bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induced Resistance in Yali Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) Fruit against Infection by Penicillium expansum by Postharvest Infiltration of Acibenzolar‐S‐methyl
Authors: Cao J. , Jiang W. , He H.
Published: November 2005

The objective of the present study was to evaluate how disease resistance in Yali pear fruit (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) was affected by the infiltration of acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) after harvest. The disease incidence and lesion area in/on the fruit inoculated with Penicillium expansum significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by the infiltration with 0.5 mm ASM, and the duration of protection conferred by ASM lasted over 15 days. ASM did not directly inhibit the mycelial growth of P. expansum in vitro. However, ASM treatment significantly enhanced activities of the main defence enzymes including peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and chitinase, and activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase in the fruit during the infection. Two kinds of second metabolites, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, and two productions of lipid peroxidation, H2O2 and malondialdehyde, were also involved in the resistance and significantly accumulated in ASM‐treated fruit in the infection. The inhibitory effect of ASM on the disease may be related to its ability to enhance defence responses in the fruit. The application of ASM in inducing resistance in fruit possesses promising in control of postharvest diseases alternative to fungicides.
Potential Biological Control Activity and Genetic Diversity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Strains
Authors: Cirvilleri G. , Bonaccorsi A. , Scuderi G. , Scortichini M.
Published: November 2005

A total of 71 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains obtained from herbaceous and woody plant species were evaluated for the in vitro inhibition activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi, and were classified into two distinct groups. The 53 strains of group A inhibited, to a different extent, all the tested micro‐organisms: Rhodotorula pilimanae, Bacillus megaterium, Salmonella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, P. syringae, Botritys cinerea, Penicillium digitatum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium solani. The 18 strains of group B inhibited the growth only of B. megaterium, L. monocytogenes and P. syringae. The culture filtrates of strains of group A, unlike those of group B, induced the necrosis of bean pods and showed in vitro antimicrobial activity. Strains of group A, on the contrary to those of group B, were moderately to highly virulent when artificially inoculated on citrus fruits. All strains of groups A and B were virulent on bean pods. No strain of the two groups was virulent on apple fruits and grapes. Applications of P. s. pv. syringae strains reduced postharvest green and blue mould in citrus and apple fruits, respectively. The efficacy of disease control by strains of group A was higher than that of strains of group B. One strain of group A and one from group B showed interesting prerequisites for use as a biocontrol agent towards P. digitatum and P. expansum on orange and apple fruits, respectively. The syrB gene was present in almost all strains. Repetitive‐sequence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) primers and unweighted pair‐group method with average linkage (UPGMA) analysis showed that the strains varied genetically and could be grouped into seven clusters.
Immunolocalization of Defence‐related Proteins in the Floral Organs of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Liljeroth E. , Marttila S. , von Bothmer R.
Published: November 2005

We have investigated the localization of some pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins in the floral organs of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during the flower development using immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. At a premature stage, where the different parts of the flower are not yet developed, almost no labelling of PR‐1 and PR‐2 was observed, whereas some weak labelling of PR‐3 and PR‐5 was found. At a stage where the styles had developed and diverged, and the stamens were clearly developed, a strong labelling of PR‐3 was found. The strongest labelling was in the transmitting tissue of the inner part of the style but also in the stigmal branches. The label was located to the cell walls. At this stage some labelling of PR‐1, PR‐2 and PR‐5 was found in the anther tissue. At later developmental stages, with fully developed ovary and degenerating stigmal branches, the labelling of PR‐3 had significantly decreased. However, accumulation of PR‐1, PR‐2 and PR‐5 was evident mainly in the stigmal branches but also in the stigma and occasionally in the style and ovary wall. No labelling was found inside the ovary. The spatial and temporal accumulation of the different PR proteins are discussed in relation to putative roles in defence against pathogens and in guidance and facilitation of the pollen tube growth through the style.
The Political Economy of IMF Conditionality: A Common Agency Model
Authors: Mayer Wolfgang , Mourmouras Alexandros
Published: November 2005

The paper models the relationship between an aid‐providing international financial institution (IFI) and an aid‐receiving government whose economic policy choices are influenced by a domestic interest group. Two assistance schemes are evaluated: conditional aid in which the IFI makes assistance contingent on less‐ distorting economic policies and unconditional aid which is provided without such conditions. Conditional aid is shown to raise welfare of the receiving country and the world as a whole relative to unconditional aid. The paper also examines how conditional and unconditional aid schemes are influenced by the IFI's opportunity cost of providing assistance and the receiving government's political dependence on a domestic interest group.
International Trade and Strategic Privatization
Authors: Bárcena‐Ruiz Juan Carlos , Garzón María Begoña
Published: November 2005

