bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penicillin as an Epileptogenic Agent: Effect on an Isolated Synapse
Authors: Ayala G. F. , Spencer W. A. , Gumnit R. J.
Published: October 2006

Penicillin enhances the excitatory postsynaptic potential of the squid stellate ganglion. This effect suggests the hypothesis that the epileptic focus created by the topical application of penicillin to the mammalian cerebral cortex is produced by the facilitation of excitatory synaptic coupling within the preexisting positive recurrent feedback system.
Decrease in Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Increase in Norepinephrine Synthesis in Rats Given L-Dopa
Authors: Dairman Wallace , Udenfriend Sidney
Published: October 2006

When large doses of L-dopa (1000 milligrams per kilogram, given subcutaneously) were administered to rats, the rate of catecholamine synthesis was increased in both the heart and adrenal gland. It is likely that increases also occur in other sympathetically innervated tissues. When the same dose of L-dopa was given daily for 4 or 7 days, the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the adrenal were lowered in comparison to controls. These findings may be a further indication of the existence of a regulatory mechanism which modifies endogenous levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in response to changes in the biosynthetic demand for norepinephrine.
Bilateral Symmetry in Chick Embryo Determination by Gravity
Authors: Kochav Shimshon , Eyal-Giladi Hefzibah
Published: October 2006

The determination of bilateral symmetry of chick blastodiscs occurring during the second half of the uterine period is only indirectly caused by the intrauterine rotation of the egg. As a result of this rotation the blastodisc is forced into an oblique position and the force of gravity affects the symmetrization process. The same result may be artificially achieved, without rotation, by forcing the blastodisc into an oblique position.
Very Heavy Solar Cosmic Rays: Energy Spectrum and Implications for Lunar Erosion
Authors: Fleischer R. L. , Hart H. R. , Comstock G. M.
Published: October 2006

The energy spectrum of solar cosmic-ray particles of the iron group has been determined for the first time over the energy range from 1 to 100 million electron volts per nucleon by the use of glass removed from the Surveyor 3 spacecraft. The difference between the observed (energy)
-3
spectrum and the limiting spectrum derived previously from tracks in lunar rocks gives an erosion rate of 0 to 2 angstroms per year. High-energy fission of lead, induced by galactic cosmic-ray protons and alpha particles, has also been observed.
Deep Sea Drilling: Age and Composition of an Atlantic Basaltic Intrusion
Authors: MacDougall D.
Published: October 2006

The fission track age of a basalt recovered from beneath Campanian sediments on the lower western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is (15.9 ± 1.6) × 10
6
years. The major element composition of a glassy margin of the basalt is similar to that of oceanic tholeiites except for a markedly higher potassium concentration.
Polymer Whiskers Grown from Methyl 2-Cyanoacrylate Vapor
Authors: Smith-Johannsen R. I.
Published: October 2006

Filaments of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate polymer were developed from the vapors of the monomer. While growing, the fibers seem to be chemically more active at their ends than along their sides, with this chemical specificity leading to a linearly ordered polymer structure. The number and character of the fibers are a function of the surface from which the fibers emanate and of the concentration of the monomer.
Morphactin-Induced Parthenocarpy in the Cucumber
Authors: Robinson R. W. , Cantliffe D. J. , Shannon S.
Published: October 2006

Parthenocarpy was induced in cucumber
Cucumis sativus
L. by foliar application of morphactin. Morphactin (chlorfluorenol) was most effective in inducing parthenocarpy when applied in the flowering stage, and the response was enhanced by prior treatment with Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid). Morphactin stimulated pistillate flower development in a monoecious cultivar but did not modify sex expression of a gynoecious line.
Maternally Derived Transferrin in Pigeon Squabs
Authors: Frelinger Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2006

With the use of genetically marked transferrin, a major portion of circulating transferrin from a newly hatched squab was found to be derived from the mother through the egg. The transfer is not through the parental crop milk. The squab does not accumulate enough transferrin of its own making to be detectable until it is about 8 days old. The maternally derived protein remains detectable until 14 days after hatching. The squab actively synthesizes a portion its own transferrin from hatching onward.
An Early Center of Bovine Husbandry in Southeast Asia
Authors: Higham C. F. W. , Leach B. F.
Published: October 2006

Non Nok Tha is a prehistoric site in northeast Thailand. The radiocarbon dates suggest that it was first occupied by at least 3500 B.C., and possibly as early as 5000 B.C. The deepest levels contain unexpectedly early evidence for rice cultivation and bronze casting. Multivariate and cultural analyses of the bovine bones suggest that the first inhabitants raised domesticated cattle. This is among the earliest evidence for bovine domestication known.
Roadrunners: Energy Conservation by Hypothermia and Absorption of Sunlight
Authors: Ohmart Robert D. , Lasiewski Robert C.
Published: October 2006

Roadrunners sunning in artificial sunlight consume oxygen at standard (basal) levels at ambient temperatures as low as 9.0°C. Energy savings of sunning roadrunners averaged 551 calories per hour. In the dark, birds may undergo hypothermia. Hypothermic roadrunners can elevate their body temperatures to normal levels by sunning, at reduced metabolic cost.
Structure of the Hinge Region of the Mu Heavy Chain of Human IgM Immunoglobulins
Authors: Paul Claudine , Shimizu Akira , Köhler Heinz , Putnam Frank W.
Published: October 2006

