bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation of Arynes with Methyl Allyl Carbonates: Selective Synthesis of 1H‐Inden‐1‐ones.
Authors: Pi Shao‐Feng , Yang Xu‐Heng , Huang Xiao‐Cheng , Liang Yun , Yang Guan‐Nan , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: September 2010

The substitution pattern at the indan products depends on the phosphine ligand in conditions A) or B).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiro‐3,4‐dihydropyrans via a Domino Organocatalytic Sequence.
Authors: Yao Weijun , Pan Lianjie , Wu Yihua , Ma Cheng
Published: September 2010

The domino Michael—hemiacetalization reaction of cyclic β‐oxo aldehydes, e.g. (I) or (V), with aromatic β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters is efficiently catalyzed by a quinidine‐derived catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Dihydrofurans from Lewis Base Catalyzed Three‐Component Condensation.
Authors: Zhong Cheng , Liao Tao , Tuguldur Odbadrakh , Shi Xiaodong
Published: September 2010

The process allows the introduction of substituents at all positions of the dihydrofuran ring with high chemo‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Convenient One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis of Hydroxyiminodihydrobenzofurans Mediated by Silica Gel under Microwave Activation Conditions.
Authors: Barange Deepak Kumar , Raju B. Rama , Kavala Veerababurao , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Tu Yu‐Chen , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: September 2010

Cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds (I) react with various nitroolefins to furnish the title products exclusively or predominantly as (E)‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(III) Bromide‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkynes with Indoles.
Authors: Bhaskar G. , Saikumar C. , Perumal P. T.
Published: September 2010

Unactivated internal and terminal alkynes are used for the preparation of 3‐vinylindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Allyl‐3‐aryl Oxindoles via the Direct Palladium‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Amides.
Authors: Luan Xinjun , Wu Linglin , Drinkel Emma , Mariz Ronaldo , Gatti Michele , Dorta Reto
Published: September 2010

A wide range of the substituted target compounds is prepared with high yields and enantioselectivities tolerating functional groups, another indole moiety, ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐substitution of the substituents and also a methyl group.
ChemInform Abstract: The Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Diels—Alder Reaction of 2‐Vinylindoles with α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: An Efficient Route to Functionalized Tetrahydrocarbazoles.
Authors: Zheng Changwu , Lu Yingpeng , Zhang Junkang , Chen Xingkuan , Chai Zhuo , Ma Wenying , Zhao Gang
Published: September 2010

A diarylprolinol‐derived organocatalyst is successfully applied in the highly stereoselective cycloaddition reaction of 2‐vinylindoles towards α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthetic Approach Towards Pyrazole‐4‐carboxamides Using N‐(3‐(Dimethylamino)‐2‐formylacryloyl)formamide.
Authors: Jachak Madhukar N. , Ghagare Maruti G. , Birari Dilip R. , Rote Ramhari V. , Kazi Muddassar A. , Jachak Sanjay M. , Roche Raghunath B.
Published: September 2010

The reaction of formamide (I), an intermediate obtained via Vilsmeier—Haack formylation of MeCN, with hydrazines provides a novel access to pyrazole‐4‐carboxamides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed N‐Alkylation of Azoles via Oxidation of C—H Bond Adjacent to an Oxygen Atom.
Authors: Pan Shiguang , Liu Jinhua , Li Huanrong , Wang Zhenyu , Guo Xingwei , Li Zhiping
Published: September 2010

The reaction of various azoles with cyclic ethers such as THF (II) and analogues proceeds with good yields and high selectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Monothiooxamides of the Aminonitroarenes Series.
Authors: Yarovenko V. N. , Polushina A. V. , Levchenko K. S. , Zavarzin I. V. , Krayushkin M. M. , Kotovskaya S. K. , Charushin V. N.
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of monothiooxamides containing aminonitrobenzene and aminonitropyridine fragments and their conversion into thioesters, fused imidazole and diazepine derivatives are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Antibacterial Activity Studies of New Oxazolidinones from Nitroso Diels—Alder Chemistry.
Authors: Yan Shanshan , Miller Marvin J. , Wencewicz Timothy A. , Moellmann Ute
Published: September 2010

A series of novel oxazolidinone antibiotics, e.g. (III) and (V), having [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] bicyclic oxazine moieties at the C‐5 side chain of the A‐ring is synthesized via nitroso Diels—Alder reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones with 5‐Methylenehydantoins: Synthesis and Transformation of New Spirohydantoin Derivatives.
Authors: Bahy Amira , Kacem Yakdhane , Hassine Bechir Ben
Published: September 2010

Novel spirohydantoin derivatives are obtained regiostereoselectively by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of 5‐methylenehydantoins with nitrones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of the First 3‐Oxa‐7‐thia‐1‐r‐azabicyclo[3.3.0]‐c‐5‐octane Single Functionalized at the C‐5 Position.
Authors: But Andrada , Lameiras Pedro , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Ioan , Batiu Carmen , Guillard Sophie , Ramondenc Yvan , Darabantu Mircea
Published: September 2010

The four‐step synthesis presented provides title compound (IX) in 29% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: ZnO‐Beta Zeolite: As an Effective and Eco‐Friendly Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzothiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Katkar Santosh S. , Mohite Pravinkumar H. , Gadekar Lakshman S. , Vidhate Kaluram N. , Lande Machhindra K.
Published: September 2010

The catalyst is reused 4 times without loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Tetrazoles as Azide Surrogates in Click Reaction: Efficient Synthesis of N‐Heterocycle‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb , Rivera Vera Claudia I. , Chuprakov Stepan , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: September 2010

