bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UK Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Implant‐Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma on behalf of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Expert Advisory Group
Authors: Turton Philip , El‐Sharkawi Dima , Lyburn Iain , Sharma Bhupinder , Mahalingam Preethika , Turner Suzanne D. , MacNeill Fiona , Johnson Laura , Hamilton Stephen , Burton Cathy , Mercer Nigel
Published: November 2020

Breast implant‐associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA‐ALCL) is an uncommon T‐cell non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) associated with breast implants. Raising awareness of the possibility of BIA‐ALCL in anyone with breast implants and new breast symptoms is crucial to early diagnosis. The tumour begins on the inner aspect of the peri‐implant capsule causing an effusion, or less commonly a tissue mass to form within the capsule, which may spread locally or to more distant sites in the body. Diagnosis is usually made by cytological, immunohistochemical and immunophenotypic evaluation of the aspirated peri‐implant fluid: pleomorphic lymphocytes are characteristically anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐negative and strongly positive for CD30. BIA‐ALCL is indolent in most patients but can progress rapidly. Surgical removal of the implant with the intact surrounding capsule (total en‐bloc capsulectomy) is usually curative. Late diagnosis may require more radical surgery and systemic therapies and although these are usually successful, poor outcomes and deaths have been reported. By adopting a structured approach, as suggested in these guidelines, early diagnosis and successful treatment will minimise the need for systemic treatments, reduce morbidity and the risk of poor outcomes.
Temporal changes in survival among adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in the period 2000–2016: a Danish population‐based study
Authors: Hjort Jakobsen Lasse , Stidsholt Roug Anne , Kiesbye Øvlisen Andreas , Werenberg Marcher Claus , Beier Ommen Hans , Theilgaard‐Mönch Kim , Møller Peter , Schöllkopf Claudia , Kristensen Daniel , Maria Henriette Naur Therese , Bøgsted Martin , Christoffer El‐Galaly Tarec , Tang Severinsen Marianne
Published: November 2020

In the present study, we quantify the progress in overall survival (OS) during the period 2000–2016 among Danish patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This population‐based study, including 3820 adult patients with AML, demonstrates a significantly improved OS over time with the 2‐year age‐standardised OS increasing from 22% in 2002 to 31% in 2016. The improvement in OS was exclusively seen in patients with AML aged ≥50 years, with absolute improvements in 2‐year OS from 2002 to 2016 of ≥10% among patients aged 50–75 years and a small absolute increase in those aged >75 years.
Retracted: NQO1 promotes an aggressive phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma via amplifying ERK‐NRF2 signaling
Authors: Yang Yun , Zheng Jie , Wang Mengchao , Zhang Jin , Tian Tao , Wang Zhiheng , Yuan Shengxian , Liu Lei , Zhu Peng , Gu Fangming , Fu Siyuan , Shan Yunfeng , Pan Zeya , Zhou Weiping
Published: November 2020

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are usually diagnosed at the later stages and have poor survival outcomes. New molecules are urgently needed for the prognostic predication and individual treatment. Our study showed that high levels of NQO1 expression frequently exist in HCC with an obvious cancer‐specific pattern. Patients with NQO1‐high tumors are significantly associated with poor survival outcomes and serve as independent predictors. Functional experiments showed that NQO1 promotes the growth and aggressiveness of HCC in both in vitro and in vivo models, and the underlying mechanism involved NQO1‐derived amplification of ERK/p38‐NRF2 signaling. Combined block of ERK and NRF2 signaling generated stronger growth inhibition compared with any single block, especially for HCC with high‐NQO1. Therefore, NQO1 is a potential biomarker for HCC early diagnosis and prognosis prediction, and also attractive for cancer‐specific targets for HCC treatment.
Genomic destabilization and its associated mutagenesis increase with senescence‐associated phenotype expression
Authors: Yoshioka Ken‐ichi , Matsuno Yusuke
Published: November 2020

Cancer develops through multiple rounds of clonal evolution of cells with abrogated defense systems. Such clonal evolution is triggered by genomic destabilization with associated mutagenesis. However, what increases the risk of genomic destabilization remains unclear. Genomic instability is usually the result of erroneous repair of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB); paradoxically, however, most cancers develop with genomic instability but lack mutations in DNA repair systems. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge regarding a cellular state that increases the risk of genomic destabilization, in which cells exhibit phenotypes often observed during senescence. In addition, we explore the pathways that lead to genomic destabilization and its associated mutagenesis, which ultimately result in cancer.
Modeling and Visualizing the Codevelopment of Word and Nonword Reading in Children From First Through Fourth Grade: Informing Developmental Trajectories of Children With Dyslexia
Authors: Steacy Laura M. , Edwards Ashley A. , Rueckl Jay G. , Petscher Yaacov , Compton Donald L.
Published: November 2020

