bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REGULACJE DOTYCZĄCE ODLEGŁOŚCI MIĘDZY BUDYNKAMI W PRAWACH ANTYCZNYCH
Authors: Skalec Aneta
Published: January 2017

LEGAL REGULATIONS OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE BUILDINGS IN ANCIENT LAWS Summary Regulations concerning the distance between the buildings can be already found in the law of the XII Tables, which prescribed that 2,5 foots of free space must be left around every house. That space was called ambitus. But most probably, it was the earlier law of Solon in Athens, that served as a model for Romans, and a few centuries later (III BC) was also applied in Dikaiomata – the law of the city of Alexandria in Egypt. As far as the Roman Empire is concerned, we can find series of constitutions issued by imperators, usually concerning the distance between public buildings, and, as regards the fifth century AD, also the distance between private buildings (the most important of them is the constitution of Zenon). This question was an object of interest also for the author of the compilation of local Palestinian laws – Julian of Ascalon, in whose Treatise the problem was regulated in very detailed way. Julian of Ascalon’s Treatise dealt also with the distance between private buildings and many types of workshops.
W IMIĘ WSPÓLNYCH WARTOŚCI. ŚWIĘTEJ PAMIĘCI PREZYDENTA LECHA KACZYŃSKIEGO (1949-2010)
Authors: Zabłocki Jan
Published: January 2017

W IMIĘ WSPÓLNYCH WARTOŚCI. ŚWIĘTEJ PAMIĘCI PREZYDENTA LECHA KACZYŃSKIEGO (1949-2010)
LEGALNOŚĆ ŁADU JAŁTAŃSKO-POCZDAMSKIEGO Z PUNKTU WIDZENIA PRAWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO PUBLICZNEGO
Authors: Czubocha Krzysztof
Published: January 2017

THE LEGALITY OF THE YALTA AND POTSDAM LEGAL ORDER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Summary The Yalta and Potsdam agreements of 1945 created the so-called “new peaceful order” in Europe. The agreements contained three sorts of provisions. The provisions concerning solely the Great Three were legal. The clauses referring to the WW II aggressors were legal as well. However, the provisions referring to third countries which were not aggressors were null and void. Smaller states were forced to confirm the decisions of the Great Three. The problem is that only an aggressor can be forced to sign a treaty. In other cases the use of force causes invalidity of the treaty. In consequence, the Axis powers were punished lawfully whereas Poland lost its eastern territories unlawfully. Finland and Romania were qualified as aggressors, but in fact the Soviet Union acquired their territories first in 1940 as a result of an aggression and the threat of force. Every attempt at opposing the will of the Great Three was quashed. For instance, Polish government-in-exile was deprived of its effectiveness as it opposed the clauses mandating the loss of Polish Eastern territories. The Great Three were in breach of law in case of several provisions. They were not able to fully adhere to international law as one of the aggressors (the Soviet Union) participated in the creation of the post-war legal order. Therefore, the justice was nor fully served as the Soviet Union was not punished for its aggressions of 1939-1940. The consequences of the partially unlawful decisions of the Great Three linger even today causing international tensions particularly in Central and Eastern Europe.
EWOLUCJA PRAWA OCHRONY GRANIC POLSKI W XX-XXI WIEKU
Authors: Grochowski Lech
Published: January 2017

THE EVOLUTION OF POLISH BORDER PROTECTION LAW IN 20TH AND 21ST CENTURY Summary The borderland, i.e. the area of land close to the border between two countries, is always a piece of land of exceptional importance. Depending on the current situation the authorities consider it as a more or less effective barrier which protects the state against any kind of economic, political or military threat. The crucial issue in the process of delineating the area is determining the depth of the zone. Protection of sovereignty of any state involves high concentration of various public safety and military defence installations in the borderland. As we move towards the interior the installations in question become more and more scarce. Thus, the borderland is divided into sub-zones which division is reflected in different border crossing regulations for each individual sub-zone.
ROLA REFERENDUMW TRANSFORMACJACH USTROJOWYCH
Authors: Krzywoszyński Przemysław
Published: January 2017

THE ROLE OF A REFERENDUM IN CONSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS Summary The aim of this paper is a summary of discussion on the use of a nationwide referendum, which was held in the 80’s and 90’s of the 20th century and the current criticism of the institution. The nationwide referendum was the basic form of direct democracy and constituted an accurate reflection of social will towards the end of the 20th century. Nowadays because of surprising results of referendums in the Western democracies and its controversial usage in non-democratic countries the opinions on post-democratic era emerge. The institution of referendum is facing strong criticism. The opponents of referendum, citing the technological breakthrough, call for major reform of the procedures of direct democracy in order to adapt them to the needs of modern computerized society.
PRZEMIANY STRUKTURALNE WŁADZ LOKALNYCH W POLSCE W II POŁOWIE XX WIEKU
Authors: Sokalska Edyta
Published: January 2017

