bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome of Cenostigma pyramidale roots, a woody legume, under different salt stress times
Authors: Frosi Gabriella , Ferreira‐Neto José Ribamar Costa , Bezerra‐Neto João Pacífico , Pandolfi Valesca , da Silva Manassés Daniel , de Lima Morais David Anderson , Benko‐Iseppon Ana Maria , Santos Mauro Guida
Published: May 2021

Salinity stress has a significant impact on the gain of plant biomass. Our study provides the first root transcriptome of Cenostigma pyramidale, a tolerant woody legume from a tropical dry forest, under three different salt stress times (30 min, 2 h, and 11 days). The transcriptome was assembled using the RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) de novo pipeline from GenPipes. We observed 932, 804, and 3157 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 164, 273, and 1332 downregulated DEGs for salt over 30 min, 2 h, and 11 days, respectively. For DEGs annotated with the Viridiplantae clade in the early stress periods, the response to salt stress was mainly achieved by stabilizing homeostasis of such ions like Na+ and K+, signaling by Ca2+, transcription factor modulation, water transport, and oxidative stress. For salt stress at 11 days, we observed a higher modulation of transcription factors including the WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NAC, HSF, and AP2‐EREBP families, as well as DEGs involved in hormonal responses, water transport, sugar metabolism, proline, and reactive oxygen scavenging mechanisms. Five selected DEGs (K+ transporter, aquaporin, glutathione S‐transferase, cyclic nucleotide‐gated channel, and superoxide dismutase) were validated by qPCR. Our results indicated that C. pyramidale had an early perception of salt stress modulating ionic channels and transporters, and as the stress progressed, the focus turned to the antioxidant system, aquaporins, and complex hormone responses. The results of this first root transcriptome provide clues on how this native species modulate gene expression to achieve salt stress tolerance.
An Arabidopsis expression predictor enables inference of transcriptional regulators for gene modules
Authors: Geng Haiying , Wang Meng , Gong Jiazhen , Xu Yupu , Ma Shisong
Published: May 2021

The regulation of gene expression by transcription factors (TFs) has been studied for a long time, but no model that can accurately predict transcriptome profiles based on TF activities currently exists. Here, we developed a computational approach, named EXPLICIT (Expression Prediction via Log‐linear Combination of Transcription Factors), to construct a universal predictor for Arabidopsis to predict the expression of 29 182 non‐TF genes using 1678 TFs. When applied to RNA‐Seq samples from diverse tissues, EXPLICIT generated accurate predicted transcriptomes correlating well with actual expression, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.986. After recapitulating the quantitative relationships between TFs and their target genes, EXPLICIT enabled downstream inference of TF regulators for genes and gene modules functioning in diverse plant pathways, including those involved in suberin, flavonoid, glucosinolate metabolism, lateral root, xylem, secondary cell wall development or endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Our approach showed a better ability to recover the correct TF regulators when compared with existing plant tools, and provides an innovative way to study transcriptional regulation.
PAL‐mediated SA biosynthesis pathway contributes to nematode resistance in wheat
Authors: Zhang Haili , Huang Qiulan , Yi Ling , Song Xiaona , Li Lin , Deng Guangbing , Liang Junjun , Chen Fang , Yu Maoqun , Long Hai
Published: May 2021

The pathogen cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is deleterious to Triticeae crops and is a threat to the global crop yield. Accession no. 1 of Aegilops variabilis, a relative of Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), is highly resistant to CCN. Our previous study demonstrated that the expression of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene AevPAL1 in Ae. variabilis is strongly induced by CCN. PAL, the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism, is involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses. However, its role in plant–CCN interaction remains unknown. In the present study, we proved that AevPAL1 helps to confer CCN resistance through affecting the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and downstream secondary metabolites. The silencing of AevPAL1 increased the incidence of CCN infection in roots and decreased the accumulation of SA and phenylalanine (Phe)‐derived specialized metabolites. The exogenous pre‐application of SA also improved CCN resistance. Additionally, the functions of PAL in phenylpropanoid metabolism correlated with tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) functioning in tryptophan metabolism pathways. The silencing of either AevPAL1 or AevTDC1 exhibited a concomitant reduction in the expression of both genes and the contents of metabolites downstream of PAL and TDC. These results suggested that AevPAL1, possibly in coordination with AevTDC1, positively contributes to CCN resistance by altering the downstream secondary metabolites and SA content in Ae. variabilis. Moreover, AevPAL1 overexpression significantly enhanced CCN resistance in bread wheat and did not exhibit significant negative effects on yield‐related traits, suggesting that AevPAL1 is valuable for the genetic improvement of CCN resistance in bread wheat.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit d, a component of the peripheral stalk, is essential for growth and heat stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Liu Tianxiang , Arsenault Jesse , Vierling Elizabeth , Kim Minsoo
Published: May 2021

