bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FREQUENCY OF OBESE PEOPLE AT HIGH RISK FOR DEVELOPING OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA; A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY
Authors: Komal Atta  , Raza Ahmad  , Ayesha Nawaz  , Iqra Ishtiaq  , Muhammad Farooq
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) leads to multiple complications which may be life-threatening. In this study we determined the frequency of obese individuals at high risk for developing (OSA).

METHODOLOGY: It was a cross-sectional survey. The study was conducted in the Medicine department of Services hospital, Lahore from February 6, 2016 to August 5, 2016. A sample size of 300 healthy obese individuals (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2) aged between 18-60 years who were accompanying a patient or visiting someone admitted, were enrolled in our study. Informed Verbal consent was obtained before administering a structured, validated questionnaire to the significant obese population; Survey was translated into Urdu for ease. The data were stratified for age, gender and BMI of the patients to control the effect modifiers. Post-stratification Chi-square test was used. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant.

RESULTS: A total of 300 subjects were enrolled. Mean age was calculated as 41.81±11.98 years, while 161(53.7%) individuals were females and 139(46.3%) were males. The frequency of risk of OSA was low in 241(80.3%) and high in 59(19.7%) of the population. The relationships of OSA with age groups and BMI were insignificant with p-value being 0.867 and 0.790 respectively.

CONCLUSION: In this study, a significant population of male obese individuals was found to be at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea.
ASSESSMENT OF MEDICAL STUDENTS’ METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS OF READING STRATEGIES AND ITS RELATION WITH ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY AT AZIZ FATIMA MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE, FAISALABAD
Authors: Subhan Ullah  , Sami ullah  , Khalid Parvez  , Ghulam Abbas Sheikh
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

 BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Students reading strategies strongly influence their academic performance. Our study aimed to determine medical students' metacognitive awareness during reading strategies and its relation with their academic scores.

 METHODOLOGY:  Study was done among third year MBBS students of Aziz Fatima Medical College Faisalabad. Students previous years academic achievement information was collected and they also filled questionnaire on metacognition regulation by the Metacognitive Awareness Reading Strategies Inventory. Convenient sampling was used for this study. The data were analyzed in SPSS 20. In our study the independent variable was metacognitive score while previous professional examination marks were taken as the dependent variable.Standard deviation and mean were used for the descriptive data. For categorical data, percentage and frequencies were used.

 RESULTS:

Different reading strategies employed by medical students in relation to metacognition were our main focus in the study. Metacognition was taken as score measured by a 30 item MARSI scale and their academic performance measured in terms of total marks obtained in the last professional examination held by the University. Total 101 out of 110 students from 3rd year MBBS class were enrolled in the study and the response rate was 92%. Forty one (41) respondents were females and sixty (60) respondents were male the mean± SD age of students was 21.05±0.74.

 CONCLUSION: All dimensions of metacognition are positive and strongly correlated with each other’s. Higher the score in one dimension will cause positive change in other dimension score and vice versa.
Utjecaj prethodne terapije statinima na ishod liječenja sepse iz opće populacije
Authors: Miškulin Iva , Križić Marija , Santini Marija , Baršić Bruno
Published: October 2020

Usprkos znatnom napretku medicine smrtnost od sepse i danas je i dalje izrazito visoka. Stoga se ulažu velika sredstva u potrazi za novim lijekovima koji modificiraju upalni odgovor domaćina. Nakon provedenih eksperimentalnih istraživanja znanstvenici su dokazali protuupalna, imunomodulatorna i antikoagulacijska svojstva inhibitora 3-hidroksi-3-metil-glutaril koenzim A reduktaze, poznatijih pod nazivom statini, a koji se trenutno koriste za kontrolu hiperlipidemije i smatraju se korisnim u prevenciji kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Proveli smo sustavni pregled do sada objavljene literature o povezanosti prethodne uporabe statina sa smrtnošću i drugim kliničkim ishodima sepse iz opće populacije. Pretragom baze podataka PubMed pronađeno je osamnaest istraživanja, dvanaest kohortnih (pet prospektivnih, sedam retrospektivnih), pet randomiziranih kliničkih pokusa i jedno slučaj-kontrola istraživanje. Osam istraživanja ukazuju na povezanost prethodne uporabe statina i smanjene smrtnosti sepse, dok deset radova negira tu povezanost. Iako neke studije sugeriraju da statini imaju pozitivnu ulogu u liječenju bolesnika sa sepsom, većina takvih studija su retrospektivna i imaju metodoloških ograničenja. Zbog toga smatramo da su potrebne veće randomizirane kliničke studije koje bi omogućile donošenje konkretnih zaključaka o uvođenju terapije statinima u kliničku praksu liječenja sepse.
Free Kick but that was not the Goal
Authors: Manzar S
Published: October 2020

