bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does mating disruption of Planococcus ficus and Lobesia botrana affect the diversity, abundance and composition of natural enemies in Israeli vineyards?
Authors: Shapira Idan , Keasar Tamar , Harari Ally R , Gavish‐Regev Efrat , Kishinevsky Miriam , Steinitz Hadass , Sofer‐Arad Carmit , Tomer Maor , Avraham Almog , Sharon Rakefet
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Mating disruption (MD) employs high doses of a pest's synthetic sex pheromone in agricultural plots, to interfere with its reproduction. MD is assumed to have few behavioral effects on non‐target arthropods, because sex pheromones are highly species‐specific and non‐toxic. Nevertheless, some natural enemies use their host's sex pheromones as foraging cues, and thus may be attracted to MD plots. To investigate this hypothesis, we compared parasitoid and spider assemblages in paired plots in five Israeli vineyards during 2015. One plot was MD‐treated against two key pests, Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) and Planococcus ficus (Signoret). Both plots were insecticide‐treated as needed. Natural enemies were suction‐sampled and collected from pheromone‐baited monitoring traps.

RESULTS

The total abundance, species diversity and species composition of most natural enemies were unaffected by MD. An important exception involved P. ficus' main parasitoid, Anagyrus sp. nr. pseudococci (Girault). Anagyrus sp. nr. pseudococci females were mainly captured in control plots, while male captures were low and not influenced by MD. Parasitized P. ficus occurred only in MD plots.

CONCLUSION

Non‐target effects of MD involved mostly A. sp. nr. pseudococci females and hardly affected other natural enemies. These findings support the use of MD as an environmentally friendly pest management strategy. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Pressure and Flow Rates on Polymorphous Silicon‐Germanium (pm‐SixGe1−x:H) Thin Films for Infrared Detection Applications
Authors: Jiménez Ricardo , Moreno Mario , Torres Alfonso , Rosales Pedro , Gomez Víctor , Carlos Netzahualcoyotl , Roca i Cabarrocas Pere
Published: February 2018

In this paper, the characterization and optimization of polymorphous silicon‐germanium (pm‐SixGe1−x:H) thin films prepared by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are reported in order to use them as thermo‐sensing films on infrared detectors. Two series of pm‐SixGe1−x:H thin films are fabricated and characterized. In the first series, the pressure is varied in a wide range (600–2000 mTorr) using the same SiH4 and GeH4 flow rates, while in the second series the flow rate of GeH4 is varied in the range of R = 10–90%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the large incorporation of germanium (Ge) in the solid phase. The aim is to optimize the films in terms of the temperature coefficient of resistance TCR (% K−1), room temperature conductivity, and noise. A significant variation in the TCR values from 3.1 to 9.9% K−1 and in the room temperature conductivity by about six orders of magnitude is observed. Finally, noise spectral density characterization is performed to evaluate the application of the pm‐SixGe1−x:H films as thermo‐sensing elements in high performance infrared detectors (microbolometers).
Effects of Base Pressure on Growth and Optoelectronic Properties of Amorphous In‐Ga‐Zn‐O: Ultralow Optimum Oxygen Supply and Bandgap Widening
Authors: Ide Keisuke , Ishikawa Kyohei , Tang Haochun , Katase Takayoshi , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Kumomi Hideya , Hosono Hideo , Kamiya Toshio
Published: February 2018

It is generally thought that deposition of device‐quality oxide semiconductors requires somewhat high oxygen supply in order to reduce oxygen deficiency and to suppress generation of free electrons. This paper reports that such high oxygen supply is not an essential requirement for a representative amorphous oxide semiconductor, amorphous In‐Ga‐Zn‐O (a‐IGZO). That is, the optimum oxygen flow rate ratio (RO2) is ≈3% for standard (STD) sputtering with the base pressure of ≈10−4 Pa, while it is reduced dramatically to 10−3–10−5% for ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) sputtering with the base pressure of ≈10−7 Pa. We consider that the ultralow optimum oxygen supply originates from residual hydrogen, because the STD and the UHV films have different hydrogen contents at the orders of 1020 and 1019 cm−3, respectively. This comparison also suggests that the inclusion of impurity hydrogen widens the optical bandgap by ≈0.1 eV, which causes a bandgap minimum by post annealing at ≈500 °C for the STD a‐IGZO films accompanying the removal of incorporated hydrogen as H2O. Furthermore, crystallization onset temperature is reduced remarkably by ≈100 K for the UHV a‐IGZO films.
Synthesis and Investigation of La,Ca ‐Doped EuVO4 Nanoparticles with Enhanced Excitation by Near Violet Light
Authors: Chukova Oksana V. , Nedilko Sergiy A. , Nedilko Sergiy G. , Slepets Alina A. , Voitenko Tetiana A.
Published: February 2018

