bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Independence of Transkei - a Largely Constitutional Inquiry
Authors: Harvey William B. , Dean W. H. B.
Published: November 2008

TheSouth African commitment to racial separation is well-known. The deep historic roots ofapartheid, the religious fervour with which it is justified by its proponents, and the rapidly growing weight of criticism by which it is condemned throughout the world have served to make it a familiar ideology and policy. Less well-known is the extent to which separation in a relatively superficial, transient context – in stores, theatres, parks, some hotels and restaurants – has been eroded in recent years. Least familiar, despite the substantial propaganda of apologists for the system, is the transmutation of the negative commitment toapartheidinto an affirmative effort to foster and guide what the Government labels ‘separate development’. One of the most significant achievements thus far of this policy was the birth on 26 October 1976 of Transkei, presented to a doubting world by its South African parent as a sovereign, independent nation in which its African citizens could work out their destiny, just as the dominant white population of the Republic of South Africa assert an entitlement to realise their own.
Community Values, Domestic Tranquility, and Customary Law in Upper Volta
Authors: Bohmer Carol
Published: November 2008

Thetheme of this article is the decline of customary law in Upper Volta where, like most countries in Africa, customary courts operate side by side with the modern, ex-colonial legal system.1My study ofLe Tribunal de Premier Instancein Bobodioulasso suggests that customary courts may not in fact apply customary law. An examination of the criteria and the process by which decisions are reached here may help us to gain an insight into the function the Court serves for the community.
Kenya's Agriculture and the I.L.O. Employment Mission – Six Years After
Authors: Clayton Eric S.
Published: November 2008

For two hectic months in 1972 an I.L.O./U.N.D.P. mission gathered in Nairobi to deliberate on the employment problems facing Kenya. The report which was published before the end of the year received a good deal of publicity,1 much of it complimentary, and served as a blue print for subsequent I.L.O. employment missions to other developing countries.2 Six years later it seems opportune to review briefly those of its recommendations which were specifically aimed at the agricultural sector, and to assess the extent to which they have influenced the policies of the Government.
Technology and Employment in Developing Countries
Authors: Garmany J. W.
Published: November 2008

This article discusses some of the issues involved in the choice of technology in developing countries, especially those in Africa, and the relationship of this to employment and output. The problem is to find an optimum combination of productive resources that comes nearest to satisfying two objectives: the full and economically efficient utilisation of such resources, and the creation of as much surplus as possible over current consumption, thereby making possible new investment and long-term growth.
The Roots of Corruption–the Ghanaian Enquiry
Authors: Werlin Herbert H.
Published: November 2008

In March 1970 Mr Justice P. D. Anin was named by the Ghanaian Presidential Commission, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, to head a five-man Commission of Enquiry into Bribery and Corruption. Not only was it authorised ‘to study the area, prevalence, and methods of bribery and corruption in Ghanaian society’, but also to determine whether there were factors in the society which contributed to this. ’As a people, do we frown upon and resist bribery and corruption or do we tend to regard them as natural and inevitable?’, asked Anin at the first meeting of the Commission of Enquiry on 29 June 1970, adding: ‘Do we draw a line between the ‘customary drink’ under our traditional practices, and bribery and corruption of public officers and others holding positions of trust?“ The answers to these questions, it was hoped, would lead to recommendations for the eradication of these ‘social evils’.
Industrialisation in West Africa—the Need for Sub-Regional Groupings within an Integrated Economic Community
Authors: Barbour K. M.
Published: November 2008

In the years that have elapsed since the ending of colonial rule, the newly independent states of Africa have been understandably preoccupied with a general resolve to achieve rapid and sustained economic growth. Certain countries have attached especial importance to investment in agriculture, others have devoted high proportions of their resources to material infrastructure, to the exploitation of minerals, or to education and training; whatever the immediate policy pursued, however, there has been general unanimity that at the far end of the development process each African state hopes to possess a growing number of economically viable manufacturing industries.1 Apart from the material benefits that industrialisation can bring there is a general belief, as Pierre Moussa has put it, that ‘the factory chimney has mythical value; it expresses a people's success on earth, their ability to cope with the modern world’.2
Guinea and the Ivory Coast– Contrasts in Economic Development
Authors: O'connor Michael
Published: November 2008

Guinea and the Ivory Coast are neighbouring, former French colonies in West Africa. Both gained their independence about the same time – Guinea in 1958 and the Ivory Coast in 1960. The contrast in the subsequent economic performance of these two countries with closely corresponding resource endowments is remarkable. The Ivory Coast's gross domestic product has grown at an annual rate of about 8 per cent in real terms. The Guinean economy has stagnated. A review of the economic record of both since independence suggests that three factors were mainly responsible for their strikingly unequal performance: (1) differences in governmental philosophies of mobilisation and organisation of resources; (2) differences in the extent to which foreign markets shaped domestic economic expansion; and (3) differences in the role of foreign entrepreneurs in the national development effort.
Consciousness, Identification, and Resistance in South Africa
Authors: Du Toit Brian M.
Published: November 2008

