bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending universal flu vaccination for children
Authors: Craig Laura
Published: September 2014

Laura Craig looks at the expansion of the childhood flu immunization programme in the secondyear of its implementation, and at the vaccine being offered to children.
Martin Iu: Breaking new ground
Authors: Iu Martin
Published: September 2014

Martin Iu is leading on the setup of an innovative social enterprise that will deliver a range of nurse-led services for practices in south London
End of Al-Assad, or of Erdogan? Turkey and the Syrian Uprising
Authors: Jamal Wakim
Published: September 2014

In this article, I argue that Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan wanted to improve relations with Syria because he wanted Turkey to play a leading role in the Arab world. This role is promoted by the United States which aims at creating an alliance between Turkey and the Arab states to block Russia, China, and Iran from having access to the East Mediterranean or the Indian Ocean. Turkey's reward would be to have access to Arab markets and oil. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad was tempted by the United States, Turkey, and conservative Arab regimes to sever his ties with Iran, which he refused to do. Therefore, the former powers supported the Syrian uprising (which started as domestic protests against dictatorship, corruption, and misrule) to topple al-Assad. However, two and half years since the Syrian uprising started, the al-Assad regime seems to be resisting the attempts of his opponents to topple it, which would mean a failure of Erdogan in his political bet and might even lead to his downfall, especially after the eruption of protests against Erdogan throughout Turkey in early June 2013.
The Question of Foreignness in Mohja Kahf's E-mails from Scheherazad
Authors: Wisam Kh. Abdul-Jabbar
Published: September 2014

This paper examines foreignness in Mohja Kahf's poetry volume, E-mails from Scheherazad (2003), as a celebratory commodity rather than a literary trope to resist Arab women representations or to accentuate exilic voices. Drawing on Julie Kristeva's conceptualization of foreignness as internal personae and not a projection of an external locus of identity, this paper explores how the speakers in some of Kahf's poems view foreignness as festive rather than negative. In sharp contrast to the traditional conception of difference as publicly alienating, foreignness to the Arab-American speakers becomes a distinctive mark that they uphold and celebrate. Examining foreignness in Kahf's poems through Kristeva's lens provides a sense of uniqueness to the immigrant's experience. The notion of recognizing the foreigner in ourselves, that Kristeva provides, subverts the general perception of foreignness as external and intruding. Kahf's poetry can be perceived as a negotiation of foreignness, which is not an estranging element that incurs resistance but rather as a celebratory part of the human consciousness that should be jubilantly defined rather than politically defended.
A Critique of Inclusive Growth: Problems of Modernization of Agriculture
Authors: Saumya Chakrabarti
Published: September 2014

Diversification of agriculture and allied production processes intended for the high-value domestic and export markets create the scope for intervention of big capital in
agriculture through variety of contracts. However, this intrusion of capital in the fields of agricultural production and distribution displaces the petty production-based rural
non-farm economy (RNFE), having a symbiotic relation with the traditional subsistence agriculture. The change in the cropping pattern in favour of high-value-crop and diversion of
resources toward the modern animal husbandry initiate an inclusion of the relatively advanced and asset-rich parts of agriculture and allied activities into the growing global
economy, but it breaks the close links between the subsistence agriculture and petty RNFE. Furthermore, the population engaged in urban food retailing is also displaced by the
intrusion of the supermarket chains. Last but not the least, if crop-diversification is undertaken through large-scale substitution of basic cereal production, it seriously affects
the micro- and macro-food-security leading to immiserization of the rural and urban poor.
Video thrills the Radio Star
Authors: Keazor Henry , Wübbena Thorsten
Published: September 2014

Musikvideos sind aus der heutigen Medienlandschaft nicht mehr wegzudenken. Immer wieder gehen entscheidende Impulse von diesem Medium aus. Der exponierten Rolle dieses Genres entspricht seine wachsende Prominenz als Gegenstand der Medienwissenschaft. Seine Etablierung liefert den Hintergrund für diese Publikation, mit der eine materialreiche Studie zum Musikvideo mit all seinen verschiedenen Facetten vorgelegt wird. Die zwölf Kapitel dieses Bandes führen - u.a. anhand einer Vor- und Frühgeschichte - nicht nur in das Genre des Musikvideos ein, sondern gehen auch den dort häufig gestifteten Bezügen zur Zeitpolitik sowie zu Vorbildern und anderen Gattungen - Kino, Fernsehkultur, Computerspiele, Kunst etc. - nach. Aufgrund der Breite des gewählten Zuschnitts eignet sich das nun in 3., aktualisierter Auflage vorliegende Standardwerk zur Einarbeitung ins Thema, wegen seines Detailreichtums und seiner Aktualität wendet es sich aber auch an Kenner des Genres.
Goldene Tropen
Authors: Grimmig Martina
Published: September 2014

Die Tropen und ihre Bewohner rufen seit jeher Sehnsüchte, Begierden und Ängste hervor. Heute steht die Sorge um die biologische und kulturelle Vielfalt im Vordergrund. Natürliche Ressourcen und kulturelle Differenz sind auch historisch eng miteinander verwoben. Die Autorin zeigt am Beispiel der indigenen Kari'ña im Südosten Venezuelas, wie der externe Zugriff auf natürliche Ressourcen über Jahrhunderte prägend gewirkt hat - und zwar sowohl auf die Natur selbst wie auf die kulturellen und sozialen Verhältnisse. Dabei werden überraschende Verbindungen sichtbar zwischen Ressourcenperipherie und industriellen Zentren, zwischen produktivem Einschluss und Marginalisierung, zwischen Materialität und Diskurs.
Weibliche Arbeitswelten in der Wissenschaft
Authors: Hoffmann Petra
Published: September 2014

Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts versprachen wissenschaftliche Großprojekte den Akademien einen Prestigegewinn. Doch welchen Anteil hatten Frauen an der Realisierung dieser Forschungsprojekte? Petra Hoffmann untersucht am Beispiel der Berliner Wissenschaftsakademie die Einbeziehung von Frauen in die Wissenschaft und Forschungsverwaltung. Auf der Basis eines methodischen Ansatzes zum Arbeitssystem werden die Möglichkeiten ihres Zugangs, ihrer Teilnahme an der Forschungsarbeit und ihres Anerkennungserwerbs aufgezeigt. Die erste umfassende Arbeitsgeschichte der Akademieprojekte - und ein wichtiger Diskussionsbeitrag zur Frage nach dem Wandel des Geschlechterverhältnisses in der Wissenschaft zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts.
Jenseits des autonomen Subjekts
Authors: Meißner Hanna
Published: September 2014

Das autonome Subjekt ist in der Krise. Wie lässt sich aber Handlungsfähigkeit ohne Rückgriff auf eine unabhängige Instanz im Individuum denken? Anhand der Arbeiten von Butler, Foucault und Marx rekonstruiert Hanna Meißner am Beispiel der Geschlechterdifferenz unterschiedliche strukturelle Dimensionen einer historischen Konstellation, in der Autonomie als Verleugnung der Abhängigkeit eine Bedingung subjektiver Handlungsfähigkeit darstellt. Zugleich wird damit eine Kritikstrategie formuliert, die an den Dynamiken dieser spezifischen Form ansetzt und Handlungsfähigkeit als historisch bedingte Möglichkeit der Subjekte begreift, sich zu den Verhältnissen verhalten zu können.
Entgrenzter Alltag - Arbeiten ohne Grenzen?
Authors: Streit Anne von
Published: September 2014

Arbeit ist flexibler geworden. Insbesondere die universelle Zugänglichkeit des Internets hat das Leben der Menschen dramatisch verändert. Gearbeitet werden kann inzwischen zu jeder Zeit und an jedem Ort: im Büro, im Wohnzimmer, im Zug oder im Café. Doch wie gehen Menschen mit dieser Entgrenzung von Arbeit um? Aus einer handlungsorientierten Perspektive zeigt Anne von Streit neue Modelle der flexiblen Arbeits- und Alltagsgestaltung. Am Beispiel von Selbstständigen in der Internetbranche stellt sie die zeitlichen und räumlichen Praktiken vor, mit denen diese Wissensarbeiter neue Grenzen zwischen Arbeit und Leben suchen.
Geordnete Gemeinschaft
Authors: Kuchenbuch David
Published: September 2014

Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts schien die soziale Ordnung zu zerfallen. Darauf reagierten Architekten in Schweden und Deutschland mittels »Social Engineering«: Bis in die 1960er Jahre hinein versuchten sie, die negativen Folgen der Modernisierung mit den wissenschaftlichen und technischen Verfahren zu überwinden, die diese selbst bereitstellte. Sie ordneten den Raum, um die zerfallende Gesellschaft wieder in eine Gemeinschaft zu verwandeln - im »Dritten Reich«, im schwedischen »Volks-Heim« und darüber hinaus. David Kuchenbuch zeigt am Beispiel deutscher und schwedischer Architekturdiskurse im 20. Jahrhundert, dass sich das »Social Engineering« in der Moderne als transnationale Formation beschreiben lässt.
Paolo Volponi - Literatur als Spiegel der Geschichte
Authors: Knapp Lothar
Published: September 2014

Dieses Buch stellt erstmalig das Werk des italienischen Schriftstellers Paolo Volponi in seinem gesamten Umfang auf dem deutschen Buchmarkt vor. Damit wird ein Autor in Deutschland bekannt gemacht, dessen Literatur im Kern zu definieren ist als die politisch motivierte kritische Darstellung des Geschichtsverlaufs in Italien vom Prozess der Einigung im 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende der Ersten Republik und dem Übergang in die Ära Berlusconi in den 1990er Jahren. Die drei Momente des Geschichtlichen - Lebensgeschichte der Figuren, Geschichte der italienischen Gesellschaft und erzählte Geschichte - bedingen und ergänzen sich bei Volponi in einer Weise, dass aus ihrem Zusammenspiel eine Art allegorische Spiegelung der dargestellten Epoche resultiert. Volponi steht der Gruppe der italienischen »Neoavanguardia« nahe, womit das Politische in sein Werk integriert wird - wie vergleichsweise bei Enzensberger, an dessen prosaischen Begriff des Lyrischen Volponi erinnert. Ein Buch (nicht nur) für Historiker, Literaturwissenschaftler und v.a. für Studierende der Italianistik.
Der Betrieb als Ort der Moderne
Authors: Luks Timo
Published: September 2014

Mit dem beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert wurde der Industriebetrieb zu einem paradigmatischen Ort der Moderne. Von der Gestaltung der Arbeitsverhältnisse schien nun weit mehr abzuhängen als nur eine möglichst effiziente Produktion: Es ging um das gesellschaftliche Ganze. Timo Luks analysiert industriebetriebliches Ordnungsdenken und Social Engineering als wirkmächtige Versuche, die Entfremdungs- und Desintegrationserscheinungen der Industriegesellschaft zu überwinden. Er zeigt, wie der Betrieb unter Rückgriff auf sozialökologische Denkweisen zu einer ebenso sozialen wie räumlichen »Umwelt« geworden ist.
Feindliches Fernsehen
Authors: Dittmar Claudia
Published: September 2014

