bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OVID, REMEDIA AMORIS 95: VERBA DAT OMNIS AMOR
Authors: Houghton L.B.T.
Published: April 2013

Anagrams and syllabic wordplay of the kind championed by Frederick Ahl in his Metaformations have not always been favourably received by scholars of Latin poetry; I would hesitate to propose the following instance, were it not for the fact that its occurrence seems peculiarly apposite to the context in which it appears. That Roman poets were prepared to use such techniques to enhance the presentation of an argument by exemplifying its operation at a verbal level is demonstrated by the famous passage of Lucretius (DRN 1.907–14; also 1.891–2) in which the poet seeks to illustrate the tendency of semina … ardoris to create fire in wood by the literal presence of elements from the word for ‘fires’ (IGNes) in that denoting wood (lIGNum). A similar conception may underlie the association insinuated by the love elegists between amor and mors, suggesting that death is somehow ‘written into’ love: so Propertius declares laus in amore mori (2.1.47), while Tibullus appears to point to the lurking presence of death in the pursuit of love in the lines interea, dum fata sinunt, iungamus amores: | iam ueniet tenebris Mors adoperta caput (1.1.69–70) – so swift and unexpected is death's approach that it is already present in aMOReS in the preceding line. Ovid's awareness of the poetic potential of this kind of play (if that is the right word for it) is fully exhibited in his celebrated account of Echo and Narcissus in Metamorphoses 3, where the subject matter gives the poet ample scope to exploit the humorous and pathetic possibilities afforded by Echo's fragmented repetitions of the frustrated entreaties of her beloved.
ARISTOPHANES, WEALTH 227–9
Authors: Jacobson David J.
Published: April 2013

This note concerns the meaning of the phrase μελήσει ταῦτα and the anomalous use of the singular demonstrative pronoun in Aristophanes, Wealth 229. Although the manuscripts are unanimous in their readings, I argue that the paradosis should be emended to μελήσει ταῦτα.
PINDAR AND EURIPIDES ON SEX WITH APOLLO
Authors: Kearns Emily
Published: April 2013

Among the most characteristic motifs in Greek mythology is the sexual union of a god with a mortal woman and the resultant birth of a hero. The existence of hexameter poetry listing the women thus favoured – the famous women in the underworld in the eleventh book of the Odyssey, and above all theEoiai– is evidence of an interest in the women involved, not only in their heroic sons, and suggests that already at an early date the theme was the object not merely of passive reception but of an active consciousness. TheEoiai, indeed, saw such unions as an integral part of an earlier and better age, when mortals and immortals were closer:ξυναὶ γὰρ τότε δαῖτες ἔσαν, ξυνοὶ δὲ θόωκοιἀθανάτων τε θεῶν καταθνητοῖς τ' ἀνθρώπων(fr. 1 Μ–W)But it was not to be supposed that such a potentially rich theme would receive a unitary treatment. Already in their first appearances – at least, the first appearances for us – many individual stories are clearly distinguished by their different circumstances. A common variable is the existence, the kind and the degree of difficulty experienced by the woman as a result of the encounter. Polymele, for instance, mother of Eudorus by Hermes atIliad16.179–92, has seemingly no difficulty in leaving her child to be brought up by her father while she goes on to marry a mortal husband. But suffering of some sort is perhaps more usual, and famous sufferers include Cassandra, punished for spurning Apollo's advances; Danae, first imprisoned by her father in a brazen tower to prevent her pregnancy, and then locked in a chest with her baby and set afloat on the waves; and Semele, destroyed when her lover Zeus appeared to her in his true form. Such different experiences could suggest further multiple versions of the same general theme, diverging especially in the consequences of the union (or attempted union) for the mortal partner. Even the same characters could potentially undergo quite different variants of the story; the chief constant is the unfailing popularity of the mythical motif.
TACITUS, ANNALS 1.1.1 AND ARISTOTLE
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: April 2013

The first sentence of the Annals reads urbem Romam a principio reges habuere. Commentators observe the echo of Sallust, Catiline 6.1 urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio Troiani, and of Claudius, ILS 212 quondam reges hanc tenuere urbem. In a stimulating recent contribution David Levene also compares the first sentence of Justinus' Epitome of the Histories of Pompeius Trogus: principio rerum gentium nationumque imperium penes reges erat. A fourth potential model may now be taken into consideration: Ἀθηναῖοι τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐχρῶντο βασιλɛίαι.
WHO SINGS THE HOOPOE'S SONG? ARISTOPHANES,BIRDS202–8
Authors: Liapis Vayos J.
Published: April 2013

At Aristophanes,Birds172ff., Peisetaerus persuades the Hoopoe that the birds would be better off building a city in the clouds. The Hoopoe announces that he will go off to summon the other birds to an assembly, so that the proposal may be approved. ‘How will you summon them?’, asks Peisetaerus. ‘That's easy’, replies the Hoopoe:ΕΠΟΨδɛυρὶ γὰρ ἐμβὰς αὐτίκα μάλ' ɛἰς τὴν λόχμην,ἔπɛιτ' ἀνɛγɛίρας τὴν ἐμὴν ἀηδόνα,καλοῦμɛν αὐτούς· οἱ δὲ νῷν τοῦ ϕθέγματοςἐάνπɛρ ἐπακούσωσι θɛύσονται δρόμῳ.     205ΠΕΙΣΕΤΑΙΡΟΣὦ ϕίλτατ' ὀρνίθων σύ, μή νυν ἕσταθι·ἀλλ', ἀντιβολῶ σ', ἄγ' ὡς τάχιστ' ɛἰς τὴν λόχμηνɛἴσβαινɛ κἀνέγɛιρɛ τὴν ἀηδόνα.
WOMEN SCORNED: A NEW STICHOMETRIC ALLUSION IN THEAENEID
Authors: Lowe Dunstan
Published: April 2013

