bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF OXOOSMIUM LIGAND COMPLEXES WITH NUCLEOSIDES
Authors: DANIEL F. BERNARD , BEHRMAN E. J.
Published: March 2016

Die Nucleoside Uridin (II), Cytidin, Adenosin und Guanosin ergeben mit K‐osmat in Pyridin oder mit dem OszOöPy4‐Komplex einen Komplex vom Typ (I) (Kinetik).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC STUDIES OF WITHANOLIDES. I. SYNTHESIS OF 5,6β‐EPOXY‐4β‐HYDROXY‐5β‐CHOLEST‐2‐EN‐1‐ONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: ISHIGURO MASAJI , KAJIKAWA AKIRA , HARUYAMA TOSHIO , OGURA YOSHIKO , OKUBAYASHI MARI , MORISAKI MASUO , IKEKAWA NOBUO
Published: March 2016

Die Oxidation des Dienons (I) mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure (Cpb) ergibt ein 2:1‐Gemisch der Epoxide (IIa) und (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1α‐HYDROXYCORTICOSTERONE
Authors: KIME DAVID E.
Published: March 2016

Das Corticosteronacetat (I) wird zu dem Trienon (II) dehydriert, dessen alkalische Oxidation das Dienonepoxid (III) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF C‐3 BRANCHED STEROIDS OF THE CARDENOLIDE SERIES
Authors: ALBRECHT HANS P. , KUNZ BERNHARD
Published: March 2016

Durch Addition der metallorganischen Reagenzien (II) an Digitoxigenon (I) werden die epimeren an C‐3 verzweigten Cardenolide (III) und (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: USE OF ARYLSULFONYLTRIAZOLES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES BY THE TRIESTER APPROACH
Authors: KATAGIRI N. , ITAKURA K. , NARANG S. A.
Published: March 2016

Verschiedene Arylsulfonyltriazole (I) werden als Reagenzien zur Knüpfung einer Nucleotid‐Phosphotriester‐Bindung untersucht; die Triazole (Ia) und (Ib) erweisen sich dabei als am wirksamsten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME FUNGAL METABOLITES WITH 4‐METHOXY‐5,6‐DIHYDRO‐2‐PYRONE STRUCTURE
Authors: MEYER HARTMUT , SEEBACH DIETER
Published: March 2016

Die Synthese der aus verschiedenen Pilzkulturen isolierten Metabolite (V) (Racemat), (VI) [(i)‐threo‐Form (Pestalotin), (iyerythro‐Form (Epipestalotin) sowie deren jeweilige optische Antipoden] und (XII) [(+)‐ und (‐)‐Enantiomeres] wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: TEMPERATURE AND ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE SINGLE CRYSTALS DOPED WITH SILICON, CHROMIUM, OR ZINC
Authors: SWAMINATHAN V. , COPLEY S. M.
Published: March 2016

Im Temperaturbereich von 250‐550°C werden Beanspruchungs‐Verformungskurven für Si‐dotierte GaAs‐Einkristalle, die unter Druck parallel zu (100) und (111) verformt werden, aufgenommen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHASES IN THE SYSTEM SODIUM METAALUMINATE‐ALUMINA
Authors: ELLIOT A. GRANT , HUGGINS ROBERT A.
Published: March 2016

Durch Veraschung von in wäßrigen Salzlö‐ sungen getränkten Filtern werden pulvrige Oxidgemische (Na/Al reicht von 1:1 bis zu reinem Al2O3) hergestellt und zwischen 800 und 1 150°C der Wärmebehandlung unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROOXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON ANODES FROM OXIDES OF SOME TRANSITION METALS
Authors: FIOSHIN M. YA. , AVRUTSKAYA I. A.
Published: March 2016

Übersicht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOINITIATION OF FREE‐RADICAL POLYMERIZATION BY TRANSITION METAL CARBONYLS IN SYSTEMS WITHOUT HALIDES
Authors: BAMFORD CLEMENT H. , MULLIK S. U.
Published: March 2016

Es wird die initiierende Wirkung von M2(CO),0 (M: Re und Mn) in Gegenwart z.B. von Acetylendicarbonsäure auf die Polymerisation von Methyhnethacrylat untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL REARRANGEMENTS OF MORPHANTHRIDINES
Authors: COPPOLA G. M. , HARDTMANN G. E. , MANSUKHANI R. I.
Published: March 2016

Aus den beiden Epoxiden (IIa) und (IIb) erhält man mit Hydrazin die Umlagerungsprodukte (Ia) und (Ib),während mit Ammoniak über (III) die Derivate (IV) gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED CIS‐8,CIS‐11,CIS‐14‐EICOSATRIENOIC ACIDS, PRECURSORS OF CORRESPONDINGLY SUBSTITUTED PROSTAGLANDINS
Authors: HESLINGA L. , VAN DER LINDE R. , PABON H. J. J. , VAN DORP D. A.
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend vom Keton (Ib) ‐ erhältlich in 4 Stufen aus der Säure (Ia) ‐ werden die Säuren (III) bzw. (IV) dargestellt, und ausgehend vom Bromid (V) und den Noninsäuren (VI) werden die Säuren (VII) 752 gewonnen.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW APPROACH TO SIMPLE CYCLOPENTENONES. APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDRO‐ AND CIS‐JASMONE
Authors: SMITH A. B. , BRANCA S. J. , TODER B. H.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Dimethyl‐acrylsäureester (I) entstehen in hohen Ausbeuten die Substitutionsprodukte (II),die über ihre Säurechloride mit Diazomethan die Diazoketone (III) geben.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF ACETYLENES. CATALYTIC SUBSTITUTIONS OF ACETYLENIC HYDROGEN WITH BROMO ALKENES, IODO ARENES, AND BROMOPYRIDINES
Authors: SONOGASHIRA K. , TOHDA Y. , HAGIHARA N.
Published: March 2016

Jodbenzol (I) und Acetylen (II) reagieren in Gegenwart von Bis‐(triphenylphosphin)‐palladium(II)‐chlorid, Kupfer(I)‐jodid und Diäthylamin bei Raumtemperatur zu Tolan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DECOMPOSITION OF A 1‐PYRAZOLINE BY CUPRIC TETRAFLUOROBORATE
Authors: WULFMAN D. S. , MCDANIEL R. S. JUN.
Published: March 2016

