bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteogenomic analyses indicate bacterial methylotrophy and archaeal heterotrophy are prevalent below the grass root zone
Authors: Butterfield Cristina N. , Li Zhou , Andeer Peter F. , Spaulding Susan , Thomas Brian C. , Singh Andrea , Hettich Robert L. , Suttle Kenwyn B. , Probst Alexander J. , Tringe Susannah G. , Northen Trent , Pan Chongle , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: November 2016

Annually, half of all plant-derived carbon is added to soil where it is microbially respired to CO2. However, understanding of the microbiology of this process is limited because most culture-independent methods cannot link metabolic processes to the organisms present, and this link to causative agents is necessary to predict the results of perturbations on the system. We collected soil samples at two sub-root depths (10–20 cm and 30–40 cm) before and after a rainfall-driven nutrient perturbation event in a Northern California grassland that experiences a Mediterranean climate. From ten samples, we reconstructed 198 metagenome-assembled genomes that represent all major phylotypes. We also quantified 6,835 proteins and 175 metabolites and showed that after the rain event the concentrations of many sugars and amino acids approach zero at the base of the soil profile. Unexpectedly, the genomes of novel members of the Gemmatimonadetes and Candidate Phylum Rokubacteria phyla encode pathways for methylotrophy. We infer that these abundant organisms contribute substantially to carbon turnover in the soil, given that methylotrophy proteins were among the most abundant proteins in the proteome. Previously undescribed Bathyarchaeota and Thermoplasmatales archaea are abundant in deeper soil horizons and are inferred to contribute appreciably to aromatic amino acid degradation. Many of the other bacteria appear to breakdown other components of plant biomass, as evidenced by the prevalence of various sugar and amino acid transporters and corresponding hydrolyzing machinery in the proteome. Overall, our work provides organism-resolved insight into the spatial distribution of bacteria and archaea whose activities combine to degrade plant-derived organics, limiting the transport of methanol, amino acids and sugars into underlying weathered rock. The new insights into the soil carbon cycle during an intense period of carbon turnover, including biogeochemical roles to previously little known soil microbes, were made possible via the combination of metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics.
The origin of the lower fourth molar in canids, inferred by individual variation
Authors: Asahara Masakazu
Published: November 2016

Background

An increase in tooth number is an exception during mammalian evolution. The acquisition of the lower fourth molar in the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis, Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) is one example; however, its developmental origin is not clear. In some canids (Canidae), individual variation exist as supernumerary molar M4. This study focuses on the acquisition of the lower fourth molar in canids and proposes that the inhibitory cascade model can explain its origin.

Methods

Occlusal view projected area of lower molars was determined from 740 mandibles obtained fromCanis latrans,Nyctereutes procyonoides, andUrocyon cinereoargenteusmuseum specimens. For each molar, relative sizes of molars (M2/M1and M3/M1scores) affected by inhibition/activation dynamics during development, were compared between individuals with and without supernumerary molar (M4).

Results

Possession of a supernumerary molar was associated with significantly larger M2/M1score inCanis latrans, M3/M1score inNyctereutes procyonoides, and M2/M1and M3/M1scores inUrocyon cinereoargenteuscompared to individuals of these species that lacked supernumerary molars.

Discussion

We propose that, in canids, the supernumerary fourth molar is attributable to reduced inhibition and greater activation during molar development. In the bat-eared fox, altered inhibition and activation dynamics of dental development during omnivorous-insectivorous adaptation may be a contributing factor in the origin of the lower fourth molar.
Women Who Study in Madrasah School Experienced Higher Number of Female Circumcision Compared to Western or English Schools
Authors: Manalocon- Basher Salmah Lao
Published: November 2016

Female circumcision refers to the procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female external genital organs. The reasons for doing this vary but it is commonly observed in places where Muslims predominate. The study is intended to determine: 1) the rate of females who had undergone female circumcision in Madrasah School compared to those who went to English schools, 2) the prevalence rate of female circumcision among Meranaos, and 3) the practices and experiences of women who have undergone FC. The study utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using a designed questionnaire, interview and focus group discussions with the respondents. The results showed that more girls who were studying in Madrasah have undergone this practice compared to the number of girls who are in Western or English schools. It also showed that the prevalence rate of this practice is indeed high in the rural areas, which is 86%. The practice of FC is performed either during Fridays, Holidays or Mondays and Thursdays. Each mentioned day has meanings and there are certain procedures and instructions being followed in doing the practice. In conclusion, religious justification remains the strong reason why FC is still rampantly performed in the different rural areas of Lanao del Sur, Philippines.
Species Diversity of Lichens in the Province of Abra, Philippines
Authors: Guzman Mary Joan T. , Fabito Robinson Q.
Published: November 2016

The province of Abra is rich in natural resources. Environmental sustainability has been one of the advocacies to sustain enough resources to meet our needs. The study was conducted to determine the species diversity of lichens in the province of Abra, Philippines. Specifically, the study documented the species of lichens found in the study sites. The taxonomic classification of the lichen species was documented and identified using the Dichotomous Key for Lichens. Samples of lichens were collected by scraping them from the substrate. Results revealed that Abra could be a rich culture ground for lichens. From 10,659 collected individuals of lichens, 44 species came out. Parmtotremarubifaciens lichen appeared to have potential medicinal properties since phytosterol, phenolic compounds, and flavonoid were positive within it. Crustose type of lichens was the most abundant type having 25 species. Of all the 44 species of lichens, there were five species commonly found in all the 27 study sites. Lichens and their natural habitats should not be destroyed by logging, and the use of toxic chemicals that could contaminate the air should be avoided as well as burning of wastes.
Exploring the Emerging Challenges and Benefits of Information and Communication Technology for Education
Authors: Lachica Louis Placido F.
Published: November 2016

