bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mantle origin for sulfates in the unusual “salty” Udachnaya-East kimberlite from sulfur abundances, speciation and their relationship with groundmass carbonates
Authors: D’Eyrames Elisabeth , Thomassot Emilie , Kitayama Yumi , Golovin Alexander , Korsakov Andrey , Ionov Dmitri
Published: June 2017

The Udachnaya-East pipe in Yakutia in Siberia hosts a unique dry (serpentine-free) body of hypabyssal kimberlite (<0.64wt% H2O), associated with a less dry type of kimberlite and a serpentinized kimberlitic breccia. The dry kimberlite is anomalously rich in salts (Na2O and Cl both up to 6wt%) whereas the slightly less dry and the breccia kimberlite are salt free. Yet the Udachnaya kimberlite is a group-I kimberlite, as is the archetypical kimberlite from Kimberley, South Africa. Samples were studied from the three different types of kimberlite (dry-salty, n=8, non-salty, n=5 and breccia, n=3) regarding their mineralogy, geochemistry, and more specifically their sulfur content. Our results show the salty kimberlite is unprecedentedly rich in sulfur (0.13-0.57wt%) compared to the non-salty kimberlite (0.04-0.12wt%) and the breccia (0.29-0.33wt%). In the salty kimberlite, most of the sulfur is present as sulfates (up to 97% of Stotal) and is disseminated throughout the groundmass in close association with Na-K-bearing carbonates. Sulfates occur within the crystal structure of these Na-K-bearing carbonates as the replacement of (CO3) by (SO3) groups, or as Na- and K-rich sulfates (e.g. aphtitalite, (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2). The associated sulfides are djerfisherite; also Na- and K-rich species. The close association of sulfates and carbonates in these S-rich alkaline rocks suggests that the sulfates crystallized from a mantle-derived magma, a case that has strong implication for the oxygen fugacity of kimberlite magmatism and more generally for the global S budget of the mantle.
Geomorphic study of seismically active areas using remote sensing data. Case of the Gorny Altai (Siberia) affected by the 2003 Altai earthquake
Authors: Deroin Jean-Paul , Buslov Mikhail M.
Published: June 2017

This paper shows that a multitemporal, multiscale, and multisource remote sensing dataset represents an efficient tool for studying morphotectonics in seismically active areas, with an application in Siberia. The focus is placed on the use of high resolution imagery including Corona, Orbview 3, Ikonos 2 (available on Google Earth), and Landsat images combined with four different digital elevation models (DEMs) built using various satellite data. DEMs are the version 2 SRTM 3 arc-second and version 3 SRTM 1 arc-second released by USGS, the X-SAR DEM, and the version 2 Aster GDEM.

In the specific case of the Gorny Altai, the remote sensing dataset composed of DEMs and satellite images provide relevant evidence of the geomorphological consequences of the 2003 Altai earthquake characterized by large landslides, block tilting, and ground-cracks. Ikonos imagery reveals the en-échelon faults compatible with a dextral strike-skip faulting. Archive satellite data allow us detecting new faults generated by the earthquake, but also the pre-existing fault network, with a specific emphasis on the use of Corona archive from the 1960’s. The best global DEMs (SRTM 1 arc-second and Aster GDEM) are well-correlated. Generally, the Aster GDEM presents a lower horizontal accuracy than the SRTM DEM, whereas the vertical accuracy is relatively similar. In the case of the largest landslide induced by the 2003 Altai earthquake (about 1 km2), the comparison of the pre-seismic topographic profile obtained by SRTM and the post-seismic topographic profile obtained by Aster GDEM is of great interest. Following the landslide episode, it allows us defining a zone of depletion and a zone of accumulation. The limit between the hard Palaeozoic rocks (sandstone, etc.) and the loose Quaternary sediments appears clearly as a zone of weakness. Before the 2003 earthquake, a round track was already detected in the Corona images, corresponding either to an old landslide or a precursor stage of the major landslide.

More generally, the dextral strike-slip faulting is accompanied by the uplift of the northeastern segment, close to the Chagan Uzun block. In the Kuskunnur-Taltura-Chagan river area, this uplift is revealed by the abnormal elevation of the Kuskunnur river compared to the elevation of the Taltura river. The present geomorphological study is a complement to dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating of earthquake triggered landslides, rockfalls and seismically cut fossil soils.
Fühlen sich Chirurgen gerüstet für die komplexen Fragestellungen im Umgang mit multiresistenten Erregern? – Ergebnisse der Fragebogenstudie MR2
Authors: May Matthias , Spachmann Philipp , Lebentrau Steffen , Schumacher Harald , Gilfrich Christian , Fritsche Hans-Martin , Vetterlein Malte , Brookman-May Sabine , Schostak Martin , Wagenlehner Florian , Burger Maximilian , Novotny Alexander , Obermaier Robert
Published: June 2017

Hintergrund Es liegen derzeit keine Untersuchungen darüber vor, welchen Kenntnisstand Chirurgen im Vergleich mit Nichtchirurgen über multiresistente Erreger (MRE) und den rationalen Einsatz von Antibiotika haben (Antibiotic Stewardship/ABS).

