bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Pine Wood Using Nanocomposite Reinforcement for Advanced Application
Authors: Kumari Pooja , Jadoun R.S.
Published: January 2025

Wood has been a necessity of society as the source of energy production, buildings, and furniture since the
inception of human civilizations. To enhance the performance of furniture and building components for
application under humid environments, wood has been subjected to modification through reinforcing the
polymeric fillers over the decades. The present investigation deals with modification in mechanical and thermal
properties of pine wood (PW). Modification of the properties of WPC over untreated wood was evaluated in terms
of FTIR and simultaneous differential thermogravimetry-thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (DTGTG-DTA) in air. The study concludes that incorporating nanomaterials into pine wood significantly enhances its
mechanical strength and thermal stability, making it more durable and suitable for demanding environments. FTIR
analysis confirms adequate bonding between nanomaterials and wood, while TGA results demonstrate improved
resistance to thermal degradation, with slower decomposition and reduced mass loss at high temperatures.
Additionally, AIBN nanofluid enables complete thermal degradation, leaving minimal residue and making the
modified wood suitable for applications requiring full combustion or breakdown. These findings highlight the potential of nanomaterial-treated wood as a high-performance material for construction and other applications in humid or thermally intense environments.
Automatic Night Lamp Using LDR
Authors: Madhavi Pillalamarri , Satyanarayana Salava V , Shirisha Nakka , Chandana Neela , Amulya Marella , Ankitha Merugoju
Published: January 2025

This project focuses on designing a night lamp that automatically turns on in the absence of light and gets turned
off in the presence of light using a light-dependent resistor (LDR). The LDR is a sensor whose resistance
decreases with increasing light intensity, enabling it to detect ambient light levels. When the surrounding light
falls below a certain threshold, the circuit activates the lamp using a transistor as a switch. The design is simple, cost-effective, and energy-efficient, making it ideal for applications in homes, streets, and gardens.
Costs for Long-Term Health Care After a Police Shooting in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Raza Sheharyar , Thiruchelvam Deva , Redelmeier Donald A.
Published: September 2023

Importance

Police shootings can cause serious acute injury, and knowledge of subsequent health outcomes may inform interventions to improve care.

Objective

To analyze long-term health care costs among survivors of police shootings compared with those surviving nonfirearm police enforcement injuries using a retrospective design.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This population-based cohort analysis identified adults (age ≥16 years) who were injured by police and required emergency medical care between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2022, in Ontario, Canada.

Exposure

Police shootings compared with other mechanisms of injury involving police.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Long-term health care costs determined using a validated costing algorithm. Secondary outcomes included short-term mortality, acute care treatments, and rates of subsequent disability.

Results

Over the study, 13 545 adults were injured from police enforcement (mean [SD] age, 35 [12] years; 11 637 males [86%]). A total of 13 520 individuals survived acute injury, and 8755 had long-term financial data available (88 surviving firearm injury, 8667 surviving nonfirearm injury). Patients surviving firearm injury had 3 times greater health care costs per year (CAD$16 223 vs CAD$5412; mean increase, CAD$9967; 95% CI, 6697-13 237; US $11 982 vs US $3997; mean increase, US $7361; 95% CI, 4946-9776; P < .001). Greater costs after a firearm injury were not explained by baseline costs and primarily reflected increased psychiatric care. Other characteristics associated with increased long-term health care costs included prior mental illness and a substance use diagnosis.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this longitudinal cohort study of long-term health care costs, patients surviving a police shooting had substantial health care costs compared with those injured from other forms of police enforcement. Costs primarily reflected psychiatric care and suggest the need to prioritize early recognition and prevention.
Primary Care Practitioner Perspectives on the Role of Primary Care in Dementia Diagnosis and Care
Authors: Sideman Alissa Bernstein , Ma Melissa , Hernandez de Jesus Alma , Alagappan Cecilia , Razon Na’amah , Dohan Daniel , Chodos Anna , Al-Rousan Tala , Alving Loren I. , Segal-Gidan Freddi , Rosen Howie , Rankin Katherine P. , Possin Katherine L. , Borson Soo
Published: September 2023

Importance

Although the barriers to dementia care in primary care are well characterized, primary care practitioner (PCP) perspectives could be used to support the design of values-aligned dementia care pathways that strengthen the role of primary care.

Objective

To describe PCP perspectives on their role in dementia diagnosis and care.

Design, Setting, and Participation

In this qualitative study, interviews were conducted with 39 PCPs (medical doctors, nurse practitioners, and doctors of osteopathic medicine) in California between March 2020 and November 2022. Results were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Overarching themes associated with PCP roles in dementia care.