The amino acid sequence around the central disulfide bridge linking the mu heavy chains of the human immunoglobulin M monomer is unlike that in immunoglobulin G. This hinge area contains one of the five oligosaccharides of the mu chain, is low in proline, and is the site of tryptic cleavage to yield Fabμ and Fcμ fragments.
Surface-Related Mercury in Lunar Samples
Authors: Reed G. W. , Goleb J. A. , Jovanovic S.
Published: October 2006

Lunar samples contain mercury, which may be volatilized at lunar daytime temperatures. Such mercury may constitute part of the tenuous lunar atmosphere. If mercury can escape from the atmosphere by a nonthermal mechanism, an interior reservoir or exterior sources (such as meteorite infall or solar wind, or both) are required to replenish it. Core samples exhibit an increase in surface-related mercury with depth, which suggests that a cold trap exists below the surface. The orientation of rocks on the lunar surface may be inferred by differences in the amounts of surface-related mercury found on exterior and interior samples.
Insulin and Microtubules in Rat Adipocytes
Authors: Soifer David , Braun Theodor , Hechter Oscar
Published: October 2006

Insulin appears to promote microtubule assembly in rat adipocytes. Neither oxytocin nor high concentrations of glucose has this effect. Colchicine inhibits stimulation by insulin of lipid and glycogen synthesis without influencing stimulation by insulin of glucose oxidation. The anabolic effects of oxytocin or high concentrations of glucose are not inhibited by colchicine. The "directive effect" of insulin may involve microtubules.
Ornithine Decarboxylase Stimulation in Rat Ovary by Luteinizing Hormone
Authors: Kobayashi Yutaka , Kupelian Jacob , Maudsley David V.
Published: October 2006

In normal albino rats with a 4-day estrous cycle, the activity of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase undergoes a transitory rise on the evening of proestrus and only at that time. The response could be elicited by the administration of either luteinizing hormone or human chorionic gonadotrophin. When antiserum to luteinizing hormone was injected at 2 p.m. on the day of proestrus, the induction of ornithine decarboxylase was blocked, an indication that the enzyme is under luteinizing hormone control. The strategic positioning of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase between the normal release of luteinizing hormone and ovulation implies that putrescine is associated with the ovulatory process, and opens a new avenue of research on the control of ovulation.
Biochemical and Cytological Evidence for Triple Hybrid Cell Line Formed from Fusion of Three Different Cells
Authors: Ricciuti Florence , Ruddle Frank H.
Published: October 2006

Hybrids between two parental lines of somatic cells have been observed in various genomic multiplicities by ourselves and others. Possible explanations for the higher multiplicities include the fusion of cells in a 1:1 ratio with one genomic set undergoing an asynchronous replication either before or after fusion or the fusion of two or more cells. We now provide evidence for multiple genomic hybrids arising from the fusion of more than two cells in a mixture of three different cell lines. This proof is based on unique chromosomal and biochemical markers characteristic of the three parental cell lines. The distinctive phenotypes of all three lines are expressed in a clonally derived hybrid. Thus, we conclude that long-term, proliferating somatic cell hybrids can arise from the fusion of three or more cells.
Cell Surface Antigens: Serial Sectioning of Single Cells as an Approach to Topographical Analysis
Authors: Stackpole Christopher W. , Aoki Tadao , Boyse Edward A. , Old Lloyd J. , Lumley-Frank Joseph , de Harven Etienne
Published: October 2006

The topographical distribution of H-2 antigens on the surfaces of C57BL/6 mouse thymocytes and lymph-node lymphocytes was investigated by a new technique. Single cells were reacted with visually labeled antibody directed against H-2 antigen. Each cell was processed for electron microscopy individually and was serially sectioned. Models constructed from serial electron micrographs provided detailed views of the entire cell surface and showed that H-2 antigen occurs on thymocytes in small isolated regions and on lymphocytes in large interconnected regions.
Multiple Genotypes in Individuals of
Claytonia virginica
Authors: Lewis Walter H. , Oliver Royce L. , Luikart Terry J.
Published: October 2006

Supernumerary chromosomes are common among plants of
Claytonia virginica
found in a weedy population near the southwestern edge of its distribution. Roots, stems, and microsporocytes vary in chromosome number within the same plant in 68 percent of the population studied
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Rapid Detection of Heterozygotes by Use of Hair Follicles
Authors: Gartler Stanley M. , Scott Ronald C. , Goldstein Joseph L. , Campbell Barbara , Sparkes Robert
Published: October 2006

A method is described which permits rapid phenotypic diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan heterozygote by direct assay of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in single hair follicles obtained from the scalp.
Deletions in Immunoglobulin Polypeptide Chains as Evidence for Breakage and Repair in DNA
Authors: Smithies O. , Gibson D. M. , Fanning E. M. , Percy M. E. , Parr D. M. , Connell G. E.
Published: October 2006

The partial sequence of the light chain of the myeloma-like immunoglobulin Sac shows a large deletion in its variable region. The sequence provides evidence that the corresponding gene was formed by the repair of DNA broken at nonhomologous positions. Data from other immunoglobulin (heavy) chains containing large deletions are compatible with their genes also being the result of DNA breakage and nonhomologous repair. Single homologous reciprocal exchanges in DNA networks at immunoglobulin loci could be the cause of the nonhomologous breaks. The relevance of these events to the generation of normal antibody variability remains to be determined.
Ecosystems of National Parks
Authors: Houston Douglas B.
Published: October 2006

