bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modernising Tibet: Contemporary Discourses and Practices of ‘Modernity’
Authors: Kolås åshild
Published: December 2010

Pilgrimage and the rebuilding of religious sites are immensely popular in contemporary Tibet. The state-controlled media commonly attribute such religious practices to undesirable attitudes of ‘traditionalism’, and claim that the ‘traditional ideas’ of farmers and herders and their ‘poor sense of commodity’ represent major obstacles to economic development. At the same time positive images of ‘modernisation’, represented by state-sponsored development projects and targets for economic growth, are given extensive coverage. This paper investigates discourses and practices of ‘modernisation’ in contemporary Tibet, questioning the alleged conflict between ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’. Firstly, it discusses some of the competing representations of ‘modernity’ in the mass media, in popular literature, as well as in political discourse. Secondly, it describes ‘modernity’ as it is practised in the display and use of consumer goods by urban Tibetans, and investigates reactions to urban reconstruction and development projects in and near the Tibetan capital of Lhasa.
Things and the Qing: Mongol Culture in the Visual Narrative
Authors: Elverskog Johan
Published: December 2010

This article explores how the notion of stasis has shaped the study of Qing Mongolia. In particular it investigates Mongol visual culture in order to reveal how Qing rule and the success of its imperial consolidation was less a stationary monologue of Manchu-Buddhist imperial rule than an on-going fragmented discursive practice.
Moralities of the Mongolian ‘Market’: A Genealogy of Trade Relations and the Zah Zee
Authors: Wheeler Alan
Published: December 2010

The Mongolian notion of a market economy as expressed in the compound term zah zeel – the present-day Mongolian equivalent for ‘the market’ – challenges the neo–liberal model of ‘the market’ metaphor, which is a construction based on Euro–American moral valuations of trade relations and commercial exchange. The Mongolian model provides an example of how the oscillations between collective control (as expressed in the zah) and individual innovation (as expressed in the zeel) can exist in one market model – the zah zeel.
The Transformation of Pastoralism in Buryatia: The Aginsky Steppe Example
Authors: Kradin Nikolay n.
Published: December 2010

This article deals with the structure of the pastoral economy of East Trans–Baikalian Buryats (Aginsky region). The herd structure used to include the five basic species of domestic animals of Eurasia: sheep, cattle, horses and, more rarely, goats and camels. A horse was of the utmost economic and status significance. However, the quantity of sheep and goats was larger. The pastoral groups owned the land and the nomads migrated with their herds along their traditional seasonal routes. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the influence of the Russian economy on the Buryat nomadic economy began to increase. In the USSR, these processes were more intensive. A complete sedenterisation of Buryat society took place. Agriculture was developed and nearly one-quarter of the pastures were used as arable lands. The pastoral economy changed from subsistence to one that was guided by the market. Since wool and meat were valuable commodities new breeds of sheep were raised, and the number of sheep increased greatly thereby giving rise to degradation of pastures. The ecological crisis did not develop on a large scale only because political (collapse of the USSR) and economic crises were ahead of it. As a result, the cattle-breeding and livestock economies of the Aginsky Buryats have fallen into decay. At present, although a crisis situation has been held back, progress is not observed.
Between Islam and Mongols: The Qotung People in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Haiying Yang
Published: December 2010

China's ‘minority nationalities’ came into being as a result of the ‘Nationality Identification Work’ carried out in the first decade of the People's Republic of China. The assumption of internal homogeneity of ‘nationality’ inherent in the state project has prevented study of the internal diversity within each nationality. This paper intends, on the basis of field research, to study the internal diversity of the Mongolian society. A preliminary investigation has been made of the ethnogenesis and social structure of the Qotung Mongols in the Alashan region of Inner Mongolia. Through analysis of the relationships between the Qotung and the Mongols and Islam, the author points out that Islam is a major element in the formation of the Qotung Mongols whose ancestors hailed from various groups in East Turkestan. This case study shows that Islam should not be ignored when we study the Mongols and it is imperative that we recognise diversity within the Mongols.
Historical Geography or a Spatially-Enabled Historiography: Reply to Ryavec
Authors: Bol Peter
Published: December 2010

Karl E.Ryavec’s ‘Manchu Empire or China Historical GIS? Re-mapping the China/Inner Asia Frontier in the Qing Period CHGIS’ (Inner Asia 6.2) makes an important criticism of the 1820 layer released in Version 1 of the China Historical Geographic Information System (Bol & Ge 2002). I recognise this and shall outline what is being done about it. It also questions the value of creating an historical GIS for the history of successive regimes in the general area of the People’s Republic of China. I respond to this by discussing the role of GIS in spatially-enabled historiography rather than as a contribution to historical geography. Finally, and most importantly, it points to the larger issue of how we might best conceptualise, and represent, frontiers and transitional zones between regimes and different forms of sociopolitical organisation. I shall suggest some possibilities for creating an historical GIS under these circumstances. I write as an historian of the middle-period (8th–15th century) in the first place, but inevitably my comments reflect what I have learned through my involvement with the CHGIS project, for which I am the principal investigator in terms of grants, and coeditor of the Versions 1–3 of CHGIS with Ge Jianxiong, Director of the Center for Historical Geography at Fudan University.
Illness, Threat and Systems of Authority in Dunhuang
Authors: Mayo Lewis
Published: December 2010

