bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Entropy Model with Variable Target
Authors: Jörnsten K O , Larsson T , Lundgren J T , Migdalas A
Published: October 2006

In this paper an entropy model with variable target is presented, in which target values are assumed to belong to a specified convex set, so that multiple base-year information and forecasts of future trends can be handled without prior aggregation of such information into one fixed target.

Three solution methods for such a model are presented—one cutting-plane and two search methods—all of which utilize the fact that entropy models with fixed targets can be solved efficiently. Some comments on potential applications and reasonable target-set specifications are made and numerical examples are presented.
Elders IXL Ltd: Finance Capital and the Geography of Corporate Restructuring
Authors: Fagan R H
Published: October 2006

Despite widespread agreement that the economies of nation-states have become more closely integrated globally, there has been little concrete analysis of how this has occurred. In this paper a large Australian-based firm which has emerged rapidly as a transnational agribusiness and brewing conglomerate in the 1980s is examined. The fractions of capital now reorganised as Elders IXL Ltd have adopted over time various capital accumulation strategies, forging, in each period, distinctive linkages with the global economy. To cope with restructuring crises during the 1970s, Elders has rapidly built a new global geography of production, trade, and investment, accompanied by extensive rationalisation and divestment in its Australian operations. The role of international finance capital has become increasingly important, and domestic restructuring can be understood only in terms of the new global strategies.
The Location of Closed Watersheds for Urban Water Supplies: A Theoretical and Historical Analysis
Authors: Lund J R
Published: October 2006

Over the course of their development, large cities and metropolitan regions have repeatedly changed their sources of drinking water. This work is an attempt to quantify and compare the effects of pipeline, land, and energy costs, as well as environmental conditions and regulation on the location of water-supply watersheds. Relatively unpolluted watersheds are the water sources for many large cities, such as New York, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. The findings illustrate some of the important impacts of urban and regional growth on public works location and development.
On Partial Consultation in Forestry
Authors: Brotherton I , Hetherington M
Published: October 2006

Under consultation arrangements introduced from 1st October 1974, the Forestry Commission seeks the views of interested statutory bodies before proceeding with afforestation on its own account, or before agreeing to grant-aid private proposals. Exceptionally, as with the National Park Authorities, consultation takes place on all proposals. But in general, consultation is partial and the Commission refers to each consultee only those proposals that it considers might provoke a response. The importance of correct referral decisions is clear.

In this paper the theoretical basis of partial consultation is explored, the extent of referral and of comment being related to the foresters' understanding of the consultee's requirements. Data from North Scotland are examined, and questions raised concerning the adequacy of current consultation practice with environmental interest groups.
Spatial Search Processes and Spatial Interaction: 2. Polarization, Concentration, and Spatial Search Equilibrium
Authors: Jayet H
Published: October 2006

In this paper a highly simplified spatial search process in a linear space with a central business district and a residential periphery is examined. Measures of spatial relative concentration and polarization are introduced. These measures play a fundamental role in the analysis of a spatial search equilibrium, the main characteristics of the equilibrium being determined by them, and the realization of such an equilibrium being impossible without a minimal level of polarization. The resulting spatial interaction model clearly illustrates the main features of spatial interaction models derived from a spatial sequential search process: the interaction effect is an intervening-opportunities effect, and the attraction effects include a competing-searchers effect.
Perturbations of the Perron Vector: Applications to Finite Markov Chains and Demographic Population Models
Authors: Dietzenbacher E
Published: October 2006

Transition matrices are widely used in spatial demographic modelling. In this paper, perturbations in the transition matrix of a finite ergodic Markov chain are examined. The effects on the limiting probability vector and on the mean first passage matrix are described. Bounds are presented for the absolute and the relative changes in the mean first passage times. It is shown how the direction of the change in the limiting probabilities may be obtained from the original mean first passage matrix. The results are obtained by application of a single lemma, which expresses the effects of perturbations in a matrix on the Perron vector (that is, the eigenvector associated with the dominant eigenvalue). It is shown how the same approach may also be used to analyze the long-run properties of demographic population models.
A Behavioural Map of Commuting Distances in the London Region
Authors: Molho I
Published: October 2006

The degree of separation of areal points reflects more than pure physical distance, because other barriers to movement exist and because the strength of transport links varies. This study sets out and implements a methodology for constructing ‘behavioural maps’. Commuting patterns in the London region for 1981 are analysed by using a spatial-interaction model. Rather than distances being input as data into the analysis, however, the model is inverted to extract the implied distances embedded in the commuting flows. These are analysed by use of multidimensional scaling techniques, and the behavioural maps are compared with actual locations. Behavioural distances are found to outperform physical distances in the analysis of migration flows in the region.
Perspectives on the Post-1984 Restructuring of State Forestry in New Zealand
Authors: Roche M M
Published: October 2006

