bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regards français sur le capitalisme
Authors: LAUTMAN JACQUES
Published: August 2003

Two ambitious books providing a socio-economic overview are analysed: Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme by Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello, and Le nouvel ordre économique mondial by Élie Cohen. Based on scientifically solid documentation, these works contain an ideological element and do not shy away from prophecy. As such, they form part of an approach that is not quite scientific and that, nevertheless, rightly has a place in sociology.
Max Weber's mysticism
Authors: ADAIR-TOTEFF CHRISTOPHER
Published: August 2003

For much of his life Weber favored the rational activity of the ascetic in contrast to the irrational passivity of the mystic. However, Weber developed a growing interest in mysticism both in the East and the West. Johannes Tauler and his teacher Meister Eckhart offered Weber glimpses of the western mystic's beliefs. Perhaps in Weber's last years, religion and mysticism moved from being merely intellectual interests to something more significant and personal.
The sacred calling of intellectual labor in mystic and ascetic Durkheimianism
Authors: RILEY ALEXANDER T.
Published: August 2003

This article explores the Durkheimian engagement with the sacred as intricately enmeshed in a personal search for meaning in intellectual labor. By situating the intellectual work of Durkheim, Mauss, Hubert and Hertz in their personal quests for the sacred, we uncover two kinds of Durkheimian thought on the sacred and two ‘species’ of Durkheimian intellectual. Weber's categories of religious experience, the mystic and the ascetic, frame this rethinking of the meaning of Durkheimian theory.
Un inédit de Marcel Mauss
Authors: PAPILLOUD CHRISTIAN
Published: August 2003

Marcel Mauss never provides us with his conception of politics as he conceives it as a scientific. However, this relationship would have been clear for the scholars who dealt with his life and works. The unpublished text that we present will not only enlighten this shadow zone. It also presents the idea of politics cultivated by Mauss as the scientific he was in the last moments of his intellectual life.
Cunning States and Unaccountable International Institutions: Legal Plurality, Social Movements and Rights of Local Communities to Common Property Resources
Authors: RANDERIA SHALINI
Published: August 2003

The paper analyses the new architecture of global governance which is characterised by unaccountable international institutions and scattered sovereignties. It examines the dilemmas of civil society actors (social movements and NGOs) involved in protecting the rights of local communities through strategic issue-based alliances with the state or the World Bank, whose legitimacy they question in other contexts. The cunning state remains a central actor in selectively transposing neoliberal policies to the national terrain and capitalises on its perceived weakness in order to render itself unaccountable to its citizens. The argument draws on empirical material from India around conflicts over the patenting of genetic resources, biodiversity conservation, forced displacement and privatisation of common property resources.
The ‘Civilizing Process’ in Ghana
Authors: GOODY JACK
Published: August 2003

Norbert Elias went to Ghana as Professor of Sociology for two years. Nevertheless he continued to refer to its inhabitants, despite their rural development, as naturvolk which the civilising process had not touched. That process apparently took off in Europe at the time of the Renaissance and never reached the Third World. The Ghanaians had different kinds of super-ego which did not restrain their behaviour in the same way as Europeans. The lack of restraint is shown in blood sacrifice and in their art, which gives a more direct expression of feeling. Elias' observations were necessarily superficial as he did not carry out fieldwork or learn any languages. He employed them simply to bolster the themes he had developed in a European context rather than using them to modify those themes.
Property in Transition: Conflicts over Ownership in Post-Socialist Shanghai
Authors: DAVIS DEBORAH S. , LU HANLONG
Published: August 2003

Disaggregating property rights into abstract bundles of rights over the use, control, and alienation of property facilitates the systematic comparison of property regimes across time and space. However, because these analytic distinctions ignore the criteria by which individuals choose among competing claims of ownership, they cannot capture the moral reasoning that ultimately institutionalizes a property regime. Using focus group debates over competing claims of ownership to newly privatized urban real estate, this essay identifies four grounded logics of entitlement by which Shanghai residents determine just claims in one post-socialist property regime: a logic of family justice, a logic of state regulation, a logic of the market, and a logic of the family estate. Of note is that the primary criteria by which individuals decided among different logics of entitlement were the rules of the property regime at the time the dwelling first became the family home rather than differences attributable to societal inequalities tied to distinctions of gender, generation or occupation.
Anti-Discrimination Law and the European Union. By Mark Bell. [Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. xxv, 216, (Appendices) 21, (Bibliography) 22, and (Index) 9 pp. Hardback £40.00. ISBN 0–19–924450–2.]
Authors: Stein M.A.
Published: August 2003

