bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scale Transitions in Magnetisation Dynamics
Authors: Poluektov Mikhail , Eriksson Olle , Kreiss Gunilla
Published: October 2016

Multiscale modelling is a powerful technique, which allows for computational efficiency while retaining small-scale details when they are essential for understanding a finer behaviour of the studied system. In the case of materials modelling, one of the effective multiscaling concepts is domain partitioning, which implies the existence of an explicit interface between various material descriptions, for instance atomistic and continuum regions. When dynamic material behaviour is considered, the major problem for this technique is dealing with reflections of high frequency waves from the interface separating two scales. In this article, a new method is suggested, which overcomes this problem for the case of magnetisation dynamics. The introduction of a damping band at the interface between scales, which absorbs high frequency waves, is suggested. The idea is verified using a number of one-dimensional examples with fine/coarse scale discretisation of a continuum problem of spin wave propagation. This work is the first step towards establishing a reliable atomistic/continuum multiscale transition for the description of the evolution of magnetic properties of ferromagnets.
A Comparative Study of Rosenbrock-Type and Implicit Runge-Kutta Time Integration for Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Unsteady 3D Compressible Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Xia Yidong , Luo Hong , Xuan Lijun
Published: October 2016

A comparative study of two classes of third-order implicit time integration schemes is presented for a third-order hierarchical WENO reconstructed discontinuous Galerkin (rDG) method to solve the 3D unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations: — 1) the explicit first stage, single diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta (ESDIRK3) scheme, and 2) the Rosenbrock-Wanner (ROW) schemes based on the differential algebraic equations (DAEs) of Index-2. Compared with the ESDIRK3 scheme, a remarkable feature of the ROW schemes is that, they only require one approximate Jacobian matrix calculation every time step, thus considerably reducing the overall computational cost. A variety of test cases, ranging from inviscid flows to DNS of turbulent flows, are presented to assess the performance of these schemes. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the third-order ROW scheme for the DAEs of index-2 can not only achieve the designed formal order of temporal convergence accuracy in a benchmark test, but also require significantly less computing time than its ESDIRK3 counterpart to converge to the same level of discretization errors in all of the flow simulations in this study, indicating that the ROW methods provide an attractive alternative for the higher-order time-accurate integration of the unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations.
Upper Tropospheric Cloud Systems Derived from IR Sounders: Properties of Cirrus Anvils in the Tropics
Authors: Protopapadaki Sofia E. , Stubenrauch Claudia J. , Feofilov Artem G.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Representing about 30 % of the Earth's total cloud cover, upper tropospheric clouds play a crucial role in the climate system by modulating the Earth's energy budget and heat transport. When originating from convection, they often form organized systems. The high spectral resolution of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) allows reliable cirrus identification, both from day and night-time observations. In this work, upper tropospheric cloud systems have been analysed by using a spatial composite technique on the retrieved cloud pressure of AIRS data. Convective core, cirrus, and thin cirrus anvil within these systems are distinguished by cloud emissivity. Combining AIRS cloud data with this cloud system approach, using physical variables, provides a new opportunity to relate the properties of the anvils, including also the thinner cirrus, to the convective cores. It also distinguishes convective cloud systems from isolated cirrus systems. A comparison with simultaneous precipitation data from the microwave sounder AMSR-E shows that large cloud emissivity is strongly correlated with rain rate, leading to a threshold of 0.98 in cloud emissivity to identify convective cores. Deep convective cloud systems, covering 15 % of the tropics, are further distinguished into single-core and multi-core systems. Though AIRS samples the tropics only twice per day, we could show that, by using the fraction of convective core area within the cloud systems to stratify the properties of these systems, their life cycle can be statistically captured. This allows selecting mature convective cloud systems. For these systems, relationships between the physical properties of the anvils have been related to convective intensity. The latter has been identified by the minimum retrieved cloud temperature within the convective core. Our analyses show that the size of the systems do increase with convective intensity as expected. Furthermore, it was revealed that the fraction of thin cirrus over the total anvil area increases with increasing convective intensity, similarly for oceanic and continental convective systems.
USING GEOMETRY-BASED METRICS AS PART OF FITNESS-FOR-PURPOSE
EVALUATIONS OF 3D CITY MODELS
Authors: Wong K. , Ellul C.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Three-dimensional geospatial information is being increasingly used in a range of tasks beyond visualisation. 3D datasets, however, are often being produced without exact specifications and at mixed levels of geometric complexity. This leads to variations within the models’ geometric and semantic complexity as well as the degree of deviation from the corresponding real world objects. Existing descriptors and measures of 3D data such as CityGML’s level of detail are perhaps only partially sufficient in communicating data quality and fitness-for-purpose. This study investigates whether alternative, automated, geometry-based metrics describing the variation of complexity within 3D datasets could provide additional relevant information as part of a process of fitness-for-purpose evaluation. The metrics include: mean vertex/edge/face counts per building; vertex/face ratio; minimum 2D footprint area and; minimum feature length. Each metric was tested on six 3D city models from international locations. The results show that geometry-based metrics can provide additional information on 3D city models as part of fitness-for-purpose evaluations. The metrics, while they cannot be used in isolation, may provide a complement to enhance existing data descriptors if backed up with local knowledge, where possible.
SMART 3D BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURES: LINKING GIS WITH OTHER DOMAINS
Authors: Knoth L. , Mittlböck M. , Vockner B.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. While digitization as well as new technologies and paradigms such as the Internet of Things (IoT) help solving issues within smart factories, they simultaneously trigger new challenges. The creation of smart factories, whose components communicate in an intelligent manner, is located at the frontier of the virtual and the real world. To connect both worlds, spatio-temporal information can be used to structure and integrate data streams, models and other content such as documents in Enterprise Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs). One part of Enterprise SDIs is building information, to support and enhance contextualization of indoor environments and its corresponding information in form of sensor measurements and other digital resources. We identified five major requirements: (1) Three-dimensionality, (2) (Re-)use of available data, (3) Use of GIS-principles and standards, (4) Adaptivity, and (5) Completeness. Our novel approach “OLS3D” addresses these requirements through the use of SDI-principles and linked-data strategies. A prototypical implementation was developed in order to show the potential of our approach.
SPACE PARTITIONING FOR PRIVACY ENABLED 3D CITY MODELS
Authors: Filippovska Y. , Wichmann A. , Kada M.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Due to recent technological progress, data capturing and processing of highly detailed (3D) data has become extensive. And despite all prospects of potential uses, data that includes personal living spaces and public buildings can also be considered as a serious intrusion into people’s privacy and a threat to security. It becomes especially critical if data is visible by the general public. Thus, a compromise is needed between open access to data and privacy requirements which can be very different for each application. As privacy is a complex and versatile topic, the focus of this work particularly lies on the visualization of 3D urban data sets. For the purpose of privacy enabled visualizations of 3D city models, we propose to partition the (living) spaces into privacy regions, each featuring its own level of anonymity. Within each region, the depicted 2D and 3D geometry and imagery is anonymized with cartographic generalization techniques. The underlying spatial partitioning is realized as a 2D map generated as a straight skeleton of the open space between buildings. The resulting privacy cells are then merged according to the privacy requirements associated with each building to form larger regions, their borderlines smoothed, and transition zones established between privacy regions to have a harmonious visual appearance. It is exemplarily demonstrated how the proposed method generates privacy enabled 3D city models.
Using A Reflective Court Report To Integrate And Assess Reflective Practice In Law
Authors: Burton Kelley
Published: October 2016