As rapid changes in climate threaten global crop yields, an understanding of plant heat stress tolerance is increasingly relevant. Heat stress tolerance involves the coordinated action of many cellular processes and is particularly energy demanding. We acquired a knockout mutant and generated knockdown lines in Arabidopsis thaliana of the d subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase (gene name: ATPQ, AT3G52300, referred to hereafter as ATPd), a subunit of the peripheral stalk, and used these to investigate the phenotypic significance of this subunit in normal growth and heat stress tolerance. Homozygous knockout mutants for ATPd could not be obtained due to gametophytic defects, while heterozygotes possess no visible phenotype. Therefore, we used RNA interference to create knockdown plant lines for further studies. Proteomic analysis and blue native gels revealed that ATPd downregulation impairs only subunits of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (complex V). Knockdown plants were more sensitive to heat stress, had abnormal leaf morphology, and were severely slow growing compared to wild type. These results indicate that ATPd plays a crucial role in proper function of the mitochondrial ATP synthase holoenzyme, which, when reduced, leads to wide‐ranging defects in energy‐demanding cellular processes. In knockdown plants, more hydrogen peroxide accumulated and mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes were activated. These data establish the essential structural role of ATPd and support the importance of complex V in normal plant growth, and provide new information about its requirement for heat stress tolerance.
The unequal geography of declining young adult homeownership: Divides across age, class, and space
Authors: Hochstenbach Cody , Arundel Rowan
Published: May 2021

Across countries, the position of young adults on the housing market has worsened over the past decade. Young adults’ decreasing access to homeownership has garnered particular attention. Most studies analysing young adults’ housing market entry focus on micro‐level determinants or national‐level patterns and trends. This paper adds an important perspective by focusing on spatial variations within a single country, unravelling pronounced inter‐municipal differences in homeownership across age and class. Our case is the Netherlands, where we use full‐population register data for the 2011–2018 period to analyse spatial patterns and trends using a range of quantitative spatial methods. Our findings highlight a notable decrease in owner‐occupancy among young adults in the Netherlands over the period. Such overall declines, however, belie clear class divisions, with decreases particularly concentrated among low‐income young adults. Untangling spatial dynamics reveals both important geographic commonalities and clear divergences. Declining young homeownership was found across 87% of municipalities, suggesting a common experience. Analyses also reveal stark spatial disparities, with the strongest decreases in the most urbanised regions, particularly large cities. Spatially divergent patterns of housing market exclusion are furthermore highly classed: widespread among young adults with a low income, while more spatially concentrated among those with a high income. Finally, using advanced spatial regression modelling, we explore municipal characteristics, revealing how local housing and population factors may explain pronounced differences in changing young adult homeownership entry. The analyses particularly emphasise links between housing unaffordability and competition as determinants of worsening homeownership opportunities for young adults.
Mapping Clinical Barriers and Evidence‐Based Implementation Strategies in Low‐to‐Middle Income Countries (LMICs)
Authors: Whitehorn Ashley , Fu Liang , Porritt Kylie , Lizarondo Lucylynn , Stephenson Matthew , Marin Tania , Aye Gyi Aye , Dell Kim , Mignone Alex , Lockwood Craig
Published: May 2021

Background

Low‐to‐middle income countries (LMICs) experience a high burden of disease from both non‐communicable and communicable diseases. Addressing these public health concerns requires effective implementation strategies and localization of translation of knowledge into practice.

Aim

To identify and categorize barriers and strategies to evidence implementation in LMICs from published evidence implementation studies.

Methods

A descriptive analysis of key characteristics of evidence implementation projects completed as part of a 6‐month, multi‐phase, intensive evidence‐based clinical fellowship program, conducted in LMICs and published in the JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports was undertaken. Barriers were identified and categorized to the Donabedian dimensions of care (structure, process, and outcome), and strategies were mapped to the Cochrane effective practice and organization of care taxonomy.

Results

A total of 60 implementation projects reporting 58 evidence‐based clinical audit topics from LMICs were published between 2010 and 2018. The projects included diverse populations and were predominantly conducted in tertiary care settings. A total of 279 barriers to implementation were identified. The most frequently identified groupings of barriers were process‐related and associated predominantly with staff knowledge. A total of 565 strategies were used across all projects, with every project incorporating more than one strategy to address barriers to implementation of evidence‐based practice; most strategies were categorized as educational meetings for healthcare workers.

Linking Evidence to Action

Context‐specific strategies are required for successful evidence implementation in LMICs, and a number of common barriers can be addressed using locally available, low‐cost resources. Education for healthcare workers in LMICs is an effective awareness‐raising, workplace culture, and practice‐transforming strategy for evidence implementation.
Rabies‐infected dogs at slaughterhouses: A potential risk of rabies transmission via dog trading and butchering activities in Vietnam
Authors: Vu Anh Hoang , Nguyen Thu Tuyet , Nguyen Dong Vinh , Ngo Giang Chau , Pham Thai Quang , Inoue Satoshi , Nishizono Akira , Nguyen Trong Duc , Nguyen Anh Kieu Thi
Published: May 2021

The study aimed to determine the status of neutralizing antibodies and rabies virus infection in dogs at slaughterhouses in Hanoi city from 2015 to 2017. A total of 2,376 pairs of blood and brain samples were collected from dogs at 92 slaughterhouses (8 large slaughterhouses and 84 small slaughterhouses) in 6 districts in Hanoi. Of the 1,500 dog samples from the large slaughterhouses where imported dogs were slaughtered, no dog brain samples were infected with rabies virus and no blood samples were positive for rabies neutralizing antibodies. Meanwhile, 7/876 (0.8%) of dog brain samples from small slaughterhouses in which slaughtered local dogs were positive for rabies virus and 26.4% had neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of these rabies viruses showed that they all had a common origin with the domestic strains circulating in Northern Vietnam. Research results suggested that there was a potential risk of rabies transmission to humans through dog slaughtering activities in Vietnam. Vaccination for dogs should be strengthened, strictly implemented and frequently monitored to reach the rate of herd vaccination coverage as WHO’s recommendation. Dog trading and slaughtering activities should be strictly monitored to minimize the risk of rabies transmission to humans.
Reconstruction of potential function in inverse Sturm-Liouville problem via partial data
Authors: Açil Mehmet , Konuralp Ali
Published: May 2021