Making sense of the challenges and benefits of Information and Communication Technology for Education (ICT4E) serves as a feedback to planners and implementers. In the context of ICT4E, the study attempted to describe the challenges, identify and determine the expected and observed benefits of the program. Mixed methods and the exploratory design strategy were used in gathering data. Data were analyzed through general inductive approach, thematic analysis, frequency counts, percentages, and ranks. Results revealed that informants pointed maintenance and sustainability, Internet connectivity, and use of an open source operating system as challenges in ICT4E. Teacher-participants identified insufficient funds to subsidize expenses, lack of internet connection, and regular power interruption as challenges in ICT4E. “Learning becomes fast and effective” (53.3%) and “active participation of students in class” (61.7%) were the top expected and obtained benefits from ICT4E, respectively. Based on the findings, it is recommended that before the implementation, policymakers, planners, and project implementers should deliberately anticipate the possible challenges in integrating ICT4E in public secondary schools. The participants should be empowered to have access, power, and control on ICT4E initiatives. This develops their sense of ownership towards any educational innovations.
Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Contains of Motorcycles: Metro Dumaguete, Philippines
Authors: Morallo Narcisa T.
Published: November 2016

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), almost 98% of low and middle-income countries’ air fail to meet the United Nations (UN) body’s standards. Data from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources’ Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) revealed the Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in Metro Manila during the first quarter of 2015 reached 130 micrograms per normal cubic meter (ug/Ncm). The maximum safe level is 90 ug/Ncm. Since 80% of pollution load is contributed by vehicles, the study determined the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) during the smoke emission testing of motorcycles in Metro Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Random sampling and simple average formula were utilized in the study. Using the smoke test results from January to February 2015, it was found out that the average amount of CO is 1.45 µg/cm which is very low compared to DENR standard exposure value of 35 ug/cm for one hour and 10 µg/cm for 8-hour exposure. Also, the average amount of HC is 600.26 ppm which is low compared to DENR’s maximum set value of 4500ppm to 6500 ppm. Current findings indicate that the amount of CO of motorcycle emissions is insignificant while HC is low as compared to the standard value.
Competencies Learned and Relevance of the Business Administration Curriculum to the Graduates’ Job
Authors: Dela Cruz Lilia Absin , Ferrater-Gimena Judy Ann Ong , Inot Perly Paquibot , Biore Christopher
Published: November 2016

The necessity for higher education is considered as an essential vehicle to alleviate a person’s productivity and employability. Many graduates find difficulty looking for suitable jobs nowadays. Any job opportunity even if not in line with the educational training is grabbed. This study gathered inputs on the competencies that the graduates of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration learned and the relevance of the program to their job. Furthermore, the result of the study aimed to improve the school’s quality education through the formulation of an intervention scheme that primarily focused on the transformation of the course syllabi to outcomes-based system. The study made use of descriptive-survey research design, adopting the standardized tool Graduate Tracer Study by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). Utilizing purposive sampling, 52 graduates served as respondents. Findings showed that graduates were employable across various lines of businesses. The skills and competencies learned in college were relevant in their current jobs. However, relevant skills and competencies like communication skill and practical knowledge need to be enhanced so that future graduates of this program will have a competitive advantage in the labor market both locally and internationally. This issue can be addressed by improving the curriculum and the teaching-learning activities in the classroom that must be reflected in the course syllabi.
Diet and Attitude as Predictors to the Compliance on Medication Regimen among Hypertensive Unit Heads/Unit Managers
Authors: Derico-Lawi Athena Jalaliyah
Published: November 2016

Hypertension (HPN) is the elevation of arterial blood pressure with a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or greater and a diastolic pressure of 90mmHg or more. The study aimed to determine the compliance on medication regimen among unit heads or unit managers. The study utilized the descriptive-correlational research design to determine the relationships between variables. The participants were the 46 Unit Heads/Unit Managers chosen by means of purposive sampling. Questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. The data were analyzed using percentage distribution, weighted mean, standard deviation, Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Regression Analysis. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents had a monthly income of 16,000 (364 USD) to 20,000 (455 USD), have 4 to 6 children, chairpersons of a department in a government agency, and has antihypertensive medications for less than a year up to five years. Likewise, majority of the participants were diagnosed with Stage 2 HPN and currently taking two types of antihypertensive medications. Majority strongly agreed on the information about hypertension. Lifestyles regarding diet as well as attitude are predictors for compliance to antihypertensive medication.
Development of Healthy Products Using Spider Conch (Gastropoda stromboidea)
Authors: Garces, Jr. Sulpicio D. , Pepito Mario Ramil , Minoza Kevin L. , Diaz Welou Dil B. , Tejas Edison C.
Published: November 2016

