bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defect Control in Zinc Oxynitride Semiconductor for High-Performance and High-Stability Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Kim Hyun Suk , Park Joon Seok , Kim Tae Sang , Son Kyoung Seok , Seon Jong Baek , Seo Seok Jun , Kim Sun Jae , Lee Sun Hee , Kim Eok Su , Ryu Myoung Kwan , Han Seung Wu , Cho Seong Ho , Park Young Soo
Published: October 2013

The fabrication of thin-film transistor devices incorporating active semiconductors based on zinc oxynitride (ZnON) compound is presented. It is demonstrated that the addition of appropriate dopant, gallium, in ZnON, suppresses the formation of shallow donor, nitrogen vacancies, and significantly improves electrical characteristics of the resulting TFT. The Ga:ZnON devices with field-effect mobility values exceeding 50 cm2/Vs are achieved, which makes them suitable as switching or driving elements in next-generation flat-panel displays.
On the Trade-Off between Industrially Feasible Silicon Surface Preconditioning Prior to Interface Passivation and Iron Contaminant Removal Effectiveness
Authors: Laades Abdelazize , Stürzebecher Uta , Sperlich Hans Peter , Möller Christian , Lauer Kevin , Lawerenz Alexander
Published: October 2013

We are investigating the effect of different wet chemical surface preconditioning sequences for silicon wafers prior to the deposition of aluminum oxide based passivation layers coated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We are focusing on the development of a simple and industrially feasible preconditioning process to achieve a high level of interface passivation after the firing process applied to industrial solar cells. Our process optimization is monitored by characterizing the passivation quality before and after a firing process. We are also investigating the effectiveness of the removal of residual surface iron concentrations by the wet chemical process.
The Impact of Dislocation Structure on Impurity Decoration of Dislocation Clusters in Multicrystalline Silicon
Authors: Kivambe Maulid , Stokkan Gaute , Ervik Torunn , Castellanos Sergio , Hofstetter Jasmin , Buonassisi Tonio
Published: October 2013

Light microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy is employed to investigate dislocation structure and impurity precipitation in commonly occurring dislocation clusters as observed on defect-etched directionally solidified multicrystalline silicon wafers. The investigation shows that poligonised structures consist of parallel mostly similar, straight, well-ordered dislocations, with minimal contact-interaction and no evidence of precipitate decoration. On the other hand, disordered structures consist of various dislocation types, with interactions being common. Decoration of dislocations by second phase particles is observed in some cases. Enhanced recombination activity of dislocations may therefore be a result of dislocation interaction forming tangles, microscopic kinks and jogs, which can serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites that enhance metallic decoration.
Characterization of Residual Strain in Si Ingots Grown by the Seed-Cast Method
Authors: Jiptner Karolin , Fukuzawa Masayuki , Miyamura Yoshiji , Harada Hirofumi , Kakimoto Koichi , Sekiguchi Takashi
Published: October 2013

The residual strain distribution in cast-grown mono-like Si ingots is analyzed. The effect of the crucible during solidification and the influence of different cooling rates is described. To clarify in which process steps residual strain accumulates, several Si ingots were grown in a laboratory scale furnace (100mm) using different cooling conditions after completion of the solidification. For the cooling, two different cooling rates were distinguished: fast cooling (12deg/min) and slow cooling (5deg/min). It was found that changes in cooling gradients greatly influence the amount of residual strain. The results show that slow cooling in any temperature range leads to strain reduction. The greatest reduction could be found when the temperature gradient was changed to slow cooling in the high temperature region.
Susceptibility to Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipients Associates with Genes Regulating Melanogenesis Independent of their Role in Pigmentation
Authors: Andresen Per A. , Nymoen Dag A. , Kjærheim Kristina , Leivestad Torbjørn , Helsing Per
Published: October 2013

The highly polymorphic melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R) gene plays a crucial role in pigmentation. Variants of the gene have been implicated in risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the general population. In renal transplant (RT) recipients these cancers are more aggressive and very common. To evaluate the risk of SCC relative to MC1R and the pigmentation-associated genes ASIP, TYR, and TYRP1, a group of 217 RT recipients with and without SCC was genotyped. Associations with SCC risk were indicated in carriers of the red hair color associated MC1R variant p.Arg151Cys (OR= 1.99; 1.05–-3.75), and in carriers of two of any of the MC1R variants disclosed (OR = 2.36; 1.08–5.15). These associations appeared independent of traditionally protective phenotypes, also supported by the stratifications from skin phototype and hair color. A tendency towards an increased SCC risk was observed for a specific ASIP haplotype (OR = 1.87; 0.91–3.83), while no such associations were observed for the TYR and TYRP1 variants. Thus, the risk of developing SCC in RT patients is modulated by MC1R variation irrespective of phenotypes considered to be protective. Heterozygous combinations of MC1R variants appear to be more relevant in assessing SCC risk than the effects of variants individually.
Vitamin D level in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its correlation with clinical picture of the disease
Authors: Szymańska-Kałuża Joanna , Biernacka-Zielińska Małgorzata , Stańczyk Jerzy , Smolewska Elżbieta
Published: October 2013

Cel pracy: Ocena stężeń: 1,25(OH)2D i 25(OH)D u dzieci z nowo ustalonym rozpoznaniem MIZS, przed rozpoczęciem terapii oraz próba wykazania ewentualnych zależności pomiędzy stężeniami metabolitów witaminy D a aktywnością i postacią choroby.

Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 50 dzieci (40 dziewcząt i 10 chłopców) w wieku 2–16 lat, u których ustalono rozpoznanie MIZS na podstawie kryteriów z Edmonton (2001 r.). U wszystkich pacjentów oceniono postać oraz aktywność choroby. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 28 dzieci zdrowych, odpowiednio dobranych pod względem płci i wieku, hospitalizowanych z powodu czynnościowych zaburzeń układu krążenia. Stężenie aktywnego metabolitu witaminy D [1,25(OH)2D] w surowicy oznaczono z wykorzystaniem metody radioimmunologicznej, a 25(OH)D zbadano za pomocą metody immunoenzymatycznej – ELISA.

Wyniki: Stężenie 1,25(OH)2D w surowicy dzieci chorych było istotnie statystycznie mniejsze w porównaniu ze stężeniem u dzieci z grupy kontrolnej (średnio odpowiednio: 34,86 ±17,14 pg/ml vs 48,47 ±17,99 pg/ml, p = 0,0015). Stężenia 25(OH)D w obu grupach były natomiast porównywalne (śr. 17,36 ±8,44 ng/ml vs 17,36 ±16,29 ng/ml), ale niższe od zalecanego poziomu (tj. < 30 ng/ml). Stwierdzono większe średnie stężenia aktywnej formy witaminy D [1,25(OH)2D] w surowicy dzieci chorych z niską aktywnością choroby w porównaniu ze średnią i wysoką aktywnością, ale bez istotności statystycznej. Podobnie, średnie stężenia 25(OH)D chociaż były najwyższe w grupie dzieci z wysoką aktywnością choroby, nie były znamienne statystycznie. Wykazano większe średnie stężenia aktywnej formy witaminy D i 25(OH)D w surowicy dzieci ze skąpostawową postacią choroby, jednak bez znamienności statystycznej.

Wnioski: Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają dane o powszechnie występującym niedoborze witaminy D w populacji wieku rozwojowego, co wskazuje na konieczność odpowiedniej suplementacji. Zarówno niedobór 25(OH)D, jak i zmniejszone w stosunku do zdrowych rówieśników stężenie aktywnej formy – 1,25(OH)2D, może być przesłaniem do rutynowego oznaczania metabolitów witaminy D u pacjentów z MIZS. Przeprowadzone badania nie wykazały znamiennej zależności pomiędzy metabolitami witaminy D a postacią i aktywnością MIZS.
Photochemical chlorine and bromine activation from artificial saline snow
Authors: Wren S. N. , Donaldson D. J. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The activation of reactive halogen species – particularly Cl2 – from sea ice and snow surfaces is not well understood. In this study, we used a photochemical snow reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer to investigate the production of Br2, BrCl and Cl2 from NaCl/NaBr-doped artificial snow samples. At temperatures above the NaCl-water eutectic, illumination of samples (λ > 310 nm) in the presence of gas phase O3 led to the accelerated release of Br2, BrCl and the release of Cl2 in a process that was significantly enhanced by acidity, high surface area and additional gas phase Br2. Cl2 production was only observed when both light and ozone were present. The total halogen release depended on [ozone] and pre-freezing [NaCl]. Our observations support a "halogen explosion" mechanism occurring within the snowpack, which is initiated by heterogeneous oxidation and propagated by Br2 or BrCl photolysis and by recycling of HOBr and HOCl into the snowpack. Our study implicates this important role of active chemistry occurring within the interstitial air of aged (i.e. acidic) snow for halogen activation at polar sunrise.
„Sobald Luca ins Quartier kommt, wird er verprügelt“ – Positionierungen Jugendlicher in Erzählungen zu Pöbeleien und Jugenddelinquenz im öffentlichen Raum
Authors: Landolt S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Theoretically, the paper draws on conceptualisations of fluid identities and space; methodologically, it is informed by positioning analysis. The case of the delinquent youth clique "FX Fighters" shows that members produce their neighborhood as a challenging space and simultaneously position themselves in this space: sometimes as powerful and fearless youths who dictate rules and keep others in check, sometimes as a youth clique whose vengeance fails. In addition, the paper demonstrates how assaults of violence are legitimated and normalised. In order to show the variance of such legitimating strategies and related subject positionings, material from additional group discussions on violent practices in public space is presented. Finally, the production of subjectivity as part of data construction is reflected.
Homological persistence for shape based change detection between Digital Elevation Models
Authors: Vallet B.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Digital Elevation Models provide an accurate description of scenes allowing change detection by radiometric independence measurements. The height information gives access to the changes in the 3D shape of a scene occurring between two dates. In this paper, a procedure to extract meaningful changes is proposed based on analysing this shape variation. Instead of filtering a difference map, a multilevel analysis of the difference map based on the theory of persistence is developed to make such analysis independent from a choice of threshold values.
Whole Body MRI at 3T with Quantitative Diffusion Weighted Imaging and Contrast-Enhanced Sequences for the Characterization of Peripheral Lesions in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 2 and Schwannomatosis
Authors: Fayad Laura M. , Blakeley Jaishri , Plotkin Scott , Widemann Brigitte , Jacobs Michael A.
Published: October 2013

