bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women in Nuclear Science & Technology in India: Challenges & Opportunities
Authors: Datta Arpita , Goel Alpana , Jain Ashok Kumar
Published: January 2022

Women have been actively contributing toward frontline research and development of various advanced technologies in the nuclear domain and playing a crucial role in key positions. However, proportional representation of women in various decision-making positions at higher levels in politics, diplomacy, military affairs, science, and technology remains low, and most of these positions remain male-dominated. We see that women often find it difficult to achieve leadership roles for several reasons, but often from an implicit bias in society. The stereotypical image of women in society is still propagated very discreetly. In recent times, Indian women have made big strides in several frontline sectors like Information Technology (IT), Biotechnology, and on corporate levels. More recently, organizations, including the Indian government, have been promoting an awareness of gender equality in various fields including nuclear technology. Amity University has also been motivating women academicians to take a lead in various fields including nuclear technology and nuclear security. This paper describes various initiatives that the Government of India has taken, along with many Indian organizations, including Amity University, to promote women in various fields especially in nuclear technology. This paper also discusses the opportunities for Indian women, their contributions, and challenges.
Foreword
Authors: Buglova Elena
Published: January 2022

The commitment to achieving nuclear security globally needs the efforts of both men and women, as diversity and gender equality bring benefits to all fields. However, women are underrepresented in nuclear security, as well as in the nuclear field in general, so it is important to understand and tackle the barriers that women can face to joining and thriving in the field, and I believe this special issue of the International Journal of Nuclear Security (IJNS) on Women in Nuclear Security will help in this regard.
Nuclear Security Awareness Survey at a University
Authors: Robinson Marcia P. , German Naomi , White Destiny B. , Rane Shraddha V. , Harris Jason Timothy
Published: January 2022

The concept of assessing safety culture in an organization emerged with its application at the nuclear power industry and has expanded since then. An assessment of nuclear security, on the contrary, is still under-developed, especially at non-nuclear facilities, such as academic institutions and medical facilities. To identify the level of the awareness and understanding of credible nuclear and radiological threats, response preparedness, security culture, and the integrity of nuclear security systems among non-radioactive material users at a university setting; a campus-wide survey was deployed. A total of 3,336 non-radioactive material users, including students, faculty, and staff participated in the survey. The survey was divided into three categories: general awareness (GA), school specific awareness (SSA), and behavior response (BR) awareness. Because the overall population of a university is rarely homogenous, six demographic characteristic groups of age, gender, work-status, degree, ethnicity, and nationality were added to the survey to identify the disparities in the attitudes that exist within the group of non-radioactive material users and the survey response. The results indicated significant association of the demographic groups of gender, age, work-status, degree, and ethnicity with the mean response scores across the three survey categories. An ordinal logistic regression was performed to identify and predict the impact of the demographic characteristics on the survey response. Findings from this study predicted the work status demographic group of undergraduates and graduates (younger age sub-groups) to possess higher level of general and behavioral response awareness than the remaining relatively higher work status sub-groups and the corresponding older age demographic sub-groups. The results from the school specific awareness category demonstrated contradictory outcome than the GA and BR survey categories. The results of this investigation are valuable as it provides a provisional understanding of the disparities in perception on the degree of nuclear and radiological security awareness across a group of diverse socio-demographic characteristics.
There from the Beginning: The Women of Los Alamos National Laboratory Supporting National and International Nuclear Security
Authors: Martin Olga , McClellan Laura , Ramos Octavio , Quinn Heather
Published: January 2022

From the beginning of the Manhattan Project in the early 1940s, the women of what would become Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) worked in technical positions alongside their male counterparts, played a key role as computers, and worked in administrative jobs as secretaries, phone operators, bookkeepers, and on behalf of the U.S. Army in the Women’s Army Corps.

