bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are modern contraceptives acceptable to people and where do they source them from across Nigeria?
Authors: Onwujekwe Obinna E , Enemuoh Jane C , Ogbonna Chinwe , Mbachu Chinyere , Uzochukwu Benjamin SC , Lawson Agathe , Ndyanabangi Bannet
Published: January 2013

Background

Understanding the extent that different modern contraceptives are acceptable to different populations groups and where they get the commodities from will help in developing specific interventions that will help to scale-up the availability of the contraceptives.

Methods

The study took place in urban and rural sites in six states across Nigeria. Data on acceptability and sources of the contraceptives was collected from at least 770 randomly selected mostly female householders from each state respectively using a questionnaire. Acceptability of the different contraceptives was scored by the respondents on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). The relationships between acceptability and sources of the contraceptives with socio-economic status and geographic location of the respondents were examined.

Results

The use of modern contraceptives in general was acceptable to 87% of the respondents. Male condom was the most acceptable means of contraceptive with an average score of 5.0. It was followed by implants with and oral contraceptive pill with average scores of 4.0, whilst IUD was the least acceptable with an average score of 2.9. The private sector was the major source of contraceptives to different population groups. Both male and female condoms were mostly procured from patent medicine dealers (PMD) and pharmacy shops. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) and implants were mostly sourced from public and private hospitals in the urban areas, whilst injectibles were mostly sourced from private hospitals. Oral contraceptives were mostly sourced from pharmacy shops and patent medicine dealers. There were SES and geographic differences for both acceptability and sources of the contraceptives. Also, the sources of different contraceptives depended on the type of the contraceptive.

Conclusion

The different contraceptives were acceptable to the respondents and the major source of the contraceptives was the private sector. Hence, public-private partnership arrangements should be explored so that universal coverage with contraceptives could be easily achieved. Interventions should be developed to eliminate the inequities in both acceptability and sources of different contraceptives. The acceptability of all the contraceptives should be enhanced with relevant behaviour change communication interventions especially in areas with the lowest levels of acceptability.
Iodine-123 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy Scoring Allows Prediction of Outcome in Patients With Stage 4 Neuroblastoma: Results of the Cologne Interscore Comparison Study
Authors: Decarolis Boris , Schneider Christina , Hero Barbara , Simon Thorsten , Volland Ruth , Roels Frederik , Dietlein Markus , Berthold Frank , Schmidt Matthias
Published: January 2013

Purpose

Radioiodinated metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-mIBG) scintigraphy is an established imaging method in neuroblastoma. Semiquantitative scoring systems have been developed to assess the extent of disease and response to chemotherapy. We present the results of the comparison between the SIOPEN [International Society of Pediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma Group] score and the modified Curie score.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 147 mIBG scans of 58 patients older than 1 year of age with stage 4 neuroblastoma from German Neuroblastoma Trial NB97 that were assessed according to the SIOPEN and the Curie scoring method. mIBG examinations were performed at diagnosis and after four and six cycles of chemotherapy.

Results

Scoring results were highly correlated between both methods, and interobserver reliability was excellent. A Curie score ≤ 2 and a SIOPEN score ≤ 4 (best cutoff) at diagnosis were correlated to significantly better event-free and overall survival compared with higher scores. After four cycles of chemotherapy, overall survival was significantly better for mIBG-negative patients compared with those with any residual mIBG-positive metastases. After six cycles of chemotherapy, there was no difference in survival between mIBG-negative patients and patients with residual mIBG-positive metastases. Patients without mIBG-positive metastases after four and six cycles of chemotherapy had a better overall survival, but late clearance of mIBG-positive metastases did not improve outcome.

Conclusion

Higher mIBG scores at diagnosis and occurrence of any residual mIBG-positive metastases after four cycles of chemotherapy predicted unfavorable outcome for patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma. Later clearance of metastases did not improve prognosis. The Curie and the SIOPEN score were equally reliable and predictive.
Larynx Preservation for Patients With Locally Advanced Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Corry June , Peters Lester , Kleid Stephen , Rischin Danny
Published: January 2013

A 53-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of mild hoarseness, with no associated pain, dysphagia, or stridor. At nasoendoscopy, a lesion was detected involving the whole length of the left vocal cord, with abnormal mucosa also seen in the right ventricle ( Fig 1 ). The left vocal cord movement was impaired. There were no palpable neck nodes. Biopsy under anesthesia revealed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. He was a current smoker of 30 cigarettes per day (45 pack-year smoking history), and he consumed four standard drinks of alcohol per day. His Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1, and he had no significant comorbidities. Radiologic review of his outside computed tomography scan noted that it was of poor quality, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan was recommended, which showed low-volume T4a disease based on focal thyroid cartilage penetration ( Fig 2 ). A positron emission tomography (PET) scan revealed no evidence of nodal or distant metastasis.
Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ agonist improve vascular function and decrease renal injury in hypertensive obese rats
Authors: Imig John D , Walsh Katie A , Khan Md Abdul Hye , Nagasawa Tasuku , Shaw Mary Cherian , Shaw Sean M , Hammock Bruce D
Published: January 2013

