bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CALIPSO observations of transatlantic dust: vertical stratification and effect of clouds
Authors: Yang W. , Marshak A. , Várnai T. , Kalashnikova O. V. , Kostinski A. B.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. We use CALIOP nighttime measurements of lidar backscatter, color and depolarization ratios during the summer of 2007 to study transatlantic dust properties downwind of Saharan sources, and to examine the interaction of clouds and dust. Our analysis suggests that (1) while lidar backscatter doesn't change much with altitude in the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), depolarization and color ratios both increase with altitude in the SAL; (2) lidar backscatter and color ratio increase as dust is transported westward in the SAL; (3) the vertical lapse rate of dust depolarization ratio, introduced here, increases within SAL as plumes move westward; (4) nearby clouds barely affect the backscatter and color ratio of dust volumes within SAL but not so below SAL. Moreover, the presence of nearby clouds tends to decrease the depolarization of dust volumes within SAL. Finally, (5) the odds of CALIOP finding dust below SAL next to clouds are about 2/3 of those far away from clouds. This feature, together with an apparent increase in depolarization ratio near clouds, indicates that particles in some dusty volumes lose asphericity in the humid air near clouds, and cannot be identified by CALIPSO as dust.
Adjoint sensitivity of global cloud droplet number to aerosol and dynamical parameters
Authors: Karydis V. A. , Capps S. L. , Russell A. G. , Nenes A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. We present the development of the adjoint of a comprehensive cloud droplet formation parameterization for use in aerosol-cloud-climate interaction studies. The adjoint efficiently and accurately calculates the sensitivity of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) to all parameterization inputs (e.g., updraft velocity, water uptake coefficient, aerosol number and hygroscopicity) with a single execution. The droplet adjoint is then integrated within three dimensional (3-D) aerosol modeling frameworks to quantify the sensitivity of CDNC formation globally to each parameter. Sensitivities are computed for year-long executions of the NASA Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) Chemical Transport Model (CTM), using wind fields computed with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Global Circulation Model (GCM) II', and the GEOS-Chem CTM, driven by meteorological input from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) of the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). We find that over polluted (pristine) areas, CDNC is more sensitive to updraft velocity and uptake coefficient (aerosol number and hygroscopicity). Over the oceans of the Northern Hemisphere, addition of anthropogenic or biomass burning aerosol increases predicted CDNC in contrast to coarse-mode sea salt which tends to decrease CDNC. Over the Southern Oceans, CDNC is most sensitive to sea salt, which is the main aerosol component in the area. Globally, CDNC is predicted to be less sensitive to changes in the hygroscopicity of the aerosols than in their concentration with the exception of dust where CDNC is very sensitive to particle hydrophilicity over arid areas. Regionally, the sensitivities differ considerably between the two frameworks and quantitatively reveal why the models differ considerably in their indirect forcing estimates.
Observation of aerosol size distribution and new particle formation at a mountain site in subtropical Hong Kong
Authors: Guo H. , Wang D. W. , Ling Z. H. , Chan C. K. , Yao X. H.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. In order to investigate the atmospheric particle formation and growth processes, and to quantify the particle number (PN) concentration and size distributions in Hong Kong, a three-month intensive field measurement was conducted from September to November in 2010 near the mountain summit of Tai Mo Shan, a suburban site approximately the geographical centre of the New Territories in Hong Kong. The mean total number concentration in the size range of 5.5–350 nm was 7.86 ± 0.66 × 103 cm−3 (mean ± 95% confidence interval), with a maximum value in November. New particle formation (NPF) events were observed on 12 out of 35 days in October/November 2010 with the formation rate from 0.29 to 4.53 cm−3 s−1, and the average growth rates from 1.53 to 9.44 nm h−1. The events usually began at 10:00 ~ 11:00 local time characterized by the occurrence of a nucleation mode with a peak diameter of 6 ~ 10 nm. The observed linear or non-linear correlations between nucleation mode PN concentration (5.5–10 nm) and ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and/or (UV × SO2) suggested critical roles of sulfuric acid and biogenic VOCs (e.g. isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene) in the NPF events.
A compact, fast ozone UV photometer and sampling inlet for research aircraft
Authors: Gao R. S. , Ballard J. , Watts L. A. , Thornberry T. D. , Ciciora S. J. , McLaughlin R. J. , Fahey D. W.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. In situ measurements of atmospheric ozone (O3) are performed routinely from many research aircraft platforms. The most common technique depends on the strong absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light by ozone. As atmospheric science advances to the widespread use of unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), there is an increasing requirement for minimizing instrument space, weight, and power while maintaining instrument accuracy, precision and time response. The design and use of a new, dual-beam, polarized, UV photometer instrument for in situ O3 measurements is described. The instrument has a fast sampling rate (2 Hz), high accuracy (3%), and precision (1.1 × 1010 O3 molecules cm−3). The size (36 l), weight (18 kg), and power (50–200 W) make the instrument suitable for many UAS and other airborne platforms. Inlet and exhaust configurations are also described for ambient sampling in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (1000–50 mb) that optimize the sample flow rate to increase time response while minimizing loss of precision due to induced turbulence in the sample cell. In-flight and laboratory intercomparisons with existing O3 instruments show that measurement accuracy is maintained in flight.
