bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rice-Fish Farming System for Increasing Farm Productivity and Income in Rainfed Lowland Areas of Eastern India - A Case Study
Authors: Sinhababu D. P. , Das P. C.
Published: November 2023

Rice-fish farming technology was demonstrated in two rainfed lowland farms of Orissa, India. Carps and freshwater prawn were grown with rice during the wet season, while crops like, watermelon, pulses, oil seed and vegetables were cultivated after rice in the dry season. The available dyke area was used for production of vegetables and fruit crops round the year. The two rice-fish farms of 0.9 ha each, produced 167-256 kg of fish and prawn, 1,980-2,610 kg rice, 5,000 kg straw, 700-1,130 kg fruits and 1,323-1,635 kg of vegetables with in a period of one year. Adoption of rice-fish farming system resulted in 3-4 times increase in production of food crops and net income over traditional farming. The cost benefit ratio in the two farms was 1.42-1.51. The study revealed that the rice-fish farming practice could be a viable option for enhancing farm productivity and income in the rainfed lowland ecology and adoption of the system can provide better livelihood to the farmers of eastern India.
Preliminary Studies on Larval Survival of an Endangered Fish of Northeast India, Ompok bimaculatus (BLOCH)
Authors: Pradhan P. K. , Nandeesha M. C. , Patel A. B. , Barman D.
Published: November 2023

No Abstract
Alteration in Metabolic Enzyme Activity of Muscle Tissue in the Fish Cyprinus carpio (l.) on Chronic Exposure to Some Pesticides
Authors: Sharma M. , Jain K. L.
Published: November 2023

Studies were conducted to assess the effects of sub-lethal exposure of pesticides endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and malathion for 40 days on freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio. Jerky and whirling movements, surfacing, exodus trials, engulfing air, excess mucus secretion and poor response to feed were the commonly observed behavioral changes in the treated fish. A dose dependent reduction in the activity levels of selected dehydrogenase enzymes (glutamate dehyrogenase, succinate dehyrogenase, malate dehyrogenase and pyruvate dehyrogenase) was evident in the muscle tissues of the test animal. A reduction of 30.2 and 70.2 percent in activity levels of succinate dehydrogensae (SDH) was evident in 0.0001 and 0.001 ppm endosulfan treatments, respectively. The combirmtion of pesticides appeared consequently additive in nature. The toxic effects of endosulfan in combination with chlorpyrifos and malathion inhibited the SDH activity to a further low of 71.6 percent. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in the muscle tissue was higher in pesticide-exposed fish in comparison to the control fish.
Impact of Supplementary Feeds on the Growth, Enzymatic Activity and Body Composition of Clarias batrachus Hngerlings
Authors: Jindal Meenakshi , Yadava N.K. , Garg S. K.
Published: November 2023

The fingerlings of Clarias hatrachus were fed on six formulated diets with crude protein (CP) levels of 35-45% over a period of 100 days to study the effect of feeds on growth, enzymatic activity and body composition of the fish. Growth and specific growth rate remained low when fed on low CP levels (35%). Highest growth performance, protein and fat accumulation in fish body and erizymatic activity such as protease, amylase and lipase were observed in groups fed on 40.25% processed soybean (PS) based diet in comparison to fish groups fed on 40.25% fishmeal (FM) based diet. An increase in dietary protein level (beyond 40.25%) repressed growth. The results showed that out of two protein sources used in these studies, soybean gives the better results. Therefore, the use of soybean is recommended as a cost-effective dietary protein source in the diets of Clarias hatrachus.
An Outbreak of Aeromoniasis in an Organized Composite Carp Culture Farm in India: Experimental Pathogenicity and Antibiogram Study
Authors: Mohanty B. R. , Mishra J. , Das S. , Jena J. K. , Sahoo P. K.
Published: November 2023

High incidence of mortality in carps was noticed in a polyculture fish farm situated in Orissa, India during March 2009 accounting for cumulative mortality of nearly 2% per day. The infected fish revealed gross ulcerative lesions on skin with erosion of scales and fin- and tail-rot. Acute tubular and diffused interstitial necrosis was observed in kidney tissue along with increased melanomacrophage reactions on histopathological examination. Hepatic and muscular necrosis was also noticed in most of the fish examined. The bacteria isolated from kidney, liver and blood samples were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila after biochemical characterization. This isolate was found to possess aerolysin, lipase, extracellular haemolysin and P-haemolysin genes contributing to its virulence. It was found sensitive to antibiotics amikacin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cephotaxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid, netillin, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tobramycin and trimethoprim. Experimental infection of Laheo rohita with this isolate resulted in similar clinical signs as those of collected from the farm. The LD50 dose was ccdculated to be 1.15 • 10^ CFU/fish. This study suggests that A. hydrophila still remains an important bacterial pathogen from aquaculture point of view and regular examination of cultured fish is required to resist unexpected loss.
Chromosomal Studies on Four Cyprinid Fishes
Authors: Biswal J. R. , Sahoo P. K. , Mohanty P. K.
Published: November 2023