Cardiometabolic syndrome occurs with obesity and consists of pathophysiological factors that increase the risk for cardiovascular events. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition (sEHi) is a novel therapeutic approach that exerts renal and cardiovascular protection. Although sEHi as a therapeutic approach is promising, it could be more effective for the treatment of cardiometabolic syndrome when combined with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists. We hypothesized that the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone in combination with a sEHi (tAUCB) will provide synergistic actions to decrease blood pressure, improve vascular function, decrease inflammation, and prevent renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive obese rats (SHROB). SHROB were treated with rosiglitazone, tAUCB or the combination of tAUCB and rosiglitazone for four-weeks and compared with spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Blood pressure increased in SHROB (164±7 mmHg) and decreased 10 mmHg when treated with rosiglitazone, tAUCB, or tAUCB and rosiglitazone. Mesenteric artery dilation to the KATP channel opener pinacidil was attenuated in SHROB (EMax =77±7%), compared with WKY (EMax =115±19) and SHR (EMax = 93±12%). Vasodilation to pinacidil was improved by rosiglitazone (EMax = 92±14%) but not tAUCB. Renal macrophage infiltration increased in SHROB and significantly decreased with rosiglitazone or tAUCB and rosiglitazone treatment. Albuminuria was increased in SHROB (90±20 mg/d) and was significantly decreased by the combination of tAUCB and rosiglitazone (37±9 mg/d). Glomerular injury in SHROB was also significantly decreased by tAUCB and rosiglitazone. These results indicate that even though sEHi or PPARγ agonist have benefits when used individually, the combination is more beneficial for the multidisease features in cardiometabolic syndrome.
“California’s Unemployed Feed Themselves”
Authors: Martin Laura Renata
Published: January 2013

This article considers the unemployed cooperative movement in Depression-era Los Angeles, an understudied component of unemployed organizing in the 1930s. Cooperativism allowed unemployed people to avoid material deprivation and build political power, but it also became a site of sharp political contestation. I examine how conservative elites intervened in a movement that was in many ways politically ambiguous. These conservatives saw both danger and possibility in the movement—danger because economic collectivism hinted at a socialist ethos, and possibility because it offered a way for poor people to provide for themselves without state support. To describe how these elites gained influence over the movement, I analyze the proceedings of a cooperative convention held in Los Angeles in 1933. I show how elites at the convention gave material support to cooperative leaders and rhetorically crafted a conservative version of cooperativism that emphasized anti-communism, self-sufficiency, and nativism.
“A Pledge Is Not Self-Enforcing”:
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: January 2013

This article explores African American and Mexican American struggles for equal employment in Los Angeles after 1965. It argues that activists and workers used the mechanisms set up by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to attack the barriers that restricted blacks and Mexican Americans to poor job prospects. It shows that implementation of fair employment law was part of a dialectic between policymakers and regulatory officials, on one hand, and grass-roots individuals and civil rights organizations, on the other. The bureaucratic mechanisms created by Title VII shaped who would benefit from the implementation of the law. Moreover, blacks and Mexican Americans mixed ethnic power and civil rights frameworks to make the bureaucratic system more capacious and race-conscious, which challenged the intentions of the original legislation.
Proposta de método para estimação de tamanho de parcela para culturas agrícolas
Authors: Lorentz Leandro Homrich , Erichsen Ronaldo , Lúcio Alessandro Dal'Col
Published: January 2013

Dentre as formas reconhecidas para redução do erro experimental, destaca-se o tamanho ótimo da parcela experimental para aplicação dos tratamentos, existindo vários métodos para sua estimação, baseados em diferentes princípios. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um método alternativo para a estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela, para culturas agrícolas, compará-lo com métodos clássicos para esse fim e identificar com quais parâmetros seus resultados estão correlacionados. Realizou-se a validação dos resultados, utilizando-se dados de quatro experimentos com plantas de pimentão, em que se avaliou a produção de frutos, acumulada nas várias colheitas, cultivado em estufa com cobertura plástica. Os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto, denominado Método da Máxima Distância, são coerentes, mas fracamente associados aos resultados observados pelos demais métodos clássicos. O tamanho ótimo da parcela, estimado pelo Método da Máxima Distância, é fortemente influenciado pelo índice de heterogeneidade da produção, que mede a correlação entre as produções de parcelas contíguas. Há, ainda, as características de ser de fácil aplicação, praticamente invariável à acumulação da produção em diversas colheitas, adequando-se para culturas com duas ou mais colheitas nas mesmas plantas, como em experimentos com culturas olerícolas ou forrageiras.
Levantamento de moscas-das-frutas e seus parasitoides em citros, no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais
Authors: Machado Daniel Lucas Magalhães , Struiving Tiago Barbosa , Santos Dierlei dos , Souza Silvana Aparecida da Silva , Siqueira Dalmo Lopes de
Published: January 2013

