bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baseball and Revolution
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González
Published: October 2023

There has never been a case in which a head of state has been involved so prominently and for such a long period in a nation’s favored sport as Fidel Castro has been with baseball in Cuba. So many controversies have surrounded the Cuban Revolution that few have taken notice or given serious thought to this phenomenon. To many, I suppose, it is a slightly humorous topic, frivolous by comparison to many painful ones concerning Cuba. To others, perhaps, it is evidence of the Maximum Leader’s youthful, unaffected spirit. But because of the historical depth and relevance of baseball in Cuban culture and history, the commander in chief’s relationship to the national sport is no trivial matter. Fidel Castro’s role in the sport during the revolutionary period is necessarily an important subject. In a sense it defines baseball in Cuba from 1959 until today, a span as long as the era from the turn of the century to the Amateur World Series and the revival of the Cuban League in the early forties.
Capturing the Streets for Loyalty
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

A parade can be an ambiguous sociopolitical construct. It enables those who rule to impress their sense of right order upon an audience in a linear, moving ceremony full of symbol, protocol and ornament. Yet groups with differing interests can offer competitive dramaturgy of their own. When one aspires to seize ceremonial space and time and to dictate proper appearance and behavior, any opposition element may well assert its own claim to such public commodities. Like its brute cousin the riot, a parade is a show of power. During the Cold War, having or lacking power often dictated who might parade and who might not.
Springtime for Stalin in Mosinee
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

“come out with your hands on your head! I represent the Council of People’s Commissars and we’re taking over this town.”* This order rang out not in tsarist St. Petersburg, nor in the streets of Prague, but on May Day 1950 at the home of the mayor of Mosinee, Wisconsin. These “commissars” were actually American Legionnaires seeking to dramatize the Red menace and the liberties to be lost in the event of the real thing. Of the several varieties of pageantry devised by promoters of anticommunism and patriotism, in sheer dramaturgy none could rival this mock Communist takeover. For forty-eight hours Mosinee’s coup captivated the nation’s media and briefly inspired anti-communists to believe they had hit upon a new and striking form of anti-communist theatre. To the genre of anti-communist pageantry it added the novelty of uniquely dystopian fantasy.
“The Cold War Belongs to us All” Patriotizing the American Calendar
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

While willing to employ dramatic scenarios to advance their aims, patriotic and civic activists spent most of their energies inventing traditions that were more than one-shot episodes. Like religious devotion, loyalty was to be inculcated through repeated observance-in some cases daily (as in Pledging Allegiance in schools), in others occasionally (playing the National Anthem at athletic events), in still others annually. The “high” Cold War encouraged efforts to patriotize the American calendar and occasions at which such usages had previously been exceptional. Many patriotic practices which may seem to have grown up with the country are of surprisingly recent vintage. Although Americans, it is argued, have long reverenced the state in what sociologist Robert N. Bellah labeled a “civil religion;’ they entered the Cold War lightly equipped with occasions for so doing. July 4, Memorial Day, and Thanksgiving were old enough to be time-honored, but the patina of age brought with it a degree of secularization. National days became occasions for leisure more than patriotic reflection.
American Economic Success and German Emulation
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

It was one thing for German visitors to Detroit to be infatuated with Fordism; it was quite another for industrialists, trade unionists, engineers, and economists to restructure the troubled German economy along Ameri­ can lines. From 1924 on, few disputed the need for dramatic economic re, structuring-or rationalization, to use the term preferred by Germans­ but controversy did surround what form rationalization should take. Which American economic principles and practices could be adopted and which were valid only in the circumstances of the New World? Did Fordism have to be implemented in toto or could one pick and choose among its elements and still attain the desired levels of profitability and prosperity? Would eco, nomic modernization along American lines automatically bring about an Americanization of society and culture? German proponents of Fordism and Americanism quickly found themselves embroiled in a far-ranging and often acrimonious debate about America’s past and present and Germany’s future.
The Law of Human Experimentation with Children
Authors: Glantz Leonard H
Published: October 2023

There is a long history of research on children (see Chapter I) but a relatively short history of legal control of this activity (Annas, Glantz, and Katz, 1977). There are a number of reasons for this. Legal restraints on research in general were virtually nonexistent until the promulgation of the Nuremberg Code in 1947, and even that document does not mention research with children (Grodin, 1992). Furthermore, the idea that children might have rights in and of themselves is a concept that was largely ignored until the last half of the twentieth century. Until then children were usually seen as extensions of their parents who could make all decisions on behalf of their children (Rodham, 1973). Indeed, even today there is still a substantial question about how much the state should and may control a parent’s authority over a child. In general, parents have broad discretion in making important decisions on behalf of their children, and until these decisions are found to be abusive or neglectful, the state generally may not intervene in parental decisions about their children.
A Multiplicity of Grievances
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

