bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A polyhedral study of event-based models for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem
Authors: Tesch Alexander
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we study event-based mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulations for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) that represent an alternative to the more common time-indexed model (DDT) (Pritsker et al. in Manag Sci 16(1):93–108, 1969; Christofides et al. in Eur J Oper Res 29(3):262–273, 1987) for the case when the scheduling horizon is large. In contrast to time-indexed models, the size of event-based models does not depend on the time horizon. For two event-based models OOE and SEE introduced by Koné et al. (Comput Oper Res 38(1):3–13, 2011), we first present new valid inequalities that strengthen the original formulation. Furthermore, we state a new event-based model, the Interval Event-Based Model (IEE), and deduce natural linear transformations between all three models. Those transformations yield the strict domination order $$IEE \succ SEE \succ OOE$$IEE≻SEE≻OOE for their respective linear programming relaxations, meaning that the new IEE model has the strongest linear relaxation among all known event-based models. In addition, we show that DDT can be retrieved from IEE by subsequent expansion and projection of the underlying solution space. This yields a unified polyhedral view on a complete branch of MIP models for the RCPSP. Finally, we also compare the computational performance between all models on common test instances of the PSPLIB (Kolisch and Sprecher in Eur J Oper Res 96(1):205–216, 1997).
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure of Al4Cu-SiC Composites Consolidated by Powder Metallurgy Technique
Authors: Wąsik A. , Leszczyńska-Madej B. , Madej M. , Goły M.
Published: February 2020

Silicon carbide particles-reinforced Al4Cu composites containing 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt.% of reinforcement were fabricated using powder metallurgy (PM) technique. The sintered Al4Cu-SiC composites were solution treated for 6 h at two different temperatures (495 and 530 °C) and then aged at 180 °C for various aging periods (4, 12 and 24 h). Effects of heat treatment on the microstructural changes and microhardness were investigated by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, x-ray diffraction and microhardness tests. The results indicate the ceramic particles-reinforced Al4Cu matrix requires different heat treatment parameters compared to the unreinforced alloy. The applied solution temperature did not allow for thorough dissolution of alloy phases in the matrix material produced by PM route. However, in Al4Cu-SiC composites the main strengthening phase (Al2Cu) was uniformly distributed in the matrix. The solid-solution temperature increase affects the reduction in time to reach peak hardness. The highest increment in microhardness by aging treatment was observed for composite with the addition of 5 wt.% of SiC solution treated at 530 °C for 12 h (110 HV0.05).
Diagnosis of cerebral microbleed via VGG and extreme learning machine trained by Gaussian map bat algorithm
Authors: Lu Siyuan , Xia Kaijian , Wang Shui-Hua
Published: February 2020

Cerebral microbleed (CMB) is a serious public health concern. It is associated with dementia, which can be detected with brain magnetic resonance image (MRI). CMBs often appear as tiny round dots on MRIs, and they can be spotted anywhere over brain. Therefore, manual inspection is tedious and lengthy, and the results are often short in reproducible. In this paper, a novel automatic CMB diagnosis method was proposed based on deep learning and optimization algorithms, which used the brain MRI as the input and output the diagnosis results as CMB and non-CMB. Firstly, sliding window processing was employed to generate the dataset from brain MRIs. Then, a pre-trained VGG was employed to obtain the image features from the dataset. Finally, an ELM was trained by Gaussian-map bat algorithm (GBA) for identification. Results showed that the proposed method VGG-ELM-GBA provided better generalization performance than several state-of-the-art approaches.
High strength metallurgical graphene as an additional reinforcing phase for carbon fibre composites
Authors: Kunikowska A. , Szymanski W. , Jedrzejczak A. , Lipa S. , Galazka M. , Szlachetka M. , Kula P.
Published: February 2020

The main objective of the present study is an elaboration of a method for a transfer of high strength metallurgical graphene (HSMG) and its introduction into the structure of fibre laminates. In this work, two transfer procedures have been established: a transfer onto structural adhesive film (SAF) and a direct transfer onto two types of carbon fibre pre-impregnates (uniaxial and biaxial cloth). An important novelty of the presented experimental work is a use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) operating in the absorbed electrons (AE) mode. This technique enables the evaluation of graphene continuity on a large area within a relatively short time. The SEM/AE technique made it possible to ascertain that the transferred graphene was characterised by a low level of defects, indicating that it could be used as a reinforcing phase in composites. Both transfer procedures, one onto SAF and the other directly onto the pre-impregnates were used for manufacturing flat laminates as well as tubular profiles. The flat samples, containing 0.68 ppm HSMG by weight, exhibited a 9% increase of low cycle fatigue strength. The tubular profiles (bicycle components) with approximately 0.22 ppm of HSMG exhibited a significant increase of fatigue wear during initial tests. In addition, no fatigue delamination was observed at interfaces between the pre-impregnates separated with HSMG graphene.
The potential of SLM technology for processing magnesium alloys in aerospace industry
Authors: Kurzynowski T. , Pawlak A. , Smolina I.
Published: February 2020

