bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of scaffolding strategies to support structured inquiry language teaching to novice learners in a Primary school setting
Authors: Langdon Amelie , Pandor Jillian
Published: January 2021

It is believed that Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) affords relevant and meaningful L2 instruction given its contextualised and experiential approach. IBL, which only recently gained popularity in the L2 classroom, strongly differs from that of traditionally didactic methodologies and can present challenges for L2 educators. Research shows that many struggle to adopt a well-rounded inquiry approach and instead tend to over-rely on strategies aiming to make meaning comprehensible to learners, thus neglecting a focus on language form, language use and inquiry skills. This literature review examines current trends in L2 teaching and learning when implementing a structured inquiry approach in the primary school setting and attempts to uncover and evaluate various scaffolding strategies that can be employed to support a more holistic approach to IBL. The language scaffolding practices described in this paper are categorised into four areas of focus: focus on meaning, focus on form, focus on language use, and inquiry skills.
Audiovisual translation tools for the assessment of hard of hearing students
Authors: Hornero Corisco Ana María , González-Vera Pilar
Published: January 2021

The Spanish University requires all its students to reach a specific level in a foreign language, as part of the requisites to obtain their degrees. At present, there is a lack of homogeneity in the criteria set for the assessment of hard of hearing students’ skills. A preliminary survey reveals the current measures applied in a number of Spanish universities. Our suggestion is that a uniform listening test should be implemented for hard of hearing students. The main goal of our research was to check what kind of test is more adequate for these students. For that purpose, several hard of hearing students did different listening activities using audiovisual materials that had been previously edited and adapted to their special needs. They also responded to different question tasks: multiple-choice, true/false, gap-filling. The results throw some light on the type of test format that should be used with the hard of hearing community.
Book Review: Analyzing Digital Discourse: New Insights and Future Directions
Authors: Pascual Daniel
Published: January 2021

Analyzing Digital Discourse: New Insights and Directions, edited by Bou-Franch and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, provides orchestrated accounts of current trends in ‘digital discourse’, which seek to understand up-to-date communicative situations occurring online and the manifold affordances at users’ disposal. At the core of the volume lies the necessity to comprehend the latest technological evolutions enacting new forms of digital interaction, which should lead to adapt traditional approaches and adopt innovative, suitable methods to identify and analyse users’ semiotic and discursive practices. Such changes and adaptations are empirically examined in a plethora of digital genres and media from several sociocultural and interpersonal contexts.

Therefore, the studies deployed in the book will be undoubtedly of interest to researchers of digital communication and of its prominent medium- and user-dependent characteristics, from several interdisciplinary perspectives including, inter alia, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) and Discourse Analysis (CMDA), ethnography, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, multimodality, social media analysis and pedagogy. Following the introductory chapter by the editors, the remaining chapters are thematically organised in sections which single out the study of digital discourse from four different vantage points: historical development, multimodality, face and identity, and ideologies triggered by language and media.
Book Review: Translation Quality Assessment: From Principles to Practice
Authors: Caro Quintana Rocío
Published: January 2021

With the growth of digital content and the consequences of globalization, more content is published every day and it needs to be translated in order to make it accessible to people all over the world. This process is very simple and straightforward thanks to the implementation of Machine Translation (MT), which is the process of translating texts automatically with computer software in a few seconds. Nevertheless, the quality of texts has to be checked to make them comprehensible, since the quality from MT is still far from perfect. Translation Quality Assessment: From Principles to Practice, edited by Joss Moorkens, Sheila Castilho, Federico Gaspari and Stephen Doherty (2018), deals with the different ways (automatic and manual) these translations can be evaluated. The volume covers how the field has changed throughout the decades (from 1978 until 2018), the different methods it can be applied, and some considerations for future Translation Quality Assessment applications.
PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION BODIES BASED ON COMPETENCIES FOR ENGINEERS
Authors: GUIJARRO MERELLES FERNANDO , LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ FERNANDO
Published: January 2021

This article performs a comparative study of people certification systems by competencies, devoted to assess engineers. The models analyzed are mainly those used in the European Union Countries. Different regulatory bodies have been used to analyze the following aspects: requirements, levels, accreditation of the system, recognition by professional organizations, among others. The main conclusions of this study highlight the increasing demand for these certification systems and their unification tendency as a means to obtain a single certification model in order to broaden recognition and facilitate the mobility of professionals. Finally, the Spanish model is presented and compared with the above model, and the entry requirements are objectively revised in order to obtain a widespread recognition.

