bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Unequal Distribution of Canal Water on Farm Produce: A Case Study Matli Taluka
Authors: Zareen Khan Rind  , Ghulam Ali Jariko  , Shahabuddin Mughal  , Ghazala Umer Baghal
Published: March 2018

This study seeks to investigate to identify the impact of shortage of water on the tail, end areas of the irrigation network. For the research study 320 respondents were randomly selected and nearly 107 from each category that is large medium and small farmer’s respondent. The sample further stratified respondents from all three reaches that is head middle and tail of main semi-irrigation channels and on the water courses level as well to capture the authentic picture of the water availability on each level of irrigation system. The observation of the study and data collected revealed that farmers on the head reaches benefit more from the supply of water from crop production compare to middle and tail reaches and middle reaches have more opportunity of having better irrigation water compare to the tail reaches however, the more sufferers are the tail reach farmers who get less water from crop production. Consequently, this situation cause’s absolute poverty to the farmers on the tail reaches of the irrigation water supply channels.
CIAFIS – Congresso Internacional de Atividade Física, Nutrição e Saúde
Authors: Soares Nara Michelle Moura , Dantas Estélio Henrique Martin , Silva-Grigoletto Marzo Edir da , Santos Silva, Roberto Jerônimo dos , Aidar Felipe José Martins , Silva Júnior Walderi Monteiro da , Cabral Breno Tinoco , Carneiro André Luiz , Garrido Nuno Domingos , Reis Victor Machado
Published: March 2018

O 3º Congresso Internacional de Atividade Física, Nutrição e Saúde proporcionou discussão, reflexão e prática acerca das bases teórico-metodológicas dirigidas às intervenções na área de Atividade Física, Nutrição e Saúde. Reflexões sobre o processo de envelhecimento, bem como os aspetos do envelhecer com saúde e qualidade de vida foram abordados no evento.O envelhecimento é um fenômeno natural, universal, irreversível e não ocorre de forma simultânea e igualitária nos seres humanos. Envelhecer faz parte da vida e, visto a luz dos conhecimentos atuais, nada é possível para fazer alterar este processo. Atualmente, o envelhecimento constitui um dos temas de maior interesse da sociedade devido à transição epidemiológica que o mundo está apresentando. Diante disso, procurar respostas sobre quais são as mudanças que ocorrem nesse período, quais são as causas e as consequências são os desafios da ciência com o objetivo de retardar esse processo.Para melhor compreensão da relação entre envelhecimento e saúde, uma abordagem multidimensional deve ser considerada, levando em consideração os aspectos biológicos, físicos, psicológicos, econômicos e sociais. Além disso, a qualidade de vida passa a ser um aspecto importante por atender as demandas de saúde da sociedade.Tais discussões realizadas servirão para subsidiar uma análise crítica sobre a atuação dos profissionais da saúde, no Brasil e no Estado de Sergipe.  É inadiável, portanto, que os acadêmicos e os professores de todas as áreas do conhecimento, conscientizem-se de que é necessário atualização e capacitação constante.
Case control study on environmental, nutritional and management-based risk factors for tail-biting in long-tailed pigs
Authors: Kallio PA , Janczak AM , Valros AE , Edwards SA , Heinonen M
Published: March 2018

A case control study with a questionnaire was carried out to compare feeding practices, diet composition, housing and management in 78 herds with or without a history of tail-biting in undocked pigs (Sus scrofa) in Finland. Tail-biting was measured as the mean annual prevalence score of tail-biting damage (TBD) for a farm. Logistic regression parameters were calculated separately for risk factors present in piglet (lactation), weaner, and finishing units. Risk factors found in piglet units for TBD were slatted floors and area of slats. In the weaner units, slatted floors, area of slats, use of whey or wheat in the diet, and use of purchased compound feeds were associated with a risk of TBD. In the finishing units, slatted floors, area of slats, increasing number of finisher pigs at the farm, absence of bedding, liquid feeding, several meals per day, specialised production type and a group size greater than nine pigs were found as risk factors for TBD. Increased farm size was connected to risk for TBD in the overall dataset. The nutritional risk factors seem to operate together with other risk factors, but with relatively lower odds. The risk factors of undocked herds in this study seem to be similar to the risk factors from earlier studies of docked pigs. This study provides information which can be used to refine decision-support tools for management of the potentially higher risk for tail-biting among long-tailed pigs, thus aiding compliance with EU law and enhancing pig welfare.
The effect of environmental provisioning on stress levels in captive green anole (Anolis carolinensis)
Authors: Borgmans G , Palme R , Sannen A , Vervaecke H , Van Damme R
Published: March 2018

