bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengembangan Kurikulum Terintegrasi DI Sekolah/Madrasah
Authors: Rahman Khalid
Published: January 2019

The procedures and attributes are must fulfilled to integrated curriculum development of schools or madrasah that consist: (1) the concept of integrated curriculum development is conducted at SMAN 10 Malang, consists of the integrated conception of vision and mission, institutional
integration, the integration of curriculum and learning by models that are suitable to within single disciplines, across several disciplines, and inside the mind of the learner; (2) planning of integrated curriculum that is used the rational-interaction model, and deductive rational model to divide roles between the principal of school and the teachers, and to
organize educational components that are supporting the integrated curriculum development; (3) implementation for integrated curriculum is carried out with the learning process in classroom, that prioritize the methods of problem solving, project methods, teaching units, inquiry, discovery, thematic approach, media of learning and sources of learning
that are varied; (4) evaluation for integrated curriculum is conducted with control function and supervision by the principal, while the teachers assess students that is based on three domains, namely cognitive, affective and psychomotor, then all of domains are manifested to form of test instruments and non-test.
keywords: Curriculum Development, Integrated Curriculum
Penyegaran Pendidikan Islam ; Wacana Redevinisi Dan Dekonstruksi
Authors: Fatahillah Faizal Rois
Published: January 2019

The Development of Islamic Education requires strong and detail epistemology that can only be resulted from complete understanding about classical inheritance about Islamic Education and then combined with detail understanding about issue and challenge that faced by Islamic Education at present and future. In this context, a scholar of Islamic
education requires to know classical inheritance about Islamic Education in his major well, and then mapping and searching the relevance to the condition of Islamic Education at the present and future.
keywords: Islamic Education, Redivinisi, Deconstruction.
TINJAUAN PENDIDIKAN MENURUT PANDANGAN AL-GHAZALI
Authors: Setiawan Eko
Published: January 2019

al-Ghazali was a great scholar who pays considerable attention to education. Educational practices and the concept of education has been used extensively by the paedagog until today. This type of education that developed seemed to be influenced by views on sufism and jurisprudence. Educational concept put forward a systematic and comprehensive also consistently in line with the attitude and personality as a sufi. Al-Ghazali's concept of education is an application and a response from the answer to the social problems it faces today.
Keywords: education, Islam, al-Ghazali
MOTIVASI: URGENSITASNYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN YANG EFEKTIF
Authors: Fahimah Siti
Published: January 2019

In the process of education or learning, we often categorize children or adult into successful or unsuccessful. These terms of categorization are based on external monitoring. But the success of pupils depends largely on their motivation. There are pupils showing the laziness in learning because they lack motivation, internally or externally. They need positive motivation. There is intrinsic motivation, i.e. the motivation which emerges from inside the self or the motivation which is closely connected with the purpose. And there is extrinsic motivation, i.e. the motivation which comes from outside the self or the motivation which has no connection with the purpose. The motivation is intimately related to psychological condition. There are many theories of motivation, but they all go back to the individual state of a person. There are also several ways to raise motivation: 1) Creating competition, 2) Defining clear and recognized purpose, 3) Accomodating the interests of pupils. The purposes of motivation are: 1) to urge people to reach their goals, 2) to point them in the direction of their goals, and 3) to select carefully the appropriate action to reach the goals. The clear motivation can help teachers to carry out the more effective process of learning with the better results.

 

Keywords: motivation, motive, psychology, learning effectiveness.
MEMAKNAI JIHAD DALAM AL-QUR'AN DAN TINJAUAN HISTORIS PENGGUNAAN ISTILAH JIHAD DALAM ISLAM
Authors: Fattah Abdul
Published: January 2019

A narrow understanding by some Muslims about jihad will bring a radical group that led to the appearance of movements that harm Muslims. To find out how the jihad in the Qur'an and how to phase in the use of the word jihad, it would require a comprehensive understanding by identifying the verses of the Qur'an and understanding of the historical decline in these verses. This article examines the identification of passages which there is a derivation the word jihad and then sorted according to time of down (Makkiyyah and Madaniyyah). The article concludes that the word jihad and derivation in the Qur'an is mentioned 41 times and separated at 19 surah. Not all of the word jihad and it derivation means war, but historically it is known that jihad also has other meanings and reduced in accordance with the conditions of the situation at that time.

 

Keywords: jihad, al-Qur'an, historical
PENCIPTAAN BUDAYA RELIGIUS PERGURUAN TINGGI ISLAM (Berkaca Nilai Religius UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang)
Authors: Almu’tasim Amru
Published: January 2019

During these universities only produce graduates who only have a certain skill, while they do not have personal integrity as a member of the family, community, and religious citizens. This situation will greatly affect the education system in universities. Where the College as an organization of higher education is a means of cooperation group of people (Higher Education and Society) to achieve the desired objectives. Achievement of the goal Universities, both in quality and quantity depends on the people who gathered at the agency. if the increase is not accompanied by planting intellectual Islamic values are embodied in building religious culture in the Universities, the national education goals will not be achieved well. Keywords: Religious, Culture, Higher Education
KEPEMIMPINAN KYAI DALAM MENGAKTUALISASIKAN MODERNISASI PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN DI PERGURUAN TINGGI (STUDI INTERAKSIONISME SIMBOLIK DI MA’HAD SUNAN AMPEL AL-‘ALY UIN MALIKI MALANG)
Authors: Pramitha Devi
Published: January 2019

