bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Triplet Harvesting via Hot Exciton Utilization in Solution Processed OLEDs Employing Tetraphenyl Buta‐1,3‐Diene Based AIE Emitters
Authors: Datta Ayan , Mukherjee Susmita , Pal Prasanta , Pal Arun K , Perumal Ajay , Datta Ayan , Malik Sudip
Published: October 2024

High photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) especially in solid‐state together with harvesting radiative triplet excitons are essential to achieve efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, the aggregation induced emission (AIE) active tetraphenyl buta‐1,3‐diene (TPB) moiety has been employed and tactfully modified to obtain orthogonally oriented donor‐acceptor (D‐A‐π‐A‐D) type derivatives (namely, TPB‐CHO‐TPA and TPB‐CN‐TPA) which possess additionally the hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) type excited‐state. Moreover, computational studies have revealed the possibility of triplet harvesting through hot exciton mechanism in these designed emitters. These key features along with excellent solubility in most of the organic solvents have encouraged to utilize these as light emitting materials for solution processed non‐doped and doped OLED devices. The optimal OLED device using TPB‐CHO‐TPA exhibits yellow light emission (ELmax = 572 nm and CIEx,y = 0.48, 0.51) having maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 7.6% with power and current efficiency of 6.1 lm W−1 and 8.9 cd A−1 where the calculated exciton utilization efficiency (EUE) approaches to 97%, indicating efficient triplet harvesting in electroluminescence process. This work signifies a novel design strategy for AIE‐based HLCT type emitters having efficient hot exciton utilization which can pave the way for future development of TPB based highly efficient OLED devices.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylselenolated Spiro[5.5]trienones/Spiro[4.5]trienones via Electrophilic Trifluoromethylselenolation Cyclization and Dearomatization
Authors: Wang Jia , Niu Jia‐Qi , Geng Ming‐Jiang , Li Jia‐Cheng , Yan Yun‐Hui , Liu Lixia , Shang Xuefang , Chao Shu‐Jun
Published: October 2024

An expedient strategy for the construction of trifluoromethylselenolated spiro[5.5]trienones/spiro[4.5]trienones through a cascade electrophilic trifluoromethylselenolation cyclization and dearomatization has been developed. This sequential process was induced by N‐trifluoromethylselenophthalimide (Phth‐SeCF3), which was an efficient electrophilic trifluoromethylselenolation reagent. This approach has the feature of mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and high functional group tolerance.
Characterizing coagulation responses in humans and nonhuman primates following kidney xenotransplantation—A narrative review
Authors: Zidan Ali , El‐Sherbini Adham H. , Noureldin Abdelrahman , Cooper David K. C. , Othman Maha
Published: October 2024

The recent report of the first pig kidney transplant in a living human brings hope to thousands of people with end‐stage kidney failure. The scientific community views this early success with caution as kidney xenotransplantation exhibits many challenges and barriers. One of these is coagulation dysregulation. This includes (i) pig von Willebrand Factor (vWF) interaction with human platelets, which can induce abnormal clotting responses, heightening the risk of graft failure, (ii) the inefficiency of pig thrombomodulin in activating human protein C, which emphasizes the species‐specific variations that aggravate coagulation challenges, and (iii) the development of thrombotic microangiopathy in the pig grafts and the occurrence of systemic consumptive coagulopathy in the recipients. Indeed, coagulation dysregulation largely results from differences in endothelial cell response and incompatibilities between pig and human coagulation–anticoagulation pathways. These barriers can be resolved by modifications to pig vWF and the expression of human thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptors in pig cells, serving as strategic interventions to align the coagulation systems of the two species more closely. These coagulation challenges have clinical implications in how they affect graft survival and patient outcome. Genetic engineering of the organ‐source pig and the administration of various drugs have assisted in correcting this coagulation dysregulation. Hence, comprehending and controlling coagulation dysregulation is crucial for progress in xenotransplantation as a viable option for treating patients with terminal kidney disease.
KBG Syndrome in 16 Indian Individuals
Authors: Bajaj Shruti , Nampoothiri Sheela , Chugh Roshni , Sheth Jayesh , Sheth Frenny , Sheth Harsh , Narayan Vinu , Deshpande Ameya , Hegde Anaita , Dwivedi Aradhana , Yeshodharan Dhanya , Khosla Indu , Mittal Madhukar , Kore Mahesh , Ramprasad Vedam , C. Anbu Kayalvizhi , Girisha Katta M.
Published: October 2024

We aimed to describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of 16 individuals with KBG syndrome (KBGS) from 13 Indian families. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical details of individuals with KBGS harboring a likely pathogenic/pathogenic variant in ANKRD11. We also analyzed their facial gestalt using Face2Gene and recorded the top three differential disorders suggested by the application. The most frequent clinical features observed in our cohort were as follows: learning and intellectual disability—14/15 (93%), skeletal abnormalities—14/15 (93%), postnatal short stature—13/15 (87%), brachydactyly—11/15 (73%), and characteristic facial appearance—13/15 (87%). We identified 12 single nucleotide variants (SNVs), including six recurrent and six novel variants, and a copy number variant in the 16q24.3 region encompassing ANKRD11 gene. The novel variants were as follows: p.(Gln1236Ter), p.(Asp884ThrfsTer93), p.(Arg1466GlyfsTer87), p.(Tyr2056Ter), p.(Leu955TrpfsTer22), and p.(Lys766ArgfsTer10). The identified SNVs in ANKRD11 clustered around exon 9. We observed a high concordance of Face2Gene in predicting KBGS.
Efficient Derivatization of a Thienobenzobisthiazole‐Based π‐Conjugated Polymer Through Late‐Stage Functionalization Towards High‐Efficiency Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroto , Yamanaka Kodai , Sato Yuki , Mikie Tsubasa , Saito Masahiko , Ohkita Hideo , Osaka Itaru
Published: October 2024

