bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and optical properties of Nb-doped WS2 monolayers
Authors: Sasaki Shogo , Kobayashi Yu , Liu Zheng , Suenaga Kazutomo , Maniwa Yutaka , Miyauchi Yuhei , Miyata Yasumitsu
Published: June 2016

We report the chemical vapor deposition growth of Nb-doped WS2 monolayers and their characterization. Electron microscopy observations reveal that the Nb atom was substituted at the W site at a rate of approximately 0.5%. Unlike Mo doping, Nb-doped samples have photoluminescence (PL) peaks at 1.4–1.6 eV at room temperature. The peak energies are lower than the optical bandgap of 1.8 eV, and a saturation behavior of PL intensity is observed with the increase in excitation power. These results indicate that the observed PL peaks are assignable to the emission from impurity states generated by the substitution of Nb.
Temperature dependence of magnetoresistance in GdFeCo/Pt heterostructure
Authors: Okuno Takaya , Kim Kab-Jin , Tono Takayuki , Kim Sanghoon , Moriyama Takahiro , Yoshikawa Hiroki , Tsukamoto Arata , Ono Teruo
Published: June 2016

The temperature dependence of magnetoresistance is investigated in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo/Pt heterostructures. An anomalous Hall effect (AHE) shows a monotonic behavior in temperature even across the magnetization compensation temperature T
M, implying that the FeCo moment is responsible for the magnetotransport properties. An anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) exhibits a steep increase at low temperatures, which we ascribe to the contribution of a weak antilocalization in an amorphous GdFeCo layer. A spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) is found to exist in ferrimagnet/Pt systems and shows a moderate temperature dependence, in contrast to the SMR in YIG/Pt where a significant temperature dependence was observed. These results provide a basic understanding of the magnetotransport in amorphous ferrimagnets/heavy metal heterostructures.
Self-formation of ultrahigh-density (1012 cm−2) InAs quantum dots on InAsSb/GaAs(001) and their photoluminescence properties
Authors: Sameshima Kazuki , Sano Takuya , Yamaguchi Koichi
Published: June 2016

InAs quantum dots (QDs) with an ultrahigh density of 1 × 1012 cm−2 were fabricated on a 1.25-monolayer-thick InAsSb wetting layer on a GaAs(001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. QD formation was initiated by small two-dimensional InAsSb islands. Coalescence and ripening effects involving neighboring QDs were suppressed. Photoluminescence spectra of the QDs shifted continuously to higher energies with increased optical excitation power. This was attributed to the filling of inhomogeneous ground states via tunneling between QDs. Indirect transitions in a type-II band structure were observed for small QDs. In large QDs, direct transitions were also observed at high optical excitation levels.
Self-ordered nanotube formation from nickel oxide via submerged arc in water
Authors: Suntornlohanakul Tatporn , Sano Noriaki , Tamon Hajime
Published: June 2016

A partially H-terminated nickel oxide nanotube is firstly realized by transformation from NiO via a method using submerged arc in water. The diameter of this nanotube is less than 5 nm, and its wall is atomically thin. It is speculated that the decomposition of NiO at a hot-temperature arc plasma followed by hydrogenation in a bubble generates NiOOH, known as a layer structure, and the asymmetric H-termination on its surface causes self-curling, resulting in nanotube formation. A molecular mechanics calculation indicates that the energetically favorable structure has H atoms at the inner side of nanotubes.
Formation of a ZnO/ZnS interface passivation layer on (NH4)2S treated In0.53Ga0.47As: Electrical and in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization
Authors: Lucero Antonio T. , Byun Young-Chul , Qin Xiaoye , Cheng Lanxia , Kim Hyoungsub , Wallace Robert M. , Kim Jiyoung
Published: June 2016

Atomic layer deposition is used to convert an (NH4)2S cleaned p-In0.53Ga0.47As with diethylzinc (DEZ) and water, resulting in the formation of a ZnO/ZnS interfacial passivation layer (IPL). The process is studied using in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. DEZ reacts with sulfur and oxygen present on the surface, chemically reducing arsenic 3+ and gallium 3+ to lower oxidation states. The sulfur concentration remains constant during the deposition process while the oxygen concentration on the surface remains small, confirming that the IPL is composed of both ZnO and ZnS. Measurements of metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors with HfO2 for the dielectric show that the ZnO/ZnS IPL can nearly eliminate frequency dispersion (<1% per frequency decade) in accumulation and results in small hysteresis (<60 mV) with a D
it in the 1011 eV−1 cm−2 range in the midgap. Frequency dispersion is observed in the depletion region and is attributed to minority carrier generation from the ZnO present in the IPL.
Net community production at Ocean Station Papa observed with nitrate and oxygen sensors on profiling floats
Authors: Plant Joshua N. , Johnson Kenneth S. , Sakamoto Carole M. , Jannasch Hans W. , Coletti Luke J. , Riser Stephen C. , Swift Dana D.
Published: June 2016