On Friday, July 17, 1863, the last day of the draft riots, Peace Democrat Congressman and newspaper editor James Brooks published a brief article entitled “The Riot-Its History.” By the 17th, New Yorkers had developed their own versions of the riot-week events and interpretations of the rioters’ motives.
Merchants Divided
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

Merchants were the most identifiable social group in New York City during and after the draft riots and, indeed, through the Civil War epoch. Roland Barthes’s aphorism regarding the bourgeoisie-”the social class which docs not want to be named”-did not apply to New York’s lords of commerce. During the riot week they met on Wall Street to devise a “merchants’” response to the violence and form “merchants’ “ brigades. After the uprising some of these men created a “Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People Suffering from the Late Riots.” They sent “merchants’ committees” to Washington to advise presidents and supervise legislation. They formed the “Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge” and “The Union League Club of New York” to publicize merchants’ positions on the issues of the war. In all these instances, merchants made themselves and their programs plain to view.
1872
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

The massive strikes for an eight-hour workday in spring 1872 were the so ber denouement to the draft riots. The “winners” and “losers” of the crisis of 1863 now became clear and the unresolved conflicts of that summer were decided. By early 1872 most of the groups that had seen Tweed’s Tammany Hall as a respite from the corrupt party machinery of the past began to search elsewhere for solutions. In many ways, the contours of social and political conflict had much changed since the draft riots nine years earlier. The crisis of 1872 occurred not during a civil war but at a time when New Yorkers of the “better classes” were preoccupied with restoring civil peace. Mer chant capitalists who had only a few years earlier battled each other over the issues of the sectional crisis now agreed that Reconstruction had ended and commercial and social stability had to be preserved both in the North and South. Reform-minded industrialists and manufacturers were now hard ended by a decade of conflict with a powerful organized trade union movement. The middle-and upper-class New Yorkers who stood over the corpse of the Tweed Ring were both more unified and perhaps a little more fright ended than they had been nine years before.
Voting for a Better Life
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The parliamentary election on March 18 decided the GDR’s fate. For the first time in over half a century, the people could vote their political preference without fear. Since Hitler and Honecker had allowed only acclamation, the unaccustomed freedom of choice raised high and often conflicting expectations. Dissident leader Barbel Bohley hoped for “the storm to abate” and stability to return. Marxist intellectual Jurgen Rennert wished for “something well-nigh impqssible”-the continued existence of East Germany. Writer Helga Schubert, however, desired drastic reforms to revive the economy, restore the old states and prepare for unification: “Hence, I expect the dissolution of the GDR.”1 The stakes were enormous. This Volkskammer election would not only determine the party in power, but also decide the nature of the political system. At the same time, the ballot was a referendum on the continuation of separate East German statehood. “At issue is a freely elected GDR government which represents the interests of sixteen million” people. East and West Germans as well as foreigners watched the campaign with anxious anticipation. “Events are moving with lightning speed.” The novelist Joachim Seyppel wondered: “Will the election bring clarity?”
Uniting the Currencies
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The monetary merger was the “first big step toward unity.” Popular frustration with “worthless [GDR] currency” made conversion to the Western DM imperative. Though experts warned of the fiscal risks, the breakdown of the command economy seemed so complete that only a switch to a market system promised recovery. The weekly exodus of four thousand people had to be stopped, if necessary by transferring Western prosperity to the East. The impending bankruptcy of the GDR treasury required drastic measures, and much needed FRG support would become more effective if the entire system were changed.1 Political reasons also urged a speedy approach. Monetary issues belonged to those domestic matters that the two-plus-four agreement left to Germans to decide. The nineteenth-century precedent of the Prussian Zollverein suggested that a customs union could pave the way for political unification. In short, politicians believed that the introduction of the DM would create “the economic precondition for growing together into a united Germany.” Because it combined practical help with symbolic change, Prime Minister de Maiziere welcomed the currency union as “a chance” for a fresh start.
Forging Unity
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The GDR vanished on October 2. Hammer and compass emblems disappeared from official buildings, leaving blank fades. Enough red flags for an entire parade piled up in garbage cans. East German embassies closed their doors, leaving not even janitors behind. Ministries stood deserted while skeleton crews sealed files and wrote dismissal notices. With a grand tattoo the People’s Army turned its command over to the former archenemy. The Volkskammer met in final session “to write its own obituary.” With 164 laws in 181 days, the freely elected parliament had “fulfilled its task of completing German unity in self-determination.” On the eve of accession the popular mood was “strangely split. Hope and fear, concern and curiosity, resignation and tentative optimism” alternated. Three-quarters of the Westerners were glad to see unification come. Even if Easterners expected a turbulent transition, many were happy to escape the anarchy of the interregnum. The revolutionaries of the previous fall were “a bit sad” about the unexpected result of their rising. Though resentful of their cramped lives, intellectuals looked back at the dissolving GDR with a touch of nostalgia. Only a brisk trade in memorabilia recalled forty-one years of a separate state.
The Rise of Interstate Forum Shopping
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

