bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure to find linkage between schizophrenia and genetic markers on chromosome 21
Authors: Asherson P. , Mant R. , Taylor C. , Sargeant M. , Collier D. , Clements A. , Nanko S. , Whatley S. , Gill M. , McGuffin P. , Owen M.
Published: June 2005

We sought evidence for the involvement of mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in two ways. First, linkage analysis was performed in a sample of 24 families multiply affected with schizophrenia. The genotypes were studied for GT12 (D21S210), a highly polymorphic microsatellite marker at the APP locus. Second, we used single strand conformation analysis (SSCA) to screen for mutations in exon 17 of APP in one affected member from each family and in a sample of 44 unrelated patients. In addition, we looked for linkage between schizophrenia and a series of higly polymorphic markers situated at approximately 20cM intervals along the long arm of chromosome 21. We were unable to find evidence for linkage to GT12 or the other markers studied. SSCA did not reveal any mutations in exon 17 of APP. We conclude that mutations within APP are an unlikely cause of schizophrenia. Moreover, this study provides no evidence for a major gene for schizophrenia on chromosome 21, and linkage can be excluded from much of this region under some genetic models. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variant cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 allelic frequencies in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kurth Matthias C. , Kurth Janice H.
Published: June 2005

Aberrant detoxification of environmental agents may be the basis for an inherited predisposition to Parkinson's disease. A CYP2D6 genetic marker of the debrisoquine hydroxylase “poor metabolizer” phenotype was found to be significantly increased in Parkinson's disease patients compared to controls, as has been shown in previous studies. Presence of this marker gives an odds ratio of 1.86 for Parkinson's disease (95% confidence interval 1.33–2.39, P < 0.02). For comparison, a CYP1A1 polymorphism, which is not known to be associated with aberrant drug metabolism, showed no association with Parkinson's disease in our study. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spina bifida and hypospadias: A non random association or an X‐linked recessive condition?
Authors: Martínez‐Frías María Luisa
Published: June 2005

Here we describe a statistically significant association between hypospadias and spina bifida. This association was identified through the (Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC), where the observed number of cases was greater (P < 0.0005) than expected just by chance among males. We also detected a pair of concordant twins who had monochorial monoamniotic placenta. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this combination of defects, consequently it must be confirmed whether this statistic association is an entity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 10 (10p13): Report of a patient and review
Authors: Shapira Moshe , Borochowitz Zvi , Bar‐El Hanna , Dar Hanna , Etzioni Amos , Lorber Avraham
Published: June 2005

Since the first description by Elliot et al. [1970, Am J Dis Child 119:72–73] of a probable partial deletion of chromosome 10p, 17 other cases have been reported. The phenotypic expression is variable, but the craniofacial malformations constitute a more consistent finding. The 10p deletion syndrome has been associated with the DiGeorge anomaly in several patients. We report on an additional case of 10p deletion syndrome and review the literature. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo proximal interstitial deletions of 14q: Cytogenetic and molecular investigations
Authors: Shapira Steuart K. , Anderson Kent L. , Orr‐Urtregar Avi , Craigen Willaim J. , Lupski James R. , Shaffer Lisa G.
Published: June 2005

We report on 2 unrelated patients who had chromosome analysis performed because of psychomotor delay, Failure to thrive, and minor anomalies. Each patient had a novel proximal 14q deletion (q11.2 to q21.1 in patient 737 and q12 to q22 in patient 777). Polymorphic (C‐A)n microsatellite markers distributed along the length of chromosome 14q were examined in both patients and their parents in order to determine which marker loci were deleted. The deletion in patient 737 was found to be paternal in origin, based on the analysis of 2 marker loci (D14S54 and D14S70), thus assigning these loci to the deleted interval q11.2 q21.1. Furthermore, 3 loci were not deleted (TCRD, D14S50, and D14S80), suggesting that they are within or proximal to 14q11.2. In the other family (patient 777), none of the markers were fully informative, but the deleted chromosome was determined to be paternally derived based on cytogenetic heteromorphisms. Despite having overlapping proximal 14q deletions, these 2 patients shared few phenotypic similarities except for failure to thrive, micrognathia, and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. Therefore, a distinct proximal 14q deletion syndrome is not yet apparent. However, the molecular analyses facilitated the localization of several 14q DNA markers to the deletion regions in these 2 patients, while excluding other markers from each deletion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FISH diagnosis of partial trisomy 13 and tetrasomy 13 in a patient with severe trigonocephaly (C) phenotype
Authors: Chu Thomas W. , Teebi Ahmad S. , Gibson Lisa , Breg W. R. , Yang‐Feng Teresa L.
Published: June 2005

An infant girl with manifestations resembling Opitz trigonocephaly (C) syndrome who died at age 6 days was found to have a complex chromosome abnormality with t(13;18)(q22;q23) and a recombinant chromosome 13 involving duplicated segments of 13q. Precise characterization was possible with the application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome specific probes. The patient's phenotype is compared to that of other syndromes involving trigonocephaly. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epididymal compounds and their influence on the metabolism and survival of spermatozoa
Authors: White I. G.
Published: June 2005

Epididymal fluid, which is derived from testicular fluid, contains several unusual compounds. Little information is available on the composition of the testicular fluid of primates, but the fluid of the ram, bull, boar, and rat contains high concentrations of inositol and certain amino acids.

