bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nifedipine Lowers Cocaine-Induced Brain and Liver Enzyme Activity and Cocaine Urinary Excretion in Rats
Authors: Vitcheva Vessela , Simeonova Rumyana , Karova Dima , Mitcheva Mitka
Published: June 2011

Nifedipine Lowers Cocaine-Induced Brain and Liver Enzyme Activity and Cocaine Urinary Excretion in Rats

The aim of this study was to see how nifedipine counters the effects of cocaine on hepatic and brain enzymatic activity in rats and whether it affects urinary excretion of cocaine. Male Wistar rats were divided in four groups of six: control, nifedipine group (5 mg kg-1i.p.a day for five days); cocaine group (15 mg kg-1i.p.a day for five days), and the nifedipine+cocaine group. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, we measured neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity in the brain and cytochrome P450 quantity, ethylmorphine-N-demethylase, and anilinehydroxylase activity in the liver. Urine samples were collected 24 h after the last cocaine and cocaine+nifedipine administration. Urinary cocaine concentration was determined using the GC/MS method.

Cocaine administration increased brain nNOS activity by 55 % (p<0.05) in respect to control, which indicates the development of tolerance and dependence. In the combination group, nifedipine decreased the nNOS activity in respect to the cocaine-only group.

In the liver, cocaine significantly decreased and nifedipine significantly increased cytochrome P450, ethylmorphine-N-demethylase, and anilinehydroxylase in respect to control. In combination, nifedipine successfully countered cocaine effects on these enzymes.

Urine cocaine excretion in the cocaine+nifedipine group significantly dropped (by 35 %) compared to the cocaine-only group.

Our results have confirmed the effects of nifedipine against cocaine tolerance and development of dependence, most likely due to metabolic interactions between them.
The distribution of sun glints sizes on the sea surface
Authors: Gardashov Rauf
Published: June 2011

The problem is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Statistical distributions of the total curvature and the reciprocal to the total curvature at the specular points (SP) of a random Gaussian uniform sea surface are discussed. The theoretical distribution and its asymptotes are completely investigated. The validity of the theoretical distribution is verified by numerical simulations and natural experiments. In the experimental study of this distribution, Sun glint images taken with a high time and spatial resolution digital camera are used. Those images are developed by using a specially-designed Fortran program which calculates the statistical characteristics of the glints. The experimentally derived distribution of the glint areas is compared with the theoretical distribution. The main causes (origins) of small divergence between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed.
Burkholderia SP. Strain TNAU-1 for Biological Control of Root Rot in Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata L.) Caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina
Authors: Satya Vijayalakshmi , Vijayasamundeeswari Ayyathurai , Paranidharan Vaikuntavasan , Velazhahan Rethinasamy
Published: June 2011

BurkholderiaSP. Strain TNAU-1 for Biological Control of Root Rot in Mung Bean (Vigna RadiataL.) Caused byMacrophomina Phaseolina

The potential ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 for the management of mung bean (Vigna radiataL.) root rot caused byMacrophomina phaseolinawas evaluated under greenhouse conditions.Burkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 inhibited the mycelial growth ofM. phaseolina in vitroand produced an inhibition zone of 18.8 mm. Mung bean seeds when treated with the bacterial suspension, showed significant increase in root length, shoot length and seedling vigour. A talc-based powder formulation ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 was developed and evaluated for its efficacy in the management of mung bean root rot under greenhouse conditions. Seed treatment or soil application of the powder formulation ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 significantly reduced the incidence of root rot and increased the germination percentage and plant height. Seed treatment with the powder formulation ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1 alone was effective in controlling root rot disease; but the combined seed treatment and soil application ofBurkholderiasp. strain TNAU-1, increased the efficacy. Seed treatment and soil application withBurkholderiasp. reduced the root rot incidence from 52.6 per cent (with non-bacterized seeds) to 16.7 per cent. Control of root rot with the application ofBurkholderiasp. by seed treatment and soil application was not statistically different from that obtained with seed treatment with carbendazim. The endophytic movement ofBurkholderiasp. in the stem, roots and leaves of mung bean was confirmed through PCR usingBurkholderiasp. specific primers which resulted in the amplification of a 417 bp product.
Effect of Fungicides on the Mite Fauna of Prunus Persica L. Cultivars in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
Authors: Montes Sônia , Raga Adalton , Boliani Aparecida , de Carvalho Mineiro Jeferson , dos Santos Pedro
Published: June 2011

Effect of Fungicides on the Mite Fauna ofPrunus PersicaL. Cultivars in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil

The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity of phytophagous and predatory mites on peach cultivars either with or without fungicide treatment, in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to evaluate the effect of fungicides, leaf samples were colleted at random from treated and untreated plants of the Tropical, Aurora 1 and Aurora 2 cultivars, from June 2004 to February 2006. From the results obtained it can be concluded that: plants with or without treatment showed high populations of predatory mites, indicating that the treatments were innocuous on the mite populations. A diversified composition of the mite community was observed. The Phytoseiidae family had the highest richness in numbers and species of mites.Euseius citrifoliusandE. concordiswere the most abundant species. Plants with or without treatment had high abundances of predatory mites, with a predominance ofE. citrifolius.
Evaluation of The Autumn Infection of Winter Barley with Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses Transmitted by Anholocyclic forms of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi L. in Poland
Authors: Strażyński Przemysław , Ruszkowska Maria , Jeżewska Małgorzata , Trzmiel Katarzyna
Published: June 2011

