bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Organizing as Explaining" and the Doing of Managing
Authors: Pye Annie
Published: March 2007

The metaphor of organizing as explaining embodies a sense of continuity and process that is absent from much organization theory. With this as a guide, attention is focused on managing rather than management and highlights a temporal dimension that is often overlooked. In addition, explaining requires us to develop a different understanding of what more traditional theorists call paradox, which here is called explaining simultaneity. Through the voices of senior executives from large United Kingdom organizations, these concepts are brought to life, and questions are raised of more established approaches to organization theorizing. In this way, the metaphor of explaining takes us towards gestalt approach (in the simple dictionary sense of "organized whole") to understanding processes of organizing.
Chaos and Complexity Theory for Management
Authors: Johnson Jonathan L. , Burton Brian K.
Published: March 2007

Chaos theory and its close cousin, complexity theory, have recently made their appearance in the social science literature, including studies of organizations. The trend toward loosely applying nonlinear dynamical theories to organizations troubles us. In this article we explain the terms chaos theory and complexity theory. We discuss why we believe that chaos theory as it now stands cannot be applied rigorously to the study of social systems, as well as why the more metaphorical use of complexity theory is also problematic.
Linking Competitive Advantage with Communities of Practice
Authors: Liedtka Jeanne
Published: March 2007

This article argues that a dominant set of current themes in the management literature themes of learning, participative leadership, collaboration, strategic thinking, and total quality management, converge around the creation of a set of metacapabilities. Metacapabilities allow organizations to adapt to change on a continuous basis by contributing the kinds of skill and knowledge that underlie the process of capability building itself. The creation of these metacapabilities, in turn, requires new metaphors for thinking about organizations. One such metaphor conceives of organizations as communities of practice. Communities of practice are composed of groups of individuals united in action. This view allows us to move beyond the emulation of fragmented best practices to focus on the underlying value system that is likely to support such communities. The author argues that this discussion is informed by more than a decade of work by feminist moral theorists on an ethic of care.
The Deceptive Allure of Stage Models of Strategic Processes
Authors: Stubbart Charles I. , Smalley Roger D.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the role of stage models in organizational research. In various sections of the article, we discuss the definition of stage models, different varieties of stage models, the way that stage models will characterize strategic change, and finally, the criteria that authors, reviewers, and readers ought to apply to stage models. On the whole, the authors conclude that stage models represent an alluring yet fragile form of explanation. The authors think that the limitations of stage models usually outweigh their potential benefits in explaining transformational change.
Effect of Damage on the Creep Response of a Chopped Fiber Composite Material
Authors: Yen Shing-Chung , Morris Don H.
Published: March 2007

Damage is often developed in a composite material even if it is under a small fraction of ultimate strength. Such a damage state consequently will introduce a change in mechanical responses. In this paper, the effect of different levels of damage on the creep response of a chopped fiber composite material (SMC-R50) is presented. The damage state of the composite specimens was introduced and stabilized using a mechanical conditioning procedure. The mechanical conditioning procedure is a repeated loading and unloading process at selected stress and temperature levels. A creep experiment was then conducted using the damaged specimens at various stress levels. In general, for the same testing condition, different creep responses were obtained at different damage conditions. Creep strain data was modeled into two components (instantaneous strain and time depen dent strain) using the Findley equation. It was found that at the same stress level, the in stantaneous strain increases while the time dependent strain decreases with an increase in the damage state.
Cross-National Variation in Homicides: The Case of Latin America
Authors: Neapolitan Jerome L.
Published: March 2007

This research shows that Latin American nations have a disproportionate number of the high homicide rates that occur among the nations of the world and that all Latin American nations have at least moderately high homicide rates. An investigation of the history and culture of Latin America indicates that cultural values conducive to violence have evolved out of the history of colonization and subjugation that is shared by these nations. This research examines whether the high homicide rates can be explained by structural and demographic national characteristics that have been found to explain cross-national variation in homicides in past research. Regression analysis using World Health Organization, United Nations, and INTERPOL homicide data reveals that this region exhibits a strong positive association with homicides net other relevant variables for all indicators of homicides. The strength of the association is substantially greater than for any other variable included in the analysis. Thus it is probable that there is a strong cultural component to the high homicide rates in Latin American nations. Other possibilities are briefly discussed.
The Role of Seating Position in Group Interaction: A Review, with Applications for Group Trainers
Authors: Greenberg Jerald
Published: March 2007

