bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transplanted Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells Ameliorate Testicular Dysfunction In A D‐Galactose–Induced Aging Rat Model
Authors: Yang Chun , Du Yi‐kuan , Wang Jun , Luan Ping , Yang Qin‐lao , Huang Wen‐hua , Yuan Lin
Published: February 2015

Glycation product accumulation during aging of slowly renewing tissues may be an important mechanism underlying aging of the testis. Adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) have shown promise in a novel tissue regenerative technique and may have utility in treating sexual dysfunction. ADSCs have also been found to be effective in antiaging therapy, although the mechanism underlying their effects remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the anti‐aging effect of ADSCs in a D‐galactose (D‐gal)–induced aging animal model and to clarify the underlying mechanism. Randomly selected 6‐week‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats were subcutaneously injected with D‐gal daily for 8 weeks. Two weeks after completion of treatment, D‐gal–induced aging rats were randomized to receive caudal vein injections of 3 × 106 5‐bromo 2′deoxy­uridine–labeled ADSCs or an equal volume of phosphate‐buffered saline. Serum testosterone level, steroidogenic enzymes (3‐β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased significantly in aging rats compared with the control group; serum lipid peroxidation, spermatogenic cell apoptosis, and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) expression increased significantly. ADSCs increased the SOD level and reduced the MDA level in the aging animal model and restored levels of serum testosterone, steroidogenic enzymes, and spermatogenic cell apoptosis. These results demonstrate that ADSCs can contribute to testicular regeneration during aging. ADSCs also provide functional benefits through glycation suppression and antioxidant effects in a rat model of aging. Although some ADSCs differentiated into Leydig cells, the paracrine pathway seems to play a main role in this process, resulting in the reduction of apoptosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2403–2414, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pantethine Alters Lipid Composition and Cholesterol Content of Membrane Rafts, With Down‐Regulation of CXCL12‐Induced T Cell Migration
Authors: van Gijsel‐Bonnello Manuel , Acar Niyazi , Molino Yves , Bretillon Lionel , Khrestchatisky Michel , de Reggi Max , Gharib Bouchra
Published: February 2015

Pantethine, a natural low‐molecular‐weight thiol, shows a broad activity in a large range of essential cellular pathways. It has been long known as a hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic agent. We have recently shown that it exerts a neuroprotective action in mouse models of cerebral malaria and Parkinson's disease through multiple mechanisms. In the present study, we looked at its effects on membrane lipid rafts that serve as platforms for molecules engaged in cell activity, therefore providing a target against inappropriate cell response leading to a chronic inflammation. We found that pantethine‐treated cells showed a significant change in raft fatty acid composition and cholesterol content, with ultimate downregulation of cell adhesion, CXCL12‐driven chemotaxis, and transendothelial migration of various T cell types, including human Jurkat cell line and circulating effector T cells. The mechanisms involved include the alteration of the following: (i) CXCL12 binding to its target cells; (ii) membrane dynamics of CXCR4 and CXCR7, the two CXCL12 receptors; and (iii) cell redox status, a crucial determinant in the regulation of the chemokine system. In addition, we considered the linker for activation of T cells molecule to show that pantethine effects were associated with the displacement from the rafts of the acylated signaling molecules which had their palmitoylation level reduced.. In conclusion, the results presented here, together with previously published findings, indicate that due to its pleiotropic action, pantethine can downregulate the multifaceted process leading to pathogenic T cell activation and migration. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2415–2425, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MRT letter: A unified accelerated maximum likelihood technique for widefield, confocal, and super‐resolution 4Pi microscopy
Authors: Chelur K Rasmi , Kanhirodan Rajan , Mondal Partha Pratim
Published: February 2015

We propose an algorithmic technique for accelerating maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm for image reconstruction in fluorescence microscopy. This is made possible by integrating Biggs–Andrews (BA) method with ML approach. The results on widefield, confocal, and super‐resolution 4Pi microscopy reveal substantial improvement in the speed of 3D image reconstruction (the number of iterations has reduced by approximately one‐half). Moreover, the quality of reconstruction obtained using accelerated ML closely resembles with nonaccelerated ML method. The proposed technique is a step closer to realize real‐time reconstruction in 3D fluorescence microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:331–335, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE VISUAL CLIFF'S FORGOTTEN MENAGERIE: RATS, GOATS, BABIES, AND MYTH‐MAKING IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: RODKEY ELISSA N.
Published: February 2015

