bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence: Implications for the future of work
Authors: Howard John
Published: August 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad transdisciplinary field with roots in logic, statistics, cognitive psychology, decision theory, neuroscience, linguistics, cybernetics, and computer engineering. The modern field of AI began at a small summer workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956. Since then, AI applications made possible by machine learning (ML), an AI subdiscipline, include Internet searches, e‐commerce sites, goods and services recommender systems, image and speech recognition, sensor technologies, robotic devices, and cognitive decision support systems (DSSs). As more applications are integrated into everyday life, AI is predicted to have a globally transformative influence on economic and social structures similar to the effect that other general‐purpose technologies, such as steam engines, railroads, electricity, electronics, and the Internet, have had. Novel AI applications in the workplace of the future raise important issues for occupational safety and health. This commentary reviews the origins of AI, use of ML methods, and emerging AI applications embedded in physical objects like sensor technologies, robotic devices, or operationalized in intelligent DSSs. Selected implications on the future of work arising from the use of AI applications, including job displacement from automation and management of human‐machine interactions, are also reviewed. Engaging in strategic foresight about AI workplace applications will shift occupational research and practice from a reactive posture to a proactive one. Understanding the possibilities and challenges of AI for the future of work will help mitigate the unfavorable effects of AI on worker safety, health, and well‐being.
Synthesis of noble‐metal‐free ternary K7HNb6O19/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/g‐C3N4 tandem heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic performance under visible light
Authors: Zhou Xue‐Jun , Zhao Dan , Li Xin‐Xiong , Sun Yan‐Qiong , Zheng Shou‐Tian
Published: August 2019

Exploring noble‐metal‐free, highly active and durable catalysts is vital to get to grips with the energy and environmental issues. Herein, we first dexterously design and synthesize a class of ternary Nb6/CZS/g‐CN photocatalysts for the removal of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) and organic dye pollutant (MO) from wastewater under visible‐light irradiation. A heterojunction Nb6–1/CZS/g‐CN loaded with 0.01 g K7HNb6O19 showed excellent photocatalytic performance, with the MO photodegradation efficiency of 94% in 1 h and the Cr (VI) (150 mg/l) photoreduction efficiency as high as 91% in 2 hr. The main active species were deemed to be O2.‐. Additionally, the as‐prepared ternary heterojunction exhibits superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rate. A heterojunction Nb6–4/CZS/g‐CN loaded with 0.5 g K7HNb6O19 exhibited the highest H2 evolution rate as high as 1777.86 μmol h−1 g−1 under visible‐light illumination, which is increased to 5.7 and 2.7 times that of bare CZS and biphase heterojunction CZS/g‐CN. These findings afford a new class of promising low‐cost photocatalyst bodying for its huge potential value in sustainable energy development and wastewater treatment.
Robust output‐based controller design for enlarging the region of attraction of input saturated linear systems
Authors: Mera Manuel , Salgado Iván , Chairez Isaac
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to design a constrained robust output feedback control strategy for stabilizing linear systems affected by uncertainties and output perturbations. The input is constrained by a saturation function. A classical Luenberger observer reconstructed the states from output observations. The state feedback control employed the estimated states given by the observer. This work proposed a Barrier Lyapunov Function (BLF) to manage the saturation problem in the control input. Moreover, an extended version of the attractive ellipsoid method (AEM) characterized the zone of convergence due the presence of perturbations in the output. A convex optimization procedure, formulated as a set of matrix inequalities, yielded the control parameters and the region of attraction for the close‐loop system as well as a minimal ultimately bounded set for the system trajectories. Numerical simulations supported the theoretical results formulated in this study.
Versatile Synthesis of Vanadium(III, IV, V) Oxides@Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites and Evaluation of their Lithium and Sodium Storage Performances
Authors: Liu Xuelian , Depaifve Sébastien , Leyssens Tom , Hermans Sophie , Vlad Alexandru
Published: August 2019

Vanadium oxides (VOx) have been extensively investigated over the past years as promising electrode materials for alkali ion batteries owing to their rich and interesting electrochemical properties. Further improvements on electrochemistry of VOx materials have been possible by working at the nanoscale as well as by realising hierarchical composites with various carbon allotropes. However, the nanocomposite synthesis methods are not always efficient, nor green, requiring either expensive precursors, extended synthesis time or harmful reagents. Herein, we report on rapid and environmentally friendly synthesis methods of a library of VOx@rGO composites via impregnation and hydrothermal protocols using a cheap and commercially available V2O5 precursor. Different oxidation states, crystalline phases and nanoscale morphologies can be reproducibly accessed and their physico‐chemical properties have been characterized. The electrochemical properties (lithium and sodium ion storage) of the synthesized VOx@rGO nanocomposites and phases have been critically inter‐compared between these but also with respect to commercial (CM) VOx‐based electrodes. Whereas nanostructuring is found to impact the power‐rate performances, the amount of stored charge and the cycling stability are sensitively dependent on the cycling potential window, while being minorly affected by the morphology and synthesis method. The composites are also found to exhibit different electrochemistry for sodium storage, with more sloping potential profiles. Peculiarly, the synthesized V2O3@rGO composite shows no signs of electrochemical activity pointing towards the electrochemical inertness of this particular V2O3 composite and phase. This work could serve as reference for future developments on this class of important battery materials as it is one of the few studies describing a comprehensive and comparative study of several different influential parameters on the electrochemical behaviour of vanadium oxides in different oxidation states, crystalline phases and morphologies.
Therapeutic endobronchial resection of a benign tumor in a patient with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Gohy Sophie , Hoton Delphine , Froidure Antoine
Published: August 2019