The Kiai as the leader of the boarding school is not just to lead, but also develop curricula, create evaluation system, determine the order of the institution came to organize the life of the whole community of cottage boarding and also foster community. In this study, there are three objectives are achieved, namely: (1) obtain a description and a complete picture of the behavior of the leadership of clerics; (2) obtain a description and a complete picture of the interaction patterns clerics; and (3) obtaining a description and a complete overview of the concept of modernization of education schools in Higher Education

This type of research is qualitative and using the case study method. Ma'had Sunan Ampel Al-`Aly selected as the research object because it is the first boarding school students in the environment PTAIN. Data obtained by interview (interview), documents (documents) and observations (observation). Spradley data analysis using a model consisting of domain analysis, analasis taxonomy, componential analysis and thematic analysis.

Three results obtained, namely, (1) Conduct Yai Chamzawi leadership in MSAA UIN Maliki leads to transformational leadership; (2) The pattern of interaction Yai Chamzawi in MSAA UIN Maliki leads to the traditional leadership; and (3) The concept of modernization of education schools in universities based on the principle of al-Muhafadzatu 'ala qadimi as-salih wa al-akhdu bi al-jadidi al-aslah. So from the third conclusion above can researchers find a style of leadership clerics in MSAA UIN Maliki is Leadership Style Neo-Transformasionalisme, which is a combination of leadership styles transfomasionalisme and leadership style traditionalism based on the principle of al-muhafadzatu 'alal qadimi shalih wal akhdu bil jadidil ashlah.

Keywords: Leadership of Kyai, Modernization of Islamic Boarding Scool Education, College
DESAIN DAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM PADA PERGURUAN TINGGI UMUM (PTU) DI KOTA MALANG
Authors: Kawakip A. Nurul
Published: January 2019

The paper explores the design and strategy of Islamic teaching (Pendidikan Agama Islam) which where implemented at Tribuana Tungga Dewi University of Malang. The university is consider as fairly a new university, established in 2001, located in the west of Malang. The findings of research are as follow: (1) the design of teaching is based on the actual topics that are based on students needs. (2) the strategies of  teaching are applying various strategies such as moving class to some mosques, involving students in Islamic community surrounding of university, and reporting for daily religious activities.

 

Keywords: Religious Activities, Moving Class, Involving In Society Sorrunding The University, and Actual Topics.
KEPEMIMPINAN KOLEKTIF DI PONDOK PESANTREN (STUDI MULTISITUS DI PP. TEBUIRENG JOMBANG, PP. BAHRUL ULUM TAMBAKBERAS JOMBANG DAN PP. MAMBAUL MA’ARIF DENANYAR JOMBANG)
Authors: Pramitha Devi
Published: January 2019

Pondok pesantren merupakan lembaga pendidikan Islam yang unik, tidak saja karena keberadaannya yang sudah sangat lama, tetapi juga karena kultur, metode dan jaringan yang diterapkan oleh lembaga agama tersebut berbeda dengan lembaga pendidikan Islam lainnya. Besarnya peranan pondok pesantren dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat tentunya tidak bisa lepas dari peranan kiai sebagai pemilik sekaligus sebagai pemimpin pesantren dalam menggerakkan komunitas pesantren. Dalam memimpin sebuah pondok pesantren, Kiai memiliki karakteristik kepemimpinan yang berbeda-beda antara satu dengan yang lain, hal tersebut disesuaikan pula dengan karakteristik pondok pesantren yang dipimpinnya. Dewasa ini memang kepemimpinan pesantren yang terjadi tidak lagi menerapkan kepemimpinan tunggal, dan organisasi pesantren pun telah dimasukkan dalam bentuk yayasan. Dengan gejala baru ini, maka organisasi pesantren menjurus kearah impersonal, tanpa mengurangi peranan kiai sebagai pemimpin tertinggi, maka kepemimpinan mengarah pada pola kolektif, sesuai dengan hierarkhi kepemimpinan sebuah organisasi yayasan.
Intentos de fusión entre las dos principales empresas de un sector: el caso de MZA y NORTE = Attempts of fusion between the two main companies of a sector: the case of MZA and NORTE
Authors: Villacorta Hernández Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2019

Resumen: El objeto de esta investigación es el análisis de los intentos de fusión de las dos mayores sociedades ferroviarias privadas españolas: NORTE y MZA. El sector ferroviario español ha sido prolíficamente estudiado desde diversos ámbitos, debido al importante papel que ha desempeñado en su contribución al progreso económico. Sin embargo, es necesario detenerse en un aspecto singular como es la posibilidad que hubo de que las dos empresas españolas más importante del sector se fusionaran. Aunque ello no se logró, los procedimientos para alcanzarlo son relevantes para la historiografía empresarial española. Palabras clave: Historia, Ferrocarril, NORTE, MZA.Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is the analysis of the attempts to merge the two largest Spanish private railway companies: NORTE and MZA. The Spanish railway sector has been prolifically studied from various areas, due to the important role it has played in its contribution to economic progress. However, it is necessary to focus on a singular aspect, such as the possibility that the two most important Spanish companies in the sector merged. Although this was not achieved, the procedures are relevant to Spanish business historiography.Keywords: History, Railway, NORTE, MZA.
Los campeones del Río de la Plata: Fútbol y dictadura en Argentina y Uruguay = The champions of the Río de la Plata: Football and dictatorship in Argentina and Uruguay
Authors: Magalhães Lívia Gonçalves
Published: January 2019

