bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boundary-layer turbulent processes and mesoscale variability represented by Numerical Weather Prediction models during the BLLAST campaign
Authors: Couvreux Fleur , Bazile Eric , Canut Guylaine , Seity Yann , Lothon Marie , Lohou Fabienne , Guichard Françoise , Nilsson Eric
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This study evaluates the ability of three operational models, AROME, ARPEGE and ECMWF, to predict the boundary-layer turbulent processes and mesoscale variability observed during the Boundary Layer Late-Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) field campaign. AROME is a 2.5 km limited area non-hydrostatic model operated over France, ARPEGE a global model with a 10 km grid-size over France and ECMWF a global model with a 16 km grid-size. We analyze the representation of the vertical profiles of temperature and humidity and the time evolution of near surface atmospheric variables as well as the radiative and turbulent fluxes for a total of 12 24h-long Intensive Observing Periods. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy that was sampled by a combination of independent instruments. For the first time, this variable, which is a central variable in the turbulence scheme used in AROME and ARPEGE, is evaluated with observations. In general, the 24h-forecasts succeed in reproducing the variability from one day to the other in term of cloud cover, temperature, boundary-layer depth. However, they exhibit some systematic biases, in particular a cold bias within the daytime boundary layer for all models. An overestimation of the sensible heat flux is noted for two points in ARPEGE, partly related to an inaccurate simplification of surface characteristics and over-predominance of forests. AROME shows a moist bias within the daytime boundary layer, consistently with overestimated latent heat fluxes. ECMWF presents a dry bias at 2 m above surface and also overestimates the sensible heat flux. The high-resolution model AROME better resolves the vertical structures, in particular the strong daytime inversion and the evening thin stable boundary layer. This model is also capable to capture the peculiar observed features, such as the orographically-driven subsidence and a well-defined maximum in water vapor mixing ratio in the upper part of the residual layer that arises during the evening due to mesoscale advection. The mesoscale variability is analyzed and the order of magnitude is also well reproduced in AROME. AROME provides a good simulation of the diurnal variability of the turbulent kinetic energy while ARPEGE shows a right order of magnitude.
A case study of the radiative effect of aerosols over Europe: EUCAARI-LONGREX
Authors: Esteve Anna R. , Highwood Eleanor J. , Ryder Claire L.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The radiative effect of anthropogenic aerosols over Europe during the 2008 EUCAARI-LONGREX campaign has been calculated using measurements collected by the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft and radiative transfer modelling. The aircraft sampled anthropogenically perturbed air masses across north-western Europe under anticyclonic conditions with aerosol optical depths ranging from 0.047 to 0.357. For one specially designed "radiative closure" flight, simulated irradiances have been compared to radiation measurements in a case of aged European aerosol in order to explore the validity of model assumptions and the degree of "radiative closure" that can be attained for the spatial and temporal variability and measurement uncertainties. Secondly, the diurnally averaged aerosol radiative effect throughout EUCAARI-LONGREX has been calculated. Surface radiative effect ranged between −3.9 and −22.8 Wm−2 (mean −11 ± 5 Wm−2) whilst top of the atmosphere (TOA) values were between −2.1 and −12.0 Wm−2 (mean −5 ± 3 Wm−2). We have quantified the uncertainties in our calculations due to the way in which aerosols and other parameters are represented in a radiative transfer model. The largest uncertainty in the aerosol radiative effect at both the surface and the TOA comes from the spectral resolution of the information used in the radiative transfer model (~ 17 %) and the aerosol description (composition and size distribution) used in the Mie calculations of the aerosol optical properties included in the radiative transfer model (~ 7 %). The aerosol radiative effect at the TOA is also highly sensitive to the surface albedo (~ 12 %).
Eddy covariance measurements of the net turbulent methane flux in the city centre – results of 2 years campaign in Łódź, Poland
Authors: Pawlak W. , Fortuniak K.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In the period between July 2013 and August 2015, continuous measurements of turbulent methane exchange between an urbanised area and the atmosphere were carried out in Łódź. Such long, continuous measurement series of turbulent methane exchange between the city and the atmosphere are still a rarity. The measurement station was located in the centre of the city, where fluxes of energy (sensible and latent heat) and fluxes of mass (carbon dioxide) have been continuously measured since 2000 and 2007, respectively. In the immediate vicinity of the measurement station there are potential sources of methane, such as streets with vehicle traffic or dense sewerage and natural gas networks. To determine the fluxes, the eddy covariance technique was used; the measurement station was equipped with instruments for recording fluctuations in the vertical component of the wind speed (an ultrasonic 3D anemometer, RM Young 81000, RM Young, USA) as well as the concentration of methane in the air (an open path Li 7700 CH4 Analyser, Li-cor, USA). The devices were mounted on a mast at a height of 37 metres above ground level and, on average, 20 metres over the roofs of the surrounding buildings. The results were therefore averaged for an area with a diameter of approximately 1 kilometre. Our aim was to investigate the temporal variability of the turbulent exchange of methane in the city-atmosphere system. The results show in the first place that positive methane fluxes (turbulent gas transport from the surface to the atmosphere) definitely