The equilibrium between the closed tetrazole and the opened 2‐azido N‐heterocyclic form allows a click reaction with terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐2‐oxazolidinones and in situ “Click” Assembly of 1,2,3‐Triazole Oxazolidinones.
Authors: Zhang Xingxian , Li Cheng , Chen Wei , Wu Xiang
Published: September 2010

The addition of isocyanates (II) to epoxide (I) in the presence of MgI2 etherate affords 2‐oxazolidinones (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Transformations of 1‐(Azidophenyl)‐1H‐tetrazoles.
Authors: Pokhodylo N. T. , Matiichuk V. S. , Obushak N. D.
Published: September 2010

The cyclization of azide (IV) with cyanoacetanilide (VII) affords triazole derivative (VIII), whilst the analogous reaction with ethyl acetoacetate (V) is accompanied by cleavage of the tetrazole ring [some yields not given].
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of R207910.
Authors: Saga Yutaka , Motoki Rie , Makino Sae , Shimizu Yohei , Kanai Motomu , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: September 2010

The first asymmetric synthesis of the potent anti‐tuberculosis drug (VI) involves two key catalytic transformations: an enantioselective proton migration reaction of dihydroquinolinone (I) using an in situ generated yttrium catalyst, and a CuF‐catalyzed highly diastereoselective allylation of the resulting quinolinone (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and hSERT Activity of Homotryptamine Analogues. Part 6. [3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloaddition of 3‐Vinylindoles.
Authors: Marcin Lawrence R. , Mattson Ronald J. , Gao Qi , Wu Dedong , Molski Thaddeus F. , Mattson Gail K. , Lodge Nicholas J.
Published: September 2010

A series of homotryptamine analogues such as (V) and (VIII) is prepared via [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of vinylindole (I) with cyclic nitrones as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition: From 1,4,5,8‐Naphthalene Bisimides to a New Heterocyclic Skeleton.
Authors: Gryko Daniel T. , Rogacki Maciej K. , Klajn Jan , Galezowski Michal , Stepien Dorota K. , Cyranski Michal K.
Published: September 2010

A unique rigid hexacyclic structure is constructed from naphthalene bisimides (I) and azomethine ylide, generated in situ.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfamic Acid‐Catalyzed Simple and Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzo[g]pyrazolo [3,4‐b]quinoline‐5,10‐diones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Wu Liqiang , Ma Suying , Yan Fulin , Yang Chunguang
Published: September 2010

A one‐pot three‐component reaction in the presence of sulfamic acid as solid acid catalyst affords title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Chiral Oxazolopiperidines.
Authors: Salvadori Jessica , Airiau Etienne , Girard Nicolas , Mann Andre , Taddei Maurizio
Published: September 2010

Bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic and spirocyclic oxazolo‐ and oxazinopiperidines are prepared by the reaction of acids (I) or (XV) with 1,2‐ or 1,3‐amino alcohols under syngas atmosphere and microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzimidazole Derivatives Related to 2,3‐Acrylonitriles, Benzimidazo[1,2‐a]quinolines and Fluorenes: Synthesis, Antitumor Evaluation in vitro and Crystal Structure Determination.
Authors: Hranjec Marijana , Pavlovic Gordana , Marjanovic Marko , Kralj Marijeta , Karminski‐Zamola Grace
Published: September 2010

Acyclic benzimidazolyl substituted acrylonitriles (III) and (VI) are prepared by condensation reaction between cyanomethylbenzimidazole (I) and heteroaromatic aldehydes (II) and (V), resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Antihypertensive Activity of Pyridazinone Derivatives.
Authors: Siddiqui Anees A. , Mishra Ravinesh , Shaharyar Mohammad
Published: September 2010

The title compounds (IV) are prepared by Mannich reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Anodic Oxidation of Catechols in the Presence of α‐Oxoketene N,N‐Acetals with a Tetrahydropyrimidine Ring: Selective α‐Arylation Reaction.
Authors: Zeng Cheng‐Chu , Ping Da‐Wei , Hu Li‐Ming , Song Xiu‐Qing , Zhong Ru‐Gang
Published: September 2010

Electrochemical oxidation of catechols (II) generates the corresponding benzoquinones which subsequently react with α‐oxoketene N,N‐acetals (I) to give the α‐arylation products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: First Application of Hexaaquaaluminium(III) Tetrafluoroborate as a Mild, Recyclable, Non‐hygroscopic Acid Catalyst in Organic Synthesis: A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Multigram Scale Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidinones by Biginelli Reaction.
Authors: Litvic Mladen , Vecenaj Ivana , Ladisic Zrinka Mikuldas , Lovric Marija , Vinkovic Vladimir , Filipan‐Litvic Mirela
Published: September 2010

A variety of β‐keto esters (II) and aromatic aldehydes (III) reacts smoothly with urea in the presence of [Al(H2O)6](BF4)3.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Stabilized Gold(I) Complexes: Suitable Catalysts for 6‐exo‐dig Heterocyclization of 1‐(o‐Ethynylaryl)ureas.
Authors: Gimeno Ana , Medio‐Simon Mercedes , Ramirez de Arellano Carmen , Asensio Gregorio , Cuenca Ana B.
Published: September 2010

Under the optimized gold catalysis, the less favored and more challenging 6‐exo‐dig cyclized products are formed in yields up to 96% from ureas bearing a terminal alkyne at the ortho‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐triones Synthesis by a Three‐Component Coupling Reaction
Authors: Ghahremanzadeh Ramin , Fereshtehnejad Fatemeh , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: September 2010