Mark Bell’sAnti-Discrimination Law and the European Union, the most recent publication in the Oxford Studies in European Law series, provides a cogent overview of EU anti-discrimination law. While raising some interesting issues in the context of examining discrimination on the grounds of race and sexual orientation, it is mostly descriptive in nature, and thus mainly succeeds as an inductory doctrinal text to the area.
EC Securities Regulation. By Niamh Moloney. [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. lxxxix, 897, and (Index) 42 pp. Hardback £110.00. ISBN 0–19–8268912.].
Authors: Seehafer Bernadette
Published: August 2003

Financial globalisation is bringing deep changes to Europe’s capital markets. Yet EC securities regulation is still an immature body of law with its underlying principles imprecisely articulated, if not sometimes ill defined. Niamh Moloney’s book now provides the first comprehensive study of EC securities regulation that both introduces its regulatory content and, in a more analytical approach, tries to distil its underlying principles from the patchwork of sources, to allow systematisation and critical evaluation. The book is timely, as the amount of legislation produced by European institutions makes an attempt at consolidation and analytical penetration ever more indispensable.
Corporate Governance in Australia and New Zealand. By John Farrar. [Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. xxvi, 472 and (Appendices and Index) 52 pp. Paperback £33.99. ISBN 0–19–551314–2.]
Authors: Sealy L.S.
Published: August 2003

The title chosen for this book may suggest that it is a work written for an antipodean audience and not likely to be of any great interest to readers outside those two countries. Nothing could be further from the truth. Particular reference is, indeed, made to the law and commercial practice in Australia and New Zealand and the author’s comments largely have their focus there; but this is an undertaking which can be described without exaggeration as global both in its conception and its scope. For the English reader, in particular, there is as full and interesting an account of developments in corporate governance in his own jurisdiction as is likely to be found in any other book on the topic; and there is also extensive reference to American and Canadian materials and practice and to the position in the countries of continental Europe, Japan and China.
The first relatively complete exoccipital-opisthotic from the braincase of the Callovian pliosaur, Liopleurodon
Authors: NOÈ LESLIE F. , LISTON JEFF , EVANS MARK
Published: August 2003

A newly recognized left exoccipital-opisthotic of a Callovian pliosaur, derived from the Peterborough or lower Stewarby Members of the Oxford Clay Formation of Peterborough, is described and figured. This isolated bone is tentatively identified as belonging to an ‘adult’ individual of Liopleurodon ferox that is inferred to have had a skull length of 1.26 metres and an overall body length of 6.39 metres.
Changes in organic matter production and accumulation as a mechanism for isotopic evolution in the Mesoproterozoic ocean
Authors: FRANK T. D. , KAH L. C. , LYONS T. W.
Published: August 2003

Mesoproterozoic marine successions worldwide record a shift in average δ13C values from 0 to +3.5‰, with the latter value evident in successions younger than 1250 Ma. New carbon isotope data from the ∼1300 to 1270 Ma Dismal Lakes Group, Arctic Canada, provide further insight into this fundamental transition. Data reveal that the shift to higher δ13C values was gradual and marked by occasional excursions to values less than 0‰. When compared to records from older and younger marine successions, it is evident that the difference between isotopic minima and maxima increased with time, indicating that the marine system evolved to become isotopically more variable. We interpret these patterns to record an increase in the crustal inventory of organic carbon, reflecting eukaryotic diversification and a change in the locus of organic carbon burial to include anoxic deep marine sites where preservation potential was high. We speculate that the release of O2 to Earth's surface environments associated with increased organic carbon storage induced irreversible changes in the Mesoproterozoic biosphere, presaging the more extreme environmental and evolutionary developments of the Neoproterozoic.
Velocity structure of the UK continental shelf from a compilation of wide-angle and refraction data
Authors: CLEGG BARBARA , ENGLAND RICHARD
Published: August 2003

Maps showing depth to the Moho, the 6 km/s and 7 km/s isovelocity surfaces and the thickness of the crust with a velocity greater than 7.0 km/s for the UK and surrounding continental crust have been generated from a compilation of wide-angle/refraction data. The data show that the crust beneath northwestern Scotland is thinner and of higher velocity than that beneath southern Britain. The lower crust beneath the East Irish Sea and parts of the southern North Sea is formed from thick layers of high velocity rock. The lateral extent of these layers cross-cuts the downward projection of major structures mapped at the surface. This suggests that the major structures do not bound regions of lower crust with contrasting properties at depth. Instead these structures may be overprinted by modification of the lower crust, for example, by magmatic underplating, which is not observed directly at the surface. Mapped variations in crustal thickness do not mirror the variations in surface topography, which appears to contradict the view that the crust is in Airy isostatic equilibrium.
Tectonic denudation of a Late Cretaceous–Tertiary collisional belt: regionally symmetric cooling patterns and their relation to extensional faults in the Anatolide belt of western Turkey
Authors: RING UWE , JOHNSON CHRISTOPHER , HETZEL RALF , GESSNER KLAUS
Published: August 2003

