bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Chitosan Concentration on Disintegration Time of Amoxicillin Tablet
Authors: Binti Sarun Nur Hanisah , Nuryanti Archadian , Ana Ika Dewi
Published: May 2021

The most often prescribed antibiotics by dentists to patients is Amoxicillin. It is usually in the form of capsules and tablets which are hard to swallow, especially for geriatric and pediatric patients. Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) with the capability to disintegrate inside oral cavity without the need of water required disintegrant agent in its formulation. In this study, chitosan as the product of deacetylation of chitin which originated from exoskeleton of crustacean shells was considered as suitable disintegrant because its swelling characteristic. The aim of this research was to study the effect of chitosan concentration on disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet. Seventy tablets were made with direct compression method. Five formulas of 250 mg Amoxicillin with chitosan concentration of 2%, 5%, 8%, 11%, and 14% were prepared, with two control groups, i.e. the group of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant at concentration of 5% as positive control and the group without adding disintegrant into the formula for negative control. Each tablet was tested for their disintegration time using disintegration tester (Erweka). The data of disintegration time of each tablets were recorded and analyzed using non-parametric hypotheses test of Kruskal Wallis. The result of Kruskal Wallis’s test showed significant difference of chitosan concentrations on disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet (p<0.05). The shortest disintegration time was found at 11% concentration of chitosan. Higher concentration of chitosan (14%) increased the disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet due to gel-like formation that prolonged tablet disintegration. It was concluded that different concentration of chitosan can affect the disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet. Further studies were recommended to provide best candidate of ODT for Amoxicillin.
The Effect of Ag Concentration of Core-Shell Fe3O4@Ag Nanoparticles for Sensitivity Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) - Based Biosensor
Authors: Juharni Juharni , Maulana Ilyas , Suharyadi Edi , Kato Takeshi , Iwata Satoshi
Published: May 2021

The objective of this research is to advance the affectability of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor utilizing core-shell Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Ag NPs) with a variation of Ag concentration (20, 40, 60, 80, 100) mM. Fe3O4@Ag NPs were synthesized by the aqueous solution method. The characterization by utilizing X-ray Diﬀractometer (XRD) depicts that the crystal structure of Fe3O4 compares to the cubic inverse spinel structure and based on Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) estimation, the particle size average of Fe3O4@Ag NPs is 14.45 nm. The magnetic properties of Fe3O4@Ag NPs were evaluated by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), the result appears that the more concentration of Ag increases, the more remanent magnetization (Mr), saturation magnetization (Ms), and coercitivity field (Hc) diminishes. In this research, a Fe3O4@Ag NPs, a spherical nanoparticle consisting of a spherical Fe3O4 core covered by an Ag shell, was used as an active material to enhance the signal detection of SPR, with a wavelength of 632.8 nm in the Kretschmann configuration. The system consists of a four-layer material, i.e., prism/Au film/ Fe3O4@Ag NPs. The results show that the SPR angle shifted to the larger angle of incident light by using Fe3O4@Ag NPs. However, the effect of Ag concentration appears that the more concentration of Ag extends, the lower angle of SPR shifts. The addition of a core-shell in the conventional SPR-based biosensor leads to the enhancement of the SPR biosensor sensitivity if the fractional volume of the core-shell is large.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye Using Biosorbents Based on Humic Acid Cross-Linked Cellulose
Authors: Arifin Muhammad , Sudiono Sri , Mudasir Mudasir , Triyono Triyono
Published: May 2021

The adsorption of methylene blue dye using biosorbents based on humic acid cross-linked cellulose has been carried out. The adsorbent HA/Cel-Epi characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM spectroscopy. The results of characterization using FTIR indicated that adsorbents HA/Cel-Epi had active functional groups among others ‒OH, ‒C=O, and ‒COOH. XRD result confirmed that diffraction peaks on the area of 2θ around 11.83; 20.27; 21.90; and 28.28º. SEM results showed that the adsorbent surface had irregular shape pores size. The optimum condition interaction of HA/Cel-Epi MB occurred in the pH range of 6-8, with a solution concentration of 250 mg L-1, and a contact time of 120 min. The adsorption of MB by HA/Cel-Epi followed pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Freundlich isotherms with the adsorption capacities of MB at 324.43 mg g-1.
Recovery of Au(III) from Gold Mining Rock with Silica/Chitosan Coated on Iron Sand Magnetic Material
Authors: Utami Nastiti , Istiningrum Reni Banowati , Rusdiarso Bambang , Nuryono Nuryono
Published: May 2021

In this study, adsorption as an environmental friendly technique has been applied for separation and recovery of gold (Au) from gold mining rock sample with iron sand magnetic material coated with silica/chitosan (MMSC). The works included preparation and characterization of adsorbent; gold leaching from the rock sample, and adsorption-desorption of Au(III) in leaching solution and calculation of recovery. The result showed that the leaching solution contained Au(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II) of 0.14, 16.0, and 181 mg/g, respectively. Adsorbent investigated was selective for Au(III) against Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions with the selectivity coefficient, αAu/Cu of 7.71±1.28 and αAu/Zn of 29.48±15.11. The adsorption-desorption of metal ions in the rock sample solution obtained the recovery of 77.49±0.96, 0.21±0.00, and 0.04±0.01 % for Au(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II), respectively.
Upgrading Methane Purity in Biogas Plant Gamping by Using Carbon-Based Molecular Sieve
Authors: Naryo Nur Bayu Maulida , Prasetyo Imam , Cahyono Rochim Bakti , Ariyanto Teguh
Published: May 2021