A simple and efficient synthesis of novel chromenopyrimidinetriones (IV) (28 examples) by three‐component reaction of barbituric acids, cyclohexanediones and aldehydes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 2‐Amino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐7(6H)‐ones from N‐Triazolide Imidates and 1,2,4‐Triazole‐3,5‐diamine.
Authors: Khankischpur Mehdi , Hansen Finn K. , Geffken Detlef
Published: September 2010

Previously unreported N‐triazole imidates (III) are synthesized and treated with triazolediamine (IV) to give triazolotriazinones (V) regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothiolysis of N,N‐Dimethyl‐3‐methylsulfanyl‐3‐phenyl‐prop‐2‐en‐1‐iminium Iodide.
Authors: Timokhina L. V. , Kanitskaya L. V.
Published: September 2010

Reaction of the title iminium salt (I) with H2S in DMF or MeOH involves only the C=N+ bond furnishing propenal (II), which trimerizes in situ to give trithiane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: New Tricyclic Ring Systems of Fused 1,4‐Diazepines.
Authors: Zaleska Barbara , Karelus Marcin , Serda Pawel
Published: September 2010

Tandem addition—cyclocondensation of zwitterionic compounds with diester (II) results in formation of novel fused diazepine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Approach to Indoloditerpenes by Nazarov Photocyclization: Synthesis and Biological Investigations of Terpendole E Analogues.
Authors: Churruca Fatima , Fousteris Manolis , Ishikawa Yuichi , von Wantoch Rekowski Margarete , Hounsou Candide , Surrey Thomas , Giannis Athanassios
Published: September 2010

16‐Epi‐terpendole E (V) is prepared starting from (+)‐Wieland—Miescher ketone with the novel key step being the stereoselective photochemical Nazarov cyclization of (II) under very mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Dammarane‐Type Glycosides from the Steamed Flower‐Buds of Panax ginseng.
Authors: Nguyen Huu Tung , Cho Kyoungwon , Kim Jeong Ah , Song Gyu Yong , Kim Young Ho
Published: September 2010

The new dammarane‐type glycoside ginsenoside SF (I) is isolated from the steamed flower‐buds of Panax ginseng along with 19 known saponins.
ChemInform Abstract: New Diterpenoids from Isodon excisoides
Authors: Wang Yong Xue , Zhu Lin Lin , He Zhi An , Zhang Ji Xia
Published: September 2010

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ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Platyphyllide and Its Structural Revision.
Authors: Hiraoka Shiharu , Harada Shinji , Nishida Atsushi
Published: September 2010

Based on the synthesis of both enantiomers and spectroscopic comparison it is found that the natural compound is represented by (‐)‐I and not by (+)‐I as was previously reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonate Esters of 1‐Hydroxypyridin‐2(1H)‐one and Ethyl 2‐Cyano‐2‐(hydroxyimino)acetate (Oxyma) as Effective Peptide Coupling Reagents to Replace 1‐Hydroxybenzotriazole and 1‐Hydroxy‐7‐azabenzotriazole.
Authors: Khattab Sherine Nabil
Published: September 2010

The title oxyma sulfonate esters, NOXY and TOXY are more efficient alternatives to the benzotriazole sulfonate esters in terms of racemization suppression and coupling effectiveness.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Benzyl‐Protection of Amino Acid Derivatives by Reductive Alkylation with α‐Picoline‐Borane.
Authors: Kawase Yasushi , Yamagishi Takehiro , Kutsuma Teruo , Kataoka Tadashi , Ueda Kimio , Iwakuma Takeo , Nakata Tadashi , Yokomatsu Tsutomu
Published: September 2010

A convenient method is presented using PBH as a safe non‐explosive reducing agent.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Synthetic Protocol for Ferrier Azaglycosylation Promoted by ZnCl2/Al2O3.
Authors: Ding Feiqing , William Ronny , Gorityala Bala Kishan , Ma Jimei , Wang Siming , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: September 2010

The method affords the products with high α‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Reductive Ring Opening of Benzylidene Acetals Using Triethylsilane and Iodine.
Authors: Panchadhayee Rajib , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: September 2010

Novel mild conditions are developed which are compatible to a broad spectrum of functional groups in oligosaccharide synthesis and can also be applied to thioglycosides and selenium analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: (2‐Nitrophenyl)acetyl: A New, Selectively Removable Hydroxyl Protecting Group.
Authors: Daragics Katalin , Fuegedi Peter
Published: September 2010

Selective removal of the novel protecting group with Zn/NH4Cl is achieved in the presence of the most common carbohydrate protecting groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Methyl 4‐O‐Methyl‐β‐D‐ribo‐hex‐3‐ulopyranoside‐1‐13C and Methyl 4‐O‐Methyl‐β‐D‐ribo‐hex‐3‐ulopyranoside‐3‐13C as Fragment Analogues of Oxidized Cellulose Units.
Authors: Krainz Karin , Hofinger Andreas , Dietz Thomas , Suess Hans‐Ulrich , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas
Published: September 2010

To ensure the synthetic approach to the labeled title compounds, the route is optimized with non‐labeled material according to the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Substrate‐Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of Ophiocerin C.
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Reddy N. Rami , Krishna B. Bala Murali , Vardhan Ch. Vijaya , Reddy Basi V. Subba
Published: September 2010