This paper analyses the relationships between illness and structures of authority in the oasis of Dunhuang in the late 20th century and during the time of the Guiyijun regime which ruled the area as an independent warlord state from the middle of the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century. Both the medieval and the modern systems for dealing with illness in Dunhuang are analysed here as part of a larger problem of threat as an inherent element in any order of authority. In this paper, illness is taken as a political and administrative problem, both in the sense that political forces are mobilised around it and in the sense that political and administrative structures give illness an organisational form. Guiyijun systems of storage and structures of governance in the political and familial realms are understood as the reference point for the strategies deployed in the face of illness ‘events’ and as explanatory frameworks closely linked to accounts of dysfunction in the internal order of the body. The late 20th century order of disease management in Dunhuang forms a counterpart to these medieval structures, despite the major differences in the forms for responding to and attacking illness in the oasis in the public health regimes of the modern era and in the medical and ceremonial practices used a millennium before.
Tarrying with Repression: Political Anecdotes and Social Memory in Northern Mongolia
Authors: Pedersen Morten Axel
Published: December 2010

This article1 explores different forms of social memory about the state socialist repression of Mongolian Buddhism in the 1930s. Based on two political anecdotes collected during fieldwork among Darhads in Northern Mongolia as well as on recent studies of social memory in Mongolia and Buryatia by Christopher Kaplonski and Caroline Humphrey, I identify three ‘mnemonic tropes,’ which are appropriated by people in recounting these tragic events of the past, namely, what I call the digital, the paranoid, and the comical mode of collective remembering respectively. In broad terms, these mnemonic attitudes seem to correspond to three scapes of remembering: a radically liberal, a mildly conservative, and a neo-authoritarian political climate respectively.
The Japanese Origin of the Chinggis Khan Legends
Authors: Miyawaki–okada Junko
Published: December 2010

Most members of the Japanese public today, when hearing the words Mongols or Mongolia, immediately think of three different tales: 1) That the forefathers of the Japanese Imperial Family were the horsemen of the Mongolian Plateau, who came through the Korean Peninsula to conquer Japan; 2) that Chinggis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, was really Minamoto no Yoshitsune, a Japanese general; and 3) that the Mongol invasion of the thirteenth century failed because of a typhoon caused by a Divine Wind (kamikaze), which saved Japan from Mongolian subjugation. Each of these three stories emerged to fill the psychological requirements of national pride in the times after Japan experienced the modernisation process launched by the Meiji Restoration in 1868. These can be seen as a Japanese version of The Invention of Tradition famously described by Hobsbawm and Ranger. The second of these tales was also born in England. Kenchō Suyematsu, 1855–1920, was ordered to study in England at national expense in 1878–86. He wrote a book in English, The Identity of the great conqueror Genghis Khan with the Japanese hero Yoshitsune, An historical thesis, and published it in London in 1879. Suyemastu’s arguments for the identity of Chinggis Khan with Minamoto no Yoshitsune are all absurd. Nevertheless, in 1924 after the Japanese dispatch of troops to Siberia, there appeared a study by Mataichirō Oyabe entitled, Genghis Khan is Gen Gi–kei (Jingisu Kan wa Gen Gi–kei nari) packed with the abundant results of numerous field surveys, which became a runaway best seller. This paper aims to explain why the Japanese became so particularly interested in the Mongols, among the many Asian nations of the Asian Continent, and why they displayed such enthusiasm about the Mongols, but not the Chinese, in relating connections with the history of the past.
The Little Human and The Daughter-in-law: Invisibles as Seen Through the Eyes of Different Kinds of People
Authors: Delaplace Grégory , Empson Rebecca
Published: December 2010

