bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On-Line Registration of Damages in Composite Materials with Fiber-Optic Acoustic Emission Sensors
Authors: Bashkov O.V. , Khon H. , Zaikov V.I. , Bashkov I.O. , Evstigneev A.I.
Published: February 2019

This paper presents the results of the analysis of acoustic emission signals registered by using fiber-optic sensors during the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a polymer composite material. Fiber-optical sensors for acoustic emission were constructed according to the scheme of an adaptive holographic interferometer. Unlike piezoelectric sensors, fiber-optic sensors are distributed type sensors. This imposes certain features on the detection of signals in plates in which fiber-optic sensors are embedded. It is established that the difference of the spectrum of acoustic emission signals is registered in different directions of wave propagation. The local maximums of the spectrum are determined by the mode of wave propagation in the plate in different directions and the location of fiber-optic sensors.
Differential Thermal Analysis of Complex Alloyed Brass
Authors: Mysik Raisa K. , Brusnitsyn Sergey V. , Sulitsin Andrey V.
Published: February 2019

Copper alloys are widely used in mechanical engineering. In the article it is shown that the requirements of consumers to properties of alloys are constantly increasing. Complex alloyed brasses have a high wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The wear resistance is a basic property of an alloy. This characteristic determines the operating life of parts working in the wear conditions. The wear resistance is supported by phase composition of alloy, uniformity of distribution of phase in the structure of alloy, their volume fraction, their morphology and their dimensions. At present time the technology of continuous casting of ingots of alloys Cu59Zn34.6Mn3.5Al2.5Fe0.5Ni0.4, Cu70Zn13Mn7Al5Fe2Si2Pb1, Cu58Zn36Mn2Pb2Si1Al1 and Cu58Zn35Mn3Si1.5Ni1.5Pb1 is developed. However, the need to use new alloys for manufacturing of critical parts requires the development of technology for their production, taking into account the composition of alloy and the features of formation of structure. Therefore, it is necessary to establish well-founded technological parameters of melting and casting of ingots of complex alloyed brass Cu62Zn31.6Mn3Al2Si0.8Ni0.4Cr0.2. For determination of temperatures of phase transformations in the structure of alloy, the differential thermal analysis was carried out. Liquidus and solidus temperatures of alloy were determined. The crystallization range of alloy was established. This brass in a solid state undergoes two phase transformations. The temperature of the first phase transformation is 750 oC. The temperature of the second phase transformation is 515 oC. The obtained experimental data make it possible to describe the proposed mechanism of phase transformations in alloy Cu62Zn31.6Mn3Al2Si0.8Ni0.4Cr0.2 during crystallization and following cooling.
Change of a State of the Optical Parts Surfaces made of K8 Glass after Polishing Completion
Authors: Kruchinin Dmitry , Paramonova Olga , Farafontova Elena
Published: February 2019

The work is devoted to studying the polished surface state of K8 optical glass by ellipsometry, IR spectroscopy and surface roughness measurement methods. It is shown that for chemically stable K8 glass the change of the surface state is insignificant, that is caused by its composition.
Efficiency of Thermocycling Treatment Application for Hardening Casing Pipes from Steel 09G2S to Strength Group Q125
Authors: Bogomolov A.V. , Zhakupov A. , Kuandykov Almaz B.
Published: February 2019

In this article we justify the economic feasibility of using thermos-cyclic treatment of casing from economically alloyed steel 09G2S to produce the strength group Q125, in accordance with API 5CT. It was confirmed by the experiment that using a four-fold thermal cyclic quenching followed by a low-temperature tempering from the low-alloyed pre-eutectoid steel, it is possible to produce mechanical properties at the level: tensile strength 1068 MPa, conditional yield strength 1002 MPa, elongation 11.2 % and absorbed energy 64 Joules. In addition, an economic evaluation of the application in the production of high-strength casings from steel 09G2S, which allows reducing production costs by at least 11 %, due to thermal cycling.
Effect of Grain Boundaries Type on Carbides Precipitates in Tempered Martensite
Authors: Pastukhov Vladimir I. , Khvostov Sergey S. , Lobanov Mikhail L.
Published: February 2019

Different types of carbide phases and regions of their precipitation in tempered martensite of austenitic steel have been investigated with orientation microscopy (EBSD) and electron microprobe analysis. The steel structure consisted of large grains of high-temperature ferrite (~ 15%), without visible mesostructured, and martensite packages with a great number of low-angle boundaries. High-angle boundary spectrum with the most prominent coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries, Σ3, Σ11, Σ25b, Σ33с Σ41с, is typical for martensite. This spectrum, resulted from austenite transformation by shear mechanism according to orientation relationships (OR), intermediate between Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) and Nishiyama-Wassermann (N-W). In the structure two types of carbide precipitates were observed: large MC [~ NbC] along the boundaries of former austenite grains, and dispersed M23C6 [~ (W,Mo)2(Cr,Fe)21C6] predominantly along the boundaries in martensite packages. It has been shown that under martensite tempering M23C6 precipitation was mainly at high-angle intergranular boundaries. Carbide almost did not precipitate at low-angle and special CSL Σ3 boundaries. A few carbides were detected at special CSL boundaries, Σ11, Σ25b, Σ33с Σ41с.
Study on Thermal Operation and Design of Ring Furnace of the Pipe Rolling Plant
Authors: Shchukina Natalia , Loshkarev Nikolay , Lavrov Vladislav
Published: February 2019