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of magnesium alloys is the technology undergoing dynamic development in many research centres. The results are promising and make it possible to manufacture defect-free material with better properties than those offered by the manufacturing technologies used to date. This review aims to evaluate present state as well as main challenges of using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) for processing magnesium alloys as an alternative way to conventional technologies to manufacture parts in the aerospace industry. This literature review is the first one to outline information concerning the potential to use magnesium alloys in the aerospace industry as well as to summarise the results of magnesium alloy processing using AM technologies, in particular L-PBF. The available literature was reviewed to gather information about: the use of magnesium alloys in the aerospace industry—the benefits and limitations of using magnesium and its alloys, examples of applications using new processing methods to manufacture aerospace parts, the benefits and potential of using L-PBF to process metallic materials, examples of the use of L-PBF to manufacture aerospace parts, and state-of-the-art research into L-PBF processing of magnesium and magnesium alloys.
Lending a Hand: Black Business Owners’ Complex Role in the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: FERLEGER LOUIS A. , LAVALLEE MATTHEW
Published: February 2020

This article explores the powerful ways in which black business owners supported the Civil Rights movement. Business owners such as Leah Chase, Gus Courts, A. G. Gaston, and Amzie Moore, among others, contributed resources and organizational skills to the fight for racial justice. But the relationship between business owners and activists within the movement was at times characterized by tension. Although business owners sometimes found the approach of activists to be too radical and activists sometimes found the business owners’ approach to be too conservative, they found ways to compromise in order to work cooperatively toward racial justice.
The Progressive Failure Analysis of Uni-Directional Fibre Reinforced Composite Laminates
Authors: Yi T.
Published: February 2020

The three dimensional standard damage model developed by Lavedeze et.al [9, 13] for uni-directional fibre reinforced ply is implemented into the nonlinear solution of NX Nastran within composite solid element to analyze the progressive damage process and ultimate failure of fibre reinforced composite laminates. This ply level meso-damage-constitutive-model takes into account main damage mechanisms including fibre breaking, matrix transverse cracking, and fibre/matrix de-bonding; also considers contributions like plasticity coupling, damage delay effects, and elastic nonlinearity in fibre compression. Dissipated energy and damage status are also introduced to reflect the damage condition on the macrostructural-level. Using the implemented code, simulation is carried out on the uniaxial tension of a [±45]2s laminate with IM6/914 material, wherein the predicted ply shear rupture stress matches the experimental results very well and better than the theoretical predictions in literature. Moreover, a [-45/0/45/90] holed laminate loaded in tension is simulated to show the complex behavior of subcritical damage evolution and failure process in the composite structure. The composite solid element with damage model supported in NX Nastran is shown to be a reliable tool to analyze the progressive failure of uni-directional fibre reinforced composite laminates.
Multidimensional similarity in multiplex networks: friendships between same- and cross-gender bullies and same- and cross-gender victims
Authors: Hooijsma Marianne , Huitsing Gijs , Kisfalusi Dorottya , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Flache Andreas , Veenstra René
Published: February 2020

Similar peers are more likely to become friends, but it remains unclear how the combination of multiple characteristics, known as multidimensional similarity, influences friendships. This study aimed to investigate whether similarity in gender (attribute) and bullying or victimization (network position) contributes to friendships. The school-level networks of friendships and victim-bully relationships in 17 Dutch elementary schools (2,130 students) were examined using multiplex longitudinal social network models (RSiena). The results showed that friendships were more likely to occur between same-gender peers and between bullies sharing their targets of victimization. Multidimensional similarity (similarities in gender as well as bullying) increased the likelihood of friendships for same-gender bullies targeting the same victims, but not for same-gender victims sharing bullies. The findings underline the importance of unraveling the interplay between different dimensions of similarity for children’s relationships and surpass unidimensional similarity based on single attributes.
Relationality: an alternative framework for analysing policy
Authors: Lejano Raul P
Published: February 2020

Policy is ostensibly crafted upon an overarching notion of rationality, in the form of rules, roles and designs. However, sometimes policy deviates from formal templates and seems to be guided by a different governing ethic. Rather than categorising these as policy anomalies, we can understand them as the workings of what we will refer to as a relational model of policy. The relational model describes how policy outcomes emerge from the working and reworking of relationships among policy actors. We define relationality and develop its use in policy research. While the relational can be depicted as an alternative model for policy (e.g., Confucian versus Weberian), it is more accurate to understand it as a system that complements conventional policy regimes. To illustrate the concept, we examine examples from policymaking in China. We end with a discussion of how relationality should be a general condition that should be applicable to many, if not all, policy situations.
Child, family, and school factors in bilingual preschoolers’ vocabulary development in heritage languages
Authors: SUN He , NG Siew Chin , O'BRIEN Beth Ann , FRITZSCHE Tom
Published: February 2020

Child characteristics, family factors, and preschool factors are all found to affect the rate of bilingual children's vocabulary development in heritage language (HL). However, what remains unknown is the relative importance of these three sets of factors in HL vocabulary growth. The current study explored the complex issue with 457 Singaporean preschool children who are speaking either Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil as their HL. A series of internal factors (e.g., non-verbal intelligence) and external factors (e.g., maternal educational level) were used to predict children's HL vocabulary growth over a year at preschool with linear mixed effects models.

