bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug ADME‐associated protein database as a resource for facilitating pharmacogenomics research
Authors: Zheng C.J. , Sun L. Z. , Han L. Y. , Ji Z. L. , Chen X. , Chen Y. Z.
Published: November 2004

Increasing effort and interest have been directed at pharmacogenomics for elucidating the mechanism of individual differences in drug response and the design of personalized drugs and dosages. Knowledge about drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) proteins and drug targets is useful for facilitating the search and evaluation of polymorphisms and other pharmacogenomic‐contributing factors. A database of drug ADME‐associated proteins, at http://bidd.nus.edu.sg/group/admeap/admeap.asp, serves as a resource for comprehensive information about proteins potentially responsible for pharmacogenetic effects of pharmacokinetic origin. This database currently contains entries for 316 ADME‐associated proteins, 1,070 substrates and inhibitors, 1,337 known polymorphisms in 121 proteins, and 327 drugs reported to have altered responses linked to an ADME‐associated protein. It also provides physiological function of each protein, pharmacokinetic effect, ADME classification, direction, and driving force of disposition, location and tissue distribution, synonyms, and gene name. Information in this database and its usefulness for facilitating pharmacogenomic research is discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 62:134–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The molecular requirements for LAT‐mediated differentiation and the role of LAT in limiting pre‐B cell expansion
Authors: Su Yu‐wen , Herzog Sebastian , Lotz Michael , Feldhahn Niklas , Müschen Markus , Jumaa Hassan
Published: November 2004

Successful recombination of the heavy‐chain locus in developing B cells results in the expression of the pre‐BCR, which induces the proliferation and expansion of pre‐B cells. To avoid uncontrolled proliferation, pre‐BCR signals transmitted via the adaptor protein SLP‐65 (SH2‐domain‐containing leukocyte protein of 65 kDa) lead to the down‐regulation of pre‐BCR expression and to pre‐B cell differentiation. Here, we show that, similarly to SLP‐65, the adaptor protein LAT (linker for activation of T cells) limits pre‐B cell proliferation and reduces the potential of a tumorgenic pre‐B cell line to develop leukemia in immune‐deficient mice. We further show that the four distal tyrosines are required for LAT activity in pre‐B cells. Mutation at Y136 completely abolishes LAT activity, whereas single point‐mutations at Y175, Y195 or Y235 impair, but do not block, LAT‐induced pre‐B cell differentiation. As LAT is also expressed in human pre‐B cells, our results suggest that LAT cooperates with SLP‐65 to promote the differentiation and control the proliferation of both murine and human pre‐B cells.
Activation of human neonatal monocyte‐derived dendritic cells by lipopolysaccharide down‐regulates birch allergen‐induced Th2 differentiation
Authors: Andersson Anna‐Carin , Seppälä Ulla , Rudin Anna
Published: November 2004

Epidemiological studies describe an inverse association between the level of environmental endotoxin exposure during infancy and the prevalence of allergic disease in children. To study the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipopeptide Pam3Cys signaling via Toll‐like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR2 on dendritic cells (DC), respectively, on birch allergen‐induced T cell differentiation, cord blood monocyte‐derived DC were exposed to birch allergen extract alone or in combination with LPS or Pam3Cys and thereafter co‐cultured with naive autologous T cells. We demonstrate that birch allergen alone induced high levels of IL‐13 from neonatal T cells, whereas the production of IL‐5 and IFN‐γ was modest. Stimulation of DC with birch allergen together with LPS but not Pam3Cys resulted in a decreased IL‐13 production by T cells compared to birch allergen alone. Furthermore, birch allergen together with LPS induced increased up‐regulation of activation markers expressed on the surface and production of cytokines from DC relative to stimulation with birch allergen alone. Finally, birch allergen partially suppressed both LPS‐ and Pam3Cys‐induced DC maturation. Our results indicate that concomitant TLR4 stimulation during the initial phase of immune activation to birch allergen in infants may inhibit the development of a T helper 2‐type response.
Restoration of C1q levels by bone marrow transplantation attenuates autoimmune disease associated with C1q deficiency in mice
Authors: Cortes‐Hernandez Josefina , Fossati‐Jimack Liliane , Petry Franz , Loos Michael , Izui Shozo , Walport Mark J. , Cook H. Terence , Botto Marina
Published: November 2004

