bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CFD Investigation on Movement Features of Hydrogen Bubble under Microgravity Environment
Authors: Wang Lei , Sun Peijie , Yan Li , Shangguan Shi , Qu Miao , Li Yanzhong
Published: October 2022

A designed cryogenic upper stage adopted liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LH2/LO2) as an aerospace propellant. During a zero-gravity coast period in space, the wall heat leakage into the delivery tube could induce liquid propellant evaporation and two-phase flow phenomenon, so that a bubble discharge operation must be employed prior to engine restart. In this study, a CFD approach was utilized to numerically study the bubble discharge behaviors inside the LH2 delivery tube of the upper stage. The bubble motion properties under two different schemes, including positive acceleration effect and circulation flow operation, were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the boiled hydrogen bubbles could increase to the size of the tube inner diameter and distribute randomly within the entire tube volume, and that, in order for the bubble to spill upward under the acceleration effect, a higher acceleration level than the needed value of acquiring liquid–vapor separation inside the propellant tank should be provided. When creating an acceleration level of 10−3 g0, most of the bubbles could spill upward within 700 s. Significantly, the bubbles could not be completely expelled in the created acceleration condition since a number of small bubbles always stagnate in the bulk liquid region. In the circulation flow operation, the gas volume reduction was mainly attributed to two mechanisms: the vapor condensation effect; and bubble discharge effect. For the case with a circulation flow rate of 0.2 kg/s, a complete bubble discharge purpose was reached within 820 s, while a large bubble stagnation in the spherical distributor occupied a remarkable proportion of the total time. In addition, both the liquid flow rate and liquid subcooling exert important effects on bubble performance. When applying a high circulation flow, the gas volume reduction is mainly due to the inertial effect of liquid flow, but the bubble stagnation in the spherical distributor still affects the total discharge time. The liquid subcooling influence on the gas volume reduction is more significant in smaller circulation flow cases. Generally, the present study provides valuable conclusions on bubble motions inside a LH2 delivery tube in microgravity, and the results could be beneficial to the sequence design of engine restart for the cryogenic upper stage.
Performance Evaluation and Field Application of Nano Plugging Agent for Shale Water-Based Drilling Fluid
Authors: Jing Minjia , Yuan Zhiping , Li Xiaoyang , Huang Jinjun , Tian Yuexin
Published: October 2022

In this paper, nano plugging agent AMPS/AM was prepared, and its plugging performance was evaluated by a microfracture simulation experiment and a shale pressure resistance experiment. The pressure loss decreased by 66.09% compared with the top pressure of 6.9 MPa, and the average core indentation hardness increased 58.12% with 3% AMPS/AM blocking mud. The experiments indicate that AMPS/AM can effectively seal the shale micropore and nanopore structure and greatly improve the stability of fractured shale well wall. The field application results of the YS129H well in the Zhaotong block show that the water-based drilling fluid with nano plugging agent AMPS/AM as the key agent has strong plugging performance. The well mud is of high temperature and pressure water loss < s4 mL, mud cake permeability reduction rate of 85.67%, which indicates that the drilling fluid system has good sealing properties and well wall stability.
Genome Shuffling Mutant of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes for Substantial Improvement of Toyocamycin Production
Authors: Song Yang , Zhang Zixuan , Zhang Xiangli , Yao Jiayi , Yu Xiaoping , Shentu Xuping
Published: October 2022

Toyocamycin, a nucleoside antibiotic, is a fungicide with the potential to control plant pathogens. In this study, three rounds of genome shuffling screening were applied to enhance the toyocamycin production in Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628. After three rounds of genome-shuffling screening, the toyocamycin production increased by 10.8-fold that of wild-type, and 2.64-fold of its parental strain. By optimization of its nutrition condition in medium, the highest production of toyocamycin reached 1173.6 mg/L in TY-producing medium. In addition, the mechanism for the improvement of shuffled strains was investigated. Recombinants with increased toyocamycin production exhibited higher transcriptional level of the toy cluster and product resistance. Furthermore, the rise of ATP hydrolysis rate indicated that intracellular ATP exhibit a significant role in tuning the toy cluster by an ATP-binding pathway-specific regulator. In all, we obtained S. diastatochromogenes mutants with enhanced toyocamycin production, and provided a valuable clue for the activation of secondary metabolites.
Molecular Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Novel Marine Yeast Strains with Potential Application in Industrial Biotechnology
Authors: Bessadok Boutheina , Jaouadi Bassem , Brück Thomas , Santulli Andrea , Messina Concetta Maria , Sadok Saloua
Published: October 2022