Derivatization is essential for optimizing organic material properties. However, because functional groups are often introduced at an early stage of the synthesis, similar intermediates have to be repeatedly synthesized to produce derivatives, which amounts to a daunting and time‐consuming task. Using thienobenzobisthiazole (TBTz) as a building unit of donor polymers for organic photovoltaics (OPVs), we demonstrate an efficient derivatization of a TBTz‐based π‐conjugated polymer by late‐stage functionalization. In the developed synthetic route, functional groups are introduced at the last step of monomer synthesis, enabling us to easily synthesize several derivatives from a common intermediate. Ester and acyl groups are introduced into the polymer instead of the alkyl group, giving rise to deep HOMO energy levels and resulting in OPV cells with high open‐circuit voltage even in the absence of halogen substituents that are typically introduced into the donor polymers. Notably, the ester‐functionalized TBTz‐based polymer shows a small nonradiative voltage loss (ΔVnr) of 0.19 V and has one of the highest charge generation efficiencies among the halogen‐free donor polymers with similar ΔVnr, improving the critical trade‐off relationship between voltage loss and charge generation. Our results provide an important guideline for the efficient development of high‐performance polymers for OPVs.
Pancreatic inflammation induced by hypothyroidism in female rabbits is associated with cholesterol accumulation and a reduced expression of CYP51A1, FXRβ, and PPARβ/δ
Authors: Rojas‐Juárez Rubicela , Rodríguez‐Castelán Julia , Cuatecontzi‐Fuentes Ismael , Mendez‐Tepepa Maribel , Cruz‐Lumbreras Rosalía , Rodríguez‐Antolín Jorge , Arroyo‐Helguera Omar Elind , Cuevas‐Romero Estela
Published: October 2024

In women and animal models, hypothyroidism induces hypercholesterolemia, pancreatitis, and insulitis. We investigated whether lipids are involved in the effects of hypothyroidism in the pancreas. Control (n = 6) and hypothyroid (n = 6) adult female rabbits were used. We quantified serum and pancreatic triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels, the oxidative and antioxidant status, and the expression of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor (LDLR) in the pancreas. Inflammation of the pancreas was evaluated by infiltration of immune cells positive to CD163 and α‐farnesoid receptor (FXRα). Other lipid players involved in both inflammation and insulin secretion of the pancreas, such as lanosterol 14‐α‐demethylase (CYP51A1), β‐farnesoid receptor (FXRβ), 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD), and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor β (PPARβ/δ), were quantified. Groups were compared by t‐Student or U‐Mann–Whitney tests (p ≤ 0.05). Hypothyroidism induced hypercholesterolemia and a high cholesterol accumulation in the pancreas of female rabbits, without affecting oxidative or antioxidative status nor the expression of LDLR. The pancreas of hypothyroid females showed inflammation identified by a great infiltration of immune cells, macrophages CD163+, and loss of expression of FXRα+ in immune cells. Moreover, a reduced expression of CYP51A1, FXRβ, and PPARβ/δ, but not 3β‐HSD, in the hypothyroid pancreas was found. Pancreatitis and insulitis promoted by hypothyroidism may be related to the accumulation of cholesterol, lanosterol actions, and the activation of PPARβ/δ. All inflammatory markers evaluated in this study are related to glucose regulation, suggesting the link between hypothyroidism and diabetes.
The use of lead isotopes for determining sources of lead in drinking water
Authors: Cornwell David A. , Kamenov George , McTigue Nancy E.
Published: October 2024

A series of paired samples were analyzed to determine if high‐precision lead isotopic fingerprinting could help identify the source of lead in plumbing materials and drinking water. Samples were obtained of plumbing materials (lead service lines, copper pipe with lead solder, galvanized materials, and brass fixtures) from water utilities across the United States. Lead samples were taken from the material itself, from scales, and in some cases from associated water. The lead samples were analyzed to determine the ratios of the four stable lead isotopes present. The results enabled the identification of relationships between various components and further aided in the identification of the source of lead found in water and in pipe scales. Isotopic fingerprinting, as demonstrated in this study, could be used to determine if a galvanized line is a galvanized line requiring replacement (GRR) under the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (USEPA, 2023).
Which comes first, first episode psychosis or cannabis use?
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2024

The typical conundrum with cannabis use by adolescents and first episode psychosis — which came first? — was displaced by Steven Batki, M.D., in a plenary session at the Cape Cod Symposium on Addictive Disorders (CCSAD) in September. Bakti, who is a professor of psychiatry at the University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, presented his conclusions allowing the audience of some 1,000 to ask questions as he went along.
How to motivate adolescents who are afraid of treatment?
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2024

