bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reply to comment on ‘The Computational 2D Materials Database: high-throughput modeling and discovery of atomically thin crystals’
Authors: Haastrup Sten , Strange Mikkel , Pandey Mohnish , Deilmann Thorsten , Schmidt Per S , Hinsche Nicki F , Gjerding Morten N , Torelli Daniele , Larsen Peter M , Riis-Jensen Anders C , Gath Jakob , Jacobsen Karsten W , Mortensen Jens Jørgen , Olsen Thomas , Thygesen Kristian S
Published: July 2019

In his comment Maździarz 2019 (2D Mater. 6 048001) raises doubts concerning the reliability of our test for dynamical (in particular elastic) stability of monolayer materials, which neglects the shear components of the stiffness tensor and only considers the sign of the planar stiffness coefficients. We agree that our analysis has not been complete, but find that it suffices in practice except for very few cases (less than 1% of the materials). Nevertheless, for completeness we are currently calculating the shear components of the elastic tensor for all the materials in the C2DB.
Figures of/for Voice
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: July 2019

The concept of “voice” has long been highly ambiguous, with the physiological-phonetic process of sound production entangled in a far more extensive cultural and metaphysical imaginary of voice. Neither purely sound nor purely signification, voice can name either a sonorous excess over signification or the point at which sounds start to signify. Neither purely of the body nor ever extricated from its body, it can figure multiple kinds of meaningful embodiment, the breakdown of meaning in brute materiality, or even a strangely disembodied emanation. Voice can be both intentional and involuntary, both singular and plural, both presence and absence, both the possession of a subject and something that possesses subjects or is uncontainable by the subject. Voices may signify immediacy and be experienced as immediate, and yet they are continually mediated—by text, by technology, by art.

In literature, the status of voice is particularly fraught. Not only do literary works deploy this imaginary of voice, but voice is crucial to literature’s medium. If this is most evident in the case of works composed or transmitted orally, it also holds for written works that, while destined for silent reading, nevertheless construct a virtual soundworld destined for its reader’s inner ear, to be subvocalized rather than read aloud. Literary works have been crucial in the development and deployment of the cultural-metaphysical imaginary of voice, precisely because “voice” poses such a diverse set of questions and problems for literature. These problems change focus and force with the development of technologies of inscription and prosthesis, from printing to sound recording to automated speech.
Ethnicity, Race, and Journalism
Authors: Steenveld Lynette
Published: July 2019

“Ethnicity,” “race” and “journalism” are each problematized in this article on the relationship among them. They operate in diverse discourses relating to particularity and difference, and are used as both “analytical and folk concepts.” As race and ethnicity have different trajectories, racism has taken different forms: “scientific,” “institutional,” and “cultural” or “new racism.” While Northern/Western scholarship acknowledges the foundations of race and ethnicity with modernity, arising with 15th-century European colonization, they are nevertheless understood as “aberrations” in Western journalism—itself a practice of modernity. But critical Southern scholarship has challenged the hegemonic narrative of modernity, pointing to its “darker side,” and thus its production of the coloniality of knowledge, power, and being worldwide. It explains European colonization as the source of “modernity,” nascent capitalism, and the control of labor—including its gendered racialization. This accounts for the dominance of both the content and the perspective of European research. Sports and crime journalism are the most popular news forms which sustain the mythic concepts of racial superiority and inferiority, expressed through scientific racism. But journalism on transnationalism has led critical theorists to question its underpinning of institutional, cultural, and new racism, and increasingly, marginalized subaltern groups are producing their own media to challenge the hegemonic media framings of them. The “Southern” theoretical approach poses a fundamental challenge to contemporary, hegemonic, and gendered understandings of journalism, race, and ethnicity.
Intimacy, Emotion, and Journalism
Authors: Wahl-Jorgensen Karin
Published: July 2019

Research on emotion and intimacy has been slow to develop in journalism studies. This is due to an allegiance to the model of liberal democracy and the associated ideal of objectivity. However, a growing body of work has shown that despite the historical allegiance to the ideal of objectivity, journalistic texts are—and always have been—profoundly infused with emotion. Emotion and intimacy serve crucial roles in the public discourse of journalism. They are used deliberately and strategically by journalists because they facilitate audience engagement and understanding. Audiences appear to connect with concrete stories of lived experience that dramatize the large and often abstract events that make up the news. Such connection can facilitate the cultivation of compassion—or feeling with others—and thereby engender cosmopolitan sensibilities. Growing scholarly attention to emotion and intimacy in journalism has occurred within the context of a rapidly changing media ecology. Technological changes associated with the digital era, including the rise of user-generated content and the emergence of social media, have ushered in a greater role for “ordinary people” in news production and participation. This has brought about the privileging of more emotional and embodied forms of storytelling. At the same time, these transformations, alongside broader existential threats to journalism, have rendered attention to the emotional impact of journalistic labor particularly urgent.
Transnational Cooperation in Journalism
Authors: Konow-Lund Maria , Gearing Amanda , Berglez Peter
Published: July 2019

