bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclooxygenase-1 Deficiency in Bone Marrow Cells Increases Early Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E– and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Null Mice
Authors: Babaev Vladimir R. , Ding Lei , Reese Jeff , Morrow Jason D. , Breyer Matthew D. , Dey Sudhansu K. , Fazio Sergio , Linton MacRae F.
Published: December 2005

Background—

Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and is expressed by the major cell types of atherosclerotic lesions. COX-1–mediated platelet thromboxane (TX) production has been proposed to promote both early atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Here, we examined the impact of COX-1 deficiency in bone marrow–derived cells on early atherogenesis in the mouse.

Methods and Results—

LDL receptor (LDLR)
−/−
and apolipoprotein E (apoE)
−/−
recipient mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with COX-1
−/−
bone marrow. Mice reconstituted with COX-1
−/−
marrow had nearly complete (99.7%) loss of platelet TXA
2
and significantly suppressed levels of macrophage and urinary TXA
2
metabolites. Serum lipid levels and lipoprotein distributions did not differ between recipients reconstituted with COX-1
+/+
and COX-1
−/−
marrow. Surprisingly, the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in both LDLR
−/−
and apoE
−/−
mice reconstituted with COX-1
−/−
marrow was increased significantly compared with control mice transplanted with COX-1
+/+
marrow. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from LDLR
−/−
mice reconstituted with COX-1
−/−
marrow had increased lipopolysaccharide-induced levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. Fetal liver cell transplantation studies revealed a 30% increase in atherosclerosis in COX-1
−/−
→LDLR
−/−
mice compared with COX-1
+/+
→LDLR
−/−
mice, whereas the extent of atherosclerosis was unchanged in COX-1
−/−
/COX-2
−/−
→LDLR
−/−
mice.

Conclusions—

COX-1 deficiency in bone marrow–derived cells worsens early atherosclerosis in apoE
−/−
and LDLR
−/−
mice despite virtual elimination of platelet TX production. These data demonstrate that platelet TX production does not aggravate early atherosclerotic lesion formation and that upregulation of COX-2 expression in COX-1
−/−
macrophages is proatherogenic.
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss
Authors: Poirier Paul , Giles Thomas D. , Bray George A. , Hong Yuling , Stern Judith S. , Pi-Sunyer F. Xavier , Eckel Robert H.
Published: December 2005

Obesity is becoming a global epidemic in both children and adults. It is associated with numerous comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, certain cancers, and sleep apnea/sleep-disordered breathing. In fact, obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD, and CVD risks have also been documented in obese children. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality as well as reduced life expectancy. Health service use and medical costs associated with obesity and related diseases have risen dramatically and are expected to continue to rise. Besides an altered metabolic profile, a variety of adaptations/alterations in cardiac structure and function occur in the individual as adipose tissue accumulates in excess amounts, even in the absence of comorbidities. Hence, obesity may affect the heart through its influence on known risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, inflammatory markers, obstructive sleep apnea/hypoventilation, and the prothrombotic state, in addition to as-yet-unrecognized mechanisms. On the whole, overweight and obesity predispose to or are associated with numerous cardiac complications such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, and sudden death because of their impact on the cardiovascular system. The pathophysiology of these entities that are linked to obesity will be discussed. However, the cardiovascular clinical evaluation of obese patients may be limited because of the morphology of the individual. In this statement, we review the available evidence of the impact of obesity on CVD with emphasis on the evaluation of cardiac structure and function in obese patients and the effect of weight loss on the cardiovascular system.
Communication and Racial Inequities in Health Care
Authors: Kreps Gary L.
Published: December 2005

There are striking inequities in health outcomes between racial and ethnic groups in the United States, with many groups experiencing significantly poorer health outcomes than members of the racial majority, White (non-Hispanic) health care consumers. These disturbing health disparities exist even when controlling for differences in income and health insurance. Racial disparities in health outcomes are related to communication problems within the health care system, which lead to unequal access to health information and inadequate participation in health care decision making. Specific strategies for improving health communication to overcome these problems and to help reduce disparities in health outcomes are suggested.
Integrating Culture Into Health Information for African American Women
Authors: Kreuter Matthew W. , Haughton Lorna T.
Published: December 2005

Communication can be a powerful tool for helping meet public health objectives, including eliminating disparities in disease burden that exist between different population subgroups. Health information culturally appropriate for a specific group may be more effective in capturing attention, stimulating information processing, and motivating changes in health behavior than information that does not integrate culture. This article (a) describes and compares different communication strategies and message tactics for integrating culture into health information; (b) examines in detail the process and impact of tailoring cancer prevention and screening information to African American women based on their individual levels of religiosity, collectivism, racial pride, and time orientation; and (c) critically analyzes data from a cultural tailoring study to illustrate pros and cons of customizing health information to the cultural characteristics of a population subgroup versus different individuals within that group.
Getting the Biggest Bang for Your Health Education Buck
Authors: Schneider Tamera R.
Published: December 2005

