bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive location of repaired blade for multi-axis milling
Authors: Wu Baohai , Wang Jian , Zhang Ying , Luo Ming
Published: July 2015

Free-form blades are widely used in different industries, such as aero-engine and steam turbine. Blades that are damaged during service or have production deficiencies are usually replaced with new ones. This leads to the waste of expensive material and is not sustainable. However, material and costs can be saved by repairing of locally damaged blades or blades with localized production deficiencies. The blade needs to be further machined after welding process to reach the aerodynamic performance requirements. This paper outlines an adaptive location approach of repaired blade for model reconstruction and NC machining. Firstly, a mathematical model is established to describe the localization problem under constraints. Secondly, by solving the mathematical model, localization of repaired blade for NC machining can be obtained. Furthermore, a more flexible method based on the proposed mathematical model and the continuity of the deformation process is developed to realize a better localization. Thirdly, by rebuilding the model of the repaired blade and extracting repair error, optimized tool paths for NC machining is generated adaptively for each individual part. Finally, three examples are given to validate the proposed method.

Highlights A mathematical model is established to describe the localization problem. Detailed solution steps are given to solve the problem. Global location method and cross section location method are introduced. Repaired blade model is built for allowance extraction and tool path generation. Material and cost savings can be achieved by repairing of locally damaged blades.
Tourist Opinions on Animal Culling: A South Australian Example
Authors: Moskwa Emily C
Published: July 2015

Environmental education is commonly used to satisfy the natural curiosity of tourists, increase conservation awareness and strengthen pro-conservation values. Yet it does not always address the more sensitive ecosystem management issues such as animal culling as it may be seen to upset the balance of the positive tourist experience. For this reason, this study compared acceptance and non-acceptance of animal culling from two angles: for tourists either provided or not provided with a brief passage of information regarding why animals may be culled; and tourists’ opinions on the culling of native versus non-native animal species. Conducted in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia where conservation and tourism co-exist within a traditional pastoral setting, 789 self-administered questionnaires were analysed. Results highlighted the differences in tourists’ acceptance levels for the culling of native and non-native species, as well as the possible influence of environmental information on these acceptance levels.
DIFFERENCES IN EUROPEAN MORTALITY RATES: A GEOMETRIC APPROACH ON THE AGE–PERIOD PLANE
Authors: Christiansen Marcus C. , Spodarev Evgeny , Unseld Verena
Published: July 2015

Age and period are the most widely used parameters for forecasting mortality rates. Empirical mortality rate differences in multiple populations often show strong geometric patterns on the two-dimensional age–period plane. The idea of this paper is to take these geometric patterns as the starting point for the development of forecasts. A parametric approach is presented and discussed which uses simple techniques from spatial statistics. The proposed model is statistically parsimonious and yields forecasts that are consistent with the historical data and coherent for multiple populations.
THE HETEROGENEITY PROBLEM FOR SENSITIVITY ACCOUNTS
Authors: Melchior Guido
Published: July 2015

Offering a solution to the skeptical puzzle is a central aim of Nozick's sensitivity account of knowledge. It is well-known that this account faces serious problems. However, because of its simplicity and its explanatory power, the sensitivity principle has remained attractive and has been subject to numerous modifications, leading to a ‘second wave’ of sensitivity accounts. I will object to these accounts, arguing that sensitivity accounts of knowledge face two problems. First, they deliver a far too heterogeneous picture of higher-level beliefs about the truth or falsity of one's own beliefs. Second, this problem carries over to bootstrapping and Moorean reasoning. Some beliefs formed via bootstrapping or Moorean reasoning are insensitive, but some closely related beliefs in even stronger propositions are sensitive. These heterogeneous results regarding sensitivity do not fit with our intuitions about bootstrapping and Moorean reasoning. Thus, neither Nozick's sensitivity account of knowledge nor any of its modified versions can provide the basis for an argument that bootstrapping and Moorean reasoning are flawed or for an explanation why they seem to be flawed.
Kinetic energy transport in Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Petschel K. , Stellmach S. , Wilczek M. , Lülff J. , Hansen U.
Published: July 2015

The kinetic energy balance in Rayleigh–Bénard convection is investigated by means of direct numerical simulations for the Prandtl number range$0.01\leqslant \mathit{Pr}\leqslant 150$and for fixed Rayleigh number$\mathit{Ra}=5\times 10^{6}$. The kinetic energy balance is divided into a dissipation, a production and a flux term. We discuss the profiles of all the terms and find that the different contributions to the energy balance can be spatially separated into regions where kinetic energy is produced and where kinetic energy is dissipated. By analysing the Prandtl number dependence of the kinetic energy balance, we show that the height dependence of the mean viscous dissipation is closely related to the flux of kinetic energy. We show that the flux of kinetic energy can be divided into four additive contributions, each representing a different elementary physical process (advection, buoyancy, normal viscous stresses and viscous shear stresses). The behaviour of these individual flux contributions is found to be surprisingly rich and exhibits a pronounced Prandtl number dependence. Different flux contributions dominate the kinetic energy transport at different depths, such that a comprehensive discussion requires a decomposition of the domain into a considerable number of sublayers. On a less detailed level, our results reveal that advective kinetic energy fluxes play a key role in balancing the near-wall dissipation at low Prandtl number, whereas normal viscous stresses are particularly important at high Prandtl number. Finally, our work reveals that classical velocity boundary layers are deeply connected to the kinetic energy transport, but fail to correctly represent regions of enhanced viscous dissipation.
Lateralisation abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a line bisection study
Authors: Rao Naren Prahlada , Arasappa Rashmi , Reddy Nalini Narayana , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan , Reddy Y.C. Janardhan
Published: July 2015