Evaluation of The Autumn Infection of Winter Barley with Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses Transmitted by Anholocyclic forms of Bird Cherry-Oat AphidRhopalosiphum PadiL. in Poland

Research was carried out to determine the extent of anholocyclic forms of bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padion winter barley, and to estimate the level of infection of winter barley crops with Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) viruses. Observations were made in 12 Polish regions. Each region is made up of four distinct locations, with different temperatures. The 12 observed regions were: Lubuskie, Dolnośląskie, Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, Podkarpackie, Wielkopolskie, Łódzkie, Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Podlaskie. The research was carried out during the period of colonization of plants by aphids. Anholocyclic forms ofR. padiwere found on winter barley crops in all regions, with the exception of the Podlaskie area. Samples of plants were collected and tested for virus occurrence by ELISA. In 2007, the detection of BYD viruses in aphids feeding on winter barley was performed using the PCR technique. Virus diagnostics revealed the prevalence ofBarley yellow dwarf virus-PAV(BYDV-PAV) overBarley yellow dwarf virus-MAV(BYDV-MAV), in 2006 and 2007. Aphid vectors of BYD viruses were the most numerous in all the locations of the Opolskie region.
Level of Development of Electronic Services in Poland Compared with the European Union States
Authors: Dominiak Joanna
Published: June 2011

Level of Development of Electronic Services in Poland Compared with the European Union States

The development of information and telecommunications technology has been a breakthrough in the economy and social life. Both modern and traditional sectors of the economy rely on ICT to manufacture new or much improved products and to modify and improve various types of services, e.g. educational, financial, medical, or administrative. With the propagation of ICT there have appeared new ways of acquiring information, learning, doing shopping, or spending leisure time. Thus, progress in ICT contributes to the formation of a knowledge-based economy and an information society.

The chief aim of this article is to analyse the level of development of electronic services in Poland against the backcloth of other European Union states. The following issues will be discussed in more detail: (1) the state of physical infrastructure necessary for the development of e-services in Poland and other EU states, (2) the level of development of selected types of e-services for individual consumers and enterprises in Poland, and (3) a comparison of the level of development of selected types of e-services with other EU states.
State Strategic Planning and Spatial Development in the Siberian Regions
Authors: Syssoeva Natalia , Dets Igor
Published: June 2011

State Strategic Planning and Spatial Development in the Siberian Regions

The paper presents an analysis of the influence of strategic planning projects on the socio-economic development of the Siberian regions of Russia. Zoning for strategic planning is now based on the market principle rather than the production one, as used to be the case during the Soviet period. The dynamics of intra-regional migration flows during the period of implementation of major industrial projects shows an absence of spatial correlation among those processes. The existing institutional framework for regional development does not contribute to the achievement of the main strategic objectives. The economy of the regions remains underinvested and tends towards simplification. An increasing dependence on foreign Asian markets should be taken into account when developing new strategic plans.
Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data
Authors: Hauke Jan , Kossowski Tomasz
Published: June 2011

Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a nonparametric (distribution-free) rank statistic proposed by Charles Spearman as a measure of the strength of an association between two variables. It is a measure of a monotone association that is used when the distribution of data makes Pearson's correlation coefficient undesirable or misleading. Spearman's coefficient is not a measure of the linear relationship between two variables, as some "statisticians" declare. It assesses how well an arbitrary monotonic function can describe a relationship between two variables, without making any assumptions about the frequency distribution of the variables. Unlike Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, it does not require the assumption that the relationship between the variables is linear, nor does it require the variables to be measured on interval scales; it can be used for variables measured at the ordinal level. The idea of the paper is to compare the values of Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient as well as their statistical significance for different sets of data (original - for Pearson's coefficient, and ranked data for Spearman's coefficient) describing regional indices of socio-economic development.
Vertical Zinc Migration in Various Soil Types
Authors: Lahučký Ladislav , Bajčan Daniel , Trebichalský Pavol
Published: June 2011

Vertical Zinc Migration in Various Soil Types

In this contribution the zinc content in selected soil types and soil reaction on zinc loading in kinetic model conditions with knock-down columns filled with soil samples are evaluated. The total zinc content after their draining, finish and decomposition by HF + HClO4mixture and its fractions content in extract of 2 mol dm-3HNO3, in extract of 0.05 mol dm-3EDTA and in extract of 0.01 mol dm-3CaCl2using atomic absorption spectrometry method were determined.

The knock-down columns filled with soil samples in model kinetic conditions were used for observation of zinc sorption measure. The maximal water capacity of soils was determined and then solution of 280 mg zinc (ZnSO4.2H2O) per kilogram of soil was applied. The zinc contents in extraction solutions 2 mol dm-3HNO3, 0.05 mol dm-3EDTA and 0.01 mol dm-3CaCl2in drained 0.05 m high soil columns by atomic absorption spectrometry method were determined.

The obtained results were evaluated by mathematical-statistical methods - multiple range analysis and linear regression. Achieved data were compared to allowed limit values.

