bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elements in nucleotide sensing and hydrolysis of the AAA+ disaggregation machine ClpB: a structure-based mechanistic dissection of a molecular motor
Authors: Zeymer Cathleen , Barends Thomas R. M. , Werbeck Nicolas D. , Schlichting Ilme , Reinstein Jochen
Published: January 2014

ATPases of the AAA+ superfamily are large oligomeric molecular machines that remodel their substrates by converting the energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force. This study focuses on the molecular chaperone ClpB, the bacterial homologue of Hsp104, which reactivates aggregated proteins under cellular stress conditions. Based on high-resolution crystal structures in different nucleotide states, mutational analysis and nucleotide-binding kinetics experiments, the ATPase cycle of the C-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD2), one of the motor subunits of this AAA+ disaggregation machine, is dissected mechanistically. The results provide insights into nucleotide sensing, explaining how the conserved sensor 2 motif contributes to the discrimination between ADP and ATP binding. Furthermore, the role of a conserved active-site arginine (Arg621), which controls binding of the essential Mg2+ion, is described. Finally, a hypothesis is presented as to how the ATPase activity is regulated by a conformational switch that involves the essential Walker A lysine. In the proposed model, an unusual side-chain conformation of this highly conserved residue stabilizes a catalytically inactive state, thereby avoiding unnecessary ATP hydrolysis.
Structures of AzrA and of AzrC complexed with substrate or inhibitor: insight into substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism
Authors: Yu Jian , Ogata Daiki , Gai ZuoQi , Taguchi Seiichi , Tanaka Isao , Ooi Toshihiko , Yao Min
Published: January 2014

Azo dyes are major synthetic dyestuffs with one or more azo bonds and are widely used for various industrial purposes. The biodegradation of residual azo dyesviaazoreductase-catalyzed cleavage is very efficient as the initial step of wastewater treatment. The structures of the complexes of azoreductases with various substrates are therefore indispensable to understand their substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism. In this study, the crystal structures of AzrA and of AzrC complexed with Cibacron Blue (CB) and the azo dyes Acid Red 88 (AR88) and Orange I (OI) were determined. As an inhibitor/analogue of NAD(P)H, CB was located on top of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), suggesting a similar binding manner as NAD(P)H for direct hydride transfer to FMN. The structures of the AzrC–AR88 and AzrC–OI complexes showed two manners of binding for substrates possessing a hydroxy group at theorthoor theparaposition of the azo bond, respectively, while AR88 and OI were estimated to have a similar binding affinity to AzrC from ITC experiments. Although the two substrates were bound in different orientations, the hydroxy groups were located in similar positions, resulting in an arrangement of electrophilic C atoms binding with a proton/electron-donor distance of ∼3.5 Å to N5 of FMN. Catalytic mechanisms for different substrates are proposed based on the crystal structures and on site-directed mutagenesis analysis.
Chronic cutaneous varicella zoster virus infection complicating dermatomyositis
Authors: Hoesly Fridolin J. , Sluzevich Jason C.
Published: January 2014

Chronic cutaneous varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection has not been previously reported or characterized as a complication of dermatomyositis. Two patients with non‐malignancy‐associated dermatomyositis, treated with long‐term prednisone and methotrexate, developed persistent, painless ulcers ultimately established to be secondary to chronic VZV. The absence of pain or a history suggestive of acute VZV, and the lack of characteristic histopathology, resulted in a lengthy delay in diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction and tissue immunohistochemistry were positive for VZV, and treatment with valacyclovir resulted in complete clearance. Diagnostic testing for VZV should thus be considered in the evaluation of ulcerative lesions in patients with dermatomyositis. The increased incidence of acute VZV in combination with the nature and duration of immunosuppressive treatment in this patient population may be contributory.
Framing Ethnic Variations in Alcohol Outcomes from Biological Pathways to Neighborhood Context
Authors: Chartier Karen G. , Scott Denise M. , Wall Tamara L. , Covault Jonathan , Karriker‐Jaffe Katherine J. , Mills Britain A. , Luczak Susan E. , Caetano Raul , Arroyo Judith A.
Published: January 2014

Background

Health disparities research seeks to eliminate disproportionate negative health outcomes experienced in some racial/ethnic minority groups. This brief review presents findings on factors associated with drinking and alcohol‐related problems in racial/ethnic groups.

Methods

Those discussed are as follows: (i) biological pathways to alcohol problems, (ii) gene × stress interactions, (iii) neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and access to alcohol, and (iv) drinking cultures and contexts.

Results

These factors and their interrelationships are complex, requiring a multilevel perspective.

