bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of thermal plastic composite panels made from Tetra Pak waste and high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Xu Changyan , Jian Weicheng , Xing Cheng , Zhou Handong , Zhao Yuqing , Pan Hui , Xiong Xueping
Published: December 2014

In this article, flame retardancy thermoplastic composites were developed by extrusion followed by injection molding using recycled Tetra Pak packaging material (TPP) waste and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) with addition of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine (MEL) as intumescent flame retardants (FRs). The influences of intumescent FRs on the properties of composites were investigated. FRs loading positively affected flame retardancy, but deteriorated mechanical properties as the loading rate was more than 30 wt%. Considering the fire retardancy and tensile strength (TS), the content of FR should not be more than 30 wt%. When the ratio of APP/MEL was less than 3/1, both combustion behavior and TS of the composites were improved with the increased FR loading, which was supported and verified by the analysis of FTIR spectra and SEM images. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that the incorporation APP and/or APP and MEL into composites as FRs into composites promoted char formation and correspondingly improved the thermal stability. The synergistic effect of APP and MEL in the intumescent FR system further improved the flame retardancy of the composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1797–1804, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and characterization of novel optically active poly(amide‐imide)/α‐Fe2O3 nanocomposites containing l‐alanine moieties
Authors: Rafiee Zahra , Rezaei Sohila
Published: December 2014

An optically active poly(amide‐imide) (PAI) was synthesized from the polymerization reaction of N,N′‐(Pyromellitoyl)‐bis‐l‐alanine diacid chloride with 2,5‐diaminotoluene. The obtained inorganic metal oxide nanocomposites composed of PAI/nanostructured hematite (α‐Fe2O3) were synthesized through ultrasonic irradiation. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM results indicated that the nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously in PAI matrix on nanoscale. TGA confirmed that the heat stability of the nanocomposites was improved in the presence of α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1805–1811, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Facile preparation of modified carbon nanotube‐reinforced PBT nanocomposites with enhanced thermal, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties
Authors: Yang Wei , Zhou Han , Yang Benhong , Lu Hongdian , Song Lei , Hu Yuan
Published: December 2014

In this study, the carbon nanotube was modified by inorganic acids to introduce the carboxylic acid groups on the surface. The modified carbon nanotube (m‐CNT)‐reinforced poly(1,4‐butylene terephthalate) (PBT) nanocomposites were prepared through melt blending method. Morphological observations revealed that the m‐CNT particles were homogeneously dispersed in PBT matrix. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis showed that a very small quantity of m‐CNT can significantly increase the crystallization temperature of PBT. The improvement of thermal stability and tensile strength/modulus of the nanocomposites strongly depended on the uniform dispersion of m‐CNT and the interactions between m‐CNT and PBT through hydrogen‐bonding formation. In the cone calorimeter testing, the PHRR decreased from 1189 kW/m2 for neat PBT to 737 kW/m2 for PBT/0.9m‐CNT containing 0.9 wt% m‐CNT with a reduction of 38%. The remarkable enhancement of flame retardancy properties was attributed to the condensed‐phase effect acted by the m‐CNT. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1812–1820, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of 5% Cr Steel via Electro‐Slag Casting
Authors: Liu Jian , Yu Hao , Wang Juan , Zhou Tao , Song Chenghao
Published: December 2014

The newly designed 5% Cr steel processed by electro‐slag casting can be a candidate material as components in blast furnace top gas recovery turbine unit (TRT). The present study focuses on the evolution of the microstructure, strength and toughness with increasing tempering temperature from 550 to 700 °C. Typical tempered martensitic structure was achieved after quenching and tempering for the 5% Cr steel. The microstructure characterization shows that M3C in the matrix after 550 °C tempering was not stable and transformed to M7C3 during tempering above 600 °C. After tempered at the temperature higher than 600 °C, only M7C3 existed in the specimens. The M7C3 carbides along the boundaries were significantly larger than those in the matrix due to the effect of direct nucleation as well as the greater mobility of alloy elements. The size and Cr content of M7C3 increased considerably with increasing tempering temperature. With the increase of tempering temperature, both tensile and yield strength decreased, which can be attributed to the recovery of martensitic laths and the decrease of the quantity of interstitial carbon atoms in the matrix as well as the coarsening of carbides. The softening of matrix and increase of the length of high angle grain boundaries were responsible for the increase of impact toughness. The integrated effects of the softening of matrix and coarsening of carbides resulted in the slight decrease of the impact absorbed energy after 700 °C tempering.
Combination of miRNA499 and miRNA133 Exerts a Synergic Effect on Cardiac Differentiation
Authors: Pisano Federica , Altomare Claudia , Cervio Elisabetta , Barile Lucio , Rocchetti Marcella , Ciuffreda Maria Chiara , Malpasso Giuseppe , Copes Francesco , Mura Manuela , Danieli Patrizia , Viarengo Gianluca , Zaza Antonio , Gnecchi Massimiliano
Published: December 2014