Thermochronological data reveal that the Late Cretaceous–Tertiary nappe pile of the Anatolide belt of western Turkey displays a two-stage cooling history. Three crustal segments differing in structure and cooling history have been identified. The Central Menderes metamorphic core complex represents an ‘inner’ axial segment of the Anatolide belt and exposes the lowest structural levels of the nappe pile, whereas the two ‘outer’ submassifs, the Gördes submassif to the north and the Çine submassif to the south, represent higher levels of the nappe pile. A regionally significant phase of cooling in the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene affected the outer two submassifs and the upper structural levels of the Central Menderes metamorphic core complex. In the northern part of the Gördes submassif, cooling was related to top-to-the-NNE movement on the Simav detachment, as the apatite fission-track ages show a northward-younging trend in the direction of movement on this detachment. In the Çine submassif, relatively rapid cooling in Late Oligocene and Early Miocene times may have been related to top-to-the-S extensional reactivation of the basal thrust of the overlying Lycian nappes. The second phase of cooling in the Anatolide belt is related to Pliocene to Recent extension resulting in the formation of the Central Menderes metamorphic core complex in the inner part of the Anatolide belt. Core-complex development caused the formation of supra-detachment graben, which document the ongoing separation of the Central Menderes metamorphic core complex from the outer submassifs.
Neoproterozoic evolution of Western Ethiopia: igneous geochemistry, isotope systematics and U–Pb ages
Authors: GRENNE T. , PEDERSEN R. B. , BJERKGÅRD T. , BRAATHEN A. , SELASSIE M. G. , WORKU T.
Published: August 2003

New geochemical, isotopic and age data from igneous rocks complement earlier models of a long-lived and complex accretionary history for East African Orogen lithologies north of the Blue Nile in western Ethiopia, but throw doubt on the paradigm that ultramafic complexes of the region represent ophiolites and suture zones. Early magmatism is represented by a metavolcanic sequence dominated by pyroclastic deposits of predominantly basaltic andesite composition, which give a Rb–Sr whole-rock errorchron of 873±82 Ma. Steep REE patterns and strong enrichments of highly incompatible trace elements are similar to Andean-type, high-K to medium-K calc-alkaline rocks; εNd values between 4.0 and 6.8 reflect a young, thin continental edge. Interlayered basaltic flows are transitional to MORB and compare with mafic rocks formed in extensional, back-arc or inter-arc regimes. The data point to the significance of continental margin magmatism already at the earliest stages of plate convergence, in contrast with previous models for the East African Orogen. The metavolcanites overlap compositionally with the Kilaj intrusive complex dated at 866±20 Ma (U–Pb zircon) and a related suite of dykes that intrude thick carbonate-psammite sequences of supposedly pre-arc, continental shelf origin. Ultramafic complexes are akin to the Kilaj intrusion and the sediment-hosted dykes, and probably represent solitary intrusions formed in response to arc extension. Synkinematic composite plutons give crystallization ages of 699±2 Ma (Duksi, U–Pb zircon) and 651±5 Ma (Dogi, U–Pb titanite) and testify to a prolonged period of major (D1) contractional deformation during continental collision and closure of the ‘Mozambique Ocean’. The plutons are characterized by moderately peraluminous granodiorites and granites with εNd values of 1.0–2.0. They were coeval with shoshonitic, latitic, trachytic and rare trachybasaltic intrusions with very strong enrichments of highly incompatible trace elements and εNd of 0.4–8.0. The mafic end-member is ascribed to partial melting of enriched sub-continental mantle that carried a subduction component inherited from pre-collision subduction. Contemporaneous granodiorite and granite formation was related to crustal underplating of the mafic magmas and consequent melting of lower crustal material derived from the previously accreted, juvenile arc terranes of the East African Orogen.
The Early Carboniferous Magerøy dykes, northern Norway: palaeomagnetism and palaeogeography
Authors: ROBERTS R. J. , TORSVIK T. H. , ANDERSEN T. B. , REHNSTRÖM E. F.
Published: August 2003

Palaeomagnetic data from the 337 Ma Magerøy dykes (northern Norway) are of exceptionally high quality, and a positive contact test along with an existing regional result from the Silurian Honningsvåg Igneous Suite attests to a primary Early Carboniferous magnetic signature. The palaeomagnetic pole (S14.8°, E320.1°, dp/dm=4.4/8.6°) is the first Early Carboniferous pole from Baltica, and implies that northernmost Norway–Greenland, the Barents Sea and Svalbard were located at tropical to low northerly latitudes at this time. Northward drift during Carboniferous times (5–6 cm/yr) as demonstrated from palaeomagnetic data is also reflected in the sedimentary facies in the Barents Sea realm, that is, a change from tropical (Early Carboniferous) to subtropical (20–30° N) carbonates and evaporites in the Late Carboniferous. The Magerøy dykes are continental tholeiites which intruded into a set of NW–SE-trending normal faults parallel to the Trollfjorden–Komagelva Fault Zone and the Magerøysundet Fault immediately to the north and south of Magerøya, respectively. These, and many other NW–SE-trending faults (onshore and offshore), were active during Late Palaeozoic extension, and the dykes were probably contemporaneous with the earliest syn-rift sedimentation in the Barents Sea (for example, the Nordkapp Basin).
New methods applied to the microstructure analysis of Messel oil shale: confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM)
Authors: NIX THOMAS , FEIST-BURKHARDT SUSANNE
Published: August 2003

