bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
miR-20a regulates proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in P19 cell model of cardiac differentiation by targeting Smoothened
Authors: Ai Feng , Zhang Yanwei , Peng Bangtian
Published: August 2016

MicroRNA (miR)-20a, a member of the miR-17-92 cluster related to cardiac development, was obviously downregulated in myocardially differentiated P19 cells compared with normal P19 cells. Smoothened (SMO) is a member of the Hh pathway. Hh signaling induces cardiac differentiation in P19 cells, and SMO mediates the Hh pathway during embryonic development. Using bioinformatic prediction software Targetscan (http://www.targetscan.org/), PicTar (http://pictar.bio.nyu.edu), and miRBase (http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/), miR-20a and the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of SMO mRNA were predicted to have complementary binding regions. Accordingly, we inferred that miR-20a might act as a regulator of SMO, and regulate proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in P19 cells. We determined the expression of miR-20a, SMO and marker proteins of cardiomyocytes (cTnT, GATA4 and desmin) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot assays, and found that P19 cells had differentiated into cardiomyocytes successfully at differentiation day 10, and downregulation of miR-20a and upregulation of SMO existed in myocardially differentiated P19 cells. Cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis detection showed that miR-20a upregulation inhibited proliferation and differentiation and enhanced apoptosis in P19 cells. Moreover, we verified that miR-20a directly targeted SMO and knockdown of SMO and miR-20a overexpression had similar effects on P19 cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, which verified the speculation that miR-20a inhibits proliferation and differentiation and enhances apoptosis in P19 cells by directly targeting SMO. Our results suggest that miR-20a may be a potential target against congenital heart diseases.
Matriptase and prostasin are expressed in human skin in an inverse trend over the course of differentiation and are targeted to different regions of the plasma membrane
Authors: Lai Chih-Hsin , Chang Shun-Cheng , Chen Yen-Ju , Wang Yi-Jie J. , Lai Ying-Jun J. , Chang Hsiang-Hua D. , Berens Eric B. , Johnson Michael D. , Wang Jehng-Kang , Lin Chen-Yong
Published: August 2016

Matriptase and prostasin, acting as a tightly coupled proteolytic cascade, were reported to be required for epidermal barrier formation in mouse skin. Here we show that, in human skin, matriptase and prostasin are expressed with an inverse pattern over the course of differentiation. Matriptase was detected primarily in epidermal basal keratinocytes and the basaloid cells in the outer root sheath of hair follicles and the sebaceous gland, where prostasin was not detected. In contrast, prostasin was detected primarily in differentiated cells in the epidermal granular layer, the inner root sheath of hair follicles, and the sebaceous gland, where matriptase expression is negligible. While co-expressed in the middle stage of differentiation, prostasin was detected as polarized patches, and matriptase at intercellular junctions. Targeting to different subcellular localizations is also observed in HaCaT human keratinocytes, in which matriptase was detected primarily at intercellular junctions, and prostasin primarily on membrane protrusion. Furthermore, upon induction of zymogen activation, free active prostasin remains cell-associated and free active matriptase is rapidly shed into the extracellular milieu. Our data suggest that matriptase and prostasin likely function as independent entities in human skin rather than as a tightly coupled proteolytic cascade as observed in mouse skin.
Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited
Authors: Svendsen Morten B. S. , Domenici Paolo , Marras Stefano , Krause Jens , Boswell Kevin M. , Rodriguez-Pinto Ivan , Wilson Alexander D. M. , Kurvers Ralf H. J. M. , Viblanc Paul E. , Finger Jean S. , Steffensen John F.
Published: August 2016

Billfishes are considered to be among the fastest swimmers in the oceans. Previous studies have estimated maximum speed of sailfish and black marlin at around 35 m s−1 but theoretical work on cavitation predicts that such extreme speed is unlikely. Here we investigated maximum speed of sailfish, and three other large marine pelagic predatory fish species, by measuring the twitch contraction time of anaerobic swimming muscle. The highest estimated maximum swimming speeds were found in sailfish (8.3±1.4 m s−1), followed by barracuda (6.2±1.0 m s−1), little tunny (5.6±0.2 m s−1) and dorado (4.0±0.9 m s−1); although size-corrected performance was highest in little tunny and lowest in sailfish. Contrary to previously reported estimates, our results suggest that sailfish are incapable of exceeding swimming speeds of 10-15 m s−1, which corresponds to the speed at which cavitation is predicted to occur, with destructive consequences for fin tissues.
Identification and characterization of a symbiotic alga from soil bryophyte for lipid profiles
Authors: Feng Jia , Guo Yuning , Zhang Xiujuan , Wang Guihua , Lv Junping , Liu Qi , Xie Shulian
Published: August 2016

