bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Enantiopure B‐Nor‐steroids by Multiple Pd‐Catalyzed Transformations.
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Wiegand J. Matthias , Vock Carsten
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Versatile Method for the Preparation of Enantiomeric Benzene‐1,2‐bis(alanine) Derivatives.
Authors: Moeller Bjoerg S. , Undheim Kjell
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
CBr4‐Photoirradiation Protocol for Chemoselective Deprotection of Acid Labile Primary Hydroxyl Protecting Groups.
Authors: Chen Ming‐Yi , Patkar Laxmikant N. , Jan Mi‐Dan , Lee Adam Shih‐Yuan , Lin Chun‐Cheng
Published: April 2004

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Directed Phosphorylation of 2‐C‐Hydroxymethyl‐2,3:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐mannofuranose.
Authors: Lipovtsin E. V. , Koroteev M. P. , Vasyanina L. K. , Nifant'ev E. E.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
6‐Nitro‐2‐benzothiazolyl α‐Glucoside and α‐Mannoside in β‐Selective Glycosylations.
Authors: Hashihayata Takashi , Mandai Hiroki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2004

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Enzymatic Preparation of Phenolic Glucosides by Streptococcus mutans.
Authors: Shim Heeyoung , Hong Wangpyo , Ahn Yonghyun
Published: April 2004

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A New Approach to the Synthesis of Optically Active Norephedrine, Norpseudoephedrine and Cathinone via Double Asymmetric Induction.
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Cho Byung Tae
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel 3′‐Deoxy Analogues of the anti‐HBV Agent Entecavir: Synthesis of Enantiomers from a Single Chiral Epoxide.
Authors: Ruediger Edward , Martel Alain , Meanwell Nicholas , Solomon Carola , Turmel Brigitte
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Premithramycinone H (I) and Related Anthrapyran Antibiotics.
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Vitz Juergen
Published: April 2004

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Total Syntheses of Amphidinolide T1, T3, T4, and T5.
Authors: Aissa Christophe , Riveiros Ricardo , Ragot Jacques , Fuerstner Alois
Published: April 2004

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Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (‐)‐Apicularen A and Analogues Thereof
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Kim David W. , Baati Rachid , O'Brate Aurora , Giannakakou Paraskevi
Published: April 2004

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Total Synthesis of (+)‐Phorboxazole A, a Potent Cytostatic Agent from the Sponge Phorbas sp.
Authors: Pattenden Gerald , Gonzalez Miguel A. , Little Paul B. , Millan David S. , Plowright Alleyn T. , Tornos James A. , Ye Tao
Published: April 2004

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Two New Furanocoumarins from the Roots of Angelica dahurica
Authors: Lee Seung‐Ho , Li Gao , Kim Hyo‐Jin , Kim Ji‐Yeon , Chang Hyeun‐Wook , Jahng Yurngdong , Woo Mi‐Hee , Song Dong‐Keun , Son Jong‐Keun
Published: April 2004

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Investigation of Novel Fumagillin Analogues as Angiogenesis Inhibitors.
Authors: Pyun Hyung‐Jung , Fardis Maria , Tario James , Yang Cheng Y. , Ruckman Judy , Henninger Dwight , Jin Haolun , Kim Choung U.
Published: April 2004

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Superlattices of Iron Nanocubes Synthesized from Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2.
Authors: Dumestre Frederic , Chaudret Bruno , Amiens Catherine , Renaud Philippe , Fejes Peter
Published: April 2004

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Formation of Zn1‐xMnxS Nanowires within Mesoporous Silica of Different Pore Sizes.
Authors: Brieler Felix J. , Grundmann Petra , Froeba Michael , Chen Limei , Klar Peter J. , Heimbrodt Wolfram , Krug von Nidda Hans‐Albrecht , Kurz Thomas , Loidl Alois
Published: April 2004

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Dome‐Shaped Magnetic Phase Diagram of Thermoelectric Layered Cobaltites
Authors: Sugiyama J. , Brewer J. H. , Ansaldo E. J. , Itahara H. , Tani T. , Mikami M. , Mori Y. , Sasaki T. , Hebert S. , Maignan A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Contribution of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy to the Characterization of Metallic Materials
Authors: Oudet F.
Published: April 2004

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Fe—Ni—Si—Zn (Iron—Nickel—Silicon—Zinc)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: April 2004

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Palladium—Allyl Complexes
Authors: Friesen R. W.
Published: April 2004

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Advances in the Preparation of Organofluorine Compounds Involving Iodine and/or Iodo‐Compounds
Authors: Yoneda Norihiko
Published: April 2004

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Perspective on Fluorocarbon Chemistry.
Authors: Lemal David M.
Published: April 2004

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Methods to Improve the Taste of the Sweet Principles of Stevia Rebaudiana
Authors: Ohtani Kazuhiro , Yamasaki Kazuo
Published: April 2004

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Synthesis of Phthalocyanine Precursors
Authors: Sharman Wesley M. , Van Lier Johan E.
Published: April 2004

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Synthetic Opportunities of 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl Acetate in Reactions with Aromatic and Nucleophilic Compounds
Authors: Bukharov S. V. , Nugumanova G. N. , Mukmeneva N. A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
E/Z‐Isomerization and Accompanying Photoreactions of Oximes, Oxime Ethers, Nitrones, Hydrazones, Imines, Azo‐ and Azoxy Compounds, and Various Applications
Authors: Suginome Hiroshi
Published: April 2004

