bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Rearrangement of 1-Alkynylcyclopropanol to 2-Cyclopenten-1-one via Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl Complex
Authors: Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: May 2006

Various 1-alkynylcyclopropanols are found to be converted to 3-substituted 2-cyclopenten-1-ones in good yields by heating their dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes in refluxing tetrahydrofuran or dimethoxyethane.
Chiral 2-Methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazine-4,6-diones. Novel Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Compounds
Authors: Sato Masayuki , Kitazawa Noritaka , Nagashima Shinya , Kano Kazuya , Kaneko Chikara
Published: May 2006

Synthesis and optical resolution of (Z)-5-benzylidene as well as 5-alkyl derivatives of the title compounds have been accomplished. The Diels-Alder reaction of the former with ketene diethylacetal and base-mediated methylation of the latters were found to proceed preferencially from the same side of 2-methyl group of the oxazinedione rings. The reason for this selectivity is proposed.
Facile Synthesis of Organic Thiocyanates from Organozinc(II) Thiocyanates and N-Chlorosuccinimide
Authors: Takagi Kentaro , Takachi Hideaki , Hayama Naomi
Published: May 2006

The reaction of organozinc(II) compounds, generated in situ from organolithiums and zinc(II) thiocyaniate, with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) afforded the corresponding organic thiocyanates in good yields.
Siloxycarbenium Tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borates and Their Role in Reactions of Ketones with Nucleophiles
Authors: Kira Mitsuo , Hino Takakazu , Sakurai Hideki
Published: May 2006

The intermediacy of trialkylsiloxycarbenium ions was demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy during the reduction of ketones with hydrosilanes catalyzed by trityl tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate. It is suggested that the non-nucleophilic nature of the counter anion plays an important part in the modification of the reaction courses.
New Optically Active 4,4-Dialkyl-γ-lactones as Chiral Dopants for Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Ikemoto Tetsuya , Sakashita Keiichi , Kageyama Yoshitaka , Terada Fumiko , Nakaoka Yuriko , Ichimura Kiyoshi , Mori Kenji
Published: May 2006

(S)-2-(4′-n-Decyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxy)-4,4-dialkyl-γ-butyrolactones were synthesized and shown to be good chiral dopants for ferroelectric liquid crystals.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed N-Alkylation of NH Groups of Azoles with Alcohols
Authors: Tanaka Norio , Hatanaka Masataka , Watanabe Yoshihisa
Published: May 2006

Azoles containing acidic NH-group react with various alcohols in the presence of catalytic amount of ruthenium-, rhodium-, and iridium- trialkylphosphite complexes to give the corresponding N-alkylated azoles in good to excellent yields.
Anodic Oxidation of 1,3-Cyclohexanedione to 1,2,3-Cyclohexanetrione
Authors: Wermeckes Bernd , Ye Siyu , Beck Fritz
Published: May 2006

1,3-cyclohexanedione can be electrochemically oxidized in aqueous sulfuric acid at platinum to the 1,2,3-cyclohexanetrione. Yields of about 76% and current efficiencies up to 54% were found.
New Liquid Crystalline Compounds Based on Thiophene
Authors: Brettle Roger , Dunmur David A , Marson Charles M , Piñol Milagros , Toriyama Kazuhisa
Published: May 2006

A homologous series of 2-alkyl-5-(4′-cyanophenyl)thiophenes has been prepared and shown to have improved properties for use in liquid crystal displays. The thiophene ring is prepared from a 1-(4′-bromophenyl)-1,4-dioxoalkane, constructed using the Stetter procedure, by the action of Lawesson’s reagent, and the cyano-group is finally introduced using a copper(I)-mediated exchange reaction.
Enhancement of Hg(3P1)-Photosensitized Luminescence of Amines on Addition of Ethanol
Authors: Yamamoto Shunzo , Nagaoka Toshiro , Sueishi Yoshimi , Nishimura Norio
Published: May 2006

The Hg(3P1)-photosensitized luminescence of amine(AM)-ethanol(AL) mixtures was studied under the condition of steady illumination. The intensity of luminescence from an HgAL* complex decreased with increasing amine pressure, while the emission intensity from an HgAM* complex increased on addition of AL. We propose that the ligand exchange reaction, HgAL* + AM → HgAM* + AL, is involved in this system.
Gold-Loaded Tungsten Oxide Sensor for Detection of Ammonia in Air
Authors: Maekawa Tomoki , Tamaki Jun , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: May 2006

Among various noble-metal loaded WO3 sensor elements, the one loaded with Au showed the best NH3 sensing performance in sensitivity and response rate at 450 °C. It could detect NH3 in air over a wide concentration range from 5 ppb to 50 ppm. The optimum Au loading was 0.8 wt%.
Preparation and Properties of Poly(methylpyridine-2,5-diyl)s
Authors: Maruyama Tsukasa , Zhou Zhen-hua , Kubota Kenji , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: May 2006

