bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Stress and Coping From Hospitalization of Clients With Severe Alcohol Use Disorder in Korea
Authors: Park Gyu-Hee , Choi Yun-Jung
Published: March 2017

The rate of relapse and involuntary hospitalization among clients with alcohol use disorder exceeds 40% in South Korea. As a result, family members of clients experience considerable stress and require the assistance of professional services. This empirical study investigates levels of perceived stress and stress coping styles among family members of clients with severe alcohol use disorder and examines the correlations among these variables. Data were collected from three inpatient alcohol rehabilitation centers and five psychiatric hospitals in South Korea. Family stress levels and stress coping styles for 133 respondents were evaluated using the Hospital Stress Rating Scale for Family Members and the Stress Coping Style Checklist. There were significant differences in stress levels according to whether participants had attended a family educational program in the past or were doing so presently. Furthermore, significant differences in stress were observed among participants who were using the stress coping style of easing strained emotions during the client’s hospitalization but who had never attended an educational program. Among the subcategories, stress levels had especially strong relationships with easing strained emotions, seeking advice, and solving problems. The results showed that families with severe alcohol use disorder experience stress from the client’s hospitalization and seek advice from neighbors to deal with worries, privacy concerns, and economic problems. Family interventions are needed to provide family members with strategies to cope with stress, which can support recovery of clients with severe alcohol use disorder.
Echoes of the Past
Authors: Fogger Susanne A. , Hart Joshua J.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The aim of this editorial is to explore and highlight the importance of identifying both the alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the veteran population.

Review

Determining if the patient has military experience can assist in both an accurate and complete assessment. Being aware of the patient’s military service time can help better understand some of the presenting physical and mental complaints that may incorrectly be attributed to substances. Although not all veterans had trauma exposure while in the military, asking about PTSD may help identify additional issues needing attention. Having a PTSD diagnosis increases the likelihood that there is an underlying substance use disorder. Veterans with PTSD have a 65% likely comorbidity with alcohol use (Smith, Goldstein, & Grant, 2016).

Conclusion

Recognition of PTSD as a co-occurring disorder with AUD can begin the dialogue to address treatment of both disorders to optimize recovery.
Peer Review
Authors: Wierzbinski-Cross Heather
Published: March 2017

Peer review for publication is fundamental to science-based fields, and nursing is no exception. Peer review provides benefits to the reviewer and the author(s) of the reviewed work. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with an explanation of how the peer review process works, what the responsibilities of a peer reviewer are, how to get involved in peer review, and the benefits of the review process.
Establishing a Nurse Mentor Program to Improve Nurse Satisfaction and Intent to Stay
Authors: Jones Sara Jane
Published: March 2017

Mentoring is an intervention to foster development and socialization of new registered nurses to an organization or unit. A nurse mentor program was developed and implemented with the purpose to improve new registered nurse satisfaction and intent to stay. A pre- and postintervention design was used in a rural emergency department to evaluate nurse job satisfaction and intent to stay in the job. Intent to stay in the job mean scores increased, and the registered nurse participants reported program satisfaction through verbal and written feedback.
Ventrogluteal Site Injections in the Mental Health Setting
Authors: McGee Helen
Published: March 2017

Adoption of the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injections has been limited in mental health settings despite its decreased risk of sciatic nerve injury and its promotion as best practice among student nurses. At a center for addiction and mental health in Toronto, Canada, registered practical nurses followed a competency checklist in a simulation setting and then observed and administered supervised ventrogluteal injections in clinical settings. This article describes the comprehensive educational program and its outcomes in practice.
Expanding RN Scope of Knowledge—Genetics/Genomics: The New Frontier
Authors: Rogers Margaret A. , Lizer Shannon , Doughty Andrea , Hayden Beth , Klein Colleen J.
Published: March 2017

Introducing a new competency into nursing practice requires the support of nursing leadership. A knowledge survey was used to assess nurses' knowledge following a yearlong genomics education initiative. Findings indicate that nurses benefit from repeated exposure to genetics-related content. Recommendations from this study include development and implementation of strategies that can be used to prepare nurses at all levels for the application of genetics and genomics. Clinical nurses with knowledge of genetics will be able to implement evidence-based interventions to manage acute and chronic illnesses. These nurses will then be able to engage patients more fully, thereby helping them to understand the relationship of genetics to healthy outcomes.
Decellularization of the Porcine Ear Generates a Biocompatible, Nonimmunogenic Extracellular Matrix Platform for Face Subunit Bioengineering
Authors: Duisit Jérôme , Orlando Giuseppe , Debluts Donovan , Maistriaux Louis , Xhema Daela , de Bisthoven Yann-Alex J. , Galli Cesare , Peloso Andrea , Behets Catherine , Lengelé Benoît , Gianello Pierre
Published: March 2017

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to assess whether perfusion-decellularization technology could be applied to facial grafts.

