bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Miocene transcurrent tectonics in NW Turkey: evidence from palaeomagnetism and 40Ar–39Ar dating of alkaline volcanic rocks
Authors: KAYMAKCI N. , ALDANMAZ E. , LANGEREIS C. , SPELL T. L. , GURER O. F. , ZANETTI K. A.
Published: February 2007

A number of intra-continental alkaline volcanic sequences in NW Turkey were emplaced along localized extensional gaps within dextral strike-slip fault zones prior to the initiation of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. This study presents new palaeomagnetic and 40Ar–39Ar geochronological results from the lava flows of NW Turkey as a contribution towards understanding the Neogene–Quaternary tectonic evolution of the region and possible roles of block rotations in the kinematic history of the region. 40Ar–39Ar analyses of basalt groundmass indicate that the major volume of alkaline lavas of NW Turkey spans about 4 million years of episodic volcanic activity. Palaeomagnetic results reveal clockwise rotations as high as 73° in Thrace and 33° anticlockwise rotations in the Biga Peninsula. Movement of some of the faults delimiting the areas of lava flows and the timing of volcanic eruptions are both older than the initiation age of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, implying that the region experienced transcurrent tectonics during Late Miocene to Pliocene times and that some of the presently active faults in the region are reactivated pre-existing structures.
Women out of Place? A Micro-historical Perspective on the Black Feminist Movement in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil
Authors: MCCALLUM CECILIA
Published: February 2007

In Brazil, black women are symbolically and practically associated with domestic work. The article examines feminist responses to black women's place in the socio-economic hierarchy of the city of Salvador, Bahia. These include proposals to introduce affirmative action and a ‘politics of presence’, involving the election of black women to represent the city's black female constituency. It describes the racial dynamics at work between black and white feminists in Bahia, signalling the contradictory tendencies that structure their relationship. Arguing against the view that a ‘politics of identity’ necessarily supports a new essentialism of race or culture, the article describes the diverse ideological and political influences upon the ideas and proposals of Bahian feminists. Black feminists construct racial difference as experiential and structural in origin. They adapt academic concepts and language in order to discuss their own lives and the specific social and cultural context of Salvador. The ethnographic and micro-historical perspective adopted here provides insight into ‘native’ understandings of affirmative action and a ‘politics of presence’ and suggests that criticisms of these measures on the grounds that they represent imported, non-Brazilian views of race are misplaced.
Identification of taeniid eggs in the faeces from carnivores based on multiplex PCR using targets in mitochondrial DNA
Authors: TRACHSEL D. , DEPLAZES P. , MATHIS A.
Published: February 2007

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated for the identification of morphologically indistinguishable eggs of the taeniid tapeworms from carnivores using primers targeting mitochondrial genes. The primers forEchinococcus multilocularis(amplicon size 395 bp) were species-specific as assessed byin silicoanalysis and in the PCR using well-defined control samples. The design of primers that specifically amplify DNA fromE. granulosusorTaeniaspp. was not possible. The primers designed forE. granulosusalso amplified DNA (117 bp) fromE. vogeli, and those designed forTaeniaspp. amplified products (267 bp) from species ofMesocestoides,DipylidiumandDiphyllobothrium. Nevertheless, as our diagnostic approach includes the concentration of taeniid eggs by sequential sieving and flotation, followed by their morphological detection, this non-specificity has limited practical importance. Sequence analysis of the corresponding amplicon can identify most of the describedE. granulosusgenotypes.Taeniaspp. can be identified by direct sequencing of the 267 bp amplicon, or, for most species, by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The multiplex PCR was readily able to detect 1 egg (estimated to contain 7000 targets, as determined by quantitative PCR). Having been validated using a panel of well-defined samples from carnivores with known infection status, this approach proved to be useful for the identification of taeniid eggs from both individual animals and for epidemiological studies.
The spectrum of suicidal ideation in Great Britain: comparisons across a 16–74 years age range
Authors: DENNIS MICHAEL , BAILLON SARAH , BRUGHA TRAOLACH , LINDESAY JAMES , STEWART ROBERT , MELTZER HOWARD
Published: February 2007

Background. Previous studies have examined suicidal ideation in older populations and emphasized the strong association with the presence of psychiatric disorder. However, associations with the presence of psychiatric disorder across the age range are unclear. Representative epidemiological estimates are needed.

Method. In a national survey of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain, 8580 randomly selected adults were interviewed. Three questions were asked to assess suicidal ideation, and psychiatric disorder was identified using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R).

Results. Suicidal ideation was up to three times commoner in younger adults than in those aged 55–74 years but the odds of depression in those with suicidal thoughts was significantly greater in the older age group (p<0·01). Tiredness with life (p<0·01) and thoughts of death (p<0·01) were also more strongly associated with depression in the older age group. Other major associations of suicidal ideation for all ages were: smaller social support group, being divorced or separated, poor self-rated general health, and limitations in activities of daily living (ADL). Being single was an important factor for younger age groups, and widowhood for older people. Life events were also important in younger people, but not in those aged 55–74 years.