In response to an increased awareness concerning the welfare of captive animals, several studies have investigated the effect of provisions on stress levels in model species, such as small mammals, birds and fish. In contrast, reptiles have received less attention. Although many reptilian species are becoming increasingly popular in the pet trade and are frequently used as model species in various branches of biology and a number of studies have explored how they react to stress in different contexts (eg social, predatory), little is known about how they react to stress induced by housing conditions or experimental treatments. In this study, we quantified the effect of provision of perches and leaves as refuges (provisioned) on the behaviour, morphology and physiology of the green anole (Anolis carolinensis). Our results showed that increased or decreased structural complexity of the cage had no effect on body mass, tail-base width, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H/L ratios), brightness, body colour, behaviour and faecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) levels for both males and females in the experimental treatments (provisioned or deprived situation). Our study animals did score very highly for several stress-indicating variables in the three weeks preceding the experiments — suggesting that they had experienced considerable stress during capture, transport and temporary housing in the pet store.
The relationship between working horse welfare and their owners’ socioeconomic status
Authors: Lanas R , Luna D , Tadich T
Published: March 2018

The relationship between the socio-economic status of working equine owners and the welfare status of their animals is yet to be documented. The aim of this study was to provide an approach to understanding socio-economic status, quality of life and working aspects of working horse owners, in order to establish their social vulnerability index and to determine how these measures correlate with the welfare state of their horses. Seventy-two owners and their urban working horses (n = 122) were studied. Owners’ socioeconomic and educational status was established together with their quality of life perception and multi-dimensional poverty index. The animal welfare index was constructed using animal-based measures. Whilst over 90% of owners were considered vulnerable, only 28.3% of horses were classified as being in a poor welfare state (eg presence of lesions and morphology not adequate for draught type). There were no significant correlations between owners’ factors and the animal welfare index. We conclude, therefore, that social vulnerability of owners does not necessarily imply that their animals will be in a poor welfare state.
Bronislaw Malinowski: Polsk-engelsk antropolog
Authors: Leth Jørgen
Published: March 2018

Om Malinowski -- fra Jørgen Leth, Mine Helte. Det uperfekte menneske / 4 (2015, 27-34). Optrykt med venlig tilladelse fra forfatter Jørgen Leth og forlagsredaktør ved Gyldendal Johannes Riis
Molecular response of canola to salt stress: insights on tolerance mechanisms
Authors: Shokri-Gharelo Reza , Motie-Noparvar Pouya
Published: March 2018

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated around the world for the production of edible oils and biodiesel fuel. Despite many canola varieties being described as ‘salt-tolerant’, plant yield and growth decline drastically with increasing salinity. Although many studies have resulted in better understanding of the many important salt-response mechanisms that control salt signaling in plants, detoxification of ions, and synthesis of protective metabolites, the engineering of salt-tolerant crops has only progressed slowly. Genetic engineering has been considered as an efficient method for improving the salt tolerance of canola but there are many unknown or little-known aspects regarding canola response to salinity stress at the cellular and molecular level. In order to develop highly salt-tolerant canola, it is essential to improve knowledge of the salt-tolerance mechanisms, especially the key components of the plant salt-response network. In this review, we focus on studies of the molecular response of canola to salinity to unravel the different pieces of the salt response puzzle. The paper includes a comprehensive review of the latest studies, particularly of proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, including the most recently identified canola tolerance components under salt stress, and suggests where researchers should focus future studies.
Circumpolar biodiversity monitoring program’s state of the Arctic marine biodiversity
Authors: Kovacs Kit M. , Meehan Rosa , Belikov Stas , Desportes Genevieve , Ferguson Steve , Laidre Kristin , Stenson Garry , Thomas Peter , Ugarte Fernando , Vongraven Dag
Published: March 2018

Marine mammals are top predators in Arctic marine ecosystems and are key to ecosystem functioning. Many Arctic marine mammal species are important resources and hold special cultural significance in Arctic communities. The CBMP (Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme) Marine Mammal Expert Network aggregated and reviewed data on the population status and trends of all 11 ice-associated marine mammal Focal Ecosystem Components (FECs) across eight Arctic Marine Areas as well as the state of current monitoring (and research) efforts for these species. Changes taking place in the physical environment in the Arctic due to global warming are affecting marine mammal behaviour, abundance, growth rates, body condition and reproduction, and impacting the resilience of

marine mammal populations with concomitant effects on the people who rely on them for subsistence, economic and cultural purposes. Effective marine mammal population monitoring will need improved techniques and application at appropriate geographic scales to measure trends that can be evaluated relative to changes in climate (e.g., sea-ice cover) and human activities (e.g., hunting, shipping, mineral exploration). This presentation will summarize current marine mammal monitoring across the Arctic, the status and trends of FECs, drivers of observed trends, and knowledge and monitoring gaps.
Regional Cooperation and Governance of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: The Case of West and Central African Region
Authors: Kong Mukwele Sheila
Published: March 2018

Marine biodiversity is today under a lot of pressure: climate change, IUU Fishing and marine pollution. The need to ensure adequate governance of this milieu within national jurisdiction has always been difficult due to the transboundary nature of this biodiversity and the various pressures affecting it: Greater will be this challenge when the International community would have adopted the needed global legally binding instrument for the governance marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). Indeed, creating a global legal regime that is implemented nationally is good. But not enough. Individual efforts of States to implement global legal norms has never been sufficient; it has shown several shortcomings and great numbness that can only be complemented by the involvement of regional governance in the implementation process. The need to have regional cooperation, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the future BBNJ legal instrument is fundamental for a sustainable marine biodiversity. This is even so for developing countries such as those of the West and Central African Region as a regional partnership will come in to consolidate national efforts in this area. More again, regional cooperation is to be encouraged in the governance of the BBNJ when considering the cost.