This chapter focuses on two versions of a single story collected from North-west and North-east Mongolia. The story concerns a daughter-in-law’s relationship with ‘little humans’ (jijig hün) at her in-laws’ house. Although similar in their thematic content, the two stories differ in their endings. In the example from North-west Mongolia, the daughter-in-law successfully rids her in-laws ’house of a little human allowing them to prosper. In the example from North-east Mongolia, the daughter-in-law mistakenly throws a little human into the fire, causing her natal family to perish. At first sight, this divergence could be seen as reflective of the kind of perspectival difference established between a predominantly Buddhist ontology in Western Mongolia and a predominantly shamanist ontology in Eastern Mongolia. But the stories resist being viewed as allegorical texts by which to extract information concerning received ontological differences. Regardless of East/West differences, laypeople across all of Mongolia have varied relationships with aspects of the normally invisible world. We argue that, rather than establish ontological species-specific differentiations, such relations point to shifting scales of different ‘kinds’ of people in Mongolia.
The View from Somewhen: Events, Bodies and the Perspective of Fortune around Khawa Karpo, a Tibetan Sacred Mountain in Yunnan Province
Authors: Col Giovanni Da
Published: December 2010

Similarly to the Amerindian model, in Tibetan cosmology humans and nonhumans share an inner principle under the form of consciousness (rnam shes). Corporeal differences and perspectival access are nevertheless determined by the economy of a ‘field of fortune’. This fieldmay be regarded as a formof ‘clothing’ a being ‘wears’: a ‘body’ that may provide cosmological mobility, a ‘poor man ’s way’ to assume nonhumans’ points of view and transcending ontological domains without having to be a shaman. Nevertheless, the field is unstable and his configuration fragmented and folded. Each ‘perspective’ needs an event in order to be transiently activated and unfolding the configuration of forces composing a body of fortune. The absence of ideas of fortune and karma among Amerindians results in a perspectivism as being predominantly a spatial view from somewhere.Among Tibetans, an economy of merit and fortune produces an evenemental perception, a view from somewhen where perspectives are also points of view on one’s karmic continuum. After discussing notions of fortune, merit and the Tibetan perceptual propensity in relation to other living beings, this paper will examine the ontology of some key Tibetan bodies and their relation with perspectivism: the zombie (ro langs), the mountain god (yul lha), the reckless hunter (rngon pa), the ‘living Buddha’ (sprul sku) and the idiom of ‘emanation’ (sprul pa), commonly known as ‘incarnation’.
Pastoral Perspectivism: A View from Altai
Authors: Broz Ludek
Published: December 2010

One of the characteristic aspects ofViveiros de Castro’s perspectivismis the relative rather than absolute character of subject/object positions. In the Altaian context, animals are not attributed with subjectivity in the way found in Amazonian cosmologies. Still, the subject position is not particular to humans: the landscape is populated by masters of a both human and nonhuman kind. The terminological division of animals into wild (a?dar-kushtar) and domesticated (mal) in Altaian language is analogical to the human/animal division in Amazonia. Wildness and domesticity thus become relative categories defined with reference to the idiom of the master. What is wild for a human master is domesticated for a nonhumanmaster. Here, the common denominator is a sort of ‘livestock-morphism’:what for the human hunters looks like a deer is a cowfrom the point of view of the forest masters. If conducted improperly, hunting is thus analogous to livestock theft – morality transcends perspectivism in Altai. Exploring this ‘pastoralist perspectivism’ leads to questions about subjectivity and agency, ethics and ownership. The discussion is finally placed ‘into perspective’ by showing thatAltaians do not operate with a single idea of the animal and human–animal relationship.
Digging Up Mongolia’s Past
Authors: Sanders Alan
Published: December 2010

The process of rehabilitating the victims of Mongolia’s political purges of the 1930s and compensating their children and grandchildren continues, but from time to time more remains of victims are found. The successor of the security organisation that was the instrument of their ‘repression’ is required to assist in the process of their identification and rehabilitation, but has not been able to rid itself of all the bad practices of its past.
‘You see that cow? That’s a television…’ Village Survival and the Information Environment
Authors: Humphrey Meshcheryakov
Published: December 2010

In the situation of economic collapse in the 1990s, the people of Tory in Buryatia have turned to the household economy. This economic turning inwards is accompanied by a disturbing change in the information environment of the village. Literate media (books, newspapers, writing) are hardly used, which can be attributed to several factors, one of which is the fact that the Buryat villagers speak a radically different dialect from literary Buryat, which has to be taught to them like a foreign language. Oral modes of communication, on the other hand, are strong, both in Russian and Buryat. TV and video have become such an essential part of life that the items of wealth of the domestic economy are directly counted in terms of what they will buy (‘You see that cow, that’s a TV…’’). This means that villagers are well acquainted with Californian serials and Moscow news but ignorant of events happening in Buryatia. Meanwhile, ’conversation‘, the prime oral form, is put to work, for it is by this means that familial and neighbourhood networks are maintained in working order as resources for survival and sociality.
Rituals of Death in Mongolia: Their Implications for Understanding the Mutual Constitution of Persons and Objects and Certain Concepts of Property
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: December 2010

