bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School placement trajectories of students with special educational needs—A longitudinal analysis of administrative data
Authors: Snozzi Romana , Müller Christoph M. , Zurbriggen Carmen L. A.
Published: August 2024

School transfers may be particularly challenging for students with special educational needs (SEN), and may negatively impact academic and social outcomes for these students. In countries with multiple placement options for students with SEN, although transfers between different types of placements are plausible, studies on this phenomenon are rare. The current study investigates individual placement trajectories over 11 years of compulsory education, using administrative data from a Swiss canton (i.e. federal state) about students with intensive SEN support. We employed sequence analysis to describe individual characteristics of placement trajectories (type of placements attended, number and timing of transfers), and to identify typical placement trajectories. Findings indicate that students with SEN experience frequent placement transfers, however, high variability between individual placement trajectories exists. Four clusters representing typical placement trajectories emerged. The clusters differed in the placements predominately attended by students, the number of transfers experienced, as well as in the distribution of students' age, gender and first language. These differences may reflect variations between clusters in the type and severity of students' SEN. Our study results underscore the importance of understanding the dynamics of placement trajectories for students with SEN, contributing valuable insights into the complexities of their educational journeys.
Market‐incentivized environmental regulation policy and company green transformation: An analytical perspective based on the cost transfer capability of companies
Authors: Chen Jiahe
Published: August 2024

Based on the carbon emissions trading pilot policy in China, this paper takes Chinese A‐share listed companies from 2012 to 2020 as a sample, and analyzes the role of company's cost transfer capability (ECTC) in the mechanism of market‐incentivized environmental regulation policy (MERP) influencing company green transformation. This paper finds the following four primary results. First, ECTC significantly strengthens the green transformation driving effect of MERP in general. However, results based on the division of ECTC by percentiles show that MERP‐induced green transformation is more pronounced in the top 25% of companies, which distinguishes them from companies in the top 25%–50%, whose cost transfer capacity hampers MERP's contribution to the green transformation. Second, the level of regional economic development, emission regulation, and business reputation have heterogeneous influences on the moderating effect of ECTC. Third, the results based on the moderated mediation model show that ECTC can influence the green transition driving effect of MERP by moderating the two paths of risk‐taking ability and financing constraints of companies. Finally, there is a diffusion effect on the green transformation driven by MERP through cost transfer among companies in non‐pilot industries and non‐pilot regions.
Role of eicosanoids in insect immunity: new insights and recent advances
Authors: Brahma Shubhranil , Chatterjee Somnath , Dey Atrayee
Published: August 2024

Viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, and different metazoan parasites and parasitoids present a constant threat to insects. Insect immunity has two components: humoral and cell mediated. Humoral immunity can be achieved by various antimicrobial proteins, namely, cecropins, sarcotoxin, defensin, attacin, etc. The cell‐mediated immunity comprises various cells having immune functions fostering nodulation, phagocytosis, microaggregation, encapsulation etc. Eicosanoids play a crucial role in insect immunity comparable to other animals. The above‐mentioned are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and they exert numerous physiological effects, namely, inflammation, immune modulation, and regulation of cellular processes. The review article elucidates various roles of eicosanoids, namely, nodulation reaction, Toll signaling pathway, nitric oxide (NO) generation, Ca2+ mobilization, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), actin polymerization and aquaporin activation. Eicosanoids can function in immune priming in insects drawing hemocytes. An agent named Duox was also identified serving as ROS generator in insect gut. Moreover, role of Repat gene in insect immunity was also studied. However, recently the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) was found to be negative as it inhibits platelet aggregation. In this brief review, we have tried to shed light on the various functions of eicosanoids in immunity of insect those have been discovered recently. This concise study will allow to decipher eicosanoids’ function in insect immunity in a nutshell, and it will pave the way for more researches to understand the key players of insect immunity which may eventually help to develop novel vector and pest control strategies in near future.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals the CRTAC1+ population actively contributes to the pathogenesis of spinal ligament degeneration by SPP1+ macrophage
Authors: Tang Yulong , Zhuo Dachun , Yu Yuexin , Pu Weilin , Ma Yanyun , Zhang Yuting , Huang Yan , Zhang Qing , Tang Kunhai , Meng Chen , Yang Di , Bai Lu , He Dongyi , Jin Li , Zou Hejian , Xu Huji , Zhu Qi , Wang Jiucun , Chen Yuanyuan , Liu Jing
Published: August 2024

