bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting subjective liking of bitter and sweet liquid solutions using facial electromyography during emptying, swirling, and while thinking about the taste
Authors: Cannon Peter Robert , Li Bei , Grigor John M.
Published: July 2018

Hedonic responses to foods are often measured using subjective liking ratings scales. This is problematic because food behaviours are complex and single measurements points that occur after tasting are unable to capture an individual’s dynamic affective state. To address this limitation, techniques have been developed to sample subjective affective responses during oral processing, such as temporal dominance of emotion. These methods are also limited because they interrupt natural behaviours associated with food and oral processing. The present research investigates the potential use of electromyography as a means to predict subjective liking ratings using affective facial muscle activity recorded at different phases of oral processing while tasting liquids. Using linear mixed models, muscle activity recorded while emptying into the mouth, swirling, and thinking about the taste of bitter and sweet liquid solutions was used to predict subjective liking ratings. During different phases of the tasting, these mixed models demonstrate that zygomaticus major activity predicted increased liking and that corrugator supercilii and levator labii superioris predicted decreased liking. The change in liking ratings predicted by each muscle varied depending on whether participants were emptying, swirling, or thinking about the taste. We conclude that facial muscle activity is a valuable measure of affective responses during dynamic food behaviours.
Does it Actually Feel Right? A Replication Attempt of the Rounded Price Effect
Authors: Harms Christopher , Genau Hanna , Meschede Carolin , Beauducel André
Published: July 2018

How does the roundedness of prices affect product evaluations? The ”Rounded Price Effect” (Wadhwa & Zhang, 2015) postulates that depending on the context, rounded or nonrounded prices increase the purchase likelihood of consumers. The study presented here is a replication attempt of these findings and the proposed mediation of the effect through a sense of ”feeling right” when evaluating the product. p-curve analysis and the R-Index are used to assess the robustness of the originally reported statistics since original data was not available. A pre-registered replication of study 5 from the original article was conducted in a sample of N = 588 participants. For both the original product and one alternative product neither an interaction between price roundedness and context, nor a mediation through ”a sense of feeling right” was found. Our results suggest that the effect is either smaller than originally reported or contingent on other, not investigated factors. Further studies might investigate contingencies in larger samples.
Strategies for Remediating the Impact of Math Anxiety on High School Math Performance
Authors: Pizzie Rachel , Kraemer David
Published: July 2018

Students with math anxiety experience excessive levels of negative emotion, including intrusive and distracting thoughts, when attempting to learn about math or complete a math assignment. Consequently, math anxiety is associated with maladaptive study skills, such as avoidance of homework and test preparation, creating significant impediments for students to fulfill their potential in math classes. To combat the impact of math anxiety on academic performance, we introduced two classroom-based interventions across two samples of high school math students: one intervention focused on emotion regulation (ER) using cognitive reappraisal, a technique for reframing an anxious situation, and the other intervention encouraged students to improve their study habits. The Study Skills (SS) intervention was associated with increased grades for highly anxious students during the intervention period, whereas the ER intervention was less efficacious in countering anxiety-related decreases in grade performance. The SS intervention encouraged highly math anxious students to incorporate self-testing and overcome avoidant behaviors, increasing academic performance and ameliorating performance deficits associated with increased anxiety that were observed in both groups prior to intervention, and that persisted in the ER group. Notably, the benefits observed for the SS group extended to the post-intervention quarter, indicating the potential lasting effects of this intervention. These results support the hypothesis that using better study strategies and encouraging more frequent engagement with math resources would help highly-anxious students habituate to their math anxiety and ameliorate the negative effects of anxiety on performance, ultimately increasing their math comprehension and academic achievement.
Explaining the high working memory capacity of gifted children:   Contributions of processing skills and executive control
Authors: Aubry Alexandre , Gonthier Corentin , Bourdin Béatrice
Published: July 2018

Intellectually gifted children tend to demonstrate especially high working memory capacity, an ability that holds a critical role in intellectual functioning. What could explain the differences in working memory performance between intellectually gifted and non-gifted children? We investigated this issue by measuring working memory capacity with complex spans in a sample of 55 gifted and 55 nongifted children. Based on prior studies, we expected the higher working memory capacity of intellectually gifted children to be driven by more effective executive control, as measured with the Attention Network Test. The findings confirmed that intellectually gifted children had higher working memory capacity than typical children, as well as more effective executive attention. Surprisingly, however, working memory differences between groups were not mediated by differences in executive attention. Instead, differences in processing time in the working memory task contributed to the high working memory capacity of gifted children.
Testing enhances subsequent learning in older adults
Authors: Pastötter Bernhard , Bäuml Karl-Heinz T.
Published: July 2018