Experimental research relating seating position to group interaction was critically reviewed. Studies have found that persons in central seating positions were able to maintain eye contact with the most group mem bers, thereby enhancing their ability to interact with the group and emerge as the leader. Tasks requiring interpersonal communication were associated with the use of close seating arrangements, and tasks requir ing independent activities were associated with distant seating ar rangements. Research on affiliative relations found that physical close ness enhances friendship formation and is a reliable sociometric index of friendship choices within groups. Final discussion centered on the prac tical implications of these findings for the group training session. It was stressed that group trainers learn to alter the seating positions of mem bers in order to facilitate the attainment of group goals.
An Integration of Leader-Behavior Typologies
Authors: Reddin W.J.
Published: March 2007

There are now so many leader-behavior typologies that appear to conflict with each other that a logical synthesis seems useful. Such a synthesis can be accomplished only by using a dimension of effectiveness that in fact makes leadership easier to teach. The dimension chosen for this study can be defended by reference to its empirically demonstrated independence, its suggested presence in four typologies, and its explicit support in ten ideal-type leadership typologies, including those that use single types and those that use multiple types. The resulting classification can be shown to include eight widely known typologies. These eight include a wide variety of leadership behaviors, relate directly to all well-known models, are logically related, and are linked to more and less effective behavior.
Crozier's Perspective on Illegitimate Power: An Exposition and Application
Authors: Marshall R. Stephen
Published: March 2007

Michel Crozier's ideas about organizational dynamics have been avail able in English for almost twenty years, but Americans have tended to regard them as artifacts of the French culture and have not applied them to organizational life in the United States. A premise of this article is that both comparative and provincially American studies can be enhanced through attention to the Crozierian perspective. Central elements of Crozier's theory of "illegitimate power" are abstracted, and the applica tions of Crozier's viewpoint to American settings are evaluated. Findings from a study of an American university are discussed as they bear on the theory.
Argyris' Intervention Theory: A Small-Group Application
Authors: Dirks Martha J. , Rottinghaus Marcia K. , Lansky Leonard M.
Published: March 2007

A case study of a consultation is presented that illustrates how two theories concerning organizational change and systems analysis were applied to a small, informal organization. The primary intervention tasks outlined by Argyris (1970) were applied throughout the consultation and the systems theory detailed by Katz and Kahn (1966) provided a con ceptual model for organizing and discussing the data. Systematic inter vention with small, less structured groups is advocated.
Perception of Supervisor Leadership Style in a Formal Organization
Authors: Rees Richard T. , O'Karma James G.
Published: March 2007

Commitment is generated not merely by directives which are considered legitimate but also by those which are in line with the internalized needs of the subordinates. (Etzioni, 1961, p. 16)
Blind Spots in the Study of Organizations: Some Implications for Teaching and Application
Authors: Frost Peter J.
Published: March 2007

Three concepts (organizational politics, organizational values, and in ventive sense making) are treated as blind spots in the study of organiza tions. They are discussed in the context of what is taught about and applied in organizations. Approaches are suggested for overcoming blind spots, thereby improving the ability to help students and prac titioners understand and cope in organizations.
Impact of Occupational Demands on Nonwork Experiences
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the relationship between occupational demands and nonwork experiences of 127 senior administrators of correctional institutions. Eighteen occupational demands (e.g., complexity, ambiguity, overload, responsibility for people, and role conflict) were assessed. Dependent variables included negative-feeling states, marital and life satisfaction, satisfaction with home and family life, social participation, social support, psychosomatic symptoms, life style, and physical health. Regression analyses indicated that particular occupational demands were significantly related to negative nonwork experiences. Implications for stress management are discussed.
High-Technology Cultures and Management
Authors: Weiss Joseph , Delbecq Andre
Published: March 2007

This article extends the concept of corporate culture to the level of industry culture and examines regional influences on management practices in Silicon Valley and Route 128. In-depth interviews with CEOs and executives in mature electronics firms were conducted. Results from the data indicate that these high-technology cultures and related management practices differ significantly and are influenced by particular regional characteristics. Conceptual and consulting implications are discussed.
Flight Crew Collaboration to Manage Safety Risks
Authors: Tjosvold Dean
Published: March 2007