As moscas-das-frutas são responsáveis por grandes perdas em fruteiras comerciais no Brasil, por isso é fundamental conhecer as espécies predominantes na região. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a ocorrência de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) e seus parasitoides em laranjas doces (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), tangerina Poncã (Citrus reticulata Blanco) e mexerica Rio (Citrus deliciosa Ten), no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Os frutos foram coletados em abril de 2008. No laboratório eles foram acondicionados em caixas plásticas contendo areia umedecida e em ambiente controlado para obtenção dos pupários, que foram contados, acondicionados em frascos de vidro com areia fina e mantidos em estufa até a emergência dos adultos. Somente uma espécie de mosca-das-frutas (Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) e uma de parasitoide (Doryctobracon brasiliensis Szépligeti) foram identificadas. Dentre as variedades, a laranja doce Baianinha apresentou o maior índice de infestação, e os menores foram atribuídos à mexerica Rio e à tangerina Poncã.
Análise da diversidade da microbiota intestinal de ratos submetidos à ressecção da valva ileocecal e criação de esfíncter artificial
Authors: Barra Ângela Aparecida , Silva Alcino Lázaro da , Rena Cícero de Lima , Furtado Maria Cristina Vasconcelos , Ferreira Alessandra Barbosa , Nagen Marcelo , Freitas Fernanda de Souza
Published: January 2013

OBJETIVO: analisar através de biologia molecular a diversidade da microbiota da junção ileocecal antes e após a ressecção da válvula ileocecal e reconstrução do trânsito com e sem a criação de "neoesfíncter". MÉTODOS: Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo A (n=7) com ressecção da válvula ileocecal e anastomose ileocólica término-terminal em plano único, e Grupo B (n=7) com ressecção da válvula ileocecal e anastomose ileocólica término-terminal em plano único e confecção do esfíncter artificial. Reoperados com 20 dias coletou-se novamente conteúdo intraluminar do íleo e do cólon. Das amostras coletadas, extraiu-se DNA para reação de PCR-DGGE. Os padrões de bandas eletroforéticas , gerados na reação, foram submetidos ao programa Bionumerics para análise da similaridade e da diversidade da microbiota. RESULTADOS: a diversidade da microbiota foi maior e em mais amostras do íleo do que as do cólon. O grupo com a válvula apresentou os maiores valores e variações no cólon de 2,11 a 2,93. Em três animais de cada grupo estabeleceu-se comparação da similaridade e não se assemelharam ao controle. CONCLUSÃO: a ressecção da válvula ileocecal levou à mudanças da microbiota ileal e, com a criação de novo esfíncter, as variações foram maiores.
O Brasil: um Estado-nação a ser contruído. O papel dos símbolos nacionais, do Império à República
Authors: Jurt Joseph
Published: January 2013

Os símbolos da República, constituída no Brasil em 1889, não indicam uma ruptura radical com o regime monárquico anterior, como foi o caso na França. As cores da bandeira imperial remetiam às cores dinásticas. Na República, sua estrutura foi mantida, sendo acrescentado o lema "Ordem e Progresso", o que atestava que os positivistas haviam conseguido impor sua interpretação do novo regime. Quanto ao Hino Nacional, a República não havia conseguido infundir uma nova versão, o povo tendo manifestado sua predileção pelo hino imperial. Quanto à alegoria da República, havia tentativas de representá-la por figuras femininas, demasiado próximas, no entanto, da Marianne francesa. A figura de Tiradentes tinha uma ressonância mais durável, porque permitia ligar várias dimensões da nação: a abolição da escravatura e a independência.
Por uma ficção autoconsciente: a transposição do romance Dom Casmurro para a minisérie Capitu
Authors: Guzzi Cristiane Passafaro
Published: January 2013

O artigo discute a possibilidade de leitura de duas tradições nos romances, uma realista e outra autoconsciente, as quais se norteiam pelo modo como o gênero romanesco interpretou o conceito de verossimilhança ao longo de sua história. Tal percurso de reflexão possibilitou um estudo da minissérie televisiva Capitu (2008), de Luiz Fernando Carvalho - transposição, essa, da obra Dom Casmurro -, que levou em consideração, também, em seu processo, uma expressa autoconsciência dos mecanismos reflexivos empregados na obra machadiana, mas mobilizados, agora, pelos procedimentos específicos do novo suporte.
Briefing: The UK asphalt laying standard: a user's view
Authors: Hunter Robert N.
Published: January 2013

This briefing paper critically considers the content of the British standard for the transportation, laying and compaction of asphalts, namely BS 594987, from the standpoint of a professional user of the documentation. It begins by setting out the background to the standards that currently govern asphalt manufacture, testing and laying. It then considers a variety of provisions or suggested omissions: the designation of the standard itself; the lack of definition of normative and informative content; the lack of a tolerance for the finished level of surface course; the section dealing with hand laying, nominal and compacted layer thicknesses for asphalt concrete mixtures, including the allowable minimum thickness at any point; the minimum crossfall; and the lack of definition as to what constitutes substantial compaction. The paper concludes by suggesting that BS 594987 is proving to be wholly inadequate and warrants fundamental revision.
Getting more colors II
Authors: Eisworth Todd
Published: January 2013