Keywords: Regional Cooperation, West and Central African Region, Governance of Marine Biodiversity, Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Reproductive biology of Hybopsis amblops, the Bigeye Chub, in the Flint River of Alabama
Authors: Tarver Crissy L , Stallsmith Bruce W
Published: March 2018

Background. The purpose of this study was to establish a reproductive schedule and examine reproductive traits that shape fecundity of the Bigeye Chub, Hybopsis amblops Cyprinidae, in the Flint River system of north Alabama.

Methods. Life history traits associated with reproduction, growth, and maturation were assessed. Fish collections were made monthly from August, 2013, through July, 2014.

Results. The Bigeye Chub in Alabama primarily spawns in April and May as indicated by gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovarian condition and clutch size. Average GSI values began to rise in February, peaked in April and May at over 13% for females and 1.6% for males, and showed a steep decline from May to June for both sexes. Average clutch size was highest in April at 812. Diameter of the most mature oocyte stage averaged 0.74 mm, relatively small compared to other cyprinids found in the Flint River.

Discussion. The Bigeye Chub’s relatively large clutch size as a measure of fecundity places the species intermediate between opportunistic and periodic in the trilateral life history scheme of Winemiller and Rose. The species is apparently responding to a flow regime with a defined seasonality as well as predictability of flow and resources.
Evaluating the efficacy of management zones in the FKNMS: Integrating visual and photogrammetric surveys, and passive acoustics to characterize reef fish assemblages and spawning activity across coral reef management regimes
Authors: Simmons Kayelyn , Bohnenstiehl DelWayne , Eggleston David
Published: March 2018

New technological approaches in marine ecology, such as (1) passive acoustics to characterize underwater soundscapes, and (2) habitat photogrammetry, which provides high-res, 3D images of habitats, can facilitate efficient and accurate assessments of coral reefs. In collaboration with the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWCC) and NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP), multidisciplinary, non-invasive research approaches provide transformative ways to characterize reef fish biodiversity as well as the ecological function of essential, hard-bottom habitats. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) is an ideal study system due to several replicate marine reserve types in addition to existing historical data on reef fish and benthic communities. Underwater soundscape results show significantly different spectral patterns for each site, such that protected sites displayed higher average spectra in low frequencies than fished sites. Additionally, species and family-specific fish chorusing was identified during crepuscular hours at several protected sites. Photogrammetry surveys produced a 3D elevation model used to characterize differences in coral composition contributing to vertical relief. Initial results suggest biodiversity and other ecosystem metrics generally increase with level of protection. These data provide critical baseline evaluations for Post- Hurricane Irma impacts and may assist in monitoring the recovery of coral reefs.
Changes in Kinematic Coupling Among the Rearfoot, Midfoot, and Forefoot Segments During Running and Walking
Authors: Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki , Yokoyama Erika , Kanaya Chiaki , Inai Takuma , Tokunaga Yuta , Kubo Masayoshi
Published: March 2018

Background:

Understanding the concept of kinematic coupling is essential when selecting the appropriate therapeutic strategy and grasping mechanisms for the occurrence of injuries. A previous study reported that kinematic coupling between the rearfoot and shank during running and walking were different. However, because foot mobility involves not only the rearfoot but also the midfoot or forefoot, kinematic coupling is likely to occur among the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot segments. We investigated changes in kinematic coupling among the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot segments during running and walking.

Methods:

Ten healthy young men were instructed to run (2.5 ms–1) and walk (1.3 ms–1) on a treadmill at speeds set by the examiner. The three-dimensional joint angles of the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot were calculated based on the Leardini foot model Kinematic coupling was evaluated with the absolute value of the cross-correlation coefficients and coupling angles obtained by using a vector coding technique.

Results:

The cross-correlation coefficient between rearfoot eversion/inversion and midfoot dorsiflexion/plantarflexion was significantly higher during running (r = 0.79) than during walking (r = 0.58), suggesting that running requires stronger kinematic coupling between rearfoot eversion/inversion and midfoot plantarflexion/dorsiflexion than walking. Furthermore, the coupling angle between midfoot eversion/inversion and forefoot eversion/inversion was significantly less during running (30.0°) than during walking (40.7°) (P < .05). Hence, the magnitude of midfoot frontal plane excursion during running was greater than that during walking.

Conclusions:

Excessive rearfoot eversion during running is likely to lead to excessive midfoot dorsiflexion, and such abnormal kinematic coupling between the rearfoot and midfoot may be associated with mechanisms for the occurrence of injuries.
Does the Start of Dialysis Initiate a Period of Increased Risk of Ulceration or Amputation?
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A. , Lavery David C. , Hunt Nathan A. , Fontaine Javier La , Lavery Ryan D.
Published: March 2018

Background:

Dialysis therapy is associated with an increased incidence of lower-extremity wounds and amputations. We compared the incidence of foot ulcers and amputations before and after the start of dialysis.