Karyotj^e analysis of four cyprinids Cirrhinus reha (Hamilton), Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton), Esomus danricus (Hamilton) and Chela hacaila (Hamilton) from rivers and ponds of Orissa, India were studied. The diploid chromosome numbers in these four species were ranged from 48-52. The karyotypes were observed to be 2n=50, 10 metacentric (m) + 8 sub-metacentric (sm) + 6 sub-telocentric (st) + 26 telocentric (T) in C.re!7a;2n = 52,8m + 8sm + 36T;2n=48,12m + 12sm + 24Tand2n=52,14m + 8sm + 12st +18 in A. mola, E. danricus and C. bacaila, respectively. Species specific karyotypes were also observed among all these species. No sex chromosomies could be found in the form of heteromorphic pair. The evolutionary significance of these four karyotypes was also discussed.
Efficacy of Iodophor to Inactivate Aeromonas hydrophila Biofilm on Two Subtrates
Authors: Balareddy B. , Das B. K.
Published: November 2023

The multiple day old biofilms of Aeromonas hydrophila on two substrates, high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic and Eichhornia crassipes leaves were evaluated for its susceptibility to bactericidal action of iodophor at two dose levels (20 mg/l and 40 mg/l). The biofilm on HDPE was highly resistant to the killing action of iodophor on the days 2, 4 and 6 tested at 20 and 40 mg/l for 10 min. The iodophor was effective in inactivating the biofilm cells on Eichhornia at 40 mg/l for 10 min, whereas at 20 mg/l for 10 min, the 4 and 6 days old biofilm on Eichhornia showed resistance to iodophor. The planktonic cells were completely killed at 20 mg/l of iodophor. The study indicates that biofilms of A. hydrophila were resistant to iodophor in comparison to planktonic cells.
Growth and Yield of Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards) and Carps in Mono- and Polyculture in Rural Area
Authors: . Radheyshyam , Kanaujia D. R. , Mohanty A. N.
Published: November 2023

The study was carried out on mono- and polyculture of freshwater prawn Macobrachium malcolmsonii stocked with different size carp seed (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Ctenopharyngodon idella) in tropical village fish ponds of Orissa. Treatment-I (T-I) was stocked with M. malcolmsonii juveniles for monoculture. Treatment-II, III and IV were stocked with carp fry, fingerlings and yearlings, respectively with prawn juveniles. M. malcolmsonii juveniles were stocked @ 50,000/ha for monoculture and @ 25,000/ha for polyculture. Carp fry were stocked @ 30,000/ha and fingerlings and yearlings each @ 3,000/ha. Prawns and carps were fed @ 3-5% of the body weight daily with commercial feed. Grass carps were fed with chopped cabbage leaves daily ad libitum. Prawns and carps were harvested at 195 days of rearing. The survival of carps in T-IV was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in T-II and T-III. As stocking size of the carps increased, the final net weight and yield contribution increased. Significant variation (P<0.01) in net fish yield was observed among the treatments. In mono culture (T-I) the prawn production was highest (973.02 kg/ha/yr). In polyculture total prawn yield was 481.64-775.38 kg/ha/yr with the contribution of 21.65-58.68% to total yield. T-IV showed better performance in terms of fish and prawn production compared to T-II and T-III, suggesting the suitability of stocking the carp yearlings with prawn juveniles for polyculture.
Growth and Propagation of Differentiated Cells Derived From Embryonic Stem (ES) Like Cells of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.)
Authors: Tripathy S. , Routray P.
Published: November 2023

In this study, we describe the growth and propagation of differentiated cells viz. keratinocyte-like cells (ectodermal origin), muscle-like cells (mesodermal origin) and hepatocyte-like cells (endodermal origin) generated from embryoid bodies (EBs) in their respective formulated medium. These EBs were developed by culturing mrigal ES-like cells in suspension. When these EBs were attached to a permissive surface and upon treatment with appropriate inducer like retinoic acid (RA) they continued to differentiate into different cell lineages. Here, we formulated three specific growth and propagation media for these derived differentiated cells. The mediums were supplemented with key factors required for their growth and propagation. Keratinocyte growth and propagation medium (KGPM) was supplemented with 5 ng/ml keratinocytes growth factor (KGF), 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), 5 μg/ml insulin and optimum calcium concentration (0.05 mM) for keratinocyte-like cells. Similarly, 10 ng/mL EGF, 0.5 mg/mL BSA and 100 ng/mL insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) were supplemented in muscle cells growth and propagation medium (MGPM) for muscle-like cells and 10 ng/ml EGF along with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was supplemented in hepatocyte growth and propagation medium (HGPM) for hepatocyte-like cells.
Captive Breeding of an Endemic Medium Carp Pengba, Osteobrama belangeri  (Val.) With Wova-FH in Manipur
Authors: Behera B. K. , Das P. , Singh N. S. , Sahu A. K.
Published: November 2023

Induced breeding of the endemic medium carp, Osteobrama belangeri (Val.) was conducted using synthetic hormone Wova-FH in three doses @ 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 ml/kg to female and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ml/kg to male body weight in groups A, B and C, respectively. The male and female brooders were injected and left to spawn in the breeding hapas at 2:1 ratio. It was found that Wova-FH could induce the fishes to breed, whereas no breeding was observed in control set. The latency period was found to be 7-8 hours. The egg output/female with Wova-FH at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg of female and 0.2 ml/kg of male body weight in group B was significantly higher (P<0.05) than groups A and C. A female of 250 g could produce 55,000-65,000 eggs by induced breeding. Fertilization and hatching rates of 91.7 and 85% respectively, with Wova-FH dose of 0.5 ml/kg of female and 0.2 ml/kg of male body weight was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other doses.
Effectiveness of Training Programmes on Freshwater Aquaculture Conducted by CIFA
Authors: De H. K. , Saha G. S. , Panda N. , Mahapatra A. S.
Published: November 2023

