bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analisis Efektivitas Model Problem Based Learning Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Sikap Ilmiah
Authors: Zahro Syafiatuz
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on students' critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes based on education level, learning materials and teaching materials used. This research used meta-analysis method. This research was obtained from 7 national scientific journals. Based on the results obtained based on the level of education, the PBL model is effectively used at the junior high school and senior high school levels. Based on learning materials, PBL models are used to develop critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes. Based on the learning material, the PBL model is more effective in using the human respiratory system material for critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes. Then based on the teaching materials, all teaching materials are effective when using the PBL model for critical thinking skill and scientific attitudes. Penelitain ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari penerapan model Problem Based Learning (PBL)  terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dan sikap ilmiah siswa berdasarkan jenjang pendidikan, materi pembelajaran dan bahan ajar yang digunakan. Metode yang digunakan adalah meta-analisis. Penelitian ini diperoleh dari 7 jurnal ilmiah nasional. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh berdasarkan jenjang pendidikan, model PBL efektif digunakan pada jenjang SMA maupun SMP. Berdasarkan materi pembelajaran, model PBL untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berfikir kritis dan sikap ilmiah. Berdasarkan materi pembelajaran, model PBL lebih efektif menggunakan materi sistem pernapasan manusia untuk kemampuan berpikir kritis dan sikap ilmiah. Kemudian berdasarkan bahan ajar seluruh bahan ajar efektif jika menggunakan model PBL untuk berfikir kritis maupun sikap ilmiah.
Clodius' Bid for the Tribunate in 60 B.C.
Authors: Pinard Garry W.
Published: March 2021

During 60 B.C. the patrician P. Clodius Pulcher was unsuccessful in a bid for the tribunate. The main purpose of this article is to show why he failed to secure that office. A secondary purpose is to prove that Clodius formed an alliance with Pompey and attempted to use it to his own advantage in his tribunician campaign.
Lower Class Women in the Roman Economy
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: March 2021

The subject of this paper is the female of the species opifiaes and tabemarii, "craftsmen and shopkeepers and all that scum of the cities," as Cicero once indiscreetly called them. We need not believe him when he claims that they were always and everywhere ready for riot or revolution because they were so wretchedly poor, but for many of these workers it may have been hard to make ends meet, so that we should not be surprised to find wives or children gainfully employed. However, the range of jobs and the range of prosperity is wide, for we shall deal with a broad stratum of urban workers which includes importers of manufactured articles or raw materials, skilled craftsmen producing and selling luxury goods, humbler dealers, shopkeepers and pedlars of cheap objects, people who offered services.
Charlemagne in Vincent’s Mirror: The Speculum Historiale as a Source of the Old Norse Karlamagnús Saga
Authors: Hieatt Constance B.
Published: March 2021

The Old Norse (largely, but not exclusively, Norwegian) translation of the cycle of chansons de geste centering on Charlemagne and Roland, Karlamagnús Saga, is mostly based on Old French (or Anglo-Norman) texts; however, aside from one section which is clearly based on a Middle English original, it is often difficult to be sure exactly what language the translator(s) was (were) working with. Two exceptions exist: Part IV, "The Saga of Agulandus," which is in large part based on the Latin Pseudo-Turpin chronicle, and Part X, which is, for the most part, drawn from the Speculum historiale of Vincent of Beauvais. Vincent is not without influence elsewhere in the saga translation; he was obviously one of the sources of the later version of the fourth part of the saga. What I wish to examine here, however, is the one portion of the saga for which Vincent appears to have been a basic source, Part X, "Miracles and Signs" — referring to signs that Charlemagne was elect, a true saint.
Religion and Politics in Byzantium on the Eve of the Arab Conquests
Authors: Frendo J.D.C.
Published: March 2021

The three decades or so that go to make up the long and eventful reign of the Emperor Heraclius (610-641) constitute both a turning point in the evolution of the Byzantine state and a watershed in the history of Europe and the Middle East. It is difficult, therefore, though essential in the first instance for the purpose of the present analysis, to try to disentangle one aspect of this situation from the other. Nevertheless, a useful starting point for such an attempt has, I think, been provided by G. Ostrogorsky’s characterization of the changes that the Byzantine state itself underwent during a stretch of time if not identical with, at least in close proximity to and inclusive of, the period in question. It should be noted, moreover, that his observations are in a sense self-contained and, what is perhaps more important, that they are offered independently of any consideration of the epoch-making significance of the more or less simultaneous rise of Islam:
Aeneas's Treason and Narrative Consistency in the Mediaeval Irish Imtheachta Aeniasa
Authors: Harris John R.
Published: March 2021

In 1907, the Irish Texts Society made generally available a late mediaeval “translation” of Vergil’s Aeneid, apparently the work of one Solomon O’Droma, an esteemed copyist of the fourteenth century. The manuscript was edited, and an accompanying English translation prepared, by George Calder, a Scots minister of considerable learning. The erudite Calder even provided his readers with a column of Vergilian references down the right margin of every page. This could not have been an easy task, for the notion of translation was quite liberal in the Middle Ages, embracing (along with some portion of the original text) incidental glosses, alternative versions, adjustments to current taste, and even Christian “updating” of symbols and manners. The Irish Imtheachta Aeniasa, or Adventures of Aeneas, is actually rather chaste in this regard. Its most recurrent liberty with Vergil is to encapsulate or radically rephrase his narration in the Irish heroic style, as Eleanor Hull observed long ago. Seldom is the Roman Aeneid simply abandoned.
A Note on Troilus and Criseyde V. 1786–92
Authors: Haas Renate
Published: March 2021

