bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparedness of the Bhakti Wiratantama Army Hospital Semarang in Facing Covid-19
Authors:   Hospital Administration Studies, Faculty of Public Health,  Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia, Fatkhurokhman Moh. Andi , Hidayat Budi ,   Health Policy and Administration, Faculty of Public Health,  Universitas of Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT Background: On March 11, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) established Covid-19 as a pandemic. Coronavirus is one of the large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from mild symptoms such as fever, coughing and shortness of breath, some of the case without symptoms. Coronavirus severe symptoms such as pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even can cause death. Coronavirus is transmitted between animals and humans. The average incubation period is about 6 to14 days. This study aimed to describe the preparedness of the Bhakti Wira Tantama Army Hospital Semarang, Central Java in facing the Covid-19 outbreak. Subjects and Method: A mix method study was conducted at Bhakti Wira Tantama Army Hospital Semarang, Central Java. The process of organizing data in this study began with the literature study of health regulatory and laws in Indonesia. The instrument of this study was based on the Hospital Readiness checklist from WHO guidelines. The other data were collected using in-depth interviews. The data then analyzed descriptively. Results: Bhakti Wira Tantama Hospital was sufficient for a maximum capacity of 48 Covid-19 patients. In details, it showed that communication (87.49%), continuity of essential health services and patient care (100%), surge capacity (57.02%), human resources (56.40%), logistic and management of supplies including pharmaceuticals (51.51%), surveillance early warning and monitoring (100%), essential support services (95.23%), case management (59.88%), infection prevention and control (58.96%), and laboratory services (53.85%). Conclusion: Bhakti Wira Tantama Army Hospital already have a very good level of preparedness in facing the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19, hospital readiness, world health organization Correspondence: Moh. Andi Fatkhurokhman. Hospital Administration Studies, Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia. Email: andi.sptht@gmail.com. Mobile: 082135806088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.07
External Post-Tensioning Evaluation After 20 Years
Authors: Stevenson John , McGinn Donald J.
Published: February 2021

A multifaceted program was undertaken to assess the external post-tensioning system used on the
Confederation Bridge. The program included duct sounding, displacement load testing, and design
assessment of the significance of each tendon.
Fatigue Assessment of Existing Riveted Bridges
Authors: Mehlsen Henrik
Published: February 2021

Fatigue failure of bridges occurs after repeated loading and unloading and hence fatigue becomes
more and more severe with time. A majority of all existing riveted bridges are not explicitly
designed for fatigue failures. Bridge owners should therefore have focus on fatigue life of riveted
bridges. It can be difficult to discover fatigue cracks by visual inspection due to thick layers of paint
and the fact that the rivets themselves may hide the cracks. Hence, it may be necessary to
determine critical joints and possible fatigue cracks by using FE-modelling. Identification of critical
joints may also target future inspection efforts and highlight hidden details, which may call for
special inspection measures to be implemented. This paper describes a fatigue study of 11 riveted
railway bridges in Denmark that includes both visual inspections and FE-modelling of bridges.
Modelling Uncertainty for Scour Assessment of Bridge Piers
Authors: Ekuje Friday T. , Imam Boulent
Published: February 2021

Bridge scour being the erosive action of flowing water removing bed material from bridge piers and
abutments during floods is one of the major causes of bridge collapse. The scour prediction models used in
scour assessment codes tend to be conservative as they have been developed in laboratory conditions, which
are different from real observations. A number of scour prediction models, some of which being used in
bridge codes, have been compared with field observations to understand their predictive capabilities. This
kind of study is lacking for the scour codes used in the UK and more specifically the BD 97/12 code for scour
assessment of highway bridges. Validation of code scour equations using field measurements can be used to
ascertain their ability for accurate prediction. In this study, the BD 97/12 local scour model is compared with
extensive field data available in a US database compiled in cooperation by the US Geological Survey, State
highway departments and the Federal Highway Administration. Statistical tests are carried out to quantify
the prediction errors associated with the use of the code model for different conditions, including pier type
and bed material cohesion characteristics. Furthermore, by fitting distributions to the data, calibration of the
BD 97/12 code can be proposed.
Bridges Tested to Failure in Sweden
Authors: Täljsten Björn , Blanksvärd Thomas , Sas Gabriel , Bagge Niklas , Nilimaa Jonny , Popescu Cosmin , Elfgren Lennart , Carolin Anders , Häggström Jens
Published: February 2021

Five bridges of different types have been tested to failure and the results have been compared to analyses
of the load-carrying capacity using standard code models and advanced numerical methods. The results
may help to make accurate assessments of similar existing bridges. There it is necessary to know the real
behaviour, weak points, and to be able to model the load-carrying capacity in a correct way.

