bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Globalisation and labour immiserisation in Australia
Authors: Dias Karunaratne Neil
Published: July 2002

The dissolving trade barriers, financial deregulation, hyper‐mobility of capital and the rapid diffusion of new information technologies have ushered the Australian economy into the borderless world. The orthodoxy that states that centralised wage‐fixing in Australia has impeded wage flexibility and resulted in high unemployment is unconvincing. Partly, this is because in the 1980s Australian labour market institutions have been decentralised and decollectivised in response to pressures from the borderless world. The insights garnered from cross‐sectional comparative statics that, first, skill‐biased Schumpeterian technological change was the major cause of labour immiserisation and, second, adverse Stolper‐Samuelson trade played an insignificant effect need to be reviewed. Parsimonious dynamic time‐series models of trade and technology have been formulated using general‐to‐specific methods after taking account of stochastic trends through unit root and cointegration tests. Granger causality and non‐nested tests applied to these models support the contention that both trade and technology contributed to increasing wage disparity during the borderless era. Moreover the supply side factors such as female participation, immigration and institutional factors such as deunionisation have also increased wage disparity. The deregulation of the Australian labour market by the Workplace Relations Act, whilst an inevitable response to achieve competitiveness in the borderless world market, would exacerbate wage inequality. Policies aimed at skill accumulation on the one hand, and social welfare policies involving negative income taxes on the other may have to be implemented to mitigate the deleterious social effects of rising wage inequality.
The long‐run relation between a black market exchange rate and the trade balance
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the long‐run relationship between Iranian trade balance and the black market value of Iranian rial by employing cointegration technique. It is shown that in a oil producing country like Iran due to rent‐seeking opportunities, depreciation of the rial in the black market has an adverse effect on the Iranian trade balance.
Competitive money supply: the international monetary system in perspective
Authors: Cesarano Filippo
Published: July 2002

This paper inquires into monetary standards, focusing on the characteristics of money instead of the exchange rate regime. The transition from commodity to fiat money, a major break in monetary evolution, has led to international arrangements that represent an application of the competitive money supply model (section 1), which is consistent with various optimality criteria and has far‐reaching implications for the future development of the monetary system (section 2).
Adam Smith on growth and credit – Too weak a connection?
Authors: Skaggs Neil T.
Published: July 2002

Adam Smith’s theory of economic growth, as presented in the Wealth of Nations, is based upon the potential for increasing returns in manufacturing generated by increased specialization and division of labour and upon the accumulation of real capital, which is necessary to support the greater division of labour. The increasing returns part of Smith’s theory leaves open the possibility that bank credit, issued judiciously, might be used to extend the market and so increase an economy’s growth rate. However, Smith’s theory of bank credit and note extension is quite conservative. Henry Dunning Macleod, a century after Smith, made much of the potential of credit to extend the market. Notes Smith’s apparent inconsistency and considers reasons why he might have chosen not to promote the use of credit to enhance economic growth.
Novarc brings spray‐formed tooling to market
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: July 2002

Traditional methods for toolmaking are slow and expensive. A new approach involving innovative metal spraying technology can cut months off lead‐times. This paper discusses the development and its industrial application.
Rapid tooling for casting prototypes
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: July 2002

A seminar organised by the Rapid Prototype and Manufacturing Association (RPMA) held at the UK Castings Development Centre in Birmingham presented a series of case studies on the application of rapid prototyping methods in the manufacture casting tools. Methods described included stereolithography, laser sintering and sand cast moulding. Amongst the case studies were descriptions of the production of a novel A‐post for the Volvo Safety Concept car, the production and ranking for accuracy and repeatability of aerospace components and the direct production of sand moulds for cylinder heads and a hydraulic valve.
The other Kenya: underground and alternative literature
Authors: Durrani Shiraz
Published: July 2002

Most literature available about Kenya today has been written from the point of view of imperialism or of the ruling class. Very little material representing the working people’s interests is available. There is also a scarcity of information about material on Kenya (and Africa generally) from the point of view of the working people. This is a reflection of the lack of control over the process of communication and mass media by the working class. Records literature of the other side ‐ the people’s point of view. Lists some important publications from the Kenyan underground which has been systematically issuing major documents and commentary on the ongoing struggle of the people for social justice and economic liberation. Counters the claim by some that there is no progressive material coming out of Africa. Indeed this literature is indispensable for historical research and in the struggle for true democracy. Without this material, the ideology of the ruling class remains unchallenged. Also includes other progressive material. The survey is partisan and no attempt is made to have a “balanced” view, as the ruling class point of view has adequate resources to propagate itself. Makes some recommendations for information workers.
Work goals and societal value orientations of senior Indian managers – An empirical analysis
Authors: Chatterjee Samir R. , Pearson Cecil A.L.
Published: July 2002