Dicyclopentadien (I) und der Diazomalonsäureester (II) bilden bei Raumtemperatur das Pyrazolin (III), das sich in Gegenwart von Kupfer(II)‐tetrafluoroborat als Katalysator quanti= 1 "! tativ zum anellierten Cyclopropan (IV) zersetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. XXXI. TRIAZOLIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATES FROM M THE CYCLOADDITION OF ALKOXYDIAZENIUM SALTS TO AZINES, HYDRAZONES, AND ANILS DERIVED FROM AROMATIC ALDEHYDES
Authors: MATHUR SUCHET S. , SUSCHITZKY HANS
Published: March 2016

Die Azine (I) reagieren mit den Diazeniumsalzen (II) zu den Triazoliumsalzen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,4‐TRIAZOLE SERIES. MICROPREPARATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF 3‐NITRO‐1,2,4‐TRIAZOLE
Authors: CLOSSET J‐L. , COPIN A. , DREZE PH. , ALDERWEIRELDT F. , DURANT F. , EVRARD G. , MICHEL A.
Published: March 2016

Das als herbizides Agenz bekannte Aminotriazol (I) wird 30 Min. bei 25°C mit NaNOz/Essigsäure nitriert; die Isolierung und Reinigung des dabei gebildeten Nitrotriazols (II) erfolgt durch wiederholte Extrahierung mit Diäthyläther bis die Zersetzungstemperatur von (II) konstant 208°C bleibt.
ChemInform Abstract: TERTIARY AMINE OXIDES. LIII. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF 3,2′‐DIQUINOLYL N‐OXIDES
Authors: NODA H. , MINEMOTO M. , NARIMATSU K. , HAMANA M.
Published: March 2016

Je nach den Reaktionsbedingungen wird das Dichinolyl (II) zu dem N‐Oxid (I) oder dem Di‐N‐oxid (III) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION OF 2‐DIMETHYLAMINOMETHYL‐3‐HYDROXYPYRIDINE WITH ENAMINES. RING‐CHAIN TAUTOMERISM OF THE HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS
Authors: BLONDEAU DOMINIQUE , SLIWA HENRI
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation der Mannich‐Base (I) mit den Enaminen (II), (V) bzw. (VIII) im Molverhältnis 1:1 ergibt die Azachromane (III), (VI) bzw. (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: PURINE N‐OXIDES. LXII. 2,4‐DIOXOPYRIDO(2,3‐D)PYRIMIDINE N‐OXIDES
Authors: LEE T. C. , SALEMNICK G.
Published: March 2016

1‐Hydroxy‐ 6‐amino‐2,4‐dioxo‐pyrimidin (I) reagiert mit Nitro‐malonaldehyd (II) unter alkalischen Bedingungen zum 1‐Hydroxy‐6‐nitro‐pyridopyrimidin (IIIa), das zum Amin (IIIb) reduziert und durch Behandlung mit Nitrit/Äthanol zu (IIIc) desaminiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF PYRIDO(2,3‐B)PYRAZINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: TANAKA T. , NARITA S.
Published: March 2016

Die Pyrazine (I) cyclisieren thermisch zu (II), in manchen Fällen werden auch die Derivate (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PENICILLINS AND CEPHALOSPORINS. IV. SYNTHESIS OF METHYL 7‐PHTHALIMIDO‐6,7‐TRANS‐DL‐CEPHAM‐4‐CARBOXYLATE
Authors: BACHI MARIO D. , ROSS‐PETERSEN KARL J.
Published: March 2016

Einige mit Penicillin und Cephalosporin strukturell verwandte β‐Lactame werden synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME 1,5‐BENZODIAZEPINES. I
Authors: KULKARNI S. U. , THAKAR K. A.
Published: March 2016

Die aus den entsprechenden Estern durch Baker‐Venkataraman‐Umlagerung zugänglichen 1,3‐Dione (I) geben bei der Kondensation mit o‐Phenylendiamin (II) die 1,5‐Benzodiazepine (III), die während oder nach einer Protonierung teilweise zu (IV) tautomerisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE LITHIATION AND IN SITU TRIMETHYLSILYLATION OF BENZYLDIPHENYLCHLOROSILANE AND ITS METHOXY ANALOG. COMPOUNDS WHICH COULD CONCEIVABLY LEAD TO STABLE SILICON‐CARBON SPECIES ON PYROLYSIS
Authors: RUTHERFORD K. G. , SEIDEWAND R. J.
Published: March 2016

Die selektive Lithiierung und in situ‐Silylierung von Benzyldiphenylchlorsilan (Ia) und seinem Methoxy‐Analogen (Ib) führen zu den α‐Trimethylsilylbenzyl‐Derivaten (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOSILICON HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. XIX. ORGANOSILICON DERIVATIVES OF 9,9‐DICHLORO‐9‐SILAFLUORENE
Authors: CHERNYSHEV E. A. , BOCHKAREV V. N. , KRASNOVA T. L. , ROGACHEVSKII V. L.
Published: March 2016

Die gemeinsame Pyrolyse des o‐Trichlorsilyldiphenyls (I) mit Trichlorsilan (II) führt zu einem Gemisch aus der Verbindung (III) (Hauptmenge) und dem 4‐Trichlorsilyl‐9,9‐dichlor‐9‐silafluoren (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOCYCLOSILOXANES CONTAINING SILOXANEETHYL GROUPS AT ONE SILICON ATOM
Authors: ANDRIANOV K. A. , ZHDANOV A. A. , RODIONOVA E. F. , VASILENKO E. G.
Published: March 2016

Das Disiloxandiol (I) cyclisiert mit Methylvinyldichlorsilan (II) zum vinylierten Cyclotrisiloxan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SULFUR‐CONTAINING DERIVATIVES OF TRIS(ETHYLAMIDES) OF PHOSPHORIC AND THIOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS
Authors: KOSTYUKOVSKII YA. L. , SLAVACHEVSKAYA N. M. , SEMENOVA G. K.
Published: March 2016

