bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and psychometric properties of a questionnaire to evaluate sustainable waste separation behavior and environmental health promotion
Authors: Solhi Mahnaz , Heydari Esmat , Janani Leila , Farzadkia Mahdi
Published: October 2021

Background

Assessment of benefits and barriers of waste separation at source is necessary to identify the effective factors in this field. This study aims at designing and validation of a questionnaire assessing the barriers and benefits of waste separation at source from the viewpoint of women based on the community-based social marketing model in Genaveh Township, Bushehr, Iran

Methods

In phase 1, a literature review and focus group discussion were conducted to identify the barriers and benefits of waste separation at the source and to design the items and questionnaires. In phase 2, a psychometric evaluation was performed, including face validity, content validity, structural validity, and reliability. Data were analyzed by SPSS and R software.

Results

Out of 56 initial items, seven items with the content validity ratio less than 0.56 were removed, and one with the content validity index less than 0.79 was reviewed. Content validity ratio of the questionnaire was 0.782 and content validity index 0.957. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the five and seven-factor models showed good fit. Considering the possible existence of some items in several factors, confirmatory factor analysis was used in the next step. Finally, two items were removed and two others were displaced. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed by internal consistency (α = 0.92) and its stability by the test-retest (ICC = 0.83).

Conclusions

The valid and reliable 48-item questionnaire is a suitable instrument for assessing the barriers and benefits of waste separation at source from the viewpoint of women based on the community-based social marketing model in Genaveh Township, Bushehr.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care centre of eastern India: a pilot study
Authors: Mukhopadhay Somnath , Mukherjee Anindya , Khanra Dibbendhu , Samanta Biaus , Karak Avik , Guha Santanu
Published: October 2021

Background

Handful studies report the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among medical students from India and none from the eastern part of the country.

Aim

To estimate the prevalence of risk factors of CVD and their correlation with CVD risk ratio among the MBBS students from eastern India.

Methods

433 students were studied. International Physical Activity Questionnaire-long form was used for assessment of physical activity and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to elicit psychological stress levels. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was calculated. Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio was calculated as the CVD risk ratio.

Results

39.3% were women and 68.6% of the subjects were in junior classes. 22.4% subjects had high PSS while 30% performed low physical activity. Tobacco and alcohol intake was prevalent in 29.3% and 21.0% respectively. High CVD risk ratio was found in 14.3%. Most risk factors were more prevalent among juniors except diabetes. Among the non-overweight and non-obese subjects there was a significant positive correlation between WHtR and CVD risk score (R = 0.33, p < 0.001). 82.7% of the variance in CVD risk ratio could be explained by WHtR, Body mass index, Triglycerides and Low-density lipoprotein (F(7, 425) = 296.085), of which LDL (β = 0.755) contributed the most.

Conclusions

High prevalence of different modifiable CVD risk factors revealed among the subjects in this study is concerning. WHtR appears promising as an independent early predictor of CVD risk in Indian population. A dedicated CVD risk assessment tool for the young population is necessary.
Assessment of antimicrobial phytopeptides: lipid transfer protein and hevein-like peptide in the prospect of structure, function and allergenic effect
Authors: Azmi Sarfuddin , Khatoon Shahnaaz , Hussain Mohd Kamil
Published: October 2021

Background

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are unique natural antibiotics that are crucial effectors of innate immune systems in almost all living organisms. Several different plant antimicrobial peptides have been identified and isolated, demonstrating a high level of protection against various types of bacteria, insects, nematodes and other microbes. Along with antimicrobial function, these peptides play a wide range of crucial function in plants, such as regulation of stomata, ion channel, heavy metals and membrane fluidity.

Main body

Antimicrobial peptides show a continuum of toxicity for a variety of plants and animals pathogenic microbes and even show cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Numerous studies have shown that transgenic plants have increased the expression of AMP-encoding genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, and plants that express transgenic AMP genes are more responsive to biotic, abiotic and other functions. In addition to being a molecule with protective properties, various allergic reactions are associated with some phytopeptides and proteins, in particular non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) and peptide-like hevein. Pru p3 from peach is the most clinically important allergen within the nsLTP family that cause real food allergies and also triggers extreme clinical reactions. Similarly, latex-fruit syndrome was primarily associated with well-studied latex allergen Hevein (Hev b8, Hev b6) and class I chitinases.

Short conclusions

Several findings have shown that, in the near future, transgenic plants based on AMPs against the verity of pathogenic fungi, bacteria and other abiotic stresses will be released without any adverse effects. Recent study reason that association of lipid with nsLTP enhances allergic sensitization and hevein-like domain of chitinase I essentially plays a role in cross-sensitivity of latex with different fruits and nuts. This review discusses the structures and various functions of lipid transfer protein and hevein-like peptide.
Toxicological evaluation of Hydrocotyle bonariensis Comm. ex Lamm (Araliaceae) leaves extract
Authors: Kaboua Komla , Pakoussi Tcha , Mouzou Aklesso , Assih Mindede , Kadissoli Balakiyém , Dossou-Yovo Komlan Mawubédjro , Bois Patrick
Published: October 2021

Background

The present study was designed to determine the cytotoxic, acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity profile of the hydroethanol extract of Hydrocotyle bonariensis leaves. The toxicity studies are preceded by a phytochemical screening to characterize the phytochemical compounds contained in this extract.