For years now, most doctors have insisted that an average diet that consists of healthy seafood at least twice a week can improve the quality of life (No, Meyers, Prinyawiwatkul, & Xu, 2007). The study utilized an experimental method in developing healthy products out of spider conch (Gastropoda stromboidea) shellfish. Spider conch extract was used in the formulation of sauce as an alternative product while the spider conch meat after the extraction was used for the development of the spread and patty. Panel responses were analyzed using 7 and 9-point hedonic scales. One Way Analysis of Variance was also used to determine whether a significant difference existed between and among the experimental lots. Findings showed that spider conch extract is good for sauce formulation, and the spider conch meat are good in preparing spread. Also, the study reveals that there is no significant difference between the variants of spider conch sauce and spread for taste; patty for aroma attributes, therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted.  It was concluded that the developed spider conch sauce is a better alternative product that the commercial sauces available in the market regarding vitamins, protein, and iodine content.Â  The researchers recommend the use of Cooking Manual and Procedures for HRM students.
Incidence of Tuberculosis in a Highly Urbanized City and Treatment Compliance to TB- DOTS Program
Authors: Sta. Teresa Marjorie Rubi- , Sagario Mae Reynes-
Published: November 2016

Tuberculosis imposes a stigma not only to the patient but also to the community. Treatment of this disease needs patience as it may require extended period of treatment regimen. If not treated, tuberculosis can be fatal which can cause Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR). This study aimed to determine the incidence of tuberculosis in a highly urbanized city and its treatment compliance to DOTS Program. Descriptive - correlational research design with follow-up interviews were taken to determine the respondents' profile and the incidence of tuberculosis cases as well as the compliance of TB patients to DOTS. Respondents were identified using purposive sampling design. The study utilized the quantitative method using simple percentage, mode, median and Pearson R to establish the relationship of the factors in the study. Results showed that the majority of the respondents were males and in the young adult group of age ranging from 15-25 years old. The incidence of tuberculosis is high in 2011 (2.92%) while the cases of TB in 2012 falls in the second rank with 50 cases (24.51%%). The incidence of TB decreased in 2008 (67%); and majority of the respondents were noted to be compliant to the prescribed treatment in the DOTS program. The study concludes that the incidence of tuberculosis cases is still increasing and uncontrolled, despite that the TB patients were compliant with the treatment regimen as implemented in the DOTS program of the Department of Health.
Ulamas' and Professionals' Perceptions on the Islamic Inheritance Law under P.D. 1083
Authors: Ayo Abdulcader Maruhom
Published: November 2016

The study was undertaken primarily to determine the perceptions of Ulamas and professionals on the level of awareness or knowledge and the level of acceptance of the Islamic Inheritance Law as codified in the Muslim Code of the Philippines. Using quantitative -qualitative methods, the 478 respondents Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, starting in Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao, including Moro National Liberation Front (MILF)-controlled territory, up to Zamboanga del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi participated the wide-range survey. Questionnaire, interview, focus group discussion, and observation were utilized in gathering the data. It was found that the respondents' level of awareness or knowledge on the Islamic Inheritance Law was only moderate. However, their knowledge of the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah as the primary sources of the law garnered a high level of awareness. As revealed in the interviews and focus group discussions, the overall moderate acceptance of the law is attributed to certain factors that could be broadly categorized into two sets: external and internal. A positive link between the respondents' level of awareness/knowledge and their level of acceptance of the Islamic Inheritance Law was found. This implies that an increase in the level of awareness may bring about an increase in the level of acceptance of the law.
Early Innovative Immersion
Authors: Smalley Courtney M. , Browne Vaughn , Kaplan Bonnie , Russ Brian , Wilson Juliana , Lewiss Resa E.
Published: November 2016

In preparing for medical school admissions, premedical students seek opportunities to expand their medical knowledge. Knowing what students seek and what point‐of‐care ultrasound offers, we created a novel educational experience using point‐of‐care ultrasound. The innovation has 3 goals: (1) to use point‐of‐care ultrasound to highlight educational concepts such as the flipped classroom, simulation, hands‐on interaction, and medical exposure; (2) to work collaboratively with peers; and (3) to expose premedical students to mentoring for the medical school application process. We believe that this course could be used to encourage immersive innovation with point‐of‐care ultrasound, progressive education concepts, and preparation for medical admissions.
Catchments' hedging strategy on evapotranspiration for climatic variability
Authors: Zhang Chi , Ding Wei , Li Yu , Tang Yin , Wang Dingbao
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we test the hypothesis that natural catchments utilize hedging strategy for evapotranspiration and water storage carryover with uncertain future precipitation. The hedging strategy for evapotranspiration in catchments under different levels of water availability is analytically derived with marginal utility principle. It is found that there exists hedging between evapotranspiration for present and future only with a portion of water availability. Observation data sets of 160 catchments in the United States covering the period from 1983 to 2003 demonstrate the existence of hedging in catchment hydrology and validate the proposed hedging strategy. We also find that more water is allocated to carryover storage for hedging against the future evapotranspiration deficit in the catchments with larger aridity indexes or with larger variability in future precipitation, i.e., long‐term climate and precipitation variability control the degree of hedging.
Adaptive kernels in approximate filtering of state‐space models
Authors: Dedecius Kamil
Published: November 2016