The results demonstrated that external factors (i.e., family and preschool factors) are relatively more important than child characteristics in enhancing bilingual children's HL vocabulary growth. Specifically, children's language input quantity (i.e., home language dominance), input quality (e.g., number of books in HL), and HL input quantity at school (i.e., the time between two waves of tests at preschool) predict the participants’ HL vocabulary growth, with initial vocabulary controlled. The relative importance of external factors in bilingual children's HL vocabulary development is attributed to the general bilingual setting in Singapore, where HL is taken as a subject to learn at preschool and children have fairly limited exposure to HL in general. The limited amount of input might not suffice to trigger the full expression of internal resources. Our findings suggest the crucial roles that caregivers and preschools play in early HL education, and the necessity of more parental involvement in early HL learning in particular.
“Being Chinese Means Becoming Cheap Labour”: Education, National Belonging and Social Positionality among Youth in Contemporary China
Authors: Naftali Orna
Published: February 2020

Since the 1990s, the Chinese party-state has attempted to teach its youth how to think and speak about the nation through a “patriotic education” campaign waged in schools, the media and on public sites. The reception of these messages by youth of different social backgrounds remains a disputed issue, however. Drawing on a multi-sited field study conducted among rural and urban Han Chinese youth attending different types of schools, this article explores the effects of the patriotic education campaign on youth conceptions of the nation by examining the rhetoric high-school students employ when asked to reflect upon their nation. The study reveals that a majority of youth statements conform to the language and contents of the patriotic education campaign; however, there are significant differences in the discursive stances of urban youth and rural youth and of those attending academic and non-academic, vocational schools. These findings call into question the party-state's current vision of China as a “unified” national collectivity. They highlight the existence of variances in the sense of collective belonging and national identity of Chinese youth, while underscoring the importance of social positioning and perceived life chances in producing these variances.
Malaria in China: a longitudinal population-based surveillance study
Authors: Ding Cheng , Huang Chenyang , Zhou Yuqing , Fu Xiaofang , Liu Xiaoxiao , Wu Jie , Deng Min , Li Lanjuan , Yang Shigui
Published: February 2020

This study aims to ascertain the long-term epidemic trends of malaria and evaluates the probability of achieving the eradication goal by 2020 in China. Data on malaria incidence and deaths were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemic trends by sex, age and spatial distribution and predictions of malaria were estimated by using Joinpoint and Poisson regressions. From 1950 to 2016, 227 668 374 malaria cases were reported in China, with an annualised average incidence of 337.02 (336.98–337.07, 95% confidence interval (CI)) per 100 000 population. The incidence decreased with an average annual per cent change (AAPC) of −11.4% (−16.6 to −6.0). There were 36 085 malaria deaths, with an annualised average mortality of 0.534 (0.529–0.540) per 1 000 000 population. The mortality decreased with an AAPC of −8.7% (−13.7 to −3.4). The predicted number of malaria cases and deaths for 2020 is 2 562 and 10, respectively, and zero for indigenous cases. The disease burden of malaria dramatically decreased in China. Though, the goal of malaria elimination is realistic by 2020 in China, routine clinical and entomological surveillance should be continually conducted, especially for the cross-border areas and imported malaria cases.
An office building outbreak: the changing epidemiology of tuberculosis in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Guo X. J. , Takiff H. E. , Wang J. , Han G. Y. , Fan Y. Z. , Wu G. H. , Ma J. P. , Liu S. Y.
Published: February 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is generally considered a disease that principally afflicts the low-income segments of a population. In the Nanshan District of Shenzhen, China, with the economic transformation and a new Headquarters Economy (HE) emerging, there are now more cases in office workers than in manufacturing workers. To illustrate this trend, we describe a small TB outbreak in an office building located in the centre of the rapidly growing HE district. Two active pulmonary tuberculosis cases were found in workers who shared an office, and whole genome sequencing showed that the genetic distance between the strains of the two cases was just one single nucleotide polymorphism, consistent with intra-office transmission. Investigation of 30 other workers in the same or adjacent offices with interviews, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) and chest X-rays, identified one new TB case and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in 40.0% (12/30) of the contacts. The offices were under-ventilated. None of the IGRA positive, asymptomatic contacts agreed to receive treatment for LTBI, presumably due to TB stigma, and over the next 2 years 69.0% (20/29) of the contacts were lost to follow-up. Treatment for LTBI and stigma of TB remain challenges here. Office workers in the HE of rapidly economic developing areas should be targeted with increased vigilance by TB control programmes.
Short- and intermediate-term results of balloon aortic valvuloplasty and surgical aortic valvotomy in neonates
Authors: Zaban Nicholas B. , Herrmann Jeremy L. , Hoyer Mark H. , Brown John W. , Alexy Ryan D.
Published: February 2020

Background:

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty and open surgical valvotomy are procedures to treat neonatal aortic stenosis, and there is controversy as to which method has superior outcomes.

