bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Changing People's Hearts’: The Lived Expertise Perspective of Communicating With Nursing Students at a Mental Health Clinical Placement
Authors: Thompson Hannah , Patterson Christopher , Lewer Kelly , Moxham Lorna
Published: January 2025

Escalating rates of mental illness emphasise the necessity for sufficient and appropriate mental health services. However, stigma and discrimination remain and can be seen through the multifaceted ways nurses communicate. Clinical placements, where nursing students engage directly with individuals experiencing mental illness, are vital for addressing these challenges by fostering empathy and reducing stigma. This study aimed to explore how individuals with lived experience of mental illness experience the communication of nursing students during their participation in the mental health nursing clinical placement, Recovery Camp. Using a Heideggerian phenomenological approach, five individuals with lived experience of mental illness, referred to as Experts by Experience, participated in individual semi‐structured interviews. van Kaam's psychophenomenological approach was used for data analysis. The findings highlight the importance of being Valued for My Lived Experience Expertise, which emerged as a central theme. The two primary themes were Communication and Engagement. Communication entailed students demonstrating Active Listening and Attributes and Engagement was seen through Actions and Behaviours and Rapport. The findings support the growing body of evidence highlighting the substantial impact of Experts by Experience on mental health nursing education. Integrating Experts by Experience into mental health nursing education enhances communication skills by improving students' understanding of mental illness directly from those who experience it. These changes are essential for advancing nursing education and improving mental health services.
State‐of‐the‐Art of Eye Tracking in Mobile‐Assisted Learning Studies: A Review of Twenty Years of Empirical Studies
Authors: Hou Jiarui , Lee James F. , Doherty Stephen
Published: January 2025

Background

Recent research has demonstrated the potential of mobile‐assisted learning to enhance learners' learning outcomes. In contrast, the learning processes in this regard are much less explored using eye tracking technology.

Objective

This systematic review study aims to synthesise the relevant work to reflect the current state of eye tracking use in mobile‐assisted learning research over the past 20 years.

Method

Fifty‐two articles were identified using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis approach, and analysed based on the technology‐based learning model in five key dimensions: publication information, research domains, technologies, methods, and eye tracking‐related subdimensions.

Results and Discussion

The findings indicate a growth in eye tracking studies from 2004 to 2023, with visual and cognitive science and educational technology being the most studied domains. Tablets were the most utilised medium, along with a usage shift towards tracking glasses. Experiment durations, participant numbers, and education levels varied across studies, but reading tasks were common. Questionnaires and tests were the main additional data collection methods, and fixation was the most frequently used category of eye tracking measures. Most studies provided no information on their defined interest areas, from which they extracted eye tracking data, and employed parametric or non‐parametric procedures to compare group means for data analysis. The studies primarily explored task performance, learning strategies, and learning tools, while multimedia learning, linguistic processing, and emotion received limited attention.

Implications

The systematic review highlights research limitations of current practices for attention and suggests potential avenues for future eye tracking efforts in mobile‐assisted learning.
Trajectory of Cardiogenic Dementia: A New Perspective
Authors: AlRawili Nawaf , Al‐Kuraishy Hayder M. , Al‐Gareeb Ali I. , Abdel‐Fattah Maha M. , Al‐Harchan Nasser A. , Alruwaili Mubarak , Papadakis Marios , Alexiou Athanasios , Batiha Gaber El‐Saber
Published: January 2025

The functions of the heart and brain are closely linked and essential to support human life by the heart‐brain axis, which is a complex interconnection between the heart and brain. Also, cardiac function and cerebral blood flow regulate the brain's metabolism and function. Therefore, deterioration of cardiac function may affect cognitive function and may increase the risk of dementia. Cardiogenic dementia is defined as a cognitive deterioration due to heart diseases such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation. The prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure was 29%. In addition, coronary artery disease (CAD) is also associated with the development of cognitive impairment. CAD and reduction of myocardial contractility reduced cerebral blood flow and increased the risk of dementia in CAD patients. Furthermore, myocardial infarction and subsequent systemic haemodynamic instability promote the development and progression of cardiogenic dementia. These findings indicated that many cardiac diseases are implicated in the development and progression of cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiogenic dementia was not fully elucidated. Consequently, this review aims to discuss the potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiogenic dementia.
Enhancing Microwave‐Assisted Vacuum Freeze‐Drying Efficiency and Quality of Pineapple Slices Through Osmotic Dehydration and Ultrasonic Pretreatment
Authors: Yan Wei‐Mon , Chen Xuan‐Lin , Chen Bo‐Lin , Sajjad Uzair , Wang Tian‐Hu , Amani Mohammad
Published: January 2025