Colonial and neo-colonial situations are characterised by an absence of power-sharing, though those who have the political power may allow token participation by others. Tokenism exists in many aspects of life, though typically minority-group members enjoy greater economic and adminstrative rights than political and legislative rights. In the last analysis, the governmanet is not accountable to such minorities because they are not part of the electorate.
How Will Majority Rule Come About in Azania/South Africa?
Authors: Belfiglio Valentine J.
Published: November 2008

There is a cancer in the body politic of South Africa that may not be cured in the foreseeable future but cannot be ignored. The Prime Minister, Pieter Willem Botha, is currently attempting to again support for a modified form ofapartheidor multinational development. More land and resources must be assigned to Blacks, and a great deal more capital and recurrent funds must be spent if the Homelands are to be built up and made viable and attractive. Meanwhile, some concessions to Indians and Coloureds are being made to get them to acquiesce to a modified system of government and administration. They have not, however, satisfied Blacks, who want nothing less than majority rule, and the constitutional changes are strongly opposed by the right-wing faction of the ruling National Party. This short article will review prevailing attitudes and recommendations concerning current developments in South Africa, and then offer a possible solution to the seemingly insolvable dilemma.
Commercial Banking in East Africa, 1950–1963
Authors: Engberg Holger L.
Published: November 2008

The monetary evolution in the less developed countries in recent years has led to renewed interest in the functions of financial institutions, particularly in the potential contribution of commercial banks to economic growth. Since many of the developing countries have inherited banks and banking techniques from highly industrialised countries in Europe the question has been asked whether these institutions are capable of performing adequately the varied functions that the growth-conscious new nations now expect of them.
Volta Resettlement Symposium
Authors: Hopkins A. G.
Published: November 2008

By 1967, when the water level reaches its maximum, the Volta dam will have created one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, thereby completing a scheme which has fascinated government officials, business men, and politicians since the early years of the century. The purpose of the symposium, which was sponsored jointly by the Volta River Authority and the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, was to consider the progress made so far on one aspect of this complex project, namely the resettlement programme. Building the Volta dam has meant flooding some 3,275 square miles, or approximately 4 per cent of Ghana's land surface. In human terms it has meant disrupting the lives of more than 80,000 people, whose homes are being flooded by the rising waters of the Volta lake. The Volta River Authority has been charged with the responsibility of resettling these displaced persons, taking as its guiding principle the ruling laid down by President Nkrumah that ‘nobody should be worse off than before’. Ultimately, of course, the hope is that living standards will be improved very considerably.
Conference on the Teaching of Law
Authors: Harrison J. T.
Published: November 2008

The Ford Foundation generously provided travelling expenses for 12 law teachers from Basutoland, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, and Tanzania to attend this four-day conference, together with 30 Nigerian participants. It was an attempt, and a successful one, to bridge the gap between law faculties, which revealed many common problems.

The initial meeting produced much agreement concerning the methods of teaching jurisprudence in Africa, a course which has been in some schools a dull and irrelevant exercise for students. No one disputed the value to African students of the classics of jurisprudence, but it was felt that the course should encompass more than a study of legal philosophies developed in other societies. Law students should be acquainted with the data of sociologists, economists, anthropologists, political scientists, and other specialists who have studied African society, and they should be reminded that the legal philosophy of their country cannot ignore the facts discovered by these other disciplines. This philosophy of law will help to determine, and will be partly determined by, the answers given to to such questions as: What is the role of the judge in the one-party state? Does he make law, interpret it, or simply apply it? Or is he only to find the facts in a dispute ? What is the function of law in economic planning, in state management?
Explanatory Notes on the Political Economy of Africa
Authors: Ake Claude
Published: November 2008

I Want to indicate how the political economy of contemporary Africa is to be explained, and what might reasonably be conjectured about its development. I am mainly interested in the salient features, namely: intense ethnic conflict, the single-party system, the high incidence of efficiency norms in political competition, the recurrence of military coups, political repression, and the poor performance at economic development.
Southern Africa: Détente?
Authors: Hirschmann David
Published: November 2008

In a speech to the South African Senate on 23 October Prime Minister Vorster declared that the situation in Southern Africa had reached a point at which a choice had to be made between peaceful negotiation on the one hand, or escalating strife on the other. He offered Africa ‘the way of peace’. Within three days President Kaunda responded favourably. In a graduation day speech at the University of Zambia, he described Vorster's overture as ‘the voice of reason for which Africa and the world have been waiting for many years’. Without hesitation policy-makers and the press in South Africa fastened upon the term détente, hoisted it from another context, and applied it to describe both the atmosphere and substance of ensuing interstate relations in Southern Africa.
Political Legitimacy, Political Symbols, and National Leadership in West Africa
Authors: Hayward Fred M. , Dumbuya Ahmed R.
Published: November 2008