A symbiotic alga was successfully isolated from the soil moss Entodon obtusatus found in the Guandi Mountains, Shanxi Province, China, and cultivated under axenic conditions. Morphological observations showed that the symbiotic alga was similar to Chlorococcum. Based on phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and rbcL genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, Chlorococcum sp. GD was identified as Chlorococcum sphacosum. The three data sets were congruent for those aspects of the topologies that were relatively robust, and differed for those parts of the topologies that were not. This strain was cultured in BG11 medium to test its growth and biodiesel properties. It produced a lipid content of nearly 40%, and achieved biomass concentration of 410 mg l−1 and lipid productivity of 6.76 mg l−1 day−1, with favorable C16:0 (23.10%) and C18:1 (21.62%) fatty acid content. This alga appears to have potential for use in biodiesel production.
The decapping activator Edc3 and the Q/N-rich domain of Lsm4 function together to enhance mRNA stability and alter mRNA decay pathway dependence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Huch Susanne , Müller Maren , Muppavarapu Mridula , Gommlich Jessie , Balagopal Vidya , Nissan Tracy
Published: August 2016

The rate and regulation of mRNA decay are major elements in the proper control of gene expression. Edc3 and Lsm4 are two decapping activator proteins that have previously been shown to function in the assembly of RNA granules termed P bodies. Here, we show that deletion of edc3, when combined with a removal of the glutamine/asparagine rich region of Lsm4 (edc3Δ lsm4ΔC) reduces mRNA stability and alters pathways of mRNA degradation. Multiple tested mRNAs exhibited reduced stability in the edc3Δ lsm4ΔC mutant. The destabilization was linked to an increased dependence on Ccr4-mediated deadenylation and mRNA decapping. Unlike characterized mutations in decapping factors that either are neutral or are able to stabilize mRNA, the combined edc3Δ lsm4ΔC mutant reduced mRNA stability. We characterized the growth and activity of the major mRNA decay systems and translation in double mutant and wild-type yeast. In the edc3Δ lsm4ΔC mutant, we observed alterations in the levels of specific mRNA decay factors as well as nuclear accumulation of the catalytic subunit of the decapping enzyme Dcp2. Hence, we suggest that the effects on mRNA stability in the edc3Δ lsm4ΔC mutant may originate from mRNA decay protein abundance or changes in mRNPs, or alternatively may imply a role for P bodies in mRNA stabilization.
A CONSTRUÇÃO DO TRABALHO DE CONCLUSÃO DO CURSO POR MEIO DA METODOLOGIA ATIVA TEAM-BASED LEARNING
Authors: Hartz Ani Mari , Schlatter Gabriel Vianna
Published: August 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal descrever a experiência de uso da metodologia ativa Team-Based Learning (TBL) (aprendizagem baseada em equipes) em disciplinas de apoio ao planejamento e execução de trabalhos de conclusão de curso, contendo tanto as percepções dos professores quanto a avaliação dos alunos. Para empreender essa pesquisa, utilizou-se a vertente qualitativa, por meio das técnicas de observação e de pesquisa bibliográfica, e a vertente quantitativa, de caráter conclusivo, por meio de questionário. A amostra foi de 49 alunos, sendo 27 deles pertencentes ao curso de Publicidade e Propaganda e 22 ao curso de Administração de Empresas de uma instituição de ensino superior. A análise dos dados qualitativos foi feita por meio de uma categorização simples, com categorias definidas a posteriori. A análise dos dados quantitativos foi feita por meio de estatística descritiva e análise de conglomerados, utilizando-se o software Minitab 17.1. Dentre os principais achados destacam-se a identificação de três perfis de alunos (designados como tradicional, colaborativo e prático); a preferência destes por uma orientação e um feedback do professor no lugar do colega; e a necessidade de fechamento da aplicação do método, realizado pelo professor. Como benefícios diretos ao aluno, estes reconheceram que a discussão no grupo permitiu ter consciência sobre o quanto realmente sabiam sobre o assunto estudado. Por fim, a maioria manifestou ter gostado da abordagem Team-Based Learning (TBL).
RESPONSABILIDADE COMPARTILHADA E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NAS ATITUDES DE ESTUDANTES DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE UMA IES PRIVADA DE PORTO ALEGRE
Authors: Damacena Cláudio , Nascimento Thays Martins do
Published: August 2016

A perspectiva da coprodução em serviços vem ganhando espaço no contexto educacional. Caracteriza-se como um modelo educacional mais interacional e de responsabilidade compartilhada. Em outras palavras, os professores desenvolvem aulas que facilitam e motivam os alunos a produzirem as suas atividades, ou seja, coproduzem o aprendizado. Nesse contexto, a colaboração ativa, o diálogo, a interação, a mútua prestação de contas e a reflexão são aspectos intrínsecos da aprendizagem e podem ajudar a reduzir o impacto negativo de falhas que ocorrem nos serviços. Com o objetivo de explorar essa temática empiricamente, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva com 308 alunos de Administração de IES privada de Porto Alegre, com base em investigação semelhante produzida por Sierra (2009). Os resultados do estudo comprovam que a responsabilidade compartilhada é um componente crítico do aprendizado do aluno e sobre sua experiência de educação empresarial, pois o influencia, de forma determinante, em suas avaliações objetivas, subjetivas, cognitivas e emocionais.
ALFABETIZAÇÃO FINANCEIRA: UM ESTUDO POR MEIO DA APLICAÇÃO DA TEORIA DE RESPOSTA AO ITEM
Authors: Nascimento João Carlos Hipólito Bernardes do , Macedo Marcelo Álvaro da Silva , Siqueira José Ricardo Maia de , Bernardes Juliana Reis
Published: August 2016

