bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eagle Syndrome: A Rare Case of Atraumatic, Painful Cervical Neck Swelling
Authors: Worden Cameron , Bhandari Sanjeeb , Cable Benjamin , Kuehl Damon
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Painful neck swelling is a common emergency complaint but can present diagnostic challenges. Eagle syndrome is a rare clinical entity in which a pathologically elongated styloid process or ossified stylohyoid ligament produces a constellation of symptoms in the head and neck region.

Case Report: We present the case of a 50-year-old male with a spontaneous, atraumatic fracture of an elongated styloid process associated with hematoma formation and radiological findings of airway impingement.

Discussion: The classic triad for Eagle syndrome consists of unilateral cervicofacial pain, globus sensation, and dysphagia. Diagnosis of Eagle syndrome should be made based on a combination of physical examination and radiological findings. Treatment options vary based on severity of symptoms.

Conclusion: Although more likely to be an indolent and progressive complaint, providers in the acute care setting should be familiar with Eagle syndrome due to the potential for a spontaneous fracture of an elongated styloid process to cause acute, painful neck swelling and life-threatening airway compromise.
A Case of Hyperkalemia Versus Pseudohyperkalemia in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Le Rachel , Geary Sean
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Both hyperkalemia and pseudohyperkalemia occur in the emergency department. True hyperkalemia necessitates emergent treatment while pseudohyperkalemia requires recognition to prevent inappropriate treatment. It is imperative that the emergency physician (EP) have an understanding of the causes and clinical presentations of both phenomena. Case Report: We present a case of an 88-year-old male with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and suspected blast crisis who was found to have elevated serum potassium levels without other manifestations of hyperkalemia and eventually was determined to have pseudohyperkalemia due to white cell fragility. Discussion: Differentiation of hyperkalemia and pseudohyperkalemia is a critical skill for the EP. We discuss multiple causes of hyperkalemia and pseudohyperkalemia in an effort to broaden the knowledge base. Conclusion: We present a case of CLL as an unusual cause of pseudohyperkalemia and review common causes of pseudohyperkalemia.
Self-Knowledge and a Refutation of the Immateriality of Human Nature
Authors: Fatoorchi Pirooz ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2020

The paper deals with an argument reported by Razi (d. 1210) that was used to attempt to refute the immateriality of human nature. This argument is based on an epistemic asymmetry between our self-knowledge and our knowledge of immaterial things. After some preliminary remarks, the paper analyzes the structure of the argument in four steps. From a methodological point of view, the argument is similar to a family of epistemological arguments (notably, the Cartesian argument from doubt) and is vulnerable to the same objection that can be raised against that form of reasoning. The last section points out that the argument can be used indirectly to highlight the weakness in some arguments for the claim that there is something immaterial in human beings.
Field and model-based evaluation of a low-cost sampling protocol for a coordinated, crayfish life-history sampling effort
Authors: Stoeckel James , Helms Brian , Catalano Mathew , Miller Jonathan M. , Gibson Kesley , Stewart Paul M.
Published: May 2020

Life-history studies have been published for only a small proportion of crayfish species native to the southeastern United States. The Southeastern Crayfish Biologist Working Group was formed to help meet this deficit by coordinating life-history research efforts. We used a combination of field sampling and computer modeling to evaluate a basic core sampling protocol and assess sample size issues. We focused on a locally abundant species, Procambarus versutus, and followed the protocol for 5 months at two sites in Alabama. Results showed a monthly sample size of 10 juvenile males plus 10 adult males could be met consistently and provided a = 85% probability of detecting seasonal shifts in proportion of Form I males under a range of scenarios. Weaknesses of the effort included inconsistent determination of sex in juveniles and form of adult males among sampling crews. More importantly, female life-history information was rarely obtainable due to an inability to collect sufficient numbers of glaired or berried adults. We suggest several priorities to address before implementation of coordinated, large-scale sampling efforts. These include development of sampling techniques to increase captures of glaired and berried females, and assessment of non-lethal gamete extraction techniques to track reproductive state of males and females.
Consumption of rice seed in a Louisiana soil by Procambarus clarkii
Authors: McClain W. Ray
Published: May 2020

Crayfish often reduce stands of cultivated rice by damaging young foliage or consuming rice seed, especially under water seeding practices where seeds lie near the soil surface. The ability of Procambarus clarkii (Girard) to locate and consume rice seed beneath the soil surface under simulated drill-seeding conditions was investigated. Thirty-six plastic tanks (38 L) filled with soil, groundwater, and individual mature crayfish were used in each of two trials. Rice seed was positioned at various depths prior to filling, representing six treatments (with six replicates) per trial. Loose soil was used in trial 1 and settled soil was used in trial 2. Crayfish were allowed to forage for 2 days, after which the soil was filtered to recover uneaten seed. With seed positioned up to 25 mm deep in trial 1, mean seed consumption was 91% with no significant differences among treatments. In trial 2 where the range of seed depth was greater, mean consumption varied from 31 to 97%. The ability of crayfish to locate rice seed deeper than 25 mm was reduced, yet some of the seed was consumed even at depths up to 76 mm. These results suggest that crayfish are adept at finding and consuming rice seed well beneath the soil surface, which may have both negative and positive implications when crayfish are present in cultivated rice systems.
Ephemeral wetlands as significant habitat for threatened crayfish in Alabama, USA
Authors: Kendrick Michael R. , Huryn Alexander D.
Published: May 2020