Resumen: En 1978, Argentina fue sede de la 11ª edición del Mundial de Fútbol de la Fifa, bajo un régimen dictatorial que empezaba sufrir el desgaste interno y externo con las graves denuncias de violaciones de derechos humanos. A fines de 1980 e inicio de 1981, Uruguay organizó y fue sede de la Copa de Oro de los Campeones Mundiales que, aunque no tenía la misma dimensión de un Mundial, había recibido el aval de Fifa, que celebraba los 50 años de su primer torneo. También bajo una dictadura, los uruguayos celebraron el éxito en el campo, así como lo hicieron los argentinos dos años antes, y vieron cómo la organización y el posterior triunfo se mezclaron en el discurso oficial de los regímenes. A partir del análisis de ambos eventos y ambas victorias, buscamos pensar las relaciones entre fútbol y autoritarismo en Argentina y Uruguay, así como el cuestionar las disputas y los discursos de memoria que suelen asociar deporte y dictadura.Palabras clave: Argentina, Uruguay, fútbol, dictadura, memoria.Abstract: In 1978, Argentina hosted the 11th edition of the Fifa World Cup, under a dictatorial regime that began to suffer internal and external attrition with serious denunciations of human rights violations. In late 1980 and early 1981, Uruguay organized and hosted the Gold Cup of the World Champions which, despite not having the same importance as a World Cup, was endorsed by Fifa, which celebrated the 50th anniversary of its first tournament. Also under dictatorship, the Uruguayans celebrated the victory in the field, just like the Argentines two years before, and saw both the organization and the conquest involved in the official discourse of the regimes. From the analysis of the two events and two victories, we intend to reflect about the relations between soccer and authoritarianism in Argentina and Uruguay, as well as questioning the disputes and the memorialistic speeches that associate sport and dictatorship.Keywords: Argentina, Uruguay, football, dictatorship, memory ruption.
Raquel Sánchez, Mediación y transferencias culturales en la España de Isabel II. Eugenio de Ochoa y las letras europeas, Madrid, Iberoamericana Vervuert, 2017, 398 páginas
Authors: Solé Castells Cristina
Published: January 2019

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Cytotoxicity test of binjai leaf (Mangifera caesia) ethanol extract in relation to Vero cells
Authors: Dwidhanti Fifi , Taufiqurrahman Irham , Sukmana Bayu Indra
Published: January 2019

Background: Binjai leaves (Mangifera caesia) constitute one part of a medicinal plant from South Borneo that contains potential anticancer and antioxidant flavonoids. Before using medicinal plants as adjuvant therapy material, a cytotoxicity test of a material extract needs to be conducted in order to establish the safety of natural ingredients that will be used in the production of medicinal products. Purpose: This research aimed to determine whether the ethanol extract of binjai leaves proved cytotoxic to Vero cells and determine the value of IC50 after the administering of ethanol extract of Binjai leaves by means of an MTT assay method. Methods: This research incorporated a true experimental method with posttest-only control design that consisted of ten groups. The Binjai leaf ethanol extract of varying concentrations was administered to eight groups, namely;1.25µg/mL, 62.5µg/mL, 125µg/mL, 250µg/mL, 500µg/mL, 1000µg/mL, 2000µg/mL and 4000µg/mL. The control groups consisted of two groups, one cell control group and one media control group. The cell viability percentage was calculated by an absorbent of ELISA reader. Results: The probit analysis result had an IC50 value of 2498.48µg/mL (IC50>1000µg/mL constituted a non-toxic category). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Binjai leaves is not cytotoxic to Vero cells as shown by an assay MTT method which produced an IC50 value of 2498.48µg/mL.
The effects of breadfruit leaf (Artocarpus Altilis) extract on fibroblast proliferation in the tooth extraction sockets of Wistar rat
Authors: Rinaldi Darin Hulwani , Kamadjaja David B. , Sumarta Ni Putu Mira
Published: January 2019

Background: A prolonged tooth extraction socket healing process can affect the well-being of the patient and increase the risk of infection. Fibroblast proliferation in the proliferation phase is an important stage in the healing process. Fibroblast formed from extracellular matrix and collagen fibers support bone formation in the socket. Breadfruit leaves, extremely common in Indonesia, contain polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid substances which accelerate the wound healing process because of their anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties. A previous study showed that 16% breadfruit leaf gel extract administered to Wistar rats produced an encouraging anti-inflammatory effect, but its capacity for increasing fibroblast proliferation remains to be fully understood. Purpose: The aim of this study was to observe the effect of applying breadfruit leaf extract on fibroblast proliferation on the healing process in tooth extraction sockets. A preliminary phytochemical study was undertaken. Methods: 24 Wistar rats were divided into four groups: two control groups and two experimental groups. 16% breadfruit leaf gel extract was applied to the experimental groups, while none was applied to the control groups. The number of fibroblasts was counted on both the third and fifth days post-extraction. Data was analyzed statistically using an independent T-test. Results: There were significant differences in the number of post-extraction fibroblasts in Wistar rat tooth sockets on day 3 (p=0.000; p < α=0.05) and day 5 (p=0.000; p < α=0.05). Conclusion: Breadfruit leaf gel extract application increases fibroblast proliferation during the healing process in the tooth extraction sockets of Wistar rats.
COMPARTIMENTAÇÃO E EVOLUÇÃO GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA PLANÍCIE DO RIO CUIABÁ, PANTANAL MATO-GROSSENSE
Authors: Meira Fabiana Cristina , Stevaux José Cândido , Torrado Pablo Vidal , Assine Mario Luís
Published: January 2019