Methods:

We evaluated 150 consecutive diabetic patients receiving dialysis and compared the incidence of foot complications 30 months before and after initiation of hemodialysis. We used claims data for diabetes, ulceration, and dialysis and abstracted medical records to verify diagnoses and dates of ulcers and amputations. We compared initial and cumulative ulcer/amputation incidence to account for multiple events in the same person over time. We used the same formula to determine the incidence rate difference and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare new ulcers and amputations during the study.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the incidence of first foot ulcers before (91.7 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 73.7–112.3 per 1,000 patient-years) and after (82.7; 95% CI, 65.7–102.3) the start of hemodialysis. The incidence of cumulative ulcers was significantly higher before (304.0 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 270.8–340.2) compared with after (210.7 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 183.0–240.9) dialysis. There was no difference in the incidence of first amputation before (29.3 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 1 9.4–41.7 per 1,000 patient-years) and after (37.3 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 19.4–41.7 per 1,000 patient-years) dialysis or in the cumulative incidence of amputations before (61.3 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 46.7–8.4 per 1,000 patient-years) and after (58.7 per 1,000 patient-years; 95% CI, 44.5–75.5 per 1,000 patient-years) dialysis.

Conclusions:

There was no increase in the incidence of ulcers or amputations after beginning hemodialysis.
SPIN1 promotes tumorigenesis by blocking the uL18 (universal large ribosomal subunit protein 18)-MDM2-p53 pathway in human cancer
Authors: Fang Ziling , Cao Bo , Liao Jun-Ming , Deng Jun , Plummer Kevin D , Liao Peng , Liu Tao , Zhang Wensheng , Zhang Kun , Li Li , Margolin David , Zeng Shelya X , Xiong Jianping , Lu Hua
Published: March 2018

Ribosomal proteins (RPs) play important roles in modulating the MDM2-p53 pathway. However, less is known about the upstream regulators of the RPs. Here, we identify SPIN1 (Spindlin 1) as a novel binding partner of human RPL5/uL18 that is important for this pathway. SPIN1 ablation activates p53, suppresses cell growth, reduces clonogenic ability, and induces apoptosis of human cancer cells. Mechanistically, SPIN1 sequesters uL18 in the nucleolus, preventing it from interacting with MDM2, and thereby alleviating uL18-mediated inhibition of MDM2 ubiquitin ligase activity toward p53. SPIN1 deficiency increases ribosome-free uL18 and uL5 (human RPL11), which are required for SPIN1 depletion-induced p53 activation. Analysis of cancer genomic databases suggests that SPIN1 is highly expressed in several human cancers, and its overexpression is positively correlated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Altogether, our findings reveal that the oncogenic property of SPIN1 may be attributed to its negative regulation of uL18, leading to p53 inactivation.
Codon usage biases co-evolve with transcription termination machinery to suppress premature cleavage and polyadenylation
Authors: Zhou Zhipeng , Dang Yunkun , Zhou Mian , Yuan Haiyan , Liu Yi
Published: March 2018

Codon usage biases are found in all genomes and influence protein expression levels. The codon usage effect on protein expression was thought to be mainly due to its impact on translation. Here, we show that transcription termination is an important driving force for codon usage bias in eukaryotes. Using Neurospora crassa as a model organism, we demonstrated that introduction of rare codons results in premature transcription termination (PTT) within open reading frames and abolishment of full-length mRNA. PTT is a wide-spread phenomenon in Neurospora, and there is a strong negative correlation between codon usage bias and PTT events. Rare codons lead to the formation of putative poly(A) signals and PTT. A similar role for codon usage bias was also observed in mouse cells. Together, these results suggest that codon usage biases co-evolve with the transcription termination machinery to suppress premature termination of transcription and thus allow for optimal gene expression.
Drosophila mushroom bodies integrate hunger and satiety signals to control innate food-seeking behavior
Authors: Tsao Chang-Hui , Chen Chien-Chun , Lin Chen-Han , Yang Hao-Yu , Lin Suewei
Published: March 2018

The fruit fly can evaluate its energy state and decide whether to pursue food-related cues. Here, we reveal that the mushroom body (MB) integrates hunger and satiety signals to control food-seeking behavior. We have discovered five pathways in the MB essential for hungry flies to locate and approach food. Blocking the MB-intrinsic Kenyon cells (KCs) and the MB output neurons (MBONs) in these pathways impairs food-seeking behavior. Starvation bi-directionally modulates MBON responses to a food odor, suggesting that hunger and satiety controls occur at the KC-to-MBON synapses. These controls are mediated by six types of dopaminergic neurons (DANs). By manipulating these DANs, we could inhibit food-seeking behavior in hungry flies or promote food seeking in fed flies. Finally, we show that the DANs potentially receive multiple inputs of hunger and satiety signals. This work demonstrates an information-rich central circuit in the fly brain that controls hunger-driven food-seeking behavior.
The use of nutritional supplements to induce ketosis and reduce symptoms associated with keto-induction: a narrative review
Authors: Harvey Cliff J. d C. , Schofield Grant M. , Williden Micalla
Published: March 2018

Background

Adaptation to a ketogenic diet (keto-induction) can cause unpleasant symptoms, and this can reduce tolerability of the diet. Several methods have been suggested as useful for encouraging entry into nutritional ketosis (NK) and reducing symptoms of keto-induction. This paper reviews the scientific literature on the effects of these methods on time-to-NK and on symptoms during the keto-induction phase.

