bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIV Coreceptor Specificity in Natural and Non-Natural Host Infection: Implications for Cell Targeting and Differential Outcomes from Infection
Authors: Wetzel Katherine S. , Elliott Sarah T.C. , Collman Ronald G.
Published: November 2017

Pathogenic HIV-1 infection of humans and SIVmac infection of macaques are the result of zoonotic transfer of primate immunodeficiency viruses from their natural hosts into non-natural host species. Natural host infections do not result in pathogenesis despite high levels of virus replication, and evidence suggests that differences in anatomical location and specific subsets of CD4+ T cells infected may underlie distinct outcomes from infection. The coreceptor CCR5 has long been considered the sole pathway for SIV entry and the key determinant of CD4+ cell targeting, but it has also been known that natural hosts express exceedingly low levels of CCR5 despite maintaining high levels of virus replication. This review details emerging data indicating that in multiple natural host species, CCR5 is dispensable for SIV infection ex vivo and/or in vivo and, contrary to the established dogma, alternative coreceptors, particularly CXCR6, play a central role in infection and cell targeting. Infections of non-natural hosts, however, are characterized by CCR5-exclusive entry. These findings suggest that alternative coreceptor-mediated cell targeting in natural hosts, combined with low CCR5 expression, may direct the virus to distinct populations of cells that are dispensable for immune homeostasis, particularly extralymphoid and more differentiated CD4+ T cells. In contrast, CCR5-mediated entry in non-natural hosts results in targeting of CD4+ T cells that are located in lymphoid tissues, critical for immune homeostasis, or necessary for gut barrier integrity. Thus, fundamental differences in viral entry coreceptor use may be central determinants of infection outcome. These findings redefine the normal SIV/host relationship in natural host species, shed new light on key features linked to zoonotic immunodeficiency virus transfer, and highlight important questions regarding how and why this coreceptor bottleneck occurs and the coevolutionary equilibrium is lost following cross-species transfer that results in AIDS.
The Neutralizing Antibody Response to the HIV-1 Env Protein
Authors: Moore Penny L.
Published: November 2017

Background: A vaccine able to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of blocking infection by global viruses has not been achieved, and remains a key public health challenge.

Objective: During infection, a robust strain-specific neutralizing response develops in most people, but only a subset of infected people develop broadly neutralizing antibodies. Understanding how and why these broadly neutralizing antibodies develop has been a focus of the HIV-1 vaccine field for many years, and has generated extraordinary insights into the neutralizing response to HIV-1 infection.

Results: This review describes the features, targets and developmental pathways of early strainspecific antibodies and later broadly neutralizing antibodies, and explores the reasons such broad antibodies are not more commonly elicited during infection.

Conclusion: The insights from these studies have been harnessed for the development of pioneering new vaccine approaches that seek to drive B cell maturation towards breadth. Overall, this review describes how findings from infected donors have impacted on active and passive immunization approaches that seek to prevent HIV-1 infection.
The SIV Envelope Glycoprotein, Viral Tropism, and Pathogenesis: Novel Insights from Nonhuman Primate Models of AIDS
Authors: Swanstrom Adrienne E. , Del Prete Gregory Q. , Deleage Claire , Elser Samra E. , Lackner Andrew A. , Hoxie James A.
Published: November 2017

Background: Cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is closely linked to interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) with CD4 and chemokine receptor family members, CCR5 and CXCR4. This interaction plays a key role in determining anatomic sites that are infected in vivo and the cascade of early and late events that result in chronic immune activation, immunosuppression and ultimately, AIDS. CD4+ T cells are critical to adaptive immune responses, and their early and rapid infection in gut lamina propria and secondary lymphoid tissues in susceptible hosts likely contributes to viral persistence and progression to disease. CD4+ macrophages are also infected, although their role in HIV-1 pathogenesis is more controversial.

Methods: Pathogenic infection by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) in Asian macaques as models of HIV-1 infection has enabled the impact of cellular tropism on pathogenesis to be directly probed. This review will highlight examples in which experimental interventions during SIV infection or the introduction of viral mutations have altered cellular tropism and, subsequently, pathogenesis.

Results: Alterations to the interaction of Env and its cellular receptors has been shown to result in changes to CD4 dependence, coreceptor specificity, and viral tropism for gut CD4+ T cells and macrophages.

Conclusion: Collectively, these findings have yielded novel insights into the critical role of the viral Env and tropism as a driver of pathogenesis and host control and have helped to identify new areas for targeted interventions in therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
Trichinella spiralis and Tumors: Cause, Coincidence or Treatment?
Authors: Liao Chengshui , Cheng Xiangchao , Liu Mingyuan , Wang Xuelin , Boireau Pascal
Published: November 2017

Background:

Conventional therapeutic strategies for tumors have had limited success, and innovative
and more effective approaches to treatment are urgently required. The ancient idea that various biological, bacterial,
yeast, viral, and parasitic agents can be used as cancer therapeutics has gradually attracted considerable
interest. Certain parasites have been widely discussed in association with human and animal tumors. The purpose
of this review was to examine previous literatures which investigates the relations between Trichinella
spiralis (T. spiralis) and tumors.

Methods:

Using PubMed, articles published before 2018 in the whole world have been searched and comprehensively
reviewed.