O presente estudo teve por objetivo mensurar o nível de alfabetização financeira dos discentes do curso de Administração de empresas de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) Federal, sendo conduzida, para tal, uma survey com 307 alunos. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada a Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). A título de resultado, foram obtidos indícios que permitem concluir pelo baixo nível de alfabetização financeira e pela existência de um perfil conservador de investimento por parte dos discentes. Esse cenário, alinhado aos estudos empíricos anteriores realizados no país, mostra-se preocupante dado o potencial de externalidades negativas decorrente de más decisões financeiras, sobretudo, relacionadas ao financiamento da casa própria e à preparação para a aposentadoria. O presente estudo contribui ao testar empiricamente, no contexto nacional, a utilização da TRI à estimação da alfabetização financeira, permitindo concluir que a TRI é uma opção metodológica importante na estimação desse traço latente, que possibilita a comparabilidade dos conhecimentos financeiros através de uma medida consistente e confiável, através de estudos, populações, realidades e programas distintos.
ENSINO E PESQUISA E NADA MAIS? UMA ANÁLISE COM BASE EM CURRÍCULOS LATTES DE PÓS-DOUTORES EGRESSOS DA CAPES
Authors: Castro Pedro Marcos Roma de , Porto Geciane Silveira
Published: August 2016

No tripé ensino-pesquisa-extensão no processo de pós-doutorado com vista à capacitação docente, a literatura aponta um quadro de impacto razoavelmente positivo sobre as atividades de pesquisa mensuradas pela produção bibliográfica, sobretudo sobre a publicação de artigos em periódicos. No entanto as atuais atividades docentes não se restringem a produção de papers, ficando a pergunta será que a influência do estágio pós-doutoral não é mais abrangente tendo uma influência sobre atividades mais amplas da pós-graduação? Na busca de almejar uma possível resposta para essa questão emblemática, o estudo trabalhou em uma amostra de 978 pesquisadores que possuíam estágio pós-doutoral realizado no exterior, analisando egressos do programa na Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Capes, verificando a sua produção técnica e de extensão universitária em um cenário ex ante e ex post ao contexto pós-doutoral. Sob a ótica da produção de uma forma mais ampla, os dados apontam para um cenário drástico de impacto nulo para praticamente 11% da amostra, além disso, registra um impacto leve ou baixo de uma forma geral, mas os dados apontam para exceções que merecem ser consideradas, na busca de se fomentar um cenário mais amplo que vá além das atividades de pesquisa e que considerem o sistema de pós-graduação de uma forma mais sistêmica e integrada a tríade ensino-pesquisa-extensão.
The effect of problem based learning on 5th grades students’ energy literacy
Probleme dayalı öğrenme yaklaşımının 5. Sınıf öğrencilerinin enerji okuryazarlıkları üzerine etkisi
Authors: Göcük Aysun , Şahin Fatma
Published: August 2016

The need for energy is increasing. If fossil fuels continue to be consumed at this rate, they will disappear after a short period of time. Therefore, it is essential to use limited energy resources consciously. How early students wins this awareness, positive outcomes will be much more. The main purpose of the study is to make students aware of the problems from early ages and the object of this study is to find out how Problem Based Learning (PBL) affect the 5th grade students literacy improvement by using knowledge tests. It is an experimental study with a controlled group applied pre-test and final- test. It was carried out with the 5th grade students on 2013-2014 education year. A total of 36 students participated in the study. The involved in the experiment and control group were selected randomly. In the experiment group, the students were taught using activities prepared by Problem Based Learning and in control group, the students were taught using traditional methods. The duration for each group was 10 lesson hours. Data of search was derived using energy literacy knowledge test         (ELKT). When researched the effect of Problem Based Learning method carried out on experiment group and traditional method carried out on control group, a significant distinction in favor of Problem Based Learning method was found out. ÖzetEnerjiye olan ihtiyaç giderek artmaktadır. Fosil yakıtlar bu hızla tüketilmeye devam ederse, kısa bir süre sonra yok olacaklar. Bu  yüzden, sınırlı olan enerji kaynaklarını bilinçli kullanmak şarttır. Öğrenciler bu bilinci ne kadar erken kazanırlarsa, olumlu sonuçları o kadar fazla olacaktır.  Bu çalışmanın temel amacı öğrencilerin erken yaşta problemin farkına varmasını sağlamaktır ve bu çalışmayla Probleme Dayalı Öğrenme (PDÖ) yaklaşımının 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin enerji okuryazarlığı üzerine etkisini bilgi testi kullanarak incelemek amaçlanmıştır.   Çalışma ön test – son test kontrol gruplu deneysel bir çalışma olarak planlanmıştır.  Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2013-2014 Eğitim Öğretim yılı içerisinde 5. sınıfta eğitim gören toplam 36 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Deney ve kontrol grubunu oluşturan öğrenciler şans (random) yoluyla belirlenmiştir. Deney grubunda dersler PDÖ yöntemiyle hazırlanan ders etkinlikleriyle işlenirken, kontrol grubunda dersler mevcut programdaki etkinlikler ile işlenmiştir. Her iki grup için de çalışmanın süresi 10 ders saatidir. Araştırmanın verileri enerji okuryazarlığı bilgi testi (EOBT) ile toplanmıştır. Deney grubunda uygulanan PDÖ yöntemin mevcut programdaki etkinliklere göre enerji okuryazarlığında daha etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Editorial
Authors: Moreira David Alves
Published: August 2016

