for the study of linguistics and translation techniques. In comparison with work done on the Pentateuchal Targumim and Targum Former Prophets, research on the individual books of Targum Minor Prophets has been scant. By providing an overview of selected source material this review seeks (i) to provide incentives for more focussed studies in the field of Targum Minor Prophets and (ii) to motivate new integrated research approaches which are now made possible with the assistance of highly developed software programmes.
TRANSLATION SHIFTS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF BIBLE TRANSLATIONS: THE CASE OF RUTH 4:13 IN THE SETSWANA VERSIONS
Authors: Berman Sidney
Published: January 2018

This article proposes that the starting point for the improvement of Bible translations in sub-Saharan Africa is the identification and analysis of translation shifts. Shifts are differences between the corresponding portions of a translation and the source text. The concept of shifts is motivated by the observation that differences between a Bible translation and its source text are inevitable. This article demonstrates that the demarcation and examination of a shift can greatly enlighten the hypothesis of circumstances that caused the shift. Consequently, the translator or reviewer can be alert to the influence of similar circumstances contemporarily and find possible ways to eliminate or modify the shift. The article uses the text of Ruth 4:13 from Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. The three Setswana Bibles that are compared with Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia are the translations by Robert Moffat (1857), Alfred Wookey (1908) and Bible Society of South Africa (1970). After examination and comparison, the article hypothesizes on the circumstances that may have caused the shifts of Ruth 4:13. It ends with suggestions for translating the verse without causing shifts.
SCHADENFREUDE IN THE TANAK
Authors: Pinker Aron
Published: January 2018

There is no commandment in the Torah forbidding schadenfreude per se. The general impression seems to be that the Tanak views schadenfreude negatively. Actually, the attitude of the Tanak to schadenfreude is rather ambiguous. In personal interactions schadenfreude is censured, but in some significant many-to-many situations and salvific cases schadenfreude is tolerated and perhaps encouraged. This study attempts to delineate the parameters that characterise the position of the Tanak on schadenfreude.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE FUNCTION OF ×žÖ·×©×‚Ö¼Ö¸× IN PROPHETIC LITERATURE
Authors: Lier Gudrun , Muller Lucas Cornelis
Published: January 2018

In this article some of the previous considerations on the meaning and function of ×žÖ·×©×‚Ö¼Ö¸× in the prophetic literature of the Hebrew Bible are critically considered. The function of ×žÖ·Ö·×©×‚Ö¼Ö¸× is then reviewed by systematically analysing its use in various textual contexts throughout the Hebrew Bible to identify how this term was applied in popular speech, literature, and translation. An attempt is made to categorise ×žÖ·×©×‚Ö¼Ö¸×into specific semantic domains in order to determine how the various ways in which ×žÖ·×©×‚Ö¼Ö¸× is used in prophetic literature compare with each other. It is suggested that the ×žÖ·×©×‚Ö¼Ö¸× -label not only came to be used as an emphatic marker but also functioned as a literary device, more specifically a mnemonic bridge, to bind maÅ›Å›Äâ€™-prophecies together intertextually to form a virtual corpus.
THE SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ×™Ö°×¨Ö»×©Ö¸Ö¼××” AND × Ö·×—Ö²×œÖ¸Ö¼×”
Authors: Van Aarde Tim
Published: January 2018

In almost every case except late usage the word group ×™Ö°×¨Ö»×©Ö¸Ö¼××” and its derivatives refer to taking possession of the object named. The word group × Ö·×—Ö²×œÖ¸Ö¼××” and its derivatives refer to the inheritance of household property. In late usage ×™Ö°×¨Ö»×©Ö¸Ö¼××” and × Ö·×—Ö²×œÖ¸Ö¼××” share the semantic field of inheritance and have been considered to be synonymous. This interpretation is critically re-evaluated. The word group × Ö·×—Ö²×œÖ¸Ö¼××” has the meaning of permanent possession of the inheritance of the familyâ€™s wealth and ×™Ö°×¨Ö»×©Ö¸Ö¼××” the possession of property involving acquisition without stipulating the mode of acquisition. The continued possession of the land, ×™Ö°×¨Ö»×©Ö¸Ö¼××” , was dependent upon the covenant relationship with Yahweh and although the possession of the land could be lost the land was allotted as a permanent possession, × Ö·×—Ö²×œÖ¸Ö¼××” , to the household clans and tribes of Israel and restoration made on the grounds of the rights of inheritance. Land was the centre of the social system of Israel and it was the abuse of the rights associated with land that reflected a breakdown in the covenant relationship with Yahweh. A comparison is made of Jeremiah 32 and Ruth 4 in terms of the relation of ×™Ö°×¨Ö»×©Ö¸Ö¼××” and × Ö·×—Ö²×œÖ¸Ö¼××” to kinsman-redemption which was central to Israelâ€™s social system.
LEADERS AND TIMES OF CRISIS: JEREMIAH 5:1â€“6 A CASE IN POINT
Authors: Wessels Wilhelm J.
Published: January 2018