Conclusions. Suicidal thoughts and death wishes are comparatively more unusual in older people; however, they are more likely to be associated with clinical depression. In terms of suicide prevention this study emphasizes the importance of improving rates of recognition and treatment of depression in older people.
Instability of IS6110 patterns in multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: FARNIA P. , MASJEDI M. R. , NASIRI B. , MIRSAEDI M. , SOROOCH S. , KAZEAMPOUR M. , VELAYATI A. A.
Published: February 2007

The stability of IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern was determined in 31 isolates from patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). These patients were in actual chains of transmission and they referred to the National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tehran, Iran. Susceptibility testing against first- and second-line drugs were performed by the proportional method on Lowenstein–Jensen culture media. Thereafter, DNA fingerprinting by IS6110 with direct repeat (DR) region as a probe was performed by standard protocols. The rate of IS6110 changes was 16%, although, no variation was found in the DR region, in a time-span of 1–63 months. The strains with unstable IS6110 patterns were resistant to all drugs tested, and the majority of them (60%) were collected from HIV-positive patients. The results demonstrated that for a reliable interpretation of strain typing, it is better to use an additional marker along with IS6110 RFLP.
Distribution ofemmgenotypes among group A streptococcus isolates from patients with severe invasive streptococcal infections in Japan, 2001–2005
Authors: IKEBE T. , HIRASAWA K. , SUZUKI R. , OHYA H. , ISOBE J. , TANAKA D. , KATSUKAWA C. , KAWAHARA R. , TOMITA M. , OGATA K. , ENDOH M. , OKUNO R. , TADA Y. , OKABE N. , WATANABE H. ,   the Working Group for Beta-haemolytic Streptococci in Japan
Published: February 2007

We surveyedemmgenotypes of group A streptococcus (GAS) isolates from patients with severe invasive streptococcal infections during 2001–2005 and compared their prevalence with that of the preceding 5 years. Genotypeemm1remained dominant throughout 2001 to 2005, but the frequency rate of this type decreased compared with the earlier period. Various otheremmtypes have appeared in recent years indicating alterations in the prevalent strains causing severe invasive streptococcal infections. The cover of the new 26-valent GAS vaccine fell from 93·5% for genotypes of isolates from 1996–2000 to 81·8% in 2001–2005.
Pour un modèle de l'acquisition des liaisons basé sur l'usage: trois études de cas
Authors: CHEVROT JEAN-PIERRE , CHABANAL DAMIEN , DUGUA CÉLINE
Published: February 2007

Des études récentes, essentiellement fondées sur des expérimentations, ont précisé les relations entre l'usage enfantin des liaisons, les erreurs commises par les enfants et la segmentation des mots nouveaux. Alors que les auteurs s'accordent sur les faits, ils divergent sur les facteurs explicatifs susceptibles de rendre compte des étapes développementales. Chevrot, Dugua et Fayol (2005) défendent une approche basée sur l'usage alors que Wauquier-Gravelines (2005) et Wauquier-Gravelines et Braud (2005) soutiennent une conception dans laquelle le développement est guidé par les principes universels de la grammaire. Les données issues de trois études de cas confirment et clarifient les résultats expérimentaux. Deux types d'effets de fréquence soutiennent l'approche basée sur l'usage.
Introduction Special Issue on Multiparadigm Languages and Constraint Programming
Authors: FALASCHI MORENO , MAHER MICHAEL
Published: February 2007

In recent years much research and implementation effort has been devoted both to multiparadigm languages and constraint programming languages. Following up on a series of 11 workshops (WFLP) on multiparadigm languages and constraint programming, and as a result of an open call for submissions, the journal on Theory and Practice of Logic Programming is now publishing the results of the selection of the papers submitted to this special issue.
A comparison between two logical formalisms for rewriting
Authors: PALOMINO MIGUEL
Published: February 2007

Meseguer's rewriting logic and the rewriting logic CRWL are two well-known approaches to rewriting as logical deduction that, despite some clear similarities, were designed with different objectives. Here we study the relationships between them, both at a syntactic and at a semantic level. Even though it is not possible to establish an entailment system map between them, both can be naturally simulated in each other. Semantically, there is no embedding between the corresponding institutions. Along the way, the notions of entailment and satisfaction in Meseguer's rewriting logic are generalized.
Natürlicher Verlauf und konservative Therapie bei Divertikelerkrankung
Authors: Hoffmann
Published: February 2007