Methode Im Rahmen der MR2-Studie (Multiinstitutional Reconnaissance of practice with MultiResistant bacteria – a survey focussing on German hospitals) wurde ein Fragebogen mit 4 + 35 Punkten in 18 deutschen Krankenhäusern an Urologen, Internisten, Gynäkologen und Chirurgen verteilt. Mit multivariaten logistischen Regressionsmodellen wurde der Einfluss der Fachrichtung auf verschiedene prädeterminierte Endpunkte geprüft.

Ergebnisse Es konnten 456 auswertbare Fragebögen analysiert werden, wobei sich die Rücklaufquote bei Chirurgen (156/330, 47%) und Nichtchirurgen (300/731, 41%) nur insignifikant unterschied (p = 0,061). Chirurgen gaben in der Selbsteinschätzung im Vergleich mit Nichtchirurgen eine signifikant geringere Sicherheit bei der korrekten Wahl von Dosierung, Frequenz und Dauer der Antibiotikagabe (p = 0,005), der Entscheidung einer intravenösen vs. oralen Antibiotikaverordnung (p = 0,005) sowie der korrekten Interpretation der mikrobiologischen Befunde (p = 0,023) an. Sowohl Chirurgen als auch Nichtchirurgen schätzten ihr Wissen zu ABS als gering ein. Die Kenntnis der lokalen E.-coli-Resistenz gegen Ciprofloxacin unterschied sich zwischen Chirurgen und Nichtchirurgen nur insignifikant (27,6 vs. 35,3% waren in der richtigen Kategorie; p = 0,114), wobei 64% der Chirurgen diese lokalen Resistenzen unterschätzten. Beide Gruppen sahen in dem häufigen Einsatz von Breitspektrumantibiotika ein wesentliches Problem, das für die Zunahme von MRE verantwortlich ist. Andererseits wurde das gewählte Fallbeispiel einer stark symptomatischen Patientin mit unkomplizierter Harnwegsinfektion von beiden Gruppen ähnlich häufig mit einem Breitspektrumantibiotikum behandelt (34,0 vs. 29,3%; p = 0,331). Gemäß der multivariaten Modelle besuchten Chirurgen im Vergleich zu Nichtchirurgen in den letzten 12 Monaten nicht häufiger eine Weiterbildungsveranstaltung zum Thema der MRE/ABS und gaben auch keine bessere Qualität ihrer Klinikepikrisen hinsichtlich der exakten Auflistung von MRE an.

Schlussfolgerungen Es sollten in den Kliniken obligat ABS-Programme implementiert werden, die u. a. eine regelmäßige Fortbildung der Kollegen unabhängig von ihrer Fachrichtungen vorsehen.
Deutsches Thoraxregister – Implementierung eines etablierten Werkzeugs der perioperativen Versorgungsforschung
Authors: Defosse Jérôme , Schieren Mark , Loop Torsten , Arndt Cerstin , Röhrig Rainer , Stoelben Erich , Ludwig Corinna , Schleppers Alexander , Wappler Frank , Gerbershagen Mark , Lopez-Pastorini Alberto
Published: June 2017

Die Erhebung klinischer Behandlungsdaten in Registerdatenbanken hat seit Jahren einen hohen Stellenwert in der Versorgungsforschung. Hierdurch kann bspw. eine kritische Prüfung der Sicherheit, Wirksamkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit klinischer Behandlungskonzepte an großen Untersuchungskollektiven erfolgen. Die erhobenen Erkenntnisse aus der Registerforschung entsprechen der tatsächlichen Patientenklientel und dem Versorgungsalltag der teilnehmenden Kliniken. Sie sind nicht durch strenge Einschlusskriterien oder realitätsferne Rahmenbedingungen klinischer prospektiver Studien beschränkt. Durch die Implementierung des Deutschen Thoraxregisters wurde erstmalig die Möglichkeit geschaffen, die interdisziplinäre Betreuung (Thoraxchirurgie, Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Schmerztherapie) von Patienten mit operativen Eingriffen am Thorax ganzheitlich in einer Datenbank zu erfassen und auszuwerten. Unter der Schirmherrschaft der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie (DGT) wurde ein ursprünglich rein thoraxchirurgisches Register des Klinikums der Universität Witten/Herdecke-Köln in enger Kooperation mit dem Universitätsklinikum Freiburg erweitert. Nach Ausarbeitung eines umfangreichen Datenschutzkonzepts und Abschluss der Pilotphase wurde das Deutsche Thoraxregister als erstes perioperatives, interdisziplinäres Behandlungsregister im Januar 2016 offiziell implementiert. Neben der reinen Registerforschung, profitieren die teilnehmenden Kliniken vor allem durch die „benchmarking“-Funktionen. Das „benchmarking“, also der Vergleich der Behandlungsqualität verschiedener Kliniken, erlaubt es, individuelle Profile, Stärken und Schwächen im nationalen Vergleich zu identifizieren und eigene Fortschritte über mehrere Jahre zu verfolgen. Das Eingabe- und Benchmarkportal ist jederzeit online verfügbar (www.thoraxregister.de). Seit Oktober 2016 wurde das Teilnehmerspektrum erweitert, sodass sämtliche Kliniken mit mindestens 50 thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen im Jahr teilnahmeberechtigt sind.
Editorial
Authors: Lock Guntram
Published: June 2017

Dear colleagues,

It is a pleasure to introduce you to the 2nd issue of UIO in 2017, demonstrating, again, the wide applications and promising developments in ultrasonography.

