bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue: economic and political dimensions
Authors: Ivcenko Viktoria
Published: October 2021

Against the background of strong and long-standing energy interdependence between the European Union and Russia, the two partners agreed in 2000 to launch the Energy Dialogue, which was intended to intensify their cooperation and to eliminate related problems. The political and economic dimensions of the EU–Russia Energy Dialogue are presented and studied in this article. The aim is to analyse the scale of their impact on the basis of some important projects within this dialogue, taking into account the overall context. The results of conducted analysis demonstrate that while this comprehensive instrument for jointly creating the future of the two co-dependent partners should bring apparent improvements, its functionality is hindered by various economic and political factors. The latter, in particular, have had a significant impact, putting the Energy Dialogue on hold, not lastly with the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis and growing bilateral and multilateral political tensions. Today, 20 years after the commissioning of this seemingly so fruitful platform of the Energy Dialogue, we are looking at a very disappointing intermediate assessment. Various problems of the Energy Dialogue hinder not only cooperation development based on trust, legal norms and understanding, but also existing and partly active projects, such as the Roadmap EU–Russia Energy Cooperation until 2050 and Nord Stream 2, which are being pushed into the uncertain future. However, in view of existing and possible further projects in the energy sector, it is necessary to create the functional dialogue format.
La révolution douce de 1989 en RDA
Authors: Wippler Reinhard
Published: October 2021

Il y a deux cents ans que les processus de transformation des sociétés que nous appelons aujourd'hui "révolutions" ne cessent d'intéresser les sociologues. Les analyses essentielles de la révolution au siècle dernier sont l'oeuvre de Tocqueville et de Marx, pour les études plus récentes on ne saurait omettre Davies, Gurr, Skocpol ou Tilly1. Les analyses des auteurs classiques et modernes nous ont permis de faire progresser nos connaissances sur l'origine et le déroulement des révolutions.Toutefois la transition dramatique d'un système centralisé à économie planifiée à un système démocratique à économie de marché dans l'ex-RDA présente des particularités qui la distinguent d'autres processus de tranformation révolutionnaire.
Everything and Nothing: the Meaning of American Popular Culture in France
Authors: Fantasia Rick
Published: October 2021

As one drives westward toward Geneva from the small city of Thonon-les-bains, with its stately perch on the Southern shore of Lac Leman, its fading Victorian-era hotel spas and 17th century château, and its remarkable views of the French Alps, one comes upon a stretch of road that, to an American, appears perfectly familiar and thus seems completely "foreign" in its French context. Quite suddenly, from both sides of the road, one's view is seized by the intrusion of brightly-colored placards, dazzling neon signs and coarse structures that signal a steady string of auto dealerships, gas stations, furniture outlets, garden supply stores, a kitchen appliance store, a bowling alley and a sprawling supermarket complex.
Pluralisme et Démocratie
Authors: Aron Raymond
Published: October 2021

Le pluralisme appartient désormais au vocabulaire courant de la presse et de la classe politique. Le lien étroit entre démocratie et pluralisme, voire l’équivalence de ces deux notions passe desormais pour une quasi evidence qui n’appelle guére de commentaire ou de démonstration. Or ce qui suscite ma curiosite, meme la réflexion, c’est l’opinion répandue, sinon commune, que la democratie implique, suppose le pluralisme.
Françoise Dupuy et Jean-Claude Thœnig, Sociologie de l’administration française
Authors: Schonfeld William R.
Published: October 2021

Long-established traditions are difficult to change. This almost tautological adage seems particularly applicable to France, and the scholarly images of her political and administrative systems. In spite of the durability of the Fifth Republic, observers continue to wonder. whether the constitutional structure created in 1958 can survive with a parliamentary majority holding views which oppose those of the President of the Republic. That this issue remains salient after the 1981 elections which brought into power « resolute enemies » of the institutions established by Charles de Gaulle, provides eloquent testimony to the stability of the image of an unstable French political system.
De l’invisibilité à la reconnaissance : travail de la femme et stratégies familiales
Authors: Pitrou Agnès , Battagliola Françoise , Roussier Nicole
Published: October 2021

Nous voudrions montrer, à  partir de l’exemple de recherches récemment effectuées au carrefour de la sociologie du travail et de la famille, que l’évolution du travail des femmes ne peut être comprise que si elle est abordée en référence à  la fois à  la stratégie des employeurs, aux caractéristiques des emplois occupés et à  la stratégie des couples.
“La Nouvelle Droite”: G.R.E.C.E. and the Revival of Radical Rightist Thought in Contemporary France
Authors: Douglas Allen
Published: October 2021

