bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicted Glycemic Index and Glycemic Index of Rice Varieties Grown in Taiwan
Authors: Lai Ming‐Hsin , Liu Kai‐Li , Chen Pei‐Yin , Ke Nai‐Jhen , Chen Junne‐Jih , Sung Jih‐Min , Wu Yu‐Ling , Lin Sheng‐Dun
Published: October 2015

Two cooked brown rice and six white rice varieties were selected for assessing the variations in predicted glycemic index (pGI) determined by using in vitro starch digestion and the glycemic index (GI) determined in vivo. Marked varietal differences in apparent amylose content, dietary fiber content, pGI, and GI were observed. Most of the tested rice samples were classified as medium‐GI foods. The varieties Khazar and Taikeng 9 were categorized as high‐GI foods when bread was used as the reference. But brown and white rice samples of TRGC9152 and Taichung Sen 17 fell into the low‐GI category when glucose was used as the reference. A significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.946) was found between pGI and GI of rice samples by using bread as the reference with a regression equation of GI = 28.778 + 0.717 × pGI (R2 = 0.8951, P ≤ 0.001). Overall, the in vitro pGI measurement is a rapid and useful method to predict the GI of cooked rice samples.
Acquired Muscle Weakness in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Farhan Hassan , Moreno-Duarte Ingrid , Latronico Nicola , Zafonte Ross , Eikermann Matthias
Published: October 2015

AbstractAbstract

Muscle weakness is common in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Low muscle mass at ICU admission is a significant predictor of adverse outcomes. The consequences of ICU-acquired muscle weakness depend on the underlying mechanism. Temporary drug-induced weakness when properly managed may not affect outcome. Severe perioperative acquired weakness that is associated with adverse outcomes (prolonged mechanical ventilation, increases in ICU length of stay, and mortality) occurs with persistent (time frame: days) activation of protein degradation pathways, decreases in the drive to the skeletal muscle, and impaired muscular homeostasis. ICU-acquired muscle weakness can be prevented by early treatment of the underlying disease, goal-directed therapy, restrictive use of immobilizing medications, optimal nutrition, activating ventilatory modes, early rehabilitation, and preventive drug therapy. In this article, the authors review the nosology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of ICU-acquired weakness in surgical ICU patients.

Muscle weakness is a common complication in the surgical intensive care unit. This complication is preventable. Early identification with the appropriate diagnostic methods and employment of preventative strategies can improve perioperative patient outcomes.
A Modification of the Dunn Osteotomy With Preservation of the Ligamentum Teres
Authors: Bali Navi , Harrison James , Laugharne Edward , Bache C. Edward
Published: October 2015

Background:

We aimed to determine if a modified Dunn osteotomy could be safely performed without surgical dislocation and consequent preservation of the ligamentum teres.

Methods:

All patients undergoing a modified Dunn osteotomy for a slipped capital femoral epiphysis over an 8-year period were included in this study, and all had a severe slip with an open physis.

Results:

The modified Dunn procedure was performed on 34 hips in 34 patients. The mean age was 13.1 years (range, 11 to 16 y) with a mean follow-up time of 54 months (range, 15 to 102 mo). All slips were severe (grade 3) with a mean slip angle of 73.2 degrees (range, 60 to 90 degrees). Nineteen slips were stable and 15 were unstable. Of the unstable slips, the average time from initial presentation to the emergency department until surgery was 9.4 days (range, 2 to 42 d). Excluding 1 patient who developed complete collapse of the femoral head (NAHS 56), the average Nonarthritic Hip score was 98 (range, 93.7 to 100). Four (11.8%) patients developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head, of which 3 were unstable slips.

Conclusions:

A modified Dunn osteotomy with preservation of the ligamentum teres allows an excellent restoration of the anatomic alignment of the femoral head and neck. Rates of AVN are not increased compared with other techniques of subcapital osteotomy but this complication cannot be eliminated particularly in patients with unstable slips.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.
Bradyrhizobium kavangense sp. nov., a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium from root nodules of traditional Namibian pulses
Authors: Lasse Grönemeyer Jann , Hurek T. , Reinhold-Hurek Barbara
Published: October 2015