Misadventure of the chest tube has been described in the literature resulting in complications [1-5]. Here we present a case of right pneumothorax in a preterm infant (Figure 1A). The pneumothorax was appropriately treated with a right pigtail inserted using the Seldinger technique (Figure 1B).
Biophysical Aspects of Interactions at the Bionanointerface between Viruses and Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Lahir YK
Published: October 2020

Viruses are at the threshold of living and nonliving entities. Virus particles exhibit life-activities when are within their respective hosts and act as non-living when present outside their hosts. This feature is very interesting and the related investigations can help to understand the differences between the functionalities at bionanointerfaces under living and nonliving phases. Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials occur naturally and are synthesized as per the need to meet the set targets. These nanosized materials have specific physicochemical properties such as high volume to area ratio, ability to get functionalized as per the need. These ubiquitous materials have multifaceted applications in almost all fields of sciences, industries, medical, clinical diagnostics, and remedial operations; these occupy an omnipresent status in our day to day life. Since these nanomaterials are a major integral part of industries and human life; these interact with the abiotic and biotic components of the environment. Viruses are the active entities of both these aspects of our environment. The interactions between metal and metal oxide nanomaterials and viruses are obvious and complex interactive phenomena. These complex interactions take place between nanomaterials and viruses within their respective hosts. The profiling of such interactions helps to optimize the resultant impacts and enhances the degree of de novo designing, in vivo, and in vitro performances.
EURASIAN ASSOCIATION OF CARDIOLOGY (EAC)/ NATIONAL SOCIETY OF HEART FAILURE AND MYOCARDIAL DISEASE (NSHFMD) GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE (2020)
Authors: Tereshchenko S. N. , Zhirov I. V. , Uskach T. M. , Saidova M. A. , Golitsyn S. P. , Gupalo E. M. , Nasonova S. N. , Narusov O. Yu. , Safiullina A. A. , Tereshchenko A. S. , Stukalova O. V.
Published: October 2020

Disclaimer The EAC/NSHFMD Guidelines represent the views of the EAC and NSHFMD, and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge, and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The EAC and NSHFMD is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy, and/or ambiguity between the EAC/NSHFMD Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the EAC/NSHFMD Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the EAC/NSHFMD Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient’s health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient’s caregiver. Nor do the EAC/NSHFMD Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient’s case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.

Members of the Working Group confirmed the lack of financial support/ conflict of interest. In the event of a conflict of interest being reported, the member (s) of the Working Group was (were) excluded from the discussion of sections related to the area of conflict of interest.

E.B. Wataman professor, Dr. of Sci. (Med.) (Moldova); E.K. Kurlyanskaya, Cand. of Sci. (Med.) (Belarus); A.M. Noruzbaeva professor (Kyrgyzstan); V.A. Azizov professor (Azerbaijan); Zelveyan P.A., Dr. of Sci. (Med.) (Armenia)
MARKERS OF RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Authors: Bashirov N. H.
Published: October 2020

Objective: To study the role of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases to optimize their pathogenetic diagnosis.

Material and research methods. At the initial stage of clinical trials, all participants (n = 200) were questioned with age-sex characteristics and the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (alcohol abuse, smoking, obesity, stress). Biochemical and clinical studies were carried out in two groups of patients, 15 people in each group (the first main group - in addition to bad habits, there is an obesity factor, the second control group - bad habits are detected, but in the absence of obesity) as part of preventive medical examinations.

The results of research. When studying psychosocial risk factors for the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system, a higher prevalence rate was noted for men in depression indicators - 26.3% of cases, and in the group of female patients the results were almost 2.5 times lower and amounted to only 15.0%. in both groups of healthy individuals, a low level of the frequency of occurrence of overweight and obesity was observed, compared with the main group, which were diagnosed in 28.6% of cases in the male half of the subjects, and among the representatives of the opposite sex, the indicator was 24.0%. The proportion of obese women in the main and control groups was higher than men by almost 1.5 times. Against the background of obesity and the presence of signs of non-alcoholic fatty degeneration of the liver, in comparison with patients with normal body weight, certain violations were detected in the form of a higher level in the blood of the liver enzyme ALAT - 35.2 ± 1.57 U / L and 21.3 ± 0 95 U / L, respectively, in the first main group and in the second control group.

Conclusions. Thus, it was found that the cause of cardiovascular diseases, in particular, cardiac automatism disorders, stroke, myocardial infarction due to metabolic and psychoemotional disorders are overweight and obesity, which worsen the prognosis of CVD, creating the prerequisites for the development of complications.
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY OF USING OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS BY FAMILY PHYSICIANS
Authors: Khojakuliev B. G. , Orazgylyjov O. A. , Khojageldiev T. , Kurdova M. K.
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the study: to study the features of the rational use of antihypertensive drugs (AHP) by family doctors on an outpatient basis and their analysis of compliance with current international recommendations.