Investigations of mass movements of the Messel oil shale in Germany presumed that swell- and especially shrink-deformations of the organic-rich clay were among the factors triggering initial displacements. Within the scope of the present studies, delicate clay/organic microstructures had to be deciphered. Reactions of clay minerals and microstructures upon dehydration were observed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and the distribution of organic matter was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in fluorescence mode. ESEM and CLSM have been demonstrated to be valuable tools for the microstructural characterization of laminated organic-rich sediments. The application of these analytical and imaging techniques will be of great interest to a wide range of geological disciplines such as palaeontology, organic petrology, engineering geology and global change studies.
AN ANALYSIS OF CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION IN KERALA AND GOA
Authors: RAJARAM S. , SUNIL T. S. , ZOTTARELLI LISA K.
Published: August 2003

Improved child health and survival are considered universal humanitarian goals. In this respect, understanding the nutritional status of children has far-reaching implications for the better development of future
generations. The present study assessed, first, the nutritional status of children below 5 years using the three anthropometric measures weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height in two states of India, Kerala and Goa. Secondly, it examined the confounding factors that influence the nutritional status of children in these states. The NFHS-I data for Kerala and Goa were used. The results showed that the relative prevalence of under-weight and wasting was high in Kerala, but the prevalence of stunting was medium. In Goa, on the other hand, the relative prevalence of wasting and underweight was very high, and that of stunting was high. Both socio-economic and family planning variables were significantly associated with malnutrition in these states, but at varied levels. The study recommends more area-specific policies for the development of nutritional intervention
programmes.
ANALYSING CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA WITH TIME-DEPENDENT COVARIATES: THE CASE OF AGE AT FIRST BIRTH IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: AMOATENG ACHEAMPONG YAW , KALULE-SABITI I. , DITLOPO PRUDENCE
Published: August 2003

Analysing time-dependent independent variables requires the use of process-oriented statistical models. Yet social scientists – especially those in poor countries – have often had to use data collected at a single point in time, making their task difficult. Making several assumptions about the covariates, the present study uses survival analysis and other statistical techniques to analyse the 1996 South African population census data and examine the effects of selected independent variables on the timing of parenthood in the country. It was found that the onset of parenthood occurs late in South Africa compared with the pattern in most other African societies. While education plays a role in the postponement of parenthood within racial groups, it fails to explain the differences between African and Coloured women on the one hand, and White and Asian women on the other hand, a finding that suggests the existence of two regimes of family formation in South African society.
PATRILINEAL FAMILY VALUES, FAMILY PLANNING AND VARIATION IN STATURE AMONG TAIWANESE SIX-YEAR-OLDS
Authors: FLOYD B.
Published: August 2003

It has been argued that patrilineal joint family systems tend to bias family planning decisions in favour of sons. A simple model suggests that in such societies, any given son will be more highly valued by his parents (1) the
fewer his brothers and (2) the earlier his birth is in the brother series. A daughter's value will be greater (1) the fewer brothers she has and (2) the earlier her birth is relative to other sisters. This study first addresses the extent of son preference as inferred from family composition data for 772 Taiwanese first-graders born in the mid-1970s in two socioeconomically distinct communities in Taipei, Taiwan. It then uses linear regression to consider whether the model criteria help account for statural variation among children in each study area when controlling for differences in measurement age, parental education and housing. With respect to family composition and gender preference, available evidence was consistent with previous surveys. While better-educated parents in the more affluent study area had significantly fewer children (p<0·0005) and were more willing to stop without a son, girls there, as in the less affluent area, were still significantly more likely than boys to belong to large sibships (p≤0·005). Evidence from mean height of males and females partially accords with hypothetical predictions. In the less affluent area, the interaction effect of male birth order and the presence of younger siblings was significantly associated with mean stature (p=0·002). Males without brothers were 2·0 cm taller than males with either an older or a younger brother (116·3 ± 0·5 cm vs 114·3 ± 0·4 cm). Males who had both younger and older brothers, but often no sisters, were about as tall, however, as those without brothers. A similar, but less pronounced, pattern was found amoung males in the more affluent area, but only among those who had sisters. These boys were also consistently shorter than boys without sisters (115·6 ± 0·6 cm vs 117·7 ± 0·6 cm; p=0·001). Patterns of mean female stature did not clearly support the hypothesis. Girls in the more affluent area were relatively tall and did not show significant variation. Results among less affluent girls showed significant contrasts, but not necessarily in the predicted direction.
PERCEPTION OF RISK OF HIV/AIDS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN KENYA
Authors: AKWARA PRISCILLA A. , MADISE NYOVANI JANET , HINDE ANDREW
Published: August 2003