Interference susceptibility has been suggested to be a major factor for episodic memory impairment in healthy older adults. Previous work has shown that retrieval practice can reduce proactive interference and thus enhance learning and memory in younger adults, a finding referred to as the forward effect of testing in the literature. This study examined the late developmental trajectory of the forward effect in middle-aged and older adults (40 to 79 years of age). Participants studied three lists of items in anticipation of a final cumulative recall test. In the testing condition, participants were tested immediately on lists 1 and 2 after initial study, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2. In both conditions, participants were tested immediately on list 3. The results of the immediate list 3 recall test showed a reliable forward effect of testing, with interim testing of lists 1 and 2 enhancing list 3 recall and reducing the number of prior-list intrusions. Importantly, this effect of testing was found independent of participants’ age. These results suggest that retrieval practice can reduce proactive interference in middle-aged and older adults. Together with recent findings on the presence of the backward effect of testing in older adults – that is, improved recall of studied material after retrieval versus restudy –, these findings indicate that retrieval practice can be a very powerful tool to delimit memory impairment in older age.
Evolutionary Linguistics: A New Look at an Old Landscape
Authors: Hauser Marc D. , Barner David , O’Donnell Tim
Published: July 2018

This article explores the evolution of language, focusing on insightsderived from observations and experiments in animals, guided by currenttheoretical problems that were inspired by the generative theory ofgrammar, and carried forward in substantial ways to the present bypsycholinguists working on child language acquisition. We suggest that overthe past few years, there has been a shift with respect to empiricalstudies of animals targeting questions of language evolution. Inparticular, rather than focus exclusively on the ways in which animalscommunicate, either naturally or by means of artificially acquired symbolsystems, more recent work has focused on the underlying computationalmechanisms subserving the language faculty and the ability of nonhumananimals to acquire these in some form. This shift in emphasis has broughtbiologists studying animals in closer contact with linguists studying theformal aspects of language, and has opened the door to a new line ofempirical inquiry that we label evolingo. Here we review some of theexciting new findings in the evolingo area, focusing in particular onaspects of semantics and syntax.With respect to semantics, we suggest thatsome of the apparently distinctive and uniquely linguistic conceptualdistinctions may have their origins in nonlinguistic conceptualrepresentations; as one example, we present data on nonhuman primates andtheir capacity to represent a singular–plural distinction in the absence oflanguage. With respect to syntax, we focus on both statistical andrule-based problems, especially the most recent attempts to exploredifferent layers within the Chomsky hierarchy; here, we discuss work ontamarins and starlings, highlighting differences in the patterns of resultsas well as differences in methodology that speak to potential issues oflearnability. We conclude by highlighting some of the exciting questionsthat lie ahead, as well as some of the methodological challenges that faceboth comparative and developmental studies of language evolution.
Intrauterine alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic review
Authors: Easey Kayleigh , Dyer Maddy , Timpson Nicholas , Munafo Marcus Robert
Published: July 2018

Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications, and studies of foetal alcohol syndrome. Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorised by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalising problems, total problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of intrauterine alcohol exposure and negative offspring mental health outcomes.Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with negative offspring mental health outcomes, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference are needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
A Field Guide for Teaching Evolution in the Social Sciences
Authors: Legare Cristine , Opfer John , Busch Justin , Shtulman Andrew
Published: July 2018

The theory of evolution by natural selection has begun to revolutionize our understanding of perception, cognition, language, social behavior, and cultural practices. Despite the centrality of evolutionary theory to the social sciences, many students, teachers, and even scientists struggle to understand how natural selection works. Our goal is to provide a field guide for social scientists on teaching evolution, based on research in cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and education. We synthesize what is known about the psychological obstacles to understanding evolution, methods for assessing evolution understanding, and pedagogical strategies for improving evolution understanding. We review what is known about teaching evolution about nonhuman species and then explore implications of these findings for the teaching of evolution about humans. By leveraging our knowledge of how to teach evolution in general, we hope to motivate and equip social scientists to begin teaching evolution in the context of their own field.
Pedagogical questions in parent-child conversations
Authors: Yu Yue , Bonawitz Elizabeth , Shafto Patrick
Published: July 2018

