bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating and testing interactions when explanatory variables are subject to non-classical measurement error
Authors: Murad Havi , Kipnis Victor , Freedman Laurence S
Published: December 2013

Assessing interactions in linear regression models when covariates have measurement error (ME) is complex.

We previously described regression calibration (RC) methods that yield consistent estimators and standard errors for interaction coefficients of normally distributed covariates having classical ME. Here we extend normal based RC (NBRC) and linear RC (LRC) methods to a non-classical ME model, and describe more efficient versions that combine estimates from the main study and internal sub-study. We apply these methods to data from the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study. Using simulations we show that (i) for normally distributed covariates efficient NBRC and LRC were nearly unbiased and performed well with sub-study size ≥200; (ii) efficient NBRC had lower MSE than efficient LRC; (iii) the naïve test for a single interaction had type I error probability close to the nominal significance level, whereas efficient NBRC and LRC were slightly anti-conservative but more powerful; (iv) for markedly non-normal covariates, efficient LRC yielded less biased estimators with smaller variance than efficient NBRC. Our simulations suggest that it is preferable to use: (i) efficient NBRC for estimating and testing interaction effects of normally distributed covariates and (ii) efficient LRC for estimating and testing interactions for markedly non-normal covariates.
Media discourses of low carbon housing: The marginalisation of social and behavioural dimensions within the British broadsheet press
Authors: Cherry Catherine , Hopfe Christina , MacGillivray Brian , Pidgeon Nick
Published: December 2013

Decarbonising housing is a key UK government policy to mitigate climate change. Using discourse analysis, we assess how low carbon housing is portrayed within British broadsheet media. Three distinct storylines were identified. Dominating the discourse, Zero carbon housing promotes new-build, low carbon houses as offering high technology solutions to the climate problem. Retrofitting homes emphasises the need to reduce emissions within existing housing, tackling both climate change and rising fuel prices. A more marginal discourse, Sustainable living, frames low carbon houses as related to individual identities and ‘off-grid’ or greener lifestyles. Our analysis demonstrates that technical and economic paradigms dominate media discourse on low carbon housing, marginalising social and behavioural aspects.
The role of national states in the construction of cross-border metropolitan regions in Europe: A scalar approach
Authors: Sohn Christophe , Reitel Bernard
Published: December 2013

This article is concerned with the role of national governments in the rescaling of cross-border metropolitan governance structures in Europe. In the context of emergent cross-border metropolitan regions, the objective is to highlight the structuring effects of support policies to metropolitan areas at national level, in the context of their politics of scales, on the scalar configurations developed by local and regional actors. Using a comparative approach, the cases of Basel, Geneva and Luxembourg are singled out. The confrontation between German, Swiss and French state policies, and the modalities of the rescaling of levels of governance within the three cross-border metropolitan regions, allows us to underline the considerable influence of national guidelines on scalar reconfigurations. The structuring role of governments in this ‘new cross-border regionalism’ needs to be relativized, however, in functions of the specific characteristics of each context as well as factors relating to the actors involved.
Living an Everyday Life Through a Child’s Cancer Trajectory
Authors: Sundler Annelie Johansson , Hallström Inger , Hammarlund Kina , Björk Maria
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study was to illuminate the lived experiences of families where a child had survived 7 years from a diagnosis of childhood cancer. This article describes one part of an inductive and longitudinal research project that included 17 families. Four families whose child was diagnosed with cancer 7 years previously were interviewed using a hermeneutical phenomenological approach. The families lived experience was described in one essential theme, “Living an everyday life through the child’s cancer trajectory,” further illuminated in 3 related themes: “Leaving the disease behind yet feeling its presence,” “Being the same yet always different,” and “Feeling stronger yet vulnerable.” The results suggest that family members feel vulnerable even if a long period of time has passed since completion of treatment. To varied degrees they still may need support. When moving forward in life, the family members are helped if they can reconcile their memories and experiences derived from the childhood cancer trajectory.
Effects of Age Expectations on Oncology Social Workers’ Clinical Judgment
Authors: Conlon Annemarie , Choi Namkee G.
Published: December 2013

Objective:

This study examined the influence of oncology social workers’ expectations regarding aging (ERA) and ERA with cancer (ERAC) on their clinical judgment.

Methods:

Oncology social workers ( N = 322) were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes describing a patient with lung cancer. The vignettes were identical except for the patent’s age and gender. Structural equation modeling served as the primary tool for testing the study hypotheses.

Results:

Significant differences were found in clinical judgment based on patient’s age, and social workers’ ERA and ERAC which affected diagnostic and treatment judgment for all patients. Lack of congruence was also found between the diagnosis and treatment phases of care for older patients. Emotional reaction was more often reported for the younger patient.