This article provides an ethnographic description of burial rituals in Ulaanbaatar in the 1980s. The ceremonies surrounding death indicate the presence of an amalgam of Buddhist, folk-religious and socialist ideas, and they notably make use of material objects as representations of such ideas. The article discusses what such rituals might tell us about Mongolian concepts of the person, fate and character. The further aim of the paper is to explore the wider significance of relations between persons and material objects as revealed in the funerary rituals, especially as regards ideas of ‘property’. It is argued that Mongolians in this period gave little prominence to the idea of ‘private property’, but retained a strong notion of joint, familial property; at the same time, the burial rituals reveal a significant concern with personal property. Socialist regimes, which emphasise communal forms of property, may often be associated with the parallel counter-significance of intimate and personal relations between persons and things.
Agricultural Reforms and Economic Crisis: Their Effect on Work Motivations in a Rural Community of Buryatia1
Authors: Manzanova Galina v.
Published: December 2010

Agricultural reforms in the village of Tory have resulted in three types of ‘private farms’: first, a ‘top-down’ measure to demonstrate accordance with government policy created well-supplied private farms for the village elite; second, the people who became farmers later did so without start-up capital or support from the administration and are now struggling; and third, there is a large number of ‘private farms’ which do not engage in farming and use the label as a front for carrying out business. Manzanova demonstrates why support for private farms has declined during the 1990s, and she shows how Buryats have a distinctive set of attitudes related to their historical way of life and values.
On the ‘Raw’ and the ‘Cooked’ Barbarians of Imperial China
Authors: Fiskesjö Magnus
Published: December 2010

This paper examines the terms ‘Raw’ and ‘Cooked’ (sheng and shu) as applied to China’s own Barbarians. First, a review of the more general Chinese conceptions of ‘barbarians’ suggests that the very idea of the civilisation of China (Zhongguo, the ‘central state’) necessarily and continuously required ‘the barbarians’ on the periphery as its corollary. Next, five cases from late imperial Chinese ‘inner frontiers’ (in Hainan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Taiwan and Hunan) are discussed as actual examples of how certain ‘barbarians’ were divided into the ‘Raw’ and the ‘Cooked’. The vast expansion of the imperial state brought about the incorporation of large numbers of former outsiders, but in certain cases people were split into those set to become regular (e.g. liang, ‘good’) Chinese subjects, and those still beyond the pale of civilisation (e.g. the ‘Raw’). Noting how the ‘Raw’ were persistently designated ‘Raw’ even as they, too, actually became deeply implicated in the civilised realm, the paper suggests that these late imperial ‘last barbarians’ were made to persist because of their precious position at the very foundation of imperial sovereignty.
War, Diplomacy and Social Mobility: The Casali Family in the Service of Henry VIII
Authors: Fletcher Catherine
Published: December 2010

By employing Gregorio Casali as his permanent representative at the curia from 1525, King Henry VIII of England acquired a diplomatic structure not uncommon in sixteenth-century Europe: the family consortium. This article illustrates the functioning of that structure, presenting new evidence relating to Casali’s background and career, and assessing both the benefits that accrued to the English crown as a consequence of his employment, and the advantages that Casali and his family acquired through their service to a foreign prince. It argues that the concept of “credit” both in a metaphorical and financial sense offers a useful means of understanding the relationship between the Casali family and the English crown in the 1520s and 1530s. As the family made available to their patrons their social and financial resources at the curia, in turn their role as representatives of a leading European prince served to enhance their social status.
Subsequent Practice and Evolutive Interpretation: Techniques of Treaty Interpretation over Time and Their Diverse Consequences
Authors: Arato Julian
Published: December 2010

This paper compares two different means of treaty interpretation by which a treaty or treaty provision may change over time: the interpretation and reinterpretation of a treaty on the basis of its evolutive character, and the (re)interpretation of a treaty on the basis of the subsequent practice of the parties. I contend that evolutive interpretation and interpretation based on subsequent practice do not simply refer to two different and distinct phenomena ‐ as a practical matter they constitute two different “techniques of interpretation” which may or may not both be applicable in a particular case, and may sometimes both be applicable but mutually exclusive. The basic problem of the paper revolves around the following question: where the evidence is uncertain, or ambivalent, which technique ‐ if any ‐ should be applied? My goal is to show that although both techniques may be applicable to a treaty in a given case, the application of one or the other doctrine will have different consequences in the short and long term. In so doing, I will first expound the immediate effects of the techniques by examining them individually with an eye to their evidentiary criteria and their relative expansive potentialities. I shall then illustrate and compare their respective long term consequences, which I categorize as “vertical” (with respect to successive interpretations of the particular treaty in question) and “horizontal” (referring to effects on the interpretation of other treaties). Ultimately, I want to argue that neither means of interpretation is more appropriate across the board, and therefore the choice between the two techniques should be informed by the consideration of their consequences in light of the object and purpose of the particular treaty to be interpreted.
New Developments in the Interaction between International Investment Law and EU Law
Authors: Lavranos Nikos
Published: December 2010