Methods:

We reviewed the records of patients at our institution since 2000 who had a balloon aortic valvuloplasty or surgical valvotomy via an open commissurotomy prior to 2 months of age.

Results:

Forty patients had balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 15 patients had surgical valvotomy via an open commissurotomy. There was no difference in post-procedure mean gradient by transthoracic echocardiogram, which were 25.8 mmHg for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 26.2 mmHg for surgical valvotomy, p = 0.87. Post-procedure, 15% of balloon aortic valvuloplasty patients had moderate aortic insufficiency and 2.5% of patients had severe aortic insufficiency, while no surgical valvotomy patients had moderate or severe aortic insufficiency. The average number of post-procedure hospital days was 14.2 for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 19.8 for surgical valvotomy (p = 0.52). Freedom from re-intervention was 69% for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 67% for surgical valvotomy at 1 year, and 43% for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and 67% for surgical valvotomy at 5 years (p = 0.60).

Conclusions:

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty and surgical valvotomy provide similar short-term reduction in valve gradient. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty has a slightly shorter but not statistically significant hospital stay. Freedom from re-intervention is similar at 1 year. At 5 years, it is slightly higher in surgical valvotomy, though not statistically different. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty had a higher incidence of significant aortic insufficiency. Long-term comparisons cannot be made given the lack of long-term follow-up with surgical valvotomy.
Semantic priming effects can be modulated by crosslinguistic interactions during second-language auditory word recognition
Authors: Guediche Sara , Baart Martijn , Samuel Arthur G.
Published: February 2020

The current study investigates how second languageauditoryword recognition, in early and highly proficient Spanish–Basque (L1-L2) bilinguals, is influenced by crosslinguistic phonological-lexical interactions and semantic priming. Phonological overlap between a word and its translation equivalent (phonological cognate status), and semantic relatedness of a preceding prime were manipulated. Experiment 1 examined word recognition performance in noisy listening conditions that introduce a high degree of uncertainty, whereas Experiment 2 employed clear listening conditions, with low uncertainty. Under noisy listening conditions, semantic priming effects interacted with phonological cognate status: for word recognition accuracy, a related prime overcame inhibitory effects of phonological overlap between target words and their translations. These findings are consistent with models of bilingual word recognition that incorporate crosslinguistic phonological-lexical-semantic interactions. Moreover, they suggest an interplay between L2-L1 interactions and the integration of information across acoustic and semantic levels of processing in flexibly mapping the speech signal onto the spoken words, under adverse listening conditions.
Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Satellite‐Based Rainfall Products Over Various Topographical Unities in Central East Africa: Case of Burundi
Authors: Nkunzimana Athanase , Bi Shuoben , Alriah Mohamed Abdallah Ahmed , Zhi Tang , Kur Ngong Awan Daniel
Published: February 2020

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station observation Version 2 (CHIRPS v2.0), the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Network‐Climate Data Record (PERSIANN‐CDR) and the Climate Research Unit Time Series Version 4 (CRU) products to identify which product delivers reliable rainfall caption over Burundi. The station data with long‐term records have been used as a reference to evaluate the performance of the three products for 34 years ranging from 1983 to 2016. Statistical metrics and precipitation detection capability have been used to measure the accuracy of each product over spatial and time scales. The result analysis carried out that the CHIRPS product has good performance compared to CRU and PERSIANN‐CDR products. It performs well over annual, monthly, and seasonal scales, and it strongly agrees with ground observation over the study domain with the lowest correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.78. The PERSIANN‐CDR product performs poorly over the study domain, though it seems to correlate with in situ rain gauge data in some regions where the CC > 0.7. It highly underestimates the rainfall amount for both short rains and long rains. The CRU shows a good performance in most of the regions with CC ≥ 0.74; however, it slightly overestimates rainfall amount over the less wet area including the north and the east regions and highly underestimates the heavy rain over mountainous region. The evaluation at daily scale shows that both CHIRPS and PERSIANN‐CDR moderately perform in most of the regions except the southern and western parts where CC < 0.3. The two products exhibit a good detection ability of light rainfall (<1 mm/day) but poorly detect heavy rainfall (>20 mm/day). The CHIRPS product can deliver reliable and useful information for monitoring meteorological hazards over Burundi.
Dynamic Magma Storage at Near‐Ridge Hot Spots: Evidence From New Galápagos Gravity Data
Authors: Cleary Z. , Schwartz D. M. , Mittelstaedt E. , Harpp K.
Published: February 2020