Results:

Many researches have provided proofs that T. spiralis possesses antitumor activities. The antitumor
effect of T. spiralis was first described in the 1970s. However, its research has been inconsistent, and little progress
has been made in this field. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects are still unclear,
and convincing evidence of the links between T. spiralis and the prevention or treatment of tumors from clinical
trials is absent. Meanwhile, some other researches also suggested that T. spiralis may cause or contribute to
coinfection with a tumors.

Conclusion:

The review has highlighted the scientific literature focussing on evidence for T. spiralis to act as a
pro- or antitumorigenic agent is summarized and discussed, in hope of contributing to a better understanding of
the relations between T. spiralis and tumors.
A Review on Melatonin’s Effects in Cancer: Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Hanikoglu Aysegul , Kucuksayan Ertan , Akduman Rana Cagla , Ozben Tomris
Published: November 2017

This systematic review aims to elucidate the role of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-metoxy-tryptamine) (MLT) in
the prevention and treatment of cancer. MLT is a pineal gland secretory product, an evolutionarily highly conserved
molecule; it is also an antioxidant and an impressive protector of mitochondrial bioenergetic activity. MLT is
characterized by an ample range of activities, modulating the physiology and molecular biology of the cell. Its
physiological functions relate principally to the interaction of G Protein-Coupled MT1 and MT2 trans-membrane
receptors (GPCRs), a family of guanidine triphosphate binding proteins. MLT has been demonstrated to suppress
the growth of various tumours both, in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we analyze in depth, the antioxidant activity
of melatonin, aiming to illustrate the cancer treatment potential of the molecule, by limiting or reversing the
changes occurring during cancer development and growth.
Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Generic Doxorubicin HCl Liposome Injection with the Reference Listed Drug
Authors: Maiti Kuntal , Bhowmick Subhas , Jain Pankaj , Zope Murlidhar , Doshi Keyur , Rajamannar Thennati
Published: November 2017

Background:

Liposomal doxorubicin is widely used for treating ovarian cancer and Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Encapsulation of doxorubicin in highly complex polyethylene glycol–coated (stealth) liposomes prolongs
residence time and avoids the systemic toxicity associated with administration of the free drug. Small variations
in physicochemical properties introduced during manufacture of liposomes can influence the payload of encapsulated
drug, stability of liposomes under physiological conditions, and release of drug at the target tissue. Accordingly,
the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have issued guidance for
manufacturers of generic liposomal doxorubicin that is designed to ensure that more than 30 physicochemical
parameters that influence its safety and efficacy should be similar in the generic and reference listed drugs.

Objective:

This study aims to describe the physicochemical characterization procedures used to ensure consistency
between batches of generic liposomal doxorubicin and with the reference listed drug.

Methods:

A range of spectroscopic, chromatographic, and other physicochemical tests was used to compare
relative concentrations of liposome components, liposome morphology, ratios of free/entrapped doxorubicin,
stability, and in vitro doxorubicin release rates in physiologically and clinically relevant media.

Results:

The tests established that generic and reference liposomes contained similar concentrations of drug,
lipids, and excipients and that their physical forms were also similar.

Conclusion:

The results of the tests demonstrate the physicochemical equivalence of generic liposomal doxorubicin
hydrochloride and the reference listed drug, Doxil®/Caelyx®. Biochemical and clinical equivalence must
also be demonstrated to fully meet regulatory requirements for generic liposomal medicines, and these are the
subjects of separate studies.
A Comparison of Fucoidan Conjugated to Paclitaxel and Curcumin for the Dual Delivery of Cancer Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Phan Nam H. , Ly Thao T. , Pham Minh N. , Luu Thinh D. , Vo Toi V. , Tran Phuong H.L. , Tran Thao T.D.
Published: November 2017

Background:

The aim of this study was to develop and compare polymeric micelles of fucoidan, a
sulfated polysaccharide, and hydrophobic drugs such as paclitaxel and curcumin. Paclitaxel and curcumin are
both known for their medicinal properties, including anticancer efficacy. However, their very low water solubility,
absorption and rapid metabolism leads to reduced bioavailability. To redress these problems and enhance
anti-cancer therapeutics using fucoidan, polymeric micelles were synthesized from conjugates of fucoidan and
hydrophobic drugs.

Methods:

The chemical conjugation of fucoidan and hydrophobic drugs has been achieved by utilizing reactive
functional groups on the molecules, such as carboxylic groups and hydroxyl groups.

Results:

The micelles revealed a homogeneous spherical morphology, size, negative surface charge. Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the physicochemical properties of the polymeric micelles,
which form a self-assembled polymeric micelle in aqueous medium. The results of the in vitro release of
curcumin and fucoidan showed that their release rates were higher at a pH of 4.5 than at a pH of 7.4. In contrast,
the paclitaxel conjugate had a similar release profile at pH of 4.5 and pH of 7.4.