Several studies have demonstrated that miRNA are involved in cardiac development, stem cell maintenance, and differentiation. In particular, it has been shown that miRNA133, miRNA1, and miRNA499 are involved in progenitor cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes. However, it is unknown whether different miRNA may act synergistically to improve cardiac differentiation. We used mouse P19 cells as a cardiogenic differentiation model. miRNA499, miRNA1, or miRNA133 were transiently over-expressed in P19 cells individually or in different combinations. The over-expression of miRNA499 alone increased the number of beating cells and the association of miRNA499 with miRNA133 exerted a synergistic effect, further increasing the number of beating cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the combination of miRNA499 + 133 enhanced the expression of cardiac genes compared with controls. Western blot and immunocytochemistry for connexin43 and cardiac troponin T confirmed these findings. Importantly, caffeine responsiveness, a clear functional parameter of cardiac differentiation, was increased by miRNA499 in association with miRNA133 and was directly correlated with the activation of the cardiac troponin I isoform promoter. Cyclic contractions were reversibly abolished by extracellular calcium depletion, nifedipine, ryanodine, and IP3R blockade. Finally, we demonstrated that the use of miRNA499 + 133 induced cardiac differentiation even in the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Our results show that the areas spontaneously contracting possess electrophysiological and pharmacological characteristics compatible with true cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. The translational relevance of our findings was reinforced by the demonstration that the over-expression of miRNA499 and miRNA133 was also able to induce the differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells toward the cardiac lineage. Stem Cells  2015;33:1187–1199
Optimum watermark detection of ultrasonic echo medical images
Authors: Khawne Amnach , Attachoo Boonwat , Hamamoto Kazuhiko
Published: December 2014

To prevent unauthorized access to a person's medical images, it is widely acknowledged that the security features of confidentiality, availability and integrity should be in place. This paper proposes the watermarking of ultrasonic echo images together with optimal watermark detection, in which pseudorandom noise is added to the images for integrity. The optimum watermark detection is the integration of the generalized Gaussian distribution (ρ‐GGD) and the Cauchy distribution. The results show that the proposed method gives good detection performance. The proposed method not merely achieves optimum detection using the Rao test but also leads to the highest detection probability with JPEG2000 compression. Compared with other detection methods, our proposed method exhibits better watermark detection performance even when the watermark‐to‐document ratio (WDR) is −50 dB. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deltamethrin‐induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial caspase‐dependent signaling pathways in murine splenocytes
Authors: Kumar Anoop , Sasmal D. , Bhaskar Amand , Mukhopadhyay Kunal , Thakur Aman , Sharma Neelima
Published: December 2014

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a well‐known pyrethroid insecticide used extensively in pest control. Exposure to DLM has been demonstrated to cause apoptosis in various cells. However, the immunotoxic effects of DLM on mammalian system and its mechanism is still an open question to be explored. To explore these effects, this study has been designed to first observe the interactions of DLM to immune cell receptors and its effects on the immune system. The docking score revealed that DLM has strong binding affinity toward the CD45 and CD28 receptors. In vitro study revealed that DLM induces apoptosis in murine splenocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner. The earliest markers of apoptosis such as enhanced reactive oxygen species and caspase 3 activation are evident as early as 1 h by 25 and 50 µM DLM. Western blot analysis demonstrated that p38 MAP kinase and Bax expression is increased in a concentration‐dependent manner, whereas Bcl 2 expression is significantly reduced after 3 h of DLM treatment. Glutathione depletion has been also observed at 3 and 6 h by 25 and 50 µM concentration of DLM. Flow cytometry results imply that the fraction of hypodiploid cells has gradually increased with all the concentrations of DLM at 18 h. N‐acetyl cysteine effectively reduces the percentage of apoptotic cells, which is increased by DLM. In contrast, buthionine sulfoxamine causes an elevation in the percentage of apoptotic cells. Phenotyping data imply the effect of DLM toxicity in murine splenocytes. In brief, the study demonstrates that DLM causes apoptosis through its interaction with CD45 and CD28 receptors, leading to oxidative stress and activation of the mitochondrial caspase‐dependent pathways which ultimately affects the immune functions. This study provides mechanistic information by which DLM causes toxicity in murine splenocytes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 808–819, 2016.
MicroRNA‐155 targets cyb561d2 in zebrafish in response to fipronil exposure
Authors: Huang Hannian , Zhang Kai , Zhou Yongyong , Ding Xianfeng , Yu Liang , Zhu Guonian , Guo Jiangfeng
Published: December 2014