Methods

PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Alt Health Watch, Food Science Source and EBSCO Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection electronic databases were searched online. Various purported ketogenic supplements were searched along with the terms “ketogenic diet”, “ketogenic”, “ketosis” and ketonaemia (/ ketonemia). Additionally, author names and reference lists were used for further search of the selected papers for related references.

Results

Evidence, from one mouse study, suggests that leucine doesn’t significantly increase beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) but the addition of leucine to a ketogenic diet in humans, while increasing the protein-to-fat ratio of the diet, doesn’t reduce ketosis. Animal studies indicate that the short chain fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid, increase ketone body concentrations. However, only one study has been performed in humans. This demonstrated that butyric acid is more ketogenic than either leucine or an 8-chain monoglyceride. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) increase BOHB in a linear, dose-dependent manner, and promote both ketonaemia and ketogenesis. Exogenous ketones promote ketonaemia but may inhibit ketogenesis.

Conclusions

There is a clear ketogenic effect of supplemental MCTs; however, it is unclear whether they independently improve time to NK and reduce symptoms of keto-induction. There is limited research on the potential for other supplements to improve time to NK and reduce symptoms of keto-induction. Few studies have specifically evaluated symptoms and adverse effects of a ketogenic diet during the induction phase. Those that have typically were not designed to evaluate these variables as primary outcomes, and thus, more research is required to elucidate the role that supplementation might play in encouraging ketogenesis, improve time to NK, and reduce symptoms associated with keto-induction.
Seasonal temperature acclimatization in a semi-fossorial mammal and the role of burrows as thermal refuges
Authors: Milling Charlotte R. , Rachlow Janet L. , Chappell Mark A. , Camp Meghan J. , Johnson Timothy R. , Shipley Lisa A. , Paul David R. , Forbey Jennifer S.
Published: March 2018

Small mammals in habitats with strong seasonal variation in the thermal environment often exhibit physiological and behavioral adaptations for coping with thermal extremes and reducing thermoregulatory costs. Burrows are especially important for providing thermal refuge when above-ground temperatures require high regulatory costs (e.g., water or energy) or exceed the physiological tolerances of an organism. Our objective was to explore the role of burrows as thermal refuges for a small endotherm, the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis), during the summer and winter by quantifying energetic costs associated with resting above and below ground. We used indirect calorimetry to determine the relationship between energy expenditure and ambient temperature over a range of temperatures that pygmy rabbits experience in their natural habitat. We also measured the temperature of above- and below-ground rest sites used by pygmy rabbits in eastern Idaho, USA, during summer and winter and estimated the seasonal thermoregulatory costs of resting in the two microsites. Although pygmy rabbits demonstrated seasonal physiological acclimatization, the burrow was an important thermal refuge, especially in winter. Thermoregulatory costs were lower inside the burrow than in above-ground rest sites for more than 50% of the winter season. In contrast, thermal heterogeneity provided by above-ground rest sites during summer reduced the role of burrows as a thermal refuge during all but the hottest periods of the afternoon. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the ecology of small mammals in seasonal environments and demonstrate the importance of burrows as thermal refuge for pygmy rabbits.
Escaping and repairing behaviors of the termite Odontotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Termitidae) in response to disturbance
Authors: Xiong Hongpeng , Chen Xuan , Wen Yuzhen , Layne Michael , Sun Zhaohui , Ma Tao , Wen Xiujun , Wang Cai
Published: March 2018

The escaping behavior of termites has been documented under laboratory conditions; however, no study has been conducted in a field setting due to the difficulty of observing natural behaviors inside wood or structures (e.g., nests, tunnels, etc.). The black-winged termite, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki), is a subterranean macrotermitine species which builds extensive mud tubes on tree trunks. In the present study, 41 videos (totaling ∼2,700 min) were taken on 22 colonies/subcolonies of O. formosanus after their mud tubes were partially damaged by hand. In general, termites consistently demonstrated three phases of escape, including initiation (wandering near the mud-tube breach), individual escaping (single termites moving downward), and massive, unidirectional escaping flows (groups of termites moving downward). Downward moving and repairing were the dominant behavioral activities of individuals and were significantly more frequent than upward moving, turning/backward moving, or wandering. Interestingly, termites in escaping flows moved significantly faster than escaping individuals. Repairing behavior was observed shortly after the disturbance, and new mud tubes were preferentially constructed from the bottom up. When predators (i.e., ants) were present, however, termites stopped moving and quickly sealed the mud-tube openings by capping the broken ends. Our study provides an interesting example that documents an animal (besides humans) simultaneously carrying out pathway repairs and emergency evacuation without congestion.
Fatigue and perceptual responses of heavier- and lighter-load isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise in males and females
Authors: Stuart Charlotte , Steele James , Gentil Paulo , Giessing Jürgen , Fisher James P.
Published: March 2018

Background

There is a lack of research considering acute fatigue responses to high- and low-load resistance training as well as the comparison between male and female responses. Furthermore, limited studies have considered fatigue response testing with the inclusion of perceptions of discomfort and exertion.

