bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of surficial geochemical methods to locate areas of buried uranium mineralization in the Jacque’s Lake area of the Central Mineral Belt, Labrador, Canada
Authors: Nyade Praise K. , Wilton Derek H.C. , Longerich Henry P. , Thompson Gary M. , McNeill Paul
Published: September 2013

Surficial geochemical methods were applied to delineate zones of anomalous uranium and related element concentrations in areas overlain by an extensive blanket of glacial sediments and dense vegetation cover in the Jacque’s Lake area of the Central Mineral Belt, Labrador, Canada. The study involved sampling and analyses of vegetation including black spruce twigs and bark, Labrador tea shoots, and humus. Ash derived from the vegetation samples was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) following ignition at 450 °C, and humus was analyzed with delayed neutron counting (DNC) for a suite of 35 elements. B-horizon soil was analyzed using aqua regia digestion to investigate potential chemical signatures of bedrock mineralization at the surface. Uranium concentration in humus varied from 0.05 to 885 ppm. Zones exhibiting anomalous U responses were associated with areas proximal to anoxic peat and sphagnum bogs where mobile U species were sequestered. Uranium and pathfinder element (e.g., Pb, V, Sr, and Mo) concentrations were low in the <250 μm fraction of B-horizon soils. The soil geochemistry delineated bedrock U mineralization in areas with <15 cm of overburden and U concentration varied from 50 to 405 ppm. Biogeochemical signatures of the bedrock mineralization in black spruce twigs produced greater anomaly to background contrasts for U and pathfinder elements (e.g., Be, Ag, Pb, Ca, and Sb) and correlated more precisely with the detected radiometric U/Th anomaly than did those of soil and humus. Principal component analysis of spruce twig data discriminated three major components, including plant nutrients, ore-related elements, and a mobile species. Uranium concentration varied from below detection limit to 23 ppm U in black spruce bark and from below detection limit in ∼40% of samples to 18 ppm in Labrador tea stem.
Mean first-passage time on a family of small-world treelike networks
Authors: Li Long , Sun Weigang , Wang Guixiang , Xu Guanghui
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we obtain exact scalings of mean first-passage time (MFPT) of random walks on a family of small-world treelike networks formed by two parameters, which includes three kinds. First, we determine the MFPT for a trapping problem with an immobile trap located at the initial node, which is defined as the average of the first-passage times (FPTs) to the trap node over all possible starting nodes, and it scales linearly with network size N in large networks. We then analytically obtain the partial MFPT (PMFPT) which is the mean of FPTs from the trap node to all other nodes and show that it increases with N as N ln N. Finally we establish the global MFPT (GMFPT), which is the average of FPTs over all pairs of nodes. It also grows with N as N ln N in the large limit of N. For these three kinds of random walks, we all obtain the analytical expressions of the MFPT and they all increase with network parameters. In addition, our method for calculating the MFPT is based on the self-similar structure of the considered networks and avoids the calculations of the Laplacian spectra.
CORROSION RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR X80 PIPELINE STEEL BY LOW-TEMPERATURE PACK ALUMINIZING AND OXIDATION TREATMENT
Authors: MIN HUANG , QIAN-GANG FU , YU WANG , WEN-WU ZHONG
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we discuss the formation of ceramic coatings by a combined processing of low-temperature pack aluminizing and oxidation treatment on the surface of X80 pipeline steel substrates in order to improve the corrosion resistance ability of X80 pipeline steel. First, Fe - Al coating consisting of FeAl 3 and Fe 2 Al 5 was prepared by a low-temperature pack aluminizing at 803 K which was fulfilled by adding zinc in the pack powder. Pre-treatment of X80 pipeline steel was carried out through surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Further oxidation treatment of as-aluminized sample was carried out in the CVD reactor at 833 K under oxygen containing atmosphere. After 1 h duration in these conditions, ceramic coating consisting of α- Al 2 O 3 was formed by in situ oxidation reaction of Fe - Al coating. Those coatings have been characterized by different techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS), respectively. Ceramic coating shows a dense and uniform microstructure, and exhibits good coherences with X80 pipeline steel substrates. By electrochemical corrosion test, the self-corrosion current density of X80 pipeline steel with as-obtained ceramics coating in 3.5% NaCl solution shows an obvious decrease. The formation of α- Al 2 O 3 ceramic coating is considered as the main reason for the corrosion resistance improvement of X80 pipeline steel.
Chunghwa Telecom (CHT) Privatization — National Interest vs. Market Sentiments: Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: Wang Hank Han-Chao , Keitel Sebastian , Roche Oliver
Published: September 2013