Political economy literature is drawn upon to situate the widespread restructuring of the New Zealand state forestry sector since the mid–1980s. The discussion highlights a questioning of the economic functions and performance of the New Zealand Forest Service since the 1970s as a more significant contribution to restructuring than the environmentalists' campaigns over the preservation of indigenous forest. The unexpectedly short-term existence of the restructured forestry agencies is also commented on, as well as the contingent possibilities for the state if a more direct interventionist role in the forestry sector is again sought.
Analytical Political Economy: A Geographical Introduction
Authors: Barnes T J
Published: October 2006

This paper is an introduction to the special issue on ‘space and analytical political economy’. First, the term analytical political economy is defined by an examination of the historical rise of the political economy perspective within economics. Second, three leading variants within the analytical political economic tradition are distinguished and described—neo-Ricardianism, fundamental Marxism, and rational choice Marxism. Last, the consequences of inserting geography into the aspatial theories of analytical political economy are briefly reviewed.
The State of Analytical Political Economy in Geography
Authors: Gertler M S
Published: October 2006

A critical commentary on the articles by Barnes, Sheppard, and Pavlik that are part of this special issue on “Space and analytical political economy”.
Technical Change and the Rate of Profit: An Obituary for Okishio's Theorem
Authors: Rigby D L
Published: October 2006

The effects of technical change on the aggregate rate of profit are unclear. On the one hand, it is argued that laboursaving innovations cause the profit rate to fall. On the other hand, Okishio proved that in an economy where wages are constant and realization problems are assumed away, cost-reducing technical changes must raise the rate of profit. Okishio's theorem presents an important challenge to explanations of industrial and regional restructuring that are premised on the theory of the falling rate of profit. In this paper, Okishio's claims are examined under more general conditions, in particular when wages vary to ensure market clearing. The effects of capital-saving and laboursaving technical changes on the rate of profit are examined. It is shown that Okishio's theorem is not as robust as some have claimed.
Location-Spatial Interaction Models: 2. Competition between Independent Firms
Authors: Williams H C W L , Kim K S
Published: October 2006

The sizes and locations of an arbitrary number of retail stores in oligopolistic competition are sought through a representation and solution of an N-centre profit-maximizing model. The Nash-Cournot equilibrium states, which correspond to this competitive configuration are determined under variation in the number of stores and the parameters which govern spatial behaviour of consumers. This allows a comparison to be made of configurations generated by competitive processes with those which maximize consumer benefits. The relationship between profits and store numbers is explored theoretically and numerically.
The Services Sector and Urban Spatial Structure: Equilibrium versus Catastrophe
Authors: Zheng Xiao-Ping
Published: October 2006

In this paper a general equilibrium model of an intraurban system is presented in which the services sector is explicitly introduced. By restricting the location of the services sector to the city center, three possible land-use patterns are derived from the model: centralized, decentralized, and integrated. By applying the new technique of catastrophe theory into this new urban economic framework, it is shown that the spatial structure which will dominate the intraurban space will depend on the values of two parameters, representing the income level and the unit cost of transporting the central services. When these parameters take certain critical values the urban system may undergo catastrophic structural transitions from equilibrium to disequilibrium or the reverse.
The Uneven Development of Capitalist States: 1. Theoretical Proposals and an Analysis of Postwar Changes in Canada's Assisted Housing Programmes
Authors: Chouinard V
Published: October 2006

In this paper a Marxist conception of the uneven development of capitalist states is proposed. This theoretical approach to explaining the emergence of specific forms of the state is illustrated through an analysis of transformations in Canada's assisted housing programmes. It is argued that changing conditions of accumulation, consumption, and state development combined with political struggles over state intervention to shape these programmes in the postwar era.
Research Policy and Review 33. Why is More Notice not Taken of Economists' Prescriptions for the Control of Pollution?
Authors: Hanley N , Hallett S , Moffatt I
Published: October 2006

