bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of emission intensity of LaVO4:RE3+ luminescent solar light absorbers
Authors: Chornii V. , Chukova O. , Nedilko S. G. , Nedilko S. A. , Voitenko T.
Published: November 2015

The investigated La1–xRExVO4 (RE = Eu, Sm) solid solutions are characterized by intensive emission of the RE ions that is excited from the wide spectral range including UV region of intrinsic transitions in the vanadate host. We have carried out comparable analysis of characteristics of the La1–xRExVO4 compounds synthesized by three different methods: solid state reaction, co‐precipitation and sol‐gel synthesis. The investigation revealed differences in luminescence and excitation spectra of samples obtained by different methods. Spectra of the samples with lower activator concentrations have a more complicated character. They contain exceed number of lines that is caused by formation of two types of RE3+ emission centers. Spectral exhibitions of the second (“at surface”) type of centers are observed up to x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 for samples synthesized by solid state, co‐precipitation and sol‐gel methods, respectively. The presence of the “at surface” type of centers leads to essential increasing of total intensity of emission. Differences in excitation spectra give us a possibility to suppose that enhancement of luminescence intensity is also due to expanded excitation range caused by “at surface” centers in UV region. Therefore, “at surface” centers satisfy better absorption of UV light. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Engineered cellulose fibers as dielectric for oxide field effect transistors
Authors: Gaspar Diana , Pereira Luís , Delattre Anastasia , Guerin David , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo
Published: November 2015

When thinking on low cost and sustainable electronic systems, paper can be considered as an interesting option to be used as substrate but also as a component of such systems. In this work we have tailored paper samples that were used simultaneously as physical support and dielectric in oxide based paper field effect transistors (FETs). It was observed that the gate leakage current in these devices depends directly from fibril's dimension and arrangement, being lower for micro/nano fibrillated cellulose paper. Moreover, extra ionic charge added to the paper during its production results in the improvement of FETs' electrical properties, with saturation mobility of 16 cm 2V –1s –1 and on/off current ratio close to 105. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication and optical properties of type‐II InP/InAs nanowire/quantum‐dot heterostructures
Authors: Yan Xin , Zhang Xia , Li Junshuai , Wu Yao , Li Bang , Ren Xiaomin
Published: November 2015

The growth and optical properties of InAs quantum dots on a pure zinc blende InP nanowire are investigated. The quantum dots are formed in Stranski–Krastanov mode and exhibit pure zinc blende crystal structure. A substantial blueshift of the dots peak with a cube‐root dependence on the excitation power is observed, suggesting a type‐II band alignment. The peak position of dots initially red‐shifts and then blue‐shifts with increasing temperature, which is attributed to the carrier redistribution among the quantum dots. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accelerated Life Testing (ALT) Design Based on Computational Reliability Analysis
Authors: Hu Zhen , Mahadevan Sankaran
Published: November 2015

Accelerated life testing (ALT) design is usually performed based on assumptions of life distributions, stress–life relationship, and empirical reliability models. Time‐dependent reliability analysis on the other hand seeks to predict product and system life distribution based on physics‐informed simulation models. This paper proposes an ALT design framework that takes advantages of both types of analyses. For a given testing plan, the corresponding life distributions under different stress levels are estimated based on time‐dependent reliability analysis. Because both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty sources are involved in the reliability analysis, ALT data is used in this paper to update the epistemic uncertainty using Bayesian statistics. The variance of reliability estimation at the nominal stress level is then estimated based on the updated time‐dependent reliability analysis model. A design optimization model is formulated to minimize the overall expected testing cost with constraint on confidence of variance of the reliability estimate. Computational effort for solving the optimization model is minimized in three directions: (i) efficient time‐dependent reliability analysis method; (ii) a surrogate model is constructed for time‐dependent reliability under different stress levels; and (iii) the ALT design optimization model is decoupled into a deterministic design optimization model and a probabilistic analysis model. A cantilever beam and a helicopter rotor hub are used to demonstrate the proposed method. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed ALT design optimization model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed average computation for multiple time‐varying signals with output measurements
Authors: Zhao Yu , Liu Yongfang , Duan Zhisheng , Wen Guanghui
Published: November 2015

This paper studies the distributed average computation problem for multiple time‐varying signals with bounded inputs. Based only on relative output measurements, a pair of continuous algorithms with, respectively, static and adaptive coupling strengths are designed and utilized. From the concept of boundary layer approach, the proposed continuous algorithm with static coupling strengths can asymptotically obtain the average value of the multiple reference signals without chattering phenomenon. Furthermore, for the case of algorithms with adaptive coupling strengths, the calculation errors are uniformly ultimately bounded and exponentially converge to a small adjustable bounded set. Finally, a simulation example is presented to show the validity of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gibbs distribution for statistical analysis of graphical data with a sample application to fcMRI brain images
Authors: La Rosa Patricio S. , Brooks Terrence L. , Deych Elena , Shands Berkley , Prior Fred , Larson‐Prior Linda J. , Shannon William D.
Published: November 2015