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk's famous visual cliff experiment is one of psychology's classic studies, included in most introductory textbooks. Yet the famous version which centers on babies is actually a simplification, the result of disciplinary myth‐making. In fact the visual cliff's first subjects were rats, and a wide range of animals were tested on the cliff, including chicks, turtles, lambs, kid goats, pigs, kittens, dogs, and monkeys. The visual cliff experiment was more accurately a series of experiments, employing varying methods and a changing apparatus, modified to test different species. This paper focuses on the initial, nonhuman subjects of the visual cliff, resituating the study in its original experimental logic, connecting it to the history of comparative psychology, Gibson's interest in comparative psychology, as well as gender‐based discrimination. Recovering the visual cliff's forgotten menagerie helps to counter the romanticization of experimentation by focusing on the role of extrascientific factors, chance, complexity, and uncertainty in the experimental process.
Analysis of therapeutic proteins and peptides using multiangle light scattering coupled to ultra high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Espinosa‐de la Garza Carlos E. , Miranda‐Hernández Mariana P. , Acosta‐Flores Lilia , Pérez Néstor O. , Flores‐Ortiz Luis F. , Medina‐Rivero Emilio
Published: February 2015

Analysis of the physical properties of biotherapeutic proteins is crucial throughout all the stages of their lifecycle. Herein, we used size‐exclusion ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to multiangle light scattering and refractive index detection systems to determine the molar mass, mass‐average molar mass, molar‐mass dispersity and hydrodynamic radius of two monoclonal antibodies (rituximab and trastuzumab), a fusion protein (etanercept), and a synthetic copolymer (glatiramer acetate) employed as models. A customized instrument configuration was set to diminish band‐broadening effects and enhance sensitivity throughout detectors. The customized configuration showed a performance improvement with respect to the high‐performance liquid chromatography standard configuration, as observed by a 3 h column conditioning and a higher resolution analysis in 20 min. Analysis of the two monoclonal antibodies showed averaged values of 148.0 kDa for mass‐average molar mass and 5.4 nm for hydrodynamic radius, whereas for etanercept these values were 124.2 kDa and 6.9 nm, respectively. Molar‐mass dispersity was 1.000 on average for these proteins. Regarding glatiramer acetate, a molar mass range from 3 to 45 kDa and a molar‐mass dispersity of 1.304 were consistent with its intrinsic peptide diversity, and its mass‐average molar mass was 10.4 kDa. Overall, this method demonstrated an accurate determination of molar mass, overcoming the difficulties of size‐exclusion chromatography.
Analysis of the AZ31 magnesium alloy bars rolling process in modified stretching passes
Authors: Szota P. , Mróz S. , Stefanik A. , Mola R.
Published: February 2015

Production of AZ31 magnesium alloy round bars can be realized in hot rolling process. Application of modified stretching passes to the rolling process will allow obtaining bars which will characterised by more homogeneous microstructure in the cross‐section of bars in comparison to bars rolled in classical passes. As a result of applying a new strain scheme created by using the modified stretching passes it was possible to obtain bars with mechanical properties similar to the bars obtained in the extrusion process.
Postural vital capacity difference with aging in duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Won Yu Hui , Choi Won Ah , Kim Dong Hyun , Kang Seong‐Woong
Published: February 2015

Introduction: A change in vital capacity (VC) from standing to supine can be an index of diaphragm paralysis if it exceeds 25%. We aimed to verify whether the postural VC difference increases with age and reflects diaphragm weakness in DMD. Methods: VCs were measured in DMD. Postural VC difference and percentage were calculated from the VC data. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and MIP percentage were measured as an indirect index of diaphragm weakness. Results: A total of 220 patients and 544 measurements were collected. MIP and MIP percentage decreased significantly with age (P < 0.001 for both). Estimated postural VC difference and percentage also decreased (P < 0.001, P = 0.006, respectively). Age group comparisons showed a significant decrease in younger, but not older subjects. Conclusions: This study shows that the postural VC difference tended to decrease with age and might not reflect diaphragmatic weakness in DMD; however, this should be interpreted cautiously. Muscle Nerve 52: 722–727, 2015
Sonographic characteristics of the facial nerve in healthy volunteers
Authors: TAWFIK EMAN A.
Published: February 2015

Introduction: Peripheral nerve ultrasound has become an effective imaging technique. However, imaging of cranial nerves, especially in healthy volunteers, has received minimal attention. The objectives of this study were to describe the sonographic characteristics of the facial nerve and to establish average values of its diameter. Methods: The extra‐cranial part of the facial nerve was scanned bilaterally along its longitudinal axis inside the parotid gland using a 13‐MHz probe in 50 healthy adults. The diameter was measured at the nerve's thickest region. Results: The facial nerve appeared as a thin, tubular, hypoechoic structure inside the parotid gland. The mean facial nerve diameter was 0.5 ± 0.1 mm, and the mean side‐to‐side difference in diameter was 0.1 ± 0.1 mm. Conclusions: The average facial nerve diameter values may provide help with identification of nerve abnormalities using ultrasound. Muscle Nerve 52: 767–771, 2015
Quantitative sodium MRI of kidney
Authors: Zöllner Frank G. , Konstandin Simon , Lommen Jonathan , Budjan Johannes , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Schad Lothar R. , Haneder Stefan
Published: February 2015