The preservation and maintenance of natural park ecosystems, with modern man's being restricted to generally nonconsumptive uses of the park, represents one end of a spectrum of land use that extends through exploitation of natural ecosystems to the development of simplified agricultural ecosystems. Criteria for management of a park ecosystem must, of necessity, differ from criteria for other uses of land, since park management involves preventing or compensating for the influence of man. The objectives for natural areas appear to be ecologically feasible if it is recognized that these areas have a finite capacity for absorbing man's consumptive and disruptive influences. The interpretation of ecosystems to park visitors provides an opportunity to contribute to an environmental ethic that extends beyond the park environment.
Modified Superheating of Purified Water
Authors: Hickman Kenneth , White Ian
Published: October 2006

Purified water, intensively redistilled and allowed to overflow so as to shed residual adsorbate from the container, acquires a limiting thermal sensitivity to additions of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols. Thus two to three molecules of
cis
-13-docosenoic acid supplied for each 1000 molecules of exposed surface of water held quietly at the normal boiling point increases the superheat, Δ
t
8
, by 10 percent.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase of Cultured Mammalian Cells
Authors: Klein Monroe I. , Makman Maynard H.
Published: October 2006

Protein kinase was partially purified from Chang's liver cells, 3T6 mouse embryo fibroblasts, and HeLa cells. The rate of histone phosphorylation catalyzed by the kinase from each of these cell lines was stimulated two- to threefold by 1 × 10
-6
molar adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. The same concentration of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate failed to stimulate these kinases.
Shock-Elicited Pain and Its Reduction by Concurrent Tactile Stimulation
Authors: Higgins J. David , Tursky Bernard , Schwartz Gary E.
Published: October 2006

Human affective reactions to nociceptive electrical stimulation were attenuated by application of a tactile stimulus to the shocked site. No alteration was perceived when the same tactile stimulus was applied to a similar contralateral site. These results and a lack of alteration at sensation threshold demonstrate the effect to be more than simple masking and support the Melzack-Wall theory.
Antiviral Resistance by the Polyinosinic Acid-Poly(1-vinylcytosine) Complex
Authors: Pitha Josef , Pitha Paula M.
Published: October 2006

The antiviral activities of analogs of the double-stranded complex of polyinosinic and polycytidylic acids [poly(I)⋅poly(C)], which is a potent interferon inducer, have been studied. Structural changes that modify the polymer backbone substantially, such as loops or 2′ → 5′ phosphodiester bonds, lead to decreased antiviral activity. Unexpectedly, however, the complex of polyinosinic acid and poly(1-vinylcytosine), which is only a much more distantly related analog of poly(I) ⋅ poly(C), shows high activity. It is postulated that the high activity is related to the reduction of the charge/mass ratio and to the existence of this complex in an aggregated state; these are two factors that generally enhance the uptake of compounds by cells.
Plasmodium berghei
: Enhanced Protective Immunity after Vaccination of White Rats Born of Immune Mothers
Authors: Desowitz Robert S.
Published: October 2006

Young white rats born of immune mothers had a significantly higher level of immunity to
Plasmodium berghei
after immunization with a nonliving antigen than either unvaccinated littermates or vaccinated rats born of normal nonimmune mothers.
Salicylate: Effect on Membrane Permeability of Molluscan Neurons
Authors: Barker Jeffery L. , Levitan Herbert
Published: October 2006

Identified cells in the buccal ganglion of the marine mollusk
Navanax inermis
were exposed to salicylate (1 to 30 millimoles per liter) for short periods. Salicylate increased the permeability to potassium and decreased the permeability to chloride in a reversible, dose-dependent manner, producing a concomitant increase in membrane potential and a decrease in membrane resistance. These events would reduce the output from, as well as the effectiveness of synaptic input to, a particular neuron.
Production of Hemadsorption-Negative Areas by Serums Containing Australia Antigen
Authors: Carver David H. , Seto Dexter S. Y.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of human Wi-38 cells to human serums containing Australia antigen, and presumably serum hepatitis virus, renders the cells refractory to infection by Newcastle disease virus as detected by the hemadsorption-negative plaque test for intrinsic interference. Induction of the Newcastle disease virus refractory state could be passed in cell culture with up to a 1 : 100,000 dilution of material obtained from cells "infected" with serums containing Australia antigen after filtration (0.45-μm pores) and heating to 60°C for 1 hour. Human antiserums to the Australia antigen prevented induction of the Newcastle disease virus refractory state.
Overtones of Free Oscillations and the Structure of the Earth's Interior
Authors: Dziewonski Adam M.
Published: October 2006

Identification of 82 percent of all possible spheroidal overtones with periods greater than 300 seconds increases the resolving power of the set of gross earth data. Results of inversion indicate a change of composition in the deepest 500 kilometers of the mantle. The assumption that the inner core is rigid is required to satisfy simultaneously the data on free oscillations and travel times.
Cell-Surface Changes after Infection with Oncogenic Viruses: Requirement for Synthesis of Host DNA
Authors: Sheppard John R. , Levine Arnold J. , Burger Max M.
Published: October 2006

The change in the surface structure of cultured mammalian cells infected with oncogenic DNA viruses was similar to that described for the fully and permanently transformed cell surfaces. The course of appearance of this change was established. Synthesis of host DNA is required for expression of the surface change triggered by infection with the oncogenic virus.
Hypolipidemia in a Mutant Strain of "Acatalasemic" Mice
Authors: Goldfischer Sidney , Roheim Paul S. , Edelstein Diane , Essner Edward
Published: October 2006

