bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zastosowanie modeli grawitacyjnych dla wybranych zbóż w handlu między UE a USA
Authors: Kułyk Piotr , Augustowski Łukasz
Published: January 2019

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia zastosowanie modeli grawitacyjnych w bilateralnym handlu takimi artykułami rolnymi jak: pszenica, owies i kukurydza między UE a USA. Analiza obejmowała lata 2000-2016, a w skład zmiennych objaśniających weszły PKB, wskaźnik PSE, wartość dodana w rolnictwie oraz wartość dodana na pracownika w rolnictwie. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały występowanie znacznych zakłóceń w wymianie handlowej wybranymi produktami rolnymi pomiędzy UE i USA. W konsekwencji model grawitacyjny zastosowany dla pszenicy, owsa i kukurydzy nie potwierdził, że masy gospodarek wyrażone w ich realnym PKB przyciągają się i umacniają wymianę handlową. Zjawisko odpychania zauważono także dla wartości dodanych w rolnictwie. Badania pozwoliły natomiast wykazać, iż wsparcie rolnictwa tworzy efekty przyciągania handlu, dla pszenicy i owsa.
Ekonomiczna dostępność żywności w państwach Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Maciejewski Grzegorz
Published: January 2019

Zaspokojenie głodu i pragnienia jest podstawowym prawem przysługującym każdemu człowiekowi. Ekonomiczna dostępność żywności stanowi jeden z czterech koniecznych warunków do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego państw i ich obywateli. Dane FAO, Parlamentu Europejskiego czy statystyki Eurostatu pokazują, że problem ekonomicznej dostępności żywności dotyczy również państw UE. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest ukazanie wielkości problemu ekonomicznej dostępności żywności w państwach Wspólnoty. Przeprowadzone badania dowodzą, że opisywany problem nie może być lekceważony. Wydatki na żywność stanowią wciąż jedną z głównych grup wydatków gospodarstw domowych, w państwach takich jak Rumunia czy Litwa przekraczając 20% ogółu ponoszonych wydatków. Ponad połowa obywateli UE boryka się z trudnościami związanymi z pokryciem wydatków osiąganymi dochodami. Sytuację utrudnia także nierównomierny rozkład niedożywienia występujący w poszczególnych państwach.
Koncepcja i znaczenie obszarów rolniczych o wysokich walorach przyrodniczych
Authors: Roszkowska-Mądra Barbara
Published: January 2019

Koncepcja rolniczych obszarów HNV (ang. HNV farmland, lub HNVf) została wprowadzona do nauki i polityki gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej na przełomie dwóch ostatnich wieków, jako podstawa do skutecznych działań na rzecz przeciwdziałania dalszej redukcji bioróżnorodności na gruntach rolnych. Dotychczas ta ważna kwestia nie jest zadawalająco dyskutowana i prezentowana w piśmiennictwie polskim. W niniejszej pracy przeglądowej, stanowiącej przegląd i analizę europejskiej literatury naukowej, monografii i raportów unijnych, przedstawiono ważne zagadnienia, dotyczące definicji i typów rolniczych obszarów HNV, ich znaczenia przyrodniczego i gospodarczego oraz uzasadnienia realizacji programowej ochrony. Obszar rolniczy HNV stanowi grunty rolne, na których istnieje bogata bioróżnorodność o dużym znaczeniu dla ochrony gatunków, siedlisk i krajobrazów oraz stosowane są ekstensywne systemy rolnicze, które sprzyjają dalszemu trwaniu lub wzbogacania istniejącej tam agro-bioróżnorodności. Obszary HNV pozwalają realizować wiele funkcji oraz dostarczać dóbr publicznych, środowiskowych i społeczno-gospodarczych. Uznaje się, że najlepszym sposobem ochrony wysokich walorów przyrodniczych obszarów rolniczych jest prowadzenie na nich ekstensywnej lub niskonakładowej gospodarki rolniczej. Dla spełnienia tego postulatu UE nakłada na kraje członkowskie obowiązek wdrażania koncepcji obszarów HNV, polegający głównie na ich delimitacji oraz wielostronnym i elastycznym wspieraniu rolników na tych terenach w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej i innych polityk krajowych.
Tendencje na rynku masła i serów na świecie i w Polsce w latach 2001-2017
Authors: Stańko Stanisław , Mikuła Aneta
Published: January 2019

Przedstawiono zmiany w produkcji oraz tendencje w niedoborach/nadwyżkach rynkowych masła i sera na świecie w latach 2001-2017 u największych producentów oraz w Polsce. Nadwyżki rynkowe masła zwiększały się w: Nowej Zelandii, UE i Białorusi, a zmniejszały w Australii i na Ukrainie. Niedobory rosły w Chinach, Meksyku, Iranie i Turcji, a zmniejszały się w Rosji i Kanadzie. Względnie zrównoważona produkcja i spożycie występowały w Indiach, Pakistanie, USA i Brazylii. Na rynku sera nadwyżki rosły w: UE, USA, Nowej Zelandii, Argentynie i Białorusi, a zmniejszały się w Australii i na Ukrainie. Niedobory rosły w: Rosji, Brazylii, Meksyku. W Polsce rosły nadwyżki produkcji masła i sera, co skutkowało rosnącym eksportem, kierowanym głównie do krajów UE. Ceny masła i sera w krajach UE i na rynku światowym charakteryzowały się konwergencją. Na początku badanego okresu ceny masła w UE były o 134% wyższe niż na rynku światowym, a sera o 92,6%, a w 2017 r. różnice te wynosiły odpowiednio: 6% i 0,6%.
Spółdzielczość rolnicza we Francji i Niemczech – wybrane zagadnienia prawne i ekonomiczne
Authors: Suchoń Aneta
Published: January 2019