This article analyzes new developments in the interaction between international investment law and EU law. The analysis focuses on the consequences resulting from the recent changes that have been introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and the jurisprudence of the ECJ. The author argues that the new exclusive competence of the EU regarding foreign direct investment (FDI) will have major implications for the existing Member States’ BITs as well as for the interaction with international investment law. While it is too early for a full assessment of this new situation, it has already become clear that the European institutions and the supremacy of EU law will significantly reduce the powers of the Member States, thereby fundamentally changing the current situation. Throughout this process, ensuring legal security for investors and Contracting Parties will become of utmost importance.
Children, But Not Really Humans? Critical Reflections on the Hampering Effect of the "3 p's"
Authors: Quennerstedt Ann
Published: December 2010

In this paper, the widespread use of the "3 p's", provision, protection and participation, to categorise children's rights is critically examined. This conceptualisation is argued to have hampering effects on research in children's rights, in that it frames the research in a problematic way and hinders the possibilities of attaining theoretically driven analyses. In the paper, the emergence and use of the 3 p's is first traced and discussed. Thereafter, an alternative language for constructing and analysing children's rights is proposed, namely the vocabulary used for general human rights: civil, political and social rights. When children's rights are placed within the development of human rights and conceptualised accordingly, a different understanding of the content of children's rights surfaces. The theoretical contextualisation that is then added is suggested as a way of approaching contradictions and conflicts surrounding children's rights issues with more theoretical depth and nuances.
Justice, War and Inequality. The Unjust Aggressor and the Enemy of the Human Race in Vattel's Theory of the Law of Nations
Authors: Silvestrini Gabriella
Published: December 2010

This article discusses the well-known verdict of Vattel's legal positivism in relation to concepts of modernity and the European State System (Schmitt, Remec) and aims at a re-interpretation of Vattel's understanding of the modern state, just war and the international order. It wants to show that even though States and individuals do not obey the same logic and reason, Vattel was neiter a Hobbesian thinker nor, as Kant claimed, a 'sorry comforter'. The main reason for this is that Vattel's doctrine of the war en forme does not imply a break with the tradition of just war. Instead, it should be read as a reformulation of the inegalitarian notion of the enemy as proposed by just war doctrines. Pointing out to the persistance of a jusnaturalistic framework, the article shows that Vattel's concept of justus hostis is built on the same conceptual framework as the concept of the enemy of the human race.
Vattel, Britain and Peace in Europe
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: December 2010

This paper underlines Vattel's commitment to maintaining the sovereignty of Europe's small states by enunciating the duties he deemed incumbent upon all political communities. Vattel took seriously the threat to Europe from a renascent France, willing to foster an equally aggressive Catholic imperialism justified by the need for religious unity. Preventing a French version of universal monarchy, Vattel recognised, entailed more than speculating about a Europe imagined as a single republic. Rather, Vattel believed that Britain had to be relied upon to prevent excessive French ambition, and to underwrite the independence of the continent's smaller sovereignties. Against those who saw Britain as another candidate for the domination of Europe, Vattel argued that Britain's commercial interests explained why it was a different kind of state to the great empires of the past. The paper goes on to consider the reception of Vattel's ideas after the Seven Years War. Although further research is required into readings of Vattel, especially in the smaller states of Europe in the later eighteenth century, the paper concludes that by the 1790s Vattel was being used to justify war to defeat the gargantuan imperialist projects of newly republican France, in order to maintain Europe itself, and the smaller states within it.
Vattel's Law of Nations: Diplomatic Casuistry for the Protestant Nation
Authors: Hunter Ian
Published: December 2010

This paper argues that Vattel's Droit des gens cannot be adequately interpreted as based on a philosophical principle, whether of universal justice or of raison d'état. Rather, Vattel unfolds his law of nations within a casuistical discourse where inconsistent principles are deployed strategically. This forms an ethical space in which universal justice can be continuously adapted to the exigencies of national self-interest as interpreted by the diplomat of a Protestant republican nation.
Fascism to Complete the National Project? Bulgarian Fascists’ Uncertain Views on the Palingenesis of the Nation
Authors: Frusetta James
Published: December 2010

Western comparative studies of fascism have largely neglected to consider the case of interwar Bulgaria, despite a growing number of provocative studies by Bulgarian scholars. Despite significant political and economic crises, indigenous fascism remained split into a number of small movements that failed to become prominent political forces in the country. The paper argues that Bulgarian fascist movements faced problems differentiating their goals and ideologies from other elements of the far right, highlighting the porous boundaries between the two movements. Specifically, it compares the goals and programs of the fascist National Social Movement, the Union of Bulgarian National Legions and the Warriors for the Advancement of the Bulgarian Spirit (or Ratniks) to conservative authoritarian movements in the country. While noting the temporal power of conservative authoritarian rivals who were in control of the government from 1934 to 1944, the paper hypothesizes that the relative lack of distinct ideological features contributed to the weakness of fascist groups, and suggests the utility of including Bulgaria in the field of comparative fascist studies.
Neither Fascist nor Authoritarian: The 4th of August Regime in Greece (1936-1941) and the Dynamics of Fascistisation in 1930s Europe
Authors: Kallis Aristotle
Published: December 2010

