bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Downscaling of Future Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in Addis Ababa under Climate Change
Authors: Feyissa Getnet , Zeleke Gete , Bewket Woldeamlak , Gebremariam Ephrem
Published: June 2018

One of the recent advances in climate science research is the development of global general circulation models (GCMs) to simulate changes in climatic elements of the present and future, which helps us to determine consequences earlier and prepare for necessary adaptation measures. However, it is difficult to apply the raw data of GCMs at a local scale, such as the urban scale, without downscaling due to coarse resolution. This study, therefore, statistically downscaled daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation in 30-year intervals from the second generation of the Earth System Model (CanESM2) and Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) Scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and two Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES), A1B and A2, to examine future changes and their extremes. Two representative meteorological stations (Entoto at high elevation and Addis Ababa at downtown and medium elevation) were selected for model calibration and validation in the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). Twelve core temperature and precipitation indices were selected to assess temperature changes and precipitation extremes. For the largest changes the results showed that the maximum temperature increases were in the range of 0.9 °C (RCP4.5) in 2020 to 2.1 °C (CGCM3A2) in 2080 at Addis Ababa Observatory. The minimum temperature is projected to increase by 0.3 °C (RCP4.5) in 2020 and 1.0 °C in 2080 (CGCM3A1B). While the changes in maximum temperature are lower at Entoto station compared to Addis Ababa Observatory, the highest minimum temperature change is projected at Addis Ababa Observatory, which ranges from 0.25 °C in the 2020s to 1.04 °C in 2080 according to the CGCM3 model. Except for the coldest nights (TNn), the mean temperature and other temperature indices will continue to increase to the end of this century. The highest precipitation change is projected by CGCM3A2 and CanESM2 RCP8.5 at an increase of about 11.8% and 16.62% by 2080. The highest total precipitation increase is 29% (RCP4.5) in winter and 20.9% (RCP8.5) in summer by 2080. There is high interseasonal variability in changes of extreme events. The topographic role will diminish in influence on the air temperature distribution due to the high rate of urbanization. The rise in temperature will exacerbate the urban heat highland effects in warm seasons and an increase in precipitation is expected along with a possible risk of flooding due to a low level of infrastructure development and a high rate of urbanization.
Three Polyhydroxyl-Bridged Defective Dicubane Tetranuclear MnIII Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Jia Hao-Ran , Chang Jian , Zhang Hong-Jia , Li Jing , Sun Yin-Xia
Published: June 2018

Three polyhydroxyl-bridged tetranuclear MnIII complexes [Mn4(L1a)2(μ3-OMe)2(μ2-OMe)2(MeOH)2] (1), [Mn4(L2a)2(μ3-OMe)2(μ2-OMe)2(H2O)2] (2), and [Mn4(L3a)2(μ3-OMe)2(μ2-OMe)2(H2O)2] (3) derived from Mnn+-promoted reactivity of Schiff base ligands (HL1 = 1-(4-{[(E)-3,5-dichlorine-2-hydroxybenzylidene]amino}phenyl)ethanone O-benzyloxime, HL2 = 1-(4-{[(E)-3-bromine-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene]amino}phenyl) ethanone O-benzyloxime, and HL3 = 1-(4-{[(E)-3,5-dibromine-2-hydroxybenzylidene]amino}phenyl)ethanone O-benzyloxime) have been synthesized and characterized. In the MnIII complexes 1, 2, and 3, the newly formed ligands (L1a)4−, (L2a)4−, and (L3a)4− are derived from the chemoselective cleavage of the C=N bond in the original Schiff base ligands HL1, HL2, and HL3 to form corresponding halogenated salicylaldehyde, 3,5-dichlorosalicylaldehyde, 3-bromine-5-chlorosalicylaldehyde, and 3,5-dibrominesalicylaldehyde, respectively. Then, the further addition of acetone to two halogenated salicylaldehyde molecules in situ α,α double aldol reaction promoted by Mnn+ ions in the presence of base to give the new ligands ((Lna)4−. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the MnIII complexes 1, 2, and 3 show that the three complexes are all tetranuclear structure and crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1. The four MnIII ions and bridging alkoxido groups are arranged in a face-shared dicubane-like core with two missing vertices. In the three MnIII complexes, the asymmetric unit contains two kinds of different MnIII ions (Mn1 and Mn2), where the MnIII ions are all hexacoordinated with slightly distorted octahedral geometries. Simultaneously in the synthesis of multinuclear Mnn+ complexes above, we explored the crystal structure, spatial configuration, and spectroscopic properties of the multinuclear MnIII complexes with different halogen substituents.
Photovoltaic Modules Diagnosis Using Artificial Vision Techniques for Artifact Minimization
Authors: Menéndez Oswaldo , Guamán Robert , Pérez Marcelo , Auat Cheein Fernando
Published: June 2018