Keywords: competences, certification, engineer, development
Diversity on the Norwegian Stage
Authors: Foyn Bruun Ellen
Published: January 2021

The article proposes that non-hierarchical participatory models in the lineage of community-based arts practice might offer interesting strategies for mainstream, professional Norwegian theatre today. The article argues that the P:UNKT project at Akershus Theatre initiated with the purpose of supporting integration in the region, offered a significant opportunity for the professional, state-funded theatre to enhance its relationship with the population. The research study demonstrates that the P:UNKT project entailed several dilemmas and tensions embedded in the social-cultural context that was challenging to negotiate. The analysis of the different perspectives involved will demonstrate that the project was not only potentially transformative for the non-professional participants but also for the host theatre itself. Through P:UNKT the theatre developed new ways of creating relationships and collaborations with the population in the region. This strengthened the audience infrastructure and the connectedness with the community. The article argues that the project potentially offered an opportunity for Akershus Theatre to develop innovative practices and to redefine its own purpose as an arts institution in a multicultural Norway in the twenty-first century.
Being Actors with Learning Disabilities in a Democratic Perspective
Authors: Johansen Oddbjørn , Saur Ellen
Published: January 2021

The Nordic welfare model is based upon the democratic value of the equal rights of all citizens to live a dignified life. In 1991, a decisive reform in Norway transferred the responsibility for people with learning disabilities from central state and county governments to the local municipality where they were born. The intention was to give them the same rights and obligations as other citizens, and the large segregated residential institutions, the asylums, were closed down. In this article we will share our experiences from working within Teater nonSTOP, a political theatre employing fifteen professional actors with learning disabilities.

The theatre is now owned by the local municipality, following a three-year trial period during which we worked as project leaders responsible for conducting research and documenting the activities at the theatre. In this article we draw on the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and Jacques Rancière in a discussion of the ways in which the struggle for equality affects the subjectification process of the actors at Teater nonSTOP. With reference to three different performances we ask the questions: in what way was equality an issue, and what were the artistic consequences of choosing equality as a dramaturgical point of departure?
Soft soils: A study on their electrical resistivity values and geotechnical properties (porosity, SPT and particle size distribution)
Authors:   Geophysics Program, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Rosli Najmiah , Saad Rosli , Rahman Nazrin , Ismail Nur Azwin
Published: January 2021

Soft soils pose abundant engineering issues due to its low bearing capacity and shear strength. Comprehensive study on soft soil’s physical properties such as shear strength and ability to store water (porosity) could help in devising the optimum ground improvements and foundations techniques. Therefore, physical properties of soft marine clay in Nibong Tebal were thoroughly studied using 2-Dimensional Resistivity Imaging (2-DRI) method in conjunction with porosity measurements, standard penetration test values (SPT-n) and particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. The 2-DRI profile depicts three lithologies, which are unsaturated topsoil, saturated soft clayey soil and saturated sandy soil in the area. The soft soil extends up to 32 m in thickness where it overlies the sandy layer and could be correlated back to lithology profile from borehole record. Additionally, soil samples were collected at three locations along the survey line for porosity measurements via saturation porosimetry method. The samples demonstrate that the clay layer has a very large porosity range and signifies that the soil will compress tremendously under load. On the other hand, SPT-N values of the soft clay is also very low; thus, could be classed as very soft to soft cohesive soil with very low shear strength as compared to a higher range SPT-n values of the sandy layer. The PSD result also compliments the 2-DRI, porosity and SPT results to show distinct differences between topsoil and the soft clay layer in terms of the presence of fine grains. These results further indicate that the thick upper layer is not capable of bearing immense loads such as high-rise infrastructures due to the soil’s high porosity and low shear strength. Hence, the area must undergo ground remediations prior to any infrastructure developments on the land.
Stories of female special school headteachers and their experience of headship: an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors:   , Costello Amanda Jane
Published: January 2021

