bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary fat and cardiovascular disease?
Authors: Merijanti Lie T.
Published: January 2017

Dietary saturated fat (SF) intake has been shown to increase low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and therefore has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This evidence coupled with inferences from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials, had led to longstanding public health recommendations for limiting SF intake as a means of preventing CVD. However the relationship between SF and CVD risk remains controversial, due at least in part to the intrinsic limitations of clinical studies that have evaluated this relationship. A recent meta analysis showed that current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and low consumption of total SF. They found weak positive associations between circulating palmitic and stearic acids (found largely in palm oil and animal fats, respectively) and CVD, whereas circulating margaric acid (a dairy fat) significantly reduced the risk of CVD.(2,3) Saturated fat are not associated with all cause mortality, CVD, CHD, ischemic stroke or type 2 diabetes, but the evidence is heterogenous with methodological limitations.
Psidium guajava leaves decrease arthritic symptoms in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats
Authors: Baroroh Hanif Nasiatul , Utami Esti Dyah , Achmad Anisyah
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND
Guava is an herbal with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-arthritic activity of the ethanol extract of Psidium gujava leaves (EEPG) against complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in rats.

METHODS
An experimental study was conducted on 40 male Wistar Sprague Dawley rats, which were divided into 5 groups. Each group was induced with 0.2 mL CFA (1 mg/mL) on day 1 and 0.1 CFA mL booster injection on day 5. Group I served as an arthritic control, group II received dexamethasone (6.75 mg.kg-1 orally), group III, IV and V received EEPG at oral doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg BW, respectively, on days 14 to 28. Anti-arthritic activity was observed from the arthritis score, the paw circumference was measured on days 0, 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28, the mobility score was determined on days 12 and 28, and the histolopathology of the knee joint was examined on day 29.

RESULTS
Ethanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves significantly suppressed the swelling of the paws in chronic phase based on increasing of edema (%), while starting on day 20. EEPG at 250 mg/kg was most effective in significantly reducing arthritis scores (p<0.05). Histopathological examination showed repair of the knee joint synovial membrane and cartilage.
 
CONCLUSIONS
Psidium guajava leaf extract is effective in decreasing the inflammatory response and arthritic symptoms in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Psidium guajava leaves can be developed into an alternative anti-arthritis treatment.
Dark chocolate administration improves working memory in students
Authors: Prastowo Nawanto Agung , Kristanto Samuel , Sasmita Poppy Kristina
Published: January 2017

Background
Flavonoids have positive effects on health, including the nervous system. High flavonoid content can be found in chocolate, especially dark chocolate. Verbal working memory is important for reasoning, language comprehension, planning, and spatial processing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single dose of dark and white chocolate administration on verbal working memory in medical students.

Methods
A study of experimental pre-post test design with controls was conducted on 60 students. These were simply randomized into two groups: the first group was supplemented with white chocolate as control, and the second group received dark chocolate, at an identical single dose of 100 g. Working memory was measured with the digit span forwards (DSF) and the digit span backwards (DSB) tests, before, at 1 hour, and at 3 hours after intervention. Independent t and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis.

Results
Scores for DSF and DSB in control and treatment groups were similar at baseline. At 1 hour after dark and white chocolate administration, DSF and DSB scores were not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.832; p=0.683). Supplementation of dark chocolate at 3 hours after intervention significantly increased DSB scores compared to white chocolate (p=0.041), but DSF scores were not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.204).

Conclusions
Dark chocolate as a single dose is capable of improving verbal working memory in students, 3 hours after its consumption. Since cocoa contains multiple bioactive compounds, one approach might be to examine the neurocognitive effects of combinations of potential functional ingredients.
High toluene exposure risk increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture workers
Authors: Wartono Magdalena , Herkutanto Herkutanto , Lestari Niken
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND
Few studies have investigated the impact on olfactory functioning of
occupational exposure to toluene, an industrial solvent used in paints and
cleaning fluids. The estimated olfactory dysfunction prevalence is 0.5–
5%. Patients frequently do not complain about olfactory dysfunction.
However, occupational exposure to chemicals may affect workers’ health
and safety, because of their continuous inhalation. This study aimed to
examine the relationship between toluene exposure and olfactory
dysfunction in furniture workers.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study involving 65 workers. Data collection
was by observation and interview on demographic characteristics, history
of habits, and symptoms of chronic rhinitis. Risk of exposure scores were
evaluated from potential hazard, exposure level, duration of employment,
type of work, use of masks, ventilation of work space, and education and
training. Olfactory function was tested using Sniffin’ Sticks, and
determination of environmental toluene level was by personal sampling.
The odds ratio was used to test correlations between variables.
RESULTS
Only 44 subjects could be analyzed, 37 (84.1%) of whom had olfactory
dysfunction. Workers with high toluene exposure had a significantly 12.5-
fold risk of olfactory dysfunction in comparison with those with low
exposure (OR=12.5; CI 95% 1.35 – 115.79).
CONCLUSIONS
Toluene exposure increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture
workers. Olfactory function testing should be considered for initial
screening or periodic testing of furniture workers. Low toluene levels with
a high proportion of olfactory dysfunction indicate that olfactory dysfunction
is an early negative impact of chemical inhalation.
2015: The beginning of the end of the war against malaria
Authors: Tjan Richard
Published: January 2017

