bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial melting in the Inzie Head gneisses: the role of water and a petrogenetic grid in KFMASH applicable to anatectic pelitic migmatites
Authors: Johnson T. E. , Hudson N. F. C. , Droop G. T. R.
Published: March 2003

A sequence of prograde isograds is recognized within the Dalradian Inzie Head gneisses where pelitic compositions have undergone variable degrees of partial melting via incongruent melting reactions consuming biotite. Three leucosome types are identified. At the lowest grades, granitic leucosomes containing porphyroblasts of cordierite (CRD‐melt) are abundant. At intermediate grades, CRD‐melt mingles with garnetiferous leucosomes (GT‐melt). At the highest grades, CRD‐melt coexists with orthopyroxene‐bearing leucosomes (OPX‐melt), while garnet is conspicuously absent. The prograde metamorphic field gradient is constrained to pressures of 2–3 kbar below the CRD‐melt isograd, and no greater than 4.5 kbar at the highest grade around Inzie Head.

A petrogenetic grid, calculated using thermocalc, is presented for the K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (KFMASH) system for the phases orthopyroxene, garnet, cordierite, biotite, sillimanite, H2O and melt with quartz and K‐feldspar in excess. For the implied field gradient, the reaction sequence predicted by the grid is consistent with the successive prograde development of each leucosome type. Compatibility diagrams suggest that, as anatexis proceeded, bulk compositions may have been displaced towards higher MgO content by the removal of (relatively) ferroan granitic leucosome. An isobaric (P = 4 kbar) T–aH2O diagram shows that premigmatization fluids must have been water‐rich (aH2O > 0.85) and suggests that, following the formation of small volumes of CRD‐melt, the system became fluid‐absent and melting reactions buffered aH2O to lower values as temperatures rose. GT‐ and OPX‐melt formed by fluid‐absent melting reactions, but a maximum of 7–11% CRD‐melt fraction can be generated under fluid‐absent conditions, much less than the large volumes observed in the field. There is strong evidence that the CRD‐melt leucosomes could not have been derived by buoyantly aided upwards migration from levels beneath the migmatites. Their formation therefore required a significant influx of H2O‐rich fluid, but in a quantity insufficient to have exhausted the buffering capacity of the solid assemblage plus melt. Fluid : rock ratios cannot have exceeded 1 : 30. The fluid was channelled through a regionally extensive shear zone network following melt‐induced failure. Such an influx of fluid at such depths has obvious consequences for localized crustal magma production and possibly for cordierite‐bearing granitoids in general.
Seafloor hydrothermal alteration at an Archaean mid‐ocean ridge
Authors: Kitajima K. , Maruyama S. , Utsunomiya S. , Liou J. G.
Published: March 2003

A hydrothermally metamorphosed/altered greenstone complex capped by bedded cherts exposed in the North Pole, Pilbara Carton, Western Australia, is interpreted as an accretionary complex. It is distinctive in being characterised by both duplex structure and an oceanic crust stratigraphy. This complex is shown to represent an Archaean upper oceanic crust with a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal metamorphism that increases in grade stratigraphically downward. Three mineral zones have been defined; Zone A of the zeolite facies, the prehnite‐pumpellyite facies or the lower‐greenschist facies at high‐XCO2 condition, Zone B of the greenschist facies, and Zone C of the greenschist/amphibolite transition facies. In Zone A metabasites, Ca‐Al silicates including Ca‐zeolites, prehnite and pumpellyite are absent and epidote/clinozoisite is extremely rare. Instead, abundant carbonates are present with chlorite suggesting high‐XCO2 composition in the fluid. On the other hand, in Zones B and C metabasites, where Ca‐amphibole + epidote/clinozoisite + chlorite + Ca‐Na plagioclase are the dominant assemblages, carbonate is not identified. The metamorphic conditions boundary of Zones B/C were estimated to be about 350 °C at a pressure of <0.5 kbar.

Fluid compositions coexisting with Archaean greenstones at the transition between Zones B and C were estimated by thermodynamic calculation in the CaFMASCH system (T = 350–370 °C, P = 150–1000 bar) at XCO2 of 0.012–0.140, such values are higher than present‐day vent fluids collected near mid‐ocean ridges with low‐XCO2 values, up to 0.005. The Archaean seawater depth at the mid‐ocean ridge was estimated to be 1600 m at XCO2 = 0.06 using a depth‐to‐boiling point curve for a fluid. The carbonation due to high‐XCO2 hydrothermal fluids occurred near the ridge‐axis before or was coincident with ridge metamorphism.
Cordierite as a sensor of fluid conditions in high‐grade metamorphism and crustal anatexis
Authors: Harley S. L. , Thompson P. , Hensen B. J. , Buick I. S.
Published: March 2003

Cordierite H2O and CO2 volatile saturation surfaces derived from recent experimental studies are presented for P–T conditions relevant to high‐grade metamorphism and used to evaluate fluid conditions attending partial melting and granulite formation. The volatile saturation surfaces and saturation isopleths for both H2O and CO2 in cordierite are strongly pressure dependent. In contrast, the uptake of H2O by cordierite in equilibrium with melts formed through biotite dehydration melting, controlled by the distribution of H2O between granitic melt and cordierite, Dw[Dw = wt% H2O (melt)/wt% H2O(Crd)], is mainly temperature dependent. Dw = 2.5–6.0 for the H2O contents (0.4–1.6 wt percentage) typical of cordierite formed through biotite dehydration melting at 3–7 kbar and 725–900 °C. This range in Dw causes a 15–30% relative decrease in the total wt% of melt produced from pelites. Cordierite in S‐type granites are H2O‐rich (1.3–1.9 wt%) and close to or saturated in total volatiles, signifying equilibration with crystallizing melts that achieved saturation in H2O. In contrast, the lower H2O contents (0.6–1.2 wt percentage) preserved in cordierite from many granulite and contact migmatite terranes are consistent with fluid‐absent conditions during anatexis. In several cases, including the Cooma migmatites and Broken Hill granulites, the cordierite volatile compositions yield aH2O values (0.15–0.4) and melt H2O contents (2.2–4.4 wt%) compatible with model dehydration melting reactions. In contrast, H2O leakage is indicated for cordierite from Prydz Bay, Antarctica that preserve H2O contents (0.5–0.3 wt%) which are significantly less than those required (1.0–0.8 wt%) for equilibrium with melt at conditions of 6 kbar and 860 °C. The CO2 contents of cordierite in migmatites range from negligible (< 0.1 wt%) to high (0.5–1.0 wt%), and bear no simple relationship to preserved cordierite H2O contents and aH2O. In most cases the cordierite volatile contents yield total calculated fluid activities (aH2O + aCO2) that are significantly less than those required for fluid saturation at the P–T conditions of their formation. Whether this reflects fluid absence, dilution of H2O and CO2 by other components, or leakage of H2O from cordierite is an issue that must be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis.
Metasomatic albitites and related biotite‐rich schists from a low‐pressure polymetamorphic terrane, Snake Creek Anticline, Mount Isa Inlier, north‐eastern Australia: microstructures and P–T–d paths
Authors: Rubenach M. J. , Lewthwaite K. A.
Published: March 2003

Rocks of the Snake Creek Anticline are mainly pelitic schists, psammitic schists and quartzites that were metamorphosed during multiple high‐T/low‐P events extending from D1 to D5, with the metamorphic peak occurring late to post‐D3. Albitites are widespread, but are concentrated in five areas. They are typically fine‐ to medium‐grained, and consist of albite, with or without combinations of quartz, biotite, staurolite, cordierite, garnet, andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite, gedrite and tourmaline. From the presence or absence of albite inclusions in porphyroblasts, the albitites are interpreted as forming early in the D3 event as a result of infiltration of external fluids. Psammitic schists and quartzites were preferentially altered, but pelitic schists were also albitized in localities where the alteration was more extreme, with the replacement of muscovite total and the replacement of quartz and biotite variable. Structural controls on albitization include fracturing and syn‐D3 shear zones in fold hinges. Biotite schists with abundant porphyroblasts (combinations of staurolite, garnet, andalusite and cordierite) occur adjacent to albitites, and it is argued that they formed by the addition of Fe and Mg sourced from the albitites. In several albitite‐rich areas, cordierite grew early in D3 and was partly or entirely replaced during or after D3 by combinations of biotite, andalusite, tourmaline, staurolite and sillimanite. A postulated P–T–d path involved an increase in pressure (with or without a decrease in temperature) subsequent to early D3 albitization, followed by an increase in temperature up to the metamorphic peak (late D3 to early D4. The metamorphism was contemporary in part with the emplacement of the Williams Batholith (c. 1550–1500 Ma), which probably supplied the Na‐rich fluids.
The interpretation of reaction textures in Fe‐rich metapelitic granulites of the Musgrave Block, central Australia: constraints from mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3
Authors: White R. W. , Powell Roger , Clarke G. L.
Published: March 2003

Fe‐rich metapelitic granulites of the Musgrave Block, central Australia, contain several symplectic and coronal reaction textures that post‐date a peak S2 metamorphic assemblage involving garnet, sillimanite, spinel, ilmenite, K‐feldspar and quartz. The earliest reaction textures involve spinel‐ and quartz‐bearing symplectites that enclose garnet and to a lesser extent sillimanite. The symplectic spinel and quartz are in places separated by later garnet and/or sillimanite coronas. The metamorphic effects of a later, D3, event are restricted to zones of moderate to high strain where a metamorphic assemblage of garnet, sillimanite, K‐feldspar, magnetite, ilmenite, quartz and biotite is preserved. Quantitative mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3(KFMASHTO) usingThermocalc3.0 and the accompanying internally consistent dataset provide important constraints on the influence of TiO2and Fe2O3on biotite‐bearing and spinel‐bearing equilibria, respectively. Biotite‐bearing equilibria are shifted to higher temperatures and spinel‐bearing equilibria to higher pressures and lower temperatures in comparison to the equivalent equilibria in K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (KFMASH). The sequence of reaction textures involving spinel is consistent with a D2P–Tpath that involved a small amount of decompression followed predominantly by cooling within a single mineral assemblage stability field. Thus, the reaction textures reflect changes in modal proportions within an equilibrium assemblage rather than the crossing of a univariant reaction. The D3 metamorphic assemblage is consistent with lower temperatures than those inferred for D2.
A student‐generated web‐based oral history project
Authors: Yang S‐C. , Chen N‐S. , . Chen A.s
Published: March 2003

Abstract  The study examines the affective attitudes and cognitive perceptions toward computer‐mediated oral history of students between 11 and 16 years old. The project was established as an independent study project, whereby students collaborated to compile historical information through pre‐planned interviews with elders, and then built websites related to an historical topic. The study contributes to an understanding of oral history as a vehicle for authentic historical inquiry and provides a basis for empirical studies of Taiwanese students performing real history tasks with web‐based technology. The insights gained in this small study should help teachers design better oral history projects in terms of management, assessment and curriculum design.
Norwegian students using digital artifacts in project‐based learning
Authors: Erstad O.
Published: March 2003

Abstract  Discussion about information and communication technologies in education are often conducted at a general level. To increase understanding about new technologies and learning it is necessary to be more specific about what kinds of tools are being used and how they are related to knowledge construction by students within specific subject domains. Three Norwegian cases studies are reported so that different school cultures on how the learning environments are implemented are exposed. One important conclusion from the cross‐case analysis is the diversity among cases. What is the added value or changes that these technologies represent? Within a Norwegian context the paper shows how technology contributes to the design of new learning environments and how it might stimulate knowledge construction among students.
Breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in irrigated areas of South Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Herrel N. , Amerasinghe F. P. , Ensink J. , Mukhtar M. , Van Der Hoek W. , Konradsen F.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. As part of investigations on potential linkages between irrigation and malaria transmission, all surface water bodies in and around three villages along an irrigation distributary in South Punjab, Pakistan, were surveyed for anopheline mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) from April 1999 to March 2000. Samples were characterized according to exposure to sunlight, substratum, presence of vegetation, fauna, inorganic matter and physical water condition (clear/turbid/foul). Also water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electroconductivity (EC) and pH of sites were recorded. A total of 37 982 Anopheles larvae of six morphological types were collected from 2992 samples taken from irrigation/agricultural and village/domestic aquatic habitats. Anopheles subpictus Grassi sensu lato was by far the most abundant (74.3%), followed by An. culicifacies Giles s.l. (4.1%), An. stephensi Liston s.l. (2.6%), An. pulcherrimus Theobald (1.8%), An. peditaeniatus Leicester (0.3%) and An. nigerrimus Giles (0.1%). The four most abundant species were significantly associated with waterlogged fields and communal village drinking‐water tanks. Habitat characteristics most correlated with occurrence of anophelines were the physical water condition and the absence/presence of fauna, particularly predators. Occurrence and abundance of Anopheles immatures were not significantly correlated with water temperature, DO, EC or pH. Malaria vectors of the Anopheles culicifacies complex occurred at relatively low densities, mainly in irrigated and waterlogged fields. In South Punjab, where rainfall is very low, it should be possible to reduce anopheline breeding through water management, as larvae develop mainly in water bodies that are directly or indirectly related to the extensive canal‐irrigation system.
Seasonal activity and spatial distribution of host‐seeking adults of the tickDermacentor variabilis
Authors: Burg J. G.
Published: March 2003

Abstract.The seasonal temporal and spatial distribution and emergence of overwintering and summer cohorts of host‐seeking American dog tick,Dermacentor variabilis(Say) (Acari: Ixodidae), adults were examined for 5 years in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Weekly drag cloth sampling was conducted from early March until late September 1992–1995 and early March until the end of May 1996. Overwintering adult cohorts became active in early to mid‐April followed by bimodal host‐seeking activity each year, with the duration and intensity of the first activity period being related to the previous year's summer cohort activity. The first activity peak extended from mid‐April through late May and the second activity peak occurred in July. All host‐seeking activity ceased by early August, except in 1995, when activity ended on 22 August. Laboratory survival of adults, collected weekly during 1993–1996, was used to estimate the emergence of summer adult cohorts. Summer adult cohorts became active in late May or early June and overlapped with overwintering adult host‐seeking activity. The termination of host‐seeking activity in overwintering adults could not be determined using the methods employed in this study and is most likely to have continued for the entire season. Host‐seeking adults displayed contagious distribution patterns along trails bordering ecotone habitats, as determined by fitting a negative binomial frequency distribution to weekly sampling data. These patterns did not vary from year to year. In addition, the location ofD. variabilisactivity did not change from year to year, which suggests that microhabitats within apparently homogeneous environments enhance adult survival and lead to ‘hot spots’ of tick activity despite the ability of vertebrate hosts to disperseD. variabilispopulations more widely. These data better define our understanding ofD. variabilisadult seasonal and spatial host‐seeking activity, estimate for the first time the intensity of summer cohort host‐seeking activity, and relate summer cohort activity with spring activity the following year.
Phylogeny of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Authors: Kjer Karl M. , Blahnik Roger J. , Holzenthal Ralph W.
Published: March 2003

Trichoptera are holometabolous insects with aquatic larvae that, together with the Lepidoptera, comprise the Amphiesmenoptera. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses and progress on our ongoing data collection are summarized. Fragments of the large and small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNAs (D1, D3, V4–5), the nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha gene and a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) were sequenced, and molecular data were combined with previously published morphological data. Equally and differentially weighted parsimony analyses were conducted in order to present a phylogeny of Trichoptera, including 43 of 45 families. Our phylogeny closely resembles that proposed by Herbert Ross with respect to the relationships among suborders, with a monophyletic Annulipalpia at the base of the tree, and a clade consisting of Spicipalpia plus a monophyletic Integripalpia. The monophyly of Spicipalpia is weakly supported in the combined equally weighted analysis, and Spicipalpia is paraphyletic in the differentially weighted analysis. Within Integripalpia, our phylogeny recovered monophyletic Plenitentoria, Brevitentoria and Sericostomatoidea. Leptoceroidea was unresolved in the equally weighted analysis and monophyletic in the differentially weighted analysis. Within Annulipalpia, we recovered a basal but paraphyletic Philopotamoidea and a monophyletic Hydropsychoidea.
Phylogenetic significance of the wing‐base of the Holometabola (Insecta)
Authors: Hörnschemeyer Thomas
Published: March 2003

The present knowledge of the wing‐base morphology of the holometabolous insects is summarized, and the value of these structures for phylogenetic analysis is demonstrated. An autapomorphy of the Holometabola is a locking mechanism composed of a knob on the basalare and a corresponding cavity on the ventral wing‐base. Two synapomorphic hindwing‐base characters support a sister‐group relationship of Coleoptera and Neuropterida. Only few data are available on the wing‐base of the Hymenoptera. An autapomorphy of the taxon is a modification of the wing locking mechanism with reduced size of the basalare and its knob. It is demonstrated that wing‐base characters are helpful for the analysis of the relationships between strepsipteran families. However, characters of the wing‐base support neither a relationship of Strepsiptera and Coleoptera nor of Strepsiptera and Antliophora.
α‐Synuclein pathology is highly dependent on the case selection
Authors: Parkkinen L. , Soininen H. , Laakso M. , Alafuzoff I.
Published: March 2003

Lewy bodies and dystrophic neurites have been considered a common substrate for dementia, but they are also frequently found in the normal elderly population. The primary component of this pathology involves α‐synuclein. The main objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of α‐synuclein pathology in aged population, and to assess its relative significance in relation to dementia. The study also investigated whether differences could be detected in α‐synuclein pathology in relation to age, gender or concomitant Alzheimer's pathology. Furthermore, the influence of sampling strategies was analysed. α‐Synuclein pathology was assessed using immunohistochemistry in well‐characterized post‐mortem material. The investigation included patients from a longitudinal study of dementia of Alzheimer's type (n = 103, 85% demented), subjects from a prospective longitudinal clinical study of ageing (n = 69, 29% demented), a cohort of consecutive clinical post‐mortem cases collected for 1 year (n = 262, 12% demented), a sample of forensic post‐mortem cases collected for 6 months (n = 121, 15% demented) and a sample of Brain Bank material (n = 234, 26% demented). Overall, α‐synuclein pathology was found in 14% of all 774 subjects over 40 years of age, and this percentage varied from 8% to 27% according to sampling strategies. These results indicate that the prevalence of α‐synuclein pathology clearly depends on the selection of material. Furthermore α‐synuclein pathology was found in 23% of clinically demented patients and in 11% of non‐demented subjects. The load of α‐synuclein pathology was significantly greater in the demented patients versus non‐demented subjects indicating that α‐synuclein pathology is indeed of importance in the pathogenesis of dementia.
Oral yeast carriage in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Davies A. N. , Brailsford S. , Broadley K. , Beighton D.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate oral yeast carriage amongst patients with advanced cancer. Oral rinse samples were obtained from 120 subjects. Yeasts were isolated using Sabouraud's dextrose agar and CHROMagar™ Candida, and were identified using a combination of the API 20 C AUX yeast identification system, species‐specific PCR and 26S rDNA gene sequencing. Oral yeast carriage was present in 66% of subjects. The frequency of isolation of individual species was: Candida albicans, 46%; Candida glabrata, 18%; Candida dubliniensis, 5%; others, < 5%. The increasing isolation of non‐Candida albicans species is clinically important, since these species are often more resistant to antifungal drugs. Oral yeast carriage was associated with denture wearing (P = 0.006), and low stimulated whole salivary flow rate (P = 0.009). Identification of these risk factors offers new strategies for the prevention of oral candidosis in this group of patients.
Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram‐positive cocci isolated from pus specimens of orofacial odontogenic infections
Authors: Kuriyama T. , Karasawa T. , Nakagawa K. , Yamamoto E. , Nakamura S.
Published: March 2003

We recently reported the β‐lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic gram‐negative rods isolated from pus specimens of 93 orofacial odontogenic infections. In this report, we determine the bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria other than anaerobic gram‐negative rods, mainly gram‐positive cocci, isolated from the same specimens. Streptococcus constellatus and Peptostreptococcus micros were frequent isolates from all types of infection examined. Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Corynebacterium species, and Eubacterium species were recovered only from dentoalveolar infections, while Gemella morbillorum was found more frequently in periodontitis than in the other infections. β‐Lactamase‐positive strains were detected only in staphylococci. Ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefazolin, cefotaxime, imipenem, erythromycin, clindamycin and levofloxacin showed high susceptibility rates (≥77%) against viridans streptococci, Peptostreptococcus and Gemella. Minocycline showed a high MIC90 value against viridans streptococci (32 µg/ml), and metronidazole was effective against Peptostreptococcus and Gemella. These results provide useful information for the treatment of orofacial odontogenic infections.
Skin benefits from continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper
Authors: Baldwin S , Odio M R , Haines S L , O'Connor R J , Englehart J S , Lane A T
Published: March 2003

Background

Diaper dermatitis is a common childhood affliction. Aiming to help reduce the prevalence of this problem, we have advanced in our development of a novel diaper that delivers dermatological formulations to help protect the skin from over‐hydration and irritation.

Objective

To determine the clinical benefits of a novel disposable diaper designed to deliver a zinc oxide and petrolatum‐based formulation continuously to the skin during use.

Methods

All studies were independent, blinded, randomized clinical trials. Study A was conducted to confirm transfer of the zinc oxide/petrolatum (ZnO/Pet) formulation from the diaper to the child’s skin during use. Children wore a single diaper for 3 h or multiple diapers for 24 h. After the use period, stratum corneum samples were taken from each child and analysed for ZnO/Pet. Study B evaluated the prevention of skin irritation and barrier damage from a standard skin irritant (SLS) in an adult arm model. Study C evaluated skin erythema and diaper rash in 268 infants over a 4‐week usage period. One half of the infants used the ZnO/Pet diaper, while the other half used a control diaper that was identical except for the absence of the ZnO/Pet formulation.

Results

The ointment formulation and ZnO transferred effectively from the diaper to the child’s skin during product use. Transfer of ZnO increased from 4.2 µg/cm2 at 3 h to > 8 µg/cm2 at 24 h. Exposure to the formulations directly on adult skin prior to an irritant challenge was associated with up to a 3.5 reduction in skin barrier damage and skin erythema. Greatest reductions were seen for the ZnO containing formulations. Wearing of the formulation treated diaper was also associated with a significant reduction in skin erythema and diaper rash compared to the control product.

Conclusions

The results demonstrated the clinical benefits associated with continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum‐based formulation by this novel diaper.
Pivotal clinical trials of adapalene in the treatment of acne
Authors: Millikan LE
Published: March 2003

Adapalene, a naphthoic‐acid derivative, possesses some of the biological activities of tretinoin but has distinct physicochemical properties and binding properties for selective affinity for retinoic acid receptors. As such, adapalene is less likely to be associated with certain local tolerability problems (e.g. burning, erythema, pruritus).

Over the past 5 years, numerous clinical trials have been conducted to compare the efficacy and tolerability of adapalene and tretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Three pivotal, large, well‐controlled studies involving almost 900 patients showed that adapalene gel 0.1% and adapalene solution 0.1% are at least as effective as tretinoin gel 0.025%, with superior local tolerability. Adapalene cream 0.1% has proven to be significantly more effective than vehicle, with response rates comparable to those observed with the gel and solution. A meta‐analysis of trials with the gel formulation confirmed these findings, showing equivalent efficacy and improved tolerability vs. tretinoin gel 0.025%. Moreover, the onset of clinical effect was shown to be significantly more rapid than that of tretinoin gel. Taken together, these studies demonstrated that adapalene has overall efficacy similar to that of topical tretinoin, but with a superior therapeutic ratio that may result in superior outcomes in clinical practice through improved compliance. This may be expected because of its lesser potential for skin irritation, especially early in treatment, and because of greater convenience in that no waiting period is required between face washing and application of the product. Therefore, 5 years of clinical experience have established that adapalene in its various formulations is a valuable addition to current treatments for acne vulgaris.
An update of recent clinical trials examining adapalene and acne
Authors: Wolf JE
Published: March 2003

Topical retinoids are a mainstay in the treatment of acne vulgaris. In the past these agents have been associated with irritant effects, however, newer generations of topical retinoids have emerged that have been designed to be less irritating. This paper focuses on the newer topical retinoid products, and specifically looks at adapalene and recent clinical studies that evaluate its efficacy and tolerability. Most of these studies evaluate adapalene in comparison with the new tretinoin formulations, which, like adapalene, have been designed to be less irritating than their predecessors. The various studies comparing the efficacy and tolerability of adapalene with the new formulations of tretinoin are described. A summary of the findings and their implications follows.
Case report. Cryptococcal cellulitis showing necrotizing vasculitis
Authors: Kimura M. , Kadota E. , Satou T. , Yoneda E. , Furuta T.
Published: March 2003

Summary. A 65‐year‐old woman with refractory anaemia who had been treated with systemic corticosteroids for several months developed cryptococcal cellulitis of the right cubital fossa. She was treated empirically for a presumed bacterial cellulitis with little response. Histological examination of debrided tissue revealedCryptococcusas the causative organism. The tissue reaction involved suppurative inflammation with abscess formation in the dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Necrotizing vasculitis, which has rarely been described in cryptococcosis, was seen in this case. Although the cellulitis was cured by local treatment in this patient, most previous reports recommended systemic antifungal therapy to treat cryptococcal cellulitis.
Aspergillus detection in bronchoscopically acquired material. Significance and interpretation
Authors: Seyfarth H.‐J. , Nenoff P. , Winkler J. , Krahl R. , Haustein U.‐F. , Schauer J.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Pulmonary invasive aspergillosis is frequently difficult to diagnose. In particular, the value of the cultivation of Aspergillus and the Aspergillus galactomannan antigen detection (Pastorex®) in bronchoscopically acquired material (bronchoalveolar lavage=BAL, bronchiallavage=BL) in the course of diagnosing this mycosis is viewed controversially. Between January 1996 and September 1999, we obtained 114 positive results in 100 bronchoscopically aquired specimens from a total of 69 patients. 59 of the 69 patients were immunosuppressed, 42 suffered from pulmonary aspergillosis and 38 suffered from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The positive prediction rate for a positive result with regard to pulmonary aspergillosis in bronchoscopically acquired material was approximately 61%. Cultivation of Aspergillus was more successful in BAL, and the Aspergillus antigen detection was more successful in BL.
hxc2, an Arabidopsis mutant with an altered hypersensitive response to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Authors: Godard François , Lummerzheim Marie , Saindrenan Patrick , Balagué Claudine , Roby Dominique
Published: March 2003

A chemical mutagenized population of Arabidopsis Col‐0‐gl plants was screened for an altered hypersensitive response (HR) after spray inoculation with an HR‐inducing isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (strain 147). Three classes of mutant were identified: those exhibiting an HR– phenotype or partial loss of HR; hyper‐responsive mutants showing necrotic lesions rapidly leading to the collapse of leaves; and susceptible mutants. One mutant belonging to the susceptible class, hxc‐2, was extensively characterized. The compatible phenotype observed several days after initiation of the interaction was confirmed by measurement of in planta bacterial growth and use of bacterial strains constitutively expressing the GUS reporter gene. In the same way, accumulation of autofluorescent compounds, salicylic acid production and defence gene expression in the mutant were found to be similar to that displayed by the susceptible ecotype. Inoculation of hxc‐2 with different avirulent bacteria suggests that the mutation is specific for the interaction with the Xcc 147 strain, although the mutation has been shown to affect a single dominant locus, different from the resistance locus defined by genetic analysis of resistance to Xcc 147. Genetic mapping of the mutation indicated that it is located on chromosome III, defining a previously unknown resistance function in response to X. c. campestris.
3D gold in situ labelling in the EM
Authors: González‐Melendi Pablo , Shaw Peter
Published: March 2003

We have developed a novel pre‐embedding in situ hybridization labelling method for electron microscopy which has given much greater sensitivity and higher labelling levels than have been achieved previously, together with good ultrastructural preservation. Vibratome sections of plant tissue were labelled throughout their thickness with 1 nm gold antibodies and then silver enhanced, embedded in resin and sectioned for electron microscopy. Because the labelling extends throughout the depth of the specimen, this method permits the study of the 3D arrangement of the labelling at the electron microscope level by either stereo‐pair recording, tomographic reconstruction or 3D reconstruction from serial sections. In this paper we describe the application of this method to study the organization of rDNA in pea root tissue.
5S rRNA genes expression is not inhibited by DNA methylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mathieu Olivier , Yukawa Yasushi , Sugiura Masahiro , Picard Georges , Tourmente Sylvette
Published: March 2003

Methylation has often been correlated with transcriptional inhibition of genes transcribed by polymerase II, but its role on polymerase III genes is less well understood. Using the genomic sequencing technique, we have analysed the methylation pattern of the different 5S‐rDNA arrays of the Arabidopsis genome. Every cytosine position within the 5S sequence is highly methylated whatever the context – CpG, CpNpG or non‐symmetrical. The methylation pattern of both transcribed and non‐transcribed 5S units is similar, with no preferential methylated or unmethylated site. These results, taken together with 5‐azacytidine treatments and in vitro transcription experiments using methylated 5S templates, demonstrate that 5S rRNA gene transcription is not inhibited by methylation. Non‐transcribed 5S arrays are more subject to transition mutations resulting from deamination of 5‐methylcytosines, leading to CpG depletions and an increasing A + T content. As there were no detectable differences in methylation, this implies more efficient repair and/or selection pressure in transcribed 5S‐blocks.
Cell cycle‐dependent regulation of telomerase activity by auxin, abscisic acid and protein phosphorylation in tobacco BY‐2 suspension culture cells
Authors: Yang Seong Wook , Jin EonSeon , Chung In Kwon , Kim Woo Taek
Published: March 2003

Telomerase is a specialized RNA‐directed DNA polymerase that adds telomeric repeats onto the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. It was recently reported that the low, basal level of telomerase activity markedly increased at early S‐phase of the cell cycle, and auxin further increased the S‐phase‐specific telomerase activity in tobacco BY‐2 cells. In this study we show that abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone known to induce the cyclin‐dependent protein kinase inhibitor, effectively abolished both the auxin‐ and S‐phase‐specific activation of telomerase in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent fashion in synchronized tobacco BY‐2 cells. These results suggest that there exists a hormonal cross‐talk between auxin and ABA for the regulation of telomerase activity during the cell cycle of tobacco cells. Treatment of synchronized BY‐2 cells with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine or H‐7 effectively prevented the S‐phase‐specific activation of telomerase activity. By contrast, when okadaic acid or cantharidin, potent inhibitors of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), was applied to the cells, the S‐phase‐specific high level of telomerase activity was continuously maintained in the cell cycle for at least 14 h after release from M‐phase arrest. Incubation of tobacco cell extracts with exogenous PP2A rapidly abrogated in vitro telomerase activity, while okadaic acid and cantharidin blocked the action of PP2A, effectively restoring in vitro telomerase activity. Taken together, these findings are discussed in the light of the suggestion that antagonistic functions of auxin and ABA, and reciprocal phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of telomerase complex, are necessarily involved in the cell cycle‐dependent modulation of telomerase activity in tobacco cells.
Dental fluorosis and caries experience in relation to three different drinking water fluoride levels in South Africa
Authors: Grobler S. R. , Louw A. J. , Van W. Kotze T. J.
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between caries experience, degree of fluorosis and different concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water of children.

Sample and methods. The study included 282 children aged 10–15 years, who lived continuously since birth in three different naturally fluoridated areas (Leeu Gamka, 3·0; Kuboes 0·48 and Sanddrif 0·19 p.p.m. F), with virtually no dental care or any fluoride therapy. The teeth of the children were examined for caries using the DMFT index according to the WHO criteria and for fluorosis, using Dean’s criteria according to the WHO guidelines.

Results. The prevalence of fluorosis (scores 2, 3, 4 and 5) among the school children was 47% in Sanddrif, 50% in Kuboes and 95% in Leeu Gamka. Almost half the children in the two low fluoride areas had no fluorosis (scores 0 and 1), whereas only 5% in Leeu Gamka had no fluorosis. Of the children in Sanddrif, 42·5% had very mild/mild (scores 2 and 3) fluorosis, 44·3% in Kuboes and 34·1% in Leeu Gamka. Except for one individual in Kuboes, severe fluorosis (score 5) was only observed in the high fluoride area in 30% of the children. According to the Bonferroni adaptation for multiple comparisons, the degree of fluorosis in Leeu Gamka differed significantly from both those of Sanddrif and Kuboes. The mean DMFT for the children in Sanddrif and Kuboes was similar (1·64 ± 0·30 and 1·54 ± 0·24, respectively) but the caries experience of Leeu Gamka (1·98 ± 0·22) was significantly higher (P < 0·05) than that of both the other two areas. A strong positive correlation (P < 0·05) was found between the caries experience and the fluorosis scores of children in the high fluoride area (Leeu Gamka) but no correlation could be found in the other two areas. Significantly (P < 0·01) more children had decayed teeth in the high F area (Leeu Gamka) than in the other two areas.

Conclusion. The results suggest a positive association between high F levels in the drinking water and dental caries. Furthermore, a low caries experience and no difference in DMFT and fluorosis between the two low fluoride areas were found.
Brains and faces in holoprosencephaly: pre‐ and postnatal description of 30 cases
Authors: Blaas H.‐G. K. , Eriksson A. G. , Salvesen K. Å. , Isaksen C. V. , Christensen B. , Møllerløkken G. , Eik‐Nes S. H.
Published: March 2003

Objective

To investigate the prenatal appearance of the holoprosencephaly spectrum.

Methods

A database of 1750 fetuses with congenital anomalies identified by ultrasound was prospectively collected from 1987 to 2000. Among them, 30 cases (1.7%) with holoprosencephaly were prenatally identified and described.

Results

The prevalence of holoprosencephaly in the Health Region of the National Center for Fetal Medicine in Norway was 1.26: 10 000; the sex distribution (male: female) was 1.4: 1. Holoprosencephaly was found in one dichorionic twin pregnancy and one pair of conjoined twins. Among the 30 cases of holoprosencephaly, 18 were alobar, five were semilobar, two were lobar, two were lobar variants, and three were anencephalic. The facial features varied considerably. Sixty‐seven per cent (20/30) had associated structural anomalies that were not related to the cerebral and facial holoprosencephaly condition. Thirty‐seven per cent (11/30) had detectable chromosome aberrations and 23% (7/30) had nonchromosomal syndromal origin. The size or shape of the head was abnormal in 83% (25/30) of holoprosencephaly cases.

Conclusion

This study indicates that holoprosencephaly represents a heterogeneous entity with different etiologies and clinical appearances. The fact that holoprosencephaly features are found associated with particular conditions such as fronto‐nasal dysplasia (2/30; 6.7%), agnathia‐otocephaly (3/30; 10%), and anencephaly (3/30; 10%), suggests that these may be underreported conditions in other large holoprosencephaly series. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Prediction of fetal anemia with Doppler measurement of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in pregnancies complicated by maternal blood group alloimmunization or parvovirus B19 infection
Authors: Delle Chiaie L. , Buck G. , Grab D. , Terinde R.
Published: March 2003

Objectives

To confirm the relationship between the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA PSV) and hemoglobin values in fetuses at risk for anemia (due to maternal blood group alloimmunization or parvovirus B19 infection) and to investigate the clinical value of this method in the management of these pregnancies regardless of previous transfusions.

Subjects and methods

Forty singleton pregnancies, 30 affected by alloimmunization and 10 by intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection, were referred to our tertiary center between 1998 and 2000. All cases underwent Doppler measurement of the MCA PSV immediately before fetal blood sampling and just before and after intrauterine transfusion. Hemoglobin determination was always performed after diagnostic cordocentesis, before starting and after terminating fetal transfusion.

Results

Overall, we performed 165 fetal blood samplings (hemoglobin values) and obtained 165 corresponding MCA PSV values, 140 in pregnancies complicated by red‐cell alloimmunization and 25 by parvovirus B19 infection. In order to adjust for the effect of gestational age on the measurements, the data were expressed in multiples of the median (MoM). We found a good correlation between MCA PSV MoM and Hb MoM in both groups (alloimmunization,r2 = 0.6; y = 2.21 − 1.41x + 0.24x2; parvovirus infection, r2 = 0.68; y = 2.09 − 0.58x − 0.16x2). The reduction of post‐transfusion MCA PSV values was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Using a threshold of 1.29 for MoM PSV, the sensitivity and the specificity of MCA pulsatility indices on pretransfusion values in predicting any degree of fetal anemia (Hb ≤ 0.84 MoM) were 73.1% and 81.5% in the alloimmunization group and 100% and 100% in the parvovirus infection group, respectively.

Conclusion

We can confirm the presence of an inverse correlation between MCA PSV measurements and hemoglobin values in fetuses at risk for anemia due to maternal blood group alloimmunization and fetal parvovirus B19 infection. The MCA PSV is a reliable method for the prediction of anemia not only in fetuses before the first intrauterine transfusion, but also in those which have undergone one or more transfusions, with good sensitivity and specificity in both groups of fetuses at risk. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Purification, characterization and gene expression of a glycine and proline‐rich antibacterial protein family from larvae of a beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma
Authors: Sagisaka A. , Miyanoshita A. , Ishibashi J. , Yamakawa M.
Published: March 2003

Two structurally related antibacterial proteins were isolated from larvae of a beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, immunized with Escherichia coli. The two proteins were designated A. dichotoma (A. d.) coleoptericin A and B. The mature portion of A. d. coleoptericins deduced from nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs consists of seventy‐two amino acids without cysteine residues and is rich in glycine (11.1%) and proline (11.1%). Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the A. d. coleoptericins revealed that these antibacterial proteins have 94%, 75%, 50% and 43% similarity to rhinocerosin, holotricin 2, coleoptericin and acaloleptin A1. Recombinant A. d. coleoptericin A and B showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus subtilis. Recombinant A. d. coleoptericin A and B were shown to not form pores through bacterial membranes of E. coli, but to hamper cell division. Results of Northern blotting showed that A. d. coleoptericin genes are inducible by bacteria and are expressed strongly in the fat bodies and haemocytes, and weakly in the Malpighian tubules. Analysis of the evolutionary relationship of amino acid sequences among A. d. coleoptericins and other antibacterial proteins suggests that A. d. coleoptericins, rhinocerosin and holotricin 2 are closely related and form a gene family.
DNA analysis of transferred sperm reveals significant levels of gene flow between molecular forms ofAnopheles gambiae
Authors: Tripet F. , Touré Y. T. , Taylor C. E. , Norris D. E. , Dolo G. , Lanzaro G. C.
Published: March 2003

Anopheles gambiaepopulations in west Africa are complex, being composed of multiple, sympatric subpopulations. Recent studies have failed to reveal significant genetic differences among subpopulations, stimulating a debate regarding the levels of gene flow among them. The observed homogeneity may be the consequence of substantial contemporary gene flow or it may be that reproductive isolation is complete, but too recent for the accumulation of significant levels of genic divergence. Here, we report the results of a study estimating contemporary levels of gene flow betweenAn. gambiaesubpopulations by analysing females and transferred sperm removed from their reproductive systems. A total of 251 female and associated sperm extracts was analysed from a single site in Mali. Two molecular forms ofAn. gambiae, the M‐ and S‐forms, occurred in sympatry at this site. Overall, we found very strong positive assortative mating within forms, however, we did observe significant hybridization between forms. In the M subpopulation 2/195 females (1.03%) contained sperm from S‐form males and in 55 S‐form females we found one female containing M‐form sperm (1.82%). We also identified a mated M ×S hybrid adult female. From mating frequencies, we estimate theNembetween the M‐ and S‐form at 16.8, and from the adult hybrid frequency at 5.6. These values are consistent with our earlier estimate, based onFSTfor 21 microsatellite loci in whichNem = 5.8. We conclude that the general lack of genetic divergence between the M and S subpopulations ofAn. gambiaecan be explained entirely by contemporary gene flow.