Degenerative spinal stenosis is a chronic disease that affects the spinal ligaments and associated bones, resulting in back pain and disorders of the limbs among the elderly population. There are few preventive strategies for such ligament degeneration. We here aimed to establish a comprehensive transcriptomic atlas of ligament tissues to identify high‐priority targets for pharmaceutical treatment of ligament degeneration. Here, single‐cell RNA sequencing was performed on six degenerative ligaments and three traumatic ligaments to understand tissue heterogeneity. After stringent quality control, high‐quality data were obtained from 32,014 cells. Distinct cell clusters comprising stromal and immune cells were identified in ligament tissues. Among them, we noted that collagen degradation associated with CTHRC1+ fibroblast‐like cells and calcification linked to CRTAC1+ chondrocyte‐like cells were key features of ligament degeneration. SCENIC analysis and further experiments identified ATF3 as a key transcription factor regulating the pathogenesis of CRTAC1+ chondrocyte‐like cells. Typically, immune cells infiltrate localized organs, causing tissue damage. In our study, myeloid cells were found to be inflammatory‐activated, and SPP1+ macrophages were notably enriched in degenerative ligaments. Further exploration via CellChat analysis demonstrated a robust interaction between SPP1+ macrophages and CRTAC1+ chondrocyte‐like cells. Activated by SPP1, ATF3 propels the CRTAC1/MGP/CLU axis, fostering ligament calcification. Our unique resource provides novel insights into possible mechanisms underlying ligament degeneration, the target cell types, and molecules that are expected to mitigate degenerative spinal ligament. We also highlight the role of immune regulation in ligament degeneration and calcification, enhancing our understanding of this disease.
Hierarchical drift‐diffusion modelling uncovers differences of valenced self‐evaluation
Authors: Wang Nan , Shi Kun , Li Jiwen , Chen Haopeng , Tang Jianchao , Liu Yadong , Zhao Xiaolin , Yang Juan
Published: August 2024

Differences in valenced self‐evaluation refer to positive and negative coexistence in the process of self‐evaluation, while there is a clear difference in cognitive processes. The present study aimed to uncover the differences in the latent cognitive parameters (e.g., processing speed) in valenced self‐evaluation using the hierarchical drift‐diffusion model in two independent experiments. A self‐referential decision‐making task was applied in both experiments, and a self‐descriptiveness task plus the rating of related emotions (e.g., pride and shame) were also used but only in Experiment 2. Results of Experiments 1 & 2 showed a faster processing speed for accepting positive attributes and longer times for encoding and response execution in negative self‐evaluation. Moreover, Experiment 2 found cognitive parameters had predictive effects on subsequent decisional outcomes such as self‐descriptiveness and self‐related emotions via Bayesian inference. The current study provided findings that help to understand the cognitive mechanism behind self‐positivity and self‐accuracy biases.
Assessment of demand for male contraceptives: A multi‐country study
Authors: Kaur Japneet , Rohini Dhananjay Vaidyanathan , Chang LinChiat , Gugliotti Allie , Kretschmer Steve
Published: August 2024

Background

As of 2019, high unmet contraceptive needs in low‐ and middle‐income countries result in nearly half of all pregnancies being unintended. Additional male contraceptive options could help, but gaps remain in assessing demand for them. As the development of novel male contraceptives progresses, addressing these gaps would help inform policy and scientific direction.

Objectives

Measure consumer demand for novel male contraceptives and identify product attributes associated with men's preferences.

Materials & methods

A cross‐sectional, probability‐based‐sample survey was conducted with 12,435 sexually active, fertile cisgender, heterosexual men aged 18–60 years, and 9,122 of their female partners in Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, DR Congo, and Côte d'Ivoire from May 2021 to October 2022. The survey was also conducted in the United States among 3,243 of these men in April 2022. A follow‐up with 3,070 men in May 2023 assessed potential changes in demand after the Supreme Court's Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision. The surveys assessed contraceptive use, perceptions, and sociodemographic characteristics, and a discrete choice experiment evaluated preferences for 11 potential product attributes. Data from female partners in the six LMICs indicated their interest and trust in male partners’ contraceptive use.

Results

On average, 61% of men showed interest in trying novel male contraceptives in their first year of availability, ranging from 39% and 49% (pre‐ and post‐Dobbs) in the United States to 76% in Nigeria and Bangladesh. Form of administration and time of use drove men's product preferences. Female partners’ interest and trust in male contraceptive use were high across geographies.

Discussion

This study reveals strong latent demand for novel male contraceptives, highlighting the potential for novel male methods to meet unmet needs, and female partners’ trust in men to use them.

Conclusion

High demand for novel male contraceptives among men and their partners exists, supporting investment in their development.
Jaw in a day surgery: early experience with 19 patients at an Australian tertiary referral center
Authors: Jeong Yu Jin , Dunn Masako , Manzie Timothy , Howes Dale , Wykes James , Palme Carsten E. , Leinkram David , Low Tsu‐Hui (Hubert) , Oberoi Ramman , Aung Yee Mon , Ormsby Christopher , Clark Jonathan
Published: August 2024

Background

The Jaw‐in‐a‐Day (JIAD) procedure aims to achieve immediate functional occlusion via a single‐stage approach to maxillofacial reconstruction. While JIAD has gained popularity since its inception by Levine and colleagues, efficacy and outcome data remain limited. In this report, we discuss our experience with the JIAD technique at an Australian tertiary referral centre.

Methods

A retrospective review of all JIAD procedures performed from April 2022 to December 2023 was conducted. Clinicopathologic data reviewed included demographic information, primary diagnosis, anatomical site of disease, and history of pre‐operative radiotherapy. Outcome measures of interest included operative time, number of implants placed, post‐operative complications and implant survival.