In an Australian legal education context, there is minimal research on designing and implementing a court report as a summative assessment task. This journal article attempts to fill this gap by reflecting on the journey of a legal educator who pioneered a court report for a core final year course in a Bachelor of Laws program with large cohorts and improved it over 13 semesters in six years. Integrating reflective practice into the court report enhanced its level of authenticity. Notably, this journal article disseminates an example of a court report template and a criterion-referenced assessment rubric for a reflective court report that was grounded in the literature that conceptualises ‘reflective practice’ and has been refined over time with the benefit of a longstanding and rich experience.
The Importance and Use of Risk Management in Various Stages of Construction Projects Life Cycle (PLC)
Authors: Miladi Rad Kaveh , Aminoroayaie Yamini O.
Published: October 2016

Risk management is a step to make construction projects more efficient and practical such that uncertainties should be identified before occurring and changing into crisis and a balance should be made between threats and opportunities. Accordingly, construction industry is one of the most important and job creating industries in all countries. Compared to other economic-industrial sectors, construction management is highly influenced by the perception and employment of risk management concept. Additionally, there are abundant risks in such activities since Construction projects activities are very complex and various. Hence, it seems necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of Construction projects life cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and analyze the way of using risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage. The final objective of the study is to describe the process of using project management and its tools to create an optimal status in terms of risk and return balance in order to reach main objectives in construction projects.
Zika Virus: Pathology From the Pandemic
Authors: Ritter Jana M. , Martines Roosecelis B. , Zaki Sherif R.
Published: October 2016

Context.—As the number of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections continues to grow, so, too, does the spectrum of recognized clinical disease, in both adult and congenital infections. Defining the tissue pathology associated with the various disease manifestations provides insight into pathogenesis and diagnosis, and potentially future prevention and treatment, of ZIKV infections.

Objective.—To summarize the syndromes and pathology associated with ZIKV infection, the implications of pathologic findings in the pathogenesis of ZIKV disease, and the use of pathology specimens for diagnosis of ZIKV infection.