dominate compared with negative fluxes. This indicates that the study area of the centre of Łódź is a net source of methane to the troposphere. The measurements also indicated the existence of a clear annual rhythm of the turbulent flux of methane in the centre of Łódź (on average, the values observed in winter amounted to ~40–60 nmol m−2 s−1 and were significantly larger than in summer). The daily variability of the flux of CH4 (FCH4) is faintly visible throughout the year. The studied area of the centre of Łódź is also characterised by a cycle of methane exchange – the values measured on working days were higher by 6.6 % (winter) to 5.6 % (summer) than those observed at weekends. The largest monthly exchange was characteristic of winter months (from 2.0 to 2.7 g m−2 month−1) and the lowest occurred in summer (from 0.8 to 1.0 g m−2 month−1). The mean daily patterns of FCH4 in consecutive months were used to determine the cumulative annual exchange. In 2014, the centre of Łódź emitted a net quantity of almost 18 g m−2. Furthermore, the study analyses the covariability of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes.
Abundance of fluorescent biological aerosol particles at temperatures conducive to the formation of mixed-phase and cirrus clouds
Authors: Twohy Cynthia H. , McMeeking Gavin R. , DeMott Paul J. , McCluskey Christina S. , Hill Thomas C. J. , Burrows Susannah M. , Kulkarni Gourihar R. , Tanarhte Meryem , Kafle Durga N. , Toohey Darin W.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Some types of biological particles are known to nucleate ice at warmer temperatures than mineral dust, with the potential to influence cloud microphysical properties and climate. However, the prevalence of these particle types above the atmospheric boundary layer is not well known. Many types of biological particles fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light, and the Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor takes advantage of this characteristic to perform real-time measurements of fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP). This relatively new instrument was flown on the National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream-V aircraft to measure concentrations of fluorescent biological particles from different potential sources and at various altitudes over the U. S. western plains states in early autumn. Clear-air number concentrations of FBAP larger than 0.8 µm diameter usually decreased with height, and generally were about 10–100 L−1 in the continental boundary layer, but were always much lower at temperatures colder than 255 K in the free troposphere. At intermediate temperatures where biological ice nucleating particles may influence mixed-phase cloud formation (255 K ≤ T ≤ 270 K), concentrations of fluorescent particles were the most variable, and were occasionally near boundary layer concentrations. Predicted vertical distributions of ice nucleating particle concentrations based on FBAP measurements in this temperature regime sometimes reached typical concentrations of primary ice in clouds, but were often much lower. If convection was assumed to lift boundary layer FBAP particles without losses to the free troposphere, better agreement between predicted ice-nucleating particle concentrations and typical ice crystal concentrations was achieved. Ice nucleating particle concentrations were also measured during one flight and showed a decrease with height, and concentrations were consistent with a relationship to FBAP established previously at the forested surface site below. The vertical distributions of FBAP measured on five flights were also compared with those for bacteria, fungal spores and pollen predicted from the EMAC global chemistry-climate model for the same geographic region.
Heterogeneous photochemistry of imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde: HO2 radical formation and aerosol growth
Authors: González Palacios Laura , Corral Arroyo Pablo , Aregahegn Kifle Z. , Steimer Sarah S. , Bartels-Rausch Thorsten , Nozière Barbara , Ammann Markus , George Christian , Volkamer Rainer
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The multiphase chemistry of glyoxal is a source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including its light-absorbing product imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (IC). IC is a photosensitizer that can contribute to additional aerosol ageing and growth when its excited triplet state oxidizes hydrocarbons (reactive uptake) via H-transfer chemistry. We have conducted a series of photochemical coated-wall flow tube (CWFT) experiments using films of IC and citric acid (CA), an organic proxy and H-donor in the condensed-phase. The formation rate of gas-phase HO2 radicals (PHO2) was measured indirectly by converting gas-phase NO into NO2. We report on experiments that relied on measurements of NO2 formation, NO loss; and HONO formation. PHO2 was found to be a linear function of (1) the [IC]×[CA] concentration product, and (2) the photon actinic flux. Additionally, (3) a more complex function of relative humidity (25 % < RH < 63 %), and of (4) the O2/N2 ratio (15 % < O2/N2 < 56 %) was observed, most likely indicating competing effects of dilution, HO2 mobility and losses in the film. The maximum PHO2 was observed at 25–55 % RH and at ambient O2/N2. The HO2 radicals form in the condensed-phase when excited IC triplet states are reduced by H-transfer from a donor, CA in our system, and subsequently react with O2 to re-generate IC, leading to a catalytic cycle. OH does not appear to be formed as a primary product but is produced from the reaction of NO with HO2 in the gas phase. Further, seed aerosols containing IC and ammonium sulfate were exposed to gas-phase limonene and NOx in aerosol flow tube experiments, confirming significant PHO2 from aerosol surfaces. Atmospheric implications consist in a potentially relevant contribution of triplet state photochemistry for gas-phase HO2 production, aerosol growth and ageing.
A semi-empirical error estimation for PWV derived from atmospheric radiosonde data at the Canary Islands
Authors: Castro-Almazán Julio~A. , Pérez-Jordán Gabriel , Muñoz-Tuñón Casiana
Published: February 2016