Throughout the history of the Laboratory, women experts at LANL helped establish and lead important national and international security programs, with careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Over time, the women of Los Alamos have come together under various Employee Resource Groups, such as the Atomic Women, to help the next generation succeed in their technical fields. The Laboratory’s commitment to diversity and inclusion continues to this day, with current Laboratory Director Thom Mason leading LANL as the first national laboratory to join the Gender Champions in Nuclear Policy.
An External Security Theory of Secessionist Conflict
Authors: Butt Ahsan I.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the states' decision-making at the point at which an ethno-nationalist movement has made a demand or declaration of independence or significant autonomy. It aims at deconstructing the state's calculus at that precise moment. To build the theory, the chapter relies on three assumptions: first, it assumes that actors are strategic and forward looking; second, it assumes that states are more powerful than substate actors; and third, it treats states as “unitary” actors, a long-standing assumption in international relations. The chapter then shifts to elaborate on why secession represents a significant shift in the balance of power. It discusses how the creation of a new state leaves the host state more vulnerable to the ethnic group, generally speaking. The chapter then outlines the states' two related concerns about the external security implications of any secessionist movement.
The Road to the Oil Shock
Authors: Wight David M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how, in 1973, US president Richard Nixon faced anger and distrust from the US public because of high rates of inflation and the contributing factor of rising oil prices. While the Nixon administration accepted a moderate increase in the cost of MENA (Middle East and North Africa) oil, it opposed a major price rise that would harm the Western economies. Moreover, it expected MENA allies to not challenge key US strategic prerogatives. In October of 1973, the oil-rich countries would defy the United States on both counts. First, the Gulf countries would unilaterally raise the price of their oil by 70 percent, the opening salvo in a series of price hikes that ended the period of cheap global petroleum for over a decade. Second, the Arab countries, including US allies, openly threatened US influence in the MENA by launching an impactful oil embargo against the United States in response to its support for Israel during the latest Arab–Israeli War. These two overlapping events attacked the foundations of US cooperative international empire in the MENA and the larger geopolitical and economic order the United States had instituted over much of the world since World War II.
The Petrodollar Economy
Authors: Wight David M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the US-led petrodollar economy. This order produced new points of contact and cooperative networks among Americans and Arabs and Iranians, broadening the number of individuals and kinds of actors involved in MENA (Middle East and North Africa)–US relations. Yet petrodollar interdependence also proved to be a double-edged sword. While little appreciated by US leaders at first, the influx of American people and products produced hostility in many MENA communities, particularly when they served the repressive functions of local regimes. In becoming increasingly tied to the oil-rich Arab countries, the United States also became even further tied to the repercussions arising from the Arab–Israeli conflict. When the Lebanese Civil War threatened to ignite another full-scale Arab–Israeli war, US policymakers feared that petrodollars could be used as a financial weapon against the United States and its allies. And while petrodollar aid assisted in the US effort to reform the political and economic orientation of Egypt, it also produced unintended social consequences that undermined Anwar Sadat's regime.
Visions of Petrodollar Promise and Peril
Authors: Wight David M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes how, during the mid-1970s, many Americans, Arabs, and Iranians experienced a new era of globalization due to petrodollar flows, and they came to impart meaning to the changes occurring within their globalizing societies through the production and consumption of competing narratives about MENA (Middle East and North Africa)–US petrodollar interdependence. For some, the US-led petrodollar order represented the best possibility for mutual cooperation and benefit between the societies of the MENA and the United States. For others, the same order threatened the livelihoods, sovereignty, values, and even lives of their peoples and allies, facilitating foreign assaults upon them; these parties offered alternative visions for structuring petrodollar flows. In their struggle to promote popular understandings of petrodollars, differing parties sought to gain popular legitimacy, and thus power, for their particular vision for the global political economy and responses to US empire. These debates, shaped into many different forms, surfaced throughout mass culture, news media, political and economic analysis, and a variety of policy-setting forums. They provided justifications for policies in various governments and the frameworks for their propaganda campaigns.
Citizen Transformed
Authors: Williams Katherine Schaap
Published: January 2022

This chapter shifts to the type character of the “lame” soldier, whose disabling foregrounds the conflict between martial labor and artisanal labor in the urban civic structure of early modern London. The chapter finds disability embedded within the early modern structure of citizenship, which makes the laboring bodies of artisans available for conscription to war and subjects them to uncompensated loss. The chapter also shows that the theater's staging of the lame soldier departs from early modern medical discourse. Surgical texts champion prosthetic devices, such as stilts or wooden legs, both to restore the limping body's movement and, just as significantly, to enable social recognition. The chapter contends the idea that lameness equates to unremarkable difference. It reveals that the lame soldier's quotidian deformity illuminates disability as a problem of social significance rather than function.
Changing the Ugly Body
Authors: Williams Katherine Schaap
Published: January 2022

