bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English Teachers’ Problems Encountered in Teaching Four Basic Language Skills
Authors: Karademir Cigdem Aldan , Gorgoz Seda
Published: March 2019

It is a common goal to try to educate students as natural users of language, as emphasized by the studies on learning English today and the recently renewed 2017- 2018 curriculum in Turkey. In this respect, the learning of language based on four basic skills is considered to bring the importance of these skills is emerging. This study is a qualitative study that determines the teachers’ opinions on the problems they encounter in the process of teaching four basic skills. At this qualitative study in the 2017-2018 academic year, teachers were chosen by the criterion sampling method, face-to-face interviews were conducted with eight English teachers working in a city of Turkey. The research was conducted in a case study design in a holistic multi-state pattern. Semi-structured interview form was used as data collection tool. Data was analyzed by content analysis method. Teachers’ opinions on the subject were discussed according to sub-problems and comments and suggestions were made.
The Development of Multimedia and Activities to Promote Products Made by State Enterprise Communities in the Bangmod Project 4.0 Through Community-Based Learning
Authors: Thamwipat Kuntida , Princhankol Pornpapatsorn , Deeyen Naphat
Published: March 2019

This research was aimed to explore the demands of the people in the communities in order to develop multimedia and activities to promote products made by state enterprise communities in the Bangmod Project 4.0 through Community-Based Learning among undergraduate students of King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, to examine the perception and the satisfaction of the local people regarding the multimedia and activities, to evaluate the work and to determine the satisfaction of the students towards Community-Based Learning. The tools in this study consisted of 1) the questionnaire on the demands of the local people regarding the multimedia and activities, 2) the multimedia and activities to promote products made by the state enterprise communities in Bangmod Project 4.0 which included offline and online contents as well as special activities, 3) the quality evaluation forms in terms of contents and media presentation, 4) the perception survey form, 5) the satisfaction questionnaire for the local people, 6) the self-evaluation form for students, and 7) the satisfaction questionnaire for students towards the community-based learning. There were two sampling groups as in 1) 22 local people out of 4 state enterprise communities which participated in Bangmod Project 4.0 and they were purposively chosen for this research, 2) 30 undergraduate students who enrolled in the ETM 358 Marketing Communications course which followed the community-based learning approach and these students were purposively chosen out of those who went to the field at least 4 times. The research results showed that the local people in the state enterprise communities expressed a level of demands on the multimedia and activities to promote their products for online and offline media as well as special activities. They wanted to promote 12 products. The quality of the multimedia and activities as evaluated by the experts in contents showed that the quality was at a very good level (x ̅ = 4.67, S.D. = 0.20). The quality of the media presentation was at a very good level (x ̅ = 4.87, S.D. = 0.24). The perception level of the local people about the multimedia and activities was at a high level (x ̅ = 4.41, S.D. = 0.18) and the local people expressed the highest level of satisfaction towards the multimedia and activities (x ̅ = 4.80, S.D. = 0.79). The students rated themselves at a very good level (83.72%) and their satisfaction towards the community-based learning was at the highest level (x ̅ = 4.77, S.D. = 0.24). It can be concluded that the multimedia and activities to promote products made by state enterprise communities in Bangmod Project 4.0 through Community-Based Learning were of good quality and they could be used to promote the products of the local communities.
Do Self-Regulation Skills of Preschoolers Mediate the Relation Between Parenting Behaviors and Peer Play Skills?
Authors: Bayındır Dilan
Published: March 2019

The aim of this research is to examine the relations between parenting behaviors of mothers, self-regulation skills and peer play skills of preschool children between 60-72 months old focusing in particular the mediation role of the self-regulation skills in relation between parenting behaviors and peer play skills. The sample of the research is selected from the central districts of a city in middle western Turkey, by random sampling method. Sample of the study consist of 365 children, their mothers and teachers. The results indicate that there is a positive relation between positive parenting and positive play skills and a similar association between negative models. Although the self-regulation skills are positively associated with positive peer play, no significant relation is found between self-regulation and negative peer play behaviors. Additionally, no indirect effect of parenting behaviors on peer play skills through self-regulation skills was observed. Implications of the findings are discussed in the light of the related literature.
Effect of Soil Compaction on the Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Zea Mays L.
Authors: Olubanjo Obafemi Olutola , Yessoufou Mouiz Aremou
Published: March 2019

Agricultural mechanization and open livestock grazing contribute to soil compaction and consequently on crop productivity. This study used a greenhouse experiment to identify the effects of soil compaction on the growth, productivity and nutrient uptake of maize plant seedlings grown at three bulk density (1.17, 1.37, and 1.45 g cm-3) and three water contents (0.12, 0.18, and 0.30 g/g soil). Shoot elongation and leaf area decreased significantly by 27.1 and 67.8% respectively at high compaction (P<0.05). Fresh and dry root mass also decreased significantly at high compaction by 39.1 and 37.8% respectively. Increase in soil compaction also reduced the grain yield by 18.8%. The adverse soil conditions created by increasing soil compaction accounted for the reduction in nutrient uptake. Increase in penetration resistance of the soil reduced the plants ability to absorb nitrogen (13.5%), potassium (51.4%), magnesium (50.4%) and sodium (51.5%) whereas the concentration of calcium and phosphorous were higher when soil resistance varied between 3 and 4 MPa. The relationship between root production, shoot elongation, root biomass and soil strength shows that increase in soil strength/compaction was detrimental to maize production. High soil compaction negatively influenced plant ability to absorb minerals from the soil thus decreased the yield performance.
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF DENTAL ANXIETY AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING A PUBLIC DENTAL CLINIC IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
Authors: Oyapero Afolabi , Ogunbiyi Ogunbanjo B
Published: March 2019