The installed capacity of solar photovoltaics has increased over the past two decades worldwide, evolving from a few small scale applications to a daily power source. Such growth involves a great impact over operating processes and maintenance practices. The RGB (red, green and blue) and infra-red monitoring of photovoltaic modules is a non-invasive inspection method which provides information of possible failures, by relating thermal behaviour of the modules to the operational status of solar panels. An adequate thermal measurement module strongly depends on the proper camera angle selection relative to panel’s surface, since reflections and external radiation sources are common causes of misleading results with the unnecessary maintenance work. In this work, we test a portable ground-based system capable of detecting and classifying hot-spots related to photovoltaic module failures. The system characterizes in 3D thermal information from the panels structure to detect and classify hot-spots. Unlike traditional systems, our proposal detects false hot-spots associated with people or device reflections, and from external radiation sources. Experimental results show that the proposed diagnostic approach can provide of an adequate thermal monitoring of photovoltaic modules and improve existing methods in 12% of effectiveness, with the corresponding financial impact.
Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Reveals Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Eating Disorders
Authors: Yang Liulin , Li Yun , Turki Turki , Tan Huizi , Wei Zhi , Chang Xiao
Published: June 2018

The underlying mechanisms of eating disorders (EDs) are very complicated and still poorly understood. The pathogenesis of EDs may involve the interplay of multiple genes. To investigate the dysregulated gene pathways in EDs we analyzed gene expression profiling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissues from 15 EDs cases, including 3 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 7 with bulimia nervosa (BN), 2 AN-BN cases, 3 cases of EDs not otherwise specified, and 102 controls. We further used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis to construct a gene co-expression network and to detect functional modules of highly correlated genes. The functional enrichment analysis of genes in co-expression modules indicated that an altered mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process may be involved in the pathogenesis of EDs.
Socio-Cultural and Environmental Factors that Influence Weight-Related Behaviors: Focus Group Results from African-American Girls and Their Mothers
Authors: Barr-Anderson Daheia J. , Adams-Wynn Alexis W. , Orekoya Olubunmi , Alhassan Sofiya
Published: June 2018

African-American girls experience higher rates of obesity than other youth and are more likely to live in environments that may inhibit healthy lifestyles. Focus groups with African-American girls (14.2 ± 2.36 years) and their mothers were conducted to explore socio-cultural and physical factors within the home, neighborhood, and school environments that influence physical activity (PA) and food choices (i.e., availability and accessibility). Being active at home was dependent on availability of unstructured PA, possibility of activity with family/friends/pet, structured sports in the community, and perceived safety of neighborhood. Girls reported unhealthy foods and excessive snacking as issues at home while citing choice of school meals vs. vending machine items and easy accessibility to fast food restaurants as concerns at school. Learning more about the PA and food environments is a fundamental step to develop effective and innovative, environmental strategies to address unhealthy weight-related behaviors in this population.
A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach Using Biomonitoring Data in Order to Assess the Contribution of Drinking Water for the Achievement of an Optimal Fluoride Dose for Dental Health in Children
Authors: Jean Keven J. , Wassef Nancy , Gagnon Fabien , Valcke Mathieu
Published: June 2018

Due to an optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water advised for caries prevention purposes, the population is now exposed to multiple sources of fluoride. The availability of population biomonitoring data currently allow us to evaluate the magnitude of this exposure. The objective of this work was, therefore, to use such data in order to estimate whether community water fluoridation still represents a significant contribution toward achieving a suggested daily optimal fluoride (external) intake of 0.05 mg/kg/day. Therefore, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for fluoride published in the literature was used and adapted in Excel for a typical 4-year-old and 8-year-old child. Biomonitoring data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey among people living in provinces with very different drinking water fluoridation coverage (Quebec, 2.5%; Ontario, 70% of the population) were analyzed using this adapted model. Absorbed doses for the 4-year-old and 8-year-old children were, respectively, 0.03 mg/kg/day and 0.02 mg/kg/day in Quebec and of 0.06 mg/kg/day and 0.05 mg/kg/day in Ontario. These results show that community water fluoridation contributes to increased fluoride intake among children, which leads to reaching, and in some cases even exceeding, the suggested optimal absorbed dose of 0.04 mg/kg/day, which corresponds to the suggested optimal fluoride intake mentioned above. In conclusion, this study constitutes an incentive to further explore the multiple sources of fluoride intake and suggests that a new balance between them including drinking water should be examined in accordance with the age-related physiological differences that influence fluoride metabolism.
Walking and Walkability in Pre-Set and Self-Defined Neighborhoods: A Mental Mapping Study in Older Adults
Authors: Bödeker Malte
Published: June 2018