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The Photochemistry of Diazirines
Authors: Celius Tevye C. , Toscano John P.
Published: April 2004

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Carbene Formation by Extrusion of Nitrogen
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab Aboel‐Magd A. , Ahmed Saleh A. , Durr Heinz
Published: April 2004

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Photoisomerism of Azobenzenes
Authors: Knoll Helmut
Published: April 2004

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1,4‐Quinone Cycloaddition Reactions with Alkenes, Alkynes, and Related Compounds
Authors: Gilbert Andrew
Published: April 2004

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Photorearrangement Reactions of Cyclohex‐2‐enones
Authors: Margaretha Paul
Published: April 2004

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Regioselective Photochemical Synthesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocyclic Compounds: The Norrish—Yang Reaction
Authors: Wessig Pablo
Published: April 2004

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Thermodynamics of Adsorption of Amino Acids, Small Peptides, and Nucleic Acid Components on Silica Adsorbents
Authors: Basiuk Vladimir A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Marine‐Derived Fungi: A Chemically and Biologically Diverse Group of Microorganisms
Authors: Bugni Tim S. , Ireland Chris M.
Published: April 2004

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Marine Isocyanides and Related Natural Products — Structure, Biosynthesis and Ecology
Authors: Garson Mary J. , Simpson Jamie S.
Published: April 2004

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Effect of Hydrotropes on Solution Behavior of Amphiphiles
Authors: Roy B. K. , Moulik S. P.
Published: April 2004

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Ab initio and Density Functional Calculations of Electronic G‐Tensors for Organic Radicals
Authors: Kaupp Martin
Published: April 2004

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Crystal Structure—Solid State Reactivity Relationships: Toward a Greater Understanding of Norrish/Yang Type II Photochemistry
Authors: Scheffer John R. , Scott Carl
Published: April 2004

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Structure—Reactivity Correlations in Extended Multiporphyrinic Architectures
Authors: Solladie Nathalie , Aubert Nicolas , Bouatra Souhaila , Bourgogne Cyril , Bregier Frederique , Brettar Julie , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Gross Maurice , Rein Regis , Sooambar Chloe , et al. et al.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NaRuO2 and NaxRuO2×yH2O: New Oxide and Oxyhydrate with Two Dimensional RuO2 Layers.
Authors: Shikano Masahiro , Delmas Claude , Darriet Jacques
Published: April 2004

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Stabilization of New Forms of the Intermetallic Phases β‐LnNiGe2 (Ln: Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) in Liquid Indium.
Authors: Salvador J. R. , Gour J. R. , Bilc D. , Mahanti S. D. , Kanatzidis M. G.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Spiro Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes Catalyzed by Cationic Skewphos Rhodium(I) Complex.
Authors: Mikami Koichi , Yusa Yukinori , Hatano Manabu , Wakabayashi Kazuki , Aikawa Kohsuke
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Aminations and Alkylations of Dienyl Esters.
Authors: Lipowsky Gunter , Helmchen Guenter
Published: April 2004

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New Synthetic Approach to Cyclopenta‐Fused Heterocycles Based upon a Mild Nazarov Reaction.
Authors: Occhiato Ernesto G. , Prandi Cristina , Ferrali Alessandro , Guarna Antonio , Venturello Paolo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple and Efficient Method for the N‐Nitrosation of Secondary Amines with NaNO2—Ac2O under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Hou Jian‐Ye , Wang Yu‐Lu , Wang Jin‐Ye
Published: April 2004

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Practical Synthesis of New and Highly Efficient Ligands for the Suzuki Reaction of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Zapf Alexander , Jackstell Ralf , Rataboul Franck , Riermeier Thomas , Monsees Axel , Fuhrmann Christa , Shaikh Nadim , Dingerdissen Uwe , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2004

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Guaiacol Transprotection: Replacement of the Phenoxy Isopropyl Protecting Function by Acetyl.
Authors: Williams Craig M. , Mander Lewis N.
Published: April 2004

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Synthesis of α‐Ketobutyrolactones and γ‐Hydroxy‐α‐Keto Acids.
Authors: Kang Han‐Young , Ji Yumi , Yu Yeon‐Kwon , Yu Ji‐Yeon , Lee Younghoon , Lee Sang‐Joon
Published: April 2004

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Benzo[c][2,7]naphthyridines from 2,6‐Dinor‐nifedipine and Its Dimethyl 2,5‐Dicarboxylate Isomer.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Bode M. , Frohberg P. , Drutkowski G.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionally Substituted Pyrrolo[3,2‐h]quinolines from 2,3‐Dimethyl‐ and 1,2,3‐Trimethyl‐7‐aminoindoles.
Authors: Yamashkin S. A. , Romanova G. A. , Romanova I. S. , Yurovskaya M. A.
Published: April 2004

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Synthesis of Potent and Selective 2‐Azepanone Inhibitors of Human Tryptase.
Authors: Zhao Guohua , Bolton Scott A. , Kwon Chet , Hartl Karen S. , Seiler Steven M. , Slusarchyk William A. , Sutton James C. , Bisacchi Gregory S.
Published: April 2004