The first envoy of Troilus and Criseyde is an important locus for Chaucer’s view of his great poem and of his own status as a poet. Various scholars have felt it is here that Chaucer makes the highest claim ever for his poetry. Thus this stanza has often been cited; yet it is astonishing how little it has been analyzed. Its elegance has repeatedly been mentioned en passant, but, pursuing broader questions, Chaucerians have largely forgotten to scrutinize how this elegance is effected or how Chaucer actually makes his claim and what may be implied by this.
Contradictions and Self-Contradictions in Chaucer's Poetic Strategy
Authors: Pelen Marc M.
Published: March 2021

In their comments on the contribution th a t the Merchant’s Tale makes to the theme of marriage in The Canterbury Tales, Chaucerians remain perplexed by the internal contradictions of the poem and of its Prologue. At the outset, the Merchant as speaker appears to bewail his condition as an aggrieved husband (IV. 1213-18), as he draws a contrast between the “pacience” of Griselda and his wife’s “passyng crueltee” (1225). Thus, it might seem appropriate to identify a common dramatic purpose between the predicament of the teller, as an embittered spouse, and th a t of his major character Januarie, who comes also to know marital disappointment. However, it is also evident th a t the two speakers pursue quite different argumentative strategies: Januarie, a t the close, is seemingly reconciled to May’s deception in the pear-tree, but he is also the object of the Merchant’s bitte r sarcasm, which is supported by the Host’s equally angry rejoinder (2420) on the wiles of women.
Lydgate and the Roman Antique
Authors: Clogan Paul M.
Published: March 2021

The obsession with Lydgate's style, according to Derek Pearsall, "is endless, and to some extent self-sufficient, for there is no other poet in whom 'style' becomes so nearly an end in itself, a fixed entity, whose relation to 'subject' is one of abstract congruence not expressive embodiment." For John Ganim Lydgate's "often prolix narrative style . . . can be understood as part of a process of literary history that begins to include an audience broader than the court or monastery. His style comes about from a union of the perspectives of the court and the cloister; . . . his creation of a voice that could speak to prince and merchant on the same level." This paper focusses on the relation of narrative and moral generalization in The Siege of Thebes and suggests that it springs from a elaboration of elements in the tradition of the roman antique and, in particular, the recovery and assimilation of Le Roman de Thébes into the prose text of the Histoire ancienne jusqu'a Cesar, the earliest ancient history written in Old French.
In Defence of Byrhtnoth
Authors: Kirby I. J.
Published: March 2021

This paper has one occasion, one cause, and one objective. The occasion is the recently-commemorated millennium of the battle of Maldon, an appropriate time to review not only the events of August 991 but also the critical responses to them, including those of the millennial year. The cause is the all-too-prevalent scholarly opinion, expressed as often in the last decade as in previous ones, that Byrhtnoth cannot escape censure for the English defeat, whether that censure be gentle or virulent. My objective is to demonstrate that this opinion is mistaken.
Saints, Doctors, and Soothsayers: The Dynamics of Healing in Gregory of Tours's De Virtutibus Sancti Martini
Authors: Kitchen John
Published: March 2021

Besides objecting to Gregory of Tours’s “barbarized” Latin, critics and historians often regarded his writings as proof of the crude and superstitious outlook of the author and his society. Countless incidents of miraculous healings and divine interventions, meticulously recorded by Gregory, formed the basis of such an interpretation. Although students of this period are becoming less inclined to show such disdain for the prominent role Gregory gives to the supernatural in everyday life, there is yet to be, as Peter Brown has noted (222), “a religionsgeschichtliches Kommentar” on the work of this prolific writer and bishop of sixth-century Gaul. The absence of a new, thorough, and precise interpretation of Gregory means that the conventional assessment of his work remains largely unchallenged. Of course, a brief discussion such as this cannot provide the “full religious commentary” on Gregory of which Brown speaks and for which he claims there is an “urgent need” (222). Nevertheless, the following remarks may contribute to the larger process of changing our understanding of Gregory and of reinterpreting the religious practices and attitudes of his society.
The Aesthetic and the Dramatic in Philippe de Rémi’s Verse Romances
Authors: Harvey Carol J.
Published: March 2021

Until recently, the works of Philippe de Rémi, sire de Beaumanoir, were known chiefly through Hermann Suchier’s nineteenth-century edition of the manuscript. Philippe’s two verse romances, La Manekine (c. 1230–1240) and the later Jehan et Blonde, have now become more widely known through the publication of versions in modern French. Both can be considered as typical initiation romances, to the extent that the stories of Joȉe, the protagonist of La Manekine, and Jehan, hero of Jehan et Blonde, span several years, bringing them from adolescence into adulthood, marriage, and an established position in society. Beyond this superficial categorization, one noteworthy feature of both narratives is that their French author chose to set various segments across the Channel, in Scotland and in England. Such “exotic” elements as the Anglo-Norman dialect or Scottish customs unquestionably demonstrate Philippe’s skill at weaving strands of local colour into the texture of his romances. They also merit attention as narrative strategies. This article will examine the episodes situated in England or Scotland, exploring their variations and their aesthetic or dramatic function within the respective narrative frameworks. First, however, a brief summary of the romances will serve to indicate those segments that take place across the Channel.
Distentio, Intentio, Attentio: Intentionality and Chaucer's Third Eye
Authors: Williams David
Published: March 2021

In the fifth book of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, Criseyde looks out from the enemy camp toward Troy and the lover she has betrayed and laments her situation in terms of great significance for the larger meaning of the poem:
Editor’s Note and Acknowledgments
Authors: Toswell M.J.
Published: March 2021