Objective

Asymmetry in brain structure and function is implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Although right hemisphere abnormality has been documented in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), cerebral asymmetry is rarely examined. Therefore, in this study, we examined anomalous cerebral asymmetry in OCD patients using the line bisection task.

Methods

A total of 30 patients with OCD and 30 matched healthy controls were examined using a reliable and valid two-hand line bisection (LBS) task. The comparative profiles of LBS scores were analysed using analysis of covariance.

Results

Patients with OCD bisected significantly less number of lines to the left and had significant rightward deviation than controls, indicating right hemisphere dysfunction. The correlations observed in this study suggest that those with impaired laterality had more severe illness at baseline.

Conclusions

The findings of this study indicate abnormal cerebral lateralisation and right hemisphere dysfunction in OCD patients.
“THE CHOICE IS CRUEL”: ASSISTED SUICIDE AND CHARTER RIGHTS IN CANADA
Authors: Palmer Stephanie
Published: July 2015

IN a groundbreaking decision, the Supreme Court of Canada in Carter v Canada (Attorney General) 2015 SCC 5 has declared the criminal law measures prohibiting the provision of assistance in dying unconstitutional. In doing so, the Supreme Court unanimously overruled its previous decision (Rodriguez v British Columbia (Attorney-General) [1993] 3 S.C.R. 519) upholding the blanket prohibition on assisted suicide.
GHOSTS OF GENOCIDES PAST? STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR GENOCIDE IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
Authors: Paddeu Federica
Published: July 2015

IN Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v Serbia), the International Court of Justice (“ICJ” or “Court”) dealt with a claim by Croatia that Serbia was responsible for the commission of genocide against ethnic Croatians in contravention of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (“the Convention”), and with Serbia's counter-claim that Croatia had committed genocide against ethnic Serbs also in breach of the Convention. In its judgment of 3 February 2015, the Court dismissed both the claim and counter-claim. While many of the acts complained of constituted the actus reus of genocide, there was no evidence that they had been perpetrated with the required mens rea, namely the intention to destroy, in whole or in part, the targeted group as such.
JUDICIAL REVIEW AT THE CROSSROADS
Authors: Varuhas Jason N.E.
Published: July 2015

IN R. (Moseley) v Haringey LBC [2014] 1 W.L.R. 3947, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld a judicial review challenge to the legality of a public consultation carried out by the defendant pursuant to a statutory duty to consult on proposed changes to Council Tax. However, more significant than the outcome is the marked divergence in the reasoning of different Justices. This divergence reflects wider tensions within the field of common law judicial review which have emerged over the last year. In particular, some judges have shown renewed enthusiasm for analysing review cases in terms of “rights”, which may foreshadow a major shift in the nature of review. Common law judicial review is seemingly approaching a crossroads. Which route is taken will have significant implications for the future of the field.
Echinococcus multilocularis in Kyrgyzstan: similarity in the Asian EmsB genotypic profiles from village populations of Eastern mole voles (Ellobius tancrei) and dogs in the Alay valley
Authors: Afonso E. , Knapp J. , Tête N. , Umhang G. , Rieffel D. , van Kesteren F. , Ziadinov I. , Craig P.S. , Torgerson P.R. , Giraudoux P.
Published: July 2015

Echinococcus multilocularis is a cestode that causes human alveolar echinococcosis, a lethal zoonosis of public health concern in central Asia and western China. In the present study, one of 42 Eastern mole voles (Ellobius tancrei) caught in Sary Mogol (Alay valley, southern Kyrgyzstan) presented liver lesions with E. multilocularis from which the EmsB target was amplified. The Asian profile obtained was almost identical to one amplified from domestic dog faeces collected in a nearby village. This observation adds additional information to the potential role of E. tancrei in the transmission of E. multilocularis, and to the known distribution range of E. multilocularis (Asian strain) in central Asia.
Glow-spark switching by a dielectric wall in a pin-to-electrolyte discharge
Authors: Rezvani Jalal Masoud , Rezvani Jalal Javad , Fakhry Saeed , Younesi Zadeh Feyzolla , Alvand Faezeh
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the shape, sound, and current of an electrical discharge in the air between a metal pin and an electrolyte solution are studied. Two different situations are considered: (A) without, and, (B) with inclusion of a dielectric wall in the discharge circuit. It is found that: (1) the discharge A has a cylindrical shape rather than a branched shape in discharge B, (2) the sound and current of discharge in case A are coherent and deterministic but those of case B are incoherent and stochastic. These differences along with the simulation results of a simple model demonstrate that the discharge in case A is glow, but, that in case B is spark.
New perspectives on stone bead technology at Bronze Age Troy
Authors: Ludvik Geoffrey , Kenoyer J. Mark , Pieniążek Magda , Aylward William
Published: July 2015