The literature on mixed oligopoly does not consider the strategic interaction between governments when they decide whether to privatize their publicly‐owned firms. In order to analyze this question, we consider two countries and assume that publicly‐owned firms are less efficient than private firms. We obtain that when the marginal cost of the publicly‐owned firms takes an intermediate value, each government wants it to be the government of the other country that privatizes its publicly‐owned firm. In this case, only one government privatizes, and that government obtains lower social welfare and producer surplus than the other.
Regulating a Polluting Oligopoly: Emission Tax or Voluntary Agreement?
Authors: David Maia
Published: November 2005

This paper compares, in a polluting oligopoly, an emission tax and a form of environmental policy called voluntary agreement (VA). Here there are two ways of reducing pollution: output contraction and end‐of‐pipe abatement. Given the imperfect competition, firms’ reaction to the tax is sub‐optimal. They reduce output excessively in order to raise the price and do not abate enough. The VA is a take‐it‐or‐leave‐it contract on abatement effort, offered to the firms with the threat of a tax. It has a limited effect on output and always allows higher abatement than the tax. We find that this kind of VA may be more efficient than the tax in a concentrated industry, when pollution is not too harmful and when the abatement technology is rather efficient and cheap.
Ethnic Networks in FDI and the Impact of Institutional Development
Authors: Tong Sarah Y.
Published: November 2005

Ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs are known for their active business networking practices, particularly in Southeast Asia. This paper empirically investigates the role of ethnic Chinese networks in promoting foreign direct investment (FDI). We further evaluate whether the effectiveness of networking activities are affected by the level of economic and institutional development of the source and the host countries. Using a standard gravity model, we find that ethnic Chinese networks are significant in facilitating cross‐border investment between countries. The strength of ethnic Chinese networks between country pairs, approximated by the product of the numbers of ethnic Chinese in both countries, is positively correlated with the cumulative amount of their reciprocal FDI. More importantly, this significant relationship is not limited to countries in Southeast Asia, but is applicable to other country pairs included in the study as well, regardless of whether the investment is originated from industrial countries or developing economies. Finally, the analysis finds no evidence that ethnic networks are only effective in countries where economic and legal institutions are under‐developed. Ethnic Chinese networks have played a significant role in promoting FDI to countries with a relatively higher bureaucratic quality, much more so than to countries with a lower bureaucratic quality.
Morphed facial expressions elicited a N400 ERP effect: A domain‐specific semantic module?
Authors: BALCONI MICHELA , POZZOLI UBERTO
Published: November 2005

Previous studies have revealed that decoding of facial expressions is a specific component of face comprehension and that semantic information might be processed separately from the basic stage of face perception. In order to explore event‐related potentials (ERPs) related to recognition of facial expressions and the effect of the semantic content of the stimulus, we analyzed 20 normal subjects. Faces with three prototypical emotional expressions (fear, happiness, and sadness) and with three morphed expressions were presented in random order. The neutral stimuli represented the control condition. Whereas ERP profiles were similar with respect to an early negative ERP (N170), differences in peak amplitude were observed later between incongruous (morphed) expressions and congruous (prototypical) ones. In fact, the results demonstrated that the emotional morphed faces elicited a negative peak at about 360 ms, mainly distributed over the posterior site. The electrophysiological activity observed may represent a specific cognitive process underlying decoding of facial expressions in case of semantic anomaly detection. The evidence is in favor of the similarity of this negative deflection with the N400 ERP effect elicited in linguistic tasks. A domain‐specific semantic module is proposed to explain these results.
Is emotional content obtained from parafoveal words during reading? An eye movement analysis
Authors: HYÖNÄ JUKKA , HÄIKIÖ TUOMO
Published: November 2005

An eye‐movement‐contingent display change technique was employed to study whether adult readers extract semantic information from parafoveal words during reading. Three types of parafoveal preview conditions were contrasted: an emotional word, a neutral word, and an identical word condition. To have a maximally effective parafoveal manipulation, high‐arousal emotional words (sex‐ and threat‐related and curse words) were used as parafoveal previews. Readers’ eye fixation patterns around the target word revealed no evidence for parafoveal semantic processing. Furthermore, the pupil size showed no signs for an emotional response triggered by an emotional word previewed parafoveally. These results are consistent with the view that, as a rule, only the fixated word is processed to a semantic level during reading.
Communicative skills in relation to gender, birth order, childcare and socioeconomic status in 18‐month‐old children
Authors: BERGLUND EVA , ERIKSSON MÅRTEN , WESTERLUND MONICA
Published: November 2005