The study evaluates the effectiveness of the training programmes conducted by Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar. A structured questionnaire was developed and data were collected through mailed survey during 2007-2009. Though most of the participants (76%) were sponsored by their department, 24% used their own resources to attend the programme at CIFA. The participants referred the reading material provided to them frequently and found the practical sessions useful (97%). Level of satisfaction of the participants was measured with a five point scale for eight parameters. The mean score recorded for seven out of eight parameters was above 4.40. This indicates the high level of satisfaction expressed by the participants. Over 97% of the respondents indicated that they would recommend their colleagues to get trained by CIFA. Overall the study reveals that, the training programmes were effective. The constraints faced by the respondents for not being able to put their new skills and knowledge into practice were also identified.
In Vitro Culture of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Channa punctatus
Authors: Sadique Mahammad , Das Basanta Kumar , Maiti Prasanta Kumar
Published: November 2023

Cytokines are the most studied immunological molecules which play a crucial role in immunomodulatory processes involving functional T leukocytes. Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by numerous cells mostly by peripheral blood leucocytes. In vitro culture of leucocytes plays an important role in the study of different cytokines and its role in immune system. We developed and optimized a simple and efficient method for in vitro culture of peripheral blood leukocytes of snakehead fish (Channa punctatus), using various parameters including culture medium, different mitogens and its concentration and incubation time. In the present study, peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were isolated from the blood of C. punctatus using percoll and ficoll gradient solutions and were cultured in vitro in different culture media. The PBLs were stimulated with different mitogens such as phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to optimize the growth of peripheral blood leukocytes. Growth kinetics was observed to be comparatively more in PHA induced culture media. This study established an in vitro culture model that allowed us to study the growth kinetics of peripheral blood leukocytes in different media in response to different mitogens and incubation period.
Pheromonal Role of Prostaglandins on Reproduction of Goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Jagtap H. S.
Published: November 2023

Non-induced male goldfish, Carassius auratus were exposed to non-ovulated females injected with prostaglandin analogues viz. Prosolvin, Iliren and Lutylase at 1 g/gm body weight. The volume of milt that could be stripped from male goldfish increased significantly (P<0.05) when fish were exposed to Prosolvin and Iliren treated females for 12 h. Increase in the milt volume was also significant (P<0.05) when males were directly exposed for 12 h to Prosolvin and Iliren in water at concentration of 10 g/l. Lutylase however, failed to increase the milt volume.
Immunochemical Detection of a Vitellogenin-derived Yolk Protein in Eggs and Larvae of Asian Catfish, Clarias batrachus
Authors: Garnayak S. K. , Mohanty J. , Rao T. V. , Sahoo S. K. , Sahoo P. K.
Published: November 2023

Attempts were made in the present investigation to detect yolk proteins in the fertilized eggs (3 h post-fertilization) and larvae (4 d post-fertilization) of Clarias batrachus using western blot. Single high molecular weight protein band was detected in western blot with rabbit anti-C. batrachus vitellogenin (Vtg) serum indicating the protein to be lipovitellin (Lv). By different staining methods of this protein in electrophoresed gels, the protein was found to contain carbohydrate, lipid and phosphorous components. Thus, the yolk protein is phospholipoglycoprotein in nature. Further, in a similar western blot experiment, the yolk protein was found to be present in eggs and larvae of C. batrachus up to 6 days post-fertilization. It may be concluded that the larvae should be offered with natural or artificial feed before six days, prior to complete depletion of yolk protein for better survival.
Impact of Aquaculture in the Small Multiple Use Water Bodies
Authors: Kumar Barik Nagesh , Atibudhi H. N.
Published: November 2023

The small multiple use water bodies or multiple use aquaculture resources (MAR) constitute the largest potential aquaculture resources available in the country but the present aquaculture use has been limited due to lack of policy attentions. The aquaculture in such water bodies generates wide range of benefits to the users and communities. To assess the status of aquaculture and benefits out of it, a study was conducted during 2009-2010 in the interior and coastal areas of Odisha representing three categories of the management system i.e. community-based, group-based and private management. It was found that the aquaculture production and productivity were low but produces wide range of social and community benefits. About 43 percent of the fish produced were consumed by the villagers and each household consumed around 2.7 kg of fish from MAR. The members and non-members of the management were equally benefited out of it. The community services like village function, temple maintenance, road repair etc., were also partially sponsored by aquaculture activities.
Relative Age and Growth of Indian Major Carp, Cirrhinus mrigala, from Peninsular Rivers of India
Authors: Das S. P. , Bej D. , Swain S. , Jena J. K. , Das P.
Published: November 2023