This paper develops object‐oriented data analysis (OODA) statistical methods that are novel and complementary to existing methods of analysis of human brain scan connectomes, defined as graphs representing brain anatomical or functional connectivity. OODA is an emerging field where classical statistical approaches (e.g., hypothesis testing, regression, estimation, and confidence intervals) are applied to data objects such as graphs or functions. By analyzing data objects directly we avoid loss of information that occurs when data objects are transformed into numerical summary statistics. By providing statistical tools that analyze sets of connectomes without loss of information, new insights into neurology and medicine may be achieved. In this paper we derive the formula for statistical model fitting, regression, and mixture models; test their performance in simulation experiments; and apply them to connectomes from fMRI brain scans collected during a serial reaction time task study. Software for fitting graphical object‐oriented data analysis is provided. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathway on silkworm midgut following exposure to phoxim
Authors: Li Fanchi , Xu Kaizun , Ni Min , Wang Binbin , Gu Zhiya , Shen Weide , Li Bing
Published: November 2015

Organophosphate pesticides are applied widely in the world for agricultural purposes, and their exposures often resulted in non‐cocooning of Bombyx mori in China. Silkworm midgut is the major organ for digestion and nutrient absorption, importantly it is also a barrier against foreign substances and chemical pesticides. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of oxidative injury in silkworm midgut with phoxim induction. The results showed that the transcription level of oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathway genes of midgut under phoxim stress. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed that 24 electron transport chain (ETC)‐related genes were upregulated. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the ETC the genes encoding NADH‐CoQ1, Succinic‐Q, cyt c reductase‐S, cyt c oxidase‐S, cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide IV, ATP synthase, and vacuolar H+ ATP synthase were all significantly up‐regulated by 1.50‐, 1.31‐, 1.42‐, 1.44‐, 1.70‐, 2.03‐ and 1.43‐fold, respectively. Phoxim induction enhanced the activity of ETC complex in mitochondria, and induced the accumulation of ROS in midgut. These results indicated that trace phoxim enhanced respiration in midgut, and the imbalance between the activity changes of ETC may led to reactive oxygen species accumulation. The ETC of mitochondria may be potential biomarkers of midgut toxicity in B. mori caused by phoxim exposure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 167–175, 2017.
Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic study of plasticization effects on the photodegradation of poly(fluorostyrene) isomers films
Authors: Al Ani Khalid E. , Ramadhan Afrah Essa , Al Sieadi Wadhah N.
Published: November 2015

The photodegradation of poly(fluorostyrene) isomers with different amounts of phthalate and terephthalate plasticizers has been investigated with the aid of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Photo irradiation was carried out with light from a Hydrogen‐Xenon lamp at 265 nm and 293 K. As irradiation time increased, changes occurred in the structure of the polymers due to the destruction of polymeric chains and the formation of new photo products during the degradation. The photo products caused shifts, an increase or decrease of the polymer vibrational frequencies, as well as changes in numerous infrared band intensities. The increase in the intensities of the analyzed ranges is attributed to the formation of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and aliphatic ketones and to the increase in the number of polyene structures that resulted from hydrogen abstraction during photodegradation reactions. The analysis of the Fourier‐transform infrared spectra of the irradiated and nonirradiated samples showed a noticeable formation of a new broad band centered at (1,727 cm−1, C=O), assigned to the growth of aliphatic ketones formerly from the reaction of reactive alkoxy radicals. Its intensity was found to increase with the increase in irradiation time and also with the increase in the amount of added terephthalate and phthalates plasticizer, indicating an increase in the efficiency of the photo degradation process. Trends of photostability of these isomers were found such that poly(para‐fluorostyrene) > poly(meta‐fluorostyrene) > poly(ortho‐fluorostyrene). The photodegradation process for these plasticized isomers was found to increase by the increase in the bulkiness of the plasticizer molecule. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:75–83, 2018. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
QoE‐ and energy‐efficient resource optimization in OFDMA networks with bidirectional relaying
Authors: Ma Xiaolin , Li Fangmin , Ilow Jacek , Chen Zhizhang
Published: November 2015

Because of the surging demands of multimedia services, quality‐of‐experience (QoE) is becoming an important metric to evaluate network quality from users' perspective. In this paper, resource optimisation to achieve optimal tradeoff between QoE and energy consumption in bidirectional orthogonal frequency‐division multiple‐access relaying networks is addressed so as to provide satisfactory multimedia delivery quality and support green communications. We first formulate a QoE‐energy efficiency tradeoff optimisation where QoE requirements and relaying traffic balance are considered and prove that QoE‐energy efficiency is quasiconcave on QoE, which suggests the existence of a unique global optimal tradeoff point. We then propose an optimisation framework to achieve the optimal tradeoff efficiently. With the framework, we develop resource allocation approaches for two specific relaying strategies, that is, two‐phase decode‐and‐forward relaying with dynamic XOR network coding and compute‐and‐forward relaying with physical network coding via structured codes. Numerical results validate theoretical findings and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimisation solution for achieving the tradeoff between QoE and energy consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterodinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complexes of the Bridging Ligand 1,6,7,12‐Tetraazaperylene with Iron(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), as well as Palladium(II) and Platinum(II)
Authors: Brietzke Thomas , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe , Mickler Wulfhard , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: November 2015

