bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Florida Cypress Swamps from Clearcutting
Authors: Ewel Katherine C. , Davis H. Terrell , Smith Joel E.
Published: August 2019

Vegetation analysis in ten central Florida cypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps was undertaken to determine the response of woody species composition to clearcutting. Line transects through swamps that had been harvested by clear-cutting within the last 5 years demonstrated that all but one of these swamps are likely to recover their original species composition and a normal stem density. Cypress was the major tree species in all swamps examined except one that had been severely burned by a wildfire. Both natural seedlings and vegetative propagation are important avenues of cypress reproduction following clearcutting. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):123-126.
Nursery Rooting of Cuttings from Seedlings of Slash and Loblolly Pine
Authors: Frampton L. John , Hodges James F.
Published: August 2019

Methods used to root slash (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Englem.) and loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine cuttings from 1-0 seedlings in outdoor nursery beds are described. The species, the date of setting (February or March) and the type of shoot collected (succulent, top-pruned or bud-set)influenced rooting success. A February rather than March setting date is recommended. The succulent shoot type rooted best for slash pine while nonsucculent shoot types rooted best for loblolly pine. When considering all types of shoots set in February, slash and loblolly pine cuttings rootedat 77 and 69%, respectively. After lifting, approximately 70% of the cuttings that rooted (or 52% of all cuttings set in February) were judged acceptable for planting. Current costs of producing rooted cuttings exceed that of barefoot seedlings. However, as technology is developed to rootcuttings on a larger scale in the nursery, the superior genetic quality of plantations derived from rooted cuttings may offset their extra cost, relative to seedlings, enough to economically justify their operational use. If so, these procedures will offer forest managers an additional andmore effective option than seedling propagation for exploiting genetic variation in order to enhance forest productivity. South. Appl. For. 13(3):127-132.
Recovery and Development of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Baker James B.
Published: August 2019

Plots in two uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands were cut back to stocking levels of approximately 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% to simulate cutover, understocked stands. One stand was on a good site (SI = 90 ft at age 50), the other on a medium site(SI = 75 ft at age 50). As a rehabilitation treatment, all hardwoods 1-in. or larger in groundline diameter were injected with Tordon 101®. Two and 5 years later, the plots were reinventoried to determine stand growth and development. During the 5-year rehabilitation period the understockedstands changed dramatically, and because of the rapid growth of the pines left in the residual stands, stocking levels, basal areas, and tree volumes increased markedly. Average increases in stocking level, basal area, pulpwood, and sawlog volume were 40, 155, 160, and 355%, respectively,for the good site and 35, 110, 125, and 220% for the medium site. Projections of the time required for understocked stands to reach an acceptable stocking level of 60% (based on number and size of trees), or 45 ft² of basal area per acre, indicate that stands having at least 15 to 25%stocking, or 5 ft² of basal area per acre, can reach an acceptable stocking level in 15 years or less at a rehabilitation cost of $45 to $50 per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):132-139.
Use of Randomized Branch and Importance Sampling to Estimate Loblolly Pine Biomass
Authors: Williams Roger A.
Published: August 2019

A previously developed sampling method utilizing randomized branch and importance sampling for the purpose of quickly estimating tree biomass was tested on five loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees. Results show a wide range of per-tree sampling error, ranging from 5.3 to 28.9%. Largevariation in foliage content among selected branches per treee may be a major source of error. However, the sampling error for the total biomass of the five trees tested was only 3.3%. This sampling method appears to be reliable and efficient in obtaining precise estimates of the total biomassof a population of trees. Increased sampling intensity per tree is necessary to obtain precise estimates of individual tree biomass. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):181-184.
Nonindustrial Private Forest Management in the South: Assistance Foresters' Activities and Perceptions
Authors: Hodges Donald G. , Cubbage Frederick W.
Published: August 2019

Private and public technical assistance foresters were surveyed in 12 southern states. Their management practices on southern forests are summarized by employment sector. Industrial foresters helped manage more acres per forester than consultants or state foresters. All foresters assisted more in planting trees than in preparing for natural regeneration. Industrial foresters favored clearcutting, consultants selective cuts, and state foresters a mix. Consultants performed much more natural regeneration than industrial or state foresters, who focused almost exclusively on artificial regeneration. Respondents also provided written opinion about current forest management and environmental issues, as well as suggestions for professional education. South. J. App. For. 14(1):44-48.
Harvest Activity and Residual Pine Stocking on Private Lands of Six South-Central Coastal States
Authors: McWilliams William H.
Published: August 2019

Commercial harvests were carried out on 36% of the pine-site timberland in six states of the south-central United States during the interval of time between the last two forest inventories of each state. Half of forest industry's pine-site timberland was harvested, compared with 30% for nonindustrial private owners. Fifty-four percent of the heavily cut pine stands were at least 60% stocked with pine following harvest. The overall rate of replacement for pine stands was 78%. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):59-63.
Current Southern State Programs for Control of Forestry Nonpoint Source Pollution
Authors: Lickwar Peter M. , Cubbage Frederick W. , Hickman Clifford A.
Published: August 2019