β‐Aminoäthanthiole und deren Derivate besitzen pharmakologisches Interesse.
ChemInform Abstract: DICARBALKOXYMETHYLENE BIPHOSPHINES, YLIDES CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS‐PHOSPHORUS BOND
Authors: KOLODYAZHNYI O. I.
Published: March 2016

Läßt man auf O‐ silylierte Ketoenolate des Malonesters (I) Diäthylchlorphosphin (II) ohne Lösungsmittel einwirken, dann lassen sich die Substanzen (III), (IV) und (V) sowie Triäthylchlorsilan aus dem Reaktionsgemisch herausdestillieren.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLATION OF TRIFLUORODIMETHYLSULFONE
Authors: KOLODYAZHNYI O. I. , KUKHAR' V. P.
Published: March 2016

Das Sulfon (III) reagiert mit Diäthylchlorphosphin (II) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin je nach dem Molverhält= ′ nis der reagierenden Stoffe entweder zu einem tertiären Phosphin (I) ((III): (II) : Triäthylamin=2: 1:1) oder zu einem Methylenbisphosphin mit einer P‐P‐Bindung (IV) (1:2:2).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERIZATION OF α‐ALKOXYVINYLPHOSPHITES TO PHOSPHORUS‐SUBSTITUTED ACETIC ACID ESTERS
Authors: NOVIKOVA E. S. , ZDOROVA S. N. , SKOROBOGATOVA S. YA. , LUTSENKO I. F.
Published: March 2016

Das α‐Methoxyvinylphosphit (I) isomerisiert entweder thermisch oder unter Einwirkung der Katalysatoren (II) zu dem Phosphonit (III).
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC BISPHOSPHITES AND BISPHOSPHATES
Authors: IOVU M. , VOINA E.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Diesterchloride der phosphorigen Säure und Phosphorsäure (I) und (II) mit Hydrochinon oder Bisphenol‐Awerden die entsprechenden Ester (III) und (IV) gewonnen.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMAL REACTIONS OF O,O‐DIALKYL‐O‐P‐HYDROXYARYL‐N‐ARYLIMIDOPHOSPHATES
Authors: PUDOVIK A. N. , BATYEVA E. S. , AL'FONSOV V. A.
Published: March 2016

Bei etwa 0°C reagiert das Amidophosphit (I) mit Bromanil (II) zum Imidophosphat (III), bei Raumtemperatur entstehen das Tetrabromphenylenderivat (IV) und die Verbindung (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ARYLATION OF TRIARYLPHOSPHINES BY 2,4‐DINITROCHLOROBENZENE
Authors: TIMOKHIN B. V. , MIRONOVA L. V. , GLUKHUKH V. I.
Published: March 2016

Die Phosphine (Ia), (Ib) reagieren in Äther mit Dinitrochlorbenzol (II) zu den Tetraarylphosphoniumchloriden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF BIS(β‐HYDROXYETHYL)‐ AND BIS(β‐HYDROXYPROPYL)ALKYLPHOSPHINE AND THEIR OXIDES WITH ISOCYANATES
Authors: VALETDINOV R. K. , ZARIPOV SH. I.
Published: March 2016

Läßt man Isocyanate (II) auf die Alkylbis‐(β‐hydroxyalkyl)‐phosphine (I) oder deren Oxide einwirken, dann erhält man hauptsächlich die Urethane (III) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TRIS(β‐CHLOROETHYL) PHOSPHITE WITH ACID CHLORIDES
Authors: NASAKIN O. E. , KORMACHEV V. V. , KUKHTIN V. A.
Published: March 2016

Tris‐(β‐chloräthyl)phosphit (I) reagiert mit Chloracetylchlorid (II) zum Chlorvinylphosphat (III).
ChemInform Abstract: AMINOMETHYLATION OF THE DIPROPARGYL ESTER OF AN α‐HYDROXYPHOSPHONIC ACID CONTAINING A TETRAHYDROPYRAN RING
Authors: AZERBAEV I. N. , BOSYAKOV YU. G. , DZHAILAUOV S. D.
Published: March 2016

Die Aminomethylierung des Phosphonats (I) wird entweder a) mit Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen oder b) mit Hilfe von Alkoxymethyldialkylaminen (II) vorgenommen.
ChemInform Abstract: SEPARATION OF ETHYL‐M‐TOLYL‐O‐, ‐M‐, AND ‐P‐AMINOPHENYLARSINES INTO THEIR OPTICALLY ACTIVE ISOMERS
Authors: YAMBUSHEV F. D. , GATILOV YU. F. , TENISHEVA N. KH. , SAVIN V. I.
Published: March 2016

(Ic) in diastereomere Tartrate trennen.
ChemInform Abstract: INFLUENCE OF THE NONCOORDINATED CHLORATE (CLO4‐) ION ON THE BONDING MODE OF THIOCYANATE (SCN) GROUP IN ZINC(II), CADMIUM(II), AND MERCURY(II) COMPLEXES WITH POLYAMINES
Authors: DIAZ A. , MASSACESI M. , PONTICELLI G. , PASCHINA G.
Published: March 2016

Eine Reihe: von Komplexen des Typs (I) werden durch Umsetzung von M(II)‐thiocyanaten mit den Polyaminen in Methanol und im Fall der Perchlorate durch weitere Behandlung mit Ag‐perchlorat dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEXES OF GERMANIUM TETRAISOTHIOCYANATE WITH SOME SCHIFF BASES
Authors: PIRTSKHALAVA N. I. , GIORGADZE K. P.
Published: March 2016

Bei Reaktionen von Ge(NCS)4 mit stöchiometrischen Mengen entsprechender Schiffscher Basen in Benzol‐Acetonitril entstehen schwerlösliche Komplexe der Zusammensetzung (I).
ChemInform Abstract: THIOSEMICARBAZONES AS LIGANDS. III. OXOVANADYL(IV) COMPLEXES OF SUBSTITUTED 4‐BENZAMIDOTHIOSEMICARBAZONES
Authors: RANA V. B. , SAHNI S. K. , SWAMI M. P. , JAIN P. C. , SRIVASTAVA A. K.
Published: March 2016