One of the main tasks of the human kidneys is to maintain the homeostasis of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance by filtration of the plasma and excretion of the end products. Herein, the regulation of extracellular sodium in the kidney is of particular importance. Sodium MRI (23Na MRI) allows for the absolute quantification of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) and thereby provides a direct link between TSC and tissue viability. Renal 23Na MRI can provide new insights into physiological tissue function and viability thought to differ from the information obtained by standard 1H MRI. Sodium imaging has the potential to become an independent surrogate biomarker not only for renal imaging, but also for oncology indications. However, this technique is now on the threshold of clinical implementation. Numerous, initial pre‐clinical and clinical studies have already outlined the potential of this technique; however, future studies need to be extended to larger patient groups to show the diagnostic outcome. In conclusion, 23Na MRI is seen as a powerful technique with the option to establish a non‐invasive renal biomarker for tissue viability, but is still a long way from real clinical implementation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative proteomic analysis of biofilm and planktonic cells of Lactobacillus plantarum DB200
Authors: De Angelis Maria , Siragusa Sonya , Campanella Daniela , Di Cagno Raffaella , Gobbetti Marco
Published: February 2015

This study investigated the relative abundance of extracellular and cell wall associated proteins (exoproteome), cytoplasmic proteins (proteome), and related phenotypic traits of Lactobacillus plantarum grown under planktonic and biofilm conditions. Lactobacillus plantarum DB200 was preliminarily selected due to its ability to form biofilms and to adhere to Caco2 cells. As shown by fluorescence microscope analysis, biofilm cells became longer and autoaggregated at higher levels than planktonic cells. The molar ratio between glucose consumed and lactate synthesised was markedly decreased under biofilm compared to planktonic conditions. DIGE analysis showed a differential exoproteome (115 protein spots) and proteome (44) between planktonic and biofilm L. plantarum DB200 cells. Proteins up‐ or downregulated by at least twofold (p < 0.05) were found to belong mainly to the following functional categories: cell wall and catabolic process, cell cycle and adhesion, transport, glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism, exopolysaccharide metabolism, amino acid and protein metabolisms, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis, purine and nucleotide metabolism, stress response, oxidation/reduction process, and energy metabolism. Many of the above proteins showed moonlighting behavior. In accordance with the high expression levels of stress proteins (e.g., DnaK, GroEL, ClpP, GroES, and catalase), biofilm cells demonstrated enhanced survival under conditions of environmental stress.
Moving forward in plant food safety and security through NanoBioSensors: Adopt or adapt biomedical technologies?
Authors: Sharma Tarun K. , Ramanathan Rajesh , Rakwal Randeep , Agrawal Ganesh K. , Bansal Vipul
Published: February 2015

Plant‐based foods are integral part of our day‐to‐day diet. Increasing world population has put forth an ever increasing demand for plant‐based foods, and food security remains a major concern. Similarly, biological, chemical, and physical threats to our food and increasing regulatory demands to control the presence of foreign species in food products have made food safety a growing issue. Nanotechnology has already established its roots in diverse disciplines. However, the food industry is yet to harness the full potential of the unique capabilities offered by this next‐generation technology. While there might be safety concerns in regards to integration of nanoproducts with our food products, an aspect of nanotechnology that can make remarkable contribution to different elements of the food chain is the use of nanobiosensors and diagnostic platforms for monitoring food traceability, quality, safety, and nutritional value. This brings us to an important question that whether existing diagnostic platforms that have already been well developed for biomedical and clinical application are suitable for food industry or whether the demands of the food industry are altogether different that may not allow adoption/adaptation of the existing technology. This review is an effort to raise this important “uncomfortable” yet “timely” question.
Exposing the subunit diversity and modularity of protein complexes by structural mass spectrometry approaches
Authors: Chorev Dror S. , Ben‐Nissan Gili , Sharon Michal
Published: February 2015

Although the number of protein‐encoding genes in the human genome is only about 20 000 not far from the amount found in the nematode worm genome, the number of proteins that are translated from these sequences is larger by several orders of magnitude. A number of mechanisms have evolved to enable this diversity. For example, genes can be alternatively spliced to create multiple transcripts; they may also be translated from different alternative initiation sites. After translation, hundreds of chemical modifications can be introduced in proteins, altering their chemical properties, folding, stability, and activity. The complexity is then further enhanced by the various combinations that are generated from the assembly of different subunit variants into protein complexes. This, in turn, confers structural and functional flexibility, and endows the cell with the ability to adapt to various environmental conditions. Therefore, exposing the variability of protein complexes is an important step toward understanding their biological functions. Revealing this enormous diversity, however, is not a simple task. In this review, we will focus on the array of MS‐based strategies that are capable of performing this mission. We will also discuss the challenges that lie ahead, and the future directions toward which the field might be heading.
Suppressing the long‐chain branching in the synthesis of poly(styrene‐b‐butyl acrylate‐b‐styrene) in RAFT emulsion polymerization by tuning the interfacial properties
Authors: Guo Yunlong , Gao Xiang , Luo Yingwu
Published: February 2015