Intense scrutiny can raise chimaeras, and Virgil is the most scrutinized of Roman poets, but he may have engineered coincidences in line number (‘stichometric allusions’) between certain of his verses and their Greek models. A handful of potential examples have now accumulated. Scholars have detected Virgilian citations of Homer, Callimachus and Aratus in this manner, as well as intratextual allusions by both Virgil and Ovid, and references to Virgil's works by later Roman poets using the same technique. (For present purposes I disregard the separate, though related, phenomenon of correspondingnumbers of linesin parallel passages: G. Knauer,Die Aeneis und Homer(Göttingen, 1964) suggests several examples of such correspondences between Homer and Virgil, especially in speeches. Another purely formal mode of allusion faintly present in Roman poetry is homophonic translation (the technique which Louis Zukofsky's 1969 translations of Catullus pursuein extenso); thus Virgil'sfagus, beech, corresponds with Theocritus'phagos, oak.) If genuine, the phenomenon lacks any consistent method or regular pattern (and the degree of plausibility varies); if genuine, it is very rare, even if accidents in textual transmission could have obscured some examples; if genuine, it probably originated in the Hellenistic period, although such a case has yet to be made. Virgil presently seems the earliest and most copious practitioner of stichometric allusion. A previously undetected example in theAeneidis proposed below.
ILIAD24 AND THE JUDGEMENT OF PARIS
Authors: Mackie C.J.
Published: April 2013

Despite the importance of the Judgement of Paris in the story of the Trojan War, theIliadhas only one explicit reference to it. This occurs, rather out of the blue, in the final book of the poem in a dispute among the gods about the treatment of Hector's body (24.25–30). Achilles keeps dragging the body around behind his chariot, but Apollo protects it with his golden aegis (24.18–21). Apollo then speaks among the gods and attacks the conduct of Achilles (24.33–54), claiming at the end that he offends the dumb earth (24.54). Other gods too have their concerns about what is going on, and they keep trying to get Hermes to snatch the body away (24.23–4). The three most powerful divine enemies of Troy, however, Hera, Poseidon and Athena, will have none of this. They remain as hostile to Troy and Priam and his people as they ever were, and it is in this context that the Judgement of Paris is mentioned:

ἔνθ' ἄλλοις μὲν πᾶσιν ἑήνδανɛν, οὐδέ πoθ' Ἥρῃ

οὐδὲ Ποσɛιδάων' οὐδὲ γλαυκώπιδι κούρῃ,

ἀλλ' ἔχον ὥς σϕιν πρῶτον ἀπήχθɛτο Ἴλιος ἱρὴ

καὶ Πρίαμος καὶ λαὸς Ἀλɛξάνδρου ἕνɛκ' ἄτης,

ὃς νɛίκɛσσɛ θɛάς, ὅτɛ οἱ μέσσαυλον ἵκοντο,

τὴν δ' ᾔνησ' ἥ οἱ πόρɛ μαχλοσύνην ἀλɛγɛινήν.

(24.25–30)

And this was pleasing to all the others, but never to Hera

nor to Poseidon, nor to the flashing-eyed maiden,

but they remained hostile to sacred Ilios as in the beginning,

and to Priam and to his people, because of Alexander's folly,

he who insulted the goddesses when they came to his inner courtyard

and praised her who provided his grievous lust.
EUNUS: THE COWARDLY KING
Authors: Morton Peter
Published: April 2013

In 135b.c., unable to endure the treatment of their master Damophilus, a group of slaves, urged on by the wonder-worker Eunus, captured the city of Enna in Eastern Sicily in a night-time raid. The subsequent war, according to our sources the largest of its kind in antiquity, raged for three years, destroying the armies of Roman praetors, and engaging three consecutive consuls in its eventual suppression. The success of the rebels in holding out for years against a progression of Roman armies indicates the importance of the event, and the capabilities of their leaders. One expects the man capable of leading such a revolt to have been exceptional, and in this respect the ancient accounts do not disappoint: in a narrative replete with larger-than-life characters, ranging from the depraved slave-owner Damophilus (Diod. Sic. 34/5.2.10, 35–8) to the restrained Roman consul Calpurnius Piso (Val. Max. 4.3.10), one figure stands out in Diodorus Siculus' depiction: the leader of the slaves. This man, Eunus, whom Diodorus describes as the leader of the event he calls the (first) Sicilian Slave War, has been variously interpreted in modern scholarship. Analyses have fallen into two (not mutually exclusive) categories. On the one hand, the hostile and outlandish account of Diodorus is accepted uncritically, with the details of Eunus' character understood as faithful, historical representations. On the other hand, the negative facets of Eunus' character are reinterpreted in a positive historical context, thereby outlining his suitability and capability to lead such a large and successful insurgency against Rome. Indeed, Urbainczyk recently argued that despite the difficulties in saying anything definite about the leaders of the so-called Sicilian Slave Wars ‘[Diodorus] attributed to [Eunus] all the powers, abilities, wisdom, and cunning that challenges to the status quo had to have in order to succeed’.
STILL WATERS RUN DEEP: PLUTARCH,AEMILIUS PAULUS14
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: April 2013