A series of poly(methylpyridine-2,5-diyl)s were synthesized by dehalogenation polycondensation of the corresponding 2,5-dibromo-methylpyridine with zerovalent nickel complexes. The polymers had molecular weight much higher than that of poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl). Poly(methylpyridine-2,5-diyl)s were converted into semiconducting material by chemical and electrochemical reduction (n-type doping).
Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Alkyl-Substituted Dibenzothiophenes in Light Oil
Authors: Ishihara Atsushi , Tajima Haruhiko , Kabe Toshiaki
Published: May 2006

Hydrodesulfurization of polyaromatic sulfur-containing compounds in light oil was carried out by using Co-Mo/Al2O3 under experimental conditions representative of industrial practice. Alkyl-substituted dibenzothiophenes in light oil, especially 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, were difficult to desulfurize even under deep desulfurization conditions.
Boron Trifluoride Etherate Mediated 1,4-Addition of (1-Alkynyl)diisopropoxyboranes to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. A Convenient New Route to 3-Alkynyl Ketone Synthesis
Authors: Fujishima Hiroaki , Takada Ei-ichi , Kara Shoji , Suzuki Akira
Published: May 2006

In the presence of BF3 etherate, (1-alkynyl)diisopropoxyboranes react with α,β-unsaturated ketones to give 1,4-addition products selectively in good yields.
Reaction of Tri-2-thienylmethyllithium with Alkyl Halides. Substitution on Carbanion Center vs. Thiophene Ring
Authors: Nakayama Juzo , Sugino Motoaki , Ishii Akihiko , Hoshino Masamatsu
Published: May 2006

Tri-2-thienylmethyllithium, produced by treatment of tri-2-thienylmethane with butyllithium in the presence of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine at −78 °C in tetrahydrofuran, reacts with primary alkyl halides to give the alkylated products on the carbanion center nearly quantitatively, while the reaction with secondary and tertiary alkyl halides affords not only the substitution products at the carbanion center but also those at the 3-position of the thiophene ring.
A New Constructive Method for 1,4-Thiazepine Derivatives
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Ito Suketaka , Hakui Jun-ichi
Published: May 2006

Some pyridinium 1-[(methylthio)thiocarbonyl]methylides reacted smoothly with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in chloroform at room temperature to afford new heterocycles, 10aH-pyrido[1,2-d][1,4]thiazepine derivatives, in moderate yields.
Oxidative Desulfurization-Fluorination of Methyl Arenedithiocarboxylates. A Convenient Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Kuroboshi Manabu , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: May 2006

Trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic compounds were obtained by oxidative desulfurization-fluorination reaction of methyl arenedithiocarboxylates using n-Bu4N+H2F3>− and 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBH). Use of N-bromosuccinimide or N-iodosuccinimide instead of DBH afforded difluoro(methylthio)methyl-substituted aromatics.
Concomitant Formation of Isomeric 1-, 2-, and 3-Substituted Heptafulvenes from 2-Substituted Tropones and Active Methylene Compounds
Authors: Mori Akira , Yin Bing-Zhu , Endo Akihiro , Takeshita Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

Condensations of methyl cyanoacetate and 4-nitrobenzyl cyanide with 2-isopropyl-, 2-methyl-, and 2-phenyltropones in Ac2O gave isomeric 1-, 2-, and 3-substituted heptafulvene derivatives. The mechanism of reaction was explained in terms of a remote nucleophilic attack of the active methylene compounds to acetoxycycloheptatrienylium salt, followed by [1,5] sigmatropic hydrogen shift and elimination of acetic acid.
Substituent Effect Study on 15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Aromatic Amides and Anilines
Authors: Yuzuri Tomoaki , Masubuchi Tomoaki , Suezawa Hiroko , Hirota Minoru
Published: May 2006

The 15N chemical shifts (δ15N) of various m- and p-substituted anilides and relevant compounds were correlated with the σ or σ− constants. The plotted points for the m- and the p-substituted derivatives tend to lie on the two separate lines. This anomalous substituent effect is interpreted.
Design and Synthesis of Chiral Stationary Phase Derived from (S)-[10]Paracyclophane-13-carboxylic Acid for the HPLC Separation of Enantiomers
Authors: Ôi Shuichi , Miyano Sotaro
Published: May 2006

Homochiral (S)-[10]paracyclophane-13-carboxylic acid ((S)-1) could conveniently be obtained on a preparative scale via fractional crystallization of the (S)-1-phenylethylamide diastereomers. (S)-1 was used for the first time as a stereodifferentiating element with planar chirality for a new chiral stationary phase (CSP) for HPLC. The CSP, which was prepared by bonding (S)-1 to γ-aminopropylsilanized silica gel via amide linkage, recognized a wide range of enantiomers by HPLC.
Genotype × Environment Interaction in Psychopathology: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Eaves Lindon J.
Published: May 2006