Results

The phytochemical screening allowed to identify the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponosids. The cytotoxicity study allowed retaining that this extract does not present cellular toxicity. The acute oral toxicity study was performed at a limit dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight by the oral route. The extract showed no signs of toxicity or mortality during the 14-day daily observation period. Repeated-dose oral toxicity studies were conducted by administering 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract orally daily to the treated batches for 28 days. The extract did not reveal any toxicity either on the weights of the animals or on the relative weights of the organs taken. The analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters revealed no significant difference between the indicators of the batches treated with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, compared to the control batch during the 28 days of treatment.

Conclusion

These results show that the hydroethanol extract of Hdrocotyle bonariensis leaves is relatively safe toxicologically when administered orally.
The role of microfinance institutions on poverty reduction in Ethiopia: the case of Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company at Welmera district
Authors: Chomen Dejene Adugna
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company microfinance institution on poverty alleviation in Welmera district, Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfine, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Both random and purposive sampling techniques were used for data collection. Three hundred and fifty-seven respondents were selected from twelve different villages for the data collection. The study used a binary logistic regression to identify the key determinants of the income improvement of respondents. The findings confirmed that education level, voluntary saving, and utilization of loan for the intended purposes are statistically significant and positively contributed to the income improvement of the respondents in the study area. The finding revealed that most of the respondents' income improved after they joined the program which impacted positively in improving their standards of living.
Experimental design optimization of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of metsulfuron-methyl, chlorantraniliprole and chlorimuron-ethyl residues in stems of Oryza sativa
Authors: Adiki Shanta Kumari , Katakam Prakash , Assaleh Fathi H.
Published: October 2021

Background

The study aims to develop a chemometrics optimized D-optimal mixture design approach assisted RP- HPLC method for the determination of pesticide residues of metsulfuron-methyl, chlorantraniliprole, and chlorimuron-ethyl in the stems of Oryza sativa. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of a pH 3.5 phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 85:15.

Results

The optimized HPLC method gave a sharp resolution of metsulfuron-methyl, chlorantraniliprole and chlorimuron-ethyl at a retention time of 2.599 min, 3.805 min and 4.661 min receptively. Linearity was observed in the range 100‒500 µg/mL for metsulfuron-methyl (r2 = 0.999), 4‒20 µg/mL for chlorantraniliprole (r2 = 0.999) and 100‒500 µg/mL for chlorimuron-ethyl (r2 = 0.999). The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines.

Conclusion

The proposed chemometrics optimized RP-HPLC method was found to be successful in the resolution of pesticide residues in the stems of O. sativa. The developed method can be applied to routine quantification of metsulfuron-methyl, chlorantraniliprole and chlorimuron-ethyl.
Effect of cough assist device on blood gasses and period of mechanical ventilator for pneumonic children with general hypotonia
Authors: Sanad Raheel , Refaat Shimaa Mohamed , Meligy Bassant , Abdelazeim Faten Hassan
Published: October 2021

Background

Cough assist devices play an important role with patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), particularly those with neuromuscular diseases which had abnormal muscle tone. It was previously thought to be the main technique for improving cough efficacy, which aids in weaning from mechanical ventilation and improves patient outcomes. So, we selected randomly the odd numbers from Abo El-Reesh hospital records, and 30 children of both sexes with pneumonia were selected, aged from 6 months to 3 years, who were selected from intensive care unit: fifteen children were the control group, who received the selected physical therapy program (postural drainage, percussion and resist diaphragm), and another fifteen children were the study group, who received previous physical therapy program, which was selected, and cough assist device.

Results

This study revealed the effect of cough assist device on blood gasses and the period of mechanical ventilator on children with pneumonia and general hypotonia. There was a significant decrease in pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 post treatment compared with that pretreatment in the study and control groups (p < 0.05). The percentage of decrease in pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 in study group A were 0.4, 38.26, and 30.28% respectively while that in the control group were 0.4, 32.56, and 25.48% for pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 respectively. There was a significant increase in PaO2 post treatment compared with that pretreatment in the study and control groups (p < 0.001). The percentage of increase in PaO2 in the study group was 32.13% and that in control group was 30.09%. There was no significant difference in pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 between both groups pre-treatment (p ˃ 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between groups post treatment (p ˃ 0.05). The median (IQR) period of mechanical ventilation in the study group was 5 (7, 4) days while that in control group was 8 (18, 5) days. There was a significant decrease in period of mechanical ventilator of the study group compared with that of control group (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