Materials and methods: According to questionnaires specially developed for studying the pharmacoepidemiology of hypertension, interviews were conducted with family doctors working in health houses located in different regions of the country and the specifics of their appointment of hypertension to patients with hypertension were studied. The duration of medical experience of doctors is on average 22.6 ± 11.0 years.

Results: The main drugs in the prescription structure were ACE inhibitors (19.7%), beta-blockers (19.6%), calcium antagonists (19.1%, diuretics (18.9%) ARBs (12.8%). central action drugs – 8.5%, alpha-adrenergic blockers – 1.4%. ACE inhibitor administration structure: enalapril – 33.8%, lisinopril – 26.3%, captopril – 23.3%, perindopril – 10.1 %, ramipril – 4.7%, the rest - 1.3% Of the beta-blockers: atenolol – 35.7%, bisoprolol – 34.7%, propranolol -15.7%, metoprolol - 8.0%, nebivolol – 4.3% and carvedilol 1.7%. The structure of the appointment of calcium antagonists: amlodipine – 38,3%, nifedipine – 29.6%, verapamil 16.8%, nifedipine SR and verapamil SR 5.7% each, diltheazem 2.1%, the share of all the others no more than 1.8%. Diuretic structure: hydrochlorothiazide – 36.0 %, furosemide – 28.8%, spironolactone – 18.6%, indapamide – 13.5%, torasemide – 2.1%, acetazolamide – 0.9%. The main proportion of ARB was losartan (84.0%) valsartan (8.7%), candesartan (4.2%), all the rest – 3.1%. 38.1% of family doctors still prescribe a centrally acting drug – clofellin, an imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine (physiotens) is prescribed by family doctors very rarely (1.8%).

73.2% of respondents seek to reduce blood pressure to 140/90 mm Hg. Art., and the rest are limited to lowering blood pressure to a «working» level. 33.7% of family doctors start hypertension with monotherapy with the selection of an effective dose of one drug. 40.6% of doctors prefer free combination of AHP, 54.7% consider fixed combinations to be convenient, the rest are low-dose combinations.

Conclusion: Our study confirms the need for further improvement of the rational use of AHP by family doctors
Establishing Climate Change Resilience in the Great Lakes in Response to Flooding
Authors: Gallagher Gwendolyn E , Duncombe Ryan K , Steeves Timothy M
Published: October 2020

Over the past decade, both the average rainfall and the frequency of high precipitation storm events in the Great Lakes Basin have been steadily increasing as a consequence of climate change. In this same period, cities and communities along the coasts are experiencing record high water levels and severe flooding events (ECC Canada et al. 2018). When cities are unprepared for these floods, the safety of communities and the water quality of the Great Lakes are jeopardized. For example, coastal flooding increases runoff pollution and contaminates the freshwater resource that 40 million people rely on for drinking water (Lyandres and Welch 2012, Roth 2016). Since the Great Lakes are shared between two nations, the United States and Canada, the region is protected by several international treaties and national compacts, including the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) and the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI). In order to increase climate change resiliency against flooding in the region, we recommend the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work with Environment and Climate Change Canada to relocate the GLRI under the GLWQA in order to guarantee consistent funding and protection efforts. We additionally recommend expansion of both agreements in their scope and long-term commitments to engender cooperative efforts to protect the Great Lakes against climate change.
Beyond Cash Bail: Public Health, Risk Assessment, and California Senate Bill 10
Authors: Guttman Zoe , Hebner Yuki , Mori Kanon , Balk Jonathan
Published: October 2020

The detrimental effects of incarceration on physical and mental health are widely acknowledged. However, 76% of the United States jail population is awaiting trial without having been convicted of a crime (Sawyer and Wagner 2020). This is driven by the monetary bail system, which the state of California moved to abolish by passing the 2018 California Money Bail Reform Act (Senate Bill 10, hereafter SB 10). SB 10 proposes the use of algorithmically driven risk assessment tools to determine pretrial release. However, actuarial risk assessments are not calibrated to California’s diverse demography and are insufficient to determine which defendants pose flight or public safety risks. SB 10 is predicted to perpetuate similar socioeconomic and racial disparities as the current system, while failing to decrease pretrial detention. We recommend opposing SB 10 in favor of pretrial release for most misdemeanor and nonviolent defendants. The funding currently allocated for pretrial detainment should be redirected toward evidence-based and restorative pretrial supervision practices through the enactment of new bail-reform legislation by the state of California. Increasing the use of diversion programs, which redirect defendants to the appropriate mental health or substance abuse programs, also presents opportunities to restore treatment to the jurisdiction of public health rather than criminal justice. Transitioning from a reliance on pretrial detention to pretrial services will mitigate the collateral effects of incarceration while improving public health, public safety, and substantially reducing the cost of incarceration.
Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science: The Environmental Protection Agency’s Proposal to Internally Regulating Science
Authors: Herron R. Samuel , Klonowski Jonathan , Rios Cassandra
Published: October 2020