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Synthesis and Cardiovascular Activity of Metoprolol Analogues.
Authors: Melgar‐Fernandez Roberto , Demare Patricia , Hong Enrique , Rosas Miguel Angel , Escalante Jaime , Munoz‐Muniz Omar , Juaristi Eusebio , Regla Ignacio
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of High‐Quality Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Catalytic Decomposition of Ethylene.
Authors: Lyu S. C. , Liu B. C. , Lee S. H. , Park C. Y. , Kang H. K. , Yang C. W. , Lee C. J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The State of the Art on Wells‐Dawson Heteropoly‐Compounds. A Review of Their Properties and Applications
Authors: Briand Laura E. , Baronetti Graciela T. , Thomas Horacio J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Photochemical Reactivity of the Allenyl‐Vinyl Methane System
Authors: Tsuno Takashi , Sugiyama Kunio
Published: April 2004

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Two Empirical Equations of State for Liquids to Improve p, V, T Data Representation and Physical Meaning
Authors: Toscani Siro , Szwarc Henri
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Applications of Dynamic NMR in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Kolehmainen Erkki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Roles for two partially redundant α‐tubulins during mitosis in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos
Authors: Phillips Jennifer B. , Lyczak Rebecca , Ellis Gregory C. , Bowerman Bruce
Published: April 2004

The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes multiple isotypes of α‐tubulin and β‐tubulin. Roles for a number of these tubulins in neuronal development have been described, but less is known about the isoforms that function during early embryonic development. Microtubules are required for multiple events after fertilization produces a one‐cell zygote in C. elegans, including pronuclear migration, mitotic spindle assembly and function, and proper spindle positioning. Here we describe a conditional and dominant mis‐sense mutation in the C. elegans α‐tubulin gene tba‐1 that disrupts pronuclear migration and positioning of the first mitotic spindle, and results in a highly penetrant embryonic lethality, at the restrictive temperature of 26°C. Our analysis of the dominant tba‐1 (or346ts) allele suggests that TBA‐1 assembles into microtubules in early embryonic cells. However, we also show that reduction of tba‐1 function using RNA interference results in defects much less severe than those caused by the dominant or346ts mutation, due to partial redundancy of TBA‐1 and another α‐tubulin called TBA‐2. Reducing the function of both TBA‐1 and TBA‐2 results in severe defects in microtubule‐dependent processes. We conclude that microtubules in the early C. elegans embryo are composed of both TBA‐1 and TBA‐2, and that the dominant tba‐1(or346ts) mutation disrupts MT assembly or stability. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:112–126, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P53 and K‐ras mutations are frequent events in microscopically negative surgical margins from patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Jassem Jacek , Jassem Ewa , Jakóbkiewicz‐Banecka Joanna , Rzyman Witold , Badzio Andrzej , Dziadziuszko Rafał , Kobierska‐Gulida Grażyna , Szymanowska Amelia , Skrzypski Marcin , Żylicz Maciej
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to determine whether tumor cells harboring P53 and K‐ras mutations could be detected in histopathologically tumor‐free surgical margins in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma who underwent complete pulmonary resection.

METHODS

In 118 consecutive patients, DNA obtained from primary tumors and from surgical margins was extracted for molecular analysis. A fragment of P53 gene encompassing exons 5–8 and codon 12 of the K‐ras gene were amplified with the polymerase chain reaction technique and were assayed for the presence of mutations.

RESULTS

P53 and K‐ras mutations were found in 30% and 39% of primary tumors, respectively, and in 11 (9%) and 22 (18%) apparently tumor‐free surgical margins, respectively. At least 1 of those mutations was found in surgical margins in 29 patients (25%), and both mutations were found in 2 patients (1.7%). P53 mutations in surgical margins accompanied mutations in primary tumors in 9 of 35 patients (26%), and K‐ras mutations accompanied mutations in primary tumors in 20 of 46 patients (44%). Among patients with either mutation in primary tumors, the incidence of at least 1 mutation in surgical margins was 43% (28 of 65 patients). In four patients, mutations (two K‐ras mutations and two P53 mutations) were found in surgical margins despite the absence of the corresponding mutations in primary tumors. The presence of mutations in primary tumors and in surgical margins was not related significantly to clinical characteristics or to patient outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

P53 and K‐ras mutations are frequent events in surgical margins determined to be tumor free on light microscopy. The clinical relevance of these findings remains to be established. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Gemcitabine‐related radiation recall preferentially involves internal tissue and organs
Authors: Friedlander Philip A. , Bansal Roopa , Schwartz Lawrence , Wagman Raquel , Posner Jerome , Kemeny Nancy
Published: April 2004

Radiation recall refers to inflammatory reactions triggered by cytotoxic agents and develops in previously irradiated areas. Most reactions develop cutaneously. The most common chemotherapeutic agents implicated are anthracyclines and taxanes. Gemcitabine, a nucleotide analog, recently was implicated in several cases. The authors performed a literature search using PubMed and the search terms “gemcitabine” and “radiation recall” to find prior cases of radiation recall attributed to gemcitabine. These cases were compared with those attributed to anthracyclines and taxanes. The literature search found 12 cases of radiation recall caused by gemcitabine. The authors also determined that their case of myositis developing in the rectus abdominus muscle of a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma was the manifestation of radiation recall, thereby bringing the number of patients who developed radiation recall to gemcitabine and were discussed in the current study to 13. Approximately 70% of the cases manifested as inflammation of internal organs or tissues and 30% manifested as a dermatitis or mucositis. This finding differs from other common agents, in which 63% of the radiation recall events are reported to manifest as a dermatitis. Compared with anthracyclines and taxanes, the interval from the completion of radiation therapy to the initiation of chemotherapy is less for gemcitabine (median time of 56 days for gemcitabine, compared with 218 days for the taxanes and 646 days for doxorubicin). The majority of radiation recall reactions attributed to gemcitabine are reported to affect internal tissue or organs. In contrast, other common agents for the most part trigger cutaneous inflammation. The development of internal tissue inflammation is reportedly correlated with a shorter interval from the time of completion of radiation therapy to the initiation of chemotherapy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Compared to glibenclamide, repaglinide treatment results in a more rapid fall in glucose level and beta‐cell secretion after glucose stimulation
Authors: Abbink Evertine J. , van der Wal Pieter S. , Sweep C. G. J. (Fred) , Smits Paul , Tack Cees J.
Published: April 2004

