bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the transition between seismically coupled and decoupled segments along an ancient subduction interface
Authors: Angiboust Samuel , Kirsch Josephine , Oncken Onno , Glodny Johannes , Monié Patrick , Rybacki Erik
Published: June 2015

The transition zone at the downdip end of seismic coupling along subduction interfaces is often the site of megathrust earthquake nucleation and concentrated postseismic afterslip, as well as the focus site of episodic tremor and slip features. Exhumed remnants of the former Alpine subduction zone found in the Swiss Alps allow analyzing fluid and deformation processes near the transition zone region (30–40 km paleodepth). The Dent Blanche Thrust (DBT) is a lower blueschist‐facies shear zone interpreted as a fossilized subduction interface where granitic mylonites overlie a metamorphosed accretionary wedge. We report field observations from the DBT region where multiple, several tens of meters thick foliated cataclastic networks are interlayered within the basal DBT mylonites. Petrological results and microstructural observations indicate that the various cataclasis events took place at near‐peak metamorphic conditions (400–500°C, 1.1–1.3 GPa) during subduction of the Tethyan seafloor in Eocene times (42–48 Ma). Some of these networks exhibit mutual crosscutting relationships between mylonites, foliated cataclasites, and vein systems indicating mutual overprinting between brittle deformation and ductile creep. Whole‐rock chemical compositions, in situ 40Ar‐39Ar age data of recrystallized phengite, and Sr isotopic signatures reveal that DBT rocks also underwent multiple hydrofracturing and metasomatic events via the infiltration of fluids mainly derived from the oceanic metasediments underneath the DBT. From the rock fabrics, we infer strain rate fluctuations of several orders of magnitude beyond subduction strain rates (∼10−12 s−1) accompanied by fluctuation of supralithostatic and quasi‐lithostatic fluid pressures (1 ≥ λ > 0.95). DBT brittle‐plastic deformation switches highlight the diversity of deformation processes and fluid‐rock interactions in the transition zone region of the subduction interface.
Hydrogen and 40Ar/39Ar isotope evidence for multiple and protracted paleofluid flow events within the long‐lived North Anatolian Keirogen (Turkey)
Authors: Boles Austin , van der Pluijm Ben , Mulch Andreas , Mutlu Halim , Uysal I. Tonguç , Warr Laurence N.
Published: June 2015

We present a new approach to identifying the source and age of paleofluids associated with low‐temperature deformation in the brittle crust, using hydrogen isotopic compositions (δD) and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of authigenic illite in clay gouge‐bearing fault zones. The procedure involves grain‐size separation, polytype modeling, and isotopic analysis, creating a mixing line that is used to extrapolate to δD and age of pure authigenic and detrital material. We use this method on samples collected along the surface trace of today's North Anatolian Fault (NAF). δD values of the authigenic illite population, obtained by extrapolation, are −89 ± 3‰, −90 ± 2‰, and −97 ± 2‰ (VSMOW) for samples KSL, RES4‐1, and G1G2, respectively. These correspond to δD fluid values of −62‰ to −85‰ for the temperature range of 125°C ± 25°, indistinguishable from present‐day precipitation values. δD values of the detrital illite population are −45 ± 13‰, −60 ± 6‰, and −64 ± 6‰ for samples KSL, G1G2, and RES4‐1, respectively. Corresponding δD fluid values at 300°C are −26‰ to −45‰ and match values from adjacent metamorphic terranes. Corresponding clay gouge ages are 41.4 ± 3.4 Ma (authigenic) and 95.8 ± 7.7 Ma (detrital) for sample G2 and 24.6 ± 1.6 Ma (authigenic) and 96.5 ± 3.8 Ma (detrital) for sample RES4‐1, demonstrating a long history of meteoric fluid infiltration in the area. We conclude that today's NAF incorporated preexisting, weak clay‐rich rocks that represent earlier mineralizing fluid events. The samples preserve at least three fluid flow pulses since the Eocene and indicate that meteoric fluid has been circulating in the upper crust in the North Anatolian Keirogen since that time.
Southern Annular Mode and westerly‐wind‐driven changes in Indian‐Atlantic exchange mechanisms
Authors: Loveday B. R. , Penven P. , Reason C. J. C.
Published: June 2015

The dynamical link between the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) remains poorly understood. This partly arises from the complex Agulhas leakage, which occurs via rings, cyclones, and non‐eddy flux. Hindcast simulations suggest that leakage has recently increased but have not decomposed this signal into its constituent mechanisms. Here these are isolated in a realistic ocean model. Increases in simulated leakage are attributed to stronger eddy and non‐eddy‐driven transports, and a strong warming and salinification, especially within Agulhas rings. Variability in both regimes is associated with strengthening Indian Ocean westerly winds, reflecting an increasingly positive Southern Annular Mode. While eddy and non‐eddy flux signals are tied through turbulent eddy dissipation, the ratio between the two varies decadally. Consequently, while altimetry suggests a recent increase in retroflection turbulence and implied leakage, non‐eddy flux may also play a significant role in modulating the leakage AMOC connection.
Haze Days in North China and the associated atmospheric circulations based on daily visibility data from 1960 to 2012
Authors: Chen Huopo , Wang Huijun
Published: June 2015