The age of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) was determined from 208 specimens from five peninsular rivers (Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, Narmada and Mahi) of India by observing the annual rings in scale. Using length-frequency method and scale study, it was found that only River Mahi holds 6+ year class of C. mrigala stocks. A strong linear relationship was found between fish length and scale radius of this species in all the riverine populations, with significant correlation coefficient. The first growth ring was found at an average length of 27.86, 28.86, 37.22, 26.77 and 25.59 cm in specimens from Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, Narmada and Mahi, respectively. It is evident from our result that the fishes exhibited rapid growth rate during the first two years of their age but later, growth was moderate. Growth rate decreased successively at higher ages.
Biochemical Variations of Microalga Isochrysis galbana Cultured in Different Culture Media
Authors: Naseera K. , Ittoop Gijo , Anisha K. A. , Lakshmi Devi P. , Joseph Aneykutty
Published: November 2023

The dianoflagellate, Isochrysis galbana, grown in different culture media was analysed to study the biochemical variations. The species was cultured in four different growth media, viz. Walne’s, Miquel’s, Chu’s and f/2, keeping the physicochemical factors such as temperature (23.0 - 25.0 oC), light intensity (2000 lux), pH (8.0) and salinity (35.0 ppt) constant. Harvesting was done in exponential phase to carry out the biochemical analyses. The results of the study revealed that the nutritional status of I. galbana varies with different culture media. The best growth rate, cell density, protein (22.33±1.54%), carbohydrate (23.24±2.6%) and lipid (27.71±5.55%) contents were obtained in Chu’s medium. The colour intensity and chlorophyll a content were observed highest in the microalgae grown in Miquel’s medium. The amounts of protein, carbohydrate and lipid showed significant (P < 0.05) variations in different culture media. Therefore, from the study it is inferred that biochemical compositions of I. galbana varies with the media used for its culture.
Problems in Aquaculture Development in Odisha : A Participatory Assessment
Authors: Jayasankar P. , Sahu B. B. , De H. K. , Rajesh N. , Panda N. , Mohanty U. L. , Rath D. P. , Behera S. , Dash A. K. , Sahoo P. R.
Published: November 2023

The present study was conducted in Paribasudeipur village of Khurda district of Odisha in May, 2012. A simple random sample of 30 farmers was selected and the participatory rural appraisal tool was applied in order to enable them for identification of their problems relating to fish farming in that village. Six key informants were also selected. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) was estimated both for the farmers and the key informants for the identified problems. The study reveals that the farmers are facing technological as well as infrastructural problems. High cost of feed, nonavailability of quality seeds and biological hazards are the main technological problems. Infrastructural problems include problem of credit, marketing, ownership of pond, poor technical skill and weak extension linkage. Scientists may investigate more about the locational problems relating to technology and accordingly suggest for designing the experiment by providing need based solutions. Infrastructure facility for the farmers is equally important for proper implementation of scientific aquaculture practices.
Patenting Applications in Marine Science & Biotechnology
Authors: Ninawe A. S. , Indulkar S. T.
Published: November 2023

Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology sector is expanding rapidly and addressing the grand challenges towards green growth with economic and social benefits for population health, food and fuel security across the globe. The present market growth of marine biotechnology is still in a nascent stage and accounts for a tiny percentage of the overall biotechnology market. Global Marine Biotechnology market is expected to reach US $4.1 billion by 2015 (OECD, 2012). Many Universities and Institutes including Fisheries Research Institutes in India are working in mariculture, marine bio-prospecting, biotechnology, fisheries management devices and fisheries products development giving emphasis on IP protection of the resources generated through commercialization of technologies. A number of marine natural products that have found their way into pharmacies recently require scaled-up process. Despite lesser attention paid to marine natural products historically, there are notable marine-derived bio products commercially available and IP protected.
In-silico Analysis and Homology Modeling of Cytochrome C Oxidase Sub Unit I from Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita
Authors: Kumar Pradhan Sukanta , Sahoo Lakshman
Published: November 2023

Labeo rohita is the popular table fish in the whole Indian sub-continent. Cytochrome c oxidase sub unit I (COX/COI) is the largest protein coding gene in the metazoan mitochondrial genome and COI is the most frequently studied region of the teleost mitochondrial genome. It is the terminal member of the respiratory chain catalyzing the reduction of dioxygen to water by ferrocytochrome C. In this study, COI of L. rohita (56.86KDa) has been characterized, and the 3- D structure was predicted by using Modeller version 9.12 by homology modeling. The secondary structure has been predicted using PSIPRED and TMHMM server, and the predicted model has been validated in RAMPAGE server. The protein statistics was carried out by using Protopram tool in Expasy server. The predicted 3-D model showed that 99.8% of residues have Φ and Ψ angle in the favored and allowed regions. It was found to be a transmembrane protein and consisted of an N-terminal signal peptide. The isoelectric focusing point, instability index, aliphatic index, grand average hydropathicity, extinction coefficient, absorbance and number of negatively charged and positively charged amino acids were; 6.05, 26.52, 109.81, 0.749, 121180, 2.142, 25 and 16 respectively, revealing the structure and properties of COI protein. The COX/CO-I protein sequences of Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, C. cirrhosus and Danio rerio were also taken for the divergence study and mutation analysis.
Reproductive Characteristics and Germ Cell Status of Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita Reared in Elevated Water Temperature Regime
Authors: Patra S. , Mishra G. , Panda B. , Verma D. K. , Dash S. K. , Nandi S. , Routray P.
Published: November 2023