Neighborhood walkability contributes to older adults’ walking. However, associations vary depending on the neighborhood definition applied as well as between objective and perceived walkability measures. Therefore, this study aimed to comparatively assess walkability indices for commonly used pedestrian network buffers and perceived neighborhood areas. A total of 97 adults aged ≥65 years answered a written physical activity questionnaire and 69 respondents participated in face-to-face interviews that involved mental mapping, i.e., to draw perceived neighborhood delineations on paper maps. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to compare the contribution of walkability indices for pre-set buffers and self-defined neighborhoods to older adults’ walking after adjusting for covariates. Results show that older adults’ self-defined neighborhoods are significantly larger, less home-centered, and more walkable than commonly used buffers. Furthermore, the variance accounted for in neighborhood walking increased from 35.9% to 40.4% (ΔR2 = 0.046; p = 0.029), when the walkability index was calculated for self-defined neighborhoods rather than pre-set buffers. Therefore, the study supports that geometric differences between pre-set buffers and older adults’ spatial ideas of perceived neighborhoods have a significant influence on estimated walkability effects and that exposure areas should be matched with the spatial dimension of outcome variables in future research.
Farnesoid X Receptor Activation Enhances Transforming Growth Factor β-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Kainuma Masahiko , Takada Ichiro , Makishima Makoto , Sano Keiji
Published: June 2018

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a receptor for bile acids and plays an important role in the regulation of bile acid metabolism in the liver. Although FXR has been shown to affect hepatocarcinogenesis through both direct and indirect mechanisms, potential roles of FXR in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. We examined the effect of several FXR ligands on EMT-related morphological changes in HCC cell lines, such as HuH-7 and Hep3B cells. FXR agonists (chenodeoxycholic acid, GW4064, and obeticholic acid)—but not an antagonist (guggulsterone)—induced actin polymerization and expression of N-cadherin and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, although they were less effective than transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). FXR agonist treatment enhanced TGF-β-induced EMT morphologic changes and FXR antagonist inhibited the effect of TGF-β. Thus, FXR activation enhances EMT in HCC and FXR antagonists may be EMT-suppressing drug candidates.
MicroRNA Control of TGF-β Signaling
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi I.
Published: June 2018

Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation shapes the transcriptome and proteome changes induced by various cellular signaling cascades. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are approximately 22 nucleotides long, which direct the post-transcriptional regulation of diverse target genes and control cell states. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family is a multifunctional cytokine family, which plays many regulatory roles in the development and pathogenesis of diverse diseases, including fibrotic disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Previous studies have shown that the TGF-β pathway includes the miRNA pathway as an important component of its downstream signaling cascades. Multiple studies of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related miRNAs have highlighted that miRNAs constitute the intrinsic bistable molecular switches of cell states by forming double negative feedback loops with EMT-inducing transcription factors. This may be important for understanding the reversibility of EMT at the single-cell level, the presence of distinct EMT transition states and the intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity of cancer cell phenotypes. In the present review, I summarize the connection between TGF-β signaling and the miRNA pathway, placing particular emphasis on the regulation of miRNA expression by TGF-β signaling, the modulation of TGF-β signaling by miRNAs, the miRNA-mediated modulation of EMT and endothelial–mesenchymal transition as well as the crosstalk between miRNA and TGF-β pathways in the tumor microenvironment.
DNA Injury and Repair Systems
Authors: Sáez Guillermo T.
Published: June 2018

n/a
Fundamental Limitations in Energy Detection for Spectrum Sensing
Authors: Hu Xiao-Li , Ho Pin-Han , Peng Limei
Published: June 2018

A key enabler for Cognitive Radio (CR) is spectrum sensing, which is physically implemented by sensor and actuator networks typically using the popular energy detection method. The threshold of the binary hypothesis for energy detection is generally determined by using the principles of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) or constant detection rate (CDR). The CDR principle guarantees the CR primary users at a designated low level of interferences, which is nonetheless subject to low spectrum usability of secondary users in a given sensing latency. On the other hand, the CFAR principle ensures secondary users’ spectrum utilization at a designated high level, while may nonetheless lead to a high level of interference to the primary users. The paper introduces a novel framework of energy detection for CR spectrum sensing, aiming to initiate a graceful compromise between the two reported principles. The proposed framework takes advantage of the summation of the false alarm probability Pfa from CFAR and the missed detection probability (1−Pd) from CDR, which is further compared with a predetermined confidence level. Optimization presentations for the proposed framework to determine some key parameters are developed and analyzed. We identify two fundamental limitations that appear in spectrum sensing, which further define the relationship among the sample data size for detection, detection time, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We claim that the proposed framework of energy detection yields merits in practical policymaking for detection time and design sample rate on specific channels to achieve better efficiency and less interferences.
Unexpected Event Prediction in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Using Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Sanchez Jose A. , Conde Aintzane , Arriandiaga Ander , Wang Jun , Plaza Soraya
Published: June 2018

