bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of attitudes towards professional mental health care, informal help and self-reliance in people with subclinical depression
Authors: van Zoonen Kim , Kleiboer Annet , Cuijpers Pim , Smit Jan , Penninx Brenda , Verhaak Peter , Beekman Aartjan
Published: August 2015

Background:

Although little is known about which people with subclinical depression should receive care to prevent the onset of depression, it is clear that remediating symptoms of depression is important. However, depending on the beliefs people hold about help, some people will seek professional help, while others seek informal help or solve problems on their own.

Aims:

This study examined associations between attitudes about help and socio-demographic variables, mastery, severity of depressive symptoms, accessibility to care, and health care utilization at baseline and 4-year follow-up.

Methods:

Data were derived from a large cohort study, the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). A total of 235 respondents with subclinical depression completed questionnaires at baseline and follow-up. Attitude was assessed using a short version of the ‘Trust in mental health care’ questionnaire.

Results:

Positive attitude towards professional care was associated with being male, younger age, higher mastery and easy accessibility to care. Positive attitude towards informal help was associated with higher mastery and unemployment. Older age, less accessibility to care and lower mastery were associated with positive attitude towards self-reliance. A change in care utilization was associated with positive attitudes towards professional care at follow-up.

Conclusions:

People differ in the way they cope with symptoms which may influence their preferred care. Higher levels of mastery were positively associated with professional and informal care, but negatively associated with self-reliance. Both age and mastery showed relatively large effect sizes.
Do Poverty Reduction Programmes Foster Education Expenditure? New Evidence from Rwanda
Authors: Nkurunziza Joseph , Broekhuis Annelet , Hooimeijer Pieter
Published: August 2015

The Rwandan Government has implemented various education policies that contribute to higher enrolment in education, but has become aware that these policies might be less effective for children from poor families. This study investigates the contribution of poverty reduction programmes on education expenditure of households. Using a multi-level regression analysis, combining district data on labour markets with detailed expenditure data on 7,230 households, it teases out the effects of several social protection programmes. The results show that access to health insurance and to waged work are positively related, while direct financial or in kind support are negatively related to paying into the children’s schooling. Non-agricultural employment opportunities in particular seem to stimulate education investments. Reducing the vulnerability of households might provide more equal access to these opportunities.
Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Tooth Loss
Authors: Dietrich T. , Walter C. , Oluwagbemigun K. , Bergmann M. , Pischon T. , Pischon N. , Boeing H.
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cigarette smoking and smoking cessation and the prevalence and incidence of tooth loss in a large cohort study in Germany. We analyzed data of 23,376 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Potsdam study recruited between 1994 and 1998 from the general population in Potsdam and other parts of Brandenburg, Germany, who had complete data on cigarette smoking, tooth loss, and covariates. Negative binomial regression and tooth-specific logistic regression models were fit to evaluate the association between smoking and the baseline prevalence and incidence of tooth loss during follow-up, respectively. Cigarette smoking was associated with higher prevalence of tooth loss at baseline as well as higher incidence of tooth loss during follow-up. The association between smoking and the incidence of tooth loss was stronger in men than women and stronger in younger versus older individuals. Heavy smoking (≥15 cigarettes/d) was associated with >3 times higher risk of tooth loss in men (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.0, 4.4) and more than twice the risk of tooth loss in women (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.1, 2.9) younger than 50 y when compared with never smokers. Smoking cessation was consistently associated with a reduction in tooth loss risk, with the risk of tooth loss approaching that of never smokers after approximately 10 to 20 y of cessation.
Experience of a Small British Pacing Centre between 1994 and 2000: Some Answers to the Problem of Low UK Implantation Rates
Authors: D'Souza R. , Dawson F , Kerr F.
Published: August 2015

Raigmore is a district general hospital offering a permanent pacemaker service to its catchment population of 233,500. This report reviews the pacemaker practice over a seven year period (1994 to 2000) and makes a comparison with the national database and other hospitals in the UK.

The records of all patients receiving new implantions for the period under observation were reviewed retrospectively. Data collected included number of patients paced each year, age, sex, indications and complications.

In the 84 months studied 3/71 patients received new permanent pacemakers (the mean age was 74 years and 51% were male). The most common presenting symptoms were syncope (62%), dizzy spells (24%), and heart failure (11.5%). The most common indication for permanent pacemaker insertion was complete atrioventricular block (58%) followed by sick sinus syndrome (20%). The implantation rate was 419.3/million population /year in 2000. Pacemaker modes used were appropriate and the early and late complication rates were low (2.7%).