Background:

Facial allotransplantation remains an experimental procedure. Regenerative medicine techniques allow fabrication of transplantable organs from an individual's own cells, which are seeded into extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds from animal or human organs. Therefore, we hypothesized that ECM scaffolds also can be created from facial subunits. We explored the use of the porcine ear as a clinically relevant face subunit model to develop regenerative medicine-related platforms for facial bioengineering.

Methods:

Porcine ear grafts were decellularized and histologic, immunologic, and cell culture studies done to determine whether scaffolds retained their 3D framework and molecular content; were biocompatible in vitro and in vivo, and triggered an anti-MHC immune response from the host.

Results:

The cellular compartment of the porcine ear was completely removed except for a few cartilaginous cells, leaving behind an acellular ECM scaffold; this scaffold retained its complex 3D architecture and biochemical components. The framework of the vascular tree was intact at all hierarchical levels and sustained a physiologically relevant blood pressure when implanted in vivo. Scaffolds were biocompatible in vitro and in vivo, and elicited no MHC immune response from the host. Cells from different types remained viable and could even differentiate at the scale of a whole-ear scaffold.

Conclusions:

Acellular scaffolds were produced from the porcine ear, and may be a valuable platform to treat facial deformities using regenerative medicine approaches.
Mice lacking NF-κB1 exhibit marked DNA damage responses and more severe gastric pathology in response to intraperitoneal tamoxifen administration
Authors: Burkitt Michael D , Williams Jonathan M , Townsend Tristan , Hough Rachael , Duckworth Carrie A , Pritchard D Mark
Published: March 2017

Background

Tamoxifen (TAM) has recently been shown to cause acute gastric atrophy and metaplasia in mice. We have previously demonstrated that the outcome ofHelicobacter felisinfection, which induces similar gastric lesions in mice, is altered by deletion of specific NF-κB subunits.Nfkb1-/-mice developed more severe gastric atrophy than wild-type (WT) mice 6 weeks afterH. felisinfection. In contrast,Nfkb2-/-mice were protected from this pathology. We therefore hypothesized that gastric lesions induced by TAM may be similarly regulated by signaling via NF-κB subunits.

Methods

Groups of 5 female C57BL/6 (WT),Nfkb1-/-,Nfkb2-/-andc-Rel-/-mice were administered 150mg/kg TAM by IP injection. 72 hours later, gastric corpus tissues were taken for quantitative histological assessment. In addition, groups of 6 female WT andNfkb1-/-mice were exposed to 12Gy γ-irradiation. Gastric epithelial apoptosis was quantified 6 and 48 hours after irradiation.

Results

TAM induced gastric epithelial lesions in all strains of mice, but this was more severe inNfkb1-/-mice than WT mice.Nfkb1-/-mice exhibited more severe parietal cell loss than WT mice, had increased gastric epithelial expression of Ki67 and had an exaggerated gastric epithelial DNA damage response as quantified by γH2AX. To determine investigate whether the difference in gastric epithelial DNA damage response ofNfkb1-/-mice was unique to TAM induced DNA damage, or a generic consequence of DNA damage, we also assessed gastric epithelial apoptosis following γ-irradiation. 6 hours after γ-irradiation, gastric epithelial apoptosis was increased in the gastric corpus and antrum ofNfkb1-/-mice.

Conclusions

NF-κB1 mediated signaling regulates the development of gastric mucosal pathology following TAM administration. This is associated with an exaggerated gastric epithelial DNA damage response. This aberrant response appears to reflect a more generic sensitization of the gastric mucosa ofNfkb1-/-mice to DNA damage.
Problems related to mask use in hay fever sufferers by repeated surveys
Authors: Morishima Mika , Mitsuno Tamaki , Kishida Koya
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Many Japanese hay fever (HF) sufferers wear a hygienic face mask to prevent pollen inhalation, but most find it very uncomfortable. The purpose of this paper is to identify the problems associated with mask wearing through repeated surveys. This information can be used in the improved design of a hygienic face mask that can be worn without discomfort by HF sufferers.

Design/methodology/approach

In 2009 (n=1,519), 2012 (n=2,994), and 2015 (n=3,213), repeated surveys of university students were conducted. HF sufferers were queried regarding symptoms, countermeasures, and problems associated with wearing a hygienic face mask. Holistic perspectives for each year were obtained by a co-occurrence analysis of the aggregated data. The triplet co-occurrence of specific problems was compared among the surveys using the χ2 test. Temporary and contemporary co-occurrence relationships were also determined.

Findings

Most Japanese university students with HF wore a hygienic face mask. In each survey, the most common problems associated with mask use were related to its thermal, hygroscopic, and air-flow properties. Contemporary problems with co-occurrence relationships were “humidity,” “breathing difficulty,” and “mist over eyeglasses” for males and, “humidity,” “breathing difficulty,” and “make-up coming off” for females.