Aim: Dental anxiety is a subjective state of feelings that is associated with impending danger even when the stimulus or threat is not immediately present or readily identifiable. It has been ranked fifth among commonly feared situations. In Nigeria however, limited studies have been conducted in this field thus far with only one identified study using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the level of dental anxiety in dental patients attending the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja (LASUTH) using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS).Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at LASUTH. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection.Results: The prevalence of dental anxiety was 20.5% while the prevalence of extreme anxiety of 4.1%. Having a local anaesthetic (MDAS≥15 =24.6%) and having a tooth drilled (MDAS≥15=21.3%) were most associated with dental anxiety. The best predictors for dental anxiety from this study were, in descending order, age, education, marital status and gender.Conclusion: A rapid screening tool such as the MDAS could be routinely applied on prospective dental patients to determine their level of anxiety. Appropriate non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies could then be targeted at vulnerable respondents to make their dental experience as pleasant as possible.
THE FUTURE OF MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETICS IN LIBYA
Authors: Elbashti Mahmoud Ellarousi , Aswehlee Amel Mohamed , Hattori Mariko , Sumita Yuka , Taniguchi Hisashi
Published: March 2019

Maxillofacial prosthetics is a subspecialty of prosthodontics with a relatively wide scope in that it provides prosthetic rehabilitation and therapeutic appliances for numerous disorders, injuries, and defects of the head and neck region. This subspecialty is widely recognized in developed countries, but less so in many  developing countries. This special article is an initial effort to review the current status of maxillofacial prosthetics in Libya’s health and higher education sectors and its future establishment. In addition, we outline the steps needed to move beyond the current status quo in Libya. Based on a review of internationally recognized maxillofacial prosthetic programs based in North America, Europe, Japan, and South Africa, two plans for establishment are recommended for this purpose: an urgent short-term plan and an institutional long-term plan. Applying both plans would initially support maxillofacial prosthetic providers in managing patients with maxillofacial defects and developing contingency plans for follow-up and maintenance.
COMPLIANCE OF INFECTION CONTROL PROTOCOL AMONG DENTISTS IN TRIVANDRUM CITY, KERALA, INDIA
Authors: Mathew Simy , Luke Alexander M
Published: March 2019

Aim: Dentists are at a risk of transmitting infectious diseases in a dental setting, which may be transferred from the patient to dentist, dentist to patient or from patient to patient. There is risk of transmission of infectious agents via cross contamination through dental procedures. To assess the compliance to infectioncontrol protocol and assess the knowledge of infectious diseases among dentists in Trivandrum city. A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among the dentists in Trivandrum city.Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy four dentists (males 56.7%), who were members of the Indian Dental Association, Trivandrum Branch (80%of total dentists), were given self-administered questionnaires. Analysis was done using SPSS version 14.Results: None of the respondents had 100%compliance to all infection control procedure. The mean score of compliance was 84.7/115 (86.3 - females and 83.5 – males, Range: 58-107). Mean score of knowledge of infectious diseases was 23.7/30 (23.6 – males and 23.8- females) 93% compliance with standard protocol was the maximum reported (2 dentists). Experience of more than 30 yrs and presence of a dental assistant was significantly associated with higher compliance to infection control protocol.Conclusion: Being a dental college faculty, working in the private sector and awareness of standard protocol were significantly associated with Knowledge of infectious diseases. Compliance was positively correlated to knowledge. It is imperative from the study that dentists require more training and continuing dental education in infection control.
ADJUSTABLE MOUNTING JIG FOR MEAN VALUE ARTICULATOR
Authors: Priyanka Jain
Published: March 2019

An articulator is a mechanical instrument that represents the temporomandibular joints and jaws, to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular movement. During attaching or mounting the casts, problems such as shifting of cast assembly due to compression of modelling stone or waxes. Also shifting of rubberband used for adjusting the occlusal plane during mounting. In addition, errors in transferring maxillo-mandibular relation to articulator are reproduced as errors in tooth relation and tooth movement. This article introduces amethod to overcome these errors and inaccuracies during mounting in mean value articulator adjustable mounting jig.
Analysis of Radiographic Parameters of Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment: Polish Nomenclature and Clinical Implications
Authors: Tchoriwski Oleg , Czubak Jarosław , Tyrakowski Marcin
Published: March 2019