This case study is about the privatization of Chunghwa Telecom. During the privatization process, the governance structure of an organization changes rapidly. This case underlines the importance of the interactions between multiple stakeholders (i.e., government officials, the senior management team, the global coordinator, the financial advisors, etc.) involved in a high profile transaction and looks at how these interactions ultimately shape the pricing strategy of the proposed IPO. Pricing strategy for an IPO is based on objective financial and operational data. However, the interpretation of these data is subjective and biased by the risk/return profile of each stakeholder involved in the transaction. This study provides a unique perspective of the IPO process. First, it explores the human side of a transaction in which the stakes are high for all parties involved, an issue not often discussed in other cases. Other questions raised include: On what basis does a company select its financial advisors and its global coordinator? What are the ultimate, and sometimes contradictory, objectives of the parties with regard to the pricing strategy? Regarding this topic, based on the same financial data, various stakeholders with different objectives ultimately reach a different price range for the shares of this formerly state-owned enterprise.
Hynix Semiconductor: Global Pioneer
Authors: Jun Hannah , Woo Wonseok , Kang Hyoung-goo
Published: September 2013

This case reviews Korean memory manufacturer Hynix Semiconductor, Inc. within the context of the global semiconductor memory industry between 1999 and 2006. Against many odds, Hynix recovered from near-collapse in the early 2000s to become the global number two memory manufacturer by 2005. Of the reasons behind the company's success, this case examines the internal and external factors which led to the pioneering of overseas partnerships by Hynix in the early 2000s, as well as the mechanisms with which the company used such partnerships to manage crisis.
Bridge: The Missing Link
Authors: Mohapatra Sanjay , Sabharwal Lokesh , Sabharwal Ankita Sood
Published: September 2013

This case illustrates how a social entrepreneur can come up with innovative and creative ideas which can benefit all stakeholders. It focuses on the education sector, its problems and the lacuna where the BRIDGE has tried to fit in. The case emphasises on the decisions which the founding members had to make when it comes to the mode of delivering their idea which finally took the shape of an Education Megafest. It also underscores the decisions that were taken by these people in the course of organizing the Education Megafest of a large scale. Everything from idea conceptualization to branding of the event was done in a matter of six months and saw a turnover of around 6000 students. The case can be taught in social entrepreneurship courses to illustrate social entrepreneur chain management with community participation.
EFFECT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY MISMATCH ON FAILURE ASSESSMENT CURVE FOR WELDED JOINT WITH A SEMI-ELLIPTICAL CRACK
Authors: WANG ZHONG-XIAN , ZHANG RUEI-FENG , CHAO YUH J. , LAM POH-SANG
Published: September 2013

Elastic–plastic finite element analysis was performed to study the welded joints with a semi-elliptical crack. This research includes the effects of crack depth, strength mismatch ratio, and weld width on the crack driving force J-integral and the constraint parameter A2 at the crack tip. A two-parameter J-A2 fracture criterion based on the present results of crack tip stress field in the welded joints was established. The corresponding failure assessment diagrams were investigated in detail, from which the reliability and safety margin of the welded structures were discussed.
Effect of terbutaline on hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and urinary club cell protein 16 in athletes
Authors: Simpson A. J. , Tufvesson E. , Anderson S. D. , Romer L. M. , Bjermer L. , Kippelen P.
Published: September 2013

Repeated injury of the airway epithelium caused by hyperpnoea of poorly conditioned air has been proposed as a key factor in the pathogenesis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in athletes. In animals, the short-acting β2-agonist terbutaline has been shown to reduce dry airflow-induced bronchoconstriction and the associated shedding of airway epithelial cells. Our aim was to test the efficacy of inhaled terbutaline in attenuating hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and airway epithelial injury in athletes. Twenty-seven athletes with EIB participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Athletes completed an 8-min eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) test with dry air on two separate days 15 min after inhaling 0.5 mg terbutaline or a matching placebo. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and urinary concentration of the club cell (Clara cell) protein 16 (CC16, a marker of airway epithelial perturbation) were measured before and up to 60 min after EVH. The maximum fall in FEV1of 17 ± 8% (SD) on placebo was reduced to 8 ± 5% following terbutaline ( P < 0.001). Terbutaline gave bronchoprotection (i.e., post-EVH FEV1fall <10%) to 22 (81%) athletes. EVH caused an increase in urinary excretion of CC16 in both conditions ( P < 0.001), and terbutaline significantly reduced this rise (pre- to postchallenge CC16 increase 416 ± 495 pg/μmol creatinine after placebo vs. 315 ± 523 pg/μmol creatinine after terbutaline, P = 0.016). These results suggest that the inhalation of a single therapeutic dose of terbutaline offers significant protection against hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and attenuates acute airway epithelial perturbation in athletes.
Combined Immunostimulatory Monoclonal Antibodies Extend Survival in an Aggressive Transgenic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mouse Model
Authors: Morales-Kastresana Aizea , Sanmamed Miguel F. , Rodriguez Inmaculada , Palazon Asis , Martinez-Forero Ivan , Labiano Sara , Hervas-Stubbs Sandra , Sangro Bruno , Ochoa Carmen , Rouzaut Ana , Azpilikueta Arantza , Bolaños Elixabet , Jure-Kunkel Maria , Gütgemann Ines , Melero Ignacio
Published: September 2013

Purpose: Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (ISmAb) that unleash antitumor immune responses are showing efficacy in cancer clinical trials. Anti-B7-H1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) block a critical inhibitory pathway in T cells, whereas anti-CD137 and OX40 mAbs provide T-cell costimulation. A combination of these ISmAbs (anti-CD137 + anti-OX40 + anti-B7-H1) was tested using a transgenic mouse model of multifocal and rapidly progressing hepatocellular carcinoma, in which c-myc drives transformation and cytosolic ovalbumin (OVA) is expressed in tumor cells as a model antigen.