Die Oxovanadyl‐Komplexe (I)‐(III) werden durch Umsetzung von Oxovanadylchlorid bzw. ‐sulfat mit den entsprechenden Benzamidothiosemicarbazonen in äthanolischer Lösung synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: BISMUTH(III) 2‐THIOBENZIMIDAZOLATES
Authors: EZHOVSKA‐TSHEBYATOVSKA B. , CHAGIR T. S. , KELLER A.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion von Bi(NO3)3 mit einem Überschuß von 2‐Mercapto‐benzimidazol in Gegenwart von HClO4 liefert in wäßriger Lösung bei 60‐70°C einen Komplex der Zusammensetzung (I); bei Zusatz organischer Lösungsmittel zum Reaktionsmedium entstehen die Solvate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CHROMIC ACID ESTERS DERIVED FROM TERTIARY ALCOHOLS
Authors: RICHER JEAN‐CLAUDE , HACHEY JEAN‐MARIE
Published: March 2016

Feste Alkohole reagieren mit CrO3 in essigsaurer Lösung oder mit Na2Cr2O7 in Eisessig und flüssige Alkohole mit wasserfreiem CrO3 in Pentan bei Raumtemperatur unter Bildung der Ester (I) bis (III).
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION METAL CYANO COMPLEXES. I. OCTACYANONIOBATES(III), ‐NIOBATES(IV), ‐MOLYBDATES(V), AND ‐TUNGSTATES(V)
Authors: KIERNAN PATRICK M. , GRIFFITH WILLIAM P.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion von wässrigem KCN im Überschuß mit einer elektrolytisch reduzierten Lösung von NbCls in Methanol lieferte K‐octacyanoniobat(III), das durch Luftsauerstoff oder H2O2 zu 104 Octacyanoniobat(IV) oxidiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE ADDITION OF ARYL HALIDES TO TRIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)NICKEL(0)
Authors: FOA MARCO , CASSAR LUIGI
Published: March 2016

Der Einfluß der Arylsubstituenten, der Halogenide Xund der Triphenylphosphin‐Konzentration auf die Geschwindigkeit der oxidativen Addition der Arylhalogenide (I) an den Ni(0)‐Komplex (II), die zu den Ni(II)‐Komplexen (III) führt, wird durch vergleichende Messungen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE OF (4‐OXO‐2‐THIOXO‐5,5‐DIMETHYLTHIAZOLIDINE)GOLD
Authors: SIEW E. , KLINGER G. , SUNDHEIM B. R.
Published: March 2016

Gold bildet mit dem Liganden einen 1:1‐Komplex, dem aufgrund von Elementaranalyse und Molgewichtsbestimmung die tetramere Form (I) zugeordnet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF METAL Π‐COMPLEXES. 20. REACTIVITY OF Π‐(η5‐)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL‐Δ‐(η1‐)‐ALLYL AND Π‐(η5‐)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLPALLADIUM HALIDE COMPLEXES. NEW ORTHO‐METALLATION REACTIONS OF TRI‐O‐TOLYL PHOSPHITE
Authors: TUNE DAVID JOHN , WERNER HELMUT
Published: March 2016

Der π‐2‐Chlorallyl‐Pd‐Komplex (I) reagiert mit den Lewisbasen L im molaren 1:1‐Verhältnis zu den n′‐2‐Chlorallyl‐Komplexen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF RING OPENING OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLOBUTENEDIONES BY PLATINUM(0) COMPLEXES
Authors: BURGESS JOHN , HAINES ROBERT I. , HAMNER R. ROGER , KEMMITT RAYMOND D. W. , SMITH MARTIN A. R.
Published: March 2016

Kinetische Daten für die Reaktion des Benzocyclobutendions (I) mit den Pt(0)‐Komplexen (II), die zum Benzoplatinacyclopentendion (III) führt, sowie für die analoge ‐ Umsetzung der Cyclobutendione (IV) mit (II) zu (V), wobei (IVa) abhängig von den Reaktionsbedingungen (Va) oder das in (Va) umwandelbare (VI) bildet, werden ermittelt und diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CAROTENOIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. XXXIII. SYNTHESIS OF DEHYDROFLEXIXANTHIN AND DEOXYFLEXIXANTHIN
Authors: COMAN RUTH E. , WEEDON BASIL C. L.
Published: March 2016

Hydrierung der Dreifach‐Bindung des bekannten Ketoaldehyds (Ia) und nachfolgende Stereomutation des gebildeten cis‐Isomeren liefern den Aldehyd (IIa), aus dem durch Wittig‐Reaktion mit dem Phosphoniumsalz (III) Desoxyflexixanthin (IIb) erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORINATION OF OLEAN‐12‐ENES
Authors: BANNON CECIL D. , EADE RONALD A. , SAMAAN H. JOSEPH , SIMES JOHN J. H.
Published: March 2016

Aus NaCl und rauchender Salpetersäure erzeugtes NOCl reagiert mit dem Oleanolsäureester (Ia) in Pyridin (0°C) zu dem Chlorid (Ib), dessen Hydrolyse mit methanolischem KOH den 3β‐Hydroxy‐ester (Ic) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: TERPENES AND RELATED SYSTEMS. XIII. REGIOSPECIFIC FRAGMENTATION OF PATCHOULOL. SHORT SYNTHESIS OF α‐BULNESENE
Authors: MEHTA G. , SINGH B. P.
Published: March 2016

Patchoulol (I) liefert bei der Oxidation mit Bleitetraacetat in Benzol in Gegenwart von Calciumcarbonat ein 2:2:1‐Gemisch der Ketone (II) und (III) sowie des cyclischen Äthers (IV), von denen (II) mit Natrium= 17 borhydrid in Methanol bei 32°C zum Alkohol (Va) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: OXILORPHAN AND BUTORPHANOL (L‐17‐CYCLOBUTYLMETHYL‐3,14‐DIHYDROXYMORPHINAN). POTENT NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS AND NONADDICTING ANALGESICS IN THE 3,14‐DIHYDROXYMORPHINAN SERIES. V
Authors: MONKOVIC IVO , WONG HENRY , PIRCIO ANTHONY W. , PERRON YVON G. , PACHTER IRWIN J. , BELLEAU BERNARD
Published: March 2016