The results show different behavior of individual soil types against zinc loading. The soils showed different properties, where zinc migration to the lower column layers was determined. The accent is given to zinc dynamics in neutral and acid soils. The limit value A (140 mg kg-1) was observed in Luvic Cambisol. The limit value A1 (40 mg kg-1) was observed in Eutric Regosol and Luvic Cambisol in upper layer of soil in column. The obtained results show high mobility of zinc in tested soils and thus its risk for ecosystems.
The use of bioabsorbable screws to fix Type II odontoid fractures: a biomechanical study
Authors: Nourbakhsh Ali , Patil Shashikant , Vannemreddy Prasad , Ogden Alan , Mukherjee Debi , Nanda Anil
Published: June 2011

Object

Anterior screw fixation of the Type II odontoid fracture stabilizes the odontoid without restricting the motion of the cervical spine. The metal screw may limit bone remodeling because of stress shielding (if not placed properly) and limit imaging of the fracture. The use of bioabsorbable screws can overcome such shortcomings of the metal screws. The purpose of this study was to compare the strength of a 5-mm bioabsorbable screw with single 4-mm metal and double 3.5-mm lag screw fixation for Type II fractures of the odontoid process.

Methods

Three different modalities of anterior screw fixation were used in 19 C-2 vertebrae. These fixation methods consisted of a single 5-mm cannulated bioabsorbable lag screw (Group A), a single 4-mm cannulated titanium lag screw (Group B), and two 3.5-mm cannulated titanium lag screws (Group C). Anteroposterior (AP) stiffness and rotational stiffness were evaluated in all constructs.

Results

There was no statistical difference among the ages of the cadavers in each group (p = 0.52). The AP bending stiffness in Groups A, B, and C was 117 ± 86, 66 ± 43, and 305 ± 130 Nm/mm, respectively. The AP bending stiffness in Group C was significantly higher than that in Groups A and B (p = 0.01 and p = 0.001, respectively). The difference in AP bending stiffness values of bioabsorbable and 4-mm metal screws was not statistically significant (p = 0.23). The rotational stiffness of the double 3.5-mm metal screws was significantly greater than that of the 5-mm bioabsorbable and the 4-mm titanium screws.

Conclusions

Double screw fixation with 3.5-mm screws provides the stiffest construct in Type II odontoid fractures. Bioabsorbable lag screws (5 mm) have the same AP bending and rotational stiffness as the single titanium lag screw (4 mm) in odontoid fractures.
Long-term outcomes of revision fusion for lumbar pseudarthrosis
Authors: Adogwa Owoicho , Parker Scott L. , Shau David , Mendelhall Stephen K. , Cheng Joseph , Aaronson Oran , Devin Clinton J. , McGirt Matthew J.
Published: June 2011

Object

The number of low-back fusion procedures for the treatment of spine disorders has increased steadily over the past 10 years. Lumbar pseudarthrosis is a potential complication of lumbar arthrodesis and can be associated with significant pain and disability. The aim of this study was to assess, using validated patient-reported outcomes measures, the long-term effectiveness of revision arthrodesis in the treatment of symptomatic pseudarthrosis.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 47 patients who underwent revision lumbar arthrodesis for pseudarthrosis-associated back pain. Baseline 2-year outcomes were assessed using the following: visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, time to narcotic independence, time to return to work, EuroQol health-state utility, and physical and mental quality of life (Short Form [SF]–12 Physical and Mental Component Summary scores).

Results

The mean duration of time between prior fusion and development of symptomatic pseudarthrosis was 2.69 years. Bone morphogenetic protein was used in 4 cases (8.5%) of revision arthrodesis. A significant improvement in VAS back pain (7.31 ± 0.81 vs 5.06 ± 2.64, p = 0.001), ODI (29.74 ± 5.35 vs 25.42 ± 6.0, p = 0.001), and physical health SF-12 (23.83 ± 6.89 vs 27.85 ± 8.90, p = 0.001) scores was observed when comparing baseline and 2-year post–revision arthrodesis scores, respectively, with a mean cumulative 2-year gain of 0.35 quality-adjusted life years. The median time to narcotics independence was 12.16 (interquartile range 1.5–24.0) months and the median time to return to work was 4 months (interquartile range 3–5 months). By 2 years after revision surgery, no patients had experienced pseudarthrosis. The SF-12 Mental Component Summary (44.72 ± 7.90 vs 43.46 ± 7.51, p = 0.43) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale scores (39.36 ± 7.48 vs 41.39 ± 10.72, p = 0.37) were not significantly improved by 2 years.

Conclusions

The authors' study suggests that revision lumbar arthrodesis for symptomatic pseudarthrosis provides improvement in low-back pain, disability, and quality of life. Revision lumbar arthrodesis should be considered a viable treatment option for patients with pseudarthrosis-related back pain. Mental health symptoms from pseudarthrosis-associated back pain may be more refractory to revision surgery.
Isolation of New 40 Microsatellite Markers in Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi)
Authors: Liu Xiaolian , Luo Wei , Zeng Cong , Wang Weimin , Gao Zexia
Published: June 2011