Conclusion:

Results suggest a barrier to “whole patient” care for all cancer patients and a need for student and practitioner training to place greater emphasis on the treatment phase of patient care.
Against Spoon-Feeding. For Learning. Reflections on Students’ Claims to Knowledge
Authors: Dehler Gordon E. , Welsh M. Ann
Published: December 2013

Education philosopher Wilfred Carr points to the importance of engagement in the debates on the central issues in education, but not about education, rather for education. In this essay, we extend this position into the realm of management education by critiquing the disappointing outcomes of traditional approaches to teaching and learning, that is, spoon-feeding. We build on the imperative of enhancing student development through scholarly teaching that focuses on what we ask students to do. Our reflections derive from the disappointing results of an assignment asking students to articulate their learning by making claims to knowledge. Our interpretation argues for the need for reflexive practice by faculty as well as a systemic focus on developing students as more sophisticated “knowers,” especially in the management classroom.
Procedural Fidelity
Authors: Ledford Jennifer R. , Wolery Mark
Published: December 2013

A systematic analysis was conducted of measurement and reporting practices related to procedural fidelity in single-case research for the past 30 years. Previous reviews of fidelity primarily reported whether fidelity data were collected by authors; these reviews reported that collection was variable, but low across journals and over time. Results of this review indicate that fidelity data collection was variable across journals, but increasing over time. However, despite previous recommendations for doing so, authors of many studies failed to report when data were collected, for what behaviors, and for which participants. Recommendations include continued fidelity measurement, increased breadth of measurement, increased precision of measurement, and explicit reporting of fidelity data and measurement procedures by authors.
Society of Mind cognitive agent architecture applied to drivers adapting in a traffic context
Authors: Leu George , Curtis Neville J , Abbass Hussein A
Published: December 2013

This paper challenges the idea of creating an architectural approach for designing a complex hybrid cognitive agent, i.e., an agent that possesses all reactive, deliberative and affective capabilities, outside the hierarchical paradigm. Thus, it presents an agent architecture based on Marvin Minsky’s ‘Society of Mind’ (SoM) metaphor on human mind and cognition, and shows how SoM agents, through the features implicitly generated by their design, allow a tremendous power of representation of human heterogeneity and variety of behaviours. In order to show that, the SoM general architecture is instantiated and evaluated in a cognitively demanding environment: as a driver agent in a traffic behaviour context.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Turf Toe Injuries in Intercollegiate Football
Authors: George Elizabeth , Harris Alex H. S. , Dragoo Jason L. , Hunt Kenneth J.
Published: December 2013

Background:

Turf toe is the general term for a sprain of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint complex. Previously attributed to shoe design and artificial turf, the incidence of turf toe injury has been thought to decline with the advent of newer turf designs. However, the current incidence and epidemiology remain unknown as the majority of the literature consists of small series and addresses diagnosis and treatment rather than epidemiology and prevention.

Methods:

We examined data from the NCAA’s Injury Surveillance System (ISS) for 5 football seasons (2004-2005 through 2008-2009), including all preseason, regular season, and postseason practice and competition data. The incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors for turf toe injury, defined as injury to the connective tissue of the first MTP joint, plantar plate complex, and/or sesamoid fracture, were determined.

Results:

The overall incidence of turf toe injuries in NCAA football players was 0.062 per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-Es; 95% CI 0.052, 0.072). Athletes were nearly 14 times more likely to sustain the injury during games compared to practice, with a mean days lost due to injury of 10.1 (7.9, 12.4). Fewer than 2% of turf toe injuries required operative intervention. There was a significantly higher injury rate on third-generation artificial surfaces compared to natural grass (0.087 per 1000 A-E [0.067, 0.11] vs 0.047 per 1000 A-E [0.036, 0.059]). The majority of injuries occurred as a result of contact with the playing surface (35.4%) or contact with another player (32.7%), and running backs and quarterbacks were the most common positions to suffer turf toe injury.

Conclusion:

Our data suggest a significantly higher incidence of turf toe injuries during games, a greater susceptibility among running backs and quarterbacks, and a significant contribution of playing surface to risk of injury. Though turf toe injuries may be less common that previously reported in elite football players, these injuries warrant appropriate acute and long-term management to prevent long-term dysfunction.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Minimal Incision Surgery for Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis
Authors: Carranza-Bencano A. , Tejero S. , del Castillo-Blanco G. , Fernández-Torres J. J. , Alegrete-Parra A.
Published: December 2013

Background:

Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) is a salvage procedure for severe diseases involving ankle and subtalar joints. However, this procedure is often associated with postoperative complications related to preoperative comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to present the clinical and functional outcomes of a consecutive series of TTCA using an original operative approach based on minimal incision surgery (MIS).

Methods:

Forty patients were followed prospectively for a mean (SD) of 31 (12.5) months. Clinical data, which included x-rays, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, SF-36 scores, and a patient satisfaction survey, were collected. A further 25 patients were examined retrospectively.

