bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Določitev in pomen temperature praga pri računaju termalnega časa
Authors: ČREPINŠEK Zalika , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this paper is to describe of determining the base temperature, explore its significance as a source of error in heat unit system and determine the base temperature for some plants in Slovenia. Methods which have been proposed for the determination of the base temperature are: 1. Least standard deviation in growing degree days, 2. Least standard deviation in number of days, 3. The smallest coefficient of variation in number of days, 4. Regression coefficient method, 5. Method of development rate. With method 1 base temperatures were calculated for leaf unfolding (beech, birch, horse-chestnut, linden, spruce) and flowering (dandelion, crocus, snowdrop, orchardgrass, willow, hazel, elder, lilac, acacia, linden, plum tree) for seven locations in Slovenia. It is apparent that there is variation in base temperature for different locations.
Genotypic characteristics of Gluconacetobacter hansenii LMG 1582 suggest its reclassification to a new species
Authors: TRČEK Janja
Published: July 2024

A strain of the acetic acid bacteria, purchased from the international culture collection as Gluconacetobacter (Ga.) hansenii LMG 1582, was studied in more detail using the molecular methods. The HaeIII- and HpaII-restriction profile of the PCR amplified 16S-23S rDNA spacer region were compared to the restrictions profiles of the reference strains of the acetic acid bacteria. The comparison has shown no similarity. The sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene exhibited 22 nucleotide differences between the strain Ga. LMG 1582 and Ga. hansenii type strain. The sequence showed the highest similarity (99.2 %) to Ga. europaeus, representing 9 nucleotide differences. The strain Ga. LMG 1582 is well separated from the other presently recognized species of the acetic acid bacteria also in the 16S rDNA based phylogenetic tree. All this suggests that the strain Ga. hansenii LMG 1582 might be reclassified into a new species.
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and predators on Catalpa bignonioides Walt.
Authors: MILEVOJ Lea
Published: July 2024

In 1998–2001, the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover, Homoptera, Aphididae) was found to complete its holocycle on Catalpa bignonioides Walt. in Ljubljana (Slovenia). The infested leaves showed curling. The aphid was very damaging by causing the flowers to abort. Many natural enemies (Adalia bipunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Scymnus and Orius species) attack A. gossypii very succcesfully.
Osnove statistične analize za urejenostne spremenljivke
Authors: KOŠMELJ Katarina , KASTELEC Damijana
Published: July 2024

The paper deals with basic statistical analysis for ordinal variables. Descriptive statistics for these variables are based on ranks. Statistical inference uses nonparametric tests. The paper is meant for researchers dealing with ordinal variables.
Vsebnost selena v žitih
Authors: MODIC Mateja
Published: July 2024

The influence of selenium forms, soil type, pH value of the soil, and the type of the plant on the plant selenium uptake is described. The selenium content of cereals, cultivated in different countries, is rewieved. Cereals could be an important source of dietary selenium, especially when grown on the soil with high selenium concentrations, or on soils, containing selenium in the form easily available for plants.
Vpliv predelave živil na vsebnost selena
Authors: MODIC Mateja
Published: July 2024

The influence of food processing, especially milling and thermal processing on the selenium content is discussed. The selenium content of flour is usually lower in comparison to the selenium content of the whole kernel – the reduction depends on the extraction rate. Thermal processing reduces selenium content because of the losses of volatile selenium compounds. When cooked, also a loss of the soluble selenium forms occurs.
Literatura s področja jablanovega škrlupa: bibliometrična raziskava
Authors: STOPAR Karmen
Published: July 2024

We evaluated apple scab-related publishing. 1441 different documents were obtained in the period 1986-1997 from three principal agricultural databases AGRICOLA, AGRIS in CAB. There exists some fluctuation between particular years, however, no significant yearly increase in the number of publications was noticed. To better asses the trends we classified the records with additional subject categories. We devised the following categories: Apple, Fungus, Chemical protection, Biological and other non-chemical protection methods and Integrated protection. All categories exibit a trend of growth, excepting the category of Chemical protection which shows decrease - an obvious trend towards environmental-friendly methods of crop protection. Furthermore, two main bibliometric laws were applied. With the use of Bradford's law as the primary indicator of the scatter of the scientific literature the core (nucleus) of the most important journals was defined. Among the 254 titles, there are 13 (5%) of the so called core journals which contain a third (359) of all relevant articles. Author productivity was assessed with the Lotka's law according to which a small number of very productive authors publish a large percentage of relevant articles within a certain field. In this analysis the most productive author published 37 articles, whereas there were as many as 772 authors who published only one article in the observed period.
A review of potential hazards of deliberately released Bt maize into the environment
Authors: ROZMAN Ludvik , GOMBOC Stanislav
Published: July 2024