The paper reports experimental results on features of crystal structure and luminescent properties of the Eu1−xCayVO4 nanoparticles synthesized for the first time. The Eu1−xCaxVO4 compounds with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.20 are prepared by aqueous nitrate–citrate sol–gel synthesis. The obtained samples are characterized by XRD analysis. The Eu1−xCaxVO4 samples are crystallized in tetragonal structure. Phase composition of the sample depends on the x value. Increasing concentrations of the calcium ions leads to formation of the EuVO4 and CaV2O6 phases’ mixture. Luminescence properties of the synthesized Eu1−xCaxVO4 nanoparticles are considered in comparison with properties of the La1−x−yEuyCaxVO4 nanoparticles. Formation of two types of emission centers and arising of additional excitation band near 400 nm are observed for the both compositions. It is shown that second types of the emission centers have different structure and spectral characteristics for the Eu1−xCaxVO4 and La1−x−yEuyCaxVO4 nanoparticles, whereas the 400 nm excitation band has the same origin for the both compositions.
Current Reduction Caused by the Quantum Coupling of Hot Electrons in AlGaN/GaN Transistors
Authors: Mao Ling‐Feng
Published: February 2018

Barrier height of AlGaN/GaN transistor is lowered by the quantum coupling of hot electrons with large transverse energy via electro‐thermal effect. The coupling effectively raises the quantized levels of hot electrons, changes the electron density of the two‐dimensional electron gas, and consequently decreases the source drain current of the transistor. Based on the theory of quantum coupling of hot electrons, the current reduction is successfully modeled. The model is able to explain the effect of gate voltage, device temperature, gate length, gate metals, passivation, field‐plate structure, traps, and electron‐phonon interaction on current reduction. It also predicts a relative decrease of 4.6% in the source drain current caused by the quantum coupling at moderately low electron temperature of 1771 K.
The stable oxygen isotope ratio of resin extractable phosphate derived from fresh cattle faeces
Authors: Granger Steven J. , Yang Yuguo , Pfahler Verena , Hodgson Chris , Smith Andrew C. , Le Cocq Kate , Collins Adrian L. , Blackwell Martin S. A. , Howden Nicholas J. K.
Published: February 2018

Rationale

Phosphorus losses from agriculture pose an environmental threat to watercourses. A new approach using the stable oxygen isotope ratio of oxygen in phosphate (δ18OPO4 value) may help elucidate some phosphorus sources and cycling. Accurately determined and isotopically distinct source values are essential for this process. The δ18OPO4 values of animal wastes have, up to now, received little attention.

Methods

Phosphate (PO4) was extracted from cattle faeces using anion resins and the contribution of microbial PO4 was assessed. The δ18OPO4 value of the extracted PO4 was measured by precipitating silver phosphate and subsequent analysis on a thermal conversion elemental analyser at 1400°C, with the resultant carbon monoxide being mixed with a helium carrier gas passed through a gas chromatography (GC) column into a mass spectrometer. Faecal water oxygen isotope ratios (δ18OH2O values) were determined on a dual‐inlet mass spectrometer through a process of headspace carbon dioxide equilibration with water samples.

Results

Microbiological results indicated that much of the extracted PO4 was not derived directly from the gut fauna lysed during the extraction of PO4 from the faeces. Assuming that the faecal δ18OH2O values represented cattle body water, the predicted pyrophosphatase equilibrium δ18OPO4 (Eδ18OPO4) values ranged between +17.9 and +19.9‰, while using groundwater δ18OH2O values gave a range of +13.1 to +14.0‰. The faecal δ18OPO4 values ranged between +13.2 and +15.3‰.

Conclusions

The fresh faecal δ18OPO4 values were equivalent to those reported elsewhere for agricultural animal slurry. However, they were different from the Eδ18OPO4 value calculated from the faecal δ18OH2O value. Our results indicate that slurry PO4 is, in the main, derived from animal faeces although an explanation for the observed value range could not be determined.
Effects of acidification on the isotopic ratios of Neotropical otter tooth dentin
Authors: Carrasco Thayara S. , Botta Silvina , Machado Rodrigo , Colares Elton P. , Secchi Eduardo R.
Published: February 2018

Rationale

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios are widely used in ecological studies providing important information on the trophic ecology and habitat use of consumers. However, some factors may lead to isotopic variability, which makes difficult the interpretation of data, such as the presence of inorganic carbon in mineralized tissues. In order to remove the inorganic carbon, acidification is a commonly used treatment.

Methods

The effects of two methods of acidification were tested: (i) dentin acidification with 10% HCl using the ‘drop‐by‐drop’ technique, and (ii) dentin acidification in an ‘HCl atmosphere’, by exposing the dentin to vaporous 30% hydrochloric acid. Results were compared with untreated subsamples. The stable carbon and nitrogen ratios of untreated and acidified subsamples were measured using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Results

The nitrogen isotopic ratios were statistically different between the two acidification treatments, but no significant changes in carbon isotopic ratios were found in acidified and untreated samples.