Biogas is considered as a promising renewable energy. Therefore, in order to achieve a high quality of energy, biogas upgrading steps at the upstream of its final utilization is required. One of the most important steps is CO2 removal which has a significant impact on improving the biogas properties for energy applications. In this study, separation of CO2 from biogas (consisting of CO2/CH4: 63/37 vol%) in a packed-bed of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS)-based porous carbon was performed. The separation-regeneration cycle was carried out at atmospheric pressure, isothermal conditions (30 °C), and different feed flow rates (25, 50, and 100 mL.min-1). The study showed that CO2 was successfully separated from biogas which produced CH4 ­­­­­with high purity (>98 vol%). On the other hand, the separation behavior of gases on porous carbon was influenced by feed flowrate where the high separation capacity was achieved at low feed flowrate.
Local Sustained Delivery of Anti–IL-17A Antibodies Limits Inflammatory Bone Loss in Murine Experimental Periodontitis
Authors: Pacheco Cinthia M. F. , Maltos Katia L. M. , Shehabeldin Mostafa S. , Thomas Laura L. , Zhuang Zhe , Yoshizawa Sayuri , Verdelis Konstantinos , Gaffen Sarah L. , Garlet Gustavo P. , Little Steven R. , Sfeir Charles
Published: May 2021

Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting structures that leads to tooth loss at its advanced stages. Although the disease is initiated by a complex organization of oral microorganisms in the form of a plaque biofilm, it is the uncontrolled immune response to periodontal pathogens that fuels periodontal tissue destruction. IL-17A has been identified as a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of PD. Despite its well documented role in host defense against invading pathogens at oral barrier sites, IL-17A–mediated signaling can also lead to a detrimental inflammatory response, causing periodontal bone destruction. In this study, we developed a local sustained delivery system that restrains IL-17A hyperactivity in periodontal tissues by incorporating neutralizing anti–IL-17A Abs in poly(lactic-coglycolic) acid microparticles (MP). This formulation allowed for controlled release of anti–IL-17A in the periodontium of mice with ligature-induced PD. Local delivery of anti–IL-17A MP after murine PD induction inhibited alveolar bone loss and osteoclastic activity. The anti–IL-17A MP formulation also decreased expression of IL-6, an IL-17A target gene known to induce bone resorption in periodontal tissues. This study demonstrates proof of concept that local and sustained release of IL-17A Abs constitutes a promising therapeutic strategy for PD and may be applicable to other osteolytic bone diseases mediated by IL-17A–driven inflammation.
Transport geography: Implications for public health
Authors: Amer Sherif , Bergquist Robert
Published: May 2021

The obstruction of traffic between France and UK due to efforts to rein in coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), together with the recent, week-long blockade of the Suez Canal, underline how interconnected and thus vulnerable the world has become. What this has to do with public health may not be immediately evident. However, as illustrated by two papers published in this issue of Geospatial Health dealing with the ongoing waves of COVID-19 spread (Mahmud et al., 2021; Tiwari & Aljoufie, 2021), transport geography - with its focus on geographical dimensions of travel, transport and mobility - does indeed have a direct impact on health and epidemiology...
Spatial cluster analysis of COVID-19 in Malaysia (Mar-Sep, 2020)
Authors: Ullah Sami , Mohd Nor Nurul Hidayah , Daud Hanita , Zainuddin Nooraini , Gandapur Muhammad Salim Javed , Ali Iftikhar , Khalil Alamgir
Published: May 2021

A Correction has been published | View
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current worldwide pandemic as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Being part of the ongoing global pandemic, Malaysia has recorded a total of 8639 COVID-19 cases and 121 deaths as of 30th June 2020. This study aims to detect spatial clusters of COVID-19 in Malaysia using the Spatial Scan Statistic (SaTScan„¢) to guide control authorities on prioritizing locations for targeted interventions. The spatial analyses were conducted on a monthly basis at the state-level from March to September 2020. The results show that the most likely cluster of COVID-19 occurred in West Malaysia repeatedly from March to June, covering three counties (two federal territories and one neighbouring state) and moved to East Malaysia in July covering two other counties. The most likely cluster shows a tendency of having moved from the western part to the eastern part of the country. These results provide information that can be used for the evidence- based interventions to control the spread of COVID-19 in Malaysia.
Physiotherapist involvement in the pandemic era: a Lombardy region survey
Authors: Privitera Emilia , D'Abrosca Francesco , Gaudiello Giuseppe , Lazzeri Marta , Bellofiore Angela , Frigerio Pamela , Santambrogio Martina
Published: May 2021

In February 2020 the first COVID-19 case was reported in Italy and afterwards the virus started spreading rapidly, increasing dramatically the number of infected subjects. To face the pandemic outbreak, hospitals converted wards to assure COVID-19 patients’ care and adopted measures to reduce virus diffusion. The aim of this study was to determine how many physiotherapists, in the Lombardy region, worked during pandemic, whether they continued their usual practice or were employed in COVID-19 wards and in which tasks they were involved. The survey was submitted online by the national professional order. The response rate was 11.79%. During the pandemic, 648 (53.9%) respondents interrupted their services. Less than 20% of the physiotherapists that continued working were assigned to COVID-19 wards with the role of physiotherapist. Only a small proportion of respondents had advanced skills in respiratory physiotherapy. Moreover, this study showed a limited involvement of physiotherapists inside the very acute and intense settings. In conclusion, this work revealed that, during COVID-19 pandemic, in the Lombardy region a small percentage of physiotherapists was employed in COVID-19 wards, mainly in post-acute context. Even though the response rate of this survey was very low, this study highlights the need to define and underline the role of physiotherapy in acute setting during emergency.
The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear
Authors: Schmidt Robert Kyle
Published: May 2021