Theoretical models of manufacturing processes provide a valuable insight into physical phenomena but their application to practical industrial situations is sometimes difficult. In the context of Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence techniques can provide efficient solutions to actual manufacturing problems when big data are available. Within the field of artificial intelligence, the use of deep learning is growing exponentially in solving many problems related to information and communication technologies (ICTs) but it still remains scarce or even rare in the field of manufacturing. In this work, deep learning is used to efficiently predict unexpected events in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), an advanced machining process largely used for aerospace components. The occurrence of an unexpected event, namely the change of thickness of the machined part, can be effectively predicted by recognizing hidden patterns from process signals. Based on WEDM experiments, different deep learning architectures were tested. By using a combination of a convolutional layer with gated recurrent units, thickness variation in the machined component could be predicted in 97.4% of cases, at least 2 mm in advance, which is extremely fast, acting before the process has degraded. New possibilities of deep learning for high-performance machine tools must be examined in the near future.
Thickness Characterization Toolbox for Transparent Protective Coatings on Polymer Substrates
Authors: Van Zele Matthias , Watté Jonathan , Hasselmeyer Jan , Rijckaert Hannes , Vercammen Yannick , Verstuyft Steven , Deduytsche Davy , Debecker Damien P. , Poleunis Claude , Van Driessche Isabel , De Buysser Klaartje
Published: June 2018

The thickness characterization of transparent protective coatings on functional, transparent materials is often problematic. In this paper, a toolbox to determine the thicknesses of a transparent coating on functional window films is presented. The toolbox consists of a combination of secondary ion mass spectrometry and profilometry and can be transferred to other transparent polymeric materials. A coating was deposited on designed model samples, which were characterized with cross-sectional views in transmission and in scanning/transmission electron microscopy and ellipsometry. The toolbox was then used to assess the thicknesses of the protective coatings on the pilot-scale window films. This coating was synthesized using straightforward sol-gel alkoxide chemistry. The kinetics of the condensation are studied in order to obtain a precursor that allows fast drying and complete condensation after simple heat treatment. The shelf life of this precursor solution was investigated in order to verify its accordance to industrial requirements. Deposition was performed successfully at low temperatures below 100 °C, which makes deposition on polymeric foils possible. By using roll-to-roll coating, the findings of this paper are easily transferrable to industrial scale. The coating was tested for scratch resistance and adhesion. Values for the emissivity (ε) of the films were recorded to justify the use of the films obtained as infrared reflective window films. In this work, it is shown that the toolbox measures similar thicknesses to those measured by electron microscopy and can be used to set a required thickness for protective coatings.
Research on Mechanisms and Controlling Methods of Macro Defects in TC4 Alloy Fabricated by Wire Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ji Lei , Lu Jiping , Tang Shuiyuan , Wu Qianru , Wang Jiachen , Ma Shuyuan , Fan Hongli , Liu Changmeng
Published: June 2018

Wire feeding additive manufacturing (WFAM) has broad application prospects because of its advantages of low cost and high efficiency. However, with the mode of lateral wire feeding, including wire and laser additive manufacturing, gas tungsten arc additive manufacturing etc., it is easy to generate macro defects on the surface of the components because of the anisotropy of melted wire, which limits the promotion and application of WFAM. In this work, gas tungsten arc additive manufacturing with lateral wire feeding is proposed to investigate the mechanisms of macro defects. The results illustrate that the defect forms mainly include side spatters, collapse, poor flatness, and unmelted wire. It was found that the heat input, layer thickness, tool path, and wire curvature can have an impact on the macro defects. Side spatters are the most serious defects, mainly because the droplets cannot be transferred to the center of the molten pool in the lateral wire feeding mode. This research indicates that the macro defects can be controlled by optimizing the process parameters. Finally, block parts without macro defects were fabricated, which is meaningful for the further application of WFAM.
Behavior and Mechanism of High-Temperature Stability between Tial-Based Alloy and Y2O3-Al2O3 Composite Crucibles
Authors: Li Qingling , Zhang Huarui , Cui Yongshuang , Yang Chunlei , Gao Ming , Li Jinpeng , Zhang Hu
Published: June 2018

In this work, Y2O3 based composite crucibles with different Al2O3 contents were designed and characterized. The stability behaviors and interaction mechanisms between molten Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy and Y2O3-Al2O3 composite crucibles were investigated at high temperature. Results showed that the surface morphology of crucibles and the degree of interfacial reactions between the composite crucibles and the metal melts varied with the change of Al2O3 content in the crucible matrix. The pure Y2O3 crucible was the densest and its chemical stability was the highest. With the increase in Al2O3 content, the number of pores on the crucibles surface gradually increased and the interfacial reactions between the composite crucibles and the molten alloys became weaker. When the content of Al2O3 in composite crucibles increased from 3.5 wt % to 10.5 wt %, the thickness of the interface layer of melt-crucible decreased from 150 µm to 50 µm, and the equilibrium contact angles between metal and crucibles gradually decreased from 69.3° to 64.2° at 1873 K.
Peculiarities of medical sociology: application of social theories in analyzing health and medicine
Authors: Kaminskas Raimundas , Darulis Žilvinas
Published: June 2018