The issue starts with a special editorial from Ioan Sporea from Romania, very well known for his scientific work on the clinical significance of elastography. Dr. Sporea outlines the central role of modern sonographic techniques for clinical decision making in modern hepatology. Together with the great advances in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, ultrasonography with elastography and CEUS as a “one stop shopping” facility may give us all the information we need to proceed to treatment, thus superseding liver biopsy in many (though definitively not all) patients with liver disease.
Chirurgische Therapie von Pseudotumoren der Lunge
Authors: Sziklavari Zsolt , Droste Annete , Neu Reiner , Hofmann Hans-Stefan , Ried Michael
Published: June 2017

Hintergrund Der pulmonale Pseudotumor ist ein Sammelbegriff für diverse Subentitäten. Einige Subgruppen werden als intermediär maligne Tumoren betrachtet. Der Pseudotumor ist ein seltenes Krankheitsbild, wobei eine Abschätzung der Inzidenz und der Prävalenz nur schwer möglich ist.

Methode Retrospektive Analyse aller zwischen 2008 und 2015 chirurgisch therapierten Patienten mit der Diagnose eines Pseudotumors der Lunge. Primärer Endpunkt der Studie war die Darstellung der Rezidiv- bzw. Metastasierungsrate. Sekundäre Endpunkte waren die Nomenklatur, die Anamnese, die Therapieart und der perioperative Verlauf.

Ergebnisse Von 27 Patienten (63% männlich) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 58 Jahren hatten 19 (70%) einen inflammatorischen Pseudotumor (IPT), 4 (15%) einen inflammatorisch-myofibroblastären Tumor (IMT) und jeweils 2 Patienten (7,5%) ein Pneumozytom bzw. Histiozytom. Eine präoperative pulmonale Infektion lag bei 12 (44%) Patienten vor. Die durchschnittliche Tumorgröße lag bei 2,1 cm (0,8 – 5,3 cm), die Lungenunterlappen waren mit 52% präferiert. Es wurden eine Enukleation, 20 atypische und 6 anatomische Resektionen durchgeführt. Dies erfolgte in 48% der Fälle (13/27) minimalinvasiv (VATS). Eine R0-Resektion lag bei 93% der Fälle (25/27) vor. Komplikationen traten bei 7 (26%) Patienten auf. Die Aufenthaltsdauer (Mittel 8 Tage) nach offener Resektion und VATS unterschied sich minimal (8,8 vs. 7,2 Tage). Das Follow-up lag bei 4 Jahren. In dieser Zeit entwickelte eine Patientin trotz R0-Resektion eines IMT ein Tumorrezidiv, an dem sie auch verstarb.

Schlussfolgerung Die Therapie der Wahl beim Pseudotumor ist die R0-Resektion, bevorzugt per VATS. Die meisten Pseudotumoren nehmen einen gutartigen Verlauf, wenngleich Rezidive in einem kleineren Teil (v. a. bei IMT) der Fälle möglich sind. Eine Nachbeobachtung ist bei IMT notwendig. Die Anwendung einer einheitlichen Nomenklatur und Klassifikation wäre sinnvoll.
Executive Dysfunctions Predict Self-Restricted Driving Habits in Elderly People with or without Alzheimer’s Dementia
Authors: Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Kemmler Georg , Defrancesco Michaela , Moser Bernadette , Fleischhacker Wolfgang , Weiss Elisabeth
Published: June 2017

Introduction The purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of specific cognitive functions on self-restricted driving habits in healthy elderly drivers and patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD).

Method Our study population included 35 cognitively healthy controls, 10 MCI patients, and 16 patients with AD. All participants completed a neuropsychological examination and a self-reported questionnaire assessing driving habits and patterns.

Results In challenging driving conditions, patients with MCI or AD showed significantly more driving self-restriction than healthy subjects (effect size d=1.06, p=0.007). Ordinal regression analysis across the entire group revealed that deficits in executive functions and reaction had a higher impact on driving restriction (p=0.002) than deficits in memory functions (p=0.570). Additionally, our data showed that 40% of patients with mild to moderate AD still drive in challenging conditions.

Discussion Our results illustrate that elderly individuals use self-imposed driving restrictions as compensatory strategies. These restrictions increase with cognitive decline mainly in the field of executive functions, but they do not change once patients convert from MCI to AD.
E×B mean flows in finite ion temperature plasmas
Authors: Madsen J. , Juul Rasmussen J. , Naulin V. , Nielsen A. H.
Published: June 2017

The impact of ion pressure dynamics on E × B mean flows is investigated. Using a simplified, two-dimensional, drift ordered fluid model in the thin-layer approximation, three stresses in addition to the Reynolds stress are shown to modify the E × B mean flow. These additional terms in the stress tensor all require ion pressure fluctuations. Quasi-linear analysis shows that these additional stresses are as important as the Reynolds stress and hence must be taken into account in analysis of transport barriers in which sheared E × B mean flows are key ingredients.
Droplets passing through a soap film
Authors: Zou Jun , Wang Wei , Ji Chen , Pan Min
Published: June 2017