Originality/value

The results of this study will contribute to improving hygienic face mask design. The co-occurrence of contemporary problems related to mask use was identified by comparing the results obtained in each year. The thermal, hygroscopic, and air flow properties of the mask cause these problems, and the air gap between the mask and the wearer’s face influences the inherent physical properties of the mask. To measure the air gap, a suitable hydrostatic pressure-balanced experimental method was applied, and the data were demonstrated experimentally.
An efficient multi-layer garment virtual fitting algorithm based on the geometric method
Authors: Hu Shuixian , Wang Ruomei , Zhou Fan
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an efficient algorithm for multi-layer garment fitting simulation based on the geometric method to solve the low time cost problem during penetration detection and processing. This is more practical to design a CAD system to preview the multi-layer garment fitting effect in daily life.

Design/methodology/approach

The construction of a multi-layer garment based on existing 3D garments is a suitable method because this method is similar to the daily method of multi-layer dressing. The major problem is the penetration phenomenon between different garments because these 3D garment’s geometric shapes are constructed in different situations. In this paper, an efficient algorithm of multi-layer garment simulation is reported. A face-face intersection detection algorithm is designed to detect the penetration region between multi-layer garments fast and a geometric penetration processing algorithm is presented to solve the penetration phenomenon during multi-layer garment simulation.

Findings

This method can quickly detect the penetration between faces, and then deal with the penetration for multi-layer garment construction. Experimental results show that this method can not only remove the penetration but basically maintain the trend of wrinkles efficiently. At the same time, the garments used in the experiment have almost more than 5,800 faces, but the resolving time is under five seconds.

Originality/value

The main originalities of the multi-layer garment virtual fitting algorithm based on the geometric method are highly efficient both in terms of time cost and fitting effect. Based on this method, the technology of multi-layer garment virtual fitting can be used to design a novel CAD system to preview the multi-layer garment fitting effect in real time. This is a pressing requirement of virtual garment applications.
Effect of substrate structures on the morphology and interfacial bonding properties of copper films sputtered on polyester fabrics
Authors: Huang Xinmin , Meng Lingling , Wei Qufu , Wang Qianwen , Zhang He
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss polyester fabric structures in terms of the surface morphology, crystal structure of copper films and interfacial bonding properties between polyester fabrics and copper films.

Design/methodology/approach

Nanoscale copper (Cu) thin films were deposited onto the surface of polyester fabrics with different structures by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature.

Findings

Copper films uniformly deposited on the surface of the polyester nonwovens and nanofiber membranes have larger average particle diameters and surface roughness, and higher crystallinity.

Originality/value

Theoretical value: the effects of polyester substrate structures on the morphology and interfacial bonding properties of Cu thin films have rarely been reported.
New bioactive non-implantable textile material using green seaweed for medical applications
Authors: M. Janarthanan , M. Senthil Kumar
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Medical textile is one aspect of technical textiles and it is classified according to performance and functional properties for hygienic and healthcare products. Seaweeds have curative powers for curing most degenerative diseases. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study focusses on the extraction of dyes from five seaweeds such asUlva reticulata,Ulva lactuca,Sargassum wightii,Padina tetrastomaticaandAcanthophora spicefera. The presence of bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of dye extracted from seaweeds was analysed. The dye extracted from green seaweed was applied on cotton fabric to obtain antimicrobial and other properties used to make non- implantable materials.

Findings

A maximum antioxidant inhibition percentage of 86.48+2.84 and a maximum antibacterial activity of 27 mm inhibition zone were obtained on the fabric treated with the dye extract from theUlva lactucaseaweed. The physical properties such as tensile strength and tearing strength did not show much significant difference in untreated and treated fabric. The air permeability, water absorbency and wicking behaviour of treated fabric were reduced compared with untreated fabric. The washing and rubbing properties of treated fabric were very good after repeated washing.

Originality/value

This bioactive fabric has been used for non-implantable materials such as wound healing, face mask, surgical gowns and hygienic textiles in recent years.
Three-dimensional garment-size change modeled considering vertical proportions
Authors: Zhang Jun , Kim KyoungOk , Takatera Masayuki
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a size-changing method with three-dimensional (3D) garment modeling for various body sizes considering vertical body proportions in addition to horizontal dimensions, while preserving the silhouette and ease of the original garment.

Design/methodology/approach

Cross-sectional dimensions and shapes of one dress form (the standard body) and jacket bodice were obtained by 3D scanning. The authors calculated horizontal multiplication factors of the relationship between the standard body and jacket bodice, and vertical body proportions. A target dress form was deformed using multiplication factors and vertical body proportions to construct a garment model that fitted the dress form. The method was verified using three different dress forms. The bodices of the jackets were compared with those obtained without adjusting vertical proportions.

Findings

Employing the proposed method, jacket bodices were made and fitted on target bodies while preserving the original shape. Jackets bodices made without considering vertical proportions had many wrinkles and deformed shape and poor fit around the bust line owing to the different vertical proportions. The vertical proportion is thus an important factor in the 3D garment modeling of garments of different size fitted on a body.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed method is a new size-changing or grading method for a bodice that preserves the original silhouette.