Some of the maize growers and the seed producers share great aspirations with respect to introducing transgenic maize into Slovenia. The general public opinion, however, is against it. This article was written on the initiative of the Ministry of the Environment that has tendered for a study about the effects of transgenic maize on the environment. It is based on a review of data from literature and international co-operation among the authors and research groups that run trials on transgenic plants. The Bt maize contains a modified gene from a soil born bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and is capable of synthesising proteins that are toxic to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) (ECB). The article reviews possible harmful effects of the Bt maize on the environment as well as its advantages. The Bt maize is a reliable way for protecting maize against the ECB. Different Bt events, however, differ in their efficiency. The effect of the event Bt 176, after flowering, is not so effective against the second generation ECB, whereas the events Bt 11 and MON 810 are effective throughout the growing season. Yields of the Bt hybrids are higher only after a strong attack of ECB, due to less stalk damage rather than increased yield. The Bt hybrids, like insecticides, are not equally effective against all pests. Due to the price of seed, it can be profitable only when there is a serious attack of the ECB. The Bt toxin can also affect non-targeted organisms. The risk of this is greater during the time when maize is flowering and producing pollen with high concentrations of Bt toxin. As the release of GMO into the environment can be an irreversible process, remediation may be difficult or impossible to carry out. We did not find any data about the persistence of Bt pollen toxicity in the soil or water systems.
Proučevanje odpornosti domačih populacij koruze (Zea mays L.) na koruzno progavost (Exserohilum turcicum / Pass. / K. J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs)
Authors: MODIC Tina , ROZMAN Ludvik
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic resistance against the northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum / Pass. / K. J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs) (NCLB) of some local and introduced maize (Zea mays L.) populations. The investigation included 119 populations from the gene bank of the Department of Agronomy - Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana. Populations originated from different climatic areas of Slovenia and some from abroad. The investigation took place in 1999 in Ljubljana and was based on replicated field trials. The source for spreading the NCLB disease was one highly sensitive and artificially inoculated hybrid. The analysis of the resistance was based on systematic visual assessments (two assessments in each population). The assessments were analysed by nonparametric statistical analysis which indicated that there were significant differences among studied populations. Twenty-five studied populations (mostly local populations) were recommended for further investigation of resistance against NCLB aiming at the determination of some highly resistant genotypes which would be used as the genetic source for further breeding to create resistant homozygous inbred lines and hybrids.
15N/14N stable isotope ratios changes during nitrate reduction in a soil
Authors: PINTAR Marina
Published: July 2024

Seven days continuous incubation experiment in anaerobic condition with undisturbed samples from four soil depths (10-20 cm, 30-40 cm, 50-60 cm, 90-100 cm) was performed for observing nitrate reduction and nitrate nitrogen isotopic composition changes (?15N). Soil was incubated at the temperature of 9° and 18°C. Nitrate was added in equivalent amount of 63.8 kg N-NO3/ha for the uppermost soil layer. In one of the three variants glucose was added in the equivalent amount of 140 kg C/ha. The isotope measurements of nitrate nitrogen in soil water proved the nitrate reduction process (presumably denitrification) in the anaerobic soil column system, where nitrate concentration measurement alone did not prove this process. The isotopic separation factors (?), calculated with Rayleigh formula for nitrate reduction in water in soil columns were –6.67 ‰, what shows high denitrification rate in the uppermost horizon and –34.20 and –36.18 ‰, what shows slow process in the parent soil material.
Plant architecture analysis. Basic concepts and applications in temperate-zone fruit growing research
Authors: SOLAR Anita , ŠTAMPAR Franci
Published: July 2024

The main objective of plant architecture analysis is the study of the plant structure and its shape. The analysis enable a description of the tree constituents organization, a better understanding of the plant evolution laws, and finally, the elaboration of a plant growth and development model which allows us to predict the evolution of the plant at any time and in any place. Besides the basic concepts of plant architecture and modelling, possible applications of these analyses in temperate-zone fruit growing research are reviewed in the paper. The results of the research on tree architecture in walnut and apple are presented.
The combination of NAD and NAA for thinning of ’Jonagold’ and ‘Idared’ apple trees
Authors: STOPAR Matej , ZADRAVEC Peter
Published: July 2024

Mature apple trees ‘Jonagold’/M.9 and ‘Idared’/M.9 were thinned with different concentrations of naphthaleneacetamid (NAD, - 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) at petal fall time, with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, - 6 ppm and 12 ppm) at 10 mm fruitlet diameter and with their combinations sprayed in a sequence. On ‘Jonagold’, all single agent applications and all multiple sprayings of NAD + NAA thinned and increased the yield of fruit from bigger size class by 2-3 fold. Reduced total fruit number was compensated with better fruit growth so the yield per tree was not significantly decreased. Single applications of NAD thinned to the same extent as single NAA applications (for ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Idared’). A tendency of both thinners to produce stronger effect when applied in higher concentrations was observed on ‘Jonagold’. In comparison to single NAD or single NAA applications, no additional thinning was found on ‘Jonagold’ when the combination spraying of NAD + NAA was applied in a sequence. On ‘Idared’, all single applications of NAD or NAA as well as all their combinations slightly overthinned trees to the point that the yield of fruit > 75 mm was decreased. The remaining ‘Idared’ fruit grew so big that no significant total yield reduction was observed with the exception of the treatments with NAD 50 ppm or NAD 100 ppm in combinations with NAA 12 ppm which resulted in strongly decreased number of fruit. All thinning treatments on both cultivars enhanced flower formation for next spring.
Fiziološke lastnosti glive Monilinia laxa f. sp. mali (Wormald et Harrison)
Authors: VUČAJNK Filip , CELAR Franci
Published: July 2024