Mutant "acatalasemic" mice have an unstable catalase in hepatic and renal peroxisomes that is readily degraded, apparently into peroxidase subunits. The hypothesis that an in situ cataloperoxidase would affect serum lipids was tested in these mutants and serum triglycerides and cholesterol were found to be significantly lower than in the wild strain. This finding is in accordance with reports that a hypolipidemic response to the injection of peroxidase subunits of hepatic catalase occurs in humans and rabbits.
Synthetic Calcareous Pseudomorphs Formed from Siliceous Microstructures
Authors: Harker R. Ian
Published: October 2006

Individuals of the diatom
Coscinodiscus
have been treated hydrothermally in the presence of lime and carbon dioxide with the result that they have been pseudomorphed by calcite. The silica of the original diatoms has been replaced while the intricate reticulations of the alveoli have been preserved down to submicroscopic detail.
Glycerinated Muscle Fibers: Relation between Isometric Tension and Adenosine Triphosphate Hydrolysis
Authors: Bowen W. J. , Mandelkern L.
Published: October 2006

The isometric tension of glycerinated muscle fibers and the adenosine triphosphatase activity of homogenates were determined as a function of the concentration of adenosine triphosphate without the addition of divalent cations. These two phenomena are not parallel; large tensions can be developed with negligible hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. It is concluded that the large negative free energy change of the hydrolysis is not required for shortening or development of tension.
Iodine-129 in Terrestrial Ores
Authors: Srinivasan B. , Alexander E. C. , Manuel O. K.
Published: October 2006

Xenon extracted from natural iodyrite (silver iodide) from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, contains excess xenon-129 from the in situ decay of naturally occurring iodine-129 and excess xenon-128 from neutron capture on iodine-127. On the basis of the amount of radiogenic xenon-129, it is estimated that, prior to the nuclear age, terrestrial iodine contained an equilibrium ratio of iodine-129 to iodine-127 of between 3.3 × 10
-15
and 2.2 × 10
-15
.
Kinetics of Acetylcholine Synthesis and Hydrolysis in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Rosenberg Roger N. , Dalessio Donald J. , Tremblay Jacque , Woodman David
Published: October 2006

Kinetic studies for choline-
O
-acetyltransferase (CAT) (E.C. 2.3.1.6) and acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7) were performed on serum, skin fibroblasts in culture, and biopsied sartorius muscle from normal and myasthenic subjects. There was a significant decrease of CAT activity per milligram of protein in myasthenic muscle compared to normal muscle, and there was no difference in acetylcholinesterase activity per milligram of protein in the same muscle homogenates. Substrate concentration curves for acetyl coenzyme A and CAT also showed a significant reduction in the maximum rate of product formation (
V
max
) per milligram of protein between myasthenic and normal muscle. It is postulated that binding of substrate to CAT is being inhibited by an inhibitor present in muscle.
Tectonic Movement in the Chile Trench
Authors: Lister C. R. B.
Published: October 2006

An acoustic reflection profile across the Chile Trench off Valparaiso shows the trench floor to have a substantial sediment accumulation that is far from flat-lying. The morphology is transitional between the flat-lying sediment fill to the south (labeled a type I trench) and the bare V-notch character farther north (labeled type II). A sharp seaward slope break, downbowed reflectors, and a landward downthrown normal fault suggest that the oceanic lithosphere is failing in shear. This mode of failure is more consistent with the observed features of trenches and Benioff zones than is the concept of bending and underthrusting.
Geophysicists in Moscow: Signs of Easier Relations
Authors: Abelson Philip H.
Published: October 2006

Science
editor Philip H. Abelson attended the 15th general assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Moscow on 1 through 14 August. There he served as principal U.S. delegate to the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior. In preparing the following notes for publication, he checked his own impressions extensively against those of American scientists who participated in other sections of the meeting, and against the impressions of those who visited scientific institutions in the Moscow region.
Ascorbate Sulfate: A Urinary Metabolite of Ascorbic Acid in Man
Authors: Baker E. M. , Hammer D. C. , March S. C. , Tolbert B. M. , Canham J. E.
Published: October 2006

Ascorbate-3-sulfate is a significant metabolite of ascorbic acid excreted in human urine. The characteristics of this compound were determined in experiments in which labeling with carbon-14 and tritium was used coupled with cochromatography with synthetic ascorbate-3-sulfate (both labeled and not labeled with sulfur-35) in a variety of solvent and absorbent systems.
Receptive Field Organization of Units in the First Optic Ganglion of
Diptera
Authors: Arnett David W.
Published: October 2006

Centripetal spike potentials were recorded from two classes of units (transient and sustained) in the intermediate chiasma of flies. On-off units were characterized by a transient discharge after the onset and cessation of a light spot presented within its elliptical receptive field. Receptive fields of sustaining units were composed of three roughly circular regions arranged adjacently along a line; stimulation of the center region elicited a sustained discharge, whereas stimulation of either adjacent region elicited an off discharge. Adjacent regions antagonized the central region, for stimulation of either inhibited the discharge resulting from stimulation of the central region.
Ceroid Pigment Formation and Irreversible Sterility in Vitamin E Deficiency
Authors: Raychaudhuri C. , Desai I. D.
Published: October 2006