A morphological dichotomy exists between the active western and older (>1–2.5 Ma) eastern volcanoes of the Galápagos Archipelago. All of the young shield volcanoes in the west have calderas, but none are present on the older volcanoes in the east. This striking difference suggests that there has been a change in volcanic construction and magmatic supply processes, a finding dissimilar to the prevailing Hawaiian model of hot spot evolution. Bouguer anomaly highs (30–50 mGal) consistent with dense cumulate bodies are measured over these calderas. In contrast, we present new gravity data from Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands that lack comparable gravity highs. We propose that formation of shallow magma reservoirs and their associated Bouguer anomaly highs were inhibited during evolution of the eastern volcanoes because the proximal Galápagos Spreading Center diverted plume material more efficiently ~1–2 Ma when the spreading center was ~100 km closer to the plume. The difference in caldera expression between the western and eastern islands may be a surface expression of this process. These results suggest that plume‐ridge interaction may play a first‐order role in the evolution of magmatic plumbing systems of near‐ridge ocean islands, which account for one third of hot spot systems.
Characteristics of Escaping Magnetospheric Ions Associated With Magnetic Field Fluctuations
Authors: Lee S. H. , Sibeck D. G. , Lin Y. , Guo Z. , Adrian M. L. , Silveira M. V. D. , Cohen I. J. , Mauk B. H. , Mason G. M. , Ho G. C. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Wei H. , Burch J. L. , Vichare G. , Sinha A. K.
Published: February 2020

The four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observed energetic (
 keV) ion bursts exhibiting an inverse dispersion in the magnetosheath on 28 December 2015. We consider the possibility that these ions originate from the magnetosphere. The ion composition ratios, flux levels, and the spectral slopes of the energetic ion energy spectra observed in the foreshock and in the magnetosheath resemble those in the outer magnetosphere but differ significantly from those seen further upstream from the bow shock at ACE. The particle gyrocenters lie earthward from the spacecraft, indicating that the maximum ion fluxes come from close to the magnetosphere. We provide important evidence that argues against an explanation of the particle source in terms of hot flow anomaly acceleration. A three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation shows that escaping magnetospheric ions can be scattered and transported across the magnetosheath. Ground magnetometer observations suggest that a solar wind pressure increase accelerates escaping magnetospheric ions via betatron acceleration, resulting in an inverse energy dispersion in the magnetosheath. However, there are no pressure changes detected on the MMS and ACE spacecraft and the ground magnetic field strength does not appear to be large enough to be consistent with the large magnetospheric compression needed to account for a betatron acceleration. Therefore, we suggest that the inverse energy dispersion event can be explained by a magnetic field rotation that connects MMS to the subsolar magnetosphere, enabling high‐energy particles from deep within the inner magnetosphere gain access to the magnetopause and magnetosheath.
Degradation of Homestead Hollow at the InSight Landing Site Based on the Distribution and Properties of Local Deposits
Authors: Grant John A. , Warner Nicholas H. , Weitz Catherine M. , Golombek Matthew P. , Wilson Sharon A. , Baker Mariah , Hauber Ernst , Ansan Veronique , Charalambous Constantinos , Williams Nathan , Calef Fred , Pike W. Thomas , DeMott Alyssa , Kopp Megan , Lethcoe Heather , Banks Maria E.
Published: February 2020

The InSight mission landed its scientific payload in Homestead hollow, a quasi‐circular depression interpreted to be a highly degraded impact crater that is 27 m in diameter. The original pristine crater formed in a preexisting impact‐generated regolith averaging ~3 m thick and the surrounding ejecta deposit, consisting of coarse and mostly fine fragments, was in disequilibrium with local geomorphic thresholds. As a result, early, relatively rapid degradation by mostly eolian, and lesser impact processes and mass‐wasting, stripped the rim and mostly infilled the hollow where sediments were sequestered. Early, faster degradation during the first ~0.1 Ga was followed by much slower degradation over the bulk of the 0.4–0.7 Ga history of the crater. Pulses of much lesser degradation are attributed to impacts in and nearby the hollow, which emplaced some rocks as ejecta and provided small inventories of fine sediments for limited additional infilling. Even lesser sediments were derived from the very slow production of fines via weathering of resistant basaltic rocks. Nevertheless, indurated regolith caps the sediment fill within the hollow and creates a relatively stable present‐day surface that further sequesters infilling sediments from remobilization. The degradation sequence at Homestead hollow is like that established at the Spirit rover landing site in Gusev crater and points to the importance of eolian, and lesser impact and mass‐wasting processes, in degrading volcanic surfaces on Mars over the past ~1 Ga.
Reply to Comment by J. Qin and T. Wu on “Analysis of Flow Resistance Equations in Gravel Bed Rivers With Intermittent Regimes: Calabrian fiumare Data Set”
Authors: Mendicino G. , Colosimo F.
Published: February 2020