Stone beads from the site of Troy, Turkey, have been studied in order to understand better the nature of lapidary technology and trade during the third to second millennium BC in this part of Anatolia. Eighteen carnelian and two rock crystal beads were documented through visual examinations, measurement and photography to identify the raw material, as well as general aspects of manufacture and style. Silicone impressions of the drill holes as well as some of the engraved surfaces were made in order to study the nature of drilling and abrasion under a Scanning Electron Microscope. Through these studies, it is possible to identify the presence of different types of bead production and drilling technology during each major chronological period at the site. Some of the beads may have been produced at Troy or at nearby sites in Anatolia while others have links to the southern Aegean and eastern Mediterranean regions as well as the more distant regions of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.
‘Heroa’ and the city. Kuprlli’s new architecture and the making of the ‘Lycian acropolis’ of Xanthus in the early Classical period
Authors: Draycott Catherine M.
Published: July 2015

This paper considers the architectural design of a group of three buildings erected on what is commonly called the ‘acropolis’ of Xanthus in Lycia in the second quarter of the fifth century BC – a time of increasing social, political and economic complexity in this corner of the Aegean/eastern Mediterranean. Although, as the first examples of stone imitations of timber architecture, these buildings are often mentioned in discussions about the origins of Lycian ‘house tombs’ and sometimes summarily discussed in terms of their function, the architectural phenomenon that these buildings represent has not received extensive consideration. Here it is argued that their genesis can be located in the building of a monumentalised skyline, potentially drawing on other cities’ acropoleis as models. In addition to this, the buildings also represent quite new commemorative practices. It is proposed that these three innovative structures could be related to a broader practice of erecting monuments to honour city founders in prominent public spaces. In this way, both the terms ‘acropolis’ and ‘heroa’ – loaded terms usually only loosely applied in the literature on these monuments – may be useful for capturing the peculiar qualities of the architectural projects that transformed Kuprlli’s Xanthus.
Cognitive mechanisms matter – but they do not explain the absence of teaching in chimpanzees
Authors: Moore Richard , Tennie Claudio
Published: July 2015

Kline's functional categories for the evolution of teaching blur some valuable distinctions. Moreover, her account provides no answer to the question of why direct active teaching seems to be a uniquely human phenomenon.
Eyes on the price: Human culture and its teaching
Authors: Müller Christian P.
Published: July 2015

Kline proposes an evolutionary framework for teaching as a major base of human culture, in which she outlines how different types of teaching may solve adaptive problems with a focus on human behavior. Here it is argued that the ability to teach and the different types of teaching behavior may not only solve adaptive problems, but also create them.
Teacher and learner: Supervised and unsupervised learning in communities
Authors: Shafto Michael G. , Seifert Colleen M.
Published: July 2015

How far can teaching methods go to enhance learning? Optimal methods of teaching have been considered in research on supervised and unsupervised learning. Locally optimal methods are usually hybrids of teaching and self-directed approaches. The costs and benefits of specific methods have been shown to depend on the structure of the learning task, the learners, the teachers, and the environment.
Cultural variant interaction in teaching and transmission
Authors: Abrams Marshall
Published: July 2015

Focus on the way in which cultural variants affect other variants' probabilities of transmission in modeling and empirical work can enrich Kline's conceptualization of teaching. For example, the problem of communicating complex cumulative culture is an adaptive problem; teaching methods that manage transmission so that acquisition of some cultural variants increases the probability of acquiring others, provide a partial solution.
Learning about teaching requires thinking about the learner
Authors: Corriveau Kathleen H.
Published: July 2015

Kline argues for an expanded taxonomy of teaching focusing on the adaptive behaviors needed to solve learning problems. Absent from her analysis is an explicit definition of learning, or a discussion of the iterative nature of the relationship between teaching and learning. Including the learner in the discussion may help to distinguish among the adaptive values of different teaching behaviors.
More examples of chimpanzees teaching
Authors: Scheel Matthew H. , Shaw Heidi L. , Gardner R. Allen
Published: July 2015

Darwinism is a principle of biological continuity. This commentary argues against any claim of discontinuity between humans and other animals that must be based on absence of evidence. Instead, we offer additional examples of active teaching by chimpanzees.
Cooperation in human teaching
Authors: Kruger Ann Cale
Published: July 2015