Questioning is a core component of formal pedagogy. Parents commonly question children, but do they use questions to teach? Here we define “pedagogical questions” as questions for which the questioner already knows the answer and intended to help the questionee learn. We investigate the frequency and distribution of pedagogical questions from parent-child conversations documented in the CHILDES database. By analyzing 2166 questions from 166 mother-child dyads and 64 father-child dyads, we find that pedagogical questions are commonplace during day-to-day parent-child conversations, and vary based on child’s age, family environment, and historical era. The results serve as a first step towards understanding the role of parent-child questions in facilitating children’s learning.
Advance planning in written and spoken sentence production
Authors: Roeser Jens , Torrance Mark , Baguley Thom
Published: July 2018

Response onset latencies for spoken sentences that start with a conjoined noun phrase are typically longer than for sentences starting with a simple noun phrase. This is consistent with advance retrieval of syntactic frames independently of lexical retrieval. Alternatively, planning may be lexically driven and planning beyond the initial noun is merely a modality-specific requirement of speech. In three image-description experiments (Ns = 32) subjects produced sentences with simple and conjoined initial noun phrases in both speech and writing. Production onset latencies and participants' eye movements were recorded. Ease of lexical retrieval of sentences' second nouns was assessed by manipulating codability (Experiment 1) and by lexical priming (Experiments 2 and 3). Findings confirmed a modality-independent phrasal scope for advance planning but did not support obligatory lexical retrieval beyond the sentence-initial noun. This research represents the first direct experimental comparison of sentence planning in speech and writing.
Language is more abstract than you think, or, why aren’t languages more iconic?
Authors: Lupyan Gary , Winter Bodo
Published: July 2018

How abstract is language? We show that abstractness pervades every corner of language, going far beyond the usual examples of freedom and justice. In light of the ubiquity of abstract words, the need to understand where abstract meanings come from becomes ever more acute. We argue that the best source of knowledge about abstract meanings may be language itself. We then consider a seemingly unrelated question: Why isn’t language more iconic? Iconicity—a resemblance between the form of words and their meanings—can be immensely useful in language learning and communication. Languages could be much more iconic than they currently are. So why aren’t they? We suggest that one reason is that iconicity is inimical to abstraction become iconic forms are too connected to specific contexts and sensory depictions. Form-meaning arbitrariness may allow language to better convey abstract meanings.
Sizes of Permanent Campsite Communities Reflect Constraints on Natural Human Communities
Authors: Kordsmeyer Tobias L. , Carron Pádraig Mac , Dunbar R. I. M.
Published: July 2018

Both small-scale human societies and personal social networkshave a characteristic hierarchical structure with successivelyinclusive layers of 15, 50, 150, 500, and 1,500 individuals. It hasbeen suggested that these values represent a set of naturalsocial attractors, or “sweet spots,” in organizational terms. Weexploited the new phenomenon of permanent (i.e., residential)campsites to ask whether these values are present in the sizedistribution of the numbers of residents in these naturallysmall-scale communities. In two separate data sets of differentgrain, we find consistent evidence for sites with 50, 150, 500,and maybe 1,500 residents. We infer that these reflect numerical sizes at which communities may in some way be socially optimal. Our data do not allow us to say why this pattern emerges, but the consistency of the results and the fact that thepredetermined sizes of permanent campsites adhere to thispattern suggest that it may arise from the limits on the numberof relationships that make an effective community.
Hainselin_2017_impro_CahiersPedagogiques
Authors: Hainselin Mathieu , Quillico Magali , Parking Gustave
Published: July 2018

Un plaidoyer pour la pratique de l'improvisation, activité ludique génératrice, entre autres, de bien-être, et aussi mobilisatrice de processus cognitifs favorisant la créativité
Assessing the effects of cognitive ageing on navigation: a novel navigation test battery
Authors: Wiener Jan , Carroll Denise , Juthapan Stacey , Bibi Iram , Ivanova Dima , Wolbers Thomas
Published: July 2018

Most research groups studying human navigation behaviour with virtual environments (VE) technology develop their own paradigms. This makes it difficul to compare results between groups, but also to create normative data sets for any specific navigation task. Such norms, however, are prerequisites for the use of navigation assessments as diagnostic tools, for example, to support the early and differential diagnosis of atypical aging. Here we start addressing these problems by presenting and evaluating a new navigation test battery that we make freely available to other researchers (https://osf.io/mx52y/). Specifically, we designed three navigation tasks, which are adaptation of earlier published paradigms used to study the effects of typical and atypical ageing on navigation: a route repetition task that can be solved using egocentric or viewpoint dependent navigation strategies, and a route retracing and the different approach direction tasks both of which require viewpoint independent processing. Despite introducing a number of changes to the original paradigms to make them look realistic and ecologically valid, and therefore easy to explain to people unfamiliar with VE or with cognitive impairments, we were able to replicate the findings from the original studies. Specifically, we found general age-related declines in navigation performance and additional specific deficits in tasks that required viewpoint independent or allocentric processes. These findings demonstrate that our new paradigms render reliable results and thus suited to be used more widely.
Allostasis, interoception, and the free energy principle: Feeling our way forward
Authors: Corcoran Andrew W , Hohwy Jakob
Published: July 2018