This study suggests that goal interdependence is a useful theoretical framework to understand collaboration as crew members cope with safety hazards. Thirty-five pilots, first officers, second officers, and flight attendants provided critical incidents of safety problems handled effectively and ineffectively. Analyses indicate that cooperative goals and the constructive discussion of opposing views were powerful antecedents to using safe procedures expeditiously. The study introduces the critical incident method to the study of flight crew management. Results identify training to assist crew members to maintain the margin of safety in the skies.
Top Team, Environment, and Performance Effects on Strategic Planning Formality
Authors: Bantel Karen A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined hypotheses linking three categories of variables, top management team demography, environmental uncertainty, and firm performance, to the extent to which retail banks engage in a formal strategic planning process. The specific variables studied included: mean tenure, mean age, mean education level, functional background heterogeneity, and education major heterogeneity under team demography; environmental complexity and instability under environmental uncertainty; and performance level and volatility under firm performance. Results show that low tenure mean, functional heterogeneity, environmental complexity, and performance volatlity all had positive effects on strategic planning formality.
Employee Reactions to Electronic Control Systems
Authors: Kidwell Roland E. , Bennett Nathan
Published: March 2007

This field study considered proposed relationships between perceived procedural fairness and employee reactions to a relatively novel organizational phenomenon, electronic control systems (ECSs). In a sample (N= 151) of employees, perceptions of ECSs' procedural fairness explained variance in ECSs' satisfaction beyond that accounted for in previous studies. In turn, ECSs' satisfaction was associated with job satisfaction. Results generally show that procedural fairness, which has a history of strong relationships with important organization outcomes, enhances existing models of employee reactions to ECSs.
Goal Selection in a Simulated Managerial Environment
Authors: Matthews Linda M. , Mitchell Terence R. , George-Falvy Jane , Wood Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This research examined the types of goals managers select and whether these goals vary as a function of the type and context of the task. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used with a complex/simple task as one independent variable and an independent/interdependent work context as the other independent variable. Results indicate that output and outcome goals were preferred over input and process goals. It was further demonstrated that individuals select more results-oriented (output and outcome) goals when dealing with complex tasks than with simple tasks, and when the work was interdependent than when it was independent. Implications are discussed with regard to expanding goal-setting research to managerial settings.
Psychological Ownership: An Empirical Examination of its Consequences
Authors: Vandewalle Don , Van Dyne Linn , Kostova Tatiana
Published: March 2007

Analysis of data from 797 residents of university housing cooperatives demonstrated that psychological ownership was positively related to extrarole behavior. In addition, mediated regression analysis supported the hypothesis that the relationship between psychological ownership and extrarole behavior was mediated by organizational commitment. Furthermore, psychological ownership was superior to satisfaction in predicting extrarole behavior. The article concludes with a discussion of potential managerial implications and recommendations for future research.
Value Congruence between Co-Workers and its Relationship to Work Outcomes
Authors: Adkins Cheryl L. , Ravlin Elizabeth C. , Meglino Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

Value congruence between co-workers is an important dimension of an individual's fit with the work environment. This study examined the relationship of value congruence between co-workers and various work-related outcomes in an industrial setting. Findings indicated that tenure moderated the relationship between value congruence and facet satisfactions and attendance, such that value congruence related positively to beneficial outcomes for lower tenured employees. The relationship between value congruence and performance outcomes was moderated by the extent to which the job required that individuals work closely with others. When job interdependence was high, value congruence had a positive relationship with a supervisory performance rating.
Peer Reviews
Authors: Fedor Donald B. , Bettenhausen Kenneth L. , Davis Walter
Published: March 2007

This study investigated nurses’ reactions to a peer rating system. Their level of system acceptance was assessed with both quantitative and qualitative measures. In addition, participants were asked, in an open response format, what issues and concerns they had regarding peer appraisals. The results indicate that those who perceived the system to be more for developmental feedback purposes, who had positive experiences as raters or as recipients of peer feedback, and who felt the system gave them a chance to voice concerns about performance reported higher levels of acceptance. Content analysis of the participants’ comments revealed four main concerns: the need for additional training, biases believed to influence peer ratings, the time required to perform the ratings, and the criteria used for those ratings. Acceptance, perceived purpose, recipient outcomes, and voice were related to the specific concerns participants mentioned. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.
The Neural Control of Fish Swimming Studied Through Numerical Simulations
Authors: Ekeberg Örjan , Grillner Sten , Lansner Anders
Published: March 2007

The neuronal generation of vertebrate locomotion has been extensively studied in the lamprey. Computer simulations of this system have been carried out with different aims and with different techniques. ln this article, we review some of these simulations, particularly those leading toward models that describe the interaction that occurs between the neuronal system and its mechanical environment during swimming.