Developmental studies examining relations between word reading (WR) and decoding in typical and dyslexic populations routinely cut the reading distribution to form distinct groups. However, dichotomizing continuous variables to study development is problematic for multiple reasons. Instead, we modeled and visualized the parallel growth of WR and nonword reading (NWR) factor scores longitudinally in a Grade 1–4 developmental sample (N = 588). The results indicate that while WR and NWR growth factors are highly related (r = .71), the relation between WR and NWR trajectories change as a function of initial WR. Results are interpreted within computational models of dyslexia in which children with dyslexia overfit orthography → phonology relations at the level of the word, limiting the development of sublexical representations needed to read nonwords.
ECHO: Extended Convolution Histogram of Orientations for Local Surface Description
Authors: Mitchel Thomas W. , Rusinkiewicz Szymon , Chirikjian Gregory S. , Kazhdan Michael
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a novel, highly distinctive and robust local surface feature descriptor. Our descriptor is predicated on a simple observation: instead of describing the points in the vicinity of a feature point relative to a reference frame at the feature point, all points in the region describe the feature point relative to their own frames. Isometry invariance is a byproduct of this construction. Our descriptor is derived relative to the extended convolution – a generalization of the standard convolution that allows the filter to adaptively transform as it passes over the domain. As such, we name our descriptor the Extended Convolution Histogram of Orientations (ECHO). It exhibits superior performance compared to popular surface descriptors in both feature matching and shape correspondence experiments. In particular, the ECHO descriptor is highly stable under near‐isometric deformations and remains distinctive under significant levels of noise, tessellation, complex deformations and the kinds of interference commonly found in real data.
Fixed full‐arch maxillary prostheses supported by four versus six implants with a titanium CAD/CAM milled framework: 3‐year multicentre RCT
Authors: Toia Marco , Stocchero Michele , Corrà Enrico , Becktor Jonas P. , Wennerberg Ann , Cecchinato Denis
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This RCT compares marginal bone level (MBL) change and the clinical parameters after a 3‐year function in maxillary implant‐supported fixed complete dentures (FCDs) treated with four‐implants (4‐I) or six‐implants (6‐I).

Material and method

Three centres treated 56 patients with 280 implants allocated to the 4‐I or 6‐I group. Radiographic and clinical examinations were performed. The primary outcome was to investigate MBL change between the groups.

Results

Implant survival rates were 100% and 99% in the 4‐I and 6‐I groups, respectively. Considering the clustering effects, the MBL change was not significantly different between the groups over the 3‐year follow‐up. The MBL in the 4‐I group was 0.30 ± 0.50 mm at baseline, 0.24 ± 0.31 mm at 1 year and 0.24 ± 0.38 mm at 3 years. In the 6‐I group, MBL was 0.14 ± 0.32 mm at baseline, 0.16 ± 0.35 mm at 1 year and 0.12 ± 0.26 mm at 3 years. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups at BL and 3Y. No significant differences between the groups were reported for clinical parameters at each time point as well as in between the visits. The technical and biological complications rates were 1.6% and 6.0%, respectively. Prosthetic complications affected 25 FCDs (47.2%).

Conclusion

Marginal bone level change revealed a stable condition in the 3‐year period in the two groups. Few technical and biological complications occurred apart from the chipping/fracture of the prosthetic teeth. Four‐implant is a feasible solution if the rehabilitation is oriented towards the most cost‐effective treatment and towards avoiding bone augmentation procedures. Clinicians have to consider the potential required visits for prosthetic maintenance.
Stratum corneum levels of inflammatory mediators and natural moisturizing factor in patch test reactions to thiurams and fragrances and their possible role in discrimination between irritant and allergic reactions to hapten mixtures
Authors: Brans Richard , Jakasa Ivone , Goc Sanja , John Swen M. , Kezic Sanja
Published: November 2020

Background

Patch test (PT) reactions to thiuram mix (TM) and fragrance mix (FM) I or II without concomitant reactions to their single constituents are potentially caused by the irritant properties of the mixes.

Objective

Comparing inflammatory profiles of PT reactions to TM, FM I, FM II, and their constituents and assessing their potential in discrimination of irritant and allergic reactions.

Patients and Methods

Levels of 14 cytokines and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) were determined in stratum corneum samples collected from PT reactions to TM, FM I or II, their constituents, and petrolatum (pet.) control sites in 36 individuals.

Results

Levels of interleukin (IL)‐16, chemokine (CXC motif) ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL10, chemokine (CC motif) ligand (CCL) 17, and CCL22 were significantly increased in reactions (+, ++) to thiurams and fragrances compared to their petrolatum. controls, except for PT reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing in which, however, decreased levels of NMF were observed. In doubtful reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing, NMF was significantly lower than in petrolatum controls.