This chapter takes the problem of scrutiny into the realm of aesthetics to consider a disabling that moves from what a body does to how a body looks. The chapter considers how ugliness troubles a logic of reading bodily appearance and disables spectatorship in the process. It draws on the notion of the “gifts of the body,” less familiar from our modern perspective on disability. The chapter also discovers a surprising dissent from normative judgments of appearance in the early modern theater's work with the “ugly” character. It starts by considering ugliness in early modern philosophical discourse and then turns to Beaumont and Fletcher's play The Captain (1612), which recruits spectators to the gaze of desire at the character with distinctive appeal and reaps comic fruit for the marriage plot. The chapter then shifts to Thomas Middleton and William Rowley's 1622 tragedy The Changeling and the troubling example expressed by the character De Flores, whose ugliness is registered in persistent contrast to beauty. The chapter reads the “artificial deformities” that John Bulwer identifies with theatrical experimentation as the register of an aesthetic of particularity that engenders new forms.
Framing Memory
Authors: Blasing Molly Thomasy
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a comprehensive inquiry into photography's place in Joseph Brodsky's oeuvre and connects the poet's thinking about photography with his process of poetic creation. Through a close reading of photographic motifs in selected poems and essays, the chapter shows that photographs for this poet have a particular elegiac quality that works in multiple temporal frames. For Brodsky, photo-poetic writing offers simultaneous access to past, present, and future temporalities; photography represents an essential aesthetic instrument for his writings about mortality, memory, and exile. The chapter also permits us a firmer grasp on how Brodsky understands the nature of texts by exploring his creative dialogue with photography. From examining the contours of Brodsky's photographic imagination, the chapter allows us to learn what poetry is capable of as a verbal, language-based form, in contrast with the visual nature of the photographic medium.
Passionate Imitation
Authors: Park Seo Young
Published: January 2022