Leadership positions in special schools are becoming increasingly difficult to fill and there is a significant gap in the literature on special school leadership in general. This gap in the research includes a focus on the life stories of female headteachers in these settings and situated within a constructivist paradigm. Taking a narrative approach, this study will explore the life stories of female special school headteachers, building on an understanding of their leadership journey in order to potentially act as an inspiration to others. Detailing different aspects of the special school headteachers’ experiences, the themes highlighted the complexity of the women’s impressions of special school headship, the heterogeneity among the special school headteacher stories and the importance of critical reflection within their journey. Unstructured interviews were conducted with six participants. All interview transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Three subordinate themes emerged from the data: ‘managing constraint’, ‘motivating forces’ and ‘perceptions of special school headship and the future’. Drawing on Giddens’ theory of social forces and his belief about the primacy of human knowledgeability over social forces, and also Margaret Archer’s theory of reflexivity as an intercessor between structural forces and human agency, this thesis proposes three types of special school headteacher: ‘the strategic and decisive leader’, ‘the values-orientated professional’ and ‘the person-centred educator’. These ideal types illustrate the heterogeneous ways in which a small sample of women special school headteachers had reflected on, positioned themselves towards and navigated their way through the career challenges in special education. This typology together with the nuanced analysis advanced throughout this thesis offers a unique contribution to knowledge. The varying inferences for special school practice 4 and research were discussed and I conclude by arguing that the underrepresentation of women in special school headship is a complex situation, and the stories of special school headteachers merit a place at the centre of our theorising and understanding of it. The findings reported in this thesis may be of interest to potential special school headteacher aspirants, as well as those tasked with identifying and training future special school leaders.
Digital accountability for LEAs: balancing technical possibility, legal permissibility and societal acceptability
Authors:   , Sampson Fraser
Published: January 2021

The expansive proliferation of social media, electronic devices and data processing capabilities has presented Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) with a dilemma. On the one hand there is a need for/opportunity to expand capability, adapting practices and policies to capitalise on what is now technically possible (not only in the application of data technology but also in the context of what can be achieved within the technical conventions of the law), utilising citizens’ data and actively encouraging their collation and sharing as part of everyday community policing. On the other, the development in data technology has been accompanied by a rapid expansion in public expectation and a need for greater legal regulation, all combining to bring an important extension of police accountability. The focus of the research is thus how can LEAs balance that which is technically possible against what is legally permissible and societally acceptable? Moving from the known to the needed, the published work draws upon and addresses the size and shape of the dilemma, identifying gaps and supplying “evidence-informed management knowledge” (Tranfield et al 2003) at both an individual and organisational level. Providing a themed and coherent new praxis for LEAs the work identifies how LEAs must balance the availability of data with the rapidly increasing public expectations of privacy, security, confidentiality and accountability, collecting and connecting the qualitative knowledge and practice that resides in distributed places and people, in order to establish a previously unrecognised body of work that focuses on both opportunities and obligations, in order to promote an understanding of the ‘law in context’ and ultimately increase police effectiveness. The direction of the work follows a series of influences and confluences, tributaries and deltas of change flowing towards the same unequivocal destination: an original contribution to “knowledge about the traditional elements of the law and also about the quickly changing societal, political, economic and technological … aspects of relevance.” (Langbroek 2017).
La experimentación poético-musical en Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea (1698): diálogo aglutinante entre tradición y modernidad
Authors: Bermejo Gregorio Jordi
Published: January 2021

El estudio pormenorizado de la dimensión poético-musical de Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea (1698), de Antonio de Zamora y Francesco di Russi, revela esta opera como paradigma inicial de la experimentación de las formas tradicionales hispanas con el lenguaje operístico italiano. En ella se observan piezas herederas de la práctica estrófica calderoniana como soportes textuales de recitativos y arias musicales. Esta apertura poético-musical partirá de la tradición como signo de identidad para engrandecerla a los parámetros culturales europeos, en la que tuvo mucho que ver la reina Mariana de Neoburgo.
Shipbuilding of the Azov Fleet in 1695-1712 in the Russian historiography
Authors: Alekseev Timofei Vladimirovich
Published: January 2021

