bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimission Observations of Relativistic Electrons and High-speed Jets Linked to Shock-generated Transients
Authors: Raptis Savvas , Lindberg Martin , Liu Terry Z. , Turner Drew L. , Lalti Ahmad , Zhou Yufei , Kajdič Primož , Kouloumvakos Athanasios , Sibeck David G. , Vuorinen Laura , Michael Adam , Shumko Mykhaylo , Osmane Adnane , Krämer Eva , Turc Lucile , Karlsson Tomas , Katsavrias Christos , Wilson Lynn B. , Madanian Hadi , Blanco-Cano Xóchitl , Cohen Ian J. , Escoubet C. Philippe
Published: February 2025

Shock-generated transients, such as hot flow anomalies (HFAs), upstream of planetary bow shocks, play a critical role in electron acceleration. Using multimission data from NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale and ESA’s Cluster missions, we demonstrate the transmission of HFAs through Earth’s quasi-parallel bow shock, accelerating electrons to relativistic energies in the process. Energetic electrons initially accelerated upstream are shown to remain broadly confined within the transmitted transient structures downstream, where they get further energized due to the elevated compression levels potentially by betatron acceleration. Additionally, high-speed jets form at the compressive edges of HFAs, exhibiting a significant increase in dynamic pressure and potentially contributing to further localized compression. Our findings emphasize the efficiency of quasi-parallel shocks in driving particle acceleration far beyond the immediate shock transition region, expanding the acceleration region to a larger spatial domain. Finally, this study underscores the importance of a multiscale observational approach in understanding the convoluted processes behind collisionless shock physics and their broader implications.
Evaluating perceived advantages and funding needs to enhance emergency medical services: insights from patients and staff
Authors: Dimitrov Valentin , Dimitrova Diana Pantileeva , Vodenicharova Alexandrina , Dzhafer Samir , Papathanasiou Jannis , Dzhafer Nigyar
Published: February 2025

Introduction: The University Hospital for Active Treatment and Emergency Medicine (UHATEM) “N. I. Pirogov” LTD is a pivotal institution in Bulgaria’s emergency medical services (EMS). However, funding challenges adversely affect its operational efficiency and quality of care.

Aim: This study aims to identify the primary perceived advantages of UHATEM “N. I. Pirogov” LTD compared to other medical facilities, assess differences in perceptions between patients and staff, and evaluate the impact of funding limitations on hospital operations.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and July 2023 using a self-administered online questionnaire with 16 questions across four domains. A total of 1,041 participants were surveyed. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Cramér’s V, and one-way ANOVA to identify significant differences in perceptions and mean scores across age groups.

Results: “Fast and fail-safe 24-hour access” was the most valued advantage among both patients and staff. The staff highlighted the hospital’s “multidisciplinary profile and teams” and “unique and unparalleled clinics and structures” as significant strengths. Chi-square analysis confirmed significant associations between perceived advantages and respondent type. Funding-related challenges, such as limited financial resources and high operational costs, were identified as critical issues.

Conclusions: To improve EMS quality and sustainability at UHATEM “N. I. Pirogov” LTD, consistent state funding, public-private partnerships, and operational efficiencies are needed. Addressing these challenges is essential for maintaining high-quality care and operational stability.
Review of the genera and subgenera of the subtribe Aspilotina (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), with a new illustrated key
Authors: Peris-Felipo Francisco Javier , Santa Fernando , van Achterberg Cornelis , Belokobylskij Sergey A.
Published: February 2025

The genera and subgenera of the subtribe Aspilotina are reviewed. A new illustrated key to all accepted supraspecies taxa is provided. Grandilota Fischer, 2002, stat. nov. is proposed as subgenus of Aspilota Foerster, 1863. Carinthilota Fischer, 1975, syn. nov. is synonymised with Alitha Cameron, 1906, stat. nov. and the latter is treated as subgenus of Dinotrema Foerster, 1863; Eudinostigma Tobias, 1986, syn. nov. is considered a synonym of Dinotrema Foerster, 1863. Moreover, the new subgenus Pseudoprosaphasubgen. nov. (type species: Dinostigma stenosoma van Achterberg, 1988) is described. Additionally, Synaldotrema Belokobylskij & Tobias, 2002, stat. nov. is treated as a separate genus. The following new combinations are proposed: Aspilota (Aspilota) ruficollis Stelfox & Graham, 1950, comb. nov., Dinotrema (Alitha) lada (Belokobylskij, 1998), comb. nov., D. (A.) longipennis (Cameron, 1906), comb. nov., D. (A.) mavka (Belokobylskij, 1998), comb. nov., D. (A.) parapsidalis (Fischer, 1975), comb. nov., D. (A.) vechti (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov., Dinotrema (Dinotrema) alox (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov., D. (D.) entabeniense (Fischer, 2009), comb. nov., D. (D.) latum (Chen & Wu, 1994), comb. nov., D. (D.) planiceps (Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006), comb. nov., D. (D.) subpulvinatum (Fischer, 2009), comb. nov., D. (Pseudoprosapha) stenosoma (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov., D. (Synaldis) bienesae (Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006), comb. nov., D. (S.) fischeri (Tobias, 1986), comb. nov., D. (S.) latistigma (Fischer, 1962), comb. nov., D. (S.) planiceps (Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006), comb. nov., D. (Synaldis) cespitator (Belokobylskij, 2004), comb. nov., D. (S.) perfidum (Fischer, 1970), comb. nov., D. (S.) trematosum (Fischer, 1967), comb. nov. and Panerema fulvicornis (Haliday, 1838), comb. nov.
Description of a new loach species, Yunnanilus triangulus sp. nov. (Cypriniformes, Nemacheilidae), from Yunnan, China
Authors: Liu Mei , Lyu Jian-Bing , Du Li-Na , Chen Xiao-Yong
Published: February 2025