Editorial Revista Arel v. 3, n. 3, 2016
A INTERPRETAÇÃO À LUZ DA SUA FUNÇÃO SOCIAL VISANDO CONSTRUIR UM CONCEITO JURÍDICO DE EMPRESA
Authors: Nunes Cláudia Ribeiro Pereira , Gatto Manuela
Published: August 2016

O trabalho de pesquisa trata acerca da influência da função social da empresa sobre o conceito de empresa. Primeiramente, busca-se o entendimento sobre a função social da empresa que não é pacífico. Depois, estuda-se a constitucionalização do direito privado é determinante para os efeitos do princípio da função social da empresa. A problemática da pesquisa é a de verificar se existe realmente um conceito de empresa que se adeque ao princípio da função social da empresa como estabelecido pela Constituição brasileira, dentre as teorias dos atos de comércio, da empresa e da firma. O resultado esperado é que com esta última corrente se explique o fenômeno da empresa de modo mais congruente com a função social da empresa nos moldes estabelecidos na CRFB/88.
COOPERAÇÃO JURÍDICA INTERNACIONAL: ESTUDO DE CASOS SOBRE A TRANSFERÊNCIA DE PRESOS ESTRANGEIROS
Authors: Fernandes David Augusto
Published: August 2016

O presente artigo apresenta decisões judiciais, tanto na esfera interna como internacional, relativos ao instituto da Transferência de Presos Estrangeiros, meio de levar a reinserção social do preso, especificamente do preso condenado fora de seu país de origem, viabilizando sua transferência para seu país de origem ou de domicílio, para que possa no período de cumprimento da pena se integrar ao ambiente social de origem, levando-o a inserção social.
A FUNÇÃO SOCIAL DO CONTRATO E O DESENVOLVIMENTO NACIONAL: UMA ABORDAGEM À LUZ DOS CONTRATOS DE TRANSFERÊNCIA DE TECNOLOGIA
Authors: Santos Nivaldo Dos , Gomes Rodrigo Cabral
Published: August 2016

Dentro do atual cenário de globalização em que o conhecimento e ainovação se tornaram os principais fatores de crescimento econômico, desenvolvimento e promoção de bem-estar, o presente trabalho visa um estudo da função social do contrato buscando uma aplicabilidade mais objetiva a partir dos Contratos de Transferência de Tecnologia. Objetiva-se uma abordagem conceitual da fi gura contratual e sua importância para o desenvolvimento do país. Em seguida pretende-se apresentar a posição do Brasil no cenário internacional no que se refere à inovação tecnológica, demonstrando os dispositivos legais pátrios de incentivo à inovação elegendo o contrato como instrumento apto para transformações socioeconômicas.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE O DEVER DE FUNDAMENTAÇÃO DAS DECISÕES JUDICIAIS E A IMPARCIALIDADE JUDICIAL: “O QUE FALAR QUER DIZER” E O QUE NÃO DIZER QUER FALAR?
Authors: Batista Bárbara Gomes Lupetti
Published: August 2016

O subtítulo deste artigo referencia o texto de Pierre Bourdieu, intitulado“O que falar quer dizer” (1983, p. 75-88), porque a expressão usada pelo sociólogo é elucidativa da problemática ora proposta. O texto trata das tensões existentes entre a garantia da fundamentação das decisões judiciais, controladas através da explicitação das razões de decidir dos magistrados, e o seu dever de imparcialidade. Através de pesquisa de campo realizada no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, percebe-se que nem sempre existe correspondência entre as razões “reais” de decidir e a fundamentação racional expressa na decisão judicial. A pesquisa aponta que existem motivações ocultas nas decisões judiciais e que a invisibilidade proposital das razões de decidirsustentaa crença na imparcialidade judicial.
Visual drainage assessment: A standardised visual soil assessment method for use in land drainage design in Ireland
Authors: Tuohy P. , Humphreys J. , Holden N.M. , O’Loughlin J. , Reidy B. , Fenton O.
Published: August 2016

The implementation of site-specific land drainage system designs is usually disregarded by landowners in favour of locally established ‘standard practice’ land drainage designs. This is due to a number of factors such as a limited understanding of soil–water interactions, lack of facilities for the measurement of soil’s physical or hydrological parameters and perceived time wastage and high costs. Hence there is a need for a site-specific drainage system design methodology that does not rely on inaccessible, time-consuming and/or expensive measurements of soil physical or hydrological properties. This requires a standardised process for deciphering the drainage characteristics of a given soil in the field. As an initial step, a new visual soil assessment method, referred to as visual drainage assessment (VDA), is presented whereby an approximation of the permeability of specific soil horizons is made using seven indicators (water seepage, pan layers, texture, porosity, consistence, stone content and root development) to provide a basis for the design of a site-specific drainage system. Across six poorly drained sites (1.3 ha to 2.6 ha in size) in south-west Ireland a VDA-based design was compared with (i) an ideal design (utilising soil physical measurements to elucidate soil hydraulic parameters) and (ii) a standard design (0.8 m deep drains at a 15 m spacing) by model estimate of water table control and rainfall recharge/drain discharge capacity. The VDA method, unlike standard design equivalents, provided a good approximation of an ideal (from measured hydrological properties) design and prescribed an equivalent land drainage system in the field. Mean modelled rainfall recharge/drain discharge capacity for the VDA (13.3 mm/day) and ideal (12.0 mm/day) designs were significantly higher (P< 0.001, s.e. 1.42 mm/day) than for the standard designs (0.5 mm/day), when assuming a design minimum water table depth of 0.45 m.
Mathematical study of multispecies dynamics modeling predator–prey spatial interactions
Authors: Owolabi Kolade M.
Published: August 2016