The five bridges were: (1) a strengthened one span concrete road bridge - Stora Höga ; (2) a one span
concrete rail trough bridge loaded in fatigue – Lautajokk; (3) a two span strengthened concrete trough
railway bridge - Övik; (4) a one span railway steel truss bridge -Åby; and (5) a five span prestressed concrete
road bridge - Kiruna. The unique results in the paper are the experiences of the real failure types, the
robustness/weakness of the bridges, and the accuracy and shortcomings/potentials of different codes and
models for safety assessment of existing structures.
Stop Criteria for Proof Load Tests Verified with Field and Laboratory Testing of the Ruytenschildt Bridge
Authors: Lantsoght Eva O. L. , Yang Yuguang , van der Veen Cor , Hordijk Dick A. , de Boer Ane
Published: February 2021

As the existing bridge stock is aging, improved assessment methods such as proof load testing become
increasingly important. Proof load testing involves large loads, and as such the risk for the structure and
personnel can be significant. To capture the structural response, extensive measurements are applied to
proof load tests. Stop criteria, based on the measured quantities, are used to identify when further loading
in a proof load test is not permitted. For proof load testing of buildings, stop criteria are available in existing
codes. For bridges, recently stop criteria based on laboratory tests on beams reinforced with plain bars
have been proposed. Subsequently, improved stop criteria were developed based on theoretical
considerations for bending moment and shear. The stop criteria from the codes and the proposed stop
criteria are compared to the results from field testing to collapse on the Ruytenschildt Bridge, and to the
results from laboratory tests on beams sawn from the Ruytenschildt Bridge. This comparison shows that
only a small change to the stop criteria derived from laboratory testing is necessary. The experimental
evidence strengthens the recommendation for using the proposed stop criteria in proof load tests on
bridges for bending moment, whereas further testing to confirm the stop criteria for shear is necessary.
O&M of New and Existing Large Cable Supported Bridges
Authors: Laigaard Jakob , Linneberg Poul
Published: February 2021

It is a challenge to obtain cost effective operation and maintenance of large cable supported
bridges. They do not fit into the O&M framework used for normal highway bridges. At the same
time, they represent large investments and are bottlenecks in the infrastructure network. Today it
has become common practice in design of new bridges also to focus on durability, access ways,
and setting up a system for risk based inspection and focused maintenance. For existing bridges,
clients strive towards a modern approach to O&M by retrofit of bridge elements, improved access
ways and a specific approach to inspection and maintenance. At the same time, O&M "rules of the
game" have changed with the last 5 years of digitalisation resulting in new opportunities for
efficient O&M. A similar potential also exists in exploiting accumulated knowledge about exposure
and degradation mechanisms and utilize a data driven approach to control bridge criticality.
Cable Replacement of the Tacitus Cable Stayed Bridge
Authors: Kabos Matti , Thie Edwin , Lavery Conor
Published: February 2021

As part of a major renovation programme of critical highway infrastructure in the Netherlands, the Tacitus Bridge at Ewijk, a 1055-metre-long orthotropic steel box girder deck of ten spans, with a main cable-stayed span of 270 metres, has undergone extensive strengthening and refurbishment. Due to the presence of micro-fissure defects identified in the existing lock coiled stay cables and an increase in permanent load on the bridge deck resulting from the addition of a high strength concrete overlay acting compositely with the orthotropic steel deck, it was concluded that the existing stay cables needed replacement. This paper presents the analytical approach developed to verify that the existing stay cables could be removed with no additional temporary supports and the use of advanced non-linear techniques to predict and monitor the performance of the bridge during each step of destressing the existing stay cables and of tensioning the new parallel strand cables.
Expansion Joint Replacement with Minimal Impacts on the Bridge Structure and on Traffic
Authors: Meng Niculin , Hoffmann Simon
Published: February 2021

Bridge expansion joints are key structural components that are subjected to very demanding
dynamic loading. Even though modern expansion joints are being continuously developed and
improved, they are generally still much less robust and less durable than the main structure.
Therefore, replacement of expansion joints is commonly required in the maintenance of our
transportation infrastructure. In carrying out such replacement work, the impacts on traffic and on
the bridge’s superstructure should be minimised, for economic and sustainability reasons. This
paper presents various expansion joint replacement methods which minimise such impacts, for a
wide range of scenarios and movement requirements. The methods described cover single gap
joints, sliding finger joints and modular joints – which, where appropriate, retain and use elements
of suitably designed existing joints, thus optimising the replacement process in various respects.
Expansion Joints, status and development
Authors: Jensen Jørgen Højris
Published: February 2021

An appropriate design and correct installation of expansion joints are key crucial for the costs and
the life span of the entire structure. As no joint types have a life expectancy similar to the life span
of the structure (100-120 years), focus needs to be on choosing joint types with minimal
maintenance costs combined with the lowest number of and simplest solution for exchange.

Many considerations must be taken when choosing types of expansion joints for a new or existing
bridge. Most importantly, the functional requirements like movement capacity, traffic volume and
type, noise emission etc. must be observed.

The details of the joint type and the details of the bridge area around the expansion joints are
important as well considering maintenance costs and ultimately the life span of the bridge.