Data Sources.—The major sources of information for this review were published articles obtained from PubMed and pathologic findings from cases submitted to the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Conclusions.—Pathologic findings associated with ZIKV infection are characteristic but not specific. In congenital Zika syndrome, tissue pathology is due to direct viral infection of neural structures, whereas in Guillain-Barré syndrome, pathology is likely due to a postviral, aberrant host-directed immune response. Both fetal and placental pathology specimens are useful for ZIKV diagnosis by molecular and immunohistochemical assays; however, the implications of ZIKV detection in placentas from second- and third-trimester normal live births are unclear, as the potential postnatal effects of late gestational exposure remain to be seen.
Estresse ocupacional e estratégias de enfrentamento entre profissionais de enfermagem em ambiente hospitalar
Authors: Araujo Bastos Teixeira Carla , Da Silva Gherardi-Donato Edilaine Cristina , De Souza Pereira Sandra , Cardoso Lucilene , Reisdorfer Emilene
Published: October 2016

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el estrés laboral y las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería de un hospital universitario, así como su asociación con variables sociodemográficas.

Método: Estudio transversal con una muestra aleatoria de 310 técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería. Para la evaluación del estrés laboral y las estrategias de afrontamiento se aplicó la Job Stress Scale y la Escala Modos de Enfrentamiento de Problemas. La muestra se compone de una mayoría de mujeres, con una edad media de 47,1 años, casadas o en pareja, auxiliares de enfermería, con único vínculo de empleo y que tuvieron trabajo en el último año. Estuvieron altamente expuestas al estrés laboral 17,1% de la muestra.

Resultados: Las estrategias centradas en el problema resultaron ser protectoras en relación al estrés.

Conclusiones: Esta manera de hacer frente a los factores de estrés en el hospital se puede trabajar de manera optimizada entre los profesionales.
Comparative Advertising: Effects of Structural Alignability on Target Brand Evaluations
Authors: Zhang Shi , Kardes Frank R. , Cronley Maria L.
Published: October 2016

Structural alignability refers to the readiness with which the attributes of one brand can be mapped on to those of another brand. Across three experiments, we show that as alignability in comparative advertising decreases, advertising‐induced target brand evaluations also decrease. This effect is explained by the extent to which assumptions about attribute comparisons are needed. We further show that the effect of alignability on evaluation is moderated by the need for cognitive closure, an individual difference variable that influences preferences for easy comparison and less ambiguity. Although prior research has treated alignability as a dichotomous variable (present or absent), the research presented here suggests that there are different types of (non)alignability comparisons.
Bmi1 marks distinct castration-resistant luminal progenitor cells competent for prostate regeneration and tumour initiation
Authors: Yoo Young A. , Roh Meejeon , Naseem Anum F. , Lysy Barbara , Desouki Mohamed M. , Unno Kenji , Abdulkadir Sarki A.
Published: October 2016

Identification of defined cell populations with stem/progenitor properties is key for understanding prostate development and tumorigenesis. Here we show that the polycomb repressor protein Bmi1 marks a population of castration-resistant luminal epithelial cells enriched in the mouse proximal prostate. We employ lineage tracing to show that these castration-resistant Bmi1-expressing cells (or CARBs) are capable of tissue regeneration and self-renewal. Notably, CARBs are distinct from the previously described luminal castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cells (CARNs). CARBs can serve as a prostate cancer cell-of-origin upon Pten deletion, yielding luminal prostate tumours. Clonal analysis using the R26R-confetti allele indicates preferential tumour initiation from CARBs localized to the proximal prostate. These studies identify Bmi1 as a marker for a distinct population of castration-resistant luminal epithelial cells enriched in the proximal prostate that can serve as a cell of origin for prostate cancer.
Metabolomic Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells in Response to Autophagy Induced by Acute Starvation
Authors: Shen Sensen , Weng Rui , Li Linnan , Xu Xinyuan , Bai Yu , Liu Huwei
Published: October 2016

Autophagy-related protein 7 (Atg7) is essential in the formation of the autophagophore and is indispensable for autophagy induction. Autophagy will exist in lower level or even be blocked in cells without Atg7. Even though the possible signaling pathways of Atg7 have been proposed, the metabolomic responses under acute starvation in cells with and without Atg7 have not been elucidated. This study therefore was designed and aimed to reveal the metabolomics of Atg7-dependent autophagy through metabolomic analysis of Atg7−/− mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) and wild-type MEFs along with the starvation time. 30 significantly altered metabolites were identified in response to nutrient stress, which were mainly associated with amino acid, energy, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. For the wild-type MEFs, the induction of autophagy protected cell survival with some up-regulated lipids during the first two hours’ starvation, while the subsequent apoptosis resulted in the decrease of cell viability after four hours’ starvation. For the Atg7−/− MEFs, apoptosis perhaps led to the deactivation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle due to the lack of autophagy, which resulted in the immediate drop of cellular viability under starvation. These results contributed to the metabolomic study and provided new insights into the mechanism associated with Atg7-dependent autophagy.
Large Absorption Enhancement in Ultrathin Solar Cells Patterned by Metallic Nanocavity Arrays
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Jiasen , Che Xiaozhou , Qin Guogang
Published: October 2016