We formulate and prove (in ZFC) a strong coloring theorem which holds at successors of singular cardinals, and use it to answer several questions concerning Shelah's principle Pr1(μ+,μ+,μ+, cf (μ)) for singularμ.
Spillover of Fatty Acids During Dietary Fat Storage in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Almandoz Jaime P. , Singh Ekta , Howell Lisa A. , Grothe Karen , Vlazny Danielle T. , Smailovic Almira , Irving Brian A. , Nelson Robert H. , Miles John M.
Published: January 2013

Spillover of lipoprotein lipase-generated fatty acids from chylomicrons into the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) pool is an important source of FFA and reflects inefficiency in dietary fat storage. We measured spillover in 13 people with type 2 diabetes using infusions of a [3H]triolein-labeled lipid emulsion and [U-13C]oleate during continuous feeding, before and after weight loss. Body fat was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Participants lost ∼14% of body weight. There was an ∼38% decrease in meal-suppressed FFA concentration (P < 0.0001) and an ∼23% decrease in oleate flux (P = 0.007). Fractional spillover did not change (P = NS). At baseline, there was a strong negative correlation between spillover and leg fat (r = −0.79, P = 0.001) and a positive correlation with the trunk-to-leg fat ratio (R = 0.56, P = 0.047). These correlations disappeared after weight loss. Baseline leg fat (R = −0.61, P = 0.027) but not trunk fat (R = −0.27, P = 0.38) negatively predicted decreases in spillover with weight loss. These results indicate that spillover, a measure of inefficiency in dietary fat storage, is inversely associated with lower body fat in type 2 diabetes.
Tractabilities and Intractabilities on Geometric Intersection Graphs
Authors: Uehara Ryuhei
Published: January 2013

A graph is said to be an intersection graph if there is a set of objects such that each vertex corresponds to an object and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding objects have a nonempty intersection. There are several natural graph classes that have geometric intersection representations. The geometric representations sometimes help to prove tractability/intractability of problems on graph classes. In this paper, we show some results proved by using geometric representations.
Chemical Constituents of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston
Authors: Wei Xiao-Hua , Yang Sheng-Jie , Liang Na , Hu De-Yu , Jin Lin-Hong , Xue Wei , Yang Song
Published: January 2013

The current study targets the chemical constituents of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston and investigates the bioactivities of the isolated compounds. Fourteen known compounds were isolated using column chromatography, and structural identification was performed by physical and spectral analyses. The biological activities of the compounds were also evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2,2-diphenlyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Emodin (6), baicalein (9), and apigenin (12) displayed antitumor activities against the MGC-803 cell line, while quercetin (2), rutin (5), baicalein (9), and epicatechin (13) showed stronger DPPH scavenging activities compared with ascorbic acid. Andrographolide (1), quercetin (2), bergenin (4), rutin (5), emodin (6), betulin (7), baicalein (9), polydatin (10), salicin (11), and apigenin (12), were obtained from C. decapetala (Roth) Alston for the first time.
Charisma and Counterculture: Allen Ginsberg as a Prophet for a New Generation
Authors: Ariel Yaakov
Published: January 2013

The cultural role of Allen Ginsberg does not fit a typical Weberian model of charisma. The avant-garde poet was an outstanding personality and possessed an unusual ability to affect people. He played a vital role in expanding the boundaries of personal freedom in America of the 1950s–1990s, blazing new paths for spiritual, communal and artistic expression. Serving as a father figure for the counterculture—a symbol of an alternative set of cultural norms, lifestyles and literary forms—Ginsberg was a charismatic counter-leader, with no clearly defined followers or movement. As a leader in a more liberated era, he offered energy, ideas, inspiration, and color, but no structure or authority. Instead he was a prophet of freedom, calling on people to express themselves openly, to expand and experiment. This role demanded charisma but of a different kind—one that was more spiritual and less organizational or hierarchical. This article follows Gary Dickson’s essay “Charisma, Medieval and Modern,” in offering a suggestive analysis of and supplement to Weber’s understanding of charisma. The article grapples with the concept of charisma in relation to a generation that resented rigid structures and authorities.
The Prevalence of Reoperation and Related Risk Factors Among Patients With Congenital Esotropia
Authors: Rajavi Zhale , Ferdosi Ahmad Ali , Eslamdoust Mina , Yaseri Mehdi , Haftabadi Narges , Kroji Setareh , Sheibani Kourosh
Published: January 2013

Purpose:

To determine the prevalence rate and related risk factors of reoperation among patients with congenital esotropia.

Methods:

One hundred fifty-seven children with congenital esotropia were divided into two groups after at least one operation: children with deviation within 10 PD (n = 89; success group) and those with deviation greater than 10 PD or history of reoperation (n = 68; failure group). The relationship of risk factors such as age at first operation and primary congenital esotropia of less than 30 or more than 50 PD and accompanying factors such as inferior oblique muscle overaction (> +1), dissociated vertical deviation, lateral rectus muscle underaction, and A-V pattern with reoperation were studied. Final sensory status of children 5 years and older was evaluated by Worth 4-dot and Titmus tests.

Results:

Reoperation was indicated in 32.4% of children who had residual esotropia greater than 15 PD after 3 months following their first operation. Congenital esotropia greater than 30 PD (
P
= .002) and lateral rectus muscle underaction of −1 to −2 (
P
< .005), were statistically different between the two groups. Initial operation at younger than 3 years was more likely to achieve gross stereopsis in children 5 years and older (
P
= .032).