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are a class of small noncoding RNAs, can modulate the expression of many protein‐coding genes when an organism is exposed to an environmental chemical. We previously demonstrated that miR‐155 was significantly downregulated in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) in response to fipronil (5‐amino‐1‐[2,6‐dichloro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]‐4‐[(trifluoromethyl) sulphinyl]‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carbonitrile) exposure. However, the regulation of this miRNA's predicted target gene cyb561d2, which is a member of the cytochrome b561 (cyt b561) family involved in electron transfer, cell defence, and chemical stress, has not been experimentally validated to date. In this study, we evaluated the effects of fipronil on miR‐155 and cyb561d2 in zebrafish. The expression of miR‐155 was downregulated, whereas cyb561d2 was upregulated in both mRNA and protein level in a dose‐dependent manner upon stimulation of fipronil. The dual luciferase report assay demonstrated that miR‐155 interacted with cyb561d2 3′‐untranslated regions (3′‐UTR). The expression of cyb561d2 was reduced in both mRNA and protein levels when ZF4 cells were transfected with an miR‐155 mimic, whereas its expression levels of both mRNA and protein were increased when endogenous miR‐155 was inhibited by transfection with an miR‐155 inhibitor. The results improved our understanding of molecular mechanism of toxicity upon fipronil exposure, and presents miR‐155 as a potential novel toxicological biomarker for chemical exposure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 877–886, 2016.
A Preliminary Experimental and Environmental Feasibility Case Study of Glass Asphalt Production in Lesvos Island, Greece
Authors: Sinioros Efstratios , Stamou Periklis , Lasithiotakis Michael , Akriotis Dimitrios , Haralambopoulos Dias
Published: December 2014

Life cycle analyses and methods for assessing performance of glass in asphalt
MicroRNAs in the immune organs of chickens and ducks indicate divergence of immunity against H5N1 avian influenza
Authors: Li Zezhong , Zhang Jinyu , Su Jiazi , Liu Yinuo , Guo Jiang , Zhang Yonghong , Lu Chunyan , Xing Shenyang , Guan Yuntao , Li Yanbing , Sun Boxing , Zhao Zhihui
Published: December 2014

Chickens are susceptible to the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza virus (HPAIV), whereas ducks are not. Here, we used high‐throughput sequencing to analyse the microRNA expression in the spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of H5N1‐HPAIV‐infected and non‐infected chickens and ducks. We annotated the genomic positions of duck microRNAs and we compared the microRNA repertoires of chickens and ducks. Our results showed that the microRNA expression patterns in the homologous immune organs of specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) chickens and ducks diverge substantially. Moreover, there was larger divergence between the microRNA expression patterns in immune organs of HPAIV‐infected chickens than HPAIV‐infected ducks. Together, our results might help to elucidate the roles of microRNAs in the divergent immunity of chickens and ducks against H5N1 HPAIV.
Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heatexposure in broiler chickens : biological and endocrinological variables
Authors: Geraert P. A. , Padilha J. C. F. , Guillaumin S.
Published: December 2014

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic heat exposure (32° constant) on plasma metabolites and hormone concentrations in broiler chickens. At 2 and 4 weeks of age, fifty-four male Shaver broiler chickens were allocated to one of three treatments: 22° ad lib. feeding (22AL), 32°ad lib. feeding (32AL) and 22°,pair-feeding with the 32AL group (22PF). Ambient temperature was kept constant at either 22 or 32° for 2 weeks. Plasma glucose, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), individual amino acids, uric acid, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine, corticosterone were determined. Sensitivity to exogenous insulin was also measured at 7 weeks of age. At 4 and 6 weeks of age, i.e. after 2 weeks at high ambient temperature, fasted 32AL chickens displayed similar concentrations of glucose and triacylglycerols to those of 22AL birds. When fed, 32AL chickens exhibited higher plasma levels of glucose and decreased concentrations of NEFAand amino acids. Feed restriction resulted in intermediate values. Concentrations of all plasmafree amino acids were decreased under heat exposure except for aspartic acid, glutamic acid andphenylalanine. At 6 weeks of age, plasma T3 was reduced irrespective of the nutritional state, while plasma corticosterone concentrations were increased in 32AL birds compared with 22AL birds. Heat exposure did not change plasma insulin concentration in either fasted or fed chickens. The 32AL chickens displayed significantly reduced sensitivity to exogenous insulin when fasted,but an enhanced response to insulin when fed, compared with both 22° groups. Such endocrinological changes could stimulate lipid accumulation through increased de novo lipogenesis, reduced lipolysis and enhanced amino acid catabolism under chronic heat exposure.
Partition of oleic acid between the lymph and portal blood in rats having a diverted bile-pancreatic duct
Authors: Mathieu Y. , Caselli C. , Bernard A. , Carlier H.
Published: December 2014

The present study examines the suggestion that in the absence of adequate bile and pancreatic juice, which support the absorption from the gut of long-chain fatty acidsinto lymph, the fatty acids are absorbed directly into the portal blood. Oleic acid (18:l) partitioning between lymph and portal blood was investigated in intact and bile- and pancreatic juice-diverted rats. In a first set of experiments, 18: 1 absorption from the gut into lymph and blood was studied by continuous recovery of the mesenteric lymph for 6 h and mesenteric portal venous blood for 1 h. In a second set of experiments, esterification processes were investigated by study of the mucosal distribution of labelled lipids and by mono- and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.22 and EC 2.3.1.20 respectively) specific activities. In the bile- and pancreatic juice-diverted rats the absorption of labelled 18:l into lymph was significantly reduced during the first 3 h of intraluminal infusion of this substrate. In such rats a compensatory absorption of labelled 18: 1 into mesenteric portal blood was not observed. At 6 h after micellar lipid- mixture infusion, the overload of lipids both in free form and as triacylglycerols persisting in the mucosa paralleled the lower acyltransferase specific activities observed in bile- and pancreatic juice-diverted rats. These studies demonstrate the absence of a previously proposed compensatory absorption of 18: 1 into portal blood when absorption into lymph is impaired by an inadequate supply of bile and pancreatic juice.
Flora Capensis
Authors: Thunberg Carl Peter
Published: December 2014

