bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SURXONDARYO VILOYATI FITOTOPONIMLARINING STRUKTUR-GRAMMATIK TAHLILI
Authors: Baymuradova Gulbaxar
Published: November 2024

Ushbu maqolada Surxondaryo viloyati fitotoponimlarini struktur-tuzilish va grammatik jihatidan tahlil qilish maqsad qilib olingan. Fitotoponimlarni lingvistik tahlil etish muayyan joylar bilan bog‘liq o‘simliklar nomlarini o‘rganish orqali joy nomlarining shakllanishi, kelib chiqishi va mintaqaviy xususiyatlarini aniqlashni o‘z ichiga olishi ta’kidlangan.
INGLIZ VA O‘ZBEK PAREMIYALARINI O‘RGANISHNING AKSIOLOGIK JIHATLARI
Authors: Yuldasheva Nigora
Published: November 2024

Ushbu maqolada lingvomadaniyatshunoslikning muxim tushunchalaridan biri xisoblangan paremiya, ularni o‘rganish, ijtimoiy-falsafiy tahlil etish, millat va xalq qadriyatlariga ta’siri masalasi yoritilgan. Qolaversa ushbu tushuncha semantikasida (ma’nosida) madaniyatning biror bo‘lagini aks ettiruvchi til yoki nutk birligi, lingvokulturemalarga madaniyatning biror bo‘lagini aks ettiruvchi so‘zlar (tub, yasama, ko‘shma va murakkab so‘zlar), frazeologik birliklar, so‘z birikmalari, gaplar, paremiyalar, murakkab sintaktik butunliklar, matnlar, shu jumladan olklore matnlari va hokazolar o‘rganilgan. Lingvokulturema mazmun va ifoda planiga ega. Ifoda planini yuqorida ko‘rsatilgan birliklar, mazmun planini esa o‘sha birliklarning semantikasi tashkil kiladi. Paremiya, lingvokulturema konseptdan o‘zining til yokn nutq birligi ekanligi bilan, ifoda va mazmun planiga ega ekanligi bilan farq qilishi aks ettirilgan.
ABDUVALI QUTBIDDIN SHE’RIYATIDA POETIK OBRAZLAR TAHLILI
Authors: Quljanova To‘lg‘anoy
Published: November 2024

Ushbu maqolada Abduvali Qutbiddin she’riyati poetik tahlilga tortilgan. Shoir she’riyatidagi ramziylik, majoziylik va haqiqat masalasiga doir ayrim mulohazalar berilgan. Hozirgi zamon she’riyatida yangicha ruh va tasvirning paydo bo‘lishida shoir ijodining o‘rni hamda mumtoz an’analarga hamohang ma’rifiy- tasavvufiy g‘oyalar talqini yoritilgan.
ТУРИСТИК ХИЗМАТЛАР КЎРСАТИШ БЎЙИЧА ФУҚАРОЛИК-ҲУҚУҚИЙ МУНОСАБАТЛАРНИ ТАРТИБГА СОЛИШНИНГ УНИФИКАЦИЯСИ ЧЕГАРАЛАРИ РАҚАМЛАШТИРИШ ШАРОИТИДА
Authors: Ачилова Лилия
Published: November 2024

Мақолада рақамлаштириш шароитида туристик хизматлар кўрсатиш бўйича фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий муносабатларнинг ҳуқуқий тартибга солишини унификация қилиш чегаралари таҳлил қилинади. Рақамли технологияларнинг ривожланиши муносабати билан қонунчиликда юзага келаётган асосий муаммолар ва қийинчиликлар муҳокама қилинади, шунингдек, ҳуқуқий нормаларни халқаро даражада мувофиқлаштириш имкониятлари кўриб чиқилади. Рақамли муҳитда истеъмолчиларнинг ҳуқуқлари ва туристик хизматлар етказиб берувчиларининг мажбуриятлари масалаларига алоҳида эътибор қаратилган. Рақамлаштириш тенденцияларини инобатга олган ҳолда ҳуқуқий тартибга солишни такомиллаштириш бўйича таклифлар берилган.
AXBOROTGA BO‘LGAN INSON HUQUQLARINI TA’MINLASHNING RIVOJLANISH BOSQIСHLARI
Authors: Abdubannayev Umidjon
Published: November 2024

Maqolada muallif qadim dunyodan to hozirgi davrga qadar bo‘lgan muddatda axborotga bo‘lgan inson huquqlarini ta’minlashning rivojlanish bosqichlarini o‘rganib chiqib, uning rivojlanish tendensiyalarini tahlil asosida ishlab chiqqan. Shuningdek, ushbu tahlillar asosida muallif o‘zining juz’iy xulosalarini taqdim qilgan.
ХОДИМЛАР МЕҲНАТ ҲУҚУҚЛАРИГА РИОЯ ҚИЛИНИШИ БЎЙИЧА ДАВЛАТ НАЗОРАТИ ВА ТЕКШИРУВИ ТУШУНЧАСИГА ОИД НАЗАРИЙ ҚАРАШЛАР
Authors: Тўраев Жавоҳир
Published: November 2024

Ушбу мақолада ходимлар ҳуқуқларига риоя этилиши бўйича давлат назорати ва текшируви тушунчаларининг назарий ёндошувлари таҳлил қилинган. Мақолада муаллиф томонидан амалдаги миллий қонун ҳужжатларининг давлат ва рус тилидаги номувофиқликлари аниқланиб, уларни бартараф этишга қаратилган таклифлар илгари сурилган.
ТЕРГОВ ҲАРАКАТЛАРИНИ АМАЛГА ОШИРИШДА ТЕРГОВЧИНИНГ ПРОЦЕССУАЛ МУСТАҚИЛЛИГИНИ ТАЪМИНЛАШ
Authors: Элмурзаев Билолиддин
Published: November 2024