The subject of this article is the assessments of national researchers on various aspects of shipbuilding of the Azov Fleet in 1695-1712. The goal consists in revealing the key issues in development of shipbuilding industry as one of the branches of domestic military production by means of critical analysis and generalization of results of research conducted by the Russian scholars. The author examines the factors  and prerequisites for selecting Voronezh as the center of construction of the Azov fleet, the key stages and evolution of shipbuilding industry and activity in the Voronezh Region, establishment of administrative branches and role of foreign experts thereof,  results of shipbuilding of the Azov Fleet and its impact upon further development of shipbuilding industry in Russia. The novelty of this study consists in analysis of the works of national researchers dedicated to shipbuilding of the Azov Fleet for covering the problem of establishment of shipbuilding sectors of the Russian military industry, clarifying and generalizing debating points on the subject matter. The article describes the influence of the conditions of shipbuilding of the Azov Fleet upon the course of shipbuilding works and the image of forming shipbuilding industry. The factors of institutionalization of shipbuilding industry, the course of development of the first shipbuilding cluster in Russia, as well as the results of short-term and long-term shipbuilding activity of are revealed.
The images of Siberia in English and American travelogues of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries
Authors: Seniukhin Aleksei Andreevich
Published: January 2021

The subject of this research is the images of Siberia conveyed in the travelogues of English and American travelers who visited the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. Using the method of imaginal geography, the author attempts to reconstructs the initial representations of foreigners on the region, and their transformation during the visit. Interest towards Siberia among the travelers aroused due to the writings of G. Kennan, who translated image of the land, where political prisoners were exiled to. The authors of travelogues did not hide their desire to see the depicted horrors, although their trip to the region has transformed these perceptions. The conclusion is made on versatility of the image of Siberia in the writings of English and American travelers. The initial representations on the land of exiled were rather clarified; the focus of attention shifted from the political prisoners to the criminogenic situation of the region. However, most travelogues tried to show a “different Siberia”, creating a new image of the resourceful Russian colony, which has yet to fulfill its economic potential and overcome cultural and economic discrepancy with the European “core”. Such shift of tone, from the land of exiled to the land of opportunities positively affected opinion of the society on the Russian authorities.
New era of uncertainties: COVID-19 and its impact on Brazil
Authors: Shugurov Mark Vladimirovich
Published: January 2021

This article is aimed at the analysis of social and economic consequences on the novel COVID-19 in Brazil. Brazil has faced multiple problems in fighting pandemic that negatively affected millions of people around the world. The goal of this research lies in determination of the problems that were illuminated by the pandemic in Brazilian society. Analysis is conducted on the consequence of pandemic for Brazil, namely with regards to minorities that rely on the government aid, and the system of public healthcare overall. The article also indicates the mistakes made by the current authorities during pandemic, when due to lack of organization, multiple institutions could not render basic help to reduce the consequences of the chaotic situation faced by the country. As the largest country in South America, Brazil struggled the most in the region; therefore, studying the impact of COVID-19 upon the socioeconomic system of the country is a relevant topic. The article explores the official database and media materials to acquire information on the responsive measures of the government in such sectors as employment, education and healthcare. The scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive analysis of information that demonstrate the impact of pandemic upon the lives of millions of people in Brazil.
New era of uncertainties: COVID-19 and its impact on Brazil
Authors: Da Costa Santos Johnatan
Published: January 2021

This article is aimed at the analysis of social and economic consequences on the novel COVID-19 in Brazil. Brazil has faced multiple problems in fighting pandemic that negatively affected millions of people around the world. The goal of this research lies in determination of the problems that were illuminated by the pandemic in Brazilian society. Analysis is conducted on the consequence of pandemic for Brazil, namely with regards to minorities that rely on the government aid, and the system of public healthcare overall. The article also indicates the mistakes made by the current authorities during pandemic, when due to lack of organization, multiple institutions could not render basic help to reduce the consequences of the chaotic situation faced by the country. As the largest country in South America, Brazil struggled the most in the region; therefore, studying the impact of COVID-19 upon the socioeconomic system of the country is a relevant topic. The article explores the official database and media materials to acquire information on the responsive measures of the government in such sectors as employment, education and healthcare. The scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive analysis of information that demonstrate the impact of pandemic upon the lives of millions of people in Brazil.
Education for democracy or democratic education?
Authors: Rozhkova Zinaida Igorevna
Published: January 2021

This article examines the phenomenon of democratic education and the role of democratization of education in modern society. The subject of this research define the main goal: it is necessary to assess the level of impact of democratic education upon the formation of critical thinking among younger generation. Within the framework of this article, analysis was conducted on the theoretical works of the researchers of humanities, legislative documents and reports dedicated to the questions of education policy. The author also covers the examples of practical implementation of the principles of democratic education in history and modernity; as well as considers the experience of such democratic schools and Summerhill and Sudbury Valley. The conclusion is made that the principles of democratic schools are not always widely implemented in the society. However, despite the criticism of democratic education worldwide, the principles of democratization of education are used ubiquitously from elementary education to higher education. This is testified by the examples of the successfully functioning democratic schools. Namely democratic and democratized education lay the foundation for upbringing of the national members of civil society due to the flexibility and adjustment of education to the needs of modern society. Such school can be justifiably considered as one of the best models for the development of critical thinking among younger generation due to holistic development of children.
Problems of teaching Physical Training by means of distance learning technologies in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Authors: Nasadyuk Evgenii Valer'evich , Simontovskii Aleksandr Petrovich
Published: January 2021

