bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A consequence of the growth of rotation sets for families of diffeomorphisms of the torus
Authors: ADDAS-ZANATA SALVADOR
Published: December 2018

In this paper we consider $C^{\infty }$-generic families of area-preserving diffeomorphisms of the torus homotopic to the identity and their rotation sets. Let $f_{t}:\text{T}^{2}\rightarrow \text{T}^{2}$ be such a family, $\widetilde{f}_{t}:\mathbb{R}^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}$ be a fixed family of lifts and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}(\widetilde{f}_{t})$ be their rotation sets, which we assume to have interior for $t$ in a certain open interval $I$. We also assume that some rational point $(p/q,l/q)\in \unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}(\widetilde{f}_{\overline{t}})$ for a certain parameter $\overline{t}\in I$, and we want to understand the consequences of the following hypothesis: for all $t>\overline{t}$, $t\in I$, $(p/q,l/q)\in \text{int}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}(\widetilde{f}_{t}))$. Under these very natural assumptions, we prove that there exists a $f_{\overline{t}}^{q}$-fixed hyperbolic saddle $P_{\overline{t}}$ such that its rotation vector is $(p/q,l/q)$. We also prove that there exists a sequence $t_{i}>\overline{t}$, $t_{i}\rightarrow \overline{t}$, such that if $P_{t}$ is the continuation of $P_{\overline{t}}$ with the parameter, then $W^{u}(\widetilde{P}_{t_{i}})$ (the unstable manifold) has quadratic tangencies with $W^{s}(\widetilde{P}_{t_{i}})+(c,d)$ (the stable manifold translated by $(c,d)$), where $\widetilde{P}_{t_{i}}$ is any lift of $P_{t_{i}}$ to the plane. In other words, $\widetilde{P}_{t_{i}}$ is a fixed point for $(\widetilde{f}_{t_{i}})^{q}-(p,l)$, and $(c,d)\neq (0,0)$ are certain integer vectors such that $W^{u}(\widetilde{P}_{\overline{t}})$ do not intersect $W^{s}(\widetilde{P}_{\overline{t}})+(c,d)$, and these tangencies become transverse as $t$ increases. We also prove that, for $t>\overline{t}$, $W^{u}(\widetilde{P}_{t})$ has transverse intersections with $W^{s}(\widetilde{P}_{t})+(a,b)$, for all integer vectors $(a,b)$, and thus one may consider that the tangencies above are associated to the birth of the heteroclinic intersections in the plane that do not exist for $t\leq \overline{t}$.
The Global Economics of European Populism: Growth Regimes and Party System Change in Europe (TheGovernment and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Lecture 2017)
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan , Blyth Mark
Published: December 2018

The expanding literature on growth regimes has recently been applied to explain the growth of populist movements across the OECD. Such applications posit a stand-off between debtors and creditors as the core conflict that generates populism. While insightful, the theory has problems explaining why, in some European countries, such movements pre-date both the global financial crisis and the austerity measures that followed, factors that are commonly seen as causing the rise of populism. This article takes a different tack. It derives shifts in both political parties and party systems from the growth regime framework. In doing so it seeks to explain the evolution of the cartel form of party that dominated the political systems of Europe from the late 1990s through to the current period and why that form proved unable to respond meaningfully to both the financial crisis and the political crisis that followed it.
Glacier changes between 1971 and 2016 in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, Lahaul Himalaya, India
Authors: DAS SURESH , SHARMA MILAP CHAND
Published: December 2018

Glacier changes in the Jankar Chhu Watershed (JCW) of Chandrabhaga (Chenab) basin, Lahaul Himalaya were worked out based on Corona and Sentinel 2A images between 1971 and 2016. The JCW consists of 153 glaciers (>0.02 km2) with a total area of 185.6 ± 3.8 km2that include 82 glaciers with debris-covered ablation zone, comprising 10.9% of the total glacierized area as in 2016. Change analysis based on Corona (1971), Landsat (2000) and Sentinel 2A (2016) was restricted to 127 glaciers owing to the presence of cloud cover on 26 glaciers in 1971. A subset of glaciers was also mapped using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM; 1989) image. The total glacier area decreased by 14.7 ± 4.3 km2(0.3 ± 0.1 km2a−¹). The number of glaciers in the JCW increased by four between 1971 and 2016 due to fragmentation. More recently (2000–16), recession rate has increased. Clean-ice area decreased by 21.8 ± 3.8 km2(0.5 ± 0.1 km2a−¹) while debris-covered ice increased by 7.2 ± 0.4 km2(0.2 ± 0.01 km2a−¹). Field observations of select glaciers also support derived recession trend in the JCW. Retreat rates in the JCW have been observed to be much lower than previously reported.
Life span bias explains live–dead discordance in abundance of two common bivalves
Authors: Cronin Kelly E. , Dietl Gregory P. , Kelley Patricia H. , Edie Stewart M.
Published: December 2018