Conclusion:

In the present work, we also found an effective drug delivery system that had the ability to release
two types of anticancer drugs, fucoidan and hydrophobic drugs, in the tumour environment.
Natural Compounds in the Chemoprevention of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Danciu Corina , Soica Codruta , Antal Diana , Alexa Ersilia , Pavel Ioana Z. , Ghiulai Roxana , Ardelean Florina , Babuta Roxana M. , Popescu Alexandra , Dehelean Cristina A.
Published: November 2017

Malignant melanoma is a very aggressive form of skin cancer, with increasing rates every year, with
an etiology that derives from the transformation and uncontrolled growth of melanocytes. There are several
treatment options which can be used as unique treatment or combined, depending upon the stage of melanoma
including surgical excision, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy. Plant Kingdom displays an unequalled
potential for the synthesis of highly diversified chemical structures. Although natural compounds are
synthesized in order to help the plant to interact with the environment, a large number of phytochemicals act as
drugs within the human or animal body by activating various biochemical pathways. The study aims to review
another approach in the management of this highly aggressive form of skin cancer, namely the effect of natural
compounds in the chemoprevention of malignant melanoma.
Mobile App Delivery of the EORTC QLQ-C30 Questionnaire to Assess Health-Related Quality of Life in Oncological Patients: Usability Study (Preprint)
Authors: Kessel Kerstin A , Vogel Marco M E , Alles Anna , Dobiasch Sophie , Fischer Hanna , Combs Stephanie E
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Mobile apps are evolving in the medical field. However, ongoing discussions have questioned whether such apps are really valuable and whether patients will accept their use in day-to-day clinical life. Therefore, we initiated a usability study in our department.

OBJECTIVE

We present our results of the first app prototype and patient testing of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment in oncological patients.

METHODS

We developed an app prototype for the iOS operating system within eight months in three phases: conception, initial development, and pilot testing. For the HRQoL assessment, we chose to implement only the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (QLQ-C30; German version 3). Usability testing was conducted for three months. Participation was voluntary and pseudonymized. After completion of the QLQ-C30 questionnaire using iPads provided by our department, we performed a short survey with 10 questions. This survey inquired about patients’ opinions regarding general aspects, including technical advances in medicine, mobile and app assistance during cancer treatment, and the app-specific functions (eg, interface and navigation).

RESULTS

After logging into the app, the user can choose between starting a questionnaire, reviewing answers (administrators only), and logging out. The questionnaire is displayed with the same information, questions, and answers as on the original QLQ-C30 sheet. No alterations in wording were made. Usability was tested with 81 patients; median age was 55 years. The median time for completing the HRQoL questionnaire on the iPad was 4.0 minutes. Of all participants, 84% (68/81) owned a mobile device. Similarly, 84% (68/81) of participants would prefer a mobile version of the HRQoL questionnaire instead of a paper-based version. Using the app in daily life during and after cancer treatment would be supported by 83% (67/81) of participants. In the prototype version of the app, data were stored on the device; in the future, 79% (64/81) of the patients would agree to transfer data via the Internet.

CONCLUSIONS

Our usability test showed good results regarding attractiveness, operability, and understandability. Moreover, our results demonstrate a high overall acceptance of mobile apps and telemedicine in oncology. The HRQoL assessment via the app was accepted thoroughly by patients, and individuals are keen to use it in clinical routines, while data privacy and security must be ensured.
Testing a Smartphone App (Young with Diabetes) to Improve Self-Management of Diabetes Over 12 Months: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Castensøe-Seidenfaden Pernille , Husted Gitte Reventlov , Jensen Andreas Kryger , Hommel Eva , Olsen Birthe , Pedersen-Bjergaard Ulrik , Kensing Finn , Teilmann Grete
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Young people often struggle to self-manage type 1 diabetes during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Mobile health (mHealth) apps may have the potential to support self-management, but evidence is limited and randomized controlled trials are needed.

OBJECTIVE

We assessed whether the mHealth app “Young with Diabetes” improved young people’s self-management measured by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and three self-reported psychometric scales.

METHODS

Young people (14-22 years) with inadequate glycemic control and their parents were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and assigned either to Young with Diabetes and usual care (Young with Diabetes group) or to usual care alone (control). Young with Diabetes use was monitored; functions included a chat room, contact the health care provider, reminders, tips, information about the diabetes department and type 1 diabetes topics, carbohydrate counting, and a parents’ section. Outcomes included HbA1c and three self-reported psychometric scales: Perceived Competence in Diabetes Scale; Health Care Climate Questionnaire; and Problem Areas In Diabetes care survey. Data were collected at baseline and at 2, 7, and 12 months.

RESULTS

A total of 151 young people were randomized (Young with Diabetes group=76, control=75) and 49 parents agreed to participate. At 12 months, HbA1c was significantly higher (4.1 mmol/mol; 0.4 %) in the Young with Diabetes group, compared to the control group (P=.04); this finding did not occur when comparing app users (Young with Diabetes use ≥5 days) with nonusers. Young people used Young with Diabetes on a mean of 10.5 days. They spent the most time chatting about alcohol and searching for information about sex. Most young people and half of the parents reported that Young with Diabetes helped them. More than 80% would recommend Young with Diabetes to peers.

