bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Properties Evaluation of an Epoxy Resin Toughened by a Combination of Reactive Polyester and Kaolin
Authors: Bakar M. , Białkowska A. , Rudecka J. , Bachan D.
Published: September 2018

The present work investigates the effect of reactive polyester and kaolin on the mechanical and adhesive properties of brittle epoxy resin. The impact strength (IS), flexural strength and critical stress intensity factor (KC), as well as the adhesive strength under tensile and impact conditions, were evaluated as functions of the modifier content. The results obtained showed an improvement in the impact strength and flexural strength as well as adhesive strength under impact and tensile conditions due to kaolin and polyester addition. However, the flexural modulus decreased with the polyester and increased with the kaolin content. Hybrid compositions containing 30 wt.% of polyester and 30 wt.% of kaolin showed enhanced tensile adhesive strength as well as impact adhesive strength in comparison to the virgin epoxy resin, exhibiting a synergic effect. SEM micrographs confirmed the presence of a regular and homogeneous stratified structure with particles embedded in the polymer matrix, explaining the improvement of mechanical properties.
Insights into the Encapsulation Process of Photovoltaic Modules: GC-MS Analysis on the Curing Step of Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) Encapsulant
Authors: Li Heng-Yu , Théron Ricardo , Röder Gregory , Turlings Ted , Luo Yun , Lange Ronald F.M. , Ballif Christophe , Perret-Aebi Laure-Emmanuelle
Published: September 2018

Appropriate encapsulation schemes are essential in protecting the active components of the photovoltaic (PV) module against weathering and to ensure long term reliability. For crystalline cells, poly(ethylene- co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) is the most commonly used PV encapsulant. Additives like peroxides and silanes are formulated in EVA encapsulants to obtain the desired properties, e.g. the desired gel content value and sufficient adhesion after the encapsulation process etc. The identification and control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by the polymeric encapsulant during PV module encapsulation is important for understanding and optimizing processes in order to enhance the encapsulation quality of the manufactured modules. The authors demonstrate how gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques can be used to help understand the curing process, mainly by identifying the VOCs emanating from EVA under the effect of temperature and pressure. The results provide chemical insights into the EVA encapsulation process, which are valuable for further optimization of the PV module manufacturing process and evaluation of its environmental impact.
Effect of Nanoclay on Quasi Static Perforation of Thin-walled Polymer Composite Laminates
Authors: Esfahani Javad Moftakharian , Esfandeh Masoud , Sabet Ali Reza
Published: September 2018

In this study, the penetration and perforation performance of nanoclay reinforced unsaturated polyester resin/fibreglass nanocomposite laminates have been investigated via quasi-static indentation tests using ahemispherical nose indenter. Unsaturated polyester resin (UP) was mixed with 1.5 and 3 wt.% nanoclay using a homogenizer stirrer to prepare a homogeneous mix. UP reinforced nanocomposite was then utilized to manufacture 150 × 150 mm2 laminated composite panels using 400 g/m2 glass fibre woven roving via a hand lay-up process. X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDXA) analysis and measurement of viscosity changes in the liquid state resin confirmed the exfoliation and the intercalation of the nanoclay by the unsaturated polyester resin system used. Quasi-static perforation tests were conducted using a surface-hardened steel indenter with a hemispherical tip at 5 and 500 mm/min load rates on nanocomposite laminated plates. Measurement of the quasi-static force as a function of indenter displacement for all the specimens showed four distinct regions, namely penetration, perforation, exit and residual frictional force. The results indicated a clear role being played by the nanoclay filler as a secondary reinforcement, in terms of higher energy absorption in all four regions.
Influence of Rare-earth Coupling Agent on Non-isothermal Crystallization Behaviour of Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Li Liping , Li Huizi , Guo Chuigen
Published: September 2018

The influence of a rare-earth coupling agent (RE) on the non-isothermal crystallization behaviour of PP was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Experimental results showed that use of RE caused a decrease in the crystallization temperature, melting temperature and crystallinity of PP in WF/RE/PP compared with those in WF/PP. The Avrami, Ozawa and Mo methods were used to describe the crystallization process. The Avrami and Ozawa methods neglected the secondary crystallization and followed primary crystallization. The Mo approach could successfully describe the overall crystallization process. The relation of the half times of crystallization ( t1/2) of the three samples, t1/2(WF/PP) < t1/2(WF/RE/PP) <t1/2 (PP) and the F( T)(WF/PP)< F( T)(WF/RE/PP) <F( T)(PP), suggested that the crystallization rate of WF/RE/PP was slower than that of WF/PP The activation energy was calculated by using the Kissinger method and the results indicated that the incorporation of RE resulted in a compatible effect, which led to a reduction in the crystallization rate and an increase in activation energy compared with WF/PP.
Synthesis and Properties of Polyetherimides by Nucleophilic Displacement Reaction
Authors: Rajasekar S. , Venkatesan D.
Published: September 2018