The aircraft landing gear and its associated systems represent a compelling design challenge: simultaneously a system, a structure, and a machine, it supports the aircraft on the ground, absorbs landing and braking energy, permits maneuvering, and retracts to minimize aircraft drag. Yet, as it is not required during flight, it also represents dead weight and significant effort must be made to minimize its total mass. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear, written by R. Kyle Schmidt, PE (B.A.Sc. - Mechanical Engineering, M.Sc. - Safety and Aircraft Accident Investigation, Chairman of the SAE A-5 Committee on Aircraft Landing Gear), is designed to guide the reader through the key principles of landing system design and to provide additional references when available. Many problems which must be confronted have already been addressed by others in the past, but the information is not known or shared, leading to the observation that there are few new problems, but many new people. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear is intended to share much of the existing information and provide avenues for further exploration. The design of an aircraft and its associated systems, including the landing system, involves iterative loops as the impact of each modification to a system or component is evaluated against the whole. It is rare to find that the lightest possible landing gear represents the best solution for the aircraft: the lightest landing gear may require attachment structures which don't exist and which would require significant weight and compromise on the part of the airframe structure design. With those requirements and compromises in mind,The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear starts with the study of airfield compatibility, aircraft stability on the ground, the correct choice of tires, followed by discussion of brakes, wheels, and brake control systems. Various landing gear architectures are investigated together with the details of shock absorber designs. Retraction, kinematics, and mechanisms are studied as well as possible actuation approaches. Detailed information on the various hydraulic and electric services commonly found on aircraft, and system elements such as dressings, lighting, and steering are also reviewed. Detail design points, the process of analysis, and a review of the relevant requirements and regulations round out the book content. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear is a landmark work in the industry, and a must-read for any engineer interested in updating specific skills and students preparing for an exciting career.
A 10-year Longitudinal Study of Social Media Use in Education
Authors: Lampropoulos Georgios , Siakas Kerstin , Makkonen Pekka , Siakas Errikos
Published: May 2021

Students, as digital natives, are fascinated by social media as they use it in their everyday lives. However, not only opportunities but also challenges for education have arisen with the new bottom-up approach of using social media for educational purposes. In order to investigate different aspects of social media adoption and use in higher educational learning environments, a longitudinal study starting in 2010 was conducted. This paper summarizes and analyzes our findings based on several studies with quantitative and qualitative data collected and presented in 16 different articles throughout the last decade. Based on our results, we reached the conclusion that when there is proper infrastructure, appropriate strategies are applied, security and privacy are of high priority and teachers become accustomed to using modern technologies, social media can be used as an effective educational tool which improves the overall educational process and learning outcomes. Specifically, by using social media in a creative and student-centered manner in educational settings, students’ engagement, motivation, interactivity, soft skills, communication and collaboration are promoted and improved. Finally, social media can be used as a means to help create virtual communities in which students will be able to exchange ideas, opinions and knowledge in both academic and extracurricular environments, mature and flourish. The aim of this ongoing longitudinal study is to enhance teachers’ comprehension of social media and its use as an educational tool to create interactive learning environments for students of various disciplines in geographically and culturally distributed environments.
Pengaruh Agresivitas Pajak terhadap Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility (Studi terhadap Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2012 – 2016)
Authors: Fajariati Marghalina Bestharita
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh agresivitas pajak terhadap pengungkapan corporate social responsibility (CSR). Variabel dependen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengungkapan corporate social responsibility (CSR), sedangkan variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah agresivitas pajak yang diukur dengan menggunakan effective tax rate (ETR). Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa variabel control, yaitu ukuran perusahaan (SIZE), leverage (LEV), dan return on asset (ROA). Sampel penelitian ini adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode tahun 2012-2016. Sampel dipilih menggunakan metode purposive sampling  dan diperoleh 36 perusahaan per tahun yang memenuhi kriteria pengujian. Total sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 180 perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan alat uji analisis menggunakan model analisis regresi berganda ordinary least square dengan bantuan software SPSS versi 24. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa agresivitas pajak tidak berpengaruh terhadap pengungkapan corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Canine superficial necrolytic dermatitis – review
Authors: Leme de Campos Millena , Paulucci Isabella , Lucena Haila Cristiane , Moraes Filho Jonas
Published: May 2021

Canine superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND) is a progressive debilitating skin disorder commonly associated with liver abnormalities. It is an erosive skin disease with multifocal distribution, usually in the foot pads, mucocutaneous junctions and extremities of the limbs. The pathogenesis of SND in dogs is not known, and may be related to liver disease, mycotoxicosis and use of anticonvulsant drugs. SND manifests itself insidiously, especially in adult dogs, with no breed or gender predisposition. Therapy is supportive, improving the animal’s quality of life and survival time, with most animals dying within a few months of diagnosis, regardless of the proposed treatment.
The Influence of Organizational Culture, Compensation and Competency on Asset Misappropriation with Integrity as a Moderating Variables
Authors:   Perbanas Institute, Umar Haryono
Published: May 2021

