bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depositional and Chemical Characterization of Coal from Yayu Coal Field
Authors: Guijian Liu , Liugen Zheng , Enjiang Wu , Zicheng Peng
Published: May 2007

The sub-surface exploration carried out in Yayu coal field by China revealed four major lithologic units. These are the basement complex, lower basalt sedimentary rock unit and upper basalt from the older to the younger according to their position in stratigraphic sequence. The lacustrine and fluvitile types are observed in the Yayu coal field. The samples of coal seams are collected from the fresh coal seam in cored boreholes during coal field exploration stage. The proximate, total sulfur, calorific value and ultimate analysis and other chemical analysis were performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed for coal, coal ash samples. Ashes and coal were identified to mineralogical and petrographic analysis using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and electron microscopy. The laboratory analysis result of the coal samples helped to analyze the quality and rank of the deposit. The result of the study district conclude that there are medium to high volatile, medium to high ash content and relatively, low to medium sulfur content.
Overview of Turkey's Coal Necessity, Reserves and Utilization
Authors: Kiliç Ahmet Mahmut , Kiliç Özen
Published: May 2007

This article deals with overview of Turkey's coal necessity, reserves and utilization. Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and its population. In parallel, its demand for energy, particularly for electricity, is increasing. Turkey possesses fossil fuel resources of hard coal (HC) and lignite (LG) have the greatest importance in energy production and for the national economy. The hard coal and lignite reserves of Turkey are 1.126 and 8.375 millions tons(Mt), respectively. Coal, the major fuel source for turkey utilized mainly for electric power, steel manufacturing and cement production, amounts to 31% of total energy consumption in Turkey. To sum up, providing the total consumption is taken into account in the Middle East, the coal consumption rate of Turkey is approximately 90% of the consumption in this region.
Coal Potential of Turkey: Coal and Energy
Authors: Yılmaz Ali Osman
Published: May 2007

Coal is one of the largest energy resources of Turkey. Turkey has hard coal reserve of 1.12 billion tons and lignite reserve of 8.05 billion tons. While it is the 9th country in the world in terms of lignite reserve, it is the 8th country in terms of production (Hard coal + lignite) and the 12th country in terms of total coal consumption. While its hard coal production meets only 13% of its consumption, it meets its total lignite consumption. 65% of hard coal production and 78% of lignite production are used for electricity production. Turkey's Total installed capacity is 65587 MW by 2003 and 6774 (19%) of this installed capacity is met by the coal plants. In 2003, the total amount of produced electricity was 140 billion kWh and 19% of this amount was obtained from the coal plants. Turkey has recently concentrated on natural gas for production of electricity. While the share of coal in production of electricity reached 50% in 1986, today natural gas has taken the place of coal. In other words, while Turkey was dependent on foreign countries for fulfilling 21% of its electricity production in 1986, it has become dependent on foreign countries for fulfilling 56% of its electricity production in 2003. Turkey can produce electricity using renewable energy resources, especially coal.
Geostatistical Conditional Simulation for the Assessment of the Quality Characteristics of Cayırhan Lignite Deposits
Authors: Ersoy A. , Yünsel T. Y.
Published: May 2007

Traditional estimation techniques based on block models with interpolation such as inverse distance and kriging methods do not take into account the uncertainty associated with the estimates and variability of a deposit. These methods are also inadequate for short range mine planning. However, conditional simulation models (Sequential Gaussian Simulation) reproduce the actual variability (histogram) and spatial continuity (variogram) of the attributes of interest. Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) method was used to address the problem of measuring the uncertainty associated with an estimate for Çayırhan coal deposits. The coal seam is split by a 0.5–1 m thick tuffaceous siltstone and claystone into the upper (Tv), and lower (Tb) seams, which contain essentially different mineral matter and quality parameters. Directional and omni-directional experimental semivariograms of the variables for the transformed data showed that neither geometric nor zonal anisotropy exist in the data. The most evident spatial dependence structure of the continuity for omnidirectional experimental variogram, characterised by spherical and experimental models of the quality variables were obtained. The case study addresses the spatial distribution and uncertainty of quality variables at the study area using a probabilistic approach. This approach was based on SGS used to yield a series of conditionally images characterised by equally probable spatial distributions of the quality variables across the area. The advantages of SGS were illustrated through the case study. The simulated models can be incorporated into mine planning and scheduling.
Empirical Equations for Sound Propagation in Different Sound Absorbent Materials
Authors: Fernández J. Alba , Soriano J. Ramis , Sanchis E. Juliá , Silla E. Escuder
Published: May 2007

There are many different types of sound absorbent materials. Nowadays, some simple models are used to characterize these materials. These models are based on empirical equations obtained from measured data. The models are only valid for the studied materials. In the references there are different empirical models to predict the behaviour of some materials.