In this paper, three different uniqueness data are investigated to reconstruct the potential function in the Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem in the normal form. Taking account of R\"{o}hrl's objective function, the steepest descent method is used in the computation of potential functions. To decrease the volume of computation, we propose a theorem to precalculate the minimization parameter that is required in the optimization. Further, we propose a novel time-saving algorithm in which the obligation of using the asymptotics of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions and the appropriateness of selected boundary conditions are also eliminated. As partial data, we take two spectra, the set of the $j$th elements of the infinite numbers of spectra obtained by changing boundary conditions in the problem, and one spectrum with the set of terminal velocities. In order to show the efficiency of the proposed method, numerical results are given for three test potentials which are smooth, nonsmooth continuous, and noncontinuous, respectively.
La invisibilidad de la identificación de víctimas en las fuerzas militares y el inicio de una crisis en la defensa y seguridad nacional a raíz del Acuerdo de Paz
Authors: Sierra-Zamora Paola Alexandra , Bermúdez Tapia Manuel
Published: May 2021

Una de las referencias más importantes que ha generado el conflicto armado interno en Colombia es la acreditación de la participación (activa y subalterna) de las fuerzas militares. De este modo, El Ejército ha tenido un enfrentamiento directo con diferentes grupos guerrilleros, y han participado en el proceso de atención de la seguridad en el ámbito nacional, al cumplir las disposiciones de las autoridades del Gobierno Nacional conforme a sus objetivos institucionales y compromiso democrático. Sin embargo, dichas acciones pueden generar una situación negativa, especialmente en un aspecto poco evaluado: la proyección personal y profesional en los futuros miembros de las fuerzas militares, que podrían quedar desacreditados tanto por su propio Estado como por la sociedad nacional, sin que se haya hecho una correcta evaluación de sus acciones. En el ámbito comparado, esta situación se registra en el Perú, donde las fuerzas armadas tuvieron un déficit de personal tras la finalización de la lucha antiterrorista, lo que nos permite proyectar una posible situación negativa en Colombia. Entonces, surgen dos elementos muy importantes a tratar: la situación jurídica de las víctimas del conflicto armado interno —desde personas naturales hasta los integrantes de las fuerzas militares; y el hecho de que el Acuerdo de Paz otorga mejores y mayores derechos a quienes actuaron en contra de la defensa y seguridad nacional del país, y contra los integrantes de las fuerzas militares. En consecuencia, surge un proceso de invisibilización de víctimas hacia los integrantes de las fuerzas militares
Las reformas a la Constitución. Presidencialismo, circularidad y regresión
Authors: Quinche Ramírez Manuel Fernando
Published: May 2021

Este artículo es uno de los resultados del proyecto de investigación titulado Reformismo constitucional. Tiene como tema central, las 52 reformas que se han efectuado a la Constitución Política de Colombia hasta diciembre de 2019, y las explica como un fenómeno de carácter presidencial, circular y regresivo, que gira siempre alrededor de los mismos puntos, y que, en lugar de ofrecer índices de progreso constitucional e institucional, conduce al establecimiento de una constitución que parece cada vez más un código o un reglamento constitucional diseñado desde la presidencia. Tres recursos metodológicos fueron utilizados. En primer lugar, se trata de una investigación de carácter documental, que trabajó con una muestra de 80 fallos de la Corte Constitucional. En segundo término, se utilizó un método histórico reconstructivo sobre las 52 enmiendas constitucionales aprobadas hasta el momento. Finalmente, fueron empleados métodos analíticos en dos escenarios: el derecho judicial colombiano y la bibliografía especializada sobre el poder de reforma a las constituciones.
New Improved Method for Heat Transfer Calculation Inside Rough Pipes
Authors: Camaraza-Medina Yanan , Hernandez-Guerrero Abel , Luviano-Ortiz J. Luis
Published: May 2021

An improved method for heat transfer calculations inside rough tubes is provided. The model has been obtained from a second assessment developed early by the authors on fluid flow in single-phase inside rough tubes. The proposed correlation has been verified by comparison with a total of 1666 experimental available data of 34 different Newtonian fluids, including air, gases, water and organic liquids. The proposed model covers a validity range for Prandtl number ranging from 0.65 to 4.52×104, values of Reynolds number from 2.4×103 to 8.32×106, a range of relative roughness ranging from 5×10−2 to 2×10−6 , and viscosity ratio from 0.0048 to 181.5. The proposed model provides a good correlation for 2.4×103≤Re<104 and  104≤Re≤8.32×106, with an average error of 18.3% for 70.4% of the data and 16.6% for 74.8% of the data, respectively. The method presents a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data in each interval evaluated; therefore, the model can be considered accurate enough for practical applications. At the present time, a method with similar characteristics is unknown in the available technical literature.
Experimental Investigation on Adiabatic Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop of R1234ze(E) and R134a in a Horizontal Minichannel
Authors: Xu Yu , Yan Zihao , Li Ling
Published: May 2021