The journalism industry has used technology and cooperation to convey information around the world since the mid-1800s when six American newspapers aligned to form the Associated Press. The nonprofit news agency was a business collaboration that allowed members to share content with one another. Cooperation in journalism was not always compatible with the industry’s traditional business model, however, which valued exclusivity. As technology progressed, cooperation grew ever easier and more productive. The ultimate emergence of the internet has consummated this trend, facilitating collaborations among groups of reporters across the globe. These collaborations allow individual groups to retain and capitalize upon their geographical exclusivity while enhancing their collective ability to provide domestic stories with a transnational context or to cover cross-border or even global issues.
Current Policy Issues in Internet Intermediary Liability
Authors: Logan Lucas
Published: July 2019

Intermediary liability is at the center of the debate over free expression, free speech, and an open Internet. The underlying policies form network regulation that governs the extent that websites, search engines, and Internet service providers that host user content are legally responsible for what their users post or upload. Levels of intermediary liability are commonly categorized as providing broad immunity, limited liability, or strict liability. In the United States, intermediaries are given broad immunity through Section 230 of the Communication Decency Act. In practice, this means that search engines cannot be held liable for the speech of individuals appearing in search results, or a news site is not responsible for what people are typing in its comment section. Immunity is important to the existence of free expression because it ensures that intermediaries do not have incentives to censor content out of fear of the law. The millions of users continuously generating content through Facebook and YouTube, for instance, would not be able to do so if those intermediaries were fearful of legal consequences due to the actions of any given user.

Privacy policy online is most evidently showcased by the European Union’s Right to be Forgotten policy, which forces search engines to delist an individual’s information that is deemed harmful to reputation. Hateful and harmful speech is also regulated online through intermediary liability, although social media services often decide when and how to remove this type of content based on company policy.
Sustaining the Peace After Civil War: What Do We Know About Peace Failure Versus Peace Duration?
Authors: Mason T. David
Published: July 2019

Once a civil war ends, there is high probability that the nation will relapse into renewed war within a few years. For a nation where a civil war has recently ended to relapse into renewed conflict, some dynamic process of contention must emerge that makes a resumption of armed conflict one—but not the only—possible outcome of that contentious episode. We can conceive of the dynamics by which contentious politics can lead to civil war recurrence as a function of three conditions. First, one or more dissident groups must emerge with the organizational and military capacity to mount and sustain an armed challenge to the postwar state. Second, one or more of those groups must have the incentive to resort to armed conflict rather than abide by the post–civil war order. Third, conditions and events in the postwar environment must evolve in a manner such that one or more of these groups must determine that they have an opportunity to revolt. This framework can be used to analyze how, in existing research, the outcome and key attributes of the now-ended civil war and conditions in the postwar environment affect whether dissident groups will resume armed conflict or sustain the peace.
Work and Labor Movements in Latin America
Authors: Manky Bonilla Omar
Published: July 2019

Labor studies in Latin America have undergone important transformations in the early 21st century. Workers in several countries have contested the flexible processes of labor and work that were common through the 1980s and 1990s and the labor movement has transformed some of its traditional strategies. As a consequence, the field is witnessing important debates, such as those linked to the spatiality of labor strategies, the emergence of a broader notion of work, and the potential networks among labor and other struggles.
The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: Turkey's AKP, From Conservative Democracy to Conservatism
Authors: Kaya Ayhan
Published: July 2019

The discussion on the relevance of the “inclusion-moderation” thesis to Islamist parties has always been very stimulating. The rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) in Turkey has so far attracted the attention of the international community in a period riven with the intensification of a civilizational discourse on a global scale since the early 2000s. The main premise of the study is that the “inclusion-moderation” thesis is not very relevant for the Islamists in Turkey. Rather, an “exclusion-moderation” thesis has been more relevant for Islamists’ experiences since the 1960s. AKP was established in 2001 as an offspring of traditional oppositional political Islam in Turkey, which is renowned as the “National Outlook” movement. The name of the party very successfully addressed the two missing elements of the Turkish state and society: “justice” and “development.” The party came to power in 2002 in the aftermath of the one of the most devastating economic crises to hit the country: that of 2001. Starting with a very democratic, inclusive, cohesive, liberal, universalist, and fair political discourse, the party gradually became more and more anti-democratic, authoritarian, populist, polarizing, neo-Ottomanist, and Islamist, at the expense of liberal, secular, non-Sunni, non-Muslim, and other oppositional social groups. Election declarations (seçim beyannameleri) as well as the speeches of the party leaders will be discursively analyzed to find out whether there has been any behavioral moderation in the AKP before or after they came to power. The same documents and speeches will be scrutinized to understand whether there is ideological moderation in the party. The focus will be on the latter to detect the ways in which the AKP leadership has so far deployed an Islamist ideology, which has lately become coupled with a populist political style.
Foreign Policy and Religion: Tibetan Independence Movement
Authors: Dorjee Tenzin
Published: July 2019