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE POLISH LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE BOARDS IN THE SECOND PART OF THE 20TH CENTURYSummary The structural changes of the local administrative boards in Poland in the second half of XX century are the subject of the present study. Mainly legislative bases of functioning and organization of local administrative boards in the period of 1972-1975 are taken into account. During that time the central political authorities were trying to undertake some changes in the local governing. Legislative acts of the great importance were acts of 1972 and 1975 that imposed a new administrative division. The act of 1973 changed some competence of the Polish administrative organs by introducing new ones. The second part of the study shows the new movements in development of the Polish local administrative boards after 1975. During the great transformations of the 1990-ties setting up real local government was one of the most important political decisions. It was return to the concept of the dualistic model of the local administration.
Antioxidant Activity of Lichen Parmotrema austrosinense and its Antimicrobial
Effect on Selected Plant Pathogens
Authors: Rajaram Shyam Kumar , Innasimuthu Ganesh Moorthy , Alexander Ronaldo  Anuf , Varghese Rakesh , Munusamy Murugan , Nayaka Sanjeeva , Upreti Dalip Kumar
Published: January 2017

Parmotrema austrosinense(Zahlbr.) Hale is one of the lichens used as spices and also it has
medicinal property. The goal of this investigation was to assess the antioxidant, reducing power,
free radical scavenging and antiphyto pathogenic effect of P. austrosinense. Lichen sample was
extracted with different solvents - benzene, methanol, chloroform and acetone. The benzene
extract showed a strong antioxidant activity (5.665±0.0065) followed by chloroform extract
(3.648±0.0029), acetone extract (2.770±0.0078) and methanol extract (2.430± 0.0046). The
methanolic extract of lichen showed the highest reducing power followed by the acetone and nonpolar
solvents like chloroform and benzene. Among the four solvents chosen, methanol extract of
lichen showed the highest free radical scavenging activity followed by acetone, chloroform and
benzene. The antimicrobial activity non-polar solvents like chloroform and benzene extract
showed highest antimicrobial activity against three tested fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia
solani, Sclerotium rolfsii) and bacterial plant pathogens(Bacillus sp.,Xanthomonas phaseoli and
Erwinia chrysanthemi)followed by methanol and acetone extracts and streptomycin was used as
a control antibiotic.
INTERRELASI ANTARA ETIKA DAN SISTEM EKONOMI (Studi Pemikiran Ekonomi Ibnu Khaldun)
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: January 2017

Ibn Khaldun was one of the scholars' greatest that no one doubted his dept of knowledge of Islamic religion. In the Islamic religious knowledge, he has trained by many greatest scholars since childhood moment-one of them is his father. Ibn Khaldun can also be called as a scientist who never ask and doubted the truth of Islamic law. Understanding that any observations for him, he could not be separated from the Islamic values inherent in him. Through in-depth discussion and critical of his work, will be seen in ethical view of religious that accommodate economic teachings of Islam, and other hand the human family to recognize the nature to endeavor  economic activity.

This type of research is the research library (library research), to describe something. Data collection techniques using qualitative methods as the research procedures to descriptive data. To analyze the data that was gathered using the deductive, using a philosophical approach.

Historically there is close relationship between ethics and economics, which was originally it was part of the problem of economic ethics. Ibn Khaldun's economic notion explain a multidimensional economic concepts that involving various social aspects in the context of his thinking about the al-al-basyari'amran which describes the rise and fall  of a civilization which moral decline influence in it. Ibn Khaldun's economic concept implies an economic system that requires the five components, namely Shari'ah, government , people, property, economic activity and justice, in unity.

Keywords: Interrelation, ethical, economic systems, Ibn Khaldun
PARADIGMA EKONOMI KELAUTAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM (Reinterpretasi Ayat-ayat Kelautan yang Berdimensi Ekonomi)
Authors: Ismatullah Rikmat
Published: January 2017

The development of Indonesian economic in the future should not merely oriented with land development and ignoring oceanic economic. The greater tendency on the role of oceanic economic in the national development supported to have a great agenda in order to create the policies of oceanic sectors to build the understanding toward Indonesian as a oceanic country. The potencies of Indonesian oceanic can create predominant economic power for this country to face global or international competition. 

The paradigm of oceanic economic on the Islamic Economic context can be done by discriptioning the reinterpretation of oceanic verses in the economic dimension which can’t be seperated from the life of Indonesian country. In this context we found that Islam has possessed a character as the Ilahiyah system (or resourced with divine law from the God) and universal, (it’s relevant to the whole of times, places, and all aspect of human life), integral, balance, equal, and permanent.

Muslim as the majority of the Indonesian people should became the advanced country in the oceanic sector as they have learned it from Qur’anic verses. Al-Qur’an has emphasized Muslim to manage and serve ocean and its properties as the heavent sent (Bless of God). As a matter of fact, its refer to the support of God toward people that they have to take the greaters benefits and advantages, in order to strengthen their faith and to exploit the natural resources especially in the ocean for the welfare and prosperity of human being.
Key Word : Al-Qur’an, Oceanic Economic, Islamic Economic
BAITUL MAAL WAT TAMWIL LEGALITAS DAN PENGAWASANNYA
Authors: Cahyadi Thalis Noor
Published: January 2017