In May 2015 the 62th World Health Assembly formulated a global malaria strategy for 2016-2030 aiming to “reduce the global disease burden by 40% by 2020, and by at least 90% by 2030. It also aims to eliminate malaria in at least 35 new countries by 2030”.(1) As a reminder, it was 60 years ago that the Eighth World Health Assembly decided in 1955 to shift from malaria control to malaria eradication, with the aim to make many areas of free of malaria “within 10 to 15 years”.(2) This has yet to be accomplished in many malaria endemic countries such as Indonesia, where the earliest program was the malaria eradication program of 1959, evolving into the malaria control program, the roll-back malaria program, and finally in 2012 into the malaria elimination program.(3) In view of the ever-present insecticideresistance
Paradoxical sleep deprivation changes testicular malondialdehyde and caspase-3 expression in male rats
Authors: Arjadi Fitranto , Partadireja Ginus , Maurits Lientje Setyawan , Pangestu Mulyono
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND
Sleep deprivation is a significant problem among adult men and is considered as a risk factor for several diseases. Paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) induces Leydig cell apoptosis through elevation of corticosterone, with testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) and Leydig cell caspase-3 expression as parameters. The aim of this study was to observe testicular MDA level and caspase-3 expression treated with paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD), immobilization, and footshock stress and to determine the stress model with a significant effect in white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) .

METHODS
This experimental randomized study of posttest only with control group design was conducted on 24 white male Wistar strain rats, randomly allocated into four treatment groups, i.e. control (K1) without any stress treatment, PSD (KII), immobilization (KIII), and footshock stress (KIV). Treatments were given for 25 days to produce chronic stress. Testicular MDA concentration was examined by the ELISA method while caspase-3 was examined by the TUNEL method.

RESULTS
Mean testicular MDA concentration with one-way ANOVA test showed differences in means between the groups (p=0.000) and post hoc Tukey-HSD test showed significant results between PSD stress group versus control, immobilization and footshock stress groups. One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in caspase-3 expression in at least two treatment groups (p=0.008) and post-hoc Tuckey-LSD test showed significant differences between controls and all stress groups.

CONCLUSION
Sleep deprivation is a type of stress inducing changes in testicular MDA concentration and caspase-3 expression in male rat testes.
Directly observed treatment increases drug compliance in lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration
Authors: Rosanti Tutik Ida , Mardihusodo Sugeng Juwono , Artama Wayan T.
Published: January 2017

Backgroud.
Mass drug administration (MDA) has been one of the strategies for lymphatic filariasis elimination. Since the start of implementation in 2011 in Pekalongan, no study on MDA acceptability has yet been done. The objectives of the study were to determine the microfilaria rate (mf rate) and the risk factors of drug compliance in the MDA program.

Methods
A longitudinal study was conducted at Pabean region, Pekalongan City. There were 90 household heads as subjects, who were selected by proportional cluster random sampling. Microfilaria rate (mf rate) was determined by finger blood examination. Drug compliance was measured using questionnaires and observation sheets. Drug compliance observers, filariasis counseling participation, and presence of filariasis patients were factors influencing drug compliance.

Results
Mf rate in 2015 was 1.35% and drug compliance rate was 86.80%. Reasons for failing to take drugs were fear of side effects (50%), refusals (25%), laziness (16.7%), and perceiving the drug to be useless (8.3%). The chi-square test shows a significant difference between the presence of drug compliance observer and compliance (p=0.006). Filariasis counseling participation and presence of filariasis patients did not show a significant difference with drug compliance (p= 0.986).

Conclusions
Families as the source of observers was associated with increased filariasis drug compliance. It is therefore essential to address the issues linked to low compliance to make the program more efficient and achieve the goal of filariasis elimination.
Serum lactate as predictor and diagnostic biomarker of plasma leakage in adult dengue patients
Authors: Bur Rika , Suwarto Suhendro , Santoso Widayat Djoko , Harimurti Kuntjoro
Published: January 2017

Background
Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are differentiated by the occurrence in DHF of plasma leakage into the interstitial space as shown by pleural and peritoneal effusion, hemoconcentration, and intravascular hypovolemia. Perfusion dysfunction causes anaerobic metabolism, which leads to increased serum lactate. This study was to determine serum lactate as prognostic predictor and diagnostic biomarker of plasma leakage in adult dengue patients.

Methods
A cross-sectional retrospective cohort study was conducted on 57 adult dengue patients hospitalized in the internal medicine ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Persahabatan Hospital in Jakarta. Serum lactate was examined to determine its mean difference between DF and DHF. The data was analyzed by independent t-test and the cut-off points were identified for presence as well as absence of plasma leakage, then the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine sensitivity and specificity.