A series of polyetherimides was prepared by nucleophilic displacement reaction of bisnitrophthalimides containing ether and sulfur linkages with aromatic diols in dimethyl sulfoxide. The two new bisnitrophthalimides, 4,4′-bis(N-phenoxy-4-nitrophthaliimide)-2,2′-diphenylisopropylidene and 4,4′-bis(N-phenoxy-4-nitrophthalimide)-diphenylsulfide were prepared from the corresponding diamines and 4-nitrophthalic anhydride. The nitro displacement polymerization yielded high molecular weight polyetherimides with inherent viscosities of 0.46-0.54 dL/g. The polyetherimides were soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents such as DMSO, DMF and NMP. These polymers had glass transition temperatures around 200 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the 10% weight loss temperature for these polymers ranged from 430 to 490 °C with a high char yield at 800 °C.
Customer Relationship Management and Marketing Effectiveness
Authors: Wali Andy Fred
Published: September 2018

This article examines a comparative consumer study into the influence of firms’ customer relationship management (CRM) practices on their marketing effectiveness (ME) in the Nigeria and UK mobile telecommunications (MT) sectors. The qualitative multi-methods (focus groups [FGs] and secondary documents) were employed for data collection. The study involved six consumer FGs, three in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and three in Huddersfield, UK. The author employed thematic and content analysis techniques to analyse the study data using NVivo 10 software. As per Nigerian study, it was revealed that firms’ CRM practices were not customer-friendly and had negative impacts on their ME, and these were motivated by external factors. Six themes showed support for improving consumers’ experiences. The UK study revealed that firms’ CRM practices were consumer-friendly and had positive influence on their ME and these were motivated by internal factors. Seven themes found support for continuously service improvement. The study contributes to institutional theory and consumer utility theory.
Design and modeling analysis of a changeable stiffness robotic leg working with magnetorheological technology
Authors: Jing Zijun , Sun Shuaishuai , Ouyang Yiming , Zhang Shiwu , Li Weihua , Zheng Jinjin
Published: September 2018

Since animals can adjust the stiffness of their bodies and/or appendages to adapt to changing environments and internal states and tasks, a robotic leg with changeable stiffness would be of assistance in developing mobile terrestrial robots. In this article, we present an improved model of a robotic leg that can alter its stiffness in real time by changing the characteristics of magnetorheological fluid. This particular robotic leg has a changeable stiffness module, which consists of a rotating magnetorheological fluid damper, a torsional spring, and a linear spring. The rotary magnetorheological fluid damper is used to control the deformation of a torsional spring, which alters the stiffness of the leg. To describe the mechanical features of the leg, a simplified mechanical model was built and then various experiments were carried out to verify the changeable stiffness characteristics. The simulation experiments of dual-leg locomotion were carried out to investigate the locomotive performance, including walking speed, maximum torque of motor, height variants, and mechanical cost of transport. These results demonstrate the adaptability and advantages of this changeable stiffness robotic leg and also indicated that developing a terrestrial robot which can adapt to various complex environments and tasks would be a worthwhile exercise.
Design and control of a parallel mechanism haptic master for robot surgery using magneto-rheological clutches and brakes
Authors: Cha Seung-Woo , Kang Seok-Rae , Hwang Yong-Hoon , Choi Seung-Bok , Lee Yang-Sup , Han Moon-Sihk
Published: September 2018

This article presents tracking control performances of the repulsive force and torque of a haptic master with 6 degrees of freedom, which can be applied to robot-assisted minimally invasive surgeries. The proposed haptic master is activated by two types of actuators that use magneto-rheological fluid: magneto-rheological clutch and magneto-rheological brake. The body segment (or lower part) of the haptic master generates the repulsive forces for the three translational axes using the magneto-rheological clutch, while the wrist segment (or upper part) generates the repulsive torque for the three rotational axes through the use of the magneto-rheological brake. After analyzing the kinematic and dynamic equations, an appropriately sized haptic master is designed and manufactured. The field-dependent force and torque characteristics of the magneto-rheological actuators are experimentally investigated. Then, for successful tracking control performances, a fuzzy plus proportional–integral–derivative feedback controller is used for the repulsive force while a feed-forward controller associated with a hysteretic compensator for the repulsive torque. The effectiveness of the proposed 6-degree-of-freedom haptic master is experimentally validated by demonstrating high tracking accuracy of the force and torque.
Performance of a large-scale magnetorheological elastomer–based vibration isolator for highway bridges
Authors: Yarra Siddaiah , Gordaninejad Faramarz , Behrooz Majid , Pekcan Gokhan , Itani Ahmad M , Publicover Nelson
Published: September 2018