The Swedish botanist Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), a physician and pupil of Linnaeus, carried out his most important work in South Africa and Japan. Having studied in Amsterdam and Leiden, he was asked to go plant-hunting in areas where the Dutch East India Company's trading activities were opening up territory for scientific exploration. In 1771 he travelled to South Africa as a ship's doctor, spending three years searching for, classifying and propagating plants, while at the same time becoming fluent in Dutch, as only the Dutch were allowed to enter Japan, his ultimate destination. Having acquired many Japanese specimens, he continued his travels and returned to Sweden in 1779. Three fascicles of this influential reference work in Latin on the South African flora were issued between 1807 and 1813. Reissued here is the full version edited by the Austrian botanist Josef August Schultes (1773–1831) and published in 1823.
Flora Capensis
Authors: Harvey William H. , Sonder Otto Wilhelm
Published: December 2014

This seminal publication began life as a collaborative effort between the Irish botanist William Henry Harvey (1811–66) and his German counterpart Otto Wilhelm Sonder (1812–81). Relying on many contributors of specimens and descriptions from colonial South Africa - and building on the foundations laid by Carl Peter Thunberg, whose Flora Capensis (1823) is also reissued in this series - they published the first three volumes between 1860 and 1865. These were reprinted unchanged in 1894, and from 1896 the project was supervised by William Thiselton-Dyer (1843–1928), director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. A final supplement appeared in 1933. Reissued now in ten parts, this significant reference work catalogues more than 11,500 species of plant found in South Africa. Containing the remaining polypetalous orders of the Calyciflorae, Volume 2 covers Leguminosae to Loranthaceae.
Vehicular Networking
Authors: Sommer Christoph , Dressler Falko
Published: December 2014

With this essential guide to vehicular networking, you will learn about everything from conceptual approaches and state-of-the-art protocols, to system designs and their evaluation. Covering both in- and inter-vehicle communication, this comprehensive work outlines the foundations of vehicular networking as well as demonstrating its commercial applications, from improved vehicle performance, to entertainment, and traffic information systems. All of this is supported by in-depth case studies and detailed information on proposed protocols and solutions for access technologies and information dissemination, as well as topics on rulemaking, regulations, and standardization. Importantly, for a field which is attracting increasing commercial interest, you will learn about the future trends of this technology, its problems, and solutions to overcome them. Whether you are a student, a communications professional or a researcher, this is an invaluable resource.
Journey to the North of India
Authors: Conolly Arthur
Published: December 2014

The Great Game, a coinage credited to the British officer Arthur Conolly (1807–42), refers to the nineteenth-century rivalry between Britain and Russia as each power sought supremacy in Central Asia. In a climate of tension and suspicion that the Russians might attempt to invade India via Afghanistan, Conolly, returning from sick leave in England, embarked in 1829 on an expedition through the region. His narrative provides observations on the various Asiatic peoples he encountered, including the social, religious and political aspects of their cultures. He describes also the many dangers he had to deal with, requiring him to assume a series of false identities. The risks that Conolly faced were underscored some years later, when he was captured and executed in Bukhara. Volume 1 recounts the first part of his journey, from St Petersburg, through the Caucasus, via Tiflis and Tehran, towards Herat.
Medical Jurisprudence
Authors: Paris John Ayrton , Fonblanque J. S. M.
Published: December 2014

The physician and author John Ayrton Paris (1785–1856), several of whose other medical and popular works have been reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection, and his co-author J. S. M. Fonblanque (1787–1865), barrister and administrator, published this three-volume work in 1823. It remained almost the only work on the topic of medical jurisprudence for many years. The authors define the term as 'a science by which medicine, and its collateral branches, are made subservient to the construction, elucidation, and administration of the laws; and to the preservation of public health'. Volume 3 continues the discussion of homicide, dealing with abortion and infanticide, rules for dissection, and issues of criminal responsibility, such as pleas of insanity. This is followed by a 'synopsis of the objects of inquiry in cases of sudden death', and an appendix presenting many illustrative historical cases. The book ends with a comprehensive index to all three volumes.
Seismology
Authors: Milne John
Published: December 2014

While living in Japan, John Milne (1850–1913) sought to study the 1880 Yokohama earthquake, soon realising that scientists lacked the proper tools. Aided by colleagues, he went on to develop the necessary instrumentation, and by 1896 he had built the first seismograph capable of recording major earthquakes in any part of the world. His textbook Earthquakes and Other Earth Movements (also reissued in this series) had appeared in 1886. In this follow-up work, published in 1898, Milne continues to discuss the nature of earthquakes, the methods and equipment needed to investigate them, and how to apply this knowledge to construction. He references the research, hypotheses and formulae of modern scientists, also noting in passing the suggestions made by earlier authors on the causes of seismic activity. The text is accompanied by many diagrams, especially of experimental apparatus, and several photographs illustrate damaged buildings and bridges.
Essai de géologie
Authors: Faujas-de-St.-Fond Barthélemy
Published: December 2014

Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819) abandoned the legal profession to pursue studies in natural history. Appointed a royal commissioner of mines in 1785, he also served as professor of geology at the natural history museum in Paris from 1793 until his death. His keen interest in rocks, minerals and fossils led to a number of important discoveries, among which was confirmation that basalt was a volcanic product. The present work appeared in three parts between 1803 and 1809. The second volume was divided into two. This second part lists the principal active volcanoes around the world and classifies volcanic products. Of related interest in the history of geology, Minéralogie des volcans (1784) and the revised English edition of A Journey through England and Scotland to the Hebrides in 1784 (1907) are two other works by Faujas which are also reissued in this series.
A Journey through England and Scotland to the Hebrides in 1784
Authors: Faujas de St-Fond Barthélemy
Published: December 2014

The French geologist Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819) abandoned the legal profession to pursue studies in natural history, working at the museum of natural history in Paris and as royal commissioner of mines. His enthusiasm for geology took him in 1784 to Britain, to investigate the basalt formations on the Hebridean island of Staffa described by Sir Joseph Banks in Pennant's Tour in Scotland (also reissued in this series). His subsequent account was published in France in 1797, and first translated into English in an abridged form in 1814. This two-volume annotated translation by the well-known geologist Sir Archibald Geikie (1835–1924), prefaced by a short biography of Faujas, was published in 1907. The work is interesting for its social as well as its geological observations. Volume 1 describes life in scientific circles in London, before recounting Faujas' journey to the Highlands of Scotland via Edinburgh and Glasgow.
The Life of Sir Albert Hastings Markham
Authors: Markham M. E. , Markham F. A.
Published: December 2014

This biography of the naval officer and explorer Sir Albert Hastings Markham (1841–1918) was published in 1927 by two relatives (both professional authors), using the detailed journals which he kept from 1862. Markham was the cousin of Sir Clements Markham, the historian and geographer, and was greatly influenced by him. Having volunteered for Arctic service, he was rejected by the Admiralty, but took a period of leave in which he went to Baffin Bay as second mate on a whaler. (His account of this voyage, and several other works, are also reissued in this series.) Though best remembered for his Arctic exploration, Markham was involved in active service in China, the Mediterranean and Australian waters, and in the training of naval recruits. He continued in the Royal Navy until 1906, and in his retirement continued to encourage polar exploration, serving for many years on the Council of the Royal Geographical Society.
Voyages of Discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic Seas, and round the World
Authors: McCormick Robert
Published: December 2014

Published in 1884 and illustrated with over 100 of his own drawings and maps, this two-volume work by the doctor and naturalist Robert McCormick (1800–90) provides an account of his voyages in the Arctic with William Parry and in the Antarctic with James Clark Ross, noting also his part in the search for Sir John Franklin. Incorporating a very detailed autobiography, McCormick's work also provides many details relating to natural history and geology. Volume 2 describes his role in the 1852–4 mission to find Franklin in the Arctic, including an open boat voyage up the Wellington Channel. The appendices provide notes on maintaining health in polar climes. This is followed by McCormick's autobiography, tracing his struggles to gain promotion in his naval career. Copies of correspondence relating to the Franklin search reveal his battle to have his ideas accepted by the Admiralty.
A Tour in Wales, MDCCLXXIII
Authors: Pennant Thomas
Published: December 2014

Antiquary, zoologist and traveller, Thomas Pennant (1726–98) is remembered for his work in bringing natural history to popular attention and for his engaging writing about the journeys he made. Lavishly illustrated by Moses Griffith with fine engravings of the stunning scenery, buildings and artefacts, this work appeared in two volumes between 1778 and 1781. More than a mere travelogue, this tour of his native country is full of delightful vignettes and historical background. The descriptions of locations and buildings reveal Pennant's thorough mind and tireless capacity for observation. Several of Pennant's other works, including his Tour in Scotland (second edition, 1772), are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. Volume 1 begins in Pennant's birthplace, Downing in Flintshire, and follows a route around North Wales, making 'a complete tour of the tamer parts of our country'. The places visited include Chester, Oswestry, Llangollen, Mold and Caerwys.
Companion to the Most Celebrated Private Galleries of Art in London
Authors: Jameson Anna
Published: December 2014

A professional author of art and literary criticism as well as travel writing, Anna Jameson (1794–1860) journeyed widely in Europe and North America, and moved in the literary circles which included the Brownings and Harriet Martineau. Many of her other works are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. In 1844, she published this book on the great private art collections of London. She begins with an essay on the formation of the collections, from the seventeenth-century earl of Arundel onwards, and then describes in turn the Queen's Gallery, the Bridgewater, Sutherland, Grosvenor and Lansdowne galleries, and the collections of Sir Robert Peel and of the poet Samuel Rogers. For each collection there is an introductory essay, a catalogue raisonnée and a note of the most important items in the collection. This work is a fascinating and valuable guide to mid-nineteenth-century taste and fashion in art.
Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nichols John
Published: December 2014