R1234ze(E) has been created as an environmentally friendly substitution of R134a. An experimental investigation on adiabatic two-phase frictional pressure drop inside a 1.88 mm horizontal minichannel with R1234ze(E) and R134a was conducted. The saturation pressure and mass flux ranged within 0.6–0.9 MPa and 450–900 kg/(m2 s). Based on the 299 measured data points, the influences of various factors, including saturation pressure, mass flux, and the like, are examined detailedly. Larger mass flux brings about larger frictional pressure drop, and vapor quality performs the same function, but saturation pressure works inversely. The frictional pressure drops between R1234ze(E) and R134a present no significant differences. The experimental data are compared against 23 predictive models, among which the one from Xu and Fang (2013, “A New Correlation of Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop for Condensing Flow in Pipes,” Nucl. Eng. Des., 263, pp. 87–96) gives the best accuracy. In addition, a database including 3150 experimental adiabatic two-phase frictional pressure drop data points is derived from the current study and 29 published literature. Based on the database, the 23 models are assessed, and the most effective one is from Müller-Steinhagen and Heck (1986, “A Simple Friction Pressure Drop Correlation for Two-Phase Flow in Pipes,” Chem. Eng. Process., 20(6), pp. 297–308). This work can provide guidance for choosing appropriate two-phase frictional pressure drop models under adiabatic conditions.
Interactive Computational Medical Device Deployments within Virtual Reality
Authors: Deakyne Alex J. , Iaizzo Paul A.
Published: May 2021

3D modeling of anatomical features and medical devices are being used at increasing rates within the medical field. These 3D models allow for a wide variety of uses, such as educational or for medical device optimization. Next steps in such utilization are to perform computational and simulated device deployments within unique human anatomies. Such computational deployments have and will yield new perspectives and understandings relative to how given devices fit within the varied anatomies of varied patient populations. While these simulated device deployments offer many benefits, they are often time consuming to both develop and perform. Here, we present new functionalities to perform computational cardiac device deployments within virtual reality (VR). This functionality offers increased control of where the device is to be deployed, reducing the times required to perform computational device deployments in unique anatomical models.
Viscosity Matching Positively Affects the Correlation of Pressure-Volume Loops Between In-Vivo and Ex-Vivo Models
Authors: Schinstock Emma , Kudlik D’Anne , Eggen Michael , Iaizzo Paul A
Published: May 2021

Using Visible Heart® methodologies, swine hearts were reanimated and implanted with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). System components were modified to better understand the relationships between the data collected and system conditions. The viscosity of the blood-replacement buffer was increased to a more physiologic value (~3 cP). Pressure-Volume (PV) loop recordings from each heart on the ex-vivo perfusion system more closely mimic loops recorded from the heart in-vivo. This indicates that any system aiming to characterize or examine LVAD performance must include a buffer which mimics blood viscosity or data must be adjusted for the relative viscosity of the buffer.
Design and Fabrication of a Focused Ultrasound Device for Minimallyinvasive Neurosurgery: Reporting a Second, Miniaturized and Mrcompatible Prototype with Steering Capabilities
Authors: Acord Molly , Kaovasia Tarana Parvez , Gamo Nao J. , Xiong Tim , Curry Eli , Aghabaglou Fariba , Morrison Kyle , Tyler Betty , Luciano Mark , Manbachi Amir
Published: May 2021

Many surgeons are faced with inoperable or only partially operable brain lesions, such as tumors. Even when surgery is feasible, patient outcomes are greatly affected by blood loss or infection. This has led many physicians toward non- or minimally-invasive surgery, which demands specialized toolkits. Focused ultrasound has great potential for assisting in such procedures due to its ability to focus a few centimeters away from the surface of the transducer. In a prior study, we developed a focused ultrasound prototype that could fit within a BrainPath trocar, specifically made for minimally invasive brain surgery. Here, we present the design and fabrication of a second prototype that reduces size, is MR-compatible, and has electronic steering capabilities.
Effect of oxygen pressure on stoichiometric transfer in laser ablation of Pr3+ doped Gd2O3–Ga2O3 binary system
Authors: Lancok Jan , Novotny Michal , Volfova Lenka , More-Chevalier Joris , Pereira Antonio
Published: May 2021

Three different compounds, cubic Gd2O3, orthorhombic GdGaO3, and cubic Gd3Ga5O12 doped with Pr3+ ions were fabricated as waveguiding films by pulsed laser deposition from the same target material, Pr3+ doped Gd3Ga5O12 (Pr:GGG) single crystal. All of them were deposited at the same substrate temperature of 800 °C. The different crystalline phases obtained depend only on the ambient oxygen pressure and the substrate type (YAG or YAP single crystals). The structural and texture properties of the films were analyzed by x-ray diffraction. Pr3+ fluorescence properties were found to be similar to those of the bulk crystals. The refractive indices and waveguiding properties of the films were determined. The fluorescence properties of Pr3+ doping ions and the refractive index of the film are presented. The oriented crystalline Pr:GdGaO3 and Pr:GGG films show waveguiding propagation with attenuation around 2.5 and 1 dB/cm, respectively.
Gas-phase surface functionalization of SiNx with benzaldehyde to increase SiO2 to SiNx etch selectivity in atomic layer etching
Authors: Gasvoda Ryan J. , Zhang Zhonghao , Hudson Eric A. , Agarwal Sumit
Published: May 2021