The first heterodinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of the 1,6,7,12‐tetraazaperylene (tape) bridging ligand with iron(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) were synthesized and characterized. The metal coordination sphere in this complexes is filled by the tetradentate N,N′‐dimethyl‐2,11‐diaza[3.3](2,6)‐pyridinophane (L‐N4Me2) ligand, yielding complexes of the general formula [(L‐N4Me2)Ru(µ‐tape)M(L‐N4Me2)](ClO4)2(PF6)2 with M = Fe {[2](ClO4)2(PF6)2}, Co {[3](ClO4)2(PF6)2}, and Ni {[4](ClO4)2(PF6)2}. Furthermore, the heterodinuclear tape ruthenium(II) complexes with palladium(II)‐ and platinum(II)‐dichloride [(bpy)2Ru(μ‐tape)PdCl2](PF6)2 {[5](PF6)2} and [(dmbpy)2Ru(μ‐tape)PtCl2](PF6)2 {[6](PF6)2}, respectively were also prepared. The molecular structures of the complex cations [2]4+ and [4]4+ were discussed on the basis of the X‐ray structures of [2](ClO4)4·MeCN and [4](ClO4)4·MeCN. The electrochemical behavior and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of the heterodinuclear tape ruthenium(II) complexes were explored and compared with the data of the analogous mono‐ and homodinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of the tape bridging ligand.
Functionalized Paddle Wheel Complexes from BODIPY Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Höfler Sebastian , Scheja Anne , Wolfram Benedikt , Bröring Martin
Published: November 2015

A series of BODIPY carboxylic acids carrying aromatic linking units between the luminophor and the carboxylate functional group was prepared using Sonogashira and Stille type coupling protocols. Ferrocene and hydroquinone units could be introduced by either of these methods. Metal complex formation of the BODIPY carboxylic acid ligands was investigated with the divalent metal ions of copper and rhodium. Copper forms insoluble material, which crystallized in one case. The X‐ray crystallographic analysis shows the presence of a BODIPY‐appended paddle wheel complex with typical Cu···Cu and Cu–O distances and four BODIPY units in a distance of 9.681 Å and 9.747 Å from the dinuclear center. Treatment with donor solvents results in the decomposition/monomerization of the compound, which could be shown crystallographically for pyridine. Rhodium(II) ions form soluble paddle wheel complexes with four different BODIPY carboxylates. The crystallographic analysis of one example shows the isostructural nature of the dirhodium and the dicopper derivatives. Optical spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry provide first insights into efficient intramolecular energy‐ and electron transfer pathways for the rhodium complexes.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Fluorescent Properties of Two ZnII/CdII Coordination Polymers Constructed from Isomeric Ligands
Authors: Xia Liang , Dong Wenwen , Tang Ping , Zhao Jun , Li Dongsheng
Published: November 2015

The d10 coordination polymers (CPs), [Zn(L1)(OH)]n (1) and [Cd(L2)2]n (2) were obtained from isomeric ligands 3‐(6‐aminpyridinium‐3‐yl) benzoic acid (L1) and 4‐(6‐aminpyridinium‐3‐yl) benzoic acid (L2), and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction. In compound 1, a spiral chain structure connected by μ2‐OH– and the ZnII ions, which are further linked by the L1 ligands to give atwo‐dimensional layered structure. Classical hydrogen‐bonding interactions (O···H–N) between adjacent layers result in three‐dimensional supramolecular structure. Compound 2 features a three‐dimensional framework formed by linking [Cd2(COO)2] clusters in a bcu net. Thermal stabilities and fluorescent properties of 1 and 2 were also investigated.
Imaging the Patient with Sacroiliac Pain
Authors: Kok Hong Kuan , Mumtaz Aizad , O'Brien Ciara , Kane David , Torreggiani William C. , Delaney Holly
Published: November 2015

Sacroiliac (SI) region pain is a common clinical presentation and is often due to pathology involving the SI joints, usually of inflammatory, infective, neoplastic, or post-traumatic etiology. The SI joints have a unique anatomic layout and composition and can be imaged with a variety of techniques including conventional radiographs, computed tomography, isotope bone scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. This article reviews a range of common SI joint conditions, illustrated by multimodality imaging findings. We also discuss strategies for choosing the optimal imaging modality, pearls, and pitfalls of imaging and discuss an algorithm for approaching the patient with suspected inflammatory back pain.
Tuberculous Peroneal Tenosynovitis
Authors: Chung Wong Yu , Hing Lui Tun
Published: November 2015

