bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left ventricular diastolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with myocardial triglyceride content but not with impaired myocardial perfusion reserve
Authors: Korosoglou Grigorios , Humpert Per M. , Ahrens Johannes , Oikonomou Dimitrios , Osman Nael F. , Gitsioudis Gitsios , Buss Sebastian J. , Steen Henning , Schnackenburg Bernhardt , Bierhaus Angelika , Nawroth Peter P. , Katus Hugo A.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To study myocardial perfusion reserve and myocellular metabolic alterations indicated by triglyceride content as possible causes of diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, preserved systolic function, and without clinically evident coronary artery disease.

Materials and Methods:

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 42) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for quantification of 1) myocardial contractility by strain‐encoded MR (SENC); 2) myocardial triglyceride content by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS); and 3) myocardial perfusion reserve during pharmacologic hyperemia. Age‐matched healthy volunteers (n = 16) also underwent CMR to acquire normal values for myocardial strain and perfusion reserve.

Results:

Stress CMR procedures were successfully performed in all subjects, and no regional inducible perfusion defects were observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diastolic strain rate and myocardial perfusion reserve were significantly impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to control subjects (P < 0.001 for both). Interestingly, impaired diastolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus was not associated with impaired myocardial perfusion reserve (r = 0.12, P = NS). Conversely a significant association was observed between diastolic dysfunction and myocardial triglyceride content (r = −0.71, P < 0.001), which proved to be independent of age, gender, diabetes duration, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose.

Conclusion:

Myocardial steatosis may represent an early marker of diabetic heart disease, triggering subclinical myocardial dysfunction irrespective of myocardial perfusion reserve. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:804–811. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing the influence of b‐value selection on diffusion‐weighted imaging of the prostate: Evaluation of a revised monoexponential model within a clinical setting
Authors: Mazaheri Yousef , Vargas Hebert Alberto , Akin Oguz , Goldman Debra A. , Hricak Hedvig
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To compare the accuracy of standard and revised monoexponential models of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) data for differentiating malignant from benign prostate tissue, using surgical pathology as the reference standard.

Materials and Methods:

The Institutional Review Board waived informed consent for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant, retrospective study of 46 patients (median age = 61 years; range: 42–85 years) who underwent DW‐MRI between May and December 2008 before radical prostatectomy for biopsy‐proven prostate cancer, had no prior treatment, and had whole‐mount step‐section pathology maps available showing at least one peripheral zone (PZ) lesion >0.1 cm3. DW‐MRI data were obtained for b‐values of 0, 400, and 700 s/mm2. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were estimated from PZ regions of interest (ROIs) on b = 0, 700 and b = 0, 400 s/mm2 images, using a standard monoexponential model. The true diffusion coefficient (D) and perfusion fraction (f) were measured using a revised monoexponential model incorporating all three b‐values. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated to assess the accuracy of individual parameters and a logistic regression model combining D and f (D+f) in distinguishing malignant ROIs; P < 0.05 denoted significance.

Results:

ADC400 (AUC = 0.81, P < 0.0001), ADC700 (AUC = 0.79, P < 0.0001), D (AUC = 0.71, P = 0.0001) and D + f distinguished malignant from benign ROIs (AUC = 0.82, P < 0.0001), but f did not (AUC = 0.56, P = 0.28); D + f was significantly more accurate than D (P = 0.016) but not more accurate than ADC400 (P = 0.26) or ADC700 (P = 0.12).

Conclusion:

The true diffusion coefficient provides an additional DW‐MRI parameter for distinguishing prostate cancer that is less influenced than the ADC by b‐value selection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;35:660‐668. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous quantitation of nicorandil and its denitrated metabolite in plasma by LC‐MS/MS: application for a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: César Isabela Costa , Bastos Leandro Francisco Silva , Godin Adriana Martins , de Matos Coelho Márcio , Araujo Débora Pereira , de Fátima Ângelo , Guidine Patrícia Alves Maia , Pianetti Gerson Antônio
Published: November 2011

A liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of nicorandil and its denitrated metabolite, N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐nicotinamide, in rat plasma. After a liquid–liquid extraction step, chromatographic separation was performed on a ShinPack C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase composed of methanol and 2 mM aqueous ammonium acetate containing 0.03% (v/v) formic acid (33:67 v/v). Procainamide was used as an internal standard (IS). Selected reaction monitoring was performed using the transitions m/z 212 → m/z 135, m/z 166 → m/z 106 and m/z 236 → m/z 163 to quantify nicorandil, its denitrated metabolite and IS, respectively. Calibration curves were constructed over the range of 5–15 000 ng.ml−1 for both nicorandil and its metabolite. The mean relative standard deviation (RSD%) values for the intra‐run precision were 5.4% and 7.3% and for the inter‐run precision were 8.5% and 7.3% for nicorandil and its metabolite, respectively. The mean accuracy values were 100% and 95% for nicorandil and its metabolite, respectively. No matrix effect was detected in the samples. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after per os administration of nicorandil in rats. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth profiling of porcine adipose tissue by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Lyndgaard Lotte Bøge , Sørensen Klavs Martin , van den Berg Frans , Engelsen Søren Balling
Published: November 2011

