bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taurine Protects from Liver Injury after Warm Ischemia in Rats: The Role of Kupffer Cells
Authors: Kincius M. , Liang R. , Nickkholgh A. , Hoffmann K. , Flechtenmacher C. , Ryschich E. , Gutt C.N. , Gebhard M.-M. , Schmidt J. , Büchler M.W. , Schemmer P.
Published: May 2007

Background/Aims: Warm ischemia to liver with subsequent Kupffer cell-dependent pathology is associated with many clinical conditions. Taurine prevents Kupffer cell activation and improves graft survival after experimental cold ischemia and liver transplantation. Thus this study was designed to assess its effects after warm hepatic ischemia. Methods: The left liver lobe of female Sprague-Dawley rats (170–210 g) underwent 60 min of warm ischemia. Animals were given either intravenous taurine or Ringer’s solution 10 min prior to warm ischemia. Transaminases, histology, in vivo microscopy, intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) expression, TNF-α and tissue hydroperoxide were compared between groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or ANOVA on ranks as appropriate. Results: Taurine significantly decreased transaminases and improved histologic outcome. Phagocytosis of latex beads, serum TNF-α levels and tissue hydroperoxide concentrations were also significantly reduced. Stickers in sinusoids and post-sinusoidal venules significantly decreased. In parallel, both leukocyte infiltration and ICAM-1 expression decreased (p < 0.05), while flow velocity of red blood cells as well as sinusoidal perfusion rate were improved (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that taurine blunts Kupffer cell-dependent hepatic pathology after warm ischemia in vivo via mechanisms including leukocyte-endothelial interaction, microcirculation disturbances and protection against lipid peroxidation.
A Practical Method of Measuring Glomerular Filtration Rate by Iohexol Clearance Using Dried Capillary Blood Spots
Authors: Mafham Marion M. , Niculescu-Duvaz Ioana , Barron Jeffrey , Emberson Jonathan R. , Dockrell Mark E.C. , Landray Martin J. , Baigent Colin
Published: May 2007

Background: Exogenous tracer-based methods of measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are difficult to perform, whilst creatinine-based estimation formulae are inaccurate. Methods: We assessed a new technique of measuring iohexol clearance using timed dried capillary blood spots. A reference GFR was measured in 81 subjects (GFR 15–124 ml/min/1.73 m2) by iohexol clearance using three venous samples (2, 3 and 4 h after an intravenous bolus). GFR was estimated by six test methods; iohexol clearance using (i) 3 blood spots (2, 3, 4 h); (ii) 2 blood spots (2, 4 h) and (iii) 1 blood spot (4 h); (iv) the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula; (v) the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and (vi) a formula estimating GFR from serum cystatin C concentration. For each test method the bias and precision were calculated as the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the ‘GFR differences’ (test method GFR – reference GFR). Results: The limits of agreement (bias ±1.96 × SD; in ml/min/1.73 m2) were: (i) 1.1 ± 15.1 for 3-spot iohexol clearance; (ii) 0.6 ± 14.9 for 2-spot iohexol clearance; (iii) 4.5 ± 21.2 for 1-spot iohexol clearance; (iv) –15.7 ± 33.3 for the MDRD formula; (v) –9.6 ± 32.9 for the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and (vi) –12.1 ± 31.7 for the Cystatin C formula. The accuracy of all six test methods was similar among individuals with GFR <60 ml/min/ 1.73 m2; however, in individuals with GFR ≧60 ml/min/ 1.73 m2, the MDRD, Cockcroft-Gault and Cystatin C formulae were all imprecise and systematically underestimated GFR. Conclusions: Blood spot iohexol clearance provides a potentially practical method of estimating GFR accurately in large-scale epidemiological studies especially among individuals without established chronic kidney disease.
SM22α: The Novel Phenotype Marker of Injured Glomerular Epithelial Cells in Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Nephritis
Authors: Ogawa Asa , Sakatsume Minoru , Wang Xingzhi , Sakamaki Yunichi , Tsubata Yutaka , Alchi Bassam , Kuroda Takeshi , Kawachi Hiroshi , Narita Ichiei , Shimizu Fujio , Gejyo Fumitake
Published: May 2007

Background/Aims: Our previous comprehensive analysis of the genes expressed in kidneys with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis using DNA microarrays showed that SM22α was one of the highly expressed genes. SM22α is a 22-kDa cytoskeletal protein that is exclusively expressed in smooth muscle cells. We investigated the localization of SM22α at mRNA and protein levels, and its pathological significance in anti-GBM nephritis kidneys. Methods: Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence studies were performed. The specific antibody (Ab) against SM22α was obtained by immunization of rabbits with recombinant rat SM22α protein. Results: SM22α mRNA expression was upregulated in kidneys and inducibly expressed in the parietal and visceral glomerular epithelial cells in anti-GBM nephritis kidneys. Immunohistochemistry with anti-SM22α Ab showed that SM22α protein was localized in the same series of cells. Double immunofluorescence with anti-SM22α and anti-glomerular cell markers demonstrated that SM22α might be expressed in epithelial cells of injured glomeruli. In visceral epithelial cells, SM22α might be expressed in cells in which podocyte specific markers, podocalyxin and nephrin were lost. Conclusion: The injured glomerular epithelial cells in anti-GBM nephritis might undergo structural and functional alterations, including the expression of a smooth muscle marker, SM22α.
Behavioral Evaluation of Male and Female Mice Pups Exposed to Fluoxetine during Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Lisboa Sabrina F.S. , Oliveira Paulo E. , Costa Leandro C. , Venâncio Emerson J. , Moreira Estefânia G.
Published: May 2007