This study focuses on the relationship between political symbols and the legitimation of national leadership in Ghana, Guinea, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. We are particularly interested in ways in which their leaders have used myths and symbols in an attempt to foster or enhance the legitimacy of their régimes in the face of severe economic and political crises.
On the Category ‘Civilised’ in Liberia and Elsewhere
Authors: Brown David
Published: November 2008

In any society, and in any period, there are likely to be certain key concepts into which are condensed the prevailing assumptions and attitudes of dominant interest groups. Such collective representations vary both in their cultural specificity, and in the extent and duration of their appeal. They may derive from pre-existing terminologies, with or without contextual modification, or they may appear unheralded in the popular vocabulary of the age. They may appeal to sectional interests or they may, with variable degrees of success, reflect the values and aspirations of the society at large. Yet, whatever their various origins and associations, they tend to have in common two characteristic qualities: a strong normative content, and — perhaps more surprisingly — a formidable resistance to conceptual clarification. There is, then, a mythic element in such terms, in the way that they both harbour ambiguity and obscure its resolution.
A New Partnership for Development
Authors: Koopman Jozeph , Schmidt Adam
Published: November 2008

One of the basic and most difficult problems of our century seems to be that of the so-called ‘ developing’ nations. Although the generally accepted distinction between growth and development is sometimes questioned, one thing is certain, that in most Asian, African, and South American countries there is a need for development. International organisations and the more ‘advanced’ countries are aware of this, and make continuous efforts towards speeding up the process of development.
Prospects for Employment Opportunities in the 1970s
Authors: Callaway Archibald
Published: November 2008

Unemployment – and underemployment – of large proportions of the labour force is a central factor in almost all of today's developing countries. For many, this situation has steadily worsened despite the achievement during the last decade of relatively high rates of economic growth. Poverty and malaise characterise wide areas of the countryside as well as large sectors of major cities. These problems were explored by the eighth in the series of international conferences on development, sponsored by Cambridge University Overseas Development Committee. Key questions were posed: What are the facts of unemployment and underemployment? What are its causes? What measures should be taken to generate more employment opportunities and to reduce, simultaneously, the more glaring inequalities in the distribution of income?
Special Features of Urbanisation in Tropical Africa
Authors: Gavrilova A.
Published: November 2008

The attention of many Africanists is now absorbed by the extraordinary rate of social-demographic development in the countries of tropical Africa during recent decades, the rapid change of the demographic balance between town and country, and the intensive growth of towns. Africa is now ahead of all other continents in the rate of urban population growth, as indicated by Table I; this shows ten-year rates of growth in the total population of towns with over 20,000 inhabitants, for eight major regions and for the world as a whole. Africa is the only region whose rate of urban growth has accelerated from decade to decade since 1920; during 1950–60, she overtook Latin America, and her growth rate of 69 per cent was well above the world average.
Nigeria's Federal Financial Experience
Authors: Phillips Adedotun
Published: November 2008

Whatever the origin of a federation, whether aggregation or devolution, its establishment at once raises three problems: how to allocate functions rationally; how to allocate taxing powers; and how to share revenue between the governments of that federation. It is for the constitution-makers to settle the first problem, leaving the remaining two to federal financial experts.
Portugal, Africa, and the Future
Authors: Gann L. H.
Published: November 2008

Twelve years ago, the present writer made an embarrassingly inaccurate forecast. The Portuguese, he wrote in a paperback, cannot hold out for long in Angola; the country is hard to pacify, the insurgents enjoy many advantages, the metropole is poor and incapable of sustaining a long Indonesian-type conflict.1 At the time, this assessment seemed quite realistic, even to many Portuguese. The left-wing historian Vitorino Magalhães Godinho argued that their society lacked ‘social efficiency’; Portugal was a backward country, a land of labour migrants incapable of true development at home, much less of developing an empire.2 Even some conservatives agreed: the metropole was poverty- stricken, and the colonies were but millstones around Portugal's neck.
Oral Tradition in the Criticism of African Literature
Authors: Iyasere Solomon O.
Published: November 2008

In recent years African literature has-at last-been receiving the serious treatment it has long deserved, largely as a result of the efforts of the literary critics who have demanded strict attention to texture and structure.1 Although there are still a few old-time missionary critics, such as G. D. Killam and Ernest Emenyonu, who pass off environmental commentaries under the shibboleths of literary criticism, the general thrust appears to be towards more formal textual consideration: the examination of how the content of a work is satisfactorily shaped into a perceivable Gestalt.
Alienation, Urbanisation, and Social Networks in the Sudan
Authors: Lobban Richard A.
Published: November 2008