This paper is concerned with trying to explain why governments have not taken more notice of economists' suggestions with respect to pollution control policy. Four possible explanations are considered: ignorance; theoretical problems; practical problems; and institutional or cultural factors. It is concluded that economists have been too narrow in their focus on efficiency as an appropriate objective function for legislators and pressure groups, and that there are numerous problems associated with bringing in incentive-based policies for the control of pollution. However, the basic attraction of such policies—that by permitting flexibility in emission reductions across sources, cost savings are made possible-remains sufficiently strong to warrant more research attention being given to modelling such policies in specific situations.
Housing Submarket Differentiation under Conditions of Capital Decentralisation—Albury-Wodonga, Australia
Authors: King R J , Fitzmaurice J A
Published: October 2006

Albury-Wodonga was designated a ‘national growth centre’ in 1974. Whereas the metropolitan centres, most notably Sydney and Melbourne, have been subject to capital centralisation, deindustrialisation, and the shift to a ‘service economy’, Albury-Wodonga has been a recipient centre for capital decentralisation and for industrial growth, with dependent links to the dominant economies of Sydney and, principally, Melbourne. In this paper, housing market behaviour, especially the increasing differentiations in urban ground rent between spatially defined submarkets, in Albury-Wodonga, Melbourne, and Sydney is explored. These phenomena are linked to processes of capital restructuring both nationally and globally, and to shifts in urban planning practice.
The Break-up of an International Labour Union: Uneven Development in the North American Auto Industry and the Schism in the UAW
Authors: Holmes J , Rusonik A
Published: October 2006

In 1985, after being represented by the United Automobile Workers union (UAW) for almost half a century, Canadian autoworkers split from the International Union to form their own independent union, the CAW. To date, most interpretations have attributed the split to political, cultural, and ideological differences between the US and Canadian sections of the union. Through an analysis of restructuring and collective bargaining in the North American automobile industry, it is argued in this paper that the split in the UAW was rooted in the tensions that arose over the different, and increasingly incompatible, bargaining agendas and strategies adopted by the Canadian and US sections of the union during the 1980s. The analysis shows that these differences in strategy resulted primarily from the geographically uneven effects of the significant restructuring which was taking place in the North American automobile industry during this period.
Defining Occupational Groupings by Educational Structure
Authors: de Grip A , Groot L F M , Heijke J A M
Published: October 2006

In this study a cluster analysis is performed in order to define clusters of occupational groups according to their educational structure. The underlying assumption is that such groups with similar schooling profiles belong to the same labour-market segment and therefore offer opportunities for good forecasts of occupational manpower. Attention is paid to the optimal choice of a (dis)similarity criterion, the clustering method, and the clustering algorithms used for the problem at hand. In the analysis fourteen branches of study and four education levels are distinguished. This results in the formation of forty clusters, each characterized by combinations of branches and levels of education. It appears that this functional classification differs from the administrative International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) in several respects.
An Empirical Analysis of the Space Rent and Land Rent within a Central Business District
Authors: Sasaki K
Published: October 2006

The structure of rents of space and land within a central business district (CBD) is empirically analyzed on the basis of a simple equilibrium concept in the space and land markets. The land-rent and space-rent functions are set up in a recursive way. Two alternative models, of linear and log-linear form, are applied to the data of the CBD in Sendai City in Japan for three different years.
Deconstructing Regions: Notes on the Scales of Spatial Life
Authors: Paasi A
Published: October 2006

The author examines the fundamental categories of geographical thought: region, locality, and place, the keywords in geographical discourse during the 1980s. The relation of these categories to the sociocultural context and the everyday practices of individuals is discussed, and a reinterpretation of the concept of region as a sociocultural and historical category is put forward. The region is comprehended as a historically contingent process whose institutionalisation consists of four stages: the development of territorial, symbolic, and institutional shape and its establishment as an entity in the regional system and social consciousness of the society. During the institutionalisation process a region becomes an established entity—with a specific regional identity—which is acknowledged in different spheres of social action and consciousness and which is continually reproduced in individual and institutional practices. The constitution of the local or regional consciousness of individuals is interpreted through the concept of place, which refers to personal experience and meanings contained in personal life-histories. These concepts together promote an understanding of how regions can be created and reproduced as part of the regional transformation of society and how individuals are contextualised into this process by reproducing region-specific structures of expectations. Generation is suggested as a mediating category for comprehending the relations between region and place.
Discourses of Locality
Authors: Pratt A C
Published: October 2006

This paper is an attempt to combat economism in locality studies. New developments in cultural studies, sociolinguistics, and social psychology concerning ideology, culture, and the significance of the analysis of discourses are drawn upon. Although these developments draw upon poststructuralist and postmodern theory it is argued that they are not necessarily antithetical to critical realism. It is concluded that the discursive construction of localities has important material effects.
Behind the Locality Debate: Deconstructing Geography's Dualisms
Authors: Sayer A
Published: October 2006