Eight strains of symbiotic bacteria from root nodules of local races of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) grown on subsistence farmers’ fields in the Kavango region, Namibia, were previously characterized and identified as a novel group within the genusBradyrhizobium. To clarify their taxonomic status, these strains were further characterized using a polyphasic approach. In phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence the novel group was most closely related toBradyrhizobium iriomotenseEK05TandBradyrhizobium ingaeBR 10250T, and to ‘Bradyrhizobium arachidis’ CCBAU 051107 in the ITS sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenatedglnII-recA-rpoB-dnaKsequences placed the strains in a lineage distinct from named species of the genusBradyrhizobium. The species status was validated by results of DNA–DNA hybridization. Phylogenetic analysis ofnifHandnodCgenes placed the novel strains in a group with ’B. arachidis’ CCBAU 051107. The combination of phenotypic characteristics from several tests including carbon source utilization and antibiotic resistance could be used to differentiate representative strains from recognized species of the genusBradyrhizobium. Novel strain 14-3Tinduces effective nodules onVigna subterranea, Vigna unguiculata, Arachis hypogaeaandLablab purpureus.Based on the data presented, it is concluded that the strains represent a novel species of the genusBradyrhizobium, for which the nameBradyrhizobium kavangensesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 14-3T[ = DSM 100299T = LMG 28790T = NTCCM 0012T(Windhoek)]. The DNA G+C content of strain 14-3Tis 63.8 mol% (Tm).
Quality characteristics of semi-dried persimmons soaked in different concentration of sugar solution
Authors: Kwon Gi-Man , Kim Jae-Won , Youn Kwang-Sup
Published: October 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the quality and characteristics of semi-dried persimmons soaked in different concentrations of sugar solution and stored at 7°C for 20 days. The L value and chroma value were significantly higher in S5 and S10 compared to the other concentrations of sugar solution. The E and browning degree were increased according to the increase in concentration of sugar solution. Total sugar, reducing sugar, and sugar free contents were higher in the control (semi-dried persimmon) than those in S0, but they increased according to the increase in concentration of sugar solution. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities were decreased according to the increase in sugar solution concentration, which were highest in S0 among other semi-dried persimmons soaked in sugar solutions. Total ascorbic acid content was highest in S10 (12.29 mg/g), followed by S0 (2.54 mg/g), S5 (7.76 mg/g), S15 (6.05 mg/g), and S20 (5.05 mg/g). Total polyphenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins contents were the highest in S10 compared to other semi-dried persimmons soaked in sugar solutions. Furthermore, the same tendency was observed with DPPH radical scavenging ability. These results showed that 10% sugar solution could be applied to semi-dried persimmons in order to achieve high quality, nutritional value, and browning inhibition.
Quality characteristics of Yanggaeng with Momordica charantia powder
Authors: Lee Seon-Ho , Hong Eun-Jin , Cho Young-Je
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the rheological characteristics and sensory evaluation of yanggaeng by using the functional properties of Momordica charantia. Dried Momordica charantia was roasted at 180°C to remove its bitter taste. The results of the study were as follows : The phenolic compound of Momordica charantia was 6.30±0.17 mg/g in water extracts, which was the highest extractive rate. The anti-oxidant activity of non-roasted and roasted samples was determined in various phenolic concentrations at 50~200 μg/mL. The DPPH activities of non-roasted and roasted Momordica charantia water and ethanol extracts were 74.06~92.71% and 86.06~94.07%, respectively. The ABTS were 36.26~98.03% and 67.02~99.60% in water and ethanol extracts, respectively. The anti-oxidant protection factor of water and ethanol extracts were 2.19~2.25 PF and 2.20~2.36 PF respectively, and TBARS were 13.81~40.97% and 23.32~82.47%, respectively. The anti-oxidant activity of ethanol extracts was higher than that of water extracts at low phenolics concentration of 50 μg/mL, while the roasted sample was higher than the sample that was not roasted. The α-glucosidase inhibition activity of non-roasted Momordica charantia ethanol extracts was higher than that of water extracts, showing that there were increasing pattern depending on the increases in the phenolics concentration of Momordica charantia. The texture, such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and color changed in proportion to the concentration of Momordica charantia powder. Moreover sensory characteristics, such as color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability of the non-roasted sample changed in proportion to the concentration of Momordica charantia powder. However, in the roasted sample, the sensory characteristics was improved at a lower concentration (below 1%). Thus, when the yanggang was prepared by Momordica charantia powder as a minor ingredient, it would be desirable to add it after roasting, in consideration of its functional and sensory properties, and at appropriate concentration on below 1%.
Establishment of the manufacturing conditions of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)-rice drink
Authors: Kim Hak-Yoon , Kim Suk-Kyung
Published: October 2015

This study was monitored the quality characteristic of the hyssop-rice drink added using hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) and rice. AFter operational parameters including amylase content (X1, 1~5 mL), saccharification time (X2, 10~18 hr) and hyssop content (X3, 1.0~3.0 g) were monitored, these results were analyzed using a response surface methodology for the determination of the optimum conditions (Brix, Hunter’s color and organoleptic properties). Maximum conditions of Brix for the hyssop-rice drink were 0.96 mL of amylase, 14.93 hr of saccharification time and 2 g of hyssop. Maximum conditions of Hunter’s color b were 1.90 mL of amylase, 16.64 hr of saccharification time and 2.51 g of hyssop. Maximum conditions of organoleptic color were 4.60 mL of amylase, 15.66 hr of saccharification time and 1.57 g of hyssop. Maximum conditions of organoleptic aroma were 3.46 mL of amylase, 10.79 hr of saccharification time and 1.45 g of hyssop. Maximum conditions of organoleptic taste were 3.67 mL of amylase, 17.64 hr of saccharification time and 1.76 g of hyssop. Maximum conditions of overall palatability of the hyssop-rice drink were 3.73 mL of amylase, 13.66 hr of saccharification time and 1.85 g of hyssop.
Effect of the addition of protein and lipid on the quality characteristics of Yakju
Authors: Kang Ji-Eun , Kim Jae-Woon , Choi Han-Seok , Kim Chan-Woo , Yeo Soo-Hwan , Jeong Seok-Tae
Published: October 2015