Controlling factors of the OMZ in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Resplandy L. , Lévy M. , Bopp L. , Echevin V. , Pous S. , Sarma V. V. S. S. , Kumar D.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. In-situ observations indicate that the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) is only weakly influenced by the strong seasonal cycle of ocean dynamic and biogeochemistry forced by the asian monsoon system and it is spatially decorrelated from the coastal upwelling systems where the biological production is the strongest. In this study we examine the factors controlling the seasonality and the spatial distribution of the OMZ in the Arabian Sea using a coupled bio-physical model. We find that the oxygen concentration in the OMZ displays a seasonal cycle with an amplitude of 5–15 % of the annual mean oxygen concentration. The OMZ is ventilated by lateral ventilation along the western boundary current and in the coastal undercurrent along India during the summer monsoon and by coastal downwelling and negative Ekman pumping during the fall intermonsoon and winter monsoon. This ventilation is counterbalanced by strong coastal upwelling and positive Ekman pumping of low oxygen waters at the base of the OMZ during the spring intermonsoon. Although the factors controlling the OMZ seasonality are associated with the men circulation, we find that mesoscale dynamics modulates them by limiting the vertical ventilation during winter and enhancing it through lateral advection during the rest of the year. Processes explaining the establishment and spatial distribution of the OMZ were quantified using a perturbation experiment initialised with no OMZ. As expected, the oxygen depletion is triggered by strong biological activity in central Arabian Sea during winter and in western and eastern boundary coastal upwelling systems during summer. We find that the 3-D ocean dynamic largely controls the spatial distribution of the OMZ. The eastward shift ensues from the northward lateral transport of ventilated waters along the western and eastern coasts and the advection offshore of low oxygen waters formed in the upwelling system.
Global distribution of pteropods representing carbonate functional type biomass
Authors: Bednaršek N. , Možina J. , Vučković M. , Vogt M. , O'Brien C. , Tarling G. A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods for which global biomass distribution patterns remain poorly resolved. The aim of this study was to collect and synthesize existing pteropod (Gymnosomata, Thecosomata and Pseudothecosomata) abundance and biomass data, in order to evaluate the global distribution of pteropod carbon biomass, with a particular emphasis on its seasonal, temporal and vertical patterns. We collected 25 902 data points from several online databases and a number of scientific articles. The biomass data has been gridded onto a 360 × 180° grid, with a vertical resolution of 33 WOA depth levels. Data has been converted to NetCDF format which can be downloaded from PANGAEA, http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.777387. Data were collected between 1951–2010, with sampling depths ranging from 0–1000 m. Pteropod biomass data was either extracted directly or derived through converting abundance to biomass with pteropod specific length to weight conversions. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH) the data were distributed evenly throughout the year, whereas sampling in the Southern Hemisphere was biased towards the austral summer months. 86% of all biomass values were located in the NH, most (42%) within the latitudinal band of 30–50° N. The range of global biomass values spanned over three orders of magnitude, with a mean and median biomass concentration of 8.2 mg C l−1 (SD = 61.4) and 0.25 mg C l−1, respectively for all data points, and with a mean of 9.1 mg C l−1 (SD = 64.8) and a median of 0.25 mg C l−1 for non-zero biomass values. The highest mean and median biomass concentrations were located in the NH between 40–50° S (mean biomass: 68.8 mg C l−1 (SD × 213.4) median biomass: 2.5 mg C l−1) while, in the SH, they were within the 70–80° S latitudinal band (mean: 10.5 mg C l−1 (SD × 38.8) and median: 0.2 mg C l−1). Biomass values were lowest in the equatorial regions. A broad range of biomass concentrations was observed at all depths, with the biomass peak located in the surface layer (0–25 m) and values generally decreasing with depth. However, biomass peaks were located at different depths in different ocean basins: 0–25 m depth in the N Atlantic, 50–100 m in the Pacific, 100–200 m in the Arctic, 200–500 m in the Brazilian region and >500 m in the Indo-Pacific region. Biomass in the NH was relatively invariant over the seasonal cycle, but more seasonally variable in the SH. The collected database provides a valuable tool for modellers for the study of ecosystem processes and global biogeochemical cycles.
Phase II Study of Gemcitabine and Docetaxel Combination in Patients with Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Kafri Zyad , Heilbrun Lance K. , Sukari Ammar , Yoo George , Jacobs John , Lin Ho-Sheng , Mulrenan Heather , Smith Daryn , Kucuk Omer
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To explore the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and docetaxel (GEMDOC) in previously treated patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Patients and Methods. Patients with advanced SCCHN previously pretreated with one or two lines of palliative chemotherapy were treated with gemcitabine and docetaxel until disease progression. Results. Thirty-six patients were enrolled, and 29 were response evaluable. 16 (55%) experienced clinical benefit (response or stable disease). Six (21%) patients achieved partial response (PR), none achieved complete response (CR), and the overall response rate (ORR) was 21% (95% CI: 0.10–0.38). Ten (28%) patients had stable disease. The median response duration (RD) for the 6 PR patients was 3.2 months (80% CI: 2.0–6.1 months). Median overall survival was 4.2 months (95% CI: 2.4–7.0 months). Among the 33 treated patients: 13 (39%) patients had grade 3-4 anemia, 10 (30%) had grade 3-4 neutropenia. Conclusion. The study drugs were relatively safe, and the clinical benefit (PR + SD) rate was 55%. However, the efficacy objective for this regimen was not met. Given the good safety profile, further investigation of this regimen with the addition of a targeted agent may lead to better efficacy.
Thermodynamics of f.c.c.-Ni–Fe Alloys in a Static Applied Magnetic Field
Authors: Vernyhora I. V. , Tatarenko V. A. , Bokoch S. M.
Published: May 2012