The debate about locality studies has provided a focus for wider concerns about method and the relationship of theory and empirical research in urban and regional studies. Discussion of these issues has been plagued by conceptual confusion. Where realist philosophy has been invoked in the debate it has frequently been misunderstood. The problems derive from unexamined and inconsistent usages of a series of dualisms or binary oppositions: viz, contextualising versus nomological (law-seeking) approaches, abstract and concrete, necessity and contingency, theory and empirics, and generality and specificity. When the various uses of these terms are examined it is found that the assumed contrasts either break down or involve more complex relationships than is commonly realised. The main purpose of the paper is to deconstruct the dualisms and expose some of the confusions they generate by reference to the locality debate. A subsidiary theme concerns the way in which different conceptions of generality, specificity, and interdependence form ‘metaphysics’ which tend, unnoticed, to dominate whole research programmes. As different metaphysics may be appropriate for different objects of study it is important to demonstrate their differences and respective limitations.
Convergence of Certain Traffic and Land-Use Equilibrium Assignment Models
Authors: Horowitz A J
Published: October 2006

In this paper are described and tested three heuristic algorithms for finding the solution to highly complex land-use models that incorporate the effects of traffic congestion. Two of the algorithms are modifications of Evans's algorithm for elastic-demand traffic assignment. The third algorithm is a variation of incremental assignment that is closely related to Frank—Wolfe decomposition. These algorithms are applied to an elaborate implementation of the Lowry—Garin model of land use. Tests of these algorithms show that they all converge toward a predetermined, precise solution, and they do so at a rate that is similar to Frank-Wolfe decomposition.
Housing Famine and Homelessness: How the Low-Income Housing Crisis Affects Families with Inadequate Supports
Authors: Wallace R , Bassuk E
Published: October 2006

A famine paradigm of low-income housing deficit in the USA first introduced by recent studies of homelessness in New York City is extended to understand how impacts of that deficit may be structured according to the social network length of low-income families. A simplified mathematical model suggests that poor families with truncated social support networks are most vulnerable to housing famine, and explores how the famine may synergistically interact with inadequacy of support, leading to their becoming homeless. This view contrasts with currently popular ideologically driven explanations of homelessness. On the one hand is the assertion that vulnerability to the housing deficit is the ‘cause’ of homelessness. On the other is the claim that simplistic housing strategies, in which the interaction of housing loss with the structure of vulnerability to that loss is not recognized, can end the US crisis of homelessness. The paper is concluded with a discussion of needed empirical studies and of policy implications.
Generating Urban Forms from Diffusive Growth
Authors: Batty M
Published: October 2006

In this paper, a formal model of diffusion-limited aggregation is presented which can be used to generate a continuum of urban forms from linear to concentric. A brief derivation of this continuum model is presented in terms of its relationship to potential theory, and a method for its solution is outlined. The forms produced by the model are subject to fractional power laws which relate the occupancy of sites and densities to distances. Fractal dimensions can be derived from these fractional powers, and conventional and fast methods of estimation are introduced. A large-scale simulation provides the baseline for comparison and its average fractal dimension is estimated as 1.701 ± 0.025 from thirty aggregates. The effect of constraining the physical limits of the lattice on which such aggregates are grown is explored and the model is then used to generate a continuum of forms determined by a control parameter which distorts the potential field of the model. A series of forms from the linear with fractal dimension close to 1 to the concentric with a fractal dimension near to 2, are grown. The model is then applied to urban development in the town of Cardiff and various simulations are attempted which point the way to further research.
Fractal Analysis of Multiscale Spatial Autocorrelation among Point Data
Authors: De Cola L
Published: October 2006

The analysis of spatial autocorrelation among point-data quadrats is a well-developed technique that has made limited but intriguing use of the multiscale aspects of pattern. In this paper are presented theoretical and algorithmic approaches to the analysis of aggregations of quadrats at or above a given density, in which these sets are treated as multifractal regions whose fractal dimension, D, may vary with phenomenon intensity, scale, and location. The technique is illustrated with Matui's quadrat house-count data, which yield measurements consistent with a nonautocorrelated simulated Poisson process but not with an orthogonal unit-step random walk. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of such analysis for multiscale geographic analysis systems.
Research Policy and Review 34: The Development of Ideas of Uncertainty Representation
Authors: Tonn B
Published: October 2006