Results

Nineteen patients were identified for the study. Two maxillary and 17 mandibular JIAD procedures were performed. The most common indications were squamous cell carcinoma (n = 8) and ameloblastoma (n = 5). Surgical complications included recipient site wound infection (n = 3), flap dehiscence (n = 2), haematoma formation (n = 1), and neck abscess associated with partial flap failure (n = 1). No total flap failures were identified. Of the 55 total implants placed, one implant failure occurred 2‐months post‐operatively. No loss of irradiated implants (n = 21) was observed. The median time to adjuvant radiotherapy was 57 days (range, 32–61). Eighteen of 19 patients (95%) achieved immediate dental rehabilitation, and 15/19 patients (79%) retained a functional prosthesis by the end of the follow‐up period.

Conclusions

Our series supports the feasibility of single‐stage reconstruction for both benign and malignant indications. Further research is required to understand the long‐term functional, aesthetic, and health‐related quality‐of‐life outcomes with the JIAD technique.
Promoting medication safety for older adults upon hospital discharge: Guiding principles for a medication discharge plan
Authors: Zhang Fang Hao , Lauzon Justine , Payette Jérémy , Courtemanche Fanny , Papillon‐Ferland Louise , Firoozi Faranak , Gilbert Suzanne , Turner Justin P. , Villeneuve Yannick
Published: August 2024

Older adults are at risk of adverse drug events during transition of care from hospital to community, thus optimal communication about medications at discharge is essential. Standardization of medication discharge plan (MDP) is lacking. This study aimed to (1) create a standardized MDP for older adults using consensus‐based principles, (2) create a short‐version MDP and (3) generate a practical guide. Modified Delphi was used to establish consensus on guiding principles for the MDP. Additionally, participants were asked about guiding principles deemed most essential, patient prioritization, the format and mode of transmission of the MDP. Twenty‐six guiding principles reached consensus, with 17 prioritized for a short‐version MDP. The practical guide includes explanations of the guiding principles, criteria for patient selection and recommendations on the format and mode of transmission. The results of this study will assist implementation of MDPs when older adults are discharged from hospital.
Opt‐out vaccination in school and daycare: Reconciling parental authority and obligations
Authors: Andersen Didde Boisen , Pedersen Viki Møller Lyngby
Published: August 2024

An increasing vaccine hesitancy among parents, which has resulted in insufficient rates of immunization, provides reason to reconsider childhood vaccination practices. Studies suggest that parents' decision‐making process concerning whether to vaccinate their child is highly influenced by cognitive biases. These biases can be utilized to increase vaccination uptake via changes in the choice context. This article considers childhood vaccination programmes, which involve children being vaccinated in school or daycare unless their parents actively ‘opt out’. We suggest that such programmes reconcile parents' decisional authority and vaccination duties. First, opt‐out childhood vaccination based in schools or daycare centres are not disrespectful of parental authority. Second, the programme aligns the default setting with a moral obligation to vaccinate one's child that most parents have.
Posttraumatic growth and its associations with perceived stress and core beliefs in women after traumatic childbirth during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Silva Rosa , Prata Ana Paula , Abreu Wilson , Brandão Tânia , Brandão Sónia , Riklikiene Olga , Jarasiunaite‐Fedosejeva Gabija , González Mesa Ernesto S. , Gökçe İsbir Gözde , Inci Figen , Kömürcü Akik Burcu , Uriko Kristiina , Thompson Gill
Published: August 2024

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic added new challenges and stressors to the childbirth period, potentially increasing the risk of traumatic childbirth experiences. There is little known about posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a childbearing population. This study describes PTG in women after traumatic childbirth during the COVID‐19 pandemic and its association with sociodemographic, birth‐related characteristics, traumatic childbirth events, perceived stress, and core beliefs, as well as explores what factors predict PTG.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 202 women who self‐identified as having experienced traumatic childbirth. Measures included sociodemographic and birth‐related characteristics, traumatic childbirth events, self‐reported stress during childbirth, the PTG Inventory, and the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI).

Results

Perceived stress at the time of birth was very high in 70% of the respondents. CBI showed moderate disruption of core beliefs. 41.6% of mothers indicated substantial PTG. Education and type of birth were related to perceived stress levels; higher disruption of core beliefs was observed in individuals who experienced perineal trauma and lack of partners' presence during childbirth, and higher disruption of core beliefs was positively associated with PTG. Predictive models showed that perceived stress had a minimal effect, while the disruption of core beliefs showed a significant positive association with PTG.

Conclusion

Traumatic childbirth experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic were positively related to PTG. Health professionals should create an environment where women can explore their feelings and emotions. Changes in current practices are also necessary as cesareans have been shown to be highly associated with high levels of perceived stress.
Association of paediatric autoimmune cytopenia and inflammatory bowel disease suggests a common genetic origin
Authors: Gilton M. , Fernandes H. , Martinez C. , Leverger G. , Abou Chahla W. , Li Thiao Te V. , Deparis M. , Armari Alla C. , Garnier N. , Benadiba J. , Marie‐Cardine A. , Rieux‐Laucat F. , Picard C. , Aladjidi N. , Leblanc T.
Published: August 2024

