bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the shared genetic architecture between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Liu Zhenqiu , Chen Xiaochen , Yuan Huangbo , Jin Li , Zhang Tiejun , Chen Xingdong
Published: December 2024

Observational studies have reported a bidirectional correlation between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the shared genetic basis between the two conditions remains unclear. Using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data from European-ancestry populations, we examined the cross-trait genetic correlation and identified genomic overlaps and shared risk loci. We employed a latent causal variable model and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to infer causal relationships. Colocalization analysis and conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (condFDR/conjFDR) were used to identify genomic overlaps and shared risk loci. Two-step MR analysis was utilized to identify potential mediators. We observed a strong positive genomic correlation between NAFLD and T2D (rg = 0.652, P = 5.67 × 10−6) and identified tissue-specific transcriptomic correlations in the pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose, and blood. Genetic enrichment was observed in NAFLD conditional on associations with T2D and vice versa, indicating significant polygenic overlaps. We found robust evidence for the causal effect of NAFLD on T2D, particularly insulin-related T2D, rather than vice versa. Colocalization analysis identified shared genomic regions between NAFLD and T2D, including GCKR, FTO, MAU2-TM6SF2, and PNPLA3-SAMM50. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin were partly mediated the association between NAFLD and T2D. These findings unveil a close genetic link between NAFLD and T2D, shedding light on the biological mechanisms connecting NAFLD progression to T2D.
Friends and foes: symbiotic and algicidal bacterial influence on Karenia brevis blooms
Authors: Fei Cong , Booker Anne , Klass Sarah , Vidyarathna Nayani K , Ahn So Hyun , Mohamed Amin R , Arshad Muhammad , Glibert Patricia M , Heil Cynthia A , Martínez Martínez Joaquín , Amin Shady A
Published: December 2024

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (KB) are pivotal in structuring the ecosystem of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), decimating coastal ecology, local economies, and human health. Bacterial communities associated with toxigenic phytoplankton species play an important role in influencing toxin production in the laboratory, supplying essential factors to phytoplankton and even killing blooming species. However, our knowledge of the prevalence of these mechanisms during HAB events is limited, especially for KB blooms. Here, we introduced native microbial communities from the GoM, collected during two phases of a Karenia bloom, into KB laboratory cultures. Using bacterial isolation, physiological experiments, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we identified both putative enhancers and mitigators of KB blooms. Metagenome-assembled genomes from the Roseobacter clade showed strong correlations with KB populations during HABs, akin to symbionts. A bacterial isolate from this group of metagenome-assembled genomes, Mameliella alba, alleviated vitamin limitations of KB by providing it with vitamins B1, B7 and B12. Conversely, bacterial isolates belonging to Bacteroidetes and Gammaproteobacteria, Croceibacter atlanticus, and Pseudoalteromonas spongiae, respectively, exhibited strong algicidal properties against KB. We identified a serine protease homolog in P. spongiae that putatively drives the algicidal activity in this isolate. While the algicidal mechanism in C. atlanticus is unknown, we demonstrated the efficiency of C. atlanticus to mitigate KB growth in blooms from the GoM. Our results highlight the importance of specific bacteria in influencing the dynamics of HABs and suggest strategies for future HAB management.
Population genetic structure of 2 mole species (Mogera imaizumii and M. wogura) in the Japanese Archipelago
Authors: Tsunoi Takeru , Kinoshita Gohta , Mitsuhashi Reiko , Harada Masashi , Sato Jun J , Tatsumoto Shoji , Go Yasuhiro , Suzuki Hitoshi , Osada Naoki
Published: December 2024

The Japanese Archipelago hosts a diverse group of mammalian species, including subterranean moles, whose migratory and dispersion patterns are believed to have been significantly influenced by environmental fluctuations during the Quaternary period. However, the genetic structure of these species has not been extensively studied using large-scale molecular data. In this study, we explored the population structure of 2 widely distributed mole species in Japan: the Lesser Japanese Mole (Mogera imaizumii), found mainly in eastern Honshu with a few isolated patches in western Honshu, and the Large Japanese Mole (M. wogura), distributed in western Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. We constructed a genome sequence for M. wogura using the Chromium system and conducted a reduced genome representation analysis using multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing on M. imaizumii and M. wogura. Our findings indicate that M. imaizumii comprises 3 major genetic clusters (ncMim- 1 to 3) that are strongly differentiated (fixation index ranging from 0.376 to 0.478). We discovered genetic connections between populations in the southern Kinki area and isolated populations in western Japan. Mogera wogura consists of 5 main genetic clusters (ncMwo- 1 to 5). Evidence of introgression between 2 genetic clusters (ncMwo-2/ncMwo-3) was found among individuals from the Chugoku area, indicating secondary contact between the 2 differentiated populations. Both species shared a similar population boundary within the Kinki area, which may be associated with current and past geographic barriers. We confirmed that the Kinki region serves as an important site for the diversification of moles, where multiple factors (topographic barriers, interspecific interactions, and/or isolation related to vegetation) may have shaped their population genetic structures.
Economic Evaluations of Music Therapy and Other Music-Based Interventions: A Scoping Review
Authors: Riedl Hannah , Else Barbara A , Grünhaus Christian , Holck Ulla
Published: December 2024

