bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resonant energization of particles by radio AGN
Authors: Mahajan S. M. , Osmanov Z. N.
Published: August 2022

Aims. A new mechanism of particle acceleration, based on the resonant interaction of a classical electromagnetic wave (EM) with a quantum wave (associated with a relativistic particle), is explored.

Methods. In a model illustrative calculation, we study the fate of a Klein Gordon wave subjected to the intense radio frequency waves generated in the vicinity of an active galactic nuclei (AGN). In the framework of the paper, we examine a quantum wave associated with a relativistic particle, and it is shown that the group velocity of the wave approaches the speed of light, implying that the particles resonantly exchange energy with EM waves, eventually leading to acceleration of particles to very high energies.

Results. For typical parameters of under accreting Eddington radio AGN, it is shown that the resonant energization could catapult particles to extreme energies ∼1016−20 eV.
Infektionskrankheiten und Infektionsprophylaxe in der Reisemedizin bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Wendt Sebastian , Schneider Anne , Sasse Melanie , Paquet Dennis , Trawinski Henning , Lübbert Christoph
Published: August 2022

2019 wurden 1,4 Milliarden internationale Reisen gezählt, wobei Deutschland zu den reisefreudigsten Nationen zählt. Kinder stellen in der Reisemedizin eine vulnerable Gruppe mit speziellem Beratungsbedarf dar. Eine qualifizierte reisemedizinische Beratung mindestens 4–6 Wochen vor einer Reise kann Gesundheitsrisiken bei Kindern und Eltern minimieren. Neben der Empfehlung einer adäquaten Auslandskrankenversicherung muss der aktuelle Impfstatus erhoben und komplettiert und ggf. um spezifische Reiseimpfungen ergänzt werden. Weitere Beratungsinhalte zielen auf Verhaltensmaßnahmen (z. B. Nahrungsmittelhygiene, Sonnenschutz), auf den Insektenschutz (Expositionsprophylaxe) sowie auf die Malariaprophylaxe in Risikogebieten. Der betreuende Kinderarzt sollte die wichtigsten Reise- und Tropenerkrankungen in Grundzügen kennen. Viele reiseassoziierte Infektionskrankheiten wie Durchfälle oder Hauterkrankungen können kompetent vom Kinderarzt behandelt werden. Im Zweifelsfall ist frühzeitig Kontakt mit einem reise- oder tropenmedizinischen Zentrum aufzunehmen. Eine potenziell fatale Malaria-Erkrankung muss bei passender Reiseanamnese sowie Fieber oder sonstigen unklaren Symptomen als Differenzialdiagnose immer in Betracht gezogen werden.
The Value of Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Pituitary Adenoma
Authors: Patel Aneek , Dastagirzada Yosef , Benjamin Carolina , Lieberman Seth , Lebowitz Richard , Golfinos John G. , Pacione Donato
Published: August 2022

Background Intraoperative magnetic resonance images (iMRIs) have been variably adopted by some centers to help increase the rate of gross total resection (GTR) of pituitary adenomas. In this comparative study, we report our institution's experience with using iMRIs for endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) pituitary adenoma resection to better elucidate its role and potential value for pituitary surgery.

Methods All adult patients who underwent EEA for a pituitary adenoma from January 2013 to September 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. GTR was defined as no residual tumor or recurrence on postoperative imaging within 6 months. Univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis was performed with GTR as the categorical endpoint. To measure the independent effect of iMRI on GTR, propensity score matching was then performed.

Results A total of 351 pituitary adenoma patients who underwent EEA were identified. The mean age was 51.2 (range: 18–90) years and 196 (55.8%) patients were female. iMRI was utilized in 87 (24.8%) cases. The overall rate of GTR was 69.2%. On multivariate analysis, low Knosp grade, low tumor volume, and the use of iMRI were predictive of GTR. There was no difference in the need for desmopressin or hydrocortisone at 90 days postoperatively.

Conclusion At our institution, we report a significant absolute increase in GTR rates of 16.4% for patients undergoing an iMRI. Among iMRI patients who did not have GTR, the majority of residuals were intentionally left behind after being deemed too risky to pursue. Overall, this study suggests the high value that iMRI adds to endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery.
2,5-Diaryl 6-hydroxyphenalenones for Single-Molecule Junctions
Authors: Vogel David , Ornago Luca , Wegeberg Christina , Prescimone Alessandro , van Herreder Zant , Mayor Marcel
Published: August 2022