Recent studies have claimed to detect interaction between candidate genes and specific environmental factors (Genotype × Environment interaction, G × E) in susceptibility to psychiatric disorder. The objective of the present study was to examine possible artifacts that could explain widely publicized findings. The additive effects of candidate genes and measured environment on liability to disorder were simulated under a model that allowed for mixture of distributions in liability conditional on genotype and environment. Simulated liabilities were dichotomized at a threshold value to reflect diagnosis of disorder. Multiple blocks of simulated data were analyzed by standard statistical methods to test for the main effects and interactions of genes and environment on outcome. The main outcome of this study was simulated liabilities and diagnoses of major depression and antisocial behavior. Analysis of the dichotomized data by logistic regression frequently detected significant G × E interaction even though none was present for liability. There is therefore reason to question the biological significance of published findings.
Perinatal and Early Childhood Outcomes of Twins Versus Triplets
Authors: Luke Barbara , Brown Morton B. , Hediger Mary L. , Misiunas Ruta B. , Anderson Elaine
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this prospective cohort study of twins and triplets was to evaluate perinatal and early childhood outcomes through 18 months of age. The study population included 141 twin pregnancies (282 twin children) and 8 triplet pregnancies (24 triplet children) recruited between May, 1996 and June, 2001. Mothers of triplets versus twins were significantly more likely to have infertility treatments, to be overweight or obese before conception, to be admitted antenatally, and to deliver by cesarean section. Length of gestation for triplets was significantly shorter (–2.31 weeks,p< .0001), and more likely to be less than 35 weeks (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 9.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.22–27.29). Average birthweight for triplets was significantly lighter (–495 grams,p< .0001), and more likely to be low birthweight (AOR 11.38, 95% CI 3.11–41.61). Triplets were also more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care (AOR 7.97, 95% CI 2.13–29.77), to require mechanical ventilation (AOR 5.67, 95% CI 2.05–15.65), to develop respiratory distress syndrome (AOR 12.50, 95% CI 3.89–40.20), or a major morbidity (retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, ventilator support, or grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, AOR 5.67, 95% CI 2.05–15.65). Weight, length, and head circumference was significantly smaller at birth for triplets compared to twins, and these differences remained through 18 months of age, along with lower mental developmental scores at the oldest age. Compared to twins, triplets have greater neonatal morbidity, and through 18 months of age lower mental and motor scores, slower postnatal growth and more residual stunting, particularly of length and head circumference.
Endocarditis After Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect by Transcatheter Device
Authors: Scheuerman Oded , Bruckheimer Elchanan , Marcus Nufar , Hoffer Vered , Garty Ben-Zion
Published: May 2006

Advances in interventional cardiology have enabled the treatment of severe congenital heart defects without the need for surgery. The percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects and, more recently, ventricular septal defects is considered a safe procedure with fewer complications and less morbidity compared with surgery. We report on a 2-year-old child who developed endocarditis after ventricular septal defect closure with an Amplatzer device. The patient recovered after intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of endocarditis associated with ventricular septal defect closure device insertion.
Interferon-α Treatment of Molluscum Contagiosum in a Patient With Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome
Authors: Kilic Sara Sebnem , Kilicbay Fatih
Published: May 2006

We report widely disseminated molluscum contagiosum that occurred in a 9-year-old boy secondary to hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, a primary immunodeficiency disorder. Cutaneous examination revealed numerous,widespread, skin-colored to translucent, firm, umbilicated papules of varying sizes. They were distributed throughout the perineal and gluteal areas and bilaterally over his lower limbs. A biopsy specimen from his skin lesion demonstrated lobulated epidermal growth that consisted of keratinocytes with large intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies and a central crater. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum. Many treatments for his skin lesions were ineffective, including physical destruction or manual extrusion of the lesions; cryotherapy; curettage; and topical therapies with phenol, trichloroacetic acid, and imiquimod. The patient was treated successfully with subcutaneous interferon-α for 6 months without any adverse effect.
The Irish Constitution
Authors: Saunders Allan F.
Published: May 2006

The Constitution of the Irish Free State is the result of a political drama extending over a period of eight years. From the Ulster Rebellion and the Home Rule Act of 1914, the action has been tense and almost continuous. The threats and concessions of that time played into the hands of the radical Sinn Fein, and with the Easter Rebellion of 1916 it became evident that the issue was no longer one of home rule but of independence. The government at London, however, did not realize this until once more the traditional methods of settlement had been tried.
The Initiative and the Referendum in Switzerland
Authors: Rappard William E.
Published: May 2006

It is the pleasant duty of every Swiss, addressing an audience of American citizens on a subject of political science, to begin by acknowledging the debt of gratitude his country owes theirs, for the benefit it has derived from the historical example of the United States.