Fernsehen in der DDR war sowohl für die Zuschauer als auch für die Programmmacher mehr als nur das DDR-Fernsehen. Der Blick in den Westen bzw. in seine Fernsehprogramme war allgegenwärtig: Im Osten sah man auch den Westen. Die »feindlichen« Sender machten dem Fernsehen der DDR aber nicht nur die Zuschauer abspenstig, sie setzten mit ihrem Programmangebot auch Maßstäbe und fungierten immer wieder als Messlatte für eigene Leistungen. Claudia Dittmar liefert erstmals eine (ost-)deutsche Fernsehgeschichte von den 1950er bis zu den 1980er Jahren, die auf das Konkurrenzverhältnis beider deutscher Fernsehsysteme fokussiert ist - und damit den Kalten Krieg im Äther rekonstruiert.
Der Google-Komplex
Authors: Röhle Theo
Published: September 2014

Meistgenutzte Suchmaschine, weltgrößter Datensammler, teuerstes Medienunternehmen - es liegt nahe, »Google« als Supermacht zu bezeichnen. Und doch greift diese Beschreibung zu kurz. Unter Bezug auf Michel Foucault sowie die Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie entwickelt Theo Röhle ein präzises, relationales Verständnis von Macht, das den Blick auf die vielfältigen Interaktionen der beteiligten Akteure öffnet und ein komplexes System von Verhandlungen zutage fördert. Eine zeitgemäße Analyse digitaler Medienmacht an der Schnittstelle von Medienwissenschaft, Informationswissenschaft und Surveillance Studies.
Die perfekte Ausstellung
Authors: Alder Barbara , den Brok Barbara
Published: September 2014

Mit diesem Praxisleitfaden wird es einfach, ein Ausstellungsprojekt zu planen und erfolgreich umzusetzen. In verständlicher Sprache werden die theoretischen und praktischen Grundlagen des Projektmanagements von Ausstellungen vermittelt. Das Buch stellt die verschiedenen Planungsphasen und Meilensteine systematisch vor und gibt seinen Nutzerinnen und Nutzern wertvolle Tipps und Methoden an die Hand. Die zahlreichen Checklisten und Arbeitsvorlagen unterstützen die Planung Schritt für Schritt. In zehn Interviewporträts schildern Expertinnen und Experten aus großen Museen in Deutschland, Österreich, der Schweiz und dem Fürstentum Liechtenstein ihre Erfahrungen und veranschaulichen die vielfältige Praxis des Projektmanagements in Ausstellungen.
Paradoxien der Arbeit
Authors: Krempl Sophie-Thérèse
Published: September 2014

Die Veränderungen der Arbeitswelt, die mit der sogenannten »Ökonomisierung aller Lebensbereiche« einhergehen, sind von Strömungen beeinflusst, die in künstlerischen Lebens- und Arbeitsformen ihr Vorbild suchen oder entwerfen. Diese Tendenzen beeinflussen nicht nur das Selbstverständnis derjenigen, die unter veränderten Bedingungen arbeiten - sie haben auch Auswirkungen darauf, was wir unter Arbeit verstehen. Dieser Theorieband untersucht - in Auseinandersetzung mit sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungen von u.a. Luc Boltanski/Eve Chiapello - die Veränderungen des Konzepts Arbeit und geht der Frage nach, welchen Einfluss »künstlerische« Arbeitsformen auf die heutige Arbeitsorganisation und den Arbeitsbegriff selbst haben.
Die Glaubwürdigkeit der Wissenschaft
Authors: Leuschner Anna
Published: September 2014

Die Klimaforschung steht als politisch relevante Wissenschaft unter dem Druck, schnell Resultate zu liefern. - Und wo diese Resultate kontrovers sind, entsteht in der Öffentlichkeit rasch der Eindruck mangelnder Glaubwürdigkeit. Dieses Glaubwürdigkeitsproblem wurzelt einerseits in klassischen erkenntnis- und wissenschaftstheoretischen Schwierigkeiten wie Induktionsproblem, Unterbestimmtheitsthese und Theoriebeladenheit, andererseits in einer fehlgeleiteten Vorstellung von wertfreier Wissenschaft. Anna Leuschner zeigt: Nur wissenschaftlicher Pluralismus und intellektuelle Verantwortung der Wissenschaftler_innen können Wissenschaft glaubwürdig machen.
Werbung und Identität im multikulturellen Raum
Authors: Reddeker Sebastian
Published: September 2014

Luxemburg ist ein multikultureller und mehrsprachiger Kleinstaat. Dort wirksame Werbung zu entwickeln, ist ein komplexer Vorgang. Zum ersten Mal werden in diesem Buch Rahmenbedingungen und Gestaltungselemente des Luxemburger Werbediskurses umfassend diskutiert und analysiert. Ausgehend von Jürgen Links Interdiskurs- und Normalismustheorie gibt die Untersuchung wichtige Hinweise auf die grundsätzliche Beziehung zwischen Werbung, Multikulturalität und kollektiven Identitäten und bietet so eine innovative Form der Anwendung literaturwissenschaftlicher Theorien auf kommunikationswissenschaftliche Kontexte.
Wa(h)re Archäologie
Authors: Kircher Marco
Published: September 2014