Conclusions

PT reactions to thiurams and fragrances indicate a Th2‐skewed inflammation. The inflammatory profiles suggest that weak or doubtful FM I/II reactions without accompanying reaction to a constituent were irritant. IL‐16 might be suitable to distinguish irritant from allergic reaction.
The Irish experience of kidney transplantation among recipients with prior non‐renal solid organ transplants: A retrospective study on short‐ and long‐term outcomes
Authors: Ferede Atakelet A. , O'Connell Clare , Davis Niall F. , Mohan Ponnusamy , Robertson Ian , O'Kelly Patrick , Little Dilly M.
Published: November 2020

Background

This study aims to evaluate allograft and patient outcomes among recipients of kidney transplants after non‐renal solid organ transplants. We also aim to compare our findings with recipients of a repeat kidney transplant.

Methods

We performed an analysis on kidney transplant recipients who underwent kidney transplantation after a non‐renal solid organ transplant. Survival data were stratified into 2 groups: Group A (n = 37) consisted of recipients of a kidney transplant after prior non‐renal solid organ transplant, and Group B (n = 330) consisted of recipients of a repeat kidney transplant.

Results

The 1‐,5‐, and 10‐year graft survival (death‐censored) for recipients of a kidney transplant post–non‐renal solid organ transplant (Group A) were 97.3%, 91.5%, and 86.9%, compared with 97.9%, 90.2%, and 83.4% for recipients of a repeat kidney transplant (Group B) (p = .32). The 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year patient survival rates were 97.3%, 82.7%, and 79.1% in Group A compared to 97.9%, 90.2%, and 83.4% in Group B. Unadjusted overall patient survival was significantly lower for Group A (p = .017).

Conclusion

Kidney transplant recipients who have undergone a previous non‐renal solid organ transplant have similar allograft survival outcomes, but higher long‐term mortality rates compared to repeat kidney transplant recipients.
Early protocol computer tomography and endovascular interventions in pancreas transplantation
Authors: Byrne Matthew H. V. , Battle Joseph , Sewpaul Avinash , Tingle Samuel , Thompson Emily , Brookes Marcus , Innes Ailsa , Turner Paul , White Steven A. , Manas Derek M. , Wilson Colin H.
Published: November 2020

Background

Early vascular complications following pancreatic transplantation are not uncommon (3%–8%). Typically, cross‐sectional imaging is requested in response to clinical change. We instituted a change in protocol to request imaging pre‐emptively to identify patients with thrombotic complications.

Methods

In 2013, protocol computer tomography angiography (CTA) at days 3–5 and day 10 following pancreas transplantation was introduced. A retrospective analysis of all pancreas transplants performed at our institution from January 2001 to May 2019 was undertaken.

Results

A total of 115 patients received pancreas transplants during this time period. A total of 78 received pancreas transplant without routine CTA and 37 patients with the new protocol. Following the change in protocol, we detected a high number of subclinical thromboses (41.7%). There was a significant decrease in invasive intervention for thrombosis (78.6% before vs 30.8% after, p = .02), and graft survival was significantly higher (61.5% before vs 86.1% after, p = .04). There was also a significant reduction in the number of graft failures (all‐cause) where thrombosis was present (23.4% before vs 5.6% after, p = .02). Patient survival was unaffected (p = .48).

Conclusions

Implementation of early protocol CTA identifies a large number of patients with subclinical graft thromboses that are more amenable to conservative management and significantly reduces the requirement for invasive intervention.
The utility of thrombophilia and hematologic screening in live liver donation
Authors: Naymagon Leonard , Tremblay Douglas , Facciuto Marcelo , Lapointe Rudow Dianne , Schiano Thomas
Published: November 2020

Background

Most centers perform some degree of hematologic screening, including thrombophilia testing, on prospective live liver donors. The nature and extent of such screens are not standardized, and there is limited evidence regarding hematologic risk stratification.

Methods and Results

We present an experience of hematologic screening among prospective liver donors. Five‐hundred‐eightyfour patients were screened for liver donation between 1/2013 and 1/2020, of whom 156 (27%) proceeded to donor hepatectomy. Thirty‐three of 428 (8%) declined patients were excluded for hematologic indications. Hematologic indications were the 2nd most frequent medical indications for exclusion (trailing only hepatologic indications). The most common reason for hematologic exclusion was concern regarding thrombophilia. Nevertheless, 21 patients with evidence of possible thrombophilia proceeded to donor hepatectomy, and none incurred hematologic complications. Similarly, seven patients with screening findings concerning for increased bleeding risk (most often thrombocytopenia) underwent donor hepatectomy without hematologic complication. Three of 156 (2%) of patients who underwent donor hepatectomy incurred a hematologic complication (all thrombotic, none fatal). None of these patients had any evident hematologic risk factor on screening.

Conclusion

This study underscores the difficulty of hematologic risk stratification among prospective living donors, however, suggests that some patients with relatively mild risk factors may be safe for donation.
Image guidance using two‐dimensional illustrations and three‐dimensional modeling of donor anatomy during living donor hepatectomy
Authors: Rhu Jinsoo , Choi Gyu‐Seong , Kim Mi Seung , Kim Jong Man , Joh Jae‐Won
Published: November 2020

Background

For living donor liver transplantation, preoperative imaging is required for the safety of both the donor and the recipient. We previously initiated our image‐guidance program using two‐dimensional illustrations and three‐dimensional modeling in September 2018; herein, we analyzed the resultant changes in the clinical outcomes.