Results
Mean serum lactate was significantly higher in DHF than in DF. From the ROC curve, the cut-off point for serum lactate as prognostic predictor on day 3 of fever was ³2.65 mmol/L with AUC of 0.626 (95% CI 0.480-0.772; p=0.108). The cut-off point for diagnostic biomarker of plasma leakage on day 5 of fever was ³2.55 mmol/L with sensitivity 66.6%, specificity 54.2%, and AUC 0.668 (95% CI 0.550-0.826; p=0.016).

Conclusion
There was a significant difference in serum lactate between DF and DHF. In the critical phase, serum lactate of ³2.55 mmol/L could be used as plasma leakage diagnostic marker of low accuracy.
Mechanical Activation of Ti-2B System: XRD Investigation of Structural Features
Authors: Kochetov N.A. , Kovalev I.D.
Published: January 2017

XRD investigation of Ti-2B system was carried out with the purpose of determining of structural changes in this system during mechanical activation. The size of coherentscattering region (CSR size) and kind II stresses (microstresses) were calculated by diffraction peaks profile analysis. It was determined that initiation of the synthesis reaction directly in mill is taking place at achievement the value of microstresses for titanium approximately equal to its yield point. Spontaneous reaction in a mill indicates that mechanical activation gives essential structural changes in Ti-2B system. So mechanical activation has essential influence on structural condition of Ti-2B system. Titanium diboride synthesized by high-temperature   combustion and by mechanosynthesis have approximately equal crystallites size. These results could clarify the processes of materials structural condition after mechanical activation and have a matter for materials science.
The effect of house prices on business start-ups: A review and analysis using Swedish regional data
Authors: Berggren Björn , Fili Andreas , Wilhelmsson Mats Håkan
Published: January 2017

Entrepreneurs are at the core of economic development in that they start new businesses or make existing firms grow. To fulfill this important role, entrepreneurs need access to finance. Owing to information asymmetry and the relatively high risk associated with business start-ups, many financiers shy away from engaging in relationships with firms during the early stages of their development. Based on the existing body of knowledge on the financing of entrepreneurship, we know that insider finance is of paramount importance in the early stages of firms’ development. We expand this knowledge base by analyzing the influence of house prices on business start-ups across municipalities in Sweden. In our analysis, we include data from all municipalities in Sweden. Our data on house prices and control variables are collected in period one, and our data on the frequency of start-ups are collected in period two. We find that rising house prices in a municipality lead to a higher frequency of start-ups. In our regression analysis, we find that a 1% increase in house prices leads to a 0.14% increase in start-ups. Our findings are in line with the limited international research that has been previously conducted, and for this reason, they could be seen as a vital addition to the existing body of knowledge within the area of entrepreneurship and regional development.
Identificação dos impactos ambientais da ocupação irregular nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Itabapoana
Authors: Silveira Ramon Petrilho , Oliveira Vicente de Paulo Santos
Published: January 2017

As nascentes representam o início da formação das redes de drenagens e, assim, são fundamentais para a manutenção dos recursos hídricos. Apesar da notória importância de preservação dessas áreas, esses ambientes ainda continuam sofrendo com as ações predatórias do homem. Como consequência, destaca-se a redução na vegetação ciliar, perda na biodiversidade da fauna e flora, aumento dos processos erosivos no solo e assoreamento de diversos corpos d’água, inclusive de nascentes. Neste artigo, realizaremos um estudo de revisão bibliográfica a respeito da situação ambiental na qual se encontra a bacia do rio Itabapoana, dando ênfase nas áreas de nascentes.
Sustainable development in Canadian context: a critical review
Authors: Alexander Taylor , Ferreira Maria Ines Paes , Alexander Don
Published: January 2017

Apesar do debate crescente associado ao desenvolvimento sustentável no Canadá e no mundo, os esforços para transformar o modelo de crescimento insustentável vigente vêm se mostrando fragmentados e ineficazes. O capitalismo neoliberal e a consequente prevalência da lógica econômica sobrepujam os esforços para resolver as causas antrópicas associadas às mudanças climáticas. À luz do "triângulo do planejamento", proposto por Scott Campbell, e da Teoria da Panarquia, a presente revisão aponta para a socialização de informações e a gestão adaptativa como estratégias eficazes para desafiar o modelo de desenvolvimento contemporâneo e embasar os planejadores preocupados com a sustentabilidade.
Presença de microalgas nocivas associada ao cultivo de mexilhões Perna perna da Praia Rasa, Armação dos Búzios, RJ
Authors: Soares Alexandre Mioth , Zanette Guilherme Burigo , De Souza Daniela Almeida , Saraiva Victor Barbosa , Baeta Neves Maria Helena Campos , De Oliveira Manildo Marcião
Published: January 2017