The association of autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported in small series, but the incidence of and risk factors for IBD in children with AIC are not known. One thousand six hundred nine children with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia or Evans syndrome from the prospective OBS'CEREVANCE cohort are included in this study. Overall, 15 children were diagnosed with IBD, including 14 who developed IBD after AIC diagnosis (median delay: 21 months). The only risk factor for IBD development is age at AIC over 10 years. Out of 10 children genetically tested, germline variants associated with autoimmune disorders were identified in three (CTLA4: two, DOCK11: one). In children and adolescents monitored for AIC or past history of AIC, especially children over 10 years, gastro‐intestinal (GI) symptoms (recurrent abdominal pains, GI bleeding, chronic diarrhoea, weight loss) should suggest IBD and deserve specific work‐up and genetic studies. Identification of a causal germline variant will allow targeted therapy.
Forty years of human G‐CSF: A short history in time
Authors: Welte Karl
Published: August 2024

Human G‐CSF was identified in 1984 at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Centre, New York. Based on these findings, recombinant G‐CSF was developed by Amgen, Thousand Oaks. In 1987, clinical trials began using recombinant G‐CSF in cancer patients following chemotherapy to reduce the duration of neutropenia and in patients with congenital neutropenia (CN) to increase the number of neutrophils. It has changed the quality of life for many cancer patients and saved the lives of many patients with (CN).
Reduction of TRPV1 expression on neurons due to downregulation of P2X7R in neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion satellite glial cells under co‐culture conditions
Authors: Wang Hongji , Chen Lisha , Xing Juping , Shi Xiangchao , Xu Changshui
Published: August 2024

Background information: The purinergic ligand‐gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP‐gated ion channel that transmits extracellular signals and induces corresponding biological effects, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a non‐selective cation channel that maintains normal physiological functions; numerous studies showed that P2X7R and TRPV1 are associated with inflammatory reactions. Results: The effect of P2X7R knockdown in satellite glial cells (SGCs) on neuronal TRPV1 expression under high glucose and high free fat (HGHF) environment was investigated. P2X7 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was utilized to downregulate P2X7R in SGCs, and treated and untreated SGCs were co‐cultured with neuronal cell lines. The expression levels of inflammatory factors and signaling pathways in SGCs and neurons were measured using Western blot analysis, RT‐qPCR, immunofluorescence, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Results suggested that P2X7 shRNA reduced the expression levels of P2X7R protein and mRNA in SGCs surrounding DRG neurons and downregulated the release of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐1 beta via the Ca2+/p38 MAPK/NF‐κB pathway. Additionally, the downregulation of P2X7R might decrease TRPV1 expression in neurons via the Ca2+/PKC‐ɛ/p38 MAPK pathway.Conclusions: Reducing P2X7R expression in SCGs in an HGHF environment could decrease neuronal TRPV1 expression via the Ca2+/PKC‐ɛ/p38 MAPK pathway.
Biomarkers to inform the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of systematic reviews
Authors: Walford Hugo , Tyler Bede , Abbara Ali , Clarke Sophie , Talaulikar Vikram , Wattar Bassel Al
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest endocrine condition affecting reproductive age women. Many biomarkers may aid assessment and management, however evidence is limited on their utility in clinical practice. We conducted a review of systematic reviews to identify the most useful biomarkers in the clinical management of PCOS.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and HTA until August 2023 for reviews evaluating biomarkers in PCOS women compared to healthy controls. Methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR2 tool. We reported pooled evidence for each biomarker with 95% confidence intervals from the most recent, up‐to‐date, and best quality review.

Results

From 3360 citations, we included 75 systematic reviews (88 biomarkers, 191,792 women). Most reviews (50/75, 67%) were moderate quality, but reported high heterogeneity (66/75, 88%). We identified 63 abnormal biomarkers in women with PCOS versus healthy controls. Of these, 22 core biomarkers could help evaluate the multisystemic impact of PCOS and inform patient management and surveillance: dehydroepiandrosterone, prolactin, sex hormone‐binding globulin, total and free testosterone, anti‐Mullerian hormone, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, c‐reactive protein, fibrinogen, oral glucose tolerance test, homoeostatic model assessment‐insulin resistance index, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), HDL, LDL, non‐HDL‐cholesterol, ferritin, iron, and 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D.

Conclusion

We identified 22 core biomarkers assessing the multisystemic impact of PCOS and inform its clinical management. Future research is required to establish validated healthcare pathways.
Impact of Warm Ischemia Time on Donation After Circulatory Death Kidney Transplant Outcomes
Authors: Alghannam Karima , Fine Jeffrey , Howard Brian , Loza Jennifer , Goussous Naeem M. , Sageshima Junichiro , Mineyev Neal M. , Wang Aileen X. , Perez Richard V. , Than Peter A.
Published: August 2024

Background

Efforts to address the shortage of donor organs include increasing the use of renal allografts from donors after circulatory death (DCD). While warm ischemia time (WIT) is thought to be an important factor in DCD kidney evaluation, few studies have compared the relationship between WIT and DCD kidney outcomes, and WIT acceptance practices remain variable.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center retrospective review of all adult patients who underwent deceased donor kidney transplantation from 2000 to 2021. We evaluated the impact of varied functional warm ischemia time (fWIT) in controlled DCD donors by comparing donor and recipient characteristics and posttransplant outcomes between high fWIT (>60 min), low fWIT (≤60 min), and kidneys transplanted from donors after brain death (DBD).