This chapter elucidates how designers and seamstresses frame or accept their work as “imitations,” yet still perform this work with passion, attachment, and care, unintentionally amplifying the range of meanings that “imitation” carries, without attempting to include their work within the authoritative regime of copyrightable creativity. It defines passionate imitation as an ethnographic lens through which we account for the emotional and affective aspects of fast-paced economic processes and rework the critique of time and work. The chapter further explicates how “imitation” has been constructed in the global and local context. By focusing on two groups — designers and garment-stitching workers (seamstresses) — the chapter analyses how their narratives of care and attachment unfold onto and against the ideological underpinnings of the dichotomous division between creative and imitative work. Ultimately, the chapter juxtaposes two parallel ethnographic accounts of designers and seamstresses. Through this juxtaposition, it seeks to engage with the discursive and structural hierarchy that surrounds their work: the hierarchy between designing and manufacturing as well as the hierarchy between creativity and imitation.
From Game to Simulation
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of how games work generally, and what good simulation designers or teachers will incorporate into the games that they use. It highlights the things to think about before kicking things off, whether custom building a simulation or trying (or modifying) off-the-shelf simulations, already designed, organized, and ready with readings and assignments. The chapter demonstrates the flexibility and range of classroom simulations. It seeks to prove that simulations need not be simple war games or, for that matter, simple at all.
Roles
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the key role of roles. It argues that a central aspect — and attraction — of simulations is their ability to make history personal for students by having them assume the roles of actual, composite, or plausible historical characters. Students will step into the shoes of Galileo, or belong to a Shakespearian theater company, or find themselves in New York's Greenwich Village in 1913, or represent Stalin or Hitler or Churchill. The chapter emphasizes the importance of the proper choice, formation, and use of historical roles in any simulation. Students do not just assume roles. They interact with each other, often intensively, over the course of a simulation. The chapter highlights that student interactions need to be governed by rules that ensure order in the class session, as well as, importantly, reinforcing the students' sense of being in their characters' roles.
Room
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores a suitable stage for students if a simulation asks them to represent, to become, historical actors. It examines the size and layout of the classroom and how it can pivotally affect the teaching and learning that occurs within it. Within the limits of the possible, the chapter discusses room basics and enhancements that might be possible to contribute to a more encouraging and effective simulation environment. It argues that the room factor works against the objectives of any simulation. The space in which a simulation takes place is not as important as its roles or rules, perhaps, but it matters.
The A.I.
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter concerns the role and purpose of the instructor. It uses the acronym A.I. as in “Almighty Instructor,” even though an ideal simulation would have its instructor act only as a largely passive observer. The chapter notes that it is entirely possible and even likely that the instructor need be little more than an observer. For the most part, most simulations do run themselves. But there are still things that require attention and, on occasion, intervention. The chapter then explicates a class session which allows students to reflect upon their simulation experiences once the game itself concludes. Student postmortems often provide not just a summary, but often the epitome, of student learning experiences.
Under the Hood
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how to write, design, and invent your own custom simulation. It recalls that the central objective of any simulation, as with any class session, is keeping the students focused on that session's activity — listening to a lecture, participating in discussion, or playing a role in a simulation. The chapter then argues that a simulation demands that everyone take part and be their character, all the time. A clump of passive observers or, worse, a group that refuses to “play along,” will dampen the effectiveness of the simulation for all. The chapter also presents a number of ways to achieve interesting activities for every participant for every class session — highlighting the class sessions of Galileo, Stages, and Greenwich Village. Focusing under the Rivalries' hood, the chapter investigates how the mechanics of the simulation make the students run it. In other words, how the structure of the simulation compels students to be active in every class session.
Introduction
Authors: Delaney Douglas E. , Frost Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a background on manpower, which was the central military problem of the British Empire and Commonwealth during the first half of the twentieth century. It reviews studies that show how the British military authorities put a lot of effort into forging colonial forces that were capable of working with the British Army in time of war. It also mentions the Committee of Imperial Defence, which established a standing interdepartmental subcommittee in 1920 to look at how to manage manpower if it ever became necessary to raise mass armies again. The chapter analyzes before-war, during-war, and after-war manpower issues from an imperial, or transnational, perspective. It explains how the British Empire and Commonwealth mobilized manpower for their armies during the two world wars.
The Government That Could Not Say No and Australia’s Military Effort, 1914–1918
Authors: Bou Jean
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines the raising and expansion of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and some of the policy choices that accompanied the process. It describes how the government's ardent commitment to the empire and the war led to several systemic problems and divisive politics. It also examines how the AIF was created, how and when it was expanded, and how these steps combined with poor decision-making caused problems in administration, training, command, and finding enough men. The chapter refers to the mixed bag of military forces inherited from six separate Australian colonies by the new Commonwealth of Australia in March 1901. It considers the link between the 1914–1916 decisions to expand the force and the government's unsuccessful efforts in 1916 and 1917 to introduce conscription for overseas service via plebiscite.
The Body and Becoming a Soldier in Britain during the Second World War
Authors: Newlands Emma
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes the men who joined the British Army between 1939 and 1945, in which the majority were conscripts enlisted under the government's National Service Acts. It examines the ways that the military authorities adapted doctrine and organization to meet the needs of the new civilian intake, including changes in selection, leadership, and education. It also looks at the essential aspect of raising manpower for a mass army, particularly the processes used to transform raw civilians into disciplined, fit, battle-ready soldiers. The chapter demonstrates the transition from civilian to soldier during basic army training in the Second World War by focusing on the recruit's body. It draws on the formal organizational control of soldiers' bodies within military institutions, including connections between the male military body and hegemonic masculinity.
Canada and the Mobilization of Manpower during the Second World War
Authors: Byers Daniel
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts Canada's efforts to raise armed forces between 1939 and 1945, which have been shaped by the memory of political and social differences between English- and French-speaking Canadians over whether the federal government should compel men to serve outside their country in times of war. It mentions the imposition of the conscription that led to a divisive wartime election and major cleavages between the two linguistic groups. It also details how the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) ultimately expanded in sizes after 1939. The chapter explains how the expansion of Canada's army played a role in the country's contribution to the global population during and after the conflict. It explains why civilian bureaucracy that mobilized men and women for the armed forces and other tasks did not constitute the comprehensive, forward-thinking blueprint for managing Canada's manpower resources.
Follies in America
Authors: Carso Kerry Dean
Published: January 2022