Abstract As one of the non-bank sharia financial institution, BMT has grown rapidly in Indonesia. But the condition has not been supported by legality of BMT clearly. Until now, there is no regulation for BMT both inform a law and rules under the law, which states directly to existence of BMT. Some experts stated that BMT is same as cooperation in order to BMT subjects to the Law of Cooperation but other experts stated that BMT ran like a bank, so that it can not subjects to the law of cooperation, but must be a bank agrees with the banking laws. The problem is one of many problems founded. Another problem is watching and controlling problems. This paper will discuss about the legality and controlling of BMT. Keywords: BMT, legality, controlling.
ETIKA PERILAKU PERIKLANAN DALAM BISNIS ISLAM
Authors: Azizah Mabarroh
Published: January 2017

Abstract If a business wants to develop into large , it is necessary as a means of advertising and promotion for the introduction of memory products to the public . In making the ads required elements are very influential in the success of the advertisement so as to boost sales. Business according to fiqh perspective included in muamalah that allows the human to one another conduct transactions or civil relations . In terms muamalah , any activity is allowed as long as no arguments proscribe ( al - ashlu fil - mu'malah illa al - ibahah ayyadulla dalilun ' ala tahrimiha ) . Trading activities are permissible in Islam as long as there are no elements that conflict with Personality ' such as the element of maysir, gharar and riba. This means that in sharia marketing , the entire process of creating a good process , bidding process , and the process of change in value there should not be things that are contrary to the contract and the principles of Islamic economic . The extent they can be guaranteed and irregularities muamalah Islamic principles does not occur in a transaction or in the form of business processes in the marketing of any transaction can be allowed Keywords: Ethics, Advertising, Islamic business
NEGARA KESEJAHTERAAN (WELFARE STATE) DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM DAN KAPITALISME
Authors: Fuadi Ariza
Published: January 2017

Abstract Etimologically, the term of welfare state consists of two words welfare and state. Welfare means prosperity or safety, and state is deﬁ ned as an agency of the society that having a power to control the relation of people and produce the symptoms of power within the society. The term of welfare state is often called in bahasa as negara kesejahteraan. The term of welfare state was used in English by Archbishop York from UK in 1940 as the response and resistance of warfare state from Nazi Hitler in Germany. Welfare state was conducted ﬁ rstly in Europe and US. This program has been conducted to improve the economic system of capitalism more compassionate and to protect the weak within the society as the result of “wickedness” of capitalism. However, the program of welfare state, as time goes by, that has been conducted by capitalism has not worked to create prosperity for the people. The poverty and injustice are still happening until now. These are happening since the misleading of capitalism that only focuses on the increase economic development towards the existence of state creating social prosperity within the society. Therefore, besides material development, Islamic welfare state also focuses on the moral material aspect without followed by spiritual uplift. It is different from Islamic welfare state that gives the interrelated comprehensive concept. This linkage consists of the roles of state and religion to aspect as a social control for the human prosperity. Keywords: Welfare State, Capitalism, Islam
ADH-DHARUURAH WA AL-HAAJJAH DALAM RIBA (Studi Analisis Pemikiran Dr. Wahbah Az-Zuhhailii)
Authors: Ghani Abdul
Published: January 2017

Abstract World economic system theoretically there are three classiﬁ cations of the global capitalist economy, a socialist economic system and the economic system of Islam. Empirically third of the economic system is the role of ﬁ nancial institutions either banks or non-bank much earlier unknown in Islam systematically. Domination of banking institutions that can be felt has penetrated into the ﬁ eld of business and corporate, political, social, educational and cultural. So unwittingly activities of human life as if controlled by a banking institution. In its operation there is one thing that is often a debate among Muslim scholars that the application of interest in the world banking system. Legality rate system which is still considered debatable spawned two views are contradictory. On the one hand, the system considers different interest with usury, while others looked the same interest as usury. The majority of Muslim scholars regard the laws of usury is forbidden. However, the prohibition of usury in the view-modernist Muslim groups understood rationally. In this case the element of injustice became a central issue on the prohibition of usury. While the neo-revivalist Muslim group to understand the legal prohibition of riba-formal. This raises the logical consequence that the legal system of interest applied in the banking world have the same portion as usury. Az-Zuhaili seem to have the same view with the neo-revivalist. For Az-standing interest in law Zuhaili same as usury. However Az-Zuhaili look at the prohibition of usury is not absolute and not ‘set in stone’. The prohibition of riba can be correlated with the principle of al-dlaruurah wa al-haajah. According usury when faced with conditions very pushy and the urgent need can be allowed with certain restrictions. Az-Zuhaili view that the constituent requires a more in-depth study. As mentioned in the economics of human needs have no limits (red, human needs are endless). In addition the capacity of necessity one can not be measured with standard capabilities someone else. Giving rise to different legal consequences. This has become an important issue in the study of al-dlaruurah wa al-haajah. This study is a library (library research) that is descriptiveanalytic and normative sociological-historical-philosophical. This study used qualitative data analysis in the form of rationalization of deductive and inductive coherently. Deﬁ nitively al-dlaruurah implies a state of danger or difﬁ culty excessive and sudden lifethreatening human. While al-haajah may imply a need to be realized spontaneously, so that when the need is not met then it would appear negative consequences. The issue of usury in economic activity, which is still being debated, if communicated with the concept of al-dlaruurah wa al-haajah as mentioned Az-Zuhaili memililiki space and capacity of its own. So it can become a legal usury law. Keyword: Adh-Dharuurah, Al Haajjah, Riba
Peran Sekolah Dan Orang Tua Dalam Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Agama Islam Siswa Smp Negeri 3 Yogyakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014
Authors: Habibah Liya Nurul
Published: January 2017