This issue of Florilegium, the second of my editorship, is also die last (1 hope) of the large monographs produced annually. The journal will welcome the new millennium with two issues a year, each one smaller and more flexible than the current volume. The costs of publishing are sufficiently low that for at least a year—and possibly two or three—the charge to members of the sponsoring organisation, the Canadian Society of Medievalists/Société canadienne des médiévistes will remain the same. Institutions may see a slight rise in subscription costs, largely owing to increased postage costs. Members of the CSM/SCM without an institutional address may receive their two issues at the same time, since postage costs are likely to be higher than the costs of preparing and printing the journal. This move to biannual publication has been greatly aided by a general grant in aid of the journal recently awarded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The SSHRC has also underwritten, by way of a special initiative grant, much of the cost of developing a Florilegium website, which should be accessible within a few months and will have copies of back issues loaded more gradually than some would prefer, but as rapidly as the editorial staff can manage.
Reading and Teaching Troilus Otherwise: St Maure, Chaucer, Henryson
Authors: Findlay L. M.
Published: March 2021

Medieval studies has it all . At the end of the twentieth century, whatever one wishes to explore, one can find it adumbrated or more plainly available in the middle ages. Nor does one have to listen (as I have done with pleasure and profit over the years) to that committed teacher and scholar, Douglas Wurtele, in order to appreciate this. I was assured of that by Matthew P. MacDiarmid when I was an undergraduate at Aberdeen. When I went to Oxford as a graduate student, the endless potential and compelling actualities of medieval studies were even more palpable than at Aber-deen, especially for someone intending to work in the nineteenth century . However, the Aberdeen all proved to be different from the Oxford all, most notably in the place granted to the so-called Scottish Chaucerians in a decidedly Anglocentric scheme of things. And this conflicted sense of all — what it is and who gets to define it—helped open the door for me on what has in the last two decades been a site for some of the most important and intermittently-productive debates in literary studies and in the humanities more generally.
Text as Performance: Toward a More Authentic Experience of the Lydgate Canon
Authors: Helmbold Anita
Published: March 2021

The alterity described by Hans Robert Jauss has become a fundamental principle guiding medievalists in their attempts to understand the literature of the Middle Ages. Medieval scholars have long recognised the need to historicise the literature that they study, but despite this necessary concern with historicity, the task before the scholar is not easy. The leap from the twentieth century to the Middle Ages is a long leap indeed, requiring intellectual flexibility, specialised knowledge, and a careful focus. As Ralph Hanna observes, "pre-print volumes are remarkably alienating objects for anyone coming to them with print conceptions" (7). While years of study may enable one to discourse at length and with relative ease regarding the concepts prevalent in medieval society, it nevertheless takes considerable cognitive focus to approach the texts of this period with a mindset approximating that of a member of a pre-print culture. The lens of modernity exerts an overriding influence that can be overcome only through conscious and sustained mental effort.
"God Shall Always Raise Up Some": John Knox, the Reformer as Prophet
Authors: Auksi Peter
Published: March 2021

Even those who resist John Knox's 'message' must concede the superbly rhetorical nature of his 'medium: His control over figures of pathos—abusive similitudes, lavish ironies, and cutting epithets—is striking, and the careful divisio apparent in the structure of his tracts, as well as the scholarly listing of proofs and exempla, indicate his characteristic regard for figures of logos. Most notable, however, are his figures and cultivation of ethos, which deal with self-characterisation, or the personal qualities of the 'messenger,' which can stand apart from the message or medium. Characteristically, Knox likes, first, to portray himself as a prophet. The second part of his 'ethical' consciousness involves not so much the prophetic speaker as the hostile or resisting audience to whom he usually finds himself speaking.
Introduction
Authors: de Looze Laurence
Published: March 2021

If you mention the name of Minnette Gaudet to scholars of Old French, their first reaction—both rightly and wrongly—will usually be to think of the 1980 Special Issue of French Forum entitled The Nature of Medieval Narrative. Rightly, because the volume, which Minnette co-edited and which grew out of a conference held at the University of Western Ontario in 1977, proved to be a watershed for the encounter between narrative theory or narratology and medieval literature. Most students of medieval literature have in their personal library a dog-eared, much-perused copy of that collection of essays (in my case and, I suspect, in that of many others who were students when the volume came out, this consists of a copyright-violating xerox). But at the same time medievalists wrongly think so quickly of the Medieval Narrative volume for the simple reason that twenty-five years later too many scholars associate Minnette's name more readily with that volume than with her volume (s) of more recent work. Like the artist or actor who is too successful in a particular mode (Braque's cubist period or Bogey in his heyday), Minnette has occasionally had to wriggle out from under the success of her own work.
Thwarted Sexuality in Chaucer's Works
Authors: Silvia Daniel , Howard Donald R. , Rowland Beryl , Donaldson E. Talbot , Ridley Florence
Published: March 2021

Geoffrey Chaucer repeatedly depicts himself as a poet of love — love frustrated, perhaps, more often than love fulfilled. The image of the poet that has been passed down through the centuries is that of a m e diaeval Ovid: a chronicler of a m o r e s , even a chronicler of that mediaeval myth, courtly love. So much attention has been paid over the last century to mediaeval romantic love that some students of the past are apt to forget that romantic love is but one arena, after all, in the incredibly spacious realm of human sexuality. Or, to put the matter in terms that are Chaucer's, the temple of Venus is but a palace of brass within the much larger confines of the extensive garden of Nature. There, as The Parlement of Foules makes clear, most of the inhabitants are not allowed the luxury of considering so specialized a phenomenon as romantic (courtly) love. The realm of eroticism, of the erotic in life, goes far beyond that of courtesy or romance. Today we generally agree that the erotic element, that core of the self that constitutes human sexuality, may be characterized as the life-force itself, intent on self-preservation and the p r e servation of the species.
The Towneley Processus Talentorum: Dicing Toward Jerusalem
Authors: Olmert Michael
Published: March 2021