This book examines historicized garden buildings, known as “follies,” from the nation's founding through the American centennial celebration in 1876. In a period of increasing nationalism, follies — such as temples, summerhouses, towers, and ruins — brought a range of European architectural styles to the United States. By imprinting the land with symbols of European culture, landscape gardeners brought their idea of civilization to the American wilderness. The book examines both buildings and their counterparts in literature and art, demonstrating that follies provide a window into major themes in nineteenth-century American culture, including tensions between Jeffersonian agrarianism and urban life, the ascendancy of middle-class tourism, and gentility and social class aspirations.
Custom and the Ambivalent Romance of Community
Authors: Rignall Karen E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents the three main fieldwork sites by relating how different groups' efforts to reimagine communal governance simultaneously drew on and challenged customary tenure practices. As migration and other changes transformed agrarian rurality in the region, the chapter argues that customary land tenure remained a key site for contesting these historical inequalities and negotiating new approaches to communal governance. The chapter also chronicles what changed between the time Qlaʿa's notables rejected the French request to turn the village path into a road and the time, nearly a century later, when the residents of el Harte began to use that same path to transport their goods to market. The micropolitics of the path offer a window on the larger transformations throughout the Mgoun Valley. By considering the different ways residents of the valley invoked customary tenure in their struggles over collective life, the chapter complicates a common perception that integration into capitalist markets represents a “powerful solvent of the ties that connect locale and 'community'.”
Environmental Politics and the New Rurality
Authors: Rignall Karen E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discovers how different perceptions of communal governance produced competing environmental narratives about the causes and consequences of new land-use practices. It extends the author's argument that a pragmatic and grounded understanding of communal governance is necessary to disentangle peasants from the burden of preserving an idealized version of the commons. The chapter then shifts to focus on the intensively cultivated oasis of the lower valley and one plateau in the foothills that served as a staging ground for herds traveling to the igdaln at higher altitudes. It describes the dynamics in the borderlands between the steppe and the historical oases to suggest how we can recognize the historical resilience of natural-resource practices in places like the Mgoun Valley without reifying or romanticizing those practices. The chapter stretches the analysis of the agdal as socioecological patrimony to other practices and institutions at the heart of environmental narratives in the Mgoun Valley. It maps the social geographies of new land-use practices to describe an alternative set of narratives that nonetheless expressed its own contradictions and exclusions, then returns to how dominant discourses “patrimonialized” customary institutions — domesticated them as patrimony to be protected like a nature reserve after they had been politically contained and divorced from their wider roles.
Making a Living on and off the Land
Authors: Rignall Karen E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter investigates the profound transformation in the meaning and practice of labor — on and off the land — over the previous half century as the Moroccan southeast was integrated into capitalist markets. The chapter takes the personal experiences of work, familial ties, and social change as a window into the profound transformation in the meaning and practice of labor in the Mgoun Valley. It then links an ethnography of work to agrarian practice, tracing how new labor relations simultaneously transformed and sustained the social reciprocity that undergirded moral economies in the valley. The chapter presents a snapshot of the transformations in livelihoods and agriculture through the initially deceptive results of the author's household survey. It also discusses the exclusions produced by the communal orientations that framed both agriculture and wage labor, from the gendered experience of work to the marginalization of households without access to certain kinds of labor.
Coming Home to a Foreign Country
Authors: Ong Soon Keong
Published: January 2022

This book explores the unique position of the treaty port Xiamen (Amoy) within the China–Southeast Asia migrant circuit and examines its role in the creation of Chinese diasporas. The book addresses how migration affected those who moved out of China and later returned to participate in the city's economic revitalization, educational advancement, and urban reconstruction. It shows how the mobility of overseas Chinese allowed them to shape their personal and community identities for pragmatic and political gains. This resulted in migrants who returned with new money, knowledge, and visions acquired abroad, which changed the landscape of their homeland and the lives of those who stayed. Placing late Qing and Republican China in a transnational context, the book explores the multilayered social and cultural interactions between China and Southeast Asia. It investigates the role of Xiamen in the creation of a China–Southeast Asia migrant circuit; the activities of aspiring and returned migrants in Xiamen; the accumulation and manipulation of multiple identities by Southeast Asian Chinese as political conditions changed; and the motivations behind the return of Southeast Asian Chinese and their continual involvement in mainland Chinese affairs. For Chinese migrants, the book argues, the idea of “home” was something consciously constructed. The book complicates familiar narratives of Chinese history to show how the emigration and return of overseas Chinese helped transform Xiamen from a marginal trading outpost at the edge of the Chinese empire to a modern, prosperous city and one of the most important migration hubs by the 1930s.
A Medicated Empire
Authors: Yang Timothy M.
Published: January 2022