Urbanisation is often held to be responsible for social disorder and alienation. In fact, the stresses experienced in the process of urbanisation can produce both a breakdown and/or a reinforcement of patterns of social association. Many scholars have discarded the term ‘alienation’ because of its multiplicity of meanings, but I believe that when the word is defined in terms of social network ‘density’ there is considerable utility for social scientific interpretation. Even in relatively similar urban communities, small differences in network density have important manifestations in the types of response to urbanisation.
Dependency and Conservative Militarism in Mali
Authors: Wolpin Miles D.
Published: November 2008

Those with an interest in developing a predictive theory of social revolution cannot afford to ignore the numerous corpses in what I shall call the Graveyard of Marxist Executives. For many this is a cemetery of aspirations, while in a small number of instances counter-revolutionary terror has occasioned a veritable bloodbath. What makes this study worth-while is that in all cases the right to a decent life for future generations has been aborted. And given the diffusion of nuclear weapons capabilities to many Third-World régimes that cannot cope with the obstacles to development, it is not farfetched to suggest that many of our children's lives too may be forfeited eventually to nuclear pollution or worse! During the interim, increasing numbers of desperate Third-World régimes will endeavour to buy time by challenging the price structure of raw materials. Even if they fail for the most part, the quality of the international human and physical environment will almost certainly deteriorate.
Law and Development: the Interface Between Policy and Implementation
Authors: Seidman Robert B.
Published: November 2008

The manifold torments of the Third World press themselves upon all of us for solution. Poverty, disease, oppression, early death: this is the fate of most of mankind. Today all the world plucks at the sleeves of the academy, asking, What do you know? What are you good for?1 Any answer must include a statement of the discipline's response to the troubles that beset the less-developed countries. How lawyers respond ought to define the domain of the study of law and development.
Urban Policy and Performance in Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Stren Richard
Published: November 2008

Over the past ten years, African governments have wrestled with the problems of designing and implementing comprehensive rural development policies. In an overwhelmingly rural continent with, for most areas, only a recent history of urbanisation, such an emphasis is understandable. But if African cities are for the most part young, and small by world standards, they are also growing faster than cities in any other major world region. This rapid growth, superimposed on a meagre resource base, will put increasing pressure on planners to devise solutions for the adequate and equitable distribution of urban services. The solutions that emerge, however, will be heavily conditioned by two sets of factors: the immediate demands of urban growth, and the wider political/administrative and social context within which policy-making takes place.
Conflict and Violence in Contemporary Sierra Leone Chiefdoms
Authors: Tangri Roger
Published: November 2008

Violence has been a recurring feature of political life in provincial Sierra Leone for a long time. In 1898, two years after the establishment of colonial rule, a mass rebellion, commonly known as the Hut Tax War, and directed against British political authority, took place over a large part of the Protectorate. Thereafter, the violence which periodically disrupted the chiefdoms of the hinterland, during both the colonial and post-colonial periods, resulted predominantly from conflicts amongst the indigenous peoples themselves. This article is concerned with the various disturbances that flared up in the Sierra Leone chiefdoms since the late 1940s.
The Political Economy of Military Rule in Somalia
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: November 2008

On 21 October 1969 the duly elected civilian Government of Somalia was overthrown by the armed forces. General Maxamed Siyad Barre took the helm of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, which proclaimed itself the ‘guardian and saviour of the nation’. The coup has been seen by some as the breakdown of a true democracy, and by others as the foundation of a ‘socialist progressive society’. The egalitarian Somalis have now experienced both a parliamentary democracy and a military oligarchy. Under which have they fared better? Now that President Siyad and the S.R.C. have been ruling Somalia for seven years, perhaps a sober assessment of their performance, in contrast to that of the civilian régime, is in order.
Racial Prejudice and Economic Pragmatism: a South African Case-Study
Authors: Feit Edward , Stokes Randall G.
Published: November 2008

Race relations have become one of the most sensitive of international issues. They have been transformed from the domestic concern of single countries to a matter of world concern. The story of this transformation is almost too well-known for comment. It grew from a massive revulsion against fascist racialism, the decline of white dominance, the emergence of new states from colonial empires, and the growing dependence of developed countries on the raw materials of the less developed. The United Nations Organisation has, in addition, given the non-white majority a forum from which they can condemn countries maintaining racial stratification. It is clear, therefore, that a breakdown in racial prejudice would not only ease some world tensions, but is a desirable end in itself.
Centralisation and Fiscal Arrangements in Nigeria
Authors: Offensend David G.
Published: November 2008