Les systèmes idéologiques sont des fictions — — — des romans — mais des roman classiques, bien pourvus d’intridues, de crises, de personnages bons et mauvais. Roland Baethes, Le plaisir du texte.
New Mayors: France and the United States
Authors: Balme Richard , Becquart-Leclercq Jeanne , Clark Terry N. , Hoffmann-Martinot Vincent , Nevers Jean-Yves
Published: October 2021

In 1983 we organized a conference on “Questioning the Welfare State and the Rise of the City” at the University of Paris, Nanterre. About a hundred persons attended, including many French social scientists and political activists. Significant support came from the new French Socialist government. Yet with Socialism in power since 1981, it was clear that the old Socialist ideas were being questioned inside and outside the Party and government—especially in the important decentralization reforms. There was eager interest in better ways to deliver welfare state services at the local level.
Machine Learning Based Optimization Technique for High-Capacity V-NAND Flash Memory
Authors: Kim Jisuk , Kim Earl , Lee Daehyeon , Lee Taeheon , Ham Daesik , Yang Miju , Hwang Wanha , Kim Jaeyoung , Yoon Sangyong , Jeong Youngwook , Kim Eunkyoung , Song Ki-Whan , Song Jai Hyuk , Kim Myungsuk , Choi Woo Young
Published: October 2021

In the NAND flash manufacturing process, thousands of internal electronic fuses (eFuse) are tuned in order to optimize performance and validity. In this paper, we propose a machine learning optimization technique that uses deep learning (DL) and genetic algorithms (GA) to automatically tune eFuse values. Using state-of-the-art triple-level cell (TLC) V-NAND flash wafers, we trained our model and validated its effectiveness. Based on the findings of the evaluation and production data, the proposed optimization technique can reduce total turnaround time (TAT) by 70% compared with manual eFuse tuning.
The Effect of Wafer Edge Cu Contamination on FinFET Devices
Authors: Guo Yong , Jones Jason , Guo Yanan , Hurst Jeff , Lee Jinyoung , Son Stuart
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the results of an investigation to gain a better understanding of the impact of wafer substrate copper (Cu) contamination on FinFET devices. A chip from a wafer free of Cu contamination and several chips near a Cu contaminated wafer edge were sampled for chemical, structural, and morphological analysis and electrical device performance testing. The contaminated wafer was also annealed at high temperature, trying to drive Cu diffusion further into the Si substrate. TEM analysis revealed that the Cu interacted with Si to form a stable η-Cu3Si intermetallic compound. SIMS analysis from the backside of the wafer detected no Cu even after most of the backside material was removed. Likewise, electrical nanoprobing showed no parametric drift in the FinFETs near the edge of the wafer, comparable to device behavior in a Cu-free Si substrate. These results indicate that the formation of η-Cu3Si with a well-defined crystalline structure and stable stoichiometry immobilizes Cu diffusion in the Si substrate. In other words, the impact of Cu diffusion in silicon has no effect on device performance as long as η-Cu3Si does not form in the FinFET channel or short any structures within the chip.
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy Package Fingerprint Extraction for Integrated Circuit Hardware Assurance
Authors: Johnson Daniel , Hsu Po-Wei , Xi Chengjie , Asadizanjani Navid
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the basic physics of scanning acoustic microscopy, the counterfeit features it can detect, and how it compares with other screening methods. Unlike traditional optical inspection and IR and X-ray techniques, SAM can identify recycled and remarked chips by exposing ghost markings, fill material differences, delaminations from excessive handling, and popcorn fractures caused by trapped moisture. The paper presents several examples along with detailed images of these telltale signs of semiconductor counterfeiting. It also discusses the potential of developing an automated solution for detecting counterfeits on a large scale.
Back Side Illumination Image Sensor Characterization by Backside Circuit Editing
Authors: Yu Jian , Xu Jin , Sanico Niel
Published: October 2021

The characterization of back side illumination (BSI) image sensors is challenging because of the unique construction of such sensors with silicon on top. A novel method for BSI image sensor characterization is presented in this paper. The proposed approach is based on backside circuit editing using ion beam and optical imaging techniques. This provides access to buried conductors and creates probe points for measurements that can be made using an optical, electron beam, or mechanical micro/nano prober.
EBIRCH Localization for Low-Current Soft Fails
Authors: Johnson Gregory M. , Rummel Andreas
Published: October 2021

An experimental study was undertaken to determine the minimum level of leakage or shorting current that could be detected by electron-beam induced resistance change (EBIRCH) analysis. A 22-nm SRAM array was overstressed with a series of gradually increasing voltage biases followed by EBIRCH scans at 1 V and 2-kV SEM imaging until fins were observed. It was found that the fins of a pulldown device could be imaged by EBIRCH at just 12 nA of shorting current, representative of a soft failure. Stressing the sample at higher voltages eventually created an ohmic short, which upon further investigation, strongly suggested that the Seebeck effect plays a significant role in EBIRCH analysis.
A New Delayering Application Workflow in Advanced 5nm Technology Device with Xenon Plasma Focus Ion Beam Microscopy
Authors: Choi Ha Young , Kim Seo Jin , Kang Christopher H. , Tsao Chun Cheng
Published: October 2021