In this investigation, a study of the behaviour of these simple models has been carried out, and some empirical equations for several sound absorbent materials have been proposed.
Development of the Path Model in Road Traffic Noise Annoyance of Dhanbad Township
Authors: Gorai A.K. , Maity S. , Pal A.K.
Published: May 2007

A path model not only estimates the direct effect of traffic noise on nearby residents but also estimates the indirect effect via other variables. This paper highlights the development of a path model to determine the traffic noise annoyance around seven strategic locations in Dhanbad. The study considers only eight variables but it can be applicable to any number of variables. At the beginning of the analysis a priori path model was constructed and on the basis of the partial regression coefficient value for the different paths, the revised path model was developed. The standardised partial regression coefficients called path coefficients, which show the strength of the linkage among variables, were determined to know the variables strongly related to traffic noise annoyance. Each path in the model was tested for statistical significance at 5% significance level.
Crescent fracture-dislocation of the sacroiliac joint
Authors: Day A. C. , Kinmont C. , Bircher M. D. , Kumar S.
Published: May 2007

Crescent fracture dislocations are a well-recognised subset of pelvic ring injuries which result from a lateral compression force. They are characterised by disruption of the sacroiliac joint and extend proximally as a fracture of the posterior iliac wing. We describe a classification with three distinct types. Type I is characterised by a large crescent fragment and the dislocation comprises no more than one-third of the sacroiliac joint, which is typically inferior. Type II fractures are associated with an intermediate-size crescent fragment and the dislocation comprises between one- and two-thirds of the joint. Type III fractures are associated with a small crescent fragment where the dislocation comprises most, but not all of the joint. The principal goals of surgical intervention are the accurate and stable reduction of the sacroiliac joint. This classification proves useful in the selection of both the surgical approach and the reduction technique. A total of 16 patients were managed according to this classification and achieved good functional results approximately two years from the time of the index injury. Confounding factors compromise the summary short-form-36 and musculoskeletal functional assessment instrument scores, which is a well-recognised phenomenon when reporting the outcome of high-energy trauma.
Vibration-assisted bone-graft compaction in impaction bone grafting of the femur
Authors: Bolland B. J. R. F. , New A. M. R. , Madabhushi S. P. G. , Oreffo R. O. C. , Dunlop D. G.
Published: May 2007

The complications of impaction bone grafting in revision hip replacement includes fracture of the femur and subsidence of the prosthesis. In this in vitro study we aimed to investigate whether the use of vibration, combined with a perforated tamp during the compaction of morsellised allograft would reduce peak loads and hoop strains in the femur as a surrogate marker of the risk of fracture and whether it would also improve graft compaction and prosthetic stability.

We found that the peak loads and hoop strains transmitted to the femoral cortex during graft compaction and subsidence of the stem in subsequent mechanical testing were reduced. This innovative technique has the potential to reduce the risk of intra-operative fracture and to improve graft compaction and therefore prosthetic stability.
The Price of Deviance: Schoolhouse Gothic in Prep School Literature
Authors: Atwood Thomas A , Lee Wade M
Published: May 2007

Preparatory school stories may be read as gothic fictions, subverting the didactic role of children's literature and critiquing schools' function in normalizing or socializing students. In American prep school literature, schools enforce conformity and view independent thinkers as deviants that must be watched, punished, transformed, or eliminated.
"Germs of Endearment": The Machinations of Edwardian Children's Fictions
Authors: Boone Troy
Published: May 2007

This article examines how Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, Nesbit's The Railway Children, and social-reform projects of the Boy Scouts and the Salvation Army decry mechanization and working-class decline and yet desire middle-class supervision of workers to fit them for participation in the industrial and imperial nation.
Risk and Resilience, Knowledge and Imagination: The Enlightenment of David Almond's Skellig
Authors: Bullen Elizabeth , Parsons Elizabeth
Published: May 2007

This essay addresses David Almond's Skellig as a story that foregrounds the resources children need to remain resilient in the face of the uncertainties of contemporary risk society. Focussing on knowledge resources, it attends to the socio-cultural and intellectual conditions embedded in the narrative and expressed through its magic realist gestures.
A Taste of Nostalgia: Children's Books from the Golden Age-Carroll, Grahame, and Milne
Authors: Hemmings Robert
Published: May 2007