Within the scope of the self-consistent field and mean (‘‘molecular’’) self-consistent field approximations, applying the static concentration wave method, the thermodynamics of f.c.c.-Ni–Fe alloys undergoing the static applied magnetic field effects is studied in detail. Under such conditions, the analytical corrections to expressions for the configuration-dependent part of free energy of macroscopically ferromagneticL12-Ni3Fe-type orL10-NiFe-type ordering phases are taken into account. The obtained results for thermodynamically equilibrium states are compared with the refined phase diagram for f.c.c.-Ni–Fe alloys calculated recently without taking into account the applied magnetic field effects. Considering the specific character of microscopic structure of the magnetic and atomic orders in f.c.c.-Ni–Fe alloys, the changes of shape (and in arrangement) of order-disorder phase-transformation curves (Kurnakov points) are thoroughly analysed. A special attention is addressed to the investigation of the concentration, temperature, and magnetic-field induction-dependent atomic and magnetic long-range order parameters, especially, near their critical points. As revealed unambiguously, influence of a static applied magnetic field promotes the elevation of Kurnakov points for all the atomically ordering phases that is in an overall agreement with reliable experimental data. On the base of revealed phenomenon, the magneto external field analog-to-digital converter of the monochromatic radiations (X-rays or thermal neutrons) is hypothesized as a claim.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ESTRATÉGIAS DE DEFINIÇÃO DO SUJEITO GRAMATICAL UTILIZADAS POR ALUNOS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Catelão Evandro de Melo , Calsa Geiva Carolina
Published: May 2012

