bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Really a Prologue
Authors: Watts Jill
Published: November 2023

Born in August 1893-”one of the hot months”-Mae West boasted that she “was a child of the new century” and that she “ran toward it boldly.” Many have viewed Mae West as a paradox, a label she delightedly perpetuated. In the 193os, at her popularity’s peak, she announced in an interview, “I’m so ultramodern that I’m old-fashioned. That’s the real truth of the matter.” From earliest childhood, Mae lived in a swirling world of contrasts, constantly entangled in polarities and contradictions. In the Brooklyn of Mae West’s youth, herds of deer still wandered its largest park while gangs of poor and working-class men and boys roamed its streets. The young Mae was raised in transitional places and times. Born on the cusp between two centuries, she became both the old and the new. Such dichotomies marked her entire existence.
Locating the Argument
Authors: Sherman Amy L
Published: November 2023

Exaltation of the primitive was perhaps best captured in Jean jacques Rousseau’s famous phrase about the noble savage. Pre industrial, pre-civilized man, Rousseau asserted, lived an idyllic existence in harmony with nature. In our times, Hollywood glamorizes traditional, indigenous cultures-a well-known example being Dances With Wolves-while politically correct anthropologists blame colonial ism for destroying the morally superior and ecologically conscious folk societies it conquered. Multiculturalism is perhaps the latest banner under which many cultural relativists march, lauding the contributions of all diverse cultures (except, often, their own Western heritage).
Cristo-Paganism Described and Analyzed
Authors: Sherman Amy L
Published: November 2023

The world of Cristo-pagan Mayan Indians is a crowded place. Walking down dirt trails to their milpa, they may pass all sorts of supernatural beings-the dueiios (spirit owners) of the trees, birds, rocks, and animals, and the spirits of the sacred hills. Entering the local Catholic church, they confront images of Christ, Mary, and the most important saints of that area. Passing the cemetery, they are reminded of their dead ancestors and the responsibility to care for their souls through prayer and the sacrifice of candles, food, and drink-lest they punish them with illness or a bad harvest. Considering a business deal, they must take into account what day it is, since the “gods” of certain days can be more or less favorable to commercial activity.
Prologue to the Third Edition
Authors: Machado De Assis Joaquim Maria
Published: November 2023

The second edition of this work sold out faster than the first. Here it is in the third with no changes except for certain typographical corrections, such as they were, and so few that even if they had been left in they would not have altered the meaning. An illustrious friend and confrere insisted that I follow this book up with another. “Along with The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas, from which this is derived, you should make a trilogy, and the Sofia from Quincas Borba will have the third part all to herself.” For some time I thought that it might be possible, but as I reread these pages now I say no.
Grandmother’s Tales
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

The great psychotherapist Alfred Adler would always ask a patient in the beginning stages of therapy: “What are your earliest childhood memories?” He recognized that early memories often play a decisive role in shaping who we are and what we can become. Among my earliest memories are the Polish lullabies Grandma sang to me, the smell and taste of the kasha she fed me, the stories she told me. Long before I visited Poland for the first time, I was familiar with many things I would encounter there. Though I had studied for many years about Jewish life and thought in Poland, those memories of my grandmother seemed much more real and poignant than the information I was able to glean from books.
Life, Learning, and Luria in Lublin
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

Without parallel in the history of diasporan Jewry, the council epitomized Jewish self-government in Poland. Some historians consider the council as representative of the unique opportunity for Jewish religious and sociopolitical autonomy afforded by the comparatively tolerant Polish attitude toward the Jews. Other historians view the council as a foreshadowing of and as a precedent for Jewish self government in the State of Israel. Still others interpret the establishment of the council as a self-serving Polish strategy for the centralized taxation and control of Polish Jewry. All three views have some credence.
Jewish Continuity
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

Once there lived in Cracow a rabbi named Isaac. He was very poor. Isaac lived with his wife and children in a house with only one room. In the middle of the room there was a stove. During winter, when they had money for wood, the heat of the stove would offer warmth and would cook the meager food that barely sustained them from day to day.
Inward Journeys
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

The prominent French novelist Andre Malraux once said that “either the third millennium will be a spiritual age, or there will be no third millennium.” Similarly, Dag Hammarskjold, the first U.N. secretary-general, warned that “Unless the world has a spiritual rebirth, civilization is doomed.” As we witness a growing sense of spiritual homelessness among increasing numbers of individuals, who, in the words of Matthew Arnold are “wandering between two worlds, one dead and the other powerless to be born,” the admonitions of Hammarskjold and Malraux take on an added sense of urgency and poignancy. In our age of collapsing ideologies, shifting economies, changing politics, moral anarchy, genocidal violence, and displaced populations, many have come to realize that the emperor has no clothes and that the clothes have no emperor. We find ourselves living through an earthquake with its epicenter in the self. What is happening all around us is also happening within us. The shocks and aftershocks that have convulsed the topography of our daily lives inevitably register on the seismograph of our souls, on our innermost selves.
The Land We Shared
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