Cell-based agriculture is an emerging and attractive alternative to produce various food ingredients. In this study, five strains of marine yeast were isolated, molecularly identified and biochemically characterized. Molecular identification was realized by sequencing the DNA ITS1 and D1/D2 region, and sequences were registered in GenBank as Yarrowia lipolytica YlTun15, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa RmTun15, Candida tenuis CtTun15, Debaryomyces hansenii DhTun2015 and Trichosporon asahii TaTun15. Yeasts showed protein content varying from 26% (YlTun15) to 40% (CtTun15 and DhTun2015), and essential amino acids ranging from 38.1 to 64.4% of the total AAs (CtTun15-YlTun15, respectively). Lipid content varied from 11.15 to 37.57% with substantial amount of PUFA (>12% in RmTun15). All species had low levels of Na (<0.15 mg/100 g) but are a good source of Ca and K. Yeast cytotoxic effect was investigated against human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293); results showed improved cell viability with all added strains, indicating safety of the strains used. Based on thorough literature investigation and yeast composition, the five identified strains could be classified not only as oleaginous yeasts but also as single cell protein (SCP) (DhTun2015 and CtTun15) and single cell oil (SCO) (RmTun15, YlTun15 and TaTun15) producers; and therefore, they represent a source of alternative ingredients for food, feed and other sectors.
Principles of Unsteady High-Speed Flow Control Using a Time-Limited Thermally Stratified Energy Source
Authors: Azarova Olga , Kravchenko Oleg
Published: October 2022

This study focused on the development of the unsteady impact of a thermally stratified energy source on a supersonic flow around an aerodynamic (AD) body in a viscous heat-conducting gas (air). Research was based on the Navier-Stokes equations. The freestream Mach number was 2. A new multi-vortex mechanism of the impact of a time-limited stratified energy source on the aerodynamic characteristics of a body was described. Almost complete destruction of the bow shock wave in the density field, due to the multiple generation of Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in the region of a stratified energy source, was obtained. The dependences of the dynamics of frontal drag and lift forces of a streamlined body on temperature in the source layers were studied. It was determined that, by changing the temperature in the layers of a stratified energy source, it was possible to obtain more intense vortices accompanying the Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities, causing a temporary decrease in the drag force of an AD body and ensuring the emergence and unsteady change in the magnitude of the lift (pitch) forces. The main principles of unsteady flow control using a stratified energy source were established.
Comparison of Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Bioactivity of Beverages Based on the Unprocessed and Extruded Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seed Byproduct
Authors: Quintero-Soto María Fernanda , Espinoza-Moreno Ramona Julieta , Félix-Medina Jennifer Vianey , Salas-López Fernando , López-Carrera Cruz Fernando , Argüelles-López Oscar Daniel , Vazquez-Ontiveros Martha Elena , Gómez-Favela Mario Armando
Published: October 2022

In this research functional beverages based on the unprocessed and extruded sesame seeds byproduct were fabricated; phytochemical profile, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypoglycemic potential were evaluated. Twenty-four phytochemical compounds were identified in total in both beverages; fourteen of the phytochemical compounds were not modified by the extrusion process. Seventeen of the 24 compounds were identified in the unprocessed sesame seeds byproduct flour beverage−10% (UB10) and 21 in the extruded sesame seeds byproduct flour beverage−10% (EB10). The compounds only identified in UB10 are caffeic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin; and in EB10 those compounds were vanillic acid, acteoside, luteolin, quercetin, and melanoidins. No significant difference was observed in the content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (14.90 and 15.97 mg GAE/100 mL) and total flavonoids (TF) (5.37 and 5.85 mg QE/100 mL). An increase in the biological activity of ESFB10 (IC50: ABTS = 0.19, DPPH = 0.21, α-amylase = 1.01, α-glucosidase = 0.17, DPP4 = 0.11 mg/mL) was observed, compared to UB10 (IC50: ABTS = 0.24, DPPH = 0.31, α-amylase = 2.29, α-glucosidase = 0.47, DPP4 = 0.30 mg/mL). Therefore, the extrusion process had a positive effect, which displayed the highest efficiency inhibiting the free radicals and enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism.
Agro-Industrial Fruit Byproducts as Health-Promoting Ingredients Used to Supplement Baked Food Products
Authors: Zuñiga-Martínez B. Shain , Domínguez-Avila J. Abraham , Robles-Sánchez R. Maribel , Ayala-Zavala Jesus Fernando , Villegas-Ochoa Mónica A. , González-Aguilar Gustavo A.
Published: October 2022

One of the biggest problems faced by food industries is the generation of large amounts of agro-industrial byproducts, such as those derived from fruit processing, as well as the negative effects of their inadequate management. Approximately 1/3 of the food produced worldwide is unused or is otherwise wasted along the chain, which represents a burden on the environment and an inefficiency of the system. Thus, there is growing interest in reintroducing agro-industrial byproducts (both from fruits and other sources) into the processing chain, either by adding them as such or utilizing them as sources of health-promoting bioactive compounds. The present work discusses recent scientific studies on the nutritional and bioactive composition of some agro-industrial byproducts derived from fruit processing, their applications as ingredients to supplement baked foods, and their main biological activities on the consumer’s health. Research shows that agro-industrial fruit byproducts can be incorporated into various baked foods, increasing their fiber content, bioactive profile, and antioxidant capacity, in addition to other positive effects such as reducing their glycemic impact and inducing satiety, all while maintaining good sensory acceptance. Using agro-industrial fruit byproducts as food ingredients avoids discarding them; it can promote some bioactivities and maintain or even improve sensory acceptance. This contributes to incorporating edible material back into the processing chain as part of a circular bioeconomy, which can significantly benefit primary producers, processing industries (particularly smaller ones), and the final consumer.
Interest in Insects as Food and Feed: It Does Not Wane in the Public Domain
Authors: Meyer-Rochow Victor Benno , Jung Chuleui
Published: October 2022