Cases with the most common types of expansion joints are used to look at challenges with life
span, maintenance, observation of faults and leaks and consequential damages.

New editions of flexible plug joints including new basic materials have reached market in the last
couple of years. Instead of the traditional bituminous materials the new expansion joint is ETA
approved based on polyurethane. Basic material characteristics are described alongside the
detailed geometry and installation options. Material requirements in the ETAG 032-3 Flexible Plug
Joints are also described.

In November 2017 new general work descriptions for flexible plug joints were published.
Requirements and expectations for life span are discussed. Furthermore, the first experiences with
the incorporation of polymeric plug joints are evaluated focusing on projecting and execution
related challenges.
Maintenance repair by welding of badly-corroded railway bridge
Authors: Hołowaty Janusz
Published: February 2021

Remedial repairs were carried out on a railway bridge with severe corrosion damage to its steelwork as part of a project to open the passage of freight trains to a railway line in the Upper Silesia region in southern Poland. The bridge was constructed in 1907, using rimmed mild steel for the riveted plate girder superstructures . While the bridge retrofitting plan was being drawn up, the chemical composition of its structural steel members was assessed, and the ste el'' s weldability was confirmed via tensile tests and carbon equivalents. The existing steelwork was strengthened by restoring section losses in the main girders and end cross beams. The stnuctural integrity of the badly-corroded steelwork was recovered, allowing the return of both freight and passenger trains to the railway line.
Rapid Bridge Replacement – Learning from the USA
Authors: Murphy Charlotte
Published: February 2021

The IStructE Pai Lin Li Travel Award funded the author for an investigation into current practice
precast concrete construction in the USA. The Federal Highways Administration (FHWA) in the USA
has invested heavily in research into precast concrete construction through its Accelerated Bridge
Construction (ABC) programme. The FHWA’s research has had a focus on innovative techniques for
joining structural precast concrete elements together.
Grouted splice couplers and Ultra-High Performance Concrete are the two key enabling techniques
that were investigated in this research. The replacement of 6 36m span bridges over Interstate 78
in Pennsylvania used these techniques and completed each bridge replacement in 40 days. This
paper investigates the development of these techniques, the benefits they could have on the UK
construction industry and what actions need to be taken to realise those benefits.
The innovative bearing solution engineered for the Forth Road Bridge’s modified deck-to-tower connections
Authors: Leegwater Arno , Meng Niculin
Published: February 2021

Opened in 1964 as the longest-span suspension bridge outside the USA, the Forth Road Bridge is a
crucial connection between south-east and north-east Scotland. Greatly increased traffic loading
caused a fatigue fracture, in December 2015, in one of its eight truss end links which support the
deck ends at the towers, resulting in the closure of the bridge. Following implementation of an
emergency repair to enable the bridge to re-open quickly, it was necessary to implement a reliable
long-term fix to avoid a re-occurrence at any link location. An innovative solution was developed,
incorporating free-sliding bearings designed to resist high uplift forces and accommodate large
deck movements and significant rotations, with adequate durability considering the bearings’ very
long cumulative sliding path of 16 km per year. The bearings were also required to be pre-fitted
with structural health monitoring sensors. The challenge and the solution are described.
The Luitpold suspension bridge over the Danube River in Passau ‐ renovation of a 70‐year‐old suspension bridge under special boundary conditions
Authors: Friedl Roland , Bulicek Hans
Published: February 2021

Obvious corrosion damage on load‐bearing steel and concrete elements made a general
renovation of the bridge superstructure necessary. In particular a renewal of the anti‐corrosion
coating of the steel components as well as a complete renewal of the concrete deck slab have
been unavoidable.

A variety of restrictive constraints in terms of cargo and passenger shipping, the necessity of a
permanent pedestrian path on the bridge and numerous non‐removable service pipes
complicated the maintenance work dramatically and required a detailed reconstruction
concept especially considering static, structural and economic aspects.

A major challenge was also the development of a computational model describing the real
structural behavior with sufficient accuracy during and after renovation. Due to the lack of
inventory documents an experimental validation and in addition an on‐site monitoring had to
be carried out.

As is often the case for existing buildings, the total extent of necessary reconstruction work
became apparent only after the first deck slab sections were removed. The remains of leadcontaining
coating layers, which also came to light during the course of reconstruction, made
the abrasive blast clearing even more difficult.
Fire protection of suspension bridge main cables
Authors: Kragh Eva , Narasimhan Harikrishna , Jensen Jakob Laigaard
Published: February 2021

Large suspension bridges are increasingly exposed to fire risks as the traffic carried by them
increases. A truck fire on a suspension bridge may be a relatively likely accident that may lead to
main cable failure or a strength reduction that will either cause down classification of the load
carrying capacity or need for long lasting repairs of the main cable, all at high costs for society.
To consider fire protection of suspension bridge cables is not yet standard practice but there is a
need for systematically assessing the fire risks for the cables and implementing mitigation measures
as needed for both new and existing bridges.
In 2017, the New Little Belt Bridge in Denmark was retrofitted with passive fire protection for the
main cables and in 2018, a similar retrofit of the Great Belt East Bridge in Denmark starts. The
dimensions, design and configuration of the main cables are different for the two bridges. Special
efforts were to model heat penetration into the main cable following a fire, and the resulting
strength reduction.
This paper describes the systematic process to evaluate and provide fire protection for the main
cables of these bridges.
Prioritizing repairs using risk analysis and its application to masonry
structures
Authors: Bouvet Agnelli Cécile
Published: February 2021