We show that the functionalization of a SiNx surface with benzaldehyde can be used to increase the overall SiO2 to SiNx etch selectivity during atomic layer etching (ALE). The surface reactions, composition, as well as film thickness during ALE are monitored using in situ surface infrared spectroscopy and in situ four-wavelength ellipsometry. Prior to ALE, we show that benzaldehyde can selectively populate a plasma-deposited SiNx surface with benzene rings through a self-limiting reaction with surface —NHx (x = 1, 2) groups, while no reaction occurs with —OH groups on a plasma-deposited SiO2 surface. Using alternating cycles of a C4F8/Ar and an rf-biased Ar plasma, ALE is performed on bare and benzaldehyde-exposed SiNx and SiO2. Over the first 16 ALE cycles, the SiO2 to SiNx etch selectivity increases from ∼2.1 to ∼4.5 due to the selective functionalization of the SiNx surface with benzaldehyde. A detailed analysis of the infrared spectra of the bare and benzaldehyde-functionalized SiNx surfaces shows that benzaldehyde promotes the formation of a more graphitic hydrofluorocarbon film on the SiNx surface, which inhibits etching.
Characteristics of thermospheric infrasound predicted using ray tracing and weakly non-linear waveform analyses
Authors: Blom Philip , Waxler Roger
Published: May 2021

Infrasonic signals refracted by thermal gradients in the rarefied upper atmosphere are modeled using a combination of ray tracing and weak shock theory to develop an understanding of thermospheric infrasound signals produced by energetic, transient sources. Canonical arrival structures in the form of u-wave signatures are identified for returns refracted at lower altitudes within the thermosphere, and possible multi-pathing produced by effective sound speed inflections are investigated to elucidate more complex arrival structures, which are found to be spatially localized. Variability in the source characteristics is investigated and it is found that whereas some waveform phase information is lost due to finite amplitude effects, arrival characteristics are strongly dependent on the peak overpressure near the source. Variability in the propagation path is considered using archived atmospheric specifications and implies that despite uncertainties related to the dynamic and sparsely sampled nature of the atmosphere, thermospheric signatures might be useful in estimating the yield for explosive sources. Last, thermospheric arrivals from a failed rocket launch, as well as those from several large chemical explosions, are analyzed and it is found that qualitative trends match those predicted, and analyses here provide additional insight into such signatures.
Focusing waves in an unknown medium without wavefield decomposition
Authors: Kiraz Mert S. R. , Snieder Roel , Wapenaar Kees
Published: May 2021

The Gel'fand-Levitan equation, the Gopinath-Sondhi equation, and the Marchenko equation are developed for one-dimensional inverse scattering problems. Recently, a version of the Marchenko equation based on wavefield decomposition has been introduced for focusing waves in multi dimensions. However, wavefield decomposition is a limitation when waves propagate horizontally at the focusing level. Here, the Marchenko equation for focusing without wavefield decomposition is derived, and by iteratively solving the Marchenko equation, the Green's function for an arbitrary location in the medium is retrieved from the scattered waves recorded on a closed receiver array and an estimate of the direct-wave without wavefield decomposition.
Statements Versus Reality: How Multiple Stakeholders Perpetuate Racial Inequality in Intercollegiate Athletic Leadership
Authors: Rockhill Carter A. , Howe Jonathan E. , Agyemang Kwame J.A.
Published: May 2021

The lack of racial diversity, equity, and inclusion in leadership positions is an ongoing issue in intercollegiate athletics. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mission, vision, and diversity, equity, and inclusion statements of Power 5 athletic departments and their affiliated universities regarding racial diversity and inclusion to better understand how these two stakeholders work in unison or isolation when creating racially diverse environments. The authors utilized an innovative lens, which merges critical race theory with institutional theory to center race and racism while evaluating how these institutional logics interact in practice. The data show that Power 5 institutions maintain a lack of racial diversity through cultures and mission statements that omit diverse values, create symbolic statements, or lack meaning in creating a diverse reality.
Risk Factors and Predictors of Hypothermia and Dropouts During Open-Water Swimming Competitions
Authors: Drigny Joffrey , Rolland Marine , Pla Robin , Chesneau Christophe , Lebreton Tess , Marais Benjamin , Outin Pierre , Moussay Sébastien , Racinais Sébastien , Mauvieux Benoit
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To measure core temperature (Tcore) in open-water (OW) swimmers during a 25-km competition and identify the predictors of Tcore drop and hypothermia-related dropouts. Methods: Twenty-four national- and international-level OW swimmers participated in the study. Participants completed a personal questionnaire and a body fat/muscle mass assessment before the race. The average speed was calculated on each lap over a 2500-m course. Tcore was continuously recorded via an ingestible temperature sensor (e-Celsius, BodyCap). Hypothermia-related dropouts (H group) were compared with finishers (nH group). Results: Average prerace Tcore was 37.5°C (0.3°C) (N = 21). 7 participants dropped out due to hypothermia (H, n = 7) with a mean Tcore at dropout of 35.3°C (1.5°C). Multiple logistic regression analysis found that body fat percentage and initial Tcore were associated with hypothermia (G2 = 17.26, P < .001). Early Tcore drop ≤37.1°C at 2500 m was associated with a greater rate of hypothermia-related dropouts (71.4% vs 14.3%, P = .017). Multiple linear regression found that body fat percentage and previous participation were associated with Tcore drop (F = 4.95, P = .019). There was a positive correlation between the decrease in speed and Tcore drop (r = .462, P < .001). Conclusions: During an OW 25-km competition at 20°C to 21°C, lower initial Tcore and lower body fat, as well as premature Tcore drop, were associated with an increased risk of hypothermia-related dropout. Lower body fat and no previous participation, as well as decrease in swimming speed, were associated with Tcore drop.
Cloaked by mutant p53
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: May 2021