Experimental Design: Flow-cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used to quantify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) elicited by treatment and assess their activation status and cytolytic potential. Tolerance induction and its prevention/reversal by treatment with the combination of ISmAbs were revealed by in vivo killing assays.

Results: The triple combination of ISmAbs extended survival of mice bearing hepatocellular carcinomas in a CD8-dependent fashion and synergized with adoptive T-cell therapy using activated OVA-specific TCR-transgenic OT-1 and OT-2 lymphocytes. Mice undergoing therapy showed clear increases in tumor infiltration by activated and blastic CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes containing perforin/granzyme B and expressing the ISmAb-targeted receptors on their surface. The triple combination of ISmAbs did not result in enhanced OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity but other antigens expressed by cell lines derived from such hepatocellular carcinomas were recognized by endogenous TILs. Adoptively transferred OVA-specific OT-1 lymphocytes into tumor-bearing mice were rendered tolerant, unless given the triple mAb therapy.

Conclusion: Extension of survival and dense T-cell infiltrates emphasize the translational potential of combinational immunotherapy strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6151–62. ©2013 AACR.
The Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 Decreases Specificity Protein Transcription Factors and the Oncogenic Cap Protein eIF4E in Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Sreevalsan Sandeep , Safe Stephen
Published: September 2013

2,3-Dihydro-5-methyl-3-([morpholinyl]methyl)pyrollo(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazinyl]-[1-naphthaleny]methanone [WIN 55,212-2, (WIN)] is a synthetic cannabinoid that inhibits RKO, HT-29, and SW480 cell growth, induced apoptosis, and downregulated expression of survivin, cyclin D1, EGF receptor (EGFR), VEGF, and its receptor (VEGFR1). WIN also decreased expression of specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4, and this is consistent with the observed downregulation of the aforementioned Sp-regulated genes. In addition, we also observed by RNA interference (RNAi) that the oncogenic cap protein eIF4E was an Sp-regulated gene also downregulated by WIN in colon cancer cells. WIN-mediated repression of Sp proteins was not affected by cannabinoid receptor antagonists or by knockdown of the receptor but was attenuated by the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate or by knockdown of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). WIN-mediated repression of Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 was due to PP2A-dependent downregulation of microRNA-27a (miR-27a) and induction of miR-27a–regulated ZBTB10, which has previously been characterized as an “Sp repressor.” The results show that the anticancer activity of WIN is due, in part, to PP2A-dependent disruption of miR-27a:ZBTB10 and ZBTB10-mediated repression of Sp transcription factors and Sp-regulated genes, including eIF4E. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(11); 2483–93. ©2013 AACR.
Human Papillomavirus Infection and Vaginal Tape Exposure after Midurethral Sling: A Case Report
Authors: Balzarro M. , Rubilotta E. , Artibani W.
Published: September 2013

Midurethral tape placement is the gold standard procedure for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Among reported complications, tape erosion is uncommon. Several risk factors have been postulated as causes of vaginal erosion, but none have been demonstrated. Cases of vaginal erosion caused by tape infections have been described, but none has been associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. We report the first case of vaginal exposure in a woman who underwent a midurethral sling procedure for SUI after HPV colonization.
Automatic and Intentional Brain Responses during Evaluation of Face Approachability: Correlations with Trait Anxiety
Authors: Toki Shigeru , Okamoto Yasumasa , Onoda Keiichi , Kinoshita Akiko , Shishida Kazuhiro , Machino Akihiko , Fukumoto Takuji , Yamashita Hidehisa , Yoshida Hiroshi , Yamawaki Shigeto
Published: September 2013

Background: The judgment of the approachability of others based on their facial appearance often precedes social interaction. Whether we ultimately approach or avoid others may depend on such judgments. Method: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine the neural basis for such approachability judgments and the relationship between these judgments and trait anxiety. Participants viewed ambiguous (i.e. neutral) or relatively unambiguous (i.e. angry, happy) faces, assessing either the approachability or the sex of the person depicted. Results: Neutral faces elicited more inconsistent responses within participants only during approachability judgment, suggesting ambiguous property as signals. The contrast pertaining to the interaction between task and face valence demonstrated activation in several areas, such that the left amygdala and medial, middle and inferior frontal gyri were responsive to angry faces when subjects were asked to recognize the sex (implicit task) and to neutral faces when required to discern the approachability (explicit task). Moreover, the blood oxygenation level-dependent change within the left amygdala in response to neutral faces during the judgment of approachability was positively correlated with participant trait anxiety. Conclusions: These findings extend a proposed model of social cognition by highlighting the functional engagement of the amygdala in approachability judgments, which underlie an individual's sensitivity to ambiguous sources of probable threat.
Diagnostic Meaning of Urodynamic Studies in Pouch Incontinence: Results of a Small Series
Authors: Latz Stefan , Achterberg Michaela , Ellinger Jörg , Engels Thomas , Hauser Stefan , Rogenhofer Sebastian , Müller Stefan C. , Fechner Guido
Published: September 2013