Francja i Niemcy są przykładami państw, w których rolnictwo jest istotnym działem gospodarki, występuje duża liczba gospodarstw rolnych, a ruch spółdzielczy jest bardzo popularny. W Unii Europejskiej funkcjonuje ponad 22 tys. spółdzielni rolniczych. W ramach rozważań zaprezentowano dane statystyczne i regulacje prawne dotyczące spółdzielni rolniczych we Francji i Niemczech, w szczególności francuski Code Rural oraz niemiecką ustawa Genossenschaftsgesetz. W podsumowaniu autorka stwierdziła, że polski prawodawca, tworząc nowy prawny model spółdzielczości, powinien bezsprzecznie skorzystać z doświadczeń i niektórych rozwiązań prawnych występujących w Niemczech i Francji, m.in. w zakresie wprowadzenia szerokiej definicji spółdzielni rolniczych, uproszczeń w zakresie zakładania i funkcjonowania tych podmiotów, instrumentów finansowych, w tym podatkowych, łączenia spółdzielni z innymi podmiotami spółdzielczymi czy spółkami kapitałowymi.
Starzenie się społeczeństwa a wzrost gospodarczy w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Wasilewska Ewa , Pietrych Łukasz
Published: January 2019

Z uwagi na wciąż pogłębiający się proces demograficznego starzenia się ludności i znaczenie skutków tego procesu dla gospodarki, w artykule poddano analizie relację pomiędzy starzeniem się społeczeństwa krajów Unii Europejskiej a wzrostem gospodarczym. Celem podjętych badań była próba określenia wpływu starzenia się społeczeństwa na dynamikę wzrostu gospodarczego w krajach UE 27. Okres badań obejmował lata 1996-2016, dane pochodziły z bazy Eurostatu oraz Banku Światowego. Na potrzeby badań uwzględniono podział na kraje „starej” Unii i „nowej” Unii. Za miarę wzrostu gospodarczego przyjęto tempo wzrostu PKB, natomiast uwzględnionymi miarami starości demograficznej były stopa starości (odsetek osób w wieku 65+ w populacji) oraz współczynnik sędziwej starości (odsetek osób w wieku 80+ w populacji). Wykorzystano modele panelowe. Stwierdzono, że demograficzne starzenie się społeczeństwa ujemnie koreluje z dynamiką wzrostu gospodarczego. W skonstruowanych modelach panelowych dla krajów „starej” Unii współczynniki regresji odpowiadające stopie starości i współczynnikowi sędziwej starości wynosiły odpowiednio: –0,446 oraz –1,521, podczas gdy dla krajów „nowej” Unii były równe: –0,153 (dla stopy starości) oraz –0,980 (dla współczynnika sędziwej starości). Oznacza to, że negatywny wpływ starzenia się ludności na tempo wzrostu PKB jest silniejszy w krajach „starej” Unii w porównaniu z krajami „nowej” Unii.
Poland’s Position on the Investment Development Path
Authors: Żak Katarzyna
Published: January 2019

In the modern world based on open national economies, individual countries are closely related and even interdependent in terms of trade, investment flows, labor migration, as well as cooperation at the level of enterprises. The role of enterprises in foreign markets in the form of FDI is growing, while the national economies compete for the inflow of such capital. Due to the fact that since the 1990s Poland has been extensively involved in internationalization processes, it seems important to find answers to the questions: how has the inflow of FDI into the country evolved over the years; what position have Polish investors built in foreign markets during this time; and, finally, what is the current position of Poland on the investment development path. To answer these questions, research tools such as the review of domestic and foreign literature were used and desk research (based on NBP and UNCTAD statistical databases) was carried out to determine the position of the Polish economy in the IDP model. The analyses indicate that since 2008, Poland has been moving towards the third phase of the IDP model in a slow but steady manner.
Konkurencyjność polskiego eksportu jabłek na rynki Wspólnoty Niepodległych Państw
Authors: Kraciński Paweł
Published: January 2019

Celem badań było określenie konkurencyjności eksportu jabłek z Polski na rynki Wspólnoty Niepodległych Państw. W artykule zidentyfikowano najważniejszych producentów oraz importerów netto z WNP. Przy wykorzystaniu mierników pozycji konkurencyjnej ex-post określono pozycję konkurencyjną eksportu z Polski na wybrane rynki WNP. W latach 2006-2016 Polska była największym dostawcą jabłek na Białoruś, do Kazachstanu oraz na Ukrainę, a w latach 2006-2014 również do Rosji. Pozycja konkurencyjna eksportu jabłek z Polski obniżyła się w latach 2015-2016 na rynku białoruskim, a wzrosła na kazachskim i ukraińskim. W wyniku embarga na import jabłek z UE, wzrosła na rynku Federacji Rosyjskiej pozycja konkurencyjna dostaw z Serbii, Chin, Mołdawii oraz Białorusi.
The Necessary Modification of the Regional Development Methods Regarding to Climate Change Along the Nile River
Authors: Aboelnaga Somaya
Published: January 2019