Female rats maintained on a diet deficient in vitamin E for a prolonged period of 100 to 135 days, starting from birth, failed to conceive in spite of repeated matings. Dietary vitamin E supplementation for a period of 60 days following prolonged deficiency was ineffective in reversing the sterility, although a definite growth response was observed. These observations suggest that the tissue damage caused by lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by distinct brown ceroid pigment in the uterus and fallopian tubes, may be responsible for the irreversible loss of fertility observed in the vitamin E—deficient female rats.
Infrared Rainbow
Authors: Greenler Robert G.
Published: October 2006

Radiation in the near-infrared spectral region should produce a rainbow that is not visible to the human eye. An infrared photograph is shown which displays the primary bow, the secondary bow, and two supernumerary bows inside the primary bow.
Caribbean Eocene Volcanism and the Extent of Horizon A
Authors: Mattson Peter H. , Pessagno Emile A.
Published: October 2006

Layer A and its correlative layer A" in the Caribbean have been interpreted as chert layers produced by Eocene volcanism. Exposures of Eocene volcanic rocks in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic may represent layer A interbedded with coarser volcanic debris and preserved near early Tertiary volcanic centers.
Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate during Glucose Repression in the Rat Liver
Authors: Sudilovsky Oscar , Pestana Angel , Hinderaker Paul H. , Pitot Henry C.
Published: October 2006

Intragastric administration of glucose inhibits the induction of serine dehydratase and tyrosine aminotransferase by glucagon in rat liver, but has no effect on the increase in hepatic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate resulting from administration of glucagon. Thus, glucose repression in mammalian liver, unlike catabolite repression in microorganisms, appears to operate independently of the amounts of cyclic nucleotide in the cells.
Diethylamide of Thujic Acid: A Potent Repellent of
Aedes aegypti
Authors: Hach V. , McDonald Elizabeth C.
Published: October 2006

A series of novel, representatively substituted amides of thujic acid were prepared and screened for insect repellent and attractant potential. In repellency tests the
N
,
N
-diethylamide was the most potent compound, surpassing the activity of the standard repellents dimethyl phthalate and fencholic acid. In contrast, the
N
-monoethylamide displayed attractant activity.
Electronic Optical Astronomy: Philosophy and Practice
Authors: Dennison Edwin W.
Published: October 2006

The changes resulting from this electronic revolution have an impact as great as or greater than those from any of the major instrumental developments of the past. In previous times astronomers could only hope for the observational power that can now be realized by modern electronic instrumentation.
Adult Hemoglobin Synthesis by Reticulocytes from the Human Fetus at Midtrimester
Authors: Hollenberg Morley D. , Kaback Michael M. , Kazazian Haig H.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of adult-type hemoglobin was measured in small samples of peripheral blood cells from 9- to 18-week human fetuses. Hemoglobin indistinguishable from hemoglobin A was identified by ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis at
p
H 8.6, tryptic peptide analysis, and the insensitivity of its synthesis to the action of
O
-methylthreonine. Synthesis of hemoglobin A accounted for 8 to 14 percent of total hemoglobin synthesis and was demonstrated in as little as 10 microliters of fetal blood. These studies provide sensitive methods for the detection of β chain types in hemoglobin synthesized by the human fetus at midtrimester. If methods to obtain small quantities of fetal blood at midtrimester become available, these techniques should be applicable to the antenatal detection of sickle cell anemia and related hemoglobinopathies.
Eutrophication of Lake Water Microcosms: Phosphate versus Nonphosphate Detergents
Authors: Mitchell Dee
Published: October 2006

The eutrophication potentials of a phosphate-containing detergent and two phosphate-free detergents, as determined in oligotrophic algal microcosms after activated sludge treatment, were not significantly different. All activated sludge effluents, including those from detergent-free waste water, lowered the algal diversity of the microcosms to about the same extent below that of the lake water controls.
Prenatal Cerebral Development: Effect of Restricted Diet, Reversal by Growth Hormone
Authors: Zamenof Stephen , van Marthens Edith , Grauel Ludmila
Published: October 2006

Caloric restriction of rats from day 10 to day 20 of pregnancy results in significant decreases in body weight, placental weight, cerebral weight, cerebral DNA, and cerebral protein of the offspring at birth. These decreases did not usually occur if mothers on the restricted diet were treated concomitantly with bovine growth hormone. If growth hormone did not cross the placenta, then, it is postulated, at least one effect of growth hormone was the mobilization of maternal nutrient reserves.
Carbonic Anhydrase Interaction with DDT, DDE, and Dieldrin
Authors: Pocker Y. , Beug W. M. , Ainardi V. R.
Published: October 2006

The active site of various carbonic anhydrases is not blocked by DDT. DDE, or dieldrin. Impairment of catalytic efficiency can only be documented in opalescent test solutions in which the insecticides are present in excess of their solubility limit. These slowly forming precipitates occlude enzyme from solution and furnish a physical explanation of the supposed inhibition. The amounts occluded depend, among other things, on the conformational and topographical characteristics of the particular carbonic anhydrase molecules.
Heterogeneous Amino Acids in Ras and Rap1A Specifying Sensitivity to GAP Proteins
Authors: Zhang Ke , Papageorge Alex G. , Martin Patrick , Vass William C. , Olah Zoltan , Polakis Paul G. , McCormick Frank , Lowy Douglas R.
Published: October 2006

Guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of Ras is increased by interaction with Ras-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) or with the GAP-related domain of the type 1 neurofibromatosis protein (NF1-GRD), but Ras is not affected by interaction with cytoplasmic and membrane forms of Rap-GAP; Rap1A, whose effector function can suppress transformation by Ras, is sensitive to both forms of Rap-GAP and resistant to Ras-GAP and NF1-GRD. A series of chimeric proteins composed of portions of Ras and Rap were constructed; some were sensitive to Ras-GAP but resistant to NF1-GRD, and others were sensitive to cytoplasmic Rap-GAP but resistant to membrane Rap-GAP. Sensitivity of chimeras to Ras-GAP and cytoplasmic Rap-GAP was mediated by amino acids that are carboxyl-terminal to the effector region. Residues 61 to 65 of Ras conferred Ras-GAP sensitivity, but a larger number of Rap1A residues were required for sensitivity to cytoplasmic Rap-GAP. Chimeras carrying the Ras effector region that were sensitive only to Ras-GAP or only to cytoplasmic Rap-GAP transformed NIH 3T3 cells poorly. Thus, distinct amino acids of Ras and Rap1A mediate sensitivity to each of the proteins with GAP activity, and transforming potential of Ras and sensitivity of Ras to Ras-GAP are at least partially independent properties.
Chemical Composition of Sawdust from Lunar Rock 12013 and Comparison of a Java Tektite with the Rock
Authors: Showalter D. L. , Wakita H. , Smith R. H. , Schmitt R. A. , Gillum D. E. , Ehmann W. D.
Published: October 2006

Abundances of 11 major and minor elements and 11 trace elements have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis of two Apollo 12013 rock fragments, a sample of rock 12013,17 sawdust, and a Java tektite (J2). Although the abundances of major elements in tektite J2 are similar to those of rock 12013, comparison of the minor and trace elements shows that no fragment or sawdust of rock 12013 that has been analyzed to date is chemically similar to tektite glass. Rock sawdust is representative of "whole rock" composition only if the amount of contamination from the sawing process is known. After appropriate correction for saw wire contamination, analyses of sawdust yield fairly accurate averaged elemental compositions of complex clastic lunar and other rocks.
Common Antigen in Meningioma-Derived Cell Cultures
Authors: Catalano L. W. , Harter D. H. , Hsu K. C.
Published: October 2006

Serums of patients with intracranial meningiomas reacted in immunofluorescence assays with cell cultures and tumor imprints prepared from human meningiomas. Antibody in these serums appears to be specific for antigens in meningioma tissue and shows some cross-reactivity with neoplastic tissue of glial origin.
Morphological Transformation in vitro of Human Fibroblasts by Epstein-Barr Virus: Preliminary Observations
Authors: Probert M. , Epstein M. A.
Published: October 2006

Human embryo fibroblasts have undergone morphological transformation in vitro after infection by Epstein-Barr virus. The fibroblasts were maintained in suspension during exposure to the virus, and further treatment with inactivated Sendai virus increased the transformation rate. The transformed cells were large and polygonal and grew in discrete, heaped up, foci.
Cell-Mediated Tumor Allograft Immunity: In vitro Transfer with RNA
Authors: Likhite Vinay , Sehon Alec
Published: October 2006

Specific inhibition of migration of spleen cells from C57B1/6J mice, which had rejected A/J sarcoma-1 tumors, occurred in the presence of A/J lymph mode antigens. The migration inhibitory effect was transferable to normal C57B1/6J spleen cells by RNA extracted from lymph nodes and spleens of immunized animals.
Infrared Radiometry Experiment on Mariner 9
Authors: Chase S. C. , Hatzenbeler H. , Kieffer H. H. , Miner E. , Münch G. , Neugebauer G.
Published: October 2006

The brightness temperatures at 10 and 20 micrometers measured by the Mariner 9 infrared radiometer differ substantially from those predicted by the radiometer results of Mariners 6 and 7. The results indicate a significant latitude-dependent contribution of the atmospheric dust to the observed thermal emission.
Martian Dust Storm: Its Depth on 25 November 1971
Authors: Parkinson T. D. , Hunten D. M.
Published: October 2006

Carbon dioxide absorption on Mars was observed by Earth-based spectroscopy at 10,500 angstroms. Its abundance was equivalent to a partial pressure of 2.0 millibars instead of the normal 5.5 millibars. The dust layer was therefore opaque to a height of about 11 kilometers. On 10 December, a pressure of 5.8 millibars was found.
Electrolytic Univalent Reduction of Oxygen in Aqueous Solution Demonstrated with Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: Forman H. J. , Fridovich I.
Published: October 2006

The superoxide anion, generated electrolytically at a platinum electrode in buffered aqueous solution, was detected by its ability to cause the oxidation of epinephrine to adrenochrome. The rate of electrolytic oxidation of epinephrine varied with the applied potential in a manner reminiscent of an oxygen reduction half wave. This oxidation of epinephrine was dependent upon the presence of oxygen and was completely inhibitable by superoxide dismutase. It may be concluded that superoxide radicals, generated at the electrode, diffuse into the solution to an extent which allows reaction with small molecules such as epinephrine or with enzymes such as superoxide dismutase.
Argon-40-Argon-39 Dating of Apollo Sample 15555
Authors: Alexander E. C. , Davis P. K. , Lewis R. S.
Published: October 2006

An age of 3.33 ± 0.05 × 10
9
years was obtained for Apollo 15 sample 15555 by argon-40-argon-39 dating. The age of rock 15555, a basalt from the rim of Hadley Rille, establishes an upper limit to the age of the rille. The basalt flows filling the Hadley Rille section of the Imbrium basin postdate the formation of the basin—as measured by the Apollo 14 samples of the Fra Mauro formation—by at least 500 × 10
6
years. Therefore, the mare basalts cannot be simple impact melts but rather must result from some igneous activity on the moon.
Gas-Retention and Cosmic-Ray Exposure Ages of Lunar Rock 15555
Authors: Podosek F. A. , Huneke J. C. , Wasserburg G. J.
Published: October 2006