Conventional wisdom holds that Buddhism plays an important role in fueling the Tibetan independence struggle. Monks and nuns occupy a prominent place in the Tibetan struggle and the Tibetan uprisings of 1987 and 2008 were led by monastics. There is strong evidence that Buddhist frameworks, folklore, and institutions have helped to sustain nationalist mobilization at the grassroots level. However, at the elite level, the effect of Buddhism’s core doctrines on nationalist mobilization is puzzling. The Dalai Lama, the leader of the Tibetan freedom struggle, has pursued policies that have restrained Tibetan nationalism and discouraged mass mobilization since the 1970s. Many of his political decisions—especially his 1988 decision to change the goal of the struggle from independence to autonomy—are anything but nationalistic. His successor Samdhong Rinpoche marginalized the Tibetan nationalists who demanded independence, setting in motion forces that contributed to the eventual de-escalation of the Tibetan freedom movement. While there are numerous explanatory variables behind the political decisions of both leaders, the unique fingerprints of Buddhist influence are evident in their politics and policies. How have Buddhist ideology and institutions constrained Tibetan nationalist mobilization? What role has Buddhist doctrinal belief played in the Tibetan leadership’s concessions to China in the 1980s and the curtailing of the Tibetan independence movement in the 2000s? Examination of the complex relationship among Buddhism, nationalism, and Tibetan foreign policy highlights how some of the doctrines and institutions of Buddhism have constrained the Tibetan political movement.
Studying Political Decision Making With Automatic Text Analysis
Authors: van Atteveldt Wouter , Welbers Kasper , van der Velden Mariken
Published: July 2019

Analyzing political text can answer many pressing questions in political science, from understanding political ideology to mapping the effects of censorship in authoritarian states. This makes the study of political text and speech an important part of the political science methodological toolbox. The confluence of increasing availability of large digital text collections, plentiful computational power, and methodological innovations has led to many researchers adopting techniques of automatic text analysis for coding and analyzing textual data. In what is sometimes termed the “text as data” approach, texts are converted to a numerical representation, and various techniques such as dictionary analysis, automatic scaling, topic modeling, and machine learning are used to find patterns in and test hypotheses on these data.

These methods all make certain assumptions and need to be validated to assess their fitness for any particular task and domain.
Experimentation in the Study of Religion and Politics
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Smith Amy Erica
Published: July 2019

Experiments in religion and politics model a communication system with three elements: who (the sample) is exposed to what (the treatment) and with what potential effect (the outcome). Most experiments in religion and politics focus on one of three types of samples: clergy, the faithful within certain religious groups, or all citizens within a polity. At the core of the experiment is the randomized treatment: an independent variable that the researcher manipulates and randomly assigns to treatment groups that are supposed to be equivalent in all other respects. Certain kinds of treatments tend to be associated with certain kinds of hypothesized outcomes. That is, most experiments in religion and politics involve investigating either (a) how a randomized treatment related to religion affects a political outcome or (b) how a randomized treatment related to politics affects a religious outcome.

There are several types of religious treatments that closely mirror the actual insertion of religion into public life: manipulating candidates’ religious affiliations, behavior, and rhetoric; manipulating appeals attributed to religious elites and institutions; priming subjects’ own religious or political beliefs or manipulating other religious attributes of subjects; manipulating the characteristics of other citizens; and manipulating religious institutional cues received by clergy.

Experimental methods are everywhere now in the study of religion and politics and provide clear benefits for understanding how religion and politics interact. Perhaps most importantly, the method imposes intellectual rigor, helping scholars pin down theoretically and empirically the precise mechanisms involved in the mutual impact between religion and politics. In addition, experimental control enables scholars to assert more confidently the direction of influence among variables that in the real world plausibly influence each other.
A Historical View on Attitudes and Persuasion
Authors: Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E. , Guyer Joshua J
Published: July 2019

The history of attitudes research can be organized into three main sections covering attitude definition and measurement, attitude-behavior relationships, and attitude change. First, an evaluation of the history of attitude measurement reveals three relatively distinct phases: an early phase in which the classic direct self-report procedures were developed, a middle phase focused on “indirect” assessment devices, and a modern phase in which various measures designed to capture people’s automatic or “implicit” attitudes have flourished. Second, the history of attitude-behavior correspondence can be organized also around three broad themes: an early period in which the presumed close association between attitudes and behaviors was largely an article of faith; a middle period in which some researchers concluded that little, if any, relationship existed between measures of attitudes and overt behaviors; and a more recent period in which the resolution of prior issues stimulated an explosion of research focused on identifying the moderators and psychological mechanisms responsible for attitude-behavior correspondence. Finally, the history of research and ideas regarding attitude change and persuasion can be organized around several prominent theories focused on distinct single processes, dual processes, or multiple processes, each of which are still used by contemporary attitudes researchers.
Deleuze and Guattari and Teacher Education
Authors: Masny Diana
Published: July 2019