Musculoskeletal tuberculosis accounts for 1–5% of all cases of tuberculosis. Tuberculous tenosynovitis is an uncommon form of musculoskeletal tuberculosis occurring primarily in the hands and wrists and is rarely reported in the tendons of the feet. A case of tuberculous peroneal tenosynovitis is reported. Although tuberculosis is an uncommon cause of tenosynovitis, particularly in the foot, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients suffering from persistent swelling and pain in the hind foot, especially in countries where tuberculosis is prevalent.
General Medical Considerations for the Wilderness Adventurer: Medical Conditions That May Worsen With or Present Challenges to Coping With Wilderness Exposure
Authors: Cushing Tracy A. , Roberts William O. , Hackett Peter , Dexter William W. , Brent Jeff S. , Young Craig C. , Fudge Jessie R. , Hawkins Seth C. , DeLoughery Thomas G. , Thomas Benjamin J. , Tabin Geoffrey C. , Jacoby Leah E. , Asplund Chad A.
Published: November 2015

Participation in wilderness and adventure sports is on the rise, and as such, practitioners will see more athletes seeking clearance to participate in these events. The purpose of this article is to describe specific medical conditions that may worsen or present challenges to the athlete in a wilderness environment.
Pre-Participation Medical Evaluation for Adventure and Wilderness Watersports
Authors: Nathanson Andrew T. , Young Justin Mark J. , Young Craig
Published: November 2015

A request for a preparticipation medical evaluation for wilderness watersports may be made by guiding agencies, instructional camps, or by patients presenting for an annual visit. Although guidelines have been published regarding preparticipation physical evaluation for traditional competitive high school and collegiate sports, little has been written about medical evaluations for those wishing to engage in wilderness and adventure watersports. in this article, we offer guidance based on literature review and expert opinion. Watersports are among the most common recreational activities in the United states and are generally safe. Drowning, however, is a significant risk, particularly in small, self-propelled craft, and among children. Medical counseling before participation in watersports should include screening for medical conditions which may impair swimming ability, including a history of seizures, heart disease, and lung disease. Physicians should also promote preventive health measures such as use of lifejackets and sun protection, as well as alcohol avoidance. Swim testing tailored to specific activities should be strongly considered for children and those with questionable swimming ability.
Wilderness Preparticipation Evaluation and Considerations for Special Populations
Authors: Joy Elizabeth , Van Baak Karin , Dec Katherine L. , Semakula Barbara , Cardin Ashlea D. , Lemery Jay , Wortley George C. , Yaron Michael , Madden Christopher
Published: November 2015

Children, older adults, disabled and special needs athletes, and female athletes who participate in outdoor and wilderness sports and activities each face unique risks. For children and adolescents traveling to high altitude, the preparticipation physical evaluation should focus on risk assessment, prevention strategies, early recognition of altitude-related symptoms, management plans, and appropriate follow-up. As the risk and prevalence of chronic disease increases with age, both older patients and providers need to be aware of disease and medication-specific risks relative to wilderness sport and activity participation. Disabled and special needs athletes benefit from careful pre-event planning for the potential medical issues and equipment modifications that may affect their health in wilderness environments. Issues that demand special consideration for female adventurers include pregnancy, contraceptive use, menses, and ferritin levels at altitude. A careful preparticipation evaluation that factors in unique, population- specific risks will help special populations stay healthy and safe on wilderness adventures. The PubMed and SportDiscus databases were searched in 2014 using both MeSH terms and text words and include peer-reviewed English language articles from 1977 to 2014. Additional information was accessed from Web-based sources to produce this narrative review on preparticipation evaluation for special populations undertaking wilderness adventures. Key words include children, adolescent, pediatric, seniors, elderly, disabled, special needs, female, athlete, preparticipiation examination, wilderness medicine, and sports.
Setting, Structure, and Timing of the Preparticipation Examination: The Wilderness Adventure Consultation
Authors: Green Gary A.
Published: November 2015

Patients pursue wilderness experiences throughout the entire life cycle, and while outdoor pursuits are relatively safe, injuries do occur. Many of these adverse events can be anticipated, identified, and prevented through a wilderness preparticipation examination (PPE). To accomplish this, it is incumbent on the physician to assess the extrinsic and intrinsic factors faced by the patient and attempt to correct them to ensure an enjoyable experience in the outdoors. This article outlines the goals of the PPE along with identification of various risk factors that can influence a trip. Most injuries and rescues occur from underestimating the risks from extrinsic, environmental factors, and/or overestimating one’s intrinsic skills. By matching the patient’s fitness and skill level to the environment, the physician can help reduce the risk of serious injury.
Ethical, Legal, and Administrative Considerations for Preparticipation Evaluation for Wilderness Sports and Adventures
Authors: Young Craig C. , Campbell Aaron D. , Lemery Jay , Young David S.
Published: November 2015