Mutant p53 takes the STING out of antitumor immunity.
Plasma Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Oral versus Intravenous Rifampicin in Patients with Tuberculous Meningitis: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wasserman Sean , Davis Angharad , Stek Cari , Chirehwa Maxwell , Botha Stephani , Daroowala Remy , Bremer Marise , Maxebengula Mpumi , Koekemoer Sonya , Goliath Rene , Jackson Amanda , Crede Thomas , Naude Jonathan , Szymanski Patryk , Vallie Yakoob , Moosa Muhammed S. , Wiesner Lubbe , Black John , Meintjes Graeme , Maartens Gary , Wilkinson Robert J.
Published: May 2021

Higher doses of intravenous rifampicin may improve outcomes in tuberculous meningitis but are impractical in high-burden settings. We hypothesized that plasma rifampicin exposures would be similar between oral dosing of 35 mg/kg of body weight and intravenous dosing of 20 mg/kg, which has been proposed for efficacy trials in tuberculous meningitis.
Choice of β-Lactam Resistance Pathway Depends Critically on Initial Antibiotic Concentration
Authors: Ruelens Philip , de Visser J. Arjan G. M.
Published: May 2021

Antibiotic resistance trajectories with different final resistance may critically depend on the first mutation, due to epistatic interactions. Here, we study the effect of mutation bias and the concentration-dependent effects on fitness of two clinically important mutations in TEM-1 β-lactamase in initiating alternative trajectories to cefotaxime resistance.
A New Application of MALDI Biotyper for a Potential Use in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Voriconazole
Authors: Falces-Romero Iker , Mingorance Jesús , García-Rodríguez Julio , Cendejas-Bueno Emilio
Published: May 2021

We present a proof-of-concept study on the use of MALDI Biotyper to detect and monitor the levels of voriconazole in human serum. A simple extraction-concentration method and a MALDI Biotyper protocol were developed, and a parent ion of voriconazole (1 H
+
) could be detected and quantified with good reproducibility. Our results point to a new application of MALDI Biotyper for therapeutic drug monitoring.
An
In Vitro
Perspective on What Individual Antimicrobials Add to Mycobacterium avium Complex Therapies
Authors: Sonawane Vidhisha V. , Ruth Mike M. , Pennings Lian J. , Svensson Elin M. , Wertheim Heiman F. L. , Hoefsloot Wouter , van Ingen Jakko
Published: May 2021

For
Mycobacterium avium
complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), current treatment regimens yield low cure rates. To obtain an evidence-based combination therapy, we assessed the
in vitro
activity of six drugs, namely, clarithromycin (CLR), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), amikacin (AMK), clofazimine (CLO), and minocycline (MIN), alone and in combination, against
Mycobacterium avium
and studied the contributions of individual antibiotics to efficacy.
Implementing a Virtual Midterm to Identify Unknown Bacteria in a Microbiology Lab Course
Authors: Tawde Mangala , McLaughlin Susan
Published: May 2021

Identification of unknown bacteria is an integral module in most introductory Microbiology laboratory courses. This laboratory activity typically involves identifying bacteria based on Gram staining for morphology and gram reaction followed by studying their biochemical characteristics.
Endogenous and Borrowed Proteolytic Activity in theBorrelia
Authors: Coleman James L. , Benach Jorge L. , Karzai A. Wali
Published: May 2021

TheBorreliaspp. are tick-borne pathogenic spirochetes that include the agents of Lyme disease and relapsing fever. As part of their life cycle, the spirochetes traffic between the tick vector and the vertebrate host, which requires significant physiological changes and remodeling of their outer membranes and proteome.
Temporal Dynamics and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Demonstrate the Necessity of Ongoing Viral Genome Sequencing in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Sjaarda Calvin P. , Guthrie Jennifer L. , Mubareka Samira , Simpson Jared T. , Hamelin Bettina , Wong Henry , Mortimer Leanne , Slinger Robert , McArthur Andrew G. , Desjardins Marc , McGeer Allison , Mazzulli Tony , Douchant Katya , Brabant-Kirwan Danielle , Fattouh Ramzi , Campigotto Aaron , Patel Samir N. , Fittipaldi Nahuel , Colautti Robert I. , Sheth Prameet M.
Published: May 2021

Genome-wide variation in SARS-CoV-2 reveals evolution and transmission dynamics which are critical considerations for disease control and prevention decisions. Here, we review estimates of the genome-wide viral mutation rates, summarize current COVID-19 case load in the province of Ontario, Canada (5 January 2021), and analyze published SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Ontario (collected prior to 24 November 2020) to test for more infectious genetic variants or lineages.
Genome Investigation of Urinary
Gardnerella
Strains and Their Relationship to Isolates of the Vaginal Microbiota
Authors: Putonti Catherine , Thomas-White Krystal , Crum Elias , Hilt Evann E. , Price Travis K. , Wolfe Alan J.
Published: May 2021