Climate change adds extra stress on the current global situations and the regional development plans. Despite, Africa being rated the least among the continents contributing to the atmospheric pollution, it continues to be responsible for the least global emissions (estimated at 4%). Although they contributed to anthropogenic emission slightly, African continent is one of the highly vulnerable to impacts of long-term climate variability and extreme weather events, especially on the Nile. Moreover, developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change impacts because they have fewer resources to adapt: socially, technologically and financially. Therefore, this paper is seeking to find and modify the regional development process in the frame of climate change along the Nile river. By considering some examples to accelerate the development process and methods in the Nile’s valley regions. Strongly related to the climate change impacts on different sectors and activities such agriculture, industry, energy, and the water supply and demand as well.
Individual differences in literary reading: Dimensions or categories
Authors: Nenadic Filip , Oljaca Milan
Published: January 2019

Literary text reading has long been a subject of empirical research. Various measures of reader differences and reader typologies were suggested, with the most prominent being studies of literary expertise, and studies employing Literary Response Questionnaire (LRQ; Miall & Kuiken, 1995). Literary expertise is difficult to define and fails to account for potential differences within non-experts. LRQ and similar dimensional approaches neglect the possibility that a salient reader typology does exist. The main goal of this study is to test whether a salient reader classification can be formed based on participant responses to questionnaires and to test how this classification corresponds to self-reported reader expertise. Based on responses from 741 participants (78.41% female, mean age = 24.31), we test the factor structure of LRQ in its Serbian translation and find moderate, acceptable fit. We also present our own Receptiveness to Literature Questionnaire (UPK) with two factors named Thorough Reading and Reading for Pleasure. Finally, we discuss relations between LRQ and UPK, offer classifications of readers formed on participant factor scores, and test the congruence between these classes and self-reported participant expertise. Our results indicate that a dimensional approach should be favored over forming categories of readers.
How the Interplay between Financial and Nonfinancial Measures Affects Management Forecasting Behavior
Authors: Brazel Joseph F. , Lail Bradley E.
Published: January 2019

This study examines how the interplay between financial and nonfinancial measures (NFMs) affects management forecasting behavior. Building on the knowledge that NFMs are typically aligned with actual earnings and are likely incorporated into earnings forecasts, we investigate if the level of divergence between changes in NFMs and contemporaneous changes in earnings influences management forecasting behavior. We hand collect company-specific NFMs disclosed in 10-K filings and describe how a greater divergence between NFMs and earnings (i.e., NFM changes substantially outpacing earnings growth, or vice versa) is associated with greater uncertainty about the underlying business. As such, in more divergent settings, we observe that management is less likely to issue guidance. Consistent with our theory, for managers that do provide guidance in more divergent settings, management forecast errors increase. Last, we provide evidence that external stakeholders can use the level of divergence to predict future management forecasting behavior.

JEL Classifications: G14; M40; M41.

Data Availability: The data used in this study are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text.
Cumulative Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Inception Cohort Study
Authors: Finne Patrik , Groop Per-Henrik , Arffman Martti , Kervinen Marjo , Helve Jaakko , Grönhagen-Riska Carola , Sund Reijo
Published: January 2019

OBJECTIVE

To estimate long-term cumulative risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This nationwide population-based inception cohort study included 421,429 patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed in 1990–2011; patients were followed until the end of 2013. Data linkage between several national health care registers in Finland, covering 100% of the population, enabled the inclusion of almost all inhabitants who started taking diabetes medication or were hospitalized for diabetes. Cumulative risk of ESRD and hazard ratios [HR] for ESRD and death were estimated according to age, sex, and time period of diabetes diagnosis.

RESULTS

Among 421,429 patients with type 2 diabetes, 1,516 developed ESRD and 150,524 died during 3,458,797 patient-years of follow-up. Cumulative risk of ESRD was 0.29% at 10 years and 0.74% at 20 years from diagnosis of diabetes. Risk was higher among men than among women (HR 1.93 [95% CI 1.72–2.16]), decreased with older age at diagnosis (HR 0.70 [95% CI 0.60–0.81] for age 60–69 vs. 40–49 years), and was lower for those diagnosed in 2000–2011 than in 1990–1994 (HR 0.72 [95% CI 0.63–0.81]). Patients diagnosed with diabetes in 2000–2011 had lower risk of death during follow-up than those diagnosed in 1990–1994 (HR 0.64 [95% CI 0.63–0.65]).

