bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perception of the Moral Development of the Child With Autoimmune Disease by Clinicians and Researchers
Authors: Díaz-Pérez Anderson , Rodríguez Tahania Chona , Oñate Zoraima Romero , Ochoa Arley Vega , Cataño Carmenza Mendoza , Potes Roiman Arenas
Published: January 2019

This article presents an analysis about meanings that clinicians and researchers have regarding the autonomy of the mature minor with autoimmune disease, which could lead to different power practices during the moment of taking the informed consent, keeping in mind the doctrine of the minor mature. Consequently, the role of clinicians and researchers in contributing to the moral development or autonomy of the child. The objective was to describe the meanings or perceptions of doctors and researchers, at the time of informed consent, in relation to the autonomy or moral development of the child with autoimmune disease, arising from their experiences, knowledge and prior conceptions of the child. The methodology used was of a qualitative nature with a subjectivist and interpretative approach and a transversal scope. Semi-structured interviews were applied to 21 people, researchers and doctors, who attend children with autoimmune diseases, whose data were analyzed through the Atlas Ti program. 8.0. In conclusion, the informed consent is a process of assertive communication ethical model that seeks the moral structuring of the child beyond what is perceived by the clinician or researcher, in addition the clinicians and researchers consider that to structure the minor is to perceive him as an autonomous subject; which is possible when it shows adherence to treatment and responsible care independently of the tutor's support.
Sugar Profile of Syrups from Malted and Unmalted Rice of Different Varieties
Authors: Ofoedu Chigozie E. , Osuji Chijioke M. , Ojukwu Moses
Published: January 2019

Rice syrup was produced from ten varieties of locally available rice in Nigeria. Flours of malted and unmalted rice from different varieties were treated with a combination of starch hydrolyzing enzymes (Amyloglucosidase, Bacterial α-amylase and Fungal α-amylase); and the starch hydrolysates were either filtered and/or centrifuged at the end of hydrolysis. The resulting rice syrup was evaluated for sugar compositions (maltose, glucose, maltotriose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) using HPLC. The results showed that syrups from malted rice had significantly higher (p<0.05) maltose and maltotriose concentration than syrups from unmalted rice. The resultant syrup is a ‘High Maltose Syrup’ since maltose was found to be the predominant sugar in the rice syrup with concentration of above 50% especially for malted samples. Rice syrup can be widely applied as a potential raw material in beverage and confectionery industries as well as a good adjunct for brewing since the sugar profile of the rice syrup was similar to that of barley wort.
El profesorado de educación física y su visión sobre los conflictos en una escuela multicultural
Authors: Flores Aguilar Gonzalo , Prat Grau Maria , Soler Prat Susanna
Published: January 2019

Este trabajo revela las opiniones del profesorado de educación física sobre la imagen social de una escuela multicultural, a nivel de conflictividad, a partir de sus más de cinco años de experiencia laboral en escuelas con un índice superior al 50% de alumnado de origen extranjero. El profesorado identifica también cuáles son las principales situaciones conflictivas que tienen lugar en sus sesiones y justifica los motivos que las originan. Las técnicas para la obtención de los resultados han sido la entrevista semiestructurada y la observación no participante. Para el análisis de datos se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de contenido. Tras categorizar los diferentes conflictos identificados en el aula, el discurso del profesorado desmitifica la tradicional imagen conflictiva que se le asocia a la escuela multicultural, de la misma manera que culpa a las características del entorno social y a los problemas socioeconómicos de las familias como los principales causantes de los mismos, más allá del propio factor cultural del alumnado.
Bionic shape design of electric locomotive and aerodynamic drag reduction
Authors: WU Zhenfeng , HUO Yanzhong , DING Wangcai , XIE Zihao
Published: January 2019

Bionics has been widely used in many fields. Previous studies on the application of bionics in locomotives and vehicles mainly focused on shape optimisation of high-speed trains, but the research on bionic shape design in the electric locomotive field is rare. This study investigated a design method for streamlined electric locomotives according to the principles of bionics. The crocodiles were chosen as the bionic object because of their powerful and streamlined head shape. Firstly, geometric characteristic lines were extracted from the head of a crocodile by analysing the head features. Secondly, according to the actual size requirements of the electric locomotive head, a free-hand sketch of the bionic electric locomotive head was completed by adjusting the position and scale of the geometric characteristic lines. Finally, the non-uniform rational B-splines method was used to establish a 3D digital model of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive, and the main and auxiliary control lines were created. To verify the drag reduction effect of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive, numerical simulations of aerodynamic drag were performed for the crocodile bionic and bluff body electric locomotives at different speeds in open air by using the CFD software, ANSYS FLUENT16.0. The geometric models of crocodile bionic and bluff body electric locomotives were both marshalled with three cars, namely, locomotive + middle car + locomotive, and the size of the two geometric models was uniform. Dimensions and grids of the flow field were defined. And then, according to the principle of motion relativity, boundary conditions of flow field were defined. The results indicated that the crocodile bionic electric locomotive demonstrated a good aerodynamic performance. At the six sampling speeds in the range of 40–240 km/h, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive decreased by 7.7% on the average compared with that of the bluff body electric locomotive.
Quelle: Internet
Authors: Wintterlin Florian
Published: January 2019