Preparticipation evaluations (PPEs) are common in team, organized, or traditional sports but not common in wilderness sports or adventures. Regarding ethical, legal, and administrative considerations, the same principles can be used as in traditional sports. Clinicians should be trained to perform such a PPE to avoid missing essential components and to maximize the quality of the PPE. In general, participants’ privacy should be observed; office-based settings may be best for professional and billing purposes, and adequate documentation of a complete evaluation, including clearance issues, should be essential components. Additional environmental and personal health issues relative to the wilderness activity should be documented, and referral for further screening should be made as deemed necessary, if unable to be performed by the primary clinician. Travel medicine principles should be incorporated, and recommendations for travel or adventure insurance should be made.
Preparticipation Evaluation for Climbing Sports
Authors: Campbell Aaron D. , Davis Christopher , Paterson Ryan , Cushing Tracy A. , Ng Pearlly , Peterson Charles S. , Sedgwick Peter E. , McIntosh Scott E.
Published: November 2015

Climbing is a popular wilderness sport among a wide variety of professional athletes and amateur enthusiasts, and many styles are performed across many environments. Potential risks confront climbers, including personal health or exacerbation of a chronic condition, in addition to climbing-specific risks or injuries. Although it is not common to perform a preparticipation evaluation (PPE) for climbing, a climber or a guide agency may request such an evaluation before participation. Formats from traditional sports PPEs can be drawn upon, but often do not directly apply. The purpose of this article was to incorporate findings from expert opinion from professional societies in wilderness medicine and in sports medicine, with findings from the literature of both climbing epidemiology and traditional sports PPEs, into a general PPE that would be sufficient for the broad sport of climbing. The emphasis is on low altitude climbing, and an overview of different climbing styles is included. Knowledge of climbing morbidity and mortality, and a standardized approach to the PPE that involves adequate history taking and counseling have the potential for achieving risk reduction and will facilitate further study on the evaluation of the efficacy of PPEs.
Counseling for the Wilderness Athlete and Adventurer During a Preparticipation Evaluation for Preparation, Safety, and Injury Prevention
Authors: Young Justin Mark J. , Campbell Aaron D. , Raastad Kate K.
Published: November 2015

Wilderness sports and adventures continue to increase in popularity. Counseling is an essential element of the preparticipation evaluation (PPE) for athletes in traditional sports. This approach can be applied to and augmented for the wilderness athlete and adventurer. The authors reviewed the literature on counseling during PPEs and gathered expert opinion from medical professionals who perform such PPEs for wilderness sports enthusiasts. The objective was to present findings of this review and make recommendations on the counseling component of a wilderness sports/adventure PPE. The counseling component of a PPE for wilderness sports/adventures should take place after a basic medical evaluation, and include a discussion on sport or activity-specific injury prevention, personal health, travel recommendations, and emergency event planning. Counseling should be individualized and thorough, and involve shared decision making. This should take place early enough to allow ample time for the athlete or adventurer to further prepare as needed based on the recommendations. Resources may be recommended for individuals desiring more information on selected topics.
Paternalistic Leadership, Team Conflict, and TMT Decision Effectiveness: Interactions in the Chinese Context
Authors: Chen Lu , Yang Baiyin , Jing Runtian
Published: November 2015

In this article, we propose that types of CEO paternalistic leadership will affect the effectiveness of top management team (TMT) decisions, and that team conflict will play a mediating role in the relationship between CEO paternalistic leadership and decision effectiveness in the Chinese context. Data collected from 108 TMTs in China suggest that dimensions of paternalistic leadership significantly affect decision effectiveness: benevolent and moral leadership positively affect TMT decision effectiveness, but authoritarian leadership has negative effects on TMT decision effectiveness. In addition, cognitive and affective team conflicts partially mediate the links between paternalistic leadership types and decision effectiveness. The results suggest that CEO paternalistic leadership approaches and conflict modes significantly determine TMT decision effectiveness.
Compression and Conditional Effects: A Product Term Is Essential When Using Logistic Regression to Test for Interaction
Authors: Rainey Carlisle
Published: November 2015

Previous research in political methodology argues that researchers do not need to include a product term in a logistic regression model to test for interaction if they suspect interaction due to compression alone. I disagree with this claim and offer analytical arguments and simulation evidence that when researchers incorrectly theorize interaction due to compression, models without a product term bias the researcher, sometimes heavily, toward finding interaction. However, simulation studies also show that models with a product term fit a broad range of non-interactive relationships surprisingly well, enabling analysts to remove most of the bias toward finding interaction by simply including a product term.
Changes in milk composition in obese rats consuming a high-fat diet
Authors: Bautista C. J. , Montaño S. , Ramirez V. , Morales A. , Nathanielsz P. W. , Bobadilla N. A. , Zambrano E.
Published: November 2015