This study aims to determine the role of schools in the implementation of Islamic Education everyday, knowing the parental role in launching the process of teaching and learning activities in schools and daily life, knowing the cooperation of school and parents in launching the process of teaching and learning activities in schools particularly in Islamic Education. This research is a field research. The research method used is qualitative, as the amplifier is also conducting research literature.The results showed that the role of the joint between the school and parents in the process of implementation of Islamic education of children. This is evidenced by the religious activities conducted school received a positive response from parents. The attention given to the students’ parents made the motivation for the students to be able to achieve a good academic record and have good morals in accordance with the guidance of Islam with the support of the school. Some of the activities carried out school aims to assist parents in order to succeed in school education for the students.
THE IDEA OF MAHMUD YUNUS TO REFORM ARABIC TEACHING
Authors: Srimulyani Eka
Published: January 2017

In Indonesian Islamic education, Mahmud Yunus is an educationalist who is full of idea and discourse to reform the Islamic education. Moreover, as the one who get involved in Religious department bureaucracy and other structural positions in Islamic institution, including his last career as the first rector of Imam Bonjol Islamic Institution of Padang, Mahmud Yunus has some chances to manifest his idea and discourse widely through his positions. If we try to analyze his idea on reformation in education and teaching, we can clearly see that he has put serious attention to Arabic Language and Arabic teaching. He has written many books such as Arab-Indonesia Dictionary (Qamus), Arabic Language Textbook, called Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah, and a special book about Arabic Teaching.
HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS DAN KETERAMPILAN GURU DALAM MENGAJAR
Authors: Ramli Ramli
Published: January 2017

The result of learning is coming from the skill someone has accepted after following learning activities. Students’ achievement can be seen from various domains they are cognitive, affective, psychomotoric. To know the skill that students have to achieve, we need to pay attention toward learning achievement as well as the quality of students’ changed behaviour. This article discusses about 6 teaching skills that teachers should own, namely: (1) skill to open the teaching, (2) skill to explain, (3) skill to question, (4) skill to emphasize, (5) skill to conduct various techniques in teaching learning, and (6) skill to close the teaching learning process.
PEMANFAATAN MEDIA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI DI SEKOLAH
Authors: Emda Amna
Published: January 2017

In teaching learning process, teachers have to use some media of instruction. They have to be able to select appropriate media with the concept that they want to teach. In biology, especially the concept of biodiversity, the teacher should explain and introduce the students to various plants available around them including herb plants. It will be one of solution for a teacher to achieve an optimum goal if they can use the diverse plant around them. The successful of learning especially in the field of biology can be seen from cognitive, affective and psychomotoric aspects which is hoped to be achieved if the teachers as educators can guide their students to know about the plants in the field.
RANCANGAN MODEL PENILAIAN PORTOFOLIO DI SEKOLAH
Authors: Jailani Jailani
Published: January 2017

There are a lot of criticism on the implementation of the learning outcome evaluation system in schools at the moment. The criticism is directed primarily to the substance and ambiguity between the idealism targeted in the perspective learning essence. This article tries to present an evaluation model to answer the criticisms. The writer tries to introduce portfolio assessment in detail. It is a collection of documents or options providing information of assessment. It contains the work of the students during a given time providing information on objective assessment which present of what can be done by the students in their learning experiences. The results are intended to be a measure of how well the task given to students in accordance with the curriculum learning objectives. Portfolio assessment is based on a collection or set of work set by the teacher to the students according to the learning objectives. Through portfolio assessment students can demonstrate differences ability to complete the tasks given by the teacher from time to time and or in comparison with other students' work. In portfolio assessment students are given more opportunities to assess themselves from time to time. There are three important elements in the portfolio assessment, namely: (1) storing, (2) sorting, and (3) dating of a task.
KETUNTASAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN REALISTIC MATHEMATICS EDUCATION (RME) PADA MATERI PERKALIAN
Authors: Jarmita Nida , Hazami Hazami
Published: January 2017

This research is aiming at knowing the passing grade of students’ achievement, the activity of students and teacher in the teaching learning process of perkalian by using realistic approach. It was designed by using a classroom action research that took place at Class IV-2 MIN Tungkob, Aceh Besar. The subject chosen was 37 students. The data were collected by observation and test. The data got then analyzed by using mean score and percentage formula. From the result of three cycles of teaching, it was found that students could achieve the passing grade at 83,3% classically. Students activities also showed an ideal time which is 86,5%. Meanwhile, the teacher’s ability to manage the classroom was in the level of good (4,4).
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PERMAINAN MONOPOLI MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF PADA MAHASISWA FISIKA FAKULTAS TARBIYAHDENGAN KONSEP TATA SURYA
Authors: Fitriyawany Fitriyawany
Published: January 2017