Die Epoxidation der aus dem Morphinan (Ia) erhältlichen Acylderivate (Ib) bzw. (Ic) liefert die Epoxide (IIa) bzw. (IIb); aus (IIa) wird mit Na‐boranat die unsubstituierte Verbindung (IIc) erhalten.
Modellierung und Simulation von Strömungen und biologischen Reaktionen innerhalb eines Belebtschlammbeckens
Authors: Meier Markus
Published: March 2016

Mit dem Ziel die Effizienz der Belebungsbecken von kommunalen Kläranlagen zu steigern, wird die Implementierung eines biologischen Modells (ASM1) in die CFD‐Software ANSYS CFX® zur Modellierung eines Belebungsbeckens vorgestellt und mit experimentellen Messdaten überprüft. Unter Beachtung der biologischen Prozesse, der Hydrodynamik und des Gas/flüssig‐Stoffübergangs wurden Simulationen durchgeführt und mit experimentellen Konzentrationsprofilen für Ammonium und Nitrat verglichen. Die getroffenen Annahmen werden detailliert erläutert. Das simulierte Ammoniumkonzentrationsprofil stimmt gut mit den gemessenen Werten überein. Für das Nitratprofil kommt es zu Abweichungen. Insgesamt übertrifft jedoch die CFD‐Simulation in der Vorhersagegenauigkeit herkömmliche 0D‐Simulationssoftware.
Co‐templating Ionothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Layered Aluminophosphate from a Protic Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Li Yuan , Gong Xiangdong , Liu Lei , Dong Jinxiang
Published: March 2016

Protic deep eutectic mixtures are usually composed of organic amine hydrochloride salts and hydrogen bond donors in a specific molar ratio. Ionothermal synthesis of aluminophosphate as an example, herein, was reported for the first time from an urea‐based protic eutectic mixture, consisting of diethylammonium chloride (DEACl) and 1,3‐dimethyl urea (DMU). As a result, a new two dimensional aluminophosphate with 4.8‐network, [CH3NH3]2[(C2H5)2NH2]Al3(PO4)4, has been successfully synthesized by co‐templating the DEA and methylamine in situ generated from the decomposition of DMU in the absence of HF. Compared to alkyl quaternary ammonium salts with more alkyl‐group connected with N atom, this kind of organic amine salts are more likely as the structure‐directing agents to synthesize aluminophosphates in urea‐based deep eutectic mixtures. It was also found that HF is crucial to the phase selectivity, a known compound with chain‐like structure was obtained with the single methylamine as a structure‐directing agent in the presence of HF. These materials were characterized by powder XRD, SEM, TG‐DSC, 13C CP‐MAS NMR and CHN analyses.
About the numerical robustness of biomedical benchmark cases: Interlaboratory FDA's idealized medical device
Authors: Zmijanovic Vladeta , Mendez Simon , Moureau Vincent , Nicoud Franck
Published: March 2016

The need for reliable approaches in numerical simulations stands out as a critical issue for the development and optimization of cardiovascular biomedical devices. This led the US Food and Drug Administration to undertake a programme of validation of computational fluid dynamics methods for transitional and turbulent flows. In the current investigation, large‐eddy simulation is used to simulate the flow in the first benchmark medical device, and results are confronted to the existing laboratory experiments. This idealized medical device has the particularity to feature transition to turbulence after a sudden expansion. The effects of numerical parameters and low‐level inlet perturbations are investigated. Results indicate a considerable impact of numerical aspects on the prediction of the location of the transition to turbulence. The study also demonstrates that injecting small perturbations at the inflow greatly improves the streamwise velocity estimation in the transition region and substantially contributes to the robustness of the flow statistical data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element model to investigate the effect of ulnar variance on distal radioulnar joint mechanics
Authors: Greybe Desney , Boland Michael R. , Wu Tim , Mithraratne Kumar
Published: March 2016

Ulnocarpal impaction syndrome involves excessive loading of the ulnocarpal joint. Ulnar shortening osteotomies are an effective way to reduce ulnocarpal loading but alter contact mechanics at the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). This study used a computational model to investigate the relationship between ulnar length and DRUJ mechanics. Detailed, finite element models of the radius and ulna bones were constructed from magnetic resonance imaging data. The length of the ulna bone model was increased and decreased up to 5 mm in 1 mm increments. A computational model was used to predict joint contact at the DRUJ for each ulnar length. Lengthening the ulna caused a slight decrease in DRUJ contact pressure, with a more substantial decrease in contact area. Shortening the ulna caused a substantial increase in contact area, with a smaller increase in DRUJ contact pressure. The location of contact on the radial sigmoid notch changed with 2 mm lengthening and 3 mm shortening. The results of this study demonstrate the sensitivity of DRUJ contact to ulnar length changes, which may explain the DRUJ cartilage degeneration that often follows ulnar osteotomies. The joint contact model implemented in this study allowed the relationship between ulnar length and DRUJ contact to be examined systematically, in a way that is difficult to achieve through cadaveric experimentation. The results confirmed published experimental data showing an increased DRUJ contact pressure with ulnar shortening. It is important that clinicians consider the influence of ulnar osteotomies, not only on ulnocarpal loading but also on DRUJ mechanics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color harmonies in packaging
Authors: Hurley Rupert Andrew , Randall Rachel , O'Hara Liam , Tonkin Charles , Rice Julie C.
Published: March 2016

The goal of this research was to determine whether or not there was a difference between consumer preferences for color harmonies for products where external labels and visible product existed simultaneously. Using established color theory, transparent packages containing visible products with colored labels were evaluated. Eye tracking metrics and overall preference testing were used to assess these products. Eye tracking data yielded quantitative data that was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. A post experiment survey was given to participants to collect demographics and additional data was completed through chi‐squared tests for association. No significant difference was found between color harmonies and preference, nor was there significance for the eye tracking metrics. These results of no significance are ideal for designers because it gives them the freedom to use their judgment when designing packaging labels. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 50–59, 2017
Neonatal handling alters maternal emotional response to stress
Authors: Reis Adolfo R. , Jacobs Silvana , Menegotto Pâmela R. , Silveira Patrícia P. , Lucion Aldo B.
Published: March 2016