This Special Issue of Foods represents Volume 2 of the topic “Edible Insects as Innovative Foods: Nutritional, Functional and Acceptability Assessments” [...]
Evolution of the Crown Procyanidins’ Tetramer during Winemaking and Aging of Red Wine
Authors: Jouin Alicia , Zeng Liming , Canosa Marina Riveiro , Teissedre Pierre-Louis , Jourdes Michael
Published: October 2022

Condensed tannins play a major role in the quality of red wine. After grape extraction, they quickly evolve thanks to different oxidation mechanisms. Recently, NMR identified a new sub class of condensed tannins, named crown procyanidins, in red wine. The crown procyanidins’ tetramer exhibits a macrocyclic structure composed of four (-)-epicatechin with an unusual cavity in the center of the molecule. These new tannins exposed a higher polarity than the linear tannins. In this work, the evolution kinetics of these crown procyanidins during the winemaking process and after aging of red wine in bottles were studied. Samples’ quantification was analyzed by UPLC-UV-Q-TOF. The concentration of cyclic and non-cyclic procyanidins was compared. During the winemaking process, crown procyanidins are mainly extracted at the beginning of the alcoholic fermentation and they remain stable until the end of the winemaking process. The high polarity and solubility of this new molecule in water was confirmed. During the aging of red wine in bottles, crown procyanidins’ concentrations are stable, whereas the non-cyclic tannins decrease dramatically. Finally, a strong oxygenation experiment confirmed the crown procyanidins’ resistance to oxidation and unique skills.
Changes in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity during Development of ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’ Fruit
Authors: Zhang Huifen , Pu Jing , Tang Yan , Wang Miao , Tian Kun , Wang Yongqing , Luo Xian , Deng Qunxian
Published: October 2022

Plums are widely consumed, contain high levels of phenolic compounds, and have strong antioxidant activity. In this study, the main Sichuan cultivars ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’ were used to study the changes in the appearance, internal quality, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities during fruit development and the expression of phenolic-compound-related structural genes. The results showed that, during development of the two plums, the total soluble solid and soluble sugar contents were highest at the mature stage. The phenolic contents (total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total flavanol content (TFAC)) trended gradually downward as the fruits of the two cultivars matured, while the total anthocyanin content gradually increased in ‘Cuihongli’. The main phenolic components were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, rutin, and proanthocyanidin B1. The changes in the DPPH and FRAP scavenging activities decreased with fruit ripening. The antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the TPC, TFC, and TFAC. In the two cultivars, the total phenols, phenolic components, and antioxidant capacity were higher in the peel than in the pulp. CHS, PAL3, and HCT1 may be the regulatory genes related to the accumulation of phenolic substances in the pericarp and pulp of ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’. HCT1 may be an important regulator involved in the accumulation of chlorogenic acid in plums. The changes in the quality of the phenols, phenolic components, and antioxidant activity were elucidated during the development of the main plum cultivars in Sichuan, particularly the changes that provided a theoretical basis for the development of bioactive substances in local plum cultivars.
One-Step Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose—Phytic Acid Hydrogels with Potential for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ghilan Alina , Nita Loredana Elena , Pamfil Daniela , Simionescu Natalia , Tudorachi Nita , Rusu Daniela , Rusu Alina Gabriela , Bercea Maria , Rosca Irina , Ciolacu Diana Elena , Chiriac Aurica P.
Published: October 2022

Hydrogels based on natural, biodegradable materials have gained considerable interest in the medical field due to their improved drug delivery profiles and tissue-mimicking architecture. In this regard, this study was devoted to the preparation and characterization of new physically crosslinked hydrogels based on carboxymethyl cellulose and an unconventional crosslinking agent, phytic acid. Phytic acid, in addition to its antioxidant and antibacterial effects, can improve the biological properties and stability of gels, without adding toxicity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, rheological studies and thermal analysis confirmed the hydrogel formation. The influence of the ratio between the cellulose derivative and the crosslinker upon the morphological structure and water uptake was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and swelling measurements in simulated body fluids. Furthermore, procaine was entrapped within the hydrogels and used as a model drug for in vitro studies, which highlighted the dependence of the drug release on the phytic acid content of the matrix. The materials demonstrated antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The biocompatibility was assessed on fibroblast cells, and according to our results, hydrogels can improve cell viability highlighting the potential of these systems as therapeutic scaffolds for skin tissue engineering.
Silk Fibroin/Tannin/ZnO Nanocomposite Hydrogel with Hemostatic Activities
Authors: Yang Chul Min , Lee Jeehee , Lee Su Yeon , Lee Haeshin , Chathuranga Kiramage , Lee Jongsoo , Park Wonho
Published: October 2022