Мазкур мақолада терговчининг процессуал мустақиллигини таъминлаш масалалари, хусусан терговчиларнинг процессуал мустакиллигини таъминлашнинг хукукий асослари тахлил килинган. Шунингдек, терговчининг ваколатларини такомиллаштцришнинг назарий ва амалий жихатлари буйича мутахассис олимларнинг карашлари урганилган. Бундан ташкари, ривожланган давлатлар тажрибаси мисолида терговчиларнинг процессуал мустациллиги масаласи назарий ва амалий жихатдан атрофлича урганилиб, мавжуд конунчилик ва хукукни куллаш амалиётини такомиллаштириш буйича таклиф ва тавсиялар ишлаб чикилган.
РЕПО БИТИМЛАР – ТАЪМИНЛОВЧИ БИТИМ СИФАТИДА УМУМИЙ ТАВСИФ
Authors: Ғайбуллаев Сохибжон
Published: November 2024

Мақолада РЕПО битимларининг молия бозоридаги аҳамияти, унинг молиявий восита сифатидаги хусусиятлари ва таъминловчи битим сифатидаги роли таҳлил қилинади. РЕПО битими — бу молиявий институтлар ўртасидаги қисқа муддатли молиявий операция бўлиб, у одатда активлар ёки қимматли қоғозлар билан таъминланган қарз олиш ёки бериш жараёнини ифодалайди. Мақолада РЕПО битимларининг иқтисодий жиҳатлари, уларнинг турлари, молия бозорларидаги ликвидликни оширишдаги аҳамияти ва таваккалчиликларни бошқаришдаги фойдаси ёритилади. Шунингдек, битимнинг икки томони: "сотувчи" ва "харидор"нинг ҳуқуқ ва мажбуриятлари ҳамда уларнинг ҳуқуқий ва молиявий жиҳатлари тўғрисида маълумотлар берилган. Мазкур мақола молия бозорлари иштирокчилари, махсус ташкилотлар ва тадқиқотчилар учун РЕПО битимларининг молиялаштириш жараёнидаги ўрни ва амалиётини тушунишда ёрдам берувчи қимматли манба бўлиб хизмат қилади.
OLIY O’QUV YURTLARIDA TALABALARNI BAHOLASH SHAKLINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
Authors: Xusanova Mohira
Published: November 2024

Filologiya yo‘nalishida mutaxassislarning chet tilida kasbiy qobiliyatlarini oshirishga katta e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Fanga oid kompetensiyalarni rivojlantirishda ta’lim jarayoniga axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarini joriy qilishga doir innovatsion tadqiqotlar olib borilmoqda. Xorijiy tillarni o‘qitishda talabalarning kommunikativ kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirish lozim. Xorijiy til ko‘nikmalarining rivojlanish darajasini baholovchi texnologiyalarni ilmiy asoslangan holda takomillashtirish. Respublikamizda so‘nggi yillarda ingliz tilini chuqur o‘rganishga katta e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Zarur mutaxassisliklar bo‘yicha ta’lim olish va kadrlar malakasini oshirish ishlarini keng ko‘lamda yo‘lga qo‘yish lozim. Ta’lim berish jarayonining muhim tarkibiy qismlaridan biri o‘zlashtirilgan bilimlarni muntazam baholab borishdir. Ingliz tilini o‘qitishda talabalarning lingvistik kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirish. Chet tilida bilim maxsus tekshirilmaydi, chunki u ko‘nikma tarkibida o‘rganiladi. Til materialini o‘zlashtirishni va nutqiy malakalar rivojlanish xususiyatlarini hisobga olishi lozim.
CHIZMACHILIK DARSLARIDA TALABALARNI IJODIY–KREATIV FIKRLASHGA O‘RGATISH
Authors: Yakubova Nafisa
Published: November 2024

Fazoviy tassavurni o‘stirishning birinchi usulida narsalarda berilgan chizmalardan foydalanib ularni oddiy figuralarga fikran ajratib o‘qish va uning yaqqol tasvirini bajarish yo‘li bilan talabalarning fazoviy tassavuri oshiriladi. Xaqiqatdan ham chizmada tasvirlangan narsaning ko‘rinishlari yonida uning yaqqol tasviri bo‘lsa, talaba chizma bilan yaqqol tasvirini uzviy bog‘langan holda chizmalarda ko‘rinishlari berilgan narsani ko‘z o‘ngida gavdalantirishi osonlashadi.
TURIZM SOHASIDA KADRLAR TAYYORLASHDA AMALIYOT VA NAZARIYANING PEDAGOGIK UYG‘UNLIGI
Authors: Musirmanov Shohboz
Published: November 2024

Mazkur maqolada turizm sohasi uchun kadrlar tayyorlashda amaliyot va nazariyaning pedagogik uyg‘unligi masalasi o‘rganiladi. Turizm sohasi murakkab va ko‘p qirrali bo‘lib, ushbu soha mutaxassislari nafaqat nazariy bilimlarga, balki amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ham ega bo‘lishlari lozim. Ushbu jarayonda nazariya va amaliyotni uyg‘unlashtirish, o‘quvchilarga nazariy bilimlarni amaliy faoliyat bilan bog‘lab tushuntirishning samarali usullarini joriy etish muhim hisoblanadi.
MALAKA OSHIRISH JARAYONIDA PEDAGOGLARNING DISKURSIV KOMPETENSIYALARINI RIVOJLANTIRISH TEXNOLOGIYASI
Authors: Suvankulov Umid
Published: November 2024