Six profiling floats equipped with nitrate and oxygen sensors were deployed at Ocean Station P in the Gulf of Alaska. The resulting six calendar years and 10 float years of nitrate and oxygen data were used to determine an average annual cycle for net community production (NCP) in the top 35 m of the water column. NCP became positive in February as soon as the mixing activity in the surface layer began to weaken, but nearly 3 months before the traditionally defined mixed layer began to shoal from its winter time maximum. NCP displayed two maxima, one toward the end of May and another in August with a summertime minimum in June corresponding to the historical peak in mesozooplankton biomass. The average annual NCP was determined to be 1.5 ± 0.6 mol C m−2 yr−1 using nitrate and 1.5 ± 0.7 mol C m−2 yr−1 using oxygen. The results from oxygen data proved to be quite sensitive to the gas exchange model used as well as the accuracy of the oxygen measurement. Gas exchange models optimized for carbon dioxide flux generally ignore transport due to gas exchange through the injection of bubbles, and these models yield NCP values that are two to three time higher than the nitrate‐based estimates. If nitrate and oxygen NCP rates are assumed to be related by the Redfield model, we show that the oxygen gas exchange model can be optimized by tuning the exchange terms to reproduce the nitrate NCP annual cycle.
Helium as a tracer for fluids released from Juan de Fuca lithosphere beneath the Cascadia forearc
Authors: McCrory P. A. , Constantz J. E. , Hunt A. G. , Blair J. L.
Published: June 2016

Helium isotopic ratios (3He/4He) observed in 25 mineral springs and wells above the Cascadia forearc provide a marker for fluids derived from Juan de Fuca lithosphere. This exploratory study documents a significant component of mantle‐derived helium within forearc springs and wells, and in turn, documents variability in helium enrichment across the Cascadia forearc. Sample sites arcward of the forearc mantle corner generally yield significantly higher ratios (∼1.2–4.0 RA) than those seaward of the corner (∼0.03–0.7 RA). 3He detected above the inner forearc mantle wedge may represent a mixture of both oceanic lithosphere and forearc mantle sources, whereas 3He detected seaward of the forearc mantle corner likely has only an oceanic source. The highest ratios in the Cascadia forearc coincide with slab depths (∼40–45 km) where metamorphic dehydration of young oceanic lithosphere is expected to release significant fluid and where tectonic tremor occurs, whereas little fluid is expected to be released from the slab depths (∼25–30 km) beneath sites seaward of the corner. These observations provide independent evidence that tremor is associated with deep fluids, and further suggest that high pore pressures associated with tremor may serve to keep fractures open for 3He migration through the ductile upper mantle and lower crust.
Mesoscale resolution capability of altimetry: Present and future
Authors: Dufau Claire , Orsztynowicz Marion , Dibarboure Gérald , Morrow Rosemary , Le Traon Pierre‐Yves
Published: June 2016

Wavenumber spectra of along‐track Sea Surface Height from the most recent satellite radar altimetry missions [Jason‐2, Cryosat‐2, and SARAL/Altika) are used to determine the size of ocean dynamical features observable with the present altimetry constellation. A global analysis of the along‐track 1‐D mesoscale resolution capability of the present‐day altimeter missions is proposed, based on a joint analysis of the spectral slopes in the mesoscale band and the error levels observed for horizontal wavelengths lower than 20km. The global sea level spectral slope distribution provided by Xu and Fu () with Jason‐1 data is revisited with more recent altimeter missions, and maps of altimeter error levels are provided and discussed for each mission. Seasonal variations of both spectral slopes and altimeter error levels are also analyzed for Jason‐2. SARAL/Altika, with its lower error levels, is shown to detect smaller structures everywhere. All missions show substantial geographical and temporal variations in their mesoscale resolution capabilities, with variations depending mostly on the error level change but also on slight regional changes in the spectral slopes. In western boundary currents where the signal to noise ratio is favorable, the along‐track mesoscale resolution is approximately 40 km for SARAL/AltiKa, 45 km for Cryosat‐2, and 50 km for Jason‐2. Finally, a prediction of the future 2‐D mesoscale sea level resolution capability of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission is given using a simulated error level.
Three‐dimensional numerical modeling of temperature and mantle flow fields associated with subduction of the Philippine Sea plate, southwest Japan
Authors: Ji Yingfeng , Yoshioka Shoichi , Matsumoto Takumi
Published: June 2016

We investigated temperature and mantle flow distributions associated with subduction of the Philippine Sea (PHS) plate beneath southwest Japan, by constructing a three‐dimensional parallelepiped model incorporating a past clockwise rotation, the bathymetry of the Philippine Sea plate, and distribution of the subducting velocity within its slab. The geometry of the subducting plate was inferred from contemporary seismic studies and was used as a slab guide integrated with historical plate rotation into the 3‐D simulation. Using the model, we estimated a realistic and high‐resolution temperature field on the subduction plate interface, which was constrained by a large number of heat flow data, and attempted to clarify its relationship with occurrences of megathrust earthquakes, long‐term slow slip events (L‐SSEs), and nonvolcanic low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs). Results showed that the oblique subduction coupled with the 3‐D geometry of subducting PHS plate was a key factor affecting the interplate and intraplate temperature distributions, leading to a cold anomaly in the plate interface beneath western Shikoku, the Bungo Channel, and the Kii Peninsula. Temperatures in the slab core in these regions at a depth near the continental Moho were nearly 200°C lower than that in eastern Shikoku, indicating a high thermal lateral heterogeneity within the subducting plate. The geothermal control of the LFEs beneath western Shikoku was estimated to be within a range from 400 to 700°C, and the interplate temperature for the L‐SSEs with a slip larger than 15 cm beneath the Bungo Channel was estimated to be approximately 350–500°C. A large horizontal temperature gradient of 2.5 ~ °C/km was present where the LFEs occurred repeatedly. The steep temperature change was likely to be related to the metamorphic phase transformation from lawsonite or blueschist to amphibolite of hydrous minerals of the mid‐ocean ridge basalt of the subducting PHS plate.
Precise methane absorption measurements in the 1.64 μm spectral region for the MERLIN mission
Authors: Delahaye T. , Maxwell S. E. , Reed Z. D. , Lin H. , Hodges J. T. , Sung K. , Devi V. M. , Warneke T. , Spietz P. , Tran H.
Published: June 2016