C1q deficiency in both humans and mice is strongly associated with autoimmunity. We have previously shown that bone marrow transplantation (BMT) restored C1q levels in C1q‐deficient (C1qa–/–) mice. Here, we studied the effect of BMT on autoimmunity in C1qa–/– mice. Following irradiation, young C1qa–/– or wild‐type MRL/Mp mice received bone marrow cells (BMC) from strain‐matched wild‐type or C1qa–/– animals. C1q levels increased rapidly when C1qa–/– mice received BMC from wild‐type mice. Conversely, they decreased slowly in wild‐type mice transplanted with C1qa–/– BMC. C1qa–/– animals transplanted with C1qa–/– BMC demonstrated accelerated disease when compared with wild‐type mice given wild‐type BMC. In contrast, a significant delay in the development of autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis was observed in C1qa–/– mice reconstituted with wild‐type BMC, and the impaired clearance of apoptotic cells, previously described in C1qa–/– mice, was rectified. Moreover, the autoimmune disease was accelerated in wild‐type mice given C1qa–/– BMC compared to animals transplanted with wild‐type cells. These results provide supporting evidence that BMT may be a therapeutic option in the treatment of autoimmunity associated with human C1q deficiency.
Application of scanning probe microscopy to the characterization and fabrication of hybrid nanomaterials
Authors: Greene Mark E. , Kinser C. Reagan , Kramer Donald E. , Pingree Liam S.C. , Hersam Mark C.
Published: November 2004

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a widely used experimental technique for characterizing and fabricating nanostructures on surfaces. In particular, due to its ability to spatially map variations in materials properties with nanometer spatial resolution, SPM is particularly well suited to probe the subcomponents and interfaces of hybrid nanomaterials, i.e., materials that are made up of distinct nanometer scale components with distinguishable properties. In addition, the interaction of the SPM tip with materials can be intentionally tuned such that local surface modification is achieved. In this manner, hybrid nanostructures can also be fabricated on solid substrates using SPM. This report reviews recent developments in the characterization and fabrication of hybrid nanomaterials with SPM. Specific attention is given to nanomaterials that consist of both organic and inorganic components including individual biomolecules mounted on inorganic substrates. SPM techniques that are particularly well suited for characterizing the mechanical and electrical properties of such hybrid systems in atmospheric pressure environments are highlighted, and specific illustrative examples are provided. This review concludes with a brief discussion of the remaining challenges and promising future prospects for this field. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:415–434, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positive association between congenital anomalies and risk of neuroblastoma
Authors: Menegaux Florence , Olshan Andrew F. , Reitnauer Pamela J. , Blatt Julie , Cohn Susan L.
Published: November 2004

Background

Case reports and epidemiological studies have suggested a relationship between congenital anomalies and childhood cancer, but some potential associations remain inconsistent. In this study, we investigated the association between congenital anomalies and neuroblastoma.

Procedure

We used data of a case‐control study on neuroblastoma conducted from 1992 to 1994, including 538 children aged 0–19 years with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed neuroblastoma and 504 controls identified by telephone random‐digit dialing and matched to cases on date of birth. Information on congenital anomalies and potential confounding factors was collected through maternal telephone interviews using a structured questionnaire. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for reference age at diagnosis, mother's educational level, mother's race, and household income at birth.

Results

An association between the maternal report of any congenital anomalies and neuroblastoma (OR = 2.58; CI = 1.57–4.25) was observed. Neuroblastoma risk increased with increasing number of anomalies per child (OR = 3.90, CI = 1.27–11.9 for two anomalies or more), and when we restricted analyses to major anomalies (OR = 7.53, CI = 2.23–25.5). Genitourinary anomalies (OR = 5.84, CI = 1.67–20.4) and cardiac anomalies (OR = 4.27, CI = 1.22–15.0) had an elevated, but imprecise neuroblastoma risk.

Conclusions

Our findings support the hypothesis of an association between neuroblastoma and congenital, especially urogenital and cardiac, anomalies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interfacial properties in commingled yarn thermoplastic composites. Part I: Characterization of the fiber/matrix adhesion
Authors: Lariviere D. , Krawczak P. , Tiberi C. , Lucas P.
Published: November 2004

The paper aims to assess the fiber/matrix interface and adhesion quality in commingled GF/PP composites by means of complementary experimental methods. For this purpose, different interfacial qualities were obtained by a modification of the sizing of the fiber reinforcement (polypropylene specific sizing, non‐specific sizing and no sizing), and of the matrix (with or without coupling agent). Transverse tensile stress‐strain curves have been recorded while monitoring acoustic emissions. An analysis of acoustic emission data associated with fracture surface examinations has helped explain the differences observed in mechanical properties and damage mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of the interphase in the performance of these new composites. Thus it has been shown that the association of three experimental investigation methods (transverse tension, acoustic emission, and fracture surface analysis) makes it possible to characterize both the glass/silane bond (so‐called fiber/matrix interface) and the global fiber/matrix adhesion (addition of several different zones and interfaces). Polym. Compos. 25:577–588, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Structure and mechanical properties of new hybrid composites based on polyamide 6,6 reinforced with both glass fibers and a semiaromatic liquid crystalline polyester
Authors: García M. , González N. , Eguiazábal J. I. , Nazábal J.
Published: November 2004