Conclusions

The use of interdisciplinary teams and an epigenetic focus are suggested to move the research forward. The application of multilevel research to policy, prevention, and intervention programs may help prioritize combinations of the most promising intervention targets.
Three‐dimensional reconstructions of pallial eyes in Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Malkowsky Yaron , Jochum Adrienne
Published: January 2014

Recent methodological and technical developments in comparative morphology have broadened understanding of evolutionary traits in molluscs. Scientists are capable of reconstructing organ systems and entire architectural physiologies with utmost precision. The pallial eyes of Pectinidae are amongst the most complex visual systems found in molluscs and have aroused scientific curiosity for decades. This investigation presents the most comprehensive description of pallial eye morphology in four major groups of Pectinidae: Aequipectini group, Pectininae, Chlamydinae and Palliolinae. The cornea, lens, retinae and branching of the optic nerve are depicted in topographic detail. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of microtome sections enable the comparison of whole eyes and structures in contrast to single‐section analysis. Here, we demonstrate two significant findings: (i) the morphology of corneae and lenses varies in scallop species and (ii) the retinae are innervated in different ways in different species. Moreover, we show how morphological characteristics such as the hyperbolic shape of the lens can be overlooked if only single sections are investigated.
Morphological and histochemical characterization of the pectoral fin muscle of the stripped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa
Authors: Devincenti Clelia V. , Longo Maria V. , González Castro Mariano , Díaz Alcira O.
Published: January 2014

The fibres of superficial and deep abductor muscles of the pectoral fins of the stripped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa have been studied using histochemical techniques: succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) for mitochondria, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) for glycogen, myosin‐adenosintriphosphatase (mATPase) to identify different fibre types based on the contraction speed and modified ATPase to identify capillaries. The fibre diameters were measured, and the capillaries of the main fibre types – red, pink and white— were counted. The two muscles showed both macroscopically and microscopically two well‐differentiated zones with predominant white fibres. The area of insertion of muscles into the fin rays had red, pink and white fibres. The origin zone of the muscle into the bone was composed by white fibres only. Both zones of white muscle evidenced a mosaic of small, medium and large polygonal white fibres. Red, pink and white muscles showed a wide histochemical diversity of fibre subtypes. The area per peripheral capillary increased from the red to the white muscles. Due to the predominance of white fibres, the pectoral fins of C. guatucupa were mainly involved in rapid movements to stop/discontinue and stabilize the body during swimming.
Sirtuin 1 facilitates chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells by regulating adaptive response to chemotherapy‐induced stress
Authors: Zhang Jun‐gang , Hong De‐fei , Zhang Cheng‐wu , Sun Xiao‐dong , Wang Zhi‐fei , Shi Ying , Liu Jun‐wei , Shen Guo‐liang , Zhang Yuan‐biao , Cheng Jian , Wang Chun‐you , Zhao Gang
Published: January 2014

Chemotherapy drugs themselves may act as stressors to induce adaptive responses to promote the chemoresistance of cancer cells. Our previous research showed that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer patients and deregulation of SIRT1 with RNAi could enhance chemosensitivity. Thus, we hypothesized that SIRT1 might facilitate chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells through regulating the adaptive response to chemotherapy‐induced stress. In the present study, SIRT1 in PANC‐1, BXPC‐3, and ASPC‐1 cells was upregulated after treatment with gemcitabine. Moreover, the decrease in SIRT1 activity with special inhibitor EX527 had a synergic effect on chemotherapy with gemcitabine in PANC‐1 and ASPC‐1 cell lines, which significantly promoted apoptosis, senescence, and G0/G1 cycle arrest. Western blot results also showed that SIRT1, acetylated‐p53, FOXO3a, and p21 were upregulated after combined treatment, whereas no obvious change was evident in total p53 protein. To further confirm the role of SIRT1 in clinical chemotherapy, SIRT1 was detected in eight pancreatic cancer tissues acquired by endoscopy ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration biopsy before and after chemotherapy. Compared to before chemotherapy, SIRT1 was significantly increased after treatment with gemcitabine in six cases. Thus, our results indicated a special role for SIRT1 in the regulation of adaptive response to chemotherapy‐induced stress, which is involved in chemoresistance. Moreover, it indicates that blocking SIRT1 activity with targeting drugs might be a novel strategy to reverse the chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer.
The prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT following 131I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer
Authors: Barber Thomas W. , Cherk Martin H. , Topliss Duncan J. , Serpell Jonathan W. , Yap Kenneth S. K. , Bailey Michael , Kalff Victor
Published: January 2014

Objective

To determine the prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT and to assess the contribution of this tissue to total neck radioactive iodine (RAI) activity in patients given 131I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.

Patients and Methods

Eighty‐three consecutive patients with thyroid cancer treated with total thyroidectomy underwent whole‐body planar and SPECT/CT imaging of the neck following initial RAI ablation. On SPECT/CT, thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was defined as RAI in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid bed in close proximity to the midline without evidence of localization to lymph nodes. Quantification was performed using region of interest analysis on planar imaging following localization on SPECT/CT. SPECT/CT, and planar images were classified by two reviewers as positive, negative or equivocal with interobserver agreement quantified using a Kappa score. Disagreement was resolved using a third reviewer.

Results

Thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was present in 39/83 (47%; 95%CI: 36–58%) patients on SPECT/CT. In these 39 patients, this tissue contributed to a significant amount of total neck activity (median = 50%; IQR 19–74%). Interobserver agreement for the presence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was substantial on SPECT/CT (Kappa = 0·73) and fair on planar imaging (Kappa = 0·31).