This book explores the history of Japan's pharmaceutical industry in the early twentieth century through a close account of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals, one of East Asia's most influential drug companies from the late 1910s through the early 1950s. Focusing on Hoshi's connections to Japan's emerging nation-state and empire, and on the ways in which it embraced an ideology of modern medicine as a humanitarian endeavor for greater social good, the book shows how the industry promoted a hygienic, middle-class culture that was part of Japan's national development and imperial expansion. The book makes clear that the company's fortunes had less to do with scientific breakthroughs and medical innovations than with Japan's web of social, political, and economic relations. It lays bare Hoshi's business strategies and its connections with politicians and bureaucrats, and the book describes how public health authorities dismissed many of its products as placebos at best and poisons at worst. Hoshi, like other pharmaceutical companies of the time, depended on resources and markets opened up, often violently, through colonization. Combining global histories of business, medicine, and imperialism, the book shows how the development of the pharmaceutical industry simultaneously supported and subverted regimes of public health at home and abroad.
A Strategic Industry
Authors: Yang Timothy M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter locates the development of the domestic pharmaceutical industry within the broader context of the medicinal market in the early Meiji period. It examines how Japan's domestic pharmaceutical industry developed as a response to efforts by state planners to control the purchase and consumption of medicine. The fundamental questions that Japan's leaders grappled with at this time not only endured but continued to structure the fledgling pharmaceutical industry well into the twentieth century. The chapter seeks to answer the questions: How freely should medicines circulate in the marketplace? Should medicines be treated like other consumer commodities or were they too important (or too dangerous) for free market consumption? The Meiji era was a time of flux and experimentation, when even the primary proponents of modern medicines remained unsure how they themselves could become modern, too. The chapter emphasizes one of the underlying themes of this book: how the term “modern medicine” had different meanings for different people.
The Political Consequences of Russian Deindustrialization
Authors: Crowley Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the political consequences of Russian deindustrialization. By one important measure at least, Russia has successfully deindustrialized: a substantial portion of the labor force has shifted from the industrial to the service sector. Yet in doing so, Russia created a very peculiar labor market: defying predictions to the contrary, the steep decline of the Russian economy of the 1990s, rather than leading to mass unemployment, resulted in extreme flexibility in wages, which declined dramatically. The book demonstrates how workers matter, sometimes as rather passive constraints on Russian economic growth, but sometimes as actors with the potential to directly impact Russia's future. It assesses the argument that the fear of labor and social protest inhibits substantial economic transformation. Vladimir Putin's obsession with a Russian color revolution is quite likely misplaced; there is only limited evidence that labor or social protest in Russia might lead to “regime change,” at least in the short run.
Russia’s Labor Productivity Trap
Authors: Crowley Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter evaluates some of the consequences of Russia's model of labor market, namely low wages and struggling industrial enterprises, and especially low labor productivity, a crucial factor impinging on economic growth. Yet instead of tackling that problem head-on, the government has pursued industrial policies that reinforce it by maintaining employment. These include bailouts and subsidies to industry, protectionist measures, efforts to create an industrial policy through import substitution, and support for and expansion of state-owned enterprises, in particular those in military industries and the automobile sector. While there is little doubt that the expansion of state-owned enterprises was driven by politically powerful and well-connected individuals seeking to profit financially, another factor cannot be excluded: the perceived importance of avoiding mass layoffs so as to prevent potentially destabilizing labor protest. While critics claim that the Russian economy props up inefficient enterprises in paternalist fashion for the sake of employment, the issue of jobs is a core political concern for leaders like Vladimir Putin.
Mayor Michael Bloomberg
Authors: Weikart Lynne A.
Published: January 2022

This book dives into the mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg, offering an incisive analysis of Bloomberg's policies during his 2002–2014 tenure as mayor of New York and highlighting his impact on New York City politics. Michael Bloomberg became mayor of New York just four months after the 9/11 terrorist destruction of the World Trade Center and he lead the rebuilding of a physically and emotionally devastated city so well that within two years, the city had budget surpluses. The book reveals how state and federal governments constrained Bloomberg's efforts to set municipal policy and implement his strategic goals in the areas of homelessness, low-income housing, poverty, education, and crime. External powers of state and federal governments are strong currents and Bloomberg's navigation of these currents often determined the outcome of his efforts. The book evaluates Michael Bloomberg's mayoral successes and failures in the face of various challenges: externally, the constraints of state government, and mandates imposed by federal and state courts; and, internally, the impasse between labor unions and Bloomberg. The book identifies and explores both the self-created restrictions of Mayor Bloomberg's own management style and the courage of Mike Bloomberg's leadership.
The Masses are Revolting
Authors: Samalin Zachary
Published: January 2022