In this article we describe a high‐precision laboratory measurement targeting the R(6) manifold of the 2ν3 band of 12CH4. High‐fidelity modeling of this absorption spectrum for atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions will be required by the Franco‐German, Methane Remote Sensing LIDAR (MERLIN) space mission for retrievals of atmospheric methane. The analysis uses the Hartmann‐Tran profile for modeling line shape and also includes line‐mixing effects. To this end, six high‐resolution and high signal‐to‐noise ratio absorption spectra of air‐broadened methane were recorded using a frequency‐stabilized cavity ring‐down spectroscopy apparatus. Sample conditions corresponded to room temperature and spanned total sample pressures of 40 hPa–1013 hPa with methane molar fractions between 1 µmol mol−1 and 12 µmol mol−1. All spectroscopic model parameters were simultaneously adjusted in a multispectrum nonlinear least squares fit to the six measured spectra. Comparison of the fitted model to the measured spectra reveals the ability to calculate the room temperature, methane absorption coefficient to better than 0.1% at the online position of the MERLIN mission. This is the first time that such fidelity has been reached in modeling methane absorption in the investigated spectral region, fulfilling the accuracy requirements of the MERLIN mission. We also found excellent agreement when comparing the present results with measurements obtained over different pressure conditions and using other laboratory techniques. Finally, we also evaluated the impact of these new spectral parameters on atmospheric transmissions spectra calculations.
Intercalibration of CERES, MODIS, and MISR reflected solar radiation and its application to albedo trends
Authors: Zhan Yizhe , Davies Roger
Published: June 2016

Measurements on the Terra satellite by the Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), between 2001 and 2015 over the polar regions, are analyzed in order to investigate the intercalibration differences between these instruments. Direct comparisons of colocated near‐nadir radiances from CERES, MODIS, and MISR show relative agreement within 2.4% decade−1. By comparison with the CERES shortwave broadband, MODIS Collection 6 is getting brighter, by 1.0 ± 0.7% decade−1 in the red band and 1.4 ± 0.7% decade−1 in the near infrared. MISR's red and near‐infrared bands, however, show darkening trends of −1.0 ± 0.6% decade−1 and −1.1 ± 0.6% decade−1, respectively. The CERES/MODIS or CERES/MISR visible and near IR radiance ratio is shown to have a significant negative correlation with precipitable water content over the Antarctic Plateau. The intercalibration results successfully correct the differential top‐of‐atmosphere trends in zonal albedos between CERES and MISR.
Scale‐dependency of effective hydraulic conductivity on fire‐affected hillslopes
Authors: Langhans Christoph , Lane Patrick N. J. , Nyman Petter , Noske Philip J. , Cawson Jane G. , Oono Akiko , Sheridan Gary J.
Published: June 2016

Effective hydraulic conductivity (Ke) for Hortonian overland flow modeling has been defined as a function of rainfall intensity and runon infiltration assuming a distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivities (Ks). But surface boundary condition during infiltration and its interactions with the distribution of Ks are not well represented in models. As a result, the mean value of the Ks distribution (
), which is the central parameter for Ke, varies between scales. Here we quantify this discrepancy with a large infiltration data set comprising four different methods and scales from fire‐affected hillslopes in SE Australia using a relatively simple yet widely used conceptual model of Ke. Ponded disk (0.002 m2) and ring infiltrometers (0.07 m2) were used at the small scales and rainfall simulations (3 m2) and small catchments (ca 3000 m2) at the larger scales. We compared
between methods measured at the same time and place. Disk and ring infiltrometer measurements had on average 4.8 times higher values of
than rainfall simulations and catchment‐scale estimates. Furthermore, the distribution of Ks was not clearly log‐normal and scale‐independent, as supposed in the conceptual model. In our interpretation, water repellency and preferential flow paths increase the variance of the measured distribution of Ks and bias ponding toward areas of very low Ks during rainfall simulations and small catchment runoff events while areas with high preferential flow capacity remain water supply‐limited more than the conceptual model of Ke predicts. The study highlights problems in the current theory of scaling runoff generation.
Bulk Inclusions of Pyridazine‐Based Molecular Rotors in Tris(o‐phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene (TPP)
Authors: Dron Paul I. , Zhao Ke , Kaleta Jiří , Shen Yongqiang , Wen Jin , Shoemaker Richard K. , Rogers Charles T. , Michl Josef
Published: June 2016