High productivity of rolling and pipe rolling mills, good quality of finished metal products is possible to provide in the presence of powerful heating furnaces, well heating the metal with minimal oxidation and decarburization. Such conditions are provided by ring furnaces which are widely used for heating the preparations at rolling of pipes, wheels and bands of the railway rolling stock. The purpose of the heat – receiving structure of the metal, providing a set of physical and working properties, or impart to these materials the ductility required for subsequent machining. The article deals with the design and thermal performance of the ring furnace operating at ChelPipe’s Pipe Rolling Plant No.2. The problems arising during the operation of the thermal unit are analyzed. The paper describes the calculation of heating of metal and heat balance of the ring furnace. In the course of the analysis of the results of design studies, the shortcomings of the existing heat recovery system are revealed and measures for the reconstruction of the furnace to reduce fuel consumption and increase productivity (replacement of the existing brick lining with fibrous, the use of regenerative burners, the use of non-water-cooled partitions, etc.) are proposed. The paper analyzes the design and thermal performance of the ring furnace for heating of pipe billets before rolling. It shows a heat balance of the ring heating furnace and provides measures for furnace reconstruction aimed at reduction in fuel consumption and increase in efficiency: replacement of the existing lining with fiber lining, use of regenerative burners, application of non-water cooled walls.
Fundamental Research as a Basis for the Creation of New Technologies in Steel Ladle Metallurgy
Authors: Babenko Anatoly A. , Smirnov Leonid A. , Upolovnikova Alena G.
Published: February 2019

Theoretical and experimental studies including a study of slag viscosity of the CaO-SiO2-B2O3 system containing 25% Al2O3 and 8% MgO and equilibrium interphase distribution of sulfur and boron between slag and a low-carbon metal were carried out using a simplex-lattice experiment design and HSC 6.1 Chemistry software (Outokumpu). Fundamental research has contributed to the development of technology of basic boron-containing slags formation in ladle at ladle-furnace. These slags have a low viscosity, retaining high refining properties and providing direct microalloying of steel by boron. This technology has no analogues in domestic and foreign practice. The development of technology in the converter plant AO "ArcelorMittal Temirtau" (Kazakhstan) provided low-carbon steel production in wide grade composition, containing 0.001-0.008% boron and 0.004-0.014% sulfur, decreased consumption of manganese, high mechanical properties of rolled metal and improved environmental conditions.
The Ways of Development of Combined Hydrometallurgical Technology for Processing of Complex Ores’ Beneficiation Tailings
Authors: Dryuchkova O.A. , Bykov R.A. , Mamyachenkov S.V.
Published: February 2019

The article reviews the need to involve poor raw materials in processing, presents the results of the information search on the processing of technogenic wastes from beneficiation. It is shown which factors influence the choice of a specific flowsheet. The review of processing technologies for poor refractory raw materials was performed. The basic trends in processing of technogenic wastes from polymetallic ores beneficiation were established. It is noted that it is more advantageous to use combined hydrometallurgical methods for processing of technogenic wastes from beneficiation.
Complete Processing of the High-Iron Content Red Mud
Authors: Loginova Irina V. , Kyrchikov Aleksei V.
Published: February 2019

When bauxites from the Middle Timan and Severouralsk deposits are processed into alumina by the low-temperature sintered process the high-iron content red mud can be obtained. The red mud contain up to 58 % of iron and are a potential raw material for ferrous metallurgy. Rare earth elements (REEs) such as Sc, Y and La are converted from bauxites to red mud in the form of hydroxides during processing and are easily leached by weak acid solutions. In this work, the red mud is treated with a solution of sulfuric acid (pH = 2.5–5), the REEs pass into solution, and then the solution is neutralized to obtain a precipitate, i.e. a concentrate of rare elements. The recovery of REEs is about 75–90 % (Sc, Y, La). The high-iron content red mud is converted to the naturally-doped cast iron and titanium slag (up to 50 wt.% TiO2). As a result of processing bauxite, alumina (Al2O3), the naturally-doped cast iron, concentrate of REEs (Sc, Y, La, etc.) and titanium slag (TiO2) are obtained. The flowsheet of the proposed complete processing of the high-iron content red mud is given.
Improving Strength of Structural Steels by Preheating in an Oxygen-Containing Medium
Authors: Afanasyef Vladimir , Popova Marina , Zhibinova Irina
Published: February 2019