As algas são organismos eucariotos fotoautotróficos relativamente simples que não possuem tecidos. As proliferações de certas algas microscópicas podem causar diversos efeitos que são percebidos pelo homem como nocivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar a comunidade fitoplanctônica em pontos próximos ao cultivo de mexilhões da Praia Rasa, com ênfase em espécies potencialmente produtoras de toxinas. As coletas foram realizadas entre fevereiro de 2014 e março de 2015. 79 táxons foram encontrados. As diatomáceas foram predominantes neste estudo. Separações entre verão e inverno foram registradas. Este trabalho poderá servir de base para futuras ações de monitoramento de florações de algas nocivas na cidade.
Evaluation of three Brettanomyces qPCR commercial kits: results from an interlaboratory study
Authors: Longin Cédric , Julliat Frédérique , Serpaggi Virginie , Maupeu Julie , Bourbon Geoffrey , Rousseaux Sandrine , Guilloux-Benatier Michèle , Alexandre Hervé
Published: January 2017

Brettanomyces bruxellensis is well adapted to high ethanol concentrations and low pH which allows it to develop in difficult environments, such as wine. B. bruxellensis is mainly found in red wine and is regarded as a spoilage yeast due to its production of ethylphenols and other compounds responsible for organoleptic defects. The detection and quantification of this yeast is essential to preventing wine spoilage. Several specific detection and quantification kits based on real time quantitative PCR are commercially available. Although these kits are frequently used by private enological and research laboratories, no scientific report on the reliability and performance of these kits, including inter-laboratory and inter-assay comparisons have been published. The aim of this work was to compare available kits to quantify B. bruxellensis in red wine to classical method (plate counting on selective medium) in an interlaboratory study. Three different commercial kits were tested on three different wines from Bordeaux, Côtes du Rhône, and Burgundy inoculated with B. bruxellensis at four different concentrations. Five naturally contaminated wines from different French wine regions were also tested. Our results suggest that all the kits tested probably over or underestimate the quantity of B. bruxellensis in red wine and, under specific conditions, give false positives. Quantification may be very heterogeneous depending on the wine, laboratory, or population level. Underestimations or false negative results may have serious consequences for winemakers. Overestimation may be partly due to the quantification of dead cells qPCR.

This study highlights that quantification of B. bruxellensis in red wine using commercial kits requires a high level of expertise in molecular biology. We recommend that all users use a microbiological internal control to validate DNA extraction yield.
A PROBLEMÁTICA FILOSÓFICA DO RECONHECIMENTO NO PENSAMENTO DE PAUL RICOEUR
Authors: Drawin Carlos Roberto
Published: January 2017

O artigo propõe situar a teoria do reconhecimento no pensamento de Paul Ricoeur. Com este objetivo o dividimos em duas partes. Na primeira seguimos o percurso do filósofo francês em seu projeto de construção de uma Antropologia Filosófica a partir da Filosofia da Reflexão de procedência cartesiana da Fenomenologia husserliana. Os impasses que daí decorrem o levam ao distanciamento da tentação solipsista das filosofias da consciência e à proposição de uma longa mediação pelo mundo do símbolo, dos textos e da ação. Por conseguinte, a ideia de reconhecimento está inscrita no próprio desenvolvimento do pensamento do filósofo. Na segunda parte reconstruímos o argumento do livro Percurso do reconhecimento por meio de seis temas fundamentais: os impasses da recognição; a saída da representação; a provação do desconhecimento; a reconstrução da identidade; o desafio da alteridade; a exigência da paz.Abstract: The article aims at presenting the theory of recognition in the thought of Paul Ricoeur. In order to do so, it is divided in two parts. The first follows the French philosopher in his project to construct a philosophical anthropology based on the Cartesian philosophy of Reflection as well as on the Husserlian phenomenology. However, both led him to an impasse that made him detach himself from the solipsist temptation of the philosophies of consciousness. Instead, he proposed an extended mediation that encompassed the world of symbols, texts and action. The idea of recognition is therefore embedded in the development of his thinking. The second part of this paper reconstructs the argument of Ricoeur’s book The course of recognition, through six fundamental themes: the obstacles of recognition; forsaking representation; “the test of the unrecognizable”; the reconstruction of identity; the challenge of otherness; the demand for peace.
Single-Gradient Subsea-Mud-Lift-Drilling Technology in Deepwater Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 174881, “Successful Testing of Single-Gradient Subsea-Mud-Lift-Drilling Technology in Deepwater Gulf of Mexico,” by Sharifur Rahman, Calvin Holt, David Dowell, Danilo Morales, and Siri Davis, Chevron, prepared for the 2015 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, 28–30 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Subsea-mud-lift-drilling (SMD) technology is a form of managed-pressure drilling (MPD). As with other MPD systems, SMD technology offers early detection of influxes (kicks) and minimizes downhole losses to weak subsurface formations. However, significant differences are built into the SMD system. This paper will highlight the benefits of single-gradient SMD (SMD-S) technology, the execution of the most recent deployment, and test results that represent the final steps in moving toward continued MPD operations in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM).