This essay interrogates nostalgia along pathological lines by attending to its medical origins and following its migration into psychoanalysis, empire and children's literature. It demonstrates how nostalgia, in its particularly sensory embodiment, works in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Wind in the Willows, and Winnie-the-Pooh to cover over aspects of childhood distasteful to adult sensibilities—with only partial success.
The Power of Public Opinion: Constructing Class in Agnes Strickland's The Rival Crusoes
Authors: Horne Jackie C
Published: May 2007

Using Agnes Strickland's noncanonical but once-popular 1826 robinsonnade as a test case, this essay takes issue with earlier critical work arguing early British children's literature functions to construct middle class subjectivites. Rather than embracing a tripartite vision of class, Strickland's text co-opts middle class ideologies of sentimentalism and meritocracy to reform and reinscribe a binary construction of class, a construction which leaves the upper class firmly in control of the reins of power.
Prizing Children's Literature: The Case of Newbery Gold
Authors: Kidd Kenneth B
Published: May 2007

Using the John Newbery Medal as a case study, this essay examines the prizing of children's literature and its cultural discontents, focusing on the rise of "edubrow" culture and on the gradual shift away from traditional rhetorics of distinction and toward more pluralistic understandings of literary and cultural merit.
Eggs and Serpents: Natural History Reference in Lewis Carroll's Scene of Alice and the Pigeon
Authors: Lovell-Smith Rose
Published: May 2007

Alice's encounter with a Wonderland pigeon derives from a common scenario in nineteenth-century natural history publishing where a predator attacks a nest. The natural history intertext indicates that Carroll's Alice books use animal characters to reflect on Darwin's theory of species origin, on human identity, and on the child's place in nature.
Perspective, Memory, and Moral Authority: The Legacy of Jane Austen in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter
Authors: Westman Karin E
Published: May 2007

Like her favorite author Jane Austen, Rowling uses a third-person limited omniscient point of view to demonstrate the necessity of perspective and sympathy for moral growth. For Rowling, as for Austen, moral authority depends upon knowing the self in relation to others; this knowledge allows moral agency in the future.
Ethical Issues in Community-Based Participatory Research: Balancing Rigorous Research With Community Participation in Community Intervention Studies
Authors: Buchanan David Ross , Miller Franklin G , Wallerstein Nina
Published: May 2007

Problem: Concerns have been raised that community participation might compromise scientific rigor in community-based participatory research (CBPR). Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify potential sources of tension between the values of scientific rigor and community participation in CBPR. Key Points: CBPR lies at the nexus of two major underlying ethical concerns—respect for community autonomy and the fair allocation of limited public resources—which have generated considerable controversy about appropriate criteria for evaluating CBPR grant proposals. The complexity of evaluating CBPR proposals is compounded by the multiple purposes that it serves: (1) an ethical function of demonstrating respect for community autonomy; (2) a research method for eliciting ideas for interventions to improve population Conclusions: Growing use of CBPR raises two new ethical issues that deserve greater public attention: first, the problem of securing informed consent and demonstrating respect for community autonomy when the locus of research shifts from the individual to community level; and second, fair distribution of scarce public resources when practical constraints make the most rigorous research designs for assessing the effects of community interventions virtually impossible. In light of recent federal initiatives, it is critical to achieve a common understanding of appropriate ethical and scientific standards for assessing the merits of CBPR.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research as a Guiding Framework for Health Disparities Research Centers
Authors: Chau Trinh-Shevrin , Islam Nadia , Tandon Darius , Abesamis Noilyn , Ho-Asjoe Henrietta , Rey Mariano
Published: May 2007

There has been growing interest in conducting community-based health research using a participatory approach that involves the active collaboration of academic and community partners to address community-level health concerns. Project EXPORT (Excellence in Partnerships, Outreach, Research, and Training) is a National Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD) initiative focused on understanding and eliminating health disparities for racial and ethnic minorities and medically underserved populations in the United States. The New York University (NYU) Center for the Study of Asian American Health (CSAAH) is 1 of 76 Project EXPORT sites. This paper describes how CSAAH developed partnerships with varied Asian American community stakeholders as a first step in establishing itself as a Project EXPORT center that uses community-based participatory research (CBPR) as its orienting framework. Three guiding principles were followed to develop community–academic partnerships: (1) creating and sustaining multiple partnerships; (2) promoting equity in partnerships; and (3) commitment to action and research. We discuss strategies and action steps taken to put each principle into practice, as well as the successes and challenges we faced in doing so. Developing community–academic partnerships has been essential in our ability to conduct health disparities research in Asian American communities. Approaches and lessons learned from our experience can be applied to other communities conducing health disparities research.
Training Community Health Workers as Diabetes Educators for Urban African Americans: Value Added Using Participatory Methods
Authors: Hill-Briggs Felicia , Batts-Turner Marian , Gary Tiffany L. , Brancati Frederick L , Hill Martha , Levine David M , Bone Lee
Published: May 2007