Convention hand polishing, which is widely used for delayering, is becoming increasingly difficult as metal lines and stacks in semiconductor devices get thinner. For one thing, endpointing at the exact targeted layer and region of interest is a major challenge. The presence of cobalt and its propensity to oxidize, thus complicating electrical measurements, is another challenge. In this study, the authors demonstrate an alternative delayering method based on plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) milling aided by DX gas. The workflow associated with the new method is more efficient than that of conventional hand polishing and can help prevent cobalt oxidation.
Pairing Laser Ablation and Xe Plasma FIB-SEM: An Approach for Precise End-Pointing in Large-Scale Physical Failure Analysis in the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Blando Rodrigo Delgadillo , Hladík Lukáš , Oboňa Jozef Vincenc , Borůvka Tomáš , Burán Martin , Krause Michael , Rottwinkel Boris Arnold , Fuller Scott
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a large-volume workflow for fast failure analysis of microelectronic devices. The workflow incorporates a stand-alone ps-laser ablation tool and a FIB-SEM system. As implemented, the picosecond laser is used to quickly remove large volumes of bulk material while the Xe plasma FIB provides precise end-pointing to the feature of interest and fine surface polishing after laser ablation. The paper presents several application examples, including a full workflow to prepare artefact-free, delamination-free cross-sections in an AMOLED mobile display and the preparation of devices and packages (including flip chips) of varying size. It also covers related issues such as CAD navigation, data correlation, and the use of bitmap overlays for end-pointing.
The Fundamentals of Nanoprobe Analysis
Authors: Mulder Randal
Published: October 2021

This presentation provides an overview of nanoprobe systems and what they reveal about defects and abnormalities in semiconductor device structures and materials. The presentation covers the basic operating principles, implementation, and capabilities of atomic force probe and beam-based imaging techniques, including AFP pico-current contrast and scanning capacitance imaging, SEM/FIB active voltage contrast imaging, and SEM/FIB electron-beam absorbed current (EBAC), induced current (EBIC), and induced resistance change (EBIRCH) imaging. It also includes guidelines for probing transistors and copper metallization and case studies in which nanoprobing was used to analyze gate oxide and substrate defects, intermittent bit cell failures, threshold voltage shifts, and time-domain popcorn noise.
Basics and Current Aspects of Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Stegmann Heiko
Published: October 2021

This presentation addresses topics of relevance to scanning electron microscopy, including SEM basics, electron guns, electron optics, beam-specimen interactions, signal detection, sample prep and cleanliness, low-voltage imaging, nonconductive imaging, voltage contrast, stage biasing, electron channeling contrast imaging, magnetic contrast imaging, STEM-in-SEM, 3D imaging and analytics, and image post-processing.
Failure Analysis for Hardware Security
Authors: Asadi Navid
Published: October 2021

This presentation addresses the issue of counterfeiting in the semiconductor industry. It begins with a review of the global supply chain and the various forms of counterfeiting taking place. It then identifies assets that require tamper protection and the types of attacks to which they are prone. It also presents several approaches for physical inspection and assurance at the IC and system level.
Editor's Note: The Year 2020: Crisis and Opportunity
Authors: Sellnow Deanna
Published: October 2021

This volume features foci on teaching J.E.D.I (justice, equity, diversity, inclusion) principles, pandemic pedagogy challenges and opportunities, as well as thought-provoking essays on invitational andragogy, transdisciplinary deliberation, and reflexivity.
The Reality Plan and the Subjective Construction of One's Perception: The Strategic Theoretical Model among Sensations, Perceptions, Defence Mechanisms, Needs, Personal Constructs, Beliefs System, Soc
Authors: Perrotta Giulio
Published: October 2021

The strategic theoretical model is mainly based on the patient's perceptive-reactive system and its functioning profiles, putting the typical nosographic descriptions of DSM-V in the background - in clinical practice. This methodological choice is aimed at favouring a more integrated and general approach, enhancing the particular individual components, typical of the patient, far from an excessively rigid approachable only to cage the patient in a scheme that does not value all the nuances of his clinical symptomatology. This model is then integrated with other theories able to fully explain the subjective nature of reality and the re-elaboration of it in a perceptive key.
The Genius of Stupidity
Authors: Welles James
Published: October 2021