This report highlights the usefulness of bronchoscopy in case of recurrent pneumonia with the same localization even in CF patients where the presence of bronchiectasis as promoting factor of infections could delay the diagnosis.
Appendicorectal fistula with a novel solution: First case report and review of the literature
Authors: McCrystal Shaun , Kong Joseph , Gourlas Peter , Morris Bradley , Lutton Nicholas
Published: August 2019

Appendicorectal fistula can be a cause of chronic abdominal pain, forming years after an occult episode of appendicitis. It can be diagnosed with Colonoscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and successfully treated surgically with laparoscopic appendicectomy and stapled segmental cuff resection of the rectum.
A case of paediatric bladder bilharzioma in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Pinto Sohan Zane , Friedman Robin , Van Den Berg Eunice Joy
Published: August 2019

On cystoscopy, a polypoidal tumor was observed and biopsied, and histology confirmed it to be an inflammatory mass with schistosoma eggs called a bilharzioma. We highlight this case to emphasize the silent destructive potential of schistosomiasis which the World Health Organization considers a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). A high degree of suspicion is often needed at the primary health care level to prevent morbidity.
In Situ Transformation of Prussian‐Blue Analogue‐Derived Bimetallic Carbide Nanocubes by Water Oxidation: Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: He Bowen , Kuang Panyong , Li Xiaohe , Chen Hu , Yu Jiaguo , Fan Ke
Published: August 2019

Using bimetallic Prussian blue analogue (PBA) as a precursor is effective for preparing electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER); however, the role of these PBA‐derived catalysts in the OER is still ambiguous. Herein, by simply controlling synthesis temperature, a bimetallic PBA‐derived O,N‐codoped Ni–Fe carbide, can be well tuned to optimize structure and OER performance. Importantly, by a series of ex situ and in situ investigations, real active species of NiFeOxHy are in situ formed on the surface during the OER, which reveals a “pre‐catalyst” role of O,N‐codoped Ni–Fe carbides. Furthermore, it has been successfully applied to highly efficient Zn–air batteries and outplays its RuO2 counterpart. When applied to photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation as the co‐catalyst, it improves the performance of the BiVO4 photoanode by enhancing hole collecting and transporting ability. We believe this research not only provides a highly efficient and low‐cost electrocatalyst for the OER, but also unveils the “pre‐catalyst” role of PBA‐derived materials in energy‐storage and conversion devices.
Chromium Oxide Tetrafluoride and Its Reactions with Xenon Hexafluoride; the [XeF5]+ and [Xe2F11]+ Salts of the [CrVIOF5]−, [CrVOF5]2−, [CrV2O2F8]2−, and [CrIVF6]2− Anions
Authors: Goettel James T. , Bortolus Mark R. , Stuart Daniel G. , Mercier Hélène P. A. , Schrobilgen Gary J.
Published: August 2019

Molten mixtures of XeF6 and CrVIOF4 react by means of F2 elimination to form [XeF5][Xe2F11][CrVOF5]⋅2 CrVIOF4, [XeF5]2[CrIVF6]⋅2 CrVIOF4, [Xe2F11]2[CrIVF6], and [XeF5]2[CrV2O2F8], whereas their reactions in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (aHF) and CFCl3/aHF yield [XeF5]2[CrV2O2F8]⋅2 HF and [XeF5]2[CrV2O2F8]⋅2 XeOF4. Other than [Xe2F11][MVIOF5] and [XeF5][MVI2O2F9] (M=Mo or W), these salts are the only Group 6 oxyfluoro‐anions known to stabilize noble‐gas cations. Their reaction pathways involve redox transformations that give [XeF5]+ and/or [Xe2F11]+ salts of the known [CrVOF5]2− and [CrIVF6]2− anions, and the novel [CrV2O2F8]2− anion. A low‐temperature Raman spectroscopic study of an equimolar mixture of solid XeF6 and CrOF4 revealed that [Xe2F11][CrVIOF5] is formed as a reaction intermediate. The salts were structurally characterized by LT single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and LT Raman spectroscopy, and provide the first structural characterizations of the [CrVOF5]2− and [CrV2O2F8]2− anions, where [CrV2O2F8]2− represents a new structural motif among the known oxyfluoro‐anions of Group 6. The X‐ray structures show that [XeF5]+ and [Xe2F11]+ form ion pairs with their respective anions by means of Xe‐ ‐ ‐F–Cr bridges. Quantum‐chemical calculations were carried out to obtain the energy‐minimized, gas‐phase geometries and the vibrational frequencies of the anions and their ion pairs and to aid in the assignments of their Raman spectra.
Population ecology and the management of whale watching operations on a data‐deficient dolphin population
Authors: Fumagalli Maddalena , Cesario Amina , Costa Marina , Notarbartolo di Sciara Giuseppe , Harraway John , Slooten Elisabeth
Published: August 2019

Whale watching is a popular commercial activity, producing socio‐ecological benefits but also potential long‐term effects on the targeted cetacean population. This industry is currently developing in data‐deficient contexts in a largely unregulated fashion. Management schemes should adopt precaution and be informed by the relevant literature, but would be more effective if the assessment of the target population vulnerability, biological impacts, and management implications was drawn from site‐specific data.