The cough assist device and physical therapy program were selected for children in the intensive care unit which have the same effect on arterial blood gasses as they optimize pH, PO2, PCO2, and HCO3, but the cough assist device helps in accelerating weaning of mechanical ventilator so as decrease the period of mechanical ventilator.
Monitoring subsurface changes by tracking direct-wave amplitudes and traveltimes in continuous distributed acoustic sensor VSP data
Authors: Pevzner Roman , Glubokovskikh Stanislav , Isaenkov Roman , Shashkin Pavel , Tertyshnikov Konstantin , Yavuz Sinem , Gurevich Boris , Correa Julia , Wood Todd , Freifeld Barry
Published: October 2021

Instrumenting wells with distributed acoustic sensors (DASs) and illuminating them with passive or active seismic sources allows precise tracking of temporal variations of direct-wave traveltimes and amplitudes, which can be used to monitor variations in formation stiffness and density. This approach has been tested by tracking direct-wave amplitudes and traveltimes as part of a carbon capture and storage project where a 15 kt supercritical CO2 injection has been monitored with continuous offset vertical seismic profiling using nine permanently mounted surface orbital vibrators acting as seismic sources and several wells instrumented with DAS cables cemented behind the casing. The results indicate a significant (from 15% to 30%) increase of strain amplitudes within the CO2 injection interval, and traveltime shifts of 0.3–0.4 ms below this interval, consistent with full-wave 1.5D numerical simulations and theoretical predictions. The results give independent estimates of the CO2 plume thickness and the associated P-wave velocity reduction.
Phase II Randomized Trial of Transoral Surgery and Low-Dose Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Resectable p16+ Locally Advanced Oropharynx Cancer: An ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group Trial (E3311)
Authors: Ferris Robert L. , Flamand Yael , Weinstein Gregory S. , Li Shuli , Quon Harry , Mehra Ranee , Garcia Joaquin J. , Chung Christine H. , Gillison Maura L. , Duvvuri Umamaheswar , O'Malley Bert W. , Ozer Enver , Thomas Giovana R. , Koch Wayne M. , Gross Neil D. , Bell R. Bryan , Saba Nabil F. , Lango Miriam , Méndez Eduardo , Burtness Barbara
Published: October 2021

PURPOSE

Definitive or postoperative chemoradiation (CRT) is curative for human papillomavirus–associated (HPV+) oropharynx cancer (OPC) but induces significant toxicity. As a deintensification strategy, we studied primary transoral surgery (TOS) and reduced postoperative radiation therapy (RT) in intermediate-risk HPV+ OPC.

METHODS

E3311 is a phase II randomized trial of reduced- or standard-dose postoperative RT for resected stage III-IVa (American Joint Committee on Cancer-seventh edition) HPV+ OPC, determined by pathologic parameters. Primary goals were feasibility of prospective multi-institutional study of TOS for HPV+ OPC, and oncologic efficacy (2-year progression-free survival) of TOS and adjuvant therapy in intermediate-risk patients after resection. TOS plus 50 Gy was considered promising if the lower limit of the exact 90% binomial confidence intervals exceeded 85%. Quality of life and swallowing were measured by functional assessment of cancer therapy-head and neck and MD Anderson Dysphagia Index.

RESULTS

Credentialed surgeons performed TOS for 495 patients. Eligible and treated patients were assigned as follows: arm A (low risk, n = 38) enrolled 11%, intermediate risk arms B (50 Gy, n = 100) or C (60 Gy, n = 108) randomly allocated 58%, and arm D (high risk, n = 113) enrolled 31%. With a median 35.2-month follow-up for 359 evaluable (eligible and treated) patients, 2-year progression-free survival Kaplan-Meier estimate is 96.9% (90% CI, 91.9 to 100) for arm A (observation), 94.9% (90% CI, 91.3 to 98.6]) for arm B (50 Gy), 96.0% (90% CI, 92.8 to 99.3) for arm C (60 Gy), and 90.7% (90% CI, 86.2 to 95.4) for arm D (66 Gy plus weekly cisplatin). Treatment arm distribution and oncologic outcome for ineligible or step 2 untreated patients (n = 136) mirrored the 359 evaluable patients. Exploratory comparison of functional assessment of cancer therapy-head and neck total scores between arms B and C is presented.

CONCLUSION

Primary TOS and reduced postoperative RT result in outstanding oncologic outcome and favorable functional outcomes in intermediate-risk HPV+ OPC.
Klein tunneling of semi-Dirac-like fermions in graphene
Authors: Ghasemian Kh. , Setare M. R. , Jahani D. , Naji J.
Published: October 2021

In this work, the Klein tunneling of semi-Dirac-like fermions confined in a single-layer graphene under uniaxial strain is studied. We consider the universal Hamiltonian to obtain the analytical solution for the transmission probability through a two-dimensional electrostatic barrier in the strongly strained graphene at the so-called merging point. In this regard, the numerical results of the transmission probability for several values of the merging parameter are presented. We demonstrate that the barrier would be completely transparent on the normal incidence for all values of the merging parameter. Finally, we turn our attention to obtain the exact solution of the transmission probability for a potential step to better illustrate it.
On Zionism and the Concept of Deferral
Authors: Stern Adam Y.
Published: October 2021