Although medieval chroniclers treated the story as historical fact, most modem historians treat it as mere legend. From the fifteenth century onward, Polish and Jewish chronicles and literary sources speak of the liaison between the beautiful Jewess and the powerful king. The earliest known record, less than a century after Casimir’s death, appears in the writings of the first important historian of Poland, Jan Dlugosz, who noted that King Casimir the Great maintained an extramarital relationship with a Jewess named Esterka, the daughter of a tailor from the town of Opoczno. According to subsequent embellishments, the love affair blossomed during the king’s unhappy marriage to Adelaja of Hesse, and intensified after his subsequent, ill-fated marriage to Krystyna Rokiczonska the Czech. Four children were born to Casimir and Esterka, two boys and two girls. The boys, Niemira and Pelka, were raised as Catholics at the royal court. The girls were raised with the Jews as Jews, with Casimir’s approval.
Radical Multiculturalism and Its Discontents
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: November 2023

The past twenty years have been a time of great ferment in the academy. An approach sometimes labeled “deconstruction” has swept through universities, altering the landscape in discipline after discipline. The goal of the deconstructionist is to expose, or deconstruct, the underlying subjectivity and indeterminacy of everything we thought we knew. Radical multiculturalists adopt this approach, attempting to deconstruct such fundamental concepts as truth, merit, and law. In scholarship, as in politics, one of the most common sins is to mischaracterize an opponent’s position in order to attack it. In the hope of avoiding that failing, we use this chapter to make good on our claims about the positions taken by the radical multiculturalists.
Profaning Marriage
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

This colloquy, occurring in the summer of 1995, would have been unimaginable in the pre-Vatican II Church in the United States. The confessor would have told the penitent that the woman’s overtures were an occasion of sin, instructed if not ordered him to avoid adulterous entanglements, specified the terms of his penance, and wondered whether the line outside the confessional was getting shorter. The confessor in this case was not newly ordained and thus still under the influence of the latest in pastoral counseling taught at the seminary. He was, in fact, a veteran priest, several years beyond his Golden Jubilee.
Tribunal Personnel
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

The analysis of any social system benefits from examination of its role structure. A role consists of a bundle of rights and duties associated with a specific position-a status-within a group or organization. Roles comprise both normative and behavioral components. Some roles are narrowly circumscribed by special rules and expectations, while others allow individuals more leeway. But no matter how scrupulously the rights and duties are spelled out by custom and law, the person playing the role may define them differently. As a result, discrepancies arise between official and personalized definitions of roles and be tween prescribed and actual behavior.
Introduction: “Conventional” Literacy and “Vernacular” Practice
Authors: Gundaker Grey
Published: November 2023

In the Afro-Atlantic diaspora, and perhaps all complex cultural networks and encounters, events involving literacies arise that incorporate resources with different histories and different relationships to spoken language within a single event, narrative, or object. The expressive interaction that results registers these differences but also generates new associations keyed to the immediate situation. These associations feed back into the sociocultural context, help to reconstitute it, and provide metacommentary on the conditions, such as pressured culture contact, that gave rise to the interaction in the first place.
Contrasting and Complementary Scripts and Graphic Signs
Authors: Gundaker Grey
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the interaction of conventional literacy and vernacular practices when Roman script shares a context with another kind of script or graphic system. It also looks at how inscriptions disrupt and reconfigure the Roman alphabet and orthodox punctuation. These conjunctions and disruptions accomplish what neither conventional Roman script nor the vernacular alternative could do alone. They make double voicing an inherent property of the acts of writing and reading. Some interactions foreground a contrast between different sets of values, much as Elder Green did in his narrative. Sometimes an alternative sign system sim ply fulfills a function to which Roman script is less well suited, because of its phonological and linear properties or its cultural history.
The Wife (1756)
Authors: Haywood Eliza
Published: November 2023

Marriage was the first institution of the Great Author of nature, and intended to smooth the rugged ways of life;-the softner of the husband’s cares;-the bulwark of the wife’s innocence;-the cement of friendship between families, and the choicest blessing Heaven could bestow on mortals.
The Self
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