This study presents an experimental investigation on the magnetorheological effect of a new magnetorheological elastomer–based adaptive bridge isolation bearing system. Two identical magnetorheological elastomer–based adaptive bridge bearings (isolators) were designed and fabricated. Electromagnets were incorporated to create a closed-loop magnetic path in the magnetorheological elastomer layers. A double-lap shear and compression test setup was utilized to characterize the mechanical properties of the system subjected to scaled structural cyclic forces and strains. Experimental results demonstrated that the effective stiffness of adaptive bridge bearings increases with increased applied magnetic field and a compressive force resulted in larger apparent shear stiffness. Also, increasing loading frequency resulted in larger apparent shear stiffness and lower magnetorheological effect and similarly, however, a compressive force resulted in smaller magnetorheological effects.
Phenolic content and some physical properties of dried broccoli as affected by drying method
Authors: Yilmaz Merve Sılanur , Şakiyan Özge , Barutcu Mazi Işıl , Mazi Bekir Gökçen
Published: September 2018

Broccoli samples ( Brassica oleracea) with an initial moisture content of 82.87% (wb) were dried using microwave technology (18, 36, and 54 W/g). Convective drying was used as a control group. The dependent variables investigated in the study were phenolic content, color, rehydration capacity, and microstructure of broccoli samples. Moreover, the best fitting thin layer model to the experimental moisture ratio was determined. The phenolic contents were found as 892.4, 740.6, and 759.8 mg gallic acid/100 g dry matter for fresh, convective dried, and microwave (MW) dried at 54 W/g broccoli samples, respectively. The total phenolic content of samples dried at 54 W/g was closest to fresh samples compared to other MW power intensities and convective drying. A similar result was obtained for color values too. L*, a*, and b* of microwave-dried samples at 54 W/g were comparable to fresh broccoli. Another important result obtained from the study was the insignificant effect of drying conditions on rehydration capacity. In addition, it was found that microwave power had a positive effect on drying time; as the microwave powers applied were compared, the shortest drying time was reached at 54 W/g. When the process durations of microwave drying and convective drying were compared, it can be reported that a much lower process time for microwave drying was obtained with respect to convective drying. Drying in microwave oven has reduced the drying time by 49–52%. In the light of the results obtained, it may be declared that it is possible to produce high-quality dried broccoli samples in a very short time by using microwave drying at 54 W/g.
Pedestrian Itineraries in Kinshasa: On Shortcuts, Permeable Walls, and Welded Shut Gates in a Former Colonial Hospital
Authors: Geenen Kristien , De Nys-Ketels Simon
Published: September 2018

This article deals with the way urban planning during colonial times affects the mobility of pedestrians today. In Kinshasa, a green belt cuts the oldest part of the city right in two, and this hinders a smooth traffic flow. The belt is what remains of the neutral zone the colonial authorities implemented to separate the European from the African neighborhoods; it consisted of several large walled-off facilities, such as a zoo, a park, and a hospital. In this article, we explore how pedestrians in Kinshasa deal with these obstructions to their mobility. We show that they forge their pedestrian itineraries through walls designed to be impermeable, in particular by shortcutting through a hospital. These alternative itineraries have solidified through time, revealing the effectiveness of their persistent daily walks. As we argue, the pedestrians actively redefine the mobility patterns of their city.
Utilizing trade market analysis to identify the economic impact of a multiday special event in Miami Beach, Florida
Authors: Beckman Eric , Traynor Mark
Published: September 2018

Many events occur each year in rural and urban communities. Some of these events include sporting events and festivals (music, food/beverage, heritage, and art). Some of these events occur for 1 day, but many of these events occur multiple days and are considered “special events.” Determining the positive impact of these special events on local communities is critical to the success of the event and helps to gain local stakeholder approval and acceptance for recurring annual events. The current study surveyed attendees (locals and tourists) at a 5-day special event (festival) in Miami Beach, Florida. Locals and tourists were identified utilizing a new trade market analysis methodology, which was applied to the survey respondents and assessed as a relevant measurement tool for the unique destination. The researchers then estimated the economic impact (using noncasual tourists) to determine the value of the festival to stakeholders in Miami Beach.
The tinkering m-patient: Co-constructing knowledge on how to live with type 1 diabetes through Facebook searching and sharing and offline tinkering with self-care
Authors: Kingod Natasja
Published: September 2018

Danish adults with type 1 diabetes value peer-to-peer interaction through the social media platform Facebook as a way to quickly exchange knowledge on essential everyday self-care for chronic illness. In this praxiographic study, following informants into online and offline social dimensions, I explore how they use Facebook to exchange self-care knowledge based on practical experiments and negotiations between bodies, technologies and daily lives. When in doubt about how to self-care on a daily basis, Danish adults with type 1 diabetes look to Facebook for inspiration and peer support. A synergistic process of online searching and sharing and offline tinkering with self-care generates person-centred knowledge about how to live with illness that is situated to individual needs and unique daily lives. Facebook can be viewed as an emergent space for biosociality through which knowledge about how to self-care become co-constructed by peers based on their pragmatic experiences of self-care on a daily and ongoing basis.
The Romanians Are Coming (2015): Immigrant bodies through the British gaze
Authors: Andreescu Florentina C
Published: September 2018