In hisLife of Aemilius Paulus, Plutarch (quite naturally) rehearses the initial phase of Aemilius Paulus' campaign against Perseus, when the Macedonian had occupied a position on the northern bank of the river Elpeus so strongly fortified that any direct assault could only be disastrous for the attackers. Aemilius instead resorted to a cunning strategy of synchronized surgical strikes, while a detachment, the departure and direction of which were successfully disguised, managed to round the Macedonian camp. Perseus' position was thus compromised, and in reaction the monarch hastily retreated to Pydna, where in the end his luck was even worse. Embedded in this narrative is the report that, prior to Aemilius' dislodging of Perseus, the morale of the legions was sorely depressed. The reason was simple and straightforward: they were suffering from a shortage of satisfactorily potable water. This difficulty Aemelius resolved by digging wells.
PERFORMINGPAIDEIA: GREEK CULTURE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR SOCIAL PROMOTION IN THE FOURTH CENTURYa.d.
Authors: Van Hoof Lieve
Published: April 2013

Paideia– i.e. Greek culture, comprising, amongst other things, language, literature, philosophy and medicine – was a constituent component of the social identity of the elite of the Roman empire: as a number of influential studies on the Second Sophistic have recently shown, leading members of society presented themselves as such by their possession and deployment of cultural capital, for example by performing oratory, writing philosophy or showcasing medical interventions. As the ‘common language’ of the men ruling the various parts of the empire, Greek culture became a characteristic of, and thus ade factocondition for, leading socio-political positions. Whilst most elite men would have taken for granted a good cultural education no less than a leading position, an outstanding command of the classical Greek language, literature and tradition as displayed in epideictic performances allowed some orators, philosophers and doctors to move distinctively up the social ladder, sometimes reaching the ears of, and thereby wielding influence over, the emperor himself.
CICERO'SSILVA(A NOTE ONAD ATTICUM12.15)
Authors: Walters Brian
Published: April 2013

In mid-February 45b.c.e., in a tragedy that was to plunge the orator into seemingly irreparable despair, Cicero's beloved daughter Tullia died. She had given birth nearly a month before and at first seemed to be doing well. Soon, however, her health gave out and Cicero took her to his Tusculan villa to recover. In the end, there was little that could be done. After her funeral, Cicero stayed for about three weeks with Atticus in Rome, but the constant stream of visitors offering condolences became too much to bear, and on the sixth of March the heartbroken father retired to a villa he owned on the coast at Astura, some 45 miles south of Rome. Three days later he dispatched the following anguished epistle (Att. 12.15):

Apud Appuleium, quoniam in perpetuum non placet, in dies ut excuser videbis. in hac solitudine careo omnium colloquio, cumque mane me in silvam abstrusi densam et asperam, non exeo inde ante vesperum. secundum te nihil est mihi amicius solitudine. in ea mihi omnis sermo est cum litteris. eum tamen interpellat fletus; cui repugno quoad possum, sed adhuc pares non sumus. Bruto, ut suades, rescribam. eas litteras cras habebis. cum erit cui des, dabis.
VIRGIL'S LIME-WOOD YOKE (GEORGICS1.173–4)
Authors: Cairns Francis
Published: April 2013

caeditur et tilia ante iugo leuis altaque fagusstiuaque, quae currus a tergo torqueat imos

In these two lines of his instructions for making a plough Virgil prescribes (173) the wood of thetilia(lime) as suitable for theiugum(yoke); he also (173–4) mentions thefagus(beech), seemingly in connection with the making of thestiua(stilt/handle). These recommendations are both problematic, and since the latter admits of no sure solution, treatment of it is relegated to a brief Appendix (below). The body of this paper has two aims: 1) to propose a new understanding of Virgil's prescription of thetiliafor theiugum; and 2) to draw attention to Virgil's use of the Hesiod scholia in his plough instructions.
HORACE,CARMEN4.2.53–60: ANOTHER LOOK AT THEVITULUS
Authors: Klooster Jacqueline
Published: April 2013

Carmen4.2 is one of the most commented upon of the odes of Horace. It is indeed a complex poem. To summarize roughly: addressing the young poet Iullus Antonius, Horace presents the dangers of emulating Pindar, offering what seems like a lengthy description as well as an approximation of Pindar's own poetic style (1–24). Not as a doomed Icarus imitating the grand Pindaric swan, but in his own preferred mode, like a bee on the banks of Tibur, Horace will continue to produce his own highly refined poems on a small scale (25–30). Iullus Antonius, on the other hand, will sing of Augustus’ triumphmaiore plectro(33, a phrase which in all likelihood refers to his activity as an epic poet). Modestly, Horace himself will be content to join in with the popular chants for Augustus’ triumphal return as one happy civilian among the crowd (33–52). Iullus Antonius will moreover offer a grand sacrifice of ten bulls and as many cows on that occasion, whereas Horace promises a single bull-calf that he is saving especially for the purpose (53–60). I will try to offer a new interpretation of these last two strophes by pointing out an unnoticed allusion to a Hellenistic subtext.
Molecular divergence between two sympatric species ofDondice(Mollusca: Nudibranchia) with distinct feeding specializations
Authors: Gonzalez Luis , Hanson Dieta , Valdés Ángel
Published: April 2013