Raman spectroscopy was applied on a depth profile of porcine adipose tissue (from skin to meat) with the purpose of (1) discriminating between fat layers and (2) estimating the variation in fatty acid composition as a function of fat depth and fat layer: total degree of unsaturation (iodine value), fractions of saturated, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The thickness and composition of the outer layer of porcine adipose tissue influences the final quality of backfat. A too‐thick outer layer is associated with problems such as oily appearance, rancidity development, and difficulties in separating muscle and adipose tissue when cutting. From principal component analysis on standard normal variate preprocessed Raman spectra (1800–800 cm–1), it was possible to discriminate between the outer and the inner backfat layer. Principal component analysis loadings showed that the separation of layer was mainly explained by variation in the bands originating from vibration of double bond C = C stretching plus = C–H twisting and rocking. In the prediction of iodine value a three‐component partial least squares regression model based on full range Raman spectra showed a root mean square error of cross validation of 2.00 and R2 = 0.69. Applying Cauchy–Lorentz band fitting proved that information regarding fat unsaturation was found not only in band intensity, but also in band parameters such as location and width. The results suggest Raman spectroscopy as a potential measurement technique for rapid grading of pork carcasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surveillance strategies for gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Grotz Travis E. , Donohue John H.
Published: November 2011

Although only 10–30% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are clinically malignant, all have some degree of malignant potential. The management of high risk patients should be evidence based. However, prospective data and a consensus for guidelines concerning the screening of asymptomatic high risk patients and surveillance following multidisciplinary treatment do not exist. This review provides an overview of GIST, with an emphasis on the available data regarding screening and surveillance of certain populations with GISTs. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:921–927. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermoreversible Networks by Diels–Alder Reaction of Cellulose Furoates With Bismaleimides
Authors: Ax Jennifer , Wenz Gerhard
Published: November 2011

Remendable materials are synthesized by thermoreversible crosslinking of a cellulosic diene with a flexible bisdienophile by DA reaction. Hydroxyethylcellulose is esterified with both furoyl chloride and acetic anhydride, leading to a processible polymer with pending furane substituents. Crosslinking is achieved by heating with 1,6‐bis(N‐maleimido)hexane, thus initiating the DA reaction. Heating to higher temperatures gave rise to the back (retro‐DA) reaction, thus restituting the reactants. Consequently, temperature cycling triggers subsequent retro‐DA and DA reactions that allow self‐healing of these materials. The use of cellulose enables the construction of highly oriented specimens with high modulus and tensile strength. The introduction of flexible hexamethylene spacers avoids brittleness of the material.
Guidelines for good database selection and use in pharmacoepidemiology research
Authors: Hall Gillian C. , Sauer Brian , Bourke Alison , Brown Jeffrey S. , Reynolds Matthew W. , Casale Robert Lo
Published: November 2011

The use of healthcare databases in research provides advantages such as increased speed, lower costs and limitation of some biases. However, database research has its own challenges as studies must be performed within the limitations of resources, which often are the product of complex healthcare systems. The primary purpose of this document is to assist in the selection and use of data resources in pharmacoepidemiology, highlighting potential limitations and recommending tested procedures. This guidance is presented as a detailed text with a checklist for quick reference and covers six areas: selection of a database, use of multiple data resources, extraction and analysis of the study population, privacy and security, quality and validation procedures and documentation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of mass spectrometric parameters on peptide and protein identification rates for shotgun proteomic experiments on an LTQ‐orbitrap mass analyzer
Authors: Kalli Anastasia , Hess Sonja
Published: November 2011

The success of a shotgun proteomic experiment relies heavily on the performance and optimization of both the LC and the MS systems. Despite this, little consideration has, so far, been given to the importance of evaluating and optimizing the MS instrument settings during data‐dependent acquisition mode. Moreover, during data‐dependent acquisition, the users have to decide and choose among various MS parameters and settings, making a successful analysis even more challenging. We have systematically investigated and evaluated the effect of enabling and disabling the preview mode for FTMS scan, the number of microscans per MS/MS scan, the number of MS/MS events, the maximum ion injection time for MS/MS, and the automatic gain control target value for MS and MS/MS events on protein and peptide identification rates on an LTQ‐Orbitrap using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome. Our investigations aimed to assess the significance of each MS parameter to improve proteome analysis and coverage. We observed that higher identification rates were obtained at lower ion injection times i.e. 50–150 ms, by performing one microscan and 12–15 MS/MS events. In terms of ion population, optimal automatic gain control target values were at 5×105–1×106 ions for MS and 3×103–1×104 ions for MS/MS. The preview mode scan had a minimal effect on identification rates. Using optimized MS settings, we identified 1038 (±2.3%) protein groups with a minimum of two peptide identifications and an estimated false discovery rate of ∼1% at both peptide and protein level in a 160‐min LC‐MS/MS analysis.
Identification of an attractant for the nine‐banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus
Authors: Ober Holly K. , Degroote Lucas W. , Mcdonough Colleen M. , Mizell Russell F. , Mankin Richard W.
Published: November 2011

The nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is considered by many to be one of the greatest nuisance wildlife species in the Southeastern United States. Management is difficult because no repellents, toxicants, or fumigants are currently registered for this species; exclusion is laborious because armadillos are adept burrowers; and no effective trapping attractants have been identified. If a suitable lure were discovered, trap capture success could increase and the frequency of nuisance complaints could decrease. We compared the behavioral attractiveness to captive armadillos of 15 commercially available food materials, as well as scents collected from conspecifics, in Florida, USA, 2008–2009. According to 3 distinct behavioral measures, 4 materials consistently elicited the most attraction responses from armadillos: pond worms (Lumbricus terrestris), crickets (Acheta domesticus), red worms (Eisenia fetida), and wigglers (Pheretima hawayanus). Recognizing that all of these materials were live prey, we devised a second series of experiments to evaluate the relative importance of olfactory cues versus auditory–vibrational cues in evoking a response from armadillos. Results suggested auditory–vibrational cues were meaningful. Finally, we measured sound pressure and vibration levels produced by the most preferred and less preferred prey items. Sound and vibrational cues decreased rapidly below background noise levels within 10–30 cm from baits. Because of this, and because the perceptual range of armadillos to the olfactory cues from these baits appears limited, traps baited with any worm or cricket are unlikely to lure armadillos from great distances. Development of an effective baiting system will require further investigation into the possibility of enhancing the ability of stimuli to travel over long distances. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Opinions on management implications
Authors: Guthery Fred S.
Published: November 2011

The management implications (MI) section of articles in The Journal of Wildlife Management (JWM) and Wildlife Society Bulletin (WSB) is meant to relay transparent, applicable information from researchers to managers. I questioned whether this goal was being met because inspection of paper titles in these journals showed many studies do not address management topics. Accordingly, I developed a classification scheme for statements in the MI section and analyzed the nature and content of randomly selected MI sections (n = 80) in Volume 72 (2008) of JWM. Management implications (deductions or inductions) made up 5.5 ± 1% standard error of statements in the sample (n = 562 statements). Accordingly, >90% of the statements in the sample of MI sections were not MIs. The MI heading does not inform readers of section content. I recommend a more flexible heading (e.g., Implications, Research Needs, Recommendations, Conclusions) or elimination of the section because salient material usually appears in other sections of a paper anyway. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Testing for differences in beta diversity from plot‐to‐plot dissimilarities
Authors: Bacaro Giovanni , Gioria Margherita , Ricotta Carlo
Published: November 2011

The central role of beta diversity in describing biodiversity patterns has been investigated in many fields of ecology and biogeography. While a variety of measures of beta diversity have been proposed over the past five decades, the question of how to test for differences in beta diversity among different sets of sampling plots has been addressed only rarely. Here, we describe a simple analytical procedure to test for differences in beta diversity among distinct sets of plots. The advantage of this approach compared to methods that have been previously proposed lies in its randomization procedure. Such a procedure creates a distribution of null values of the test statistic that is compatible with the null hypothesis of no significant difference in multivariate dispersion between the groups. The proposed test was illustrated using a large dataset of plant and water beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages collected from 45 farmland ponds in Ireland.
Responses in digestion, rumen fermentation and microbial populations to inhibition of methane formation by a halogenated methane analogue
Authors: Mitsumori Makoto , Shinkai Takumi , Takenaka Akio , Enishi Osamu , Higuchi Koji , Kobayashi Yosuke , Nonaka Itoko , Asanuma Narito , Denman Stuart E. , McSweeney Christopher S.
Published: November 2011

The effects of the anti-methanogenic compound, bromochloromethane (BCM), on rumen microbial fermentation and ecology were examinedin vivo. Japanese goats were fed a diet of 50 % Timothy grass and 50 % concentrate and then sequentially adapted to low, mid and high doses of BCM. The goats were placed into the respiration chambers for analysis of rumen microbial function and methane and H2production. The levels of methane production were reduced by 5, 71 and 91 %, and H2production was estimated at 545, 2941 and 3496 mmol/head per d, in response to low, mid and high doses of BCM, respectively, with no effect on maintenance feed intake and digestibility. Real-time PCR quantification of microbial groups showed a significant decrease relative to controls in abundance of methanogens and rumen fungi, whereas there were increases inPrevotellaspp. andFibrobacter succinogenes, a decrease inRuminococcus albusandR. flavefacienswas unchanged. The numbers of protozoa were also unaffected. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR analysis revealed that severalPrevotellaspp. were the bacteria that increased most in response to BCM treatment. It is concluded that the methane-inhibited rumen adapts to high hydrogen levels by shifting fermentation to propionate viaPrevotellaspp., but the majority of metabolic hydrogen is expelled as H2gas.
Operator algebras from the discrete Heisenberg semigroup
Authors: Anoussis M. , Katavolos A. , Todorov I. G.
Published: November 2011