This article investigates the use of osmotic dehydration and ultrasonic pretreatment to improve the efficiency of vacuum freeze‐drying (FD) and microwave‐assisted vacuum freeze‐drying (FD‐VMD) methods. The study examines the influence of pretreatment time, osmotic solution concentration, and ultrasonic power on the moisture content of the pineapple samples. The results show that osmotic dehydration pretreatment can reduce moisture content and weight by up to 15.2% and 8.36%, respectively, while increasing sugar content by 7.5°Bx. Ultrasonic pretreatment is even more effective, with moisture content and weight decreasing by up to 37.5% and 19.45%, respectively, and sugar content decreasing by 4.1°Bx. The FD process shows no significant difference in moisture curve between pretreated and untreated samples, but the pretreated samples have a lower initial moisture content, leading to a potential 35.01% reduction in drying time. The study also evaluates the quality of the dried samples using eight performance indicators, finding that osmotic dehydration pretreatment improves sugar content, crispiness, and flavor, whereas ultrasonic pretreatment enhances rehydration rate, reduces final moisture and sugar content, and results in a softer texture. Additionally, pretreatment significantly reduces drying time and energy consumption, particularly ultrasonic pretreatment with a 120 W power and 40‐min duration, significantly reduces drying time and energy consumption by up to 30.02%. These findings demonstrate the positive impact of pretreatment on the energy efficiency and quality of pineapple slices under the FD‐VMD process.
Efficacy of Chitosan‐Cloisites—Nanocomposite as Sustainable Coatings on Storage Stability of Fresh Eggs
Authors: Atakan Orhan , Caner Cengiz , Yüceer Muhammed
Published: January 2025

Fresh eggs can quickly lose their high quality if the necessary care is not taken during storage. Biocoating the fresh eggs may be a valuable option. The current study focused on developing sustainable chitosan biocoatings by adding different Cloisite clays (Cloisite 15A, 20A, and 30B) into chitosan biocoatings to seek enhancement effects on the fresh eggshell storability. The variables measured were weight loss (WL), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index, pH measurements, soluble solids, relative whipping capacity and foam stability, color analysis, lipid oxidation, viscosity, and eggshell breaking strength. The coatings increased the eggshell's storability by sealing its pores, which decreased breakage and minimized mass transfer. As a result, the lower WL occurred in the Cloisite‐coated groups. The WL, which was 6.63% in the control group, was 3.63% in the group coated with chitosan‐Cloisite15A combination at week 4. The HU of samples with chitosan‐Cloisite15A and chitosan‐Cloisite20A (60.14) had the highest HU, significantly. Chitosan‐Cloisite 30B (58.78), pure chitosan (53.85), while the control (45.60) was the lowest HU. The TBARS values were measured as follows: control 1.01; chitosan 0.61, chitosan‐Cloisite15A 0.39, chitosan‐Cloisite20A 0.42, and chitosan‐Cloisite30B 0.47 mg of malondialdehyde/kg. Cloisite15A were found to be the most effective for improving storage stability and Cloisite30 B for enhancing breaking strength. Biocoatings with Cloisite (15A, 20B, and 30B) could enhance qualities for at least 2 weeks longer.
Dietary Patterns Among Canadian Caucasians and Their Association With Chronic Conditions
Authors: Keshavarz Pardis , Lane Ginny , Pahwa Punam , Lieffers Jessica , Vatanparast Hassan
Published: January 2025

Background

Understanding the dietary patterns of populations is crucial in addressing chronic health conditions that are influenced by diet and lifestyle. We aimed to identify the dietary patterns among adult Caucasian Canadians and examine their associations with socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors and chronic health conditions.

Methodology

We used two comprehensive national nutrition surveys: Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)2015 and CCHS Cycle 2.2 Nutrition 2004, which encompass sociodemographic and socioeconomic profiles, nutrient‐rich food diet quality scores and prevalence of chronic conditions. Through cluster analysis, dietary patterns were identified among Caucasians and further analysed with stratification by age/sex groups.

Results

Our analysis of dietary patterns among Caucasian adults showed a transition from “High‐Fibre” and “Mixed” patterns in 2004 to “Unhealthy,” “Healthy‐like” and “Potato, Beef and Vegetables” in 2015. In 2004, the “Mixed” pattern was prevalent, but by 2015, a shift towards the “Unhealthy” pattern was notable, with a significant portion of the population, 18.8%, reporting chronic diseases and 19.6% being classified as obese. The “Healthy‐like” pattern in 2015 saw lower rates of chronic diseases (6.8%) and obesity (6.1%). Gender‐specific patterns showed women favoring healthier options like “Healthy‐like” in 2015. The prevalence of chronic diseases and obesity varied significantly with dietary patterns. The “High‐Fibre” pattern in 2004 showed lower prevalence rates of chronic diseases (6.6%) and obesity (5.8%) compared to the “Unhealthy” pattern in 2015.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the impact of dietary choices on health outcomes over time, underscoring the importance of promoting healthier eating habits to mitigate the risk of chronic diseases and obesity.
Periprocedural Skincare for Nonenergy and Nonablative Energy‐Based Aesthetic Procedures in Patients With Skin of Color
Authors: Alexis Andrew F. , Andriessen Anneke , Beach Renée A. , Campos Valeria Barreto , Ginn Lisa R. , Bravo Rodrigo Gutiérrez , Naidoo Levashni , Li Monica
Published: January 2025

Background

Anti‐aging facial procedures with nonenergy and nonablative energy devices are increasingly popular among patients with skin of color (SOC). Algorithms have addressed the measures to reduce the side effects related to aesthetic procedures, but few focus on SOC patients and periprocedural integrating skincare.