Results

Two thousand eight hundred eleven patients were identified, 638 received low fWIT DCD, 93 received high fWIT DCD, and 2080 received DBD kidneys. There was no significant difference in 5‐year graft survival between the DCD low fWIT, high fWIT, and DBD groups, with 84%, 83%, and 83% of grafts functioning, respectively. Five‐year patient survival was 91% in the low fWIT group, 92% in the high fWIT group, and 90% in the DBD group. An increase in kidney donor risk index (KDRI) (HR 3.37, 95% CI = 2.1–5.7) and high CIT compared to low CIT (HR 2.12, 95% CI = 1.4–3.1) have higher hazard ratios for 1‐year graft failure.

Conclusions

Increased acceptance of kidneys from selected DCD donors with prolonged fWIT may present an opportunity to increase kidney utilization while preserving outcomes. Our group specifically prioritizes the use of kidneys from younger donors, with lower KDPI, and without acute kidney injury, or risk factors for underlying chronic kidney disease.
Association of glycaemic control with intraocular pressure in a large general population: Results from the UK Biobank
Authors: Liu Qiaoling , Celis‐Morales Carlos , Sattar Naveed , Welsh Paul
Published: August 2024

Aim

To evaluate the association of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum glucose with intraocular pressure (IOP) in a large UK general population.

Materials and Methods

Participants were selected from the UK Biobank, excluding those with eye conditions that may affect IOP. IOP was measured using an ocular response analyser. Goldmann‐correlated IOP (IOPg) and corneal‐compensated IOP (IOPcc) were outcomes of interest, and ocular hypertension was defined as left‐eye IOPg or IOPcc > 21 mmHg. HbA1c and random (non‐fasting) serum glucose were the exposures of interest. Multivariate restricted cubic spline models, as well as linear regression, were applied to explore the associations of interest.

Results

Among 68 806 participants (46.5% male), the mean age was 56.7 years. The mean (standard deviation) for IOPg was 15.7 (3.6) mmHg and 15.9 (3.6) mmHg for IOPcc. Occular hypertension was prevalent in 8055 participants (11.7%) and 4178 participants (6.1%) had diabetes. Those with diabetes had higher IOP and a higher prevalence of ocular hypertension. After adjustment for demographic and clinical variables, HbA1c was positively associated with IOP in participants with diabetes, but not in those without diabetes. For every 10‐mmol/mol increase in HbA1c, IOPg increased by 0.20 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12, 0.28) and IOPcc by 0.15 mmHg (95% CI 0.07, 0.23); the odds of ocular hypertension was increased by 6% (95% CI 1.00, 1.13) in participants with diabetes. A borderline positive association between serum glucose and IOP was found only in participants without diabetes.

Conclusions

Impaired glycaemic control was associated with elevated IOP and a possible risk of ocular hypertension among participants with diabetes but of normal ocular health.
Feasibility, reproducibility, and accuracy of echocardiographic right ventricular systolic function assessments in childhood cancer survivors at risk for heart failure
Authors: Ostler Heidi , Liu Lin , Tong Khang , Acuero Maria T. , Gomez‐Arostegui Juliana , Degner Seth , Choo Sun , Golding Fraser , Hegde Sanjeet , Kuo Dennis J. , Narayan Hari K.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

We sought to assess the feasibility, reproducibility, and accuracy of conventional and newer echocardiographic measures of right ventricular (RV) systolic function in adolescent and young adult childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines.

Methods

Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) were acquired ≤60 days apart in prospectively recruited survivors and RV functional measures were quantitated by blinded observers. Repeat quantitation was performed in a subset to evaluate reproducibility. For each echocardiographic measure, Spearman correlations with CMR measures were calculated, and values in participants with CMR RV ejection fraction (RVEF) ≥48% and RVEF <48% were compared using two sample Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests.

Results

Among 58 participants, mean age was 18.2 years (range 13.1–25.2) and five participants had CMR RVEF <48%. Intra‐ and inter‐observer coefficients of variation were 8.2%–10.1% and 10.5%–12.0% for adjusted automated strain measures, and 5.2%–8.7% and 2.7% for 3D RVEF, respectively. No echocardiographic measures were significantly correlated with CMR RVEF; only tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was correlated with CMR RV stroke volume (r = .392, p = .003). Participants with RV dysfunction had worse automated global longitudinal strain (−20.3% vs. −23.9%, p = .007) and free wall longitudinal strain (−23.7% vs. −26.7%, p = .09).