For over a century a continuous exchange of political ideas has been going on between our two nations. After all the flattering and gratifying commentaries on our institutions that have been made on this side of the ocean, it is but fair that we Swiss should frankly admit that in this exchange we have received more than we have given.
The Drift in French Politics
Authors: Schapiro J. Salwyn
Published: May 2006

It is generally considered a sort of natural law in the political world for conservatives to govern and for radicals to criticize. In France the opposite is true; there the Left and Right have changed functions, as it is the former, not the latter, which controls the destinies of the nation. This is due primarily to the fact that conservatism in France has neither a habitation nor a name; for the French Revolution, by cutting the jugular vein of the inherited traditions of the country, had established revolution itself as a tradition. So completely has the radical spirit taken possession of the French people that even the reactionaries are dominated by it; for what is a coup d'état if not a revolutionary method of establishing a conservative government? The aristocratic spirit, driven from the body politic, has found refuge in literature; there French tradition still rules, unbroken and unchallenged. Anatole France, Socialist in politics, is yet the hardest and straightest of classicists and a legitimate descendant of the eighteenth century masters. France is unique in harboring at the same time the two master-spirits of aristocracy in arts and letters, and democracy in society and politics.

Revolutionary traditions have made France the protagonist of of political progress. To her history has assigned the rôle of proclaiming the newly-born thought of the world, for it is now accepted as a truism that what France thinks today the world will think tomorrow. And because new ideas always take on strange forms and speak a Quixotic language, France has been decried as fantastic when she has been only original. The history of the nation since the great Revolution has been a constant struggle between ideas and conditions.
Public Law in the State Courts in 1925–1926
Authors: Cushman Robert E.
Published: May 2006

Validity of Procedure. In the summer of 1925 the appellate division of the supreme court of New York held that the City Home Rule Amendment of 1923 had not been legally adopted and was invalid. In the case of Browne v. City of New York the court of appeals reversed this decision and held the amendment valid. The chief ground of attack on the amendment was, it is believed, unique. It may be stated as follows: The New York constitution requires an amendment to be proposed by one legislature, approved by the legislature chosen at the next election of senators, and then ratified by the voters. The City Home Rule Amendment was proposed by the legislature of 1922, approved by that of 1923, and ratified at the polls in 1923. It was an amendment to Article XII. But the legislature of 1922 had also approved an amendment to Article XII, relatively trivial in nature, which had originated in the legislature of 1920. This amendment was ratified in November, 1922, and went into effect in January, 1923, before the second legislative approval of the City Home Rule Amendment. In other words Article XII, which the City Home Rule Amendment changed, was not the same when the amendment passed the legislature for the first time as when it passed the second time. The appellate division held not only that the amendment must be the same when passed by the two legislatures but that the provision amended must also be the same.
Recent Changes in The Local Government of England And Wales
Authors: Gibbon I. G.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this article is to describe the principal provisions of the Local Government Act recently passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, and to give some account of the forces behind the changes, without in any way touching on the controversies of political parties. The hand and brain of man have speeded up life; social conditions change ever more rapidly, and social institutions must change with them, those of government included, though some seem to believe that they are as the rocks of the ages. The Local Government Act contains 138 sections and 12 schedules, and there is room in this paper for only the more important of its provisions.

There has been in Britain for many years a steady stream of discussion, indeed at times floods, on needed changes in the structure of local government. Minds were prepared, therefore, for reforms, even if some people had almost come to the conclusion that the obstacles would prevent more than proposals. Whatever the differences of political parties, there has been a current of continuity in the development of local government throughout the big changes of the last century. Political wind and weather may have given a twist to a branch here and there, but the main outline of the old tree has been fixed by deeper causes; the big changes have been produced by underlying social conditions, independent of party; and the Local Government Act, in most of its provisions, will be found to be in line with this continuity, whatever the conflicting views on matters of detail.
The English Cabinet Secretariat
Authors: Starr Joseph R.
Published: May 2006

No one of the many changes in the English constitution during the World War is more interesting than the establishment of the cabinet secretariat. The device came into being under the stress of war-time conditions, as a result of the complexity of the problems to be dealt with, and of the need for centralizing the activities of the government. Its retention after many other features of the war administration have proved only transitory is an example of the permanence that war-time institutions sometimes acquire.