Originality/value

The proposed modeling method allows the construction of jacket bodice models and jackets of different size considering vertical body proportions. The method is applicable when making individually tailored garments or ready-to-wear garments for different targets.
Predicting distance ease distributions on crotch curves of customized female pants
Authors: Gu Bingfei , Lin Wenping , Su Junqiang , Xu Bugao
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on solving a fit problem associated with female pants by taking into account the body shape of crotch curves. The patterns of customized pants could be altered with the distance ease (DE) distribution along the crotch curve.

Design/methodology/approach

Four pairs of pants with different crotch ease allowances were designed based on a standard mannequin, and used to study how the DE was distributed along the crotch curve at a given ease allowance. The unclothed mannequin and the four pants, which were dressed, respectively, on the mannequin, were scanned consecutively by a body imaging system. The crotch curve of the unclothed mannequin was superimposed on that of each clothed mannequin to exhibit the differences in radial distance so that the DE distribution could be measured.

Findings

Through the regression analysis, the prediction models were established to express the relationships between the DE and the ease allowance. These models could be used to estimate the DEs along a crotch curve to reflect its asymmetrical shape when a total allowance was selected. The crotch curves on the pant patterns could be then modified by adding the predicted DEs to the scanned crotch curve.

Originality/value

This study demonstrated a new pattern alteration approach to achieve a better fit for customized female pants based on the 3D scanning data. This approach can be extended to pattern alterations for men’s pants and other shape-critical products.
The social construction of executive remuneration in the UK
Authors: Perkins Stephen J.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reflect theoretically on a quarter-century of attempts to codify “best practice” standards related to oversight of and reporting on executive remuneration. Issues around the regulation of UK executive remuneration are analysed focussing on decision making by elite actors, informed by corporate governance codification artefacts and theoretical considerations inspired by notions of the social construction of reality.

Design/methodology/approach

Using documentary materials to trace evolution of executive remuneration regulation in the UK, consideration is given to the social antecedents of processes governing corporate board remuneration committee practices. The paper reconstructs the social construction of the UK Corporate Governance Code and draws on relevant theoretically inclined literature to help make sense of processes involved.

Findings

Shaping the problems, to be addressed as “legitimate problems”, is core to efforts intended to create “persuasive narratives” around how UK executive remuneration should be regulated.

Research limitations/implications

The paper sketches an agenda for subsequent empirical “field” investigation to assess the social antecedents of UK executive remuneration outcomes.

Practical implications

Offering an alternative way of thinking about executive reward and on-going controversy as to how it may be legitimately regulated, informed by contextual considerations.

Originality/value

A novel look at executive remuneration from a social construction of reality perspective. Adding value to public debate on organisational effectiveness at a time of warnings from luminaries such as the Bank of England governor about the adverse social impact of “stateless companies” and calls for action against unfairness in income distribution.
Effects of seasonal and geographical variations on the physicochemical properties of commercial pasteurized milk in the northwest of Iran
Authors: Moosavy Mir-Hassan , Roostaee Nassim
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The composition and properties of milk are considerably important for dairy farmers, manufacturers and consumers. Despite the significant role of bovine milk in Iranian dairy products, there is little information about the effect of production season and location on the physicochemical properties of pasteurized milk as a final product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of seasonal, geographical and product brand variations on the chemical components and physical properties of Iranian pasteurized bovine milk.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 400 samples of pasteurized milk were obtained during a 12-month period, from April 2014 to March 2015, using random sampling. Chemical components (protein, fat, lactose, dry matter and solids-not-fat) and physical properties (freezing point, extraneous water content, titratable acidity, density and pH) of the collected samples were analyzed. A one-way ANOVA was used to perform the statistical analysis of data, and results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation.

Findings

It was found that the biochemical constituents and physical properties of pasteurized milk samples were linked to seasonal and geographical variation parameters. The milk sampled during spring and summer contained significantly less fat, protein and solids-not-fat (p < 0.05) than samples in autumn and winter. Also, samples in spring had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) extraneous water (0.8 per cent) compared to milk sampled in winter (−0.4 per cent). Samples in Maragheh and Mianeh contained the highest level of fat (2.82 per cent) and protein (3.09 per cent) content in the province. The sampled milk from the south (Mianeh and Hashtrud) and the northwest (Marand) had also significantly higher (p < 0.01) freezing points than the other areas. No significant differences (p > 0.01) were found in physicochemical properties in different product brands of the milk samples.

Originality/value

Seasonal and geographical parameters are crucial factors in the diversity of physicochemical parameters of commercial pasteurized milk. In this study, unlike the other studies, differences in milk product brand were not significant. Further research will be needed to assess other factors such as the effect of management practices and feeding strategies on farms.
Nutritional quality of quality protein maize-based supplementary foods
Authors: Maseta Elina , Mosha T.C. , Nyaruhucha Cornelio , Laswai Henry
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Child undernutrition is a persistent problem in Africa, especially in areas where the poor largely depend on starchy staples with limited access to diverse diets. The purpose of this study was to determine the protein quality, growth and rehabilitating potential of composite foods made from quality protein maize.