Conclusions

Echocardiographic strain and 3D RV function measurements were feasible and reproducible in at‐risk childhood cancer survivors. Although not associated with CMR RVEF in this population with predominantly normal RV function, automated strain measurements were more abnormal in participants with RV dysfunction, suggesting potential clinical utility of these measures.
Dispersal and gene flow in anadromous salmonids: A systematic review
Authors: Lamarins Amaïa , Carlson Stephanie M. , Buoro Mathieu
Published: August 2024

Dispersal is a ubiquitous ecological process that has been extensively studied in many plants and animals. Anadromous salmonids are an interesting system for examining dispersal, in part because of their well‐known philopatric behaviour, but also because of the conservation challenges related to the dispersal of hatchery‐origin fish. Building on earlier work, we provide an updated systematic review of dispersal and gene flow in anadromous salmonids. In particular, we compared studies on the dispersal of anadromous salmonids from wild and hatchery origins, including studies providing estimates of dispersal rates, observations of dispersal and results from modelling studies. We reviewed 228 studies and found these were unevenly distributed among species, with Atlantic salmon, Chinook salmon and sea trout being well‐represented. Our results showcase considerable variability in estimated dispersal rates within and across studies, which is likely related to the different methodologies, dispersal propensities across species and populations, and spatial extents considered. Overall, our results confirmed a higher tendency of hatchery fish to disperse relative to wild fish, but we also found some variation across species that warrants further study. Moreover, we found that dispersal propensity tended to decline exponentially with distance and that the drivers of dispersal varied considerably among studies. Additionally, we highlight various facets of dispersal captured across this suite of studies, including variation in terminology, methods and metrics for characterising dispersal, and the spatio‐temporal scales considered. Finally, our review revealed that few studies considered, and even fewer assessed, the implications of dispersal for the conservation and management of anadromous salmonids.
Physiological transpalpebral sonographic eye measurements from healthy adult horses
Authors: da Conceição Mariana Lopes , Apolonio Emanuel Vitor Pereira , Alonso Juliana de Moura , de Ávila Alice Ribeiro , Rosa Gustavo dos Santos , Stievani Fernanda de Castro , Rodrigues Celso Antônio , Watanabe Marcos Jun , Hussni Carlos , Alves Ana Liz Garcia
Published: August 2024

Background

Relevant ophthalmic lesions affecting vision occur in 5%–10% of all horses. Thus, knowledge of anatomy, physiology, clinical and imaging is essential for the discernment of a healthy and a pathological eye. Ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool for ocular diseases, providing information on lesion site, extension and severity. In addition, it is possible to monitor the treatment efficiency and prognosis.

Objectives

This study aimed to provide biometric data about the ocular globe structures of healthy horses in order to establish a normal ultrasonographic pattern.

Methods

Ocular globes (n = 40) from 20 healthy horses were evaluated by transpalpebral B‐mode ultrasonography, using an 11 MHz linear transducer.

Results

The biometrics found in this study were: globe length: 37.78 ± 0.65 mm; anterior chamber: 5.01 ± 0.27 mm; vitreous chamber: 19.19 ± 0.54 mm; lens: 12.82 ± 0.93 mm; cornea: 0.88 ± 0.11 mm.

Main limitations

The obtained results can be more safely applied to medium‐sized horses (350 ± 43 kg).

Conclusions

This study provides normal ocular biometrics that can be used as a reference for the diagnosis of ocular diseases, especially when the lesions are bilateral and nontranslucent cornea hinder internal structures evaluation.
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in allergy: Targeting IgE, cytokine, and alarmin pathways
Authors: Eggel Alexander , Pennington Luke F. , Jardetzky Theodore S.
Published: August 2024

The etiology of allergy is closely linked to type 2 inflammatory responses ultimately leading to the production of allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), a key driver of many allergic conditions. At a high level, initial allergen exposure disrupts epithelial integrity, triggering local inflammation via alarmins including IL‐25, IL‐33, and TSLP, which activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells as well as other immune cells to secrete type 2 cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13, promoting Th2 cell development and eosinophil recruitment. Th2 cell dependent B cell activation promotes the production of allergen‐specific IgE, which stably binds to basophils and mast cells. Rapid degranulation of these cells upon allergen re‐exposure leads to allergic symptoms. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying allergic pathophysiology have significantly shaped the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. In this review, we highlight key therapeutic targets within the allergic cascade with a particular focus on past, current and future treatment approaches using monoclonal antibodies. Specific targeting of alarmins, type 2 cytokines and IgE has shown varying degrees of clinical benefit in different allergic indications including asthma, chronic spontaneous urticaria, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, food allergies and eosinophilic esophagitis. While multiple therapeutic antibodies have been approved for clinical use, scientists are still working on ways to improve on current treatment approaches. Here, we provide context to understand therapeutic targeting strategies and their limitations, discussing both knowledge gaps and promising future directions to enhancing clinical efficacy in allergic disease management.
Identifying patterns and profiles of vaccination hesitancy among nurses for tailoring healthcare policies in the UK: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Erfani Goran , McCready Jemma , Nichol Bethany , Gordon Charlotte , Unsworth John , Croston Michelle , Comparcini Dania , Simonetti Valentina , Cicolini Giancarlo , Mikkonen Kristina , Keisala Jeremia , Tomietto Marco
Published: August 2024

Aims

To profile the characteristics of nurses with varying levels of vaccine hesitancy toward the COVID‐19 and influenza vaccines.