Haze is a severe hazard that greatly influences traffic and daily life with great economic losses and threats to human health. To enhance understanding of the haze occurrences, this study examined the haze variations over North China and their associated atmospheric circulations for the period of 1960–2012 using daily visibility data. Results indicate that the haze events over this region primarily occur in boreal winter of year and mainly in the morning of day. The results of the analysis of the long‐term variations indicate that the annual haze days were relatively few in the 1960s but increased steeply in the 1970s and have remained stable to the present. Some differences are obvious among seasons. A stably increasing trend is discernable in summer and autumn, relatively low in the 1960s and the 1990s–2000s and relatively high in the 1970s–1980s in spring and winter. Haze variations in urban regions are quite similar to haze variations in rural regions but with more haze days in urban regions because of the high aerosol emissions. Further analyses indicate that the occurrences of severe haze events in boreal winter generally correlate with the weakened northerly winds and the development of inversion anomalies in the lower troposphere, the weakened East Asian trough in the midtroposphere, and the northward East Asian jet in the high troposphere. All of these factors provide a favorable atmospheric background for the maintenance and development of haze events in this region.
Lagrangian tracing of Sahelian Sudan moisture sources
Authors: Salih Abubakr A. M. , Zhang Qiong , Tjernström Michael
Published: June 2015

The Sahelian Sudan is an arid to semiarid region that depends on the seasonal rainfall as the main source of water, but its rainfall has large interannual variability. Such dry regions usually have their main moisture sources elsewhere; thus, the rainfall variability is directly related to the moisture transport. This study seeks to identify source regions of water vapor for Sahelian Sudan during the monsoon period, from July to September. We have used the Lagrangian trajectory model FLEXPART driven by ERA‐Interim reanalysis for the time period 1998 to 2008. The results show that most of the air masses that reach this region during the monsoon period have their major origins over the Arabian Peninsula, Central Africa, or are associated with the tropical easterly jet. Flow associated with Intertropical Convergence Zone contributes almost half of the total precipitated water; most of it comes from Central Africa. This suggests that moisture recycling is the major contributor, compared to Oceanic sources. The flows from the northeast (Arabian Peninsula and north Asia) and east (Horn of Africa and north Indian Ocean) contribute about one third of the precipitated water. The rest of precipitated water comes from the Mediterranean, subtropical Atlantic, and western Sahel, all with smaller contribution. Our results also indicate that different subregions of Sahelian Sudan have different moisture sources. Such result needs to be taken into account in seasonal forecasting practices.
Gravity wave propagation through a vertically and horizontally inhomogeneous background wind
Authors: Heale C. J. , Snively J. B.
Published: June 2015

A combination of ray theory and 2‐D time‐dependent simulations is used to investigate the linear effects of a time‐dependent, vertically, and horizontally inhomogeneous background horizontal wind field on the propagation, refraction, and reflection of small‐scale gravity wave packets. Interactions between propagating waves of different scales are likely to be numerous and important. We find that a static medium‐scale wave wind field of sufficient amplitude can channel and/or critical‐level filter a small‐scale wave or cause significant reflection, depending upon both waves' parameters. However, the inclusion of a time‐dependent phase progression of the medium‐scale wave can reduce energy loss through critical‐level filtering by up to ∼70% and can also reduce reflection by up to ∼60% for the cases simulated. We also find that the relative direction of propagation between the small‐scale and medium‐scale wave can significantly affect small‐scale wave filtering. When the phases are progressing in the same horizontal direction, the small‐scale wave is far more likely to become trapped and ultimately critical‐level filtered than if the phases are propagating in opposite horizontal directions unless reflection occurs first. Considerations of time‐dependent winds associated with medium‐scale‐propagating waves and their directionality are important for assessing the propagation and dispersion of small‐scale waves over large horizontal distances.
Intrinsic Thermal Instability of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite
Authors: Conings Bert , Drijkoningen Jeroen , Gauquelin Nicolas , Babayigit Aslihan , D'Haen Jan , D'Olieslaeger Lien , Ethirajan Anitha , Verbeeck Jo , Manca Jean , Mosconi Edoardo , Angelis Filippo De , Boyen Hans‐Gerd
Published: June 2015

Organolead halide perovskites currently are the new front‐runners as light absorbers in hybrid solar cells, as they combine efficiencies passing already 20% with deposition temperatures below 100 °C and cheap solution‐based fabrication routes. Long‐term stability remains a major obstacle for application on an industrial scale. Here, it is demonstrated that significant decomposition effects already occur during annealing of a methylammonium lead triiode perovskite at 85 °C even in inert atmosphere thus violating international standards. The observed behavior supports the view of currently used perovskite materials as soft matter systems with low formation energies, thus representing a major bottleneck for their application, especially in countries with high average temperatures. This result can trigger a broader search for new perovskite families with improved thermal stability.
Facile Protocol for Catalytic Frustrated Lewis Pair Hydrogenation and Reductive Deoxygenation of Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Mahdi Tayseer , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: June 2015