A new type of light trapping structure utilizing ring-shaped metallic nanocavity arrays is proposed for the absorption enhancement in ultrathin solar cells with few photonic waveguide modes. Dozens of times of broadband absorption enhancement in the spectral range of 700 to 1100 nm is demonstrated in an ultrathin Si3N4/c-Si/Ag prototype solar cell by means of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and this dramatic absorption enhancement can be attributed to the excitation of plasmonic cavity modes in these nanocavity arrays. The cavity modes optimally compensate for the lack of resonances in the longer wavelength range for ultrathin solar cells and eventually a maximum Jsc enhancement factor of 2.15 is achieved under AM 1.5G solar illumination. This study opens a new perspective for light management in thin film solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.
Two isoforms of TALDO1 generated by alternative translational initiation show differential nucleocytoplasmic distribution to regulate the global metabolic network
Authors: Moriyama Tetsuji , Tanaka Shu , Nakayama Yasumune , Fukumoto Masahiro , Tsujimura Kenji , Yamada Kohji , Bamba Takeshi , Yoneda Yoshihiro , Fukusaki Eiichiro , Oka Masahiro
Published: October 2016

Transaldolase 1 (TALDO1) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is traditionally thought to occur in the cytoplasm. In this study, we found that the gene TALDO1 has two translational initiation sites, generating two isoforms that differ by the presence of the first 10 N-terminal amino acids. Notably, the long and short isoforms were differentially localised to the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. Pull-down and in vitro transport assays showed that the long isoform, unlike the short one, binds to importin α and is actively transported into the nucleus in an importin α/β-dependent manner, demonstrating that the 10 N-terminal amino acids are essential for its nuclear localisation. Additionally, we found that these two isoforms can form homo- and/or hetero-dimers with different localisation dynamics. A metabolite analysis revealed that the subcellular localisation of TALDO1 is not crucial for its activity in the pentose phosphate pathway. However, the expression of these two isoforms differentially affected the levels of various metabolites, including components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, nucleotides, and sugars. These results demonstrate that the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of TALDO1, modulated via alternative translational initiation and dimer formation, plays an important role in a wide range of metabolic networks.
Experimental characterization of Raman overlaps between mode-groups
Authors: Christensen Erik N. , Koefoed Jacob G. , Friis Søren M. M. , Castaneda Mario A. Usuga , Rottwitt Karsten
Published: October 2016

Mode-division multiplexing has the potential to further increase data transmission capacity through optical fibers. In addition, distributed Raman amplification is a promising candidate for multi-mode signal amplification due to its desirable noise properties and the possibility of mode-equalized gain. In this paper, we present an experimental characterization of the intermodal Raman intensity overlaps of a few-mode fiber using backward-pumped Raman amplification. By varying the input pump power and the degree of higher order mode-excitation for the pump and the signal in a 10 km long two-mode fiber, we are able to characterize all intermodal Raman intensity overlaps. Using these results, we perform a Raman amplification measurement and demonstrate a mode-differential gain of only 0.25 dB per 10 dB overall gain. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the lowest mode differential gain achieved for amplification of mode division multiplexed signals in a single fiber.
The Principles of Ligand Specificity on beta-2-adrenergic receptor
Authors: Chan H. C. Stephen , Filipek Slawomir , Yuan Shuguang
Published: October 2016

G protein-coupled receptors are recognized as one of the largest families of membrane proteins. Despite sharing a characteristic seven-transmembrane topology, G protein-coupled receptors regulate a wide range of cellular signaling pathways in response to various physical and chemical stimuli, and prevail as an important target for drug discovery. Notably, the recent progress in crystallographic methods led to a breakthrough in elucidating the structures of membrane proteins. The structures of β2-adrenergic receptor bound with a variety of ligands provide atomic details of the binding modes of agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists. In this study, we selected four representative molecules from each functional class of ligands and investigated their impacts on β2-adrenergic receptor through a total of 12 × 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. From the obtained trajectories, we generated molecular fingerprints exemplifying propensities of protein-ligand interactions. For each functional class of compounds, we characterized and compared the fluctuation of the protein backbone, the volumes in the intracellular pockets, the water densities in the receptors, the domain interaction networks as well as the movements of transmembrane helices. We discovered that each class of ligands exhibits a distinct mode of interactions with mainly TM5 and TM6, altering the shape and eventually the state of the receptor. Our findings provide insightful prospective into GPCR targeted structure-based drug discoveries.
Fractionated radiation exposure amplifies the radioresistant nature of prostate cancer cells
Authors: McDermott N. , Meunier A. , Mooney B. , Nortey G. , Hernandez C. , Hurley S. , Lynam-Lennon N. , Barsoom S. H. , Bowman K. J. , Marples B. , Jones G. D. D. , Marignol L.
Published: October 2016