Objective. To reveal the peculiarities of medical sociology introducing the application of social theories in analyzing public health and medicine. Methods. Comparative and descriptive analysis of scientific references found and current situation. Results. During the last decade of the 20th century, the discussions about the sociology of health and medicine as separate discipline and its practical applications became more active. Main factors determined the growing importance of discipline were institutionalization of medicine and health care, changing patterns in doctor-patient relationships, different health perceptions, understanding of the influence of social factors on health, cardinal changes in the area of health technologies, consumeristic attitude towards health, appearance of market relationships within health care, and other global phenomena. In sociology, usual social theories such as structural functionalism, conflict, symbolic interaction, poststructuralism, feminist often attempt to explain the changes within health care. There is a relation of medical sociology and other types of sociology having common areas with medicine and health being analyzed in the article; social theories and their application in the field of health and medicine are being introduced attempting to explain the ongoing social changes in both Lithuania and the world. Conclusions. More and more attention in various areas of medical activities is being paid to the social aspects (both individual and society levels) of these activities, and there is a shift from applied sociology towards medical one. Despite the cessations of the development of medical sociology as separate branch of sciences, the researches of recent years are demonstrating obvious approaching modern research issues and methods, which do exist in contemporary world. Such tendencies show the prompt approaching of the academic community of Lithuania the general scientific standards which are dominating in the globalization-effected world.
A comparative analysis of hysterectomies
Authors: Aniulienė Rosita , Varžgalienė Laima , Varžgalis Manvydas
Published: June 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare operative and postoperative results and differences among laparoscopic, vaginal, and abdominal hysterectomies performed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital. Methods. A retrospective review of medical histories was performed for women who had undergone three different types of hysterectomies (laparoscopic, vaginal, and abdominal) at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital during 2004–2005. Results. A total of 602 hysterectomies were performed: 51 (8.5%) laparoscopic, 203 (33.7%) vaginal, and 348 (57.8%) abdominal. The lowest complication rate occurred in patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy (n=5, 9.8%) and the highest – abdominal hysterectomy (n=88, 25.2%) (P<0.05). More complication occurred after abdominal as compared to vaginal hysterectomy (n=88, 25.2% vs. n=20, 9.9%, respectively; P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in complication rate comparing laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies (P=0.26). The amount of blood loss depended on the type of hysterectomy – less blood was lost during laparoscopic and more during abdominal hysterectomy (123.4 vs. 308.5 mL, respectively; P<0.01). A significantly higher blood loss was observed during abdominal hysterectomy as compared to vaginal (195.3 mL) and vaginal as compared to laparoscopic hysterectomy (P<0.01). The mean length of hospital stay differed comparing all three types of hysterectomies: the shortest stay of 8.6 days was after laparoscopic, the longest of 13.7 days – after abdominal hysterectomy. The mean hospital stay was statistically significant shorter for vaginal hysterectomy compared to abdominal hysterectomy (9.1 vs. 13.7 days, P<0.01). The difference in mean length of hospital stay was insignificant comparing laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies (P>0.05). Conclusions. Abdominal hysterectomy was the most common procedure performed. The type of hysterectomy influenced the rate of complications – the lowest complication rate was after laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies. The amount of blood loss depended on the type of hysterectomy – the lowest was during laparoscopic hysterectomy. Abdominal hysterectomy required on average a longer hospital stay compared with laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies.
Sinoorbital gunshot injuries Endoscopic diagnostics and management
Authors: Balseris Svajūnas , Einorienė Dalia , Martinkėnas Jonas , Toločka Rimvydas
Published: June 2018

Gunshot injuries to the paranasal sinuses and orbita are uncommon. Their severity depends on missile track in tissues. Such injuries can involve the orbit, paranasal sinuses, or brain. This article reports the main clinical criteria and the aspects of surgical management. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is the most appropriate technique for removing projectiles left. This article also presents one case of airgun injury to the sphenoid sinus with retained missile that was safely removed using endoscopic procedures.
Peripheral arterial disease – an underappreciated clinical problem
Authors: Mašanauskienė Edita , Naudžiūnas Albinas
Published: June 2018

Peripheral artery disease is a common vascular disorder. In contrast to coronary and cerebral artery disease, peripheral arterial disease remains an underappreciated condition that despite being serious and extremely prevalent is rarely diagnosed and even less frequently treated. Early diagnosis of peripheral artery disease and individual assessment of risk factors are important in preventing further cardiovascular complications. The ankle-brachial index is a simple, reliable tool for diagnosing peripheral artery disease. Many studies underscore the importance of using the ankle-brachial index to identify persons with peripheral artery disease, since peripheral artery disease is frequently undiagnosed or asymptomatic. Measurement of the ankle-brachial index is simple enough to be performed in any doctor’s office, and it is one of the most reliable indices of peripheral artery disease.
Effect of C2H2/H2 Gas Mixture Ratio in Direct Low-Temperature Vacuum Carburization
Authors: Song Yeongha , Kim Jun-Ho , Kim Kyu-Sik , Kim Sunkwang , Song Pung Keun
Published: June 2018