Introduction: To evaluate the meaning of urodynamic parameters in patients with pouch incontinence. Materials and Methods: Thirteen urodynamic studies in patients with an ileal nipple as the efferent segment of an ileocecal pouch or ileum/ileocecal-augmented bladder were performed. The recorded parameters included pouch capacity, leak point pressure/volume, maximum pouch pressure, compliance, static and dynamic closure pressure, and functional length. Three patients suffered from urinary incontinence. Results: In all cases of incontinent patients, no functional length or static or dynamic closure pressure could be revealed. In 8 of 10 cases of continent patients, a positive functional length as well as static and/or dynamic closure pressure were measured (mean value in continent patients: 15.9 mm, 14.5 cm H2O and 26.5 cm H2O, respectively). In 2 of 3 cases of incontinent patients, the pouch compliance was restricted (21 and 37 ml/cm H2O). The pouch capacity of continent patients was greater than the capacity of incontinent patients (377.4 vs. 185.7 ml). Conclusions: Positive functional length, static and dynamic closure pressures, and a high pouch capacity with an unrestricted compliance are predictive for pouch continence. They may individually not determine continence, but combining them can. However, the meaning of urodynamic studies in pouch incontinence is not the same as with the urinary bladder.
Early Dual Versus Mono Antiplatelet Therapy for Acute Non-Cardioembolic Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Wong Ka Sing Lawrence , Wang Yilong , Leng Xinyi , Mao Chen , Tang Jinling , Bath Philip M.W. , Markus Hugh S. , Gorelick Philip B. , Liu Liping , Lin Wenhua , Wang Yongjun
Published: September 2013

Background—

Emerging studies suggest that early administration of dual antiplatelet therapy may be better than monotherapy for prevention of early recurrent stroke and cardiovascular outcomes in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). We performed a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials evaluating dual versus mono antiplatelet therapy for acute noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA.

Methods and Results—

We assessed randomized, controlled trials investigating dual versus mono antiplatelet therapy published up to November 2012 and the CHANCE trial (Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events), for efficacy and safety outcomes in adult patients with acute noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA with treatment initiated within 3 days of ictus. In total, 14 studies of 9012 patients were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Dual antiplatelet therapy significantly reduced risk of stroke recurrence (risk ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.60–0.80;
P
<0.001) and the composite outcome of stroke, TIA, acute coronary syndrome, and all death (risk ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.81;
P
<0.001) when compared with monotherapy, and nonsignificantly increased risk of major bleeding (risk ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–2.59,
P
=0.37). Analyses restricted to the CHANCE Trial or the 7 double-blind randomized, controlled trials showed similar results.

Conclusions—

For patients with acute noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA, dual therapy was more effective than monotherapy in reducing risks of early recurrent stroke. The results of the CHANCE study are consistent with previous studies done in other parts of the world.
Influence of Chronic Hyperglycemia on Cerebral Microvascular Remodeling
Authors: Hou Qinghua , Zuo Zhiyi , Michel Patrik , Zhang Yanrong , Eskandari Ashraf , Man Fengyuan , Gao Qingcun , Johnston Karen C. , Wintermark Max
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—

To investigate the effect of chronic hyperglycemia on cerebral microvascular remodeling using perfusion computed tomography.

Methods—

We retrospectively identified 26 patients from our registry of 2453 patients who underwent a perfusion computed tomographic study and had their hemoglobin A
1c
(HbA
1c
) measured. These 26 patients were divided into 2 groups: those with HbA
1c
>6.5% (n=15) and those with HbA
1c
≤6.5% (n=11). Perfusion computed tomographic studies were processed using a delay-corrected, deconvolution-based software. Perfusion computed tomographic values were compared between the 2 patient groups, including mean transit time, which relates to the cerebral capillary architecture and length.

Results—

Mean transit time values in the nonischemic cerebral hemisphere were significantly longer in the patients with HbA
1c
>6.5% (
P
=0.033), especially in the white matter (
P
=0.005). Significant correlation (
R
=0.469;
P
=0.016) between mean transit time and HbA
1c
level was observed.