Die Divertikulose ist eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen des Gastrointestinaltraktes, besonders in den Ländern mit hohem Lebensstandard. Die Prävalenz steigt mit dem Alter an, ca. zwei Drittel der Patienten im Alter von 80 Jahren sind damit behaftet. In den westlichen Ländern sind die Divertikel ganz überwiegend im distalen Kolon lokalisiert. Nur eine Minderheit der Divertikelträger entwickelt Symptome. Ultraschall und Computertomographie sind die Untersuchungen der Wahl bei der Abklärung der Divertikulitis und ihrer Komplikationen. Bei der ersten Episode der unkomplizierten Erkrankung ist eine Behandlung mit Breit-Spektrum-Antibiotika angezeigt, bei schwererem Verlauf unterstützt durch Nahrungskarenz. Mesalazin stellt eine zusätzliche Therapieoption dar. Weitere Entzündungsepisoden sind mit erhöhtem Risiko behaftet, Abszesse, Fisteln und Stenosen zu entwickeln. Diese Komplikationen müssen durch chirurgische Resektionen behandelt werden. Eine untere Gastrointestinalblutung aus Divertikeln sollte durch interventionelle Endoskopie behandelt werden.
Effects of shear velocity oscillations on stick‐slip behavior in laboratory experiments
Authors: Savage Heather M. , Marone Chris
Published: February 2007

We report on laboratory friction experiments in which simulated faults are exposed to shear velocity oscillations at different amplitudes and frequencies. Granular layers are sheared in a servo‐controlled biaxial apparatus at constant normal stress and background shear velocity, with a shear velocity sinusoid superimposed. Correlation between oscillations and stick‐slip events is determined by the timing of dynamic failure with respect to the oscillation phase. Schuster's test is used to calculate the statistical likelihood of phase recurrence. We find that correlation of failure with the shear stress oscillation depends on oscillation frequency and amplitude at low frequencies and solely on oscillation amplitude at high frequencies. The frequency boundary between these two regimes is proportional to the inverse of the time needed to displace the frictional critical slip distance. We evaluate changes in failure characteristics, including failure strength, recurrence time between events, creep, and phase of the oscillation at failure, to assess the effects of stressing rate oscillations. Failure occurs at maximum shear stressing rate at low frequencies and lags peak stressing rate in the high‐frequency regime. Friction at the onset of dynamic failure decreases with increasing frequency. The distribution of events through time depends on the frequency of the shear oscillation; low‐frequency oscillations produce bimodal distributions and high‐frequency oscillations produce unimodal distributions. If the transition between the failure regimes depends on the critical displacement length as our experiments imply, the critical frequency will vary for faults with different gouge layer thicknesses and total displacement.
Possible modulation of the connection between the Pacific and Indian Ocean variability by the solar cycle
Authors: Kodera K. , Coughlin K. , Arakawa O.
Published: February 2007

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibit a substantial correlation during boreal autumn. Although they are separate phenomena, coupling occurs under certain conditions. This study reveals that ENSO‐related variability extends into the Indian Ocean, led by a developed South Indian Ocean (SIO) anticyclone, during periods of low solar (LS) activity. During periods of high solar (HS) activity, anomalous sea surface temperatures are confined to the Pacific with little amplification of the anticyclone in the South Indian Ocean. The direct cause of the difference in the SIO anticyclone arises from a shift in the location of the descending branch of the anomalous Walker circulation. This may be attributable to a change in the background Indian Ocean monsoon circulation which can be modulated by changes in solar irradiance.
Surface active substances in the upper water column during a Southern Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX)
Authors: Croot P. L. , Passow U. , Assmy P. , Jansen S. , Strass V. H.
Published: February 2007

Surface active substances (SAS) in the water column were measured by voltammetry using the electrochemical probe o‐nitrophenol (ONP) during EIFEX, a mesoscale open ocean iron enrichment experiment in the Southern Ocean. SAS levels were low throughout the experiment (<0.005 – 0.03 mg L−1 Triton X‐100 equivalents). Initially SAS was extremely low in the photic zone, but as the phytoplankton bloom developed concentrations markedly increased throughout the upper 100 m (∼0.02 mg L−1 Triton X‐100 equivalents). Highest concentrations of SAS (>0.02 mg L−1 Triton X‐100 equivalents) were found at the end of the bloom particularly at density discontinuities where organic material may accumulate. Exudates from diatoms appeared to be the major source of SAS during EIFEX, either from direct extracellular release or in the action of being grazed upon by zooplankton.
Monitoring periodic and episodic flow events at Monterey Bay seeps using a new optical flow meter
Authors: LaBonte Alison L. , Brown Kevin M. , Tryon Michael D.
Published: February 2007

To enable testing of the hypothesis that fluid flow from cold seeps responds to episodic tectonic events, we have developed a flow meter with a temporal resolution on the order of minutes. The Optical Tracer Injection System (OTIS) measures flow rates through the sediment‐water interface (SWI) of 0.1 to >500 m/yr ± 10%, samples fluid for postrecovery chemical analysis, and is adaptable for use as a long‐term real‐time monitoring station. Laboratory and in situ testing demonstrate that the instrument meets temporal accuracy and resolution requirements necessary to detect transient flow events. In a deployment at an active seep site in Monterey Bay, the OTIS measured flow rates with tidal period variability. Time series analysis indicates flow rate and tide height records are in phase. This flow rate response to tides, together with seep fluid temperatures measured at the SWI of greater than 9°C, suggests the seep is connected via a highly permeable fracture or other conduit to an overpressured aquifer at a depth of at least 110 m. We infer the hydrogeology of this well‐like system is further complicated by additional fluid sources since 3He/4He ratios are elevated, and there is a lack of correlation between flow rate and temperature records at frequencies lower than tidal frequencies. This short‐duration deployment demonstrates the OTIS's potential to capture flow and chemistry transients associated with earthquakes and creep in the offshore environment.
Investigation of ionospheric electron content variations before earthquakes in southern California, 2003–2004
Authors: Dautermann Thomas , Calais Eric , Haase Jennifer , Garrison James
Published: February 2007