Here, we report an experimental study of droplets colliding with a soap film. The behavior of the droplet is found to be dependent on the impact velocity. The threshold for a droplet to pass through the soap film is influenced by the droplet diameter. The contact time decreases with increasing impact velocity. Emphasis is placed on whether the outer shell remains intact. When the dimensionless contact time approaches 1, collapse of the shell begins. However, the shell does not collapse with further increasing impact velocity.
A high sensing fluorescence probe to in situ study the microstructural changes of tungsten oxide nanowires induced by thermal effect
Authors: Luo Jianyi , Huang Jingcheng , Chen Feng , Xu Youxin , Zhong Changping , Zeng Qingguang , Tang Xiufeng , Hu Linshun
Published: June 2017

In this paper, a characterization method has been developed in situ to study the microstructural changes of tungsten oxide nanowires induced by thermal effects, in which the Eu3+ rare earth ions are pre-doped into the WO3 nanowires (Eu@WO3 nanowires). The thermal effect in the Eu@WO3 nanowires have been studied by increasing the sample temperature in a nitrogen gas environment, and the results indicate the microstructural changes induced by the thermal effect could be not detected by the micro-Raman spectrum, but could be obviously detected by the fluorescence spectrum of Eu3+ fluorescence centers. The most notable effect of the increasing temperature is the appearance of two new fluorescence emissions related with a broad band emission at 675 nm and two sharp peaks at 525 and 530 nm, respectively. The understanding picture for the relationship between the new fluorescence emissions and the microstructural changes of the Eu@WO3 nanowires has also been proposed in this paper.
Increased magnetic damping in ultrathin films of Co2FeAl with perpendicular anisotropy
Authors: Takahashi Y. K. , Miura Y. , Choi R. , Ohkubo T. , Wen Z. C. , Ishioka K. , Mandal R. , Medapalli R. , Sukegawa H. , Mitani S. , Fullerton E. E. , Hono K.
Published: June 2017

We estimated the magnetic damping constant α of Co2FeAl (CFA) Heusler alloy films of different thicknesses with an MgO capping layer by means of time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect and ferromagnetic resonance measurements. CFA films with thicknesses of 1.2 nm and below exhibited perpendicular magnetic anisotropy arising from the presence of the interface with MgO. While α increased gradually with decreasing CFA film thickness down to 1.2 nm, it was increased substantially when the thickness was reduced further to 1.0 nm. Based on the microstructure analyses and first-principles calculations, we attributed the origin of the large α in the ultrathin CFA film primarily to the Al deficiency in the CFA layer, which caused an increase in the density of states and thereby in the scatterings of their spins.
The stochastic growth of metal whiskers
Authors: Subedi Biwas , Niraula Dipesh , Karpov Victor G.
Published: June 2017

The phenomenon of spontaneously growing metal whiskers (MWs) raises significant reliability concerns due to their related arcing and shorting in electric equipment. The growth kinetics of MWs remains poorly predictable. Here, we present a theory describing the earlier observed intermittent growth of MWs as caused by local energy barriers related to variations in the random electric fields generated by surface imperfections. We find the probabilistic distribution of MW stopping times, during which MW growth halts, which is important for reliability projections.
Clinical activity profile of preregistration physiotherapy students during clinical placements
Authors: Stoikov Susan , Shardlow Kassie , Gooding Mark , Kuys Suzanne
Published: June 2017

Objective
The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical activity profile of preregistration physiotherapy students during clinical placements and their clinical activity contribution to health service delivery.

Methods
Clinical activity data for 2014 were obtained from five Queensland public sector hospitals providing preregistration physiotherapy students clinical education in three key clinical areas (cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and neurological) over four 5-week placement blocks. Data regarding the number of student occasions of service (OOS) and the length of the OOS (LOOS) were collected to determine the average OOS and LOOS per student in each clinical area.

Results
Twenty weeks of student data were collected from each hospital in each clinical area, representing 29.1% of cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and neurorehabilitation student placements. Students completed 19051 OOS. The average OOS per student per block for cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and neurorehabilitation placements was 98.3, 74.0 and 72.4 respectively. Two-way ANOVA revealed a main effect of weeks (F=402.1, P<0.001) and clinical area (F =1331.5, P<0.001) for LOOS.In addition, an interaction was found between clinical placement week and clinical area for LOOS (F=8.4, P<0.001).

Conclusions
Student clinical activity data are useful for understanding the student contribution to health services. Student contribution appears to increase throughout the clinical placement and consideration should be given to the clinical educator:student ratio to enhance overall student contribution.

What is known about the topic?
Quantitative data describing physiotherapy student clinical care activity during placements are limited.

What does this paper add?
This paper profiles physiotherapy student clinical care activity and the changes occurring over 5-week placements.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Physiotherapy students provide clinical activity for health services that changes over their 5-week placement. Student clinical activity should be considered when responding to placement demand and planning service delivery.
Thermodynamic stability of mercury(II) complexes formed with environmentally relevant low-molecular-mass thiols studied by competing ligand exchange and density functional theory
Authors: Liem-Nguyen Van , Skyllberg Ulf , Nam Kwangho , Björn Erik
Published: June 2017