Variation in communicative skills, defined as gestures, vocabulary comprehension and vocabulary production, was examined as a function of gender, birth order, childcare and socioeconomic status (SES) in 1,019 18‐month‐old children. The children were recruited at their regular check‐up at a number of randomly selected Child Health Care centers in a Swedish county. The participation rate was 88%. The children were assessed by their mothers using a short version of the Swedish Early Communicative Development Inventories. The results demonstrate significant effects of gender and birth order on vocabulary comprehension and vocabulary production. Girls scored higher than boys and first‐born children scored higher than later‐born children. Type of childcare (family care, care at home and day‐care centers) interacted with gender and birth order on vocabulary production and indicated that family care is not as advantageous as care at home or at day‐care centers. SES had no effect on children's communicative skills at this age.
Trauma narratives and emotional processing
Authors: EID JARLE , JOHNSEN BJØRN HELGE , SAUS EVELYN‐ROSE
Published: November 2005

The present study examined the relations between indicators of emotional processing (e.g. trauma narratives), posttraumatic stress symptoms, and psychological distress in two military samples (N= 120) exposed to significant training accidents. Trauma narratives were collected at 2–3 weeks, while outcome measures (e.g. IES‐15, PTSS‐10, and GHQ‐30) were collected at 2–3 weeks, and 4 months after the accidents. Emotional processing was indexed by the content of positive and negative emotional expressions in the trauma narratives. The results showed that positive emotional expressions were associated with lower levels of psychological distress, whereas negative emotional expressions were linked to trauma specific symptoms and psychological distress at 2–3 weeks. Negative emotional expressions explained between 6–8% of the variance in trauma specific symptoms at 2–3 weeks, and 11% of the variance in psychological distress symptoms at 4 months after the traumatic event.
COLONIAL EXPERIENCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY IN FRANCE
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: November 2005

This article broadly positions the successful establishment of the field of French tropical geography in the immediate postwar period against developments stemming from a longer history of French colonial engagement in Africa, Asia and South America, and clarifies the seemingly late timing of, and paradoxes involved in, the creation of a body of French scientific knowledge about the tropics. Colonial scientific research did not develop in France until the end of the nineteenth century. However, the colonial geography appearing at this time did not rely on fieldwork but, rather, catered to the demands of the business class for overseas expansion and to public curiosity. Even while the medical geography of tropical areas and knowledge of tropical soils and ecology progressed greatly between 1900 and 1940, there were still only a few French geographers working in the tropics. With the advent of the Second World War, when “big science” appeared in France and its colonial empire, the number of French geographers involved in tropical research grew rapidly. The field of tropical geography built up by Pierre Gourou was a synthesis of approaches developed in South America, Africa and Indochina. Although it soon came under strong criticism for its pessimistic view of prospects for industrialisation and urbanisation in the tropics, it seduced French geographers because it matched the contemporary interest in zonality and relied on a genre de vie analysis of, typically, rural areas. Thus, the postwar blossoming of tropical geography shaped by Gourou was more a response to various internal dynamics within French geography than an exercise in imperialism. Its demise was not due to the eclipse of French colonialism but, rather, its inability to deal with the modernisation of tropical societies.
TROPICALITY AND TOPICALITY: PIERRE GOUROU AND THE GENEALOGY OF FRENCH COLONIAL SCHOLARSHIP ON RURAL VIETNAM
Authors: Kleinen John
Published: November 2005

This article discusses the relevance of the work of Pierre Gourou for Vietnamese and non‐Vietnamese scholarship on colonial and postcolonial rural society in Vietnam. The term “tropicality” is used to situate Gourou's work within the framework of both French and Vietnamese regimes of truth. It is argued that Gourou was aware of the complex human geographies of the tropics and monsoon Asia and the challenges this posed to both Western and “tropical” peoples. Gourou and the issue of tropicality is used to show that Vietnamese scholars did not completely reject French colonial systems of knowledge, and that decolonisation did not herald a complete shift in knowledge about rural Vietnam. Rather, since the 1940s there has been antagonism and accommodation between colonial and postcolonial, French and Vietnamese modes of knowledge production. While Gourou underscored the otherness of the tropics, and there are colonial overtones in his work, he had an immense influence on indigenous ethnography and geography in Vietnam and elsewhere in the formerly colonised world. The article traces this important influence and how it has been both questioned and affirmed since independence in the Vietnamese context. It is suggested that the humanistic approach that Gourou pioneered in his 1936 study of the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam has outlived and been able to overcome the setbacks and drawbacks of both colonial and revolutionary/Vietnamese politico‐intellectual projects.
THINKING THROUGH IMAGES:KASTOMAND THE COMING OF THE BAHA’IS TO NORTHERN NEW IRELAND, PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Were Graeme
Published: November 2005

We can learn a lot about religious ideas by studying not just the impact on them of missionization but also how religious beliefs and practices are translated into local religious forms. In this article I draw attention to the case of the Baha’i faith in the Nalik area of northern New Ireland (Papua New Guinea). In discussing how the faith became strongly associated with the ability to harness ancestral power, I argue that this relationship emerged through Nalik people's ability to think through images, in other words through transforming forms in order to create new understandings. This study not only underlines the importance of localized studies into the technology of image production but also fills a gap in anthropological studies that, up until now, have systematically ignored the Baha’i movement and its place in the contemporary Pacific.
SENSUAL ATTACHMENT AND INCEST AVOIDANCE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Ingham John M. , Spain David H.
Published: November 2005