Outlines the impact of economic reform in India at the organisational level by exploring relationships between the societal priorities of the new reform context and espoused work goal priorities of very senior Indian managers in key economic sectors. The paper attempts to capture the shift in work goals of senior managers during the period of current reform. Empirical evidence gathered through a survey of 421 senior Indian managers sponsored by the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, forms the basis of this paper. The empirical analysis points to an increasing convergence in reform values amongst senior managers, on the one hand, while demonstrating an absence of wider social vision, on the other.
Knowledge management, proposal development, and small businesses
Authors: Frey Robert S.
Published: July 2002

Briefly reviews knowledge management (KM) and its development from concept to core competence. Shows how knowledge management is the tool that really enables organizations to “work smarter.” Works through the steps of the KM project lifecycle. Details the KM proposal development process and the elements and method for a truly successful KM project application. Emphasises the importance of knowledge validation. Reviews some organizations that are using KM successfully.
Organisational learning in international joint ventures
Authors: Berrell Mike , Gloet Marianne , Wright Phil
Published: July 2002

Investigates the impact of national culture on organisational learning in a global context, as well as implications for international management development. Studies on organisations generally accept the existence of two “cultures” within an organisation – the “systems” culture and the “organisational” culture. National culture too has a significant, yet often underestimated, impact on organisational learning in international joint ventures. Motivated by national culture, stakeholders strive continuously to create sufficient shared meaning and management practices to make a joint venture viable. Using examples drawn from an Australian/Malaysian collaboration, explores the ways in which organisational learning and management behaviour are shaped by the often intangible influence of national culture. Offers a model to suggest means by which managers on both sides of a joint venture can improve understanding of the impact of national culture through critical inquiry and reflection. Also suggests that while cultural ways of knowing sometimes collide rather than converge, internal organisational processes can have a positive impact on the operations of a joint venture.
Employee engagement and manager self‐efficacy
Authors: Luthans Fred , Peterson Suzanne J.
Published: July 2002

Although technology still dominates, human resources and how they are managed is receiving increased attention in the analysis of gaining competitive advantage. Yet, many complex questions remain. This study first examines the theoretical understanding of employee engagement. Then an empirical investigation is made of the role that a wide variety of managers’ (n = 170) psychological state of self‐efficacy plays in the relationship between their employees’ (average of about 16 per manager) measured engagement and a multiple measure (self, subordinates and peers) of the managers’ effectiveness. Results of the statistical analysis indicate that the manager’s self‐efficacy is a partial mediator of the relationship between his or her employees’ engagement and the manager’s rated effectiveness. Overall, these findings suggest that both employee engagement and manager self‐efficacy are important antecedents that together may more positively influence manager effectiveness than either predictor by itself. Implications for effective management development and practice are discussed.
How chief executives’ perception of the environment impacts on company performance
Authors: Analoui Farhad , Karami Azhdar
Published: July 2002

Environmental scanning is a key factor to sustained competitive advantage of the firm and it is becoming increasingly important in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) theory and practice. Not surprisingly, it is widely viewed as the first step in the process of strategic management. The main debate in strategy and environment management is nowadays concerned with the primary importance of environmental scanning to strategy formulation and implementation. Moreover, effective scanning of the environment is seen as necessary to the successful alignment of competitive strategies with environmental requirements and the achievement of outstanding performance in SMEs. This paper explores the above relationship in the context of the British electrical and electronic industry. It is based on the empirical evidence and the findings of a survey of 132 chief executive officers (CEO) and their perception of environmental scanning and strategy in SMEs. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between increasing the environmental scanning of the firm, and the success of the firm’s performance in small and medium sized enterprises.
Expansive leadership in the age of digital technology
Authors: Diamante Thomas , London Manuel
Published: July 2002

This article examines the demands of emerging technologies, particularly electronic and mobile enterprises, for executives who are externally and internally expansive. Expansive leaders are people who are avid continuous learners. They may have an external focus (learning and developing technology, organizations, and work teams) and/or an internal focus (developing themselves and their relationships with others). The paper offers diagnostic questions for assessing situations and individuals, and offers recommendations for management development interventions to enhance individual expansiveness and facilitate the value of expansive leadership.
Mentoring Revisited: An Organizational Behaviour Construct
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , Ritchie Stephen , Shapiro Barbara T.
Published: July 2002