The Channel 4 documentary series The Romanians Are Coming generated strong protests within the Romanian community, stressing the unfair depiction of the Romanian immigrants through its disproportionate focus on extreme poverty and the Roma community. This article explores the psychoanalytic dynamics that keep orienting the British gaze toward certain associations of images that recur in this film. It highlights the juxtaposition the film enacts between a desolated Romanian landscape, the UK society of spectacle and festive Romanian homes. Further still, the documentary confronts the viewer with the heterotopic underside of the UK marketplace, namely, a nursing home in the United Kingdom that reveals vulnerable alienated human bodies. In this context, this article argues that the constant return to the Romanian family space, which comes alive through outbursts of spontaneous festivals, is an expression of a nostalgic fetishistic outlook of the British gaze. It further represents an attempt to deal with the traumatic vulnerability experienced in a neoliberal society.
‘Employment suitable for capabilities’
Authors: Sammicheli Michele , Scaglione Marcella
Published: September 2018

The authors1 trace the evolution of the social security concept of capability for work in ‘employment suitable for skills’. This principle emerged at the end of the 1930s during the Fascist period, and it is the foundation for the current Italian law (no. 222 of 1984) relating to social security insured sickness. Having described the concept and its historical evolution, they highlight the developments that have had to take place in the last decade, due to changes in working conditions and the growing economic crisis that has affected all of Europe. They then analyse three cases to confirm that the recent economic crisis in the Italian and European labour markets has had an impact on the medical-legal assessment of a work activity as suitable for the capabilities. A careful examination of the relationship between sickness, disability and capacity for work in other EU and non-EU countries is undertaken to highlight the delicate social and medical issues surrounding job retention and the return of disabled persons to work.
Posterior Spinal Fusion Extended to Stable Vertebra Provides Similar Outcome in Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients Compared with Adolescents with Fusion to the Touched Vertebra
Authors: Oksanen H. , Lastikka M. , Helenius L. , Pajulo O. , Helenius I.
Published: September 2018

Background and Aims:

To compare outcomes between posterior spinal fusion of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. The juvenile idiopathic scoliosis patients were fused to the stable vertebra and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to the touched vertebra. We hypothesized that extending the spinal fusion to the stable vertebra in juvenile patients would provide similar outcomes compared with fusion to the touched vertebra in adolescents.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective comparative study of 21 consecutive children with juvenile (Risser 0) and 84 adolescent (Risser ⩾2) idiopathic scoliosis (1:4 ratio) undergoing bilateral segmental pedicle screw instrumentation and direct vertebral derotation with a minimum of 2-year follow-up.

Results:

Juvenile patients had a significantly larger main curve (58° vs 53°, p = 0.003), more fused levels (p = 0.012) and posterior column osteotomies (p = 0.014) than adolescent patients. Distal adding-on (>10°) was observed in one (4.7%) juvenile and three (3.6%) adolescent patients (p = 0.80), without the need for revisions. Scoliosis Research Society 24 total score averaged 101 in juvenile and 97 in adolescent group at 2-year follow-up (p = 0.047).

Conclusion:

Posterior spinal fusion with bilateral segmental pedicle screw instrumentation to the stable vertebra provides similar clinical and radiographic outcomes in juvenile patients as compared with adolescents with fusion to the touched vertebra in idiopathic scoliosis. Health-related quality of life as measured using the Scoliosis Research Society 24 questionnaire at the end of follow-up was better in the juvenile as compared with the adolescent group.
Correlation of nanoparticle size distribution features to spatiotemporal flame luminosity in gasoline direct injection engines
Authors: Jeon Joonho , Bock Noah , Kittelson David B , Northrop William F
Published: September 2018

Particle size distribution measured by mobility instruments is a common diagnostic used to characterize ultrafine and nanoparticle emissions in engine exhaust; however, some features of particle size distribution data are poorly correlated to in-cylinder combustion phenomena. In this work, in-cylinder spatiotemporal flame luminosity is quantitatively correlated to features in the solid particle size distribution measured in the exhaust of a gasoline direct injection engine operating in lean and stoichiometric combustion modes. A multi-channel optical sensor was used to measure diffusion flame light intensity in different areas of the combustion chamber. Total solid particle number and particle size distribution in the exhaust were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer after a catalytic stripper that removed semi-volatile compounds. Results of the experiments showed that different flame phenomenon resulted in distinct particle size distribution characteristics. A large accumulation mode (particles with diameter of 50–100 nm) in the particle size distribution from stoichiometric engine operation with early injection resulted from anomalous diffusion flames like piston-top pool fires. In lean operation incorporating a secondary fuel injection, particle emissions were dominated by flame propagation through fuel-rich regions of the combustion chamber resulting in a comparatively broad particle size distribution. More generally, this work illustrates how particle size distribution data can be more accurately used to diagnose soot formation in gasoline direct injection engines.
Characterization of combustion in a gas engine ignited using a small un-scavenged pre-chamber
Authors: Xu Guoqing , Wright Yuri Martin , Schiliro Michele , Boulouchos Konstantinos
Published: September 2018