Inventive genius is due to the creative fantasy of introverts often incapable of grasping even the simplest precepts of social life. Beethoven, for example, lost all effective contact with the social and business worlds before he was thirty years old. He was totally devoid of sympathetic insight and inhabited a world of his own into which no one else could penetrate. Except for a few disastrous occasions, he indifferently left others to live their own ways in their own pragmatic, atonal worlds. To put it bluntly, Beethoven was pretty damned stupid in non-musical matters, but that was the price he paid for his genius.
TRACK (by NEHEP) Implementation: A Bangladesh Scenario
Authors: Mohiuddin Abdul
Published: October 2021

With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), biological risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Optimization of diabetes management by positive lifestyle changes is urgently required for prevention of comorbidities and complications, which in turn will reduce the cost. Diabetes had 2 times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and nearly 10 times more medications than non- diabetes patients, as reported by British Medical Journal. And surprisingly, 80% of people with this so called “Rich Man's Disease” live in low- and middle-income countries. According to a recent study of American Medical Association, China and India collectively are home of nearly 110 million diabetic patients. The prevalence of diabetes in this region is projected to increase by 71% by 2035. Bangladesh was ranked as the 8th highest diabetic populous country in the time period of 2010-2011. In Bangladesh, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among adults was 9.7% in 2011 and the number is projected to be 13.7 million by 2045. The cost of diabetes care is considerably high in Bangladesh, and it is primarily driven by the medicine and hospitalization costs. According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 the annual average cost per T2DM was $864.7, which is 52% of per capita GDP of Bangladesh and 9.8 times higher than the general health care cost. Medicine is the highest source of direct cost (around 85%) for patients without hospitalization. The private and public financing of diabetes treatment will be severely constrained in near future, representing a health threat for the Bangladeshi population.
Unilateral Viable Twin Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Felemban Afaf , alsahabi Jawaher , aljurayfani Haya , alsalman Fahad , Hassan Samar
Published: October 2021

Ectopic pregnancy is a life-threatening condition and is still considered as one of the most important causes of maternal mortality [1]. Ectopic twins is a very rare type of ectopic pregnancy. Incidence of twin tubal pregnancy is 1 out of 725-1580 tubal pregnancy and 1in 200000 pregnancies. Very limited number of viable twin ectopic pregnancies have been reported in the literature Spontaneous twin tubal ectopic pregnancy is even rarer with reported incidence of1 in every 125,000 spontaneous pregnancies [2, 4, 5]. In literature review there are more than 100 cases of twin tubal pregnancy have been reported, there are only a few cases with documented fetal heart motions in both embryos or fetuses.6
Safety and Effectiveness of Jet Ventilation with Conventional Ventilatory Frequencies for Elective Microlaryngeal Surgery
Authors: Llanes Omar
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Ventilate patients during microlaryngeal surgery confronts several problems. Jet ventilation with conventional ventilatory frequencies allows the use of small diameter endotracheal catheters to provide adequate oxygen volumes and better operating conditions than the traditional method. Objective: Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of jet ventilation with conventional ventilatory frequencies for elective microlaryngeal surgery. Methods: A comparative, single-blind, randomized and parallel study was performed. It was used a prototype of jet ventilation device (with an exceptional use permit in humans conferred by the Center for the State Control of Medication, Dispositive and Medical Equipment) in a study group of 45 patients (group E) and compared with a control group (group C) of 15 patients using the traditional ventilation method. Results: Oxygenation was higher in group E. Group C eventually required extubation, transitory apnea and reintubation, which impacted against the anatomophysiological integrity of patients, the operative field and teaching. A greater hemodynamic stability was evident among the subjects of group E. The intrapulmonary pressures produced by jet ventilation did not cause obvious injuries or clinical repercussions. Conclusions: Applying jet ventilation with conventional ventilatory frequencies was safe and effective. For the first time, experiences of using a jet ventilation method in the country were obtained. The group in which traditional ventilation method was applied suffered more frequent and dangerous complications. It is necessary to assimilate jet ventilation´s technologies to raise the quality of medical attention in times of peace, war or disasters, in elective or emerging contexts as the challenge of a difficult airway.
Bilateral Severe Mydriasis Due To Escitalopram
Authors: Georg Mina
Published: October 2021

A 22 year old male student was seen by a psychiatrist for the complaint of having no interest in studying for his final college examination accompanied with loss of appetite and sleep disturbance. Upon taking psychiatric history, his symptoms were: diminished interest in daily activities of three months duration, fatigue, insomnia of sixth months duration, anorexia of two months duration and feelings of worthlessness. His physical examination and laboratory tests were normal with no abnormality. Thus, the diagnosis of major depressive disorder was made based on the psychiatric evaluation and he was prescribed Escitalopram 10 mg daily. On the third day of the Escitalopram therapy, bilateral severe mydriasis was observed by the patient, after contacting the psychiatry department, he was referred for ophthalmological examination. Upon ophthalmological examination, his examination revealed a right pupil diameter of 8 mm and a left pupil diameter of 8 mm with room light. Pupillary responses were equal with light exposure. The ophthalmological examination was reported as normal except for the unexplained bilateral mydriasis that was not ophthalmological in origin.
Virus Infection of The Human Papiloma And Its Association With Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hernánde Victor
Published: October 2021