The article contains the results of the research aimed at studying the problems of teaching Physical Training by means of distance learning technologies in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the period of additional health and hygiene measures taken in order to protect public health in conditions of COVID-19 spreading. The research attempts at finding the ways to resolve the contradiction between the necessity to use distance learning technologies for teaching Physical Training in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, dictated by the current socio-economic situation, and the objective limitations of these methods in terms of the practice-oriented character of the discipline. Using theoretical analysis of the conclusions of the previously held studies of the topic and  their own observations and their comparison with the current practice of Physical Training teaching, the researchers detect the main obstacles of distance learning technologies and offer the ways to overcome them. The research results can be used for planning and organizing the educational process for Physical Training discipline in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.   
A discredit to internal affairs bodies and its influence on the formation of professional awareness of internal affairs officers
Authors: Manturov Oleg Sergeevich
Published: January 2021

The research subject is a discredit to internal affairs agencies as a negative social phenomenon threatening both the positive image of internal affairs bodies as a whole, and the honour, dignity and reputation of their particular employees. The research methodology is based on the dialectical approach to the problem under consideration, together with general scientific (formalization, analysis, modeling, and the empirical-inductive method) and theoretical methods of modern social sciences and the humanities (the structural-functional and the systems methods). The empirical part of the research is based on the quantitative and qualitative methods of sociology: the method of focus-groups, the method of narrative interviewing, and the method of sociological questioning which helps to trace back the influence of discrediting on the formation of professional awareness of internal affairs officers. The research helps to identify the most common forms of discrediting of internal affairs officers by citizens and the main mechanisms hampering effective counteraction to discrediting actions of people, and to establish the cause-and-effect relation between discrediting as a negative socio-legal phenomenon and the peculiarities of formation of professional awareness of internal affairs officers. The author concludes that in case if internal affairs officers are lenient with discrediting, their professional awareness becomes deformed which results in the unwillingness to perform their duties properly, the sensation of the absence of the prestige of the profession in the public eye, the prospects of career growth, and the formation of negative attitude towards citizens.   
To the question on philosophical-methodological foundations of English legal positivism of the XIX century (legal teachings of J. Bentham and J. Austin)
Authors: Mikhailov Anton Mikhailovich
Published: January 2021

The subject of this research is the  aggregate of philosophical ideas and methodological paradigms that underlie the concepts of the “first” legal (statist) positivism in England of the XIX century. The author traces the impact of certain philosophical trends and legal concepts of the XVIII – early XIX centuries upon the philosophical and methodological foundations of the positivist concepts of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The article describes the influence of social atomism, and exploratory rationality of Modern Age upon the “first” legal positivism of philosophical rationalism of the XVIII century. The impact of such philosophical and legal concepts as nominalism, the historical school of lawyers, and philosophical positivism of A. Comte upon the “first” legal positivism was reconstructed. The scientific novelty consists in reconstruction of the influence of an entire number of philosophical and legal ideas and concepts upon the development of “first” legal positivism. Correlation between the legal doctrine of J. Bentham, philosophical concepts of the XVIII century, and the legal teaching of T. Hobbes is underlined. The author draws the ideological parallels between the philosophical nominalism, logical paradox of D. Hume, and legal doctrines of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The author reveals the key “channels” of the impact of German Historical School upon legal positivism, describes the similarities and differences between the scientific positivism of A. Comte and the concepts of legal positivism of J. Bentham and J. Austin. The philosophical-methodological framework of the concepts of “first” legal positivism were subjected to a significant influence of the methodological paradigm of philosophical rationalism, social atomism, exploratory scientific rationality of Modern Age, and nominalism.
The rule of law vs the archaization of law (on the specificity of legal form of the dependent peripheral capitalism)
Authors: Solomko Zarianna
Published: January 2021