The conducted study concerns about the use of Monopoly game as media in Cooperative Learning on the concept of the Solar System for Students of Physics in Tarbiyah faculty aiming to see the students' mastery of learning outcomes and performance. The study was a Quasi Experimental Research. The population used in the study was all students majoring in Physic Education with a sample of the7th semester students of 2010/2011 academic year. The method of data collection used is testing and observation. Data were analyzed by using the statistical percentage. The result shows there were 90.32% of students passed individually, which therefore the students' learning results were completed classically. In addition, the students' performance on cognitive, affective, and psychomotor in the experimental class also showed positive results. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of monopoly game as media in cooperative learning on the concept of the Solar System have a positive impact to the quality of learning process.
REORIENTASI METODOLOGI PEMBELAJARAN TAFSIR DI MADRASAH DAN PESANTREN
Authors: Mardhiah Ainal
Published: January 2017

One of the important subjects to be taught in Islamic Junior, Senior High and boarding school is Tafsir al-Qur'an (Quranic Interpretation) where in which could be implemented tahfiz (memorization of the verses) Tafsir, and Tarjamah (Quranic translation) and asbab al-nuzul (circumstance of the revelation) and munasabah (the verses congruity). In this paper the writer discusses a variety of learning methods in order to be implemented in Islamic school and Islamic boarding school. It is important as one of the effectiveness on the learning is influenced by the methods being used. The use of the method should be suit with each of the teaching material goal.
PERUBAHAN PARADIGMA KEILMUAN IAIN MENUJU UIN AR-RANIRY
Authors: Bahri Syamsul
Published: January 2017

Islamic education Institution, which is an integrated part of Nationaleducation system, also faces the globalization phenomenon. So it isexpected to prepare for it. On the other hand, the basic problem facedby the Islamic education Institution is that the paradigm of Islamicknowledge itself, in which Islamic knowledge and general knowledgeare two different things. Originally, Islam does not recognize thesplit knowledge, all in more applicative ways. For example, theefforts of some Islamic Higher Education Institutions toward Islamicuniversity. The idea of Islamic University introduced by knowledgewhich is useful for human beings are to be considered important.In this new millennium, the idea of integrating knowledge becomesincreasingly popular Islamic scholars in Indonesia is the right choicein facing the globalization era.
A Framework and Guidelines for Assessing and Developing Board-Level Information Technology Committee Charters
Authors: Price Jean B. , Lankton Nancy
Published: January 2017

IT governance is important to the success of most business enterprises. One form of IT governance is the use of board-level IT committees. This study examines committee charters, which are the basic foundation for an effective committee. Based on prior literature and theory, we develop a framework and six propositions for assessing IT committee charter components including committee characteristics, member characteristics, and roles and responsibilities. We test the propositions by exploring the IT committee charters and information from other sources for 23 Fortune 500 companies. We find that most IT committees have more members and meet more often than required by the charter. All but one committee has at least one member with IT expertise as defined in our study. Also, most roles and responsibilities are focused on the five IT governance focus areas prescribed by the Information Technology Governance Institute. However, the roles are not consistently specified in all charters. Suggestions for future research and guidelines for practice are provided.
Twin Block appliance with acrylic capping does not have a significant inhibitory effect on lower incisor proclination
Authors: van der Plas Mark Cornelis , Janssen Krista Ingeborg , Pandis Nikolaos , Livas Christos
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To investigate the effect of acrylic capping, treatment duration, overjet, and lower incisor inclination on the posttreatment tooth position in patients treated with 2 Twin Block (TB) appliance versions.

Materials and Methods:

Cephalograms of 56 patients with Class II malocclusion (21 boys, 35 girls; mean age before treatment [T1] = 12.5 years; standard deviation, 0.7) treated with a TB appliance with either acrylic capping or ball-ended clasps on lower incisors were retrospectively collected and traced. Lower incisor inclination (L1-GoGn, L1-GoMe, L1-MP) was measured at T1 and after TB appliance removal (T2). Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect on the lower incisor inclination of appliance type, overjet, lower incisor inclination at T1, and treatment duration after adjusting for baseline measurements.

Results:

Appliance design was not a significant predictor for either incisor inclination measurement (P< .05). Pretreatment lower incisor inclination was the only factor significantly associated with final tooth inclination (L1-GoGn: β = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.84, P < .001; L1-GoMe: β = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.28, 0.84, P < .001; L1-MP: β = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.75, P = .003). There was weak evidence that treatment duration excluding L1-MP (95% CI = –1.85, –0.02; P = .045) and overjet might be associated with inclination of lower incisors at T2.

Conclusions:

TB appliance design with acrylic capping on lower incisors appears not to significantly control incisor proclination. Pretreatment lower incisor inclination may be significantly associated with tooth inclination after active TB treatment and should be considered in treatment planning.
PENELITIAN HUKUM TRANSFORMATIF PARTISIPATORIS: SEBUAH GAGASAN DAN KONSEP AWAL
Authors: Susanto Anthon Freddy , B. Gialdah Tapiansari
Published: January 2017