Results

Interviews were conducted with 39 PCPs (25 [64.1%] were female; 16 [41%] were Asian). The majority (36 PCPs [92.3%]) reported that more than half of their patients were insured via MediCal, the California Medicaid program serving low-income individuals. Six themes were identified that convey PCPs’ perspectives on their role in dementia care. These themes focused on (1) their role as first point of contact and in the diagnostic workup; (2) the importance of long-term, trusting relationships with patients; (3) the value of understanding patients’ life contexts; (4) their work to involve and educate families; (5) their activities around coordinating dementia care; and (6) how the care they want to provide may be limited by systems-level constraints.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this qualitative study of PCP perspectives on their role in dementia care, there was alignment between PCP perspectives about the core values of primary care and their work diagnosing and providing care for people living with dementia. The study also identified a mismatch between these values and the health systems infrastructure for dementia care in their practice environment.
Geriatric Assessments in Older Adults With Cancer
Authors: Diaz Fernando C. , Velazquez Ana I. , Tsang Mazie
Published: September 2023

This JAMA Oncology Patient Page describes the geriatric assessment used by clinicians to evaluate the health of older adults with cancer.
Sensitive and Selective Dual‐Mode Responses to Reactive Oxygen Species by Chiral Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles for Antiaging Skin
Authors: Qu Aihua , Chen Qiwen , Sun Maozhong , Xu Liguang , Hao Changlong , Xu Chuanlai , Kuang Hua
Published: September 2023

Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to oxidative stress and oxidative damage, which is one of the important factors for aging and age‐related diseases. Therefore, real‐time monitoring and the moderate elimination of ROS is extremely important. In this study, a ROS‐responsive circular dichroic (CD) at 553 nm and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dual‐signals chiral manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are designed and synthesized. Both the CD and MRI signals show excellent linear ranges for intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.0027 nmol/106 cells and 0.016 nmol/106 cells, respectively. The lower LOD achieved with CD detection may be attributable to its higher anti‐interference capability from the intracellular matrix. Importantly, ROS‐induced cell aging is intervened by chiral MnO2 NPs via redox reactions with excessive intracellular ROS. In vivo experiments confirm that chiral MnO2 NPs effectively eliminate ROS in skin tissue, reduce oxidative stress levels, and alleviate skin aging. This approach provides a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of age‐related diseases.
Aluminum and Indium Co‐Modified Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode with Enhanced Microstructure and Surface Stability for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Wen , Zhang Yaxin , Zhao Yue , Yang Rusen
Published: September 2023

Ni‐rich layered oxides are considered as promising cathodes for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. However, they still suffer microstructure and surface instability particularly under high operating voltage, leading to rapid capacity fading and battery failure. In this context, Ni‐rich layered cathodes (LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2; LNCM) with aluminum and indium co‐modified crystal and surface structures are developed by a simple one‐pot calcination approach. Battery tests show that the Al and In co‐modified LNCM electrodes demonstrate remarkably enhanced rate capability and cycling stability compared with the pristine LNCM, Al‐doped LNCM, and In‐modified LNCM counterparts. Further characterizations reveal a simultaneous suppression of cracking and resistive film growth. The improved microstructural and surface stability originate from the synergistic functions of Al and In co‐modification. The incorporation of Al3+ into transition metal slab significantly reduces the Li+/Ni2+ antisite, which noticeably mitigates the undesired layer to rock‐salt phase transformation. The In3+ dopant dispersed in Li interslab can dissipate the anisotropic lattice strain, enabling greatly improved reversibility of H2↔H3 phase transition occurred in delithiation‐lithiation processes. Meanwhile, the synchronously formed LiInO2 adherent coatings deplete lithium residues, facilitate lithium‐ion transfer, and resist electrolyte corrosion. Microstructure and surface engineering through Al and In co‐modification offer a promising design strategy for Ni‐rich layered cathodes.
Color‐Tunable Carbon Dots with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Constructed by FRET between Surface Luminescence Centers
Authors: Wang Yijie , Zhou Shengju , Pan Shengmei , Sun Xiaofeng , Zhou Jin , Li Hongguang
Published: September 2023

As a class of new fluorescent materials, carbon dots (CDs) have drawn widespread attention by virtue of their tunable photoluminescence (PL), excellent biocompatibility, and novel physicochemical properties. Unfortunately, in solid state, most CDs experience serious aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ). In this work, color‐tunable CDs with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) are prepared by simply changing the filling ratio of the autoclave. The obtained CDs show dual emission (green/red) in solid state, and the fluorescent color can be tuned from green to red. These CDs all exhibit blue fluorescence in dilute solution, and aggregation‐induced redshift behaviors are observed when the CDs form aggregates. Structural and optical characterizations prove that blue fluorescence is contributed by the carbon cores, whereas the green/red emission is attributed to the surface groups. Multicolor fluorescence is caused by increased fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency among the dual emission (green/red) peaks from g‐CDs to r‐CDs. Surprisingly, delayed fluorescence (DF) of CDs are brightened by inserting the CDs into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films, which can be easily recognized by the naked eyes with a lifetime up to ms. Finally, owing to the unique AIE and DF properties, the four CDs can be applied to multimodal advanced anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption.
Preferential Regulation of Γ‐Secretase‐Mediated Cleavage of APP by Ganglioside GM1 Reveals a Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wang Xiaotong , Zhou Rui , Sun Xiaqin , Li Jun , Wang Jinxin , Yue Weihua , Wang Lifang , Liu Hesheng , Shi Yigong , Zhang Dai
Published: September 2023