Southern state forestry and lead environmental agencies were surveyed regarding their 1987 silvicultural nonpoint pollution control programs. Most states had voluntary control systems and employed educational programs to meet pollution control objectives. North Carolina and Virginia provided modest cost-share funds for water quality protection on forested lands, and Florida had an extensive quasiregulatory approach to water quality protection. In total, southern state agencies employed 24 full-year equivalent personnel and spent about $935,000 to administer forestry-related water quality protection programs. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):64-69.
Observations on the Regeneration of Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) in Louisiana Swamps
Authors: Conner Williams H. , Toliver John R.
Published: August 2019

Observations on the success of artificial regeneration of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) are presented for three Louisiana swamp stands logged in 1983. One-year-old baldcypress seedlings were planted in six 0.5 ac plots in each stand in 1985 and monitored for 4 years. Seedlings planted in two of the study areas were totally destroyed by nutria (Myocastor coypus Molina) within 3 months. In the third area, plots in which seedlings were not destroyed displayed over 90% survival during the study. Height growth of seedlings was significantly higher in the plot where basal area was reduced to 100 ft²/ac. Establishing baldcypress regeneration on these sites, artificial or natural, appears to be a difficult task, but when successful, the seedlings initially grow relatively fast even under partial shade. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):115-118.
Analysis of Truck Weight Modifications for a Southern Timber Hauling Operation
Authors: McNeel J. F.
Published: August 2019

Load data from modified and conventional timber haul trucks were compared to determine if weight-related changes to truck and trailer components affect truck load characteristics. Resulting estimates of load weight were used to measure the economic potential of these modifications. Statistical analysis indicates that gross, net, and tare mean weights for the modified vehicles differed significantly from mean weights for the conventional haul vehicles. Separate comparisons of net weights for pulpwood and chip'n'saw loads suggest that weight-related modifications can significantly improve net load weight, regardless of the type of load being carried. An economic analysis was made to determine the incremental value of investing in a modified haul vehicle for a contract hauler in the South. The incremental internal rate of return for a modified truck-trailer configuration was estimated at 242.7% annually. The incremental net present value for the investment at a 10% hurdle rate was estimated at $16,442 over a 5-year operating life. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):133-136.
Variable Bedding, Planting, Harvesting and Transportation Costs Impact Optimal Economic Management Regimes
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Greene W. Dale , Clutter Michael L.
Published: August 2019

Stand management decisions should be based on economic considerations for profit-oriented organizations and individuals. Maximization of bare land value is an appropriate criterion to use for such decisions. It is argued that planting, bedding, harvesting, and transportation costs vary by stand density and should therefore be incorporated into the decision-making process as variable costs on industrial lands. It is shown that not allowing for such variable costs leads to less than optimal decisions concerning planting density and rotation age. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):38-43.
Effect of Hexazinone Rate and Formulation on Loblolly Pine in Broadcast Release Applications
Authors: Glover Glenn R. , Zutter Bruce R. , Minogue Patrick J. , Gjerstad Dean H.
Published: August 2019

Growth response and mortality of loblolly pine were examined 5 or 6 years after broadcast applications of four rates of pellet and liquid (applied as a foliar spray) hexazinone formulations for pine release at seven locations across the South varying in soil characteristics. Adjusted hardwood rootstock density 2 years following treatment was significantly affected by treatment and rate at all locations, and by formulation at five of the seven locations. Pine mortality was positively related to hexazinone rate at four of the study locations. Mortality was significantly higher for the pellet formulation compared to the liquid at the two locations with loamy sand surface soils. Mortality averaged less than 10% for the prescribed rate of both formulations at five of the seven locations, and at a sixth location for the pellet formulation. Mean pine height and dbh responses across hexazinone rates were greater than no treatment (check) at three and five locations, respectively. Response in dbh was positively related to hexazinone rate at three locations, and inversely related to rootstock density 2 years after treatment at six of seven locations. Mean treatment response for pine basal area and total volume (outside bark) per acre were significantly greater than the check at only two locations due to high pine mortality at some locations for 1.4X and 2.0X the prescribed rate. Mean increases in volume of the prescribed rate over the check were 9 and 7% for the pellet and liquid formulations, respectively. Maximum volume production increases across locations were 13% for the pellet formulation and 15% for the liquid formulation. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):54-61.
Selection Management of Shortleaf Pine in the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Baker James B. , Lawson Edwin R.
Published: August 2019