Health information is everywhere, but can it be presented to better promote behavior? Past research finds that framing messages can effectively motivate health behaviors. This article briefly summarizes the role of message framing in health promotion in the general population, investigates findings for medically underserved populations, and discusses the influence of targeting to group characteristics on increasing the persuasiveness of framed messages. The conclusion is that theory-driven approaches lead to more persuasive messages across socioeconomic status.
Suing for Europe
Authors: Kelemen R. Daniel
Published: December 2005

This article develops a conceptual framework linking processes of regional integration with transformations in litigation. The analysis fuses the work of American public law scholars and European integration experts to examine if, how, and why an American “adversarial legalism”-style is developing in the European Union (EU), why this is causally linked to processes of integration, and what this means for democracy in the EU. The article provides a systematic and comparative cross-sector analysis of EU policy to reveal both the change in rights available to citizens and how these affect legal claims and democracy.
From Psychological Need Satisfaction to Intentional Behavior: Testing a Motivational Sequence in Two Behavioral Contexts
Authors: Hagger Martin S. , Chatzisarantis Nikos L. D. , Harris Jemma
Published: December 2005

The present study tested a motivational sequence in which global-level psychological need satisfaction from self-determination theory influenced intentions and behavior directly and indirectly through contextual-level motivation and situational-level decision-making constructs from the theory of planned behavior. Two samples of university students (N = 511) completed measures of global-level psychological need satisfaction, contextual-level autonomous motivation, and situational-level attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and behavior in two behavioral contexts: exercise and dieting. A structural equation model supported the proposed sequence in both samples. The indirect effect was present for exercise behavior, whereas both direct and indirect effects were found for dieting behavior. Findings independently supported the component theories and provided a comprehensive integrated explanation of volitional behavior.
Belief in Supernatural Agents in the Face of Death
Authors: Norenzayan Ara , Hansen Ian G.
Published: December 2005

Four studies examined whether awareness of mortality intensifies belief in supernatural agents among North Americans. In Studies 1 and 2, mortality salience led to more religiosity, stronger belief in God, and in divine intervention. In Studies 3 and 4, mortality salience increased supernatural agent beliefs even when supernatural agency was presented in a culturally alien context (divine Buddha in Study 3, Shamanic spirits in Study 4). The latter effects occurred primarily among the religiously affiliated, who were predominantly Christian. Implications for the role of supernatural agent beliefs in assuaging mortality concerns are discussed.
Gender and the Solvency of Professionalism: Eastern German Journalism before and after 1989
Authors: Boyer Dominic
Published: December 2005

In this article, the author examines the intersection of gender, professionalism, and post-socialist transitions in East-Central Europe through a case study of the gender politics of journalistic labor in eastern Germany before and after the collapse of the German Democratic Republic from 1989 to 1990. Beginning with the concrete ethnographic problem that gender tends to be marginalized within eastern German journalists' contemporary narratives of professional experience and transition, the historical study offers clear evidence of the gendering of professional life both before and after 1989, and even of a notable shift in models of professional femininity. In the course of the article, the author builds toward the argument that the relative inattention to gender in post-socialist professional transitions can be retraced to what he describes as the “solvent” effect of professionalism upon social knowledge. By this, he means that professional economies of discourse and practice tend to subvert other dimensions of social knowledge (including gendered knowledge) in favor of professional identifications and meanings.
N. S. Khrushchev and the 1944 Soviet Family Law: Politics, Reproduction, and Language
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: December 2005

Faced with the demographic catastrophe of World War II, the Soviet Union tried to replace the dead by promulgating the pronatalist Family Law of 1944. The results would be many and varied, both planned and unintended. This article, based on recently declassified Soviet archives, analyzes highlevel discussions that preceded issuance of the new law and reveals N. S. Khrushchev, the future Soviet leader, as the measure's author. However, his clear statement of pronatalist goals was covered up by euphemisms regarding protection of mothers and children in all public versions. By comparing the internal and public texts, we can discover much about the interrelationship of reproduction, language, and politics in the postwar USSR.
Believing Is Seeing
Authors: Farough Steven D.
Published: December 2005

Empirical research on both whiteness and masculinity has paid little attention to how white men actually see race and gender. This article combines data gathered from a set of twenty-six intensive interviews and three photoethnographic interviews, along with poststructuralist and psychoanalytic theory, to explore the different ways white men visually interpret race and gender within particular social contexts. From the data, I offer a theoretical model called “the matrix of vision” that addresses how the visual field is constructed within discursive, structural, interactive, and geographic contexts. This article highlights how the field of vision is especially susceptible to making white men feel racialized and/or gendered. It contributes to more recent research on whiteness that presents the constructed character of white identity formation. It also adds to visual sociology literature by highlighting photographic work done by the respondents themselves and how visual sociology can contribute to nonvisual data.
The Habitus of Dancing
Authors: Doane Randal
Published: December 2005