Here we extend these models, enabling two new experiments to be conducted. The first one addresses the role of sensory feedback by exposing the neuromechanical system to unexpected perturbations. The second one tests the validity of an earlier proposed hypothesis for the neural generation of three-dimensional (3D) steering by coupling this central pattern generator to a mechanical 3D simulation.
Developing Feature-based Manufacturing Applications Using PDES/STEP
Authors: Liu Thu-Hua , Fischer Gary W.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an object-onented approach to implement the PDES/STEP-based information model for concurrent engin eering applications. The PDES/STEP-based information model is the global foundation of concurrent engineering communication. To demonstrate the approach, a schema for assembly operations is defined, using the EXPRESS language, in the form of a prototype data model. The assembly_model entity is designed to carry the assembly system configuration information: bill of material (BOM) and assembly sequence. The assembly entities, called joints, are designed to work with each component part's PDES/STEP geometry, form feature, and tolerance definition. The connectivity of each joint is directly related to mating or joining parts' assembly-related form features. Examples are given to illustrate the use of PDES/STEP entities to construct the feature- based part definition and proposed assembly schema. The assembly schema is translated into the classes that both C++ and ROSE (an object-oriented database designed to support concurrent engineering and work with PDES/STEP) can accept. The classes serve as object templates for both application programs and ROSE, which has the capability to output the object in a STEP file format. The assembly functions and constraints related to the assembly entities are also defined to represent the dynamic properties of assembly schema.
SHADE: Technology for Knowledge-based Collaborative Engineering
Authors: McGuire James G. , Kuokka Daniel R. , Weber Jay C. , Tenenbaum Jay M. , Gruber Thomas R. , Olsen Gregory R.
Published: March 2007

Effective information sharing and decision coordination are vital to collaborative product development and integrated manufacturing. However, typical special-purpose CAE systems tend to isolate information at tool boundaries, and typical integrated CAE systems tend to limit flexibility and process innovation. The SHADE (SHAred Dependency Engineering) project strikes a balance between these undesirable extremes by supporting reconfigurable exchange of engineering knowledge among special-purpose CAE systems. SHADE's approach has three main components: a shared knowledge representation (language and domain-specific vocabulary), protocols supporting information exchange for change notification and subscription, and facilitation services for content-directed routing and intelligent matching of information consumers and producers.
Functional Requirement Mapping as a Framework for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Billatos Samir B. , Grigely Lawrence J.
Published: March 2007

The complexity of current engineered products has created an environment of information overload for the personnel responsible for the many stages of product engineering and development. The increasingly competitive global market has created an added demand for shorter design and production cycles. This paper will examine a technique described as functional requirement mapping (FRM) as a flexible framework for organizing a comparative design process or trade study. An organized design process is one characterized by the ability to structure hybrid sets of information which define results of current design efforts, future tasks and their priority, various metrics, and a presentation format for decision making. A number of current concepts will be addressed within the scope of this topic, including axiomatic design theory and object-oriented paradigms of software engineering. An example case will be used to illustrate the concepts presented in this paper. The contribution of this paper will be the presentation of a theoretical basis and prototype model for development of a concurrent engineering software application.
A Model for Performance-intelligent Design Advisors
Authors: Grant Reed R. , Sturges Robert H.
Published: March 2007

We consider a design advisor to be performance-intelligent when its suggestions do not conflict with high-level performance-related goals of the design under study. We address the problem of representing non-domain-specific design information at a high level and show how to couple it to the inputs and outputs of design critics and their suggestion mechanisms. High-level design information represented in a function-based structure with linked allocations is shown to interact with a domain-specific design critic in three instances, viz.: allocation refinement, goal matching with a supported function, and performance-intelligent tradeoffs. Examples of manual and computer-based procedures are discussed.
The Federation Architecture for Interoperable Agent-based Concurrent Engineering Systems
Authors: Khedro Taha , Genesereth Michael R.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an approach to the development of concurrent engineering software applications based on a knowledge sharing technology. In this approach, individual programmers write their programs in the form of separate modules called software agents, which interoperate with their peers using an expressive communication standard called Agent Communication Language. The runtime activities of the individual software agents are coordinated by task-independent programs called facilitators. Facilitators perform a wide variety of tasks, including the automated selection of agents to accomplish subtasks, the mediation of terminology, the buffering of partial knowledge in communication between agents, and the management of communication with other facilitators on other machines. Once set in operation, software agents interoperate to accomplish the overall task in a heterogeneous distributed architecture called federation. The paper discusses the major aspects of this approach and briefly describes three concurrent engineering applications developed in light of this approach.
Using Artificial Intelligence for Concurrent Design in the Steel Building Industry
Authors: Pasley Gregory P. , Kim Roddis W.M.
Published: March 2007