Before the war no minutes of cabinet meetings were kept. The only record of cabinet decisions was contained in the letter which the prime minister wrote with his own hand to the sovereign, reporting only those decisions which he thought should be brought to the sovereign's attention. A copy of each letter was kept for reference by the prime minister. Since it was considered bad form to take notes in cabinet meetings, individual members had to depend upon memory when proceeding to apply cabinet decisions in their own departments. Such procedure was unbusinesslike, and was one of the factors that rendered the cabinet system cumbrous and inefficient in the conduct of a great war. The War Cabinet needed an agency to prepare information for its consideration, to keep an accurate record of the many and vitally important decisions it made, and to transmit those decisions to the departments charged with ultimately carrying them into effect. Under such circumstances, the cabinet secretariat came into existence.
The Federal Trade Commission: The Development of the Law which led to its Establishment
Authors: Fayne James A.
Published: May 2006

It was Munn vs. Illinois that first interpreted the constitutional provision empowering Congress to regulate commerce in such a way as to charge private business with a public interest. Since that epochal finding our courts have made comparatively swift progress, reaching ultimately (through the Standard Oil and tobacco decisions) a federal trade commission to regulate competition in trade and to restrain illegal combinations. All of this has been done during the professional life of many lawyers of today, for Munn vs. Illinois was decided in 1876.

Writers upon the trend of legislation and of court decisions had clearly predicted this last development of corporation law. The incident of climax importance however, was the remanding of the oil and tobacco cases to the circuit courts where the decrees of dissolution were to be worked out in conjunction with the department of justice. This was administrative work, and a department of the executive branch of the government should do it. Hence the creation of the trade commission, empowered to investigate the carrying out of the decrees of the supreme court and to prepare the form of decree in certain cases referred to it by the circuit courts.
Women Members of Parliament
Authors: Ogg Frederic A.
Published: May 2006

Legislation supplementary to the British Representation of the People Act approved February 6,1918, has lately made women eligible to sit in the house of commons. No sooner was the former measure, which enfranchised six million women, on the statute book than the question arose whether its effect was to make women eligible for election. The law officers of the crown held that no such right was conferred. Prospective women candidates, however, were not deterred; and the Labor party at once pronounced in favor of a bill to secure the desired object.
Some Reflections on the City Manager Plan of Government
Authors: James Herman G.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Upson has shown us very clearly what has been accomplished in practice under the city manager plan in Dayton. There are, however, some considerations in connection with the theory of the city manager plan which are worthy of attention, and I am glad that Professor Hatton touched upon the theory side in his remarks.

I am an enthusiastic advocate of the city manager plan and we have several cities in Texas operating under that form and others now considering its adoption, largely as a result of the support given to the plan by our bureau of municipal research and reference. At the same time, I am not without some very grave misgivings as to how the plan will work out in practice because of the all important question of the kind of men who will be chosen for these places.

Of course it is apparent that the men chosen must be chosen for their expert qualifications and not for political reasons. That is axiomatic. But it is to my mind almost equally important that the proper kind of qualifications be insisted upon. It is not enough that the city manager be a first class business man or manager in the ordinary sense. If he is no more than that I confess I do not look forward to much advance in municipal ideals and accomplishments under this new plan.
Judicial Determinations by Administrative Commissions
Authors: Needham Charles W.
Published: May 2006

One of the most striking features of our constitutional law is the persistent purpose to protect the liberties of the people from arbitrary power by vesting the functions of sovereignty in three coördinate departments of government. This division is accomplished by express provisions in some state constitutions and by necessary implication in all constitutions, federal and state. By judicial construction the legislature may not exercise judicial or administrative powers; the executive may not exercise legislative or judicial powers, and the judiciary is denied the exercise of legislative or administrative powers. This fundamental principle of constitutional law is established by judicial decisions, both state and federal, of long standing and uninterrupted unanimity.

A commission is an administrative body; may it exercise judicial functions, and if so to what extent? The question involves, first, a definition of judicial functions; second, a statement of the exceptions to the rule that judicial powers may not be exercised by the administrative department; and, third, an appreciation of the relation of judicial determinations to the regulatory powers vested in commissions. We may then consider whether or not the present scope of judicial determinations by commissions, and the court review of such determinations, are satisfactory.
Standardization and Inspection
Authors: Dunaway J. A.
Published: May 2006

In the ten minutes I have, I want to apply some of the principles of standardization to the inspection service of the city. Now of course in ten minutes I could not even outline the extent and importance of the inspection work of a city the size of Philadelphia. But that it is important and becomes more so with each extension of the city's activity, is too well known to need repetition. In the first place I want to give some of the results of one very significant attempt at the introduction of standards in the inspection service. This was made by the registrar, in the bureau of water in Philadelphia. What he tried to do was to find the best method of procedure and have it followed, and to keep such records that a standard day's work could be determined.

The forty-five inspectors in this division count water fixtures, read meters, and inspect for the waste of water in dwellings. This data is used for the basis of water rent charges. Formerly each inspector was given a certain number of political wards and turned loose to collect his data as he saw fit. He made out his own route. There was no outside supervision, and no one knew for sure how many hours a day a man worked, or indeed whether or not he worked at all.
Special Municipal Legislation in Iowa
Authors: Horack Frank Edward
Published: May 2006

The Iowa constitution of 1857 was one of the first to prohibit the passage of special laws for cities and towns. Section 30 of Article III of the constitution enumerates six subjects upon which the legislature is forbidden to pass any special act; the fourth of which proscribes the passage of any act “For the incorporation of cities and towns.” The same section also declares that “In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation throughout the state.” In addition to these provisions Section 6 of Article I of the Bill of Rights requires that “All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; the general assembly shall not grant to any citizen or class of citizens, privileges or immunities, which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens.”