Life span bias potentially alters species abundance in death assemblages through the overrepresentation of short-lived organisms compared with their long-lived counterparts. Although previous work found that life span bias did not contribute significantly to live–dead discordance in bivalve assemblages, life span bias better explained discordance in two groups: longer-lived bivalve species and species with known life spans. More studies using local, rather than global, species-wide life spans and mortality rates would help to determine the prevalence of life span bias, especially for long-lived species with known life spans. Here, we conducted a field study at two sites in North Carolina to assess potential life span bias between Mercenaria mercenaria and Chione elevata, two long-lived bivalve species that can be aged directly. We compared the ability of directly measured local life spans with that of regional and global life spans to predict live–dead discordance between these two species. The shorter-lived species (C. elevata) was overrepresented in the death assemblage compared with its live abundance, and local life span data largely predicted the amount of live–dead discordance; local life spans predicted 43% to 88% of discordance. Furthermore, the global maximum life span for M. mercenaria resulted in substantial overpredictions of discordance (1.4 to 1.6 times the observed live–dead discordance). The results of this study suggest that life span bias should be considered as a factor affecting proportional abundances of species in death assemblages and that using life span estimates appropriate to the study locality improves predictions of discordance based on life span compared with using global life span estimates.
Evidence for the diet and habitat of two late Pleistocene mastodons from the Midwest, USA
Authors: Birks Hilary H. , van Geel Bas , Fisher Daniel C. , Grimm Eric C. , Kuijper Wim J. , van Arkel Jan , van Reenen Guido B.A.
Published: December 2018

We analyzed intestinal contents of two late-glacial mastodons preserved in lake sediments in Ohio (Burning Tree mastodon) and Michigan (Heisler mastodon). A multi-proxy suite of macrofossils and microfossils provided unique insights into what these individuals had eaten just before they died and added significantly to knowledge of mastodon diets. We reconstructed the mastodons’ habitats with similar multi-proxy analyses of the embedding lake sediments. Non-pollen palynomorphs, especially spores of coprophilous fungi differentiated intestinal and environmental samples. The Burning Tree mastodon gut sample originates from the small intestine. The Heisler mastodon sample is part of the large intestine to which humans had added clastic material to anchor parts of the carcass under water to cache the meat. Both carcasses had been dismembered, suggesting that the mastodons had been hunted or scavenged, in line with other contemporaneous mastodon finds and the timing of early human incursion into the Midwest. Both mastodons lived in mixed coniferous-deciduous late-glacial forests. They browsed tree leaves and twigs, especiallyPicea. They also ate sedge-swamp plants and drank the lake water. Our multi-proxy estimates for a spring/summer season of death contrast with autumn estimates derived from prior tusk analyses. We document the recovered fossil remains with photographs.
Anthropometric variations in different BMI and adiposity levels among children, adolescents and young adults in Kolkata, India
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Wronka Iwona , Woronkowicz Agnieszka , Bilińska-Pawlak Inez , Das Rituparna , Saha Rana , Das Sukanta , Dasgupta Parasmani
Published: December 2018

The objective of the study was to analyse selected anthropometric features of children, adolescents and young adults from middle-class families in Kolkata, India, by BMI and adiposity categories. Standardized anthropometric measurements of 4194 individuals (1999 male and 2195 female) aged 7–21 were carried out between the years 2005 and 2011. The results were compared by BMI and adiposity categories. Statistical significance was assessed using two-way-ANOVA and linear regression analysis was performed. The study population could be differentiated in terms of BMI and adiposity categories for all examined anthropometric characteristics (p≤ 0.001). After taking age into consideration, differences were observed for males in the case of body height and humerus breadth in BMI and adiposity categories, and for femur breadth in the case of adiposity categories. For females, differences were noted in body height measurements in BMI and adiposity categories, a sum of skinfold thicknesses in BMI categories, and upper-arm and calf circumferences in adiposity categories. The patterns of differences in the BMI categories were found to be similar to those in adiposity categories. The linear regression analysis results showed that there was a significant relationship between BMI and body fat ratio in the examined population. Underweight individuals, and those with low adiposity, were characterized by lower extremity circumferences and skeletal breadths. These features reached highest values in overweight/obese persons, characterized by high body fat. However, the differences observed between each BMI and adiposity category, in most cases, were only present in early childhood.
Generation of large-scale magnetic fields due to fluctuating in shearing systems
Authors: Jingade Naveen , Singh Nishant K. , Sridhar S.
Published: December 2018

We explore the growth of large-scale magnetic fields in a shear flow, due to helicity fluctuations with a finite correlation time, through a study of the Kraichnan–Moffatt model of zero-mean stochastic fluctuations of the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$parameter of dynamo theory. We derive a linear integro-differential equation for the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field, using the first-order smoothing approximation and the Galilean invariance of the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-statistics. This enables construction of a model that is non-perturbative in the shearing rate$S$and the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-correlation time$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$. After a brief review of the salient features of the exactly solvable white-noise limit, we consider the case of small but non-zero$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$. When the large-scale magnetic field varies slowly, the evolution is governed by a partial differential equation. We present modal solutions and conditions for the exponential growth rate of the large-scale magnetic field, whose drivers are the Kraichnan diffusivity, Moffatt drift, shear and a non-zero correlation time. Of particular interest is dynamo action when the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-fluctuations are weak; i.e. when the Kraichnan diffusivity is positive. We show that in the absence of Moffatt drift, shear does not give rise to growing solutions. But shear and Moffatt drift acting together can drive large-scale dynamo action with growth rate$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\propto |S|$.
Hmu (Xinzhai variety)
Authors: Liu Wen , Lin You-Jing , Yang Zhenghui , Kong Jiangping
Published: December 2018