Selection (uneven-aged) management was instituted in shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands on three experimental watersheds in the Ouachita Mountains. The residual stand structure imposed on each was 60 ft² of basal area, a maximum tree diameter of 18 in., and a q value of 1.2 for 1 in. dbh classes. Hardwoods were injected with herbicide before the initial harvest. The average annual per-acre growth for the three watersheds for the first 6-year management period was 2 ft² of merchantable basal area growth, 57 ft³ of merchantable volume growth, and sawtimber growth of 157 board feet for the Doyle rule, 231 bd ft for the Scribner rule, and 274 bd ft for the International ¼-inch rule. Basal area and merchantable volume growth were up to expectations, but sawtimber growth was not. Sawtimber growth may increase as stand structure improves under management. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):61-67.
Weighted South-Wide Average Pulpwood Prices
Authors: Granskog James E. , Crowther Kevin D.
Published: August 2019

Weighted average prices provide a more accurate representation of regional pulpwood price trends when production volumes vary widely by state. Unweighted South-wide average delivered prices for pulpwood, as reported by Timber Mart-South, were compared to average annual prices weighted by each state' s pulpwood production from 1977 to 1986. Weighted average prices for pine roundwood and pine chips were significantly higher than unweighted averages; for hardwood roundwood and hardwood chips, there was no significant difference between the weighted and unweighted average prices. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):100-102
Point-Model Based Sampling in Forestry: Principles and Practices
Authors: Rennie J. C. , Wood G. B. , Schreuder H. T. , Lund H. G.
Published: August 2019

Point-model based sampling is described for timber inventory. Point-model based sampling is an improvement on point-3P sampling because the number of sample trees selected for detailed dendrometry is completely controlled. Field studies indicate that estimates derived from it are comparable to those from point-3P sampling. However, serious errors in estimates could arise from point-model based sampling if the linear model relating volume to D2H is incorrect. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):109-113.
Financial Risk and Desired Species Composition in Mixed Species Stands
Authors: Lilieholm Robert J.
Published: August 2019

The use of historical stumpage price fluctuations in reducing the risk of future financial returns from mixed species stands is explored. It is demonstrated that if past stumpage values are indicative of future price behavior, silvicultural treatments designed to favor species with stable and/or negatively correlated stumpage values can reduce the variance of future harvest revenues and hence decrease the financial risks of growing timber. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):185-187.
An Economic Evaluation of the Use of Oust for Herbaceous Weed Control in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Busby Rodney L.
Published: August 2019

Herbaceous weed control using Oust (sulfometuron methyl²) is economically efficient in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations given reasonable expectations about the long-term effect of the treatment on stand growth. Increases in the sizes of the growth increments following treatment that have been reported in the literature, and the economic returns this analysis shows are possible, indicate that investment in herbaceous weed control can be a prudent silvicultural option. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):40-47.
Intensive Utilization and its Economic Impact on Pine Plantation Establishment
Authors: Watson W. F. , Stokes B. J. , Ragan J. R. , Dubois M. R.
Published: August 2019

The opportunity to reduce reestablishment costs by intensive utilization during harvesting was evaluated. On the tracts studied, site preparation savings of at least $25/ac and of as much as $100/ac were realized on the stands where intensive utilization of the aboveground biomass was carried out. Significant differences in growth or survival were seldom observed on re-established stands which received a mechanical site preparation treatment following harvesting to either conventional or intensive utilization standards. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):9-12.
Predicting Pole Classes for Longleaf Pine Based on Diameter Breast Height
Authors: Quicke Harold E. , Meldahl Ralph S.
Published: August 2019

A table for estimating longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) pole classes in the field is presented. The table was derived by converting the American National Standards Institute's dimensions of southern pine poles from minimum circumference at 6 ft from the butt of the pole to minimum tree diameter breast height outside bark. The conversion is based on tree taper, stump height, length trimmed off the butt of the tree at the pole yard, and bark thickness. The table is compared to a previously published table for determining southern pine pole classes from dbh. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):79-82.
Landowner Characteristics Associated With Willingness To Try Beaver Control
Authors: Wigley T. Bently , Gbur Edward E.
Published: August 2019

We used a survey of Arkansas landowners to identify characteristics of landowners who tried controlling beavers (Castor canadensis). Landowners most likely to try control were those who had damage and dams on their land and were willing to pay for control. A model is presented thatuses these dichotomous variables to predict the probability of landowners trying beaver control. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):138-139.
Reforestation of Drained Beaver Impoundments
Authors: Houston Allan E. , Buckner Edward R. , Rennie John C.
Published: August 2019

Performance of 1-0 bareroot green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L., Rich.) planted on drained beaver (Castor canadensis) impoundments in southwest Tennessee was promising at the end of three growing season.First-year survival was significantly increased in plots where swamp cut grass (Leersia oryzoides) was controlled; however, effective grass control opened the site to aggressive invasion by broadleaf herbaceous vegetation. No treatment effect was noted for survival or growth of seedlings by the end of the third year. Containerized seedlings of swamp white oak (Quercus michauxii Nutt.) and willow oak (Quercus phellos L) failed due to poorly developed planting stock. Natural regeneration 3 years after drainage was poor, averaging 333 boxelder (Acer negundo L.), 42 black willow(Salix nigra Marsh), and 21 cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia Ell.) stems/ac. Continued beaver control was necessary to prevent recolonization of plantation sites. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):151-155.
Timberland Investment Management Organizations and Other Participants in Forest Asset Markets: A Survey
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian
Published: August 2019