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization is becoming an important technique to synthesize the latex of block copolymers. A previous study showed that in the synthesis of polystyrene‐b‐poly(butyl acrylate)‐b‐polystyrene triblock copolymer via RAFT emulsion polymerization using amphiphilic oligo(acrylic acid‐styrene) macroRAFT as surfactant and mediator, the molecular weight distribution could be much broadened to PDI higher than 2. In this study, an in‐depth investigation was performed to decrease PDI. It was found that long‐chain branches could be formed in the synthesis of triblock block copolymer, leading to the appearance of a higher molecular weight shoulder in the GPC curve of the final product. The lower neutralization degree of acrylic acid (AA) units on the macroRAFT and shorter AA chains would help to suppress the formation the long‐chain branches, leading to PDI around 1.5. It is evidenced that the successful suppression is due to the promotion of radical entry as a result of decreased interfacial transport impedance. It is also evidenced that the presence of styrene during the polymerization of butyl acrylate could promote the formation of long chain branches. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1464–1473
Molecular dynamic study of dielectric polarization and ferroelectricity in a model polar polymer
Authors: Calame Jeffrey P.
Published: February 2015

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore the polarization response of a lamellar crystal consisting of folded chains of a highly simplified model polar polymer. The system is based on a united atom model of polyethylene with constrained bond lengths and bond angles, and it is endowed with artificial partial charges placed on the united atoms to give it a simple polar character. Simulations performed with various temperatures, electric field directions, and electric field application histories reveal a complicated sequence of reorientation processes, including pronounced ferroelectric behavior. The sequence includes a weak, temperature‐independent prompt response, and a slow‐rising delay regime with stretched exponential behavior and thermally‐activated reorientation parameters consistent with trans‐gauche (TG) barrier crossings in the amorphous phase. When the delay regime has progressed sufficiently, a primary large‐amplitude response due to organized rotation of large subsegments in the crystalline phase occurs in a rapid manner that requires relatively few TG barrier crossings. A final, extremely slow rise in residual polarization completes the sequence. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 740–759
Developing a Combustion Model of a Solid Propellant Containing Capsules of Liquid Oxidizer
Authors: Livne Or , Gany Alon
Published: February 2015

A combustion model of a solid propellant containing liquid oxidizer capsules was developed. The model is based on the combustion cycle of a unit cell, an oxidizer droplet surrounded by the adjusting amount of binder. Three combustion stages are considered: (1) binder decomposition parallel to oxidizer heating up to boiling temperature, (2) simultaneous binder and oxidizer gasification, and (3) gasification of the remaining condensed phase species. Simple global kinetics are assumed for the gas phase reactions and binder decomposition abiding Arrhenius law, and boiling process for the oxidizer abiding Clausius‐Clapeyron curves. The obtained results show similar trends as do other relevant models and experimental results, especially for the effect of droplet size and propellant composition on the burn rate. The predicted effect of initial temperature on the burn rate is less significant than for common solid propellants. The results indicate that for small droplets the oxidizer will heat up to boiling temperature even before it is revealed on the burning surface, due to heat conduction through the surrounding binder.
Computational model of 2DEG mobility in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Abgaryan Karine , Mutigullin Ilya , Reviznikov Dmitry
Published: February 2015

The computational scheme of multiscale modeling of semiconductor heterostructures is presented. Three scale levels are taken into account. On the atomic level the system is described using crystallographic information and quantum‐mechanical model. Ab initio modeling allows to determine the electronic structure, define polarization effects and calculate charge densities on the interfaces between layers. Obtained information is used in the nanoscale level model for the calculation of the charge carrier distribution in the heterostructure. At this level mathematical model contains the system of conjugated Schrödinger and Poisson equations. The carrier density distributions over the lateral direction of the multilayered structure and 2DEG localization are of the most interest at this point. This data is used in the next scale level model where electron mobility is calculated. A wide range of electron scattering mechanisms are taken into account during this calculation. This approach was applied to model 2DEG in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructures. The good agreement between calculated values of interface charge density, 2DEG electron concentration, electron mobility and known experimental data was achieved. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The initial establishment and epithelial morphogenesis of the esophagus: a new model of tracheal–esophageal separation and transition of simple columnar into stratified squamous epithelium in the developing esophagus
Authors: Que Jianwen
Published: February 2015