Prior research into the bacterium
Gardnerella vaginalis
has largely focused on its association with bacterial vaginosis (BV). However,
G. vaginalis
is also frequently found within the urinary microbiota of women with and without lower urinary tract symptoms as well as individuals with chronic kidney disease, interstitial cystitis, and BV.
Constraining the effects of dynamic topography on the development of Late Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin, western United States
Authors: Li Zhiyang , Aschoff Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Dynamic topography refers to the vertical deflection (i.e., uplift and subsidence) of the Earth's surface generated in response to mantle flow. Although dynamic subsidence has been increasingly invoked to explain the subsidence and migration of depocenters in the Late Cretaceous North American Cordilleran foreland basin (CFB), it remains a challenging task to discriminate the effects of dynamic mantle processes from other subsidence mechanisms, and the spatial and temporal scales of dynamic topography is not well known. To unravel the relationship between sedimentary systems, accommodation, and subsidence mechanisms of the CFB through time and space, a high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework was developed for the Upper Cretaceous strata based on a dense data set integrating >600 well logs from multiple basins/regions in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, USA. The newly developed stratigraphic framework divides the Upper Cretaceous strata into four chronostratigraphic packages separated by chronostratigraphic surfaces that can be correlated regionally and constrained by ammonite biozones. Regional isopach patterns and shoreline trends constructed for successive time intervals suggest that dynamic subsidence influenced accommodation creation in the CFB starting from ca. 85 Ma, and this wave of subsidence increasingly affected the CFB by ca. 80 Ma as subsidence migrated from the southwest to northeast. During 100–75 Ma, the depocenter migrated from central Utah (dominantly flexural subsidence) to north-central Colorado (dominantly dynamic subsidence). Subsidence within the CFB during 75–66 Ma was controlled by the combined effects of flexural subsidence induced by local Laramide uplifts and dynamic subsidence. Results from this study provide new constraints on the spatio-temporal footprint and migration of large-scale (>400 km × 400 km) dynamic topography at an average rate ranging from ~120 to 60 km/m.y. in the CFB through the Late Cretaceous. The wavelength and location of dynamic topography (subsidence and uplift) generated in response to the subduction of the conjugate Shatsky Rise highly varied through both space and time, probably depending on the evolution of the oceanic plateau (e.g., changes in its location, subduction angle and depth, and buoyancy). Careful, high-resolution reconstruction of regional stratigraphic frameworks using three-dimensional data sets is critical to constrain the influence of dynamic topography. The highly transitory effects of dynamic topography need to be incorporated into future foreland basin models to better reconstruct and predict the formation of foreland basins that may have formed under the combined influence of upper crustal flexural loading and dynamic subcrustal loading associated with large-scale mantle flows.
Mid-Cretaceous thick carbonate accumulation in Northern Lhasa (Tibet): eustatic vs. tectonic control?
Authors: Xu Yiwei , Hu Xiumian , Garzanti Eduardo , BouDagher-Fadel Marcelle , Sun Gaoyuan , Lai Wen , Zhang Shijie
Published: May 2021

Widespread accumulation of thick carbonates is not typical of orogenic settings. During the mid-Cretaceous, near the Bangong suture in the northern Lhasa terrane, the shallow-marine carbonates of the Langshan Formation, reaching a thickness up to ~1 km, accumulated in an epicontinental seaway over a modern area of 132 × 103 km2, about half of the Arabian/Persian Gulf. The origin of basin-wide carbonate deposits located close to a newly formed orogenic belt is not well understood, partly because of the scarcity of paleogeographic studies on the evolution of the northern Lhasa. Based on a detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic investigation, three stages in the mid-Cretaceous paleogeographic evolution of northern Lhasa were defined: (1) remnant clastic sea with deposition of Duoni/Duba formations (Early to early Late Aptian, ca. 125–116 Ma); (2) expanding carbonate seaway of Langshan Formation (latest Aptian–earliest Cenomanian, ca. 116–99 Ma); and (3) closure of the carbonate seaway represented by the Daxiong/Jingzhushan formations (Early Cenomanian to Turonian, ca. 99–92 Ma). Combined with data on tectonic subsidence and eustatic curves, we emphasized the largely eustatic control on the paleogeographic evolution of the northern Lhasa during the latest Aptian–earliest Cenomanian when the Langshan carbonates accumulated, modulated by long-term slow tectonic subsidence and high carbonate productivity.
Supplemental Material: Sedimentology, geochronology, and provenance of the late Cenozoic “Yangtze Gravel”: Implications for Lower Yangtze River reorganization and tectonic evolution in southeast China
Authors: Wang Ping , al. et
Published: May 2021

Additional data include counting data of clasts, heavy minerals and fossil pollens, U-Pb data of detrital zircons, and representative pictures of fossil wood and detrital zircons.
Novel strategy to personalise use of ibuprofen for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates
Authors: Samiee-Zafarghandy Samira , van Donge Tamara , Fusch Gerhard , Pfister Marc , Jacob George , Atkinson Andrew , Rieder Michael J , Smit Cornelis , Van Den Anker John
Published: May 2021

Objective

Exploration of a novel therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) strategy to personalise use of ibuprofen for closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm neonates.