Just what prompted the convention which drafted the constitution of 1857 to declare against special legislation for cities and towns is not clear. The proceedings of the convention do not disclose any debate upon the provision when adopted. The experience of other states may have impressed the constitution makers of Iowa with the evils arising from the unlimited exercise of powers over municipalities by legislative bodies, but that these evils had manifested themselves seriously in Iowa as early as 1857 is almost beyond belief. In 1856 the total population of Iowa was only 517,875 and this was largely rural. The federal census of 1860 shows but two cities in the state with a population above 10,000 and these were both under 15,000.
A Nomenclature in Political Science
Authors: Titus Charles H.
Published: May 2006

Confusion reigns almost supreme in the field of political science, particularly when the meaning of terms is involved. Some of our most commonly used words have so many meanings, shades of meaning, and connotations that hearers and readers are frequently at a loss as to the meaning and significance of terms used unless the speaker or writer defines them as he uses them. A cursory examination of the term “state” brought to light no fewer than one hundred forty-five different definitions, even though only a few writers were included who might be classed as radical. Less than half of the definitions were in general agreement. Even this statement is based on the assumption that when the same words were used by two writers they were used to mean the same thing; and I doubt whether the assumption is entirely justifiable. Furthermore, “state” is not the only term in political science which is defined in multifold ways. A similar situation was found when others, especially “law,” “government,” “political,” “administration,” were investigated.

The process of communication between political scientists, as well as between these scientists and laymen or between laymen and laymen, comes to be a guessing game. Consciously or unconsciously, it is suggested, we are spending much of our time guessing what the sender means when he uses even technical words.
The Prospects for a New Political Alignment
Authors: Douglas Paul H.
Published: May 2006

Although a naïve economist, I am quite conscious of the way in which the forces of inertia, self-interest, and sentiment combine to give persistent vitality to those two old parties which, so far as ideas are concerned, are so perfect an example of the embalmer's art. Not only do these parties have the network of precinct and local organization upon which effective political work must rest, but they also furnish to ambitious men and women the sole avenues to immediate political power. Perhaps most important of all is the fact that their trade-marks and totemistic deities tap large wellsprings of genuine, if benighted, sentiment in the hearts of millions of humble and undistinguished men and women. To the farmers of the Middle West, the Republican party is still a glorious fellowship of the consecrated Knights of the Grail, who, in times past, prevented slavery from creeping up the Mississippi Valley, gave homesteads to the people, fought the Civil War, and bequeathed Abraham Lincoln to the ages. Similarly, nostalgic Southerners regard the Democratic party as an integral part in that vista of the glorious days before the Civil War when cotton was king and their statesmen dominated Capitol Hill, and also as the corporate representative of that chivalrous group of men in white armor who finally overthrew carpet-bag government and negro domination, and who by their efforts finally made Southern Caucasian civilization free at last.

Such being the assets of the old parties as going concerns, it is not surprising that progressively minded leaders like Senators Norris and Borah should wish to stay inside the party breastworks and utilize the accumulated resources of organization and sentiment for their own purposes, rather than to surrender the good-will value of the party label to their opponents.
The Frequency and Duration of Parliaments
Authors: Randall James G.
Published: May 2006

When the British parliament passed a vote extending the life of the existing house of commons, whose duration would otherwise have terminated in January, 1916, their action attracted little attention and aroused but slight opposition. The forces of the empire, engaged in a desperate war, must not be dissipated by an appeal to the people, with the consequent evils of electioneering. Yet to the student of politics this action has a profound interest. One of the cardinal features of the legislation of 1911 had been the quinquennial duration of parliament—a provision which, as the debates show, was essential to the whole compromise. Yet in an unforeseen crisis, the legislature by its own resolution could provide an extension of its life, and thus postpone the date of accountability to the people. No political measure could furnish so striking a test of the flexibility of the British system, its adaptibility to emergencies, and its reliance upon a practically omnipotent legislature.