Analyses have been made of epididymal fluid collected from the cauda epididymis of the Rhesus monkey and several nonprimate species (e.g., ram, bull, dog, stallion, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and hamster), but similar information on the human is lacking. Cauda epididymal fluid appears to be similar in composition from one mammalian species to another. However, the epididymal plasma differs considerably from blood, lymph, and other extracellular fluids. The environment of spermatozoa in the epididymis is, therefore, highly specialized, and presumably in some way contributes to the prolonged survival of spermatozoa in this organ, and provides substrates for the metabolism of the spermatozoa.

The chief characteristics of the cauda epididymal plasma are the low concentration of inorganic ions and the high levels of several unusual organic constituents namely, glycerylphosphorylcholine, carnitine, sialic acid, amino acids, glycosidases, and phosphatases.

At least one antifertility compound, namely, orally administered α‐chlorohydrin, appears to be concentrated in the epididymis. Studies on laboratory animals, domestic species, and man, suggest that it inhibits enzymes of the glycyolytic pathway in spermatozoa, and this may be the basis for its antifertility activity.
The comparative ultrastructure of the epididymis in monkeys and man: A search for a suitable animal model for studying epididymal physiology in primates
Authors: Moore H. D. M. , Pryor J. P.
Published: June 2005

To assess both the need and potential of different primates for studying human epididymal function, the ultrastructure of the epididymis in several New and Old World monkeys has been compared with that of man. Sexually mature monkeys of six species were used; three talapoin monkeys, two pig‐tail macaques, one patas monkey, one capuchin, one spider monkey, and four common marmosets. Samples of human epididymis were obtained from men undergoing vasectomy. Tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy and observations were quantified using image analysis.

The primate epididymis displayed several ultrastructural features not observed in other mammals. These included the presence of small membrane‐bound granules in the infranuclear cytoplasm of principal cells, and a close association of blood capillaries with the basal lamina and mitochondria‐rich cells. Differences were apparent in the number and volume of organelles in principal cells from different regions of the epididymis and between species. Epididymal tissue in man showed a much greater ultrastructural diversity than that of monkeys.

The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the need for an animal model for studying the primate epididymis.
Movement patterns of a group of free‐ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relation to food availability
Authors: Vedder Amy L.
Published: June 2005

Relationships between the movement patterns of free‐ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and the abundance and distribution of foods in their home range were examined. During an 18‐month field study, the ranging of one group of G. gorilla beringei was recorded on a 250 × 250 m grid system, from which measurements of frequency and duration of use, travel rate, and rate of revisitation of each quadrangle by the group were derived. Food items were sampled in selected quadrangles throughout the home range and various measures of food abundance, frequency and diversity were calculated. Analyses based on both spatial and temporal variation in food availability give supporting evidence for the prediction that mountain gorilla ranging patterns are influenced by the distribution and abundance of foods. Quality of food appears to be an important factor, as shown in analyses of yearly patterns and monthly changes in ranging. The gorillas studied spent more time in the higher quality areas of their home range, responded to a correlate of decreasing food abundance by increasing their rate of travel and area used, and revisited regions more frequently when the renewal rate of foods was clearly greater. Each of their foraging tactics can be explained as serving to increase the efficiency of harvesting foods.
Growth and development of the term and premature pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina): Cardiovascular and respiratory changes during the first 3 weeks of life
Authors: Standaert T. A. , Truog W. E. , Guthrie R. D. , Murphy J. H. , LaFramboise W. A. , Palmer S. , Woodrum D. E. , Hodson W. A.
Published: June 2005