This current audit demonstrates continued growth of the service with low-complication rates and implantation rates which approach those in Western Europe and North America.
Diving Accidents in Sports Divers in Orkney Waters
Authors: Trevett A.J. , Forbes R. , Rae C.K. , Sheehan C. , Ross J. , Watt S.J. , Stephenson R.
Published: August 2015

Scapa Flow in Orkney is one of the major world centres for wreck diving. Because of the geography of Orkney and the nature of the diving, it is possible to make relatively accurate estimates of the number of dives taking place. The denominiator of dive activity allows the unusual opportunity of precise calculation of accident rates. In 1999, one in every 178 sports divers visiting Orkney was involved in a significant accident, in 2000 the figure was one in 102. Some of these accidents appear to have been predictable and could be avoided by better education and preparation of visiting divers.
Relationship of Volume of Lesion to Length of Hospital Stay and Outcome at One Year in Stroke Patients
Authors: Maddox J.M. , MacWalter R.S. , McMahon A.D.
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the volume of lesion (VOL) in patients with stroke and the associated length of hospital stay (LOS), as well as longer-term functional outcome. Computerised tomography (CT) scans were used to measure the volume, region and type of lesion, volume being measured by planimetry. LOS and other patient details were obtained from the Dundee Stroke Database. The total LOS was associated with the VOL on univariate analysis (p=0.004) and after adjustment for the other variables (p-0.006) due to a larger lesion being associated with longer stay in hospital. Patient follow-up confirmed that the VOL was also highly significant when related to functional outcome measures of impairment, disability and handicap at one year, as determined by Orgogozo (p=0.03), Barthel (p<0.01) and Rankin scores (p<0.01) respectively. The VOL is related to the length of stay in hospital and outcome at one year. This is of particular interest with the increasing use of thrombolysis and development of neuroprotectant agents designed to limit VOL.
Economic transition and speculative urbanisation in China: Gentrification versus dispossession
Authors: Shin Hyun Bang
Published: August 2015

Gentrification requires properties to be available for investment through market transactions. In mainland China which has gone through transition from a planned to a market economy, it is necessary to unleash decommodified real estate properties and make them amenable to investment. This entails inhabitants’ dispossession to dissociate them from claiming their rights to the properties and to their neighbourhoods. This paper argues that while China’s urban accumulation may have produced new-build gentrification, redevelopment projects have been targeting dilapidated urban spaces that are yet to be fully converted into commodities. This means that dispossession is a precursor to gentrification. Dispossession occurs through both coercion and co-optation, and reflects the path-dependency of China’s socialist legacy. The findings contribute to the debates on contextualising the workings of gentrification in the global South, and highlight the importance of identifying multiple urban processes at work to produce gentrification and speculative urban accumulation.
Restricted consonant inventories of 2-year-old Finnish children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media
Authors: Haapala Sini , Niemitalo-Haapola Elina , Raappana Antti , Kujala Tiia , Kujala Teija , Jansson-Verkasalo Eira
Published: August 2015

Many children experience recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) in early childhood. In a previous study, 2-year-old children with RAOM were shown to have immature neural patterns for speech sound discrimination. The present study further investigated the consonant inventories of these same children using natural speech samples. The results showed that 2-year-old children with RAOM ( N = 19) produced fewer words and had smaller consonant inventories compared to the healthy controls ( N = 21). In particular, the number of consonants produced in the medial position of words was restricted. For places and manners of articulation, the most notable difference between the groups was observed for fricatives, which were produced less often by the children with RAOM than by the controls. These results further support the assumption that early and recurrent middle ear infections should be considered a risk factor for language development.
Isolated Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Bone Lesion in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Bezdjian Aren , Alarfaj Abdullah A. , Varma Namrata , Daniel Sam J.
Published: August 2015

Objective

The present study reviewed all cases reported of isolated Langerhans cell histiocytosis bone lesions in the head and neck of pediatric patients. The objective was to create a treatment algorithm to facilitate the diagnosis and management of these lesions.

Data Sources

Eligible articles were identified through a comprehensive search of the following electronic databases: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library.

Review Methods

Two authors independently reviewed the titles and abstracts retrieved by the electronic search concordant with the criteria for study eligibility. The lists of articles from each author were jointly reviewed and a common list created. All relevant articles were reviewed in hard copies and as full texts to justify inclusion.

Results

A total of 201 patients (67% male, mean age: 8.1 ± 4.3 years) were included from 45 studies. Clinical presentations included swelling (64%), pain (9%), or both (18%). The skull (61%) and the orbit (24%) were the most common location for isolated bone lesions in the head and neck. The most frequently documented management option was resection, followed by observation, chemotherapy, and intralesional steroid injection.