Background: With growing use of Community Health Workers (CHWs) to reach underserved populations, there is a need for more information on training methods to prepare CHWs, particularly in a health educator role. Objectives: To describe procedures used to recruit, train, and evaluate CHWs in Project Sugar 2, a randomized controlled trial of a nurse case manager and CHW team intervention designed to improve diabetes care and control in a sample of 542 urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Methods:CHWs received a Core Training on guidelines and procedures, didactic diabetes self-management education, and research protocol training. However, barriers to CHW implementation of the intervention were encountered, including CHW attrition, job performance and satisfaction issues, low self-confidence in knowledge and skills as educators, difficulties with maintaining a large caseload, and inefficiencies experienced in conducting home visits. To address barriers, the initial training was modified and Results: The supplemental training resulted in CHW retention, satisfaction, confidence in skills, and feelings of ownership of the intervention. Participant satisfaction with care received from the CHWs and the Project Sugar 2 intervention was rated as high by 97% and 93% of responders, respectively. Conclusion: Core training in research intervention policies, procedures, and protocols, combined with an extended participatory training, led to effective preparation of laypersons to serve as CHWs.
Community-Based Participatory Research: Lessons From Sharing Results With the Community: Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project
Authors: Macaulay Ann C , Ing Amy , Salsberg Jon , McGregor Amelia , Saad-Haddad Chantal , Rice Joyce , Montour Lois , Gray-Donald Katherine
Published: May 2007

Background: Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project (KSDPP) is an ongoing, community-based participatory research project with an Aboriginal community in Canada, promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent type 2 diabetes. Objectives: To document lessons learned from sharing results with the community, and analyzing feedback from attendees. Methods: In 2004, a researcher–community team delivered 16 sessions of a contextualized presentation of data collected from 1994 to 2002. The team documented the resulting questions and discussions, attendees completed anonymous questionnaires including open-ended questions, and presenters summarized their impressions. Results: One hundred eighty-one people attended the presentations and question/discussion periods were summarized.One hundred sixty-two (82%) of attendees (87% female),completed the questionnaires; 99% understood the presentations and 142 (88%) stated they intended to improve their lifestyles. Qualitative analysis of discussions and open-ended comments categorized attendees' comments about KSDPP, the 1994 through 2002 results, the community, and lifestyle habits. Lessons learned included the time needed to develop and make the presentations, the importance of using community knowledge to guide the experience, ways of attracting an audience, difficulty of reaching men, use of feedback from those attending the presentations, and the need to plan prospectively for analyzing attendee feedback. Conclusions: Community feedback was used to improve interventions and finalize interpretation of the results.
Conducting HIV/AIDS Research With Indoor Commercial Sex Workers: Reaching a Hidden Population
Authors: Remple Valencia P , Johnston Caitlin , Patrick David M , Tyndall Mark W , Jolly Ann M
Published: May 2007

Background: Although comprising up to 80% of the commercial sex industry in Canada, indoor female sex workers (FSW) are generally not represented in research because they are a hidden population and difficult to access. Objectives: This paper describes a community–academic partnership model that was established to gain access to, deliver outreach services to, and conduct community-based research with the indoor commercial sex industry in four cities in British Columbia. Methods: The project employed an ongoing community consultation, peer-delivered approach to reaching this overlooked segment of the commercial sex industry. Peers (former and current FSW) were hired, trained, and supported as outreach workers and participated in the development, implementation, and evaluation of the project. Outreach teams visited sex establishments to deliver harm reduction Observations: During the first 2 years of the project, more than 50 sex establishments were visited by outreach teams and 37 allowed repeat visits. Research interviews have been conducted with 49 FSW in seven establishments from four cities. Conclusions: Although the high cost in terms of time and resources must be recognized, this project represents a successful research and outreach model that permits access to the hidden commercial sex industry.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Develop a Chat Room-Based HIV Prevention Intervention for Gay Men
Authors: Rhodes Scott D , Hergenrather Kenneth C , Duncan Jesse , Ramsey Barry , Yee Leland J , Wilkin Aimee M
Published: May 2007