In this work, we present analysis of a scaled time-dependent reaction–diffusion system modeling three competitive species dynamics that is of Lotka–Volterra type for coexistence, permanence and stability. The linear analysis is based on the application of qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations and dynamical systems. We consider two notable spatial discretization methods in conjunction with an adaptive time stepping method to verify the biological wave phenomena of the solutions and present the numerical results in one dimensional space. Adequate numerical resulting are provided in one and two dimensions to justify theoretical investigations. In addition, efficiency of the proposed numerical schemes are justified.
The lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar: Theory, typology, description
Authors: Genee Inge , Keizer Evelien , García Velasco Daniel
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses the treatment of the lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) and serves to provide a general introduction to the theoretical framework and its formalizations, in particular for readers who may not be intimately familiar with it. After outlining the general architecture of the model, we discuss the position, content and function of the FDG lexicon in more detail. The FDG lexicon is often called the Fund, as it contains more than just a collection of lexemes. The Fund is conceived of as a storehouse containing all unpredictable linguistic knowledge in the form of various types of primitives. In addition to a lexicon proper this includes structural and grammatical primitives that feed the grammar, such as: pragmatic and semantic frames, functions and operators; morphosyntactic and phonological templates and operators; and suppletive forms. The “lexicon proper” contains grammatical morphemes and suppletive forms in addition to lexemes; the collection of frames and templates is sometimes called the “structicon”; and operators and functions constitute what may be called the “grammaticon”. The division of labor between the Fund and the Grammar is illustrated by showing how FDG treats lexeme, word and frame formation: lexeme formation is located in the Fund, word formation is located in the Grammar, and frame formation may be located in either, depending on the particular frame or the approach of the analyst. We then discuss the form and content of lexical entries. This has been a topic of some discussion recently, and several of the contributions to this special issue contain proposals in this area. The central question here is how best to capture the existence of common or even default associations between primitives at different levels of representation while still allowing for the occurrence of mismatches. Mismatches allow us to account for phenomena like coercion and other creative uses of the linguistic apparatus available to the language user. Next we address the construction of lexical meaning, showing where FDG draws the line between semantics on the one hand and pragmatics, contextual factors, and conceptualization on the other hand. Here again, different points of view coexist and several contributions contain proposals for how to represent lexical meaning. Our final section briefly introduces the other contributions to this special issue.
A flexible lexicon for Functional Discourse Grammar
Authors: Velasco Daniel García
Published: August 2016

This article discusses the organization of the lexicon component in Functional Discourse Grammar with special attention to the representation of lexical meaning. After a brief introduction,
Lexical auxiliaries in Spanish: How and why?
Authors: Olbertz Hella
Published: August 2016

Departing from a proposal by Keizer on how to bridge the gap between the grammar and the lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), this article deals with three aspectual verbal periphrases in Spanish, which are, in the order of their degrees of grammaticalization, (i) weakly grammaticalized resultative
Idiomatic expressions in Functional Discourse Grammar
Authors: Keizer Evelien
Published: August 2016

This article addresses the question of how the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), with its clear distinction between lexicon and grammar, can deal with semi-fixed constructions by proposing a consistent and cognitively plausible account of idiomatic expressions that can not only deal with the partly unpredictable and partly productive character of these expressions, but also with the variation within the class of idioms. It is argued that, on the basis of both semantic and syntactic criteria, three major types of idiom can be distinguished. Subsequently, an FDG analysis is provided which shows that the syntactic behavior of these types is not entirely arbitrary and unpredictable, but that it can to a large extent be accounted for by the specific functional properties of each of these types. Finally, the article addresses the question of how to represent idioms in the FDG lexicon. It is suggested that the lexical entry of an idiom should take the form of a meaning definition which is associated with a semi-fixed combination of interpersonal and representation frames and morphosyntactic templates specifying the functional and formal constraints on individual idioms, while at the same time accounting for the (different degrees of) syntactic flexibility exhibited by the three major types of idiom. All that is needed for idioms to be integrated in the theory of FDG, it is concluded, is the introduction of a new primitive, the so-called ComPIF (Combination of Partially Instantiated Frames).
Bound lexical formatives: Lexicon, grammar or somewhere in between. An FDG perspective
Authors: Portero Muñoz Carmen
Published: August 2016

This article explores the use of affix-like elements of dubious status in word formation and proposes an analysis within Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld and Mackenzie 2008.
Derivation in the lexicon: The case of Esperanto
Authors: Jansen Wim
Published: August 2016