This paper focuses on a reef‐associated, data‐deficient population of spinner dolphins in the Egyptian Red Sea. In Satayah Reef, new information on population size and dynamic parameters were documented using visual observation and photo‐identification‐based capture–recapture methods (Cormack–Jolly–Seber time‐since‐marking model).

Dolphins occurred on 98% of the survey days. Average school size was 66 individuals (±42.1 SE), with most groups including calves. The population was equally divided into recurrent and transient individuals. An “emigration + mortality” model best described residence at the site. Five recurrent males (5% of the Satayah population) provided connectivity between this and the geographically close population of Samadai Reef.

Average annual survival probability was 0.83 (±0.06 SE) in the year following first capture and 0.99 (±0.06 SE) for recurrent individuals. Mean yearly population sizes ranged 143–207 individuals.

The study had the power to detect a 30% decline in the population, but not the rate of change in abundance estimated from the data (r = 0.018 ± 0.04), which would have required a 3‐ to 5‐times longer study.

Synthesis and application: These findings advance the assessment of the Satayah population's intrinsic vulnerability and have three major management applications: (a) the delineation of management units; (b) the identification of key indicators for future impact monitoring and assessment; and (c) realistic estimates of the statistical power for trend detection. Based on our results, we recommend supporting future research, devising site‐specific time–area closure plans, and integrating them in a regional scheme. Approaches employed in this case study can inform the management of whale watching industries targeting other data‐deficient populations.
Thermal variability drives synchronicity of an aquatic insect resource pulse
Authors: Anderson Heidi E. , Albertson Lindsey K. , Walters David M.
Published: August 2019

Spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions can prolong food availability by desynchronizing the timing of ephemeral, high‐magnitude resource pulses. Spatial patterns of water temperature are highly variable among rivers as determined by both natural and anthropogenic features, but the influence of this variability on freshwater resource pulse phenology is poorly documented. We quantified water temperature and emergence phenology of an aquatic insect (salmonfly, Pteronarcys californica) resource pulse in two rivers characterized by differing catchment topography and human impact. Along both rivers, salmonfly emergence occurred earlier where spring temperatures were warmer. Emergence events were brief (4–8 d) at sites in the more human‐impacted river, but occurred asynchronously along the entire river, lasting 27 d in total. In contrast, emergence events were more prolonged (6–11 d) at sites on the more natural and topographically complex river, but occurred synchronously along the entire river, lasting 13 d in total. These scale‐specific differences in subsidy duration could have opposing consequences for salmonfly consumers depending on their mobility and foraging habits. Asynchronous emergence at a large scale is potentially most important for mobile consumers like birds and fish that can migrate to feed on aquatic insects and track resource waves across a landscape, whereas prolonged emergence duration at a smaller scale may be most important for immobile or opportunistic consumers like spiders and ants. Relating environmental heterogeneity and resource pulse phenology across a gradient of human impact and at multiple spatial scales is needed for a better understanding of how food availability, aquatic–terrestrial linkages, and consumer–resource dynamics may change with climate variability and increasing human activity in the future.
A New Look on Larger Sulfur and Selenium Rings – Dispersion Forces and Shapes of Larger Cycles
Authors: Gleiter Rolf , Haberhauer Gebhard , Rominger Frank
Published: August 2019

In this paper we discuss the shape of sulfur and selenium rings S6 to S20 and Se6 to Se20. The sizes and conformations of the sulfur rings are known by X‐ray data. A comparison between the results of B3LYP/cc‐pVTZ, B3LYP‐D3/cc‐pVTZ, and B3LYP‐D3BJ/cc‐pVTZ calculations reveals structural relaxation dispersion energy values of 3.0 kJ/mol (S10) and 19.4 kJ/mol (S18) for the sulfur allotropes. In the case of selenium rings, we investigated rings with the same size. We found that at low temperatures the selenium rings Se13, Se14, Se18 and Se20 should be more stable than Se8 if the empirical dispersion corrections D3 and D3BJ are taken into account. All larger rings reveal structural relaxation dispersion between 6.0 kJ/mol (Se10) and 34.7 kJ/mol (Se18). Furthermore, the calculations reveal that the consideration of the dispersion energy using the correction terms D3 and D3BJ leads in some cases to a distortion of the molecular structure accompanied by a degradation of the molecular symmetry. In these cases, the transannular distances strongly depend on the method used and the difference sometimes amounts to more than 1 Å. For the structural relaxation dispersion energy, the following applies: A few short noncovalent bonds are better than many medium‐sized ones. The structural distortion is also found in the X‐ray data which stresses the importance of the usage of the dispersion correction terms for the structural investigation of these cycles.
A detailed investigation of the model influencing parameters of the phase‐field fracture approach
Authors: Bilgen Carola , Kopaničáková Alena , Krause Rolf , Weinberg Kerstin
Published: August 2019