Methods

Eight dermatologists from Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Mexico, and the USA participated in a meeting and an online follow‐up to develop an algorithm for periprocedural skincare for nonenergy and nonablative energy‐based facial aesthetic procedures in patients with SOC. A Delphi method was used to develop this algorithm and integrate information from the literature with panels' clinical experience and opinion, resulting in the current algorithm.

Results

The algorithm has five sections, starting with a medical history and skin examination, followed by pretreatment measures beginning 2–4 weeks before the procedure, then measures on the day of the procedure, aftercare 1–7 days after the procedure, and follow‐up care 1–4 weeks after the procedure and ongoing.

Conclusions

This algorithm provides guidelines for treatment optimization of non‐energy, non‐ablative energy‐based devices for SOC patients. It also provides physicians with skincare recommendations pre‐, peri‐, and post‐aesthetic procedures.
Characterize Firmness Changes of Nectarine and Peach Fruit Associated With Harvest Maturity and Storage Duration Using Parameters of Force–Displacement Curves
Authors: Luo Xuan , Zhao Yiran , Tian Shijie , Yu Yonghua , Rao Xiuqin , Xu Wendao , Ying Yibin , Xu Huirong
Published: January 2025

Fruit firmness is a critical attribute for evaluating the quality of peaches and nectarines. The precise measurement of fruit firmness plays a key role in maturity assessment, determining harvest periods, and predicting shelf‐life. Texture analyzers are increasingly employed for accurate fruit firmness measurement, offering advantages in reducing operator errors compared to the traditional Magness–Taylor test. However, the parameters defining firmness vary across the literatures. To optimize the parameter(s) for characterizing the firmness of peaches and nectarines, we evaluated 31 parameters derived from force–displacement curves using fruit with various maturity levels and storage durations. Our findings affirmed that the conventional Magness–Taylor measurement effectively delineated firmness changes associated with varying maturity levels, while its ability to capture firmness changes due to storage duration was constrained. On the contrary, parameters extracted from the steady phase (P2), which depict flesh properties after penetrating to a specified depth, exhibited strong performance across diverse maturity stages and storage durations. As effective firmness characterization parameters should differentiate various sample groups based on both maturity and storage duration criteria—pivotal factors influencing softening, the P2‐derived parameters are thus deemed more appropriate for firmness characterization. Given the stability of the steady phase (P2) within the force–displacement curve and the high correlation among the P2‐derived parameters, it is more recommended to use the end force value of P2, corresponding to the force value at 10 mm depth to represent the firmness of peaches and nectarines.
Orally administered prednisolone decreases plasma arginine vasopressin and serum copeptin concentrations in healthy dogs
Authors: Paulin Mathieu Victor , Mehrabanpour Dorsa , Unniappan Suraj , Snead Elisabeth C. R.
Published: January 2025

Background

The pathophysiology of polyuria and polydipsia secondary to exogenous glucocorticoid excess is incompletely understood.

Objective

Investigate plasma AVP (pAVP) and serum CoP (sCoP) concentrations in healthy dogs before, during, and after abrupt discontinuation of a long‐term course of orally administered prednisolone.

Animals

Eight healthy neutered young adult research Beagles.

Methods

In our prospective longitudinal study, Beagles were treated with a placebo PO q24h for 15 days (baseline), followed by a 35‐day course of prednisolone (2.35‐2.75 mg/kg PO q24h) and then abrupt discontinuation of prednisolone. Serial pAVP and sCoP concentrations, urine specific gravity (USG) and calculated plasma osmolality (pOsmcalculated) were determined during placebo and prednisolone administration, and up to 4 weeks after prednisolone discontinuation. Paired plasma samples for pAVP measurement were obtained in EDTA tubes with (pAVPP800) and without (pAVPEDTA) a proprietary combination of protease, esterase, and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors (BD Biosciences P800).

Results

Mean pAVPP800 and sCoP concentrations were significantly lower at the end of the prednisolone course (25.8 ± 8.1 pg/mL and 166 pg/mL, range, 131‐223) vs baseline (34.1 ± 5.4 pg/mL and 243 pg/mL, range, 157‐336; P = .02, P = .02, respectively). Correlations between pAVPP800 and sCoP (r = .77, P = .001) and pAVPP800 and USG (r = .61, P = .02) were positive, despite no correlation between pAVPP800 and pOsmcalculated, sCoP and pOsmcalculated, and sCoP and USG. On paired samples, mean pAVPEDTA was significantly lower (5.0 ± 2.5 pg/mL) than mean pAVPP800 (34.1 ± 5.4 pg/mL; P < .0001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Orally administered prednisolone led to markedly decreased plasma AVP and serum CoP concentrations despite increased calculated plasma osmolality and stable systolic blood pressure.
Wearable, noninvasive, pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy for postoperative analgesia: A randomized, double‐masked, sham‐controlled pilot study
Authors: Ilfeld Brian M. , Finneran John J. , Said Engy T. , Ball Scott T. , Wallace Anne M. , Broderick Ryan C. , Sandler Bryan J. , Doucet Jay J. , Hu Sandy R. , Cha Brannon J. , Murthy Adhithi Narayana , Abdullah Baharin
Published: January 2025

Background

Nonthermal, pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy (PSWT) is a nonpharmacologic, noninvasive modality that limited evidence suggests provides analgesia. Its potential favorable risk–benefit ratio stems from its lack of side effects and significant medical risks, applicability to any anatomic location, long treatment duration, and ease of application by simply affixing it with tape. Even with a relatively small treatment effect, PSWT might contribute to a multimodal analgesic regimen, similar to acetaminophen. However, widespread clinical use is hindered by a lack of systematic evidence. The current randomized, controlled pilot study was undertaken to determine the feasibility and optimize the protocol for a subsequent definitive investigation and estimate the treatment effect of PSWT on postoperative pain and opioid consumption.