While ephemeral wetlands contribute significantly to regional freshwater biodiversity, their role in supporting threatened and imperiled species of crayfish is not widely recognized. As the center of global crayfish biodiversity, the southeastern United States (US), and the state of Alabama (AL) in particular, are important focal areas where information is needed to develop understanding of habitat constraints determining the distributions of crayfish species. To this end, we documented crayfish species associated with ephemeral wetlands and associated wetland habitats that have been traditionally under sampled. Fifteen species of crayfish were documented among 96 survey sites. This assemblage included three Alabama state-listed Priority 1 species [Cambarellus diminutus Hobbs, Fallicambarus burrisi Fitzpatrick, Procambarus viaeviridis (Faxon)] and five Priority 2 species [Hobbseus prominens (Hobbs), Orconectes lancifer (Hagan), Procambarus evermanni (Faxon), P. leconti (Hagan), P. marthae Hobbs]. An undescribed species of Cambarellus (“sp. A”) was also documented, and will presumably be eventually designated a Priority 1 species in Alabama due to its restricted distribution and apparent endemism. Ten species of crayfish were documented from ephemeral wetlands, including four Priority 1 and 2 species [Cambarellus sp. A (presumed Priority 1 species), H. prominens, P. marthae, P. viaeviridis]. Most populations of Priority 1 and 2 species we documented are within the 100-year floodplain of the Black Warrior River. Ephemeral wetlands and associated wetland habitats within the floodplains of large rivers thus appear to be vital habitat for threatened and imperiled crayfish in Alabama. Our results suggest that future crayfish surveys should include sampling of these important but often overlooked habitats.
Laboratory experiments for the detection of environmental DNA of crayfish: Examining the potential
Authors: Figiel Chester R. , Bohn Sandra
Published: May 2020

We examined methods for detecting environmental DNA of the invasive white river crayfish Procambarus zonangulus. In a laboratory experiment, we investigated detection capability in benthic sediment samples and in water samples in six flow-through tanks. Additionally we determined whether crayfish density (low = 0.67 or high = 2.69 crayfish·m-2) or crayfish time in tanks influenced DNA detectability (collection of samples on Days 2, 5, 8 and 15). Species-specific primers and probes were designed for P. zonangulus and their specificity was tested against other crayfish species. Limits of detection and quantification were specified for the target DNA sequence by means of quantitative PCR amplifications on dilution series of known amounts of P. zonangulus DNA. We detected crayfish DNA in 14 of the 24 benthic sediment samples and in two of the 24 water samples. DNA detection was found in benthic sediment samples in at least two tanks at every sampling period, while DNA detection was found in water samples only on Day 8. Crayfish DNA was detected in benthic sediment and water samples independently of crayfish density. Crayfish at both densities were observed to ‘explore’ all areas of the tank and move irrespective of diurnal time or conspecific presence. These behavior patterns were observed throughout the 15 day experiment and likely resulted in the positive detections, especially in benthic sediment samples. We believe that these methods could benefit monitoring of invasive crayfish species, although there is no doubt that further optimization and more research is needed to evaluate these techniques in the wild.
Growth and survival of Cherax destructor and Bidyanus bidyanus stocked in a communal aquarium system
Authors: Duffy Rodnet E. , Godwin Ian , Purvis Ian , Nolan John
Published: May 2020

Polycultural aquaculture typically utilises a mix of low trophic level species to increase yield above that which can be obtained from a single species. Low trophic level species are not widely accepted for consumption within Australia, so this study focussed on two species that have market acceptance, the yabby (Cherax destructor) and the silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Laboratory scale trials examined the effect of each species on the growth and survival of the other species as well as the role of shelter for crayfish in this system over a 13.5 week period. Neither species negatively impacted the growth of the other, however, survival was negatively impacted. Shelter enhanced crayfish survival, although fish survival was impacted in those treatments. A higher total biomass was harvested from polyculture treatments than monoculture treatments. The positive results warrant further investigation at the scale of mesocosm, prior to large-scale pond trials.
Distribution and conservation status of the crayfish fauna of South Carolina, USA
Authors: Eversole Arnold G. , Foltz Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2020

Spatial distributions of South Carolina crayfish were geo-referenced for over 3900 museum and collection records. Collection site records are not evenly distributed across the state; some parts of the state are poorly represented while other parts have a disproportionate number of collection records. Currently, 38 described species in five genera occur in the state of which eight are endemic species and one an introduced species. Cambarus latimanus and Procambarus troglodytes were the two most widely distributed species while the four Distocambarus species have the narrowest distributions. Most of the records of Cambarus were from above the fall line, whereas, Procambarus records occurred mostly below the fall line; the exceptions were for the primary burrowers C. diogenes and C. reflexus and the stream dwelling P. spiculifer. Crayfish species were rarely restricted to single river systems or watershed units. The 27% of South Carolina crayfish species considered in the greatest conservation need included all four Distocambarus species, four Cambarus species and two Procambarus species. Conservation status of the South Carolina crayfish will require updating because of the potential taxonomic problems of species complexes, new species descriptions and limited distribution records for some species.
Notas sobre a Teoria da Arte na fotografia de Jeff Wall e Thomas Struth
Authors: Pereira José Carlos
Published: May 2020