Growth and development of the infant pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) over the first 3 weeks of life have been characterized by the variables of body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, ventilation, blood gas tensions, and lung mechanics. The effects of prematurity on postnatal developmental trends were assessed at gestational ages of 135–145 days (0.80 of term) and 150–155 days (0.91 of term). There was no indication that cesarean section, restraint, or instrumentation had any significant influence on the measurements. Gestational age at delivery had no effect on the minute ventilation per kilogram body weight, the hematocrit, or the heart rate; however, body weight, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, arterial gas tensions, blood pressure, and lung compliance did vary with gestational age at delivery. Postnatal maturational changes in these variables were similar between term and premature animals. The data for infant macaques and newborn humans were compared. The newborn macaque appears to be an excellent model of human developmental trends (and/or disease state) over the first 3 weeks of life, though some potentially important differences have been found.
The waning of dependence in infant free‐ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Norton Guy W. , Westlund Bruce J.
Published: June 2005

Development toward independence during the early years of baboon life is reflected in the infant's transition from riding on its mother to walking on its own during progressions from one location to another. This transition was studied during the first year of life in 55 infants from two differently sized troops living in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. There was a nearly linear transition in the first year from almost 100% ventral riding to almost 100% walking. The amount of dorsal riding started near zero, reached a plateau lasting from about the 15th to the 26th wk of life, and then gradually declined to zero. Dorsal riding did not replace ventral; rather, dorsal riding increased in frequency until it occurred about as often as ventral riding. Prolonged ventral riding by infants of the smaller of the two troops may have been due to spacing differences or to greater nervousness among members of the smaller troop. There were no significant differences in riding or walking associated with the time of day or the infant's sex. The rate of transition from riding to walking was greatest from about the fifth to the seventh months, which may be especially significant time in the early development of independence.
Population recovery in the moustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax): Management strategies and mechanisms of recovery
Authors: Ramirez Marleni
Published: June 2005

In 1978, 66% of the individuals of Saguinus mystax and 9.5% of Saguinus fuscicollis were cropped from a population at the Yarapa river, Peru. The effects of cropping on the remaining tamarin population were evaluated by conducting censuses in 1981 and 1982 and by trapping and release of Saguinus mystax in 1981. Three hundred kilometers of trail were covered in the censuses, and all the groups within the 1.9‐km2 study area were located. Within three years after cropping, the population of S. mystax had increased by 124%, more than double the size left in 1978. Increased reproductive rate, early breeding, and reduced infant mortality contributed to the recovery. On the other hand, S. fuscicollis had decreased by 12% in the three years following the cropping but had increased in the fourth year to a level slightly below the precropping density. The cropping of more S. mystax than S. fuscicollis might have contributed to the decline of the latter. The cropping of a sizable percentage of S. mystax from a natural population does not seem to impair its recuperative powers. It may take longer than four years for a population exhibiting high density, such as that at the Yarapa site, to recover completely.
Population growth of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys at Tughlaqabad
Authors: Malik Iqbal , Seth P. K. , Southwick Charles H.
Published: June 2005

A population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at the ancient site of Tughlaqabad on the southern outskirts of New Delhi, India, showed moderate growth throughout the 1960s and 1970s and very rapid growth in the last 4 years. Between July 1980 and July 1983, the population increased 79%, from two groups of 160 monkeys to five groups of 286 monkeys, an average annual increase of 21.4%. The natality of the population has been high, averaging 82.4% over three birth seasons. Mortality and disappearance rates, especially of juveniles and adults, have been remarkably low with total annual mortality averaging only 3.7% from 1980 to 1983. We believe the striking record of population growth in this population can be attributed to total protection, abundant food, good cover, a lack of predators, a generally improving habitat, and low disease. With the right combination of ecological and behavioral factors, rhesus populations can double in four years. The Tughlaqabad population provides important guidelines for the restoration and conservation of primate populations.
Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the Central Virungas
Authors: Watts David P.
Published: June 2005

Data are presented here on the feeding ecology of wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) which were observed for approximately 2,400 hours over a 17‐month period in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Aspects of the relationship between the composition, diversity, and temporal consistency of the gorillas' diet and spatial and temporal variability in food distribution patterns are described. Mountain gorillas are folivores that show considerable specialization on plant parts, species and families. This pattern is facilitated by the general richness of their habitat. Their environment is heterogeneous, and spatial variability in food distribution is more pronounced than temporal variability. The gorillas rely almost completely on perennially available foliage of herbs and vines. Their diet varies little in association with seasonal factors but varies markedly in space in association with variability in the vegetational composition of the habitat. Individuals in the main study group shared basically similar patterns of food choice. Different groups also shared a similar general pattern, although there were differences in detail that apparently resulted largely from vegetational contrasts between home ranges. The gorillas' behavioral responses to environmental complexity lend general support to recent ideas concerning the evolution of their social system.
Field notes and geographic distribution of Callithrix aurita in Eastern Brazil
Authors: Muskin Alies
Published: June 2005

