bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CORRELATES OF HEALTHY FAMILY FUNCTIONING: THE ROLE OF CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT IN THE PRACTICE OF FAMILY THERAPY
Authors: Green Robert G. , Kolevzon Michael F.
Published: June 2007

The present study explores the relative importance of individual, dyadic and triadic measures of intrafamily functioning in predicting family health. Using self‐report data from 78 families, it was found that dyadic measures pertaining to marital quality and parent‐child relationships were more powerful predictors than either individual measures of emotional maturity, anxiety, self‐esteem or locus of control, or triadic measures of the families' hierarchical alignments. The study also found that while mothers' and fathers' assessments of intrafamily functioning were more important than the childrens' (except for the childrens' view of parent‐child relationships), the parents differed in that marital quality was more important to the mothers' evaluations of the family unit while parent‐child relationships were more important to the fathers'. Compositely, the findings suggest that family health is a complex multidimensional phenomenon, and that change in a particular dimension of family life may not necessarily be greeted with consensual validation or repudiation by all family members.
Family Therapy Training: Student And Faculty Perceptions
Authors: Henry Philip W. , Sprenkle Douglas H. , Sheehan Robert
Published: June 2007

This study compared the questionnaire responses of 71 faculty and 231 students from 12 university and 10 institute, AAMFT‐accredited and non‐accredited family therapy training programs. The findings about the preferred type of training program, criteria for program selection, expected student experiences, program policies and interprogram cooperation suggested key differences between universities and institutes as well as important similarities. Non‐accredited institutes emerged ashaving significant value differences from other programs in the study. The results also highlighted some of the major issues critical to the continued development of family therapy training.
FAMILY THERAPY AND IDEOLOGY*
Authors: Bernal Guillermo , Ysern Eduardo
Published: June 2007

Contemporary family therapy is examined in terms of its ideological content. The adoption of cybernetics and biological systems theory to the family has led to the erroneous belief that familytherapy is exclusively concerned with natural systems, is process oriented, content relative, and above ideology. This article argues that the family and the enterprise of family therapy are social systems and under the influence of the ideology particular to a given society. The strategic family therapy treatment of a family with a drug‐addicted member serves as an example to clarify the ideological themes of contemporary family therapy. These themes are: (a) family reductionism and blaming; (b) the relabeling of personal injustice into communicational terminology; (c) the assumption that the nuclear family is optimal; (d) the conceptualization of therapy as a commodity; and (e) the model of human relatedness and intimacy supported by family therapy.
EMERGENCY PSYCHIATRY AND THE FAMILY: THE DECISION TO ADMIT
Authors: Perlmutter Richard A.
Published: June 2007

The author's work with families presenting to a psychiatric emergency service points to the prominence of families' wishes that one family member be hospitalized. The pressure on the cliniciancan be extreme. A number of studies in the literature on the decision to admit contain similar observations emerging from varied methodologies and vantages. The author draws from clinical practiceand the literature to focus on an interpersonal dimension to emergency interventions. Awareness ofinterpersonal forces upon mental health clinicians is crucial to allow mature balancing of the many factors involved in the decision making process. An integration of family and systems thinking into the practice of emergency psychiatry can enhance comfort and effectiveness in many difficult crisis situations.
A COMPARISON OF DELAYED FEEDBACK AND LIVE SUPERVISION MODELS OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPIST CLINICAL TRAINING*
Authors: Fenell David L. , Hovestadt Alan J. , Harvey Samuel J.
Published: June 2007

Two models of family therapy supervision were compared in this research. Thirteen doctoral interns were divided into two groups. The first group received supervision based on delayed feedback supervision concepts. The second group received supervision based on the concepts of live supervision using the team approach. No significant differences were detected between the two supervision models in their ability to help interns acquire and retain selected family therapy skills.
DEVELOPING A PERSONAL INTEGRATION IN FAMILY THERAPY: PRINCIPLES FOR MODEL CONSTRUCTION AND PRACTICE
Authors: Lebow Jay L.
Published: June 2007

This paper sets forth generic guidelines for the clinician to observe in building and practicing a personal integrative method in family therapy. Principles are articulated around five foci: (a) the need for a personal paradigm, (b) the assimilation of aspects of scholastic approaches, (c) the role of the person of the therapist, (d) the adaptation of the model to specific cases, and (e) the pathways toward the development of a personal integrative model. An informed view of integrative practice is emphasized, in which a theoretical base is created, strategies and techniques are related to this paradigm, and the treatment of specific cases is linked to the general model.
FAMILY SYSTEMS AND THE INDIVIDUAL CHILD
Authors: Wachtel Ellen F.
Published: June 2007

In working with families with symptomatic children, family therapists may be so focused on the systematic aspects of the problem that they inadvertently neglect the child's individual issues. Through the use of a case example, this paper presents a variety of ways in which one can make use of a psychodynamic understanding of the child's issues while continuing to employ brief, action‐oriented intervention strategies. A crucial aspect of the approach described is the devising of tasks which address the child's intrapsychic conflicts.
THE MULTIPLE FORMS OF AGGRESSIVENESS BETWEEN MARITAL PARTNERS: HOW DO WE IDENTIFY THEM?
Authors: Margolin Gayla
Published: June 2007

One of the difficulties in conducting research that compares violent to nonviolent marriages, is determining exactly which couples are violent and what is the direction of that violence: husband‐to‐wife, wife‐to‐husband, or bi‐directional. To illustrate this problem, data on the incidence of violence in 103 couples are presented, based on wife's report only, husband's report only, or both spouses' reports. Incidence figures based on the report of either spouse were approximately 100% higher than the incidence based on agreements between spouses. Although slightly more wives than husbands reported severe husband‐to‐wife aggression, other forms of aggression were reported by more husbands than wives. Discussion focuses on the limitations of frequency data, alone, in assessing marital violence.
HELP AND HINDRANCE: PARENTS OF DIVORCING CHILDREN*
Authors: Lesser Elena K. , Comet Joel J.
Published: June 2007

Much research exists on the impact of divorce on the nuclear family. Less is known about the response of the extended family to a divorce. In this study, the authors examined divorcing children's perceptions of their parents' behavior; divorcing children experienced their parents' reactions as supportive, non‐supportive, or “mixed.” Types of helpful behaviors were categorized and patterns of unhelpful parental behavior were elaborated. Implications of the study for therapy and for an understanding of parent‐adult child relationships are discussed.
COUNSELING BATTERED WOMEN FROM FUNDAMENTALIST CHURCHES*
Authors: Whipple Vicky
Published: June 2007

In addition to the emotional, physical, and economic issues that all abused women face, battered women from fundamentalist churches have religious issues that need to be addressed. While therapists usually leave discussion of such matters to the clergy, in the case of domestic violence, the fundamentalist clergy is likely to be unsupportive or to even unknowingly endanger battered women because of their legalistic attitudes about marriage and sex roles. It is, thus, imperative that the professional counselor understand these issues and be willing to discuss them.

This article explains five teachings of fundamentalist churches, explores how they help perpetuate violent relationships, and offers suggestions to therapists on how to speak with clients about these issues.
BUCKLEY'S SCHEME OF SCHEMES AS A FOUNDATION FOR TEACHING FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
Authors: Duncan Barry L. , Fraser J. Scott
Published: June 2007

In recent training literature, a consistent recommendation emerges concerning the need for an emphasis on the development of a strong system theory base upon which future practitioners and researchers can build. This paper advocates the use of Buckley's hierarchical scheme as a teaching tool to provide an understandable, yet broadly applicable, theory base for graduate students in an introductory family therapy course. A method of teaching Buckley's scheme is outlined that not only incorporates the recommendations of the literature, but also provides an umbrella model of systems for future application and theory building.
A QUESTION CLASSIFICATION SCALE FOR MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY
Authors: Baldwin Cynthia
Published: June 2007

This paper proposes a Question Classification Scale (QCS) to permit more discrimination among the types of questions used in marriage and family therapy. The data base for the QCS development consisted of 503 family therapy questions drawn from tapes of eight family therapy experts and four trainees. The QCS was designed after studying question classification systems in philosophy, linguistics, educational research, and individual and family therapy. Each therapist‐initiated question is coded in four ways, yielding a simple, yet multidimensional, picture of the therapist's questioning patterns. Future research potential of the QCS is discussed.
THE NEIGHBORING FIELD OF BRIEF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY*
Authors: Gustafson Jim
Published: June 2007

The author presents the field of brief individual psychotherapy as a coherent set of conventions, despite its diverse origins in the schools or traditions of dynamic, behavioral, interpersonal or cognitive, and strategic psychotherapy. He proposes the advantages of these shared conventions, but also their drawbacks. He proposes how this neighboring field could help the field of family therapy reduce its errors.
THE LEGACY OF AIDS: CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT CENTURY
Authors: Maloney Bland D.
Published: June 2007

AIDS presents an unprecedented challenge for family therapists. A method of response is suggested involving three stages of therapy: (a) dealing with the crisis of disclosure; (b) interacting with larger systems; (c) working on family relationships and the grieving process. Countertransference issues which threaten to disrupt this three‐stage therapeutic process are discussed.
REMARRIAGE AND ITS ALTERNATIVES FOLLOWING DIVORCE: MOTHER AND CHILD ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Isaacs Maria Beth , Leon George H.
Published: June 2007

The current literature on the effects of new parental relationships following separation on the child's well‐being has overemphasized remarriage, per se, and has failed to analyze other types of relationships. The present study examines how mother and child adjustment varies among four categories of “blending”: (a) remarriage, (b) living together but not remarried, (c) seriously involved but not living together, and (d) not seriously involved.
THE GANDHI TECHNIQUE: A NEW PROCEDURE FOR INTRACTABLE PROBLEMS
Authors: Schiff Neil P. , Belson Richard
Published: June 2007

Most therapists eventually encounter a client with intractable difficulties. Such difficulties have various origins. The Gandhi Technique is a simple, dramatic and seemingly effective procedure to resolve intractable difficulties. This paper describes the technique and its application in three different cases. The paper also discusses several theories which may account for the efficacy of the technique. The authors propose the technique as a procedure that can be employed to resolve many kinds of problems, regardless of their origin.
RATIFICATION AND UTILIZATION: HYPNOTIC TECHNIQUES TO FACILITATE REFRAMING DURING EARLY MARITAL THERAPY
Authors: Gale Jerry E. , Brown‐Standridge Marcia D.
Published: June 2007

This paper reexamines the Mental Research Institute (MRI) associates' intervention of refraining in marital therapy. The roots of MRI refraining are traced back to Milton Erickson. Ericksonian strategies of ratification and utilization are introduced to enhance the artistry of refraining construction and delivery. Through the use of these strategies, there is a heightened emphasis to four departures from the MRI position: (a) nonverbal language, (b) conjoint refraining,(c) unconscious “wisdom,” and (d) recursive therapy. Examples of ratification and utilization techniques illustrate how the marital therapist can have greater therapeutic impact in designing reframes based on the “raw material” of presenting couple behaviors.
COMPUTER‐BASED INTERPRETATION OF THE MARITAL SATISFACTION INVENTORY: USE IN TREATMENT PLANNING
Authors: Snyder Douglas K. , Lachar David , Wills Robert M.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the computer‐based interpretive system for the Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI) and its application in initial phases of clinical assessment and treatment planning. The automated MSI interpretive report contains sections regarding profile validity and global marital affect, spousal communication, specific areas of interaction, concerns regarding children, role orientation, and family history of distress. A case study and sample narrative demonstrate the manner in which the MSI computerized report can be incorporated into initial clinical assessment and treatment planning. Clinical findings at intake are compared with MSI profiles for this couple obtained at termination and follow‐up. Both strengths and limitations of self‐report measures and computer‐based interpretive reports in marital therapy are considered.
A Controlled Evaluation of Psychoeducation Workshops for Relatives of State Hospital Patients
Authors: Reilly James W. , Rohrbaugh Michael , Lackner Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2007

Pre‐discharge psychoeducation workshops for relatives of psychiatric inpatients, conducted with and without the patient present, were compared to hospital‐tour and no‐contact control groups. Despite highly positive evaluations of the workshops, there were no group differences in patient relapse or family involvement in treatment after discharge; nor did the groups differ on questionnaire measures of relatives' illness attributions or criticism/rejection of the patient taken immediately after the workshops. Process analyses indicated that relatives made fewer personal and topic‐relevant comments over time in workshops with patients present, compared to those patients absent. Patients, however, maintained high (often disruptive) levels of participation.
SELECTING A FAMILY THERAPY MODEL: THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES IN ECLECTIC PRACTICE*
Authors: Kolevzon Michael S. , Sowers‐Hoag Karen , Hoffman Cheryl
Published: June 2007

The expanding knowledge and skill bases within the interdisciplinary family therapy profession pose a significant challenge for evolving practitioners, at whatever stage along the professional development process they find themselves. This challenge raises a basic question regarding whether there are any constraining forces to the level of eclecticism in practice towards which one can aspire. This paper empirically explores the role played by the personality attributes of the family therapist in facilitating and/or inhibiting one's adherence to a variety of approaches to family practice.
THE BORDERLINE/SCHIZOID MARRIAGE: THE HOLDING ENVIRONMENT AS AN ESSENTIAL TREATMENT CONSTRUCT
Authors: McCormack Charles C.
Published: June 2007

The borderline/schizoid marital constellation is the prominent constellation among borderline patients on a long‐term inpatient unit. Treatment of this marital constellation, in which each spouse has a severe personality disorder, requires application of the concept of the holding environment as an essential treatment construct, with the therapist as manager of the holding environment. This paper explicates the means of management. With the proposed treatment approach and a long‐term treatment orientation, seemingly hopeless cases can improve.
PREDICTING MARITAL SATISFACTION USING PREPARE: A REPLICATION STUDY*
Authors: Larsen Andrea S. , Olson David H.
Published: June 2007

This study clearly replicated the previous findings which demonstrated the predictive validity of PREPARE. Like the previous study, this longitudinal study was a 3‐year follow‐up of 179 couples who took PREPARE during their engagement. As in the initial longitudinal study, PREPARE predicted, with about 80% accuracy, couples who got divorced from those that were happily married. Also, the same linear trend in PREPARE scores was found (highest to lowest scores): happily married, unhappily married, cancelled/delayed marriage, and separated/divorced. This study further indicates the importance of the premarital period as the foundation for marriage and the ability of PREPARE to identify high‐risk premarital couples who could benefit from premarital counseling. Premarital counseling could potentially help these high risk couples develop a more satisfying marriage.
THE PREDICTION OF LEARNING IN FAMILY THERAPY TRAINING PROGRAMS*
Authors: Breunlin Douglas C. , Schwartz Richard C. , Krause Merton S. , Kochalka James , Puetz Russell A. , Van Dyke Joel
Published: June 2007

Research on family therapy training has produced very little data regarding the kinds of trainees that do best in family therapy training programs. This study attempts to provide some rough and preliminary data on that issue. One hundred and seventy trainees, drawn from seven different structural!strategic training experiences, were evaluated as to how much they learned by taking the Family Therapy Assessment Exercise pre‐ and posttraining. Their performance was correlated using a hierarchical regression analysis with a number of trainee variables such as amount of conjugal family experience, amount of experience doing family or individual therapy, or prior knowledge of family therapy. The results indicate that, as predicted, conjugal family experience was positively related, and prior knowledge was negatively related to performance. Prior experience doing individual therapy was also positively related to performance.
RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE LATER USE OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE
Authors: Carter Ross E.
Published: June 2007

Marital and family therapy training during psychiatry residency was compared to later use, in practice, for 87 psychiatrists. Respondents reported modest to minimal amounts of training in residency but practiced marital and family therapy with a variety of problems, identified a spread of effect to other treatment modalities, and preferred marital and family therapy second only to individual therapy. These results suggest a trend towards incorporating marital and family therapy into psychiatry and also indicate levels of training which must be exceeded in order to achieve basic competency.
PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY AND SYSTEMIC THERAPIES: PARALLEL OR CONVERGENT TRENDS?
Authors: Feixas Guillem
Published: June 2007

Since the constructivist position is progressively being adopted by most of systemic therapies, more attention is being paid to personal meanings. However, an integrative framework is needed to include both systemic and individual phenomena. Kell's Personal Construct Theory (PCT) can provide a significant contribution in this integration. Although PCT and the systemic therapies traditionally have had a different evolution and focus of attention (the individual and the family, respectively), they have profound similarities. First, they share a common epistemological stance‐constructivism‐in considering that reality is not revealed to us in only one true way but is constructed by the knower. Second, personal construct systems possess the properties described for open systems. Finally, PCT and the systemic therapies hold similar positions on relevant theoretical and clinical issues. From the exploration of these similarities, and from other confluent trends, arise patterns of convergence which can become central for an integrative approach to both individual and family (and larger) systems.
A PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL MODEL FOR WORKING WITH FAMILIES OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN*
Authors: Konstantareas M. Mary
Published: June 2007

Because of the well‐documented effectiveness of paradigms which emphasize parental or family pathology in understanding and intervening with dysfunctional children, the temptation exists for applying them to other dysfunctional populations. Autism is a pervasive developmental dysfunction with life‐long adverse sequelae for the child and family. This paper reviews evidence on the biological etiology of autism and other pervasive developmental deviations, and stresses the necessity for providing an early and accurate diagnosis for the family. The adverse implications of downplaying individual pathology and concentrating on parental or family dysfunction are then discussed. The natural evolution and specific components of a psychoeducational model for diagnosing autistic children and working with them and their families are then presented. Finally, some of the advantages of this multimodal, multidiscipline model in long‐term work with these pervasively dysfunctional individuals and their families are considered.
THE “INCESTUOUS FAMILY” REVISITED: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FAMILY THERAPY MYTHS
Authors: James Kerrie , MacKinnon Laurie
Published: June 2007

From a feminist perspective, the family therapy literature concerning incest fails to perceive the patriarchal context of abusive behavior and consequently blames the victim. This paper critiques the family therapy literature by drawing on the feminist discourse concerning incest. Several pervasive myths are identified: (a) that fathers and mothers are pathologically disturbed or inadequate; (b) incest is caused by separation and loss; (c) family isolation or a rigid external boundary explains incest; and (d) incest serves a function in maintaining family organization. By analyzing the contradictions arising from these polemical positions, we propose criteria for developing an adequate clinical account of incest.
COST EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH IN FAMILY THERAPY*
Authors: Pike Connee L. , Piercy Fred P.
Published: June 2007

The authors attempt to demystify the process of conducting cost effectiveness research by defining relevant terms and decribing the necessary steps. Two provious cost‐effectiveness studies of family based treatment are briefly described to illustrate cost‐analysis procedures that may be used in future family therapy research.
FAMILY GOAL RECORDING: AN ADAPTATION OF GOAL ATTAINMENT SCALING FOR ENHANCING FAMILY THERAPY AND ASSESSMENT*
Authors: Fleuridas Colette , Leigh Geoffrey K. , Rosenthal David M. , Leigh Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

Family Goal Recording is proposed as a systemic approach for measuring change in the presenting concerns of couples and families. This paper describes the procedures for using Family Goal Recording as an outcome measure for family therapy and a device to enhance goal attainment. In addition, the results of an initial study on the reliability and validity of this method are presented.
WHAT'S IN A NAME? SOME CONFUSIONS AND CONCERNS ABOUT CONSTRUCTIVISM
Authors: Held Barbara S.
Published: June 2007

As discussions about so‐called ‘epistemology’ have receded within family therapy, discussions about te doctrine of constructivism have emerged to carry on the underlying impulse of those earlier discussions. This article contends that a constructivist epistemology is not a new doctrine in family therapy, but, rather, reflects a shift in emphasis in that discipline from a nontraditional use to the traditional use of the term “epistemology” uses that coexisted during the ‘epistemology’ debates of the early 1980s and that were the source of many confusions and logical contradictions. The articale also demonstrates how recent articulations of cosnstructivism have resulted in the same logical contradictions tht were committed during the earlier ‘epistemology’; debates. The logic and utility of applying constructivism in particular, and epistemological analysis in general, to the practice of psychotherapy are questioned and considered.
THE BASE 32 METHOD: AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR CODING SIBLING CONSTELLATIONS*
Authors: Perfetti Lawrence J. Carpenter
Published: June 2007

Coding the sibling constellation of genograms has traditionally required that at least one data space be allotted for each child in the sibling group. Space requirements, given a large number of families, can become prohibitive for the researcher and practitioner using a microcomputer to store family data. A new coding method that utilizes binary and base 32 numbers is offered. That method, called the Base 32 Method, yields a space savings of about 33% over the traditional coding method for families with three children, with savings increasing to 70% for families with ten or more children. Consequent space savings will allow computer‐using researchers and practitioners to store and analyze much larger amounts of family data and to test statistical hypotheses about such data with increased efficiency and speed of execution.
“THE FLY ON THE WALL” REFLECTING TEAM SUPERVISION*1
Authors: Prest Layne A. , Darden Ellen C. , Keller James F.
Published: June 2007

The reflecting team concept, a practical application of constructivist ideas, is adapted for use in group supervision. The evolving model includes a focus on the unique “fly on the wall” perspective of the reflecting team. In addition to case supervision, the benefits of the model include: (a) the supervisee's ability to be at the meta‐level of his or her own process; (b) the presentation of feedback in a less threatening manner; and (c) dramatic insight regarding the process, which enhances work with clients. Not only are trainees introduced to a multiverse of new ideas and perspectives, it is done in a refreshing context which integrates some of the most challenging ideas in the field.
STILL DISPUTING THE MENU, STILL NOT TRYING THE FOOD: CONSTRUCTIVIST COMPLAINTS AT THE DISCOURSE DELI
Authors: Fish Vincent
Published: June 2007

Once language is understood in terms of competing discourses, competing ways of giving meaning to the world, which imply differences in the organization of social power, then language becomes an important site of political struggle.
EXAMINING FAMILY‐OF‐ORIGIN INFLUENCES IN LIFE AT WORK*
Authors: Weinberg Richard B. , Mauksch Larry B.
Published: June 2007

Patterns of interaction to which people became accustomed in their families of origin often play largely unacknowledged roles in their lives at work and can contribute to unwanted pressures and stress on the job. This article describes a method that can be used by family therapists to assist people in identifying and examining the ways in which family‐of‐origin dynamics affect their lives at work. A rationale for this work is described, relevant literature is cited, and professional and ethical issues involved in conducting family‐of‐origin workshops in the work setting are discussed.
EFFECTS OF SOLUTION FOCUSED THERAPY'S “FORMULA FIRST SESSION TASK” ON COMPLIANCE AND OUTCOME IN FAMILY THERAPY
Authors: Adams Jerome F. , Piercy Fred P. , Jurich Joan A.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the immediate impact of a “solution focused” family therapy intervention on both the family and the therapist. Specifically, the study examined the differential effects of the formula first session task (FFST) recommended by de Shazer (1982, 1985), as well as the FFST plus solution focused therapy, as compared to a standard problem focused structural‐strategic intervention. After one week, the groups receiving the FFST were significantly higher on measures of family compliance, clarity of treatment goals, and improvement in the presenting problem. However, there were no significant differences among groups on family optimism or on outcome after 10 sessions. The implications of these results are discussed.
ASSESSING CHANGE IN FAMILY FUNCTIONING AS A RESULT OF TREATMENT: THE STRUCTURAL FAMILY SYSTEMS RATING SCALE (SFSR)
Authors: Szapocznik José , Rio Arturo T. , Hervis Olga , Mitrani Victoria Behar , Kurtines William , Faraci Ana Maria
Published: June 2007

This article describes a theoretically based structural family assessment procedure designed for use in evaluating therapy outcome. The standardized procedure for eliciting family interaction consists of the administration of three family tasks. The family's interactional patterns on the tasks are evaluated along six dimensions of structural family functioning: Structure, Flexibility, Resonance, Developmental Stage, Identified Patienthood, and Conflict Resolution. A manual has been developed for standardizing ratings for research applications. The measure demonstrated good interrater and internal consistency reliability. Available evidence for the content, factor, and construct validity of the measure is presented. Clinical outcome research studies conducted with the measure provide evidence that the measure is sensitive to different types of structural family intervention modalities and that it discriminates between a structural family intervention versus a no treatment/wait list control condition as well as between a structural family intervention versus an individual psychotherapy treatment modality. Finally, the measure has been demonstrated to be nonreactive under both treatment and wait list conditions.
ACCESSING CHILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR FAMILY: CIRCULAR QUESTIONING REVISITED
Authors: Benson Mark J. , Schindler‐Zimmerman Toni , Martin Doris
Published: June 2007

Children are sometimes excluded from family therapy because of the lack of techniques for fully incorporating children in family sessions. Circular questioning, a technique developed by the Milan team of family therapists, is modified for use with children of varying developmental levels. Five types of circular questions are presented and modifications of each type are discussed. Each modification is further illustrated with a case study. Practical considerations when conducting circular questioning sessions with children are addressed. These modifications of circular questioning with children facilitate the participation and inclusion of children in family therapy.
INTERPERSONAL CONTROL IN STRUCTURAL AND MILAN SYSTEMIC FAMILY THERAPY
Authors: Friedlander Myrna L. , Wildman Julie , Heatherington Laurie
Published: June 2007

The structural and Milan systemic approaches were compared in order to determine the extent to which their major proponents behave in ways that are consistent with theory. The focus was on interpersonal control dynamics between therapist and family system. Three published transcripts of each treatment were intensively studied using the Family Relational Communication Control Coding System (Friedlander & Heatherington, 1989; Heatherington & Friedlander, 1987), a systemically based instrument that identifies interpersonal control patterns in naturally occurring language. Results were generally congruent with theory and reflected hypothesized differences in the approaches. Whereas therapists in both approaches engage heavily in complementary transactions in which they are “one‐up” and the family members are “one‐down,” a number of other relational indices show considerable divergence. The implications of these results for an integration of the two approaches are discussed.
THE LAOCOON: SYSTEMIC CONCEPTS IN A WORK OF ART
Authors: Johnson Scott
Published: June 2007

One of the most important ways of examining artistic works, and of explicating psychotherapeutic theories, has been the application of psychotherapy's ideas to works of art. In this paper I've explored the Roman sculpture, the Laocoon, from a systems point of view, discussing ways in which this work embodies family therapy concepts and how in turn those concepts help explain this masterpiece.
ABUSE AND VIOLENCE: THE DARK SIDE OF THE FAMILY AN INTRODUCTION
Authors: Moltz David
Published: June 2007

This is a very upsetting topic we are taking on here. It is a dangerous topic. It is polarizing. It is very, very important.
THE SUPERVISORY RELATIONSHIP: AN IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY ELEMENTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP AND AN APPLICATION OF TWO THEORIES OF ETHICAL RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Kaiser Tamara L.
Published: June 2007

Many authors on the subject of marriage and family therapy supervision point to the fact that the quality of relationship between supervisor and supervisee is crucial to the process. However, little has been written about the nature of this relationship. This article identifies key elements in the relationship and introduces a theoretical framework for understanding those elements based on the principles of ethical relationships proposed by Ivan Boszormenyi‐Nagy and Nell Noddings.
THE TIME LINE AND THE “WHY NOW?” QUESTION: A TECHNIQUE AND RATIONALE FOR THERAPY, TRAINING, ORGANIZATION CONSULTATIONS AND RESEARCH
Authors: Stanton M. Duncan
Published: June 2007

A method is presented for quickly and graphically clarfying the relationships between life cyle evnts and the onset of probles Its basic from involves laterally organizing events in terms of the points in time at which they ocurred. A structural version‐expressed in two formate‐elucidates the interaction between nodal events and changes in family/organization structure. The device can both tease out hypotheses and identify directoins for treatment. It addreses the “Why now?” question for therapists and trainees and can provide a normalizing, edifying, and encouraging experience for families. It is also adaptable for research and for use in organizational development and consultation with agencies and businesses.
HAVING A SECOND‐ORDER MIND WHILE DOING FIRST‐ORDER THERAPY
Authors: Simon George M.
Published: June 2007

An overemphasis in the literature on distinguishing the first‐ and second‐order therapeutic perspectives has produced a schism within the field of family therapy. This article attempts to bridge that schism. The view of language that informs dialectical psychology is used to construct a both‐and framing of the first‐and second‐order perspectives, a framing which renders intelligible how it is that one can have a second‐order mind while doing first‐order therapy. A case example is used to illustrate what such a therapeutic posture might look like in practice.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAMILY EMOTIONAL INVOLEMENT AND CRITCISM SCALE (FEICS): A SELF‐REPORT SCALE TO MEASURE EXPRESSED EMOTION
Authors: Shields Cleveland G. , Franks Peter , Harp Jeffrey J. , McDaniel Susan H. , Campbell Thomas L.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports on the development, reliability, and validity of a self‐report scale to assess from the recipients' perspective two factors derived from Expressed Emotion (EE) theroy. The Family Emotional Involvement and criticism Scale (FEICS) has two subsles: Perceived Criticism (PC) and intensity of Emotional Involvement (EI). These two factors are analogous to Critical Comments and Emotional Overeinovlvement, the two main factors of EE that are assessed through the camberwell Family Interview, the original direct observation measure of EE. FEICS was completed by 83 respondents who were a random sample of patients over 40 years of age receiving care at a Fmily Medicince Center. Cronbach's alpha was. 82 for the PC subscale and .74 for the EI subscale. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that each item loaded onn its propsed factor (all at ≥ .50) and not with the other factor (all at ≤ .15). The subscales exhibited expected correlations and partial correlations with FACES III subscales, ISEL subscales, the SCL‐90 depression and anxiety subscale, and demographic variables. We conclude that the EFICS is a reliable instrument with perliminary evidence of its construct and criterion validity.
REVIEWS
Authors: Piercy Fred
Published: June 2007

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Todd, T. C., & Selekman, M. D. (Eds.). (1991). Family therapy approaches with adolescent substance abusers.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Edwards, J. T. (1990). Treating Chemically dependent families: A practical systems approach for professionals.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Scharff, D. E., & Scharff, J. S. (1991). Object relations couple therapy.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Brendler, J., Silver, M., Haber, M., & Sargent, J. (1991). Madness, chaos, and violence: Therapy with families at the brink.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Sperry, L., & Carlson, J. (1991). Marital therpay: Intergrating theroy and practice.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Kaslow, F. W. (Ed.). (1990). Voices in family psychology.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Wiseman, J. M. (1990). Mediation therapy: Short‐term decision making for couples and families in crisis.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Gale, J. E. (1991). Conversation analysis of therapeutic discourse: The pursuit of a therapeutic agenda.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Geffen, M. S. (1989). Guide to Computerized patient account systems.

SELF‐HELP: Napier, A. Y. (1990). The fragile bond.
DIFFERENT AND SAME: FAMILY THERAPY WITH ASIAN‐AMERICAN FAMILIES
Authors: Berg Insoo Kim , Jaya Ajakai
Published: June 2007

This paper is written for non‐Asian family therapists who must deal with an increasing number of Asian‐American client families. Unlike some writers in fthe field who advocate that client and therapist have the same ethnic background, the authors belive that cultural sensitivity can be learned. Several culturally important values are described, and suggestions on how to orient treatment to fit this client population are offered. A Detailed case example illustrates the treatment issues involued.
FROM STRATEGIZING TO NONINTERVENTION: TOWARD IRREVERENCE IN SYSTEMIC PRACTICE*
Authors: Cecchin Gianfranco , Lane Gerry , Ray Wendel A.
Published: June 2007

Within the field of marriage and family therapy, a debate has emerged regarding issues of control and noninstrumentality Concerned with the limitations inherent in the idea of power, many therpists/theoreticians have suggested the adoption of a less instrumental position. Oscillating processes, such as the swing from power to nonistrumentaliyth, are inevitable in the emergence of any discipline and are useful to the extent that these processes do not become so symmetrical that they induced rigidity in thinking. Therapists must be able to act unconstrictingly; However, they must also take responsibility for their actions. Believing too strongly in either strategizing or nonintervening in the therapeutic process can be constraining to say the least. This article will offer a new position called “irreverence” in the therapeutic process of systemic therapy.
RESHAPING FAMILY SYMBOLS: A SYMBOLIC‐EXPERIENTIAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Connell Gary M. , Mitten Tammy J. , Whitaker Carl A.
Published: June 2007

This paper represents our understanding of the role of symbols in symbolic‐experimental therapy. We believe that the best way to convey our understanding of the symbolic process of family therapy is through sharing our fantasies, metaphors, and stories. We hope that this paper will generate ideas on how to reshape the symbolic world of families in therapy.
THE INFLUENCE OF RELATIONSHIP ENHANCEMENT TRAINING ON DIFFERENTIATION OF SELF
Authors: Griffin John M. , Apostal Robert A.
Published: June 2007

The effectiveness of the Relationship Enhancement (RE) program (Guerney, 1987a) in increasing functional and basic levels of differentiation of self (Bowen, 1987a) was examined. Participants were 20 married couples who received training in relationship enhancement skills over six 2 1/2‐hour sessions. Measures of differentiation of self, quality of relationship, and anxiety were obtained before and after training and at follow‐up. The data show that significant increases in the functional and basic levels of differentiation of self occurred, a significant increase in the quality of relationship occurred, and significant negative correlations were found between differentiation of self and anxiety.
THE THERAPIST WHO IS PERCEIVED AS “SPIRITUALLY CORRECT”: STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING COLLUSION WITH THE “SPIRITUALLY ONE‐UP” SPOUSE
Authors: Rotz Ed , Russell Candyce S. , Wright David W.
Published: June 2007

Marital and family therapists who are perceived by the community as having a strong spiritual orientation face unique and difficult challenges. Clients who seek their help often bring a mix of expectations that can create a situation in which the therapist may struggle with multiple roles, some not of his or her choosing. These expectations are especially challenging when one spouse views him‐or herself as “spiritually one‐up” and wants the therapist to form a spiritually based coalition against the other partner. This paper describes the various dilemmas that therapists may face when clients perceive them as having spiritual expertise and presents strategies that can be used for avoiding these dilemmas. A case study illustrates the use of these approaches.
REVIEWS
Authors: Piercy Fred P.
Published: June 2007

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Goldenberg, I., & Goldenberg, H. (1991). Family therapy: An overview

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Horne, A. N., & Passmore, J. L. (Eds.). (1991). Family counseling and therapy

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (1991). Family therapy: Concepts and methods

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Hurvitz, N., & Straus, R. A. (1991). Marriage and family therapy: A sociocognitive approach.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Ducan B. L., solovey, A. D., & Rusk, G. S. (1992) Changing the rules: A client‐directed approach to therapy.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Geller, J. (1992). Breaking destructive pattersn: Multiple strategies for treating partner abuse.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Cirillo, S., & DiBlasio, P. (1992). Families that abuse: Diagnosis and therapy.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Shenson, H. L. (1990). How to develop and promote successful seminars and workshops: The definitive guide to creating and marketing seminars, workshops, classes, and conferences.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Hudson, P. O. & O'Hanlon, W. H. (1991). Rewriting love stories: Brief marital therapy.

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Loriedo, C., & Vella, G. (1992). Paradox and the family system.

SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Anton, L. H. (1992). Never to be a mother.

SELF‐HELP BOOKS: West, M. G. (1992). If only were a better mother.

SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Burton, L. A. (Ed.). (1992). Religion and the family: When God helps.

SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Hare‐Mustin, R. T., & Marecek, J. (Eds.). (1990). Marking a difference: Psychology and the construction of gender.

SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Gilligan, C., Rogers, A., & Tolman, D. (Eds.). (1991). Women, girls, and psychotherapy: Reframing resistance.

SOFTWARE: What a Family, 1.0. (1991). (Family‐exploration software.)Ecola Design, P.O. Box 13402, Portland, OR, 97213, IBM, $29.00.
A TOOL FOR TRAINING SUPERVISORS: USING THE SUPERVISION FEEDBACK FORM (SFF)
Authors: Williams Lee
Published: June 2007

As the field of supervision and training has evolved, there has been a growing recognition of and appreciation for the skills required to be an effective supervisor or trainer (Liddle, Breunlin, & Schwartz, 1988). This new awareness has pointed to the need for effective methods and tools for training family therapy supervisors. One of the tools I developed to improve my supervision complete to give me feedback on my supervision. This article describes how developing and using an SFF was valuable to me in my training as a supervisor. Based on my experience, I believe the SFF could be a useful tool in training other supervisors.
REVIEWS
Authors: Piercy Fred P.
Published: June 2007

Proffessional Books:‐Walter, J. L., & Peller, J. E. (1992). Becoming solution‐focused in brief therapy.

Proffessional Books:‐Nelson, T. S., & trepper, T. S. (Eds.). (1993). 101 interventions in family therapy.

Proffessional Books:‐Imber‐Black, E. (Ed.). (1993). Secrets in families and family therapy.

Proffessional Books:‐Hanks, R. S., Matocha, L., & Sussman, M. B. (Eds.). (1992). Publishing in journals on the family.

Proffessional Books:‐Shapiro, C. H. (1993). When part of the self is lost: Helping clients heal after sexual and reproductive losses.

Self‐Help Books:‐Smith, S. L. (1993). Making peace with your adult children: A guide to family healing.

Self‐Help Books:‐Gilbert, R. M. (1992). Extraordinary relationships: A new way of thinking about human interactions.

Audio And Videotapereviews:‐Working with Couples in Conflict. (1992). (Audiotape of a workshop of a workshop by Susan M. Heitler).

Audio And Videotape Reviews:‐Couples and Communication (1992). (Videotape for teaching communication skills to couples).
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A FAMILY PSYCHOEDUCATION PROGRAM IN THE AFTERCARE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA*
Authors: Keefler Joan , Koritar Endre
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a psychoeducation program designed for families and caregivers of patients who suffer from schizophrenia on an inpatient ward of an acute care hospital in a major metropolitan city. It is based on 10 years of experience working with over 600 relatives and caregivers. It discusses the research pertinent to developing such a program, the five elements the authors consider necessary to its success, and the stages of the actualprogram. The five elements include universal service, crisis intervention, social functioning of patient and famly, 2 years continuity of care postdischarge, and the role of the family clinician. It addresses issues raised by working as a muultidisciplinary team and problems in service delivery. A case history illustrates the process.
WORKING WITH MEN IN FAMILY THERAPY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY*
Authors: Dienhart Anna , Avis Judith Myers
Published: June 2007

The results of this exploratory research provide a beginning formulation of a gender‐sensitive approach to working with men in family therapy. A panel of 36 family therapists endorsed 131 interventions as appropriate and effective ways to work with men. The results suggest the importance of therapist awareness of gender issues and socialization in working with male clients. Interventions were highly endorsed in the areas of developing therapist perceptual and conceptual skills regarding gender, promoting mutual responsibility, and challenging stereo‐typical behaviors and attitudes. Surprisingly few interventions pertaining to structuring treatment and encouraging affective expression in men had sufficient consensus to be included in the final results.
THE MARGINALIZATION OF FAMILY THERAPY: A HISTORICAL AND CONTINUING PROBLEM
Authors: Shields Cleveland G. , Wynne Lyman C. , McDaniel Susan H. , Gawinski Barbara A.
Published: June 2007

Family therapy, and marital and family problems, are mariginalized in the larger fields of mental and physical health care, which is a misfortune both for family therapy and for other mental health professions. The early family therapists, who had multidisciplinary backgrounds, attempted toestablish a new, nondisciplinary paradigm and also tried to expand the perspectives of the more traditional mental health disciplines. More recently, family therapists have exerted greater effortsto establish marriage and family therapy as a differentiated, autonomous profession. These alternatives each involve dilemmas for the family therapy field. The positive side of becoming a distinctive profession is greater internal strength and clear professional identy; the downside is the threat of increased marginalization in rlation to the other professions, a tendency toward intellectual isolation, and hence restricted opportunities for invigorating new challenges. Family therapy now needs to develop new modes of interchange, collaboration, and selective integration with otherhealth care professions. Such interchange will be beneficial both to family therapy and to other professions.