Methods

The present study included males (n = 9; 23.8 ± 6.4 years; 176.7 ± 6.2 cm; 73.9 ± 9.3 kg) and females (n = 8; 21.3 ± 0.9 years; 170.5 ± 6.1 cm; 65.5 ± 10.8 kg) who were assessed for differences in fatigue (i.e., loss of torque at maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) immediately following isolated lumbar extension (ILEX) exercise at heavy- (HL) and light-(LL) loads (80% and 50% MVC, respectively). Participants also reported perceptual measures of effort (RPE-E) and discomfort (RPE-D) between different resistance training protocols.

Results

Analysis of variance revealed significantly greater absolute and relative fatigue following LL compared to HL conditions (p < 0.001). Absolute fatigue significantly differed between males and females (p = 0.012), though relative fatigue was not significantly different (p = 0.160). However, effect sizes for absolute fatigue (HL; Males = −1.84, Females = −0.83; LL; Males = −3.11, Females = −2.39) and relative fatigue (HL; Males = −2.17, Females = −0.76; LL; Males = −3.36, Females = −3.08) were larger for males in both HL and LL conditions. RPE-E was maximal for all participants in both conditions, but RPE-D was significantly higher in LL compared to HL (p < 0.001) with no difference between males and females.

Discussion

Our data suggests that females do not incur the same degree of fatigue as males following similar exercise protocols, and indeed that females might be able to sustain longer exercise duration at the same relative loads. As such females should manipulate training variables accordingly, perhaps performing greater repetitions at a relative load, or using heavier relative loads than males. Furthermore, since lighter load exercise is often prescribed in rehabilitation settings (particularly for the lumbar extensors) it seems prudent to know that this might not be necessary to strengthen musculature and indeed might be contraindicated to avoid the increased fatigue and discomfort associated with LL exercise.
Formation of Alkanes and Arenes by Ring‐forming Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

Three‐Membered Rings

Four‐Membered Rings

Five‐Membered Rings

Six‐Membered Rings

Various Ring Sizes

Carbocationic Cyclization

Polycyclics
Formation of Arenes by Aromatization
Authors: Larock Richard C. , A. Pletnev Alexandre
Published: March 2018

Dehydrogenation

Elimination

Reductive Elimination

Rearrangement

Cyclization and Annulation

Diels–Alder and Related Reactions
Formation of Alkenes by Metal‐promoted Coupling Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zeni Gilson
Published: March 2018

Alkali Metal Reagents

Grignard Reagents

Boron Reagents

Aluminum Reagents

Indium Reagents

Thallium Reagents

Silicon Reagents

Germanium Reagents

Tin Reagents

Bismuth Reagents

Arsenic Reagents

Sulfur Reagents

Selenium Reagents

Tellurium Reagents

Titanium Reagents

Zirconium Reagents

Vanadium Reagents

Molybdenum Reagents

Manganese Reagents

Iron Reagents

Ruthenium Reagents

Cobalt Reagents

Nickel Reagents

Palladium Reagents

Copper Reagents

Silver Reagents

Zinc Reagents

Mercury Reagents

Olefin Metathesis
Formation of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

Rearrangement

Elimination Reactions

Organometallic Approaches

Arene Conversions

Cyclization

Miscellaneous Reactions
Formation of Alkenes by Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C.
Published: March 2018

General Reviews

Regioselectivity

Exo / EndoSelectivity

Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction

Mechanism

Use of High Pressure

Microwave Irradiation

Infrared Irradiation

Mechanical Ball Milling

Ultracentrifugation

Use of Ultrasound

Catalysis

Solvent Effects

Cavity Effects

Retro‐Diels–Alder Reaction

Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction

Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder Reaction

Radical Cation Diels–Alder Reaction

Ionic Diels–Alder Reaction

Use of Heterodienophiles

Use of Heteroatom‐Containing “Dienes”

Use of Substituted 1,3‐Dienes

o‐Quinodimethanes and Heterocyclic Analogues

Arynes and Hetarynes

Some Other Dienophiles

Dienophile Equivalents

Transition Metal Carbenes as Dienophiles
Formation of Alkynes by Isomerization and Metathesis
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

Isomerization

Metathesis
Interconversion of Halides
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

Aliphatic Halides

Vinylic Halides

Alkynyl Halides

Aromatic Halides

Homologation of Halides

Rearrangement of Halides
Halodecarboxylation and Decarbonylation of Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

This article has no abstract.
Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Dearomatization of Phenols with Allenoates for the Synthesis of Spirocyclohexadienones
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Wang Kaiye , Xiang Yanan , Jiang Han , Wan Xiuyan , Li Na , Tang Bo
Published: March 2018

Although gold‐catalysis has emerged as an important tool in organic chemistry, its applications in dearomatization reactions have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we report the first example of the dearomatization of phenols involving allenoates catalyzed by Au(I). And a large number of spirocyclohexadienones has been efficiently synthesized with excellent yields under the optimized conditions. Moreover, these phenolic compounds bearing the allenoates can be prepared via the intermolecular remote‐Rauhut‐Currier reaction between allenoates and para‐quinones catalyzed by nucleophilic phosphines in a short time. The applications of 3 a and gram‐scale synthesis of 4 a were also preliminarily examined.