A bacia do rio Cuiabá, situada no estado do Mato Grosso, drena uma área aproximada de 36.000 km². Ao adentrar no Pantanal Mato-Grossense, o rio Cuiabá passa a depositar os sedimentos transportados do planalto formando um complexo de planícies e configurando um extenso megaleque fluvial com área de 14.580 km². O trecho estudado abrange uma planície confinada com 1.850 km² e está inserido no setor proximal deste megaleque, tratada aqui como planície confinada, uma vez que se encontra entre terrenos mais elevados. Este trabalho teve como meta compreender a evolução da planície em questão, a partir de sua compartimentação geomorfológica. A planície do rio Cuiabá foi compartimentada em sete unidades: 1) Planície de Meandros com Controle Estrutural (PMCE); 2) Cinturão de Meandros Cuiabá Antigo (CMCA); 3) Cinturão de Meandros Cuiabá Moderno (CMCM); 4) Planície de Sistema Anabranching Antigo (PSAA); 5) Planície de Sistema Anabranching com Lagoas de Rompimento (PSALR); 6) Planície de Sistema Anabranching com Controle Lito-Estrutural (PSACLE); 7) Planície Atual Sobreposta a Sistema Anabranching Antigo (PASSAA). Os depósitos dessas unidades variaram de argila a areia grossa com cascalho. Em alguns compartimentos ocorrem camadas litoplínticas significativamente extensas. Datações por 14C e LOE informaram idades entre 14C 8.710 ± 30 anos cal. AP e LOE 260 ± 30 anos AP. No início do Holoceno, o rio Cuiabá possuía padrão de canal meandrante em toda a sua extensão. A partir de 8.710 anos AP ocorreram avulsões que provocaram a migração do sistema para SW e o sistema fluvial adquiriu padrão anabranching. Por volta de 5.530 anos AP, devido à baixa taxa de sedimentação, a planície sofreu pedogênese com posterior desenvolvimento de  camada litoplíntica que se estende por vários compartimentos, em especial, aqueles no setor onde o rio possui padrão anabranching, onde a gênese de camadas litoplínticas está ligada a deficit hídrico. O posicionamento atual do canal principal do rio Cuiabá data de aproximadamente 2.250 anos AP. As análises associadas ao levantamento bibliográfico apontam para uma mudança climática de úmido para seco, por volta de 5.000 anos AP, coincidindo com a idade da camada litoplíntica; entretanto observa-se a mudança do padrão fluvial de meandrante para anabranching iniciando em torno de 8.710 AP, concluindo que não há relação com a mudança climática. Atualmente o rio continua com padrão anabranching em evolução e avançando para um setor no qual a camada litoplíntica encontra-se fraturada, condicionando o traçado do rio e funcionando como nível de base local.
Effect of Electroacupuncture at Auricular Acupoints “Heart” and “Brainstem” in Improving the Consciousness of Patients after Traumatic Brain Injury: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Liu Tong , Yu Jia-Ni , Kuang Wei-chuan , Wang Xiao-yin , Jiang Ye , Wen Xi , Qiu Xiao-jia
Published: January 2019