Environmental contextThe chemical speciation of mercury (Hg) largely controls its biogeochemical cycling and exposure to biota. Here, we investigate the thermodynamic stabilities of complexes formed between inorganic divalent Hg (HgII) and 15 biogeochemically relevant low-molecular-mass (LMM) thiol ligands. This information is critical for accurate modelling of the chemical speciation of HgII and to clarify the role of HgII–LMM thiol complexes in the cycling of Hg in the environment.
AbstractInorganic divalent mercury (HgII) has a very high affinity for reduced sulfur functional groups. Reports from laboratory experiments suggest that HgII complexes with specific low-molecular-mass (LMM) thiol (RSH) ligands control rates of HgII transformation reactions. Because of methodological limitations for precise determination of the highly stable HgII complexes with LMM thiol ligands, constants reported in the literature remain inconsistent. This uncertainty impedes accurate modelling of the chemical speciation of HgII and the possibility to elucidate the role of HgII complexes with LMM thiols for Hg transformation reactions. Here, we report values of thermodynamic stability constants for 15 monodentate, two-coordinated HgII complexes, Hg(SR)2, formed with biogeochemically relevant LMM thiol ligands. The constants were determined by a two-step ligand-exchange procedure where the specific Hg(SR)2 complexes were quantified by liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Thermodynamic stability constants (log β2) determined for the Hg(SR)2 complexes ranged from 34.6, N-cysteinylglycine, to 42.1, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, for the general reaction Hg2++2RS– ⇌ Hg(SR)2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that electron-donating carboxyl and carbonyl groups have a stabilising effect on the HgII–LMM thiol complexes, whereas electron-withdrawing protonated primary amino groups have a destabilising effect. Experimental results and DFT calculations demonstrated that the presence of such functional groups in the vicinity of the RSH group caused significant differences in the stability of Hg(SR)2 complexes. These differences are expected to be important for the chemical speciation of HgII and its transformation reactions in environments where a multitude of LMM thiol compounds are present.
Cladistic analysis supports the monophyly of the Neotropical crab spider genus Epicadus and its senior synonymy over Tobias (Araneae : Thomisidae)
Authors: Machado Miguel , Teixeira Renato A. , Lise Arno A.
Published: June 2017

The present paper presents a cladistic analysis of the spider genus Tobias Simon, 1895. The analyses were based on a matrix with 29 terminal taxa scored for 86 morphological characters, with a dataset tested under two methodologies for character weighting (i.e. equal and implied weighting). Both analyses supported the paraphyletic relationship of Tobias with Epicadus Simon, 1895, with the former considered a junior synonym of the latter (new synonymy). Onocolus, Epicadinus and Epicadus form a clade supported by two synapomorphies, corroborating previous taxonomic assumptions regarding the proximity of these genera. Epicadus has two lineages: the ‘pustulosus clade’, comprising bark-like individuals that camouflage themselves on tree trunks and branches, and the ‘heterogaster clade’, which consists of a group of spiders that present a wide range of polychromatism and use flowers as hunting sites. Synonymies are presented and a new combination for all species previously assigned as part of Tobias is proposed. Epicadus now comprises nine species.
The grammaticalization of Dutchklinken
Authors: Poortvliet Marjolein
Published: June 2017

This article demonstrates the diachronic development of present-day Dutchklinkenas an evidential copular verb meaning ‘to seem, based on (auditory) evidence’ from the Middle Dutch intransitive verbklinkenmeaning ‘to give off a clear sound’. I identify four semantic stages in the history ofklinken, which are divided by processes of semantic bleaching (14th–16th century, 16th–17th century) and subjectification and copularization (during the 16th century). I claim that the process of copularization is the trigger of both the evidential meaning and the subjective interpretation that copular constructions withklinkenreceive. Furthermore, I show that, unlike the development oferuitzien‘look’ andvoelen‘feel’ from cognitive perception verbs,klinkenhas developed much like the Dutch copular verbsschijnen‘seem’ andblijken‘turn out’: from an intransitive verb with a sensory-related meaning.
Interfacial reaction during fabricating of full Cu3Sn joints in microelectronic packaging
Authors: Liang Xiaobo , Li Xiaoyan , Yao Peng , Li Yang , Jin Fengyang
Published: June 2017

Two copper substrates electroplated with Sn, both consisted of Cu/Sn + Sn/Cu structures, but they were bonded over different times in order to investigate the interfacial reaction. The growth morphologies of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn were analysed, respectively. The growth mechanisms for Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn were investigated. The results show that the growth of Cu6Sn5 is primarily controlled by grain boundary-diffusion. However, the growth Cu3Sn is controlled by the reaction of Cu-Cu6Sn5 at the beginning of the reaction, and then controlled by volume-diffusion as the thickness of the Cu3Sn layer increases.
FLT3 dancing on the stem cell
Authors: Levis Mark
Published: June 2017

Whether or not FLT3 mutations are present and expressed within a leukemic hematopoietic stem cell has engendered some controversy. New evidence has now been presented on this issue that could change the way we manage the disease in the future.
Making the Bible Belt
Authors: Locke Joseph
Published: June 2017

By reconstructing the religious crusade to achieve prohibition in Texas, Making the Bible Belt reveals how southern religious leaders overcame long-standing anticlerical traditions and built a powerful political movement that injected religion irreversibly into public life. H.L. Mencken coined the term “Bible Belt” in the 1920s to capture the peculiar alliance of religion and public life in the American South, but the reality he described was only the closing chapter of a long historical process. Through the politics of prohibition, and in the face of bitter resistance, a complex but shared commitment to expanding the power and scope of religion transformed southern evangelicals’ inward-looking restraints into an aggressive, self-assertive, and unapologetic political activism. Early defeats forced prohibitionist clergy to recast their campaign as a broader effort that churned notions of history, race, gender, and religion into a moral crusade that elevated ambitious leaders such as the pugnacious fundamentalist J. Frank Norris and US senator Morris Sheppard, the “Father of National Prohibition,” into national figures. By exploring the controversies surrounding the religious support of prohibition in Texas, Making the Bible Belt reconstructs the purposeful, decades-long campaign to politicize southern religion, hints at the historical origins of the religious right, and explores a compelling and transformative moment in American history.
Of Tremor and Transition
Authors: Locke Joseph
Published: June 2017