We study reflexivity and structural properties of operator algebras generated by representations of the discrete Heisenberg semigroup. We show that the left regular representation of this semigroup gives rise to a semi-simple reflexive algebra. We exhibit an example of a representation that gives rise to a non-reflexive algebra. En route, we establish reflexivity results for subspaces of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{T})\otimes\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})$.
“Good Will Toward Men” (Luke 2 14)
Authors: Ropes James Hardy
Published: November 2011

Professor Adolf von Harnack in the Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy for December 9, 1915 (pages 854–875) has discussed afresh in his characteristically interesting and instructive fashion the textual criticism and meaning of the angels' song in Luke 2 14. After a full exposition of the evidence and an investigation of the rare word εὐδοκία, he decides for the following text:

Δόξα ἐν ὑΨίστοις ϑεῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς

Εἰρήνη ἀνϑρώποις εὐδοκίας,

which he translates:

“Glory in the highest to God and on earth

Peace to men of (His) gracious will.”

This form of the Greek text is in the second line substantially that on which the English Revised Version rests (“men in whom he is well pleased”); but Harnack, following Origen, connects εὐδοκίας not with ἀνϑρώποις but, by a somewhat harsh hyperbaton, with εἰρήνη, and interprets: “Peace is now given to men—no ordinary peace but the peace of His gracious will.”

Harnack's argument, which contains much valuable discussion on various aspects of the verse, need not be here repeated. But two of the points which he makes, and in regard to which his reasoning is convincing, deserve notice; for although at first sight they might appear to occupy but a modest place among his results, in reality they seem to offer the key to the serious textual problem of the passage, and so lead to a translation and interpretation quite different from Harnack's. They may be stated thus:

(1) With the reading εὐδοκίας, the song is a distich, of which the first line must be taken to include the words ἐπὶ γῆς and the second to begin with εἰρήνη.

(2) ἀνϑρώποις εὐδοκίας is a phrase wholly unexampled and in itself full of difficulty. For εὐδοκία means “God's gracious will.” It refers to His purpose, His choice, not to His approval or satisfaction with man's performance; and it looks to the future, to grace, to the hope of a needy world, not to the past, to man's merit, or even to the inherent worth of human nature.
Classic and Romantic Trends in Plato
Authors: Loewenberg J.
Published: November 2011

The problem of the One and the Many is a problem essentially Platonic. Characteristically Platonic is the saying of Socrates in the Phaedrus: “If I find any man who is able to see a ‘One and Many’ in nature, him I follow, and ‘walk in his footsteps as if he were a god.’” The problem of the One and the Many may indeed be said to be the point around which Plato's deepest concerns center. It occurs in most of his dialogues. It appears in different formulations, and it receives a variety of emphasis. It is certainly at the root of his morals. “Not life, but a good life, is to be chiefly valued,” is Plato's fundamental teaching. And the good life is a life of law, order, justice. The diverse elements of the soul must be set in order; they must submit to one organizing principle; they must become a well-ordered unity.
Some Recent Studies on the Iranian Religions
Authors: Gray Louis H.
Published: November 2011

It is curious, and perhaps significant, that the two most important volumes on the Iranian religions which have appeared within the last decade should have been written by scholars who were not professed Iranists. Professor James Hope Moulton, the author of the Hibbert Lectures on Early Zoroastrianism (London, 1913), was a theologian and a hellenist; Professor Raffaele Pettazzoni, who has just given us his La Religione di Zarathustra (Bologna, 1920), is a student of comparative religion of the finest and sanest type. Pettazzoni seems not to have had the advantage of consulting Moulton's volume; but while from one point of view this may be regrettable, from another it has worked for good, since two scholars have reached independently results which, when combined, put the genesis of Iranism in an entirely new light and go far toward the solution of many perplexing problems, if, indeed, they may not have solved the riddle as a whole. Of Moulton's work I have expressed an opinion elsewhere, and subsequent reflection has only confirmed that judgement.
Recent Tendencies in Roman Catholic Theology
Authors: La Piana George
Published: November 2011