Design/methodology/approach

Four composite diets were prepared from quality protein maize, namely quality protein maize-soybeans; quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas; quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize alone. A fifth diet was prepared from common maize alone. The control diet (Chesta®) was made from maize, soybeans, fish, bone and blood meal. The formulations were made to meet the greatest amino acid score and the desired amount of energy and fat according to the FAO/WHO (1985) recommendation for pre-school children. Albino rats were used in evaluating the protein quality of the formulations.

Findings

The food intake was significantly different (p< 0.05) among diets; with a trend of intake decreasing from quality protein maize-based to conventional maize alone diets (apart from the control diet). Protein efficiency ratio and net protein ratio varied significantly (p< 0.05) across the experimental diets. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) was 80 per cent (quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas), 87 per cent (quality protein maize-soybeans), 103 per cent (common maize alone), 98 per cent (quality protein maize), 80 per cent (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans) and 53 per cent (control).

Research limitations/implications

Two diets, namely quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas, showed the greatest potential to support growth and rehabilitation of undernourished rats. Human trial is proposed to validate the findings.

Originality/value

Despite adoption of quality protein maize in several parts of the country, there are no studies that have been done to determine the potential of quality protein maize to support optimal growth and rehabilitation of undernourished children. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the protein quality, growth and rehabilitating potential of composite foods made from quality protein maize.
Responses of sapwood ray parenchyma and non‐structural carbohydrates of Pinus sylvestris to drought and long‐term irrigation
Authors: von Arx Georg , Arzac Alberto , Fonti Patrick , Frank David , Zweifel Roman , Rigling Andreas , Galiano Lucia , Gessler Arthur , Olano José Miguel
Published: March 2017

Non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a crucial role in tree resistance and resilience to drought. Stem sapwood parenchyma is among the largest storage tissue for NSC in mature trees. However, there is a limited mechanistic understanding of how NSC reserves, stem parenchyma abundance and growth rates are interrelated, and how they respond to changing water availability.

We quantified NSC, ray parenchyma abundance and ring width along four successive 5‐year radial sapwood segments of the stem of 40 mature Pinus sylvestris trees from a 10‐year irrigation experiment conducted at a xeric site in Switzerland.

Percentage of ray volume (PERPAR) varied from 3·75 to 8·94% among trees, but showed low intra‐individual variability. PERPAR responded positively to irrigation with a lag of several years, but was unrelated to %NSC. %NSC was lower in wider rings. However, wider rings still contained a larger NSC pool that was positively related to next year's ring growth.

Our results suggest that stem ray parenchyma does not limit NSC storage capacity, but responds to long‐term environmental drivers with years of delay. The observed carbon allocation patterns indicate a prioritization of storage over growth independent of growth conditions, likely as a mechanism to ensure long‐term survival. Furthermore, NSC pool size proved to be a determinant for the inter‐annual autocorrelation in tree‐ring growth. Our study highlights the importance of long‐term multi‐parameter studies to better understand tree responses to environmental variability at different time‐scales.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Inhibition of ALDH2 protects PC12 cells against formaldehyde‐induced cytotoxicity: involving the protection of hydrogen sulphide
Authors: Chen Ying , Zhou Cheng‐Fang , Xiao Fan , Huang Hong‐Lin , Zhang Ping , Gu Hong‐Feng , Tang Xiao‐Qing
Published: March 2017

Formaldehyde (FA), a common environmental contaminant, has toxic effects on the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously found that hydrogen sulphide (H2S), the third endogenous gaseous mediator, protects neuron against the toxicity of FA. However, the underlying mechanism is poor. Aldehyde‐dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) plays a major role in detoxification of reactive aldehyde in a range of organs and cell types. Therefore, we speculated that H2S antagonizes FA‐induced neurotoxicity by modulating ALDH2. In the present study, we found that the exposure of PC12 cells to FA causes increase in ALDH2 expression and activity. Daidzin, an inhibitor of ALDH2, significantly antagonizes FA‐exerted cytotoxicity and oxidative stress including the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), 4‐hydroxy‐2‐trans‐nonenal (4‐HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA), in PC12 cells. We also showed that daidzin markedly attenuated FA‐induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Furthermore, we found that H2S reverses FA‐elicited upregulation of ALDH2 in PC12 cells. Our results demonstrated the involvement of downregulation of ALDH2 in the protection of H2S against FA neurotoxicity.
Indole signalling and (micro)algal auxins decrease the virulence of Vibrio campbellii, a major pathogen of aquatic organisms
Authors: Yang Qian , Pande Gde Sasmita Julyantoro , Wang Zheng , Lin Baochuan , Rubin Robert A. , Vora Gary J. , Defoirdt Tom
Published: March 2017