Introduction

SMD is a sophisticated subsea MPD technology development and commercialization project that has just completed its fourth offshore deployment. With every deployment, the learnings have been captured and addressed successfully. The most recent deployment in the deep water GOM has demonstrated that the technology works as designed by successfully accomplishing nearly all test objectives. The confidence is now very high that the industry will see the successful commercial delivery of a drilling technology that offers potential for a more-efficient drilling operation. In addition, this technology will lead ultimately to enhanced production and recovery from deepwater assets. SMD has two operational modes, SMD-S and dual-gradient SMD (SMD-D), as illustrated in Fig. 1.

SMD-D. A fluid with a density equivalent to seawater is used in the riser and a heavier mud weight is used below the mudline. This combination of gradients results in an annular-pressure profile that more closely follows the natural pore-pressure and fracture-gradient trends. This significantly improves the ability to stay within the pressure window much longer without changing mud weights. Dual-gradient drilling helps to eliminate casing points that are required in conventional drilling and offers significant production benefits in the deepwater environment.

In order to maintain constant bottomhole pressure (BHP), this technique allows annulus pressure to be trapped below a subsea rotating control device (SRD) during connections by increasing the maximum-lift-pump (MLP) inlet pressure to help manage ballooning or control wellbore stability.
Technology Focus: Offshore Facilities (February 2016)
Authors: Elkins Mark S.
Published: January 2017

Technology Focus

Welcome to the Offshore Facilities feature in this month’s JPT. It was my pleasure to go through 169 papers submitted to SPE in this field over the past year and select three for inclusion in this issue as well as three for additional reading. I considered making my selections along a theme, but offshore facilities is a broad category spanning vast engineering interests and challenges. The papers I chose are those I enjoyed reading. The result is a rather eclectic mix.

The first paper provides a high-level look at the design and construction of the Prelude floating liquefied-natural-gas (FLNG) facilities. This is a world-class gasfield-development project taking on significant technical challenges, and the paper touches on technology selection and development, safety-design aspects, and construction activities. The intent of the developer is for Prelude to be the first of many FLNG projects, using a “design one, build many” strategy to leverage learnings and reduce subsequent development time and cost.

The next paper describes the design, construction, and installation of a spar in the Gulf of Mexico, including bulk storage tanks for produced oil, methanol, and diesel and independent tanks for production and subsea chemicals. The design and regulatory requirements are discussed, and lessons learned and recommendations for future projects are supplied.

The final paper discusses the development and testing of an active acoustic automatic leak-detection sonar. The technology makes use of the different acoustic impedance of hydrocarbons compared with the surrounding sea water to detect with a sonar head the partial reflection of the transmitted signal by this interface. The paper describes field trials of the technology in the Gulf of Mexico using a substitute target to simulate an oil release and nitrogen to simulate natural gas.

I hope you enjoy reading these papers as much as I did. JPT

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.

SPE 172150 The Use of Multirotor Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles as a Method of Closely Visually Inspecting Live and Difficult-To-Access Assets on Offshore Platforms by Malcolm Connolly, Cyberhawk Innovations

OTC 25676 Implementing Constructability in Brownfield Projects: A Case Study by Amir G. Salem, SBM Offshore, et al.

OTC 25685 The Risk of Cryogenic-Liquid Release Could Have Been a Show Stopper for the Floating Liquefied-Natural-Gas Market: How Did the Industry Respond? by R. Wade
The Complex Monolithic Movement for the Brick-wooden Building in Deformation Analysis and Reinforcement
Authors: Ren-liang Shan , Xiao-nan Zhang , Man Lu , Hong-yu Zhao
Published: January 2017

This paper first analyzes the reasons of complex monolithic movement of a brick-wooden building in Henan province in China. The building foundation integral underpinning technique and curved-track moving technique which combine the track sharing-monolithic movement method and efficient long distance movement method were put forward. These methods use the anchor static pile, in order to guarantee the safety of the building for complex monolithic movement. The analysis of the internal force and deformation of underpinning structure was calculated by finite element software SAP2000. A practice case showed that the internal force of the underpinning structure is less than the bearing capacity, which proved the efficiency of the proposed method.
Prevalence, Antibiogram and Molecular Characterization of Comunity-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in AWKA, Anambra Nigeria
Authors: Ike Blessing , Ugwu Malachy C. , Ikegbunam Moses N. , Nwobodo David , Ejikeugwu Chika , Gugu Thaddeus , Esimone Charles O.
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

This study evaluated the prevalence, antibiogram and molecular features of CA-MRSA in Awka, Nigeria.

Methods:

Confirmation of MRSA was done by testing resistance to oxacillin (1µg), cloxacillin (5µg) and cefoxitin(30µg) on sterile Mueller Hinton agar supplemented with 4% sodium chloride. The MRSA strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using agar dilution method. Penicillin binding protein 2a was detected through rapid latex agglutination assay while mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 142S. aureusisolates were obtained from 261 samples sourced from Staff, students and fomites of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Result:

The overall prevalence of MRSA was 22.6%. The carriage rate was higher in females (56.5%) than male (43.5%) and was highest in individuals of 20-30 years of age (57.65%). The MIC of the oxacillin sodium salt ranged from 4-32 μg/ml. The multi-antibiotic resistance indices show that 53.4% had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing (MARI) higher than 0.2. Penicillin binding protein 2a was detected in 8.4% of MRSA isolates, all from nasal carriage while mecA gene was detected in 5 of isolates.