The esophagus and trachea are tubular organs that initially share a single common lumen in the anterior foregut. Several models have been proposed to explain how this single‐lumen developmental intermediate generates two tubular organs. However, new evidence suggests that these models are not comprehensive. I will first briefly review these models and then propose a novel ‘splitting and extension’ model based on our in vitro modeling of the foregut separation process. Signaling molecules (e.g., SHHs, WNTs, BMPs) and transcription factors (e.g., NKX2.1 and SOX2) are critical for the separation of the foregut. Intriguingly, some of these molecules continue to play essential roles during the transition of simple columnar into stratified squamous epithelium in the developing esophagus, and they are also closely involved in epithelial maintenance in the adults. Alterations in the levels of these molecules have been associated with the initiation and progression of several esophageal diseases and cancer in adults. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:419–430. doi: 10.1002/wdev.179

This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling

Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Non-Branched

Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies
Construction of allitol synthesis pathway by multi-enzyme coexpression in Escherichia coli and its application in allitol production
Authors: Zhu Yueming , Li Hongyi , Liu Pingping , Yang Jiangang , Zhang Xueli , Sun Yuanxia
Published: February 2015

An engineered strain for the conversion of d-fructose to allitol was developed by constructing a multi-enzyme coupling pathway and cofactor recycling system in Escherichia coli. d-Psicose-3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp. and ribitol dehydrogenase from Klebsiella oxytoca were coexpressed to form the multi-enzyme coupling pathway for allitol production. The cofactor recycling system was constructed using the formate dehydrogenase gene from Candida methylica for continuous NADH supply. The recombinant strain produced 10.62 g/l allitol from 100 mM d-fructose. To increase the intracellular concentration of the substrate, the glucose/fructose facilitator gene from Zymomonas mobilis was incorporated into the engineered strain. The results showed that the allitol yield was enhanced significantly to 16.53 g/l with a conversion rate of 92 %. Through optimizing conversion conditions, allitol was produced effectively on a large scale by the whole-cell biotransformation system; the yield reached 48.62 g/l when 500 mM d-fructose was used as the substrate.
Temperature effects on biomass, geosmin, and 2-methylisoborneol production and cellular activity by Nocardia spp. and Streptomyces spp. isolated from rainbow trout recirculating aquaculture systems
Authors: Schrader Kevin K , Harries Marcuslene D , Page Phaedra N
Published: February 2015

Isolates of Nocardia cummidelens, Nocard ia fluminea, Streptomyces albidoflavus, and Streptomyces luridiscabiei attributed as the cause of “earthy-musty” off-flavor in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) raised in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) were evaluated for the effect of temperature (10–30 °C) on biomass, geosmin, and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) production and cellular activity. Cultures of these isolates were monitored over 7 days by measuring culture dry weight, geosmin, and MIB production using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME–GC–MS), and ATP production via a luminometer. Compared to the other isolates, S. luridiscabiei had significantly (P < 0.05) higher biomass (8.17 ± 0.35 mg/mL) at 15 °C (water temperature in the RAS) after 7 days incubation. In addition, S. luridiscabiei produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher geosmin (69,976 ± 15,733 ng/L) at 15 °C. At 25 °C and 30 °C, S. albidoflavus produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher geosmin (182,074 ± 60,272 ng/L and 399,991 ± 102,262 ng/L, respectively). All isolates produced MIB at 15 °C, but S. luridiscabiei produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher MIB (97,143 ± 28,972 ng/L) and ATP after 7 days. Therefore, S. luridiscabiei appears to be a likely contributor of geosmin and MIB in the RAS.
Minimum φ-Divergence Estimation in Constrained Latent Class Models for Binary Data
Authors: Felipe A. , Miranda P. , Pardo L.
Published: February 2015

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce and study the behavior of minimum <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}-divergence estimators as an alternative to the maximum-likelihood estimator in latent class models for binary items. As it will become clear below, minimum <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}-divergence estimators are a natural extension of the maximum-likelihood estimator. The asymptotic properties of minimum <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}-divergence estimators for latent class models for binary data are developed. Finally, to compare the efficiency and robustness of these new estimators with that obtained through maximum likelihood when the sample size is not big enough to apply the asymptotic results, we have carried out a simulation study.
MiR‐193b regulates early chondrogenesis by inhibiting the TGF‐beta2 signaling pathway
Authors: Hou Changhe , Yang Zibo , Kang Yan , Zhang Ziji , Fu Ming , He Aishan , Zhang Zhiqi , Liao Weiming
Published: February 2015

Cartilage generation and degradation are regulated by miRNAs. Our previous study has shown altered expression of miR‐193b in chondrogenic human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs). In the current study, we investigated the role of miR‐193b in chondrogenesis and cartilage degradation. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR‐193b targeted seed sequences of the TGFB2 and TGFBR3 3′‐UTRs. MiR‐193b suppressed the expression of early chondrogenic markers in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells, and TNF‐alpha expression in IL‐1b‐induced PMCs. In conclusion, MiR‐193b may inhibit early chondrogenesis by targeting TGFB2 and TGFBR3, and may regulate inflammation by repressing TNF‐alpha expression in inflamed chondrocytes.
Transmembrane protein 173 inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Choe Chung-Hyeon , Park In Sun , Park Jisang , Yu Kang-Yeol , Jang Hyonseok , Kim Ju , Jang Yong-Suk
Published: February 2015