Purpose. WB-MRI is mainly used for tumor detection and surveillance. The purpose of this study is to establish the feasibility of WB-MRI at 3T for lesion characterization, with DWI/ADC-mapping and contrast-enhanced sequences, in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2) and schwannomatosis. Materials and Methods. At 3T, WB-MRI was performed in 11 subjects (10 NF-2 and 1 schwannomatosis) with STIR, T1, contrast-enhanced T1, and DWI/ADC mapping (, 400, 800 s/mm2). Two readers reviewed imaging for the presence and character of peripheral lesions. Lesion size and features (signal intensity, heterogeneity, enhancement characteristics, and ADC values) were recorded. Descriptive statistics were reported. Results. Twenty-three lesions were identified, with average size of  cm. Lesions were characterized as tumors (21/23) or cysts (2/23) by contrast-enhancement properties (enhancement in tumors, no enhancement in cysts). On T1, tumors were homogeneously isointense (5/21) or hypointense (16/21); on STIR, tumors were hyperintense and homogeneous (10/21) or heterogeneous (11/21); on postcontrast T1, tumors enhanced homogeneously (14/21) or heterogeneously (7/21); on DWI, tumor ADC values were variable (range 0.8–2.7), suggesting variability in intrinsic tumor properties. Conclusion. WB-MRI with quantitative DWI and contrast-enhanced sequences at 3T is feasible and advances the utility of WB-MRI not only to include detection, but also to provide additional metrics for lesion characterization.
Extraction of cardiac and respiration signals in electrical impedance tomography based on independent component analysis
Authors: Rahman T. , Hasan M.M , Farooq A. , Uddin M. Z.
Published: October 2013

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) has successive wide range in impedance imaging, but still it is difficult to extract cardiac-related conductivity changes and respiratory-related conductivity changes in spontaneous breathing subjects. Quite a few methods are attempted to extract these two signals such as electrocardiogram gated averaging, frequency domain filtering and principal component analysis. However, such methods are not able to take apart these components properly or put some effort in real time imaging and have their own limitations. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method in the EIT clinical application field, Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to extract cardiac and respiratory related signals in electrical impedance tomography. Independent component analysis has been introduced to use in electrical impedance tomography but this is the first attempt ever to implement this method to separate these two signals and image those independent conductivity distribution of respiration and cardiac changes independently. Data has been collected from a spontaneous breathing subject. Filtration technique has been used to remove random noise and multi level spatial ICA has been applied to obtain independent component signals which has been later used in reconstruction algorithm for imaging.
Habitat associations of four ungulates in mountain forests of southwest China, based on camera trapping and dung counts data
Authors: Li Xueyou , Buzzard Paul , Jiang Xuelong
Published: October 2013

The present study aimed to assess abundance indices and habitat associations of four sympatric ungulate species (alpine musk deer Moschus chrysogaster, tufted deer Elaphodus cephalophus, Chinese serow Capricornis milneedwardsii, and Chinese goral Naemorhedus griseus) in Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve of southwest China, using camera trapping and dung counts data. Camera traps were set along six dung transects in different habitats and explored habitat use of the sympatric ungulates using trapping rates. The results obtained revealed that Chinese serow showed a negative association with open canopy cover and low canopy cover. Alpine musk deer were associated with oak shrubs, oak forests and open canopy cover, while tufted deer avoided oak shrubs. Goral showed no significant associations with habitat variables. Alpine musk deer and tufted deer had considerable habitat overlap with Chinese serow. By finding a high correlation between indices, the study indicates that camera trapping may represent a valid index of relative abundance, matching results from other studies.
Improvement in thermostability of metagenomic GH11 endoxylanase (Mxyl) by site-directed mutagenesis and its applicability in paper pulp bleaching process
Authors: Satyanarayana Digvijay Verma T
Published: October 2013

An attempt has been made for enhancing the thermostability of xylanase (Mxyl) retrieved from a compost-soil-based metagenomic library. The analysis of the structure of xylanase by molecular dynamics simulation revealed more structural fluctuations in β-sheets. When the surface of β-sheets was enriched with arginine residues by substituting serine/threonine by site-directed mutagenesis, the enzyme with four arginine substitutions (MxylM4) exhibited enhanced thermostability at 80 °C. The T  1/2 of MxylM4 at 80 °C, in the presence of birchwood xylan, increased from 130 to 150 min at 80 °C without any alteration in optimum pH and temperature and molecular mass. Improvement in thermostability of MxylM4 was corroborated by increase in T  m by 6 °C over that of Mxyl. The K  m of MxylM4, however, increased from 8.01 ± 0.56 of Mxyl to 12.5 ± 0.32 mg ml−1, suggesting a decrease in the affinity as well as specific enzyme activity. The Mxyl as well as MxylM4 liberated chromophores and lignin-derived compounds from kraft pulp, indicating their applicability in pulp bleaching.
Treatment of Intraarticular Middle Phalanx Fractures Using the Ligamentotaxor®
Authors: Damert H.-G. , Altmann S. , Kraus A. , Infanger M. , Sattler D.
Published: October 2013

Background

We evaluated the outcome of intraarticular middle phalanx fractures after dynamic treatment with the Ligamentotaxor® system.