Maternal obesity programmes offspring development. We addressed maternal obesity effects induced by high-fat diets on maternal mammary gland (MG) structure and function and offspring brain, liver and fat outcomes. Mothers were fed control (C, n 5) or obesogenic (MO, n 5) diet from the time they were weaned through pregnancy beginning at 120 d, through lactation. At offspring postnatal day (PND) 20, milk leptin and nutrients were determined. At the end of lactation, maternal liver and MG fatty acid profile were measured. Desaturase (Δ6D and Δ5D) and elongase (ELOVL 5 and ELOVL 2) protein was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting (WB) in the liver and WB in the MG. In mothers, liver, MG and milk fat content were higher in MO than in C. Liver arachidonic acid (AA) and EPA and MG EPA were lower in MO than in C. Liver desaturases were higher in MO. The MG was heavier in MO than in C, with decreased Δ5D expression in MO. Desaturases and elongases were immunolocalised in parenchymal cells of both groups. Milk yield, water, carbohydrate content, EPA and DHA were lower, whereas milk leptin and AA were higher in MO than in C. At PND 21 and 36, brain weight was less and fat depots were greater in MO offspring than in C. MO decreased male absolute brain weight but not female absolute brain weight. In conclusion, maternal obesity induced by an obesogenic diet negatively affects maternal liver and MG function with the production of significant changes in milk composition. Maternal obesity adversely affects offspring metabolism and development.
Aristotelian Virtue Ethics and the Normativity Challenge
Authors: BROWN ÉTIENNE
Published: November 2015

Aristotelian virtue theorists are currently engaged in a discussion with philosophers who use psychological findings to question some of their main assumptions. In this article, I present and argue against one of these psychological challenges—Jesse Prinz’s Normativity Challenge—which rests on the claim that findings in cultural psychology contradict the Aristotelian thesis that the normativity of virtues derives from nature. First, I demonstrate that the Normativity Challenge is based on three problematic assumptions about contemporary Aristotelianism. Second, I argue that it presupposes the truth of a metaethical framework that Aristotelians reject: moral relativism.
Type D personality, anxiety, depression and personality traits in patients with isolated itching of the external auditory canal
Authors: Yilmaz B , Canan F , Şengül E , Özkurt F E , Tuna S F , Yildirim H
Published: November 2015

Objective:

This study evaluated type D personality, anxiety, depression and personality traits in patients with isolated itching of the external auditory canal.

Method:

A hundred consecutive out-patients with isolated itching of the external auditory canal and 100 controls were enrolled in the study. The Type D Scale, the abbreviated form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used for data collection. Patients were also evaluated using the Modified Itch Severity Scale.

Results:

In all, 43 per cent of patients and 15 per cent of controls met the criteria for a type D personality. Patients with a type D personality had higher anxiety and itching severity but lower extraversion compared with those without a type D personality. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that extraversion and type D personality were independently associated with itch severity.

Conclusion:

These data suggest that clinicians should consider psychological and personality features when evaluating and treating patients with isolated itching of the external auditory canal.
Introducing a realistic and reusable quinsy simulator
Authors: Giblett N , Hari C
Published: November 2015

Background:

An increasing number of inexperienced doctors are rotating through otolaryngology departments and providing care to ENT patients. Numerous acute ENT conditions require basic surgical or technical intervention; hence, effective and efficient simulation induction training has become paramount in providing a safe yet valuable educational environment for the junior clinician. Whilst simulation has developed over the years for numerous ENT skills, to date there has not been a realistic and easily reproducible model for teaching the skills to manage one of the most common ENT emergencies, a peritonsillar abscess or ‘quinsy’.

Method:

We have adapted the Laryngotech trainer, a well-established ENT simulation tool, to present a readily accessible, reusable and realistic simulation model.

Conclusion:

The model provides safe training for the drainage of quinsy.
Displacement, disempowerment and corruption: challenges at the interface of fisheries, management and conservation in the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Cross Helen
Published: November 2015

Small-scale fishers working in the West African Bijagós Archipelago are predominantly regional in-migrants, often living in isolated fishing camps (or economic enclaves) where capture, processing and trading activities occur. This paper explores the factors driving the fishing camp formation, relations with non-camp communities and interactions with prominent authority groups. One camp, presented here in the context of an anthropological case study, lost access to Ancopado beach during the designation of Orango National Park. Following violent evictions, migrant fishers shifted their efforts into less-observed waters, introducing challenging power negotiations with indigenous Bijagós islanders and fisheries authorities. Fishing persists inside the marine protected area, indicative of non-compliance by small-scale fishers who continue to resist a weak resource management agenda. The implications of this situation are discussed in terms of human rights to fish.
Stereotype or grammar? The representation of gender when two-year-old and three-year-old French-speaking toddlers listen to role nouns
Authors: LÉVY ARIK , GYGAX PASCAL , GABRIEL UTE , ZESIGER PASCAL
Published: November 2015

Using a preferential looking paradigm, the current study examined the role that grammatical gender plays when preschool French-speaking toddlers process role nouns in the masculine form (e.g.,chanteursmasculine‘singers’). While being auditorily prompted with “Look at the ‘a role noun’!”, two- and three-year-olds were presented with two pictures of two characters (‘boy–boy’ versus ‘girl–boy’) with attributes of the given role noun (e.g., singers with microphone and music notes). All role nouns were presented in the masculine plural form, which, despite its use to refer to mixed-gender groups, can be interpreted as referring to men. We expected toddlers to be biased by stereotypes, yet when non-stereotypical role nouns were presented, toddlers were not influenced by grammatical gender, but by their own sex (even more so for three-year-old toddlers). The absence of sensitivity to grammatical cues for either age group is discussed in terms of the developmental awareness of grammatical gender.
On functional calculus properties of Ritt operators
Authors: Lancien Florence , Merdy Christian Le
Published: November 2015