The Hmu language is spoken by approximately 1,250,000 people who reside in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (黔东南苗族侗族自治州), Guizhou Province (贵州省), the People's Republic of China (Wang & Mao 1995: 3–4; Lewis, Simons & Fenning 2016).
Microscopy of crustacean cuticle: formation of a flexible extracellular matrix in moulting sea slaters Ligia pallasii
Authors: Štrus J. , Tušek-Žnidarič M. , Repnik U. , Blejec A. , Summers A.
Published: December 2018

Structural and functional properties of exoskeleton in moulting sea slaters Ligia pallasii from the Eastern Pacific coast were investigated with CT scanning and electron microscopy. Ultrastructure of preecdysial and postecdysial cuticular layers was described in premoult, intramoult and postmoult animals. Cuticle is a flexible extracellular matrix connected to the epidermal cells through pore channels. During premoult epicuticle and exocuticle are formed and during intramoult and postmoult endocuticular lamellae are deposited and the cuticle is progressively constructed by thickening and mineralization. Cuticle permeability, flexibility and waterproofing capacity change accordingly. Elaboration of epicuticular scales connected to an extensive network of nanotubules, establish its anti-adhesive and hydrophobic properties. Labelling with gold conjugated WGA lectins on Tokuyashu thawed cryosections exposes differences in chitin content between exocuticle and endocuticle. Histochemical staining of cuticle shows presence of acidic carbohydrates/glycoconjugates and lipoproteins in epicuticular layer. Chitin microfibrils are formed at the microvillar border of epidermal cells with abundant Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles. Numerous spherules associated with nanotubules were observed in the ecdysial space in intramoult animals. The mineral component of the cuticle as visualized with CT scanning indicates progressive mineral resorption from the posterior to the anterior half of the body in premoult animals, its translocation from the anterior to posterior part during intramoult and its progressive deposition in the posterior and anterior exoskeleton during postmoult. Cuticle of sea slaters is a unique biocomposite and biodynamic material constantly reconstructed during frequent moults, and adapted to specific physical and biotic conditions of the high intertidal rocky zone.
Hippocampal subfields and visuospatial associative memory across stages of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder
Authors: Wannan Cassandra M. J. , Cropley Vanessa L. , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E. , Mancuso Sam , Bousman Chad , Everall Ian , McGorry Patrick D. , Pantelis Christos , Bartholomeusz Cali F.
Published: December 2018

Background

While previous studies have identified relationships between hippocampal volumes and memory performance in schizophrenia, these relationships are not apparent in healthy individuals. Further, few studies have examined the role of hippocampal subfields in illness-related memory deficits, and no study has examined potential differences across varying illness stages. The current study aimed to investigate whether individuals with early and established psychosis exhibited differential relationships between visuospatial associative memory and hippocampal subfield volumes.

Methods

Measurements of visuospatial associative memory performance and grey matter volume were obtained from 52 individuals with a chronic schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, 28 youth with recent-onset psychosis, 52 older healthy controls, and 28 younger healthy controls.

Results

Both chronic and recent-onset patients had impaired visuospatial associative memory performance, however, only chronic patients showed hippocampal subfield volume loss. Both chronic and recent-onset patients demonstrated relationships between visuospatial associative memory performance and hippocampal subfield volumes in the CA4/dentate gyrus and the stratum that were not observed in older healthy controls. There were no group by volume interactions when chronic and recent-onset patients were compared.

Conclusions

The current study extends the findings of previous studies by identifying particular hippocampal subfields, including the hippocampal stratum layers and the dentate gyrus, that appear to be related to visuospatial associative memory ability in individuals with both chronic and first-episode psychosis.
Native-like processing of prominence cues in L2 written discourse comprehension: Evidence from font emphasis
Authors: LEE EUN-KYUNG , FRAUNDORF SCOTT
Published: December 2018

Understanding alternatives to prominent information contributes to successful native language discourse comprehension. Several past studies have suggested that the way second language (L2) learners encode and represent an alternative set in L2 speech is not exactly native-like. However, because these studies involved contrastive pitch accents in running speech, these native language–second language differences may reflect the demands of comprehending running speech in L2 rather than intrinsic deficit in discourse processing per se. Here, we tested L2 learners’ discourse encoding and representation using a different cue to prominence: font emphasis in self-paced reading. We found that, in this temporally less demanding modality, L2 learners’ encoding of salient alternatives became native-like. Font emphasis facilitated L2 learners’ memory for the discourse by ruling out salient alternatives, just as how it facilitates native speakers’. L2 learners were also similar to native speakers in using the situation model to constrain an alternative set. The results suggest that L2 learners can show native-like processing of prominence and that previous underuse of contrastive accents in L2 comprehension could reflect cognitive demands of processing running speech in L2.
A Novel Framework for Multi-Agent Systems Using a Decentralized Strategy
Authors: Güzel Mehmet Serdar , Ajabshir Vahid Babaei , Nattharith Panus , Gezer Emir Cem , Can Serhat
Published: December 2018