Phase‐field approaches to fracture are gaining popularity to compute a priori unknown crack paths. In this work the sensitivity of such phase‐field approaches with respect to its model specific parameters, that is, the critical length of regularization, the degradation function and the mobility, is investigated. The susceptibility of the computed cracks to the setting of these parameters is studied for problems of linear and finite elasticity. Furthermore, the convergence properties of different solution strategies are analyzed. Monolithic and staggered solution schemes for the solution of the arising nonlinear discrete systems are studied in detail. To conclude, we demonstrate the versatility of the phase‐field fracture approach in a real‐world problem by comparing different simulations of conchoidal fracture using structured and unstructured meshes.
Planned home birth in Slovenia—Are we ready?
Authors: Takač Iztok , Belak Urška , Gorjup Denis , Kavšek Gorazd , Macun Eva , Medved Robert , Mihevc Ponikvar Barbara , Mole Helena , Mujezinović Faris , Najdenov Peter , Prelec Anita , Premru Sršen Tanja , Mikluš Milena , Serdinšek Tamara , Sobočan Monika , Steblovnik Lili , Tičar Zdenka , Horvat Martina , Jamšek Tina , Arko Darja
Published: August 2019

Nowadays, women want a more intimate and familiar atmosphere during labour, which results in increased planned home birth rates. Every woman has the autonomy to decide where she will give birth; however, it is important that she is informed of risks and advantages beforehand. Home births can be distinguished between planned and unplanned home births. Planned home births can be conducted by professional birth attendants (licensed midwives) or birth assistants (doulas, etc). The rates of Slovenian women who decided to deliver at home are increasing year by year.

Researches on home births still present discordant data about home birth safety. Their findings have shown that the main advantage of home birth is a spontaneous birth without medical interventions, especially in multiparous low‐risk women. The main disadvantage, however, is a higher risk for neonatal death, in particular on occurrence of complications requiring a transfer to hospital and surgical intervention. Global guidelines emphasize careful selection of candidates suitable for home birth, well‐informed pregnant women, education of birth attendants, and strict formation of transfer indications.
Perspectives of a pharmacist‐run pharmacogenomic service for depression in interdisciplinary family medicine practices
Authors: Weinstein Sara , Carroll Joni C. , Jukic Sejla , Mcgivney Melissa Somma , Klatt Patricia
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Pharmacists in primary care practices are uniquely positioned to use pharmacogenomic data to drive personalized medical treatment for patients with depression. To date, there are limited data exploring the implementation and utility of a pharmacist‐run pharmacogenomic service within physician office practices. This project explored pharmacist and physician perspectives on how to implement a pharmacist‐run pharmacogenomic service to optimize pharmacotherapy and aid in informed decision‐making when initiating treatment for depression in primary care practices.

Methods

Family medicine physicians and their associated pharmacists were invited via email to participate in semi‐structured, key informant interviews with a pharmacist investigator. Interview questions were informed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were independently coded by two investigators. Coding discrepancies were resolved. A thematic analysis was performed.

Results

Twenty‐one interviews were conducted. Six major themes emerged upon analysis: (1) Utilizing pharmacogenomics in the primary care setting may be a tool to help individualize initial medication selection for patients with depression; (2) Implementing a pharmacist‐driven pharmacogenomics service begins with a prescriber‐patient interaction and includes a subsequent team‐based approach with open lines of communication; (3) Trained pharmacists who have collaborative relationships with an outpatient physician practice should interpret pharmacogenomic results and select appropriate pharmacotherapy; (4) Appropriate patient selection, engagement, and education are critical factors to consider when designing a pharmacist‐driven pharmacogenomics service; (5) Patient monitoring and follow‐up responsibilities will be shared amongst team members and; (6) Education on Interpretation and Implementation of Pharmacogenomic Data for the Treatment of Depression is Necessary for Health Care Professionals.

Conclusions

Physicians and pharmacists view pharmacogenomics as a useful tool to individualize pharmacotherapy for patients with depression. Team‐based care is required for patient engagement, effective communication, and follow‐up. Pharmacists are key team members who will interpret pharmacogenomic results and provide requisite recommendations.
Three‐dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Lin Weimin , Chen Miao , Qu Tao , Li Jidong , Man Yi
Published: August 2019

Electrospinning technology has been widely used in the past few decades to prepare nanofibrous scaffolds that mimic extracellular matrices. However, traditional two‐dimensional (2D) electrospun nanofibrous mats still have some inherent disadvantages for bone tissue engineering, such as limited cell infiltration and lack of three‐dimensional (3D) structure. The development of 3D electrospun scaffolds with larger pore sizes and porosity provides new perspectives for electrospinning‐based tissue engineering scaffolds. However, there are still some challenges and areas for improvement. In this review, the applications of 3D electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering from its fabrication methods to bio‐functionalization are summarized, with the aim of providing new insights into the design of electrospinning‐based bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
Identification and functional expression of two subtypes of glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase differently regulating triacylglyceride synthesis during ovary development in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis
Authors: Zhu Wangling , Guo Qing , Cheng Yongxu , Wu Xugan
Published: August 2019