Polyamide 6,6 (PA66) composites with 30% glass fiber (GF) were blended with a semiaromatic liquid crystalline copolyester (Rodrun 5000 (R5)) up to 40% R5 by injection molding. The composites showed two amorphous phases. Interchange reactions took place between the two polymers, leading to good interfacial adhesion. The addition of 20% R5 was enough to counteract the viscosity increase provided by the GF. The synergistic increases in the modulus of elasticity were attributed to the increase in the skin thickness at increasing R5 content. The tensile strength of the composites remained constant on LCP addition, despite the lower tensile strength of R5 compared with that of PA66/GF. The notched impact strength increased notably at increasing R5 content. Polym. Compos. 25:601–608, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Durability and environmental degradation of glass‐vinylester composites
Authors: Hammami A. , Al‐Ghuilani N.
Published: November 2004

FRP materials are emerging as cost‐effective and high‐performing materials in various structural applications ranging from aerospace and defense to automotive, sporting goods, construction and transportation. These breakthroughs were achieved through better design practice and innovative manufacturing processes in addition to an understanding of the mechanisms governing the performance of these materials. Much of the developed expertise was confined to one composite material system, i.e., epoxy‐based composite materials. For emerging applications such as the rehabilitation of civil engineering structures and the oil industry, this material system is not cost‐effective when compared to conventional materials. Glass‐vinylester composites are considered a potential material system offering enhanced mechanical properties at a competitive cost. However, there is very little long‐term durability data related to their environmental performance and their resistance to corrosive fluids. In this paper, durability and environmental degradation of glass‐vinylester composites are evaluated when exposed to high temperature, moisture, seawater, and corrosive fluid. Polym. Compos. 25:609–616, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
NMR assignments of the major cannabinoids and cannabiﬂavonoids isolated from flowers of Cannabis sativa
Authors: Choi Young Hae , Hazekamp Arno , Peltenburg‐Looman Anja M. G. , Frédérich Michel , Erkelens Cornelis , Lefeber Alfons W. M. , Verpoorte Robert
Published: November 2004

The complete 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR assignments of the major Cannabis constituents, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, cannﬂavin A and cannﬂavin B have been determined on the basis of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectra including 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, 1H‐1H‐COSY, HMQC and HMBC. The substitution of carboxylic acid on the cannabinoid nucleus (as in tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid) has a large effect on the chemical shift of H‐1″ of the C5 side chain and 2′‐OH. It was also observed that carboxylic acid substitution reduces intermolecular hydrogen bonding resulting in a sharpening of the H‐5′ signal in cannabinolic acid in deuterated chloroform. The additional aromaticity of cannabinol causes the two angular methyl groups (H‐8 and H‐9) to show identical 1H‐NMR shifts, which indicates that the two aromatic rings are in one plane in contrast to the other cannabinoids. For the cannabiﬂavonoids, the unambiguous assignments of C‐3′ and C‐4′ of cannﬂavin A and B were determined by HMBC spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC‐UV/PAD and HPLC‐MSn analyses of leaf and root extracts of Vismia guineensis and isolation and identiﬁcation of two new bianthrones
Authors: Politi M. , Sanogo R. , Ndjoko K. , Guilet D. , Wolfender J.‐L. , Hostettmann K. , Morelli I.
Published: November 2004

In order to evaluate the possible use of the leaves instead of the roots of Vismia guineensis as a new source for the traditional use of this drug, the chemical composition of both organs were compared by HPLC‐UV/PAD and HPLC‐MS analyses. The leaves are analysed here for the ﬁrst time. The results show the presence of ﬁve major classes of secondary metabolites having speciﬁc chromophores: anthraquinones, vismiones, ﬂavonoids, xanthones and benzophenones. The molecular weights and characteristic fragments, compared with previous EI or HPLC‐MS literature data, allowed the partial identiﬁcation of the major peaks in the chromatograms. Six additional isomeric bianthrones and one anthraquinone were detected in the dichloromethane extract of the roots after long storage in solution; the targeted isolation of the bianthrones was performed and enabled the identiﬁcation of two original C‐geranyl derivatives. The chemical compositions of the extracts demonstrated that only a minority of the constituents is shared by both organs. Thus, in order to establish a deﬁnitive phytoequivalence, additional pharmacological investigations are required. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of asymmetric hydrogenation of enamides with [Rh(BisP*)]+ catalyst: Model DFT study
Authors: Li Ming , Tang Dianyong , Luo Xiaoling , Shen Wei
Published: November 2004

The potential energy profile for the [Rh(R,R)‐Et‐BisP*]+‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral enamides, α‐acetamidoacrylonitrile, was studied by the nonlocal density functional method (B3LYP). As illustrated, this hydrogenation is exothermic and goes mainly through association of [Rh(R,R)‐Et‐BisP*]+ with α‐acetamidoacrylonitrile, oxidative addition of hydrogen, migratory insertion of an olefin carbon into a RhH bond, reductive elimination of the CH bond from the alkyl hydride, and dissociation of product–catalyst adducts with regeneration of the catalyst. The turnover‐limiting step for this reaction is the oxidative addition of hydrogen. The main product predicted theoretically is the R‐conformer. Our results are consistent with available empirical data and experiments for rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Experimental study of the effect of turbulence on a section model blade oscillating in stall
Authors: Amandolèse X. , Széchényi E.
Published: November 2004