Kline's evolutionary analysis of teaching provides welcome reframing for cross-species comparisons. However, theory based on competition cannot explain the transmission of human cultural elements that were collectively created. Humans evolved in a cultural niche andteaching-learningcoevolved to transmit culture. To study human cultural variation in teaching, we need a more articulated theory of this distinctively human engagement.
Measuring teaching through hormones and time series analysis: Towards a comparative framework
Authors: Ravignani Andrea , Sonnweber Ruth
Published: July 2015

Arguments about the nature of teaching have depended principally on naturalistic observation and some experimental work. Additional measurement tools, and physiological variations and manipulations can provide insights on the intrinsic structure and state of the participants better than verbal descriptions alone: namely, time-series analysis, and examination of the role of hormones and neuromodulators on the behaviors of teacher and pupil.
Enactive neuroscience, the direct perception hypothesis, and the socially extended mind
Authors: Froese Tom
Published: July 2015

Pessoa'sThe Cognitive-Emotional Brain(2013) is an integrative approach to neuroscience that complements other developments in cognitive science, especially enactivism. Both accept complexity as essential to mind; both tightly integrate perception, cognition, and emotion, which enactivism unifies in its foundational concept of sense-making; and both emphasize that the spatial extension of mental processes is not reducible to specific brain regions and neuroanatomical connectivity. An enactive neuroscience is emerging.
THE STOCK EXCHANGE, THE STATE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MEXICO, 1932-1976
Authors: Moreno-Lázaro Javier
Published: July 2015

In this article I examine the history of the Mexican Stock Exchange from the end of the Revolution until 1975, under the hypothesis that it did not carry out its pertinent functions in corporate financing but was rather an economic and political instrument of the government. Due to state intervention and the deficient definition of property rights, its functioning was completely anomalous except during this period. The article represents a first step in the study of the role of the stock exchange in Latin American corporatist economic models.
Gorenstein homological theory for differential modules
Authors: Wei Jiaqun
Published: July 2015

We show that a differential module is Gorenstein projective (injective, respectively) if and only if its underlying module is Gorenstein projective (injective, respectively). We then relate the Ringel–Zhang theorem on differential modules to the Avramov–Buchweitz–Iyengar notion of projective class of differential modules and prove that for a ring R there is a bijective correspondence between projectively stable objects of split differential modules of projective class not more than 1 and R-modules of projective dimension not more than 1, and this is given by the homology functor H and stable syzygy functor ΩD. The correspondence sends indecomposable objects to indecomposable objects. In particular, we obtain that for a hereditary ring R there is a bijective correspondence between objects of the projectively stable category of Gorenstein projective differential modules and the category of all R-modules given by the homology functor and the stable syzygy functor. This gives an extended version of the Ringel–Zhang theorem.
Developing an offsetting programme: tensions, dilemmas and difficulties in biodiversity market-making in England
Authors: LOCKHART ANDY
Published: July 2015

In 2011, the UK government set in motion a process to establish a formal biodiversity offsetting programme in England, as an attempt to tackle biodiversity loss as a result of development. Drawing on critical approaches to the commodification of nature, this article traces the dilemmas encountered by the UK government in its endeavours to roll out a biodiversity offsetting programme in the English planning system. Based on 34 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, documentary analysis and participant observation at policy-focused events, the paper aims to show how the promise of reconciling development and conservation proved difficult to deliver. In government attempts to enrol sympathetic actors, disputes emerged over the purpose and fine detail of the proposals. Deeper tensions were revealed in clashes between governmental emphasis on deregulation and advocates’ calls for strong mandatory rules and well-resourced oversight, while efforts to balance complex ecology with market demands for simplicity and certainty undermined the promise of objective biodiversity metrics delivering uncontroversial hard numbers. Though the English case is in many ways context-specific, the problems experienced raise wider political questions around establishing meaningful offsetting schemes in any part of the world.
Mass-gathering Medicine: Risks and Patient Presentations at a 2-Day Electronic Dance Music Event
Authors: Lund Adam , Turris Sheila A.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Music festivals, including electronic dance music events (EDMEs), increasingly are common in Canada and internationally. Part of a US $4.5 billion industry annually, the target audience is youth and young adults aged 15-25 years. Little is known about the impact of these events on local emergency departments (EDs).

Methods

Drawing on prospective data over a 2-day EDME, the authors of this study employed mixed methods to describe the case mix and prospectively compared patient presentation rate (PPR) and ambulance transfer rate (ATR) between a first aid (FA) only and a higher level of care (HLC) model.

Results

There were 20,301 ticketed attendees. Seventy patient encounters were recorded over two days. The average age was 19.1 years. Roughly 69% were female (n=48/70). Forty-six percent of those seen in the main medical area were under the age of 19 years (n=32/70). The average length of stay in the main medical area was 70.8 minutes. The overall PPR was 4.09 per 1,000 attendees. The ATR with FA only would have been 1.98; ATR with HLC model was 0.52. The presence of an on-site HLC team had a significant positive effect on avoiding ambulance transfers.