Standard Bayesian algorithms used for online filtering of states of hidden Markov models from noisy measurements assume an accurate knowledge of the measurement model in the form of a conditional probability density function. However, this knowledge is often unreachable in practice, and the used models are more or less misspecified, or it is too complex, making the resulting models intractable. This paper focuses on these issues from the particle filtering perspective. It adopts the principles of the approximate Bayesian filtering, where the particle weights are based on the (dis)similarity of the true measurements and the pseudo‐measurements obtained by plugging the state particles directly into the measurement equation. Specifically, a new robust method for online tuning of the weighting kernel is proposed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved Anticancer Photothermal Therapy Using the Bystander Effect Enhanced by Antiarrhythmic Peptide Conjugated Dopamine‐Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite
Authors: Yu Jiantao , Lin Yu‐Hsin , Yang Lingyan , Huang Chih‐Ching , Chen Liliang , Wang Wen‐Cheng , Chen Guan‐Wen , Yan Junyan , Sawettanun Saranta , Lin Chia‐Hua
Published: November 2016

Despite tremendous efforts toward developing novel near‐infrared (NIR)‐absorbing nanomaterials, improvement in therapeutic efficiency remains a formidable challenge in photothermal cancer therapy. This study aims to synthesize a specific peptide conjugated polydopamine‐modified reduced graphene oxide (pDA/rGO) nanocomposite that promotes the bystander effect to facilitate cancer treatment using NIR‐activated photothermal therapy. To prepare a nanoplatform capable of promoting the bystander effect in cancer cells, we immobilized antiarrhythmic peptide 10 (AAP10) on the surface of dopamine‐modified rGO (AAP10‐pDA/rGO). Our AAP10‐pDA/rGO could promote the bystander effect by increasing the expression of connexin 43 protein in MCF‐7 breast‐cancer cells. Because of its tremendous ability to absorb NIR absorption, AAP10‐pDA/rGO offers a high photothermal effect under NIR irradiation. This leads to a massive death of MCF‐7 cells via the bystander effect. Using tumor‐bearing mice as the model, it is found that NIR radiation effectively ablates breast tumor in the presence of AAP10‐pDA/rGO and inhibits tumor growth by ≈100%. Therefore, this research integrates the bystander and photothermal effects into a single nanoplatform in order to facilitate an efficient photothermal therapy. Furthermore, our AAP10‐pDA/rGO, which exhibits both hyperthermia and the bystander effect, can prevent breast‐cancer recurrence and, therefore, has great potential for future clinical and research applications.
An adaptive parallel tempering method for the dynamic data‐driven parameter estimation of nonlinear models
Authors: Armstrong Matthew J. , Beris Antony N. , Wagner Norman J.
Published: November 2016

An adaptive parallel tempering algorithm is developed in a user‐friendly fashion that efficiently and robustly generates near‐optimum solutions. Using adaptive, implicit, time‐integration methods, the method allows fitting model parameters to dynamic data. The proposed approach is relatively insensitive to the initial guess and requires minimal fine‐tuning: most of the algorithm parameters can be determined adaptively based on the analysis of few model simulations, while default values are proposed for the few remaining ones, the exact values of which do not sensitively affect the solution. The method is extensively validated through its application to a number of algebraic and dynamic global optimization problems from Chemical Engineering literature. We then apply it to a multi‐parameter, highly nonlinear, model of the rheology of a thixotropic system where we show how the present approach can be used to robustly determine model parameters by fitting to dynamic, large amplitude, oscillatory stress vs. shear rate, data. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1937–1958, 2017
Gene and cell‐based therapies for inherited retinal disorders: An update
Authors: Sengillo Jesse D. , Justus Sally , Tsai Yi‐Ting , Cabral Thiago , Tsang Stephen H.
Published: November 2016

Retinal degenerations present a unique challenge as disease progression is irreversible and the retina has little regenerative potential. No current treatments for inherited retinal disease have the ability to reverse blindness, and current dietary supplement recommendations only delay disease progression with varied results. However, the retina is anatomically accessible and capable of being monitored at high resolution in vivo. This, in addition to the immune‐privileged status of the eye, has put ocular disease at the forefront of advances in gene‐ and cell‐based therapies. This review provides an update on gene therapies and randomized control trials for inherited retinal disease, including Leber congenital amaurosis, choroideremia, retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, X‐linked retinoschisis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and achromatopsia. New gene‐modifying and cell‐based strategies are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Schwefel in der modernen Materialwissenschaft
Authors: Boyd Darryl A.
Published: November 2016

Schwefel ist eines der häufigsten Elemente im Universum, fällt als Hauptnebenprodukt bei der Erdölraffination an und stellt ein häufiges Reaktionszentrum in biologischen Systemen dar. Die Forschung über Schwefel ist daher breit gefächert und hat große Relevanz und Auswirkungen auf unser tägliches Leben. So hat das Interesse an schwefelbasierten Reaktionen in den letzten zehn Jahren eine deutliche Wiederbelebung erfahren. Weitere relevante Themengebiete sind Forschungen zur Verbesserung von Energieeffizienzen, umweltfreundliche Anwendungen für Abfallprodukte der Erdölraffination, Polymere mit besonderen optischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie Materialien für biologische Anwendungen. Dieser Aufsatz stellt einige der neuesten Anwendungen von Schwefel und schwefelbasierten Reaktionen für die Herstellung von Materialien für den Energiebereich, Umweltschutz und andere praktische Anwendungen vor.
The Development of Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients With Psoriasis Is Preceded by a Period of Nonspecific Musculoskeletal Symptoms: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Eder Lihi , Polachek Ari , Rosen Cheryl F. , Chandran Vinod , Cook Richard , Gladman Dafna D.
Published: November 2016

Objective

To assess whether the presence of nonspecific musculoskeletal symptoms, their degree, and change over time predict the development of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in a prospective cohort of psoriasis patients without arthritis at baseline.