Interoceptive processing is commonly understood in terms of the monitoring and representation of the body’s current physiological (i.e. homeostatic) status, with aversive sensory experiences encoding some impending threat to tissue viability. However, claims that homeostasis fails to fully account for the sophisticated regulatory dynamics observed in complex organisms have led some theorists to incorporate predictive (i.e. allostatic) regulatory mechanisms within broader accounts of interoceptive processing. Critically, these frameworks invoke diverse – and potentially mutually inconsistent – interpretations of the role allostasis plays in the scheme of biological regulation. We argue in favour of a moderate, reconciliatory position in which homeostasis and allostasis are conceived as equally vital (but functionally distinct) modes of physiological control. We explore the implications of this interpretation for free energy-based accounts of interoceptive inference, advocating a similarly complementary (and hierarchical) view of homeostatic and allostatic processing.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex for Consistency Curation
Authors: Thomsen Knud
Published: July 2018

Control is essential in all complex systems serving any purpose, and cognitive control is claimed to fill a pivotal role for the cognition of natural agents. The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) is a neural structure, widely believed to be involved in cognitive control. In the human brain, the ACC undoubtedly takes a center position and features several peculiarities. It has been implicated in a wide range of tasks ranging from sensing pain and autonomic regulation to high-level executive functions like error monitoring and abstract control. A sketch how this seemingly irreconcilable plurality can be understood as manifestations of only one general process working in diverse contexts on different content is presented and also how this constitutes evidence for a specific cognitive architecture. Going beyond extant proposals for ACC function, the here presented one recommends an embedding into a very general overarching model of cognition. Discrepancy monitoring highlights deviations between predictions derived from memory content and current activations. A process doing this has recently been proposed as central to the 'Ouroboros Model' under the title of 'consumption analysis'. It is claimed that ONE functional account centered on consistency checking and, based thereupon, the overall minimization of discrepancies ("consistency curation and cultivation”) can parsimoniously explain the plentitude of reported observations for the ACC, thus shedding new light on the neural computations, which form the foundations of cognition and, finally, consciousness. A specific "natural" reconciliation of various current conceptualizations and theoretical models is offered, which points out promising directions for future modelling efforts and attempts to harness the findings generally for artificial intelligence.
The Flatland Fallacy: Moving Beyond Low Dimensional Thinking
Authors: Jolly Eshin , Chang Luke J.
Published: July 2018

Psychology is a complicated science. It has no general axioms or mathematical proofs, is rarely directly observable, and has the privilege of being the only discipline in which the content under investigation (i.e. human psychological phenomena) are the very tools utilized to conduct this investigation. For these reasons, it is easy to be seduced by the idea that our psychological theories, limited by our cognitive capacities, accurately reflect a far more complex landscape. Like the Flatlanders in Edwin Abbot’s famous short story (1884), we may be led to believe that the parsimony offered by our low-dimensional theories reflects the reality of a much higher-dimensional problem. Here we contest that this “Flatland fallacy” leads us to seek out simplified explanations of complex phenomena, limiting our capacity as scientists to build and communicate useful models of human psychology. We suggest that this fallacy can be overcome through (1) the use of quantitative models which force researchers to formalize their theories to overcome this fallacy and (2) improved quantitative training which can build new norms for conducting psychological research.
Noticing Extraversion Effects Attention: How Robot and Participant Personality Affect Social Attention
Authors: Momen Ali , Wiese Eva
Published: July 2018

Social robots with expressive gaze have positive effects on human-robot interaction. In particular, research suggests that when robots are programmed to express introverted or extraverted gaze behavior, individuals enjoy interacting more with robots that match their personality. However, how this affects social-cognitive performance during human-robot interactions has not been thoroughly examined yet. In the current paper, we examine whether the perceived match between human and robot personality positively affects the degree to which the robot’s gaze is followed (i.e., gaze cueing, as a proxy for more complex social-cognitive behavior). While social attention has been examined extensively outside of human-robot interaction, recent research shows that a robot’s gaze is attended to in a similar way as a human’s gaze. While our results did not support the hypothesis that gaze cueing would be strongest when the participant’s personality matched the robot’s personality, we did find evidence that participants followed the gaze of introverted robots more strongly than the gaze of extroverted robots. This finding suggests that agent’s displaying extraverted gaze behavior may hurt performance in human-robot interaction
False memory for perceptually similar but conceptually distinct line drawings
Authors: Stahl Christoph , Aust Frederik
Published: July 2018