This article uses Bourdieu’s cultural framework to analyze the social determinants and internal logic of a swing dance field in New York City. Using habitus, field, hexis, and cultural capital, the author offers an ethnographic analysis of how former members of punk subcultures transposed their durable, familial-based dispositions into the swing dance field. Likewise, this article explores the homologies between the fields of punk and swing and examines the influence of the agents’ class backgrounds. To conclude, the author considers possible extensions of Bourdieu for future studies of American leisure and consumption.
Digitization of the Experience Sampling Method
Authors: Chen Hsiang
Published: December 2005

The implementation and the assessment of the digital experience sampling method are reported in this article. The experience sampling method is transformed into a digital format and is examined in the Web environment to elicit online Web users’ experiences through multiple iterations of an online questionnaire. By sampling Web users’ online experiences and detecting Web users’ situated experiences from a time point very close to their actual experiences, this tool may collect reliable and valid data with minimal distortion. This tool may effectively and unambiguously tap Web users’ internal experiences associated with their use of the Web. Two empirical studies are reported to verify the usefulness of this method.
Are Foot Disorders Associated With Functional Limitation and Disability Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults?
Authors: Keysor Julie J. , Dunn Julie E. , Link Carol L. , Badlissi Fadi , Felson David T.
Published: December 2005

The objectives of this study are to examine whether specific foot disorders and ankle weakness and foot pain are related to functional limitations or disabilities in elders. Community-dwelling adults 65 and older were enrolled in a population-based, cross-sectional study of foot disorders and health outcomes. Demographics, health status, comorbidities, self-reported foot and knee pain, function and disability, and observed structural foot disorders, body mass index, and ankle muscle strength were assessed on 717 participants. The associations of foot disorders, foot pain, and ankle muscle weakness with function and disability were examined with regression analyses. Foot disorders were not associated with functional outcomes or disability. Ankle weakness was associated with performance-based function ( p = .005), self-report function ( p < .001), and disability ( p = .009). Foot pain was associated with self-report function ( p = .01) and disability ( p = .007). Foot pain and ankle weakness seem to be related to important health outcomes among older adults.
Culture + Intelligence
Authors: Ng Kok-Yee , Earley P. Christopher
Published: December 2005

Despite the extensive research on culture and intelligence in organizational psychology, little attention has been given to the integration of the two constructs. This special issue aims to stimulate new research directions by synthesizing the two streams of research. In this introduction to the special issue, we propose a framework that reflects and reconciles two different approaches to integrating culture and intelligence—the cultural variation of intelligence approach versus the cultural intelligence approach. Our focus is on the latter approach, which centers on validating the emerging construct called cultural intelligence—defined as the capability to be effective across cultural settings. Specifically, we discuss the measurement and substantive issues that future research should address in advancing our understanding of the cultural intelligence construct.
Cultural Intelligence in Organizations
Authors: Triandis Harry C.
Published: December 2005

Successful interaction across cultures requires cultural intelligence. Several aspects of cultural intelligence in organizations are described: suspending judgment until enough information about the other person becomes available; paying attention to the situation; cross-cultural training that increases isomorphic attributions, appropriate affect, and appropriate behaviors; matching personal and organizationally attributes; increasing the probability of appropriate organizational practices.
Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Brislin Richard , Worthley Reginald , Macnab Brent
Published: December 2005

Cultural intelligence has various meanings that can be looked on as complementary. On one hand, it refers to behaviors that are considered intelligent from the point of view of people in specific cultures. Such behaviors can include quick application of previously learned information in some cultures, getting along with kin in other cultures, and slow and deliberate consideration of alternative courses of action in still other cultures. On the other hand, cultural intelligence can also refer to the traits and skills of people who adjust quickly, with minimal stress, when they interact extensively in cultures other than the ones where they were socialized. The two uses of the term are related because people who want to be sensitive to other scan examine intelligence as it is defined and demonstrated in other cultures and can make adjustments in their own behaviors during their cross-cultural experiences.
Personality Correlates of the Four-Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Ang Soon , Van Dyne Linn , Koh Christine
Published: December 2005