Analysis of mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (H3) gene data using phylogenetic and population genetic approaches has revealed some genetic differences between two putative species of western AtlanticDondiceopisthobranchs that feed differentially on hydroids or on up-side-down jellies of the genusCassiopeia. These results partially support the validity of the speciesDondice parguerensis, which was described for the jelly-eatingDondice. However, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the hydroid-feeding speciesDondice occidentalisandD. parguerensisare not reciprocally monophyletic and they are identical for the nuclear H3 gene. Although there are morphological and developmental differences between these two nominal species, the molecular data are inconclusive. A possible explanation is that the two putative species are in the process of speciation due to different feeding habits, resulting in the presence of genetic synapomorphies inD. parguerensis, but only in the more variable 16S gene. Because the rangesD. occidentalisandD. parguerensisoverlap and there are no obvious barriers to gene flow between the two putative species, this may constitute a possible example of incipient sympatric speciation in benthic marine organisms.
N-Myristoyltransferase as a potential drug target in malaria and leishmaniasis
Authors: TATE EDWARD W. , BELL ANDREW S. , RACKHAM MARK D. , WRIGHT MEGAN H.
Published: April 2013

Infections caused by protozoan parasites are among the most widespread and intractable transmissible diseases affecting the developing world, with malaria and leishmaniasis being the most costly in terms of morbidity and mortality. Although new drugs are urgently required against both diseases in the face of ever-rising resistance to frontline therapies, very few candidates passing through development pipelines possess a known and novel mode of action. Set in the context of drugs currently in use and under development, we present the evidence forN-myristoyltransferase (NMT), an enzyme thatN-terminally lipidates a wide range of specific target proteins through post-translational modification, as a potential drug target in malaria and the leishmaniases. We discuss the limitations of current knowledge regarding the downstream targets of this enzyme in protozoa, and our recent progress towards potent cell-active NMT inhibitors against the most clinically-relevant species of parasite. Finally, we outline the next steps required in terms of both tools to understandN-myristoylation in protozoan parasites, and the generation of potential development candidates based on the output of our recently-reported high-throughput screens.
The 5% difference: early sensory processing predicts sarcasm perception in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder
Authors: Kantrowitz J. T. , Hoptman M. J. , Leitman D. I. , Silipo G. , Javitt D. C.
Published: April 2013

Background

Intact sarcasm perception is a crucial component of social cognition and mentalizing (the ability to understand the mental state of oneself and others). In sarcasm, tone of voice is used to negate the literal meaning of an utterance. In particular, changes in pitch are used to distinguish between sincere and sarcastic utterances. Schizophrenia patients show well-replicated deficits in auditory function and functional connectivity (FC) within and between auditory cortical regions. In this study we investigated the contributions of auditory deficits to sarcasm perception in schizophrenia.

Method

Auditory measures including pitch processing, auditory emotion recognition (AER) and sarcasm detection were obtained from 76 patients with schizophrenia/schizo-affective disorder and 72 controls. Resting-state FC (rsFC) was obtained from a subsample and was analyzed using seeds placed in both auditory cortex and meta-analysis-defined core-mentalizing regions relative to auditory performance.

Results

Patients showed large effect-size deficits across auditory measures. Sarcasm deficits correlated significantly with general functioning and impaired pitch processing both across groups and within the patient group alone. Patients also showed reduced sensitivity to alterations in mean pitch and variability. For patients, sarcasm discrimination correlated exclusively with the level of rsFC within primary auditory regions whereas for controls, correlations were observed exclusively within core-mentalizing regions (the right posterior superior temporal gyrus, anterior superior temporal sulcus and insula, and left posterior medial temporal gyrus).

Conclusions

These findings confirm the contribution of auditory deficits to theory of mind (ToM) impairments in schizophrenia, and demonstrate that FC within auditory, but not core-mentalizing, regions is rate limiting with respect to sarcasm detection in schizophrenia.
Attributing sporadic and outbreak-associated infections to sources: blending epidemiological data
Authors: COLE D. , GRIFFIN P. M. , FULLERTON K. E. , AYERS T. , SMITH K. , INGRAM L. A. , KISSLER B. , HOEKSTRA R. M.
Published: April 2013

Common sources of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 infection have been identified by investigating outbreaks and by case-control studies of sporadic infections. We conducted an analysis to attribute STEC O157 infections ascertained in 1996 and 1999 by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) to sources. Multivariable models from two case-control studies conducted in FoodNet and outbreak investigations that occurred during the study years were used to calculate the annual number of infections attributable to six sources. Using the results of the outbreak investigations alone, 27% and 15% of infections were attributed to a source in 1996 and 1999, respectively. Combining information from both data sources, 65% of infections in 1996 and 34% of infections in 1999 were attributed. The results suggest that methods to incorporate data from multiple surveillance systems and over several years are needed to improve estimation of the number of illnesses attributable to exposure sources.
The distributional effects of the Social Security windfall elimination provision
Authors: BROWN JEFFREY R. , WEISBENNER SCOTT J.
Published: April 2013

Over five million state and local government employees have lifetime earnings that are divided between employment that is covered by the Social Security system and employment that is not covered. As Social Security benefits are a nonlinear function of covered lifetime earnings, the simple application of the standard benefit formula to covered earnings only would provide a higher replacement rate on those earnings than is appropriate given the individuals' total (covered plus uncovered) lifetime earnings. The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP), established in 1983, is intended to correct this situation by applying a modified benefit formula to earnings of individuals with non-covered employment. This paper analyzes the distributional implications of the WEP and finds that it reduces benefits disproportionately for individuals with lower lifetime covered earnings. It discusses an alternative method of calculating the WEP that comes closer to preserving the intended redistribution of the system. In recognition of historical data limitations that prevent the Social Security Administration (SSA) from being able to implement this alternative method at present, the paper also analyzes two alternative ways of calculating the WEP that use the same information as the current WEP, are budget neutral, and come closer to maintaining the individual-level, cross-sectional progressivity of Social Security than does the existing WEP formula.
Belastungen in der Kindheit und dissoziative Symptomatik bei Patienten mit psychischen Störungen
Authors: Fiess Johanna , Steffen Astrid , Pietrek Christian , Rockstroh Brigitte
Published: April 2013