A modular access to 2,5-diaryl 6-hydroxyphenalenone derivatives is developed and demonstrated by a small series of 5 molecules. Within this series, the structures 1 and 2 expose terminal methylsulfanyl anchor groups, enabling their integration in a single-molecule junction. The modular synthesis is based on Suzuki cross-coupling of the aryl substituents as boronic acid precursors with 5,8-dibromo-2-(tert-butyl)-4,9-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-phenalen-1-one, and the subsequent transformation of the product to the desired 2,5-diaryl 6-hydroxyphenalenone in a reduction/deprotection sequence. The new structures are fully characterized and their optical and electrochemical properties are analysed. For the derivatives 1 and 2 suitable for single-molecule junctions, the corresponding oxophenalenoxyl radicals 1R and 2R were obtained by oxidation and analysed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Preliminary mechanical break junction experiments with 1 display the structureʼs ability to form transient single-molecule junctions. The intention behind the molecular design is to profit from the various redox states of the structure (including the neutral radical) as a molecular switch in an electrochemically triggered single-molecule transport experiment.
Multifocal Small Bowel Angioectasias: Managed with Innovative, Nonresectional Surgical Procedure
Authors: Ghosh Nalini Kanta , Singh Ashish , Rahul Rahul , Singh Rajneesh Kumar , Goel Amit , Saxena Rajan
Published: August 2022

Gastrointestinal (GI) angioectasias/angiodysplasias are the most frequent vascular lesions of GI tract, responsible for ∼5 to 6% of GI bleedings. It commonly involves the small bowel, making it difficult to diagnose and manage endoscopically. Though medical management has been used to prevent bleeding, it has only a limited role in acute severe hemorrhage. In such cases, surgical resection remains the only practical option. However, multiple lesions pose a unique challenge, as resection may not be advisable for long length of bowel involvement. Here, we report a case of recurrent GI bleeding due to multifocal small bowel angioectasias who was managed by a novel technique of full-thickness transmural sutures under intraoperative enteroscopic guidance. At 6 months follow-up, no new bleeding episodes were observed.
An Unusual FDG-PET/CT Documentation in Aleukemic Leukemia Cutis: Atypical Penile, Scrotal, and Leg Muscles Involvement
Authors: Sonavane Sunita Nitin , Basu Sandip
Published: August 2022

Aleukemic leukemia cutis (ALC) is a rare condition with a relatively poor prognosis, clinically presenting as skin and subcutaneous nodules commonly involving head and neck region with discrete atypical leukemic cells infiltrating in the skin on histopathology. The lesions on the genital area skin are seldom reported. A 49-year-old male presented with joint pains and multiple subcutaneous nodules clinically with biopsy proving it as leukemia cutis. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were suggestive of normocellular myeloid preponderant bone marrow with mild increase in eosinophils. The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) revealed metabolically active FDG avid ill-defined soft tissue attenuation involving the entire length of penile shaft with central necrotic area, diffuse scrota skin thickening, and lateral compartment muscles of left leg, in addition to multiple hypermetabolic metastatic lymph nodes, and diffuse hypermetabolic marrow in humerii and femora. Despite prompt investigations and initiation of management, the patient succumbed in 15 days post-FDG PET/CT. The present report depicts an atypical case of ALC, with FDG PET-CT showing extensive and unusual sites of disease involvement, emphasizing its potential role in ALC.
Basal Ganglia Germinoma in an Adolescent: A Case Report
Authors: Kulkarni Shilpa , Ainapure Anish , Gala Foram , Shah Payal , Gavali Vrushabh
Published: August 2022

Germ cell tumors are rare tumors and may pose a diagnostic dilemma. We present a 15-year-old boy with insidious onset right hemiparesis followed by polyuria and polydipsia. Later, he also developed cognitive decline and speech disturbances. Serial magnetic resonance images (MRIs) over a 2-year period showed progressive atrophy of the left caudate nucleus, along with Wallerian degeneration of the left internal capsule and crus of midbrain. Further in the course, imaging revealed an ill-defined signal intensity involving left ganglio-capsulo-thalamic region with increased perfusion which was suggestive of basal ganglia germinoma. Beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels were mildly elevated. This case illustrates an uncommon presentation of a central nervous system germinoma which is often misdiagnosed in the early stages because of its atypical symptomatology and MRI findings.
Seeds and the city: a review of municipal home food gardening programs in Canada in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Music Janet , Mullins Lisa , Charlebois Sylvain , Large Charlotte , Mayhew Kydra
Published: August 2022

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, home food gardening articles have saturated popular media outlets. Home food gardening is more popular than ever, and community gardens and community greenhouses are at capacity with long waiting lists for plots. Several local governments across the country are also participating in the food gardening craze. This study compares 19 municipal urban home food gardening programs that ran in 2020. These municipalities provided program participants with free gardening supplies and instructions on how to grow food at home. This study reveals a complicated relationship among municipalities, food gardening programs and household and community food security. The study also determines that the social and emotional challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic are somewhat alleviated through gardening. Ultimately, municipalities are limited in their policy capacities to adequately move the needle on food insecurity in Canada.
Single-step deep reinforcement learning for two- and three-dimensional optimal shape design
Authors: Ghraieb H. , Viquerat J. , Larcher A. , Meliga P. , Hachem E.
Published: August 2022