: Policy decisions by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should be informed by consulting the most relevant and updated information. Accordingly, the quality of information used is an integral part of federal decision-making as it can add credibility to policy. In 2018, EPA proposed the “Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science” rule (EPA-STRS, updated March 2020) as an effort to assess the quality of studies used by EPA and increase transparency in policy-making decisions through conducting publicly accessible peer-reviews of all data and models. Herein we detail three arguments detailing differing perspectives on EPA-STRS and determine that, while the proposed rule purportedly seeks to strengthen the scientific underpinning of EPA policy, the current language risks the integrity of the agency’s policy-making process. EPA-STRS neither adequately details methodology with which independent validation would occur, nor delineates how valid exceptions to this rule would be identified in an unbiased manner. Furthermore, the implementation of this rule as currently written would allow for the politicization of EPA policymaking through abuse of the scientific study screening process. We propose that EPA amend EPA-STRS to reduce ambiguity, minimize biases, and address concerns related to independent research validation and peer review.
RIAC: Responsible and Informed Arctic Commercialization, A Way Forward
Authors: Zolyniak Anna M.
Published: October 2020

In 2019, the Arctic experienced its second warmest year on record, continuing a six-year trend of record-breaking Arctic surface temperatures (Lindsey 2019). Such unprecedented observations have become the new normal in the Arctic and provide new insights into the implications of global climate change. A warming Arctic, however, also presents new opportunities for Arctic commercial development. Such development is in fact quickly evolving from a mere possibility to an on-the-ground reality. Despite the speed of and increasing prospect of Arctic commercialization, however, there has been little to no movement on the part of the United States to enact policies and regulations accounting for it.

Recognizing this gap in U.S. policy, the main objective of this paper is to articulate a possible path towards sustainable Arctic commercialization—one that recognizes and addresses current realities and future potential challenges. To this end, this paper synthesizes a two-pronged policy proposal—referred to as Responsible and Informed Arctic Commercialization (RIAC). RIAC targets the paucity of U.S. Arctic knowledge and regulatory capacity with a clearly articulated framework for implementation. The first prong of the policy addresses the quality of U.S. Arctic domain awareness. The second prong assesses the status of relevant sections of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations with respect to the unique conditions of the Arctic. The actions encompassed by RIAC’s two-pronged structure offer a clear path for the United States to rectify the weaknesses in its current Arctic policy and make sustainable and safe Arctic commercial development possible.
Integration of environmental, social and governance principles in pension funds and insurance companies activities
Authors: Dimitrov Stanislav
Published: October 2020

Sustainable finance has been one of the modern topics in recent years. The main reason is the growing need for active steps and measures to preserve nature and avoid the risks of climate change and its consequences. A basic concept in sustainable finance is the adoption and follow-up of ESG principles. The latter refers to environmental “E”, social “S” principles and good corporate governance “G” policies. Financial institutions are considered as the conductor of policies in the field of ESG principles. The European Union is following an action plan to implement these principles and policies in the financial sphere. This report examines the integration of ESG principles into the activities of insurance companies and capital pension funds. Potential problems are identified and possible solutions are presented.
RESPONSES OF TURKISH CONSUMERS TO PRODUCT RISK INFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF NEGATIVE EWOM
Authors: Işçi Ülfet , Kitapçi Hakan
Published: October 2020

This study explores the risk-based effects of negative electronic word-of-mouth (neWOM) perception
(financial and performance risks) on electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) credibility and purchase intention for promotion- and
prevention-focused consumers. In this experimental study, a survey was conducted in which 344 people from Turkey participated.
Automobiles were chosen as the subject of the survey because they are in the high-risk product category. The results from
regression analysis show that the neWOM perception containing financial risk information plays a more significant role than
the one containing performance risk in terms of the effect on eWOM credibility for both promotion- and prevention-focused
consumers. Moreover, the neWOM containing performance risk has no effect on the eWOM credibility for promotion-focused
consumers. When exposed to neWOM, the purchase intentions of both consumers are even more negatively affected by the neWOM
information containing performance risk than the one with financial risk content. The results and future predictions are discussed.
APPLICATION OF ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE IN FREIGHT TERMINALS
Authors: Mickevič Rafal , Vaitkus Audrius
Published: October 2020

In these days constantly being looking for solution to reduce construction costs, the amount of materials used and the negative impact on the environment. Designing pavement structures with top layer of traditional concrete, the structures become very massive because of variation of concrete thickness from 20 cm to 29 cm according to the standard structures with concrete which are given in KPT SDK 19. An alternative to traditional concrete is roller-compacted concrete, the concrete with significantly larger fine aggregates which lead concrete mix to be non-slip. The roller-compacted mix can also achieve high concrete density and consolidation by rolling. The experimental studies were performed according to the guidelines of the “Guide for rollercompacted concrete pavements” and the automated StreetPave program. Twelve different variants of the pavement structure were used in the calculations, in which the main variables were: the modulus of deformation (Ev2), the thickness of stabilized layer (CTS) and the modulus of elasticity (E). Calculations were also performed for two scenarios, assuming that the amount of cracks appearing on the surface of the top layer after the design period would be 5% and 10%.
Validating Inversions for Toroidal Flows Using Normal-mode Coupling
Authors: Mani Prasad , Hanasoge Shravan
Published: October 2020