The inevitable bleeding and infections caused by disasters and accidents are the main causes of death owing to extrinsic trauma. Hemostatic agents are often used to quickly suppress bleeding and infection, and they can solve this problem in a short time. Silk fibroin (SF) has poor processibility in water, owing to incomplete solubility therein. In this study, aiming to overcome this disadvantage, a modified silk fibroin (SF-BGE), easily soluble in water, was prepared by introducing butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) into its side chain. Subsequently, a small amount of tannic acid (TA) was introduced to prepare an SF-BGE /TA solution, and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were added to the solution to form the coordination bonds between the ZnO and TA, leading to an SF-based nanocomposite hydrogel. A structural characterization of the SF-BGE, SF-BGE/TA, SF-BGE/TA/ZnO, and the coordination bonds between ZnO/TA was observed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the phase change was observed by rheological measurements. The pore formation of the SF-BGE/TA/ZnO hydrogel and dispersibility of ZnO were verified through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytocompatible and hemostatic performances of the SF-BGE/TA/ZnO NPs composite hydrogels were evaluated, and the hydrogels showed superior hemostatic and cytocompatible activities. Therefore, the SF-based nanocomposite hydrogel is considered as a promising material for hemostasis.
Analysis of Strategies for Managing Stress by Polish Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Stefanowicz-Bielska Anna , Słomion Magdalena , Rąpała Małgorzata
Published: October 2022

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is having a negative impact on the mental health of nurses around the world. The aim of the study was to assess the sense of fear and the degree of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to estimate the influence of various factors on the fear of SARS-CoV-2. We analysed methods and strategies for coping with stress used by Polish nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study was conducted using a diagnostic survey, which included a self-constructed questionnaire and a standardized psychological questionnaire: Brief-Cope. Results: A total of 361 nurses confirmed their participation in the study. Most of the nurses were ages 31 to 50 (48.2%), lived in a city (83.7%), and had a master’s degree in nursing (45.7%). Nurses ≥ 51 years of age, with ≥ 21 years of work experience and with secondary education in nursing and master of nursing were more likely than other nurses to agree with the statement, I am afraid of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 (appropriately p = 0.009, p = 0.007, p = 0.014). During the outbreak of COVID-19, nurses most often took action to improve the situation, reflecting on and planning what to do. The most frequent means of coping with stress by Polish nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak were problem-focused strategies. The least frequent strategy was the use of substances (taking substances to alleviate unpleasant emotions), considered to be the least effective, but useful in some situations. Conclusions: Most nurses were afraid of being infected with COVID-19. The most frequently used strategies for coping with stress by Polish nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic were problem-focused strategies. Nurses should receive psychological support and assistance from the employer in improving their working conditions.
An Integrated Music and Artificial Intelligence System in Support of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Baldisseri Federico , Maiani Arturo , Montecchiani Edoardo , Delli Priscoli Francesco , Giuseppi Alessandro , Menegatti Danilo , Fogliati Vincenzo
Published: October 2022

This study aims at the implementation of an Artificial Intelligence approach to the use of music for supporting the neurorehabilitation of children with brain injuries or neurological difficulties.The output of this study will be the implementation of an app for mobile devices with games to be played by pediatric patients, allowing time for their cognitive and motor abilities to recover while enjoying pleasant activities. In particular, a Neural Network Classification approach is proposed in order to automatically adapt the game difficulty to the current cognitive capabilities of the child.
The Psychological Distress and Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Aitken Laura-Anne , Hossan Syeda Zakia
Published: October 2022

In Australia, breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women. Between 1987–1991 and 2012–2016, the five-year survival rate improved from 75% to 91%. The increased chance of survival due to early detection and treatment interventions has resulted in more women living with the diagnosis. This qualitative study was designed to analyse the journey of breast cancer survivors, their experience of psychological distress and changes in quality of life (QOL) due to the increased prevalence amongst Australian women. In-depth interviews were conducted; they lasted over 45 min and comprised 15 participants. The main topics discussed were knowledge of breast cancer prior to diagnosis, psychological distress, QOL and experience of use of healthcare services. The results showed that the process of diagnosis, undergoing treatment and isolation post-treatment resulted in high amounts of psychological distress. A reduction in QOL was also experienced due to treatment and medication side effects, fatigue, cognitive changes, and body-image perception. These findings can assist researchers in providing evidence-based frameworks for policy changes and for further investigation into effective healthcare interventions.
Using Gait Analysis to Evaluate Hip Replacement Outcomes—Its Current Use, and Proposed Future Importance: A Narrative Review
Authors: Bahadori Shayan , Middleton Robert G. , Wainwright Thomas W.
Published: October 2022