Background/Aims: Fluoxetine (FLX) has been widely prescribed for depression during pregnancy and/or lactation. Since serotonin is a neurotrophic factor, the use of FLX by mothers could disrupt brain development resulting in behavioral alterations in their progeny. This study evaluated the effects of developmental FLX exposure on anxiety, depression, aggressivity and pain sensitivity of male and female mice pups. Methods: Swiss dams were treated daily, by gavage, with 7.5 mg/kg of FLX during pregnancy and lactation. Pups were submitted to open-field, forced swimming, elevated plus-maze, intruder-resident and hot plate tests at adolescence and adulthood. Results and Conclusion: In male pups, exposure to FLX decreased ambulation at postnatal day (PND) 40 and tended (p = 0.07) to increase the latency to the first attack in the intruder-resident test at PND 70, suggesting decreased impulsivity. In female pups, FLX exposure increased immobility time in the forced swimming test at both PND 30 and 70, which is interpreted as depressive-like behavior. In conclusion, our results suggest that maternal exposure to FLX during pregnancy and lactation results in enduring behavioral alterations in male and female pups throughout life.
Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage following Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Review of the Risk Factors
Authors: Lansberg Maarten G. , Albers Gregory W. , Wijman Christine A.C.
Published: May 2007

Background: Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) following thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of the risk factors associated with SICH following thrombolyitc therapy may provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of SICH, lead to the development of treatments that reduce the risk of SICH and have implications for the design of future stroke trials. Methods: Relevant studies were identified through a search in Pubmed. Included studies used multivariate analyses to identify independent risk factors for SICH following thrombolytic therapy. For each variable that was found to have a significant association with SICH, a secondary literature search was conducted to identify additional reports on the specific relationship between that variable and SICH. Summary of Review: Twelve studies met inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Extent of hypoattenuated brain parenchyma on pretreatment CT and elevated serum glucose or history of diabetes were independent risk factors for thrombolysis-associated SICH in six of the twelve studies. Symptom severity was an independent risk factor in three of the studies and advanced age, increased time to treatment, high systolic blood pressure, low platelets, history of congestive heart failure and low plasminogen activator inhibitor levels were found to be independent risk factors for SICH in a single study. Although these data should not alter the current guidelines for the use of rt-PA in acute stroke, they may help develop future strategies aimed at reducing the rate of thrombolysis-associated SICH.
Variable Platelet Response to Aspirin in Patients with Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Hohlfeld Thomas , Weber Artur-Aron , Junghans Ulrich , Schumacher Marc , Boucher Marc , Schrör Karsten , Siebler Mario
Published: May 2007

Background: A large number of patients experience ischemic stroke despite treatment with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA). It is not clear whether all of these patients with ischemic stroke respond normally to ASA or are hyporesponsive as assessed by inhibition of aggregation and thromboxane (TX) synthesis. Methods: We studied the effect of ASA given orally and ASA in vitro on collagen- and arachidonic-acid-induced TX formation and aggregation in platelet-rich plasma of 90 patients with ischemic stroke and 25 healthy control subjects. Results: Thirty-seven patients were being treated with ASA at the time of stroke. Arachidonic-acid-induced TX formation was not depressed below a predefined threshold of 25 ng/ml in 9 patients. Eight of these however exhibited a normal platelet sensitivity to ASA in vitro, suggesting poor compliance or a pharmacokinetic mechanism of nonresponse. The addition of ASA in vitro did not inhibit arachidonic-acid-induced TX formation below the above threshold in 6 patients (11%) in the group of 53 stroke patients not receiving oral ASA, indicating an impaired response to ASA at the platelet level. Moreover, platelets from stroke patients showed an increased collagen-induced, TX-independent aggregation as compared with those of healthy individuals. Conclusion: Different categories of ASA nonresponders can be distinguished in patients with ischemic stroke. These include patients with poor bioavailability or noncompliance, an impaired platelet response to ASA in vitro and an increased, TX-independent hyperreactivity to collagen.
Searching for Subtle Features of Laxity of Connective Tissue in Patients with Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wolswijk Rob H.A. , Ruigrok Ynte M. , Rinkel Gabriel J.E. , Brilstra Eva H. , Engelbert Raoul H.H.
Published: May 2007