Normal-mode coupling is a helioseismic technique that uses measurements of mode eigenfunctions to infer interior structure of the Sun. This technique has led to insights into the evolution and structure of toroidal flows in the solar interior. Here, we validate an inversion algorithm for normal-mode coupling by generating synthetic seismic measurements associated with input flows and comparing the input and inverted velocities. We study four different cases of input toroidal flows and compute synthetics that take into account the partial visibility of the Sun. We invert the synthetics using Subtractive Optimally Localized Averages and also try to mitigate the systematics of mode leakage. We demonstrate that, ultimately, inversions are only as good as the model we assume for the correlation between flow velocities.
Search for Nearby Earth Analogs .III. Detection of 10 New Planets, 3 Planet Candidates, and Confirmation of 3 Planets around 11 Nearby M Dwarfs
Authors: Feng Fabo , Shectman Stephen A. , Clement Matthew S. , Vogt Steven S. , Tuomi Mikko , Teske Johanna K. , Burt Jennifer , Crane Jeffrey D. , Holden Bradford , Wang Sharon Xuesong , Thompson Ian B. , Díaz Matías R. , Butler R. Paul
Published: October 2020

Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones of M dwarfs are good candidates for the study of habitability and detection of biosignatures. To search for these planets, we analyze all available radial velocity data and apply four signal detection criteria to select the optimal candidates. We find 10 strong candidates satisfying these criteria and three weak candidates showing inconsistency over time due to data samplings. We also confirm three previous planet candidates and improve their orbital solutions through combined analyses of updated data sets. Among the strong planet candidates, HIP 38594 b is a temperate super-Earth with a mass of 8.2 ± 1.7 M
⊕ and an orbital period of 60.7 ± 0.1 days, orbiting around an early-type M dwarf. Early-type M dwarfs are less active and thus are better hosts for habitable planets than mid-type and late-type M dwarfs. Moreover, we report the detection of five two-planet systems, including two systems made up of a warm or cold Neptune and a cold Jupiter, consistent with a positive correlation between these two types of planets. We also detect three temperate Neptunes, four cold Neptunes, and four cold Jupiters, contributing to a rarely explored planet population. Due to their proximity to the Sun, these planets on wide orbits are appropriate targets for direct imaging by future facilities such as the Habitable Exoplanet Observatory and the Extremely Large Telescope.
The 2017 September 6 Flare: Radio Bursts and Pulsations in the 22–5000 MHz Range and Associated Phenomena
Authors: Karlický Marian , Rybák Ján
Published: October 2020

For the 2017 September 6 flare (SOL2017-Sep-06T11:53) we present not only unusual radio bursts but also their interesting time association with the other flare phenomena observed in extreme ultraviolet (EUV), white-light, X-ray, and γ-ray emissions. Using our new method based on wavelets we found quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) in several locations of the whole time–frequency domain of the analyzed radio spectrum (11:55–12:07 UT and 22–5000 MHz). Among them the drifting QPPs are new and the most interesting, especially a bidirectional QPP at the time of the hard X-ray and γ-ray peaks and a sunquake start. In the pre-impulsive phase we show an unusual drifting pulsation structure (DPS) in association with the EUV brightenings caused by the interaction of magnetic ropes. In the flare impulsive phase we found an exceptional radio burst drifting from 5000 to 800 MHz. In connection with this drifting burst, we show a U burst at about the onset time of an EUV writhed structure and a drifting radio burst as a signature of a shock wave at high frequencies (1050–1350 MHz). In the peak flare phase we found an indication of an additional energy-release process located at higher altitudes in the solar atmosphere. These phenomena are interpreted considering a rising magnetic rope, magnetosonic waves, and particle beams. Using a density model we estimated the density, wave velocities, and source heights for the bidirectionally drifting QPPs, the density for the pre-impulsive DPS and U burst, and the density and magnetic field strength for the drifting radio burst.
A Magnetar Engine for Short GRBs and Kilonovae
Authors: Mösta Philipp , Radice David , Haas Roland , Schnetter Erik , Bernuzzi Sebastiano
Published: October 2020

We investigate the influence of magnetic fields on the evolution of binary neutron star (BNS) merger remnants via three-dimensional (3D) dynamical-spacetime general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. We evolve a post-merger remnant with an initial poloidal magnetic field, resolve the magnetoturbulence driven by shear flows, and include a microphysical finite-temperature equation of state. A neutrino leakage scheme that captures the overall energetics and lepton number exchange is also included. We find that turbulence induced by the magnetorotational instability in the hypermassive neutron star (HMNS) amplifies magnetic field to beyond magnetar strength (1015 G). The ultra-strong toroidal field is able to launch a relativistic jet from the HMNS. We also find a magnetized wind that ejects neutron-rich material with a rate of