Motivation has long been considered key to sending substance use disorder (SUD) patients in the direction of recovery. But how do you motivate an adolescent, to whom motivational approaches may feel like a call to battle — or even worse, an excuse for running away? Lauren Sbarbaro, Ph.D., a psychologist licensed in alcohol and drug treatment who trained at Hazelden, shared some insights with attendees at the Cape Cod Symposium on Addictive Disorders (CCSAD) in Hyannis, Massachusetts last week.
Solid‐State NMR of Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Haro Mares Nadia , Logrado Millena , Kergassner Jan , Zhang Bingyu , Gutmann Torsten , Buntkowsky Gerd
Published: October 2024

Recent advances in solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, combined with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), quantum chemical DFT calculations, and gas‐phase NMR spectroscopy investigating the structure and reactivity of heterogeneous catalysts are reviewed. The investigated catalysts range from classical mononuclear catalysts, like immobilized derivates of Wilkinson's catalysts over binuclear catalysts such as the dirhodium paddlewheel catalyst to catalytic nanoparticles, employing various support materials, such as mesoporous silica gels, coordination polymers, and biomaterials such as cellulose.
Biomechanical significance of intervertebral discs on growthplate stresses in scoliotic trunks following unilateral muscle weakening: A hybrid approach of finite element and musculoskeletal modeling
Authors: Kamal Zeinab
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to ascertain the relevance of intervertebral discs (IVD) in the stress distribution on growthplates (GPs) of a trunk model with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) following a unilateral weakening of muscles. A thoracolumbar spine finite element (FE) model of a young female healthy and an AIS spine comprising GPs linked to the T12 through sacrum vertebrae. Two scenarios of including (FEI) and excluding (FEE) IVDs were considered. Then, using optimization‐driven musculoskeletal models of the AIS and healthy trunks, the FE models were examined under subject‐specific muscle forces and gravity loads. Results of this study demonstrate that when IVDs included in the FE model, an increase, ranging from 0.2 to 1.7 MPa, with the highest value occurring at the apex of the AIS model, in the von Mises stresses in the GPs. The ratio of 1.5 was found for the maximum von‐Mises stress value on the most tilted GP in the FEI over the FEE model. Unilateral paralysis of muscles caused a reduction of 50% and 63% in the von Mises stress ratio of the concave‐over‐convex side of the most tilted GP in the FEI and FEE models of the AIS spine with healthy muscles, respectively. The intradiscal pressures, found for FEE and FEI models, assented to recent in‐vivo investigations. Nonetheless, employing IVDs in the simulations provides an indispensable tool to anticipate the effects of neuromuscular disorders on GP stresses in an AIS spine and predict deformity progression during growth.
CeVO4/KB Nanoparticles on Shuttle Effect Inhibition in Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Separator Modification
Authors: Zhu Zhijun , Yu Zhihong , Chen Guihuan , Li Boyan , Li Aiju
Published: October 2024

Lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries display promise as redox‐based batteries, where separators are an essential part of preventing short‐circuiting of the positive and negative electrodes, while the shuttle effect is a critical issue of separators. Currently, commercial PP separators are weak in inhibiting the polysulfides shuttling, so modified separators are needed to inhibit it to improve the battery performance. This paper reports that CeVO4/KB composites act as separator materials. CeVO4/KB modified PP separators enhanced the adsorption of LiPSs, accelerated the rate of Li+ migration, and catalyzed the conversion of LiPSs. These bring about the effect that CeVO4/KB/PP batteries reach 1200.9 mAh g−1 in the first cycle with a capacity retention rate of 86.5 % after 100 cycles at 0.2 C and reach 882.7 mAh g−1 of the initial cycle with a capacity decay rate of 0.063 % after 1000 cycles at 3 C. This work introduces rare earth metal vanadates to modify the separator, adding new ideas for designing separators for good‐performance batteries.
Self‐Etching Synthesis of Superhydrophilic Iron‐Rich Defect Heterostructure‐Integrated Catalyst with Fast Oxygen Evolution Kinetics for Large‐Current Water Splitting
Authors: Tang Tingting , Teng Yanfang , Sun Kuoteng , Wei Fengli , Shi Luyan , Chen Yongle , Muhammad Sheraz , Isimjan Tayirjan Taylor , Tian Jianniao , Yang Xiulin
Published: October 2024