From early in the nation ‘s history Americans recognized the opportunities that the geographical breadth and federal structure of the United States offered to the bold and imaginative. In the years after the Civil War national corporations began methodically to utilize those opportunities, and the uses they made of diversity jurisdiction exemplified some of the advantages that the enterprising could create from the materials of geography and federalism.1 Individuals who sued national corporations, and more particularly the plaintiffs ‘ personal injury bar, eventually proved no exception.
Disintegration
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

The system of corporate diversity litigation, shrunken though still operative in the 1930s, disintegrated in the decade after 1937. Year by year the automobile and then the airplane continued steadily to lighten the burden of distance while the federal courts maintained their ability to minimize the burden of delay. As the turmoil of depression and war disrupted the established order, the New Deal effectively transformed the political and social values of the federal judiciary. The Supreme Court, altered profoundly after 1937 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt ‘s new appointments, restructured American constitutional law, expanded the power of government to regulate the economy, and began to view labor and minorities with greater sympathy. By the late 1940s the national courts no longer seemed the special protectors of corporate interests, and in increasing numbers of cases individual plaintiffs began to regard them as desirable forums.
The Politics of Reaction (1603-1659)
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

When Elizabeth succeeded her sister Mary in 1558 Roman Catholic ambassadors in England reported their disgust at the blasphemously antipapal pageants of her coronation. They rightly sensed that this reign would be hard on religion as they knew it. What they could not foresee was that extreme Protestants would also be offended. The secularity of Elizabeth’s reign was so pronounced as to be sobering, and generated attempts at resacralizing the state and society. The irony of these attempts, by Arminian and Puritan alike, is that they would hasten the secularizing trends we have already noticed.
The Secularization of Personhood and Association
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

After the Reformation English society had no place for saints, pilgrims, beggars, kinfolk in purgatory, or monks or friars or nuns or hermits―or even priests, in anything like the old sense. English society was greatly simplified when these roles disappeared. On the other hand, the individual soul became more complex. Religious salvation itself changed from a collective to a more individual matter: conservative clerics in Henry VIII’s time had thought of society as existing within the circle of God’s grace, being preserved from error and perdition; Reformers may be defined as those who thought that society had fallen into error and needed to be brought into line with God’s law, especially through the spiritual transformation of its members. The triumph of the latter view involved the secularization of all the bonds that united English men and women.
Antecedents, Causes, and Conclusions
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Perceptive historians have puzzled over how the seventeenth century could wit ness the simultaneous “intensification of both religiosity and secularism. “It has made them wonder about the assumption of a law “of the conservation of historical energy” whereby an increase in a secular direction is necessarily compensated by a decrease in some religious direction.2 This is less of a mystery if one thinks of secularization as affecting institutions and culture until 1700, and actually encouraging religious faith by way of a reaction.
The Image of Peter the Great In Russia in the Age of Realism and Scholarship, 1860-1917
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

Romanticism followed Enlightenment; realism replaced Romanticism. The second transformation, like the first, encompassed the entire Western civilization and cannot be understood in exclusively Russian terms. Yet Russia participated in full-some would even argue in an exaggerated manner-in the general change. The new intellectual climate fostered utilitarianism, pragmatism, positivism, materialism, an emphasis on science and scholarship, in particular on the social sciences. In Russia, as elsewhere, professors and other erudites succeeded eighteenth-century litterateurs and the philosophizing ideologues of the first half of the nineteenth century as the central spokesmen of the age. History and historical figures became above all the province of academic historians.
Introduction
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

Imagine what it would be like to wake up one morning and not be able to read this sentence, or to remember your name, or to hold a cup of coffee. Try to imagine looking at a familiar object and not being able to know what it is, or to know exactly what it is, but not be able to speak its name. Situations like this happen to millions of people who suffer from stroke or accidental brain damage. In the United States alone, 2 million people each year have serious accidents that cause brain damage. Thousands of patients will die from such accidents, but many more will survive to face a very different life. Unfortunately, there is little that can now be done to help the victims of brain damage or, for that matter, any of the other kinds of diseases that afflict the brain and spinal cord. Dr. Murray Goldstein, former director of the National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, has called this situation a “silent epidemic” which costs U.S. taxpayers close to $25 billion each year in long-term care and patient management.
Age and Recovery: Is There a Difference Between Brain Damage That Occurs Early and Late in Life?
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