. The total ejecta mass in our simulation is 5 × 10−3
M
⊙. This makes the ejecta from the HMNS an important component in BNS mergers and a promising source of r-process elements that can power a kilonova. The jet from the HMNS reaches a terminal Lorentz factor of ∼5 in our highest-resolution simulation. The formation of this jet is aided by neutrino cooling preventing the accretion disk from protruding into the polar region. As neutrino pair-annihilation and radiative processes in the jet (which were not included in the simulations) will boost the Lorentz factor in the jet further, our simulations demonstrate that magnetars formed in BNS mergers are a viable engine for short gamma-ray bursts.
How Does Background Air Pressure Influence the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone for Tidally Locked Planets in a 3D View?
Authors: Zhang Yixiao , Yang Jun
Published: October 2020

We examine the effect of varying background N2 surface pressure (labeled as pN2) on the inner edge of the habitable zone for 1:1 tidally locked planets around M dwarfs, using the three-dimensional (3D) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) ExoCAM. In our experiments, the rotation period is fixed when varying the stellar flux, in order to more clearly isolate the role of pN2. We find that the stellar flux threshold for the runaway greenhouse is a non-monotonous function of pN2. This is due to the competing effects of five processes: pressure broadening, heat capacity, lapse rate, relative humidity, and clouds. These competing processes increase the complexity in predicting the location of the inner edge of the habitable zone. For a slow-rotation orbit of 60 Earth days, the critical stellar flux for the runaway greenhouse onset is 1700–1750, 1900–1950, and 1750–1800 W m−2 under 0.25, 1.0, and 4.0 bar of pN2, respectively, suggesting that the magnitude of the effect of pN2 is within ≈13%. For a rapid rotation orbit, the effect of varying pN2 on the inner edge is smaller, within a range of ≈7%. Moreover, we show that Rayleigh scattering effect as varying pN2 is unimportant for the inner edge due to the masking effect of cloud scattering and to the strong shortwave absorption by water vapor under hot climates. Future work using AGCMs having different cloud and convection schemes and cloud-resolving models having explicit cloud and convection are Required to revise this problem.
Dynamo Saturation through the Latitudinal Variation of Bipolar Magnetic Regions in the Sun
Authors: Binay Karak Bidya
Published: October 2020

Observations of the solar magnetic cycle showed that the amplitude of the cycle did not grow all the time in the past. Thus, there must be a mechanism to halt the growth of the magnetic field in the Sun. We demonstrate a recently proposed mechanism for this under the Babcock–Leighton dynamo framework, which is believed to be the most promising paradigm for the generation of the solar magnetic field at present. This mechanism is based on the observational fact that the stronger solar cycles produce bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) at higher latitudes and thus have higher mean latitudes than the weaker ones. We capture this effect in our three-dimensional Babcock–Leighton solar dynamo model and show that when the toroidal magnetic field tries to grow, it produce BMRs at higher latitudes. The BMRs at higher latitudes generate a less poloidal field, which consequently limits the overall growth of the magnetic field in our model. Thus, our study suggests that the latitudinal variation of BMRs is a potential mechanism for limiting the magnetic field growth in the Sun.
Anurofauna of a remnant of Atlantic Forest in northeast Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Gessica Gomes , de Oliveira Camila Nascimento , de Oliveira Umberto Diego Rodrigues , Rodrigues Gilberto Gonçalves
Published: October 2020

Studies on spatial occupation are fundamental to understand amphibian communities. The aim of this study was to record information on the spatial distribution of anurans in the Tejipió forest, state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Fieldwork was carried out weekly between October 2011 and April 2012, with daytime and night-time excursions for time-constrained active searching, in forested and open areas, military construction area and water bodies. Pitfall traps and accidental sightings were also used as alternative collection methods. Data were used to calculate richness, rarefaction curves and richness estimators. A total of 21 species were recorded, distributed in six families: Bufonidae (2 spp.); Craugastoridae (1 sp.); Hylidae (8 spp.); Leptodactylidae (8 spp.); Microhylidae (1 sp.) and Phyllomedusidae (1 sp.). Only the speciesRhinella jimiwas found occupying all sampled habitats in the research area.Adenomera hylaedactylaandPristimantis ramagiideserve special care in the area because they are specialists, occupying a smaller number of habitats and microhabitats. The community of anurans of the Tejipió forest is similar to those recorded in other areas of the Atlantic Forest at the Pernambuco State, and its knowledge is essential as a basis for conservation of the area. The gradual recovery of this Atlantic Forest remnant would favor the recolonization of fauna and flora and the conservation of local biodiversity.
Systematic revision of the genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)
Authors: Dayrat Benoît , Goulding Tricia C. , Apte Deepak , Aslam Sadar , Bourke Adam , Comendador Joseph , Khalil Munawar , Ngô Xuân Quảng , Tan Siong Kiat , Tan Shau Hwai
Published: October 2020

The genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 includes all the onchidiid slugs with dorsal gills. Its taxonomy is revised for the first time based on a large collection of fresh material from the entire Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa to Hawaii. Nine species are supported by mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (ITS2 and 28S) sequences as well as comparative anatomy. All types available were examined and the nomenclatural status of each existing name in the genus is addressed. Of 31 Peronia species-group names available, 27 are regarded as invalid (twenty-one synonyms, sixteen of which are new, five nomina dubia, and one homonym), and four as valid: Peronia peronii (Cuvier, 1804), Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830), Peronia platei (Hoffmann, 1928), and Peronia madagascariensis (Labbé, 1934a). Five new species names are created: P. griffithsi Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. okinawensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. setoensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. sydneyensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., and P. willani Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov.Peronia species are cryptic externally but can be distinguished using internal characters, with the exception of P. platei and P. setoensis. The anatomy of most species is described in detail here for the first time. All the secondary literature is commented on and historical specimens from museum collections were also examined to better establish species distributions. The genus Peronia includes two species that are widespread across the Indo-West Pacific (P. verruculata and P. peronii) as well as endemic species: P. okinawensis and P. setoensis are endemic to Japan, and P. willani is endemic to Northern Territory, Australia. Many new geographical records are provided, as well as a key to the species using morphological traits.
Commercially Available Polymerase Chain Reaction Has Minimal Utility in the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Kildow Beau J. , Ryan Sean P. , Danilkowicz Richard , Lazarides Alexander L. , Vovos Tyler J. , Bolognesi Michael P. , Jiranek William A. , Seyler Thorsten M.
Published: October 2020

The use of genetic sequencing modalities in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and the identification of organisms has gained popularity recently. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers timely results for common organisms. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of broad-range PCR, conventional culture, the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria, and the recently proposed criteria by Parvizi et al in the diagnosis of PJI. In this retrospective study, aspirate or tissue samples were collected in 104 revision and 86 primary arthroplasties for routine diagnostic workup for PJI and sent to the laboratory for PCR. Concordance along with statistical differences between diagnostic studies were calculated using chi-square test for categorical data. On comparison with the MSIS criteria, concordance was significantly lower for PCR at 64.7% compared with 86.3% for culture (
P
<.001). There was no significant difference based on diagnosis of prior infection (
P
=.706) or sample collection method (tissue swab or synovial fluid) (
P
=.316). Of the 87 patients who met MSIS criteria, only 20 (23.0%) PCR samples had an organism identified. In this series, PCR had little utility as a stand-alone test for the diagnosis of PJI, with a sensitivity of only 23.0% when using MSIS criteria as the gold standard. Polymerase chain reaction also appears to be significantly less accurate than culture in the diagnosis of PJI. Currently, several laboratory tests used for either criteria for PJI diagnosis should be obtained along with the overall clinical picture to help guide decision-making for PJI treatment. [
Orthopedics
. 2020;43(6):333–338.]
Developing the Culturally Responsive Teacher
Authors: Jobe Morgan M. , Wertzberger Eileen M. , Taylor Kay Ann
Published: October 2020

This chapter will use autoethnography to provide a comprehensive look at culturally responsive teaching by exploring three different perspectives at different stages in education: (1) the white female high school English teacher working with teens, (2) the Puerto Rican female undergraduate instructor working with pre-service teachers, and (3) the white female graduate professor working with in-service teachers. Collectively, the three perspectives will share experiences through storytelling about culturally responsive teaching as necessary practice in preparation for classroom teaching, emphasizing the need for more intentional instruction on race, culture, and ethnicity in teacher preparation programs. Ultimately, this chapter will demonstrate that culturally responsive teaching evolves over a teacher's lifetime, and to be truly transformative, culturally responsive teachers must adapt to the culture and contexts of their students.
Student Teachers' Experiences of Cultural Diversity During Student Teaching
Authors: Ibrahim Abdulsalami , Johnson Shirley
Published: October 2020

Multicultural education and culturally responsive pedagogy training should be within the core curriculum and begin in teacher preparation programs. This could be accomplished by providing opportunities for teacher candidates to research and acquire knowledge regarding cultural characteristics and cultural contributions of diverse students, pedagogy, instructional strategies, methods, and resources that support diverse student populations. This chapter presents the results of a mixed-method study that examined student teachers' perceptions and understanding of culturally responsive pedagogy and instructional strategies observed and utilized in classrooms during student teaching in diverse classrooms. Findings revealed that student teachers were inexperienced in terms of being culturally responsive educators. The authors suggest that educators engage student teachers in class projects within the scope of culturally responsive practices. The chapter concludes with a list of reflection questions for K through 20 educators.
Enhancing Pre-Service Teachers' Global Competencies Through Interdisciplinary Study Abroad
Authors: Oguro Susan , Harbon Lesley
Published: October 2020