Whereas most false memory effects for pictorial material are thought to be based on semantic or conceptual similarity, some findings, based on novel visual material, have been attributed solely to perceptual similarity. However, alternative accounts of these perceptual effects in terms of associative and/or conceptual processes have been proposed. We report four experiments that address these points of criticism, using pairs of perceptually similar but conceptually distinct line drawings of objects (e.g., banana -- crescent). Similar lures were judged old more often than unrelated items, and confidence for false alarms was greater for similar lures than for unrelated items. This perceptual false memory effect was not modulated by rotation of stimuli between study and test, was unaffected by retention interval (0 vs. 20 min), and was obtained regardless of response format (old/new and old/similar/new). These findings rule out the criticism of previous perceptual false memory effects and more conclusively demonstrate false memory on the basis of perceptual similarity.
Individual Differences in Learning Social and Non-Social Network Structures
Authors: Tompson Steven , Kahn Ari E , Falk Emily B. , Vettel Jean M , Bassett Danielle S
Published: July 2018

Learning about complex associations between pieces of information enables individuals to quickly adjust their expectations and develop mental models. Yet, the degree to which humans can learn higher-order information about complex associations is not well understood; nor is it known whether the learning process differs for social and non-social information. Here, we employ a paradigm in which the order of stimulus presentation forms temporal associations between the stimuli, collectively constituting a complex network structure. We examined individual differences in the ability to learn network topology for which stimuli were social versus non-social. Although participants were able to learn both social and non-social networks, their performance in social network learning was uncorrelated with their performance in non-social network learning. Importantly, social traits, including social orientation and perspective-taking, uniquely predicted the learning of social networks but not the learning of non-social networks. Taken together, our results suggest that the process of learning higher-order structure in social networks is independent from the process of learning higher-order structure in non-social networks. Our study design provides a promising approach to identify neurophysiological drivers of social network versus non-social network learning, extending our knowledge about the impact of individual differences on these learning processes. Implications for how people learn and adapt to new social contexts that require integration into a new social network are discussed.
The cost of empathy: Parent-adolescent conflict predicts emotion dysregulation for highly empathic youth
Authors: Van Lissa Caspar J. , Hawk Skyler T. , Koot Hans M. , Branje Susan , Meeus Wim
Published: July 2018

Empathy plays a key role in maintaining close relationships and promoting pro-social conflict resolution. However, research has not addressed the potential emotional cost of adolescents’ high empathy, particularly when relationships are characterized by more frequent conflict. The present six-year longitudinal study (N = 467) investigated whether conflict with parents predicted emotion dysregulation more strongly for high-empathy adolescents than for lower-empathy adolescents. Emotion dysregulation was operationalized at both the experiential level, using mood diary data collected for three weeks each year, and at the dispositional level, using annual self-report measures. In line with predictions, we found that more frequent adolescent-parent conflict predicted greater day-to-day mood variability and dispositional difficulties in emotion regulation for high-empathy adolescents, but not for average- and low-empathy adolescents. Mood variability and difficulties in emotion regulation, in turn, also predicted increased conflict with parents. These links were not moderated by empathy. Moreover, our research allowed for a novel investigation of the interplay between experiential and dispositional emotion dysregulation. Day-to-day mood variability predicted increasing dispositional difficulties in emotion regulation over time, which suggests that experiential dysregulation becomes consolidated into dispositional difficulties in emotion regulation. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that, for high-empathy adolescents, conflict was a driver of this dysregulation consolidation process. Finally, emotion dysregulation played a role in over-time conflict maintenance for high-empathy adolescents. This suggests that, through emotion dysregulation, high empathy may paradoxically also contribute to maintaining negative adolescent-parent interactions. Our research indicates that high empathy comes at a cost when adolescent-parent relationships are characterized by greater negativity.
Beyond Overall Effects: A Bayesian Approach to Finding Constraints Across A Collection Of Studies In Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rouder Jeffrey N. , Haaf Julia M. , Davis-Stober Clintin P. , Hilgard Joseph
Published: July 2018