A new class of rod‐shaped strongly dipolar molecular rotors for insertion into channels of hexagonal tris(o‐phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene (TPP) has been examined. Seven different 3,6‐disubstituted pyridazines and one singly 3‐substituted system have been prepared and studied by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray powder diffraction, and dielectric spectroscopy. NMR and X‐ray diffraction both show that all but one of these molecular rotors form hexagonal bulk inclusion compounds with TPP. In‐plane lattice parameters for the hexagonal phases increase with the size of the end group, which also controls the energy barriers for rotation of the pyridazine dipole. The barriers range from ≈4 kcal mol−1 for small or flexible end groups to less than 0.7 kcal mol−1 for 3‐methylbicyclo[1.1.1]pent‐1‐yl end groups after annealing to 235 °C, and an interpretation of these differences is offered. Computer modeling of the relaxed TPP channels followed by density functional calculation of the environment for one of the rotors provides quantitative agreement with the observed barrier. The systems with the lowest rotational barriers show signs of collective behavior, discussed in terms of antiferroelectric intrachannel and ferroelectric interchannel dipole–dipole interactions. A Curie temperature of 22 K is deduced for 3,6‐diadamant‐1′‐ylpyridazine, but no ordered dielectric phases are found. Conclusions have been drawn for improved rotor design.
A Highly Photostable Hyperbranched Polyglycerol‐Based NIR Fluorescence Nanoplatform for Mitochondria‐Specific Cell Imaging
Authors: Dong Chunhong , Liu Zhongyun , Liu Junqing , Wu Changzhu , Neumann Falko , Wang Hanjie , Schäfer‐Korting Monika , Kleuser Burkhard , Chang Jin , Li Wenzhong , Ma Nan , Haag Rainer
Published: June 2016

Considering the critical role of mitochondria in the life and death of cells, non‐invasive long‐term tracking of mitochondria has attracted considerable interest. However, a high‐performance mitochondria‐specific labeling probe with high photostability is still lacking. Herein a highly photostable hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG)‐based near‐infrared (NIR) quantum dots (QDs) nanoplatform is reported for mitochondria‐specific cell imaging. Comprising NIR Zn‐Cu‐In‐S/ZnS QDs as extremely photostable fluorescent labels and alkyl chain (C12)/triphenylphosphonium (TPP)‐functionalized hPG derivatives as protective shell, the tailored QDs@hPG‐C12/TPP nanoprobe with a hydrodynamic diameter of about 65 nm exhibits NIR fluorescence, excellent biocompatibility, good stability, and mitochondria‐targeted ability. Cell uptake experiments demonstrate that QDs@hPG‐C12/TPP displays a significantly enhanced uptake in HeLa cells compared to nontargeted QDs@hPG‐C12. Further co‐localization study indicates that the probe selectively targets mitochondria. Importantly, compared with commercial deep‐red mitochondria dyes, QDs@hPG‐C12/TPP possesses superior photostability under continuous laser irradiation, indicating great potential for long‐term mitochondria labeling and tracking. Moreover, drug‐loaded QDs@hPG‐C12/TPP display an enhanced tumor cell killing efficacy compared to nontargeted drugs. This work could open the door to the construction of organelle‐targeted multifunctional nanoplatforms for precise diagnosis and high‐efficient tumor therapy.
Molecular and phenotypic spectrum of ASPM‐related primary microcephaly: Identification of eight novel mutations
Authors: Abdel‐Hamid Mohamed S. , Ismail Manal F. , Darwish Hebatallh A. , Effat Laila K. , Zaki Maha S. , Abdel‐Salam Ghada M. H.
Published: June 2016

Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is an abnormal proliferation of neurons during brain development that leads to a small brain size but architecturally normal in most instances. Mutations in the ASPM gene have been identified to be the most prevalent. Thirty‐seven patients from 30 unrelated families with a clinical diagnosis of MCPH were enrolled in this study. Screening of ASPM gene mutations was performed by targeted linkage analysis followed by direct sequencing. Thirteen protein truncating mutations of the ASPM were identified in 15 families (50%), eight of which were novel mutations. The mutations detected were eight nonsense, four frameshift, and one splice site. Two of these mutations (p.R1327* and p.R3181*) were recurrent and shared similar haplotypes suggesting founder effect. Patients with ASPM mutations had mild to severe intellectual disability and variable degrees of simplified gyral pattern and small frontal lobe. In addition, hypoplasia of corpus callosum (18 patients), mildly small cerebellar vermis (10 patients), and relatively small pons (13 patients) were found in 85.7%, 47.6%, and 61.9%, respectively. Furthermore, one patient had porencephaly and another had a small midline cyst. Epilepsy was documented in two patients (9.5%). Non‐neurologic abnormalities consisted of growth retardation (four patients), and co‐incidental association of oculo‐cutaneous albinism (one patient). Our study expands the mutation spectrum of ASPM. Moreover, the simplified gyral pattern and small frontal lobe together with hypoplastic corpus callosum, small cerebellum and pons enable ASPM mutated patients to be distinguished. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Syndromes with supernumerary teeth
Authors: Lubinsky Mark , Kantaputra Piranit Nik
Published: June 2016

While most supernumerary teeth are idiopathic, they can be associated with a number of Mendelian syndromes. However, this can also be a coincidental finding, since supernumerary teeth occur in 6% or more of the normal population. To better define this relationship, we analyzed the evidence for specific associations. We excluded conditions with a single affected patient reported, supernumerary teeth adjacent to clefts or other forms of alveolar disruption (as secondary rather than primary findings), and natal teeth, which can involve premature eruption of a normal tooth. Since, the cause of supernumerary teeth shows considerable heterogeneity, certain findings are less likely to be coincidental, such as five or more supernumerary teeth in a single patient, or locations outside of the premaxilla. We found only eight genetic syndromes with strong evidence for an association: cleidocranial dysplasia; familial adenomatous polyposis; trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type I; Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome; Nance–Horan syndrome; Opitz BBB/G syndrome; oculofaciocardiodental syndrome; and autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome. There is also suggestive evidence of an association with two uncommon disorders, Kreiborg–Pakistani syndrome (craniosynostosis and dental anomalies), and insulin‐resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosisnigricans. An association of a Mendelian disorder with a low frequency manifestation of supernumerary teeth is difficult to exclude without large numbers, but several commonly cited syndromes lacked evidence for clear association, including Hallermann–Streiff syndrome, Fabry disease, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Apert and Crouzon syndromes, Zimmermann–Laband syndrome, and Ellis–van Creveld syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cavitands as Reaction Vessels and Blocking Groups for Selective Reactions in Water
Authors: Masseroni Daniele , Mosca Simone , Mower Matthew P. , Blackmond Donna G. , Rebek Julius
Published: June 2016