Prechamber ignition technology receives increasing attention due to its considerable improvement on engine combustion efficiency and stability. However, fundamental knowledge concerning flame propagation inside the pre-chamber and jet formation in the main chamber is still quite scarce. In this study, a small (<0.5% VTDC) un-scavenged pre-chamber was tested in a medium size gas engine with pressure transducers installed in both pre- and main chamber. Three-dimensional computational reactive fluid dynamics Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations were carried out using a level-set combustion model –G-equation – towards improved understanding of the combustion processes occurring inside the pre and main chamber. The characteristics of the turbulence and the flame at locations just ahead of the propagating turbulent flame front were recorded and analysed by means of the well-known Borghi–Peters diagram. The results revealed that the characteristics of the flame inside the pre-chamber differed greatly from those inside the main chamber due to considerably reduced turbulent length scales. In addition, a wide range of turbulence intensity and length scales are covered throughout the combustion event, presenting a significant challenge to modelling of flame–turbulence interaction. Various turbulent flame speed ( ST) closures widely used in internal combustion engine simulation were therefore assessed and the ranges of their respective model constants explored. A correlation for ST is subsequently proposed by blending two formulations of Gülder developed for small and large scale turbulence, respectively, and compared to the well-known Peters correlation. With appropriate model constants, both successfully reproduce the pre and main chamber combustion for the reference case in terms of evolutions of cylinder pressure, heat release rate and pressure difference between pre and main chamber. Following successful calibration of the reference operating condition, variations in engine speed, load, spark timing and lambda were calculated using both correlations, demonstrating encouraging predictive capabilities of the proposed modelling strategy.
Methodological dialogues across multimodality and sensory ethnography: digital touch communication
Authors: Jewitt Carey , Leder Mackley Kerstin
Published: September 2018

There is a significant gap between technological advancements of digital touch communication devices and social science methodologies for understanding digital touch communication. In response to that gap this article makes a case for bringing the communicational focus of multimodality into dialogue with the experiential focus of sensory ethnography to explore digital touch communication. To do this, we draw on debates within the literature, and reflect on our experiences in the IN-TOUCH project (2016–2021). While acknowledging the complexities of methodological dialogues across paradigm boundaries, we map and reflect on the methodological synergies and tensions involved in actively working across these two approaches, notably the conceptualization, categorization and representation of touch. We conclude by homing in on aspects of research that have served as useful reflective route markers on our dialogic journey to illustrate how these tensions are productive towards generating a multimodal and multisensorial agenda for qualitative research on touch.
‘Made to run’: Biopolitical marketing and the making of the self-quantified runner
Authors: Charitsis Vassilis , Yngfalk Anna Fyrberg , Skålén Per
Published: September 2018

While previous critical marketing research on co-creation has focused on how consumers’ cognitive and social abilities are governed, this article focuses on how firms’ marketing strategies attempt to govern every aspect of consumers’ lives. By drawing on a biopolitical framework and a study of Nike+, a marketing system for runners which Nike has developed around its self-tracking devices, three biopolitical marketing dimensions were identified: the gamification of the running experience, the transformation of running into a competitive activity and the conversion of running into a social activity. In identifying these marketing dimensions, the study demonstrates how self-tracking affordances are deployed in the development of a biopolitical marketing environment that tames, captures and appropriates value from different aspects of consumers’ lives, including – and combining – their social behaviours, cognitive capacities and bodily conducts. This article contributes to critical studies of value co-creation by focusing on the tamed self-tracking body as a resource for value creation, but also by demonstrating that consumers engage, through cognitive labour, in the production of the biopolitical environment that leads to their exploitation.
Social marketing partnerships: Evolution, scope and substance
Authors: Duane Sinead , Domegan Christine
Published: September 2018

The popularity and benefits of social marketing partnerships accord partnerships as the 5th ‘P’ of the social marketing mix and an essential element of interventions. Yet the scope and substance of partnerships within social marketing remains ambiguous and is an underutilized marketing mix tool. This article critically examines over 50 years of social marketing academic literature to uncover and unpack the full potential of social marketing partnerships and the various forms taken. Periodization is applied as a lens and method for modelling partnership evolution over time. Three dominant eras of social marketing partnerships are evident; the period of transaction, the period of formalization and the period of integrated systems, each with different partnership understandings and characteristics. By examining social marketing partnerships as an evolving entity, this article identifies a ‘constant flux’ trajectory, with partnerships continuing to respond and react to broadening environmental and theoretical catalysts with the development of a model of social marketing partnerships in sight.
Health Literacy Among Swedish Lung Transplant Recipients 1 to 5 Years After Transplantation
Authors: Lennerling Annette , Kisch Annika M. , Forsberg Anna
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

Understanding medical information and self-management ability is vital for good quality of life among transplant recipients. However, health literacy (HL) has never been investigated among lung transplant recipients.