The risk of recurrence following radiation therapy remains high for a significant number of prostate cancer patients. The development of in vitro isogenic models of radioresistance through exposure to fractionated radiation is an increasingly used approach to investigate the mechanisms of radioresistance in cancer cells and help guide improvements in radiotherapy standards. We treated 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells with fractionated 2 Gy radiation to a cumulative total dose of 60 Gy. This process selected for 22Rv1-cells with increased clonogenic survival following subsequent radiation exposure but increased sensitivity to Docetaxel. This RR-22Rv1 cell line was enriched in S-phase cells, less susceptible to DNA damage, radiation-induced apoptosis and acquired enhanced migration potential, when compared to wild type and aged matched control 22Rv1 cells. The selection of radioresistant cancer cells during fractionated radiation therapy may have implications in the development and administration of future targeted therapy in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Generation of Scratches and Their Effects on Laser Damage Performance of Silica Glass
Authors: Li Yaguo , Ye Hui , Yuan Zhigang , Liu Zhichao , Zheng Yi , Zhang Zhe , Zhao Shijie , Wang Jian , Xu Qiao
Published: October 2016

Scratches are deleterious to precision optics because they can obscure and modulate incident laser light, which will increase the probability of damage to optical components. We here imitated the generation of brittle and ductile scratches during polishing process and endeavored to find out the possible influence of scratches on laser induced damage. Brittle scratches can be induced by spiking large sized abrasives and small abrasives may only generate ductile scratches. Both surface roughness and transmittivity are degraded due to the appearance of brittle scratches while ductile scratches make little difference to surface roughness and transmittance. However, ductile and brittle scratches greatly increase the density of damage about one order of magnitude relative to unscratched surface. In particular, ductile scratches also play an unignorable role in laser induced damage, which is different from previous knowledge. Furthermore, ZrO2 and Al2O3 polished surfaces appear to perform best in terms of damage density.
Combined oral administration of L‐arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Schreiber C. , Eilenberg M.S. , Panzenboeck A. , Winter M.P. , Bergmeister H. , Herzog R. , Mascherbauer J. , Lang I.M. , Bonderman D.
Published: October 2016

Alterations in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway play a major role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). L‐arginine (LA) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) are main substrates in the production of NO, which mediates pulmonary vasodilation. Administration of either LA or BH4 decrease pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). A combined administration of both may have synergistic effects in the therapy of PAH. In a telemetrically monitored model of unilateral pneumonectomy and monocrotaline‐induced PAH, male Sprague‐Dawley rats received either LA (300 mg/kg; n = 15), BH4 (20 mg/kg; n = 15), the combination of LA and BH4 (300 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg; n = 15), or vehicle (control group; n = 10) from day 28 after monocrotaline induction. Therapy was orally administered once daily over consecutive 14 days. LA, BH4, or both equally lowered PAP, increased pulmonary vascular elasticity, restored spontaneous locomotoric activity, prevented body weight loss and palliated small vessel disease of severely pulmonary hypertensive rats. BH4 substitution lowered asymmetric dimethylarginine levels sustainably at 60 min after administration and downregulated endothelial NO synthase mRNA expression. No significant survival, macro‐ and histomorphologic or hemodynamic differences were found between therapy groups at the end of the study period. Administration of LA and BH4 both mediated a decrease of mean PAP, attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy and small vessel disease in monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary hypertensive rats, though a combined administration of both substances did not reveal any synergistic therapy effects in our animal model.
Oxidative injury of the pulmonary circulation in the perinatal period: Short‐ and long‐term consequences for the human cardiopulmonary system
Authors: de Wijs‐Meijler Daphne P. , Duncker Dirk J. , Tibboel Dick , Schermuly Ralph T. , Weissmann Norbert , Merkus Daphne , Reiss Irwin K.M.
Published: October 2016

Development of the pulmonary circulation is a complex process with a spatial pattern that is tightly controlled. This process is vulnerable for disruption by various events in the prenatal and early postnatal periods. Disruption of normal pulmonary vascular development leads to abnormal structure and function of the lung vasculature, causing neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases. Premature babies are especially at risk of the development of these diseases, including persistent pulmonary hypertension and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Reactive oxygen species play a key role in the pathogenesis of neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases and can be caused by hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation, hypoxia, and inflammation. Besides the well‐established short‐term consequences, exposure of the developing lung to injurious stimuli in the perinatal period, including oxidative stress, may also contribute to the development of pulmonary vascular diseases later in life, through so‐called “fetal or perinatal programming.” Because of these long‐term consequences, it is important to develop a follow‐up program tailored to adolescent survivors of neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases, aimed at early detection of adult pulmonary vascular diseases, and thereby opening the possibility of early intervention and interfering with disease progression. This review focuses on pathophysiologic events in the perinatal period that have been shown to disrupt human normal pulmonary vascular development, leading to neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases that can extend even into adulthood. This knowledge may be particularly important for ex‐premature adults who are at risk of the long‐term consequences of pulmonary vascular diseases, thereby contributing disproportionately to the burden of adult cardiovascular disease in the future.
Novel tools for primary immunodeficiency diagnosis: making a case for deep profiling
Authors: Hsieh Elena W.Y. , Hernandez Joseph D.
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

This review gives an overview of the systems-immunology single-cell proteomic and transcriptomic approaches that can be applied to study primary immunodeficiency. It also introduces recent advances in multiparameter tissue imaging, which allows extensive immune phenotyping in disease-affected tissue.