Archäologie wird in populären Wissensprodukten oftmals wirkmächtig vermarktet. Marco Kircher erörtert die zentralen Spannungsfelder zwischen akademischen und publikumswirksamen Präsentationen archäologischer Forschung und zeigt ausführlich auf, welche Akteure warum welche Darstellungsformen wählen. Die Ergebnisse verschiedener Fallstudien über erfolgreiche TV-Dokumentationen (Terra X) und Sonderausstellungen (z.B. über Tutanchamun) sowie Interview-Aussagen diverser Beteiligter werden mit generellen Trends der Wissensvermittlung verknüpft. Zudem zeigt Kirchers Studie aktuelle Tendenzen, insbesondere des Internets, auf - und liefert dadurch fächerübergreifende Impulse zum Verhältnis von Wissenschaft, Kommerzialisierung, Öffentlichkeit und Medien.
Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis
Authors: Fenzl Anna , Kiefer Florian W.
Published: September 2014

The growing understanding of adipose tissue as an important endocrine organ with multiple metabolic functions has directed the attention to the (patho)physiology of distinct fat depots. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), in contrast to bona fide white fat, can dissipate significant amounts of chemical energy through uncoupled respiration and heat production (thermogenesis). This process is mediated by the major thermogenic factor uncoupling protein-1 and can be activated by certain stimuli, such as cold exposure, adrenergic compounds or genetic alterations. White adipose tissue (WAT) depots, however, also possess the capacity to acquire brown fat characteristics in response to thermogenic stimuli. The induction of a BAT-like cellular and molecular program in WAT has recently been termed “browning” or “beiging”. Promotion of BAT activity or the browning of WAT is associated with in vivo cold tolerance, increased energy expenditure, and protection against obesity and type 2 diabetes. These preclinical observations have gained additional significance with the recent discovery that active BAT is present in adult humans and can be detected by 18fluor-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography. As in rodents, human BAT can be activated by cold exposure and is associated with increased energy turnover and lower body fat mass. Despite the tremendous progress in brown fat research in recent years, pharmacological concepts to harness BAT function therapeutically are currently still lacking.
Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE): structure, biological roles, and molecular basis for chloride ion dependence
Authors: Masuyer Geoffrey , Yates Christopher J. , Sturrock Edward D. , Acharya K. Ravi
Published: September 2014

Somatic angiotensin-I converting enzyme (sACE) has an essential role in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte fluid homeostasis. It is a zinc protease that cleaves angiotensin-I (AngI), bradykinin, and a broad range of other signalling peptides. The enzyme activity is provided by two homologous domains (N- and C-), which display clear differences in substrate specificities and chloride activation. The presence of chloride ions in sACE and its unusual role in activity was identified early on in the characterisation of the enzyme. The molecular mechanisms of chloride activation have been investigated thoroughly through mutagenesis studies and shown to be substrate-dependent. Recent results from X-ray crystallography structural analysis have provided the basis for the intricate interactions between ACE, its substrate and chloride ions. Here we describe the role of chloride ions in human ACE and its physiological consequences. Insights into the chloride activation of the N- and C-domains could impact the design of improved domain-specific ACE inhibitors.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in term infants born with meconium-stained amniotic fluid
Authors: Prasanth Kaninghat , Kamat Medha , Khilfeh Manhal , Davis Vanessa
Published: September 2014

To evaluate cord blood concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in well term infants born with and without meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) and term infants born with MSAF who experienced respiratory distress (RD).

This was a prospective observational study. Fifty-four term infants were enrolled in the study in three groups: group 1 consisted of 18 well infants who were born with clear amniotic fluid, group 2 had 18 well infants born with MSAF, and group 3 had 18 infants born with MSAF who experienced RD in the first 24 h of age. Cord blood ACTH and cortisol concentrations were measured in infants born in all three groups. Groups 2 and 3 had serum ACTH and cortisol levels re-measured at 22–26 h of age.

The mean ACTH and cortisol levels at birth in group 3 infants were 18.3 pg/mL and 12.6 mg/dL, respectively. These were significantly lower than those in group 2 infants.

Term infants born with MSAF and who experienced respiratory distress had significantly lower levels of ACTH and cortisol at birth compared with well term infants born with MSAF or clear amniotic fluid. This study suggests that inadequate response of ACTH and cortisol hormones may play a role in the development of respiratory distress in term infants with MSAF.
Understanding Sources of Self-Efficacy of Chinese Students Learning English in an American Institution
Authors: Zuo Huifang , Wang Chuang
Published: September 2014

This qualitative study explores the sources of the self-efficacy development of five Chinese doctoral students’ use of English as a second language in a southeastern university in the United Sates. Although individual differences were reported, common themes were also recognized. Consistent with the self-efficacy theory and previous studies in this field, the major factors that influenced the participants’ self-efficacy beliefs to use English are (1) past performance, (2) peers’ and advisors’ influence, (3) social persuasions, (4) emotional and physiological states, (5) self-awareness of English proficiency, (6) familiarity with and the difficulty level of the tasks, and (7) interest. The uniqueness of this study is that western individualism and Chinese collectivism were considered in the discussion of self-efficacy development. In order to improve Chinese students’ self-efficacy beliefs in learning English as well as to enhance their academic attainments and professional performance, it is necessary to explicitly understand which factors and components play significant roles in the development of their self-efficacy beliefs.
Fähigkeitsbewertung klassifizierender
Bildverarbeitungssysteme für Prüfaufgaben – Teil 1
Authors: Neubecker Ralph
Published: September 2014

Klassifizierende Bildverarbeitungssysteme sind weit verbreitet,
z. B. in der industriellen Qualitätskontrolle. Heute gibt es keine
etablierten Methoden, um deren Fähigkeit quantitativ zu
erfassen. Hier wird eine Systematik vorgestellt, die sich an
grundlegenden Bildverarbeitungsfunktionalitäten orientiert und
daraus Kenngrößen für den gesamten Prüfprozess ableitet. Auf
dieser Basis können Bildverarbeitungssysteme problemangepasst
ausgelegt und deren Fähigkeit empirisch bestimmt werden.