The results of the preliminary heat treatment effecting in a medium with a high oxygen content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of structural steels are presented. It is shown that the usage of preheating in the glass mass in the range of (Ac130°C) – Ac1for steels of grades 50 and 40H leads to the formation of a structure with dispersed granular pearlite and crushed excess ferrite precipitates. Such a structure, when heated for quenching, provides rapid formation of a homogeneous austenite and a delay in the growth of austenite grain, which provides the best combination of strength and plasticity after the final heat treatment. It is established that the tensile strength increases 1.2-1.3 times while maintaining the plasticity characteristics. The reliability of the obtained estimates of the mechanical property characteristics is confirmed by the results of a statistical analysis.
Complex Rare Earth Minerals Sulfate Decomposition Techniques Investigation
Authors: Naumov K.D. , Karimov K.A. , Klyushnikov A.M.
Published: February 2019

This article presents a study of Tomtor rare earth ore decomposition. This material contains a lot of valuable components such as REE and niobium (mas., %: 12,8 ΣREO (rare earth oxides), 0.039 Sc, 18.4 P2O5, 9.9 Fe, 9.0 Al, 0.24 ThO2, 8.2 Nb2O5). The study aims to find efficient ways of processing this deposit. Technologies using the sulfuric acid as the main reagent to leach are described in this article. Investigation has three trends. The first trend is agitation leaching at low sulfuric acid concentrations, temperatures up to 95 °C and atmospheric pressure. The second trend is pressure leaching at low sulfuric acid concentrations, high temperatures (up to 180 °C) and high pressure. The third trend is high temperature sulfatization with concentrated sulfuric acid at elevated temperature (up to 180 °C) and atmospheric pressure followed by aqueous leaching. The dependence of target components (rare earth elements, scandium, phosphorus) and the impurity (iron, aluminum, thorium) extractions into solution from major factors was studied.
Application of Inorganic Fe(III)-Based Sorbent for Arsenic Sorption
Authors: Makovskaya O.Yu. , Polshina T.D.
Published: February 2019

The efficiency of iron oxy-hydrate application for cleaning aqueous media from arsenic has been studied. It is proposed to precipitate the active layer to a coarse-grained carrier to improve filterability. Metallurgical alumina and quartz sand are considered as carrier materials. Conditions for the synthesis of inorganic sorbent based on iron oxy-hydrate are established. The dependence of the sorbent capacity on the pH of the solution is determined. IR spectra of the sorbent before and after sorption of arsenic are given, and the mechanism of sorption of arsenic is proposed. The data on the capacity of the obtained sorbent modifications for the sorption of As (III) ions under static conditions are presented.
Investigating of a Low-Grade Copper Concentrate Desilication by Alkali Pressure Leaching
Authors: Shoppert Andrey A. , Loginova Irina V. , Pismak V.N.
Published: February 2019

Low grade copper concentrate, composed mainly of plagioclase, quartz, pyrite, chlorite, chalcopyrite, glauconite, is a promising source for the future recovery of copper and other valuable components, which processing by existing methods are not economical. An alkali pressure leaching method, followed by acid leaching for extraction of aluminum and silica from such low-grade copper concentrate with the aim to enrich other valuable metals content, was explored in this research. The samples were characterized by using wet chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. An alkali pressure leaching, followed by dilute acid leaching for enrichment of low-grade copper concentrate, allows to extract in a solution of 90,4% Si, 83.82% Al and 7.73% of Cu with the following optimal parameters: NaOH/concentrate-1 mass ratio = 65%, alkali leaching temperature = 240 °C, the alkali leaching time = 90 min. The content of copper in the final concentrate was 19.17%. Consequently, the technology of processing of low-grade copper raw materials is proposed, that allows to increase the comprehensiveness of raw materials usage.
Copper Smelting Fine Dust Autoclave Leaching
Authors: Kovyazin Anton , Timofeev Konstantin L. , Krauhin Sergey
Published: February 2019

At present, arsenic content in copper concentrates is increasing, which leads to an increase in its content in all smelting products, the largest amount of arsenic is transferred in fine dust (dust composition,%: 10-12 Zn, 11-13 Pb, 8-15 Cu , 12-14 Fe, 5-10 As). Autoclaved leaching of dusts (temperature 160-200 °C, oxygen pressure 0.4-0.8 MPa, molar ratio H2SO4 /(Cu + Zn) = 0.75-2.25) to obtain a copper-zinc solution and a cake containing arsenic, iron and lead was studied. Copper extraction in the solution reaches 92%, zinc 95%. Lead, arsenic and iron are concentrated in the cake. Lead from cake is extracted by leaching in sodium chloride solution (temperature 60-70 ° C, NaCl concentration 300 g / dm3). The extraction of lead into the solution is 95%, subsequently lead is precipitated as lead carbonate.
Structural Transformations Influence on Mechanical-and-Physical and Chemical Properties of Fe-Cr-Co Alloys in Heating
Authors: Berezovskaya Vera V. , Sharapova Valentina A.
Published: February 2019

Four model alloys of the Fe-Cr-Co system have been tested under elongation at a standart rate and under pure bending with a constant load in air and in a corrosive medium after different treatment. Fractographic studies were performed depending on the cobalt content and duration of thermal aging at 450 °C. The experiment results are that the Fe-Cr-Co-based alloys with 5–10 % of cobalt are an acceptable composition for maraging steels since they have high strength and ductility, as well as corrosion resistance and low sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking.
Physical Methods of Melt Processing at Production of Aluminum Alloys and Composites: Opportunities and Prospects of Application
Authors: Deev Vladislav , Prusov Evgeny , Rakhuba Evgeny
Published: February 2019