The authors take issue with the critique of psychoanalysis and the depiction of human sexuality and incest avoidance in evolutionary psychology. Drawing on human neurobiology and evolutionary anthropology, they show that human beings have an evolved disposition toward pair‐bonding and evolved capacities for self‐regulation of sexual and aggressive impulses. The realization that these characteristics are not only important but also interrelated leads to a reassessment of the Oedipus complex, a new model of incest avoidance in humans, and a fresh perspective on the relation between reproductive behaviour and environmental conditions.
KINSHIP MATTERS: WOMEN's LAND CLAIMS IN THE SANTAL PARGANAS, JHARKHAND
Authors: Rao Nitya
Published: November 2005

This article discusses the strengthening of kinship ties amongst the Santal community in a village in Jharkhand state in India. The context of progressive marginalization from the state and markets has resulted in the Santals asserting their adivasi identity by recourse to customary institutions as well as rigidifying patrilineal rules of inheritance. While this leads generally to an erosion of women's rights to inherit land, under certain circumstances women are supported by kin elders when they bring grievances to the legal courts. Women's relationship to their kinship group thus seems ambiguous: kinship can simultaneously be not only a source of deprivation and suppression but also a way of staking claims to resources, especially in the face of the inadequacies of formal state mechanisms.
NATURAL TIME, POLITICAL TIME: CONTESTED HISTORIES IN NORTHERN ITALY
Authors: Stacul Jaro
Published: November 2005

This article explores the ways in which a post‐peasant society in the Trentino region of northern Italy reworked its past history at a time of political turmoil when the rise of regionalist parties with an Italian version of Thatcherism in their agenda challenged the legitimacy of the Italian state. It illustrates how making a regional, local history entails representing the past as a period characterized by the repetitiveness of events. It is argued that everyday accounts of the past, because they centre on the ideas of social and political order and private property, form the background against which ‘official’ politics is understood. In this sense, everyday local‐level discourses about the past are as political as the ‘official’ ones of party leaders. In making this argument, the article shows that ‘repetitive time’ also represents a device through which social actors place themselves outside ‘national history’ and cast the encompassing nation‐state as the outsider.
The Rise and Fall of Chinese Immigration to Canada: Newcomers from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China1 and Mainland China, 1980–20002
Authors: Li Peter S.
Published: November 2005

An emerging perspective in the study of global diasporas stresses the effect of economic globalization and migration shifts in reshaping the population and identifying the formation of diaspora communities. This paper analyses the immigration patterns from Hong Kong and mainland China to Canada between the 1980s and 1990s, and shows that the migration shifts have been influenced by political and economic forces in Hong Kong and China, as well as changes in Canada's immigration policy. The imminent return of Hong Kong to China in 1997 and its uncertain political future in the 1990s were often cited as the main reasons for Hong Kong's large emigration in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In reality, the rising volume of Hong Kong emigration was prompted by the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident in China and its aftermath, and by the booming economy of Hong Kong in the early 1990s that created the means for many middle‐class Chinese to emigrate. At the same time, Canada's expansion of the Business Immigration Program in the mid‐1980s also benefited immigrant entrepreneurs from Hong Kong. In contrast, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 did not deter the economic growth of China. Immigration from China rose after 1989 when Canada allowed Chinese students studying in Canada to immigrate, but it was after the mid‐1990s that immigration from China expanded due to Canada's greater emphasis on admitting economic immigrants and to China's growing middle class. The continuous arrival of well‐educated and urban‐based immigrants from China is likely to change the population composition and identity complexity of the Chinese community in Canada.
Diversification and Extensible Networks: The Strategies of Chinese Businesses in Australia1
Authors: Lever‐Tracy Constance , Ip David
Published: November 2005

The paper reports on a study of 28 ethnic Chinese businesses in Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth, carried out in 2000 and 2001. It focuses on their strategies of vertical, horizontal, and unrelated diversification often combining different activities, products, and markets at the same time. It demonstrates how these practices are socially embedded in their preference for using personal networks.