French public bridge managers mainly use visual evaluation of bridges and retaining walls to detect the needs for repairs. However, for some structures it may be necessary to conduct more detailed
studies before really knowing how degraded a structure is. Managers do not have time nor budget
to study deeply every structures and need an easy screening method to evaluate which bridges they
need to focus on. For some other structures, visual inspection gives a good appraisal of the structural
condition. However, the set of bridges needing to be repaired is too extensive and managers need
to prioritize those bridges using other elements than structural condition. This paper deals with the
development of a methodology aimed at prioritizing bridges using risk analysis. It must be
scientifically relevant but also easy to use for bridge managers. In this paper, we will present how
this methodology is developed and the different application guides for specific structures.
Bearing capacity of transversely prestressed concrete deck slabs
Authors: Amir Sana , van der Veen Cor , Walraven Joost C. , de Boer Ane
Published: February 2021

All over the world, the safety of old structures is a question that has become increasingly
important with the passage of time. In the Netherlands, there are a large number of thin,
transversely prestressed concrete bridge decks, cast in-situ between the flanges of long
prestressed concrete girders. These bridges date back to the 60’s and 70’s of the last century and
are found to be critical in shear when analyzed using the recently implemented EN 1992-1-1:2005
(CEN 2005). With the on-going economic recession, it is an astute approach to check if such
bridges can still be used for a few more decades, provided they are safe and reliable against the
modern traffic loads. The results could then be applied on a wider range of structures, especially in
developing countries facing economic constraints. Therefore, a prototype bridge was selected and
experimental, numerical and theoretical approach was used to investigate its bearing capacity,
loaded by a single and double wheelprint loadcase. Nineteen tests on a 1:2 scale model of the
bridge were carried out in the laboratory. Later the bridge was modelled as a 3D solid, 1:2 scale
using the finite element software TNO DIANA 9.4.4 and several nonlinear analyses were carried
out. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis, using the bearing capacity obtained from the fib Model
code 2010 punching shear provisions (based on the Critical Shear Crack Theory for prestressed
slabs), and the experimental and numerical ultimate capacities, showed comparable results. A
coefficient of variation of 11% and 9% was obtained when the experimental and the finite element
analysis punching loads were compared with the theoretical results involving compressive
membrane action, respectively. This led to the conclusion that the existing transversely
prestressed concrete bridge decks still have sufficient residual bearing (punching shear) capacity
and considerable saving in cost can be made if compressive membrane action is considered in the
analysis.
Predicting Deterioration for Design and Maintenance: AAR and Chlorides
Authors: Wood Jonathan G. M.
Published: February 2021

In the 1980s engineers faced major challenges from severe concrete deterioration from AAR (Alkali
Aggregate Reaction) and from corrosion. The construction of the Channel and Storebaelt Tunnels
required major improvements in specifying concrete to combat both these problems. Anglo-Danish
cooperation of consultants and research centres led to innovations in cementitious materials,
assessment of aggregates, the testing of materials and predicting deterioration. Since then RILEM
has provided an international framework to guide developments on AAR diagnosis, appraisal,
testing and specification. Quantitative durability design remains in its infancy. Rapid testing data do
not predict migration over many decades. Fick’s law models neglect the physical and chemical
processes of chloride migration. Data from old structures is needed for calibrating models and
validating theories.
Automated monitoring of exceptional civil structures – Case studies
Authors: Meng Niculin , O'Suilleabhain Colm
Published: February 2021

Maintenance of engineering structures, and the associated required inspection activities, are a
significant cause of expense and of disruption to service, so the use of constantly developing
modern technology such as structural health monitoring (SHM) systems should always be
considered. And during the construction stage too, the use of such systems can offer many
benefits. This is especially true of exceptional civil structures, where design and construction are
particularly non-standard, and where inspection and maintenance work often presents particular
challenges. This is illustrated with reference to recent and ongoing projects relating to an offshore
oil platform, the enormous solar panel roof canopy of an iconic opera building, and a 700m-long
cable stayed bridge.
Great Belt Bridge – Structural monitoring
Authors: Lollesgaard Martin , Brøndum Rasmus
Published: February 2021

The monitoring system on the Great Belt Bridge has been under a renewal process for the last 4 years.

Worn down sensors for alarm and maintenance purposes have been replaced by new more appropriate
sensors.