Total hip replacement (THR) is one of the most common elective orthopaedic operations. However, evidence suggests that despite postoperative pain improvements, aspects of longer-term physical performance, such as walking ability, do not reach the levels expected when compared to the general population. Walking is best assessed by using gait analysis. This review aims to explain the concept of gait analysis, its use to evaluate THR outcomes, and its proposed future importance when evaluating new technologies proposed to improve functional recovery in individuals undergoing THR surgery. Furthermore, this review discusses the advantages and challenges of gait analysis in THR patients and provides recommendations for future work.
Digital Health Interventions in Depression Care—A Survey on Acceptance from the Perspective of Patients, Their Relatives and Health Professionals
Authors: Hafner Jessica , Schönfeld Simone , Tokgöz Pinar , Choroschun Katharina , Schlubach Arndt , Dockweiler Christoph
Published: October 2022

Digital health interventions may contribute to closing the treatment gap for depression by reaching large populations at relatively low costs. This article presents the results of a broad, multisided German survey in 2020 on the acceptance and use of digital health interventions in depression care from the perspective of patients, their relatives, and health professionals. A total of 97 patients and relatives and 229 health professionals participated. Survey participants reported openness towards the use of digital health interventions in depression care but little knowledge and experience in the field. Digital health interventions appear to be a promising opportunity for reducing depressive symptoms and shortening waiting time for depression treatment, especially in rural areas. Providing information and technical competencies may increase awareness and knowledge about digital health interventions and the benefits of depression care.
Referral Compliance Following a Diabetes Screening in a Dental Setting: A Scoping Review
Authors: Priede Andre , Lau Phyllis , Darby Ivan , Morgan Mike , Mariño Rodrigo
Published: October 2022

With type 2 diabetes prevalence increasing in Australia, and the condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality, screening for dysglycaemia in the dental setting has been proposed to identify asymptomatic individuals. Screening commences with a risk assessment, and individuals identified at elevated risk for having diabetes are then referred to their medical practitioner for confirmation of their glycemic status. Therefore, for screening to be effective, individuals need to adhere to their oral health professionals’ (OHP) advice and attend their medical follow-ups. This review aims to investigate the literature on referral compliance following a risk assessment in the dental setting and identify barriers and facilitators to screened individuals’ referral compliance. A scoping review of the literature was undertaken, selecting studies of diabetes screening in a dental setting that recorded compliance to referral to follow-up, and explored any barriers and facilitators to adherence. Fourteen studies were selected. The referral compliance varied from 25 % to 90%. Six studies reported barriers and facilitators to attending medical follow-ups. Barriers identified included accessibility, cost, knowledge of the condition, and OHP characteristics.
An Assessment of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) Seed Extract on Crop Water Productivity and Physico-Biochemical Properties of Cancer Bush (Sutherlandia frutescens L.) under Deficit Irrigation
Authors: Buthelezi Nana Millicent Duduzile , Gololo Sechene Stanley , Mugivhisa Liziwe Lizbeth
Published: October 2022

Water deficit is a main abiotic stress limiting the cultivation of many plants including cancer bush (Sutherlandia frutescens L.), which is a traditional medicinal plant used to treat various diseases such as tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes and asthma. Natural plant growth hormones are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic growth regulators for plant production under favourable or adverse conditions. Thus, the current study investigated the biostimulant effect of moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) seed extract (MSE) on physiological and biochemical attributes, including crop water productivity (CWP) of cancer bush grown under deficit irrigation. The 2% MSE was foliar-sprayed to cancer bush plants subjected to full (100% of soil water holding capacity (SWHC)) and deficit irrigation (DI) (80, 60 and 40% of SWHC) in a pots experiment which was conducted and repeated twice consecutively in a tunnel. Plants that were not treated with MSE were considered as control. The results on water-deficit stress showed that the performance of cancer bush was significantly reduced in terms of growth and yield attributes, CWP, as well as physico-biochemical properties. Nevertheless, the foliar application of MSE on water-stressed plants effectively enhanced growth and yield characteristics, CWP, leaf photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b”, total chlorophylls and total carotenoids), antioxidant activity (2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI) of cancer bush plants compared to respective controls. Therefore, the 2% MSE application was effective in mitigating negative impact of drought stress in cancer bush plants by maintaining higher RWC, MSI, CWP and biochemical attributes.
Functional Characterization and Synthetic Application of Is2-SDR, a Novel Thermostable and Promiscuous Ketoreductase from a Hot Spring Metagenome
Authors: Ferrandi Erica Elisa , Bassanini Ivan , Bertuletti Susanna , Riva Sergio , Tognoli Chiara , Vanoni Marta , Monti Daniela
Published: October 2022