A series of ketones and aldehydes are reduced in toluene under H2 in the presence of 5 mol % B(C6F5)3 and either cyclodextrin or molecular sieves affording a facile metal‐free protocol for reduction to alcohols. Similar treatment of aryl ketones resulted in metal‐free deoxygenation yielding aromatic hydrocarbons.
Understanding “influence:” an exploratory study of academics' processes of knowledge construction through iterative and interactive information seeking
Authors: Pontis Sheila , Blandford Ann
Published: June 2015

The motivation for this study was to better understand academics’ searching and sensemaking processes when solving exploratory tasks for which they lack pre‐existing frames. We focus on “influence” tasks because, although they appear to be unfamiliar, they arise in much academic discourse, at least tacitly. We report the processes of academics at different levels of seniority when completing exploratory search tasks that involved identifying influential members of their academic community and “rising stars,” and similarly for an unfamiliar academic community. 11 think‐aloud sessions followed by semi‐structured interviews were conducted to investigate the roles of specific and general domain expertise in shaping information seeking and knowledge construction. Academics defined and completed the tasks through an iterative and interactive process of seeking and sensemaking, during which they constructed an understanding of their communities and determined qualities of “being influential”. The Data/Frame Theory of Sensemaking was used to provide sensitising theoretical constructs. The study shows that both external and internal knowledge resources are essential to define a starting point or frame, make and support decisions, and experience satisfaction. Ill‐defined or non‐existent initial frames may cause unsubstantial or arbitrary decisions, and feelings of uncertainty and lack of confidence.
Optimization of bioprocess conditions improves production of a CHO cell‐derived, bioengineered heparin
Authors: Baik Jong Youn , Dahodwala Hussain , Oduah Eziafa , Talman Lee , Gemmill Trent R. , Gasimli Leyla , Datta Payel , Yang Bo , Li Guoyun , Zhang Fuming , Li Lingyun , Linhardt Robert J. , Campbell Andrew M. , Gorfien Stephen F. , Sharfstein Susan T.
Published: June 2015

Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world today. Heparin is currently produced from animal tissues, primarily porcine intestines. A recent contamination crisis motivated development of a non‐animal‐derived source of this critical drug. We hypothesized that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells could be metabolically engineered to produce a bioengineered heparin, equivalent to current pharmaceutical heparin. We previously engineered CHO‐S® cells to overexpress two exogenous enzymes from the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic pathway, increasing the anticoagulant activity ∼100‐fold and the heparin/heparan sulfate yield ∼10‐fold. Here, we explored the effects of bioprocess parameters on the yield and anticoagulant activity of the bioengineered GAGs. Fed‐batch shaker‐flask studies using a proprietary, chemically‐defined feed, resulted in ∼two‐fold increase in integrated viable cell density and a 70% increase in specific productivity, resulting in nearly three‐fold increase in product titer. Transferring the process to a stirred‐tank bioreactor increased the productivity further, yielding a final product concentration of ∼90 μg/mL. Unfortunately, the product composition still differs from pharmaceutical heparin, suggesting that additional metabolic engineering will be required. However, these studies clearly demonstrate bioprocess optimization, in parallel with metabolic engineering refinements, will play a substantial role in developing a bioengineered heparin to replace the current animal‐derived drug.
Helsinki experience on nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants for treating cervical artery dissection
Authors: Mustanoja Satu , Metso Tiina M. , Putaala Jukka , Heikkinen Noora , Haapaniemi Elena , Salonen Oili , Tatlisumak Turgut
Published: May 2015

Background

Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) patients with or without stroke are frequently treated with either antiplatelet agents or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), but few data are reported on the use of nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs).

Methods

Between November 2011 and January 2014, we recorded data from patients with a stroke due to vertebral (VAD) or internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD). Patients using oral anticoagulants were included in the study and were divided into two treatment groups: patients using NOACs and those using VKAs. Excellent outcome was defined on modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤1 at 6 months.

Results

Of 68 stroke patients (67% male; median age 45 [39–53]), six (8.8%; two with VAD and four with ICAD) were treated with NOACs: three with direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and three with direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at baseline was 4 (3–7) in the NOAC versus 2 (1–7) in the VKA groups. Complete recanalization at 6 months was seen in most patients in the NOAC (n = 5; 83%) and VKA (n = 34; 55%) groups. All the patients using NOACs had mRS ≤1 at 6 months and none had an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the VKA group most patients (n = 48; 77%) had mRS ≤1, one patient (1.7%) had an ICH and one died.

Conclusions

In this small, consecutive single‐center patient sample treating ischemic stroke patients with CeAD with NOACs did not bring up safety concerns and resulted in similar, good outcomes compared to patients using VKAs.
Blood pressure differences between patients with lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts
Authors: Altmann Marianne , Thommessen Bente , Rønning Ole Morten , Reichenbach Antje S. , Fure Brynjar
Published: June 2015

Background

Elevated blood pressure is frequently seen in acute stroke, and patients with lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts may have different underlying mechanisms for increase in blood pressure. The impact of hypertension as a risk factor may also vary. The aims of the present study were to investigate blood pressure in patients presenting with lacunar syndromes but with different anatomical subtypes of stroke, to explore the impact of subtype on blood pressure, and to identify stroke‐related factors associated with hypertension.