Notas sobre a Teoria da Arte na fotografia de Jeff Wall e Thomas Struth
Controlling gene activation by enhancers through a drug-inducible topological insulator
Authors: Tsujimura Taro , Takase Osamu , Yoshikawa Masahiro , Sano Etsuko , Hayashi Matsuhiko , Hoshi Kazuto , Takato Tsuyoshi , Toyoda Atsushi , Okano Hideyuki , Hishikawa Keiichi
Published: May 2020

While regulation of gene-enhancer interaction is intensively studied, its application remains limited. Here, we reconstituted arrays of CTCF-binding sites and devised a synthetic topological insulator with tetO for chromatin-engineering (STITCH). By coupling STITCH with tetR linked to the KRAB domain to induce heterochromatin and disable the insulation, we developed a drug-inducible system to control gene activation by enhancers. In human induced pluripotent stem cells, STITCH inserted between MYC and the enhancer down-regulated MYC. Progressive mutagenesis of STITCH led to a preferential escalation of the gene-enhancer interaction, corroborating the strong insulation ability of STITCH. STITCH also altered epigenetic states around MYC. Time-course analysis by drug induction uncovered deposition and removal of H3K27me3 repressive marks follows and reflects, but does not precede and determine, the expression change. Finally, STITCH inserted near NEUROG2 impaired the gene activation in differentiating neural progenitor cells. Thus, STITCH should be broadly useful for functional genetic studies.
Cortical excitability controls the strength of mental imagery
Authors: Keogh Rebecca , Bergmann Johanna , Pearson Joel
Published: May 2020

Mental imagery provides an essential simulation tool for remembering the past and planning the future, with its strength affecting both cognition and mental health. Research suggests that neural activity spanning prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and visual areas supports the generation of mental images. Exactly how this network controls the strength of visual imagery remains unknown. Here, brain imaging and transcranial magnetic phosphene data show that lower resting activity and excitability levels in early visual cortex (V1-V3) predict stronger sensory imagery. Further, electrically decreasing visual cortex excitability using tDCS increases imagery strength, demonstrating a causative role of visual cortex excitability in controlling visual imagery. Together, these data suggest a neurophysiological mechanism of cortical excitability involved in controlling the strength of mental images.
Keratin 14-dependent disulfides regulate epidermal homeostasis and barrier function via 14-3-3σ and YAP1
Authors: Guo Yajuan , Redmond Catherine J , Leacock Krystynne A , Brovkina Margarita V , Ji Suyun , Jaskula-Ranga Vinod , Coulombe Pierre A
Published: May 2020

The intermediate filament protein keratin 14 (K14) provides vital structural support in basal keratinocytes of epidermis. Recent studies evidenced a role for K14-dependent disulfide bonding in the organization and dynamics of keratin IFs in skin keratinocytes. Here we report that knock-in mice harboring a cysteine-to-alanine substitution at Krt14’s codon 373 (C373A) exhibit alterations in disulfide-bonded K14 species and a barrier defect secondary to enhanced proliferation, faster transit time and altered differentiation in epidermis. A proteomics screen identified 14-3-3 as K14 interacting proteins. Follow-up studies showed that YAP1, a transcriptional effector of Hippo signaling regulated by 14-3-3sigma in skin keratinocytes, shows aberrant subcellular partitioning and function in differentiating Krt14 C373A keratinocytes. Residue C373 in K14, which is conserved in a subset of keratins, is revealed as a novel regulator of keratin organization and YAP function in early differentiating keratinocytes, with an impact on cell mechanics, homeostasis and barrier function in epidermis.
The tumor microenvironment as a metabolic barrier to effector T cells and immunotherapy
Authors: Lim Aaron R , Rathmell W Kimryn , Rathmell Jeffrey C
Published: May 2020

Breakthroughs in anti-tumor immunity have led to unprecedented advances in immunotherapy, yet it is now clear that the tumor microenvironment (TME) restrains immunity. T cells must substantially increase nutrient uptake to mount a proper immune response and failure to obtain sufficient nutrients or engage the appropriate metabolic pathways can alter or prevent effector T cell differentiation and function. The TME, however, can be metabolically hostile due to insufficient vascular exchange and cancer cell metabolism that leads to hypoxia, depletion of nutrients, and accumulation of waste products. Further, inhibitory receptors present in the TME can inhibit T cell metabolism and alter T cell signaling both directly and through release of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. This review will discuss the metabolic changes that drive T cells into different stages of their development and how the TME imposes barriers to the metabolism and activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.
Whole-brain mapping of socially isolated zebrafish reveals that lonely fish are not loners
Authors: Tunbak Hande , Vazquez-Prada Mireya , Ryan Thomas Michael , Kampff Adam Raymond , Dreosti Elena
Published: May 2020