Results:

In the prospective group (n = 40), the mean AOFAS score improved by 44.8 points 1 year after the intervention (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.6-48.9), and the SF-36 improved by a mean of 17.5 points (95% CI, 1.4-20.9) in the mental component summary (MCS) score and 11.5 points (95% CI, 8.3-14.7) in the physical component summary (PCS) score. In the prospective group, postsurgical pain correlated with MCS score ( r = 0.47, P < .001). In the entire group, bony union (defined as radiographic consolidation and absence of clinical symptoms) was observed in 86% of cases. Two deep infections, 2 nonunions in patients with preoperative persistent ulcers, and 7 delayed unions were the major complications observed in the entire group. One patient required amputation. No cases of superficial infection, wound dehiscence, or deep venous thrombosis were recorded.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, the present series represents the largest study on TTCA using MIS. The data obtained in the present study showed clinical and functional improvement after surgery and similar bony union rates as previously reported in the literature but with fewer complications related to the surgical wounds.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Multisensory Representation of the Space Near the Hand
Authors: Brozzoli Claudio , Ehrsson H. Henrik , Farnè Alessandro
Published: December 2013

When interacting with objects and other people, the brain needs to locate our limbs and the relevant visual information surrounding them. Studies on monkeys showed that information from different sensory modalities converge at the single cell level within a set of interconnected multisensory frontoparietal areas. It is largely accepted that this network allows for multisensory processing of the space surrounding the body (peripersonal space), whose function has been linked to the sensory guidance of appetitive and defensive movements, and localization of the limbs in space. In the current review, we consider multidisciplinary findings about the processing of the space near the hands in humans and offer a convergent view of its functions and underlying neural mechanisms. We will suggest that evolution has provided the brain with a clever tool for representing visual information around the hand, which takes the hand itself as a reference for the coding of surrounding visual space. We will contend that the hand-centered representation of space, known as perihand space, is a multisensory-motor interface that allows interaction with the objects and other persons around us.
Risk Factors and Treatment Strategies in Patients With Retinal Vascular Occlusions
Authors: Chapin John , Carlson Karen , Christos Paul J. , DeSancho Maria Teresa
Published: December 2013

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and retinal artery occlusion (RAO) cause significant visual impairment. The role of thrombophilia and cardiovascular testing is uncertain, and optimal treatment strategies have not been determined. We reviewed medical records of 39 patients with RVO and RAO (23 women and 16 men). Thrombophilia and cardiovascular evaluations were performed and outcomes were reviewed. In all, 24 (61.5%) patients had at least 1 thrombophilia. Elevated factor VIII levels were found in RVO (n = 5) but not in RAO. There are no other significant differences in thrombophilias in RVO compared to those in RAO. Most patients had hypertension(41.2% RAO and 55% RVO) and hyperlipidemia (35.5% RAO and 81.8% RVO). In all, 4 women were using oral contraceptives, 2 were pregnant or postpartum. Follow-up data was available for 28 patients (13 RAO, 15 RVO). Nineteen were treated with aspirin, four with warfarin, and one with low molecular weight heparin. Eight patients reported improvement in vision at time of follow-up (5 RAO, 3 RVO). Multiple risk factors are associated with RVO and RAO, and a complete assessment should include thrombophilia and cardiovascular studies.
Pharmacokinetics of Recombinant Human Antithrombin in Delivery and Surgery Patients With Hereditary Antithrombin Deficiency
Authors: DeJongh Joost , Frieling Johan , Lowry Simon , Drenth Henk-Jan
Published: December 2013

Population pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses were conducted to refine dosing recommendations for recombinant human anti-thrombin therapy in surgery and delivery patients with hereditary antithrombin deficiency (HD). Single-dose PK data from patients with HD and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling were used to devise a dosing regimen to target antithrombin (AT) activity levels between 80% and 120% of normal. External validation with data from a phase 3 trial confirmed the correctness of a covariate-free model for surgery patients, but dosing adjustment was necessary for delivery patients. After different covariates were tested, the model was updated to incorporate the influential covariate, delivery. Simulations were used to develop a therapeutic drug-monitoring scenario that results in steady state AT activity levels within the target range as quickly as practically feasible. Data from a second clinical trial provided additional external validation and confirmed the accuracy of the dosing model for both groups of patients.
The Roles and Ethics of Journalism
Authors: Yang Jin , Arant David
Published: December 2013

This study compares how American and Chinese journalism students view the importance of various journalistic roles and the difficulties of ethical dilemmas faced by journalists. Chinese students perceive greater difficulty in resolving conflict of interests and making a fair representation of the news while American students find greater difficulty in upholding community standards. Chinese and American students generally agree on the importance of journalists’ adversarial (critical of officials’ actions and less critical of them in crisis) and populist mobilizer roles (setting public agenda, influencing public opinion, and developing interests) but mostly diverge on the importance of journalists’ interpretive (investigating claims by government and discussing national policy) and disseminator roles (providing entertainment, staying away from unverified stories, and concentrating on news of interest to widest audience). Differences on the perceptual differences are discussed.
Internal and subspace correction approximations of implicit variational inequalities
Authors: Badea Lori , Cocou Marius
Published: December 2013