The readily available L‐tartaric acid derivative (I) is transformed to the alkene (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Aurantioclavine.
Authors: Brak Katrien , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: September 2010

The target compound is obtained in total 6 or 5 steps by using the reaction with the boron complex (III) or a Grignard reagent (X), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Geranyl Derivatives of Isoquinoline Alkaloids Show Increased Biological Activities.
Authors: Iwasa Kinuko , et al. et al.
Published: September 2010

Three types of isoquinoline alkaloids are synthesized and tested for antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antimalarial, antioxidant and anti‐HIV activities as well as inhibition of EBV‐EA activation.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical and Efficient Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridone, Pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran and Their Hybrids with Nucleoside as Potential Antiviral and Antileishmanial Agents.
Authors: Fan Xuesen , Feng Dong , Qu Yingying , Zhang Xinying , Wang Jianji , Loiseau Philippe M. , Andrei Graciela , Snoeck Robert , De Clercq Erik
Published: September 2010

A novel, green and efficient method for the synthesis of the title pyranopyridone and pyranopyran derivatives using a one‐pot three‐component reaction is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Graphislactone G.
Authors: Cudaj Judith , Podlech Joachim
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of title compound (V), a constituent of the endophytic fungus Cephalosporium acremonium (IFB‐E007), is completed in 13 steps and 22% yield starting from orcinol (I) and phloroglucinic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Dodoneine.
Authors: Allais Florent , Ducrot Paul‐Henri
Published: September 2010

The highly flexible pathway to the potential HIV protease inhibitor (+)‐dodoneine (VI) may allow the access to various analogues for structure—activity studies.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis and Structural Confirmation of Fluvirucinine A2 via an Iterative Ring Expansion Strategy.
Authors: Lee Yong‐Sil , Jung Jong‐Wha , Kim Seok‐Ho , Jung Jae‐Kyung , Paek Seung‐Mann , Kim Nam‐Jung , Chang Dong‐Jo , Lee Jeeyeon , Suh Young‐Ger
Published: September 2010

The total synthesis is achieved by the multiple application of a ring‐expansion reaction, mediated by LiN(Tms)2.
ChemInform Abstract: Side Chain SAR of Bicyclic β‐Lactamase Inhibitors (BLIs). Part 1. Discovery of a Class C BLI for Combination with Imipinem.
Authors: Blizzard Timothy A. , et al. et al.
Published: September 2010

Bridged monobactam β‐lactamase inhibitors containing seven‐, eight‐ and nine‐membered moieties are prepared and evaluated as potential partners for combination with imipenem to overcome class C β‐lactamase mediated resistance.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Activity Studies of Aminocarbonyl Group Containing Hoveyda—Grubbs‐Type Complexes for the Syntheses of Herbarumin I (IV) and Stagonolide A (V).
Authors: Mohapatra Debendra K. , Somaiah R. , Rao M. Mallikarjuna , Caijo Frederic , Mauduit Marc , Yadav J. S.
Published: September 2010

It is demonstrated that the “boomerang”‐type catalysts are more efficient than the standard types for the preparation of key intermediate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Artosimmin — A Potential Anticancer Lead Compound from Artocarpus odoratissimus.
Authors: Ee Gwendoline C. L. , Teo Siow H. , Rahmani Mawardi , Lim Chan K. , Lim Yang M. , Bong Choon F. J.
Published: September 2010

Artosimmin (I) is significantly cytotoxic against cell lines HL‐60 and MCF‐7 and possesses antioxidant properties towards DPPH.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Kinetic Enzymatic Resolution of Methyl Ester of C75.
Authors: Chakrabarty Kuheli , Forzato Cristina , Nitti Patrizia , Pitacco Giuliana , Valentin Ennio
Published: September 2010

Enantioselective hydrolysis of the methyl ester of racemic paraconic acid C75 (I) is accomplished by means of acylase I from Aspergillus to afford after recrystallization enantiopure acid (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4′‐Ester Analogues of Resveratrol and Their Evaluation in Malignant Melanoma and Pancreatic Cell Lines.
Authors: Wong Yong , Osmond Gregory , Brewer Kenneth I. , Tyler Douglas S. , Andrus Merritt B.
Published: September 2010

Ester analogues (IV) of resveratrol are synthesized from resorcylic acid using a decarbonylative Heck coupling as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Dilute Doping, Defects, and Ferromagnetism in Metal Oxide Systems
Authors: Ogale Satishchandra B.
Published: September 2010

Review: 184 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Coordination Polymers Built Upon Cu4X4 (X: Br, I) Clusters and Mono‐ and Dithioethers
Authors: Harvey Pierre D. , Knorr Michael
Published: September 2010

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Free Chiral Metal Catalysts for Highly Effective Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation.
Authors: He Yan‐Mei , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: September 2010

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Oxindoles Bearing a Tetrasubstituted Stereocenter at the C‐3 Position.
Authors: Zhou Feng , Liu Yun‐Lin , Zhou Jian
Published: September 2010

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐ and Cycloalkylamines by Substitution of Sulfur or Phosphorus Functionalities
Authors: Montforts F.‐P. , Osmers M.
Published: September 2010

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐ and Cycloalkylamines by Reduction of Nitrogen‐Based Functional Groups
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: September 2010

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Glycoconjugate Vaccines
Authors: Zou Wei , Jennings Harold J.
Published: September 2010

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyhydroxylated Carbobicyclic Sugar Mimics. Part 2. The Chiron Approach to Bicyclic Systems
Authors: Nowogrodzki Marcin , Jarosz Slawomir
Published: September 2010