The zebrafish was used to assess the impact of social isolation on behaviour and brain function. As in humans and other social species, early social deprivation reduced social preference in juvenile zebrafish. Whole-brain functional maps of anti-social isolated (lonely) fish were distinct from anti-social (loner) fish found in the normal population. These isolation-induced activity changes revealed profound disruption of neural activity in brain areas linked to social behaviour, social cue processing, and anxiety/stress. Several of the affected regions are modulated by serotonin, and we found that social preference in isolated fish could be rescued by acutely reducing serotonin levels.
Transcriptomic profiling of purple broccoli reveals light-induced anthocyanin biosynthetic signaling and structural genes
Authors: Liu Chunqing , Yao Xueqin , Li Guangqing , Huang Lei , Xie Zhujie
Published: May 2020

Purple Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) attracts growing attention as a functional food. Its purple coloration is due to high anthocyanin amounts. Light represents a critical parameter affecting anthocyanins biosynthesis. In this study, ‘Purple Broccoli’, a light-responding pigmentation cultivar, was assessed for exploring the mechanism underlying light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis by RNA-Seq. Cyanidin, delphinidin and malvidin derivatives were detected in broccoli head samples. Shading assays and RNA-seq analysis identified the flower head as more critical organ compared with leaves. Anthocyanin levels were assessed at 0, 7 and 11 days, respectively, with further valuation by RNA-seq under head-shading and light conditions. RNA sequences were de novo assembled into 50,329 unigenes, of which 38,701 were annotated against four public protein databases. Cluster analysis demonstrated that anthocyanin/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis in cluster 8 were the main metabolic pathways regulated by light and had showed associations with flower head growth. A total of 2,400 unigenes showed differential expression between the light and head-shading groups in cluster 8, including 650 co-expressed, 373 specifically expressed under shading conditions and 1,377 specifically expressed under normal light. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis demonstrated that light perception and the signal transducers CRY3 and HY5 may control anthocyanin accumulation. Following shading, 15 structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were downregulated, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H and DFR. Moreover, six BoMYB genes (BoMYB6-1, BoMYB6-2, BoMYB6-3, BoMYB6-4, BoMYBL2-1 and BoMYBL2-2) and three BobHLH genes (BoTT8_5-1, BoTT8_5-2 and BoEGL5-3) were critical transcription factors controlling anthocyanin accumulation under light conditions. Based on these data, a light-associated anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in Broccoli was proposed. This information could help improve broccoli properties, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning light-associated anthocyanin production in purple vegetables.
Rebuilding soil organic C stocks in degraded grassland by grazing exclusion: a linked decline in soil inorganic C
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xie Yingzhong , Ma Hongbin , Jing Le , Matthew Cory , Li Jianping
Published: May 2020

Background

Our study evaluated how soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) recovered over time in deep loessial soil as overgrazed grassland was fenced and restored.

Methods

The study was conducted in the Yunwu Mountain Nature Reserve in the Ningxia Autonomous Region of China. In it we compared soil data from three grazed grassland (G) sites, three sites that were fenced for 15 years (F15), and three sites that were fenced for 30 years (F30) as a so-called ‘space for time series’.

Results and Discussion

We compared SOC accumulation in soil up to 200 cm below the surface in G, F15, and F30 plots. An increase in SOC correlated with a decrease in soil pH, and decreased soil bulk density. However, SOC sequestration in fenced plots was largely offset by a decrease in SIC, which was closely correlated (r = 0.713, p = 0.001) with SOC-driven soil pH decline. We observed no significant increase in soil total carbon in the F15 or F30 sites after comparing them to G.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that fencing causes the slow diffusion processes to intensify the soil property changes from increased litter return, and this slow diffusion process is still active 30 years after fencing at 100–200 cm soil depths in the studied deep loessial soil. These findings are likely applicable to similar sites.
Conditioned medium from M2b macrophages modulates the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by deregulating the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway
Authors: Huang Suiqing , Yue Yuan , Feng Kangni , Huang Xiaolin , Li Huayang , Hou Jian , Yang Song , Huang Shaojie , Liang Mengya , Chen Guangxian , Wu Zhongkai
Published: May 2020

Background

Immunity and inflammation are considered to be central features of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), in which macrophages are one of the main components of inflammatory cell infiltration around the pulmonary artery. M2b macrophages, which are different from M1 and M2 macrophages, are believed to have immunomodulatory activities and produce little fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of M2b macrophages on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) derived from monocrotaline-induced PAH rats.

Methods

PASMCs were cultured in serum-free medium, the supernatant of M0 macrophages, or the supernatant of M2b macrophages for 24 hours. Then cell proliferation was assessed by cell counting kit-8 and cell migration ability was detected by wound healing and transwell assays. The apoptosis rate of cells was determined by TUNEL staining and annexin V-PE/7-ADD staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, cleaved caspase-9 and PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway. LY294002 (a specific inhibitor of PI3K) was used to investigate its effect on PASMCs and its relationship with M2b macrophages.

Results

Conditioned medium from M2b macrophages significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PASMCs compared with the control group and M0 macrophage group. Furthermore, conditioned medium from M2b macrophages promote PASMC apoptosis and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-9, inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Finally, conditioned medium from M2b macrophages inhibited the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway also significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis resistance of PASMCs.