Describes an evolving dynamic relationship between protégé and mentor,
which strongly impacts on the entire organization and those
microcomponents associated with organizational behaviour in general.
These include individual processes, interpersonal and work group
processes, and organizational structure. Pays specific attention to
leadership, corporate culture, gender differences, job satisfaction and
performance. Finds that mentoring is related to organizational behaviour
in general.
The Impact of Downsizing Practices on Corporate Success
Authors: Labib Nadia , Appelbaum Steven H.
Published: July 2002

Contains a review of the literature on research conducted to investigate
organizational practices in downsizing after a restructure and the
effects of these practices on the organization and its employees, in
particular, and on other stakeholders in general. Based on the
literature review, proposes a process model for the development and
implementation of downsizing plans. The objective of the model is to
provide a guide to be used by organizations when downsizing to ensure
that the interests of all stakeholders are taken into account. The
proposed model is tested through a field research in the form of case
studies of five major organizations in Canada. Outlines the actual
practices of these organizations and compares them with the proposed
process model, both collectively and individually. Analyses the
differences and proposes a new revised model that emphasizes not only
the downsizing process itself, but also what organizations must do
during and after downsizing to ensure that employees′ needs are met and
that the new strategic goals that prompted the downsizing are achieved.
Draws two conclusions from the research which are incorporated into the
final proposed model.
The Live Case Method of Creating the Learning Organization
Authors: Urban Tom , Bernard Keys J.
Published: July 2002

Presents and examines the “live case method” as an increasingly
influential means of broadening the thinking of middle managers,
prompting them to adopt senior managerial perspectives on problems
currently besetting their organizations. Claims that it is the live‐case
orientation of the mid‐management seminar programme involved that
provides effective linkage between managerial and organizational
learning. Considers the value of the method first in relation to its
application with middle managers of the ARCO Oil and Gas Company,
highlighting the importance also of senior managerial involvement
throughout the seminar programme; and then proceeds to illustrate the
method′s use at corporate executive level, citing the extension of the
approach in 1993 by ARCO′s Atlantic Richfield operation to their
corporate executive seminar. Contends that the method exemplifies and
encourages effective organizational learning in action at both middle
and senior management levels.
Promotion decisions as a diversity practice
Authors: Ruderman Marian N. , Ohlott Patricia J. , Kram Kathy E.
Published: July 2002

Proposes that the promotion decision‐making process contributes to
the differential advancement of women and men in organizations. Compares
the actual promotions of 13 women and 16 men at a company known for its
diversity practices. Finds that bosses are more hesitant to promote
women and require them to demonstrate personal strength and to prove
themselves extensively before they get a promotion. Men are less likely
to have promotions accounted for in terms of familiarity with job
responsibilities and are more likely to have a high level of comfort
with the boss as a reason for promotion. Strategies for addressing these
differential dynamics include assessments of current promotion
practices, modifications to human resource systems to increase
accountability for the advancement of women, and coaching for decision
makers and sponsors of high‐potential women.
Globalization of business and the Third World
Authors: Srinivas Kalburgi M.
Published: July 2002

Globalization of business is bringing in seasoned competitors from
the developed countries into the growing markets of the Third World.
Consequently, the survival of local enterprises and entrepreneurs is
being threatened. Third World managers need to develop a global mindset
in order to take advantage of the changed new world order in business.
Elucidates the notion of global mindset and examines some typical
management training methods and techniques for their adequacy to develop
this orientation among Third World managers. Discusses relevant
cultural, organizational and macro‐environmental issues. Presents
conclusions and recommendations for Third World contexts in respect of
Western training methods and business school curricula for broadening
the managerial horizons in this era of globalized business.
Gender issues in management development: implications and research
agenda
Authors: Hite Linda M. , McDonald Kimberly S.
Published: July 2002

Although the proportion of women entering management has increased
greatly in the last two decades, their subsequent promotion into
executive positions has not materialized. Explores how management
development training may impede women′s progress. Examines factors that
may hinder women′s opportunities to advance into upper management (and,
consequently, to contribute to the success of their organizations). Also
looks at research on gender issues in the academic classroom and how
this literature relates to management development training. Discusses
implications and recommendations to consider when training and
developing women managers and provides an agenda for further research on
potential gender bias in managerial training and development
opportunities.
Business values, management and conflict handling: issues in
contemporary Singapore
Authors: McKenna Stephen , Richardson Julia
Published: July 2002