Developing catalysts with rich metal defects, strong hydrophilicity, and extensive grain boundaries is crucial for enhancing the kinetics of electrocatalytic water oxidation and facilitating large‐current water splitting. In this study, we utilized pH‐controlled etching and gas‐phase phosphating to synthesize a flower‐like Ni2P‐FeP4‐Cu3P modified nickel foam heterostructure catalyst. This catalyst features pronounced hydrophilicity and a high concentration of Fe defects. It exhibits low overpotentials of 156 mV and 210 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 respectively, and maintains stability for up to 200 h at 100 mA cm−2 with only 7.3 % degradation, showcasing outstanding electrocatalytic water oxidation performance. Furthermore, when integrated into a Ni2P‐FeP4‐Cu3P/NF||Pt−C/NF electrolyzer, it achieves excellent overall water splitting performance, reaching current densities of 10 and 400 mA cm−2 at just 1.47 V and 1.73 V, respectively, and operates stably for 60 h at 500 mA cm−2 with minimal degradation. Analysis indicates that high‐valence oxyhydroxides/phosphides of Ni, Fe, and Cu act as the primary active species. The presence of abundant Fe defects enhances electron transfer, strong hydrophilicity improves electrolyte contact, and numerous grain boundaries synergistically modulate the activation energy between active sites and oxygen‐containing intermediates, significantly improving the kinetics of water oxidation.
Independent effects of tree diversity on aboveground and soil carbon pools after six years of experimental afforestation
Authors: Bryant Reb L. , Kothari Shan , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Curran Stephanie J. , Grossman Jake J. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Nash Charlotte , Neumiller Grace C. , See Craig R.
Published: October 2024

Planting diverse forests has been proposed as a means to increase long‐term carbon (C) sequestration while providing many co‐benefits. Positive tree diversity–productivity relationships are well established, suggesting more diverse forests will lead to greater aboveground C sequestration. However, the effects of tree diversity on belowground C storage have the potential to either complement or offset aboveground gains, especially during early stages of afforestation when potential exists for large losses in soil C due to soil decomposition. Thus, experimental tests of the effects of planted tree biodiversity on changes in whole‐ecosystem C balance are needed. Here, we present changes in above‐ and belowground C pools 6 years after the initiation of the Forests and Biodiversity experiment (FAB1), consisting of high‐density plots of one, two, five, or 12 tree species planted in a common garden. The trees included a diverse range of native species, including both needle‐leaf conifer and broadleaf angiosperm species, and both ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal species. We quantified the effects of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity on aboveground woody C, as well as on mineral soil C accumulation, fine root C, and soil aggregation. Surprisingly, changes in aboveground woody C pools were uncorrelated to changes in mineral soil C pools, suggesting that variation in soil C accumulation was not driven by the quantity of plant litter inputs. Aboveground woody C accumulation was strongly driven by species and functional identity; however, plots with higher species richness and functional diversity accumulated more C in aboveground wood than expected based on monocultures. We also found weak but significant effects of tree species richness, identity, and mycorrhizal type on soil C accumulation. To assess the role of the microbial community in mediating these effects, we further compared changes in soil C pools to phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. Soil C pools and accumulation were more strongly correlated with specific microbial clades than with total microbial biomass or plant diversity. Our results highlight rapidly emerging and microbially mediated effects of tree biodiversity on soil C storage in the early years of afforestation that are independent of gains in aboveground woody biomass.
Contemporary reflections on William Gull's case studies of anorexia nervosa, 150 years on
Authors: Mayall Mark , Sadhu Raja , McDermott Brett
Published: October 2024

Objective

To analyse and compare the original four published anorexia nervosa (AN) case histories of William Gull with modern‐day approaches.

Method

Case histories of the patients described by Gull were reviewed and placed in a tabulated format (which included demographics, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis) along with his general comments on AN, for easier comparison.

Results

Many of the presenting features of AN are similar to cases seen in more modern times but lack weight or body image disturbances. The cases described by Gull can be categorised as AN under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‐Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) and the Text Revision (DSM‐5‐TR) however, they were excluded by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‐Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) and the International Classification of Diseases‐10th Revision (ICD‐10) criteria. Reference to Gull's work might have avoided the necessary change in diagnostic criteria.

Conclusions

150 years on, Gull's cases resemble presentations of AN without weight or body image issues and emphasise the heterogeneity of the diagnostic conceptualisation of AN in the modern era. Nutritional rehabilitation remains core to the treatment with other interventions supporting this goal while aetiology remains elusive.
A New Pattern of Phytomelanin Deposition in Cypselae of Bahieae (Asteraceae, Heliantheae Alliance)
Authors: Mathur Roshni R. , Pandey Arun K.
Published: October 2024

Phytomelanin is the dark and highly inert substance found in the fruit walls of the Heliantheae alliance clade within Asteroideae (Asteraceae). Phytomelanin deposition pattern in the cypselar wall was studied in two taxa of the Bahieae—Bahia pedata A. Gray and Palafoxia arida B. L. Turner. The pericarp anatomy studies have revealed that the phytomelanin deposits in the schizogenous space between the hypodermis and fiber layer. Our findings reveal that phytomelanin deposition is associated with fiber and has also brought out a new pattern of phytomelanin deposition between inner (fibrous zone) and outer sclerified layers (hypodermal) in the schizogenous space. The study recorded a first‐time report of a second layer of phytomelanin outer to the sclerified hypodermal cells at maturity. Our observations point to phytomelanin precursors being synthesized as pliable fluid substances associated with fiber cells and solidifies later in the intercellular space. The study also recorded the first report for the occurrence of tracheoidal cells in the pericarp wall of the Bahieae within the Heliantheae alliance. Our study has provided insights to decipher evolutionary patterns and the significance of phytomelanin in the phytomelanic fruit clade (PFC), and it could help to resolve long‐standing debates on deposition patterns and the site of synthesis of phytomelanin.
Awareness on obstetric fistula and associated factors among women health development army, in the South Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia: A cross sectional study
Authors: Addimasu Bilikew , Nigatu Dabere , Yadita Zemenu S. , Melkie Mekonnen
Published: October 2024

Background and Aims

Obstetric fistula is a severe birth injury that profoundly impacts women's health, social well‐being, economic stability, and psychological state. While it can be prevented with timely emergency obstetric care, a significant barrier in many developing regions, including the study area, is the lack of awareness among women. This study aimed to evaluate the level of awareness about obstetric fistula and the factors influencing it among the Women Health Development Army in the South Gondar zone of the Amhara region, Ethiopia, in 2020.