Vibrios belonging to the Harveyi clade are major pathogens of marine vertebrates and invertebrates, causing major losses in wild and cultured organisms. Despite their significant impact, the pathogenicity mechanisms of these bacteria are not yet completely understood. In this study, the impact of indole signalling on the virulence of Vibrio campbellii was investigated. Elevated indole levels significantly decreased motility, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production and virulence to crustacean hosts. Indole furthermore inhibited the three‐channel quorum sensing system of V. campbellii, a regulatory mechanism that is required for full virulence of the pathogen. Further, indole signalling was found to interact with the stress sigma factor RpoS. Together with the observations that energy‐consuming processes (motility and bioluminescence) are downregulated, and microarray‐based transcriptomics demonstrating that indole decreases the expression of genes involved in energy and amino acid metabolism, the data suggest that indole is a starvation signal in V. campbellii. Finally, it was found that the auxins indole‐3‐acetic acid and indole‐3‐acetamide, which were produced by various (micro)algae sharing the aquatic environment with V. campbellii, have a similar effect as observed for indole. Auxins might, therefore, have a significant impact on the interactions between vibrios, (micro)algae and higher organisms, with major ecological and practical implications.
Optimisation of fermentation variables for conjugated linoleic acid bioconversion by Lactobacillus fermentum DDHI27 in modified skim milk
Authors: Dahiya Dinesh K , Puniya Anil K
Published: March 2017

Effects of fermentation variables on conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) biosynthesis of Lactobacillus fermentum DDHI27 in modified skim milk were evaluated. A total of 0.5 mg/mL was found to be the optimum linoleic acid concentration for maximum CLA production and this level was used in utilised for all successive experiments. The highest production of CLA isomers was detected at pH 6.0 when compared to other pH levels. Maximum biosynthesis of CLA isomers occurred during stationary growth (48 h) phase at all pH values tested. Validation of CLA isomers produced in selected samples was made by GC‐MS. These results indicate that these parameters strongly influence the CLA production capabilities of the strain.
Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review
Authors: Ketney Otto , Santini Antonello , Oancea Simona
Published: March 2017

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence in human and animal milk, infant formula, powdered milk, cheese and yoghurt represents a risk for health. The last four years (2010–2014) of data, as well as the most frequently and updated analytical methods applied for AFM1 quantification, are evaluated. Aflatoxin B1, considered the most potent toxic aflatoxin, is metabolised to form the monohydroxy derivative AFM1. This metabolized, expressed in the milk, is relatively stable, and it is not eliminated by heat treatments or pasteurisation, and thus represents a serious health concern.
Protein Characteristics that Affect the Quality of Vital Wheat Gluten to be Used in Baking: A Review
Authors: Ortolan Fernanda , Steel Caroline Joy
Published: March 2017

The use of vital wheat gluten in the baking industry and wheat flour mills aims to improve the rheological characteristics of flour considered unsuitable to obtain products such as sliced bread, French bread, high‐fiber breads, and other products that require strong flours. To improve characteristics such as flour strength, dough mixing tolerance, and bread volume, vital wheat gluten is added to flour at levels that can vary from 2% to 10% (flour basis), with 5% being a commonly used dosage. However, the vital wheat gluten commercialized in the market has few quality specifications, especially related to the characteristics of the proteins that constitute it and are responsible for the formation of the viscoelastic gluten network. Information on protein quality is important, because variations are observed in the technological quality of vital wheat gluten obtained from different sources, which could be associated to damage caused to proteins during the obtainment process. Several tests, either physical–chemical analyses, or rheological tests, are carried out to establish gluten quality; however, they are sometimes time‐consuming and costly. Although these tests give good answers to specify gluten quality, flour mills, and the baking industries require fast and simple tests to evaluate the uses and/or dosage of vital gluten addition to wheat flour. This review covers the concepts, uses, obtainment processes, and quality analysis of vital wheat gluten, as well as simple tests to help identify details about protein quality of commercial vital wheat gluten.
Risk factors and clinical outcome of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with IBD: A single‐center retrospective study of 260 cases in China
Authors: Gu Yu Bei , Zhang Mao Chen , Sun Jing , Lv Ke Zhi , Zhong Jie
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) may lead to poor outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study we aimed to investigate the cumulative incidence, risk factors and outcome of CDI in patients with IBD in a single center in China.

METHODS

The clinical features and endoscopic profiles of consecutive IBD patients admitted to Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine between January 2013 and December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. CDI was diagnosed based on a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) stool test.

RESULTS

A total of 260 patients with IBD were enrolled, including 176 with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 84 with ulcerative colitis (UC). Altogether 13 (5.0%) patients were diagnosed with CDI. The incidence of CDI was 4.0% (7/176) in CD and 7.1% (6/84) in UC, respectively. The endoscopic feature of pseudomembrane was found in four (33.3%) IBD–CDI patients, and pseudomembrane and deep ulcers were significantly correlated with CDI (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Hemoglobin (Hb) <100 g/L was found to be associated with CDI (OR 3.48, 95% CI 1.04–11.61, P = 0.043). Patients in the CDI group showed a higher risk of developing abdominal abscesses than those in the non‐CDI group (OR 6.09, 95% CI 1.8–15.2, P = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