We examine relationships between Big Five personality and the four-factor model of cultural intelligence (CQ)—metacognitive CQ, cognitive CQ, motivational CQ, and behavioral CQ. Hierarchical regression analyses conducted on data from 338 business undergraduates—after controlling for age, gender, and years of experience in interacting with people from other cultures—show significant links between (a) conscientiousness and metacognitive CQ; (b) agreeableness and emotional stability with behavioral CQ; (c) extra version with cognitive, motivational, and behavioral CQ; and (d) openness with all four factors of CQ. The intriguing finding of this study is that openness was the only Big Five that was significantly related to all four aspects of CQ. This differs from prior research on openness that found few significant relationships. Our results show that openness to experience is a crucial personality characteristic that is related to a person’s capability to function effectively in diverse cultural settings (CQ).
Cultural Intelligence in Global Teams
Authors: Janssens Maddy , Brett Jeanne M.
Published: December 2005

This article introduces a new, culturally intelligent model of collaboration for global teams that is intended to enhance the likelihood of such teams making creatively realistic decisions. The conceptualization for this new fusion model of global team collaboration draws on the culinary tradition of fusion cooking, current political theorizing about pluralistic societies, as well as theories of in formation processing and political decisionmaking. We describe how the fusion principle of coexistence facilitates information extraction and decision making, and we recommend formal interventions to counterbalance the unequal power relations among global team members. We contrast the fusion model to models of collaboration based on principles of the dominant coalition and of integration and/or identity, pointing out why fusion is a more culturally intelligent model for team collaboration, producing superior solutions to global problems.
Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Hampden-Turner Charles , Trompenaars Fons
Published: December 2005

Are claims to describe and measure cultural intelligence credible? Three major objections are discussed: (a) Cultures are said to be entirely relative in their values, so holding one culture to be more intelligent than another is discriminatory; (b) cultural studies are said to be a form of postmodernism, whereas to have one central definition of culture is modernist—an imposition of our own dominant beliefs; and (c) attempts to categorize cultures are said to be crude stereotypes lacking subject. The answer to the first objection is the synergy hypothesis: Values are relative, but they are more or less synergistic. The answer to the second objection is the complementary hypothesis: Cultures are different, even polar opposites, yet they converge in a fuller description. The answer to the third objection is the latency hypothesis, for which every value is given face value and its latent shadow lies behind it.
Mixed Methods in International Collaborative Research: The Experiences of the International Study of Parents, Children, and Schools
Authors: Harkness Sara , Moscardino Ughetta , Bermúdez Moisés Ríos , Zylicz Piotr Olaf , Welles-Nyström Barbara , Blom Marjolijn , Parmar Parminder , Axia Giovanna , Palacios Jesús , Super Charles M.
Published: December 2005

The power of a mixed-methods approach combining anthropological and psychological theories and methods is demonstrated through the experiences of the International Study of Parents, Children, and Schools, a collaborative project involving teams of researchers from seven Western countries. The developmental niche framework of Super and Harkness proved useful for integrating multiple methods to understand the context of children’s early development at home and at school. Several parts of the study are presented as illustrations: the development and application of a common list of descriptors for coding parents’ discourse about their children; the construction of a derived etic form of a child temperament questionnaire; the discovery and exploration of ideas and practices related to parent-child co-sleeping; and the identification of cultural themes across various kinds of data. The authors conclude that a combination of anthropological and psychological methods can enrich understanding of children’s development in various cultural settings.
The Role of Men in Chronic Supervisory Neglect
Authors: Coohey Carol , Zhang Ying
Published: December 2005

This study investigates whether parents' child care demand and resources, their capacity to provide adequate supervision, and their understanding of the supervision problem predict chronic supervisory neglect. A case-comparison design was used to compare families who had one isolated incident of supervisory neglect, who were involved with child protective services (CPS) because of a persistent supervision problem (2 years or less), and who were involved with CPS because of a chronic supervision problem (more than 2 years). When the mother's partner was not the father of her children or had a drug, alcohol, or mental health challenge, and when no one understood that there was a supervision problem or took responsibility for it, the problem was more likely to persist or become chronic. Therefore, when predicting whether a family will continue to provide inadequate supervision, it is important to also assess the mother's partner.
Relations of Parental Report and Observation of Parenting to Maltreatment History
Authors: Bennett David S. , Sullivan Margaret Wolan , Lewis Michael
Published: December 2005

Parenting assessments (the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale, CTSPC; and a mother-child observation) were examined for their ability to identify mothers with a history of physically abusing or neglecting their child. Participants were mothers of 139 children (age 3 to 6 years; 58 with a history of maltreatment). Mothers with a history of maltreatment reported higher scores on the Neglect, Nonviolent Discipline, and Psychological Aggression subscales of the CTSPC. These group differences, however, were limited to mothers who acknowledged a history of maltreatment, as mothers who concealed their maltreatment history rated themselves similar to controls. Observation of parental behaviors during a brief, nonstressful task did not discriminate mothers who maltreated from mothers who did not maltreat. The findings suggest that parental report using the CTSPC may be useful in assessing parenting behaviors among mothers with a history of maltreatment, although socially desirable responding is a significant problem.
Ecological Influences on the Sequelae of Child Maltreatment: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Zielinski David S. , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: December 2005