Methods

A community‐based cross‐sectional study was done from July to December 2020, involving 633 women. Participants were selected using a multistage stratified sampling method. Data were collected using a pretested, interviewer‐administered structured questionnaire. Data entry was performed using EpiData version 3.1, and analysis was conducted with SPSS version 23.0. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to identify influencing factors, with a p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

This study found that 55.3% (95% CI, 51.6%–57.2%) of study participants had a good awareness of obstetrics fistula. Significantly associated factors include; no history of ANC (AOR = 0.52: 95% CI, 0.31, 0.86), living >30 min away from a health facility (AOR = 0.43: 95% CI, 0.23, 0.81), no history of abortion (AOR = 0.37: 95% CI, 0.19, 0.72), Injectable and implant users (AOR = 3.60: 95% CI, 1.98, 6.53), having four to six pregnancy (AOR = 1.87: 95% CI, 1.22, 2.87) and lack of communication material in the house (AOR = 0.19: 95% CI, 0.10, 0.37).

Conclusions

This study found that 55.3% of women have a good awareness of obstetrics fistula. ANC follow‐up history, abortion history, type of family planning, type of communication, number of pregnancies, availability of health facility, and distance of health facility were significantly associated with awareness of obstetric fistula. Hence, local and national efforts should be made to enhance access to information at home and basic maternal health services including antenatal care.
Robot‐assisted radical cystectomy using real‐time transrectal ultrasound guidance in a patient who had radical prostatectomy and salvage external beam radiation therapy
Authors: Inoue Yuta , Yamada Takeshi , Okusa Yuji , Taga Hideto , Ueda Takashi , Shiraishi Takumi , Fujihara Atsuko , Okumi Masayoshi , Hongo Fumiya , Ukimura Osamu
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Radical cystectomy for patients who previously underwent both radical prostatectomy and prostatic bed radiation is technically challenging.

Case presentation

A 78‐year‐old man with a history of radical prostatectomy and salvage radiation for prostate cancer was referred to our hospital for radical treatment of bladder cancer. After two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, he underwent robot‐assisted radical cystectomy with real‐time transrectal ultrasound guidance during dissection of the rectovesical space to minimize the risk of rectal injury. There were no perioperative adverse events.

Conclusion

Intraoperative real‐time transrectal ultrasound guidance could assist surgeons to safely perform the dissection of the rectovesical space in the surgically high‐risk patient.
Pharmacological activity, phytochemistry, and organ protection of lithospermic acid
Authors: Yang Wenwen , Li Jiayan , Tian Jiayin , Liu Xiaoyi , Xie Wentao , Wu Xue , Zhang Zhe , Song Yuefei , Wang Shuya , Zhao Shiyan , Wang Zheng , Yang Yang , Jin Zhenxiao
Published: October 2024

Lithospermic acid (LA) is a water‐soluble phenolic acid compound extracted and separated from the dried root and the rhizome of Salviamiltiorrhiza Bge (Labiatae), possessing multiple biological activities. Firstly, in terms of pharmacological activities, LA has been proven to possess anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, autophagy activation, and antiapoptotic properties. Secondly, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of LA show rapid and extensive distribution in various tissues after intravenous administration, followed by rapid elimination and excretion. Additionally, potential therapeutic effects of LA have been found in various diseases such as thrombosis, Parkinson's disease, hepatitis B, diabetes, and psoriasis, among others. Particularly, LA has shown promising prospects in the treatment of clinical heart diseases and has been included in new drug formulations for the treatment of chronic angina, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to current cardiovascular drugs. In conclusion, this review comprehensively introduces the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and protective effects in diseases of LA. These information can lay a theoretical foundation for the future development and new clinical applications of LA.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Novel Extended‐Release Microsphere Formulation of Risperidone in Patients with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
Authors: Walling David P. , Dong Ying , Litman Robert , Wang Wenyan , Liu Chunli , Tai Joe , Liu Pinglan , Shi Yanan , Liu Wanhui , Fu Fenghua , Sun Kaoxiang
Published: October 2024