Conclusion:

Congenital esotropia greater than 30 PD and lateral rectus muscle underaction were found to be risk factors of reoperation.
Temperature modulation of photoperiodism: an adaptation for long-distance dispersal in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Smith M.A.H. , MacKay P.A. , Lamb R.J.
Published: January 2013

Variation in the seasonal occurrence of asexual and sexual phenotypes of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is quantified for a local population in southern Manitoba, Canada. To survive winter, summer asexual generations must produce a sexual generation in a timely way at the end of the season, so that females can lay overwintering eggs. This transition is controlled by day length, which varies in a fixed seasonal pattern with latitude, and the local pattern of day length selects for an appropriate photoperiodic response. Substantial variation in the timing of production of males and mating females occurs among locally collected genotypes. Some of the variation is due to the arrival of long-distance dispersers (1000 km or more), and some is consistent with shorter but still long-distance dispersal. Some of the variation is due to year-to-year changes in late summer temperature. The critical day length in nature, which corresponds to critical photoperiod, increases as the average temperature decreases. This temperature modulation is adaptive because it allows many genotypes to produce some sexual phenotypes before the end of the season, although their photoperiodic responses are characteristic of long-distance dispersers and inappropriate to local day lengths.
A tessitura dos direitos
Authors: Schmidt Benito Bisso
Published: January 2013

Resenha
Paternalismo, experiencia obrera y desarrollo del régimen de gran industria: la historia de ALUAR
Authors: Alvarez Gonzalo Pérez
Published: January 2013

En este trabajo buscamos hacer observable la historia de la empresa ALUAR en sus distintas implicancias. Vamos desde su instalación en el marco de los proyectos de polos de desarrollo, a la formación de un colectivo obrero que se pretende sea funcional a la empresa, hasta las primeras experiencias de organización obrera autónoma, las luchas, las resistencias y los cambios.Desarrollamos en mayor medida el proceso en los años ‘90, tras la imposición hegemónica del proyecto del capital financiero, observando allí los cambios que se producen en la región y el papel de ALUAR. Discutimos allí conceptos muy utilizados, como el de “des industrialización”, y reflexionamos acerca del rol del Estado en esta nueva fase del capitalismo. Destacamos las transformaciones, los hitos en el proceso y las últimas huelgas, que se dan en el marco de la gran ampliación productiva de ALUAR.Es evidente que durante los ‘90 se produjeron cambios en la lucha de la clase obrera y en sus formas de organización. También los hay en la burguesía, que iba realizando diversas partes de su proyecto a través de la creación de la desocupación estructural, el disciplinamiento de la clase obrera y la mayor explotación de la fuerza de trabajo ocupada. La descripción y análisis de los principales conflictos permite entender en mayor profundidad el desarrollo de este proceso.
Operários das secas: retirantes e trabalhadores de ofício em obras de socorro público (1877-1919)
Authors: Cândido Tyrone Apollo Pontes
Published: January 2013

Este artigo pretende reconstituir as experiências de trabalho de retirantes e trabalhadores de ofício no contexto das grandes obras de socorro público no Ceará durante as secas da passagem do século XIX. Discute principalmente as relações estabelecidas no cotidiano de trabalho entre sertanejos e trabalhadores qualificados, observando suas diferenças e a troca de experiências na luta operária.
A máquina automotiva em suas partes
Authors: Oliveira Sirlei Márcia de
Published: January 2013

PINTO, Geraldo Augusto. A máquina automotiva em suas partes: um estudo das estratégias do capital na indústria de autopeças. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2011.
A Poverty of Rights
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2013

FISCHER, Brodwyn. A Poverty of Rights: Citizenship and Inequality in Twentieth Century Rio de Janeiro. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2008. 464 2008. 464 p.
Os Corpos de Trabalhadores e a organização do trabalho livre na província do Pará (1838-1859)
Authors: Fuller Claudia Maria
Published: January 2013