Background: A disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the intracranial arterial wall is a likely contributing factor in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms. If this is a generalized process, patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) may have subtle signs of a general laxity of the connective tissue. We performed a pilot study to assess general laxity in SAH patients and to examine which tests for joint mobility can be best used in these patients. Methods: In 59 SAH patients and sex- and age-matched controls we compared: (1) joint mobility (scores of Beighton and Bulbena and the total range of joint motion); (2) skin extensibility, and (3) bone quantity and stiffness. For the analyses we used the independent-samples T test and linear regression with adjustment for possible confounders. Results: The patients had a higher degree of joint mobility according to the Beighton criteria (total score of 4 in patients vs. 2 in controls, p = 0.001) and the summation of Z scores of active range of motion measurements (0.1 in patients vs. –0.1 in controls, p = 0.0036), and a tendency towards a higher degree of joint mobility according to the Bulbena criteria (total score of 3 in patients vs. 2 in controls, p = 0.097) and the summation of active range of joint motion measurements (1,292 in patients vs. 1,275 in controls, p = 0.13). No differences were found for the other investigated characteristics. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that SAH patients have a higher degree of joint mobility than controls. The Beighton score can be best used in our patient population.
The Cologne Stroke Experience: Safety and Outcome in 450 Patients Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Sobesky Jan , Frackowiak Monika , Zaro Weber Olivier , Hahn Moritz , Möller-Hartmann Walter , Rudolf Jobst , Neveling Michael , Grond Martin , Schmulling Susanne , Jacobs Andreas , Heiss Wolf-Dieter
Published: May 2007

Background: Predictors of outcome and safety in intravenous thrombolysis within 3 h in clinical routine is a matter of ongoing debate. Available reports contain small patient numbers or summarize heterogeneous multicenter data. Methods: Four hundred and fifty patients received intravenous thrombolysis within 3 h after stroke. Pretreatment NIHSS score and detailed medical history were analyzed. Noncontrast CT was performed before thrombolysis, 24–36 h later and in case of clinical deterioration. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH; any bleeding with an NIHSS increase of ≧4 points) and clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS) after 3 months were recorded. Logistic regression identified parameters predictive of independence (mRS 0–2) and SICH. Results: Median onset to admission, door to needle and onset to treatment time was 75, 50 and 135 min, respectively. Direct presentation by emergency service (64%) was the fastest way of referral. Median pretreatment NIHSS was 11 points. Independence (mRS 0–2) was reached by 53%. Mortality was 11% (7% intracerebral, 4% extracerebral complications). Logistic regression identified low NIHSS, low age and absent diabetes as predictors of independence. Overall hemorrhagic complications and SICH were found in 18 and 4% of the patients, respectively. Extracerebral bleeding complications and allergic reactions were found in 3 and 1%, respectively. Conclusion: This largest single center report presents a sample in the range of the 3 h rt-PA cohort of all randomized controlled trials. Outcome was comparable to randomized studies with a higher rate of independence and a lower rate of mortality and SICH.
Description of Quality of Life and Its Predictors in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Katati Majed J. , Santiago-Ramajo Sandra , Pérez-García Miguel , Meersmans-Sánchez Jofré Miguel , Vilar-Lopez Raquel , Coín-Mejias Maria Angeles , Caracuel-Romero Alfonso , Arjona-Moron Ventura
Published: May 2007

Background: According to previous studies, the quality of life is usually substantially altered in patients who have suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage of an aneurysmal origin. Some studies have attempted to find out which factors predict the deterioration in quality of life. Our study will try to describe the quality of life of these patients and discover which variables may predict it in each of its dimensions. Methods: The participants were 70 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage between 15 and 85 years of age. The instrument used to measure the quality of life is the SF-36 with its eight dimensions. The predictor variables introduced into the multiple linear regressions are neurological condition on admission [World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) scale and Hunt and Hess scale], extension of the hemorrhage (Fisher scale), sex, age, physical handicaps, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) on release. Results: The results showed that 42.9% of the patients had a deteriorated quality of life after 4 months, and that the most affected dimension was the Physical Role (60%). The two factors that predict quality of life are sex and physical handicaps. Other factors that intervene are the GOS on release and the WFNS. Conclusions: The patients who have experienced an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage show greater difficulty in performing daily activities, and they present more depression and anxiety. The absence of handicaps and being male are predictor factors for an unaffected quality of life.
Trends in Risk Factors, Patterns and Causes in Hospitalized Strokes over 25 Years: The Lausanne Stroke Registry
Authors: Carrera Emmanuel , Maeder-Ingvar Malin , Rossetti Andrea O. , Devuyst Gérald , Bogousslavsky Julien
Published: May 2007

Background and Objective: The Lausanne Stroke Registry includes, from 1979, all patients admitted to the department of Neurology of the Lausanne University Hospital with the diagnosis of first clinical stroke. Using the Lausanne Stroke Registry, we aimed to determine trends in risk factors, causes, localization and inhospital mortality over 25 years in hospitalized stroke patients. Methods: We assessed temporal trends in stroke patients characteristics through the following consecutive periods: 1979–1987, 1988–1995 and 1996–2003. Age-adjusted cardiovascular risk factors, etiologies, stroke localizations and mortality were compared between the three periods. Results: Overall, 5,759 patients were included. Age was significantly different among the analyzed periods (p < 0.001), showing an increment in older patients throughout time. After adjustment for age, hypercholesterolemia increased (p < 0.001), as opposed to cigarette smoking (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001) and diabetes and hyperglycemia (p < 0.001). In patients with ischemic strokes, there were significant changes in the distribution of causes with an increase in cardioembolic strokes (p < 0.001), and in the localization of strokes with an increase in entire middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior circulation strokes together with a decrease in superficial middle cerebral artery stroke (p < 0.001). In patients with hemorrhagic strokes, the thalamic localizations increased, whereas the proportion of striatocapsular hemorrhage decreased (p = 0.022). Except in the older patient group, the mortality rate decreased. Conclusions: This study shows major trends in the characteristics of stroke patients admitted to a department of neurology over a 25-year time span, which may result from referral biases, development of acute stroke management and possibly from the evolution of cerebrovascular risk factors.
The Time Course and Determinants of Temperature within the First 48 h after Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Wong Andrew A. , Davis James P. , Schluter Philip J. , Henderson Robert D. , O’Sullivan John D. , Read Stephen J.
Published: May 2007