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods for the Synthesis of Rhazinilam and Its Analogues
Authors: Kholod Inga , Neier Reinhard
Published: September 2010

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Resolution of Racemates and Enantioselective Analytics by Cinchona Alkaloids and Their Derivatives
Authors: Kacprzak Karol , Gawronski Jacek
Published: September 2010

Review: 179 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Chemistry of Cinchona Alkaloids
Authors: Hoffmann Hans Martin Rudolf , Frackenpohl Jens
Published: September 2010

Review: 161 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Larger N‐Heteroacenes
Authors: Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: September 2010

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Substrate‐ and Reagent‐Controlled Electrophilic Asymmetric Fluorinations
Authors: Cao Lu‐Lu , Gao Bing‐Lei , Ma Shu‐Tao , Liu Zhao‐Peng
Published: September 2010

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Triarylmethane—Triarylmethylium Complex: Generation, Properties, and X‐Ray Structure of a C—H‐Bridged Carbocation
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Takeda Takashi , Yoshimoto Yasuyo , Nagasu Takayuki , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu
Published: September 2010

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐Substituted Dihydrophenazine Radical Cation Salts: Molecular Packing Structure and Bulk Magnetic Property
Authors: Masuda Yuki , Takeda Hirotaka , Kuratsu Masato , Suzuki Shuichi , Kozaki Masatoshi , Shiomi Daisuke , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Okada Keiji
Published: September 2010

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Macrocyclic Oligoarylamine‐Based Spin System
Authors: Ito Akihiro , Tanaka Kazuyoshi
Published: September 2010

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Variation of Aromaticity by Twisting or Expanding the Ring Content
Authors: Chauvin Remi , Lepetit Christine , Maraval Valerie , Leroyer Leo
Published: September 2010

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Nanobiomolecular Systems by Self‐Assembly of DNAs and Peptides
Authors: Matsuura Kazunori
Published: September 2010

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Bacilosarcins A and B, and Related Natural Products
Authors: Enomoto Masaru , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: September 2010

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Carbazole Dyes for Efficient Molecular Photovoltaics
Authors: Koumura Nagatoshi , Hara Kohjiro
Published: September 2010

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Quantum Tunneling: Insights from Simple Molecule‐Based Magnets
Authors: Hill Stephen , Datta Saiti , Liu Junjie , Inglis Ross , Milios Constantinos J. , Feng Patrick L. , Henderson John J. , del Barco Enrique , Brechin Euan K. , Hendrickson David N.
Published: September 2010

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Energy Transfer in Artificial Photosynthetic Systems
Authors: Imahori H. , Umeyama T.
Published: September 2010

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron—Phonon Interactions and Their Applications to Novel Nanoelectronics. Part 1. The Effect of Atomic Substitutions
Authors: Kato Takashi
Published: September 2010

Review: 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Achievements and Open Questions in the Self‐Reproduction of Vesicles and Synthetic Minimal Cells
Authors: Stano Pasquale , Luisi Pier Luigi
Published: September 2010

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances Towards Synthetic Machines at the Molecular and Nanoscale Level
Authors: Konstas Kristina , Langford Steven J. , Latter Melissa J.
Published: September 2010

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Chemical Topology to Molecular Machines
Authors: Sauvage Jean‐Pierre , Collin Jean‐Paul , Durot Stephanie , Frey Julien , Heitz Valerie , Sour Angelique , Tock Christian
Published: September 2010

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanisms for Formation, Chlorination, Dechlorination and Destruction of Polychlorinated Dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)
Authors: Altarawneh Mohammednoor , Dlugogorski Bogdan Z. , Kennedy Eric M. , Mackie John C.
Published: September 2010

Review: 240 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ohysical Theory of Excitons in Conducting Polymers
Authors: Brazovskii Serguei , Kirova Natasha
Published: September 2010

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Novel Multiple Quantum Methodologies for the Analyses of Complex Proton NMR Spectra of Scalar Coupled Spins
Authors: Reddy G. N. Manjunatha , Suryaprakash N.
Published: September 2010

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray and Neutron Diffraction in the Study of Organic Crystalline Hydrates
Authors: Fucke Katharina , Steed Jonathan W.
Published: September 2010

Review: 83 refs.
Balancing the harms and benefits of early detection of prostate cancer
Authors: van Leeuwen Pim J. , Connolly David , Tammela Teuvo L. J. , Auvinen Anssi , Kranse Ries , Roobol Monique J. , Schroder Fritz H. , Gavin Anna
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

The benefits of prostate cancer screening on an individual level remain unevaluated.

METHODS:

Between 1993 and 1999, a total of 43,987 men, aged 55‐74 years, were included in the intervention arm of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) section in the Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland. A total of 42,503 men, aged 55‐74 years, were included in a clinical population in Northern Ireland. Serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) <20.0 ng/mL was measured in all men at study entry. All men were followed for prostate cancer incidence and causes of death until December 31, 2006.