The aim of this paper is to study the existence of solutions and some approximations for a class of implicit evolution variational inequalities that represents a generalization of several quasistatic contact problems in elasticity. Using appropriate estimates for the incremental solutions, the existence of a continuous solution and convergence results are proved for some corresponding internal approximation and backward difference scheme. To solve the fully discrete problems, general additive subspace correction algorithms are considered, for which global convergence is proved and some error estimates are established.
Characterization of volatile compounds responsible for the aroma in naturally fermented sausages by gas chromatography-olfactometry
Authors: Olivares Alicia , Navarro José Luis , Flores Mónica
Published: December 2013

The objective of this study was to characterize naturally fermented dry sausages produced without the use of microbial starters and to determine which odour-active compounds are responsible for their aroma. The traditional manufacture was responsible for different chemical characteristics and consumer's acceptance. The volatile compounds detected in the headspace comprised a complex mixture of volatile compounds derived from bacterial metabolism (mainly esterase activity of Staphyloccoci), spices and lipid auto-oxidation. The odour-active volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography coupled to olfactometry (GC-O) using the detection frequency method. The aroma profile was characterized by the presence of several compounds such as acetic acid, ethyl butanoate, hexanal, methional, 1-octen-3-ol, benzeneacetaldehyde and 4-methyl-phenol. However, naturally fermented sausages were also characterized by numerous esters, both ethyl and methyl esters, which impart a wide variety of fruity notes.
The Prevalence of ADHD in a Population-Based Sample
Authors: Rowland Andrew S. , Skipper Betty J. , Umbach David M. , Rabiner David L. , Campbell Richard A. , Naftel Albert J. , Sandler Dale P.
Published: December 2013

Objective: Few studies of ADHD prevalence have used population-based samples, multiple informants, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria. Moreover, children who are asymptomatic while receiving ADHD medication often have been misclassified. Therefore, we conducted a population-based study to estimate the prevalence of ADHD in elementary school children using DSM-IV criteria. Method: We screened 7,587 children for ADHD. Teachers of 81% of the children completed a DSM-IV checklist. We then interviewed parents using a structured interview (DISC). Of these, 72% participated. Parent and teacher ratings were combined to determine ADHD status. We also estimated the proportion of cases attributable to other conditions. Results: Overall, 15.5% of our sample met DSM- (4th ed.; text rev., DSM-IV-TR) criteria for ADHD (95% CI [14.6%, 16.4%]); 42% of cases reported no previous diagnosis. With additional information, other conditions explained 9% of cases. Conclusion: The prevalence of ADHD in this population-based sample was considerably higher than 3% to 7%. To compare study results, the DSM criteria need standardization.
Animal Abuse as a Warning Sign of School Massacres
Authors: Arluke Arnold , Madfis Eric
Published: December 2013

Although animal cruelty is often described as a warning sign of future human violence, particularly in the prediction of multiple homicides, prior studies reveal mixed support for this notion and lack conceptual clarity in the measurement of such cruelty. This study investigates the quantity and quality of cruelty present in a sample of 23 perpetrators of school massacres from 1988 to 2012. Findings indicate that 43% of the perpetrators commit animal cruelty before schoolyard massacres and that the cruelty is usually directed against anthropomorphized species (dogs and cats) in an up-close manner. The implications of these findings for reducing false positive cases of cruelty are discussed.
Reduced delay of gratification and effortful control among young children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Faja Susan , Dawson Geraldine
Published: December 2013

We explored internal control of behavior using direct observation and parent report. Previous research has found that both the delay of gratification task and parent-reported effortful control predict later social ability and more positive outcomes in typically developing children. Children with autism spectrum disorder have previously been reported to have reduced effortful control, whereas delay of gratification ability has not been tested in a group with autism spectrum disorder. The current study compared 21 children with autism spectrum disorder and 21 typically developing children between 6 and 7 years of age—all of whom had cognitive ability at or above the average range. Children with autism spectrum disorder were less able to delay gratification, and their parents reported significantly reduced effortful control; however, scores on these measures were unrelated within the group with autism spectrum disorder. Among the children with autism spectrum disorder, lower effortful control was associated with more severe clinician-observed social symptoms.
‘I’m really glad this is developmental’: Autism and social comparisons – an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Huws Jaci C , Jones Robert SP
Published: December 2013