This study takes Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) as its theoretical framework, and applies to the phenomena under study the FDG terminology, which may differ from what many readers are used to. Esperanto has an agglutinating morphology. Its words are built on stems which are associated with contentive lexemes in a flexible system of parts of speech. The language has an elaborate stock of lexically dependent morphemes (roots in FDG) for lexeme building. Many basic words are stem-root combinations in Esperanto. The roots applied in them also appear in complex structures, and can be reordered and interchanged easily to produce different complex stems. For this reason, derivation is taken to be hosted in the lexicon. The lexicon must contain a highly developed procedural knowledge component, of which the derivation system is assumed to be a part. Some of the suffixable roots have homonymous variants that define grammatical processes. The combinatorial freedom of roots provides for a lexical expansion tool which is easy to handle, but not without complications. Problematic is the (in)transitivity of lexemes destined to verbal encoding, when applied in an environment that is not naturally theirs. This phenomenon is known to be an important source of mistakes among speakers of the language. It is argued that the lexicon of Esperanto speakers contains paired transitive and intransitive representations of the most current lexemes of this category. The study aims at providing support to better understand the mechanisms at work inside the lexicon and at the interface between the lexicon and the grammar of agglutinating languages.
Reflections on the lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar
Authors: Hengeveld Kees , Mackenzie J. Lachlan
Published: August 2016

This article contains a series of reflections on the nature of the lexicon in FDG inspired in large measure by the preceding articles. We start by considering how the lexicon relates to the Conceptual Component, arguing that lexemes do not label units of conceptualization but rather are associated with experientially based beliefs about their appropriate use. In our view, the Conceptual Component first develops a Message, which then influences the choice of a frame in the Grammatical Component into which appropriate lexemes are inserted. Lexemes are thus not inherently associated with frames, as was proposed in earlier work. Instead, they are marked with numerical indicators for the set of frames with which they are compatible, with
Blackfoot causative formation between lexicon and grammar
Authors: Genee Inge
Published: August 2016

This article considers the treatment of causatives in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) in relation to questions regarding the division of labor between the Grammar and the Lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). The focus is on causative constructions in which the causativizer affixes to the verb in so-called polysynthetic languages. In this respect the article also contributes to the treatment of polysynthesis in FDG. The central question is whether the causative construction is a derived lexeme created in the lexicon and inserted into the grammatical structure as a single lexical unit, or whether it is created in the grammar as a synthetic construction involving two lexical units. The article describes the pertinent morphosyntactic and semantic properties of causative constructions in Blackfoot, a polysynthetic language belonging to the Algonquian language family. I show that such constructions contain two events, each with their own semantic properties including argument structure and modifiability. In FDG this is accounted for by analyzing the semantic configuration at the Representational Level of analysis as a complex Episode consisting of two States-of-Affairs, while analyzing the morphosyntactic configuration at the Morphosyntactic Level as a complex verbal Word containing two verbal Roots, one of which is the causativizer. The causativizer is analyzed as an independent verbal lexeme stored in the lexicon rather than as derivational morpheme. This analysis follows logically from the way in which FDG conceptualizes polysynthesis, namely as a morphological type which allows the presence of more than one lexical element within a single word.
Sex and Weight Category Differences in Time-Motion Analysis of Elite Judo Athletes: Implications for Assessment and Training
Authors: Sterkowicz-Przybycień Katarzyna , Miarka Bianca , Fukuda David H.
Published: August 2016

Sterkowicz-Przybycień, K, Miarka, B, and Fukuda, DH. Sex and weight category differences in time-motion analysis of elite judo athletes: implications for assessment and training. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 817–825, 2017—The purpose of this investigation was to support training program development through the comparison of combat and pause phases during elite male and female judo competition in athletes of varying weight categories. A total of 1,411 video recorded judo matches between athletes who qualified for the 2012 Olympic Games were analyzed. Within the matches, 111,203 competitive situations were categorized as combat (with subphases of approach, gripping, attack, defense, and groundwork) or pause phases. Time-motion analysis data were compared between extra light, light, middle, and heavyweight categories for men and women. Median times varied between sex and weight category groups for individual combat (23.9–28.5 seconds), pause (4.0–8.8 seconds), and combat subphases (p ≤ 0.05). Sex-based differences in accumulated combat and combat subphase times were primarily found in the middleweight athletes. Heavyweight female athletes had longer accumulated groundwork and pause times, extra lightweight women had greater groundwork time, and both extra light and lightweight women had shorter accumulated attack times compared with their male counterparts. No differences between men and women were found for the time to complete an individual combat action; however, the pause phase and most of the combat subphases displayed differences. The lightest and heaviest judo athletes displayed unique characteristics compared with athletes in the other weight categories, particularly in the attack, defense, groundwork, and pause phases. These results have important implications related to training program design and support the need for the development of normative data for male and female judo athletes of varying weight categories.
High-Intensity Interval Cycling Exercise on Wave Reflection and Pulse Wave Velocity
Authors: Kingsley J. Derek , Tai Yu Lun , Vaughan Jeremiah A. , Mayo Xián
Published: August 2016