It has been proposed that earthquakes are preceded by electromagnetic signals detectable from ground‐ and space‐based measurements. Ionospheric anomalies, such as variations in the electron density a few days before earthquakes, are one of the precursory signals proposed. Since Global Positioning System (GPS) data can be used to measure the ionospheric total electron content (TEC), the technique has received attention as a potential tool to detect ionospheric perturbations related to earthquakes. Here, we analyze 2 years (2003–2004) of data from the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), a dense network of 265 continuous GPS stations centered on the Los Angeles basin, for possible precursors. This time period encompasses the December 2003, M6.6, San Simeon and September 2004, M6.0, Parkfield earthquakes. We produce TEC time series at all SCIGN sites and apply three different statistical tests to detect anomalous TEC signals preceding earthquakes. We find anomalous TEC signals but no statistically significant correlation, in time or in space, between these TEC anomalies and the occurrence of earthquakes in southern California for the 2003–2004 period. This result does not disprove the possibility of precursory phenomena but show the signal‐to‐noise ratio of a hypothetical TEC precursor signature is too low to be detected by the analysis techniques employed here. Precursors may still be revealed for future large earthquakes in well instrumented areas such as California and Japan, if the tests can be developed into techniques that can better separate external influences from the actual TEC signal.
Cirrus clouds, humidity, and dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer observed at Paramaribo, Suriname (5.8°N, 55.2°W)
Authors: Immler Franz , Krüger Kirstin , Tegtmeier Susann , Fujiwara Masatomo , Fortuin Paul , Verver Gé , Schrems Otto
Published: February 2007

In the framework of the European Project STAR the Mobile Aerosol Raman Lidar (MARL) of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) was operated in Paramaribo, Suriname (5.8°N, 55.2°W), and carried out extensive observations of tropical cirrus clouds during the local dry season from 28 September 2004 to 16 November 2004. The coverage with ice clouds was very high with 81% in the upper troposphere (above 12 km). The frequency of occurrence of subvisual clouds was found to be clearly enhanced compared to similar observations performed with the same instrument at a station in the midlatitudes. The extinction‐to‐backscatter ratio of thin tropical cirrus is with 26 ± 7 sr significantly higher than that of midlatitude cirrus (16 ± 9 sr). Subvisual cirrus clouds often occur in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) above an upper tropospheric inversion. Our observations show that the ice‐forming ability of the TTL is very high. The transport of air in this layer was investigated by means of a newly developed trajectory model. We found that the occurrence of clouds is highly correlated with the temperature and humidity history of the corresponding air parcel. Air that experienced a temperature minimum before the measurement took place was generally cloud free, while air that was at its temperature minimum during the observation and thus was saturated contained ice. We also detected extremely thin cloud layers slightly above the temperature minimum in subsaturated air. The solid particles of such clouds are likely to consist of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) rather than ice.
Stability characteristics of the low-temperature ferrimagnetism in the Mn2−xZnxSb system
Authors: Val’kov V. I. , Golovchan A. V. , Bribanov I. F. , Kamenev V. I. , Iesenchuk O. O. , Sivachenko A. P. , Kabdin N. N.
Published: February 2007

The magnetic properties of the system Mn2−xZnxSb are investigated experimentally in static and pulsed magnetic fields. It is found that the spontaneous first-order transitions from the ferro=imagnetic phase Fi to the weakly ferrimagnetic phase If which are observed on decreasing temperature in samples with x=0.1 and 0.2 are accompanied by an almost twofold decrease of the magnetization and magnetostriction with no change of the easy-plane character of the anisotropy. Studies of the effect of a pulsed magnetic field in the temperature region of stability of the weakly ferrimagnetic phase reveal reversible magnetic-field-induced first-order phase transitions If↔Fi. Quenching of the samples from 570K into liquid nitrogen enhances the stability of the weakly ferrimagnetic phase with respect to the influences of temperature and external magnetic field. This is manifested in an increase of the temperature of the spontaneous transition by 45 degrees and an increase in the critical field for its induction from 80 to 200kOe. As the quenched sample is heated to room temperature, the initial characteristics of the weakly ferrimagnetic phase are gradually restored. The results are analyzed in a model of itinerant magnetism with the use of first-principles calculations of the electron density of states and total energy of the system. It is shown that the weakly ferrimagnetic phase with the doubled crystal-chemical cell can be described by the Hubbard model. The properties of the quenched samples can be explained by assuming the presence of two stable states of the system, separated by an energy barrier and associated with the possibility of a redistribution of the zinc ions over two crystallographically inequivalent lattice positions.
Size and structure of nanoparticles formed via ultraviolet photolysis of ferrocene
Authors: Elihn K. , Landström L. , Alm O. , Boman M. , Heszler P.
Published: February 2007