Conclusion

Conditioned medium from M2b macrophages can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis resistance of PASMCs, which may be at least partially by deregulating the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a pathway.
Knowledge Assessment of Farmers Regarding Sericulture Based Dairy Farming in Karnataka State
Authors: Girish C. E. , Kadian K. S. , Meena B. S. , Mandi Kalyan
Published: May 2020

Sericulture and dairy farming play synergistic role in the livelihood of farmers particularly in Karnataka state. It provides assured income and employment to the farmers. Karnataka is the highest silk as well as 11th topmost milk producing state in India. The study was conducted in Kolar and Chikkaballapura district of the state. A total of 180 respondents were selected for the study. Semi-structured interview schedule was used for field investigation. Result reveals that, about 49.44% of sericulture based dairy farmers belongs to medium knowledge category, whereas about 30.56% of respondents belongs to low knowledge category and only 20% belongs to the high knowledge category of sericulture based dairy farming. Therefore, knowledge of farmers about sericulture based dairy farming practices need to be given special emphasis with various effective extension approaches.
Health Literacy and Control of Glycaemia in Diabetes and Blood Pressure in Hypertension; A Study Based on Validated Sinhala Version of HLS-EU-Q16
Authors: Lekamwasam Sarath , Wijebandara Sanka , Lekamwasam Vajira
Published: May 2020

Aims: To validate Sinhala version of HLS-EU-Q16 and asses the relationship between level of health literacy and control of blood sugar among diabetics and blood pressure among hypertensives. 

Study Design: This study evaluated the psychometric properties of Sinhala translation of HLS-EU-Q16 (HLS-EU-Q16-Sinhala) adhering to the standard methods. Following forward and backward translations, the Sinhala version of the questionnaire was applied to a group of 252 patients with chronic non-communicable diseases. Test-retest agreement was examined using a random subgroup of 120 patients. We assessed the association between the level of health literacy and the degree of glycaemic control among diabetics (n=1205, males 453) and blood pressure control among hypertensives (n=755, males 402) selected from outpatient department.

Results: The HLS-EU-Q16-Sinhala total score ranged from 22 to 72 with mean(SD) of 52.1(7.7). The overall Cronbach alpha was 0.84 and the Corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.32 to 0.60. The Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the test-retest reliability was 0.65(95%CI; 0.55-0.71). Diabetics with “poor” glycaemic control had low HL (40.0) compared to those with “intermediate” (52.6) or “good” (52.1) control (P=.03), after adjusting for age, gender and education level. Similarly, hypertensives with “poor” blood pressure control had low HL (45.0) compared to “intermediate” (52.3) or “good” (53.5) control (P=.03), after adjusting for the same covariates.

Conclusions: This study indicates that the psychometric indices of the Sinhala version of the HLS-EU-Q16 are adequate for it to be used to assess HL among Sinhala speaking subjects. Further, it shows that patients with poor HL fail to achieve their primary treatment goals in diabetes and hypertension.
Neuroprotective Effect of Nilotinib on Cortical Pyramidal Cells, Histological, Morphometric and Biochemical Study
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed S.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Death of neuronal cell and gliosis are the two main pathological hallmarks induced by nervous tissue stress like conditions such as status epilepticus. Previous studies have mentioned that neuronal cell death occur as a result of different mechanisms, namely, necrosis and apoptosis. Although more recent studies have explained the cell death on the basis of autophagy. Many antiepileptic drugs are marketed, taking into consideration the antioxidant role of nilotinib and support its use as a favorable antiepileptic drug. The aim of the present study is to assess the neuroprotective effect of antiepileptic drug nilotinib on cortical tissue in rats.

Materials and Methods: Sixty adult male rats were divided into three groups: (1) Control group, (2) pentylenetetrazol group (injected with pentylenetetrazol 60 mg/kg, subcutaneously), (3) nilotinib and pentylenetetrazol group (pretreated with nilotinib, 25 mg/kg daily for seven days prior to pentylenetetrazol administration). Latency of seizure and level of either oxidant or antioxidant enzymes in the cortical tissue was assessed. The histopathological changes in the cerebral cortex were studied also using hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Results: Nilotinib increased the latency period of convulsions, increased the antioxidant enzymes levels with regain of the normal histological features.

Conclusions: Nilotinib proved to promote the antioxidant, antiapoptotic pathways, anti-inflammatory and inhibiting autophagy which favor its use as an anti-epileptic drug.
Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil Using Periwinkle Shells as Catalyst
Authors: Okoye C. C. , Okey-Onyesolu C. F. , Nwokedi I. C. , Eije O. C. , Asimobi E. I.
Published: May 2020

Waste materials such as periwinkle shells (PS) and waste cooking oil (WCO) were considered as heterogeneous catalyst and renewable feedstock for biodiesel production respectively in line with the current search for alternatives of the environmentally unfriendly and gradually depleting fossil fuel. PS were size reduced and calcined at 673K for 4 hours to remove carbonaceous and volatile matter in the sample. Physicochemical analyses on the WCO revealed high FFA (2.81%) therefore the need for esterification (0.42%). One factor at a time (OFAT) results show that methanol to oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and time had significant effect on the biodisel yield. The transesterification reaction kinetics data was modelled using the zero-order, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models. The results presented from the error functions: root mean square error (RMSE), chi-square (χ2), mean absolute error(MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) adjudged that the pseudo-first order model best described the process. An activation energy of 16.47 KJ/mol was obtained. Gas chromatography result revealed that a biodiesel yield of 73.92% was achieved at 8:1 methanol to oil ratio, 1% catalyst loading, 300 rpm stirring speed, 333K reaction temperature and 90 minutes contact time. The findings suggest potentials of PS as a viable catalyst for biodiesel production.
The White Cane. Its Effectiveness, Challenges and Suggestions for Effective Use: The Case of Akropong School for the Blind
Authors: Attia Isaac , Asamoah Daniel
Published: May 2020