A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the senile plaque, which contains β‐amyloid peptides (Aβ). Ganglioside GM1 is the most common brain ganglioside. However, the mechanism of GM1 in modulating Aβ processing is rarely known. Aβ levels are detected by using Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme‐linked immune‐sorbent assay (ELISA). Cryo‐electron microscopy (Cryo‐EM) is used to determine the structure of γ‐secretase supplemented with GM1. The levels of the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP)/Cadherin/Notch1 are detected using Western blot analysis. Y maze, object translocation, and Barnes maze are performed to evaluate cognitive functions. GM1 leads to conformational change of γ‐secretase structure and specifically accelerates γ‐secretase cleavage of APP without affecting other substrates including Notch1, potentially through its interaction with the N‐terminal fragment of presenilin 1 (PS1). Reduction of GM1 levels decreases amyloid plaque deposition and improves cognitive dysfunction. This study reveals the mechanism of GM1 in Aβ generation and provides the evidence that decreasing GM1 levels represents a potential strategy in AD treatment. These results provide insights into the detailed mechanism of the effect of GM1 on PS1, representing a step toward the characterization of its novel role in the modulation of γ‐secretase activity and the pathogenesis of AD.
Boosting CO2 Photoreduction via Regulating Charge Transfer Ability in a One‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework
Authors: Zou Lei , Chen Zi‐Ao , Si Duan‐Hui , Yang Shuai‐Long , Gao Wen‐Qiang , Wang Kai , Huang Yuan‐Biao , Cao Rong
Published: September 2023

Two‐dimensional (2D) imine‐based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold potential for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. However, high energy barrier of imine linkage impede the in‐plane photoelectron transfer process, resulting in inadequate efficiency of CO2 photoreduction. Herein, we present a dimensionality induced local electronic modulation strategy through the construction of one‐dimensional (1D) pyrene‐based covalent organic frameworks (PyTTA‐COF). The dual‐chain‐like edge architectures of 1D PyTTA‐COF enable the stabilization of aromatic backbones, thus reducing energy loss during exciton dissociation and thermal relaxation, which provides energetic photoelectron to traverse the energy barrier of imine linkages. As a result, the 1D PyTTA‐COF exhibits significantly enhanced CO2 photoreduction activity under visible‐light irradiation when coordinated with metal cobalt ion, yielding a remarkable CO evolution of 1003 μmol g−1 over an 8‐hour period, which surpasses that of the corresponding 2D counterpart by a factor of 59. These findings present a valuable approach to address in‐plane charge transfer limitations in imine‐based COFs.
Structure and Function of the α‐Hydroxylation Bimodule of the Mupirocin Polyketide Synthase
Authors: Winter Ashley J. , Khanizeman R. Nisha , Barker‐Mountford Abigail M. C. , Devine Andrew J. , Wang Luoyi , Song Zhongshu , Davies Jonathan A. , Race Paul R. , Williams Christopher , Simpson Thomas J. , Willis Christine L. , Crump Matthew P.
Published: September 2023

Mupirocin is a clinically important antibiotic produced by a trans‐AT Type I polyketide synthase (PKS) in Pseudomonas fluorescens. The major bioactive metabolite, pseudomonic acid A (PA−A), is assembled on a tetrasubstituted tetrahydropyran (THP) core incorporating a 6‐hydroxy group proposed to be introduced by α‐hydroxylation of the thioester of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) bound polyketide chain. Herein, we describe an in vitro approach combining purified enzyme components, chemical synthesis, isotopic labelling, mass spectrometry and NMR in conjunction with in vivo studies leading to the first characterisation of the α‐hydroxylation bimodule of the mupirocin biosynthetic pathway. These studies reveal the precise timing of hydroxylation by MupA, substrate specificity and the ACP dependency of the enzyme components that comprise this α‐hydroxylation bimodule. Furthermore, using purified enzyme, it is shown that the MmpA KS0 shows relaxed substrate specificity, suggesting precise spatiotemporal control of in trans MupA recruitment in the context of the PKS. Finally, the detection of multiple intermodular MupA/ACP interactions suggests these bimodules may integrate MupA into their assembly.
Effect of structural evolution in high‐temperature thermal oxidative stabilized polyacrylonitrile fibers on carbonized fibers
Authors: Ge Yuan , Zhang Huixuan , Yu Huanyang , Fu Zhongyu , Deng Yunjiao
Published: September 2023

The effect of structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers during thermal oxidative stabilization (TOS) stage (especially high‐temperature TOS stage at 270–300°C) on the skin‐core structure of carbonized fibers was studied. The work clarified the reasons for selecting the highest TOS temperature, and also determined the optimal TOS temperature range of obtaining structurally stable carbonized fibers. The changes of chemical groups were quantitatively calculated by a combination of peak‐fitting and second‐order derivative methods. The results showed that the cyclization was dominant in the early TOS stage, oxidation reaction mainly occurred in the post‐TOS stage, and crosslinking structure significantly increased after 250°C. In the high‐temperature TOS stage, cyclization reaction was basically completed, the growth rate of oxygen content slowed down, and dehydrogenation index continued to increase. The microstructure observation found that the grooves on the fiber surface were gradually smooth after low‐temperature and high‐temperature carbonization. The radial structure of A285‐1350 and A300‐1350 fibers have obvious heterogeneity, and diameter dropped below 5 μm. Therefore, carbonized fibers have obvious structural defects when the TOS temperature is above 285°C. The TOS temperature between 200 and 285°C is more conducive to obtain structurally stable carbonized fibers.
FieldPrism: A system for creating snapshot vouchers from field images using photogrammetric markers and QR codes
Authors: Weaver William N. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: September 2023

Premise

Field images are important sources of information for research in the natural sciences. However, images that lack photogrammetric scale bars, including most iNaturalist observations, cannot yield accurate trait measurements. We introduce FieldPrism, a novel system of photogrammetric markers, QR codes, and software to automate the curation of snapshot vouchers.