Callithrix aurita, an endangered marmoset endemic to eastern Brazil, was observed from June to October 1982. Preliminary observations suggest that behavioral and morphological differences exist which distinguish C. aurita from the common marmoset, C. jacchus. New data are provided on the geographic distribution of C. aurita, extending it northward within the known ranges of C. penicillata in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais and C. flaviceps in eastern Minas Gerais.
The influence of rank on affect perception by pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Capitanio John P. , Boccia Maria L. , Colaiannia Deborah J.
Published: June 2005

Previous studies of affect perception in nonhuman primates have involved young animals and/or manipulations of early experience. Based upon data suggesting that middle‐ranked monkeys in small social groups show patterns of behavior different from their low‐ or high‐ranked counterparts, the current study examined the role of social rank in affect perception by normally reared, adult female pigtailed macaques. Employing color videotapes as the presentation medium, we observed animals as they watched unfamiliar animals display social (aggressive or submissive) or nonsocial behavior. Virtually all threats were recorded as the subjects watched the submissive presentations, and most submissive signals occurred while watching aggressive behavior tapes. Middle‐ranked monkeys were most attentive during all presentations, and levels of disturbance behavior were related to rank of the watcher and type of presentation observed. The results suggest that dominance status is an influence in the process of affect perception.
Improved method for artificial insemination in the great apes
Authors: Gould Kenneth G. , Martin David E. , Warner Harold
Published: June 2005

Artificial insemination in the great apes has not achieved its potential as a tool in maintenance of the endangered captive population. Three factors can influence the success rate of artificial insemination: sperm preparation, site of insemination, and timing of insemination. We have tried to optimize methods regarding these three steps. A modified method for insemination is described which has resulted in a 21% success rate (six term pregnancies from 29 inseminations) in the chimpanzee and which has successfully initiated a pregnancy in a gorilla.
Subadult male orangutan sociality and reproductive behavior at Tanjung Puting
Authors: Galdikas Biruté M. F.
Published: June 2005

During a four‐year period at Tanjung Puting Reserve, Central Indonesian Borneo, subadult males were observed for 670.5 observation hours, 463 hours of which were as focal individuals. Subadult males were quite gregarious, participating in groupings for 40.9% of the time they were observed as targets. Subadult male sociality centered around females; 83% of the time subadult males spent in groupings was exclusively with females, as compared to 3% of contact time spent exclusively with other males. Much subadult male sociality can be understood in terms of male‐male competition for females. Interactions between adult and subadult males were almost entirely determined by the presence or absence of females. Adult males were more belligerent when females were present. Twenty‐two copulations or attempted copulations occurred during 16 subadult male‐female encounters, two of which were consortships. The majority of subadult male copulations (86%) were resisted matings. Outside of consortship, resisted matings (or the first in a series of resisted matings or attempts) usually took place at encounter or shortly thereafter. Subadult males also surreptitiously followed adult males and their consorts. Subadults frequently located receptive females before adult males did but were replaced by adult males when these appeared. Subadult male reproductive strategy consisted of both sneak/“rape” and consort tactics with sneak/“rape” predominating.
Contiguous distribution of two species of Cebus monkeys in El Tuparro National Park, Colombia
Authors: Defler Thomas R.
Published: June 2005

The geographic distribution of two congeneric monkeys (Cebus albifronsandC. apella) was studied in El Tuparro National Park in the llanos of eastern Colombia. Extensive trips were undertaken by land and river to collect 268 precisely located groups of these two species. The distributions of these monkeys were generally mutually exclusive and parapatric, contrasting with their known sympatry in closed‐canopy rainforest farther to the south. The replacement of one species by the other was abrupt along the northern water courses in the park; however, the two species' ranges partially overlapped and contained islands of sympatry towards the southern parts of the park, where forests are more extensive. Along the rivers,C. albifronswas found in seasonally inundated forests and woodlands that were seldom entered byC. apella. Such inundatable vegetation was extensive in downriver sites in the typically flat llanos geography of this part of Colombia. Although some differential use of habitat was demonstrated, many forests containing the two species seemed essentially identical so that historical precedence, competition, or both may also be posited to partially explain the distributions, although this remains to be demonstrated.
Fishing baboons at desert waterholes
Authors: Hamilton W. J. , Tilson R. L.
Published: June 2005

Live fish capture by wild chacma baboons is described. Fish were captured from drying desert pools and then covered with sand to immobilize active fish or to facilitate handling. Possible reasons omnivorous primates elsewhere do not capture live fish are considered.
Factors associated with birth rate and live birth rate in multi‐male breeding groups of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Casebolt Donald B. , Henrickson Roy V. , Hird David W.
Published: June 2005