This study aims to empirically examine the relationship among variables of organizational culture, compensation, competence, with asset misappropriation and their effects in which the factor of integrity as moderating variable. The study used questionnaires to collect data from 150 respondents (samples) comprising employees of Bank DKI, BCA and Adira Finance with various levels of positions. Furthermore, the questionnaires were analyzed using SEM (structural equation modeling) and processed using the computer software SmartPLS Version 3. Based on the results of data processing, it found out that variables of organizational culture and competency did not influence asset misappropriation, while compensation and integrity negatively affected the asset misappropriation. Moreover, the factor of integrity was unable to strengthen the negative influence of organizational culture and compensation, as well as unable to weaken the positive effect of competence on asset misappropriation.
Relationship Between Self Efficacy and Job Performance and Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers In Anambra State
Authors:   Principal at Community High School, Umunze, Anambra State, Nigeria, Udemba Dr. Nonyelum
Published: May 2021

This study assessed the relationship between self-efficacy and job performance and satisfaction of secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Two research questions guided the study. Two null hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance. Correlational survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was 1,615 secondary school teachers in 32 state government owned secondary schools. Stratified random sampling technique was utilized to select a sample size of 485 teachers. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach’s alpha formula which yielded reliability coefficient values of 0.88 and 0.85. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient. The results showed that there is negligible and low positive relationship between self efficacy and job performance of secondary school teachers in Anambra State. There is moderate and substantial positive relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction of secondary school teachers. The study further revealed that there is significant relationship between self-efficacy and job performance and satisfaction of secondary school teachers in Anambra State. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that educational agencies and professional associations should collaborate with secondary schools to organize workshops and seminars for teachers at regular interval to strengthen abilities to ensure effective performance of teachers to achieve the objectives of secondary education as entrenched in the National Policy on Education.
INTERPRETASI SURAH AL-MAIDAH AYAT 38
Authors: Muhammad Fajri
Published: May 2021

Tulisan ini membahas penafsiran QS. Al-Maidah: 38 tentang hukum potong tangan bagi pelaku pencurian. Ayat ini akan dikaji dengan menggunakan pendekatan semiotika, karena lafal-lafal dalam ayat tersebut merupakan simbol yang perlu dilakukan interpretasi. Salah satu teori semiotika yang menarik untuk dikaji dalam tulisan ini adalah semiotika Michale Riffaterre, yang menawarkan metode pembacaan dua tingkat, yaitu pembacaan heuristik dan hermeneutik (retroaktif), disempurnakan dengan kajian hipogram (intertekstual). Menurutnya, dalam memahami dan mengungkap makna suatu karya sastra tidak cukup dengan pembacaan heuristik (makna menurut konvensi bahasa) saja, perlu dilanjutkan dengan pembacaan secara hermeneutik yang berdasarkan pada penafsiran agar mendapatkan pemaknaan lebih komprehensif. Adapun hasil dari pengaplikasian semiotika Michale Riffaterre terhadap QS. Al-Maidah: 38 adalah: lafal al-sāriqu wa al-sāriqatu dan faqṭa’u aidiyahumā, mengalami dinamika dan perkembangan dari masa ke masa. Lafal sariq dengan makna dasar “mencuri” mengalami penciptaan arti (creating of meaning) yang bisa dimaknai dengan “korupsi”, karena memliki unsur yang sama. Sedangkan lafal faqṭa’u aidiyahumā yang makna literalnya adalah potong tangan mengalami penggantian arti (displacing of meaning) dengan makna ta’zīr (seperti denda, penjara, atau pengasingan), karena ayat tersebut dipahami secara majāzi bukan pada lafal yang umum. Sehingga, pesan utama atau spirit yang terkandung dalam ayat tersebut bukanlah pada jenis hukumannya tetapi pada efek jera yang ditimbulkannya.
Kata kunci: Al-Maidah: 38, semiotik, heuristik-hermeneutik
TERJEMAH DAN TAFSIR DI JAWA AWAL ABAD KE-18
Authors: Sa'adah Nailis , Muhammad Asif
Published: May 2021

This study examines the text Terjemah dan Tafsir Surat al-Fatihah (TTSF) contained in the Bundel Naskah Kajen (Bundle of Kajen Manuscripts, BNK) which is attributed to Ahmad Mutamakkin's work. This study aims to describe the manuscript, present the edited text and analyze the translation methods and interpretation of the al-Fatihah verse contained in the BNK. This study uses a philological approach, translation theory and interpretation of al-Dhahabī's perspective. This research found: first, BNK's pension as the work of Ahmad Mutamakkin is very likely to be correct, because referring to Bizawie, the manuscript were written in 1705 AD, during Ahmad Mutamakkin life (1645-1740). Second, the interpretation of the al-Fatihah in the BNK is not like the interpretation of the al-Fatihah verse in general which tends to interpret the al-Fatihah in the context of reverting position (pelungguhan) each word of the al-Fatihah into the anatomy of the human body such as the crown, eye, breath, chest, heart, tongue, skin and other body parts to show the oneness (unity) of being between the servant and his god, which is classified as a ṣūfī naẓarī interpretation and appropriates the doctrine of waḥdah al-wujūd which was widely developed in the archipelago at that time. Furthermore, the implication of this study is that if this manuscript can be accepted as the work of Ahmad Mutamakkin, it means that the tafsīr writing traditions in Java had started earlier than the previous findings.
Keywords: Terjemah dan Tafsir Surah al-Fatihah, Bundel Naskah Kajen, the doctrine of waḥdah al-wujūd.
How to maximize profitability and minimize risk with dynamic stress testing
Authors:   Wolters Kluwer), Akkizidis Ioannis
Published: May 2021