This essay explores the contributions of Deleuze and Guattari with a focus on teacher education. Like Deleuze and Guattari, who write about messiness and unpredictability, this essay takes an unconventional approach and is structured rhizomatically, with an emphasis on Deleuze and Guattari’s contributions to modes of thought that problematize, conceptualize and challenge normativity. Problematization and conceptualization create opportunities for experimentation in teacher education, and this article references several research studies that propose different modes of thought. This essay is formulated as a kind of intermezzo, a space of becoming, with the aim of problematizing normativity through different modes of thought and concepts emerging in teacher education.
The Effect of Government Policy on Pharmaceutical Drug Innovation
Authors: Chit Ayman , Grootendorst Paul
Published: July 2019

Drug companies are profit-maximizing entities, and profit is, by definition, revenue less cost. Here we review the impact of government policies that affect sales revenues earned on newly developed drugs and the impact of policies that affect the cost of drug development. The former policies include intellectual property rights, drug price controls, and the extension of public drug coverage to previously underinsured groups. The latter policies include regulations governing drug safety and efficacy, R&D tax credits, publicly funded basic research, and public funding for open drug discovery consortia.

The latter policy, public funding of research consortia that seek to better understand the cellular pathways through which new drugs can ameliorate disease, appears very promising. In particular, a better understanding of human pathophysiology may be able to address the high failure rate of drugs undergoing clinical testing. Policies that expand market size by extending drug insurance to previously underinsured groups also appear to be effective at increasing drug R&D. Expansions of pharmaceutical intellectual property rights seem to be less effective, given the countervailing monopsony power of large public drug plans.
Depictions of the Moon in Western Visual Culture
Authors: Pasachoff Jay M. , Olson Roberta J.M.
Published: July 2019

Since the landmark lunar landing of Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969, NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (launched in 2009), and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Kaguya spacecraft (2007–2009), among other efforts, have now mapped the Moon’s surface. Before those technological advances and since the beginning of recorded time, people and civilizations have been entranced by Earth’s only natural satellite, which is the second-brightest celestial object visible in the sky from the surface of the planet. Selected examples, among thousands, show how the history of the Moon has been regarded, illustrated, and mapped in visual culture in the Western world. Early examples include representations of a formulaic crescent Moon in Babylonian times; later this dominant stylized depiction of the Moon gave way to more naturalistic images based on observation, culminating in Leonardo da Vinci’s manuscript drawings, which study the lunar structure and cratered surface, and Galileo Galilei’s first telescopic images of the Moon recorded in wash drawings and woodcuts for his book Sidereus Nuncius. Both the artistic and scientific visual acuity that made this evolution possible belonged to the burgeoning empiricism of the 14th through the 17th centuries, which eventually yielded modern observational astronomy and impacted lunar iconography. The subsequent dramatic mapping of the Moon’s surface and the naming of its features became a preoccupation of many astronomers and some artists, who assisted scientists in illustrating their work. With the seeming physical mapping of the Earth-facing side of the Moon well underway in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the function of Earth’s satellite as a Romantic symbol gained force in the all the arts but most dramatically in the works of landscape painters in Germany (e.g., Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Gustav Carus) and in England (e.g., Samuel Palmer). At the same time, William Blake, who was obsessed with astronomical imagery, used the Moon for expressive purposes, which reached a fever pitch later in the century in the work of Vincent Van Gogh. Along with the increasing accuracy of the Moon’s portrayal through both artists’ and scientists’ representations, the dramatic history of its mapping from Earth crescendoed with the development of photography and William Cranch Bond’s first successful daguerreotype of the Moon in 1851. Further exploration of the Moon, including its far side, has gravitated to aerospace engineers in cooperation with physicists, astronomers, mathematicians, and Apollo astronauts. Nevertheless, the Moon has remained an enduring object of fascination for artists—among the many, Surrealist Joan Miró, Veja Celmins, and Andy Warhol.
China and the United States
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: July 2019

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, America’s relationship with China ran the gamut from friendship and alliance to enmity and competition. Americans have long believed in China’s potential to become an important global actor, primarily in ways that would benefit the United States. The Chinese have at times embraced, at times rejected, and at times adapted to the US agenda. While there have been some consistent themes in this relationship, Sino-American interactions unquestionably increased their breadth in the 20th century. Trade with China grew from its modest beginnings in the 19th and early 20th centuries into a critical part of the global economy by the 21st century. While Americans have often perceived China as a country that offered significant opportunities for mutual benefit, China has also been seen as a threat and rival. During the Cold War, the two competed vigorously for influence in Asia and Africa. Today we see echoes of this same competition as China continues to grow economically while expanding its influence abroad. The history of Sino-American relations illustrates a complex dichotomy of cooperation and competition; this defines the relationship today and has widespread ramifications for global politics.
The Murder of the Mirabal Sisters in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Roorda Eric Paul
Published: July 2019