Reproductive records of 284 female rhesus monkeys housed in six multimale corrals at the California Primate Research Center were examined for the birth seasons 1977–1982 to determine possible associations between the probability of birth or live birth and female age, parity, origin, parturition in the previous season, infant birth date, and infant birth date in previous season. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantitate the effects of factors on the probability of birth or live birth, while controlling for the possibly confounding effects of other factors in the model. Females who had infants early in the previous season were 2.5 times as likely to give birth as those who had infants late in the previous season. Females with two or three previous births were 2.1 times as likely to give birth, and those with four or five previous births were 6.7 times as likely to give birth as were females with no or one previous birth. Controlling for other factors (age, parity, and timing of birth in the previous season), corralborn females were 3.3 times as likely to give birth as either wild‐caught or domestic‐born monkeys not native to the corrals. Domestic‐born females who were not corral natives were 0.3 times as likely to have live births as wild‐caught females. Births late in the season were 1.8 times as likely to result in live infants as births early in the season.
Circadian rhythms in body temperature of the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) exposed to different ambient temperatures
Authors: Wurster Ellen C. , Murrish David E. , Sulzman Frank M.
Published: June 2005

The body and leg skin temperatures of five pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were measured at various ambient air temperatures ranging from 22 to 32°C over 24‐h periods. The rhythm in core body temperature persisted in all ambient air temperatures, and the rhythm in leg skin temperature was suppressed at the higher and lower ambient temperatures. This suggests that at the upper and lower regions of the thermoneutral zone, either a rhythm in heat production or a heat loss rhythm other than leg skin temperature is regulating the core body temperature rhythm. It was also found that the mean colonic temperature increased linearly with an increase in ambient temperature and that a phase relationship existed between ambient temperature and colonic temperature. In addition, as the ambient temperature increased, additional sites along the distal portion of the leg were recruited for vasomotor heat loss.
Maternal recognition of individual infant squirrel monkeys from isolation call playbacks
Authors: Symmes D. , Biben M.
Published: June 2005

Responses of six squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) mothers to playback of a single call type, the “isolation peep,” made by their own infants were tested after mothers and infants had been separated for more than a week. The playback tapes were edited from tapes containing mixed vocal material recorded when infants and mothers could see but not touch each other. Mothers showed recognition of their own infants compared to other familiar infants by increases in four measures of proximity to the speaker. These data provide evidence that maternal recognition of infants by means of acoustic cues is possible when the test stimuli consist of examples of a single call type with demonstrated individuality.
Tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to obtain termites (Macrotermes herus) in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: McGrew W. C. , Collins D. A.
Published: June 2005

Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) used probes made of vegetation to fish for termites (Macrotermes herus) in the Mahale Mountains of western Tanzania. Data on both the artefacts and behavior associated with their use were recorded over a 5‐month period. The chimpanzees of one unit group, B Group, were seen four times to use the tools to extract the insects from their mounds. A sample of 290 tools was collected and analyzed in terms of age, seasonality, length, width, class of raw materials, species, methods of making, extent of use, and damage incurred through use. There were differences across groups in tool use in feeding on termites; some could be related to biotic factors, but others appeared to be cultural differences.
The formal hierarchy of rhesus macaques: An investigation of the bared‐teeth display
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M. , Luttrell Lesleigh M.
Published: June 2005

Teeth‐baring in a large captive rhesus monkey group (Macaca mulatta) was observed over a 30‐month period. Its directional consistency among adults was significantly higher than that of aggression. The unidirectionality was so extreme that the facial display must be seen as a formal status indicator; ie, a signal of which the direction is independent of short‐term contextual variation. As such, it seems adapted for communication about the state of the relationship. Formal dominance relationships among adults could be arranged in a hierarchy which approached perfect linearity. Focal observations demonstrated that teeth‐baring was associated with withdrawal. It was uncommon among foraging monkeys, perhaps because dominant animals paid less attention to their subordinates in this context. The speed of rank acquisition by young females, in terms of received teeth‐baring, was highest among peers and lowest against the group's old matriarchs. The age at which dominance over unrelated adult females was achieved correlated negatively with the amount of affiliative contact with these females. This translates into a positive correlation between bonding and rank establishment, indicating that dominance processes may be indistinguishable from social integration.
Orangutan sociality at Tanjung Puting
Authors: Galdikas Biruté M. F.
Published: June 2005