CONCLUSIONS

Cumulative risk of ESRD is minimal among patients with type 2 diabetes compared with their risk of death. Patients diagnosed with diabetes at an older age have a lower risk of ESRD due to higher competing mortality.
Pendidikan Teologi Lintas Agama dalam Meraih Keluarga Bahagia (Analisis Teori Islam, Kristen, Hindu, Budha dan Konghucu)
Authors: Hadi Nur
Published: January 2019

This article wants to reveal cross-ideological religious education in conceptualizing a happy family. The most important thing is that religious education is very urgent in forming a family of happiness that is indoctrinated in a family. This research method uses qualitative descriptive concept, with research type of library of Risert (bibliography), data collection method is using primary and secondary data and technical data analysis is using contents analysis method (deductive and inductive). Religious education is the best way to achieve the happiness of the hereafter. Religious education is the perfect solution for achieving individual happiness, the smallest group (family) and community groups. Religious education is an easy way to achieve physical and spiritual happiness in its entirety. Religious education is a necessity for every religious community as a theory to reach the happiness of soul, family and society. Happy family will be obtained if the understanding of religion that is applied by every family member in the household and society. The happiness of society is the happiest family happiness in a country or group of people, in Islamic teachings called baldatun thayyibatun wa raobbun ghafur.
BUDAYA MAHASISWA DALAM MENGGUNAKAN PIRATED BOOKS DI PERGURUAN TINGGI KOTA PEKANBARU
Authors: Ismail Ismail , Alfiah Alfiah , Darni Darni
Published: January 2019

This study aimed to know the culture of students in using pirated books. The location of the study was conducted at State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau), University of Riau, Universitas Islam Riau, and Lancang Kuning University in Pekanbaru City. Based on the analysis of student economic factors, it shows that the student culture in using pirated books was not because of economic factors. It was evidenced by most of the students with good economic conditions or in the middle to lower class. Based on students' understanding of Copyright, it indicated that students comprehend and understand about copyright. However, respondents considered the copy of the book for the benefit of education does not violate the copyright because to facilitate the science. Actually a photocopy of a book for the benefit of education to facilitate the demand for science is basically an act of copyright infringement because it includes actions to reproduce without permission and disseminate it. Student’s attitudes to regular ordinary photocopies/copies are familiar with copier/pirate books. Based on the habits (culture) of students in buying reference books where the purchase of photocopy reference books/pirates is already a student habit.
Modelo para el acceso efectivo al tratamiento antirretroviral en relación con el fracaso terapéutico de la infección por VIH
Authors: Toro-Zapata Hernán Darío , Osorio Rodríguez Angie Johanna , Prieto Medellin Dennis Alexander
Published: January 2019

Se plantea un modelo matemático con base en ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias no lineales que interpreta el efecto que el acceso efectivo y el fracaso terapéutico tienen en una población infectada con el VIH, en la que se considera únicamente la transmisión del virus es por vía sexual con una persona portadora. Se hace el análisis del modelo matemático, determinando el número básico de reproducción , los puntos de equilibrio del sistema y se prosigue estableciendo la estabilidad local de los mismos. Posteriormente se determinan dos umbrales que sugieren condiciones para evitar la manifestación de la infección en la población. El primer umbral relaciona el fracaso terapéutico en función del acceso efectivo al tratamiento antirretroviral y el segundo umbral es solo para el acceso efectivo al tratamiento en función de otros parámetros del modelo; en cada caso se determinan cuáles son las cantidades mínimas que se deben asegurar tanto de acceso efectivo como de fracaso terapéutico para garantizar teóricamente que la enfermedad sea controlada.
Indocyanine Green and Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid Complex Used in Intraoperative Visualization during Resection of Bladder Tumour
Authors: Peng Li , Kabirov I. R. , Kasinskaya A. R. , Wang Jiaqi , Xu Wanhai , Zhuk E. K. , Nuralieva R. A.
Published: January 2019

Introduction. Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies in humans, causing significant economic and social damage. In the connection, it is proposed to use a highly sensitive bladder cancer detection method, which also detects residual tumours. Additionally, the method can be used to determine the boundaries of the bladder tumour, namely through intraoperative fluorescence molecular imaging. The target agent was synthesised earlier with indocyanine green-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, which is an integrin avß3-targeted in in vitro and in vivo bladder cancer models.Materials and methods. The toxicity of indocyanine green-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Agac-IG) was measured using the MTT-test. Urothelial carcinoma cell lines were introduced in Female BALB/nu and MB49 mice by means of tumour xenografts via injection in the back of the elbow area. Tumour growth was observed on a daily basis and tested by magnetic resonance imaging until it became suitable for in vivo experiments. Then, all the laboratory animals were divided into 2 groups: ig and AGAk-ig (150 μl, 0.2 mg/ml for all mice). Following this, the tumour was surgically removed. The removed tissue was subjected to a fluorescent microscopy on the basis of infrared-spectrum and histologic studies.Results. Operations carried out on subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models under the control of fluorescent imaging using AGAk-IG demonstrate the effectiveness of using a targeted tumour sample to achieve consistent and accurate RMP-resection. Operations under the control of BIC-spectrometry have demonstrated that the proposed substance can effectively help surgeons to locate tumours, determine their edges and constantly check the presence of tumour residues during surgery.Conclusion. The findings demonstrated the high efficiency of AGAk-IG as a potential molecular fluorescent agent for tumour-specific intraoperative imaging in bladder cancer resection, as well as offering great potential for further clinical studies.
Double Urethral Valve: a Clinical Case
Authors: Vorobev V. A. , Beloborodov V. A. , Popov S. L.
Published: January 2019