In this respect one does not surely guard oneself even if one, being a layperson were living with defenses provided, having entered a well-enclosed inner room in the upper floor of a mansion, thinking, “I will guard myself”; nor, being a monk, if one were living in a rock cave with well-enclosed and covered doors and windows. On the other hand, one does guard oneself if, being a layperson, one were performing wholesome deeds such as the practices of giving and being virtuous, to the best of one’s ability; or, being a monk, evincing eager interest in one’s duties and services, study of texts and mindfulness.
The Awakened One
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Whose victory is not turned into defeat: yassa jitam navajfyati The victory of the Fully Awakened One is not turned to defeat, does not become a poor victory, due to-the fact that the mass of defilements such as [sensual] attachments, and so forth, conquered [by him] by the various Paths, will not be reactivated.
Stains
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

The messengers of Yama [god of death] are referred to thus. This has been said with reference to death [itself]. The meaning is: death has come close to you.
The Path
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Of paths., the eightfold is the best: maggan’ atthangiko settho Of the paths, be they such as footpaths, and so forth, or be they the paths traversed by the sixty-two [wrong ] views2—of all such paths the eightfold is the noblest, which, with its eight constituent aspects such as right views, and so forth,3 brings about the abandoning of [the contrary ] eight, such as wrong views, and so forth, and which, having made cessation [of mental activities] its object, effects, in regard to all four truths, the function of complete understanding of suffering, and so on.
The Elephant
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Just as a great, well disciplined elephant, capable of enduring attacks [made] with sharp weapons, which has descended on a battlefield, endures, without being tormented, the arrows released from a bow and fallen upon it—so shall I endure the unwarranted word such as this. That is the meaning.
Craving
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Of the person who lives [a life that is] heedless—with heedlessness characterized by slackening of awareness—neither meditative-absorption, nor insight, nor Path and Fruit develop.
The Bhikkhu
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

When a visible object comes within the range of a bhikkhu’s eyesight [lit. eye door] and [he is] not being attracted to the object [if it is] pleasant, not annoyed at the object [if it is] unpleasant, [and] not begetting confusion through lack of proper insight, [then] it is said that he has exercised “restraint,” [or] “closure,” [or] “covering,” [or] “guarding” in regard to the door. Commendable is restraint with the eye of that one. The same manner [of interpretation applies] in regard to the “doors” of the ear, and so forth.
Events In The Life Of Abraham
Authors: Brichto Herbert Chanan
Published: November 2023

Biblical discourse is discursive (and it is so to a remarkable degree). What keeps the first clause of this sentence from constituting a tautology is the odd difference in the nuances of the noun and adjective. Whereas the running to and fro (of the original and literal Latin) conveys in the noun the sense of logical and consecutive speech or thought, in the adjective there is a strong sense of discontinuity or di-gression. One exemplary aspect of the discursiveness of biblical discourse is reflected in the “stories and structures” in this volume’s subtitle. There are many other aspects of this (literary) phenomenon in addition to alternation of forms and genres, such as perspectival shifts in consecutive narratives hingeing on changes in identities of implied author, more-or-less reliable or omniscient narrator, and variably sophisticated implied audience.
Premodern American Legal Thought
Authors: Feldman Stephen M
Published: November 2023

Faith in the existence of natural law principles stood as one definitive feature of premodern American legal thought.1 At the very birth of the nation, the Declaration of Independence immediately invoked “the Laws of Nature” and “Nature’s God”; then, echoing John Locke, it continued with this now-familiar passage: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Through this natural law reasoning, Thomas Jefferson and the other signers of the Declaration attempted to establish, first and foremost, a universal right to rebel against an unjust ruler. Only then did the Americans delineate their specific grievances against Britain so as to explain why they should rebel at that particular time.2
The Risks of Property Rhetoric
Authors: Regan Milton C
Published: November 2023