The cost-effectiveness of an intervention is an important factor in health care decisions about which health care services should be publicly funded and/or approved as an eligible intervention for private insurance coverage. Music therapy as a health profession lacks substantial research on the cost-effectiveness of its services and there is no overview of existing data. We therefore conducted a scoping review. To contextualize and focus the scope, we describe different types of economic evaluations (EEs) and characterize four types of music interventions. Following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, we systematically searched six databases (EBSCOHost, ProQuest, Web of Science, APA PsycNet, Scopus, and Prospero) in January 2023, and, after screening the initial 1,041 hits, 26 references were included in the review. The results consist of 19 completed and 7 planned EEs published between 1999 and 2022, mainly in the United States. The results show a heterogeneous picture with regard to: (a) the health economic methods used, ranging from cost analyses to cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs), and one social return on investment analysis; (b) the service users involved, ranging from neonatal intensive care patients to persons with dementia and care staff; (c) the outcomes and cost components examined in the respective studies; and (d) the type of study and the conclusions drawn from the results. Accordingly, this scoping review provides an up-to-date overview of health economic studies and identifies research gaps in the field of music interventions for health-related goals and aims to contribute to the discussion on this topic.
Evaluating infectious disease forecasts with allocation scoring rules
Authors: Gerding Aaron , Reich Nicholas G , Rogers Benjamin , Ray Evan L
Published: December 2024

Recent years have seen increasing efforts to forecast infectious disease burdens, with a primary goal being to help public health workers make informed policy decisions. However, there has been only limited discussion of how predominant forecast evaluation metrics might indicate the success of policies based in part on those forecasts. We explore one possible tether between forecasts and policy: the allocation of limited medical resources so as to minimize unmet need. We use probabilistic forecasts of disease burden in each of several regions to determine optimal resource allocations, and then we score forecasts according to how much unmet need their associated allocations would have allowed. We illustrate with forecasts of COVID-19 hospitalizations in the U.S., and we find that the forecast skill ranking given by this allocation scoring rule can vary substantially from the ranking given by the weighted interval score. We see this as evidence that the allocation scoring rule detects forecast value that is missed by traditional accuracy measures and that the general strategy of designing scoring rules that are directly linked to policy performance is a promising direction for epidemic forecast evaluation.
On the convergence of credit risk in current consumer automobile loans
Authors: Lautier Jackson P , Pozdnyakov Vladimir , Yan Jun
Published: December 2024

Risk-based pricing within consumer lending is ubiquitous. It considers both prevailing interest rates and the credit profile of a borrower to determine the cost of borrowing. All else equal, higher default risks pay higher borrowing costs. This cost is the annual percentage rate (APR), and it is set at the loan’s origination. A borrower’s credit profile is dynamic, however, and the risk of default gradually declines for current loans. In this article, we derive a novel large-sample statistical hypothesis test suitable for loans sampled from asset-backed securities to populate a credit risk transition matrix between consumer credit risk groups. We find that current loans in all risk groups eventually converge to the top credit tier before scheduled termination, a phenomenon we call credit risk convergence. We then use these convergence estimates for two empirical economic studies. We first estimate that lender conditional risk-adjusted expected profits significantly increase as high-risk, high-APR borrowers stay active and paying. We then estimate current borrowers are entitled to $1,153–2,327 in potential credit-based savings from their improving risk profiles. Because we study consumer auto loans, a large-scale and essential economic good, we opine on the social implications of these results and suggest areas of further study.
Sex-Specific Dominance of Gene Expression in Seed Beetles
Authors: Kaufmann Philipp , Rönn Johanna Liljestrand , Immonen Elina , Arnqvist Göran
Published: December 2024

When different alleles are favored in different environments, dominance reversal where alternate alleles are dominant in the environment in which they are favored can generate net balancing selection. The sexes represent two distinct genetic environments and sexually antagonistic (SA) selection can maintain genetic variation, especially when the alleles involved show sex-specific dominance. Sexual dimorphism in gene expression is pervasive and has been suggested to result from SA selection. Yet, whether gene-regulatory variation shows sex-specific dominance is poorly understood. We tested for sex-specific dominance in gene expression using three crosses between homozygous lines derived from a population of a seed beetle, where a previous study documented a signal of dominance reversal for fitness between the sexes. Overall, we found that the dominance effects of variants affecting gene expression were positively correlated between the sexes (r = 0.33 to 0.44). Yet, 586 transcripts showed significant differences in dominance between the sexes. Sex-specific dominance was significantly more common in transcripts with more sex-biased expression, in two of three of our crosses. Among transcripts showing sex-specific dominance, lesser sexual dimorphism in gene expression among heterozygotes was somewhat more common than greater. Gene ontology enrichment analyses showed that functional categories associated with known SA phenotypes in Callosobruchus maculatus were overrepresented among transcripts with sex-specific dominance, including genes involved in metabolic processes and the target-of-rapamycin pathway. Our results support the suggestion that sex-specific dominance of regulatory variants contributes to the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness mediated by SA selection in this species.
Solving self-calibration of ALMA data with an optimization method
Authors: Ikeda Shiro , Nakazato Takeshi , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Takeuchi Tsutomu T , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: December 2024