The subject of this research is the phenomenon of archaization of legal form, which is reflected multiple modern legal systems, including the legal system of modern Russia. The author believes that the state of current Russian legal order testifies to the downfall of one of the declared goals of Russia’s policy of the last three decades – establishment of the so-called rule of law; while the general academic theory of law has not yet formulated a precise understanding of the corresponding processes, as fearing to go beyond the scope of certain ideological boundaries, it first and foremost deals with the formally due than with actually essential. Archaization in the legal systems of modern countries is the revival of the forms of law, legal practice and legal consciousness that are inherent to the pre-capitalist societies. The thesis is substantiated that the process of archaization of law and legal form as a whole, should be considered as one of the objectively determined development patterns and functionality of the societies of dependent peripheral capitalism. The article reviews the objective prerequisites for this phenomenon: its conditionality by socioeconomic relations (preservation of the elements of other production methods in terms of peripheral capitalism), inequality in distribution of the key social resources, and specific social-class structure of the corresponding societies. The general definition of archaization of legal form acquires more precise contours when the author turns to the realities of modern Russian legal order.
La oposición al franquismo a través de reivindicaciones feministas: el Año Internacional de la Mujer en Televisión Española
Authors: Etura Dunia , Martín Jiménez Virginia
Published: January 2021

Objective/Context: during the last years of Franco’s dictatorship, the un declared 1975 International Women’s Year and chose Mexico City to host the event. Aware of its world impact as a un member State since 1955, the Spanish dictatorship was present at this forum. This investigation studies the coverage Spanish public television (tve) gave to the first International Women’s Year and the Mexico congress through Informe Semanal, Francoist’s most innovative show and one of those most watched by the audience. Methodology: through qualitative content analysis of the tv shows related to the event, in-depth interviews of journalists involved in the development of the content, and the support of other secondary sources, we analyze the focus that was offered and determine whether there was a choice made for a narrative close to the official position, or another, opposed to the former, closer to the feminist movement, which allowed exercising strong push-back to the dictatorship from public television. Originality: the work allows approaching the political and social change experienced in Spain in the seventies from an innovative viewpoint that connects this case with the role of television as a platform for feminist voices and agendas. Conclusions: the International Year drove the feminist struggle in Spain and Informe Semanal became a platform that broadcasted egalitarian notions to a heterogeneous and numerous audience, which feminism would not otherwise have reached in a dictatorial context.
Procesos y disputas en la formación del espectador: censura moral y cinefilia en Medellín, 1945-1958
Authors: Alarcón Tobón Santiago , Villegas Vélez Andrés
Published: January 2021

Objective/Context: this paper reviews the strategies and practices through which the Catholic Church and the Medellin Cine-Club (Movie Club) drove specific ways of viewing and judging movies in the mid-20th century in this city. Methodology: with this aim, we draw upon the critique of printed documentary sources such as newspapers, magazines, books, statistical yearbooks, and legislation, complemented with the review of relevant bibliography. Originality: the documentary review allowed suggesting that, as opposed to the traditional vision, the role of the Church cannot be reduced to its intervention in official film censorship and moral censorship it performed through the classification of films. This institution was also particularly active in publishing bulletins and books, creating film fora, and organizing conferences. The Cine-Club, on the other hand, was an entity set up to screen movies not exhibited in commercial theaters because of censorship or lack of mass audience appeal. It made the Church and the city’s most conservative sectors hostile and made it challenging to find members and host regular exhibitions. The meeting between those two social actors evidences a historiographically unexplored dispute within the bounds of movie exhibition. Conclusions: the Catholic Church was interested in exercising its capacity for moral control, but did not limit its activities to the latter, given it also sought to form the faithful in the technical and artistic aspects of the sphere seeking to build a Catholic spectator, understood as a spectator who would watch and judge a movie as a work of art without forgetting Christian morals. At the same time, the Cine-Club was attempting to educate cinephiles, in whom the love for movies implied an independent esthetic judgment supported in a relative split between quality and morality. Both positions came into conflict, which led to the close of the secular institution.
“Inside or Outside”
Authors: Cariola Laura A.
Published: January 2021