Este texto examina a tentativa de construção de um modelo de trabalhador livre contraposto aodenominado vadio, na província do Pará, após a Cabanagem, por meio do recrutamento compulsório da mãode obra livre para os Corpos de Trabalhadores. Abstract: This text examines the attempt to build a model of free worker in opposition to the notion of vagrantthrough the compulsory recruitment of free workforce called Corpos de Trabalhadores in the Province of Pará(Brazil), in the post-Cabanagem period.
Examination of the atmospheric conditions associated with high and low summer ozone levels in the lower troposphere over the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Kalabokas P. D. , Cammas J.-P. , Thouret V. , Volz-Thomas A. , Boulanger D. , Repapis C. C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In order to evaluate the observed high rural ozone levels in the Eastern Mediterranean area during summertime, vertical profiles of ozone measured in the period 1994–2008 in the framework of the MOZAIC project (Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus in Service Aircraft) over the Eastern Mediterranean basin (Cairo, Tel-Aviv, Heraklion, Rhodes, Antalya) were analysed, focusing in the lower troposphere (1.5–5 km). At first, vertical profiles collected during extreme days with very high or very low tropospheric ozone mixing ratios have been examined together with the corresponding back-trajectories. Also, the average profiles of ozone, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, temperature gradient and wind speed corresponding to the 7% highest and the 7% lowest ozone mixing ratios for the 1500–5000 m height layer for Cairo and Tel-Aviv have been examined and the corresponding composite maps of geopotential heights at 850 hPa have been plotted. Based on the above analysis, it turns out that the lower-tropospheric ozone variability over the Eastern Mediterranean area is controlled mainly by the synoptic meteorological conditions, combined with local topographical and meteorological features. In particular, the highest ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere and subsequently in the boundary layer are associated with large scale subsidence of ozone rich air masses from the upper troposphere under anticyclonic conditions while the lowest ozone concentrations are associated with low pressure conditions inducing uplifting of boundary layer air, poor in ozone and rich in relative humidity, to the lower troposphere.
Coupling between the JULES land-surface scheme and the CCATT-BRAMS atmospheric chemistry model (JULES-CCATT-BRAMS1.0): applications to numerical weather forecasting and the CO2 budget in South America
Authors: Moreira D. S. , Freitas S. R. , Bonatti J. P. , Mercado L. M. , Rosário N. M. É. , Longo K. M. , Miller J. B. , Gloor M. , Gatti L. V.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. This article presents the development of a new numerical system denominated JULES-CCATT-BRAMS, which resulted from the coupling of the JULES surface model to the CCATT-BRAMS atmospheric chemistry model. The performance of this system in relation to several meteorological variables (wind speed at 10 m, air temperature at 2 m, dew point temperature at 2 m, pressure reduced to mean sea level and 6 h accumulated precipitation) and the CO2 concentration above an extensive area of South America is also presented, focusing on the Amazon basin. The evaluations were conducted for two periods, the wet (March) and dry (September) seasons of 2010. The statistics used to perform the evaluation included bias (BIAS) and root mean squared error (RMSE). The errors were calculated in relation to observations at conventional stations in airports and automatic stations. In addition, CO2 concentrations in the first model level were compared with meteorological tower measurements and vertical CO2 profiles were compared with aircraft data. The results of this study show that the JULES model coupled to CCATT-BRAMS provided a significant gain in performance in the evaluated atmospheric fields relative to those simulated by the LEAF (version 3) surface model originally utilized by CCATT-BRAMS. Simulations of CO2 concentrations in Amazonia and a comparison with observations are also discussed and show that the system presents a gain in performance relative to previous studies. Finally, we discuss a wide range of numerical studies integrating coupled atmospheric, land surface and chemistry processes that could be produced with the system described here. Therefore, this work presents to the scientific community a free tool, with good performance in relation to the observed data and re-analyses, able to produce atmospheric simulations/forecasts at different resolutions, for any period of time and in any region of the globe.
Animal ethics and the work of the International Whaling Commission
Authors: Garner R
Published: January 2013

Animal ethics is concerned with an examination of the beliefs that are held about the moral status of non-human animals. It is concerned, therefore, not with describing how animals are treated but with how they ought to be treated. This paper focuses upon two particular ethical approaches chosen because they enable us to understand more clearly the debate about the moral status of animals in general, and whales in particular, as well as offering a way of maximising consensus in the debate. The first, which describes the dominant discourse within the International Whaling Commission (IWC), is based on the argument that our duties to non-human animals are indirect, such that their protection is dependent upon the degree to which it is in our interests to do so. This is the logic behind the discourse of anthropocentric conservation. The second approach is the ethic of animal welfare. Unlike anthropocentric conservationism, the animal welfare ethic is not based upon denying, or ignoring, the moral standing of non-human animals, and is consistent with the widespread acceptance, in theory and practice, that we do have direct duties to animals, that they do have moral standing.
Human-wildlife interactions: the importance and benefits of effective training
Authors: Lane J , Jackson V
Published: January 2013

Studies and projects undertaken under the auspices of conservation of wildlife are often treated as being synonymous with working to promote individual animal welfare. However, human interventions, with respect to wild animals, carry with them multiple risks for the animal subjects. Unfortunately, these risks and problems are sometimes given little consideration by practitioners, often because they are judged relative to natural processes or are incurred for the good of the species or population. Obviously, animals are subjected to a variety of natural factors likely to cause stress and poor welfare in the wild, and conservation and management of differing species to differing extents will probably always be necessary. However, in all these interventions, the welfare of the individual animal always needs to be upheld. One way of addressing this issue is by the provision of robust training. The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera) have recently developed a training course (winner of the UFAW Wild Animal Welfare Award 2010) which centres around promoting and educating best practice in wildlife, particularly with respect to improved methods of capture, handling, marking and release. As well as standard training techniques, the course includes the use of practical scenarios and discussion platforms, tackling varying issues pertinent to working with wild species with the overall aim of ensuring high standards of welfare.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Hollow Carbon Nanocapsules by Using Protective Silica Shells
Authors: Quan Bo , Nam Gi‐Eun , Choi Hyuck Jae , Piao Yuanzhe
Published: January 2013