Most meta-analyses focus on meta-analytic means, testing whether they are significantly different from zero and how they depend on covariates. This mean is difficult to defend as a construct because the underlying distribution of studies reflects many factors such as how we choose to run experiments. We argue that the fundamental questions of meta-analysis should not be about the aggregated mean; instead, one should ask which relations are stable across all the studies. In a typical meta-analysis, there is a preferred or hypothesized direction (e.g., that violent video games increase, rather than decrease, agressive behavior). We ask whether all studies in a meta-analysis have true effects in a common direction. If so, this is an example of a stable relation across all the studies. We propose four models: (i) all studies are truly null; (ii) all studies share a single true nonzero effect; (iii) studies differ, but all true effects are in the same direction; and (iv) some study effects are truly positive while others are truly negative. We develop Bayes factor model comparison for these models and apply them to four extant meta-analyses to show their usefulness.
Orange as a perceptual representation of the Dutch nation: Effects on perceived national identification and color evaluation
Authors: Lakens Daniel
Published: July 2018

Although it is generally accepted that colors carry meaning, experimental research about individual, situational and cultural differences in the meaning of colors is scarce. The current research examines whether the Dutch national color functions as a perceptual representation of The Netherlands. A person dressed in orange clothing was judged to identify more with his nation compared to the same person dressed in blue (Study 1). When national identification was salient, such as during (vs. before/after) the European soccer championship, or when participants recalled an experience in which they identified (vs. not-identified) with The Netherlands, and people were more aware of the use of the color orange as a perceptual representation of The Netherlands, orange was evaluated more positively (Studies 2 and 3). Furthermore, orange evaluations correlated with self-reported national identification. These results support the hypothesis that national colors carry psychological meaning, which can influence person perception and color evaluations.
How low can you go? Detecting style in extremely low resolution images
Authors: Searston Rachel A , Thompson Matthew B , Vokey John Richard , French Luke , Tangen Jason Marcus
Published: July 2018

Humans can see through the complexity of scenes, faces, and objects by quickly extracting their redundant low-spatial and low-dimensional global properties, or their style. It remains unclear, however, whether semantic coding is necessary, or whether visual stylistic information is sufficient, for people to recognize and discriminate complex images and categories. In two experiments, we systematically reduce the resolution of hundreds of unique paintings, birds, and faces, and test people’s ability to discriminate and recognize them. We show that the stylistic information retained at extremely low image resolutions is sufficient for visual recognition of images, and visual discrimination of categories. Averaging over the three domains, people were able to reliably recognize images reduced down to a single pixel, with large differences from chance discriminability across eight different image resolutions. People were also able to discriminate categories substantially above chance with an image resolution as low as 2×2 pixels. We situate our findings in the context of contemporary computational accounts of visual recognition, and contend that explicit encoding of the local features in the image, or knowledge of the semantic category, is not necessary for recognizing and distinguishing complex visual stimuli.
Drivers’ Perceptions of Functionality Implied by Terms Used to Describe Automation in Vehicles
Authors: Nees Michael A.
Published: July 2018

The expectations induced by the labels used to describe vehicle automation are important to understand, because research has shown that expectations can affect trust in automation even before a person uses the system for the first time. An online sample of drivers rated the perceived division of driving responsibilities implied by common terms used to describe automation. Ratings of 13 terms were made on a scale from 1 (“human driver is entirely responsible”) to 7 (“vehicle is entirely responsible”) for three driving tasks (steering, accelerating/braking, and monitoring). In several instances, the functionality implied by automation terms did not match the technical definitions of the terms and/or the actual capabilities of the automated vehicle functions currently described by the terms. These exploratory findings may spur and guide future research on this under-examined topic.
Examining Links between Post-Traumatic Stress and Gambling Motives: The Role of Positive Gambling Expectancies
Authors: Grubbs Joshua B. , Chapman Heather , Milner Lauren , Gutierrez Ian A , Bradley David F.
Published: July 2018

Problem gambling and gambling disorder are associated with a range of mental health concerns that extend beyond gambling behaviors alone. Prior works have consistently linked gambling disorder with symptoms of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress disorder, both cross-sectionally and over time. However, very little work has examined the specific relationships between these two disorders. The present work postulated that post-traumatic stress is likely associated with unique beliefs about gambling behaviors and unique motivations to gamble. Using two samples—an inpatient sample of U.S. Armed Forces veterans (N = 332) seeking treatment for gambling related problems and a web-sample of gambling adults (N = 881)—we examined these ideas. Results from both samples indicated that post-traumatic stress symptoms were related to positive gambling expectancies and coping motivations for gambling. Additionally, in both samples, positive gambling expectancies were associated with greater coping motivations for gambling. Structural equation models revealed that positive gambling expectancies were consistent predictors of coping motivations for gambling. The findings indicate that post-traumatic stress symptoms are likely associated with unique beliefs about and motivations for gambling behaviors. Given the high comorbidity between symptoms of post-traumatic stress and gambling disorder, these specific relationships are likely of clinical interest in populations seeking treatment for either post-traumatic stress or for problems with gambling behaviors.
Teacher Moments: an online platform for preservice teachers to practice parent-teacher conversations
Authors: Thompson Meredith , Robinson Kevin , Kim YJ , Reich Justin , Owho-Ovuakporie Kesiena
Published: July 2018

