bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective and Prospective Human Intravenous and Oral Pharmacokinetic Projection of Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV Inhibitors Using Simple Allometric Principles – Case Studies of ABT-279, ABT-341, Alogliptin, Carmegliptin, Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin
Authors: Gilibili Ravindranath R , Bhamidipati Ravi Kanth , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R
Published: March 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this exercise was to explore the utility of allometric scaling approach for the prediction of intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of six dipeptidy peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors viz. ABT-279, ABT-341, alogliptin, carmegliptin, sitagliptin and vildagliptin. Methods: The availability of intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic data in animals enabled the allometry scaling of 6 DPP-IV inhibitors.  The relationship between the main pharmacokinetic parameters [viz. volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (CL)] and body weight was studied across three or four mammalian species, using double logarithmic plots to predict the human pharmacokinetic parameters of CL and Vd using simple allometry.  Results: A simply allometry relationship: Y = aWb was found to be adequate for the prediction of intravenous and oral human clearance/volume of distribution for DPP-IV inhibitors. The allometric equations for alogliptin, carmegliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin, ABT-279 and ABT-341 were 1.867W0.780, 1.170W0.756, 2.020W0.529, 1.959 W0.847, 0.672 W1.016, 1.077W 0.649, respectively, to predict intravenous clearance (CL) and the corresponding equations to predict intravenous volume of distribution (Vd) were: 3.313W0.987, 6.096W0.992, 7.140W0.805, 2.742W0.941, 1.299W0.695 and 5.370W0.803.  With the exception of a few discordant values the exponent rule appeared to hold for CL (0.75) and Vd (1.0) for the predictions of various DPP-IV inhibitors.  Regardless of the routes, the predicted values were within 2-3 fold of observed values and intravenous allometry was better than oral allometry.  Conclusion: Simple allometry retrospectively predicted with reasonable accuracy the human reported values of gliptins and could be used as a prospective tool for this class of drugs. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Smart Polymeric Nanofibers for Topical Delivery of Levothyroxine
Authors: Fathi Azarbayjani Anahita , Venugopal Jayarama Reddy , Ramakrishna Seeram , Lim Fung Chye , Chan Yew Weng , Chan Sui Yung
Published: March 2016

Topical administration of levothyroxine (T4) helps to reduces deposits of adipose tissue on skin. The question is whether topical application of T4 could lead to systemic effects.

In the present study a series of nanofibrous membranes were electrospun into blends of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) to develop a sustained topical delivery of T4. The polymeric nanofiber mats were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In vitro permeation of the drug from the polymeric nanofibers was studied using excised human skin and the permeation mechanism investigated using confocal microscopy.

It was observed that polymeric nanofibers were able to sustain the penetration of T4 to the skin and help maintain the effective drug concentration in the skin layers for longer period of time. These formulations may have potential uses in topical skin products and can help to increase the accumulation of the active compound on the skin surface thus minimize the adverse side effects which may be caused by systemic absorption. This may result in great improvement in consumer compliance, avoid frequent dosing and enhance the therapeutic effectiveness.
Quercetin Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Rats
Authors: Milenković Marina , Arsenović-Ranin Nevena , Stojić-Vukanić Zorica , Bufan Biljana , Vučićević Dragana , Jančić Ivan
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in rats is an animal model of human giant cell myocarditis and post-myocarditis dilated cardiomyopathy. The pathogenesis of EAM has not been elucidated, but there is accumulating evidence that cytokines secreted from monocytes/macrophages and T cells play a crucial role in the induction and progression of disease. Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds abundantly present in the human diet, which scavenge oxygen radicals and have anti-inflammatory activities. Having in mind in vivo beneficial effects of flavonoid quercetin in different animal models of immunoinflammatory diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and adjuvant arthritis, on the one side, and its in vitro suppressive effect on production of tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-alpha on the other side, we investigated the effects of quercetin on EAM in rats.

Methods: Myocarditis was induced in Dark Agouti (DA) rats by injection of porcine cardiac myosin and quercetin at doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg was orally administered from days 0 to 21 after induction of disease. The severity of myocarditis was evaluated by determination of heart weight / body weight ratio (Hw/Bw) and histopathological examination of hearts. The levels of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-10) in serum and lymph node cells (LNC) culture supernatants were measured by ELISA.

Results: The rats treated with 20 mg/kg of quercetin had significantly decreased incidence of EAM, Hw/Bw, macroscopic and microscopic scores of hearts. Further, in EAM rats treated with quercetin levels of TNF-alpha and IL-17 were significantly lower, while the level of IL-10 was significantly higher both in serum and culture supernatants of LNC stimulated with concanavalin A compared with vehicle-treated animals.