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Dissoziative Symptome treten bei verschiedenen psychischen Störungen auf und werden bei einigen Störungen mit traumatischen Erfahrungen assoziiert. Fragestellung: Wird der Zusammenhang zwischen dissoziativer Symptomatik und belastenden Erfahrungen moduliert durch die Art der Erfahrung und das Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Belastung? Methode: Bei 82 Patienten (Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung, BPS; Major Depression Disorder, MDD) und 54 gesunden Kontrollpersonen wurden per Interview belastende Erfahrungen während Kindheit und Jugend (3 – 16 Jahre) ermittelt. Zusammenhänge zwischen Belastung und dissoziativer Symptomatik wurden regressionsanalytisch unter Berücksichtigung von Diagnose und komorbider Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung (PTBS) untersucht. Ergebnisse: Dissoziative Symptomatik korreliert bei BPD und MDD (mit komorbider PTBS) positiv mit emotionalem (neben sexuellem) Missbrauch und mit Belastungen in der Pubertät. Schlussfolgerung: Therapeutische Berücksichtigung emotionaler und pubertärer Belastung könnte die (Behandlung erschwerende) dissoziative Symptomatik reduzieren.
Entwicklung und Evaluation des Fragebogens zu belastenden Sozialerfahrungen in der Peergroup (FBS)
Authors: Sansen Lisa , Iffland Benjamin , Catani Claudia , Neuner Frank
Published: April 2013

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Im deutschsprachigen Raum liegt kein geeignetes Instrument zur retrospektiven Erfassung von Peerviktimisierung vor. Fragestellung: Ziele der Studie waren die Entwicklung und Evaluation einer Ereignisliste, mit der belastende Sozialerfahrungen in der Peergroup retrospektiv erfasst werden können. Methode: Der Fragebogen zu belastenden Sozialerfahrungen (FBS) wurde nach inhaltlichen Überlegungen erstellt. Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften wurden mittels einer Internetbefragung (N = 995) überprüft. Ergebnisse: Die Stichprobe war hinsichtlich psychischer Symptomatik und sozialer Ängstlichkeit überdurchschnittlich belastet. Die Stabilität der Angaben kann als zufriedenstellend beurteilt werden. Die Konstruktvalidität wird durch Zusammenhänge des FBS mit psychischer Symptombelastung und sozialen Ängsten bestätigt. Signifikant höhere FBS-Werte der hoch Sozialängstlichen verglichen mit den niedrig Sozialängstlichen liefern Hinweise auf diskriminative Validität. Schlussfolgerung: Der Einsatz des FBS in Forschung und Praxis kann empfohlen werden. Weitere Validierungsstudien an klinischen und nicht klinischen Stichprobe stehen aus.
Tumor Necrosis Factor in Traumatic Brain Injury: Effects of Genetic Deletion of p55 or p75 Receptor
Authors: Longhi Luca , Perego Carlo , Ortolano Fabrizio , Aresi Silvia , Fumagalli Stefano , Zanier Elisa R , Stocchetti Nino , De Simoni Maria-Grazia
Published: April 2013

The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear. We evaluated the effects of genetic deletion of either p55 or p75 TNF receptor on neurobehavioral outcome, histopathology, DNA damage and apoptosis-related cell death/survival gene expression (bcl-2/bax), and microglia/macrophage (M/M) activation in wild-type (WT) and knockout mice after TBI. Injured p55 (– / –) mice showed a significant attenuation while p75 (– / –) mice showed a significant worsening of sensorimotor deficits compared with WT mice over 4 weeks postinjury. At the same time point, contusion volume in p55 (– / –) mice (11.1 ± 3.3 mm3) was significantly reduced compared with WT (19.7 ± 3.4 mm3) and p75 (– / –) mice (20.9 ± 3.2 mm3). At 4 hours postinjury, bcl-2/bax ratio mRNA expression was increased in p55 (– / –) compared with p75 (– / –) mice and was associated with reduced DNA damage terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferaseYmediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL-positivity), reduced CD11b expression and increased Ym1 expression at 24 hours postinjury in p55 (– / –) compared with p75 (– / –) mice, indicative of a protective M/M response. These data suggest that TNF may exacerbate neurobehavioral deficits and tissue damage via p55 TNF receptor whose inhibition may represent a specific therapeutic target after TBI.
Hybrid gelation processes in enzymatically gelled gelatin: impact on nanostructure, macroscopic properties and cellular response
Authors: Bode Franziska , da Silva Marcelo Alves , Smith Paul , Lorenz Christian D. , McCullen Seth , Stevens Molly M. , Dreiss Cécile A.
Published: April 2013

Enzymatic cross-linking of gelatin (left) proceeds through cluster growth (red); when combined with physical gelation, clusters are constrained by triple-helices (black), yielding a more ordered and efficient network, favouring cell proliferation.
Role of haem oxygenase in the renoprotective effects of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Elmarakby Ahmed A. , Faulkner Jessica , Pye Chelsey , Rouch Katelyn , Alhashim Abdulmohsin , Maddipati Krishna Rao , Baban Babak
Published: April 2013