This paper offers a novel approach for optimizing banks’ accounts and portfolios by using both static and dynamic simulation analysis to perform stress tests using several strategies and scenarios driven by exogenous shocks, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this analysis are explored and discussed using real cases in which dynamic analysis in stress scenarios has been applied to specific banking portfolios that may be impacted by Covid-19.
Alternative Comparison of Government Strategies of ASEAN Countries in Addressing Public Welfare Problems During Covid-19
Authors: Kethryn Ravire , Salonga Bianca
Published: May 2021

Cooperation takes place through ASEAN, ASEAN + 3, and other processes, as well as through cooperation with other organizations. The numerous partnerships address a variety of issues, including prevention in the health sector, economic responses, and tourism and travel interventions. Another growth approach pursued by ASEAN is trade policy. To mitigate the pandemic's effect on inter-country exchange, the ASEAN countries' primary objective is to preserve and restore trade ties by holding markets free. ASEAN interventions in response to the economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have been outlined in three categories: economic stimulation, monetary and fiscal policies, and exchange policies, both of which aim to maximize social welfare during the tough periods of the Covid-19 pandemic.
ECONOMÍA SOCIAL E INSERCIÓN LABORAL DE LAS PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD
Authors: BENGOETXEA ALKORTA AITOR
Published: May 2021

El mercado, también el de trabajo, es implacable con los más débiles. En el caso de las personas con discapacidad, hemos comenzado por perfilar su concepto técnico jurídico, para centrarnos seguidamente en la cuestión de su empleo. El Estado Social procura compensar, al menos en parte, su desigualdad de partida, fomentando su inserción en el mercado ordinario, y también en el protegido. Las empresas de economía social, por los valores que atesoran, suelen ser el ámbito más acogedor para las personas con discapacidad, señaladamente, en el caso de los centros especiales de empleo. El trabajo culmina con conclusiones y recomendaciones, a partir de reflexiones teóricas y entrevistas a agentes del sector.

Merkatuak ez du errukirik ahulenekin, eta lanaren merkatuak ere ez. Desgaitasunen bat duten pertsonen kasuan, lehenbizi haien kontzeptu tekniko juridikoa profilatu, eta ondoren haien enpleguaren arazoari ekin diogu. Gizarte Estatuak ahaleginak egiten ditu abiapuntutik duten desabantaila hein batean konpentsatzen, merkatu arruntean txertatzea sustatuz, eta baita babestuan ere. Beren balioei jarraituz, gizarte-ekonomiako enpresek egiten diete ongietorririk beroena desgaitasunen bat duten pertsonei, hain zuzen ere enplegu-zentro bereziek. Lanaren amaieran ondorioak eta gomendioak datoz, gogoeta teorikoetan eta sektoreko eragileei egindako elkarrizketetan oinarrituta.

The market, also labour market is relentless with weakests. In the case of the disabled people, we have started to outline their legal technical concept so as to focus on the issue of their employment. The Social State tries to compensate at least partially their inequality as starting point promoting their integration into the ordinary market, and also into the protected one. Firms of social economy, because of the values that possess are the most friendly ambit for disabled people clearly in the case of special centers of employment. This work finishes wih conclusions and recommendations from theoretical reflections and interviews with agents of the sector.
LA NECESIDAD DE UNA PROTECCIÓN AMBIENTAL ESPECÍFICA DEL SUELO EN EL DERECHO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA. ESPECIAL REFERENCIA A LOS SUELOS CONTAMINADOS
Authors: BOLAÑO PIÑEIRO MARÍA DEL CARMEN
Published: May 2021

Hasta tiempos recientes el suelo no ha sido considerado como bien ambiental
en sí mismo. En la Unión Europea, el V Programa de Acción Medioambiental estableció
por primera vez de forma expresa su calificación como bien ambiental específico y
la necesidad de frenar su degradación. Durante la vigencia del VI Programa se aprobó la
Estrategia Temática para la protección del suelo, que llevó a la redacción en el año 2006
de la Propuesta de Directiva Marco para la Protección del Suelo. Algunos Estados, como
el español, se han adelantado a la regulación de alguno de los fenómenos que degradan
el suelo. Principalmente han regulado la degradación producida por la contaminación. A
diferencia de la normativa interna, la Propuesta de Directiva abarca de forma global los fenómenos
de degradación del suelo. Sin embargo, después de ocho años anclada en el proceso
de aprobación, la Unión Europea sigue sin un marco jurídico específico de protección
ambiental del suelo, a pesar de las razones de peso que exigen una regulación.