The association between perception of risk of HIV infection and sexual behaviour remains poorly understood, although perception of risk is considered to be the first stage towards behavioural change from risk-taking
to safer behaviour. Using data from the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, logistic regression models were fitted to examine the direction and the strength of the association between perceived risk of HIV/AIDS and risky sexual behaviour in the last 12 months before the survey. The findings indicate a strong positive association between perceived risk of HIV/AIDS and risky sexual behaviour for both women and men. Controlling for sociodemographic, sexual exposure and knowledge factors such as age, marital status, education, work status, residence, ethnicity, source of AIDS information, specific knowledge of AIDS, and condom use to avoid AIDS did not change the direction of the association, but altered its strength slightly. Young and unmarried women and men were more likely than older and married ones to report risky sexual behaviour. Ethnicity was significantly associated with risky sexual behaviour, suggesting a need to identify the contextual and social factors that influence behaviour among Kenyan people.
A RE-EXAMINATION OF LEVELS AND DIFFERENTIAL IN FERTILITY IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM RECENT EVIDENCE
Authors: UDJO ERIC O.
Published: August 2003

The final estimate of South Africa's population as of October 1996 from the first post-apartheid census by Statistics South Africa was lower (40·6 million) than expected (42 million). The expectation of a total population of 42 million was largely based on results of apartheid projections of South Africa's population. The results of the last apartheid census in South Africa in 1991 had been adjusted such that it was consistent with results modelling the population size of South Africa. The discrepancy between the final estimate of the 1996 census and that expected from the modelling described above, and the departure by Statistics South Africa from previous practice of adjusting the census results to be consistent with demographic models, has generated controversies regarding the accuracy of the final results from the 1996 census. This study re-examines levels and differential in fertility in South Africa from recent evidence in order to assess whether or not the fertility inputs in projections of South Africa's population during the apartheid era overestimated fertility.
SOCIAL LINKAGES TO BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF HEALTH AMONG THE ELDERLY
Authors: WEINSTEIN MAXINE , GOLDMAN NOREEN , HEDLEY ALLISON , YU-HSUAN LIN , SEEMAN TERESA
Published: August 2003

The social environment and exposure to life challenge affect a person's physical and emotional well-being. The present research uses a population-based study of the elderly in Taiwan to elaborate the cumulative physiological costs – as reflected in biological markers of risk factors known to have adverse consequences for health – of challenge and unfavourable position in social hierarchies and networks. Overall, biological markers of risk among the elderly are similar in Taiwan and the United States. However, male and female Taiwanese elderly are at lower risk for illness associated with
indicators of DHEA-S, while women are at higher risk for illness associated with elevated blood pressure, and men at lower risk for illness associated with total/HDL cholesterol, and glycosylated haemoglobin. There are strong and statistically significant effects of position in social hierarchy (education) and challenge (recent widowhood and a perception of high demands) on an index of cumulative risk (allostatic load). Membership in social networks and participation in social activities have expected, but not statistically discernible, effects.
THE INFLUENCE OF BIRTH ORDER ON BIRTH WEIGHT: DOES THE SEX OF PRECEDING SIBLINGS MATTER?
Authors: CÔTÉ KARINE , BLANCHARD RAY , LALUMIÈRE MARTIN L.
Published: August 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the well-established relationship between parity and birth weight is affected by the sex composition of siblings, especially for male newborns. Subjects were
856 male and 862 female newborns who weighed at least 2500 g at birth, who were born after 37 completed weeks of gestation, who obtained an Apgar score of 7 or higher, who had the same biological parents as all other children in the sibship, and who lived in the same household. Information on birth weight was collected from hospital records. Results showed that male newborns with older brothers weighed less than male newborns with older sisters. In contrast, the weight of female newborns with older brothers did not differ from the weight of female newborns with older sisters. One explanation of these results is that maternal immunoreactivity to some male-specific feature of the fetus affects prenatal development and consequently reduces birth weight in males. The relation between older brothers and birth weight may have theoretical significance for behavioural variables.
RELIGIOSITY AND ITS RELATION TO BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG SELECTED KUWAITIS
Authors: AL-KANDARI YAGOUB YOUSIF
Published: August 2003