This research gauges the capabilities of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques for direct optimal shape design in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) systems. It uses policy based optimization, a single-step DRL algorithm intended for situations where the optimal policy to be learnt by a neural network does not depend on state. The numerical reward fed to the neural network is computed with an in-house stabilized finite elements environment combining variational multi-scale modeling of the governing equations, immerse volume method, and multi-component anisotropic mesh adaptation. Several cases are tackled in two and three dimensions, for which shapes with fixed camber line, angle of attack, and cross-sectional area are generated by varying a chord length and a symmetric thickness distribution (and possibly extruding in the off-body direction). At a zero incidence, the proposed DRL-CFD framework successfully reduces the drag of the equivalent cylinder (i.e., the cylinder of same cross-sectional area) by 48% at a Reynolds numbers in the range of a few hundreds. At an incidence of 30°, it increases the lift to drag ratio of the equivalent ellipse by 13% in two dimensions and 5% in three dimensions at a chord Reynolds numbers in the range of a few thousands. Although the low number of degrees of freedom inevitably constrains the range of attainable shapes, the optimal is systematically found to perform just as well as a conventional airfoil, despite DRL starting from the ground up and having no a priori knowledge of aerodynamic concepts. Such results showcase the potential of the method for black-box shape optimization of practically meaningful CFD systems. Since the resolution process is agnostic to details of the underlying fluid dynamics, they also pave the way for a general evolution of reference shape optimization strategies for fluid mechanics and any other domain where a relevant reward function can be defined.
Optimization of configurations of atomic species on two-dimensional hexagonal lattices for copper-based systems
Authors: Ono Shota
Published: August 2022

We explore the stable configurations of atomic species on a hexagonal plane in two-dimensional (2D) binary systems. We investigate configurations for 9 and 16 atomic sites in the unit cell (3 × 3 and 4 × 4 supercells) by using the density-functional theory approach, where the configuration search is accelerated by the Bayesian optimization. Our results, which assume the 2D copper-based systems of Cu–X, show that the structures having a hexagonal or elongated ring of Cu (or X) atoms containing a X (or Cu) cluster in the unit cell are relatively stable, in particular, for X = Be, Pd, and Au. Assuming a 4 × 4 supercell, we also find such structures in binary Lennard-Jones crystals with moderately weak bonding between different atomic species. The present finding indicates that binary systems may show complex crystal structures if they are neither phase-separated nor strongly bonded systems.
Theoretical consideration of the rheological properties of aggregated suspensions
Authors: Tanii Yutaro , Kamata Namiko , Saito Hiroki , Harada Shusaku , Sawada Manabu
Published: August 2022

The rheological properties of particulate dispersions containing aggregate structures were theoretically investigated in this study. Under the assumption of Stokes flow, the viscosity of fluids with fine particles was derived by a theoretical method based on the multipole expansion in reciprocal space. In this method, many-body hydrodynamic interactions were considered as the multipole-expanded moment of the force density at the surface of the particles. It is possible to calculate the viscosity of particulate suspensions by considering higher-order moments. The viscosity of monodisperse particulate suspensions was calculated under various conditions. To verify the accuracy of the calculation, the viscosity of uniformly distributed particulate suspensions was calculated, and the results were compared with the experimental results of previous studies. The calculated viscosities were in good agreement with the experimental results for a wide range of particle volumetric concentrations. The viscosity of aggregated suspensions was also calculated to examine the mechanism of viscosity change. The viscosity was systematically calculated with changing the aggregate size and particle concentration. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic effect is not significant on the viscosity change by aggregation, which is contrary to the assumption of previous viscosity models. The calculation results suggest that the increase in the viscosity of aggregated suspensions is instead caused by the direct influence of inter-particle forces.
Simulation of millimeter-sized microwave plasma discharge generator under various conditions
Authors: Lei Fan , Xue Yan , Liu Donglin
Published: August 2022