The article analyses the effectiveness and challenges of the use of the white cane and makes suggestions for its effective use. We explain that the white cane is one of the widely used and famous orientation and mobility (O&M) tools designed for pupils with visual impairment to move independently in their environment. By employing the descriptive qualitative design, we draw our findings from 12 participants who were pupils of the Akropong School for the Blind in Ghana. We make implications and conclude on the findings for policy formulation on the white cane, and make suggestions for future research work.
Siddha Diagnostic Methodology of Envagai thervu for Gunmam Patients at Government Siddha Medical College & Hospital, Palayamkottai
Authors: Raveendran Rakulini
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Siddha Medicine is a system of traditional medicine originating in ancient Tamil Nadu in South India and Sri Lanka. Traditionally, it is taught that the siddhars laid the foundation for this system of medicine. Siddha system has a unique diagnostic method to identify the diseases and their causes. According to the Saint Theraiyar, there are eight tools of diagnosis: symptoms of the body, the colour, the voice, the eyes, the tongue, stools, urine and the pulse.

Aim: The aim of this study was to study the siddha diagnostic methodology of envagaithervu for gunmam patient sat government siddha medical college & hospital, palayamkottai.

Study Setting: Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai from April to August 2019.

Methodology: It is an observational study. After identifying the eligible subjects, Data will be collected by using the interview administrated questionnaire & relevant data will be collected by measurement. Collected data were processed and statistically analysed by a simple statistical method using Microsoft Excel.

Results and Discussion: Majority of the gunmam subjects were females (60%) and age group within 41-60 & 51-60 years. The maximum number of subjects were observed in Pitha Kaalam. Majority of the gunmam subjects had Abdominal pain, eructation, generalized body weakness. Vali azhalnaadi (38%) and azhalvalinaadi (32%) were observed in majority of the gunmam subjects. Neikuri was observed as valiazhal & azhalvali in gunmam subjects.

Conclusion: This study has given quite evidence for literatures. These collected information are helpful for further studies in gunmam.
Screening of Fungi Isolated from the Brazilian Restinga for Insecticidal Activity
Authors: Mussi-Dias Vicente , Freire Maria das Graças Machado , Santos Adão Valmir dos , Moreira Denise Dolores Oliveira , Carolino Aline Teixeira , Samuels Richard Ian
Published: May 2020

Research on microorganisms for the control of pests and pathogens is increasing. Such organisms display antagonistic effects on pests and pathogens, at the same time, they do not interfere with the sustainable development processes and are environmentally safe for human populations. Thus, bioprospection of fungi from restinga ecosystems is of interest as a novel source of microorganism and a yet unexplored source of chemical structures. This study selected endophytic fungi and fungi from the restinga soil samples to investigate their biological activity against insects. Fifty-three fungal isolates were used in screening bioassays against Atta sexdens rubropilosa leaf-cutting ant workers via direct contact of the insects with sporulating fungi cultures. This assay indicated that Trichoderma caused the highest mortality. Extracts from Trichoderma were then assessed for biological activity via ingestion, contact or exposure to fungal volatiles. Results showed that one Trichoderma sp. isolate (TR1) caused 50% mortality in 2, 1.5 and 4 days when ingested, sprayed onto the ants or by exposing ants to volatiles, respectively. Although this fungus is not known to be entomopathogenic, it could have potential use as an additional tool for pest control as it produces metabolites with antagonistic effects.
Latvian College Students' Perspectives on Inclusion
Authors: Tubele Sarmite , Margevica Ieva , Bolton David , Doan Kim , McGinley Vicki A.
Published: May 2020

This study reports on the perspectives of 79 Latvian college students' perception of inclusion of children with disabilities. Education majors from the University of Latvia and non-education majors from Riga Technical University responded to a 27-item Likert scale format and four open-ended questions by filling out an electronic survey. A principal components factor analysis of the data was conducted yielding three factors. The three-factor structure was similar to a previous study, with the first two factors being reversed. Males demonstrated greater variability on factor 1, negative effects of inclusion, than females, and education majors reported perceiving fewer benefits of segregating students with disabilities than non-education majors. Overall, the results indicate mixed perceptions of inclusion, and a need to educate both education and non-education majors on the benefits of inclusion.
Comprehensive validation of halcyon 2.0 plans and the implementation of patient specific QA with multiple detector platforms
Authors: Laugeman Eric , Heermann Ana , Hilliard Jessica , Watts Michael , Roberson Marshia , Morris Robert , Goddu Sreekrishna , Sethi Abhishek , Zoberi Imran , Kim Hyun , Mutic Sasa , Hugo Geoffrey , Cai Bin
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To perform a comprehensive validation of plans generated on a preconfigured Halcyon 2.0 with preloaded beam model, including evaluations of new features and implementing the patient specific quality assurance (PSQA) process with multiple detectors.