Methods

Consecutive patients presenting with an acute lacunar syndrome were enrolled. Patients were classified into a lacunar or nonlacunar group based on radiological verified infarcts. Blood pressure was measured. Between‐group differences were analyzed by χ2‐test, t‐test, and Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate. We performed linear regression to analyze the association between blood pressure and lacunar infarct, and multiple linear regression to adjust for other covariates.

Results

One hundred thirteen patients were included. Seventy five percent had lacunar and 25% nonlacunar infarcts. There was no significant difference in clinical severity between the two groups. In the linear regression model, we found a significant association between blood pressure and lacunar infarct. No other factor was significantly associated with blood pressure in the two groups.

Conclusions

Lacunar infarcts may be independently associated with higher blood pressure compared to nonlacunar infarcts with the same clinical severity. Blood pressure differences between different subtypes of stroke may not be related to clinical severity but to the underlying cause of stroke.
Synthesis of Fluorene‐Bridged Arylene Vinylene Fluorophores: Effects of End‐Capping Groups on the Optical Properties, Aggregation Induced Emission
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Feng , Chen Tao , Chen Ze‐Qiang , Aldred Matthew P. , Meng Xianggao , Zhu Ming‐Qiang
Published: June 2015

We have synthesized a series of fluorene‐based fluorophores, in which a central fluorene core has been modified with different peripheral arylene vinylene substituents that are able to activate aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. 9,9‐Dioctylfluorene doubly end‐capped at the 2,7‐positions with triphenylethene groups, such as 4‐(2,2‐diphenylvinyl)phenyl (F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE) and 4‐(1,2‐diphenylvinyl)phenyl (F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE) were synthesized and compared to the tetraphenylethene analogue (F1‐TPE). Both F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE and F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE glow with a deep blue fluorescence in THF solution with emission maxima (λem) of 426 and 403 nm, respectively. The λem slightly red‐shifts in the solid‐state to 458 nm for F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE and 437 nm for F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE. The fluorescence quantum yields (øF) of F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE (øF=35.1 %) and F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE (øF=26.2%) were found to be higher in solution compared to the near quenching of F1‐TPE (øF=0.1%). Consequently, this results in weaker AIE‐stability of F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE (αAIE=1.5) and F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE (αAIE=1.9) compared to F1‐TPE (αAIE=125), suggesting that four phenyl groups are necessary for efficient AIE‐activity of these fluorene bridged arylene vinylene type materials. In addition, decreasing the steric hindrance around the arylene vinylene moiety by removal of a phenyl ring is another method to decrease the AIE characteristics, in a similar manner to the commonly known "phenyl‐locking". Non‐polar triphenylethenes are poorer AIE materials than their tetraphenylethene analogues. Replacing the hydrogen atom of F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE with a cyano group affords fluorene end‐capped with 2,3,3‐triphenylacrylonitrile (F1‐TPAN), which boosts the AIE‐effect to αAIE=90.5 and red‐shifts the solid‐state emission (λem=528 nm) with near quenching in THF solution (øF=0.12%). X‐ray crystallographic analysis of F1‐TPAN indicates that the introduction of cyano groups can not only diminish the intramolecular steric hindrance in comparison of F1‐TPE, but also improve the molecular cohesion ability via multiple CH···N interactions.
Both tumor depth and diameter are predictive of sentinel lymph node status and survival in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Smith Franz O. , Yue Binglin , Marzban Suroosh S. , Walls Brooke L. , Carr Michael , Jackson Ryan S. , Puleo Christopher A. , Padhya Tapan , Cruse C. Wayne , Gonzalez Ricardo J. , Sarnaik Amod A. , Schell Michael J. , DeConti Ronald C. , Messina Jane L. , Sondak Vernon K. , Zager Jonathan S.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the impact of primary tumor‐related factors on the prediction of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) status and 2) to identify clinical and pathologic factors associated with survival in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).

METHODS

An institutional review board–approved, retrospective review of patients with MCC treated between 1988 and 2011 at a single center was performed. Patients were categorized into 5 groups: 1) negative SLN, 2) positive SLN, 3) clinically node‐negative but SLN biopsy not performed, 4) regional nodal disease without a known primary tumor, and 5) primary MCC with synchronous clinically evident regional nodal disease. Factors predictive of the SLN status were analyzed with logistic regressions, and overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were analyzed with Cox models and competing risk models assuming proportional hazards, respectively.

RESULTS

Three hundred seventy‐five patients were analyzed, and 70% were male; the median age was 75 years. The median tumor diameter was 1.5 cm (range, 0.2‐12.5 cm), and the median tumor depth was 4.8 mm (range, 0.3‐45.0 mm). One hundred ninety‐one patients underwent SLN biopsy, and 59 (31%) were SLN‐positive. Increasing primary tumor diameter and increasing tumor depth were associated with SLN positivity (P = .007 and P = .017, respectively). Age and sex were not associated with the SLN status. Immunosuppression, increasing tumor diameter, and increasing tumor depth were associated with worse OS (P = .007, P = .003, and P = .025, respectively). DSS differed significantly by group and was best for patients with a negative SLN and worst for those with primary MCC and synchronous clinically evident nodal disease (P = .018).