Monodisperse hollow carbon nanocapsules (<200 nm) with mesoporous shells were synthesized by coating their outer shells with silica to prevent aggregation during their high‐temperature annealing. Monodispersed silica nanoparticles were used as starting materials and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C18TMS) was used as a carbon source to create core–shell nanostructures. These core–shell nanoparticles were coated with silica on their outer shell to form a second shell layer. This outer silica shell prevented aggregation during calcination. The samples were characterized by TEM, SEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV/Vis spectroscopy, and by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The as‐synthesized hollow carbon nanoparticles exhibited a high surface area (1123 m2 g−1) and formed stable dispersions in water after the pegylation process. The drug‐loading and drug‐release properties of these hollow carbon nanocapsules were also investigated.
Efficient and Selective Formation of Macrocyclic Disubstituted Z Alkenes by Ring‐Closing Metathesis (RCM) Reactions Catalyzed by Mo‐ or W‐Based Monoaryloxide Pyrrolide (MAP) Complexes: Applications to Total Syntheses of Epilachnene, Yuzu Lactone, Ambrettolide, Epothilone C, and Nakadomarin A
Authors: Wang Chenbo , Yu Miao , Kyle Andrew F. , Jakubec Pavol , Dixon Darren J. , Schrock Richard R. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: January 2013

The first broadly applicable set of protocols for efficient Z‐selective formation of macrocyclic disubstituted alkenes through catalytic ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) is described. Cyclizations are performed with 1.2–7.5 mol % of a Mo‐ or W‐based monoaryloxide pyrrolide (MAP) complex at 22 °C and proceed to complete conversion typically within two hours. Utility is demonstrated by synthesis of representative macrocyclic alkenes, such as natural products yuzu lactone (13‐membered ring: 73 % Z) epilachnene (15‐membered ring: 91 % Z), ambrettolide (17‐membered ring: 91 % Z), an advanced precursor to epothilones C and A (16‐membered ring: up to 97 % Z), and nakadomarin A (15‐membered ring: up to 97 % Z). We show that catalytic Z‐selective cyclizations can be performed efficiently on gram‐scale with complex molecule starting materials and catalysts that can be handled in air. We elucidate several critical principles of the catalytic protocol: 1) The complementary nature of the Mo catalysts, which deliver high activity but can be more prone towards engendering post‐RCM stereoisomerization, versus W variants, which furnish lower activity but are less inclined to cause loss of kinetic Z selectivity. 2) Reaction time is critical to retaining kinetic Z selectivity not only with MAP species but with the widely used Mo bis(hexafluoro‐tert‐butoxide) complex as well. 3) Polycyclic structures can be accessed without significant isomerization at the existing Z alkenes within the molecule.
Unsymmetrically Substituted Mo3S44+ Clusters Bearing Diphosphane Ligands
Authors: Sorribes Ivan , Llusar Rosa , Vicent Cristian
Published: January 2013

A unique series of unsymmetrically substituted [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl3–x(dca)x]PF6 (x = 0–3) clusters that feature mixed Cl/dca terminal ligands, prepared by thermal reaction of [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl3]PF6 ([1]PF6) [dmpe = 1,2‐bis(dimethylphosphanyl)ethane] with sodium dicyanamide [Na(dca); dca = dicyanamide] is reported. The cluster/Na(dca) ratio, reaction time as well as the nature of the solvent dictate the relative ratio of [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl2(dca)]PF6 ([2]PF6), [Mo3S4(dmpe)3Cl(dca)2]PF6 ([3]PF6) and [Mo3S4(dmpe)3(dca)3]PF6 ([4]PF6). An electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) based protocol was employed for high‐throughput optimization of reaction conditions directed to obtain [2–4]PF6 in optimal yield. The incorporation of dca confers significant polarity differences on the [2–4]PF6 series, so that compounds [2–4]PF6 can be efficiently isolated in analytically pure form after silica gel chromatography and represent the first examples of unsymmetrically substituted Mo3S44+ clusters that feature mixed terminal ligands. The structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical consequences of the stepwise Cl/dca replacement along the [1–4]PF6 series are also presented. The distinctive UV/Vis and electrochemical features along the [1–4]PF6 series illustrate the ability to fine‐tune the physicochemical properties of Mo3S44+ clusters upon stepwise dca incorporation more efficiently than upon complete ligand substitution.
Hereditary uveal melanoma: A report of a germline mutation in BAP1
Authors: Höiom Veronica , Edsgärd Daniel , Helgadottir Hildur , Eriksson Hanna , All‐Ericsson Charlotta , Tuominen Rainer , Ivanova Ivayla , Lundeberg Joakim , Emanuelsson Olof , Hansson Johan
Published: January 2013