RESULTS:

The adjusted absolute difference in prostate cancer specific mortality between the intervention population and the clinical population increased with increasing PSA level at study entry, ie, 0.05 per 10,000 person‐years for men who had a serum PSA level of 0.0‐1.9 ng/mL and 8.8 per 10,000 person‐years for men who had a serum PSA level of 10‐19.9 ng/mL. To evaluate the risks of early detection, the number needed to investigate (NNI) and number needed to treat (NNT) to save 1 death from prostate cancer were calculated. Both NNI and NNT were higher for those who had lower PSA levels at study entry. The NNI was 24,642 men for patients who had a serum PSA level of 0.0‐1.9 ng/mL and was 133 men for patients who had a serum PSA level of 10‐19.9 ng/mL; the NNT was 724 men for patients who had a serum PSA level of 0.0‐1.9 ng/mL and was 60 men for patients with a serum PSA level of 10‐19.9 ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONS:

For men with a low serum PSA level, the benefits of aggressive investigation and treatment may be limited because they are associated with a large increase in cumulative incidence and potential overtreatment. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Molecular Encapsulation of Fluorescent Dyes Affords Efficient Narrow‐band Dye Laser Operation in Water
Authors: Mohanty Jyotirmayee , Jagtap Krishna , Ray Alok K. , Nau Werner M. , Pal Haridas
Published: September 2010

A water‐based narrow‐band high‐efficiency dye laser was designed by means of a supramolecular host–guest chemical approach. The lasing characteristics of rhodamine B and sulforhodamine B (Kiton Red S) dyes in aqueous solution with the macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) as additive were investigated in a narrow‐band dye laser setup. Significant improvements in both photostability and thermo‐optical properties of the aqueous CB7‐complexed dye systems were observed as compared to the uncomplexed dyes in ethanol solution. The tuning curves for the new dye–CB7–water systems were constructed by measuring the laser output at different wavelengths, which showed similar peak efficiencies and red‐shifted gains compared to the ethanolic solutions of the dyes, while dye laser operation revealed comparable pump threshold energies and slope efficiencies. The combined results render the dye–CB7–water system an attractive active medium for high‐repetition rate dye laser operation.
Exploring parents' attitudes and behaviors about their children's physical appearance
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Kearney‐Cooke Ann
Published: September 2010

This survey study provides descriptive information regarding parents' evaluations of children's physical appearance, eating habits and exercise behaviors, and of parental efforts to influence their children's physical appearance. It further tests hypotheses of gender‐related differences and age effects in parents' evaluations of their children. The study sample included 1,276 adult men and women who were selected from the participants of a body image survey. To be included, respondents had to be a parent of a child between the ages of 2 years and 16 years. A majority of respondents were found to be basically satisfied with their child's physical appearance, eating habits, and exercise behavior. However, increasingly less positive evaluations were reported with increasing age of the child. This shift in attitude was observed already among parents of grade schoolers. Few gender‐related differences were found between male and female respondents, although women appeared to be more involved in influencing children's appearance. Analyses exploring differences concerning gender of the child found mixed results. Some questions resulted in gender‐related differences consistent with the greater importance of beauty for women compared with men, yet our data also suggested that increasingly, men are included in our culture's mandate to value and pursue physical attractiveness.
Case study of the effects of prolonged and severe anorexia nervosa on bone mineral density
Authors: Kotler Lisa , Katz Lee , Anyan Walter , Comite Florence
Published: September 2010

Among the most severe sequelae of anorexia nervosa (AN) are its skeletal complications. Young women who have AN during adolescence may not attain their expected peak skeletal mass, and may enter adulthood with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fracture. This case history describes a young woman with severe AN that included prolonged exposure to both low body weight and amenorrhea. BMD measurement during the acute stage of her illness revealed severe osteopenia. Six years after recovery from AN, follow‐up studies demonstrated only modest gains in BMD, with measurements for the hip and lumbar spine that are greater than 2 SDs below the age‐matched mean.
Changes in eating inventory scores following obesity treatment
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Marcus Bess H. , Pera Vincent , Niaura Raymond S.
Published: September 2010

Eating Inventory scores may predict compliance, attrition, and outcome to obesity treatment. Research documenting change on the Eating Inventory subsequent to treatment is limited. In Study 1, 29 obese patients demonstrated significant improvement on all three factors of the Eating Inventory (Cognitive Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger) following a 26‐week multidisciplinary weight management program. In Study 2, a second sample of 18 obese patients also demonstrated significant improvement on all three factors on the Eating Inventory following treatment. These results provide initial guidelines for the amount of change that patients may demonstrate on the Eating Inventory following treatment.
Li2CaSi2N4 and Li2SrSi2N4 – a Synthetic Approach to Three‐Dimensional Lithium Nitridosilicates
Authors: Zeuner Martin , Pagano Sandro , Hug Stephan , Pust Philipp , Schmiechen Sebastian , Scheu Christina , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

The quaternary lithium alkaline earth nitridosilicatesLi2MSi2N4 with M = Ca, Sr were synthesized at 900 °C by employment of liquid lithium as fluxing agent in weld shut tantalum ampoules. The title compounds crystallize in space group Pa$\bar {3}$ [Li2CaSi2N4: a = 1056.9(12) pm, Z = 12, R1 = 0.0439, wR2 = 0.0839, 412 data, 42 parameters; Li2SrSi2N4: a = 1071.37(12) pm, Z = 12, R1 = 0.0476, wR2 = 0.1227, 528 data, 42 parameters]. The structure is built up from vertex sharing [SiN4] tetrahedra forming a three‐dimensional network comprising the alkaline earth and lithium ions in the voids. The network is the first example of a nitridosilicate adopting topology of Net 39 according to O'Keeffe. The two crystallographically independent M2+ sites are highly symmetrically coordinated by six nitrogen atoms. Lattice energy calculations (MAPLE) and EDX measurements confirmed the electrostatic bonding interactions and the chemical compositions. 7Li and 29Si solid‐state MAS NMR spectra of Li2SrSi2N4 are reported. Electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) elucidates further information upon the lithium incorporation.
Ring‐Opening Reaction of Methylenecyclopropanes Derived from Methylenecyclopropyl Aldehydes through Cope Rearrangement
Authors: Tang Xiang‐Ying , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: September 2010