A new species of the genus Yunnanilus, designated Yunnanilus triangulussp. nov., is described from the Nanpan River in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Nuptial males of this species are distinguished by the presence of tubercles on the caudal peduncle during the reproductive period, a feature not observed in other members of the genus. The new species is further characterized by the following unique combination of morphological characters: body scaled, smaller eyes than interorbital width, nine inner gill rakers on first gill arch, lateral head length 27.1%–30.9% SL, head width 14.3%–17.2% SL, eye diameter 19.6%–23.8% of lateral head length, and caudal peduncle depth 94.0%–130.6% of its length. Morphological and molecular evidence support the validity of this species, despite its geographic proximity to Y. polylepis. These findings underscore the ecological specialization that exists within the genus Yunnanilus and highlight the urgent need for species-specific conservation strategies, given their restricted distributions and dependence on specific habitats.
A new Pacific Ocean species of Typhlonida Macpherson & Baba, 2022 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Munididae) from the flank of the emergent seamount Isla del Coco (Costa Rica) with notes on the phylogeny of the genus
Authors: Dong Dong , Seid Charlotte A. , Li Xinzheng , Rouse Greg W.
Published: February 2025

The genus Typhlonida Macpherson & Baba in Machordom et al. 2022 is a group of munidid squat lobsters typically found in deep waters. This study describes and illustrates a new species, Typhlonida cocoensissp. nov., from a seamount area in the eastern Pacific. Typhlonida cocoensissp. nov. is closely related to T. sanctipauli (Henderson, 1885) but can be readily distinguished from the latter by its relatively small eyes, narrow anterior margin of the thoracic sternite 4, lack of granules on the lateral surfaces of sternite 7, and unarmed anterior branchial regions dorsally. In addition to morphological comparisons, genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses were used to support the recognition of this new species. The phylogenetic positions of the Typhlonida and Antillimunida species from the eastern Pacific are discussed.
Three new species of the millipede genus Enghoffosoma Golovatch, 1993 from Thailand (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)
Authors: Benchapong Theemaporn , Enghoff Henrik , Likhitrakarn Natdanai , Chanabun Ratmanee , Aoonkum Anuwat , Srisonchai Ruttapon
Published: February 2025

An examination of newly collected material from northeastern Thailand revealed three new millipede species in the genus Enghoffosoma Golovatch, 1993: E. furcasp. nov., E. parvispinasp. nov., and E. rubellumsp. nov. We utilized morphological evidence together with genetic analysis of the COI gene to validate species identification. Each of the new species has unique characteristics, particularly in the structure of the gonopodal solenophore, that easily distinguish them from other species in the genus. The interspecific p-distances calculated from 658-bp barcoding sequences between the new species and their congeners show ranges of 18.56% to 22.78% for E. furcasp. nov., 15.09% to 21.25% for E. parvispinasp. nov., and 15.09% to 22.37% for E. rubellumsp. nov., supporting the morphological distinctions. Preliminary phylogenetic trees using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) indicate that the genus Enghoffosoma is monophyletic, with two of the newly described species forming distinct clades. Our findings increase the total number of Enghoffosoma species to 16 (including six in Thailand) and underscore a greater diversity within the genus than previously known. Morphological illustrations of the new species, derived from SEM micrographs, and a distribution map of all known species are included.
Association between non-academic activities and professional identity formation of Indonesian medical students: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Authors: Tjandra Sydney , Keane Arnold , Yumnanisha Defin Allevia , Taher Mukhlis Akmal , Kristiandi Hansel Andita , Pinasthika Anyta , Greviana Nadia
Published: February 2025

Purpose: This study explores the association between student involvement in non-academic activities (NAA) and the stages of professional identity formation (PIF) among Indonesian medical students.Methods: This cross-sectional survey was distributed to students in 50 medical schools, across both preclinical and clinical students in years 2-6. Respondents completed a Developmental Scale (DS) questionnaire to assess PIF and self-reported the number of hours spent on different NAA. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed; multiple linear regression was utilized to predict PIF.Results: Indonesian medical students reported a median of 13 NAA hours and a median DS score of 5.07 on a scale of 7. NAA hours were significantly different across sex groups, years of study, university regions, and institution types. Female participants spent significantly more hours on NAA than male students and PIF was predicted by the number of hours spent on research and competition-related activities. Shifts between the types of NAA were also observed among year groups.Conclusion: NAA are positively associated with the PIF process, with students’ active involvement in research and competitionrelated activities as predictors in this area. Supporting these activities becomes imperative for medical schools in order to optimize students’ potential, motivation, and PIF.
Medical students’ unprofessional behavior and educators’ support
Authors: Igarashi Ryoko
Published: February 2025