Recent findings

Mass cytometry is a variation of flow cytometry that uses rare earth metal isotopes instead of fluorophores as tags bound to antibodies, allowing simultaneous measurement of over 40 parameters per single-cell. Mass cytomety enables comprehensive single-cell immunophenotyping and functional assessments, capturing the complexity of the immune system, and the molecularly heterogeneous consequences of primary immunodeficiency defects. Protein epitopes and transcripts can be simultaneously detected allowing immunophenotype and gene expression evaluation in mixed cell populations. Multiplexed epitope imaging has the potential to provide extensive phenotypic characterization at the subcellular level, in the context of 3D tissue microenvironment.

Mass cytometry and multiplexed epitope imaging can complement genetic methods in diagnosis and study of the pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiencies. The ability to understand the effect of a specific defect across multiple immune cell types and pathways, and in affected tissues, may provide new insight into tissue-specific disease pathogenesis and evaluate effects of therapeutic interventions.
Reexcision Perineural Invasion and Epithelial Sheath Neuroma Possibly on a Spectrum of Postinjury Reactive Hyperplasia Mediated by IL-6
Authors: Wang James Y. , Nuovo Gerard , Kline Mitchell , Magro Cynthia M.
Published: October 2016

Epithelial sheath neuroma is a rarely recognized but established entity in the medical literature. First described in 2000 by Requena et al, there have only been 7 published cases to date, mostly in female patients and presenting as symptomatic solitary lesions on the back without a known history of trauma. In 2006, Beer et al described and reviewed a dozen cases in which epithelial sheath neuroma-like features were seen in the advent of a surgical procedure, which was termed “re-excision perineural invasion” and attributed to possible eccrine duct implantation during surgery. Our case is a 66-year-old male patient who underwent an excision of a melanocytic neoplasm in which a reactive epithelial sheath neuroma was incidentally discovered in the excision specimen, adjacent to the biopsy site cicatrix. Histologically, there was benign cutaneous nerve hyperplasia with a proliferation of squamous epithelium in intimate apposition to the nerve bundles in the superficial dermis. We postulate that the process active in the formation of re-excision perineural invasion is the same as in epithelial sheath neuroma and that minor trauma not appreciable on histologic examination is responsible in the latter entity. We performed IL-6 staining and documented that IL-6 was upregulated at the interface of the nerve and reactive epithelium, but was absent in nerves distant from the site of surgery, suggesting that IL-6 may be essential to the lesion's development. The recognition of reactive epithelial sheath neuroma including the subcategory of re-excision perineural invasion is crucial for the dermatopathologist to prevent mislabeling this reactive entity as a perineural squamous cell carcinoma, which has clinical consequences for the patient such as wider re-excision and radiation treatment. Additionally, we have identified a potential pathophysiologic basis for this lesion.
Recent explanatory trials of the mode of action of drug therapies on lipoprotein metabolism
Authors: Chan Dick C. , Barrett P. Hugh R. , Watts Gerald F.
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

Dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism leads to increased plasma concentrations of atherogenic lipoproteins. We highlight the findings from recent studies of the effect of lipid-regulating therapies on apolipoprotein metabolism in humans employing endogenous labelling with stable isotopically labelled isotopomers.

Recent findings

Fish oil supplementation and niacin treatment both reduce fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels by decreasing the hepatic secretion of VLDL-apoB-100 (apoB) and apoB-48-containing chylomicron particles in obese and/or type 2 diabetes. Niacin also lowers plasma LDL-apoB and Lp(a) levels by increasing catabolism of LDL-apoB and decreasing secretion of Lp(a), respectively. In subjects with hypercholesterolaemia, inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein raises apoA-I and lowers apoB by decreasing and increasing the catabolism of HDL-apoA-I and LDL-apoB, respectively. Antisense oligonucleotides directed at apoB mRNA lowers plasma LDL-cholesterol and apoB chiefly by increasing the catabolism and decreasing the secretion of LDL-apoB in healthy subjects. That apoB ASO treatment does not lower hepatic secretion in humans is unexpected and merits further investigation.