The Play of the Talents may be the most surprising work in literary history, simply because it depends so heavily on the use of game as a context for its narrative, its drama, its moral instruction, and ultimately its art. Crowded into its four hundred and twelve lines are continuous references to a lottery, dicing, and several other games, along with the violence, cursing, anger, and disappointment that attend the losers in such contests. There is also a great deal of the mirth and tumult that accompanies winning. This is astonishing because the play covers a very sobering topic: the gambling for Christ’s seamless robe immediately following the crucifixion.
Pero Tafur: A Fifteenth-Century Spaniard
Authors: Labarge Margaret Wade
Published: March 2021

Travellers’ tales have been a popular branch of literature for centuries and the fifteenth century is particularly rich in its assortment of observant, adventurous travellers who were eager to share their impressions and opinions with a wider public. Such men were not purveyors of the fabulous, at least not in regard to what they themselves saw. They did pass on some very tall stories derived from other travellers they met, but this was not with the intention of fooling their audience. Rather, they themselves had seen so many things which struck them as beyond belief that it was easy to accept credulously the possible wonders of a still unexplored world.
Heroic Kings and Unruly Generals: The "Copenhagen" Continuation of Prosper Reconsidered
Authors: Muhlberger Steven
Published: March 2021

For much of our knowledge of late antiquity we are indebted to historically-minded bibliophiles of the Middle Ages who assembled the fragments of Roman history into great collections of chronicles and histories. Perhaps the most interesting of such collections is preserved in Copenhagen Ns. 454. Largely made up of the well-known chronicles of Jerome, Prosper, and Iáidore, it also contains material found nowhere else concerning events of the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries. Particularly valuable are the notices of the years 475 through 480. The Copenhagen collection includes capsule accounts -- derived apparently from a contemporary work or works -- of the deposition of the Emperor Nepos, the usurpation of Romulus Augustulus, last Roman emperor of the West, and the subsequent revolt of the /oederati through which Odoacer was made the first barbarian king of Italy. The Copenhagen manuscript is, in fact, our fullest source for these famous events.
Power Motivation in Sidonius Apollinaris, Eugippius, and Nonnus
Authors: Newbold R. F.
Published: March 2021

Power can be thought of as the capacity to produce effects, consciously and unconsciously intended, on the behaviour and feelings of others. Power motivation arises when an individual experiences a need that can only be fulfilled by inducing appropriate behaviour in others. Ideals of service are an important means for taming or socializing power, rendering it more acceptable. This often means that a drive for power is marked by talk of duty and responsibility. The ranks of teachers, psychologists, clergymen, journalists, and urban planners contain above average numbers of people with a high power motivation. It can be hard to distinguish legitimate and necessary leadership from coercion and domination, for the latter may not be perceived as such by followers. People vary enormously in the degree to which they are prepared to challenge existing structures and norms to gain power, and they vary in their response to the attainment of power. The mere status of their position may be sufficient for some: power is not vigorously or selfishly exercised, nor is it conspicuously displayed. There may be present a fear of power, i.e., a fear of abusing it, which is defended against by maintaining that power is not one's own but a gift of grace to be used for the benefit of others. Charismatic or messianic leaders often make this claim. They are able to enhance the self-esteem of followers by providing a potent object of identification, and they lead by making their followers feel powerful rather than by commanding them. Identifying with any winner or hero, whether sporting, religious, or political, provides a vicarious experience of power. The need for power, therefore, is not only about a drive to influence others. Alcohol consumption induces a feeling of power. For those frustrated in their hopes of gaining real power, it offers a substitute, as do sex and violent behaviour. A drive for personalized power may be accompanied by high alcohol consumption, low inhibition of impulses, and, more so than socialized power, it has a present orientation, a moment-by-moment quality that has to be constantly reaffirmed. Gambling offers opportunities to impress and to win in the short run. A socialized power drive is characterized by low alcohol consumption and high inhibition, and may be advertized by dietary and sexual asceticism.
Epic Exegesis and the Use of Vergil in the Early Biblical Poets
Authors: Malsbary Gerald
Published: March 2021

The Latin Christian biblical poets of late antiquity are customarily divided into two groups: a) those who keep rather strictly to a ’’paraphrase’’ of the scriptural narrative, and b) those who go "beyond paraphrase" in order to develop imaginative and dramatic interest or allegorical and typological commentary. Thus Juvencus and "Cyprianus" Gallus, the straightforward paraphrase-makers of the New and Old Testaments respectively, are set apart, usually with disparagement, from Proba, Sedulius, Victorius, Dracontius, Avitus, and Arator, the poets who are noted, and sometimes praised, for exercising a degree of poetic or exegetical freedom from the sacred text.
Structure and Pattern in Chaucer's Knight's Tale
Authors: Rowe Elizabeth Ashman
Published: March 2021