The Authors thank the Discussers for their interest in this article and for providing further opportunity to the Authors to clarify two fundamental aspects that in the last decades have significantly affected the development of the research concerning the role of the Froude number in the flow resistance estimation in gravel bed rivers and how the same number should be used within flow resistance equations. To that end, it is useful to remember the following main purposes of the paper of Mendicino and Colosimo (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024819): (1) providing the scientific community with a considerable new data set of field measurements carried out in 3 years on 136 reaches of 78 gravel bed rivers in southern Italy, covering a wide range of geometric, granulometric, hydraulic, and sediment parameters; (2) pointing out that the conventional flow resistance equations considered, when evaluated in their original form, were found to be reliable only for small‐scale roughness and absence of bedload transport; on the other hand, the same equations have to be used with extreme caution, both in the intermediate‐ and the large‐scale roughness domains and, especially, when river reaches characterized by very high values of bedload transport are analyzed; and (3) investigating the benefits produced by the Froude number and a particular form of the Shields sediment mobility parameter on the flow resistance estimation, suggesting corrective terms to add to the conventional flow resistance equations considered.
Vertical integration of microchips by magnetic assembly and edge wire bonding
Authors: Ribet Federico , Wang Xiaojing , Laakso Miku , Pagliano Simone , Niklaus Frank , Roxhed Niclas , Stemme Göran
Published: February 2020

The out-of-plane integration of microfabricated planar microchips into functional three-dimensional (3D) devices is a challenge in various emerging MEMS applications such as advanced biosensors and flow sensors. However, no conventional approach currently provides a versatile solution to vertically assemble sensitive or fragile microchips into a separate receiving substrate and to create electrical connections. In this study, we present a method to realize vertical magnetic-field-assisted assembly of discrete silicon microchips into a target receiving substrate and subsequent electrical contacting of the microchips by edge wire bonding, to create interconnections between the receiving substrate and the vertically oriented microchips. Vertical assembly is achieved by combining carefully designed microchip geometries for shape matching and striped patterns of the ferromagnetic material (nickel) on the backside of the microchips, enabling controlled vertical lifting directionality independently of the microchip’s aspect ratio. To form electrical connections between the receiving substrate and a vertically assembled microchip, featuring standard metallic contact electrodes only on its frontside, an edge wire bonding process was developed to realize ball bonds on the top sidewall of the vertically placed microchip. The top sidewall features silicon trenches in correspondence to the frontside electrodes, which induce deformation of the free air balls and result in both mechanical ball bond fixation and around-the-edge metallic connections. The edge wire bonds are realized at room temperature and show minimal contact resistance (<0.2 Ω) and excellent mechanical robustness (>168 mN in pull tests). In our approach, the microchips and the receiving substrate are independently manufactured using standard silicon micromachining processes and materials, with a subsequent heterogeneous integration of the components. Thus, this integration technology potentially enables emerging MEMS applications that require 3D out-of-plane assembly of microchips.
The effect of distress on the balance between goal-directed and habit networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: van der Straten Anouk , van Leeuwen Wieke , Denys Damiaan , van Marle Hein , van Wingen Guido
Published: February 2020

The classical cognitive-behavioral theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) holds that compulsions are performed to reduce distress that is evoked by obsessions, whereas a recent neuroscience-inspired theory suggests that compulsivity results from a disbalance between goal-directed and habit-related neural networks. To bridge these theories, we investigated whether the balance between goal-directed and habit networks in patients with OCD was affected during psychological distress. Twenty-three OCD patients and twenty-three healthy controls participated in a controlled stress induction paradigm using the socially evaluated cold-pressor test in a crossover design. Stress responses were evaluated through cortisol levels, blood pressure, and anxiety ratings. Functional connectivity of the caudate nucleus and posterior putamen was assessed using seed region analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, which are hubs of the goal-directed and habit network, respectively. Stress induction increased blood pressure and psychological stress measures across groups and resulted in blunted cortisol responses in patients. Furthermore, patients showed a blunted reduction in connectivity between the caudate nucleus and precuneus during psychological distress, which was positively correlated with compulsivity but not obsession severity. The posterior putamen showed no significant group differences in distress-induced connectivity. These results suggest that compulsivity in OCD is associated with altered connectivity between the goal-directed and default mode networks during psychological distress.
Contribution of common and rare variants to bipolar disorder susceptibility in extended pedigrees from population isolates
Authors: Sul Jae Hoon , Service Susan K. , Huang Alden Y. , Ramensky Vasily , Hwang Sun-Goo , Teshiba Terri M. , Park YoungJun , Ori Anil P. S. , Zhang Zhongyang , Mullins Niamh , Olde Loohuis Loes M. , Fears Scott C. , Araya Carmen , Araya Xinia , Spesny Mitzi , Bejarano Julio , Ramirez Margarita , Castrillón Gabriel , Gomez-Makhinson Juliana , Lopez Maria C. , Montoya Gabriel , Montoya Claudia P. , Aldana Ileana , Escobar Javier I. , Ospina-Duque Jorge , Kremeyer Barbara , Bedoya Gabriel , Ruiz-Linares Andres , Cantor Rita M. , Molina Julio , Coppola Giovanni , Ophoff Roel A. , Macaya Gabriel , Lopez-Jaramillo Carlos , Reus Victor , Bearden Carrie E. , Sabatti Chiara , Freimer Nelson B.
Published: February 2020