Tandem Wittig reaction/Cope rearrangement of methylenecyclopropyl aldehydes 1 with cinnamyltriphenylphosphonium bromide afforded a convenient method for the synthesis of cyclopentene derivatives 2 in moderate yields in a one‐pot manner. Dialkyl 2‐[(2‐methylenecyclopropyl)methylene]malonates 3 derived from methylenecyclopropyl aldehydes 1 could produce two kinds of cyclopentene derivatives, 4 and 5, in good total yields through a thermally induced Cope rearrangement upon heating at 100 °C. Plausible reaction mechanisms are discussed on the basis of previous reports and on control experiments.
Preparation of Sugar β‐Amino Acid Derivatives with Cyclic Structures by Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Sundararaju Basker , Sridhar Tailor , Achard Mathieu , Sharma Gangavaram V. M. , Bruneau Christian
Published: September 2010

Efficient syntheses of β‐amino acid derivatives with cyclic structures were developed. The key steps involve aza‐Michael addition and ruthenium‐catalyzed allylation for the construction of new acyclic β‐amino acid dienes incorporating a sugar fragment, and a ruthenium‐catalyzed ring‐closing metathesis for the construction of the seven‐ and nine‐membered ring compounds.
Straightforward Synthesis of Diverse 1‐Deoxyazapyranosides via Stereocontrolled Nucleophilic Additions to Six‐Membered Cyclic Nitrones
Authors: Chan Ting‐Hao , Chang Yi‐Fan , Hsu Jung‐Jung , Cheng Wei‐Chieh
Published: September 2010

A systematic study of diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents to six‐membered chiral tri‐O‐benzyl cyclic nitrones is described. With all eight chiral cyclic nitrones and asymmetric reaction conditions in hand, a practical methodology is established for the preparation of diverse 1‐deoxyazapyranosides bearing various stereogenic centers.
Development of the core‐suspended isolation system
Authors: Nakamura Yutaka , Saruta Masaaki , Wada Akira , Takeuchi Toru , Hikone Shigeru , Takahashi Teiichi
Published: September 2010

A new type of seismic isolation system—called the core‐suspended isolation (CSI) system—has been developed and first building application recently completed. The CSI system consists of a reinforced concrete core on top of which a seismic isolation mechanism composed of a double layer of inclined rubber bearings is installed to create a pendulum isolation mechanism. A multi‐level structure is then suspended from a hat‐truss or an umbrella girder constructed on the seismic isolation mechanism. In this paper, the mechanics of the CSI system are described, followed by a discussion of results of shaking table tests and quasi‐static loading tests of rubber bearings with rotated flanges, and a description of the first building constructed utilizing the CSI system, located in Tokyo, Japan. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical development? Using a critical theory lens to examine the current role of evaluation in the youth‐development field
Authors: Zeller‐Berkman Sarah
Published: September 2010

A critical theory lens is used to explore the role of evaluation in youth development, a field aimed at recognizing youth as assets. A theory of change in the field is questioned for its emphasis on individual youth outcomes as programmatic outcome measures. A review of 209 evaluations of 131 programs in the Harvard Family Research Project's Out‐of‐School Time Program Research and Evaluation Database reveals an overemphasis on individual gains related to academic achievement or youth development and a lack of attention to community‐ or systems‐level outcomes. The author posits that a critical approach would press evaluators to be intentional about what they measure and how in order to challenge the status quo for young people. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Moral knowledge and responsibilities in evaluation implementation: When critical theory and responsive evaluation collide
Authors: Freeman Melissa , Preissle Judith , Havick Steven
Published: September 2010

An external evaluation documented what occurred in an inaugural summer camp to teach high school students how to preserve religious freedom by learning about and acting on the history and current state of church–state separation and other first amendment issues. Camp designers hoped to promote religious diversity values and civic engagement in youth. An analytic vignette grounded in an inductive analysis of observations, interviews, and document collection represents the competing demands of responsive and critical approaches to evaluation. Balancing obligations to promote the social well‐being of society with responsibilities to clients and other stakeholders presents challenges that can be met only by identifying priorities with clients in ongoing dialogue. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Critical social theory evaluation: Slaying the dragon
Authors: Mabry Linda
Published: September 2010

Values underlie evaluations, but there is no consensus as to whose values should found evaluators' judgments of program quality. The controversial position of critical social theory evaluators—that societal values trump those of evaluation commissioners—is explored in terms of professional issues and standards, historical evolutions, philosophical trajectories, and social responsibility. Attention is given to risks, compensations, and opportunity costs associated with taking (or not) a critical social theory approach to evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Near‐isochemical evolution of clay mineral assemblages in differentially buried volcaniclastic sediments, the Late Miocene Upper Red Formation, Iran
Authors: Amini A. , Curtis C. D. , Anketell J. M.
Published: September 2010