Iron nanoparticles enclosed in carbon shells were formed by laser-assisted chemical vapor decomposition of ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) vapor in Ar gas atmosphere. The particle size dependence on the total ambient gas pressure and on laser fluence of the pulsed ArF excimer laser was examined and, e.g., an effective size decrease of the iron core was observed at elevated laser fluences. Characterizations of the iron and carbon microstructures were performed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, while relative iron deposition rates were measured by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Both α-Fe and γ-Fe phases were found for the single crystalline iron cores, surrounded by graphitic (inner) and amorphous (outer) carbon layers. The temperature rise of the laser-excited particles was also determined by optical spectroscopy of the emitted thermal radiation, which allowed an estimation of the iron loss of the nanoparticles due to evaporation. The estimated and measured iron losses are in good agreement.
Cross sections for electron impact excitation of the vibrationally resolved AΠ1 electronic state of carbon monoxide
Authors: Kato H. , Kawahara H. , Hoshino M. , Tanaka H. , Brunger M. J. , Kim Y.-K.
Published: February 2007

The authors report new differential cross section measurements for electron impact excitation of the AΠ1(v′) states of carbon monoxide. The energy range is 20–200eV. They also reanalyze the AΠ1(v′) manifold cross sections of Middleton et al. [J. Phys. B 26, 1743 (1993)] in order to provide a basis for comparison with our new vibrationally resolved differential cross sections. Excellent agreement is found between the two sets of measurements at all common energies. From 20to200eV the present differential cross sections are extrapolated and integrated, and the corresponding integral excitation cross sections determined. New scaled Born integral cross sections, calculated as a part of the present study, are compared against these experimental integral cross sections, with excellent agreement being found for all the AΠ1(v′=0–7)←XΣg+1(v″=0) transitions. In addition our scaled Born integral cross sections are found to be in excellent agreement between 300 and 1500eV with those derived from the previous experiments of Lassettre and Skerbele [J. Chem. Phys. 54, 1597 (1971)] and of Zhong et al. [Phys. Rev. A 55, 1799 (1997)] and from near threshold to 15eV with those derived from Zobel et al. [J. Phys. B 29, 813 (1996)] and Zetner et al. (J. Phys. B 31, 2395 (1998)].
Surface chemistry and preferential crystal orientation on the H and Cl terminated silicon surface
Authors: Shirai H. , Saito T. , Li Y. , Matsui H. , Kobayashi T.
Published: February 2007

Surface chemistry and determining factors of the preferential crystal orientation are discussed through the deposition studies on hydrogenated chlorinated crystalline silicon films by rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of a dichlorosilane, SiH2Cl2, and H2 mixture. The growth of randomly oriented crystal Si films occurred from the initial growth stage. On the other hand, the incubation layer of amorphous Si was formed in the initial stage, and subsequently, the growth of (220) preferred crystal orientation proceeded. They are determined by the thermal abstraction of H from the growing surface at substrate temperature above 350°C. Higher degree of Cl termination was effective in suppressing the oxygen incorporation into the Si network, although it did not contribute directly to the preferred crystal orientation. The insertion of atomic hydrogen to the Si–Si back bond in the subsurface region promoted the SiHClx complex formation, which was the most possible nucleation site for promoting the (220) preferential crystal orientation.
Liquid polymorphism and density anomaly in a three-dimensional associating lattice gas
Authors: Girardi Mauricio , Balladares Aline L. , Henriques Vera B. , Barbosa Marcia C.
Published: February 2007

The authors investigate the phase diagram of a three-dimensional associating lattice gas (ALG) model. This model combines orientational icelike interactions and “van der Waals” that might be repulsive, representing, in this case, a penalty for distortion of hydrogen bonds. These interactions can be interpreted as two competing distances, making the connection between this model and continuous isotropic soft-core potentials. The authors present Monte Carlo studies of the ALG model showing the presence of two liquid phases, two critical points, and density anomaly.
Estimation of optimum density and temperature for maximum efficiency of tin ions in Z discharge extreme ultraviolet sources
Authors: Masnavi Majid , Nakajima Mitsuo , Hotta Eiki , Horioka Kazuhiko , Niimi Gohta , Sasaki Akira
Published: February 2007