Methods

Within the recovery room following primary knee and hip arthroplasty, cholecystectomy, hernia repair, and non‐mastectomy breast surgery, we applied 1–3 PSWT devices (Model 088, BioElectronics Corporation, Frederick, Maryland) over the surgical bandages. Participants were randomized to 28 days of either active or sham treatment in a double‐masked fashion. The outcomes of primary interest were the cumulative opioid consumption and the mean of the “average” and “worst” daily pain measured with the Numeric Rating Scale over the first 7 postoperative days.

Results

During the first 7 postoperative days, oxycodone consumption in participants given active treatment (n = 55) was a mean (SD) of 21 mg (24) versus 17 mg (26) in patients given sham (n = 57): difference 4 (95% CI, −5 to 13), p = 0.376. During this same period, the “average” daily pain intensity in patients given active treatment was 2.4 (1.6) versus 2.6 (1.7) in sham: difference −0.2 (95% CI −0.8 to 0.5), p = 0.597. Concurrently, the worst/maximum pain for the active group was 4.6 (2.0) versus 4.7 (2.1) in sham: difference −0.1 (95% CI −0.8 to 0.7), p = 0.888. No device‐related systemic side effects or serious adverse events were identified.

Conclusions

Pulsed shortwave (radiofrequency) therapy did not reduce pain scores and opioid requirements to a statistically significant or clinically relevant degree during the initial postoperative week in this pilot study. These results must be replicated with a subsequent study before being considered definitive. Data from this preliminary study may be used to help plan future trials.
Comparative efficacy of closed‐loop spinal cord stimulation and dorsal root ganglion stimulation through combination trialing for cancer pain – A retrospective case series
Authors: Chung Matthew , Abd‐Elsayed Alaa
Published: January 2025

Objective

To compare the efficacy of closed‐loop spinal cord stimulation (CL‐SCS) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation in managing chronic cancer‐related pain.

Material/Methods

A retrospective review was conducted with IRB exemption for four patients with cancer‐related pain who underwent combination stimulator trials. Patients were trialed with both CL‐SCS and DRG stimulation for 8–10 days, with assessments of pain relief, functional improvement, sleep improvement, pain medication changes, and overall satisfaction.

Results

All four patients reported significant relief and functional improvement with both CL‐SCS and DRG stimulations. CL‐SCS provided a range of 12.9–19.6 million adjustments during the trial period. Neural dose was delivered at a median dose ratio of 1.35 and median dose accuracy of 4.9 μV. Patients 1–3 preferred CL‐SCS for paresthesia‐based stimulation, having the potential to expand pain coverage, full‐body MRI compatibility, and real‐time automated adjustment features. Patient 4 favored DRG for its ability to provide slightly greater relief, over one aspect of his pain area, despite having comparable coverage with CL‐SCS.

Conclusions

The consistent and adaptable delivery of CL‐SCS may bridge the gap in efficacy that DRG therapy has held over traditional dorsal column stimulation for historically complex and focal conditions that suggests further investigation.
A qualitative exploration of change processes relevant to compassion‐focused therapy that occurs when people view both soothing and non‐soothing images
Authors: Allan Stephanie , Morea Chris , MacLennan Keren , Schwannauer Matthias , McLaughlin Angela L. , Weinstein Netta , Chan Stella W. Y.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Using soothing imagery within psychotherapy may support people to undertake positive visualisation exercises. However, little is known about what processes happen when people view images they find to be soothing or non‐soothing.

Design

Exploratory qualitative methods were used.

Method

Responses from 644 participants who had written about images they found to be soothing or non‐soothing were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Two key themes were developed that related to the importance of the image content (such as it being a natural scene or artificial) and the internal cognitive and psychological processes that it triggered within participants as being key drivers for an image being perceived as soothing or non‐soothing. This included recall of positive autobiographical memories and liking the image content. Conversely, negative autobiographical memories and disliking image content were associated when people viewed images they considered to be non‐soothing.