Penelitian hukum normatif-dogmatiek, maupun empirik-kuantitatif memiliki kecenderungan simplifikasi yaitu pengabaian terhadap berbagai aspek dalam realitas hukum yang kompleks, sehingga penelitian hukum kering dari aspek nilai, simbol-simbol, makna-makna kultural dan moralitas kemanusiaan, bahkan tidak memiliki tindakan aksi di dalamnya.  Penelitian hukum normatif-dogmatiek dan juga penelitian empirik kuantitatif (keduanya di bawah paradigma positivism hukum)  hanya menjelaskan keterkaitan (mekanis) antara angka angka dengan aturan, asas-asas dan prinsip yang kaku. Pengabaian-pengabaian demikian itu mengakibatkan, rusaknya tatanan hukum, tatanan masyarakat, serta hancurnya kehidupan ekologis (lingkungan hidup) oleh kebijakan-kebijakan hukum formal, yang lebih memihak kekuasaan.  Kita temukan marjinalisasi masyarakat kecil, penggusuran dan penghakiman atas nama hukum yang banyak dilakukan Negara. Pembangunan hukum yang lebih mengarah kepada kepentingan kelas tertentu atau kelompok yang kuat dalam masyarakat. Pada satu sisi pembangunan hukum yang terlalu terfokus pada kebijakan perundang-undangan pada hakekatnya hanya menampilkan pembangunan semu, sekalipun peraturan perundang-undangan itu memiliki tujuan tujuan yang mulia, namun minim dalam pencapaian, terlebih yang selalu mengemuka akan perilaku yang Nampak dalam perundang-undangan itu.

Pembangunan hukum yang terlalu terfokus pada perundang-undangan itu tidak mendorong partisipasi public.Hukum kehilangan kemampuan untuk menjelaskan relasinya dengan masyarakat dan realitas kultural dan akhirnya hukum gagal menjadi medium yang dapat meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat.Dari berbagai problem hukum saat ini, memperlihatkan kepada kita, diperlukan pendekatan yang mampu merespon perubahan dan tentu saja keberpihakan terhadap masyarakat yang tidak mampu.Oleh karena itu penelitian hukum seharusnya mampu mendorong partisipasi masyarakat, terbuka terhadap berbagai ragam pendekatan sehingga mampu memberikan berbagai solusi yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat.

Kata Kunci: Konsep, Penelitian Hukum Transformatif–Partisipatoris.
Large measles epidemic in the Netherlands, May 2013 to March 2014: changing epidemiology
Authors: Woudenberg Tom , van Binnendijk Rob S. , Sanders Elisabeth A. M. , Wallinga Jacco , de Melker Hester E. , Ruijs Wilhelmina L. M. , Hahné Susan J. M.
Published: January 2017

Since the early 1990s, the Netherlands has experienced several large measles epidemics, in 1992–94, 1999–2000 and in 2013–14. These outbreaks mainly affected orthodox Protestants, a geographically clustered population with overall lower measles-mumps-rubella first dose (MMR-1) vaccination coverage (60%) than the rest of the country (> 95%). In the 2013–14 epidemic described here, which occurred between 27 May 2013 and 12 March 2014, 2,700 cases were reported. Several control measures were implemented including MMR vaccination for 6–14-month-olds and recommendations to reduce the risk in healthcare workers. The vast majority of reported cases were unvaccinated (94%, n = 2,539), mostly for religious reasons (84%, n = 2,135). The median age in the epidemic was 10 years, 4 years older than in the previous epidemic in 1999–2000. A likely explanation is that the inter-epidemic interval before the 2013–2014 epidemic was longer than the interval before the 1999–2000 epidemic. The size of the unvaccinated orthodox Protestant community is insufficient to allow endemic transmission of measles in the Netherlands. However, large epidemics are expected in the future, which is likely to interfere with measles elimination in the Netherlands and elsewhere.
Storage Projects in Nepal’s Electricity Development Decade 2016/2026 For Whom Nepal’s Storage Projects Toll?
Authors: Pun Santa Bahadur
Published: January 2017

The Nepal government’s Electricity Development Decade 2016/2026 to develop 10,000 MW in 10 years has 11 storage projects totaling over 5,000 MW. Nine of these eleven projects would store 11 billion cubic meters of freshwater submerging vast tracts of fertile valleys, villages, farms and forests in Nepal. Brushing aside these social and environmental costs lightly, the government has launched the holy ‘jihad/crusade’ to develop hydroelectricity. Nepal’s policy framers of 10,000 MW in 10 years crusade have totally failed to see the larger picture in the Ganges basin. This failure to see the larger Ganges picture is, to a large extent, attributed to Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal’s 2009 decision to unbundle Water Resources Ministry into Energy and Irrigation. Electricity attained the upper class status with Water downgraded to Dalit class!India’s greatest burning problem in the Ganges basin, that supports nearly fifty per cent of her 1,200 million people, is WATER. India, therefore, is in desperate need of storages in Nepal to realize her master plan, the Interlinking of Rivers. With Nepal in desperate pursuit of hydroelectricity, India sees this as an opportune moment to avail GRATIS stored WATER through Nepal’s default. According to Bhim Subba, a Bhutanese of Nepalese origin, this is the fundamental flaw in all past Indo-Nepal deals. Subba believes India must concede that success of her Ganges water strategy hinges entirely on Nepal. He argues that water stored in Nepal has monetary value and this must be factored in all storage projects. Such a policy would be mutually beneficial for both the countries. Unfortunately, this would be a bitter pill to swallow for our policy framers of 10,000 MW in 10 years crusade. This article dwells on these issues. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 6-10
Facts and Figures about Hydropower Development in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Hari Man
Published: January 2017