Over the last 30 years, many authors have suggested that the shape of the human spine in the sagittal plane is helpful in understanding its physiology and pathology. This paper presents the current views and Polish no­men­clature used for the assessment of the morphology and position of the pelvis in the sagittal plane. The va­lues of particular radiographic parameters are presented for healthy individuals and for patients with selected spinal pathologies. Moreover, the paper discusses the practical application of the radiographic parameters that describe the shape and position of the pelvis in the sagittal plane.
The Age of the Galland manuscript of the Nights: Numismatic Evidence for Dating a Manuscript?
Authors: Grotzfeld Heinz
Published: March 2019

The importance of the age of the Galland manuscript of the Nights derives from its being the oldest manuscript extant of this text. There is no date of transcription in the manuscript. In an earlier study, the present writer postulated 1426 as a date post quem because of the mention of the coin ashrafī (first issued by al-Ashraf Barsbāy in 1426). This date post quem has been rejected by Muhsin Mahdi, the editor of the manuscript, in a recent publication in which he attempted to identify the ashrafī mentioned in the text with the gold coin issued by al-Ashraf Khalil (1290–93). This article shows that his identification is untenable, and that the Galland manuscript, in all likelihood, was not copied earlier than 1450.
Two Early Arabic Sources on the Magnetic Compass
Authors: Schmidl Petra S.
Published: March 2019

In this paper two previously unpublished texts on the magnetic compass from the medieval Islamic world will be discussed, the first by the Yemeni Sultan al-Ashraf (ca. 1290) and the second by the Cairene astronomer Ibn Simʿūn (ca. 1300). These two treatises constitute the earliest known evidence attesting the use of the magnetic compass for the determination of the qibla, the sacred direction of Islam. A brief introduction glimpses at the history of the magnetic compass in Europe and China and mentions previously known early Arabic sources on the instrument and its use. This is followed by some remarks on the authors and the manuscripts, the Arabic texts with English translations, and comments on problems encountered while working on the texts.
"Qad kunna lā naʿbudu 'llāha wa-lā naʿrifuhu". On the Problem of the Pre-Islamic Lord of the Kaʿba
Authors: Pavlovitch Pavel
Published: March 2019

This article deals with the problem of the pre-Islamic Lord of the Kaʿba. An attempt is made to critically review the accepted theory that Allah had been the main deity of this shrine long before Islam was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. The evidence of scripture and our other sources suggests that the heathen Arabs may have been not particularly familiar with the notion of Allah as the greatest deity reigning over a swarm of lesser idols. Deities other than Allah were apparently greatly revered in the Kaʿba, and their role as lords of the sanctuary cannot be easily discarded. As for the concept of Allah as the main deity in the Kaʿba, the evidence seems to stem from the early Islamic period, when the monotheistic notion of God prevailed and brought with it a new understanding of history as a sequence of monotheistic prophecies beginning with the very creation of the world. This concept appears to be mainly responsible for the emergence of the belief that Allah was present in people’s faith from the days of Adam until the final reincarnation of His religion in Muhammad’s daʿwa.
Islam in Uzbekistan: Why Freedom of religion is Fundamental for Peace and Stability in the Region
Authors: Simpson Erica Sapper
Published: March 2019

This paper is dedicated to the people in Uzbekistan, known and unknown, whose future depends on peace and stability in the region. I wrote this paper with two different readers in mind: for the first reader, this paper provides an introduction to the current struggle in Uzbekistan between the traditional values of the non-governmental form of Islam and the modern values of the secular government; for the second reader, who is familiar with this struggle, this paper presents and defends one side of the debate—the traditional values of the independent form of Islam. A discussion of the dilemma posed by this struggle, which is common in many emerging nations, is beyond the purpose of this paper. In the interest of fairness, however, a response would be in order on the problems faced by a newly emerging government with a predominantly Muslim population with the different trends and the varying degrees of fervor and activism one is witness to in such populations. In other words, the current Uzbek regime should also be evaluated in terms of realpolitik. In this way, both sides of the Uzbek question might be revealed for all interested readers.
Teaching Morality: Javanese Islamic Education in a Globalizing Era
Authors: Lukens-Bull Ronald A.
Published: March 2019

As Indonesia strives to overcome its position as a periphery nation, its populations are faced with increasing challenges to traditional identity and morality. With economic development comes a great exposure to global consumer culture. This paper examines how traditionalist Muslims in Java, Indonesia, are facing the perceived impact of globalization through educational efforts and the re-invention of tradition. A key institution in this process is the Islamic boarding school called pesantren. Pesantren curriculum has become a focal point in the strategy of the traditionalist community to encounter globalization. By shaping curriculum, pesantren leaders are trying to mold future generations of Indonesian leaders and citizens. The goal is to create a society that is fully modern, fully globalized, fully Indonesian, and fully Islamic, one student at a time. In this process, both modernity and tradition are re-invented in such a way that one cannot exist without the other.
Sībawayhi's Observations on Assimilatory Processes and Re-syllabification in the Light fo Optimality Theory
Authors: Edzard Lutz
Published: March 2019