Conclusions

Due to its rarity and variability in presentation and severity, treatment of these lesions has yet to be standardized. Based on the review, a diagnosis and treatment algorithm was created for head and neck surgeons when encountering these types of lesions.
Meaning and function of dummy auxiliaries in adult acquisition of Dutch as an additional language
Authors: Julien Manuela , van Hout Roeland , van de Craats Ineke
Published: August 2015

This article presents the results of experimental data on language production and comprehension. These show that adult learners of Dutch as an additional language, with different language backgrounds, and a L2 proficiency below level A2 (Waystage) of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR; Council of Europe, 2001), use dummy auxiliaries as a structural device and interpret them as semantically vacuous. Proficiency level in the target language, more than language background, seems to determine the occurrence of dummy auxiliaries, and also which dummy auxiliary is used. Participants at a lower level of language acquisition use both dummy auxiliaries zijn (‘be’) and gaan (‘go’), whereas more advanced learners continue using predominantly dummy auxiliary gaan. These findings suggest that both dummy auxiliaries have a trigger function in setting the step from nonfinite utterances, to utterances with dummy auxiliaries carrying morphological information, and finally to utterances in which the morphological information is carried by the finite verb.
Ex vivo simulation of cardiopulmonary bypass with human blood for hemocompatibility testing
Authors: Teligui Leylah , Dalmayrac Emilie , Corbeau Jean-Jacques , Bouquet Emmanuelle , Godon Alban , Denommé Anne-Sophie , Binuani Partrice , Verron Laurence , Boer Christa , Baufreton Christophe
Published: August 2015

Object:

Experimental circuits for biomaterial surface testing are frequently limited by the tested blood volume, composition of the circuit, flow conditions and the use of animal blood. This report describes an ex vivo set-up for simulated cardiopulmonary bypass with human blood perfusion. We investigated the clinical generalizability of the observed effects on hematological and metabolic parameters and the hemocompatibility of the system.

Methods:

The simulated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit consisted of a heparin-coated tubing system connected to an oxygenator and a venous reservoir. Normothermic flow of blood obtained from healthy donors was maintained at 2.4 L/min/m2 by a roller pump. Heparin was dosed to obtain a target activated clotting time (ACT) ⩾500 s. Blood was drawn at baseline and 0, 10, 60 and 120 minutes following the initiation of blood flow to determine hematological and metabolic parameters and the hemocompatibility of the extracorporeal system. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results:

Two hours of blood perfusion resulted in a small, but clinically unimportant reduction in hematocrit, whereas hemoglobin levels and red blood cell, platelet and leukocyte counts remained stable. There was a significant increase in ACT throughout the experiment. While pO2 levels and the pH remained unaltered during the experiment, pCO2 values decreased from 51 ± 6 mmHg at T0 to 41 ± 3 mmHg at T120 (p<0.001). Simulated cardiopulmonary bypass induced a two-fold increase in C3a (p=0.001) while tissue factor was decreased from 44 ± 14 pg/mL at T0 to 38 ± 13 pg/mL at T120 (p=0.009). Levels of CD40L, prothrombin fragment 1+2, β-thromboglobulin and factor VIIa remained stable over time.

Conclusion:

The ex vivo set-up for simulated cardiopulmonary bypass mimicked the clinical cardiosurgical setting. Exposure of fresh donor blood to the extracorporeal circuit showed a good hemocompatibility, indicated by maintained hematological parameters and a mild immune response.
Racial Differences in Risk-Taking Propensity on the Youth Version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART-Y)
Authors: Collado Anahi , Risco Cristina M. , Banducci Anne N. , Chen Kevin W. , MacPherson Laura , Lejuez Carl W.
Published: August 2015

Research indicates that White adolescents tend to engage in greater levels of risk behavior relative to Black adolescents. To better understand these differences, the current study examined real-time changes in risk-taking propensity (RTP). The study utilized the Balloon Analogue Risk Task–Youth Version (BART-Y), a well-validated real-time, laboratory assessment of RTP. The sample included 224 adolescents (41% Black; Mage = 11 + 0.8 years old). Generalized Equations Modeling analyses indicated that Black adolescents showed greater RTP decreases over the course of the task relative to White adolescents. Findings suggested that both groups exhibited similar RTP at the beginning of the BART-Y, and that significant differences emerged as the task progressed. The differences in RTP remained after controlling for family income, gender, age, and past-year risk behaviors. RTP may be an important target of investigation when examining racial differences in adolescent risk behavior.
A state-of-the-art review of micron-scale spatially resolved residual stress analysis by FIB-DIC ring-core milling and other techniques
Authors: Lunt Alexander JG , Baimpas Nikolaos , Salvati Enrico , Dolbnya Igor P , Sui Tan , Ying Siqi , Zhang Hongjia , Kleppe Annette K , Dluhoš Jiri , Korsunsky Alexander M
Published: August 2015