Background:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in China and abroad. Disorders of consciousness (DOC) following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common refractory complication, resulting in difficult rehabilitation and poor life quality. However, effective therapeutic approaches remain limited. Although auricular-acupuncture has been widely applied in the treatment of neurological disorders in China, its efficacy and safety for consciousness recovery remain to be elucidated.
Methods: Here, we conduct a study design and protocol of a randomized, blinded, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Electroacupuncture at Auricular Acupoints “Heart” and “Brainstem” in the consciousness recovery of patients with TBI. A total of 80 patients with initial Glasgow coma scale score between 3-8 points will be recruited in the trial and randomized into treatment (combined application of auricular and body acupuncture) group or control (body acupuncture alone) group. Patients in the treatment group will receive electroacupuncture at bilateral auricular acupoints “Heart” and “Brainstem” (four points in total) combined with body acupuncture in a supine position while patients in the control group will receive body acupuncture alone for 4 weeks. The primary outcomes are changes of Glasgow coma scale score and mismatch negativity of event-related brain potentials before and after treatment. The secondary outcome measures will be changes of Barthel and FuglMeyer scores. The safety will also be assessed by monitoring the incidence of adverse events and changes in vital signs during the study.
Discussion: Results from this trial will significantly support the application of auricular acupuncture in the consciousness recovery of patients with severe TBI. If found to be effective and safe, auricular acupuncture will be a valuable complementary option for comatose patients with TBI.
Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR1800020245. Registered on 21 December 2018.
Keywords: Auricular acupoint, Electro-acupuncture, Body acupuncture, Traumatic brain injury, Consciousness, GCS, Mismatch negativity
HOSENG trial – Effect of the provision of oral self-testing for absent and refusing individuals during a door-to-door HIV testing campaign on testing coverage: protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial in rural Lesotho
Authors: Amstutz Alain , Lejone Thabo Ishmael , Khesa Lefu , Muhairwe Josephine , Nsakala Bienvenu Lengo , Tlali Katleho , Bresser Moniek , Vanobberghen Fiona , Kopo Mathebe , Kao Mpho , Klimkait Thomas , Battegay Manuel , Labhardt Niklaus Daniel , Glass Tracy Renée
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: HIV testing coverage remains below the targeted 90% despite efforts and resources invested into testing in sub-Saharan Africa. Home-based HIV testing is a key approach endorsed by the World Health Organization, especially to reach individuals who might not seek testing otherwise. Although acceptance of testing during such campaigns is high, coverage remains low due to absent house-hold members. This cluster-randomized trial aims to assess increase in testing coverage using oral HIV self-testing among individuals who are absent or decline testing during home-based HIV testing.
METHODS: The HOSENG (HOme-based SElf-testiNG) trial is a cluster-randomized, parallel group, superiority trial in two districts of Lesotho, Southern Africa. Clusters are stratified by district, village size, and village access to the nearest health facility. Cluster eligibility criteria include: village is in catchment area of one of the study facilities, village authority provides consent, and village has a registered, capable and consenting village health worker. In intervention clusters, HIV self-tests are provided for eligible household members who are absent or decline HIV testing in presence of the campaign team. In control clusters, standard of care for absent and refusing individuals applies, i.e. referral to health facility. The primary outcome is HIV testing coverage among individuals ≥12 years of age within 120 days after enrolment. Secondary objectives include HIV testing coverage among other age groups, and uptake of the different testing modalities. Statistical analyses will be conducted and reported in line with CONSORT guidelines. HOSENG trial is linked to VIBRA (Village-Based Refill of ART) trial. Together, they constitute the GET ON (GETting tOwards Ninety) research project.
DISCUSSION: The HOSENG trial tests if oral HIVST may be an add-on during door-to-door testing campaigns towards achieving optimal testing coverage. The provision of oral self-test kits, followed up by VHWs, requires little additional human resources, finances and logistics. If cost-effective, this approach will inform home-based HIV testing policies not only in Lesotho, but in similar international settings.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03598686) on July 25, 2018. More information under www.getonproject.wordpress.com.
KEYWORDS: HIV, cluster randomized controlled trial, village health worker, community health worker, community-based, self-testing, HIV testing coverage, Lesotho, Southern Africa, implementation research.
An Agent-Based Metapopulation Model Simulating Virus-Based Biocontrol of Heterodera Glycines
Authors: Anderson Safyre , Soman Chinmay , Bekal Sadia , Domier Leslie , Lambert Kris , Bhalerao Kaustubh
Published: January 2019

With recently discovered soybean cyst nematode (SCN) viruses, biological control of the nematodes is a theoretical possibility. This study explores the question of what kinds of viruses would make useful biocontrol agents, taking into account evolutionary and population dynamics. An agent-based model, Soybean Cyst Nematode Simulation (SCNSim), was developed to simulate within-host virulence evolution in a virus-nematode-soybean ecosystem. SCNSim was used to predict nematode suppression under a range of viral mutation rates, initial virulences, and release strategies. The simulation model suggested that virus-based biocontrol worked best when the nematodes were inundated with the viruses. Under lower infection prevalence, the viral burden thinned out rapidly due to the limited mobility and high reproductive rate of the SCN. In accordance with the generally accepted trade-off theory, SCNSim predicted the optimal initial virulence for the maximum nematode suppression. Higher initial virulence resulted in shorter lifetime transmission, whereas viruses with lower initial virulence values evolved toward avirulence. SCNSim also indicated that a greater viral mutation rate reinforced the virulence pathotype, suggesting the presence of a virulence threshold necessary to achieve biocontrol against SCN.
Activity of Vetiver Extracts and Essential Oil against Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Jindapunnapat Kansiree , Reetz Nathan D. , MacDonald Margaret H. , Bhagavathy Ganga , Chinnasri Buncha , Soonthornchareonnon Noppamas , Sasnarukkit Anongnuch , Chauhan Kamlesh R. , Chitwood David J. , Meyer Susan L.F.
Published: January 2019

Vetiver, a nonhost grass for certain nematodes, was studied for the production of compounds active against the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. In laboratory assays studying the effects on second-stage juvenile (J2) activity and viability, crude vetiver root and shoot extracts were nematotoxic, resulting in 40% to 70% J2 mortality, and were also repellent to J2. Vetiver oil did not exhibit activity against J2 in these assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of three crude vetiver root ethanol extracts and a commercial vetiver oil determined that two of the major components in each sample were the sesquiterpene acid 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid and the sesquiterpene alcohol 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol. The acid was present in higher amounts in the extracts than in the oil. These studies demonstrating nematotoxicity and repellency of vetiver-derived compounds to M. incognita suggest that plant chemistry plays a role in the nonhost status of vetiver to root-knot nematodes, and that the chemical constituents of vetiver may be useful for suppressing nematode populations in the soil.
Molecular Characterization and Phylogeny of Ditylenchus weischeri from Cirsium arvense in the Prairie Provinces of Canada
Authors: Madani Mehrdad , Tenuta Mario
Published: January 2019