Background

The more rapid onset of action and the shorter half‐life of repaglinide may reduce the post‐load glucose excursion and limit sustained insulin secretion compared to sulphonylurea (SU) derivatives.

Methods

We studied 12 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 62 ± 2 years, BMI 28.3 ± 1.3 kg m−2, HbA1c 6.7 ± 0.2%) on SU monotherapy at submaximal dose. Patients were treated for 3 weeks with repaglinide or glibenclamide in a randomized, crossover trial. At the end of each treatment period, patients underwent a 60‐min hyperglycaemic clamp (glucose 12 mmol L−1) followed by 4‐h observation (60–300 min) with frequent blood sampling for determination of glucose, insulin, proinsulin and C‐peptide levels. Before the clamp (5 min for repaglinide, 30 min for glibenclamide), patients ingested their usual morning drug dose.

Results

After the end of the hyperglycaemic clamp, mean plasma glucose fell to a level of 5 mmol L−1 after approximately 150 min with repaglinide, and after approximately 190 min with glibenclamide. While initially quite similar, in the period from 240 to 300 min, insulin, proinsulin and C‐peptide levels were lower during repaglinide treatment (insulin 133 ± 20 vs 153 ± 25 pmol L−1 (P < 0.05), proinsulin 14 ± 3 vs 19 ± 4 pmol L−1 (P = 0.06) and C‐peptide 0.81 ± 0.19 vs 1.14 ± 0.18 nmol L−1 (P = 0.05) for repaglinide vs glibenclamide, respectively).

Conclusions

Following glucose stimulation, plasma glucose levels, and insulin concentration decrease more rapidly after repaglinide treatment than after glibenclamide. Proinsulin and C‐peptide secretion tended to fall more rapidly as well. These findings are consistent with a more rapid onset and shorter duration of beta‐cell stimulation associated with repaglinide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling of antigen to cholera toxin for dendritic cell vaccination promotes the induction of MHC class I‐restricted cytotoxic T cells and the rejection of a cognate antigen‐expressing model tumor
Authors: Eriksson Kristina , Sun Jia‐Bin , Nordström Inger , Fredriksson Margareta , Lindblad Marianne , Li Bin‐Ling , Holmgren Jan
Published: April 2004

We previously demonstrated that cholera toxin (CT) is highly efficient as a combined carrier and adjuvant for dendritic cell (DC) vaccination, inducing strong Th1‐dominated B cell and CD4+ T cell responses. In this study we show that vaccination with DC pre‐pulsed ex vivo with CT‐conjugated OVA (OVA‐CT) gives rise to OVA‐specific CD8+ T cells that produce IFN‐γ and are cytotoxic for OVA‐expressing E.G7 tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. The induction of specific CD8+ CTL by OVA‐CT‐treated DC was associated with enhanced presentation of OVA peptide (SIINFEKL) on MHC class I in combination with an overall activation of the pulsed DC. Vaccination of mice with OVA‐CT‐pulsed DC resulted in rejection of already established MHC class I‐positive, MHC class II‐negative, OVA‐expressing E.G7 tumors in an antigen‐specific, CD8+ T cell‐dependent fashion and was associated with high numbers of tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Conjugation of antigen to CT facilitated DC uptake of the linked antigen through the GM1 receptor‐binding B subunit and induced strong activation‐maturation signals through the biologically active A subunit. These results have interesting implications for DC vaccination aimed at inducing CTL immune responses.
ICOS‐mediated signaling regulates cytokine production by human T cells and provides a unique signal to selectively control the clonal expansion of Th2 helper cells
Authors: Vieira Pedro L. , Wassink Lianne , Smith L. Mary , Nam Samuel , Kingsbury Gillian A. , Gutierrez‐Ramos Jose Carlos , Coyle Anthony J. , Kapsenberg Martien L. , Wierenga Eddy A.
Published: April 2004

The CD28 homologue inducible costimulator (ICOS) has been demonstrated to regulate a number of T cell‐dependent immune responses in vivo. However, the expression and functional importance of ICOS during APC‐Th cell interaction in the human is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that ICOS‐mediated signaling plays an important role in the production of selective cytokines during both primary and subsequent Th cell responses upon allospecific or superantigen activation. In contrast, ICOS does not play a role in the differentiation of naive cells into Th1 or Th2 effector cells, nor does it determine the type of effector function of memory cells upon subsequent allogeneic challenge. In addition, our data demonstrate that ICOS provides a novel and unique role in regulating DC‐mediated Th2, but not Th1 cell clonal expansion. These data suggest that ICOS‐mediated signaling plays a discrete role in the regulation of human T helper cell responses.
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides induce maturation of dendritic cells with CD14+CD16+ phenotype
Authors: Kanaya Sousuke , Nemoto Eiji , Ogawa Tomohiko , Shimauchi Hidetoshi
Published: April 2004