The last seven chapters (chs. 565–71) of Sībawayhi’s Kitāb contain many phonetic and phonological observations that can be conveniently recast in terms of theories of linguistic preference and natural generative phonology (Hooper 1976), notably in terms of the approach of Vennemann (1983, 1988). Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993) offers a formal means to capture the “constraint ranking” that is implicit in Sībawayhi’s rejection of disallowed forms and evaluation of parallelly occurring and competing forms (“candidates”). The relevant phenomena under investigation in this paper are mainly assimilatory processes but also re-syllabification and haplological syllable ellipsis.
Le Problematiche Socio-giuridiche Conesse All'immigrazione Islamica in Europa con Particolare Riguardo alla Situazione Italiana
Authors: De Angelo Carlo
Published: March 2019

This study deals with the migration flows from Islamic countries, or countries with large Islamic populations, to Europe. Particular attention is paid to the factors that explain these flows from the 1950s to the 1970s. After the restrictive policies or closure introduced in the 1970s, migration shows a clear trend towards permanent settling and takes on new and more defined characteristics. The social-juridical consequences related to these transformations are examined here. The second part of the study describes differences between the Italian and the more general European situation. Sizeable Islamic presence in Italy is a relatively new phenomenon, dating back largely to the 1980s. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, Islam has established itself very rapidly. The whole typology of Islamic institutionalized presence characteristic of other European countries is already visible. As elsewhere, the Islamic community—particularly through the action of the UCOII, the most representative umbrella organization—is trying to reach an intesa (agreement) with the government to obtain a status comparable with that of other religious minorities. However, as of this writing, the process has not yet officially begun. This can be ascribed in particular to the problem of determining which Islamic body should be taken as the legitimate representative of the Muslim communities. With reference to other juridical problems (mosques, ḥalāl food, cemeteries, ḥijāb, marriage, etc.) the paper defends the position that a sustainable immigration policy should be able to reflect the interests of both immigrants and native inhabitants. The most effective strategy, it would seem, can be worked out within a cross-cultural perspective that recognizes that confrontation and dialogue are possible, indeed necessary, among cultures sharing a common core of values and principles, that is to say, a common acceptance of universal human rights.
"Liwāṭ" im "Fiqh": Männliche Homosexualität?
Authors: Schmitt Arno
Published: March 2019

Despite widespread acceptance by (male) society, Islamic jurisprudence condemns anal intercourse—and this is the meaning of liwāṭ, not “homosexuality,” or “(male) homosexual behaviour.” The Arab conquest had changed neither the modes of production nor the patriarchal order or sexual mores of Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Iran. In Hellenistic societies the main gender division runs not between male and female, and hetero- and homosexual, but rather between penetrator and penetratable (women, boys, slaves, Jews, eunuchs and dancers alike). To penetrate was normal male desire, but to suffer or to allow penetration was shameful, and to enjoy it worse. Islamic law, on the other hand, prescribes the death penalty for extramarital intercourse—with male or female and whether as penetrator or penetrated. Considering the sources of Islamic law, this paper reasons that neither the Holy Book nor the most authentic and earliest apostolic sayings impose a death sentence for sodomy in this life. But Ismaʿīlīs, Zaidīs, most Jaʿfarīs and Shāfiʿīs and many Ḥanbalites punish liwāṭ with the penalty for zinā; the Mālikīs and some Ḥanbalīs and Shāfiʿīs decree the death penalty even for the ghair muḥṣan. Leaving the ghulāt aside, who, if one is to believe Imāmī heresiographies, did allow liwāṭ, some viewing it as a way to transmit holiness, only the rather marginal ẓāhirīya and most Ḥanafites argue that there is no ḥadd—they impose only taʿzīr. Although in the classical period some Ḥanafīs believed it to be allowed in paradise, later the Ḥanafīya narrowed the gap with the other maḏāhib, either by imposing ḥadd az-zinā, or by removing all constraints from taʿzīr. As to sodomizing one’s slaves, only the Ḥanbalīs were unambiguous in their condemnation. The solution to the tension between societal attitude and the sharīʿa is found in strict requirements of evidence: together with general rules of moral conduct, the procedural law makes the execution of the death penalty almost impossible—as long as the sinful and shameful acts take place in private and are denied by the perpetrators.
Mythological and Folkloric Motifs in Syrian Prose: The Short Stories of Zakariyyat Tamir
Authors: Rayhanova Baian
Published: March 2019

The interest of Arab authors in ancient forms of artistic thinking has grown considerably in recent times and is revealed in different ways: through ethnographical studies, literary adaptations, the publication of legends and myths, and the inclusion of mythological and folkloric material in modern narrative texts. The present paper is an attempt to analyze Zakariyyā Tāmir’s short stories, which are among the most outstanding products of Syrian literature, and to reveal the function of well-known motifs such as the motif of the bewitched place, the motif of the quest for treasure, the motif of the miraculous birth, and others in his works.
Modern Arabic Literature and Islamist Discourse: "Do not Be Coolness, Do not Flutter Safety"
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: March 2019