We have shown previously that inhibition of sEH (soluble epoxide hydrolase) increased EETs (epoxyeicosatrienoic acids) levels and reduced renal injury in diabetic mice and these changes were associated with induction of HO (haem oxygenase)-1. The present study determines whether the inhibition of HO negates the renoprotective effect of sEH inhibition in diabetic SHR (spontaneously hypertensive rats). After 6 weeks of induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, SHR were divided into the following groups: untreated, treated with the sEH inhibitor t-AUCB {trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid}, treated with the HO inhibitor SnMP (stannous mesoporphyrin), and treated with both inhibitors for 4 more weeks; non-diabetic SHR served as a control group. Induction of diabetes significantly increased renal sEH expression and decreased the renal EETs/DHETEs (dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid) ratio without affecting HO-1 activity or expression in SHR. Inhibition of sEH with t-AUCB increased the renal EETs/DHETEs ratio and HO-1 activity in diabetic SHR; however, it did not significantly alter systolic blood pressure. Treatment of diabetic SHR with t-AUCB significantly reduced the elevation in urinary albumin and nephrin excretion, whereas co-administration of the HO inhibitor SnMP with t-AUCB prevented these changes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed elevations in renal fibrosis as indicated by increased renal TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) levels and fibronectin expression in diabetic SHR and these changes were reduced with sEH inhibition. Co-administration of SnMP with t-AUCB prevented its ability to reduce renal fibrosis in diabetic SHR. In addition, SnMP treatment also prevented t-AUCB-induced decreases in renal macrophage infiltration, IL-17 expression and MCP-1 levels in diabetic SHR. These findings suggest that HO-1 induction is involved in the protective effect of sEH inhibition against diabetic renal injury.
Solvation of polymers as mutual association. I. General theory
Authors: Dudowicz Jacek , Freed Karl F. , Douglas Jack F.
Published: April 2013

A Flory-Huggins (FH) type lattice theory of self-assembly is generalized to describe the equilibrium solvation of long polymer chains B by small solvent molecules A. Solvation is modeled as a thermally reversible mutual association between the polymer and a relatively low molar mass solvent. The FH Helmholtz free energy F is derived for a mixture composed of the A and B species and the various possible mutual association complexes AiB, and F is then used to generate expressions for basic thermodynamic properties of solvated polymer solutions, including the size distribution of the solvated clusters, the fraction of solvent molecules contained in solvated states (an order parameter for solvation), the specific heat (which exhibits a maximum at the solvation transition), the second and the third osmotic virial coefficients, and the boundaries for phase stability of the mixture. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of the “entropic” contribution χs to the FH interaction parameter χ of polymer solutions, both with and without associative interactions. The entropic χs parameter arises from correlations associated with polymer chain connectivity and disparities in molecular structure between the components of the mixture. Our analysis provides the first explanation of the longstanding enigma of why χs for polymer solutions significantly exceeds χs for binary polymer blends. Our calculations also reveal that χs becomes temperature dependent when interactions are strong, in sharp contrast to models currently being used for fitting thermodynamic data of associating polymer-solvent mixtures, where χs is simply assumed to be an adjustable constant based on experience with solutions of homopolymers in nonassociating solvents.
Solvation of polymers as mutual association. II. Basic thermodynamic properties
Authors: Dudowicz Jacek , Freed Karl F. , Douglas Jack F.
Published: April 2013

The theory of equilibrium solvation of polymers B by a relatively low molar mass solvent A, developed in the simplest form in Paper I, is used to explore some essential trends in basic thermodynamic properties of solvated polymer solutions, such as the equilibrium concentrations of solvated polymers AiB and free solvent molecules A, the mass distribution \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\phi _{{A_{i}B}}(i)$\end{document}ϕAiB(i) of solvated clusters, the extent of solvation of the polymer Φsolv, the solvation transition lines \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$T_{solv}(\phi _{{B}}^{\:o})$\end{document}Tsolv(ϕBo), the specific heat CV, the osmotic second virial coefficient \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\cal B}_{2}$\end{document}B2, phase stability boundaries, and the critical temperatures associated with closed loop phase diagrams. We discuss the differences between the basic thermodynamic properties of solvated polymers and those derived previously for hierarchical mutual association processes involving the association of two different species A and B into AB complexes and the subsequent polymerization of these AB complexes into linear polymeric structures. The properties of solvated polymer solutions are also compared to those for solutions of polymers in a self-associating solvent. Closed loop phase diagrams for solvated polymer solutions arise in the theory from the competition between the associative and van der Waals interactions, a behavior also typical for dispersed molecular and nanoparticle species that strongly associate with the host fluid. Our analysis of the temperature dependence of the second osmotic virial coefficient reveals that the theory must be generalized to describe the association of multiple solvent molecules with each chain monomer, and this complex extension of the present model will be developed in subsequent papers aimed at a quantitative rather than qualitative treatment of solvated polymer solutions.
Efficient Bayesian estimation of Markov model transition matrices with given stationary distribution
Authors: Trendelkamp-Schroer Benjamin , Noé Frank
Published: April 2013