The paper describes the advantages and prospects of using the physical methods of melts processing in the production of aluminum alloys and cast aluminum matrix composites. Classification of the physical methods of the melt processing by the state of metal during the processing period and by the physical principle of the imposed effects is proposed. The influence of physical processing of melts on the structure of aluminum matrix composites depending on the type of imposed influence and the origin of the reinforcing phases is shown. The positive effect of thermo-temporal treatment on the structure of materials was confirmed on example of in-situ composites of Al-Mg2Si system, it includes reduction in the average size of endogenous reinforcing phases and changing their morphology to a more compact.
Acceleration of the Formation on the Sodium Silicate Binder in Investment Casting
Authors: Znamenskii L.G. , Ivochkina O.V. , Varlamov A.S.
Published: February 2019

For cost reduction of the molds manufacturing, as well as environmental load in foundries sodium silicate binder is often used. However, without treatment with special compositions that accelerate curing and improve their properties, sodium silicate molds have insufficient thermal spalling resistance and often cause the rejection of castings made of heat-resistant alloys. As a result of the research, there was developed a technology of chemical drying of the sodium silicate cover layers in investment casting with the use of aluminoborbophosphate concentrate. It allows to reduce the production time of ceramic molds by 2...3 times, as well as to increase their strength either before baking or after it by 20...25 %. At the same time, as a result of softening effect of aluminoborbophosphate concentrate after baking and cooling of the specimens there has been observed a significant reduction of their retained strength and, as a consequence, better knockout of fire-resistant shells. Industrial tests of the sodium silicate cover chemical drying showed a significant reduction of the investment castings rejection due to the insufficient thermal spalling resistance and the reduction of the cleaning processing time of casting made of heat-resistant alloys.
An Experience of a Liquid Glass Mixture Using for AlpHaset Process in Russia
Authors: Kukartsev Viktor A. , Kukartsev Vladislav V. , Tynchenko Vadim S.
Published: February 2019

The features of a technology application AlpHaset process in Russia are considered, as well as the requirements imposed on the used materials, especially to forming sand, the reasons, which lead to searching for the technology, eliminating defects of this process, and the capability of using resins and hardeners of the Russian fabricator. The question about the opportunity of substitution of resin for liquid glass for this process was elaborated. The experience of AlpHaset technology process was learned, with the usage of a liquid glass, the extent of a regeneration of such a mixture at the factories of Russia was also studied. Laboratory studies were done and recipe of the mixture was created for AlpHaset process, where a resin is completely replaced with a liquid glass. At the same time, the work on receiving a reclaim from an aged dump of liquid glass mixture, which could serve as a substitute of fresh sand in a compounding for AlpHaset process, was completed. As the result, there was created and embedded a recipe of a mixture, where the reclaim (which is completely replacing fresh forming sand), received from aged dumps of traditional liquid glass mixture for process CO2, was used. The compounding of forming a mixture began to look as follows: a reclaim of liquid glass mix, a reclaim from the line, a liquid glass, and hardener.
Elastohydrodynamic Friction Mode as a Method of Surface Finishing Excluding Burnishing
Authors: Kharchenko M.V. , Kononov V.N. , Zambrgitckaya E.S.
Published: February 2019

Over the past decades the science of friction has got great development. Processes of friction and wear significantly depend on constructive junction design, selection of wear resistant materials and effective lubricants for them, as well as the conditions of the machinery operation. Currently, a large number of scientific works [7-11, 16-20] are devoted to the review of the contact interaction conditions with the use a lubricant. The method of elastohydrodynamic lubrication is of particular interest when studying different kinds of lubrication. According to the elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory, contact conditions of two elastic bodies are characterized by high pressures which cause the elastic deformation of solids and by the dependence of a lubricant viscosity from the pressure. When using the elastohydrodynamic lubrication the layer profile, the sum amount of elastic deformations, elastic deformations and the lubricant viscosity dependence from pressure are given by set equations [12-15]. The impact of elastohydrodynamic lubrication method on the surface layer of the contacting parts is of great interest.
Development and Research of the Billet Forging Technology in the Newly Designed Step-Wedge Dies
Authors: Tolkushkin A.O. , Lezhnev Sergey N. , Naizabekov Abdrakhman B.
Published: February 2019

One of the main ways to improve product quality, obtained by forging, is implementing shear and alternating deformation (severe plastic deformation) during deformation process, which allows manufacturing products with required mechanical properties and less forging reduction. In practice, it is possible to implement shear and alternating deformation by improving the design of the ingots or the billets, forging tools, heating modes and forging method. In this paper newly designed forging die, which allows implementation of shear and alternating deformation without sufficient changes of the billet sizes, is proposed. By the research results of the new forging technology influence in the proposed tools on the microstructure evolution, it was found, that the use of the newly designed step-wedge dies has more potential for manufacturing high-quality forgings with required level of mechanical properties.
Generalized Model of Section Two-Roll Rolling - Geometry of the Zone of Deformation
Authors: Mikhailenko Arkady M. , Shvarts Danil L. , Nepriakhin Sergey O.
Published: February 2019