Conclusions

Experiences of feeling soothed when viewing an image appear to be maintained by imagining positive sensory experiences that were associated with the image or linking the image to positive experiences from the participant's autobiographical memory. This has implications for the delivery of therapy using pre‐existing image sets and suggests there is a need to find out what images are most suited for people accessing services.
The do‐able solution to the interface problem
Authors: Levy Yair
Published: January 2025

Philosophers and cognitive scientists increasingly recognize the need to appeal to motor representations over and above intentions in attempting to understand how action is planned and executed. But doing so gives rise to a puzzle, which has come to be known as “the Interface Problem”: How is it that intentions and motor representations manage to interface in producing action? The question has semed puzzling, because each state is thought to be formatted differently: Intention has propositional format, whereas the format of motor representation is motoric. My primary goal here is to defend a novel and attractive (dis)solution to the interface problem. I do so by connecting it with a rather different discussion about the format of intention, instigated by a minority of philosophers who reject the idea that intention should be construed as a propositional attitude. As I explain, the most compelling reason to accept the heterodox non‐propositional conception of intention actually holds the key also to explaining away the interface problem. In so doing, the heterodox conception itself gains further credibility.
Impact of water stress to plant epigenetic mechanisms in stress and adaptation
Authors: Aanniz Tarik , El Baaboua Aicha , Aboulaghras Sara , Bouyahya Abdelhakim , Benali Taoufiq , Balahbib Abdelaali , El Omari Nasreddine , Butnariu Monica , Muzammil Khursheed , Yadav Krishna Kumar , Al Abdulmonem Waleed , Lee Learn‐Han , Zengin Gokhan , Chamkhi Imane
Published: January 2025

Water is the basic molecule in living beings, and it has a major impact on vital processes. Plants are sessile organisms with a sophisticated regulatory network that regulates how resources are distributed between developmental and adaptation processes. Drought‐stressed plants can change their survival strategies to adapt to this unfavorable situation. Indeed, plants modify, change, and modulate gene expression when grown in a low‐water environment. This adaptation occurs through several mechanisms that affect the expression of genes, allowing these plants to resist in dry regions. Epigenetic modulation has emerged as a major factor in the transcription regulation of drought stress‐related genes. Moreover, specific molecular and epigenetic modifications in the expression of certain genetic networks lead to adapted responses that aid a plant's acclimatization and survival during repeated stress. Indeed, understanding plant responses to severe environmental stresses, including drought, is critical for biotechnological applications.

Here, we first focused on drought stress in plants and their general adaptation mechanisms to this stress. We also discussed plant epigenetic regulation when exposed to water stress and how this adaptation can be passed down through generations.
Rab Proteins as Potential Therapeutic Targets Applied to Crustacean Aquaculture: Rab7 Case Analysis
Authors: Fajardo Carlos , De Donato Marcos , Charoonnart Patai , Saksmerprome Vanvimon , Jackson Harry O. , Mancera Juan Miguel , Costas Benjamin
Published: January 2025

Rab proteins constitute an important subfamily of molecular effectors whose function is related to the modulation of several important cellular and metabolic processes, including controlling intracellular endocytic vesicle trafficking, phagosome formation, endosome maturation, and innate immunity. In crustaceans, the study and characterization of these proteins have garnered great interest, mainly due to their pivotal role in the innate immune response mechanisms against infections. Among the Rab family, the Rab7 stands out as a prominent example of the potential of these proteins as therapeutic targets for the development of genetic therapies to control viral pathogens in crustacean aquaculture. In this review, a compendium of the information currently available in relation to Rab proteins in crustaceans is made, taking the Rab7 protein as a model, emphasizing not only its general aspects of functioning at the molecular level, but also describing in‐depth both mechanisms of action and potential interactions, as well as its implications in relation to the immune system, particularly in shrimp.
“The more I think about it, the less I like it”: Effects of elaboration, narrative transportation, and freedom threat on the effectiveness of HPV vaccination advocacy messages
Authors: Gans Roger
Published: January 2025

Approximately 80 million US adults—one in four—are infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes cancers of the cervix in women, cancers of the anus, penis, and throat in men, and genital warts in both sexes. Although HPV vaccinations are safe, effective, easily affordable, and readily available, a substantial percentage of parents resist recommendations to vaccinate their children against HPV. The current study tests the effects of different vaccination advocacy message strategies on attitudes toward HPV vaccination. Study participants (N = 963) were randomly assigned to one of four message conditions (a narrative story, an informational fact sheet, an appeal from an expert spokesperson, or an identical appeal from a nonexpert spokesperson) and assessed for change in attitude toward HPV vaccination along with levels of elaboration, narrative transportation, and freedom threat caused by the messages. Analyses showed that the messages’ effects on attitude change were mediated by transportation and moderated by freedom threat. With the informative, expert, and nonexpert messages, increased message engagement produced increased freedom threat. With the narrative message, increased message engagement produced reduced levels of freedom threat. For risk communicators and planners of health interventions, the results suggest benefits for using a nonexpert advocacy message when levels of message engagement are expected to be low and using a story‐based narrative advocacy message when levels of message engagement are expected to be high.
Social life impact for mother scale at first trimester predicts postpartum suicide risk: A prospective study
Authors: Doi Satomi K. , Isumi Aya , Sugawara Junichi , Maeda Kazuhisa , Satoh Shoji , Mitsuda Nobuaki , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: January 2025

Objective

To examine whether the Social Life Impact for Mother (SLIM) scale in the first trimester predicts postpartum suicide risk.

Methods

We used part of the hospital‐based prospective study conducted in obstetric clinics and hospitals in four populous prefectures in Japan (N = 7,462). Participants completed the SLIM scale, including nine risk factors in the first trimester, and postpartum suicide risk was assessed as item‐10 in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, self‐harm ideation, at one month after delivery (N = 5,697).