Materials and methods

Ten consecutive patients (seven male, three female; mean age 52 years) with intraarticular middle phalanx fractures were treated with the Ligamentotaxor® between 2009 and 2011. Proximal interphalangeal joint mobility, grip strength and “Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand’ (DASH) score were evaluated in a 15-month follow-up. The reconstitution of the intraarticular space was measured immediately after trauma, at 6 weeks and at 15 months by radiograph control. The severity of the trauma was classified according to AO.

Results

We found B1 30 %, C1 (Seno I + II) 50 % and C3 (Seno III–V) 20 %. In 60 % of the cases, fractures were localized on the middle base of the fifth digit, in 20 % on the third digit and in 20 % on the index finger. The dynamic treatment lasted 7 weeks; patients were exposed to full workload after 9 weeks. The mean flexion mobility after 15 months reached 73° (range 60–100°), and the extension deficit was 13° (range 0–20°) on average. Grip strength attained 71.3 % (range 60–87 %) of the contralateral side. Initial x-ray after trauma compared to the x-ray after 15 months showed an intraarticular space reconstitution average of 0.5 mm (range 0.1–0.9 mm) anterior–posterior and 0.6 mm (range 0.1–1 mm) lateral. Patients evaluated their outcome with an average of 14.6 points (range 3.3–26.7) using the DASH score.

Conclusion

Good results can be obtained with the Ligamentotaxor®. We recommend it for the dynamic treatment of intraarticular middle phalanx finger fractures. Larger series and long-term results are needed.
Modulation of the insulin anabolic signalling cascade in growing chickens byn-3 PUFA
Authors: Tesseraud Sophie , Chartrin Pascal , Métayer-Coustard Sonia , Hermier Dominique , Simon Noémie , Peyronnet Corinne , Lessire Michel , Baéza Elisabeth
Published: October 2013

n-3 PUFA are crucial for health and development. Their effects as regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism are well documented. They also appear to affect protein metabolism, especially by acting on insulin sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role ofn-3 PUFA, i.e. the precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA) 18 : 3n-3 or long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA), in chickens, by focusing on their potential function as co-regulators of the insulin anabolic signalling cascade. Ross male broilers were divided into six dietary treatment groups. Diets were isoproteic (22 % crude protein) and isoenergetic (12·54 MJ metabolisable energy/kg) and contained similar lipid levels (6 %) provided by different proportions of various lipid sources: oleic sunflower oil rich in 18 : 1n-9 as control; fish oil rich in LC-PUFA; rapeseed and linseed oils providing ALA. The provision of diets enriched withn-3 PUFA, i.e. rich in LC-PUFA or in the precursor ALA, for 3 weeks improved the growth performance of chickens, whereas that of only the ALA diet enhanced the development of the pectoralis major muscle. At 23 d of age, we studied the insulin sensitivity of the pectoralis major muscle and liver of chickens after an intravenous injection of insulin or saline. The present results indicate that the activation patterns ofn-3 PUFA are different in the liver and muscles. An ALA-enriched diet may improve insulin sensitivity in muscles, with greater activation of the insulin-induced 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase/ribosomal protein S6 pathway involved in the translation of mRNA into proteins, thereby potentially increasing muscle protein synthesis and growth. Our findings provide a basis on which to optimise dietary fatty acid provision in growing animals.
NORMALITY AND QUADRATICITY FOR SPECIAL AMPLE LINE BUNDLES ON TORIC VARIETIES ARISING FROM ROOT SYSTEMS
Authors: GASHI QËNDRIM R. , SCHEDLER TRAVIS
Published: October 2013

We prove that special ample line bundles on toric varieties arising from root systems are projectively normal. Here the maximal cones of the fans correspond to the Weyl chambers, and special means that the bundle is torus-equivariant such that the character of the line bundle that corresponds to a maximal Weyl chamber is dominant with respect to that chamber. Moreover, we prove that the associated semi-group rings are quadratic.
X-ray diffraction studies on the effect of ball-milling speed on the structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 nanoparticles
Authors: Fu L. , Guo Y.Q. , Zheng S.
Published: October 2013

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) semiconductors were prepared by arc melting and the vacuum solid reaction. CIGS nanoparticles were synthesized by the mechanical alloy method. The influences of various ball-milling speeds on phase structures for CIGS nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystal structures and unit-cell parameters of CIGS nanoparticles were determined using TREOR program and the least squares method. A Rietveld structural refinement was used to determine the atomic occupations and atomic numbers of CIGS prepared under various ball-milling speeds. The least size of agglomerated CIGS nanoparticles should be around 200 nm. CIGS nanoparticles milled at various milling speeds with a tetragonal chalcopyrite structure were obtained according to XRD analyses. However, Ga content in CIGS depends on milling speeds. Based on the structural refinements, the unit-cell parameters are a = 5.693(8)–5.744(9) Å and c = 11.334(9)–11.524(4) Å with gallium content ranging from 0.3 to 0.5. The atomic occupations are corresponding to the 4a crystal site for Cu atoms, the 4b site for In and the 8d site for Se. Ga prefers to occupy the 4b crystal site.
United States Supreme Court Confirmation Simulation: Learning through the Process of Experience
Authors: Auerbach Arthur H.
Published: October 2013