Background and Purpose: Previous research has attempted to analyze the relationship between post-stroke hyperthermia and prognosis. These analyses have been hindered by a lack of information about the time course and determinants of temperature change after stroke. Methods: Serial temperatures were measured until 48 h after ischaemic stroke in a prospectively recruited cohort. Potential determinants of temperature, including stroke severity [measured using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)], infection and paracetamol use were recorded. Mixed-effects models were used to model serial temperature measurements over time, adjusted for significant determinants. Results: In 155 patients the mean temperature rose from 36.5°C at the time of stroke to 36.7°C approximately 36 h later. The factors with significant multivariable associations with serial temperatures were: first- and second-order time components, infection, paracetamol administration and the interaction between stroke severity (NIHSS ≧6) and time (all p < 0.1). Patients with admission NIHSS ≧6 had a mean temperature rise of 0.35°C during the first 36 h after stroke, compared with a rise of 0.17°C in those with NIHSS ≤5. Conclusions: Temperature spontaneously rises during the first 36 h after stroke, particularly after severer stroke and in the presence of infection.
Quantitative Evaluation of New Bone and Fibrous Tissue in the Cochlea following Cochlear Implantation in the Human
Authors: Somdas Mehmet A. , Li Peter M.M.C. , Whiten Darren M. , Eddington Donald K. , Nadol, Jr. Joseph B.
Published: May 2007

The formation of new bone and fibrous tissue in the human inner ear following cochlear implantation was evaluated by computer-assisted 3-D reconstruction. Seven temporal bones from patients who in life had undergone cochlear implantation were prepared for histological study with the implant in situ. The specimens were sectioned in the axial plane at a thickness of 20 µm. At least every tenth section was digitally reconstructed in three dimensions and volumes of new bone and fibrous tissue were calculated per millimeter length of the cochlea. New bone and fibrous tissue were found in all seven specimens, particularly at the cochleostomy site. In addition, new bone and fibrous tissue had extended to variable lengths along the track of the cochlear implant and in some cases extended beyond the distal end of the implanted electrode. This methodology provides a quantitative tool for evaluation of new bone and fibrous tissue in the inner ear following implantation. This should assist in correlating psychophysical and speech perception tests with intracochlear pathology, evaluating both electrode design and the techniques of preserving residual auditory function.
Spatial Unmasking and Binaural Advantage for Children with Normal Hearing, a Cochlear Implant and a Hearing Aid, and Bilateral Implants
Authors: Mok Mansze , Galvin Karyn L. , Dowell Richard C. , McKay Colette M.
Published: May 2007

The aims of this study were to: (1) determine if spatial unmasking existed and differed for children with normal hearing, a hearing aid and a cochlear implant (CIHA), and bilateral implants (BICI); (2) determine if binaural advantage and headshadow effect differed between children with CIHA and BICI. Results indicated that most of the CIHA and BICI children demonstrated spatial unmasking, though to a lesser degree than children with normal hearing. Results also indicated that the children with BICI demonstrated greater headshadow effect than those with CIHA. The CIHA and BICI children also differed in binaural advantage, which could be due to the differences in headshadow effect and in detection abilities with the hearing aid versus the second implant.
Twenty-Five–Year Trends in In-Hospital and Long-Term Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Singh Mandeep , Rihal Charanjit S. , Gersh Bernard J. , Lennon Ryan J. , Prasad Abhiram , Sorajja Paul , Gullerud Rachel E. , Holmes David R.
Published: May 2007

Background—

Little is known about the impact of technological and pharmacological advances on long-term outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention in general clinical practice.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed in-hospital and long-term outcome of 24 410 percutaneous coronary interventions among 18 575 unique patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention at Mayo Clinic over 25 years. The study population was divided into group 1 (n=3708), coronary interventions from 1979 to 1989; group 2 (n=7020), interventions from 1990 to 1996; group 3 (n=10 952), interventions from 1996 to 2003; and group 4 (n=2730), interventions from 2003 to 2004. Despite the fact that patients in groups 3 and 4 were significantly older, sicker, and had greater prevalence of comorbid conditions, heart failure, and previous revascularization than those in groups 1 and 2, procedural success in groups 3 and 4 improved significantly (94%) versus groups 2 (89%) and 1 (78%) (
P
<0.001). Significant reduction in in-hospital mortality (groups 4 to 1: 1.8%, 1.7%, 2.6%, 3.0%;
P
<0.001) and need for emergency bypass surgery (groups 4 to 1: 0.4%, 0.5%, 1.6%, 5%;
P
<0.001) was noted in groups 3 and 4 compared with groups 1 and 2. Better adherence to currently recommended evidence-based medications for secondary prevention was seen in the recent time periods. After adjustment, significant reduction in follow-up mortality (hazard ratio, 0.81 and 0.74 for groups 3 and 4, respectively); death or myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 0.80 and 0.75 for groups 3 and 4, respectively); death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization (hazard ratio, 0.76 and 0.58 for groups 3 and 4, respectively) was noted in recent time periods.