The development of grammatical subject-defining procedures used by pupils of lower junior publicschools in Maringá PR Brazil is analyzed. Sample consisted of 24 pupils, randomly chosen, three males and threefemales, from each grade (2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th grades). A parsing or syntactic analysis test was given, involving threetypes of subject, simple, composite and understood subjects, which were to be identified by the pupils from literarytexts. After the identification of the grammatical subject, the description and the justification of the strategies thathad been adopted by the pupils were requested. Further, an overt explanation of the students’ concept ofgrammatical subject in the sentence followed. Partial analysis of data demonstrated the identification of theintuitive and formal components of the subject-defining procedures and the influence of these factors on thepupils’ strategies. Results suggest three levels in pupils from the above grades with regard to procedural andconceptual knowledge of the grammatical subject in the sentence: 4th grade pupils had a better performance than2nd grade ones; 6th to 8th grades pupils showed similar performances. Moreover, dependence or independencebetween procedures adopted and the domain of the pupils’ subject concept could be determined.
Do princípio dispositivo e a prova
Authors: Chacur Rachel Lopes Queiroz
Published: May 2012

The Right Democratic State intends to cancel the interest confliets and social pacification. The CivilProceed Code when adapts the Provision Principle emphasizes opening of judge’s probation activity to look for thereal truth, without absolute formality proceed technical of force system. The tendecy modern civil proceedstipulates a proceed model wich the judge must decide under the Lawsuit Principles, Equality Principle andContradicting Principle always incresed a analysis retro- informative and the social function of the law. The calleddemocration acess the legal order collaborate with all the interpretative technicals reformulations of legal text,with the reforms proceed institutes, and with the own Judge-Estate behaviour.
ARTE E EDUCAÇÃO: UM ENCONTRO POSSÍVEL
Authors: Zanin Vilma Pereira Martins
Published: May 2012

The present research deal with the subject “Art and Education”. The objectives of the present studywere to analyze the graphic production artistic of the students and verify the relation teacher/student at themotivation process on schooling of the Art. Were selected questionnaire to be applied to the teachers of Arts andasked to the children graphic production artistic done at the Art classes and solicitation of activity like a draw withstories. All the collected dates were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed and specifically the artistic productionswere examined according to the purposes of Lowenfeld and Gessell. The results showed that in spite of the workdeveloped by the teacher the children develop the proposed activity even though not all come along to their naturaldevelopment. Though, they make better and with more creativity when the activities are proposed according totheir phase of development
UTILIZANDO A HIPERHISTÓRIA PARA AQUISIÇÃO DE CONCEITOS INTERDISCIPLINARES NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
Authors: Corredato Tania Regina
Published: May 2012

With the intensification of the use of the computational resources in the Education, lots ofopportunities appear for an apprenticeship in a motivated and modern way. Considering the development phases ofthe child in the pre-school age (six years old). Through the present work it’s proposed a methodology for theutilization of hiperhistories in the acquisition of computational knowledge and concepts, inherent to the schoolcurriculum. Taking along the possible acquisitions, it’s added the pleasure of manipulating the hiperhistoriesthrough rich ambients in multimedia resources, stimulating the child to the exploration, inside her simbologicalphase of the “fairy tales”. Child and teacher participate in an active way of the building of the hiperhistories openedto new insertions or alterations. Beside the conjugations of the informatics with the curricular issues, we search forthe rescue of the ludical through the development phasis of the child. This work involves a group of diversifiedactivities in the composition of a hiperhistory, that deals with the curricular concepts in a differentialized anddynamical way, opening field to the creativity and construction liberty. By its hand, the professoral work in acontextualized atmosphere, which is very productive, is actualized, if compared to the use of the actual society’sown technological resources and adapted to an effective methodology of the Educational Informatics.
Metal Painting by Plasma Jet
Authors: Lockwood Estrin Francis , Hagger Oliver S.J. , Sener M. Emre , Caruana Daren J.
Published: June 2024

Conducting metal interconnections are essential to link electronic components or multiple circuits for electronic device fabrication. Scalable, rapid, and sustainable methods for printing adherent metal interconnections on dielectric materials are lacking, which stifles the development of new electronic consumer devices. Here a breakthrough single‐step and rapid process to deposit highly conducting metal tracks is introduced, using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The deposition process used a rudimentary aqueous solution of metal salts as ink, that was introduced as a mist into a helium plasma gas. The metal salt was reduced and deposited with spatiotemporal control using a plasma jet generated at radio frequency with 15 W power at room temperature and pressure. The conductive metal layers were highly adhesive on glass, ceramics, polymeric materials, even biological surfaces such as plant leaves and animal skin, depostedwith little damage to the substrate. The conductivity of deposited tracks on glass shows 50.8 ± 8.6% and 5.2 ± 1.6% of bulk silver and copper metal conductivity respectively.
Optimizing SiGe–SiO2 Visible–Short‐Wave Infrared Photoresponse by Modulating Interplay Between Strain and Defects Through Annealing
Authors: Sultan Muhammad Taha , Stavarache Ionel , Manolescu Andrei , Arnalds Unnar Bjarni , Teodorescu Valentin Serban , Svavarsson Halldor Gudfinnur , Ingvarsson Snorri , Ciurea Magdalena Lidia
Published: June 2024