During a four‐year period, more than 6,800 hours of observation were collected on 58 individually recognized wild orangutans in a 35‐km2study area at the Tanjung Puting Reserve, Kalimantan Tengah (Central Indonesian Borneo). As in other areas, although small temporary associations of orangutans recurred, the basic units of populations consisted of (1) adult males, (2) adult females with one or two dependent offspring, and (3) independent immatures (adolescent males and females and subadult males) with units predominantly solitary. However, independent immatures were more gregarious and social than adults. Adolescent females in particular spent more time in groupings than did adult females. Although successfully consorting adult males might spend up to 22% of time observed in association with other orangutans, adult males were the least social of all age/sex classes once consortships were excluded. Ninety percent of their participation in social groupings consisted of sexual consortships. Adult males were totally intolerant of each other; only four encounters between adult males were observed. All involved avoidance or aggression, including one lengthy combat. Adult females were solitary but social and participated in a variety of groupings. However, with the exception of adult females briefly following consorting couples, nonreceptive adult females did not initiate or maintain social contact with orangutans other than adult females. Comparisons with results of studies from other areas indicate that, once samples used in each study are made explicit and aggregations owing to chance encounters at major food sources excluded, orangutan sociality seems relatively consistent over the entire range in which the species is found. Bornean orangutans are not as totally asocial as the first studies in the wild indicated. In fact, it would probably be better to characterize wild orangutans as semisolitary, rather than solitary.
Predation by squirrel monkeys and double‐toothed kites on tent‐making bats
Authors: Boinski Sue , Timm Robert M.
Published: June 2005

Central American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi) appear to recognize the modified leaves that phyllostomid bats utilize for diurnal roost sites. The monkeys visually and manually search these bat tents for both bats and insects. Adult males are the most successful at capturing bats. Nonvolant juvenile bats are more vulnerable to monkey predation than are adults. Bats that escape monkey predation frequently are captured by doubletoothed kites (Harpagus bidentatus) that tend foraging troops of monkeys. Predation by squirrel monkeys, coupled with that of double‐toothed kites, may be a significant source of mortality for tent‐making bats.
Digestibility of a high‐fiber biscuit‐based diet by black and white colobus (Colobus guereza)
Authors: Watkins B. E. , Ullrey D. E. , Whetter P. A.
Published: June 2005

The acceptability and digestibility of a high‐fiber biscuit‐based diet was investigated using two adult male Colobus guereza animals. Although the animals were initially reluctant to accept the biscuit, it was eventually readily consumed. Apparent digestion coefficients for the diet (average composition, dry matter basis: 16% crude protein, 25% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 9.5% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 1.2% acid lignin) determined by total fecal collection were 0.871 for dry matter, 0.813 for NDF, 0.693 for ADF, and 0.208 for acid lignin. Fiber digestive capabilities in C. guereza generally exceeded those reported in ruminant species based on predictive equations. Use of acid lignin and Cr2O3 as markers underestimated dry matter digestibility by 3.9 and 6.0%, respectively.
Reproductive biology of Sykes and blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis)
Authors: Else James G. , Eley Robert M. , Suleman Mbaruk A. , Lequin Rudolf M.
Published: June 2005

Thirty‐five live births were recorded over a 5‐year period from three subspecies of the mitis (Sykes and blue) monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) maintained outdoors in single‐male harem breeding groups. There was no indication of birth seasonality. Females of one subspecies, C. m. kolbi, were individually caged, and basic reproductive parameters were monitored. A menstrual cycle length of 31.9 ± 6.0 days was recorded, and there were a large number of irregular cycles. Within individuals, mean progesterone and estrogen concentrations during the luteal phase of the cycle ranged from 5.5 to 10.7 nmol/liter and from 542 to 829 pmol/liter, respectively. Attempts at timed matings were unsuccessful. It is concluded that the mitis monkey is slow to adapt reproductively to captivity and is, therefore, not especially well‐suited for routine reproductive studies. However, it may prove valuable to elucidate some of the more complex factors controlling guenon reproduction.
Social facilitation of agonistic responses to strangers in pairs of saddle back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Epple Gisela , Alveario Mary‐Catherine
Published: June 2005

The effect of the presence of a familiar social partner on the interactions of saddle back tamarins with unfamiliar conspecifics was studied. Fifteen adult male‐female pairs, of which six were composed of a castrated male and an intact female, served as subjects. All subject pairs were given two social encounters during which both mates met a strange male and two encounters during which they met a strange female. In addition, all subjects were given four encounters during which they met the same strangers while their own pair mates were absent. As a group, the subjects showed higher intensities of injurious aggression and of agonistic displays when they met strangers in the presence of their own pair mates. Females and castrated males, as subgroups, showed significant increases in most agonistic responses when they met strangers in the presence of their pair mates. Intact males, however, did not.
Age changes in affinitive behaviors of baboons
Authors: Bramblett Claud A. , Coelho Anthony M.
Published: June 2005