We reformulate the gain correction problem of radio interferometry as an optimization problem with regularization, which is solved efficiently with an iterative algorithm. Combining this new method with our previously proposed imaging method, PRIISM, the whole process of the self-calibration of radio interferometry is redefined as a single optimization problem with regularization. As a result, the gains are corrected and an image is estimated. We tested the new approach with ALMA observation data and found that it provides promising results.
Neuroplasticity in the Biopsychosocial Framework: A Foundational Theory for Intervention
Authors: Honarvar Rochanne L , Prince Dana M , Romaniuk Jaroslaw R
Published: December 2024

Social work rests on the person-in-environment approach to understand how aspects of the environment influence an individual during the lifespan. A pivotal framework reflecting this approach is Engel’s biopsychosocial (BPS) framework. The BPS framework reflects the transactional relationship of an individual in the environment with influential biological, psychological, and social interactions. This framework provides a structure to nest the biological findings of neuroscience that have in recent years provided support for the interventions in social work practice. Specifically, neuroplasticity highlights the dynamic bidirectional influence of environmental factors on an individual’s psychological and biological processes. The present article provides a conceptual model of neuroplasticity nested within Engel’s BPS framework offering the practical use of neuroplasticity in social work research and practice. While this model has several applications in social work interventions, this article addresses the relevance of neuroplasticity in depression. Acknowledging that the field of neuroscience has much to offer social work, the conceptual model presented in this article is only a first step to address the biological gap in social work.
Migration, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in Rural China: Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Giles John , Mu Ren
Published: December 2024

Rural-to-urban migration is a transformative force in economic development and the unprecedented scale of China's experience offers valuable insight for other countries. We draw comparisons with international findings as we review empirical evidence on the impacts of migration on rural migrant-sending communities. We begin by examining how institutional factors, particularly household registration systems and land tenure policies, shape migration decisions. Next, the discussion turns to methodological challenges in studying migration, presents long-term trends, and reviews the impacts of migration on rural household earnings, consumption, and the risk of falling into poverty. We then explore the global phenomenon of “left behind” populations, comparing China's experience with other countries regarding the impact of migration on children's well-being, women's empowerment, and care for older people. Throughout, we highlight the way China's internal migration patterns both align with and diverge from international experiences. We conclude by identifying key research gaps.
Testosterone for Treating Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Simon James A. , Ohleth Kathleen
Published: December 2024

Testosterone levels vary throughout a woman’s reproductive life, reaching their lowest level following menopause, and their nadir at about age 60, when they experience higher levels of sexual dysfunction. Testosterone improved the frequency of sexually satisfying events, desire, arousal, and orgasm in several randomized, controlled studies of surgically and naturally postmenopausal women. Available evidence from large cohort and registry studies does not show potentially concerning cardiovascular or breast safety signals with physiological levels of testosterone. Although no female testosterone products are currently approved in most of the world, one-tenth of the male dose can enhance female sexual function.
Human cold pain: a randomized crossover trial
Authors: Resch Felix J. , Heber Stefan , Shahi Farzin , Zauner Manuel , Ciotu Cosmin I. , Gleiss Andreas , Sator Sabine , Fischer Michael J. M.
Published: December 2024

The mechanism causing cold pain in humans is unresolved. Animal data suggest a nonredundant contribution to cold pain for transient receptor potential channels TRPM8 and TRPA1 for detection and voltage-gated sodium channels NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 for conduction at these temperatures. We established an intradermal injection–based cold pain model, which allows pharmacologically addressing molecular targets at the site of cooling. Lidocaine, added to the injection solution as positive control, largely reduced cold-induced pain in 36 volunteers. The 4 mentioned molecular targets were blocked by antagonists in a double-blinded crossover trial. Pain induced by 3°C intradermal fluid was not reduced to a relevant extent by any of the 4 antagonists alone or by the quadruple combination. However, the temperature threshold for cold pain appeared shifted by the inhibition of TRPA1, TRPM8, and NaV1.7 and to a lesser extent by NaV1.8 inhibition, 4-fold inhibition decreased the threshold by 5.8°C. Further mechanisms contributing to human cold pain need to be considered.
Well-Being and Mental Health
Authors: Nibbio Gabriele , Calzavara-Pinton Irene , Barlati Stefano , Necchini Nicola , Bertoni Lorenzo , Lisoni Jacopo , Stanga Valentina , Deste Giacomo , Turrina Cesare , Vita Antonio
Published: December 2024