At the highest point on the winding highway over the Dominican Republic’s northern mountains, there is a place that is called what it is: La Cumbre, The Summit. In the daytime, in the sunshine, or under a soft tropical rain, it is a beautiful spot, with the impossibly green mountainsides falling away on both sides of the crest. But on the night of November 25, 1960, it was the scene of unutterable horror, witness to an automobile rolling and tumbling down the cliff, with the violated and mutilated corpses of three women inside. They were three of the four sisters of the Mirabal Reyes family, who were murdered for their political involvement: Patria Mercedes (born on February 27, Dominican Independence Day, in 1924, and accordingly named “homeland”), María Argentina Minerva (born March 12, 1926), and Antonia María Teresa (born October 15, 1935). Their driver, Rufino de la Cruz (born November 16, 1923), was murdered with them. The fourth Mirabal sister, Bélgica Adela “Dedé” (March 1, 1925–February 1, 2014) who was not directly involved in her sisters’ opposition activities, survived to be their witness.

The brutal murder of the charismatic Hermanas Mirabal was the most notorious, and the most widely reviled, of the countless crimes committed by the regime of Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 until 1961. The Mirabal Sisters’ demise mobilized international censure of the Trujillo regime and contributed to its downfall, because they were the most charismatic of his victims, and because their kidnapping and murder constituted the most outrageous of the crimes committed during his lengthy dictatorship.

In 1999, the United Nations designated November 25, the date of the Mirabal Sisters’ murder, to be memorialized as International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, which it has been ever since.
Morphology and Argument Alternations
Authors: Rappaport Hovav Malka
Published: July 2019

Theories of argument realization typically associate verbs with an argument structure and provide algorithms for the mapping of argument structure to morphosyntactic realization. A major challenge to such theories comes from the fact that most verbs have more than one option for argument realization. Sometimes a particular range of realization options for a verb is systematic in that it is consistently available to a relatively well-defined class of verbs; it is then considered to be one of a set of recognized argument alternations. Often—but not always—these argument alternations are associated morphological marking. An examination of cross-linguistic patterns of morphology associated with the causative alternation and the dative alternation reveals that the alternation is not directly encoded in the morphology. For both alternations, understanding the morphological patterns requires an understanding of the interaction between the semantics of the verb and the construction the verb is integrated into. Strikingly, similar interactions between the verb and the construction are found in languages that do not mark the alternations morphologically, and the patterns of morphological marking in morphologically rich languages can shed light on the appropriate analysis of the alternations in languages that do not mark the alternations morphologically.
Market Structure and Resilience: Evidence from Potash Mine Disasters
Authors: Gnutzmann Hinnerk , Kowalewski Oskar , Śpiewanowski Piotr
Published: July 2019

What drives the resilience of markets to disasters? We study syndicates, a form of legal cartel that assigns market share based on production capacity. This creates incentives for excess capacity investment, and may insulate the market from the impact of extreme events. The potash industry, controlled by a syndicate and subject to mine disasters generating exogenous capacity shocks, provides an ideal setting for testing the hypothesis. We find evidence suggesting that even large capacity losses—averaging 3% of global capacity—do not cause production shortfalls or a price response. Such resilience is not observed in more competitive commodity markets.
The Development of the ‘Modern’ Criminal Law of Evidence in English Law and in France, Germany and the Netherlands: 1750–1900
Authors: Bloemberg R G
Published: July 2019

In this article a comparative historical analysis is given of the development of the criminal law of evidence between 1750 and 1870 in, on the one hand, English law and, on the other hand, in the continental jurisdictions of France, Germany and the Netherlands. The main argument is that, although there were significant differences, there were also important similarities in the development of the criminal law of evidence among these jurisdictions that so far have largely gone unnoticed. The article focuses on the ideas underlying the reform of the criminal law of evidence. It will be argued that there were in particular two important ideological changes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that shaped the reform of the criminal law of evidence. For lack of a better term, these developments are called the ‘political-constitutional discourse’ and the ‘epistemological discourse’. The epistemological change consisted of the adoption of a probabilistic conception of the certainty that was required in criminal cases. The term ‘political-constitutional discourse’ is meant to designate the general process of rethinking the relationship between the state and its citizens that took place between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.
Antithrombotic treatment and major adverse cardiac events after bleeding in patients with myocardial infarction: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data
Authors: Nabi Hafsah , Rørth Rasmus , Tajchman Daniel H , Holmvang Lene , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Gislason Gunnar , Fosbøl Emil L , Køber Lars , Sørensen Rikke
Published: July 2019

Aims

The aim of this study was to describe the use of antithrombotic therapy following a bleeding event among patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and the associated risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Methods and results