Outlines the conflict‐handling style of a representative sample of
303 Singaporeans. Using the Thomas‐Kilmann conflict mode instrument,
investigates some interesting gender, age, role and occupational
differences in conflict‐handling style. Suggests that, while Western
thought and practice emphasize collaboration in resolving conflict in
organizations, the cultural value systems of different Asian cultures
emphasize unassertiveness. Suggests that the issue may be about the
conflict between traditionalism and modernism, and that economic
development brings with it an inevitable change in the psychological
practice of capitalism.
Using computers to teach project management
Authors: Shinkins Sadie
Published: July 2002

Describes an empirical research study focusing on the use of a
particular computer package to teach project management to UK‐based
business students. This particular computer package is widely used in
the business world but its accessibility and ease of understanding for
business students has not been tested previously. Accordingly, an
evaluation study was undertaken in 1994 among third‐year business
studies undergraduates based at the University of Westminster, London.
Describes the approaches both students and academic staff have to adopt
to get the best out of the commercially produced computer‐based training
package. The difficulties in ascertaining the role of computer‐based
training packages in any knowledge gained by students are acknowledged.
Data used were based on students′ diaries, questionnaires and group
discussions.
Programming the MBA programme ‐ the quest for curriculum
Authors: Baruch Yehuda , Leeming Anne
Published: July 2002

Curricula for MBA programmes are designed to meet business needs and are continuously monitored and reviewed as needs change with time. Examines the content of an MBA programme at a leading UK business school and its effects on its graduates. A survey of the alumni from this MBA programme brought 344 responses. Analysis demonstrates how MBA studies have provided for individuals and their employers and also some improvements thought necessary by graduates who are now working managers. They responded well to the competences gained during their studies and found a good fit with their needs in their business life. The responses from the study enable potential improvements to the curriculum to be evaluated against the benefits to the graduate’s working life.
The current state of human resource development administration in Japan and the debate on its future
Authors: Kitaura Masayuki
Published: July 2002

Describes the areas of human resource development that come under the administration of the Human Resources Development Bureau of the Ministry of Labour in Japan, and are administered through human resource development councils at the central and prefectural level. The recent rapid changes in industrial and demographic structures necessitated a systematic training for new skills and upgrading of the current ones for people who enter the labour market for the first time as well as those who are changing jobs. The Ministry’s role is to provide the integrated system of training opportunities, evaluation and certification, and the financial support to encourage participation of an increasing number of workers in vocational education, to improve their future prospects in employment. In particular, the establishment of the Business Career Development System is a reflection of a trend from generalist training of managers hitherto carried out in‐company to specialist development now offered outside the company.
Self‐development: the nine basic skills for business success
Authors: Dobbins R. , Pettman B.O.
Published: July 2002

A self‐help guide to achieving success in business. Directed more towards the self‐employed, it is relevant to other managers in organizations. Divided into clear sections on creativity and dealing with change; importance of clear goal setting; developing winning business and marketing strategies; negotiating skills; leadership; financial skills; and time management.
Quality in management decision making within a changing context
Authors: Gilmore Audrey
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to look beyond the application of quality management controls, assurances and standards which have already been widely addressed in the quality literature. Instead, the focus is on quality in management performance, particularly in relation to effective decision making and the resultant marketing activity against a background of organisational variables and environmental change. Some of the influences on management development are considered. These include: the effect of the organisational structure on managerial decision making; the nature of decision making within organisations; individual responsibility for planning and implementation; and continual managerial development. These aspects are then illustrated using a brief case description of a large multinational company offering a consumer service. The description illustrates the importance of developing the key decision makers in an organisation, particularly in relation to the changing and evolving nature of responsibilities and tasks required from them.
Everything old is new again: Barnard’s legacy ‐ lessons for participative leaders
Authors: Abzug Rikki , Phelps Susan
Published: July 2002

What are the implications of assuming that employees have the knowledge and ability to direct their own work and make valuable contributions to achieving organizational success? This article explores some answers to this question by, among others: reviewing ideas of early management thinkers; establishing the pedigree of current management concepts of empowerment and participation; and by extracting lessons from successful management implementation of the latter two concepts in two types of organizations rarely discussed in the management literature: non‐profits and partnerships. Among the lessons for managers is the need to recognize the important roles that strong missions, genuine trust, and widely dispersed information play in attaining organizational success via empowerment and participation. Also examined are some unique and paradoxical challenges presented to leaders if they truly obtain the participation acknowledged as crucial for organizational survival in a postmodern age.
Internationalisation strategies for management education
Authors: Stewart Howe W. , Martin Graeme
Published: July 2002