The author in this paper makes efforts to present facts and figures about hydropower development in Nepal. The paper also highlights that interest groups play differently at different times, but the decision makers must be fair and be bold enough to decide correctly in a way favorable to the need of the country. The paper also states that the country’s hydropower requirement should be the priority focus for its development by way of attracting its nationals in capacity building through self-study, self-finance, self-construction and self-consumption. It is, however, disgusting to note that even the most attractive simple type of moderate size projects needed to be kept for such purpose has been handed over to the outsiders for use outside the country, e.g. the Upper Karnali and Arun-3 projects. Such approach is leading to a situation that Nepal in the future will have to buy her own resources at higher prices from the outsiders.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 1-5
Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Direction for Future Research
Authors: Bhattarai Utsab
Published: January 2017

The potential adverse effects of climate change have posed serious threat to all species of the planet in many ways. Species’ functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Although significant numbers of studies have already explored the interrelationship between biodiversity, ecosystem services and climate change more focused studies have now begun to appear with the goal of investigating and analyzing the negative consequences of climate change on life support systems. This review paper discusses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and redirects how these losses of biological species on earth have affected and will continue to have effects on the delivery chain of ecosystem services. Concluding section of this paper spotlights on possible mitigation and adaptation plan of actions which contributes in minimizing climate change induced risks while supporting biodiversity and thus the entire ecosystem services. The timeliness of this review is evident because the concerns regarding the potential impacts of global climate change on species and ecosystem services are widely and seriously recognized as major threat of our time.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 41-48
Effect of grain defects on the mechanical behavior of nickel-based single crystal superalloy
Authors: Tang Haibin , Guo Haiding
Published: January 2017

In this paper, a single crystal (SC) partition model, consisting of primary grains and grain defects, is proposed to simulate the weakening effect of grain defects generated at geometric discontinuities of SC materials. The plastic deformation of SC superalloy is described with the modified yield criterion, associated flow rule and hardening law. Then a bicrystal model containing only one group of misoriented grains under uniaxial loading is constructed and analyzed in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. The simulation results indicate that the yield strength and elastic modulus of misoriented grains, which are determined by the crystallographic orientation, have a significant effect on the stress distribution of the bicrystal model. A critical stress, which is calculated by the stress state at critical regions, is proposed to evaluate the local stress rise at the sub-boundary of primary and misoriented grains.
Evolution of mechanical properties and microstructure of differently cryogenically treated hot die steel AISI–H13
Authors: Katoch Sanjeev , Sehgal Rakesh , Singh Vishal
Published: January 2017

This paper investigates the influence of different cryogenic treatments vis-à-vis conventional vacuum heat treatment on the evolution of static mechanical properties and microstructure of hot die steel grade AISI–H13. Deep cryogenic treatment was performed under two different temperatures (−154 °C and −184 °C) and varying soak duration of 6, 21, and 36 h. The resultant mechanical properties were characterized in order to understand the influence of cryogenic treatment vis-à-vis vacuum heat treatment and tempering on the hardness, toughness and the tensile strength. The results showed that samples cryogenically treated at −154°C for a soak duration of 6 h and tempered at 620°C for 2 h had 3.1% higher hardness, samples cryogenically treated at −184 °C for a soak duration of 6 h and tempered at 620 °C for 2 h showed 69 % higher percentage elongation, 36% higher toughness (Charpy V–notch) and showed 12.8% reduction in tensile strength in comparison to conventionally treated samples. X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques were utilized for confirmation of various phases and complex carbides, morphology of microstructure and morphology of fractured surfaces, respectively.
Slag corrosion resistance of Al4SiC4
Authors: Yu Chao , Deng Chengji , Zhu Hongxi , Xue Zhengliang , Ding Jun
Published: January 2017

Powdered mixtures of Al2O3/SiO2/C/Al were heated together to synthesize Al4SiC4 and the corrosion resistance of the Al4SiC4 product was subsequently investigated. The results show that the addition of aluminium accelerates the synthesis of Al4SiC4. The slag corrosion resistance of the Al4SiC4 product is excellent (as determined using the static-crucible method). At high temperatures, the surface of the Al4SiC4 initially reacts with oxygen to form Al2O3 and SiO2. The Al2O3 formed dissolves in molten slag, and further reacts with MgO to form MgAl2O4. The above reaction processes can form a protective layer on the surface of the ternary carbide, which inhibits further corrosion of the Al4SiC4 material.
New classification of spinal lipomas based on embryonic stage
Authors: Morota Nobuhito , Ihara Satoshi , Ogiwara Hideki
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE

Spinal lipomas are generally thought to occur as a result of failed primary neurulation. However, some clinical features cannot be explained by this theory. The authors propose a novel classification of spinal lipomas based on embryonic changes seen during primary and secondary neurulation.