Conclusions

The results indicated that acidification had no effect on carbon isotopic ratios of Neotropical otter tooth dentin, while introducing a source of error in nitrogen isotopic ratios. Therefore, we conclude that acidification is an unnecessary step for C and N stable isotope analysis.
On large‐girth regular graphs and random processes on trees
Authors: Backhausz Ágnes , Szegedy Balázs
Published: February 2018

We study various classes of random processes defined on the regular tree Td that are invariant under the automorphism group of Td. The most important ones are factor of i.i.d. processes (randomized local algorithms), branching Markov chains and a new class that we call typical processes. Using Glauber dynamics on processes we give a sufficient condition for a branching Markov chain to be factor of i.i.d.
Modified Synthesis Strategies for the Stabilization of low n TinO2n–1 Magnéli Phases
Authors: Azor‐Lafarga A. , Ruiz‐González L. , Parras M. , Portehault D. , Sanchez C. , González‐Calbet J. M.
Published: February 2018

Titanium reduced oxides TiO2–x occupy, since long time, a prominent place on the landscape of binary metal oxides because of their intriguing ability to form extended defects that affect both the formation of new superlattices and different electronic behaviours. Related to these features, a wide range of practical applications has been achieved. Moved by the conviction of the great potential of understanding the influence of the reactivity, compositional variations and size effects on their functional properties, the aim of this personal account is the optimization of a recently developed strategy for the stabilization of low n TinO2n–1 terms. In particular, we will focus on the Ti4O7 composition as well as the incorporation of transition metals, like Mn, in order to deal with new reduced Magnéli phases.
“Won't you give up your snack for the sake of science?” Emerging science identities in family everyday interaction
Authors: Vedder‐Weiss Dana
Published: February 2018

This study provides a rich account of everyday science engagement in a science family (a family rich in science habitus) and sheds light on how science–person and science–antagonist identities emerge through science engagement in such a family. Using audio recordings and field notes obtained over a year of self‐ethnography, I systematically analyze science engagement in one family, showing how science was infused in all aspects of family life. However, the children in this family diverged in patterns of science participation: one child exhibited a science person identity, expressing more positive disciplinary emotions, initiating more frequently, asking more questions, sustaining longer investigations, and generally holding the floor three times more than the other child, who exhibited a science antagonist identity. To further understand the reason why the two children thus diverged in their patterns of science participation, despite many shared conditions, I zoom in on the moment‐by‐moment interactions in the family. Using microanalysis, I explore how positioning and roles may elucidate such local variation. The analysis illustrates how repeating events of identification within everyday family interactions are a powerful mechanism that can help explain such divergences. The findings underscore the importance of parents' awareness of the myriad of ways that recognition and roles are intertwined in everyday science engagement and identity formation. They suggest considering the potential of informal science‐learning environments to lead to alienation from science. Furthermore, the study implies that although we must investigate how socio‐historical categories function to deny individuals' (and groups') access to science, we should also go beyond these categories to understand how equal access to science is denied in less apparent ways.
Pneumatosis of the intestines, colon and liver in a young cat
Authors: Hutchinson Kristen M. , Tart Kelly , Anderson Kari L. , Powell Lisa L.
Published: February 2018

To describe a case of naturally occurring pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli and emphysematous hepatitis in a cat. A 9‐month‐old, indoors‐only, female spayed, domestic medium hair cat presented for vomiting, open‐mouth breathing and acute collapse. The initial physical examination identified moderate to severe hypothermia [35°C (95°F)], obtunded mentation, weak femoral pulses, tachycardia (heart rate 240 beats per min), pale pink mucous membranes and significant splenomegaly on abdominal palpation. Immediate diagnostics performed [packed cell volume and total solids (PCV, TS), venous blood gas and electrolytes] revealed severe anaemia (PCV 12%), hypoproteinaemia (TS = 2.2 g/dl), and severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.956). Additional diagnostics performed included Feline Leukaemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus testing (FeLV/FIV), complete blood count (CBC) with pathology review, serum biochemistry profile, prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT), urinalysis, and abdominal radiographs. Abdominal radiographs were consistent with gas within hepatic and splenic veins and parenchyma, small intestinal walls and colonic wall. Due to the guarded prognosis, euthanasia was elected. Necropsy was performed and the most significant gross and histopathological findings included intra‐luminal and intra‐mural intestinal haemorrhage and vascular congestion with mild neutrophilic hepatitis, and marked hepatic periportal emphysema. Clostridium perfrigens and Escherichia coli were cultured from the bowel wall; no bacterial growth from the liver or spleen was identified. This case report describes idiopathic emphysematous hepatitis, with concurrent emphysema of the spleen and intestinal wall and intestinal haemorrhage. To the authors’ knowledge, this type of pathology in a feline patient has not been previously described.
Preoperative Watchful–Waiting Time and Surgical Outcome of Patients with Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer Found by Chest Low‐Dose CT Screening
Authors: Hanaoka Takaomi , Kurai Makoto , Okada Mitsuyo , Ishizone Satoshi , Karasawa Fumitoshi , Iizuka Akira
Published: February 2018

Backgrounds

Chest low‐dose CT screening (LDCTS) has been finding unprecedented numbers of peripheral non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) at an early stage and increased the number of patients with surgical indication. It is important to explore the influence of preoperative watchful–waiting time (WWT) on surgical outcomes. Objective is to clarify relationship between WWT and surgical outcomes of LDCTS‐finding NSCLC from the view point of treatment delay.

Methods

Total 283 cases of NSCLC, found by LDCTS and consecutively resected, were surveyed for preoperative WWT and surgical outcomes. Validity of the present guideline for management of pulmonary nodules detected by LDCTS was verified whether WWT before surgery was suitable for eradication of NSCLC.