Direct simulation of biomolecular dynamics in thermal equilibrium is challenging due to the metastable nature of conformation dynamics and the computational cost of molecular dynamics. Biased or enhanced sampling methods may improve the convergence of expectation values of equilibrium probabilities and expectation values of stationary quantities significantly. Unfortunately the convergence of dynamic observables such as correlation functions or timescales of conformational transitions relies on direct equilibrium simulations. Markov state models are well suited to describe both stationary properties and properties of slow dynamical processes of a molecular system, in terms of a transition matrix for a jump process on a suitable discretization of continuous conformation space. Here, we introduce statistical estimation methods that allow a priori knowledge of equilibrium probabilities to be incorporated into the estimation of dynamical observables. Both maximum likelihood methods and an improved Monte Carlo sampling method for reversible transition matrices with fixed stationary distribution are given. The sampling approach is applied to a toy example as well as to simulations of the MR121-GSGS-W peptide, and is demonstrated to converge much more rapidly than a previous approach of Noé [J. Chem. Phys. 128, 244103 (2008)10.1063/1.2916718].
Stochastic evaluation of second-order Dyson self-energies
Authors: Willow Soohaeng Yoo , Kim Kwang S. , Hirata So
Published: April 2013

A stochastic method is proposed that evaluates the second-order perturbation corrections to the Dyson self-energies of a molecule (i.e., quasiparticle energies or correlated ionization potentials and electron affinities) directly and not as small differences between two large, noisy quantities. With the aid of a Laplace transform, the usual sum-of-integral expressions of the second-order self-energy in many-body Green's function theory are rewritten into a sum of just four 13-dimensional integrals, 12-dimensional parts of which are evaluated by Monte Carlo integration. Efficient importance sampling is achieved with the Metropolis algorithm and a 12-dimensional weight function that is analytically integrable, is positive everywhere, and cancels all the singularities in the integrands exactly and analytically. The quasiparticle energies of small molecules have been reproduced within a few mEh of the correct values with 108 Monte Carlo steps. Linear-to-quadratic scaling of the size dependence of computational cost is demonstrated even for these small molecules.
Automatic, optimized interface placement in forward flux sampling simulations
Authors: Kratzer Kai , Arnold Axel , Allen Rosalind J.
Published: April 2013

Forward flux sampling (FFS) provides a convenient and efficient way to simulate rare events in equilibrium or non-equilibrium systems. FFS ratchets the system from an initial state to a final state via a series of interfaces in phase space. The efficiency of FFS depends sensitively on the positions of the interfaces. We present two alternative methods for placing interfaces automatically and adaptively in their optimal locations, on-the-fly as an FFS simulation progresses, without prior knowledge or user intervention. These methods allow the FFS simulation to advance efficiently through bottlenecks in phase space by placing more interfaces where the probability of advancement is lower. The methods are demonstrated both for a single-particle test problem and for the crystallization of Yukawa particles. By removing the need for manual interface placement, our methods both facilitate the setting up of FFS simulations and improve their performance, especially for rare events which involve complex trajectories through phase space, with many bottlenecks.
Density functional theory for crystal-liquid interfaces of Lennard-Jones fluid
Authors: Wang Xin , Mi Jianguo , Zhong Chongli
Published: April 2013

A density functional approach is presented to describe the crystal-liquid interfaces and crystal nucleations of Lennard-Jones fluid. Within the theoretical framework, the modified fundamental measure theory is applied to describe the free energy functional of hard sphere repulsion, and the weighted density method based on first order mean spherical approximation is used to describe the free energy contribution arising from the attractive interaction. The liquid-solid equilibria, density profiles within crystal cells and at liquid-solid interfaces, interfacial tensions, nucleation free energy barriers, and critical cluster sizes are calculated for face-centered-cubic and body-centered-cubic nucleus. Some results are in good agreement with available simulation data, indicating that the present model is quantitatively reliable in describing nucleation thermodynamics of Lennard-Jones fluid.
On the growth kinetics of Ni(Pt) silicide thin films
Authors: Demeulemeester J. , Smeets D. , Comrie C. M. , Barradas N. P. , Vieira A. , Van Bockstael C. , Detavernier C. , Temst K. , Vantomme A.
Published: April 2013

We report on the effect of Pt on the growth kinetics of δ-Ni2Si and Ni1−xPtxSi thin films formed by solid phase reaction of a Ni(Pt) alloyed thin film on Si(100). The study was performed by real-time Rutherford backscattering spectrometry examining the silicide growth rates for initial Pt concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 7, and 10 at. % relative to the Ni content. Pt was found to exert a drastic effect on the growth kinetics of both phases. δ-Ni2Si growth is slowed down tremendously, which results in the simultaneous growth of this phase with Ni1−xPtxSi. Activation energies extracted for the Ni1−xPtxSi growth process exhibit an increase from Ea = 1.35 ± 0.06 eV for binary NiSi to Ea = 2.7 ± 0.2 eV for Ni1−xPtxSi with an initial Pt concentration of 3 at. %. Further increasing the Pt content to 10 at. % merely increases the activation energy for Ni1−xPtxSi growth to Ea = 3.1 ± 0.5 eV.
Stacking-dependent superstructures at stepped armchair interfaces of bilayer/trilayer graphene
Authors: Kazemi Asieh S. , Crampin Simon , Ilie Adelina
Published: April 2013