Kinetic studies provide mechanistic insight into the mode of action of lipid lowering therapies and lipoprotein disorders. Understanding the mode of action of new drugs in vivo is important to establish their effective use in clinical practice.
The positive net radiative greenhouse gas forcing of increasing methane emissions from a thawing boreal forest‐wetland landscape
Authors: Helbig Manuel , Chasmer Laura E. , Kljun NatasCha , Quinton William L. , Treat Claire C. , Sonnentag Oliver
Published: October 2016

At the southern margin of permafrost in North America, climate change causes widespread permafrost thaw. In boreal lowlands, thawing forested permafrost peat plateaus (‘forest’) lead to expansion of permafrost‐free wetlands (‘wetland’). Expanding wetland area with saturated and warmer organic soils is expected to increase landscape methane (CH4) emissions. Here, we quantify the thaw‐induced increase in CH4 emissions for a boreal forest‐wetland landscape in the southern Taiga Plains, Canada, and evaluate its impact on net radiative forcing relative to potential long‐term net carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange. Using nested wetland and landscape eddy covariance net CH4 flux measurements in combination with flux footprint modeling, we find that landscape CH4 emissions increase with increasing wetland‐to‐forest ratio. Landscape CH4 emissions are most sensitive to this ratio during peak emission periods, when wetland soils are up to 10 °C warmer than forest soils. The cumulative growing season (May–October) wetland CH4 emission of ~13 g CH4 m−2 is the dominating contribution to the landscape CH4 emission of ~7 g CH4 m−2. In contrast, forest contributions to landscape CH4 emissions appear to be negligible. The rapid wetland expansion of 0.26 ± 0.05% yr−1 in this region causes an estimated growing season increase of 0.034 ± 0.007 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 in landscape CH4 emissions. A long‐term net CO2 uptake of >200 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 is required to offset the positive radiative forcing of increasing CH4 emissions until the end of the 21st century as indicated by an atmospheric CH4 and CO2 concentration model. However, long‐term apparent carbon accumulation rates in similar boreal forest‐wetland landscapes and eddy covariance landscape net CO2 flux measurements suggest a long‐term net CO2 uptake between 49 and 157 g CO2 m−2 yr−1. Thus, thaw‐induced CH4 emission increases likely exert a positive net radiative greenhouse gas forcing through the 21st century.
Effect of elastic modulus of UV cured resist on demolding force
Authors: Shirai Masamitsu , Uemura Kimiaki , Shimomukai Kazuma , Tochino Takamitsu , Kawata Hiroaki , Hirai Yoshihiko
Published: October 2016

The effect of the viscoelastic modulus of ultraviolet (UV) cured resists on the demolding force was studied using a rheometer. The modulus was measured by a parallel-plate configuration and an oscillating mode. The viscoelastic properties during the UV curing of the resists, the stress of the cured resists due to shrinking and the demolding forces were measured by the normal force mode of the rheometer. Furthermore, photoinduced polymerization of the monomers was studied by real-time infrared spectroscopy together with measurements of the viscoelastic modulus. The dependence of the demolding force on several parameters, such as the resist thickness, strain of the cured resist, storage modulus of the cured resist, and surface profile of the mold, was studied. It is noteworthy that the demolding force decreased with the increasing storage modulus when the quartz plate with a smooth surface was used as the mold. On the other hand, an inverse relation was observed when the quartz plate with a line and space (L/S) patterned surface was used as the mold. The effect of the L/S patterns of the mold surface on the demolding force was discussed.
A Comparison of Vertical Stiffness Values Calculated from Different Measures of Center of Mass Displacement in Single-Leg Hopping
Authors: Mudie Kurt L. , Gupta Amitabh , Green Simon , Hobara Hiroaki , Clothier Peter J.
Published: October 2016

This study assessed the agreement between Kvert calculated from 4 different methods of estimating vertical displacement of the center of mass (COM) during single-leg hopping. Healthy participants (N = 38) completed a 10-s single-leg hopping effort on a force plate, with 3D motion of the lower limb, pelvis, and trunk captured. Derived variables were calculated for a total of 753 hop cycles using 4 methods, including: double integration of the vertical ground reaction force, law of falling bodies, a marker cluster on the sacrum, and a segmental analysis method. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated that Kvert calculated using segmental analysis and double integration methods have a relatively small bias (0.93 kN⋅m–1) and 95% limits of agreement (–1.89 to 3.75 kN⋅m–1). In contrast, a greater bias was revealed between sacral marker cluster and segmental analysis (–2.32 kN⋅m–1), sacral marker cluster and double integration (–3.25 kN⋅m–1), and the law of falling bodies compared with all methods (17.26–20.52 kN⋅m–1). These findings suggest the segmental analysis and double integration methods can be used interchangeably for the calculation of Kvert during single-leg hopping. The authors propose the segmental analysis method to be considered the gold standard for the calculation of Kvert during single-leg, on-the-spot hopping.
New approach to molsidomine active metabolites coming from the results of 2 models of experimental cardiology
Authors: Żorniak Michał , Mitręga Katarzyna A. , Porc Maurycy , Krzemiński Tadeusz F.
Published: October 2016