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) discharge-based lamps for EUV lithography need to generate extremely high power in the narrow spectrum band of 13.5±0.135 nm. A simplified collisional-radiative model and radiative transfer solution for an isotropic medium were utilized to investigate the wavelength-integrated light outputs in tin (Sn) plasma. Detailed calculations using the Hebrew University-Lawrence Livermore atomic code were employed for determination of necessary atomic data of the Sn4+ to Sn13+ charge states. The result of model is compared with experimental spectra from a Sn-based discharge-produced plasma. The analysis reveals that considerably larger efficiency compared to the so-called efficiency of a black-body radiator is formed for the electron density ≃1018 cm−3. For higher electron density, the spectral efficiency of Sn plasma reduces due to the saturation of resonance transitions.
Effect of cantilever nonlinearity in nanoscale tensile testing
Authors: Ding Weiqiang , Guo Zaoyang , Ruoff Rodney S.
Published: February 2007

Microcantilevers are widely used in micro-/nanoscale mechanics studies. The nonlinear response of a cantilever at large deflection is sometimes overlooked. A general study of cantilever beam nonlinearity under a variety of loading conditions was performed with analytical and finite element analyses. Analytical equations for the applied load and the cantilever deflection were obtained. The cantilever nonlinearity was found to increase with increasing cantilever deflection and/or angle of loading. Tensile tests were performed on templated carbon nanotubes (TCNTs) with a custom-made nanomanipulator inside a scanning electron microscope. Atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers were used to load the TCNTs and sense the force. During the tests the AFM cantilevers were loaded to relatively large deflections with nonvertical loads applied at the AFM tip. Based on the slope and the loading angle measurements, the breaking forces of the TCNTs were obtained through numerical integration of the analytical equations. A comparison was made between the load results obtained from linear and nonlinear analyses. The linear analysis was found to underestimate the applied load by up to 15%.
Three-terminal capacitance cell for stopped-flow measurements of very dilute solutions
Authors: Tjahjono Martin , Davis Thomas , Garland Marc
Published: February 2007

A capacitance cell has been designed, constructed, and tested for stopped-flow measurements of very dilute low-relative permittivity liquid solutions. The capacitance cell utilizes a three-terminal design and is connected to ultrahigh sensitivity capacitance bridge. The cell was designed for operating conditions T≈243.15–373.15K and P≈0–1MPa and tested with pure anhydrous cyclohexane and with dilute acetone/cyclohexane solutions at 298.15K and 0.1MPa under an argon blanket in a thermostated bath with a temperature variation of <0.001K. Details of the design and materials of construction are reported. The measured relative permittivity of cyclohexane was 2.015 565, in agreement with the literature, and the long term variation of the measurement was ±5×10−6. The relative permittivities of the acetone/cyclohexane solutions were very linear (R2=0.9997) in the measured interval of 0.001–0.008mole fraction. These measurements confirm that the design specifications for stability and resolution/sensitivity of better than 1×10−5 have been realized. Finally, the present online capacitance cell was connected online to an ultrasensitive densitometer and ultrasensitive refractometer and binary acetone/cyclohexane solutions were measured. The measurements of density, refractive index, and relative permittivity were combined to provide a dipole moment of acetone of 2.750±0.005D, which is in good agreement with literature.
Microcontact insertion printing
Authors: Mullen Thomas J. , Srinivasan Charan , Hohman J. Nathan , Gillmor Susan D. , Shuster Mitchell J. , Horn Mark W. , Andrews Anne M. , Weiss Paul S.
Published: February 2007

The authors describe a chemical patterning technique, “microcontact insertion printing,” that utilizes conventional microcontact printing to pattern isolated molecules diluted within a preexisting self-assembled monolayer. By modifying the preexisting monolayer quality, the stamping duration, and/or the concentration of the patterned molecule, they can influence the extent of molecular exchange and precisely control the molecular composition of patterned self-assembled monolayers. This simple methodology can be used to fabricate complex patterns via multiple stamping steps and has applications ranging from bioselective surfaces to molecular-scale electronic components.
Tenfold catalytic activity enhancement of Pt∕C by doping with single walled carbon nanotube for methanol oxidation
Authors: Narayanamoorthy Jayasri , Durairaj Sumitha , Song Youngsik , Xu Yuan , Choi Jaewu
Published: February 2007

Tenfold enhancement in catalytic activity of platinum supported by carbon black for methanol oxidation was achieved by doping with single walled carbon nanotubes less than 2wt% of catalyst composite. The catalytic activity enhancement is attributed to the increase of catalyst utilization by improving interconnectivity among carbon blacks. This complies with the morphology, conductivity, and durability enhancement of the catalyst composites. Enhancement of the catalytic activity by doping a small fraction of carbon nanotubes into the catalyst composite is very promising as a highly efficient and cost-effective catalyst.
Mechanism for strong yellow emission of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor under electron irradiation for the application to field emission backlight units
Authors: Jang Ho Seong , Kang Jong Hyuk , Won Yu-Ho , Lee Sora , Jeon Duk Young
Published: February 2007

This letter reports a strong yellow emission of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG:Ce) mixed with ZnS:Ag,Cl under electron excitation. The penetration depths of electron of 1keV and photon of 2.7eV in YAG:Ce were estimated to be approximately 1450Å and 4.65mm, respectively. Deeper penetration of blue light from ZnS:Ag,Cl helps to excite a larger number of Ce3+ in a mixture (ZnS:Ag,Cl+YAG:Ce), and YAG:Ce showed strong yellow emission via both cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence. The mixture showed the brightness of 120.5% compared to R,G,B phosphor mixture. This mixture of two phosphors was applied to a carbon nanotube field emission backlight unit.
Making Money, (Re)Making Firms: Microbusiness Financial Networks in Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter
Authors: Pollard Jane S
Published: February 2007