Melanoma of the eye is a rare and distinct subtype of melanoma, which only rarely are familial. However, cases of uveal melanoma (UM) have been found in families with mixed cancer syndromes. Here, we describe a comprehensive search for inherited genetic variation in a family with multiple cases of UM but no aggregation of other cancer diagnoses. The proband is a woman diagnosed with UM at 16 years who within 6 months developed liver metastases. We also identified two older paternal relatives of the proband who had died from UM. We performed exome sequencing of germline DNA from members of the affected family. Exome‐wide analysis identified a novel loss‐of‐function mutation in the BAP1 gene, previously suggested as a tumor suppressor. The mutation segregated with the UM phenotype in this family, and we detected a loss of the wild‐type allele in the UM tumor of the proband, strongly supporting a causative association with UM. Screening of BAP1 germline mutations in families predisposed for UM may be used to identify individuals at increased risk of disease. Such individuals may then be enrolled in preventive programs and regular screenings to facilitate early detection and thereby improve prognosis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Message passing interface and multithreading hybrid for parallel molecular docking of large databases on petascale high performance computing machines
Authors: Zhang Xiaohua , Wong Sergio E. , Lightstone Felice C.
Published: January 2013

A mixed parallel scheme that combines message passing interface (MPI) and multithreading was implemented in the AutoDock Vina molecular docking program. The resulting program, named VinaLC, was tested on the petascale high performance computing (HPC) machines at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. To exploit the typical cluster‐type supercomputers, thousands of docking calculations were dispatched by the master process to run simultaneously on thousands of slave processes, where each docking calculation takes one slave process on one node, and within the node each docking calculation runs via multithreading on multiple CPU cores and shared memory. Input and output of the program and the data handling within the program were carefully designed to deal with large databases and ultimately achieve HPC on a large number of CPU cores. Parallel performance analysis of the VinaLC program shows that the code scales up to more than 15K CPUs with a very low overhead cost of 3.94%. One million flexible compound docking calculations took only 1.4 h to finish on about 15K CPUs. The docking accuracy of VinaLC has been validated against the DUD data set by the re‐docking of X‐ray ligands and an enrichment study, 64.4% of the top scoring poses have RMSD values under 2.0 Å. The program has been demonstrated to have good enrichment performance on 70% of the targets in the DUD data set. An analysis of the enrichment factors calculated at various percentages of the screening database indicates VinaLC has very good early recovery of actives. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The social contagion hypothesis: comment on ‘Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior’
Authors: Thomas A. C.
Published: January 2013

I reflect on the statistical methods of the Christakis–Fowler studies on network‐based contagion of traits by checking the sensitivity of these kinds of results to various alternate specifications and generative mechanisms. Despite the honest efforts of all involved, I remain pessimistic about establishing whether binary health outcomes or product adoptions are contagious if the evidence comes from simultaneously observed data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference for influence over multiple degrees of separation on a social network
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J.
Published: January 2013

States and behaviors of different individuals are expected to be correlated across a social network. Christakis and Fowler have proposed a ‘three degrees of influence rule’ to characterize the extent of such dependence. In this paper, we discuss three distinct interpretations of such a rule, one involving only associations (which is the interpretation for which Christakis and Fowler give evidence), one involving actual causation, generally referred to as contagion or social influence, and one involving direct effects. We discuss analytic procedures appropriate for assessing evidence for each possible interpretation and the increasingly difficult methodological challenges present in each interpretation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic derangements in the gastrocnemius and the effect of Compound A therapy in a murine model of cancer cachexia
Authors: Der-Torossian Hirak , Wysong Ashley , Shadfar Scott , Willis Monte S. , McDunn Jonathan , Couch Marion E.
Published: January 2013

Background

Cancer cachexia is a severe wasting syndrome characterized by the progressive loss of lean body mass and systemic inflammation. Inhibiting the signaling of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) largely prevents cancer‐induced muscle wasting in murine models. We have previously shown the utility of Compound A, a highly selective novel NF‐κB inhibitor that targets the IκB kinase complex, to provide clinical benefit in cancer‐induced skeletal muscle and cardiac atrophy.

Methods

Using a metabolomics approach, we describe the changes found between cachectic and noncachectic gastrocnemius muscles before and after Compound A treatment at various doses.

Results

Of the 234 metabolites in the gastrocnemius, cachexia‐induced changes in gastrocnemius metabolism reset the steady‐state abundances of 42 metabolites (p < 0.05). These changes, not evenly distributed across biochemical categories, are concentrated in amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates and energetics intermediates, and lipids. The gastrocnemius glycolytic pathway is markedly altered—changes consistent with tumor Warburg physiology. This is the first account of a Warburg effect that is not exclusively restricted to cancer cells or rapidly proliferating nonmalignant cells. Cachectic gastrocnemius also displays tricarboxylic acid cycle disruptions, signs of oxidative stress, and impaired redox homeostasis. Compound A only partially rescues the phenotype of the cachectic gastrocnemius, failing to restore the gastrocnemius’ baseline metabolic profile.

Conclusions

The findings in the present manuscript enumerate the metabolic consequences of cachexia in the gastrocnemius and demonstrate that NF‐kB targeted treatment only partly rescues the cachectic metabolic phenotype. These data strengthen the previous findings from metabolomic characterization of serum in cachectic animals, suggesting that many of the metabolic alterations observed in the blood originate in the diseased muscle. These findings provide significant insight into the complex pathophysiology of cancer cachexia and provide objective criteria for evaluating future therapeutics.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13539‐012‐0101‐7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.