The majority of reactions currently performed in the chemical industry take place in organic solvents, compounds that are generally derived from petrochemicals. To promote chemical processes in water, we examined the use of synthetic, deep water‐soluble cavitands in the Staudinger reduction of long‐chain aliphatic diazides (C8, C10, and C12). The diazide substrates are taken up by the cavitand in D2O in folded, dynamic conformations. The reduction of one azide group to an amine gives a complex in which the substrate is fixed in an unsymmetrical conformation, with the amine terminal exposed and the azide terminal deep and inaccessible within the cavitand. Accordingly, the reduction of the second azide group is inhibited, even with excess phosphine, and good yields of the monofunctionalized products are obtained. In contrast, the reduction of the free diazides in bulk solution yields diamine products.
Water as the Key to Proto‐Aragonite Amorphous CaCO3
Authors: Farhadi‐Khouzani Masoud , Chevrier Daniel M. , Zhang Peng , Hedin Niklas , Gebauer Denis
Published: June 2016

Temperature and pH value can affect the short‐range order of proto‐structured and additive‐free amorphous calcium carbonates (ACCs). Whereas a distinct change occurs in proto‐vaterite (pv) ACC above 45 °C at pH 9.80, proto‐calcite (pc) ACC (pH 8.75) is unaffected within the investigated range of temperatures (7–65 °C). IR and NMR spectroscopic studies together with EXAFS analysis showed that the temperature‐induced change is related to the formation of proto‐aragonite (pa) ACC. The data strongly suggest that the binding of water molecules induces dipole moments across the carbonate ions in pa‐ACC as in aragonite, where the dipole moments are due to the symmetry of the crystal structure. Altogether, a (pseudo‐)phase diagram of the CaCO3 polyamorphism in which water plays a key role can be formulated based on variables of state, such as the temperature, and solution parameters, such as the pH value.
Characterization of the trade in manta and devil ray gill plates in China and South‐east Asia through trader surveys
Authors: O'Malley Mary p. , Townsend Kathy A. , Hilton Paul , Heinrichs Shawn , Stewart Joshua D.
Published: June 2016

Dried gill plates from manta and devil rays, some of the world's most biologically vulnerable fishes, have become a valued commodity in Asian dried‐seafood and traditional Chinese medicine markets. This trade is a primary driver of fisheries, which have led to declines in many mobulid populations.

With no reliable trade statistics and scarce data on mobulid fisheries, this study estimates the number and species of mobulids required to supply this trade, and investigates the consumers and suppliers involved and drivers of demand. Following preliminary market research, 525 trader surveys were conducted in Hong Kong, Singapore, Macau, Taiwan, and southern China.

Guangzhou, China was identified as the centre of the trade accounting for 99% of total estimated market volume of 60.5 tons of dried gill plates in 2011, increasing to 120.5 tons by 2013. The estimated number of mobulids converted from tons of gill plates more than doubled over the period to 130 000, comprising 96% devil rays, Mobula japanica, Mobula thurstoni, and Mobula tarapacana, and 4% Manta spp. By 2015 the Guangzhou market had declined sharply, reportedly due to conservation campaigns and government policies. However Hong Kong's gill plate sales increased dramatically between 2011 and 2015.

China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and India were reported most frequently as gill plate sources.

Vendors recommend gill plates (trade name pengyusai) for ailments ranging from acne to cancer and as a general health tonic. While pengyusai is a new addition to traditional Chinese medicine literature and is rarely prescribed by traditional medicine practitioners, it is readily available over the counter and aggressively marketed by vendors.

Working in concert with consumer demand reduction efforts, increased measures to restrict mobulid fisheries and trade are recommended to prevent further population declines of these highly vulnerable species.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed‐Time Consensus of Multi‐Agent Systems with Directed and Intermittent Communications
Authors: Wang Qingling , Wang Yuanda , Sun Changyin
Published: June 2016

This paper proposes a new class of nonlinear protocols for fixed‐time consensus in networked agents with directed and intermittent communications. First of all, based on the assumption of a common positive dwell time for all successful links, it is theoretically shown that the asymptotical consensus can be achieved if the interaction topology with some fixed length of time has a spanning tree. Then, if the length sum of time intervals, over which the directed interaction topology contains a spanning tree, is larger that a threshold value, which is independent of initial conditions, the system will solve a fixed‐time consensus problem. Furthermore, in light of the mirror operation principle of graph theory, the proposed protocol is extended to solve the fixed‐time consensus problem if a common positive dwell time for all active links is strongly connected without the detailed balanced condition. Finally, the effectiveness of the theoretical results is illustrated by simulation results.
Decision Making in Environments with Non‐Independent Dimensions
Authors: Bhatia Sudeep
Published: June 2016