Using Danish nationwide registries, patients hospitalized with a bleeding event within 1 year after MI were identified. Antithrombotic treatment with aspirin, clopidogrel, and/or vitamin K antagonists (VKA) was determined at the bleeding and at Day 90 and 180 post-bleed. Based on guidelines, patients were stratified into four groups: expected, reduced, discontinued, or intensified treatment. Risk of MACE (ischaemic stroke, MI, or death) within the first year was assessed by Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 3324 patients with a bleeding after MI were included. At Day 90 post-bleed, 1052 (31.7%) received expected antithrombotic treatment, 1301 (39.2%) reduced, 164 (4.9%) intensified, and 807 (24.3%) no treatment. Major adverse cardiac events occurred in 637 (19.2%) patients. With dual antiplatelet therapy as reference, adjusted hazard ratios for MACE were: aspirin 1.81 (1.06–3.09), clopidogrel 1.08 (0.64–1.82), VKA 1.08 (0.47–2.48), VKA + aspirin 1.97 (0.95–4.07), VKA + clopidogrel 0.26 (0.03–1.91), triple 1.73 (0.50–5.95), and no treatment 1.93 (1.11–3.36).

Conclusion

The majority of MI patients reduced or discontinued their antithrombotic therapy post-bleed. Patients in monotherapy with aspirin or no treatment post-bleed had a higher risk of MACE Further studies of optimal antithrombotic treatments after a bleed are needed.
Novel cortex lytic enzymes in Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores
Authors: Riyami Bahja Al , Ghosh Abhinaba , Rees Eric J , Christie Graham
Published: July 2019

Present models for spore germination in Bacillus species include a requirement for either the SleB or CwlJ cortex lytic enzymes to efficiently depolymerise the spore cortex. Previous work has demonstrated that B. megaterium spores may differ to other species in this regard, since sleB cwlJ null mutant spores complemented with the gene in trans for the non-peptidoglycan lysin YpeB can efficiently degrade the cortex. Here, we identify two novel cortex lytic enzymes, encoded at the BMQ_2391 and BMQ_3234 loci, which are essential for cortex hydrolysis in the absence of SleB and CwlJ. Ellipsoid localisation microscopy places the BMQ_3234 protein within the inner-spore coat, a region of the spore that is populated by other cortex lytic enzymes. The findings reinforce the idea that there is a degree of variation in mechanisms of cortex hydrolysis across the Bacillales, raising potential implications for environmental decontamination strategies based upon targeted inactivation of components of the spore germination apparatus.
Effect of chronic and acute heat challenges on fecal microbiota composition, production, and thermoregulation traits in growing pigs1,2
Authors: Le Sciellour Mathilde , Zemb Olivier , Hochu Isabelle , Riquet Juliette , Gilbert Hélène , Giorgi Mario , Billon Yvon , Gourdine Jean-Luc , Renaudeau David
Published: July 2019

The present study aimed at investigating the impact of heat challenges on gut microbiota composition in growing pigs and its relationship with pigs’ performance and thermoregulation responses. From a total of 10 F1 sire families, 558 and 564 backcross Large White × Créole pigs were raised and phenotyped from 11 to 23 wk of age in temperate (TEMP) and in tropical (TROP) climates, respectively. In TEMP, all pigs were subjected to an acute heat challenge (3 wk at 29 °C) from 23 to 26 wk of age. Feces samples were collected at 23 wk of age both in TEMP and TROP climate (TEMP23 and TROP23 samples, respectively) and at 26 wk of age in TEMP climate (TEMP26 samples) for 16S rRNA analyses of fecal microbiota composition. The fecal microbiota composition significantly differed between the 3 environments. Using a generalized linear model on microbiota composition, 182 operational taxonomic units (OTU) and 2 pathways were differentially abundant between TEMP23 and TEMP26, and 1,296 OTU and 20 pathways between TEMP23 and TROP23. Using fecal samples collected at 23 wk of age, pigs raised under the 2 climates were discriminated with 36 OTU using a sparse partial least square discriminant analysis that had a mean classification error-rate of 1.7%. In contrast, pigs in TEMP before the acute heat challenge could be discriminated from the pigs in TEMP after the heat challenge with 32 OTU and 9.3% error rate. The microbiota can be used as biomarker of heat stress exposition. Microbiota composition revealed that pigs were separated into 2 enterotypes. The enterotypes were represented in both climates. Whatever the climate, animals belonging to the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype were 3.3 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at 11 wk of age than those belonging to the Lactobacillus-dominated enterotype. This latter enterotype was related to a 0.3 °C lower skin temperature (P < 0.05) at 23 wk of age. Following the acute heat challenge in TEMP, this enterotype had a less-stable rectal temperature (0.34 vs. 0.25 °C variation between weeks 23 and 24, P < 0.05) without affecting growth performance (P > 0.05). Instability of the enterotypes was observed in 34% of the pigs, switching from an enterotype to another between 23 and 26 wk of age after heat stress. Despite a lower microbial diversity, the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype was better adapted to heat stress conditions with lower thermoregulation variations.
Detection of Nutmeg Abuse by Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometric Screening of Urine
Authors: Neukamm Merja A , Schwelm Hannes M , Vieser Simon , Schiesel Nadine , Auwärter Volker
Published: July 2019