The present qualitative study comprised interviews with nine young people with autism (aged 16–21 years) about their perceptions of autism. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, three underlying themes were illuminated, and all these formed the superordinate theme Making Comparisons: (a) Changes over time: ‘I’m really glad this is developmental’; (b) Degrees of autism: ‘They’ve got it really bad’; and (c) Degrees of ability: ‘I’m not really disabled-disabled’. Such comparisons were not explicitly sought at the outset of the study, and instead emerged from their conceptualisations of the autism concept. When comparing how they perceived themselves now, and how they perceived themselves in the past, the young people viewed themselves more positively in the present. In addition, when making comparisons with other people with autism, they tended to locate themselves as being in a better position than others were. The perspective of being in a more fortunate position because of heightened abilities also emerged from the comparisons made with people who did not have autism. Furthermore, similar comparisons were made when autism was compared to disability, with autism being evaluated as being more favourable than what was termed ‘proper’ disability. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the existent social comparison literature.
Patterns for visualization evaluation
Authors: Elmqvist Niklas , Yi Ji Soo
Published: December 2013

We propose a pattern-based approach to evaluating data visualization: a set of general and reusable solutions to commonly occurring problems in evaluating visualization tools, techniques, and systems. Patterns have had significant impact in a wide array of disciplines, particularly software engineering, and we believe that they provide a powerful lens for characterizing visualization evaluation practices by offering practical, tried-and-tested tips, and tricks that can be adopted immediately. The 20 patterns presented here have also been added to a freely editable Wiki repository. The motivation for creating this evaluation pattern language is to (a) capture and formalize “dark” practices for visualization evaluation not currently recorded in the literature, (b) disseminate these hard-won experiences to researchers and practitioners alike, (c) provide a standardized vocabulary for designing visualization evaluation, and (d) invite the community to add new evaluation patterns to a growing repository of patterns.
Rubus idaeus L Inhibits Invasion Potential of Human A549 Lung Cancer Cells by Suppression Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Akt Pathway In Vitro and Reduces Tumor Growth In Vivo
Authors: Chu Shu-Chen , Hsieh Yih-Shou , Hsu Li-Sung , Chen Kuo-Shuen , Chiang Chien-Cheng , Chen Pei-Ni
Published: December 2013

The metastasis of lung cancer is the most prevalent cause of patient death. Various treatment strategies have targeted the prevention of the occurrence of metastasis. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung cancer cells is considered a prerequisite to acquire the invasive/migratory phenotype and to subsequently achieve metastasis. However, the effects of Rubus idaeus on cancer invasion and the EMT of the human lung carcinoma remain unclear. In this article, we test the hypothesis that R idaeus ethyl acetate (RIAE) possesses an antimetastatic effect and reverses the EMT potential of human lung A549 cells. We extract the raspberry R idaeus with methanol (RIME), chloroform (RICE), ethyl acetate (RIAE), n-butanol (RIBE), and water (RIWE). The RIAE treatment obviously inhibits the invasive ( P < .001), motility ( P < .001), spreading, and migratory potential ( P < .001) of highly metastatic human lung cancer A549 cells. The zymography and promoter luciferase analysis reveals that RIAE decreases the proteinase and transcription activities of MMP-2 and u-PA. Molecular analyses show that RIAE increases the E-cadherin level that is mainly localized at the cellular membrane. This result was also verified through confocal analyses. RIAE also induces the upregulation of an epithelial marker, such as α-catenin, and decreases mesenchymal markers, such as snail-1 and N-cadherin, that promote cell invasion and metastasis. RIAE inhibits MMP-2 and u-PA by attenuating the NF-κB and p-Akt expression. The inhibition of RIAE on the growth of A549 cells in vivo was also verified using a cancer cell xenograft nude mice model. Our results show the anti-invasive/antitumor effects of RIAE and associated mechanisms, which suggest that RIAE should be further tested in clinically relevant models to exploit its potential benefits against metastatic lung cancer cells.
Acting Bicultural Versus Feeling Bicultural
Authors: Acevedo-Polakovich Ignacio D. , Quirk Kelley M. , Cousineau Jennifer R. , Saxena Suchita R. , Gerhart James I.
Published: December 2013

This study examines whether incorporating a multidimensional perspective to the study of the relation between cultural adaptation and academic attitudes among Latinas/os in the United States can clarify this relation. Hypotheses about the relation between cultural adaptation and academic attitudes were examined using data provided by U.S. Latina/o high school students. Findings suggest that enculturation and acculturation moderate each other’s effects on academic attitudes and that this moderation effect varies across cultural adaptation dimensions.
Mephedrone, assassin of youth: The rhetoric of fear in contemporary drug scares
Authors: Alexandrescu Liviu
Published: December 2013