Catholic writers on Scholastic Theology do not hesitate to admit that no work contributing new and valuable additions to this science has been published since the days of Bellarmin, Suarez, and Lugo. The collapse of scholastic philosophy after the fifteenth century could not fail to affect also scholastic theology, which in losing all contact with the new scientific progress lost also its strong appeal to speculative minds. Moreover, the Church, instructed by the events of the Reformation, had become so suspicious of novelties that any attempt to introduce new additions to the traditional teaching of theology was more likely to bring a thinker into the hands of the Inquisition than to lead towards a cardinal's hat.
Some Recent Works on Systematic Theology
Authors: Knox George William
Published: November 2011

Systematic theology in its classic form is at once a philosophy of religion, a philosophy of history, and a world-view. It sums up in its master mind, St. Thomas Aquinas, the knowledge of its age. A great picture it is—none greater was ever conceived; indeed, for completeness, for dramatic movement, and for religious interest, none has ever remotely rivalled it. The great epics of Hinduism and the world-views of Buddhism and Islam fall far short in power and unity, in scientific grasp and form, in philosophic insight and in moral purpose; while the modern world has nothing which can be put in comparison, for our world-view is incomplete, discordant, perplexed with doubts, nor has it come to an understanding with the religious and ethical nature of man.
Reserve in Matters of Religion
Authors: Buckham Matthew H.
Published: November 2011

I think it safe to assume—and I shall assume—that every college student has a certain amount of religious conviction and belief—more than we sometimes think—-more perhaps than he is himself conscious of having. I am emboldened to say this because I believe that religion—that is, the relation of the human in us to the divine in us and above us—is a part of the essential nature of man, potential even though latent in every man, and because the Christian environment in which most college students have passed their early days must have called these potentialities into more or less distinct consciousness.

But what I recall in myself as a young man, and what I see in others, tells me that when this religious consciousness is made the object of appeal and of summons to expression and action it is very much inclined to withdraw within itself, and to fold itself about with reserve, and even to take on a kind of resistance. And when I examine this state of mind in myself and others, I think I can see that in a certain stage of spiritual immaturity, and perhaps more or less always, this reserve in religious expression is justifiable and even normal.
The Evangelization of Japan Viewed in its Intellectual Aspect
Authors: Ebina Danjo
Published: November 2011

When Protestant missionaries arrived in Japan with the religion of one God and the brotherhood of mankind, the native religions of Japan were in a deplorable condition. Buddhism had received such a fatal blow that there could be no hope of its revival. It was almost destroyed by the revolution of 1868. Many priests and monks had left their professions. Some became Shintoists; others became officers, soldiers, teachers, merchants, or artisans. Temples were deserted, and used for schools, offices, or barracks. Bells were converted into cannon. Sacred books were burned or sold as waste paper. Idols were standing neglected, partly stripped or broken—despised, mocked, and shunned. Compared with Buddhism, Confucianism was in a somewhat better state; but some of its progressive adherents, filled with admiration for western science, lost faith in the sacred books, and turned from the study of them to that of science. Those who still adhered to Confucianism were despised as conservative, bigoted, ignorant, and narrow-minded, unable to go forward in the advancing steps of the nation. At the time of the revolution Shintoism gained the ascendency, and for a time was considered a state religion. The decree of the emperor was given in the name of the heavenly gods. “Return to your origin and be grateful to the beginning” was the motto of the loyal and patriotic. But among the preachers and adherents of this movement there were many who went to extremes, insisting that along with the power of the emperor everything else that was ancient should be restored. Some of these nationalists were narrow-minded, especially in their attitude toward foreigners. They insisted that the holy land of Japan should not be trodden down and defiled by unclean strangers. Meanwhile the tide of the revolution changed its course from restoration to progress, from exclusiveness to open-mindedness. It began to flow directly against the principles of Shintoism then held by many. This decided its destiny. Shintoism met the same fate as Jewish Christianity in the first century of the Christian era. Thus Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism had been, one after another, submerged in the overwhelming tides of the revolution when Christianity appeared in the extra-territorial establishments of foreign residents.
Truth and Immortality
Authors: Dole Charles F.
Published: November 2011

One everywhere finds people who have given up the hope of immortality or else regard it with extreme doubt. Forms of belief with which it has been associated have proved unthinkable to them. Worse yet, to hope for immortality seems not to be loyal to truth. “We want reality,” they say. “We propose to face the facts; we demand honest thinking. We have no use for dreams, however pleasant; we wish only truth.” Mr. Huxley's famous letter to his friend Charles Kingsley expresses this attitude. Here is a man who, in the greatest of sorrows, feels obliged to put away comfort and hope in obedience to the demand of truth. It is not possible to divide his mind into exclusive compartments, and to indulge an ancient religious emotion on one side of himself, while on the other side he remains the conscientious student of science. He must keep his integrity at any cost to his feelings. No one can help admiring this type of mind. A multitude of people who have nothing like Mr. Huxley's rigor of conscience are immensely moved by the attitude of such men as he. If he could see no truth in immortality and had to remain an agnostic about it, why should we not be agnostics also?
The Religious Environment of Early Christianity
Authors: Emerton Ephraim
Published: November 2011