A universal geometric model of the deformation zone during rolling of a "random shape" workpiece in a two-roll groove of a "random shape" is considered in this paper. The level of simplicity of the model should provide, on the one hand, a sufficiently detailed and accurate description of the deformation zone geometry and, on the other hand, ensure the possibility of implementing "fast" algorithms for calculating the necessary characteristics of the rolling process.
Porous Material Production and Material Properties
Authors: Shtirc Liudmila , Vlasova Svetlana G. , Meshcherskikh Dmitry
Published: February 2019

In our work we defined two directions for synthesizing porous material: pulping selected experimental glass compositions and using caustic soda as a foaming agent. We studied the foaming temperature settings, investigated the porous material properties. The intensity of the foaming process was estimated from the value of the foaming coefficient.
Residual Stresses in Elastoplastic Bending of Round Bar
Authors: Shinkin Vladimir N.
Published: February 2019

Elastoplastic deformation on the presses and high-temperature heating of the steel sheet cause the large residual stresses in the sheet’s and bar’s wall. The technological operations of the obtaining of metal products, their shape and linear dimensions strongly affect on the distribution within the metal and the maximum values of residual stresses. The uneven cooling of various parts of the sheet and bar, obtained by bending, stamping and forging, also leads to the large residual stresses inside the metal. The greatest residual stresses occur in the weld area, where there is a strong heterogeneity of mechanical and physical properties of the metal due to uneven heating and cooling. Below the new analytical method for calculating of the residual stresses of a round steel bar in the elastoplastic bending is obtained. This method takes into account the diameter of the bar, as well as the modulus of elasticity, the yield strength and the hardening modulus of steel’s bar.
The Influence of the Electrode Extension on the Welding-Technological Characteristics of Pulsed Arc Welding Using Cored Wire
Authors: Davydov Yury , Korobov Yury , Davydov Alexander
Published: February 2019

The results of investigations of the pulsed arc welding with a cored wire with increased extension are presented. As shown, the formation of droplets varies with increasing the electrode extension. Due to the oscillography analysis, this phenomenon is reasoned from the features of the impulse control. A range of parameters is set, for which a stable impulse control of the process is ensured. The increased production capacity and high arc stability are combined in this range.
Efficiency of Hybrid Cyclic Processing with the Use of Additive Technologies on CNC Machines for the Manufacture of Composite Aviation Parts due to the Reduction of Processing Errors
Authors: Levashkin Denis , Ogin Pavel , Vasilyev Fedor
Published: February 2019

In this paper we consider the effectiveness of additive technologies for the technological preparation of production of shaped complex products. The aspects of application of additive technologies in diversified production cycles of enterprises are stated. The positive aspects of the use of additive technologies in the design development of technological cycles of complex products are considered. The need to reduce the weight and size of modern aircraft makes the developers of these systems apply increasingly new and innovative solutions in the field of product design and in the field of their direct production. Additive technologies allow to reduce the weight of the product, while maintaining all the characteristics laid by the designer. The paper considers a cyclic hybrid technology in the production of parts and elements of aircraft. Each cycle consists of direct laser growing of the working surface of the part and subsequent machining. The aspects of production of details from the point of view of ensuring the condition of unity of design and technological base are considered, and also the analysis of the errors of production excluded in the course of the offered technology arising at traditional cycles of production of such detail is carried out.
A Unique Case of Durable Complete Remission after Salvage with Azacitidine and DLI for High Risk FLT-3 Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Following Relapse 18 Months Post Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant
Authors: Horgan Claire , Kanellopoulos Alexandros , Paneesha Shankara , Kishore Bhuvan , Lovell Richard , Nikolousis Emmanouil
Published: February 2019

A unique case of primary refractory FLT3-itd mutated acute myeloid leukemia in an elderly patient, who achieved completed morphological remission, and FLT3-itd negativity, following 9 cycles of azacitadine in combination with escalating doses of donor lymphocyte infusions following relapse 18 months post reduced intensity HLAA mismatch Campath conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplant.
Diagnosis of subclinical extramammary Paget’s disease with a combination of noninvasive photodynamic diagnosis and reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Huang Liming , Wang Yan , Wu Minzhi , Zhao Jun , Zhang Wei , Zhao Liang , Mo Xingfan , Fang Fang
Published: February 2019