Quantification of residual stress gradients can provide great improvements in understanding the complex interactions between microstructure, mechanical state, mode(s) of failure and structural integrity. Highly focused local probe non-destructive techniques such as X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction or Raman spectroscopy have an established track record in determining spatial variations in the relative changes in residual stress with respect to a reference state for many structural materials. However, the interpretation of these measurements in terms of absolute stress values requires a strain-free sample often difficult to obtain due to the influence of chemistry, microstructure or processing route. With the increasing availability of focused ion beam instruments, a new approach has been developed which is known as the micro-scale ring-core focused ion beam-digital image correlation technique. This technique is becoming the principal tool for quantifying absolute in-plane residual stresses. It can be applied to a broad range of materials: crystalline and amorphous metallic alloys and ceramics, polymers, composites and biomaterials. The precise nano-scale positioning and well-defined gauge volume of this experimental technique make it eminently suitable for spatially resolved analysis, that is, residual stress profiling and mapping. Following a summary of micro-stress evaluation approaches, we focus our attention on focused ion beam-digital image correlation methods and assess the application of micro-scale ring-core methods for spatially resolved residual stress profiling. The sequential ring-core milling focused ion beam-digital image correlation method allows micro- to macro-scale mapping at the step of 10–1000 μm, while the parallel focused ion beam-digital image correlation approach exploits simultaneous milling operation to quantify stress profiles at the micron scale (1–10 μm). Cross-validation against X-ray diffraction results confirms that these approaches represent accurate, reliable and effective residual stress mapping methods.
Bioenergy as an Empty Signifier
Authors: Kuchler Magdalena , Hedrén Johan
Published: August 2015

The article provides insight into the contemporary international bioenergy debate and scrutinizes how the idea of biofuel production as a win-win-win solution to energy insecurity, climate change, and agricultural stagnation came into being, what discursive forces bind such a conceptualization, and where dislocations arise. Based on critical assumptions of discourse theory developed by Laclau and Mouffe, the analysis explores assessments, reports, policy papers, and other central documents from three influential international organizations—the International Energy Agency, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization—that provide an entry point to the global debate on biofuels. We show that the bioenergy concept occupies specific positions and conveys different meanings within the three overlapping discourses of energy, climate, and agriculture. These three discursive areas are further “sutured” around the notion of biofuel production, where a hegemonic thread of the capitalist market economics, fixated on economic growth and presupposing the necessity of cost-effectiveness, results in internal contradictions and dislocations within the win-win-win conceptualization, emptying bioenergy of any content.
Industrial Trajectory and Economic Development
Authors: Trindade Jose Raimundo , Cooney Paul , de Oliveira Wesley Pereira
Published: August 2015

This article examines Brazil’s industrial trajectory, beginning with an analysis of the process of import substitution industrialization and its role historically. This is followed by an analysis of industry after the transition to neoliberalism. The resulting evidence implies a clear process of deindustrialization, and upon examining the pattern of exports, a process of re-primarization as well. The paper concludes with a discussion of these troubling trends for the current trajectory of the Brazilian economy.
Do parties converge to the electoral mean in all political systems?
Authors: Gallego Maria , Schofield Norman
Published: August 2015

Many formal models suggest that parties or candidates should locate at the electoral mean. Yet, there is no consistent evidence of such convergence across political systems. Schofield’s (2007) Valence Theorem proves that when valence differences across parties are large, there is non-convergence to the mean. Convergence to the mean depends on the value of the convergence coefficient, c. When c is high there is significant centrifugal tendency acting on the parties and when c is low there is a significant centripetal tendency acting on the parties.

In this paper we apply the stochastic valence model of elections in various countries under different political regimes and use the convergence coefficient of these elections to classify political systems. Our results show that the convergence coefficient varies across elections in a country, across countries using the same political system and across political regimes. For countries using proportional representation, namely Israel, Turkey and Poland, the centrifugal tendency is very high and parties move away from the mean. In the majoritarian polities of the United States and the UK, parties are located at the mean, as the centrifugal tendency is very low. In anocracies, the autocrat imposes limitations on how far from the origin the opposition parties can move but the equilibrium is fragile.
‘Harsh Love’ and Forgiveness
Authors: Johnson James Turner
Published: August 2015

While Biggar in chapter 2 of his In Defence of War cites Augustine in support of an argument for forgiveness and reconciliation, this paper argues through a close look at Augustine’s Letters 95 and 139 and Book I of his On Christian Doctrine that Augustine’s view of how the Donatists should be treated focused on their punishment, not on reconciliation in the sense Biggar describes.
Probing the Biggar Line: Strong Points and Vulnerabilities of an Anglican Defence of Britain’s Latest Belligerent Century and of Wider Just War Theoretical Positions
Authors: Schulte Paul
Published: August 2015

Biggar’s excellent book allows examination of the adequacy of Christian just war theory over key events of the last century’s British military and interventionary history. I attempt infiltration of key positions behind a creeping barrage, following the contours of Biggar’s arguments, finally firing corrosive Greek fire into the deep Latinate redoubts of Fortresses Augustine and Aquinas. I shall explain why the audit of Biggar’s ambitious defensive system shows a very mixed balance sheet for just war theory.
A new control strategy for hybrid electric vehicles equipped with a continuously variable transmission
Authors: Delkhosh Mojtaba , Saadat Foumani Mahmoud , Lashgarian Azad Nasser , Rostami Pejman
Published: August 2015