Opinions as to the nature and origin of Christianity have been profoundly modified during rather recent years by the increased attention that has been given to the circumstances of the society within which its work was to be done. It is fortunate that these inquiries have been undertaken by scholars whose primary interest has not been to defend Christianity, but only to understand the conditions that necessarily determined its forms both of organization and of faith. Into their studies Christianity entered only as one element among many others, and it is this fact that gives to their results their peculiar value for the history of Christianity itself.
Is Our Protestantism Still Protestant?
Authors: Brown William Adams
Published: November 2011

There are two classes of people who have an interest in the question which we have proposed for discussion. It may be asked by those who believe that in historic Protestantism we have the true and final form of religion, and who therefore view with alarm any radical departure from the position of the earlier Reformers. In this case the question whether our Protestantism is still Protestant will mean the inquiry whether our modern liberal Christianity has so far departed from the fundamental principles of the Reformation that its title to the name of evangelical Christianity may rightly be called in question. On the other hand, the inquiry may be made by those who believe that historic Protestantism represents a stage of religious development which the world is destined to outgrow. In the latter case the meaning of the question will be whether the process of theological reconstruction has gone so far that the new type of religious thought and life which is expected to supersede the old can at last be clearly differentiated from its predecessor.
Bishop Butler and Cardinal Newman on Religious Certitude
Authors: Horr George E.
Published: November 2011

Until within the memory of men little past middle life Butler's Analogy was a standard text-book in American Colleges, and up to 1850 it was among the books for the final examinations in the University of Oxford. Recently it has been brought into fresh prominence by the publication of Gladstone's Subsidiary Studies, and by the sumptuous edition of Butler's works issued by the Oxford University Press, to the preparation of which Mr. Gladstone devoted the last months of his illustrious career. Furthermore, within a short time two critical biographies of Butler have been published, one by W. Lucas Collins, Prebendary of Peterborough, and one by W. A. Spooner, Tutor of New College, Oxford, and Canon of Christ Church. The interest in Cardinal Newman is perennial, and fresh appreciations of his philosophy and of his unique personality are continually appearing.
Monism, Pluralism, and Personalism
Authors: Buckham John Wright
Published: November 2011

Two philosophical conceptions of God are now contesting the field with the theology of Christianity—Monism and Pluralism. It will be the endeavor of this paper to show that neither of them offers so rational, adequate, and comprehensive a conception of God as does Christianity, for the reason that neither is so true to that category which is coming to be more and more clearly recognized as the supreme interpretation of deity, namely, personality.
Modern Methods in New Testament Philology
Authors: Angus Samuel
Published: November 2011

The language of the Greek New Testament has been under the continual search-light of criticism since the early part of the seventeenth century, when the keen debate between the Purist and the Hebraist produced a copious literature. The former laid a very heavy burden on his own shoulders. Although he could easily argue for his thesis of the “purity” of the New Testament language by citing numberless parallels between it and the best Greek writers, it was hard to account for the many points of divergence, and consequently the Hebraist steadily gained ground. Antecedent probability, as well as common sense, seemed to be on the side of the latter. For the New Testament was akin to the Septuagint, and that was regarded as a treasure-house of Semitisms. Moreover most of the writers of the New Testament were Jews, and nothing seemed more natural than that their Greek should be deeply tinged with the idioms of their native tongue. Accordingly Hebraism was granted large concessions, and under it were included not only the Greek expressions which happened to have sister-constructions in Hebrew or Aramaic, but also many usages peculiar to Greek but unusual in the days of the best Attic. These Semitisms were supposed so to affect syntax, vocabulary, and style as to make the result un-greek.
Some Problems in the Science of Religion
Authors: King Irving
Published: November 2011

The reviews of my recent book, The Development of Religion, have revealed certain misunderstandings both as to the general point of view and as to the meaning which it was intended to convey in specific places. The problems discussed are fundamental ones, and the present article aims to restate some of them in the hope of making more clear the precise points at issue.
University Settlements in Great Britain
Authors: Ashley Percy
Published: November 2011