Methods

This prospective cohort study involved patients with psoriasis who were assessed at baseline to exclude the presence of clinical PsA. The study participants were reassessed annually to determine if they had developed PsA. The presence of musculoskeletal symptoms and the patients’ assessments of pain, fatigue, stiffness, physical function, and psychological distress were recorded at each visit. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess what symptoms predicted the development of PsA.

Results

A total of 57 of 410 psoriasis patients developed PsA. At baseline, the presence of arthralgia in women (hazard ratio [HR] 2.59, P = 0.02), heel pain (HR 4.18, P = 0.02), high fatigue score (HR 2.36, P = 0.007), and high stiffness score (HR 2.03, P = 0.045) predicted subsequent development of PsA. In addition, an increase from baseline in fatigue score (HR 1.27, P = 0.001), pain score (HR 1.34, P < 0.001), and stiffness score (HR 1.21, P = 0.03), and a worsening in physical function score (HR 0.96, P = 0.04) predicted the development of PsA.

Conclusion

A preclinical phase exists in patients with PsA prior to the diagnosis of the disease. This phase is characterized by nonspecific musculoskeletal symptoms, including joint pain, fatigue, and stiffness.
Conjugated Oligothiophene Derivatives Based on Bithiophene with Unsaturated Bonds as Building Blocks for Solution‐Processed Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Cui Chaohua , Wu Yue , Cheung Man‐Sing , Ho Cheuk‐Lam , Dong Qingchen , Lin Zhenyang , Li Yongfang , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: November 2016

A new building block ATVTA that uses stiff carbon–carbon triple bonds (A) on 1,2‐di(2‐thienyl)‐ethene (TVT) has been developed. Oligothiophene derivatives S‐01 with a TVT unit, S‐02 with a 5,5′‐diethynyl‐2,2′‐dithienyl (AT2) unit and S‐03 with ATVTA were synthesized to compare their effects in a systematic study. Due to the better π‐conjugation extension of the TVT unit, S‐01 exhibits the most red‐shifted absorption profile among them, whereas S‐02 possesses the deepest HOMO level. While the HOMO level of S‐03 is down‐shifted by 0.02 eV relative to that of S‐01, the alkyne linkages can effectively down‐shift the HOMO level. By replacing the terminal units of S‐03 with stronger electron acceptors, S‐04 and S‐05 exhibited broader absorption profiles and lower HOMO levels than those of S‐03. Organic solar cells based on these molecules were fabricated and an S‐03:PC60BM (1:1, w/w) based device afforded the highest Voc value of 0.96 V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.19 %.
Exohedral Complexation of B40, C60 and Arenes with Transition Metals: A Comparative DFT Study
Authors: Karmodak Naiwrit , Jemmis Eluvathingal D.
Published: November 2016

Holes are inevitable in borospherenes. The surface topography of B40 and its π MOs isolobal to benzene allow for better η7‐, η6‐ and η3‐ exohedral complexation with transition metal fragments than it is possible with C60 and arenes. η7‐complexes of B40 is lower in energy than the η6‐complexes for metal fragments such as C5H5Mn, C4H4Fe, and C3H3Co that have relatively diffuse frontier orbitals. The fragment C6H6Cr prefers η6‐coordination. Near‐isodesmic equations based on density functional theory computations of the transition metal complexes of B40, C60 and C6H6 support these anticipations. Transition metal complexation increases the stability of B40.
Synthesis of Thioethers and Thioesters with Alkyl Arylsulfinates as the Sulfenylation Agent under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Li Yahui , Zhu Fengxiang , Wang Zechao , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: November 2016

A study on the coupling of cycloalkanes with alkyl arylsulfinates has been performed. Using iodine as the catalyst, through C
−H bond activation and sulfinates reduction, a wide range of thioethers were produced in moderate to high yields. Additionally, various thiocarboxylic esters can also be produced by simply performing the reaction under CO pressure. Notably, this is the first report in which alkyl arylsulfinates were used as sulfenylation agents in a cross‐coupling transformation.
Detection of trace amounts of target DNA from massive background of nucleic acids by using the LM‐PCR‐based preamplification method
Authors: Pan Xiaoming , Wang Jing , Zhang Yanfang , Dong Ping , Li Chunchuan , Liang Xingguo
Published: November 2016

The sensitivity and specificity of DNA detection may decrease when the target DNA is in very low abundance. To effectively detect trace amounts of target DNA from massive background of nucleic acids, we have developed a powerful multiplex preamplification method based on ligation‐mediated PCR that can greatly enrich multiple target DNAs from massive backgrounds. By employing type IIS restriction endonuclease (REase) and specifically designed oligonucleotide adapters, target DNA can be preamplified with high efficiency and sensitivity. Combining with normal PCR, 10 copies of target DNA was effectively detected from over 108 times more excessive backgrounds with high specificity and 10 times more effectively than conventional PCR. In particular, the usage of universal primer in the preamplification PCR (pre‐amp PCR) ensured that multiple targets could be equivalently amplified, which was confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR), indicating it could meet the demands of high‐throughput detection. The flexibility and applicability of pre‐amp PCR was validated by using different microorganisms DNA as targets and employing two different type IIS REases. The results suggest that the pre‐amp PCR method has broad application prospects in various gene detection fields.
Ingenieurholzbau für mehrgeschossige Industriebauten – Konzept und Detaillösungen
Authors: Scheu Markus , Scheffler Jürgen , Jahreis Markus , Oppel Mike , Rautenstrauch Karl
Published: November 2016