Discussion

Twenty-nine ambulance transfers and ED visits were avoided by the presence of an on-site HLC medical team. Reduction of impact to the public health care system was substantial.

Conclusions

Electronic dance music events have predictable risks and patient presentations, and appropriate on-site health care resources may reduce significantly the impact on the prehospital and emergency health resources in the host community.

LundA,TurrisSA.Mass-gathering medicine: risks and patient presentations at a 2-day electronic dance music event.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(3):18
Recent Advances in Medical Device Triage Technologies for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Events
Authors: Lansdowne Krystal , Scully Christopher G. , Galeotti Loriano , Schwartz Suzanne , Marcozzi David , Strauss David G.
Published: July 2015

In 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (Silver Spring, Maryland USA) created the Medical Countermeasures Initiative with the mission of development and promoting medical countermeasures that would be needed to protect the nation from identified, high‐priority chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) threats and emerging infectious diseases. The aim of this review was to promote regulatory science research of medical devices and to analyze how the devices can be employed in different CBRN scenarios. Triage in CBRN scenarios presents unique challenges for first responders because the effects of CBRN agents and the clinical presentations of casualties at each triage stage can vary. The uniqueness of a CBRN event can render standard patient monitoring medical device and conventional triage algorithms ineffective. Despite the challenges, there have been recent advances in CBRN triage technology that include: novel technologies; mobile medical applications (“medical apps”) for CBRN disasters; electronic triage tags, such as eTriage; diagnostic field devices, such as the Joint Biological Agent Identification System; and decision support systems, such as the Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management Intelligent Syndromes Tool (CHEMM-IST). Further research and medical device validation can help to advance prehospital triage technology for CBRN events.

LansdowneK, ScullyCG, GaleottiL, SchwartzS, MarcozziD, StraussDG. Recent advances in medical device triage technologies for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear events. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):1-4
Child Debriefing: A Review of the Evidence Base
Authors: Pfefferbaum Betty , Jacobs Anne K. , Nitiéma Pascal , Everly George S.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Debriefing, a controversial crisis intervention delivered in the early aftermath of a disaster, has not been well evaluated for use with children and adolescents. This report constitutes a review of the child debriefing evidence base.

Methods

A systematic search of selected bibliographic databases (EBM Reviews, EMBASE, ERIC, Medline, Ovid, PILOTS, PubMed, and PsycINFO) was conducted in the spring of 2014 using search terms related to psychological debriefing. The search was limited to English language sources and studies of youth, aged 0 to 18 years. No time limit was placed on date of publication. The search yielded 713 references. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to select publications describing scientific studies and clinical reports. Reference sections of these publications, and of other literature known to the authors that was not generated by the search, were used to locate additional materials. Review of these materials generated 187 publications for more thorough examination; this assessment yielded a total of 91 references on debriefing in children and adolescents. Only 15 publications on debriefing in children and adolescents described empirical studies. Due to a lack of statistical analysis of effectiveness data with youth, and some articles describing the same study, only seven empirical studies described in nine papers were identified for analysis for this review. These studies were evaluated using criteria for assessment of methodological rigor in debriefing studies.

Results

Children and adolescents included in the seven empirical debriefing studies were survivors of motor-vehicle accidents, a maritime disaster, hostage taking, war, or peer suicides. The nine papers describing the seven studies were characterized by inconsistency in describing the interventions and populations and by a lack of information on intervention fidelity. Few of the studies used randomized design or blinded assessment. The results described in the reviewed studies were mixed in regard to debriefing’s effect on posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and other outcomes. Even in studies in which debriefing appeared promising, the research was compromised by potentially confounding interventions.

Conclusion

The results highlight the small empirical evidence base for drawing conclusions about the use of debriefing with children and adolescents, and they call for further dialogue regarding challenges in evaluating debriefing and other crisis interventions in children.

PfefferbaumB, JacobsAK, NitiémaP, EverlyGSJr.Child debriefing: a review of the evidence base. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):110.
Exploring the Causes for Change in Regional Third Party Dispute Settlement
Authors: BEZUIJEN JEANINE
Published: July 2015

What explains change in third party dispute settlement in regional international organizations (RIOs)? This paper confronts this question by exploring the extent to which different explanations of institutional change hold in the context of trade RIO third party dispute settlement. The paper considers the role of three variables in explaining dispute settlement reform: the balance of power, the level of trade interdependence between member states and the nature of the organization's founding contract. A truth table reveals that although power and trade interdependence can explain some cases of institutional reform, the nature of the organization's founding contract is the strongest predictor for change in dispute settlement. Nevertheless, the analysis shows that not all cases can be explained, and that the influence of other institutions on the same issue can also play an important role. A case study of the Latin American Free Trade Association illustrates the importance of the institutional environment in which the RIO operates for institutional reform.
Communication for end-of-life care planning among Korean patients with terminal cancer: A context-oriented model
Authors: Koh Su Jin , Kim Shinmi , Kim Jinshil
Published: July 2015

Objective:

In Korea, patients with terminal cancer are often caught out of the loop in end-of-life (EoL) care discussions. Healthcare professionals also have difficulty engaging in such communication in a variety of healthcare contexts. Therefore, the objective of our study was to develop a communication model for EoL care decision making compatible with the clinical environment in Korea.