Extramammary Paget’s disease is a rare skin malignancy, and its diagnosis requires invasive biopsy and histopathological examination. Surgery is the standard treatment for extramammary Paget’s disease patients; however, as incision boundaries and the depth of tumor cell infiltration are often unclear, the postoperative recurrence rate is high. We present a case in which we used photodynamic diagnosis in combination with reflectance confocal microscopy before surgery to detect an extramammary Paget’s disease lesion that was located 3 cm away from the classical lesion. This secondary lesion exhibited a subclinical presentation, and it was eventually confirmed as an extramammary Paget’s disease lesion by pathological examination. During detection using our technique, we delineated the boundaries of the extramammary Paget’s disease lesion as a guide for surgical excision. The findings of our case demonstrate that photodynamic diagnosis combined with reflectance confocal microscopy can be used for the noninvasive diagnosis of subclinical extramammary Paget’s disease and may be used to guide strategies for planning treatment and preventing relapse.
Efficacy of radioiodine in the treatment of primary hyperthyroidism
Authors: Aldahmani Khaled , Afandi Bachar , Ali Manal , Sreedharan Jayadevan , Syed Rizwan , Alkaabi Juma
Published: February 2019

Background: Radioiodine (RI) is a commonly used treatment modality for primary hyperthyroidism. A single dose of RI has been reported to cure hyperthyroidism in the range of 50%–90% of the treated cases. The efficacy of RI treatment has not yet been investigated in the local population. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of RI therapy in patients with primary hyperthyroidism treated at Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE. Patients and Methods: The electronic medical records of hyperthyroid patients who received RI treatment at Tawam Hospital between January 2009 and March 2017 were reviewed. The diagnosis was verified by reviewing clinical, laboratory, and imaging data. Following RI therapy, a cure was defined as the development of hypothyroidism or euthyroid status without the aid of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) within 6 months post-RI therapy. Multivariate analysis was used to assess predictors of RI response. Results: A total of 125 patients (68.8% women) met the study criteria. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) at RI therapy was 40 ± 15.1 years. The etiology of hyperthyroidism was available for 121 patients; Graves' disease (GD) (n = 83, 68.6%), toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG) (n = 31, 25.6%), and toxic adenoma (TA) (n = 7, 5.8%). The majority of patients (109, 87.2%) were pretreated with ATDs; 70.3% of those were treated for a period exceeding 18 months. Almost quarter of the patients were referred to RI due to other compelling medical reasons including ATDs intolerance, neutropenia, and hepatotoxicity. The mean ± SD administered RI activity was 14.6 ± 3.7 mCi (range: 8–25). Treatment response evaluation was possible in 97 cases. Post a single dose of RI treatment, 91.8% of patients achieved either euthyroid or hypothyroid status. Patients with GD developed hypothyroidism more frequently than TMNG or TA (80.6% vs. 65.2% vs. 33.3%, respectively). The time to cure was within 3 months in 21% and 3–6 months in 79% of the patients. The given dosage of I131 was the only predictor of cure rate. No major adverse effects were reported. Conclusion: We found that there is a delay in referring potential patients with hyperthyroidism for RI treatment and the cure rate of a single dose of I131 is 91.8% within 6 months of posttreatment; patients with TA may require higher doses of I131 therapy. Further studies are needed to explore the patient–physician barriers in utilizing RI as a timely mode of treatment for appropriately selected patients.
Fat facts: An overview of adipose tissue and lipids
Authors: Anaizi Nasr
Published: February 2019

The term fat evokes a multitude of ideas, images, and prejudices. It encompasses the different types of adipose tissue (AT) and cellular components as well as the myriad of lipid molecules. The AT and lipid molecules throughout the body carry out scores of vital functions ranging from thermal insulation to energy homeostasis to signal transduction. A fact that is not generally appreciated is that in addition to its roles in energy balance and thermoregulation, the AT is also an integral part of both the endocrine and immune systems. Fatty acids (FAs) are the primary building blocks of most lipids. They serve as fuel, structural components, and regulatory molecules (mediators). Most of the free FAs in the body are either obtained from the diet or released by the AT (lipolysis). However, most of the short-chain FAs such as propionate and butyrate are generated in the colon by the fermentation of dietary fiber by the gut microbiota. In addition to providing fuel for the colon enterocytes, these molecules act on specific G protein-coupled receptors in the gut cells stimulating the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY simultaneously improving insulin sensitivity and curbing appetite. The essential FAs linoleic and α-linolenic give rise to two distinct classes of omega FAs, n-6 and n-3, respectively, and hence to more complex lipid derivatives (eicosanoids) which are involved in virtually all aspects of cellular function including immunomodulation and inflammation. These include prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids.
Restaging Pulmonary Schistosomiasis
Authors: Gobbi Federico , Buonfrate Dora , Angheben Andrea , Bisoffi Zeno
Published: February 2019

Schistosomiasis is traditionally classified into an acute and a chronic phase, although a precise temporal distinction between the two phases has not been established. Lung involvement can be observed in both phases. We previously reported seven cases of pulmonary lesions due to chronic schistosomiasis in African immigrants. All cases were documented with CT scans and demonstrated complete resolution after treatment with praziquantel. Moreover, another case showed spontaneous disappearance of the nodule before treatment with praziquantel. These findings are similar to those observed in the acute phase of schistosomiasis, with well-defined or ground glass nodules that resolve spontaneously. According to these findings, we postulate the presence of an “intermediate” phase of schistosomiasis involving the lungs that can be defined as an “early chronic phase,” and presents analogies to the acute phase. We also hypothesize that in the “early chronic phase,” the female worms transit through the lungs where they may lay eggs. These passages not only cause transient, but also radiologically visible alterations. The pathophysiology of lung lesions in the late chronic phase is probably different: the adult worms settled in the mesenteric plexuses produce eggs for years. The eggs repeatedly migrate to the perialveolar capillary beds via portal-caval shunting. Thus, in this case it is the eggs and not the adult worms that reach the lungs in a scattered way. Based on our findings, we suggest the alternative hypothesis that the pulmonary involvement is a phase of the natural evolution of the infection, both from Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium.
Procedure for the Calculation of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Losses and System Loss Correction Factors
Authors:   E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Published: February 2019