This article examines how mephedrone, the most popular legal high sold freely in the United Kingdom until its classification as a high-risk drug, in April 2010, was constructed by the British popular media as a moral epidemic that threatened the very symbolic heart of the nation – its youth. News of teenagers committing suicide after taking the drug or dying of overdose had been presented in the pages of tabloid dailies for months when the government decided to ban the substance despite the lack of solid scientific data on the medical and social risks it posed. Drawing on Teun van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach to critical discourse studies, this article demonstrates how in its attempt to influence national policy the media largely responded to the new drug problem with panic discourses that perpetuated the old ‘war on drugs’ ideology, choosing to frame mephedrone as an agent of death and moral downfall even when its destructive influence was questionable. In this perspective, a blueprint made of multiple layers of historical drug scares and repressive drug policies shaped the metaphors and narratives used by the media to codify a sense of threat and by the audiences to interpret the symptoms of a social pathology.
A cross-level study of transformational leadership and organizational affective commitment in the Korean Local Governments: Mediating role of procedural justice and moderating role of culture types based on competing values framework
Authors: Kim Hougyun , Kim Jungin
Published: December 2013

The current study used a sample of full-time employees of local governments in South Korea to examine whether transformational leadership (TFL) has a significant positive effect on procedural justice (PJ) and organizational affective commitment (OAC) and whether PJ is positively related to OAC. The study also examined whether PJ mediates the effect of TFL on OAC and whether the four culture types (clan, advocacy, hierarchy, and market) moderate the effect of TFL on OAC. The results indicated a positive relationship of TFL with PJ and OAC and a significant relationship between PJ and OAC. Thus, the results demonstrated that PJ partially mediates the relationship between TFL and OAC while hierarchy and market culture type fully moderate the effect of TFL on OAC. However, clan and adhocracy culture type did not moderate the effect of TFL on OAC. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.
Flawed from the “Get-Go”: Lee Iacocca and the origins of transformational leadership
Authors: Spector Bert
Published: December 2013

Transformational leadership has undergone a critical reassessment. Rather than examining the state of the science or the conceptual confusion and contradictions inherent in the ongoing stream of transformational leadership research, this article adopts an historical perspective, looking back on the founding era of this influential concept. In particular, the article evaluates the use of Lee Iacocca, who became the personification of the transformational leadership ideal. While placing Iacocca's appeal into a particular socio-historical context, the article offers a critical weighing of that devise. This use of Iacocca as a personification and embodiment of the transformational leadership construct was, at best, a highly romanticized take on an individual. At worse, the use of Iacocca was misleading and disingenuous. The article concludes that two core flaws of transformational leadership—over-attribution and romanticizing traditional leadership behaviors—were present from the inception.
Bronchial thermoplasty: interventional therapy in asthma
Authors: Kaukel Philine , Herth Felix J.F. , Schuhmann Maren
Published: December 2013

Bronchial thermoplasty is a new treatment option for patients with severe bronchial asthma who remain symptomatic despite maximal medical therapy. The aim of this interventional therapy option is the reduction of smooth muscle in the central and peripheral airways in order to reduce symptomatic bronchoconstriction via the application of heat. A full treatment with bronchial thermoplasty is divided into three bronchoscopies. Randomized, controlled clinical trials have shown an increase in quality of life, a reduction in severe exacerbations, and decreases in emergency department visits as well as days lost from school or work. The trials did not show a reduction in hyperresponsiveness or improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Short-term adverse effects include an increase in exacerbation rate, an increase in respiratory infections and an increase in hospitalizations. In the 5-year follow up of the studies available there was evidence of clinical and functional stability of the treated patients. Further studies are necessary to identify an asthma phenotype that responds well to this treatment.
Outcomes and Safety of Endoscopic Tarsal Tunnel Decompression
Authors: Gkotsoulias Efthymios N. , Simonson Devin C. , Roukis Thomas S.
Published: December 2013

Open surgical decompression of the tarsal tunnel is the standard surgical approach for compression of the tibial nerve within the tarsal tunnel. Complications associated with this approach can be significant and periods of non–weight bearing are required. An alternative approach allowing for minimal soft tissue trauma and reduced time to ambulation is therefore desirable. Endoscopic tarsal tunnel decompression may provide such an alternative. The authors performed a systematic review of electronic databases and other relevant sources to identify material regarding the safety of endoscopic tarsal tunnel decompression. Only articles that included clear information concerning the safety of endoscopic tarsal tunnel decompression with a follow-up of at least 12 months were included. Three studies were identified involving 37 feet, with a weighted mean follow-up of 27 months. There were no permanent complications relating to iatrogenic nerve injury, deep infection, or prolonged wound healing problems documented despite initiating ambulation within one week of surgery. Two patients (5.6%) developed recurrence more than 2 years postoperative and one (2.7%) showed no improvement. Endoscopic tarsal tunnel decompression is a safe procedure with a low rate of recurrence or failure and allows for near-immediate ambulation. However, additional prospective investigations comparing open and endoscopic approaches to tarsal tunnel decompression are warranted.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV, Systematic analysis of Level IV studies
The Use of Dual C-Arms During Fixation of Calcaneal Fractures
Authors: Abousayed Mostafa M. , Toussaint Rull James , Kwon John Y.
Published: December 2013

We describe a simple technique using dual C-arms (large and mini C-arm together) for open reduction internal fixation of calcaneal fractures in the lateral decubitus position that (1) decreases the difficulty of obtaining proper intraoperative imaging; (2) limits C-arm movement, which decreases risk of contamination and operative time; and (3) minimizes the drawbacks of each imaging fluoroscopic modality.