The traditional process of educating undergraduates is often relegated to the passive lecturing format. One means of engaging students in active learning is through the use of simulations. Students were asked to take on the roles of United States senators and a Supreme Court nominee during a United States Supreme Court confirmation hearing simulation. Each student participated by researching a sitting senator and the nominee selected and engaged in a question-and-answer session as is done in the Senate Judiciary Committee. Students came away from this valuable experience by not only learning a great deal about the operation of the confirmation hearing as well as the substantive material learned but participating in a process that few people will ever actually experience.
Making Sense of the Hill: A Political Scientist in Politics
Authors: Huder Joshua Carstens
Published: October 2013

One of the first, and most frequent, questions asked of congressional fellows is: What do you want to get out of your fellowship? Fellowship Director Jeff Biggs, former fellows, professors, chiefs of staff, legislative directors, and members will, at one point or another, raise this topic. At an abstract level I had an answer: I sought a better understanding of the legislative process. But, at times, it felt like a trick question. At a practical level I had almost no idea what I was getting into. I had few expectations or preconceived notions about the lessons that would come over the next year. Without legislative experience to fall back on, setting out to accomplish a prearranged set of goals seemed impossible. So I took a different tact. Rather than search for expertise in a particular policy area or with a specific goal in mind, I sought a placement that would treat me unexceptionally. I set out to find an office assignment that would offer complete emersion as a congressional staffer. I fashioned myself as a miniature Clifford Geertz. I needed to get as close as possible to living the life of a full-time staffer, complete with long hours and a significant portfolio. After I came up for air at the end of my fellowship, I figured I will have learned lessons I did not necessary start out to find, but would nonetheless enhance my understanding of the institution and how those within it practice and perceive politics.
Modeling demand for catastrophic flood risk insurance in coastal zones in Vietnam using choice experiments
Authors: Brouwer Roy , Tinh Bui Duc , Tuan Tran Huu , Magnussen Kristin , Navrud Ståle
Published: October 2013

In a choice experiment, households in Vietnam are offered flood insurance to mitigate increasing catastrophic flood risks due to climate change. Participants are asked to choose their most preferred insurance policy given expected future flood and mortality risks, insurance cover and associated insurance premiums. Although not affordable to everyone, there exists substantial demand for flood insurance. Insurance demand is spatially differentiated, non-linear in flood probabilities and mortality risks, and subject to significant preference heterogeneity. Since respondents are unfamiliar with the concept of flood insurance and education levels are low, choice consistency tests were conducted. These show that choice consistency depends on a combination of respondent characteristics, such as gender and education level, and experimental design characteristics.
Cranial anatomy of the Late Triassic phytosaurMachaeroprosopus, with the description of a new species from West Texas
Authors: Hungerbühler Axel , Mueller Bill , Chatterjee Sankar , Cunningham Douglas P.
Published: October 2013

The skull anatomy of a new species of the phytosaurMachaeroprosopusis described for the first time on the basis of two specimens from the Upper Triassic Cooper Canyon Formation of Texas. Additional information is provided by a third specimen referred toMachaeroprosopussp. A paranasal bone, an additional paired element of the narial region, is identified. Important new data are presented for the braincase, including the morphology of the epipterygoid and presphenoid, an anterior process of the prootic, an anteroventral process of the laterosphenoid, and a parasphenoid process.Machaeroprosopus lottorumn. sp. is characterised by four apomorphies: a supratemporal fenestra closed on the skull roof with bevelled anterior rim, a comparatively short squamosal, a flat and rugose narial rim, and medially extended palatines that come close to form an ossified secondary palate. With respect to the supratemporal fenestra, the supraoccipital–parietal complex and several features of the squamosal,Machaeroprosopus lottorumn. sp. bridges the morphological gap between species previously referred to the generaPseudopalatusandRedondasaurus. A parsimony analysis of known species ofMachaeroprosopussupports the hypothesis that the development of the rostral crest inMachaeroprosopusis a sexually dimorphic feature, and questions the validity of the genusRedondasaurus. Consequently,Redondasaurusis here considered a junior synonym ofMachaeroprosopus.
Hidden surface states at non-polar GaN (101¯) facets: Intrinsic pinning of nanowires
Authors: Lymperakis L. , Weidlich P. H. , Eisele H. , Schnedler M. , Nys J.-P. , Grandidier B. , Stiévenard D. , Dunin-Borkowski R. E. , Neugebauer J. , Ebert Ph.
Published: October 2013

We investigate the electronic structure of the GaN(101¯0) prototype surface for GaN nanowire sidewalls. We find a paradoxical situation that a surface state at all k points in the bandgap cannot be probed by conventional scanning tunneling microscopy, due to a dispersion characterized by a steep minimum with low density of states (DOS) and an extremely flat maximum with high DOS. Based on an analysis of the decay behavior into the vacuum, we identify experimentally the surface state minimum 0.6 ± 0.2 eV below the bulk conduction band in the gap. Hence, GaN nanowires with clean (101¯0) sidewall facets are intrinsically pinned.
X-ray imaging of the surface acoustic wave propagation in La3Ga5SiO14 crystal
Authors: Roshchupkin Dmitry , Ortega Luc , Snigirev Anatolii , Snigireva Iraida
Published: October 2013