Conclusions: The present study suggests that quercetin ameliorates EAM, at least in part, by interfering production of proinflammatory (TNF-alpha and IL-17) and/or anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines.
Psoralen and Bergapten: In Silico Metabolism and Toxicophoric Analysis of Drugs Used to Treat Vitiligo
Authors: Da Silva Vinicius Barreto , Kawano Daniel Fábio , Carvalho Ivone , Conceição Edemilson Cardoso , Freitas Osvaldo , Silva Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula
Published: March 2016

PURPOSE: to discuss the contribution of psoralen and bergapten metabolites on psoralens toxicity. METHODS: Computational chemistry prediction of metabolic reactions and toxicophoric groups based on the expert systems Derek and Meteor. RESULTS: a total of 15 metabolites were suggested for both psoralen and bergapten based on phase 1 and 2 biotransformations until the 3rd generation. Five toxicophoric substructures were shared among psoralen, bergapten and their corresponding metabolites; one toxicophoric marker (resorcinol) was only identified in bergapten and its biotransformation products. CONCLUSION: Although the toxic effects of psoralens are well known and documented, there is little information concerning the role of their metabolites in this process. We believe this work add to the knowledge of which molecular substructures are relevant to the process of metabolism and toxicity induction, thus guiding the search and development of more effective and less toxic drugs to treat vitiligo.
Control of Neonatal Spinal Networks by Nociceptors: A Potential Role for TRP Channel Based Therapies
Authors: Mandadi Sravan , Hong Peter , Dhoopar Arjun Sunny , Whelan Patrick
Published: March 2016

Pediatric spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to increased nociceptive input resulting in aberrant motor output like tremor and spasticity. Acute plasticity within spinal pain and motor networks following pediatric SCI may result in long-term sensorimotor disabilities. Despite this, pediatric SCI remains poorly understood. Part of the problem lies in the paucity of detailed studies aimed at defining sensorimotor control by nociceptors during development. This review provides an overview of work that highlights afferent control of sensorimotor networks by defined nociceptors in the developing spinal cord. Here, we focus on the well established and widely used neonatal sensorimotor model called sacrocaudal afferent (SCA) pathway. Until recently, the identity of specific subclasses of nociceptive afferents in the SCA pathway controlling developing sensorimotor networks was unknown. We highlight here the use of members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channels and mouse genetics to identify specific subsets of nociceptive afferents in the SCA pathway. In addition, we highlight the use of mouse genetics to map sensorimotor networks during development and potential future applications. A neonatal spinal cord model of central neuropathic pain via a defined set of nociceptors is presented as a probe into potential therapeutic avenues in neonatal SCI. Finally, knowledge translation from neonatal basic research to the pediatric population in the clinic is described. In conclusion, studies in neonatal models may lead to therapeutic strategies and pharmaceuticals for chronic pain and motor dysfunction after SCI during development.

This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Predictors of Pharmacy Students’ Intentions to Monitor Diabetes
Authors: Guirguis Lisa M , Chewning Betty A , Kieser Mara A
Published: March 2016

PURPOSE: This research explores predictors of pharmacy students’ adoption of one specific behavior, monitoring diabetes ABCs (A1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol) in the community pharmacy. Specifically, this research assessed which student situation and attitudinal factors are predictors of students’ intentions and behavior in asking patients about the diabetes targets and goals as per a conceptual model.

METHODS: Data was drawn from a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of the diabetes check in pharmacy students during their community pharmacy clerkships. A survey measured students’ self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, role beliefs, mattering as well as students’ experiences with the Diabetes Check and intentions to routinely monitor diabetes. Stepwise hierarchical multiple linear regression reflected the conceptual model and was used to assess the research questions.

RESULTS: Survey response rate was 94% and analysis was performed on a sample of 118 students. In summary, pharmacy students’ intentions and monitoring behaviors were predicted by the students’ situation and attitudes. Specifically, students’ intentions to ask patients about the diabetes ABCs were predicted by pharmacy site counseling, monitoring role beliefs, self-efficacy, and positive outcome expectancies (F(7, 109)=21.39, p
Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761, Donepezil and their Combination on Central Cholinergic Function in Aged Rats
Authors: Stein Christoph , Hopfeld Julia , Lau Helene , Klein Jochen
Published: March 2016

Purpose. Ginkgo extract EGb 761 and cholinesterase inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the treatment of dementia patients. In addition to neuroprotective effects, Ginkgo extract EGb 761 has been reported to elevate brain levels of certain neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine. In the present study, we investigated the impact of EGb 761, donepezil and the combination of both drugs on the central cholinergic system in aged rats. Methods. 24 month old rats received EGb 761 (100 mg/kg/day), donepezil (1.5 mg/kg/day), the combination of both drugs or vehicle control by oral gavage for 14 days. We used microdialysis in rat hippocampus to monitor extracellular concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh), choline, glucose and lactate. Brain homogenates were prepared to measure activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and high affinity choline uptake (HACU). Results. While EGb 761 alone had no effect, donepezil and the combination of donepezil and EGb 761 increased basal ACh levels by 2- to 3-fold. Concomitantly, significant reductions of AChE and HACU were measured in both groups. No differences were seen between donepezil and the combination in these parameters. Treatment with EGb 761 decreased extracellular choline release and showed a tendency to moderately elevate ChAT activity. Conclusions. We found that donepezil and EGb 761 do not display a pharmacological interaction when given together. Adding EGb 761 did not modify the effects of donepezil on the hippocampal cholinergic system. Reduced choline levels indicate neuroprotective properties of EGb 761. Therefore, the combination of EGb 761 and donepezil may be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
A New Discriminative Criterion for the Development of Franz Diffusion Tests for Transdermal Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Baert Bram , Boonen Jente , Burvenich Christian , Roche Nathalie , Stillaert Filip , Blondeel Phillip , Van Boxclaer Jan , De Spiegeleer Bart
Published: March 2016