The effect of the acetylene and hydrogen gases mixture ratios in direct low-temperature vacuum carburization was investigated. The gas ratio is an important parameter for producing free radicals in carburization. The free radicals can remove the natural oxide film by strong reaction of the hydrocarbons, and then thermodynamic activity can be increased. When the gas ratio was below one, carbon-supersaturated expanded austenite layers were formed on the surface of the AISI 316L stainless steel, which had a maximum carbon solubility up to 11.5 at% at 743 K. On the other hand, when the gas ratio was above one, the carbon concentration of the layers was low even if the process time was increased enough to reach the maximum carbon solubility. As a result, the carbon concentration underneath the surface was determined to be highly dependent on the gas mixture ratio of acetylene and hydrogen. In conclusion, it is necessary to restrict the ratio of acetylene and hydrogen gases in the total mixture of gases to form an expanded austenite layer with high carbon concentration in direct low-temperature vacuum carburization.
Optimizing the Local Strength Mismatch of a Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint in a Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Yang Jie , Wang Lei
Published: June 2018

Local strength mismatch is one of the important factors which affects the fracture behavior of a dissimilar metal welded joint (DMWJ). The question to consider is how to improve the fracture resistance of the DMWJ effectively by optimizing the local strength mismatch. In this paper, a DMWJ in a nuclear power plant was selected, the J-resistance (J–R) curve and crack growth path of the DMWJ under different strength mismatches of heat affect zone (HAZ), fusion zone (FZ), and near interface zone (NIZ) were systemically studied. And then, the optimal design of the local strength mismatch was investigated. The results show that decreasing the strength of HAZ and NIZ and increasing the strength of FZ will increase the fracture resistance of a DMWJ. Increasing the strength of FZ increases the J–R curve obviously. When the Ms(HAZ):Ms(FZ):Ms(NIZ) = 1.12:1.4:1.26 and Ms(HAZ):Ms(FZ):Ms(NIZ) = 1:1.4:1, the DMWJs have the highest J–R curves. Considering that the two J–R curves are similar, it is suggested that the fracture resistance of the DMWJ can be improved only by increasing the strength of the FZ.
Local Melting of Gold Thin Films by Femtosecond Laser-Interference Processing to Generate Nanoparticles on a Source Target
Authors: Nakata Yoshiki , Murakawa Keiichi , Miyanaga Noriaki , Narazaki Aiko , Shoji Tatsuya , Tsuboi Yasuyuki
Published: June 2018

Shape- and size-controlled metallic nanoparticles are very important due to their wide applicability. Such particles have been fabricated by chemosynthesis, chemical-vapor deposition, and laser processing. Pulsed-laser deposition and laser-induced dot transfer use ejections of molten layers and solid-liquid-solid processes to fabricate nanoparticles with a radius of some tens to hundreds of nm. In these processes, the nanoparticles are collected on an acceptor substrate. In the present experiment, we used laser-interference processing of gold thin films, which deposited nanoparticles directly on the source thin film with a yield ratio. A typical nanoparticle had roundness fr=0.99 and circularity fcirc=0.869, and the radius was controllable between 69 and 188 nm. The smallest radius was 82 nm on average, and the smallest standard deviation was 3 nm. The simplicity, high yield, and ideal features of the nanoparticles produced by this method will broaden the range of applications of nanoparticles in fields such as plasmonics.
Cultural Features Influencing Eating, Overweight, and Obesity in the Roma People of South Bohemia
Authors: Olišarová Věra , Tóthová Valérie , Bártlová Sylva , Dolák František , Kajanová Alena , Nováková Dita , Prokešová Radka , Šedová Lenka
Published: June 2018

This article describes the important cultural specifics that impact on treatment of overweight and obesity for the Roma people of South Bohemia. Methods: Data on health and nutrition were collected using a semi-structured interview of 302 Roma adults (quantitative phase). A further 25 participants received in-depth interviews regarding their eating and lifestyle habits and perceptions about obesity and overweight (qualitative phase). Height and weight were measured with calibrated scales and stadiometer. Qualitative data were analyzed with the “grounded theory” method. Results: The participants reported a relatively high consumption of high-sugar drinks and foods compared to fruits and vegetables. Lifestyle factors increasing risk of overweight identified from the qualitative interview included unemployment, socially isolating housing, poor transport, poverty, inactivity, tobacco smoking, and for women weight gain after childbirth. Also identified was the need for better health literacy. Conclusions: Effective health education may help to address risk factors for overweight and obesity in Roma peoples. Other measures include improved socioeconomic status and housing security, and improved health literacy of the Roma people.
The Impact of Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocytes and Breast Milk of Chilean Women
Authors: Barrera Cynthia , Valenzuela Rodrigo , Chamorro Rodrigo , Bascuñán Karla , Sandoval Jorge , Sabag Natalia , Valenzuela Francesca , Valencia María-Paz , Puigrredon Claudia , Valenzuela Alfonso
Published: June 2018