Results

The median value of WWT was 4.0 months in total, and the distribution of WWT exhibited long‐tail‐type pattern. That was 5.0 months in the group of pure ground‐glass nodule (pGGN), 4.0 months in the group of part‐solid nodule (PSN), and 1.7 months in the group of solid nodule (SON). During long‐term postoperative observation time (median 79 months), 10‐year progression‐free survival rates were 100% in pGGN, 96% in PSN, and 72% in SON (P <. 0001). They decreased significantly depending on enlargement of size: 91% or higher in size of 2 cm or smaller, and 71% or lower in size of larger than 2 cm (P <. 0001).

Conclusions

Limited to LDCTS‐finding nodules, surgical outcome will depend mainly on some malignant potential of NSCLC per se, rather than on duration of WWT or treatment delay.
Residential Mobility Across Early Childhood and Children’s Kindergarten Readiness
Authors: Mollborn Stefanie , Lawrence Elizabeth , Root Elisabeth Dowling
Published: February 2018

Understanding residential mobility in early childhood is important for contextualizing family, school, and neighborhood influences on child well-being. We examined the consequences of residential mobility for socioemotional and cognitive kindergarten readiness using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a nationally representative longitudinal survey that followed U.S. children born in 2001 from infancy to kindergarten. We described individual, household, and neighborhood characteristics associated with residential mobility for children aged 0–5. Our residential mobility indicators examined frequency of moves, nonlinearities in move frequency, quality of moves, comparisons between moving houses and moving neighborhoods, and heterogeneity in the consequences of residential mobility. Nearly three-quarters of children moved by kindergarten start. Mobility did not predict cognitive scores. More moves, particularly at relatively high frequencies, predicted lower kindergarten behavior scores. Moves from socioeconomically advantaged to disadvantaged neighborhoods were especially problematic, whereas moves within a ZIP code were not. The implications of moves were similar across socioeconomic status. The behavior findings largely support an instability perspective that highlights potential disruptions from frequent or problematic moves. Our study contributes to literature emphasizing the importance of contextualizing residential mobility. The high prevalence and distinct implications of early childhood moves support the need for further research.
The inclusion of medical terms in early English–Chinese dictionaries
Authors: Gao Yongwei
Published: February 2018

Robert Morrison’s pioneering A Dictionary of the Chinese Language comprises three parts, the last of which is in essence an English–Chinese dictionary. This part included dozens of medical terms besides its coverage of common English words. Later English–Chinese dictionaries such as Samuel Wells Williams’ An English and Chinese Vocabulary in the Court Dialect and Walter Henry Medhurst’s English and Chinese Dictionary continued to record the use of medical terms, and the number of such terms gradually increased. They were followed by Benjamin Hobsons’ A Medical Vocabulary in English and Chinese whose coverage of medical terms far exceeded those of previous dictionaries. In two later dictionaries that were compiled by Justus Doolittle and Wilhelm Lobscheid, respectively, the number of medical terms increased considerably. At the end of the 19th century, with the formation of a terminology committee, the importance of medical terminology and standard medical nomenclature was recognized, and later a series of medical textbooks and several medical dictionaries were published. This paper attempts to research into the inclusion of medical terms in English–Chinese dictionaries published from 1822 to 1908, and the problems found therein will be discussed in detail.
Fatores que influenciam o resultado da osteossíntese na fratura do colo do fêmur em pacientes adultos jovens
Authors: Ramallo Daniel Alves , Kropf Leandro Lemgruber , Zaluski Alexandre Dreifus , Cavalcanti Amanda dos Santos , Duarte Maria Eugenia Leite , Guimarães João Antonio Matheus
Published: February 2018

Objetivos Avaliar os fatores que influenciam o resultado da osteossíntese pela redução fechada da fratura do colo femoral nos pacientes jovens.

Métodos Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo com revisão dos dados dos pacientes operados em um hospital ortopédico de grande porte, de 2003 a 2011, com um total de 81 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. O intervalo de tempo entre a fratura e a cirurgia, o desvio inicial da fratura, a qualidade da redução e o posicionamento dos implantes foram os fatores avaliados.

Resultados O estudo encontrou forte relação entre a qualidade da redução e o sucesso terapêutico. O grau de desvio inicial e o tempo entre o trauma inicial e a osteossíntese não influenciaram o desfecho cirúrgico em relação à consolidação óssea. O correto posicionamento dos implantes mostrou relação com a evolução satisfatória no pós-operatório dos pacientes.

Conclusão A qualidade da redução e o posicionamento dos implantes são fatores que influenciam o resultado da osteossíntese na fratura do colo do fêmur no paciente adulto jovem.
Resident Physician Knowledge of Urine Testing and Treatment Over Four Years
Authors: Andrews Shannon L. , Abbo Lilian M. , Johnson James R. , Kuskowski Michael A. , Shukla Bhavarth S. , Drekonja Dimitri M.
Published: February 2018

We surveyed resident physicians at 2 academic medical centers regarding urinary testing and treatment as they progressed through training. Demographics and self-reported confidence were compared to overall knowledge using clinical vignette-based questions. Overall knowledge was 40% in 2011 and increased to 48%, 55%, and 63% in subsequent years (P<.001).