PURPOSE. In vitro skin/membrane permeation profiling of topical pharmaceuticals is an important overall quality attribute in the evaluation of product consistency and it is also used for IVIVR (in vitro - in vivo relationship) purposes in product development and change control. Franz diffusion cell (FDC) experiments are emerging as a generally accepted methodology in this field, where the choice of operational conditions requires a data-supported justification towards the discriminating power of the test. A response function is therefore proposed to objectively quantify the discriminating power. METHODS. We evaluated the usefulness of the proposed response function by studying one of the operational conditions, i.e. the influence of receptor medium composition, on the FDC in vitro penetration behaviour of the model compound testosterone formulated in four different topical preparations, using both artificial membranes and dermatomed human skin. RESULTS. From the obtained cumulative amount of testosterone in the receptor fluid versus time curves, the permeability coefficient Kp of testosterone from each formulation was calculated. The evaluation of the discriminating power of the different media was performed using our new objective response function based upon an equal spread criterion of normalised Kp values. CONCLUSION. We demonstrated significant differences in discriminating power between the different media used, with the overall best results obtained with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine (HPBCD) containing media. The proposed new criterion was found to be useful for the rational design of an in vitro diffusion test for transdermal pharmaceuticals.
Drug Delivery Properties of Macroporous Polystyrene Solid Foams
Authors: Canal Cristina , Aparicio Rosa Maria , Vilchez Alejandro , Esquena Jordi , García-Celma Maria José
Published: March 2016

Purpose. Polymeric porous foams have been evaluated as possible new pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods. These materials were obtained by polymerization in the continuous phase of highly concentrated emulsions prepared by the phase inversion temperature method. Their porosity, specific surface and surface topography were characterized, and the incorporation and release of active principles was studied using ketoprofen as model lipophilic molecule. Results. Solid foams with very high pore volume, mainly inside macropores, were obtained by this method. The pore morphology of the materials was characterized, and very rough topography was observed, which contributed to their nearly superhydrophobic properties. These solid foams could be used as delivery systems for active principles with pharmaceutical interest, and in the present work ketoprofen was used as a model lipophilic molecule. Conclusions. Drug incorporation and release was studied from solid foam disks, using different concentrations of the loading solutions, achieving a delayed release with short lag-time.

This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Quantitative Structure – Pharmacokinetics Relationships Analysis of Basic Drugs: Volume of Distribution
Authors: Zhivkova Zvetanka Dobreva , Mandova Tsvetelina , Doytchinova Irini
Published: March 2016

Purpose. The early prediction of pharmacokinetic behavior is of paramount importance for saving time and resources and for increasing the success of new drug candidates. The steady-state volume of distribution (VDss) is one of the key pharmacokinetic parameters required for the design of a suitable dosage regimen. The aim of the study is to propose a quantitative structure – pharmacokinetics relationships (QSPkR) for VDss of basic drugs. Methods: The data set consists of 216 basic drugs, divided to a modeling (n = 180) and external validation set (n = 36). 179 structural and physicochemical descriptors are calculated using validated commercial software. Genetic algorithm, stepwise regression and multiple linear regression are applied for variable selection and model development. The models are validated by internal and external test sets. Results: A number of significant QSPkRs are developed. The most frequently emerged descriptors are used to derive the final consensus model for VDss with good explanatory (r2 0.663) and predictive ability (q2LOO-CV 0.606 and r2pred 0.593). The model reveals clear structural features determining VDss of basic drugs which are summarized in a short list of criteria for rapid discrimination between drugs with a large and small VDss. Conclusions: Descriptors like lipophilicity, fraction ionized as a base at pH 7.4, number of cycles and fused aromatic rings, presence of Cl and F atoms contribute positively to VDss, while polarity and presence of strong electrophiles have a negative effect. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Losartan Protects the Heart Against Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Sirtuin3 Involvement
Authors: Klishadi Mohsen Sharifi , Zarei Farideh , Hejazian Seyyed Hassan , Moradi Ali , Hemati Mahdieh , Safari Fatemeh
Published: March 2016