PCR‐based fecal test for CDI should be performed in these IBD patients. Hb <100 g/L may be an important risk factor for CDI in IBD. For patients with CDI, antibiotics should be administered promptly to prevent abdominal abscess.
The water channel protein aquaporin 1 regulates cellular metabolism and competitive fitness in a global fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Meyers Gena Lee , Jung Kwang‐Woo , Bang Soohyun , Kim Jungyeon , Kim Sooah , Hong Joohyeon , Cheong Eunji , Kim Kyoung Heon , Bahn Yong‐Sun
Published: March 2017

In this study, an aquaporin protein, Aqp1, in Cryptococcus neoformans, which can lead either saprobic or parasitic lifestyles and causes life‐threatening fungal meningitis was identified and characterized. AQP1 expression was rapidly induced (via the HOG pathway) by osmotic or oxidative stress. In spite of such transcriptional regulation, Aqp1 was found to be largely unnecessary for adaptation to diverse environmental stressors, regardless of the presence of the polysaccharide capsule. The latter is shown here to be a key environmental‐stress protectant for C. neoformans. Furthermore, Aqp1 was not required for the development and virulence of C. neoformans. Deletion of AQP1 increased hydrophobicity of the cell surface. The comparative metabolic profiling analysis of the aqp1Δ mutant and AQP1‐overexpressing strains revealed that deletion of AQP1 significantly increased cellular accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites, whereas overexpression of AQP1 depleted such metabolites, suggesting that this water channel protein performs a critical function in metabolic homeostasis. In line with this result, it was found that the aqp1Δ mutant (which is enriched with diverse metabolites) survived better than the wild type and a complemented strain, indicating that Aqp1 is likely to be involved in competitive fitness of this fungal pathogen.
Trophoblasts regulate natural killer cells via control of interleukin‐15 receptor signaling
Authors: Park Seo Y. , Yun Sohyun , Ryu Byung J. , Han Ae R. , Lee Sung K.
Published: March 2017

Problem

Trophoblasts are known to decrease natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. However, little is known about the interaction between trophoblasts and NK cells during pregnancy. Interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) is essential for priming NK cells and maximizing their effector functions. We investigated whether trophoblasts regulate NK cell activation via IL‐15/IL‐2 receptor and its signaling pathways.

Method of study

Natural killer‐92 cells were primed with human first‐trimester trophoblast cells (Sw.71) conditioned medium (CM) and co‐cultured with K562 cells. Flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, and real‐time PCR were performed to assess NK cell cytotoxicity, IL‐15/IL‐2 receptor expression, phosphorylation of STAT5 and MAPKs, and mRNA expression of IL‐15‐related genes.

Results

Natural killer‐92 cells incubated with Sw.71 CM showed reduced cytotoxicity and IL‐15‐mediated proliferation, and expression of IL‐15/IL‐2 receptor subunits. STAT5 phosphorylation, EOMES and T‐bet mRNA expressions, and ERK/JNK pathways of NK 92 cells were suppressed by Sw.71 CM. Productions of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ were also downregulated.

Conclusion

Trophoblasts regulate human NK cell functions via suppression of IL‐15/IL‐2 receptor expression, transcription factors, and ERK/JNK pathways.
Placenta praevia and the risk of adverse outcomes during second trimester abortion: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Perriera Lisa K. , Arslan Alan A. , Masch Rachel
Published: March 2017

Background

There are few reports in the literature of the risks associated with second trimester abortion in women with placenta praevia (PP). We hypothesise that PP increases the risk of complications.

Aims

We sought to determine if PP is associated with a higher risk of blood loss and blood transfusion at the time of dilation and evacuation (D&E).

Materials and methods

The records of 612 consecutive women undergoing abortion at 15–24 weeks of gestation were reviewed. Participant characteristics, need for blood transfusion, estimated blood loss (EBL) during the abortion and other complications were compared between women with and without ultrasound‐documented PP.

Results

Eighty‐seven of 612 (14.2%, 95% CI 11.5‐17.2%) women had ultrasound‐documented PP. The rate of blood transfusion was 3.4 and 1.3% in the group with PP and without PP, respectively (adjusted relative risk (RR = 2.8, 95% CI 0.7–11.3). An estimated blood loss of 500 cc or greater during the D&E procedure was observed in 12.6% of women in the PP group compared with 4.2% of women in the group without PP (adjusted RR 3.1, 95% CI 1.4–6.8, P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Second‐trimester abortion in women with PP is associated with a higher risk of blood loss of 500 cc or greater. Our study represents a larger sample size of patients with PP undergoing second‐trimester abortion than previously reported in the literature. Women with PP may have a higher estimated blood loss and may require access to blood transfusion.
Diagnosis of deep pelvic masses on a gynaecology service: Trans‐vaginal ultrasound‐guided needle aspiration of pelvic solid and cystic lesions
Authors: Eitan Ram , Peled Yoav , Sabah Gad , Krissi Haim , Haroush Avi Ben , Meizner Israel , Danon David , Bardin Ron , Jakobson‐Setton Ariella , Salzer Liat , Mashiach Reuven
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Women with undiagnosed pelvic lesions are often referred for evaluation and treatment. Transvaginal ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (TVUS‐FNA) biopsy can assist in making management decisions. We describe our experience with this modality.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of all women who had a TVUS‐FNA biopsy between January 2004 and December 2014. Charts were reviewed for clinicopathologic information. The pathologic results of the TVUS‐FNA were compared with the final diagnosis.