Introduction. Urethral valves (UVs) are congenital malformations of the urethra, leading to infravesical obstruction. The most common UV is the posterior urethral valve (PUV). The anterior urethral valve (AUV) is a somewhat rarer, but still well-known congenital anomaly. UVs can provoke significant obstruction of the proximal urinary system, which can later lead to disability of children and more frequent deaths.Materials and methods. The article presents a clinical example of a 32-year-old man with a congenital double urethral valve occuring in the anterior and posterior urethra, which led to the development of chronic urinary retention, urinary tract infection and chronic renal failure. The patient underwent a successful urethroplasty operation to remove the valve mechanism.Results. Six months following surgery, the patient noted the complete disappearance of symptoms, with renal function having returned to normal. No signs of recurrence of the disease or the formation of stricture of the urethra were detected by to the survey.Conclusion. A congenital variant of the double UV is an unusual extremely rare cause of infravesical obstruction. Early diagnosis and treatment of this anomaly is very important for preventing further irreversible damage to the urinary system. The presented clinical observation demonstrates the need to organise and conduct periodic preventive examinations of children of different age groups.
Paradigma Relasi Agama dan Negara dalam Islam
Authors: Ridwan Ridwan
Published: January 2019

The paradigmatic debate on the relationship between religion and state in Islam is an actual classic problem. The debate rises due to the absence of the normative basis and historical precedents that definitively state the relation between religion and state. Therefore, the paradigm formulation between religious and state relations is a matter of ijtihadiyah which is always open for debate. This article shows that theoretical debates about the relations between  religious and state leads to three paradigms: integralistic, secularistic and symbiotic-mutualistic paradigms.
ANALISIS BORAKS DALAM BAKSO DAGING SAPI A DAN B DI DAERAH TENGGILIS MEJOYO SURABAYA MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI
Authors: Suhendra Mela Sastaviyana
Published: January 2019

Bakso daging sapi merupakan salah satu jenis makanan yang banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat, namun masih banyak pembuat bakso yang menggunakan boraks sebagai pengenyal dan pengawet. Boraks dilarang untuk makanan karena banyak digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet kayu dan penghambat pergerakan kecoa. Berdasarkan SK Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.722/MENKES/PER/IX/1988, tentang larangan penggunaan boraks sebagai bahan tambahan makanan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kadar boraks didalam produk bakso A dan B tidak terdaftar, yang beredar didaerah Tenggilis Surabaya. Analisis Kualitatif dilakukan dengan reaksi nyala api dengan pereaksi asam sulfat pekat dan metanol. Analisis kadar boraks dilakukan menggunakan Spektrofotometri VIS pada λ 541 nm menggunakan pereaksi kurkumin dengan pelarut etanol 96 %. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel yang diperiksa tidak mengandung boraks dan hasil validasi metode diperoleh LLOD dan LLOQ adalah 0,0464 bpj dan 0,1511 bpj, Vxo adalah 3,74 %, KV sampel A = 0,36 % dan nilai KV sampel B = 0,23 %, %recovery penetapan kadar boraks dalam sampel A sebesar 102,95 % dengan rentang 100,10 %-104,91 % dan sampel B sebesar 92,05 % dengan rentang 87,39 %-95,36 %. Hasil ini telah memenuhi persyaratan validasi metode
O Desenho da Figura Humana para a Expressão na Arquitetura
Authors: Nemer Luciana , Thurler André , Klein Igor
Published: January 2019

O desenho de observação ensinado no curso de arquitetura guarda um grande desafio: representar figuras humanas. O conteúdo é apreendido por parte dos estudantes como complexo, no entanto, desmitificar e destacar a relevância do mesmo ameniza preconceitos e torna o exercício da construção do desenho prazeroso e fundamental. O caminho passa por entender as origens e necessidades de mensurar surgido pelo desenvolvimento das civilizações, no quanto as proporções humanas influenciam o dia-a-dia e em estabelecer a sua própria linguagem expressiva adequada a cenários e situações. A figura passa dar a noção de medida, a escala humana, permitindo a leitura de todos os outros elementos ao redor, o desenhista tem neste momento o poder de modificar tudo com dois riscos e uma elipse. À medida que se coleciona modelos em diversas posições e interações a aquisição de vocabulário se consolida e a fluência do desenho ocorre de forma legível e gratificante.
Evaluation of the insecticidal potential of leaf extracts of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb) Altschul against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Sitophilus zeamais Mots
Authors: Silva-Bessa Cibele Maria Alves da , Mercês Paula Fernanda Figueiredo das , Malafaia Carolina Barbosa , Napoleão Thiago Henrique , Silva Milena Martins Correia da , Câmara Cláudio Augusto Gomes da , Correia Maria Tereza dos Santos , Silva Márcia Vanusa , Oliva Maria Luiza Vilela
Published: January 2019