Abstract. An unbiased method to estimate the error and the optimum number of sampled levels in Precipitable Water Vapour (PWV) determinations from atmospheric radiosoundings is proposed. Two components have been considered, the uncertainties in the measures and the sampling error. The sampling component has been modelled from an empirical dataset of 64 high vertical resolution radiosounding profiles equipped with sondes Vaisala RS80 and RS92. The balloons were launched at the astronomical Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (ORM, ~2200 masl), during intensive and unique site testing runs carried out in 1990 and 1995, and from the neighbour operational station of Güímar, in Tenerife (TFE, ~105 masl) in 2013–2014. The PWV values ranged between ~0.9 mm and ~41 mm. The method takes into account the dependence on the number of samples measured, after sub-sampling the profile for error minimization, and was tested by comparison with a dataset of 42 extremely low resolution profiles only sampling the standard levels (~15 levels). The results show that errors are larger for the wettest atmosphere conditions. On the other hand, drier conditions requires a larger optimum number of samples. The optimum number of samples N0 is less than 200 for PWV ≥ 10 mm. For drier conditions, as in astronomical sites, N0 grows up to ~550 levels. This result may be important forPWV determinations in astronomical observatories. The absolute errors are always < 0.6 mm, with a median relative error of 2.4 ± 0.8 % and extreme value of 7.9 % in the driest condition (PWV = 0.89 mm). These errors reduce the uncertainties previously reported in the literature. Nevertheless, errors grow up to 30 % in poorly sampled profiles (the number of samples being less than N0) for dry atmospheres. Alternative equations for direct error estimation, specifically for PWV from radiosoundings equipped with Vaisala RS80 and RS92 sensors, are also provided.
Development and validation of satellite-based estimates of surface visibility
Authors: Brunner J. , Pierce R. B. , Lenzen A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A satellite-based surface visibility retrieval has been developed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements as a proxy for Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) data from the next generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES-R). The retrieval uses a multiple linear regression approach to relate satellite aerosol optical depth, fog/low cloud probability and thickness retrievals, and meteorological variables from numerical weather prediction forecasts to National Weather Service Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) surface visibility measurements. Validation using independent ASOS measurements shows that the GOES-R ABI surface visibility retrieval (V) has an overall success rate of 64.5 % for classifying clear (V  ≥  30 km), moderate (10 km  ≤  V < 30 km), low (2 km  ≤  V < 10 km), and poor (V < 2 km) visibilities and shows the most skill during June through September, when Heidke skill scores are between 0.2 and 0.4. We demonstrate that the aerosol (clear-sky) component of the GOES-R ABI visibility retrieval can be used to augment measurements from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Park Service (NPS) Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network and provide useful information to the regional planning offices responsible for developing mitigation strategies required under the EPA's Regional Haze Rule, particularly during regional haze events associated with smoke from wildfires.
Predicting ambient aerosol thermal–optical reflectance (TOR) measurements from infrared spectra: extending the predictions to different years and different sites
Authors: Reggente Matteo , Dillner Ann M. , Takahama Satoshi
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are major components of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), which has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, climate change, and reduced visibility. Typically OC and EC concentrations are measured using thermal–optical methods such as thermal–optical reflectance (TOR) from samples collected on quartz filters. In this work, we estimate TOR OC and EC using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorbance spectra from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon) filters using partial least square regression (PLSR) calibrated to TOR OC and EC measurements for a wide range of samples. The proposed method can be integrated with analysis of routinely collected PTFE filter samples that, in addition to OC and EC concentrations, can concurrently provide information regarding the functional group composition of the organic aerosol. We have used the FT-IR absorbance spectra and TOR OC and EC concentrations collected in the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network (USA). We used 526 samples collected in 2011 at seven sites to calibrate the models, and more than 2000 samples collected in 2013 at 17 sites to test the models. Samples from six sites are present both in the calibration and test sets. The calibrations produce accurate predictions both for samples collected at the same six sites present in the calibration set (R2 = 0.97 and R2 = 0.95 for OC and EC respectively), and for samples from 9 of the 11 sites not included in the calibration set (R2 = 0.96 and R2 = 0.91 for OC and EC respectively). Samples collected at the other two sites require a different calibration model to achieve accurate predictions. We also propose a method to anticipate the prediction error; we calculate the squared Mahalanobis distance in the feature space (scores determined by PLSR) between new spectra and spectra in the calibration set. The squared Mahalanobis distance provides a crude method for assessing the magnitude of mean error when applying a calibration model to a new set of samples.
Mussel shells of Mytilus edulis as bioarchives of the distribution of rare earth elements and yttrium in seawater and the potential impact of pH and temperature on their partitioning behavior