CONCLUSIONS

Young with Diabetes did not improve HbA1c, but it may be a useful complement to self-management. Qualitative evaluation is needed to explore benefits and shortcomings of Young with Diabetes. Health care providers should address young peoples’ knowledge about sensitive topics, provide them with peer support, and be aware of parents’ need for information about how to support

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02632383; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02632383 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6zCK2u7xM)
The Crush the Crave Quit Smoking App and Young Adult Smokers: Qualitative Case Study of Affordances (Preprint)
Authors: Struik Laura L , Bottorff Joan L , Baskerville Neill Bruce , Oliffe John L
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Mobile phone apps have emerged as a promising way to reach young adult smokers, given their high mobile phone ownership rates and openness to receiving cessation support via digital technologies. Although emerging evidence indicates that quit smoking apps are an effective way to reduce smoking among young adults, lacking is formative evaluative research that captures the perspectives of end-users.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to contribute insights toward understanding how young adults interact with the Crush the Crave (CTC) app, and how this interaction shapes young adults’ smoking cessation experiences and practices, with consideration of the influence of gender.

METHODS

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 31 young adult CTC end-users. Guided by sociomateriality theory and an affordances approach, data were inductively analyzed to derive thematic findings in relation to the impacts of CTC on quit efforts, and to expose the underlying affordances (mechanisms) that lend to these outcomes. Findings were grouped according to the 4 design components of CTC: credibility, social support, task support, and dialogue support.

RESULTS

The credibility component of CTC played an important role in harnessing the trust of young adults because it afforded them promise in relation to its potential effectiveness in assisting them with quitting smoking. The social support component lent to various end-user practices and experiences that rendered this aspect as the weakest component in supporting quit efforts. Although most functions situated in the task and dialogue support components were found to be helpful, there were a few affordances in CTC that resulted in negative experiences, notably weaning from smoking. Gender-related influences were also evident. For example, young men preferred to control and self-manage their quitting and, therefore, did not engage with functions that afforded journaling or reminding to stay on track. Women, in contrast, were more likely to benefit from these affordances.

CONCLUSIONS

An affordances approach is productive for gaining an in-depth understanding of how mobile apps interact with end-users to lend to particular outcomes. The study findings have implications for developing and improving apps for helping young adults quit smoking, as well as apps that target other health behaviors. Productive affordances may also serve as a framework for leveraging apps for smoking cessation.
Probing the non-classicality of temporal correlations
Authors: Ringbauer Martin , Chaves Rafael
Published: November 2017

Correlations between spacelike separated measurements on entangled quantum systems are stronger than any classical correlations and are at the heart of numerous quantum technologies. In practice, however, spacelike separation is often not guaranteed and we typically face situations where measurements have an underlying time order. Here we aim to provide a fair comparison of classical and quantum models of temporal correlations on a single particle, as well as timelike-separated correlations on multiple particles. We use a causal modeling approach to show, in theory and experiment, that quantum correlations outperform their classical counterpart when allowed equal, but limited communication resources. This provides a clearer picture of the role of quantum correlations in timelike separated scenarios, which play an important role in foundational and practical aspects of quantum information processing.
Comparison of β-Cell Function Between Overweight/Obese Adults and Adolescents Across the Spectrum of Glycemia
Authors: Chen Melinda E. , Chandramouli Aaditya G. , Considine Robert V. , Hannon Tamara S. , Mather Kieren J.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes is a growing health problem among both adults and adolescents. To better understand the differences in the pathogenesis of diabetes between these groups, we examined differences in β-cell function along the spectrum of glucose tolerance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We evaluated 89 adults and 50 adolescents with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), dysglycemia, or type 2 diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance test results were used for C-peptide and insulin/glucose minimal modeling. Model-derived and direct measures of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were compared across glycemic stages and between age-groups at each stage.

RESULTS

In adolescents with dysglycemia, there was marked insulin resistance (insulin sensitivity index: adolescents, median [interquartile range] 1.8 [1.1–2.4] × 10−4; adults, 5.0 [2.3–9.9]; P = 0.01). The nature of β-cell dysfunction across stages of dysglycemia differed between the groups. We observed higher levels of secretion among adolescents than adults (total insulin secretion: NGT, 143 [103–284] × 10−9/min adolescent vs. 106 [71–127], P = 0.001); adults showed stepwise impairments in static insulin secretion (NGT, 7.5 [4.0–10.3] × 10−9/min; dysglycemia, 5.0 [2.3–9.9]; type 2 diabetes, 0.7 [0.1–2.45]; P = 0.003), whereas adolescents showed diabetes-related impairment in dynamic secretion (NGT, 1,905 [1,630–3,913] × 10−9; dysglycemia, 2,703 [1,323–3,637]; type 2 diabetes, 1,189 [269–1,410]; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Adults and adolescents differ in the underlying defects leading to dysglycemia, and in the nature of β-cell dysfunction across stages of dysglycemia. These results may suggest different approaches to diabetes prevention in youths versus adults.
Theoretical Investigation of the Kinetic Effect of the 1-Ethylpyridinium Trifluoroacetate Ionic Liquid in the Acceleration of Diels–Alder Reactions of Isoprene with Acrylic Acid and Acrylonitrile
Authors: Chemouri Hafida , Mekelleche Sidi Mohamed
Published: November 2017