Conclusions—

Despite higher-risk profiles of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in recent time periods, procedural success as well as in-hospital and long-term outcomes improved significantly over the last 25 years.
Associations of Plasma Natriuretic Peptide, Adrenomedullin, and Homocysteine Levels With Alterations in Arterial Stiffness
Authors: Levy Daniel , Hwang Shih-Jen , Kayalar Atilla , Benjamin Emelia J. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Parise Helen , Larson Martin G. , Wang Thomas J. , Selhub Jacob , Jacques Paul F. , Vita Joseph A. , Keyes Michelle J. , Mitchell Gary F.
Published: May 2007

Background—

Increased arterial stiffness and higher plasma natriuretic peptide and homocysteine levels are associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the relations of natriuretic peptides and homocysteine to arterial wall stiffness in the community.

Methods and Results—

We assessed the relations of plasma N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, adrenomedullin, and homocysteine concentrations to arterial stiffness in participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Central pulse pressure, forward pressure wave, reflected pressure wave, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity were assessed by tonometry in 1962 participants (mean age, 61 years; 56% women) in the Framingham Heart Study. Central systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 123/75 mm Hg in men and 119/66 mm Hg in women. After adjustment for age and clinical covariates, N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide were associated with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (men: partial correlation, 0.069,
P
=0.043 and
r
=0.115,
P
≤0.001, respectively; women:
r
=−0.063,
P
=0.037 and
r
=−0.062,
P
=0.040), and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (men:
r
=−0.090,
P
=0.009 and
r
=−0.083,
P
≤0.015; women:
r
=−0.140,
P
≤0.001 and
r
=-0.104,
P
=0.001, respectively). In men, N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide also were associated with forward and reflected wave and carotid pulse pressure. In men, adrenomedullin was associated with mean arterial pressure (
r
=0.089,
P
=0.009), and homocysteine was associated with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (
r
=0.072,
P
=0.036), forward pressure (
r
=0.079,
P
=0.02), and central pulse pressure (
r
=0.072,
P
=0.035). Interaction tests indicated sex differences in the relations of several biomarkers to measures of arterial stiffness.

Conclusions—

Plasma natriuretic peptide, adrenomedullin, and homocysteine levels are associated with alterations in conduit vessel properties that differ in men and women.
Loss of
Mdm4
Results in
p53
-Dependent Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Xiong Shunbin , Van Pelt Carolyn S. , Elizondo-Fraire Ana C. , Fernandez-Garcia Belen , Lozano Guillermina
Published: May 2007

Background—

Although several loci for familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) have been mapped, the origin of a large percentage of DCM remains unclear. Mdm2, a
p53
-negative regulator, protects cardiomyocytes from ischemic and reperfusion-induced cell death. Mdm4, a homolog of Mdm2, inhibits
p53
activity in numerous cell types. It is unknown whether Mdm4 plays a role in the inhibition of p53 in fully differentiated tissues such as adult cardiomyocytes and whether this role is associated with DCM.

Methods and Results—

The conditional knockout of
Mdm4
in the heart by use of cardiomyocyte-specific
Cre
(α
MyHC-Cre
) allele does not result in any developmental defects. With time, however, mice with deletion of
Mdm4
in the adult heart developed DCM and had a median survival of 234 days. More interestingly, the onset of DCM occurs significantly earlier in male mice than in female mice, which mimics human DCM disease. DCM in
Mdm4
mutant mice was caused by loss of cardiomyocytes by apoptosis, and it was
p53
-dose dependent.

Conclusion—

Activity of p53 was inhibited by Mdm4 even in the fully differentiated cardiomyocyte. Elevated apoptosis mediated by the
p53
pathway in cardiomyocytes may be a mechanism for DCM.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 Is Required for Optimal Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerotic Lesion Development
Authors: Agrawal Sudesh , Febbraio Maria , Podrez Eugene , Cathcart Martha K. , Stark George R. , Chisolm Guy M.
Published: May 2007

Background—

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) potently regulates gene expression after stimulation by certain cytokines involved in tumorigenesis and host defenses. The present study investigated a novel role for Stat1 in foam cell formation and atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