This paper tests whether the dimensions involved in preferential choice tasks are evaluated independently from one another. Common decision heuristics satisfy dimensional independence, and multi‐strategy models that assume that decision makers use a repertoire of these heuristics predict that they are unable to represent and respond to dimensional dependencies in the decision environment. In contrast, some single‐strategy models are able to violate dimensional independence, and subsequently adapt to environments that feature interacting dimensions. Across five experiments, this paper documents systematic violations of the assumption of dimensional independence. This suggests that decision makers are able to modify their behavior to respond to dimensional dependencies in their environment, and in turn those models that are unable to do this do not provide a full account of human strategy selection and behavior change. This paper ends with a discussion of ways in which some existing models can be modified to incorporate violations of dimensional independence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Fragile Is Conditional Cooperation? A Field Experiment with Smartphones during the 2014 Soccer World Cup
Authors: Graf Lambsdorff Johann , Giamattei Marcus , Werner Katharina
Published: June 2016

We conducted an experiment in a highly cooperative environment to find out how a disruption, similar to a broken window, affects behavior. A centipede game was framed as a game of soccer and run with smartphones during a soccer public viewing event, that is, a Bavarian beer garden with a large screen displaying a soccer game. We provided some subjects with information that was supportive to cooperation and others with disruptive information, aimed at inducing a broken window effect. The disruption reduced the willingness to cooperate at the final stage of the game. But expectations regarding teammates remained unaffected such that cooperation at earlier stages remained high. Cooperation is thus not as fragile as one might fear. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weniger schlechte Bilder. Walfängerwissen in Naturgeschichte, Ozeanographie und Literatur im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Lüttge Felix
Published: June 2016

Less Erroneous Pictures. Whalers’ Knowledge in Nineteenth‐Century Natural History, Oceanography, and Literature. This paper uses the iconoclasm of Herman Melville's Moby‐Dick as a point of departure to examine the problem of representing whales pictorially. Focussing on the use of images in cetological works and whaling logbooks, the paper investigates how the whalers’ knowledge, which served the hunting, killing, and economic exploitation of whales, came to be inscribed in the antithetical work of natural historians who were increasingly interested in living organisms. This paper argues that Melville's juxtaposition of whalers’ and naturalists’ knowledge runs parallel with a dichotomy, along which natural histories, travelogues, and thematic maps of oceanography constitute the whale as an object of knowledge. It concludes by suggesting that, at the same time, this dichotomy is repeatedly undermined for the sake of the whale's representation.
Design of an enzyme cocktail consisting of different fungal platforms for efficient hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: Optimization and synergism studies
Authors: Méndez Arias Johanna , Modesto Luiz Felipe Amarante , Polikarpov Igor , Pereira Nei
Published: June 2016

Lignocellulosic materials represent a very important and promising source of renewable biomass. In order to turn them into fermentable sugars, synergism among the different enzymes that carry out bioconversion of these materials is one of the main factors that should be considered. Experimental mixture design was performed to optimize the proportion of enzymes produced by native strains of Trichoderma harzianum IOC 3844, Penicillium funiculosum ATCC 11797, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 1004, resulting in a proportion of 15, 50, and 35%, respectively. This mixture was able to hydrolyze 25 g/L of pretreated sugarcane bagasse with 91% of yield after 48 h of enzymatic reaction. Synergism along the hydrolysis process, besides the influence of lignin, hemicellulose, and solids loading, were also studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Rotatable Design was used to optimize solids and protein loadings to increase glucose release and enzymatic hydrolysis yield. The optimum solid and protein loadings established with RSM were 196 g/L and 24 mg/g cellulose, respectively, and under these conditions (94.1 ± 8) g/L of glucose were obtained, corresponding to a hydrolysis yield of 64%. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1222–1229, 2016
Cloning, expression and characterization of xylose isomerase from the marine bacterium Fulvimarina pelagi in Escherichia coli
Authors: Lajoie Curtis A. , Kitner Joshua B. , Potochnik Stephen J. , Townsend Jakob M. , Beatty Christopher C. , Kelly Christine J.
Published: June 2016

Production of a xylose isomerase (XI) with high tolerance to the inhibitors xylitol and calcium, and high activity at the low pH and temperature conditions characteristic of yeast fermentations, is desirable for a simultaneous isomerization/fermentation process for cellulosic ethanol production. A putative XI gene (xylA) from the marine bacterium Fulvimarina pelagi was identified by sequence analysis of the F. pelagi genome, and was PCR amplified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The rXI was produced in shake flask and fed‐batch fermentations using glucose as the growth substrate. The optimum pH for rXI was approximately 7, although activity was evident at pH as low as 5.5. The purified rXI had a molecular weight in 160 kDA, a Vmax of 0.142 U/mg purified rXI, and a KM for xylose in the range of 1.75–4.17 mM/L at pH 6.5 and a temperature of 35°C. The estimated calcium and xylitol KI values for rXI in cell‐free extracts were 2,500 mg/L and >50 mM, respectively. The low KM of the F. pelagi xylose isomerase is consistent with the low nutrient conditions of the pelagic environment. These results indicate that Ca2+ and xylitol are not likely to be inhibitory in applications employing the rXI from F. pelagi to convert xylose to xylulose in fermentations of complex biomass hydrolysates. A higher Vmax at low pH (<6) and temperature (30°C) would be preferable for use in biofuels production. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1230–1237, 2016
Effect of ethyleneoxide groups of anionic surfactants on lipase activity
Authors: Magalhães Solange S. , Alves Luís , Sebastião Marco , Medronho Bruno , Almeida Zaida L. , Faria Tiago Q. , Brito Rui M.M. , Moreno Maria J. , Antunes Filipe E.
Published: June 2016