Results

The weighted total score of the SLIM scale which was calculated using the results of odds ratio predicted postpartum suicide risk with moderate accuracy. Pregnant women with 6+ scores of the new SLIM score were 4.26 (95%CI = 3.12–5.01) times more likely to have postpartum suicide risk. The original SLIM score also predicted postpartum suicide risk. The new SLIM score showed higher accuracy than the original score.

Conclusion

The SLIM scale at the first trimester of prenatal checkups may be useful for obstetricians to predict postpartum suicide risk and start to provide support for the expecting mothers. Both weighted total scores could be utilized according to the purpose of implementing the SLIM scale at obstetric institutions.
“Oooh it Feels Good to be Black”: Racial Justice Organizing, Black Spaces, and Backlash in Higher Education
Authors: Jashnani Gaurav
Published: January 2025

Black and other BIPOC students face substantial psychological and material harms from racism across predominantly white institutions of U.S. higher education. Drawing on interviews with Black organizers at the University of Missouri, this article asserts the centrality of space to the workings of student racial justice organizing. I examine some of the spaces that interviewees described—including official campus spaces as well protest spaces created by students—that contributed to their well‐being and organizing success, and argue that students produced valuable knowledge and spaces through collective struggle that helped to foster a psychological shift toward power, pride, and unapologetic Blackness. I use these examples to argue that the liberatory tools and practices of student racial justice organizers are being increasingly dismantled, punished, and criminalized in the United States, most visibly in the prohibition of programs, policies, and content intended to foster racial equity and inclusion and in efforts to crush the multiracial student movement against war and genocide in Palestine.
Epistemic versus objectively relevant possibilities
Authors: Gauker Christopher
Published: January 2025

This paper compares two approaches to the semantics of modal expressions such as ‘might’. Both approaches define the conditions under which sentences of a language (not only modals) are acceptable relative to sets of possible worlds. Both approaches say that the sentence ‘Vivian might be in Vienna’ is acceptable relative to such a set if and only if ‘Vivian is in Vienna’ is true in some world in the set. One of these approaches treats the pertinent sets of worlds as information states of speakers. The other treats these sets as models of the statements that are objectively relevant in a conversation. This paper argues that the second of these approaches can better explain how statements made by means of modal sentences can be informative. It also suggests alterations to some common assumptions about the taxonomy of modals.
Determination of reference intervals of venous blood gas and acid–base parameters in clinically healthy awake cats
Authors: Preteseille Ingrid , Epstein Steven E. , Hopper Kate
Published: January 2025

Background

Venous blood gas and acid–base analysis is often performed in cats and requires appropriate reference intervals (RIs) for interpretation. The currently available RIs were created from small numbers of cats, while current guidelines suggest that a minimum number of 40 samples is required for the creation of an accurate/appropriate RI.

Key Findings

In 41 healthy awake cats, pH, PvCO2, PvO2, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, chloride, glucose, and plasma lactate concentrations were measured, while bicarbonate, standardized base excess, and anion gap were calculated. These data were used to calculate RIs, using a statistical approach that conforms to the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines.

Significance

RIs for venous blood gas and traditional acid–base analysis from a relatively large population of healthy cats are now available for clinical use and standardized for future research studies.
An exploratory study on the effect of rescuer team size on basic and advanced life support technical skills in a high‐fidelity simulation of canine cardiopulmonary arrest
Authors: Hoehne Sabrina N. , Cary Julie A. , Bailey Lindsay N. , Davidow Elizabeth B. , Martin Linda G. , DeJong Trey L.
Published: January 2025

Objective

To evaluate the effect of rescuer team size on objective skill measures of basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ALS) using high‐fidelity canine CPR simulation.

Design

Prospective, experimental study.

Setting

Veterinary clinical simulation center.

Subjects

Forty‐eight Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation CPR‐certified veterinary students.

Measurements and Main Results

Five groups of participants each conducted 3 CPR simulations in configurations of 4, 6, and 8 rescuers. Simulations represented a shock patient declining into asystole, followed by ventricular fibrillation and return of spontaneous circulation. Resuscitation efforts were video‐recorded to evaluate BLS and ALS tasks. Mean (±SD) was derived and data were compared among team sizes using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analysis. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Among teams of 4, 6, and 8 rescuers, time to first chest compression (13 s [±6], 9 s [±2], 8 s [±4]; P = 0.24) and positive‐pressure breath (101 s [±37], 56 s [±15], 67 s [±24]; P = 0.05) were not significantly different. Chest compression (100/min [±5], 108/min [±6], 107/min [±6]; P = 0.12) and ventilatory rates (9/min [±1], respectively, P = 0.52) were not significantly different. Time without chest compressions/total length of CPR was not significantly different (72 s [±16], 61 s [±16], 54 s [±8]; P = 0.15). Capnography and ECG monitoring were used by all teams. Time to first vasopressor administration was significantly different among team sizes (268 s [±70], 164 s [±65], 174 s [±34]; P = 0.04), with vasopressors being most quickly administered by teams of 6 rescuers. Time to electrical defibrillation was not significantly different (486 s [±45], 424 s [±22], 488 s [±181]; P = 0.57). Incorrect ALS interventions occurred in 60%, 0%, and 40% of CPR events in 4, 6, and 8 rescuer teams, respectively.