Southern acreage controlled by timberland investment management organizations (TIMOs) serving institutional investors increased by 148%, to 1.393 million ac from year-end 1987 to year-end 1990. Forest products companies were the primary source of this resource for a majority of theTIMOs making acquisitions during this time period. A 1991 survey of the 6 TIMOs, a sample of 46 forest products companies with land ownership in the South, and a sample of 132 forestry consultants serving individuals with southern holdings found that, when acquiring and selling forest, TIMOsgenerally placed greater emphasis (than the other two groups) on financially oriented criteria such as a tract's estimated present value relative to its anticipated transaction price. Many respondents reported the practice of timing timber sales through the analysis of historical price trends,implying a belief that southern stumpage markets are informationally inefficient. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):32-38.
Harvest Felling of Residual Stems to Reduce Site Preparation Costs
Authors: Lewis Kelvin L. , Greene W. Dale
Published: August 2019

Feller-bunchers were explored as an alternative to site preparation tractors for felling logging residuals on harvested sites. Harvest felling of residuals can reduce subsequent site preparation costs where at least 20% of feller-buncher time is available. Continuous disk sawhead feller-bunchersappear best suited for this task. Feller-bunchers are best suited for felling logging residuals averaging 4 to 6 in. dbh with 40 to 100 standing residuals/ac. In tests where standing logging residuals did not exceed 9 tons/ac and averaged 6 in. or less dbh, feller-bunchers felled this materialat a lower cost than site preparation tractors with shearing blades. Harvesting costs increase slightly as smaller stems are handled by the feller-buncher, but this may be more than offset by resulting site preparation savings. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):39-43.
Artificial Regeneration of Baldcypress in a Louisiana Crayfish Pond
Authors: Conner William H. , Toliver John R. , Askew George R.
Published: August 2019

Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) seedlings were planted in a Louisiana crayfish pond to evaluate the effect of planting date on growth and survival. Storage techniques also were evaluated against containerized seedlings to determine the best method of holding seedlings fordelayed plantings. Seedlings planted in February had better survival and grew better than seedlings planted in July. Cold storage of bareroot seedlings was superior to tub storage or containerization for both survival and height growth. Planting baldcypress seedlings in crayfish ponds representsa viable multiple-use alternative for aquaculture operations. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):54-57.
A Decision-Making Model to Manage or Regenerate Southern Bottomland Hardwood Stands
Authors: Manuel Thomas M. , Belli Keith L. , Hodges John D. , Johnson Robert L.
Published: August 2019

A model was developed to assist managers of southern hardwoods in making a choice between two alternatives: regeneration or continued management of an existing stand. The model assigned index values to stands based solely on sample tree characteristics. Threshold index values were determinedbetween manageable and unmanageable stand situations for three sets of management objectives. Indices above a threshold value indicated high management potential, while indices below a threshold value indicated low management potential. Thirteen stands were modeled, and the model's decisionswere tested against the recommendations of expert foresters for each set of management objectives. Agreement between the model and experts ranged from 76% to 85%, depending on the management objective tested. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):75-79.
Using Fractal Geometry to Quantify Loblolly Pine Seedling Root System Architecture
Authors: Diebel Kenneth E. , Feret Peter P.
Published: August 2019

Fractal geometry is a simple method of quantifying and describing complex shapes often found in nature (Mandelbrot 1983). The spatial arrangement of pine seedling roots is complex and not easily quantified. In this paper we report on a method for quantifying seedling roots based on concepts of fractal geometry.

Ten 1+0 bareroot seedlings of each of three grades of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were obtained from two Virginia Department of Forestry nurseries. The fractal dimension (D) was estimated for seedling roots using a computer-based box-count method. The results show that pine seedling roots have a fractal dimension, and the fractal dimension is highly correlated with root morphological traits. We propose that fractal geometry may be a new and efficient method to describe tree seedling root morphology. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):130-134.
Yield Prediction for Mechanically Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations in the Southeastern Coastal Plain
Authors: Pienaar L. V. , Rheney J. W.
Published: August 2019

Yield prediction equations with different input requirements, and intended for stand-level management planning, are presented in four separate sections: (1) Unthinned plantations with site index and planting survival at age 2 as input. Per-acre basal area and volume prediction equations are presented. (2) Thinned or unthinned plantations with age, surviving trees per acre, and average dominant/codominant height or site index as input; (3) A Weibull distribution-based yield prediction system for existing unthinned plantations with age, surviving trees per acre, and average dominant/codominant height as input. Tree volume and height prediction equations, developed for this plantation resource, are presented. (4) Future yield for thinned and unthinned plantations when an initial stand table is available. Survival and per-acre basal area projection equations of Section 2 are required to project the stand table. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):163-173.
Response of Longleaf Pine Seeds to Storage Conditions and Pregermination Treatments
Authors: Barnett James P. , Jones John P.
Published: August 2019