PURPOSE: Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) deacetylase protects the heart against oxidative stress via survival factors upregulation. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that activation of systemic and local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is implicated in ischemia-induced cardiac injury. However, the relation between RAS and SIRT3 in pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia reperfusion is unknown. In this study, the cardiac transcription and expression of SIRT3 levels was examined in response to ischemia reperfusion in untreated and losartan treated rats. METHODS: Rats were divided into control group, losartan group (L), and ischemia reperfusion (IR) groups with (L+IR) or without losatran pretreatment. Some rats were included as sham-operated and saline groups. IR was induced by left anterior descending artery occlusion. SIRT3 protein levels were determined by Western blot technique. The genes expression was specified by real-time RT-PCR. Arrhythmias were assessed according to the Lambeth conventions. RESULTS: In L+IR group a significant reduction was noted in the number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) and episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) (VEBs: P<0.001; VT: P<0.01 vs. IR). In IR group, SIRT3 protein level was decreased in the ischemic tissue by 26.7±5.9% (P<0.01 vs. Control). However, in the non-ischemic tissue the changes of SIRT3 protein content were not significant. In L+IR group SIRT3 protein levels in the ischemic part of Left ventricle were significantly different from IR group (P<0.001). SIRT3 mRNA level did not change significantly among the experimental groups. Thioredoxin-1 and catalase transcription level was increased in L+IR group compared to IR group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: A decreased SIRT3 protein levels subsequent to IR might be a novel signaling mechanism involved in IR injury. Losartan at non–hypotensive dose exerts anti-ischemic effects in part by normalizing the SIRT3 protein level and upregulating the survival factors encoding genes transcription in ischemic tissue of the heart. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Long-term Stable Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of SMAD3 Antisense Oligonucleotides in Activated Murine Macrophages
Authors: Jin Su-Eon , Kim Chong-Kook
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Long-term stable cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLNs) were formulated to transfer SMAD3 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) into the cells to enhance the intracellular activity of the ASOs. The SMAD3 ASOs were designed to block the inflammatory processes linked to TGFβ/SMAD3 pathway. Methods: The cSLN formulation was prepared by high-pressure homogenization method composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), dioleoylphosphoethanolamine (DOPE), Tween 20, and tricaprin as a solid lipid core (1:1:1:1.67, w/w). The size and the zeta potential of the prepared cSLNs were measured by light scattering. The cSLN/ASO complexes were generated and introduced into the murine macrophage cells. After the treatment of the complexes, the cellular uptake of the complexes was determined by flow cytometry and the intracellular activity of SMAD3 ASOs from the complexes was evaluated by western blotting of SMAD3. In addition, TGFβ1, an upstream molecule of TGFβ/SMAD3 pathway, was monitored by ELISA. Results: The nano-scale sized cSLNs were positively charged and physically stable at 4oC during the storage up to 24 months. The uptake efficiency of the cSLN/ASO complexes into macrophage cells was enhanced up to 80% without cytotoxicity. After the treatment of the cSLN/ASO complexes, SMAD3 as well as TGFβ1 was significantly suppressed based on the SMAD3 ASO activity in the macrophage cells. In addition, the cSLN/ASO complexes prevented the morphological change to dendritic shape in the activated macrophage cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that the cSLNs have a potential to deliver the SMAD3 ASOs to intracellular compartments for the anti-inflammatory effect. The development of this strategy might lead to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic therapies in immunological disorders.

This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in young rats
Authors: González Iliana , Sotelo Angela , Jung Helgi
Published: March 2016

Purpose: To determine the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in malnourished rats using a diet with a restriction in energy and nutrients (group M), a diet with a low quality protein (group K) and a good quality diet (group C) as a control. Methods. The rats were fed with the corresponding diet during 21 days. After this period a single oral dose of cefuroxime axetil (equivalent to a 2.2 mg dose of cefuroxime) was administered, and plasma samples were taken at 0, 5, 10, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes; samples were assayed using an HPLC assay. Biochemical parameters were also measured an a microscopy study of the small intestine was done. After a 21 day period of recovery of the malnourished groups a second pharmacokinetic study was performed using the same sample times as in the first study. Results: In malnourished animals of group K the levels of plasma proteins were low, and showed higher concentrations of fat in the liver. The relative bioavailability of cefuroxime was 78.2% for group M and 64.4% for group K. Groups M and K presented lower values of area under the curve, which means that the amount of antibiotic absorbed was lower than group C. In the second pharmacokinetic study although the animals received a good quality diet, it was observed that the area under the curve of group K was lower, and the relative bioavailability was 54.3%, while group M had similar pharmacokinetic values than control group. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime was affected by malnutrition, suggesting that the absorption process via the transporter was modified in the malnourished groups, specially in the group fed with a low quality protein.
Invitro Photo-Controlled Drug Release System Based on Amphiphilic Linear-Dendritic Diblock Copolymers; Self-Assembly Behavior and Application as Nanocarrier
Authors: Namazi Hassan , Jafarirad Saeed
Published: March 2016