The historical range and current applications of important ideas about uncertainty are reviewed. It is undertaken for the benefit of decisionmakers and policy analysts who need to confront in a rigorous fashion complex problems that entail large uncertainties. Numerous ideas are addressed, gleaned from many disciplines, including philosophy, mathematics, and artificial intelligence, which can supplement the basic approaches to uncertainty associated with objective and subjective probability. This review of the literature highlights the need for additional research on a number of topics, including uncertainty kinematics, uncertainty representation, subjective uncertainty elicitation, and the synthesis of new approaches to uncertainty with more traditional decision analysis techniques.
Duration of Unemployment among Men in Northern Ireland: Regional Inequality or Denominational Discrimination?
Authors: Crouchley R , Pickles A R , O'Farrell P N
Published: October 2006

Male unemployment in Northern Ireland from 1926 to 1973 is examined by using aggregate time series and individual life-history data. County-specific and sector-specific unemployment rates are derived from various published statistics by using an entropy-maximising procedure. These aggregate data show a systematic relative improvement in male unemployment in the predominantly Protestant eastern counties and a corresponding deterioration in the more Catholic western counties. A model for investigating the factors affecting the duration of unemployment of individuals is presented. It is applied to the lifetime unemployment histories of a sample of men in Northern Ireland who were aged between eighteen and sixty-five during August 1973. With controls for other factors, it was found that the probability of reemployment was generally lower for Catholics than Methodists and members of the Church of Ireland, but it was not markedly lower than for Presbyterians. These differentials are also modified by several other interacting factors.
The Spatial Separatist Theme and the Problem of Representation in Location—Allocation Models
Authors: Gore C G
Published: October 2006

In this paper the approach to service development planning in the ‘Third World’ put forward by Rushton in his 1988 Roepke Lecture is critically examined. The approach is founded on location—allocation modelling methods. It is argued that although technical improvements in these models mean that they can now represent decision situations more realistically, their conceptual structure is such that they frame the problems of service development planning in a limited way. Specific limits are discussed and identified as an expression of the spatial separatist theme. In his approach Rushton proposes important innovations concerning the role of location—allocation models in the planning process, but the radical potential of his suggestions about the way the models may be used is likely to be diminished by the limits to analysis and prescription which follow from the way the models are constructed.
A Map-Transformation Approach to the Location of Central Places: The Case of the Central Kanto Region in Preindustrial Japan
Authors: Sugiura Y
Published: October 2006

The distribution of central places is theoretically investigated by using Rushton's map transformation algorithm, MAPTRANS, for the case of the Kanto region in preindustrial Japan. The recovered hierarchical spacing reveals that central places were located according to the marketing principle to some extent, as well as being influenced by population density. Their locations were also locally distorted by traffic, administrative, and topographical conditions. These results suggest that Christaller's three principles did generally determine the distribution of central places. Application of the general hierarchical model to the actual frequency distribution of centers further confirms that the hierarchical structure is well approximated by a variable k-system rather than by the Christallerian k-system, which implies that a structural change in the hierarchy had taken place in the course of modernization.
The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Authors: Fotheringham A S , Wong D W S
Published: October 2006

In this paper the examination of the modifiable areal unit problem is extended into multivariate statistical analysis. In an investigation of the parameter estimates from a multiple linear regression model and a multiple logit regression model, conclusions are drawn about the sensitivity of such estimates to variations in scale and zoning systems. The modifiable areal unit problem is shown to be essentially unpredictable in its intensity and effects in multivariate statistical analysis and is therefore a much greater problem than in univariate or bivariate analysis. The results of this analysis are rather depressing in that they provide strong evidence of the unreliability of any multivariate analysis undertaken with data from areal units. Given that such analyses can only be expected to increase with the imminent availability of new census data both in the United Kingdom and in the USA, and the current proliferation of GIS (geographical information system) technology which permits even more access to aggregated data, this paper serves as a topical warning.
The Investigation of Parameter Drift by Expanded Regressions: Generalities, and a ‘Family-Planning’ Example
Authors: Casetti E
Published: October 2006

A functional relationship ‘drifts' across a ‘context’ if it holds with different parameter values at different points of an external environment referred to as context. The focus in this paper is upon the analysis of contextual parametric drift. The technique proposed for such analyses involves embedding an ‘initial model’ into a more complex ‘terminal model’ that incorporates the specification of an hypothesized drift. Hypotheses testing upon, and the estimation of, the terminal model can reveal the occurrence of drift and also can provide a mathematical portrait of it. If parametric drift does occur, any point in the context is associated with an ‘expected’ initial model on which hypothesis testing can be carried out and confidence regions obtained. The investigation of parametric drift by expanded regressions is demonstrated by an illustrative example concerned with the effectiveness of family-planning policies on the decline of fertility in the contemporary less-developed countries.
Redefinition of Enumeration District Centroids: A Test of Their Accuracy by Using Thiessen Polygons
Authors: Boyle P J , Dunn C E
Published: October 2006