Although longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seeds are considered the most susceptible of the southern pines to damage during collection, processing, and storage, results of these studies show that high seed quality can be assured for periods up to 20 yr through proper handling and storing techniques. Recommendations for long-term storage include drying seeds to moisture contents of 10% or less and storing at subfreezing temperatures, preferably near 0°F. Reevaluation of stratification treatments applied under operational conditions indicates that the soaking in water that is necessary for seed imbibition reduces total germination in an amount proportional to the length of the soak. Stratification is not recommended except under very controlled conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):174-179.
Growth and Yield of Thinned Upland Oak Stands in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas
Authors: Graney David L. , Murphy Paul A.
Published: August 2019

Eighty-seven permanent plots were installed in natural even-aged upland oak (Quercus sp.) stands in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas on an array of sites and representing a range of ages. These plots were subsequently thinned to stocking levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100%. Measurements were taken at plot establishment and 5 and 10 yr after thinning. We developed a system of equations from these data to predict projected total basal area per ac and current and projected values for the following stand variables: quadratic mean dbh, total ft3 volume per ac, merchantable ft3 volume per ac, sawtimber ft3 volume per ac, and bd-ft volumes per ac for the three principal log rules-Doyle, Scribner, and International ¼ in. Forest managers can use these equations to predict the growth and yield potential of upland oak stands in the Boston Mountains. South. J. Appl. For. 18 (1): 10-14.
Effects of Fertilization on Production and Quality of Japanese Honeysuckle
Authors: Dyess John G. , Causey M. Keith , Stribling H. Lee , Lockaby B. Graeme
Published: August 2019

Effects of fertilization on Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) for improving browse production and quality were studied using paired-comparisons T-tests. Treatment consisted of liming and fertilizing according to soil analysis recommendations. Samples were collected and analyzed in spring (June), autumn (September), and winter (December) for protein, fiber, digestible nutrients and selected minerals. Fertilization increased (P < 0.05) browse production in honeysuckle by an average of 2083 lb/ac in 1989 and 2064 lb/ac in 1990. Fertilization also increased (P < 0.05) crude protein content. Fertilization of selected patches of honeysuckle is a cost-effective alternative to cultivated food plots and would provide year-round, rather than only seasonal, browse for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). South. J. Appl. For. 18(2):68-71.
Mapping Forest Plots: A Fast Triangulation Method for One Person Working Alone
Authors: Quigley Martin F. , Slater Harold H.
Published: August 2019

With two fixed target locations, the Sonin electronic measuring device enables stem mapping of forest plots and transects to be done efficiently by one person, or greatly accelerates team work. There is no cumulative mapping error within individual plots. Measurements are much faster than tape measuring and more accurate than bearing/range methods, and the equipment costs are very low. The procedures for data verification, conversion to Cartesian coordinates, and for standarization of interplot coordinates are presented. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):133-136.
Compliance with Silvicultural Best Management Practices on Harvested Sites in South Carolina
Authors: Adams Tim O. , Hook Donal D.
Published: August 2019

One-hundred-seventy-seven harvested sites in South Carolina were evaluated for compliance with Best Management Practices (BMPs). South Carolina Forestry Commission (SCFC)foresters evaluated the roads, road stream crossings, streamside management zones, harvest operations, and log decks. In addition, each site was evaluated for overall BMP compliance, which was based on the level of both off-site and on-site impacts. Overall BMP compliance was 84.7%. Compliance was highest for log decks (97.7%), roads (92.0%), and harvest operations (89.8%) and lowest for streamside management zones (72.4%) and road stream crossings (41.7%). Nineteen variables were analyzed to determine their influence on BMP compliance. Two variables were responsible for the 27 sites with inadequate ratings: (1) the presence of perennial and intermittent streams, and (2) logging under wet soil conditions. Compliance did not differ significantly among landowner categories or physiographic regions. To improve BMP compliance, landowners should identify sensitive sites and take adequate steps to protect them during timber harvesting. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4):163-167.
Biomass and Taper for Trees in Thinned and Unthinned Longleaf Pine Plantations
Authors: Thomas Charles E. , Parresol Bernard R. , Lê Kim H. N. , Lohrey Richard E.
Published: August 2019

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) trees growing in thinned plantation studies in Louisiana and Texas and unthinned stands from the Louisiana sites were sampled for establishing taper, volume, and specific gravity. Stem analysis data were collected on 147 stems ranging in age from 30 to 50 yr. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were employed to determine coefficients and to detect differences among treatments, for tree taper and specific gravity. Taper and volume equation coefficients and statistics at specified ages were developed for intermediate plantation ages by examining and aging internal growth rings from the stem sections. Biomass was computed by combining the taper and specific gravity equations. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) was used to simultaneously fit the system of four equations composed of specific gravity, taper, volume, and biomass, because of the correlated error structure of these equations. Biomass equations, however, could not be developed for the intermediate ages because specific gravity could not be determined or related to earlier tree ages. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):29-35.
Scalping Reduces Impact of Soilborne Pests and Improves Survival and Growth of Slash Pine Seedlings on Converted Agricultural Croplands
Authors: Barnard E. L. , Dixon W. N. , Ash E. C. , Fraedrich S. W. , Cordell C. E.
Published: August 2019