Purpose. A simple type of photoresponsive amphiphilic linear-dendritic diblock copolymer has been synthesized and investigated for its ability to act as a drug carrier. These structures contain hydrophilic polyethylene oxide monomethyl ether (PEOM) as hydrophilic block and carbosiloxane dendritic branches as hydrophobic block grafted by two and six Magneson II as azo chromophore, PEOM-Azo, 2 and PEOM-Azo, 6 respectively. Self-assembling of the amphiphilic macromolecules of PEOM-Azo, 2 and PEOM-Azo, 6, briefly were represented as PEOM-Azo [2, 6], leads to the formation of their micellar aggregates in aqueous media. Method. Their micellar properties such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), aggregation number and thereby total numbers of azo-groups in each micellar aggregates were determined. Also, they were characterized by TEM, SEM and DLS. Results. The unloaded aggregates examined under UV light (366 nm), which were observed to be smaller than 300 nm. The release patterns of the encapsulated drug molecule from these aggregates were investigated as regulated by the PEOM-Azo [2, 6] systems in trans and cis forms. Conclusion. A comparison of the release behavior of the loaded PEOM-Azo [2, 6] systems indicated that the release rate of the encapsulated active molecules from the carriers was slower when the azo moieties were in trans form as compared to that the azo in the cis form. The in vitro release behavior of drug from these polymeric systems represents potential of the carriers for controlled drug delivery.

This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
The Effect of Natural Health Products and Traditional Medicines on the Activity of Human Hepatic Microsomal-Mediated Metabolism of Oseltamivir
Authors: Liu Rui , Tam Teresa W , Mao Jingqin , Saleem Ammar , Krantis Anthony , Arnason John T , Foster Brian C
Published: March 2016

Purpose. Oseltamivir is a prodrug that requires metabolic activation but there is little information on whether natural health products interact to prevent the biotransformation by the carboxylesterase. Methods. HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSD and fluorometric assays were used to determine if 50-pooled mixed gender human liver microsomes can mediate the formation of the active carboxylate metabolite and then if this reaction is affected by natural health products. Results. Extracts from 6 traditional Cree botanicals, a commercially available Echinacea product, Goldenseal and a traditional Chinese medicine reduced the formation of the active drug. In addition to oseltamivir carboxylate we report the detection of two new metabolites which are derivatives of oseltamivir carboxylate, one of which is a metabonate formed as a result of methanol. Conclusions. In vitro studies would suggest that there is the potential for some natural health products used by patients in response to pandemic A/H1N1 to reduce drug efficacy. Further studies are required to determine if these potential interactions could be clinically significant.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM DISPOSITIVO PARA A PREVENÇÃO DE ÚLCERA POR PRESSÃO EM CADEIRANTES
Authors: Ferrus Filho Andre , Fumagalli Marco Antonio , Theodório Núcio Elvino Mateus , Rubio Fabio
Published: March 2016

Úlceras por pressão ocorrem como consequência de uma obstrução de um vaso sanguíneo, devido à compressão do tecido sob a pele durante um longo período de tempo. Os indivíduos que usam cadeira de rodas ou estão imobilizadas na cama, e também as pessoas idosas com problemas de saúde têm uma grande tendência a desenvolver úlcera de pressão. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é desenvolver um assento eletromecânico que realize conjuntamente a inclinação látero-lateral e ântero-posterior adaptável em uma cadeira de rodas, e produza a alteração tanto da magnitude quanto da duração da pressão de interface. O assento em questão possui um sistema eletromecânico, que permite a movimentação do dispositivo em dois planos, sendo um frontal e outro lateral, acionados por motores DC, possibilitando assim avaliar a mudança de pressão de interface, e consequentemente podendo avaliar a evolução da patologia, em função da variação de pressão em tempos determinados. O equipamento desenvolvido suportou com facilidade uma pessoa adulta com aproximadamente 80 Kg de massa na realização dos testes. Para possibilitar a coleta da pressão de interface, foi usado um equipamento sensorizado e controlado por um software para medir a pressão de interface entre superfícies de contato. A aquisição e o armazenamento dos ângulos de inclinação do assento móvel da cadeira foram realizados através do microcontrolador, programado em linguagem C. Para isso foi concebido um software para movimentar o dispositivo tanto através de um Joystick, como para posicionar o assento móvel em diferentes posições e intervalos de tempo diferentes. Resultados das medidas mostram uma redução da pressão média de interface em até 58%. O equipamento, portanto, possibilitará futuras investigações no desenvolvimento das úlceras de pressão em cadeirantes, analisando tanto a alteração da magnitude quanto a duração da pressão de interface.
ADIÇÃO DE INULINA EM BOLO DE CHOCOLATE: COMPOSIÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E SENSORIAL
Authors: Lotici Thamara , Santos Elisvânia Freitas dos , Novello Daiana , Manhani Maria Raquel , Sanches Fabiane La Flor Ziegler
Published: March 2016