In this nine-volume work, published between 1812 and 1815, the author and publisher John Nichols (1745–1826) provides biographical notes on publishers, writers and artists of the eighteenth century, and also gives 'an incidental view of the progress and advancement of literature in this kingdom during the last century'. (A shorter version had been published in 1782.) His subjects range from the publisher William Bowyer to Henry Fielding and Horace Walpole, and also include histories of individual publishing houses and of genres such as lexicography. The work remains a useful source of biographical material on authors and publishers at a period when many of the literary genres we take for granted, such as the novel, the autobiography and the analytical history, were first being developed. As well as individual short biographies, Volume 1 contains a history of Bowyer's press from 1699 to 1731.
Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nichols John
Published: December 2014

In this nine-volume work, published between 1812 and 1815, the author and publisher John Nichols (1745–1826) provides biographical notes on publishers, writers and artists of the eighteenth century, and also gives 'an incidental view of the progress and advancement of literature in this kingdom during the last century'. (A shorter version had been published in 1782.) His subjects range from the publisher William Bowyer to Henry Fielding and Horace Walpole, and also include histories of individual publishing houses and of genres such as lexicography. The work remains a useful source of biographical material on authors and publishers at a period when many of the literary genres we take for granted, such as the novel, the autobiography and the analytical history, were first being developed. Volume 2 includes memoirs of Richard Farmer and George Steevens, and a history of Bowyer's press from 1732 to 1765.
Tour of a German Artist in England
Authors: Passavant Johann David
Published: December 2014

The German artist Johann David Passavant (1787–1861) visited Britain in 1831 in order to examine works by Raphael in private and public galleries for a book he was preparing. He had not been able to find any helpful German accounts of British collections, and so decided to publish a narrative of his own travels and observations. The British writer and art critic Elizabeth Rigby (later Lady Eastlake) produced a two-volume translation in 1836, believing that English readers would benefit from Passavant's descriptions of little-known collections in their own country, as well as from his practitioner's response to the works themselves. Volume 2 begins with the duke of Marlborough's collection at Blenheim, and continues to cover Chatsworth, Althorpe, Holkham, and other 'country seats', finishing in Cambridge. Passavant also provides a catalogue of drawings at Buckingham Palace, a list of the pictures discussed, and an overview of collections not visited.
The Threshold of the Unknown Region
Authors: Markham Clements Robert
Published: December 2014

An eminent geographer, Clements Markham (1830–1916) had searched for Sir John Franklin in the Arctic as a young man in the Royal Navy. This stimulated his lifelong passion for the polar regions. Published in 1873, this historical review of Arctic exploration was based on extensive research at the Royal Geographical Society, of which Markham was then secretary and later president. The chapters include coverage of early explorers from the sixteenth century, the voyages of Barents and Hudson, Dutch and English whaling voyages around Spitsbergen, exploration of Greenland's east coast, expeditions into Baffin Bay and Smith Sound, Russian discoveries, and possibilities for scientific progress. A discussion of the best route for future British exploration is provided, with an appendix setting out the case for the expedition of 1875–6. Illustrated with a number of maps, Markham's book keenly sought to stimulate further polar exploration by his countrymen.
The Buried Life of Things
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: December 2014

Simon Goldhill offers a fresh and exciting perspective on how the Victorians used material culture to express their sense of the past in an age of progress, especially the biblical past and the past of classical antiquity. From Pompeian skulls on a writer's desk, to religious paraphernalia in churches, new photographic images of the Holy Land and the remaking of the cityscape of Jerusalem and Britain, Goldhill explores the remarkable way in which the nineteenth century's sense of history was reinvented through things. The Buried Life of Things shows how new technologies changed how history was discovered and analysed, and how material objects could flare into significance in bitter controversies, and then fade into obscurity and disregard again. This book offers a new route into understanding the Victorians' complex and often bizarre attempts to use their past to express their own modernity.
Atlas of Great Comets
Authors: Stoyan Ronald
Published: December 2014

Throughout the ages, comets, enigmatic and beautiful wandering objects that appear for weeks or months, have alternately fascinated and terrified humankind. The result of five years of careful research, Atlas of Great Comets is a generously illustrated reference on thirty of the greatest comets that have been witnessed and documented since the Middle Ages. Special attention is given to the cultural and scientific impact of each appearance, supported by a wealth of images, from woodcuts, engravings, historical paintings and artifacts, to a showcase of the best astronomical photos and images. Following the introduction, giving the broad historical context and a modern scientific interpretation, the Great Comets feature in chronological order. For each, there is a contemporary description of its appearance along with its scientific, cultural and historical significance. Whether you are an armchair astronomer or a seasoned comet-chaser, this spectacular reference deserves a place on your shelf.
One-Week versus 2-Day Ventilator Circuit Change in Neonates with Prolonged Ventilation: Cost-Effectiveness and Impact on Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Chu Shih-Ming , Yang Mei-Chin , Hsiao Hsiu-Feng , Hsu Jen-Fu , Lien Reyin , Chiang Ming-Chou , Fu Ren-Huei , Huang Hsuan-Rong , Hsu Kuang-Hung , Tsai Ming-Horng
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate the impact of 1-week ventilator circuit change on ventilator-associated pneumonia and its cost-effectiveness compared with a 2-day change.