SiGe‐SiO2‐based structures present high interest for their high photosensitivity from visible to short‐wavelength infrared. Herein, two postdeposition annealing procedures, that is, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and rapid‐like furnace annealing (FA), are compared. Both RTA and FA are performed at 600 °C for 1 min for SiGe nanocrystals (NCs) formation in SiO2 matrix in Si/SiO2/SiGe/SiO2 structures deposited by magnetron sputtering. The FA imitates RTA resulting in enhanced spectral response. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are carried out showing Ge‐rich SiGe NCs with 11.3 ± 1.2 nm size for RTA and 9.4 ± 0.8 nm for FA. Photocurrent spectra for both structures show several peaks that are annealing dependent. The photocurrent intensity for FA samples is ≈7 times higher than RTA samples while cutoff wavelengths are slightly different, that is, 1365 nm for FA and 1375 nm for RTA. The FA structures show (at −1.5 V) over 4 A W−1 responsivity at 730 nm, 6.4 × 107 Jones detectivity at 735 nm, and 2.2 × 107 Jones at about 1210 nm. FA structures contain small SiGe NCs with incorporated residual strain, while RTA ones are formed of columnar SiGe NCs separated by SiGeOx amorphous regions and show increased tensile strain in the SiGe.
Regioselective Annulation of 3(5)‐Aminopyrazole with Aryl Ketones or Aryl Alkynes Using N,N‐Dimethylethanolamine as a Single/Triple Carbon Synthon
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Chen Jing , Chen Rener , Wang Lei , Ma Yongmin
Published: June 2024

An efficient and regioselective cyclization for construction of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and methylene‐bridged bis(pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines) has been established. It involves a [3+2+1] annulation of 3(5)‐aminopyrazole, N,N‐dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), with 1,2‐insertion of aryl methyl ketones or 2,1‐insertion of aryl alkynes. DMEA is oxidized through C(sp3)‐H activation to provide a single or triple carbon source.
Recent Advances in Non‐Ti MXenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Novel Applications
Authors: Khan Karim , Tareen Ayesha Khan , Ahmad Waqas , Hussain Iftikhar , Chaudhry Mujeeb U. , Mahmood Asif , Khan Muhammad Farooq , Zhang Han , Xie Zhongjian
Published: June 2024

One of the most fascinating 2D nanomaterials (NMs) ever found is various members of MXene family. Among them, the titanium‐based MXenes, with more than 70% of publication‐related investigations, are comparatively well studied, producing fundamental foundation for the 2D MXene family members with flexible properties, familiar with a variety of advanced novel technological applications. Nonetheless, there are still more candidates among transitional metals (TMs) that can function as MXene NMs in ways that go well beyond those that are now recognized. Systematized details of the preparations, characteristics, limitations, significant discoveries, and uses of the novel M‐based MXenes (M‐MXenes), where M stands for non‐Ti TMs (M = Sc, V, Cr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W, and Lu), are given. The exceptional qualities of the 2D non‐Ti MXene outperform standard Ti‐MXene in several applications. There is many advancement in top‐down as well as bottom‐up production of MXenes family members, which allows for exact control of the M‐characteristics MXene NMs to contain cutting‐edge applications. This study offers a systematic evaluation of existing research, covering everything in producing complex M‐MXenes from primary limitations to the characterization and selection of their applications in accordance with their novel features. The development of double metal combinations, extension of additional metal candidates beyond group‐(III–VI)B family, and subsequent development of the 2D TM carbide/TMs nitride/TM carbonitrides to 2D metal boride family are also included in this overview. The possibilities and further recommendations for the way of non‐Ti MXene NMs are in the synthesis of NMs will discuss in detail in this critical evaluation.
The Compromised Fanconi Anemia Pathway in Prelamin A‐Expressing Cells Contributes to Replication Stress‐Induced Genomic Instability
Authors: Nie Pengqing , Zhang Cheng , Wu Fengyi , Chen Shi , Wang Lianrong
Published: June 2024

Genomic instability is not only a hallmark of senescent cells but also a key factor driving cellular senescence, and replication stress is the main source of genomic instability. Defective prelamin A processing caused by lamin A/C (LMNA) or zinc metallopeptidase STE24 (ZMPSTE24) gene mutations results in premature aging. Although previous studies have shown that dysregulated lamin A interferes with DNA replication and causes replication stress, the relationship between lamin A dysfunction and replication stress remains largely unknown. Here, an increase in baseline replication stress and genomic instability is found in prelamin A‐expressing cells. Moreover, prelamin A confers hypersensitivity of cells to exogenous replication stress, resulting in decreased cell survival and exacerbated genomic instability. These effects occur because prelamin A promotes MRE11‐mediated resection of stalled replication forks. Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins, which play important roles in replication fork maintenance, are downregulated by prelamin A in a retinoblastoma (RB)/E2F‐dependent manner. Additionally, prelamin A inhibits the activation of the FA pathway upon replication stress. More importantly, FA pathway downregulation is an upstream event of p53‐p21 axis activation during the induction of prelamin A expression. Overall, these findings highlight the critical role of FA pathway dysfunction in driving replication stress‐induced genomic instability and cellular senescence in prelamin A‐expressing cells.
2D Materials in Advanced Electronic Biosensors for Point‐of‐Care Devices
Authors: Nisar Sobia , Dastgeer Ghulam , Shazad Zafar Muhammad , Zulfiqar Muhammad Wajid , Rasheed Amir , Iqbal Muhammad Zahir , Hussain Kashif , Rabani Iqra , Kim Deok‐kee , Irfan Ahmad , Chaudhry Aijaz Rasool
Published: June 2024