The mechanism, the regioselectivity, the stereoselectivity and the kinetics of Diels–Alder reactions of isoprene with acrylic acid and acrylonitrile have been studied, at the B3PW91/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, both in the gas phase and in the presence of organic [dichloromethane (DCM)] and ionic liquid [1-ethylpyridinium trifluoroacetate (EPTFA)] solvents. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations show that these reactions take place through an asynchronous concerted mechanism leading to the endo para cycloadducts as the major products in the gas phase and to the exo para cycloadducts as the major products both in organic and in ionic liquid solvents. The explicit solvation model involving the coordination of one molecule of the solvent with the dienophiles shows a considerable decrease of the activation energy when passing from DCM to EPTFA. The enhancement of these cycloaddition reactions can be explained by the strong hydrogen bonding created between the ion pair of the ionic liquid and the oxygen atom of the dienophile reagents. Moreover, density functional theory-based reactivity indices also show an increase of the reaction polarity and consequently of the reaction rate, when replacing DCM solvent by EPTFA solvent. The results obtained give evidence that the ionic liquid EPTFA is an excellent solvent for Diels–Alder reactions in comparison with conventional organic solvents.
Kinetic Modelling of Propane Dehydrogenation over a Pt–Sn/hierarchical SAPO-34 Zeolite Catalyst, Including Catalyst Deactivation
Authors: Komasi Milad , Fatemi Shohreh , Mousavi Seyed Hesam
Published: November 2017

Pt–Sn/hierarchical SAPO-34 was synthesised and kinetically modelled as an efficient and selective catalyst for propylene production through propane dehydrogenation. The kinetics of the reaction network were studied in an integral fixed-bed reactor at three temperatures of 550, 600 and 650 °C and weight hourly space velocities of 4 and 8 h−1 with a feed containing hydrogen and propane with relative molar ratios of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8, at normal pressure. The experiments were performed in accordance with the full factorial experimental design. The kinetic models were constructed on the basis of different mechanisms and various deactivation models. The kinetics and deactivation parameters were simultaneously predicted and optimised using genetic algorithm optimisation. It was further proven that the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model can well predict propane dehydrogenation kinetics through lumping together all the possible dehydrogenation steps and also by assuming the surface reaction as the rate-determining step. A coke formation kinetic model has also shown appropriate results, confirming the experimental data by equal consideration of both monolayer and multilayer coke deposition kinetic orders and an exponential deactivation model.
Chemical composition, phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Boerhavia procumbens
Authors: Khalil Abdul Wajid , Iqbal Zafar , Adhikari Achyut
Published: November 2017

Boerhavia procumbens is a medicinal herb used in the treatment of various ailments including asthma, cough and jaundice. The concentration of calcium (280.7 ± 0.0 mg/100 g, 102.3 ± 0.0 mg/100 g), potassium (240.4 ± 0.0 mg/100 g, 92.1 ± 0.0 mg/100 g), aspartic acid (30.9 ± 0.0 g/100 g, 26.1 ± 0.0 g/100 g), glutamicacid (25.2 ± 0.0 g/100 g, 17.7 ± 0.0 g/100 g) and alanine were the abundant in the stem and root than leaf while carbohydrate (79.9 ± 0.0%) was found higher in the leaf of B. procumbens. The leaf and root extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenol. Leaf extract was found to be more active against S. aureus (11.5 ± 0.3 mm), C. michiganensis (12.1 ± 0.2 mm) and F. oxysporum (23.6 ± 0.2 mm) than the root extract of B. procumbens. It is concluded that stem and root of B. procumbens contain essential nutrients and the antimicrobial study encourages the use of leaf extract for the treatment of most common microbial diseases.

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Current concept in alveolar cleft management
Authors: Khan Mohammad Sayedur Rahman , Shuang Mei , Liu Xiao Lin , Xu Sun , Liang Hao Fu
Published: November 2017

The alveolar cleft is known as the developmental defect of bone in alveolar process of maxillae which occurs in 75% of the cleft lip and palate patients with different types of clinical presentation like unilateral or bilateral and complete or incomplete. Secondary alveolar cleft reconstruction with autogenic spongy bone grafting (osteoplasty) at the stage of mixed dentition is commonly accepted treatment to help in the maintenance of maxillary arch continuity, repairing of oronasal fistula, eruption of the permanent dentition, enhancement of nasal symmetry through providing alar base support and improving speech. As of late, conflicting argument of alveolar cleft management is continuing regarding treatment planning with timing, graft materials, surgical techniques as well as methods of evaluation of the progress of alveolar osteoplasty. Now-a-days, experiments have made for the application of allogeneic bone, artificial bone, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP), along with growth factors to diminish the donor-site morbidity associated autogenic bone grafting. The purpose of this review is to discuss about pathogenesis and aetiology of cleft defects, surgical techniques, assessment of progress of alveolar bone graft and proposed future materials for bone graft.
A comparative study of microleakage between giomer and ormocer restoration in class I cavity of first permanent premolar teeth in vivo
Authors: Shathi Ishrat Jhahan , Hossain Mozammal , Gafur Md. Abdul , Rana Md. Shahjalal , Alam Md. Shamsul
Published: November 2017

This study was performed to compare the marginal microleakage of ormocer restorative material with that of giomer in vivo. Forty Class I cavities were prepared in non-carious permanent premolar teeth from 10 patients. Twenty cavities were filled with giomer and the remaining 20 cavities were filled by ormocer restorative materials. After one month, teeth were extracted, immersed in rhodamine dye solution, and then longitudinally bisected to assess the degree of dye penetration by stereoscopy. Furthermore, the gap between the dental material and tooth tissue were observed by the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that no microleakage (score 0) was detected in 15 ormocer and 5 giomer restorations. The remaining restorations were associated with dye penetration which was due to gap formation as seen in stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations. The differences between ormocer and giomer restorative materials in respect to dye penetration were statistically significant. It can be concluded that ormocer restorative material shows less microleakage than that of giomer.
Vieillissement démographique en Chine : perspectives et enjeux
Authors: Attané Isabelle
Published: November 2017