Background: Although seeking sexual partners on the Internet is an identified risk factor for HIV and sexually transmitted disease infection among gay men and men who have sex with men (MSM), the medical literature lacks descriptions of the development, implementation, and evaluation of interventions for reducing infections among men who seek sexual partners online. Objectives: We sought to fill this gap by describing Cyber-Based Education and Referral/Men for Men (CyBER/M4M), an intervention designed to reduce HIV exposure and transmission among gay men and MSM who use geographically defined chat rooms. Methods: CyBER/M4M was developed by a community–university partnership that included gay men who had experience with seeking sexual partners online, and representatives from community-based organizations, the local Results: Two products emerged: the CyBER/M4M Training Manual, designed to facilitate training of lay health advisors known as CyBER/M4M Educators, and CyBER/M4M Resource Manual, designed as a reference for the Educators. Conclusions: Further research is clearly needed, but this work provides insight into the development, implementation, and evaluation of a chat room-based HIV prevention intervention using CBPR.
Exploring the Impact of Head Start on Parents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sydnor Kim Dobson , Holt Mackessa , Headen Gayle , Moore Sonya , Yates Dana , Gee Tara
Published: May 2007

Abstract Background: The national Head Start Program uses a comprehensive, family-centered approach to foster healthy development for low-income children. Over a 1-year period, a university–local Head Start research team developed and implemented a pilot project to explore the impact of the Head Start's parental support services and other program activities. The interest was in determining any lasting effects on parents after Head Start. Objectives: To assess the change in and impact on education, employment, and personal development for Head Start parents using a community-based participatory approach. Methods: This retrospective study involved 30 parent–child pairs randomly selected from graduate class lists. Face-to-face structured interviews conducted with parents focused on life changes and parent impact 2 years after Head Start. The focal areas included changes in and impact on education and employment, as well as the lasting effects of Head Start services and activities. Change was assessed using parametric and nonparametric tests. Results: Descriptive analysis showed changes in education and employment, but none were statistically significant. The program impacted education through financial and emotional support. For employment, educational support facilitated the changes noted. The results also show three other areas of parental impact—personal development, family relationships, and health education. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there are longer term parental outcomes that could be incorporated in assessments of Head Start effectiveness.
Personal Care Assistants and Blood Exposure in the Home Environment: Focus Group Findings
Authors: Zanoni Joseph , Kauffman Karen , McPhaul Kathleen , Nickels Leslie , Hayden Megan , Glassman Myra , Vega Leonila , Sokas Rosemary , Lipscomb Jane
Published: May 2007

Abstract Background: Exposure to blood and bodily fluids continues to be an important and life-threatening risk facing health care workers employed in traditional health care workplaces. Little is known about how blood exposure risk impacts personal care assistants (PCAs) who provide care in homes. Objectives: A National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-funded community based participatory research project between Service Employees International Union (SEIU), PCAs, and university-based researchers was conducted to increase the understanding of the risk of exposure to blood among PCAs. Methods: Six focus groups were conducted to assess the relationship between the context of work, blood exposure, and Results: Findings indicate that PCAs are exposed to blood even though they do not provide health care or treatment. Training and barrier protection may be available, but the quality of each was highly variable if available. Conclusions: Focus group findings will be used to implement a union-based participatory primary prevention intervention for the reduction of blood exposure among PCAs.
The Influence of First-Year "Success" Courses on Student Learning and Democratic Outcomes
Authors: Engberg Mark E , Mayhew Matthew J
Published: May 2007

This study extends the extant research on first-year programs to include a closer examination of their impact on student learning and democratic outcomes. Based on data collected from three courses—a first-year success course with an explicit focus on diversity, an introductory communication course, and an introductory engineering course—we examined student change across three outcomes: multicultural awareness, commitment to social justice, and attributional complexity. Our findings suggest that although students in the different courses showed no pretest differences on the outcome variables, only students in the first-year success course made significant gains on all three outcomes. ANCOVA results also demonstrated significant course effects for the first-year success course after controlling for a number of covariates. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of using developmental theory to guide first-year programming and implications for practice.
Social Support, Self-Esteem, and Stress as Predictors of Adjustment to University Among First-Year Undergraduates
Authors: Friedlander Laura J , Reid Graham J , Shupak Naomi , Cribbie Robert
Published: May 2007

The current study examined the joint effects of stress, social support, and self-esteem on adjustment to university. First-year undergraduate students (N = 115) were assessed during the first semester and again 10 weeks later, during the second semester of the academic year. Multiple regressions predicting adjustment to university from perceived social support (friends and family), self-esteem (academic, social, and global), and stress were conducted. From the fall to winter semesters, increased social support from friends, but not from family, predicted improved adjustment. Decreased stress predicted improved overall, academic, personal-emotional, and social adjustment. Increased global, academic, and social self-esteem predicted decreased depression and increased academic and social adjustment. Results are discussed with respect to potential mechanisms through which support and self-esteem may operate.
A Phenomenological Study of the Development of University Educators' Critical Consciousness
Authors: Landreman Lisa M , Rasmussen Christopher J , King Patricia M. , Jiang Cindy Xinquan
Published: May 2007