Western business schools currently face a number of pressures to internationalise their postgraduate course provision in terms both of content and place of delivery. In doing so they are faced with decisions concerning their motivations, the broad strategies to adopt, the nature of collaborative links with host‐country institutions, and a number of practical matters. The literature suggests that many of such issues have now broadly become clearly identified, and that a general “model” of postgraduate management course internationalisation may have begun to emerge. In this article a survey of the literature is followed by a case study of the internationalisation experience of a small UK university business school. It reports on the extent to which its experience supports the model and highlights other issues. The conclusion of the analysis is that an emergent strategy in this respect, not necessarily following a clear stages model, has nonetheless been largely successful.
Weighing it up ‐ a literature review for the balanced scorecard
Authors: Hepworth Paul
Published: July 2002

The balanced scorecard (BSC) has received much literary acclaim in the USA where it was conceived, employed and developed. In Britain this has not yet been the case. This paper seeks to offer a brief explanation of the concept, provide an insight into why it has been so successful in the USA and to question why it has not been adopted in the UK. The available literature is reviewed to guide further investigation into the application of the BSC and identifies specific business examples and where appropriate the specific management discipline.
Meta‐abilities and the implementation of strategy
Authors: Meldrum Mike , Atkinson Sally
Published: July 2002

Implementation is widely recognised as one of the greatest Achilles’ Heels for all strategy initiatives. Many organisations have tried to overcome this problem through building the management competencies of their managers. What tends to be absent from the development programmes designed to do this is attention to any higher order or enabling competencies, sometimes referred to as meta‐abilities. Without greater attention to these more fundamental managerial attributes, most management development programmes will lose their strategic impact. A case study is used to illustrate the sort of pitfalls involved and some implications for using management development in this way are suggested. Finally, it is noted that using management development to improve strategy implementation demands a more sophisticated approach than tends to be used currently. However, this will also require organisations to break out of the vicious circle of unsophisticated usage and to challenge their current practices.
Strategic human resource management of Japanese multinationals – A case study of Japanese multinational companies in the UK
Authors: Basu Dipak R. , Miroshnik Victoria
Published: July 2002

We have analysed the human resources management system in Japanese automobile companies, Toyota and Nissan, in their overseas production plants in the UK and have tried to analyse differences if any between their original human resources management system in Japan and in their foreign operations. We found out that these companies, as far as their internal operations are concerned, have tried to implement their original practices in spite of cultural differences. However, in the case of production management system they are not completely successful because of organisational differences in their foreign locations. We have analysed the effects of these novel practices on the industrial scene in the UK in general.
Maps of complexity and organizational learning
Authors: McKenna Stephen D.
Published: July 2002

This paper suggests that in the context of complex organizations, operating in complex environments, new ways need to be designed to develop effective management and organizational learning. Based on work conducted with middle managers in three large global corporations, the paper argues that management is largely concerned with sense making. The more managers feel and think that decisions made by “top management” do not make sense, the more difficult it is for them to make sense of these decisions as they affect their own area of complexity. The paper further suggests that by mapping the perceptions of managers organizations can better develop organizational learning.
Subsidence Claims: What Is the Problem?
Authors: Pollard William A.
Published: July 2002

Aimed at all parties involved with investigating, negotiating and
concluding an insurance claim in respect of subsidence. Emphasizes the
reasons why problems occur, in which direction the problem has travelled
and what can be done to prevent problems occurring.
Reigate Stone: Geology, Use and Repair
Authors: Lockwood Steven
Published: July 2002

Describes the geological distribution of Reigate Stone, a calcareous
sandstone, and comments on its extraction in medieval times. Examines
its characteristics to explain its popularity for carved work on many
important historic buildings and advises on its identification. Explains
the distribution of Reigate stone in buildings by reference to transport
links and summarizes the results of archival and field investigations in
a distribution map. Discusses the significance of chemical decay using
examples from Surrey churches.
Why involve design professionals in construction safety?
Authors: Hetherington Tony
Published: July 2002