We present the first study of quantum interference patterns at a bilayer-trilayer armchair interface, for different stacking sequences. Visualization using scanning tunneling microscopy and theoretical calculations provides direct evidence that near armchair edges electron behavior is dominated by the “hard” edge, where the layer is abruptly truncated, as opposed to the “soft” edges, where layers continue across the boundary. Intervalley reflection causes universal quenching of the wavefunction with a periodicity of three C atoms, while the exact interference patterns depend on the stacking sequence and appear to be robust to disorder and chemical terminations.
Simulations of electrothermal instability growth in solid aluminum rods
Authors: Peterson Kyle J. , Yu Edmund P. , Sinars Daniel B. , Cuneo Michael E. , Slutz Stephen A. , Koning Joseph M. , Marinak Michael M. , Nakhleh Charles , Herrmann Mark C.
Published: April 2013

A recent publication [K. J. Peterson et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 092701 (2012)] describes simulations and experiments of electrothermal instability growth on well characterized initially solid aluminum and copper rods driven with a 20 MA, 100 ns rise time current pulse on Sandia National Laboratories Z accelerator. Quantitative analysis of the high precision radiography data obtained in the experiments showed excellent agreement with simulations and demonstrated levels of instability growth in dense matter that could not be explained by magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities alone. This paper extends the previous one by examining the nature of the instability growth in 2D simulations in much greater detail. The initial instability growth in the simulations is shown via several considerations to be predominantly electrothermal in nature and provides a seed for subsequent magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor growth.
Ping-pong modes and higher-periodicity multipactor
Authors: Kishek R. A.
Published: April 2013

Multipactor is a vacuum discharge driven by secondary electron emission. Multiple period multipactors have long been known to exist but have been studied less extensively. In a period-n multipactor, electrons undergo multiple impacts in one rf period, with the synchronous phase alternating periodically between multiple values. A novel resonant form is proposed that combines one- and two-surface impacts within a single period, provided the total transit time is an odd number of rf half-periods and the product of secondary yields exceeds unity. For low fD products, the simplest such mode is shown to significantly increase the upper electric field boundary of the multipacting region and lead to overlap of higher-order bands. The results agree nicely with 3-D particle-in-cell code simulations. An alternative, map-based method is introduced for analyzing higher-periodicity multipactor. Practical implications of the findings are discussed, including consequences for multipactor suppression strategies using a dc magnetic field.
Quantum state characterization of a fast tunable superconducting resonator
Authors: Wang Z. L. , Zhong Y. P. , He L. J. , Wang H. , Martinis John M. , Cleland A. N. , Xie Q. W.
Published: April 2013

We demonstrate a frequency-tunable superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator, with a tuning range of half a gigahertz and a switching time of 1 ns. The resonator is made tunable by inserting a superconducting quantum interference device in the center strip of the resonator. Quantum measurements are made by probing the resonator with a superconducting qubit, allowing us to use microwave photon Fock states to benchmark the resonator performance. Using the resonator, we shuttle energy quanta between the qubit and a microscopic two-level state. The tunable resonator can, therefore, serve as a communication bus or memory element in a prototype quantum processor.
Characterization of submicron-sized CO2 clusters formed with a supersonic expansion of a mixed-gas using a three-staged nozzle
Authors: Jinno S. , Fukuda Y. , Sakaki H. , Yogo A. , Kanasaki M. , Kondo K. , Faenov A. Ya. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Pikuz T. A. , Boldarev A. S. , Gasilov V. A.
Published: April 2013

The size of CO2 clusters, produced in a supersonic expansion of a mixed-gas of CO2/He or CO2/H2 through a three-staged conical nozzle designed based on the Boldarev's model, has been evaluated by measuring the angular distribution of light scattered from the clusters. The data are analyzed utilizing the Mie scattering theory, and the sizes of CO2 clusters are estimated as 0.22 μm and 0.25 μm for the cases of CO2/He and CO2/H2 gas mixtures, respectively. The results confirm that the Boldarev's model is reliable enough for the production of micron-sized clusters.
The role of percolation and sheet dynamics during heat conduction in poly-dispersed graphene nanofluids
Authors: Dhar Purbarun , Sen Gupta Soujit , Chakraborty Saikat , Pattamatta Arvind , Das Sarit K.
Published: April 2013

A thermal transport mechanism leading to the enhanced thermal conductivity of graphene nanofluids has been proposed. The graphene sheet size is postulated to be the key to the underlying mechanism. Based on a critical sheet size derived from Stokes-Einstein equation for the poly-dispersed nanofluid, sheet percolation and Brownian motion assisted sheet collisions are used to explain the heat conduction. A collision dependant dynamic conductivity considering Debye approximated volumetric specific heat due to phonon transport in graphene has been incorporated. The model has been found to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Electrically pumped random lasing from the light-emitting device based on two-fold-tandem SiO2/ZnO structure
Authors: Li Yunpeng , Wang Canxing , Jin Lu , Ma Xiangyang , Yang Deren
Published: April 2013

We report on remarkable decrease in threshold current for electrically pumped random lasing (RL) from the light-emitting device based on two-fold-tandem (double-) SiO2/ZnO-structure with respect to that in the case of single-SiO2/ZnO-structured device. Moreover, the former is of higher power conversion efficiency. In the double-SiO2/ZnO-structure, a waveguide is formed by the stacking SiO2/ZnO/SiO2, which enables photon confinement. Moreover, the electrons leaking out of the bottom SiO2/ZnO-structure are collected and partly involved in the radiative recombination in the top one. Furthermore, the RL photons generated in the bottom SiO2/ZnO-structure act as the stimuli to increase the stimulated emission rate in the top one. For the above-mentioned reasons, the RL performance of the double-SiO2/ZnO-structured device is substantially improved.