Ditylenchus weischeri that parasitizes the weed Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., 1772, (creeping thistle) was described in 2011 from Russia based on their morphology, ITS-RFLP analysis, and Hsp90 gene sequence of a few individuals and one field collection of the plant. More recently, we found C. arvense parasitized by D. weischeri in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. Plant host preference for D. weischeri was also distinct from D. dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev, 1936. In the current study, a comprehensive molecular analysis of many D. weischeri specimens from Canada is presented. Individuals from 41C. arvense or yellow pea grain samples with seeds of C. arvense from the Prairie Provinces were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA), large subunit (LSU) D2D3 28S rDNA, partial segment of small subunit (SSU) 18S rDNA, and the heat shock protein Hsp90 gene. The analysis also included D. weischeri individuals from C. arvense from Russia and garlic with D. dipsaci from the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada. Available sequence data of Ditylenchus species retrieved from GenBank were used to phylogenetically position this species within the genus Ditylenchus. In all studied genes, several single-nucleotide polymorphisms between the Canadian D. weischeri and both Russian haplotype and individuals of D. weischeri from C. arvense from Russia were found. The sequences of ITS rDNA, LSU D2D3 28S rDNA, and Hsp90 were used to construct separate dendrograms. For each of the three genes examined, D. weischeri was grouped separately from the other Ditylenchus. Ditylenchus samples from C. arvense was positioned to a single clade such as D. weischeri and distinct from D. dipsaci. With past reports of plant host preference and morphology, the results of this study provide further evidence for the fact that D. weischeri is distinct to be separated from D. dipsaci. Furthermore, minor differences in molecular divergence and morphology to the Russian haplotype and limited symptoms of disease on C. arvense in Prairie Canada suggest the Canadian and Russian populations of D. weischeri may be diverging.
Two New Species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from Taiwan and the Definition of the pacificus Species-Complex Sensu Stricto
Authors: Yoshida Kohta , Herrmann Matthias , Kanzaki Natsumi , Weiler Christian , Rödelsperger Christian , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: January 2019

Pristionchus pacificus Sommer, Carta, Kim, and Sternberg, 1996 is an important model organism in evolutionary biology that aims to integrate developmental biology and evo-devo with population genetics and ecology. Functional studies in P. pacificus are supported by a well-established phylogenetic framework of around 30 species of the genus Pristionchus that have been described in the last decade based on their entomophilic and necromenic association with scarab beetles. Biogeographically, East Asia has emerged as a hotspot of Pristionchus speciation and recent samplings have therefore focused on Islands and mainland settings in East Asia. Here, we describe in a series of three publications the results of our sampling efforts in Taiwan, Japan, and Hongkong in 2016 and 2017. We describe a total of nine new species that cover different phylogenetic species-complexes of the Pristionchus genus. In this first publication, we describe two new species, Pristionchus sikae sp. n. and Pristionchus kurosawai sp. n. that are closely related to P. pacificus. Together with five previously described species they form the “pacificus species-complex sensu stricto” that is characterized by all species forming viable, but sterile F1 hybrids indicating reproductive isolation. P. sikae sp. n. and P. kurosawai sp. n. have a gonochorist mode of reproduction and they are described using morphology, morphometrics, mating experiments, and genome-wide sequence analysis. We discuss the extreme diversification in the pacificus species-complex sensu stricto in East Asia and its potential power to study speciation processes.
Revisiting the Life-Cycle of Pasteuria penetrans Infecting Meloidogyne incognita under Soil-Less Medium, and Effect of Streptomycin Sulfate on its Development
Authors: Phani Victor , Rao Uma
Published: January 2019

Pasteuria penetrans is a Gram-positive, endospore forming soil bacterium, infecting root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. Being obligate in nature, the bacterium is not easily grown in vitro, and the in vivo culturing technique is relied on the soil-based microcosm since long. Hence, culturing of P. penetrans using CYG germination pouches as a soil-less medium for plant growth, promises to provide a contamination free environment along with ease in isolation of infected females from the plant roots. Additionally, this method increases the percentage of P. penetrans infected nematode females as compared with the soil-based system. Schematic observation of all the life stages of P. penetrans was documented, which revealed chronological fragmentation of vegetative microcolony inside the nematode body demonstrating the formation of some stages not reported earlier. Further, germination of endospores attached to infective juveniles was found to be most likely asynchronous as single female nematode contained most of the developing stages of P. penetrans concurrently. Additionally, the effect of an antibiotic, streptomycin sulfate was evaluated for effects on the growth and development of the bacterium at different concentrations. Higher doses of antibiotic were found to exert a negative impact on the development of P. penetrans, which shows the incompatibility of Pasteuria and streptomycin sulfate.
Morphological Re-Description and 18 S rDNA Sequence Confirmation of the Pinworm Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nematoda, Heteroxynematidae) Infecting the Laboratory Mice Mus musculus
Authors: Abdel-Gaber Rewaida , Abdel-Ghaffar Fathy , Al Quraishy Saleh , Morsy Kareem , Saleh Rehab , Mehlhorn Heinz
Published: January 2019