A new structural health monitoring system for maintenance with a database and a graphical user interface
(GUI) has been developed. The software collects and stores measurement data from a large number of
sensors on both the cable‐suspended East Bridge and the low‐level West Bridge. From summer 2018 more
than 400 sensors can be monitored from one GUI. More sensors are following in 2019.

The project has been carried out by Rambøll as client consultant and Krabbenhøft & Ingolfsson as main
contractor.
Monitoring of the Great Belt Bridge hanger vibrations and expansion
joint movements using Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Winkler Jan , Hendy Chris
Published: February 2021

Civil infrastructure system owners are often faced with an increasingly impossible set of
management challenges. Informed decisions on timely intervention for effective bridge
maintenance activities rely on good quality, accurate and reliable asset condition data. Digital image
correlation (DIC) is a noncontact photogrammetry technique that can be used for monitoring by
imaging a bridge component periodically and computing strain and deformation from images
without traffic disruption. This paper describes the use of DIC for the monitoring of the Great Belt
Bridge wind‐induced hanger vibrations and temperature‐induced movements of the expansion
joint. Both DIC measurements provided previously unavailable data and informed next steps with
respect to the maintenance strategy. To the authors knowledge these are one of the first such
vision‐based structural health monitoring campaigns carried out on a suspension bridge.
Overall assessment of engineering structures
Authors: Baraf Nathalie
Published: February 2021

In 2010 a research project was initiated by the Swiss VSS (research and standardization in the field
of road and transportation) and ewp AG, to develop an overall evaluation method for all types of
engineering structures, which reduces the personal effect of an inspector on these evaluations and
also includes aspects of structural and user safety as well as serviceability. It was developed to
improve the reproducibility of condition ratings.
After the completion of the project, ewp continued to adapt the method for practical application.
In order to easily collect and handle the data, especially for a large number of objects, the data
collection and rating algorithm was implemented into a GIS-based database developed by ewp
with solutions for mobile and web based data entry and analysis.
Structural Health Monitoring System for The Queensferry Crossing
Authors: Bangsgaard Torben B. , Gjelstrup Henrik , Scullion Andrew , Faulkner Paul
Published: February 2021

The Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) for the new Queensferry Crossing cable stayed bridge,
Scotland include more than 1500 sensors combined to yield a world leading SHMS for data driven asset
management making use of the latests technologies in data processesing and data warehousing.
A North American Perspective on Service Life and Durability of Concrete Bridges
Authors: Cumming Neil A.
Published: February 2021

This paper describes the author’s views on durability and service life of concrete bridges in North America,
considering the past, present and future. Historical materials and practices have resulted in disappointing
durability and service life that does not meet modern expectations. In recent years formal service life analysis
and prediction has been implemented as part of the design process for major projects, typically involving
numerical modelling of time to corrosion, and mitigation or avoidance of other forms of deterioration by
empirical methodology. These efforts are, however, hampered by a lack of an accepted service life design
standard which is adapted to North American practice and materials. Work is under way to answer this need.
In the future, further development is needed to provide a better match between expectations and reality, a
more practical definition of “service life”, validation of design features implemented to mitigate or avoid
deterioration for which there are no available time-based models, and improved validation of numerical
modelling parameters that describe exposure conditions and material resistances.
Data-driven Bridge Asset Management with Drones, Robots & AI
Authors: Pedersen Lars Fuhr
Published: February 2021

Sund & Bælt is a technology-driven infrastructure company that owns and operates the fixed links
across Storebælt and Øresund and, within a few years, the link across the Fehmarnbelt to Germany.
These facilities were built under the framework of the Danish state-guarantee model and have
significantly improved daily travel for more than 250,000 customers.
Our current challenges are that our assets are aging with increasing costs and the learning curve for
our knowledge of the assets is becoming more flat. This means that we will have to increase our use
of technology to lower costs and to analyse our processes and methods more detailed and that we
will have to analyse and redesign our assets through optimisation of our procurement processes.
Sund & Bælt is currently using a digital asset management system and is further digitising operation
of our major bridges and infrastructure facilities in partnership with external technology experts to
deliver unique solutions that will increase efficiency within the infrastructure area - not only at Sund
& Bælt, but also within the industry as a whole.
The following paper describes, in details, how the bridges are managed, the ambition, the plan,
results achieved so far, the technologies involved and finally the perspectives and conclusions.
Aprovechamiento de los sedimentos de los embalses como nutrientes para la fertilización de suelos agrícolas en la República Dominicana
Authors:   Gestión sostenible de los Recursos Hídricos en los Estado Insulares del Caribe, CEHICA-INDRHI, República Dominicana, Segura Bernardo , Ferreira da Fonseca Rita María ,   University of Évora, Portugal. Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, ICT. Instituto de Ciencia de la Tierra, Ambitierra Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica Ambiental, Portugal
Published: February 2021