According to journalistic norms, journalists should report accurately and in a timely manner on current events. How journalists deal with this challenge when reporting on crises, which is characterised by a rapid succession of events and the absence of established sources, is examined in this book. In such cases, distant sources, who journalists do not have the chance to meet in person and whose content they access via social media, gain in importance. This study examines the relevance of distant sources for journalistic sourcing, how journalists judge their trustworthiness and which factors on the side of journalists influence the verification process. Methodologically, it combines in-depth interviews, content analysis and a survey of online journalists to gain a better understanding of how journalists deal with distant sources.
Auf der Jagd nach der Sonne
Authors: Weiß Tobias
Published: January 2019

This book analyses the portrayal of nuclear power in Japanese journalism and the factors that influence it. Combining a field theoretical approach to journalism with frame analysis on different levels of the communication process, the author argues that the nuclear industry in Japan used its financial power to form a ‘pro-nuclear civil society’ and that this frame sponsorship is the reason for the relatively positive portrayal of nuclear power in Japan until 2011. After ‘Fukushima’, journalistic autonomy in this domain increased and journalism became a driving force of change in nuclear policy. At the same time, the field of journalism became polarised because its more heteronomous parts remained integrated into the ‘pro-nuclear civil society’. This book offers a new perspective on the Japanese media and journalism in Japan, emphasising heterogeneity and change in contrast to previous research, which focused on press clubs as institutions of pervasive media control.
The Problems Facing Czech Teachers in Polish Volhynia in the First Half of the 1930s
Authors: Vaculík Jaroslav
Published: January 2019

In 1932, Czech teacher Jan Kozák was expelled from Volhynia. He had taught young Czech people to love the old country and thereby incurred the displeasure of the Polish authorities which sought to increase the Polish influence in the eastern border regions populated by national minorities. The Czechs in Polish Volhynia remembered the much greater respect and esteem they had enjoyed under Czarist Russia.
A Siberian Biełystok – the Polish small homeland in the Tomsk gubernya (turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries)
Authors: Jędrychowska Barbara
Published: January 2019

The free Polish colonisation of Siberia at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century is a small page in the history of the region. The colonisation was caused by, among others, the land reforms that did not fully address all the problems, the edict of 1889 allowing a free settlement beyond the Ural, the start of the construction of the Siberian railway, and the great hunger in Russia. The village of Biełystok is a typical example of the resettlement action and the resulting establishment of Polish villages in Western Siberia. In 1916 its population numbered over 500. The settlers came from western Russian gubernyas, among others those of Wilno, Grodno, Warszawa, and Siedlce. The people farmed the land, and the Catholic church that they constructed helped them preserve their Polish identity, their religion, and morality. After the tragic events of the late 1930s the national character of the population began to change, and the Polish population started to undergo the process of forced integration with the Russians. Currently all that is left in the Siberian village of Biełystok is the awareness of the Polish roots of its founders and a Catholic church repossessed after 1990.
Andrey Sheptytsky – an Educator and a Caretaker of the Ukrainian Youth
Authors: Zayachkivska Nadiya
Published: January 2019

Metropolitan of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church (UGCC), a prominent public figure Andrey Sheptytsky made a great contribution to the development of the spiritual and cultural heritage. Metropolitan Andrey was a charismatic personality who devoted his life to the service of God and Ukrainian people. Upbringing and caring of the youth occupied a significant place among his vital interests. He considered the young people the driving force and the great hope of the Ukrainian society to have bright future in the native Fatherland. Metropolitan’s upbringing mission is seen as the forming of the harmonious person on the Christian principles. He paid a great attention to the family, emphasized the role of education and teachers. He also concentrated on the problems of the poor people and orphans. Sheptytsky developed all aspects of the national and educational system. He established different educational institutions and supported the patriotic youth organizations activity. He also was a patron and an inspirator of a great deal of good events where the Ukrainian youth took part.
Group Coaching as a Form of Support for Minority Group Leaders
Authors: Podgórny Marek
Published: January 2019

In the present study, the reader can get acquainted with the issue of group coaching as a form of support for minority group leaders. The author reflects on the reasons for the growing poupularity of coaching as a support for the development. He also draws attention to minority groups, their characteristics and their individual types. Worth noticing are also the chapters devoted to the issue of minority group leaders, their roles and competencies. Finally, the author also mentions the need for education and training of leaders, he deals with the existing programs, approaches and expected effects.
Components of Knowledge Commercialization in the Selected Universities of the World
Authors: Erfan Arezoo , Nadi Mohammad Ali
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a qualitative research method that has been performed based on content analysis. In this study, in order to evaluate and identify the components of the commercialization of knowledge, factors affecting the expansion and development of academic projects in five of the world selected universities (Harvard, Stanford, Cambridge, Kyoto, and Singapore) have been focused on. These components have been extracted in these universities through analyzing more than 70 scientific research studies. The researcher has used an inductive approach for the analysis of information obtained from the conducted research in this area. Results have shown that the main themes, elements of infrastructure, policymaking and identification of potential customers have facilitated the commercialization of knowledge in the selected universities.
Who was Jeremias Joseph Knechtel? A Few Remarks about an Unknown Baroque Painter from Bohemia
Authors: Kłoda Emilia
Published: January 2019