Methods

Living donors and recipients who underwent liver transplantation between September 2017 and August 2019 were included. Cases with image guidance were compared to those without image guidance regarding the operative outcome, especially bile‐duct opening in the graft as well as surgical complications.

Results

Among 200 living donor transplantation, 90 transplantations were completed with image guidance. The image‐guidance group had a higher rate of laparoscopy (80.9% vs. 97.8%; p < .001) as compared with the group without image guidance. Although there was no difference in the type of bile duct (p = .144), more grafts with single bile‐duct openings were found in the image‐guidance group (52.7% vs. 80.0%; p = .001). Consequently, achievements in bile‐duct openings were superior in the image‐guidance group (p = .022). There were no differences in bile leakage, graft failure, or number of deaths during the first month post‐transplantation.

Conclusion

As we initiated our image‐guidance program for living donor liver transplantation, clinical outcomes, especially bile‐duct division, were improved relative to before implementation.
Comparative Efficacy of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers Against Ventilator‐Induced Diaphragm Dysfunction in Rats
Authors: Hall Stephanie E. , Ahn Bumsoo , Smuder Ashley J. , Morton Aaron B. , Hinkley J. Matthew , Wiggs Michael P. , Sollanek Kurt J. , Hyatt Hayden , Powers Scott K.
Published: November 2020

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life‐saving intervention for many critically ill patients. Unfortunately, prolonged MV results in the rapid development of inspiratory muscle weakness due to diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction (termed ventilator‐induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD)). Although VIDD is a major risk factor for problems in weaning patients from MV, a standard therapy to prevent VIDD does not exist. However, emerging evidence suggests that pharmacological blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1Rs) protects against VIDD. Nonetheless, the essential characteristics of AT1R blockers (ARBs) required to protect against VIDD remain unclear. To determine the traits of ARBs that are vital for protection against VIDD, we compared the efficacy of two clinically relevant ARBs, irbesartan and olmesartan; these ARBs differ in molecular structure and effects on AT1Rs. Specifically, olmesartan blocks both angiotensin II (AngII) binding and mechanical activation of AT1Rs, whereas irbesartan prevents only AngII binding to AT1Rs. Using a well‐established preclinical model of prolonged MV, we tested the hypothesis that compared with irbesartan, olmesartan provides greater protection against VIDD. Our results reveal that irbesartan does not protect against VIDD whereas olmesartan defends against both MV‐induced diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction. These findings support the hypothesis that olmesartan is superior to irbesartan in protecting against VIDD and are consistent with the concept that blockade of mechanical activation of AT1Rs is a required property of ARBs to shield against VIDD. These important findings provide a foundation for future clinical trials to evaluate ARBs as a therapy to protect against VIDD.
Case and review: Cutaneous involvement by chronic neutrophilic leukemia vs Sweet syndrome‐ A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Hobbs Landon K. , Carr Patrick C. , Gru Alejandro A. , Flowers Richard H.
Published: November 2020

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare leukemia with approximately 150 total cases reported. Cutaneous neutrophilic infiltrates, including Sweet syndrome (SS) and leukemia cutis (LC), have been reported in six patients with CNL. In the setting of CNL, these two conditions are difficult to differentiate due to clinical and histopathological similarities, but it is important to do so because LC is associated with a worse prognosis. In general, SS is distinguished by its tenderness, fever, and improvement with steroids (vs chemotherapy for LC). Biopsy of LC reveals immature leukocytes, whereas SS shows almost exclusively mature leukocytes, but morphology alone may not be sufficient in some cases. Here, we report a case of a 72‐year‐old male with CNL and a cutaneous eruption with clinical and pathological features which made the distinction between the two diseases difficult.
The emerging role of deep learning in cytology
Authors: Dey Pranab
Published: November 2020

Deep learning (DL) is a component or subset of artificial intelligence. DL has contributed significant change in feature extraction and image classification. Various algorithmic models are used in DL such as a convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network, restricted Boltzmann machine, deep belief network and autoencoders. Of these, CNN is the most commonly used algorithm in the field of pathology for feature extraction and building neural network models. DL may be useful for tumour diagnosis, classification of the tumour and grading of the tumour in cytology. In this brief review, the basic concept of the DL and CNN are described. The application, prospects and challenges of the DL in the cytology are also discussed.
The effect of public opinion and politics on attitudes towards pill testing: Results from the 2019 Australian Election Study
Authors: McAllister Ian , Makkai Toni
Published: November 2020

Introduction and Aims

Following several deaths due to drug overdoses at music festivals in Australia, pill testing (or drug checking) has been proposed as a means of reducing the risk to young people. However, pill testing is a politically controversial policy in Australia. This paper examines the political dimension to the debate, its relationship with other social issues and how it divides party supporters.