Conclusions

Although the achievement of BLS tasks was comparable in teams of 4 rescuers, teams of 6 rescuers may be preferable based on differences in the rate of guideline‐incompliant treatments and ALS task efficiency. Teams of 8 rescuers were neither more efficient nor more accurate at conducting BLS and ALS tasks.
Assessment of shock index in healthy cats and in cats presenting to an emergency room with shock
Authors: Fadel Leandro , Rabelo Rodrigo Cardoso , Fantoni Denise Tabacchi , Machado Gustavo , Duarte Marina Candido , Schaefer Gabriela da Cruz , Oliveira Mariana Pires , Fadel Jessica de Oliveira Lara Castanheira , Morais Kamila dos Santos , Pereira‐Neto Glaucia Bueno , da Costa Fernanda Vieira Amorim
Published: January 2025

Objective

To prospectively compare the shock index (SI) in a population of healthy cats with a population of cats presenting to the emergency room (ER) deemed to be in a state of shock.

Design

Prospective cohort study of cats.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Twenty‐seven healthy control cats were enrolled to establish a reference interval, and 27 cats were enrolled that were presented to the ER with clinical signs of shock. Shock was defined as abnormalities in at least 2 of the following inclusion criteria: plasma lactate concentration > 2.5 mmol/L; peripheral vasoconstriction (at least 2 of the following parameters: capillary refill time >3 s, rectal‐interdigital temperature gradient [RITG] >8°C, femoral pulse not palpable, pale mucous membranes); or systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 100 mm Hg.

Interventions

Upon presentation, SI (SI = heart rate [HR]/SBP), HR, SBP, and RITG were recorded in both groups, along with peripheral venous blood sampling for lactate measurement.

Measurements and Main Results

The mean SI in the control group was 1.47 ± 0.2 and was 1.87 ± 0.47 in the shock group (P = 0.001). Using equality in sensitivity and specificity of 0.7, an SI cutoff point of 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49–0.86) was determined with an estimated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.65–0.90). HR, plasma lactate concentration, and RITG did not differ between the groups. Systolic arterial blood pressure (P = 0.01), rectal temperature (P = 0.02), and interdigital temperature (P = 0.04) differed significantly.

Conclusions

The SI is a noninvasive, easy, and reliable parameter for distinguishing cats in shock from normal cats.
Retrospective evaluation of acid–base analysis in dogs and cats with diabetic ketosis (2017–2021): 96 cases
Authors: Cuddy Lindsay N. , Hopper Kate , Burkitt‐Creedon Jamie M. , Epstein Steven E.
Published: January 2025

Objective

To describe the acid–base balance of diabetic animals with ketosis and to identify underlying mechanisms of acid–base changes using semiquantitative analysis.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Eighty‐one client‐owned dogs and 15 client‐owned cats with diabetes and concurrent ketosis presented to a university teaching hospital.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

The medical records database was searched from January 2017 through December 2021 for dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus and ketones present in urine or blood samples that also had venous blood gas and serum biochemical assays performed within 24 hours of each other. Traditional analysis identified normal acid–base status in 20% of dogs and 7% of cats. A simple metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap was observed in 17% of dogs and 20% of cats, and a metabolic alkalosis was present in 4% of dogs and 7% of cats. The semiquantitative approach identified metabolic acid–base disorders in all animals. One or more acidifying processes were evident in 100% of dogs and 100% of cats, 1 or more alkalotic processes in 93% of dogs and 100% of cats, concurrent alkalotic and acidotic processes in 85% of dogs and 100% of cats, and unmeasured anions in all cases.

Conclusions

Dogs and cats with diabetic ketosis can have variable and complex acid–base disorders that may be better recognized using semiquantitative analysis. Diagnostic criteria such as low pH or a high anion gap may prevent the clinical recognition of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Volume kinetic analysis of two crystalloid fluid bolus rates in anesthetized cats
Authors: Liao Pen‐Ting , Raivs William , Clark‐Price Stuart , Gerken Katherine , Duran Sue
Published: January 2025

Objective

To investigate the volume kinetic between 2 crystalloid fluid bolus rates in anesthetized cats.

Design

Prospective, randomized, dose–response study.

Setting

University laboratory.

Animals

Ten convenience‐sample, purpose‐bred domestic shorthair and medium hair cats.

Interventions

Intravenous 20 mL/kg balanced crystalloid fluid over 10 (G10) or 40 (G40) minutes under anesthesia in a randomized order with at least a 5‐day washout period.

Measurements and Main Results

Serial measurements of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and PCV were performed up to 60 minutes after conclusion of the fluid bolus. Plasma dilution was calculated with the Hb dilution method and fitted to a 2‐compartment microconstant kinetic model using nonlinear mixed‐effect models. The apparent central plasma volume (Vc) was similar between the 2 groups (G10: 81.2 ± 23.8 mL/kg and G40: 78.8 ± 10.2 mL/kg). The apparent peripheral volume (Vp) of G10 (4.81E+8 ± 2.66E+8 mL/kg) was twice that of G40 (2.36E+8 ± 6.44E+7 mL/kg). The rate constant from Vc to Vp (K12) of G10 (0.057 ± 0.0196/min) was almost twice that of G40 (0.0302 ± 0.00807/min). The elimination constant of G10 (0.0113 ± 0.00672/min) was almost twice that of G40 (0.00534 ± 0.00279/min). The peak plasma expansion was similar between G10 and G40 (20.7 ± 1.9 and 19.1 ± 5.1 mL/kg). Area under the curve for plasma dilution versus time of the first 90 minutes from the beginning of the boluses was not statistically different between G10 and G40.

Conclusions

The volume expansion over time was not different likely due to the slow elimination. The plasma dilution to crystalloid bolus between subjects is varied in anesthetized cats. Clinicians should consider the slow elimination and return of crystalloid fluid from the Vp to Vc when prescribing fluid therapy in anesthetized cats.
Inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase α induced blood–brain barrier breach in female Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Liktor‐Busa Erika , Levine Aidan A. , Young Sally J. , Bader Colin , Palomino Seph M. , Polk Felipe D. , Couture Sarah A. , Pires Paulo W. , Anderson Trent , Largent‐Milnes Tally M.
Published: January 2025

The endocannabinoid system's significance in maintaining blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity under physiological and pathological conditions is suggested by several reports, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we investigated the effects of depletion of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), one of the main endocannabinoids in the central nervous system, on BBB integrity using pharmacological tools. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with the diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) inhibitor LEI‐106 (40 mg/kg, i.p.), followed by assessment of BBB integrity via in situ brain perfusion. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, western immunoblotting, light transmittance experiments and pressure myography were also used to further examine the results of DAGLα blockade on the BBB and vascular reactivity. We found that DAGLα inhibition caused BBB opening in cortical brain areas, manifesting as increased sucrose transport measured by in situ brain perfusion. This was accompanied by reduced levels of 2‐AG and decreased detection of the tight junction protein zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1). The protein level in cortical areas of neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (NPAS4), encoded by an activity‐dependent immediate early gene, was increased without the presence of cortical spreading depression after LEI‐106 administration. We also observed a significant increase in pressure‐induced constriction within the parenchymal microcirculation after inhibition of DAGLα, possibly altering shear stress in the microcirculation. These results support the role of endogenous 2‐AG in maintaining normal tight junction function. This improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of endocannabinoid system function at the neurovascular unit can help to unlock the therapeutic potentials of cannabinoids in central nervous system disorders associated with BBB dysfunction.

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Key points

The administration of the diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) inhibitor LEI‐106 (40 mg/kg, i.p.) induced blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening of cortical brain areas in female Sprague–Dawley rats.

This BBB disruption was accompanied by reduced levels of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) and decreased detection of the tight junction protein zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1).

The protein level in cortical areas of neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (NPAS4), encoded by an activity‐dependent immediate early gene, was increased without the presence of cortical spreading depression after LEI‐106 administration.

A significant increase in pressure‐induced constriction within the parenchymal microcirculation was also observed after inhibition of DAGLα, possibly altering shear stress.

These results support the role of endogenous 2‐AG in maintaining normal tight junction function.
Evening Alpha-Lactalbumin Supplementation Alters Sleep Architecture and Reduces Morning Reaction Time in an Athletically Trained Population With Sleep Difficulties
Authors: Barnard Jackson , Roberts Spencer , Lastella Michele , Callahan Damien L. , Aisbett Brad , Condo Dominique
Published: January 2025

Evening consumption of a whey protein rich in the amino acid tryptophan, alpha-lactalbumin (ALAC), has previously shown to benefit sleep—particularly among poor sleepers. Given trained populations often experience sleep difficulty, this study investigated whether evening supplementation of ALAC would influence sleep outcomes, mood, and next-day cognitive performance within a trained population with sleep difficulties. Nineteen trained participants (females, n = 11) with sleep difficulties (Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: 8.1 ± 3.1; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: 10.5 ± 4.1) completed this double-blinded, counterbalanced, randomized, crossover trial. Forty grams of ALAC or control were supplemented 2 hr presleep for three consecutive nights in a controlled environment, with sleep measured using dry electroencephalography. Blood samples were taken on the first evening of each experimental trial, with mood, sleepiness, and recovery assessed across the evening and morning. A cognitive testing battery was also completed each morning. During the ALAC condition, the primary findings were that participants had raised plasma tryptophan levels (p < .01), increased nonrapid eye movement Stage 2 sleep duration (CON: 205.9 ± 33.3; ALAC: 216.5 ± 33.1 min), reduced rapid eye movement duration (CON: 110.8 ± 27.9; ALAC: 99.7 ± 23.1 min), and improved reaction time in cognitive tests involving sensory motor speed, spatial orientation, and vigilant attention (p < .05). Data suggest evening supplementation of 40 g ALAC alters sleep architecture and improves next-morning reaction time in trained populations with sleep difficulties. Therefore, trained individuals experiencing sleep difficulty may benefit from acute ALAC supplementation to assist next-day performance. Future research should investigate this effect within habitual environments, outside of a tightly controlled setting.