METHODS

A total of 677 patients with occult spinal dysraphism underwent 699 surgeries between August 2002 and May 2015 at the National Center for Child Health and Development and Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center. This group of patients had 378 spinal lipomas, including 119 conus spinal lipomas, 27 lipomyelomeningoceles, and 232 filum lipomas, which the authors classified into 4 types based on neural tube formation during embryonic development. Type 1 is defined as pure primary neurulation failure; Type 2 ranges from primary to secondary neurulation failure; Type 3 consists of secondary neurulation failure (early phase); and Type 4 is defined as secondary neurulation failure (late phase). The authors also review embryogenesis in secondary neurulation and analyze the clinical utility of the new classification.

RESULTS

There were 55 Type 1 spinal lipomas, 29 Type 2, 62 Type 3, and 232 Type 4. All filum lipomas fell into the Type 4 spinal lipoma category. Association with anorectal and/or sacral anomalies was seen in none of the Type 1 cases, 15 (52%) of Type 2, 35 (56%) of Type 3, and 31 (13%) of Type 4. Urogenital anomalies were observed in none of the Type 1 or Type 2 cases, 1 (2%) of Type 3, and 28 (12%) of Type 4. Anomaly syndromes were present in none of the Type 1 cases, 6 (21%) of Type 2, 3 (5%) of Type 3, and 16 (7%) of Type 4. Associated anomalies or anomaly syndromes were clearly observed only for Type 2–4 spinal lipomas encompassing failed secondary neurulation. Radical resection was feasible for Type 1 spinal lipomas.

CONCLUSIONS

Secondary neurulation of the spinal cord gives rise to the conus medullaris and filum terminale, which are often involved in spinal lipomas. Formation of spinal lipomas seems to be a continuous process overlapping primary and secondary neurulation in some cases. Association with other anomalies was higher in Type 2–4 spinal lipomas, which included failed secondary neurulation, than in Type 1 lipomas, with failed primary neurulation. On the other hand, radical resection was indicated for Type 1, but not for Type 2, spinal lipomas. The new classification of spinal lipomas based on embryonic stage has the potential for clinical use and agrees well with both clinical and surgical findings. The classification proposed here is still preliminary. Further studies and verification are necessary to establish its clinical utility.
Leptomeningeal dissemination of a low-grade lumbar paraganglioma: case report
Authors: Thomson Nick , Pacak Karel , Schmidt Meic H. , Palmer Cheryl A. , Salzman Karen L. , Champine Marjan , Schiffman Joshua D. , Cohen Adam L.
Published: January 2017

Leptomeningeal dissemination of paraganglioma is rare, with only 2 prior cases in the literature. The authors present the case of a metastatic low-grade lumbar paraganglioma via leptomeningeal dissemination. This report emphasizes the utility of 3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-fluoro-l-phenylalanine (18F-FDOPA) PET scanning for diagnosis, as well as the combination of radiation therapy and alkylating chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of this rare phenomenon. The patient was a 61-year-old woman who presented with low-back pain and was found to have an isolated L-3 intrathecal tumor on MRI. Sixteen months after gross-total en bloc resection of the paraganglioma, the patient again became symptomatic with new neurological symptoms. MRI findings revealed enhancing leptomeningeal nodules throughout the spine. 18F-FDOPA PET/CT scanning was used to confirm the diagnosis of disseminated paraganglioma. Intrathecal thiotepa, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy with capecitabine and temozolomide have been used sequentially over a 2-year period, with each able to stabilize tumor growth for several months. The authors also summarize the 2 other reports of leptomeningeal dissemination of paragangliomas in the literature and compare the course and management of the 3 cases.
Volume-staged versus dose-staged stereotactic radiosurgery outcomes for large brain arteriovenous malformations: a systematic review
Authors: Ilyas Adeel , Chen Ching-Jen , Ding Dale , Taylor Davis G. , Moosa Shayan , Lee Cheng-Chia , Cohen-Inbar Or , Sheehan Jason P.
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE

Several recent studies have improved our understanding of the outcomes of volume-staged (VS) and dose-staged (DS) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of large (volume > 10 cm3) brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). In light of these recent additions to the literature, the aim of this systematic review is to provide an updated comparison of VS-SRS and DS-SRS for large AVMs.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed to identify cohorts of 5 or more patients with large AVMs who had been treated with VS-SRS or DS-SRS. Baseline data and post-SRS outcomes were extracted for analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 11 VS-SRS and 10 DS-SRS studies comprising 299 and 219 eligible patients, respectively, were included for analysis. The mean obliteration rates for VS-SRS and DS-SRS were 41.2% (95% CI 31.4%–50.9%) and 32.3% (95% CI 15.9%–48.8%), respectively. Based on pooled individual patient data, the outcomes for patients treated with VS-SRS were obliteration in 40.3% (110/273), symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs) in 13.7% (44/322), post-SRS hemorrhage in 19.5% (50/256), and death in 7.4% (24/323); whereas the outcomes for patients treated with DS-SRS were obliteration in 32.7% (72/220), symptomatic RICs in 12.2% (31/254), post-SRS hemorrhage in 10.6% (30/282), and death in 4.6% (13/281).

CONCLUSIONS

Volume-staged SRS appears to afford higher obliteration rates than those achieved with DS-SRS, although with a less favorable complication profile. Therefore, VS-SRS or DS-SRS may be a reasonable treatment approach for large AVMs, either as stand-alone therapy or as a component of a multimodality management strategy.