There is a general belief in developmental neuropsychology that patients who have had brain damage in early life often escape the severe behavioral deficits that accompany similar types of injury at maturity. Many neuropsychologists believe that recuperation from the effects of cortical injury is more complete when damage occurs during infancy than during adulthood. Hans-Lucas Teuber, an eminent neuropsychologist, expressed this notion more directly when he wrote: “If I’m going to have brain damage, I’d best have it early rather than late in life.”1 There are a number of documented examples in the clinical literature of children who, because they had uncontrollable seizures, have had surgical removals of the entire left hemisphere of the brain before seven years of age. But many of these children have gone on to develop quite normal cognitive and language skills, and were rated average in school performance and activities of everyday life.
Myths and Realities of the Harem
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

We in the West are heir to an ancient but still robust tradition of obsession with the sexuality of Islamic society. The harem is undoubtedly the most prevalent symbol in Western myths constructed around the theme of Muslim sensuality. One of the most fertile periods for the production of texts and images treating this theme was the late sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, and the most frequent subject the court of the Ottoman sultan. Pre occupied with its own forms of monarchical absolutism, Europe elaborated a myth of oriental tyranny and located its essence in the sultan’s harem. Orgiastic sex became a metaphor for power corrupted (Figure 1-1).1
Shifting Images Of Ottoman Sovereignty
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

The Ottomans created a political culture that drew on the multiplicity of options available in the early modern Islamic world. The unparalleled longevity of the Ottoman dynasty among Islamic dynasties was in part the result of its ability to accommodate and manipulate different political traditions, different concepts of sovereignty, and different bases of legitimation. This process did not end with the establishment in the early sixteenth century of the Ottoman state as the dominant Islamic power and a major world empire. Indeed, the process of adjustment to these new circumstances-in particular, the expectations generated by Ottoman preeminence-presented the dynasty with a challenge it had not previously encountered.
Wyndham Lewis: L’Entre Deux Guerres
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: October 2023

To purge “the bad effects of English education,” Wyndham Lewis set out in 1902, at the age of nineteen, to finish his schooling on continental ground. For six years he followed his instincts along the Franco-German axis we traced in the first chapter. In Munich (1902), he briefly entered a sphere already shaping the debates between the proponents of empathy and abstraction, Theodor Lipps and Wilhelm Worringer most prominently. He would return to the city for six months in 1906, two years before the publication of Worringer’s Abstraktion und Einfühlung. Yet the richest intellectual environment would prove to be Paris, where he arrived in 1903 and lived for most of the next five years. A singular, fiercely solitary figure, he moved on the distant fringes of Gertrude Stein’s circles. He attended the lectures of Henri Bergson at the College de France, including the sequence on comedy. Passing through the meetings of the ultraconservative Action Francaise, where he met Charles Maurras, he became “familiar,” his biographer Jeffrey Meyers avers, “with the work of contemporary French thinkers: Georges Sorel, Julien Benda, Charles Peguy, and Remy de Gourmont.”
George Rosen and the History of Mental Illness
Authors: Morman Edward T
Published: October 2023

Between 1936 and the end of his life, George Rosen published almost three dozen articles on subjects relating to the history of psychiatry.2 His concentrated work in this area, however, dates only from the late 1950s, by which time he was already among the United States’ leading historians of medicine. Rosen was not particularly concerned with psychiatry as a body of theory, an aspect of medical practice, or a professional specialty; nor was the development of mental health services a central focus of his research. He was drawn, rather, to the history of irrational behavior, the etiology of mental illness, and the evolution of attitudes toward the mentally ill. His one essay on Sigmund Freud was very much a diversion, and his discussion of somatic factors in mental disease resolved itself into a means of dealing with some evident counterinstances to his argument that mental illness is culturally generated.
“A Whole Climate of Opinion”: Rewriting the History of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Forrester John
Published: October 2023

If Auden’s diagnosis is accurate, writing the history of psychoanalysis is rather like writing the history of twentieth-century cultural weather: Its presence is so constant and pervasive that escaping its influence is out of the question. And precisely because of its inescapable character, it cannot be isolated from the myriad striking events that can more straightforwardly be singled out as part of the histories of science, of medicalization, of great ideas, of cultural movements, of modernization, of all the other movements to which it might apparently belong. Freud, it seems, is like electric light—the twentieth century is unthinkable without it, but not many histories of the twentieth century pause to evoke the customary and natural darkness of all previous generations dispelled forever by light bulbs, car headlights, flashing neon tubes, and the nighttime flicker of movie and TV screens. There is, of course, a history of electricity in which names such as Maxwell and Edison figure prominently; but theirs is not the only history of electricity, nor is it the most important history. Likewise, there are histories of psychoanalysis where it belongs alongside radiotherapy and hypnosis, alongside energetics and the advent of causal medicine, alongside brain anatomy and the history of linguistics, alongside Durkheirnian sociology and intelligence testing; but these assembled together do not make up the most important history.
“Le geste de Pinel”: The History of a Psychiatric Myth
Authors: Weiner Dora B
Published: October 2023