This article offers a set of conceptual reflections on the politics of deferral. Beginning with an examination of this idea in analyses of colonialism, human rights, and liberalism, the article turns to Gershom Scholem's well-known opposition between Jewish messianism (“life lived in deferral”) and Zionism (concrete political action). The article troubles this distinction by tracing the concept of deferral back into Scholem's earliest writings on messianism and by showing the term's genealogical reliance on the theological-political vocabulary of sovereignty. Against this critical background, the article returns to the present, in order to reframe Scholem's distinction and to suggest that, far from negating messianic deferral, Zionism and Israeli colonial rule capture and redeploy its logic as a secular modality of power. The article concludes by inscribing this secular, political theology of Zionism within a Christian history of deferral, messianism, and empire.
“They Paint Sedition on the Walls”
Authors: Bhattacharya Debaditya
Published: October 2021

While publicly funded institutions in India have provoked the punitive ire of the ruling Hindu right and systematically invited acts of state terror, a new education policy drafted by the same ruling party advocates a wholesale return to a “liberal arts” curriculum. The essay attempts to demonstrate how the “liberal” has become the cultural logic of a communal-fascist regime, insofar as the regime is harnessing universities to its project of redefining citizenship in line with its recently passed citizenship laws. In this context, how might a hijacked “idea” of the university be reclaimed—and what are the possible futures of such a political maneuver? This essay suggests how a practice of imaginative labor at the university might be leveled not toward citizenship but toward lessons in immigrancy. It also addresses how a mass online transition—prompted by policy in the name of a pandemic—reconfigures rights of entry to this imaginative labor.
GAS1 is required for NOTCH-dependent facilitation of SHH signaling in the ventral forebrain neuroepithelium
Authors: Marczenke Maike , Sunaga-Franze Daniele Yumi , Popp Oliver , Althaus Irene W. , Sauer Sascha , Mertins Philipp , Christ Annabel , Allen Benjamin L. , Willnow Thomas E.
Published: October 2021

Growth arrest-specific 1 (GAS1) acts as a co-receptor to patched 1, promoting sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the developing nervous system. GAS1 mutations in humans and animal models result in forebrain and craniofacial malformations, defects ascribed to a function for GAS1 in SHH signaling during early neurulation. Here, we confirm loss of SHH activity in the forebrain neuroepithelium in GAS1-deficient mice and in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell models of human neuroepithelial differentiation. However, our studies document that this defect can be attributed, at least in part, to a novel role for GAS1 in facilitating NOTCH signaling, which is essential to sustain a persistent SHH activity domain in the forebrain neuroepithelium. GAS1 directly binds NOTCH1, enhancing ligand-induced processing of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain, which drives NOTCH pathway activity in the developing forebrain. Our findings identify a unique role for GAS1 in integrating NOTCH and SHH signal reception in neuroepithelial cells, and they suggest that loss of GAS1-dependent NOTCH1 activation contributes to forebrain malformations in individuals carrying GAS1 mutations.
Effectiveness of SPECT/CT Imaging for Sentinel Node Biopsy Staging of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Moncrieff Marc , Pywell Sarah , Snelling Andrew , Gray Matthew , Newman David , Beadsmoore Clare , Pawaroo Davina , Heaton Martin
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Coregistered SPECT/CT can improve accuracy of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for staging melanoma. This benefit has implications for pathology services and surgical practice with increased diagnostic and surgical workload. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of SPECT/CT imaging.

Methods

SNB data were collected over a 10-year period. Preoperative SLN mapping was performed by using planar lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) for all patients (n = 1522) and after October 2015, patients underwent a second co-registered SPECT/CT scan (n = 559). The patients were stratified according to the imaging protocol. The number of nodes and nodal basins were assessed. The reasons for cancellation also were assessed.

Results

A total of 95% (1446/1522) of patients underwent a successful SNB procedure. Significantly more sentinel nodes were identified by the SPECT/CT protocol (3 vs. 2; p < 0.0001). More patients were cancelled in the SPECT/CT cohort (9.3% vs. 2.5%; p < 0.0001). Head & neck, lower limb, and AJCC IB primaries were significantly less likely to proceed to SNB. SPECT/CT identified significantly more positive SNBs (20.9% vs. 16.5%; p = 0.038). SPECT/CT imaging was associated with improved disease-free (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–1.0); p = 0.048) and disease-specific survival (HR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.3–0.78; p = 0.003). Patients who did not proceed to SNB had a significantly increased nodal relapse rate (23.5% vs. 6.8%; HR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.9–6.2; p < 0.0001) compared with those who underwent SNB.