In this study, 23 genomic microsatellite DNA markers and 17 express sequence tag (EST)-derived microsatellites were developed and characterized using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) method and data mining from public EST databases of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). These polymorphic microsatellite markers were then tested for polymorphism in a wild S. chuatsi population. The number of alleles at 23 genomic SSRs varied from 2 to 19 with an average of 8.0 alleles per locus. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.746 and 0.711, respectively. Of 5361 EST sequences examined, 3.9% (209) contain microsatellites, and di-nucleotide repeats are the most abundant (67.0%), followed by tri-nucleotide (29.7%) and tetra-nucleotide repeats (3.3%). The number of alleles at 17 EST-SSRs varied from 2 to 17 with an average of 8.4 alleles per locus. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.789 and 0.685, respectively. No significant difference of loci polymorphism was found between genomic SSRs and EST-SSRs in terms of number of alleles and heterozygosities. Results of cross-species utility indicated that 13 (52.2%) of the genomic-SSRs and 13 (76.5%) of the EST-SSRs were successfully cross-ampliﬁed in a related species, the golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri).
Integrated Photonic Devices Incorporating Low-Loss Fluorinated Polymer Materials
Authors: Oh Min-Cheol , Kim Kyung-Jo , Chu Woo-Sung , Kim Jun-Whee , Seo Jun-Kyu , Noh Young-Ouk , Lee Hyung-Jong
Published: June 2011

Low-loss polymer materials incorporating fluorinated compounds have been utilized for the investigation of various functional optical devices useful for optical communication and optical sensor systems. Since reliability issues concerning the polymer device have been resolved, polymeric waveguide devices have been gradually adopted for commercial application systems. The two most successfully commercialized polymeric integrated optic devices, variable optical attenuators and digital optical switches, are reviewed in this paper. Utilizing unique properties of optical polymers which are not available in other optical materials, novel polymeric optical devices are proposed including widely tunable external cavity lasers and integrated optical current sensors.
Gene Expression Profiling and Identification of Resistance Genes to Aspergillus flavus Infection in Peanut through EST and Microarray Strategies
Authors: Guo Baozhu , Fedorova Natalie D. , Chen Xiaoping , Wan Chun-Hua , Wang Wei , Nierman William C. , Bhatnagar Deepak , Yu Jiujiang
Published: June 2011

Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus infect peanut seeds and produce aflatoxins, which are associated with various diseases in domestic animals and humans throughout the world. The most cost-effective strategy to minimize aflatoxin contamination involves the development of peanut cultivars that are resistant to fungal infection and/or aflatoxin production. To identify peanut Aspergillus-interactive and peanut Aspergillus-resistance genes, we carried out a large scale peanut Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) project which we used to construct a peanut glass slide oligonucleotide microarray. The fabricated microarray represents over 40% of the protein coding genes in the peanut genome. For expression profiling, resistant and susceptible peanut cultivars were infected with a mixture of Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus spores. The subsequent microarray analysis identified 62 genes in resistant cultivars that were up-expressed in response to Aspergillus infection. In addition, we identified 22 putative Aspergillus-resistance genes that were constitutively up-expressed in the resistant cultivar in comparison to the susceptible cultivar. Some of these genes were homologous to peanut, corn, and soybean genes that were previously shown to confer resistance to fungal infection. This study is a first step towards a comprehensive genome-scale platform for developing Aspergillus-resistant peanut cultivars through targeted marker-assisted breeding and genetic engineering.
Le montage des autochtonies
Authors: Galinier Jacques
Published: June 2011

Depuis l’époque préhispanique, la Terre alimente les spéculations cosmologiques des populations indiennes de Mésoamérique, en tant que figure dévoratrice, instance maternelle au désir insatiable, réclamant sang, humeurs, sperme, substances de tous ordres, car c’est à ce prix qu’elle assure une fonction vitale. Chez les ritualistes du New Âge, actifs sur la place centrale de Mexico, le Zócalo, le concept de Terre Mère est devenu le vecteur d’une idéologie essencialiste, voire eugéniste, étayée sur une conception revisitée de la religion ancienne, décontaminée de sa dimension sacrificielle. Ce désir d’autochtonie, activé au nom de la pureté de la race indienne et d’un ancrage sur le territoire de l’ex-empire aztèque, entre en syntonie avec la demande d’altérité réclamée par les adeptes du tourisme mystique, sur fond d’écologisme soft et de chamanisme, combinant la quête d’enracinement dans le sol de l’Anahuac avec la construction d’une religion panaméricaine de la Terre Mère, unissant l’ensemble des « tribus » indiennes à l’échelle du continent.
Autochtonies plurielles : nous sommes tous les fils du Sol et de la Mère Inde
Authors: Assayag Jackie
Published: June 2011

C’est sans doute dans la littérature du sous-continent que s’exprima avec la plus grande emphase la glorification de la terre et de ses gens. La notion de « mère patrie » est incontestablement le mythe dominant du nationalisme indien. Notre histoire est la biographie sacrée de la Mère. Une telle dévotion à la mère, construite sur l’attachement sentimental au pays, n’est pas propre aux hommes et aux « fils ». L’idéologie qui a sous-tendu la construction de l’Inde moderne, aussi bien que les débats et controverses qui (dé) structurent l’Inde actuelle, c’est encore et toujours celle de Bharat. Autrement dit, un État-nation articulé par plusieurs générations d’idéologues et de praticiens du nationalisme hindou. Or ceux-ci refusent le transfert historique du monde contemporain en prônant un retour aux traditions immuables afin de créer le monde pré-moderne, celui de ma Mère Inde.
Immigration, islam, « identité nationale » : vieux débats, vieux démons
Authors: Le Cour Grandmaison Olivier
Published: June 2011

Immigrés, « clandestins » et menaces diverses supposées peser sur la France en raison de la présence de « trop nombreux étrangers » réputés mal intégrés à la société : vieux débats et vieux démons en vérité. Le présent article a pour objectif d’en analyser certaines des origines qu’il faut chercher dans le passé colonial de la France, et dans le sort longtemps réservé aux « colonisés-immigrés » venus d’Afrique du Nord pendant l’entre-deux guerres.
De l'autochtonie à la citoyenneté : vers une construction psychique de la citoyenneté
Authors: Payan Ségolène
Published: June 2011