Numerous studies indicate that child maltreatment increases the risk for the development of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Great variations in outcome, however, have been noted among victims of maltreatment. From an ecological perspective, this review examines how the effects of maltreatment may be influenced by the contexts in which children develop, including their families, peer groups, schools, and communities. The literature reviewed suggests that contextual factors not only influence the incidence of maltreatment but also may moderate its developmental effects, thereby accounting for some of the heterogeneity in the outcomes associated with abuse and neglect. Closer examination of the influence contextual factors exert on the psychosocial sequelae of maltreatment will better inform the interventions, treatments, and public policies directed toward the maltreated population. Methodological considerations for conducting research in this area are also discussed.
The Ties That Bind Us, the Shadows That Separate Us
Authors: Poulos Christopher N.
Published: December 2005

This is an autoethnographic account of a family's struggle to respond to a series of tragic losses and to fend off the encroaching shadowthat descended on them in their grief. The story unfolds as a study of the redemptive power of story to penetrate the shadows of collective grief and speaks to the possibility of healing from tragedy through the fusion of dream and story into a new nexus of possibility.
Why We Must Win the War on Terror
Authors: Goodall H. L.
Published: December 2005

This article analyzes the political rhetoric of the War on Terror from a communication theories perspective within a cultural framework. Beginning with a reading of President Bush's rhetoric using ideas drawn from Charles R. Berger's reduction of uncertainty theory, the author proposes the international and pragmatic utility of a more inclusive and less fear-inspired narrative alternative. This narrative alternative can and should serve as a communicative ideal capable of reinforcing traditional American values of openness, honesty, dialogue, and the ability to change minds based on new and better information while at the same time well serving the strategic interests of national security.
Vicissitudes
Authors: Lieblich Amia
Published: December 2005

This article narrates the process whereby my work as a qualitative researcher has undergone some profound vicissitudes—from a study of life stories, to a popular book, and then to a play, each construction adding insight and meaning to the topic, and empowerment to the participants. The reflexive writing about these airs issues which normally remain undisclosed in academic reports. The study dealt with autobiographical narratives ofwomen in the New Family. The book represented these storied lives with the necessary alterations. The play brought the characters back to life, albeit a different life than the “real” one. The narrative of these transformations is presented in the context of the “ performance turn in the social sciences” on one hand, and the ethical concerns for the research participants and their life stories on the other hand.
Evaluation of a Police and Social Services Domestic Violence Program
Authors: Hovell Melbourne F. , Seid Arlene G. , Liles Sandy
Published: December 2005

The Family Violence Response Team (FVRT) responded to police calls for domestic violence and provided services to victims. Police records were followed for (a) 327 FVRT clients with an index police visit in 1998 and (b) 498 nonconcurrent controls with an index visit in 1997. Except for marriage, no demographic characteristics were associated with batterer recidivism, as measured by police calls. The between-group odds ratio (OR) suggested that FVRT clients experienced a 1.7 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.2 to 2.5) times greater recidivism rate than controls. Although increased reporting cannot be ruled out, results raise concerns about the effects of domestic violence interventions.
Interpersonal Violence at the Crossroads Between Adolescence and Adulthood
Authors: Kulkarni Shanti
Published: December 2005

This article examines partner violence at the crossroads between adolescence and adulthood by talking with adolescent mothers—young women who straddle that crossroad. Drawing on ethnographic interviews conducted with 30 adolescent mothers, the accounts of 13 young mothers were analyzed to shed light on the ways in which their experiences of partner violence intersected with their developmental stage. Thematic analysis produced four general categories of themes that included physical proximity of family members, chaos at home, growing up in the shadowof abuse, and making the relationship work. Implications for future research and practice are explored.
Protecting Prosecution
Authors: Römkens Renée
Published: December 2005

This article critically analyzes how the criminal justice system centrally situates itself in an intervention program intended to protect victims of domestic abuse and stalking. Based on the first empirical, in-depth study in the Netherlands of an intervention program using electronic technology that is increasingly used in the United States, results indicate how the central role of the criminal justice actors can evoke a shift toward foregrounding prosecutorial interests. Drawing from a critical theoretical understanding of the powers of law and the legal system, the author argues that current tendencies toward criminalization in domestic violence interventions can have an unintended violent impact for victims who are either excluded from the program or are forced into a criminal justice regime that might not be in their primary interest. In this study, women seem to actively navigate the use of the criminal justice system to receive the protection they need.
New Orleans and the Wisdom of Lived Space
Authors: Gibson Timothy
Published: December 2005