Non‐related diversification, in particular, promotes and is facilitated by using “weak ties” that serve as bridges, leading into new networks (Granovetter, 1973). This can create links to Chinese of different national and dialect origins and to those of other ethnicities. It is suggested that open networks and diversification mutually interact to support each other and may have evolved in tandem from earlier, more closed and niche bound business cultures and practices.
“There are always two voices…”: International Students' Intentions to Stay in the United States or Return to their Home Countries
Authors: Alberts Heike C. , Hazen Helen D.
Published: November 2005

The scale of movement of international students has increased dramatically in the post‐war period, with the United States acting as a major destination owing partly to a good education system and generous funding of graduate studies. Officially, these migrations are expected to be temporary and visa restrictions are applied accordingly; in reality many international students never return to their home countries. Despite the large number of international students in the United States, little research has been done about this group of professional migrants. Using focus group interviews, we investigate the factors that motivate students to stay in the United States or return home on completion of their degrees. We identify three categories of motivating factors: professional, societal, and personal. Among our study participants, professional factors were generally cited as encouraging the students to stay in the United States, while societal and personal factors were more likely to draw them back to their home countries, although wide variations existed among individuals. Our results suggest that certain patterns exist among national groups. These operated in two main ways. First, specific characteristics of the home country (such as difficult political circumstances) provided state‐specific influences on the decision‐making process. Second, the relative weight assigned to each of the three groups of factors appeared to differ among national groups.
Differential phospholipase C activation by phenylalkylamine serotonin 5‐HT2Areceptor agonists
Authors: Parrish Jason C. , Braden Michael R. , Gundy Emily , Nichols David E.
Published: November 2005

Experiments compared a series of phenethylamine hallucinogens with their phenylisopropylamine analogues for binding affinity and ability to stimulate serotonin 5‐HT2Areceptor‐mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol in cells expressing cloned rat and human 5‐HT2Areceptors. The (±)phenylisopropylamine analogues had significantly higher intrinsic activities for 5‐HT2Areceptor‐mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol compared to their phenethylamine analogues. With respect to the effects of the stereochemistry of the phenylisopropylamines, those with the (R) absolute configuration at the alpha carbon had higher intrinsic activities for hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol in a cell line expressing the human 5‐HT2Areceptor compared to those with the (S) absolute configuration. In virtual docking studies comparing the (R)‐ and (S)‐phenylisopropylamines with their phenethylamine analogues, there were distinct differences in the orientations of key ligand binding domain residues that have been identified as important by previous mutagenesis studies. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that phenylisopropylamines have higher hallucinogenic potency than their phenethylamine analogues primarily because they have higher intrinsic activities at 5‐HT2Areceptors. Although virtual ligand binding led to significant perturbations of certain key residues, our results emphasize the conclusion reached by others that overall three‐dimensional structural microdomains within the receptor must be considered.
Inhibition ofd‐serine accumulation in theXenopusoocyte by expression of the rat ortholog of human 3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate transporter gene isolated from the neocortex asd‐serine modulator‐1
Authors: Shimazu Dai , Yamamoto Naoki , Umino Asami , Ishii Sumikazu , Sakurai Shin‐ichiro , Nishikawa Toru
Published: November 2005

d‐Serine in mammalian brains has been suggested to be an endogenous co‐agonist of the NMDA‐type glutamate receptor. We have explored the molecules regulatingd‐serine uptake and release from the rat neocortex cDNA library using aXenopusoocyte expression system, and isolated a cDNA clone designated asdsm‐1(d‐serine modulator‐1) encoding a protein that reduces the accumulation ofd‐serine to the oocyte.dsm‐1is the rat orthologue of the human 3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate transporter 1 (PAPST1) gene. The hydropathy analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the Dsm‐1 protein predicts the 10 transmembrane domains with a long hydrophobic stretch in the C‐terminal like some amino acid transporters. Thedsm‐1mRNA is predominantly expressed in the forebrain areas that are enriched withd‐serine and NMDA receptors, and in the liver. The transient expression ofdsm‐1in COS‐7 cells demonstrates a partially Golgi apparatus‐related punctuate distribution throughout the cytoplasm with a concentration near the nucleus.dsm‐1‐expressing oocytes diminishes the sodium‐dependent and ‐independent accumulation ofd‐serine and the basal levels of the intrinsicd‐serine and increases the rate of release of the pre‐loadedd‐serine. These findings indicate thatdsm‐1may, at least in part, be involved in thed‐serine translocation across the vesicular or plasma membranes in the brain, and thereby control the extra‐ and intracellular contents ofd‐serine.
Sustained activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and protein tyrosine phosphatases mediate the expression of (S)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine‐induced long‐term depression in the hippocampal CA1 region
Authors: Huang Chiung‐Chun , Hsu Kuei‐Sen
Published: November 2005