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:616–618
Axial Crushing of Prismatic Multi-Corner Metal Columns Considering Plastic Hardening and Curvature
Authors: Malekshahi A. , Shirazi K. H. , Shishehsaz M.
Published: February 2018

In this paper, progressive crushing of prismatic multi-corner thin walled metal tubes under quasi-static axial load is investigated in detail. The novelty of the paper is mainly in considering strain hardening effect during plastic deformation instead of rigid plastic model and also the effect of curvature in forming the folds instead of plastic hinges. For this purpose, a new geometric model based on FEM and experimental observations is used which is capable of being adapted with new crushing configurations during crushing. Based on this model, the instantaneous energy associated with plastic deformation of different regions are calculated and finally by summing all energies and using minimum absorbed energy, mean crushing force and collapse parameters are determined. To evaluate the results, a detailed finite element study using ABAQUS and LS-Dyna solver is conducted on some regular polygonal mild steel tubes under axial crushing. Comparing the results of the new theoretical approach with FEM results show very good capability of that in predicting collapse behavior of these structures.
Tamoxifen alters cell membrane properties in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes
Authors: Reimão Juliana Q. , Uliana Silvia R. B.
Published: February 2018

The treatment of leishmaniasis relies primarily on highly toxic, parenterally administered drugs. Therefore, the search for more effective and safer drugs is considered a priority for leishmaniasis’ control. The antileishmanial activity of the oestrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen was previously described in experimental models of leishmaniasis. However, the mechanisms responsible for the antileishmanial activity of tamoxifen remain unknown. Since tamoxifen has been shown to affect plasma and intracellular membranes in tumour cells, the aim of this study was to investigate the activity of the drug on Leishmania amazonensis membranes. Through morphological analysis and labelling with propidium iodide and DiSBAC2(3), we demonstrated that tamoxifen led to plasma membrane depolarization without general membrane disruption or permeabilization. Tamoxifen also caused mitochondrial damage, with loss of membrane potential, as shown by Rhodamine 123 accumulation. Mitochondrial swelling followed, signalling the mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, the effect of tamoxifen on Leishmania is mediated, at least in part, by disorder in parasite's membranes. These alterations are sufficient to trigger a series of lethal events.
How Do People Evaluate Foreign Aid To ‘Nasty’ Regimes?
Authors: Heinrich Tobias , Kobayashi Yoshiharu
Published: February 2018

Recent theories of foreign aid assume that moral motives drive voters’ preferences about foreign aid. However, little is known about how moral concerns interact with the widely accepted instrumental goals that aid serves. Moreover, what effects does this interplay have on preferences over policy actions? This article assesses these questions using a survey experiment in which respondents evaluate foreign aid policies toward nasty recipient regimes (those that violate human rights, rig elections, crack down on media, etc.). The results indicate that the publicdoeshave a strong aversion to providing aid to nasty recipient regimes, but that it also appreciates the instrumental benefits that aid helps acquire. Contrary to a mainstay assertion in the literature, the study finds that moral aversion can largely be reversed if the donor government engages more with the nasty country. These findings call into question the micro-foundations of recent theories of foreign aid, and produce several implications for the aid literature.
Prevalence and heritability of body dysmorphic symptoms in adolescents and young adults: a population-based nationwide twin study
Authors: Enander Jesper , Ivanov Volen Z. , Mataix-Cols David , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Ljótsson Brjánn , Lundström Sebastian , Pérez-Vigil Ana , Monzani Benedetta , Lichtenstein Paul , Rück Christian
Published: February 2018

Background

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) usually begins during adolescence but little is known about the prevalence, etiology, and patterns of comorbidity in this age group. We investigated the prevalence of BDD symptoms in adolescents and young adults. We also report on the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on BDD symptoms, and the risk for co-existing psychopathology.

Methods

Prevalence of BDD symptoms was determined by a validated cut-off on the Dysmorphic Concerns Questionnaire (DCQ) in three population-based twin cohorts at ages 15 (n = 6968), 18 (n = 3738), and 20–28 (n = 4671). Heritability analysis was performed using univariate model-fitting for the DCQ. The risk for co-existing psychopathology was expressed as odds ratios (OR).

Results

The prevalence of clinically significant BDD symptoms was estimated to be between 1 and 2% in the different cohorts, with a significantly higher prevalence in females (1.3–3.3%) than in males (0.2–0.6%). The heritability of body dysmorphic concerns was estimated to be 49% (95% CI 38–54%) at age 15, 39% (95% CI 30–46) at age 18, and 37% (95% CI 29–42) at ages 20–28, with the remaining variance being due to non-shared environment. ORs for co-existing neuropsychiatric and alcohol-related problems ranged from 2.3 to 13.2.