The deterioration and degradation of crops by insects causes economic losses of several billion dollars and affects food security. Sitophilus zeamais and Tetranychus urticae are two economically important species of agricultural crops around the world. The high toxicity of synthetic insecticides and the development of insect resistance to currently used chemicals stimulate the investigation of plant-derived insecticides as new alternatives for pest control. The insecticidal properties of secondary metabolites have been recognized, and have been confirmed scientifically in the last decades. The extract in cyclohexane (Ch) and ethyl acetate (Ea) of the leaves of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil collected in the dry and rainy seasons were evaluated for the survival and nutritional physiology of S. zeamais (maize weevil) and for the acaricidal effect front T. urticae (two-spotted spider). All extracts induced mortality of S. zeamais; however, only cyclohexane dry season (Chd) and ethyl acetate in the rainy season (Ear) caused significant mortality (p <0.05), more than 50%, promoting physiological damage to insects in all concentrations tested. In the mortality tests with the spider mite, extracts Chd and Ear showed an LC50 of 52.75 and 156.42 mg.mL-1. Still, in the same test, it can be observed that oviposition was also susceptible to extracts. Therefore, the extracts of A. colubrina are a source of compounds capable of interfering with and impairing the metabolism of the two studied pests.
Experimentation of Innovative Learning Models in Terms of Students Multiple Intelligences Among Midle School Students in Demak District
Authors: Nugroho Muhamad Asif Cahya Aji , . Budiyono , Slamet İsnandar
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to find out from each mathematical learning model, Interactive Setting Cooperative Learning Model (PSIK), Course Review Horey (CRH) and Conventional model, which ones provide better mathematics learning achievements, students who have mathematical intelligence, visual , kinesthetic, or interpersonal in middle school. This research method of this study is quasi-experimental research or pre-experimental research with research design using 3 x 4 factorial designs. The population in this study is the entire students 8th grade SMP N in Demak District. The fokus material in The Material Geometry Flat Side. Sampling was conduct with stratified cluster random sampling techniques. Instruments used to collect data are a questionnaire of multiple intelligences and mathematics learning achievement test. The prerequisite test includes the population normality test using the Lilliefors method and the homogeneity test of population variance using the Bartlett method. With α = 0, 05. Hypothesis testing of the study are analysis of two variance with unequal cell. Based on the results of hypothesis testing is [Fab 4,3390 > 2,14] with the decision of the H test are rejected, this means that there is an interaction between the learning model and students’ multiple intelligence towards mathematics learning achievement
N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide – Prognstic Value for Death Within 24 Hours in Severe Polytrauma Patients with Chest Trauma
Authors: Cristina Tase Ghinguleac , Rodica Tudoran , Sergiu Chirila , Leonard Gurgas , Ileana Ion
Published: January 2019

Patients with multiple trauma with thoracic trauma have higher death rates compared to multiple trauma patients without thoracic trauma, mainly because of cardiac injury. We investigated the 24 hours prognostic value of NT-proB-type Natriuretic Peptide (Nt-ProBNP) in polytraumatised patients with thoracic trauma.

The study group was composed of 33 patients, 25 males and 8 females. During the study, the endpoint, which was death in the first 24 hours after admission was observed in 33% of the patients (11 patients).

Using a cut-off point of 125 pg/ml, the sensitivity of the test was 100% and the specificity was 59.09%. Accoring to the results of the study, NT-ProBNP proves that it might be useful in detecting patients with a bad prognosis, the analyzed enzyme having the capacity of identifying polytrauma patients with thoracic trauma that have high risk of death in the first 24 hours after admission.
Infections Associated With Hospitalization Over One Year Period
Authors: Mihaela Botnarciuc , Lavinia Daba , Dimitrios Laiveras , Monica Disea , Nicolae Grasa Catalin
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to identify the bacterial species circulating in various wards of the Emergency Clinical Hospital Constanta, involved in infections associated with hospitalization. Clinical specimens were obtained during 2016 year period. Identification of species and sensitivity tests were performed on VITEK 2 System. There were isolated 163 bacterial strains suspected to be responsible for infections associated with hospitalization. Surgery wards had the most important number of cases, 49% of all. The second most affected ward was neonatology (11%), as many as gynecology (5%) and pediatrics (6 %) together. According to the site of the infection, digestive are majoritary (42.94%), followed by surgical wounds (16.56%) and respiratory infections (15.33%). Septicemia cases (11.04%) are important due to the severity.

Distribution on months varies between a minimum number of cases in January (5) and a maximum of cases in April (19).Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequently involved (49%). The most frequent species was Acinetobacter baumanii (28 cases), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15) and E.coli (7). Anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium difficile) are the second most important group (32% of the cases), followed by Gram positive cocci (15%) mostly staphylococci. Multidrug resistance was diagnosed in most Acinetobacter baumanii strains. A special attention must be given to associations of bacteria, that even though are in small number (2% of the cases), are more difficult to be treated.
Working in Shifts and the Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiological Evidence and Physiopathological Mechanisms
Authors: Ruxandra Oţelea Marina , Agripina Raşcu , Ileana Ion , Anton Arghir Ioan , Adela Badiu , Camelia Ciobotaru , Alexandra-Maria Rascu , Cristina Arghir Oana
Published: January 2019

The Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered as an association of the abdominal obesity, abnormal metabolism of the lipids and glucose (high level of triglycerides, low level of HDL-cholesterol and high level of glycemia) and high values of blood pressure, determined by an underlying mechanism of insulin resistance. As a result of environmental-gene interaction, MetS is associated with unhealthy nutrition, smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity, shorter sleep duration and desynchronization of the circadian rhytm caused by working in shifts. The aim of this article is to review the effects of working in shifts on the MetS through the epidemiological evidence and the perspective of the physiopathological mechanisms.
Current distribution of Beraeamyia hrabei Mayer, 1937 (Trichoptera: Beraeidae) in the Czech Republic
Authors: Komzák Petr , Kroča Jiří
Published: January 2019

Beraeamyia hrabei Mayer, 1937 is a relatively rare species occurring in the Czech Republic only locally and in low abundances. New data on its distribution with some ecological notes are presented in this paper.
Switching from petro-plastics to microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): the biotechnological escape route of choice out of the plastic predicament?
Authors: Koller Martin
Published: January 2019

The benefit of biodegradable “green plastics” over established synthetic plastics from petro-chemistry, namely their complete degradation and safe disposal, makes them attractive for use in various fields, including agriculture, food packaging, and the biomedical and pharmaceutical sector. In this context, microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are auspicious biodegradable plastic-like polyesters that are considered to exert less environmental burden if compared to polymers derived from fossil resources.