Mental health encompasses the ability to cope with important stresses of life and to realize one's abilities in the community, and the COVID-19 pandemic represented a very stressful event for people with mental illnesses. Our aim was to assess mental well-being in people living with different mental disorders, comparing results obtained in 2016 with those observed after the COVID-19 pandemic. Ninety-six participants were assessed using the Mental Health Continuum Short Form and classified as “flourishing,” “moderately mentally healthy,” and “languishing.” Overall, a significant increase in the prevalence of “flourishing” and “moderately mentally healthy” subjects and a reduction of “languishing” subjects (p = 0.003) were observed. However, a significant improvement in well-being (p = 0.005) was observed only in the schizophrenia spectrum disorder group. Moreover, only subjects that never contracted SARS-CoV-2 showed a significant (p = 0.019) increase in positive well-being states. Lockdowns may have led caregivers to spend more time with the participants, also increasing treatment adherence, resulting in an improvement of overall well-being in several participants.
Never tested for HIV among men who have sex with men, Hanoi, Vietnam: correlates and missed opportunities
Authors: Van Hoang Thi Hai , Huong Dang Thi , Hong Nguyen Thi Thu , McFarland Willi , Diep Vu Bich , Ngoc Lung Bich , Giang Le Minh
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Understanding levels of HIV testing among populations at risk for acquisition is essential to meeting the goal of the United Nations that 95% of individuals living with HIV know their status. This study assessed HIV testing prevalence among men who had sex with men (MSM), characteristics of MSM who have never tested for HIV, and missed testing opportunities in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Methods: We measured the prevalence of never testing for HIV and missed opportunities for testing in the baseline data of a cohort study of MSM recruited in 2017-2019 in Hanoi. Logistic regression analysis characterized MSM who had never tested prior to cohort participation.

Results: Of 1,893 MSM enrolled in the cohort, 39.4% had never previously tested for HIV. MSM with children (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.09–2.82) and those who did not know or remember having a male partner living with HIV (aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07–1.84) were more likely to have never tested. Older age, university education, higher income, and having a male partner living with HIV were associated with a lower likelihood of never having been tested. The most common missed testing opportunities to test MSM who had never been tested were when receiving free condoms from health educators (35.3%), testing for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (23.3%), reporting their MSM status to healthcare workers (16.4%), and receiving an STI diagnosis (13.0%). The most common barriers identified by MSM who had never tested were fear of seeking health care due to their sexual orientation (82.7%) and having been refused healthcare due to their sexual oreitnation (76.2%).

Conclusions: Facilitating provider-initiated HIV testing in STI clinics and other healthcare services, community-based testing, and HIV self-test kits should enhance HIV testing options for young MSM, especially those with lower education and income.
Utility of Oligoclonal Band Testing in Differentiating Immune-Mediated From Infectious Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Shen Min-hui
Published: December 2024

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of oligoclonal bands (OCB) in differentiating between immune and infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).

Methods:

The study enrolled patients hospitalized with suspected autoimmune or infectious CNS disorders between 2021 and 2023. Patients were categorized into diagnostic groups: multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), autoimmune encephalitis (AE), and viral encephalitis (VE). Relevant clinical and laboratory data were collected and subjected to comparative analysis.

Results:

Comparative analysis among the 4 groups revealed that the immunoglobulin G (IgG) index of patients in the MS group was significantly higher than that of patients in the NMOSD and VE groups (P < 0.05). The 24-hour intrathecal synthesis rate of IgG also differed significantly between the MS and NMOSD groups, the NMOSD and AE groups, as well as the AE and VE groups (P < 0.05). The positive rate of OCB was significantly higher in the MS group than in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). Functional abilities, measured by scores of the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), were higher in the immune group than in the infection group at 1-week, 1-month, 6-month, and 1-year post-treatment. Among patients with immune diseases, those who were OCB-positive showed significantly smaller ΔmRS and ΔEDSS at 1-month, 6-month, and 1-year post-treatment compared with patients who were OCB-negative (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The IgG index and 24-hour intrathecal synthesis rate of IgG served as valuable early indicators for distinguishing between CNS immune and infectious diseases. Positive OCB findings were more common in patients with MS and often associated with poor prognosis and increased risk of disease recurrence.
On the consequences of intra-operative release versus over-tensioning of the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Hosseini Nasab Seyyed Hamed , Hörmann Sabrina , Grupp Thomas M. , Taylor William R. , Maas Allan
Published: December 2024