Inhibition of Stat1 activity by a Stat1-specific DNA “decoy” oligomer transfected into differentiated human THP-1 cells, and deficiency of
stat1
in mouse macrophages significantly inhibited foam cell formation assessed by lipid staining and cholesteryl ester accumulation compared with control cells. The mechanism of Stat1 regulation of foam cell formation was uniquely dependent on the scavenger receptor CD36. Blunted Stat1 activity and
stat1
deficiency significantly decreased expression of CD36 but not of scavenger receptor-A compared with controls, as assessed by immunoblotting and flow cytometry. Deficiency of CD36 but not scavenger receptor-A in mouse macrophages removed any dependency of foam cell formation on Stat1. In an intraperitoneal model of foam cell formation in which foam cells form in vivo independently of the model ligands used in vitro,
stat1
deficiency significantly inhibited foam cell formation and CD36 expression. Transplantation of bone marrow from

apolipoprotein e

−
/
−

×

stat1

−
/
−

mice into lethally irradiated, atherosclerosis-susceptible

apolipoprotein e
−/−

recipients significantly reduced both en face aortic lesion coverage and aortic root lesions compared with recipients of bone marrow from genetically matched
apolipoprotein e
−/−
mice.

Conclusions—

Stat1 regulates CD36 expression and foam cell formation in macrophages in vitro; the Stat1 regulation of foam cell formation requires CD36. The regulation of CD36 expression by Stat1 may be important in other pathophysiological CD36-dependent events. Stat1 deficiency reduces atherosclerosis in an
apolipoprotein e
−/−
atherosclerosis-susceptible bone marrow transplantation model.
NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Vascular Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Remodeling in the Transgenic (mRen2) Rat
Authors: Wei Yongzhong , Whaley-Connell Adam T. , Chen Kemin , Habibi Javad , Uptergrove Grace M.-E. , Clark Suzanne E. , Stump Craig S. , Ferrario Carlos M. , Sowers James R.
Published: May 2007

Reduced insulin sensitivity is characteristic of various pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Angiotensin II, acting through its angiotensin type 1 receptor, inhibits the actions of insulin in the vasculature which may lead to deleterious effects such as vascular inflammation, remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. In contrast, insulin normally exerts vasodilatory, antiinflammatory, and prosurvival actions. To explore the impact of angiotensin II on insulin signaling, NADPH oxidase–derived reactive oxygen species formation, vascular inflammation, apoptosis, and remodeling, we used transgenic TG(mRen2)27 (Ren2) rats, which harbor the mouse renin transgene and exhibits elevated tissue angiotensin II levels. Compared with Sprague-Dawley controls, Ren2 aortas exhibited greater NADPH oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species levels, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α expression, apoptosis, and wall thickness, which were significantly attenuated by in vivo treatment with angiotensin type 1 receptor blockade (valsartan) or the superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic (tempol). There was substantially diminished Akt and endothelial NO synthase activation in Ren2 aortas in response to in vivo insulin stimulation, and this was significantly improved by in vivo treatment with valsartan or tempol. In vivo treatment with valsartan, but not tempol, significantly reduced blood pressure in Ren2 rats. Further, there was reduced insulin induced Akt activation and increased tumor necrosis factor-α levels in vascular smooth muscle cells from Ren2 and Sprague-Dawley rats treated with angiotensin II, abnormalities that were abrogated by angiotensin type 1 receptor blockade with valsartan or antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Collectively, these data suggest that increased angiotensin type 1 receptor/NADPH oxidase activation/reactive oxygen species contribute to vascular insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammation.
Generalization in the XCSF Classifier System: Analysis, Improvement, and Extension
Authors: Lanzi Pier Luca , Loiacono Daniele , Wilson Stewart W. , Goldberg David E.
Published: May 2007

We analyze generalization in XCSF and introduce three improvements. We begin by showing that the types of generalizations evolved by XCSF can be influenced by the input range. To explain these results we present a theoretical analysis of the convergence of classifier weights in XCSF which highlights a broader issue. In XCSF, because of the mathematical properties of the Widrow-Hoff update, the convergence of classifier weights in a given subspace can be slow when the spread of the eigenvalues of the autocorrelation matrix associated with each classifier is large. As a major consequence, the system's accuracy pressure may act before classifier weights are adequately updated, so that XCSF may evolve piecewise constant approximations, instead of the intended, and more efficient, piecewise linear ones. We propose three different ways to update classifier weights in XCSF so as to increase the generalization capabilities of XCSF: one based on a condition-based normalization of the inputs, one based on linear least squares, and one based on the recursive version of linear least squares. Through a series of experiments we show that while all three approaches significantly improve XCSF, least squares approaches appear to be best performing and most robust. Finally we show how XCSF can be extended to include polynomial approximations.
Islam and Loyalty in the Saudi Hijaz, 1926-1939
Authors: Ochsenwald William
Published: May 2007