Previous studies have shown that brief application of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist (S)‐3, 5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) to hippocampal slices can induce a chemical form of long‐term depression (DHPG‐LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region; however, the expression mechanisms of this LTD remain unclear. We show here that the expression of DHPG‐LTD can be specifically reversed by application of the broad‐spectrum mGluR antagonists, (S)‐α‐methyl‐4‐carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) and LY341495, and mGluR5 antagonist, 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethyl)pyridine, but not by NMDA receptor antagonist, d‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid, mGluR1 antagonist, LY367385, group II mGluR antagonist, (2S)‐α‐ethylglutamic acid, or group III mGluR antagonist, (S)‐2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐4‐phosphonobutanic acid (MAP4). In addition, the ability of MCPG to reverse DHPG‐LTD was mimicked by the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, phenylarsine oxide and orthovanadate, but not phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, protein kinase C inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide 1, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB203580, or protein phosphatases 1/2 A inhibitor, okadaic acid. Moreover, MCPG reversed the DHPG‐LTD without affecting the paired‐pulse facilitation. The expression of DHPG‐LTD was associated with the reduction of both tyrosine phosphorylation and surface expression of AMPA receptor GluR2 subunits. Together, these results suggest that sustained activation of mGluR5 and in turn triggering a protein tyrosine phosphatase‐dependent regulation of postsynaptic expression of AMPA receptors may contribute to the expression of DHPG‐LTD.
What you see is what you get: colour in Italian Renaissance istoriato ware
Authors: Wharton Steve
Published: November 2005

It has long been assumed that the colours used by artists painting on Renaissance pottery only became visible after firing and that the use of the colours was dependent upon an empirical understanding of known results. Based upon recipes derived from Cipriano Piccolpasso's Li tre libri dell’arte del vasaio, this paper demonstrates that although particular materials were used across a range of specialist trades, for example pottery and easel painting, the results were the same in terms of colour effect. Furthermore, the preparation of the pigments, according to Piccolpasso's descriptions, rendered them visible to the pottery painters before they were fired. This discovery furthers our knowledge of how pottery painters worked by placing them within a wider cultural context and shows how they and other craftspeople were able to respond to the demands of fashion – particularly through the production of istoriato ware – evidenced by a wide range of Renaissance material cultural objects, not just pottery. (pp. 592–603)
For use and display: selected furnishings and domestic goods in fifteenth‐century Florentine interiors
Authors: Lindow James R.
Published: November 2005

This article discusses the relationship between furnishings and domestic objects as goods that, though inherently functional, could also serve an important related purpose as display pieces. The focus is on the large chests known as cassoni and forzieri and their dual role as both storage and display pieces. Emphasis is given to the more fragile wares of maiolica and glass which, located in the same domestic spaces, were placed both within and outside these chests. The major interpretative sources for this discussion are unpublished fifteenth‐century post‐mortem inventories from the registers of the Magistrato dei Pupilli in Florence. (pp. 634–646)
Fragments from the ‘life histories’ of jewellery belonging to prostitutes in early‐modern Rome
Authors: Storey Tessa
Published: November 2005

Prostitutes and courtesans in early modern Italy were frequently portrayed as wearing sumptuous jewellery. This article seeks to move away from an understanding of such objects purely in terms of luxury and display and focuses on aspects of their ‘life history’. Starting with an overview of the broader field of relations in which jewellery was inscribed, and which dominated the cultural meanings of jewellery, it then examines a number of case histories which illustrate the meanings, values and functions which jewellery had at a personal level for prostitutes. The main focus is particularly on the moment in which jewellery was acquired, and it seems that the ‘rituals’ of the giving of jewellery by men to prostitutes can most usefully be understood in relation to the norms and praxeis underlying such gifts between men and ‘honest’ women, even though these norms sometimes seem to have been subverted in the world of prostitution. (pp. 647–657)
One pontile, two pontili: the choir screens of Modena Cathedral
Authors: Cunningham Dawn
Published: November 2005

As a living monument, Modena Cathedral has been subjected to numerous alterations since its foundation in the eleventh century. The choir screens, or pontili, demarcating the edge of the presbytery are one part of the church that underwent radical changes as they were adapted, removed, reused, and replaced. The appearance of the first screen, consecrated in 1106, is disputed. A.C. Quintavalle's proposal that the Genesis scenes by Wiligelmo, currently on the façade, formed this monument has validity. A brief examination of the archaeological evidence, as well as the façades and eastern ends of other churches within Countess Matilda's territories, reveal the merit of his idea and lead to a hypothetical reconstruction of the original presbytery. Despite the damage incurred by the 1117 earthquake, Wiligelmo's screen was preserved, prominently displayed, and later replaced by the Campionesi, who refashioned the cathedral's east end. Their screen addressed new theological concerns and the rising preoccupation with Christ's body. In the early thirteenth century, the Campionesi adapted their earlier creation through the addition of a pulpit. This paper examines the series of extraordinary alterations at the threshold of the presbytery in order to understand how these monuments continued to actively engage the faithful. (pp. 673–685)
The afterlife of an early medieval chapel: Giovanni Battista Ricci and perceptions of the Christian past in post‐Tridentine Rome
Authors: Van Dijk Ann
Published: November 2005