This work addresses a new framework that proposes a decentralized strategy for collective and collaborative behaviours of multi-agent systems. This framework includes a new clustering behaviour that causes agents in the swarm to agree on attending a group and allocating a leader for each group, in a decentralized and local manner. The leader of each group employs a vision-based goal detection algorithm to find and acquire the goal in a cluttered environment. As soon as the leader starts moving, each member is enabled to move in the same direction by staying coordinated with the leader and maintaining the desired formation pattern. In addition, an exploration algorithm is designed and integrated into the framework so as to allow each group to be able to explore goals in a collaborative and efficient manner. A series of comprehensive experiments are conducted in order to verify the overall performance of the proposed framework.
THE EQUALITY NORM MEETS THE EVOLUTION OF PROPERTY IN THE LAW OF “TAKINGS”
Authors: Rose Carol M.
Published: December 2018

A norm of equal treatment is cited regularly in the American jurisprudence of property “takings” under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, as a benchmark of fair treatment of owners. According to an increasingly prevalent version of this equality norm, courts should look to parity of treatment among property owners in investigating whether particular regulations “take” property. This essay argues, however, that such an equality norm is misplaced, and that courts should judge fairness by the criterion of expectation—including reasonable expectations of regulation.

A norm of equality becomes problematic in the face of the economic theory of the evolution of property. This theory posits that as resources become more congested, their uses carry increasing common pool costs or “externalities”—a scenario that should predictably result in more stringent resource management—up to and including the establishment of regulatory regimes as well as property rights themselves. This evolutionary pattern, however, places earlier and later resource users in different positions vis-à-vis both common pool externalities and regulatory responses, and their different temporal positions fragment the meaning of equal treatment and destabilize it as a jurisprudential norm. This essay argues that while equal treatment may be a benchmark for special or invidious cases, like those relating to civil rights, the great bulk of takings cases involve regulatory responses to congesting resources, where a norm of equal treatment breaks down. Thus, in seeking fair treatment, takings jurisprudence should downplay equality and instead look to the understanding of property as a basis of expectations—but those expectations should include the anticipation of reasonable regulatory responses to resource congestion.
UNDERSTANDING NORMS AND CHANGING THEM
Authors: Muldoon Ryan
Published: December 2018

It is crucial for policymakers to focus their attention on social norms if they want to improve policy outcomes, but doing so brings in new normative questions about the appropriate role of the state. Indeed, I argue that efforts to reduce coercion at the state level can create potentially pernicious and difficult to eliminate forms of coercion at the informal level. This creates a new normative challenge for thinking about the broader regulatory apparatus, and complicates our approach in utilizing social norms for democratic policy ends. I will distinguish between two forms of social norms orientations in policy: a diagnostic approach and a design approach. We will see that the diagnostic approach better models a Humean approach to supporting social norms, and a design approach has a more Millian character. While it is easier to justify a design approach in the abstract, as it has very little room for abuses of state authority, if Mill is right that social norms can be a source of coercive power that runs afoul of the harm principle, then a design approach will sometimes be necessary to counter this form of tyranny. However, this latter approach is complex, and as such we may want to take a recommendation from Mockus to focus on deliberative approaches to norm change.
A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR THEORIES OF NORM COMPLIANCE
Authors: Morris Adam , Cushman Fiery
Published: December 2018

Humans often comply with social norms, but the reasons why are disputed. Here, we unify a variety of influential explanations in a common decision framework, and identify the precise cognitive variables that norms might alter to induce compliance. Specifically, we situate current theories of norm compliance within the reinforcement learning framework, which is widely used to study value-guided learning and decision-making. This framework offers an appealingly precise language to distinguish between theories, highlights the various points of convergence and divergence, and suggests novel ways in which norms might penetrate our psychology.
Atypical coronary artery aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease in Noonan syndrome with a novel PTPN11 mutation
Authors: Takai Shiori , Takasawa Kei , Doi Shozaburo
Published: December 2018

We report a 3-year-old boy with giant and atypical coronary artery aneurysms in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease, despite appropriate therapeutic intervention, in Noonan syndrome with a novel heterozygous PTPN11 mutation, c. 907 G>A (p.Asp303Asn). We hypothesised that this PTPN11 mutation might affect both hyperinflammation caused by Kawasaki disease and vascular fragility in the coronary artery, resulting in coronary artery aneurysms.
Survey of multinational surgical management practices in tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Hussain Sara , Al-Radi Osman , Yun Tae-Jin , Hua Zhongdong , Rahmat Budi , Rao Suresh , Qi An , Fraser Charles , d’Udekem Yves , Ibrahim Quazi , Copland Ingrid , Whitlock Richard , Van Arsdell Glen
Published: December 2018

Background

A wide variety of surgical strategies are used in tetralogy of Fallot repair. We sought to describe the international contemporary practice patterns for surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot.