O desenvolvimento de novos alimentos benéficos à saúde apresenta grande destaque industrial. Dentre eles, estão os produtos contendo ingredientes funcionais como a inulina. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a aceitabilidade sensorial de bolo de chocolate adicionado de inulina e determinar a composição físico-química da formulação tradicional e daquela contendo maior teor de inulina e com aceitação sensorial semelhante a padrão. Foram desenvolvidas as seguintes formulações de bolo de chocolate: F1 (padrão) e as demais adicionadas de 4% (F2), 8% (F3), 12% (F4) e 16% (F5) de inulina. Participaram da avaliação sensorial 110 provadores não treinados, de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos. Nas análises físico-químicas foram determinados o teor de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibra alimentar e valor calórico. Os resultados da análise sensorial demonstraram que F1 apresentou maior aceitação que F5 nos atributos aparência, sabor, textura, aceitação global e intenção de compra. Não houve diferença estatística entre as demais amostras (p>0,05). A formulação F1 apresentou maiores teores de carboidratos e calorias quando comparada a F4, sendo que conteúdos mais elevados de umidade e fibra alimentar foram observados em F4. Assim, a elaboração dos produtos permitiu comprovar que um nível de adição de até 12% de inulina em bolo de chocolate foi bem aceito pelos provadores, obtendo-se aceitação sensorial semelhante ao produto padrão e com boas expectativas de comercialização.
MÉTODOS MOLECULARES NA VIGILÂNCIA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DE DOENÇAS INFECCIOSAS
Authors: Regua-Mangia Adriana Hamond
Published: March 2016

A tipagem molecular de microrganismos patogênicos tem contribuído enormemente para a eficácia de programas de vigilância epidemiológica em todo o mundo, subsidiando estratégias de prevenção e controle de doenças infecciosas. O papel principal desses sistemas de tipagem consiste em acessar a interrelação genética de isolados microbianos. A acurácia dos diferentes métodos permite assim definir a fonte e rotas de infecção, esclarecer a ocorrência de surtos, caracterizar clones epidêmicos, identificar a circulação de linhagens virulentas e avaliar a efetividade de medidas de controle. A partir da década de 70, foram desenvolvidas técnicas laboratoriais para a análise de ácidos nucléicos caracterizando um novo paradigma para a Saúde Pública. Atualmente existem inúmeras técnicas, com vantagens e limitações conforme critérios internacionais, as quais as tornam aplicáveis para alguns estudos e restritos a outros. A escolha do método vai depender da questão epidemiológica a ser respondida e da disponibilidade de recursos do laboratório. Essas tecnologias requerem capacitação técnico-operacional, adequação física para sua instalação e a aquisição de programas computacionais específicos destinados a captura da imagem, a análise do DNA e a guarda de resultados. Esse artigo apresenta os fundamentos e aplicabilidade dos métodos moleculares de tipagem mais empregados no estudo epidemiológico de doenças infecciosas.
ENSAIO BIOMECÂNICO DE FADIGA EM IMPLANTES DENTÁRIOS NITRETADOS A PLASMA EM CÁTODO OCO
Authors: Coutinho Karilany Dantas , Guerra Paulo Victor de Azevedo , Ferreira Matheus André Coutinho , Valentim Ricardo Alexsandro de Medeiros , Guerra Neto Custódio Leopoldino de Brito , Costa Júnior João Carlos Arantes
Published: March 2016

Biomecânica é o estudo do movimento e do efeito das forças sobre os sistemas biológicos e em organismos vivos. Testes biomecânicos podem ser realizados com várias finalidades: para testar ou comparar diferentes métodos de fixação, a resistência de diferentes tipos de componentes, dentre eles, os implantes, além disso, estudar a distribuição das tensões no osso e o deslocamento, após aplicação de determinado método de estabilização de fraturas. Nesse trabalho foi realizado um ensaio biomecânico de fadiga com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do tratamento superficial aplicado ao implante nitretado a plasma em cátodo oco. A partir deste ensaio biomecânico de fadiga foi possível analisar: a força de escoamento, a força de ruptura do implante, a localização da falha e o momento fletor máximo para a força máxima de resistência à ruptura. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM SISTEMA DE CAPTURA DE BAIXO CUSTO DESTINADO A DETERMINAÇÃO DA CINEMÁTICA HUMANA
Authors: Moura Elton Gil Xavier , Oliveira Heitor Bernardino de , Nagem Danilo Alves Pinto
Published: March 2016

A captura de movimentos é um dos principais métodos para analise quantitativa de movimento, a partir do século XIX, desenvolveram-se inúmeros sistemas de captura, para aplicações na biomecânica, animações, jogos eletrônicos e filmes. Uma acurada análise de movimentos humanos requer o conhecimento de distintos campos científicos, por isto se necessita de ferramentas didáticos e métodos de pesquisa e aprendizagem. Os dispositivos de captura de movimentos atualmente encontrados no mercado apresentam algumas desvantagens para uso didático, como a dificuldade de transporte, alto custo e pouca liberdade para aquisição de dados. Por estes motivos, análise quantitativa de movimentos requerem laboratórios complexos. Em reação a estes problemas, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema de captura barato, leve, portátil, freeware e de fácil uso para fins didáticos. Este projeto inclui a seleção de um dispositivo e o desenvolvimento do software. Um dispositivo foi escolhido e dois programas desenvolvidos, em ambientes de desenvolvimento diferentes, o primeiro em Microsoft Visual Studio C++ Express¸ para integração entre o dispositivo e registrar os movimentos, o outro em Qt Creator (devido a seu grande número de recursos de programação e visualização) para processamento e representação da captura de movimentos. Ambos visam uma interface de usuário gráfica amigável para uso em salas de aula e para auxiliar o dialogo entre profissionais da saúde e da engenharia a cerca de cinesiologia. O sistema funciona com o dispositivo Microsoft Kinect hardware, um computador com Windows 7 e os programas aqui apresentados.
Chemerin as a Novel Crevicular Fluid Marker of Patients With Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Doğan Şeyma Bozkurt , Ballı Umut , Dede Figen Öngöz , Sertoğlu Erdim , Tazegül Kaan
Published: March 2016