In laboratory experiments we have analysed the physiological properties of fungus Monilinia laxa f. sp. mali (Wormald et Harrison). Potato-dextrose, malt and Czapeck-Dox agars proved to have different effect on fungus growth. The potato-dextrose agar proved to be the most adequate for the cultivation of fungus. The most adequate temperature for its growth was 25 0C, and 93% relative air humidity. The minimum temperature for successful growth was 5 0C and maximum at 25 0C. The light slowed down the growth of fungus and did not induce sporulation. The fungus exploited some sources of both, carbon and nitrogen, although organic sources of nitrogen gave better results. In laboratory conditions sporulation was hindered. Acetone did not induce sporulation, it reduced growth to a great extent. Also the more acidified agar did not enable sporulation. The production of spores (conidia) appeared only on apple fruits which we inoculated with discs of mycelium. The conidia reached 15.4 m m in length and 10.6 m m in width. The average length of microconidia was 2.7 m m. In our experiment spores and mycelium caused infection of blossoms. The characteristic symptoms of the infection were the decay of blossoms, one year shoots and apple fruits, and cancer formations in wood.
Vpliv interakcije nadmorske višine in nagiba terena na rast in rodnost vinske trte Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Merlot' v vinorodnem okolišu Goriška brda
Authors: RUSJAN Denis
Published: July 2024

Modern viticulture requires collecting data of the factors, which have an important influence on the grapevine growth, fertility and yield quality. A terroir is determined by several ecological factors, among which a height above sea level and land inclination play an important role. Both factors change the local mezo and microclimate regime of the absolute winegrowing sites and they are both directly connected with the quantity and the duration of solar radiation. The parameters of grape quality, such as soluble sugars, the total acidity and the content of polyphenols and anthocyanins, demonstrate which winegrowing sites are suitable for growing the grapevine. The land inclination and above sea level have the influence on the time of the bud-burst, flowering and verasion. Winegrowers should therefore perform the grape harvest earlier in case of the optimum yield per a grapevine on ‘terasse’ vineyards, as the concentration of colouring substances with red cultivars decreases at the stage of technical maturity. The interaction of both factors does not have a direct influence on the grape quantity and quality. Despite the change of land inclination, the height above sea level in the Goriška brda winegrowing region does not alter considerably so as to strongly influence the parameters of growth and yield of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Merlot'. Winegrowers should adapt the vineyard management to the local mezoclimate regime and to the need of the individual type of grapevine.
Stanje in procesi v kmetijstvu v različnih tipih podeželskih območij v Sloveniji
Authors: PERPAR Anton
Published: July 2024

In the paper an analysis of agricultural situation in different types of rural areas in Slovenia is presented. The analysis is carried out on the sample of rural areas and based on the census data of 1991. The paper also presents the local elite’s perceptions of the processes (the reasons and consequences) which are running in the agriculture in various rural areas in Slovenia. There are only slight differences among the areas. This can be due to the fact that all the areas encounter and try to solve the problems which are typical for the Slovenian agriculture. The differences are in the intensity of problems and processes. The most advantageous situation in agriculture is in the typical rural areas where farm size and demographic structures are most favourable (although still bad). In the mentioned areas the share of farms with assured successors is the highest as well. Among the present processes the two are the most expressive: farming abandonment, and consequently, the overgrowing of the farming land. Both are the most expressive in the areas regarded as the depopulation areas.
Influence of tree architecture on fruit quality in cherry /Prunus avium L./ cv. Petrovka
Authors: TROBEC Mateja , USENIK Valentina , SOLAR Anita , ŠTAMPAR Franci
Published: July 2024

The bearing branches of thirty-year-old cherry trees of the cultivar Petrovka were analysed. Branches were decomposed into growth units of different ages. The lengths of (unequally old) growth units were measured, and the weight and number of fruit of individual spurs were defined. The following factors were investigated: the influence of the age of wood, the influence of the spur age, the effects of the number of fruit per spur, and the effects of branching on the fruit weight. The aging of wood and spurs does not cause the decrease in average fruit weight, neither does the quantity of fruit per spur influence the average fruit weight. However, the decrease in average weight of fruit can be noticed when we move from primary to quaternary branches. Great similarity in the yield quality (quality that refers to fruit mase) can be ascribed to special tree architecture (typical basitonic growth) of the cultivar Petrovka.
Influence of root exudates of different plant seedlings on mycelial growth of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium roseum
Authors: CELAR Franci
Published: July 2024