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim tashkiloti pedagoglari diskursiv kompetensiyalarining mazmuni tahlil qilingan. Maktabgacha ta’lim tashkiloti pedagoglari diskursiv kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishning shakl, metod va vositalari asoslangan. Diskursiv kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirish texnologiyasi yuzasidan amaliy tavsiyalar berilgan.
TA’LIMDA KOMMUNIKATIV INNOVATSION VOSITALAR VA ULARNING IMKONIYATLARI
Authors: Jo‘rayeva Feruza , Mavlanov Shaxzod
Published: November 2024

Ushbu maqolada guruh loyihalari va hamkorlik platformalarining talabalarning kommunikativ ko‘nikmalarini oshirishdagi roli hamda ta’lim jarayoniga qo‘shgan hissasi yoritilgan. Ushbu vositalar talabalar o‘rtasidagi muloqot, jamoaviy ish va hamkorlikni kuchaytiradi, ularning liderlik, mas’uliyat va texnologik ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantiradi. Maqolada innovatsion ta’lim vositalarining talabalarning kommunikativ va texnologik ko‘nikmalarini oshirishdagi muhim roli ta’kidlangan bo‘lib, ushbu vositalar orqali ta’lim jarayonini samarali va qiziqarli qilish imkoniyatlari ochib berilgan.
SCIENCE XALQARO BAHOLASH TADQIQOTLARINING O'ZBEKISTONDA BIOLOGIYA O'QITUVCHILARINING TABIIY FANLAR SAVODXONLIGINI SHAKLLANTIRISHGA TA'SIRI
Authors: Siddiqova Shahnoza
Published: November 2024

Ushbu maqola PISA va TIMSS kabi xalqaro baholash tadqiqotlarining natijalari o‘zbekistondagi biologiya o‘qituvchilarining tabiiy fanlar savodxonligini shakllantirish strategiyalariga ta'sirini tahlil qilishga bag‘ishlangan. Pedagoglarning tayyorgarliklariga zamonaviy yondashuvlar ko‘rib chiqiladi, ta'lim dasturlarini yaxshilash va o‘qitish sifatini oshirish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar taklif etiladi.
TA’LIM SIFATIGA YO‘NALTIRILGAN O‘QUV MATERIALLARINI YARATISH MODELI
Authors: Javliyeva Shahnoza
Published: November 2024

Ta’lim sifatini pedagogik ta’minlash tizimining modeli OTMdagi o‘quv jarayonining eng muhim tarkibiy, elementlari, aloqalari va aloqalarini aks yettiradi va kadrlar tayyorlash sifatiga ta’sir qiluvchi ichki va tashqi ijtimoiy-pedagogik omillarni hisobga oladi. OTMda ta’lim sifatini pedagogik ta’minlash tizimining konsepsiyasiga quyidagilar kiradi: ta’lim sifatini pedagogik ta’minlash tizimining muhim, mazmunli va o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, tajriba-sinov ishlari mutaxassislarni tayyorlash sifatiga ta’sir ko‘rsatadigan va belgilangan standartlar va ilg‘or tajribalarga muvofiq o‘quv jarayoni va uning natijalari sifatiga erishishni ta’minlaydigan turli xil omillar va sharoitlarni hisobga oladi.
О‘QUVCHILAR IDRОKI VA IJОDKОRLIGINI SHAKLLANTIRISHDA TASVIRIY SAN’ATNING AHAMIYATI
Authors: Kаyumоv Еrkin
Published: November 2024

Maqоlada tasviriy san’at fanining maqsadi va vazifalari haqida tо‘xtalib о‘tilgan. Maktabda о‘qitiladigan dеyarli barcha о‘quv fanlari bilan bоg‘lanishi hamda ular yuzasidan matеriallarni о‘zlashtirishga samarali ta’sir kо‘rsatishi to‘g‘risida ma’lumоtlar kеltirilgan. Shu bilan bir qatоrda о‘quvchilar idrоki, tafakkuri hamda ijоdkоrlikni shakllantirishdagi rоli tо‘g‘risida fikrlar bildirilgan.
SHARQ MUTAFAKKIRLARI MEROSIDA AXLOQIY, ESTETIK HAMDA EKOLOGIK QARASHLARI
Authors: Jumaboyev Nabi
Published: November 2024

Yurtimiz tarixi, milliy madaniy merosi, mutafakkirlarimizning yosh avlod tarbiyasidagi axloqiy, estetik, ekologik qarashlari hamda komil inson g‘oyasi to‘g‘risidagi qarashlari ilmiy o‘rganilgan va asoslangan.
KOMPYUTER GRAFIKASI YORDAMIDA BO‘LAJAK MUHANDISLAR KOMPETENTLIGINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING ZARURIYATI
Authors: Xo‘jamqulov Rasulbek
Published: November 2024

Maqolada bo‘lajak chizmachilik o‘qtuvchilarning grafik kompetentligini muhandislik kompyuter grafikasi fani misolida shakllantirish yuzasidan so‘z yuritilgan. Hozirda kunda talabalarni ijodiy-kreativ fikirlashga o‘rgatish qobiliyatlarini shakllantirish hamda ularni yanada rivojlantirish haqida fikrlar keltirib o‘tilgan.
TARIX YO’NALISHI TINGLOVCHILARI UCHUN KREATIV RIVOJLANTIRISH DOLZARB PEDAGOGIK MUAMMO SIFATIDA
Authors: Latipova Gavhar
Published: November 2024