Methods

Surgeons from 18 international paediatric cardiac surgery centres (representing over 1800 tetralogy of Fallot cases/year) completed a Research Electronic Data Capture-based survey. Participating countries include: China (4), India (2), Nepal (1), Korea (1), Indonesia (1), Saudi Arabia (3), Japan (1), Turkey (1), Australia (1), United States of America (2), and Canada (1). Summary measures were reported as means and counts (percentages). Responses were weighted based on case volume/centre.

Results

Primary repair is the prevalent strategy (83%) with variation in age at elective repair (range). Approximately 47% of sites use patient age as a factor in determining the strategy, with age <3 months being the common cut-off for staged repair. In addition, patient weight of <3 kg is an indication for staged repair in 80% of participating institutions. Trans-atrial ventricular septal defect closure is the preferred approach in 62% of sites. Approximately 70% of responders reported using pulmonary valve z-score to guide right ventricular outflow tract management technique with the most prevalent cut-off for annulus preservation being a z-score of −3. Estimated incidence of annulus preservation is 53%. Minimal trans-annular incision is performed in >90% of all trans-annular repairs.

Conclusions

In this cohort representing 11 countries, there is variation in tetralogy of Fallot surgical management with no consensus on standard of practice. A large international prospective cohort study would allow analysis of impact of underlying anatomy and repair strategy on early and late outcomes.
A process for academic societies to develop scientific statements and white papers: experience of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society
Authors: Reddy Sushma , Polito Angelo , Staveski Sandra , Dalton Heidi
Published: December 2018

There are substantial knowledge gaps, practice variation, and paucity of controlled trials owing to the relatively small number of patients with critical heart disease. The Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society has recognised this knowledge gap as an area needing a more comprehensive and evidence-based approach to the management of the critically ill child with heart disease. To address this, the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society created a scientific statements and white papers committee. Scientific statements and white papers will present the current state-of-the-art in areas where controversy exists, providing clinicians with guidance in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, particularly where evidence-based data are lacking. This paper provides a template for other societies and organisations faced with the task of developing scientific statements and white papers. We describe the methods used to perform a systematic literature search and evidence rating that will be used by all scientific statements and white papers emerging from the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society. The Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society aims to revolutionise the care of children with heart disease by shifting our efforts from individual institution-based practices to national standardised protocols and to lay the ground work for multicentre high-impact research directions.
Anakinra as rescue therapy for steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children: case report and literature review
Authors: Rodriguez-Gonzalez Moises , Ruiz-Gonzalez Estefania , Castellano-Martinez Ana
Published: December 2018

In approximately 5% of patients with idiopathic recurrent pericarditis, the disease usually follows a chronic relapsing course, and children can develop dependence and side effects of prolonged high-dose corticosteroid regimens. In this setting anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 competitive receptor antagonist that blocks the biologic effects of interleukin-1, thereby reducing systemic inflammatory responses, appears to be one of the most promising strategies. We report an adolescent with steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis that was successfully treated with anakinra, highlighting that this therapeutic option seems to be an effective, rapidly acting, steroid-sparing, and relatively safe agent for the treatment of this entity in children.
THE “DARK SIDE” OF CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS INITIATION: A CLOSE LOOK AT SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISES
Authors: Balima Hippolyte Wenéyam , Combes Jean-Louis , Minea Alexandru
Published: December 2018

We examine the effect of sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) trading initiation on the occurrence of sovereign debt crises (SDC). Estimations on a large sample of 141 countries for 1980–2013 reveal that, by affecting the fiscal stance, CDS initiation increases by around 1.5 percentage points on average the probability of SDC in countries with CDS compared to the other countries. This result holds for different robustness tests and is found to be stronger for developing countries, for countries with initial lower creditworthiness, and when the degrees of central bank independence and public sector transparency are low. Consequently, compared to existing work emphasizing favorable effects, CDS trading initiation is found to have adverse effects, by increasing the occurrence of SDC. These opposite effects should fuel the literature on measuring the consequences of CDS trading initiation, and its design and implementation from a policy perspective.
ANALOGUES OF CENTRALIZER SUBALGEBRAS FOR FIAT 2-CATEGORIES AND THEIR 2-REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Mackaay Marco , Mazorchuk Volodymyr , Miemietz Vanessa , Zhang Xiaoting
Published: December 2018

The main result of this paper establishes a bijection between the set of equivalence classes of simple transitive 2-representations with a fixed apex${\mathcal{J}}$of a fiat 2-category$\mathscr{C}$and the set of equivalence classes of faithful simple transitive 2-representations of the fiat 2-subquotient of$\mathscr{C}$associated with a diagonal${\mathcal{H}}$-cell in${\mathcal{J}}$. As an application, we classify simple transitive 2-representations of various categories of Soergel bimodules, in particular, completing the classification in types$B_{3}$and$B_{4}$.
Genotypic variation in leaf epicuticular wax quantity in a large faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm collection
Authors: Khazaei Hamid , Santanen Arja , Street Kenneth , Stoddard Frederick L.
Published: December 2018