Der erste Teil des Artikels führt in die Problematik ein und
behandelt ein einfaches Beispiel. Im zweiten Teil wird ein
erweitertes Beispiel dargestellt, die Frage der empirischen
Bewertung, sowie weitergehende Aspekte behandelt.
Sichere oder eindeutige Konformitätsaussagen? Ein alternativer Ansatz zur Berücksichtigung der Messunsicherheit bei Variablenprüfungen
Authors: Lindenlauf Frank , Krämer Bernhard
Published: September 2014

Diese Arbeit zeigt einen alternativen Weg auf, mit dem sich das
Dilemma von nicht entscheidbaren dichotomen Variablenprüfungen
auflösen lässt. Dieses Dilemma kann entstehen, wenn etwa die Regeln
der (DIN EN) ISO 14253-1 zur Entscheidung der Übereinstimmung eines
Prüfmerkmals, eines Bauteils oder jedes anderen Prüfobjekts mit seiner
Spezifikation angewendet werden. Das hier beschriebene Verfahren
basiert auf der Anwendung von Hypothesentests. Entscheidend ist dabei
erstens ein vorgegebenes Signifikanzniveau, auf dem die
Prüfentscheidung getroffen werden soll, und zweitens die Aufhebung der
oft angenommenen aber unwahrscheinlichen Gleichwertigkeit der zwei
möglichen Fehler oder Risiken bei der Entscheidung. Auf dieser
Grundlage kann die von einer Prüfung geforderte Entscheidung zu einem
eindeutigen Ergebnis gebracht werden: Annahme oder Rückweisung. Durch
Einführung des Übereinstimmungsbereichs und des
Nichtübereinstimmungsbereichs einerseits sowie eines
Unsicherheitsbereichs andererseits unterstellen gängige
Entscheidungsregeln, wie die ISO 14253-1, die Möglichkeit einer
absolut sicheren Entscheidung, nämlich für jedes Messergebnis
außerhalb des Unsicherheitsbereichs. Dieses stillschweigend
angestrebte, aber grundsätzlich nicht erreichbare Ziel einer absolut
sicheren Entscheidung wird deshalb in dieser Arbeit zugunsten einer
eindeutigen Entscheidung aufgegeben. Annahmegrenzen und zugehörige
Rückweisungsgrenzen werden (wieder) zusammengeführt.
Analysis of Cracked and Notched Round Bars Under Rotary Bending
Authors: Carpinteri Andrea , Ronchei Camilla , Vantadori Sabrina
Published: September 2014

The fatigue growth of surface flaws in both smooth and notched round bars subjected to rotary bending was numerically simulated by means of a two-parameter theoretical model proposed by the first author. The stress intensity factor distribution along the crack front was needed in order to apply the model. Therefore, finite element analyses and the superposition principle were used to determine such a distribution for a wide range of crack configurations and any position of the flaw with respect to the bending moment axis. The results related to rotary bending are compared to those related to pulsating cyclic bending, and a qualitative comparison is made with some data reported in the literature.
Environmentally Considerate Lubricants
Authors: Rhee In-Sik
Published: September 2014

Description

Featuring 9 papers that discuss various topics related to the fundamentals of biobased lubricants, industrial trends, applications, new test methods, and environmental policies.

These papers, and the symposium from which they originated, provide details on current research efforts to advance use of biobased and other environmentally considerate lubricants with the purpose of developing new and improved environment test methods.

This research is due to the increasing interest in Environmentally Acceptable (EA) or Considerate (EC) Lubricants, especially, among vessel, agricultural, construction, forestry, lumber, and mining industries where involuntary or accidental fluid leakage or spillage is detrimental to the environment. With increasing use of EA lubricants, the consumption of petroleum crude oil can decrease. Currently, biobased lubricants are considered as EA lubricants due to their environmental properties such as a high biodegradability, low toxicity and no bioaccumulation. The biobased lubricant is currently formulated with oils extracted from renewable resources such as plants, crops, trees or animals. These types of fluids are considered less toxic and more biodegradable than conventional petroleum based oils.

ASTM D02.12 Subcommittee on Environmental Standards of Lubricants promotes the knowledge and the development of standards to measure environmental persistence of various lubricants (e.g., biodegradation, ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation). These papers were the result of discussions at the second Environment Symposium on Environmentally Considerate Lubricants which was held on December 9, 2013 at Tampa, Florida.
Development of a New Toxicity Test Method Using a Bio-Dipstick
Authors: Rhee In-Sik
Published: September 2014

Toxicity is an important property of environmentally considerate lubricants. To determine this property, numerous toxicity test methods have been developed using sophistical devices. Some of these tests have been adopted as is, while others have required some modification or do not work in lubrication applications. Currently, the OECD 203 guideline 203, fish, acute toxicity test, is widely used to evaluate the toxicity of lubricants using trout. This toxicity test method also requires special biological knowledge and a well-equipped laboratory. For this reason, most toxicity test methods cannot be performed in the petroleum laboratory. The bio-dipstick has two agar mediums designed to monitor microbial contamination in various industrial environments. Recently, this bio-dipstick has been successfully used for screening initial inoculums conditions for the aquatic biodegradation tests. In a similar approach, a proposed toxicity test method for lubricants was developed using a bio-dipstick. The test results showed that the proposed test method was able to differentiate the toxicity level of lubricants and also has an acceptable test precision. In addition, it gave a good correlation with the results of the OECD guideline 203 test. It appears that this toxicity test method can screen the toxicity of lubricants within a very short period of time. This paper will present a proposed toxicity test method and test results.
Benchmark of Alternative Lubricants for Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Nakase Takuya , Woydt Mathias , Kato Shinji , Sasaki Shinya
Published: September 2014