Le lien entre autochtonie et projet politique amène à questionner l’évolution et les caractéristiques de la notion de citoyenneté. Ce développement, associé au « sens vécu » amorce une réflexion sur la construction psychique de la citoyenneté. La représentation réelle du lieu géographique transgresse la frontière du symbolique pour se nicher dans l’imaginaire du sujet citoyen. L’accès à la citoyenneté peut alors être présenté comme faisant partie des tentatives de dépassement des enjeux de désarticulation et de réarticulation qui marquent la construction identitaire d’un individu.
Chthoniè : Le maternel qui fait demeure
Authors: Reniers Dominique , Pinel Carole
Published: June 2011

L’autochtonie renvoie à une catégorie d’individus identifiables par leur surgissement d’une terre précise. Cependant, dans la présence du pronominal (auto), on peut entendre également le surgissement de la Terre elle-même dans les profondeurs qui lui sont propres. Au-delà des références mythologiques classiques qui font de Gaïa, la Terre-Mère, la base essentielle de toute vie, certaines versions marquent le surgissement de la Terre comme indissociable d’une dissimulation, d’un « négatif » de cette base : Chthonios qui ne peut « être » tout en fondant ce qui peut être.
Identidad y discurso contranormativos en El vampiro de la colonia Roma de Luis Zapata
Authors: Ladrón de Guevara Bertha
Published: June 2011

El presente artículo analiza la identidad de Adonis García, protagonista de la novela en estudio, y el discurso de la misma como dos hechos primordiales bajo los que se fundamenta una crítica severa al sistema de género institucionalizado en México. La identidad de Adonis García muestra una triple presencia subversiva por tratarse de un homosexual/prostituto que, además, goza de su trabajo. Por otra parte, esta ruptura con el sistema de género hegemónico no puede realizarse con una argumentación filtrada a través del lenguaje usado por el dispositivo sexual institucionalizado; sino mediante una de-construcción del mismo y de la puesta en práctica de un discurso contra-hegemónico. Estos dos elementos –identidad y discurso– promueven un cuestionamiento a la forma de concebir el sujeto marginado por parte de los mecanismos del poder y, además, son subvertidos por Adonis García para construir, con base en su estatuto “ denigrado ”, una estrategia vital placentera y libertaria.
El miedo a lo femenino
Authors: Rodríguez Antoine
Published: June 2011

La figura discursiva e iconográfica del homosexual afeminado, o mejor dicho de los equivalentes estigmatizados como lagartijos, jotos, maricones, invertidos y otros surge progresivamente en México en el siglo XIX para difundirse ya de manera más amplia en el periodo del Porfiriato (1876-1910) y luego en tiempos posrevolucionarios. El discurso institucional, acarreado por medios como la prensa oficial, los diferentes volantes callejeros, los manifiestos artísticos, la literatura criminológica y médica o la pintura, al conjugar fe patriótica y miedo a un peligroso desorden socio-genérico, va a dar rienda suelta a unas representaciones estereotipadas de las cuales queda excluida la voz propia de los interesados. Resultado de una compleja red teórica iniciada en una Europa burguesa e higienista, la figura del homosexual se convierte en México en el receptáculo esperpéntico de una decadencia o degeneración contra la que se pretenden, por una parte reforzar las asignaciones genéricas cuestionadas por los movimientos incipientes de emancipación femenina, por otra parte derrocar la permanencia del gobierno liberal de Porfirio Diaz y, finalmente, imponer al macho mexicano como modelo patriótico posrevolucionario. Partiendo de las representaciones del homosexual afeminado que se dan en Europa, me interesa ver cómo, de cierta manera, éstas nutren las configuraciones mexicanas que, a su vez, producen prototipos nacionales específicos.
Chronique et symbole au Mexique en 1968
Authors: Léziart Françoise
Published: June 2011

Cette communication a pour objet d’analyser la transformation d’un événement tragique qui a eu lieu en 1968 à Mexico.  Il s’agit du massacre de Tlatelolco qui a fait plus de 300 morts sur la place du même nom lors de manifestations estudiantines organisées pour réclamer plus de démocratie dans le pays. Entre information et revendication, douleur et exaltation, écriture et oralité, les chroniques des deux écrivains et journalistes : Elena Poniatowska (La Noche de Tlatelolco, 1971)  et Carlos Monsiváis (Días de guardar, 1970) ont contribué à la création de nouveaux symboles.
Latinos, hispanos, español y espanglish
Authors: Lemus Aura
Published: June 2011

El presente trabajo pretende debatir sobre diversos estereotipos relacionados con la presencia hispana en los Estados Unidos ya sea inmigrante o nativa, en cuanto a la percepción que de esta se tiene en la sociedad,  la reacción de los hispanos ante estas imágenes deformadas, parciales o incompletas y sus repercusiones en el ámbito lingüístico.  En efecto, si la identidad está intrínsecamente ligada a la lengua, veremos en qué medida se siguen identificando los hispanos con el español, cómo las apelaciones espanglish y español estadounidense influyen en la definición de una identidad cultural heterogénea y cómo se manifiesta esta nueva identidad híbrida a través de la literatura.
Desmitificar el mito de la Revolución mexicana
Authors: Hanaï Marie-José
Published: June 2011