Molsidomine is a well-known vasodilatating, antianginal drug. Despite earlier studies with its metabolites (3-morpholino-syndnonimine (SIN-1) and N-nitroso-N-morpholino-amino-acetonitrile (SIN-1A)), which indicated a potential favorable cardioprotective activity, a lot of controversy remains. The aim of our research was to compare molsidomine, SIN-1, SIN-1A, and lidocaine influence on arrhythmias and hemodynamic parameters in 2 experimental models in rats. In the Langendorff heart study, SIN-1A markedly elevated left ventricular systolic pressure, maximum rise and fall of the first pressure derivative, coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption. In addition, SIN-1A more so than SIN-1 significantly lowered creatine kinase release. The antiarrhythmic action of SIN-1 was observed, while lidocaine significantly diminished ventricular arrhythmias duration in comparison with the control. In the ischemia–reperfusion-induced arrhythmias model, hypotensive action of molsidomine was observed as well as the reduction in pressure rate product. Molsidomine also prolonged ventricular tachycardia duration. On the other hand, no significant effects on hemodynamic parameters as well as on ventricular arrhythmias were found in any of the SIN-1 and SIN-1A groups. In conclusion, our research suggests a possible direct, cardioprotective action of SIN-1A. It seems worthwhile to further investigate molsidomine derivatives, especially SIN-1A, because of its potential use in invasive cardiology procedures such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
Aspects of late-time evolution in mimetic F(R) gravity
Authors: Oikonomou V. K.
Published: October 2016

We demonstrate how to describe in an unified way early and late-time acceleration in the context of mimetic F(R) gravity. As we show, an exponential F(R) gravity model has appealing features, with regard to unification and we perform an analysis of the late-time evolution. The resulting picture is interesting since in the mimetic case, certain pathologies of some ordinary F(R) models are remedied in a consistent way, owing to the presence of the mimetic potential and the Lagrange multiplier. We quantify the late-time evolution analysis by studying the scaled dark energy density, the dark energy equation of state and the total effective equation of state, and as we show the late-time evolution is crucially affected by the functional form of the F(R) gravity. It is intriguing that the most appealing case corresponds to the exponential F(R) gravity which unifies late- and early-time acceleration. Finally, we study the behavior of the effective gravitational constant and the growth factor, and as we show, significant differences between the mimetic and ordinary F(R) exponential model are spotted in the growth factor.
SLD-MOSCNT: A new MOSCNT with step–linear doping profile in the source and drain regions
Authors: Tahne Behrooz Abdi , Naderi Ali
Published: October 2016

In this paper, a new structure, step–linear doping MOSCNT (SLD-MOSCNT), is proposed to improve the performance of basic MOSCNTs. The basic structure suffers from band to band tunneling (BTBT). We show that using SLD profile for source and drain regions increases the horizontal distance between valence and conduction bands at gate to source/drain junction which reduces BTBT probability. SLD performance is compared with other similar structures which have recently been proposed to reduce BTBT such as MOSCNT with lightly-doped drain and source (LDDS), and with double-light doping in source and drain regions (DLD). The obtained results using a nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method show that the SLD-MOSCNT has the lowest leakage current, power consumption and delay time, and the highest current ratio and voltage gain. The ambipolar conduction in the proposed structure is very low and can be neglected. In addition, these structures can improve short-channel effects. Also, the investigation of cutoff frequency of the different structures shows that the SLD has the highest cutoff frequency. Device performance has been investigated for gate length from 8 to 20 nm which demonstrates all discussions regarding the superiority of the proposed structure are also valid for different channel lengths. This improvement is more significant especially for channel length less than 12 nm. Therefore, the SLD can be considered as a candidate to be used in the applications with high speed and low power consumption.
Full Rationality of Fuzzy Choice Functions on Base Domain Through Indicators
Authors: Desai Santosh , Potdar Rupali
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces indicators of the weak fuzzy T-congruence axiom and the fuzzy Chernoff axiom. These indicators measure the degree to which the fuzzy choice function satisfies the weak fuzzy T-congruence axiom and the fuzzy Chernoff axiom. The indicator of the full rationality is expressed in terms of indicators of weak fuzzy T-congruence axiom and the fuzzy Chernoff axiom.
N-Fold Obstinate Ideals in MV-Algebras
Authors: Forouzesh F.
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we introduce the notion of [Formula: see text]-fold obstinate ideals of an [Formula: see text]-algebra and investigate the relations between the obstinate ideals and the other ideals of an [Formula: see text]-algebras and also we consider the quotient algebras induced by [Formula: see text]-fold obstinate ideals and prove some related theorems. In addition, the extension theorem of [Formula: see text]-fold obstinate ideals are obtained. Also, several characterizations of these [Formula: see text]-fold ideals are given. Finally, we construct algorithm for studing the structure of the [Formula: see text]-fold obstinate ideals in finite [Formula: see text]-algebras.