Since two‐dimensionalal (2D) materials have distinct chemical and physical properties, they are widely used in various sectors of modern technologies. In the domain of diagnostic biodevices, particularly for point‐of‐care (PoC) biomedical diagnostics, 2D‐based field‐effect transistor biosensors (bio‐FETs) demonstrate substantial potential. Here, in this review article, the operational mechanisms and detection capabilities of biosensing devices utilizing graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), black phosphorus, and other 2D materials are addressed in detail. The incorporation of these materials into FET‐based biosensors offers significant advantages, including low detection limits (LOD), real‐time monitoring, label‐free diagnosis, and exceptional selectivity. The review also highlights the diverse applications of these biosensors, ranging from conventional to wearable devices, underscoring the versatility of 2D material‐based FET devices. Additionally, the review provides a comprehensive assessment of the limitations and challenges faced by these devices, along with insights into future prospects and advancements. Notably, a detailed comparison of FET‐based biosensors is tabulated along with various other biosensing platforms and their working mechanisms. Ultimately, this review aims to stimulate further research and innovation in this field while educating the scientific community about the latest advancements in 2D materials‐based biosensors.
Physical Unclonable Functions with Hyperspectral Imaging System for Ultrafast Storage and Authentication Enabled by Random Structural Color Domains
Authors: Lin Xiaofeng , Li Quhai , Tang Yuqi , Chen Zhaohan , Chen Ruilian , Sun Yingjuan , Lin Wenjing , Yi Guobin , Li Quan
Published: June 2024

Physical unclonable function (PUF) is attractive in modern encryption technologies. Addressing the disadvantage of slow data storage/authentication in optical PUF is paramount for practical applications but remains an on‐going challenge. Here, a highly efficient PUF strategy based on random structural color domains (SCDs) of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is proposed for the first time, combing with hyperspectral imaging system (HIS) for ultrafast storage and authentication. By controlling the growth and fusion behavior of the tactoids of CNC, the SCDs display an irregular and random distribution of colors, shapes, sizes, and reflectance spectra, which grant unique and inherent fingerprint‐like characteristics that are non‐duplicated. Based on images and spectra, these fingerprint features are used to develop two sets of PUF key generation methods, which can be respectively authenticated at the user‐end and the manufacturer‐front‐end that achieving a high coding capacity of at least 22304. Notably, the use of HIS greatly shortens the time of key reading and generation (≈5 s for recording, 0.5–0.7 s for authentication). This new optical PUF labels can not only solve slow data storage and complicated authentication in optical PUF, but also impulse the development of CNC in industrial applications by reducing color uniformity requirement.
Multi‐Step and Switchable Energy Transfer in Photoluminescent Organosilicone Capsules
Authors: Yu Longyue , Liu Hailong , Feng Ning , Yi Gang , Xin Xia , Hao Jingcheng , Li Hongguang
Published: June 2024

Light‐harvesting is of vital importance for many events, such as photosynthesis. To efficiently gather and transfer solar energy, delicate antenna is needed, which has been achieved by algae and plants. However, construction of efficient light‐harvesting systems using multiple, artificial building blocks is still challenging. Here, blue‐emitting organosilicone capsules containing carbon dots (denoted as CDs‐Si) in ethanol are prepared, which can effectively transfer energy to green‐emitting (silicone‐functionalized bodipy, Si‐BODIPY) or red‐emitting (rhodamine b, RhB) dyes. In ternary system, sequential Förster resonance energy transfer from CDs‐Si to Si‐BODIPY and further to RhB is realized, which is accompanied with a less pronounced, parallel FRET directly from CDs‐Si to RhB. The overall efficiency of energy transfer reaches ≈86%. By introducing a photoswitch (1,2‐bis(2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐thienyl)‐3,3,4,4,5,5‐hexafluoro‐1‐cyclopentene, DAE) to the system, the emission becomes switchable under alternative illumination with UV and visible light, leading to the formation of smart artificial light‐harvesting systems.
Lignin‐Metal Supramolecular Framework Strategy of Self‐Healing Carbon‐Coated CoRu Alloy Nanocatalyst for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Lin Xuliang , Chen Dalang , Qiu Xueqing , Liu Bowen , Liu Jianglin , Wang Xiaofei , Sun Shirong , Qin Yanlin
Published: June 2024

Common precursors for carbon materials typically include petroleum‐based polymers or MOF materials. However, these materials often encounter challenges such as metal aggregation, high cost, and metals leaching. In this work, a novel of approach lignin‐metal supramolecular framework complex (MSF@Lignin) is introduced. These complexes are formed through oxidative ammonolysis of lignin (OAL) to synthesize a nitrogen‐doped carbon‐encapsulated CoRu nanocatalyst (CoRu@OALC) via in situ carbonization. CoRu@OALC exhibited exceptional performance in both HER (90 mV) and OER (200 mV) at the current density of 10 mA cm−2, with an overall water splitting voltage of 1.5 V and outstanding stability under high density. During the pyrolysis process, metal became encapsulated by lignin‐derived carbon, occurring within the temperature range of 600–700 °C. In the catalytic process, active sites are primarily located within the defects in lignin‐derived carbon, showcasing a unique “self‐healing” phenomenon within the carbon layer. Oxygen‐containing intermediates (*OH, *O, and *OOH) facilitated the reconstruction of defects on the carbon layer, while the hydrogen‐containing intermediates (*H) contributed to the reappearance of a defect‐rich structure.
Association of estimated pulse wave velocity with cognitive function in a multiethnic diverse population: The Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Aimagambetova Botagoz , Ariko Taylor , Gardener Hannah , Levin Bonnie , Sun Xiaoyan , Gutierrez Jose , Elkind Mitchell SV. , Wright Clinton B. , Rundek Tatjana
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION

Arterial stiffness is linked to age‐related cognitive dysfunction. Estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) is associated with cerebrovascular disease. We sought to determine whether ePWV was associated with cognition in a multiethnic population.

METHODS

We included 1257 participants enrolled in a Northern Manhattan Study magnetic resonance imaging MRI‐cognitive study (mean age 64 ± 8 years, 61% women, 67% Hispanic, 18% non‐Hispanic Black, 15% non‐Hispanic white) and analyzed cognitive performance at two time points, at enrollment and on an average 5.0 ± 0.6 years later. ePWV was calculated using baseline age and blood pressure. Cognition and cognitive change scores were regressed on ePWV in multivariable linear regression models.

RESULTS

In adjusted models, ePWV (mean 11 ± 2 m/s) was significantly associated with cognition (b = −0.100, 95% CI, −0.120, −0.080) and cognitive change over time (b = −0.063, 95% CI, −0.082, −0.045). Effect modification by race and sex was found.

DISCUSSION

In this multiethnic population, the associations of ePWV with cognitive performance underline the role of vascular stiffness in age‐related cognitive decline.

Highlights

ePWV is a modest but independent predictor of cognitive function and cognitive decline among older individuals.

After adjustment, the ePWV measure was inversely associated with performance and decline in global cognition, processing speed, episodic memory, executive function, and semantic memory.

After adjustment, modification of the association between ePWV and change in episodic memory and executive function by race and ethnicity was suggested by a significant interaction term.

The association between ePWV and episodic memory decline was stronger in females.
Constructing Microporous Ion Exchange Membranes via Simple Hypercrosslinking for pH‐Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Peng Kang , Zhang Chao , Fang Junkai , Cai Hongyun , Ling Rene , Ma Yunxin , Tang Gonggen , Zuo Peipei , Yang Zhengjin , Xu Tongwen
Published: June 2024

Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) play a critical role in aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs). Traditional IEMs that feature microphase‐separated microstructures are well‐developed and easily available but suffer from the conductivity/selectivity tradeoff. The emerging charged microporous polymer membranes show the potential to overcome this tradeoff, yet their commercialization is still hindered by tedious syntheses and demanding conditions. We herein combine the advantages of these two types of membrane materials via simple in situ hypercrosslinking of conventional IEMs into microporous ones. Such a concept is exemplified by the very cheap commercial quaternized polyphenylene oxide membrane. The hypercrosslinking treatment turns poor‐performance membranes into high‐performance ones, as demonstrated by the above 10‐fold selectivity enhancement and much‐improved conductivities that more than doubled. This turn is also confirmed by the effective and stable pH‐neutral AORFB with decreased membrane resistance and at least an order of magnitude lower capacity loss rate. This battery shows advantages over other reported AORFBs in terms of a low capacity loss rate (0.0017 % per cycle) at high current density. This work provides an economically feasible method for designing AORFB‐oriented membranes with microporosity.
Gas‐sensing properties of polyaniline‐based nanocomposites for d‐limonene detection
Authors: Graboski Adriana Marcia , Feltes Giovana , Paschoalin Rafaella T. , Steffens Juliana , Paroul Natália , Steffens Clarice
Published: June 2024