Levels of Evidence: Level V, Technical tip, Expert opinion
In Vivo Kinematics of the Talocrural and Subtalar Joints During Weightbearing Ankle Rotation in Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Kobayashi Takumi , Saka Masayuki , Suzuki Eiichi , Yamazaki Naohito , Suzukawa Makoto , Akaike Atsushi , Shimizu Kuniaki , Gamada Kazuyoshi
Published: December 2013

Background. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) results in abnormal ankle kinematics, but there exists limited quantitative data characterizing these alterations. This study was undertaken to investigate kinematic alterations of the talocrural and subtalar joints in CAI. Methods. A total of 14 male patients with unilateral CAI (mean age = 21.1 ± 2.5 years) were enrolled. Computed tomography and fluoroscopic imaging of both lower extremities during weightbearing passive ankle joint complex (AJC) rotation were obtained. Three-dimensional bone models created from the computed tomography images were matched with the fluoroscopic images to compute the 6 degrees-of-freedom talocrural, subtalar, and AJC kinematics. Results. In 20° plantarflexion, ankles with CAI demonstrated significantly increased anterior translation of the talocrural joint during AJC internal rotation from 5° to 7° and significantly decreased talocrural internal rotation within an AJC arc of motion from −1° to 5°. CAI joints demonstrated significantly increased internal rotation of the subtalar joint within an AJC arc of motion from −1° to 3°. Discussion. In CAI, altered subtalar internal rotation occurs with increased talocrural anterior translation and reduced talocrural internal rotation during weightbearing ankle internal rotation in plantarflexion. These results suggest that altered subtalar mechanics may contribute to CAI symptoms.

Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level IV, Cross-sectional
Attributing Corporate Responsibility for Sexual Harassment
Authors: Abbott JeAnna L. , Elkins Teri J. , Phillips James S. , Madera Juan M.
Published: December 2013

This study examines circumstances under which observers might consider an organization to have responsibility for its employees’ actions, based on their reading of a scenario of sexual harassment. By changing the details of the scenario, we examine the influence of (a) the harasser’s organizational role (i.e., a supervisor or coworker), (b) the existence of corporate sexual harassment policies, and (c) the company’s past responses to sexual harassment complaints. The results suggested that the harasser’s organizational role is the most important factor for predicting whether an individual would consider pressing a sexual harassment claim. Respondents’ assessment that the victim should make a claim is higher when the harasser is an immediate supervisor rather than a nonsupervisory coworker. Perceived organizational responsibility is also a direct predictor of intent to make a claim. The results provide a clearer understanding of when an individual is more likely to favor making a claim in response to perceived sexual harassment. The practical implications include the following: (a) Sexual harassment training for supervisors is important because their sexual harassment is most likely to lead to a legal claim, (b) antisexual harassment policies have the effect of reducing the likelihood that a victim will perceive the organization as responsible for failing to prevent a supervisor’s action, and (c) organizations should make clear their opposition to sexual harassment both to discourage harassers and to divert a victim’s attribution for responsibility away from the organization if an incident takes place.
Front-line Service Employees’ Job Satisfaction in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Chiang Flora F. T. , Birtch Thomas A. , Cai Zhenyao
Published: December 2013

A study of 302 front-line employees in three 5-star Hong Kong hotels found that high job demand variability diminished their job satisfaction. However, adding discretion to the job content and improving rewards and training as part of the job context resources and support were found to moderate the negative effects of high job demand variability on the employees’ job satisfaction. The importance of service discretion is particularly intriguing for these employees, since their hotels’ current cultural approach is to require supervisory approval for deviations from standard practice. This study draws on the job demands–control (JD-C) model to incorporate socio-psychological characteristics of customer service positions in the analysis of employees’ job satisfaction.
Expanding Opportunities by Opening Your Mind
Authors: Maddux William W. , Bivolaru Eliza , Hafenbrack Andrew C. , Tadmor Carmit T. , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: December 2013