This book reconstructs a pivotal era in the history of affect and emotion, delving into an archive of nineteenth-century disgust to show how this negative emotional response came to play an outsized, volatile part in the emergence of modern British society. Attending to the emotion's socially productive role, the book highlights concrete scenes of Victorian disgust, from sewer tunnels and courtrooms to operating tables and alleyways. The book focuses on a diverse set of nineteenth-century writers and thinkers whose works reflect on the shifting, unstable meaning of disgust across the period. It elaborates this cultural history of Victorian disgust in specific domains of British society, ranging from the construction of London's sewer system, the birth of modern obscenity law, and the development of the conventions of literary realism to the emergence of urban sociology, the rise of new scientific theories of instinct, and the techniques of colonial administration developed during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. By bringing to light disgust's role as a public passion, the book reveals significant new connections among these apparently disconnected forms of social control, knowledge production, and infrastructural development.
Morbid Undercurrents
Authors: Quinlan Sean M.
Published: January 2022

This book follows how medical ideas, stemming from the so-called birth of the clinic, zigzagged across the intellectual landscape of the French Revolution and its aftermath. It was a remarkable “hotspot” in the historical timeline, when doctors and scientists pioneered a staggering number of fields — from forensic investigation to evolutionary biology — and their innovations captivated the public imagination. During the 1790s and beyond, medicine left the somber halls of universities, hospitals, and learned societies and became profoundly politicized, inspiring a whole panoply of different — often bizarre and shocking — subcultures. The book reconstructs the ethos of the time and its labyrinthine underworld, traversing the intersection between medicine and pornography in the works of the Marquis de Sade, efforts to create a “natural history of women,” the proliferation of sex manuals and books on family hygiene, anatomical projects to sculpt antique bodies, the rage for physiognomic self-help books that taught readers to identify social and political “types” in post-revolutionary Paris, the use of physiological medicine as a literary genre, and the “mesmerist renaissance” with its charged debates over animal magnetism and somnambulism. In creating this reconstruction, the book argues that the place and authority of medicine evolved, at least in part, out of an attempt to redress the acute sense of dislocation produced by the Revolution. The book exposes how medicine then became a subversive, radical, and ideologically charged force in French society.
The Erotics of Grief
Authors: Moore Megan
Published: January 2022

This book considers how emotions propagate power by exploring whose lives are grieved and what kinds of grief are valuable within and eroticized by medieval narratives. The book argues that grief is not only routinely eroticized in medieval literature but that it is a foundational emotion of medieval elite culture. Focusing on the concept of grief as desire, the book builds on the history of the emotions and Georges Bataille's theory of the erotic as the conflict between desire and death, one that perversely builds a sense of community organized around a desire for death. The link between desire and death serves as an affirmation of living communities. The book incorporates literary, visual, and codicological evidence in sources from across the Mediterranean — from Old French chansons de geste, such as the Song of Roland and La mort le roi Artu and romances such as Erec et Enide, Philomena, and Floire et Blancheflor; to Byzantine and ancient Greek novels; to Middle English travel narratives such as Mandeville's Travels. In the author's reading of the performance of grief as one of community and remembrance, the book assesses why some lives are imagined as mattering more than others and explores how a language of grief becomes a common language of status among the medieval Mediterranean elite.
The British Army on the Western Front
Authors: Hunzeker Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with the British Expeditionary Force's (BEF) experience with doctrinal learning. It analyses how the prewar British Army practiced moderately centralized command and control. The BEF increased control over tactics and operations from early 1915 until at least mid-1916. The BEF also lacked a doctrinal assessment mechanism for the first half of the war and maintained a loose grip over training. The chapter then shifts to discuss the establishment of a formal assessment mechanism, called the Training Branch, in February 1917. It explores how the BEF's command practices, assessment mechanism, and training systems changed over the course of the war. Ultimately, this chapter looks at a causal link that existed between the British Army's organizational structure and practices and its ability to learn. The chapter then investigates how the Training Branch enabled the BEF to systematically capture, test, analyze, and disseminate new ideas.
The French Army on the Western Front
Authors: Hunzeker Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter investigates the case of the French Army on the Western Front. It argues that the French Army was arguably the most decentralized and adaptive army on the Western Front. French infantry units experimented sooner and more aggressively than their British and German counterparts. The chapter then analyses the army's assault tactics and elastic defenses, as well as the army's moderately decentralized command and control for most of the war. The chapter also discusses French Army's high command — the Grand Quartier Général (GQG). It recounts how the GQG struggled to isolate, identify, and promote the sort of assault, combined-arms, and defensive tactics needed. The chapter highlights two factors to take into account when testing assessment, command, and training (ACT) theory against the French Army. First, political and strategic imperatives limited the army's doctrinal options. Second, is that the French Army occupies a blind spot in the English-language military historiography on tactical change during the First World War.
Conclusion
Authors: Hunzeker Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews three confounding factors and alternative ways to explain events. It begins with analyzing Germany's experience during the First World War and their inept political and strategic decisions. The chapter also explores the author's assumption that the British, French, and German armies should have converged on a superior war-fighting doctrine that combined flexible assault tactics, integrated artillery–infantry operations, and elastic defenses in depth. Genius and individual leadership offer yet another tempting way to account for change. The chapter unfolds the story of wartime learning during the First World War. It introduces two shadow cases — the US Army in Vietnam (1965–1973) and Iraq (2003–2010) — so as to suggest that assessment, command, and training (ACT) theory can explain more than just learning on the Western Front. The chapter concludes by identifying important policy implications for contemporary defense strategists.
Stalin's Quest for Gold
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This book tells the story of Torgsin, a chain of retail shops established in 1930 with the aim of raising the hard currency needed to finance the USSR's ambitious industrialization program. At a time of desperate scarcity, Torgsin had access to the country's best foodstuffs and goods. Initially, only foreigners were allowed to shop in Torgsin, but the acute demand for hard-currency revenues forced Stalin to open Torgsin to Soviet citizens who could exchange tsarist gold coins and objects made of precious metals and gemstones, as well as foreign monies, for foods and goods in its shops. Through analysis of the large-scale, state-run entrepreneurship represented by Torgsin, the book highlights the complexity and contradictions of Stalinism. Driven by the state's hunger for gold and the people's starvation, Torgsin rejected Marxist postulates of the socialist political economy: the notorious class approach and the state hard-currency monopoly. In its pursuit for gold, Torgsin advertised in the capitalist West, encouraging foreigners to purchase goods for their relatives in the USSR; and its seaport shops and restaurants operated semi-legally as brothels, inducing foreign sailors to spend hard currency for Soviet industrialization. Examining Torgsin from multiple perspectives — economic expediency, state and police surveillance, consumerism, even interior design and personnel — the book radically transforms the stereotypical view of the Soviet economy and enriches our understanding of everyday life in Stalin's Russia.
Intermission
Authors: Fujii Lee Ann
Published: January 2022