Different ester-based (TMP-& Diester) and polyglycol-based formulations in ISO VG22-46 were compared in terms of their tribological profile by using different tribological tests. Except for the reference fluid based on hydrocarbons, most of the fluids tested met the bio-no-tox criteria. The 6061-T6 aluminum alloy (uncoated and coated by different types of conversion coatings), a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy Al16Si5Ni, and an alternative AlFeXY alloy (uncoated) were tested under mixed/ boundary lubrication with the commercially available EALs by an oscillation (SRV-type) test at 80°C using SAE E52100 steels and by a unidirectional sliding using SAE E52100 roller sliding at RT and 80°C. Appropriate combinations of aluminum alloys (coated or uncoated) and commercially available EALs have the potential to compete with conventional tribo-system like steel/steel lubricated with mineral hydraulic fluids under mixed/boundary lubrication.
From Los Vallecitos to Lost Valley
Authors: Aldern Jared Dahl
Published: September 2014

This article explores the connection between the land, grizzly bears, and people in Southern California, from the time all three coexisted, through the hunting of the last grizzlies in the area in 1899, and up to the present.
Twenty-First-Century Sublime
Authors: Scott Amy
Published: September 2014

This essay looks at the tension between pristine natural beauty and industry and how they have informed, and been represented in, California landscape painting and photography. Amy Scott argues that the influence of the traditional California landscape in art has evolved, thanks to a flexible understanding of the concept of the sublime, which draws upon ideas of nature to respond to external changes—including developments in technology. These changes have shaped the ways in which we imagine both the natural and the built environment in relation to ourselves. Scott traces this evolution through Albert Bierstadt’s mid-nineteenth century painting On the Merced River and through twentieth century works by James Doolin, Ed Ruscha, Karen Halverson, and Michael Light.
Sinan’s Ambivalence
Authors: Sakr Yasir Mohammad
Published: September 2014

Sinan’s Ambivalence: The Triangular Design of the Süleymanıye Schools Complex in Istanbul interrogates the anomalous configuration of the Süleymanıye schools, including the unorthodox angular Dar-ul-Hadith, the largest and most important Ottoman educational institution, designed by the great Ottoman master-builder Sinan in 1548–59. The Süleymanıye, as Yasir Mohammad Sakr demonstrates, is not a mere adaptation of preexisting symmetrical school models to contextual contingencies, as historians have contended. Rather, the Süleymanıye and its seeming anomalies are a function of the architect’s own relentless retrospection, repeatedly reinterpreting and opposing the very types that he initially created during the same design process. Sinan synthesized the idealized Ottoman planning patterns with a vigorous fragmentation and dispersal of its functional and symbolic elements to create an innovative hybrid typology for the Süleymanıye schools, especially the Dar-ul-Hadith. The study concludes that the triangular Dar-ul-Hadith is not a residual, ad hoc space as commonly perceived. It is the key to formulating the Süleymanıye master plan, which the author defines as a powerful symbolic scheme monumentalizing the new social arrangement by Sinan’s patron, Süleyman the Magnificent. Thus, far from the negative association usually attached to the notion of “ambivalence,” Sinan’s design practice presents it as a viable alternative approach for the history of Ottoman architecture.
SOCS genes expression during physiological and perturbed implantation in bovine endometrium
Authors: Vitorino Carvalho A , Reinaud P , Forde N , Healey G D , Eozenou C , Giraud-Delville C , Mansouri-Attia N , Gall L , Richard C , Lonergan P , Sheldon I M , Lea R G , Sandra O
Published: September 2014

In mammals, suppressor of cytokine signalling (CISH, SOCS1 to SOCS7) factors control signalling pathways involved in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including pregnancy. In order to gain new insights into the biological functions of SOCS in the endometrium, a comprehensive analysis ofSOCSgene expression was carried out in bovine caruncular (CAR) and intercaruncular (ICAR) tissues collected i) during the oestrous cycle, ii) at the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy and at implantation in inseminated females, iii) following uterine interferon-tau (IFNT) infusion at day 14 post-oestrus, iv) following a period of controlled intravaginal progesterone release and v) following transfer of embryos by somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The regulatory effects of IFNT onin vitrocultured epithelial and stromal cells were also examined. Altogether, our data showed thatCISH,SOCS4,SOCS5andSOCS7mRNA levels were poorly affected during luteolysis and pregnancy. In contrast,SOCS1,SOCS2,SOCS3andSOCS6mRNA levels were strongly up-regulated at implantation (day 20 of pregnancy). Experimentalin vitroandin vivomodels demonstrated that onlyCISH,SOCS1,SOCS2andSOCS3were IFNT-induced genes. Immunohistochemistry showed an intense SOCS3 and SOCS6 staining in the nucleus of luminal and glandular epithelium and of stromal cells of pregnant endometrium. Finally,SOCS3expression was significantly increased in SCNT pregnancies in keeping with the altered immune function previously reported in this model of compromised implantation. Collectively, our data suggest that spatio-temporal changes in endometrialSOCSgene expression reflect the acquisition of receptivity, maternal recognition of pregnancy and implantation.