A microwave plasma generator (MPG) of a sub-millimeter scale might be suitable for biomedical applications. However, there are still many unknowns regarding the MPG discharge behavior at this scale and specific conditions. A two-dimensional MPG model at the millimeter scale and its simulation and relative calculation in the COMSOL Multiphysics software are presented. A MPG filled with argon and helium is simulated, respectively. The frequency of a microwave source of about 5 GHz is considered. The number density and temperature of electrons as well as chemical composition are obtained at different power and pressure conditions. The electron density peaks slightly downstream of the crossing point, and the electron density is slightly asymmetrically in the y-plane due to the fact that the electromagnetic waves are absorbed asymmetrically. The electron temperature is relatively low everywhere, in part, due to the high operating pressure. The electron temperature peaks directly underneath the wave guide where the wave is absorbed. The electron density increases with the increase in the internal pressure and the input power of the MPG, the electron temperature decreases with the increase in the internal pressure of the MPG, but the electron temperature cannot be affected by the input power change of MPG. The amount of excited Ar+ and Ars (metastable atom) increases with the increase in the input power and pressure of MPG, but the amount of excited Ar almost remained unchanged. In addition, the amount of excited He almost remained unchanged, while the amount of excited He+, Hes (metastable atom), and He2+ increased with the increase in the input power and pressure of MPG. The simulation results of this model are thus informative for understanding the physical characteristics of millimeter-sized MPG, and it will provide a solid basis for the future development of such hardware in small plasma capsules for cancer therapy.
On the stability of a wormhole in the maximally-extended Reissner–Nordström solution
Authors: DeMott Ross , Major Sam , Flournoy Alex
Published: August 2022

We consider the stability of the maximally-extended Reissner–Nordström (RN) solution in a Minkowski, de Sitter, or anti-de Sitter background. In a broad class of situations, prior work has shown that spherically symmetric perturbations from a massless scalar field cause the inner horizon of an RN black hole to become singular and collapse. Even if this is the case, it may still be possible for an observer to travel through the inner horizon before it fully collapses, thus violating strong cosmic censorship. In this work, we show that the collapse of the inner horizon and the occurrence of a singularity along the inner horizon are sufficient to prevent an observer from accessing the white hole regions and the parallel Universe regions of the maximally extended RN space–time. Thus, if an observer passes through the inner horizon, they will inevitably hit the central singularity. Throughout this article, we use natural units where c = G = 4π ϵ
0 = 1.
Emergence of ferrimagnetism in Li-intercalated NiPS3
Authors: Basnet Rabindra , Ford Dawn , TenBarge Kaylee , Lochala Joshua , Hu Jin
Published: August 2022

Intercalation has become a powerful approach to tune the intrinsic properties and introduce novel phenomena in layered materials. Intercalating van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials is a promising route to engineer the low-dimensional magnetism. Recently, metal thiophosphates,MPX3, has been widely studied because their magnetic orders are highly tunable and persist down to the two-dimensional limit. In this work, we used electrochemical technique to intercalate Li into NiPS3single crystals and found the emergence of ferrimagnetism at low temperature in Li-intercalated NiPS3. Such tuning of magnetic properties highlights the effectiveness of intercalation, providing a novel strategy to manipulate the magnetism in vdW magnets.
Experimental optimal verification of three-dimensional entanglement on a silicon chip
Authors: Xia Lijun , Lu Liangliang , Wang Kun , Jiang Xinhe , Zhu Shining , Ma Xiaosong
Published: August 2022

High-dimensional entanglement is significant for the fundamental studies of quantum physics and offers unique advantages in various quantum information processing tasks. Integrated quantum devices have recently emerged as a promising platform for creating, processing, and detecting complex high-dimensional entangled states. A crucial step toward practical quantum technologies is to verify that these devices work reliably with an optimal strategy. In this work, we experimentally implement an optimal quantum verification strategy on a three-dimensional maximally entangled state using local projective measurements on a silicon photonic chip. A 95% confidence is achieved from 1190 copies to verify the target quantum state. The obtained scaling of infidelity as a function of the number of copies is −0.5497 ± 0.0002, exceeding the standard quantum limit of −0.5 with 248 standard deviations. Our results indicate that quantum state verification could serve as an efficient tool for complex quantum measurement tasks.
Simulated catalogs and maps of radio galaxies at millimeter wavelengths in Websky
Authors: Li Zack , Puglisi Giuseppe , Madhavacheril Mathew S. , Alvarez Marcelo A.
Published: August 2022

We present simulated millimeter-wavelength maps and catalogs of radio galaxies across the full sky that trace the nonlinear clustering and evolution of dark matter halos from the Websky simulation at z < 4.6 and M
halo > 1012
m
⊙/h, and the accompanying framework for generating a new sample of radio galaxies from any halo catalog of positions, redshifts, and masses. Object fluxes are generated using a hybrid approach that combines (1) existing astrophysical halo models of radio galaxies from the literature to determine the positions and rank-ordering of the observed fluxes with (2) empirical models from the literature based on fits to the observed distribution of flux densities and (3) spectral indices drawn from an empirically-calibrated frequency-dependent distribution. The resulting population of radio galaxies is in excellent agreement with the number counts, polarization fractions, and distribution of spectral slopes from the data from observations at millimeter wavelengths from 20-200 GHz, including Planck, ALMA, SPT, and ACT. Since the radio galaxies are correlated with the existing cosmic infrared background (CIB), Compton-y (tSZ), and CMB lensing maps from Websky, our model makes new predictions for the cross-correlation power spectra and stacked profiles of radio galaxies and these other components. These simulations will be important for unbiased analysis of a wide variety of observables that are correlated with large-scale structure, such as gravitational lensing and SZ clusters.
Ultra-efficient DC-gated all-optical graphene switch
Authors: Alaloul Mohammed , As’ham Khalil , Hattori Haroldo T , Miroshnichenko Andrey E
Published: August 2022