This paper treats the afterlife of an early medieval chapel, the Oratory of Pope John VII (705–707) in Old St Peter's, in a painting by Giovanni Battista Ricci (1537/45–1625) remarkable for its inaccuracy. The oratory's original appearance can be reconstructed with some certainty based on the surviving fragments and other documentation, both written and visual. Ricci's painting, by contrast, clearly rearranges the chapel's furnishings and alters the arrangement, style, and iconography of its pictorial decoration. It is evident that the artist's aim was something other than simple documentation. When viewed in conjunction with Giacomo Grimaldi's writings on the oratory and contemporary debates about religious images, it becomes clear that Ricci's painting is a recreation that pictorially rewrites the oratory's biography in order that it might serve as a defence of images, most particularly of the Sudarium of Veronica, the miraculous holy image the chapel once housed. (pp. 686–698)
Characterization of Notch‐class gene expression in segmentation stem cells and segment founder cells in Helobdella robusta (Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae)
Authors: Rivera Ajna S. , Gonsalves Foster C. , Song Mi Hye , Norris Brian J. , Weisblat David A.
Published: November 2005

Summary
To understand the evolution of segmentation, we must compare segmentation in all three major groups of eusegmented animals: vertebrates, arthropods, and annelids. The leech Helobdella robusta is an experimentally tractable annelid representative, which makes segments in anteroposterior progression from a posterior growth zone consisting of 10 identified stem cells. In vertebrates and some arthropods, Notch signaling is required for normal segmentation and functions via regulation of hes‐class genes. We have previously characterized the expression of an hes‐class gene (Hro‐hes) during segmentation in Helobdella, and here, we characterize the expression of an H. robusta notch homolog (Hro‐notch) during this process. We find that Hro‐notch is transcribed in the segmental founder cells (blast cells) and their stem‐cell precursors (teloblasts), as well as in other nonsegmental tissues. The mesodermal and ectodermal lineages show clear differences in the levels of Hro‐notch expression. Finally, Hro‐notch is shown to be inherited by newly born segmental founder cells as well as transcribed by them before their first cell division.
How does arthropod segment number evolve?—some clues from centipedes
Authors: Arthur Wallace , Chipman Ariel D.
Published: November 2005

Summary
Studies of intraspecific variation in the number of trunk segments of geophilomorph centipedes provide clues as to how different species of arthropods, and whole clades in some cases, come to be characterized by different segment numbers. However, although previous work in this area has revealed an interesting geographical pattern—a latitudinal cline in which segment number decreases with increasing latitude—the causality of the cline remains obscure. Is it because of selection on genetically based variation, or is it a result of a form of phenotypic plasticity in which the segmentation process is directly affected by a latitude‐correlated factor such as temperature? Here, we provide some indirect evidence for plasticity. If the cline is indeed a plastic one, a paradox arises, because the cline mirrors interspecific variation—geophilomorph species with more northern ranges typically have fewer segments than those from further south—but interspecific differences cannot arise from nonheritable variation. We propose a resolution of this apparent paradox via a model in which genetic and environmental factors interact through selection acting on developmental reaction norms.
Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods
Authors: Fusco Giuseppe
Published: November 2005

SummarySequential segmentation from a posterior “proliferative zone” is considered to be the primitive mechanism of segmentation in arthropods. Several studies of embryonic and post‐embryonic development and gene expression suggest that this occurs in all major arthropod taxa. Sequential segmentation is often associated with the idea of posterior production of body units that accumulate along the main body axis. However, the precise mechanism of sequential segmentation has not been identified yet, and, while searching for the genetic circuitry able to generate a first periodic pattern in the embryo, we can at least outline the distinctive role in segmentation of a proliferative zone. A perusal of myriapod segmentation patterns suggests that these patterns result from multi‐layered developmental processes, where gene expression and epigenetic mechanisms interact in a nonstrictly hierarchical way. The posterior zone is possibly a zone of periodic signal production, but, in general, the resulting segmental pattern is not completely attributable to the activity of the signal generator. In this sense, a posterior proliferative zone would be more a “segmental organizer” than a “segment generator.”
Short and long germ segmentation: unanswered questions in the evolution of a developmental mode
Authors: Liu Paul Z. , Kaufman Thomas C.
Published: November 2005

Summary
The insect body plan is very well conserved, yet the developmental mechanisms of segmentation are surprisingly varied. Less evolutionarily derived insects undergo short germ segmentation where only the anterior segments are specified before gastrulation whereas the remaining posterior segments are formed during a later secondary growth phase. In contrast, derived long germ insects such as Drosophila specify their entire bodies essentially simultaneously. These fundamental embryological differences imply potentially divergent molecular patterning events. Numerous studies have focused on comparing the expression and function of the homologs of Drosophila segmentation genes between Drosophila and different short and long germ insects. Here we review these comparative data with special emphasis on understanding how short germ insects generate segments and how this ancestral mechanism may have been modified in derived long germ insects such as Drosophila. We break down the larger issue of short versus long germ segmentation into its component developmental problems and structure our discussion in order to highlight the unanswered questions in the evolution of insect segmentation.
PHYLOGENETIC AND TAXONOMIC POSITION OF LEPOCINCLIS FUSCA COMB. NOV. (=EUGLENA FUSCA) (EUGLENACEAE): MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR JUSTIFICATION1
Authors: Kosmala Sylwia , Karnkowska Anna , Milanowski Rafał , Kwiatowski Jan , Zakryś Bożena
Published: November 2005