This essay contrasts the failures of technocratic planners with the wisdom of citizens embedded in lived space, and it argues that the successful reconstruction of New Orleans depends on mobilizing the knowledge of local residents. For this reason, a more democratic process should replace current efforts to plan the future in the absence of the city’s poor.
Remembering Katrina
Authors: Dear Michael
Published: December 2005

The terrifying and shameful images of Katrina and its aftermath are rapidly being replaced by “authorized” versions that sanitize, allocate blame, and create false heroes. This essay memorializes the victims by retrieving one almost lost image that truly commemorates the human suffering and criminal neglect that contributed to this enduring stain on a nation’s conscience.
Katrina and the Collapse of Civil Society in New Orleans
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: December 2005

The author offers a critical reading of the federal government’s responses to Hurricane Katrina and the hurricane’s effects on the city of New Orleans. A collapse of civil society was observed in the immediate aftermath of the hurricane. A plan for the democratic reconstruction of the city is outlined.
Suburbia, Mobility, and Urban Calamities
Authors: Bartling Hugh
Published: December 2005

Recent urban calamities in the United States glaringly exhibit a “mobility deficit” that is the culmination of inequitable planning decisions made in North American metropolitan areas over the past several decades. The power of an ideology that situates urban mobility overwhelmingly as a privatized practice remains one of the most pressing obstacles to urban social justice.
Speed, Desire, and Inaction in New Orleans
Authors: Tiessen Matthew
Published: December 2005

Hurricane Katrina demonstrates how the space-time compression described by Paul Virilio—a compression made possible by speed and technology—exists only within a space wherein that speed is desired and applied to accommodate particular interests. The desire for speed is most palpably made manifest when it is an enabler of power.
Visual Representation of the Victims of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Faux William V. , Kim Heeman
Published: December 2005

This study examines how minority victims of Hurricane Katrina are visually presented. The authors posit that the victims’ images intersect across multiple contexts, including history, economics, class, and race, among others. The authors invite both policy makers and researchers to adopt inclusive perspectives when exploring the complexities of human interaction.
Rethinking Trauma in the Hurricane’s Wake
Authors: Pintar Judith
Published: December 2005

Although a hurricane is a force of nature, its particular destructiveness and the resulting human misery are enabled by specific human acts and particular social conditions. Hurricane Katrina challenges us to recognize that psychological healing is possible for the victims of a catastrophe but that their healing is contingent on material changes in the social world.
Television News
Authors: Fry Katherine
Published: December 2005

Early network television coverage of Hurricane Katrina was a narrative of good versus evil. TV news placed itself in the role of hero fighting the evil that was government ineptitude. This narrative style of reporting is especially fitting to the medium of television, which shapes all stories to fit its parameters, and is common in natural disaster stories, which are, ultimately, stories not about nature but about people.
Death on the Roof
Authors: Molotch Harvey
Published: December 2005

The inadequacy of response to the catastrophe of Hurricane Katrina should not be attributed to “bureaucracy.” Real bureaucracies, as opposed to idealized Weberian models of them, often deal effectively with changing or even unique circumstance. The failure was not in a mode of social organization but in the perverse priorities, inflected with racism, that allowed “work to rule” as default practice. Given the situation at hand, this was pathological bureaucracy, not normal bureaucracy.
National Human Resource Development in Transitioning Societies in the Developing World: The Philippines
Authors: Paprock Kenneth E. , Yumol Benjamin , Atienza Theresita Villaroman
Published: December 2005

The problem and the solution. The Philippines continues to be an international exporter of human resources—a result of its highly educated and skilled workforce. Despite these achievements, the Philippines has failed to capture the national benefits of education—productivity growth, poverty reduction, and social development—an outcome with significant implications for the development of its human resources. This article explores national human resource development in the Philippines. It considers how this specific context and concomitant challenges can be used to inform national human resource development to improve the country’s competitiveness in the global market.
National Human Resource Development in Transitioning Societies in the Developing World: South Africa
Authors: Cunningham Peter W. , Lynham Susan A. , Weatherly Gail
Published: December 2005

The problem and the solution. South Africa as a developing country in the past decade has undergone a significant transformation in its national human resource development framework. Applying the holistic and integrative approach to human resource development of Harbison and Meyers, the social, political, and economic context of South Africa’s national human resource development is analyzed. The appropriateness of their approach is supported for the understanding of a transforming country’s national human resource development. It reinforces the contention that national human resource development must be understood in the context of a county’s historical roots, cultural values, education level, political system, and human resource development legislation in combination with its labor profile and economic system and policy.
National Human Resource Development in Transitioning Societies in the Developing World: Brazil
Authors: Hasler Michael G. , Thompson Monica D. , Schuler Maria
Published: December 2005