Ein mehrgeschossiges Firmengebäude in Berlin wurde in Holz‐ und Holz‐Beton‐Verbundbauweise errichtet. Die sichtbare Konstruktion aus Brettschichtholz erstreckt sich teilweise über vier Etagen und erforderte eine Auslegung der Brandsicherheit nach R90. Entworfen wurde das Gebäude durch die Roswag Architekten, die Konzeption für die Holzkonstruktion sowie die Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken erfolgte durch die Stephan Holzbau GmbH. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellten die Knotenpunkte dar, bei denen die hohen Stützenlasten durch die Durchlaufträger aus Brettschichtholz hindurchzuleiten waren. Hierfür kam eine Sonderlösung mit Polymerverguss zum Einsatz. Bohrungen, quer zur Spannrichtung, wurden mit einem hochfesten Polymerverguss gefüllt, die Lasten konnten auf kleinem Raum über diese integrierten Vergusssäulen durch den Träger hindurch weitergeleitet werden. Die Querschnittsreduzierung bleibt äußerst gering und somit die Durchlaufwirkung erhalten. Bauseitig bestanden sehr hohe Anforderungen an die Maßhaltigkeit. Die geringen Bauteiltoleranzen der Sichtkon struktion waren problemlos über den CNC‐Abbund und Verguss im Werk steuerbar. Durch den Einsatz von Polymerverguss konnten die Kosten für diese Verbindung, verglichen mit einer Standardlösung mit Stahleinbauteilen, um ca. 30 % reduziert werden. Im Artikel werden Ansätze und Lösungen für die Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken und die Knotenpunkte vorgestellt sowie nähere Ausführungen zu deren Anwendungspotenzial auf Grundlage der Entwicklungsarbeit der Professur Holz‐ und Mauerwerksbau gegeben.
Kraftflussoptimierte Verbindungen im Ingenieurbau
Authors: Weber Jan , Kjølsrud Eirik , Schober Kay‐Uwe
Published: November 2016

Die Herstellung von geometrisch komplexen Geometrien erfolgt mithilfe von CAD‐Lösungen, welche über entsprechende Schnittstellen direkt an CAM‐Prozesse gekoppelt sind. Dabei werden verschiedene Verfahren zur Geometrieerzeugung von Knotenverbindungen verwendet, welche im Bericht vorgestellt sind. Die aufwändigste Variante besteht in der Produktion eines Urmodells, welches durch anschließendes Abformen und Ausgießen des Negativs mit einem leistungsfähigen Vergussmaterial der konventionellen Stahlgusstechnik nahekommt. Weitere Verfahren basieren auf der Laserschneidtechnik, bei der die jeweiligen Knotengeometrien zunächst aus ebenen Plattenmaterialien erzeugt werden und nach einem Faltprozess als Schalung zur Verfügung stehen. Ein drittes Verfahren besteht in der Herstellung eines Hohlkörpers, der im 3‐D‐Drucker hergestellt wird und als verlorene Schalung dient. Alle Schalungen werden anschließend mit einem leistungsfähigen Vergussmaterial (Polymerbeton, ggf. UHPC) befüllt. Anzuschließende Querschnitte (Stahl, Holz, Beton, UHPC) und Einbauteile können beanspruchungsabhängig ausgeführt und verbunden werden. Eine Berechnung der Knoten kann mit den im Ingenieurbau vorhandenen numerischen Methoden (z. B. FEM‐Systeme wie ANSYS, ABAQUS) erfolgen, wobei die Materialkennwerte der jeweiligen Vergussmaterialien zugrunde gelegt werden. Die Hochschulen Trier und Mainz entwickeln gemeinsam Verfahren zur Formgenerierung, Produktion und numerischen Modellierung, welche im Aufsatz vorgestellt werden.
Role of staging laparoscopy in the stratification of patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Bird N , Elmasry M , Jones R , Elniel M , Kelly M , Palmer D , Fenwick S , Poston G , Malik H
Published: November 2016

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. Radical surgical resection is the only option for curative treatment. Optimal determination of resectability is required so that patients can be stratified into operative or chemotherapeutic treatment cohorts in an accurate and time-efficient manner. Staging laparoscopy is utilized to determine the presence of radiologically occult disease that would preclude further surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to analyse the utility of staging laparoscopy in a contemporary cohort of patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with potentially resectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma between January 2010 and April 2015 were analysed retrospectively from a prospective database linked to UK Hospital Episode Statistics data. Patients with distal cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer were excluded from analysis.