Direct imaging of a 10 μm surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation in a La3Ga5SiO14 crystal was obtained on the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) synchrotron radiation source in the sagittal diffraction geometry using the Talbot effect. Imaging of the SAW wave field with the period 10 μm was observed at a distance corresponding to the half of the Talbot distance. It is shown that the presence of the growth banding in the crystal does not influence the propagation of acoustic wave-fields in the crystal nor does it cause a distortion of the SAW wave front.
Dependence of the carrier mobility and trapped charge limited conduction on silver nanoparticles embedment in doped polypyrrole nanostructures
Authors: Biswas Swarup , Dutta Bula , Bhattacharya Subhratanu
Published: October 2013

The present article demonstrates an intensive study upon the temperature dependent current density (J)-voltage (V) characteristics of moderately doped polypyrrole nanostructure and its silver nanoparticles incorporated nanocomposites. Analysis of the measured J–V characteristics of different synthesized nano-structured samples within a wide temperature range revealed that the electrical conduction behavior followed a trapped charge-limited conduction and a transition of charge transport mechanism from deep exponential trap limited conduction to shallow traps limited conduction had been occurred due to the incorporation of silver nanoparticles within the polypyrrole matrix. A direct evaluation of carrier mobility as a function of electric field and temperature from the measured J–V characteristics illustrates that the incorporation of silver nanoparticles within the polypyrrole matrix enhances the carrier mobility at a large extent by reducing the concentration of traps within the polypyrrole matrix. The calculated mobility is consistent with the Poole-Frenkel form for the electrical field up to a certain temperature range. The nonlinear low temperature dependency of mobility of all the nanostructured samples was explained by Mott variable range hopping conduction mechanisms. Quantitative information regarding the charge transport parameters obtained from the above study would help to extend optimization strategies for the fabrication of new organic semiconducting nano-structured devices.
Overexpression of miR160 affects root growth and nitrogen-fixing nodule number in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Bustos-Sanmamed Pilar , Mao Guohong , Deng Ying , Elouet Morgane , Khan Ghazanfar Abbas , Bazin Jérémie , Turner Marie , Subramanian Senthil , Yu Oliver , Crespi Martin , Lelandais-Brière Christine
Published: October 2013

Auxin action is mediated by a complex signalling pathway involving transcription factors of the auxin response factor (ARF) family. In Arabidopsis, microRNA160 (miR160) negatively regulates three ARF genes (ARF10/ARF16/ARF17) and therefore controls several developmental processes, including primary and lateral root growth. Here, we analysed the role of miR160 in root development and nodulation in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Bioinformatic analyses identified two main mtr-miR160 variants (mtr-miR160abde and mtr-miR160c) and 17 predicted ARF targets. The miR160-dependent cleavage of four predicted targets in roots was confirmed by analysis of parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE) data and RACE-PCR experiments. Promoter-GUS analyses for mtr-miR160d and mtr-miR160c genes revealed overlapping but distinct expression profiles during root and nodule development. In addition, the early miR160 activation in roots during symbiotic interaction was not observed in mutants of the nodulation signalling or autoregulation pathways. Composite plants that overexpressed mtr-miR160a under two different promoters exhibited distinct defects in root growth and nodulation: the p35S:miR160a construct led to reduced root length associated to a severe disorganisation of the RAM, whereas pCsVMV:miR160a roots showed gravitropism defects and lower nodule numbers. Our results suggest that a regulatory loop involving miR160/ARFs governs root and nodule organogenesis in M. truncatula.
Regional conferences—A capacity‐building mandate: Report on CRCP2011—Building Bridges and Building a Regional Structure
Authors: Thompson Ava , Bernal Guillermo , Dudley‐Grant Rita , Govia Ishtar , Nicolas Guerda , Bullock Merry , Gauthier Janel
Published: October 2013

The Caribbean Regional Conference of Psychology was held in Nassau, The Bahamas, from 15 to 18 November 2011, under the auspices of the International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP), the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS), and the International Association for Cross‐Cultural Psychology (IACCP). The conference was hosted by the Bahamas Psychological Association, and organized by a committee chaired by Dr Ava Thompson, College of the Bahamas. The CRCP2011 attracted over 400 participants from 37 countries, including 20 nations/territories in the Caribbean. A broad scientific program, organized around six conference themes, addressed strengths and challenges to psychology in the region; the current state of psychological research, assessment, and intervention; historical, cultural, and language influences; and links between Caribbean and global models. Conference outcomes included planning for a series of publications to expand on conference themes and presentations, as well as establishment of a steering group to launch a regional organization to support the science and practice of psychology in the Caribbean.
Thinking about think tanks in health care: a call for a new research agenda
Authors: Shaw Sara E , Russell Jill , Greenhalgh Trisha , Korica Maja
Published: October 2013