Jeremias Joseph Knechtel came from Česká Kamenice. Having moved to Legnica around 1700, Knechtel obtained city rights and became the guild member there. When he applied for the post of the court painter in Prague in 1730, he hoped his career would blossom closer the center of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1735 Christian Müller got the honored title and Knechtel’s dream was never fulfilled. Nowadays there are 180 known works by the Master from Legnica. The paintings executed during the “baroquisation” of the Jesuit church in Świdnica (1700–1720) are typical for Knechtel’s early work and ilustrate the Prague inspirations in his style. In the Knechtel’s later works the dynamic narration and the analogies to Czech art are reduced at the expense of the devotional depictions of individual saints or the subtle scenes illustrating the Life of Mary. Knechtel worked for Jesuits, Franciscans, Benedictines, Cistercians and Augustinians. Cistercian abbot Geyer was one of the most important patrons of the artist. Knechtel executed the cycle of the Fictional Portraits of the Piast Dukes of Silesia (1720) for him. The master from Legnica was also inspired by the works of the Michael Leopold Willmann. Two cycles of the Stations of the Cross by Knechtel’s workshop are based on the copperplates designed by Willmann. The painter worked for the noble families. Most of them were Habsburg-oriented Catholics, with one exception: August von Uechteritz. In 1735 he commissioned works by Knechtel for the protestant church in Giebułtów.
The Essence of State Social Policy in Czechoslovakia in the Years of the First Republic (1918–1938)
Authors: Čapka František
Published: January 2019

This study gives an account of the basic principles of social policy in interwar Czechoslovakia and introduces the leading Czech theorists in this area of domestic politics. Of the extensive activities in the area of social politics, particular attention is paid to those based on co-operation between state welfare and voluntary care for citizens who found themselves in critical social situations resulting from lost employment, illness or old age. The democratic climate of the young state created a dignified environment comparable with standards seen in Europe as a whole.
Estudio de la adaptación a RDA y BIBFRAME en el ámbito de las bibliotecas españolas
Authors: Cormenzana López Roberto , López-Borrull Alexandre
Published: January 2019

Actualmente, los usuarios prefieren acudir a los motores de búsqueda para consultar la información que desean conocer, sin que las bibliotecas hayan podido contribuir a ello, fundamentalmente porque los datos de sus catálogos están almacenados y expuestos en un formato ilegible en la Web. Para solventarlo, la comunidad bibliotecaria afronta una evolución en la forma de describir sus registros bibliográficos y de autoridad, planteando nuevos modelo conceptual (LRM), directrices de catalogación (RDA) y marco bibliográfico (BIBFRAME). Se ha realizado un estudio cualitativo del estado del arte, analizando artículos y conferencias sobre la materia y entablando entrevistas con representantes cualificados de una selección de instituciones bibliotecarias. Éstas aceptan su parte de responsabilidad y comienzan a abordar la implantación de RDA sobre MARC y a publicar sus catálogos en portales de datos abiertos enlazados. No obstante, la futura incorporación de BIBFRAME en detrimento de MARC será un paso más traumático y determinante.
Experiências autoformadoras de Licenciados em Educação Física no PIBID: aprendizagens de si para Docência
Authors: Abreu Samara Barreto , Brito Andreyson Calixto , Fechine Basílio Almeida
Published: January 2019

Este trabalho evidencia as experiências autoformadoras do PIBID com as narrativas de licenciados do curso de Educação Física do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - campus Canindé. Objetiva-se compreender a autoformação de licenciados em Educação Física do Programa enquanto aprendizagem para a docência. Esta investigação descritiva de abordagem qualitativa adotou o método autobiográfico, tomando como corpus de análise o contexto das narrativas de si e apresenta análises interpretativas fundamentadas nas formulações de autores como Pineau (1988), Ferrarroti (2014), Mizukami (2010) e Josso (2004, 2007). As análises, a partir das experiências em foco, evidenciam que o Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência desenvolveu experiências autoformadoras, uma vez que produziu aprendizagens docentes existenciais, instrumentais e relacionais como representações das marcas do vivido.
What do animals want?
Authors: Franks B
Published: January 2019