The book of Jeremiah reflects a particular period in the history of Judah, certain theological perspectives and a particular portrayal of the prophet Jeremiah. Covenant theology played a major role in Jeremiahâ€™s view of life and determined his expectations of leaders and ordinary people. He placed high value on justice and trustworthiness, and people who did not adhere to this would in his view bear the consequences of disobedience to Yahwehâ€™s moral demands and unfaithfulness. The prophet expected those in positions of leadership to adhere to certain ethical obligations as is clear from most of the nouns which appear in Jeremiah 5:1â€“6. This article argues that crisis situations in history affect leadersâ€™ communication, attitudes and responses. Leadersâ€™ worldviews and ideologies play a definitive role in their responses to crises. Jeremiahâ€™s religious views are reflected in his criticism and demands of people in his society. This is also true as seen from the way the people and leaders in Judah responded to the prophetâ€™s proclamation. Jeremiah 5:1â€“6 emphasises that knowledge and accountability are expected of leaders at all times, but in particular during unstable political times.
THE SOURCES OF COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTESâ€™ MINIATURES OF ANIMALS: THE CASE OF THE â€œUNICORNâ€
Authors: Christides V
Published: January 2018

The aim of this paper is to trace the sources of the Byzantine author Cosmas Indicopleustesâ€™ miniatures of animals, in particular of the â€œunicornâ€, in his work Christian topography. Cosmas, a sixth century seaman and merchant, wrote his work, Christian topography, based on his personal experience travelling in the Red Sea and beyond. Although his main aim was to enhance religious beliefs, his work yields important geographical information concerning navigation, peoples and animals of various countries neighbouring the Red Sea and beyond. His description of various exotic countries is decorated with drawings and numerous designs relevant to his cosmological interpretation of the Bible. While Cosmasâ€™ cosmological theory and the relevant designs have been studied by a number of scholars, little attention has been paid to his drawings of animals based on his travelling experience. An attempt is made in this study to trace the origin of Cosmas Indicopleustesâ€™ illustrations of animals, focusing on the unicorn. Furthermore, a comparison with similar drawings found in Arabic manuscripts is added. An effort is also made in this study to draw information not only from the pictorial evidence but also from the literary tradition of the original Greek and Arabic sources.
DEALING WITH THE HISTORY-NATURE DUALISM IN ECOLOGICAL THEOLOGY
Authors: Van Heerden Willie
Published: January 2018

Christian theologians have been accused of contributing to humanityâ€™s alienation from nature, because they have drawn a sharp distinction between history and nature (also between humanity and nature, and God and nature). This study first offers a brief overview of studies that shed light on problems related to the history-nature dichotomy in Christian theology, and then focuses on two sets of proposed solutions to these problems: downplaying history in favour of nature, and embracing non-idealistic and non-dualistic models of the relation between history and nature. The twofold thesis of this paper is, first, that downplaying history in favour of nature may not be the most fruitful way of solving problems related to the history-nature dichotomy. This thesis is supported by literature on problem formation and problem resolution. Secondly, it argues that studies on the role of history and narrative in the formation of environmental values, and the interconnections between the histories of humans and their environments, offer useful alternatives to dualistic views of the relation between humans and the rest of the earth community. Based on these insights, the paper then offers a reading of Genesis 1:1-2:4a, which contains the biblical passage quoted most often by those who have accused Christianity of being biased against the earth and the earth community, namely Genesis 1:26-28.
IS THERE PHILOSOPHY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE? SOME RECENT AFFIRMATIVE PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Gericke Jaco
Published: January 2018

This article discusses a selection of the most recent examples from both biblical scholarship and Jewish philosophy of the construction of the Hebrew Bible as a philosophical resource. By way of a descriptive overview of the relevant ideas in the writings of exemplars such as Davies, Hazony, Gericke, Glouberman and Sekine, the study reveals a neglected albeit radical trend in the contemporary attempted return of philosophy to Hebrew Bible interpretation and vice-versa. These new developments are labelled â€œphilosophical maximalismâ€, involving as they do the classification of the entire corpus of the Hebrew Bible as philosophical literature, in one sense or another
Analisis Risiko Teknologi Informasi Menggunakan ISO 31000 pada Program HRMS
Authors: Agustinus Stefan , Nugroho Adi , Cahyono Ariya Dwika
Published: January 2018