This article highlights part of the recent static and dynamic section model tests performed on a NACA 634_421 aerofoil for Reynolds numbers close to 106 and three flow turbulence levels, 1·1%, 4·5% and 7·5%. These tests were conducted in the 5 m × 3 m S4 wind tunnel at the Institut AéroTechnique, using an experimental rig which forces the section model to oscillate in pitch. An upwind grid was used to generate the higher turbulence intensities characterized by turbulence length scales smaller than the chord of the aerofoil. The aerofoil's static characteristics were measured at angles of attack ranging from 0° to 30°. In the dynamic tests the aerofoil was made to oscillate in pitch around its fore quarter‐chord line at different values of mean angle of attack (below, in and beyond the static stall region), reduced frequency (ranging from 0·0183 to 0·183) and amplitude of motion (from 2° to 8°). For all tests the aerodynamic loads were obtained through unsteady surface pressure measurements. The unsteady lift, pitching moment and pressure distributions are analysed and the effects of both the motion characteristics and the turbulence level of the incident flow are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antirevolutionary diplomacy in oligarchic Brazil, 1919–30
Authors: GARCIA EUGENIO V.
Published: November 2004

In the 1920s oligarchic rule in Brazil was perceived to be constantly under threat from ‘revolution’. Domestic developments and the impact of the First World War had brought about major changes in the political arena. In this context, the resources of the Ministry of Foreign Relations (Itamaraty) were systematically used by the Brazilian government as a means to monitor and counteract presumed overseas connections of a ‘revolutionary’ nature. Actions against tenentismo in the Río de la Plata region and diplomatic efforts to oppose the 1930 Revolution, among other issues, are examined in this article in order to provide further understanding of the role played by Brazilian diplomacy in the final years of the Old Republic.
On the abundance of the Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) in relation to the presence of trees
Authors: Clark LR
Published: November 2004

By the use of belt transects through selected tree stands, in the Bogan–Macquarie Outbreak Area of Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), it was possible to show quantitatively that the abundance of non-swarming locusts is greatly limited by the presence of trees. Thus, if the former community dominants were re-established in those outbreak centres which were originally densely timbered, the production of swarms in them would probably be prevented, and locust damage thereby reduced. It was found that the abundance of adult locusts with in tree stands is not related to tree density, as such, but to a "barrier effect" of trees in depth, acting in such a way as to diminish the chances that an individual will penetrate to a given depth in the stand as that depth is increased. Hoppers (predominantly 4th instar), the non-swarming residue of bands hatching outside tree stands, appear to be similarly affected. On the other hand, the population density of hoppers hatching within stands, both at the time of hatching and when the majority reach the 4th instar, is correlated with tree density as well as with distance within the stand, suggesting that adult female locusts are influenced hy tree density in their selection of oviposition sites. The effect of tree density, as such, on the density distribution of locusts apparently disappears gradually as locusts grow and become increasingly mobile, because after they reach the adult stage the relationship no longer exists. The evidence obtained suggests that the limiting effect of trees on locust abundance is largely due to the reduction of light intensity that they bring about, the insects being affected per medium of their positive phototactic response.
An examination of Jeffries's magnesium ribbon – potassium oxalate method for the removal of free iron oxide in soils
Authors: Williams CH
Published: November 2004

Jeffries's magnesium ribbon – potassium oxalate method for the removal of free iron oxide from soils has been examined and compared with Beck's modification of the method of Drosdoff and Truog. Iron oxide minerals, whether hydrated or unhydrated, were readily dissolved by the nascent hydrogen – oxalate treatment provided they were in a sufficiently finely divided state. Alumino-silicate clay minerals were not attacked to any appreciable extent, and in general the degree of attack on silicate iron did not appear to be very great. However, biotite was quite seriously attacked by the treatment and relatively large errors could be expected in the estimation of free iron oxide in soils containing much of this mineral. The amounts of silica dissolved from soils by Jeffries's treatment were of the same order as those dissolved by Beck's treatment. The nascent hydrogen method was more efficient than the hydrogen sulphide method, particularly for yellow soils and soils high in free iron oxide.
Observations on intra-testicular temperatures of Merino rams
Authors: Moule GR , Knapp B
Published: November 2004

A technique for determining intratesticular temperatures of Merino rams is described. Some results of observations on intratesticular temperatures of rams are given. These show increases associated with exposure to high atmospheric temperatures, to rises in rectal temperature, and to wrapping of the scrotum.
Variability in soil moisture and infiltration on two Riverina soils
Authors: Tisdall AL
Published: November 2004