Motivation is a central concept for animal welfare; it has inspired methodological breakthroughs and generated a wealth of crucial empirical work. As the field develops beyond its original mandate to alleviate the suffering of animals in intensive farming systems, the assumptions behind the current models of motivation may warrant closer scrutiny. In this paper, I examine some of the complexities of studying motivation — for example, that what an animal wants can depend on its welfare and that, through genetic selection and housing choices, we can modify what an animal finds to be rewarding versus punishing. The central theme of this paper is, therefore, that we cannot just ask the animals under our care (or even in the wild) what they want and assume that we will receive unadulterated answers, free from human influence. While asking questions about animal motivation with empirical research is invaluable and necessary, our models drive our research questions, methodologies, and results’ interpretation. When the models we employ remain implicit (eg the only motivation questions worth asking are those that could be implemented within the current housing systems), they have ability to stifle progress in understanding animal welfare. Thus, in addition to the empirical work, we also need to expose and evaluate the models that drive the research. Making the models explicit will facilitate our ability to identify their areas of silence, assess their strengths and potential limitations, as well as examine how they conceptualise the relationship between motivation and animal welfare. I end with a discussion of the implications of a few relevant models, both implicit and explicit, noting how such consideration reveals exciting areas for future work, including, for example, research on the motivation to make choices and the motivation to learn.
Understanding the multiple conceptions of animal welfare
Authors: Weary DM , Robbins JA
Published: January 2019

Academics working on animal welfare typically consider the animal's affective state (eg the experience of pain), biological functioning (eg the presence of injuries), and sometimes naturalness (eg access to pasture), but it is unclear how these different factors are weighed in different cases. We argue that progress can be informed by systematically observing how ordinary people respond to scenarios designed to elicit varying, and potentially conflicting, types of concern. The evidence we review illustrates that people vary in how much weight they place on each of these three factors in their assessments of welfare in different cases; in some cases, concerns about the animal's affective state are predominant, and in other cases other concerns are more important. This evidence also suggests that people's assessments can also include factors (like the animal's relationship with its caregiver) that do not fit neatly within the dominant three-circles framework of affect, functioning and naturalness. We conclude that a more complete understanding of the multiple conceptions of animal welfare can be advanced by systematically exploring the views of non-specialists, including their responses to scenarios designed to elicit conflicting concerns.
Recomposition familiale et multiparentalité : un exemple du difficile arrimage du droit à la famille contemporaine
Authors: Goubau Dominique , Chabot Martin
Published: January 2019

Le portrait démographique et sociologique de la famille contemporaine met en lumière l’écart grandissant entre le vécu de nombreuses familles et les normes légales qui encadrent les relations familiales. L’augmentation des séparations et des recompositions familiales oblige à s’interroger sur l’opportunité de consacrer le principe de la « multiparentalité ». Cet exercice s’inscrit dans le contexte d’un système juridique qui est généralement fidèle au modèle traditionnel biparental et qui démontre une préférence nette à ne reconnaître le rôle parental d’un tiers que dans un contexte de parentalité de substitution, plutôt qu’à admettre l’idée d’une démultiplication des figures parentales autour de l’enfant et donc d’une véritable parentalité d’addition. Le statut du beau-parent fait l’objet d’une attention accrue de la part des juristes depuis quelques années, et les auteurs de l’article qui suit entendent contribuer à la réflexion en présentant une analyse et une réflexion autour de trois aspects de la recomposition familiale. Dans une première partie, les auteurs tracent un portrait juridique inédit de la « beau-parentalité » en dehors du droit de la famille et proposent une classification des lois afin de mieux circonscrire la manière dont le droit public et social prend en considération la réalité des familles recomposées. Ils revisitent ensuite la question délicate de l’exercice de l’autorité parentale au sein de la famille recomposée, à la lumière de la réforme de 2017 qui a instauré le mécanisme de la tutelle supplétive. Finalement, les auteurs plaident pour une remise en question de l’approche jurisprudentielle québécoise en matière de détermination du statut « beau-parental » en droit du divorce et proposent une interprétation plus souple de l’expression « tenir lieu de père ou de mère ».
Le mariage en Chine depuis 1978 : entre les normes sociales et l’État
Authors: Piquet Hélène
Published: January 2019

Le présent texte porte sur le mariage en Chine depuis 1978. Y seront traitées les questions suivantes : Quels enjeux le mariage soulève-t-il dans la société chinoise d’aujourd’hui ? Quel est le traitement juridique réservé à la violence conjugale ? L’hypothèse de l’auteure veut que le mariage en Chine soit dominé par deux traditions, soit la piété filiale et la valorisation de l’harmonie. Toutes deux sont réactivées par le Parti communiste chinois. Toutefois, si la société chinoise adhère, à divers degrés, à la piété filiale, l’harmonie tient davantage des représentations. L’auteure examinera les effets de ces deux traditions sur les conceptions du mariage chinois dans la société contemporaine. À cette fin, la première partie sera consacrée au contexte juridique et politique du mariage en Chine. La deuxième partie abordera l’influence de la piété filiale sur le mariage. Le traitement juridique de la violence conjugale, au regard de la rhétorique de l’harmonie, fera l’objet de la troisième partie.
Fine-mapping cis-regulatory variants in diverse human populations
Authors: Tehranchi Ashley , Hie Brian , Dacre Michael , Kaplow Irene , Pettie Kade , Combs Peter , Fraser Hunter B
Published: January 2019