Primary immune responses are initiated by dendritic cells (DC) that inform naive T helper cells about invading pathogens. DC undergo sequential events leading to irreversible maturation upon bacterial stimulation. To investigate the responses of DC during periodontal infection, we studied the effects of LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis on DC. DC generated from human peripheral monocytes by culture with IL‐4 and GM‐CSF were incubated with P. gingivalis LPS (Pg LPS) or Escherichia coli LPS (Ec LPS). Flow cytometry and real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed that Pg LPS, but not Ec LPS, preferentially up‐regulated CD14 and CD16 expression at protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, Pg LPS preferentially induced the secretion of soluble CD14. CD1a, HLA‐DR and CD54 were highly expressed on DC stimulated with both kinds of LPS; however, CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86 expression on Pg LPS‐stimulated DC was lower than on Ec LPS‐stimulated DC. With regard to IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12 and RANTES production from DC and allogeneic T cell proliferation, Pg LPS was a weaker stimulator than Ec LPS. These results suggested that Pg LPS triggers maturation of DC with unique characteristics, which exhibited weak immunostimulatory activity and may contribute to induction of chronic inflammation at the site of periodontal infection.
Expression of L‐histidine decarboxylase in granules of elicited mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi , Deai Katsuya , Konomi Ayako , Takahashi Kohji , Yamane Hana , Sugimoto Yukihiko , Ichikawa Atsushi
Published: April 2004

Infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the peritoneal cavity were found to express L‐histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the rate‐limiting enzyme of histamine synthesis, in a csein‐induced peritonitis model. Expression of HDC was detected in the elicited PMN, but not in the peripheral blood leukocytes. The peritoneal lavage fluids in this model were found to augment histamine synthesis in PMN isolated from the bone marrow. Rapid post‐translational processing of HDC was observed in PMN, and the dominant form of HDC was the mature 53‐kDa form, which was found to co‐localize with a granule enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9). Treatment of PMN with the phorbol ester PMA, which stimulates the release of MMP‐9, did not liberate the granular HDC. Immunofluorescence studies using an anti‐HDC antibody strongly suggested that HDC is bound to the cytosolic side of the granule membranes. These observations suggest that HDC is induced upon infiltration of PMN into the mouse peritoneal cavity and that histamine is synthesized by HDC attached to the granule membranes of PMN.
Human CD25+ regulatory T cells: two subsets defined by the integrins α4β7 or α4β1 confer distinct suppressive properties upon CD4+ T helper cells
Authors: Stassen Michael , Fondel Sabine , Bopp Tobias , Richter Christoph , Müller Christian , Kubach Jan , Becker Christian , Knop Jürgen , Enk Alexander H. , Schmitt Steffen , Schmitt Edgar , Jonuleit Helmut
Published: April 2004

Down‐regulation of autoreactive T cell responses in vivo includes cell‐contact‐dependent as well as contact‐independent mechanisms. Infectious tolerance is a contact‐dependent mechanism used by naturally occurring CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) to confer suppressive activity upon conventional CD4+ T cells thereby generating secondary T helper suppressor cells(Thsup), which inhibit T cell activation via soluble mediators. Here, we describe two distinct subsets of human Tregs, characterized by expression of either the α4β7 integrin or the α4β1 integrin. Upon activation, both subsets show an enhanced expression of FoxP3, recently described as a key transcription factor of murine Tregs. In addition, both are able to convey suppressive capacity to conventional CD4+ T cells. However, the properties of Treg subsets are rather distinct: α4β7+Tregs induce IL‐10‐producing Thsup (Tr1‐like), whereas α4β1+ Tregs induce TGF‐β‐producing Thsup (Th3‐like). Our findings reconcile conflicting results by clearly demonstrating that suppression through naturally occurring CD25+ Tregs is primary cell‐contact‐dependent but is subsequently followed by cell‐contact‐independent T cell inhibition mediated by second‐generation Tr1‐ and Th3‐like Thsup via the soluble factors IL‐10 and TGF‐β.
Impaired lymphocyte development and function in Clast5/Stra13/DEC1‐transgenic mice
Authors: Seimiya Mika , Wada Akihiko , Kawamura Kiyoko , Sakamoto Akemi , Ohkubo Yusuke , Okada Seiji , Hatano Masahiko , Tokuhisa Takeshi , Watanabe Takeshi , Saisho Hiromitsu , Tagawa Masatoshi , O‐Wang Jiyang
Published: April 2004