Among grain legumes, faba bean is reputed to be relatively sensitive to drought stress. Epicuticular wax (ECW) quantity is considered as an important drought adaptation strategy in plant species. This study aimed to define variation in leaf ECW concentration as a drought-adaptive trait in 197 faba bean accessions under well-watered conditions. The relationship between ECW and stomatal characteristics was also investigated. Highly significant differences were found in the ECW concentration, which ranged from 0.680 to 2.104 mg/dm2. No relationships were found between ECW and any measure of stomatal morphology and function. This study provides evidence of the wide variation in ECW in faba bean germplasm, which is independent of stomatal characteristics and leaf water content. This variation may allow the genetic improvement of ECW as a drought-adaptive character in faba bean breeding programs aiming at the economical use of water.
Analysis of financial events under an assumption of complexity
Authors: Li Yifei , Evans John
Published: December 2018

The financial system can be shown to be a complex adaptive system consisting primarily of a federation of systems and systems of systems. There are significant similarities between the characteristics of natural systems and financial systems suggesting that the type of analysis employed in understanding natural systems could have application in financial system analysis. Cladistics analysis has been used extensively for analysis of biological systems and has accordingly been used in the social sciences for some years but a rigorous justification for adopting the analysis has not been undertaken. This paper discusses the appropriateness of applying cladistics analysis to financial systems, and then considers the appropriate methodology to be adopted for analysis of different financial events.
Turnip Tolerance to Preplant Incorporated Trifluralin
Authors: Chaudhari Sushila , Jennings Katherine M. , Culpepper Stanley , Batts Roger B. , Bellinder Robin
Published: December 2018

Field research was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Georgia, New York, and North Carolina to evaluate the effect of trifluralin PPI on turnip root production. Treatments included trifluralin PPI at 0, 0.42, 0.56, 0.84, 1.12, 1.68, 2.24, and 3.36 kg ai ha−1. Aboveground injury to turnip varied by location and increased from 0% to 85% as trifluralin rate increased from 0.42 to 3.36 kg ha−1. Trifluralin at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ha−1caused ≤7% injury, except at Clayton, NC, and Freeville, NY, where injury ≤32%. Trifluralin at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ha−1reduced turnip root yield ≤11% at all locations, except Clinton, NC, where yield was reduced 29% and 43% by 0.56 and 0.84 kg ha−1, respectively. Turnip roots were not injured internally by trifluralin. Our research results suggest that up to 0.84 kg ha−1trifluralin PPI is safe to use in turnip roots.
Influence of Glyphosate/Dicamba Application Rate and Timing on the Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed in Glyphosate/Dicamba-Resistant Soybean
Authors: Hedges Brittany K. , Soltani Nader , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: December 2018

Dicamba may be an efficacious option for the control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed in glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean; research is needed to optimize the application rate based on horseweed height at the time of application. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of glyphosate/dicamba rate and application timing for the control of GR horseweed. Glyphosate/dicamba was applied at three rates (900, 1,350, and 1,800 g ae ha−1) at three horseweed application timings (5, 15, and 25 cm) in a factorial design. There was no interaction between glyphosate/dicamba rate and timing for GR horseweed control or soybean yield; however, there was an interaction for GR horseweed density and biomass. At 2 and 4 wk after application (WAA), there was a decrease in GR horseweed control as the height at the time application increased. At 4 WAA, the application of glyphosate/dicamba to GR horseweed that was 5-, 15-, and 25-cm tall provided 87%, 76%, and 62% control, respectively. There was no impact of glyphosate/dicamba application timing on soybean yield. At 2, 4, and 8 WAA, there was an increase in GR horseweed control as the rate of glyphosate/dicamba was increased. At 8 WAA, glyphosate/dicamba applied at 900, 1,350, and 1,800 g ae ha−1controlled GR horseweed 76%, 87%, and 92%, respectively. Earlier application timings and higher rates of glyphosate/dicamba caused the greatest reduction in GR horseweed density and biomass. Reduced GR horseweed competition resulted in a 100% to 144% increase in soybean yield, but there was no difference in soybean yield among glyphosate/dicamba rates tested.
Detection of Carolina Geranium (Geranium carolinianum) Growing in Competition with Strawberry Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Sharpe Shaun M. , Schumann Arnold W. , Boyd Nathan S.
Published: December 2018