The French do not know the founder of psychiatry in their own country. All that most textbooks tell us about Philippe Pinel (1745–1826) is that he was the first to liberate the insane from their chains, at Bicetre Hospice in Paris at the height of the French Revolution. Yet recent scholarship and documentary evidence definitively discredit that legend, known in France as “Pinel’s gesture.” The facts do not support it, yet the legend persists. It has a life of its own because, like all fairytales, it hides a deeper meaning. This chapter explores the reasons why a crudely manufactured myth has overshadowed Pinel’ s innovative and creative achievement, leading one of the foremost French historians of psychiatry of our own age to announce a new attitude when he writes: “Our generation has stopped adoring [Pinel] and has begun to read him.”1
German Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychoanalysis during the Nazi Period: Historiographical Reflections
Authors: Cocks Geoffrey
Published: October 2023

In 1949 Alexander Mitscherlich, a lecturer in psychiatry, and Fred Mielke, a medical student, published Wissenschaft ohne Menschlichkeit, a book for a research commission formed by the West German Physicians Chambers that documented the recent “doctors’ trial” at Nuremberg. The foreword, by the members of the working group that sent the commission to Nuremberg, observed that of the 90,000 doctors active in wartime Germany, only about 350 had committed medical crimes. This observation was echoed by Mitscherlich and Mielke in the preface, but at the same time they pointed to a larger moral crisis among German doctors as a whole.1 That this book was largely ignored by the medical profession in Germany indicates the tensions and disagreements existing among physicians regarding their profession’s conduct under Hitler.2
History and Anti-Psychiatry in France
Authors: Postel Jacques , Allen David F
Published: October 2023

There is a fundamental gap between what is expressed and what is understood, between the signifier and the signified, the “map” and the “terrain.” This already complex situation is further complicated by the importing, exporting, and juxtapositioning of ideas. Imported ideas tend to be retranslated during their absorption into the previous historical totality of ideas and praxis. The sociologist and historian S. P. Fullinwider remarked that Americans were Jacksonian first and Freudian second: Freud was rewritten in the United States so as to be translatable—usable—within the American context. The same occurred in France with “anti-psychiatry.”
Letter to Peter Eisenman
Authors: Derrida Jacques
Published: October 2023

I am simultaneously sending this letter, with the cassette that accompanies it, to Hillis, who is to talk with us during the anticipated meeting. As he will also “moderate” and lead it, but for other reasons as well, Hillis is therefore, along with you, the first addressee of these questions. He understands the labyrinth better than anyone else, as we all know. And what I’ m going to say to you probably will reverberate in a sort of labyrinth. I am entrusting to the recording of the voice or letter that which is not yet visible to me and cannot guide my steps toward an end/exit, and can barely guide them toward an issue. I’ m not even sure myself if what I’ m sending you holds up. But that is perhaps by design, and related to precisely what I plan to speak to you about. In any case, I very much regret having to deprive myself of this meeting with you, the two of you, all of you.

Now don’ t worry, I’ m not going to argue with you. And I’ m not going to take advantage of my absence, not even to tell you that you perhaps believe in it, absence, too much.
Introduction: Critical and Artistic Conventions
Authors: Phelps Barton
Published: October 2023

LONG AGO, when we set out the program for this symposium, it was entitled "Convention." At that time, we were to deal with what seemed to us very clear issues of convention in architectural practice. Things have changed a bit since then. Convention means the use of conventional elements in architectural composition-building forms, arrangements, materials-that carry with them some generally understood significance. To that, we need to add the idea of artistic convention-that is to say, ways of working, means of expression, how architects actually produce what they produce. Those means have remained beneath the surface of many discussions without ever having been really addressed. We should also include the idea of critical convention-that is, ways of responding to the things that we see.
Terragni, Conventions, and the Critics
Authors: Ghirardo Diane
Published: October 2023

There Are Two principal and related aspects of critical conventionalism that I plan to examine. One regarding the practice of architecture, and the second the practice of criticism. I understand convention as a customary practice or pattern of usage with its own rules and internal logic. In architecture, conventions very often derive from building types or combinations of building types, but they also engage most aspects of design and building, including fabrication, the deployment and treatment of materials, ornamentation, and the disposition of spaces. By contrast to this notion of conventions, Alois Riegl recognized the existence of a canon, or set of practices vested with a universal authority, that dominated architectural and artistic practice from the Renaissance until the nineteenth century.1
Power of Ads to Shape News
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