The use of enzymes in laundry and dish detergent products is growing. Such tendency implies dedicated studies to understand surfactant‐enzyme interactions. The interactions between surfactants and enzymes and their impact on the catalytic efficiency represent a central problem and were here evaluated using circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, and enzyme activity determinations. This work focuses on this key issue by evaluating the role of the ethyleneoxide (EO) groups of anionic surfactants on the structure and activity of a commercial lipase, and by focusing on the protein/surfactant interactions at a molecular level. The conformational changes and enzymatic activity of the protein were evaluated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS also denoted as SLE0S) and of sodium lauryl ether sulfate with two EO units (SLE2S). The results strongly suggest that the presence of EO units in the surfactant polar headgroup determines the stability and the activity of the enzyme. While SDS promotes enzyme denaturation and consequent loss of activity, SLE2S preserves the enzyme structure and activity. The data further highlights that the electrostatic interactions among the protein groups are changed by the presence of the adsorbed anionic surfactants being such absorption mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1276–1282, 2016
HER2 status and disparities in luminal breast cancers
Authors: Holowatyj Andreana N. , Ruterbusch Julie J. , Ratnam Manohar , Gorski David H. , Cote Michele L.
Published: June 2016

National Comprehensive Care Network guidelines for adjuvant treatment of invasive breast cancer are based on HER2 and hormone receptor (HR) status, where HR+ disease encompasses all estrogen receptor (ER)+ and/or progesterone receptor (PR)+ tumors. We sought to explore clinical and demographic differences among patients with HR+ breast cancer subtypes, and the role of HER2 status, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) in disease risk. We evaluated breast cancer subtype distribution, defined by HR and HER2 status, using patient clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics. Differences in HR categories by demographic and tumor characteristics were examined using chi‐squared tests. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to quantify associations between breast cancer HR status and demographic factors. We found that differences in HR+ (ER−/PR+ vs. ER+/PR− or ER+/PR+) tumor biology are likely clinically significant and may play a role in breast cancer, regardless of HER2 status. While clinical and patient characteristics differed within each luminal subtype, we found disparities in SES only among Luminal A (HR+/HER2−) tumors. Among HR+/HER2− cases, we observed that ER−/PR+ patients tend to live in areas of higher poverty (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.03–1.40) and are 70% more likely to be aged 50 years or older. However, this pattern was not found in women with Luminal B (HR+/HER2+) disease (Poverty OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.76–1.27; Age OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.81–1.26). Racial/ethnic disparities among non‐Hispanic black and Hispanic women persisted across HR+/HER2− cases compared to non‐Hispanic white women. Our findings suggest that while race/ethnicity and SES are correlated, each plays an independent role in contributing to disease among Luminal A tumors. Further study is needed to investigate how tumor biology, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic disparities among HR+/HER2− cases may contribute to poorer patient prognosis.
Social exclusion and choice: The moderating effect of power state
Authors: Liang Shichang , Chang Yaping
Published: June 2016

When encountering two product options in which one has been chosen by minority and the other by majority, what will influence consumers to make a choice? Although much research has solved this question, this research will address these issues from different perspectives by examining the interplay of power state and social exclusion on consumer choice. Drawing on power approach/inhibition and distinctive theories, we propose that the individuals in low power state prefer more distinctive products when they are in social exclusion than in social inclusion. In contrast, the individuals in high power state prefer less distinctive products when they are in social exclusion than in social inclusion. Two studies were conducted to confirm the hypotheses. Specifically, study 1 confirms our hypotheses by manipulating social exclusion and power state. And study 2 further confirms our hypotheses through using different experimental stimuli and a behavioral measure of choice. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are provided. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Antileishmanial Activity of Natural Dehydrodieugenol and Its Mono‐ and Dimethyl Ethers
Authors: Rodrigues Luis Cezar , Barbosa‐Filho José Maria , de Oliveira Marcia Rosa , do Nascimento Néris Patrícia Lima , Borges Flávio Valadares Pereira , Mioso Roberto
Published: June 2016

The study of chemistry of naturally occurring compounds and the synthesis of their derivatives is fundamentally important for the development of new drugs. In this work, dehydrodieugenol (DHDE) was obtained through oxidative coupling of eugenol, promoted by an aqueous mixture of potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) and NH3 · H2O. The partial methoxylation of DHDE with MeI and K2CO3 mainly resulted in the molecular‐shaped monomethyl ether (DHDE‐1MeO) and its dimethyl ether derivative (DHDE‐2MeO). The products from the reactions were characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, these studies have reported the antileishmanial activity of DHDE against Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 value of 42.20 μg ml−1) and shown that partial methoxylation of DHDE results in a significant increase in its antiparasitic activity (IC50 value of 13.68 μg ml−1). Based on in vitro bioassays, DHDE‐1MeO has shown the highest leishmanicidal activity in promastigota form. Production by direct one‐step synthesis of this monomethoxylated compound can be considered to be a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly method with a short reaction time.
Nurturing Student Success in Tribal Colleges
Authors: DeLong Loretta M. , Monette Gerald E. , Casey Ozaki C.
Published: June 2016

This chapter explores the role of student development and culturally relevant theories to support 2‐year tribal college student success.
Managing adipsic diabetes insipidus following anterior communicating artery aneurysm in a subtropical climate
Authors: Nolan Brendan , Inder Warrick J.
Published: June 2016