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women worldwide; its carcinogenesis is a complex multi-step process that involves environmental factors, lifestyle, genetic mutation and viral infections; Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a crucial role in human carcinomas, mainly anogenital and oropharyngeal; HPV is a prognostic factor since it is associated with vascular invasion, ganglionic metastases and tumor size; HPV is reported to be present in 70% of colorectal cancers and HPV-16 E6 / E7 oncoproteins are involved in carcinogenesis, including colorectal cancer; prevention with HPV vaccines can prevent some cancers including colorectal cancer. The link between HPV and colorectal cancer became evident, without distinction between the sexes, with similar values ​​between HPV 16 and HPV 18. Studies are needed to investigate the relationship between HPV and colorectal cancer.
Rare Case of Recurrent Phyllodes Tumor of Bilateral Breasts with Metastasis to the Retroperitoneum and Duodenum
Authors: Pourghaderi Poya
Published: October 2021

Phyllodes tumors are uncommon fibroepithelial tumors of the breast. These tumors are graded based on the World Health Organization criteria into benign, borderline, and malignant subtypes. While benign phyllodes tumors are by far the most common presentation, borderline and malignant tumors have important clinical implications, as they are more likely to locally recur and metastasize. The most common sites of distant metastasis include the lung, bone, heart, and liver. Rare spread to the small intestines, kidney and pelvis have also been reported. We report a case of a 71 year-old woman with a history of locally recurrent phyllodes tumor of the breasts found to have retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal metastases. The retroperitoneal mass was just below the left kidney, extending into the pelvis, and overlying the psoas and iliacus. The second mass involved the second portion of the duodenum, the proximal transverse colon, and the overlying mesentery. This case of delayed metastatic spread of phyllodes tumor to two sites, seventeen years after first presentation, represent a rare case.
The Journey of Drug Dependent Persons Cared by Jail Nurses
Authors: Daño Julius
Published: October 2021

Nurses are hired to care for drug dependents who undergone rehabilitation. These nurses do not have sufficient training to care for the drug dependents. Having exposed to an environment where nurses are not competent in drug-dependent care may cause the drug-dependent persons to react and behave differently. Hence, this study is would like to explore live experience of drug-dependent persons cared by nurses in drug rehabilitation centers. Utilizing qualitative research design specifically the descriptive phenomenological approach, the investigation revealed the following interpretive themes which aroused from their lived experiences: (a) concerned/thoughtful nurse emanates from counselling, instructing, and solicitous nurse, (b) upholding professionalism that stems from safeguarding care, warranting care, and comforting care, (c) depicting a robust behaviour that derives from reinforcing, ranting and raspy behaviour, and (d) dedicated nurse that comes from devoted, steadfast, and warm-heartedness. These lived experiences of drug-dependents shows the significant essences that may convey drug-dependent persons being cared by jail nurses.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
Authors: Aigbedion E. , Hanchar A.
Published: October 2021

The article analyses Nigeria's socio-economic performance. The main attention is paid to the influence of natural and geopolitical conditions on the development of the country's economy. At the same time, the researchers' attention is focused on the health situation, energy development, the number and composition of Nigeria's population, and the reasons for population migration.
DETERMİNATİON OF PESTİCİDES İN SOME BERRİES
Authors: Hajiyeva S. , Gadirova E. , Nuruyeva K.
Published: October 2021

It is known that artificial fertilizer are widely used in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. In particular, the presence of nitrates is very common, and this is normal. However, these substances already cause problems in the body when they exceed the amount of MPC, especially, adversely affect the health of children's bodies. They lead to more serious hazards by being reduced to nitrites. Such products can not be considered environmentally friendly, because such fruits are no longer rich in minerals and vitamins, so they become useless food. In this regard, the article identified 17 vital pesticides in berry samples. Berry samples (strawberries and raspberries) were taken in spring and analyzed in the laboratory of the Food Safety Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
M.A. BAKUNIN: REBEL AGAINST MIND
Authors: Avdeeva L.
Published: October 2021

Biography facts of M.A. Bakunin, his writings, the memoirs of his contemporaries testify to a seething, uncompromising nature, in some ways even fanatical. “None of the Russian leaders knew how to bring his youth to the grave as freshly as Bakunin, no one knew how to understand youth so subtly, deeply and on a level with himself ...
Kaolinite clays as a source of raw materials for the aluminum industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors:   JSC ", Kenzhaliyev B. ,   Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation", Imangalieva L. ,   JSC "Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation", Manapova A. ,   JSC "Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation", Azlan M. ,   Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Published: October 2021