The question of environmental and economic superiority of bio-plastics has inspired innumerable scientists during the last decades. As a matter of fact, bio-plastics like PHA have inherent economic drawbacks compared to plastics from fossil resources; they typically have higher raw material costs, and the processes are of lower productivity and are often still in the infancy of their technical development. This explains that it is no trivial task to get down the advantage of fossil-based competitors on the plastic market. Therefore, the market success of biopolymers like PHA requires R&D progress at all stages of the production chain in order to compensate for this disadvantage, especially as long as fossil resources are still available at an ecologically unjustifiable price as it does today.

Ecological performance is, although a logical argument for biopolymers in general, not sufficient to make industry and the society switch from established plastics to bio-alternatives. On the one hand, the review highlights that there’s indeed an urgent necessity to switch to such alternatives; on the other hand, it demonstrates the individual stages of the production chain, which need to be addressed to make PHA competitive in economic, environmental, ethical, and performance-related terms. In addition, it is demonstrated how new, smart PHA-based materials can be designed, which meet the customer’s expectations when applied, e.g., in the biomedical or food packaging sector.
Optical properties of translucent zirconia: A review of the literature
Authors: Manziuc Manuela-Maria , Gasparik Cristina , Negucioiu Marius , Constantiniuc Mariana , Burde Alexandru , Vlas Ioana , Dudea Diana
Published: January 2019

Translucent monolithic zirconia is the newest option of zirconia-based ceramics, which aimed to substitute the opaque classic yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZPs) in more demanding esthetic cases.

The aim of this review was to assess the available literature regarding the optical, chemical and mechanical properties of translucent zirconia ceramics.

This systematic review was developed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis) guidelines. An electronic literature search was undertaken through Medline (National Library of Medicine) via PubMed to identify relevant articles, published in the interval 2010-2018. The search was limited to the English language publications, in vitro studies of color and microstructure of translucent zirconia material.

Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZPs) has excellent mechanical properties, but its intense white color and high opacity represent an esthetic limit. Cubic zirconia represents a new generation of dental ceramics with molecular structure and physical properties different from the conventional zirconia. Dental manufacturers created new formulations of this restorative material, introducing new cubic varieties of zirconia with improved optical properties. Translucent monolithic zirconia provides a new restorative option that combines strength with improved esthetics, due to its increased translucency. Translucent zirconia is indicated for anterior and posterior restorations but should be used carefully for discolored teeth, because the background color can affect the final esthetic appearance of the restoration.
Needles and bark of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst and Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk. as bioindicators of environmental quality
Authors: Parzych Agnieszka , Mochnacký Sergej , Sobisz Zbigniew , Polláková Nora , Šimanský Vladimír
Published: January 2019

The paper presents the results of the research on the accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals in needles and bark of Picea abies and Picea omorika. In this research, the age of the needles and the content of the examined components in the soil were taken into account. The research was conducted within the area of the forest at the University botanic garden in Košice (Slovakia). The little acidification of the soil that was found under the spruce crowns slightly changed with the depth (0.0–0.2 m, 0.2–0.4 m, 0.4–0.6 m). Under the stand of P. abies, a lower content of organic matter was demonstrated, than under the trees of P. omorika. The tested soil samples were low in nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, and sufficiently rich in potassium and magnesium. The spruce needles were dominated by macroelements, and their concentrations varied depending on age and species. Both P. abies and P. omorika needles were acidic, with 1-year-old needles showing higher acidity. Low nitrogen content in the needles of the studied spruce was found, and the N:P ratio did not exceed 3.5. Statistically significant differences were found in the content of N, K, Ca, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Cd in 1-year-old needles and pH, N, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Cd in 2-yearold needles of spruces. The results also indicate that the bark of the studied spruce is acidic, with pH values of 4.70 (P. abies) and 4.15 (P. omorika). The P. abies bark accumulates higher amounts of Mg, Ca, Ni, Cu and Mn, and the P. omorika bark accumulates more N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Cd. The research indicates that both spruce species barks are suitable for comparative studies on bioindication of environment quality.
Forest ecosystem services – assessment methods
Authors: Kornatowska Bożena , Sienkiewicz Jadwiga
Published: January 2019

Forest ecosystems represent the most important values of natural assets. In economic valuation techniques, to estimate the value of forest ecosystem services, the attention is still focused mainly on their market values, i.e. the value of benefits measured in the economic calculation based, first of all, on the price of timber. The valuation of natural resources is currently supported by considerations of the global policy, in order to strengthen the argumentation justifying the need to incur expenditure related to the protection of biodiversity. There is increasing evidence that biodiversity contributes to forest ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Natural capital of forests can be consumed directly as food, wood and other raw materials or indirectly – by benefitting from purified water and air, safeguarded soils or protected climate. At the same time, forest ecosystems provide us with a range of intangible values – scientific, cultural, religious as well as encompass heritage to pass on to future generations. In the era of increasing pressure on the use of free public goods (natural resources), it is necessary to improve understanding of the role of forests in creating national natural capital, and in enhancing the quality of human life. All things considered, the so called non-market forest ecosystem services may have a much higher value than the profits from the production of timber and raw materials. Needless to say, non-market values of forest ecosystems are of great importance for the quality of human life, and the awareness of this should translate into social behavior in the use of natural resources. This paper reviews the methods to estimate the value of forest ecosystem services in view of recently acknowledged paradigm to move forward from economic production to sustainable human well-being.
The effect of coconut extract on callus growth and ultrasound waves on production of betulin and betulinic acid in in-vitro culture conditions of Betula pendula Roth species
Authors: Payamnoor Vahide , Hajati Razieh Jafari , Khodadai Negar
Published: January 2019

To determine the effect of coconut extract on callogenesis of Betula pendula, Roth stem barks were cultured in NT (Nagata and Takebe) basic culture media in two individual experiments: i) cultivation explant in different treatments of coconut extracts combined with 1 mg l−1 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and ii) callogenesis in NT media containing 1.5 mg l−1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg l−1 BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and then cultivation under the first experiment treatments. The first experiment demonstrated that not all concentrations of coconut extracts lead to callus induction individually, but callus induction increased 84% in a culture containing 5% coconut extract plus 1 mg l−1 2, 4-D. Based on the results of the second experiment, this treatment also significantly increased the wet and dry weights of the produced calluses. The possibility of increasing the betulinic acid and betulin by ultrasound was also studied. Samples cultivated in the selected culture medium were exposed to ultrasound waves in two forms of 1) one exposure and 2) twice exposure (repetition with 24 hr interval) in steps of 20, 60, 100, and 160 sec, and one treatment as the control. Betulin and the betulinic acid amount were determined using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The maximum betulinic acid and betulin were obtained in 100 sec in once exposure (2.3 mg g−1 DW) and 160 sec in the twice exposure (0.75 mg g−1 DW) to ultrasound. The results showed that betulinic acid content was more than betulin.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and development cycles of temperate natural forest ecosystems
Authors: Urban Peter , Sabo Peter , Plesník Jan
Published: January 2019

The presented contribution in its first part summarizes several important theoretical findings of the system ecology supporting non-equilibrium paradigm of complex adaptive systems. We emphasise the concept of non-equilibrium thermodynamics of living systems and the Holling’s adaptive cycle of a social-ecological system. In natural forests, the phases of an adaptive cycle fit to a substantial extent also to stages and phases of a large and a small forest cycle, although there is a different terminology. Further, we have emphasised the natural role of disturbances and their explanation from the thermodynamic point of view – as an important component of an adaptive cycle, which supports conclusions that these natural phenomena not only participated in the evolution of the whole habitats, but from the long-term view, they may even increase the resilience and overall ecological stability of ecosystems. Finally, we have tried to apply the findings of the theories presented to derive or underlie several principles of the management of temperate deciduous and mixed natural forests, which we consider important.
The influence of forest-forming tree species on diversity and spatial distribution of algae in forest litter
Authors: Maltsev Yevhen , Maltseva Irina
Published: January 2019

The forest litter plays a significant role in forest ecosystems. The composition of the litter biota comprises micro- and mesofauna, and a great diversity of microorganisms, including unrecognized algae (eukaryotic representatives and Cyanoprokaryota). The aim of this work was to study the diversity of algae in the different types of forest litters and to clarify the relationship between the algae composition and the forest-forming tree species. Our results show that the pine forest litter is the most appropriate habitat for the development of green and yellow-green algae and that this litter type limits the variety of blue-green ones. The admixture of deciduous leaf litter to pine litter caused an increase in the species richness of blue-green algae and diatoms. The algae were unevenly distributed across the sub-horizons of pine litter. The highest species richness of algae was identified in the enzymatic sub-horizon of litter. The peculiarity of the composition of leaf litter algae was a significant variety of green, yellow-green and blue-green algae. The spatial organization of algae communities in the leaf litter was characterized by equal distribution of algae species in the litter-subhorizons.
Basic density and crown parameters of forest forming species within Steppe zone in Ukraine
Authors: Sytnyk Svitlana , Lovynska Viktoriia , Lakyda Petro , Maslikova Katerina
Published: January 2019

The parameters of wood density (WD), bark density (BD) and tree crown characteristics are not only important for estimation of the aboveground biomass, but they also serve as indicators for the timber quality. This study had two objectives: Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) – an introduced species; Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – an aboriginal species. Black locust and Scots pine from the Steppe zone in Ukraine were compared in their WD and BD, and in the morphological parameters of their tree crowns. There were determined basic WD and BD for differently aged individuals of Black locust and Scots pine. Generally, a higher WD was found for Black locust trees. The average Black locust WD was 518 kg m−3, ranging from 375 kg m−3 to 612 kg m−3; with the average BD – 294 kg m−3, ranging from 214 kg m−3 to 421 kg m−3. The average Scots pine WD was 414 kg m−3, ranging from 254 to 491 kg m−3; with average BD – 317 kg m−3, ranging from 178 to 433 kg m−3. The dependences between WD, BD and biometric tree parameters were identified by correlation analysis. The crown diameter for Black locust and Scots pine was described with fixed prediction models. We proposed particular equations for relationships between foliage biomass and branch biomass, derived from the crown volume of the investigated species.