Neonatal handling is an experimental procedure used to analyze the effects of environmental interventions during early postpartum days (PPD). Long‐lasting effects of repeated stress exposure in the neonatal period on the maternal side are poorly studied in this model. The aim of this study was to verify if handling the pups induces enduring effects on damśstress responses, increasing their risk for depression. Dams were divided into two groups (NH‐Non‐handled and H‐Handled) based on the handling procedure (pups were handled for 1 min/per day from PPD1–PPD10) and then subdivided into four groups (NH, NH + S, H, and H + S) based on the exposure or not to restraint stress after weaning (1 hr/per day for 7 days, PPD22–PPD28). We analyzed damśbehavior in the forced swimming test (FST PPD29–PPD30), plasma basal corticosterone and BDNF levels, as well as adrenal weight (PPD31). The results show that handling alters the stress response of dams to acute and chronic stress, as evidenced by dams of the H group having increased immobility in the first day of FST (p < .001), similar to NH + S (p < .01). Dams of the H and H + S groups show decreased levels of corticosterone when compared to NH and NH + S groups (p < .05), but the H + S group shows an increased adrenal weight, suggesting an increased sensibility of the maternal organism to the chronic stress applied after weaning (p < .05). We show that handling may induce a long‐lasting effect on maternal stress response; these changes in the damśemotional reactivity increase their susceptibility for the development of psychiatric disorders such as depression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 614–622, 2016.
Factors associated With the development of motor proficiency in school children of Kolkata: A cross‐sectional study to assess the role of chronic nutritional and socio‐economic status
Authors: Ghosh Satabdi , Ghosh Tusharkanti , Dutta Chowdhury Sutanu , Wrotniak Brian H. , Chandra Ananga Mohan
Published: March 2016

Background: Development of coordinated movements is determined among others by individual growth and environmental factors, but the dynamic relationship between motor proficiency and potential contributing factors such as chronic nutritional status and socio‐economic status (SES) is not known in school children of Kolkata. Aim: To characterize the motor proficiency in school children of Kolkata and to investigate association of chronic nutritional and SES on motor proficiency. Methods: Motor proficiency in 843 school children of Kolkata aged 5–12 years was assessed by the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor‐Proficiency‐Second Edition‐Short Form (BOT‐2 SF). Chronic nutritional status was determined from height‐for‐age Z‐scores (HAZ) using WHO reference and SES was measured using the updated Kuppuswamy's scale. Results: Children's motor proficiency was poor compared with the reference values. Children classified as severely undernourished and children of lower SES were found to be “below average” and “well‐below average” in motor proficiency categories compared with normal nourished groups and children of upper SES. Children's BOT‐2 SF standardized scores decreased incrementally with the severity of chronic undernutrition and lower grades of SES. Conclusion: Chronic undernutrition and lower SES are associated with poorer motor proficiency in children. Understanding the complex interrelationships that shape childen's motor skills can help inform the development of health promotion programs and tailored interventions to help children reach their full potential. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:734–744, 2016.
Evolutionary ecology of aging: time to reconcile field and laboratory research
Authors: Reichard Martin
Published: March 2016

Aging is an increase in mortality risk with age due to a decline in vital functions. Research on aging has entered an exciting phase. Advances in biogerontology have demonstrated that proximate mechanisms of aging and interventions to modify lifespan are shared among species. In nature, aging patterns have proven more diverse than previously assumed. The paradigm that extrinsic mortality ultimately determines evolution of aging rates has been questioned and there appears to be a mismatch between intra‐ and inter‐specific patterns. The major challenges emerging in evolutionary ecology of aging are a lack of understanding of the complexity in functional senescence under natural conditions and unavailability of estimates of aging rates for matched populations exposed to natural and laboratory conditions. I argue that we need to reconcile laboratory and field‐based approaches to better understand (1) how aging rates (baseline mortality and the rate of increase in mortality with age) vary across populations within a species, (2) how genetic and environmental variation interact to modulate individual expression of aging rates, and (3) how much intraspecific variation in lifespan is attributable to an intrinsic (i.e., nonenvironmental) component. I suggest integration of laboratory and field assays using multiple matched populations of the same species, along with measures of functional declines.
The use of direct analysis in real time (DART) to assess the levels of inhibitors co‐extracted with DNA and the associated impact in quantification and amplification
Authors: Moreno Lilliana I. , McCord Bruce R.
Published: March 2016

The measure of quality in DNA sample processing starts with an effective nucleic acid isolation procedure. Most problems with DNA sample typing can be attributed to low quantity DNA and/or to the presence of inhibitors in the sample. Therefore, establishing which isolation method is best at removing potential inhibitors may help overcome some of the problems analysts encounter by providing useful information in the determination of the optimal approach for any given sample. Direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry was used in this study to investigate the ability of different extraction methods to remove PCR inhibitors. Methods investigated included both liquid/liquid (phenol–chloroform) and solid phase based robotic procedures, (PrepFiler™ and EZ1 chemistries). Following extraction, samples were analyzed by DART in order to determine the level of remaining inhibitors and then quantified and amplified to determine the effect any remaining inhibitor had on the overall results. The data suggests that organic extraction methods result in detrimental amounts of phenol carryover while automated methods may produce carry‐over of bile salts and other chemicals that preferentially bind the solid phase matrix. Both of these effects can have a negative impact in downstream sample processing and genotyping by PCR.
Influence of mechanical activation of fly ash on the properties of geopolymers investigated by XPS method
Authors: Kanuchova M. , Drabova M. , Sisol M. , Mosej J. , Kozakova L. , Skvarla J.
Published: March 2016