This study examines the relationship between blood pressure and the religious practices of Kuwaitis as members of a Muslim society. Religious variables were measured via a sociocultural questionnaire. Blood pressure measurements were taken with a sphygmomanometer. Non-opportunistic samples were taken from 223 Kuwaitis. The difference in religious commitment between Muslim Sunnis and Muslim Shiites was examined using a t-test. Matrix correlation was used to examine the relationship between religious commitment and some other variables. Multiple regression was conducted to determine the effect of religiosity on blood pressure, as well as statistically controlling for other variables such as body mass index, socioeconomic status, smoking, gender and age. It was found that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were affected by religious commitment and religious activities.
Double stimulation of the inner ear organs of an anuran species (Alytes cisternasii) with simple tonal advertisement calls
Authors: Bosch J. , Boyero L.
Published: August 2003

Midwife toads present one of the simplest calls in anurans, with the whole energy concentrated in a single band without frequency modulation. The tuning curves of the Iberian midwife toads Alytes cisternasii show the typical bimodal pattern in anurans, with two best excitatory frequencies at 0.412 kHz (corresponding to the amphibian papilla) and at 1.358 kHz (corresponding to the basilar papilla and matching the male call frequency). In this study, the hypothesis that complex calls arose in anurans because they were inherently more attractive to females, since they provided greater acoustic stimulation, was tested. However, our results indicate that splitting the call energy to stimulate both inner ear organs simultaneously, the male call is not more attractive to female midwife toads, but sometimes renders it unattractive. The biological role of the amphibian papilla is discussed in ecological and evolutionary terms.
Habitat preference reflects social organization of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on a wintering ground
Authors: Ersts Peter J. , Rosenbaum Howard C.
Published: August 2003

Habitat preference is driven by a complex interaction among behavioural patterns, biological requirements, and environmental conditions. These variables are difficult to determine for any species but are further complicated for migratory marine mammals, such as humpback whalesMegaptera novaeangliae. Patterns of habitat use in relation to social organization potentially exist for this species on their wintering grounds. Using an integrated GIS approach, we examined the degree to which spatial patterns of habitat stratification are correlated within different humpback whale group types from 6 years of sighting data (1996–2001) collected on the Antongil Bay, Madagascar, wintering ground. Stratification of humpback whale sightings by behavioural classification showed significant variation in depth and distance from shore. Distribution by depth could not be described as a function of group size but could be described as a function of social organization, with mother–calf pairs showing a strong preference for shallower water compared to all other group types. Group size and social organization seem to be factors in distribution by distance from shore. Significant diurnal patterns in distribution by depth and distance from shore also exist, where mother–calf groups maintain a relatively stable distribution and pairs and competitive groups are the most variable. Patterns of habitat preference on this wintering ground appear to be guided by social organization, where distribution by depth and distance from shore highlight areas critical to conservation.
Sexual dimorphism of body size and shell shape in European tortoises
Authors: Willemsen Ronald E. , Hailey Adrian
Published: August 2003

Adult body size and shape were examined in almost 1400 individuals of the tortoises Testudo graeca, T. hermanni and T. marginata from Greece. The size at maturity was greater in females than in males in all three species. Maximum and mean adult sizes were also greater in females than in males in T. graeca and T. hermanni. Males grew to a larger size than females in T. marginata, and mean adult size was similar in the sexes in this species. Sexual dimorphism of shape (adjusted for size covariate) was shown in most of the characters examined, and the degree of this dimorphism differed significantly among the three species. Differences were related to their contrasting courtship behaviours: horizontal head movements and severe biting in T. marginata, vertical head bobs and carapace butting in T. graeca, and mounting and tail thrusting in T. hermanni. There was no difference in the frequency of observations of courtship or fighting among the three species, but courtship was about 10 times more common than combat in males. All species showed greatest courtship activity in autumn; copulation was rarely observed in T. hermanni (only 0.36% of courting males) and not seen in the other species in the field. Observations made throughout the activity season indicated that feeding was equally common in males and females in all three species. Differences in shape were more likely to be the result of sexual selection than of natural selection for fecundity. Detailed predictions are made for sexual dimorphism of other characters in these species.
Patterns of coalition formation and spatial association in a social carnivore, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
Authors: de Villiers Marienne S. , Richardson Philip R. K. , van Jaarsveld Albert S.
Published: August 2003

In many social species, relationships within groups seem to be non‐random but related to variables such as rank, kinship or sexual attractiveness. The endangered African wild dog Lycaon pictus is a social carnivore that lives in large, stable packs, and intra‐pack associations might be expected to display similar patterns. We investigated patterns of coalition formation (support during dominance interactions, and partnership interactions) and resting associations between members of a captive pack of 19 wild dogs. The social organization of the captive pack was similar to that of free‐ranging packs in many respects. Polyadic (group) incidents of coalition support were also observed in a free‐ranging pack. Patterns of coalition formation in the captive pack were related to rank. Most aggressive interactions involved high‐ranking individuals (particularly the alpha, beta and third‐ranking males) and coalitionary support tended to reinforce the existing hierarchy. However, there was at least one example of support influencing a successful rank challenge. Support was affected by potential risks and benefits, the latter including dominance through association and revolutionary alliances. An even stronger pattern overlaid associations between pack members: coalitions and resting associations were strongest between members of the same age–sex cohort, and may have enabled the eventual dominance of younger pack members over adults. Among adults, coalitionary associations were sometimes overridden by intersexual relationships. The results from this captive pack suggest that wild dogs are sensitive to differences in competitive ability. This information, in conjunction with strong affiliative bonds between littermates, is used to manoeuvre for position in the social hierarchy. It may also be important during dispersal, in encounters with other dispersing groups of the same sex. Although most features of the social structure of the captive pack were comparable to those of free‐ranging packs, aspects such as the influence of relatedness on coalition formation still need to be explored.
Sexual behaviour of the Black Mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus welteri), and the evolutionary history of courtship in the Desmognathinae
Authors: Verrell Paul , Mabry Michelle
Published: August 2003