Intra-operative tensioning of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is commonly based on the surgeon’s experience, resulting in a possibly loose or overly tight PCL. To date, the consequences of different PCL tensioning scenarios for the post-operative biomechanics of the knee remain unclear. Using a comprehensive musculoskeletal modelling approach that allows predictive joint kinematic and kinetic balance, we assessed variations in the movement and loading patterns of the knee as well as changes in ligament and muscle forces during walking in response to systematic variations in the PCL reference strain. The results indicate only small differences in the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics and kinetics for scenarios involving up to 10% release of the PCL (relative to the baseline reference scenario with 2% residual strain). These observations remain valid for simulations performed with high- as well as with low-conformity implant designs. However, over-tensioning of the ligament was found to considerably overload the tibiofemoral joint, including altered contact mechanics, and may therefore shorten the implant longevity. Finally, no meaningful impact of the PCL reference strain on the muscle force patterns was observed. This study therefore favours balancing the knee with a slightly loose rather than tense PCL, if appropriate intra-operative PCL tension cannot be objectively achieved.
Segatella asaccharophila sp. nov., an anaerobic pectinophile isolated from a two-phase methane fermentation system
Authors: Makiura Tomoki , Tseng Hou-Chia , Fujimoto Naoshi , Ohnishi Akihiro
Published: December 2024

An obligately anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile rod (strain LPYR103-PreT) was isolated from a two-phase methane fermentation system. Using 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, strain LPYR103-PreT was classified in the genus Segatella. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization between strain LPYR103-PreT and its phylogenetically nearest species – Segatella cerevisiae JCM 30867T – were 94.4, 77.9 and 23.4%, respectively. The genome size of strain LPYR103-PreT was 3 326 733 bp, and its genomic DNA G+C content was 44.05%. The most abundant cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0. The growth of strain LPYR103-PreT was stimulated by the addition of pectin, d-galacturonate and d-glucuronate; in contrast, the strain exhibited poor growth in the presence of common sugars, such as glucose. Therefore, strain LPYR103-PreT was classified as a pectinophile – a bacterium that shows a preference for pectin and a few related compounds as substrates. Glucose is degraded by type strains of 12 species belonging to the genus Segatella; thus, strain LPYR103-PreT is the first described pectinophile belonging to this genus. Strain LPYR103-PreT produced succinate and acetate as its major metabolic end products. Based on the differences in the phylogenetic, genomic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain LPYR103-PreT and related species, the name Segatella asaccharophila sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate strain LPYR103-PreT (= NRIC 0997T = JCM 37351T=DSM 118531T = KCTC 25923T).
Bacteriovorax antarcticus sp. nov., a bacterial predator isolated from near Potter Cove on King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Mun Wonsik , Choi Seong Yeol , Park Donghyeon , Park Sinseong , Lee Hyeon Seop , Choi Sumin , Lee Jin Hyung , Mitchell Robert J.
Published: December 2024

A new species of bacterial predator (PP10T) was isolated from a biocrust sample taken from near Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica (62°14′15.62″S 58°43′15.65″W). The Bdellovibrio and like organism was vibrio-shaped and employed a single polar flagellum for motility. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that this isolate clustered within the genus Bacteriovorax in the family Bacteriovoracaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between isolate PP10T and the type strain (Bacteriovorax stolpii DSM 12778T) were only 97.14%. The draft genome of PP10T has a size of 4.243 Mbps, with 4148 genes and a G+C content of 38.49%. While the optimal temperature for its growth was 25 °C, PP10T was active at 4 °C, classifying it as psychrotolerant. The results of genetic and physiological tests indicated phenotypic differentiation of strain PP10T from the type strain Bx. stolpii DSM 12778T. Based on physiological and phylogenetic analyses, as well as the prey spectrum, isolate PP10 represents a novel species within the genus Bacteriovorax, for which the name Bacteriovorax antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PP10T (= KCTC 8097T = DSM 116241T).
Bengtsoniella intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Oscillospiraceae, isolated from the hindgut of the marine herbivorous fish Kyphosus sydneyanus
Authors: Pardesi Bikiran , Roberton Anthony M. , Wollmuth Emily M. , Angert Esther R. , Rosendale Douglas I. , White Lindsey W. , Clements Kendall D.
Published: December 2024

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, obligately anaerobic bacterium, designated strain BP47G, was isolated from the hindgut of a silver drummer (Kyphosus sydneyanus) fish collected from the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate indicated that it belonged to the family Oscillospiraceae in the phylum Bacillota. The gene sequence of BP47G was most similar to Oscillibacter valericigenes with 95.23% sequence identity. Isolate BP47G grew on agar medium containing mannitol and fish gut fluid as the sole carbon sources. Clear colonies of ~1 mm diameter grew within a week at 20–28 °C (optimum 28 °C) and pH 7.1–8.5 (optimum 8.5). BP47G tolerated the addition to the medium of up to 1% NaCl. Formate and butyrate were the major fermentation products. The major cellular fatty acids were C12:0, C13:0, iso-C14:0, C16:0 and C16:1
cis 7. Genomic analyses comparing BP47G with its closest relatives indicated low genomic relatedness based on the average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity, percentage of conserved protein and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization. Supported by the phenotypic and taxonomic characteristics observed in this study, a novel genus and species Bengtsoniella intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for isolate BP47G (=ICMP 24688=JCM 35770).
Challenges and global trends in combating enteric hepatitis
Authors: Elois Mariana Alves , da Silva Grisard Henrique Borges , Rodríguez-Lázaro David , Fongaro Gislaine
Published: December 2024