Maternal diet during pregnancy is relevant for fatty acid supply during fetal life and lactation. Arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are also relevant for the normal growth and development of brain and visual system. AA and DHA provided by the mother to the fetus and infant are directly associated with maternal dietary intake and body stores. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of maternal diet, specially referring to the quality of fatty acid intake, in a sample of Chilean women during last stage of pregnancy and across the lactation period. Fifty healthy pregnant women (age range 20–33 years) were studied from the 6th month of pregnancy and followed until 6th month of lactation period. Diet characteristics were evaluated through food frequency questionnaires. Fatty acids composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and breast milk samples was assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. Overall, women had high saturated fatty acids intake with sufficient intake of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Diet was high in n-6 PUFA and low in n-3 PUFA (mainly DHA), with imbalanced n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Erythrocytes and breast milk DHA concentration was significantly reduced during lactation compared to pregnancy, a pattern not observed for AA. We concluded that is necessary to increase the intake of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy and lactation by improving the quality of consumed foods with particular emphasis on its DHA content.
Intake of Baked Cod Fillet Resulted in Lower Serum Cholesterol and Higher Long Chain n-3 PUFA Concentrations in Serum and Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats
Authors: Vikøren Linn A. , Drotningsvik Aslaug , Bergseth Marthe T. , Mjøs Svein A. , Austgulen Maren H. , Mellgren Gunnar , Gudbrandsen Oddrun A.
Published: June 2018

Increasing evidence indicates that lean fish consumption may benefit cardiovascular health. High cholesterol and low n-3 PUFA concentrations in serum are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease; therefore, it is of interest to investigate effects of cod intake on cholesterol and n-3 PUFAs in serum and tissues. Hypercholesterolemic obese Zucker fa/fa rats were fed diets containing 25% protein from baked cod fillet and 75% protein from casein (Baked Cod Diet), or casein as the sole protein source (Control Diet) for four weeks. Consuming Baked Cod Diet resulted in lower serum cholesterol and lower hepatic mRNA concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase and sterol O-acyltransferase-2 without affecting serum bile acid concentration, faecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acid, and hepatic concentrations of bile acids, cholesterol and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA when compared to Control Diet. Rats fed Baked Cod Diet had higher concentrations of n-3 PUFAs in serum, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. To conclude, baked cod fillet intake resulted in lower serum cholesterol, which was probably caused by lower endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and higher n-3 PUFA in serum and tissues in obese Zucker fa/fa rats. These findings support the evidence that lean fish consumption might benefit cardiovascular health.
Caffeic Acid Targets AMPK Signaling and Regulates Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Anaplerosis while Metformin Downregulates HIF-1α-Induced Glycolytic Enzymes in Human Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lines
Authors: Tyszka-Czochara Malgorzata , Bukowska-Strakova Karolina , Kocemba-Pilarczyk Kinga A. , Majka Marcin
Published: June 2018

The small molecules, natural antioxidant Caffeic Acid (trans-3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid CA) and anti-diabetic drug Metformin (Met), activate 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and interfere with metabolic reprogramming in human cervical squamous carcinoma cells. Here, to gain more insight into the ability of CA, Met and the combination of both compounds to impair aerobic glycolysis (the “Warburg effect”) and disrupt bioenergetics of cancer cells, we employed the cervical tumor cell lines C-4I and HTB-35/SiHa. In epithelial C-4I cells derived from solid tumors, CA alleviated glutamine anaplerosis by downregulation of Glutaminase (GLS) and Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1), which resulted in the reduction of NADPH levels. CA treatment of the cells altered tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle supplementation with pyruvate via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH), increased ROS formation and enhanced cell death. Additionally, CA and CA/Met evoked intracellular energetic stress, which was followed by activation of AMPK and the impairment of unsaturated FA de novo synthesis. In invasive HTB-35 cells, Met inhibited Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1α) and suppressed the expression of the proteins involved in the “Warburg effect”, such as glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3) and regulatory enzymes of glycolytic pathway Hexokinase 2 (HK2), 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4), Pyruvate Kinase (PKM) and Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDH). Met suppressed the expression of c-Myc, BAX and cyclin-D1 (CCND1) and evoked apoptosis in HTB-35 cells. In conclusion, both small molecules CA and Met are capable of disrupting energy homeostasis, regulating oxidative metabolism/glycolysis in cervical tumor cells in regard to specific metabolic phenotype of the cells. CA and Met may provide a promising approach in the prevention of cervical cancer progression.
Electrochemical Properties of Nitrate-Selective Electrodes: The Dependence of Resistance on the Solution Concentration
Authors: Ivanova Arina , Mikhelson Konstantin
Published: June 2018