Free French abstract

A French translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/148/6/545/suppl/DC1.
Epigenetics and life-long consequences of an adverse nutritional and diabetic intrauterine environment
Authors: El Hajj Nady , Schneider Eberhard , Lehnen Harald , Haaf Thomas
Published: September 2014

The phenomenon that adverse environmental exposures in early life are associated with increased susceptibilities for many adult, particularly metabolic diseases, is now referred to as ‘developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD)’ or ‘Barker’ hypothesis. Fetal overnutrition and undernutrition have similar long-lasting effects on the setting of the neuroendocrine control systems, energy homeostasis, and metabolism, leading to life-long increased morbidity. There are sensitive time windows during early development, where environmental cues can program persistent epigenetic modifications which are generally assumed to mediate these gene–environment interactions. Most of our current knowledge on fetal programing comes from animal models and epidemiological studies in humans, in particular the Dutch famine birth cohort. In industrialized countries, there is more concern about adverse long-term consequences of fetal overnutrition, i.e. by exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus and/or maternal obesity which affect 10–20% of pregnancies. Epigenetic changes due to maternal diabetes/obesity may predispose the offspring to develop metabolic disease later in life and, thus, transmit the adverse environmental exposure to the next generation. This vicious cycle could contribute significantly to the worldwide metabolic disease epidemics. In this review article, we focus on the epigenetics of an adverse intrauterine environment, in particular gestational diabetes, and its implications for the prevention of complex disease.
Genetic Influences on Brain Gene Expression in Rats Selected for Tameness and Aggression
Authors: Heyne Henrike O , Lautenschläger Susann , Nelson Ronald , Besnier François , Rotival Maxime , Cagan Alexander , Kozhemyakina Rimma , Plyusnina Irina Z , Trut Lyudmila , Carlborg Örjan , Petretto Enrico , Kruglyak Leonid , Pääbo Svante , Schöneberg Torsten , Albert Frank W
Published: September 2014

Interindividual differences in many behaviors are partly due to genetic differences, but the identification of the genes and variants that influence behavior remains challenging. Here, we studied an F2 intercross of two outbred lines of rats selected for tame and aggressive behavior toward humans for >64 generations. By using a mapping approach that is able to identify genetic loci segregating within the lines, we identified four times more loci influencing tameness and aggression than by an approach that assumes fixation of causative alleles, suggesting that many causative loci were not driven to fixation by the selection. We used RNA sequencing in 150 F2 animals to identify hundreds of loci that influence brain gene expression. Several of these loci colocalize with tameness loci and may reflect the same genetic variants. Through analyses of correlations between allele effects on behavior and gene expression, differential expression between the tame and aggressive rat selection lines, and correlations between gene expression and tameness in F2 animals, we identify the genes Gltscr2, Lgi4, Zfp40, and Slc17a7 as candidate contributors to the strikingly different behavior of the tame and aggressive animals.
Experiments and numerical calculation to determine aerodynamic characteristics of flows around 3D wings
Authors: Son Nguyen Hong , Ngoc Hoang Thi Bich , Phong Dinh Van , Hung Nguyen Manh
Published: September 2014

The report presents method and results of experiments in wind tunnel to determine aerodynamic characteristics of 3D wings by measuring pressure distribution on the wing surfaces. Simultaneously, a numerical method by using sources and doublets distributed on panel elements of wing surface also is carried out to calculate flows around 3D wings. This computational method allows solving inviscid problems for wings with thickness profile. The experimental and numerical results are compared to each other to verify the built program that permits to extend the range of applications with the variation of wing profiles, wing planforms, and incidence angles.
Exploring the Use of Narratology for Narrative Preaching
Authors: Heacock Clint
Published: September 2014

Although narrative preaching as a movement may have gone out of fashion in North American homiletics more than two decades ago, there has since been a resurgence of interest in the rhetorical function of biblical narratives along with the continuing exploration of more democratic, dialogical and open-ended homiletical forms. This study, therefore, suggests that the discipline of narratology can potentially combine these two elements by replicating the dynamics of biblical narratives in a variety of narrative sermon formats. By providing an examination of the elements of narratology, this approach seeks to reunite the often-separated elements of textual and homiletical form and function. The use of these narratological exegetical tools can then allow biblical narratives to assert a greater influence upon the form of the sermon itself, create an experience of the text for the listeners, and enable them to enter into the “world of words” of biblical narratives.
Paul S. Chung, Church and Ethical Responsibility in the Midst of World Economy: Greed, Dominion, and Justice
Authors: McCray Donyelle
Published: September 2014

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Karyn L. Wiseman, I Refuse to Preach a Boring Sermon! Engaging the 21st Century Listener
Authors: Bland Dave
Published: September 2014

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Brian Bantum, Redeeming Mulatto: A Theology of Race and Christian Hybridity
Authors: Jones Timothy
Published: September 2014

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David Lose, Preaching at the Crossroads: How the World—and Our Preaching—Is Changing
Authors: Jacobsen David Schnasa
Published: September 2014

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Gregory Walter, Being Promised: Theology, Gift, and Practice
Authors: Jacobsen David Schnasa
Published: September 2014

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[NO TITLE AVAILABLE]
Authors: Sangenis Luiz Fernando Conde
Published: September 2014