Aspiculuris tetraptera is a heteroxynematid nematoda infecting most of the laboratory animals, occasionally mice which represent the mostly used animal for biological, medical, and pharmacological studies. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of nematode parasites infection in the laboratory mice Mus musculus in Egypt. Morphologically, this oxyurid possessed four distinct cephalic papillae on a cephalic plate, with three small rudimental lips carrying two sessile poorly developed labial papillae and one pair of amphidial pores. Esophagus divided into cylindrical corpus and globular bulb. Distinct cervical alae interrupted at the level of esophago–intestinal junction forming an acute angle. At the caudal end, twelve caudal papillae in male worms while an ovijector apparatus opening and a vulva surrounded by protruded lips in females were observed. The general morphological criteria include this nematode with other Aspiculuris species which were compared in the present study. Molecular characterization based on 18SSU rDNA sequencing performed to confirm the taxonomic position of this species and to documents the morphological data. Sequence alignment detects a percent of identity up to 88.0% with other Heteroxynematidae species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the present recorded is a putative sister taxon to A. tetraptera recorded in a previous study. The SSU rDNA sequence has been deposited in the GenBank under the accession no. MG019400.
High Mitochondrial Genome Diversity and Intricate Population Structure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Zhang Hanyong , Okii Erika , Gotoh Eiji , Shiraishi Susumu
Published: January 2019

Mitogenomic diversity and genetic population structure of the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus inhabiting Kyushu, Japan were analyzed. A method for performing long PCR using single nematodes and sequencing nematode mitochondrial genomes individually is presented here. About 8 kb (∼55%) of the complete mitochondrial genome was successfully obtained from 285 individuals collected from 12 populations. The 158 single nucleotide polymorphisms detected corresponded to 30 haplotypes, clearly classified into two clades. Haplotype diversity was 0.83, evidencing a remarkable high diversity within Kyushu. The high genetic differentiation among the 12 populations (0.331) might be due to past invasion and expansion routes of PWN in northeastern and southeastern Kyushu. The distinct genetic composition of populations within the northwestern, central western, and southwestern Kyushu seems to be mostly related to the extinction of pine forests and long-range migration of PWN due to human activity. Overall, direct long PCR and sequencing of single nematode individuals are effective methods for investigating mitochondrial polymorphisms, and these are effective tools for PWN population genetics and other intraspecific studies.
A novel in vitro chemotaxis bioassay to assess the response of Meloidogyne incognita towards various test compounds
Authors: Shivakumara Tagginahalli N. , Dutta Tushar K. , Rao Uma
Published: January 2019

Plant-parasitic, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are a serious problem in agri- and horticultural crops worldwide. Understanding their complex host recognition process is essential for devising efficient and environmental-friendly management tactics. In this study, the authors report a new, simple, inexpensive, efficient, and quantitative method to analyze the chemotaxis of M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2s) using a combination of pluronic gel and agar in a petri dish. The authors quantitatively defined the concentration gradient formation of acid fuchsin on the assay plate. Using this novel assay method, the authors have accurately measured the nematode response (attraction or repulsion) to various volatile (isoamyl alcohol, 1-butanol, benzaldehyde, 2-butanone, and 1-octanol) and non-volatile (root exudates of tomato, tobacco, and marigold) compounds. Isoamyl alcohol, 1-butanol, and 2-butanone were attractive to J2s through a broad range of concentrations. On the contrary, J2s were repelled when exposed to various concentrations of 1-octanol. Despite being attractive at lower concentrations, undiluted benzaldehyde was repulsive to J2s. Tomato and tobacco root exudates were attractive to J2s while marigold root exudates repelled J2s. The present quantitative assay method could be used as a reference to screen and identify new candidate molecules that attract or repel nematodes.
Goldstone modes and photonization for higher form symmetries
Authors: Hofman Diego , Iqbal Nabil
Published: January 2019

We discuss generalized global symmetries and their breaking. We
extend Goldstone’s theorem to higher form symmetries by showing that a
perimeter law for an extended pp-dimensional
defect operator charged under a continuous
pp-form
generalized global symmetry necessarily results in a gapless mode in the
spectrum. We also show that a pp-form
symmetry in a conformal theory in 2(p+1)2(p+1)
dimensions has a free realization. In four dimensions this means any
1-form symmetry in a CFT_4CFT4
can be realized by free Maxwell electrodynamics, i.e. the current can be
photonized. The theory has infinitely many conserved
0-form charges that are constructed by integrating the symmetry currents
against suitable 1-forms. We study these charges by developing a
twistor-based formalism that is a 4d analogue of the usual holomorphic
complex analysis familiar in CFT_2CFT2.
The charges are shown to obey an algebra with central extension, which
is an analogue of the 2d Abelian Kac-Moody algebra for higher form
symmetries.
ESPÉCIES NATIVAS PARA ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA DE MUNICÍPIOS DA PLANÍCIE COSTEIRA DO EXTREMO SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Vianna Humberto Dias , Jacobi Ubiratã Soares
Published: January 2019