Methods and Results

Our photogrammetric background templates (FieldSheets) increase the utility of field images by providing machine‐readable scale bars and photogrammetric reference points to automatically correct image distortion and calculate a pixel‐to‐metric conversion ratio. Users can generate a QR code flipbook derived from a specimen identifier naming hierarchy, enabling machine‐readable specimen identification for automatic file renaming. We also developed FieldStation, a Raspberry Pi–based mobile imaging apparatus that records images, GPS location, and metadata redundantly on up to four USB storage devices and can be monitored and controlled from any Wi‐Fi connected device.

Conclusions

FieldPrism is a flexible software tool designed to standardize and improve the utility of images captured in the field. When paired with the optional FieldStation, researchers can create a self‐contained mobile imaging apparatus for quantitative trait data collection.
Measuring intelligence in Autism andADHD: Measurement invariance of the‐Binet 5th editionand impact of subtest scatter on abbreviatedIQaccuracy
Authors: Stephenson Kevin G. , Levine Ann , Russell Nicholas C. C. , Horack John , Butter Eric M.
Published: September 2023

Scatter and heterogeneity in cognitive profiles is thought to be common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may indicate differences in the construct of IQ. However, less research has investigated IQ scatter in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Scatter is also thought to negatively impact the predictive validity of IQ summary scores, although there is research refuting this notion. Abbreviated IQ tests, such as the Stanford‐Binet fifth edition (SB‐5) abbreviated battery IQ (ABIQ), may be especially susceptible to the influence of scatter. We tested the measurement invariance of the SB‐5 as well as the predictive validity of the ABIQ in predicting FSIQ in 1679 youth (21% female) ages 2–16 years with a clinical diagnosis of ASD or ADHD. Results indicated the SB‐5 is measuring IQ the same way in ASD and ADHD. There were no differences between diagnostic groups in scatter between ABIQ (i.e., routing) subtests. Additionally, scatter was not related to dimensional autistic traits. Higher degree of scatter was associated with poorer predictive validity of the ABIQ and a higher likelihood of overestimating FSIQ, regardless of diagnosis. Overall, we found more similarities than differences between the ASD and ADHD groups. Our results show that the SB‐5 ABIQ is generally a strong predictor of FSIQ in youth with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the use of the SB‐5 ABIQ in research and clinical applications, without consideration of scatter on routing subtests, is potentially problematic.
Microstructure Control of LiCoO2‐Li10GeP2S12 Composite Cathodes by Adjusting the Particle Size Distribution for the Enhancement of All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Yamada Yuto , Watanabe Kenta , Kim Han‐Seul , Suzuki Kota , Hori Satoshi , Kanno Ryoji , Hirayama Masaaki
Published: September 2023

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Masaaki Hirayama. The front cover shows the migration of electrons and lithium‐ions along three‐dimensional conductive pathways originated from the microstructure in the composite cathode. Read the full text of the Research Article at 10.1002/batt.202300261.
Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der Oxydation von Reineisen und niedrig legierten Stählen
Authors: Engell H.‐J.
Published: September 2023

An investigation on the distribution of defects in layers of wüstite revealed a linear relation for the concentration of vacancies. A relation of this type for the concentration of mobile defects in tarnish layers follows from Wagner's theory of tarnish processes, if the diffusion coefficient of the vacancies is independent of concentration, and if their activity is proportional to concentration. In wüstite this is approximately true.

In growing wüstite tarnish layers, equilibrium exists at the phase boundaries between iron and wüstite and between wüstite and magnetite. It may be disturbed by cracks forming between the oxide layer and the metal. The causes of crack formation and the influence of cracks on the mechanism of oxydation are discussed.

The influence of alloying elements in a concentration below 1% on the tarnishing of iron depends on their affinity to oxygen and on the reactions between their oxides and wüstite. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their mode of reaction and their influence on the kinetics of oxidation. Carbon is an exception because of its gaseous reaction products. An investigation on the oxidation of iron ‐ carbon alloys shows that carbon oxidizes preferentially. Probably it reaches the gas phase by diffusing through the tarnish layer. Under certain conditions of experiment this diffusion may become rate determining for the decarbonisation of the alloys.
Niederdruckbereich und Hochdruckbereich des unimolekularen N2O‐Zerfalls
Authors: Olschewski H. A. , Troe J. , Wagner H. Gg.
Published: September 2023