Despite the priority higher education institutions have given to multicultural initiatives, little attention has been given to examining the multicultural experiences and other life events that influence those charged with developing and facilitating these initiatives. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how multicultural educators known for their expertise in this area acquired the capacity to effectively serve in this role and to explore the kinds of experiences that facilitated these educators' visions of social justice. Participants were 20 university educators representing 14 different race/ethnicity groups, balanced by gender, and varied in sexual orientation. Using in-depth interviews with these individuals we developed a model that describes the major themes that emerged from their interviews and illustrated these themes with excerpts from their stories.
Perceptions of Risk and Sex-Specific Social Norms in Explaining Alcohol Consumption among College Students: Implications for Campus Interventions
Authors: Lewis Todd F
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to expand the assessment of two explanatory models of drinking behavior—perceptions of risk and social norms—and determine their relationship to dimensions of alcohol involvement in a multivariate evaluation. The Alcohol and Drug Survey was administered to a sample (N = 235) of college students from a university in the Southeast. Results from the canonical correlation analysis revealed that perceived normative beliefs of closest friends of the same sex best explained dimensions of alcohol involvement. Perceptions of risk were associated with drinking involvement, although the direction of relationships was unexpectedly positive. Implications for campus interventions are discussed.
LGBT Student Leaders and Queer Activists: Identities of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Identified College Student Leaders and Activists
Authors: Renn Kristen A
Published: May 2007

This qualitative study provided evidence of common patterns of involvement, leadership, and identity among 15 students leading lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) campus groups. Participants were 7 men, 5 women, and 3 female-to-male transgender students; one first-year, 4 sophomores, 4 juniors, and 6 seniors; and 8 White, 2 Black, one biracial, one international, 2 Latina/o, and one White Jewish students. Within the overall pattern of involvement, an involvement-identity cycle occurred in which increased leadership led to increased public LGBT identity and a merged gender/sexual orientation and leadership identity. Evidence also supported the classification of students into three distinct identities: LGBT Leader, LGBT Activist, and Queer Activist. I present implications for scholars and educators working with LGBT and other students leading in identity-based contexts.
Making Connections: A Network Approach to University Disaster Preparedness
Authors: Stein Catherine H , Vickio Craig J , Fogo Wendy R , Abraham Kristen M
Published: May 2007

A network approach to disaster preparedness in university settings is described. Basic network concepts relevant for disaster preparedness and methods for analyzing network data without complex mathematics are presented. A case study of campus mental health and academic units at a midwestern university is presented to illustrate the practical application of network techniques. Results of the network study indicate the existence of few structural ties among organizational units in the university community and highlight untapped resources available in the event of a disaster. The use of network techniques as a catalyst for increased university coordination and mobilization of resources following a disaster is discussed.
Social multipliers in sexual initiation decisions among U.S. high school students
Authors: Fletcher Jason M.
Published: May 2007

In this article, I use a national sample of high school students to test for several types of social influences on the decision to have sexual intercourse. I find evidence of endogenous social interactions (social multipliers), where the propensity of an individual choosing to have sex varies with the average behavior in his or her school. Additionally, the magnitude of the social multipliers and several other interesting risk factors differ by gender and by race. These findings might help explain the large variation in sexual initiation across schools in the United States. These results also add to the debate over school vouchers and ability grouping because social multipliers imply changes in school-wide rates of sexual behavior with moderate changes in school-body composition. In this way, school vouchers and ability grouping might exacerbate the situation of high rates of teenage pregnancy and out-of-wedlock births in some communities. To show the potential benefits and costs of public policies that cause students to change schools, I present the results of several simulation exercises that predict the school-level changes in rates of sexual initiation following changes in school composition.
Elderly parent health and the migration decisions of adult children: Evidence from rural China
Authors: Giles John , Mu Ren
Published: May 2007

Recent research has shown that participation in migrant labor markets has led to substantial increases in income for families in rural China. This article addresses the question of how participation is affected by elderly parent health. We find that younger adults are less likely to work as migrants when a parent is ill. Poor health of an elderly parent has less impact on the probability of employment as a migrant when an adult child has siblings who may be available to provide care. We also highlight the potential importance of including information on nonresident family members when studying how parent illness and elder care requirements influence the labor supply decisions of adult children.
The effects of maternal employment on child injuries and infectious disease
Authors: Gordon Rachel A. , Kaestner Robert , Korenman Sanders
Published: May 2007