Enteric hepatitis, represented by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV), remains a significant global public health concern. While much progress has been made, many aspects of the biology and pathophysiology of HAV and HEV are still not fully understood. One of the major challenges is the absence of a reliable system for virus replication. Additionally, the lack of standardized and widely accessible diagnostic tests contributes to the underestimation of the true prevalence of these viruses. Factors such as climate change, environmental shifts, globalization and increased population mobility further complicate the spread of these infections by affecting pathogen transmission, water quality and the distribution of vectors. This review approaches the emergent research challenges and trends of enteric hepatitis and focuses on developing more efficient diagnostic tools, exploring the role of zoonotic transmission and addressing the impact of environmental and climate changes on disease dynamics, underscoring the need for collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts to effectively combat enteric hepatitis in a rapidly changing world.
Graphene-polymer Nanofibers Enable Optically Induced Electrical Maturation in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Brain Organoids
Authors: LaMontagne Erin , Gonzalez Gisselle , Vatsyayan Ritwik , Martin-Burgos Blanca , Puppo Francesca , Biagi Diogo , Papes Fabio , Dayeh Shadi A. , Muotri Alysson R. , Engler Adam J.
Published: December 2024

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived electrically excitable cells provide a unique window into development, but they remain electrically immature partially due to the lack of chronic stimulation. Here, we fabricated electrospun polymer nanofibers containing light-reactive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as part of a new classes of on-demand, electrically active biomaterials to enhance cell function. Fiber size, stiffness, and electrical conductivity varied with rGO concentration, which impacted hPSC-derived cardiomyocyte and neuron responses; with acute light stimulation, cardiomyocytes exhibited increased, synchronous calcium handling, and neurons showed more calcium peaks with higher frequency. Chronic, repetitive nanofiber light stimulation caused brain organoids to become increasingly electrically active and to activate photoreceptor pathways. This work outlines a tunable method where electrical cell functions can be titrated with rGO fibers and light stimulation, and it suggests that repetitive light stimulation may provide a novel method for retinal differentiation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Electrospun graphene-polymer nanofibers electrically respond to light stimulation

Light reactive graphene nanofibers stimulate electrically excitable cells in real-time

Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and neurons on nanofibers functionally improve

Light-training of brain organoids induces retinal and excitable neuron maturation
ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS OF COMPLIANCE IN JOINT BIOMECHANICS SUPERPOSITION TESTING
Authors: Gillespie Callan M. , Haas Nicholas J. , Nagle Tara F. , Colbrunn Robb W.
Published: December 2024

To quantify the contribution of specific ligaments to overall joint movement, the principle of superposition has been used for nearly 30 years. This principle relies on using a robotic test system to move a biological joint to the same position before and after transecting a ligament. The difference in joint forces before and after transecting the ligament is assumed to be the transected ligament’s tension. However, the robotic test system’s ability to accurately return the joint to the commanded pose is dependent on the compliance of the system’s various components, which is often neglected. Accordingly, there were three objectives in this manuscript: (1)Explainthe influence of system compliance on positioning error in superposition testing with a mathematical model, (2)Quantifythe compliance of components within the test system and (3)Provide a frameworkto evaluate uncertainty in published superposition based in situ force measurements, and demonstrate it on published Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) forces. A system stiffness model was derived to explain that compliance of test system components will cause the superposition method to underestimate ligament tension and stiffness. Based on typical test system component and joint stiffness ranges measured in this study, it was determined that with decreasing robot and/or bone stiffness, or increasing joint stiffness values, ligament load error could increase to values greater than 50%. Results indicate that experimentalists should (1) increase test system component stiffness relative to joint stiffness and/or (2) compensate for compliance induced deflection of the test system components.
Integration of sexual dimorphism and left-right asymmetry in the development of the duck syrinx
Authors: Mishkind Darcy , Lee ChangHee , Prabhakara Chaitra , Tir Penelope , Kingsley Evan P. , Clarke Julia A. , Goller Franz , Tabin Clifford J.
Published: December 2024