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Slepton pair production at the LHC in NLO+NLL with resummation-improved parton densities
Authors: Fiaschi Juri , Klasen Michael
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Novel PDFs taking into account resummation-improved matrix elements, albeit only in the fit of a reduced data set, allow for consistent NLO+NLL calculations of slepton pair production at the LHC. We apply a factorisation method to this process that minimises the effect of the data set reduction, avoids the problem of outlier replicas in the NNPDF method for PDF uncertainties and preserves the reduction of the scale uncertainty. For Run II of the LHC, left-handed selectron/smuon, right-handed and maximally mixed stau production, we confirm that the consistent use of threshold-improved PDFs partially compensates the resummation contributions in the matrix elements. Together with the reduction of the scale uncertainty at NLO+NLL, the described method further increases the reliability of slepton pair production cross sections at the LHC.
Changing Profile of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Over Two and Half Decades: A Study in Tertiary Referral Center of North India
Authors: Yadav Sanjay Kumar , Mishra Saroj Kanta , Mishra Anjali , Mayilvagnan Sabaretnam , Chand Gyan , Agarwal Gaurav , Agarwal Amit , Verma Ashok Kumar
Published: March 2018

Background

Most of the cases of PHPT in developing countries present in symptomatic stage, some even in very advanced stage but in recent years the trend seems to be changing. This has been corroborated from few recently published literature from developing countries. The scope of this study is to further carry out an in‐depth analysis of various clinical and biochemical parameters of PHPT patients at a tertiary care center of northern India.

Methods

In this retrospective analysis, a total of 333 patients with PHPT from the year 1990 to 2016 were studied. The study population was divided into three subgroups based on the time span; 1990–1999 (n = 34), 2000–2009 (n = 112), 2010–2016 (n = 187), and clinical and biochemical parameters were compared.

Results

The clinical presentation has evolved progressively with increase in older age group (35 vs 39 vs 43.85, p < 0.001), less patients with musculoskeletal symptoms (85.3 vs 76.8 vs 61%, p = 0.002) and less patients with severe bone disease (29.4 vs 10.7 vs 10.7%, p = 0.088). Biochemical parameters also showed a changing trend with significant decrease in mean S. Alkaline phosphatase (1393 vs 965 vs 414.8 IU/L, p < 0.001) and S. iPTH (837.52 vs 812.89 vs 635.74 pg/mL, p = 0.02). Vitamin D nutrition status is still suboptimal but shows improvement, and more patients are insufficient as compared to previous deficient state (mean S. Vitamin D—10.31 vs 16.16 vs 25.30 ng/mL, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study reveals a change in trend in PHPT which is similar to evolution of this disease in western population and positively corroborated with observations from China, Hong Kong and Turkey.
Morphology and ontogeny of Lophopus crystallinus lophophore support the epistome as ancestral character of phylactolaemate bryozoans
Authors: Schwaha Thomas
Published: March 2018

Phylactolaemate bryozoans are the sister-group to all remaining bryozoan taxa. Consequently, their study is essential to reveal and analyze ancestral traits of Phylactolaemata and Bryozoa in general. They are the only bryozoans to possess an epistome which traditionally has been regarded as shared with phoronids and brachiopods. Contrary to older observations, an epistome was recently reported to be missing in the early branching phylactolaemate Lophopus crystallinus. In this study, the ontogeny of the lophophoral base and also its three-dimensional structure in adult specimens was reinvestigated to assess whether an epistome is never formed during ontogeny and absent in adult specimens. The results show that organogenesis during the budding process in this species is similar to other, previously investigated, species. The epistome anlage in L. crystallinus forms in early buds from the outer budding layer which penetrates the two shanks of the u-shaped gut. This ingression of the epithelium further proceeds distally and starts to wrap over the forming ganglion. The adult epistome is a rather short, but present bulge above the cerebral ganglion with prominent muscle bundles traversing its cavity. Distally it is arched by the forked canal that in L. crystallinus has a particularly thick and prominent epithelium in the three median tentacles. This study shows that neither during ontogeny nor in the adult stage an epistome is absent. The epistome is less pronounced than in other phylactolaemates, but otherwise similar in its general structure. Consequently, an epistome can be assumed to be present in the ground pattern of Phylactolaemata.
Interference-aware multipath routing for WSNs: overview and performance evaluation
Authors: Maimour Moufida
Published: March 2018