Design

An observational cohort study.

Setting

A tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit in a university-affiliated teaching hospital in Taiwan.

Patients

All neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit receiving invasive intubation for more than 1 week from July 1, 2011, through December 31, 2013.

Intervention

We investigated the impact of 2 ventilator circuit change regimens, either every 2 days or 7 days, on ventilator-associated pneumonia of our cohort.

Measurements and Main Results

A total of 361 patients were maintained on mechanical ventilators for 13,981 days. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in any demographic characteristics. The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was comparable between the 2-day group and the 7-day group (8.2 vs 9.5 per 1,000 ventilator-days, P=.439). The durations of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, and rates of bloodstream infection and mortality, were also comparable between the 2 groups. Switching from a 2-day to a 7-day change policy would save our neonatal intensive care unit a yearly sum of US $29,350 and 525 working hours.

Conclusion

Decreasing the frequency of ventilator circuit changes from every 2 days to once per week is safe and cost-effective in neonates requiring prolonged intubation for more than 1 week.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–7
Stirring and scalar transfer by grid-generated turbulence in the presence of a mean scalar gradient
Authors: Laizet S. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: December 2014

The stirring of a passive scalar by grid-generated turbulence in the presence of a mean scalar gradient is studied by direct numerical simulations (DNS) for six different grids: one fractal square grid with three fractal iterations, one fractal square grid with four fractal iterations, one fractal I grid and three different regular grids. Our results can be summarised as follows. (i) For all these grids, the turbulence intensity averaged over time and over a plane parallel to the grid takes its peak value when the streamwise position of this plane is between $0.75M_{eff}$ and $1.5M_{eff}$ where $M_{eff}$ is the effective mesh size introduced by Hurst & Vassilicos (Phys. Fluids, vol. 19, 2007, 035103). (ii) Downstream of the location of this peak, the turbulence intensity averaged in this way is greatly enhanced by the fractal grids relative to the regular grids even though the fractal grids have comparable or even lower blockage ratios. The novelty of this result lies in the fact that it concerns turbulence intensities averaged over lateral planes (as well as time). (iii) The pressure drop is about the same across grids of the same blockage ratio whether fractal or not, but the pressure recovery is longer for the fractal grids. (iv) Even so, the fractal grids enhance turbulent scalar fluxes by up to an order of magnitude in the region downstream of the aforementioned peak and they also greatly enhance the streamwise growth of the fluctuating scalar variance in that region. (v) We demonstrate on a simple planar model problem that the cause of this phenomenon lies in the fractality of the grids. (vi) The turbulence scalar flux coefficient is constant far enough downstream of all the present grids and is significantly dependent on the nature and details of the turbulence-generating grid.
Synchrony versus causality in distributed systems
Authors: PETERS KIRSTIN , SCHICKE-UFFMANN JENS-WOLFHARD , GOLTZ URSULA , NESTMANN UWE
Published: December 2014

Given a synchronous system, we study the question whether – or, under which conditions – the behaviour of that system can be realized by a (non-trivially) distributed and hence asynchronous implementation. In this paper, we partially answer this question by examining the role of causality for the implementation of synchrony in two fundamental different formalisms of concurrency, Petri nets and the π-calculus. For both formalisms it turns out that each ‘good’ encoding of synchronous interactions using just asynchronous interactions introduces causal dependencies in the translation.
Law in the semi-periphery: revisiting an ambitious theory in the light of recent Portuguese socio-legal research
Authors: Guibentif Pierre
Published: December 2014

There is currently no mechanism – no journal, no learned society – somehow integrating Portuguese sociology of law, despite a considerable academic production. In an attempt to appreciate globally and substantially this production, this paper takes as a starting point the theory of semi-periphery formulated by Boaventura de Sousa Santos in the 1980s, and revisits the findings of socio-legal research carried out in Portugal over the recent decades in the light of that theory. The conclusion that can be drawn from this exercise is that the theory of semi-periphery – provided it is upgraded in order to better take into account features of recent processes of globalisation – still supplies a valuable framework for the reflection on the social, economic and political conditions that favour uses of the law as a tool for human groupings to govern themselves.
Toxoplasma gondii‐infected natural killer cells display a hypermotility phenotype in vivo
Authors: Ueno Norikiyo , Lodoen Melissa B , Hickey Graeme L , Robey Ellen A , Coombes Janine L
Published: December 2014

Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent intracellular protozoan parasite that causes severe disease in congenitally infected or immunocompromised hosts. T. gondii is capable of invading immune cells and it has been suggested that the parasite harnesses the migratory pathways of these cells to spread through the body. Although in vitro evidence suggests that the parasite further enhances its spread by inducing a hypermotility phenotype in parasitized immune cells, in vivo evidence for this phenomenon is scarce. Here we use a physiologically relevant oral model of T. gondii infection, in conjunction with two‐photon laser scanning microscopy, to address this issue. We found that a small proportion of natural killer (NK) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes contained parasites. Compared with uninfected ‘bystander’ NK cells, these infected NK cells showed faster, more directed and more persistent migratory behavior. Consistent with this, infected NK cells showed impaired spreading and clustering of the integrin, LFA‐1, when exposed to plated ligands. Our results provide the first evidence for a hypermigratory phenotype in T. gondii‐infected NK cells in vivo, providing an anatomical context for understanding how the parasite manipulates immune cell motility to spread through the host.
Diversity of viral photosystem-I psaA genes
Authors: Hevroni Gur , Enav Hagay , Rohwer Forest , Béjà Oded
Published: December 2014