The 4th of August regime in Greece under Ioannis Metaxas has long been treated by theories of ‘generic fascism’ as a minor example of authoritarianism or at most a case of failed fascism. This derives from the ideas that the Metaxas dictatorship did not originate from any original mass ‘fascist’ movement, lacked a genuinely fascist revolutionary ideological core and its figurehead came from a deeply conservative-military background. In addition, the regime balanced the introduction ‘from above’ of certain ‘fascist’ elements (inspired by the regimes in Germany, Italy and Portugal) with a pro-British foreign policy and a strong deference to both the Crown and the church/religion. Nevertheless, in this chapter, I argue that the 4th of August regime should be relocated firmly within the terrain of fascism studies. The establishment and consolidation of the regime in Greece reflected a much wider process of political and ideological convergence and hybridisation between anti-democratic/anti-liberal/anti-socialist conservative forces, on the one hand, and radical rightwing/fascist politics, on the other. It proved highly receptive to specific fascist themes and experiments (such as the single youth organisation, called EON), which it transplanted enthusiastically into its own hybrid of ‘radicalised’ conservatism. Although far less ideologically ‘revolutionary’ compared to Italian Fascism or German National Socialism, the 4th of August regime’s radicalisation between 1936 and 1941 marked a fundamental departure from conventional conservative-authoritarian politics in a direction charted by the broader fascist experience in Europe.
Iván Héjjas: The Life of a Counterrevolutionary
Authors: Bodó Béla
Published: December 2010

This article examines the life and political career of Iván Héjjas, one of the most important paramilitary leaders in counterrevolutionary Hungary. The essay sheds additional light on the conflict-ridden relationship between the politicians of the radical right and the members of the conservative authoritarian elite during the interwar period. It portrays right radicalism in Hungary as a political cul-de-sac, which helped prepare the ground for the emergence of the Arrow Cross and similar movements in the 1930s, but did not lead directly to fascism. The articles examines the rise of paramilitary violence in the Hungarian countryside, analyzes the social composition and organizational and motivational structure of rural militias and the role of charismatic leaders. Finally, the article compares Héjjas to other fascist leaders, such as Balbo and Mussolini, and highlights both personal and political structural reasons for his failure to successfully imitate their example.
Post-Soviet Kazakhstan: Nationalism and Language Issues
Authors: Adibayeva Aigul , Dadabaeva Gulnara
Published: December 2010

The main outcome of the Kazakh language implementation policy in Kazakh society was a result of mutual infl uence and interconnection between three groups: the state, the Russian–speaking population and Kazakh nationalists. e claims on the part of each of these groups in pursuit of their goals were the following: Russians wanted to retain the status quo and reject Kazakh as the state language, Kazakh nationalists wanted to transform the whole state system into Kazakh and, thus, to provide more opportunities for the native population and the state's task was to achieve its own goal without extremes from both sides. Was the state strong enough to promote its goals? During the first decade of independence, the state was able to use some claims from both the nationalists and the Russians to fulfi ll its tasks. As a result of these processes, the state created its own strategy premised on state nationalism. e paradox of post-Soviet Kazakhstan is its state nationalism which became the main obstacle in the way of the establishment of the Kazakh language in order to obtain the position of the only “homogenizing factor” in an ethnically and culturally diverse society.
The Fizkul'tura Generation: Modernizing Lifestyles in Early Soviet Russia
Authors: Grant Susan
Published: December 2010

The creation of the New Soviet Person was a constant concern of the Bolsheviks and this concern manifested itself in physical culture as well as in other areas. The desire to sweep away the cobwebs of the old system and replace these with the new Soviet culture infected and infused the political, social and cultural discourse. Physical culture, as this paper shows, was a vital element in the overall attempt to help construct the new society and new person. By offering its people a lifestyle reflective of Soviet ideals, physical culture had the potential to help construct a new generation of Soviet citizens.
Functional Adaptive Sequential Testing
Authors: Bergsma Jacob , MacLeod Donald , Vul Edward
Published: December 2010