Field studies in northern Florida over 2 yr confirmed an association between certain soilborne agricultural pests and the first-year failure of slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) on recently converted agricultural croplands. Whitefringed beetles (Graphognathus spp.) and the charcoal root rot fungus (Macrophomina phaseolina [Tassi] Goid.), were associated, respectively, with up to 99 and 30% of the seedling mortality in individual study fields. Whitefringed beetles were the dominant pests in Florida's western panhandle, but M. phaseolina assumed an apparently more important role in the more drought-vulnerable sands of north-central Florida. The involvement of other soilborne insects, fungi, and plant parasitic nematodes appeared less important, but is not dismissed. Prescriptive treatments including carbofuran and benomyl root dips, soil-incorporated diazinon insecticide, methyl bromide soil fumigation, topically applied chlorpyrifos insecticide, band applications of sulfometuron and atrazine herbicides, and scalping varied in efficacy with respect to reducing pest damage and improving seedling performance. With the exception of one instance where seedlings grown in methyl bromide-treated soil performed best, seedlings in scalped rows consistently survived and grew better than seedlings in all other treatments. Across five study sites, seedlings in scalped rows averaged 83%survival, 54 cm in height, and 1.0 cm in groundline stem diameter after 1 growing season. Seedlings in check rows were among the poorest performers, averaging only 62% survival, 46 cm in height, and 0.8 cm in groundline stem diameter. Herbicide-treated seedlings performed similarly, averaging 60% survival, 46 cm in height, and 0.9 cm in groundline stem diameter. South. J. Appl. For. 19(2):49-59.
Use of FSCBG to Predict Pesticide Deposition on a Piedmont Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Bush Parshall B. , Chapman Sandra S. , Berisford Yvette C. , Taylor John W.
Published: August 2019

This study demonstrates the usefulness of the FSCBG aerial simulation model as a forest management tool. In general, the model closely predicted the measured deposition of bifenthrin in a pine seed orchard. An exception was the August application during which wind gusts caused the pesticide to drift further from the application area than predicted by the model. FSCBG tended to underpredict drift and evaporative losses based on the input parameters of this study. Simulations of other registered pine seed orchard pesticides demonstrated no potential environmental risk to representative aquatic organisms in surrounding ponds or waterways based on the test conditions presented. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):145-150.
Overstated Volumes from "Pushing" the Point
Authors: Oderwald R.G. , Gregoire T.G.
Published: August 2019

"Pushing" a prism point by failing to keep the prism over the sample point will cause volume to be overstated. The amount of overstatement differs by tree dbh, BAF, and distance the prism is from where it should be. Large dbh's are less overstated than small dbh's, large BAFs cause more overstatement than small BAFs. Large errors in prism position can cause overstatements of 7% to 19%; small errors can cause overstatements of 2% to 4%. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):162-165.
A New Technique of Site Selection for Hardwoods
Authors: Baker James B. , Broadfoot W. M.
Published: August 2019

A problem foresters often face in establishing hardwood plantations is selecting proper sites for various species. Before planting, a forest manager should have confidence that a site is suitable for a particular species, and for investment planning he would like to have some idea of the site's potential productivity. This paper describes how to use a new technique of site selection for hardwoods that has recently been published by the Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Which Sand Pine to Plant in Florida? Fifth-Year Test Results
Authors: Rockwood D. L. , Kok H. R.
Published: August 2019

Ocala (Pinus clausa var. clausa Ward), Choctawhatchee (P. clausa var. immuginata Ward), and Withlacoochee sand pines were established in 1970 at seven sites from Walton Country in northwest Florida to Volusia County in east-central Florida. After five years, the Choctawhatchee source had uniformly good survival but the lowest height. The Withlacoochee source was characterized by good height and intermediate survival. Ocala sand pine had the poorest survival and the greatest height. The Choctawhatchee source seems most suited for large scale reforestation, while the Withlacoochee source has potential for more widespread use than it is currently receiving.
Cultural Treatments Affect Growth, Volume, and Survival of Sweetgum, Sycamore, and Loblolly Pine
Authors: Hunt Ron , Cleveland Glenn
Published: August 2019