Triacylglycerides (TAG) are a pivotal nutrient for crustacean reproduction, rapidly accumulating in gonads and hepatopancreas during the ovary development. Glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is the enzyme catalyzing the first step in TAG synthesis. In the present study, two EsGPATs subtypes (EsGPAT1 and EsGPAT2) were identified and characterized. The transcript of EsGPAT1 was highly expressed in thoracic ganglia, hepatopancreas and ovary, while EsGPAT2 was mainly detected in nervous tissues and intestine. During the ovary development, in hepatopancreas, the expression levels of EsGPAT1 increased from Stage I to its maximum at Stage IV and then declined sharply. The transcription levels of EsGPAT2 were highest at Stage I and then gradually declined to reach its minimum at Stage IV. In ovaries, the EsGPAT1 expression levels increased from Stage I to reach its maximum at Stage IV and then declined. The transcription levels of EsGPAT2 reached the peak at Stage I and then declined to the minimum at Stage III. In situ hybridization revealed they were both located in the F cells and R cells of hepatopancreas and all types of cells at Stage I, the follicle cells and the exogenous vitellogenic oocytes at Stage III and nearly mature oocytes at Stage IV of the ovary. In addition, the knockdown of EsGPAT1 downregulated the expression levels of downstream genes in TAG synthesis pathway, but it was not observed in RNAi treatment group of EsGPAT2. These results indicate that the two EsGPATs identified have different roles in TAG metabolism during the ovarian development of E. sinensis.
Large homeomorphically irreducible trees in path‐free graphs
Authors: Furuya Michitaka , Tsuchiya Shoichi
Published: August 2019

A subgraph of a graph is a homeomorphically irreducible tree (HIT) if it is a tree with no vertices of degree two. Furuya and Tsuchiya [Discrete Math. 313 (2013), pp. 2206–2212] proved that every connected ‐free graph of order has a HIT of order at least , and Diemunsch et al [Discrete Appl. Math. 185 (2015), pp. 71–78] proved that every connected ‐free graph of order has a HIT of order at least . In this paper, we continue the study of HITs in path‐free graphs and bring to a conclusion proving the following three results: (a) If a connected graph satisfies the condition that every connected ‐free graph has a HIT of order , then is a path of order at most . (b) Every connected ‐free graph of order has a HIT of order at least . (c) Every connected ‐free graph of order has a HIT of order at least . Furthermore, we focus on a ‐free graph having large minimum degree, and prove that for a connected ‐free graph of order , if , then has a HIT of order greater than .
Evaluation of antioxidant peptides generated from Jiuzao (residue after Baijiu distillation) protein hydrolysates and their effect of enhancing healthy value of Chinese Baijiu
Authors: Jiang Yunsong , Sun Jinyuan , Yin Zhongtian , Li Hehe , Sun Xiaotao , Zheng Fuping
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Jiuzao is the residue after Bajiu distillation which is usually used as forage for livestock. However, it is not fully utilized yet considering the content of protein remained. The present study aimed to isolate antioxidant peptides from Jiuzao protein hydrolysates, then add these peptides into Baijiu product to enhance the healthy value of Baiju. Meanwhile environmental pollution caused by massive Jiuzao can be mitigated indirectly.

RESULTS

Four peptides Ala‐Tyr‐Ile(Leu) (AYI(L)) and Asp‐Arg‐Glu‐Ile(Leu) (DREI(L)) were identified from Jiuzao protein hydrolysates, the extraction contents of AYI + AYL and DREI + DREL were 896.10 and 110.51 mg kg−1 Jiuzao, respectively. On the one hand, antioxidant activities of these peptides were investigated. For in vitro antioxidant assays, AYI, AYL and DREI exhibited strong capacities in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Furthermore, three levels of four peptides were assessed by 2,2'‐azobis(2‐methylpropanimidamidine) (AAPH)‐induced HepG2 cells model. The results showed that these peptides exerted a degree of antioxidant activities in cells. Meanwhile, selected peptides concentrations according to cell assays remined at effective doses after in vitro digestion. On the other hand, the influence of these four peptides on the characteristic aroma compounds in Baijiu was studied. Most characteristic aroma compounds releases were increased with the addition of peptides.