Der unimolekulare, homogene thermische Zerfall von N2O bei hoher Verdünnung im Trägergas Argon wurde in Stoßwellenexperimenten vom Niederdruckbereich bis zum Hochdruckbereich bei Temperaturen zwischen 1400 und 2500 °K und Drucken zwischen 0,8 und 300 Atm (≙ Konzentrationen zwischen 5 · 10−6 und 2 · 10−3 Mol/cm3) untersucht. Für den unimolekularen Schritt N2O → N2 + O ergab sich im Niederdruckbereich die Geschwindigkeitskonstante 1014,7 · exp \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({{\rm -}\frac{{{\rm 58}\,{\rm kcal/Mol}}}{{{\rm RT}}}} \right) $\end{document} [cm3 Mol−1 sec−1] im Hochdruckbereich 1011,1 · exp \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({{\rm -}\frac{{{\rm 59}\,{\rm kcal/Mol}}}{{{\rm RT}}}} \right)[\sec ^{- 1}]. $\end{document}.

Es wird eine theoretische Behandlung des Zerfalls gegeben. Für die im Mittel im Stoß aus aktivierten Molekülen übertragene Schwingungsenergie ergibt sich 0,1 kcal/Mol, so daß Modelle „schwacher Stöße”︁ anzuwenden sind. Als Bindungsdissoziationsenergie erhält man E0 = 63 kcal/Mol, als Matrixelement für den Singulett‐Triplett‐Übergang größenordnungsmäßig 100 cal/Mol.
Wasserstoffbückenassoziation und Komplexbildung von Dimethylamin in n‐Hexan und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (nach Dampfdruckmessungen)
Authors: Wolff H. , Höppel H.‐E.
Published: September 2023

Um die Gleichgewichtsdrucke des Systems Dimethylamin‐Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bestimmen zu können, wird eine Methode zur statischen Druckmessung entwickelt, bei der der Gleichgewichtsdampf mit Quecksilber und Hahnfett nicht in Berührung kommt. Bei der Methode wird ein hochempfindliches Quarzspiralmanometer als Nullinstrument verwandt und der Zugang zur Meßzelle mit Metallventilen reguliert.

Die Messungen am System Dimethylamin‐Tetrachlorkohlenstoff ergeben für die Dampfdruckisothermen zwischen −20 und +20°C unterhalb des Aminmolenbruchs 0,1 geringe positive Abweichungen von der Raoultschen Geraden, oberhalb dieses Molenbruchs aber geringe negative Abweichungen. Die Aktivitätskoeffizienten werden nur wenig von 1 verschieden gefunden. Dementsprechend können Assoziationskonstanten, Assoziationsenergien und andere für die Assoziation charakteristische Größen nicht mit der Prigogineschen Theorie assoziierter Lösungen berechnet werden.

Entsprechende Messungen am System Dimethylamin‐n‐Hexan ergeben für die Isothermen zwischen −50 und +20°C im ganzen Molenbruchbereich stark positive Abweichungen von der Raoultschen Geraden. Die Aktivitätskoeffizienten werden wesentlich größer als 1 gefunden. Mit der Prigogineschen Theorie assoziierter Lösungen wird aus ihnen für die Dimerisationswärme der Dimethylaminmolekeln mit etwa 1700 cal/mol praktisch derselbe Wert berechnet wie für die Dimerisationsenergie der primären aliphatischen Amine in den Lösungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen, während Assoziationskonstanten und andere den Assoziationsgrad beschreibende Größen deutlich kleiner als bei den primären Verbindungen gefunden werden. Die Unterschiede im thermodynamischen Verhalten der beiden Systeme lassen sich damit erklären, daß in Hexan nur eine Selbstassoziation des Amins, in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff aber daneben noch eine Mischassoziation mit dem Lösungsmittel besteht. Diese Deutung ist mit Ergebnissen in Einklang, wonach Amine mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff Donator‐Akzeptor‐Komplexe bilden, bei denen das Amin als Donator und der Tetrachlorkohlenstoff als Akzeptor fungiert.
Amyand hernia as a rare cause of abdominal pain: A case report and literature review
Authors: Radboy Mahsa , Kalantari Mohammad Ebrahim , Einafshar Negar , Zandbaf Tooraj , Bagherzadeh Ali Akbar , Shari’at Moghani Mahta
Published: September 2023

Key Clinical Message

Amyand's hernia is an uncommon kind of inguinal hernia in which the appendix becomes entrapped within the hernia sac. In patients with an inflamed or perforated appendix, mesh repair is not recommended for hernia repair.

Amyand's hernia is an uncommon kind of inguinal hernia in which the appendix becomes entrapped within the hernia sac. We report a 48‐year‐old man with a right groin protrusion and abdominal pain. In the abdominopelvic ultrasound, an appendix with a diameter of 9 mm was reported in the right inguinal canal. The patient was diagnosed with Amyand hernia.
Modeling of the Bioleaching of Process Silver Pulp
Authors: Salinas Jesús Iván , Núñez-Ramírez Diola Marina , Manero Octavio , Bautista Fernando , Medina-Torres Luis
Published: September 2023