High doses of nutmeg (seeds from Myristica fragrans Houtt.) can be abused as a psychoactive drug due to phenylpropene ingredients. During controlled abstinence, e.g., in forensic psychiatric clinics, nutmeg abuse has to be distinguished from an ingestion of other spices having phenylpropene ingredients (e.g., black pepper or garden lovage) or unintentional low-dose nutmeg intake. The aim of this study was to develop an evaluation model for the estimation of time point and amount of nutmeg abuse and differentiation from ingestion of other spices or low doses of nutmeg based on the gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) analysis of urine samples. A total of 3 volunteers ingested 1.5 g of freshly ground nutmeg. No symptoms were reported. Urine samples were collected for up to 3 days. In addition, 18 blank samples from volunteers with regular diet and 2 authentic samples from forensic psychiatry patients with supposed nutmeg abuse were analyzed. All samples were analyzed by GC–MS in full scan mode. Metabolites of the nutmeg ingredients safrole, myristicin and elemicin were identified via a library search. For semi-quantitative estimations, the area ratios of the analytes to the internal standard (MDMA-d5) were normalized to the creatinine concentration. Up to 8 different metabolites were detected for at least 18 hours after intake of 1.5 g of nutmeg. In the two authentic samples, the normalized area ratios of those metabolites were 0.5–14 times the maximum reached in the intake study. Two additional metabolites could be detected in authentic samples. Probably due to ingestion of other spices, 5 of the 8 metabolites after intake of 1.5 g of nutmeg were detected in blank urine samples as well. The intake of high doses of nutmeg can be differentiated from the ingestion of other spices or low doses of nutmeg via standard GC–MS analysis of urine and application of the proposed evaluation model.
The waiting game: laparoscopic repair of dual Morgagni and paraesophageal hernias in an elderly, infirm patient
Authors: Patel Ami P , Samsami Dorsa , Lee Chloe , Lakha Asif , Ehrenpreis Eli D
Published: July 2019

Morgagni hernias are congenital diaphragmatic disruptions that occur when intra-abdominal organs herniate posterior to the sternum. It is very rare to concomitantly diagnose a paraesophageal hernia (PEH) in a patient with a Morgagni hernia. Here, we describe an elderly female patient presenting with severe chest pain subsequently diagnosed with a non-strangulated Morgagni hernia as well as PEH. She underwent successful robotic laparoscopic surgical repair of the hernias with resolution of her symptoms. This case demonstrates the need for early surgical intervention of Morgagni hernias to prevent sequelae, such as strangulation, and the rising benefits of laparoscopic repairs in adult patients.
Split-Sample Design with Parallel Protocols to Reduce Cost and Nonresponse Bias in Surveys
Authors: Peytchev Andy
Published: July 2019

Response rates in household surveys are declining, increasing the risk of nonresponse bias in survey estimates. Survey costs are increasing. As a result, design features such as higher monetary incentives are needed but often cannot be afforded. Two or more survey protocols could be implemented in parallel, where some have lower nonresponse while others have lower cost, as long as the data can be combined in a way that reflects the reduced potential for nonresponse bias under the more intensive protocol. We describe the main barrier to the use of such an approach—that traditional methods ignore the expected lower bias in one condition. The proposed approach includes random assignment of sample members to a data collection protocol and adjustment of survey estimates to the superior protocol, based on key survey variables—if differences in estimates are found. This represents a major departure from the current practice in constructing nonresponse adjustments and leverages the use of the same sampling design, survey instrument, and measurement procedures in each condition. An illustrative example is presented using data from a national survey. Methods to address both bias reduction and variance estimation are described. We end with limitations and suggestions for future research.
Salvage craniotomy for treatment-refractory symptomatic cerebral radiation necrosis
Authors: Shah Ashish H , Mahavadi Anil K , Morell Alexis , Eichberg Daniel G , Luther Evan , Sarkiss Christopher A , Semonche Alexa , Ivan Michael E , Komotar Ricardo J
Published: July 2019

Background

The incidence of symptomatic radiation necrosis (RN) has risen as radiotherapy is increasingly used to control brain tumor progression. Traditionally managed with steroids, symptomatic RN can remain refractory to medical treatment, requiring surgical intervention for control. The purpose of our study was to assess a single institution’s experience with craniotomy for steroid-refractory pure RN.

Methods

The medical records of all tumor patients who underwent craniotomies at our institution from 2011 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed for a history of preoperative radiotherapy or radiosurgery. RN was confirmed histopathologically and patients with active tumor were excluded. Preoperative, intraoperative, and outcome information was collected. Primary outcomes measured were postoperative KPS and time to steroid freedom.