This article presents estimates of effects of maternal paid work and nonmaternal child care on injuries and infectious disease for children aged 12 to 36 months. Mother-child fixed-effects estimates are obtained by using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Estimates indicate that maternal employment itself has no statistically significant adverse effects on the incidence of infectious disease and injury. However, greater time spent by children in center-based care is associated with increased rates of respiratory problems for children aged 12 to 36 months and increased rates of ear infections for children aged 12 to 24 months.
The phoenix population: Demographic crisis and rebound in Cambodia
Authors: Heuveline Patrick , Poch Bunnak
Published: May 2007

The study of mortality crises provides an unusual and valuable perspective on the relationship between mortality and fertility changes, a relationship that has puzzled demographers for decades. In this article, we combine nationally representative survey and demographic-surveillance system data to study fertility trends around the time of the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime, under which 25% of the Cambodian population died. We present the first quantitative evidence to date that attests to a one-third decline of fertility during this regime, followed by a substantial “baby boom” after the fall of the KR. Further analyses reveal that the fertility rebound was produced not only by a two-year marriage bubble but also by a surge in marital fertility that remained for nearly a decade above its precrisis level. Our results illustrate the potential influence of mortality on fertility, which may be more difficult to identify for more gradual mortality declines. To the extent that until recently, Cambodian fertility appears to fit natural fertility patterns, our findings also reinforce recent qualifications about the meaning of this core paradigm of demographic analysis
As low birth weight babies grow, can well-educated parents buffer this adverse factor? A research note
Authors: Lin Ming-Jen , Liu Jin-Tan , Chou Shin-Yi
Published: May 2007

This research note combines two national Taiwanese data sets to investigate the relationships among low birth weight (LBW) babies, their parents’ educational levels, and their future academic outcomes. We find that LBW is negatively correlated with the probability of such children attending college at age 18; however, when both parents are college or high school graduates, such negative effects may be partially offset. We also show that discrimination against daughters occurs, but only for daughters who were LBW babies. Moreover, high parental education can buffer the LBW shock only among moderately LBW children (as compared with very LBW children) and full-term LBW children (as compared with preterm LBW children).
Strength of attachment: Survey coverage of people with tenuous ties to residences
Authors: Martin Elizabeth
Published: May 2007

This article draws on evidence from an exploratory survey of living situations to assess the validity of assumptions about residence and to offer methodological innovations to improve coverage of people with tenuous attachment to households. These innovations include more inclusive probes and questions used to compile the roster of household residents; a review of the places a person stayed the previous few months; and a Residential Attachment scale that measures strength of attachment to households. This scale shows that it takes more probing to list tenuously attached people than most surveys do, suggesting that tenuously attached people are likely to be omitted from the typical survey roster. The Residential Attachment scale is correlated with social and economic participation in households, suggesting that participation is fairly high even among those with tenuous or no residential attachment.
The demography of disability and the effects of immigrant history: Older Asians in the United States
Authors: Mutchler Jan E. , Prakash Archana , Burr Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2007

Using data from the 2000 U.S. census, we compare the older Asian population with U.S.-born, non-Hispanic whites with respect to three indicators of disability. Insofar as any Asian “advantage” in health vis-à-vis whites exists among the population aged 65 and over, our evidence suggests that it occurs primarily among the U.S.-born segments of this population. We also investigate how differences in disability levels among Asian immigrant groups are influenced by country of birth and by the combined effects of duration of residence in the United States and life cycle stage at entry. These results highlight the diversity of the older Asian population with respect to the ways in which immigration and origin history are linked to disability outcomes. We conclude that in later life, immigrant status confers few disability advantages among the Asian population in the United States.
Using age and spatial flow structures in the indirect estimation of migration streams
Authors: Raymer James , Rogers Andrei
Published: May 2007

This article outlines a formal model-based approach for inferring interregional age-specific migration streams in settings where such data are incomplete, inadequate, or unavailable. The estimation approach relies heavily on log-linear models, using them to impose some of the regularities exhibited by past age and spatial structures or to combine and borrow information drawn from other sources. The approach is illustrated using data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. and Mexico censuses. nt]mis|This work was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Science Foundation. The authors are grateful to Virgilio Partida Bush for providing the data on Mexico, to Rick Rogers for his comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of this article, and to the three anonymous reviewers who suggested useful revisions.
Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway
Authors: Rindfuss Ronald R. , Guilkey David , Morgan S. Philip , Kravdal Øystein , Guzzo Karen Benjamin
Published: May 2007