At age five, disk cultivation between trees, the maximum-care treatment, produced a statistically significant height increase for sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) as compared to trees grown on minimum-care (shear and burn) plots. Volume index (dbh² x height) of loblolly pine was significantly larger with cultivation than with the minimum treatment. Fusiform rust incidence (Cronartium fusiforme Hedgc and Hunt ex Cumm.) on loblolly pine was 1.5 to 3.0 times greater on maximumcare plots than on minimum-care plots. The hardwoods on less than the maximum-care plots experienced heavy mortality and very little growth.
Predicting Thinning Volumes for Pine Plantations
Authors: Field Richard C. , Clutter Jerome L. , Jones Earle P.
Published: August 2019

Equations are presented for estimating the volume removed in thinning from below when the desired reduction in basal area or number of stems is known. The estimators are based on data from slash pine plantations but the methods may be useful for other species.
Uneven-Aged Management in the Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Type
Authors: Williston Hamlin L.
Published: August 2019

The advantages and disadvantages of uneven-aged management in the loblolly-shortleaf pine type (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) are discussed. This evaluation concludes that uneven-aged management is feasible for woodlands of small landowners. Where 4,000 board feet (International ¼-inch rule) per acre were left following a cyclic cut, the annual growth was more than 400 board feet per acre in trees 11.6 inches d.b.h. and larger.
Removal of Hardwood Vegetation Increases Growth and Yield of A Young Loblolly Pine Stand
Authors: Clason T. R.
Published: August 2019

In five years, growth and yield of a pre-commercially thinned, natural, seven-year-old loblolly pine stand were significantly increased by removing hardwood vegetation. Compared to thinned-only plots, the additive effects of removing hardwood and herbaceous vegetation increased radial growth rates 36 percent and cubic volume growth 63 percent. Removing hardwoods alone accounted for a 23-percent radial growth increase and a 45-percent volume growth increase. Thinning and herbaceous vegetation removal offered no advantage above thinning alone. Optimal increases in growth were obtained when the precommercial thinning included the eradication of hardwood vegetation.
Total and Partial Stand-Level Yield Prediction for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. D.
Published: August 2019

Observations from East Texas Pine Plantation Research Project permanent plots in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plantations throughout East Texas were utilized to develop methods to estimate stand-level yield values. Predicted yields are volume in cubic feet and green weight in pounds. Predictor variables for total yield are plantation age, site index (base age 25 yr) and surviving trees per acre. Partial yield is derived using total yield and plantation quadratic mean diameter in conjunction with specified threshold dbh and upper stem dob values. Expected total yield per acre is converted to partial yield per acre by considering combinations of threshold dbh and upper stem dob values. For each combination, total yield per acre is reduced by a proportional value to estimate a partial yield per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):36-41.
Factors Contributing to Variability in Loblolly Pine Foliar Nutrient Concentrations
Authors: Colbert Stephen R. , Lee Allen H.
Published: August 2019

Variability in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) foliar nutrient concentrations was partitioned into field sampling and laboratory components using data from 43 midrotation, site-prepared stands in the southeastern United States. Foliar nutrient concentrations were normally distributed; N and P concentrations averaged 1.06% and 0.100%, respectively. Coefficients of variation (CV) for individual studies ranged from 3.4 to 8.5% for N and 3.7 to 12.2% for P. Accuracy and precision of nutrient determinations exhibited practical and statistical variability among laboratories examined; average CV ranged from 1.6 to 6.9% for N and from 1.2 to 17.9% for P. A majority of laboratories achieved percent recovery [(observed ÷ known) x 100] ± 5% and CV ≤ 5% for most elements, suggesting these levels are achievable given present quality assurance (QA) technology. Field sampling accounted for 71 and 86% of the total variation in foliar N and P concentrations, respectively. Field sampling guidelines suggested to reduce the introduction of extraneous variation include careful attention to sampling season, crown class and position, foliage age, and growth flush. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):45-52.
Fungicides Improve Field Performance of Stored Loblolly and Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: Brissette John C. , Barnett James P. , Jones John P.
Published: August 2019

Seedlings of loblolly and longleaf pine lifted in December, January, and February were treated with either benomyl or ridomil before cold storage. Along with an untreated control, they were planted after cold storage of less than 1 wk, 3 wk, and 6 wk. Survival was measured in mid-June after planting, and after 1 and 4 yr in the field. Total height was measured after 4 yr. The fungicide application increased survival of both species lifted in December or February and was beneficial to longleaf pine seedlings regardless of storage duration. Fungicide-treated longleaf pine seedlings had greater mean 4 yr height than the controls, but fungicides did not affect the height of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1): 5-9.
Planted Loblolly Pine Survival and Growth Responses to Herbaceous Vegetation Control
Authors: Yeiser Jimmie L. , Williams Richard A.
Published: August 2019