In October 1980 Citizens’ Party candidate Barry Commoner, who would garner a quarter of a million votes in the general election, bought air time for a radio commercial that opened with the word “Bullshit!” As the ad itself admitted, it had used that word to secure news coverage for a campaign that had been ignored by the press. ABC complied (October 15, 1980). CBS and NBC ignored the ad. By getting access to ABC network news time, Commoner’s ad producer Bill Zimmerman parlayed a $5000 radio buy into free television attention previously denied that campaign. But the coverage ABC gave the ad was hardly a producer’s dream. Throughout, Susan King, the network reporter, uses every available moment to convey her personal distaste and that of the network for the ad.
Two Cultures and the Battle by the Books
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

Anyone who remembers the popular CBS television quiz program, What’s My Line?, which aired between 1950 and 1967, will grasp the irony in the first above-quoted statement. Its author, Bennett Cerf, a writer and editor for the Random House publishing firm, became a national television celebrity on that program, in which panelists prominent in the arts and show business tried guessing a contestant’s occupation. Seen weekly on television by millions, Cerf became very much involved in the world he initially dismissed for its ridiculous sounding commercial products and pugilistic nobodies.
The Fictional Republic: Alger	s Appeal to the American Political Imagination
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

Every fiction is supported by a social jargon, a sociolect, with which it identifies: fiction is that degree of consistency a language attains when it has jelled exceptionally and finds a sacerdotal class (priests, intellectuals, artists) to speak it generally and to circulate it.
Native Knowledge
Authors: Doreski C K
Published: October 2023

The world of the adult, even more than that of the child, is beguiling but unsettlingly diverse. Though most comfortable generating poetry from domestic images of her childhood, Bishop, like other perceptive people, was drawn to subjects, images of people and landscapes, language, and themes best defined by their otherness. How she explores this material, and the problem of why her poetry about African-American and Brazilian folk life compares poorly to her portraits of North American ancestral provincials are the issues of this chapter. From the perspective of her mastery of the conventions of English-language poetry, Bishop re-invents herself in an alien context. Working from romantic-modern traditions and expectations established by Wordsworth, Emerson, Hopkins, Williams, and Frost, including the re-invigoration of the pastoral mode, she attempts to advance her grasp of dailiness to illustrate, if not penetrate, aspects of culture from which she remains emotionally estranged. She juxtaposes familiar cultural images and constructs with those of the exotic cultures of Key West and Brazil, and, in the process, generates tropes of self-realization in which she herself becomes “more truly and more strange.” She becomes an “experience-distant” fieldworker attempting to illuminate what Clifford Geertz has called “concepts that, for another people, are experience-near.”
Hypertext: Constructing Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

There is no Final Word. There can be no final version, no last thought. There is always a new view, a new idea, a reinterpretation. And literature, which we propose to electronify, is a system for preserving continuity in the face of this fact Remember the analogy between text and water. Water flows freely, ice does not. The free-flowing live documents on the network are subject to constant new use and linkage, and those new links become interactively available. Theodor Nelson This book began with some observations about the seamless web, a figure of speech that has often been associated with law. I suggested that the unity and consistency that the metaphor implies probably has never fit the law very well and that there has been increasing recognition of its inappropriateness in recent years. The seamless web assumes that all of the various elements of law share many interests, goals, approaches, practices, ways of thinking, and ways of acting. It conceives of law more as a single large territory with a high and clearly defined external boundary than as being many territories with many internal boundaries. Those who have considered the metaphor of the seamless web in recent years have pointed out that whatever its validity in the past, the direction of change has been toward increased fragmentation of the profession, of decision making that is not guided by general principles, and even of less agreement or consensus over what a lawyer is or does.
Historical Notes on Infectious Disease
Authors: Lambert Harold P
Published: October 2023

The observation that some illnesses seem to spread through populations and that those who recover may no longer be susceptible must be as old as human communities. The idea that such illnesses might be spread by minute living creatures, the concept of a “contagium vivum,” was formulated by a number of thinkers, most notably by a Veronese physician, Frascatoro. Writing in 1546, he explicitly distinguished between contagion by direct contact, by infected material, and at a distance.
Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases in Health Care Facilities
Authors: Chang Huan J , Jarvis William R
Published: October 2023

Nosocomial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, annually affecting over 2 million patients at an estimated cost of $4.5 billion in 1992 dollars. Health care facilities present a unique set of conditions for interaction of pathogens with patients, for at least four reasons. First, many hospitalized patients already are uniquely susceptible to infection owing to their underlying medical conditions or therapeutic maneuvers.
Host Responses to Infection: Fever, Hyperthermia, and Hypothermia
Authors: Root Richard K
Published: October 2023