Background: The objectives of the present study are to: 1) determine whether gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) chemerin is a novel predictive marker for patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2DM); 2) analyze the relationship between chemerin and interleukin (IL)‐6 in periodontally healthy individuals and in patients with CP and with and without t2DM; and 3) evaluate the effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy on GCF chemerin levels.

Methods: Eighty individuals were split into four groups: 20 who were systemically and periodontally healthy (CTRL), 20 with t2DM and periodontally healthy (DM‐CTRL), 20 systemically healthy with CP (CP), and 20 with CP and t2DM (DM‐CP). Individuals with periodontitis were treated with non‐surgical periodontal therapy. GCF sampling procedures and clinical periodontal measures were performed before and 6 weeks after treatment. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure chemerin and IL‐6 levels.

Results: Greater values for GCF chemerin and IL‐6 levels were found in CP groups than in periodontally healthy groups, in DM‐CP than in CP, and in DM‐CTRL than in CTRL (P <0.008). GCF chemerin and IL‐6 levels decreased following therapy in CP groups (P <0.02). A comprehensive overview of all groups showed a statistically significant positive correlation of chemerin with IL‐6, glycated hemoglobin, sampled‐site clinical attachment level, and gingival index (P <0.05).

Conclusions: In this study, periodontitis and t2DM induced aberrant secretion of chemerin, and non‐surgical periodontal therapy influenced the decrease of GCF chemerin levels in patients with CP with and without t2DM. Furthermore, it suggests GCF chemerin levels may be considered a potential proinflammatory marker for diabetes, periodontal disease, and treatment outcomes.
Hyaluronic Acid Improves Bone Formation in Extraction Sockets With Chronic Pathology: A Pilot Study in Dogs
Authors: Kim Jung‐Ju , Song Hyun Young , Ben Amara Heithem , Kyung‐Rim Kang , Koo Ki‐Tae
Published: March 2016

Background: Previous studies on ridge preservation focusing on fresh extraction sockets using graft materials for ridge preservation procedures have reported a delay in the tissue modeling and remodeling phases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) on healing of infected sockets.

Methods: Six beagle dogs were used in this study. Both mandibular third premolars were hemisected, and the distal roots were extracted. Subsequently, periodontal and endodontic lesions were induced at the remaining mesial root. After communication of the periodontal lesion, an endodontic periapical lesion was observed at 4 months, and the mesial roots of both the right and left sides were extracted. HA was applied into the socket of the test group, and no treatment was administered to the other group (control group). Three months after extraction of the mesial roots, the dogs were sacrificed, and histologic evaluations were performed.

Results: The sockets were filled by mineralized bone (47.80% ± 6.60%) and bone marrow (50.47% ± 6.38%) in the control group, whereas corresponding values were 63.29% ± 9.78% and 34.73% ± 8.97% for the test group, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups. Reversal lines and a copious lineup of osteoblasts were observed in the middle and apical parts of the sockets in the test group.

Conclusion: An infected socket shows delayed healing of the socket wound, and HA, because of its osteoinductive, bacteriostatic, and anti‐inflammatory properties, may improve bone formation and accelerate wound healing in infected sockets.
Effect Of Continuous Assessment Tests On Overall Student Performance In The Case Of The Spanish National Distance Education University (UNED)
Authors: Reina-Paz Maria Dolorez , Rodriguez-Oromendia Ainhoa , Sevilla-Sevilla Claudia
Published: March 2016

This study aims to analyze the effect of the use of different types of continuous assessment tests on students participation, performance and final grades. To this end, it examines the case of a second-year course from the degree program in Business Administration and Management offered by the Faculty of Economics at the Universidad Nacional de Educaci a Distancia (National Distance Education University, UNED) in Spain during the first two academic years it was available (2011/12 and 2012/13). This period offered two distinct scenarios, with a total of 1,450 students participating the first year and 1,809 in the second, due to the use of two online continuous assessment tests with different scoring systems. The goal was to analyze the influence of each of the continuous assessment systems used on student participation in both the continuous assessment test itself and the final exam, as well as on the grades earned on these tests, and students overall performance in the course. As a result of this research, conclusions were reached regarding the educational nature of these tests and their suitability as a true tool for monitoring and assessment at a distance university.
Lecturers Behaviors And Beliefs About The Use Of Social Media In Higher Education: A Study At Mahasarakham University In Thailand
Authors: Seechaliao Thapanee
Published: March 2016