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for correcting measured non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number data for particle losses in the sampling and measurement system specified in ARP6320. This technique is only recommended for conditions where both nvPM mass and number concentration measurements are in the valid measurement ranges of the instruments which are discussed in the tool limitations section. This ARP also supplies an Excel® software tool with documentation to automate the process.

The body of the ARP details the recommended calculation method, uncertainties and limitations of the system loss correction factors. It explains, in detail, the required inputs and outputs from the supplied Excel® software tool (developed on Windows 7, Excel® 2016). Also included are:

The Excel® correction tools (Attachments I and V).

Installation instructions for a Windows based computer (Attachment II).

A user technical manual (Attachment III) describing functions used within the tool and optional Excel® add-in (Attachment VI).

Multiple Sample Test Cases (Attachment IV).

The Excel® tools are intended to do the full calculation described in AIR6504. This ARP provides documentation for the Excel® spreadsheet system loss tool lite version (nvPM System Loss Tool v2_5_Lite.xlsm). The difference between the full tool and lite tool is described in Appendix C. Attachments III and VI are also described in Appendix C. If the user has produced her/his own software for the AIR6504 correction, comparison of results from this tool may be used to verify that software.

This ARP does not contain the full description of the sampling and measurement system described in ARP6320. The correction technique is only briefly discussed in this ARP. More detailed information is provided in the AIR6054.
Una revisión de técnicas para la optimización del despliegue y planificación de sistemas de tiempo real distribuidos
Authors: Amurrio Andoni , Azketa Ekain , Gutiérrez J. Javier , Aldea Mario , Parra Jorge
Published: February 2019