CONCLUSION

In the study, antioxidant activities of peptides were evaluated, the feasibility of utilizing Jiuzao protein hydrolysates to obtain beneficial peptides was also proved. Healthy effect of Baijiu or other food can be increased by adding these functional substances. The findings might contribute to food application and Baijiu industries. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of transcutaneous and serum bilirubin before, under, and after phototherapy in term and late‐preterm infants
Authors: Yang Shu‐Ting , Liu Fen‐Chen , Chen Hsiu‐Lin
Published: August 2019

This study aimed to determine the correlation of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) with total serum bilirubin (TSB) in infants receiving phototherapy and the accuracy of TcB for deciding the time to discontinue phototherapy. Paired TcB and TSB levels were assessed in 52 term and 56 late‐preterm infants receiving phototherapy. TcB was measured in the unexposed skin of the middle forehead using a noninvasive bilirubin analyzer, BiliChek. TSB was measured every morning, and TcB was measured 2 hours after TSB measurements. Bland‐Altman plots, linear regression, multivariate pair wise correlation, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses were performed. Bland‐Altman plots before, under, and 24 hours after phototherapy in term and late‐preterm infants revealed that TcB and TSB have higher consistency. TcB and TSB showed positive linear correlation before, under, and after phototherapy in both infant groups. In the multivariate pair wise correlations, differences between TcB and TSB were negatively correlated with phototherapy duration in term (correlation coefficient = −0.233, P value = .001) and late‐preterm (correlation coefficient = −0.198, P value = .002) infants. Cutoff levels of TcB for discontinuing phototherapy based on the ROC analysis were 13.8 (sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 84%, area under the curve [AUC] 0.94) and 11.8 mg/dL (sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 88%, AUC 0.92) in term and late‐preterm infants, respectively. TcB and TSB before, under, and after phototherapy in both term and late‐preterm infants showed good correlation and higher consistency with jaundice. To reduce repetitive blood sampling for TSB, TcB measurement may be a reliable method for term and late‐preterm infants undergoing phototherapy.
Development of a Model to Predict Portal Vein Thrombosis in Liver Transplant Candidates: The Portal Vein Thrombosis Risk Index
Authors: Gaballa Daniel , Bezinover Dmitri , Kadry Zakiyah , Eyster Elaine , Wang Ming , Northup Patrick G. , Stine Jonathan G.
Published: August 2019

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is associated with inferior pretransplantation and posttransplantation outcomes. We aimed to create a predictive model to risk stratify transplant candidates for PVT. Data on adult transplants in the United States during the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) era through September 2016 were reviewed. We constructed and validated a scoring system composed of routine, readily available clinical information to predict the development of incident PVT at 12 months from transplantation listing. A total of 66,568 liver transplant candidates were dichotomized into 2 groups to construct (n = 34,751) and validate (n = 31,817) a scoring system. In general, the derivation and validation cohorts were clinically similar. Although nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was a significant predictor of incident PVT (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.08‐1.54; P < 0.001), age, MELD score, and moderate‐to‐severe ascites were also associated with increased risk. African American race was associated with decreased risk. A scoring system (PVT risk index [RI]) of these 5 variables had an area under the curve of 0.71 and 0.70 in both derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. By applying the low cutoff score of 2.6, incident PVT could be accurately excluded (negative predictive value 94%). Using the high cutoff score of 4.6 (positive predictive value 85%), PVT could be diagnosed with high accuracy. The PVT‐RI predicts which candidates awaiting lifesaving liver transplantation will and will not develop future PVT. Although this scoring system will require prospective validation, it provides a powerful new tool for the clinician when risk stratifying cirrhosis patients prior to liver transplantation for future PVT development.
Biosynthetic approach to combine the first steps of cardenolide formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rieck Christoph , Geiger Daniel , Munkert Jennifer , Messerschmidt Katrin , Petersen Jan , Strasser Juliane , Meitinger Nadine , Kreis Wolfgang
Published: August 2019

A yeast expression plasmid was constructed containing a cardenolide biosynthetic module, referred to as CARD II, using the AssemblX toolkit, which enables the assembly of large DNA constructs. The genes cloned into the vector were (a) a Δ5‐3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene from Digitalis lanata, (b) a steroid Δ5‐isomerase gene from Comamonas testosteronii, (c) a mutated steroid‐5β‐reductase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, and (d) a steroid 21‐hydroxylase gene from Mus musculus. A second plasmid bearing an ADR/ADX fusion gene from Bos taurus was also constructed. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain bearing these two plasmids was generated. This strain, termed “CARD II yeast”, was capable of producing 5β‐pregnane‐3β,21‐diol‐20‐one, a central intermediate in 5β‐cardenolide biosynthesis, starting from pregnenolone which was added to the culture medium. Using this approach, five consecutive steps in cardenolide biosynthesis were realized in baker's yeast.
Local interpolants for Numerov‐type methods and their implementation in variable step schemes
Authors: Medvedev Maxim A. , Simos Theodore E. , Tsitouras Charalampos
Published: August 2019

The classical explicit fourth‐order Numerov‐type method is considered. The equations of condition for deriving the corresponding interpolants are given. Then using a local error estimation, we may construct a stable variable step scheme. Applying this new implementation in a set of problems, we get very pleasant results.
Liouville‐type theorem for nonlinear elliptic equations involving p‐Laplace–type Grushin operators
Authors: Wei Yunfeng , Chen Caisheng , Chen Qiang , Yang Hongwei
Published: August 2019

In this article, we prove the Liouville‐type theorem for stable solutions of weighted p‐Laplace–type Grushin equations

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5886:mma5886-math-0001
and

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5886:mma5886-math-0002
where p ≥ 2, q>0 and
are nonnegative functions satisfying
and
as ‖z‖G ≥ R0 with p−Nγ<b<θ+p, R0,Ci(i=1,2) are some positive constants.