The conceptual underpinning of property rhetoric is of course the concept of property itself. In recent years, property has lost some of its ostensible rigor and unity as an analytical concept.’ Furthermore, property rhetoric is comprised of diverse strands that co-exist in some tension, rather than forming a unified and harmonious whole. Nonetheless, certain strands have had particularly powerful influence on the cultural imagination, and together constitute what we might describe as the “mythology of property.” Seen in this way, property constitutes a gestalt, a pattern of closely associated elements rather than a set of logically entailed propositions.
Introduction
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Difficult as it may be to believe, America’s churches have fallen on hard times. A few years ago, new congregations were being established in record numbers, new facilities were being built in every new suburban development, and more clergy were being trained and hired than at any time in our nation’s history. But the economic prosperity that once characterized American religious institutions is now a thing of the past. Financial woes are the order of the day. Many smaller congregations are struggling to avoid having to close their doors. Many of the larger churches have had to scale back programs and put plans for expansion on indefinite hold. Older churches are saddled with historical landmarks-their buildings which they are having trouble keeping in good repair, while newer churches are discovering the cost of having thrown up buildings too hastily a decade or two ago. To the casual observer, the signs of crisis may not be evident. Visitors in most cities can find well-groomed religious structures in nearly every neighborhood. Driving by these buildings, we might not suspect that their congregations were having trouble finding the cash to keep going.
D
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Dada An artistic and literary movement that flour-ished in Europe during and just after World War I. Its proponents severed the ,•clationship between idea and statement and dedicated themselves to subverting causal logic and conventional aesthetics. Dada was founded in Zurich in 1916 by artists from around Europe-notably the Romanian poet Tristan ‘fzara and the French painter Jean (Hans) Arp-as a reaction against the inability of conventional civilized, rational art and aesthetics to prevent the madness of the Great War. Although ‘fzara’s time in Zurich coincided with Joyce’s, there is no evidence that they knew one another. (This did not prevent playwright Tom Stoppard from writing a comedy, Travesties, based upon the postulated friendship of Joyce, Tzara and Lenin in Zurich in 1916.) (Sec SURREALISM.) Daedalus, Isabel A younger sister of Stephen DAEDALUS, called simply Isabel, who appears only in Stephen Hero. Because of poor health, she is asked to leave her convent and return home to live, much against her father’s wishes. Not long after her return, she dies. The end of chapter XXII and chapter XXIII of the novel narrate her death and its effect on Stephen and the Daedalus family. Joyce based the character Isabel on his brother George, who died in 1902.
I
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Ibsen, Henrik (1828-1906) Norwegian dramatist, widely acknowledged as the first great modern playwright. Ibsen’s emphasis on psychological drama in his plays from Brand (1866) through When We Dead Awaken (1899) radically reconstituted contemporary expectations about dramatic form.

As early as his student days at BELVEDERE COLLEGE, Joyce demonstrated an outspoken enthusiasm for Ibsen’s plays and for the reconsideration of artistic premises that they demanded. Despite the intellectual conservatism of the school, Joyce sustained this ardor throughout his years at UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. On 20 January 1900, Joyce read before the LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY of University College an essay entitled “DRAMA AND LIFE,” which showed the impact upon him of Ibsen and of advanced continental artistic thinking generally.
J
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Jacobsen, Jens Peter (1847-1885) Danish poet and novelist who introduced the techniques of NATURALISM to Danish literature. He subsequently gained prominence as the movement’s best known exponent in Denmark. Jacobsen exemplifies the type of writer whom the young Joyce admired and sought to emulate, and Joyce refers to him in his early essay “The DAY OF THE RABBLEMENT” (1901), in which Joyce illustrates the limitations of contemporary Irish literature by contrasting the innovative prose of Jacobsen’s style with the more pedestrian efforts of George MOORE. After he left Ireland Joyce continued to read Jacobsen, and he had a copy of an English translation of Jacobsen’s second novel, Siren Voices (Niels Ly/me), in his Trieste library. Evidence from his correspondence indicates that he first read the book early in 1905. (See Letters II.83.) “James Clarence Mangan” An essay written by Joyce as a university student and first delivered as a lecture at the 1 February 1902 meeting of the Literary and Historical Society of UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. It was subsequently published in the unofficial university magazine, St Stephen’s, in May of the same year.
N
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Nannetti, Joseph Patrick (1851-1915) A turn-ofthe-century Dublin politician whom Joyce incorporates into Ulysses. An Irishman of Italian descent, Nannetti served as a member of Parliament from 1900 to 1906, and he was Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1906 to 1907. Nannetti appears as the print shop foreman of the FREEMAN’S JOURNAL in the AEOLIJS episode (chapter 7) of Ulysses, and he is subsequently referred to at several other points in the narrative. For Leopold BLOOM, Nannetti’s life and accomplishments represent both a consolation and a rebuke. Nannetti’s foreign heritage, like Bloom’s, makes him stand out among the homogeneous Dubliners.
O
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Oblong, May A well-known prostitute in turn-of the-century DUBLIN, whom Joyce may have known. According to Adaline GLASHEEN, a variation on her name occurs in Finnegan.1 Wake, where Dublin suggestively becomes d’Oblong. O’Callaghan, Miss A character in the Dubliners story “The DEAD.” A guest at the Christmas party given by the MORKAN sisters, she unsuccessfully urges the tenor Bartell D’ARCY to sing. occult, the In general, any theories and practices relating to esoteric knowledge of the supernatural world. Aspects of the occult include alchemy, divination, magic and witchcraft. A range of references to occult practices occur throughout Joyce’s works, especially in the narrative of the SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS episode (chapter 9) of Ulysses, which touches with biting sarcasm on fundamental elements of theosophical belief and ritual, particularly in relation to prominent characters such as George RUSSELL (AE). In Finnegan.1• Wake there are a number of broad allusions to alchemy throughout the narrative, generally in analogies to artistic creation. An intense and sardonic exploration of the mysteries inherent in both alchemy and the Roman Catholic sacrament of the Holy Eucharist appears in the Latin passage on FW 185. This depicts SHEM as the artist creating his work first by making ink from his own feces and urine, and, then, reverting to English, speaks of him as “the first till last alshemist [who] wrote over every square inch of the only foolscap available, his own body” (FW 185.14--36).
Q
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Queen’s College, Cork One of three Queen’s colleges in Ireland (the other two were in Belfast and Galway), established in 1845 as a response to popular demand for institutions of higher education open to Catholics. It opened in l 849, and after the passage of the University Education Act of J 879 its curriculum came under the jurisdiction of the Royal University. The university is still in existence, now called University College, Cork. Joyce’s father, John JOYCE, attended Queen’s from 1867 to 1870, but more attentive to his social life than to his academics, he left the university without a degree. Joyce drew on his connection with Queen’s College by making Simon DEDALUS, Stephen’s father, an alumnus as well. In chapter II of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Simon returns to Queen’s, bringing a reluctant Stephen with him.
Z
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick
Published: November 2023