En las últimas tres décadas, se ha realizado un gran número de propuestas sobre la optimización del despliegue y planificación de sistemas de tiempo real distribuidos bajo diferentes enfoques algorítmicos que aportan soluciones aceptables a este problema catalogado como NP-difícil. En la actualidad, la mayor parte de los sistemas utilizados en el sector industrial son sistemas de criticidad mixta en los que se puede usar la planificación cíclica, las prioridades fijas y el particionado, que proporciona aislamiento temporal y espacial a las aplicaciones. Así, en este artículo se realiza una revisión de los trabajos publicados sobre este tema y se presenta un análisis de las diferentes soluciones aportadas para sistemas de tiempo real distribuidos basados en las políticas de
planificación que se están usando en la práctica. Como resultado de la comparación, se presenta una tabla a modo de guía en la que se relacionan los trabajos revisados y se caracterizan sus soluciones.
Heterogeneous OH oxidation of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived organosulfates: kinetics, chemistry and formation of inorganic sulfate
Authors: Lam Hoi Ki , Kwong Kai Chung , Poon Hon Yin , Davies James F. , Zhang Zhenfa , Gold Avram , Surratt Jason D. , Chan Man Nin
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of epoxydiols formed from isoprene
oxidation yields the most abundant organosulfates (i.e., methyltetrol
sulfates) detected in atmospheric fine aerosols in the boundary layer. This
potentially determines the physicochemical properties of fine aerosols in
isoprene-rich regions. However, chemical stability of these organosulfates
remains unclear. As a result, we investigate the heterogeneous oxidation of
aerosols consisting of potassium 3-methyltetrol sulfate ester
(C5H11SO7K) by gas-phase hydroxyl (OH) radicals at a relative
humidity (RH) of 70.8 %. Real-time molecular composition of the aerosols
is obtained by using a Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) ionization source
coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Aerosol mass spectra reveal
that 3-methyltetrol sulfate ester can be detected as its anionic form
(C5H11SO7-) via direct ionization in the negative
ionization mode. Kinetic measurements reveal that the effective heterogeneous
OH rate constant is measured to be 4.74±0.2×10-13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 with a chemical lifetime against OH
oxidation of 16.2±0.3 days, assuming an OH radical concentration of
1.5×106 molecules cm−3. Comparison of this lifetime with
those against other aerosol removal processes, such as dry and wet
deposition, suggests that 3-methyltetrol sulfate ester is likely to be
chemically stable over atmospheric timescales. Aerosol mass spectra only show
an increase in the intensity of bisulfate ion (HSO4-) after
oxidation, suggesting the importance of fragmentation processes. Overall,
potassium 3-methyltetrol sulfate ester likely decomposes to form volatile
fragmentation products and aqueous-phase sulfate radial anion
(SO4⚫-). SO4⚫- subsequently undergoes
intermolecular hydrogen abstraction to form HSO4-. These processes
appear to explain the compositional evolution of 3-methyltetrol sulfate ester
during heterogeneous OH oxidation.
Anoxic conditions maintained high phosphorus sorption in humid tropical forest soils
Authors: Lin Yang , Gross Avner , O'Connell Christine S. , Silver Whendee L.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The strong phosphorus (P) sorption capacity of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) minerals in highly weathered, acidic soils of humid tropical forests is generally assumed to be an important driver of P limitation to plants and microbial activity in these ecosystems. Humid tropical forest soils often experience fluctuating redox conditions that reduce Fe and raise pH. It is commonly thought that Fe reduction generally decreases the capacity and strength of P sorption. Here we examined the effects of 14-day oxic and anoxic incubations on soil P sorption dynamics in humid tropical forest soils from Puerto Rico. Contrary to the conventional belief, soil P sorption capacity did not decrease under anoxic conditions, suggesting that soil minerals remain strong P sinks even under reducing conditions. Sorption of P occurred very rapidly in these soils, with at least 60 % of the added P disappearing from the solution within six hours. Estimated P sorption capacities were one order of magnitude higher than the soil total P contents. However, the strength of P sorption under reducing conditions was weaker, as indicated by the increased solubility of sorbed P in NaHCO3 solution. Our results show that highly weathered soil minerals can retain P even under anoxic conditions, where it might otherwise be susceptible to leaching. Anoxic events can also potentially increase P bioavailability by decreasing the strength, rather than the capacity, of P sorption. These results improve our understanding of the redox effects on biogeochemical cycling in tropical forests.
Interhemispheric effect of global geography on Earth's climate response to orbital forcing
Authors: Roychowdhury Rajarshi , DeConto Robert
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The climate response of the Earth to orbital forcing shows a distinct hemispheric asymmetry
due to the unequal distribution of land in the Northern Hemisphere versus Southern
Hemisphere. This asymmetry is examined using a global climate model (GCM) for different
climate responses such as mean summer temperatures and positive degree days. A land
asymmetry effect (LAE) is quantified for each hemisphere and the results show how changes
in obliquity and precession translate into variations in the calculated LAE. We find that
the global climate response to specific past orbits is likely unique and modified by
complex climate–ocean–cryosphere interactions that remain poorly known. Nonetheless,
these results provide a baseline for interpreting contemporaneous proxy climate data
spanning a broad range of latitudes, which may be useful in paleoclimate data–model
comparisons, and individual time-continuous records exhibiting orbital cyclicity.
Developing a monthly albedo change radiative forcing kernel from satellite climatologies of Earth's shortwave radiation budget: CACK v1.0
Authors: Bright Ryan M. , O'Halloran Thomas L.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Due to the potential for land use/land cover change (LULCC) to alter surface albedo, there is need within the LULCC science community for simple and transparent tools for predicting radiative forcings (dF) from surface albedo changes (da). To that end, the radiative kernel technique – developed by the climate modeling community to diagnose internal feedbacks within general circulation models (GCMs) – has been adopted by the LULCC science community as a tool to perform offline dF calculations for da. However, the GCM codes are not readily transparent and the atmospheric state variables used as model input are limited to single years, thus being sensitive to anomalous weather conditions that may have occurred in those simulated years. Observation-based kernels founded on longer-term climatologies of Earth's atmospheric state offer an attractive alternative to GCM-based kernels and could be updated annually at relatively low costs. Here, we evaluate simplified models of shortwave radiative transfer as candidates for an albedo change kernel founded on the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balance and Filled (EBAF) products. We find that a new, simple model supported by statistical analyses gives remarkable agreement when benchmarked to the mean of four GCM kernels and to two GCM kernels following emulation with their own boundary fluxes as input. Our findings lend support to its candidacy as a satellite-based alternative to GCM kernels and to its application in land-climate studies.
SOIL MOISTURE MAPPING USING SMOS APPLIED TO FLOOD MONITORING IN THE MOROCCAN CONTEXT
Authors: Laachrate H. , Fadil A. , Ghafiri A.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Soil moisture is an important parameter in many fields: hydrological, agricultural and even natural hazards monitoring (like floods). And, since soil moisture is crucial to flood monitoring a soil moisture spatial mission was launched in the 2nd November 2009: Soil Moisture And Ocean Salinity (SMOS). In this context, two Moroccan flood events are considered: November 2014 floods at Guelmim and Sidi Ifni and 23rd February 2017 floods at Rabat and Salé. The methodology is based on the combination of the observation of two parameters: soil moisture (satellite data) and rainfall data (in-situ and satellite-based data) in order to have a vision of the flood risk in Morocco in the future with the comparison of Rainfall and soil moisture maps before and after the flood events. Among the main results, a strong relation between soil moisture and floods was detected for the November 2014 floods (for Guelmim soil moisture reached 0.6 m3/m3 on 20 and 21 November 2014) and between Rainfall amount and floods for the 23 February 2017 floods (119 mm on the day of the flood event).