The electric assist control strategy is one of the well-known methods for managing the power sources of hybrid electric vehicles. Because of the dependence of the electric assist control strategy approach on its parameters, optimization of this strategy can improve its performance, which results in lower fuel consumption and lower emission levels. However, one of the main concerns about optimization of this strategy is its dependence on the driving behaviour. This paper aims to propose a new control strategy based on the electric assist control strategy with a smaller number of control parameters and less dependence on the driving behaviour. This strategy is usable only for vehicles equipped with a continuously variable transmission. In this strategy, the engine’s operating point is determined by considering its best point in terms of the fuel consumption and the emissions, and also the high-efficiency region of the powertrain. After optimization of the proposed strategy and the electric assist control strategy approach, the methods are compared. It is shown that the proposed strategy provides a better performance in terms of the fuel consumption and the emissions during all the considered driving cycles. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the performance of the proposed strategy has less dependence on the driving-cycle pattern because fewer parameters are used than in the electric assist control strategy. This feature makes the devised control strategy desirable for real-world conditions where the vehicle undergoes various driving patterns.
HSP27 modulates survival signaling in endosulfan-exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with curcumin
Authors: Ahmed T , Banerjee BD
Published: August 2015

Endosulfan, a well-known organochlorine pesticide, induces apoptosis and depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Thus, for the amelioration of its effect, antioxidant and antiapoptotic potential of curcumin was evaluated. For ascertaining the attenuating effect of curcumin, various biochemical indices of cell damage such as cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis (phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, and cytochrome c) in human PBMC was evaluated following endosulfan exposure (0–100 µM). To assess the role of HSP27 on endosulfan-induced apoptosis, the expression of HSP27 was examined. Curcumin (25 µM) increased cell viability significantly. As evident from the restoration of GSH, antiapoptotic potential was directly proportional to their antioxidant nature of curcumin. The present study indicates that the beneficial effect of curcumin on endosulfan-induced cytotoxicity is related to the induced synthesis of HSP27, emphasizing its antioxidant and therapeutic potential as well as underscoring the mechanism of pesticide-induced toxicity at cellular level. Taken together, these findings suggest that curcumin protects against endosulfan-induced immunotoxicity in human PBMC by attenuating apoptosis.
Sustainability and the renewed semi-professionalism of leading Anglo-American financial services firms
Authors: Campbell-Verduyn Malcolm
Published: August 2015

This article argues that actors legitimize the benefits associated with professional status through practices congruent with social values. Such congruence is ‘thin’ when activities correspond with the values of industry actors and ‘thick’ when practices relate to broader social principles. The category of ‘semi-professionals’ is extended to actors whose legitimization of professional privileges remains precarious as their ‘thin’ congruence with narrow principles impedes broader correspondence with wider social values. The ‘thin’ congruence with narrow notions of sustainability by leading British and American accounting firms, banks and credit-rating agencies since the outbreak of the most recent financial crisis is illustrated as contributing to their persistent ‘semi-professionalism’. It is maintained that only through ‘thick’ congruence with wider notions of sustainability may these and other market actors more broadly legitimize the privileges associated with professional status.
Cardiovascular Health of Filipinos in the United States
Authors: Abesamis Carol Jean , Fruh Sharon , Hall Heather , Lemley Trey , Zlomke Kimberly R.
Published: August 2015

Purpose: Filipino Americans (FAs) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this literature review is to enhance understanding of cardiovascular health among FAs. Design: Databases searched: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Google Scholar, Journals@OVID , and EBSCO databases including CINAHL Complete. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Academic Search Complete, and Biological Abstracts 1969-Present. Key terms used: FAs and cardiovascular disease. Criteria for inclusion: peer-reviewed empirical articles published in English. Findings/Results: A total of 51 studies were identified and 27 were selected for the review based on relevance to nursing care for FAs. Three main themes emerged from the literature reviewed: risk factors and disease prevalence, health promotion, and health beliefs/practices. Discussion/Conclusions: The literature review identified that FAs were at high risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome at lower BMI levels. Implications for Practice: Health care providers should implement prevention strategies and interventions for the FA population to ensure the best outcomes.
Field Theory and Working With Group Dynamics in Debriefing
Authors: Hermann Kristina
Published: August 2015

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show how the group-dynamic approach, as developed by the social psychologist Kurt Lewin in his field theory, deepens learning during the debriefing phase.

Design/Methodology/Approach. This article offers insight into Lewin’s field theory and its main principles for social learning within groups by addressing the group dynamics of simulation and gaming. We discuss the potential gains of using emerging group dynamics, and present concrete methodological suggestions.