In this study, the fermentation characteristics of Yakju were investigated by addition of protein and lipid. These are classified according to raw material (rice, glucose) and inducing substance (rice protein, rice lipid). Alcoholic fermentation occurred at 25°C, after 14 days. The results of this study were as follows: Alcohol content of Yakju with rice protein was higher than those of other samples. The pH and glucose of rice Yakju were detemied to be 4.86~5.13 and 4.17~4.86, respectively. Titratable acid and the total amino acid content of the Yakju with rice protein were the highest among other samples. The optical density contents of the rice Yakju and glucose Yakju were 0.52~0.653 and 0.27~0.61, respectively. The concentration of organic acids in rice Yakju (433.98~519.31 mg%) was higher than that of glucose Yakju (303.76~387.50 mg%). The major organic acid components of the Yakju were succinic, citric, acetic and lactic acids. The nitrogen compound concentrations of rice Yakju (4377.38~10208.06 ppm) was higher than that of glucose Yakju (671.20~9368.93 ppm). The protein odor correlation coefficient was 0.98 (p<0.001) showing a very high correlation coefficient, while lipid odor coefficient showed a negative correlation with -0.038 (p<0.458).
Effect of heat treatment on quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Korean traditional actinidia (Actinidia arguta) cultivars puree
Authors: Kim Ahna , Kang Sung-Won , Heo Ho-Jin , Chun Ji-Yeon , Choi Sung-Gil
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the effect of heat treatment conditions on the quality and antioxidant activities of Korean traditional actinidia (Actinidia arguta) cultivars puree. Heat treatment on actinidia puree was conducted at 70~90°C for 1 min to 5 mins, while a control sample of the actinidia puree was prepared without heat treatment. In all the samples, except for the sample treated at 90°C for 5 mins, pH and Brix degree was not dramatically changed. Pulp content decreased with increasing temperature and time. L and the a value of color increased with increasing temperature and time. However, the b value showed a reverse tendency with L and the a value. Viscosity and gumminess increased as heat temperature and time increased, though cohesiveness was not significantly changed depending on temperature and time. Coliform and yeast were not detected on all samples and the number of aerobic bacteria and mold decreased as temperature and time increased. Vitamin C and total phenolic content of the puree was not changed for 1, 3, and 5 mins at 70°C and for 1 and 3 mins at 80°C, but significantly decreased with increasing time at 90°C. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the puree, such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) showed a similar tendency with total phenolic content.
Quality characteristics and antioxidant capacities of oriental melon wine depending on pretreatments
Authors: Hwang Hee-Young , Ha Hyoung-Tae , Ha Se-Bi , Seong Gi-Un , Hwang In-Wook , Chung Shin-Kyo
Published: October 2015

Oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa) has been widely consumed as various processed foods, such as dried products, jelly, wine, juice, and vinegar, in Asian countries. In fruit processing, blanching and pressure treatments affect its quality, such as antioxidant activities, sensory characteristics, and etc. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of blanching and pressure pre-treatments on oriental melon wine-making (BP, blanching and pressure filtration; BNP, blanching and non-pressure filtration; NBP, non-blanching and pressure filtration; and NBNP, non-blanching and non-pressure filtration). Physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacities by α, α-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were measured for comparison of the different pre-treatment methods. After the aging process, the alcohol contents and pH values showed no statistical differences, whereas the amount of soluble solids, reducing sugar, and titratable acidity were slightly different among the pre-treatments (p<0.05). The samples with blanching pre-treatment showed higher antioxidant capacities than those of other pre-treatments. In the sensory evaluation, the BNP was the best in overall acceptability. Thus, this study showed that the blanching treatment enhanced the antioxidant capacities and sensory qualities of the oriental melon wine
Comparison of quality properties and identification of acetic acid bacteria for black waxy rice vinegar
Authors: Lee Gyeong-Eun , Kim So-Mang , Huh Chang-Ki , Cho In-Kyung , Kim Yong-Doo
Published: October 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics and identification of acetic acid bacteria for black waxy rice vinegar. Eight (8) strains of acetic acid bacteria were isolated for the production of acetic acid and their acidities were then compared with commercial acetic acid bacteria. Among them, F1, H4, and two types of commercial bacteria (four best strains by vinegar zymogen) were selected. After analyzing the 16S rRNA sequence, both F1 and H4 strains were identified as Acetobacter genus. Therefore, the F-1 and H-4 strains were named as Acetobacter sp. F-1 and Acetobacter sp. H-4, respectively. Acidity of black waxy rice vinegar during fermentation was steadily increased up to 16 days and the acidity was then constant. Total acidity content was higher when used FV-1 strain. In the results of Hunter's color value of black waxy vinegar, L value was at 75.01 to 80.11, while (＋a) value was at 3.34 to 3.92, and (＋b) value was at 12.84 to 18.09. The major organic acid of the black waxy vinegar was acetic acid. The total organic acid content was high when used H-4, F-1, C-2 and C-1 strains. The total free amino acid content of the black waxy vinegar by strain was the highest (351.43 mg%) of F-1 vinegar strain, and the lowest (247.74 mg%) of C-2 vinegar strain. A sensory evaluation of black waxy vinegar indicated that F-1 vinegar strain was better than the other samples in aspect of flavor, color, and overall preference.
Physiochemical property of edible tissues (sprout and root) of steam-treated reed
Authors: Kim Sung-Tae , Huh Chang-Ki , Kim Su-Hwan , Kim Yong-Doo
Published: October 2015