Rearing water temperature and fluctuations in it has a profound effect on survival and gonadal development of fish. Reproduction in fish, compared with other physiological processes, only occurs in a bounded temperature range; therefore, small changes in water temperature could significantly affect this process. Here we analysed the effects of different rearing water temperatures (28 °C, 30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C and 36 °C) and a cytotoxic drug (busulfan) on germ cell status and maturation in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed by gonadosomatic index, histology and dye uptake of GC. Thermo-chemical treatments were given either: as elevated water temperature alone (0.69±0.09) or in combination with busulfan that showed a low GSI value (0.49±0.26) as compared to control (0.88±0.009). Gonadal morphology visibly shrunk after the thermochemical treatments. Similarly, the gonadal histology confirmed that the GC depletion took place when the rohu were reared at elevated temperature along with the application of a cytotoxic drug busulfan (40 mg/kg). According to the deteriorating reproductive responses of the fish by temperature fluctuations, it is plausible that changes may affect aquaculture production and affecting future populations of fish, so new strategies for amelioration should be anticipated.
Diversified Sustainable Income Generation Options For Rural Women in Odisha
Authors: Jayasankar P. , De H. K. , Sahu B. B. , Panda Nirupama , Mohanty U. L. , Behera S. , Rath D. P.
Published: November 2023

Rural prosperity and women empowerment are the two sides of a coin. Promoting aquaculture and related enterprises among women holds immense potential for ensuring their livelihood and socio- economic empowerment. A study was undertaken in three villages namely Jaipur, Fakirpada and Paribasudeipur of Puri and Khordha districts of Odisha during the period 2012-13 to 2015-16. A random sample of 161 women from 10 Women Self-Help Groups (WSHGs) were selected as beneficiaries for disseminating ICAR-CIFA’s aquaculture technologies like carp seed rearing, carp culture (grow out), integrated fish farming, post-harvest technologies with value addition of fish and fish hydrolysate. The women were empowered with skill development in aquaculture and related enterprises. Due to frequent occurrence of natural calamities and environmental hazards, the women are forced to diversify their group activities in order to sustain their livelihoods. In the study area, women SHGs were encouraged to diversify their activities to mushroom cultivation, rice and vegetable cultivation, floriculture, mini-dairy, backyard poultry, mid-day meal preparation, coir work, etc. in order to strengthen their livelihood in a sustainable way. On the whole, the present paper explores different pathways for rural women to avail various opportunities in terms of multiple diversifications as Sustainable Livelihood (SL) options based on available natural resources, financial and human capital. Socio-economic impact of such changes on the beneficiaries was assessed and emerging issues were identified.
Expression Pattern of Immune-Related Genes in the Liver of Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Exposed to Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity
Authors: Mohapatra Amruta , Nayak Barsa , Sahoo Pramoda Kumar
Published: November 2023

Immune responses in the liver play a crucial role in the detoxification process and renderingprotection against different diseases. The present study was targeted to analyze the expressionkinetics of few immune genes (pro-inflammatory, immune receptors, anti-microbial and innateimmunity-related) using qPCR in liver tissue of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treated rohu (Labeorohita). Rohu juveniles were injected with single intraperitoneal toxic dose of 30% CCl4 to induce liver damage. Histopathological findings showed the presence of focal necrosis and vaccuolation of hepatocytes. Increase in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6, IL-8 and IL-15) transcripts was observed immediately after CCl4 post-exposure (from 6 h to 120 h), thus indicating the role of enhanced level of cytokines inducing liver damage. The degree of liver damage was also reflected by reduction in expression of immune related molecules (viz., TLR 22, transferrin and hepcidin), which are mostly synthesized in liver tissue. No effect was noticed in synthesis of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) transcripts with the current level of CCl4 exposure. These results suggest that there is a critical balance between immune molecules that may play essential roles in the orchestration of immune defense in fish during liver dysfunction.
Genetic Variations Among Families of Selectively Bred Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) By RAPD-PCR Analysis
Authors: Patra G. , Mohanty J. , Garnayak S. K. , Sahoo P. K. , Pillai Bindu R.
Published: November 2023

Giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is an important freshwater crustacean widely cultured in several countries including India. Of late, its production has come down due to slow growth rate and disease occurrences. The ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Bhubaneswar in collaboration with the WorldFish, Malaysia has initiated a selective breeding programme for growth improvement of this species. In the present study, two groups of families (I. six numbers of families for growth and II. six numbers of families for disease resistance) were selected for experimentation from the families produced in the fourth generation of selection programme. Each group consisted of two extreme sub-groups of three families in each with higher and lower growth (based on weight) under group I and, susceptible and resistant families (based on larval survival following challenge with Vibrio harveyi) under group II. RAPD- PCR was used to evaluate the genetic variations between and within groups separately. Twelve selected decamer primers were used to amplify DNA fragments of three individuals of each family and data were analyzed by POPGENE version 1.31 software. In group I, a total of 102 bands were scored by the primers out of which 41 bands (40.19%) found to be polymorphic. Genetic diversity within the group varied from 0.0272  0.0965 to 0.0463  0.1316. UPGMA dendrogram of this group based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that families 5 (low growth family 2) and 6 (low growth family 3) are distantly related to high growth families. In the second group of disease resistance, 35 bands (36.46%) were found to be polymorphic out of 96 bands scored. Genetic diversity varied between 0.0301 ± 0.0957 to 0.0438 ± 0.1381 within this group. UPGMA dendrogram showed that families 1 (susceptible group 1) and 2 (susceptible group 2) are distantly related to three resistant families. Thus, the present results showed the existence of genetic variations in both growth and disease resistance traits that could be utilized in the selective breeding programme in M. rosenbergii.
Potentials of Leaf Meal and their Protein Concentrate in Aquafeed
Authors: O. O. Olude , Sahu N. P.
Published: November 2023