Tmem173 was identified as a growth inhibitor associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and a potential stimulator for IFN‐β, an innate immune inducer and a negative feedback controller for RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation of monocytic macrophage cells. In this study, we confirmed that transmembrane protein 173 (Tmem173) overexpression inhibited the expression of osteoclast‐specific genes, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K, and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), as well as bone resorption pit formation in RANKL‐treated RAW 264.7 cells. Activation of osteoclast‐specific transcription factors, c‐Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic‐1 (NFATc1), and RANKL‐induced activation of ERK were also down‐regulated by Tmem173 overexpression. Collectively, these results suggest that Tmem173 plays a regulatory role in RANKL–RANK‐mediated signaling in osteoclastogenesis.
Dietary inflammatory index and anthropometric measures of obesity in a population sample at high cardiovascular risk from the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) trial
Authors: Ruiz-Canela M. , Zazpe I. , Shivappa N. , Hébert J. R. , Sánchez-Tainta A. , Corella D. , Salas-Salvadó J. , Fitó M. , Lamuela-Raventós R. M. , Rekondo J. , Fernández-Crehuet J. , Fiol M. , Santos-Lozano J. M. , Serra-Majem L. , Pinto X. , Martínez J. A. , Ros E. , Estruch R. , Martínez-González M. A.
Published: February 2015

The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a new tool to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. In the present study, we aimed to determine the association between the DII and BMI, waist circumference and waist:height ratio (WHtR). We conducted a cross-sectional study of 7236 participants recruited into the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea trial. Information from a validated 137-item FFQ was used to calculate energy, food and nutrient intakes. A fourteen-item dietary screener was used to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet). Sex-specific multivariable linear regression models were fitted to estimate differences (and 95 % CI) in BMI, waist circumference and WHtR across the quintiles of the DII. All nutrient intakes, healthy foods and adherence to the MeDiet were higher in the quintile with the lowest DII score (more anti-inflammatory values) except for intakes of animal protein, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat. Although an inverse association between the DII and total energy was apparent, the DII was associated with higher average BMI, waist circumference and WHtR after adjusting for known risk factors. The adjusted difference in the WHtR for women and men between the highest and lowest quintiles of the DII was 1·60 % (95 % CI 0·87, 2·33) and 1·04 % (95 % CI 0·35, 1·74), respectively. Pro-inflammatory scores remained associated with obesity after controlling for the effect that adherence to a MeDiet had on inflammation. In conclusion, the present study shows a direct association between the DII and indices of obesity, and supports the hypothesis that diet may have a role in the development of obesity through inflammatory modulation mechanisms.
Dangerous Debates: Jain responses to theological challenges at the Mughal court
Authors: TRUSCHKE AUDREY
Published: February 2015

In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Jain leaders faced a series of religious questions at the royal Mughal court. At the request of their imperial Muslim hosts, Jain representatives discussed aspects of both Islam and Jainism on separate occasions, including the veracity of Islam, whether Jains are monotheists, and the validity of Jain asceticism. The Mughals sometimes initiated these conversations of their own accord and at other times acted on the prompting of Brahmans, who had political and religious interests at stake in encouraging imperial clashes with Jain leaders. Jain authors recorded these exchanges in numerous Sanskrit texts, which generally remain unknown to Mughal historians and Sanskrit scholars alike. I examine the Jain accounts of these cross-cultural debates and expound their political, religious, and intellectual implications. These engagements showcase how the Mughals negotiated religious differences with diverse communities in their kingdom. Furthermore, the Sanskrit narratives of these dialogues outline complex theological visions of how Jain beliefs and practices could thrive within a potentially hazardous Islamicate imperial order. More broadly Jain and Mughal discussions provide rich insight into key developments in religious precepts and local identities in early modern India.
What would happen to the trees and lianas if apes disappeared?
Authors: Beaune David
Published: February 2015

Apes, like many frugivorous animals, are crucial allies for the reproduction of several fruiting tree species. Almost all apes, however, including bonobos Pan paniscus, are threatened with extinction. How will this affect tree conservation? How can plants that are adapted to seed dispersal by apes reproduce without their dispersal vectors? At LuiKotale, in an evergreen tropical forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the recruitment of 22 plant species in the absence of seed dispersal was investigated under the parental canopy, where a proportion of seeds fall without horizontal dissemination. Most bonobo-dispersed plant species (95% of 19 species) were unable to self-recruit under the canopy. As 40% of the tree species (65% of trees) at LuiKotale are dispersed by bonobos there is a risk of ecosystem decay and simplification (reduced biodiversity) if Pan paniscus disappears from its natural range. The extinction of other apes from their forests could have similar consequences. The conservation of tree species, therefore, must encompass conservation of pollinators, seed dispersal vectors and other species that provide ecological services to the trees and other fruiting plants.
Early-adult correlates of maltreatment in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Increased risk for internalizing symptoms and suicidality
Authors: Guendelman Maya D. , Owens Elizabeth B. , Galán Chardee , Gard Arianna , Hinshaw Stephen P.
Published: February 2015