Authors: Ponnurangam A. , Bau M. , Brenner M. , Koschinsky A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Mussel shells are potential bioarchives of proxies for changes in the physicochemical conditions in the bivalve's habitat. One such proxy is the distribution of rare earths and yttrium (REY) in seawater, as REY speciation in seawater is sensitive to pH and temperature variations, due to the impact of these parameters on the activity of CO32− in seawater. We present a new protocol for sample preparation and determination of ultratrace concentrations of REY in bulk bivalve shells (comprised of calcite and aragonite) that includes sample treatment with NaOCl followed by REY separation and preconcentration. The data obtained were used to calculate REY partition coefficients between bulk bimineralic shells of Mytilus edulis (calcite aragonite mix) and ambient seawater, and the results acquired were then used to investigate the potential effects of pH and temperature on REY partitioning.Shells of Mytilus edulis mussels from the North Sea show consistent shale-normalized (SN) REY patterns that increase from the light REY to the middle REY and decrease from the middle REY to the heavy REY. Despite being different from the general seawater REYSN pattern, the shells still display distinct REY features of seawater, such as a negative CeSN anomaly and small positive YSN and GdSN anomalies. Apparent REY partition coefficients between shells and seawater (appDTot.REYshell/seawater) are low and decrease strongly from the light REY (4.04 for La) to the heavy REY (0.34 for Lu). However, assuming that only the free REY3+ are incorporated into the shell, modDFreeREY3+shell/seawater values are higher and comparatively similar for all REY (102.46 for La; 113.44 for Lu) but show a slight maximum at Tb (199.18). Although the impact of vital effects, such as REY speciation in a mussel's extrapallial fluid from which the carbonate minerals precipitate, cannot be quantified yet, it appears that M. edulis shells are bioarchives of some REY features of seawater.We modeled the REYSN patterns of a hypothetical mussel shell at pH 8.2 and 7.6 and at temperatures of 25 and 5 °C, assuming that only free REY3+ are incorporated into the carbonate's crystal lattice and that vital effects do not obliterate the REY signal of the shells. The results suggest that with lower pH, REY concentrations in shells increase, but with little effect on the shape of the REYSN patterns, while a temperature change has an impact on the REYSN pattern but only minor effects on REY concentrations. Hence, after additional calibration studies, the REY systematics in mussel shells may become a valuable proxy for paleo-pH and ocean acidification.
The Urbanization of drone warfare: policing surplus populations in the dronepolis
Authors: Shaw Ian G. R.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This paper explores the urbanization of drone warfare and the securitization of the “surplus population”. Defined as a bloc of humanity rendered as structurally unnecessary to a capital-intensive economy, the surplus population is an emerging target for the post-welfare security state. If we now live in an age of a permanent conflict with uncertain geographies, then it is at least partly fueled by this endemic crisis at the heart of the capitalist world system. Of key significance is the contradictory nature of the surplus population. The “security threat” generated by replacing masses of workers with nonhumans is increasingly managed by policing humans with robots, drones, and other apparatuses. In other words, the surplus population is both the outcome and target of contemporary capitalist technics. The emerging “dronification of state violence” across a post-9∕11 battlespace has seen police drones deployed to the urban spaces of cities in Europe and North America. The drone, with its ability to swarm in the streets of densely packed urban environments, crystallizes a more intimate and invasive form of state power. The project of an atmospheric, dronified form of policing not only embodies the technologization of state security but also entrenches the logic of a permanent, urbanized manhunt. The paper concludes by discussing the rise of the dronepolis: the city of the drone.
Soil contamination in landfills: a case study of a landfill in Czech Republic
Authors: Adamcová D. , Vaverková M. D. , Bartoň S. , Havlíček Z. , Břoušková E.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A phytotoxicity test was determined to assess ecotoxicity of landfill soil. Sinapis alba L. was used as a bioindicator of heavy metals. Soil samples 1–8, which were taken from the landfill body, edge of the landfill body, and its vicinity meet the limits for heavy metals Co, Cd, Pb, and Zn specified in the applicable legislation. Hg and Mn threshold values are not established in legislation, but values have been determined for the needs of the landfill operator. For heavy metals Cr, Cu, and Ni sample 2 exceeded the threshold values, which attained the highest values of all the samples tested for Cr, Cu, and Ni. For Cr and Ni the values were several times higher than values of the other samples. The second highest values for Cr, Cu, and Ni showed sample 6 and 7. Both samples exceeded the set limits. An increase in plant biomass was observed in plants growing on plates with soil samples, but no changes in appearance, slow growth, or necrotic lesions appeared. Ecotoxicity tests show that tested soils (concentration of 50 %) collected from the landfill body, edge of the landfill body, and its vicinity reach high percentage values of germination capacity of seeds of Sinapis alba L. (101–137 %). At a concentration of 25 %, tested soil samples exhibit lower values of germination capacity – in particular samples 3 to 8 – yet the seed germination capacity in all eight samples of tested soils ranges between 86 and 137 %.
Intercomparison of snow density measurements: bias, precision, and vertical resolution
Authors: Proksch Martin , Rutter Nick , Fierz Charles , Schneebeli Martin
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Density is a fundamental property of porous media such as snow. A wide range of snow properties and physical processes are linked to density, but few studies have addressed the uncertainty in snow density measurements. No study has yet quantitatively considered the recent advances in snow measurement methods such as micro-computed tomography (μCT) in alpine snow. During the MicroSnow Davos 2014 workshop, different approaches to measure snow density were applied in a controlled laboratory environment and in the field. Overall, the agreement between μCT and gravimetric methods (density cutters) was 5 to 9 %, with a bias of −5 to 2 %, expressed as percentage of the mean μCT density. In the field, density cutters overestimate (1 to 6 %) densities below and underestimate (1 to 6 %) densities above a threshold between 296 to 350 kg m−3, dependent on cutter type. Using the mean density per layer of all measurement methods applied in the field (μCT, box, wedge, and cylinder cutters) and ignoring ice layers, the variation between the methods was 2 to 5 % with a bias of −1 to 1 %. In general, our result suggests that snow densities measured by different methods agree within 9 %. However, the density profiles resolved by the measurement methods differed considerably. In particular, the millimeter-scale density variations revealed by the high-resolution μCT contrasted the thick layers with sharp boundaries introduced by the observer. In this respect, the unresolved variation, i.e., the density variation within a layer which is lost by lower resolution sampling or layer aggregation, is critical when snow density measurements are used in numerical simulations.
Poanestezinės priežiūros, intensyviosios terapijos ir intensyviosios priežiūros paslaugos
Authors: Traškaitė Vilma , Urbanaitė Dalia , Stašaitis Kęstutis , Trepenaitis Darius , Macas Andrius
Published: February 2016