The cabbage and onion root exudates inhibit the mycelial growth of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium roseum to a different degree. The inhibition is more pronounced with fast growing fungi and does not show with slow growing T. koningii. The maize root exudates stimulate the mycelial growth of antagonistic fungi with the exception of T. koningii. Nearly the same is true for the pea root exudates, which have no influence on mycelial growth of T. viride and T. koningii. The salad lettuce root exudates either exhibit a slight stimulatory effect on the mycelial growth of some antagonistic fungi or have no statistically significant influence on it.
Analysis of DNA markers for damson hop aphid resistance in hop
Authors: ČERENAK Andreja , JAVORNIK Branka
Published: July 2024

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) breeding is a lengthy process due to the dioecious nature of hop producing highly heterozygous offspring, and only female plants are of commercial interest. Marker assisted selection can be invaluable in breeding programs using markers linked to genes that encode resistance to different diseases and pests. The damson hop aphid (Phorodon humuli Schrank) is a very important pest in hop fields and effects over 90% of world growing areas. This paper presents the application of RAPD and AFLP methods for screening markers related to damson hop aphid resistance in hop. In an analysis of resistant and susceptible parents, ten DNA markers were identified as potential markers for resistance and they will be tested on F1 families derived from crosses between susceptible and resistant hop genotypes.
Vpliv medvrstne razdalje pri pridelavi krompirja (Solanum tuberosum L.) na količino tržnega pridelka
Authors: BERNIK Rajko , GODEŠA Tone , FERENČAK Boštjan , VUČAJNK Filip
Published: July 2024

In the trial we compared the influence of row spacing (66 cm, 75 cm, 90 cm) on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield. Cultivars Agria, Bright and Carlingford were included in the trial. We established that the highest total yield was by row spacing (RS) 66 cm, then by RS 75 cm and the lowest by RS 90 cm. The highest percentage of market yield had cultivar Agria by RS 66 and 75 cm, then cultivar Bright (the highest yield was by RS 90 cm, then 75 cm and 66 cm). The least percentage of market tubers was by cultivar Carlingford. There were no statistical significance. By RS 90 cm was the least number of green tubers, a little higher by RS 75 cm and the highest by 66 cm. In examining brown spottiness, second growth, tuber crashing, dry weight and percentage of starch we established that RS did not have influence on these properties, because they depended on cultivar.
Proučevanje odpornosti domačih linij koruze (Zea mays L.) na koruzno progavost (Exserohilum turcicum / Pass. / K. J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs)
Authors: ROZMAN Ludvik , KRAGL Marjan
Published: July 2024

Field study was conducted in 1999 to characterize the level of resistance of some maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines against the northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum / Pass./ K. J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs) (NCLB). The investigation included 98 inbreds of the maize gene bank of the Department of Agronomy – Biotehnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana. At the experimental field of BF in Ljubljana, 20 plants for each of the 98 genotypes were artificially infected with fungi causing NCLB. One highly sensitive and artificially inoculated hybrid was used as a source for spreading the NCLB disease. Disease severity was assessed in the season using a 0-5 visual rating scale (two assessments in each inbred). The assessements were analysed by nonparametric statistical analysis which indicated that there were significant differences among studied inbreds. Fifteen lines, mostly with local origin, were found as highly resistant against the NCLB. Among these 15 lines, 3 local resistant lines shown even higher tolerance than highly resistant check L-108St. These promising and highly resistant genotypes can be used as the genetic source for further breeding of tolerant cultivars.
Protocol used for AFLP by automatic laser fluorescence analysis
Authors: ŠTAJNER Nataša , JAVORNIK Branka , BANDELJ Dunja
Published: July 2024

The AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) technique using fluorescence-labelled primers and automated detection is described and some features of this method are discussed. The modified AFLP technique is suitable for efficient fingerprinting analysis and gives a much higher resolution than silver staining detection systems. With the aid of an automated ALFexpress sequencer and computer software, the AFLP method is much considerably easier to perform and the total time required is reduced.
Microsatellite analysis by automated fluorescent detection using ALFexpress aparatus: A case of grapevine analysis
Authors: KOZJAK Petra , KOROŠEC-KORUZA Zora , JAVORNIK Branka
Published: July 2024

The amplification of twenty-three microsatellite loci was optimised for automatic fluorescent detection using an ALFexpress aparatus for genotyping grapevine. By optimising PCR reaction mixture and PCR condition, the generation of fragments was found to be locus specific. Problems in allele calling and sizing due to generation of additional fragments, intergel variability and allele microvariability, are also discussed.
The occurrence of thrips species from the Terenbrantia suborder on cultivated plants in Slovenia
Authors: TRDAN Stanislav
Published: July 2024

The article presents 26 species from the Terebrantia suborder, among them 2 species belong to Aeolothripinae family and 24 species to Thripidae family (21 species from Thripinae subfamily and 3 species from Panchaetothripinae subfamily), which in Slovenia are placed among economically important species (pests, pollinators, predators) on cultivated plants. Based on two years monitoring (2000-2001) and the data about geographical distribution on Thysanoptera species in Slovenia in previous decade the article offers the list of their most important hosts.
Odpornost rastlin in biotehnološki pristopi pri žlahtnjenju rastlin na rastlinske bolezni
Authors: RADIŠEK Sebastjan
Published: July 2024