This study was performed for the comparison of the general components, minerals, amino acids, organic acids, free sugars, ascorbic acid, polyphenol content and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of steamed-treated reed (sprout and root) to those of raw reed. Moisture content of sprout and root of reed after steaming treatment decreased from 81.28% and 81.64% to 70.18% and 65.50%, respectively. Crude ash content was the highest in raw sprout and steam-treated root. Crude lipid content of raw sprout and root were almost similar. In addition, crude lipid content of steam-treated sprout was greater than that of root. Nitrogen free extract content of root was 2 times as high as that of sprout. Total free sugar contents of raw sprout and root increased from 1,311.39 mg% and 4,130.98 mg% to 1,157.79 mg% and 3,750.90 mg%, respectively, after steam treatment. Furthermore, the organic acid contents of sprout and root of reed after steam treatment were less than those of raw sprout and root. Calcium and potassium contents were the highest among others in both steam-treated and raw reed. Amino acid content of sprout was higher than that of root in both before and after steam treatment. Among the amino acids, serine content was the best presented in both before and after steam treated reed. Vitamin C content of steam-treated sprout and root of reed decreased from 61.74 mg% and 6.57 mg% to 4.54 mg% and 80.79 mg%, respectively. Total polyphenol content of sprout was greater than that of root in raw and steam-treated reed. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extraction of root was greater than those of other extracts of root.
Quality characteristics of Yakju at addition sprout and root of reed
Authors: Kim Sung-Tae , Kim So-Mang , Jeong Jae-Hee , Kim Yong-Doo
Published: October 2015

This study was performed to improve the availability of reed and quality of traditional Yakju by using roasted reed. The pH of sprout Yakju was 3.43, whereas the pHs of other Yakjus were 3.57. No remarkable differences were observed in contents of total titratable acids and reducing sugars. Color changes were measured by Hunter’s color value; L value decreased, whereas redness (+a) and yellowness (+b) increased during fermentation. Ethanol content of Yakjus prepared with sprout and root were 15.30% and 15.28%, respectively, which were lower than that of control Yakju (15.31%). However, there were obvious differences of ethanol contents in three types of Yakjus. The major free sugar and organic acid were glucose and lactic acid, respectively. The total polyphenol contents of sprout Yakju (4.26 mg%) and root Yakju (4.21 mg%) were much higher than that of control Yakju (2.56 mg%). The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activities of sprout Yakju and root Yakju were higher than those of control Yakju. Yakju prepared from 0.3% addition of sprout showed the highest score in overall preference from the sensory test.
Determine the effects of drying temperature on the quality change and antioxidant activity characteristics of blueberry
Authors: Shin Dong-Sun , Yoo Yeon-Mi , Kim Ha-Yun , Han Gwi-Jung
Published: October 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effect of drying temperature on the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of blueberry. Blueberries were dried at different times and temperatures, including A (40°C, 72 hr), B (40°C, 48 h and 50°C, 24 hr), C (50°C, 72 hr), and D (60°C, 72 hr). The yield and pH ranges of blueberry were determined to be 17.73~31.17% and 3.20~3.25, respectively. The yield rate of A treatments, soluble solid of D treatments, was the highest. The yield rate and soluble content was the highest in the treatment of A and D, respectively. The moisture content and water activity were significantly decreased with the increase in drying temperature (p<0.05). The L value of A treatment, and a and b values of D treatment were the greatest. In the analysis of texture analyzer, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gummiess and chewiness were significantly increased with the increase in drying temperature (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation of blueberry, the appearance and color were the highest in the A treatment. The moisture, texture and taste was highest in the B treatment. The overall acceptability was in the order of B › A › C ›D. The total polyphenol content and DPPH radical-scavenging activity were 9.21~13.05 mg/GAEg and 61.90~81.42%, respectively, which were significantly decreased with the increase in drying temperature (p<0.05). Therefore, the optimum time and temperature for blueberry drying was founded to be B treatment (40°C, 48 hr and 50°C, 24 hr) among other treatments.
The change on cell wall composition and physiological characteristic of astringent persimmon fruits by gamma irradiation
Authors: Kim Byung-Oh , Cha Won-Seup , Ahn Dong-Hyun , Cho Young-Je
Published: October 2015