This chapter marks a break from the narrative that constitutes the book's argument. It examines silencing narratives or those versions of “what happened” that have endured over time despite evidence to the contrary and that work to foreclose other possible ways of constructing past incidents of violence. In discussing these narratives, the chapter highlights key moments during the research process that informed an understanding of the local context. Because all empirical data are only as trustworthy as the researcher's own methods, integrity, and reflexivity, these moments merit more than a quick footnote. The chapter views these encounters as instances of “accidental ethnography” that helps to reveal what was possible to see and not to see, to ask and not to ask, and to delve into more deeply or to overlook altogether.
A Region of Regimes
Authors: Pempel T. J.
Published: January 2022

This book traces the relationship between politics and economics — power and prosperity — in the Asia-Pacific in the decades since the Second World War. It complicates familiar and incomplete narratives of the “Asian economic miracle” to show radically different paths leading to high growth for many but abject failure for some. The book analyzes policies and data from ten East Asian countries, categorizing them into three distinct regime types, each historically contingent and the product of specific configurations of domestic institutions, socio-economic resources, and external support. It identifies Japan, Korea, and Taiwan as developmental regimes, showing how each then diverged due to domestic and international forces. North Korea, Myanmar, and the Philippines (under Ferdinand Marcos) comprise “rapacious regimes” in this analysis, while Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand form “ersatz developmental regimes.” Uniquely, China emerges as an evolving hybrid of all three regime types. The book concludes by showing how the shifting interactions of these regimes have profoundly shaped the Asia-Pacific region and the globe across the postwar era.
Ersatz Developmental Regimes
Authors: Pempel T. J.
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the similarities between Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand and demonstrates how their combination of regime plus paradigm distinguished them from the three developmental regimes. It shows how all three countries diversified, industrialized, and became more externally oriented. Manufacturing locations, the range of goods produced, and the diversity and volume of exported products all soared. Regimes in all three countries were the result of a fundamentally different mixture of state institutions, socioeconomics, and international forces that in turn generated a quite different economic paradigm. Moreover, their contributions to any Asian economic miracle came as supportive acolytes rather than as prime movers. As such, despite unquestioned epochal successes by all three, the chapter labels them as “ersatz developmental regimes.”