Design and Methods

The data come from the 2019 Australian Election Study survey—a large (n = 2179), nationally weighted representative probability survey conducted immediately after the federal election. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to identify the social groups, attitudes and vote preferences most associated with public views about pill testing.

Results

Almost two‐thirds of the public support pill testing at music festivals. The young and those who do not attend church are most likely to express support. Supporters of other liberal social opinions, such as the legalisation of marijuana, are also strongly supportive of pill testing. Those who vote for one of the two main conservative parties are less likely to support pill testing.

Discussion and Conclusions

While a majority of the public support pill testing, beyond the Australian Capital Territory this has not translated into policy in other jurisdictions. The results show that there is a high level of political polarisation surrounding opinions among both voters and political elites. This issue must be addressed if the policy is to be advanced as part of an overall harm reduction approach to drug use.
Species and genetic diversity patterns show different responses to land use intensity in central European grasslands
Authors: Reisch Christoph , Hartig Florian
Published: November 2020

Aim

Empirical studies have often reported parallel patterns of genetic and species diversity, but the strength and generality of this association, as well as its origin, are still debated. Particularly in human‐dominated landscapes with complex histories of land use histories, more complicated and partly diverging patterns have been observed. In this study, we examine whether species and genetic diversity correlate across grasslands with different levels of land use pressure and spatial differentiation in habitat quality and heterogeneity.

Location

We selected eight extensively used (grazed, unfertilized) dry grasslands and eight intensively used (mown, fertilized) hay meadows in southeastern Germany.

Methods

We used vegetation surveys and molecular markers of six widespread dry grassland and six hay meadow plant species to compare species and genetic alpha and beta diversity between the two grassland types.

Results

Species diversity patterns expectedly showed higher alpha diversity, stronger spatial structure and less turnover in dry grasslands than in hay meadows. Neither of the corresponding genetic diversity patterns showed the same significant trends.

Main conclusion

Our results question the idea that species and genetic diversity patterns will always show similar patterns. Likely, genetic and species diversity emerge partly from shared, partly from different processes, including the regional species pool, environmental heterogeneity, fragmentation and land use history. The practical conservation implication is that species and genetic diversity are not generally interchangeable. Looking at species and genetic patterns together, however, may eventually lead to a better understanding of the complex processes that shape the structure and dynamics of ecological communities.
Artificial intelligence for cancer detection of the upper gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Suzuki Hideo , Yoshitaka Tokai , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Tada Tomohiro
Published: November 2020

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has been found to be useful to physicians in the field of image recognition due to three elements: deep learning (that is, CNN, convolutional neural network), a high‐performance computer, and a large amount of digitized data. In the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy, Japanese endoscopists have produced the world's first achievements of CNN‐based AI system for detecting gastric and esophageal cancers. This study reviews papers on CNN‐based AI for gastrointestinal cancers, and discusses the future of this technology in clinical practice. Employing AI‐based endoscopes would enable early cancer detection. The better diagnostic abilities of AI technology may be beneficial in early gastrointestinal cancers in which endoscopists have variable diagnostic abilities and accuracy. AI coupled with the expertise of endoscopists would increase the accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis.
Factors influencing oral anticoagulant use in patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Bezabhe Woldesellassie M. , Bereznicki Luke R. , Radford Jan , Wimmer Barbara C. , Curtain Colin , Salahudeen Mohammed S. , Peterson Gregory M.
Published: November 2020

Background

We investigated factors that influenced oral anticoagulant (OAC) initiation and choice in Australian general practice patients newly diagnosed with AF.

Methods

Using an Australian nationally representative general practice dataset, MedicineInsight, we identified patients newly diagnosed with AF between January 2009 and April 2019. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with OAC initiation and choice.

Results

A total of 63 212 patients with AF (53.7% males, mean age 72.4 years) were identified. Nearly two‐thirds of these patients (40 854 [64.6%]) were initiated on an OAC, at a median time of 6 days after the documented diagnosis date. The proportion of patients who were initiated an OAC increased from 44.8% in 2009 to 72.2% in 2019 (P < .001). High risk of stroke (CHA2DS2‐VASc, adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 4.39 [95% CI, 3.99‐4.83]), low risk of bleeding (ORBIT, AOR, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.72‐2.03]), not having a recorded history of dementia (AOR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.65‐1.98]) and male sex (AOR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.22‐1.35]) were independently associated with OAC initiation. Direct‐acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) use increased from 11.9% in 2011 to 94.0% of all OAC initiations in April 2019 (P < .001).