The ability to communicate clearly is vital to any quality engineered project. Because of the high degree of interdependency among activities in the concurrent design of complex engineering systems, the ability to coordinate and synchronize communication among design team members is crucial. The computer-based tool, SteelTeam, is under development and integrates knowledge-based expert systems with a computer-aided design and drafting environment to create a system that helps bridge communication gaps in the steel building industry. SteelTeam makes design, fabrication, and construction knowledge available to each of the parties involved in the steel building design. In addition, SteelTeam provides a standard format for the design information that is passed between parties during the design process. The completeness of this information is crucial to the generation of design alternatives, which are necessary to ensure that the optimum product is developed. By looking at the issues involved in concurrent engineering, it is possible to identify areas whose improvement leads to faster product development, lower cost, and improved productivity. These issues are addressed by SteelTeam through improved communication between the parties involved in the design of the steel building.
Browsing Methodology for Design Support System
Authors: Ito Teruaki , Fukuda Shuichi
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the browsing methodology which we are developing based on the browsing type of thinking in design For this approach, we propose the perspective model to represent the designer's view towards a design object and to support the perspective-oriented shift of view in navigation during browsing design The perspective model is defined as a dynamic assignment of perspective attributes in a design object and a selection of evaluation function for the attributes Since the concept of perspective is difficult to implement using the traditional node link model, we propose the hypergraph model Hypergraph is defined as a graph structured anchor having navigative functions and is in troduced to represent a design object for the direct manipulation GUI (Graphical User Interface) of our system We developed a prototype system HYDRA based on these models to demonstrate the usefulness of our browsing methodology for design support system The paper describes some examples of browsing design using HYDRA
Maintainability Analysis in Concurrent Engineering of Mechanical Systems
Authors: Vujosevic Ranko
Published: March 2007

Maintainability of the mechanical system should be considered from early stages of the design process to reduce its total life-cycle cost A computer-aided engineering environment that supports maintainability analysis of an evolving mechanical system design in a concurrent engineering environment is presented Its communication with the underlying concurrent engineering environment and capabilities to evaluate maintainability of the mechanical system are described and illustrated
QFD Models for Concurrent Engineering Development Processes of Automobiles
Authors: Tsuda Yasuhisa
Published: March 2007

The systematic application of QFD to Concurrent Engineering (CE) procedures of automobile development has been investigated, which has lead to a proposal of defining the ideal figure of project leader. Included within this role are all the necessary responsibilities for the judgements and decisions related to the project. Based upon this proposal, a "2-storied quality chart" model is conceived which the project team prepares as a result of cooperation with function departments. To consider the progress of time, this chart is further developed to contain two parts; one to be provided for new development, and the other relying on data accumulated in the past. Furthermore, a "parallel flow quality chart" is conceived, considering the job sharing between the project team and function departments which shows diverse aspects during the processes of CE along the product axis. The above proposal of the ideal project leader and the concept models simplifies the treatment of sys tematic application of QFD to the total CE procedures: one can treat it as local QFD activities which take place in each team and department con cerned. In this way, the essential problem of systematically applying QFD to a complicated product development, which is that the quality chart becomes too voluminous, has been solved.
Enterprise Integration by Market-Driven Schema Evolution
Authors: Jeusfeld Manfred A. , Jarke Matthias
Published: March 2007