The last lava flow in the Hadley Rille area of Mare Imbrium, as inferred from an argon-40-argon-39 experiment on a plagioclase separate from the lunar basalt 15555, occurred 3.31 ± 0.03 × 10
9
years ago. An argon-40-argon-39 experiment on a whole rock sample shows significant loss of radiogenic argon-40 and yields a well-defined, high-temperature plateau indicating a lower age of 3.22 ± 0.03 × 10
9
years. A cosmic-ray exposure age of 90 ± 10x10
6
years is determined from the ratio of spallogenic argon-38 to calcium.
Mineralogic and Petrologic Study of Lunar Anorthosite Slide 15415,18
Authors: Hargraves R. B. , Hollister L. S.
Published: October 2006

The anorthosite slide 15415,18 contains > 98 percent subhedral plagioclase (97 mole percent anorthite), two pyroxenes: diopsidic augite (46 percent wollastonite, 39 percent enstatite, 16 percent ferrosilite) with subsidiary (100) lamellae and grains of hypersthene (2.5 percent wollastonite, 58 percent enstatite, 39.5 percent ferrosilite), and traces of ilmenite. The pyroxene occurs interstitial to, and as small grains enclosed within, plagioclase. The textures and compositions of the phases appear compatible with an origin by concentration and adcumulus growth of plagioclase from a gabbroic anorthosite (or hyperaluminous) magma in a "plutonic" environment.
Operant Behavior Changes Norepinephrine Metabolism in Rat Brain
Authors: Lewy Alfred J. , Seiden Lewis S.
Published: October 2006

Rats performing a lever-pressing response for water reward in an operant situation, when compared with control groups, showed an increase in brain norepinephrine metabolism. One control group included rats which were handled and deprived of water in the same way as the experimental group but were not trained to perform the operant task. We conclude that performance in an operant situation affects norepinephrine metabolism.
Prostaglandin E
1
in Preparation and Storage of Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Becker G. A. , Chalos M. K. , Tuccelli M. , Aster R. H.
Published: October 2006

The addition of prostaglandin E
1
to blood collection bags improved platelet harvesting; platelets were easily suspended immediately after centrifugation. The treatment with prostaglandin E
1
did not affect the survival time of these platelets after infusion into a recipient.
Parasympathetic Ganglia: Activation of an Adrenergic Inhibitory Mechanism by Cholinomimetic Agents
Authors: Saum William R. , de Groat William C.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the urinary bladder or the intraarterial administration of the cholinomimetic substances acetylcholine or methacholine produced adrenergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia on the surface of the bladder. The inhibition appeared to be mediated, at least in part, via adrenergic inhibitory neurons located in the pelvic plexus. Atropine blocked the inhibitory response to injected cholinomimetic agents but did not alter the response to stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. Thus, the inhibitory neurons can be activated via both muscarinic and nonmuscarinic receptors, the latter being of primary physiological importance.
Improved Flow Rates with Porous Sephadex Gels
Authors: Sachs David H. , Painter Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

The use of an internal support of siliconized glass beads 6 millimeters in diameter was found to improve markedly the flow rates obtainable with porous Sephadex gels without significant alteration of other properties of the gels. The method may be generally applicable in situations where rapid separations on Sephadex are required.
Hippocampal Unit Activity during Classical Aversive and Appetitive Conditioning
Authors: Segal Menahem , Disterhoft John F. , Olds James
Published: October 2006

Rats were trained with a tone being followed by either food or electric shock, on alternate days. Unit activity during application of the conditioned stimulus was recorded from the dorsal hippocampus. The results indicate differentiation of the hippocampal system. Dentate units respond by augmentation to a conditioned stimulus which leads to food and by inhibition to the same stimulus when it precedes electric shock. The hippocampus proper responds by augmentation in both situations. The intensity of the hippocampal response to the conditioned stimulus on the first day of training is higher if the unconditioned stimulus is food than if it is electric shock. These data cast light on the functions of the dorsal dentate-hippocampal connections and the hippocampus proper during aversive and appetitive conditioning.
Breakup of Pangaea and Isolation of Relict Mammals in Australia, South America, and Madagascar
Authors: Fooden Jack
Published: October 2006

The composition of aboriginal land mammal faunas in Australia and New Guinea (prototherians and metatherians), South America (metatherians and eutherians) and Madagascar (eutherians only) is reconsidered in light of continental drift reconstructions of Mesozoic-Tertiary world paleogeography. It is proposed that these three faunas represent successively detached samples of the evolving world mammal fauna as it existed when each of these land masses became faunally isolated from the rest of the world as a result of the progressive fragmentation of Pangaea. Isolation of aboriginal prototherians and metatherians in Australia and New Guinea may date from the Upper JurassicLower Cretaceous; isolation of aboriginal metatherians and eutherians in South America may date from the Middle Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous; isolation of aboriginal eutherians in Madagascar may date from the Paleocene-Eocene.
Mast Cells from Human Respiratory Tissue and Their in vitro Reactivity
Authors: Patterson Roy , Head Louis R. , Suszko Irena M. , Zeiss C. Raymond
Published: October 2006