Conclusions

The proportion of newly diagnosed patients with AF initiated on OAC increased markedly following the introduction of the DOACs. Of those initiated, 9 in 10 were receiving a DOAC at the end of the study period. There is potential underuse in women and individuals with dementia.
Reporting quality of case reports about dental trauma published in international journals 2008‐2018 assessed by CARE guidelines
Authors: Seguel‐Moraga Paulina , Onetto Juan E. , E. Uribe Sergio
Published: November 2020

Background/Aims

The diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma are based primarily on observational evidence and case reports. The aim of this research is to assess the quality of reporting of case reports published from 2008 to 2018 in dental selected journals using the Care Report (CARE) guideline and to assess whether there was a change after publication of the CARE guidelines.

Methods

A descriptive study of the publications available on PubMed from specialist journals was conducted. Searches were made for MESh and free keywords associated with dental trauma and tooth injuries. One calibrated evaluator (kappa‐intra = 0.87) using the CARE guidelines (max = 30 points) evaluated all case reports published from 2008 to 2018 in relevant journals. The average score before and after 2013 was compared by t‐test and regression modeling, and the description of each CARE item was analyzed.

Results

The search found 201 relevant articles published in Dent Traumatol 141 (70.1%), Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 10 (5.0%), Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 16 (8.0%), J Clin Pediatr Dent 19 (9.5%), and Pediatr Dent 15 (7.5%). The mean quality (± standard deviation) was 14.3 (±2.6), and range from 7 to 20. The number and mean (±SD) before the CARE guidelines were n = 171, mean = 14.3 (±2.6) and after the CARE guidelines were n = 30, mean = 14.7 (±2.7), (P = .39, t‐test). No significant differences per journal or origin of the first author were found.

Conclusions

The reporting quality of case reports about dental trauma in five international dental journals has not improved since the publication of the CARE guidelines. The lack of reporting of essential items in case reports suggests that journals could enhance their quality by requiring authors to adhere to the CARE guidelines or similar reporting guidelines.
Radiographic evaluation of immature traumatized incisors following different endodontic treatments
Authors: Wu Jiayi , Li Xin , Xu Lin , Tang Ziwei , Zhao Jiashuo , Xiang Yuanyi , Zhang Yameng , Yang Jing , Ye Ling
Published: November 2020

Background/Aims

Indirect pulp capping, pulpotomy, and apexification are three common endodontic treatments for immature traumatized incisors. They all affect tooth root development to some extent. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the influence of these treatments on root development of immature permanent incisors following dental trauma.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐one indirect pulp capping, 48 pulpotomy, and 58 apexification cases with a mean age of 8.4 ± 1.0 years and median follow up of 12 months were included. NIH ImageJ with TurboReg plug‐in was used to correct angular differences between the pre‐operative and recall periapical radiographs, and to calculate variations of root length, dentin wall thickness, and apical closure. Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA followed by pairwise comparisons was applied to compare the radiographic variations. The type of apical closure was assessed qualitatively and analyzed using Fisher's exact test.

Results

The apexification group had a lower trend toward apical closure than the other two groups (P < .05). It also showed thinner dentin wall thickness compared with the pulpotomy group (P = .001). There was no significant difference between pulpotomy and indirect pulp capping in the trend to apical closure (P > .05) or dentin wall thickness (P = .775). There was no significant difference in the variation of root length among the three groups (P = .06). There was a moderate correlation between the treatment and the type of apical closure (Cramer's V Coefficient = .375). Pulpotomy tended to form a normal apical constriction rather than a calcific barrier while apexification showed the opposite inclination. Indirect pulp capping had no specific inclination toward any type of apical closure.

Conclusions

Apexification resulted in an abnormal root development mostly by affecting the dentin wall thickness and apical closure. Pulpotomy was beneficial for normal root development of immature traumatized teeth.
Attitudes of dental and chiropractic students towards a shared learning programme—An interprofessional learning model
Authors: Omar Hanan , Khan Saad , Haneline Michael , Toh Chooi Gait
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Interprofessional learning (IPL) is the first stage towards the goal of interprofessional collaborative care. To enhance IPL experience, the School of Dentistry, International Medical University developed an IPL model based on the core competencies and the learning outcomes for dental and chiropractic students in their second and fourth year, respectively. The model was based on experiential learning and adult learning theories in addition to Miller's framework for clinical competencies.

Methods

The programme was developed as a student‐centred, collaborative approach to achieve the learning outcomes for dental and chiropractic students. Second‐year dental students (n = 46) and chiropractic students (n = 23) in their fourth year participated in the programme. The focus of the programme was to address the prevention of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) amongst dental students and to provide the chiropractic students with the opportunity to assess and identify risk factors for WMSDs in the dental setting. The readiness for interprofessional learning scale (RIPLS) questionnaire was completed prior to the interprofessional education programme and once again afterwards to determine dental and chiropractic students' awareness of roles and responsibilities of the other profession, and their attitudes to interprofessional education and teamwork.

Results

Dental and chiropractic students showed similar levels of readiness for shared learning. The results of this study suggest that the IPL programme contributed to the development of the students’ positive perceptions towards the positive professional identity and the roles of other healthcare professionals.