In this paper we shall trace the principal statutes which limit the parliamentary term and the intervals between parliamentary sessions. There are five such laws, each bearing a date full of significance in English constitutional history. The first three statutes, passed in 1641, 1664, and 1694, were triennial acts, though in different senses; the fourth statute, passed in 1716, was the familiar septennial act under which parliaments were so long regulated; the last permanent legislation on the subject was the parliament act of 1911 fixing a five-year maximum duration, and it still remains law though temporarily suspended in 1916.
The Position of the British Parliament
Authors: Pollock James K.
Published: May 2006

The British Parliament has been passing through a period of pianissimo. Its praises should be sounded very softly, while its inadequacies and imperfections should be given wide attention. This does not imply a lack of veneration and respect for the Mother of Parliaments, but merely that a realistic approach should be made to the present-day value of this progenitor of the sturdy race of legislatures. No political institution is eternally successful, and even British institutions which have evolved so slowly, and in general so soundly, are no exceptions. The halo which surrounds Westminster is so great, however, that it almost blinds one to the imperfections which exist within those hallowed precincts. It seems almost sacrilegious, as a great British statesman recently observed, to attempt to meddle with “those great forms of procedure which have been handed down to us.” And yet when the Mother of Parliaments has so obviously deteriorated as to lose much of the respect and prestige which was formerly its possession, one seems justified in calling attention to its inadequacies.

The fact is that in the last thirty years Parliament has gradually become an inefficient legislative body which does not effectively control the government, and which the people can hardly be said to control. As early as 1908, President Lowell wrote that “the House of Commons is finding more and more difficulty in passing any effective vote, except a vote of censure.” In 1931, it is doubtful whether even this can be done in a satisfactory way.
Some Contributions of Sociology to Modern Political Theory
Authors: Barnes Harry Elmer
Published: May 2006

The fact that a sociologist has been requested to appear upon the program of the American Political Science Association is in itself far more significant than any remarks which may be made upon the subject of the relation of sociology to political theory. It is an admission that some political scientists have at last come to consider sociology of sufficient significance to students of politics to be worthy a brief survey of its contributions to modern political theory.

Many of the more liberal and progressive political scientists will doubtless ask themselves if this is not erecting a man of straw, and will inquire if there was ever a time when political scientists were not willing to consider the doctrines of sociology. One or two brief reminders will doubtless allay this suspicion. It was only about twenty years ago that a leading New York daily is reputed to have characterized a distinguished American sociologist as “the fake professor of a pretended science.” About a decade ago an ex-president of this association declared in a twice published paper that sociology was essentially worthless and unscientific and that all of its data had already been dealt with more adequately by the special social sciences.
The British Royal Commission on the Civil Service
Authors: White Leonard D.
Published: May 2006

Since the day when Queen Victoria gave her reluctant consent to allow her Government to introduce a form of pass examinations as a means of entrance to the public service, there has been at least one grand inquest each generation into the operation of the experiment thus timidly launched. The Playfair Commission (1874-75) looked skeptically upon the system of open competition inaugurated in 1870; the Ridley Commission (1886-90) reflected the growing confidence in merit and in the Upper Division; the MacDonnell Commission (1912-15) faced, without making commitments, the new organized service which had already made itself felt in the Post-Office, and which was destined in the brief era of “new world” psychology after the war to entrench itself firmly in the Whitley councils for the civil service.
The Legislature and the Administration, I
Authors: Fairlie John A.
Published: May 2006

Mr. W. F. Willoughby, in his Principles of Public Administration, holds that “the function of direction, supervision, and control of the administrative activities of the government resides in the legislative branch of the government.” More specifically, he states that, “in the case of our national government at least, Congress is the source of all administrative authority.” It may be suggested however, that an examination of existing systems of government shows a large amount of variation in this respect, and that three main systems may be recognized.

These three main systems may be noted in private as well as in public administration. In undertakings managed directly by a single person, he at the same time is the organizer of the business and conducts its operation. This may be called an autochthonous administration. In collective groups, or societies, a distinction appears between the determination of general policies by the group or society (or by a general committee) and the actual management by the officers or agencies set up by the central group for certain purposes.
New Mexico: A Problem of Parochialism in Transition
Authors: Russell John T.
Published: May 2006

Parochialism occurs as a problem when there is a combination of such factors as geographical isolation, independent historical traditions, racial or religious differences plus local or class economic interests. In New Mexico, one finds all of these factors present, and the variety of combinations produced by cross-currents and cleavages on party issues are kaleidoscopic. In the state, one finds a race-conscious group with social, economic, and cultural differences which mark it off from other people, and possessing a class solidarity in politics; and a distinct ethno-political alignment is the result.
The Selection of Judges in Chicago, and the Rôle of the Local Bar Therein
Authors: Martin Edward M.
Published: May 2006

For many years, the organized Bar has sought to guide the process of judicial selection. Its greatest activity has been in metropolitan communities where the choice is nominally by vote of the people. Such participation by a quasi-public group in a democratic procedure raises several pertinent questions. For example, what effect will it probably have on methods of selection now in force? Is such activity likely to become an accepted feature of our political life? Is such participation to be regarded as in the public interest? Is it a specific corrective that the body politic has developed to counterbalance too much democracy in judicial selection?