Conclusion:

This study showed a very high prevalence of MRSA carriage among studied subjects.
Nanotechnology for Stimulating Osteoprogenitor Differentiation
Authors: Ibrahim A. , Bulstrode N.W. , Whitaker I.S. , Eastwood D.M. , Dunaway D. , Ferretti P.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Bone is the second most transplanted tissue and due to its complex structure, metabolic demands and various functions, current reconstructive options such as foreign body implants and autologous tissue transfer are limited in their ability to restore defects. Most tissue engineering approaches target osteoinduction of osteoprogenitor cells by modifying the extracellular environment, using scaffolds or targeting intracellular signaling mechanisms or commonly a combination of all of these. Whilst there is no consensus as to what is the optimal cell type or approach, nanotechnology has been proposed as a powerful tool to manipulate the biomolecular and physical environment to direct osteoprogenitor cells to induce bone formation.

Methods:

Review of the published literature was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of nanotechnology to control osteoprogenitor differentiation and discuss the most recent developments, limitations and future directions.

Results:

Nanotechnology can be used to stimulate osteoprogenitor differentiation in a variety of way. We have principally classified research into nanotechnology for bone tissue engineering as generating biomimetic scaffolds, a vector to deliver genes or growth factors to cells or to alter the biophysical environment. A number of studies have shown promising results with regards to directing ostroprogenitor cell differentiation although limitations include a lack ofin vivodata and incomplete characterization of engineered bone.

Conclusion:

There is increasing evidence that nanotechnology can be used to direct the fate of osteoprogenitor and promote bone formation. Further analysis of the functional properties and long term survival in animal models is required to assess the maturity and clinical potential of this.
Carbon Nanostructures in Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Perkins Brian Lee , Naderi Naghmeh
Published: January 2017

Background:

Recent advances in developing biocompatible materials for treating bone loss or defects have dramatically changed clinicians’ reconstructive armory. Current clinically available reconstructive options have certain advantages, but also several drawbacks that prevent them from gaining universal acceptance. A wide range of synthetic and natural biomaterials is being used to develop tissue-engineered bone. Many of these materials are currently in the clinical trial stage.

Methods:

A selective literature review was performed for carbon nanostructure composites in bone tissue engineering.

Results:

Incorporation of carbon nanostructures significantly improves the mechanical properties of various biomaterials to mimic that of natural bone. Recently, carbon-modified biomaterials for bone tissue engineering have been extensively investigated to potentially revolutionize biomaterials for bone regeneration.

Conclusion:

This review summarizes the chemical and biophysical properties of carbon nanostructures and discusses their functionality in bone tissue regeneration.
Nanoscale Surface Modifications of Orthopaedic Implants: State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: Staruch RMT , Griffin MF , Butler PEM
Published: January 2017

Background:

Orthopaedic implants such as the total hip or total knee replacement are examples of surgical interventions with postoperative success rates of over 90% at 10 years. Implant failure is associated with wear particles and pain that requires surgical revision. Improving the implant - bone surface interface is a key area for biomaterial research for future clinical applications. Current implants utilise mechanical, chemical or physical methods for surface modification.

Methods:

A review of all literature concerning the nanoscale surface modification of orthopaedic implant technology was conducted.

Results:

The techniques and fabrication methods of nanoscale surface modifications are discussed in detail, including benefits and potential pitfalls. Future directions for nanoscale surface technology are explored.

Conclusion:

Future understanding of the role of mechanical cues and protein adsorption will enable greater flexibility in surface control. The aim of this review is to investigate and summarise the current concepts and future directions for controlling the implant nanosurface to improve interactions.
Pijat oksitosin dan Frekuensi Menyusui berhubungan dengan Waktu Pengeluaran Kolostrum pada Ibu Post Sectio Caesarea di RS Kota Bandung
Authors: Hadianti Dian Nur , Resmana Rika
Published: January 2017