Studies of variability in soil moisture and of a method for determining infiltration were conducted on two irrigated soils in the Riverina region, a sandy loam of the red-brown earth group and a clay of the grey and brown soil group respectively. Coefficients of variation were high in all cases. It is concluded that the use of 16 replicates gives adequate precision in the estimate of infiltration (C.V. of 8 and 12 per cent, for the two soils studied). Similarly, the use of 16 gravimetric determinations, each bulked from four sites, would give a satisfactory estimate for soil moisture (C. V. of less than 10 per cent. for the two soils studied). This number of samples is not excessive from practical considerations. Sampling for soil-moisture increment, following the type of irrigation used on these soils, should be carried out to a depth of two feet, but the duplication of gravimetric determinations is not warranted by the small increase in precision obtained.
The field distribution of strains of nodule bacteria from species of Medicago
Authors: Purchase HF , Vincent JM , Ward LM
Published: November 2004

Tests of nodulation and ability to fix nitrogen, together with serological reactions, are reported for localized isolates from Medicago hispida var. denticulata and M. laciniata. For a particular host species strains were distributed randomly within the area investigated, except that a particular somatic antigen found among M. laciniata isolates was limited to one locality.
In reciprocal tests between isolates from these two hosts, nodulation has been mainly confined to the homologous host. Although some strains fail in laboratory tests to nodulate the homologous host and although separation into two groups is not complete, there are relatively few cases of discrepancy and many of these show intermediate characteristics. Medicago sativa and Melilotus alba are generally readily nodulated by isolates from both field hosts. The nodulation differences between strains from the two field hosts are paralleled to some extent by serological properties, but it is suggested that this correlation shows recent common origin of similar strains rather than any fundamental relationship between invasibility and antigenic constitution. Effective association was seldom, if at all, achieved with M. laciniata, whereas with other testing hosts effective responses were in the majority and even included a number of isolates originating from M. laciniata and ineffective with that species as host.
The assay of oestrogenic activity of Trifolium subterraneum L. by increase in uterine weight in the spayed guinea pig. I. Characteristics of the dose-response relationship
Authors: Alexander G , Watson RH
Published: November 2004

When graded doses of clover were consumed over a period of eight hours on each of two days by animals weighing 350-520 g. which had been spayed from 19 to 23 days, the uterine weight 50 to 52 hours after feeding began was related to the amount of clover consumed. In 29 of the series of observations in which clover was fed at different dose levels, the corresponding means of the logarithm of the uterine weights in decigrams (log u.dg.) were either distributed in equal numbers about 0.75 or most were greater than 0.75. The data relating the logarithm of the dose in grams (log d.g.) to log u.dg. from these 29 series were well fitted by a straight line over the range log u.dg. = 0.75 to 0.90, and they possessed such characteristics that the log d.g., log u.dg. relationship may be taken as affording a satisfactory basis for comparing, with definable limits of error, the relative activities, presumably oestrogenic, of most samples of clover. When graded doses of hexoestrol were administered orally under similar conditions to the clover, the weight of the uterus was also related to the dose administered, and the data relating log dose and log uterine weight were fitted by a straight line with a regression coefficient of a similar order. No increase in weight of the uterus followed oral administration of doses as great as 20 mg. of testosterone or progesterone.
The quantitative definition of cattle carcasses
Authors: Yeates NTM
Published: November 2004

The possibility of defining quantitatively the carcasses of cattle has been investigated and a procedure evolved, based upon "conformation", "finish", and "quality", which are the features appraised by beef-carcass graders. A series of ratios has been used to define "conformation" with respect to shape rather than to dimensional attributes. For example, length, "meatiness", and compactness, which are attributes of a hind leg, are described by a ratio of which the numerator is the "circumference" measurement at an anatomically fixed point whereas the denominator is a defined length measurement. The trade term "finish" is covered by a percentage assessment of the distribution of subcutaneous fat over the carcass whereas thickness of fat is the mean of two measurements of depth made at points fixed anatomically. The proportion of fat to lean is stated by a ratio of which the numerator is a maximal measurement of the depth of lean meat a t a defined situation and the denominator is the mean depth of subcutaneous fat. Attributes of "quality" are colour of fat, firmness of fat, "marbling", and colour of lean meat. A series of five defined colours has been used to classify colour in a sample of subcutaneous fat rendered by heat. Firmness of fat has been related to a series of iodine numbers of greater or lesser magnitude: firm, medium, soft, and oily fats were found to be classifiable by the reaction of the rendered substance to slight manual pressure exerted through a blunt probe. The degree of marbling was determined from the size relation of a petrol-ether extract to a sample portion of the carcass taken at a defined situation. Colour of lean meat was classified by reference to a series of defined colours which were given distinctive numbers. Quantitative figures from observations may he recorded for examination by statistical methods or they may be transposed as diagrammatic presentations which may be related to trade standards or to market types for the purpose of judging carcass competitions. The procedure may also be used to provide data from which a "fleshing index" can be determined. Examples of all three possibilities are stated. The procedure has been tested on three series of animals, from which measurement errors for individual carcasses were calculated and found to be satisfactorily low. However, it has not yet been adequately tested for the comparison of between-group differences in carcasses, principally because no animals suitable for such a test are likely to become available until experimental conditioning is undertaken. The procedure is, therefore, presented tentatively.
Phosphorus toxicity in Subterranean clover and oats grown on Muchea sand, and the modifying effects of lime and nitrate-nitrogen
Authors: Rossiter RC
Published: November 2004