Conclusions

This large cohort study confirms the increased accuracy of SPECT/CT for identifying SLN metastases, which would appear to have a significant therapeutic benefit, although an increased risk of cancellation of the SNB procedure on the day of surgery.
Human-computer learning interaction in a laboratory environment
Authors: Ζαφειρόπουλος Βασίλειος
Published: October 2021

Τα πανεπιστήμια θετικών επιστημών αντιμετωπίζουν διαρκώς την πρόκληση της εκπαίδευσης των φοιτητών τους στη σωστή χρήση των εργαστηρίων τους καθώς και την αποφυγή ατυχημάτων και ζημιών στον εξοπλισμό. Το εν λόγω έργο είναι ακόμα δυσκολότερο για πανεπιστήμια που προσφέρουν εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση, καθώς οι φοιτητές τους επισκέπτονται λιγότερο συχνά τις εργαστηριακές τους εγκαταστάσεις και ως εκ τούτου έχουν λιγότερη άνεση στο να εξοικειωθούν με τα αντίστοιχα όργανο και εξοπλισμό. Για το σκοπό αυτό, το Ελληνικό Ανοικτό Πανεπιστήμιο, το οποίο προσφέρει ένα πολυετές εξ αποστάσεως εκπαιδευτικό πρόγραμμα σπουδών στις θετικές επιστήμες, αναπτύσσει το Onlabs, ένα διαδραστικό τρισδιάστατο εικονικό εργαστήριο που προσομοιώνει το φυσικό του εργαστήριο, ώστε οι φοιτητές του να εκπαιδευτούν προτού εκτελέσουν πραγματικά πειράματα. Πρόσφατες εκδόσεις του Onlabs περιέχουν, εκτός άλλων, μια Λειτουργία Καθοδήγησης, στην οποία ο ανθρώπινος χρήστης καθοδηγείται από τον υπολογιστή στην εκτέλεση ενός συγκεκριμένου προσομοιωμένου πειράματος, και μια Λειτουργία Αξιολόγησης, στην οποία ο υπολογιστής αξιολογεί την επίδοση του ανθρώπινου χρήστη σε σχέση με την ολοκλήρωση ενός πειράματος καθώς και τη σειρά με την οποία έχουν γίνει οι απαιτούμενες δράσεις, συνεισφέροντας περαιτέρω σε μια αποτελεσματική μαθησιακή διαδικασία. Κατά συνέπεια, έχοντας ως στόχο η αξιολόγηση της επίδοσης να είναι όσο το δυνατόν πιο ακριβής, γίνεται χρήση τριών ξεχωριστών τεχνικών μηχανικής μάθησης, δηλαδή ενός Γενετικού Αλγόριθμου, ενός Τεχνητού Νευρωνικού Δικτύου και μιας παραλλαγής Ενισχυτικής Μάθησης. Με τις δύο πρώτες μεθόδους, διαμορφώνεται το κομμάτι εκείνο του μοντέλου αξιολόγησης που αφορά το ποσοστό ολοκλήρωσης ενός πειράματος, ενώ με την τελευταία μέθοδο συντελείται η διαμόρφωση του κομματιού του μοντέλου που σχετίζεται με τη σειρά των δράσεων. Αυτοματοποιώντας την διαδικασία ανάπτυξης του εικονικού εργαστηρίου από τη σχεδίαση των πειραμάτων μέχρι την αξιολόγηση των φοιτητών, παρουσιάζουμε ένα ολοκληρωμένο ενδεικτικό τρόπο για το πως η online εργαστηριακή πρακτική μπορεί να διευρυνθεί σε μεγάλη κλίμακα.
Puszcze w ekonomiach królewskich Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w drugiej połowie XVII wieku – zarządzanie i eksploatacja
Authors: Zawadzki Stanisław , Zawadzki Grzegorz
Published: October 2021

W artykule podjęto próbę zlokalizowania puszcz istniejących w dobrach stołowych Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w drugiej połowie XVII w. Przedstawiono sposoby eksploatacji lasów oraz obowiązki służb ochrony puszcz. Scharakteryzowano także kontrakty na obszary leśne, rozróżniając dwa ich typy: kontrakty na leśnictwa oraz na towary leśne. Zwrócono uwagę na uprawnienia oraz ograniczenia kontrahentów w zakresie eksploatacji puszcz królewskich.
Tratamiento televisivo de la información de sucesos. Análisis periodístico de los programas La Mañana, El Programa de Ana Rosa y Espejo Público.
Authors: Rodríguez Cárcela Rosa María
Published: October 2021

Este trabajo de investigación realiza un análisis periodístico sobre el tratamiento televisivo de la información de sucesos en los programas La Mañana (TVE), El Programa de Ana Rosa (Telecinco) y Espejo Público (Antena 3). El estudio se centra en la descripción de diversas variables, tomando como referencia el visionado de emisiones televisivas de 2018. Cada uno de los magacines analizados tienen tratamientos diferenciados que marcan sus estilos informativos, aunque el esquema de formato televisivo sea muy similar, con conexiones en directo y el recurso abusivo de las tertulias. Se han estudiado preferentemente las noticias de sucesos, aunque también se incluyen informaciones de tribunales con temática de sucesos. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que estos contenidos temáticos tienen gran importancia en los tres matinales, especialmente en la cadena pública, ya que en las privadas las informaciones sobre política y corazón adquieren cada vez mayor protagonismo en sus programaciones.
Consistency as a Means to Comparability: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Fang Vivian W. , Iselin Michael , Zhang Gaoqing
Published: October 2021

This paper studies financial statement consistency — the purported means to comparability — from an information perspective. We model consistency as firms’ required propensity to apply common accounting methods to individual transactions and show that consistency creates information spillover through correlated measurements (“spillover channel”) while potentially reducing the informativeness of one’s own report (“standalone channel”). The model generates two central predictions. First, optimal consistency decreases with a transaction’s fundamental correlation as high correlation diminishes information gains via the spillover channel. Second, optimal consistency decreases with a transaction’s fundamental volatility as high volatility exacerbates information losses via the standalone channel. Empirical evidence supports both predictions. Overall, this paper contributes a framework for studying comparability and draws useful policy implications.