The phenomenon of increasing centralisation of governmental authority is often discussed in the development literature, yet there has been little specific, quantitative research in this area. In this short article I hope to make an analysis of the centralisation phenomenon in Nigeria's development, based on such research, using the evolution of the federal fiscal arrangements as a case-study.
African Social Security — a Comment
Authors: Tribe Michael
Published: November 2008

The article by Victor Gerdes on ‘Precursors of Modern Social Security in Indigenous African Institutions’ in thisJournal, Vol. XIII, No. 2, June 1975, is timely in raising the question of the interrelationship between ‘modern’ social security schemes, implanted comparatively recently in most African countries, and their traditional precursors. The description of a range of indigenous Ethiopian institutions which, to some extent at least, perform the functions of social security schemes, is a valuable addition to the published material in this field.
The Economics of Education in Sierra Leone
Authors: Ketkar Suhas L.
Published: November 2008

With respect to investment in education, two important questions need to be examined. The first is concerned with the amount to be invested in primary and secondary schools, and the institutions of higher learning, and the second relates to the distribution of total costs among the state, private institutions, and those who receive education.

This short article first evaluates the existing formal educational system in Sierra Leone with the help of the cost-benefit technique. In order to obtain guidelines for future investment policies the internal social rates of return are computed for the various levels of education. Then the supply and demand of trained personnel are estimated for the period 1975–9 on the basis of the following classification: (i) high level (those with university education), (ii) middle level (those with some secondary education and technical/vocational training), and (iii) primary- and secondary-school teachers. The projections show that shortages will occur in all three groups during the next five years, above all at the middle level where a 70 per cent increase in the expected supply will be necessary to meet the requirements.
The Apotheosis of Côte d'lvoire's Nana Houphouët-Boigny
Authors: Toungara Jeanne Maddox
Published: November 2008

Whether he is calledLe Sage(the Wise Man),Le Vieux(the Old Man), or more recentlyNana(a Baule term for grandfather), the veneration implied by these words is unequalled by any other leader in West Africa today. It is clear that after over 50 years of political activism, the President of Côte d'Ivoire, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, has brought together a combination of elements that has allowed him to gain and maintain the respect of western leaders, his African counterparts, and until recently, almost every Ivoirian.
Regional Economic Union in the Maghreb
Authors: Aghrout Ahmed , Sutton Keith
Published: November 2008

The establishment of the Union du Maghreb arabe (U.M.A.) at the 1989 summit held in Marrakech is the culmination of over three decades of pan-Maghreb rhetoric. As claimed recently, there have been plenty of joint agreements on paper, but ‘unfortunately the importance given to these events is inversely proportional to their real application and effectiveness’.
The Western Sahara Conflict: Regional and International Dimensions
Authors: Zoubir Yahia H.
Published: November 2008

King Hassan II of Morocco informed the French press in December 1988 that he was willing to talk to the Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y Río de Oro, known as the Polisario Front, which had been waging a war of national independence during the previous 15 years. Although the Moroccan Sovereign insisted that the subsequent meetings which took place on 4–5 January 1989 in Marrakesh constituted ‘discussions’ rather than ‘negotiations’, they undoubtedly represented a breakthrough in what has been dubbed by many as the ‘forgotten war’, not least because the mere acknowledgement of the Front's existence was in itself a de facto recognition of the Sahrawi liberation movement.
New Thinking and Soviet Policy Towards South Africa
Authors: Kempton Daniel R.
Published: November 2008

During the last few years, Mikhail Gorbachev's new thinking has stimulated a number of dramatic and largely unexpected shifts in Soviet foreign policy. In Southern Africa, its effects have been both immediate and quite profound. The two most publicised changes have been Moscow's growing support for negotiations as a method of resolving the region's conflicts, and the related reduction of its commitments to the régimes in Angola and Mozambique. In fact, there is evidence that the Kremlin has been putting pressure on both its allies to engage in a process of ‘national reconciliation’ with the armed movements trying to overthrow them. At the rhetorical level, at least, there has also been a marked decline in Moscow's enthusiasm for revolutionary upheavals in Southern Africa.
Violence in Mozambique: Towards an Understanding of Renamo
Authors: Morgan Glenda
Published: November 2008

Recent developments on the South African political scene have raised some hopes about bringing an end to the war in Mozambique. The change of direction initiated by President F. W. de Klerk, the unbanning of the African National Congress (A.N.C.) and other previously prohibited organisations, and the progress made towards negotiations have pointed to a possible change of heart by the Government, and a relaxation of its previously hostile regional policy. There can be little doubt, given Pretoria's rôle in the whole area, and the history of its involvement in the Mozambican crisis, that changes within South Africa will be felt beyond its borders. However, it would be unwise to ignore the part played by internal factors in explaining the growth in both the scale and severity of the conflict in Mozambique over the past decade.
The Politics of Informal Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Roitman Janet L.
Published: November 2008