Little sociological attention has been given to the role of think tanks in health policy and planning. Existing work in political science and public administration tends to define and categorise think tanks and situate them as a disinterested source of policy expertise. Despite the increasingly visible presence of think tanks in the world of health care, such work has done little to reveal how they operate, by whom and to what ends. Our article seeks to redress this firstly by examining why they have remained relatively hidden in academic analyses and secondly by advocating an interpretive approach that incorporates think tanks within the wider landscape of health policy and planning. In contrast to most existing literature, an interpretive approach acknowledges that much of the messy business of healthcare policy and planning remains hidden from view and that much can be gleaned by examining the range of organisations, actors, coalitions, everyday activities, artefacts and interactions that make up the think tank stage and that work together to shape health policy and planning. Given the paucity of research in this area, we urge the medical sociology community to open the field to further academic scrutiny.
A Full 3D Finite Element Model for Buckling Analysis of Stiffened Steel Liners in Hydroelectric Pressure Tunnels
Authors: Valdeolivas J. L. G. , Mosquera J. C.
Published: October 2013

The availability of tools for safety evaluation of a pressure liner is a relevant issue in both structural and hydraulic engineering. A numerical procedure for assessing the stability of a stiffened steel liner in a hydroelectric pressure tunnel is presented in this paper. First, a review of some analysis methods for steel liners is outlined. Relevant aspects for the critical buckling pressure assessment are considered, specifically boundary conditions and geometric imperfections. General 2D and 3D nonlinear finite element modeling procedures, including large displacements formulation are presented. Some relevant factors in the liner response, such as the annular gap, the stiffeners, and the interaction with the elastic medium surrounding the steel liner are taken into account. As a result, some simple modeling guidelines for thin-walled steel pressure liners are depicted. Also, some conclusions regarding the influence of stiffeners as well as of the surrounding medium are drawn. The procedure is applied to an actual steel tunnel liner which failed by global instability in 2010 in Spain. The aim is to simulate the causes of collapse as well as to draw some design criteria.
A Prototype of an Implantable Thermoelectric Generator for Permanent Power Supply to Body Inside a Medical Device
Authors: Yang Yang , Dong Xu Guo , Liu Jing
Published: October 2013

Embedding a thermoelectric generator (TEG) in a biological body is a promising way to supply electronic power in the long term for an implantable medical device (IMD). It can resolve the service life mismatch between the IMD and its battery. This paper is dedicated to developing a real prototype, which consists of an implanted TEG and a specified boosted circuit. Two implanted TEG modules were constructed and a boosted circuit with a highly integrated DC/DC converter was fabricated to stabilizing the energy output and improving the voltage output for the implanted TEG. According to the experiments, such a device combination was already capable of supporting a clock circuit in the in vivo rabbit whose power consumption is much higher than an ordinary cardiac pacemaker. Meanwhile, a close to reality theoretical model was established for characterizing the implanted TEG. This study is expected to serve as a valuable reference for future designs of the implanted TEG and its boosted circuit.
Dynamic Ice Force Analysis on a Conical Structure Based on Direct Observation and Measurement
Authors: Xu Ning , Yue Qianjin
Published: October 2013

In order to study dynamic ice force induced by ice-structure interaction, we adopted the most reliable method to directly measure ice force on full-scale structure. This paper mainly demonstrates the qualitative description on the basic model for dynamic ice forces based on direct measurement on the jackets with ice-breaking cone in the Bohai Sea. Temporal variations of ice force are recorded by the ice load panels, and corresponding ice failure processes on conical structures are recorded by video camera. It is found that, when an ice sheet acts on the upward narrow cone, bending failure occurs and broken ice pieces are completely cleared up by the side of the cone. The basic form of dynamic ice force in time domain is a series of impulse signals with minimum load of zero.
Daniel and Genre Confusion: The Strange Case of The Burning Fiery Furnace
Authors: McGrail Simon Peter
Published: October 2013

This article explores an opera by Benjamin Britten, designed especially for a church setting. It does so through the lens of musicology and of ritual. It argues that there is here a blurring of the border between ritual more generally, especially the Noh form, and Christian liturgical drama. The presentation of a specific setting of biblical material through the medium of musical performance focuses interpretation of text on the impact of sound and sight on an audience whose perspective is already shaped by encountering the performance within a church building. The paper concludes that watching and believing are not necessarily separate actions.
Lucky to meet RS3PE
Authors: Ferrao Cláudia , Faria Raquel M , Farrajota Pedro , Vasconcelos Carlos
Published: October 2013

We present a florid case of remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema that was actually a paraneoplastic syndrome of an asymptomatic undiagnosed adenosquamous lung cell carcinoma. The arthritis led to a screening for lung cancer and an early enough diagnosis for a curative intervention.
Introduction of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Research in SICCAS
Authors: Wang Shaorong , Zhan Zhongliang , Wen Tinglian
Published: October 2013

Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS) has about 19 years’ experience in SOFC study, containing both fundamental research of materials and application research in manufacturing processes, stack assembling and system design. SICCAS is now able to prepare large dimension (from 10x10 to 20x20 cm2) single cells in mass production, to prepare modules for planar type SOFC stacks, and to operate 1kW level system. The research effort for application is now concentrated on intermediate temperature (750 ºC) operating, but the fundamental research covers materials and new cell designs for lower temperature (550 ºC), direct hydrocarbon operation, reversible SOEC/FC and so on. All technologies adopted are cost reasonable and easy for mass production. The latest results are presented in this manuscript.
CFY-Stacks for Use in Stationary SOFC and SOEC Applications
Authors: Megel Stefan , Dosch Christian , Rothe Stefan , Kusnezoff Mihails , Trofimenko Nikolai , Sauchuk Viktar , Michaelis Alexander , Bienert Christian , Brandner Marco , Venskutonis Andreas , Kraussler Wolfgang , Sigl Lorenz S.
Published: October 2013