Zola, Emile (1840-1902) The best-known of a group of nineteenth-century French “naturalist” writers. Literary NATURALISM took as its subject the workings of broad social forces and their effects on the individual lives of ordinary people. Many naturalist works, and Zola’s in particular, were quite popular. Zola provided an artistic model for Joyce early on as the latter strove to develop his own style. There is evidence of Zola’s impact on Joyce as early as 1903 in his review of T. Baron Russell’s BORLASE AND SON (reprinted in The Critical Writings of James Joyce), and in letters written in 1906 and 1907. Textual evidence in Dubliners, Stephen Hero and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man strongly suggests that Joyce used Zola’s writing (among others) as a guide for developing the technique of FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE within his own narratives. See Letters 11.137, 202 and 211.
Ritual Symbols, Syntax, and Praxis
Authors: Bell Catherine
Published: November 2023

Theorists who began to go beyond the framework of functional structuralism have been called symbolists, culturalists, and, more awkwardly, symbolic-culturalists. In contrast to how functionalism closely links symbols to social organization, culturalists tend to see these links as weak and indirect and emphasize instead the autonomy and languagelike nature of a cultural system of symbols. In other words, culturalists interpret the symbols and symbolic action so important to ritual less in terms of their connection to the structures of social organization and more in terms of an indepen dent system organized like a language for the primary purpose of communication. This has shifted interpretation from a focus on what social reality may be represented (and maintained) by a symbol to a focus on whatthe symbol means (communicates) within the context of the whole system of symbols in which it is embedded. This new focus, it is argued, illuminates something other than the social organization of hu man groups; it illuminates “culture” as a more primary level of meanings, values and attitudes that effectively acts to shape social organization. In this view, culture can not be reduced to being the mere projection of social organization, and social orga nization is, theoretically, not primary but secondary. Defined as a primary system, culture has been deemed to have sufficient autonomy to be analyzed independently of social structure, although it is generally recognized that in actual fact cultural systems interact constantly with social organization in complex ways. Social and cultural systems clearly comprise a holism, and a fresh variety of methods have been proposed to analyze that holism without reducing the cultural to the social or the social to the cultural. Indeed, many cultural theories of ritual implicitly or explicitly describe ritual as the means by which the cultural system and the social system are able to interact and harmonize with each other.
American Lethal Violence: A Profile
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a detailed profile of lethal violence in the United States. The first part provides an analysis of homicide rates in a variety of contexts including comparisons with other nations, comparisons with other forms of traumatic and nontraumatic death, trends over time, and demographic patterns. The second part explores the link between non lethal violent crimes and the risk of death.
On Causes and Prevention
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

Among serious students of violence there is an ambivalence about the discussion of causation that is of more than passing significance. On the one hand, nothing could be more logical and natural than to address questions about violence in causal terms. To seek to understand violence is inevitably to try to determine its causes; so that almost all discussions of violence quickly become discussions of causes. On the other hand, so many discussions of the causes of violence have fallen victim to logical and empirical problems that many scholars avoid causal discourse as though the available literature had given the enter prisea bad name.
History, Entanglement, and Negotiated Change
Authors: Ling Jinqi
Published: November 2023