A method for estimating areal boundaries around centroids is by the generation of Thiessen polygons. In this paper the efficiency of such polygons as estimates of enumeration district (ED) areas is discussed. A new set of centroids and polygons is defined by use of Pinpoint Address Code (PAC) data and it is argued that these provide a more reliable estimate of ‘true’ ED areas than do OPCS (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) centroids. More importantly though, the efficiency of these new centroids and polygons is demonstrated by using PAC data for individual buildings.
The Cost of Conservation: A Comparison of ESA and SSSI Payment Rates
Authors: Brotherton I
Published: October 2006

Government bodies in Britain encourage conservation management within designated Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) through the conclusion of formal agreements with owners and occupiers. The nature of ESA and SSSI agreements and the procedures involved in concluding them are described and contrasted. Analysis of the available data indicates that the average payment rate (pounds per hectare per annum) for SSSI agreements concluded exceeds that for ESA agreements. In contrast, arguments from first principles suggest that the ESA payment rate would be the higher. That the reverse is the case may be explained if SSSI agreements impose substantially more stringent conditions.

A distinction is drawn between expensive agreements (under which the annual payment exceeds £2000) and inexpensive agreements (the annual payment is less than £2000). The data suggest that payment rates for expensive SSSI agreements may be excessive and capable of being lowered; and payment rates for inexpensive ESA agreements may need to be raised to attract reasonable levels of entry to these schemes. Alternatively, it may be that ESA arrangements are more cost-effective for concluding large, expensive agreements; and SSSI arrangements for concluding small, inexpensive agreements.
An Approach to Estimating the Economic Impact of Climatic Change on a Regional Economy
Authors: Johnson S , Stabler J C
Published: October 2006

In previous attempts to estimate the economic impact of climatic change on a regional economy, techniques which tend to understate the actual impact of the hypothesized modification on the natural environment have been used. Most of these studies have not simulated a change in production technology in response to an altered climatic regime. Few have incorporated the effect of an induced change in consumption spending as a consequence of different levels of income. In this paper an approach is proposed which is more comprehensive than those previously employed. A flexible approach which allows for adjustment in production technology in response to an altered climatic regime is incorporated. Also explicitly incorporated in the analysis are households, in order to capture induced changes in consumption spending. With use of this approach, impacts of hypothesized climatic change are much more pronounced than those produced in previous studies in which less comprehensive methods of analysis were used.
Hotelling's Migration Model Revisited
Authors: Puu T
Published: October 2006

In the present article Hotelling's model of population growth and migration of 1921 is ‘revisited’. After a discussion of the stationary solutions and their stability the main point is made. The model itself is structurally unstable, but can be easily stabilized by adding a simple autonomous migration component. By this, the solution curves, in the shape of constant amplitude population waves over space for the original model, either become damped in one direction and explosive in another or are replaced by just one single spatial limit cycle.
Modeling the Choice of Choice Set in Discrete-Choice Random-Utility Models
Authors: Horowitz J L
Published: October 2006

In conventional random-utility models, such as the multinomial logit model, it is assumed that a decisionmaker's choice set is independent of his or her preferences conditional on the explanatory variables of the models. However, there are many situations in which the decisionmaker chooses the choice set, thereby making the independence assumption implausible. For example, if information about alternatives is costly, an individual may choose to learn in detail about only a small group of them. This paper is concerned with the modeling of discrete choice with endogenous choice sets. It is assumed that costly information forces the decisionmaker to acquire detailed knowledge of only a small group of alternatives that she or he selects. Models are developed for choice-set generation in this context and for choice conditional on endogenous choice sets.
Spatial Structure and Spatial Interaction: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Lo L
Published: October 2006

In this paper, variations in the impedance parameter of the conventional spatial interaction models are examined in a quasi-empirical manner. In a previous paper, a spatial demand model based on the translog indirect utility function was simulated to provide interaction data. If the inputs to the translog demand model are varied systematically, the impedance parameter estimates for both models also vary systematically. In general, the impedance parameter becomes less negative as the set of destinations becomes more dispersed, as relative size among the origins and the destinations becomes more varied, and, in particular, as fewer destinations become substitutable or the degree of substitutability decreases. Meanwhile, model performance also deteriorates. The need for skepticism regarding model transferability and parameter interpretation is confirmed, and the possibility of ever correctly specifying the models is questioned.
The Capacity of Producer Services to Generate Regional Growth: Some Evidence from a Peripheral Metropolitan Economy
Authors: Perry M
Published: October 2006