Kingsley, JD, Tai, YL, Vaughan, J, and Mayo, X. High-intensity interval cycling exercise on wave reflection and pulse wave velocity. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1313–1320, 2017—The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of high-intensity exercise on wave reflection and aortic stiffness. Nine young, healthy men (mean ± SD: age: 22 ± 2 years) participated in the study. The high-intensity interval cycling exercise consisted of 3 sets of Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WATs) with 7.5% of bodyweight as resistance and 2 minutes of rest between each set. Measurements were taken at rest and 1 minute after completion of the WATs. Brachial and aortic blood pressures, as well as wave reflection characteristics, were measured through pulse wave analysis. Aortic stiffness was assessed through carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to investigate the effects of the WATs on blood pressure and vascular function across time. There was no change in brachial or aortic systolic pressure from rest to recovery. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in brachial diastolic pressure (rest: 73 ± 6 mm Hg; recovery: 67 ± 9 mm Hg) and aortic diastolic pressure (rest: 75 ± 6 mm Hg; recovery: 70 ± 9 mm Hg) from rest to recovery. In addition, there was no significant change in the augmentation index (rest: 111.4 ± 6.5%; recovery: 109.8 ± 5.8%, p = 0.65) from rest to recovery. However, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the augmentation index normalized at 75 b·min−1 (rest: 3.29 ± 9.82; recovery 21.21 ± 10.87) during recovery compared with rest. There was no change in cfPWV (rest: 5.3 ± 0.8 m·s−1; recovery: 5.7 ± 0.5m·s−1; p = 0.09) in response to the WAT. These data demonstrate that high-intensity interval cycling exercise with short rest periods has a nonsignificant effect on vascular function.
A 2-Month Linear Periodized Resistance Exercise Training Improved Musculoskeletal Fitness and Specific Conditioning of Navy Cadets
Authors: Vantarakis Antonios , Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Avloniti Alexandra , Vezos Nikolaos , Douroudos Ioannis I. , Draganidis Dimitrios , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Kambas Antonis , Kalligeros Stamatios , Fatouros Ioannis G.
Published: August 2016

Vantarakis, A, Chatzinikolaou, A, Avloniti, A, Vezos, N, Douroudos, II, Draganidis, D, Jamurtas, AΖ, Kambas, A, Kalligeros, S, and Fatouros, IG. A 2-month linear periodized resistance exercise training improved musculoskeletal fitness and specific conditioning of navy cadets. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1362–1370, 2017—Major objectives of army and navy training are the development of readiness, performance, and injury prevention. Numerous studies have examined the effect of specific strength training (ST) programs on performance of Special Forces and military personnel. Although navy personnel have to address on-board conditions that require the development of strength, agility, speed, and task-specific endurance, there is no information regarding the effects of ST on navy-specific performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week ST on performance of navy cadets. Thirty-one cadets of the Hellenic Naval Academy volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned in 2 groups. Cadets in the Experimental Group participated in a linear periodized ST program in addition to their daily training schedule. Cadets in the control group participated only in pre- and post-measurements. Anthropometrics, maximal oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption during a Navy Obstacle Course (NOC), maximum strength in bench press and squat exercises, hand grip strength, repetitions in push-ups and abdominal test, time to complete a 30-m sprint, and time to complete NOC were measured before and after the intervention. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that ST induced favorable changes in bench press and squat 1 repetition maximum, push-ups, abdominal crunches, time to complete 30-m distance, and time to complete the NOC. These results indicate that an additional ST may induce positive alterations on readiness and performance of navy cadets. The study has the approval of university's institutional review board and ethical committee.
Physical Demands of Representative Match-Play in Adolescent Rugby Union
Authors: Read Dale B. , Jones Ben , Phibbs Padraic J. , Roe Gregory A.B. , Darrall-Jones Joshua D. , Weakley Jonathon J.S. , Till Kevin
Published: August 2016

Read, DB, Jones, B, Phibbs, PJ, Roe, GAB, Darrall-Jones, J, Weakley, JJS, and Till, K. Physical demands of representative match-play in adolescent rugby union. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1290–1296, 2017—The purpose of this study was to quantify the physical demands of representative adolescent rugby union match-play and investigate the difference between playing positions and age groups. Players (n = 112) were classified into 6 groups by playing position (forwards and backs) and age group (U16, U18, and U20). The physical demands were measured using microsensor-based technology and analyzed using magnitude-based inferences to assess practical importance. Backs had a greater relative distance (except U16s) and a greater high-speed running distance per minute than forwards, with the magnitude of difference between the positions becoming larger in older age groups. Forwards had higher values of PlayerLoad (PL) per minute (accumulated accelerations from the 3 axes of movement) and PL slow per minute (accumulated accelerations from the 3 axes of movement where velocity is <2 m·s−1) than backs at all age groups. Relative distance, low-, and high-speed running per minute all had a trend to be lower in older age groups for both positions. PlayerLoad per minute was greater in U18 than that in U16 and U20 for both positions. PlayerLoad slow per minute was greater for older age groups besides the U18 and U20 comparisons, which were unclear. The contrasts in physical demands experienced by different positions reinforce the need for greater exposure to sprinting and collision-based activity for backs and forwards, respectively. Given PL metrics peak at U18 and locomotor demands seem to be lower in older ages, the demands of representative adolescent rugby union do not seem to be greater at U20 as expected.
Acute Low-Dose Caffeine Supplementation Increases Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold in Healthy Men
Authors: Morse Jacob J. , Pallaska Gramos , Pierce Patrick R. , Fields Travis M. , Galen Sujay S. , Malek Moh H.
Published: August 2016