Geopolymer materials are obtained by the alkaline activation of alumina‐silicate sources, the best of which is metakaolin. The aim of this work is to develop methods for working properties prediction of geopolymer materials based on the starting materials—not only metakaolin. The formation of geopolymers from four types of fly ash samples (FA) from Slovakia derived from various combustion processes was investigated. Chemical bond changes during mechanical activation were examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Formation of new Al–O–Si chemical bonds was detected by the changes in positions of Al and Si atoms during milling. Final mechanical strength achieved by mechanical activation was studied. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1338–1343, 2016
Biodegradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide by immobilized bacteria isolated from HPAM‐containing wastewater
Authors: Liu Jianghong , Ren Jingwei , Xu Ruidan , Yu Bo , Wang Jian
Published: March 2016

The special function bacteria R2 was screened from hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)‐containing wastewater that could use HPAM as the sole carbon source and nitrogen source. Through optimizing the condition of HPAM biodegradation, the removal rate of R2 free strain reached to 41.6% when pH was 7, temperature was 35°C, inoculation quantity (v/v) was 3% and activation time was 4. In order to overcome the defects of bacteria loss and low microbial utilization rate, microbial immobilization was carried out by mixed bacteria embedding immobilized method. The removal efficiencies of HPAM and TOC were 79.4% and 80.39%, respectively. The immobilized beads was immobilized by embedding medium contained polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate with concentration of 9% and 3% (w/v), respectively, and the volume ratio of wet bacteria and embedding medium was 1:1 with chemical cross‐linked in the saturated boric acid solution. The strain R2 was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCBPP‐PA14 through tests of physiological‐biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA sequence. The SEM and HPLC analyses revealed that polyacrylamide was degraded into smaller molecular organism and there was no acrylamide monomer exists after biodegradation. It also could be observed from FT‐IR and UV spectrograms that amide group was transformed into carboxyl group completely. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1344–1352, 2016
Erosion mechanisms and sediment sources in a peatland forest after ditch cleaning
Authors: Tuukkanen Tapio , Stenberg Leena , Marttila Hannu , Finér Leena , Piirainen Sirpa , Koivusalo Harri , Kløve Bjørn
Published: March 2016

Ditch cleaning in drained peatland forests increases sediment loads and degrades water quality in headwater streams and lakes. A better understanding of the processes controlling ditch erosion and sediment transport in such systems is a prerequisite for proper peatland management. In order to relate hydrological observations to key erosion processes in headwater peatlands drained for forestry, a two‐year study was conducted in a nested sub‐catchment system (treated with ditch cleaning) and at two reference sites. The treated catchment was instrumented for continuous discharge and turbidity monitoring, erosion pin measurements of changes in ditch bed and banks and time‐integrated sampling of suspended sediment (SS) composition. The results showed that ditch cleaning clearly increased transient suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) and suspended sediment yields (SSYs), and resulted in temporary storage of loosely deposited organic sediment in the ditch network. After exhaustion of this sediment storage, subaerial processes and erosion from ditch banks became dominant in producing sediment for transport. Recorded SSCs were higher on the rising limbs of event hydrographs throughout the study period, indicating that SS transport was limited by availability of erosion‐prone sediment. A strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.84, p < 0.001) between rainfall intensity (above a threshold of 1 mm h−1) and average SSC obtained on the rising limb of hydrographs for the sub‐catchment showed that soil detachment from ditch banks by raindrop impact can directly increase SSC in runoff. At the main catchment outlet, variation in SSC was best explained (R2 = 0.67, p < 0.05) by the linear combination of initial discharge (−), peak discharge (+) and the lag time from initial to peak discharge (−). Based on these factors, ditch cleaning slightly increased peak discharges and decreased transit times in the study catchment. The implications of the results for water pollution management in peatland forests are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and distribution of dolines on ultramafic rocks from airborne LiDAR data: the case of southern Grande Terre in New Caledonia (SW Pacific)
Authors: Jeanpert Julie , Genthon Pierre , Maurizot Pierre , Folio Jean‐Luc , Vendé‐Leclerc Myriam , Sérino Jeremy , Join Jean‐Lambert , Iseppi Marion
Published: March 2016

Dolines are closed geomorphological depressions which are surface manifestations of karstic systems. Usually developed on limestones, they also typify the morphology of the New Caledonian landscape, particularly on the southern massif of the main island (known as Massif du Sud). The specificity of dolines here lies in their development on ultramafic rocks. They are evidences of subsidence, suffosion and collapse phenomena resulting from dissolution weathering of peridotites. However, extensive underground drainage systems are still not yet recognized.

Semi‐automatic mapping of dolines is carried out on a 148 km2 area of the Massif du Sud from a high accuracy LiDAR digital elevation model. In this area 8601 dolines ranging from 1 m2 to 2 km2 are identified and morphologically characterized with precision. Most are small, shallow and round‐shaped, yet more complex shapes are locally observed. Size distribution analysis allows the setting of a threshold of 20 000 m2 above which surface processes rather than chemical weathering control doline evolution. Doline density analysis reveals high concentrations on flat areas where ferricrete overlies the complete weathering profile, especially in the case of elevated rainy watersheds. Dolines are aligned and elongated along a north 135° ± 5° major fracture direction, which is inherited from the obduction of the Pacific Plate upper mantle in the Late Eocene.

Finally, we propose a pioneering morphometric typology of dolines that provides important clues as to pseudokarstic activity. We define collapse, bowl‐shaped and flat bottom dolines. Collapse and bowl‐shaped dolines are assumed to denote active pseudokarst. They may widen and deepen, or eventually be filled by sediments. They are distinguished from flat bottom dolines that are partially to completely filled, which suggests that they are associated with paleo‐pseudokarsts. However the groundwater flow paths associated with the genesis and evolution of dolines must be clarified, thus collapse and bowl‐shaped dolines should be hydrologically monitored. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil organic matter content effects on dermal pesticide bioconcentration in American toads (Bufo americanus)
Authors: Van Meter Robin J. , Glinski Donna A. , Henderson W. Matthew , Purucker S.Thomas
Published: March 2016