Background

In many countries across the world, healthcare workers, and nurses in particular, display significant reluctance toward COVID‐19 and influenza vaccines due to concerns about safety, distrust in healthcare policies, and media influences. To address this, a proposed approach involves profiling nurses to tailor vaccination campaigns and to improve acceptance rates and public health outcomes.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study adopted the Vaccination Attitudes Examination scale to assess hesitancy toward COVID‐19 and influenza vaccines among 294 registered nurses in the UK between March and July 2023. A K‐means cluster analysis was performed. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines were adopted.

Results

Three profiles were identified. Profile A showed low vaccination hesitancy, profile B showed average hesitancy, and profile C showed high hesitancy toward vaccines. The highest concern for all profiles was related to unforeseen future effects of vaccination. Profile C had more nurses in early career roles, whereas nurses in profiles A and B were in more senior roles. Profile A showed higher educational attainment. Nurses in profile C used Snapchat more, whereas nurses in profile A used Twitter more frequently.

Conclusion

This study identified specific characteristics associated with higher levels of vaccination hesitancy in nursing. Unforeseen future effects of vaccination are a core aspect to consider in promoting vaccination.

Implications for nursing and nursing policy

Policies and vaccination campaigns should be targeted on early career nurses and should deliver tailored messages to dispel misinformation about unforeseen future effects of vaccination through specific social media platforms. Senior nurses should be involved as role models in promoting vaccination. These results are key for enhancing an evidence‐based approach to implementing global health policies in healthcare.
Astragalus polysaccharide‐containing 3D‐printed scaffold for traumatized skin repair and proteomic study
Authors: Du Weibin , Wang Zhenwei , Han Meichun , Zheng Yang , Tao Bowen , Pan Ningfang , Bao Guanai , Zhuang Wei , Quan Renfu
Published: August 2024

Astragalus polysaccharide‐containing 3D‐printed scaffold shows great potential in traumatic skin repair. This study aimed to investigate its repairing effect and to combine it with proteomic technology to deeply resolve the related protein expression changes. Thirty SD rats were divided randomly into three groups (n = 10 per group): the sham‐operated group, the model group and the scaffold group. Subsequently, we conducted a comparative analysis on trauma blood perfusion, trauma healing rate, histological changes, the expression of the YAP/TAZ signalling pathway and angiogenesis‐related factors. Additionally, neonatal skin tissues were collected for proteomic analysis. The blood perfusion volume and wound healing recovery in the scaffold group were better than that in the model group (p < 0.05). The protein expression of STAT3, YAP, TAZ and expression of vascular‐related factor A (VEGFA) in the scaffold group was higher than that in the model group (p < 0.05). Proteomic analysis showed that there were 207 differential proteins common to the three groups. Mitochondrial function, immune response, redox response, extracellular gap and ATP metabolic process were the main groups of differential protein changes. Oxidative phosphorylation, metabolic pathway, carbon metabolism, calcium signalling pathway, etc. were the main differential metabolic pathway change groups. Astragalus polysaccharide‐containing 3D‐printed scaffold had certain reversals of protein disorder. The Astragalus polysaccharide‐containing 3D‐printed scaffold may promote the VEGFs by activating the YAP/TAZ signalling pathway with the help of STAT3 into the nucleus, accelerating early angiogenesis of the trauma, correcting the protein disorder of the trauma and ultimately realizing the repair of the wound.
Epidermal proteomics demonstrates Elafin as a psoriasis‐specific biomarker and highlights increased anti‐inflammatory activity around psoriatic plaques
Authors: Berekmeri Anna , Macleod Tom , Hyde Isabel , Ojak Gregor Jan , Mann Caroline , Kramer Daniela , Stacey Martin , Wittmann Miriam
Published: August 2024

Background

Eczema and psoriasis are common diseases. Despite both showing active epidermal contribution to the inflammatory process, their molecular aetiology and pathological mechanisms are different.

Objective

Further molecular insight into these differences is therefore needed to enable effective future diagnostic and treatment strategies. The majority of our mechanistic and clinical understanding of psoriasis and eczema is derived from RNA, immunohistology and whole skin biopsy data.

Methods

In this study, non‐invasive epidermal sampling of lesional, perilesional and non‐lesional skin from diseased and healthy skin was used to perform an in depth proteomic analysis of epidermal proteins.

Results

Our findings confirmed the psoriasis‐associated cytokine IL‐36γ as an excellent protein biomarker for lesional psoriasis. However, ELISA and ROC curve analysis of 53 psoriasis and 42 eczema derived samples showed that the sensitivity and specificity were outperformed by elastase‐specific protease inhibitor, elafin. Of note, elafin was also found upregulated in non‐lesional psoriatic skin at non‐predilection sites demonstrating inherent differences between the non‐involved skin of healthy and psoriatic individuals. Mass spectrometry and ELISA analysis also demonstrated the upregulation of the anti‐inflammatory molecule IL‐37 in psoriatic perilesional but not lesional skin. The high expression of IL‐37 surrounding psoriatic plaque may contribute to the sharp demarcation of inflammatory morphology changes observed in psoriasis. This finding was also specific for psoriasis and not seen in atopic dermatitis or autoimmune blistering perilesional skin. Our results confirm IL‐36γ and add elafin as robust, hallmark molecules distinguishing psoriasis and eczema‐associated inflammation even in patients under systemic treatment.