Clast5/Stra13/DEC1 is a member of the helix‐loop‐helix family of transcriptional repressors. We have previously shown that Clast5 is rapidly down‐regulated upon B cell activation and its overexpression inhibits cell cycle progression in B lymphoma cells. In the present study, we show that Clast5 expression is developmentally regulated during B cell differentiation, being expressed at theprogenitor B cells, down‐regulated at the precursor B cells, elevated in immature and mature resting B lymphocytes, and down‐regulated again in germinal center B ells. To investigate the function of Clast5 in regulating lymphocyte development, we have generated transgenic mice expressing Clast5 in B‐ and T‐lineage cells (Clast5‐Tg). Clast5‐Tg mice grew and bred normally but their spleen and thymus cellularity was reduced compared with control littermates. The development of B cells in the bone marrow and T cells in the thymus was impaired, with the expansion of progenitor B and T cells most strongly affected. The frequency of IL‐7‐responsive cells in the bone marrow of Clast5‐Tg mice was reduced by >80% and their proliferative response to IL‐7 was also compromised. Mature B cells from Clast5‐Tg mice were hyporesponsive to antigen receptor cross‐linking and exhibited mild reduction in the proliferative response to CD40 ligation or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Moreover, thedevelopment of germinal center B cells and antibody production against a T‐dependent antigen were reduced in Clast5‐Tg mice. These results reveal a critical role for Clast5/Stra13/DEC1 in negatively regulating lymphocyte development and function in vivo.
Peripheral CD4loCD40+ auto‐aggressive T cell expansion during insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Waid Dan M. , Vaitaitis Gisela M. , Wagner David H.
Published: April 2004

The generation of auto‐aggressive T cells involves failure of central or peripheral tolerance. We previously demonstrated that peripheral CD4loCD40+ T cells give rise to pathogenic T cells in the non‐obese diabetic (NOD) model. Here we show that peripheral CD4+CD40+ T cells from diabetic or pre‐diabetic NOD mice induce insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Consistent with breach of peripheral tolerance, CD4loCD40+ T cells expand with age in NOD mice but not in MHC‐matched non‐obese resistant (NOR) or BALB/c controls. Suggestive of a causal role for CD40 in autoimmunity, blocking CD40–CD154 interactions early during NOD development prevents autoaggressive T cell expansion while promoting increases in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Importantly, CD40 signals promote expansion of Vα3.2+ and Vα8.3+ T cells. Furthermore, peripheral Vα3.2+CD40+ T cells induce diabetes in NOD.scid recipients while Vα8.3+ T cells or Vα3.2+‐depleted T cell populations do not. This is the first demonstration that primary T cells transfer disease with the kinetics of auto‐aggressive T cell clones and that specific TCR Vα expansion promotes diabetes.
CpG DNA redirects class‐switching towards "Th1‐like" Ig isotype production via TLR9 and MyD88
Authors: Lin Ling , Gerth Andrea J. , Peng Stanford L.
Published: April 2004

Unmethylated CpG‐containing DNA plays a critical role in immunity via the augmentation of Th1 but suppression of Th2 T cell responses. We describe here that CpG motifs also redirect isotype production by murine B cells to "Th1‐like" Ig isotypes (IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3) while suppressing Th2 isotypes (IgG1 and IgE). Using genetically mutant B cells, we find that the IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 isotypes are transcriptionally regulated via the promotion of class‐switching, in a manner critically dependent upon TLR9 and MyD88. Thus, CpG DNA redirects Ig isotype production by regulating the specificity of class‐switch recombination.
Commensal Gram‐negative bacteria prime human dendritic cells for enhanced IL‐23 and IL‐27 expression and enhanced Th1 development
Authors: Smits Hermelijn H. , van Beelen Astrid J. , Hessle Christina , Westland Robert , de Jong Esther , Soeteman Eelco , Wold Agnes , Wierenga Eddy A. , Kapsenberg Martien L.
Published: April 2004

Dendritic cells (DC) are the main orchestrators of specific immune responses. Depending on microbial information they encounter in peripheral tissues, they promote the development of Th1, Th2 or unpolarized Th cell responses. In this study we have investigated the immunomodulatory effect of non‐pathogenic intestinal Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides vulgatus,Veillonella parvula, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram‐positive (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Enteroccocus faecalis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria on human monocyte‐derived DC (moDC). None of the Gram‐positive bacteria (GpB) primed for Th1 or Th2 development. In contrast, despite the low levels of IL‐12 they induce, all Gram‐negative bacteria (GnB) primed moDC for enhanced Th1 cell development, which was dependent on IL‐12 and an additional unidentified cofactor. Strikingly, GnB‐matured moDC expressed elevated levels of p19 and p28 mRNA, the critical subunits of IL‐23 and IL‐27, respectively, suggesting that the IL‐12 family members may jointly be responsible for their Th1‐driving capacity. Purified majorcell wall components of either GnB or GpB did not yield Th cell profiles identical to those obtained with whole bacteria, and could not explain the induction of the IL‐12 family members nor Th1 priming by GnB. Importantly, this study gives indications that the expression of the different IL‐12 family members is dictated by different priming conditions of immature DC.
Mechanism of Oxidation of (olefin)RhI and ‐IrI Complexes by H2O2
Authors: Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Blok Arno N. J.
Published: April 2004

A DFT study of the oxidation of (tpa)MI(C2H4)+ and (dpa‐R)MI(cod)+ complexes (M = Rh, Ir) by H2O2 indicates that the reaction starts with heterolytic cleavage of the peroxide O−O bond, leading to MIII(olefin)(OH)2+ species. These can then undergo cyclisation, followed by deprotonation to oxetanes. In the oxidation of COD complexes, further cyclisation to internal ethers has a modest barrier, and the observed products (ethers for Rh, oxetanes for Ir) are suggested to be the thermodynamic ones. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Iron Complexes with the Alcoholato Donor‐Rich Ligand 4‐tert‐Butyl‐2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)phenol: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tetra‐Anionic Fe2 Complex and a Neutral Fe10Na4 Complex
Authors: Glaser Thorsten , Lügger Thomas , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter
Published: April 2004