Conclusions

Clinically significant BDD symptoms are relatively common in adolescence and young adulthood, particularly in females. The low occurrence of BDD symptoms in adolescent boys may indicate sex differences in age of onset and/or etiological mechanisms. BDD symptoms are moderately heritable in young people and associated with an increased risk for co-existing neuropsychiatric and alcohol-related problems.
The Morisonian Lectures on Insanity for 1878
Authors: Skae David , Clouston T. S.
Published: February 2018

Syphilitic Insanity.—This is the first of the varieties of insanity in Dr. Skae's classification that is due to the action of a poison introduced from without. As might be expected, its symptoms are much more definite than those of the more constitutional and hereditary varieties of mental alienation. Something, too, is known of its pathology, and yet it is only about twenty years since the fact was recognised that the syphilitic poison could produce mental derangement at all. It has been described by English, French, and German authors on insanity and syphilis, but Dr. Wille, the latest German writer on the subject, has given us by far the most complete account of the disease in all its forms so far as it is at present known. An excellent abstract of his paper appeared in the “Journal of Mental Science” for January last, by Dr. Addison.† It is one of the forms of insanity that must be studied in connection with the other syphilitic affections of the nervous system, if we wish to understand it. To describe its symptoms without reference to the syphilitic form of epilepsy, of paralysis, and neuralgia, would be a mistake in every respect. Dr. Reade, of Belfast, and Dr. Todd, of London, were the first in this country to direct special attention to the occurrence of mania as a direct result of syphilis. They both showed that it was one of a train of symptoms that had the specific infection for its starting point; that those symptoms proved clearly that the nervous system, both spinal cord and brain, as well as their membranes, were involved in such cases, and that whatever cured the syphilis cured the neuroses. Dr. Duncan published three very interesting cases of syphilitic insanity in 1863.∗ Dr. Hugh Grainger Stewart published three cases in 1870.† Dr. Wille has collated the symptoms of 77 cases of syphilis, in which there were mental symptoms of one kind or other. Many of Lancereaux's cases, given in his work on syphilis, have mental impairment or disturbance as a part of their history.
A Case of Epilepsy, terminated by Apoplexy, and complicated with Hemorrhagic Cysts surrounding the Left Kidney
Authors: Worthington T. B.
Published: February 2018

Charles G., æt 37, married, a farm labourer, was admitted on the 22nd September, 1877, suffering from epilepsy. His parents are both living, and are not subject to fits; but one of his brothers has died of epilepsy, and another is afflicted with the disease. He is the father of nine children, all still alive, and several of whom are epileptics. When examined on admission, he was found to be a thin but muscular man; he had no thoracic disease, and his digestive functions were unimpaired. His mental state was returned as epileptic dementia, and he was incoherent, stupid, slovenly, and dirty. During his stay in the asylum, owing to his extreme irritability of temper, he often quarrelled with the other patients, and attendants. His fits were not very numerous, and during a period of six months, in which an accurate record of the number was kept, he only had 10 in the daytime, and 36 at night; but they were severe, and generally left him prostrate for some hours. He gradually became more demented, and during the last three months of his life looked extremely anæmic. His chest was twice examined, but nothing abnormal could be detected in his thoracic viscera. He complained on one occasion of pain in his left lumbar region, but when his abdomen was examined he said it was on the other side. His urine was clear, and he never passed any blood. He did not take his food well latterly, and often vomited after his meals. He was only confined to bed when suffering from great prostration, caused by the severity of the epileptic paroxysms. On the 11th February, 1880, he was about as usual, and out in the airing courts before and after dinner; he took his supper at six o'clock, and went to bed at 7.30; he slept from 10 till 3 the next morning, when he had an ordinary fit, and at six he was returned, by the night attendant, as having had another; he had been awake, and had spoken in the interval. He never recovered consciousness after this, and presented all the symptoms of brain pressure; he had stertorous breathing, his pulse was slow and feeble, and he had total loss of reflex action. He only lived six hours.
Cases contributed
Authors: Bacon Mackenzie
Published: February 2018

This case has several points of interest, alike for the surgeon and the asylum physician, and may be worthy of record. It is not often that trephining is had resort to except in cases of serious external injury, and then generally at the time of the accident. In the present instance, the mental symptoms dated from the time the patient received a blow on the head, and they disappeared quickly after the operation—nineteen months later. Although it would be absurd to say that the cure of the patient could be due to nothing but the operation, I think it is a fair and reasonable inference that the trephining was the means of restoring the man to health. Subjoined are the principal facts in the history of the case:—
American Religion
Authors: Weiss John
Published: February 2018

Mr. Emerson has a great deal to answer for, if he is to be held responsible for the effects of his style on a certain class of American literature. To him, in fact, it seems to be owing that certain writers, who have something to say, cannot be content, notwithstanding the excellent examples of style which they have in some of their countrymen, to give it plain utterance in plain language, but will wrap it up in a mystical, spasmodic, and stilted style, and will, instead of allowing their sentences to flow easily on, insist on jerking them out like water from a narrow-necked bottle. Some of them certainly strive very hard to be incoherent, and to attain to a delirium of exaltation in which they rave in extravagant tropes and incongruous metaphors. We do not intend this statement to be applied strictly to the author of “American Religion,” although he certainly goes some way in the direction of delirium, and does injustice to his ideas by the grotesque style in which he clothes them. Take, for example, any sentence at random from his pages:—
Insanity and Homicide
Authors: Begley W. C.
Published: February 2018