Embryonic morphogenesis is regulated across multiple dimensions. In ducks, the syrinx, the avian vocal organ, undergoes morphogenic processes that result in both left-right asymmetric and sexually dimorphic development. Although these properties are thought to be controlled by the NODAL-PITX2 left-right signaling cascade and the sex steroid pathways, how these mechanisms work together to produce an asymmetric structure in a sexually dimorphic manner remains unclear. Here, we first establish evidence for sexual selection driving the evolution of the duck syrinx. During its development, we observe thatPITX2is expressed on the left side in both male and female ducks, although not in other birds. Asymmetric activation ofPITX2in this domain is triggered by bilateral BMP signaling but is limited to the left side by left-specific stably accessible chromatin established during an earlier asymmetric wave ofPITX2expression. Ultimately, there is an induction of left-specific WNT and BMP signaling in the syrinx primordium, which synergistically elevates cell proliferation on the left, leading to asymmetric growth. Estrogen receptor expression is also shown to be induced on the left side of the forming syrinx. This has no effect in males, but in females where the hormone is present, estrogen signaling reduces left-sided cell proliferation, thus promoting bilaterally symmetric growth. These data demonstrate how sexually dimorphic left-right asymmetry can be integrated to produce an adaptive trait.
Intentionally vs. Spontaneously Prolonged Gaze: A MEG Study of Active Gaze-Based Interaction
Authors: Vasilyev Anatoly N. , Svirin Evgeniy P. , Dubynin Ignat A. , Butorina Anna V. , Nuzhdin Yuri O. , Ossadtchi Alexei E. , Stroganova Tatiana A. , Shishkin Sergei L.
Published: December 2024

Eye fixations are increasingly employed to control computers through gaze-sensitive interfaces, yet the brain mechanisms supporting this non-visual use of gaze remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed 306-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) to find out what is specific to brain activity when gaze is used voluntarily for control.

MEG was recorded while participants played a video game controlled by their eye movements. Each move required object selection by fixating it for at least 500 ms. Gaze dwells were classified as intentional if followed by a confirmation gaze on a designated location and as spontaneous otherwise.

We identified both induced oscillatory and sustained phase-locked MEG activity differentiating intentional and spontaneous gaze dwells. Induced power analysis revealed prominent alpha-beta band synchronization (8–30 Hz) localized in the frontal cortex, with location broadly consistent with the frontal eye fields. This synchronization began 500–750 ms before intentional fixation onset and peaked shortly after it, suggesting proactive inhibition of saccadic activity. Sustained evoked responses further distinguished the two conditions, showing gradually rising cortical activation with a maximum at 200 ms post-onset in the inferior temporal cortex during intentional fixations, likely indicative of focused attentional engagement on spatial targets. These findings illuminate the neural dynamics underlying intentional gaze control, shedding light on the roles of proactive inhibitory mechanisms and attentional processes in voluntary behavior.

By leveraging a naturalistic gaze-based interaction paradigm, this study offers a novel framework for investigating voluntary control under free behavior conditions and holds potential applications for enhancing hybrid eye-brain-computer interfaces.
DNA barcoding of passerine birds at an ornithological crossroad reveals significant East-West genetic lineage divergence
Authors: Tehrani Sahar Javaheri , Rezazadeh Elham , Kakhki Niloofar Alaei , Nourani Leila , Ebadi Vali , Karimi Sahar , Karami Mojtaba , Ashouri Fatemeh , Sarshar Asaad , Gossmann Toni I. , Aliabadian Mansour
Published: December 2024

Exploring genetic diversity is essential for precise species delimitation, especially within taxonomically complex groups like passerine birds. Traditional morphological methods often fail to resolve species boundaries; however, DNA barcoding, particularly through the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, provides a powerful alternative method for accurate species identification. This study establishes a comprehensive DNA barcode library for Iranian passerine birds, analyzing 537COIsequences from 94 species across 23 families and 53 genera. We observed a pronounced barcode gap, with average intraspecific divergence at 0.4% and interspecific divergence at 18.6%. Notable intraspecific variation emerged in the Persian nuthatch (Sitta tephronota) and the Lesser whitethroat (Curruca curruca), while the goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) showed limited genetic differentiation despite marked morphological distinctions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed significant east-west genetic splits inC. currucaandS. tephronota, reflecting geographic and zoogeographic boundaries of Iran. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in elucidating biogeographic patterns, emphasizing the key role of Iran as an ornithological crossroads for avian biodiversity. Moreover, our results suggest that much of the genetic variation in theCOIgene arises from synonymous mutations, highlighting the role of purifying selection in shaping mtDNA diversity across species.
Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in Australia: A modelling study
Authors: Weng Rongxing , Kwon Jisoo A. , Hammoud Mo , Clifton Brent , Scott Nick , McGregor Skye , Gray Richard T.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The initial phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused significant interruptions to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and healthcare services. In Australia, these interruptions coincided with a large reduction in HIV diagnoses but it is unknown if this reflects a reduction in incidence or barriers to testing. We aimed to understand the changes in HIV transmission among men who have sex with men in Australia and the impact of disruptions to HIV prevention, testing and treatment services due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health response by incorporating time-sensitive factors in real-world situations.

Methods

We developed a mathematical model to estimate monthly HIV incidence between January 2020 and August 2022. We obtained aggregated monthly data for sexual partners, condom use, HIV testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use, and migration. Three scenarios were simulated: 1) a COVID scenario with all changes in place; 2) a no COVID-19 scenario where input parameters remained at pre-COVID-19 values, and 3) a no COVID-19 scenario with continued PrEP scale-up.