In this study, the effects of gamma-radiation treatment on cell wall composition and physiological characteristics of astringent persimmon fruit were investigated. The soluble tannin contents of gamma-radiated samples were reduced by the radiation treatment. The hardness of the radiated fruit was decreased when compared to non-radiated fruit. Alcohol-insoluble component of the cell wall in the radiated fruit was decreased from 39.3 mg/g to 37.2 mg/g. The water-soluble content of the radiated fruit was increased from 11.4 mg/g to 13.9 mg/g. The cell wall content of the non-radiated fruit was 26.6 mg/g whereas the cell wall content of radiated fruit was decreased to 23.1 mg/g. Due to the maturation of astringent persimmon fruit by gamma-radiation, water-soluble compounds were increased whereas decreasing in cell wall compounds. The contents of lignin, pectin, and cell wall were decreased from 0.82 mg/g and 3.56 mg/g to 0.77 mg/g and 3.14 mg/g, respectively. Acid-soluble hemicellulose content was decreased by gamma-radiation, while alkali-soluble hemicellulose and cellulose contents were increased. Activities of sotening enzyme as polygalacturonase, pectinesterase and β-galactosidase existed in persimmon fruit were increased by gamma-radiation. In the sensory evaluation, gamma-radition treated persimmon showed very low astringent taste when compared to the non-radiated fruit. In hardness test, the non-radiated persimmon maintained the hardness while gamma-treated persimmon showed softened outer layer due to the condensation of tannin during radiation treatment. Therefore, gamma-radiation treatment will be used for the removal of its astringency of persimmon fruit and for enhancement of its maturation.
Effects of freezing temperature on the physiological activities of garlic extracts
Authors: Park Jong Woo , Kim Jinse , Park Seok Ho , Choi Dong Soo , Choi Seung Ryul , Oh Sungsik , Kim Yong Hoon , Yoo Seon Mi , Han Gui Jeung
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the physiological activities of garlic extracts frozen at -20, -80, and -196°C. To determine the optimum freezing temperature for maintaining garlic’s physiological activity, antioxidant and antibacterial activities were investigated. The antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH radical scavenging ability, SOD-like activity, nitrite-scavenging ability, and reducing power. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids of garlic extract frozen at 4°C (control) were measured as 6.91±0.69 μg GAE/g and 0.315±0.017 μg QE/g, respectively. Although the content of total phenolic compounds was not affected by the different freezing temperatures, the flavonoids contents of garlic extract frozen at -20°C were slightly decreased. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of garlic extracts (2 mg/mL) frozen at -80°C was 61%, whereas those frozen at -20°C and -196°C were 51%. SOD-like activity was slightly increased by freezing. However, the nitrite scavenging ability (18% at pH 3.0) and reducing power (OD700=1.6) were not affected by freezing temperatures. Antimicrobial activities did not show significant differences depending on freezing temperatures. Taken together, the physiological activities of the frozen garlic extracts were not significantly changed by the freezing temperatures; however, the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were maintained at -80°C. These results suggest that -80°C frozen garlic could maintain a higher quality than the conventional freezing method (-20°C) without loss of physiological activities during the storage.
Bioactive compounds of Cheonggukjang prepared by different soybean cultivars with Bacillus subtilis HJ18-9
Authors: Song Jin , Lee Kyung-Ha , Choi Hye-Sun , Hwang Kyung-A
Published: October 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of isoflavone composition (glycoside and bio-active aglycone) in Cheonggukjang and to evaluate its quality characteristics depending on different soybean cultivars (Daewon, Daepoong, Wooram, Hwangkeumol and Saedanback). The bioactivity of Cheonggukjang was enhanced during fermentation at 37°C for 48 h. Activities of ɑ-amylase, protease, and cellulase increased significantly after 48 h fermentation (p<0.05). In addition, amino-type nitrogen and reducing sugar contents in Cheonggukjang fermented with B. subtilis increased significantly after 48 h fermentation (p<0.05). Among the isoflavones, the content of β-glucosides and acetyl-glucosides decreased, while aglycone content increased during fermentation. Especially, Cheonggukjang fermented with Daepoong cultivars showed the greatest increase in daidzein, genistein and glycitein contents. After 48 h fermentation, the contents of daidzein, genistein and glycitein in the Cheonggukjang fermented with Daepoong cultivars increased significantly up to 503.65±2.76, 111.40±0.42, and 633.95±6.01 μg/g (p<0.05), respectively. Total aerobic and anaerobic cell counts increased with increase in fermentation time. Therefore, it would be beneficial for the food industry if components of Cheonggukjang could be separated and used to develop functional products.
Survey and method validation of simultaneous quantitative analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals
Authors: Paek Ockjin , Kang Teabeom
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for determination of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin level in cereals and to survey their levels using LC-MS/MS. The T-2 and HT-2 toxins were simultaneously analyzed by electrospray ionization with a positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) after filteration and immuno-affinity column clean-up. A matrix-matched standard calibration used for quantification and recoveries of T-2 and HT-3 toxins were in the range of 100.6±7.2% and 96.8±9.4%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification of T-2 and HT-2 toxins were estimated to be 0.5 and 1.5 μg/kg, respectively. Each repeatability (RSRr) of T-2 and HT-2 toxins was determined to be 0.9~6.0%, and 4.9~6.1%, respectively. Total 115 samples cereals were collected from 9 types of cereals for analysis. The positive percentages of T-2 and HT-2 toxins obtained from collected samples were found to be 72% and 80%, respectively. The contamination level of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in cereals were 37.1 μg/kg, and 5.4 μg/kg, respectively. Therefore, this study suggests that the developed method could be an useful analytical method to determine the T-2 and HT-2 toxin level in cereals and the present data could be used as a reference to estimate the risk assessment.
Antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of Aster scaber grown in wild and culture field
Authors: Kim Guy-Min , Hong Ju-Yeon , Woo Sook-Yi , Lee Hyun-Suk , Choi Young-Jun , Shin Seung-Ryeul
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functionality of ethanol extract of Aster scaber by analyzing anti-oxidant components and anti-oxidant activities, which was grown in wild and culture field. The yields of Aster scaber ethanol extracts were high after blanching treatment. The polyphenol content of dried Aster scaber grown in wild was 35.59 mg/g, which was higher than that of Aster scaber grown in culture field. The electron donating ability in all Aster scaber extracts were increased with increase in extract concentration, and the electron donating ability was the highest in extracts of the dried Aster scaber after blanching. The SOD-like activity of Aster scaber was the highest in its extract grown in wild field. In addition, the SOD-like activities of extracts of the dired Aster scaber after blanching were highest among the extracts of cultivated Aster scaber. The nitrite scavenging ability of extracts was increased at pH 1.2, and those was the highest in wild fresh Aster scaber. The inhibition effects on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase were increased with increase in extract concentration, and the inhibition effects of extracts of Aster scaber in wild field were higher than those grown in culture field. Therefore, the consumption of Aster scaber would provide beneficiary effects due to its antioxidant activities and prevention of aging. The development of various processed food using Aster scaber will promote the consumption and its values.
Integrative tissue-specific functional annotations in the human genome provide novel insights on many complex traits and improve signal prioritization in genome wide association studies
Authors: Lu Qiongshi , Powles Ryan Lee , Wang Qian , He Beixin Julie , Zhao Hongyu
Published: October 2015