Findings. Seen from a systemic-constructivist view, group conflicts often mirror those in organizational, contextual, or social settings. These conflicts and contradictions can be made visible through emotions. Connecting emotions and simulation dynamics makes the insights for participants more relevant and easily transferable to real life situations.

Limitations/Implications. Lewin’s ideas have spread widely, and many researchers have worked to develop them further. Lewin’s thoughts seem to be integral to Simulation & Gaming, although links to his work are not often cited or mentioned explicitly. Despite his theory’s apparent impact on much of gaming and simulation, many gamers still fail to integrate principles of group dynamics in game and debriefing design.

Originality/Value. Group dynamics during simulations are often close to real life experiences and can be very demanding. Facilitators may link group dynamics to the content of the simulation, thereby deepening social learning and the understanding of complex systems.
Evaluation of DELTA PREP
Authors: Freire Kimberley E. , Zakocs Ronda , Le Brenda , Hill Jessica A. , Brown Pamela , Wheaton Jocelyn
Published: August 2015

Background. Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been recognized as a public health problem since the late 20th century. To spur IPV prevention efforts nationwide, the DELTA PREP Project selected 19 state domestic violence coalitions to build organizational prevention capacity and catalyze IPV primary prevention strategies within their states. Objective. DELTA PREP’s summative evaluation addressed four major questions: (1) Did coalitions improve their prevention capacity during the project period? (2) Did coalitions serve as catalysts for prevention activities within their states during the project period? (3) Was initial prevention capacity associated with the number of prevention activity types initiated by coalitions by the end of the project? (4) Did coalitions sustain their prevention activities 6 months after the end of the project period? Results. DELTA PREP achieved its capacity-building goal, with all 19 participant coalitions integrating prevention within their organizations and serving as catalysts for prevention activities in their states. At 6 months follow up, coalitions had sustained almost all prevention activities they initiated during the project. Baseline prevention capacity (Beginner vs. Intermediate) was not associated with the number of prevention activity types coalitions implemented by the end of the project. Conclusion. Service and treatment organizations are increasingly asked to integrate a full spectrum of prevention strategies. Selecting organizations that have high levels of general capacity and readiness for an innovation like integrating a public health approach to IPV prevention will likely increase success in building an innovation-specific capacity, and in turn implementing an innovation.
Sugar and spice … and a badge and a gun
Authors: Gibbs Jennifer C , Ruiz James , Klapper-Lehman Sarah Anne
Published: August 2015

Women’s involvement in policing has been an area of study in the United States, but research in other countries has been sporadic. Comparative research, in particular, is scant in the literature on women’s involvement in policing. To address this gap in knowledge, this study explores differences between countries with high and low proportions of officers who are female. Qualitatively comparing these countries, several distinctions emerged between countries with a small percentage (< 5%) of female police (Albania, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Japan) and countries with a high percentage (> 18%) of female police (Estonia, Slovenia, Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). Four of the five low percentage countries are located in Asia, with a higher population density, homicide rate and economic inequality (as measured by the Gini Index) than most of the countries with a high percentage of female officers. These low percentage countries also have yet to abolish capital punishment, whereas all high percentage countries have done so. In addition, two of the low percentage countries, but none of the high percentage countries, were involved in a civil war during the data collection period; two of the high percentage countries, but no low percentage countries, were involved in interstate war. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The magical realism of body counts: How media credulity and flawed statistics sustain a controversial policy
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Idrees
Published: August 2015

The drone war in Pakistan poses humanitarian, legal, ethical and political challenges. The tactic is controversial and has been condemned by the United Nations’ special rapporteur on extrajudicial killings. Yet, polls have shown high support for the tactic in the United States (and to a lesser degree in the United Kingdom). Much of this has to do with the media reporting on the war, which consistently underestimates its human toll. Dubious statistics have sustained the image of a surgical war with little collateral damage. But as this article shows, there are reasons to doubt these numbers. The article argues that two interrelated factors have contributed to a flawed accounting of the war’s human toll: (1) rituals of objectivity that privilege ‘official sources’ and (2) fetishizing of statistics as hard facts without regard for the underlying data. The coverage has also been distorted by news values that downplay or ignore deaths in distant places unless they cross an inordinately high threshold.
Sanctioning journalistic misconduct: An application of cumulative prospect theory to journalistic self-regulation issues
Authors: Radu Raluca-Nicoleta
Published: August 2015