The recent trials for murder, in which insanity has been alleged for the defence, whatever differences of opinion they may have given rise to, have clearly shown how entirely unfitted a common jury is to decide the delicate and difficult question of a prisoner's mental state. Had the wit of man been employed to devise a tribunal more unfitted for such a purpose, it might have exhausted itself in the vain attempt. It is one of the anomalies of British jurisprudence that while in an action for libel or any civil injury a special jury may be claimed, and the services of men who are above the lowest levels of ignorance and prejudice be thus obtained, it is quite otherwise when a person is on trial for his life. In this most momentous issue, however complicated the circumstances, however obscure the facts, he must stand the verdict of twelve common jurymen. In ordinary cases of murder, when the facts are such as any person of average sense and experience may judge of, the system works sufficiently well, or at any rate no great harm ensues; but in any case in which it is necessary to form a judgment upon scientific data, a common jury is assuredly a singularly incompetent tribunal. The very terms of science they are ignorant of, and they either accept the data blindly on the authority of a skilled witness, or reject them blindly from the prejudice of ignorance. The former result is commonly what happens in regard to scientific evidence of poisoning; the latter is commonly what happens in regard to scientific evidence of insanity. There are few persons who, without having had a special chemical training, would venture to give an opinion on the value of the chemical evidence given in a case of poisoning, but everybody thinks himself competent to say when a man is mad; and as the common opinion as to an insane person is that he is either a raging maniac or an idiot, it is no wonder that juries are prone to reject the theory of insanity which is propounded to them by medical men acquainted with its manifold varieties. It would seem to be an elementary principle of justice that a prisoner on trial for his life should have the right to claim a jury of men specially competent, or at any rate not absolutely incompetent, to judge of the facts on which his defence is to be based.
The Practice in Lunacy under Commissions and Inquisitions, with Notes of Cases and Recent Decisions; an Appendix containing Forms and Costs of Proceedings, the Statute and General Orders; also an Index and Schedule of Cases; the Fifth Edition, adapted, with considerable additions, to the Provisions of the Lunacy Regulation Acts, 1853 and 1862
Authors: Elmer Joseph
Published: February 2018

This is a very useful manual for all interested in the care and treatment of the so-called Chancery lunatics, and contains a mass of well arranged information regarding every detail of the practice in lunacy of the Court of Chancery. We strongly advise every member of this Association, who may have the care of Chancery lunatics, or be likely to be consulted regarding the subject of commissions in lunacy, to place a copy of this most useful compilation on his shelves. It has a complete index and a table of contents, and is, altogether, put together in a business-like manner, and reflects great credit on the legal knowledge and industry of the author.
5. Treatment of Insanity
Authors: Phillips Norman R. , Gifford John
Published: February 2018

Treatment of Melancholic Depression by Large Doses of Strychnine [Traitement de la dépression mélancholique par la strychnine à très hautes doses]. (Le Prog. Méd., March 19th, 1921.) Hartenberg, P.
The Measure of Individual and Social Responsibility in Criminal Cases. in Two Chapters
Authors: Nicolson Dav.
Published: February 2018

At noon, on Tuesday, the 15th of January last, Mr. Eugéne Hamburger met, in the busy Metropolitan thoroughfare, “Holborn Viaduct,” a jewel dealer, named Jackson, with whom he had some slight business acquaintance. With the view of exhibiting his wares, Hamburger consented to accompany the dealer into an as yet unoccupied office of the latter on the Viaduct. Upon entering the room, Hamburger was about to take a parcel of pearls from his bag, when Jackson fired a pistol at him, wounding him in the head, and afterwards continued the assault by drawing a dagger and stabbing him. In the struggle that ensued, Hamburger succeeded in overpowering and disarming his assailant, who escaped from the room and disappeared. The wounded man thereafter proceeded home in a cab, and recovered from his injuries.
Some Cases of Mental Disorder and Defect seen in the Criminal Courts
Authors: East W. Norwood
Published: February 2018

(With the permission of the Prison Commissioners.)
Gene Space and Transcriptome Assemblies of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Identify Promoter Sequences, Repetitive Elements, High-Quality Markers, and a Full-Length Chloroplast Genome
Authors: Horvath David P. , Patel Sagar , Doğramaci Münevver , Chao Wun S. , Anderson James V. , Foley Michael E. , Scheffler Brian , Lazo Gerard , Dorn Kevin , Yan Changhui , Childers Anna , Schatz Michel , Marcus Shoshana
Published: February 2018