A longitudinal study found that the psychological approach individuals take when immersed in a general multicultural environment can predict subsequent career success. Using a culturally diverse sample, we found that “multicultural engagement”—the extent to which students adapted to and learned about new cultures—during a highly international 10-month master of business administration (MBA) program predicted the number of job offers students received after the program, even when controlling for important personality/demographic variables. Furthermore, multicultural engagement predicted an increase in integrative complexity over the course of the 10-month program, and this increase in integrative complexity mediated the effect of multicultural engagement on job market success. This study demonstrates that even when individuals are exposed to the same multicultural environment, it is their psychological approach and engagement with different cultures that determines growth in integrative complexity and tangible increases in professional opportunities.
The Rise and Fall of Humor
Authors: McGraw A. Peter , Williams Lawrence E. , Warren Caleb
Published: December 2013

Humor is a ubiquitous experience that facilitates coping, social coordination, and well-being. We examine how humorous responses to a tragedy change over time by measuring reactions to jokes about Hurricane Sandy. Inconsistent with the belief that the passage of time monotonically increases humor, but consistent with the benign violation theory of humor, a longitudinal study reveals that humorous responses to Sandy’s destruction rose, peaked, and eventually fell over the course of 100 days. Time creates a comedic sweet spot that occurs when the psychological distance from a tragedy is large enough to buffer people from threat (creating a benign violation) but not so large that the event becomes a purely benign, nonthreatening situation. The finding can help psychologists understand how people cope and provide clues to what makes things funny and when they will be funny.
Using health trainers to promote self-management of chronic pain: can it work?
Authors: Harris Janet , Williams Tim , Hart Ollie , Hanson Chris , Johnstone Gareth , Muthana Aziz , Nield Chris
Published: December 2013

Background:

In 2011, the Sheffield Primary Care Trust piloted a Health Trainer (HT) programme targeted specifically to people with chronic pain. The programme aimed to determine whether patients presenting to primary care with chronic pain would benefit from self-management support, thereby reducing the burden on primary care and secondary care services.

Methods:

We conducted a formative mixed-methods evaluation of the pilot programme, focusing on four aspects of implementation: general practitioner (GP) referral to the programme, HT’s ability to use cognitive behavioural (CB) approaches, short-term outcomes for clients and adequacy of resources. Qualitative data were collected via interviews with GPs, HTs and the chronic pain team; supervision sessions with HTs; and client case studies. Quantitative data were collected on satisfaction with training, HT’s self-reported confidence to implement CB and clients’ self-rated well-being before and after participation.

Results:

A total of 143 clients with pain for 1 year or more were referred, exceeding the projected 90 referrals by over 50%. A total of 70% of the clients came from the most deprived areas of Sheffield, 40% were listed as permanently sick/disabled and only 20% were working. Qualitative analysis indicated that the CB training was delivered as intended. Clients reported that 75% of their goals were either achieved or partly achieved, and at follow-up 43% of them reported maintaining strategies for self-management. Financial resources were supplemented by indirect resources, including GP ‘champions’ with a special interest in pain, and a multidisciplinary chronic pain team. The prior history of working with community organizations was critical in ensuring credibility in client communities and addressing client needs.

Conclusion:

A HT programme promoting self-management of chronic pain can be successfully implemented when supported by community organisations. Preliminary data indicate that the programme can be instrumental in helping clients to actively participate in identifying their own problems, set achievable goals for self-management and successfully manage the challenges of everyday life.

Summary points

Community-based Health Trainer programmes can be successfully established to promote self-management of chronic pain among clients in the deprived areas using multidisciplinary pain management teams. Utilising a community organization infrastructure that has experience of delivering successful programmes was instrumental in ensuring credibility of the initiative and access for clients. Health trainers can integrate cognitive behavioral training with their existing skills to work with clients who have chronic pain.
Problematic pain – redefining how we view pain?
Authors: Barker Chris , Taylor Ann , Johnson Martin
Published: December 2013

The term ‘problematic pain’ is relatively new and has been the recent source of much debate, especially among primary and community care pain clinicians. In this article, we review the concept of problematic pain, highlighting how it fits in the context of acute, sub-acute and chronic pain. We also examine how risk for the development of chronicity can be assessed using current data and screening tools. The use of ultra-short screening tools for other conditions has previously been evaluated in the literature, and we propose a new tool, to open discussion for the assessment of problematic pain. This is especially relevant in the short consultation where it can be difficult to capture meaningful information quickly. Finally, we focus upon new initiatives currently in progress in the arena of problematic pain in the United Kingdom.
Incidental Sonographic Detection of Non–Muscle-Invasive Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma in a Low-Risk Patient
Authors: Nazeri Nikta
Published: December 2013

This case presentation describes the early diagnosis of an invasive urinary bladder cancer in a woman in her late 60s with no history of cancer, hematuria, dysuria, smoking, or hormone replacement therapy. This was confirmed on histopathology after tumor resection. The case report demonstrates the importance of including scanning the urinary bladder in all pelvic sonography examinations, even in the low-risk population. The following study also discusses the prevalence, etiology, diagnostic tools, prognosis, and treatment of bladder cancer. Different types of bladder tumors, staging, and grading criteria are also described.