Methods:

Using focus-group interview methodology, participants included eight doctors and five nurses who provide EoL care for terminal cancer patients in acute hospital settings or hospice care facilities in various provinces of Korea.

Results:

Five themes emerged regarding EoL care discussion, which included: (1) timing, (2) responsible professionals, (3) disclosure of bad news, (4) content areas of EoL care discussion, and (5) implementing strategies for EoL care discussions. These themes were based on development of a communication algorithm for EoL discussion among patients with terminal cancer. A structural communication step for delivery of a terminal prognosis was specified at the phase of disclosure of bad news: beginning with determination of a patient's decision-making capability, followed by a patient's perception of his/her condition, a patient's wish to know, family dynamics, and a patient's and/or family's readiness for EoL discussions.

Significance of Results:

The proposed context-oriented communication algorithm could provide a helpful guideline for EoL communication and, accordingly, facilitate meaningful improvements in EoL care in Korean clinical practice. The feasibility of this algorithm has not yet been determined, and its validation in a larger sample of patients with terminal cancers, using a quantitative research methodology, is a priority of research.
Promoting respect for IHL by NGOs: The case of ALMA – Association for the Promotion of IHL
Authors: Rosenzweig Ido
Published: July 2015

ALMA – Association for the Promotion of International Humanitarian Law is an Israeli-originated non-governmental organization. ALMA was established with the prime objective of promoting knowledge, understanding and discussion of IHL. For that purpose, it has established several projects aimed at different audiences and with different goals. Since its establishment in March 2010, ALMA has managed to make its way to the front line through cooperation and dedication. This article provides an overview of ALMA's goals and projects, as well as its challenges and future aspirations in the quest to generate respect for international humanitarian law.
Human rights, specification and communities of inquiry
Authors: ALLARD-TREMBLAY YANN
Published: July 2015

This paper offers a revised political conception of human rights informed by legal pluralism and epistemic considerations. In the first part, I present the political conception of human rights. I then argue for four desiderata that such a conception should meet to be functionally applicable. In the rest of the first section and in the second section, I explain how abstract human rights norms and the practice of specification prevent the political conception from meeting these four desiderata. In the last part of the paper, I argue that full-fledged tolerance in the international order – that is tolerance-as-non-intervention and tolerance-as-respect – should be attached to (1) compliance withjus cogensnorms and to; (2a) a political community recognizably organized as a community of inquiry that is; (2b) committed to the specification and incorporation or expression of the idea of human rights within its local legal system.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Divorce in Sweden, 1960–1965
Authors: Sandström Glenn , Strömgren Magnus , Stjernström Olof
Published: July 2015

During the 1960s in Sweden, socioeconomic differentials decreased sharply and both the labor force participation of married women and aggregate divorce rates increased more rapidly than during any other period of the twentieth century. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the socioeconomic composition of the couple influenced the probability of divorce during this period of rapid restructuring. The study uses a large data set covering the entire married population of Sweden in 1960 and applies a binary model whereby the couples are analyzed as units rather than separate individuals to model divorce during the period from 1960 to1965. The main results show that the equalization process between genders and social classes during this period contributed to the decrease in marital stability. Dual-provider families exhibit substantially higher probabilities of divorce as compared to traditional single-provider families. We also find that the socioeconomic gradient of divorce had become negative by the early 1960s and that couples with low socioeconomic status contributed more to the increase in divorce than did couples in the higher strata. A difference between the results reached in this study and those from divorce research covering later decades is that children do not reduce the probability of divorce when the wife's labor force participation is controlled for. The results indicate that the determinants of divorce have varied across different phases of the divorce transition during the twentieth century and that a historical perspective is necessary if we are to understand the long-term process that has produced current marital behavior.
Dispute Resolution in Ottoman Courts: A Quantitative Analysis of Litigations in Eighteenth-Century Kastamonu
Authors: Coşgel Metin M. , Ergene Boğaç A.
Published: July 2015