Conclusions

Overall, these findings highlight the potential of epidermal non‐invasive sampling and proteomic analysis to increase our diagnostic and pathophysiologic understanding of skin diseases. Moreover, the identification of molecular differences in healthy‐looking skin between patients and healthy controls highlights potential disease susceptibility markers and proteins involved in the initial stages of disease.
Examining fish scale biomineral from Atlantic salmon populations
Authors: Tray Elizabeth , Brophy Deirdre , de Eyto Elvira , Ó'Maoileidigh Niall , Sheehan Timothy , Bradbury Ian , Crowley Quentin G.
Published: August 2024

Fish scale microchemistry can be used to make life‐history inferences, although ecological studies examining scale composition are relatively rare. Salmon scales have an external layer of calcium phosphate hydroxyl apatite (HAP). The structure, hardness, and calcium content of this layer have been shown to vary within and between species. This variation may lead to misinterpretation of trace element profiles. This study uses backscatter scanning electron microscopy with electron dispersive spectrometry to compare scales from salmon populations and to present a more detailed analysis of scale HAP than was previously available. Our findings extend the range of salmon populations for which HAP Ca is available and confirm previous findings that the HAP Ca is relatively invariable within this species.
Factors associated with transfer from assisted living facilities to a nursing home: National Health Aging Trends Study 2011–2019
Authors: Son Jung Yoen , Marriott Deanna J. , Struble Laura M. , Chen Weiyun , Larson Janet L.
Published: August 2024

Background

Residents of assisted living facilities (ALF) transfer to a nursing home when they require a higher level of care, but limited research has examined risk factors for transfer to a nursing home. The aims of this study were to identify (1) baseline factors associated with transfer to a nursing home and (2) time‐varying factors associated with transfer to a nursing home over 8 years, using a national dataset from the National Health Aging Trends Study (NHATS).

Methods

NHATS participants were included in this study if they: (1) resided in ALF from Round 1 (2011) through Round 8 (2018); (2) completed the sample person (SP) interview at baseline; (3) were admitted to ALF at age 65 years or older. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression to examine candidate predictors (difficulty with basic activities of daily living (ADL), chronic conditions, hospitalization, sleep disturbances, mental health, physical performance, self‐reported health, participation in social and physical activity, and sociodemographic) associated with transfer to a nursing home. Employing backward elimination, we built parsimonious final models for analysis.

Results

The analytic sample included 970 participants of whom 143 transferred to nursing homes over 8 years. Those who had a better physical performance at baseline (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.79–0.88) and were college educated (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.36–0.92) demonstrated a significantly lower risk for transfer to a nursing home over 8 years. Residents who maintained physical activity (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.37–0.86), better physical performance (HR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.80–0.94), and difficulty with fewer basic ADLs (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02–1.26) were at lower risk for transfer to a nursing home over 8 years.

Conclusions

Our findings can be used to identify older adults in ALFs at risk of transfer to a nursing home. Strategies to promote physical function and physical activity could avoid/delay the need to transfer. Helping older residents to age in place will have important health and economic benefits.
Advancements in laser technologies for skin rejuvenation: A comprehensive review of efficacy and safety
Authors: Haykal Diala , Cartier Hugues , Goldberg David , Gold Michael
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Laser technology has fundamentally transformed the landscape of dermatology, offering nuanced solutions for skin rejuvenation and resurfacing. This paper aims to explore the spectrum of laser technologies, from ablative to non‐ablative and fractional lasers, their mechanisms, benefits, and tailored applications for diverse skin conditions. As we delve into the intricacies of each technology, we also consider the scientific advancements that have made these treatments safer and more effective, promising a new horizon in skin rejuvenation.

Objective

This comprehensive analysis seeks to evaluate recent advancements in laser technology for skin rejuvenation, focusing on efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction.

Methods

The selection criteria for studies in this publication focused on recent, peer‐reviewed articles from the last 20 years, emphasizing advancements in laser technologies for skin rejuvenation. Our comprehensive review involved searches in PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus and Google Scholar using keywords like “skin rejuvenation,” “laser technology,” “efficacy,” “safety,” and “dermatology.” This approach focused on inclusion of recent research and perspectives on the efficacy and safety of laser treatments in the field of dermatology.

Results

Our literature review reveals advancements in laser skin resurfacing technologies, notably fractional lasers for minimal downtime rejuvenation, ablative lasers for precise tissue vaporization, and non‐ablative lasers for coagulation effect promoting collagen with reduced recovery. Hybrid and picosecond lasers are highlighted for their versatility and effectiveness in addressing a wide array of skin concerns. The findings also emphasize the development of safer treatment protocols for ethnic skin, significantly reducing risks like hyperpigmentation and scarring, thus broadening the scope of effective dermatological solutions.

Conclusion

This extensive review of advancements in laser technologies for skin rejuvenation underscores a remarkable evolution in dermatological treatments, offering an expansive overview of the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction associated with these interventions. Furthermore, the exploration of combination treatments and laser‐assisted drug delivery represents a frontier in dermatological practice, offering synergistic effects that could amplify the therapeutic benefits of laser treatments.