Pesticides have been implicated as a major factor in global amphibian declines and may pose great risk to terrestrial phase amphibians moving to and from breeding ponds on agricultural landscapes. Dermal uptake from soil is known to occur in amphibians, but predicting pesticide availability and bioconcentration across soil types is not well understood. The present study was designed to compare uptake of 5 current-use pesticides (imidacloprid, atrazine, triadimefon, fipronil, and pendimethalin) in American toads (Bufo americanus) from exposure on soils with significant organic matter content differences (14.1% = high organic matter and 3.1% = low organic matter). We placed toads on high- or low-organic matter soil after applying individual current-use pesticides on the soil surface for an 8-h exposure duration. Whole body tissue homogenates and soils were extracted and analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine pesticide tissue and soil concentration, as well as bioconcentration factor in toads. Tissue concentrations were greater on the low-organic matter soil than the high-organic matter soil across all pesticides (average ± standard error; 1.23 ± 0.35 ppm and 0.78 ± 0.23 ppm, respectively), and bioconcentration was significantly higher for toads on the low-organic matter soil (analysis of covariance p = 0.002). Soil organic matter is known to play a significant role in the mobility of pesticides and bioavailability to living organisms. Agricultural soils typically have relatively lower organic matter content and serve as a functional habitat for amphibians. The potential for pesticide accumulation in amphibians moving throughout agricultural landscapes may be greater and should be considered in conservation and policy efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2734–2741. © 2016 SETAC.
Calories and sugars in boba milk tea: implications for obesity risk in Asian Pacific Islanders
Authors: Min Jae Eun , Green David B. , Kim Loan
Published: March 2016

In the last several decades, obesity rates have reached epidemic proportions, and increases the risk for a host of comorbidities, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain kinds of cancers. Boba milk tea, first became popular in the 1990s throughout Asia, and has gained more popularity in the United States and in Europe since 2000. Currently, available nutrition data from online sites suggest this beverage contains high amounts of sugar and fat. One published nutrition study suggests that boba tea drinks are part of the larger group of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) because these beverages are usually sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS). This study experimentally determined the sugar composition (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and melezitose) and calorific values of boba milk tea drinks and their components. Results suggested that boba drinks fit the US Dietary Guidelines definition of a SSB. One 16‐ounce boba drink exceeds the upper limit of added sugar intake recommended by the 2015 US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The high caloric and sugar content of boba beverages pose public health concerns as they have the potential to further exacerbate the childhood obesity epidemic. Nutrition education targeting Asian populations should give special attention to boba tea as a SSB. Also, prudent public health recommendations should be suggested for moderate consumption of these beverages. With the growing popularity of boba beverages in the United States, the findings from this study provide public health practitioners with valuable data on how boba beverages compare with other SSBs.
Eye‐sparing multidisciplinary approach for the management of lacrimal gland carcinoma
Authors: Esmaeli Bita , Yin Vivian T. , Hanna Ehab Y. , Kies Merrill S. , William William N. , Bell Diana , Frank Steven J.
Published: March 2016

Background

We analyzed local control and early ocular toxicity after eye‐sparing management of lacrimal gland carcinoma.

Methods

For consecutive patients with lacrimal gland carcinoma treated during 2007 to 2014, we reviewed tumor characteristics, treatment details, ocular toxic effects, and recurrence.

Results

Twenty patients, median age 55 years, were treated for lacrimal gland carcinoma during the study period; 11 had globe‐sparing surgery. Seven patients had adenoid cystic carcinoma, 2 had carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, and 1 each had high‐grade and low‐grade adenocarcinoma. Ten patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy, median 60 Gy (range, 52–64 Gy), 6 with concurrent chemotherapy. At a median of 30 months after radiation, all patients had dry eye syndrome, and 1 patient had severe corneal and conjunctival damage leading to enucleation. All 11 patients were disease free at last contact, median follow‐up after surgery of 33 months.

Conclusion

An eye‐sparing approach with surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy is feasible for selected patients with lacrimal gland carcinoma and is associated with a reasonable locoregional control and ocular toxicity profile. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1258–1262, 2016
Gut microbiota profiling of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obese patients unveiled by an integrated meta‐omics‐based approach
Authors: Del Chierico Federica , Nobili Valerio , Vernocchi Pamela , Russo Alessandra , De Stefanis Cristiano , Gnani Daniela , Furlanello Cesare , Zandonà Alessandro , Paci Paola , Capuani Giorgio , Dallapiccola Bruno , Miccheli Alfredo , Alisi Anna , Putignani Lorenza
Published: March 2016

There is evidence that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by gut microbiota. Therefore, we investigated its modifications in pediatric NAFLD patients using targeted metagenomics and metabolomics. Stools were collected from 61 consecutive patients diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or obesity and 54 healthy controls (CTRLs), matched in a case‐control fashion. Operational taxonomic units were pyrosequenced targeting 16S ribosomal RNA and volatile organic compounds determined by solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The α‐diversity was highest in CTRLs, followed by obese, NASH, and NAFL patients; and β‐diversity distinguished between patients and CTRLs but not NAFL and NASH. Compared to CTRLs, in NAFLD patients Actinobacteria were significantly increased and Bacteroidetes reduced. There were no significant differences among the NAFL, NASH, and obese groups. Overall NAFLD patients had increased levels of Bradyrhizobium, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Propionibacterium acnes, Dorea, and Ruminococcus and reduced proportions of Oscillospira and Rikenellaceae compared to CTRLs. After reducing metagenomics and metabolomics data dimensionality, multivariate analyses indicated a decrease of Oscillospira in NAFL and NASH groups and increases of Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Dorea in NASH patients compared to CTRLs. Of the 292 volatile organic compounds, 26 were up‐regulated and 2 down‐regulated in NAFLD patients. Multivariate analyses found that combination of Oscillospira, Rickenellaceae, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis, Sutterella, Lachnospiraceae, 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone, 1‐butanol, and 2‐butanone could discriminate NAFLD patients from CTRLs. Univariate analyses found significantly lower levels of Oscillospira and higher levels of 1‐pentanol and 2‐butanone in NAFL patients compared to CTRLs. In NASH, lower levels of Oscillospira were associated with higher abundance of Dorea and Ruminococcus and higher levels of 2‐butanone and 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone compared to CTRLs. Conclusion: An Oscillospira decrease coupled to a 2‐butanone up‐regulation and increases in Ruminococcus and Dorea were identified as gut microbiota signatures of NAFL onset and NAFL‐NASH progression, respectively. (Hepatology 2017;65:451‐464)