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful approach for connecting genotype to phenotype. Most GWAS hits are located in cis-regulatory regions, but the underlying causal variants and their molecular mechanisms remain unknown. To better understand human cis-regulatory variation, we mapped quantitative trait loci for chromatin accessibility (caQTLs)—a key step in cis-regulation—in 1000 individuals from 10 diverse populations. Most caQTLs were shared across populations, allowing us to leverage the genetic diversity to fine-map candidate causal regulatory variants, several thousand of which have been previously implicated in GWAS. In addition, many caQTLs that affect the expression of distal genes also alter the landscape of long-range chromosomal interactions, suggesting a mechanism for long-range expression QTLs. In sum, our results show that molecular QTL mapping integrated across diverse populations provides a high-resolution view of how worldwide human genetic variation affects chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and phenotype.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that minor issues remain unresolved (see decision letter).
An afferent white matter pathway from the pulvinar to the amygdala facilitates fear recognition
Authors: McFadyen Jessica , Mattingley Jason B , Garrido Marta I
Published: January 2019

Our ability to rapidly detect threats is thought to be subserved by a subcortical pathway that quickly conveys visual information to the amygdala. This neural shortcut has been demonstrated in animals but has rarely been shown in the human brain. Importantly, it remains unclear whether such a pathway might influence neural activity and behavior. We conducted a multimodal neuroimaging study of 622 participants from the Human Connectome Project. We applied probabilistic tractography to diffusion-weighted images, reconstructing a subcortical pathway to the amygdala from the superior colliculus via the pulvinar. We then computationally modeled the flow of haemodynamic activity during a face-viewing task and found evidence for a functionally afferent pulvinar-amygdala pathway. Critically, individuals with greater fibre density in this pathway also had stronger dynamic coupling and enhanced fearful face recognition. Our findings provide converging evidence for the recruitment of an afferent subcortical pulvinar connection to the amygdala that facilitates fear recognition.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that minor issues remain unresolved (see decision letter).
Light-activated Frizzled7 reveals a permissive role of non-canonical wnt signaling in mesendoderm cell migration
Authors: Čapek Daniel , Smutny Michael , Tichy Alexandra-Madelaine , Morri Maurizio , Janovjak Harald , Heisenberg Carl-Philipp
Published: January 2019

Non-canonical Wnt signaling plays a central role for coordinated cell polarization and directed migration in metazoan development. While spatiotemporally restricted activation of non-canonical Wnt-signaling drives cell polarization in epithelial tissues, it remains unclear whether such instructive activity is also critical for directed mesenchymal cell migration. Here, we developed a light-activated version of the non-canonical Wnt receptor Frizzled 7 (Fz7) to analyze how restricted activation of non-canonical Wnt signaling affects directed anterior axial mesendoderm (prechordal plate, ppl) cell migration within the zebrafish gastrula. We found that Fz7 signaling is required for ppl cell protrusion formation and migration and that spatiotemporally restricted ectopic activation is capable of redirecting their migration. Finally, we show that uniform activation of Fz7 signaling in ppl cells fully rescues defective directed cell migration in fz7 mutant embryos. Together, our findings reveal that in contrast to the situation in epithelial cells, non-canonical Wnt signaling functions permissively rather than instructively in directed mesenchymal cell migration during gastrulation.
Reprogramming the antigen specificity of B cells using genome-editing technologies
Authors: Voss James E , Gonzalez-Martin Alicia , Andrabi Raiees , Fuller Roberta P , Murrell Ben , McCoy Laura E , Porter Katelyn , Huang Deli , Li Wenjuan , Sok Devin , Le Khoa , Briney Bryan , Chateau Morgan , Rogers Geoffrey , Hangartner Lars , Feeney Ann J , Nemazee David , Cannon Paula , Burton Dennis R
Published: January 2019

We have developed a method to introduce novel paratopes into the human antibody repertoire by modifying the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes of mature B cells directly using genome editing technologies. We used CRISPR-Cas9 in a homology directed repair strategy, to replace the heavy chain (HC) variable region in B cell lines with that from an HIV broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb), PG9. Our strategy is designed to function in cells that have undergone VDJ recombination using any combination of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes. The modified locus expresses PG9 HC which pairs with native light chains (LCs) resulting in the cell surface expression of HIV specific B cell receptors (BCRs). Endogenous activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in engineered cells allowed for Ig class switching and generated BCR variants with improved HIV neutralizing activity. Thus, BCRs engineered in this way retain the genetic flexibility normally required for affinity maturation during adaptive immune responses. Peripheral blood derived primary B cells from three different donors were edited using this strategy. Engineered cells could bind the PG9 epitope and sequenced mRNA showed PG9 HC transcribed as several different isotypes after culture with CD40 ligand and IL-4.
The presence and absence of periplasmic rings in bacterial flagellar motors correlates with stator type
Authors: Kaplan Mohammed , Ghosal Debnath , Subramanian Poorna , Oikonomou Catherine M , Kjaer Andreas , Pirbadian Sahand , Ortega Davi R , Briegel Ariane , El-Naggar Mohamed Y , Jensen Grant J
Published: January 2019