We compare various functional calculus properties of Ritt operators. We show the existence of a Ritt operator T: X → X on some Banach space X with the following property: T has a bounded H∞-functional calculus with respect to the unit disc 𝔻(that is, T is polynomially bounded) but T does not have any bounded H∞-functional calculus with respect to a Stolz domain of 𝔻 with vertex at 1. Also we show that for an R-Ritt operator the unconditional Ritt condition of Kalton and Portal is equivalent to the existence of a bounded H∞-functional calculus with respect to such a Stolz domain.
Epidemiology and factors associated with candidaemia following Clostridium difficile infection in adults within metropolitan Atlanta, 2009–2013
Authors: VALLABHANENI S. , ALMENDARES O. , FARLEY M. M. , RENO J. , SMITH Z. T. , STEIN B. , MAGILL S. S. , SMITH R. M. , CLEVELAND A. A. , LESSA F. C.
Published: November 2015

We assessed prevalence of and risk factors for candidaemia following Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) using longitudinal population-based surveillance. Of 13 615 adults with CDI, 113 (0·8%) developed candidaemia in the 120 days following CDI. In a matched case-control analysis, severe CDI and CDI treatment with vancomycin + metronidazole were associated with development of candidaemia following CDI.
Converting treaties into tactics on military operations
Authors: Carswell Andrew J.
Published: November 2015

Despite widespread State acceptance of the international law governing military use of force across the spectrum of operations, the humanitarian reality in today's armed conflicts and other situations of violence worldwide is troubling. The structure and incentives of armed forces dictate the need to more systematically integrate that law into operational practice. However, treaty and customary international law is not easily translated into coherent operational guidance and rules of engagement (RoE), a problem that is exacerbated by differences of language and perspective between the armed forces and neutral humanitarian actors with a stake in the law's implementation. The author examines the operative language of RoE with a view to facilitating the work of accurately integrating relevant law of armed conflict and human rights law norms. The analysis highlights three crucial debates surrounding the use of military force and their practical consequences for operations: the dividing line between the conduct of hostilities and law enforcement frameworks, the definition of membership in an organized armed group for the purpose of lethal targeting, and the debate surrounding civilian direct participation in hostilities and the consequent loss of protection against direct attack.
Variants Near CCK Receptors are Associated With Electrophysiological Responses to Pre-pulse Startle Stimuli in a Mexican American Cohort
Authors: Norden-Krichmar Trina M. , Gizer Ian R. , Phillips Evelyn , Wilhelmsen Kirk C. , Schork Nicholas J. , Ehlers Cindy L.
Published: November 2015

Neurophysiological measurements of the response to pre-pulse and startle stimuli have been suggested to represent an important endophenotype for both substance dependence and other select psychiatric disorders. We have previously shown, in young adult Mexican Americans (MA), that presentation of a short delay acoustic pre-pulse, prior to the startle stimuli can elicit a late negative component at about 400 msec (N4S), in the event-related potential (ERP), recorded from frontal cortical areas. In the present study, we investigated whether genetic factors associated with this endophenotype could be identified. The study included 420 (age 18–30 years) MA men (n= 170), and women (n= 250). DNA was genotyped using an Affymetrix Axiom Exome1A chip. An association analysis revealed that theCCKARandCCKBR(cholecystokinin A and B receptor) genes each had a nearby variant that showed suggestive significance with the amplitude of the N4S component to pre-pulse stimuli. The neurotransmitter cholecystokinin (CCK), along with its receptors,CCKARandCCKBR, have been previously associated with psychiatric disorders, suggesting that variants near these genes may play a role in the pre-pulse/startle response in this cohort.
Feasibility of an Exercise Program for Older Depressive Inpatients
Authors: Heissel Andreas , Vesterling Anou , White Stephanie A. , Kallies Gunnar , Behr Diana , Arafat Ayman M. , Reischies Friedel M. , Heinzel Stephan , Budde Henning
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Twelve older inpatients (M age = 66.8) with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) participated in this controlled pilot trial either in a physical exercise group (PEG; n = 6; aerobic, strength, and coordination exercises) or an active control group (ACG; n = 6; relaxation exercises) twice a week for four weeks. While depressive symptoms decreased in both groups, reduction of symptoms was significantly larger in the PEG. However, the PEG had higher BDI scores compared to the ACG at pretest. Neurocognitive functioning and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration did not change significantly. A four-week exercise program may be a feasible adjunct therapy in older MDD patients but the efficacy of the program needs to be proven with larger samples.
Managing the Carbon Cycle Requires Strong Science
Authors: McKinley Galen , Carlson Craig , Andrews Arlyn , Brown Daniel , Romero-Lankao Paty , Shrestha Gyami
Published: November 2015