Conclusion

Thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was present in one half of our study population and contributed to a significant amount of total neck RAI activity. Given the high prevalence of this tissue, our results suggest that total neck RAI activity on planar imaging may not be suitable to assess the completeness of thyroid bed surgery.
Epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in children enrolled in a study of influenza vaccine effectiveness
Authors: Dierig Alexa , Heron Leon G. , Lambert Stephen B. , Yin Jiehui Kevin , Leask Julie , Chow Maria Yui Kwan , Sloots Theo P. , Nissen Michael D. , Ridda Iman , Booy Robert
Published: January 2014

Background

Influenza‐like illness (ILI) confers a high annual morbidity in young children. We report the epidemiology of ILIs in children who participated in an influenza vaccine effectiveness study during the 2010 Southern Hemisphere influenza season in Sydney, Australia.

Methods

Children aged 0·5–3 years were prospectively recruited from child care centres (CCCs). We classified them as fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated and unvaccinated according to their receipt of unadjuvanted vaccines containing influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. For 13 weeks commencing 30 July 2010, parents reported when their children developed an ILI (fever ≥37·8°C/feverishness plus ≥1 respiratory symptom) and collected nose and/or throat swabs for multiplex respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Health impacts were assessed by telephone interview at enrolment and two weeks after each ILI.

Results

There were 124 ILIs reported in 105 of 381 enrolled children. Swabs were taken in 117 ILIs: 175 viruses were identified from 103 swabs. Adeno‐ and rhinoviruses were most frequently identified; 44% of swabs yielded multiple viruses. No virus was associated with more severe symptoms, although rhinovirus‐related ILIs lasted longer. Nose swabs had a higher virus detection rate than throat swabs.

Influenza‐vaccinated children were 1·6 times (P = 0·001) more likely than unvaccinated children to have a non‐influenza ILI.

Conclusion

Adeno‐ and rhinoviruses were the most common viruses causing ILI. Swabs taken by parents are an effective method for sample collection. Influenza‐like illness was more common in children vaccinated against influenza in this observational study, but prior health‐seeking behaviour may have contributed to this difference.
Revised and updated nomenclature for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses
Authors:   World Health Organization/World Organisation for Animal Health/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/OIE/FAO) H5N1 Evolution Working Group
Published: January 2014

The divergence of the hemagglutinin gene of A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996‐lineage H5N1 viruses during 2011 and 2012 (807 new sequences collected through December 31, 2012) was analyzed by phylogenetic and p‐distance methods to define new clades using the pre‐established nomenclature system. Eight new clade designations were recommended based on division of clade 1·1 (Mekong River Delta), 2·1·3·2 (Indonesia), 2·2·2 (India/Bangladesh), 2·2·1·1 (Egypt/Israel), and 2·3·2·1 (Asia). A simplification to the previously defined criteria, which adds a letter rather than number to the right‐most digit of fifth‐order clades, was proposed to facilitate this and future updates.
Integrating ecophysiological models into species distribution projections of European reptile range shifts in response to climate change
Authors: Ceia‐Hasse Ana , Sinervo Barry , Vicente Luís , Pereira Henrique M.
Published: January 2014

Uncertainty in projections of global change impacts on biodiversity over the 21st century is high. Improved predictive accuracy is needed, highlighting the importance of using different types of models when predicting species range shifts. However, this is still rarely done. Our approach integrates the outputs of a spatially‐explicit physiologically inspired model of extinction and correlative species distribution models to assess climate‐change induced range shifts of three European reptile species (Lacerta lepida, Iberolacerta monticola, andHemidactylus turcicus) in the coming decades. We integrated the two types of models by mapping and quantifying agreement and disagreement between their projections. We analyzed the relationships between climate change and projected range shifts. Agreement between model projections varied greatly between species and depended on whether or not they consider dispersal ability. Under our approach, the reliability of predictions is greatest where the predictions of these different types of models converge, and in this way uncertainty is reduced; sites where this convergence occurs are characterized by both current high temperatures and significant future temperature increase, suggesting they may become hotspots of local extinctions. Moreover, this approach can be readily implemented with other types of models.
Positive effect of protein‐supplemented hospital food on protein intake in patients at nutritional risk: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Munk T. , Beck A. M. , Holst M. , Rosenbom E. , Rasmussen H. H. , Nielsen M. A. , Thomsen T.
Published: January 2014

Background

New evidence indicates that increased dietary protein ingestion promotes health and recovery from illness, and also maintains functionality in older adults. The present study aimed to investigate whether a novel food service concept with protein‐supplementation would increase protein and energy intake in hospitalised patients at nutritional risk.

Methods

A single‐blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted. Eighty‐four participants at nutritional risk, recruited from the departments of Oncology, Orthopaedics and Urology, were included. The intervention group (IG) received the protein‐supplemented food service concept. The control group (CG) received the standard hospital menu. Primary outcome comprised the number of patients achieving ≥75% of energy and protein requirements. Secondary outcomes comprised mean energy and protein intake, body weight, handgrip strength and length of hospital stay.