In a metagenome mining-based search of novel thermostable hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs), enzymes that are able to selectively oxidize/reduce steroidal compounds, a novel short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), named Is2-SDR, was recently discovered. This enzyme, found in an Icelandic hot spring metagenome, shared a high sequence similarity with HSDHs, but, unexpectedly, showed no activity in the oxidation of the tested steroid substrates, e.g., cholic acid. Despite that, Is2-SDR proved to be a very active and versatile ketoreductase, being able to regio- and stereoselectively reduce a diversified panel of carbonylic substrates, including bulky ketones, α- and β-ketoesters, and α-diketones of pharmaceutical relevance. Further investigations showed that Is2-SDR was indeed active in the regio- and stereoselective reduction of oxidized steroid derivatives, and this outcome was rationalized by docking analysis in the active site model. Moreover, Is2-SDR showed remarkable thermostability, with an apparent melting temperature (TM) around 75 °C, as determined by circular dichroism analysis, and no significant decrease in catalytic activity, even after 5 h at 80 °C. A broad tolerance to both water-miscible and water-immiscible organic solvents was demonstrated as well, thus, confirming the potential of this new biocatalyst for its synthetic application.
Interactions between the NLRP3-Dependent IL-1β and the Type I Interferon Pathways in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Authors: Bencze Dóra , Fekete Tünde , Pfliegler Walter , Szöőr Árpád , Csoma Eszter , Szántó Antónia , Tarr Tünde , Bácsi Attila , Kemény Lajos , Veréb Zoltán , Pázmándi Kitti
Published: October 2022

Generally, a reciprocal antagonistic interaction exists between the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) and the antibacterial nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent IL-1β pathways that can significantly shape immune responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), as professional type I IFN-producing cells, are the major coordinators of antiviral immunity; however, their NLRP3-dependent IL-1β secretory pathway is poorly studied. Our aim was to determine the functional activity of the IL-1β pathway and its possible interaction with the type I IFN pathway in pDCs. We found that potent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inducers promote higher levels of pro-IL-1β during priming compared to those activation signals, which mainly trigger interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-mediated type I IFN production. The generation of cleaved IL-1β requires certain secondary signals in pDCs and IFN-α or type I IFN-inducing viruses inhibit IL-1β production of pDCs, presumably by promoting the expression of various NLRP3 pathway inhibitors. In line with that, we detected significantly lower IL-1β production in pDCs of psoriasis patients with elevated IFN-α levels. Collectively, our results show that the NLRP3-dependent IL-1β secretory pathway is inducible in pDCs; however, it may only prevail under inflammatory conditions, in which the type I IFN pathway is not dominant.
Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers in Mesophilic Aerobic Environments
Authors: Bher Anibal , Mayekar Pooja C. , Auras Rafael A. , Schvezov Carlos E.
Published: October 2022

Finding alternatives to diminish plastic pollution has become one of the main challenges of modern life. A few alternatives have gained potential for a shift toward a more circular and sustainable relationship with plastics. Biodegradable polymers derived from bio- and fossil-based sources have emerged as one feasible alternative to overcome inconveniences associated with the use and disposal of non-biodegradable polymers. The biodegradation process depends on the environment’s factors, microorganisms and associated enzymes, and the polymer properties, resulting in a plethora of parameters that create a complex process whereby biodegradation times and rates can vary immensely. This review aims to provide a background and a comprehensive, systematic, and critical overview of this complex process with a special focus on the mesophilic range. Activity toward depolymerization by extracellular enzymes, biofilm effect on the dynamic of the degradation process, CO2 evolution evaluating the extent of biodegradation, and metabolic pathways are discussed. Remarks and perspectives for potential future research are provided with a focus on the current knowledge gaps if the goal is to minimize the persistence of plastics across environments. Innovative approaches such as the addition of specific compounds to trigger depolymerization under particular conditions, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the addition of natural and/or modified enzymes are state-of-the-art methods that need faster development. Furthermore, methods must be connected to standards and techniques that fully track the biodegradation process. More transdisciplinary research within areas of polymer chemistry/processing and microbiology/biochemistry is needed.
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Associated with Natural Variation in Autumn Leaf Coloration in Quercus aliena Accessions
Authors: Yang Xiong , Yang Ning , Zhang Qian , Pei Ziqi , Chang Muxi , Zhou Huirong , Ge Yaoyao , Yang Qinsong , Li Guolei
Published: October 2022

Quercus aliena is an economically important tree species and one of the dominant native oak species in China. Although its leaves typically turn yellow in autumn, we observed natural variants with red leaves. It is important to understand the mechanisms involved in leaf color variation in this species. Therefore, we compared a Q. aliena tree with yellow leaves and three variants with red leaves at different stages of senescence in order to determine the causes of natural variation. We found that the accumulation of anthocyanins such as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-sambubiglycoside had a significant effect on leaf coloration. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of almost all genes encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in the red-leaved variants during the early and main discoloration stages of senescence. These findings are consistent with the accumulation of anthocyanin in red variants. Furthermore, the variants showed significantly higher expression of transcription factors associated with anthocyanin synthesis, such as those encoded by genes QaMYB1 and QaMYB3. Our findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in autumn leaf coloration in Q. aliena, as well as provide genetic resources for further development and cultivation of valuable ornamental variants of this species.
Fatigue Performance Analysis of an Existing Orthotropic Steel Deck (OSD) Bridge
Authors: Mairone Mattia , Asso Rebecca , Masera Davide , Invernizzi Stefano , Montagnoli Francesco , Carpinteri Alberto
Published: October 2022