Phosphorus supplied as mono-sodium phosphate depressed the growth of subterranean clover and oats grown on Muchea sand in pot culture. In both plants the detrimental effects appeared at phosphorus levels equivalent to about 2-4 cwt. per acre superphosphate, provided both nitrogen and lime were in very short supply. Adequate nitrogen, as sodium nitrate, invariably overcame the toxic effects of phosphorus within the range of levels examined. With the clover, nodulation was usually poor, but some evidence is presented in which "heavy" inoculation with Rhizobium markedly increased nodulation and alleviated the toxic effects. Nodule numbers in the clover were increased by addition of lime and in most instances the beneficial effects resulted from enhanced nitrogen supply. Lime was advantageous to the growth of oats, also, wherever applied nitrogen was low. Possible explanations of this are suggested. Phosphorus toxicity symptoms are described for both plants and the relation to percentage total phosphorus in the leaves is discussed. Figures in excess of 1.4 per cent. and 3 per cent. total phosphorus were found in affected leaves of subterranean clover and oats respectively. Identical symptoms were observed in clover with the mono- and dibasic phosphates of sodium, calcium, and potassium.
A study of two strains of Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) and of Leucerne (Medicago sativa L.) as components of a mixed pasture at Lawes in South-east Queensland
Authors: Christian CS , Shaw NH
Published: November 2004

The results of investigations with Rhodes grass and lucerne as components of sown pastures at Lawes in south-east Queensland are reported. Two strains of Rhodes grass, differing very markedly in growth form, rate of maturity, and other characteristics, were shown to be virtually of the same value when grazed by cattle under a system of intermittent grazing at a heavy rate of stocking. It was shown that lucerne could be maintained in a mixed pasture with Rhodes grass, and that the presence of a small population of lucerne, of a density of 2-4 plants per square yard, resulted in Increased growth of Rhodes grass and increased live-weight gains by the steers. Reasons for these increases are discussed.It is considered that the mixture, which can be expected to give improved grazing mainly during the summer months, has possibilities for large areas in south-east Queensland.
Corrigendum - Bioassay of available trace metals from Australian soils
Authors: Donald C , Passey BI , Swaby RJ
Published: November 2004

A study was made of various factors influencing the microbiological assay of available iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and molybdenum. Aspergillus niger (M.) was chosen as the best test organism from a group of 9 fungi, 1 alga, 1 yeast, and 6 bacteria. The composition of the basal medium could be altered markedly without affecting the availability figures. A new method of purifying the medium with Al203 gave good deficiency symptoms for Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn, but Nicholas's method was superior for removing Mo. It was found necessary to sterilize the soil, preferably by autoclaving. The availability of 15 micronutrients was determined by bioassay from 278 surface and 164 subsoil samples from eastern Australia. Seven soil groups, viz. 3 pedalfers, "red loam", acid humic, and podzol, and 4 pedocals, rendzina and terra rossa, chernozem, red-brown earth, and desert soil, showed more deficiencies than all other soil groups bioassayed. Even within these seven groups non-deficient soils also occurred. The commonest deficiency detected was that of Zn, followed by Cu, then by Mo, hut deficiencies of Fe and Mn were rarely found. Usually surface soils with a well-developed root zone were less deficient than subsoils. Fewer deficient samples were obtained from meadow soil, alkaline humic, volcanic tuff, and brown earth than from all other soil groups. There was a fair correlation between the availability of Zn, Cu, and Mo to A. niger (M.) and availability to plants, but none for Fe and Mn. The fungus was able to obtain adequate amounts of micronutrients from a variety of insoluble salts or oxides of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mo, some of which were known to be unavailable to plants. A number of soils, e.g. "red loam", laterite, and desert soil, inhibited the growth of the mould in complete medium. This effect was due to active fixation of added micronutrients, especially in soils rich in calcium carbonate and in 'red loams'. No evidence was obtained that microbial fixation of trace elements occurred in deficient soils; but most major and minor elements were fixed by microorganisms in very deficient, acid-washed, quartz crystals, with the exception of Ca, which was not significantly affected, and of Fe and Zn, which were released by microbial activity from the minute amounts of contaminants present.
The effect of stage of growth on the copper, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum contents of Algerian oats grown of thirteen soils
Authors: Williams CH , Moore CWE
Published: November 2004