The behavioral development of 96 baboons was systematically recorded from birth to 84 months of age. Eight behaviors were selected as criteria for examining the effects of early rearing experiences (mother‐peer vs peer‐peer), gender, age, and cohort as possible sources of variance in the development of affinitive behaviors of this species. Stepwise multiple regression was used to analyze the data and provide quantitative descriptions of the relationships between the selected independent variables and the rates of social behavior during maturation. Among the behaviors studied, three types of developmental patterns were identified. Embrace and groom shared the first developmental pattern; muzzle‐body and muzzle‐muzzle, the second; and contact, hold, huddle, touch, the third. Gender differences were evident in only the first behavior pattern group. Age was a strong predictor of behavioral performance rate in all but huddle. Cohort, or the combined effects of age, body size, and temporal peer grouping, was an important predictive factor in all but contact and muzzle‐muzzle behavior. Early rearing experiences did not produce any significant differences in performance of the affinitive behaviors studied. It is suggested that genetic control of maturation shapes the development of these behaviors in baboons, regardless of subtle environmental experiences.
Serum levels of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids, including testosterone, during the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Graham Charles E. , Gosselin Robert E. , Collins Delwood C.
Published: June 2005

The objective of this study was to expand the data on menstrual cycle serum hormone patterns in female common chimpanzees, both in terms of the number of cycles analyzed and by the addition of data on testosterone levels. Samples were obtained from 11 unanesthetized animals trained for conscious blood withdrawal. LH, FSH, 17β‐estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) were measured by radioimmunoassay, genital swelling was recorded, and menstrual blood was noted. Concurrent midcycle elevations in LH and FSH and luteal phase elevations in progesterone suggested that the cycles were ovulatory. Detumescence of genital swelling occurred about 3 days after the midcycle LH peak, 1 day after the luteal phase nadir in E2, and 1 day after P levels exceeded 5 ng/ml. These relationships provide further support for the use of genital swelling in monitoring progress of the menstrual cycle. The hormone patterns in the chimpanzees closely resembled those of the human females, but E2 and T levels were higher. The levels of E2 and T were higher and the midcycle elevation in T was broader in the chimpanzee than in gorillas and orangutans. This is of interest because E2 and T are implicated in the regulation of mating, and chimpanzees mate over a greater portion of the cycle than the other apes. These data indicate the need for further study of hormonal contributions to the different patterns of mating in the great apes. They also support the use of the female common chimpanzee as a model for the human female in endocrine studies of the menstrual cycle.
Subspecific divergence in a loud call of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata)
Authors: Macedonia Joseph M. , Taylor Linda L.
Published: June 2005

A loud call of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) was analyzed for subspecific and gender differences according to four variables: pulse rate, median pulse duration, median high frequency, and median low frequency. These vocalizations of black‐and‐white and red ruffed lemurs and one hybrid ruffed lemur were recorded at the Duke University Primate Center (Durham, NC). Significant differences were found between subspecies but not between the sexes. Quantitative differences in this loud call of ruffed lemur subspecies indicate that these prosimians exhibit subspeciation trends similar to anthropoid primates for which comparable data exist. Preliminary data are presented that support the hypothesis that the vocalization functions as a terrestrial predator alarm call.
Space or novelty?: Effects of altered cage size on Galago behavior
Authors: Nash Leanne T. , Chilton Shawn‐Marie
Published: June 2005

The influences of cage size and novelty on the behavior of Galago senegalensis braccatus were examined in two captive groups (five adults and one immature per group) having similarly furnished but unequally sized cages. One group experienced expansion, and the other experienced contraction of space. Each group experienced the novelty of a new cage and return to its old cage. Exploration, nonsocial activity, and social sniffing behaviors were most frequent in both groups during the novelty phase independent of cage size. These behaviors remained elevated after return to the original cage. This pattern indicated that novelty, not space, was responsible for these behavioral changes. The increase in social sniffing indicated that group members may use olfactory cues to recognize each other, expecially when the setting is novel. In both groups, frequencies of displacements and chases were highest in the smaller space. Group differences in behavior prior to cage change also influenced a group's response to change.
Intraspecific chromosome variation inCebus apella(cebidae, platyrrhini): The chromosomes of the yellow breasted capuchinCebus apella xanthosternoswied, 1820
Authors: Seuénez Héctor N. , Armada Jorge L. , Freitas Lucy , Silva Roberto Rocha E , Pissinatti Alcides , Coimbra‐Filho Adelmar
Published: June 2005