The reaction of 4‐tert‐butyl‐2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)phenol (H3L) with FeIII ions in methanol in the presence of an excess of NaOH afforded the tetra‐anionic dinuclear complex Na4[(HL)4FeIII2(CO3)]·11MeOH·3H2O (1). Changing the solvent to an ethanol/dme (dme = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane) mixture led to the formation of the decanuclear complex [(HL)12FeIII10Na4(µ4‐O)4(µ3‐OH)2(dme)2(EtOH)2]·2dme·8EtOH (2). The Mössbauer spectra of 1′ and 2 at 80 K are consistent with high spin FeIII sites in distorted octahedral O6 coordination environments. Compound 1 consists of a tetra‐anionic dinuclear iron complex with the unprecedented [FeIII(μ2‐OBz)2(μ2‐CO3)FeIII]2+ core. Compound 2 contains a core of hydrous ferric oxide produced by a modified hydrolysis of FeIII ions in the presence of the ligand. Eight benzyl alcohol groups are located on the surface of 2 leading to a 2D network structure by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibilities of 1′ and 2 indicates antiferromagnetic interactions between the ferric ions. The data for 1′ were fitted with J = −4.4 cm−1 and g = 1.98, H = −2JS1S2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Mn2(OH)2SO4: A Novel Layered Hydroxide
Authors: Salah Mohsen Ben , Vilminot Serge , Mhiri Tahar , Kurmoo Mohamedally
Published: April 2004

Mn2(OH)2SO4, obtained as pink prismatic crystals by the hydrothermal reaction of MnSO4·H2O and NaOH at 240 °C for 24 h, consists of layers of Mn hydroxide connected to each other through µ6‐sulfate ions. Each layer exhibits vacancies, and each vacant space is capped at the top and bottom by the sulfate groups. The compound is paramagnetic above 50 K (C = 4.36 emu K mol−1, µeff = 5.91 µB, Θ = −100 K). Below 45 K, the magnetization increases slightly, indicating canted‐antiferromagnetic (TNéel = 42±1 K) behavior consistent with the linear dependence of the magnetization as a function of the field at 2 K, which reaches only 0.4 µB at 50 kOe, and the lack of any imaginary component of the ac‐susceptibilities (ac = alternating current). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Aspects of the Armitage–Doll gamma frailty model for cancer incidence data
Authors: Izumi Shizue , Ohtaki Megu
Published: April 2004

Using solid cancer incidence data from atomic bomb survivors in Japan, we examine some aspects of the Armitage–Doll gamma frailty (ADF) model. We consider the following two interpretations for lack of fit of the Armitage–Doll multistage (AD) model found with cancer data: the AD type individual hazards are heterogeneous or the individual hazards increase more slowly with age than the AD type hazards. In order to examine these interpretations, we applied the ADF model and the modified AD model to radiation‐related cancer incidence rates. We assessed the magnitude of frailty by a frailty parameter at the ADF model and departures from the AD‐type baseline hazard by a shape increment parameter at the modified AD model. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was used to examine the goodness of fit of the models. The modified AD model provided as good a fit as the ADF model. Our results support both interpretations and imply that these interpretations may be practically unidentifiable in univariate failure time data. Thus, results from the frailty model for univariate failure time data should be interpreted carefully. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of sea surface temperature from the global historical climatology network data
Authors: Shen Samuel S. P. , Basist Alan N. , Li Guilong , Williams Claude , Karl Thomas R.
Published: April 2004

This article describes a spatial prediction method that predicts the monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly field from the land only data. The land data are from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). The prediction period is 1880–1999 and the prediction ocean domain extends from 60°S to 60°N with a spatial resolution 5°×5°. The prediction method is a regression over the basis of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The EOFs are computed from the following data sets: (a) the Climate Prediction Center's optimally interpolated sea surface temperature (OI/SST) data (1982–1999); (b) the National Climatic Data Center's blended product of land‐surface air temperature (1992–1999) produced from combining the Special Satellite Microwave Imager and GHCN; and (c) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis data (1982–1999). The optimal prediction method minimizes the first‐M‐mode mean square error between the true and predicted anomalies over both land and ocean. In the optimization process, the data errors of the GHCN boxes are used, and their contribution to the prediction error is taken into account. The area‐averaged root mean square error of prediction is calculated. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this EOF prediction method can accurately recover the global SST anomalies during some circulation patterns and add value to the SST bias correction in the early history of SST observations and the validation of general circulation models. Our results show that (i) the land only data can accurately predict the SST anomaly in the El Nino months when the temperature anomaly structure has very large correlation scales, and (ii) the predictions for La Nina, neutral, or transient months require more EOF modes because of the presence of the small scale structures in the anomaly field. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editors' notes
Authors: Thomas Veronica G. , Stevens Floraline I.
Published: April 2004

Editor's notes
Building a contextually responsive evaluation framework: Lessons from working with urban school interventions
Authors: Thomas Veronica G.
Published: April 2004

The chapter introduces the conceptual underpinnings and overarching themes of the Talent Development evaluation framework and provides recommendations for minimizing problems in implementing evaluations in diverse urban settings.
Evaluating the co‐construction of the family, school, and community partnership program in a low‐income urban high school
Authors: LaPoint Velma , Jackson Henry L.
Published: April 2004