Morse, JJ, Pallaska, G, Pierce, PR, Fields, TM, Galen, SS, and Malek, MH. Acute low-dose caffeine supplementation increases electromyographic fatigue threshold in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3236–3241, 2016—The purpose of this study is to determine whether consumption of a single low-dose caffeine drink will delay the onset of the electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT) in the superficial quadriceps femoris muscles. We hypothesize that the EMGFT values for the caffeine condition will be significantly higher than the EMGFT values for the placebo condition. On separate occasions, 10 physically active men performed incremental single-leg knee-extensor ergometry 1 hour after caffeine (200 mg) or placebo consumption. The EMGFT was determined for each participant for both conditions. The results indicated a significant increase for maximal power output (16%; p = 0.004) and EMGFT (45%; p = 0.004) in the caffeine condition compared with placebo. These findings suggest that acute low-dose caffeine supplementation delays neuromuscular fatigue in the quadriceps femoris muscles.
Acute Effects of Static vs. Ballistic Stretching on Strength and Muscular Fatigue Between Ballet Dancers and Resistance-Trained Women
Authors: Lima Camila D. , Brown Lee E. , Wong Megan A. , Leyva Whitney D. , Pinto Ronei S. , Cadore Eduardo L. , Ruas Cassio V.
Published: August 2016

Lima, CD, Brown, LE, Wong, MA, Leyva, WD, Pinto, RS, Cadore, EL, and Ruas, CV. Acute effects of static vs. ballistic stretching on strength and muscular fatigue between ballet dancers and resistance-trained women. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3220–3227, 2016—Stretching is used to increase joint range of motion, but the acute effects can decrease muscle strength. However, this may depend on the population or mode of stretching. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of static vs. ballistic stretching on strength and muscular fatigue between ballet dancers and resistance-trained women. Fifteen resistance-trained women (age 23.8 ± 1.80 years, mass 67.47 ± 7.77 kg, height 168.30 ± 5.53 cm) and 12 ballet dancers (age 22.8 ± 3.04 years, mass 58.67 ± 5.65 kg, height 168.00 ± 7.69 cm) performed 5 days of testing. The first day was control (no stretching), whereas the other 4 days were static or ballistic stretching in a counterbalanced order. Range of motion, strength, and fatigue tests were also performed. Both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in hamstrings strength after static (102.71 ± 2.67 N·m) and ballistic stretching (99.49 ± 2.61 N·m) compared with control (113.059 ± 3.25 N·m), with no changes in quadriceps strength. For fatigue, only ballet dancers demonstrated a decrease from control (71.79 ± 4.88%) to ballistic (65.65 ± 8.19%), but no difference with static (65.01 ± 12.29%). These findings suggest that stretching decreases hamstrings strength similarly in ballet dancers and resistance-trained women, with no differences between modes of stretching. However, ballistic stretching only decreased muscular fatigue in ballet dancers, but not in resistance-trained women. Therefore, no stretching should be performed before strength performance. However, ballistic stretching may decrease acute muscular fatigue in ballet dancers.
Effects of Different Combinations of Strength, Power, and Plyometric Training on the Physical Performance of Elite Young Soccer Players
Authors: Kobal Ronaldo , Loturco Irineu , Barroso Renato , Gil Saulo , Cuniyochi Rogério , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Roschel Hamilton , Tricoli Valmor
Published: August 2016

Kobal, R, Loturco, I, Barroso, R, Gil, S, Cuniyochi, R, Ugrinowitsch, C, Roschel, H, and Tricoli, V. Effects of different combinations of strength, power, and plyometric training on the physical performance of elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 31(6): 1468–1476, 2017—The combination of strength (ST) and plyometric training (PT) has been shown to be effective for improving sport-specific performance. However, there is no consensus about the most effective way to combine these methods in the same training session to produce greater improvements in neuromuscular performance of soccer players. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different combinations of ST and PT sequences on strength, jump, speed, and agility capacities of elite young soccer players. Twenty-seven soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 0.6 years) participated in an 8-week resistance training program and were divided into 3 groups: complex training (CP) (ST before PT), traditional training (TD) (PT before ST), and contrast training (CT) (ST and PT performed alternately, set by set). The experimental design took place during the competitive period of the season. The ST composed of half-squat exercises performed at 60–80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM); the PT composed of drop jump exercises executed in a range from 30 to 45 cm. After the experimental period, the maximum dynamic strength (half-squat 1RM) and vertical jump ability (countermovement jump height) increased similarly and significantly in the CP, TD, and CT (48.6, 46.3, and 53% and 13, 14.2, and 14.7%, respectively). Importantly, whereas the TD group presented a significant decrease in sprinting speed in 10 (7%) and 20 m (6%), the other groups did not show this response. Furthermore, no significant alterations were observed in agility performance in any experimental group. In conclusion, in young soccer players, different combinations and sequences of ST and PT sets result in similar performance improvements in muscle strength and jump ability. However, it is suggested that the use of the CP and CT methods is more indicated to maintain/maximize the sprint performance of these athletes.