Chromosome studies in six wild‐caught specimens ofCebus apella xanthosternosshowed a distinctive chromosome pair number 11 that made it possible to distinguish this subspecies from otherCebus apella. The characteristic chromosome pair had intercalar heterochromatin unlike the “standard” chromosome type ofCebus apellaand other species of the same genus, in which this chromosome pair shows a large, terminal, heterochromatic block. A comparison at the chromosomal level between differentCebus apellapopulations suggests that chromosome 11 inCebus apella xanthosternosis a derived chromosome that has probably become fixed in this subspecies, either by selection or by drift in a small isolated population.
The detection of ovulation and early pregnancy in the baboon by direct measurement of conjugated steroids in urine
Authors: Hodges J. K. , Tarara R. , Hearn J. P. , Else J. G.
Published: June 2005

The pattern of excretion of urinary steroid metabolites in the olive baboon (Papio anubis) was examined during the menstrual cycle and in conception cycles in which embryos were surgically removed at intervals between day 11 and day 21 (day 0 = day of preovulatory estrogen peak). Conjugated estrone and pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide were measured in overnight urine samples by direct, nonextraction assays, and the levels were indexed by creatinine. Results showed that measurement of urinary conjugated estrone reflected preovulatory estrogen output and that pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide was an abundant urinary metabolite of progesterone. There was a defined postovulatory increase in the excretion of conjugated estrone during conception cycles in eight of ten animals. The timing of the increase ranged between day 13 and day 19 and was related to the appearance of elevated levels of urinary gonadotrophin. In four animals, increased estrogen excretion was first detected after the day of embryo removal, but this was most likely a response to chorionic gonadotrophin secreted before surgery. The findings demonstrate that measurement of conjugated estrone offers a rapid and practical approach for monitoring ovulation and implantation in the baboon by a single assay technique.
Population structure of Aotus nancymai (Cebidae: Primates) in Peruvian Amazon lowland forest
Authors: Aquino Rolando , Encarnación Filomeno
Published: June 2005

Wild groups of Aotus nancymai were trapped at three sites in the Peruvian Amazon lowland forest in order to study their social structure. Data on population density, group size, sex and age composition, social organization, and population structure were analyzed and are presented here.
Diet and habitat preference ofMandrillus sphinxin gabon: Implications of foraging strategy
Authors: Lahm Sally A.
Published: June 2005

An ecological study of the mandrill was conducted in northeastern and central Gabon from November 1982 to October 1983. The purpose of the study was to gather basic ecological data on the mandrill as a foundation for a future long‐term study of this species. Data were collected by direct observation, by collecting evidence left along fresh trails, and by fecal and stomach content analyses. Fruits constituted the mandrill's major dietary item, supplemented by various plant parts and numerous insect species. Small vertebrates were also occasionally consumed. Mandrills fed primarily on the forest floor but also climbed trees to obtain food, probably on a more frequent basis than do thePapiospecies. The majority of mandrill sightings and identified foods were attributed to primary forest, but foraging also occurred in secondary, riparian, and inundated forests. The patchy distribution and seasonal fluctuation of fruiting trees in the rainforests of Gabon may influence mandrill home range usage. The electric feeding behavior and large home ranges estimated for mandrill groups suggest that this species may play an important role in seed dispersal. Interspecific competition for food sources may be mitigated by species' preferences for different fruit parts. The mandrill is able to utilize foods in both arboreal and terrestrial ecological niches.
Comparison of infant care in family groups of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Tardif Suzete D. , Carson Robert L. , Gangaware Barbara L.
Published: June 2005

The involvement of parents and siblings in infant care in similarly composed groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) was compared during the infants' first 8 weeks of life. The results indicate an earlier infant independence in C. jacchus than in S. oedipus due primarily to a more frequent rejection of carried infants in C. jacchus. There was no species difference in extent of maternal involvment in carrying infants. However, S. oedipus fathers carried infants significantly more often during weeks 5–8 than did C. jacchus fathers. Siblings were generally more involved in infant care at an earlier infant age in C. jacchus than in S. oedipus.
Starting from scratch: A first look at a “displacement activity” in group‐living rhesus monkeys
Authors: Diezinger F. , Anderson J. R.
Published: June 2005

Data on scratching behavior were collected from a group of rhesus monkeys living in spacious surroundings. Juveniles scratched more often than adults. Adults scratched most often in social contexts and in close temporal association with a change of behavior. Subjects of intermediate dominance rank, in particular, scratched around the time of a behavioral change, and these subjects were the only ones to show increased scratching during tests involving restricted access to food (thwarting or frustration). The outer thighs, lower back, and sides were the sites scratched most frequently, not necessarily matching sites reported to be preferred for self‐grooming. Scratching in monkeys has certain characteristics in common with some well‐studied displacement activities in other species, and it possibly also serves as a signal that the individual is preparing to change behavior.