Plots in 13 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established on sandy or sandy-loam soils in SE Oklahoma and SW Arkansas received herbaceous vegetation control using hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl. Treatments consisted of a one-time herbicide application over-the-top of loblolly pine seedlings by one of three methods: spot, band, or broadcast. At the end of 1 and 5 growing seasons, data were collected for survival, height, and diameter growth and compared for seedlings in areas untreated and treated for herbaceous vegetation control. Only data corresponding to herbicide rates and application methods labeled for use today are included in data analysis. When compared with untreated checks, seedlings treated for herbaceous vegetation control exhibited significant increases in first-year survival at 11 sites and in height and groundline diameter (GLD) at 12 of the 13 test sites. At the end of 1 growing season, herbaceous vegetation control provided mean seedling increases of 16.7%, 0.4 ft, and 0.1 in. for survival, height, and GLD, respectively. After 5 growing seasons, advantages from herbaceous vegetation control had increased with significant differences existing in survival, height, and diameter at breast height (dbh) on 10 of 11 test sites, as 2 sites were lost to wildfire. Numerically, treatment differences had increased to 18.4%, 2.4 ft, and 0.6 in. for survival, height, and dbh, respectively. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):53-57.
Global Positioning System (GPS) Accuracies in Eastern U.S. Deciduous and Conifer Forests
Authors: Deckert Christopher J. , Bolstad Paul V.
Published: August 2019

This study determined horizontal positional errors when using C/A code GPS receivers under forest canopies and in varied terrain. Positional errors were evaluated for a total of 18 sites: three sites for each of six combinations of canopy (conifer, hardwood) and terrain (ridge, slope, valley). Ten replicates were collected at each site for each of 60, 200, and 500 position fixes. Differentially corrected positional accuracies from conifer sites averaged 18.4 ft, which was significantly greater than the 14.5 ft observed for hardwood sites. For differentially corrected data, positional errors generally increased from ridgetop to valley positions. - Errors decreased when the number of position fixes was increased. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):81-84.
Herbicide Release of 3-Year-Old Loblolly Pine from Competing Hardwoods in Arkansas
Authors: Quicke Harold E. , Glover Glenn R. , Lauer Dwight K.
Published: August 2019

Objectives were to identify effective late-summer and spring herbicide treatments for the release of 3-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from competing hardwoods and to quantify longer term pine growth response to varying levels of hardwood control. Effective late-summer treatments included imazapyr at 1.0 and 0.5 lb ae/ac, imazapyr at 0.5 lb ae/ac in combination with glyphosate at 1.125 lb ae/ac, and imazapyr at 0.25 lb ae/ac with surfactant. The best spring treatment was hexazinone at 2.0 lb ai/ac. Although spring imazapyr treatments stunted pine height growth 2 growing seasons after treatment, height growth had recovered by age 10. Late-summer imazapyr treatments provided better hardwood control than spring treatments. Although check plot hardwood basal area averaged 9 ft2/ac, and winged elm (a species known to be tolerant to imazapyr) was the predominant hardwood species at treatment, pine basal area response to treatment ranged from 6 to 27 ft2/ac at age 10. Pine response increased with imazapyr rate for late-summer treatments. Adding hexazinone to imazapyr did not improve hardwood control, and no benefits were observed from adding metsulfuron to either glyphosate or hexazinone. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3): 121-126.
Removal of Competing Vegetation from Established Loblolly Pine Plantations Increases Growth on Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain Sites
Authors: Fortson James C. , Shiver Barry D. , Shackelford Lois
Published: August 2019

A series of paired plots was installed in loblolly pine plantations at 42 locations in Georgia's Piedmont and Alabama's Piedmont and Coastal Plain. One plot of each pair had all competing vegetation eliminated. The other plot was left as an uncontrolled check. Locations were stratified over two age classes (5-9 and 12-16 yr old) and three slope positions (top, midslope, and bottom). Analysis of 33 surviving locations 8 yr after treatment revealed a positive treatment effect for both individual tree (dbh and total height) and stand characteristics (basal area per acre, total volume per acre, and merchantable volume per acre). There was no difference in volume response between age classes. Slope position was not significant for the individual tree variables, but was significant for the stand variables, with midslopes responding most positively followed by bottom and then top slope positions. Over all locations, the average treatment response was approximately ½ cord/ac/yr. Economic analyses indicate that the magnitude of the response will be economical for many stumpage prices, particularly on midslope and bottom slope positions, in plantations where access and species composition make herbicide spraying possible. South J. Appl. For. 20(4):188-192.
Mulching Improves Early Growth of Four Oak Species in Plantation Establishment
Authors: Adams J. C.
Published: August 2019

The effects of mulching, with black plastic, paper, and hay on water, Shumard, Nuttall, and cherrybark oak were studied in a plantation established in a typical small landowner planting. The study was designed to determine if selected oak seedlings could be planted and compete successfully against herbaceous and wild seedling competition when mulches were used. Mulch effects on growth were positive with each mulch type on each species. In cherrybark and Shumard oak, the treatment effects for height, diameter, and aboveground seedling volume were significant (P < 0.05). Plastic and/or hay mulch improved water oak and Shumard oak early development. Paper and/or hay improved the development of cherrybark, and plastic and/or hay improved the early development of Nuttall. In all growth variables, the untreated control and herbicide treatments were the poorest. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):44-46.