Methods

A total of 56 plans were generated in Eclipse V15.6 (Varian Medical System) with a preconfigured Halcyon treatment machine. Ten plans were developed via the AAPM TG‐119 test suite with both IMRT and VMAT techniques. 34 clinically treated plans using C‐arm LINAC from 24 patients were replanned on Halcyon using IMRT or VMAT techniques for a variety of sites including: brain, head and neck, lung, breast, abdomen, and pelvis. Six of those plans were breast VMAT plans utilizing the extended treatment field technique available with Halcyon 2.0. The dynamically flattened beam (DFB), another new feature on Halcyon 2.0, was also used for an AP/PA spine and four field box pelvis, as well as ten 3D breast plans. All 56 plans were measured with an ion chamber (IC), film, portal dosimetry (PD), ArcCHECK, and Delta4. Tolerance and action limits were calculated and compared to the recommendations of TG‐218.

Results

TG‐119 IC and film confidence limits met those set by the task group, except for IMRT target point dose. Forty‐four of 46 clinical plans were within 3% for IC measurements. Average gamma passing rates with 3% dose difference and 2mm distance‐to‐agreement for IMRT/VMAT plans were: Film – 96.8%, PD – 99.9%, ArcCHECK – 99.1%, and Delta4 – 99.2%. Calculated action limits were: Film – 86.3%, PD – 98.4%, ArcCHECK – 96.1%, and Delta4 – 95.7%. Extended treatment field technique was fully validated and 3D plans with DFB had similar results to IMRT/VMAT plans.

Conclusion

Halcyon plan deliveries were verified with multiple measurement devices. New features of Halcyon 2.0 were also validated. Traditional PSQA techniques and process specific tolerance and action limits were successfully implemented.
In vivo evolution of biopsy‐proven inflammatory demyelination quantified by R2t* mapping
Authors: Xiang Biao , Wen Jie , Lu Hsiang‐Chih , Schmidt Robert E. , Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. , Cross Anne H.
Published: May 2020

A 35‐year‐old man with an enhancing tumefactive brain lesion underwent biopsy, revealing inflammatory demyelination. We used quantitative Gradient‐Recalled‐Echo (qGRE) MRI to visualize and measure tissue damage in the lesion. Two weeks after biopsy, qGRE showed significant R2t* reduction in the left optic radiation and surrounding tissue, consistent with the histopathological and clinical findings. qGRE was repeated 6 and 14 months later, demonstrating partially recovered optic radiation R2t*, in concert with improvement of the hemianopia to ultimately involve only the lower right visual quadrant. These results support qGRE metrics as in vivo biomarkers for tissue damage and longitudinal monitoring of demyelinating disease.
A Combination of Cowpea Mosaic Virus and Immune Checkpoint Therapy Synergistically Improves Therapeutic Efficacy in Three Tumor Models
Authors: Wang Chao , Steinmetz Nicole F.
Published: May 2020

Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has the potential to treat cancer by removing the immunosuppressive brakes on T cell activity. However, ICT benefits only a subset of patients because most tumors are “cold”, with limited pre‐infiltration of effector T cells, poor immunogenicity, and low‐level expression of checkpoint regulators. It has been previously reported that Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) promotes the activation of multiple innate immune cells and the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines to induce T cell cytotoxicity, suggesting that immunostimulatory CPMV could potentiate ICT. Here it is shown that in situ vaccination with CPMV increases the expression of checkpoint regulators on Foxp3−CD4+ effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is shown that combined treatment with CPMV and selected checkpoint‐targeting antibodies, specifically anti‐PD‐1 antibodies, or agonistic OX40‐specific antibodies, reduced tumor burden, prolonged survival, and induced tumor antigen‐specific immunologic memory to prevent relapse in three immunocompetent syngeneic mouse tumor models. This study therefore reveals new design principles for plant virus nanoparticles as novel immunotherapeutic adjuvants to elicit robust immune responses against cancer.
Single Bimodular Sensor for Differentiated Detection of Multiple Oxidative Gases
Authors: Zhang Bo , Sun Ji‐Yu , Gao Pu‐Xian
Published: May 2020

Semiconductive metal‐oxide sensors suffer from cross‐sensitivities under mixed chemical condition, specifically upon mixture of multiple oxidative or reductive gases. Herein, a single bimodular sensor is demonstrated for smart differentiation of multiple oxidative analytes by relating the resistance‐metric mode to impedance‐metric mode. The sensor construct based on ZnO nanorods readily outputs three response datasets upon exposure of oxidative‐gas mixture including O2, SO2, and NO2, the resistance, real part impedance, and imaginary part impedance. The differentiative and correlated nature between these response signals allows such a single sensor platform to differentiate these oxidative gases accurately and robustly. Linear and non‐linear decision boundaries are established over a large gas‐concentration range from 2 ppm to 3% through a combination of principal component analysis and artificial neural network training. A facile user interface is demonstrated for recognition and measurement of unknown gas analytes, with the error of the predicted analyte‐concentration as low as 2%.
Microfluidics‐Molded Through‐Hole Membranes for 3D Culture Array‐Based Tumor Manipulation and Analysis
Authors: Sun Meilin , Han Kai , Liu Dan , Hu Rui , Liu Wenming
Published: May 2020