Since the emergence of the Weberian notion of “kadijustiz” scholars have debated the ability of Islamic courts to resolve disputes fairly and predictably. For a quantitative analysis of how these courts resolved disputes, we use data from the court records (sicils) of the Ottoman town of Kastamonu and examine whether the judges’ decision followed systematic patterns and whether the patterns were logical. The results show that the trial outcome was influenced by the gender, elite status, religion, and religious markers of litigants. Using the tools and concepts of modern scholarship on dispute resolution, we argue that in resolving disputes Kastamonu courts displayed logical patterns that are consistent with those identified by quantitative analysis of court outcomes in modern societies.
Apple or Chocolate – Intentional and Social-Reactive Processes	in Eating Behavior Among Adolescents
Authors: Fuchs Tanja , Steinhilber Amina , Dohnke Birte
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Two studies examined the main assumption of the Prototype/Willingness Model for eating behavior. Accordingly, health-behavior in adolescents results from intentional and social-reactive processes, namely behavioral intentions and behavioral willingness. The hypothesis was that willingness explains eating behavior over and above intentions with respect to eating behavior in general and in the peer context. This was tested in a cross-sectional (N = 286) and a longitudinal (N = 335) study. Intentions and willingness were assessed for healthy and unhealthy eating, eating behavior using an eating pattern index, and observed food consumption in the peer context. Willingness explained variance in eating behavior over and above intentions. Intentional as well as social-reactive processes contribute to adolescents’ eating behavior. Implications for practice are discussed.
Does Facebook Magnify or Mitigate Threats to	Belonging?
Authors: Knowles Megan L. , Haycock Nathaniel , Shaikh Iqra
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Previous research has yielded mixed findings regarding the interpersonal causes and consequences of Facebook use. The current research examines the role of belonging needs in motivating Facebook use and the protective value of Facebook following exclusion. In four studies we: manipulated exclusion and observed participants’ behavioral preferences (Study 1); measured participants’ belonging needs and their Facebook use (Study 2); and manipulated exclusion, exposed participants to either their Facebook photos/pages or control photos/pages, and measured need satisfaction and aggression (Studies 3–4). We found that exclusion motivated computer-mediated communication, and belonging needs predicted Facebook use. Also, exposure to Facebook protected excluded individuals’ social needs and mitigated aggressive behavior. Altogether, these studies suggest that Facebook is a powerful tool that allows individuals to reaffirm their social bonds.
Granzyme B mediated function of Parvovirus B19‐specific CD4+ T cells
Authors: Kumar Arun , Perdomo Maria F , Kantele Anu , Hedman Lea , Hedman Klaus , Franssila Rauli
Published: July 2015

A novel conception of CD4+ T cells with cytolytic potential (CD4+ CTL) is emerging. These cells appear to have a part in controlling malignancies and chronic infections. Human parvovirus B19 can cause a persistent infection, yet no data exist on the presence of B19‐specific CD4+ CTLs. Such cells could have a role in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune disorders reported to be associated with B19. We explored the cytolytic potential of human parvovirus B19‐specific T cells by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) with recombinant B19‐VP2 virus‐like particles. The cytolytic potential was determined by enzyme immunoassay‐based quantitation of granzyme B (GrB) and perforin from the tissue culture supernatants, by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and by detecting direct cytotoxicity. GrB and perforin responses with the B19 antigen were readily detectable in B19‐seropositive individuals. T‐cell depletion, HLA blocking and ICS experiments showed GrB and perforin to be secreted by CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells with strong GrB responses were found to exhibit direct cytotoxicity. As anticipated, ICS of B19‐specific CD4+ T cells showed expected co‐expression of GrB, perforin and interferon gamma (IFN‐γ). Unexpectedly, also a strong co‐expression of GrB and interleukin 17 (IL‐17) was detected. These cells expressed natural killer (NK) cell surface marker CD56, together with the CD4 surface marker. To our knowledge, this is the first report on virus‐specific CD4+ CTLs co‐expressing CD56 antigen. Our results suggest a role for CD4+ CTL in B19 immunity. Such cells could function within both immune regulation and triggering of autoimmune phenomena such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis.
Hot electron-induced reduction of small molecules on photorecycling metal surfaces
Authors: Xie Wei , Schlücker Sebastian
Published: July 2015

Noble metals are important photocatalysts due to their ability to convert light into chemical energy. Hot electrons, generated via the non-radiative decay of localized surface plasmons, can be transferred to reactants on the metal surface. Unfortunately, the number of hot electrons per molecule is limited due to charge–carrier recombination. In addition to the reduction half-reaction with hot electrons, also the corresponding oxidation counter-half-reaction must take place since otherwise the overall redox reaction cannot proceed. Here we report on the conceptual importance of promoting the oxidation counter-half-reaction in plasmon-mediated catalysis by photorecycling in order to overcome this general limitation. A six-electron photocatalytic reaction occurs even in the absence of conventional chemical reducing agents due to the photoinduced recycling of Ag atoms from hot holes in the oxidation half-reaction. This concept of multi-electron, counter-half-reaction-promoted photocatalysis provides exciting new opportunities for driving efficient light-to-energy conversion processes.
Creation and manipulation of topological states in chiral nematic microspheres
Authors: Orlova Tetiana , Aßhoff Sarah Jane , Yamaguchi Tadatsugu , Katsonis Nathalie , Brasselet Etienne
Published: July 2015