To shed some light on these and related questions, the writer (as a graduate student at the University of Chicago) made a study of judicial selection in Chicago from 1870 to 1933, particular attention being given to the rôle of the Chicago Bar Association in the process.
Recent Developments in Political Geography, II
Authors: Hartshorne Richard
Published: May 2006

With the field of political geography defined on the lines indicated in the preceding instalment of this article, its content may be outlined in terms of the study of a single state area. Naturally, such studies of different states may lead to the comparative study of state areas, just as regional studies may lead to a comparative science of regions. The outline which follows represents perhaps a minimum, including only those topics which I think are unquestionably to be included.

I.

Descriptive analysis of the state

A.

Description or analysis of the state as a whole

1.

Size

2.

Form and shape

3.

Location in relation to other state areas

4.

Boundaries

B.

Analysis of the internal structure of the area

1.

Natural landscape areas, or provinces

2.

Cultural landscape areas, or provinces

3.

Areal distribution of significant population groups

4.

Location of the administrative center (capital)

5.

Geographic relations of the different areas thus analyzed, to each other and to the capital
William of Occam and the Higher Law, II
Authors: Shepard Max A.
Published: May 2006

It is in connection with Occam's elaborate theory of property that we can most readily grasp the importance of his theory of higher law, particularly as embodied in the jus gentium. We must, therefore, investigate this subject in considerable detail.

In Occam's view, God is originally the source of all property. But, as in the case of law and government, this is true only in the most general and indirect sense. Most property rights arise from human law and only mediately from God, although in a few special cases such rights follow directly from special divine ordination or from lex divina. Occam cites a passage from St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theol. II, II, Qu. 44, Art. 2) stating that separate possessions are not according to natural law but are founded upon human or positive law, and are added to natural law through the exercise of human reason. In the primal condition of mankind, or in the state of innocence in the Garden of Eden, all property was common and none was discrete or private. Before Eve came, Adam had only a de facto right of user and no greater right of private property than a sole remaining monk would have in the property of a monastery.
Investigating County and Township Government in Michigan
Authors: Bromage Arthur W.
Published: May 2006

In response to public criticism of the operation of local government in Michigan, particularly in units other than cities and villages, the legislature, by Act 156 of the Public Acts of 1931, authorized the governor to appoint a commission of inquiry into county, township, and school district government. The commission was instructed to give special attention to changes that would reduce the cost of maintenance of such governmental units and increase their efficiency; and authority was given to examine the files and records of any county, township, or school district in the state. The commission's membership consisted of Clarence L. Ayres of Detroit (chairman), C. E. Bement of Lansing, Judge P. C. Gilbert of Traverse City, M. B. McPherson of Lowell, and A. E. Petermann of Calumet. A legislative appropriation of $5,000 was supplemented by financial assistance from the University of Michigan, Michigan State College, the Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research, and the Spelman Fund of New York; and Dr. Lent D. Upson was chosen director of the survey. Committees utilized in the inquiry included those on (1) social and economic trends, (2) organization and cost of county and township government, (3) rural school government, (4) local government in the metropolitan area, (5) school government in the metropolitan area, (6) debt and taxation in local government, and (7) organization and administration of the following services: public welfare, public health, public works, and justice. The report of the commission went to Governor Wilber M. Brucker late in December, 1932, and the expert studies have been transmitted to the legislature during the current session. All will be available in a series to be known as Local Government in Michigan, and will be published as separate documents.
The Rôle of the Senate in the Confirmation of Judicial Nominations
Authors: Cole Kenneth C.
Published: May 2006

The power of the Senate to advise and consent to presidential nominations of judicial officers has recently been subjected to sharp criticism. In the main, the Senate is charged with misfeasance rather than nonfeasance in the discharge of this function. In other words, proposals to deprive the Senate of this power are not, like proposals to abolish the electoral college, based on alleged failure of the agency to function independently, but rather on its alleged abuse of the discretion conferred upon it. The Senate, say the critics in effect, has judged not wisely, but too well. Accordingly, it is their general disposition to deprecate interference with the executive rather than to devise more effective cheeky upon him.
Statisticians and Political Scientists
Authors: Gosnell Harold F.
Published: May 2006

In his classic book, Human Nature in Politics, published in 1908, Graham Wallas said: “We must aim at finding as many relevant and measurable facts about human nature as possible, and we must attempt to make all of them serviceable in political reasoning.” While the point of view which Wallas expressed at that time has by no means been universally accepted, and is today challenged by men like Charles A. Beard, certain steps have been taken toward its recognition.

Wallas was particularly impressed by the successful use of quantitative methods made by the economists, and well he might be. To mention a single case, the work of F. Y. Edgeworth, in the measurement of utility, the algebraical or diagrammatic determination of economic equilibriums, and the application of the theory of probability to sampling and in the measurement of economic value or index numbers, showed the trend of the times in economics. The twentieth century has marked an acceleration of this trend. Political scientists have not only lagged far behind the economists in the use of statistics, but they have shown important resistance in some sections to following in this general direction. What is the explanation of this situation?