Orthotropic steel deck (OSD) bridges are lightweight constructions which are convenient, especially for the achievement of long spans. Conversely, due to the stress concentration in correspondence to the numerous and unavoidable welded construction details, this bridge typology is prone to fatigue cracking under the effect of cyclic loading with high-stress amplitudes. Existing OSD bridges are particularly vulnerable to fatigue damage accumulation because of the dated standards adopted at the time of their design and the fact that heavy lorries have increased in travel frequency and weight. In the present paper, a case study of a northern Italian existing highway viaduct, built in the 1990s, is presented and analyzed. The fatigue damage accumulation was carried out according to the fatigue load models for road bridges reported in Eurocode EN 1991-2 and the assessment criteria indicated in EN 1993-1-9. The stress amplitude, in correspondence to the critical details of the bridge, is assessed by means of detailed finite-element calculations carried out with the software MIDAS GEN®. The amplitude and frequency of the travelling weights are assessed based on real traffic monitoring from the highway. Moreover, an automatic “rain-flow” algorithm is implemented, which is able to detect each nominal stress variation above the fatigue limit. In general, the bridge is not fully compliant with today’s standards when considering the entire duration of the prescribed life of the design. Countermeasures, like lane number reductions and lane reshaping, are critically analyzed since their effectiveness is questionable as far as the reduction in heavy traffic is concerned. Other interventions, like the replacement of the pavement in order to improve the stress redistribution upon the connection details below the wheel footprint, and continuous bridge inspections or monitoring, look more promising.
A Bayesian Pipe Failure Prediction for Optimizing Pipe Renewal Time in Water Distribution Networks
Authors: Nugroho Widyo , Utomo Christiono , Iriawan Nur
Published: October 2022

The sustainable management of the water supply system requires methodologies to monitor, repair, or replace the aging infrastructure, but more importantly, it must be able to assess the condition of the networks and predict their behavior over time. Among other infrastructure systems, the water distribution network is one of the essential civil infrastructure systems; therefore, the effective maintenance and renewal of the infrastructure’s physical assets are essential. This article aims to determine pipe failure prediction to optimize pipe renewal time. This research methodology investigates the most appropriate parameters for predicting pipe failure in the optimization. In particular, the non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach is presented for Bayesian inference, while maximum likelihood (ML) is applied for frequentist inference as a comparison method. It is concluded that the two estimations are relatively appropriate for predicting failures, but MCMC estimation is closer to the total observed data. Based on life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis, the MCMC estimation generates flatter LCC curves and lower LCC values than the ML estimation, which affects the decision making of optimum pipe renewal in water distribution networks.
Patterned Colouring via Variable-Speed Single Stretching
Authors: Wu Xuelian , Tiwari Vishwa Mohan , Suryarao Kimaya Prasad , Tan Richard , Xiao Rui , Lv Haibao , Zhang Yilei , Wang Zhifeng , Huang Wei Min
Published: October 2022

We demonstrate a cost-effective, highly reliable/stable and environmentally friendly approach for the patterned colouring of a commercial transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET). We show that different colour patterns (transparent, white/translucent, complete white/silver and different combinations of these three colours) can be realised in PET strips upon varying the speed during continuous stretching. The conditions for good quality colour patterns are investigated, and the length of transient region during speed change is investigated.
Multimodality Imaging in the Detection of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
Authors: Gaine Sean Paul , Sharma Garima , Tower-Rader Albree , Botros Mina , Kovell Lara , Parakh Anushri , Wood Malissa J. , Harrington Colleen M.
Published: October 2022

Women with coronary artery disease tend to have a worse short and long-term prognosis relative to men and the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is increasing. Women are less likely to present with classic anginal symptoms when compared with men and more likely to be misdiagnosed. Several non-invasive imaging modalities are available for diagnosing ischemic heart disease in women and many of these modalities can also assist with prognostication and help to guide management. Selection of the optimal imaging modality to evaluate women with possible ischemic heart disease is a scenario which clinicians often encounter. Earlier modalities such as exercise treadmill testing demonstrate significant performance variation in men and women, while newer modalities such as coronary CT angiography, myocardial perfusion imaging and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are highly specific and sensitive for the detection of ischemia and coronary artery disease with greater parity between sexes. Individual factors, availability, diagnostic performance, and female-specific considerations such as pregnancy status may influence the decision to select one modality over another. Emerging techniques such as strain rate imaging, CT-myocardial perfusion imaging and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging present additional options for diagnosing ischemia and coronary microvascular dysfunction.
Left Atrial Appendage Thrombosis and Oral Anticoagulants: A Meta-Analysis of Risk and Treatment Response
Authors: Cheng Yun-Yung , Tan Shennie , Hong Chien-Tai , Yang Cheng-Chang , Chan Lung
Published: October 2022