Près de quarante ans après les premières réformes qui ont permis à la Chine de devenir la 2 e  puissance économique mondiale, son économie ralentit. Cette tendance, qui coïncide avec la fin de son dividende démographique et avec l'amorce d'un vieillissement démographique accéléré, l'oblige à repenser son modèle économique tout en mettant en  uvre des mesures destinées à faire face aux bouleversements de la structure par âge de sa population. Cet article se fonde sur les dernières projections démographiques des Nations Unies pour décrire les principales transformations de la population chinoise d'ici le milieu du siècle. Ces données de cadrage servent de point de départ à une réflexion sur les principaux défis que la Chine devra relever afin, d'une part, d'atteindre son objectif de « société harmonieuse » d'ici 2020 et, d'autre part, de réaliser un objectif central de son 13 e  plan quinquennal (2016-2020), qui consiste à se hisser au rang de pays à hauts revenus.
Les mobilités quotidiennes, un révélateur des inégalités sociospatiales à Ouagadougou
Authors: Boyer Florence , Gouëset Vincent , Delaunay Daniel
Published: November 2017

La capacité des citadins à la mobilité au quotidien conditionne leur accès aux ressources spatiales et sociales de la ville. Notre objectif est d'analyser les liens entre les pratiques de mobilité et ce qu'elles révèlent de certaines différenciations sociospatiales, dans le contexte d'une capitale ouest-africaine, Ouagadougou. Marquée par une croissance urbaine élevée qui s'accompagne d'un fort étalement spatial, cette ville de deux millions d'habitants se caractérise aussi par une quasi-absence de transport en commun. Sur la base d'une enquête générale réalisée en 2009 sur le peuplement et les mobilités, l'analyse s'intéresse aux déplacements quotidiens et aux pratiques urbaines révélant les rapports de chacun à la ville, dont l'immobilité de certains citadins. Il apparaît que les inégalités de l'équipement sont surmontées par les individus pour préserver leur accès aux ressources urbaines.
Emploi domestique et travail identitaire chez les femmes haïtiennes : bonnes en Haïti, femmes de ménage en Guyane
Authors: Laëthier Maud
Published: November 2017

Cet article se propose d'aborder les situations vécues par les femmes haïtiennes employées domestiques à partir de recherches menées en Haïti et en Guyane. Mettre en parallèle les façons dont ces femmes se représentent à partir du travail qu'elles effectuent permet d'éclairer le rapport entre une condition sociale et le « travail identitaire » auquel elle se prête dans des contextes où les relations hiérarchiques reflètent des modes d'autorité et des rapports d'inégalité différents. On présentera d'abord les conditions de travail des femmes qui sont « bonnes » en Haïti et des migrantes qui sont « femmes de ménage » en Guyane. On s'intéressera ensuite aux constructions identitaires en lien avec la conception des relations hiérarchiques, inscrites dans des contextes qui façonnent des différenciations et des catégorisations sociales et culturelles. Nous verrons comment ces relations se dotent de sens et participent à l'élaboration d'un ensemble de valeurs à partir duquel les femmes se définissent et reformulent la stigmatisation dont les emplois sont marqués. Dans les deux contextes, on s'intéressera à la tension entre le rappel d'une commune humanité et la non-remise en cause d'un système de relations hiérarchiques fondées sur la dissemblance entre individus et groupes.
Le registre péruvien de savoirs collectifs des peuples autochtones : la construction juridique d'une protection originale
Authors: Munoz Sanchez Adriana
Published: November 2017

À la suite la Convention sur la diversité biologique en 2002, l'État péruvien a mis en place une base de données des savoirs collectifs des peuples autochtones associés aux ressources biologiques. Inscrits dans la logique de la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle, ces savoirs sont conçus comme un outil de développement économique pour l'État aussi bien que pour les peuples autochtones. En décrivant la construction juridique et la mise en  uvre de cette base de données, cet article montre les particularités d'une régulation originale qui s'achemine vers un processus de nationalisation des savoirs traditionnels auquel les peuples autochtones ne participent que marginalement. En l'absence de bénéfices économiques, cette base n'a pour l'heure qu'une efficacité symbolique du rôle de l'État et des outils de la propriété intellectuelle pour la protection et l'exploitation de ces savoirs, efficacité cependant non négligeable pour les peuples autochtones.
Agriculture, marché et extraversion dans les montagnes d'Afrique de l'Est
Authors: Racaud Sylvain
Published: November 2017

Cet article interroge des mécanismes de reproduction d'inégalités entre des acteurs et entre des territoires à partir de l'analyse d'une économie rurale africaine basée sur le vivrier commercialisé. Il indique que les modalités d'intégration de l'agriculture montagnarde au marché maintiennent une économie rurale extravertie, c'est-à-dire subordonnée à l'extérieur, entretenant des relations dissymétriques qui freinent l'accumulation et le développement dans la campagne. En s'appuyant sur une rente, l'exemple des montagnes Uporoto au sud-ouest de la Tanzanie illustre des mécanismes de sous-développement. Les flux de produits non transformés sont émis vers des marchés extérieurs sans valorisation locale et la rente est captée par des acteurs à l'interface de l'urbain et du rural. Le propos se structure en deux temps : l'essor du modèle agricole intégré à l'urbain, puis les incertitudes de l'accès à un marché défaillant.
Les femmes face au pouvoir. Une réflexion sur l ’empoderamiento
Authors: León Magdalena , Le Doaré Hélène
Published: November 2017