Although economic-geographical research has recently been the subject of ‘cultural’, ‘institutional’, and ‘relational’ turns that stress the situated, relational, and embedded nature of economic activity, these concerns are usually elaborated through analyses of industrial, not financial, circuits of capital. In this paper I address the neglect of the financial elements of production networks by exploring the geographies of some of the financial practices of a group of microbusinesses in Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter. I argue that the Jewellery Quarter is an important financial space for these firms and illustrate how their production regimes are produced and reproduced through different spatiotemporal financial relationships with suppliers, customers, and financial intermediaries. By contrast with the undersocialised treatments of agency that predominate in firm finance literatures in economics and finance, I illustrate the situated, idiosyncratic, and often very personal nature of the financial knowledges, practices, and networks that reproduce these firms. This financial ‘cut’ through the Jewellery Quarter treats firm finances as integral to firm behaviours and strategy and uses this vantage point to assess the potentials and predicaments facing these firms that are regarded as strategically important for the future of the Quarter.
Approaching Life in the London Garden Centre: Acquiring Entities and Providing Products
Authors: Hitchings Russell
Published: February 2007

For some geographers, the world has become imaginatively alive with arrays of new nonhumans. Yet how well these vocabularies actually adhere to personal practice is something which could be better explored. Recent accounts of consumption, meanwhile, are committed to closely observed contextual experience. Yet, physical things can seem somewhat subdued in these accounts. With these ideas in mind, in this paper I align a geographical embrace of material vitality and an in-depth approach to practised consumption. I report on a period of ethnographic work with seven garden centres in London to reconsider the ways in which contemporary urbanites encounter the items on sale there. In the London garden centre there are some different ways of approaching life and some changing cultures of control, as the rumbling agencies that certain products purvey are both openly enjoyed and nervously negated. Exploring the unease associated with this situation and its impact upon personal behaviour and physical format, I reflect, in particular, on the current experience of plants. The conclusion that follows is potentially perverse as, although we can benefit from being with life, it seems that, in certain city spaces at least, we now deal better with that which is more dead.
The European Electricity and Climate Policy—Complement or Substitute?
Authors: Kemfert Claudia
Published: February 2007

The European electricity policy is intended to increase market competitiveness and liberalisation. The European climate policy is directed toward substantial reductions in greenhouse-gas emission and a significant increase in the use of renewable energy for electricity production. Both policies affect European utilities considerably. As a consequence, only those utilities that can produce electricity with cost-efficient and environment-friendly technologies will gain a comparative market advantage. The author investigates the impacts of the European energy and climate policy initiatives on the electricity market. It emerges that emissions trading leads to higher electricity prices and triggers a substitution process—from the use of coal to the use of gas and renewable technologies. Both policies have complementary effects, but only because the electricity market is not yet fully competitive.
Morphological and genetic investigations of two western Gulf of Mexico menhadens (Brevoortia spp.)
Authors: Anderson J. D. , McDonald D. L.
Published: February 2007

Gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus, the main target of a commercial fishing industry in the Gulf of Mexico, and finescale menhaden Brevoortia gunteri, a non‐targeted congeneric, have historically been difficult to differentiate. In this study, meristic counts resulted in two of three characteristics that clearly distinguished species, and genetic differences included 1) near fixation for different alleles between species at two of five loci and 2) significantly large divergence (FST) values between species at four loci. Implications for the correct identification of these species and their putative hybrids are discussed.
Genetic similarity of disjunct populations of the giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas
Authors: Gaffney P. M. , Rupnow J. , Domeier M. L.
Published: February 2007

Sequence variation in nuclear and mitochondrial genes of the giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas collected from the Pacific coast and the northern Sea of Cortez was examined. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing showed extremely low mtDNA sequence diversity (13 closely related haplotypes with no evidence of geographical population subdivision). The mitochondrial haplotype mismatch distribution is consistent with a population expansion following the Last Pleistocene glaciation. Differences in single nucleotide polymorphism frequencies between Pacific and Sea of Cortez populations were detected at two of four nuclear loci, which may reflect natural selection or genetic drift in populations with low effective numbers of males. Although Pacific coast and Sea of Cortez populations of giant sea bass do not exhibit the mitochondrial phylogenetic break characteristic of many species with disjunct Pacific and Gulf populations, the possibility of genetic differentiation at nuclear loci suggests that a cautious approach to broodstock selection for captive breeding and restoration programmes be exercised.
Perineural Invasion of Sinonasal Lymphoma: A Rare Cause of Trigeminal Neuropathy
Authors: Liang Chih‐Wei , Chen Ying‐Lin
Published: February 2007