Results

Fifty‐nine women underwent TVUS‐FNA; the median age was 66 years (range 27–85). Thirty‐three lesions were evaluated by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the solid structure and 26 by aspiration of fluid for cytology. Pathologic feasibility rate was 88% (52/59). Of those with evaluable tissue, the sensitivity of the procedure was 100% and the specificity 92%. Considering the seven inconclusive results, the procedure had sensitivity of 88% (29/33) and specificity of 88% (23/26). Overall accuracy of TVUS‐FNA for this patient cohort was 85%. No patient characteristics were found to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate or inconclusive TVUS‐FNA result. No complications were noted.

Conclusions

TVUS‐FNA offers an excellent modality for the diagnosis and management of deep pelvic lesions otherwise not amenable for histologic evaluation.
Peripapillary choroidal vascular layers: the Beijing Eye Study
Authors: Xu Jie , Wang Ya Xing , Jiang Ran , Wei Wen Bin , Xu Liang , Jonas Jost B.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To assess thickness and associations of the peripapillary choroidal layers.

Methods

The population‐based Beijing Eye Study included 3468 participants with an age of 50+ years. Using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography, we measured the large vessel layer (LVL) and small‐to‐medium vessel layer (SMVL) of the peripapillary choroid in a circular scan with a diameter of 3.4 mm around the optic nerve head centre at eight locations equidistant (45°) to each other. The ratio of SMVL thickness to LVL thickness was calculated.

Results

Measurements were available for 3000 (86.5%) study participants (mean age: 64.4 ± 9.6 years; range: 50–93 years). SMVL (mean thickness: 31 ± 7 μm; range: 17–70 μm) and LVL (103 ± 48 μm; range: 9–313 μm) were thickest superiorly, followed by the temporal region, nasal region, and inferior region. Thicker SMVL was associated (regression coefficient r: 0.33) with younger age (p < 0.001; standardized regression coefficient β: −0.26), higher cognitive function (p = 0.02; β: 0.05), shorter axial length (p < 0.001; β: −0.12), thicker lens (p < 0.001; β: 0.07), smaller disc area (p < 0.001; β: −0.08), smaller parapapillary β/γ zone (p < 0.001; β: −0.10) and lower prevalence of angle‐closure glaucoma (p = 0.04; β: −0.04). Thicker LVL thickness was correlated (r: 0.45) with younger age (p < 0.001; β: −0.34) and higher cognitive function (p = 0.01; β: 0.05), shorter axial length (p < 0.001; β: −0.09)), thicker lens (p = 0.009; β: 0.06), smaller disc area (p < 0.001; β: −0.09), smaller parapapillary alpha zone (p = 0.04; β: −0.04), smaller β/γ zone (p < 0.001; β: −0.14) and lower prevalence of angle‐closure glaucoma (p = 0.057; β: −0.04). A higher SMVL‐to‐LVL thickness ratio was related with older age (p < 0.001; β: 0.36), longer axial length (p < 0.001; β: 0.09), lower best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (p = 0.002; β: 0.07), larger optic disc area (p < 0.001; β: 0.10) and larger β/γ zone (p < 0.001; β: 0.19).

Conclusion

Small‐to‐medium vessel layer (SMVL) and LVL, thickest superiorly and thinnest inferiorly, increased with younger age and higher cognitive function after adjusting for axial length and prevalence of angle‐closure glaucoma. With older age, longer axial length, larger optic disc area and larger β zone, LVL decreased more than SMVL in thickness. The association between thicker peripapillary choroidal thickness and better cognitive function may deserve further attention.
Plant sterol enriched functional food and atherosclerosis
Authors: Köhler Jürgen , Teupser Daniel , Elsässer Albrecht , Weingärtner Oliver
Published: March 2017

Hypercholesterolaemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor. A healthy diet and a healthy lifestyle reduces cardiovascular risk. ‘Functional foods’ supplemented with phytosterols are recommended for the management of hypercholesterolaemia and have become a widely used non‐prescription approach to lower plasma cholesterol levels. Two billion euros are spent world‐wide each year on various functional foods, which have regulator‐approved health claims for the management of elevated cholesterol levels. While international societies, such as the European Atherosclerosis Society or the National Heart Foundation in Australia, still advise phytosterols as an additional dietary option in the management of hypercholesterolaemia, recently released guidelines such as those from the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom are more critical of food supplementation with phytosterols and draw attention to significant safety issues. This review challenges whether an intervention with phytosterol supplements is beneficial. We summarize the current evidence from genetic diseases, genetic association studies, clinical trial data and data from animal studies.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc