bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Area of Trifoliolate and Unequally Imparipinnate Leaves of Strawberry
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Proctor John T. A.
Published: September 2022

Leaflet length and width were used to calculate leaflet area, lateral leaflet area, and trifoliolate area for strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Redcoat’ and genotypes 62E55 and 71M59. Using regression analysis, the product of length and width (LW) was chosen as the independent variable. On the basis of predictive ability (R2) and/or the SE of estimation, the following equations were chosen to determine leaflet area, lateral leaflet area, and trifoliolate area, respectively: A = 0.66LW + 0.89; A = 0.68LW; A = 0.69 ΣLW. A common regression equation could be used for the cultivar and genotypes studied. If the leaf is unequally imparipinnate, then the area of the lateral leaflets and the trifoliolate must be summed to obtain total leaf area.
Tolerance of Highbush and Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars to Hexazinone
Authors: Baron J. J. , Monaco T. J. , Mainland C. M.
Published: September 2022

Hexazinone was applied as a soil drench to 1-year-old rooted hardwood cuttings of highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) blueberries in a series of greenhouse experiments. No differences in susceptibility to hexazinone were detected among 10 highbush and 3 rabbiteye cultivars growing in a fine sand soil. Two highbush and 2 rabbiteye cultivars were assayed for hexazinone tolerance in low, medium, and high organic matter soil which contained 1.3%, 3.5%, and 49.5% organic matter, respectively. Hexazinone at 1 or 2 kg/ha had no inhibitory effect on blueberry growth in the high organic matter soil, inhibited growth slightly on the medium organic matter soil and caused severe injury in the low organic matter soil. At rates of 4 and 8 kg/ha, injury was severe on the medium and low organic matter soils but very slight on the high organic matter soil.
Comparison of Three Slow-release Fertilizers in the Production of Seedling Dwarf Date Palm
Authors: Doughty S. C. , O’Rourke E. N. , Barrios E. P. , Mowers R. P.
Published: September 2022

Phoenix roebelenii O’Brian palm seedlings were potted in Metro Mix 500, and 3 groups of 25 plants each were fertilized with 18–2.6–10 (8- to 9-month release), 19–2.6–10 (3- to 4 month release) Osmocote, and 21–2.6–10 (6-month release) Sulfur Kote. Control pots with and without plants were either fertilized or not fertilized. Seedling palms were greenhouse grown for 23 weeks at temperatures ranging from 18° to 41 °C. Fertilizer type had no significant effect on leaf number or length, total dry weight or root dry weight. Plants which received Osmocote formulations showed higher foliage dry weights than plants which received Sulfur Kote. Conductivity of leachate (EC = mmhos/cm2) from pots fertilized with slow-released materials generally increased with no indication that release rate of nutrients had peaked.
Relationship among Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertility Regimes on Celery Transplant Growth
Authors: Dufault Robert J.
Published: September 2022

‘Utah 52-70R’ celery (Apium graveolens L.) seedlings were fertilized weekly with solutions containing N, P, and Κ to determine the nutrient needs required to produce high quality transplants. As Ν rate increased from 10 to 250 ppm, shoot number, seedling diameter and height, leaf area/seedling, shoot and root dry weight/seedling, and dry weight/shoot increased in 52-day-old seedlings. As P rate increased from 5 to 125 ppm, seedling diameter, height, shoot dry weight/shoot, and leaf area increased, but root dry weight and shoot number were not affected. Nitrogen interacted with P for all growth variables measured. Increasing P rates from 5 to 125 ppm significantly increased shoot number, diameter, height, and shoot and root dry weights only in combination with Ν rates of at least 250 ppm; however, dry weight/shoot, leaf area, and root to shoot dry weight ratios increased with P rates used in conjunction with at least 50 ppm N. Potassium rates from 10 to 250 ppm affected neither the growth variables nor did they interact with P or N. Therefore, to grow high-quality celery transplants, nutrient solutions should contain at least 250N–125P–10K (ppm) if a ver-miculite-peat-perlite medium low in N, P, and Κ is used.
Sensory Responses to Five Cultivars of Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Lyon B. G. , Horvat R. J. , Kays S. J.
Published: September 2022

Five sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars with diverse flavor characteristics were evaluated by a consumer panel for intensity of taste and aftertaste and for acceptance using a Food Action Rating Scale (FACT). ‘Jewel’ (United States) and ‘Tainung-57’ (The People’s Republic of China) had a moderately intense flavor and received the highest acceptance rating, whereas ‘Morado’ (Central America) and ‘Sumor’ and ‘HiDry’ (new USDA releases) had the lowest intensity of taste and acceptance scores. Correlation coefficients between acceptance scores and taste intensity were not significant for all cultivars, indicating that consumer acceptance of sweet potatoes of diverse flavor characteristics may be based on other sensory attributes. Further investigations using trained profile panels and simultaneous analyses of taste/aroma constituents could determine criteria for consumer acceptance of sweet potato.
Nitrogen Rates and Nitrapyrin Influence on Yields of Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, and Celery
Authors: Welch N. C. , Tyler K. B. , Ririe D.
Published: September 2022

In field experiments using brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L., Gemmifera Group), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata Group), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L., Botrytis Group), and celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce L.), the application of nitrapyrin with ammonium sulfate fertilizer at planting produced higher yields than ammonium sulfate alone, at planting, or in split applications. Tissue levels of NO3-N of cabbage, cauliflower, and celery were usually significantly higher in nitrapyrin-treated plots than in those receiving comparable rates of Ν without nitrapyrin. Tissue levels of NO3-N in brussels sprouts did not increase significantly as Ν rate and yields increased.
Alleviation of Thermodormancy in Coated Lettuce Seeds by Seed Priming
Authors: Valdes Veronica M. , Bradford Kent J. , Mayberry Keith S.
Published: September 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Empire’) seeds (achenes) were given an osmotic priming treatment (24 hr in aerated —1.5 MPa polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) solution at 18°C in the light) which alleviated thermodormancy in laboratory tests. The seeds then were coated commercially for precision planting. Additional seeds also received a proprietary treatment for enhancing high temperature germination (Royal Sluis Split-kote D). In field trials in the Imperial Valley of California, where the soil temperature exceeded 35°C for the first 11 hr of imbibition under sprinkler irrigation, total emergence of untreated seeds after 6 days was between 18% and 21%, whereas that of primed and Splitkote D seeds ranged from 46% to 69%. Uniformity and rate of emergence were also greater for the primed seeds, with 91 % of the final emergence occurring by the 3rd day, as compared to only 70% for the control. Seed priming prior to coating can be an effective method of improving lettuce stand establishment under high temperature conditions.
Changes in Respiration and Composition of Different Length Asparagus Spears during Storage
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Kasmire Robert F.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus spears (Asparagus officinalis L. var altilis L.) were cut to 21, 14, and 7 cm in length and stored at 2.5°C for one week. Apical tissue had higher rates of respiration than basal tissue, and cuts to produce 7-cm apical sections caused a significant 15% increase in respiration that lasted a few days. Cuts made 14 cm from the apex had no effect on respiration. Over the 7-day storage period, CO2 production declined by 50%, with most of the decline occurring within the first 3 days. The composition of 3.5 cm incremental segments of the stored spears were analyzed. Storage resulted in significant declines in soluble carbohydrates along the entire 21 cm of the spear, in amino acids for 14 cm, and in protein along the apical 7 cm of the 21-cm spear. Apical 7-cm spears had at least double the rate of losses of these components during storage as did 21-cm spears.
Relationship between the Price of Waste Heat and Greenhouse Industry Production Systems
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Uchida Stanley , Gadomski Erika
Published: September 2022

Presented in this paper is an economic methodology for determining how changes in the price of heat affect choices among techniques for producing greenhouse crops. The methodology is applied to the problems of deciding between glass and polyethylene covering for greenhouses. The choice between the 2 materials is shown to depend on yield response.
Postemergence Grass Control in Achimenes and Bedding Plants
Authors: Gilreath James P.
Published: September 2022

Postemergence applications of fluazifop-butyl and sethoxydim at rates of 0.28, 0.56, and 0.84 kg a.i./ha provided excellent control of seedling Digitarla ciliaris (Retz.) Koel and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. in achimenes (Achimenes grandiflora Dc. ‘Cascade Violet Night’), impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. ‘Elfin Salmon’), marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Yellow Galore’), petunia (Petunia hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. ‘Burgundy’), and salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult. ‘Blaze of Fire’). Herbicide treatment did not affect achimenes rhizome size or weight nor plant vigor, height, or bloom production of impatiens, marigolds, petunias, or salvia. Chemical names used: (±)–2[4–[[5–(trifluoromethyl)2–pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop-butyl); 2-[1](ethoxyimino)butyl]propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexenl-1-one (sethoxydim).
‘Titan’ Red Raspberry
Authors: Sanford J. C. , Ourecky D. K. , Reich J. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Titan’ is a new red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivar with very large fruit and very high yield potential. ‘Titan’ is expected to be grown primarily in the northeastern United States.
‘Jewel’ Strawberry
Authors: Sanford J. C. , Ourecky D. K. , Reich J. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Jewel’ is a new strawberry cultivar (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), adapted to the Northeastern, Great Lakes, and Midwestern regions of the United States. It is a hardy and consistent cropping cultivar with large, attractive, high-quality fruit.
‘Jersey Giant’, An All-male Asparagus Hybrid
Authors: Ellison J. Howard , Kinelski John J.
Published: September 2022

Male asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) plants generally have higher yields and live longer than female plants; therefore, are preferred by growers. Another advantage of male plants is the lack of seeds, which, on female plants, produce volunteer seedlings regarded as a weed problem in commercial fields. Perhaps the most important long-term advantage of a male hybrid is that growers are unable to produce their own seed and thereby obliterate the original “cultivar.” The production of seed by growers already has led to the loss of excellent original strains of Martha and Mary Washington (2).
‘Mississippi Shipper’ Cowpea
Authors: Hare W. W. , Thompson P. G.
Published: September 2022

‘Mississippi Shipper’ is a new cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar that maintains pod wall color during the time required for fresh market shipping, storage, and retailing. It was released in 1984 by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station to fill the need for a purple hull brown crowder type adapted to shipping, with multiple disease and insect resistance.
‘Hansen 2168’ and ‘Hansen 536’: Two New Prunus Rootstock Clones
Authors: Kester Dale E. , Asay R. N.
Published: September 2022

In the article “‘Hansen 2168’ and ‘Hansen536’: Two New Prunus Rootstock Clones” by Dale E. Kester and R.N. Asay (HortScience 21:331–332), Fig. 2 was printed upside-down. The correct orientation is shown below.
The Carbohydrate-Nitrogen Relationship and Flowering/Fruiting: Kraus and Kray bill Revisited
Authors: Cameron J. Scott , Dennis Frank G.
Published: September 2022

In 1918, E.J. Kraus and H.R. Kraybill (22) published “Vegetation and Reproduction with Special Reference to the Tomato.” This bulletin has been described (Table 1) as “classic” (27), and the results hailed as “one of the most significant discoveries in the plant sciences” (29), and “a milestone of progress” (33). Although Kraus and Kraybill discussed the “carbohydrate/nitrogen relationship,” subsequent authors have often quantified this by calculating the mathematical ratio of the 2 components (5, 25, 31). However, Kraus (21), writing in 1925, cautioned against the use of such ratios: “…It is quite unlikely that any mathematical ratio between total quantities of nitrogen and carbohydrates can be established as causative of a limited set of plant functions…. It is remarkable that some of the ratios which have been calculated fit as well as they do.”
The Transition from Seed Development to Germination: A Key Role for Desiccation?
Authors: Kermode Allison R. , Bewley J. Derek , Dasgupta Juthika , Misra Santosh
Published: September 2022

An ovule passes through various contiguous phases during its development into a seed (Fig. 1). The first phase, histodifferentiation (or initial morphogenesis) (27), begins with fertilization and rapid cell division, leading to formation of the embryonic axis and of tissues that eventually accumulate reserve materials (3). Following this is the maturation or seed expansion phase, during which there is a marked increase in seed mass; cell expansion occurs as reserve deposition takes place. The 3rd and final phase, maturation drying (or desiccation), is characterized by a general reduction in metabolism as water is lost from the seed, which then passes into a quiescent, and sometimes dormant, state. This last phase is characteristic of temperate zone crops, but does not necessarily occur in tropical plants.
Parsley Emergence and Seedling Growth from Raw, Osmoconditioned, and Pregerminated Seeds
Authors: Pill Wallace G.
Published: September 2022

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) seeds osmoconditioned in −1.2 MPa polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) for 3 weeks at 15°C emerged earlier and gave higher seedling shoot fresh weights 24 days after planting than raw seeds. Further improvement in earliness of emergence was achieved by fluid-drilling the nongerminated, imbibed seeds in hydroxy ethyl cellulose gel. Germinating the osmoconditioned seeds (42% germination after 4 days at 15° in aerated water) before fluid-drilling decreased the time to 50% emergence by 52% and increased shoot fresh weight by 192% relative to raw seed performance. As emergence rate increased due to treatment, shoot fresh weight increased but emergence synchrony decreased. Neither grading seeds into density classes nor daily PEG replacement during osmoconditioning influenced seedling performance to a practical extent.
Pistachio Yield and Quality as Affected by Rootstock
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Iwakiri Ben T.
Published: September 2022

Trunk cross-sectional area of ‘Kerman’ pistachio trees on Pistacia atlantica Desf. seedling rootstocks varied widely after 24 years. Average annual nut yield was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area. Degree of shell splitting and blank nut production also were influenced by rootstock. Two trees were identified that were the most vigorous, had the greatest yields, and produced excellent crops annually in contrast to the others that exhibited severe biennial bearing.
Photodegradation of Paraquat Applied to Polyethylene Mulch Film
Authors: Gilreath J. P. , Duranceau S. J.
Published: September 2022

Field experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of paraquat residue on black or white polyethylene mulch 0 to 144 hr after application of paraquat at 1.12 kg·ha−1. Effects of eluant from mulch on vigor of 6-week-old tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Duke’) plants were also measured. Mulch color had no effect on the rate of photodegradation or on the degree of plant injury. Substantial plant injury was observed from eluants collected from 0 through 96 hr after application of paraquat, with significant injury present until 120 hr after application. After 120 hr, plant vigor was acceptable for their survival, and injury was minimal. Concentration (in the eluant) of paraquat eluted with water from the polyethylene decreased from 275 ppm to <1 ppm from 0 to 144 hr after application, respectively. Significant plant injury was associated with recoverable concentrations >30 ppm of paraquat after 96 hr. Chemical names used: 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salts (paraquat).
Growth-retarding Effects of Paclobutrazol on Weeping Fig
Authors: LeCain D. R. , Schekel K. A. , Wample R. L.
Published: September 2022

Paclobutrazol was found to be an effective growth retardant for weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.). Plants treated with a soil drench at rates of application from 0.125 mg a.i. to 8.0 mg a.i. per 10-cm pot exhibited retardation in plant height, leaf production, internode length, and leaf size. All measured responses were retarded linearly with increasing concentration, to the point of saturation at 0.5 mg a.i. per 10cm pot. Leaves developing under the influence of paclobutrazol also appeared darker green than in untreated plants. The growth retarding influence of a single application of PP333 persisted after transplanting. Chemical names used: (2RS,3RS)-l-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2(l,2,4-triazole-l-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol; ICI-PP333).
The Relationship of Soil-applied N and K to Yield and Quality of ‘Thornless Evergreen’ Blackberry
Authors: Nelson Esther , Martin Lloyd W.
Published: September 2022

Three treatments of combined N and K (0, 67, or 135 kgha−1 of each element) were applied to ‘Thornless Evergreen’ blackberries [Rubus laciniatus (West.) Willd]. Fruit were harvested in 1981-1984 with a Littau self-propelled harvester; yield, fruit size, soluble solids, and firmness were measured. Fruit pH, acidity, and anthocyanin content were measured in 1983 and 1984. Treatments affected yield, fruit characteristics, and leaf mineral composition; the intermediate treatment level was the most desirable. There was not a consistent relationship of N and K levels of primocane leaves or soil K level with yield, fruit size, soluble solids, or firmness of the fruit regardless of whether the fruit samples were taken the same year as the leaf and soil samples or the year following. We conclude that the currently recommended rates of N and K for ‘Thornless Evergreen’ need refinement.
Controlled Atmosphere Effects on the Pathogenicity of Fungi on Celery and on the Growth of Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Reyes Andres A. , Smith Richard B.
Published: September 2022

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and Botrytis cinerea Pers. were highly pathogenic to celery stored at 0° to 1°C in normal air (21% O2). Alternaría dauci (Kuhn) Groves & Skolko, Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, were nonpathogenic. An atmosphere of 7.5% CO/1.5% O2 was more suppressive to disease caused by B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum than low 1.5% O2 atmosphere alone. The 4% CO2/1.5% O2 and 0.0003% C2H4/1.5% O2 atmospheres were slightly suppressive to disease caused by S. sclerotiorum only. The 7.5% CO/1.5% O2 atmosphere also was consistently suppressive to mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea.
Storage of Cut Douglas-fir: Relationship to the Damage Threshold
Authors: Montano Jose M. , Proebsting William M.
Published: September 2022

Various storage treatments were imposed on cut douglas-fir Christmas trees to measure drying relative to the damage threshold ψ of −3.5 MPa. In a greenhouse (day/night 16°/10° ± 5°C, RH 70-95%), cut douglas-fir dried to −3.5 MPa in 4 days. Overhead irrigation under these conditions maintained ψ about − 3.2 MPa for 9 days. Outdoors (day/night 672° ±9°), ψ declined to a range of −2.5 to −3.0 MPa depending on the weather. Overhead irrigation outdoors maintained ψ between −1.0 to −2.5 MPa. The antitranspirants tested did not reduce the rate of water loss significantly in the greenhouse. Outdoors, ψ of Vapor Gard-treated trees was similar to the irrigated trees, but Vapor Gard caused serious cosmetic defects. None of the other antitranspirants tested reduced moisture loss outdoors.
Photosynthesis, Stomatal Conductance, and Leaf Water Potential in Response to Temperature and Light in Peach
Authors: Tan C. S. , Buttery B. R.
Published: September 2022

Three-year-old peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees in a growth room under well-watered conditions were subjected to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels (400-700 nm) of 444, 287, 144, 61, and 19 μmol°s−1m−2. At very low PAR levels (19 and 61 μmol°s−1m−2), the photosynthetic rate (P) declined with increasing temperature. Multiple regression analyses for the 3 highest PAR levels showed that an increase in PAR increased the optimum temperature for both P and stomatal conductance (gs). The highest leaf water potential (ψL) was found at 21°C in all 3 PAR levels. The regression equations also showed that PAR was the main determinant of P and gs, but that temperature was the main determinant of ψL.
Changes in Polygalacturonase Isoenzymes and Converter in Tomatoes During Ripening
Authors: Pressey Russell
Published: September 2022

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Tropic’) were examined for changes during ripening in fruit firmness, water-soluble pectin, the 2 polygalacturonases (PG I and PG II), and polygalacturonase converter. The loss of fruit firmness and increase in water-soluble pectin at the turning stage of ripeness coincided with the appearance of PG activity. The initial activity was due exclusively to PG I, which continued to increase during ripening. PG I was the major polygalacturonase isoenzyme in extracts of tomatoes at all stages of ripeness, contrary to previous reports. PG II was first detected in pink fruit and increased markedly with ripening. Polygalacturonase converter was present in green tomatoes, but also began to increase at the turning stage. The results indicate that PG I may be formed during extraction of tomatoes from PG II and the converter as they are solubilized.
Reaction of Sweet Potato Seedlings to the Russet Crack Strain of Feathery Mottle Virus
Authors: Arrendell Susan , Collins Wanda W.
Published: September 2022

The response of 501 open-pollinated seedlings of 9 parental clones of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] to the severe russet crack strain of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SRC-FMV) was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Sixty-four percent of the seedlings showed foliar, root, or foliar/root symptoms, indicating that SRC-FMV can be sap-transmitted to seedlings. Fifty-nine percent showed foliar symptoms only. Seedlings from the parental clone with the highest percentage of symptom expression (88%) in the greenhouse were used to study the effect of selected environmental factors on foliar symptom expression. The predominant symptom was veinbanding. The percentage of plants showing symptoms varied from 0% to 46% and was influenced significantly by the interaction of light intensity × daylength × temperature.
A Rapid Method to Estimate Leaf Area of Cassava Plants
Authors: Pereira Jose F. , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: September 2022

A rapid method to determine the total leaf area of a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plant was determined. A ruler was designed to determine individual leaf area when the linear equation relating leaf area and the length of the middle leaf lob is known. A linear equation can be developed for a specific cultivar. Total leaf area of a whole plant can be determined by counting the number of phylotactic turns and using it in a linear equation relating cumulative leaf area with the number of phylotactic turns per plant. Equations for 6 cassava cultivars are given.
Conversion Between Southeastern and California Peach Sizes
Authors: Delwiche Michael J. , Baumgardner Reginald A.
Published: September 2022

The 2 largest production regions of fresh-market peaches in the United States—California and Southeast—collectively account for two-thirds of the total U.S. crop (3), yet use completely different sizing and labeling systems. Confusion occurs among producers and in marketing channels when comparing packed fruit from the 2 regions.
‘King Red’ Russian-olive
Authors: Hooks R. F. , Oaks W. R.
Published: September 2022

Russian-olive is an introduced deciduous tree that can be used in shelterbelt, windbreak, and ornamental landscapes. Its silvery leaves, brown stems, and decorative red fruit make a colorful specimen plant or trimmed formal hedge. The trees provide excellent cover for wildlife with fruit consumed by many species of birds and animals and flowers that are used by bees in honey production.
University of Florida Horticulture Programs
Authors: Barrett James E. , Davies Frederick S. , Hochmuth George J. , Stephens James M.
Published: September 2022

The University of Florida is one of the 10 largest universities in the United States, with more than 35,000 students, 20 colleges andaschools, and 86 interdisciplinary research and education centers, bureaus, and institutes. Fifty-two undergraduate degree programs offer 114 majors, and there are 123 master's and 76 doctoral programs in 87 different departments. Along with Ohio State Univ. and the Univ. of Minnesota, the Univ. of Florida offers more academic programs on a single campus than any of the nation's other universities. The Carnegie Commission on Higher Education ranks it as one of the nation's leading research universities. Moreover, the Univ. of Florida is a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities, which is composed of the 56 leading public and private institutions in North America.
Contending with Nepotism and Politics in Brazil
Authors: Mukai Margret , Warfield David L.
Published: September 2022

I would like to comment about one of the more developed of the lesser-developed countries (LDCs) in response to David L. Warfield's letter (HortScience 21:186, Apr. 1986) and Viewpoint (HortScience 21:352–353, June 1986) in which he proposed that the United States train more undergraduates rather than graduate foreign students.
Semiportable Laminar Flow Hood for Tissue Culture and Microscope Use for Research and Teaching
Authors: Meyer Martin M.
Published: September 2022

In the article “Semiportable Laminar Flow Hood for Tissue Culture and Microscope Use for Research and Teaching” by Martin M. Meyer, Jr. (HortScience 21:1064–1065, Aug. 1986), the first sentence of the article should read “Sterile rooms or reachin boxes were used to prevent contamination of cultures in early work with plant tissue and embryo culture.”
Managing Rhizosphere Microorganisms in the Production of Horticultural Crops
Authors: Linderman R. G.
Published: September 2022

Horticultural crops are grown under a wide range of environmental conditions. Horticulturists generally attempt to control as many environmental factors as possible that influence plant growth, such as light, temperature, moisture, and nutrients. More of these factors can be controlled in the greenhouse than in the field. The assumption is that these are the main factors that influence plant growth, but one of the most critical ones, soil, often is overlooked. Even when soilless mixes are used, little thought may be given to controlling more than moisture and nutrients in the medium, although most researchers and growers recognize the need for mixes to have good aeration and drainage, capacity to hold nutrients, and freedom from insects, diseases, and weeds as well as harmful chemicals. The latter viewpoint is largely correct, but overlooks the role played by nonpathogenic soil microorganisms in the growth and development of plants.
Soil-borne Organisms Affecting Replanted Pears
Authors: Cameron R. , Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B.
Published: September 2022

The west coast of North America has long been a major production area of pears (Pyrus communis L.), because the relatively mild winters and dry summers reduce disease incidence and encourage high yield and quality. Depending on the year of planting, the site, variety, and cultural considerations, orchards have been planted on several different rootstocks.
Influence of Row Covers, Mulch, and Bedding Dates on Early Production of Sweet Potato Transplants
Authors: Walker D. W. , Randle W. M.
Published: September 2022

Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cv. Travis storage roots were bedded on 8 and 27 Mar. 1985 according to standard cultural practices. The following row cover and mulch treatments were tested for their effects on early transplant production: a) bare soil (control); b) black polyethylene mulch; c) nonwoven polyester row cover; d) slitted, clear polyethylene row cover; or e) slitted, white polyethylene row cover. All row cover and mulch treatments increased soil temperature (at a 5-cm depth) relative to the bare soil. Compared to black polyethylene mulch, slitted, clear polyethylene row covers increased soil temperatures, whereas soil temperature was reduced by slitted white polyethylene. Mulch and row covers increased weight and number of large transplants as compared to bare soil. The primary effect of row covers as compared to mulch was to increase the percentage of large (>15 cm long) transplants. The use of slitted, clear polyethylene and slitted, white polyethylene row covers appeared to reduce the incidence of sclerotial blight (Scleratium rolfsii) in plant beds. Row cover and mulch treatments did not alter yield of storage roots grown from transplants produced under the various bed treatments.
Effects of Seed Preconditioning Treatments on Emergence of Cucumber Populations
Authors: Staub J. E. , Nienhuis J. , Lower R. L.
Published: September 2022

Seeds from three cycles of recurrent selection in a heterogeneous cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) population for improved percentage of germination at 15°C were subjected to five treatments and evaluated for percentage of emergence and average number of days to emergence at 15°, 20°, and 25° under controlled conditions. Treatments included dry seed, imbibed seed, and pregerminated seed in combination with a supporting gel at sowing. Results indicate that the mechanism for improved low temperature germination is not due to enhanced imbibition. Data also suggest that the percentage of emergence of imbibed seed with or without gel is complemented by the genetic potential to germinate at low temperatures and that no such complementation exists for pregerminated seed. Percentage of emergence of dry and imbibed seed with or without gel at 15° was improved while selecting only for improved germination at 15°, indicating a correlated response to selection.
Tree Size and Performance of Young Apple Trees of Nine Cultivars on Several Growth-controlling Rootstocks
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B. , Robbins Scott , Bjornstad H. O.
Published: September 2022

Tree size and performance were summarized for five-year-old apple trees, with a range of vigor, in several cultivars on several size-controlling rootstocks. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of trees on EMLA 9 was 86% greater than those on M 9, while trees on EMLA 27 had a 48% smaller TCSA than M 9. The percentage of flowering was greatest on trees on M 9 compared to EMLA 9 and 27; greatest on Clark (C) 54 compared to C 6 and C 43; and least on seedling compared to MM 111, MM 106, and M 7. Trees on EMLA 9 and M 9 had high-yield efficiency (cumulative yield/TCSA), whereas those on EMLA 27 were less yield-efficient. Trees on seedling stock were less efficient than those on MM 111, MM 106, and M 7. Smallest trees based on TCSA were noted for both ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’/EMLA 27 and ‘Starkrimson’/C 54, whereas the largest trees were ‘Starking Delicious’/Merton 793.
Ozone-induced Injury on Field-grown Watermelons
Authors: Decoteau D. R. , Simon J. E. , Eason G. , Reinert R. A.
Published: September 2022

Foliage of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] is susceptible to injury induced by ambient concentrations of ozone. Injury symptoms consisted of a premature chlorotic mottle of leaf tissue, followed by stippling and bleaching of the foliage, and necrosis. Older, more mature leaves were more affected than younger leaves. There was a differential cultivar response to ozone, which identified potential insensitive genotypes.
Response of Eastern Black Walnut and Northern California Black Walnut Seedlings to Waterlogging
Authors: Catlin P. B. , Olsson E. A.
Published: September 2022

We compared the responses to root-zone waterlogging of seedlings of Juglans nigra L. and Juglans hindsii (Jeps.) Rehder. On the average, the two species did not differ in sensitivity to waterlogging, but substantial variation in sensitivity between individual plants within phenotypes was observed. Both species are highly sensitive to root-zone waterlogging.
Postemergence Control of Goosegrass and Large Crabgrass in Container-grown Ornamentals
Authors: Gilliam Charles H. , Wehtje Glenn , Fare Donna C.
Published: September 2022

Postemergence and preemergence control of goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] were evaluated with clopropoxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, xylofop-ethyl, and poppenate-methyl. None of these herbicides was injurious to Rhododendron obtusum ‘Coral Bells’, Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’, Euonymus alatus ‘Compacta’, Juniperus horizontalis ‘Plumosa’, or Thuja occidentalis ‘Pyramidal’ and, depending on rate, provided acceptable grass control. Only xylofop-ethyl at 0.12 kg ha−1 and poppenate-methyl at 1.12 kg·ha−1 consistently provided at least 90% control. Poppenate-methyl also provided preemergence activity for one to six weeks. Chemical names used: (E,E)-2-[l-[[(3-chloro-2-propeny)oxy]imino]butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-eyclohexen-l-one (clopropoxydim); (±)-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-ehloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate (fenoxapropethyl); 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]-phenoxy]propionic acid (xylofop-ethyl); and methyl-3-hydroxy-4[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]-pentanoate (poppenate-methyl).
The Effect of Chlormequat Chloride, Ancymidol, BAS 106, and SD8339 on Selected Dianthus Cultivars
Authors: Messinger Nancy L. , Holcomb E. Jay
Published: September 2022

Experiments were conducted during the summer and fall to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of chlormequat chloride, ancymidol, BAS 106, and SD8339 on the height and plant quality of potted Dianthus cultivars ‘Snowfire’, ‘Indian Carpet’, and ‘Persian Carpet’. The effects of the growth retardants on the height and number of vegetative shoots were extremely diverse. The greatest height reduction was from BAS 106 applied at 3.6 mg a.i. per plant. As a result of this treatment, ‘Snowfire’ height was reduced by 70.0%, ‘Persian Carpet’ by 42.7%, and ‘Indian Carpet’ by 67.3%; however, both BAS 106 and SD8339, applied at concentrations that significantly reduced plant height, resulted in severe foliar damage. Chlormequat chloride and ancymidol reduced the height of ‘Snowfire’ at all treatment levels. ‘Snowfire’ height was reduced by 16.4% with 3000 ppm of chlormequat chloride and 47.5% with 144 ppm of ancymidol. Initial phytotoxic damage on ‘Snowfire’ from chlormequat chloride and ancymidol was not evident at the time of harvest. Chlormequat chloride and ancymidol applied to ‘Persian Carpet’ and ‘Indian Carpet’ in amounts to reduce plant height significantly resulted in severe foliage damage. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10 pentaaza-tetracyclo-5,4,102,6,08,11-dodeca-3-9-diene (BAS 106); and N-(phenylmethyl)-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine (SD8339).
Postemergence Control of Weeds in Azaleas with Sethoxydim and Fluazifop
Authors: Frank J. Ray , Beste C. Edward
Published: September 2022

A single postemergence application of sethoxydim at 0.5 or 1.0 kg a.i./ha or fluazifop at 1.0 kg a.i./ha controlled established seedlings of slender foxtail (Alo-pecurus myosuroides Huds.) and large crabgrass [Digitada sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] in field-grown Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch ‘Delaware Valley White’, ‘Hinocrimson’, and ‘Hershey Red’ azaleas. No significant phytotoxicity symptoms were observed on ‘Delaware Valley White’ or ‘Hershey Red’ azaleas, but ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas treated with fluazifop at 0.50 or 1.0 kg a.i./ha were significantly injured for up to 82 days. The growth of ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas also was reduced significantly when observed 82 days after treatment with fluazifop at 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 kg a.i./ha or sethoxydim at 1.0 kg a.i./ha. ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas treated with a single application of fluazifop at 1.0 kg a.i./ha were significantly smaller 15 months after treatment. Chemical names used: 2-[l-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclo-hexen-l-one (sethoxydim) and (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop).
Postharvest Fruit Conditioning Reduces Chilling Injury in Watermelons
Authors: Picha David H.
Published: September 2022

Symptoms of external chilling injury, primarily brown-staining of the rind, of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] were reduced by conditioning fruit at 26°C for 4 days before storage at 0° or 7°. No loss of marketable fruit occurred in nonconditioned melons stored at 0° for 4 days, or in conditioned melons stored at 0° for 12 days. Further lengths of 0° storage resulted in chilling injury and increased loss of marketable fruit. The amount of brown-staining intensified during 4- and 8-day holding periods at 21° after removal from storage at 0° for 8 days or longer, but was always less in conditioned fruit. Less chilling injury occurred in fruit stored at 7° than at 0°. No loss of marketable fruit occurred in conditioned melons stored for 8 days at 7° followed by holding at 21° for up to 8 days. A slight fruit loss occurred in nonconditioned melons subjected to the same treatment. ‘Charleston Gray’ was slightly more susceptible to chilling injury than ‘Crimson Sweet’ or ‘Jubilee’, among nonconditioned fruit.
The Influence of Cultivar, Price, and Longevity on Consumer Preferences for Potted Chrysanthemums
Authors: Shafer Barbara S. , Kelly John W.
Published: September 2022

A market survey using conjoint methodology was conducted to establish the relative contributions of cultivar, price, and longevity of potted chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × morifolium L. Ramat) in consumer purchasing decisions. Cultivar characteristics were the most influential in determining whether a consumer would buy a potted mum. While price and longevity possessed similar value for the consumer, the survey results indicated that a consumer's interest in longevity would take precedence over the desire to purchase a mum for a given price. A difference in response to potted mum attributes was observed between males and females. While females perceived price to be relatively similar in value to the cultivar characteristics during a purchase decision, males exhibited less price sensitivity and regarded cultivar attributes as possessing the greatest importance to the decision.
The Effect of Tetcyclasis on Sweet Corn Growth and Water Use
Authors: Vavrina Charles S. , Hook James E. , Phatak Sharad C.
Published: September 2022

The plant growth regulator tetcyclasis applied as a seed treatment [75% wettable powder (WP)] had growth-retarding effects on sweet corn (Zea mays L. ‘Silver Queen’), and modified water use. Tetcyclasis at rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g a.i./kg of seed significantly retarded top growth, while having no effect on root length for 28 days after planting. Water use on a per gram of plant tissue basis tended to be lower under cool-season conditions and equal under warm-season conditions among tetcyclasis seed treatments as compared to nontreated controls. Chemical names used: 5- (4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaaza-tetracyclo(5,4,l,02,6,08,11) dodeca-3,9-diene (tetcyclasis).
Effect of Paclobutrazol on Accumulation of Carbohydrates in Apple Wood
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Steffens G. L. , Faust M.
Published: September 2022

Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Spartan’ grafted on MM 106 rootstock) planted in 1976 in an orchard at Beltsville, Md., were treated with paclobutrazol a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, in Spring 1982 and again in 1983. In 1982, paclobutrazol [50 wettable powder (WP)] was applied as a foliage spray on 4, 14, and 25 May 1982, at 333 mgliter−1. On 27 Apr. 1983, trunks of these trees were painted with 75 g·liter−1 of paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol did not inhibit shoot growth in 1983 but it retarded the shoot growth significantly during 1984. The carbohydrate content of paclobutrazol-treated wood was generally higher at all sampling dates from the winter dormant period through growth resumption in the spring. Negative correlation coefficients were found between starch and soluble carbohydrates in the wood during the winter sampling dates, whereas positive correlation coefficients were evident during the spring growth resumption period. The increase in carbohydrates induced by the treatment was similar in both years, when growth was not inhibited (1983) or inhibited (1984), indicated that paclobutrazol has an effect on carbohydrate metabolism as well as growth. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1 -ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Selection Criteria for Breeding Sweet Potatoes for Industrial Uses
Authors: Hamilton M. G. , Jones A. , Dukes P. D. , Schalk J. M.
Published: September 2022

Correlation studies indicate visual and Hunter Lab Color and Color Difference Meter aL ratings are of comparable value for classifying flesh color of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] roots. Dry matter content was correlated with flesh color, specific gravity, and dry matter yield and with sugar, starch, and sugar + starch (fermentables) contents. Dry matter yield, starch yield, and other responses of seedlings with light and with dark orange flesh color were as expected from correlation studies. Light flesh color and high specific gravity, in combination with high field yield, appear to be useful selection traits for expediting development of cultivars for industrial uses.
Relative Resistance of Red Raspberry and Related Genotypes to the Root Lesion Nematode
Authors: Vrain T. C. , Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-one genotypes of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and related Rubus species were screened for reaction to the root lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Fillip and Skek.] in greenhouse pot trials; 6 of the genotypes were also screened in a microplot trial in the field. There were significant differences in numbers of nematodes recovered among the genotypes in the greenhouse trials but not in the microplot trial. Among the most resistant genotypes were a seedling of the North American red raspberry (Rubus idaeus strigosus Michx.) and a seedling of an eastern Asiatic species (R. crataegifolius Bge). ‘Nootka’ was the most resistant of the cultivars screened and ‘Glen Clova’ and ‘Chilcotin’ were the most susceptible. There were no significant effects from nematode inoculations on the observed growth parameters of the genotypes in any of the trials.
Sterility Disorder of ‘Darrow’ Blackberry
Authors: Converse R. H.
Published: September 2022

A sterility disorder (DSD) of ‘Darrow’ blackberry, a common problem in this cultivar in the eastern United States, causes partial to almost complete sterility without visible damage to other floral or vegetative parts. DSD withstands prolonged heat treatment in the plant, even when followed by shoot apex culture. DSD was not graft-transmissible by petiole insert leaflet grafting from known sterile ‘Darrow’ plants to healthy ‘Darrow’ or healthy ‘Marion’ blackberry plants. DSD is stable in symptom expression in varying environments and remains during various types of vegetative propagation. Therefore, the cause of DSD seems likely to be of genetic origin. A new disease agent, Alpine mosaic agent, was found in this study that is symptomless in ‘Darrow’ blackberry but causes mosaic symptoms in leaflets of Alpine strawberry leaflet-grafted from certain ‘Darrow’ clones, both sterile and fruitful. Its identity and economic importance are unknown.
Transplanting Matured Chinese Cabbage Plants for Seed Production
Authors: McCaffery M. W. , Keyes K. A. , Honma S.
Published: September 2022

Since Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. (Pekinensis group), is normally grown as a fall crop in the northern United States, it is impossible to obtain seeds from these plants. The transplanting of selected matured plants from the field to the greenhouse for seed production has not been successful, because a high percentage of the plants succumb to bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora (Jones).
‘Sweet Sandwich’ Onion
Authors: Peterson C. E. , Simon P. W. , Ellerbrock L. A.
Published: September 2022

Hybrid onion, ‘Sweet Sandwich’, pedigree (MSU 5718 X MSU 8155) X MSU 826, released in Apr. 1982 by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture with Michigan State and Cornell Univ. Agricultural Experiment Stations, is adapted to areas of New York and the upper Midwest where ‘Spartan Banner’ and other late-maturing storage cultivars are grown. In nine years of trials on organic soil at Palmyra, ‘Sweet Sandwich’ produced consistently high yields, equal to ‘Spartan Banner’, ‘Spartan Banner 80’, ‘Surecrop’, and ‘Sentinel’, widely grown hybrids in northern muckland areas (Table 1). In 1984, ‘Sweet Sandwich’ outyielded ‘Sentinel’, the most widely grown cultivar in New York, in four of seven locations and produced an equal yield in the other three locations. At relatively low plant density during two years of spacing trials in New York, ‘Sweet Sandwich’ produced the large size preferred for mild onions without later maturity and increased storage decay.
‘Tam Mild Chile-2’ Chile Pepper
Authors: Villalon Benigno , Dainello Frank J. , Lipe William N. , Taylor Richard M.
Published: September 2022

The major diseases responsible for the decline of profitable pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Texas and other areas throughout the United States and the world have been the potato Y-type viruses (1). ‘TAM Mild Chile-2’ (TMC-2) is the first mildly pungent long green/red chile with multiple virus resistance (MVR) to tobacco etch virus (TEV), potato virus Y (PVY), pepper mottle virus (PeMV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (TAES). It is recommended as a multi-purpose chile for fresh market, for processing in the green stage, or dehydration into red chile powder. The fruit exhibit a very low pungency and a high concentration of extractable red color.
MI-221 and MI-600 Pepper Breeding Populations
Authors: Honma Shigemi
Published: September 2022

MI-221 and MI-600 are pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasm released from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. MI-221 will be useful to breeders in a longterm improvement of the pepper for mechanical harvest, where a high percentage of mature fruits is necessary for once-over harvest. MI-600 will be useful as a source for improved red fruit color.
Propagation Through Tissue Cultures
Authors: Murashige Toshio
Published: September 2022

One major hotrticulture application of tissue cultures appears to be in the area of clonal propagation. Commercial feasibility has been demonstrated with diverse orchids, and the current interest is to extend the utilization to other crops. This issue's cover1 illustrates a successful extension of the tissue culture procesdure to the propagation of gerbera daisy. The upper photograph shows highly varied plants obtained from seedling, and the lower one shows uniform plants that were obtained asexually through tissue cultures (see p.175-180).
Haploidy in Peach1
Authors: Toyama T. K.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-four haploids of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were obtained by visual selection in seedling populations growing in the greenhouse. Frequencies varied markedly between some progenies. Meiosis in pollen-mother cells was extremely irregular. Ten haploids diploidized by colchicine treatment were fertile and resembled natural diploids.