El proyecto de investigación “Aprovechamiento de los Sedimentos de Embalses como Nutrientes para la Fertilización de Suelos Agrícolas en la República Dominicana”, proyecto financiado por FONDOCyT-convocatoria 2015 y consorciado con la Universidad de Évora, Portugal; se abordó la problemática de la erosión en las cuencas hidrográficas y la sedimentación en los embalses Sabana Yegua ubicada en la región sur de la República Dominicana y Tavera en la región norte, con la finalidad de determinar la calidad nutricional de los sedimentos almacenados en los embalses, para utilizarlos como enmiendas mejoradoras de suelos en áreas degradadas de las cuencas, y de esta manera procurar una mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de agua en los embalses y mejorar su calidad, con el propósito de garantizar la generación de hidroelectricidad y abastecer la demanda de riego de los productores agrícolas. Este proyecto se inició en septiembre del 2016 y finalizó en agosto 2019. El método para realizar la investigación consistió en hacer muestreos de los suelos en las cuencas hidrográficas, los sedimentos dentro de los embalses, así como en el agua y determinar los elementos orgánicos e inorgánicos y los metales pesados. De esta manera evaluar la riqueza nutricional de los sedimentos de los embalses y los suelos de las cuencas, así como la calidad del agua, a través de análisis de laboratorio y ensayos agrícolas. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que los sedimentos de los embalses tienen una mayor riqueza nutricional que los suelos de las cuencas. El agua resultó de buena calidad para el uso agrícola. Las conclusiones confirman los beneficios medioambientales de la utilización de los sedimentos como enmiendas agrícolas. Sin embargo, el análisis económico revela que la utilización de estos sedimentos como fertilizantes lo hace no rentable para los productores, debido a los altos costos de la extracción, desecación, transporte y aplicación a nivel parcelario. Sin embargo, se recomienda que se hagan otros estudios en nuevas zonas agroclimática y con otros cultivos más rentables para evaluar la rentabilidad.
Daños económicos y sociales por huracanes e inundaciones en México: periodo de 2010 a 2015
Authors:   Laboratorio de Hidráulica. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México, Molina-Aguilar Juan Pablo , Gutiérrez-López Alfonso ,   Centro de Investigaciones del Agua, Facultad de Ingeniería, UAQ. Querétaro, México
Published: February 2021

Cada temporada de ciclones tropicales México registra importantes afectaciones debido a su ubicación entre las cuatro regiones de generación. En el presente trabajo se realizó un análisis de los efectos producidos tanto por la incidencia directa de los ciclones tropicales como por los efectos indirectos causados por las lluvias e inundaciones durante el periodo 2010 a 2015. Se recopiló información oficial concentrada por estado y año en siete categorías de nueve consideradas por la Secretaría de Gobernación a través del Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. Los datos fueron mapeados, considerando las afectaciones por categoría en cada estado y año. Se observó que los estados más afectados durante el periodo de estudio fueron Veracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca y Chiapas, que comparten límites territoriales en la región más estrecha del país ubicada entre el Golfo de México y el Océano Pacífico. Los años 2010 y 2013 fueron los de mayor daño económico por ciclones tropicales, mientras que 2010 y 2011 fueron los de mayor daño económico por lluvias e inundaciones. Durante el periodo de estudio, se concluyó que los efectos de los ciclones tropicales provenientes del Atlántico que ingresan a la Península de Yucatán y se intensifican en el Golfo de México provocan lluvias, inundaciones y efectos importantes con respecto a los del Pacífico donde la categoría del fenómeno es proporcional a los daños.
El proyecto GIRH en la cuenca del río El Naranjo: Síntesis, logros y vigencia a quince años de su formulación
Authors:   Director Cátedra UNESCO para la Sostenibilidad de los Recursos Hídricos. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (USAC). Coordinador Eje del Agua, Fundación Solar, Guatemala, Gil Joram , Gaviño Novillo Marcelo ,   Consultor independiente en planificación y gestión de los recursos hídricos. Coordinador Programa Regional de Ecohidrología UNESCO para América Latina y el Caribe, Argentina, Mux Caná Víctor ,   Cátedra UNESCO para la Sostenibilidad de los Recursos Hídricos, Escuela Regional de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Recursos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
Published: February 2021

Como parte de un proyecto de Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos (GIRH) en la cuenca del río El Naranjo se brindó apoyo y asesoramiento a autoridades y ciudadanos locales que culminó en la creación de la primera mancomunidad de municipios de Guatemala centrada en la gestión integrada del agua, así como el fortalecimiento a consejos de desarrollo municipales y comunales para la formulación participativa de políticas hídricas. El proyecto fue formulado en el año 2005 y contó con tres componentes: gobernabilidad, fortalecimiento municipal y asociativo e infraestructura, así como dos ejes transversales: uno de género y diversidad y otro de planificación, monitoreo, evaluación y sistematización. Al inicio de las actividades la ocurrencia de la tormenta tropical Stan generó innumerables daños en el país y la cuenca por cual hubo que ampliar el alcance del proyecto brindando asistencia técnica en la emergencia. En el presente trabajo se presenta una síntesis de las actividades desarrolladas, la sistematización de los logros alcanzados, resaltando la vigencia de los postulados iniciales desarrollados como parte de una asistencia técnica internacional que incluyó el desarrollo de un componente de educación ambiental.
Estrategias de gestión para el abastecimiento sostenible de agua segura a pequeñas comunidades del noroeste de la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina)
Authors:   Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina, Sánchez Luciano , Basán Nickisch Mario ,   Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina, Paris Marta ,   Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
Published: February 2021