With the rise of Islam, Arab civilization was given a defined ideological and cultural framework within which it could develop. Islam, as a system of symbols, represents the most significant factor in the explanation of Arab cultural, intellectual, and literary history since the seventh century. Arabic literature was never wholly a religious one, but since the revelation of the Qur'ān, the various activities in the literary system generally occurred within the borders defined by Islam and were guided by a cultural heritage that seemed nearly as sacred as the religious law. Islam and, more specifically, the Qur'ān, was also predominant in consolidating principles that ensured, according to most Arab intellectuals in the twentieth century, that modern Arabic literature could only be a direct extension of the classical literature. The dominance of Islamist discourse in the literary system during the last century was reflected through censorship and banning of books for religious considerations and for the harm they might do to public morality. Nevertheless, Arabic literature witnessed during the second half of the previous century a strong trend towards separation from its strict Islamic moorings in order to follow its course as a completely secularized literature. This trend has found its manifestation in both the interrelations of the literary system with other extra-literary systems as well as on the level of the texts themselves. (The term “Islamist” is used here to refer to the cultural activities and the discourse of the religious circles; conversely, the terms “Muslim” or “Islamic” are applied to general religious and traditional cultural phenomena).
Singing Samarra (861-956): Poetry and the Burgeoning of Historiography upon the Murder of al-Mutawakkil
Authors: Ali Samer Mahdy
Published: March 2019

Historiography on the patricide/regicide of the Caliph al-Mutawakkil (d. 861) developed from a stage of simple description to a burgeoning of mytho-historical narrative. It would appear that what began as a palace scandal—profaning to a putatively sacral community already torn by civil war—developed into a redemptive tragedy with perennial appeal. In a patronage society governed by loyalty to one’s patron or father, this transformation should count as nothing less than conspicuous. This article examines the role of a major Abbasid poet, al-Buḥturī (d. 897), in shaping public perception by cultivating genuine sympathy for the Abbasids and planting the seeds of questions that would be addressed in historical narratives. In particular, I discuss the importance of literary salons or gatherings as a social institution where poetry and historical narratives were recited orally as a means of transmitting knowledge to future generations. These gatherings provide a likely forum where mythic questions of poetry could inspire narrative.
Al-Ghazālī's Contribution to the Sunnī Juristic Discourses on Apostasy
Authors: Ahmad Ahmad Atif
Published: March 2019

The significance of al-Ghazālī (d. 1111) in Islamic intellectual history cannot be disputed, but his influence on the Sunnī juristic discourse on apostasy may be exaggerated. Ghazālī’s contribution to the Sunnī juristic discourse on apostasy includes a trilogy: first, an attack on the philosophers known as Tahāfut al-falāsifa (The Incoherence of the Philosophers) in which he accuses them of unbelief if they believe in the eternity of the world or God’s ignorance of the particular events of the world or deny bodily resurrection in the world to come. Second is an attack on contemporary Ismāʿīlīs in his Faḍāʾiḥ al-bāṭiniyya (The scandals of the esoteric factions) where he holds their leaders to be infidels in addition to being a source of sedition. Third comes an attempt at providing a conceptual distinction between doctrinal heresy and apostasy while equating the concept of zandaqa with apostasy in his Fayṣal al-tafriqa bayn al-islām wa-l-zandaqa (The distinction between Islam and zandaqa/unbelief). The Sunnī juristic discourse on apostasy was neither influenced by Ghazālī’s attempt to provide a decisive conceptual distinction between apostasy and doctrinal heresy nor by his equating of zandaqa and apostasy. Sunnī jurists referred to examples of apostasy that Ghazālī provided but did not seem to agree with his ambition of resolving the question of apostasy and distinguishing it from heresy once and for all, which left deciding who is an apostate in specific cases a matter of judicial discretion.
"They Shall not Draw Nigh": The Access of Unbelievers to Sacred Space in Islamic and Jewish Law
Authors: Maghen Ze’ev
Published: March 2019

This essay compares the Sunnī Muslim position(s) concerning the ingress of non-Muslims to the Meccan Sanctuary with the Rabbinic outlook on the entry of non-Jews into the Temple precinct. In both cases, the issue is one of purity and pollution, and the algorithms of each religion’s ritual code are therefore probed in search of the underlying bases for their respective policies on the subject. The discussion will follow the legists through their intricate evaluation of what is perceived by many today to be ‘minutiae’ – it was certainly not seen thus by the jurists themselves. The attitudes of Sharīʿa and Halakha to immersion for the sake of conversion also harbor significant implications for this question, and space is devoted to elucidating the two systems’ variant rationales for requiring this ceremony. Our conclusions reveal a significant difference – indeed, a diametric antithesis – between Judaism’s and Islam’s conceptions of the cultic status of the other.
"In the Presence of Absence": Mahmoud Darwish's Testament
Authors: Rooke Tetz
Published: March 2019

The Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish is well known for his intertextual playfulness and inventiveness, and indeed, in one of his last books, Fī ḥaḍrat al-ghiyāb (In the Presence of Absence, 2006) he alludes to classical Arabic poetry, the Qurʾān, to and his own previous oeuvre. Drawing on a celebrated qaṣīda by the Umayyad poet Mālik Ibn al-Rayb as his model, Darwish composed this work as a funeral speech for himself. Essentially, it is an oration in prose, but snatches of poetry also appear in a stylistic pattern where rhetorical figures abound. Speaking from the barzakh between life and death, the poet reflects on his wordly existence from cradle to grave. Published less than two years before Darwish’s death in August 2008, the text has the double character of prediction and testament. The thesis of this article is that the death of the author adds meaning to it not by his absence, but paradoxically, by his increased presence as an unavoidable point of reference and source of identification for the reader.
The Role of the "B"-prefix in Gulf Arabic Dialects as a Marker of Future, Intent and/or Irrealis
Authors: Persson Maria
Published: March 2019

This paper presents arguments for a re-analysis of the b-prefix in Gulf Arabic dialects. Similar to several other dialects, Gulf Arabic possesses a b-prefix that is inserted before the p-stem (prefix form) of the verb. However, the Gulf Arabic b-prefix differs substantially from the one encountered in other Arabic dialects. According to most previous studies, the Gulf Arabic b-prefix encodes future tense or intentive mood or a combination of these. Based on a thorough survey of the use of this particle in modern speech, I suggest that it is used in Gulf Arabic today as a generalized marker of the irrealis mood rather than being limited to function as a future/intentive marker. Futurity is one - but not the only or necessarily the most important one – of its connotations. Meanwhile, another marker, rāḥ, emerges as an obvious future marker in some parts of the dialectal area.
What is Happening to "Lughatunā l-gamīla"? Recent Media Representations and Social Practice in Egypt
Authors: Mejdell Gunvor
Published: March 2019

In one of his later papers (Carter 2006), Michael Carter traced the linguistic arguments and sources according to which the early grammarians based their description and rules of the Arabic language, and how with time this language came to be sanctified and given additional authority by identifying it as the language of the Qurʾān. Carter ends his article by addressing the challenges facing it, as the authority of grammar and of grammarians to control the language of the community fades away, and the ‘language of the people’, that is the vernacular varieties, takes over the domains of the classical ʿArabiyya. This article presents views and arguments found in Egyptian printed media over the past decade and relates them to earlier studies on the language debate. Finally, it discusses the extent to which these media representations reflect observed linguistic practice and social processes at work in the Egyptian language community.
Islam and Democracy in Contemporary Moroccan Thought: The Political Readings of ʿAbd al-Salām Yāsīn and Muḥammad ʿĀbid al-Jābrī
Authors: Macías-Amoretti Juan A.
Published: March 2019

This article considers the dual roles that Islam and democracy play within political theories of the most representative ideological trends in Morocco: political Islam as conceived by the Islamist leader ʿAbd al-Salām Yāsīn (b. 1928) and Arab nationalism by the rationalist philosopher, Muḥammad ʿĀbid al-Jābrī (b. 1935).
Editors' Introduction: The book in Fact and Fiction in Pre-Modern Arabic Literature
Authors: Ghersetti Antonella
Published: March 2019

Editor's introduction.
'Foreign Books' in Arabic Literature: Discourses in Books, Knowledge and Ethnicity in the Writings of al-Jāḥiẓ
Authors: Webb Peter
Published: March 2019

Al-Jāḥiẓ is one of the ʿAbbāsid era’s most celebrated bibliophiles, and his praise of books and championing of ‘writerly culture’ in 3rd/9th-century Iraq are well documented. However, he also expressed distinctly negative appraisals of books that have hitherto received much less scholarly attention. This paper will examine the curiously paradoxical views of al-Jāḥiẓ by considering his opinions on non-Arabic books in the context of scholarly debates in his contemporary Iraq. Al-Jāḥiẓ’s conception of such books intersected debates regarding (a) the suitability of books to transmit knowledge, (b) rivalries between Arabs and non-Arabs in early ʿAbbāsid Iraq, and (c) the merits of translating scholarly writings from pre-Islamic civilisations. Al-Jāḥiẓ’s opinions on these issues led him to develop a particular conception of the ‘perfect book’ whereby he could unreservedly praise his own writings and extol ʿAbbāsid literary culture, but at the same time subordinate foreign literary cultures to the non-literate pre-Islamic Arabians. Al-Jāḥiẓ’s theories reveal that 3rd/9th-century Iraq had not yet become entirely a ‘civilisation of the book’, and that conceptions of language, ethnicity and knowledge influenced the formation of Muslim bibliophilia.
Il Libro come Maestro: Sufismo e Storia della Lettura nel Medioevo Islamico
Authors: Pagani Samuela
Published: March 2019