This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: The Effect of Early Career Immigration Constraints on New Venture Formation
Authors: Agarwal Rajshree , Ganco Martin , Raffiee Joseph
Published: October 2021

We examine how institutional factors may affect microlevel career decisions by individuals to create new firms by impacting their ability to exercise entrepreneurial preferences, their accumulation of human capital, and the opportunity costs associated with new venture formation. We focus on an important institutional factor—immigration-related work constraints—given that technologically intensive firms in the United States not only draw upon immigrants as knowledge workers but also because such firms are disproportionately founded by immigrants. We examine the implications of these constraints using the National Science Foundation’s Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System, which tracks the careers of science and engineering graduates from U.S. universities. Relative to natives, we theorize and show that immigration-related work constraints in the United States suppress entrepreneurship as an early career choice of immigrants by restricting labor market options to paid employment jobs in organizational contexts tightly matched with the immigrant’s educational training (job-education match). Work experience in paid employment job-education match is associated with the accumulation of specialized human capital and increased opportunity costs associated with new venture formation. Consistent with immigration-related work constraints inhibiting individuals with entrepreneurial preferences from engaging in entrepreneurship, we show that when the immigration-related work constraints are released, immigrants in job-education match are more likely than comparable natives to found incorporated employer firms. Incorporated employer firms can both leverage specialized human capital and provide the expected returns needed to justify the increased opportunity costs associated with entrepreneurial entry. We discuss our study’s contributions to theory and practice.
Going Along to Get Ahead: The Asymmetric Effects of Sexist Joviality on Status Conferral
Authors: Alonso Natalya M. , O’Neill Olivia (Mandy)
Published: October 2021

Social status is highly consequential in organizations but remains elusive for many professional women. Status characteristics theory argues that women are particularly status disadvantaged in masculine organizational cultures. These types of cultures valorize traits and abilities stereotypically associated with men, making it difficult for women in these settings to be seen as skilled and gain status. In the present study, we build and test novel theory explaining when and why masculine organizational cultures create the conditions for some women—those willing and able to skillfully navigate the espoused norms—to disproportionately gain status. We introduce and define the construct of a sexist culture of joviality, a type of masculine organizational culture representing the intersection of sexism and joviality that emerged inductively from our initial qualitative data. A sexist culture of joviality is characterized by norms promoting frequent sexist joking and teasing, along with underlying values and assumptions that support these sexist jovial behaviors. In a longitudinal mixed-methods field study, we demonstrate that participation in a sexist culture of joviality via engagement in sexist jovial norms is positively related to status for women but negatively related to status for men. In a follow-up experiment, we replicate this effect and demonstrate that differential perceptions of social skill mediate this interaction. Our findings illuminate the subtle ways sexism is perpetuated in organizations despite changing societal norms, underscoring the importance of disrupting these dynamics and revealing insights into how to do so.
Rudolf Virchow: the father of today's pathology
Authors: Ellis Harold , Linssen Rebecca
Published: October 2021

This year marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of Rudolf Ludwig Virchow, a pathologist and polymath who, among other things, coined the terms leukaemia, embolism and thrombosis.
Hic et ibi.
Authors: Scherr Elisabeth , Ziegler Arne
Published: October 2021

Even though spacious conditions are integral parts of the vast majority of studies in the fields of sociolinguistics and variationist linguistics, they are not always discussed as subject matters per se. The special issue In Stadt und Land – Perspektiven variations- und soziolinguistischer Forschung aims at uniting different approaches that construe spatial categories not as sheer preconditions for the assignment of linguistic features or for the drawing up of maps but as central parameters in the analyses. The contributions thus illustrate one of the current trends in sociolinguistic and variationist linguistic research to explicitly discuss, conceptualize and systematize spatial categories.
Motor Influences on Communication: Comparisons Between Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Will Elizabeth A. , Roberts Jane E.
Published: October 2021

Motor skills, an important foundation for language and communication, are considerably delayed in children with Down syndrome (DS) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). However, the impact of these impairments on expressive and receptive communication and the phenotypic specificity of these associations remains unknown. Participants included 37 with DS and 37 age and developmentally matched children with FXS. Syndrome-specific motor and communication profiles emerged, with higher communication scores seen in the DS versus FXS on, but lower gross motor scores. Significant associations between domains of motor and communication were identified for both groups with additional phenotype-specific patterns. Findings demonstrate the importance of early motor abilities for communication in DS and FXS. Implications for phenotypic specificity and targeted intervention are discussed.
Terahertz circular polarization sensing for protein denaturation based on a twisted dual-layer metasurface
Authors: Zhang Ziyang , Fan Fei , Shi Weinan , Zhang Tianrui , Chang Shengjiang
Published: October 2021