Design

Prospective, single-centre, open-label, pharmacokinetics study in preterm neonates.

Setting

Neonatal intensive care unit at McMaster Children’s Hospital.

Patients

Neonates with a gestational age ≤28+6 weeks treated with oral ibuprofen for closure of a PDA.

Methods

Population pharmacokinetic parameters, concentration-time profiles and exposure metrics were obtained using pharmacometric modelling and simulation.

Main outcome measure

Association between ibuprofen plasma concentrations measured at various sampling time points on the first day of treatment and attainment of the target exposure over the first 3 days of treatment (AUC0–72h >900 mg·hour/L).

Results

Twenty-three preterm neonates (median birth weight 780 g and gestational age 25.9 weeks) were included, yielding 155 plasma ibuprofen plasma samples. Starting from 8 hours’ postdose on the first day, a strong correlation between ibuprofen concentrations and AUC0–72h was observed. At 8 hours after the first dose, an ibuprofen concentration >20.5 mg/L was associated with a 90% probability of reaching the target exposure.

Conclusion

We designed a novel and practical TDM strategy and have shown that the chance of reaching the target exposure (AUC0–72h >900 mg·hour/L) can be predicted with a single sample collection on the first day of treatment. This newly acquired knowledge can be leveraged to personalise ibuprofen dosing regimens and improve the efficacy of ibuprofen use for pharmacological closure of a PDA.
Brevundimonas diminutacoinfection as source of pyogenic liver abscess
Authors: Burch Jacob , Tatineni Shilpa , Enofe Ikponmwosa , Laird-Fick Heather
Published: May 2021

Brevundimonas diminuta, a non-fermenting gram-negative bacterium, is emerging as an important multidrug resistant opportunistic pathogen. It has been described in cases of bacteremia, pleuritis, keratitis and peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. We describe, for the first time, a case of pyogenic liver abscess caused by coinfection ofB. diminutaandStreptococcus anginosus, and briefly review pyogenic liver abscesses and the literature regardingB. diminuta.
Severe cutaneous presentation of hydralazine-induced ANCA vasculitis without renal or pulmonary involvement, complicated by DIC
Authors: Huo Mae Xintong , Avelino Alzira Rocheteau M , Singh Gurpreet
Published: May 2021

Hydralazine is a common arterial vasodilator used in the management of congestive heart failure and hypertension. It can be associated with drug-induced lupus and less commonly antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV). Drug-induced AAV typically has a favourable long-term prognosis. It is not commonly associated with primary skin involvement, as most cases also have notable kidney and lung disease. Cases with isolated skin findings are rare. We present a rare case of a 60-year-old woman on long-term hydralazine who presented with AAV with primary skin and mucosal involvement, in the form of diffuse bullous and ulcerative lesions, which posed a diagnostic challenge. Her hospital course was marked by several complications including disseminated intravascular coagulation. She required intensive therapy with high-dose steroids, plasmapheresis and rituximab. She tolerated immunosuppression well and with multidisciplinary supportive care, she recovered well and was able to be discharged from the hospital.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as a cause of dementia
Authors: Nakhleh Rasha , Tessema Sophia Tenaye , Mahgoub Abdullahi
Published: May 2021

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder belonging to the family of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The disease is believed to be caused by an abnormal isoform of a cellular glycoprotein known as the prion protein. Our patient is an 84-year-old Caucasian man who presented to the geriatric clinic for evaluation of short-term memory loss and decreased concentration which started 3 months prior to initial evaluation. Rapid progression of dementia demonstrated by severe impairment in tasks with a predominantly visual component, including visual scanning, perceptual reasoning and visual spatial processing. Diagnosis of CJD was determined by characteristic ribboning on brain MRI as well as notable real-time quaking-induced conversion on cerebrospinal fluid.
Premature live birth in a woman with antisynthetase syndrome following recurrent miscarriages
Authors: Kowitz Monique , Chakradeo Katrina , Hennessey Ashleigh , Wolski Penny
Published: May 2021

Antisynthetase syndrome (anti-SS) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease characterised by autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases manifesting as one or more components of the classic triad: interstitial lung disease, arthritis and myositis. While it is well-recognised that autoimmune rheumatological disorders in general can contribute to multiple pregnancy complications, very little is known about how anti-SS itself affects pregnancy outcomes. Described here is the case of a 26-year-old pregnant woman with anti-SS whose pregnancy course was complicated by placental dysfunction and subsequent extremely premature delivery at 24 weeks’ gestation. This report presents a review of the literature to date and discusses potential pregnancy complications associated with anti-SS and their subsequent targeted management.
Sinus bradycardia in a toddler with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) related to COVID-19
Authors: Hallberg Tiana Chelsea , Bjorklund Ashley Rebekah , Slusher Tina Marye , Rodgers Nathan
Published: May 2021

This report documents a case of sinus bradycardia in a hospitalised 27-month-old girl with a history of moderate persistent asthma, recent suspected viral respiratory infection and suspicion for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This patient developed profound sinus bradycardia during her hospitalisation despite an overall well clinical appearance and good outcome. Reports of bradycardia related to COVID-19 infection are few but growing in number. In this article, we discuss what has been observed in the literature about bradycardia in relation to COVID-19 and MIS-C. We also propose sinus bradycardia as a potential sign of MIS-C with recent respiratory symptoms, which would warrant close follow-up of such patients.