In recent years, professionalism education has been incorporated into medical education as an important part of the curriculum. Through receiving professionalism education, most medical students gradually acquire professionalism, including a professional attitude. However, some medical students demonstrate unprofessional behavior that raises concerns among faculty and other students. There are various stages to dealing with unprofessional behavior, as follows: definition, prevention, detection, evaluation, correction, and follow-up. However, it is often difficult to identify unprofessional behavior and respond appropriately. In this study, overview of medical students’ unprofessional behavior from previous studies on medical students’ unprofessionalism behavior, and how to identify and evaluate medical students’ unprofessional behavior, and effective education that can correct medical students’ unprofessional behavior was analyzed by reviewing 52 articles. Medical students’ unprofessional behavior is classified into the following four categories: “lack of involvement,” “lack of integrity,” “lack of interaction,” and “lack of introspection.” The occurrence of unprofessional behavior was found to be attributed to personal problems, interpersonal problems, external factors, and environmental factors. Educators analyzed unprofessional behavior and its causes from four categories. Medical students should perform reflective writing to help them reflect on their unprofessional behavior. Educators should use this reflective writing to interact with medical students, and to investigate and analyze the students’ unprofessional behavior. Furthermore, educators will need to assess unprofessional behavior using a roadmap to address unprofessionalism, and to respond appropriately to each stage of the roadmap. Individualized educational interventions should be provided to help students correct their unprofessional behavior.
Stress and coping skills in medical students
Authors: Kim Yu Ra , Park Hye Jin , Kim Seong Yong
Published: February 2025

Purpose: This study aims to confirm the degree of stress perceived by medical students in Korea and to study the difference between the methods used to relieve stress. In addition, this study evaluates the stress relief methods medical students believe are effective.Methods: The subjects of the study were 147 students of a medical school in Korea who voluntarily participated in an online survey. The degree of stress perceived by medical students in Korea was confirmed, and the differences between the methods used to relieve stress were analyzed, along with the effective stress relief methods considered by the students themselves.Results: There was no difference found in the degree of stress experienced by medical students based on their year in school and gender. The most commonly reported method to relieve stress was sleep, and it was found that this method provided the highest degree of stress relief.Conclusion: As stress has been consistently reported as an issue among medical students, tackling stress among medical students should not be handled solely at the individual level.
Integrating artificial intelligence into medical curricula: perspectives of faculty and students in South Korea
Authors: Kim Suyoun , Kim Su Hyun , Kim Hansea , Lee Young-Mee
Published: February 2025

Purpose: With the accelerated adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, the integration of AI education into medical school curricula is gaining significant attention. This study aimed to gather the perceptions of faculty members and students regarding the integration of AI education into medical curricula in the Korean context.Methods: Faculty members and medical students’ perspectives on integrating AI into medical curricula were assessed through thematic analysis of free-written responses from 157 faculty members and 125 students in a national online survey on medical AI competencies in South Korea.Results: Three key themes emerged: content, which prioritizes basic knowledge and its practical applications, with an emphasis on ethical and legal responsibilities; curricular design, which advocates for a spiral curriculum tailored to learners' needs; and concerns, which highlight balancing AI integration with the principal goals of medical education while critically evaluating ongoing advancements.Conclusion: Our study adds valuable insights into the content and methods to prioritize AI education. Given the rapid evolution of medical learners and AI technologies, continuous and timely needs assessment for AI curriculum development is crucial to maintain relevance and effectiveness.
Humanismo y filología: las obras de Séneca en la época de Juan II de Castilla (y una mirada a la corte aragonesa de Nápoles)
Authors: Zinato Andrea
Published: February 2025

El artículo trata de la importancia de las cortes reales, sobre todo las de Juan II de Castilla y de Alfonso V de Aragón, para la recuperación de las obras de Séneca en latín y en traducción. En el Nápoles aragonés, al amparo del magisteriumpolítico-intelectual de los humanistas italianos vinculados con la corte aragonesa, el pensamiento filosófico senequiano se convirtió en un componente de cierto peso para la utilización de la herencia clásica en la gestión de la res publica y la formación de la biblioteca real como instrumentum regni. En la corte castellana el usufructo de la lectio Senecae siguió acomodándose a lo postulado por Alfonso de Cartagena en el prólogo a sus traducciones de los libros de Séneca, es decir, a la necesidad de una interpretación escolástica y profesional para bien entender sus escritos, especialmente en lo referido a cuestiones éticas y dialécticas sensibles.
Diego de Valera y la Crónica de Juan II
Authors: Moya García Cristina
Published: February 2025