The recent rapid increase in producer service activity has been presented as an alternative source of economic growth to that created by manufacturing. Evidence from a survey of firms in Auckland, New Zealand throws doubt on the ability of producer services to generate regional growth. The dynamics of individual firms are different to the momentum of producer services as viewed through aggregate economic data. The sample of producer services firms in the Auckland region are characterised by a narrow income base, a lack of innovative activity, a propensity to expand via branch offices rather than through local investment, and close links with inward investment. A cautious approach to public policy initiatives aimed at producer services is therefore advised.
A Linear Constraint Formulation for Spatial and Temporal Cost Imputations in Accord with Shapley Values
Authors: Dufournaud C M , Harrington J J
Published: October 2006

In a recent paper we presented a linear programming model of a three-riparian, two-time-period, joint river-basin development scheme by using cooperative game theory. The objective of the model was to develop ‘fair’ and equitable divisions of the benefits and costs of cooperation. In this paper the analysis is extended by including linear constraints which satisfy the well-known Shapley-value imputation scheme.
Segmentation and Filtering into Neighborhoods as Processes of Percolation and Diffusion: Stochastic Processes (Randomness) as the Null Hypothesis
Authors: Krieger M H
Published: October 2006

A set of models is reviewed in which orderly urban phenomena are accounted for in terms of noise (randomness, stochastic processes): segmentation as a process of runs in random processes (percolation); filtering as a process of random walk and so diffusion, and as a Markov process. In particular, ‘continuity’ of the spatial price envelope, a truism of real estate, leads to the diffusion equation. No foreordained centers, boundaries, or gravity (or entropy) is needed to obtain clustering in these models. The models are combined in a simulation, implemented in a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet, as well as in a partial differential equation driven by a stochastic source term.
City Type, City Size, Trade Patterns, and Interurban Transport Costs in a Spatial Economy
Authors: Peng S K
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the effect of interurban transport costs, incorporating agglomeration economies, on the formation of city structure is examined. It is shown that the city type and the city size will be determined by the effects of interurban transport costs of goods and the advantage (or disadvantage) of agglomeration economies depending on which effect is dominant. It is also shown that the trade patterns in the same type of city will be decided by the interurban transport costs and the transport costs from the world market.
New Zealand Agriculture and Changes in the Agriculture—Finance Relation during the 1980s
Authors: Le Heron R
Published: October 2006

In the 1980s New Zealand agriculture was reinserted into the global economy by state policy which favoured global capital at the expense of other capital fractions. An important aspect to the latest internationalisation of agriculture are changes in the agriculture—finance relation, specifically the institutional arrangements through which capital is allocated to and appropriated from agriculture and agricultural processing. The developments in the agriculture—finance relation in the 1980s is outlined with a look especially at the state's retreat from lending to agriculture and new possibilities for corporate investment in land-based production. It is argued that the sale of the government agency, the Rural Banking and Finance Corporation (known as the Rural Bank) to New Zealand's largest listed corporation, Fletcher Challenge Ltd (a global corporation with extensive forestry and fishery interests in the Americas) is a development of major historical significance in the New Zealand context. The sale introduces the possibility of unified control over production, realisation, and reproduction spheres in New Zealand's agrocommodity chains. The paper ends with suggestions on the wider significance of the New Zealand development in the current international farm crisis.
Change in Local Authority Services for the Elderly in England, 1979–88
Authors: Hoggart K , Smith T A
Published: October 2006

In most studies of service provision in local authorities it is assumed that councils respond directly to service need and fiscal conditions. In this paper it is argued that this is a fallacy as responses are conditioned by the filter of political party control. With a focus on nonmetropolitan counties and metropolitan boroughs and districts, it is shown that relationships between policy variation and socioeconomic conditions vary in Conservative-dominated and Labour-dominated councils. In particular, Conservative councils respond more notably to fiscal resources, whereas Labour authorities are more responsive to service need. Examination of changes in provision show that these patterns have persisted through the 1980s.
Factors Motivating Community Participation in Regional Water-Allocation Planning: A Test of an Expectancy-Value Model
Authors: Syme G J , Macpherson D K , Seligman C
Published: October 2006