Background: Left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) is the main cause of cardioembolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Emerging evidence indicates that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may be a preferred, safer choice for patients with LAAT. However, current guidelines indicate vitamin K antagonist (VKA) as the preferred treatment for LAAT. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of VKA and DOAC for the treatment of LAAT. Methods: The search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to July 2022, with the language restricted to English. A first analysis was conducted to evaluate the risk of LAAT under VKA or DOAC treatment. A second analysis was conducted to compare the resolution of LAAT under VKA and DOAC treatment. Results: In 13 studies comparing LAAT incidence rates under VKA and DOAC treatment, significant superiority of DOAC was detected (pooled RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47–0.90, p = 0.009) with moderate heterogeneity being identified in the pooled studies. In 13 studies comparing LAAT resolution under VKA and DOAC use, treatment with DOAC exhibited a significantly increased probability of LAAT resolution compared with VKA (pooled odds ratio = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.02–2.26, p = 0.040). Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests a superiority of DOAC over VKA with respect to LAAT incidence in people with AF and the likelihood of LAAT resolution. Due to their established safety profile, DOAC is a preferable choice for anticoagulation, although further randomized controlled studies are warranted to provide further evidence of their suitability as a new recommended treatment.
Endoscopic Bridge-and-Seal of Bile Leaks Using a Fully Covered Self-Expandable Metallic Stent above the Papilla
Authors: Fukuda Koshiro , Nakai Yousuke , Mizuno Suguru , Sato Tatsuya , Noguchi Kensaku , Kanai Sachiko , Suzuki Tatsunori , Hakuta Ryunosuke , Ishigaki Kazunaga , Saito Kei , Saito Tomotaka , Takahara Naminatsu , Hamada Tsuyoshi , Kogure Hirofumi , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro
Published: October 2022

Background/Aims: Endoscopic management by endoscopic sphincterotomy with or without plastic stents or fully covered self-expandable metallic stents (FCSEMSs) is widely accepted as the current standard of care for postoperative bile leaks. Biliary stents are placed across the papilla, not above the papilla. We investigated the safety and effectiveness of the bridge-and-seal technique for bile leaks by the placement of FCSEMS above the papilla. Methods: This was a retrospective study of FCSEMS placement above the papilla for bile leaks between October 2016 and July 2021. FCSEMS was placed above the papilla to bridge and seal the leak. The main outcome measures were the resolution of bile leaks and adverse events. Results: Seven patients with postoperative bile leaks underwent FCSEMS above the papilla. The locations of bile leaks were 1 cystic duct remnant; 2 intrahepatic bile duct; 1 hepatic duct; 2 common bile duct and 1 anastomosis. The technical success rate of FCSEMS placement was 100%, and resolution of bile leaks was achieved in five patients (71.4%). All the adverse events were observed after FCSEMS removal; as follows: 1 moderate cholangitis; 2 mild post-ERCP pancreatitis; and 1 mild remnant cholecystitis. Conclusions: FCSEMS placement above the papilla can be a treatment option for postoperative bile leaks.
Congenital Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia—A Review and Case Presentation
Authors: Krawczyk Sylwia , Urbanska Karolina , Biel Natalia , Bielak Michal Jakub , Tarkowska Agata , Piekarski Robert , Prokurat Andrzej Igor , Pacholska Malgorzata , Ben-Skowronek Iwona
Published: October 2022

Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycaemia in infants and children with incidence estimated at 1 per 50,000 live births. Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is symptomatic mostly in early infancy and the neonatal period. Symptoms range from ones that are unspecific, such as poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, apnoea and hypothermia, to more serious symptoms, such as seizures and coma. During clinical examination, newborns present cardiomyopathy and hepatomegaly. The diagnosis of CHI is based on plasma glucose levels <54 mg/dL with detectable serum insulin and C-peptide, accompanied by suppressed or low serum ketone bodies and free fatty acids. The gold standard in determining the form of HH is fluorine-18-dihydroxyphenyloalanine PET ((18)F-DOPA PET). The first-line treatment of CHI is diazoxide, although patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous recessive mutations responsible for diffuse forms of CHI remain resistant to this therapy. The second-line drug is the somatostatin analogue octreotide. Other therapeutic options include lanreotide, glucagon, acarbose, sirolimus and everolimus. Surgery is required in cases unresponsive to pharmacological treatment. Focal lesionectomy or near-total pancreatectomy is performed in focal and diffuse forms of CHI, respectively. To prove how difficult the diagnosis and management of CHI is, we present a case of a patient admitted to our hospital.