Desde la impresión de 1517 de la Crónica de Juan II, el nombre de Diego de Valera ha estado ligado a esta crónica real. Diferentes episodios de la vida de Valera en ella contenidos junto con la inclusión de las dos epístolas que envió al rey, han hecho pensar que pudo participar, de alguna forma, en la redacción de la crónica del padre de Isabel la Católica. No obstante, unas palabras del escritor en la Valeriana parecían desmentirlo. En este trabajo se demuestra que Valera conoció tanto la Primera parte de la Crónica de Juan II como la Refundición, editada por Galíndez de Carvajal. Además, se muestran una serie de pruebas textuales que evidencian que hubo de intervenir en el texto de la Crónica de Juan II que salió de las prensas de Arnao Guillén de Brocar. Se ofrece también una teoría de cuándo pudo ocuparse de esta crónica.
Expanding the horizon of policy learning
Authors: Radaelli Claudio M. , Zaki Bishoy L.
Published: February 2025

Policy learning is an established conceptual and analytical framework to study the policy process. Its progress as a research agenda hinges on solid micro-foundations, its integration with other policy process theories, the consideration of both positive and negative cases (of learning and change) from diverse continents and countries, and the clarification of the causal pathways connecting individual learning to decisions and change. We sketch these problematic areas, showing where policy learning research has encountered problems, and illustrate how the articles of this special issue contribute to their solution.
Sur la mesure du réalisme dans les images de synthèse. Des expériences de la boîte de Cornell au photoréalisme d’Inception et d’ImageNet
Authors: Eriksson Maria
Published: February 2025

À l’instar du domaine plus ancien de l’imagerie de synthèse, l’un des principaux objectifs du développement des modèles génératifs d’images a été d’atteindre au photoréalisme, c’est-à-dire de fabriquer des images indiscernables de celles produites au moyen d’un véritable appareil photo. Cet article situe les techniques actuelles d’évaluation du photoréalisme appliquées aux images de synthèse à l’intérieur d’une histoire plus longue des efforts déployés pour évaluer le réalisme des contenus générés par ordinateur. Plus précisément, la métrique FID et l’Inception Score, deux techniques d’évaluation du photoréalisme dans les images générées par l’intelligence artificielle (IA) couramment employées aujourd’hui, sont comparées avec les méthodes d’évaluation tirées des expériences de la boîte de Cornell, une compilation de techniques qui ont servi de modèles sur la façon d’évaluer le réalisme dans les images générées par ordinateur à partir des années 1980. En explorant la manière dont les idées de réalisme et de photoréalisme sont traduites en modèles algorithmiques, et en se basant sur les travaux de Lev Manovich et Hannes Bajohr, on observe un tournant dans la mise en œuvre du photoréalisme, qui de séquentielle et simulative est devenue prédictive et connexionniste à compter de la période comprise entre 2014 et 2016. Cet article démontre également la façon dont un ensemble de données d’entraînement d’IA (ImageNet) et un réseau de neurones (le modèle Inception) ont contribué de façon décisive à façonner l’esthétique du photoréalisme dans le domaine de la création d’images de synthèse depuis 2016.
Images nettes, masques flous
Authors: Heilmann Till A.
Published: February 2025

De nos jours, la quasi-totalité des images – des photos prises sur smartphone aux publicités de magazines – est optimisée par des algorithmes, ce qui contribue à redéfinir les standards esthétiques et notre perception de ce qui constitue une « bonne » image. La netteté est devenue le réglage par défaut de la culture photographique quotidienne. Cet article étudie la généalogie du masque flou, ou « unsharp masking », une méthode d’amélioration d’image popularisée par Adobe Photoshop. Initialement conçu comme une technique « analogique » destinée à empêcher la perte d’information lors de la reproduction d’originaux à contraste élevé, le masque flou a vu sa finalité passer de la conservation des détails à l’accentuation du piqué – c’est-à-dire l’impression de netteté. Cette transition reflète sa transformation d’un outil employé dans des domaines spécialisés tels que la radiographie et l’astrophotographie à un procédé d’optimisation universel dans la chaîne de traitement des images numériques. Fonction aujourd’hui banalisée et largement automatisée, le masque flou exerce une influence profonde sur la culture visuelle.
Les images de synthèse photoréalistes, entre exigence de réalisme et viabilité économique. Le cas du facteur de flare
Authors: Schröter Jens
Published: February 2025

Depuis les années 1970, la quête du photoréalisme constitue le moteur de l’imagerie de synthèse. Le but du photoréalisme n’est pas uniquement d’obtenir des rendus « réalistes », mais plus précisément de générer des images qui semblent avoir été photographiées. Cette aspiration concernait initialement l’intégration de scènes en images de synthèse dans des films réalisés par ailleurs avec des moyens photographiques. Produire des images ressemblant à des photographies signifie également reproduire des effets caractéristiques des procédés photographiques, comme différents types de flous et d’aberrations spécifiques tels que le facteur de flare. La simulation du flare constitue le sujet de cet essai qui, à travers l’analyse approfondie d’un article de recherche en informatique, tend à démontrer que les procédés de simulation de la photographie se heurtent systématiquement à deux objectifs concurrents : d’une part la simulation d’une propriété photographique donnée – ici le facteur de flare – de manière réaliste sur le plan physique, opération susceptible de nécessiter des ressources computationnelles considérables et beaucoup de temps ; d’autre part l’exigence économique d’obtenir un rendu efficient à moindre coût.
Dissiper le brouillard. Les premiers traitements d’images et le système d’imagerie lunaire Surveyor (1966‑1968)
Authors: Cullen Frances
Published: February 2025