A partir de la posrevolución mexicana, varios discursos han emprendido una mitificación de la Revolución, pretendiendo unificar a la nación mediante imágenes, héroes y fórmulas, o intentando establecer los rasgos de la mexicanidad. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, historiadores, antropólogos y escritores de ficción escogen la vía de la exploración y discusión del mito para reevaluar su peso y significación en la identidad mexicana y la cultura nacional. La representación de la Revolución en la novela participa de esa revisión e interrogación del mito. Proponemos considerar dos novelas publicadas en los años 80, Gringo viejo, de Carlos Fuentes, y La familia vino del norte, de Silvia Molina, para comparar las estrategias de discusión del mito revolucionario, entre la re-mitificación y la humanización.
Los conflictos de la representación del otro en dos novelas de la revolución mexicana
Authors: Keizman Betina
Published: June 2011

La novela de la revolución constituye en el corpus de la literatura mexicana un género particular de narrativa fundacional, lo que Bhabha ha denominado ficciones fundacionales o narrativas de la Nación. Heterogéneas pese a englobarse bajo una misma categoría genérica, las novelas de la revolución han sido esenciales en la forja de estereotipos. En particular, en aquellas que representan el período de los enfrentamientos armados puede leerse la construcción de la figura del otro popular, encarnado en ese momento en el cuerpo del combatiente revolucionario. Novelas que ponen en escena la dificultosa relación entre ese objeto y los escritores que lo abordan, desde una insalvable situación de disparidad que alcanza su punto más álgido en el tratamiento de temas esenciales a ese material : el problema de la justificación ética de la violencia, los orígenes de la lucha, la moral de los personajes sitiada entre la dimensión heroica que se espera de ellos y la constatación –clasista- de sus propias limitaciones. En particular, queremos analizar dos obras, Los de abajo de Azuela, novela canónica de la revolución, y Cartucho, de Nellie Campobello, novela excéntrica de la revolución. Nuestra hipótesis es que lo que ha sido leído en ambos textos como desprolijidad, limitación de composición, producto de escasa revisión o determinación biográfica de los acontecimientos narrados puede comprenderse bajo una clave diferente : como expresión y síntoma del conflicto en la representación del otro y como búsqueda, por parte de las voces autorales, de posicionamientos y estrategias narrativas que indaguen y testimonien las dificultades de esa representación.
« Alta, desnuda, única. Poesía »
Authors: Duplay Mathieu
Published: June 2011

Dans El Niño (2000) et A Flowering Tree (2006), deux de ses opéras les plus récents, le compositeur américain John Adams (né en 1947) a choisi de travailler sur des livrets bilingues où l’espagnol occupe une place significative aux côtés de l’anglais ; c’est tout particulièrement le cas de El Niño où des textes d’auteurs hispano‑américains sont cités dans la langue d’origine. Chez Adams, le bilinguisme semble lié à une interrogation sur les usages politiques de la représentation. Ce lecteur d’Edward Said est sensible à la manière dont le discours du pouvoir s’arroge le droit exclusif de donner des peuples dominés une image présentée comme véridique et dont le prétendu savoir qui en résulte est instrumentalisé à des fins autoritaires. Le bilinguisme de El Niño contribue à interroger ce que l’on pourrait appeler en termes paradoxaux un orientalisme latino, le savoir de l’Amérique hispanophone que construit la représentation artistique et ses usages à des fins de domination ; en effet, il attire l’attention sur l’hétérogénéité des ressources dont usent le compositeur et son librettiste Peter Sellars, autrement dit sur ce qui les rend impropres à la constitution d’un discours hégémonique. Parallèlement, Adams et Sellars proposent une autre conception de la vérité, fondée non plus sur la quête d’une synthèse généralisante ni, a fortiori, sur la recherche d’une idéalité abstraite susceptible de s’imposer indépendamment du contexte, mais au contraire sur la prise en compte des déterminations particulières qui confèrent aux êtres et aux situations historiques leur pleine valeur de singularité. Sur ce point, ils rencontrent les préoccupations de l’auteur mexicain Rosario Castellanos, dont plusieurs poèmes sont repris intégralement dans le livret de El Niño. Lectrice de Simone Weil, Castellanos illustre par son écriture une conception à la fois éthique, esthétique et épistémologique de l’enracinement, défini comme l’attention amoureuse portée à ce qui est, à la réalité concrète qui est indistinctement beauté, puissance et vérité. De même, Adams et Sellars opposent à la fiction d’un savoir universel une pratique de l’écart, de l’intervalle et de la transition, celle‑là même qui, chez John Adams, a nom musique, et que Simone Weil appelle la vie.
Apuntes sobre los primeros textos de Tamara Kamenszain
Authors: Fernández Nancy
Published: June 2011

Este trabajo se propone explorar los primeros poemarios de Tamara Kamenszain, allí donde aparecen marcas que identificarán su producción hasta la actualidad. Si las características y los procedimientos son importantes en las figuraciones del sentido, lo son también respecto de aquellas que afirman la imagen de autora y la complementaria construcción de sus propios mitos (los personales, los familiares).
« Machos » et « machistes » : (brève) histoire de stéréotypes mexicains
Authors: Machillot Didier
Published: June 2011