Duela gutxira arte, zorua ez da ingurumen-ondasuntzat jo bere horretan.
Europar Batasunean, Ingurumen Ekintzako V. Programak lehen aldiz jo zuen zorua espresuki
ingurumen-ondasun espezifikotzat eta horren degradazioa geldiarazteko beharra zegoela
ere ezarri zuen. VI. Programa indarrean zegoela, zorua babesteko estrategia tematikoa
onartu zen, eta, horri jarraiki, Zorua Babesteko Esparru Zuzentarauaren Proposamena idatzi
zen 2006an. Estatu batzuek, espainiarrak esaterako, aurrea hartu dute zorua narriatzen duten
fenomeno batzuk arautzeko prozesuan. Kutsadurak eragindako narriadura arautu dute
batez ere. Barne-araudiak ez bezala, Zuzentarau Proposamenak modu globalean barne hartzen
ditu zorua narriatzen duten fenomenoak. Europar Batasunak, berriz, zortzi urtez onartzeko
prozesuan ainguratuta egon ostean, oraindik ez du zorua babesteko esparru juridiko
espezifikorik ezarri, araudi bat ezartzeko arrazoi sendoak badaude ere.

Soil has been recognised as an environmental resource itself very
recently. At European Union level, the first time soil was accepted as a specific
environmental resource, and the need for soil protection was underlined, was in the 5th
Environmental Action Programme. While the 6th Environmental Action Programme was in
force, the Thematic Strategy for the soil protection was endorsed. All these actions led the
European Union Institutions to the elaboration of the Proposal Directive for Soil Protection
in 2006. Some States, Spain among them, have already regulated some of the soil
degradation phenomena, especially soil pollution. One of the most important differences
between the Spanish regulation and the Proposal Directive is that the Proposal regulates
almost every soil degradation phenomena. However, after eight years stuck in the ordinary
legislative procedure, the European Union continues with no specific regulation on soil
protection, although there is a clear need to do so.
SIMPLIFICACIÓN PROCEDIMENTAL Y OPTIMIZACIÓN DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN FRANCESA
Authors: BOTO ÁLVAREZ ALEJANDRA
Published: May 2021

Este artículo tiene por objeto la Ley francesa 2013-1005, de 12 de noviembre,
la última en un proceso abierto hacia la simplificación administrativa y que se centra
en la optimización de las relaciones entre la Administración y los ciudadanos. Se analiza su
contenido distinguiendo entre las medidas de agilización, modernización, transparencia y
codificación que contiene y que, como se verá, no resultan ajenas al contexto español. La
visión es fundamentalmente de derecho comparado, teniendo en cuenta que figuras centrales
en el proceso de reforma y simplificación del funcionamiento de las Administraciones
públicas, como el silencio administrativo, tienen en nuestro país como origen la recepción
del modelo francés de justicia administrativa.

Artikulu honek Frantziako azaroaren 12ko 2013-1005 legea du aztergai.
Lege hori, hain zuzen, administrazio-sinplifikazioa lortzeko prozesuan emandako azken legea
da, eta administrazioaren eta herritarren arteko harremanak optimizatzea du ardatz. Legearen
edukia aztertzen da, eta arintze-, modernizazio-, gardentasun- eta kodetze-neurriak
bereizten dira. Ikusiko denez, neurri horiek badute zerikusirik Espainiako testuinguruarekin.
Erabilitako ikuspegia, batez ere, zuzenbide konparatua da, kontuan hartuta gure herrialdean
administrazio-justiziako Frantziako ereduan dutela oinarria administrazio publikoen funtzionamenduaren
erreforma- eta sinplifikazio-prozesurako funtsezko zenbait elementuk; esaterako,
administrazioaren isiltasunak.

This paper presents Act 2013-1005, 12 November, the latest one along
the administrative simplification process undergoing in France. The Act sets as its aim to
improve relationship between Public Administrations and citizens. The measures launched
on speeding-up, modernization, transparency and codification of Administrative procedure
are hereby analyzed, taking into account that they are not unconnected to Spanish context.
The comparative approach is justified as the Spanish configuration of essential issues of
administrative reforms, such as silence procedure, has a historical French origin.
EL ARTÍCULO 149.1.18.ª DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN: UN LÍMITE IMPORTANTE A LA CAPACIDAD NORMATIVA TRIBUTARIA DE LOS TERRITORIOS HISTÓRICOS
Authors: BURLADA ECHEVESTE INÉS MARÍA , BURLADA ECHEVESTE JOSÉ LUIS
Published: May 2021

La Sentencia del TSJ del País Vasco de 13 de junio de 2008 declaró nulo,
de oficio, el párrafo segundo del artículo 247 de la Norma Foral 2/2005, General Tributaria
del Territorio Histórico de Gipuzkoa, de 3 de marzo, que permitía, en determinados supuestos,
interponer directamente recurso contencioso-administrativo, sin necesidad de plantear
previamente reclamación económico-administrativa. La declaración de nulidad se basó en
que la norma se apartaba del procedimiento administrativo común tributario (artículo 249
LGT), vulnerando el artículo 149.1.18.ª CE; afectando también a la competencia exclusiva
del Estado en materia de legislación procesal (artículo 149.1.6.ª CE). El TS, en Sentencia de
26 de enero de 2012, confirmó este razonamiento.

Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Auzitegi Nagusiaren 2008ko ekainaren
13ko epaiak baliogabetzat jo zuen ofizioz Gipuzkoako Lurralde Historikoko Zergei buruzko
martxoaren 3ko 2/2005 Foru Arauaren 247. artikuluaren bigarren paragrafoa. Zenbait kasutan,
erreklamazio ekonomiko-administratiboa egin gabe, administrazioarekiko auziak zuzenean
aurkezteko aukera ematen zuen. Araua baliogabe adierazteko argudiatu zuten ohiko
zerga-prozedura administratibotik urruntzen zela (249. artikulua) eta ez duela betetzen Espainiako
Konstituzioaren 149.1 artikuluaren 18. atala. Gainera, auzibide-legediaren gaineko
Estatuaren eskumenari eragiten dio (Espainiako Konstituzioaren 149.1 artikuluaren 6. atala).
Auzitegi Gorenak arrazonamendu hori berretsi zuen 2012ko urtarrilaren 26ko epaiaren bidez.

The judgment of the High Court of Justice of June 13th of 2008 declared
null and void, ex officio, the second paragraph of article 247 of the Foral Norm 2/2005 on
General Taxation of the Historical Territory of Gipuzkoa of March 3rd that allowed in some
specific cases to lodge directly a contentious administrative appeal without previously filing
an economic-administrative claim. The nullity was based on that the provision strayed from
the tax common administrative procedure (article 249 General Taxation Law) infringing
article 149.1.18 of the Constitution; affecting also the exclusive state competence on
procedural legislation (article 149.1.6 Constitution). The Supreme Court by its judgment of
January 26th, uphold this reasoning.
LA PERMANENTE RENOVACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA Y LA NECESIDAD DE REGENERAR LA DEMOCRACIA: REINTERPRETACIÓN DEL PANÓPTICO A TRAVÉS DEL OPEN GOVERNMENT
Authors: CARMONA GARIAS SILVIA
Published: May 2021

Las Administraciones públicas requieren llevar a cabo un proceso modernizador
constante para adaptarse a las cambiantes necesidades ciudadanas. El modelo de
democracia representativa tradicional no es suficiente en el panorama actual, en el que los
ciudadanos reclaman mayor protagonismo. El Derecho comparado nos ofrece múltiples experiencias
innovadoras, entre ellas, la que ha irrumpido en el escenario político-administrativo
con mayor fuerza es el gobierno abierto. Este paradigma supone la evolución lógica y
coherente de la modernización administrativa en la sociedad de la información, motivo por
el que el presente estudio se centra en analizar el origen y evolución del concepto, sus beneficios
y sus riesgos, así como qué se ha hecho hasta ahora en España que pueda subsumirse
en el mismo, y qué más se debe hacer para continuar avanzando en esa línea.

Administrazio publikoak etengabe modernizatu behar dira, herritarren
premia berrietara moldatzeko. Demokrazia ordezkatzaile tradizionalaren eredua ez da nahikoa
egungo panoraman, herritarrek protagonismo handiagoa eskatzen baitute. Zuzenbide
konparatuak hainbat esperientzia berritzaile eskaintzen ditu. Besteak beste, eszenatoki politiko-
administratiboan indar handiz sartu den gobernu irekia. Horixe da informazio-gizarteko
administrazioan gertatu den modernizazioaren eboluzio logiko eta koherentea. Horregatik,
azterlan honen ardatza da kontzeptuaren jatorria eta eboluzioa aztertzea, onurak eta arriskuak,
Espainian orain arte zer egin den hartan subsumitzeko, eta zer gehiago egin behar
den bide beretik aurreratzeko.

Public administrations require to carry out a constant modernising process
in order to adapt itself to the changing needs of citizenship. The model of traditional
representative democracy is not sufficient in the present circumstances, where citizens
claim for a larger prominence. Comparative Law offers us multiple innovative experiences,
among them, the one that has bursted more strongly into the political administrative stage
is open government. This paradigm means a logic and coherent evolution in administrative
modernisation in the information society, that is why this study focuses itself on analyzing
the origin and evolution of the concept, its benefits and risks together with what it has
been done in Spain that can be subusmed within it, and what else should be done in order
to advance in this line.
A SAÚDE PÚBLICA E A LUTA PARA QUE A POPULAÇÃO SEJA IMUNIZADA
Authors: Tadeu Franco Gabriela , Santos Pereira Julien
Published: May 2021

Este artigo relata a importância das vacinas na prevenção de doenças que podem ser prevenidas se o paciente tiver sido vacinado contra uma determinada doença. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a situação atual da saúde pública, principalmente para conscientizar as pessoas sobre a necessidade e a importância das vacinas. O artigo reflete a situação de indivíduos que têm dificuldade em entrar em contato com serviços médicos devido a lugares inacessíveis. O método utilizado neste estudo foi obtido a partir de dados qualitativos, obtidos a partir de um formulário online, onde os entrevistados responderam sua posição sobre a vacinação. Após a análise por esse meio, pode-se determinar que os entrevistados acreditam que a vacinação é importante para prevenir doenças e que também ajuda a reduzir a propagação das mesmas. A conclusão das respostas do formulário é que a maioria dos entrevistados acreditam que a campanha de vacinação é positiva, o que se configura em um resultado de vital importância para a sociedade, pois é um tópico atual, devido à pandemia ao qual nos encontramos por conta do novo Covid 19. Cientistas estão em conjunto para encontrar uma nova vacina que possa ser usada, para que os indivíduos estejam biologicamente preparados para resistir a esse vírus.
Appraisal of Urban Trees Using Twelve Valuation Formulas and Two Appraiser Groups
Authors: Ponce-Donoso Mauricio , Vallejos-Barra Óscar , Escobedo Francisco J.
Published: May 2021

Monetary valuation using urban tree appraisals can be performed with formulas, a common practice in many countries. This study compares twelve parametric type formulas: Amenity Valuation of Tree and Woodlands (Helliwell), Standard Tree Evaluation Method (STEM), French Method, Italian Method, Tedesco, Norma Granada, Trunk Replacement Formula (CTLA), Burnley Method, Danish Method, Swiss Method, and two Chilean formulas used in Municipalities of Concepción, La Pintana, and Maipú (COPIMA Method), and Peñalolén Method. Formulas were then applied to 30 trees located in Santiago, Talca and Concepción, Chile.