A quarter of a century has now elapsed since the foundation of Toynbee Hall in the east of London inaugurated the “University Settlement” movement in the vast and then almost inchoate capital of the British Empire; and the present time seems therefore appropriate for an attempt to form some estimate of the past results and future possibilities of the movement, which soon spread to other towns of England and Scotland. Yet such an undertaking is beset with serious difficulties. Throughout the whole history of the settlements there is indeed apparent an essential identity of purpose, an underlying uniformity of motive; but the individual institutions have been the outcome of the action of various bodies of persons whose aims, as formally expressed, seem often very diverse; different groups have laid the main emphasis on different objects and methods, and what has been counted as triumphant success by one group has been deemed of relatively small importance by another. Further, the wide range of the activities of the settlements, the multifarious nature of their interests and work, render it practically impossible for any one observer to comprehend the whole in his single survey; and the selection which he must needs make tends almost inevitably to be determined, and it may be even unfairly biassed, by his own personal predilections. Within this narrower range, moreover, there is no certain standard by which to measure success or failure; the value of the work accomplished by a settlement is not to be judged solely, or even chiefly, by the statistics of its classes and clubs. If it has realized its objects, however imperfectly, it has exercised upon the surrounding community, in conjunction with all other institutions that in any way and by any means make for good, a subtle and permeating influence which has resulted in a progressive amelioration of social life; but, for the very reason that this achievement is the result of a number of co-operating forces, the share of the settlement therein cannot be isolated or defined with any exactitude.
Beyond Moral Idealism
Authors: Adams George Plimpton
Published: November 2011

To an increasing number of people the idea that a religion which means to be something more than an heroic moral idealism has any significant place in the modern world seems open to grave doubts. Moreover, a large body of traditional metaphysical doctrines and systems are being subjected to much the same sort of criticism which religion is called upon to face. Three general arguments are used to show that both traditional religion and traditional metaphysics are no longer able to do what clear thinking and enlightened practice demand.
The Pastor and Teacher in New England
Authors: Phelps Vergil V.
Published: November 2011

The necessity of moral and religious training in the education of children and the significance of education in matters of religion have in our day become the subject of much discussion. It may be profitable, therefore, to examine a unique institution of early New England by which religion was linked to education, and religious education was given a high place in the life of the churches. It is remarkable that this institution seems never to have received the attention of a single book, pamphlet, or magazine article.
Emerson from an Indian Point of View
Authors: Maitra Herambachandra
Published: November 2011

Of the eminent writers who are the exponents of the spiritual movement of the nineteenth century, those whose influence is most widely acknowledged—Wordsworth, Shelley, Carlyle, Emerson—have two notable characteristics: first, they either give a very subordinate place to dogma or reject it altogether; secondly, they lay great stress on truths which from remote antiquity have most deeply impressed the Oriental mind and have been uttered with the greatest power in the East. The influence of Wordsworth as a spiritual teacher will ever be felt, in spite of the “Ecclesiastical Sonnets,” to lie, not in his championship of orthodox Christianity, but in his awakening men to a sense of the Infinite revealed in the finite and to a consciousness of the immanence of the divine Spirit in the outer and the inner world. These are the truths which inspire some of Shelley's noblest lines. They find utterance in Carlyle's wisest words. And they occupy the foremost place in Emerson's message to an unspiritual world. Hence the power with which Wordsworth and Emerson appeal to the Oriental mind. They translate into the language of modern culture what was uttered by the sages of ancient India in the loftiest strains. They breathe a new life into our old faith, and they assure its stability and progress by incorporating with it precious truths revealed or brought into prominence by the wider intellectual and ethical outlook of the modern spirit. Before I dwell at any length on the spiritual affinity between the teachings of the East and the mind of Emerson, it will be convenient to consider some of his intellectual traits, which give us a key to the right interpretation of his faith.
Concerning Natural Religion
Authors: Fenn W. W.
Published: November 2011

In present theological conditions, one who is called upon to discourse concerning “natural religion as it is commonly called and understood by divines and learned men” finds himself embarrassed at the outset by the difficulty of defining his subject in accordance with the requirement, since the term is variously understood by “divines and learned men.” In a recent issue of the Harvard Theological Review Professor Knight of Tufts College described three specific uses of the correlative terms “nature” and “supernatural,” each of which, moreover, comprises many subordinate varieties. The late Dr. C. C. Everett, to whom, by the way, Professor Knight does not refer, defined the natural as “the universe considered as a composite whole,” the world of cause and effect, one might say, in which the laws of Haeckel's “Substance” prevail, or the natura naturata of Spinoza, and the supernatural as the non-composite unity, Spinoza's natura naturans, which manifests itself in and through the natural. If this use be accepted, and with it Dr. Everett's definition of religion corresponding to the stage in the development of the discussion where the terms first appear, namely, as “feeling towards the supernatural,” it is difficult to find any meaning for the term natural religion save as it may denote religion awakened by contemplation of nature. Otherwise, it becomes a contradiction in terms, the adjective cancelling the noun or vice versa. In substantial agreement with these definitions is the habit of regarding the supernatural as covering the realm of free personality, both human and divine, while the world of things, in which law uniformly and inexorably rules, is styled nature. Here too, since religion resides in personality and, at least among those who employ this terminology, involves a relation to personality, natural religion becomes meaningless.
The Rise of Normative Judaism. II. To the Close of the Mishnah
Authors: Moore George Foot
Published: November 2011