The bacterial flagellar motor, a cell-envelope-embedded macromolecular machine that functions as a cellular propeller, exhibits significant structural variability between species. Different torque-generating stator modules allow motors to operate in different pH, salt or viscosity levels. How such diversity evolved is unknown. Here, we use electron cryo-tomography to determine the in situ macromolecular structures of three Gammaproteobacteria motors: Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shewanella oneidensis, providing the first views of intact motors with dual stator systems. Complementing our imaging with bioinformatics analysis, we find a correlation between the motor’s stator system and its structural elaboration. Motors with a single H+-driven stator have only the core periplasmic P- and L-rings; those with dual H+-driven stators have an elaborated P-ring; and motors with Na+ or Na+/H+-driven stators have both their P- and L-rings embellished. Our results suggest an evolution of structural elaboration that may have enabled pathogenic bacteria to colonize higher-viscosity environments in animal hosts.
Targeting mutant estrogen receptors
Authors: Wardell Suzanne E , Norris John D , McDonnell Donald P
Published: January 2019

A drug used in hormone replacement therapy can target estrogen receptors that have become resistant to breast cancer treatments.
Solving a specificity mystery
Authors: Zheng Sanduo , Kruse Andrew C
Published: January 2019

Differences in the kinetics of G protein activation can explain why only some receptors can activate potassium ion channels called GIRKs.
Inverse modelling for predicting both water and nitrate movement in a structured-clay soil (Red Ferrosol)
Authors: Kirkham James M. , Smith Christopher J. , Doyle Richard B. , Brown Philip H.
Published: January 2019

Soil physical parameter calculation by inverse modelling provides an indirect way of estimating the unsaturated hydraulic properties of soils. However many measurements are needed to provide sufficient data to determine unknown parameters. The objective of this research was to assess the use of unsaturated water flow and solute transport experiments, in horizontal packed soil columns, to estimate the parameters that govern water flow and solute transport. The derived parameters are then used to predict water infiltration and solute migration in a repacked soil wedge. Horizontal columns packed with Red Ferrosol were used in a nitrate diffusion experiment to estimate either three or six parameters of the van Genuchten–Mualem equation while keeping residual and saturated water content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity fixed to independently measured values. These parameters were calculated using the inverse optimisation routines in Hydrus 1D. Nitrate concentrations measured along the horizontal soil columns were used to independently determine the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The soil hydraulic properties described by the van Genuchten–Mualem equation, and the NO3–adsorption isotherm, were then used to predict water and NO3–distributions from a point-source in two 3D flow scenarios. The use of horizontal columns of repacked soil and inverse modelling to quantify the soil water retention curve was found to be a simple and effective method for determining soil hydraulic properties of Red Ferrosols. These generated parameters supported subsequent testing of interactive flow and reactive transport processes under dynamic flow conditions.
Registered reports: an early example and analysis
Authors: Wiseman Richard , Watt Caroline , Kornbrot Diana
Published: January 2019

The recent ‘replication crisis’ in psychology has focused attention on ways of increasing methodological rigor within the behavioral sciences. Part of this work has involved promoting ‘Registered Reports’, wherein journals peer review papers prior to data collection and publication. Although this approach is usually seen as a relatively recent development, we note that a prototype of this publishing model was initiated in the mid-1970s by parapsychologist Martin Johnson in the European Journal of Parapsychology (EJP). A retrospective and observational comparison of Registered and non-Registered Reports published in the EJP during a seventeen-year period provides circumstantial evidence to suggest that the approach helped to reduce questionable research practices. This paper aims both to bring Johnson’s pioneering work to a wider audience, and to investigate the positive role that Registered Reports may play in helping to promote higher methodological and statistical standards.
Termite mound architecture regulates nest temperature and correlates with species identities of symbiotic fungi
Authors: Vesala Risto , Harjuntausta Anni , Hakkarainen Anu , Rönnholm Petri , Pellikka Petri , Rikkinen Jouko
Published: January 2019

Background

Large and complex mounds built by termites of the genusMacrotermescharacterize many dry African landscapes, including the savannas, bushlands, and dry forests of the Tsavo Ecosystem in southern Kenya. The termites live in obligate symbiosis with filamentous fungi of the genusTermitomyces. The insects collect dead plant material from their environment and deposit it into their nests where indigestible cell wall compounds are effectively decomposed by the fungus. Above-ground mounds are built to enhance nest ventilation and to maintain nest interior microclimates favorable for fungal growth.

Objectives

In Tsavo Ecosystem twoMacrotermesspecies associate with three differentTermitomycessymbionts, always with a monoculture of one fungal species within each termite nest. As mound architecture differs considerably both between and within termite species we explored potential relationships between nest thermoregulatory strategies and species identity of fungal symbionts.