Poanestezinė priežiūra ir intensyvioji terapija – rutininės paslaugos, teikiamos pasaulio bei Lietuvos ligoninėse, tačiau susidūrus su problema, kai dažnai intensyviosios terapijos skyriai yra perpildomi pacientų, kurie nereikalauja intensyviosios terapijos, o ligoniai po didžiųjų operacijų dažnai būna per sunkios būklės, kad galėtų būti gydomi skyriaus palatose, prieita prie tarpinio skyriaus koncepcijos. Intensyviosios priežiūros skyrius- tarsi buferinė zona tarp intensyviosios terapijos ir skyriaus palatos, leidžiančios teikti adekvačias sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas, kurių reikalauja paciento būklė. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra palyginti ir atskirti poanestezinės priežiūros, intensyviosios terapijos ir intensyviosios priežiūros paslaugas. Straipsnyje aptariami intensyviosios priežiūros skyriaus tikslai, kriterijai, darbo organizavimo niuansai remiantis pasaulio ligoninių praktika.
Propagation Methods of Yam (Dioscorea Species) with Special Attention to In Vitro Propagation
Authors: Dessalegn Obssi
Published: February 2016

Yam is a monocotyledonous plant in the genus Dioscorea. It is a multi-species tuber crop cultivated in Africa, Asia and parts of South America. Yam is an important crop in South and Southwestern parts of Ethiopia. Many species of Dioscorea genus are economically important crops and many of them have been used in the pharmaceutical industry. Yam is propagated from seed tubers or sections of tuber and corms. Seed tubers are expensive, bulky to transport and the multiplication rate in the field is very low. Shortage of seed tubers for planting is one of the major constraints for yam production in Ethiopia. To overcome such problems and to increase production, different propagation methods have been implemented for many Dioscorea species. Convectional and In vitro propagation of Dioscorea species pave the way to meet the demand of this economically important plant. The protocols are designed to provide the optimal levels of mineral nutrients, environmental factors, vitamins and carbohydrates to achieve the high regeneration rate of the different species of Dioscorea in vitro. This review summarizes some of the important reports on different propagation technique of Dioscorea from the literature data.
Incidence and risk factors for adverse events during anesthesiologist-led sedation or anesthesia for diagnostic imaging in children: a prospective, observational cohort study
Authors: Jirativanont Tachawan , Manomayangkul Kattiya , Udomphorn Yuthana , Yokubol Bencharatana , Saguansab Amorn , Kraiprasit Kanitha , Punchuklang Wiruntri
Published: February 2016

Background

Pediatric sedation for diagnostic radiological procedures remains the mainstay for adequate imaging quality.

Objectives

To clarify the risk of adverse events during anesthesiologist-led sedation or anesthesia for diagnostic radiological procedures in children in order to improve quality of care.

Methods

We enrolled children aged <15 years given sedation or anesthesia by an anesthesiologist and scheduled for computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or nuclear medicine imaging November 2010-September 2014. We recorded adverse events occurring in the first 24 h.

Results

Of 1,042 patients enrolled, adverse events were recorded in 254 (24.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 21.9 to 27.1). Adverse respiratory events occurred in 31 (3.0%), cardiovascular events in 7 (0.7%), sedation was prolonged in 165 (15.8%), there was one case of contrast allergy (0.01%), and there were 50 other minor complications (4.9%). Of the respiratory complications, there were 14 of airway obstruction (1.3%), 2 of apnea (0.2%), 14 of oxygen desaturation (1.3%), and one of laryngospasm (0.01%). There were no life threatening complications or consequences. Age <1 year (adjusted odds ratio [adjusted OR] 2.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 5.3) and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification 2 and 3 (adjusted OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 19.8, and adjusted OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 30.9, respectively) were risk factors for respiratory complications.

Conclusions

Adverse events were common during sedation or anesthesia, but no life threatening or sentinel events occurred under experienced supervision. Caution should be exercised in children <1 year or with an ASA classification >1.
Soluble lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 in metabolic syndrome
Authors: Puttaruk Palakorn , Pipatsatitpong Duangnate , Siripurkpong Pilaiwan
Published: February 2016

Background

Serum levels of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) reflect increases in LOX-1 receptor expression associated with inflammation and metabolic disorders.

Objectives

To examine sLOX-1 levels in metabolic syndrome and association of sLOX-1 with classical risk factors, and with metabolic syndrome, a clustering of metabolic disorders associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

We selected 148 serum samples from patient participants with metabolic syndrome and 206 samples from patients with non-metabolic syndrome as controls, using the modified National Cholesterol Educational Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria.

Results

Levels of sLOX-1 were increased significantly in participants with metabolic syndrome (P < 0.001). Serum sLOX-1 was positively associated with body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol, but negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Analysis of serum sLOX-1 for metabolic syndrome showed 99.03% specificity and 100% sensitivity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.998 (95%CI 0.996-1.001, P < 0.001). A univariate analysis showed sLOX-1 was significantly correlated with metabolic syndrome, but was not after adjustment for sex, age, blood pressure, and BMI. Multivariate regression analysis found that being overweight (82.3; 95%CI 10.7–631.9), hyperglycemia (1.1; 95%CI 1.1–1.2), and hypertriglyceridemia (1.1; 95%CI 1.0–1.1) were significantly correlated with metabolic syndrome. HDL cholesterol was a protective factor (0.96; 95%CI: 0.93–0.99).

Conclusions

Serum sLOX-1 is a suitable biomarker for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. However, univariate and multivariate analysis suggested that sLOX-1 may be a modulating factor, and not an independent risk factor.
Evaluación del control interno de compras en la fábrica de puros American Caribbean Cigars S.A
Authors: Montoya Orozco Brenda Lisseth
Published: February 2016

Este Artículo científico se escribió siguiendo líneas de investigación y de acción donde se plantea la evaluación el control interno de compras de American Caribbean Cigars, S.A. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo y de corte transversal porque se está evaluando un periodo siendo este el 2011. El enfoque es cualitativo con técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas debido a que se realizan entrevistas las cuales son procesadas analíticamente de acuerdo a la valoración del funcionamiento de control interno, y encuestas procesadas cuantitativamente representadas en porcentajes según la muestra, se reforzó con investigación documental para confirmar la veracidad de la información brindada.De forma específica el trabajo está elaborado siguiendo los componentes del modelo COSO I, los objetivos, y planteamiento del problema fueron abordados tomando la lógica de los componentes de control interno según el COSO. Según la problemática encontrada se corrobora que el control interno es deficiente analizando las grandes debilidades encontradas durante el proceso.Por lo que se recomienda tomar medidas correctivas para solucionar las debilidades encontradas, en primer lugar se recomienda la elaboración de un manual de procedimientos de compras, un manual de funciones y un organigrama donde se establezcan las líneas de autoridad y responsabilidad, y que se realice una supervisión constante del proceso de compras.
Modelo de representação bibliográfica para cartazes cinematográficos aplicando o formato MARC e a proposta de indexação imagética de Panofsky
Authors: Cunha Ana Maia , Mey Eliane Serrão Alves
Published: February 2016

Introdução: Embora a Universidade Federal Fluminense ofereça o curso de Graduação em Cinema desde 1968, ainda não há um modelo de representação bibliográfica adequado para catalogar uma coleção especial de total interesse para esta comunidade acadêmica, a de “Cartazes Cinematográficos”.

Objetivo: Apresentar um modelo de representação bibliográfica para cartazes cinematográficos.

Metodologia: Realiza a análise documental e análise de conteúdo da coleção especial “Cartazes Cinematográficos” integrante do acervo da Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá da Universidade Federal Fluminense tendo como recorte temporal o período de 1930 a 1945, considerado a época áurea do cinema. Utilização do formato MARC e aplicação dos níveis de significado observáveis em imagens segundo o historiador e crítico de arte Erwin Panofsky. Inserção dos dados na Base Pergamum.

Resultados: Exemplifica o modelo de representação sugerido, através da inserção de dez cartazes cinematográficos na Base de Dados Pergamum, a qual é utilizada pelo Sistema de Bibliotecas da Universidade Federal Fluminense.

Conclusões: Aponta os cartazes cinematográficos como documentos relevantes para o estudo da historiografia cinematográfica nacional e mundial. Elenca os campos MARC considerados apropriados para a catalogação de cartazes cinematográficos.
Voltage-Current Measurement and Circuit Model Simulation to Characterize Electrical Properties of 40 kHz Capacitive Coupled Plasma (CCP) By Means of Pressure Variation
Authors: Kurniawan Sigit , Djoko Satjojo H. S. D. J. , P Sakti Setyawan
Published: February 2016

The change of plasma conditions caused by pressure increasing can affect the change of electrical characteristic of plasma and influence in each of plasma process is done, its change can be estimated by means of voltage-current characteristics from V-I measurement and simulation of the plasma equivalent circuit model. This study is investigation of electrical characteristic of 40 kHz Capacitive Coupled Plasma (CCP) from V-I measurement were combined by simulation of the plasma circuit model, the goal study is observation of the change of electrical properties of plasma in different pressure conditions. The simulation results show that the output of circuit model in the simulation are similar with voltage-current characteristic from V-I measurement in 300 mTorr-900 mTorr pressure conditions. From the characterization, can be concluded that the electrical properties of CCP can be estimated by using the resistor and capacitor values of circuit model in the simulation to get similarity characteristic with voltage-current from V-I measurement.
A Unified Weighted Least Norm Method for Redundant Manipulator Control
Authors: Chen Peng , Xiang Ji , Wei Wei
Published: February 2016

A redundant manipulator usually has multiple kinematic solutions at the velocity level and can be used to optimize other criteria. Although the pseudo inverse of the Jacobian matrix generates a solution with the least 2 norm (LN), it does not consider other constraints imposed by the system or the environment. The general weighted least norm (GWLN) method handles these general constraints via the concept of virtual joints, but this is not always feasible when the number of constraints exceeds the degrees of freedom. This paper proposes a unified weighted least norm method (UWLN) to unify the LN and the GWLN methods. The UWLN method merges the constraint tasks into a quadratic criterion that poses no limitations on the number of constraint tasks. It also generates a least 2 norm solution when all constraints are deactivated, thereby unifying the LN and GWLN methods. A comparative simulation on a 7-DoF planar manipulator demonstrates the validity of the algorithm.
Gait-Based Quadruped Robot Planar Hopping Control with Energy Planning
Authors: Chai Hui , Rong Xuewen , Tang Xingpeng , Li Yibin
Published: February 2016

To improve the mobility of the quadruped robot, a planar hopping control approach is proposed based on trotting gait. With the proposed approach, three joints of the stance legs are active and the fourth leg is passive. A planar kinematic model of the supporting phase is built and the calculated positions and posture of the torso are used as feedback for motion control. The forces and torque acting at the CoM of the robot torso in the plane are fully controllable and decoupled with the control approach based on a virtual model. The planar motions on three axes are controlled independently. For the hopping control, the total energy in a hopping cycle on the vertical direction is planned according to the desired hopping height of the torso's CoM and the virtual vertical stiffness of the torso is generated using the elastic potential energy of the virtual model. We verify the approach and its robustness using simulation experiments and show the results at the end of this paper.
Associations Among Self-Compassion, Eating Behaviors, and Stress in College Freshmen
Authors: Dara James  , Ann Sebren  , Cheryl DerAnanian  , Meg Bruening  , Laura Rooney  , Teresa Araas  , Pamela D. Swan
Published: February 2016

Purpose: Few studies have investigated the potential relationship between self-compassion and eating behaviors. Self-compassion has been shown to improve one’s ability to respond more effectively to various situations and stressors by embracing the constructs of self-kindness, common humanity and mindfulness. This study examined correlations between self-compassion, eating behaviors and stress in first-time college freshmen.Methods: First-time freshmen (N=1477), ages 18-22 years (63% female), self-reported measures of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Associations among PSS, SCS and TFEQ scores were examined with Pearson correlations by gender. Differences by gender were explored with t-tests.Results: There were significant (p < 0.01) correlations between disinhibition and negative SCS constructs (self-judgment, r = 0.29; isolation, r = 0.23; over-identification, r = 0.28) and restraint and self-judgment in females (r = 0.26). Females scored significantly higher than males on PSS and negative SCS subscales (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Interventions increasing self-compassion and reducing stress may optimally support psychological and behavioral wellbeing as students transition into college. Future research needs to understand how self-compassion interventions may attenuate the inimical cycle of dietary restraint and disinhibition in university students.
Use of the Suitability Model to Identify Landfill Sites in Lahore-Pakistan
Authors: S. Rathore  , S.R. Ahmad  , S.A. Shirazi
Published: February 2016

Site selection is a vital and basic concern of solid waste management in Lahore District, Pakistan, where there is fast growing urbanization. An appropriate landfill site for management of solid waste in this district must be found, and this demands the evaluation of multiple suitability criteria. Based on the current situation of the study area, these criteria were assigned weights according to their relative importance by using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The weights were then used in a simple additive weighted process (SAW) to generate a hierarchy of suitable sites for landfill to resolve the solid waste issue in Lahore District. Geographic information system (GIS) environment was used to collect, manipulate, analyze and present spatial data. Each spatial characteristic was standardized to same scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is the lowest suitability and 5 is highest suitability. This work presents a GIS-based site selection methodology that provides support to decision makers for the assessment of waste management issues in Lahore District.
Tekstanalyse og tekstproduktion
Authors: Molly Helmut
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the textuality of two non-authentic "texts" (extracts from graduate level examination papers in written proficiency). The results show that mainly because of defective text-semantic coherence these samples cannot be characterized as texts. It is claimed that a possible explanation of these defects is the heterogeneous ways in which texts are dealt with in foreign language education. Finally there are some remarks about the position of text linguistics.
Problemer omkring beskrivelsen af modusbrugen i tysk "indirekte tale"
Authors: Poulsen Sven-Olaf
Published: February 2016

A review of present Danish and German studies of modality in German indirect speech suggests they should be based on sufficiently large text corpora representing the most important text types.

Productive grammars intended for interpreters should focus on texts relevant to language training and should incorporate pragmatic aspects when necessary. Reference is made to an exemplary investigation of modality and tense in indirect speech in Danish and German in judgements passed in first instance courts.

Comparative analyses for each text type and language pair are needed.
Etablering af et juridisk tekstkorpus
Authors: Dyrberg Gunhild , Faber Dorrit , Hansen Steffen Leo , Tournay Joan
Published: February 2016

The project involves the collection of a corpus of English-French-Danish legal texts exemplifying different text types and different themes within the subject area of the law of contract. Each language will be represented by 1 million words. The text corpus will be computerized and is intended as the empirical data for various types of linguistic research such as text typology, text linguistics, syntax, semantics, etc. The principles which govern the assembly of the corpus - strict definition and delimitation of the text universe, combination of text type and theme classification - are assumed to ensure representativity of the corpus. The corpus forms part of a major project under the auspices of the Danish Research Council for the Humanities, "Communication in Language for Special Purposes".
Dansk radiærordbog
Authors: Holmboe Henrik
Published: February 2016

The Radial Dictionary of Danish makes it possible for its user to find all Danish words containing a certain string of characters, the minimum length of the string being two characters. This principle of arrangement prove show useful especially for the description of a language like Danish with very rich composition and derivation. The typical search string will be a morph or morpheme, and the radial arrangement of this dictionary allows you to find all words containing a certain morph or morpheme no matter whether its position is word initial, word internal or word final.
Semantisk isotopi og diskursanalyse
Authors: Frandsen Finn
Published: February 2016

Even though the notion of semantic isotopy is being extensively used within the analysis of both literary texts and special-purpose texts, the theoretical problems yet unsolved are legion. In this article I first demonstrate the great relevance of this notion for discourse analysis and then give a survey of Greimas' classical definitions of semantic isotopy and the previous critique of this conception. Finally, I evaluate Rastier's reformulation of semantic isotopy from the point of view of interpretative semantics.
Kritisk oversigt over engelske og danske juridiske ordbøger
Authors: Nielsen Sandro
Published: February 2016

Ideally, special-purpose dictionaries should have complex macro- and micro-structures compiled according to strictly defined lexicographic principles. A surprisingly large number of the English and Danish law dictionaries examined leave much to be desired from a lexicographic point of view, and in some cases improvements and changes are proposed. Different types of definition, the presentation of lemma signs and equivalents, and meaning discrimination as well as their value to the user are discussed. It is suggested that the optimal special-purpose dictionary for learners should include both encyclopaedic and linguistic information whether it be a monolingual or bilingual dictionary.
Svar på omtale - fra en fagsprogs-healer
Authors: Larsen Peter Harms
Published: February 2016

Intet abstract
The Ideal Number of Lemmas in an Ideal Accounting Dictionary
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Norddahl Bjarni
Published: February 2016

Lemma lacunas in dictionaries are a traditional focus area for lexicographers, but the opposite problem, which we choose to call lemma flooding, has received very little attention. The study of this flooding could be relevant in order to save lexicographers spending thousands of hours producing dictionary entries which nobody reads.

In Bergenholtz/Norddahl (2012) we showed that during a three-year period less than 33% of all dictionary articles out of 18 million dictionary consultations were consulted in a dictionary with 111,000 entries. We examined nine possible reasons why a given word might not be of interest to users and consequently could be ignored in order to avoid lemma flooding. We tried to demonstrate that while it is not possible to completely avoid lemma fl ooding, implementing a relatively simple rule could minimize it. But in reality the results were quite disappointing, because there were no clear rules or methods to avoid lemma fl ooding.

Now we will try the same kind of analysis of log files for the English-Danish and the Danish-English Accounting Dictionaries. We see here that there are differences between different dictionaries (monolingual for English and Danish and bilingual for English-Danish and Danish-English). We will try to give some explanations, but must admit beforehand that we have not found satisfying explanations which could lead to a plan for future accounting dictionaries or other economic dictionaries thus avoiding the production of never used dictionary articles.