Trigeminal neuropathy is characterized by sensory disturbance of the division of trigeminal nerve, and sometimes is associated with pain. Trigeminal neuropathy secondary to perineural invasion of sinonasal lymphoma is extremely rare. Likewise, sinonasal lymphoma is infrequently demonstrated initially with cranial neuropathy. The present case served to broaden the differential diagnosis of secondary trigeminal neuropathy and to alert clinicians to cautiously assess perineural spread of occult neoplasm in sinonasal tract and larynx or pharynx for cases with evolving trigeminal neuropathy or even other cranial nerve neuropathy in which no definite cause is identified.
The Influence of Gender and Sex Steroids on Craniofacial Nociception
Authors: Cairns Brian E.
Published: February 2007

Several pain conditions localized to the craniofacial region show a remarkable sex‐related difference in their prevalence. These conditions include temporomandibular disorders and burning mouth syndrome as well as tension‐type, migraine, and cluster headaches. The mechanisms that underlie sex‐related differences in the prevalence of these craniofacial pain conditions remain obscure and likely involve both physiological and psychosocial factors. In terms of physiological factors relevant to the development of headache, direct evidence of sex‐related differences in the properties of dural afferent fibers or durally activated second‐order trigeminal sensory neurons has yet to be provided. There is, however, evidence for sex‐related differences in the response properties of afferent fibers and second‐order trigeminal sensory neurons that convey nociceptive input from other craniofacial tissues associated with sex‐related differences in chronic pain conditions, such as those that innervate the masseter muscle and temporomandibular joint. Further, modulation of craniofacial nociceptive input by opioidergic receptor mechanisms appears to be dependent on biological sex. Research into mechanisms that may contribute to sex‐related differences in trigeminal nociceptive processing has primarily focused on effect of the female sex hormone estrogen, which appears to alter the excitability of trigeminal afferent fibers and sensory neurons to noxious stimulation of craniofacial tissues. This article discusses current knowledge of potential physiological mechanisms that could contribute to sex‐related differences in certain craniofacial pain conditions.
In vivo evaluation of the trabecular bone behavior to porous electrostatic spray deposition‐derived calcium phosphate coatings
Authors: Siebers Marijke C. , Wolke Joop G. C. , Frank Walboomers X. , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G. , Jansen John A.
Published: February 2007

Objectives: Electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) is a new technique to deposit calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bone behavior of ESD CaP‐coated implants with various degrees of crystallinities in the trabecular bone of the femoral condyle of goats.

Material and methods: Using the ESD technique, thin porous CaP coatings were deposited on tapered, conical, screw‐shaped titanium implants. Three different heat‐treatments were applied, resulting in amorphous CaP (400°C, ESD1), crystalline carbonate apatite (500°C, ESD2), and crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite (700°C, ESD3). Implants were inserted into the trabecular bone of the femoral condyles of goats for 12 weeks, and titanium (Ti) implants served as controls.

Results: The results showed that ESD‐derived coatings are osteocompatible. Histomorphometrical analysis showed that the application of a CaP coating resulted in more bone contact along the press‐fit area of the implant compared with the Ti implants. Moreover, the percentage bone contact of the ESD3‐coated implants was increased, compared with the Ti control group. Regarding the other coatings, no differences were found compared with the control group.

Conclusion: Crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite ESD‐coated implants positively influenced the biological performance compared with Ti control implants.
cAMP microdomains and L‐type Ca2+ channel regulation in guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes
Authors: Warrier Sunita , Ramamurthy Gopalakrishnan , Eckert Richard L. , Nikolaev Viacheslav O. , Lohse Martin J. , Harvey Robert D.
Published: February 2007

Many different receptors can stimulate cAMP synthesis in the heart, but not all elicit the same functional responses. For example, it has been recognized for some time that prostaglandins such as PGE1 increase cAMP production and activate PKA, but they do not elicit responses like those produced by β‐adrenergic receptor (βAR) agonists such as isoproterenol (isoprenaline), even though both stimulate the same signalling pathway. In the present study, we confirm that isoproterenol, but not PGE1, is able to produce cAMP‐dependent stimulation of the L‐type Ca2+ current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. This is despite finding evidence that these cells express EP4 prostaglandin receptors, which are known to activate Gs‐dependent signalling pathways. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based biosensors that are either freely diffusible or bound to A kinase anchoring proteins, we demonstrate that the difference is due to the ability of isoproterenol to stimulate cAMP production in cytosolic and caveolar compartments of intact cardiac myocytes, while PGE1 only stimulates cAMP production in the cytosolic compartment. Unlike other receptor‐mediated responses, compartmentation of PGE1 responses was not due to concurrent activation of a Gi‐dependent signalling pathway or phosphodiesterase activity. Instead, compartmentation of the PGE1 response in cardiac myocytes appears to be due to transient stimulation of cAMP in a microdomain that can communicate directly with the bulk cytosolic compartment but not the caveolar compartment associated with βAR regulation of L‐type Ca2+ channel function.