Objective:

This study investigated HL among Swedish lung transplant recipients 1 to 5 years after lung transplantation in relation to recovery, fatigue, adherence, cognitive function (CF), and relevant demographic variables.

Method:

This study was part of a cross-sectional, Swedish multicenter study 1 to 5 years post lung transplantation called Self-Management after Thoracic Transplantation. In total, 117 (57%) of 204 eligible lung recipients due for their yearly follow-up were included; 1 year (n = 35), 2 years (n = 28), 3 years (n = 23), 4 years (n = 20) or 5 years (n = 11) after transplantation. The newest vital sign (NVS) instrument was used to measure the level of HL and contained 6 interview questions. The total scores ranged from 0 to 6 with 0 to 1= inadequate/low, 2 to 3 = marginal, 4 to 6 = adequate/good HL.

Results:

Twenty-one percent reported an NVS score of 0 to 3 indicating low or marginal HL and 79% scored 4 to 6 indicating adequate HL. Recipients scoring low or marginal were represented in all 5 years posttransplant, and the majority were not able to work. Health literacy was not related to age, sex, fatigue, adherence, recovery, marital status, or self-reported CF.

Discussion:

Health literacy was good among Swedish lung recipients. Providers should be aware that patients with low HL might present at any time posttransplant, and screening will help identify patients who need extra support.
Occupational Therapists’ Interactions With Older Adult Caregivers: Negotiating Priorities and Expertise
Authors: Womack Jennifer L. , Lilja Margareta , Dickie Virginia , Isaksson Gunilla
Published: September 2018

Although numerous studies have examined provider–caregiver interactions and their influence on care outcomes, few represent the perspective of the provider or specifically consider occupational therapy practitioners. The aim of this article is to explore the perspectives of occupational therapists regarding interactions with older adult caregivers in geriatric practice settings. The study was conducted using a constructivist grounded theory approach based on data obtained from repeated focus group sessions and subsequent individual reflections. Occupational therapy practitioners interact with older adult caregivers in ways that reflect negotiations about who holds expertise and whose priorities are most relevant in care situations. These interactions are influenced by health care contexts that foreground the needs of the care recipient. A deeper understanding of caregiving as an occupation via a transactional perspective may serve to illuminate complex care situations and optimize therapist–caregiver interactions.
Use of the Delphi Technique to Obtain Community Input on Leading Contributors to Early Childhood Obesity in Latino Communities
Authors: Andersen Leisha M. , Boles Richard E. , Kaar Jill L. , Gance-Cleveland Bonnie , Gauthier Kristine I. , Cason-Wilkerson Rochelle , Federspiel Deborah , Valenzuela Maria , Thompson Darcy A.
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

In the United States, Latino children are disproportionately affected by childhood obesity and related comorbidities. Stakeholder engagement has the potential to heighten the efficacy of interventions, thereby reducing the disparate prevalence of obesity among Latino children. The objective of this study was to identify stakeholders’ opinions on factors influencing early childhood obesity in Latino children aged 0 to 5 years.

Method:

This study used the Delphi technique to gather and prioritize stakeholders’ opinions about the factors and barriers considered most influential in early (age 0-5 years) childhood obesity intervention or prevention within the Latino community. Three sequential phases were used. Participants included Latina women as well as staff from community organizations serving Denver metropolitan’s Latino population.

Results:

Study results revealed that stakeholders value the role of the child’s primary care provider in the identification of overweight children and desire more educational support to reduce intake of nonnutritious foods. Participants further determined that obesity-related knowledge gaps and affordability of healthy foods and activities were the largest barriers to helping Latino children maintain healthy weights.