At the turn of the twentieth century, a “New South” of industry, cities, and commerce promised to modernize the American South. Amid much regional change, southern evangelicals commonly comprehended and universally lamented a spiritual crisis. Despite growing churches, rising salaries, enhanced public prestige, and expanding congregations, southern white Protestant ministers perceived only a landscape of empty churches, disrespected preachers, indolent congregants, and a hostile public. Within their insular denominational worlds, southern religious leaders such as Baylor president William Carey Crane outlined the contours of their anxieties. But if a deep-seated sense of widespread crisis confronted religious Texans, a new generation of emerging leaders such as J. B. Cranfill promised a way out: they could fight in the public sphere. Senator Morris Sheppard and others increasingly imagined that the politics of prohibition could free religious southerners from their perceived crisis and reclaim an imagined golden age for American religion.
Introduction—Openings
Authors: Rascaroli Laura
Published: June 2017

Setting off from the question of the timeliness of the essay film and its dependence on ever-improving technology and against the backdrop of Theodor W. Adorno’s discussion of the essay form’s anachronistic, antisystematic resistance, the introduction discusses the essay film as future philosophy—as a contrarian, political cinema of thought. Drawing on the centrality of the interstice to Gilles Deleuze’s understanding of the cinema as thought, it brings issues of effect and of functioning, rather than of essence, to the fore, arguing that the essay film thinks not just verbally, but also through a disjunctive audiovisual method that exploits in-between filmic spaces to bring about new thought.
Sound
Authors: Rascaroli Laura
Published: June 2017

In embracing an understanding of essay film’s soundscape that does not stop at voiceover, but extends to all the elements of a complex environment made up of speech, music, sounds, noise, and silence, this chapter moves beyond traditional logocentric and vococentric approaches to the essay film to explore the disjunctive interstice of Deleuze’s sound image. The complexly imbricated auditory space of Language Gulf in the Shouting Valley (2013) by Lawrence Abu Hamdan is considered in light of an essayistic use of voice and sound as political agents. Hypothesizing a genre of musical essay films, the chapter also examines sound in Pier Paolo Pasolini’s La rabbia (Rage, 1963), seen in comparison with Santiago Álvarez’s Now! (1964) and Erik Gandini’s Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers (2003). The Barthesian Neutral and ideas of dissonance form the basis of a discussion of musical queering as a form of protestation.
Narration
Authors: Rascaroli Laura
Published: June 2017

This chapter reappraises the connections between narration and argumentation. It contests the claim that narrative is merely a fictional layer superimposed on the nonfictional content (and, by extension, the true essence) of the essay film. The work examined in this chapter explores some of the ways in which narration can give expression to argumentation. The essay form is inherently fragile, with a particular potential for disassemblage. The chapter focuses on epistolarity as a disjunctive narrative form marked by distance and by absence and on the counternarrative aspects of lyricism, based on its tendency to fragmentation, allusiveness, metaphoricity, formalism, and affectivity. Two long-standing traditions are addressed, the epistolary essay via an engagement with Lettres de Panduranga (Letters from Panduranga, 2015) by Nguyễn Trinh Thi and the lyric essay via a study of The Idea of North (1995) by Rebecca Baron.
Conclusion
Authors: Rascaroli Laura
Published: June 2017

The essay film is characterized not by its choice of objects, but by their “arrangement,” which is determined by a structure of gap. This structure is shaped by a framing and reframing activity, which is central to the practice of the essay film as critique of ideology. What is distinctive of the essay film is its stubborn labor of testing its perspective, its positioning, and its distance from the world; the visible result of this labor is that the essay film detaches objects from their background, introducing a gap of potentiality between object and world. The film essayist is always at once a critic and a metahistorian, whose engagement with a historical object is also always a reflection on the gap—be it cognitive, temporal, cultural, or experiential—that distances him or her from that object and on how film may negotiate such a gap. This negotiation is its philosophy.
This Worldwide Struggle
Authors: Azaransky Sarah
Published: June 2017

This book examines a group of black Christian intellectuals and activists who looked abroad, even in other religious traditions, for ideas and practices that could transform American democracy. From the 1930s to the 1950s, this network of intellectuals and activists drew lessons from independence movements around the world for an American campaign that would be part of a global network of resistance to colonialism and white supremacy. This book argues that their religious perspectives and methods of moral reasoning developed theological blueprints for the later civil rights movement. The book analyzes groundbreaking work of individual intellectuals and activists and reveals collaborations among them, including Howard Thurman, Benjamin Mays, and William Stuart Nelson; pioneers of African American Christian nonviolence James Farmer, Pauli Murray, and Bayard Rustin; and YWCA leaders Juliette Derricotte and Sue Bailey Thurman. The book traces the ways these fertile intersections of worldwide resistance movements, American racial politics, and interreligious exchanges that crossed literal borders and disciplinary boundaries can enrich our understanding of the international roots of the civil rights movement and offer object lessons on the role of religion in justice movements.
Introduction
Authors: Azaransky Sarah
Published: June 2017