Kaolinite clays can serve as an additional source of alumina in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The most promising is the Alekseevsky kaolinite deposit. To obtain high-quality kaolinite and quartzite products, it is necessary to develop special enrichment techniques, since no satisfactory results were achieved when using standard methods of gravitational enrichment of kaolinites. The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of preliminary chemical activation during the processing of kaolinite clays of the Alekseevsky deposit. Previously, the method of preliminary chemical activation of raw materials in a solution of sodium bicarbonate has proven itself well in the processing of various mineral raw materials. It was determined that during the preliminary chemical activation in a solution of sodium bicarbonate, changes occurred in the phase composition of the kaolinite fraction: the content of muscovite decreased almost twice; the phase of sodium aluminosilicate was formed. The dependence of the yield of Al2O3 in the kaolinite fraction on the temperature of chemical activation, duration, and the ratio of L:S and the concentration of the sodium bicarbonate solution during chemical activation. The optimal mode of preliminary chemical activation of kaolinite clay of the Alekseevsky deposit has been established: the temperature is 150 oC, the duration is 120 minutes and the concentration of sodium bicarbonate solution is 120 g/dm3. A basic technological scheme is proposed for the processing of kaolinite clays.
Investigation of degradation processes in perovskite under the influence of external factors
Authors:   University of Texas at Dallas, Zakhidov A. , Zhamanbayeva G. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Yar-Mukhamedova G. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: October 2021

The article describes a number of new fundamental knowledge about mechanisms of degradation processes occurring in photoactive perovskite materials based on complex lead halides and solar cells based on them, modern methods and approaches to increasing the operational stability of perovskite photovoltaic devices are considered. The revealed paths of degradation processes occurring in complex metal halides (lead and tin) under the influence of light and elevated temperatures are important for further developments in the field of creating highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells of a new generation. The investigated models of degradation are described both under the action of moisture and as a result of radiation ionization processes. The importance of solving the Dexter-Varley paradox, which takes into account the competition between the processes of displacement of IS0 states, as well as the delocalization of the resulting hole in the valence band, is emphasized. It was shown that by changing the force of pressure of the tape on the perovskite film, it was possible to achieve the maximum values of the light conversion efficiency of about 12.7%. It was found that the presence of charge carriers in the form of polarons can significantly affect the assessment of the degradation efficiency towards its increase. The data obtained can radically change the traditional ideas about the efficiency of photochemical reactions.
Horizontal wells as a means of intensification of oil production
Authors:   Oil and Gas Institute National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Jalalov G. , Kunayeva G. ,   Caspian State University of Technology and Engineering named after Sh. Yesenova, Bayamirova R. ,   Caspian state university of technologies and engineering named after S. Yessenov
Published: October 2021

Numerous experimental and field studies have established that during the development of oil and gas fields, there are deformations of rocks that occur due to changes in reservoir pressure. It is established that with a drop in reservoir pressure, the volume of the pore space of the formation decreases due to the elastic expansion of the rock grains and an increase in compressive forces transmitted to the skeleton from the masses of the overlying rocks. As a result, there is a change in the deformation processes in the porous medium, accompanied by a decrease in its porosity and permeability, and a more significant change, compared with the porosity of the formation, is the permeability under one and the same pressure change. The manifestation of these anomalies in reservoir conditions, which cause nonlinear effects, can significantly affect the entire process of reservoir development and lead to various qualitative and quantitative discrepancies between the observed facts and the indicators that were calculated.
Конфлікти пам’яті. Вуличні маніфестації під час відзначення 250-річних ювілеїв оборони Львова (1905) та Університету Яна Казимира (1912)
Authors: Кісь Назар
Published: October 2021