Conclusion:

Use of this stakeholder-informed data could assist in the development of future culturally tailored interventions aimed at reducing the rates of early childhood obesity in the Latino population.
Design and application of system with dual-control of water and electricity based on wireless sensor network and video recognition technology
Authors: Chen Hejie , Wu Chunxue , Huang Wending , Wu Yan , Xiong Naixue
Published: September 2018

In the industrial Internet of Things, water and electricity is the most important hidden project. Its requirements are very high, especially the intelligent control of water and electricity. Therefore, a design and application of system with dual-control of water and electricity is proposed and convolutional neural networks–based video recognition technology is used to identify the security issues that occur in the field. Some sensors are used to control the use of water and electricity, while others are used to collect scalar data which include user’s data and video multimedia data in the wireless sensor network. The scalar data are used to update the user’s database, and the video multimedia data are used to monitor and prevent anomalies from occurring in the field of dual-control of water and electricity. In order to solve the security problem of the user in wireless sensor network, this article proposes a radio frequency identification mutual security authentication protocol based on shared secret hash function. Finally, experiments show that the proposed secure authentication protocol can guarantee the secure transmission of data between the sensor node and the server, and the video recognition technology can recognize some abnormalities well.
Impact of Toupet Versus Nissen Fundoplication on Dysphagia in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Associated Preoperative Esophageal Dysmotility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hajibandeh Shahin , Hajibandeh Shahab , Pugh Merili , Winters David , Hobbs Nicholas , Tarazi Munir , Panda Nilanjan , Dalmia Sanjay , Mansour Moustafa , Malik Sohail
Published: September 2018

Background. Controversy exists regarding the best surgical approach for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and associated preoperative esophageal dysmotility. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of Toupet fundoplication (TF) and Nissen fundoplication (NF) in patients with GORD and coexistent preoperative esophageal dysmotility. Methods. We conducted a systematic search of electronic information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov , and bibliographic reference lists. We applied a combination of free text search and controlled vocabulary search adapted to thesaurus headings, search operators, and limits in each of the above-mentioned databases. Postoperative dysphagia and improvement in dysphagia were primary outcome parameters. Results. We identified 3 randomized controlled trials and 1 observational study reporting a total of 220 patients, of whom 126 underwent TF and the remaining 94 patients had NF. Despite the existence of significantly higher preoperative dysphagia in the TF group (29.3% vs 4.2%, P = .05), TF was associated with significantly lower postoperative dysphagia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31, P = .002) with low between-study heterogeneity ( I2 = 11%, P = .34), and significantly higher improved dysphagia (OR = 10.32, P < .0001) with moderate between-study heterogeneity ( I2 = 31%, P = .23) compared with NF. Conclusion. TF may be associated with significantly lower postoperative dysphagia than NF in patients with GORD and associated preoperative esophageal dysmotility. However, no definite conclusions can be drawn as the best available evidence comes mainly from a limited number of heterogeneous randomized controlled trials. Future studies are encouraged to include patients with similar preoperative dysphagia status and report the outcomes with respect to recurrence of acid reflux symptoms.
The Quantitative Anatomy of the Dorsal Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament
Authors: Manske M. Claire , Huang Jerry I.
Published: September 2018

Background: The anatomy of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) has been described qualitatively in great detail, with recognition of the dorsal component’s importance for carpal stability. The purpose of this study was to define the quantitative anatomy of the dorsal SLIL and to assess the use of high-frequency ultrasound to image the dorsal SLIL. Methods: We used high-frequency ultrasound imaging to evaluate 40 wrists in 20 volunteers and recorded the radial-ulnar (length) and dorsal-volar (thickness) dimensions of the dorsal SLIL and the dimensions of the scapholunate interval. We assessed the use of high-frequency ultrasound by comparing the length and thickness of the dorsal SLIL on ultrasound evaluation and open dissection of 12 cadaveric wrists. Student’s t test was used to assess the relationship between measurements obtained on cadaver ultrasound and open dissection. Results: In the volunteer wrists, the mean dorsal SLIL length was 7.5 ± 1.4 mm and thickness was 1.8 ± 0.4 mm; the mean scapholunate interval was 5.0 mm dorsally and 2.5 mm centrally. In the cadaver wrists, there was no difference in dorsal SLIL length or thickness between ultrasound and open dissection. Conclusions: The dorsal SLIL is approximately 7.5 mm long and 1.8 mm thick. These parameters may be useful in treatment of SLIL injuries to restore the native anatomy. High-frequency ultrasound is a useful imaging technique to assess the dorsal SLIL, although further study is needed to assess the use of high-frequency ultrasound in detection of SLIL pathology.
Transradial interventions in contemporary vascular surgery practice
Authors: Stern Jordan R , Elmously Adham , Smith Matthew C , Connolly Peter H , Meltzer Andrew J , Schneider Darren B , Ellozy Sharif H.
Published: September 2018

Objectives

Upper extremity arterial access is often required for endovascular procedures, especially for antegrade access to the visceral aortic branches. Radial arterial access has been shown previously to have low complication rates, and patients tolerate the procedure well and are able to recover quickly. However, transradial access remains relatively uncommon amongst vascular surgeons.

Methods

The radial artery was evaluated by ultrasound to evaluate for adequate caliber, and to identify any aberrant anatomy or arterial loops. A modified Barbeau test was performed to ensure sufficient collateral circulation. A cocktail of nitroglycerin, verapamil and heparin was administered intra-arterially to combat vasospasm. Sheaths up to 6 French were utilized for interventions. On completion of the procedure, a compression band was used for hemostasis in all cases.