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL.) is an invasive perennial weed infesting range and recreational lands of North America. Previous research and omics projects withE. esulahave helped develop it as a model for studying many aspects of perennial plant development and response to abiotic stress. However, the lack of an assembled genome forE. esulahas limited the power of previous transcriptomics studies to identify functional promoter elements and transcription factor binding sites. An assembled genome forE. esulawould enhance our understanding of signaling processes controlling plant development and responses to environmental stress and provide a better understanding of genetic factors impacting weediness traits, evolution, and herbicide resistance. A comprehensive transcriptome database would also assist in analyzing future RNA-seq studies and is needed to annotate and assess genomic sequence assemblies. Here, we assembled and annotated 56,234 unigenes from an assembly of 589,235 RNA-seq-derived contigs and a previously published Sanger-sequenced expressed sequence tag collection. The resulting data indicate that we now have sequence for >90% of the expressedE. esulaprotein-coding genes. We also assembled the gene space ofE. esulaby using a limited coverage (18X) genomic sequence database. In this study, the programs Velvet and Trinity produced the best gene-space assemblies based on representation of expressed and conserved eukaryotic genes. The results indicate thatE. esulacontains as much as 23% repetitive sequences, of which 11% are unique. Our sequence data were also sufficient for assembling a full chloroplast and partial mitochondrial genome. Further, marker analysis identified more than 150,000 high-quality variants in ourE. esulaL-RNA–scaffolded, whole-genome, Trinity-assembled genome. Based on these results,E. esulaappears to have limited heterozygosity. This study provides a blueprint for low-cost genomic assemblies in weed species and new resources for identifying conserved and novel promoter regions among coordinately expressed genes ofE. esula.
The landscape of genomic alterations across childhood cancers
Authors:   ICGC PedBrain-Seq Project, Gröbner Susanne N. ,   ICGC MMML-Seq Project, Worst Barbara C. , Weischenfeldt Joachim , Buchhalter Ivo , Kleinheinz Kortine , Rudneva Vasilisa A. , Johann Pascal D. , Balasubramanian Gnana Prakash , Segura-Wang Maia , Brabetz Sebastian , Bender Sebastian , Hutter Barbara , Sturm Dominik , Pfaff Elke , Hübschmann Daniel , Zipprich Gideon , Heinold Michael , Eils Jürgen , Lawerenz Christian , Erkek Serap , Lambo Sander , Waszak Sebastian , Blattmann Claudia , Borkhardt Arndt , Kuhlen Michaela , Eggert Angelika , Fulda Simone , Gessler Manfred , Wegert Jenny , Kappler Roland , Baumhoer Daniel , Burdach Stefan , Kirschner-Schwabe Renate , Kontny Udo , Kulozik Andreas E. , Lohmann Dietmar , Hettmer Simone , Eckert Cornelia , Bielack Stefan , Nathrath Michaela , Niemeyer Charlotte , Richter Günther H. , Schulte Johannes , Siebert Reiner , Westermann Frank , Molenaar Jan J. , Vassal Gilles , Witt Hendrik , Burkhardt Birgit , Kratz Christian P. , Witt Olaf , van Tilburg Cornelis M. , Kramm Christof M. , Fleischhack Gudrun , Dirksen Uta , Rutkowski Stefan , Frühwald Michael , von Hoff Katja , Wolf Stephan , Klingebiel Thomas , Koscielniak Ewa , Landgraf Pablo , Koster Jan , Resnick Adam C. , Zhang Jinghui , Liu Yanling , Zhou Xin , Waanders Angela J. , Zwijnenburg Danny A. , Raman Pichai , Brors Benedikt , Weber Ursula D. , Northcott Paul A. , Pajtler Kristian W. , Kool Marcel , Piro Rosario M. , Korbel Jan O. , Schlesner Matthias , Eils Roland , Jones David T. W. , Lichter Peter , Chavez Lukas , Zapatka Marc , Pfister Stefan M.
Published: February 2018

Pan-cancer analyses that examine commonalities and differences among various cancer types have emerged as a powerful way to obtain novel insights into cancer biology. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of genetic alterations in a pan-cancer cohort including 961 tumours from children, adolescents, and young adults, comprising 24 distinct molecular types of cancer. Using a standardized workflow, we identified marked differences in terms of mutation frequency and significantly mutated genes in comparison to previously analysed adult cancers. Genetic alterations in 149 putative cancer driver genes separate the tumours into two classes: small mutation and structural/copy-number variant (correlating with germline variants). Structural variants, hyperdiploidy, and chromothripsis are linked to TP53 mutation status and mutational signatures. Our data suggest that 7–8% of the children in this cohort carry an unambiguous predisposing germline variant and that nearly 50% of paediatric neoplasms harbour a potentially druggable event, which is highly relevant for the design of future clinical trials.
Influence of glass-based dental ceramic type and thickness with identical shade on the light transmittance and the degree of conversion of resin cement
Authors: Oh Soram , Shin Su-Mi , Kim Hyun-Jung , Paek Janghyun , Kim Sung-Joon , Yoon Tai Hyun , Kim Sun-Young
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the types and thicknesses of glass ceramic plates on light transmittance and compare the degrees of conversion (DC) of resin cement under the ceramic materials. Three ceramic plates with thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mm were fabricated from each of five commercial ceramic blocks in shade A2: high-translucency and low-translucency IPS Empress CAD (Emp_HT and Emp_LT); high-translucency and low-translucency IPS e.max CAD (Emx_HT and Emx_LT); and Vita Mark II (Vita). The translucency parameter was obtained using a colorimeter. The light transmittance rate was measured using a photodetector attached to an optical power meter. The DC of a resin cement (Variolink N) underneath the ceramic plates was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The translucency parameter, light transmittance rate, and DC showed significant differences by ceramic type and thickness (P < 0.05). The Emp_HT specimens showed the highest light transmission and DCs, and the Emx_LT showed the least light transmission and the lowest DCs. The high-translucency Empress showed significantly higher DCs than the low-translucency types (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in e.max (P > 0.05). Both type and thickness of the glass ceramics significantly influenced the light transmittance and DC of the light-cured resin cement beneath the ceramic of the same shade.