The attitudinal determinants of intention to participate in planning for water allocation were assessed among residents of Jandakot, Western Australia. An expectancy-value attitudinal model was developed to assess the relationship between intention to participate and (a) attitudes towards the process of public involvement, (b) subjective norms, and (c) attitudes towards possible outcomes of involvement. It was hypothesised that other attitudinal variables associated with intention to participate would be mediated through these variables. The model was tested against alternative explanatory variables including centrality, self efficacy, political efficacy, and moral norms. Regression analyses indicated that behavioural intention was best predicted by centrality, attitudes towards the process, and subjective norms. Thus the model was not wholly supported. The results are discussed in terms of the development of the theory of centrality and the roles of process and outcome in the evaluation of regional versus neighbourhood public-involvement programs.
Stability of Supply Coefficients and Consistency of Supply-Driven and Demand-Driven Input-Output Models: A Reply
Authors: Deman S
Published: October 2006

A comment by Miller was published in the August 1989 issue of Environment and Planning A, which makes an intriguing comparison of a paper by Chen and Rose with one by myself. His comment concerns the uses of various terminologies in the literature on supply-driven and demand-driven input—output models and the claims to have defined terms such as ‘stability’, ‘joint stability’, and ‘consistency’. Further, generalizations are made on the basis of a specific set of aggregated data for the US economy to show that biproportional changes suggested in my theorem are unlikely to be observed in the real world. I will show that Miller adds no illumination to the issues of ‘stability’ or ‘consistency’, and that, in fact, his comment accomplishes nothing of import. His comment could also leave us with the impression that the USA is the only ‘real-world’ example worthy of comment.
Pharmaceuticals and Europe 1992: The Dynamics of Industrial Change
Authors: Howells J
Published: October 2006

This paper provides an analysis of the implications of 1992 on the European pharmaceutical industry and sets it within the wider restructuring of the industry. The creation of a single European pharmaceutical market will, however, be gradual and will often present conflicting tendencies. The response of the major drug companies to the period of rapid technological change associated with the development of biotechnology is assessed. Their financial power together with their control of key knowledge and information assets, in the form of R&D and sales and marketing networks, has been a central element in their survival and growth. It has been presented that the power of large firms in terms of control and vertical integration has shifted away from production to nonproduction assets.
Determinants of Bilateral Operations of Canadian and US Commercial Banks
Authors: Harrington J W
Published: October 2006

The size of parent bank has been found to be the chief determinant of commercial banks' foreign operations. A framework is developed for explaining this, as well as other aspects of the source, nature, host country, and subnational location of foreign-owned and foreign-affiliated bank offices. In the Canada-US context, the posited relationships are complicated by the two economies' proximity and intensive interaction, and by regulatory changes within and between the countries. The paper refers to published data and personal interviews to note the influence that proximity, ultimate ownership, and market segmentation have on banks' decisions to engage in correspondent relationships versus agencies, branches, or subsidiaries across the border. From the interviews and by using the hypothesized framework, the author also explores relationships between existing bank strengths and changes resulting from the bilateral Free Trade Agreement.
An Assessment of Planting Flexibility Options to Reduce the Excessive Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer in the United States of America
Authors: Huang W-Y , Uri N D
Published: October 2006

The analysis in this paper is directed at estimating the marginal value of a base acre, the nitrogen rate of fertilizer use, the corn yield, and the excess nitrogen fertilizer application rate under alternative policy options designed to encourage planting flexibility in response to changing relative agricultural commodity prices. Encouragement of planting flexibility via an option of detaching deficiency payments from the base acreage is an effective way to reduce the excessive application rate and use of nitrogen fertilizer. Encouragement of planting flexibility via an option of reducing the base acreage is effective only if the availability of cropland is a limiting factor. However, movement toward the complete elimination of the notion of base acreage (that is, movement toward a completely free market unencumbered by government programs) would be the most effective option to reduce the value of a base acre thereby encouraging greater planting flexibility. An increase in the price of soybeans and a decrease in the price of corn would also serve to encourage switching from continuous planting of corn to a corn — soybeans rotation. However, as more soybeans and less corn are produced, the price of soybeans would fall while the price of corn would rise. As a consequence, the effectiveness of the policy options considered here in promoting planting flexibility would be reduced.
Local Economic Performance in Britain during the Late 1980s: The Results of the Third Booming Towns Study
Authors: Champion A G , Green A E
Published: October 2006

The principal results of the third and latest Booming Towns study are presented. The patterns of local economic performance across Britain's 280 local labour market areas for the late 1980s are examined and the degree of variation within regions compared with that between regions. In particular, the extent to which the economic recovery which began in London around 1983 penetrated across the country over this period is assessed and the effects of this process on the scale of the North-South divide are investigated.