Results

In IG, 76% versus 70% CG patients reached ≥75% of their energy requirements (P = 0.57); 66% IG versus 30% CG patients reached ≥75% of their protein requirements (P = 0.001). The risk ratio for achieving ≥75% of protein requirements: 2.2 (95% confidence interval = 1.3–3.7); number needed to treat = 3 (95% confidence interval = 2–6). IG had a higher mean intake of energy and protein when adjusted for body weight (CG: 82 kJ kg−1 versus IG: 103 kJ kg−1, P = 0.013; CG: 0.7 g protein kg−1 versus 0.9 g protein kg−1, P = 0.003). Body weight, handgrip strength and length of hospital stay did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

The novel food service concept had a significant positive impact on overall protein intake and on weight‐adjusted energy intake in hospitalised patients at nutritional risk.
Nutritional quality of the school‐day diet in Irish children (5–12 years)
Authors: Walton J. , Hannon E. M. , Flynn A.
Published: January 2014

Background

The European Commission has identified schools as a priority setting for health promotion, including nutrition education and intervention. The present study examined the school‐day diet of Irish primary‐school children with the aim of identifying opportunities for dietary improvement.

Methods

Data from The National Children's Food Survey (2003–2004) were used to establish a dataset of school‐days. Dietary intake data were collected from 594 children (5–12 years) using a 7‐day weighed food‐record. The nutritional quality of the diet was examined for the total school‐day and for food eaten ‘before school’, ‘at school’ and ‘after school’.

Results

Examination of dietary intake on school‐days has highlighted nutritional imbalances for intakes of fat, saturated fat, added sugars, sodium and dietary fibre (DF). Mean energy (E) intake for the overall school‐day was 7.1 MJ, with 16% of energy provided from food eaten ‘before school’, 33%E from food eaten ‘at school’ and 53% of energy from food eaten ‘after school’. Relative to the overall school‐day, food eaten ‘before school’ was lower in saturated fat and sodium, and higher in DF and many micronutrients. Food eaten ‘at school’ was relatively high in added sugars and sodium; lower in DF and micronutrients; and similar in saturated fat compared to the overall school‐day. Food eaten ‘after school’ was relatively high in DF and vitamin A; similar in saturated fat, magnesium and sodium; and lower in added sugars and other micronutrients compared to the overall school‐day.

Conclusions

To improve the overall nutritional quality of the school‐day diet, food eaten at school should be targeted.
Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review
Authors: Langley‐Evans S. C.
Published: January 2014

Foetal development and infancy are life stages that are characterised by rapid growth, development and maturation of organs and systems. Variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed by mothers during pregnancy, or infants during the first year of life, can exert permanent and powerful effects upon developing tissues. These effects are termed ‘programming’ and represent an important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases of adulthood, including the metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. This narrative review provides an overview of the evidence‐base showing that indicators of nutritional deficit in pregnancy are associated with a greater risk of type‐2 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. There is also a limited evidence‐base that suggests some relationship between breastfeeding and the timing and type of foods used in weaning, and disease in later life. Many of the associations reported between indicators of early growth and adult disease appear to interact with specific genotypes. This supports the idea that programming is one of several cumulative influences upon health and disease acting across the lifespan. Experimental studies have provided important clues to the mechanisms that link nutritional challenges in early life to disease in adulthood. It is suggested that nutritional programming is a product of the altered expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle, resulting in effective remodelling of tissue structure and functionality. The observation that traits programmed by nutritional exposures in foetal life can be transmitted to further generations adds weight the argument that heritable epigenetic modifications play a critical role in nutritional programming.
High frequency of PTEN mutations in nevi and melanomas from xeroderma pigmentosum patients
Authors: Masaki Taro , Wang Yun , DiGiovanna John J. , Khan Sikandar G. , Raffeld Mark , Beltaifa Senda , Hornyak Thomas J. , Darling Thomas N. , Lee Chyi‐Chia R. , Kraemer Kenneth H.
Published: January 2014

We examined nevi and melanomas in 10 xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients with defective DNA repair. The lesions had a lentiginous appearance with markedly increased numbers of melanocytes. Using laser capture microdissection, we performed DNA sequencing of 18 benign and atypical nevi and 75 melanomas (melanoma in situ and invasive melanomas). The nevi had a similar high frequency of PTEN mutations as melanomas [61% (11/18) versus 53% (39/73)]. Both had a very high proportion of UV‐type mutations (occurring at adjacent pyrimidines) [91% (10/11) versus 92% (36/39)]. In contrast to melanomas in the general population, the frequency of BRAF mutations (11%, 7/61), NRAS mutations (21%, 13/62), and KIT mutations (21%, 6/28) in XP melanomas was lower than for PTEN. Phospho‐S6 immunostaining indicated activation of the mTOR pathway in the atypical nevi and melanomas. Thus, the clinical and histological appearances and the molecular pathology of these UV‐related XP nevi and melanomas were different from nevi and melanomas in the general population.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis: prevalence of alcohol use among young people in eastern Africa
Authors: Francis Joel M. , Grosskurth Heiner , Changalucha John , Kapiga Saidi H. , Weiss Helen A.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of published studies of alcohol use among young people (age 15–24 years) in eastern Africa to estimate prevalence of alcohol use and determine the extent of use of standardised screening questionnaires in alcohol studies.

Methods

Five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Africa‐wide, and PsycINFO) were searched for publications until 30th June 2013. Results were summarised using the guidelines on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) and on quality assessment using the modified quality assessment tool for systematic reviews of observational studies (QATSO). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic (DerSimonian‐Laird).