Projetos de arborização urbana têm por objetivo melhorar a qualidade de vida nas cidades e, para isso, sua implantação deve respeitar os princípios do conforto ambiental, reduzindo a poluição, elevando a infiltração e reduzindo o escoamento superficial durante as chuvas. A utilização de espécies arbóreas nativas da região servirá para abrigo e alimentação da fauna, assim ajudando na preservação da biodiversidade. A implantação deste tipo de projeto deve evitar conflitos com equipamentos urbanos e riscos às pessoas e animais. A arbórea escolhida deve atender aos seguintes requisitos: ser rústica e de crescimento rápido; produzir frutos e flores pequenas; possuir sistema radicular pivotante; não ter presente látex, resina, espinhos e princípios tóxicos e alergênicos; exigir poucos tratos culturais; possuir caule e galhos resistentes; ser pouco suscetível ao ataque de cupins, brocas e agentes patogênicos. A escolha do porte das arvores é realizada em função da presença de redes de energia, água, efluentes e tamanho do passeio.  Neste trabalho, analisou-se o potencial de espécies nativas para arborização urbana. A partir de levantamentos florísticos efetuados em florestas de restingas em municípios da planície costeira do extremo sul do Brasil, identificaram-se 61 espécies em 32 famílias. Desse universo, 36 são indicadas para arborização urbana. A distribuição do porte das espécies foi a seguinte: 6 de pequeno, 14 de médio e 16 de grande porte. Três dessas estão ameaçadas de extinção. Dentre as espécies excluídas por serem inadequadas à arborização, o impedimento mais frequente foi a presença de espinhos, látex ou resina.
The Genesis of Tourism Marketing as an Area of Scientific Knowledge in Marketing Theory
Authors: Волков Сергей , Volkov Sergey
Published: January 2019

Importance. The article analyzes the stages of development of tourism marketing as a field of scientific knowledge in the theory of marketing. Objectives. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the formation and development of the theory of tourist marketing abroad and in Russia. Methodology. The study was based on the content and comparative analysis of foreign and domestic fundamental works on the theory of tourist marketing. Results. The theory of tourist marketing was a logical continuation of the development of the theory of service marketing as a response to the formation of a service-type economy. In the process of evolution of the theory of tourist marketing, it went through two stages. The first stage (1965 – mid-1990s) was devoted to the study of the characteristics of marketing activities in the field of tourism and hospitality at the microenvironment level. The second stage began in the mid-1990s. It was the study of marketing technologies at the level of meso- and macrosystems. Conclusions. The conducted analysis showed that the domestic theory of tourist marketing is derived from foreign studies in this area. In addition, the author distinguishes two main stages in the development of marketing theory in tourism according to the object of study.
Models of Distribution Business on the Amur Region Market
Authors: Ситникова Татьяна , Sitnikova Tatiana
Published: January 2019

The current market trends and the wide variety of goods result in the need for different sales channels. Such channels can include from one to several intermediaries and differ in principle from the cost of use. As a result of modern information and communication technologies, new types of distribution models emerge, as well as new opportunities for the formation of this type of business in any remote territory, thereby expanding the market's boundaries.

The article considers the experience of forming and transitioning to various models of distribution business in the Amur region, depending on external and internal market conditions, while the distribution of the roles of market players will be of great importance in terms of the ability to penetrate the target market and the amount of profit or profit. The transition from one model to another is accompanied by the desire of companies to monitor the entire value chain of the final product, while various business may reduce transaction costs and scale down.

Finding the optimal version of the model will depend on many factors, such as: the relationship between investment and optimal specific assets; number of projects and average distribution costs; acceptable level of receivables.
Current Adjustments of the Market Economy: Choice of the Model of Relations between the State and the Business in Mono-Profile Resource Regions
Authors: Гоосен Елена , Goosen Elena , Ковригина Софья , Kovrigina Sofya
Published: January 2019

The research features the problem of searching for a model of relations between the state and the business in the conditions of the changing development vector of the Russian economy. An important place in this discussion is the issue of the boundaries of the public and private sectors. Based on the analysis of modern approaches to models of government-business relations, the authors define the role of relations in the state-business tandem. The most effective form of relations is public-private partnership. The development of the partnership between the state and the business is a mechanismfor the implementation of socially significant projects, as close to the market as possible. It contributes to the socio-economic development and the changes in the development vector of resource regions. The paper introduces a classification of relations in the "state-business" tandem. The authors use the basis method of comparative analysis to distinguish two diametrically opposite models of state-business interaction, i.e. pluralistic and corporate. The approach based on the dichotomy of a liberal and a coordinated model is more promising for analyzing the interaction between the state and the business in regions with a mono-profile orientation.
Targeting the C-MET/HGF Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ghanaatgar-Kasbi Sadaf , Khorrami Shadi , Avan Amir , Aledavoud Seyed A. , Ferns Gordon A.
Published: January 2019

The c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) is involved in the tumorigenesis of various
cancers. HGF/Met inhibitors are now attracting considerable interest due to their anti-tumor activity in multiple
malignancies such as pancreatic cancer. It is likely that within the next few years, HGF/Met inhibitors will become
a crucial component for cancer management. In this review, we summarize the role of HGF/Met pathway in
the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, with particular emphasize on HGF/Met inhibitors in the clinical setting,
including Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351), Crizotinib (PF-02341066), MK-2461, Merestinib (LY2801653),
Tivantinib (ARQ197), SU11274, Onartuzumab (MetMab), Emibetuzumab (LY2875358), Ficlatuzumab (AV-
299), Rilotumumab (AMG 102), and NK4 in pancreatic cancer.