The problem and the solution. This article explores and describes Brazil within the transitioning contexts of economic, political, and sociocultural growth and development. Although major components of its economy participate in the global marketplace, significant portions of its population live in poverty, poor health, and illiteracy. Its history includes a colonial past marked by the use of slavery, gross inequalities between races and in educational opportunities, uneven development of the economy, and prevailing race-oriented political parties—all of which play an influential role in the emergence of human resource development as a national need and priority. These imbalances are being addressed through the actions of multinational corporations, labor unions, educational institutions, and governmental agencies. Through the analysis and synthesis of available literature and data, the national human resource development needs, goals, and strategies pertinent to this transitioning society in the developing world are explored.
Kuru Truths: Obtaining Fore Narratives
Authors: Beasley Annette N.
Published: December 2005

This article addresses key methodological and ethical challenges confronted during the collection of oral narratives from members of the South Fore of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. The purpose of the fieldwork, which was undertaken with the assistance of a Fore translator, was to obtain Fore perspectives on the scientific investigations of kuru that began in the later 1950s.
Thalidomide derivative CC-4047 inhibits osteoclast formation by down-regulation of PU.1
Authors: Anderson Gülsüm , Gries Margarete , Kurihara Noriyoshi , Honjo Tadashi , Anderson Judy , Donnenberg Vera , Donnenberg Albert , Ghobrial Irene , Mapara Markus Y. , Stirling David , Roodman David , Lentzsch Suzanne
Published: December 2005

CC-4047, an immunomodulatory analog of thalidomide, inhibits multiple myeloma with unknown effects on the human osteoclast lineage. Early osteoclast progenitors are of hematopoietic origin and differentiate into mature bone resorbing multinucleated osteoclasts. We investigated the effects of CC-4047 and thalidomide on human osteoclastogenesis, using in vitro receptor activator of NFκ-B ligand/macrophage colony-stimulating factor–stimulated bone marrow cell cultures. Treating bone marrow cultures with CC-4047 for 3 weeks decreased osteoclast formation accompanied by complete inhibition of bone resorption. The inhibitory effect was similar when cultures were treated for 3 weeks or for only the first week (90% inhibition), indicating that CC-4047 inhibits early stages of osteoclast formation. Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by CC-4047 was mediated by a shift of lineage commitment to granulocyte colony-forming units at the expense of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units. Further studies revealed that this shift in lineage commitment was mediated through down-regulation of PU.1. Treatment with thalidomide resulted in significantly less potent inhibition of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. These results provide evidence that CC-4047 blocks osteoclast differentiation during early phases of osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, CC-4047 might be a valuable drug for targeting both tumors and osteoclastic activity in patients with multiple myeloma and other diseases associated with osteolytic lesions.
Clinical implication of centrosome amplification in plasma cell neoplasm
Authors: Chng Wee J. , Ahmann Greg J. , Henderson Kim , Santana-Davila Rafael , Greipp Philip R. , Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Dispenzieri Angela , Kumar Shaji , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Lust John A. , Kyle Robert A. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Fonseca Rafael
Published: December 2005

The mechanisms underlying aneuploidy in multiple myeloma (MM) are unclear. Centrosome amplification has been implicated as the cause of chromosomal instability in a variety of tumors and is a potential mechanism causing aneuploidy in MM. Using immunofluorescent (IF) staining, centrosome amplification was detected in 67% of monoclonal gammopathies, including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). We also investigated the gene expression of centrosome proteins. Overall, gene expression data correlated well with IF-detected centrosome amplification, allowing us to derive a gene expression-based centrosome index (CI) as a surrogate for centrosome amplification. Clinically, MM patients with high CI (> 4) are associated with poor prognostic genetic and clinical subtypes (chromosome 13 deletion, t(4; 14), t(14;16), and PCLI > 1%, P < .05) and are shown here to have short survival (11.1 months versus 39.1 months, P < .001). On multivariate regression, a high CI is an independent prognostic factor. Given that centrosome amplification is already observed in MGUS and probably integral to early chromosomal instability and myeloma genesis, and patients with more extensive centrosome amplification have shorter survival, the mechanisms leading to centrosome amplification should be investigated because these may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Stem cell mobilization with G-CSF analogs: a rational approach to separate GVHD and GVL?
Authors: Morris Edward S. , MacDonald Kelli P. A. , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: December 2005