Risperidone extended‐release injectable suspension (R‐ERIS; marketed as RYKINDO) is a novel immediate‐release version of risperidone formulated as extended‐release microspheres for biweekly intramuscular injection to treat schizophrenia in adults. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of R‐ERIS were evaluated in a multicenter, randomized, open‐label, multiple‐dose study in patients with stable schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Eligible patients (N = 108) 18 to 65 years old were randomized (1:1) to receive IM injections of R‐ERIS 25 mg or the comparator, a biweekly risperidone long‐acting injectable (BW‐RLAI; marketed as RISPERDAL CONSTA) 25 mg for a total of 5 injections. The primary objective was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of active moiety (risperidone plus 9‐hydroxyrisperidone) at steady state. Blood samples were analyzed for risperidone and 9‐hydroxyrisperidone using a validated, specific, and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method. Plasma concentration–time data were analyzed using non‐compartmental methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on individual patient PK profiles. Safety was assessed using standard measures. At steady state, mean plasma concentrations of the active moiety were similar for R‐ERIS and BW‐RLAI. R‐ERIS rapidly released risperidone after the injection without apparent lag time. Plasma active moiety levels reached steady state after the second injection of R‐ERIS. The elimination of the drug was completed approximately 2 weeks earlier for R‐ERIS as compared to that for BW‐RLAI. R‐ERIS was safe and well tolerated. Overall, R‐ERIS exhibited a faster onset and offset than BW‐RLAI and statistical analysis of exposure parameters demonstrated bioequivalence at steady state.
Numerical Analysis and Design of a High‐Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave Transducer: Influence of Piezoelectric Substrates and IDTs Configurations
Authors: Fernández‐García Alonso , Solís‐Tinoco Verónica Iraís , Arce Miguel Ángel Alemán , Villa‐Vargas Luis Alfonso , Salinas Marco Antonio Ramírez , García Juan Carlos Sánchez
Published: October 2024

The development of SAW transducers requires a series of steps ranging from material selection and geometry design to the selection of fabrication techniques for their characterization and validation process. Here, we use the finite element method (FEM) to present a methodology and a detailed analysis of the design of SAW transducers in a delay line configuration. First, we simulate single‐finger and double‐finger configurations with different geometries and designs of IDTs on two piezoelectric substrates, LiNbO in 64 YX and LiNbO 128 YX orientation, to compare the simulation results with the analytical delta model and thereby validate the simulation process, presenting Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values ranging from 10.79 dB to 16.42 dB. With the above, we performed a comparative analysis to determine the influence of piezoelectric material and IDT configuration by studying a specific transducer design made to operate at a resonance frequency of 97.02 MHz. We compared identical designs on 128 YX and 64 YX orientations of LiNbO with single and double‐finger configurations and added the comparison with the SPUDT configuration. We observed the best results for the single‐finger IDT configuration in 128 YX LiNbO orientation compared to the other variants through its insertion loss level of −7.29 dB, its average sidelobe level of −18.63 dB, and its average transition band slope for the main lobe of 15.09 dB/MHz. The results guide new researchers or students in expanding the use of numerical tools in designing SAW transducers and SAW devices.
Assessment of Respiratory Muscles, Lung Parenchyma, and Cardiac Function by Ultrasound for Predicting Weaning Failure in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Kannan Sundara , Khanna Puneet , Kayarat Bhavana , Ray Bikash Ranjan , Anand Rahul , Maitra Souvik , Baidya Dalim Kumar , Kashyap Lokesh
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The parasternal intercostal muscle activity, a marker of accessory muscle usage, is found to correlate inversely with the pressure‐generating capacity of the diaphragm and level of support of mechanical ventilation. The primary objective of our study was to determine whether the parasternal intercostal muscle thickening fraction (PMTF) measured by ultrasonography can predict weaning. We also evaluated whether addition of lung ultrasound score and echocardiographic assessment can add on to predicting weaning failure.

Methods

This prospective observational study conducted in a mixed medical‐surgical intensive care unit, included 60 adult patients who were eligible for a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) after being invasively mechanically ventilated for more than 48 hours. Ultrasound of respiratory muscles, lung parenchyma, and echocardiographic assessment were performed before and after 120 minutes of SBT. Parasternal intercostal muscles were imaged with a high frequency linear probe on the right second intercostal space 5 cm lateral to the sternal margin. PMTF was calculated as (maximum‐minimum thickness)/minimum thickness.

Results

Among 60 patients, SBT failure was seen in 11 patients and extubation failed in 8 patients. PMTF (%) was significantly higher in the weaning failure group (13.33 [8.33–19.05]) as compared to patients with successful weaning (6.67 [6.06–11.54]). Diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTF) correlated inversely to PMTF in patients with weaning failure. A pre‐SBT PMTF cut‐off of ≥7.7% and post‐SBT cut‐off of ≥15.38% were good predictors of weaning failure and extubation failure, respectively.

Conclusions

PMTF has good discriminatory power to predict weaning outcomes (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.74 [0.59–0.88]). Pre‐SBT PMTF had similar power as DTF to predict weaning failure.
Comparison Between Ultrasonography and Radiography in the Detection of Epiphyseal Ossification Centers of the Knee in Infants With Permanent Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: Chiri Charlotte , Rapilat Daniela , Avni Freddy , Lefèvre Christine , Labreuche Julien , Lerisson Héloïse , Tillaux Céline , El Fayoumi Mohamed , Boutry Nathalie
Published: October 2024

Objective

To demonstrate the usefulness of ultrasonography in detecting knee ossification centers in infants with permanent congenital hypothyroidism (PCH).