Algerian oats were grown on 13 soils in the glass-house. Plants were harvested at intervals throughout the growing period, and when large enough were divided into leaf, stem, and (in later harvests) flowers or fruits. Copper, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum were determined on the separate plant fractions. Characteristic changes in the trace metal contents of the plant with growth were found for each element. These changes were generally similar irrespective of the soil on which the plants were grown. With the exception of manganese, the availability of the element in the soil did not affect the trend of the changes as the plant matured, but only the amount present. The uptake of each of the four elements continued through the whole period of growth. The total amounts of copper and zinc in both the leaf and the stem decreased after flowering as translocation to the grain proceeded. The amount of manganese in the leaf increased throughout the period of growth, although the rate of increase was less after flowering. The amount of molybdenum in the leaf increased until flowering, after which there was little further change. The rate of uptake of manganese was approximately equal to the rate of production of dry matter, whereas that of molybdenum, copper, and zinc was relatively greater in the early stages of growth. There was no observable influence of soil pH on the availability of copper and zinc, but that of manganese decreased with increasing pH. The availability of molybdenum was affected by the combined influences of soil pH and soil iron.
A method for unbiased selective sampling, using ranked sets
Authors: McIntyre GA
Published: November 2004

A new method of sampling is described. Take the largest in the first of n sets, each of n random items, the second largest in the second set, and so on to the smallest in the nth set. The sample of n items selected in this way is an unbiased sample of the population. For typical unimodal distributions the mean of such a sample is slightly less than (n + 1)/2 times more efficient than the mean of n items taken at random. The application of the ranked sample method to pasture measurement is discussed.
Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp., and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. V. The nature of the 'self-cure' phenomenon.
Authors: Stewart DF
Published: November 2004

An experimental investigation of the nature and the mechanism of the "self-cure" phenomenon in helminthiasis of sheep has been carried out. As a result of the "self-cure" reaction there was no release of heterologous antibodies into the blood stream of the animal. The administration of an antihistamine drug usually prevented the fall in egg count which is characteristic of the "self-cure" reaction, but did not interfere with the subsequent rise in titre of the specific or homologous antibody in the serum. On 7 of 13 occasions when sheep showed the "self-cure" reaction, the blood histamine level rose to about 0.05 µg per ml. during a period of about 24 hours between the second and fourth day after the administration of larvae. On none of 13 occasions when sheep failed to manifest "self-cure" was there any rise in blood histamine. The difference in behaviour of the two groups was significant statistically. The rise in blood histamine was demonstrated when sheep infested with either H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. were given H. contortus larvae and manifested the "self-cure" reaction. It was shown to occur also when "self-cure" occurred in sheep infested with Trichostrongylus spp. following the administration of Trichostrongylus spp. larvae. Increase in blood histamine was not demonstrated when Trichostrongylus spp. larvae were given to seven sheen infested with H. contortus and when "self-cure" did not take place. The increase in blood histamine as not associated with any consistent alteration in the concentration of eosinophils. There was no evidence that the increase in blood histamine was the direct cause of "self-cure". Sheep which manifested "self-cure" showed a strong local reaction to the intradermal inoculation of H. contortus antigen. Continued infestation with mature H. contortus or with mature Trichostrongylus spp. did not sensitize the sheep and sheep which failed to manifest "self-cure" did not exhibit an intradermal reaction. An oedematous change was evident in the mucous membrane of the Abomasum or small intestine, depending upon the site of attachment of the adults, on the day on which a rise in blood histamine occurred after the administration of larvae. The intake of H. contortus larvae produced this change only in the abomasum of a sheep which had been infested with H. contortus and only in the small intestine of a sheep which had been infested with Trichostrongylus spp.
Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. 1. Within-tree variation.
Authors: Martin D
Published: November 2004

Variation within trees of diameter, colour, firmness, starch conversion, total acid, and soluble solids of fruit was examined for branches of different aspect for four varieties of apples and at different stages of maturity for one of them. Incidence of the storage disorders pit and breakdown in Cox Jonathan spot and deep scald in Jonathan, and pit in Cleopatra and Sturmer was examined in quarter-inch size groups within trees. The data revealed that the frequency distribution of all variables except starch conversion were of the unimodal, symmetric, or slightly skew type. Starch conversion showed strong positive skewness at low values and strong negative skewness at high values, which is characteristic of variables which have defined limits. As fruit matured, variability increased, except for starch conversion, which decreased. For three varieties, but not for a fourth, the pattern of correlation between variables within branches resembled the pattern obtained by correlating the variables at different stages of maturity of fruit from one source, but heterogeneity between branches weakened the correlation for the tree as a whole. The pattern of means in relation to aspect was not necessarily the same for two adjacent trees or for the same tree at different maturities, indicating that aspect as such was not the cause of heterogeneity within a tree but that the branches behaved as organic units. Size was correlated within a tree with incidence of the disorders pit and breakdown, but while the relationship appeared to be linear over the restricted size range there was no justification for extrapolating this relationship. There was evidence of between-branch variation in disorder incidence.
Some aspects of sulphur as a nutrient for pastures in New England soils.
Authors: Hilder EJ
Published: November 2004