Maqolada tarix darslarida maktab o‘quvchilarining kreativ salohiyatini, ijodiy qobiliyatlarni rivojlantirishning psixologik va pedagogik jihatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. shuningdek, tarix fanini o‘zlashtirishda obyektiv fikrlash va tafakkurni kengaytirish bilan bog‘liq muammolar ko‘rib chiqiladi.
Non-drug treatment options in patients with endometriosis
Authors:   Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia, Kulikova Natalia G. ,   Institute of Beauty on the Arbat (gynecological department), Moscow, Russia, Tkachenko Albina S. ,   Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
Published: November 2024

Relevance. The prevalence of endometriosis, which occurs against the background of oxidative stress, varies from 10% to 80%, which requires close attention to increase the reproductive potential of Russia. Identification of predictors of pathology is the most important tool in the preventive and therapeutic model, in which it is important to use, among other things, non-drug methods of treatment.
Aim. To obtain a medical, socio-obstetric and oxidant assessment (LPO) in patients with endometriosis treated with non-drug therapy (magnetophoresis of 5% iodine ions and 1% solution of caripazim).
Materials and methods. A randomized trial with cross-sectional analysis of case histories was conducted in 89 patients with a verified diagnosis of endometriosis. Research tools: gynecological examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of LPO indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde), questionnaire for medical, social and obstetric assessment, according to the questionnaire (WDEQ-A, USA). Magnetophoresis of 5% iodine ions and 1% solution of caripazim was carried out with the activation of one pole (Polyus-3 apparatus). Multivariate regression analysis and nonparametric methods were used to assess the parameters of pain syndrome, lipid peroxidation and values of medical, socio-obstetric status before and after treatment. In the control group I (n=29), treatment was carried out in accordance with clinical recommendations for endometriosis. In group II (n=30), treatment was carried out, including magnetophoresis of 5% iodine ions. In group III (n=30), treatment was carried out in the form of magnetophoresis with a 1% solution of caripazim. The effectiveness of treatment was evaluated according to the monitoring of clinical indicators, antioxidant and medical-socio-obstetric status.
Results. Against the background of complex therapy, including magnetophoresis of 5% iodine ions, patients with EM had a decrease in elevated levels of superoxide dismutase by 24.2% (p<0.01), catalase by 17.3% (p<0.05), diene conjugates by 31.1% (p<0.01), malondialdehyde by 57.2% (p<0.01). The use of physical factors provided a significant improvement in the antioxidant status, which was highly significant in comparison with other groups, both in relation to pain syndrome and in relation to the inactivation of structural indicators of endometriosis (decrease in the superficial-peritoneal process by 15%, p<0.05).
Influência da supressão do pilar de canto nas tensões de compressão de paredes de cortina em forma de l de concreto armado
Authors: Merabti Salem
Published: November 2024