Selected program participants became trained assistant evaluators when a school‐based family, school, and community partnership program for black students in a low‐income urban high school was evaluated using Talent Development strategies.
Commentary: Do talent development project evaluations demonstrate a coherent approach?
Authors: Stevens Floraline I.
Published: April 2004

This commentary discusses the extent to which the CRESPAR evaluation case examples provided in this volume demonstrate a coherent application of the Talent Development evaluation framework.
Commentary: Can critical theories of or on race be used in evaluation research in education?
Authors: Parker Laurence
Published: April 2004

This commentary explores the utility of critical race theory in the evaluation process in education, particularly in regard to the methodological and epistemological perspectives put forth by the Talent Development evaluation paradigm.
Should physicians' dual practice be limited? An incentive approach
Authors: González Paula
Published: April 2004

We develop a principal‐agent model to analyze how the behavior of a physician in the public sector is affected by his activities in the private sector. We show that the physician will have incentives to over‐provide medical services when he uses his public activity as a way of increasing his prestige as a private doctor. The health authority only benefits from the physician's dual practice when it is interested in ensuring a very accurate treatment for the patient. Our analysis provides a theoretical framework in which some actual policies implemented to regulate physicians' dual practice can be addressed. In particular, we focus on the possibility that the health authority offers exclusive contracts to physicians and on the implications of limiting physicians' private earnings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of quality adjusted life years in the published literature: a review of methodology and transparency
Authors: Richardson Gerald , Manca Andrea
Published: April 2004

Economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly being designed to prospectively collect patient–specific resource use and preference‐based health status (utility) data. This paper examines the ways in which preference‐based health status (utility) data are used to generate quality adjusted life years (QALYs). A literature review was carried out which identified 23 published cost utility analyses suitable for inclusion. The methodology employed to calculate QALYs was not always consistent, as well as being poorly reported. The use of different methodologies in the calculation of QALYs may influence the magnitude and direction of results of evaluations. Analysts need to be consistent and fully transparent in the methodology chosen to calculate QALYs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explanation provision and use in an intelligent decision aid
Authors: Arnold Vicky , Clark Nicole , Collier Philip A. , Leech Stewart A. , Sutton Steve G.
Published: April 2004

Intelligent decision aids have been widely adopted by organizations in an effort to capture, retain and disseminate the knowledge of individuals within the organization. To date, these efforts have met with mixed results. Two primary limitations have been the usability of systems (users either cannot or do not wish to use systems) and the inability to transfer knowledge from such systems to less expert decision makers. Explanation capabilities have been perceived as a potential means for improving the effectiveness of such systems in terms of both usability and knowledge transfer. In this study, four advancements are put forth. First, a working prototype system for highly complex decision making is used as the foundation for implementing a full‐scale, embedded explanation facility. Second, the development of the explanation facility is carefully grounded in the extant prescriptive literature on explanation types and delivery processes—including feedforward and feedback. Third, a development strategy is formulated and demonstrated as a generalized process of explanation development and integration. Fourth, high‐level professional decision makers use the system and provide evaluative feedback on the usability and value of the explanation facility. Overall, the results of the development efforts and subsequent evaluation are very positive and provide a solid foundation for future research and practice efforts related to explanation provision within the context of intelligent systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining data and text mining techniques for analysing financial reports
Authors: Kloptchenko Antonina , Eklund Tomas , Karlsson Jonas , Back Barbro , Vanharanta Hannu , Visa Ari
Published: April 2004

There is a vast amount of ﬁnancial information on companies' ﬁnancial performance available to investors in electronic form today. While automatic analysis of ﬁnancial ﬁgures is common, it has been difﬁcult to extract meaning from the textual parts of ﬁnancial reports automatically. The textual part of an annual report contains richer information than the ﬁnancial ratios. In this paper, we combine data and text mining methods for analysing quantitative and qualitative data from ﬁnancial reports, in order to see if the textual part of the report contains some indications about future ﬁnancial performance. The quantitative analysis has been performed using self‐organizing maps, and the qualitative analysis using prototype‐matching text clustering. The analysis is performed on the quarterly reports of three leading companies in the telecommunications sector. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive hierarchical fuzzy logic system for modelling of financial systems
Authors: Mohammadian M. , Kingham M.
Published: April 2004

In this paper an intelligent hierarchical fuzzy logic system using genetic algorithms for the prediction and modelling of interest rates in Australia is developed. The proposed system uses a hierarchical fuzzy logic system in which a genetic algorithm is used as a training method for learning the fuzzy rules knowledge bases that are used for prediction of interest rates in Australia.

A hierarchical fuzzy logic system is developed to model and predict three‐month (quarterly) interest rate ﬂuctuations. The system is further trained to model and predict interest rates for six‐month and one‐year periods. The proposed system is developed with ﬁrst two, three, then four and ﬁnally ﬁve hierarchical knowledge bases to model and predict interest rates.

A novel architecture called a feed forward fuzzy logic system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms is also developed to predict interest rates. A back‐propagation hierarchical neural network system is also developed to predict interest rates for three‐month, six‐month and one‐year periods. The results obtained from these two systems are then compared with the hierarchical fuzzy logic system results and conclusions are drown on the accuracy of all systems for prediction of interest rates in Australia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.