Investigates the reasoning behind the CONDAM regulations which have
recently come into force. Posits that all surveyors, engineers and
architects in the construction industry have a responsibility for health
and safety of both employees and the public. Concludes that the designer
can play a key role in the reduction of accidents and thereby financial
expenditure.
Strength development, deformation properties and mix design of
pulverized fuel ash concrete
Authors: Balendran R.V. , Pang H.W.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the properties of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) concrete both
in its fresh and hardened states, with emphasis on aspects which are
relevant to warmer localities such as Hong Kong. Sufficient research
evidence, including surveys of existing structures, have been reviewed
to conclude that PFA, when used correctly and properly, has the
potential to enhance the performance of good concrete. Analyses the
contribution of PFA in the enhanced performance of concrete. Cautions
that much of the enhanced performance depends on the microstructure of
the concrete, which in turn depends significantly on a proper mix
design, with or without PFA. Proposes that water reduction is a
desirable property of PFA. However, considers it possible to accommodate
PFA characteristics in the mix design and by the use of plasticizer to
produce good quality PFA concrete. Briefly discusses the characteristics
of Hong Kong locally produced PFA.
Small urban spaces
Authors: Catt Richard
Published: July 2002

The first of a series of articles, outlines how the urban landscape
evolved. Attempts to untangle the welter of legal controls through which
the small‐scale urban landscape is currently protected, including:
listed features; features not within the curtilage of listed buildings;
conservation area controls; and scheduled ancient monuments and
archaeological areas.
All you wanted to know about dilapidations but were afraid to ask
Authors: Reece Colyn S.
Published: July 2002

Suggests that good forward planning in respect of dilapidations liabilities can make a tremendous difference for both landlords and tenants. It is therefore important for the practising surveyor to have a good working knowledge of the law and practice. Sets out pointers to good practice on the practical side. Discusses some important principles of law and draws examples from recent cases.
The technical requirements of the Home Energy Conservation Act
Authors: Todd Stephen
Published: July 2002

Reports on the work undertaken by the University of Salford on behalf of Warrington Borough Council to satisfy the technical requirements of the Home Energy Conservation Act (HECA)[1] which obtained Royal Assent in June 1995 and came into force on 1 April 1996. Also examines the information contained in the Guidance Notes[2] and the procedures that local authorities can adopt to carry out a sample stock profile and hence determine an energy rating distribution. Further information can also be obtained from full energy audits based on a sample of stock, from which targets can then be determined and measures applied to the whole stock as and when funds allow. The performance of energy efficiency improvements can be measured against improved Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP), National Home Energy Rating (NHER) and reduced CO2 emissions by the use of software tools. A value for money assessment can then be made using the benefits to tenants in theoretical cost saving for standard level of comfort achieved resulting in the calculation of payback times.
The long‐term importance of education to raise safety levels and the implementation of the CDM regulations in the European building industry
Authors: Shabha G. , Rudge D.
Published: July 2002

Sets out to examine the need to educate professionals involved in all trades at all levels throughout the construction industry so that the industry as a whole becomes safety conscious. States that the European legislation governing the conduct of building operations from inception, through use and maintenance to demolition is now in place, and in the UK the CDM regulations came into effect in March 1995 and implement the European Community Temporary or Mobile Construction Site Directive. Says that many problems have been instigated by the CDM in the UK in smaller contractors on smaller jobs who may become the “principal contractor”, without having the financial, managerial or technical resources of the larger contractor, yet having the same safety responsibilities. This would seem to potentially create a problem which affects the operation and validity of the regulations. Seeks to address these problems and inconsistencies in the knowledge and expertise gap concerning safety in the construction industry. Aims to address a number of questions: how can we ensure the long‐term safety on site?; how can these problems be alleviated, while achieving in this case the worthwhile goal of safer building?; how can the problem of the small builder be addressed on a European basis?; can the training and education of those in the building trade be altered to improve safety awareness and procedures? Anticipates that feedback information will be generated regarding safety standards and their optimization throughout sectors of the industry. Recommends that all trades and professions must incorporate safety within their particular skill training and all persons involved should be licensed by the trade association and a consumer safeguard and the safety of persons in the industry.
Facility layout overview: towards competitive advantage
Authors: Canen Alberto G. , Williamson Geoff H.
Published: July 2002

Facility layout is a classical industrial/production engineering problem. Good layout will help any company to improve its business performance. Presents a general overview of the facility layout problem and includes information about approaches to the solution of the problem. Discusses the role of the computer; and the contribution of facility layout to an organization’s competitive advantage. Describes experiences of organizations with facility layout.
The interface manager’s toolkit
Authors: Carder Paul
Published: July 2002

Follows a previous paper arguing that a new breed of “interface manager” is emerging, bridging between an organization’s core business and its total working environment. To support this role, a new form of performance knowledge is needed, and will be created by combining business control information with workplace performance information. Explains “performance pyramid” model which will assist interface managers to relate to the key performance indicators of their business to working environment effectiveness. This will allow managers to communicate more easily the value added to the organization through its working environment.
The effects of integrated workplace strategies on commercial office space
Authors: Chilton J.J. , Baldry D.
Published: July 2002