Colostrum is the first breast milk that comes out which contains many substances anti-infectionfor the newborns,so when a newbornwere not given the colostrum will be susceptible to infectious diseases. According Riskesdas 2013, newborn babies who received breast milk (colostrum) during 24-47 hours by 13%. The results of a survey of 9 from 15 Post SC who give colostrum to their babies in 24 hours. The purpose of this study was to know The Relationship Between Massage Oxytocin and Breastfeeding Frequencies With The Excretion Time of Colostrum in the Post Partum Caesarean. The factors are oxytocin massages, breastfeeding frequencies, breast caress, the nutritional status of the pregnant and parites.The study methods used Case-Control Study. The sample was selected by quota sampling of 60 respondents, consisting of 30 cases of the post SC who colostrum out after 24 hours and 30 controls the post SC who colostrum out less than 24 hours. The study used primary data with observational techniques to post Sectio Caesaria (SC) who were treated at the Hospital. The bivariant data were analyzed by Chi-Square test. The results showed that p-value 0.001 (p<0.05), with OR 7.00 (95% CI 3.1-15.8) means the post SC mothers which, given oxytocin massage was 7.0 times more likely excretes colostrum on the first day after the delivery. And the OR 15.5 (95% CI 3.8-63.4) means the colostrum that execretes on the first day after delivery was 15.5 higher in a post SC mother which breastfeed 7 times a day. Conclusion, there was a significant relationship between oxytocin massage with excretion time and there was a significant relationship between the frequency of breastfeeding with a excretion time of colostrum in the post SC.
Neolithic and Chalcolithic stone tools used in ceramics production: Examples from the south of Romania
Authors: Crandell Otis , Ionescu Corina , Mirea Pavel
Published: January 2017

This paper focuses on Neolithic and Chalcolithic stone tools found at the Măgura ‘Buduiasca’ and Vităneşti ‘Măgurice’ sites in southern Romania, which might been involved in the chaîne opératoire of ceramic pottery production. To better understand how ceramic objects were made during this period, it is important to know what tools were available. Representative artefacts were selected from the sites and have here been grouped based on their possible involvement in various stages of pottery production: a) quarrying of the raw claystone (picks); b) processing the raw materials (mortars and pestles); and c) surface finishing (smoothers, burnishers, polishers). The surface of the tools was examined by non-destructive methods (handheld loupe, stereomicroscope) with the aim of further determining their function and whether they were likely used in the ceramics industry.

This study provides examples of specific Neolithic and Chalcolithic stone tool types and illustrates characteristics useful for identifying their use. It also shows the possible chaîne opératoire of pottery produced during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic in the area of southern Romania.

It is considered that most of these tools categories, and likely most of the individual tools themselves, had multiple uses, or similar uses with different materials in different industries. It is therefore difficult to determine with much certainty whether they were only used within the ceramics industry.
An archaeological experiment and new knowledge about the chipped stone industry from the Vinča culture
Authors: Bogosavljević Petrović Vera
Published: January 2017

In order to examine the hypothesis of our knowledge on the Vinča chipped stone industry which was spreading on the territory of Serbia during the Late Neolithic until the Chalcolithic (the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th millennia BCE) and the previously noticed changes within it, we started from the question about the process of chipped stone tool production and the life cycle of artefacts. A series of preparatory activities in making replicas of flint sickles and the realization of a harvesting process contributed to gaining better knowledge on sequences of stone production technology, from the supply strategy to the production and utilization of artefacts. The main goal of the experiment was to obtain authentic traces of use on the working edges and creation of the first visual comparative database with examples from the region.Preliminary results essentially influenced our determination of the methods applied for reduction sequences during the Vinča culture. A significant result was achieved with the first quantifications of raw materials for making tools, such as a sickle and needs during one season, as well as with the precise definition of areas of sown land necessary for maintenance of an average Vinča family.
The Iron Age copper industrial complex: A preliminary study of the role of ground stone tools at Khirbat en-Nahas, Jordan
Authors: Levy Thomas E. , Bettilyon Megan , Burton Margie M.
Published: January 2017

The first industrial revolution in the southern Levant crystallized during the Iron Age when copper production reached scales never before seen in this part of the Middle East. Ever since copper ore was first smelted during the Chalcolithic period, the Arabah valley, and its widespread distribution of copper mineralization, was the main source for copper ore in the region. The main ore deposits are located in Timna (Israel) in the southern part of the valley, and some 105 km to the north, in the Faynan region (Jordan). Faynan is the largest copper ore resource zone in the southern Levant. Excavations at the Iron Age Faynan site of Khirbat en-Nahas and the recent final publication of that project have revealed peaks in industrial-scale production during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE. However, the role of ground stone tools in the Iron Age copper industry in Faynan has not been systematically presented. This paper presents a preliminary study of the ground stone assemblage from one excavation season at Khirbat en-Nahas, thereby highlighting the great potential for ground stone tools research at the site. Using the chaîne opératoire method of technological study, this paper takes a quantitative approach to the typological, material, and spatial distribution of ground stone artefacts at Khirbat en-Nahas to understand their role in copper production. Ethnoarchaeological study of hereditary bronze casting workshops in southern India provides a compelling model of how ground stone tools played a critical role in one of the most important dimensions of metal production in all periods - recycling - in an Iron Age copper factory.
The ground stone industry of the Mursi of Maki, Ethiopia: Ethnoarchaeological research on milling and crushing equipment (technique and function)
Authors: Robitaille Jérôme
Published: January 2017