The quest to sustain current aquaculture growth trend has necessitated the search for alternative feed ingredients in the light of conventional ones whose supply have dwindled and have become prohibitive. A major group of under-utilized, renewable, abundant and cheap unconventional source is leaf meal. They can be derived from the vast array of terrestrial and aquatic plants; most of which are nutrient-rich with little or no direct relevance in human nutrition. The nutritional composition of leaf meals usually varies widely; depending on plant cultivars from which they are derived, soil and climatic conditions, richness of medium in which they grow in case of aquatic plants, age and maturity of plants among other factors. Their limitation in fish nutrition is usually improperly balanced amino acid profile with methionine and lysine often limiting; nutritional-stress factors such as tannins, phytic acid, protease inhibitors among others; high fibre and palatability. The significance of these limitations is evident in impaired growth and reduced digestibility. Several efforts such as soaking, sundrying, fermentation, enzyme or amino acid supplementation have proven to be useful in improving the nutritional composition of leaf meals such that they are incorporated in aquafeed at higher inclusion levels relative to their raw state. Production of proteins from green leaves provide means of reducing antinutrients and high fibre contents associated with leaf meals while also providing a rational and sustainable strategy of sharing leaf resources among ruminants and non-ruminants. The technology of leaf protein extraction from green leaves may be increasingly relevant in future aquafeed if the drawbacks associated with its production are addressed. Further empirical information through intensified and co-ordinated research on the utilization of available leaf meals, either as protein or energy source, is needed to ensure feed security in aquaculture production.
Community Based Fish Farming in Lowland Paddy Fields in Moyna, West Bengal, India
Authors: Kumar Bera Tarun , Bhattacharya Manojit , Kumar Dutta Tapas , Kar Avijit , Sankar Chini Deep , Patra Shampa , Senapati Debabrata , Bera Amalesh , Ghosh Soumendu , Kumar Das Basanta , Chandra Patra Bidhan
Published: November 2023

Paddy-cum-fish culture in lowland at Moyna block of Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India now enjoyed a national importance for development of socio-economic conditions of the rural community. lt seems to have a great potential in India which requires small cash outlays and could provide significant increases in rural employment in short time frame. Several factors are regulates the economic efficiency in the combination system of fish farming. Likewise, reliable sources of quality fish seeds, supplemental feeds and antibiotics, control of predators and pests as well as water quality plays the key factors. Rearing oflndian Major Carps as culture species and minimize the other input cost fishennen become economically beneficial. Consequently, a challenge already proven to protect the bio-geo texture of land and environment by adopting the sustainable management practices within the culture based areas at Moyna, West Bengal, India. A thought provoking analysis based approaches has been done to reveal the freshwater fish production scenario, cost-profit structure and physico-chemical condition of mentioned areas displayed zone wise. To protect, the dilemma of negative impacts of unscientific fish farming practices the urgent need of several significant strategies must be taken by local fish farmers as well as policy makers. Otherwise, the consistent aquatic environment along with the fish farming system will be disrupting in upcoming days.
The Effects of Salinity on Growth of Sword Tail, Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel, 1848)
Authors: Nanda Chinmaya , Kumar Bairwa Mukesh , Subhasini Behera Sushree , Kumar Swain Saroj
Published: November 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of different salinities (0, 2, 4, 6 ppt) on growth and survival of sword tail, Xiphophorus helleri for 45 days. The species were taken from the water sources, which has the salinity of zero ppt in the experimental unit and then transferred to control and respective treatments(T1,2 ppt, T2, 4 ppt and T3, 6 ppt). Fifteen sword tail fish were placed in each aquarium (1.5x 1.0x 1.0 feet3). They were fed with commercial feed along with plankton up to satiation once in a day and individually weighed at an interval of 15 days. The highest final mean weight was recorded in T1 ( 1.17±0.09 mg) which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than control and other treatments. The final length of the sword tail reared in the control (4.45 ± 0.102 cm) and T1(4.45 ± 0.286 cm) was significantly different than other treatments T2(4.35 ±0.076 cm) and T3 (3.98 ± 0.119 cm). Survival was significantly different among the three salinity treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, the species can grow well in water having the salinity of 2 ppt, but it can tolerate salinity of 6 ppt. These findings give us a lead to further upscale the study to understand the scope of culture of the ornamental species in saline affected areas.
Male Germ Cell Proliferation in Fish Under The Influence of Various Factors With Special Reference to Indian Major Carps
Authors: Panda B. , Nayak S. , Radhakrishnan K. , Verma D. K. , Samanta L. , Routray P.
Published: November 2023