Weed interference during crop establishment is a serious concern for Florida strawberry [Fragaria×ananassa(Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (pro sp.) [chiloensis×virginiana]] producers. In situ remote detection for precision herbicide application reduces both the risk of crop injury and herbicide inputs. Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianumL.) is a widespread broadleaf weed within Florida strawberry production with sensitivity to clopyralid, the only available POST broadleaf herbicide.Geranium carolinianumleaf structure is distinct from that of the strawberry plant, which makes it an ideal candidate for pattern recognition in digital images via convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The study objective was to assess the precision of three CNNs in detectingG. carolinianum. Images ofG. carolinianumgrowing in competition with strawberry were gathered at four sites in Hillsborough County, FL. Three CNNs were compared, including object detection–based DetectNet, image classification–based VGGNet, and GoogLeNet. Two DetectNet networks were trained to detect either leaves or canopies ofG. carolinianum. Image classification using GoogLeNet and VGGNet was largely unsuccessful during validation with whole images (Fscore<0.02). CNN training using cropped images increasedG. carolinianumdetection during validation for VGGNet (Fscore=0.77) and GoogLeNet (Fscore=0.62). TheG. carolinianumleaf–trained DetectNet achieved the highestFscore(0.94) for plant detection during validation. Leaf-based detection led to more consistent detection ofG. carolinianumwithin the strawberry canopy and reduced recall-related errors encountered in canopy-based training. The smaller target of leaf-based DetectNet did increase false positives, but such errors can be overcome with additional training images for network desensitization training. DetectNet was the most viable CNN tested for image-based remote sensing ofG. carolinianumin competition with strawberry. Future research will identify the optimal approach for in situ detection and integrate the detection technology with a precision sprayer.
Bilinear Magnitude‐Frequency Distributions and Characteristic Earthquakes During Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Igonin Nadine , Zecevic Megan , Eaton David W.
Published: December 2018

Previous studies show that a temporal drop in the b value (slope) of magnitude‐frequency distributions observed during hydraulic‐fracturing operations could signify the activation of a preexisting fault system. Based on a new data set from Alberta, Canada, we provide a case study wherein events induced during hydraulic fracturing are localized within spatial clusters with a range of b values from ∼1.0 to ∼2.5. The distribution in b values is related to the orientation and depth distribution of these clusters. As a consequence of the superposition of spatially varying clusters, the catalog for the entire data set yields a bilinear magnitude distribution with exceptionally low apparent b value at larger magnitude levels. Several clusters are compatible (at 95% confidence level) with the characteristic‐earthquake hypothesis, a controversial model for some fault systems wherein episodic large ruptures occur significantly above the maximum‐likelihood Gutenberg‐Richter relationship.
Magnesium Partitioning Between Earth's Mantle and Core and its Potential to Drive an Early Exsolution Geodynamo
Authors: Badro James , Aubert Julien , Hirose Kei , Nomura Ryuichi , Blanchard Ingrid , Borensztajn Stephan , Siebert Julien
Published: December 2018

Magnesium partitioning between metal and silicate was experimentally investigated between 34 and 138 GPa, 3,500 and 5,450 K using laser‐heated diamond anvil cells. The 22 measurements are combined with previously published data (total of 49 measurements) to model magnesium metal‐silicate partitioning using a thermodynamically consistent framework based on the interaction parameter formalism. The observations support the mechanism of MgO dissolution in the metal, ruling out other mechanisms. The magnesium partition coefficient depends on temperature and metal composition, but not on pressure or silicate composition. The equilibrium concentration and the exsolution rate of MgO in Earth's core can therefore be calculated for any P, T, and composition. Using a core thermal evolution model, the buoyancy flux converts to a magnetic field at Earth's surface, with dipole intensities between 40 and 70 μT prior to inner core growth, consistent with the paleomagnetic record going back to the Archean.
Coseismic Sackungen in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, USA
Authors: Delano Jaime E. , Gold Ryan D. , Briggs Richard W. , Jibson Randall W.
Published: December 2018

High‐resolution lidar reveals newly recognized evidence of strong shaking in the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States. We mapped concentrations of sackungen (ridgetop spreading features) on bluffs along the eastern Mississippi River valley in northwestern Tennessee that likely form or are reactivated during large earthquakes. These sackungen are concentrated on the hanging wall of the Reelfoot reverse fault and show a preferential orientation indicating ground failure normal to fault strike. These observations suggest that the sackungen record one or more earthquakes on the southern Reelfoot fault since the deposition of the ~30‐ to 11‐ka Peoria Loess and potentially constrain the minimum intensity of near‐fault ground motion. This study demonstrates that sackungen can be used to infer fault source and mechanism and, in combination with field‐based techniques, improve paleoseismic records and seismic hazard models.
Multimillennial Incremental Slip Rate Variability of the Clarence Fault at the Tophouse Road Site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand
Authors: Zinke Robert , Dolan James F. , Rhodes Edward J. , Van Dissen Russ , McGuire Christopher P. , Hatem Alexandra E. , Brown Nathan D. , Langridge Robert M.
Published: December 2018

Incremental slip rates of the Clarence fault, a dextral fault in the Marlborough fault system of South Island, New Zealand, varied by a factor of 4–5 during Holocene–latest Pleistocene time, as revealed by geomorphic mapping and luminescence dating of faulted fluvial landforms at the Tophouse Road site. We used high‐resolution lidar microtopographic data and field surveys to map the fine‐scale geomorphology and precisely restore the offset features. We dated the offsets using a stratigraphically informed protocol for infrared stimulated luminescence dating. These data show that incremental slip rates varied from ~2.0 to 9.6 mm/year, averaged over multiple earthquakes and millennial timescales. Comparison to incremental slip rates of the nearby Awatere fault suggests that these faults may behave in coordinated (and anticorrelated) fashion. This study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that incremental slip rate variation spanning multiple earthquake cycles may be more common than previously recognized.
Short‐Term Weather Patterns Modulate Air Quality in Eastern China During 2015–2016 Winter
Authors: Zhao Shuyu , Feng Tian , Tie Xuexi , Dai Wenting , Zhou Jiamao , Long Xin , Li Guohui , Cao Junji
Published: December 2018