Human respiratory mast cells, which were obtained coincidentally with diagnostic bronchial brush biopsy, were maintained under conditions for short-term tissue culture. Most mast cells were viable and degranulated on exposure to antibody to immunoglobulin E or to the mast cell degranulating agent compound 48-80. The degranulation of human mast cells is characteristically an intracellular process with no extracellular extrusion of granules.
Extinct Superheavy Element in Meteorites: Attempted Characterization
Authors: Anders Edward , Larimer John W.
Published: October 2006

If the unexplained fission xenon component in meteorites is due to a volatile superheavy element, this element must have had a heat of vaporization of 54 ± 3 kilocalories per mole and a normal boiling point of 2500° ± 400°K. The prime candidates are elements 111 and 115, followed by 113, 114, 112, and 116. Elements 105 to 110 are not volatile enough and can therefore be excluded.
Fluorescent Banding Patterns of Rat Chromosomes in Normal Cells and Primary Hepatocellular Carcinomas
Authors: Wolman Sandra R. , Phillips Thomas F. , Becker Frederick F.
Published: October 2006

Quinacrine staining permits identification of rat chromosomes in metaphase that were formerly classified only in groups within the karyotype. This technique defined two types of abnormal chromosomes in cells of rat hepatomas.
6,7-Dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline: Uptake and Storage by Peripheral Sympathetic Nerve of the Rat
Authors: Cohen Gerald , Mytilineou Catherine , Barrett Robert E.
Published: October 2006

6,7-Dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline is a pharmacologically active alkaloid that can be formed by condensation of dopamine with formaldehyde. We used fluorescence microscopy to study in vitro the uptake and storage of this compound by sympathetic nerves of the rat iris. Rats were treated with reserpine or with the methyl ester of α-methyl-
p
-tyrosine in order to deplete the endogenous catecholamine stores. Accumulation of the alkaloid was about one-tenth that of norepinephrine. Uptake was completely blocked by 10
-5
M
desmethylimipramine. These results offer some explanation for the sympathomimetric properties of the alkaloid. Similar results can be expected for similar tetrahydroisoquinolines that may be formed in vivo from endogenous catecholamines during ingestion of alcoholic beverages.
Action Spectra for Photoperiodic Response in a Diapausing Mosquito
Authors: Bradshaw William E.
Published: October 2006

While 540 nanometers is the most effective wavelength in provoking development, larvae are far more responsive to 540-nanometer light if it is provided immediately preceding rather than following a white-light photophase which otherwise serves to maintain diapause. This difference in sensitivity is probably due to bleaching and implies that the larvae experience an asymmetric day.
Galactose Utilization in Galactosemia
Authors: Petricciani John C. , Binder Marc K. , Merril Carl R. , Geiter Mark R.
Published: October 2006

Cultures of human galactosemic fibroblasts without detectable transferase activity were able to convert [1-
14
C]galactose to
14
CO
2
to the same extent as normal cells, but did so at a significantly slower rate. The utilization of galactose in both normal and galactosemic cells was strongly inhibited by glucose at physiologic concentrations.
Acetylcholine: Possible Neuromuscular Transmitter in Crustacea
Authors: Futamachi Kin J.
Published: October 2006

The tonic flexor muscles of the crayfish abdomen respond with a large depolarizing potential to acetylcholine iontophoresed onto a neuromuscular junction, but not to glutamate. Excitatory junctional potentials are abolished by
d
-tubocurarine and enhanced by a cholinesterase inhibitor. The membrane is depolarized and the junctional potentials are desensitized by excess acetylcholine. Thus acetylcholine is thought to be the neuromuscular transmitter.
Altruistic Behavior in a Sphecid Wasp: Support for Kin-Selection Theory
Authors: Eberhard William G.
Published: October 2006

Trigonopsis cameronii
females often work in groups of up to four individuals on single nests, and because of inbreeding and a tendency to return to the mother nest, nestmates are likely to be highly related. The altruistic behavior associated with group living, most notably the failure to steal prey from nestmates, can thus be explained by kin-selection theory.
Active Transport of Potassium and Chloride in an Identifiable Molluscan Neuron
Authors: Russell J. M. , Brown A. M.
Published: October 2006

Direct measurements of intracellular K
+
and Cl
-
activities before and after blockage of cellular metabolic processes indicate that K
+
is actively transported inwardly and Cl
-
is actively transported outwardly from the giant cell of the abdominal ganglion of
Aplysia
. The rewarming of cells that have been cooled to 1° ± 1°C causes K
+
to be taken up and Cl
-
to be extruded against electrochemical gradients.
Shared Antigens between
Mycobacterium bovis
(BCG) and Other Bacterial Species
Authors: Minden Percy , McClatchy J. Kenneth , Cooper Rebecca , Bardana Emil J. , Farr Richard S.
Published: October 2006

Antigens from
Mycobacterium bovis
and
Listeria monocytogenes
bind to serums from normal rabbits as well as from those immunized with unrelated bacteria, especially intracellular parasites. Binding is to the Fab portion of immunoglobulin G and is immunologically specific.
Complex Components of Habitat Suitability within a Butterfly Colony
Authors: Singer Michael C.
Published: October 2006

The microdistribution of adult
Euphydryas editha
changes from year to year, and the colony is subdivided into three populations that fluctuate independently in size. These observations are attributed largely to fluctuations in time and space of three complex larval resources associated with the availability of food. This complexity also entails selection pressure favoring the observed low dispersal tendency of adults.