The way enterprises are organizing their processes is ultimately dictated by the requirements of their markets Enterprises serving slowly changing markets prefer a functional decomposition of their work force into departments with information flows along the hierarchy Quickly changing markets require quick redefinition of implemented functions and information flows in the distributed information systems of the enterprise This paper proposes conceptual modeling facilities and a trader architecture which enable a bottom-up market-driven evolution of the information system schemes A case study has been undertaken in the area of distributed quality management The trader has been im plemented with the meta database manager ConceptBase The information systems realize the information flows via federated SQL servers
An Approach to Concurrent Engineering Using Distributed Design Methodology
Authors: Brissaud D. , Garro O.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a design model that allows concurrent engineering to be put into a conceptual framework and suggests a design methodology for that framework Distributed design methodology is based upon a modular approach where modules are connected in a net work and where communication plays the main role allowing the product to emerge Each module needs its own tools, some of them already exist but others have to be built in a new point of view The design solution results from decisions which are made by all the modules in a distrib uted way An example from a design experiment introduces the discussion of the model and outlines the information exchanged The validity of this design model is also proved by this experiment
Concurrent Subspace Optimization Using Design Variable Sharing in a Distributed Computing Environment
Authors: Wujek Brett A. , Renaud John E. , Batill Stephen M. , Brockman Jay B.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews recent implementation advances and modifications in the continued development of a Concurrent Subspace Op timization (CSSO) algorithm for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) The CSSO MDO algorithm implemented in this research incor porates a Coordination Procedure of System Approximation (CP-SA) for design updates This study also details the use of a new discipline based decomposition strategy which provides for design variable sharing across discipline design regimes (i e subspaces) A graphical user interface is developed which provides for menu driven execution of MDO algorithms and results display this new programming environment highlights the modularity of the CSSO algorithm The algorithm is implemented in a distributed computing environment using the graphical user interface providing for truly concurrent discipline design Implementation studies introduce two new multidisciplinary design test problems the optimal design of a high performance, low cost structural system and the preliminary sizing of a general aviation aircraft concept for optimal perfor mance Significant time savings are observed when using distributed computing for concurrent design across disciplines The use of design vari able sharing across disciplines does not introduce any difficulties in implementation as the design update in the CSSO MDO algorithm is gener ated in the CP-SA Application of the CSSO algorithm results in a considerable decrease in the number of system analyses required for optimization in both test problems More importantly for the fully coupled aircraft concept sizing problem a significant reduction in the number of individual contributing analyses is observed
Concurrent Engineering Case Studies Applying QFD Models
Authors: Tsuda Yasuhisa
Published: March 2007

This paper extends the previous work in which two QFD models, a "2-storied quality chart" and a "Parallel flow quality chart," were proposed as tools for concurrent engineering product development driven by a matrix organization. This paper compares these two models with two real cases from a major international project of a Japanese automobile company in the 1980s. The first case relates to the product planning and development processes which were focused on the European market requirements. The second case relates to the introduction processes of this product into the Japanese market. The paper follows these two cases and compares development activities, development processes etc. with the abstract elements and procedures in the two theoretical models. By this comparison the abstract ele ments and concepts of these models are concretely explained. In this way understanding of these models, including the concepts behind them, is facilitated. Moreover, it is shown that the case studies on the basis of these QFD models facilitate insight into the complicated real development cases which would otherwise be understood only by experts. In this way this paper proves validity of the two QFD models as good management tools.
Interoperation of STEP Application Protocols for Product Data Management
Authors: Yanping Zhang  , Chun Zhang  , Wang H.-P.
Published: March 2007

A crucial issue in concurrent engineering (CE) is the information communication between the heterogeneous computer based systems. STEP is an evolving international standard for the representation and exchange of product data in all phases of the product's life- cycle, that offers an efficient mechanism of information communication for CE. Application Protocols (APs) of STEP support the exchange of product data among different application domains such as CAD, CAE, CAPP, CAM. Therefore, in CE, there is a strong demand for in teroperability between different APs through standardized exchange and shanng of data. This article introduces a systematic approach to implementing the interoperation between APs, which addresses the issue at three levels: Application Interpreted Constructs (AICs), Unit of Functionality (UoFs) and Concept. This paper describes the methodology and illustrates an example of interoperation between AP 203 and AP209 of STEP to demonstrate how to implement the interoperation at the above three levels.
The Garcia Family: Using a Structural Systems Approach with an Alcohol-Dependent Family
Authors: Wycoff Susan , Cameron Susan Chavez
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the impact of sociocultural and environmental stressors on alcohol abuse and dependence in the Hispanic family system. General characteristics of Hispanic culture emphasize gender and age hierarchies and stress cooperation, collectiveness, and strong intergenerational family ties. Given the cultural values of this population, a structural systems approach is proposed as an adjunct to other forms of treatment when working during the recovery process. As an illustrative guide, the primary author presents portions of an actual case study involving a multigenerational Hispanic stepfamily.
Couples Therapy with a Personality-Disordered Couple
Authors: Sperry Len , Carlson Jon
Published: March 2007

Couples presenting for couples therapy where both partners mani-fest significant psychopathology, particularly personality disorders, are not well served by systemic marital therapy approaches. How-ever, a treatment approach that focuses on the interlocking personality disorder dynamics of both partners in a systemic treatment context increases the likelihood of positive treatment outcomes. Such a therapeutic approach is described and illustrated with an extended couples therapy case.
Collaborative Counselor and Medical Training at a Family Practice Residency Program: A Sharing of the Experience
Authors: McBride LeBron , Pilkington Lloyd , Murray Paige Johnson , Whitfield Donna
Published: March 2007