Conclusions—

Our results from a small sample suggest that chronic hyperglycemia may be associated with cerebral microvascular remodeling in humans. Additional prospective studies with larger sample size are required to confirm this observation.
Genetic Programming and Serial Processing for Time Series Classification
Authors: Alfaro-Cid Eva , Sharman Ken , Esparcia-Alcázar Anna I.
Published: September 2013

This work describes an approach devised by the authors for time series classification. In our approach genetic programming is used in combination with a serial processing of data, where the last output is the result of the classification. The use of genetic programming for classification, although still a field where more research in needed, is not new. However, the application of genetic programming to classification tasks is normally done by considering the input data as a feature vector. That is, to the best of our knowledge, there are not examples in the genetic programming literature of approaches where the time series data are processed serially and the last output is considered as the classification result. The serial processing approach presented here fills a gap in the existing literature. This approach was tested in three different problems. Two of them are real world problems whose data were gathered for online or conference competitions. As there are published results of these two problems this gives us the chance to compare the performance of our approach against top performing methods. The serial processing of data in combination with genetic programming obtained competitive results in both competitions, showing its potential for solving time series classification problems. The main advantage of our serial processing approach is that it can easily handle very large datasets.
Γνωστικῶς and / or ὑλικῶς: Philoponus’ Account of the Material Aspects of Sense-Perception
Authors: Lautner Péter
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The paper aims to show that Philoponus’ theory of sense-perception does not fit in with the spiritualist claim that the sensory process does not involve an extra material change in the sense-organ. Both the specific sense-organs (like the vitreous liquid and choroid or corneal membrane in the eyes) and the primary sense-organ (like the optic pneuma) contract or expand in the perceptual process. On the other hand, the literalist claim needs to be modified as well since only the tactile sense-organ (flesh) takes on the relevant qualities. Contraction or expansion in the sense-organ is triggered, not by physical changes in the medium, but by the formal activities arising from the perceptible objects: colours make the visual sense-organ contract or expand. At the level of sense-organs, the physiological process underlying sense-perception has three stages. The change in specific sense-organ will be transmitted to the primary sense-organ of the particular sense (optic/acoustic pneuma), and then reaches the common sense-organ, the pneuma. The primary sense-organs are spatially distinguishable parts of the common sense-organ which is otherwise homogeneous, not allowing for qualitative differences. The homogeneity of the pneuma establishes the unity of sense-perception at the level of physiological processes.
Руслан Григорьевич Скрынников: основные вехи творческого пути
Authors: Тюменцев И. О.
Published: September 2013

In this essay the academic career and principal achievements of Ruslan Grigor’evich Skrynnikov (1931-2009), Research Professor at St. Petersburg University and internationally renowned historian of early modern Russia, are analyzed by one of his former students.
Руслан Григорьевич Скрынников – штрихи к портрету учителя
Authors: Тюменцев И. О.
Published: September 2013

In this essay one of Ruslan Grigor’evich Skrynnikov’s former students recalls the tools and techniques used by professor Skrynnikov to prepare his students to conduct independent research and in the development of Skrynnikov’s own important contributions to historical science.
Media and Message in Medieval Russia: Transition from Parchment to Paper
Authors: Lobachev Sergey
Published: September 2013

The article examines the changes in the media of communication in medieval Russia. Based on quantitative data of surviving manuscripts and administrative documents, it argues that the introduction of paper in the fourteenth century had limited impact on secularization of knowledge and education. In the long run, however, it stimulated rapid production and dissemination of manuscripts and encouraged a new type of literacy that cherished thoughtful reading and reflection on content. Paper was mostly used in North-East territories, whereas in Novgorod parchment remained the dominant writing material up to the end of the fifteenth century.
A new species of Paraboea (Gesneriaceae) from a karst limestone hill in southwestern Guangdong, China
Authors: WEN FANG , HONG XIN , CHEN LING-YUN , ZHOU SHOU-BIAO , WEI YI-GANG
Published: September 2013

A new species of Gesneriaceae, Paraboea tetrabracteata, growing in rocky crevices on a limestone hill in Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to P. rufescens and P. dictyoneura in leaf and flower shape, but can be distinguished by undulate to faintly sinuate blade margins, 3–6 lateral veins on each side, petioles 0.4–1.3 cm, peduncles 4–9 cm, 4 narrowly oblong-ovate bracts, calyx narrowly oblong to lanceolate or linear, a purplish corolla tube, 2 staminodes and straight fruits.
The Mystery of Ice Crystal Multiplication in a Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Santachiara Gianni , Belosi Franco , Prodi Franco
Published: September 2013

This paper addresses the problem of the large discrepancies between ice crystal concentrations in clouds and the number of ice nuclei in nearby clear air reported in published papers. Such discrepancies cannot always be explained, even by taking into account both primary and secondary ice formation processes. A laboratory experiment was performed in a cylindrical column placed in a cold room at atmospheric pressure and temperature in the −12° to −14°C range. Supercooled droplets were nucleated in the column, in the absence of aerosol ice nuclei, by injecting ice crystals generated outside in a small syringe. A rapid increase in the ice crystal concentration was observed in the absence of any known ice multiplication. The ratio between the mean number of ice crystals in the column, after complete droplet vaporization, and the number of ice crystals introduced in the column was about 10:1. The presence of small ice crystals (introduced at the top of the column) in the unstable system (supercooled droplets) appears to trigger the transformation in the whole supercooled liquid cloud. A possible explanation could be that the rapidly evaporating droplets cool sufficiently to determine a homogeneous nucleation.
A Puzzling Disagreement between Observations and Numerical Models in the Central Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Sturges Wilton , Bozec Alexandra
Published: September 2013