Methods

External dimensions were measured from 164Macrotermesmounds and the cultivatedTermitomycesspecies were identified by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. We also recorded the annual temperature regimes of several termite mounds to determine relations between mound architecture and nest temperatures during different seasons.

Results

Mound architecture had a major effect on nest temperatures. Relatively cool temperatures were always recorded from large mounds with open ventilation systems, while the internal temperatures of mounds with closed ventilation systems and small mounds with open ventilation systems were consistently higher. The distribution of the three fungal symbionts in different mounds was not random, with one fungal species confined to “hot nests.”

Conclusions

Our results indicate that differentTermitomycesspecies have different temperature requirements, and that one of the cultivated species is relatively intolerant of low temperatures. The dominantMacrotermesspecies in our study area can clearly modify its mound architecture to meet the thermal requirements of several different symbionts. However, a treacherous balance seems to exist between symbiont identity and mound architecture, as the maintenance of the thermophilic fungal species obviously requires reduced mound architecture that, in turn, leads to inadequate gas exchange. Hence, our study concludes that while the limited ventilation capacity of small mounds sets strict limits to insect colony growth, in this case, improving nest ventilation would invariable lead to excessively low nest temperatures, with negative consequences to the symbiotic fungus.
Screening of reference genes in real-time PCR for Radopholus similis
Authors: Li Jun-Yi , Chen Wan-Zhu , Yang Si-Hua , Xu Chun-Ling , Huang Xin , Chen Chun , Xie Hui
Published: January 2019

Six candidate reference genes were chosen from the transcriptome database of Radopholus similis using the bioinformatics method, including four conventional reference genes (actin, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), Tubulin alpha (a-tubulin), ubiquitin (UBI)) and two new candidate reference genes (Ribosomal protein S21 (Rps21) and Serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP1-β catalytic subunit (β-PP1)). In addition, a traditional reference gene 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) obtained from NCBI databases was also added to the analysis. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of seven candidate reference genes in six populations of R. similis and four developmental stages (female, male, larva and egg) of a population. The stability of the expression of candidate genes was evaluated by three software programs, BestKeeper, geNorm and NormFinder. The results showed that eIF5A is the most suitable reference gene for gene functional research of different populations, while both Rps21 and eIF5A are the most suitable reference genes for different developmental stages of a population. Therefore, eIF5A is the best reference gene for studying R. similis. However, one defect of this study is that only seven candidate reference genes were analyzed; ideally, more genes should be tested.
A new virus found in garlic virus complex is a member of possible novel genus of the family Betaflexiviridae (order Tymovirales)
Authors: Da Silva Leonardo A. , Oliveira Athos S. , Melo Fernando L. , Ardisson-Araújo Daniel M.P. , Resende Francisco V. , Resende Renato O. , Ribeiro Bergmann M.
Published: January 2019

Plant vegetative propagation strategies for agricultural crops cause the accumulation of viruses, resulting in the formation of virus complexes or communities. The cultivation of garlic is based on vegetative propagation and more than 13 virus species from the genera Potyvirus, Allexivirus and Carlavirus have been reported. Aiming for an unbiased identification of viruses from a garlic germplasm collection in Brazil, total RNA from eight garlic cultivars was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology. Although most viruses found in this study were previously reported, one of them did not belong to any known genera. This putative new virus was found in seven out of eight garlic cultivars and phylogenetic data positioned it as representative of an independent evolutionary lineage within family Betaflexiviridae. This virus has been tentatively named garlic yellow mosaic-associated virus (GYMaV), sharing highest nucleotide identities with African oil palm ringspot virus (genus Robigovirus) and potato virus T (genus Tepovirus) for the replicase gene, and with viruses classified within genus Foveavirus for the coat protein gene. Due to its high frequency in garlic cultivars, GYMaV should be considered in upcoming surveys of pathogens in this crop and in the development of virus-free garlic plants.
Armazenagem de medicamentos em domicílios pelos moradores do bairro Figueirinha, em Xangri-lá, RS
Authors: Figueiredo Márcia Cançado , Silva Kátia Valença Correia Leandro da , Bonacina Caroline Maria , Ortiz Flavia Tomedi
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Identificar os locais e a maneira como eram feitos a armazenagem e o descarte de medicamentos, avaliando a presença da farmácia caseira e a prática da automedicação de uma população do município de Xangri-Lá, RS. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com amostra intencional de 150 famílias cadastradas na UBS Figueirinha do município. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários nos quais o responsável assinava o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Resultados: a armazenagem foi encontrada em 89,3% dos domicílios, caracterizando uma alta prevalência de farmácia caseira, sendo os analgésicos os mais presentes (85,3%). O local mais frequentemente escolhido para esta armazenagem foi a cozinha (58%), geralmente dentro de algum armário (36%). Quanto aos medicamentos não mais utilizados, 30,7% das pessoas relataram que os deixavam guardados. Conclusões: A população estudada estava armazenando e descartando, inadequadamente, os medicamentos, ou seja, a cozinha, para armazenagem, e o lixo comum, como destino principal daqueles não mais utilizados. O médico foi o profissional mais citado para esclarecer possíveis dúvidas quanto ao uso da medicação, mas em nenhum momento quanto ao seu armazenamento e descarte. Respeitar as doses, os horários e as restrições são informações que cabem ao prescritor fazer, bem como orientar na armazenagem e no descarte do medicamento.
Course of Back Pain in the Canadian Population: Trajectories, Predictors, and Outcomes
Authors: Canizares Mayilee , Rampersaud Y. Raja , Badley Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To identify and describe back pain trajectory groups and to compare indicators of health status, medication, and health care use in these groups.