CONCLUSION

For patients with MCC, increasing primary tumor diameter and increasing tumor depth are independently predictive of a positive SLN, worse OS, and worse DSS. Tumor depth should be routinely reported when primary MCC specimens are being evaluated histopathologically. Cancer 2015;121:3252–3260. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Gas Sorption Properties of Isostructural Co‐MOFs Containing Dipyridylporphyrin Linkers with Different Substituents at the 10,20‐meso‐Positions
Authors: Choi In‐Hwan , Chae Seung Hyun , Huh Seong , Lee Suk Joong , Kim Sung‐Jin , Kim Youngmee
Published: June 2015

Two new isostructural 3D dipyridylporphyrin‐based MOFs, [Co(DpyDClP)]6·18H2O (I) and [Co(DpyDCNP)]6·18H2O (II), were prepared and structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography [DpyDClP: 5,15‐di(4‐pyridyl)‐10,20‐di(4‐chlorophenyl)porphyrin; DpyDCNP: 5,15‐di(4‐pyridyl)‐10,20‐di(4‐cyanophenyl)porphyrin]. They display exactly the same framework structures, notwithstanding different substituents at the 10,20‐meso‐positions of the dipyridylporphyrin backbones. Both substituents, –Cl for I and –CN for II, are completely exposed to the open space of solvent‐free I and II. Therefore, the two MOFs have the same framework structures with distinct pore functionalities. Solvent‐free I and II have solvent‐accessible void volumes of 17.3 and 14.9 %, respectively. The thermal properties of I and II are very similar, but the gas sorption properties strongly depend on the pore dimensions and functionalities. Compound I has a higher uptake of CO2 compared with that of II due to its larger void volume. Particularly, CO2 sorption isotherms at 196 K indicate dramatically different patterns depending on the meso‐substituents. Whereas I shows S‐shape isotherms for CO2 adsorption/desorption at 196 K, II does not. The sorption of N2, H2, and CH4 by the two MOFs was also investigated.
Study of the Chemoselectivity of Multicomponent Heterocyclizations Involving 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole and Pyruvic Acids as Key Reagents, and Biological Activity of the Reaction Products
Authors: Murlykina Maryna V. , Sakhno Yana I. , Desenko Sergey M. , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Sysoiev Dmytro O. , Kornet Maryna N. , Schols Dominique , Goeman Jan L. , Van der Eycken Johan , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Chebanov Valentin A.
Published: June 2015

Three‐component reactions involving 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, aldehydes, including salicylic aldehydes, and pyruvic acids were studied in detail. The reaction pathway and products of the heterocyclizations could be changed by variation of the reaction parameters. The broad antimicrobial activity of the products was also studied. Compound 9d showed specific anti‐influenza virus (A/H1N1) activity, with an IC50 of 0.57 μM and a CC50 of >100 μM.
Concise Construction of Bicyclo[6.4.0] and ‐[7.4.0] Frameworks by [4+2] Cycloaddition of 3,4‐Dimethylene‐2,5‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)cycloalk‐1‐enes
Authors: Mukai Chisato , Ueda Masanobu , Takahashi Yasuhito , Inagaki Fuyuhiko
Published: June 2015

The thermal intermolecular [4+2] cycloadditions of vicinal bis(exo‐methylene)cyclooctene with carbon dienophiles efficiently produce the bicyclo[6.4.0] framework. Similar cycloadditions with the one‐carbon‐homologated cyclononene derivatives result in the formation of the bicyclo[7.4.0] skeleton. Both aza‐ and oxadieonphiles are suitable for this [4+2] reaction and provide the corresponding hetero‐Diels–Alder‐type products.
Landforms as extended composite phenotypes
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D.
Published: June 2015

Biotic influences on geomorphology (and vice‐versa) are ubiquitous. This paper explores whether landforms may be extended (composite) phenotypes of biota, based on four criteria: process–form relationships between biota and landforms; evolutionary synchrony; selective pressure via ecosystem engineering and niche construction; and positive feedback benefitting the engineer organism(s). Coral reefs, peat bogs, biomantles, insect mounds, grassland soils, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, and some vegetation‐dependent sand dune types clearly meet these criteria. Karst landforms, meandering rivers, and tree uprooting pit‐mound systems meet the first three criteria, but positive feedback to engineer organisms has not been established. Research in biogeomorphology will surely identify other extended phenotypes. Implications are that biological evolution will continue to drive landscape metamorphosis, the appearance of new landform types, and presumably the disappearance of extended phenotypes associated with extinct species. Independently of extended phenotypes, tightly‐coupled geomorphological–ecological interactions such as coevolution, and biogeomorphic forms of ecosystem engineering and niche construction are common. The toposphere, encompassing Earth's landforms, is partly a biotic construct. Some elements would be present in an abiotic world, but the toposphere would not exist in anything resembling its contemporary state without a biosphere. This raises important questions with respect to Earth system evolution. The bio, litho‐, atmo‐, hydro‐, topo‐, and pedospheres coevolve at the global scale. Major biotic events have driven revolutions in the other spheres, but the atmosphere and the global hydrological system seem to have been relatively steady‐state at the global scale. The toposphere and pedosphere have not. This suggests that perhaps landforms and soils provide the major mechanisms or degrees of freedom by which Earth responds to biological evolution. Landforms and soils may thus be the ‘voice’ of the biosphere as it authors planetary change, even if clear biotic signatures are lacking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of shallow groundwater–surface water interactions on the hydrological connectivity and water budget of a wetland complex
Authors: Brannen Rosa , Spence Christopher , Ireson Andrew
Published: June 2015