∇G=(∇x,(1+γ)|x|γ∇y),γ ≥ 0,
and
The results hold true for Nγ<μ0(p,b,θ) in and q>qc(p,Nγ,b,θ) in . Here, μ0 and qc are new exponents, which are always larger than the classical critical ones and depend on the parameters p,b and θ. Nγ=N1+(1+γ)N2 is the homogeneous dimension of
Efficient broadband linear polarization conversion metasurface based on %‐shape
Authors: Long Fei , Yu Shixing , Kou Na , Zhang Can , Ding Zhao , Zhang Zhengping
Published: August 2019

In this work, a high‐efficiency polarization conversion metasurface (MTS) is introduced, which has the ability to convert a linear polarization state to its orthogonal one. The proposed MTS of the unit cell is composed of cut‐rod and two unequal disks (like %‐shape), which can achieve cross‐polarized waves for both x‐ and y‐polarized normal incident waves. The electric and magnetic responses of this structure generate three plasmon resonances, which lead to the bandwidth extension of polarization rotation. The numerical simulations use the finite element method. It has been demonstrated that the polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is more than 0.95 from 8.85 GHz to 18.85 GHz. The maximum PCR is even nearly 1 at the three plasmon resonance frequencies. A prototype with an overall size of 9.13λ0 × 9.13λ0 × 0.11λ0 (where λ0 is the free‐space wavelength at the center frequency of the operating bandwidth) has been fabricated and measured. The experimental results agree well with the numerical ones, and validate broadband cross‐polarization reflections' performance of the proposed structure.
Technical Note: Characterization of x‐ray beam profiles for a fluoroscopic system incorporating copper filtration
Authors: Wunderle Kevin A. , Godley Andrew R. , Shen Zhilei Liu , Dong Frank F.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The goal of this study was to investigate x‐ray beam profiles at various water depths to characterize the two‐dimensional x‐ray dose distribution, allowing for off‐axis and out‐of‐field radiation dose estimation for a wide range of x‐ray beam spectra commonly encountered in fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures.

Methods

A Siemens Artis interventional fluoroscope was operated in a service mode to generate a continuous x‐ray beam at fixed x‐ray beam spectra, defined by their kVp and the thickness of additional copper filtration. A PTW scanning water tank with a diode detector was used to measure the x‐ray beam profiles at several depths in water at various fields of view and x‐ray beam spectra, both parallel and perpendicular to the anode‐cathode axis direction.

Results

X‐ray beam profiles, including out‐of‐field tails, were characterized for a wide range of beam qualities. The anode heel effect was pronounced even at depth, resulting in large dose variations across the x‐ray field; this effect was even more definite at large fields of view, at higher kVps, and in the absence of additional copper filtration.

Conclusions

This study investigated and characterized 2D radiation dose deposition in water from x‐ray beam spectra commonly used by modern fluoroscopes in interventional procedures. This knowledge can be applied to manual dosimetry calculations or can be used to refine the accuracy of automated dose mapping tools or Monte Carlo simulations of the radiation dose to soft tissue within the x‐ray field and to tissue adjacent to the primary beam. Additionally, this study illustrates a substantial reduction of the anode heel effect by using moderate amounts of additional copper filtration to harden the x‐ray beam spectrum.
The current status of nurses–doctors collaboration in clinical decision and its outcome in Tanzania
Authors: Mboineki Joanes Faustine , Chen Changying , Gerald Dolla Deo , Boateng Cecilia Amponsem
Published: August 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to establish the current level of collaboration between nurses and medical doctors (MDs) in the making of clinical decisions.

Design

Descriptive qualitative design was applied in this study.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data. Contents were arranged according to their similarities, whereas content analysis was used to identify explanatory themes.

Results

Nurses feel disrespected when medical doctors (MDs) ignore their opinions. The impression of lower level of education of nurses is seen as a cause to their opinions been ignored by the medical doctors. Nurses sometimes adhere to the instructions of MDs, but on other times, they carry on with their own proposed treatment.

Implications for nursing practices

Involvement of nurses in clinical decisions will enable nurses to effectively advocate for patients.
Evaluation of sustainable happiness with Sustainable Development Goals: Structural equation model approach
Authors: Aksoy Fadime , Bayram Arlı Nuran
Published: August 2019