There is growing interest in collaborative clinical work between physicians and counselors. The reactions of a Ph.D.-level, counselor-in-training, a medical student, and a family practice resident to collaborative systems clinical training at a family practice residency program are given in this article. The initial impressions of the teaching model, the impressions of the content and process of the model, the benefits and struggles with the model, and how the experience changed their views of behavioral science training are addressed in the responses.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder in Children and their Coexisting Comorbidity: A Challenge for Family Counselors
Authors: Barton Leslie
Published: March 2007

Those affected by mental illness are diagnosed and treated differently depending on the person’s particular age and on the particular illness. Adults that have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyper-activity disorder (ADHD)(considered a childhood disorder), are often treated using childhood symptomatology and criteria. Conversely, children diagnosed with bipolar disorder (considered an adult disorder) may experience misdiagnosis and ineffective treatment based on adult criteria. As researchers have found, neither illness is age specific and both children and adults can be affected by either disease. Also found in research is a coexisting comorbidity. Due to the expansiveness of the literature regarding both topics, children are the chosen population of study for this article. The purpose of this study is to examine both ADHD and bipolar disorder particularly in children and their coexisting comorbidity.
Gender and Strategic Marital Therapy
Authors: Walsh William M.
Published: March 2007

What is your reaction to these different philosophies of treatment? The same case conceptualized by two prominent theorists presents some similarities and many differences. 7hink about it, and let us know your reaction.
Farewell to Motherhood and Apple Pie: Families in the Postmodern Era
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Literature concerning families in the postmodern era is reviewed from a theory perspective.
Some Central Ideas in the "Just Therapy" Approach
Authors: Waldegrave Charles , Tamasese Kiwi
Published: March 2007

This article comprises extractsfrom a plenary address on family therapy and social justice given at the Second Australia and New Zealand Family Therapy Conference in Melbourne, Australia, July 1992.
Reversing Narratives of Failure Through Music and Verse in Therapy
Authors: Hodas Gordon R.
Published: March 2007

Use of music and verse can help reverse narratives of failure for individuals, couples, and families. Through use of personalized therapeutic sharing rituals, mental health professionals can strengthen the helping relationship and help clients develop new, adaptive personal visions.
Family Interaction Profile
Authors: Sherman Robert
Published: March 2007

This column provides a forum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have developed or adapted and find successful in your work with couples and families. If it works well for you, it may be that others could adapt it for themselves or be stimulated to invent another technique. Submit your manuscripts of 6 to 10 double-spaced typed pages to Robert Sherman, 154-23A Riverside Drive, Beechhurst, NY 11357, or send to the Editor indicating the manuscript is for this column.
Critical Issues in Supervision: Marital and Family Violence
Authors: Zarski John J. , Sand-Pringle Chris , Pannell Linda , Lindon Camille
Published: March 2007

Despite a proliferation of literature on the subject of marital and Jamily violence, very little has been said about how treatment issues with violent couples or families are handled within the context of the supervisory relationship. The purpose of this article is to provide a supervision framework for approaching issues involving violent or abusive situations. The focus of the article is the supervision of novice-level therapists beginning their work around issues of family violence. Case examples are provided that illustrate effective supervision.
Predicting Divorce
Authors: Giblin Paul , Chan Judy
Published: March 2007

Research continues to indicate factors that predict divorce.This research review explores two clusters of predictors, demographic-background variables and process-interactional characteristics. Application to clinical practice isdiscussed.
The Use of Genograms with SolutionBased and Narrative Therapies
Authors: Kuehl Bruce R
Published: March 2007

Most psychotherapies orient around a particular time focus. Some em-phasize a historical perspective while others attend to the here-and-now.A growing number of contemporary therapies arefocusing on thefutureas well. This article demonstrates how combining solution-based andnarrative techniques with genogram construction spans all three temporalfoci-past, present, and future-allowing therapists greater opportunity to attend to the diversity of perspectives brought by clients.
Parentified Pursuers and Childlike Distancers in Marital Therapy
Authors: Betchen Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

The pursuer-distancer relationship style may cause severe marital discord and even divorce. This article helps counselors practicing marital therapy to become more familiar with this particular troublesome style and offers several treatment techniques to alleviate it. Of major importance is the discussion and demonstration of the relationship between the concepts of parentification and childlike behavior and the pursuer and the distancer; respectively. An integrative, multilevel model of marital therapy is used as a framework for these purposes. Several case examples are presented as well.
Counseling Strategies for the Single-Child Family: A Structural Family Therapy Model
Authors: Ryan Carole A.
Published: March 2007