Projetar estruturas inovadoras, econômicas e resistentes a terremotos é uma grande preocupação para engenheiros civis. Neste artigo, é feita uma comparação entre o desempenho de colunas em paredes de cisalhamento em forma de L em três edifícios diferentes sujeitos a um forte terremoto. Além disso, paredes de cisalhamento com aberturas centralizadas de diferentes tamanhos também foram estudadas. O impacto da remoção da coluna e do tamanho da abertura nas tensões de compressão foi examinado. Os resultados revelaram que a influência da remoção da coluna da parede de cisalhamento em forma de L na resposta à tensão de compressão durante um terremoto alto foi relativamente menor para o edifício de quatro andares. No entanto, a influência foi significativa para os edifícios de sete e onze andares, que foram afetados pela espessura da parede de cisalhamento e pela porcentagem de abertura. Especificamente, quando os edifícios de onze andares são reforçados com paredes de 15 cm de espessura, a diferença de tensão de compressão atinge um valor de 5,40 MPa. Essa diferença de tensão se torna perceptível em uma porcentagem de abertura de 30%.
Detection of control indices and safety levels for the use of anti-icing materials for the hygienic assessment of environmental objects
Authors: Voronina Ludmila P. , Donerian Larisa G. , Sbitnev Anton V. , Vodyanova Mariya A.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. There is a potential danger of long-term accumulation of salts and, as a consequence, their adverse impact on the environment. The desire to prevent this danger dictates the need to detect indices that will be in demand for measures to control the use of deicing materials (DIM).
The purpose of the work is to select a set of indicators and determine their acceptable level.
Materials and methods. The assessment of the impact of de-icing materials (DIM) was carried out using samples of snow mass and soil selected from twenty reference points located in various areas of the Moscow city. An analysis was performed to characterize the selected samples according to the following indices: the content of Na+, Cl– ions, total salt content determined by the specific electrical conductivity (EC), the total heavy metal contamination (Zc) and the content of adsorbed sodium (SAR). For ecotoxicological assessment, the work used integral research methods – bioassay using a battery of test organisms. Statistical data processing included cluster and regression analysis.
Results. As shown by chemical-analytical and biological research methods, with the use of DIM,a large amount of salts enters the soil surface along with the snow mass. The concentrations of Na+ in the snow mass ranged from 28.3 to 3232.8 mg/L, Cl– from 278.7 to 3965.3 mg/L. In soil samples, the average
Na+ content was 1084 mg/kg, while the content in the control sample was 101.5 mg/kg. The maximum EC values for snow samples were 1–5 mS/cm, and for soil samples – 0.420–0.605 mS/cm. The pollution index (Zc) of the soil corresponded to a low level; the snow mass samples fell into the category of moderately polluted. More than 50% of water extracts from the studied soil samples had an adversee impact on the vital (generative) response function of the test organisms Tetrahymena pyriformis.
Limitations. The limitations of the research are that sampling should take place during the period of snow cover and after complete snowmelt, that is, in the winter-spring period. These studies can be recommended for urban areas where the use of DIM, which contain water-soluble salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals, has been practiced for a number of years.
Conclusion. Monitoring the impact of DIM on the soil cover should be carried out by detecting the following maximum permissible values in snow mass samples: EC – 5.0 mS/cm; Na+ – 4000 mg/L Soil samples should be monitored according to the SAR index, which reflects the salts concentration present in the soil. Additional characteristics of the studied samples for the content of undetected pollutants can be carried out using integral biotesting methods.
Rating as a tool for increasing the level of compliance with mandatory requirements by objects of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision)
Authors: Zaitseva Nina V. , May Irina V. , Kiryanov Dmitry A. , Sedusova Ella V.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by postulates fixed in the Concept for Improvement of Control (Supervision) Activities for the period up to 2026. It stipulates the requirement to assign a rating to each object under supervision as a tool to encourage conscientious behaviour and a mechanism that ensures easy public access to any data regarding safety of each object under control.
The aim of this study was to develop a methodology and criteria for assessing objects that are subject to sanitary-epidemiological control (supervision) to assign a proper rating to them.
Materials and methods. The approaches were based on statistical analysis of the results obtained by control, supervision, and prevention activities and on identifying levels of risks of harm to protected values, primarily, people’s lives and health.
Results. The study presents methodical instruments used for calculating relative coefficients and corresponding scores serving as criteria for identifying a rating and calculated considering actual and potential risks of health harm. Objects are rated depending on the value of this relative coefficient (from low to high ones) and estimated per a suggested scale that allows identifying the level of their relative conformity with the law. Objects in the first scale range (the lowest coefficients and highest ratings) are considered to be the most law-abiding. Objects in the fourth range (the highest coefficients and lowest ratings) are considered to have the highest risks of health harm. The latter are the first-order priority and should attract the greatest attention of regulatory authorities.
Limitations. The study has limitations as regards considering specificity of detected violations and severity of their outcomes.
Conclusion. The suggested approaches to assigning ratings to both juridical persons and production facilities of the same juridical person provide information and methodical support for the requirements fixed in the valid federal legislation and prospects for the development of the public administration. The presented tools allow more flexible planning and help to the regional offices of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing to create inspection schedules in accordance with available resources so that they can soundly concentrate their efforts on the most ‘difficult’ objects even within the same risk category. Assigning a rating to an object is a way to encourage businesses to conform to mandatory requirements (for objects with low rating) and to give them an opportunity to show their socially responsible image (for objects with high rating). Assigning a rating is an instrument keeping the civil society informed and helps to make a well-grounded choice when it comes down to objects that render various services to the population.
Sanitary-chemical assessment of the impact of solid municipal and industrial waste disposal sites on the soil quality
Authors: Evseeva Irina S. , Ushakova Olga V. , Rusakov Nikolay V. , Alekseev Mikhail M.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. Currently, most of the waste is disposed of in landfills. Burial as a method of waste disposal is one of the main methods of waste management in the territories in all countries, regardless of their level of economic development. Landfills are sources of continuous and long-term chemical effects on environmental objects. Chemicals entering the soil with household and industrial waste are heavy metals and organic substances. If hygienic requirements are violated during waste disposal, the soil is primarily polluted, which can contribute to the migration of toxic substances into the media in contact with it, especially into groundwater.
The purpose of the work was to conduct a sanitary and chemical assessment of the impact of landfills on soil quality.