Conclusion

This study provides initial support for the integrated interprofessional learning experiences within the school. The results of the study will shape future curricula changes to further strengthen interprofessional education and subsequent interprofessional collaborative care.
Teacher feedback and student learning: A quantitative study
Authors: Leung Albert , Fine Peter , Blizard Robert , Tonni Ingrid , Louca Chris
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Feedback plays a significant role in informing students about the outcome of their assessments and contributes to their ongoing learning. The aim of this study was to investigate feedback currently given by clinical teachers to dental students throughout Europe.

Methods

This study used a piloted questionnaire, delivered on‐line to members of the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE). A largely quantitative approach was adopted with multiple‐choice, single answer, open text boxes and Likert scale type questions. These data were collected via Google Forms, transferred to an excel spreadsheet and analysed using SPSS software Version 24.

Results

Data were collected from 223 questionnaires completed by respondents from 42 countries. Students received feedback following: (i) formative assessment (70%; n = 155), (ii) summative assessment (88%; n = 196) and iii) informally at any time (85%; n = 188). Feedback was delivered by different people including administrative staff (15%; n = 25). Several methods were used to deliver feedback, including written, oral/spoken, email and individually or as a group. 85% (n = 184) of teachers reported that their teaching had changed following feedback they had received from students.

Conclusion

The study showed a strong ethos of delivering feedback from teachers to dental students following both assessment and non‐assessment related activities. Teachers should understand/appreciate the individualistic nature of feedback and the importance of cultivating a congenial environment for feedback delivery. Challenges remain in delivering them to a high standard and in a timely manner.
Reward does not modulate corticospinal excitability in anticipation of a Stroop trial
Authors: Bundt Carsten , Boehler Carsten N. , Verbruggen Frederick , Brass Marcel , Notebaert Wim
Published: November 2020

Action preparation is associated with a transient decrease of corticospinal excitability just before target onset. We have previously shown that the prospect of reward modulates preparatory corticospinal excitability in a Simon task. While the conflict in the Simon task strongly implicates the motor system, it is unknown whether reward prospect modulates preparatory corticospinal excitability in tasks that implicate the motor system less directly. To that effect, we examined reward‐modulated preparatory corticospinal excitability in the Stroop task. We administered a rewarded cue‐target delay paradigm using Stroop stimuli that afforded a left or right index finger response. Single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was administered over the left primary motor cortex and electromyography was obtained from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. In line with previous findings, there was a preparatory decrease in corticospinal excitability during the delay period. In contrast to our previous study using the Simon task, preparatory corticospinal excitability was not modulated by reward. Our results indicate that reward‐modulated changes in the motor system depend on specific task‐demands, possibly related to varying degrees of motor conflict.
GABAergic and glycinergic systems regulate ON–OFF electroretinogram by cooperatively modulating cone pathways in the amphibian retina
Authors: Hirasawa Hajime , Miwa Naofumi , Watanabe Shu‐Ichi
Published: November 2020

The network mechanisms underlying how inhibitory circuits regulate ON‐ and OFF‐responses (the b‐ and d‐waves) in the electroretinogram (ERG) remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of inhibitory circuits to the emergence of the b‐ and d‐waves in the full‐field ERG in the newt retina. To this end, we investigated the effects of several synaptic transmission blockers on the amplitudes of the b‐ and d‐waves in the ERG obtained from newt eyecup preparations. Our results demonstrated that (a) L‐APB blocked the b‐wave, indicating that the b‐wave arises from the activity of ON‐bipolar cells (BCs) expressing type six metabotropic glutamate receptors; (b) the combined administration of UBP310/GYKI 53655 blocked the d‐wave, indicating that the d‐wave arises from the activity of OFF‐BCs expressing kainate‐/AMPA‐receptors; (c) SR 95531 augmented both the b‐ and the d‐wave, indicating that GABAergic lateral inhibitory circuits inhibit both ON‐ and OFF‐BC pathways; (d) the administration of strychnine in the presence of SR 95531 attenuated the d‐wave, and this attenuation was prevented by blocking ON‐pathways with L‐APB, which indicated that the glycinergic inhibition of OFF‐BC pathway is downstream of the GABAergic inhibition of the ON‐system; and (e) the glycinergic inhibition from the ON‐ to the OFF‐system widens the response range of OFF‐BC pathways, specifically in the absence of GABAergic lateral inhibition. Based on these results, we proposed a circuitry mechanism for the regulation of the d‐wave and offered a tentative explanation of the circuitry mechanisms underlying ERG formation.
Multivariate white matter alterations are associated with epilepsy duration
Authors: Owen Thomas W. , de Tisi Jane , Vos Sjoerd B. , Winston Gavin P. , Duncan John S , Wang Yujiang , Taylor Peter N.
Published: November 2020