The development and application of micro‐platforms with the capability for microscale and throughput control of biomimetic three‐dimensional (3D) tumor culture plays a critical role in cancer therapeutics and pharmaceutics. In this study, a very simple microfluidics‐assisted fabrication methodology of through‐hole membranes and the membrane‐integrated microwell array platform for facile and throughput 3D tumor production and antitumor investigation is established. The versatility involving geometric diversity and uniformity of microfluidic membrane fabrication, as well as their repeatability and stability, are totally demonstrated based on the well‐improved fabricating procedure. Sequential manipulations including precise cell localization, array‐like cultivation, and temporal monitoring/analysis of 3D tumors, are smoothly accomplished in the platform. It is verified that the microwell array chip allows for robust, throughput, and reproducible production of 3D tumors with both biomimetic functional gradient phenotypes and highly uniform size. Moreover, temporal and throughput investigation of tumor responses to culture and antitumor chemotherapies are achieved in the chip. These achievements offer a facile methodological approach for the development of through‐hole membranes with high fidelity and for the exploration of tissue‐mimicking tumor research and therapy. This work also provides an insight into the construction of easy to fabricate/operate, reliable, and market‐oriented micro‐platforms for cancer research and drug discovery.
UV‐Micropatterned Miniaturization: Rapid In Situ Photopatterning and Miniaturization of Microscale Features on Shrinkable Thermoplastics
Authors: Song Xin , Fu Daniel , Shah Shalin , Reif John
Published: May 2020

Shrink lithography is a promising top‐down micro/nanofabrication technique capable of miniaturizing patterns/structures to scales much smaller than the initial mold, however, rapid inexpensive fabrication of high‐fidelity shrinkable microfeatures remains challenging. This work reports the discovery and characterization of a simple, fast, low‐cost method for replicating and miniaturizing intricate micropatterns/structures on commodity heat‐shrinkable polymers. Large‐area permanent micropatterning on polystyrene and polyolefin shrink film is attained in one step under ambient conditions through brief irradiation by a shortwave UV pencil lamp. After baking briefly in an oven, the film shrinks biaxially and the miniaturized micropatterns emerge with significantly reduced surface area (up to 95%) and enhanced depth profile. The entire UV‐micropatterned miniaturization process is highly reproducible and achievable on benchtop under a few minutes without chemicals or sophisticated apparatus. A variety of microgrid patterns are replicated and miniaturized with high yield and resolution on both planar and curved surfaces. Sequential UV exposures enable easy and rapid engineering of sophisticated microtopography with miniaturized, multiscale, multidimensional microstructures. UV–ozone micropatterned polystyrene surfaces are well‐suited for lab‐on‐a‐chip analytical applications owing to the inherent biocompatibility and enhanced surface hydrophilicity. Miniaturization of dense, periodic micropatterns may facilitate low‐cost prototyping of functional devices/surfaces such as micro‐optics/sensors and tunable metamaterials.
Facile In Situ Fabrication of Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 Nanocomposite Containing Polymer Films for Ultrawide Color Gamut Displays
Authors: Li Xiang , Wen Zuoliang , Ding Shihao , Fang Fan , Xu Bing , Sun Jiayun , Liu Chenxi , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: May 2020

A modified supersaturated recrystallization method for in situ fabrication of Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 nanocomposite containing polymer films is reported. This facile and efficient strategy can be easily carried out at room temperature, and minimizes the contact time between CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and water and oxygen molecules during the formation of perovskite film, passivating the perovskite nanocrystals. Through the approach, the dual protection of Cs4PbBr6 and polymer matrix enhances the water stability and photostability of emitting CsPbBr3. Even after being immersed in water for 30 days, the Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3@PMMA film still retains a bright green fluorescence. Moreover, combining the as‐prepared green‐emitting Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3@PMMA and a red‐emitting CdSe/ZnS based quantum dots (QDs) polymer film with blue light emitting diode (LED) chips as the backlight, a high performance liquid crystal display (LCD) is demonstrated. The color gamut of the demonstrated display is 131% and 98% that of the NTSC 1953 and Rec.2020, respectively. The combination of better stability and improved color purity of the perovskite material intuitively provides a viable approach for LCD backlights.
Aldehydes Switch Regioselectivity: a Prins Cyclization Strategy for the Synthesis of Indoline‐fused THFs and Indole‐fused Oxepanes
Authors: Chen Xiaobei , Jiang Yuanrui , Geng Huihui , Liu Xingyu , Huang Yizhuo , Lu Jingwei , Gao Chenjing , Zhang Shilei , Zhang Jian , Wang Wei
Published: May 2020

We have identified a switchable Prins cyclization process to form indoline‐fused tetrahydrofurans and indole‐fused oxepanes by applying different types of aldehydes under two sets of optimized conditions. Significantly, a novel Prins reaction mechanism involving an oxonium‐mediated rearrangement in the formation of five‐membered cyclic ethers is realized for the first time.

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