Recognition of plant defences and understanding plant - pathogen interactions provide the basis for plant resistance breeding. Recent applications of molecular biology and biotechnology enable supplementing the existing strategies of disease control, which are mostly based on chemical applications and classical breeding programs. This paper presents a brief review of plant defence responses to pathogens, their genetic concept, basic plant transformation techniques and strategies in plant disease breeding.
Research on the efficacy of the yellow sticky boards to control the cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella L., Aleyrodidae) on Brussels sprouts
Authors: TRDAN Stanislav , KAČ Milica , BOBNAR Aleksander , MODIC Špela
Published: July 2024

In the 2000-2001 period three different methods to control the cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella L.) were tested: the efficacy of the chosen biotechnical method to reduce the number of the pest to a less harmful level was compared to treatments with two different insecticides. In the field block experiment on Brussels sprouts the efficacy of imidacloprid (systemic insecticide), pirimiphos-methyl (contact insecticide) and the yellow sticky boards for mass trapping were tested. All results were compared with non-treated plots. Spraying with contact insecticide was established as the most effective way of controlling the pest in question (A. proletella L.). Comparing other treatments, no statistically significant differences were determined. Therefore, our hypothesis about efficacy of the yellow sticky boards to control the cabbage whitefly on the cultivated Brassica plants cannot be confirmed. On the basis of the results of the average number of the whitefly larvae on randomly chosen leaves and the average yield per plant we conclude that the usage of insecticides or other methods for controlling the cabbage whitefly is not reasonable in the growing seasons when the yield of Brussels sprouts is not satisfactory.
Soilless greenhouse cultivation: growth and yield of ginger in response to the pot size and culture media
Authors: REZAEI Mansoureh , KHANGHOLI Shahpour , BOSTANI Amir
Published: July 2024

The increasing shortage of arable land and adverse weather conditions have caused a significant part of crops, especially medicinal plants, to be cultivated through soilless cultivation methods. In this research, the soilless greenhouse cultivation of ginger was studied. The experiment was laid out in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Treatments consisted of two different sizes of pots (10 l and 20 l), and three types of culture media, including sand, perlite, and an equal (1:1) mixture of sand and perlite. Based on the results, except for leaf area and rhizome sodium content, the interaction effect was significant for most of the traits. The highest rhizome dry mass (58.13 ± 2.05), rhizome dry material content (43.68 ± 1.19), were recorded in larger pots containing the mixture medium. There were positive and significant correlations between leaf area and some of important traits such as rhizome dry mass (0.48) and rhizome dry matter content (0.58). The results of this research confirmed that by taking into account the most suitable pot size and cultivation medium (i.e. 20 l pot and mixed culture medium), the maximum yield of rhizome fresh mass can be obtained up to 133.5 ± 7.94 g.
Investigation of diflovidazin and fenpropathrin on two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae): population and interaction study
Authors: ABBASI Mobina , GHADAMYARI Mohammad , KARIMI-MALATI Azadeh , ALAVIJEH Elaheh Shafiei
Published: July 2024

Tetranychus urticae is one of the most important pests of agricultural crops around the world. This research investigated the lethal effects of diflovidazin and fenpropathrin on different life stages of two-spotted spider mites, the interaction of binary mixture of these two compounds, and sublethal effects of diflovidazin on the deutonymphs under laboratory conditions. The Potter spray tower was used for the bioassay of acaricides on different life stages of T. urticae. The results showed that diflovidazin was effective on different developmental stages excluding female’s adults. Also, fenpropathrin showed toxicity on all life stages except eggs. LC50 value and combination index (CI) of their mixture against deutonymph were 4.85 mg l-1 and 0.5 mg 1-1, respectively, which revealed a synergistic effect on T. urticae. Sublethal effects of LC30 concentration of diflovidazin were evaluated on life table parameters of T. urticae. The value of the intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the net reproductive rate (R0) significantly decreased in treated mites in comparison to control. These results suggested that diflovidazin could have significant roles in the control of T. urticae due to negative effect on population parameters as well as synergistic effect of binary mixtures of this acaricide with fenpropathrin.
Influence of seeding density on seed and oil yield, and fatty acid composition of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.)
Authors: BRČIĆ Marina , POSPIŠIL Milan , POSPIŠIL Ana , KRALJIĆ Klara , OBRANOVIĆ Marko , ŠKEVIN Dubravka
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of seeding density on the seed yield of white mustard, the oil yield and fatty acid composition under the agroecological conditions of the northwestern Republic of Croatia. The field trials were conducted at the experimental station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb (45° 48’ N, 16° 05’ E) during two growing seasons. The trial included four seeding densities of white mustard: 50, 70, 90 and 110 germinable seeds m-2. The trial was set up using a randomized block design with five replications. The highest seed yield was obtained with a seeding density of 110 germinable seeds m-2, with no significant differences between seeding rates of 70 and 90 germinable seeds m-2. The average oil content during researched years varied from 23.97 % in the seeding density of 50 germinable seeds m-2 to 24.37 % in the seeding density of 90 germinable seeds m-2. The higher oil yield was achieved in 2014 due to the higher oil content in the seed that year. Regarding fatty acid composition, erucic acid was dominant along with oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.
The growth of plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in plots cultivated with medicinal aromatic plants (MAPs) and in their natural wild habitats in Kosovo
Authors: MILLAKU Fadil , RYSHA Agim , BERISHA Naim
Published: July 2024