The end product of germ cell maturation is the spermatozoa that are produced through a definite pattern in nature that requires a special environment. During proliferation of diploid germ cells, the spermatogonia repopulate the testis lobules by mitotic cell division. The natural germ cell proliferation and maturation has been modulated and manipulated by various factors to get maximum viable sperms for aquaculture practice. Environment and chemicals of natural and synthetic origin can interact with the endocrine system and alter the male germ cell generation and proliferation/inhibition in fish. In the present investigative review, an attempt has been made to ascertain various factors that influence the spermatogonial proliferation and maturation of fish with a special reference to Indian major carps, viz. catla, Catla catla, rohu, Labeo rohita and, mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala. It was observed that physical factors such as temperature and photoperiod, and the chemical stimulants such as clomephene citrate, hormones and other chemicals stimulate the process. However, if not applied in optimal conditions/doses it may retract the germ cell proliferation and the entire spermatogenesis.
Fish Feed Processing Technology for Entrepreneurship Development in India
Authors: Das K. C. , Mohanty S. , Sahoo P. K. , Nayak S. K. , Rangachargh P. V. , Siddaiah G. M.
Published: November 2023

The objective of feeding fish is to provide the optimum nutritional requirements for good health, growth, yield while minimizing wastage to optimize profits. Though natural feed forms the main source of nutrition, supplemental feeding is necessary to obtain increased production in ponds. Therefore, a good artificial feed not only facilitate in meeting nutritional requirements but also help to maintain good water stability and acceptance by the fish. To produce supplementary feed with the desired physical characteristics, feed processing and technology has a major role to play for quality feed production. Commercial feed is mainly used by few advanced and progressive farmers while the high cost is prohibitive for the small and marginal farmers. Moreover, non-conventional ingredients are normally not used for fish feed production by aqua feed industry, resulting into increased cost of the feed in the market. Some of the limitations in using non-conventional ingredients are poor utilization by fish either due to presence of anti-nutritional factors or insufficient processing. Furthermore, the scientific information on fish feed technology of conventional and non-conventional feed ingredients are limited. Production of feed as per the requirements essentially involves industrial processing that needs to be marketed in the form highly preferred by the end-users. Hence, the entrepreneurs need to access and use technical information and technology available at the research institutes to produce the desired commercial demand. The combination of the technical knowledge, technological package and business skill would certainly ensure establishment of the successful venture of feed production to cater the demand.
Scouting Farm Innovations – Implication for Extension
Authors: De H. K. , Saha G. S.
Published: November 2023

Aqua-farmers often experiment with their limited resources and available means for maximizing returns. Through years of trial and error, they had come up with locally tested and appropriate package of practices which gained popularity among the farmers in similar agro-climatic zones. These innovations often remain unnoticed and the talents of the farmers remain underutilized. Such innovations developed within resource constraints at the grass roots level have the potentials of wider scale dissemination through up-scaling. Authors underline that these innovations need to be nurtured, promoted and disseminated. They argue that the formal research system learns from the successful cases and tries to improvise the grassroot level innovations.
3D Modelling and Bioinformatics Analysis of Labeo catla Kisspeptin1 and Kisspeptin2 Proteins
Authors: Mishra Dhananjaya , Sahoo L. , Kumar Rajesh , Kumar Sundaray Jitendra
Published: November 2023

Here we characterized the Kisspeptin1 and Kisspeptin2 proteins of catla, Labeo catla ( Catla catla) - the second most important Indian major carp. The catla full-length Kisspeptin1 gene was 753 bp long which encoded a peptide of 116 AA (Amino Acids). The MW (Molecular Weight) and IP [Point Isoelectric (pl)] of catla Kisspeptin1 protein were observed to be 13371.28 kilodaltons (kDa) and 9.69, respectively. The predicted 3D structure of Kisspeptin1 protein showed a ROQF of 94.393%, and the RC Plot analysis showed that 90.35% residues were present in the most favourable region. There were 6 Serine, 2 Tyrosine and 6 Threonine P-sites, but no Ng-sites on the predicted protein were observed. Cellular localization of Kisspeptin1 protein was observed to be 31.6% in ECR, 30.8% in MR and 23 .1 % in NR. However, in the Kisspeptin2 gene, the full-length Kisspeptin2 gene was 583 bp which encoded a peptide of 125 AA. The catla Kisspeptin2 protein has an MW of 14504.60 kilodaltons (kDa) and an IP of 8.46. The predicted 3D structure of Kisspeptin2 protein showed a ROQF of 94.872% and the RC Plot analysis showed that 90.01 % residues are present in the most favoured region. There were 7 Threonine, 6 Serine, and 2 Tyrosine P-sites, but no Ng-sites were observed on the predicted protein. In contrast to Kisspeptin1 protein, 49.7% of Kisspeptin2 was observed to be present in the NR and 38.3% in the ER. The NJPT analysis showed that catla Kisspeptin1 and Kisspeptin2 amino acids showed a high similarity to Carassius auratus followed by Labeo rohita. The information generated from the present study will lay a solid infrastructure for grasp the role of Kisspeptin1 and Kisspeptin2 proteins in the NEC (Neuro-Endocrine Control) of the reproductive system in Labeo catla.
Scientific Aquaculture as a Means of Strengthening Livelihood in Kultali Block, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal-A Success Story
Authors: Mandal R. N. , Paul B. N. , Adhikari S. , Chattopadhyay D. N. , Hoque F. , Das A. , Hussan A. , Saha A. , Pillai B. R. , Swain S. K.
Published: November 2023

Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) -a Central Government Scheme to promote livelihood development of scheduled caste communities was introduced at Panchuakhali and Gangadharpur villages, Kultali Block of South 24 Parganas of West Bengal, by ICAR-CIFA-a premier Institute of freshwater aquaculture research during 2019-2020. Prior to initiation of aquaculture activities, Regional Research Station of ICAR-CIFA, Rahara organized a workshop to get relevant information regarding aquaculture status of particular area as well as aquaculture knowledge among the villagers attending the workshop. A questionnaire, which was prepared in vernacular language, was circulated to 350 villagers. Among them, 147 farmers, who were enrolled as beneficiaries with support of certain legal documents such as AADHAR No., Phone No, Caste Certificate, etc., were selected to receive various aquaculture inputs to perform scientific aquaculture by the technical guidance of ICAR-CIFA, RRC, Rahara. Aquaculture inputs which comprised of fish seed, fish feed, lime, aluminium handi, and cast net were supplied to the beneficiaries in collaboration with Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramkrishna Ashram, Nimpith, 24 Pargans South, West Bengal. Aquaculture inputs such as 185 kg of IMC fish seed, 10290 kg of floating fish feed, 8000 kg of lime, 147 numbers of aluminium handi and 147 numbers of cast nets were given to the beneficiaries. The fish was stocked @ 5250/ha. On an average, the farmers harvested around 215 kg fish from 0.08 ha pond, while before intervention of ICAR-CIFA's SCSP scheme, the harvested amount was 76 kg. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, monitoring of aquaculture activities in regular basis was disturbed a bit; still aquaculture production was satisfactory after 9 months of culture that corresponded to fish growth in the following ranges: Rohu (Labeo rohita), 400-600g; catla (Catla catla), 700-900g; and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), 350-450g. Before the intervention of ICAR-CIFA, the gross production was 0.95t/ha/yr. but after CIFA's intervention the gross production achieved were 3.0 t/ha/yr. Initially, the produced fish from the culture used to consume by themselves. But now they are selling the fish in the local market and by this, they could earn Rs 4.0 lakhs per hectare per year. It was observed that scientific aquaculture established in both the villages achieved nearly its goal and benefited marginal communities with economic development as well as livelihood program through SCSP Scheme. After receiving critical inputs from ICAR-CIFA and adopting scientific aquaculture, the farmers were benefitted around 2.8 times more economically.
Microbial Ecological Studies in Chinese Fish Pond Ecosystems
Authors: Xianzhen Guo , Xiuzhen Fang , Jun Xie , Dongbing Yu , Wenyou Zhang
Published: November 2023

The paper presents an overiew of research work on microbial ecology of freshwater aquaculture aspects systems that has been conducted in the Republic of China since 1982. Tho considered are bacterial populations in fish oonds under different management practices, bacteria-environment interactions, sediment-water interactions, carbon flow in fish pond ecosystems, heterotrophic bacterial activity and trophic significance of bacterial communities in aquaculture.
Use of Cattle Yard Waste for Fish Production
Authors: Pahwa D. V. , Chandra Jagdish
Published: November 2023

No Abstract.
Effect of Salinity on the Breeding of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) In Captivity
Authors: Abraham Mathew , Sultana Munawar
Published: November 2023

The effect of salinity on the breeding of an estuarine fish, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) commonly known as pearlspot, in capitivity was studied. It has been revealed that low saline condition around 15%% is good for its breeding. Further, it was observed that by maintaining low saline condition and providing spawning surfaces, it is possible to breed the species throughout the year.
Effect of Salinity on the Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Azotobacter vinelandii
Authors: Ninawe A. S. , Paul Raj R.
Published: November 2023

The present paper discusses the influence of salinity on the growth and nitrogen-fixing capacity of Azotobacter vinelandii in prawn-cum-paddy culture systems. The study on nine strains of A. vinelandii revealed that the salinity levels above 40 and below 10% in general, reduced the growth. Nitrogen fixation was observed in all the strains at salinity levels from 15 to 50%%.
Thymic Nurse Cells in Fish
Authors: De S. K. , Pal S. G.
Published: November 2023

Under the transmission electron microscope, the thymic nurse cells (TNC) are evident in adult Pseudopocryptes lanceolatus (Bloch and Schneider), an Indian teleost gobiid fish. The thymocytes are the chief constituents of the the TNCs. The microscopic features of the TNC in this fish are described in this communication.
Evaluation of Aeration Intensities for Rearing of Carp Fingerlings
Authors: Aravindakshan P. K. , Jena J. K. , Ayyappan S. , Muduli H. K. , Chandra Suresh
Published: November 2023

The levels of aeration intensities on growth and survival of fingerlings of Indian major carps and exotic carps were evaluated during March-June 1994 in three carp ponds of 0.08 ha each, the treatments being provision of one aerator and two aerators operated for 4-6 hours daily during late night hours along with a control without any aerator. The ponds were stocked al 50,000 fingerlings per hectare with catla, rohu, mrigal and grass carp at a ratio of 30:35:30:5 and reared for a period of 90 days. The results demonstrated the positive effect of aeration intensities on fish growth and survival rates of all the carp species. The influence was observed to be minimum on mrigal and maximum on grass carp.