The ultrafast response and broadband absorption of all-optical graphene switches are highly desirable features for on-chip photonic switching. However, because graphene is an atomically thin material, its absorption of guided optical modes is relatively low, resulting in high saturation thresholds and switching energies for these devices. To boost the absorption of graphene, we present a practical design of an electrically-biased all-optical graphene switch that is integrated into silicon slot waveguides, which strongly confine the optical mode in the slotted region and enhance its interaction with graphene. Moreover, the design incorporates a silicon slab layer and a hafnia dielectric layer to electrically tune the saturation threshold and the switching energy of the device by applying direct-current voltages of

<

0.5 V. Using this device, a high extinction ratio of 10.3 dB, a low insertion loss of

<

0.7 dB, and an ultra-efficient switching energy of 79 fJ/bit at 0.23 V bias are attainable for a 40 µm long switch. The reported performance metrics for this device are highly promising and are expected to serve the needs of next-generation photonic computing systems.
Experimental and theoretical study on the complete phase separation of ceria-zirconia solid solution into two end members, ceria and zirconia
Authors: Oh Seol Hee , Kim Hyun-Kyu , Kim Jason , Kim Yeong-Cheol , Park Sun-Young , Yang Sungeun , Ji Ho-Il , Yoon Kyung Joong , Son Ji-Won , Lee Jong-Ho
Published: August 2022

Solid solution CeO2–ZrO2 has long been used as a non-noble metal oxide promoter for three-way catalysts owing to its high oxygen storage capacity. However, the stability issue of the CeO2–ZrO2 has been controversial for a long time. In particular, the phenomena observed by phase instability are so diverse and inconsistent that the related causal analysis is still a matter of debate. In this study, for the first time, it was demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that a Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 (CZO) solid solution must be completely separated into CeO2 and ZrO2 phases owing to its inherent thermodynamic instability. According to an extensive evaluation via defect chemical calculations and well-controlled model experiments with grain-boundary-free epitaxial thin film samples, CZO materials undergo phase separation until they are completely separated, and the separation rate is particularly high in a reducing atmosphere. The underlying inherent stability problem and enhanced phase separation kinetics of the CZO material are attributed to the enhanced cation diffusion in a reducing atmosphere, where more mobile cationic defects (interstitial cations) are generated and an easier pathway with a lower migration energy is available.
2D materials and van der Waals heterojunctions for neuromorphic computing
Authors: Zhang Zirui , Yang Dongliang , Li Huihan , Li Ce , Wang Zhongrui , Sun Linfeng , Yang Heejun
Published: August 2022

Neuromorphic computing systems employing artificial synapses and neurons are expected to overcome the limitations of the present von Neumann computing architecture in terms of efficiency and bandwidth limits. Traditional neuromorphic devices have used 3D bulk materials, and thus, the resulting device size is difficult to be further scaled down for high density integration, which is required for highly integrated parallel computing. The emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials offers a promising solution, as evidenced by the surge of reported 2D materials functioning as neuromorphic devices for next-generation computing. In this review, we summarize the 2D materials and their heterostructures to be used for neuromorphic computing devices, which could be classified by the working mechanism and device geometry. Then, we survey neuromorphic device arrays and their applications including artificial visual, tactile, and auditory functions. Finally, we discuss the current challenges of 2D materials to achieve practical neuromorphic devices, providing a perspective on the improved device performance, and integration level of the system. This will deepen our understanding of 2D materials and their heterojunctions and provide a guide to design highly performing memristors. At the same time, the challenges encountered in the industry are discussed, which provides a guide for the development direction of memristors.
Financial Precarity and Business in the Modern Era
Authors: Leana Carrie
Published: August 2022

Financial precarity—the persistent worry about money and not having enough of it—is widespread, even in developed economies. It is a particular affliction of the poor, but it describes many people across the income distribution. Financial precarity is harmful not just to the individuals who experience it but also to the organizations in which they work. For individuals, financial precarity can negatively affect cognitive functioning, emotional stability, and social functioning. It is also associated with worse physical and psychological health, as well as depressed performance, both on and off the job. For employers, there are direct costs in the form of decreases in performance at work, as well as indirect costs in the form of increased absenteeism and health care costs. Private-sector companies are taking notice and have initiated a variety of programs to address employee financial precarity, including enhancing wages and offering financial assistance programs such as financial counseling, incentivized savings plans, and enhancements to retirement plans. Many of these programs have not been subjected to rigorous analysis (e.g., incentivized savings programs), and for some, there is little evidence of their effectiveness (e.g., financial literacy programs). Other programs (e.g., opt-out retirement plans) have a strong track record of success. Overall, private-sector employers are increasing their investments in employee financial wellness, which is a positive step in terms of providing needed supports to employees.
Jotería Studies and/in Communication
Authors: Andrade Luis M.
Published: August 2022