Au cours des années 1960, la National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) a consacré une partie de ses vastes ressources à la mise au point de techniques informatiques novatrices, destinées à améliorer et à mettre en valeur ses images astronomiques. Cet article met en lumière ce premier chapitre de l’histoire de l’image algorithmique en décrivant les circonstances de l’intégration de cette technologie dans le système d’imagerie d’un programme spécifique de la NASA : la mission Surveyor (1966-1968). Dans le cadre de ce programme, les photographies de la surface lunaire ont été saisies à l’aide d’une caméra de télévision, transmises sur Terre par télémétrie, puis diffusées à l’aide de technologies impliquant des bandes magnétiques, divers formats de pellicules et diverses techniques de traitement manuel et informatisé. Cet article montre comment, lorsqu’elles ont été intégrées dans ce système d’imagerie déjà complexe et diversifié, ces nouvelles techniques de traitement des images ont en quelque sorte fonctionné comme une chambre noire étendue, reproduisant et complétant, pour l’essentiel, une logique déjà existante d’extraction et de traitement de l’information.
“The Secretary”. Labor and Automation in Sonia Landy Sheridan’s Generative Systems Curriculum
Authors: Balaschak Chris
Published: February 2025

Projects: Sonia Landy Sheridan and Keith Smith, an exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art, NY, in 1974, represented the most ambitious work to emerge from Sheridan’s Generative Systems program. As Sheridan stated, the goal of Generative Systems, an academic program at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago was “the generation of ideas with the aid of current technology.” The work Sheridan and Smith displayed at the Museum of Modern Art, the product of a collaboration with the 3M corporation’s Color-in-Color photocopy machine, not only displayed the creative potential of machine-assisted image production but also revealed a fundamental truth about the postindustrial economy: the increasing precarity of human subjectivity.
Entre la photographie et le photogramme. Le destin de l’image unique à l’ère des algorithmes
Authors: Grespi Barbara
Published: February 2025

L’utilisation d’algorithmes de deep learning dans la production de photographies a remis en question une notion essentielle au sein des images médiatiques : la distinction entre photographie et photogramme. La théorie a souvent souligné l’importance de la non-coïncidence de ces deux modes du photographique : le premier étant autonome, unique et fini ; le deuxième incomplet et dépourvu de sa propre visibilité. Mais aujourd’hui, l’intervention d’algorithmes au moment de la capture de l’image vient atténuer cette distinction. De fait, un simple cliché photographique est désormais une concentration « verticale » de plusieurs images, tandis qu’une photographie en apparence fixe peut dissimuler une série « horizontale » d’images qui permettent aussi de la regarder comme un clip vidéo. En présence de ces images « épaisses », qui ne correspondent plus à la perception humaine et convoquent une dialectique bien différente – entre trace et visualisation, singulier et pluriel, instantané et série –, est-il encore pertinent d’assimiler l’objet photographique et le matériau photogrammatique utilisés au sein de nombreux types d’imageries ? Ne conviendrait-il pas plutôt de redéfinir la photographie comme un processus génétiquement sériel ?
Formater le visible. Dans la fabrique des datasets photographiques (2005‑2021)
Authors: Sugitani Thierry
Published: February 2025

Les datasets photographiques, au cœur des algorithmes d’intelligence artificielle appliquée aux images, illustrent la place centrale qu’occupe la photographie dans ces dispositifs de machine learning. Mais que révèlent ces vastes ensembles d’images, et à travers quelles opérations ? Entre 2005 et 2021, les régimes visuels observés dans vingt-cinq datasets évoluent : des ensembles restreints d’images normées et descriptives laissent place à des collectes massives sur Internet, automatisées et sans curation. Les pratiques et protocoles de sélection, d’annotation et les traitements visuels opérés sur les photographies entendent neutraliser les biais et échantillonner un visible fragmenté et décontextualisé. Ainsi, ces datasets, plus qu’un reflet, traduisent une reconstruction du réel au service de problématiques algorithmiques de plus en plus complexes. La photographie devient une matière première exploitée, façonnée au sein d’une extraction industrielle.
La Petite Fille au napalm et l’algorithme. Sur la réévaluation des images iconiques par les technologies de filtrage automatisé
Authors: Müller-Helle Katja
Published: February 2025