The concept of sustainable development has become the focal point of modern debates. The purpose of sustainable development is to improve the quality of life of people of the world. It could only be possible to talk about sustainable welfare and happiness for all when and if we achieve sustainable development. In 2015, the United Nations developed the Sustainable Development Goals. In order to ensure the welfare and happiness of countries in the future, it is argued that these objectives should be achieved. In this study, it has been investigated whether the dimensions of sustainable development are effective in explaining the sustainable happiness that provides welfare and life satisfaction. For example, does economic freedom also lead to higher levels of happiness? Do environmental impacts have a direct impact on happiness beyond the effects on human health? Can social sustainability bring satisfaction to happiness in society? In this context, three dimensions of sustainable development were analyzed with respect to sustainable happiness by using the structural equation model. According to the analysis results, it was found that the environmental dimension of sustainable development has a positive correlation with sustainable happiness. Furthermore, another finding was that improvements in social sustainability have a positive effect on sustainable happiness. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant correlations between the economic dimension and sustainable happiness. The results support previous work and emphasize that sustainable development should be taken into account clearly to ensure sustainable happiness.
A regression discontinuity stochastic frontier model with an application to educational attainment
Authors: Johnes Geraint , Tsionas Mike G.
Published: August 2019

We extend the regression discontinuity design model to the case in which the line of best fit is replaced by a stochastic frontier. The method allows causality issues to be examined in a context where the performance measure is subject to inefficiency and where, in addition to the relationship between dependent and explanatory variables, there may be a discontinuity in the inefficiency measure at the break. The inefficiency scores are modelled as part of the system, but we follow a novel nonparametric approach. We illustrate the method with an application to data from Texas on class size and pupil performance, exploiting a Maimonides' rule discontinuity. We find that class size affects performance in the expected direction but that there is a corresponding effect in the opposite direction on efficiency. This may contribute to the difficulty experienced by the authors of earlier studies in identifying a class size effect.
A bootstrap‐augmented alternating expectation‐conditional maximization algorithm for mixtures of factor analyzers
Authors: Shreeves Phillip , Andrews Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2019

Finite mixture models are a popular approach for unsupervised machine learning tasks. Mixtures of factor analyzers assume a latent variable structure, thereby modelling the data in a lower dimensional space. Herein, we augment the traditional alternating expectation‐conditional maximization algorithm by incorporating the nonparametric bootstrap during the parameter estimation process. This augmentation is shown to improve discovery of both the true number of groups and the true latent dimensionality through simulations, while also showing superior clustering performance on benchmark data sets.
Mathematics as a factor in community college STEM performance, persistence, and degree attainment
Authors: Cohen Richard , Kelly Angela M.
Published: August 2019

Community colleges serve a vital role in the education of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors in the United States, however, most research to date on STEM pipeline persistence from academia to the workforce has focused on four‐year colleges, which limits understanding of the potential of two‐year pathways in diversifying STEM participation. One chronic issue is the vertical alignment of community college STEM education with workforce demands and advancement to baccalaureate institutions. This research builds upon prior work by exploring the initial mathematics enrollment and performance of STEM majors, and how this relates to demographic and socioeconomic variables and the likelihood of degree change from STEM to non‐STEM disciplines, graduation and transfer rates, attrition from college, science performance, and credit production. This explanatory observational study employed multiple regression techniques to examine transcript data from four cohorts of community college STEM majors (n = 1,511) over 3 years of enrollment in an institution in the Northeast U.S. Results indicated that students who first enrolled in remedial mathematics courses experienced a higher likelihood of changing to non‐STEM majors, greater attrition, lower credit production, weaker science performance, and lower rates of graduation and transfer to four‐year colleges. Students who completed developmental mathematics courses failed algebra and trigonometry at a rate of 68%, indicating remediation coursework did not prepare most students for the mathematics required for science degrees. Students who qualified for advanced mathematics as their entry level course outperformed students who first took lower level classes. Demographic variables and socioeconomic status had limited predictive value for STEM‐related outcomes. Results suggest that community college STEM majors may benefit from reconceptualized developmental curricula focused on essential skills for success in advanced mathematics and science, as well as clarity on transferable coursework and structured pathways to reach the milestones required for STEM degrees and careers.
The small, the big, and the beautiful: Emerging challenges and opportunities for waste stabilization ponds in Australia
Authors: Coggins Liah X. , Crosbie Nicholas D. , Ghadouani Anas
Published: August 2019

Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are used extensively for the treatment of wastewater in Australia, mostly in regional and remote areas. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using pond technologies are also distributed over the full geographical extent of Australia, encompassing many climatic zones. Predominantly used to service small to medium‐sized communities, WSPs are also used to service large metropolitan Australian populations, up to 2.5 million people. When well‐maintained, WSPs are a sustainable and resilient treatment option, and treatment is achieved at significantly lower cost when compared with conventional WWTPs. Increasing population, changing regulations, and climate variability are placing increasing pressure on Australian WSP systems. Sludge accumulation over time presents a significant challenge to pond maintenance, along with increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial bloom events. These challenges are only enhanced by the wide geographical distribution and by increasing operational and maintenance costs. Increased demand for recycled water is placing further pressure on Australian WSP systems, as higher value treated water is expected from WSP infrastructure that is often overloaded or under‐designed. This increased demand for high‐quality treatment presents an opportunity for operators and researchers to develop a better understanding of the coupling between hydraulics and microbial ecology of these systems. With more stringent guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), a better understanding of biophysicochemical processes in WSPs will lead to better estimates of GHG fluxes and variability. This information will become critical for the future planning, maintenance and operation of WSPs, and will result in a better understanding of WSP systems overall.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water