Results

A total of 431 patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma were referred for assessment of potential resection at a supraregional referral centre. Some 116 patients with potentially resectable disease subsequently underwent surgical assessment. The cohort demonstrated an all-cause yield of staging laparoscopy for unresectable disease of 27·2 per cent (31 of 114). The sensitivity for detection of peritoneal disease was 71 per cent (15 of 21; P < 0·001). The accuracy for all-cause non-resection for staging laparoscopy was 66 per cent (31 of 47) with a positive predictive value of progress to resection of 81 per cent (69 of 85). Neither the Bismuth–Corlette nor the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center preoperative scoring system was contingent with cause of unresectability at staging laparoscopy (P = 0·462 and P = 0·280 respectively).

Conclusion

In the present cohort, staging laparoscopy proved useful in determining the presence of radiologically occult metastatic disease in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Effect of bafilomycin and NAADP on membrane‐associated ATPases and respiration of isolated mitochondria of the murine Nemeth‐Kellner lymphoma
Authors: Hreniukh V. , Bychkova S. , Kulachkovsky O. , Babsky A.
Published: November 2016

The goal of the study was to estimate the effect of a selective V‐type H+‐ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) on energetic processes in NK/Ly cell by directly measuring the respiration of isolated mitochondria and ATPase activities.

NAADP (7 μM) increased the activity of Na+/K+‐ATPase in the postmitochondrial fraction of NK/Ly cells, but lower concentration of NAADP decreased it (0.1 and 1 μM). The increase the activity of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) under NAADP application (1 and 7 μM) was observed. However, NAADP (1 μM) decreased activities of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) and basal Mg2+‐ATPase. Bafilomycin A1 (1 μM) increased the activity of Na+/K+‐ATPase and potentiated the effect of NAADP (1 μM) on this pump. At the same time, bafilomycin A1 (1 μM) completely prevented all effects of NAADP (1 μM) on activities of PMCA, SERCA, and basal Mg2+‐ATPase, confirming that these effects are dependent on acidic stores.

Bafilomycin A1 or NAADP decreased respiratory and oxidative phosphorylation rates in NK/Ly mitochondria when α‐ketoglutarate was used as substrate in contrast to succinate. Thus, α‐ketoglutarate oxidation is more sensitive to bafilomycin A1 and NAADP influences compared with succinate oxidation. However, bafilomycin A1 + NAADP and any of these compounds separately lead to full uncoupling of mitochondria after ADP addition irrespectively to substrate used. Bafilomycin A1 affects isolated tumor mitochondria more effectively in combination with NAADP. Bafilomycin and NAADP alter some membrane‐associated ATPases and inhibit respiration in mitochondria of the Nemeth‐Kellner lymphoma.

Significance of research paragraph

Bafilomycin A1 potentiates the effect of NAADP by inhibiting the mitochondrial energetic process in lymphoma cells and activity of Na+/K+‐ATPase. The obtained data show promising possibility to use bafilomycin A1 and NAADP as chemotherapeutic agents for lymphoma cells treatment. This is important because lymphomas are seventh most common form of cancer. Today the lymphoma mortality is 15% to 30%, whereas the effectiveness of malignant neoplasms treatment is less than 50%.
Comparison of the Catalytic Performance and Carbon Monoxide Sensing Behavior of Pd‐SnO2 Core@Shell Nanocomposites
Authors: Ogel Elen , Müller Sabrina A. , Sackmann André , Gyger Fabian , Bockstaller Pascal , Brose Eugen , Casapu Maria , Schöttner Ludger , Gerthsen Dagmar , Feldmann Claus , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk
Published: November 2016

The catalytic activity of Pd‐SnO2 core@shell nanocomposites in the oxidation of CO and their CO‐sensing behavior were compared. For this purpose, Pd particles were placed on the inside and the outside of SnO2 hollow spheres, as demonstrated by electron tomography, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Both the sensing and catalytic effect were studied in a systematic manner on such nanocomposites, and striking differences in the catalytic performance of the nanocomposites in CO oxidation and CO and H2 sensing were found. At low temperatures, SnO2@Pd was found to be a good sensor, and the light‐off temperature was significantly lower than that of Pd@SnO2. Above the ignition temperature, CO was probably rapidly removed from the gas so that the sensing effect disappeared. This demonstrated that understanding of the sensing and catalytic behavior can help in unraveling the functional properties of core@shell and Pd‐SnO2 nanocomposites in more detail.
Enhanced Activity and Recyclability of Palladium Complexes in the Catalytic Synthesis of Sodium Acrylate from Carbon Dioxide and Ethylene
Authors: Manzini Simone , Cadu Alban , Schmidt Anna‐Corina , Huguet Núria , Trapp Oliver , Paciello Rocco , Schaub Thomas
Published: November 2016

The Pd‐catalysed synthesis of sodium acrylate from ethylene and CO2 in the presence of alcoholate bases has been improved significantly. We used amide solvents such as N‐cyclohexylpyrrolidone or N,N‐dibutylformamide to achieve turnover numbers greater than 500 in one run, which is significantly higher than that of systems for this reaction reported previously. For the first time, we were able to recycle the catalyst without any additional regeneration step. With this system, it is possible to use the simple and easily recycled alcoholate base sodium isopropoxide to achieve good turnover numbers up to 200.
Cadmium–BINOL Metal–Organic Framework for the Separation of Alcohol Isomers
Authors: Bueno‐Perez Rocio , Merkling Patrick J. , Gómez‐Álvarez Paula , Calero Sofia
Published: November 2016