Marine photosynthesis is one of the major contributors to the global carbon cycle and the world’s oxygen supply. This process is largely driven by cyanobacteria, namely Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. Genes encoding photosystem-II (PSII) reaction center proteins are found in many cyanophage genomes, and are expressed during the infection of their hosts. On the basis of metagenomics, cyanophage photosystem-I (PSI) gene cassettes were recently discovered with two gene arrangements psaJF→C→A→B→K→E→D and psaD→C→A→B. It was suggested that the horizontal transfer of PSII and PSI genes is increasing phage fitness. To better understand their diversity, we designed degenerate primers to cover a wide diversity of organisms, and using PCR we targeted the psaC→A arrangement, which is unique to cyanophages cassettes. We examined viral concentrates from four islands in the Pacific Ocean and found samples containing the psaC→A arrangement. Analyses of the amplified viral psaA gene revealed six subgroups varying in their level of similarity and %G+C content, suggesting that the diversity of cyanophage PSI genes is greater than originally thought.
Sequential actions of β-catenin and Bmp pattern the oral nerve net in Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Kuhn Anne , Fushiki Manami , Agata Kiyokazu , Özbek Suat , Fujisawa Toshitaka , Holstein Thomas W.
Published: December 2014

Animal evolution is closely linked to the emergence of the nervous system. At present it is unknown how the basic mechanisms of neural induction and formation of central nervous systems evolved. We addressed this question inNematostella vectensis, a member of cnidarians, the ancient sister group of bilaterians. We found that β-catenin signalling is crucial for the early induction of the embryonic nervous system. β-Catenin activity at the blastopore induces specific neurogenic genes required for development of the oral nervous system. β-Catenin signalling induces also Bmp signalling, which, at later larval stages, becomes indispensible for the maintenance and asymmetric patterning of the oral nervous system along the primary and secondary (directive) axes. We hypothesize that the consecutive and functionally linked involvement of β-catenin and Bmp signalling in the formation of the cnidarian oral nervous system reflects an ancestral mechanism that evolved before the cnidarian/bilaterian split.
Determination of the peroxide value of edible oils by FTIR spectroscopy using polyethylene films
Authors: Yu Xiuzhu , Li Qinghua , Sun Daijun , Dong Xiaobin , Wang Tong
Published: December 2014

A new technique was developed to facilitate the mid-FTIR transmission analysis of viscous edible oils using disposable polyethylene (PE) films as a sample support for the determination of the peroxide value (PV) of the oils.
A fluorescent heteroditopic hemicryptophane cage for the selective recognition of choline phosphate
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Gao Guohua , Guy Laure , Robert Vincent , Dutasta Jean-Pierre , Martinez Alexandre
Published: December 2014

The first fluorescent hemicryptophane cage was synthesized and developed as an efficient and selective sensor for choline phosphate.
A dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption approach significantly facilitates the removal of cadmium species from wastewater
Authors: Hu Jing , Chen Huiying , Lan Bihao , Geng Junfeng , Li Hua , Xing Xuan
Published: December 2014

A dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption process, as a novel and efficient technique, is reported for the removal of cadmium species from wastewater.
Pyrrole- and indole-containing tranylcypromine derivatives as novel lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors active on cancer cells
Authors: Rodriguez Veronica , Valente Sergio , Rovida Stefano , Rotili Dante , Stazi Giulia , Lucidi Alessia , Ciossani Giuseppe , Mattevi Andrea , Botrugno Oronza A. , Dessanti Paola , Mercurio Ciro , Vianello Paola , Minucci Saverio , Varasi Mario , Mai Antonello
Published: December 2014

A new series of pyrrole/indole-containing tranylcypromine analogues is reported as potent and selective LSD1 inhibitors active in leukemia.
Sweetness and light: design and applications of photo-responsive glycoconjugates
Authors: Hu Yingxue , Tabor Rico F. , Wilkinson Brendan L.
Published: December 2014

Photoswitchable glycoconjugates are promising tools for studying biomolecular interactions and for the development of stimuli-responsive materials.
Highly efficient synthesis of novel methyl 132-methylene mesopyropheophorbide a and its stereoselective Michael addition reaction
Authors: Li Jiazhu , Liu Yang , Xu Xi-Sen , Li Yan-Long , Zhang Shan-Guo , Yoon Il , Shim Young Key , Wang Jin-Jun , Yin Jun-Gang
Published: December 2014

pH-Dependent regioselective condensation of methyl mesopyropheophorbide a with HCHO is studied and stereoselective Michael reaction of the 132-methylene product is also discussed.