The electrochemical properties of ion-exchanger-based solvent polymeric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)—bulk and interfacial resistance, capacitance, and polarization under a galvanostatic current step—are studied, with a nitrate ISE based on tetradecylammonium nitrate (TDANO3) as a model system. The study is performed by chronopotentiometric and impedance measurements, and focuses on the dependence of the aforementioned properties on the concentration of NO3− anions in solution. The impacts from the bulk and the interfacial charge transfer to the overall membrane resistance are revealed. It is shown that the bulk resistance of the membranes decreases over an increase of NO3− concentration within the range of a Nernstian potentiometric response of the ISE. This fact, also reported earlier for K+- and Ca2+-selective ISEs, is not in line with current views of the mechanism of the ISE response, or of the role of ion exchange in particular. The origin of this effect is unclear. Estimates are made for the concentration of ionized species (NO3− and TDA+) and, respectively, for the TDANO3 association constant, as well as for the species diffusion coefficients in the membrane.
FluoSpec 2—An Automated Field Spectroscopy System to Monitor Canopy Solar-Induced Fluorescence
Authors: Yang Xi , Shi Hanyu , Stovall Atticus , Guan Kaiyu , Miao Guofang , Zhang Yongguang , Zhang Yao , Xiao Xiangming , Ryu Youngryel , Lee Jung-Eun
Published: June 2018

Accurate estimation of terrestrial photosynthesis has broad scientific and societal impacts. Measurements of photosynthesis can be used to assess plant health, quantify crop yield, and determine the largest CO2 flux in the carbon cycle. Long-term and continuous monitoring of vegetation optical properties can provide valuable information about plant physiology. Recent developments of the remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and vegetation spectroscopy have shown promising results in using this information to quantify plant photosynthetic activities and stresses at the ecosystem scale. However, there are few automated systems that allow for unattended observations over months to years. Here we present FluoSpec 2, an automated system for collecting irradiance and canopy radiance that has been deployed in various ecosystems in the past years. The instrument design, calibration, and tests are recorded in detail. We discuss the future directions of this field spectroscopy system. A network of SIF sensors, FluoNet, is established to measure the diurnal and seasonal variations of SIF in several ecosystems. Automated systems such as FluoSpec 2 can provide unique information on ecosystem functioning and provide important support to the satellite remote sensing of canopy photosynthesis.
FaceLooks: A Smart Headband for Signaling Face-to-Face Behavior
Authors: Hachisu Taku , Pan Yadong , Matsuda Soichiro , Bourreau Baptiste , Suzuki Kenji
Published: June 2018

Eye-to-eye contact and facial expressions are key communicators, yet there has been little done to evaluate the basic properties of face-to-face; mutual head orientation behaviors. This may be because there is no practical device available to measure the behavior. This paper presents a novel headband-type wearable device called FaceLooks, used for measuring the time of the face-to-face state with identity of the partner, using an infrared emitter and receiver. It can also be used for behavioral healthcare applications, such as for children with developmental disorders who exhibit difficulties with the behavior, by providing awareness through the visual feedback from the partner’s device. Two laboratory experiments showed the device’s detection range and response time, tested with a pair of dummy heads. Another laboratory experiment was done with human participants with gaze trackers and showed the device’s substantial agreement with a human observer. We then conducted two field studies involving children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism spectrum disorders. The first study showed that the devices could be used in the school setting, observing the children did not remove the devices. The second study showed that the durations of children’s face-to-face behavior could be increased under a visual feedback condition. The device shows its potential to be used in therapy and experimental fields because of its wearability and its ability to quantify and shape face-to-face behavior.
Design and Evaluation of FBG-Based Tension Sensor in Laparoscope Surgical Robots
Authors: Xue Renfeng , Ren Bingyin , Huang Jiaqing , Yan Zhiyuan , Du Zhijiang
Published: June 2018

Due to the narrow space and a harsh chemical environment in the sterilization processes for the end-effector of surgical robots, it is difficult to install and integrate suitable sensors for the purpose of effective and precise force control. This paper presents an innovative tension sensor for estimation of grasping force in our laparoscope surgical robot. The proposed sensor measures the tension of cable using fiber gratings (FBGs) which are pasted in the grooves on the inclined cantilevers of the sensor. By exploiting the stain measurement characteristics of FBGs, the small deformation of the inclined cantilevers caused by the cable tension can be measured. The working principle and the sensor model are analyzed. Based on the sensor model, the dimensions of the sensor are designed and optimized. A dedicated experimental setup is established to calibrate and test the sensor. The results of experiments for estimation the grasping force validate the sensor.
Application and Extension of Vertical Intensity Lower-Mode in Methods for Target Depth-Resolution with a Single-Vector Sensor
Authors: Zhao Anbang , Bi Xuejie , Hui Juan , Zeng Caigao , Ma Lin
Published: June 2018

In this paper, based on the reactive component of the vertical intensity, the method for target depth resolution has been improved. In the previous existing research results, using the reactive component of vertical intensity, the research objects for target depth resolution in shallow water, can only be the targets whose frequencies can only excite the first two normal modes, and the depth of targets whose frequencies excite more than two normal modes cannot be correctly identified. The basic idea of the improved method is to classify targets on the foundation of the lower-mode correlation quantity of the vertical intensity. Based on the improved method, we can realize depth resolution of the targets whose frequency can excite the first three normal modes so as to effectively expand the working band useful for target depth resolution. Finally, we can realize the three-dimensional target depth resolution so as to distinguish the aerial, surface and underwater targets. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified by simulation and experimental data processing.