This article examines the complex process by which the Hijaz and its holy cities were partially integrated with the central province of Najd to create the beginning of unity for Saudi Arabia even before the advent of large oil revenues drastically affected the Kingdom. Religion was one of the most important elements in this process as seen in the successful Saudi management of the pilgrimage and the rigorous application of numerous regulations designed to forbid evil and promote good while also securing the rule of the Saudi dynasty. The Najdi ulamā's extreme zeal offended many Hijazis, but it was ameliorated by the ruling family's more lenient implementation of policies intended to lessen the severity of the now-dominant interpretation of Islam. Saudi rule also depended upon such secular factors as military capacity, the lack of viable alternatives, and attempts to unify social customs and identity. By 1939 Hijazis and Najdis still regarded themselves as separate, with Najdi control often resented, but most of the people living in the urban centers had accepted Saudi political rule while still remaining somewhat unconvinced about many of the religious and social changes associated with it.
Chemical and Biological Retting of Kenaf Fibers
Authors: Kyung Hun Song  , Obendorf S. Kay
Published: May 2007

The physical and chemical characteristics of fibers after biological, chemical, and enzymatic retting were studied for kenaf cultivated in Jeju, Korea. Retting removes non-fibrous materials leaving separated fibers. Quantitative chemical analyses of kenaf fibers after retting were conducted using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC— MS). Before retting, the syringyl lignin content was 16 mg/g and guaiacyl lignin content was 2.9 mg/g. The syringyl content was reduced by all three retting treatments: bio-retting, chemical retting with NaOH and enzymatic retting with pectinase. Treatment with 3% pectinase decreased the syringyl lignin content to almost one-half that observed in the unretted kenaf and also decreased the guaiacyl lignin content. The ratio of syringyl type lignin/guaiacyl type lignin ranged from 5.8 down to 2.4. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry also demonstrated the reduction in non-cellulose content. Viscosity measurements show that the retting processes did not degrade the cellulose polymers of the kenaf fibers.
Design of Textile Heat Flowmeter Combining Evaporation Phenomena
Authors: Dupont Daniel , Godts Pascale , Leclercq Didier
Published: May 2007

This article describes the development of a new thermal flowmeter based on the principle of thermopiles measuring heat flow through a wall. The principal advantage of this sensor is the use of a textile auxiliary wall, which gives it flexibility and enables it to be applied to rounded, deformable surfaces. Another property, related to this type of wall, is that it is permeable to moisture. In fact, this sensor takes into account the phenomena of evaporation which, until now, was not carried out. This allows a better measurement of the energy during heat exchange.
Drivers for innovation in waste-to-energy technology
Authors: Gohlke Oliver , Martin Johannes
Published: May 2007

This paper summarizes developments made in the field of waste-to-energy technology between the 1980s and the present. In the USA, many waste-to-energy systems were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s. These plants generated power relatively efficiently (typically 23%) in 60 bar/ 443°C boilers. Unfortunately, the development came to a stop when the US Supreme Court rejected the practice of waste flow control in 1994. Consequently, waste was directed to mega-landfills, associated with very negative environmental impacts. However, given landfill taxes and increased fuel prices, new waste-to-energy projects have recently been developed. Attractive premiums for renewable power production from municipal waste have been introduced in several European countries. This triggered important innovations in the field of improved energy recovery. Examples of modern waste-to-energy plants are Brescia and Amsterdam with net efficiencies of 24 and 30%, respectively. Incineration is traditionally preferred in Japan due to space constraints. New legislation promoted ash melting or gasification to obtain improved ash quality. However, these processes reduce the efficiency in terms of energy, cost and availability. A new oxygen-enriched waste-to-energy system is under development in order to better achieve the required inert ash quality.
Environmental and economic assessment methods for waste management decision-support: possibilities and limitations
Authors: Finnveden Göran , Björklund Anna , Moberg Åsa , Ekvall Tomas , Moberg Åsa
Published: May 2007

A large number of methods and approaches that can be used for supporting waste management decisions at different levels in society have been developed. In this paper an overview of methods is provided and preliminary guidelines for the choice of methods are presented. The methods introduced include: Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic Environmental Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment, Cost—Benefit Analysis, Cost-effectiveness Analysis, Life-cycle Costing, Risk Assessment, Material Flow Accounting, Substance Flow Analysis, Energy Analysis, Exergy Analysis, Entropy Analysis, Environmental Management Systems, and Environmental Auditing, The characteristics used are the types of impacts included, the objects under study and whether the method is procedural or analytical The different methods can be described as systems analysis methods. Waste management systems thinking is receiving increasing attention. This is, for example, evidenced by the suggested thematic strategy on waste by the European Commission where life-cycle analysis and life-cycle thinking get prominent positions. Indeed, life-cycle analyses have been shown to provide policy-relevant and consistent results. However, it is also clear that the studies will always be open to criticism since they are simplifications of reality and include uncertainties. This is something all systems analysis methods have in common. Assumptions can be challenged and it may be difficult to generalize from case studies to policies. This suggests that if decisions are going to be made, they are likely to be made on a less than perfect basis.
Experience with the use of LCA-modelling (EASEWASTE) in waste management
Authors: Christensen Thomas H. , Bhander Gurbakhash , Lindvall Hanna , Larsen Anna W. , Fruergaard Thilde , Damgaard Anders , Manfredi Simone , Boldrin Alessio , Riber Christian , Hauschild Michael
Published: May 2007