Simulations allow preservice teachers to connect education theory and practice in low-risk environments. This study presents findings from our investigation of the suitability of a simulation called “Teacher Moments” for two parent-teacher conference scenarios. Students in a preservice education class completed two Teacher Moments simulations as assignments during the semester. Using a design-based approach, we document how we learn from multiple implementations and discuss the outcome of the revised design. Our findings suggest that students perceive simulations within Teacher Moments as authentic experiences that provoke cognitive dissonance. Additionally, the simulation allows education students to practice key skills in teaching such as remaining calm in difficult situations and articulating their pedagogical and classroom management approaches to parents.
Of young people and Internet cafés
Authors: Xiao ZhiMin , Higgins Steve
Published: July 2018

This study examines how adolescent experience in Internet cafés (known as wangba in Chinese) relates to academic attainment in urban, rural, and Tibetan schools of China. By documenting the frustrations teenagers express in their negotiations with adults surrounding access to and use of wangba and, by comparing self-reported academic standing of students from similar backgrounds with how they differ in their experience in wangba, the study finds that visiting wangba is not strongly correlated with the probability of students reporting either high- or under-achievement. While students without any experience in wangba are substantially less likely to report academic underperformance, the association disappears after matching when the logit regression model is less model-dependent and vulnerable to the problems associated with missing data. The paper concludes that visiting wangba alone is not systematically correlated with academic attainment, and that much adult anxiety concerning adolescent visit to wangba represents moral-technological panic and, offers a simplified explanation for educational problems that have deep macrosocial roots.
The USM campus climate survey: Findings and recommendations
Authors: Strunk Kamden K
Published: July 2018

The present investigation of USM Campus Climate was commissioned by the University of Southern Mississippi in 2014, and has been conducted by the Research Initiative on Social Justice and Equity (RISE). RISE is a multi-institutional research consortium with its origins at USM in 2013, and contributions to this report have come from multiple directors, research fellows, research associates, and student fellows of RISE. The data for this project were collected, managed, and have remained under the control and supervision of RISE personnel.We aim in this report to detail the reasons this inquiry was conducted, what we have learned from it, and what we believe are some reasonable recommendations based on the results. Throughout the process of completing this report, we have been in communication with multiple faculty, staff, and student groups to attempt to create a product that is representative of multiple viewpoints, incorporates information about ongoing and upcoming efforts, and that is fair in representing USM as an evolving, unfolding institution working to improve the experience for all students in an environment that is, at times, difficult due to political and financial realities.
A Cautious Defense of Intellectual Oligopoly with Fringe Competition
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Michele Boldrin and David Levine offer a strong attack on intellectualproperty (IP), which they call “intellectual monopoly.” In their view, IPis not necessary to encourage invention or creation. Quite the contrary,they argue that we get innovation from competition, not monopoly. Further,because monopoly imposes well-recognized social costs, we are better offwithout it if it doesn’t in fact spur new innovation.Boldrin and Levine make a plausible case on their own terms. Nonetheless, Ithink their terms are misleading. IP rights are rarely if ever“intellectual monopolies.” Most patents, to say nothing of most copyrights,create no economic rents. What this means is that we can’t assume that IPrights generally impose deadweight losses on society. They cause deviationfrom atomistic, perfect competition, but they don’t cause monopoly pricing.With a small number of exceptions, therefore, they don’t cause the socialharms Boldrin and Levine correctly associate with monopoly pricing.
The Emergence of Forensic Objectivity
Authors: Peterson David
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTA central goal of modern science, objectivity, is a concept with adocumented history. Its meaning in any specific setting reflectshistorically-situated understandings of both science and self. Recently,various scientific fields have confronted growing mistrust about thereplicability of findings. Statistical techniques familiar to forensicinvestigations have been deployed to articulate a “crisis of falsepositives.” In response, epistemic activists have invoked a decidedlyeconomic understanding of scientists’ selves. This has prompted a set ofproposed reforms including regulating disclosure of “backstage” researchdetails and enhancing incentives for replication. We argue that, together,these events represent the emergence of a new formulation of objectivity.Forensic objectivity assesses the integrity of research literatures in theresults observed in collections of studies rather than in themethodological details of individual studies and, thus, positionsmeta-analysis as the ultimate arbiter of scientific objectivity. Forensicobjectivity not only presents a challenge to scientific communities butalso raises new questions for the sociology of science.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Review of Taxing the Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe
Authors: Garmon Frank W.
Published: July 2018