When counseling the single-child family, structural family therapy provides a viable clinical model that defines and strengthens the family's structure, subsystems, and boundaries while supporting the mastery of each individual's age-appropriate developmental tasks. Along with an illustrative case example, strategies developed by the author for counseling this specialized family system provide professionals with creative alternatives to achieve a healthy balance within this family system.
Relational Diagnosis: Potential Advantages and Drawbacks Associated with a Universal System for the Classification of Couple and Family Difficulties
Authors: Ivey David C. , Jankowski Peter J. , Scheel Michael J.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the potential utility and difficulties presented by the development of a universal relational diagnostic system (RDS). The history and current status of diagnostic concepts within the general mental health field are reviewed to provide a context for discussing the range of factors involved in the RDS movement and to highlight the practical and conceptual implications from such a system. Considerations and recommendations are provided to enhance the utility and compatibility of the RDS with contemporary clinical and counseling practice.
Expanding Learning Opportunities Using Career Assessments
Authors: Krumboltz John D. , Vidalakis Nicole K.
Published: March 2007

In a job market that is increasingly competitive in selecting and retaining the right employees, career assessments are a time- and cost-efficient method of garnering important information for students, counselors, employees, and employers. Once used primarily for matching and evaluative purposes, assessments are now being recognized as important tools for learning and development. Career assessments can be used to identify problems, suggest alternatives, and stimulate action. Using career assessments for evaluation purposes only tends to make employees defensive. However, if implemented well, career assessments, particularly 360-degree evaluations provide both employee and employer with tools to promote learning as well as to track an employee's progress.
The Cultural Context of Career Assessment
Authors: Blustein David L. , Ellis Michael V.
Published: March 2007

In this article, we propose that the major challenge facing career assessment scholars and practitioners in the 21st century is the need to affirm cultural diversity. Beginning with a discussion of social constructionist theory, we suggest that existing career assessment practice needs to embrace the "local" realities that exist within diverse cultural contexts. We then present the unificationist perspective as a conceptual lens with which to consider career assessment. Building on the need for psychometric tools that can address the changing cultural context of career assessment, we also advance generalizability and item response theories as viable approaches to developing culturally affirming measures and practice standards for diverse clients. The article concludes with an integrative view of how these conceptual and methodological tools can enhance career assessment in the 21st century.
Concurrent Validity of the Online Version of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II
Authors: Kelly Kevin R. , Jugovic Heidi
Published: March 2007

The Keirsey Temperament Sorter II (KTS-II) is a popular online assessment instrument available to those engaging in career exploration on the Internet. The KTS-II yields measures of psychological type, which can be used to identify work environments congruent with one's personality. There is little information available to support the validity of the KTS-II. Concurrent measures of the KTS-II and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were attained for 203 first- semester college freshmen without declared academic majors. There were strong positive correlations between the concurrent MBTI and KTS-II measures of psychological type. The relevance of these findings for career counselors' use of this online assessment is discussed.
Multidimensional Properties of the Lot-R: Effects of Optimism and Pessimism on Career and Well-Being Related Variables in Adolescents
Authors: Creed Peter A. , Patton Wendy , Bartrum Dee
Published: March 2007

The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), measures of career maturity, career decision-making, career goals, and well-being were administered to 504 high school students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated bidimensionality rather than unidimensionality for the LOT-R, with the two factors of optimism and pessimism being largely unrelated. Those with high optimism reported high levels of career planning and exploration, were more confident about their career decisions, and had more career related goals. Those with high pessimism reported low levels of career and decision-making knowledge, were more career indecisive, and reported low levels of school achievement. For well-being, those with high levels of optimism reported high levels of self-esteem and low levels of psychological distress, whereas those with high levels of pessimism reported low levels of self-esteem and more psychological distress
The Structural Validity of Holland’s R-I-A-S-E-C Model of Vocational Personality Types for Young Black South African Men and Women
Authors: du Toit Rènette , de Bruin Gideon P.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the validity of Holland’s circular order model of vocational personality types for young black South African men and women. The validity of the model was investigated for four groups, namely men and women from the Eastern Cape Province, and men and women from the North West Province. The randomization test of hypothesized order relations and the accompanying correspondence index suggested that the data of all four groups fit the circular order model poorly. The results of multidimensional scaling analyses also suggested poor fit. These results indicate that the circular order model may not be valid for black South African youths. Reasons for the unsatisfactory fit between the model and the observed data are discussed.