Linkages between the controls on surface storage and catchment streamflow response were examined in a wetland‐dominated basin in the Canadian Prairie Pothole region. Snowmelt, surface storage, water table elevation, atmospheric fluxes, and streamflow were monitored during spring snowmelt and summer in a 1 km2 sub‐catchment containing a semi‐permanent pond complex connected via an intermittent stream. Snow accumulation in the basin in the spring of the 2013 study year was the largest in the 24‐year record. Rainfall totals in 2013 were close to the long term average, although June was an anomalously wet month. The water budget of the pond complex indicates that there was a significant subsurface contribution to surface storage. Activation of an effective transmission zone occurred between uplands and the stream network where the water table was located near the ground surface, which allowed significant lateral movement of subsurface water into the stream network. This was also important for maintaining and re‐establishing surface connectivity and streamflow during rainfall events. The observed period of surface‐water connectivity was one of the longest on record in the catchment due to unusually wet conditions; nevertheless, the results of this study have implications for how contributing area and runoff should be considered in monitoring and modelling studies in the region, as inclusion of more frequent and varied runoff processes will be essential to understanding changing streamflow regimes. © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication Styles, Cultural Values, and Counseling Effectiveness With Asian Americans
Authors: Kim Bryan S. K. , Park Yong S.
Published: June 2015

This study examined counseling intervention designed for Asian Americans. Participants (N = 158) rated session effectiveness after viewing a videotape of a counselor using a culturally congruent or incongruent communication style. Analyses of variance showed that the incongruent style was viewed as more satisfying and credible than the congruent style. Factor analysis showed that participants perceived “being direct” and “maintaining harmony” styles, and multiple regression analyses revealed that these perceptions had a positive relationship with effectiveness.
Relational Dynamics Within the Context of Deafness: A Case Study of the Supervision Triad
Authors: Hanks Brooks Bastian , Hill Nicole R.
Published: June 2015

The d/Deaf population is one that is underserved and underrecognized. Given the heightened mental health needs of this cultural group, it is critical that the counseling profession foster the professional training of d/Deaf counselor trainees. This case study provides a detailed description of the experience of a Deaf counselor trainee, hearing supervisor, and sign language interpreter in a supervision triad. The emergent themes focused on the continual development of relationships, challenges, and focus of supervision.
Three‐Dimensional in Vitro Model to Study Osteobiology and Osteopathology
Authors: Krishnan Venkatesh , Vogler Erwin A. , Mastro Andrea M.
Published: June 2015

The bone is an amazing organ that grows and remodels itself over a lifetime. It is generally accepted that bone sculpting in response to stress and force is carried out by groups of cells contained within bone multicellular units that are coordinated to degrade existing bone and form new bone. Because of the nature of bone and the extensiveness of the skeleton, it is difficult to study bone remodeling in vivo. On the other hand, because the bone contains a complex environment of many cell types, is it possible to study bone remodeling in vitro? We propose that one can at minimum study the interaction between osteoblasts (bone formation) and osteoclasts (bone degradation) in a three dimensional (3D) “bioreactor”. Furthermore, one can add bone degrading metastatic cancer cells, and study how they contribute to and take part in the bone degradation process. We have primarily cultured and differentiated MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts for long periods (2–10 months) before addition of bone marrow osteoclasts and/or metastatic (MDA‐MB‐231), metastasis suppressed (MDA‐MB‐231BRMS1) or non‐metastatic (MCF‐7) breast cancer cells. In the co‐culture of osteoblasts and osteoclasts there was clear evidence of matrix degradation. Loss of matrix was also evident after co‐culture with metastatic breast cancer cells. Tri–culture permitted an evaluation of the interaction of the three cell types. The 3D system holds promise for further studies of cancer dormancy, hormone, and cytokine effects and matrix manipulation. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2715–2723, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of V‐H+‐ATPase, Na+/K+‐ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase in gill lamellae of adult freshwater euryhaline shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)
Authors: Maraschi Anieli Cristina , Freire Carolina Arruda , Prodocimo Viviane
Published: June 2015