Review of Taxing the Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe
Learning English (and Arabic) in Malaysian Islamic Schools: Language Use and the Construction of Identities
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Adnan Airil Haimi Mohd
Published: July 2018

The Malaysian schooling system celebrates the diversity of Malaysian ethnic groups by allowing different school types to co-exist since the independence of the Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia) from British colonial rule in 1957. Whilst ideologically young Malaysians can pick and choose where they want to learn, these schools are clustered around ethnicity, language and even religion. Only the majority national schools (or sekolah kebangsaan) reflect the diversity of the ideological Malaysian ‘race’ (or bangsa Malaysia). For national type schools (or sekolah jenis kebangsaan), these are almost exclusively subscribed by Tamil speaking students who are mostly Indians or by Mandarin speaking students who are mostly Chinese. The focus of this empirical paper is on a final school type, national religious schools (or sekolah kebangsaan agama), that represents the religious ideology of the Malaysian majority race, the Malay-Muslims. These are primary and secondary ‘Islamic schools’ that place heavy emphasis on Islamic education often through the medium of Arabic, for the Malay-Muslim majority in Malaysia. This paper focuses on the lived experiences of 30 first year university undergraduates who completed five to six years of secondary education in national religious schools. Data were collected from periodic focus group discussions and also written narrative ‘reflections’ of their Islamic school days with three cohorts of selected undergraduates from March 2016 to May 2017 at two university campuses in northern Malaysia. The stories they shared draw attention to how English, and to an extent Arabic language, influenced their school-based learning experiences and constructed their identities.
Senses of Wonder
Authors: Soderberg Jenka
Published: July 2018

Recent sustainability education theorists have identified a gap in the research literature regarding sensory entanglement and wonder in sustainability education. Sensory entanglement and wonder are requisite because they bring valuable shifts supporting a more critical and transformative kind of sustainability education by (1) awakening a compassionate connection with the living world, (2) nurturing alternative epistemologies, (3) providing a strengthening function for sustainability educators and their co-learners, for stamina and ongoing engagement, and (4) generating sustainability agency and an active and authentic hope to sustain a sense of the possible in the midst of the dire. This article focuses on how awakening the senses to foster a sense of wonder can nurture grounded, authentic, active hope and agency in sustainability education. It is authored collaboratively by sixteen graduate course participants and faculty co-researchers who discuss interrelated theories pointing to a need to foster senses of wonder in sustainability education. The researchers work in research teams to explore experiential and sense-based hope- and agency-building curricula. Findings include activities and reflections across the five senses as well as with the sixth sense, intuition. Sensing, listening, intimate observing, imagining, feeling, entangling, and wondering can shift unsustainability epistemologies and transform human and cultural engagement. The sense of sound can be immersive and resonant, lending learners to relational and multispecies sensing. Scent can catalyze wonder and inspire experiential, holistic growth and integration of time. Savoring in the sense of taste can extend learners from survival to joy, offering opportunities for mindfulness that can connect cultural and biocultural mutualisms and collaborative sustainability agencies. Pattern sensing for similarity using the visual sense of wonder can support connected knowing and ecological vision. The sense of touch can offer a continuous and mutual comfort and belonging. Visual pattern and texture scavenger hunts can cultivate these sustainability sense capacities. The sixth sense, intuition, opens learners to imaginative, transformative, and connective ways of knowing as place and planet, stimulating hope-giving, integrative sustainability agencies.
Brief Amici Curiae of 20 Law and Business Professors in Support of Neither Party in Bilski v. Doll
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The patent statutes were wisely drafted with an expansive vision ofpatentable subject matter. Efforts to graft judicially created limitationsonto that expansive scope in the past have proven fruitless and indeedcounterproductive. In deciding Bilski v. Doll, the Supreme Court should notimpose a requirement that patentable inventions require a machine or thephysical transformation of some material. It should instead maintain therule that patents are available for "anything under the sun made by man,"including discoveries of ideas, laws of nature, or natural phenomena, solong as they are implemented in a practical application. In short, the testshould be as it has been: where an idea is claimed as applied, it iseligible for patentability, but if it is claimed merely in the abstract itis not.