In recent decades, Communication scholars have drawn from and added to the subdiscipline of Jotería Studies, a relatively modern branch of gender and queer studies that draws from history, sociology, ethnic studies, and other fields. Jotería Studies provide a glimpse into the lives of Jotería, a unique group and subculture that includes Latina/o/x, Chicana/o/x, and mestiza/o/x noncisheteronormative and/or gender-nonconforming persons. Latina/o/x are terms that loosely refer to persons from Latin America, Chicana/o/x loosely refer to people with Mexican origins and/or part of a collective movement from the 1960s/1970s that was rooted in indigenous and/or Mexica ancestry and mythologies, and mestiza/o/x loosely refer to people that have mixed identities as Mexican, Latin American, indigenous, and/or white/Spanish. The use of x signifies gender nonconformance since the “-a” and “-o” are gendered terms. Of interest to scholars are the ways that Jotería communities survive oppressive conditions, despite the constant persecution of the subgroup by modern/colonial gender, racist, classist, ableist, and other oppressive institutions.

As Jotería Studies arose in the United States, scholars in Communication research started integrating the unique epistemologies and methodologies of the subdiscipline into their own studies in unique and fascinating ways. Communication scholars add to or draw from the myriad definitions for the term Jotería and its different variations, the histories of the subdiscipline, and Jotería Studies methodologies. As Communication and Jotería Studies converge, complement, or diverge, future directions and potential applications of Jotería Studies in Communication remain.
Race, Ethnicity, and Nation in Selected Contemporary South Korean Television Genres
Authors: Ahn Ji-Hyun
Published: August 2022

The myth of a “single ethnic nation” has long held sway in South Korean society. A recent trend of global migration since the 1980s, however, has caused this powerful myth to become outdated, with a shift toward imagining a new national identity as a global and multicultural Korea. This shift has been largely associated with Korean media culture, which is fitting because media do not simply reflect but, rather, simultaneously construct and reproduce reality.

Mass media, especially television, make visible and provide vernacular narratives about people whose race and ethnicity differ from those of the viewers. These televisual images make familiar and normalize stereotypes about certain groups by reinforcing repetitive representational patterns. South Korean television has for decades functioned as an effective ideological apparatus for shaping and constructing the national identity. Thus, during the period of industrialization and modernization after the Korean War, the South Korean government leveraged television technology to facilitate modernization efforts while at the same time shaping a particular vision of Koreanness that reinforced the myth of ethnic purity. More recently, as Korean media have become increasingly liberalized and commercialized, Korean television has constructed and produced a multicultural reality through visual representations of foreigners, immigrants, and ethnic Koreans.

Since the turn of the century, so-called “multicultural programs” featuring casts made up primarily of foreign residents and immigrants have become popular on Korean television. The multicultural subjects appear across television genres, including dramas and other entertainment programs, human-interest documentaries, and news coverages. This programming has visualized racial/ethnic differences and produced racialized and gendered discourse on racial/ethnic minorities in Korea. The entertainment shows in particular have incorporated diverse racial/ethnic groups. Thus, in dramas, White people have been preferred and represented as the exemplary cosmopolitan citizens, whereas female marriage migrant characters, mostly from other Asian countries, have been represented as sincere caregivers for Korean families. Notably, multicultural families have appeared much more frequently in human-interest documentaries and infotainment shows in part because they have been especially targeted as subjects of social integration in current multiculturalism policies. Furthermore, multicultural families in which one spouse was from a Western country (and usually White) were framed as “global,” whereas multicultural families in which one spouse was from a less-developed country (particularly in Southeast Asia and Africa) were depicted as in need of help.
Coming Out in Interpersonal and Relational Perspectives
Authors: Li Yachao
Published: August 2022