Physiological (organismal), biochemical, and molecular biological contributions to the knowledge of the osmoregulatory plasticity of palaemonid freshwater shrimps has provided a fairly complete model of transporter localization in their branchial epithelium. Direct immunological demonstration of the main enzymes in the gill epithelia of adult palaemonids is, however, still incipient. The diadromous freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus was exposed to increased salinity (25‰ for 24 hr), and its responses at the systemic level were evaluated through the assays of hemolymph osmolality and muscle hydration, and at cellular and subcellular levels through the activity and localization of the V‐H+‐ATPase, the Na+/K+‐ATPase, and the carbonic anhydrase. Results showed an increase in hemolymph osmolality (629 ± 5.3 mOsm/kg H2O) and a decrease in muscle hydration (73.8 ± 0.5%), comparing values after 24 hr in 25‰ with control shrimps in freshwater (respectively 409.5 ± 15.8 mOsm/kg H2O and 77.5 ± 0.4%). V‐H+‐ATPase was localized in pillar cells, whereas Na+/K+‐ATPase in the septal cells. The main novelty of this study was that carbonic anhydrase was localized in the whole branchial tissue, in pillar and septal cells. Exposure to high salinity for 24 hr led to no detectable changes in their localization or in vitro activity. Immunolocalization data corroborated the literature and current models of palaemonid gill ion transport. The absence of changes reinforces the need for the constant expression of these enzymes to account for the euryhalinity of these shrimps. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 414–421, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Viviparous placentotrophy in reptiles and the parent–offspring conflict
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G.
Published: June 2015

In placentotrophic viviparous reptiles, pregnant females deliver nutrients to their developing fetuses by diverse morphological specializations that reflect independent evolutionary origins. A survey of these specializations reveals a major emphasis on histotrophy (uterine secretion and fetal absorption) rather than hemotrophy (transfer between maternal and fetal blood streams). Of available hypotheses for the prevalence of histotrophic transfer, the most promising derives insights from the theoretical parent–offspring conflict over nutrient investment. I suggest that histotrophy gives pregnant females greater control over nutrient synthesis, storage, and delivery than hemotrophic transfer, reflecting maternal preeminence in any potential parent–offspring competition over nutrient investment. One lizard species shows invasive ovo‐implantation and direct contact between fetal tissues and maternal blood vessels, potentially conferring control over nutrient transfer to the embryo. Future research on squamates will benefit from application of parent–offspring conflict theory to the transition from incipient to substantial matrotrophy, as well as by testing theory‐derived predictions on both facultatively and highly placentotrophic forms. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 532–548, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender differences in chronic HBsAg carriers in Italy: Evidence for the independent role of male sex in severity of liver disease
Authors: Stroffolini Tommaso , Esvan Rozenn , Biliotti Elisa , Sagnelli Evangelista , Gaeta Giovanni Battista , Almasio Piero Luigi
Published: June 2015

It has been shown that sexual hormones have an opposite effect on hepatic fibrosis progression and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Sex differences among 2,762 chronic HBsAg carriers consecutively referring Italian hospitals in 2001 and in 2007 have been evaluated, particularly focusing on the role of gender on severity of liver disease. The overall sex ratio (males/females) was 2.6. Females were more likely born abroad and new diagnosis cases; but less likely HIV coinfected. No sex difference was observed regarding coinfection with other hepatitis viruses. The sex ratio linearly increased with increasing severity of liver disease, being 1.3 in normal ALT, 2.8 in chronic hepatitis, 3.6 in liver cirrhosis, and 6.8 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Adjustment by multiple logistic regression analysis for the confounding effect of age, alcohol intake, HDV infection, HCV infection, and BMI shows that male gender is an independent predictor of the likelihood of more severe liver disease (O.R. 1.7; C.I. 95% = 1.3–2.1). HBV‐DNA levels resulted not associated with the outcome of chronic HBV infection. Despite some potential risk factors associated with liver disease, such as HBV genotype or mutations, not having been controlled for due to lack of availability, the observed sex disparity in the outcome of chronic HBV infection may support biological obervation that HBV infection could be considered a sex hormone–responsive virus. J. Med. Virol. 87:1899–1903, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Counselor Cognitive Complexity: Correlating and Comparing the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator With the Role Category Questionnaire
Authors: Rashid George J. , Duys David K.
Published: June 2015

This study examined personality types and cognitive complexity levels in counseling trainees. Data from graduate‐level counseling students were collected (N = 74). Cognitive complexity levels were measured using the Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) and personality types were measured using the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator. Results showed that perceiving types tended to perform better on the RCQ than judging types, and that those who were highly differentiated in all preferences overall tended to score higher on the RCQ. These findings have implications for employment and career counselors and their clients who are, or aspire to be, in the helping profession.
Hyperimmunised bovine milk and whey: influence of pH and enzymatic treatments on the antigen‐binding capacity of immunoglobulin G
Authors: Dugnol Julia , Riera Francisco A
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Hyperimmunised bovine milk and whey (whole and defatted) were submitted at 37°C to different pH values (between 1 and 10) and enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin) at their optimum pH and the IgG immunoactivity against Campylobacter jejuni was measured by means of ELISA assays.

RESULTS

The kinetic antigen‐binding capacity (ABC) losses follow a hyperbolic‐type equation. The ABC of IgG is strongly reduced at low pH (1 and 2) and the effect is lower at alkaline pH (8 and 10). The presence of pepsin (at their optimum pH of 2) almost completely reduced the IgG ABC after 2 h of treatment. The ABCs are higher in whole products (milk and whey). The influence of trypsin and quimotrypsin on the ABCs is moderate (ABC losses lower that 25%).