Modeling of the bioleaching process applied to the system silver‐manganese (Ag‐Mn) was carried out. The two‐moving‐fronts model was used to describe the main stages of the process. Bioleaching involves a catalytic process carried out by bacteria to dissolve the mineral ores. Initially, the bacteria interact with the mineral to dissolve manganese, leading to the precipitation of silver. The Ag‐Mn compound is dissolved by the bacteria in two stages. First, the bacteria dissolve the manganese and form a biofilm composed mostly of exopolysaccharides. In the second stage, the biofilm is consumed by the bacteria, ending up in dissolved manganese and silver precipitation. At 48 h, the viscosity of the pulp reaches a maximum attributed to the maximum concentration of extracellular polysaccharides in the medium. Predictions describe the basic issues of the bioleaching process in this system.
Monitoring Polymeric Fouling in a Continuous Reactor by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Neßlinger Vanessa , Rust Sören , Atlanov Jan , Pauer Werner , Grundmeier Guido
Published: September 2023

Monitoring early stages of polymeric deposit formation and its prevention were studied by in‐situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a continuously operating reactor employed for polymer production. An EIS flow cell was designed and employed during the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate. The electrochemical analysis of the complex impedance at the solution/reactor interface allows the time‐resolved detection of film formation processes. In comparison to oxide‐covered stainless steel, an anti‐adhesive sol‐gel coated alloy showed a significant inhibition of poly(vinyl acetate) fouling. The EIS‐based approach proved to be a valuable tool for monitoring both thin barrier film performance and fouling processes under harsh process conditions.
TRKing sarcomas for precision medicine: Seek, and ye shall find!
Authors: Moyers Justin T. , Subbiah Vivek
Published: September 2023

Plain language summary

The way in which we treat different types of cancer has changed a lot because of genome‐driven precision oncology. This approach uses information from a person’s genes to personalize their treatment.

A recent study conducted by Kummar and colleagues confirms that neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) inhibitors are beneficial in treating sarcomas with NTRK fusions.

This study adds to the growing evidence that genomics, which is the study of genes and their functions, can help us to identify effective treatments even for rare targets such as NTRK fusions.

This emphasizes the importance of using advanced DNA sequencing techniques in analyzing the genetic makeup of all sarcomas.
Single‐Site Ni‐Grafted TiO2 with Diverse Coordination Environments for Visible‐Light Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zhang Pu , Zeng Haihua , Wen Decai , Sui Xiaoyu , Wang Zhuan , Wang Ying , Chen Hailong , Weng Yuxiang , Long Jinlin
Published: September 2023

Solar hydrogen production at a high efficiency holds the significant importance in the age of energy crisis, while the micro‐environment manipulation of active sites on photocatalysts plays a profound role in enhancing the catalytic performance. In this work, a series of well‐defined single‐site Ni‐grafted TiO2 photocatalysts with unique and specific coordination environments, 2,2′‐bipyridine‐Ni−O−TiO2 (T−Ni Bpy) and 2‐Phenylpyridine‐Ni−O−TiO2 (T−Ni Phpy), were constructed with the methods of surface organometallic chemistry combined with surface ligand exchange for visible‐light‐induced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A prominent rate of 33.82 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1 and a turnover frequency of 0.451 h−1 for Ni are achieved over the optimal catalyst T−Ni Bpy for HER, 260‐fold higher than those of Ni−O−TiO2. Fewer electrons trapped oxygen vacancies and a larger portion of long‐lived photogenerated electrons (>3 ns, ~52.9 %), which were demonstrated by the electron paramagnetic resonance and femtosecond transient IR absorption, correspond to the photocatalytic HER activity over the T−Ni Bpy. The number of long‐lived free electrons injected from the Ni photoabsorber to the conduction band of TiO2 is one of the determining factors for achieving the excellent HER activity.
OMIP‐095: 40‐Color spectral flow cytometry delineates all major leukocyte populations in murine lymphoid tissues
Authors: Kare Aris J. , Nichols Lisa , Zermeno Ricardo , Raie Marina N. , Tumbale Spencer K. , Ferrara Katherine W.
Published: September 2023

High‐dimensional immunoprofiling is essential for studying host response to immunotherapy, infection, and disease in murine model systems. However, the difficulty of multiparameter panel design combined with a lack of existing murine tools has prevented the comprehensive study of all major leukocyte phenotypes in a single assay. Herein, we present a 40‐color flow cytometry panel for deep immunophenotyping of murine lymphoid tissues, including the spleen, blood, Peyer's patches, inguinal lymph nodes, bone marrow, and thymus. This panel uses a robust set of surface markers capable of differentiating leukocyte subsets without the use of intracellular staining, thus allowing for the use of cells in downstream functional experiments or multiomic analyses. Our panel classifies T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, progenitors, and their functional subsets by using a series of co‐stimulatory, checkpoint, activation, migration, and maturation markers. This tool has a multitude of systems immunology applications ranging from serial monitoring of circulating blood signatures to complex endpoint analysis, especially in pre‐clinical settings where treatments can modulate leukocyte abundance and/or function. Ultimately, this 40‐color panel resolves a diverse array of immune cells on the axes of time, tissue, and treatment, filling the niche for a modern tool dedicated to murine immunophenotyping.
Blessing and curse of bioclimatic variables: A comparison of different calculation schemes and datasets for species distribution modeling within the extended Mediterranean area
Authors: Merkenschlager Christian , Bangelesa Freddy , Paeth Heiko , Hertig Elke
Published: September 2023