A continuing challenge in teacher education is how to develop future teachers' global competencies to prepare them for the diversity of learners in school classrooms. This chapter investigates an undergraduate teacher education degree program which aims to enhance future teachers' intercultural engagement and global competence within an interdisciplinary curriculum incorporating an international experience. The researchers explored the level of pre-service teachers' engagement with their host society during a study abroad year through analysis of students' written assessment tasks. Findings indicates that the program encouraged the pre-service teachers' engagement with the local society through opportunities for students to explore complex social issues beyond the university context, potentially contributing to their global competence development. The chapter will be of interest for researchers and educators interested in exploring the value of alternative and interdisciplinary approaches to pre-service teacher education to prepare teachers for diversity of modern schools.
Ants as an Experiential Learning Strategy in Preschool Teacher Training
Authors: Gálvez Esteban Rosa María , Bravo Torija Beatriz , Pérez Martín Jose Manuel
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, the authors present the results of a project designed for 41 preservice preschool teachers to introduce the concept of living things as an experiential learning strategy in the classroom. The need to approach this concept from a different perspective prompted the design of an education project involving the introduction of insects into classroom as a teaching resource. An informative storyline was used for project launch presentation. The questions they strive to answer in this chapter are related with what concepts of living organisms and what inquiry stages will preservice teachers consider their pupils will carry out during the project. Relevant concepts that are usually not much covered in the preschool curriculum such as the life cycles of animals were considered by 23 participants. Twenty-five of the future teachers claimed that they would be able to work on every inquiry step if they implemented this project in the classroom.
Classroom Interaction in Language Teacher Education
Authors: Ramírez-Verdugo M. Dolores , López Castellano Leyre
Published: October 2020

Guiding classroom interaction with appropriate pedagogical goals could be one of the most important means of creating learning opportunities for students. If interactional practices respond to the goal of teaching the L2, they can be used as pedagogical models to be applied in language teacher education. Making teachers aware of the skills, competences, and dynamics developed in classroom interaction can help them to improve teaching and learning. Within this framework, this chapter explores EFL classroom interaction and analyses students' reactions to different types of questions and feedback by the teacher. Participants belong to two groups of students in their last year at high school (N=63). Eight EFL lessons were analysed focusing on the language skills used. The results concerning questions show that students replied more to display questions and to questions for reason, for opinion, and metacognitive questions. The findings concerning feedback show that students reacted more to recast. The chapter concludes with an overview on likely applications to language teacher education.
Tourism of Community Base as an Instrument for Local Development and Social Innovation
Authors: Sâmia de Oliveira Maria , Cardoso Gil Célio de Castro
Published: October 2020

Dealing with tourism, especially community-based tourism, requires an understanding of its concept and its relationship to local development. Additionally, community-based tourism presents itself as an example of social innovation, in view of its important function of aggregating values, social responsibility, and sustainable means of economic development. In this sense, this work aims to understand the relationship of residents with community-based tourism practiced in the coastal area of the extreme west of the state of Ceará, located in Northeast Brazil, and the perspective of residents on the importance of local tourism and its relationship with elements of social innovation. The research is classified as qualitative and the collection instrument was consolidated through the application of semi-structured interviews. The collected information was submitted to the treatment of the data through the technique of content analysis. The results are about the perception of these subjects about the tourist activities practiced in the city of Acaraú, Ceará.
Innovation Opportunities and Gender Equity in Community-Based Tourism
Authors: Melo Karla Juliana Pinheiro , Coelho da Silva Eliana , Romo Raquel Santiago , Austrégesilo Williany Loren Gaia Ferreira
Published: October 2020

This chapter aims to demonstrate that there is a fruitful relationship between innovation and business generation within community-based tourism. Continued innovation in the tourism sector is one of the pillars to establish its sustainability. With this approach, Brazilian companies Raízes and Vivejar will be presented, which are innovating as promoters of socioeconomic development in community-based tourism, based on a focus on gender equity. The example of these organizations strengthens the understanding that, over the years, women have positioned themselves to transform the reality of their labor occupations, leaving positions of low hierarchical levels, little valued to put themselves in business management, which, consequently, collaborates for the transformation of social structures.
Elicitation Model
Authors: Morsches Michael , Matthews Grant J.
Published: October 2020

Student engagement can encompass many different levels of interaction. Whether it be between student and instructor, among students themselves, with the actual subject matter, or with the various resources and departments on campus, getting and keeping students engaged is a challenging proposition. Frequently, students say they fear speaking in public, being called upon in class, going to the whiteboard, and being singled out by an instructor. Collectively, these fears could be conceptualized as a wish or need for anonymity. Faculty have cited student actions such as participation, question asking, volunteering, office hour visits, and favorable body language as preferred behaviors. These preferences could be conceptualized as a wish or need for engagement.