By relating the exterior-interior model of body boundary awareness to Lakoff & Johnson’s (1999) in-out orientation of container-schematic conceptualisations, this study aims to explore the use of container-schematic imagery in the autobiographical memories of High and Low Barrier Personalities. The results of this study are based on a corpus of everyday autobiographical memories (N =488) and dream memories (N=450). The results demonstrated that, in both memory types, High Barrier personalities used more semantic fields representing concrete and metaphorical container-schematic imagery (Johnson, 1987), suggesting that container metaphors are similar to the Barrier personality construct. The results are discussed also in reference to the social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Present practices and emerging opportunities in bioengineering for slope stabilization in Malaysia: An overview
Authors: Dorairaj Deivaseeno , Osman Normaniza
Published: January 2021

Population increase and the demand for infrastructure development such as construction of highways and road widening are intangible, leading up to mass land clearing. As flat terrains become scarce, infrastructure expansions have moved on to hilly terrains, cutting through slopes and forests. Unvegetated or bare slopes are prone to erosion due to the lack of or insufficient surface cover. The combination of exposed slope, uncontrolled slope management practices, poor slope planning and high rainfall as in Malaysia could steer towards slope failures which then results in landslides under acute situation. Moreover, due to the tropical weather, the soils undergo intense chemical weathering and leaching that elevates soil erosion and surface runoff. Mitigation measures are vital to address slope failures as they lead to economic loss and loss of lives. Since there is minimal or limited information and investigations on slope stabilization methods in Malaysia, this review deciphers into the current slope management practices such as geotextiles, brush layering, live poles, rock buttress and concrete structures. However, these methods have their drawbacks. Thus, as a way forward, we highlight the potential application of soil bioengineering methods especially on the use of whole plants. Here, we discuss the general attributions of a plant in slope stabilization including its mechanical, hydrological and hydraulic effects. Subsequently, we focus on species selection, and engineering properties of vegetation especially rooting structures and architecture. Finally, the review will dissect and assess the ecological principles for vegetation establishment with an emphasis on adopting the mix-culture approach as a slope failure mitigation measure. Nevertheless, the use of soil bioengineering is limited to low to moderate risk slopes only, while in high-risk slopes, the use of traditional engineering measure is deemed more appropriate and remain to be the solution for slope stabilization.
Comment on Pescott & Jitlal 2020: Failure to account for measurement error undermines their conclusion of a weak impact of nitrogen deposition on plant species richness
Authors: Smart Simon M. , Stevens Carly J. , Tomlinson Sam J. , Maskell Lindsay C. , Henrys Peter A.
Published: January 2021

Estimation of the impacts of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on ecosystems and biodiversity is a research imperative. Analyses of large-scale spatial gradients, where an observed response is correlated with measured or modelled deposition, have been an important source of evidence. A number of problems beset this approach. For example, if responses are spatially aggregated then treating each location as statistically independent can lead to biased confidence intervals and a greater probably of false positive results. Using methods that account for residual spatial autocorrelation, Pescott & Jitlal (2020) re-analysed two large-scale spatial gradient datasets from Britain where modelled N deposition at 5 × 5 km resolution had been previously correlated with species richness in small quadrats. They found that N deposition effects were weaker than previously demonstrated leading them to conclude that “previous estimates of Ndep impacts on richness from space-for-time substitution studies are likely to have been over-estimated”. We use a simulation study to show that their conclusion is unreliable despite them recognising that an influential fraction of the residual spatially structured variation could itself be attributable to N deposition. This arises because the covariate used was modelled N deposition at 5 × 5 km resolution leaving open the possibility that measured or modelled N deposition at finer resolutions could explain more variance in the response. Explicitly treating this as spatially auto-correlated error ignores this possibility and leads directly to their unreliable conclusion. We further demonstrate the plausibility of this scenario by showing that significant variation in N deposition at the 1 km square resolution is indeed averaged at 5 × 5 km resolution. Further analyses are required to explore whether estimation of the size of the N deposition effect on plant species richness and other measures of biodiversity is indeed dependent on the accuracy and hence measurement error of the N deposition covariate. Until then the conclusions of Pescott & Jitlal (2020) should be considered premature.
Records of ctenophores from South Africa
Authors: Gibbons Mark J. , Haddock Steve H.D. , Matsumoto George I. , Foster Craig
Published: January 2021

Although ctenophores can be conspicuous components of the plankton in coastal marine ecosystems, only six species have been formally described from around South Africa. Using photographs from local community scientists, we add a further three species (Cestum veneris, Beroe forskalii?,Ocyropsis maculata?) and six morphospecies to the regional fauna. These additions suggest that South Africa has a ctenophore fauna that is amongst the most diverse, globally; an observation in agreement with information from other taxa. Tips on how community scientists can improve their photographic contributions to understanding ctenophore diversity are provided.
Investigation of water quality from Damanganga estuary the water quality indexing, Gujarat
Authors: Patel Shefaliben Sureshbhai , Sahoo Susmita
Published: January 2021