Durant la Révolution mexicaine, entre 1910 et 1920, surgit un stéréotype qui sera promis à un bel avenir : le « macho ». Révolutionnaire courageux dans un premier temps, ce dernier incarne certes des valeurs guerrières traditionnellement encensées en temps de guerre mais il s’inscrit aussi dans un contexte nationaliste et populiste qui, en réaction au discours élitiste et raciste de la dictature porfirienne, le fera se confondre avec le Métis et avec le Peuple. À tel point que cette figure classique du combattant, loin de disparaître en temps de paix, en viendra à symboliser, dès les années 1940, « le » Mexicain. Un « idéal » qui, loin de se « figer », évoluera au gré des changements de la société mexicaine... Mais ces transformations ne sont pas les seules à affecter le stéréotype du « macho ». Parallèlement à cette image globalement positive s’est construite au Mexique depuis les années 1930, une figure autrement plus négative : celle du « machiste ». Moins connue, cette histoire n’en est pas moins importante puisque c’est désormais celle qui s’impose dans le discours officiel lorsqu’il s’agit de lutter contre les inégalités entre les sexes.
Transgresión y rebeldía
Authors: Van Hecke An
Published: June 2011

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en investigar qué pasa con la imagen de la Virgen de Guadalupe cuando se convierte en una figura transnacional, cuando sufre una desterritorialización tal como se observa en la cultura chicana en los Estados Unidos. El artículo consta de dos grandes partes : por un lado, el arte pictórico, por otro lado, la literatura. En ambos campos, se estudian las obras a partir de los años setenta del siglo 20 hasta la actualidad. En el campo artístico se analizan, entre otras, las obras de Ester Hernández, Yolanda López y Alma López. Para la literatura se han seleccionado fragmentos de textos de Tomás Rivera, Gloria Anzaldúa, Sandra Cisneros, Cherríe Moraga, Guillermo Gómez-Peña y Alejandro Morales. En su búsqueda o construcción de una identidad chicana, y en su afán de distinguirse del Otro, es decir, del angloamericano, los autores chicanos cuestionan y reinterpretan la imagen de la Virgen.
Prostituées et idéal féminin à San José, Costa Rica
Authors: Giraldou - Gonzalez Portales Marion
Published: June 2011

Au Costa Rica, dans les années 1870, l’affirmation du pouvoir libéral signifie la mise en place de nouvelles stratégies de domination basées non plus sur la seule autorité des oligarchies mais sur l’assimilation des modèles culturels de l’élite par la majorité de la population. Leur volonté de modernisation se fait alors sentir à travers la valorisation de nouveaux principes issus de conceptions préexistantes mais qui, diffusés de façon systématique, favorise la mise en place d’une culture commune ou tout au moins d’un socle culturel commun à la majorité de la population. Ce processus d’homogénéisation conduit à rendre plus visible les différences entre la population « normalisée » ou en cours de normalisation – et particulièrement les femmes répondant à l’idéal féminin diffusée – et la population marginalisée. Corrélativement, ce phénomène s’accompagne d’une modification significative de la nature et de la conception de la marginalité et des marginaux en général. Il s’agit alors de comprendre la construction de la notion de prostitution comme la synthèse de l’influence de diverses représentations  – à l’échelle de l’État et de la population – et notamment comme le résultat de la diffusion d’un « idéal féminin » correspondant aux conceptions de l’élite libérale. La prostituée apparaît alors comme le négatif de cette image idéale.
The pivotal role of conference papers in the network of scientific communication
Authors: Rowley-Jolivet Elizabeth
Published: June 2011

Les analyses existantes de la construction et de la diffusion du savoir scientifique n’ont accordé que peu d’attention au rôle joué par les congrès scientifiques et par le genre discursif qui leur est associé, la communication orale de congrès. Nous tentons donc de préciser la place et l’apport spécifique des congrès aux réseaux sociotechniques, et de positionner la communication de congrès par rapport aux genres discursifs plus largement étudiés afin de faire ressortir sa contribution à la construction des faits scientifiques. Nous soutenons que la position charnière de la communication de congrès, entre le laboratoire d’une part et l’article de recherche d’autre part, permet une conception plus juste du relativisme épistémologique.
GM-CSF Production by Glioblastoma Cells Has a Functional Role in Eosinophil Survival, Activation, and Growth Factor Production for Enhanced Tumor Cell Proliferation
Authors: Curran Colleen S. , Evans Michael D. , Bertics Paul J.
Published: June 2011

Medicinal interventions of limited efficacy are currently available for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. The eosinophil is a pivotal immune cell in the pathobiology of atopic disease that is also found to accumulate in certain tumor tissues. Inverse associations between atopy and GBM risk suggest that the eosinophil may play a functional role in certain tumor immune responses. To assess the potential interactions between eosinophils and GBM, we cultured human primary blood eosinophils with two separate human GBM-derived cell lines (A172, U87-MG) or conditioned media generated in the presence or absence of TNF-α. Results demonstrated differential eosinophil adhesion and increased survival in response to coculture with GBM cell lines. Eosinophil responses to GBM cell line-conditioned media included increased survival, activation, CD11b expression, and S100A9 release. Addition of GM-CSF neutralizing Abs to GBM cell cultures or conditioned media reduced eosinophil adhesion, survival, and activation, linking tumor cell-derived GM-CSF to the functions of eosinophils in the tumor microenvironment. Dexamethasone, which has been reported to inhibit eosinophil recruitment and shrink GBM lesions on contrast-enhanced scans, reduced the production of tumor cell-derived GM-CSF. Furthermore, culture of GBM cells in eosinophil-conditioned media increased tumor cell viability, and generation of eosinophil-conditioned media in the presence of GM-CSF enhanced the effect. These data support the idea of a paracrine loop between GM-CSF–producing tumors and eosinophil-derived growth factors in tumor promotion/progression.
Antigen Localization Controls T Cell-Mediated Tumor Immunity
Authors: Zeelenberg Ingrid S. , van Maren Wendy W. C. , Boissonnas Alexandre , Van Hout-Kuijer Maaike A. , Den Brok Martijn H. M. G. M. , Wagenaars Jori A. L. , van der Schaaf Alie , Jansen Eric J. R. , Amigorena Sebastian , Théry Clotilde , Figdor Carl G. , Adema Gosse J.
Published: June 2011