The large‐scale isolation of specific isomers of amyl alcohols for applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and biochemical industries represents a challenging task due to the physicochemical similarities of these structural isomers. The homochiral metal–organic framework cadmium–BINOL (BINOL=1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol) is suitable for the separation of pentanol isomers, combining adsorption selectivities above 5 with adsorption capacities of around 4.5 mol kg−1. Additionally, a slight ability for separation of racemic mixtures of 2‐pentanol is also detected. This behavior is explained based on matching shapes, strength of host–guest interactions, and on the network of hydrogen bonds. The last of these explains both the relative success and shortfalls of prediction methods at high loadings (ideal adsorbed solution theory) or at low coverage (separation factors), which are therefore useful here at a qualitative level, but not accurate in quantitative terms. Finally, the high selectivity of cadmium–BINOL for 1‐pentanol over its isomers offers prospects for practical applications and some room for optimizing conditions.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Fe–Ni Bimetallic Nanoparticles for the Reductive Degradation of Nimesulide
Authors: Araújo Annelise F. , Gonçalves Andressa A. , Rosado Francisca G. L. , Verly Rodrigo M. , da Silva Leonardo M. , Franco Débora V.
Published: November 2016

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) stabilized Fe‐Ni bimetallic nanoparticles (CMC‐bNP‐Fe‐Ni) were used for the reductive degradation of the drug nimesulide (NMS) in aqueous solution and in a secondary effluent. The influence of the concentrations of CMC‐bNP‐Fe‐Ni and NMS as well as the Ni content were investigated systematically. Nanoparticles containing 17 wt% of Ni showed the best performance for the reductive degradation of NMS. A complete removal of NMS was verified with the formation of aromatic by‐products for concentrations of NMS ranging from 10 to 60 mg L−1 using CMC‐bNP‐Fe(0.83)–Ni(0.17) (0.2 g L−1). As the CMC‐bNP‐Fe(0.83)–Ni(0.17) and NMS concentrations increased, so did the removal rate, a result consistent with a heterogeneous reaction carried out under agitated conditions. The degradation of NMS using the CMC‐bNP‐Fe(0.83)–Ni(0.17) system in the presence and absence of dissolved oxygen revealed that oxygen affects the process for NMS concentrations <45 mg L−1. A comparative study using CMC‐bNP‐Fe(0.83)–Ni(0.17), bNP‐Fe(0.83)–Ni(0.17), and CMC stabilized zero‐valent iron nanoparticles (CMC‐ZVIn) revealed that higher degradation levels of NMS were only obtained with the CMC‐bNP‐Fe(0.83)–Ni(0.17) system by means of the reduction of nitro and sulfonyl groups with the formation of aromatic by‐products. The reductive treatment of a secondary effluent with CMC‐bNP‐Fe(0.83)–Ni(0.17) led to a rapid decrease in the NMS concentration, with a percentage reduction of 95% achieved after 5 min of reaction.
Derivation of Telencephalic Oligodendrocyte Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Major Tamara , Powers Ann , Tabar Viviane
Published: November 2016

Oligodendrocytes are the main myelinating cell of the adult CNS and are vulnerable to injury in diverse disorders, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, trauma, pharmacological and radiation toxicity, as well as neuroinflammation. Human pluripotent stem cells are attractive sources of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and provide a promising treatment strategy for exogenous myelin repair through transplantation. This unit describes a protocol for the step‐wise differentiation of forebrain late oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells in defined chemical in vitro culture conditions. It involves a stepwise progression of oligodendrocyte progenitors through their known developmental phases, starting with the expression of appropriate transcription factors (Olig2, Nkx2.2), the upregulation of PDGFRA, followed by the appearance of O4‐expressing cells, then O1 expression and finally mature myelin‐binding protein (MBP) expressing cells. Validation of cell fate is performed by extensive transcriptomal profiling, as well in vitro myelination essays with hESCs‐derived neuronal cells. Recapitulating forebrain oligodendrocyte development may generate cells more suitable for transplantation strategies for disorders primarily involving the telencephalon. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
One‐Pot Selective Catalytic Synthesis of Pyrrolidone Derivatives from Ethyl Levulinate and Nitro Compounds
Authors: Vidal Juan D. , Climent Maria J. , Corma Avelino , Concepcion Dr Patricia , Iborra Sara
Published: November 2016

N‐substituted 5‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidones were prepared in a one‐pot process starting from ethyl levulinate and nitro compounds in the presence of a nanosized Pt‐based catalyst. Pt supported on TiO2 nanotubes (Pt/TiO2‐NT) catalyzed the synthesis of N‐substituted 5‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidones through a cascade process involving the reduction of nitro compounds, formation of the intermediary imine, hydrogenation, and subsequent cyclization. A bifunctional metal–acid system was a suitable catalyst for the process. Pt supported on TiO2 showed lower catalytic activity than Pt/TiO2‐NT owing to the strong adsorption of nitro compounds during the first reaction step that poisoned the acidic sites and strongly decreased the rate of amination and cyclization. However, Pt/TiO2‐NT with milder acid sites was less affected by the adsorption of nitro compounds and the full cascade process could proceed. The results indicate that the prepared Pt/TiO2‐NT is a chemoselective and reusable catalyst that can be applied to the synthesis of a variety of N‐substituted 5‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidones starting from nitro compounds with excellent yields in absence of an additional organic solvent under mild reaction conditions.