L’usage du terme ‘ empoderamiento ’ par le féminisme est étroitement lié à l’importance que l’idée de pouvoir a acquise dans les mouvements sociaux comme dans les théories en sciences sociales. Dans les analyses réalisées par Gramsci, Foucault et Paulo Freire, le pouvoir se définit comme un rapport social historiquement et culturellement déterminé. Même si ces auteurs ne font aucune référence directe au pouvoir inscrit dans les rapports de genre et n’utilisent pas le mot empoderamiento , ou ses équivalents, leurs analyses ont inspiré les réflexions que va développer le Mouvement des femmes. À partir de ce qu’on a appelé la ‘deuxième vague’ du fémi­nisme des années 1970, des groupes apparaissent qui commencent à faire usage du terme empoderamiento ou empowerment et à débattre de sa signification. Son utilisation par le Mouvement des femmes se présente comme une stratégie pour impulser le changement dans la vie quotidienne des femmes et la mise en œuvre d’un processus de transformation dans les structures sociales.
Le militantisme et ses effets sur l’ empowerment de travailleuses rurales au Brésil
Authors: Prévost Héloïse
Published: November 2017

À travers l’analyse des trajectoires de militantes rurales du Nordeste au Brésil, cet article s’intéresse aux modalités de la fabrique de l’ empowerment . La participation au Mouvement de la femme travailleuse rurale du Nordeste (MMTR), permet d’opérer une politisation du soi rompant avec l’invisibilisation et la stigmatisation. Ce processus d’ empowerment individuel est articulé à la construction d’un ‘nous’ : «  Nous sommes des travailleuses rurales diverses  ». La revendication d’appartenance à un groupe se tourne également vers des femmes extérieures au mouvement et permet de réaliser un travail de transmission des savoirs. Dans les pratiques, les rôles sexués sont renégociés, de façons différentes pour chacune, mais tendant vers un ‘agir pour soi’ et poussant certaines à s’approprier les espaces académiques et politiques.
Agricultrices et diversification agricole : l’ empowerment pour comprendre l’évolution des rapports de pouvoir sur les exploitations en France et aux États-Unis
Authors: Annes Alexis , Wright Wynne
Published: November 2017

Cet article questionne comment l’implication des femmes dans des activités de diversification agricole (c’est-à-dire l’ensemble des activités allant au-delà de la ‘seule’ production) peut remettre en question les relations de pouvoir au sein de l’exploitation agricole (familiale) dans deux contextes culturels différents : les États-Unis et la France. Dans le contexte de développement de ces activités, un processus d’ empowerment devient possible en permettant l’acquisition de ressources financières et un espace (physique) dédié, d’une part, et la mise en lumière du travail quotidien, non reconnu des femmes, d’autre part. Cependant, nos résultats montrent que le processus d’ empowerment est complexe et demande une négociation permanente. Les activités de diversification agricole peuvent également freiner le processus et devenir coercitives et disciplinaires en créant pour les femmes les conditions d’adoption de rôles de genre traditionnels.
Du pouvoir, de l’argent et de l’amour ! Les ressorts cachés de l’ empowerment
Authors: Guérin Isabelle
Published: November 2017

Depuis plusieurs décennies, le champ du développement s’évertue à promouvoir l’ empowerment des femmes. Il est tentant d’opposer différentes visions du concept en fonction de ses soubassements idéologiques et politiques, depuis des approches radicales axées sur la lutte collective et le changement social jusqu’aux approches néolibérales misant sur la responsabilisation individuelle et l’intégration au marché. L’analyse de la réalité quotidienne des luttes nous invite à reconnaître la dimension ambivalente, parfois paradoxale et toujours complexe des voies de l’émancipation. Sans occulter leur dimension matérielle, certes essentielle, cette analyse des luttes quotidiennes nous invite aussi à décortiquer la diversité et la capillarité des processus d’accès au pouvoir ainsi que leur dimension émotionnelle, affective et corporelle. Émotions et affects façonnent et expriment le pouvoir : mieux les comprendre est essentiel si l’on souhaite penser les voies possibles de son infléchissement ou de son renversement.
Genre et lutte contre la ‘radicalisation’. La gestion sexuée du ‘risque’ religieux en prison
Authors: Béraud Céline , Rostaing Corinne , de Galembert Claire
Published: November 2017