We studied the morphological diversity and analyzed the small subunit rDNA sequences of two taxa formerly known as Euglena spirogyra Ehr. and Euglena fusca (Klebs) Lemmermann. Our studies confirmed that the two should have the rank of a species, namely Lepocinclis spirogyroides (Ehr.) Marin et Melkonian and Lepocinclis fusca (Klebs) Kosmala et Zakryś comb. nov. (Euglenophyceae). We are defining new diagnostic features for these species, namely the size and the shape of the cells and the shape of the papillae, as well as designating epitypes for them.
Cognitive Function in Normal‐Weight, Overweight, and Obese Older Adults: An Analysis of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Cohort
Authors: Kuo Hsu‐Ko , Jones Richard N. , Milberg William P. , Tennstedt Sharon , Talbot Laura , Morris John N. , Lipsitz Lewis A.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: To assess how elevated body mass index (BMI) affects cognitive function in elderly people.

Design: Cross‐sectional study.

Setting: Data for this cross‐sectional study were taken from a multicenter randomized controlled trial, the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly trial.

Participants: The analytic sample included 2,684 normal‐weight, overweight, or obese subjects aged 65 to 94.

Measurements: Evaluation of cognitive abilities was performed in several domains: global cognition, memory, reasoning, and speed of processing. Cross‐sectional association between body weight status and cognitive functions was analyzed using multiple linear regression.

Results: Overweight subjects had better performance on a reasoning task (β=0.23, standard error (SE)=0.11, P=.04) and the Useful Field of View (UFOV) measure (β=−39.46, SE=12.95, P=.002), a test of visuospatial speed of processing, after controlling for age, sex, race, years of education, intervention group, study site, and cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects with class I (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2) and class II (BMI>35.0 kg/m2) obesity had better UFOV measure scores (β=−38.98, SE=14.77, P=.008; β=−35.75, SE=17.65, and P=.04, respectively) in the multivariate model than normal‐weight subjects. The relationships between BMI and individual cognitive domains were nonlinear.

Conclusion: Overweight participants had better cognitive performance in terms of reasoning and visuospatial speed of processing than normal‐weight participants. Obesity was associated with better performance in visuospatial speed of processing than normal weight. The relationship between BMI and cognitive function should be studied prospectively.
Association between Tph2 gene polymorphism, brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity and aggressiveness in mouse strains
Authors: Kulikov A. V. , Osipova D. V. , Naumenko V. S. , Popova N. K.
Published: November 2005

The brain neurotransmitter serotonin is involved in the regulation of aggressive behavior. The main factor determining the brain serotonin level is the activity of the rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter – tryptophan hydroxylase isoform (TPH) 2 encoded by the Tph2 gene. Recently the C1473G single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the Tph2 gene was reported. Here we study the C1473G polymorphism in 10 inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, AKR/J, DD/He, C3H/HeJ, YT/Y, BALB/cJLac, CC57BR/Mv and A/He) and demonstrate the association of the polymorphism with brain TPH activity and intermale aggressiveness. TPH activity in the midbrain of mice homozygous for the 1473C allele was higher than that in mice carrying 1473G alleles. A close association of the 1473C allele with increased number of attacks towards another male was found. The results support a link between the C1473G polymorphism in Tph2 gene, trypthophan hydroxylase activity and intensity of intermale aggression.
Particularistic Trust and General Trust: A Network Analysis in Chinese Organizations
Authors: Luo Jar-Der
Published: November 2005

In this paper, I examine the structural positions in two different types of networks and their relationship to trust. I propose two types of trust: particularistic which is trust in specific other individuals and general trust in colleagues and the organization as a whole. The findings suggest that both centrality in the friendship network and the go-between position in advice networks are related to particularistic trust towards the other individuals in the networks. Particularistic trust, in turn, is associated with the two kinds of general trust. I introduce the Chinese concept ofpaoto explain the Chinese dynamic of trust formation in interpersonal networks.
Breaking the Silence Culture: Stimulation of Participation and Employee Opinion Withholding Cross-nationally
Authors: Huang Xu , de Vliert Evert Van , der Vegt Gerben Van
Published: November 2005

We investigated the relationship between the national cultural value of power distance and collective silence as well as the role of voice-inducing mechanisms in breaking the organizational silence. Using data from 421 organizational units of a multinational company in 24 countries, we found that both formalized employee involvement and a participative climate encouraged employees to voice their opinions in countries with a small power distance culture. In large power distance cultures, formalized employee involvement is related to employee voices only under a strong perceived participative climate.