Current evidence from case/control studies indicates that genetic risk for psychiatric disorders derives primarily from numerous common variants, each with a small phenotypic impact. The literature describing apparent segregation of bipolar disorder (BP) in numerous multigenerational pedigrees suggests that, in such families, large-effect inherited variants might play a greater role. To identify roles of rare and common variants on BP, we conducted genetic analyses in 26 Colombia and Costa Rica pedigrees ascertained for bipolar disorder 1 (BP1), the most severe and heritable form of BP. In these pedigrees, we performed microarray SNP genotyping of 838 individuals and high-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 449 individuals. We compared polygenic risk scores (PRS), estimated using the latest BP1 genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, between BP1 individuals and related controls. We also evaluated whether BP1 individuals had a higher burden of rare deleterious single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and rare copy number variants (CNVs) in a set of genes related to BP1. We found that compared with unaffected relatives, BP1 individuals had higher PRS estimated from BP1 GWAS statistics (P = 0.001 ~ 0.007) and displayed modest increase in burdens of rare deleterious SNVs (P = 0.047) and rare CNVs (P = 0.002 ~ 0.033) in genes related to BP1. We did not observe rare variants segregating in the pedigrees. These results suggest that small-to-moderate effect rare and common variants are more likely to contribute to BP1 risk in these extended pedigrees than a few large-effect rare variants.
Suppressing STAT5 signaling affects osteosarcoma growth and stemness
Authors: Subramaniam Dharmalingam , Angulo Pablo , Ponnurangam Sivapriya , Dandawate Prasad , Ramamoorthy Prabhu , Srinivasan Pugazhendhi , Iwakuma Tomoo , Weir Scott J. , Chastain Katherine , Anant Shrikant
Published: February 2020

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor that primarily affects children and adolescents. Studies suggested that dysregulation JAK/STAT signaling promotes the development of OS. Cells treated with pimozide, a STAT5 inhibitor suppressed proliferation and colony formation and induced sub G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. There was a reduction in cyclin D1 and CDK2 expression and Rb phosphorylation, and activation of Caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. In addition, pimozide suppressed the formation of 3-dimensional osteospheres and growth of the cells in the Tumor in a Dish lung organoid system. Furthermore, there was a reduction in expression of cancer stem cell marker proteins DCLK1, CD44, CD133, Oct-4, and ABCG2. More importantly, it was the short form of DCLK1 that was upregulated in osteospheres, which was suppressed in response to pimozide. We further confirmed by flow cytometry a reduction in DCLK1+ cells. Moreover, pimozide inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT5, STAT3, and ERK in OS cells. Molecular docking studies suggest that pimozide interacts with STAT5A and STAT5B with binding energies of −8.4 and −6.4 Kcal/mol, respectively. Binding was confirmed by cellular thermal shift assay. To further understand the role of STAT5, we knocked down the two isoforms using specific siRNAs. While knockdown of the proteins did not affect the cells, knockdown of STAT5B reduced pimozide-induced necrosis and further enhanced late apoptosis. To determine the effect of pimozide on tumor growth in vivo, we administered pimozide intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW every day for 21 days in mice carrying KHOS/NP tumor xenografts. Pimozide treatment significantly suppressed xenograft growth. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses also demonstrated significant inhibition of stem cell marker proteins. Together, these data suggest that pimozide treatment suppresses OS growth by targeting both proliferating cells and stem cells at least in part by inhibiting the STAT5 signaling pathway.
Correction: IRE1 promotes neurodegeneration through autophagy-dependent neuron death in the Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Yan Cheng , Liu Jingqi , Gao Jiamei , Sun Ying , Zhang Lei , Song Haiyun , Xue Lei , Zhan Lixing , Gao Guanjun , Ke Zunji , Liu Yong , Liu Jingnan
Published: February 2020

Since online publication of this article, the authors noticed that some of the fly stocks were mislabelled in the methods and in Supplementary Figure 5. The corrected methods text is provided below.
Complexity control by gradient descent in deep networks
Authors: Poggio Tomaso , Liao Qianli , Banburski Andrzej
Published: February 2020

Overparametrized deep networks predict well, despite the lack of an explicit complexity control during training, such as an explicit regularization term. For exponential-type loss functions, we solve this puzzle by showing an effective regularization effect of gradient descent in terms of the normalized weights that are relevant for classification.
Author Correction: Vocal state change through laryngeal development
Authors: Zhang Yisi S. , Takahashi Daniel Y. , Liao Diana A. , Ghazanfar Asif A. , Elemans Coen P. H.
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Unveiling the radiative local density of optical states of a plasmonic nanocavity by STM
Authors: Martín-Jiménez Alberto , Fernández-Domínguez Antonio I. , Lauwaet Koen , Granados Daniel , Miranda Rodolfo , García-Vidal Francisco J. , Otero Roberto
Published: February 2020