Methods

From 2011 to 2021, all infants with PCH referred for thyroid ultrasound also underwent left knee ultrasound and radiography on the same day. Knee radiographs were compared with knee sonograms. Two pediatric radiologists reviewed the consensus knee radiographs and sonograms to identify femoral and tibial epiphyseal ossification centers (presence/absence). The concordance between ultrasonography and radiography was assessed. Another radiologist conducted a second late review to evaluate interobserver agreement.

Results

We identified 125 patients (65 girls, 60 boys) with a mean age of 24 days (5 days–5 months). On scintigraphy, the thyroid was in place in 66.4%, ectopic in 24%, and absent in 9.6% of patients. The femoral center was observed in 108 patients (86.4%) via sonography and 106 patients (84.8%) via radiography. The tibial center was observed in 84 patients (67.2%) via sonography and radiography. Both femoral and tibial centers were present on sonography and radiography in 84 patients (67.2%). A single nucleus was present in 24 patients (19.2%) on sonography and 22 patients (17.6%) on radiography; it corresponded to the femoral center in all patients. The concordance between ultrasonography and radiography was 99% and 100%, respectively, for the detection of the femoral and tibial centers. Interobserver agreement was substantial to almost perfect for both ultrasonography and radiography.

Conclusion

Ultrasonography is as effective as radiography in detecting knee ossification centers in PCH. It can be performed at the same time as thyroid examination, in place of radiography.
Global Lipschitz stability for an inverse coefficient problem for a mean field game system
Authors: Imanuvilov Oleg , Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: October 2024

For an inverse coefficient problem of determining a state‐varying factor in the corresponding Hamiltonian for a mean field game system, we prove the global Lipschitz stability by spatial data of one component and interior data in an arbitrarily chosen subdomain over a time interval. The proof is based on Carleman estimates with different norms.
Neuralgic amyotrophy: An update in evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches
Authors: Gabet Joelle M. , Anderson Noriko , Groothuis Jan T. , Zeldin Evan R. , Norbury John W. , Jack Andrew S. , Jacques Line , Sneag Darryl B. , Poncelet Ann
Published: October 2024

Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) is an underrecognized peripheral nerve disorder distinguished by severe pain followed by weakness in the distribution of one or more nerves, most commonly in the upper extremity. While classically felt to carry a favorable prognosis, updates in research have demonstrated that patients frequently endure delay in diagnosis and continue to experience long term pain, paresis, and fatigue even years after the diagnosis is made. A transition in therapeutic approach is recommended and described by this review, which emphasizes the necessity to target compensatory abnormal motor control and fatigue by focusing on motor coordination, energy conservation strategies, and behavioral change, rather than strength training which may worsen the symptoms. The development of structural hourglass‐like constrictions (HGCs) on imaging can help confirm the suspected clinical diagnosis, and in association with persistent weakness and limited recovery on electrodiagnostic testing may be considered for surgical consultation. Given the complex nature of management, a multidisciplinary approach is described, which can provide an optimal level of care and support for patients with persistent symptoms from NA and allow more unified guidance of rehabilitation and surgical referrals.
Mixed‐Integer Optimal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study on Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management
Authors: Xu Jinming , Azad Nasser Lashgarian , Lin Yuan
Published: October 2024

Many optimal control problems require the simultaneous output of discrete and continuous control variables. These problems are typically formulated as mixed‐integer optimal control (MIOC) problems, which are challenging to solve due to the complexity of the solution space. Numerical methods such as branch‐and‐bound are computationally expensive and undesirable for real‐time control. This article proposes a novel hybrid‐action reinforcement learning (HARL) algorithm, twin delayed deep deterministic actor‐Q (TD3AQ), for MIOC problems. TD3AQ leverages actor‐critic and Q‐learning methods to manage discrete and continuous action spaces simultaneously. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on a plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) energy management problem, where real‐time control of the discrete variables, clutch engagement/disengagement and gear shift, and continuous variable, engine torque, is essential to maximize fuel economy while satisfying driving constraints. Simulation results show that TD3AQ achieves near‐optimal control, with only a 4.69% difference from dynamic programming (DP), and outperforms baseline reinforcement learning algorithms for hybrid action spaces. The sub‐millisecond execution time indicates potential applicability in other time‐critical scenarios, such as autonomous driving or robotic control.
Peridynamic computations for thin elastic rods
Authors: Partmann Kai , Dienst Manuel , Wieners Christian , Weinberg Kerstin
Published: October 2024

Peridynamics is a nonlocal continuum mechanics formulation well suited for simulating dynamic fracture phenomena. Various peridynamic material formulations have been developed in recent years. These models have some differences, particularly regarding the correct handling of elastic deformation. This study investigates the elastic wave propagation characteristics of bond‐based, ordinary state‐based, continuum‐kinematics‐inspired peridynamics and a local continuum consistent correspondence formulation. Specifically, it examines the behavior of longitudinal pressure waves within thin rods. While all formulations demonstrate adequate wave propagation handling, all except the correspondence formulation are sensitive to incomplete horizons. In contrast, the local continuum consistent formulation exhibits outstanding accuracy in modeling wave propagation. Moreover, the fascinating “spaghetti fracture” phenomenon, where a bent thin rod always breaks into three or more pieces, motivates additional investigations. It is shown that reproducing a different number of fragments using peridynamic simulations is possible. Although initial experiments can be replicated, the sensitivity to numerous parameters necessitates further investigations for a more comprehensive understanding and validation.
Exploratory Search and Beyond: A Study of Complex Search Scenarios within a Public Digital Library
Authors: Boon Miriam , Hoeber Orland , Hoeber Larena , Storie Dale , Ramshaw Veronica
Published: October 2024