A severe deficiency of sulphur has been found in a soil derived from granite and another from basalt on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Large increases in the growth of subterranean clover were obtained by the application of sulphates of sodium, magnesium, or calcium, equivalent to sulphur at a rate of 64 lb per acre, but about 85 per cent. of this increase was obtained with 30 lb per acre. The deficiency is thought to be widespread. There was no significant benefit on established clover from the application of phosphorus alone on either soil, nor did the combination of phosphorus with sulphur on the basaltic soil produce a greater yield than that obtained from sulphur alone. Clear evidence has been obtained that the residual value of sulphur, provided as calcium sulphate in superphosphate, is low on a pasture stocked heavily with sheep under Northern Tableland conditions. A marked decline in production due to sulphur deficiency occurred when annual dressings of 2 cwt superphosphate were discontinued in the third or fourth years. It is important when assessing the residual effect of superphosphate to appreciate the relative significance of the phosphorus and sulphur in the fertilizer and the factors governing the loss of sulphur, from the soil. Results obtained are discussed in relation to the influence of climatic conditions (especially rainfall) and land use (cultivation, stocking, and industrialization) on sulphur status.
Non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil. I. Studies on Clostridium butyricum.
Authors: Parker CA
Published: November 2004

The use of nitrogen-free selective media in the counting of Clostridium has been examined. The results indicate that, owing to lack of necessary growth factors, the counts given by this method are very much lower than the number of viable cells actually present. Toxicity of some agar media towards Clostridium has been demonstrated, and it is suggested that this factor may greatly reduce the numbers shown by plate counts. Exceptionally high values for efficiency of nitrogen fixation have been obtained with a strain of Clostridium butyricum. The role of Clostridium in the nitrogen economy of arable soil is discussed in the light of these findings.
Transformations of clay minerals in black earth and red loams of basaltic origin.
Authors: Ferguson JA
Published: November 2004

The development in the Toowoomba area, Queensland, of red, black, and transitional soil types from basalt is typical of similar processes in many parts of eastern Australia. Systematic samples from this area have been investigated mineralogically by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and other methods. Montmorillonite appears to be the clay mineral first formed under present weathering conditions. The further transition to red soils in certain situations is due to partial decomposition of montmorillonite to minerals of the kaolin group by loss of alkalis and iron, the latter being stabilized in the upper horizons as hydrated oxides. Further decomposition of kaolin minerals produces gibbsite. Changes in the nature and amount of clay minerals are thought to correspond with stages in the evolution of basalt soil types.
Studies on the allergic dermatitis (Queensland Itch) of the horse : the aetiology of the disease.
Authors: Riek RF
Published: November 2004

Studies are reported on the aetiology of allergic dermatitis of horses in Australia. This disease is considered identical with a dermatitis of horses reported from India, the Philippine Islands, and the United States of America, of which the skin-infesting microfilariae of Onchocerca reticdata are claimed to be the cause. These larval helminths could not, however, be incriminated in allergic dermatitis in Australia, which proved to be due to the development of a hypersensitivity to the bites of a sandfly, Culicoides robertsi. Observations on blood histamine levels revealed that in non-susceptible horses the level was constant throughout the day and also throughout the year, whereas in susceptible animals in the summer the levels fluctuated widely during the day, reaching a maximum value at 6-9 p.m. This period coincides with the period of maximum activity of C. robertsi. Susceptible horses stabled in an insectary from 4 p.m. to 7 a.m. during the summer months did not develop the disease. The geographical and seasonal distributions of the disease are also similar to the known geographical and seasonal distributions of C. robertsi.Intradermal skin tests with antigen prepared from biting insects gave consistently positive results in susceptible animals only with C. robertsi antigen. The pathological and blood histamine pictures following the use of antigen from this insect were identical with those seen in naturally occurring cases of the disease and also following experimental biting and engorgement by this insect. Evidence was obtained of the presence in susceptible animals of a thermolabile, skin-sensitizing antibody which was capable of passive transfer. An immune antibody was demonstrated in susceptible animals, after a course of treatment with "Hapamine", by means of the precipitin test and also by the in-vitro neutralization of histamine liberated in the blood of untreated, susceptible animals. The absence of immune antibodies in non-susceptible horses is regarded as evidence that their freedom from the disease is due to an inherent immunity and not to an acquired immunity or to desensitization.
Some factors affecting grass-clover relationships.
Authors: Willoughby WM
Published: November 2004

A study has been made on the Southern Tableland of New South Wales of factors influencing grass-clover balance in a pasture of two annuals, Wimmera ryegrass and subterranean clover. It was found that the decrease in the proportion of the grass commonly experienced under farm conditions was not due to increasing soil compaction or to scarcity of grass seedlings. It was due almost wholly to imperfect nutrition involving both nitrogen and phosphorus. Greatest yields of dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus were given by grass-dominant pastures rather than by clover-dominant pastures. A factor of which the field significance has not been appreciated is the competitive ability of clover for soil nitrogen. Results showed that under appropriate conditions grass development may be considerably reduced by competition for nitrogen by the associated clover. It is suggested that the faculty of legumes to use combined nitrogen has been contributed to the soil by prior legume growth offers the basic reason for the advantages to be derived from ley farming. Periodic cropping of pasture land reduces soil nitrogen to a level a t which the legumes again make an effective contribution of nitrogen by fixation of increased quantities from the atmosphere.