Effective antitumor immunotherapy requires the identification of suitable target Ags. Interestingly, many of the tumor Ags used in clinical trials are present in preparations of secreted tumor vesicles (exosomes). In this study, we compared T cell responses elicited by murine MCA101 fibrosarcoma tumors expressing a model Ag at different localizations within the tumor cell in association with secreted vesicles (exosomes), as a nonsecreted cell-associated protein, or as secreted soluble protein. Remarkably, we demonstrated that only the tumor-secreting vesicle-bound Ag elicited a strong Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response, CD4+ T cell help, Ag-specific Abs, and a decrease in the percentage of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in the tumor. Moreover, in a therapeutic tumor model of cryoablation, only in tumors secreting vesicle-bound Ag could Ag-specific CD8+ T cells still be detected up to 16 d after therapy. We concluded that the localization of an Ag within the tumor codetermines whether a robust immunostimulatory response is elicited. In vivo, vesicle-bound Ag clearly skews toward a more immunogenic phenotype, whereas soluble or cell-associated Ag expression cannot prevent or even delay outgrowth and results in tumor tolerance. This may explain why particular immunotherapies based on these vesicle-bound tumor Ags are potentially successful. Therefore, we conclude that this study may have significant implications in the discovery of new tumor Ags suitable for immunotherapy and that their location should be taken into account to ensure a strong antitumor immune response.
Uncoupling Protein 2 Negatively Regulates Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Induces Phosphatase-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Response in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Basu Ball Writoban , Kar Susanta , Mukherjee Madhuchhanda , Chande Ajit G. , Mukhopadhyaya Robin , Das Pijush K.
Published: June 2011

To reside and multiply successfully within the host macrophages, Leishmania parasites impair the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are a major host defense mechanism against any invading pathogen. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins are associated with mitochondrial ROS generation, which is the major contributor of total cellular ROS generation. In the present study we have demonstrated that Leishmania donovani infection is associated with strong upregulation of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a negative regulator of mitochondrial ROS generation located at the inner membrane of mitochondria. Functional knockdown of macrophage UCP2 by small interfering RNA-mediated silencing was associated with increased mitochondrial ROS generation, lower parasite survival, and induction of marked proinflammatory cytokine response. Induction of proinflammatory cytokine response in UCP2 knocked-down cells was a direct consequence of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation, which resulted from ROS-mediated inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Administration of ROS quencher, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, abrogated PTP inhibition in UCP2 knocked-down infected cells, implying a role of ROS in inactivating PTP. Short hairpin RNA-mediated in vivo silencing of UCP2 resulted in decreased Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 and PTP-1B activity and host-protective proinflammatory cytokine response resulting in effective parasite clearance. To our knowledge, this study, for the first time, reveals the induction of host UCP2 expression during Leishmania infection to downregulate mitochondrial ROS generation, thereby possibly preventing ROS-mediated PTP inactivation to suppress macrophage defense mechanisms.
Repetitive Immunization Breaks Tolerance to Type XVII Collagen and Leads to Bullous Pemphigoid in Mice
Authors: Hirose Misa , Recke Andreas , Beckmann Tina , Shimizu Atsushi , Ishiko Akira , Bieber Katja , Westermann Jürgen , Zillikens Detlef , Schmidt Enno , Ludwig Ralf J.
Published: June 2011

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease of the elderly associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. As unspecific immunosuppressants are still the mainstay of BP therapy, several animal models, based on the passive transfer of autoantibodies or immune cells, have been developed to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of BP and evaluate novel therapeutic interventions. We describe in this study an experimental model inducing BP by immunization of immunocompetent mice with a recombinant form of the immunodominant 15th noncollagenous domain of murine BP180 (type XVII collagen). The homologous noncollagenous 16A domain of human BP180 has previously been identified as an immunodominant region in human BP. Immunization of female SJL/J mice with the murine peptide led to clinical disease within 14 wk in 56% of mice. In contrast, none of the other strains developed blisters despite the presence of autoantibodies. The clinical disease manifested for at least 8 wk without further manipulation. This novel immunization-induced model reflects key immunopathological characteristics of human BP, including binding of complement-fixing autoantibodies along the dermal–epidermal junction, elevated total IgE serum levels, and infiltration of skin lesions with eosinophilic granulocytes. The use of immunocompetent mice and the induction of sustained clinical disease not requiring additional interventions make this immunization-induced mouse model most suitable to further explore the pathogenesis of BP and novel therapeutic interventions for this and other autoantibody-mediated diseases.