The introduction describes a group of black Christian intellectuals and activists who looked abroad, even in other religious traditions, for ideas and practices that could fuel a racial justice movement in the United States. They envisioned an American racial justice movement akin to independence movements that were gaining ground around the world. The American civil rights movement would be, as Martin Luther King Jr., later described it, “part of this worldwide struggle.”
We Can Add to the World Justice
Authors: Azaransky Sarah
Published: June 2017

Bayard Rustin, James Farmer, and Pauli Murray developed a black Christian pacifism inspired by Gandhian nonviolence. Their activist projects in the 1940s, including sit-ins, freedom rides, and multicity marches, became mainstays of the later civil rights movement. While working with majority-white organizations like the Fellowship of Reconciliation and interracial organizations like the Congress of Racial Equality, Murray, Rustin, and Farmer nevertheless developed what Farmer called “the race logic of pacifism,” the idea that black Americans had a particular aptitude for nonviolent direct action because of their experiences of white racism. In the midst of a majority-white Christian peace movement, these three black activists devised a religious pacifism that was also distinctly black. Their early activism illuminates, furthermore, questions about the role of gender and sexuality in the black freedom movement.
Opposing Injustice, First of All in Ourselves
Authors: Azaransky Sarah
Published: June 2017

Bayard Rustin was one of the most important midcentury American religious thinkers. The chapter traces his travel through the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and Nigeria and alliances he developed between African independence movements and American activists. This chapter emphasizes the intellectual labor he invested in movement building and analyzes his moral arguments as Quaker. This is important for a number of reasons: it demonstrates the distinctiveness of his moral vision and the underlying theological reasoning of his approach to activism in the U.S. context; it elucidates his theological motivations and points to the way his influence in what he called “the classical phase” of the civil rights movement had a particular moral outlook, typically unexamined by religious studies scholars and historians of the movement; and, by considering Rustin as a Quaker theological thinker, the chapter expands what is typically meant by African American religion.
The Nobels and the Neoliberals
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

We briefly enumerate the winners of the Bank of Sweden Prize who have contributed to the beginning of the Economics of Information, and discover that their order in awards is misleading. Thus begins our argument that it was Friedrich Hayek and the neoliberal economists who made the critical first moves, and the orthodox neoclassical economists responded. We include a brief primer on neoliberalism to understand why this was so.
The Socialist Calculation Controversy as the Starting Point of the Economics of Information
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

The Socialist Calculation Controversy first raised the political problem of agent epistemology in the history of economics. The Cowles Commission, primarily comprising market socialists, sought to answer and refute Hayek and the neoliberals. The key point of contention was to determine what it meant for The Market to know something, which was unmistakably a political issue. This chapter lays the groundwork for the entrance of information considerations into neoclassical microeconomics.
Going the Market One Better
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

Implications of the various candidate models of information led to various problems in reconciliation with the previous microeconomic model; this chapter describes how the history took an unexpected swerve toward mechanism design. We identify Leonid Hurwicz as the Cowles figure at the center of this change. Mechanism design in turn transmuted into market design, particularly at the hands of the experimentalist movement, members of which took responsibility for the first attempt to “go the market one better,” the design of airport slot auctions.
The Experimentalist School of Design
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

This chapter covers the third, and most recent, school of market design, and describes the critical ways it diverges from the previous two schools. The major protagonists here are Vernon Smith, Charles Plott, and Alvin Roth. For this school, market problems are first and foremost computational problems; economists promise to construct markets that will do the thinking that the agents cannot. In this school, market designers break out of the previous conventional sphere of markets, and promise to construct algorithms that perform all manner of feats of organization and computation.
Artificial Ignorance
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

This chapter concludes our philosophical study of the economics of knowledge and its degradation into mere information. Since economists have banished scholarly history of economic thought from their departments, they feel safe in telling any just-so story about the development of an economics of information. But the joke is on them: believing they are wizards of information management, they have become even more ignorant than the agents in their theories. Believing the market validates truth, they become complicit in the spread of ignorance.
Torts versus Crimes
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: June 2017

The standard way to distinguish between torts and crimes is to allege that the latter are in some sense distinctively “public.” It is argued that we must look elsewhere for a principled distinction, and chapter 4 argues that the crucial difference between tort and criminal law ought to map onto the distinction between rights infringements and rights violations. The argument is that moral rights are central to both areas of law, but that tort law is an appropriate response to rights-related harms, whereas criminal law is a fitting response to rights-related culpability.
The Problem of Relatedness
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 grapples with the problem of relatedness, which requires one to confront foundational questions in moral philosophy and their implications for forfeiture theory. The core issue is whether a wrongdoer forfeits her right against being harmed for any reason whatsoever (the unlimited-reasons approach), or only for reasons appropriately related to her wrongdoing (the limited-reasons approach). After rebutting the initial impression that the unlimited-reasons approach is wholly implausible, the chapter offers some reasons in defense of the conclusion that wrongdoers do not forfeit their rights against being harmed in general; more specifically, they forfeit their right against being punished, which (by definition) involves being intentionally stigmatized for one’s putative wrongdoing.
Mala Prohibita
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: June 2017