Researchers used eight appraisers divided into two groups, according to senior-level and junior-level experience. Statistical differences were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test of non-parametric variance, while Fisher’s least significant difference test was used to identify homogeneous groups. The results show a wide dispersion of values that were high for “emblematic” trees and low for young or low-vigor trees.

Formula, type of appraisers, and inter-appraiser differences formed nine, two, and three groups, respectively. The lowest-appraised trees were obtained using the Danish and French Method, while the highest values were obtained with the Burnley, Helliwell, and STEM formulas. Although there were differences in tree value according to the type of appraiser, when comparing difference among appraisers, researchers found these were not due to experience level. Given the wide range of values found, the study authors cannot recommend any specific formula(s) for assessing urban trees, as results will depend on the variables of interest used in the formulas and their intended application and use.
Selection of Tree-Size Variables for Appraisal Methods for Urban Trees According to Their Collinearity
Authors: Sánchez-Medina Alvaro , Ayuga-Téllez Esperanza , Contato-Carol Lucrecia , Grande-Ortiz M. Ángeles , González-García Concepción
Published: May 2021

The methods for appraising urban trees and municipal inventories in use today are expensive and require quantitative and qualitative variables with a high measurement cost. They are mathematically formulated from at least one tree-size variable to define a tree-size value. Researchers present a statistical methodology to analyze tree-size variables applied in appraisal methods for urban trees. A multivariate analysis method was carried out in order to obtain the lowest number of variables that explain the greatest variability of urban trees with no multicollinearity problems. The study was applied to urban trees in the City of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. The variables that showed the lowest collinearity were age and canopy area. The work includes a discussion of the use of correlated variables in appraisal methods for urban trees.
Elms Revisited
Authors: Marcotrigiano Michael
Published: May 2021

Until Dutch elm disease (DED) was accidentally introduced into the United States around 1930, the streets in many states were lined with American elms (Ulmus americana). This review highlights the aftermath of DED, and updates readers on the advances in our knowledge of the pathosystem, which consists of a tree, a fungal pathogen, and an insect vector. Conventional breeding has produced new cultivars of American elm that are more disease-tolerant, although still not resistant. Suitable DED-resistant hybrid elms have been bred using species from Europe and Asia. The discovery of diploid populations of American elm may open new opportunities in elm hybridization and genome analysis. Growing knowledge of resistance mechanisms reveals a complex interaction of anatomy, physiology, environmental factors, and tree age. The beetle’s role is largely understood but appears not to be a viable point of attack in the war on DED. The genome of the fungal pathogen has been sequenced, and gene expression studies are well under way. There is a renewed interest in understanding the evolution, genetics, and physiology of the DED pathogen. The genetic engineering of elms has been demonstrated but not with the specificity and vigor as has been reported for genetically engineered American chestnut. Elm yellows, caused by a phytoplasma, are still a deadly problem for elms, although outbreaks are more regional than for DED. Germplasm resources are critical to elm improvement, and the first comprehensive survey of living elm species, hybrids, and cultivars growing in America is presented in tabular form.
Assessment of Six Indicators of Street Tree Establishment in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Leers M. , Moore G.M. , May P.B.
Published: May 2021

A number of factors can influence successful street tree establishment, including inappropriate selection of stock, poorquality stock, poor planting technique, insufficient irrigation, poor weed control, and inadequate maintenance. Urban tree managers need reliable, accurate, and practical indicators of whether street trees have successfully established to inform decisions about removing supporting stakes or continuing irrigation regimes. The establishment of street trees planted as large format stock was investigated using a survey of 510 trees from 21 species managed by three municipalities in Greater Melbourne, Australia. A planted tree can only be considered established when the partial root system in the root ball or the confined root system in a container has developed into a spreading root system, utilizing moisture and available nutrients throughout a larger soil volume. Thus, an indicator of root expansion into soil of a greater volume is necessary, as are measures of canopy growth, such as shoot-tip growth or canopy dieback. The survey assessed six factors indicative of successful or poor establishment: whether trees had been planted too deeply, whether trees exhibited trunk movement at or below the soil surface, damage to the trunk, trunk sunscald injury, presence of epicormic shoots on the trunk, and whether there were co-dominant stems. The results demonstrated that trunk damage (8%) and codominant stems (5%) occurred at low rates in the trees, but the presence of epicormic shoots (12%) and sunscald damage (12.5%) was more common, and 12% of trees had been planted too deeply and 42% of trees were unstable. Three criteria—shoot tip extension, trunk movement in the ground, and percentage of canopy dieback—provided useful measures of whether street trees were assessed as being well- or poorly-established. This is the first study to record a high incidence of sunscald injury to urban trees in Australia.