The older and younger contemporaries of Gamaliel II and their disciples and successors in the next generation are the fundamental authorities of normative Judaism as we know it in the literature which it has always esteemed authentic. One main division of their learned labors was the definition and exact formulation of the rules of the unwritten law (Halakah), as they had been received through tradition, or were adapted to meet new conditions, or were developed by biblical exegesis or casuistic discussion. Along with this ran the minute study, in course, of the written law in the Pentateuch from Exodus to Deuteronomy, in primary intention a juristic exegesis with constant reference to the Halakah.
No Coptic in the Koridethi Codex
Authors: de Zwaan J.
Published: November 2011

In the Harvard Theological Review, July 1923, pp. 280–283, Professors Lake and Blake have again drawn attention to a certain scrawl on the inner side of the back cover of the Koridethi Codex. I may be allowed to quote Blake's remarks in order to controvert them:

The extreme importance of the picaresque inscription on the inner side of the back cover has not been sufficiently appreciated. We have here a mélange of Georgian and Coptic letters, and one Coptic word, viz. ḥêppe (ἰδού). Oscar von Lemm is right in holding that Armenian letters are not present. Now the very appearance of Coptic letters is an important and significant fact.
The Contribution of Professor Royce to Christian Thought
Authors: Buckham John Wright
Published: November 2011

Theology is constantly recognizing, more fully and more freely, the closeness of its relation to philosophy. Starting though they do from different impulses—theology attempting to interpret experience and philosophy to attain knowledge—they converge upon a common field. No great theologian but influences philosophy, no great philosopher but affects theology.

Of American philosophers since Edwards, no one has made so rich, profound, and extensive a contribution to religious thought as Josiah Royce.
What Ails the Church?
Authors: Carver Thomas N.
Published: November 2011

I remember a certain country church in a Western State as it was about forty years ago. It was a plain, wooden structure with uncushioned seats, uncarpeted floors, and with plain glass windows through which the farmers could keep an eye on their horses, hitched to the racks outside. The men and boys sat on one side of the central aisle, while the women and girls sat on the other, and there were about as many on one side as on the other. The congregation was made up mostly of farmers and their families, who came to church in farm wagons, drawn by work horses. The father and mother in each case usually sat on the spring seat, while the children and the hired men sat on seat-boards, sometimes indulging in the luxury of a cushion made by folding a quilt. Within the church the elderly men sat in the “Amen corner,” and the elderly women sat in the opposite corner. The small boys, for some reason which I did not then understand, sat with their fathers instead of with other boys of their own age.
The Position and Prospects of the Roman Catholic Church
Authors: Fawkes Alfred
Published: November 2011

In the Cambridge Modern History and in a later work, Studies in Modernism, the present writer has given an account of the last three pontificates, those of Pius IX, Leo XIII, and Pius X. Each of the three was in its own way a momentous pontificate, and has left a lasting mark on the Church. With the present Pope a new period opens. It will be one of harvest. The passions unloosed by his immediate predecessors have burned themselves out; but their works follow them. Benedict XV will reap what they have sown. Also—and this is the real key to the position—he will have to meet the situation created by the European war. His is a pathetic, almost a tragic, figure; for it combines the appearance of power with the fact of powerlessness. Never was man less master of his fate than he. His infallibility binds him hand and foot; he inherits the legacy of evil left by his predecessors; he is crushed under the crimes of kings.
The Causes of Pre-Millenarianism
Authors: McConnell Francis J.
Published: November 2011

The spread of pre-millennial and kindred views—by which we mean the scriptural thousand years of peace following the more or less early return of Christ in physical manifestation—is an unmistakable fact of present-day religious thinking. Some of the causes of the pre-millennial revival are incidental and can be dismissed in a word. For example, some pre-millenarianism is the after-effect of the powerful personality of Dwight L. Moody. Mr. Moody was one of the greatest personal forces for righteousness of his time; and some of the movements which resulted from his influence—like the Student Volunteer Movement—were at their beginning considerably colored by the Moody theology. Again, as a plain matter-of-fact, pre-millenarianism has made an appeal to not a few rich men who have given their money to carefully planned propaganda. Furthermore the Great War has raised in many minds the question as to whether the world is not indeed standing at Armageddon.
The Kingdom of God in Acts, and the “City of God”
Authors: Foakes-Jackson F. J.
Published: November 2011

The idea of a Messianic kingdom pervades the whole of Acts. It is the subject of the discourse of the Risen Lord who speaks to his disciples “the things concerning the kingdom of God,” and the disciples ask him if he will “restore the kingdom to Israel” in their time. In the prayer of the Apostles, when they quote the words of the Second Psalm “the kings of the earth set themselves in array,” they are evidently regarding these as the natural antagonists of the Christ. When Peter preaches to Cornelius he says that Jesus of Nazareth was anointed by God and went about doing good (εὐεργετῶν, a word applied to kings) and healing those under the rule (καταδυναστευομένους) of the devil, as though Satan were a rival prince.