Extensive efforts have been made to understand genomic function through both experimental and computational approaches, yet proper annotation still remains challenging, especially in non-coding regions. In this manuscript, we introduce GenoSkyline, an unsupervised learning framework to predict tissue-specific functional regions through integrating high-throughput epigenetic annotations. GenoSkyline successfully identified a variety of non-coding regulatory machinery including enhancers, regulatory miRNA, and hypomethylated transposable elements in extensive case studies. Integrative analysis of GenoSkyline annotations and results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) led to novel biological insights on the etiologies of a number of human complex traits. We also explored using tissue-specific functional annotations to prioritize GWAS signals and predict relevant tissue types for each risk locus. Brain and blood-specific annotations led to better prioritization performance for schizophrenia than standard GWAS p-values and non-tissue-specific annotations. As for coronary artery disease, heart-specific functional regions was highly enriched of GWAS signals, but previously identified risk loci were found to be most functional in other tissues, suggesting a substantial proportion of still undetected heart-related loci. In summary, GenoSkyline annotations can guide genetic studies at multiple resolutions and provide valuable insights in understanding complex diseases. GenoSkyline is available at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu/GenoSkyline.
Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic functions forin vitroevaluation of antimicrobials againstNeisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Foerster Sunniva , Unemo Magnus , Hathaway Lucy J. , Low Nicola , Althaus Christian L.
Published: October 2015

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Gram-negative bacteriumNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Resistance to first-line empirical monotherapy has emerged, so robust methods are needed to appropriately evaluate the activity of existing and novel antimicrobials against the bacterium. Pharmacodynamic functions, which describe the relationship between the concentration of antimicrobials and the bacterial net growth rate, provide more detailed information than the MIC only. In this study, a novel standardizedin vitrotime-kill curve assay was developed. The assay was validated using five World Health OrganizationN. gonorrhoeaereference strains and various concentrations of ciprofloxacin, and then the activity of nine antimicrobials with different target mechanisms were examined against a highly susceptible clinical wild type isolate (cultured in 1964). From the time-kill curves, the bacterial net growth rates at each antimicrobial concentration were estimated. Finally, a pharmacodynamic function was fitted to the data, resulting in four parameters that describe the pharmacodynamic properties of each antimicrobial. Ciprofloxacin resistance determinants shifted the pharmacodynamic MIC (zMIC) and attenuated the bactericidal effect at antimicrobial concentrations above the zMIC. Ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin and gentamicin had the strongest bactericidal effect during the first six hours of the assay. Only tetracycline and chloramphenicol showed a purely bacteriostatic effect. The pharmacodynamic functions differed between antimicrobials, showing that the effect of the drugs at concentrations below and above the MIC vary widely. In conclusion,N. gonorrhoeaetime-kill curve experiments analyzed with pharmacodynamic functions have potential forin vitroevaluation of new and existing antimicrobials and dosing strategies to treat gonorrhea.
TP53copy number expansion is associated with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants
Authors: Sulak Michael , Fong Lindsey , Mika Katelyn , Chigurupati Sravanthi , Yon Lisa , Mongan Nigel P. , Emes Richard D. , Lynch Vincent J.
Published: October 2015