There is evidence of a new trend in recent scholarship on African political economy: an effort to tip the scale towards the latter end of the so-called state-society balance. This nascent movement portends to serve as a corrective to past academic work devoted to defining and delineating the form and nature of the African state. The statist literature has traditionally formed two camps, one based on liberal, neo-classical theory, and the other informed by the neo-Marxistdependenciamodel. No matter what the approach, in these studies the state is the central locus of macro-economic and political processes: as the centre of resource extraction and distribution, and the determinant of the nature of national politics, the state is fixated upon as the source of, and/or solution to, the economic status of African societies.
Africa and International Law — the Emergence to Statehood
Authors: Bruce-Wallace Nii Lante
Published: November 2008

Atthe beginning of this century only two African countries, Liberia and Ethiopia, were recognised as independent states which could be fully involved in international law. Both participated in the activities of the League of Nations. Today, with the exception of Namibia, the face of Africa is covered by sovereign states.
Government and Opposition in Kenya, 1966–9
Authors: Mueller Susanne D.
Published: November 2008

Littleexists to document the widespread repression of opposition in Africa since independence. Current studies of the rise of capitalism and the post-colonial state largely ignore institutionalised authoritarianism, which characterises the political side of this process. This article discusses the restraints placed on opposition in Kenya up to 1969. Its salience continues with the creation of ade jureone-party state since the abortive coup of 1982.
Post-Apartheid South Africa and Its Neighbours: a Maritime Transport Perspective
Authors: Iheduru Okechukwu C.
Published: November 2008

Theofficial dismantling ofapartheid, the release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years imprisonment in Febuary 1990, and especially the first multi-racial elections in April 1994 followed by the inauguration of the Government of National Unity (GNU), have marked this decade as the most fascinating in the history of South Africa.
Towards a Critique of Policing and National Development in Africa
Authors: Hills Allice
Published: November 2008

Just as 1960 was characterised by independence and 1966 by military coups, so 1990 marked a cautious move in many states away from excessive centralisation towards a distribution of political power. Multi-party elections were held, or scheduled, in countries as diverse as Benin, Gabon, Somalia, Zaïre, and Zambia. The partial liberalisation these represented did not amount to a full transition to democracy — indeed, they did not amount to anything positive in some cases — but they did suggest that a potential rebalancing of certain aspects of political power was possible, if not probable. Since then, have any significant changes taken place in police systems and behaviour, and/or in the organisation of internal security? This article suggests some of the variables requiring discussion, and indicates areas for future research.
Senegal's Rôle in Ecomog: the Francophone Dimension in the Liberian Crisis
Authors: Mortimer Robert A.
Published: November 2008

The phenomenon of state breakdown in the post-cold war era has significantly increased the demand for peacekeeping operations around the world. The United Nations has stepped boldly into the breach, considerably expanding its interventions in hotspots on all continents. Yet the capacity of the UN to respond is often uncertain, and this has sparked interest in the concept of regional peacekeeping as an alternative, especially since the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) deployed the Cease-fire Monitoring Group (Ecomog) to stem the ravages of civil war in Liberia.
Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front
Authors: Reed Wm. Cyrus
Published: November 2008

In July 1994, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and its armed wing, the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA),1 entered Kigali after routing the former régime and putting an end to months of genocide in which upwards of 500,000 had lost their lives. By August, another one to two million had fled from Rwanda. All in all, nearly half of the population had been killed, displaced inside the country, or was in exile.
Democracy and Multi-Party Politics in Africa
Authors: Makinda Samuel M.
Published: November 2008

AUTHORITARIAN leaders and single-party régimes of all shades increasingly came under great pressures between 1990 and 1993 to liberalise and permit more participation in the political process. This transformation, which was part of what Samuel Huntington described as ‘the third wave of democratisation’,1stemmed from sustained efforts by domestic political forces in African states, albeit assisted by a variety of demanded requirements from international financial institutions and industrialised countries, as well as by the disintegration of the Soviet Union. According to the US Deputy Secretary of State, Strobe Talbott, the ‘new resolve to establish new attitudes, arrangements and structures’ came directly out of the exhaustion of the cold war.2In other words, the promotion of democracy in Africa was part of the so-called peace dividend.3Expectations for political evolution throughout the world were so high that some analysts predicted the emergence of ‘an international democratic order’.4As Keith Somerville has observed: ‘Africa entered the 1990S in a mood of hope and expectation’.5
State Intervention in Agriculture: the Mozambican Experience
Authors: Munslow Barry
Published: November 2008