Two large, independent sets of direct observations in the central Gulf of Mexico show a mean near-surface flow of ~10 cm s−1 to the west, concentrated in the northern and southern Gulf. Numerical models that the authors have examined do not produce this mean westward flow. The observed speeds appear to be almost an order of magnitude larger than the estimated errors; this paper studies the observations to estimate carefully the possible errors involved and compares the observations with model results. The flow to the west in the southern Gulf is presumably wind driven on the shallow parts of the shelf, and, in slightly deeper water at the outer edges of the shelf, is possibly the result of southward Sverdrup interior flow driven by the negative curl of the wind stress. In another possibly related issue, long-term deep current-meter observations in the northern Gulf at ~1000 m and below find flow to the west, whereas some models find flow to the east. The flow proposed here assumes a mean flow to the west above roughly 300 m, with a required return flow in deep water. The difference between the deep observations and the models will produce a slope of pressure surfaces of the opposite sign below 1000 m, reversing the direction of upper-layer geostrophic flow in the models.
H∞ switched adaptive control for a class of robot manipulators
Authors: Wang Xia , Niu Rui S , Chen Chao , Zhao Jun
Published: September 2013

This paper investigates the [Formula: see text] adaptive tracking control problem for a class of robot manipulators with alternating unknown loads. Since each load produces its corresponding parameter of the manipulator, a switched system is established to model the parameter-jumping manipulator, where each subsystem represents the manipulator carrying the corresponding load. An individual adaptive controller is designed for each subsystem. Under arbitrary load changings, asymptotic tracking is achieved in the absence of disturbance. Meanwhile, for non-zero disturbance, a sufficient condition is proposed to guarantee the solvability of the [Formula: see text] tracking control problem of the closed-loop system. The provided method is validated by a two-degree-of-freedom robot manipulator.
Stay-at-Home Fathers
Authors: Kramer Karen Z. , Kelly Erin L. , McCulloch Jan B.
Published: September 2013

We use CPS data from 1976 to 2009 to compare the characteristics and proportions of stay-at-home father (SAHF) households with both stay-at-home mother (SAHM) and dual-earner households. We find that mothers in SAHF households have a significantly higher level of education than their husbands and experience the sharpest increase in education over time compared with spouses in other household types. Caregiving SAHF households are, over time, closing the income gap with their SAHM counterparts. We make a distinction between caregiving and unable-to-work SAHFs and demonstrate that these two types of SAHF households are substantially different from one another. Caregiving SAHF households share key traits with SAHM households. Our results show that families living in stay-at-home households are increasingly the result of a deliberate choice made by spouses to have fathers assume a caregiving role while mothers pursue employment outside the home.
Culture, Technology, Cultural Techniques – Moving Beyond Text1
Authors: Krämer Sybille , Bredekamp Horst
Published: September 2013

Originally published in 2003, this article presents one of the first attempts to provide a systematic summary of the new concept of cultural technique. It is, in essence, an extended checklist aimed at overcoming the textualist bias of traditional cultural theory by highlighting what is elided by this bias. On the one hand, to speak of cultural techniques redirects our attention to material and physical practices that all too often assume the shape of inconspicuous quotidian practices resistant to accustomed investigations of meaning. On the other hand, cultural techniques also comprise sign systems such as musical notation or arithmetical formulas located outside the domain of the hegemony of alphabetical literacy. The rise of the latter in particular is indebted to the impact of the digital – both as a domain of technology and a source of theoretical reorientation. Together, these aspects require a paradigmatic change that challenges and supersedes the traditional ‘discursivism’ of cultural theory.
Experiences of patients with age-related macular degeneration receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: A qualitative study
Authors: Burton Amy E , Shaw Rachel , Gibson Jonathan
Published: September 2013

The societal cost for the average health authority in the United Kingdom for the care of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been suggested to be around £7.4 million. It is vital that the best possible care based on the best available evidence is provided to reduce the impact of AMD on patients’ lives and the financial cost to the health-care system. This study explored the experiences of AMD patients treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injections. Three semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants over the course of 18 months. Transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Analysis identified four themes: preparing for treatment, the treatment process, patient–provider communication, and results of treatment. Patient experiences highlighted the need to move away from the reliance on letters for information provision, and the need for clearer guidelines about when to cease AMD treatment. Interviews highlighted the need for the inclusion of rigorous qualitative evidence with experiential data in future good clinical practice guideline development for AMD.
Unified English Braille in the United Kingdom: Part 1 – Examination by technical expert Braille users
Authors: Cryer Heather , Home Sarah , Morley Wilkins Sarah
Published: September 2013

The Unified English Braille (UEB) code has already been adopted by various countries. To inform the decision about UK adoption, a suite of research was carried out with UK braille readers and other stakeholders. Previous research indicates that readers of technical braille codes may be most affected by a move to UEB. In this study, six technical braille users were asked to read UEB samples of technical materials without training or reference to UEB symbols lists. While some errors and confusions occurred, participants felt that they were able to read and understand the coding, and believed they would improve with practice. Participants gave their views on the code and discussed potential implications of the transition to UEB. The majority of participants were in favour of adopting UEB in the United Kingdom.
Mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride-coated fabric under cyclic tests
Authors: Ambroziak Andrzej , Kłosowski Paweł
Published: September 2013