Program HRMS merupakan database pusat dari segala hal yang berkaitan dengan Human Resources Development dari PT. XYZ. Keberadaan program HRMS ini tentu saja sangat penting bagi keberlangsungan perusahaan, terutama di sektor kepegawaian. Maka dari itu program HRMS ini harus bisa berjalan secara optimal dan konsisten. Dibutuhkan sebuah analisis risiko untuk mendapatkan dokumentasi terhadap berbagai macam kemungkinan risiko yang berada di sekitar dari program HRMS serta perlakuan risiko yang diperlukan untuk meminimalisir kemungkinan-kemungkinan risiko tersebut muncul. Analisis risiko yang digunakan pada PT. XYZ adalah ISO 31000. Tahapan pertama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tahap penilaian risiko yang terdiri dari 3 tahapan, yaitu identifikasi risiko, analisis risiko, dan evaluasi risiko. Tahapan kedua adalah tahap perlakuan risiko. Hasil dari penelitian ini digunakan sebagai alat bantu bagi pemangku kebijakan dari perusahaan untuk dapat menyusun dokumentasi terkait dengan manajemen risiko perusahaan di kemudian hari.
Membangun dari Pinggiran: Tinjauan dari Perspektif Ilmu Ekonomi Regional
Authors: PRIYARSONO D. S.
Published: January 2018

Based on the experiences of various countries that were analyzed by the World Bank, regional development strategies can be classified into three classes based on the urbanization level (low, middle, high), i. e., to increase density (to create economies of concentration), to reduce distance (to develop connectivity), and to overcome division (to handle slump areas and the accompanying problems), respectively. The policy of “to develop from the periphery” can be interpreted as a strategy to increase the intensity of economic activities particularly in rural areas in order to create economies of concentration, i.e., cost savings and other benefits that are created by the concentration of economic activities in a region. This policy has been embarked simultaneously with a very big scale of infrastructures development, especially those related to transportation (roads, seaports, and airports). This article reports the results of a literature survey on regional development theories that are related with the policy. This article also discusses the Indonesian economic situations in which the policy has been implemented. In the later part of the article several research questions are formulated suggesting directions of further studies for empirically testing the hypotheses that can be derived from the research questions, especially those related with the implementation of “to develop from the periphery” policy.
Hubungan Indeks Osilasi Selatan dan Indeks Curah Hujan terhadap Kejadian Kekeringan di Kabupaten Indramayu, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
Authors: TJAHJONO BOEDI , BARUS BABA , DAROJATI NINA WIDIANA
Published: January 2018

Indramayu district experiences frequent droughts that leads to many paddy fields harvest failure. Since the district is one of the national granary, this disaster needs to be addressed urgently. This study aimed to assess the level of dryness in Indramayu using Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and its relation with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The study used monthly rainfall data from 1996 to 2013 observed by 19 stations and the score of SOI that came from the Bureau of Meteorology of Australia. The method used quantitative approach using SPI and software SPI_sl_6.exe. Drought indices was measured in four different time scale which are 1, 3, and 6 month(s) (for the short term period) and the 12 months time scale (for the long term period). SPI’s assessment was classified in accordance with the classification of WMO (World Meteorological Organization) which consist of seven classes, ranging from wet extreme to dry extreme class. The results showed that the occurence of "very dry" to "dry extreme“ drought was occured mainly from February 1997 to January 1998 at most stations, while for some stations, it lasted until March 1998. The drought period was lasted from nine to ten months. In 2002 to 2003, the droughts that classified as "very dry" on a 3 and 6 months time scale lasted about five months, while the 12 months time scale was lasted about nine months. SPI value that obtained from different time scales has a strong relation with the value of SOI. The negative value of SOI tends to be followed by the negative value of SPI, and vice versa. SOI that has negative value below -7 and occured in a long period (more than three months) indicates a prolonged El Nino which occurred in 1997 and 2002/2003 when the research area was struck by "being dry" to "dry extreme" drought state.
Analisis Disparitas dan Interaksi Spasial di Timor-Leste
Authors: SOARES LUCAS , RUSTIADI ERNAN , MULATSIH SRI
Published: January 2018

Spatial planning is a tool to achieve braden goals of development. To support economic development in Timor Leste, it needs an optimal spatial structure planning that supports connectivities between districts through infrastructures network. This research aimed to analyze and explain disparities, interaction and optimal regional spatial structure using variables of infrastructures and public facilities on national and regional/districts/subnational activities center. This research used Scalogram and gravitation modelling analysis. The results showed that there is a high disparity level between districts in Timor-Leste that caused by the lack of public facilities and lack of access to public services. Moreover, the spatial structure interaction between districts are very weak. To cope with those problems, this research suggested the formulation of one national activity center located in the north (Dili) and three Regional (subnational) Activity Center (RAC) located at Ermera in the west, Baucau in the east and Manufahi in the south of Timor-Leste