The events of the 17th century, the anniversaries of which took place in Lviv at the beginning of the 20th century, are well-known, researched and even significant. Moreover, they are still used to promote historical policy. The siege of Lviv is part of the Ukrainian national canon of national liberation struggle. And the date of the founding of Lviv University in 1661 (which was enshrined in the literature during the anniversary described in the article) is officially considered the beginning of the history of Ivan Franko Lviv University. At the same time, less attention is paid to how these stories became part of the collective memory in the early twentieth century, as well as a tool in political confrontation. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the 21st century their relevance in historical politics has not diminished. The aim of the article is to demonstrate how history is instrumentalized by politicians to mobilize their electorate. In this case, these are two examples: the history of the conflict, as in the case of the siege, and the history against the background of the conflict, when an ancient event serves as an argument in opposition to the university. In both situations, "defenders of historical truth" cooperate with "defenders of national interests." The methodological basis of the study comprises the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematics. General scientific and special research methods were used in solving the set tasks: historiographical analysis, generalization, quantitative, chronological, retrospective. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the state of study of the issue in modern historiography and comparison of existing data with the available evidence of the time. Conclusions. The commemoration of the anniversary of the siege of Lviv by Bohdan Khmelnytsky's troops in 1655 and the founding of Lviv University in 1661 were a consequence of what local Polish politicians called "the discovery of a forgotten history." When an event from the past (since the time of the divided Rzeczpospolita - Commonwealth) became the basis for the formation of a national myth. Thus, the siege of Lviv became an example of the loyalty of the Lviv citizens to the ideals of the Commonwealth, and Joseph’s University became the University of Jan Kasimierz. A side effect of this "discovery of history" was the intensification of interethnic conflicts. Under the influence of revolutionary events in Russia, tensions only increased, and newspapers abounded with calls to "show" opponents who ruled in the city. And such cases of street demonstrations occurred periodically.
Організація архівної справи в Україні в умовах паперового голоду
Authors: Московченко Наталія , Палеха Юрій , Зозуля Наталія
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the article is coverage based on information of archival documents, published sources and research of modern historians of conditions, which was the formation of the modern archival system of Ukraine. The research methodologyis based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematics. General and special research methods : quantitative, chronological, retrospective, historiographical analysis, generalization are used. The scientific novelty of the work is comprehensive analysis of archival and published sources on this topic research and comparison of this information. The authors gave an explanation to the concept of «paper famine», identified the causes of its occurrence and gave assessment of the losses suffered by the Ukrainian archives during the years of the paper famine. In the work both the positive and negative aspects of the activities of institutions, who were involved in the creation and development of a network of archival institutions on territory of Ukraine and actually managed the archives Ukraine are highlighted , paying special attention to the activities of Eastpart. Conclusions. The formation of the modern archival system of Ukraine took place in the 1920s and 1930s years in the postwar and post- revolutionary devastation, as well as in the conditions of paper famine and the pressure of the party- command system, which led to creation and existence of two parallel archival systems - state and party and caused ambiguity in the concept of «Unified State Archival Stock».
Система охорони здоров’я в УРСР та спроби її реформування
Authors: Волониць Віра
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the article is to describe the ways to update the health care system in the Ukrainian SSR in the historical retrospective. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematization with the use of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and combination with a special historical (chronological) method. The scientific novelty of the publication lies in a comprehensive analysis of the domestic health care system and ways to reform it in the Soviet period. In order to expand research prospects, it is proposed to include the issues of formation, development, and attempts to reform the health care system to a number of current issues in the history of Ukraine. Conclusions. The Soviet model of the health care system, formed under strict state regulation, was distinguished by the only possible source of budget funding, was free of charge, and was accessible to all, partially was rewarding in conditions of significant socio-political and large-scale biological challenges. It has made it possible to reduce mortality by introducing preventive and anti-epidemic measures and providing access to medical services in the most remote parts of the country. However, all these achievements, under the conditions of extensive type of development of the medical sphere, mainly quantitative growth of indicators and chronic underfunding, vanished very quickly, and the system proved to be ineffective and inconsistent with the requirements of the time. Partially aware of all the risks that could lead to a systemic crisis, the Soviet leaders made several attempts to suspend the inevitable destructive processes. Unfortunately, most of the decisions made to expand possible funding, increase the status of the primary outpatient clinic, the introduction of limited market mechanisms, were mostly declarative in nature as the most important issue remained unresolved - the elimination of the residual principle of financing the industry.
Condições filosóficas para uma estética husserliana
Authors: Lindenmeyer Luciane
Published: October 2021