Results

We identified 2785 potentially relevant studies, of which 56 were eligible for inclusion. Only two studies (4%) used the standardised Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire, and six studies (13%) used the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye opener (CAGE) questionnaire. The reported median prevalence of alcohol use was ever‐use 52% [interquartile range (IQR): 20–58%], use in the last month 28% (IQR: 17–37%), use in the last year 26% (IQR: 22–32%), and problem drinking as defined by CAGE or AUDIT 15% (IQR: 3–36%). We observed high heterogeneity between studies, with the highest prevalence of ever use of alcohol among university students (82%; 95%CI: 79–85%) and female sex workers (66%; 95%CI: 58–74%). Current use was most prevalent among male sex workers (69%; 95%CI: 63–75%).

Conclusions

Reported alcohol use and problem drinking were common among diverse groups of young people in eastern Africa, indicating the urgent need for alcohol‐focused interventions in this population. Few studies have used standardised alcohol screening questionnaires. Epidemiological research to investigate alcohol‐focused interventions in young people should aim to apply such questionnaires that should be validated for use in this population.
An integrated analysis of plant and bacterial gene expression in symbiotic root nodules using laser‐capture microdissection coupled to RNA sequencing
Authors: Roux Brice , Rodde Nathalie , Jardinaud Marie‐Françoise , Timmers Ton , Sauviac Laurent , Cottret Ludovic , Carrère Sébastien , Sallet Erika , Courcelle Emmanuel , Moreau Sandra , Debellé Frédéric , Capela Delphine , de Carvalho‐Niebel Fernanda , Gouzy Jérôme , Bruand Claude , Gamas Pascal
Published: January 2014

Rhizobium‐induced root nodules are specialized organs for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Indeterminate‐type nodules are formed from an apical meristem and exhibit a spatial zonation which corresponds to successive developmental stages. To get a dynamic and integrated view of plant and bacterial gene expression associated with nodule development, we used a sensitive and comprehensive approach based upon oriented high‐depth RNA sequencing coupled to laser microdissection of nodule regions. This study, focused on the association between the model legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti, led to the production of 942 million sequencing read pairs that were unambiguously mapped on plant and bacterial genomes. Bioinformatic and statistical analyses enabled in‐depth comparison, at a whole‐genome level, of gene expression in specific nodule zones. Previously characterized symbiotic genes displayed the expected spatial pattern of expression, thus validating the robustness of our approach. We illustrate the use of this resource by examining gene expression associated with three essential elements of nodule development, namely meristem activity, cell differentiation and selected signaling processes related to bacterial Nod factors and redox status. We found that transcription factor genes essential for the control of the root apical meristem were also expressed in the nodule meristem, while the plant mRNAs most enriched in nodules compared with roots were mostly associated with zones comprising both plant and bacterial partners. The data, accessible on a dedicated website, represent a rich resource for microbiologists and plant biologists to address a variety of questions of both fundamental and applied interest.
Legionella pneumophila Subversion of Host Vesicular Transport by SidC Effector Proteins
Authors: Horenkamp Florian A. , Mukherjee Shaeri , Alix Eric , Schauder Curtis M. , Hubber Andree M. , Roy Craig R. , Reinisch Karin M.
Published: January 2014

Tethering proteins play a key role in vesicular transport, ensuring that cargo arrives at a specific destination. The bacterial effector protein SidC and its paralog SdcA have been described as tethering factors encoded by the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Here, we demonstrate that SidC proteins are important for early events unique to maturation of vacuoles containing Legionella and discover monoubiquitination of Rab1 as a new SidC‐dependent activity. The crystal structure of the SidC N‐terminus revealed a novel fold that is important for function and could be involved in Legionella adaptations to evolutionarily divergent host cells it encounters in natural environments.
Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children: From Evidence to Practice
Authors: Sawyer Monique C. , Nunez Diane E.
Published: January 2014

Background

Anxiety is the most common mental health problem in children, yet less than one third of children with anxiety disorders seek treatment. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) is recommended as a first‐line treatment for childhood anxiety. However, current practice generally does not include CBT due to issues of feasibility, affordability, and transportability.

Aims

The primary purpose of this review was to appraise current literature regarding the effectiveness of individual CBT for childhood anxiety. Secondary purposes were to identify reasons for the discrepancy between current evidence and practice as well as to offer suggestions to overcome this dilemma.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature published between 2007 and 2012 was conducted, searching four databases—Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO.

Findings

In all 10 studies reviewed, individual CBT significantly reduced rates of anxiety diagnoses when compared with controls, and was equally effective or superior to comparison therapies. The only exception was when CBT was compared to a combination of CBT and pharmacological management, in which case the latter was more effective.