Atomically-sharp tips in close proximity of metal surfaces create plasmonic nanocavities supporting both radiative (bright) and non-radiative (dark) localized surface plasmon modes. Disentangling their respective contributions to the total density of optical states remains a challenge. Electroluminescence due to tunnelling through the tip-substrate gap could allow the identification of the radiative component, but this information is inherently convoluted with that of the electronic structure of the system. In this work, we present a fully experimental procedure to eliminate the electronic-structure factors from the scanning tunnelling microscope luminescence spectra by confronting them with spectroscopic information extracted from elastic current measurements. Comparison against electromagnetic calculations demonstrates that this procedure allows the characterization of the meV shifts experienced by the nanocavity plasmonic modes under atomic-scale gap size changes. Therefore, the method gives access to the frequency-dependent radiative Purcell enhancement that a microscopic light emitter would undergo when placed at such nanocavity.
Prickly waterlily and rigid hornwort genomes shed light on early angiosperm evolution
Authors: Yang Yongzhi , Sun Pengchuan , Lv Leke , Wang Donglei , Ru Dafu , Li Ying , Ma Tao , Zhang Lei , Shen Xingxing , Meng Fanbo , Jiao Beibei , Shan Lanxing , Liu Man , Wang Qingfeng , Qin Zhiji , Xi Zhenxiang , Wang Xiyin , Davis Charles C. , Liu Jianquan
Published: February 2020

Angiosperms represent one of the most spectacular terrestrial radiations on the planet1, but their early diversification and phylogenetic relationships remain uncertain2–5. A key reason for this impasse is the paucity of complete genomes representing early-diverging angiosperms. Here, we present high-quality, chromosomal-level genome assemblies of two aquatic species—prickly waterlily (Euryale ferox; Nymphaeales) and the rigid hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum; Ceratophyllales)—and expand the genomic representation for key sectors of the angiosperm tree of life. We identify multiple independent polyploidization events in each of the five major clades (that is, Nymphaeales, magnoliids, monocots, Ceratophyllales and eudicots). Furthermore, our phylogenomic analyses, which spanned multiple datasets and diverse methods, confirm that Amborella and Nymphaeales are successively sister to all other angiosperms. Furthermore, these genomes help to elucidate relationships among the major subclades within Mesangiospermae, which contain about 350,000 species. In particular, the species-poor lineage Ceratophyllales is supported as sister to eudicots, and monocots and magnoliids are placed as successively sister to Ceratophyllales and eudicots. Finally, our analyses indicate that incomplete lineage sorting may account for the incongruent phylogenetic placement of magnoliids between nuclear and plastid genomes.
The sequence and de novo assembly of the wild yak genome
Authors: Liu Yanbin , Luo Jiayu , Dou Jiajia , Yan Biyao , Ren Qingmiao , Tang Bolin , Wang Kun , Qiu Qiang
Published: February 2020

Vulnerable populations of wild yak (Bos mutus), the wild ancestral species of domestic yak, survive in extremely cold, harsh and oxygen-poor regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent high-altitude regions. In this study, we sequenced and assembled its genomede novo. In total, six different insert-size libraries were sequenced, and 662 Gb of clean data were generated. The assembled wild yak genome is 2.83 Gb in length, with an N50 contig size of 63.2 kb and a scaffold size of 16.3 Mb. BUSCO assessment indicated that 93.8% of the highly conserved mammal genes were completely present in the genome assembly. Annotation of the wild yak genome assembly identified 1.41 Gb (49.65%) of repetitive sequences and a total of 22,910 protein-coding genes, including 20,660 (90.18%) annotated with functional terms. This first construction of the wild yak genome provides a variable genetic resource that will facilitate further study of the genetic diversity of bovine species and accelerate yak breeding efforts.
Noninvasive imaging of vascular permeability to predict the risk of rupture in abdominal aortic aneurysms using an albumin-binding probe
Authors: Adams Lisa C. , Brangsch Julia , Reimann Carolin , Kaufmann Jan O. , Nowak Kristin , Buchholz Rebecca , Karst Uwe , Botnar Rene M. , Hamm Bernd , Makowski Marcus R.
Published: February 2020

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains a fatal disease. Its development encompasses a complex interplay between hemodynamic stimuli on and changes in the arterial wall. Currently available biomarkers fail to predict the risk of AAA rupture independent of aneurysm size. Therefore, novel biomarkers for AAA characterization are needed. In this study, we used a mouse model of AAA to investigate the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with an albumin-binding probe to assess changes in vascular permeability at different stages of aneurysm growth. Two imaging studies were performed: a longitudinal study with follow-up and death as endpoint to predict rupture risk and a week-by-week study to characterize AAA development. AAAs, which eventually ruptured, demonstrated a significantly higher in vivo MR signal enhancement from the albumin-binding probe (p = 0.047) and a smaller nonenhancing thrombus area compared to intact AAAs (p = 0.001). The ratio of albumin-binding-probe enhancement of the aneurysm wall to size of nonenhancing-thrombus-area predicted AAA rupture with high sensitivity/specificity (100%/86%). More advanced aneurysms with higher vascular permeability demonstrated an increased uptake of the albumin-binding-probe. These results indicate that MRI with an albumin-binding probe may enable noninvasive assessment of vascular permeability in murine AAAs and prediction of rupture risk.