Este artigo apresenta as condições filosóficas para o estabelecimento de uma estética especificamente husserliana. Para tanto, são primeiramente consideradas as equivalências filosóficas entre duas modalidades de experiência consciente: a fenomenológica e a estética. Por conseguinte, destacamos alguns dos conceitos que norteiam a fenomenologia husserliana como percepção, experiência intuitiva, imaginação e consciência de imagem. Apresentamos uma aproximação conceitual entre a experiência fenomenológica, como experiência de consciência imediata que tem na percepção o caminho privilegiado para o acesso aos dados originários dos objetos intencionais. A experiência estética, enquanto tipo específico de percepção e sensação, converte-se em uma modalidade de experiência fenomenológica, na medida em que integra, em si mesma, sujeito e objeto em uma relação propriamente intencional funcionando como um perfeito paradigma da atitude perceptiva fenomenológica contraposta ao modelo de experiência naturalizada. Tanto a estética quanto a fenomenologia possibilitam a centralização da experiência consciente como relação consciência-mundo, muito mais do que a caracterização objetiva do mundo ou de quaisquer fatos puramente psicológicos. Em ambos os campos filosóficos a imaginação possui um status de destaque.
Homo oeconomicus x homo politicus: considerações sobre o neoliberalismo e a mudança no imaginário democrático
Authors: De Paula Balbino Lorena
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo pretende analisar quais são as implicações de uma hipótese que prolonga a análise foucaultiana do neoliberalismo a partir de seus efeitos na democracia moderna. Com esse propósito, o trabalho recente de Wendy Brown examina como a racionalidade neoliberal afeta a democracia, transforma o seu imaginário e mesmo o seu sujeito principal, isto é o demos. Brown aponta para dois problemas da "revolução furtiva do neoliberalismo", a saber, que a racionalidade neoliberal transforma e desfaz a democracia ao afetar diretamente o seu princípio fundamental que é a soberania popular. Tal transformação se faz a partir da mudança produzida no imaginário democrático e, principalmente, da transformação do sujeito econômico, de sujeito de interesse em capital humano, assim como do sujeito político, relegado a segundo plano. A partir desse primeiro problema, examinamos como se dão e quais são as consequências da mudança do imaginário democrático e de seu sujeito político central. O segundo problema apontado por Brown trata da interferência da razão neoliberal na autonomia soberana. A segunda parte deste artigo procura, portanto, analisar as relações entre soberania do Estado-nação e a noção de soberania popular a partir do problema da expansão do capital e da vulnerabilidade das fronteiras e do território onde se exerce a cidadania.
A relação entre revolução e estado: crítica de Hannah Arendt ao modelo atual
Authors: Silva Brito Carlos Fernando
Published: October 2021

Neste texto, pretende-se desenvolver os elementos que compõem a crítica que Hannah Arendt apresenta ao fim da entrevista concedida ao escritor alemão Adelbert Reif no verão de 1970 ao conceito de Estado e governo moderno, e que não são desenvolvidos por Arendt nesse momento. Para tanto, inicialmente será expostas as criticas de Arendt ao esvaziamento do espaço público e a tentativa de resumir à participação política ao processo eleitoral. Para contrapor-se a esses problemas inerentes ao conceito moderno de Estado e governo, Hannah Arendt menciona, mesmo que ligeiramente a possibilidade de um estado-conselho. Entretanto, nesse texto Arendt não explora esses conceitos e experiências, mas apenas os relaciona com a necessidade de transformação do conceito moderno de Estado e governo, ou seja, possibilita a percepção da atualidade de sua reflexão anterior. Diante disso a hipótese explorada neste texto é a de que essa entrevista de 1970 serve de chave de leitura para compreender a pertinência e atualidade do paralelo partidos x conselho desenvolvidos pela autora em Sobre a Revolução em 1963 e acrescenta um elemento novo, a saber, o tema da necessidade de institucionalizar uma experiência esquecida: os conselhos.
Education and training under the COVID‑19 pandemic
Authors:   Institute of Pedagogy of NAES of Ukraine, Kravchenko Svitlana
Published: October 2021

The index presents foreign literature on topical issues of education and training transformation under COVID‑19 pandemic (articles published in scientific journals, proceedings of scientific conferences, publications in foreign periodicals, information and analytical materials of UNESCO). The scientific auxiliary bibliographic index is addressed to pedagogical, scientific and pedagogical workers, heads of general secondary education institutions and all those who are interested in education and training under COVID‑19 pandemic.
Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mills: A Real Contribution to Increase the Greenhouse Gas and Its Potential as Renewable Energy Sources
Authors:   Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang,  Palembang 30252, Indonesia, Putro Ledis Heru Saryono
Published: October 2021

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment in Indonesia is still predominant using an open pond system. This system has the weakness of the unknown and uncontrollable value of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere. This study estimated GHG emissions (CH4 and CO2) from anaerobic ponds and their potential as a renewable energy source and obtain GHG emission conversion coefficients for each kg of COD POME and ton of crude palm oil (CPO). Gas samples were collected using a closed static chamber. GHG sample concentration testing was done using Gas Chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID) and thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The results showed that the emission rate of CH4 and CO2 in the anaerobic pond POME treatment was relatively high, 261.93 and 595.99 g/m2/day, respectively, equivalent to 48.572 t CO2-eq/day or 14,571.5 t CO2-eq/year. CO2 emissions were greater than two times CH4 emissions, both spatially and temporally. There was a process of facultative biodegradation, aerobic and or anaerobic process according to the biotic-abiotic environment and the levels of organic components in the substrate. In anaerobic ponds, the optimal requirements for the biodegradation process tended to be unfulfilled, so the emission rate of CH4 was less than CO2. The GHG conversion coefficient was obtained, namely each kg of COD from POME emitted 6.266 kg CO2-eq of GHG; for each m3 of POME emitted by 0.163 t CO2-eq of GHG; and 0.556 t CO2-eq/t CPO. The maximum potential for POME to energy conversion was 1.045 MWe with a power capacity of 8,603 MWh/year.