Avec la multiplication par un milliard de la quantité de données d’images enregistrées, indexées et transférées chaque jour au moyen de réseaux de neurones, le besoin en matière de technologies de filtrage et de modération de contenu sur les plateformes mondiales n’a cessé de croître depuis l’an 2000. Pour contenir le flot d’images « limites », les principaux fournisseurs de services tels que Google et Meta (Facebook, Instagram) font appel à des technologies de suppression automatique ainsi qu’à des systèmes de filtrage, notamment au filtrage des métadonnées, au hachage et aux empreintes numériques. En prenant pour référence une photographie de presse emblématique, La Terreur de la guerre (The Terror of War, 1972) de Nick Ut, cet article examine comment, depuis le tournant du millénaire, une fusion s’est opérée entre l’invisibilisation technologique du traitement des images (blackboxing) et l’invisibilisation institutionnelle des critères sur la base desquels les contenus visuels sont évalués, indexés et supprimés des principales plateformes en ligne. Les images ont également fait l’objet d’une microgestion algorithmique et ont pu être intégrées à de nouveaux modèles d’évaluation qui ont supplanté les responsables traditionnels du contrôle des images, tels que l’État, les musées et les rédacteurs en chef des journaux.
Napalm Girl as Data Set. On the Reappraisal of Iconic Images by Automated Filtering Technologies
Authors: Müller-Helle Katja
Published: February 2025

With the billionfold increase in the amount of image data that is now saved, indexed, and sent via neural networks every day, there has, since the year 2000, been an ever-increasing demand for filtering technologies and content moderation on global platforms. Major service providers such as Google and Meta (Facebook, Instagram) employ automatic deletion technologies in conjunction with filtering systems such as metadata filtering, hashing, and fingerprinting to stem the tide of borderline images. With reference to an iconic press photograph, Nick Ut’s Terror of War (1972), this text investigates how, since the turn of the millennium, there has been a merger of the technological invisibilization of image processing (blackboxing) and the institutional invisibilization of the criteria by which visual content is evaluated, indexed, and deleted from major online platforms. Iconic images have also been subject to algorithmic micromanagement and thus transposed into new evaluation scenarios that have replaced traditional gatekeepers such as the state, the museum, and newspaper editors. The two forms of invisibilization—of both technological production and institutional publication processes—converge in the discourse of operative imagery. Convolutional neural networks and the social media platforms that depend on them now do not simply produce new operative images, the filter architectures that control them actually have a retroactive effect on pre-existing visual traditions, which in some cases produces radical decontextualizations of historical images.
Image Generation in the Google Research Lab. An Interview with Jason Baldridge
Authors: Baldridge Jason , Malevé Nicolas , Sluis Katrina
Published: February 2025

In this interview, conducted on 14, 2023, Nicolas Malevé and Katrina Sluis enter into a wide-ranging discussion with Jason Baldridge, a research scientist at Google, on the historical, technical, and cultural implications of text-to-image generators. They discuss Baldridge’s background in computational linguistics and his involvement in the development of Google’s Pathways Autoregressive Text-to-Image model (Parti), which was publicly announced in June 2022. In teasing out the different paradigms of image generation models, the conversation turns to the dynamics of language, translation and semantics, and the sociocultural implications of developing generative models based on textual inputs. The resulting discussion underscores the way researchers apprehend the relations between technology and culture, text and image, model and training data.
Formatting the Visible. In the Factory of Photo Datasets (2005‑2021)
Authors: Sugitani Thierry
Published: February 2025

A core element of the AI algorithms applied to images, photo datasets illustrate the central part that photography plays in these machine learning systems. But what do these vast sets of images reveal? And what operations are involved? The visual regimes that were observed in twenty-five datasets evolved between 2005 and 2021: limited sets of standardized, descriptive images made way for massive online collections that are automated and uncurated. The practices and protocols used for selecting and annotating and the visual processing performed on the photographs are meant to neutralize bias and sample a visible world that is fragmented and decontextualized. More than a reflection of reality, these datasets thus express a reconstruction of it in the service of an increasingly complex set of algorithmic problems. Photography has become a raw material that is exploited and crafted in a process of industrial extraction.
Collaborative Expertise in Sustainability Reporting and Assurance
Authors: Sharma Akansha , Ray Amresh Kumar
Published: February 2025

The objective of this chapter is to explore the interconnected roles of sustainability reporting and assurance, emphasizing how collaborative expertise enhances the effectiveness of both processes. Sustainability reporting serves as a platform for organizations to communicate their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance, challenges, and commitments to stakeholders, fostering transparency and accountability. However, the credibility of these reports hinges on the accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information, which is reinforced through sustainability assurance—an independent evaluation that validates the reliability and completeness of ESG disclosures. This chapter aims to highlight the critical role of multidisciplinary expertise in strengthening both reporting and assurance.
Empowering Sustainability Assurance
Authors: Yue Shanshan , Manokaran Khartic Rao , Li Ninglin , Abdullahi Olayiwola Alfa
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores how institutional investors and managerial engagement influence sustainability assurance, using ESG ratings as a proxy. Based on stakeholder and agency theories, it examines the effects of long-term and short-term investors on sustainability practices and how managerial engagement, measured by managerial shareholdings, moderates these impacts. Data from China's A-share market (2013-2022) with fixed-effects panel analysis was utilized, with robustness checks using Bloomberg ESG ratings confirming the findings. Heterogeneity analysis by firm characteristics and pollution intensity further supports the hypotheses. Results highlight managerial engagement's role in aligning corporate practices with investor expectations, offering insights to enhance sustainability assurance.
Enhancing the Credibility of Banks' Sustainability Reporting in Mercosur Countries
Authors: Ovelar-Fernández Walter Daniel , del Mar Gálvez-Rodríguez Maria , García-Gonzáles Maria , del Carmen Caba-Pérez Maria
Published: February 2025