The Knight's Tale has often been cited as an example of Chaucer's use of "conventional" or formal style, in contrast to the naturalism of the General Prologue. As Charles Muscatine observes, "When Chaucer writes at either end of the scale of values, indeed, his style becomes correspondingly extreme. When he writes at the Knight's end of the scale 'Of storial thyng that toucheth gentillesse,/ And eek moralitee andhoolynesse,' he leans heavily on conventional forms." This formalism is characterized not only by the use of rhetoric and a "high style" of writing but also by the use of a classical setting and the patterns and correspondences found in such Latin epics as the Aeneid and the Thebaid. Chaucer's development of the idea of correspondence between gods and men, for example, yields an ordered, symmetrical set of characters. When this ordering of form is considered alongside the prominent presentation in Theseus' sermon of the order of Nature, it is not much of a leap of interpretation to assume that the Knight's Tale is in some way "about" order. However, when more closely examined, the poem seems to be more "about" disorder than order. Merle Fifield interprets Theseus' sermon in the following way: it counsels "the acceptance of eternal disorder as one of God's works (3057)" and it forbids."the expression of an ethical order in the narrative action of the romance." In fact, layers of disorder and order alternate. The emotional chaos and fruitless conflicts of Arcite and Palamon lead them to be compared to animals (1655-59, 2626-33), but above them is Theseus, who attempts to order the lives of his subjects rationally and whose symmetrical battle arena symbolizes his world view. Above Theseus is the disorder of Olympus, where the gods quarrel and scheme, and above them, if we may believe Theseus (2987 ff.), is the First Mover, stable and eternal.
Sermon and Penitential in The Parson’s Tale and their effect on style
Authors: Rowland Beryl
Published: March 2021

One of the few aspects of The Parson’s Tale about which little has been written is its style. Without doubt the circumstances of the Tale demand critical caution. Despite the research of Wenzel, the foremost authority on Fragment X and its sources, and despite his summations that are accessible in an admirably succinct form in the River s ide Chaucer (1987: 954-65), unanswered questions remain. The way in which we deal with them must inevitably affect our assessment of style.*
Our Lady According to Geoffrey Chaucer: Translation and Collage
Authors: Boyd Beverly
Published: March 2021

Chaucer addressed some of his best known poetry to the Virgin Mary. Whatever basis such poetry may have had in personal religion, this discussion is interested in the fact that Chaucer’s marian writings are in large part the result of translation, adaptation, quotation, and allusion. That observation is not meant to be iconoclastic, for literature of the time did not have the present-day obsession with novelty, and much mediaeval religious poetry is derivative. In writing about the Virgin Mary, Chaucer sometimes layered borrowed passages in a complex of sources themselves borrowed, leaving the reader with echoes — echoes of other great writers such as Bernard of Clairvaux and Dante, as well as of the Bible, the Church’s hymnody, and the liturgy. Most of this layering occurs in, or prefaces, folkloric works which are hagiography at least in their origins: the Second Nun’s tale of St Cecilia and the Prioress’s tale of the schoolboy murdered for singing Alma redemptor is mater in a ghetto. Less complex is the short poem known as Chaucer’s A B C , translated from Guillaume de Deguilleville’s Pèlerinage de la vie humaine. Even less so are the two marian verses uttered by the Man of Law’s Constance as she enters her rudderless ship (II. 841-854). These pieces by Chaucer are not uniformly excellent. Some are marian passages in other works not themselves marian.
ASSESSMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:   MBA, Lecturer, Almaty Technological University, Kazakhstan, Sulushash Jumasheva , Madiyar Adilkhanov ,   student, Almaty Technological University, Kazakhstan, Dilshat Yuldashev ,   student, Almaty Technological University, Kazakhstan
Published: March 2021

The relevance of the research topic is due to the growing interest in public-private partnership (PPP) in the business cycles of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the largest countries of the world and state institutions. Today it becomes obvious that without an interesting partnership of state and municipal authorities with representatives of private business, it is impossible to achieve the highest stable rates of development of the country. The article reveals the content of public-private partnership, examines the features of its formation and development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The conditions for effective public-private partnership have been identified. The article indicates that the ongoing programs to stimulate entrepreneurship through PPP have a positive effect, but a number of problems remain. Based on the results of the PPP assessment in Kazakhstan, directions for improving this type of cooperation have been identified.
Hard Numbers: Open Consumer Price Database
Authors:   VTB Capital, Isakov Alex , Latypov Rodion ,   VTB Capital, Repin Andrey ,   VTB Capital, Postolit Egor ,   VTB Capital, Evseev Alexey ,   RANEPA, Sinelnikova-Muryleva Elena ,   RANEPA
Published: March 2021

We document a new source of consumer price microdata. The new database allows researchers studying consumer price behaviour to access current and granular raw statistical observations. The range of observed prices fully covers goods and services of the Rosstat’s CPI sample and extends beyond it. In this paper, we pursue two objectives. First, we describe the data collection mechanism, data structure, and their access protocols, as well provide four complete illustrations of their application using open API: i) training machine models of product classification based on text labels, ii) real-time tracking of product prices, iii) estimating hedonic regressions for product groups, and iv) calculating arbitrary analytical price indices. Second, we share a set of basic skills and technologies for the benefit of researchers interested in creating their own sources of alternative data.
On the problem of identification of the early type of Sindian coins
Authors:   Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, V. Goroncharovskiy , A. Tereshchenko ,   State Russian Museum
Published: March 2021

This paper is devoted to a scene on the obverse of a series of coins with the legend ΣINΔΩN where a kneeling masculine figure with a bow and an arrow is depicted. New findings of specimens of well-preserved Sindian coins give us a possibility to consider the problem of the origin of this subject. Of key issue here is a demonstration of the ceremony of checking of the arrow. In the opinion of the authors, in this case, an episode is depicted from the mythology of the Sinds concerned with the ritual of investment of their chiefs with power.
The horizon of the second and third quarter of the 6th century BC at the settlement of Maryanskoye 1 on the lower Kuban River
Authors:   South Regional Center for Archaeological Research, A. Ivanov ,   Institute of World History RAS, P. Larenok ,   SouthArchaeology, A. Podorozhnyj ,   SouthArchaeology
Published: March 2021