Linking Evidence to Action

Each study included in this review employed hour‐long sessions over a minimum of 12 visits. In order to meet clinical demands and patient preferences, affordability, and feasibility of CBT interventions must be addressed. A brief, manualized CBT program that can be supported to be clinically effective is proposed as an evidence‐based solution for anxious children in outpatient mental health and primary care settings.
Near infrared intersubband absorption of CdSe/MgSe quantum wells grown on InP substrate with an InAlAs buffer layer
Authors: Chen Guopeng , Zhao Kuaile , Tamargo Maria C. , Shen Aidong
Published: January 2014

The authors report the growth of MgSe/CdSe quantum well structures on InP substrate with an InAlAs buffer by molecular beam epitaxy. The sample maintained zincblende crystal structure during the growth with good surface and interface quality as indicated by in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Structural and optical properties of the sample were characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and photoluminescence measurements. Clear near infrared intersubband transition at 1.79 μm is observed. Calculations suggest that with strain-compensated MgSe/ZnSe/CdSe coupled quantum wells intersubband absorption at the optical communication wavelength 1.55 μm can be achieved.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Pseudoalteromonas
sp. Strain NW 4327 (MTCC 11073, DSM 25418), a Pathogen of the Great Barrier Reef Sponge
Rhopaloeides odorabile
Authors: Choudhury Jayanta D. , Pramanik Arnab , Webster Nicole S. , Llewellyn Lyndon E. , Gachhui Ratan , Mukherjee Joydeep
Published: January 2014

To date, only one marine sponge pathogen (
Pseudoalteromonas
sp. strain NW 4327) has fulfilled Koch's postulates. We report the 4.48-Mbp draft genome sequence of this strain, which is pathogenic to the Great Barrier Reef sponge
Rhopaloeides odorabile
. The sequence provides valuable information on sponge-pathogen interactions, including the mode of transmission and associated virulence factors.
Trypanosoma cruzi Clone Dm28c Draft Genome Sequence
Authors: Grisard Edmundo Carlos , Teixeira Santuza Maria Ribeiro , de Almeida Luiz Gonzaga Paula , Stoco Patricia Hermes , Gerber Alexandra Lehmkuhl , Talavera-López Carlos , Lima Oberdan Cunha , Andersson Björn , de Vasconcelos Ana Tereza R.
Published: January 2014

Trypanosoma cruzi
affects millions of people worldwide. Clinical variability of Chagas disease can be due to the genetic variability of this parasite, requiring further genome studies. Here we report the genome sequence of the
T. cruzi
Dm28c clone (TcI), a strain related to the sylvatic cycle of the parasite.
Draft Genome Sequence of Gordonia alkanivorans Strain CGMCC6845, a Halotolerant Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterium
Authors: Wang Xinxin , Jin Decai , Zhou Lisha , Wu Liang , An Wei , Zhao Lin
Published: January 2014

Gordonia alkanivorans
strain CGMCC6845 is a halotolerant hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from petroleum-contaminated saline soil. Here we present the 5.0-Mb draft genome sequence of this strain, which will improve our understanding of the diversity of
G. alkanivorans
and the mechanisms of microbial hydrocarbon degradation in saline environment.
Effect of Perioperative Electroacupuncture as An Adjunctive Therapy on Postoperative Analgesia with Tramadol and Ketamine in Prostatectomy: A Randomised Sham-Controlled Single-Blind Trial
Authors: Ntritsou Vagia , Mavrommatis Christos , Kostoglou Christos , Dimitriadis Georgios , Tziris Nikolaos , Zagka Poulcheria , Vasilakos Dimitrios
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To study the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) as perioperative adjunctive therapy added to a systemic analgesic strategy (including tramadol and ketamine) for postoperative pain, opioid-related side effects and patient satisfaction.

Methods

In a sham-controlled participant- and observer-blinded trial, 75 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were randomly assigned to two groups: (1) EA (n=37; tramadol+ketamine+EA) and (2) control (n=38; tramadol+ketamine). EA (100 Hz frequency) was applied at LI4 bilaterally during the closure of the abdominal walls and EA (4 Hz) was applied at ST36 and LI4 bilaterally immediately after extubation. The control group had sham acupuncture without penetration or stimulation. The following outcomes were evaluated: postoperative pain using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and McGill Scale (SF_MPQ), mechanical pain thresholds using algometer application close to the wound, cortisol measurements, rescue analgesia, Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Y-6 item), patient satisfaction and opioid side effects.

Results

Pain scores on the NRS and SF_MPQ were significantly lower and electronic pressure algometer measurements were significantly higher in the EA group than in the control group (p<0.001) at all assessments. In the EA group a significant decrease in rescue analgesia was observed at 45 min (p<0.001) and a significant decrease in cortisol levels was also observed (p<0.05). Patients expressed satisfaction with the analgesia, especially in the EA group (p<0.01). Significant delays in the start of bowel movements were observed in the control group at 45 min (p<0.001) and 2 h (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Adding EA perioperatively should be considered an option as part of a multimodal analgesic strategy.
Quantitative analysis of high-resolution, contrast-enhanced, cone-beam CT for the detection of intracranial in-stent hyperplasia
Authors: Flood Thomas F , van der Bom Imramsjah M J , Strittmatter Lara , Puri Ajit S , Hendricks Gregory M , Wakhloo Ajay K , Gounis Matthew J
Published: January 2014

Background

Intracranial in-stent hyperplasia is a stroke-associated complication that requires routine surveillance.