This paper examines Sustainability Report Assurance (SRA) in the banking sector of Mercosur countries, focusing on its role in improving the quality of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) disclosures and trends in SRA practices. Findings show that banks with assured sustainability reports do not significantly outperform non-assured banks in disclosure quality. Both rely primarily on qualitative information, with non-assured banks emphasizing completed actions over plans and providing greater visibility into stakeholder engagement. SRA trends reveal that Mercosur banks commonly use Big Four accounting firms and maintain consistency in assurance adoption and provider selection. However, the assurance level is typically limited, which reduces its impact on report quality. Improvements are necessary for SRA to transition from symbolic to substantive reporting, enabling it to better enhance transparency and credibility in SDG reporting within the banking sector.
Harnessing AI and Blockchain in Sustainability Assurance
Authors: Balaji K.
Published: February 2025

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology is revolutionizing sustainability assurance, setting new benchmarks for transparency, accuracy, and accountability. This article explores current trends and innovative applications of AI and blockchain in verifying corporate sustainability efforts, from automated data analysis to secure, decentralized record-keeping. By leveraging AI for real-time monitoring and data insights, organizations can better track environmental and social impacts, while blockchain ensures data integrity and traceability across supply chains. These advancements enhance stakeholder trust and support regulatory compliance, addressing increasing demands for robust sustainability verification in global markets. Furthermore, the paper discusses challenges such as data privacy and implementation costs, offering insights into the potential long-term impact of these technologies on corporate governance. By examining recent case studies and market trends, this article outlines a future where technology-driven assurance processes.
Impact of Investor Sentiments on Stock Returns in India
Authors: Anand Avi , Kumar Amit
Published: February 2025

This book chapter aims to explain how the investor sentiments in India impacts the returns of ESG stocks, further investigating how the stocks return gets affected positively or negatively by the behavior of investors after examining the ESG reports of a company. This study also provides a comparative analysis about the performance of ESG stocks over Non ESG stocks in the Indian Market. This includes understanding about the increased focus on ESG metrics which leads to superior stock performance, lower risk, or enhanced investor confidence compared to non-ESG investments. Hence, it provides us with a holistic picture of Indian market through an ESG perspective.
Computational and Mathematical Modelling Approach in Cognitive Disorders
Authors: Shaikh Zuber Peermohammed , Bhise Satish Balkrishna
Published: February 2025

We believe that advances in human neuroscience can bridge parts of the explanatory gap. One area where there has been substantial progress is in the field of decision-making. Aberrant decision-making is central to the majority of psychiatric conditions and this provides a unique opportunity for progress. It is the computational revolution in cognitive neuroscience that underpins this opportunity and argues strongly for the application of computational approaches to psychiatry. This is the basis of computational psychiatry. In this article, we consider this emerging field and outline central challenges for the immediate future. This approach has been a primary driver behind the development of generations of anti-psychotic, anti-depressant, and anti-anxiety drugs that enjoy widespread clinical use. Despite this progress, biological psychiatry and neuroscience face an enormous explanatory gap.
Investigating Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Jugal Kishore B. , Dunuwila Tharaka Srinatha
Published: February 2025

This book chapter on neurodegeneration research provides an explicit discussion on the present scenario, challenges, and future directions in the field. The chapter delves into critical insights into disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, ethical considerations, and clinical trials, offering a holistic perspective on the complexities of neurodegenerative disorders. By exploring ethical frameworks, clinical translation, global health implications, and collaborative endeavors, the chapter underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches, patient-centered care, and innovative technologies in driving progress towards understanding, diagnosing, and treating neurodegeneration. As researchers, healthcare providers, policymakers, and stakeholders continue to navigate ethical dilemmas, translate scientific discoveries into clinical practice, and address global health disparities, the collective efforts in neurodegeneration research aim to improve outcomes, enhance patient care, and ultimately make a meaningful impact on individuals affected by these challenging conditions.
Neurodegeneration and Polymorphism of Biogenic Amines in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Shaikh Zuber Peermohammed , Bhise Satish Balkrishna
Published: February 2025