In a heteronormative society, coming out to others, or sexual orientation disclosure, is a unique and crucial experience for many sexual minority individuals. Past theoretical models of sexual identity development often view coming out as a milestone that profoundly influences sexual minority people. Existing studies related to sexual orientation disclosure have mainly explored the processes and outcomes of people’s coming-out decisions or outness levels. However, coming out is inherently a communication behavior. The message content and processes of coming out remain understudied. Emerging studies have attempted to address the research void. Scholars have examined different types of coming-out conversations and patterns of those interactions. They also explored the contents and disclosure strategies of coming out, as well as motivations and antecedents to varying levels of sexual orientation disclosure. Results indicate that while coming-out conversations may unfold differently, explicit disclosure is the mostly used coming-out strategy. In addition, disclosure goals, coupled with personal factors such as internalized homophobia and relational factors like relational power, predict disclosure message contents (what people say) and features (how people say it), which in turn predict disclosure receivers’ reactions and disclosers’ personal and relational outcomes. Future studies should continue investigating the message contents, features, and outcomes of coming out. Researchers should also focus more on marginalized members’ coming-out experiences, and conduct longitudinal and experimental studies to understand the long-term effects of different coming-out messages and experiences.
Bilingualism: A Cognitive and Neural View of Dual Language Experience
Authors: Kroll Judith F. , Mendoza Guadalupe A.
Published: August 2022

There has been an upsurge of research on the bilingual mind and brain. In an increasingly multilingual world, cognitive and language scientists have come to see that the use of two or more languages provides a unique lens to examine the neural plasticity engaged by language experience. But how? It is now uncontroversial to claim that the bilingual’s two languages are continually active, creating a dynamic interplay across the two languages. But there continues to be controversy about the consequences of that cross-language exchange for how cognitive and neural resources are recruited when a second language is learned and used actively and whether native speakers of a language retain privilege in their first acquired language. In the earliest months of life, minds and brains are tuned differently when exposed to more than one language from birth. That tuning has been hypothesized to open the speech system to new learning. But when initial exposure is to a home language that is not the majority language of the community—the experience common to heritage speakers—the value of bilingualism has been challenged, in part because there is not an adequate account of the variation in language experience. Research on the minds and brains of bilinguals reveals inherently complex and social accommodations to the use of multiple languages. The variation in the contexts in which the two languages are learned and used come to shape the dynamics of cross-language exchange across the lifespan.
Evangelical Christian School Movement
Authors: Nichols Vance Everett
Published: August 2022

Education founded on belief in Jesus Christ and grounded in the teachings of the Scriptures began in the 1st century. In the ensuing two millennia, Christ-centric forms of education proliferated, with three distinguishable movements arising during that time: The Early Church Christian Schools period (70-590 ce), The Reformation Christian Schools period (1517-1850), and The Associated Christian Schools period (1950-present). Nearly 1,000 years after the conclusion of the first movement, the second movement was birthed, in Europe. Impacted by leading theologians and academics who preceded him, such as John Wycliffe, John Huss, and William Tyndale, Martin Luther led a seismic theological and educational paradigm shift that transformed much of how the Western world thought, with biblically based education as a centerpiece. A hundred years after the end of the second movement, the present movement arose, emerging in the United States. Although evangelical Christian schools have faced significant challenges in the early years of the 21st century—including inconsistent school leadership, economic pressures and uncertainty, accelerating cultural changes, the global COVID-19 pandemic, repetitive inaction at the school-site level to deal with organizational dangers and warning signs, a subsequent crisis of school closures in the United States, wars and civil unrest in diverse places (including the Russian invasion of Ukraine), and violence and repeated threats of violence aimed specifically against Christian schools on campuses outside of North America (particularly in regions of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East)—the movement has nevertheless remained resilient and influential in both the United States and abroad.
Improving Student Learning Through Professional Learning Communities
Authors: Paletta Angelo
Published: August 2022

This paper aims to understand how the Professional Learning Community (PLC) helps to improve student learning. We refer to a research project was conducted in Italy on lower secondary education in an effort to understand how the Professional Learning Community (PLC) helps to improve student learning. The data used to operationalize the theoretical construct of PLC were collected via a questionnaire completed in 2018 by the school principals of the Emilia Romagna Region (in the Northeast of Italy). Data were also leveraged from the INVALSI (the National Agency that administers the standardized tests) to capture the students’ learning, their economic, social, and cultural status, and other background characteristics. The results indicated that that PLC has a small but statistically significant effect on students’ learning in mathematics and English, even when considering students’ socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. This is particularly relevant in light of the well-known international issue of students suffering learning deterioration when transitioning from primary schools. Based on these results, the organizational traits of a PLC make it an effective model for promoting a quality and equitable education in middle schools.
Health of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil: Inequities and the Uneven Trajectory of Public Policies
Authors: Santos Ricardo Ventura , Welch James R. , Pontes Ana Lucia , Garnelo Luiza , Moreira Cardoso Andrey , Coimbra Jr. Carlos E. A
Published: August 2022