Results

Twenty-four patients with symptomatic RN were identified. Gross total resection was achieved for all patients. Patients with metastases experienced an increase in KPS (80 vs 100, P < .001) and required a shortened course of dexamethasone vs patients with high-grade gliomas (3.4 vs 22.2 weeks, P = .003). RN control and neurological improvement at 13.3 months’ follow-up were 100% and 66.7%, respectively. Adrenal insufficiency after rapidly tapering dexamethasone was the only morbidity (n = 1). Overall survival was 93.3% (14/15) at 1 year.

Conclusion

In cases of treatment-refractory symptomatic RN, resection can lead to an overall improvement in postoperative health status and neurological outcomes with minimal RN recurrence. Craniotomy for surgically accessible RN can safely manage symptomatic patients, and future studies assessing the efficacy of resection vs bevacizumab may be warranted.
Expanding Hepatitis C Virus Care and Cure: National Experience Using a Clinical Pharmacist–Driven Model
Authors: Koren David E , Zuckerman Autumn , Teply Robyn , Nabulsi Nadia A , Lee Todd A , Martin Michelle T
Published: July 2019

Background

The US National Viral Hepatitis Action Plan depends on additional providers to expand hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment capacity in order to achieve elimination goals. Clinical pharmacists manage treatment and medication within interdisciplinary teams. The study’s objective was to determine sustained virologic response (SVR) rates for clinical pharmacist–delivered HCV therapy in an open medical system.

Methods

Investigators conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients initiating direct-acting antivirals from January 1, 2014, through March 12, 2018. Data included demographics, comorbidities, treatment, and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome of SVR was determined for patients initiating (intent-to-treat) and those who completed (per-protocol) treatment. Chi-square tests were conducted to identify associations between SVR and adverse reactions, drug–drug interactions, and adherence.

Results

A total of 1253 patients initiated treatment; 95 were lost to follow-up, and 24 discontinued therapy. SVR rates were 95.1% (1079/1134) per protocol and 86.1% (1079/1253) intent to treat. The mean age (SD) was 57.4 (10.1) years, the mean body mass index (SD) was 28.7 (6.2) kg/m2, 63.9% were male, 53.7% were black, 40.3% were cirrhotic, 88.4% were genotype 1, and 81.6% were treatment-naïve. Patients missing ≥1 dose had an SVR of 74.9%; full adherence yielded 90% (P < .0001).

Conclusions

HCV treatment by clinical pharmacists in an open medical system resulted in high SVR rates comparable to real-world studies with specialists and nonspecialists. These findings demonstrate the success of a clinical pharmacist–delivered method for HCV treatment expansion and elimination.
Striving for State of the Art with Paradigm Interplay and Meta-Synthesis: Purpose-oriented Network Research Challenges and Good Research Practices as a Way Forward
Authors: Lemaire Robin H , Mannak Remco S , Ospina Sonia M , Groenleer Martijn
Published: July 2019

With the growing amount and increasing heterogeneity of research on purpose-oriented networks (PONs) in the public sector, it is imperative to find a way to synthesize this research. Drawing on the varied research perspectives on PONs, we advance the idea of paradigm interplay and meta-synthesis as aspirations for the field and argue this is especially key if we want the study of PONs to inform practice. However, we recognize several challenges in the current state of the PON research that prevent the field from making strides in paradigm interplay and meta-synthesis. We discuss six challenges which we consider the most critical: different labels, differences across research foci, variation in measurement, the nestedness of networks, the dynamism of networks, and variation in the network context. We suggest six good research practices that could contribute to overcoming the challenges now so as to make integration of the research field more of a possibility in the future.
Investor Information Acquisition and Money Market Fund Risk Rebalancing during the 2011–2012 Eurozone Crisis*
Authors: Gallagher Emily A , Schmidt Lawrence D W , Timmermann Allan , Wermers Russ
Published: July 2019

We study investor redemptions and portfolio rebalancing decisions of prime money market mutual funds (MMFs) during the Eurozone crisis. We find that sophisticated investors selectively acquire information about MMFs’ risk exposures to Europe, which leads managers to withdraw funding from information-sensitive European issuers. That is, MMF managers, particularly those serving the most sophisticated investors, selectively adjust their portfolio risk exposures to avoid information-sensitive European risks, while maintaining or increasing risk exposures to other regions. This mechanism helps to explain the occurrence of selective “dry-ups” in debt markets where delegation is common and returns to information production are usually low. (JEL G01, G21, G23)

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Syphilis
Authors: Harmon Elizabeth D. , Robertson Eric Wayne
Published: July 2019

Since a brief low in 1998, reported cases of syphilis have continued to grow in the US. As primary care providers, NPs are at the forefront of the battle to eliminate syphilis. This article reviews the stages of this infection, diagnosis nuances, and treatment guidelines.
Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of cervical spine disorders
Authors: Metzger Robert L.
Published: July 2019

Neck pain from cervical spine disorders is the second-leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders. Neck pain can exist alone or with the presence of upper extremity symptoms. This review of evidence-based guidelines assists the provider in identifying and treating various cervical disorders.