Materials and methods. Sanitary and chemical assessment of eighty two soil samples taken in the territories of landfills for solid household and industrial waste, and in the territory of the forest belt (background). Based on the results of the detection of gross and mobile forms of heavy metals and petroleum products in the soil, the hazard coefficient (Co) and the chemical concentration coefficient (Cs) and the total hazard coefficient Zc were calculated.
Results. A sanitary and hygienic assessment of the soils of landfills for the disposal of solid municipal and industrial waste and located on the territory of Yarovoye showed that, taking into account all the studied indices (the content of gross and mobile forms of metals, the total pollution index), these landfill soils belong to the category of moderately hazardous. The greatest contribution to soil pollution in the landfill is made by petroleum products, nickel, copper, molybdenum, chromium, lead, boron, antimony, strontium, barium in the landfill.
Limitations. The limitation of the study is that the assessment was carried out according to the content of heavy metals and petroleum products, but due to the lack of normative values, the comparison for those indicators that do not have maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) / approximate permissible concentrations (APC) was conducted with background values.
Conclusion. A sanitary and hygienic assessment of the soils of solid waste and waste disposal sites located on the territory of the city of Yarovoye showed that, taking into account all the studied indices (the content of gross and mobile forms of metals, the total pollution indicator), these soils must be classified as moderately hazardous.
The experience of using a sociological survey to assess the perception of odour and noise by the population
Authors: Goshin Mikhail E. , Sabirova Zulfiya F. , Budarina Olga V.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. Sensory environmental factors, such as the odour of emissions from various enterprises and noise, are becoming increasingly relevant in connection with the development of industry and urban highways. This is due to their impact on the psychosomatic health of people living in areas where sources of odour and noise pollution of atmospheric air are located.
The aim of the study – to evaluate the relationship between the perception of odours present in atmospheric air and noise with the subjective assessment of health status in the population of an industrial city.
Materials and methods. The data were obtained as a result of a survey of seven hundred nineteen residents of the city with a population of about 90 thousand people, conducted over 2022. The questionnaire included questions to assess the frequency, intensity of perception of odours and noise, as well as the degree of annoyance by these factors. To study the health status of the respondents, it was suggested to note their health complaints.
Results. The study identified symptoms associated with odour and noise perception such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, annoyance, and others. These symptoms are similar for odour and noise perception.
Limitations of the study are related to a relatively small sample of interviewees, and a limited number of questions that allow assessing the relationship between the effects of the studied factors and the public health as well as the lack of data characterizing the full composition of emissions from all enterprises in the city.
Conclusion. Factors of different nature – atmospheric odours and noise, affecting various analyzers and triggering biological processes in the body, lead to similar effects through the induction of annoyance. Stress caused by annoyance by odours and noise causes a number of symptoms and diseases and, in turn, affects the work of analyzers responsible for the perception of environmental factors.
Hygienic aspects of ensuring chemical safety of using new health-saving technologies for the utilization of biogas at solid municipal waste landfills
Authors: Malysheva Alla G. , Starodubova Natalya Yu.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. Environmental health issues are currently among the most important for the population of large administrative and industrial centers. Improving the quality of the environment and creating comfortable living conditions for humans using environmentally friendly methods is one of the current topical areas in environmental hygiene.
Materials and methods. The assessment of the effectiveness and chemical safety of the application of a new technology for the collection, purification, neutralization, and disposal of landfill gas for the content of a wide range of organic compounds C5–C20 at a municipal solid waste landfill was carried out using a chromato-mass spectrometric method that allows identifying and quantifying with sensitivity at and below hygienic standards a wide range of organic compounds C5–C20 in air with an unknown composition of pollutants.
Results. As a result of the operation of the new landfill gas purification system at the solid waste landfill, the total concentration of pollutants, including marginal and aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing compounds (alcohols, carboxylic acids), organic sulfur-containing compounds, and sulfur dioxide decreased.
As a result of the operation of the new landfill gas purification technology, 100% purification from odourous dialkyl sulfides and nitrogen-containing compounds has been achieved. However, at the outlet of the system, compounds not detected at the inlet were identified, which can be considered as products of combustion and transformation of hydrocarbons that are part of landfill gas, the presence of which indicates to the use of an oxidative process in the process of its disposal.
Limitations. The study is limited to the application of the method of investigation of organic compounds with the molecular formula C5–C20.
Conclusion. For an adequate assessment of the quality and chemical safety to human health of health-saving technologies, an important condition is the use of physical-chemical studies that identify and quantify dozens of pollutants simultaneously, which makes it possible to take into account the multiple componentness of the chemical composition and the possibility of adverse side effects in the form of toxic transformation of products affecting humans in real environmental pollution conditions.
Improving experimental methods for hygienic assessment of the use of metallic materials and their alloys in drinking water supply systems
Authors: Alekseeva Anna V. , Kamenetskaya Darya B. , Kochetkova Marina G.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. For many years, steel and cast iron pipes have been used in the practice of domestic drinking water supply. However, they can be a source of pollutants entering drinking water. During the hygienic assessment, special attention is paid to metal impurities in corrosion products, which under certain conditions can enter drinking water distribution systems, thereby polluting drinking water and creating a health risk.
Materials and methods. The material was scientific reports and laboratory studies on the problem of the use of metal materials and their alloys in drinking water supply systems, with special attention to the specific properties of the analyzed materials.
Results. The objective of our research is an attempt to standardize hygienic studies of metal materials (alloys) used in drinking water supply. The object developed was a research laboratory stand that recreates the conditions of a real water supply system, which makes it possible to simulate operating conditions for sanitary and chemical testing of metals and alloys intended for use in contact with drinking water. The stand guarantees a continuous flow of water through the tested material, simultaneous testing of the required number of samples, including control ones, as well as connection to cold and hot water supply systems (with test temperatures from 60 °C to 85 °C). It also allows temporarily stopping the flow of water to simulate standing water (test lines are closed for four hours before sampling), collect at least 3 liters of contact water for further testing, and also makes it easy to install the system and replace test samples.