This paper describes lecturers behaviors and beliefs regarding social media in higher education at the Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University. Thirty-one lecturers were surveyed about their attitudes toward the use of social media in their classes. Their responses were analyzed using arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The results are as follows: 1) The most frequently used social media were YouTube, Facebook, and Slideshare. 2) The lecturers believed that social media were easy to use and saved time and money for online courses; furthermore, they reported that social media could be a tool for teaching, enhancing collaborative learning, and improving project abilities.
Teachers Awareness And Usage Of Non-Violent Strategies For The Maintenance Of Discipline In Nigerian Secondary Schools: A Situational Analysis
Authors: Uzoechina Gladys Oby , Oguegbu Adaeze , Akachukwu Esther , Nwasor Victor Chekume
Published: March 2016

This study sought to determine teachers level of awareness and usage of non-violent strategies/interventions for the maintenance of discipline in secondary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria. Corporal punishment has become an unwritten sine qua non for the maintenance of school discipline - often the first thought that comes to the minds of teachers in treating acts of indiscipline and deviance. From the Nnewi Education Zone, comprising four local government areas (LGAs), 200 teachers were selected for descriptive survey out of 996 teachers. Stratified random sampling was used such that the schools were stratified into co-educational and single-sex schools, and from each randomly selected school, 10 teachers were selected. Two research questions and four null hypotheses guided this study, and questionnaire was used to collect data. The mean was used to answer the research questions and t-test for the hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. The study recommended in-service training for teachers in educational psychology, particularly behaviour modification methods, parental input and interest in school discipline as well as the cessation of corporal punishment among others.
How Mobile Devices Affect Students According To Teachers' Beliefs
Authors: Cumaoglu Gonca Kizilkaya
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine teachers' beliefs concerning the effects on students using mobile devices, and to determine whether these beliefs vary according to the demographic characteristics and Internet usage purposes. For this purpose, a demographic information questionnaire and the scale developed by Diker Coskun & Kizilkaya Cumaoglu (2013) were revised with validity and reliability studies and utilized on teachers (N=200). In total, the scale has three dimensions (with a total of 15 items). These are social effects (9 items), psychological effects (3 items), and learning-related effects (3 items). According to the results of the study, teachers believe that students are affected by mobile devices on all three dimensions of the scale (social, psychological, and learning dimensions). The most striking finding of the study is related to the learning dimension of the beliefs concerning mobile devices scale. In every Internet usage purpose examined within the study, it was determined that the teachers' beliefs concerning the "learning" dimension are always more positive than those that do not use the Internet for any given purpose.
University Students Attitudes: Croatia Versus Turkey
Authors: Schnurr Norman V. , Racic Stanko , Gelo Tomislav
Published: March 2016

We surveyed Croatian and Turkish business school students, from universities emphasizing globalization, to analyze whether consideration for travel to the USA is affected by attitude toward their own country and the USA The results from comparing and contrasting differences between these countries and differences between males and females in each country - and their counterparts in the other country - may also give an outlook to future business relationships between the USA and these countries. Based on a t-test, Croatian students ratings of the USA were significantly more positive, but there was no statistically significant difference in expectations to travel to the USA.
Facultys Perceptions Of Teaching Ethics And Leadership In Engineering Education
Authors: AlSagheer Abdullah , Al-Sagheer Areej
Published: March 2016

This paper addressed the facultys perception of engineering ethics and leadership training. The study looks into the present state of and methodologies for teaching engineering ethics and leadership and aims to determine the facultys perception of an identified gap in this aspect of engineering education. Engineering education has strong ethics and leadership training requirements; however, universities focused on mastering the education of students in this discipline are still ignoring training in these areas. The authors conducted interviews to determine the perspective on this topic of faculty members teaching at different engineering institutes. Core reasons for underestimating the importance of these disciplines are linked with faculty perceptions. Through these interviews, the authors found that faculties are treating engineering education in two parts. Faculty perceptions are that students can do the technical coursework portion of their education during the academic period, while their ethical and leadership training can be deferred until their professional career attains its peak.
Analysis Of Classroom Discourse And Instructors Awareness Of Speech In A Spanish College Course
Authors: Rondon-Pari Graziela
Published: March 2016

This is an instrumental case study and consists of the description, analysis and interpretation of the teaching practices of a Spanish college instructor. The aim of this research project is to find answers to the following questions: What is the ratio of L1-L2 spoken in class? For what functions is each language used? And, are there inconsistencies between teachers beliefs and classroom practices in regards to the use of English and Spanish? Data were obtained from the tape recording of beginner level Spanish conversation classes in a private college in the Northeast. Other data sources included non-participant observations and an interview with the instructor. Results seem to indicate a prevalence in the use of English as opposed to Spanish in the classes observed. At the same time, there was an inconsistency between awareness regarding the use of English and Spanish in class and a prevalence of teacher talk compared to student speech.