Cumulative prospect theory, one of the major contributions to behavioral economics to explaining decision-making under uncertainty, is used to analyze two perspectives on punishment for professional misconduct, in one developing and one developed journalistic professional world. Using cumulative prospect theory, this article aims to explore why Romanian journalists show greater support for a liability model, compared to their Swiss counterparts, who favor an answerability model of accountability. To this end, several semi-structured interviews with experts in both countries were conducted. The discussions started from data gathered in a previous survey, called MediaAcT. The cumulative prospect theory of Kahneman and Tversky is based on a framing hypothesis, but has not been used before by media scholars. The approach proves to be fruitful, as it allows for a better understanding of journalists’ attitudes to accountability and responsibility.
School as a space of socialization and prevention
Authors: Theimann Maike
Published: August 2015

As one of the primary agents of socialization during adolescence, schools have become an important place for crime prevention. Many programmes have been developed but many of them lack a theoretical basis. Therefore criminological learning theories are examined for possible starting points for successful school-based crime prevention. Theses derived from these theories concerning the direct and indirect impact of student–teacher relationships on students’ attitudes and later self-reported delinquency are analysed with the first four waves (ages 13 to 16) from the German prospective panel study Crime in the Modern City. The findings suggest that the quality of the student–teacher relationship is a causal link in the generation of adolescent delinquent behaviour and hence a promising starting point for crime prevention measures.
Are Former Professional Athletes and Native Better Coaches? Evidence From Spanish Basketball
Authors: del Corral Julio , Maroto Andrés , Gallardo Andrés
Published: August 2015

This article analyzes the efficiency of coaches in the Top Spanish Basketball League and what determines this efficiency. To accomplish this, a stochastic production function is estimated. Among others, the inefficiency determinants considered are whether the coach is an ex-professional player and whether he is from Spain. The results demonstrate that foreign coaches are more efficient. To build upon these results, a new approach to estimate the efficiency of coaches, in which efficiency is obtained by comparing their performance with expectations attained from betting odds, is proposed. The results were principally reinforced.
Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker Ethanol Extract Suppresses Cell Growth and Invasion in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhan Yingzhuan , Zhang Han , Liu Rui , Wang Wenjie , Qi Junpeng , Zhang Yanmin
Published: August 2015

Aim of the study. To examine the antiproliferation and anti-invasion of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker 70% ethanol extract (ESWE) on breast cancer and elucidate the underlying signaling mechanisms. Methods. MTT and colony formation assays were used to investigate the effect of ESWE on proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro. The xenograft mouse tumor model was used to determine the effect of ESWE on breast cancer in vivo. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we used western blotting to analyze the expression of ERK1/2, CXCR4, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and MMP9 pretreated with ESWE. The stromal cell–derived factor (SDF)-1α-induced migration and invasion potential of breast cancer cells were examined by wound-healing assays and Matrigel invasion chamber assays. Results. ESWE effectively inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-435s and MDA-MB-231 cells and exhibited antitumor effects in an MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice model. Furthermore, ESWE suppressed the activity of ERK1/2, a key molecule of MAPK signaling. We also observed that ESWE treatment led to downregulation of CXCR4 expression as well as greatly reduced MMP2 and MMP9. ESWE affected CXCR4 expression partially through the modulation of autocrine vascular endothelial growth factor. However, suppression of CXCR4 expression was the result of downregulation of mRNA expression. Inhibition of CXCR4 expression by ESWE further correlated with the suppression of SDF-1α-induced migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Conclusion. ESWE exerted its antiproliferation and antiinvasion by regulating MAPK signaling and related metastasis factorsand thus could be a useful therapeutic candidate for breast cancer intervention.
Time Delay of CGM Sensors
Authors: Schmelzeisen-Redeker Günther , Schoemaker Michael , Kirchsteiger Harald , Freckmann Guido , Heinemann Lutz , del Re Luigi
Published: August 2015

Background:

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a powerful tool to support the optimization of glucose control of patients with diabetes. However, CGM systems measure glucose in interstitial fluid but not in blood. Rapid changes in one compartment are not accompanied by similar changes in the other, but follow with some delay. Such time delays hamper detection of, for example, hypoglycemic events. Our aim is to discuss the causes and extent of time delays and approaches to compensate for these.

Methods:

CGM data were obtained in a clinical study with 37 patients with a prototype glucose sensor. The study was divided into 5 phases over 2 years. In all, 8 patients participated in 2 phases separated by 8 months. A total number of 108 CGM data sets including raw signals were used for data analysis and were processed by statistical methods to obtain estimates of the time delay.

Results:

Overall mean (SD) time delay of the raw signals with respect to blood glucose was 9.5 (3.7) min, median was 9 min (interquartile range 4 min). Analysis of time delays observed in the same patients separated by 8 months suggests a patient dependent delay. No significant correlation was observed between delay and anamnestic or anthropometric data. The use of a prediction algorithm reduced the delay by 4 minutes on average.