The study of cognition, perception, and behavior often requires the estimation of thresholds as a function of continuous independent variables (e.g., contrast threshold as a function of spatial frequency, subjective value as a function of reward delay, tracking speed as a function of the number of objects tracked). Unidimensional adaptive testing methods make estimation of single threshold values faster and more efficient, but substantial efficiency can be further gained by taking into account the relationship between thresholds at different values of an independent variable. Here we present a generic method — functional adaptive sequential testing (FAST) — for estimating thresholds as a function of another variable. This method allows efficient estimation of parameters relating an independent variable (e.g., stimulus spatial frequency; or reward delay) to the measured threshold along a stimulus strength dimension (e.g., contrast; or present monetary value). We formally describe the FAST algorithm and introduce a Matlab toolbox implementation thereof; we then evaluate several possible sampling and estimation algorithms for such two-dimensional functions. Our results demonstrate that efficiency can be substantially increased by considering the functional relationship between thresholds at different values of the independent variable of interest.
The Effect of Displacement on Sensitivity to First- and Second-Order Global Motion in 5-year-olds and Adults
Authors:   Lee,   Lepore, Guilemot J.-P. ,   Lewis,   Ellemberg,   Maurer,   Ledgeway
Published: December 2010

We compared the development of sensitivity to first-versus second-order global motion in 5-year-olds (n = 24) and adults (n = 24) tested at three displacements (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0°). Sensitivity was measured with Random–Gabor Kinematograms (RGKs) formed with luminance-modulated (first-order) or contrastmodulated (second-order) concentric Gabor patterns. Five-year-olds were less sensitive than adults to the direction of both first- and second-order global motion at every displacement tested. In addition, the immaturity was smallest at the smallest displacement, which required the least spatial integration, and smaller for first-order than for second-order global motion at the middle displacement. The findings suggest that the development of sensitivity to global motion is limited by the development of spatial integration and by different rates of development of sensitivity to first-versus second-order signals.
Testing the Egocentric Mirror-Rotation Hypothesis
Authors: Muelenz Cornelius , Gamer Matthias , Hecht Heiko
Published: December 2010

Although observers know about the law of reflection, their intuitive understanding of spatial locations in mirrors is often erroneous. Hecht et al. (2005) proposed a two-stage mirror-rotation hypothesis to explain these misconceptions. The hypothesis involves an egocentric bias to the effect that observers behave as if the mirror surface were rotated by about 2° to be more orthogonal than is the case. We test four variants of the hypothesis, which differ depending on whether the virtual world, the mirror, or both are taken to be rotated. We devised an experimental setup that allowed us to distinguish between these variants. Our results confirm that the virtual world — and only the virtual world — is being rotated. Observers had to perform a localization task, using a mirror that was either fronto-parallel or rotated opposite the direction of the predicted effect. We were thus able to compensate for the effect. The positions of objects in mirrors were perceived in accordance with the erroneous conception that the virtual world behind the mirror is slightly rotated and that the reconstruction is based on the non-rotated fronto-parallel mirror. A covert rotation of the mirror by about 2° against the predicted effect was able to compensate for the placement error.
High-Temporal-Resolution Capabilities of the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar
Authors: Heinselman Pamela L. , Torres Sebastián M.
Published: December 2010

Since 2007 the advancement of the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar (NWRT PAR) hardware and software capabilities has been supporting the implementation of high-temporal-resolution (∼1 min) sampling. To achieve the increase in computational power and data archiving needs required for high-temporal-resolution sampling, the signal processor was upgraded to a scalable, Linux-based cluster with a distributed computing architecture. The development of electronic adaptive scanning, which can reduce update times by focusing data collection on significant weather, became possible through functionality added to the radar control interface and real-time controller. Signal processing techniques were implemented to address data quality issues, such as artifact removal and range-and-velocity ambiguity mitigation, absent from the NWRT PAR at its installation. The hardware and software advancements described above have made possible the development of conventional and electronic scanning capabilities that achieve high-temporal-resolution sampling. Those scanning capabilities are sector- and elevation-prioritized scanning, beam multiplexing, and electronic adaptive scanning. Each of these capabilities and related sampling trade-offs are explained and demonstrated through short case studies.
Seamless Advective Blending of Total Precipitable Water Retrievals from Polar-Orbiting Satellites
Authors: Wimmers Anthony J. , Velden Christopher S.
Published: December 2010

Conventional methods of viewing and combining retrieved geophysical fields from polar-orbiting satellites often complicate the work of end users because of the erratic time differences between overpasses, the significant time gaps between elements of a composite image, or simply the different requirements for interpretation between contributing instruments. However, it is possible to mitigate these issues for any number of retrieved quantities in which the tracer lifetime exceeds the sampling time. This paper presents a method that uses “advective blending” to create high-fidelity composites of data from polar-orbiting satellites at high temporal resolution, including a characterization of error as a function of time gap between satellite overpasses. The method is especially effective for tracers with lifetimes of longer than 7 h. Examples are presented using microwave-based retrievals of total precipitable water (TPW) over the ocean, from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) Morphed Integrated Microwave Imagery at CIMSS TPW product (MIMIC-TPW). The mean average error of a global 0.25° × 0.25° product at 1-h resolution is 0.5–2 mm, which is very reasonable for most applications.
Constraining the Sensitivity of Regional Climate with the Use of Historical Observations
Authors: Voulgarakis Apostolos , Shindell Drew T.
Published: December 2010