Las pequeñas localidades del noroeste de la Provincia de Santa Fe son conocedoras de los problemas de escasez de agua en cantidad, calidad y oportunidad. Un régimen de precipitaciones irregular, distancias largas a cursos de agua superficial, aguas subterráneas con elevada salinidad y/o altos contenidos de arsénico, plantean limitantes para el abastecimiento humano, rural e industrial. Diversas soluciones se aproximan para garantizar el consumo de agua segura. Sin embargo, la falta de involucramiento de los usuarios y destinatarios de los proyectos de agua y/o saneamiento desde el inicio de la gestión, limitaciones o carencias de conocimiento, asimetrías de información, inexistencia o no aplicación de mecanismos de participación y ausencia de compromiso institucional local, entre otros, suelen conducir al fracaso de las tecnologías que se diseñan para suplir los requerimientos sanitarios por la no apropiación o adopción social de las mismas. En este trabajo se presentan algunos lineamientos de gestión para contribuir al abastecimiento de agua segura a pequeñas comunidades del noroeste santafesino basados en los Sistemas de Captación y Aprovechamiento del Agua de Lluvia (SCALL). Se ha implementado una metodología de trabajo que considera todas las variables y todos los actores intervinientes en la temática desde el diagnóstico hasta la puesta en práctica de las acciones estructurales y las medidas no estructurales correspondientes. Se seleccionó como caso demostrativo del plan de gestión integrado del abastecimiento de agua segura al Paraje Santa Lucía (Departamento Vera, Municipio de Vera, Provincia de Santa Fe).
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FREE SPACE ENERGY HARVERSTING AND WIRELESS CHARGING
Authors: Shetty Abhinandan , R Nandish , Soudry Ruthwik R , Sriram  , K N Manjunath
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates on the wireless charging of a device using the radio frequencies available within the range of 300MHz to 2.5 GHz in our surroundings. The design is made to store the converted energy in a battery which in turn charges a mobile using inductive charging. This work emphasizes on strengthening the harvested signals from the free space through the design of cascaded voltage multiplier circuit. The main goal of the work is to use renewable energy which is environment friendly and to eliminate the usage of power adapter so that it is easy for charging multiple devices at any time and any place. This paper focuses on improving the previously existing technologies and cutting down the limitations and the idea proposed would be a boon to encourage the use of renewable energy that is environment friendly.
IMAGE DENOISING USING WAVELET AND SHEARLET TRANSFORM
Authors: Kumar S Bharath , Kavyashree  , Naik Ananth V , C.L Kavyashree , K.M Gayathri
Published: February 2021

Image plays an important role in this present technological world which further leads to progress in multimedia communication, various research field related to image processing, etc. The images are corrupted due to various noises which occur in nature and poor performance of electronic devices. The various types of noise patterns observed in the image are Gaussian, salt and pepper, speckle etc. due to which the image is attenuated or amplified. The main challenge lies in removing these noises. We use various denoising techniques in removal of noise in order to retrieve the original information from the image. Wavelet transforms are one of the denoising algorithms used as conventional methods. This algorithm is used to capture the image along different directions in limited manner which becomes the main disadvantage of using this algorithm. In this work we propose a technique by integrating Wavelet and Shearlet transform which effectively removes the noise to the maximum extent and restores the image by edge detection which can be identified. The simulation is done on synthetic image and shows improvement with existing methods. The algorithm is simulated in MATLAB 2016b.
MODELING SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE STUDY OF GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SYSTEM
Authors: K Nagendra , J Karthik , Rao Keerthi , Pemmadi Kumar Raja
Published: February 2021

This paper presents Modeling Simulation of grid connected Photovoltaic Energy System and performance study using MATLAB/Simulink. The Photovoltaic energy system is considered in three main parts PV Model, Power conditioning System and Grid interface. The Photovoltaic Model is inter-connected with grid through full scale power electronic devices. The simulation is conducted on the PV energy system at normal temperature and at constant load by using MATLAB.
SOLAR POWER SATELLITE AND MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION FROM SPACE TO EARTH FOR GENERATING ELECTRICAL POWER
Authors: Parameswaran V , Pathan Mateenkhan M
Published: February 2021