Conclusions:

Prediction algorithms should be used to provide real-time CGM readings more consistent with simultaneous measurements by SMBG. Patient specificity may play an important role in improving prediction quality.
Exercise in Pregnancy
Authors: Hinman Sally K. , Smith Kristy B. , Quillen David M. , Smith M. Seth
Published: August 2015

Context:

Health professionals who care for pregnant women should discuss potential health benefits and harms of exercise. Although most pregnant women do not meet minimal exercise recommendations, there are a growing number of physically active women who wish to continue training throughout pregnancy.

Evidence Acquisition:

A search of the Web of Science database of articles and reviews available in English through 2014. The search terms exercise pregnancy, strenuous exercise pregnancy, and vigorous exercise pregnancy were used.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Results:

With proper attention to risk stratification and surveillance, exercise is safe for the mother and fetus. Benefits of exercise in pregnancy include reduction in Cesarean section rates, appropriate maternal and fetal weight gain, and managing gestational diabetes. Exercise as a means of preventing gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or perinatal depression cannot be reliably supported. Overall, the current evidence suffers from a lack of rigorous study design and compliance with physical activity interventions.

Conclusion:

Research thus far has been unable to consistently demonstrate proposed benefits of exercise in pregnancy, such as preventing gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or perinatal depression. However, moderate- and high-intensity exercise in normal pregnancies is safe for the developing fetus and clearly has several important benefits. Thus, exercise should be encouraged according to the woman’s preconception physical activity level.
Cerebral vascular malformations: Time-resolved CT angiography compared to DSA
Authors: Shankar Jai Jai Shiva , Lum Cheemun , Chakraborty Santanu , dos Santos Marlise P
Published: August 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to prospectively test the hypothesis that time-resolved CT angiography (TRCTA) on a Toshiba 320-slice CT scanner enables the same characterization of cerebral vascular malformation (CVM) including arteriovenous malformation (AVM), dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), pial arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) and developmental venous anomaly (DVA) compared to digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

Materials and methods

Eighteen (eight males, 10 females) consecutive patients (11 AVM, four DAVF, one PAVF, and two DVA) underwent 19 TRCTA (Aquillion one, Toshiba) for suspected CVM diagnosed on routine CT or MRI. One patient with a dural AVF underwent TRCTA and DSA twice before and after treatment. Of the 18 patients, 13 were followed with DSA (Artis, Siemens) within two months of TRCTA. Twenty-three sequential volume acquisitions of the whole head were acquired after injection of 50 ml contrast at the rate of 4 ml/sec. Two patients with DVA did not undergo DSA. Two TRCTA were not assessed because of technical problems. TRCTAs were independently reviewed by two neuroradiologists and DSA by two other neuroradiologists and graded according to the Spetzler-Martin classification, Borden classification, overall diagnostic quality, and level of confidence. Weighted kappa coefficients ( k) were calculated to compare reader’s assessment of DSA vs TRCTA.

Results

There was excellent ( k = 0.83 and 1) to good ( k = 0.56, 0.61, 0.65 and 0.67) agreement between the different possible pairs of neuroradiologists for the assessment of vascular malformations.

Conclusion

TRCTA may be a sufficient noninvasive substitute for conventional DSA in certain clinical situations.
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a child with Crohn’s disease, otitis media, and meningitis
Authors: Selvitop Omer , Poretti Andrea , Huisman Thierry AGM , Wagner Matthias W
Published: August 2015

Pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Severe long-term sequelae are reported in up to 48% of children. The most frequent location of CSVT in children is the superficial venous system. We present the neuroimaging findings using both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 10-year-old child with extensive superficial CSVT. Our report aims to stress the importance of awareness of risk factors in suspecting and rapidly diagnosing CSVT. The application of targeted conventional and advanced MRI sequences is the diagnostic tool of choice in children at risk of or with clinically suspected CSVT.
Endovascular embolization of pial arteriovenous fistula fed from P1 segment of posterior cerebral artery in 12 years old girl: case report and review of literature
Authors: Bongetta Daniele , Lafe Elvis , Pugliese Raffaelino , Cattalani Andrea , Gaetani Paolo , Thyrion Federico Zappoli
Published: August 2015

Objective

Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) are rare vascular lesions with peculiar epidemiological, morphological, and pathophysiological characteristics. Since there is no nidus, PAVF treatment has been performed by direct disconnection of the arteriovenous communication via a surgical, endovascular, or a combined approach. We aim to outline the relevant variables to consider in planning an endovascular treatment strategy.

Methods

We present a case of a 12 year old girl with a single feeder PAVF originating from the first segment (P1) of the left posterior cerebral artery with a varicose venous drainage into the right cavernous sinus.

Results

We report the successful endovascular exclusion of the fistula with the release of a total of 27 detachable platinum coils with no complications at follow-up. Treatment strategy and nuances are discussed along with a review of the literature.

Conclusions

Morphology, age, embolization strategies, and materials are the different variables to be analyzed in the endovascular treatment of such lesions.