Bioclimatic variables (BCVs) are the most widely used predictors within the field of species distribution modeling, but recent studies imply that BCVs alone are not sufficient to describe these limits. Unfortunately, the most popular database, WorldClim, offers only a limited selection of bioclimatological predictors; thus, other climatological datasets should be considered, and, for data consistency, the BCVs should also be derived from the respective datasets. Here, we investigate how well the BCVs are represented by different datasets for the extended Mediterranean area within the period 1970–2020, how different calculation schemes affect the representation of BCVs, and how deviations among the datasets differ regionally. We consider different calculation schemes for quarters/months, the annual mean temperature (BCV‐1), and the maximum temperature of the warmest month (BCV‐5). Additionally, we analyzed the effect of different temporal resolutions for BCV‐1 and BCV‐5. Differences resulting from different calculation schemes are presented for ERA5‐Land. Selected BCVs are analyzed to show differences between WorldClim, ERA5‐Land, E‐OBS, and CRU. Our results show that (a) differences between the two calculation schemes for BCV‐1 diminish as the temporal resolution decreases, while the differences for BCV‐5 increase; (b) with respect to the definition of the respective month/quarter, intra‐annual shifts induced by the calculation schemes can have substantially different effects on the BCVs; (c) all datasets represent the different BCVs similarly, but with partly large differences in some subregions; and (d) the largest differences occur when specific month/quarters are defined by precipitation. In summary, (a) since the definition of BCVs matches different calculation schemes, transparent communication of the BCVs calculation schemes is required; (b) the calculation, integration, or elimination of BCVs has to be examined carefully for each dataset, region, period, or species; and (c) the evaluated datasets provide, except in some areas, a consistent representation of BCVs within the extended Mediterranean region.
Population genetic structure of a Chihuahuan Desert endemic mammal, the desert pocket gopher,Geomys arenarius
Authors: Pfau Russell S. , Kozora Ashley N. , Gatica‐Colima Ana B. , Sudman Philip S.
Published: September 2023

The biogeographic history of the Chihuahuan Desert is complex, driven by numerous physiographic events and climatic changes. This dynamic history would have influenced the flora and fauna of the region including the desert pocket gopher,Geomys arenarius, a subterranean rodent endemic to the northern Chihuahuan Desert.G. arenariusis restricted to sandy soils and are considered to have a disjunct distribution. Two subspecies are recognized:G. a. arenariusandG. a. brevirostris. We used multilocus nuclear (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) and mitochondrial DNA (ND2) sequence data to uncover patterns of genetic diversity within and among populations ofG. arenarius. We evaluated correspondence of genetic patterns to traditionally accepted subspecies boundaries, mapped the distribution of potentially suitable soils to identify barriers or corridors to dispersal and to guide future survey efforts, provided evidence that could be used to recognize distinct population segments, and quantified genetic diversity within populations. Both datasets were largely concordant and demonstrated hierarchical patterns of genetic divergence. The greatest divergence was consistent with the two recognized subspecies. Mapping of potentially habitable soils revealed likely barriers to dispersal contributing to the allopatric pattern of geographic distribution and areas, which may be occupied byG. arenariusbut not yet documented. BecauseG. arenariusis restricted to soils with high sand content, and these habitable soils are disjunct within the region occupied by this species, historical factors that impacted soil deposition and deflation likely contributed to the observed patterns of genetic divergence. Genetic diversity was higher within populations of the southern subspecies (G. a. arenarius) compared toG. a. brevirostris. This may be due to a greater availability of continuous suitable soils within the range ofG. a. arenariusor higher density due to greater food availability (currently or historically)—both of which could allow for a higher effective population size.
Techno‐economic optimization of a hybrid system composed of pumped hydro storage, photovoltaic module, and diesel generator in a multi‐objective framework
Authors: Bagherdoost Mohammad , Askarzadeh Alireza
Published: September 2023

Hybridization of photovoltaic (PV) module (as a non‐dispatchable resource), diesel generator (as a dispatchable source), and pumped hydro storage (PHS) (as an energy storage) can provide a promising hybrid energy system (HES). The main outlook of the present study is to develop an efficient multi‐objective framework for optimal design of an off‐grid PV/diesel/PHS HES in which a wide range of parameters related to PHS system is optimized. In the optimization framework, nine decision variables (number of PV modules, number of diesel generators, reservoir installation height, reservoir depth, reservoir diameter, pump's rated power, turbine's rated power, charge pipe diameter, and discharge pipe diameter) are optimized with respect to two objective functions: total net present cost (TNPC) and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). To determine how TNPC is affected by the change of the input variables, a sensitivity analysis is conducted by varying capital cost of PV, PHS, and diesel generator. To obtain a well‐distributed and widely spread Pareto front, a multi‐objective chaotic crow search algorithm (MO‐CCSA) is introduced. Simulation results show that at LPSP = 0% and 5%, levelized cost of energy is around 0.59 and 0.55 $/kWh, respectively. Moreover, variation of the PV capital cost has a significant impact on the TNPC value.
Crude oil price forecasting: An ensemble‐driven long short‐term memory model based on CEEMDAN decomposition and ALS‐PSO optimization
Authors: Wang Xiaoyi , Yang Pei , Zhou Xiaofeng , Wang Zhong
Published: September 2023