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 4 million people worldwide. PD is the second, after Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Clinically, it is characterized by bradykinesia and at least one of the following symptoms: resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. These Chapter elaborates that genetic factors play a pivotal role in developing PD, but especially with youth-onset, but the exact etiology of this disorder is still very elusive. However, the pathogenesis of PD is quite complex and still not fully understood. These Chapter suggests that dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathogenesis of neurons of substantia nigra(SN) and the locus coeruleus (LC). Dopaminergic signaling is crucial for motor planning and mental function. Available research suggests the existence of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in diferent genes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism pathways, and genetic heterogeneity between diferent populations.
Application of AI-Driven IoT (Internet of Things) in Musculoskeletal Research
Authors: Jawed Firdaus , Zaidi Sahar , Aziz Rabia , Khan Sohrab Ahmad
Published: February 2025

AI-driven and Internet of Things (IoT)-driven musculoskeletal pain research seeks to develop digital health care for pain using sophisticated technologies such as machine learning (ML), AI and Implementation of IoT Reduces and enhances patient outcomes. Musculoskeletal pain assessment incorporates digital healthcare services, providing preferred, financially friendly, and easily accessible mass patient solutions while addressing resource and time constraints AI-powered digital health provides personalized exercise and pain management recommendations -Treatments have the potential to help individuals with musculoskeletal pain Research on the use of AI-powered mHealth (AIM) environments in musculoskeletal pain management and limited. This chapter this paper concludes with arguments supporting further research and development in musculoskeletal pain management. The potential of enhanced, personalized, and easily accessible therapies represents a significant benefit for individuals with musculoskeletal disorders, which can be achieved through collaborative efforts in this dynamic field
Crafting Inclusive Curricula
Authors: Singha Surjit , Sivarethinamohan R. , Singha Ranjit , Jose Shruti , Ruben V Muthu , Josephine Joy , Haokip Alphonsa Diana
Published: February 2025

The journey towards inclusive curriculum design is both complex and transformative, requiring a fundamental shift in addressing the diverse needs of students. This chapter explores the multifaceted nature of inclusive curriculum development as a vital pathway to achieving educational equity, particularly in literacy education. By integrating principles such as differentiated instruction, culturally relevant materials, and Universal Design for Learning (UDL), educators can create dynamic, responsive curricula that honor cultural, linguistic, and cognitive diversity. Sustaining these efforts demands collaboration among policymakers, educators, parents, and communities, along with strategic investments in teacher training, assistive technologies, and inclusive resources. This chapter underscores the necessity of proactive and sustained commitment to fostering equitable, engaging, and empowering educational environments for all learners.
Effective Integration of Discipline Literacy Into Curriculum
Authors: Ratkevičienė Milda , Horbačauskienė Jolita
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores how disciplinary literacy is integrated into the Lithuanian curriculum, examining the legal and practical aspects of literacy education. It draws on document analysis of national legislation and curricula in humanities and STEM subjects. The study investigates how the development of disciplinary literacy is reflected in educational policies, identifying key features and requirements for effective literacy education. Disciplinary literacy, which involves specialized knowledge within academic fields, has evolved to include semiotic systems beyond language, making it complex for educators and students. The research highlights preservice teachers' efforts to implement practical solutions, such as testing integrative approaches and reflecting on teaching practices to enhance students' discipline-specific literacy. Content analysis of these reports allows for the categorization and interpretation of data, revealing insights into the current state and potential future directions of disciplinary literacy education in Lithuania.
Equity and Inclusion in Literacy Policies
Authors: Singha Ranjit , Singha Surjit , Ruben V. Muthu , Josephine Joy , Jose Shruti , Haokip Alphonsa Diana , Sreethi Rebeka R.
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the impact of Assam's literacy policies, which includes Assamese literature but excludes Koch Rajbongshi literature, on cultural representation, student engagement, and social equity. Through a case study approach, it reveals how this selective inclusion perpetuates cultural marginalization, affecting the self-identity and educational experiences of Koch Rajbongshi students. Theoretical insights from cultural hegemony, social justice in education, and critical literacy emphasize that inclusive curricula foster a cohesive and equitable society by valuing diverse cultural narratives. The chapter calls for policy reforms to integrate minority literature, advocating for an inclusive educational system that respects Assam's cultural diversity. These efforts are essential for promoting equity, enhancing student engagement, and fostering a sense of belonging. Aligning Assam's literacy policies with UNESCO principles promotes equity, cultural diversity, and preservation of Koch Rajbongshi literature.
Equity in Literacy
Authors: Lata Sneh
Published: February 2025

This chapter, “Equity in Literacy: Addressing the Urban-Rural Divide,” examines the significant literacy gap between urban and rural India. Despite national progress in literacy, rural regions face persistent challenges such as poor infrastructure, socio-economic inequalities, teacher shortages, cultural and linguistic barriers, and a growing digital divide. The chapter analyzes these issues, reviews key government policies like the Right to Education (RTE) Act and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), and highlights their successes and limitations in addressing rural literacy. It proposes comprehensive solutions, including improving rural infrastructure, offering teacher incentives, promoting multilingual education, and enhancing digital access. The chapter also features successful case studies such as Pratham's Read India Campaign and Ekal Vidyalaya, offering scalable, community-driven models for bridging the literacy gap. By addressing these factors, the chapter aims to promote equity and inclusion in India's education system, ensuring literacy for all.