Plethodontid salamanders of the North American subfamily Desmognathinae offer excellent opportunities for an integrative understanding of the form, functions and phylogeny of sexual behaviour patterns. The first description of courtship in the Black Mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus welteri is presented. Once oriented toward their partners, males produce multiple tactile, visual and chemical stimuli that probably function to stimulate, or ‘persuade’, females to mate. Persuasion is accomplished by behaviour patterns that include head rubbing, butterfly, pulling and snapping, and perhaps nudging and tail undulation. Sperm transfer is indirect by a spermatophore that is deposited on the substrate during a sequence of behaviour patterns involving both sexes known as tail‐straddling walk. Fine‐scale synchronization and orientation of partners at this time is crucial for successful insemination. The evolutionary histories of eight sexual behaviour patterns for 19 taxa of desmognathine salamanders are then reconstructed. Our phyloethological analyses suggest that the courtship of desmognathines consists of a mosaic of ancestral (plesiomorphic) and derived (apomorphic) behavioural traits. The greatest variation among taxa involves behaviour patterns that are exhibited early in sexual encounters as, or shortly after, males orient toward females. Behaviour patterns that occur at closer range and most obviously are persuasive in function show less variation among taxa, and those that lead to sperm transfer (tail‐straddling walk) are invariant. While our phyloethological analyses reveal aspects of the evolutionary history of behavioural form in the Desmognathinae, further work is needed before thorough analyses of behavioural functions can be conducted.
Footfall patterns and interlimb co‐ordination in opossums (Family Didelphidae): evidence for the evolution of diagonal‐sequence walking gaits in primates
Authors: Lemelin Pierre , Schmitt Daniel , Cartmill Matt
Published: August 2003

Most primates typically use a diagonal‐sequence footfall pattern during walking. This footfall pattern, which is unusual for mammals, is believed to have originated in ancestral primates in association with the use of grasping extremities for movement and foraging on thin, flexible branches. This theory was tested by comparing gait parameters between the grey short‐tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica and the woolly opossum Caluromys philander, two didelphid marsupials that are strongly differentiated in grasping morphology of the extremities and in their reliance on foraging strategies involving thin branches. One hundred and thirty gait cycles were analysed quantitatively from videotapes of subjects moving quadrupedally on a runway and on poles of different diameters (7 and 28 mm). Duty factor (i.e. duration of the stance phase as a percentage of the stride period) for the forelimb and hindlimb, as well as diagonality (i.e. phase relationship between the forelimb and hindlimb cycles), were calculated for each of these symmetrical gait cycles. We found that the highly terrestrial Monodelphis, like most other non‐primate mammals, relies primarily on lateral‐sequence walking gaits on both runway and poles, and has relatively higher forelimb duty factors. Like primates, the highly arboreal Caluromys uses primarily diagonal‐sequence walking gaits on the runway and pole, with relatively higher hindlimb duty factors and diagonality. The fact that the woolly opossum, a marsupial with primate‐like feet that moves and forages mainly on thin branches, uses primarily diagonal‐sequence gaits when walking supports the view that primate gaits evolved to meet the demands of locomotion on narrow supports. This also demonstrates the functional role of a grasping foot, in association with relatively higher hindlimb duty factors, protraction, and substrate reaction forces, in the production of such walking gaits.
Bone conduction and seismic sensitivity in golden moles (Chrysochloridae)
Authors: Mason Matthew J.
Published: August 2003

Some genera of golden moles are known to possess enormously hypertrophied auditory ossicles. These structures have been implicated as potentially mediating a form of inertial bone conduction, used by the golden mole to detect seismic vibrations. A simple model of ossicular inertial bone conduction, based on an existing model of the human middle ear from the literature, was used in an attempt to examine vibrational sensitivity in these animals. Those golden moles with hypertrophied ossicles are predicted to possess a sensitive inertial bone conduction response at frequencies below a few hundred hertz, whereas species lacking these middle ear adaptations are predicted to have a far less sensitive response in this ecologically important frequency range. An alternative mode of inertial bone conduction in golden moles, potentially conferring sensitivity to vertically‐polarized seismic vibrations such as Rayleigh waves, is proposed. Certain behaviours of golden moles described in the literature are interpreted as augmenting seismic sensitivity.
Landscape features in the habitat selection of European mink (Mustela lutreola) in south‐western Europe
Authors: Zabala Jabi , Zuberogoitia Iñigo , Garin Inazio , Aihartza Joxerra
Published: August 2003