By the early 1980s, it was becoming increasingly apparent to the Frelimo Government in Mozambique that its agricultural policies were not having the required effects. Production had not recovered to pre-independence levels as intended, agricultural exports remained generally low, and there was hunger in certain areas of the country. Queues and shortages were widespread in the cities, and rationing was introduced in the capital, Maputo. There were many exogenous factors accounting for these problems: alternating years of drought and floods, a constant state of war, first against the Smith régime in Rhodesia and then against South Africa and its client groups, and finally, of course, the world recession and worsening terms of trade.
Aid or Imperialism? West Germany in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Schulz Brigitte , Hansen William
Published: November 2008

What is the precise nature of the relationship between the so-called Third World and the industrialised West? While a question of this sort was much more easily answered in the era of direct colonial control over vast non-European regions, there is much debate concerning the symmetry of economic and political relationships in the postindependence period. In fact, to a considerable number of observers, it is asymmetry which characterises the ties between the industrialised and ‘underdeveloped’ countries, based on a long historical process of incorporation into the western capitalist system. Political independence, these critics argue, has merely shifted a ‘colonial’ to a ‘neo-colonial’ relationship, leaving the unevenness basically intact.
Settlers and Seaways in a Decolonised World
Authors: Houbert Jean
Published: November 2008

Seawaysand settlers were closely associated with the creation of the European colonial empires which radially changed the course of modern history. That expansion was triggered off by the search for a way round the Arab monopoly to the riches of the Orient, and the massive land-mass of Africa was in the way. The European sailors looked westwards across the uncharted ocean and the search led, inadvertently, to America where the New World of settlers was brought into being. Southwards, skirting the rim of the African continent, the seamen finally discovered the great sea route to the Orient round the Cape of Good Hope: there another world of settlers grew up closely linked to the seaway. Long after, with Europe's supremacy over the oceans well established, the Suez Canal was cut, and the old route to the East round the north of Africa was re-opened. Later, EuropeanJewish settlers were implanted in the area.
Foreign Debt and Prospects for Growth in Africa During the 1980s
Authors: Adedeji Adebayo
Published: November 2008

One of the major objectives sought by the New International Economic Order is to secure favourable conditions for the transfer of resources to the Third World, and to ensure that they are fully utilised for the development of the countries concerned.1 However, the unprecedented growth of the global economy since World War II has not been equitably distributed between the rich and poor nations. Unfortunately, within this international scenario, the increasing external indebtedness of the latter has had, and still has, wide-ranging domestic implications that have rocked the foundations on which many African economies stand.
Africa's Rising Status in American Defence Policy
Authors: Volman Daniel
Published: November 2008

Since the last American troops withdrew from Vietnam during 1975, the strategic value of Africa to the United States has steadily risen. As a result of the renewal of cold-war hostilities between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. and an escalating series of crises for American foreign policy in the Third World, the African continent is now a principal battlefield for competition involving the United States, Western Europe (particularly France), Cuba, and the Soviet Union. After the end of the Vietnam war, direct American military intervention in Africa was precluded for a short time by legislative restraints – notably the ‘Clark Amendment’ of December 1975 that blocked involvement in Angola – and by the public's reluctance to become entangled in another military commitment overseas, a phenomenon often referred to in Washington as the ‘Vietnam syndrome’. Furthermore, the United States lacked the military capacity to engage in such adventures, having suffered such heavy losses in Indochina and being preoccupied with the creation of a new all-volunteer army. Over the past five years, however, two Administrations in Washington have worked assiduously to ‘cure’ the so-called ‘Vietnam syndrome’ and restore America's military position abroad.
National Commitment Among Local Élites in Western Zambia
Authors: Silverman Philip
Published: November 2008

As part of a broader study concerned with tribal–national relations in modern Zambia, the research reported here deals with a complex, indigenous state, the Barotse Kingdom, in which adjustments to post-colonial arrangements have been fraught with difficulties. Here I deal with the results obtained by analysis of interview schedules collected during 1966–7 among a sample of local élites in one of the Districts of the then Barotse Province (now called Western Province). Employing a conceptual framework which emphasises the distribution of information — what Theodore Schwartz calls a distributive model of culture — the analysis focuses on several factors considered crucial in understanding how local groups become incorporated into the nation-state. Finally, the influence of traditional attachments on this process is explored.
Eritrean Refugees in the Sudan
Authors: Smock David R.
Published: November 2008

Of the rising tide of refugees in the world, the greatest number originate from Ethiopia. The largest continent consists of those from the Ogaden who have fled to Somalia, followed by Eritreans who have sought refuge in the Sudan. Out of a total of 520,000 refugees in the Sudan at the end of 1981, approximately 425,000 are Ethiopians or Eritreans, with the much larger number being Eritreans. The Eritreans have fled their homes to escape the prolonged warfare between the Ethiopian forces and the Eritrean liberation movements, a conflict which dates back to 1962.
Rogue incumbents, donor assistance and Sierra Leone's second post-conflict elections of 2007
Authors: Kandeh Jimmy D.
Published: November 2008