New ethnoarchaeological evidence is currently contributing to a better understanding of the techniques and functions related to the use of stone tools for grinding and milling. This paper explores how the Mursi people in Maki, Ethiopia use handstones in different ways and how they also use different types of handstones for preparation of a variety of foods. Rather than a pestle and mortar, the Mursi have technically adjusted their tools (querns and handstones) and use them for milling as well as crushing. For example, by using querns for the preparation of grain Mursi women have adapted their techniques and may also use a different handstone (depending on the type of grain they have selected or the final product they wish to prepare). Somehandstones are reserved only for crushing grain, others are only for milling, and some have a double function (i.e. they are used for both milling and grinding). (The term “grinding” is used here in terms of the transformation of flour products, while the term “crushing” is used in terms of the transformation of material into pieces.) Is there a connection between the dimensions and the functions of each tool? Can the morphometric characteristics of handstones be related to different types of use? This paper presents new and unpublished ethnographic information showing such a correlation in terms of the Mursi people.
La segregación socioespacial en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1990-2010
Authors: López Navarrete Jairo A. , Peña Medina Sergio
Published: January 2017

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la segregación socioespacial en el municipio de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, para responder a la pregunta de investigación: ¿cuáles son las características principales de la distribución espacial de los estratos socioeconómicos, así como su evolución en el tiempo? El análisis factorial permite, mediante el método de componentes principales, combinar variables socioeconómicas y generar indicadores para saber si los habitantes de determinadas zonas urbanas comparten características similares, para analizar el grado de segregación espacial. La hipótesis de desigualdad no se pudo rechazar mediante la validez estadística de los índices de segregación socioespacial, excepto el del año 2000. Se concluye que el problema de la segregación es producto de la especulación del suelo de desarrolladores privados, y que también el Estado es un actor clave para generarla y revertirla.
O Programa Calha Norte: redefinição das políticas de segurança e defesa nas fronteiras internacionais da Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Monteiro Licio Caetano do Rego
Published: January 2017

Resumo: O Programa Calha Norte (PCN) foi concebido na década de 1980, mas assumiu novas configurações após sua retomada em 2003. Neste artigo, analisamos o PCN apartir da diferença entre os momentos inicial e atual, considerando a redefinição das políticasde segurança e defesa do Estado brasileiro nas fronteiras internacionais da Amazônia nas últimas duas décadas. O argumento principal é o de que as mudanças de concepção do PCN entreesses dois períodos demonstram como a aplicação das políticas dirigidas pelo governo central, mesmo na área de segurança e defesa, depende das mediações em escalas local e regional que legitimam e dão forma aos resultados obtidos. Para isso, analisamos os documentos relativosao PCN, a relação entre o PCN e as demais políticas de controle territorial na Amazônia e o mapeamento das verbas aplicadas pelo PCN nos municípios de sua área de abrangência, entre 2003 e 2007.Palavras-chave: Programa Calha Norte; segurança; Amazônia brasileira; fronteiras; Forças Armadas. Abstract: The Programa Calha Norte – PCN (The “Calha Norte” Programme) was designed in the 1980s but took on new configurations after its resumption in 2003.This article analyzes the differences between the former and the later moments at the PCN, considering the redefinition of Brazilian security and defense policies for the Amazon international borders in the last two decades. The main argument is that changes in the PCN between these two periods show how the implementation of policies directed by the central government, even in security and defense, depends on the mediation of local and regional scale that legitimize and shape the results. For this argumentation the documents relating to the PCN, the relationship between the PCN and other policies of territorial control in Amazônia and the mapping of the funds applied by the PCN in the municipalities of their coverage area, between 2003 and 2007, are analysed. Keywords: Calha Norte Programme; security; Brazilian Amazon; borders; military.
Entre o legal e o extralegal: a reatualização da remoção de favelas no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Magalhães Alexandre
Published: January 2017

O presente trabalho é parte da pesquisa de doutorado sobre o que tenho chamado de reatualização da remoção de favelas no Rio de Janeiro. Nesta pesquisa, acompanho diversas experiências de remoção conduzidas pela prefeitura. Concentro a minha análise, neste artigo, naqueles processos de remoção que estão ocorrendo devido às intervenções urbanísticas que visam preparar a cidade para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e as Olimpíadas de 2016. Argumento que, em situações de remoção, a relação entre os aparatos estatais e os moradores de favelas se constitui por meio da exceção. As práticas estatais nestes territórios não poderiam ser entendidas em termos de lei e transgressão, mas como práticas que se encontrariam simultaneamente dentro e fora da lei. Palavras-chave: favelas; remoção; lei; exceção. Abstract: This paper presents part of the research for my doctoral thesis about the process that I call recapitulating the slums removal in Rio de Janeiro. In this research, I followed several removal conducted by the city government. I concentrate the analysis in the removals processes that are occurring due to urban interventions that aim to prepare the city for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics. I argue that in situations of displacement, the relationship between the state apparatus and the slum dwellers is constituted by exception. The state practices in these areas could not be understood in terms of law and transgression, but as practices that are simultaneously inside and outside the law. Keywords: slums removal; law; exception.