The paper deals with the materials of the early Iron Age from excavations of the settlement-site of Maryanskoye 1 investigated in the Krasnoarmeysk district of Krasnodar Kray on the bank of the Kuban River. The main attention is paid to the chronological horizon of the 6th century BC which is the main stratum at the site. In order to define its chronological position, an analysis is presented and analogues of the artefacts characteristic of Kuban sites of the early Maeotic period are attracted. Particular consideration is paid to Greek imports. The aggregate of the obtained data allows us to date the horizon under study to within the second–third quarter of the 6th century BC and its materials are to be considered in the context of the Maeotic culture.
COVID-19 і головний біль
Authors: Honchar A V , Kovalchuk P V , Katilov O V
Published: March 2021

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic scientists from all over the world have been working thoroughly to study this disease and its connections with other pathological conditions. In this review the specificity of headache in patients who had had COVID-19 infection in terms of differential diagnosis is estimated. Due to increasing amount of cases, this information will be extremely helpful for doctors who are managing such patient as well as for headache specialists.
Ludwika Flecka hermeneutyczna teoria wiedzy
Authors: Przyłębski Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Polski biolog i epistemolog L. Fleck jest twórcą teorii nauki prekursorskiej względem koncepcji Th. Kuhna. Mimo że sam Fleck nie używał nazwy „hermeneutyka”, to jego rozważania noszą wybitnie hermeneutyczny charakter. Dominuje w nich bowiem myślenie w kategoriach rozumienia, akcentowanie interpretacyjnego charakteru ludzkiego odniesienia do rzeczywistości, podkreślanie znaczenia tego, co dany badacz zastaje, co we wspólnocie badaczy obowiązuje (i do czego - co najmniej na początku - musi się dostosować) oraz samej wspólnoty myślowej (badawczej), stanowiącej gremium oceniające jego poznawczy wkład. Choć lwowski filozof wyraża to przy pomocy kategorii takich jak styl myślowy oraz myślowy kolektyw, implicite nasuwają się takie hermeneutyczne kategorie, jak przedwiedza, rozumienie i interpretacja, tradycja, przekaz kulturowy, wspólnota komunikacyjna. Odrzucając metafizyczne wypowiedzi o ukrytej istocie rzeczywistości samej w sobie, relatywizując rzeczywistość do różnorodnej (nie tylko naukowej) wiedzy o niej, Fleck stara się, podobnie jak Heidegger, Gadamer czy Rorty, nie popaść w relatywizm i dowolność.
Racjonalizm praktyczny a konstrukcja kontekstu decyzji
Authors: Picavet Emmanuel
Published: March 2021

Artykuł jest próbą syntezy istotnych problemów wyrosłych z nowego odczytania Hume’a z perspektywy współczesnej teorii decyzji. Kontrowersje dotyczą sposobu traktowania tego, co nowe w sytuacjach podejmowania decyzji. Uwzględnienie konstruktywnego wymiaru rozumu praktycznego może być rozpatrywane jako konsekwencja teorii decyzji.
Ludzka natura i społeczność ludzka. Dawid Hume o początkach państwa
Authors: Grzeliński Adam
Published: March 2021

Artykuł rekonstruuje najważniejsze elementy filozofii polityki Dawida Hume’a dotyczące możliwość ukonstytuowania się państwa. Zdaniem szkockiego filozofa warunkiem wyjścia ze stanu natury jest określenie praw własności, które w dalszej konsekwencji prowadzi do stworzenia prawa pozytywnego oraz wskazania reguł sprawowania władzy. Hume wskazuje na psychologiczne przesłanki powstania państwa, odnajdując je w naturalnej dla wszystkich ludzi motywacji egoistycznej i ograniczonej życzliwości. Wizja powstania państwa, wynikająca ze sposobu, w jaki Hume rozumiał udział rozumu i namiętności w ludzkim doświadczeniu, stanowi jednocześnie kontynuację krytycznego namysłu nad filozofią praktyczną wywodzącą się w brytyjskiej filozofii od Locke’a i Hobbesa.
Bioetyka jako filozoficzna podstawa nauk biomedycznych
Authors: Słomski Wojciech
Published: March 2021