Both sociological and economic theories posit that widely available, high-quality, and affordable child care should have pronatalist effects. Yet to date, the empirical evidence has not consistently supported this hypothesis. We argue that this previous empirical work has been plagued by the inability to control for endogenous placement of day care centers and the possibility that people migrate to take advantage of the availability of child care facilities. Using Norwegian register data and a statistically defensible fixed-effects model, we find strong positive effects of day care availability on the transition to motherhood.
Race, military service, and marital timing: Evidence from the NLSY-79
Authors: Teachman Jay
Published: May 2007

I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the relationship between military service and marital timing for white men and black men during the 1980s. I use information about active-duty and reserve-duty service as well as veteran status to implement strong controls for selectivity. I find that active-duty military service increases the probability of first marriage for both whites and blacks. In part, this relationship is due to positive selectivity into the military and, for whites, to greater income and economic stability. Above and beyond the effects of selectivity, income, and economic stability, the effect of active-duty military service is particularly strong for black men.
Immigration and living arrangements: Moving beyond economic need versus acculturation
Authors: Van Hook Jennifer , Glick Jennifer E.
Published: May 2007

Prior research seeking to explain variation in extended family coresidence focused heavily on the potentially competing roles of cultural preferences and socioeconomic and demographic structural constraints. We focus on challenges associated with international immigration as an additional factor driving variation across groups. Using 2000 census data from Mexico and the United States, we compare the prevalence and age patterns of various types of extended family and non-kin living arrangements among Mexican-origin immigrants and nonimmigrants on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. Additionally, we use the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine the stability of extended family living arrangements among Mexican-origin immigrants and natives in the United States. We find that newly arrived immigrants to the United States display unique patterns in the composition and stability of their households relative to nonimmigrants in both Mexico and the United States. Recent immigrants are more likely to reside in an extended family or non-kin household, and among those living with relatives, recent immigrants are more likely to live with extended family from a similar generation (such as siblings and cousins). Further, these households experience high levels of turnover. The results suggest that the high levels of coresidence observed among recently arrived Mexican immigrants represent a departure from “traditional” household/family structures in Mexico and are related to the challenges associated with international migration.
Education of adult children and mortality of their elderly parents in Taiwan
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Martin Linda G. , Ofstedal Mary Beth , Chuang Yi-Li
Published: May 2007

In societies in which families are highly integrated, the education of family members may be linked to survival. Such may be the case in Taiwan, where there are large gaps in levels of education across generations and high levels of resource transfers between family members. This study employs 14 years of longitudinal data from Taiwan to examine the combined effects of the education of older adults and their adult children on the mortality outcomes of older adults. We use nested Gompertz hazard models to evaluate the importance of the education of an older adult and his or her highest-educated child after controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and health characteristics at baseline. To gain further insight, we fit additional models based on the sample stratified by whether older adults report serious diseases at baseline. The results indicate that the educational levels of both older adults and children are associated with older adult mortality, but children’s education appears more important when we examine the mortality of only those older adults who already report a serious disease. This finding suggests that there may be different roles for education in the onset versus the progression of a health problem that may lead to death.
La prison coloniale au Sénégal, 1790-1960: Carcéral de conquête et défiances locales
Authors: Bâ Babacar
Published: May 2007

Senegal's colonial prison system was established at the end of the eighteenth century, a moment of perceived emergency for the penal prison in Western Europe and the United States. Introduced by the French colonizer, this prison system and its penitentiary grid followed the routes of the territorial conquest as a privileged means of the colonial policy of repression. Despite its origins, the Senegalese prison system ignored the universal penitentiary principles espoused by Western reformers in favor of a prison enclosure based purely on colonial logic: a place of punishment, a place to construct the inferiority of natives, and a platform for the coercive mobilization of a work force. This total institution invaded a society that never experienced prison as a penal technique. As a result, the colonial prison never achieved local legitimacy. Victims created negative representations of prison based on the slave trade and captivity. Detainees and local populations resisted the colonial prison with the same goal: ensuring the failure of punishment and forced labor. Through permanent social mobilization, they created their own strategies and networks of complicity against prison. Their actions, successful in large part, furthered the global struggle against colonization.
Forging French Colonial Policy in the Pacific
Authors: Birkett Mary Ellen
Published: May 2007

La politique de la France dans les îles du Pacifique au début du XIXe siècle résulta autant—sinon plus—d'actions de la part des indigènes et de décisions prises par les officiers de la Marine française que de directives issues de la métropole. Au cours des années 1837–1839, dans les îles Hawaii, s'articula une politique qui allait influencer l'avenir de la France en Polynésie. Cette politique privilégia le règlement du commerce sous le régime du droit international, la protection des intérêts français par l'intervention des canonnières, et une identité française associée à la défense de tous les catholiques de la région, quelle que fût leur nationalité.