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) models are becoming the principal decision support tools of waste management systems. This paper describes our experience with the use of EASEWASTE (Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Systems and Technologies), a new computerized LCA-based model for integrated waste management. Our findings provide a quantitative understanding of waste management systems and may reveal consistent approaches to improve their environmental performances. EASEWASTE provides a versatile system modelling facility combined with a complete life-cycle impact assessment and in addition to the traditional impact categories addresses toxicity-related categories. New categories dealing with stored ecotoxicity and spoiled groundwater resources have been introduced. EASEWASTE has been applied in several studies, including full-scale assessments of waste management in Danish municipalities. These studies led to numerous modelling issues: the need of combining process-specific and input-specific emissions, the choice of a meaningful time horizon, the way of accounting for biological carbon emissions, the problem of stored ecotoxicity and aspects of crediting the waste management system with the savings inherent in avoided production of energy and materials. Interpretation of results showed that waste management systems can be designed in an environmentally sustainable manner where energy recovery processes lead to substantial avoidance of emissions and savings of resources.
Report: Integrated industrial waste management systems in China
Authors: Zhang Wenxin , Roberts Peter
Published: May 2007

Various models of urban sustainable development have been introduced in recent years and some of these such as integrated waste management have been proved to be of particular value. Integrated industrial waste management systems include all the administrative, financial, legal, planning and engineering functions involved in solutions to the problems of industrial waste. Even though the pace of the improvement made to China's industrial waste management capacity is impressive, China has been unable to keep up with the increasing demand for waste management. This paper will evaluate the application of integrated industrial waste management systems in promoting urban sustainable development in the context of three case study cities in China (positive case, average case and negative case) by identifying and accessing the factors that affect the success or failure of integrated industrial waste management systems.
Report: Citizen participation as a part of integrated solid waste management: Porto Alegre case
Authors: Bortoleto Ana Paula , Hanaki Keisuke
Published: May 2007

This study presents the effects of citizen participation on integrated solid waste management. Porto Alegre was chosen as the area of study since its system is a good example for developing countries, based on the partnership between local government and the former scavengers' association that implements selective collection in the city. A life-cycle approach was used to estimate environmental loadings and economic costs based on solid waste generation, and a survey assessment tool was used to analyse social aspects. The results showed a decrease in environmental and economic impacts in the current situation, allowing Porto Alegre to have one of the most affordable integrated solid waste management systems in Brazil. The survey assessment pointed out that public campaign changed the perceptions and practices of most of Porto Alegre's citizens regarding solid waste management. On the other hand, it also pointed out that citizens need more education to increase their participation. Therefore, more research is needed to increase cooperation among all stakeholders, improve citizen participation, and consequently, further decrease the environmental impacts and economic costs.
Texture
Authors: Jansson André
Published: May 2007

The article outlines the contours of an emerging sub-field within media and cultural studies — communication geography. It is argued that post-industrial society nurtures a regime of hyperspace-biased communication, which generates spatial ambiguities tied to mobility, convergence and interactivity. These ambiguities call for a spatial turn within media studies — a turn which implies a problematization of the space—communication nexus, through which communication can be understood as the production and becoming of space. Following Henri Lefebvre, the term `texture is advanced as a potential cornerstone for the geography of communication. The concept refers to the communicative fabric that mediates between the structural properties of space and the spatial or communicative practices that (re)produce space. Textural analysis holds the potential to go beyond the duality of transmission and ritual views of communication, as well as to take the material geographies of communication into closer consideration.
Eastern voices: enriching research on communication in business: a forum
Authors: Bargiela-Chiappini Francesca , Chakorn Ora-Ong , Chew Chye Lay Grace , Jung Yeonkwon , Kong Kenneth C . C . , Nair-Venugopal Shanta , Tanaka Hiromasa
Published: May 2007

A recent publication project entitled Asian Business Discourse(s) (Bargiela-Chiappini, 2005, 2006; Bargiela-Chiappini and Gotti, 2005) has brought to the attention of the international readership an original body of research on business discursive practices and organizational communication issues in a variety of Asian cultures. In this Forum, we discuss some of the topics highlighted by the project, which arise from the recent indigenous research in business discourse as a multidisciplinary field.
A humanitarian organization in action: organizational discourse as an immutable mobile
Authors: Cooren François , Matte Frédérik , Taylor James R. , Vasquez Consuelo
Published: May 2007

Following Alvesson and Kärreman's (2000) influential essay on the modes and interpretation of organizational discourse, this article reports on a longitudinal study of naturally occurring interactions that took place before, during, and after a meeting between representatives of Médecins sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders), a well-known humanitarian organization, and representatives of local health centers in a region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This episode is used to exemplify the fruitfulness of adopting a view that incorporates two dimensions of discourse, that is, what Alvesson and Kärreman identify as its transient (autonomous) and muscular (determining) nature. The longitudinal aspect of our study allows us to show what interactants accomplish in particular settings, while illustrating a crucial aspect of the trans-local dimension of their talk. As shown in this article, a given Discourse must be embodied, materialized or even incarnated in discourses, that is, tokens of text or talk, in order for it to be reproduced, sustained and transported from one point to another, that is, to become what Latour (1987) calls an immutable mobile . A given Discourse can thus maintain its shape across time and space only if a lot of interactive work is done to assure the stability of its associations in the ordinary day-to-day activity of the people who embody it.