Results

Twenty-five interventions were performed in 24 patients. The left radial artery was used in 23/25 cases (92.0%). Procedures included visceral and renal artery interventions; stent graft repair of a renal artery aneurysm; embolization of splenic, pancreaticoduodenal and internal mammary aneurysms; embolization of bilateral hypogastric arteries following blunt pelvic trauma; interventions for peripheral arterial disease; delivery of a renal snorkel graft during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, and access for diagnostic catheters during thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Technical success was 92.0%. There was one post-operative radial artery occlusion (4.3%) which led to paresthesias but resolved with anticoagulation. There were no instances of arterial rupture, hematoma, or hand ischemia requiring intervention.

Conclusions

Using the transradial approach, we have demonstrated a high technical success rate over a range of clinical contexts with minimal morbidity and no significant complications such as bleeding or hand ischemia. The safety profile compares favorably to historical complication rates from brachial access. Radial access is a safe and useful skill for vascular surgeons to master.
Emergency contraception
Authors: Pitt Katherine
Published: September 2018

Emergency contraception is used to prevent unwanted pregnancy in women following unprotected sexual intercourse, including contraceptive failure. The primary healthcare team has an important role in the provision of emergency contraception. Other providers include sexual health clinics, pharmacies and emergency departments. Three methods are used in the UK: levonorgestrel oral emergency contraception, ulipristal oral emergency contraception, and the copper intrauterine device. In 2017 the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH) produced guidance on emergency contraception and quick starting regular contraception. This article will provide an approach to counselling patients about emergency contraception, and practice pointers from the FSRH guidelines. Case studies will be used for illustration.
Causes and prevention of postoperative myocardial injury
Authors: Verbree-Willemsen Laura , Grobben Remco B , van Waes Judith AR , Peelen Linda M , Nathoe Hendrik M , van Klei Wilton A , Grobbee Diederick E ,   the CHASE investigators
Published: September 2018

Over the past few years non-cardiac surgery has been recognised as a serious circulatory stress test which may trigger cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, in particular in patients at high risk. Detection of these postoperative cardiovascular events is difficult as clinical symptoms often go unnoticed. To improve detection, guidelines advise to perform routine postoperative assessment of cardiac troponin. Troponin elevation – or postoperative myocardial injury – can be caused by myocardial infarction. However, also non-coronary causes, such as cardiac arrhythmias, sepsis and pulmonary embolism, may play a role in a considerable number of patients with postoperative myocardial injury. It is crucial to acquire more knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of postoperative myocardial injury because effective prevention and treatment options are lacking. Preoperative administration of beta-blockers, aspirin, statins, clonidine, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, and preoperative revascularisation have all been investigated as preventive options. Of these, only statins should be considered as the initiation or reload of statins may reduce the risk of postoperative myocardial injury. There is also not enough evidence for intraoperative measures such blood pressure optimisation or intensified medical therapy once patients have developed postoperative myocardial injury. Given the impact, better preoperative identification of patients at risk of postoperative myocardial injury, for example using preoperatively measured biomarkers, would be helpful to improve cardiac optimisation.
Intra and inter‐observer agreement on polyp detection in colon capsule endoscopy evaluations
Authors: Buijs Maria Magdalena , Kroijer Rasmus , Kobaek-Larsen Morten , Spada Cristiano , Fernandez-Urien Ignacio , Steele Robert JC , Baatrup Gunnar
Published: September 2018

Background

Colon capsule endoscopy is a promising technique for evaluation of the colon, but its reproducibility is still unknown.

Objective

This study assesses intra and inter‐observer agreement in evaluations of colon capsule endoscopy videos.

Methods

Forty‐two complete colon capsule endoscopy investigations were analysed by three experts and two beginners. Intra‐observer agreement was assessed in paired readings of two experts and two beginners. Agreement was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient: poor (<0.5), moderate (0.5–0.75), good (0.75–0.9) and excellent (>0.9).

Results

Agreement on ‘indication for a following colonoscopy’ based on the number and size of detected polyps and bowel cleansing quality was poor among all observers. Agreement among experts on the detection of large polyps and number of polyps was moderate, but agreement on bowel cleansing quality was poor. Beginners were in moderate agreement with the experts on polyp detection. Intra‐observer agreement in experts was moderate to excellent for the detection of large polyps (≥10 mm), excellent for the number of polyps, and poor to moderate for bowel cleansing quality. Intra‐observer agreement in beginners was poor to moderate for all variables.

Conclusions

This study shows a poor agreement on ‘indication for a following colonoscopy’, but a high intra and inter‐observer agreement for polyp detection among experts, as well as a moderate agreement between beginners and experts.

Trial registration: NCT02303756.