Fraunhofer IKTS and Plansee SE continuously develop SOFC stacks with Chromium based interconnects (CFY) and electrolyte supported cells based on Scandia doped Zirconia. This technology has a great potential for cost-effective manufacturing and rapid up-scaling due to availability of major stack components and essential improvements in manufacturing made last year. The stacks are already available on the market and are in test at several potential customers. The paper gives an overview of the current status of CFY-stack development focused on performance map and system cycling. The results of operation of CFY-stacks in modules with stacks working on different fuels with and without internal steam reforming in partial and full load are presented.
Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFCs)
Authors: Kendall Michaela , Meadowcroft Antony D , Kendall Kevin
Published: October 2013

From the original invention of mSOFCs twenty years ago, a number of innovations and applications are now proving successful. The key problem initially was avoiding thermal shock damage and that has been achieved with better quality ceramic extrusions and smaller tubes. Improved breakdown of aggregates during the ceramic processing increased the strength, because high shear stress broke down the agglomerate size during the plastic shearing processes. Moving to thin walled, small diameter tubes gave further shock resistance, with start-up times of 10 seconds to 10 minutes achieved. The electrochemical performance of available tubes gives about 500mWcm-2 which is satisfactory for many applications. Typical applications for 250We systems are unmanned air systems, combined heat and power using liquid propane, LPG or LNG in recreational vehicles, and truck-cab auxiliary power. This paper shows that market credibility can be approached despite the high early manufacturing costs.
Alternative Fuels and Perspectives Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Usage in Air Transport
Authors: Yanovskiy Leonid Samoilovich , Baykov A. V. , Raznoschikov V. V. , Averkov I. S.
Published: October 2013

This paper presents research results of the working processes in aviation combined gas-turbine engine equipped with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). It is shown that the efficiency of the engine is higher than the initial gas-turbine one, and it significantly increases in the use of alternative fuels (liquefied natural gas or liquid hydrogen). However volume-mass parameters of the new engine are worse than that of the gas turbine, but when using the promising technologies of SOFC production development of the aviation engines with SOFC is possible.
SOFC Operation: Direct Fuel Utilization, Pressurization and Reversibility
Authors: Minh Nguyen Q
Published: October 2013

Direct fuel utilization, pressurization and reversibility are three operating characteristics enabling solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for a broad spectrum of applications. Direct uitilization of practical fuels for the SOFC has been demonstrated. For example, high electrochemical performance (a peak power density of about 400 mW/cm2) without evidence of anode coking was obtained at 800oC in short-term tests with a SOFC operating directly on 7.3% ethanol balance He fuel. Operation of the SOFC under pressure has been shown to improve cell performance. For example, when the pressure was increased from 1 to 3 atm, the cell voltage at 0.4 A/cm2 and 800oC increased from 0.68 to 0.72V with 64%H2-36% N2, 75% fuel utilization. Pressurization, on the other hand, might accelerate cell performance degradation. Operation reversibility allows the SOFC to be operated in fuel cell, electrolysis and cyclic modes. For example, a 10-cell reversible SOFC stack (active area of 142 cm2) was successfully operated over 1,000 hours alternating between fuel cell (with hydrogen and methane as fuel for power generation) and electrolysis (with steam for hydrogen production) modes. This paper presents and discusses selected results on direct fuel utilization capability, pressurization and operation reversibility of the SOFC.
Coupling and Modeling an SOFC System with a High-Performing Metal Hydride Storage
Authors: Mossadegh Pour Arvin , Dhir Aman , Steinberger-Wilckens Robert
Published: October 2013

1D, 2D and 3D models using Matlab & Comsol have been created to study the coupling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and high temperature metal hydride storage supplemented with auxiliary hydrogen tank. This enables complete understanding of the systems behavior as well as optimizing the system by using different parameters in the simulation process during the warming up and operation process and aids in the design of the metal hydride tank & auxiliary hydrogen tank. Thermal integration of the metal hydride tank with a SOFC system should allow the recovery of heat needed for hydrogen desorption and can be can be considered in the market of Auxiliary Power Units (APU) for trains and trucks.
Direct Flame Fuel Cell Performance Using a Multi-Element Diffusion Flame Burner
Authors: Wang Yuqing , Shi Yixiang , Yu Xiankai , Cai Ningsheng , Li Shuiqing
Published: October 2013

A direct flame fuel cell setup was designed and built in this work based on a multi-element diffusion flame burner. The direct combination of the flat flame and the solid oxide fuel cell in a simple, “no-chamber” setup is implemented. Flame temperature measurements were made using a fine-wire S-type thermocouple to characterize the burner performance. The MEDB was proven to provide uniform, ~1D conditions above the surface of the burner, with temperature variations of less than ±2% in the transverse direction (parallel to the burner surface). At heights above the flame front (≥10 mm), the axial temperature was also approximately constant within 45 mm. Direct flame fuel cell experiments were performed using an anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based on button cell geometry under different operation conditions. The cell performance reached power density of up to 400 W/m2, which was dependent on the flame condition and the original performance of the SOFC.