The hegemonic subject cannot have a terrain of constitution different from the structure to which it belongs. [This structure} is inhabited by an original lack, by a radical undecidability that needs to be constantly superseded by acts of decision. These acts are, precisely, what constitute the subject, who can only exist as a will transcending the structure. Because this will has no place of constitution external to the structure but is the result of the failure of the structure to constitute itself, it can be formed only through acts of identification. To keep alive a sense of alternative ways of life and of struggle requires memory of those who prefigured such life and struggle in the past. In this sense, tradition is to be associated not solely with ignorance and intolerance, prejudice and parochialism, dogmatism and docility. Rather, tradition is also to be identified with insight and intelligence, rationality and resistance, critique and contestation.
Writing the Novel, Narrating Discontents: Race and Cultural Politics in John Okada ‘s No-No Boy
Authors: Ling Jinqi
Published: November 2023

The lieutenant believed him this time. “Hell ‘s bells,” he exclaimed. “If they ‘d done that to me, I wouldn’t ‘t be sitting in the belly of a broken-down B-24 going back ro Guam from a reconnaissance mission to Japan.” “I got reasons,” said the Japanese-American soldier soberly.
Realist Intervention and the Return of the Repressed: Reading Class, Gender, and Culture in Louis Chu ‘s Eat a Bowl of Tea
Authors: Ling Jinqi
Published: November 2023

If the removal of difference is the origin of representation, it follows that the origin will always be present in the product. The problems of meaning and representation that beset the “Third World” are very different from the slippage of meaning and of the “real” which currently confronts academic discourses of Europe and America. To say this is not to claim the possibility of arriving at some essential indigenous truth by a more tortuous route, but to insist that the epistemological problem is itself a historical one. Both meaning and the need for locating meaning are conjunctural; and it is useful to maintain a distinction between the realized difficulty of knowing and the preasserted or a priori difficulty of knowing.
Performing the Margins: Ethics and the Poetics of Frank Chin ‘s Theatrical Discourse
Authors: Ling Jinqi
Published: November 2023

What I value most I guess is what I ‘m doing, trying to legitimize the Chinese-American sensibility. Call it my accident in time and space and that all the talent, everything I have is good only for this. Nothing else is any good until I get this done or started. And if I can ‘t legitimize it, or if Chinese American sensibility isn ‘t legitimized, then my writing is no good.
Maxine Hong Kingston ‘s Remapping of Asian American Historical Imagination in China Men
Authors: Ling Jinqi
Published: November 2023

To name it now so as not to repeat history in oblivion. To extract each fragment by each fragment from the word from the image another word another image the reply that will not re peat history in oblivion. The reason why the issue of ‘female emancipation ‘ seems to disappear from all the public agenda of nationalist agitation . . . is not because it was overtaken by the more emotive is sue concerning political power.
Critical Negotiations: Issues in Asian American Cultural Studies
Authors: Ling Jinqi
Published: November 2023

It seems to me that this is the gravest menace to theory today: its professionalized simulacrum, well ensconced in the system of knowledge, usurping the voice of the Other while silencing it and the practice of resistance that is genuine theory. The appearance of a professionalized conception of theory would mark the advent of a total culture of literacy, in which theory, far from challenging the system of the posthistorical state, would be content to flourish in the sphere that was assigned The purpose of theorizing is not to enhance one ‘s intellectual or academic reputation but to enable us to grasp, understand, and explain-to produce a more adequate knowledge of-the historical world and its processes; and thereby to inform our practice so that we may transform it.
Country Preachers
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

When Noah Carlton Baldwin took up a pen in 1850 to begin his diary, he turned to the first page and wrote an account of his conversion twelve years earlier. Although twenty-one years old at the time, Baldwin considered it the day that his life began. “At length, my sleepy soul was awakened in a most powerful manner to its sense of danger,” he wrote.
Reading, Writing, and Religion
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

The majority of pastors in antebellum Virginia were the sons of pastors, yeomen, and artisans, and many were poor. These young men could not hope for careers that would bring them the power and honor of slaveholders. However, they could aspire to greater things than their fathers had. The poor yet ambitious among them had to forgo the traditional basis of Southern gentility-control over slaves and property. Determined to become “gentlemen pastors,” they found in education an important means of social mobility. And in their embrace of education for themselves, pastors shaped churches that placed literacy and education at the heart of their work.
Pastors and Soldiers
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

In late January 1861, John Cowper Granbery posted a letter to his fiancee, “Miss Ella” Winston. The thirty-two-year-old pastor wrote from the University of Virginia, where he had served as chaplain for two years. He devoted the first few lines to the issue that weighed most heavily on his mind: war preparations at the university and in Charlottesville. “But I will check myself abruptly and violently,” he interjected after several sentences, “so as not to pursue the path of political discussion which everybody travels these days.
The Ministerial Profession
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