Objective

To compare the results of in vivo experiments to determine the accuracy and precision of in-stent hyperplasia measurements obtained with modified C-arm contrast-enhanced, cone-beam CT (CE-CBCT) imaging with those obtained by ‘gold standard’ histomorphometry. Additionally, to carry out clinical analyses comparing this CE-CBCT protocol with digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

Methods

A non-binned CE-CBCT protocol (VasoCT) was used that acquires x-ray images with a small field-of-view and applies a full-scale reconstruction algorithm providing high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging with 100 µm isotropic voxels. In an vivo porcine model, VasoCT cross-sectional area measurements were compared with gold standard vessel histology. VasoCT and DSA were used to calculate in-stent stenosis in 23 imaging studies.

Results

Porcine VasoCT cross-sectional stent, lumen, and in-stent hyperplasia areas strongly correlated with histological measurements (r2=0.97, 0.93, 0.90; slope=1.14, 1.07, and 0.76, respectively; p<0.0001). Clinical VasoCT percentage stenosis correlated well with DSA percentage stenosis (r2=0.84; slope=0.76), and the two techniques were free of consistent bias (Bland–Altman, bias=3.29%; 95% CI −14.75% to 21.33%). An illustrative clinical case demonstrated the advantages of VasoCT, including 3D capability and non-invasive IV contrast administration, for detection of in-stent hyperplasia.

Conclusions

C-arm VasoCT is a high-resolution 3D capable imaging technique that has been validated in an animal model for measurement of in-stent tissue growth. Successful clinical implementation of the protocol was performed in a small case series.
Structural and elastic properties of ZrN and HfN: ab initio study
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Diwan Bhoopendra Dhar
Published: January 2014

The present paper discusses the density functional theory based stability analysis of zirconium nitride and hafnium nitride in its rocksalt (B1), CsCl (B2), and zinc blende (B3) type phases. The ground state total energy calculation approach of the system has been used through the generalized gradient approximation parameterized with revised Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof as exchange correlation functional. The present theoretical analysis confirms the stability trend of phases from most stable to less stable as B1 → B2 → B3. The study also reports the analysis of elastic properties of these nitrides in its most stable B1-type phase.
Increased micronutrient content (Zn, Mn) in the 3Mb(4B) wheat –Aegilops biuncialissubstitution and 3Mb.4BS translocation identified by GISH and FISH
Authors: Farkas András , Molnár István , Dulai Sándor , Rapi Sándor , Oldal Vince , Cseh András , Kruppa Klaudia , Molnár-Láng Márta
Published: January 2014

3MbTriticum aestivum L. (Mv9kr1) – Aegilops biuncialis Vis. (MvGB642) addition lines were crossed with the Chinese Spring ph1b mutant genotype (CSph1b) to produce 3Mb–wheat chromosome rearrangements. In the F3generation, 3Mb(4B) substitution lines and 3Mb.4BS centric fusions were identified with in situ hybridization using repetitive and genomic DNA probes, and with SSR markers. Grain micronutrient analysis showed that the investigated Ae. biuncialis accession MvGB382 and the parental line MvGB642 are suitable gene sources for improving the grain micronutrient content of wheat, as they have higher K, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents. The results suggested that the Ae. biuncialis chromosome 3Mbcarries genes determining the grain micronutrient content, as the 3Mb.4BS centric fusion had significantly higher Zn and Mn contents compared with the recipient wheat cultivar. As yield-related traits, such as the number of tillers, the length of main spike, and spikelets per main spike, were similar in the 3Mb.4BS centric fusion and the parental wheat genotype, it can be concluded that this line could be used in pre-breeding programs aimed at enriching elite wheat cultivars with essential micronutrients.
Middle Miocene–Early Pliocene wedge-top basins of NW Sicily (Italy): constraints for the tectonic evolution of a ‘non-conventional’ thrust belt, affected by transpression
Authors: Gugliotta C. , Gasparo Morticelli M. , Avellone G. , Agate M. , Barchi M. R. , Albanese C. , Valenti V. , Catalano R.
Published: January 2014

The study of geological evolution of a multiphase orogenic belt is complex, expecially when the tectonic events are superimposed in a coaxial fashion. The Sicilian fold-and-thrust belt represents an interesting case study, as a non-coaxial superimposition of structures is recognizable, owing to large synkinematic clockwise rotations during each of two subsequent compressional events. These rotations involved also the syntectonic basins that developed in the wedge-top depozone. This study aims to constrain the tectono-depositional evolution of the NW Sicily fold-and-thrust belt and the associated wedge-top depozone between the middle Miocene and the early Pliocene. Integrated analyses of stratigraphic, sedimentological and structural field data allow us to better constrain the transition between the two tectonic events. The syntectonic basins developed during the first (late Serravallian–early Tortonian) tectonic event were relatively wide and characterized by marine sedimentation. The onset of the second (latest Tortonian) transpressional event induced localized deformation into the wedge-top depozone and the syntectonic successions were accommodated as basin fill in progressively narrower and laterally discontinuous basins, bounded by transpressional structures. The lateral correlation of the wedge-top successions suggests a latest Miocene regional palaeoslope with a present-day WSW dip, which fits well with the tectonic transport calculated for the early compressional event.
Messinian productivity changes in the northeastern Atlantic and their relationship to the closure of the Atlantic–Mediterranean gateway: implications for Neogene palaeoclimate and palaeoceanography
Authors: Pérez-Asensio José N. , Aguirre Julio , Schmiedl Gerhard , Civis Jorge
Published: January 2014