Results

In the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the estimated number of cumulative infections from January 2020 to August 2022 would have been 1,266 [95% Percentile Interval (PI): 1,100–1,466] compared to 915 [95% PI: 729–1,181] for the COVID-19 scenario (a 27.7% reduction). The largest reduction in infections (44.3%) occurred in 2020 with 273 (95% PI: 221– 344) infections versus 490 (95% PI: 435–552) in the no-COVID scenario. There was a rebound with 387 infections (95% PI: 307–502) in 2021, followed by a reduction to a stable level by August 2022. Our model identified reductions in sexual partners as the leading factor contributing to the change in HIV infections and diagnoses (−24.8% and −10.5%, respectively).

Conclusions

A substantial reduction in new HIV infections and diagnoses in Australia occurred during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, which was largely due to reduced HIV transmission. A rebound in infections as sexual partnerships increased between 2021-2022, highlights the imperative to maintain vigorous response efforts and take advantage of the gains made to virtually eliminate HIV transmission in Australia.
Hair salons as a promising space to provide HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for young women in Lesotho: A citizen scientist mixed-methods study
Authors: Chiaborelli Malena , Kopeka Mamaswatsi , Sekhesa Pontšo , Sehrt Madeleine , Mohloanyane Tsepang , Ballouz Tala , Menges Dominik , Brown Jennifer A. , Belus Jennifer M. , Gerber Felix , Raeber Fabian , Williams Andréa , Jackson-Perry David , Hyöky Meri , Conserve Donaldson F. , Hampanda Karen , Amstutz Alain ,   the Hair SALON Citizen Scientist Working Group
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges. There is a need for more accessible and de-medicalized community spaces to offer HIV/SRH services for this key population. We aimed to assess the acceptability and feasibility of offering HIV/SRH services at hair salons in Lesotho.

Methods

We used an innovative citizen scientist mixed-methods approach, whereby hair stylists were recruited through social media, completed questionnaires, and recruited women clients aged 15-35 years as respondents. A stepwise verification process including GPS, pictures, and a local mobile payment system ensured data quality. Subsequently, we conducted individual in-depth interviews among 14 stylists and clients, following the rapid thematic analysis framework, supported by natural language processing. Clients and stylists were involved at the design, implementation, and results interpretation stage.

Results

We recruited 157 hair stylists (median age 29; [interquartile range 25-33]; across all ten districts of Lesotho) and 308 women clients (median age 26 [22–30]). Among stylists, 93.6% were comfortable offering oral HIV self-testing (HIVST), 92.4% pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and 91.7% post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Among clients, 93.5%, 88.3%, and 86.4% felt comfortable receiving the above-mentioned services at a hair salon, respectively. Immediate demand was 30.8% for HIVST, 22.1% for PrEP, and 14.9% for PEP. Acceptability and demand were higher for family planning methods and menstrual health products. 90.4% of stylists thought that offering HIV/SRH services would positively impact their business. The majority of clients visit their salon once or twice a month. Salons were more accessible than the nearest health facility in terms of cost and time, but only 21.0% have an additional confidential space. Qualitative analysis confirmed high acceptability of hair salons as an accessible, less judgemental space than clinics, but raised concerns regarding confidentiality and stylists’ roles.

Conclusions

This study suggests that offering HIV/SRH services in hair salons in Lesotho is largely acceptable and feasible with some addressable barriers. A pilot intervention, based on recommendations from this study, is warranted to translate these findings into practice.
Intermittent fasting alters tumor burden, autophagy, and metabolites in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Stringer Eleah , Wei Zhengxiao , Punch Samantha , Costie Nathalie , Han Jun , Goodlett David , Nathoo Farouk S. , Lum Julian J. , Macpherson Nicol
Published: December 2024

Emerging preclinical data suggests dietary interventions, including intermittent fasting, may play a key role in altering cancer progression. In a feasibility trial monitoring cellular, clinical, and qualitative changes, ten patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia followed time-restricted eating for three months, and five patients for six months. Seven of fifteen participants (47%) experienced a decrease or stabilization in malignant lymphocyte counts on time-restricted eating, while malignant lymphocyte accumulation slowed in five participants (33%) or had no effect in three participants (20%). A reduction in malignant lymphocyte counts were accompanied by an unexpected decline in cellular autophagy in malignant lymphocytes. Metabolite profiling identified microbial-derived bile acid metabolites, glycoursodeoxycholic, taurochenodeoxycholic, glycolithocholic and ursodeoxycholic acid, and short-chain fatty acids, dehydrolithocholic and apocholic acid, that changed with time-restricted eating. Participant quality of life improved during time-restricted eating. These results connect time-restricted eating with shifts in autophagy, microbial-derived metabolites, tumor progression, and quality of life.