Complex search scenarios and exploratory search processes are understudied within the context of public digital library systems. While the literature indicates that exploratory search is effective when undertaking complex search scenarios, the primary focus has been on searching conducted by students, academics, or professionals. In this paper, our focus is on whether public library patrons use such approaches and whether they have developed other ways to pursue complex search scenarios. Using retrospective think‐aloud protocols, nine participants first pursued a complex search scenario of their choosing without intervention, and then narrated what they were thinking and doing while watching a recording of their search. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns within the data. Three themes were identified and examined in detail: exploratory search, planning, and pragmatism. The key finding is that while the exploratory search model matches some of the cognitive processes described by the participants, other processes were also employed. In particular, we identified both the metacognitive aspect of planning and the strategic decision‐making aspect of pragmatism. This work provides evidence of the need to expand the exploratory search model to include metacognitive and strategic decision‐making aspects.
“It's Enriched My Life.” Agency in the Digital World: Stories of Empowerment and Well‐Being
Authors: Goulding Anne , Campbell‐Meier Jennifer , Sylvester Allan , Solhjoo Niloofar
Published: October 2024

Digital inclusion interventions are designed to address challenges related to digital technology access and use. The complex relationships between digital technologies and people's general well‐being are important when considering the development of digital services, practices, policies, and interventions. This research explores the impact of digital inclusion on individual agency and provides evidence of how agency emerges from the use of digital technologies to contribute to well‐being. We present a framework of Digital Inclusion for Well‐being drawing on evidence from interviews with participants of three digital inclusion interventions in Aotearoa New Zealand. While recognizing that digital inclusion is a continuum and that some of our research participants were more digitally engaged that others, we propose a preliminary framework of digital inclusion connecting our participants' digital engagement with outcomes impacting their agency, and thus their well‐being.
Assessing Privacy Policies and App Settings for User Data Protection: A Data Subject‐Centered Framework Analysis of TikTok in the U.S. and Europe (2023–2024)
Authors: Kim Hyowon , Bratt Sarah
Published: October 2024

This study examines the extent to which TikTok's privacy policies and app settings in the U.S. and Europe protect the rights entailed in the data subject‐centered framework. Using a case study approach, we analyze current policy documents and app settings to identify the alignment of TikTok's policies with the GDPR perspective. Our findings reveal that current policies and settings fall short in key areas. First, TikTok policies lack details related to managing and protecting sensitive data. Second, the policies neglect to discuss the responsibilities of social media companies when such data is utilized by unspecified third parties. Furthermore, there is a noticeable deficiency in the U.S. regarding detailed in‐app privacy notices and setting options, especially in terms of managing location data and advertisements. Additionally, there is a need for explanations on how specific settings impact users. Lastly, a critical demand exists for default settings, including those for advertisements, to enhance data protection.
Discursive AI Infrastructures: Envisioned and Overlooked Museum Futures
Authors: Kist Cassandra
Published: October 2024

Prompted by recent innovations, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being discussed across the museum sector regarding its implications for institutional roles and practices. However, AI in particular, is an ambiguous term, a ‘black box’ which is capable of containing and reflecting numerous values and ideals (Crawford, 2021). This paper positions discourse around AI as a ‘discursive’ infrastructure, capable of not only embodying ideals but also shaping and justifying certain institutional practices and roles. This paper thematically analyses 115 pieces of grey literature produced and shared by professional governance bodies in the museum sector from 1995–2023, mainly across Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In doing so, it identifies four preliminary themes encompassing shifts in discourse over time which give shape to a contemporary discursive infrastructure. This prompts timely critical reflections of museum professionals and stakeholders on both imagined and overlooked public roles, responsibilities, and practices of the museum in relation to AI.
Sociotechnical Factors Affecting Interoperability of Digital Humanities
Authors: Liu Rui , McKay Dana , Buchanan George
Published: October 2024

In the past two decades, the digitization of humanities resources has rapidly expanded, giving rise to the field of Digital Humanities (DH). This evolution has fostered a growing need for effective interoperability—the ability to access and integrate data across diverse digital collections, tools, and platforms. Despite significant technological advancements and the development of standards aimed at facilitating interoperability, challenges persist. These challenges are not only technical but are also influenced by sociocultural factors, which include organizational and cultural elements. This paper aims to bridge the gap in the literature concerning these sociotechnical factors affecting interoperability within DH projects and collections.

This paper presents the analysis of the real‐world experiences of DH researchers attempting to connect material from different sources. Each participant described a specific incident where combining software or content was particularly problematic. This data was analyzed via thematic analysis. The findings reveal a complex landscape of interoperability challenges, underpinned by a range of sociotechnical factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, discrepancies in metadata standards, differences in organizational cultures, and varying levels of technical expertise among practitioners. By highlighting these factors, the paper contributes valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of interoperability issues in DH, offering evidence‐based plans to address these challenges.