The separation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) remains the “holy grail” of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and improvements are urgently needed to allow more effective therapy of malignant disease. The use of G-CSF–mobilized peripheral blood as a clinical stem cell source is associated with enhanced GVL effects without amplification of significant acute GVHD. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that G-CSF modulates donor T cell function before transplantation, promoting TH2 differentiation and regulatory T cell function. In addition, the expansion of immature antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) favors the maintenance of this pattern of T cell differentiation after transplantation. Although these patterns of T cell differentiation attenuate acute GVHD, they do not have an impact on the cytolytic pathways of the CD8+ T cells that are critical for effective GVL. Recently, it has been demonstrated that modification of G-CSF, either by pegylation of the native cytokine or conjugation to Flt-3L, results in the expansion and activation of donor iNKT cells, which significantly augment CD8+ T cell–mediated cytotoxicity and GVL effects after transplantation. Given that these cytokines also enhance the expansion of regulatory T cells and APCs, they further separate GVHD and GVL, offering potential clinical advantages for the transplant recipient.
Insulin allergy and resistance successfully treated by desensitisation with Aspart insulin
Authors: Matheu Victor , Perez Eva , Hernández Marta , Díaz Elisa , Darias Ricardo , González Abel , García Jose C , Sánchez Inmaculada , Feliciano Laura , Caballero Agueda , Torre Fernando de la
Published: December 2005

A 25-year-old, with type I Diabetes Mellitus with a previous diagnosis of Protamine Allergy but not to human Insulin, started to notice anaphylactic reactions inmmediatly after bolus with Insulin. Skin prick and intradermal test were positive to all insulins. Skin tests to other potential allergens resulted negative. Examination after bolus of Human Insulin revealed urticaria. Daily insulin requirement were around 2-2,4 U/Kg/day. Slow desensitisation with Aspart insulin, the insulin with lowest size of skin test, was performed using subcutaneous insulin pump. Six months after the end of desensitisation his daily insulin requirement decreased to 0.8 U/Kg/day and oral corticosteroids are being reduced with no symptoms.
Proteomics in Tumor Progression and Metastasis
Authors: EVERLEY PATRICK A. , ZETTER BRUCE R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract: With the ultimate goal of systematically identifying and characterizing proteins within an organism, the field of proteomics has generated much excitement in the past few years. Coupled with mass spectrometry, various quantitative and functional techniques are now available that allow for large‐scale analyses of proteins implicated in cancer. New techniques are just now being applied to identifying the temporal changes in protein levels associated with tumor development. This review will focus on the use and promise of proteomic technologies as they apply to the study of tumor progression and metastasis.
Sulindac Sulfone Is Most Effective in Modulating β‐Catenin‐Mediated Transcription in Cells with Mutant APC
Authors: CHANG WEN‐CHI L. , EVERLEY LYNETTE C. , PFEIFFER GORDON R. , COOPER HARRY S. , BARUSEVICIUS ALAN , CLAPPER MARGIE L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract: Sulindac sulfone (FGN‐1, Aptosyn), a metabolite of the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug sulindac, lacks cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity. Although its ability to inhibit tumorigenesis in both carcinogen‐treated animals and patients with familial adenomatous polyposis has been attributed to the induction of apoptosis, its complete mechanism of action remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine the ability of sulindac metabolites to regulate cellular levels of β‐catenin and downstream targets of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/β‐catenin pathway in vitro. Sulindac sulfone was consistently more potent than the sulfide metabolite in all analyses, significantly decreasing the expression of total cellular β‐catenin (50% of control), pro‐caspase 3 (49%), cyclin D1 (51%), and PPARδ (65%) in SW480 cells. No significant alteration in pro‐caspase 3 or β‐catenin expression was found in HCA7, LS174, or Caco‐2 cells treated with sulindac sulfone. A dose‐dependent reduction in TCF‐mediated transcriptional activity was also observed in SW480 cells. These data demonstrate that sulindac sulfone can modulate the APC/β‐catenin pathway in vitro and that its efficacy is dependent upon the mutational status of APC and β‐catenin.
Targeting Ligand Cleavage to Inhibit the ErbB Pathway in Cancer
Authors: ZHOU BIN‐BING S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract: ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) are zinc‐dependent transmembrane metalloproteases that shed the extracellular domains of membrane‐bound growth factors, cytokines, and receptors. Recently, ADAMs have emerged in ErbB signaling pathways as sheddases or multiple ErbB ligands. As the ErbB pathway is a validated target for anticancer drugs, upstream activators of ErbB ligands, their sheddases, become new drug targets in the ErbB pathway. We have identified selective small molecule inhibitors of ADAM proteases that block shedding and activation of multiple ErbB ligands, and we are planning to test the compounds in the clinic.
Mechanisms of Trastuzumab Resistance and Their Clinical Implications
Authors: LAN KENG‐HSUEH , LU CHIEN‐HSING , YU D.HUA
Published: December 2005

Abstract: Trastuzumab (Herceptin™) is an excellent model of rationally designed targeted cancer treatment. However, less than 35% of patients with ErbB2‐positive breast tumors respond to trastuzumab as a single agent, and 2‐5% of trastuzumab‐treated patients suffer from severe side effects, including cardiac dysfunction. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of trastuzumab antitumor function and cellular defects leading to trastuzumab resistance is summarized. Also explored is the potential of combination therapies for reversing trastuzumab resistance.