Identifies and describes issues associated with implementing integrated workplace
strategies into commercial office facilities. In particular, recognizes some of the effects of such implementations, which are
not always fully anticipated or considered by those who are initiators of such changes. Examines the current workplace
environment to identify those factors which are promoting the redesign of specific workplaces and the expectations of users of
such places. Describes a study of the implementation of an integrated strategy into the workplace of an international energy
company, including a post‐occupancy evaluation which exposes the degree of satisfaction expressed by users to a range of
performance characteristics of the revised workplace, in particular those which have a direct impact on business performance.
Concludes by confirming the critical issues associated with workplace design which arise from the study and highlights those
which justify investigation and research.
Community‐managed infrastructure facilities
Authors: Ngowi A.B.
Published: July 2002

The design and construction of infrastructure facilities such as road network, water supply and sewage disposal in Botswana, have often been done in a top‐bottom fashion where the government or local authority decides what is good for the community. While the design and construction of infrastructure facilities require technical knowledge, heavy equipment and proper supervision, their management hardly requires these resources to the same extent. This offers the beneficiaries of the facilities an opportunity to manage their day‐to‐day operations and maintenance. Reports on an approach adopted to engage the community in the management of local road network, water supply and sanitation in three major villages in Botswana. It analyses the method previously employed in managing these facilities and outlines the benefits which will accrue when this approach is fully operational. Concludes by underlining the fact that, for community‐managed facilities to work, the people in the community need to participate in all the stages of the project (i.e. planning, design, construction and eventually maintenance).
Market segmentation in the European airport sector
Authors: Freathy Paul , O’Connell Frank
Published: July 2002

Details the methods used by European airport authorities to segment their consumer base. It will be argued that macro‐level factors, over which the industry has no control, have compelled airports to expand their commercial activities. As a consequence, airport authorities have been forced to adopt a more marketing‐orientated approach. To fully capitalise on the opportunities afforded to them, a range of segmentation categories have been developed that are specific to an airport environment. It will be argued that authorities act as “gatekeepers” and use this unique form of a priori segmentation to determine the most suitable tenant mix for their airport. Once operating within the airport, the retailers themselves also undertake a further series of segmentation strategies based either on a priori principles or on “micro‐level” techniques.
The lean dealership – a vision for the future: “from hunting to farming”
Authors: Kiff John S.
Published: July 2002

The European retail motor industry is currently facing an unprecedented number of major forces for change. For independent dealer businesses to survive, they must clearly demonstrate to consumers that they represent the best possible channel for the acquisition and maintenance of their motorisation needs. They must also demonstrate to manufacturers that they represent the best route to market for them. Proposes a way that dealers can not only survive but, in co‐operation with their manufacturers, prosper in the market of the future. Such an approach would comprise the removal of wasteful activity, the reduction of costs and prices, delivering greater customer value and improving customer retention. In short, true lean distribution. The concept centres on a “customer account manager”, who pro‐actively manages the consumer’s needs for after‐sales of all types, thereby managing demand and removing waste from the system. As a consequence of this demand management, he or she is able to monitor the consumer’s needs (and even his family’s needs) for a new or used replacement car, again removing waste. The approach enables the dealer to exchange ineffective, costly, direct marketing and advertising for value‐adding contacts from which the consumer and manufacturer directly benefit, thereby creating a virtuous circle.
Leveraging corporate identity in the digital age
Authors: Melewar T.C. , Navalekar Abhijit
Published: July 2002

The emergence of the Internet has completely revolutionised industries and has restructured their value chains. Traditional “bricks and mortar” businesses are facing the prospects of losing their competitive advantage owing to the emergence of new competitors in the “new economy”. The regulatory changes in the financial services industry and the explosion in the use of the Internet for e‐commerce have given rise to unforeseen competitors in the banking industry – the “non‐bank” financial services providers and the “pure” Internet banks. These competitors are not restrained by the high costs of the branch infrastructure and as a result are able to differentiate on the basis of offering high interest rates. These players are fast and flexible. In spite of being newcomers, they have the potential to grow and recast the rules of the banking industry. Yet, incumbent banks still have the strongest sustainable competitive advantage: their corporate identity. Managers in the “new and old economy” must realise that corporate identity is an important strategic element that should be considered in the need to differentiate.
Using the Delphi Technique to Predict Future Tourism Potential
Authors: Kaynak Erdener , Bloom Jonathan , Leibold Marius
Published: July 2002