In 1870, Rev. Daniel Witt wrote to a friend about two congregations that he had pastored for forty years. Aging and in poor health, Witt had recently retired from full-time work and had passed his churches over to the care of his correspondent, Thomas Sydnor. Baptist prospects in his county were good, he reported, because “almost every body has been brought into the church.” “But,” he added, “we are mighty poor!” Witt’s practiced eye found his congregations wanting. “There are many things to discourage in the desertion of the church of their fathers by the young & fashionable religionists of the day,” he wrote.
Evidence for the Text of 6 Ezra
Authors: Bergren Theodore A
Published: November 2023

In the case of the Latin version of 4 Ezra, the reason for limiting the number of complete significant manuscripts to these eight is well known. They are the only Latin manuscripts that contain (or contained, in the case of S) the celebrated “missing fragment” of 4 Ezra 7:36-105. Accounts of the unpublished discovery of this lost section in manuscript C by J. Palmer, the independent deduction of its existence by J. Gild Meister, and finally its discovery in manuscript A and publication by R. L. Benzyl are readily available1 and need not be repeated here.
Reconstructing the Two Recensions
Authors: Bergren Theodore A
Published: November 2023

In what follows, an attempt is made to establish each link in this stemma, up to the level of the Hyarchetypes t and u, through established principles of textual criticism. Since it is widely recognized that these Hyarchetypes represent two distinct textual recensions, and since the relationship between these recensions will require special attention, discussion of this relationship and reconstruction of the archetype x are reserved for chapter 4.
Vocabulary
Authors: Bergren Theodore A
Published: November 2023

Although the Latin version of 6 Ezra was almost certainly translated from Greek, and thus represents a secondary witness to the text, there are several reasons for studying the Latin vocabulary of the book.1 First, since the vocabulary of 6 Ezra is extremely idiosyncratic, the subject is of substantial interest in itself. Second, study of the Latin text may give some indication as to the date and provenance of the translation. Third, study of the Latin vocabulary could shed light on the question whether the Greek version is itself a translation from some other language. Finally, lexical study can give additional insight into the book’s recessional situation.
The Religious Affiliation of the Author
Authors: Bergren Theodore A
Published: November 2023

The contents and style of 6 Ezra--above all, its strong affinities with the literary tradition of the Hebrew Bible-make it almost certain that the book was written by a Jew or a Christian. These two categories, furthermore, need not be mutually exclusive: the lines of demarcation between Judaism and Christianity in the first centuries C.E. were often rather fluid. I will argue in this chapter that the author of 6 Ezra was a “Christian,” in the commonly understood sense of the term. There do not seem to be sure grounds for assessing his attitude toward the Judaism of his day.
Sympathy and Alienation
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: November 2023

Where neoclassical theists pictured God as having a mind (in Park’s words) “free from the complexities and discrepancies that mar our character,” sentimental incarnationalists brought God down to earth in the form of Christ and made him more accessible. And this, at its most dramatic, led to some tension in Christ’s mind. The tension involved the mixing of high and low, God and human; it involved a drama of an eternal, perfect being allowing himself to become involved in the plight of sinful beings. Harriet Beecher Stowe took this dramatic element of sentimental incarnationalism very far.
“Great Revival” or “Great Reformation”? The Privatization of Northern Revivalism
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

Despite The General public satisfaction over the success of the awakening, some voices questioned whether the relational piety of family and friends or the celebrated masculine millennium of the urban prayer meetings should qualify as true or genuine revival. In a front-page column of the Independent in early March 1858, Harriet Beecher Stowe suggested that “reformation” was the appropriate goal of religious fervor.1 “Instead of the great revival of 1858,” she wrote, “we should be happy to read the great reformation of 1858” (italics in original). From Stowe’s perspective, genuine revivals would “bless society” as well as con vert individuals. Moving more overtly toward the tone of a jeremiad, she insisted that evaluating a revival by its moral and social effects was fair: “A revival of religion that brings no repentance and reformation is false and spurious We believe in no raptures, in no ecstasies, in no experiences that do not bring the soul into communion with Him who declared He came to set at liberty them that are bound and bruised.” Stowe’s column was written just before revival began at Henry Ward Beecher’s Plymouth Church, where she herself became an active participant. The Plymouth Church meetings strongly emphasized personal piety but were strangely silent about concern for the oppressed. In subsequent editorials over the next few weeks, Stowe muted her rhetoric considerably, much to the dismay of abolitionist papers such as the Anti-Slavery Standard. Even so, the issues she had emphasized continued to surface in sermons and newspaper columns, particularly among those, such as Congregational minister George B. Cheever and Unitarian Theodore Parker, who equated genuine spiritual awakening with increased antislavery sentiment. They repeatedly argued that community moral transformation must accompany any true revival.
Destruction of Houses and Construction of a Cause: Lawyers and Bedouins in the Israeli Courts
Authors: Shamir Ronen , Chinski Sara
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is on lawyers who represent Bedouins in Israeli courts. Specifically, we are interested in cases involving-from the formal standpoint of the law-the “vast phenomenon of illegal Bedouin construction” in violation of the state’s planning and construction laws. We posit that these constructions, illegal for having been built without appropriate construction permits, assume broader significance when evaluated in light of the Bedouin historical and cultural experience under Israeli state control. We want to briefly provide readers with this experience in order to clarify our reasons for looking at legal representation in such matters as a form of “lawyering for a cause.”
The Implementation of the Congregational Way
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