Protein denaturation has very important research value in nutrition, biomedicine, and the food industry, which is caused by the changes in the molecular structure of the protein. Since the collective vibrational and torsional modes of protein molecules are within the terahertz (THz) frequency range, THz spectroscopy can characterize the protein denaturation with several advantages of non-contact, label-free, real-time, and non-destructive. Therefore, we proposed a reflective THz time-domain polarization spectroscopy sensing method, and use a flexible twisted dual-layer metasurface film as a sensor to realize the thermal denaturation sensing, concentration sensing, and types identification of protein aqueous solutions. The experiment tested three proteins (bovine serum albumin, whey protein, and ovalbumin), and the results show that: for the thermal denaturation sensing, its detection sensitivity can reach 6.30 dB/% and the detection accuracy is 0.77%; for the concentration sensing, the detection sensitivity and detection accuracy reach 52.9 dB·mL/g and 3.6·10−5 g/mL, respectively; in addition, different protein types can be distinguished by the difference of the circular polarization spectra.
Superposition Model for Achromatic Surface Lenses
Authors: Mait Joseph N.
Published: October 2021

I present a model for an achromatic surface lens based on the superposition of lenses that focus discrete wavelengths independent of one another. The model potentially provides insight into the physical behavior of experimentally demonstrated lenses. It also suggests a simple design algorithm.
Specialty optical fiber fabrication: preform manufacturing based on asymmetrical CO laser heating
Authors: Oriekhov Taras , Harvey Clarissa M. , Mühlberger Korbinian , Fokine Michael
Published: October 2021

Here, we present an innovative preform manufacturing technique for specialty optical fibers based on a carbon monoxide laser heating a rotating preform. The setup performance is evaluated with the aid of finite element modeling. The fabrication process is described in detail using silicon core preforms as a benchmark. The hybrid material nature of such a preform is addressed, together with the relevant characteristics, such as the difference in thermal conductivity and thermal expansion. Silicon core preforms with a wide range of core sizes were manufactured, proving the viability of this system for the development of specialty optical fibers based on novel materials.
Research on partially coherent light propagation through zone plates
Authors: Ren Junchao , Wang Yong , Meng Xiangyu , Sun Weihong , Cao Jiefeng , Li Junqin , Tai Renzhong
Published: October 2021

The MOI (mutual optical intensity) model is further developed and extended to analyze the mutual optical intensity propagation through a zone plate. This is the first study to quantitatively analyze the influence of the partial coherence property on the spatial resolution of zone plates. Increasing the source coherence length is beneficial for improving the spatial resolution of the zone plate; however, apparent diffraction peaks are observed at the focal plane. Reducing the sizes of the central stop and the order selecting aperture (OSA) can improve the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio at the cost of the photon flux. Furthermore, we analyze the coherence property propagation through the STXM beamline at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), where a zone plate is used to focus the light into ∼30 nm. The coherence property increases and the photon flux decreases with decreasing exit slit size, which is beneficial for improving the spatial resolution of the zone plate. Therefore, the spatial resolution and flux can be balanced by optimizing the exit slit size.
Wave-thermal effect of a temperature-tunable terahertz absorber
Authors: Xiong Han , Ma Xiaodong , Zhang Huaiqing
Published: October 2021

Heat-sensitive materials have great applications in sensor, detector, and tunable photoelectric devices. However, the wave-thermal effect of the heat-sensitive material is rarely been investigated in the THz range. Here, we propose the incorporation of heat-sensitive material (strontium titanate (STO)) within a THz absorber. The simulated results show that the absorptance and frequency can be dynamically controlled by the temperature of STO. Because the absorbed THz waves are finally converted into heat, then we research the theoretical mechanism of heat generation. Theoretical analysis shows that there are two reasons for the temperature rise: surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and ohmic loss of gold patch; Electromagnetic energy consumption inside the loss materials. To verify the theory, finally, we use COMSOL Multiphysics to research the nanosecond wave-thermal effect. The transient temperature of the wave-thermal effect is calculated quantitatively. The quantitative prediction of temperature variation can provide good guidance for thermal regulation and wave-thermally tunable THz devices.
2D material assisted SMF-MCF-MMF-SMF based LSPR sensor for creatinine detection
Authors: Li Muyang , Singh Ragini , Marques Carlos , Zhang Bingyuan , Kumar Santosh
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this work is to propose a simple, portable, and sensitive biosensor structure based on singlemode fiber-multicore fiber-multimode fiber-singlemode fiber (SMF-MCF-MMF-SMF) for the detection of creatinine in the human body. Chemical etching has been used to modify the diameter of the sensing probe to approximately 90 μm in order to generate strong evanescent waves (EWs). The sensor probe is functionalized with graphene oxide (GO), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS2-NPs), and creatininase (CA) enzyme. The concentration of creatinine is determined using fiber optic localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). While EWs are used to enhance the LSPR effect of AuNPs, two-dimensional (2D) materials (GO and MoS2-NPs) are used to increase biocompatibility, and CA is used to increase probe specificity. Additionally, HR-TEM and UV-visible spectroscopy are used to characterize and measure the nanoparticle (NP) morphology and absorption spectrum, respectively. SEM is used to characterize the NPs immobilized on the surface of the fiber probe. The sensor probe's reusability, reproducibility, stability, selectivity, and pH test results are also tested to verify the sensor performance. The sensitivity of proposed sensor is 0.0025 nm/μM, has a standard deviation of 0.107, and has a limit of detection of 128.4 μM over a linear detection range of 0 - 2000 μM.
Polarization-guided road detection network for LWIR division-of-focal-plane camera
Authors: Li Ning , Zhao Yongqiang , Wu Rongyuan , Pan Quan
Published: October 2021