Thousands of plant species worldwide produce about 600 different pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are known to cause disease in humans and animals. The plants known for their  PAs content were investigated in 70 plots cultivated with 19 MAPs species and the natural habitats of 20 wild MAPs species. Most of the poisonous plants found in cultivated and the natural habitats of wild MAPs belong to the families of Asteraceae and Boraginaceae. In the cultivated MAPs plots, 22 plant species known for their PAs content were identified, including 7 from the Asteraceae, 13 from the Boraginaceae, and 1 species from the Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae families. 34 species known for their PAs content were identified in natural habitats, 17 of which belonged to the Boraginaceae and 15 to the Asteraceae families. Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae families were represented by only one species each. Most species from the Asteraceae family known for their PAs content identified in cultivated fields and natural habitats were from the genera Senecio and Jacobaea, while genera Myosotis, Pulmonaria and Symphytum from Boraginaceae family. In the plots cultivated with MAPs, Convolvulus arvensis L. known for its PAs content and tropane alkaloids (TAs) was the most prevalent.
In memoriam: prof. dr. Miran Vardjan 1919-2005
Authors: Gogala Nada
Published: July 2024

15. oktobra je umrl prof. Miran Vardjan. 14. novembra smo se na `alni seji od njega poslovili njegovi sodelavci in prijatelji s Biolo{kega oddelka Biotehni{ke fakultete, Instituta za biologijo in drugod.
Colicins of the Escherichia coli uropathogenic strain collection
Authors: Starčič Ejravec Marjanca , Rijavec Matija , Žagur-Bertok Darja
Published: July 2024

110 uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains were screened for colicin production and 42 (38%) of the tested UPEC strains were found to be colicinogenic. The ColA, ColB, ColD, ColE2, ColE3, ColE4, ColE5, ColE6, ColE7, ColIa, ColIb, ColK, ColN, MccB17, ColS4, MccC7 and ColE6-J colicin producer strains from Pugsley’s collection of colicinogenic strains were lysed by all colicinogenic UPEC strains, the ColM and ColE1 producer strains by 93% of the UPEC colicinogenic strains and the ColV producer strain by only 81% of the UPC colicinogenic strains. 67% of the colicinogenic UPEC strains were able to lyse all 20 used coli- cin producer strains and 33% of the colicinogenic UPEC strains were able to lyse 19 Pugsley’s strains. Hence, a majority (67%) of the studied UPEC strains encode and produce either more than one colicin, or a colicin not tested. Colicins of UPEC strains producing only one colicin were identiﬁed; 8 strains(19% of the colicinogenic strains) produced only ColV, 3 strains (7%) ColM and 3 strains (7%) ColE1. Plasmids were found in 88% of the colicinogenic strains. 11 DL strains were found to harbour conjugative plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance(s) and colicinogenicity. Further, 19% of the haemolytic UPEC strains and 44% of non-haemolytic strains were also colicinogenic, 28% of the cnf encoding strains and 41% of the strains not encoding cnf were colicinogenic, while 40% of ibeA encoding strains and 38% of strains not encoding ibeA were colicinogenic.
Rastlinska fiziologinja in zaslužna profesorica, dr. Nada Gogala
Authors: Regvar Marjana
Published: July 2024

Po prepričanju in izobrazbi zapisana fiziologiji rastlin, ki jo je tekom študija kot demonstratorka, kasneje pa kot asistentka in profesorica, zav- zeto posredovala generacijam mladih biologov. Njena usmeritev jo vodi tudi po upokojitvi, s sodelovanjem pri oblikovanju terminološkega slovarja in srednješolskih učbenikov, s pisanjem recenzij in s častnim članstvom v Društvu rastlinskih fiziologov Slovenije. Naj ob njeni sedemdesetletnici predstavimo njeno bogato pedagoško in raziskovalno pot.
V spomin rastlinske fiziologinje in zaslužne profesorice, dr. Nade Gogala (1937–2013)
Authors: Regvar Marjana
Published: July 2024

/
Dan očarljivih rastlin
Authors: Dolenc Koce Jasna , Pompe Novak Maruša
Published: July 2024

/
The impact of mowing on the growth and blooming of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Authors: Krajšek Zala , Jakoš Špela , Strgulc Krajšek Simona
Published: July 2024