Previous studies investigating associations between white matter alterations and duration of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have shown differing results, and were typically limited to univariate analyses of tracts in isolation. In this study, we apply a multivariate measure (the Mahalanobis distance), which captures the distinct ways white matter may differ in individual patients, and relate this to epilepsy duration. Diffusion MRI, from a cohort of 94 subjects (28 healthy controls, 33 left‐TLE and 33 right‐TLE), was used to assess the association between tract fractional anisotropy (FA) and epilepsy duration. Using ten white matter tracts, we analysed associations using the traditional univariate analysis (z‐scores) and a complementary multivariate approach (Mahalanobis distance), incorporating multiple white matter tracts into a single unified analysis. For patients with right‐TLE, FA was not significantly associated with epilepsy duration for any tract studied in isolation. For patients with left‐TLE, the FA of two limbic tracts (ipsilateral fornix, contralateral cingulum gyrus) were significantly negatively associated with epilepsy duration (Bonferonni corrected p < .05). Using a multivariate approach we found significant ipsilateral positive associations with duration in both left, and right‐TLE cohorts (left‐TLE: Spearman's ρ = 0.487, right‐TLE: Spearman's ρ = 0.422). Extrapolating our multivariate results to duration equals zero (i.e., at onset) we found no significant difference between patients and controls. Associations using the multivariate approach were more robust than univariate methods. The multivariate Mahalanobis distance measure provides non‐overlapping and more robust results than traditional univariate analyses. Future studies should consider adopting both frameworks into their analysis in order to ascertain a more complete understanding of epilepsy progression, regardless of laterality.
Spontaneous hybridization and introgression between walleye (Sander vitreus) and sauger (Sander canadensis) in two large reservoirs: Insights from genotyping by sequencing
Authors: Graham Carly F. , Eberts Rebecca L. , Goncin Una , Somers Christopher M.
Published: November 2020

Anthropogenic activities may facilitate undesirable hybridization and genomic introgression between fish species. Walleye (Sander vitreus) and sauger (Sander canadensis) are economically valuable freshwater species that can spontaneously hybridize in areas of sympatry. Levels of genomic introgression between walleye and sauger may be increased by modifications to waterbodies (e.g., reservoir development) and inadvertent propagation of hybrids in stocking programs. We used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine 217 fish from two large reservoirs with mixed populations of walleye and sauger in Saskatchewan, Canada (Lake Diefenbaker, Tobin Lake). Analyses with 20,038 (r90) and 478 (r100) single nucleotide polymorphisms clearly resolved walleye and sauger, and classified hybrids with high confidence. F1, F2, and multigeneration hybrids were detected in Lake Diefenbaker, indicating potentially high levels of genomic introgression. In contrast, only F1 hybrids were detected in Tobin Lake. Field classification of fish was unreliable; 7% of fish were misidentified based on broad species categories. Important for activities such as brood stock selection, 12 of 173 (7%) fish field identified as pure walleye, and one of 24 (4%) identified as pure sauger were actually hybrids. In addition, two of 15 (13%) field‐identified hybrids were actually pure walleye or sauger. We conclude that hybridization and introgression are occurring in Saskatchewan reservoirs and that caution is warranted when using these populations in stocking programs. GBS offers a powerful and flexible tool for examining hybridization without preidentification of informative loci, eliminating some of the key challenges associated with other marker types.
Assessment of intrasynovial injection in horses by contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography using air bubbles created by agitation of solution
Authors: Ogden Nadine K. E. , Cullen Matthew D. , Stack John D.
Published: November 2020

Background

Accuracy of intrasynovial injections can be challenging to assess in a clinical setting in horses. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using injectate agitated with air has been used to determine the success rates of synovial injections in human rheumatology.

Objectives

To assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CEUS and to describe its clinical use.

Study designs

Cadaveric study followed by a prospective descriptive observational study.

Methods

Part 1: CEUS was performed following injection of agitated methylene‐blue solution targeting 13 different anatomical synovial structures from three equine cadavers. Contrast was seen as hyperechoic dots, patches or lines on ultrasonography. CEUS was classified as positive if contrast was considered to be intrasynovial and negative if contrast was considered to be extrasynovial. A second synoviocentesis was performed to determine if the injection was intrasynovial based on the presence or absence of methylene‐blue. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Part 2: CEUS was performed following injection of agitated solutions targeting synovial structures as part of routine investigation and treatment of clinical cases.

Results

Part 1: CEUS was correctly classified as positive or negative in all intrasynovial and extrasynovial injections respectively. The sensitivity estimate was 100% (CI 93%‐100%) and the specificity estimates was 100% (CI 16%‐100%). Part 2: The technique was used safely for 26 injections (14 horses; 19 different synovial structures) administered to localise or treat lameness. Traumatic intersynovial communications or synovial membrane defects were identified using CEUS in 3 horses.

Main limitations

The low number of extrasynovial injections in Part 1 resulted in an imprecise specificity estimate.

Conclusions

In horses, CEUS performed following intended intrasynovial injection can be useful for identifying unsuccessful injections.