Topology is a universal concept that is encountered in daily life and is known to determine many static and dynamical properties of matter. Taming and controlling the topology of materials therefore constitutes a contemporary interdisciplinary challenge. Building on the controllable spatial properties of soft matter appears as a relevant strategy to address the challenge, in particular, because it may lead to paradigmatic model systems that allow checking theories experimentally. Here we report experimentally on a wealth of complex free-standing metastable topological architectures at the micron scale, in frustrated chiral nematic droplets. These results support recent works predicting the formation of free-standing knotted and linked disclination structures in confined chiral nematic fluids. We also demonstrate that various kinds of external fields (thermal, electrical and optical) can be used to achieve topological remote control. All this may foster the development of new devices based on topologically structured soft media.
Local destruction of superconductivity by non-magnetic impurities in mesoscopic iron-based superconductors
Authors: Li Jun , Ji Min , Schwarz Tobias , Ke Xiaoxing , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Yuan Jie , Pereira Paulo J. , Huang Ya , Zhang Gufei , Feng Hai-Luke , Yuan Ya-Hua , Hatano Takeshi , Kleiner Reinhold , Koelle Dieter , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Yamaura Kazunari , Wang Hua-Bing , Wu Pei-Heng , Takayama-Muromachi Eiji , Vanacken Johan , Moshchalkov Victor V.
Published: July 2015

The determination of the pairing symmetry is one of the most crucial issues for the iron-based superconductors, for which various scenarios are discussed controversially. Non-magnetic impurity substitution is one of the most promising approaches to address the issue, because the pair-breaking mechanism from the non-magnetic impurities should be different for various models. Previous substitution experiments demonstrated that the non-magnetic zinc can suppress the superconductivity of various iron-based superconductors. Here we demonstrate the local destruction of superconductivity by non-magnetic zinc impurities in Ba0.5K0.5Fe2As2 by exploring phase-slip phenomena in a mesoscopic structure with 119 × 102 nm2 cross-section. The impurities suppress superconductivity in a three-dimensional ‘Swiss cheese’-like pattern with in-plane and out-of-plane characteristic lengths slightly below ∼1.34 nm. This causes the superconducting order parameter to vary along abundant narrow channels with effective cross-section of a few square nanometres. The local destruction of superconductivity can be related to Cooper pair breaking by non-magnetic impurities.
Electrical probing of field-driven cascading quantized transitions of skyrmion cluster states in MnSi nanowires
Authors: Du Haifeng , Liang Dong , Jin Chiming , Kong Lingyao , Stolt Matthew J. , Ning Wei , Yang Jiyong , Xing Ying , Wang Jian , Che Renchao , Zang Jiadong , Jin Song , Zhang Yuheng , Tian Mingliang
Published: July 2015

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically stable whirlpool-like spin textures that offer great promise as information carriers for future spintronic devices. To enable such applications, particular attention has been focused on the properties of skyrmions in highly confined geometries such as one-dimensional nanowires. Hitherto, it is still experimentally unclear what happens when the width of the nanowire is comparable to that of a single skyrmion. Here, we achieve this by measuring the magnetoresistance in ultra-narrow MnSi nanowires. We observe quantized jumps in magnetoresistance versus magnetic field curves. By tracking the size dependence of the jump number, we infer that skyrmions are assembled into cluster states with a tunable number of skyrmions, in agreement with the Monte Carlo simulations. Our results enable an electric reading of the number of skyrmions in the cluster states, thus laying a solid foundation to realize skyrmion-based memory devices.
Regression of Gastric Cancer by Systemic Injection of RNA Nanoparticles Carrying both Ligand and siRNA
Authors: Cui Daxiang , Zhang Chunlei , Liu Bing , Shu Yi , Du Tong , Shu Dan , Wang Kan , Dai Fangping , Liu Yanlei , Li Chao , Pan Fei , Yang Yuming , Ni Jian , Li Hui , Brand-Saberi Beate , Guo Peixuan
Published: July 2015

Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. RNA nanotechnology has recently emerged as an important field due to recent finding of its high thermodynamic stability, favorable and distinctive in vivo attributes. Here we reported the use of the thermostable three-way junction (3WJ) of bacteriophage phi29 motor pRNA to escort folic acid, a fluorescent image marker and BRCAA1 siRNA for targeting, imaging, delivery, gene silencing and regression of gastric cancer in animal models. In vitro assay revealed that the RNA nanoparticles specifically bind to gastric cancer cells and knock-down the BRCAA1 gene. Apoptosis of gastric cancer cells was observed. Animal trials confirmed that these RNA nanoparticles could be used to image gastric cancer in vivo, while showing little accumulation in crucial organs and tissues. The volume of gastric tumors noticeably decreased during the course of treatment. No damage to important organs by RNA nanoparticles was detectible. All the results indicated that this novel RNA nanotechnology can overcome conventional cancer therapeutic limitations and opens new opportunities for specific delivery of therapeutics to stomach cancer without damaging normal cells and tissues, reduce the toxicity and side effect, improve the therapeutic effect and exhibit great potential in clinical tumor therapy.