We examined whether maltreatment experienced in childhood and/or adolescence prospectively predicts young adult functioning in a diverse and well-characterized sample of females with childhood-diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (N= 140). Participants were part of a longitudinal study and carefully evaluated in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood (Mage= 9.6, 14.3, and 19.7 years, respectively), with high retention rates across time. A thorough review of multisource data reliably established maltreatment status for each participant (Mκ= 0.78). Thirty-two (22.9%) participants experienced at least one maltreatment type (physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect). Criterion variables included a broad array of young adult measures of functioning gleaned from multiple-source, multiple-informant instruments. With stringent statistical control of demographic, prenatal, and family status characteristics as well as baseline levels of the criterion variable in question, maltreated participants were significantly more impaired than nonmaltreated participants with respect to self-harm (suicide attempts), internalizing symptomatology (anxiety and depression), eating disorder symptomatology, and well-being (lower overall self-worth). Effect sizes were medium. Comprising the first longitudinal evidence linking maltreatment with key young adult life impairments among a carefully diagnosed and followed sample of females with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, these findings underscore the clinical importance of trauma experiences within this population.
A rare type of common arterial trunk with interrupted aortic arch, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and phenylketonuria
Authors: Ayyildiz Pelin , Kasar Taner , Güzeltas Alper
Published: February 2015

Common arterial trunk with arch obstruction is a rare conotruncal abnormality. We report, with confirmatory images, a neonate with this anomaly and additional supracardiac partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, as well as phenylketonuria.
Analysis of Trauma Care Education in the South Sudan Community Health Worker Training Curriculum
Authors: Ogunniyi Adedamola , Clark Melissa , Donaldson Ross
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the majority occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Allied health workers are often on the front lines of caring for trauma patients; this is the case in South Sudan, where a system of community health workers (CHWs) and clinical officers (COs) form an essential part of the health care structure. However, curricula for these workers vary, and it is unclear how much these training programs include trauma education.

Hypothesis/Methods

The CHW training curriculum in South Sudan was reviewed to evaluate the degree to which it incorporates trauma education, according to established guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO). To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first formal comparison of a CHW curriculum with established WHO trauma guidelines.

Results

The curriculum incorporated a number of essential components of the WHO guidelines; however, the concepts taught were limited in scope. The curriculum only covered about 50% of the content required for basic providers, with major deficiencies being in the management of head and spinal injuries, safety protocols for health care personnel, and in the management of pediatric patients.

Discussion/Conclusion

The CHW training curriculum lacks the requisite content to provide adequately a basic level of trauma care and requires amending to ensure that all South Sudan citizens receive appropriate treatment. It is recommended that other LMICs review their existing training curricula in order to improve their ability to provide adequate trauma care and to ensure they meet the basic WHO guidelines.

OgunniyiA, ClarkM, DonaldsonR. Analysis of trauma care education in the South Sudan community health worker training curriculum. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015; 30(2): 18
Lupusnephritis
Authors: Kistler Andreas D.
Published: February 2015

Die Lupusnephritis stellt die häufigste viszerale Manifestation des systemischen Lupus erythematodes (SLE) dar und beeinflusst die Lupus-bedingte Morbidität und Lebensqualität wesentlich. Der renale Lupusbefall zeigt histologisch ein breites Spektrum und reicht klinisch von milden asymptomatischen Veränderungen des Urinbefundes bis hin zum schweren nephrotischen Syndrom oder zum rasch progredienten Nierenversagen. Die therapeutischen Optionen haben sich über die letzten Jahrzehnte deutlich verbessert, bestehen aber trotz intensiver Forschung weiterhin in einer relativ unspezifischen und nebenwirkungsreichen Immunsuppression, deren Intensität der schwere des renalen Befalls angepasst werden muss. Für eine differenzierte Therapieplanung kommt der histologischen Diagnose und damit einer Nierenbiopsie eine wesentliche Rolle zu. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit sollen die Grundlagen der Pathogenese, die histologischen Manifestationen, sowie die Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie der Lupusnephritis zusammengefasst werden.
Bedeutung und Management der Rezidive von Glomerulonephritiden im Nierentransplantat
Authors: Marti Hans-Peter , Dörje Christina , Strøm Erik H.
Published: February 2015