Habitat change is one of the main factors influencing the decline of the western population of European minkMustela lutreola, but data on habitat selection are scarce. Landscape features influencing selection of habitat and resting sites of male European mink were studied using radio‐tracking. None of the habitat descriptors accounted for the habitat selection of European mink during their activity periods. On the other hand, resting site selection was correlated with the presence of bramble patches. Intensive use of bramble patches is explained as a consequence of the need of mink for protection against predators. Moreover, the high availability of bramble patches provides the mink with easy resting sites.
The Limits of US Power: Transatlantic Financial Diplomacy under the Johnson and Wilson Administrations, October 1964–November 1968
Authors: O'HARA GLEN
Published: August 2003

Historians' views of the transatlantic financial diplomacy of the later 1960s have been dominated by the idea of a secret deal made between President Lyndon Johnson and Prime Minister Harold Wilson in 1965, which traded US financial help for a continuation of the United Kingdom's world defence role. This notion has become extremely widespread, and is often taken for granted in historical writing. There was a high level of co-operation between the two men: as a number of writers have made clear, Wilson and Johnson shared a number of unspoken objectives which may have tied the interests of the two leaders together without any formal pact. However, the difficulty with arguments focusing on their ‘deal’ is that such work often underestimates the extent to which Britain was able to manipulate the relationship to its own ends. The United States still required British help, and needed therefore to support Britain in a number of fields – diplomatic, economic and military.
Edge of Darkness: British ‘Front-line’ Diplomacy in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1937
Authors: BUCHANAN TOM
Published: August 2003

British policy during the Spanish Civil War was seen by many at the time as dishonest and dishonourable, and this is a criticism that has survived the opening of the official records to historical scrutiny. Research by Jill Edwards, Douglas Little and, most recently, by Enrique Moradiellos has presented the policy pursued by the British government as cynical, callous and objectively pro-Franco. Understandably, however, the literature on this subject, exemplified in the work of these scholars, has focused primarily on establishing how policy decisions were reached within the Foreign Office and other interested branches of government. What has tended to be neglected by historians (with some notable exceptions) has been the experience of British diplomatic and consular officials in the field. These were the men who carried the triple burden not only of being the eyes and ears of the Foreign Office in Spain, but also of negotiating with government and local authorities and of protecting British lives and interests amidst the chaos of civil war. This article seeks to redress the balance by placing the focus on these ‘front-line diplomats’. It concentrates on the experiences of those British diplomatic and consular staff in the main Republican zone who were most directly exposed to the war, although reference will also be made to officials in the Nationalist zone and in the relative tranquillity of the British embassy in exile at Hendaye. The article is concerned more specifically, although not exclusively, with George Ogilvie-Forbes's tenure as chargé d'affaires in Madrid and Valencia (August 1936–March 1937). For this period Ogilvie-Forbes's own papers offer an unparalleled insight into the private opinions of British diplomats in the front line of civil war, and provide a new perspective on their relationships both with each other and with the Foreign Office. The article concludes with the recasting of the British diplomatic presence in Spain in autumn 1937, with the relocation of the British embassy from Valencia to Caldetas, outside Barcelona, and the appointment of an agent to represent British interests in Nationalist territory. The first part of the article describes the development of the British diplomatic presence in Spain during this period, while the second examines the civil war's impact on individual British diplomats, and how their experiences affected their relationship with their superiors in London.
‘Living the Blackshirt Life’: Culture, Community and the British Union of Fascists, 1932–1940
Authors: SPURR MICHAEL A.
Published: August 2003

The perennial struggle to fix the meaning of fascism has recently entered a phase which might best be described as, if I dare, palingenetic, one of rebirth after a period of crisis or decline. If there is any consensus to be reached from this debate, recently relaunched by Roger Griffin, it might be that fascism is more than simply a variety of political ideology or a category of state system. As recent scholarship has increasingly emphasised, not least Griffin himself, the cultural dimensions of fascist movements, in their many European manifestations, are as significant as their organizational development, their electoral successes and failures or their political programmes. Some have attributed this shift towards considering fascism as a cultural system to George Mosse's anthropologically informed interpretation of fascism. A closer reading of these ‘culturalist’ studies reveals that the euphemistically described ‘linguistic turn’ and social anthropologists, such as Victor Turner and Clifford Geertz, have played a far more significant role in reconceptualising the problem of fascism than has Mosse's work.