Fever has been recognized as a cardinal manifestation of disease since ancient times. The first reliable measurements of body temperature were made in the mid 19th century, and since then its documentation has been a major aspect of the evaluation and management of a large variety of illnesses and diseases (Table 9.1). The majority of acute infectious diseases are accompanied by fever, and its occurrence accounts for a large percentage of visits to physicians and other health care givers worldwide.
The Specific Immune Response
Authors: Dwyer John M
Published: October 2023

The specific immune response mounted by higher species is necessarily complicated. But the logic associated with the broadening of our immunological repertoire under evolutionary pressure to produce this complexity is likely to be readily appreciated by those interested in infectious diseases. While most of the microbes we encounter are harmless, so many are not that the survival pressures on “selfish genes” throughout the eons has seen both the immune system and the pathogens with which it must struggle become increasingly sophisticated. Rare congenital and increasingly frequent acquired immune deficiency states demonstrate that we humans cannot live without our immune system.
Pharmacology of Antimicrobials
Authors: Preston Sandra L , Drusano George L
Published: October 2023

Pharmacokinetics can be defined as the time course and quantitation of a drug and its metabolites in the body. Pharmacokinetic principles are important in relation to anti-infective pharmacotherapy in that they (along with pharmacodynamic principles) can be utilized to guide decision-making for dosing regimens aimed at maximizing efficacy and minimizing development of toxicity.
Antimicrobial Toxicities and Drug Interactions
Authors: Leggett James E , Raber Susan R
Published: October 2023

“Above all, do no harm,” states the Hippocratic oath. Yet, antibiotics have been shown to cause over 10% of all drug-related emergency department visits. Use of any antimicrobial agent can lead to adverse effects ranging from mild to life threatening. Several factors impact upon the frequency and severity of adverse effects, including the patient’s genetic background, physiologic age, and underlying disease, as well as the antimicrobial regimen, duration of therapy, and presence of other drugs.
Selection of Antimicrobials for Treatment
Authors: Sanford Jay P , Root Richard K
Published: October 2023

Antimicrobial therapy is either empirical, based upon clinical symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, and epidemiologic information or definitive, based upon the results of microbiologic tests and where appropriate, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The two approaches should not be considered mutually exclusive. In many cases, it may be appropriate to initiate an empirical regimen, then change to definitive therapy. In some circumstances, initiation of therapy can be deferred until the results of cultures and susceptibilities are available.
Other Beta-lactam Antibiotics: Penems, Carbapenems, and Monobactams
Authors: Tattevin Pierre , Breton, Guillaume , Carbon Claude
Published: October 2023

In the late 1970s, a new group of 𝛽-lactam antimicrobial agents was discovered: the carbapenems. Initially, these were olivanic acid (derived from Streptomyces olivacus) and thienamycin (derived from Streptomyces cattleya). At about the same time, the first penem was synthesized by introducing a double bond into the thiazolin ring. The monobactam antibiotics, first synthesized in 1981, are monocyclic 𝛽-lactams.
Aminoglycosides
Authors: Gilbert David N
Published: October 2023

The aminoglycoside antibiotics are a group of highly charged cationic molecules with rapid concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against the majority of aerobic gram-negative bacteria, some mycobacteria, and an occasional protozoan. The aminoglycosides are often combined with a 𝛽-lactam antibiotic for empiric or specific therapy of suspected or proven infection due to aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Aminoglycosides are rarely used for prophylaxis. Microbial resistance is at a low level, although occasional epidemic infection by resistant organisms is described.
Glycopeptides
Authors: Sulaiman Adel S , Rakita, Robert M , Murray Barbara E
Published: October 2023

Vancomycin is the only glycopeptide antibiotic licensed for clinical use in the United States. Another glycopeptide antibiotic, teicoplanin, is currently in clinical use in Europe, where, in addition, the glycopeptide avoparcin has been used in chicken and ruminant livestock feed as a growth promoter. Vancomycin was isolated in 1956 from Streptomyces orientalis.
Antifungal Drugs
Authors: Pappas Peter G , Edwards John E
Published: October 2023

Amphotericin B has been the mainstay of systemic antifungal therapy for decades, but the toxicity associated with parenteral administration of the drug has led to a search for effective, less toxic, and more easily administered alternative drugs. Flucytosine was among the first of the orally available antifungal compounds to be developed in the amphotericin B era, and it remains an important antifungal agent when used in conjunction with amphotericin B. The development of the azoles has resulted in several effective agents that are used commonly for the treatment of mucosa! and systemic fungal infections.
Growth Factors, Immunomodulators, and Cytokines
Authors: Mueller Brigitta U , Pizzo Phillip A
Published: October 2023