Between the end of the 8th/14th century and the beginning of the 9th/15th, the literate elites in Yemen and al-Andalus publicly debated the legitimacy and the educational function of Sufi books. In Yemen, where Ibn ʿArabī’s ‘school’ thrived, some jurists urged the ban of his books, while ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Jīlī and his associates extolled their educational virtue for Sufi novices. In al-Andalus, the debate focused on whether books could take the place of the master in Sufi education, an issue whose relevance was felt well beyond Sufi circles, prompting Ibn Ḫaldūn to join the discussion. These controversies, even though they were connected to specific local contexts, are significant in a general way because they offer evidence for the spread of private reading among Sufis in the later Middle Ages. To appreciate the historical importance of this, one should ask how far it is new and whether it is limited to Sufism. These two questions are addressed inthe first two parts of this article. The first part outlines key changes relating to Sufi literary output in the 12th and 13th centuries. In particular, it examines the tension between orality and writing within Sufism, and the ways in which the written transmission of mystical knowledge was controlled or repressed. The second part draws attention to shared paradigms of both esoteric and exoteric knowledge as the connection between private reading and innovation, and the preservation of oral symbolism in written transmission. Finally, the third part re-examines the 14th and 15th-century debates from the angle of the history of reading in medieval Sufism. The arguments exchanged in these debates bear witnesses to changes in reading practice linked to the shifting relationships between authority and knowledge in Islamic cultural history.
Highway Luzūmiyyāt Revisited: Some Thoughts About Abū l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī, the Freethinker
Authors: Nigst Lorenz Matthias
Published: March 2019

Al-Maʿarrī sometimes declares that being rational is tantamount to recognising mortality. He is quite emphatic in this respect insofar, as he characterises as ‘sound’ or ‘properly working’ a thinking that takes account of death. At the same time, he often utilises religious (and in particular: eschatological) content in his poems. Considering that there is a logical connection between death and eschatology, the following article tries to provide some examples of how al-Maʿarrī creatively and freely used eschatological content to communicate his idea of rationality.
Heart’s Life with God: Al-Maʿrifa bi-llāh (Knowledge of God) in al-Qushayrī’s al-Risāla al-Qushayriyya
Authors: Salamah-Qudsi Arin
Published: March 2019

(No abstract available)
The Term "al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr" (lit. “the verb which ‘passes over’ through a preposition”) in Medieval Arabic Grammatical Tradition
Authors: Kasher Almog
Published: March 2019

Contrary to the categorization of verbs with regard to their taʿaddin which modern scholarship has customarily ascribed to the medieval Arab grammarians, the term al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr is generally not regarded by these grammarians as a subcategory of al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī. Furthermore, Arab grammarians do not restrict the application of the term al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr to constructions in which the prepopositions in question are governed; this has far-reaching repercussions on the notion of ẓarf. The grammarians’ conception of al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr, surveyed in this article, is explained both against the backdrop of the early transformations the term taʿaddin underwent, and within the grammarians’ general theoretical framework.
The Concept of Ministry in the Arabic Political Tradition: Its origin, development, and linguistic reflection
Authors: Sivkov Ivan V.
Published: March 2019

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the term “ministry” (wizāra) as one of the pivotal concepts in the Arabic/Islamic political tradition. The ministry as key political/administrative institution in the Arabic/Islamic traditional state machinery is researched from a historical/institutional perspective. The concept of ministry is treated from the point of its origin and historical development, as well as its changeable role and meaning in the variable Arabic political system. The paper is primarily dedicated to the investigation of the realization of the concept of ministry and its different types and branches in the Arabic language through the etymological and semantic examination of the terms used to denote this institution during the long period of administrative development of the Arabic world from its establishment as such and during the inception of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate to its usage in administrative apparatus of modern Arab states. The paper is based on Arabic narrative sources such as historical chronicles, collections of the official documents of modern Arabic states, and the lists of its chief magistrates (with special reference to government composition and structure).Keywords: term, terminology, concept, semantic, etymology, value, derivation
Autobiography or Fiction? Ḥasan al-Bannā’s Memoirs Revisited
Authors: Lia Brynjar
Published: March 2019

Scholars dealing with the rise of contemporary Islamism and the Muslim Brothers’ early history frequently turn to Ḥasan al-Bannā’s autobiography, Mudhakkirāt al-Daʿwah wa’l-Dāʿiyah (Memoirs of the Call and the Preacher) as one major source of information about the movement’s origin. Despite the centrality of this autobiography and the abundance of references to it in Islamist literature, it remains poorly understood. Drawing upon a range of under-explored primary sources, this article argues that the autobiography was never written as a traditional ex post facto memoir. Only by recognizing its fictionalized nature and by exploring the boundaries between biography and fiction, can al-Bannā’s memoirs can be properly understood.Keywords: Islamism, Egypt, Ḥasan al-Bannā, The Muslim Brothers, Biography, Autobiography
Poetry as a Source for the History of Early Islam: The case of (al-)ʿAbbās b. Mirdās
Authors: Borg Gert
Published: March 2019

We expect poetry to be poetical, an expression of emotions, meditative and the like. It seems unusual to even consider the value of poetry as a historical source, but given the characteristics of early Arabic poetry this objective becomes less farfetched: Arab poets used their poetic compositions sometimes as the media of the time, to state publicly their points of view and their deliberations. By studying these we come across motivations, reflections of discussions and considerations of the options that these individuals had. For an era of turmoil like the beginning of Islam we can hardly come closer to the persons who witnessed it than reading and interpreting their own words.Keywords: Ancient Arabic poetry, early Islam, genesis of religions in context
Du verbe au nom et du nom au verbe: Syntaxe et sémantique des maṣdars en arabe standard
Authors: Tayalati Fayssal
Published: March 2019