The aim of the present paper is to propose a method of laboratory tests necessary for the identification of mechanical properties of the coated fabric. The material parameters of the coated fabric AF 9032 are specified on the basis of the uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests. For the identification process, the techniques based on the least squares methods are used. Additionally, the uniaxial and biaxial cyclic tests are performed in order to observe a change of immediate mechanical properties under cyclic load.
Non-state actors in civil wars: A new dataset
Authors: Cunningham David E. , Gleditsch Kristian Skrede , Salehyan Idean
Published: September 2013

This paper introduces the Non-State Actors in Armed Conflict Dataset (NSA), which contains detailed information on the state–rebel group dyads included in the Uppsala Conflict Data Project Dyadic Dataset. Existing quantitative studies generally focus on characteristics of countries and conflicts to examine the duration, severity, outcome and recurrence of civil wars, in ways that often ignore the actors in civil wars. The NSA data provides additional information on the organizations involved in conflict dynamics. We describe the structure of the NSA data and the variables included, provide descriptive statistics of the indicators, and discuss areas for future research on non-state actors to enhance our understanding of conflict processes.
Exit polls and voter turnout
Authors: Andersen Asger Lau , Jensen Thomas
Published: September 2013

After the 2009 referendum on a proposed change to the Danish Law of Succession, it was widely claimed that the early publication of exit poll results changed the rate of turnout and eventually the outcome. We investigate this claim and contribute to the wider debate on the implications of exit polls by setting up and analyzing a formal model. We find that the introduction of an exit poll influences the incentive to vote both before and after the poll is published, but the signs of the effects are generally ambiguous. The observation that exit polls influence the incentive to vote even before they are published is often overlooked. We show that this can lead to premature conclusions about the impact of exit polls on electoral outcomes. In particular, in cases such as the Danish referendum where it clearly appears that exit polls changed the outcome, it could well be that the outcome would have been the same had there been no exit polls.
Efficient treatment allocation in two-way nested designs
Authors: Lemme Francesca , van Breukelen Gerard JP , Berger Martijn PF
Published: September 2013

Cluster randomized and multicenter trials sometimes combine two treatments A and B in a factorial design, with conditions such as A, B, A and B, or none. This results in a two-way nested design. The usual issue of sample size and power now arises for various clinically relevant contrast hypotheses. Assuming a fixed total sample size at each level (number of clusters or centers, number of patients), we derive the optimal proportion of the total sample to be allocated to each treatment arm. We consider treatment assignment first at the highest level (cluster randomized trial) and then at the lowest level (multicenter trial). We derive the optimal allocation ratio for various sets of clinically relevant hypotheses. We then evaluate the efficiency of each allocation and show that the popular balanced design is optimal or highly efficient for a range of research questions except for contrasting one treatment arm with all other treatment arms. We finally present simple equations for the total sample size needed to test each effect of interest in a balanced design, as a function of effect size, power and type I error α. All results are illustrated on a cluster-randomized trial on smoking prevention in primary schools and on a multicenter trial on lifestyle improvement in general practices.
Future imaginings and the battle over climate science: an interview with Michael Mann
Authors: Wright Christopher , Mann Michael
Published: September 2013

Professor Michael Mann is one of the world’s leading climate scientists and best known for his work on historical temperature trends and hemispherical climate reconstructions, including the iconic ‘hockey stick’ graph of long-term temperature variations. As a result of his work, Professor Mann became a central target of criticism from conservative politicians, industry groups and the climate change denial industry. The following edited interview was conducted in October 2012.
Warfarin pharmacogenetics: A controlled dose–response study in healthy subjects
Authors: Kadian-Dodov Daniella L , van der Zee Sarina A , Scott Stuart A , Peter Inga , Martis Suparna , Doheny Dana O , Rothlauf Elizabeth B , Lubitz Steven A , Desnick Robert J , Halperin Jonathan L
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to determine how genetic variants contribute to warfarin dosing variability when non-genetic factors are controlled. Thirty healthy subjects were subjected to a warfarin dosing algorithm with daily international normalized ratio (INR) measurements to INR ≥ 2.0, then off warfarin to INR ≤ 1.2. The primary outcome was the cumulative dose required to achieve INR ≥ 2.0 for 2 consecutive days. CYP2C9 ( p=0.004) and VKORC1 ( p=0.02) variant carriers required lower cumulative doses, and CYP4F2 carriers required higher doses ( p=0.04). Subjects with variants in both CYP2C9 and VKORC1 required fewer days to reach INR ≥ 2.0 than wild-type subjects or those with variants in CYP2C9 or VKORC1 ( p=0.01). Genetic contribution to dose variability (~62%) was greater than previously reported, suggesting that uncontrolled clinical variables influence the effect of these variants. In conclusion, genotype-guided warfarin-dosing algorithms may rely more on genetic variables in healthier individuals than in patients with clinical confounders. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01520402
Elasto-plastic pre- and post-buckling analysis of functionally graded beams under mechanical loading
Authors: Alijani A , Darvizeh M , Darvizeh A , Ansari R
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the elasto-plastic pre- and post-buckling behavior of beams made of functionally graded materials subjected to mechanical loading is investigated. A continuum-based finite element formulation is developed to determine the major characteristics of buckling. The arc-length algorithm is employed to analyze the stability problem. A plane stress von Mises model with isotropic hardening is utilized for the elasto-plastic nonlinear analysis of the beam. Basic idea in geometric and material nonlinear analysis of functionally graded material beams is to use the plasticity capacity of metal phase as a ductile material during loading. The influences of number of axial modes, material index, geometrical parameters and boundary conditions on the critical buckling point, pre- and post-buckling paths, plastic bifurcation point and stress distribution are fully studied. A good agreement between generated results and existing data in the literature is observed.
An evaluation of key risk factors affecting shipping market operations across the Taiwan Strait for liner carriers
Authors: Ding Ji-Feng , Tseng Wen-Jui , Hsu Fu-Ting
Published: September 2013