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is an invasive alien spe- cies originating in North America that has spread widely in Europe in last decades. Removal of common ragweed and prevention of its reproduction is mandatory for landowners in Slovenia, decreed by Slovenian legislation. One of the most commonly used removal methods is mowing, so we decided to conduct a research project on the impact of mowing on the growth and propagation of this species. We used the common ragweed plants that we collected in the spring at the road embankments and planted them in plastic box planters. At the beginning of the summer, we cut the plants at three different heights, which represented a mowing at three different heights. A group of plants was left untreated and represented a control group to compare with the test plants. We monitored their growth until the end of September, by measuring the height of plants, the development of male inflorescences, where allergenic pollen is produced, and seed development. We found out that the survival rate of the plants cut above the first pair of leaves were affected the most, while all the plants cut above the third pair and plants of the control group, survived. Plants of control group reached largest height and produced the highest dry mass as well. Contrary to expectations, differences in height and mass of test plants were negligible. Mowing has a major impact on the development of male inflorescences. Mowing above the 1st and 2nd pairs of leaves has reduced the overall length of male inflorescences to a third, while mowing above the 3rd pair almost halved the length of inflorescences. That resulted to a significant reduction in the amount of allergenic pollen. Altogether, most of the fruits (achenes) have grown on control plants. If we calculate the average number of fruits per plant, on average most fruits have developed on control plants and plants cut the lowest. We may conclude that a single mowing in a season does not reduce the production of seeds, which is an important information for maintainers of public areas as well as landowners.
Environmental alterations on potency of eugenol content of basil: an antihypertensive herb
Authors: Palshikar Gautam , Gadhwe Sandeep , Mahadik Shubhashree , Patil Rajesh
Published: July 2024

Herbal therapies demand increases worldwide for treatment of various diseases. About 75% to 80% of the world population use herbal medicines, mainly in developing countries, for primary health care because of their better acceptability with the human body and lesser side effects. Herbal medicines are used for treatment of such a chronic diseases from hundreds of years and are continuously rising in today’s era due to less adverse effects, treats root cause and low cost. Medicinal plants are used to treat patients with cardiovascular diseases, which may occur due to ailments of the heart and blood vessels and comprise heart attacks, cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, and heart failure. Research has found a variety of herbal therapies to be successful in reducing high blood pressure with diet, exercise, stress management and supplements. Environmental changes have impact on availability of herbal constituents along with its therapeutic efficacy. If harvesting should be done properly at accurate conditions gets yield with more potency. Plant sample used in different seasons, time and places, identification and analysis was performed. Morphological, microscopical and extractive values appear changes.  Maximum levels of ethanol extract with higher concentration of eugenol were obtained in rainy season, at high altitude and at morning time.
Time-dependent characteristics of analytical measurands
Authors: Özçürümez Mustafa K. , Coşkun Abdurrahman , Arzideh Farhad , Streichert Thomas , Quast Christin , Canbay Ali , Götze Oliver , Broecker-Preuss Martina
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Biological variation is a relevant component of diagnostic uncertainty. In addition to within-subject and between-subject variation, preanalytical variation also includes components that contribute to biological variability. Among these, daily recurring, i.e., diurnal physiological variation is of particular importance, as it contains both a random and a non-random component if the exact time of blood collection is not known.

Methods

We introduce four time-dependent characteristics (TDC) of diurnal variations for measurands to assess the relevance and extent of time dependence on the evaluation of laboratory results.

Results

TDC address (i) a threshold for considering diurnality, (ii) the expected relative changes per time unit, (iii) the permissible time interval between two blood collections at different daytimes within which the expected time dependence does not exceed a defined analytical uncertainty, and (iv) a rhythm-expanded reference change value. TDC and their importance will be exemplified by the measurands aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone, and total bilirubin. TDCs are calculated for four time slots that reflect known blood collection schedules, i.e., 07:00–09:00, 08:00–12:00, 06:00–18:00, and 00:00–24:00. The amplitude and the temporal location of the acrophase are major determinates impacting the diagnostic uncertainty and thus the medical interpretation, especially within the typical blood collection time from 07:00 to 09:00.

Conclusions

We propose to check measurands for the existence of diurnal variations and, if applicable, to specify their time-dependent characteristics as outlined in our concept.
Crack initiation during environment-induced cracking of metals: current status
Authors: Holroyd N.J. Henry , Burnett Timothy L. , Lewandowski John J. , Scamans Geoffrey M.
Published: July 2024

Environment-induced cracking (EIC) research spanning the last 80 years for ferrous and non-ferrous metals in aqueous environments at ambient and elevated temperatures has concentrated on crack propagation. Studies clearly reveal EIC involves two differentiable processes, one controlling initiation and the other propagation. Utilization of advanced high-resolution electron microscopy over the last 20 years has enabled more focused studies of crack initiation for stainless steel and nickel-based alloys at elevated temperatures exposed to environments associated with the nuclear industry. More recently, when coupled with advanced in-situ experimental techniques such as time-lapse X-ray computed 3D-tomography, progress has also been made for aluminum alloys suffering EIC at ambient temperatures. Conventional wisdom states that chemical processes are typically rate-controlling during EIC initiation. Additionally, experimental evidence based on primary creep exhaustion ahead of the introduction of an aggressive environment indicates that time-dependent mechanically-driven local microstructural strain accommodation processes (resembling creep-like behavior) often play an important role for many metals, even for temperatures as low as 40 % of their melting points (0.4 Tm). EIC studies reveal initial surface conditions and their associated immediate sub-surface alloy microstructures generated during creation (i.e. disturbed layers) can dictate whether or not EIC initiation occurs under mechanical loading conditions otherwise sufficient to enable initiation and growth. The plethora of quantitative experimental techniques now available to researchers should enable significant advances towards understanding EIC initiation.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of double pulse TIG welded super austenitic stainless steel butt joints
Authors: John Raj Kumar Philomin R. , Baskaran Adimoolam , Thirumalaikumarasamy Duraisamy , Sonar Tushar , Ivanov Mikhail , Pavendhan Rajangam
Published: July 2024