Victims of epidemics, slavery, genocide, and countless other episodes of violence during the colonial enterprise in Brazil, which continues decades into the 21st century in some regions, Indigenous peoples face health inequities resulting from a five-century history of social marginalization and vulnerability. Since the late 1990s, the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in the country have benefited from progressive legislation that values sociocultural diversity within a public primary healthcare subsystem attending to Indigenous peoples living in federal Indigenous lands. However, these transcultural ideals remain elusive in practice. The Indigenous Healthcare Subsystem continues to suffer from numerous systemic problems, including low quality of local services, lack of health professional training for work in intercultural contexts, and unpreparedness for attending to health emergencies involving Indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation. Being Indigenous in Brazil in the 2020s implies greater chances of higher infant mortality, lower life expectancy, suffering from undernutrition and anemia during childhood, living with a high burden of infectious and parasitic diseases, being exposed to a swift process of nutritional transition, and experiencing a surge in chronic violence. Community case studies have shown the importance of close patient follow-up over long periods of time, the heavy burden of disease due to nutrition transition since the mid-1980s, the relevance of international reference curves for evaluating Indigenous child undernutrition, and failures of primary healthcare provided to Indigenous populations. Improvements in national health information systems in Brazil beginning in the early 2000s have shown external causes, perinatal diseases, infectious and parasitic diseases, and respiratory diseases to be the leading causes of death among the country’s Indigenous population.
Rebooting Education: A Keystone to Ending Racial and Ethnic Minority Health Disparities
Authors: Vega William A. , Calzada Esther J.
Published: August 2022

Undermining educational attainment at any stage is a threat to life course health. A strong educational platform is required for adequate human development in the 21st century because it provides a foundation for lifelong knowledge, skills, and competencies that protect health. The importance of educational attainment for health has been acknowledged but remains understudied as an interdisciplinary issue. In US American society, unequal educational opportunity is a historical reality and is reflected in health disparities among African American and Latinx populations over the life span. Reform efforts have been initiated for decades, yet gains in educational attainment show limited progress and wide disparities in lifetime health persist. Educational attainment is a fundamental social determinant of health because it leverages higher income, improves the management of other social determinants of health, improves social skills, improves occupational life chances, and extends life expectancy. The reverse is also true. Low educational attainment that is intergenerational imperils human development by failing to prepare youth with the capabilities to overcome structural disadvantages and poverty, which themselves imperil development. African American and Latinx populations in the United States, who together represent nearly 100 million people and who will be the largest component of the majority-minority American population by the year 2046, confront a web of aversive social determinants, including poverty in de facto segregated communities, violence and trauma, toxic exposures, poorly compensated and often temporary employment, a lack of universal health insurance, racism, and sexism in their daily lives. Clearly, there are social, biologic, and psychological issues associated with the educational attainment and health gradient, and early childhood learning experiences represent a critically important opportunity for human potential by advancing cognitive performance, problem-solving ability, motivation to learn, and overall structural and functional brain development. Families from low educational attainment backgrounds experience the negative impacts of social determinants in their daily lives, and their children’s life chances are diminished by poorly funded schools with ineffective educational programs. Putative causes and potential responses to overcoming the historical problem of neglect have been identified, and there are promising efforts at educational system reform aiming to promote health with effective programs and comprehensive strategies that will close the gaps in educational attainment.
Colonial Archaeology in South Asia: Epigraphic Research
Authors: Ray Himanshu Prabha
Published: August 2022

Interest in the material remains of the past in Europe dates to the early 17th century, though archaeology as a discipline developed only two hundred years later. It was transposed to the Indian subcontinent once British colonial rule was established in the region, in the 19th century. Archaeological practice has often been discussed in secondary writings as presenting a “scientific” approach to the study of the past, though from the 1990s onward its political implications have been highlighted bringing into focus the search for remnants of the Greeks and Greco-Roman civilization by British archaeologists such as John Marshall (1876–1958) and Mortimer Wheeler (1890–1976), who worked as director-generals of the Archaeological Survey of India. This reliance on models worked out in Europe had a significant impact on the study of the beginnings of writing in the subcontinent, the development of epigraphy, and collections of inscriptions and copper plates. To stress the bias that has crept into an understanding of the significance of the written word in the Indian past, writings on ceramics need to be brought into the discussion as these have often been used in the colonial period for establishing chronology or “Roman” influence as evident in Wheeler’s 1946 excavations at Arikamedu on the Tamil coast. The development of several new trends over the last seven decades in the subcontinent has challenged colonial constructs and helped provide a balance.
Heritage, Archaeology, and Local Communities in Sudan
Authors: Bradshaw Rebecca , Emberling Geoff
Published: August 2022

As a discipline with colonial origins, archaeology is increasingly addressing ways in which it has supported historical and current inequalities. One essential aspect of this work is engaging in conversations and collaborations with local communities, particularly to understand varying conceptions of heritage. Another is through attention to the benefits that derive from archaeological research—does fieldwork primarily support (foreign) archaeologists and their careers, or do local communities and professional colleagues also benefit? These issues have been developing particularly rapidly in Sudan, where development and international funding have supported a number of fieldwork projects in various forms of community engagement.