Methods

A representative sample (n = 12,782) of the Canadian population was followed‐up from 1994/1995 to 2010/2011. Participants were interviewed biannually and provided data on sociodemographic (e.g., education) and behavior‐related (e.g., physical activity) factors, depression, comorbidities, pain, disability, medication use (e.g., opioids), and health care use (e.g., primary care visits). We used group‐based trajectory analysis to categorize participants according to patterns in the course of their back pain during the 16‐year follow‐up period and compared indicators of pain, disability, medication, and health care use in the trajectory groups.

Results

A total of 45.6% of the participants reported back pain at least once during follow‐up. Of those, we identified 4 trajectories: persistent (18.0%), developing (28.1%), recovery (20.5%), and occasional (33.4%). The persistent and developing groups were characterized as having pain that prevented activities, disability, depression, and comorbidities. There were significant differences in the patterns of medication and health care use across the groups, with a general trend of most to least health care and medication use in the persistent, developing, recovering, and occasional groups. Those in the recovery group had an increasing trajectory reflecting opioid and antidepressant use.

Conclusion

Approximately 1 in 5 people with back pain experience a persistent pain trajectory with an associated increase in pain, disability, and health care use. Further research is needed to determine whether the groups identified represent different diagnoses, which may provide insight into the selection of stratified treatment and aid in designing early prevention and management strategies in the population.
Bone‐Adhesive Materials: Clinical Requirements, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Perspective
Authors: Sánchez‐Fernández María J. , Hammoudeh Hussein , Félix Lanao Rosa P. , van Erk Machteld , van Hest Jan C. M. , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G.
Published: January 2019

Each year, millions of people suffer from complex bone fractures which require proper external or internal fixation. This fixation is usually achieved by means of devices such as plates, pins, and screws. These traditional fixation strategies are associated with severe drawbacks, which have prompted research and development of a variety of bone‐adhesive biomaterials as alternative. However, a clinically applicable bone‐adhesive biomaterial—in the form of a bone‐glue or bone‐adhesive membrane—that meets all requirements has not yet been identified. This perspective article discusses the current state of the art of bone‐adhesive materials with a particular focus on their clinical requirements, mechanisms of action, and future perspective. To develop adhesive biomaterials with specific affinity to bone tissue, a more rational design should be implemented. This perspective article is intended as a starting point and inspiration for future research and development of suitable bone‐adhesive materials.
Broadband Functional Metasurfaces: Achieving Nonlinear Phase Generation toward Achromatic Surface Cloaking and Lensing
Authors: Huang Yijia , Pu Mingbo , Zhang Fei , Luo Jun , Li Xiong , Ma Xiaoliang , Luo Xiangang
Published: January 2019

Generalized law of refraction and reflection has enabled a tremendous amount of degrees of freedom for full vectorial electromagnetic manipulation with metasurfaces. However, owing to the fundamental limitations of bandwidth and efficiency, the implementation of such principle is still far from perfect as truly achromatic efficient wavefront manipulation has not been realized. Here, a design principle based on the generalized Gires–Tournois interference model and catenary electromagnetics theory is proposed that can achieve desired broadband dispersion engineering regardless of the incident polarizations. As a proof of concept, a surface cloak is fabricated and demonstrated with a large fractional bandwidth of more than 40%. An achromatic lens antenna is also designed with focal shift deviation ratio less than 2% across X band to Ku band. Both of the devices show great advances versus traditional approaches by at least one order of magnitude. Besides, this conceptually new design is also applicable to other scenarios, such as beam splitters, vortex beam generators, or metasurface holograms. Considering their compact profiles and simple topologies, it is believed that such functional metasurfaces are promising in practical applications such as beam control, camouflage, and space communications.
Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of trans‐2‐Hexen‐1‐ol using the Aryl Alcohol Oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii
Authors: de Almeida T. P. , van Schie M. M. C. H. , Ma A. , Tieves F. , Younes S. H. H. , Fernández‐Fueyo E. , Arends I. W. C. E. , Riul A. , Hollmann F.
Published: January 2019

The selective oxidation of trans‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol to the corresponding aldehyde using a recombinant aryl alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii (PeAAOx) is reported. Especially using the two liquid phase system to overcome solubility and product inhibition issues enabled to achieve more than 2.200.000 catalytic turnovers for the production enzyme as well as molar product concentrations, pointing towards an economic feasible reaction.

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