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the effect of double pulse tungsten inert gas (DP-TIG) welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of super austenitic SMO 254 stainless steel joints. The butt joints of SMO 254 steel were made using ERNiCrMo-10 filler metal. The microstructural characteristics of different regions of joint were analyzed using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The micrograph of weld metal showed finer equiaxed grains at the middle of weld metal and columnar grains near the weld interface. The SMO 254 steel joints showed the tensile strength of 636 MPa, ductility of 35 %, and impact toughness of 52 J. The fractured surfaces showed ductile mode of failure of joints.
A Joke: On the Plurality of Worlds and Ostrichist
Authors: Moreira Felipe G. A.
Published: July 2024

This essay proposes an alternative reading of David Lewis’s On the Plurality of Worlds (OpW) by drawing parallels between this book and a performance by Andy Kaufman, Andy Wrestles the Ladies (AwL). The proposed reading is ultimately grounded by a joke: that it is more credible to believe that similarly to Kaufman in AwL, Lewis impersonated a character in OpW by performing a reductio ad absurdum than to believe that he seriously defended modal realism. After all, to support this thesis is to face countless objections while showing varied lacks of awareness and justifying the attribution to oneself of Ostrichist. The latter abbreviates the predicate, “to act like an ostrich,” attributable to that which lacks varied kinds of awareness in acting in a way comparable to that of a bizarre ostrich that buries its head in the sand for no good reason.
Humanistic Ethics of Humor: The Problematics of Punching Up and Kicking Down
Authors: Hietalahti Jarno
Published: July 2024

This article discusses the very common moral guideline “Punch up, do not kick down.” Our approach is based on humanistic ethics, and through rigorous philosophical analysis, we will show that while the guideline is commendable and well-intentioned, it does not work as a universal rule and should not be used as an ideological tool. Due to the complexity of our social reality and the fluid nature of hierarchies, there may be cases when punching up is problematic, and kicking down is acceptable. Our theoretical addition to the current ethics of humor is that we propose humor should be evaluated in terms of inclusivity and exclusivity as well. In this, Charles Taylor’s concept of strong evaluation will be indispensable.
Large language models are better than theoretical linguists at theoretical linguistics
Authors: Ambridge Ben , Blything Liam
Published: July 2024

Large language models are better than theoretical linguists at theoretical linguistics, at least in the domain of verb argument structure; explaining why (for example), we can say both The ball rolled and Someone rolled the ball, but not both The man laughed and *Someone laughed the man. Verbal accounts of this phenomenon either do not make precise quantitative predictions at all, or do so only with the help of ancillary assumptions and by-hand data processing. Large language models, on the other hand (taking text-davinci-002 as an example), predict human acceptability ratings for these types of sentences with correlations of around r = 0.9, and themselves constitute theories of language acquisition and representation; theories that instantiate exemplar-, input- and construction-based approaches, though only very loosely. Indeed, large language models succeed where these verbal (i.e., non-computational) linguistic theories fail, precisely because the latter insist – in the service of intuitive interpretability – on simple yet empirically inadequate (over)generalizations.
The empirical turn and its consequences for theoretical syntax
Authors: Abeillé Anne
Published: July 2024

In a pioneer paper, Featherston (Featherston, Sam. 2007. Data in generative grammar: The stick and the carrot. Theoretical Linguistics 33. 269–318) advocated the use of better controlled data in theoretical linguistics. Despite diverging on many aspects, most syntactic theories are now testing their hypotheses with more data than a few linguists’ intuitions. I will examine the consequences of this empirical turn on two syntactic phenomena: long-distance dependencies (LDD) and ellipsis. In a series of recent experiments (Liu, Yingtong, Elodie Winckel, Anne Abeillé, Barbara Hemforth & Edward Gibson. 2022. Structural, functional and processing perspectives on linguistic islands effects. Annual Review of Linguistics 8. 495–525), most of the syntactic constraints (‘island constraints’) on LDD have shown less crosslinguistic variation and more cross-construction variation than previously thought. Corpus and experimental data have also shown elliptical clauses to be more flexible than expected under deletion-under-identity theories (Poppels, Till. 2022. Explaining ellipsis without identity. The Linguistic Review 39. 341–400). These are challenges for most syntactic theories, which call for taking discourse factors more seriously into account.