The Upper Red Formation (URF) comprises over 1–5 km of late Miocene siliciclastic sediments in the Central Iran Basin. The formation is dominated by volcaniclastic conglomerates and arenites. The prevailing arid conditions during most of the basin's history resulted in deposition of predominantly organic‐poor, red sediments with gypsum and zeolites. This investigation concentrates on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the URF in the southern and northern margins of the basin where the formation was buried to depths of 2.4 and 6.6 km, respectively. Fine fraction mineral separates from the southern margin consist of nearly pure smectite and zeolites at a depth of 400 m and smectite with minor quartz and calcite at 1800 m. Shallow samples (1350 m) from the northern section are rich in smectite, illite/smectite with some discrete illite and chlorite. This assemblage is progressively replaced by discrete illite and chlorite with increasing burial depth so that only these two minerals are found at depths greater than 4300 m. The initial alteration process involved replacement of glass and volcanic lithics by smectite and zeolites in both margins of the basin. Increased depth of burial in the northern margin resulted in the progressive isochemical alteration of smectite to discrete illite and chlorite. Diagenesis of clay assemblages occurred essentially in a closed system. Solute products of glass hydrolysis reactions were retained in highly alkaline, saline ground waters from which zeolites, carbonates and oxides precipitated as cements. It is unlikely that these sediments were ever significantly leached by meteoric waters or by organic acids generated during burial diagenesis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of calcium release activated calcium channels in osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Zhou Yandong , Lewis Tricia L. , Robinson Lisa J. , Brundage Kathy M. , Schafer Rosana , Martin Karen H. , Blair Harry C. , Soboloff Jonathan , Barnett John B.
Published: September 2010

Osteoclasts are specialized macrophage derivatives that secrete acid and proteinases to mobilize bone for mineral homeostasis, growth, and replacement or repair. Osteoclast differentiation generally requires the monocyte growth factor m‐CSF and the TNF‐family cytokine RANKL, although differentiation is regulated by many other cytokines and by intracellular signals, including Ca2+. Studies of osteoclast differentiation in vitro were performed using human monocytic precursors stimulated with m‐CSF and RANKL, revealing significant loss in both the expression and function of the required components of store‐operated Ca2+ entry over the course of osteoclast differentiation. However, inhibition of CRAC using either the pharmacological agent 3,4‐dichloropropioanilide (DCPA) or by knockdown of Orai1 severely inhibited formation of multinucleated osteoclasts. In contrast, no effect of CRAC channel inhibition was observed on expression of the osteoclast protein tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Our findings suggest that despite the fact that they are down‐regulated during osteoclast differentiation, CRAC channels are required for cell fusion, a late event in osteoclast differentiation. Since osteoclasts cannot function properly without multinucleation, selective CRAC inhibitors may have utility in management of hyperresorptive states. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1082–1089, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impaired astrocytic extracellular matrix distribution under congenital hypothyroidism affects neuronal development in vitro
Authors: Mendes‐de‐Aguiar Cláudia Beatriz Nedel , Alchini Ricardo , Zucco Juliana Klein , Costa‐Silva Bruno , Decker Helena , Alvarez‐Silva Marcio , Tasca Carla Inês , Trentin Andréa Gonçalves
Published: September 2010

Astrocytes clearly play a role in neuronal development. An indirect mechanism of thyroid hormone (T3) in the regulation of neuronal development mediated by astrocytes has been proposed. T3 alters the production and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans, producing a high‐quality substrate for neuronal differentiation. The present study investigated the effect of hypothyroidism on the astrocyte production of fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LN) as well as their involvement in neuronal growth and neuritogenesis. Our results demonstrated that the amount of both FN and LN were significantly reduced in cultures of hypothyroid astrocytes from rat cerebellum compared with normal cells. This effect was accompanied by reduced numbers of neurons and neuritogenesis. Similarly, the proportions of neurons and neurons with neurites were reduced in cultures on ECM prepared from hypothyroid astrocytes in comparison with normal cells. The proportion of both normal and hypothyroid neurons is strongly reduced in astrocyte ECM compared with cocultures on astrocyte monolayers, suggesting that extracellular factors other than ECM proteins are involved in this process. Moreover, treatment of hypothyroid astrocytic cultures with T3 restored the area of both FN and LN immunostaining to normal levels and partially reestablished neuronal survival and neuritogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrated that hypothyroidism involves impairment of the astrocytic microenvironment and affects the production of ECM proteins. Thus, hypothyroidism is implicated in impaired neuronal development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global to city scale urban anthropogenic heat flux: model and variability
Authors: Allen L. , Lindberg F. , Grimmond C. S. B.
Published: September 2010

The large scale urban consumption of energy (LUCY) model simulates all components of anthropogenic heat flux (QF) from the global to individual city scale at 2.5 × 2.5 arc‐minute resolution. This includes a database of different working patterns and public holidays, vehicle use and energy consumption in each country. The databases can be edited to include specific diurnal and seasonal vehicle and energy consumption patterns, local holidays and flows of people within a city. If better information about individual cities is available within this (open‐source) database, then the accuracy of this model can only improve, to provide the community data from global‐scale climate modelling or the individual city scale in the future. The results show that QF varied widely through the year, through the day, between countries and urban areas. An assessment of the heat emissions estimated revealed that they are reasonably close to those produced by a global model and a number of small‐scale city models, so results from LUCY can be used with a degree of confidence. From LUCY, the global mean urban QF has a diurnal range of 0.7–3.6 W m−2, and is greater on weekdays than weekends. The heat release from building is the largest contributor (89–96%), to heat emissions globally. Differences between months are greatest in the middle of the day (up to 1 W m−2 at 1 pm). December to February, the coldest months in the Northern Hemisphere, have the highest heat emissions. July and August are at the higher end. The least QF is emitted in May. The highest individual grid cell heat fluxes in urban areas were located in New York (577), Paris (261.5), Tokyo (178), San Francisco (173.6), Vancouver (119) and London (106.7). Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society