A novel method is presented for calculating how sensitive regional climate is to radiative forcings, based on global surface temperature observations. Forcings that originate in both the region of interest and outside of it are taken into account. It is found that the transient temperature sensitivity parameter (β, defined as the observed temperature response per unit forcing) can be better constrained for 50°S–25°N than for the rest of the globe. The average β in this region is 0.35°C (W m−2)−1. The models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) 1% yr−1 CO2 increase experiment exhibit a β in this region that, on average, is higher by 35%. The results show that for 50°S–25°N β may provide a more valuable constraint for model evaluation than global mean climate sensitivity.
Is There a Relationship between the SAM and Southwest Western Australian Winter Rainfall?
Authors: Feng Juan , Li Jianping , Li Yun
Published: December 2010

Previous studies have raised the possibility that the recent decline in winter rainfall over southwest Western Australia (SWWA) is related to the concurrent upward trend in the southern annular mode (SAM). On the basis of an analysis of 60-yr (1948–2007) reanalysis and observed data, the authors suggest that the apparent inverse relationship between the SAM and SWWA winter rainfall (SWR) is caused by a single extreme year—1964. It is shown that both the negative and positive phases of the SAM have little impact on SWR in the case that data for 1964 are excluded from the analysis. In addition, for periods prior to and after 1964 in the case that data for 1964 are excluded, the apparent relationship between the SAM and SWR becomes insignificant, and the circulation anomalies with respect to SWR appear to be an SAM-like pattern for which the anomalies at high latitudes are not significant. The result indicates that the SAM does not significantly influence the winter rainfall over SWWA. Instead, the variation of SWR would be more closely linked to the variability in regional circulations.
Effects of Retrospective Gauge-Based Readjustment of Multisensor Precipitation Estimates on Hydrologic Simulations
Authors: Zhang Yu , Reed Seann , Kitzmiller David
Published: December 2010

This paper presents methodologies for mitigating temporally inconsistent biases in National Weather Service (NWS) real-time multisensor quantitative precipitation estimates (MQPEs) through rain gauge–based readjustments, and examines their effects on streamflow simulations. In this study, archived MQPEs over 1997–2006 for the Middle Atlantic River Forecast Center (MARFC) area of responsibility were readjusted at monthly and daily scales using two gridded gauge products. The original and readjusted MQPEs were applied as forcing to the NWS Distributed Hydrologic Model for 12 catchments in the domain of MARFC. The resultant hourly streamflow simulations were compared for two subperiods divided along November 2003, when a software error that gave rise to a low bias in MQPEs was fixed. It was found that readjustment at either time scale improved the consistency in the bias in streamflow simulations. For the earlier period, independent monthly and daily readjustments considerably improved the streamflow simulations for most basins as judged by bias and correlation. By contrast, for the later period the effects were mixed across basins. It was also found that 1) readjustments tended to be more effective in the cool rather than warm season, 2) refining the readjustment resolution to daily had mixed effects on streamflow simulations, and 3) at the daily scale, redistributing gauge rainfall is beneficial for periods with substantial missing MQPEs.
On CMORPH Rainfall for Streamflow Simulation in a Small, Hortonian Watershed
Authors: Zeweldi Dawit A. , Gebremichael Mekonnen , Downer Charles W.
Published: December 2010

The objective is to assess the use of the Climate Prediction Center morphing method (CMORPH) (~0.073° latitude–longitude, 30 min resolution) rainfall product as input to the physics-based fully distributed Gridded Surface–Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model for streamflow simulation in the small (21.4 km2) Hortonian watershed of the Goodwin Creek experimental watershed located in northern Mississippi. Calibration is performed in two different ways: using rainfall data from a dense network of 30 gauges as input, and using CMORPH rainfall data as input. The study period covers 4 years, during which there were 24 events, each with peak flow rate higher than 0.5 m3 s−1. Streamflow simulations using CMORPH rainfall are compared against observed streamflows and streamflow simulations using rainfall from a dense rain gauge network. Results show that the CMORPH simulations captured all 24 events. The CMORPH simulations have comparable performance with gauge simulations, which is striking given the significant differences in the spatial scale between the rain gauge network and CMORPH. This study concludes that CMORPH rainfall products have potential value for streamflow simulation in such small watersheds. Overall, the performance of CMORPH-driven simulations increases when the model is calibrated with CMORPH data than when the model is calibrated with rain gauge data.