Człowiek stanął obecnie przez problemami etycznymi, których dotychczasowa etyka bądź w ogóle nie dostrzegała, bądź też, jeżeli nawet dostrzegała, to nie podejmowała poważniejszych prób ich rozwiązania. Rola medycyny (a tym samym waga problemów związanych z nią w sposób mniej lub bardziej ścisły) w życiu współczesnego człowieka staje się coraz większa. Lekarze mają prawo decydowania o tym, czy wolno nam wykonywać określone zawody, uprawiać określone sporty, a także orzekają o poczytalności lub niepoczytalności osób oskarżonych o popełnienie przestępstw. Te głębokie przemiany w świadomości sprowadzają się zatem do jednego zasadniczego zjawiska: zmiany naszego stosunku zarówno do życia, jak i do śmierci. Pytania o moralną zasadności eutanazji, aborcji, transplantacji organów są bowiem w istocie pytaniami dotyczącymi kresu lub początku ludzkiego życia. Mamy więc obecnie do czynienia z całkowicie nowym podejściem do śmierci, a tym samym – do problemów bioetycznych. Jakie stanowisko wobec tego nowego podejścia powinna zająć etyka? Otóż wydaje się, że już samo powstanie bioetyki jako odrębnej dyscypliny jest rezultatem usiłowań zmierzających do sprostania owym wyzwaniom. Bioetyka, chcąc tego czy nie, staje się rodzajem etycznego drogowskazu dla osób i instytucji podejmujących decyzje o życiu lub śmierci drugiego człowieka. W praktyce okazuje się jednak, iż ów bioetyczny drogowskaz wskazuje kierunek mniej lub bardziej dokładnie: poczynając od formułowania ogólnych teorii etycznych, w obrębie których dokonuje się rozwiązania także problemów bioetyki, aż po wypowiedzi stwierdzające moralną dopuszczalność (lub niedopuszczalność) pewnych działań wobec konkretnych osób. Filozof powinien stać na straży akceptowanych powszechnie wartości moralnych i uświadamiać (sobie i innym), jakie skutki dla moralności i społeczeństwa przynieść może rosnąca tendencja do zawierania moralnych kompromisów z wymogami wydajności i skuteczności. Moralnym nakazem obowiązującym jego samego powinno być natomiast strzeżenie się tego rodzaju kompromisów. Odnieść można jednak wrażenie, że także bioetyka nie dostrzega owych ostatecznych celów i mechanizmów, skupiając uwagę na postępowaniu i odpowiedzialności moralnej jednostki, tracąc natomiast z pola widzenia szersze struktury społeczne i kulturowe. Aby te cele dostrzec i właściwie ocenić, bioetyka nie może ani sama stać się częścią tej instytucji, ani też pozostać ściśle filozoficzną, akademicką spekulacją. Interdyscyplinarność jawi się w tym kontekście jako wymóg, któremu bioetyka prędzej czy później będzie musiała sprostać.
„Fakt moralny " - „Macierzysta sytuacja moralna "
Authors: Radzicki Bogdan
Published: March 2021

Autor podejmuje próbę zakreślenia przynajmniej wstępnych ram pojęciowych dla dyskusji nad punktem wyjścia etyki. O. podjętych rozważań stanowią dwa pojęcia, których znaczenie nie zostało dotąd ustalone na gruncie etyki: „fakt moralny” (występuje również w liczbie mnogiej) i „macierzysta sytuacja moralna”. Próbując zaproponować pewien sposób używania tych pojęć w dyskursie etycznym, autor dokonuje szkicowego przeglądu wybranych (reprezentatywnych) sposobów konceptualizacji punktu wyjścia etyki.
La constitution dialogique de la subjectivite: retour sur la relecture par Tugendhat de l’interactionisme americain
Authors: Demelemestre Gaelle
Published: March 2021

The Rawls theory of procedural justice is being subjected to criticism oh theoretical approaches named “Theory of recognition” (A. Honneth, A. Caille, Ch. Lazzeri) emphasing the importance of subjective interactions in the development of the meaningful representation as used by the society to be included as part of its existence. This article intends to show how, by a critical recovery of American interactionism and lessons provided by this school of social psychology. Ernst Tugendhadt shows, on a philosophical level, the importance of the individual enrolment in a dialogical space where are making up the meaning of language used, the standard of right and good, and the notion of truth.
Współczesne oblicza nihilizmu: Baudrillard - Vattimo - Bauman
Authors: Kucner Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Nihilizm stał się współcześnie jednym z charakterystycznych rysów kultury i filozofii. W wyniku zaszłych przemian jego rozumienie dalece jednak odbiega od dziewiętnastowiecznego zawołania Nietzschego: Gott ist tot. Nihilizm przestał być symbolem wyczerpania sensu, kresu metafizyki czy zaniku wartości. Jako nihilizm spełniony wyraża się w idei symulacji i symulakryzacji (Baudrillard), słabego myślenia (Vattimo) czy płynnej rzeczywistości (Bauman). Dawne pojęcia i koncepcje metafizyki utraciły swoje znaczenia, a ich miejsce usiłują zajmować stanowiska wyrażające krytyczny namysł nad kondycją intelektualną i aksjologiczną współczesnego człowieka.
Światło w twórczości Teofana Greka, Andrzeja Rublowa i Dionizego
Authors: Kobrzeniecka-Sikorska Grażyna
Published: March 2021

Światło ma ścisły związek z teologią hezychazmu. Jest też najważniejszym zagadnieniem w twórczości Teofana Greka, Andrzeja Rublowa i Dionizego. Artyści w swoich dziełach chcieli oddać realne doświadczenie Boga w postaci przenikającej Światłości, jakiego doznają hezychaści podczas modlitwy Jezusowej, każdy z nich czynił to jednak w inny sposób. U Teofana, głównie na freskach w cerkwi Przemienienia Pańskiego W Nowogrodzie, światło unicestwia  materię. Artysta dokonuje tego głownie poprzez dynamiczne pociągnięcia pędzla. W ten sposób obrazuje dochodzenie hezychasty do świętości, jego wewnętrzną walkę aż do całkowitego przebóstwienia. Rublow zaś ukazuje w swoich obrazach, szczególnie w ikonie Trójcy Świętej, szczyt doświadczenia hezychastycznego, przy czym nie unicestwia materii, a ją przemienia, ukazuje stan doskonałości, żadna dynamiczna kreska lub intensywniejsza plama koloru nie zakłóca panującej harmonii. Jeszcze inaczej doświadczenie hezychastyczne przekazuje Dionizy, gdyż u niego harmonia ikon bazuje na wartościach estetycznych, na pięknie koloru i linii. Ci trzej wielcy artyści, żyjący na przełomie XIV i XV w., kończą świetny okres rozwoju ikony ruskiej. Prawdopodobnie ich fenomen nie zaistniałby, gdyby nie byli przeniknięci ideami hezychazmu. Odejście od hezychazmu przyczyniło się do zaniku światła w ikonie, czyli tego, co jest jej istotą. Nie bez powodu odrodzenie ikony w XIX i XX w. zbiegło się z odrodzeniem praktyk hezychastycznych.
Uwagi o źródłach krytyki neoliberalizmu
Authors: Stoiński Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Artykuł ten dotyczy krytyki kierunku zwanego neoliberalizmem. Głównie zarzuca się neoliberalizmowi generowanie wyzysku, nierówności społecznych, egoizmu. Zastrzeżenia krytyków dotyczą także groźby niszczenia tkanki społecznej oraz demokracji. Autor rozważa zasadność głównych zarzutów wobec neoliberalizmu traktowanego z jednej strony jako teoria społeczno-ekonomiczna, a z drugiej jako praktyka niektórych rządów.
Działanie i mowa w ontologicznym ujęciu sfery publicznej: kilka uwag o Arendtowskiej koncepcji
Authors: Polaczuk Paweł
Published: March 2021