A long-wave infrared polarization imaging technique recently has been applied in full-time road detection. However, the existing heuristic method has the limitation of fully using the polarization information of the road. In this Letter, we propose a polarization-guided road detection network collaborating with the distinguishable polarization characteristics of the road. A two-branch network is proposed to perform accurate road detection with infrared polarization images as inputs. A coarse road map obtained by thresholding the polarization images of the road guides the network to focus on the road regions through a polarization-guided branch. We also design a road-region-aware feature fusion module to fuse the features from two branches. This customized design of the network gives full play to the advantages of deep learning networks and polarization information. Experiments on a public infrared polarization dataset of road scenes demonstrate that the proposed road detection network outperforms state-of-the-art real-time segmentation networks with fewer parameters and faster speed.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 among pharmacists partnering with community residents: A national survey in Japan
Authors: Kambayashi Dan , Manabe Toshie , Kawade Yoshihiro , Hirohara Masayoshi
Published: October 2021

Background

Community pharmacists play an important role in reducing COVID-19-related secondary health problems. However, the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding COVID-19 among pharmacists in Japan have not yet been elucidated.

Methods

We conducted a web-based questionnaire survey among 1,137 pharmacists working in health support pharmacies (HSPs) in Japan. These pharmacists are responsible for providing health consultations to community residents. We assessed COVID-19-related KAP among pharmacists and compared the results for two age groups: ≤49 years and ≥50 years. We used multiple regression analysis to examine which factors influence KAP scores regarding COVID-19.

Results

From among the 2,141 HSPs in Japan, a total of 1,137 pharmacists, each representing a different HSP, responded to the survey. The results indicated that since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacists have been providing consultations about COVID-19 to local residents, covering topics such as “Effective infection prevention methods” (60.6%) and “What the COVID-19 pandemic would be” (48.8%). Importantly, 73.5% of the pharmacists felt they “did not have enough information about COVID-19.” The main information resources about COVID-19 were Internet (91.2%) and television (78.9%). Across all respondents, the mean knowledge score (4.17/10) was lower than the mean scores for attitudes (7.26/10) and practices (5.79/10). Multiple regression analysis showed that having enough information about COVID-19 was a factor strongly associated with total KAP scores (p<0.001; 95% confidence interval, −1.344 to −0.540).

Conclusions

Pharmacists working in community pharmacies provide residents with information related to COVID-19. In this role as a health partner, these pharmacists need a way to strengthen and expand their knowledge, and moreover, their ability to support community residents. Learning more about the available academic and scientific information, as well as having access to accurate epidemiological information, can offer a means of reaching these goals.
How many begomovirus copies are acquired and inoculated by its vector, whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) during feeding?
Authors: Roy Buddhadeb , Chakraborty Prosenjit , Ghosh Amalendu
Published: October 2021

Begomoviruses are transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in a persistent-circulative way. Once B. tabaci becomes viruliferous, it remains so throughout its life span. Not much is known about the copies of begomoviruses ingested and/or released by B. tabaci during the process of feeding. The present study reports the absolute quantification of two different begomoviruses viz. tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV, bipartite) and chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV, monopartite) at different exposure of active acquisition and inoculation feeding using a detached leaf assay. A million copies of both the begomoviruses were acquired by a single B. tabaci with only 5 min of active feeding and virus copy number increased in a logarithmic model with feeding exposure. Whereas, a single B. tabaci could inoculate 8.21E+09 and 4.19E+11 copies of ToLCNDV and ChiLCV, respectively in detached leaves by 5 min of active feeding. Virus copies in inoculated leaves increased with an increase in feeding duration. Comparative dynamics of these two begomoviruses indicated that B. tabaci adult acquired around 14-fold higher copies of ChiLCV than ToLCNDV 24 hrs post feeding. Whereas, the rate of inoculation of ToLCNDV by individual B. tabaci was significantly higher than ChiLCV. The study provides a better understanding of begomovirus acquisition and inoculation dynamics by individual B. tabaci and would facilitate research on virus-vector epidemiology and screening host resistance.