The seasonal investigation about the water quality from Damanganga river estuary on two habitats downstream and upstream was carried out from January to December 2019 containing three major seasons: winter, summer and monsoon. For this monitoring activity total 29 parameters (24 physico-chemical parameters and 5 heavy metals) were analyzed. Multivariate analyses suggested inter dependency among these studied parameters. Water Quality Index is computed based on the major fluctuated and affected parameters. The calculated values of WQI for all three seasons ranged from 122.84 to 173.82 which suggested poor water quality of the water body. WQI values of the investigation area proposed that the estuarine water quality is deteriorated due to high value of presented heavy metals (Aluminum, Iron, Manganese, Boron and Zinc), Chloride, Ammonium and Sulfate in water sample. In this case, the downstream station is having accessional pollutant contaminations while the upstream station is having diminutive pollutant contaminants. Temporally, the dominant frailty found during the winter followed by summer and monsoon. This study field exhibited poor quality of water; the reason behind this might be the impressive surrounding industrial zone as well as other anthropogenic activities. There is quite normal probability distribution expressed by the represented water quality data at the both habitats. The Bray-Curtis cluster analysis shows different percentage similarity level between the water quality parameters.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Professionals: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sharma Ambika , Aswal Mali Ram , Gupta Rahul
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Health care professionals are at greater risk of acquiring and subsequently transmitting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to their patients, families and colleagues. It is of utmost importance for them to have a knowledge about this Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and hence be in a position to practice infection prevention and control. Aim: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) among health care professionals regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study and was conducted in the month of April, 2020, among doctors and nurses. Total 164 health care professionals from the medical college hospital were included in the study. A 53-item survey questionnaire was developed to assess KAP among the health care professionals. Data analysis was done by using Epi info 7.2.1.0 version. Chi-square test was used to analyse variables as appropriate. A p-value of <0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. Results: A total of 164 responses were collected and analysed. Doctors comprised 43.9% of the total study subjects while remaining 56.1% were nurses. Male to female ratio of the study subjects was 2:1. Fifty-eight percent informed that they had received training about infection control. In the present study, common source of information about COVID-19 was the internet, social media and television followed by newspaper, government sources and radio. Most of the Health Care Workers (HCWs) were aware of the mode of transmission of infection and common preventive measures. Incubation period was known to 95% of respondents. Only 48.9% of nurses thought that the mild form of disease was most common. Almost all believed that washing hands and wearing mask were important preventive measures. Around 60% of HCWs assumed that they knew the steps for wearing and removing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), but very few could remember the exact sequence. Most of them felt that the disease was dangerous, however only 31% were scared to do hospital work. Both nurses and doctors practiced high levels of hand hygiene, cough hygiene and wearing face masks at the workplace. Conclusion: This study highlights the level of existing KAP of COVID-19 among health care professionals. There is an urgent need to focus on training for correct use of PPE which can safeguard HCWs from contracting COVID-19.
Lagophthalmos- A Rare Presenting Sign in a Case of Childhood Pontine Glioma
Authors: Gayathri N , Premnath G , Kiruthika S , Vasudevan Mano j , Loya Geeta Anusha
Published: January 2021

Brain stem glioma is a rare central nervous system tumour arising from glial cells which occur mostly in children. Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG) and Focal glioma are the two types of pontine glioma. DIPGs are highly aggressive. The clinical features are not the same in every child. It commonly has a grave prognosis as most children die within 18 months of diagnosis. Hereby, Authors present a case of 10-year-old male child complaining of watering from the left eye for four days. There was no history suggesting involvement of any other cranial nerves and there was no episode of any seizure or similar history. On examination patient was found to have left lagophthalmos. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of brain showed features of pontine glioma with mass effect. To prevent exposure keratopathy, the child was started on lubricating drops/gel and lid taping and referred immediately to a cancer centre for further management. Patients with pontine gliomas usually complain of gait disturbance, headache, limb weakness and double vision. To Authors’ knowledge no other documented case has presented with lagophthalmos. This case is presented for the rarity of the presenting symptom and to stress the importance of picking early ophthalmic signs.