Artykuł dotyczy ontologicznego ujęcia sfery publicznej. Ma ona dwa wymiary: jest jednocześnie sferą pojawiania się i wspólnym światem. Autor przedstawia je w kontekście działania i mowy. Dowodzi, że w pierwszym wymiarze jest ona tym wszystkim, co ukazuje się ogółowi i jest dla każdego słyszalne i widzialne. Wspólny świat tworzą natomiast relacje międzyludzkie. Autor wyróżnia za Arendt dwa sposoby (modi) bycia we wspólnym świecie, jakimi są bycie razem z innymi i bycie oddzielonym od innych. Ich powiązanie z działaniem oraz mową poprzedza analizą postaci relacji mowy i działania. Wyróżnia relację, w której działający jest jednocześnie mówcą oraz relację, w której mówca jest działającym narracyjnie. Działanie to stanowi manifestację bycia razem z innymi. W przypadku zaś, gdy działanie i powiązana z nim mowa odsłonią będącego mówcą działającego w czynie, powstanie relacja bycia oddzielonym od innych. Autor przyjmuje, że obie relacje kształtuje działanie. Zwraca jednak uwagę na zapośredniczającą działanie i mowę rolę przebaczania oraz składania obietnic, które są aktami mowy.
O treści tabliczek i misteriów orfickich (magia, psychologia, filozofia)
Authors: Zarewicz Daniel
Published: March 2021

Problem orfickich złotych tabliczek od dawna jest fascynującym zjawiskiem. Znajdowane w różnych miejscach na terenie Grecji, są świadectwem żywo rozwijającego się kultu dającego nie tylko nadzieję, lecz także stanowiącego drogę do życia wiecznego po śmierci. Tego rodzaju zagadnienia przewijały się w różnych tekstach - poezji, dramacie, filozofii - były też popularne wśród znanych autorów tamtych czasów. Orfizm, pitagoreizm i inne kulty stanowią oczywiste świadectwo pragnień człowieka przekroczenia tego, co ziemskie i stania się bogiem. W dalszej części artykuł podaje przekłady i objaśnienia słynnych fragmentów - także w nawiązaniu do nowoczesnych koncepcji psychologicznych.
Filozofia jako współmyślenie
Authors: Wadowski Jan
Published: March 2021

Artykuł proponuje rozumienie filozofii jako współmyślenia, rozumianego m.in. tak, jak ujmuje to Cezary Wodziński, czyli współmyślenie z filozofem, którego dzieło ma charakter swoistego wyzwania. Jednakże wyzwaniem może być wiele innych zjawisk czy wydarzeń, jak np. zamach 9/11, pandemie, skażenie środowiska itp. Filozofia w całości jest ponadczasową praktyką współmyślenia. Współmyślenie wynika oczywiście ze „współbycia” (Heidegger). Według innych współmyślenie filozoficzne jest dzieleniem wspólnej miłości do tego, co istotowe (Scheler). Warunki współmyślenia to m.in.: wzajemny szacunek, pokora, tolerancja, otwartość, rzetelność myślenia, polemika ad rem. Kierunkiem filozoficznym, który współmyślenie stawia w centrum swojej uwagi, jest niewątpliwie filozofia dialogu. Filozofia musi być otwartością na to, co Inne. W ten sposób myślenie filozoficzne może wyrastać ze wspólnej troski myślicieli o los człowieka i cywilizacji.
Transplantologia eksperymentalna: ksenotransplantacje - nadzieja czy zagrożenie?
Authors: Raniszewska-Wyrwa Agnieszka
Published: March 2021

Postęp technik transplantacyjnych otworzył możliwości ratowania życia ludzi, którzy dawniej skazani byli na nieuchronną śmierć. Wraz z rozwojem, a co za tym idzie – upowszechnianiem się tego typu zabiegów ciągle wzrastała liczba oczekujących na przeszczep, a organów brakowało; to skłoniło do poszukiwania nowych ich źródeł, a jednym z nich stały się narządy naturalne pobierane od zwierząt. Rozwiązanie to miało wypełnić lukę, spowodowaną wysokim popytem, a jednocześnie stworzyć możliwość dokonywania transplantacji bez konieczności radzenia sobie z wątpliwościami moralnymi, jakie pojawiają się przy pobieraniu narządów ludzkich. Stosowanie jednakże nowego materiału do przeszczepów pociągnęło za sobą nowe, nieznane dotąd problemy natury etycznej, których przedstawieniu poświęcony będzie ten artykuł.