CONCLUSIONS

The ABC of IgG obtained from hyperimmunised bovine defatted milk and whey is largely reduced in conditions similar to those found in the human digestive tract. Only whole milk can maintain around 40% of their initial ABC. IgG encapsulation or other methods to protect the immunoglobulin activities could be an alternative to use these type of products in final foods formulae. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Connecting free volume with shape memory properties in noncytotoxic gamma‐irradiated polycyclooctene
Authors: Axpe Eneko , García‐Huete Nuria , Cuevas José María , Ribeiro Clarisse , Mérida David , Laza José Manuel , García José Ángel , Vilas José Luis , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu , Plazaola Fernando , León Luis Manuel
Published: June 2015

The free volume holes of a shape memory polymer have been analyzed considering that the empty space between molecules is necessary for the molecular motion, and the shape memory response is based on polymer segments acting as molecular switches through variable flexibility with temperature or other stimuli. Therefore, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) have been applied to analyze shape recovery and free volume hole sizes in gamma‐irradiated polycyclooctene (PCO) samples, as a noncytotoxic alternative to more conventional PCO crosslinked via peroxide for future applications in medicine. Thus, a first approach relating structure, free volume holes and shape memory properties in gamma‐irradiated PCO is presented. The results suggest that free volume holes caused by gamma irradiation in PCO samples facilitate the recovery process by improving movement of polymer chains and open possibilities for the design and control of the macroscopic response. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1080–1088
Evidence of carbon nanoparticle–solvent molecule interactions in Raman and fluorescence spectra
Authors: Dolenko Tatiana , Burikov Sergey , Laptinskiy Kirill , Rosenholm Jessica M. , Shenderova Olga , Vlasov Igor
Published: June 2015

Interactions of oxidized detonation nanodiamond and carbon dots with protic solvent molecules in suspensions of water, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol were studied by Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. The structure of the solvent at the interface with nanoparticles and the strength of the hydrogen bonds between the functional groups on the surface of the nanoparticles and the solvent molecules depend on the type of solvent. The molecules of the solvent affect the fluorescent properties of the nanoparticles. It was found that the more intense fluorescence of nanoparticles corresponds to weaker hydrogen bonding between the surface of the carbon nanoparticles and the surrounding molecules of the solvent. The mechanism of mutual influence of the carbon nanoparticles and the solvent on the properties of each other has been suggested.

Fluorescence properties of nanodiamonds in the solvents with different hydrogen bonding.
An extension of Bayesian predictive sample size selection designs for monitoring efficacy and safety
Authors: Teramukai Satoshi , Daimon Takashi , Zohar Sarah
Published: June 2015

Most exploratory clinical trials in cancer are designed as single‐arm trials using a binary efficacy outcome with or without interim monitoring. In this context, we have proposed a Bayesian adaptive design denoted as predictive sample size selection design (PSSD), which considered a binary efficacy outcome associated with early futility stopping (Statistics in Medicine 2012; 31: 4243‐4254). As a matter of course, it would be more ethical and informative to evaluate safety as well as efficacy during the course of a trial. However, in most of the trials, only major adverse events are taken into account for early termination of the trial, and safety itself is used as a secondary endpoint. In this paper, we propose an extension of the PSSD to monitor efficacy, take into consideration the sample size adaptation during the trial and add continuous monitoring of safety to the trial design. This method is developed in the Bayesian framework, in which a decision to stop for reasons of safety can be made based on the posterior probability or predictive probability, not necessarily at the time of pre‐specified monitoring for efficacy. We investigate the operating characteristics of the proposed method through simulation studies and show that the posterior probability‐based method with less informative prior to monitor safety has more reasonable performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the Disability from Congenital Anomalies Averted Through Pediatric Surgery: A Cross‐Sectional Comparison of a Pediatric Surgical Unit in Kenya and Canada
Authors: Poenaru D. , Pemberton J. , Frankfurter C. , Cameron B. H.
Published: June 2015

Background

Pediatric surgical practice is different in low‐ and middle‐income countries as compared to North America. While resources are limited, the impact of pediatric surgical procedures is significant. The objective of this study was to calculate and compare disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) averted in a Kenyan and Canadian surgical unit for a subset of pediatric congenital anomalies.

Methods

Medical records of children having undergone surgical procedures for 13 congenital conditions in both surgical units were collected over 12 months. DALYs for each condition were calculated using previously obtained disability weights derived in each country. Age‐adjusted life expectancy rates from the WHO were used to determine years of life lost. Risk of permanent disability without surgery and probability of successful treatment values were obtained from the literature and included in the DALY calculation.

Results

The conditions accounting for the largest total number of averted DALYs in Kenya were hydrocephalus (60.8 %) and spina bifida (18.1 %), whereas in Canada they were hydrocephalus (24.2 %) and undescended testes (19.2 %). A total of 23,169 DALYs were averted through 1042 surgical procedures (22.2 DALYs per procedure) during the study period in Kenya, compared to 5497 DALYs through 373 procedures (14.7 DALYs per procedure) in Canada.

Conclusions

Using recent developments in burden of disease measurement, the results point to the significant impact of pediatric surgical centers in addressing the global burden of congenital surgical disease. The study carries significant implications for resource allocation and training.