The South African tourism industry is expected to develop substantially
over the next five years owing to anticipated high tourism market growth
rates. However, tourism demand is subject to a host of uncontrollable
factors which are difficult to measure and project. Despite this fact
the tourism industry of a country, including both private sector and
public sector operators, needs scientifically accepted projection bases
to make investment and other strategic decisions. Aims to convey the
results and recommendations of an empirical study based on the Delphi
research model and to indicate the implications thereof for future
national tourism strategies of South Africa. The approach, methodology
and techniques used in the research are relevant to researchers
internationally and the recommendations are useful for national tourism
policy and strategy formulation in any geographical context.
What does marketing really mean to the Japanese?
Authors: Genestre Alain , Herbig Paul , Shao Alan T.
Published: July 2002

As the Japanese have catapulted themselves to become a
supereconomic power, many reasons have been given regarding their rapid
progression – one of which is the claim that they are the world′s
premier marketers. Certainly US marketers would argue this point.
However, the unparalleled rise of Japanese auto manufacturers provides
support for this thesis. What is the actual role of marketing in a
Japanese corporation? How well are the Japanese versed in the
development and implementation of marketing strategy? Is there really a
difference between marketing practices used in the West and those
implemented in Japan? Addresses these questions.
Public relations in the promotional mix: a three‐phase analysis
Authors: Kitchen Philip J.
Published: July 2002

Suggests that significant changes are taking place within the promotional mix in UK FMCG firms. In particular points to the emergence of public relations as a dynamic tool within the promotional mix, indicating why this tool may have emerged in relation to the more well known promotion tools. Puts forward reasons for changes in promotional mixes and the emergence and usage of new tools. Reports on the perception among FMCG executives of movements towards integration between marketing and corporate public relations.
Low involvement brands: is the brand manager to blame?
Authors: McWilliam Gil
Published: July 2002

States that poor brand management has been held responsible for brands with which consumers have low levels of involvement, that is, consumers do not consider them important in decision‐making terms, and in consequence appear unthinking and even uncaring about their choices. Argues that if this is the case, then arguably the vast amounts of effort and expenditure invested in brands within many grocery and fast‐moving consumer goods is potentially misplaced. Discusses the nature of high and low level involvement decision making for brands. Presents research which shows that the level of involvement is largely determined at the category level not the brand level. It is therefore beyond the scope of brand management to alter these involvement perceptions, unless they are able to create new categories or sub‐categories for their brands. Argues that this is the real challenge of brand management.
Women in advertising: a comparison of television advertisements in China and Singapore
Authors: Siu Wai‐sum , Kai‐ming Au Alan
Published: July 2002

Over the years, research studies have found sex stereotyping in television advertisements. However, those studies typically examined western television commercials only, leaving open the question of the cultural influence on advertising’s sex‐role portrayal in emerging Pacific‐rim markets. Presents an extension of a previous study undertaken by Gilly in 1988 to analyse sex roles in advertising and compare content analysis findings for Chinese and Singaporean television advertisements. Results reveal that stereotypes are found in the advertising of Singapore and China, but are manifested in different ways. Discusses implications for western advertising managers.
Can loyalty schemes really build loyalty?
Authors: O’Malley Lisa
Published: July 2002

Customer loyalty schemes have blossomed in the era of customer retention, and have been willingly embraced by both retailers and consumers alike. Today’s loyalty schemes are modelled on the AAdvantage Programme; a frequent flier programme initiated by American Airlines in 1981, and lessons from the air‐line industry are briefly introduced. The primary purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which loyalty schemes really can build loyalty. In order to do this, four categories of loyalty as identified in the literature are considered. Given existing criticisms of loyalty schemes it is concluded that such schemes have an important role to play in situations where no loyalty or spurious loyalty is evident. However, where sustainable loyalty is the ultimate goal, customer loyalty schemes are of importance only as part of a coherent value proposition.
Direct marketing in postmodernity: neo‐tribes and direct communications
Authors: Patterson Maurice
Published: July 2002

This paper argues for the consideration by managers of postmodern phenomena and how they might impact on the field of direct marketing communications. It begins by outlining the conditions of postmodernism and then discusses the decline of individualism and the emergence of neo‐tribes (Cova, 1997). The paper then progresses by identifying the role which direct marketing might have to play within a postmodern world and argues for a focus on direct response television advertising.