Rezidive von Glomerulonephritiden nach Nierentransplantation stellen eine wichtige Ursache des Transplantatversagens speziell im Langzeitverlauf dar. Die genaue Häufigkeit hängt einerseits vom Typ der glomerulären Grunderkrankung ab und anderseits davon, ob die Rezidive klinisch-pathologisch oder nur histologisch festgestellt werden. Der Einfluss der Rezidive auf die Funktion und das Überleben des Nierentransplantats variiert je nach der Grunderkrankung ebenfalls stark. Rezidive nach IgA-Nephropathie (IgAN) treten beispielsweise je nach Beobachtungsdauer bei über 50 % der Transplantate mit oft relativ langsamer Progredienz auf. Fokal segmentale Glomerulosklerose und membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis haben jedoch generell eine deutlich schlechtere Prognose. Die neueren Erkenntnisse der Pathogenese einiger Glomerulopathien haben zu neuen Therapien geführt, die in Studien kleinerer Patientengruppen teilweise recht positive Resultate gezeigt haben. Neue Therapieformen wurden insbesondere für folgende Erkrankungen berichtet: Fokal segmentale Glomerulosklerose, idiopathische membranöse Nephropathie, membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Typ 2 (Dense Deposit Disease), IgA-Nephropathie und atypisches hämolytisch-urämisches Syndrom (aHUS). Insbesondere Rituximab oder Eculizumab stellen bei einigen dieser Pathologien interessante neuere Therapieansätze dar. Das Rezidiv der Glomerulonephritis stellt nach Abstoßung und Tod mit funktionierendem Transplantat die dritthäufigste Ursache des Transplantatversagen dar. Insgesamt aber weisen Patienten mit einer glomerulären Grunderkrankung gegenüber den Patienten mit anderen renalen Grunderkrankungen ein etwa vergleichbares Transplantat-Langzeitüberleben auf. Trotzdem gibt es einzelne davon abweichende Untersuchungen; so zeigt eine neuere Arbeit ein leicht schlechteres Langzeitüberleben der Nierentransplantate bei wegen einer Glomerulonephritis transplantierten Patienten. Wichtig ist, dass die Glomerulonephritiden als Grundleiden insgesamt gesehen keine Kontraindikation zur Transplantation, inklusive der Lebendspende einer Niere, darstellen.
β-TrCP1 degradation is a novel action mechanism of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cells
Authors: Yi Yong Weon , Kang Hyo Jin , Bae Edward Jeong , Oh Seunghoon , Seong Yeon-Sun , Bae Insoo
Published: February 2015

An F-box protein, β-TrCP recognizes substrate proteins and destabilizes them through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. It regulates the stability of diverse proteins and functions as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene. Although the regulation by β-TrCP has been widely studied, the regulation of β-TrCP itself is not well understood yet. In this study, we found that the level of β-TrCP1 is downregulated by various protein kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. A PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 reduced the level of β-TrCP1 in a wide range of TNBC cells in a proteasome-dependent manner. Concomitantly, the levels of c-Myc and cyclin E were also downregulated by PI-103. PI-103 reduced the phosphorylation of β-TrCP1 prior to its degradation. In addition, knockdown of β-TrCP1 inhibited the proliferation of TNBC cells. We further identified that pharmacological inhibition of mTORC2 was sufficient to reduce the β-TrCP1 and c-Myc levels. These results suggest that mTORC2 regulates the stability of β-TrCP1 in TNBC cells and targeting β-TrCP1 is a potential approach to treat human TNBC.
Semaphorin7A regulates neuroglial plasticity in the adult hypothalamic median eminence
Authors: Parkash Jyoti , Messina Andrea , Langlet Fanny , Cimino Irene , Loyens Anne , Mazur Danièle , Gallet Sarah , Balland Eglantine , Malone Samuel A. , Pralong François , Cagnoni Gabriella , Schellino Roberta , De Marchis Silvia , Mazzone Massimiliano , Pasterkamp R. Jeroen , Tamagnone Luca , Prevot Vincent , Giacobini Paolo
Published: February 2015

Reproductive competence in mammals depends on the projection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to the hypothalamic median eminence (ME) and the timely release of GnRH into the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. In adult rodents, GnRH neurons and the specialized glial cells named tanycytes periodically undergo cytoskeletal plasticity. However, the mechanisms that regulate this plasticity are still largely unknown. We demonstrate that Semaphorin7A, expressed by tanycytes, plays a dual role, inducing the retraction of GnRH terminals and promoting their ensheathment by tanycytic end feet via the receptors PlexinC1 and Itgb1, respectively. Moreover, Semaphorin7A expression is regulated during the oestrous cycle by the fluctuating levels of gonadal steroids. Genetic invalidation of Semaphorin7A receptors in mice induces neuronal and glial rearrangements in the ME and abolishes normal oestrous cyclicity and fertility. These results show a role for Semaphorin7A signalling in mediating periodic neuroglial remodelling in the adult ME during the ovarian cycle.