Mala prohibita crimes raise difficult questions for forfeiture theorists who believe that one does not forfeit any rights unless one violates a right, because it is not obvious whose right the mala prohibita criminal violates. Compare, for instance, the mala in se crime of driving while intoxicated to the mala prohibita crime of driving on a public road without a valid vehicle registration sticker displayed in the legally required spot on one’s windshield. It seems clear that inebriated drivers violate the rights of others by exposing them to unacceptable risks, but whose right is violated by one’s failure to display a vehicle registration sticker on one’s car? The chapter argues that mala prohibita criminals can sometimes be permissibly punished, because one’s fellow citizens have a right that one obey the just laws of a legitimate state.
The Emergence of Persons Great and Small
Authors: Croasmun Matthew
Published: June 2017

This chapter turns specifically to the question of personhood, offering an emergent ontology of human persons at both the biological and psychological levels. These “individuals” prove to be internally composite and externally open to further combination. The discussion then moves to consider these “external” combinations. In somatic terms, this involves discussion of biology’s history of determining the biological “individual,” and the discussion of “superorganisms” that blur the distinction between parts and wholes. Various theories of “group mind” are evaluated in order to consider the relevance of the presence of group cognition in identifying the emergence of “persons” at higher levels of complexity. The hypothesis is presented that Sin should be understood as a mythological person—a superorganism with a group mind—supervening on the transgressions of individual human persons and sinful social systems.
An Emergent Account of Sin in Romans
Authors: Croasmun Matthew
Published: June 2017

This chapter returns to focus squarely on the text of Romans. The hypothesis that Sin is a mythological person emergent from a complex, multilevel system of human transgression is tested exegetically. The story of Sin is traced through the text of Romans 1–8: Sin emerges from human transgression and exercises dominion over its own body, “the Body of Sin” (Rom 6:6), through setting the boundary conditions of the moral psychology of participants in its systems. Liberationist perspectives on Sin’s working of death through the law are marshaled, yielding further insight into the multilevel function of systemic racism (a case study originally taken up in chapter 2). The question of the transmission of sin in debates about “original sin” is addressed in light of the exegetical insights gleaned from the chapter.
Conclusions
Authors: Croasmun Matthew
Published: June 2017

The conclusion considers multiple constructive, theological vistas opened up by the analysis offered in the rest of the book. A provisional analysis of the “Market” as an emergent mythological person is sketched. Various trajectories for constructive hamartiology are explored. The ontology of mythological persons is described in terms of Hartshorne’s dipolar theism; Sin as a false deity can be understood as having only a consequent, and not an antecedent, nature. It is proposed that this multilevel approach to sin can help facilitate ecumenical work against sin in our cities, providing a framework in which we can value ecclesial actions that target each of the three levels of Sin’s dominion—personal discipleship, social action, and ministries of deliverance—and theorize the interactions between these various interventions.
“Buddhism Enters China” in Early Medieval China
Authors: Campany Robert Ford
Published: June 2017

Narratives are important platforms for religious thought and vehicles of religious persuasion. They are not merely “didactic,” and they do not just flesh out, secondarily, religious doctrines. The early medieval centuries in China (c.200–600) saw the importation of Buddhism as well as the rise of organized Daoist religions. Members of both of these traditions sought to position their own understandings and priorities against the other. But there were other contending viewpoints as well, including classicist tradition and local religion. Proponents of all of these perspectives generated, recorded, and transmitted narratives to explain and justify their positions vis-à-vis each other. This chapter examines this general phenomenon in the early medieval period and then analyzes in detail some particular stories as examples. It was, in part, by the fashioning and exchange of stories that the similarities, differences, and relations among multiple religious repertoires were negotiated.
Roman Allotment and the Selection of Bishops
Authors: Stewart Roberta
Published: June 2017

Acts 1: 23–26 describes the selection of Matthias to replace Judas; use of an allotment to select a priest had Jewish, apostolic precedents. Commentators reference Biblical authorities and precedents for a divinely affirmed allotment. The appointment of Christian bishops in the third century CE, however, shows a popular election procedure. This chapter first considers the Christian turn away from allotment to select priests and examines allotment from the Republican into the imperial period, including Roman contexts in the first–fourth centuries CE; second, it summarizes what Christians said about allotment and particularly Matthias’s appointment by lot in the early centuries CE when Christians developed the office of the bishop and there was little evidence for the actual appointment of bishops. How Christian thinkers wrote about allotment and its use in appointing bishops allows us to track Christian appropriation or translation of ancient, classical religious practice.
Life and Death
Authors: Yen Chuan-Ying
Published: June 2017

In early Indian Buddhist art, numerous stupas were erected to store relics commemorating a past Buddha instead of depicting the death of Sakyamuni. Relic cult is the focus of Buddha worship, but in early Chinese Buddhist art, nirvana scenes were not the focus of Buddha’s life, which was an idealized legend. The development and expression of the nirvana image (which symbolizes the transmission of the dharma) with new styles shows how Buddhism adapted to local traditions as it spread into China. From the second half of the sixth century, the nirvana scene was depicted as lamenting the deceased. At the end of the seventh century, nirvana versions were dramatized and glorified in monumental works and blended in with more popular images based on scenes from the Lotus Sutra; this expressed the idea that the dharma is constantly regenerated and was more in line with the hopes and desires of the Chinese people.