Looking Back At The Puritans’ painful decision to abandon their home land for the uncertainty of a New World, Cambridge pastor Thomas Shepard and Dedham pastor John All in singled out church government as the primary consider action for churchgoers and ministers alike. “Popish” practices in the Church of England had grown to such “an intolerable height,” they recalled, that “the consciences of God’s saints and servants ... could no longer bear them.” The mere “hope” of “enjoying Christ in his ordinances” persuaded thousands of dissenters to “forsake dearest relations, parents, brethren, sisters, Christian friends and aquaintances, over look the dangers of the vast seas, the thought whereof was a terror to many,” and “go into a wilderness where we could forecast nothing but care and temptation.”
“A Mixed Form”: Clerical Authority and Lay Liberty
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

Reflecting Upon Congregationalism’S first ten years of development in Massachusetts Bay, Richard Mather proudly described in Church-Government and Church-Covenant Discussed a system which the Philosophers that write of the best Common-wealths affirme to be the best. For in respect of Christ the head, it is a Monarchy, in respect of the Ancients [lay elders] and Pastors that Governe in Common, and with like Authority among themselves, it is an Aristocracy, or rule of the best men; in respect that the people are not secluded but have their interest in Church matters it is a Democracy, or Popular State.
An Uneasy Balance
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

Dastin of Reading spotted four young men laughing and chatting. She promptly filed a complaint with the elders, charging that her brethren “laughed and jibed at the minister that then had been dispensing the word to them,” and urged the officers to proceed to censure. A preliminary examination of the case, however, revealed that the foursome had not “laugh[ed] at the Minister” at all “but as they Say data Sense less joke put forth” by one of them. The elders reproved Dastin for her malevolent misapplication of mutual watch, then attempted to resolve the incident quietly, convincing her to apologize to the young men in private. To the elders’ dismay, the wrongfully accused angrily refused to accept Dastin’s confession.
Declension and Reform
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

The new generation of churchgoers was obviously less respectful and more contentious than the founders, developments that could be explained, ministers insisted, only by a decline in popular religiosity. In less confident moments, even Mather acknowledged bluntly that “the present Generation in New England is lamentably degenerate.” In general, ministers observed, the laity profited so little from the means of grace as to appear “sermon proof.” In1683, Samuel Torrey of Weymouth mournfully observed that “there is little or nothing of the Life of Religion to be seen or appearing either in the Frame or Way, Hearts, or Lives of the generality of the professors of it.
Clerical Conflict and the Decline of Sola Scriptura
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

The pastor’s reply hardly eased the members’ indignation. In a scene repeated throughout Massachusetts in the first decades of the eighteenth century, church worship and practice in Dedham, though designed to serve as an essential means of grace, instead became the focus of bitter contention. In response to the phalanx of clerical authority that later assembled to supervise the Dedham fast, many angry churchgoers stayed home and “went about their worldly Occasions,” while others “Usid the Utmost Endeavour to prevent other peoples attending” the services. Pas tor Dexter was shocked to discover that one enraged member informed his wife “he had reather she should got to hear Mass and if she did [attend the fast] he desired not to See her in his house more.”
Perpetuation and Disintegration
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

Williams later complained that “several ministers” had refused to attend a meeting of the Hampshire Association, deplored the emergence of “divisions” among the clergy, and prayed for the Lord to “help in this day of difficulty to prevent further confusion and disorder.” The “feuds and contentions” that Williams lamented had perplexed local churches for several decades. But by the 1730s, conflict over church government had become so intense through out Massachusetts that ministers prayed regularly for relief from the “spreading leprosy” of church disorder.
In The Grip of Blindness
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

We have seen the goddess counsel human beings through her intermediaries, but her interventions in this world are usually much more aggressive and engaged. At the fifty or so kyri seances that I documented, the goddess was caught up in revealing the causes of people’s ills and overcoming them. Although one hears a wide range of explanations in Tamilnadu for affliction (see Hiebert’s detailed taxonomy 1983), almost always the goddess, through her recruits, attributed it to what is called in Tamil eval. This word means “command, ” which implies that people are in the grip of a sorcery spell.