A major constraint on the evolution of large body sizes in animals is an increased risk of developing cancer. There is no correlation, however, between body size and cancer risk. This lack of correlation is often referred to as ‘Peto’s Paradox’. Here we show that the elephant genome encodes 20 copies of the tumor suppressor geneTP53and that the increase inTP53copy number occurred coincident with the evolution of large body sizes, the evolution of extreme sensitivity to genotoxic stress, and a hyperactive TP53 signaling pathway in the elephant (Proboscidean) lineage. Furthermore we show that several of theTP53retrogenes (TP53RTGs) are transcribed and likely translated. WhileTP53RTGsdo not appear to directly function as transcription factors, they do contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of elephant cells to DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis by regulating activity of the TP53 signaling pathway. These results suggest that an increase in the copy number ofTP53may have played a direct role in the evolution of very large body sizes and the resolution of Peto’s paradox in Proboscideans.
University-industry knowledge exchange
Authors: Striukova Ludmila , Rayna Thierry
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of what Open Innovation means within university context. Focus is also put on the role universities believe they should play in Open Innovation, as well as the changes that might have arisen as a consequence of universities’ greater awareness of this concept.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research methodology used is an exploratory study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews of Pro-Vice-Chancellors (or equivalent level) of a variety of British universities. The study was designed around five main research themes: discourse, change, strategy, management, Open Innovation success.

Findings

– In addition to the traditional teaching, research and knowledge transfer roles of university, this study has uncovered a new role of universities: trusted intermediary (or “Open Innovation Hub”). Another key finding of this study is that it highlights the diversity that prevails in the UK with regard to Open Innovation.

Research limitations/implications

– The number of the interviews conducted for this study is probably not large enough to allow a solid generalisation. Data saturation, however, was achieved in this study. The insight provided by this study is particularly significant as interviewees were amongst the highest-ranking executives in their respective universities. Hence the views reported in this study are what “drives” Open Innovation policies in the universities that participated in this study.

Practical implications

– This new role of a trusted intermediary played by universities is very likely to change the existing Open Innovation landscape and re-shape policies.

Social implications

– The changing role of universities within Open Innovation context may potentially change the respective role of other stakeholders in the Open Innovation ecosystem.

Originality/value

– This is the first study aimed at investigating how British universities understand Open Innovation and what opportunities and challenges they associate with this process.
A markerless human-manipulators interface using multi-sensors
Authors: Zhang Ping , Liu Xin , Du Guanglong , Liang Bin , Wang Xueqian
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present a markerless human–manipulators interface which maps the position and orientation of human end-effector (EE, the center of the palm) to those of robot EE so that the robot could copy the movement of the operator hand.

Design/methodology/approach

– The tracking system of this human–manipulators interface comprises five Leap Motions (LMs) which not only makes up the narrow workspace drawback of one LM but also provides redundancies to improve the data precision. However, because of the native noises and tracking errors of the LMs, the measurement errors increase over time. To address this problem, two filter tools are integrated to obtain the relatively accurate estimation of the human EE, that is, Particle Filter for position estimation and Kalman Filter for orientation estimation. Because the operator has inherent perceptive limitations, the motions of the manipulator may be out of sync with the hand motions, so that it is hard to complete with the high performance manipulation. Therefore, in this paper, an over-damping method is adopted to improve reliability and accuracy.

Findings

– A series of human–manipulators interaction experiments were carried out to verify the proposed system. Compared with the markerless and contactless methods(Kofman et al., 2007; Du and Zhang, 2015), the method described in this study is more accurate and efficient.

Originality/value

– The proposed method would not hinder most natural human limb motion and allows the operator to concentrate on his/her own task, making it perform high-precision manipulations efficiently.
How to win the attention of top executives
Authors: Luo Biao , Wang Qiong , Lu Yuan , Liang Liang
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine how subsidiary managers gain attention from top executives at headquarters for their desired issue in order to initiate a bottom-up change. Specifically, it focuses on relationships among a change issue’s characteristics, environmental threats and top executives’ attention.

Design/methodology/approach

– An empirical test of hypotheses by a hierarchical regression approach has been applied to analyse the data collected through a survey of 81 headquarters-subsidiary dyads in China.

Findings

– There are three main findings, including first, the headquarters’ attention is positively related to the organizational benefits of an issue; second, there exist inverted U-shaped curves between an issue’s legitimacy or novelty and the headquarters’ attention; and third, the headquarters’ attention to an issue is also moderated by environmental threats.