The main purpose of this article is to apply the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model to evaluate the key risk factors affecting cross-Strait shipping market for liner carriers. At first, according to the historical literature and experts’ opinions, a hierarchical structure with 4 risk aspects and 13 assessment criteria was constructed. Then, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process algorithm model is proposed. Finally, based on the analytic hierarchy process experts’ questionnaires, we used the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model to evaluate the key risk factors. The results show that (1) the “political risk” is the most important aspect affecting shipping market operations across the Taiwan Strait for liner carriers. (2) The top three critical risk factors are “shipping rate fluctuations and uncertainty,”“political interference from local governments,” and “discriminatory treatment and unfair competition,” respectively. Furthermore, some recommendations concerning effective control and remedial measures addressing potential risk incidents are provided for liner carriers operating cross-Strait shipping market.
Human C-reactive protein induces endothelial dysfunction in biobreeding diabetic rats
Authors: Jialal Ishwarlal , Kaur Harmeet , Devaraj Sridevi , Smith Gerred
Published: September 2013

Objective:

C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in diabetes predict cardiovascular events. Also, human CRP (hCRP) exacerbated the proinflammatory, pro-oxidant and procoagulant states in a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the biobreeding (BB) rat. Since there is a paucity of data examining the role of CRP on endothelial dysfunction in animal models of diabetes, we tested this hypothesis in the diabetic BB rat.

Methods:

Diabetic BB rats ( n = 4 per group) were injected with human serum albumin (HSA) or hCRP [hCRP = 20 mg/kg body weight; intraperitoneal (IP)] for three consecutive days. The rats were euthanized on day 4. Biomarkers that were assayed included endothelin-1 (ET-1), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), Von Willebrand factor (vWF) and 6-keto prostaglandin F1-alpha (6-keto PGF1-α) in plasma.

Results:

hCRP administration resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels. Furthermore, hCRP-treated rats had significantly increased circulating levels of ET-1 (1.12 ± 0.6 pg/mL versus 0.4 ± 0.21 pg/mL), vWF (45 ± 2.4 ng/mL versus 34 ± 7 ng/mL) and sICAM-1 (41 ± 3 ng/mL versus 34 ± 3.4 ng/mL) compared to HSA-treated rats ( p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on 6-keto PGF1-α levels.

Conclusion:

Hence, in this preliminary report, we make the novel observation that hCRP induces endothelial dysfunction in a spontaneous model of T1DM, and this could have implications for the vascular complications in diabetics.
Pioglitazone reduces inflammation through inhibition of NF-κB in polymicrobial sepsis
Authors: Kaplan Jennifer , Nowell Marchele , Chima Ranjit , Zingarelli Basilia
Published: September 2013

The insulin sensitizing thiazolidinedione drugs, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists and reduce pro-inflammatory responses in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, and may be beneficial in sepsis. Sepsis was induced in 8–10-wk-old C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) with a 22 -g double puncture technique. Mice received an i.p. injection of vehicle (DMSO:PBS) or pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) at 1 h and 6 h after CLP, and were sacrificed at various time points. In sepsis, vehicle-treated mice had hypoglycemia, increased lung injury and increased lung neutrophil infiltration. Pro-inflammatory plasma cytokines were increased, but the plasma adipokine, adiponectin, was decreased in vehicle-treated septic mice. This corresponded with inhibitor κB (IκBα) protein degradation and an increase in NF-κB activity in lung. Pioglitazone treatment improved plasma Glc and adiponectin levels, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lung IκBα protein expression increased and corresponded with a decrease in NF-κB activity in the lung from pioglitazone-treated mice. Pioglitazone reduces the inflammatory response in polymicrobial sepsis in part through inhibition of NF-κB and may be a novel therapy in sepsis.