The article describes the properties of deverbal nouns (maṣdars) in Standard Arabic. Prior accounts identify the following type (qaṣfu l-ʿaduwwi li-l-madīnati), among others, but neglect the maṣdar that introduces its internal argument as a direct complement in the genitive case and its external argument as a prepositional adjunct (taḥrīru l-madīnati ʿalā yadi l-jayši ). We argue that these two types reflect two different conceptu-alizations of ‘events’: bound-events, which describe a change that has taken place in the nature of a sub-stance represented by the internal argument; and unbound-events, which describe a change in the relation-ship between the internal and external arguments.Within the lexical decomposition model, we propose a semantic basis for explaining constraints on direct transitive verbs according to (i) the type of maṣdars they form; (ii) the possibility of deriving a resul-tative passive participle (ism al-mafʿūl); and (iii) the alternation, for some verbs, between a causative and non-causative use without any morphological variation.Keywords: lexical decomposition, deverbal noun (maṣdars), (un)bound-event
"Sawfa lā/lan yafʿal-" et "lā/lan sawfa yafʿal-": Étude de cas sur corpus pour une grammaire didactique et renouvelée de l’arabe moderne
Authors: Sartori Manuel
Published: March 2019

From surveys made on the Internet, in newspapers and in novels written in Modern Standard Arabic, this article shows the existence of other forms of negation in the future than that of lan + subjunctive. It demonstrates that the so called MSA grammar books are, once again, descriptively inadequate when facing the reality of the texts. While arguing for a renewal of the teaching of the MSA grammar, this article shows that these forms are actually much older than it appears and proposes assumptions to analyze the conditions for their emergence. More specifically, the article proposes after Larcher and on the basis of non synonymy to see in the joint existence of several forms of negations in the future a probable reorganization of the negation system where, on logical and pragmatic bases, the difference would be made between a descrip-tive negation on one hand and a modal negation (= denial) on the other.Keywords: Arabic linguistics, corpus, denial, descriptive negation, didactic, future tense, Ibn al-Ḥājib, Ibn Hišām al-ʾAnṣārī, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), MSA grammar books, modal negation, Raḍī al-Dīn al-ʾAstarābāḏī, Zamaḫšarī
a-k (complete) Living 2016: Cultural Codes and Arrays in Arab Everyday Worlds Five Years After the "Arab Spring"
Authors: Guth (ed.) Stephan , Chiti (ed.) Elena
Published: March 2019

Proceedings of a workshop, held at the Department for Cultural Studies and Oriental Languages (IKOS), University of Oslo, Norway, May 29-30, 2016.
THEMED SECTION - (a-e, complete): Arab-Sicilian and Andalusian Grammarians
Authors: Cassarino (ed.) Mirella , Ghersestti (ed.) Antonella
Published: March 2019

No abstract available.
(c) Originality of the Semantic Approach in Arabic linguistic Thought, with Particular Reference to Ibn al-Qaṭṭāʿ’s Work
Authors: Grande Francesco
Published: March 2019

In this study we investigate some aspects of the linguistic thought of Ibn al-Qaṭṭāʿ (d. 515/1121) with the intent of contributing to a better knowledge of this eminent personality of Arab Muslim Sicily. To this aim, we offer a description of the milieu of linguistic thought to which al-Qaṭṭāʿ belonged, with particular reference to some members of that milieu, who are known to modern scholars for efforts distinguished by theoretical and methodological originality. We also clarify some semantically-oriented original traits of Ibn alQaṭṭāʿ’s morphological analysis, as emerging from his treatise Kitāb ʾabniyat al-ʾasmāʾ waʼl-ʾafʿāl waʼlmaṣādir, as precisely such traits make it possible to number him among the infrequent bearers of semantic originality in the context of medieval Arabic linguistic thought.Key words: Ibn al-Qaṭṭāʿ, originality, morphology, semantics
(b) Introduction - Minorities as Subjects and Minorities as Producers of Islamic Law: Past and Present
Authors: De Angelo Carlo , Tolino Serena
Published: March 2019

No abstract available.
(d) "Fiqh al-aqalliyyāt" in Israel: "Wasaṭiyya" and the Use of the Past by Muslim Judges
Authors: Edres Nijmi
Published: March 2019

The context of the Muslim Palestinian minority in Israel poses important puzzles as for the application of the doctrine of fiqh al-aqalliyyāt. Despite this, the development of fiqh al-aqalliyyāt in the Israeli context provides important insights into the changes facing the Palestinian minority as well as into changing relations between Palestinians in Israel and the State of Israel as a whole. The first part of the article discusses the limitations of applying fiqh al-aqalliyyāt in the context of the Muslim community in Israel. The second part considers multiple references made by sharia court judges to fiqh al-aqalliyyāt and to the principles of wasaṭiyya as useful to find ʻbalancingʼ solutions to address the needs of the contemporary Muslim public and reject accusations of modernisation of Muslim law understood as ʻIsraelisationʼ of sharia and Muslim identity.Key words: fiqh al-aqalliyyāt, Israel, Palestine, Israeli Arabs, Muslim minority, sharia courts, identity