For future climate change mitigation strategies to be effective, carbon cycle science must receive a major boost.
MicroRNA-22 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in gastric cancer by directly targeting MMP14 and Snail
Authors: Zuo Q-F , Cao L-Y , Yu T , Gong L , Wang L-N , Zhao Y-L , Xiao B , Zou Q-M
Published: November 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) deregulation is frequent in human gastric cancers (GCs), but the role of specific miRNAs involved in this disease remains elusive. MiR-22 was previously reported to act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in diverse cancers. However, their accurate expression, function and mechanism in GC are largely unclear. Here, we found that the expression of miR-22 was significantly reduced in clinical GC tissues compared with paired adjacent normal tissues, and was significantly correlated with a more aggressive phenotype of GC in patients, and miR-22 low expression correlated with poor overall survival. The introduction of miR-22 markedly suppressed GC cell growth, migration and invasion, and inhibition of miR-22 promoted GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. We further demonstrated that miR-22 acted as tumor suppressors through targeting extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling member matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer Snail in GC. Moreover, ectopic expression of MMP14 or Snail restored inhibitory effects of miR-22 on cell migration and invasion in GC cells, and a negative relationship between the miR-22 expression and MMP14 or Snail mRNA levels was observed in GC. Finally, overexpression of miR-22 suppressed tumor growth, peritoneal dissemination and pulmonary metastasis in vivo. Taken together, we identified that miR-22 is a potent tumor suppressor in GC. MiR-22 downregulation promotes GC invasion and metastasis by upregulating MMP14 and Snail, and then inducing ECM remodeling and EMT. These findings provide a better understanding of the development and progression of GC and may be an important implication for future therapy of the GC.
In non-transformed cells Bak activates upon loss of anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 but in the absence of active BH3-only proteins
Authors: Senft D , Weber A , Saathoff F , Berking C , Heppt M V , Kammerbauer C , Rothenfusser S , Kellner S , Kurgyis Z , Besch R , Häcker G
Published: November 2015

Mitochondrial apoptosis is controlled by proteins of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family. Pro-apoptotic members of this family, known as BH3-only proteins, initiate activation of the effectors Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), which is counteracted by anti-apoptotic family members. How the interactions of Bcl-2 proteins regulate cell death is still not entirely clear. Here, we show that in the absence of extrinsic apoptotic stimuli Bak activates without detectable contribution from BH3-only proteins, and cell survival depends on anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 molecules. All anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins were targeted via RNA interference alone or in combinations of two in primary human fibroblasts. Simultaneous targeting of B-cell lymphoma-extra large and myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 led to apoptosis in several cell types. Apoptosis depended on Bak whereas Bax was dispensable. Activator BH3-only proteins were not required for apoptosis induction as apoptosis was unaltered in the absence of all BH3-only proteins known to activate Bax or Bak directly, Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death, BH3-interacting domain death agonist and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis. These findings argue for auto-activation of Bak in the absence of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and provide evidence of profound differences in the activation of Bax and Bak.
iJGVD: an integrative Japanese genome variation database based on whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Yamaguchi-Kabata Yumi , Nariai Naoki , Kawai Yosuke , Sato Yukuto , Kojima Kaname , Tateno Minoru , Katsuoka Fumiki , Yasuda Jun , Yamamoto Masayuki , Nagasaki Masao
Published: November 2015

The integrative Japanese Genome Variation Database (iJGVD; http://ijgvd.megabank.tohoku.ac.jp/) provides genomic variation data detected by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Japanese individuals. Specifically, the database contains variants detected by WGS of 1,070 individuals who participated in a genome cohort study of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project. In the first release, iJGVD includes >4,300,000 autosomal single nucleotide variants (SNVs) whose minor allele frequencies are >5.0%.
Acute loss of TET function results in aggressive myeloid cancer in mice
Authors: An Jungeun , González-Avalos Edahí , Chawla Ashu , Jeong Mira , López-Moyado Isaac F. , Li Wei , Goodell Margaret A. , Chavez Lukas , Ko Myunggon , Rao Anjana
Published: November 2015

TET-family dioxygenases oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA, and exert tumour suppressor activity in many types of cancers. Even in the absence of TET coding region mutations, TET loss-of-function is strongly associated with cancer. Here we show that acute elimination of TET function induces the rapid development of an aggressive, fully-penetrant and cell-autonomous myeloid leukaemia in mice, pointing to a causative role for TET loss-of-function in this myeloid malignancy. Phenotypic and transcriptional profiling shows aberrant differentiation of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, impaired erythroid and lymphoid differentiation and strong skewing to the myeloid lineage, with only a mild relation to changes in DNA modification. We also observe progressive accumulation of phospho-H2AX and strong impairment of DNA damage repair pathways, suggesting a key role for TET proteins in maintaining genome integrity.