Key Clinical Message

Diabetes insipidus without perception of thirst, as may follow an anterior communicating artery aneurysm, requires prescription of fluid intake as well as desmopressin. The management goal of maintaining a normal serum sodium is rendered more challenging in a humid subtropical environment, where insensible losses are higher.
Investigation of Aggregation Kernel and Simulation of Cohesive Particle Flow
Authors: Sun Liyan , Yu Wenhao , Hassan Muhammad , Wang Shuai , Liu Guodong , Lu Huilin
Published: June 2016

A modified model coupled with the population balance equation has been developed to simulate the aggregation process in fluidized beds. The population balance equation is solved as part of computational fluid dynamics simulation by the direct quadrature method of moments. In the simulation, the aggregation rate is controlled by the aggregation kernel which is usually obtained by theoretical derivation and is difficult to verify experimentally. The aggregation kernel is investigated by the discrete element method and the performance of the proposed model for simulating cohesive particle flow in fluidized beds is evaluated. Simulation results are compared to the experimental data and show good agreement. A comparison between different models is also carried out.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Amidations in the Preparation of Thiadiazine 1‐Oxides
Authors: Cheng Ying , Dong Wanrong , Wang Han , Bolm Carsten
Published: June 2016

Rhodium‐catalyzed ortho‐amidations of sulfoximines lead to key intermediates for the preparation of thiadiazine 1‐oxides. Following a straightforward protocol, a variety of synthetically valuable compounds can be obtained, thus circumventing common multistep approaches towards potentially bioactive products.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of MBi2Br7 (M: Rb, Cs) — Filled Variants of AX7 Sphere Packing.
Authors: Chang Jen‐Hui , Wolff Alexander , Ruck Michael
Published: June 2016

The title compounds are new phases in the systems MBr—BiBr3 (M: Rb, Cs).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Crystal Growth, Piezoelectricity, and Triboluminescence of KNaNbOF5.
Authors: Chang Kelvin B. , Edwards Bryce W. , Frazer Laszlo , Lenferink Erik J. , Stanev Teodor K. , Stern Nathaniel P. , Nino Juan C. , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R.
Published: June 2016

Large single crystals of the noncentrosymmetric KNaNbOF5 polymorph are grown by hydrothermal treatment of a mixture of Na2NbOF5 (prepared by reaction of NaF, Nb2O5 in 48% aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Ion Conducting Properties of La5NbMo2O16.
Authors: Vu T. D. , Krichen F. , Barre M. , Busselez R. , Adil K. , Jouanneaux A. , Suard E. , Goutenoire F.
Published: June 2016

The new title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of La2O3, Nb2O5, and MoO3 employing five annealing states (1200—1300 °C, 30—88 h, heating and cooling rates of 6 °C/min).
ChemInform Abstract: Evidence for Hydrodynamic Electron Flow in PdCoO2.
Authors: Moll P. J. W. , Kushwaha P. , Nandi N. , Schmidt B. , Mackenzie A. P.
Published: June 2016

A long‐standing question in the physics of solids has been whether the viscosity of the electron fluid plays an observable role in determining the resistance.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetism of A2Co12As7 (A: Ca, Y, Ce—Yb).
Authors: Tan Xiaoyan , Ovidiu Garlea V. , Chai Ping , Geondzhian Andrey Y. , Yaroslavtsev Alexander A. , Xin Yan , Menushenkov Alexey P. , Chernikov Roman V. , Shatruk Michael
Published: June 2016

Intermetallic Ln2Co12As7 (Ln: Y, Ce—Yb) and Ca2Co12As7 are prepared by solid state reaction of the elements using excess Bi as a flux (evacuated silica tubes,1223 K, 8 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Pure H‐ Conduction in Oxyhydrides.
Authors: Kobayashi Genki , Hinuma Yoyo , Matsuoka Shinji , Watanabe Akihiro , Iqbal Muhammad , Hirayama Masaaki , Yonemura Masao , Kamiyama Takashi , Tanaka Isao , Kanno Ryoji
Published: June 2016

The study of an all‐solid‐state TiH2/orthorhombic‐La2LiHO3/Ti cell provides conclusive evidence of pure H‐ conduction.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Noble Metal Vanadium Phosphites with Broad Absorption for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.
Authors: Song Jun‐Ling , Zhang Jian‐Han , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: June 2016

CsV2(H3O)(HPO3)4 (I) and Ba3V2(HPO3)6 (II) are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of aqueous Cs2CO3 or BaCO3, NaVO3, and H3PO3 (autoclave, 210 °C, 4 d, pH 0.5→1; 83 and 85% yield, resp.).
ChemInform Abstract: Small Titanium Oxo Clusters: Primary Structures of Titanium(IV) in Water.
Authors: Zhang Guanyun , Hou Jie , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wang Yifeng
Published: June 2016

Three new types of titanium oxo clusters (III), (V), and (VI) are characterized by single crystal XRD, IR, Raman, ESR, and UV/VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Single Crystals of Transition Metal Vanadates in the Glaserite Phase.
Authors: Sanjeewa Liurukara D. , McMillen Colin D. , Willett Daniel , Chumanov George , Kolis Joseph W.
Published: June 2016

High quality single crystals with sizes up to 2—3 mm/edge of the transition metal vanadates (Va—g) are hydrothermally prepared and their structures are determined by single crystal XRD.