The removal of the governing Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) from power through the ballot box in 2007 represents a watershed moment in the growth and maturation of Sierra Leone's teething electoral democracy. This is because the peaceful alternation of political parties in power tends to strengthen democracy and nurture public confidence in elections as mechanisms of political change. In contrast to what happened in 1967, when the SLPP derailed the country's first post-independence democratic experiment by orchestrating a military coup after losing power in parliamentary elections, the SLPP in 2007 found itself isolated both internally and externally, and could rely neither on the support of a restructured army and police nor on external patrons like the United Kingdom which, among other things, suspended budgetary support for the government pending the satisfactory conclusion of the elections. The emergence of the People's Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC), whose membership consists largely of disaffected former SLPP members and supporters, and the electoral alliance forged between the PMDC and the All People's Congress (APC) in the presidential run-off, doomed any chance the SLPP may have had of holding on to power. The elections were referenda on the SLPP, which lost both the presidency and the legislature because its rogue leadership squandered the goodwill of the public, misappropriated donor funds with impunity, and failed to deliver basic social goods and services.
Striving for normality in a time of AIDS in Malawi
Authors: Peters Pauline E. , Walker Peter A. , Kambewa Daimon
Published: November 2008

Drawing on a twenty-year study, we examine the effects of HIV-related illness and death on villagers in Malawi during 2006. Contrary to unidimensional images of an AIDS disaster, we found people striving for normality – trying to control the abnormal circumstances of the rising toll of HIV-related illness and death. Just over 40% of the sample households had experienced at least one death (certainly or probably) related to HIV, but only about 10% were found to be suffering acute or serious livelihood stress due to HIV deaths. The ability to deal with illness and death depended on households' pre-existing characteristics, particularly income level, and, critically, on their placement in the extended matrilineal family. But increasing pressures on an already severely stressed population, and failure of the current ‘community-based’ approach to deliver needed help, argue for more concerted efforts to link the HIV epidemic to broader-based development.
Newspaper reporting, prosecution practice and perceptions of urban crime: the Colchester crime wave of 1765
Authors: King Peter
Published: November 2008

Les historiens ont, en majeure partie, puisé leurs sources parmi le nombre croissant de journaux provinciaux dans 1' Angleterre du dix-huitième siècle, mais peu ont pris leur importance en considèration - leur capacité de créer les nouvelles ainsi que de les rapporter. Grâce a une etude d'une vague intense mais fortement localisee de reportages de crimes violents, cet article démontre que dès les annèes 1760, les journaux provinciaux et leurs querelles en matière de distribution ont pu jouer un rôle primordial dans la création d'une panique morale, qui a changé la perception de la prévalence de la criminalité, modifié 1 'attitude des victimes en matiére de poursuite judiciairé, engendré un deploiement de nouvelles initiatives politiques et a résulté en un durcissement de la politique pénale locale. Des parallèles avec des vagues de criminalité plus récentes sont ensuite étudiés et les implications plus générates sur la facon dont les ‘nouvelles judiciaires et policiéres’ étaient reportées au dix-huitième siècle sont discutées.
Household and family size and structure in County Antrim in the mid-nineteenth century
Authors: Morgan V. , Macafee W.
Published: November 2008

Une analyse informatique des Relevés des Recenseurs résultant du recensement de l'lrlande en 1851, pour certaines parties du Comté d'Antrim, suggère que la grandeur des mènages et des families était légèrement plus élevée qu'en Angleterre pour la même période, mais qu' il existait des variations considérables selon les localités. Un rapport étroit entre la taille des ménages et le statut socio-économique semble être confirmé par l'étude des trés grands et des trés petits ménages. Les parents résidents n'appartenant pas à la cellule familiale à deux génêrations ont été dénombrés parmi un quart et un tiers de tous les ménages et il existait des omestiques logés chez les families dans un tiers des ménages au maximum.
Local responses to the poor in late medieval and Tudor England
Authors: McIntosh Marjorie K.
Published: November 2008

The leaders of English villages and towns between 1388 and 1598 accepted that deserving poor people, those unable to work to support themselves, warranted private and, if necessary, public assistance. Poverty was objectively mild in the century after the 1349 plague. Economic and demographic developments betweenc. 1465 and 1530 increased the number of poor people. Religious and political changes of the mid-sixteenth century forced individuals and parishes to assume virtually the entire burden of poor relief. Parliamentary legislation empowered local authorities to raise compulsory taxes for support of the poor. In Elizabeth's reign the problems of poverty intensified, forcing nearly all parishes to use taxation at least in bad years.