Originality/value

– The present study has noted that the headquarters’ attention to the issue varies not only according to the issue’s distinctive characteristics but also to their perception of environmental threats. It contributes to the advancement of organizational change theory by focusing on the empirical examination of an issue-selling process which is a key component part in a bottom-up change.
Modeling the cultural dynamics of resistance and facilitation
Authors: Latta Gail F.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to clarify the role of organizational culture in governing the dynamics of resistance and facilitation of change by explicating the operational mechanisms underlying the Model of Organizational Change in Cultural Context (OC3 Model).

Design/methodology/approach

– A conceptual definition of facilitation is introduced that parallels the psychosocial construction of resistance, while departing from traditional views that cast these constructs as polar opposites. Within the context of the OC3 Model, a multifaceted perspective on organizational change is advanced in which facilitation takes place alongside of, rather than in the absence of, resistance.

Findings

– Two sources of resistance and facilitation are delineated, both stemming from the degree of cultural alignment of the content (strategic initiatives) and process (implementation strategies) elements of strategic change. The dynamic interplay of these independent sources of resistance and facilitation is explored within the context of the OC3 Model where the consequences of cultural alignment or misalignment are considered with respect to change implementation and linked to established theory and empirical evidence. Four interaction effects emerge from this analysis: augmentation, undermining, prevailing and immunity. A visual model illuminating the countervailing effects of facilitation on resistance is provided, along with illustrative examples derived from multiple ethnographic field studies.

Practical implications

– Theoretical and practical implications of these interaction effects for advancing scholarship and leading organizational change are explored.

Originality/value

– Articulating this theoretical extension of the OC3 Model provides a valuable corrective to extant theories of change that afford equal importance to all culturally embedded sources of resistance and fail to account for the counter balancing effects of facilitation.
Effects of seal predation on a modelled marine fish community and consequences for a commercial fishery
Authors: Houle Jennifer E. , de Castro Francisco , Cronin Michelle A. , Farnsworth Keith D. , Gosch Martha , Reid David G.
Published: October 2015

We constructed a size‐ and trait‐based dynamic marine community model of the Celtic Sea/Biologically Sensitive Area, including grey seals Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius 1791) and harbour seals Phoca vitulina vitulina (Linnaeus 1758) to examine potential resource conflict between seals and commercial trawl fisheries. The model incorporates seal diet preference, population size and commercial fishery catch, with survey data to quantify ecological interactions between seals and fisheries.

Total annual consumption by seals was an order of magnitude less than the catch of the modelled trawl fishery. Increasing fishing pressure reduced fish spawning stock biomass (SSB) much more than a proportionally equivalent increase in seal predation. For most fish species, quadrupling seal predation showed little effect on the predicted fishery catch.

These results arise from relatively low seal abundance and partial niche partitioning. The fishery harvested a wider range of fish lengths and species than seals consumed. The fish community was dominated by small fish lengths and seals predated on these more than suggested by their calculated diet preference.

Seal predation disproportionately affected several fish species not targeted by the fishery, but seal predation did not significantly affect the SSB of any of the species that constitute 90% of the total landings of the fishery.

Synthesis and applications. Predation of fish by grey and harbour seals is unlikely to harm commercial trawl fisheries in south‐west Irish waters. This conclusion differs from those of some model‐based studies of other North Atlantic systems, demonstrating the need for ecosystem‐specific evidence in considering such conflicts. In systems with low niche overlap between seals and fisheries, the two are largely decoupled in effect, leaving fishing pressure as the overwhelming determinant of targeted fish stock status.
Passive restoration of subtropical grassland after abandonment of cultivation
Authors: Fensham Rod J. , Butler Don W. , Fairfax Russell J. , Quintin Amy R. , Dwyer John M.
Published: October 2015

Passive restoration of grasslands after the abandonment of cultivation may be a viable restoration option where seed sources from remnant grasslands are available, and if the risk of deflected succession is low.

Passive restoration of subtropical grassland in Queensland, Australia was evaluated along a chronosequence of abandoned cultivation (fallow) paddocks. Plant communities in fallow paddocks were compared with nearby remnant grassland.

On average, species richness recovers after 60 years of abandonment and floristic composition shows affinities with nearby remnant grassland (Bray‐Curtis ˜ 0·6). The risk of deflected succession, such as dominance by exotic grasses, has apparently been low in this ecosystem.

Annual grasses and forbs are rapid colonizers of the abandoned fields, and richness of perennial forbs exhibits near‐linear recovery. Perennial grasses are relatively slow to establish but all except two species have statistically insignificant differences in abundance between remnant grassland and fallow fields after 20 years.

The perennial grasses that recover most rapidly in fallow paddocks have disseminules that are adorned with appendages for wind dispersal including the most important dominant grass, Dichanthium sericeum. The perennial grasses that are slowest to recover are probably less effective dispersers.

Synthesis and applications. Passive restoration of grasslands after the abandonment of cultivation can be a viable contribution to grassland conservation where there is an adequate matrix of remnant grasslands in the vicinity of fallows, perennial exotic species do not monopolize fallows and the dominant native grasses are well dispersed.