The roles of anthropogenic emissions and weather conditions in air pollution over eastern China have been widely discussed but still controversial. Here we focus on the impact of the intraseasonal variability of midtropospheric weather circulations on air quality during 2015–2016 winter. We use the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data to calculate westerly wind index (WI) and meridionality in the midtroposphere and also calculate the intensity of Siberian High at the surface. The results suggest that there were lower WI, higher meridionality, and strengthened Siberian High in January 2016 compared with the conditions in December 2015. Lower WI and higher meridionality imply for wavier midtropospheric weather circulations and stronger surface northerly winds, thereby causing more southward cold fresh air advection and resulting in the lower PM2.5 concentrations over eastern China in January 2016. Sensitivity experiments conducted by the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemical model show that the intraseasonal weather variability dominantly causes lower PM2.5 concentrations in January 2016. It not only counteracts increments in PM2.5 concentrations induced by the increased emission but also reduces PM2.5 concentrations by an extra 25–100 μg/m3. We also simulate two extreme weather patterns and compare their effects on PM2.5 concentrations. Difference in these two weather patterns induces changes in PM2.5 concentrations by 50–200 μg/m3 over eastern China and the maximal change exceeding 200 μg/m3. These findings suggest that understanding the variability of the dominant midtropospheric circulation is the key to successfully forecasting short‐term air quality over eastern China in winter.
Primary Productivity Was Limited by Electron Donors Prior to the Advent of Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Authors: Ward Lewis M. , Rasmussen Birger , Fischer Woodward W.
Published: December 2018

To evaluate productivity on the early Earth before the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis, we integrated estimates of net primary production by early anaerobic metabolisms as limited by geological fluxes of key electron donor compounds, phosphate, and fixed nitrogen. These calculations show that productivity was limited by fluxes of electron donor compounds to rates that were orders of magnitude lower than today. Results suggest that ferrous iron provided a minor fuel for net primary productivity compared to molecular hydrogen. Fluxes of fixed nitrogen and phosphate were in excess of demands by the electron donor‐limited biosphere, even without biological nitrogen fixation. This suggests that until life learned to use water as an electron donor for photosynthesis, the size and productivity of the biosphere were constrained by the geological supply of electron donors and there may not have been much ecological pressure to evolve biological nitrogen fixation. Moreover, extremely low productivity in the absence of oxygenic photosynthesis has implications for the potential scale of biospheres on icy worlds such as Enceladus and Europa, where photosynthesis is not possible and life would be unable to escape electron donor limitation.
Genomic and transcriptomic insights into the ecology and metabolism of benthic archaeal cosmopolitan, Thermoprofundales (MBG-D archaea)
Authors: Zhou Zhichao , Liu Yang , Lloyd Karen G , Pan Jie , Yang Yuchun , Gu Ji-Dong , Li Meng
Published: December 2018

Marine Benthic Group D (MBG-D) archaea, discovered by 16S rRNA gene survey decades ago, are ecologically important, yet understudied and uncultured sedimentary archaea. In this study, a comprehensive meta-analysis based on the 16S rRNA genes of MBG-D archaea showed that MBG-D archaea are one of the most frequently found archaeal lineages in global sediment with widespread distribution and high abundance, including 16 subgroups in total. Interestingly, some subgroups show significant segregations toward salinity and methane seeps. Co-occurrence analyses indicate significant non-random association of MBG-D archaea with Lokiarchaeota (in both saline and freshwater sediments) and Hadesarchaea, suggesting potential interactions among these archaeal groups. Meanwhile, based on four nearly complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and corresponding metatranscriptomes reconstructed from mangrove and intertidal mudflat sediments, we provide insights on metabolic potentials and ecological functions of MBG-D archaea. MBG-D archaea appear to be capable of transporting and assimilating peptides and generating acetate and ethanol through fermentation. Metatranscriptomic analysis suggests high expression of genes for acetate and amino acid utilization and for peptidases, especially the M09B-type extracellular peptidase (collagenase) showing high expression levels in all four mangrove MAGs. Beyond heterotrophic central carbon metabolism, the MBG-D genomes include genes that might encode two autotrophic pathways: Wood–Ljundahl (WL) pathways using both H4MPT and H4folate as C1 carriers, and an incomplete dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle with alternative bypasses from pyruvate to malate/oxaloacetate during dicarboxylation. These findings reveal MBG-D archaea as an important ubiquitous benthic sedimentary archaeal group with specific mixotrophic metabolisms, so we proposed the name Thermoprofundales as a new Order within the Class Thermoplasmata. Globally, Thermoprofundales and other benthic archaea might synergistically transform benthic organic matter, possibly playing a vital role in sedimentary carbon cycle.