L’implication de femmes dans un projet d’attentat à Paris en septembre 2016, ainsi que les retours de Syrie, semblent conduire les autorités pénitentiaires à repenser la politique de lutte contre la ‘radicalisation’, qui ne concernait jusqu’à présent que les hommes détenus. Pour situer ce possible changement de référentiel, on se propose de revenir sur un matériau ethnographique recueilli en 2011-2012 à l’occasion d’une enquête sur la religion en prison dans huit établissements pénitentiaires, dont trois établissements accueillant des femmes. On montre ainsi comment la façon dont est pensée la violence des femmes, mais également dont est conçue leur détention, conditionne fortement les représentations qui sont attachées à leur religiosité et en particulier le caractère jugé peu menaçant de cette dernière. On s’attache également à mettre au jour certains des effets de cette gestion sexuée du ‘risque’ religieux en prison.
La construction d’une féminité islamique idéale par le discours chiite orthodoxe en Iran : les dilemmes d’un encadrement orthodoxe de la modernisation
Authors: Karami Ghahi Mohammad Taghi , Khazaei Tahereh , Macé Éric
Published: November 2017

Dès l’installation en 1979 de la République islamique, le défi de l’État iranien était d’inventer une forme de modernisation cohérente encadrée par les principes de l’islam chiite orthodoxe, et tout particulièrement s’agissant des rapports de genre. Sur la base d’un corpus d’écrits officiels entre 2002 et 2010, nous montrons comment la doxa conservatrice est confrontée à un dilemme : d’un côté une transformation des modes de vie et des représentations de genre qui débordent la doxa religieuse et appellent à des ajustements constants, d’un autre côté une doxa religieuse qui doit en permanence s’adapter à ces transformations dès lors qu’elle souhaite maintenir son projet d’encadrement théologique de cette modernisation.
Dépenses culturelles des collectivités territoriales : 9,3 milliards d’euros en 2014
Authors: Delvainquière Jean-Cédric , Tugores François
Published: November 2017

Les dépenses culturelles des collectivités territoriales s’élèvent à 9,3 milliards d’euros, soit 143 euros par habitant en 2014. L’ensemble des communes et de leurs groupements réalisent plus des trois quarts du total des dépenses culturelles des collectivités territoriales (77 %, soit 7,2 milliards d’euros). Les départements contribuent à hauteur de près de 1,4 milliard d’euros (15 %) et les régions pour un peu moins de 800 millions d’euros (8 %). Pour la première fois, la contribution des communes de 3 500 à 10 000 habitants et de leurs groupements à fiscalité propre a pu être prise en compte dans l’enquête : leurs dépenses culturelles représentent près de 1,1 milliard d’euros. L’effort culturel des communes et de leurs intercommunalités, soit la part financière que les collectivités consacrent à la culture dans leurs budgets globaux, est plus élevé en moyenne que celui des départements et des régions, respectivement 7,5 %, 1,8 % et 2,7 %. La majorité (56 %) des dépenses culturelles territoriales bénéficient au soutien à la création et à la diffusion artistique (pour 5,2 milliards d’euros), la conservation et la diffusion patrimoniale recevant près de 40 % des dépenses totales (soit 3,6 milliards d’euros). Communes et intercommunalités financent en priorité les équipements et services culturels de proximité pour leurs habitants, comme en témoigne l’importance des dépenses consacrées aux bibliothèques et médiathèques, à l’action culturelle et à la création et diffusion des spectacles vivants (musique, art lyrique, danse, théâtre…) dont une partie est dévolue aux établissements d’enseignement artistique (conservatoires, écoles d’art, etc.). Dotés d’une compétence obligatoire en matière d’archives et de bibliothèques départementales, les départements orientent leurs dépenses culturelles vers les patrimoines. Les régions, enfin, consacrent plus des deux tiers de leurs dépenses culturelles totales aux activités culturelles et artistiques, essentiellement sous forme de subventions. Si les dépenses culturelles des collectivités territoriales sont dans l’ensemble relativement stables depuis 2010 (+ 1 % à champ constant), elles n’ont pas évolué de la même façon selon les collectivités : les régions (+ 6 %) et surtout les intercommunalités (+ 26 %) ont été dynamiques, tandis que les dépenses culturelles des communes et celles des départements ont en revanche diminué (respectivement – 2 % et – 9 %).
Quelle(s) culture(s) pour l’Europe ?
Authors: Calligaro Oriane
Published: November 2017

L’article compare sur la longue durée les contenus promus dans les programmes culturels du Conseil de l’Europe et de l’UE. Les deux organisations ont à l’origine centré leur action sur le patrimoine culturel commun européen. Le Conseil de l’Europe a par la suite mis l’accent sur la diversité culturelle et les potentiels socio-économiques de la culture. Si la politique culturelle de l’UE est désormais caractérisée par une approche économique, le patrimoine européen comme catalyseur d’identité commune demeure un de ses objets. L’UE a également intégré la diversité dans cette politique mais le spectre des expressions culturelles promues reste finalement limité.
Strategies for a cultural Europe
Authors: Verderame Dario
Published: November 2017

Cet article contribue à la compréhension de ce qui se passe lorsque « culture » et « Europe » se rencontrent dans un contexte local. L’objet d’étude est le Festival de l’Europe ( Festival d’Europa ), un événement biennal dédié aux thèmes Européens organisé dans la ville de Florence (Italie). L’article présente l’origine du Festival, l’idée de culture adoptée par ses organisateurs et par les performances culturelles organisées par les acteurs locaux lors de l’édition 2015 du Festival, considérant ainsi les perspectives top-down et bottom-up . En utilisant des méthodes qualitatives, l’article analyse comment des répertoires culturels, centrés sur l’Europe, sont pensés et vécus.