The stable isotope composition of planktic and benthic foraminifera and the distribution of selected benthic foraminiferal species from a Messinian record of the lower Guadalquivir Basin, northeastern Atlantic Ocean, show that regional productivity changes were linked to glacioeustatic fluctuations. Glacial periods were characterized by poorly ventilated bottom waters as a result of weak Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and by phases of high productivity related to intensified upwelling. In contrast, well-ventilated bottom waters owing to strong AMOC, the presence of degraded organic matter in the upper slope, and high input of degraded terrestrial organic matter derived from fluvial discharge to the outer shelf were recorded during interglacial periods. Before closure of the adjacent Guadalhorce Corridor at 6.18 Ma, which was the final active Betic Atlantic–Mediterranean gateway, the study area was alternately influenced by well-ventilated Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) and poorly ventilated Atlantic Upwelled Water (AUW). Following closure of the corridor, cessation of the MOW reduced the AMOC and promoted glacial conditions in the northern hemisphere, resulting in the establishment of local upwelling cells.
Defining a stimuli-response relationship in compensatory lung growth following major resection
Authors: Ravikumar Priya , Yilmaz Cuneyt , Dane D. Merrill , Bellotto Dennis J. , Estrera Aaron S. , Hsia Connie C. W.
Published: January 2014

Major lung resection is a robust model that mimics the consequences of loss-of-functioning lung units. We previously observed in adult canines, following 42% and 58% lung resection, a critical threshold of stimuli intensity for the initiation of compensatory lung growth. To define the range and limits of this stimuli-response relationship, we performed morphometric analysis on the remaining lobes of adult dogs, 2–3 years after surgical removal of ∼70% of lung units in the presence or absence of mediastinal shift. Results were expressed as ratios to that in corresponding control lobes. Lobar expansion and extravascular tissue growth (∼3.8- and ∼2.0-fold of normal, respectively) were heterogeneous; the lobes remaining next to the diaphragm exhibited a greater response. Tissue growth and capillary formation, indexed by double-capillary profiles, increased, regardless of mediastinal shift. Septal collagen fibers increased up to 2.7-fold, suggesting a greater need for structural support. Compared with previous cohorts following less-extensive resection, tissue volume and gas-exchange surface areas increased significantly only in the infracardiac lobe following 42% resection, exceeded two- to threefold in all lobes following 58% resection, and then exhibited diminished gains following ∼70% resection. In contrast, alveolar-capillary formation increased with incremental resection without reaching an upper limit. Overall structural regrowth was most vigorous and uniform following 58% resection. The diminishment of gains in tissue growth, following ∼70% resection, could reflect excessive or maldistributed mechanical stress that threatens septal integrity. Results also suggest additional independent stimuli of alveolar-capillary formation, possibly related to the postresection augmentation of regional perfusion.
Arguing the Case for the Autotaxin–Lysophosphatidic Acid–Lipid Phosphate Phosphatase 3-Signaling Nexus in the Development and Complications of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Smyth Susan S. , Mueller Paul , Yang Fanmuyi , Brandon J. Anthony , Morris Andrew J.
Published: January 2014

The structurally simple glycero- and sphingo-phospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate, serve as important receptor-active mediators that influence blood and vascular cell function and are positioned to influence the events that contribute to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis. Growing evidence from preclinical animal models has implicated LPA, LPA receptors, and key enzymes involved in LPA metabolism in pathophysiologic events that may underlie atherosclerotic vascular disease. These observations are supported by genetic analysis in humans implicating a lipid phosphate phosphatase as a novel risk factor for coronary artery disease. In this review, we summarize current understanding of LPA production, metabolism, and signaling as may be relevant for atherosclerotic and other vascular disease.
Effect of a Novel Video Game on Stroke Knowledge of 9- to 10-Year-Old, Low-Income Children
Authors: Williams Olajide , Hecht Mindy F. , DeSorbo Alexandra L. , Huq Saima , Noble James M.
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

Improving actionable stroke knowledge of a witness or bystander, which in some cases are children, may improve response to an acute stroke event.

Methods—

We used a quasiexperimental pre-test post-test design to evaluate actionable stroke knowledge of 210 children aged 9 to 10 years in response to a single, 15-minute exposure to a stroke education video game conducted in the school computer laboratory. After immediate post-test, we provided remote password-protected online video game access and encouraged children to play at their leisure from home. An unannounced delayed post-test occurred 7 weeks later.

Results—

Two hundred ten children completed pretest, 205 completed immediate post-test, whereas 198 completed delayed post-test. One hundred fifty-six (74%) children had Internet access at home, and 41 (26%), mostly girls, played the video game remotely. There was significant improvement in stroke symptom composite scores, calling 911, and all individual stroke knowledge items, including a distractor across the testing sequence (
P
<0.05). Children who played the video game remotely demonstrated significant improvement in knowledge of 1 symptom (sudden imbalance) compared with children who did not (
P
<0.05), although overall composite scores showed no difference.

Conclusions—

Stroke education video games may represent novel means for improving and sustaining actionable stroke knowledge of children.