A solar power satellite (SPS) is a renewable energy system that converts the sun’s energy into electricity in space and transmits it to Earth using microwaves. One of the most challenging technologies for the SPS is microwave power transmission from the geostationary orbit to the ground. The technologies for microwave power transmission have been studied for more than 40 years since the initial demonstrations in the 1960s; however, for SPS application, considerable research, especially on high-efficiency power conversion between direct current (dc) and radio frequency (RF) and on high-accuracy microwave beam control over a long range, is still needed. This paper introduces the concept of SPS and presents the technologies and issues associated with microwave power transmission from space to ground to generate electrical power.
SOLID STATE RELAY SWITCHES CONTROL USING MSP 430 FOR INSTANTANEOUS HIGH CURRENT SUPPLY
Authors: T.K Smitha , Shah Pritum
Published: February 2021

Microcontroller MSP430 is used to control the SSR switches to supply a very high current. PC is interfaced to the supercomputer for computations. SSR and contactor switches are used to pass the current. Capacitor discharge system is also used to supply a very high current around 170-200A. High current is passed to the sample specimen placed inside the heater which needs to be heated at a very high temperature. The current pulse is generated by the capacitor discharge system.  Power supply for regular heater is suspended temporarily and capacitor is allowed to discharge using the Capacitor discharge heating. This is achieved by the instructions through the computer to the microcontroller. Current injection at the particular instant is done with the help of a software by initiating an interrupt from the computer. The interrupt pin of the microcontroller becomes high by this and the operation is initiated correspondingly. Thus the MSP430 receives the command to give the necessary pulse of current for heating at the required time. Feedback is received with regard to the position of the switches whether the particular SSR is ON or OFF. Injection of power depends on the corresponding switch positions by giving the necessary instructions by the computer.
STUDY OF GEOLOGICAL CONDITION OF MELUKOTE REGION FOR FINDING THE SUITABILITY OF MINERALS AND ROCKS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND FINDING ECONOMICAL MINERALS
Authors: Rani Babitha , Avinash  , Aravind  , Rohit  , Dinakar Raghavendra Prasad , Ramesh  , Raghu
Published: February 2021

A study was carried out to understand the geological condition in and around MELUKOTE region. THE MELUKOTE located in Mandya district, Karnataka. During the geological survey we have found different minerals and rocks such as Gneiss, foliated and non-foliated rocks, foliated schist, sedimentary rock (Breccia), metamorphic rocks, mica sheets, mica schist, pink granite gneiss rock, Biotite, muscovite, sillimanite. The samples collected were analyzed for various physical properties that is form, colour, streak, lustre, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, chemical composition. Among all these minerals quartzite and mica minerals are abundant and can be extracted economically. The rocks undergone physical, chemical, biological, weathering. Chemical weathering processes are among the most fundamental natural processes operating at and near the surfaces of earth [1]. These rocks are not suitable for construction. By the study of pediments near the new tank project, shows that Kaveri river is dried.
IMPACT OF QUARRYING AND CRUSHING ON SOIL QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
Authors: Rani Babitha , Swamy Shadakshara , Bharath  , Dinakar Raghavendra Prasad , Raghu
Published: February 2021

A study was carried out on the impact of quarrying and crushing waste on the quality of soil in Tumkur District. The quarries located in different parts of Tumkur District produces quarry wastes (aggregates), blasted materials (fly rocks), chemicals (explosives used for blasting) and dust (granite powder) generated from activity are spread and settled in the surrounding area. The soil samples were collected both near and away from the quarry and crushing sites. The collected samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters viz temperature, pH, EC, organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese, iron and boron using standard methods. The results revealed the deterioration of soil quality near the quarrying and crushing sites and this can be attributed due to the accumulation of dust. The soil properties are less affected away from the quarry sites.
AN OVERVIEW OF DROUGHT ANALYSIS: ASSESSING DROUGHT SEVERITY BASED ON FLUCTUATION IN RAINFALL TREND BY STANDARD PRECIPITATION INDEX FOR SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT
Authors: Kothari Kunal , Bharath  , Gadgihalli Vishal , Hilal Aiman
Published: February 2021

The Standard precipitation index expresses the actual rainfall as a standardized departure with respect to rainfall probability distribution function and hence the index has gained importance in recent years as a potential job indicator permitting comparison across space and time. The computation of SPI requires long term data on precipitation.

Droughts are hydro metrological events affecting vast regions and causing significant structural and non-structural damages. Drought predictions may prevent these type of adverse consequences to a significant extant.

This work regarding the drought analysis by assessing the drought severity based on fluctuation in rainfall trend by standard precipitation index for Shivamogga district by 30years rainfall data from rain gauge reading of different station in different Taluk of Shivamogga district.
ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING HENS FEATHER DIPPED IN SALT WATER AS FIBRE REIGFORCEMENTADMIXTURE
Authors: Gadgihalli Vishal , Meena  , Anusha  , Hilal Aiman , Dinakar Raghavendra Prasad
Published: February 2021

A material other than water, aggregates, or cement that is used as an ingredient concrete or mortor to control setting and early hardening, workability, or to provide additional cementing properties. In this paper analysis of properties of concrete using hen’s feathers dipping in saltwater as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete to the normal Portland cement. As hens feather are most complex integumentary appendages formed in tie follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer that produce keratin proteins.