Multipath routing holds a great potential to provide sufficient bandwidth to a plethora of applications in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we consider the problem of interference that can significantly affect the expected performances. We focus on the performance evaluation of the iterative paths discovery approach as opposed to the traditional concurrent multipath routing. Five different variants of multipath protocols are simulated and evaluated using different performance metrics. We mainly show that the iterative approach allows better performances when used jointly with an interference-aware metric or when an interference-zone marking strategy is employed. This latter appears to exhibit the best performances in terms of success ratio, achieved throughput, control messages overhead as well as energy consumption.
Functional promoter rs189037 variant of ATM is associated with decrease in lung diffusing capacity after irradiation for non–small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Lopez Guerra Jose Luis , Song Yi‐Peng , Nguyen Quynh‐Nhu , Gomez Daniel R. , Liao Zhongxing , Xu Ting
Published: March 2018

Objective

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ataxia telangiectasia–mutated gene ATM have been linked with pneumonitis after radiotherapy for lung cancer but have not been evaluated in terms of pulmonary function impairment. Here we investigated potential associations between SNPs in ATM and changes in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after radiotherapy.

Methods

From November 1998 through June 2009, 448 consecutive patients with inoperable primary NSCLC underwent definitive (≥60 Gy) radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy. After excluding patients with a history of thoracic surgery, radiation, or lung cancer; without DNA samples available for analysis; or without pulmonary function testing within the 12 months before and the 12 months after radiotherapy, 100 patients were identified who are the subjects of this study. We genotyped two SNPs of ATM previously found to be associated with radiation‐induced pneumonitis (rs189037 and rs228590) and evaluated potential correlations between these SNPs and impairment (decreases) in DLCO by using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the AA genotype of ATM rs189037 was associated with decreased DLCO after definitive radiotherapy than the GG/AG genotypes [univariate coefficient, −0.122; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.236 to −0.008; P = 0.037; and multivariate coefficient, −0.102; 95% CI, −0.198 to −0.005; P = 0.038]. No such correlations were found for rs228590 (univariate coefficient, −0.096; 95% CI, −0.208 to 0.017; P = 0.096).

Conclusions

The AA genotype of ATM rs189037 was associated with higher risk of lung injury than were the GG/AG genotypes in patients with NSCLC treated with radiotherapy. This finding should be validated prospectively with other patient populations.
YSEX? A Replication Study in Different Age Groups
Authors: Wyverkens Elia , Dewitte Marieke , Deschepper Ellen , Corneillie Joke , Van der Bracht Lien , Van Regenmortel Dina , Van Cleempoel Kim , De Boose Noortje , Prinssen Petra , T’Sjoen Guy
Published: March 2018

Introduction

10 years ago, Meston and Buss (Arch Sex Behav 2007;36:477–507) identified 237 reasons for having sex. Since then, only a few studies have built on the analyses of differences in sexual motivation.

Aim

To replicate the YSEX? in a broader sample of women and men of different ages.

Methods

Women and men younger than 18 (n = 141), 18 to 22 (n = 1,039), 22 to 55 (n = 2,804), and at least 55 (n = 667) years old completed an online survey about their reasons for engaging in sex during the past year.

Main Outcome Measures

The YSEX? inventory was assessed to measure sexual motivation. The taxonomy consists of 4 main factors (physical, goal attainment, emotional, insecurity) and 13 subfactors.

Results

4,655 participants took part in the survey. The top 5 primary reasons for engaging in sex were identical across age groups and sexes. However, results also showed that the pattern of motivations for sex significantly differed depending on the age and sex of the participant. Older participants reported significantly less physical and utilitarian reasons than younger participants. Young adult men (18–22 years) were particularly motivated to have sex for emotional reasons of love and commitment. Women in this age group engaged more often in sex to express their emotions than older women. Significant sex differences were found, with men preferring physical reasons and women more often expressing emotional and insecurity reasons, except for the group of adolescents.

Conclusions

Our study shows that most people are driven by the pleasure of sex. With aging, the physical driving force and sexual satisfaction significantly decrease, although sex remains important throughout life. The findings support a biopsychosocial approach to the understanding of people’s sexual motivation. Evolutionary differences might explain some of our findings, as might shifting cultural norms.
Behavioral Aspects of the International Law of Global Public Goods and Common Pool Resources
Authors: van Aaken Anne
Published: March 2018

Collective action problems with public good characteristics such as climate change have important implications for international law. This note argues that behavioral insights from laboratory experiments, in which individuals engage in public goods games, can contribute to our understanding of how best to optimize the design of international legal regimes dealing with global public goods and common pool resources. Behavioral economics, to the extent it supplements or displaces rational-choice models in institutional design, may enable deeper and more sustained forms of international cooperation.
Ghana v. Ivory Coast
Authors: Peiris Nuwan
Published: March 2018

The charm of maritime delimitation and its enigmatic lessons hardly surprise us, yet the reasoning behind them sometimes seems seductively elusive. On September 23, 2017, a Special Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) issued its decision in Ghana v. Ivory Coast. The glamour of maritime delimitation is reason enough to note the judgment, but the case also addresses the equidistance principle for maritime delimitation, the standard for the acceptance of a tacit agreement, and international responsibility under Article 83 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).