As the lifeline of various industries, crude oil is frequently considered a pillar of economic development. The accurate and reliable prediction of crude oil price can provide investors and decision makers with valuable guidance for formulating their strategies. However, the complexity of the crude oil market and the volatility of oil prices pose significant challenges to forecasting crude oil price. To achieve higher prediction accuracy, this paper proposes a new model in which a new modal component reconstruction rule based on sample entropy (SE) is innovatively proposed and includes an improved particle swarm optimization model to avoid getting trapped in a local optimal solution. Two real crude oil price series are selected for experimentation, and the results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits superior performance in predicting crude oil price. The developed model outperforms the compared models in terms of mean absolute error, root‐mean‐square error, mean absolute percentage error, and coefficient of determination. This result indicates that Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise exhibits better decomposition performance. SE can effectively reduce error accumulation, and particle swarm optimization with an adaptive learning strategy (ALS‐PSO) achieves better optimization results for a long short‐term memory network compared with PSO only. Therefore, the proposed model is an effective crude oil price prediction tool that can be applied in practice for investment and policy‐making.
Fault detection through discrete wavelet transform in overhead power transmission lines
Authors: Ahmed Nadeem , Hashmani Ashfaq Ahmed , Khokhar Sohail , Tunio Mohsin Ali , Faheem Muhammad
Published: September 2023

Transmission lines are a very important and vulnerable part of the power system. Power supply to the consumers depends on the fault‐free status of transmission lines. If the normal working condition of the power system is disturbed due to faults, the persisting fault of long duration results in financial and economic losses. The fault analysis has an important association with the selection of protective devices and reliability assessment of high‐voltage transmission lines. It is imperative to devise a suitable feature extraction tool for accurate fault detection and classification in transmission lines. Several feature extraction techniques have been used in the past but due to their limitations, that is, for use in stationary signals, limited space in localizing nonstationary signals, and less robustness in case of variations in normal operation conditions. Not suitable for real‐time applications and large calculation time and memory requirements. This research presents a discrete wavelet transform (DWT)‐based novel fault detection technique at different parameters, that is, fault inception and fault resistance with proper selection of mother wavelet. In this study, the feasibility of DWT using MATLAB software has been investigated. It has been concluded from the simulated data that wavelet transform together with an effective classification algorithm can be implemented as an effective tool for real‐time monitoring and accurate fault detection and classification in the transmission lines.
Determinants of disagreement: Learning from inflation expectations survey of households
Authors: Singh Gaurav Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Tathagata
Published: September 2023

For efficient conduct of monetary policy, the central banks need to manage inflation expectations. Disagreement is a measure of how well inflation expectations are anchored. Thus, for effective management of inflation expectations, identifying the determinants of disagreement and understanding the process of its formation are crucial. In this paper, we present an empirical analysis of the households inflation expectations survey data conducted by the Reserve Bank of India. Our findings are as follows: (i) The disagreement is highly persistent; (ii) the households' inflation forecasts depend on their day to day purchasing experiences; (iii) in high inflation periods, they tend to overpredict; (iv) inflation targeting seems to reduce disagreement; and (v) the gender and age of the agents seem to have an effect on disagreement. Finally, contrary to the findings in developed economies, we observe a negative correlation of disagreement with inflation. We provide a theoretical explanation for it supported with an empirical analysis.
Oligodendrocyte development and myelin sheath formation are regulated by the antagonistic interaction between the Rag‐Ragulator complex and TFEB
Authors: Bouchard Ellen L. , Meireles Ana M. , Talbot William S.
Published: September 2023

Myelination by oligodendrocytes is critical for fast axonal conduction and for the support and survival of neurons in the central nervous system. Recent studies have emphasized that myelination is plastic and that new myelin is formed throughout life. Nonetheless, the mechanisms that regulate the number, length, and location of myelin sheaths formed by individual oligodendrocytes are incompletely understood. Previous work showed that the lysosomal transcription factor TFEB represses myelination by oligodendrocytes and that the RagA GTPase inhibits TFEB, but the step or steps of myelination in which TFEB plays a role have remained unclear. Here, we show that TFEB regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and also controls the length of myelin sheaths formed by individual oligodendrocytes. In the dorsal spinal cord of tfeb mutants, individual oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths that are longer than those produced by wildtype cells. Transmission electron microscopy shows that there are more myelinated axons in the dorsal spinal cord of tfeb mutants than in wildtype animals, but no significant change in axon diameter. In contrast to tfeb mutants, oligodendrocytes in rraga mutants produce shorter myelin sheaths. The sheath length in rraga; tfeb double mutants is not significantly different from wildtype, consistent with the antagonistic interaction between RagA and TFEB. Finally, we find that the GTPase activating protein Flcn and the RagCa and RagCb GTPases are also necessary for myelination by oligodendrocytes. These findings demonstrate that TFEB coordinates myelin sheath length and number during myelin formation in the central nervous system.