Knowledge about the actions and interactions of cytokines and their therapeutic indications as recombinant growth factors has expanded rapidly. The word cytokine (from Greek cyto “cell” and kinesis “movement”) can be used to describe all the biologic response modifiers, including the hematopoietic growth factors, the interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor.
Bronchitis and Bronchiectasis
Authors: Tang Christoph M , Conlon Christopher P
Published: October 2023

The term bronchitis implies an inflammation of the bronchi without involvement of the lung parenchyma and is usually associated with cough. There is often an associated tracheitis. Acute bronchitis is a short-lived condition, usually infective in origin, that can occur in individuals with previously normal airways. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is not primarily infective but infection may cause a worsening of symptoms in already damaged airways.
Cavitary Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Johnson John L , Ellner Jerrold J
Published: October 2023

A myriad of diseases involve the lower respiratory tract; however, only a limited number of these diseases, processes, and microbial pathogens typically result in lung tissue necrosis and cavity formation. Recognizing the presence of cavitation, therefore, can be very valuable in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary disease (Table 57.1). Specific physical examination findings of cavitary pulmonary disease are infrequent; cavitary lung disease is primarily a radiographic diagnosis.
Meningitis
Authors: Kim Young S , Tauber Martin G
Published: October 2023

Bacterial meningitis is most frequently caused by a limited number of encapsulated bacteria. It is an often devastating infection localized in the subarachnoid space that can severely affect the functioning and structural integrity of the brain. Because of the marked polymorphonuclear pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bacterial meningitis is commonly referred to as pyogenic meningitis. Rarely, organisms other than bacteria (fungi, ameba) cause pyogenic meningitis (see aseptic and chronic meningitis).
Infections Associated with Myelopathy, Radiculopathy, and Neuropathy
Authors: Marra Christina M
Published: October 2023

Myelopathy refers to a disorder of the spinal cord, radiculopathy to disorders of the motor or sensory nerve roots as they exit the spinal cord, and neuropathy to disorders of peripheral nerves. These entities are often distinguishable based on clinical findings (Table 75.1). With the exception of poliomyelitis, patients with acute myelopathy develop rapid onset of symmetrical, flaccid lower extremity weakness; a sensory level; bowel and bladder dysfunction; and neck, back, or radicular pain.
Ocular and Periocular Infections
Authors: Okada Annabelle A , Baker Ann Sullivan
Published: October 2023

A systematic approach to any presumed infection of the eye allows the physician to most effectively select first-line antimicrobial therapy before an etiological agent is actually identified. The systematic approach presented in this chapter is based on location of infection, or other easily discernible clinical characteristics, in order to provide a framework for thinking about eye infections for the ophthalmologist and nonophthalmologist alike.
Osteomyelitis
Authors: Mader Jon T , Ortiz, Mauro , Calhoun Jason H
Published: October 2023

Osteomyelitis is a term to describe infection in bone. The root word osteon (bone) and myelo (marrow) are combined with -itis to define the clinical state in which bone is infected with microorganisms. Osteomyelitis can be classified by duration (acute, chronic), by pathogenesis (trauma, hematogenous, surgery, true contiguous spread), by site (spine, hip, tibia, foot), by extent (size of defect), and by type of patient (infant, child, adult, compromised host).
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Buchwald Dedra S
Published: October 2023

Fatigue is a universal experience. Surveys in the developed world have found that between 10%-50% of people report currently experiencing fatigue, usually of an unspecified severity and limited duration. Fatigue is also a common complaint in primary care settings where the prevalence of fatigue is at least 20%. In most cases, such fatigue is transient, explained by prevailing circumstances, relieved by rest, and of little cause for medical concern. In both community and clinical settings, fatigue is often more frequent among women than men.
Burn Infections
Authors: Mann Roberta , Grube, Baiba J , Heimbach David M
Published: October 2023

Systemic infection is the most common cause of death in the burn patient when all sites of infection are combined (lung, wound, and other). This is likely due to a combination of immune suppression, lung parenchymal damage from smoke inhalation, and the fact that, while massive bums can be excised, there is still no way to provide a clean, closed wound that provides an effective infection barrier. The best management of infection is to prevent it.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Bowden Raleigh A
Published: October 2023

Infections continue to be the major impediment to successful hematopoietic stem cell (HCT) transplantation, although major progress has been made in recent years in the prevention of viral and, more recently, candidal infections. Knowledge of the natural history of acquisition and/or reactivation of prior infection can assist the clinician in developing a likely differential diagnosis and distinguishing infectious from noninfectious complications in these often critically ill patients.
Infection in the Malnourished Patient
Authors: Lepage Philippe , Schwenk Achim , Mol, Patrick De , Butzler Jean-Paul
Published: October 2023

Among the host factors predisposing to infectious disease, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is probably the most frequent worldwide. PEM is defined as protein and calorie intake that is inadequate for meeting a person’s metabolic needs.