A pobreza, valor fundamental para franciscanos e jesuítas, ordens religiosas que iniciaram sua ação missionária no Brasil no século XVI, tornou-se tema controverso quando se estabeleceram as estratégias de financiamento da ação missionária. Na origem fundadas como ordens mendicantes, características específicas levaram-nas a métodos divergentes. O franciscanismo é utilizado pelos inacianos ao modo de uma metáfora do que não se deseja tomar como parâmetro metodológico, administrativo e missiológico. O discurso jesuítico faz crer que o anúncio do Evangelho será efetivo quanto mais puder contar com os recursos materiais e financeiros advindos de atividades produtivas e comerciais, sob a administração da própria Companhia.
Composting Invasive Plants in the Rio Grande River
Authors: Meier Erica J. , Waliczek Tina M. , Abbott Michael L.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of whole-plant composting on the viability of seeds and other propagules of the invasive plant species waterhyacinth, waterlettuce, hydrilla, and giant reed while producing a valuable compost product. Invasive species were subjected to preliminary germination and growth tests and oven mortality tests to evaluate whether species distribution was via seeds, vegetative propagules, or both, as well as whether the composting process had the potential, through the high temperatures obtained, to kill seeds and other propagules. Germination and growth tests determined the means by which invasive species spread. Oven tests determined the temperatures at which unscarified and scarified seeds and propagules were rendered inviable. Achieving temperatures of at least 57.2 C was necessary within constructed compost piles to effectively kill the plants without the danger of redistribution. In the field, the study successfully developed a large-scale composting operation using invasive plant species as the primary feedstock. Analysis of field-scale composting showed final materials were within satisfactory to ideal levels for samples analyzed by the U.S. Compost Council's Seal of Testing Assurance Program and were, therefore, a valuable compost product.
Mechanisms Underlying Nonindigenous Plant Impacts: A Review of Recent Experimental Research
Authors: Skurski Tanya C. , Rew Lisa J. , Maxwell Bruce D.
Published: September 2014

Nonindigenous plant species (NIS) can affect individuals, communities, and ecosystems through numerous direct and indirect mechanisms. To synthesize the current understanding of how NIS cause impacts, we reviewed experimental research from the past decade. We found alteration of the microenvironment, such as incident light and air and soil temperature, was much more often a mechanism underlying NIS impacts than competition for soil water and nutrients. NIS litter frequently caused the alteration of microenvironments, and litter effects were often of greater consequence than the effects of live NIS plants. Results supported altered soil microbial communities and mycorrhizal associations as mechanisms underlying NIS impacts on native plant growth, community structure, and nutrient cycling. Impacts often could not be attributed to a single mechanism, highlighting the need for multi-factor studies that identify and distinguish between multiple, concurrently operating mechanisms. Overall, our synthesis indicates that effective management will require attention to legacy effects of NIS, that removing live NIS may not ameliorate impacts, and that removal of dead NIS biomass may be necessary for native species' survival. Furthermore, rehabilitating soil microbial and mycorrhizal communities may be crucial for successful post-NIS management revegetation.
Long-Distance Dispersal and Diffusion in the Invasion of Lonicera maackii
Authors: Gorchov David L. , Castellano Steven M. , Noe Douglas A.
Published: September 2014

To investigate the relative importance of long-distance dispersal vs. diffusion in the invasion of a nonnative plant, we used age structure to infer the contribution to recruitment of external propagule rain vs. within-population reproduction. We quantified the age structure of 14 populations of Amur honeysuckle in a landscape where it recently invaded, in Darke County, OH. We sampled the largest honeysuckle individuals in each population (woodlots), and aged these by counting annual rings in stem cross sections. Individuals in the oldest four 1-yr age classes are assumed to be from external recruitment, given the minimum age at which shrubs reproduce. We used these recruitment rates to model external recruitment over the next 5 yr and used observed age structures to estimate total recruitment. We used the difference between total and external recruitment to infer the rate of internal recruitment. Our findings indicate that recruitment from within the population is of about the same magnitude as immigration in the fifth to seventh year after population establishment, but by years 8 to 9 internal recruitment dominates. At the landscape scale, the temporal-spatial pattern of population establishment supports a stratified dispersal model, with the earliest populations establishing in widely spaced woodlots, about 4 km from existing populations, and these serving as “nascent foci” for diffusion to nearby woodlots. Understanding the relative importance of long-distance dispersal vs. diffusion will inform management, e.g., whether it is more effective to scout for isolated shrubs or remove reproducing shrubs at the edge of invaded areas.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Serum and Plasma Peptidome Profiling for Prediction of Treatment Outcome in Patients With Solid Malignancies
Authors: Labots Mariette , Schütte Lisette M. , van der Mijn Johannes C. , Pham Thang V. , Jiménez Connie R. , Verheul Henk M.W.
Published: September 2014

Introduction.

Treatment selection tools are needed to enhance the efficacy of targeted treatment in patients with solid malignancies. Providing a readout of aberrant signaling pathways and proteolytic events, mass spectrometry-based (MS-based) peptidomics enables identification of predictive biomarkers, whereas the serum or plasma peptidome may provide easily accessible signatures associated with response to treatment. In this systematic review, we evaluate MS-based peptide profiling in blood for prompt clinical implementation.

Methods.

PubMed and Embase were searched for studies using a syntax based on the following hierarchy: (a) blood-based matrix-assisted or surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS peptide profiling (b) in patients with solid malignancies (c) prior to initiation of any treatment modality, (d) with availability of outcome data.

Results.

Thirty-eight studies were eligible for review; the majority were performed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Median classification prediction accuracy was 80% (range: 66%–93%) in 11 models from 14 studies reporting an MS-based classification model. A pooled analysis of 9 NSCLC studies revealed clinically significant median progression-free survival in patients classified as “poor outcome” and “good outcome” of 2.0 ± 1.06 months and 4.6 ± 1.60 months, respectively; median overall survival was also clinically significant at 4.01 ± 1.60 months and 10.52 ± 3.49 months, respectively.

Conclusion.

Pretreatment MS-based serum and plasma peptidomics have shown promising results for prediction of treatment outcome in patients with solid tumors. Limited sample sizes and absence of signature validation in many studies have prohibited clinical implementation thus far. Our pooled analysis and recent results from the PROSE study indicate that this profiling approach enables treatment selection, but additional prospective studies are warranted.