Limitations. Modelling of operating conditions for sanitary and chemical testing was carried out on metal materials (alloys), which are one of the possible options for using materials in drinking water supply. It is necessary to conduct similar studies on other groups of materials used.
Conclusion. This stand can be used by laboratories to carry out sanitary-chemical analysis of alloys that are used in drinking water supply systems. The developed methodology makes it possible to improve the quality and accuracy of the analysis of metallic materials and alloys through the use of a unified research system.
Assessment the effectiveness of disinfection of household wastewater using a UV complex under experimental conditions
Authors: Zagainova Anzhelika V. , Kurbatova Irina V. , Lukashina Maria V. , Yudin Sergey M. , Bolekhan Vasily N. , Kostyuchenko Sergey V. , Baranov Viktor L. , Tkachev Andrey A. , Koroleva Natalya N.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. One of the most effective and economically justified methods of inactivation water treatment is disinfection using UV irradiation. UV disinfection is characterized by the absence of an aftereffect, which is an undeniable advantage for wastewater treatment, since adverse environmental effects on the wastewater receiving water body are excluded. The main technological parameter that ensures proper disinfection is the UV dose.
The purpose of the study is the confirmation of the effectiveness of using the technology of UV disinfection of water with a dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 in relation to sanitary-indicative and pathogenic microorganisms that are present in the wastewater of the Moscow metropolis.
Materials and methods. UV disinfection units DUV-1-87-N were used to conduct the experiment, providing a UV dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 for water disinfection and an open UV irradiator SVETOLIT 50 for air disinfection manufactured by company LIT.
Results. The use of a UV dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 for disinfection of water with a high degree of contamination of microorganisms ensures the level of contamination of microorganisms to meet the requirements of sanitary legislation in force on the territory of the Russian Federation for disinfected wastewater allowed discharging into surface waters.
Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the equipment used for applying UV irradiation, water turbidity, and the sensitivity of microorganisms of different taxonomic groups to UV irradiation.
Conclusion. The results of the conducted experimental study can serve a justification for the UV radiation dose of 30 mJ/cm2 used for effective disinfection of viral and bacterial contamination of water with high levels of microbial contamination up to the standard permissible level of microbial contamination (in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21) of treated wastewater suitable for discharge into surface waters.
Detection of volatile organic compounds in soils (literature review)
Authors: Nekrasova Larisa P.
Published: November 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are major environmental pollutants. Due to their high mobility, they penetrate into all environmental objects, pose an environmental threat and health risks. Getting into the soil, they deteriorate its quality. VOC content requires reliable control. There is presented a review of the literature, including methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency, and regulatory and methodological documents of the Russian Federation regulating methods of selection, storage, preparation and analysis of soil samples for VOC content.
The dominant place among methods for monitoring for VOCs belongs to gas chromatography with various types of detectors. For multicomponent analysis of complex objects, gas chromatography with mass selective detection is used due to the wide capabilities provided by the mass detector. A universal mass spectrometry method used in analytical laboratories is electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. For research purposes, modern highly sensitive methods are used – mass spectrometry based on the proton transfer reaction PTR-MS, ion trap mass spectrometry PIT-MS, negative ion ionization mass spectrometry NI-PT-CIMS,
time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the transfer reaction proton PTR-TOF-MS.
The collection and storage of samples for VOC analysis requires compliance with regulations to prevent both loss of analytes and sample contamination. Sample preparation includes methods such as vacuum and azeotropic distillation, thermal desorption, liquid extraction, various options for static and dynamic headspace analysis.
Risk factors for the occurring diseases associated with soil contamination among cemetery workers
Authors: Ushakova Olga V. , Rakhmanin Yuriy A. , Evseeva Irina S.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. Cemeteries are located near or on the territory of populated areas and occupy significant areas. However, the soils of cemeteries and their impact on the health of the population both living near necropolises and periodically coming into contact with the soil of burials due to ritual traditions have been little studied at present. Workers of burial grounds represent a special group.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of occurring diseases associated with soil contamination among cemetery workers.
Materials and methods. A hygienic assessment of the soil was carried out in seven cemeteries. There was carried out a study of 3348 soil samples, of which sanitary-chemical – 432 samples, sanitary-parasitological – 540 samples, sanitary-bacteriological studies – 2376.
Results. As studies have shown, the soil in the territory of cemeteries exceeds the content of heavy metals, such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead. Which is an undoubted risk factor for the health of cemetery workers. Sanitary, microbiological, and parasitological studies also revealed a high biological danger of cemetery soils for workers. When calculated, the total hazard index exceeds 1, thus the likelihood of harmful effects on human health increases, and such exposure is characterized as unacceptable.
Limitations. A limitation of the study is that the assessment was carried out only on the content of heavy metals whereas organic compounds in the soil were not taken into account due to the lack of standard values.
Radiation safety for staff while conducting radionuclide diagnostics
Authors: Zhernov Yury V. , Zakharova Anastasia V. , Zabroda Nadezhda N. , Lytkyna Aleksandra O. , Kazimov Alexander E.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. Approximately 30% of radiation exposure in medical settings primarily stems from CT scanning (61.5%) and radionuclide procedures (12.1%). With the increasing number of examinations and doses administered to medical personnel, the issue of radiation safety is becoming increasingly pertinent.
This study reviews the radiation risks for medical personnel in nuclear medicine, exemplified by PET/CT scanning with labelled compounds in Moscow, considering potential long-term health threats. The research focuses on optimizing radiation safety protocols, particularly in pediatric practice, emphasizing the importance
of experienced doctors in ensuring safety and training new staff.
The study aims to systematize radiation risks for personnel in radionuclide diagnostics and develop recommendations for the safe use of 18F compounds.
Materials and methods. The study is based on comprehensive methodological approaches, including radiation control and hygienic analysis, using data from reports and scientific literature. A survey was conducted among one hundred twenty employees of a radionuclide department using a questionnaire method. Descriptive and analytical methods were applied in the research.
Results. The analysis revealed the impact of low doses of radiation on the immune system and health of the personnel, highlighting issues in the systematization
and accounting of dose loads. Risks of radiation exposure to female staff, as well as during planning and pregnancy, were assessed. Information on radiation safety in pediatrics is presented.
Limitations. The article presents an analysis of the radiation doses received by the staff of a single PET center over a limited period of time.
Conclusion. The findings indicate existing monitoring systems and legislation in Russia to be insufficient to fully account for radiation risks. Special attention is necessary for women and pregnant medical workers, as well as children undergoing PET scanning. The study underscores the need for updating protocols and further research in this area.
Determining the risk level of covid-19 infection of medical workers
Authors: Belova Elena V. , Zabroda Nadezhda N. , Istratov Petr A. , Sidorova Ekaterina A. , Simanovskiy Anton A. , Nesterov Georgii V. , Lezinova Alina I. , Kraskevich Denis A. , Severova Lyudmila P. , Zhernov Yury V. , Mitrokhin Oleg V.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. The primary task in assessing the probable risk of infection is to identify potential threats to the health and well-being of the population, determine the risks associated with the occupational activities of workers in various fields, including medical workers of various specialties, as well as analyze the effectiveness of measures already implemented to prevent them.
Materials and methods. An analysis of literature data in the Russian and English-language segments, own and dissertation research was carried out, significant factors in the spread of COVID-19 for medical workers of different specialties were identified.
Results. Based on the results of own research, the most significant risk factor in the spread of COVID-19 for medical workers was identified – failure to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters (49.5%). An assessment was made of the level of probable risk of COVID-19 infection in the workplace for medical workers. The majority estimated the probable risk of infection at 1–2 points, which is moderate or low. Doctors – epidemiologists: about 48% of respondents spend more than 5 hours in the outbreak; 55.0% maintain a social distance of 1–1.5 meters; 65.0% of respondents visit 1–2 centers per day. General practitioners:
42.6% have contact with 5 or fewer patients; 29.5% maintain a social distance of 1–1.5 meters and 42.6% of respondents spend 5-10 minutes per patient.
Limitations. To implement this study, the required number of respondents was calculated using the method proposed by Viechtbauer W. et al. (2015). In this case, a 95% confidence interval and an expected response rate of 0.05 were set. According to the results obtained, at least ninety two people should take part in the study, which is a sufficient reference sample.
Conclusion. According to epidemiologists, the most significant factor in the spread of COVID-19 was failure to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters
and the failure to use masks when working with patients sick with the new coronavirus infection. According to general practitioners, the key factors in the spread of COVID-19 were the number of contacts with patients, the number of epicenters of infection visited, the length of the doctor’s stay at the site of the disease,
as well as the distance during contact with the patient.
Emotional burnout in medical workers of the outpatient clinic
Authors: Dyakovich Marina P. , Kuleshova Marina V. , Pankov Vladimir A.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. Much attention is paid to the study of the prevalence of emotional burnout syndrome (EBS) among health workers (HW). There are few studies of the relationship between EBS and factors influencing the HW subjective well-being.
Material and methods. HW in outpatient clinics (nineteen doctors and 45 nurses) were examined. EBS was diagnosed using the method by V.V. Boyko, trait (TA) and state anxiety (SA) – using the Spielberger–Khanin scale, subjective social well-being (SSW) – the PWI-A questionnaire by R. Cummins. The Mann–Whitney criterion, χ2 was used to analyze the differences between the indicators, Pearson’s contingency coefficient – to assess the strength of the relationship, two-way variance analysis – to detect the simultaneous influence of two factors on the studied indicators, Spearman’s rank coefficient – to assess the correlation relationship.
Results. All HW showed EBS signs of varying severity. In the structure of dominant symptoms, the leading places were occupied by experiences of psychotraumatic circumstances (46.2% in doctors and 54.2% in nurses), emotional and moral disorientation (43.5% in doctors), expansion in the sphere in economy, in emotions (30.2% in nurses), emotional deficit (33.3% in doctors and 35.2% in nurses), depersonalization (33.3% in doctors and 32.4% in nurses). The specificity of the severity of symptoms does not depend on the age, but has positive relationships with experience. 34.7% of HW had high levels of TA and SA; no differences were found between the group of doctors and nurses. The levels of TA and SA did not depend on the age and experience. Inverse relationships were established between the development of EBS and the indicators of the SSW (confidence in the future, their achievements, level of personal security, and their standard of living).
Limitations. The cross-sectional design of the study, a small sample does not allow making unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusions regarding the factors influencing on the development of EBS.
Conclusion. Data on the dominant symptoms in each phase of EBS, the levels of SA and TA, and the SSW assessments can be used to develop a program for the prevention and psychological correction of EBS in HW.
Prevalence and characteristics of E-cigarettes smoking among medical students
Authors: Zhernov Yury V. , Zelinskaya Marina Yu. , Isiutina-Fedotkova Tatiana S. , Makarova Valentina V. , Shashina Ekaterina A. , Kudryashov Ily’a A. , Kazimov Alexander E. , Mitrokhin Oleg V.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. In recent years, there has been a downward trend in the consumption of traditional tobacco products. However, the use of various electronic means of nicotine delivery, in particular, electronic cigarettes (e-Cigs), is widespread. E-Cigs are popular among young people.
The purpose of the work is to assess the prevalence and characteristics of e-Cigs consumption among medical students (using the example of Sechenov University).
Materials and methods. A survey of six hundred thirty students was conducted. Quantitative indices were assessed for compliance with normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The critical value of the significance level when testing statistical hypotheses was taken as p≤0.05.
Results. The proportion of smoking students was 26.8%. Students use e-Cigs more often (64.5% of total smokers) than regular cigarettes (46.7%). Boys use regular tobacco products more often, while girls prefer e-Cigs. Multiple smoking devices (both traditional and electronic) are used by 18.9% of students. The main reasons for using e-Cigs are the absence of tobacco odour, ease of use and the presence of pleasant aromas. Only 18.4% of medical students consider e-Cigs less harmful than regular cigarettes. Preference is given to e-Cigs with nicotine. The most popular flavour among young people is fruit and berry. Almost all respondents use e-Cigs in the presence of other people. The intensity of e-Cigs smoking is high in 33.9%. More than half of smokers would like to quit smoking, but cannot due to the established habit and lack of incentive.
Limitations are due to the fact that study included students from university students whose professional standard of training suggest issues of a healthy lifestyle.
Conclusion. The share of students using e-Cigs is increasing. More than half of the respondents began using e-Cigs during their university studies. More attention needs to be paid to hygiene education and training on prevention and smoking cessation methods.