This paper introduces a novel wearable flexible gas sensor designed specifically for the detection of d‐limonene. The sensor utilizes materials recognized for their high efficiency‐to‐cost ratio, notably polyaniline (PANI) combined with carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) as sensing layers. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the nanocomposite layers, examining their functional groups, morphology, topography, thickness, crystallinity, thermal behavior, surface area, as well as the size and volume of their pores. This examination showed distinctions among the nanocomposite layers. PANI/GO exhibited larger pore size and thickness, while PANI/MWCNT_COOH demonstrated a higher surface area. The analysis of thermal stability demonstrated that the film employing the DBSA dopant exhibited the lowest stability. Morphological characterizations showed a globular structure for PANI, tubular characteristics for PANI/MWCNT_COOH, and a flat nature for PANI/GO. When detecting d‐limonene, nanocomposite films doped with HCl demonstrated notably superior response levels. The gas sensors exhibited high sensitivity (>2.24 mV/ppm), a narrow range for the limit of detection (0.12–0.52 ppm), and excellent reversibility, stability, and selectivity. These findings suggest the possibility of broadening the application of gas sensors to monitor additional volatile compounds, with a particular emphasis on the online monitoring of agricultural products.
Comparing point‐wise and pair‐wise relevance judgment with brain signals
Authors: Zhu Shuqi , Xie Xiaohui , Ye Ziyi , Ai Qingyao , Liu Yiqun
Published: June 2024

How to collect relevance judgment has long been an important problem in Information Retrieval (IR). A popular method is to collect relevance judgment in a point‐wise manner, in which assessors examine and give an absolute relevance score for each item independently of the others. As an alternative, pair‐wise relevance judgment, also named preference judgment, allows an assessor to compare two items side‐by‐side and express their preference for one over the other. Previous work has explored the differences between these two paradigms of relevance judgments from many different aspects. Most of these works are conducted through explicit/implicit feedback. However, few works investigate the underlying neurological mechanisms of the two paradigms. In this paper, we conduct a lab study to investigate and compare point‐wise and pair‐wise relevance judgment in image search scenarios. We study the neurological mechanisms of the two paradigms through an event‐related potential (ERP) analysis of the users' brain signals while viewing images during a search process. We have obtained several observations, such as search engine users tend to pay more attention to preferred items in the point‐wise paradigm but unpreferred items in the pair‐wise paradigm. Furthermore, we test the adoption of brain signals as implicit feedback for predicting pair‐wise relevance judgment, highlighting the feasibility of leveraging brain signals to understand users' relevance judgments.
Comprehensive genomic profiling and therapeutic implications for Taiwanese patients with treatment‐naïve breast cancer
Authors: Chen Shang‐Hung , Tse Ka‐Po , Lu Yen‐Jung , Chen Shu‐Jen , Tian Yu‐Feng , Tan Kien Thiam , Li Chien‐Feng
Published: June 2024

Background

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease categorized based on molecular characteristics, including hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression levels. The emergence of profiling technology has revealed multiple driver genomic alterations within each breast cancer subtype, serving as biomarkers to predict treatment outcomes. This study aimed to explore the genomic landscape of breast cancer in the Taiwanese population through comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) and identify diagnostic and predictive biomarkers.

Methods

Targeted next‐generation sequencing‐based CGP was performed on 116 archived Taiwanese breast cancer specimens, assessing genomic alterations (GAs), including single nucleotide variants, copy number variants, fusion genes, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. Predictive variants for FDA‐approved therapies were evaluated within each subtype.

Results

In the cohort, frequent mutations included PIK3CA (39.7%), TP53 (36.2%), KMT2C (9.5%), GATA3 (8.6%), and SF3B1 (6.9%). All subtypes had low TMB, with no MSI‐H tumors. Among HR + HER2− patients, 42% (27/65) harbored activating PIK3CA mutations, implying potential sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors and resistance to endocrine therapies. HR + HER2− patients exhibited intrinsic hormonal resistance via FGFR1 gene gain/amplification (15%), exclusive of PI3K/AKT pathway alterations. Aberrations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and FGFR pathways were implicated in chemoresistance, with a 52.9% involvement in triple‐negative breast cancer. In HER2+ tumors, 50% harbored GAs potentially conferring resistance to anti‐HER2 therapies, including PIK3CA mutations (32%), MAP3K1 (2.9%), NF1 (2.9%), and copy number gain/amplification of FGFR1 (18%), FGFR3 (2.9%), EGFR (2.9%), and AKT2 (2.9%).

Conclusion

This study presents CGP findings for treatment‐naïve Taiwanese breast cancer, emphasizing its value in routine breast cancer management, disease classification, and treatment selection.
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
Authors: Maaß Mona Christin , Lanfermann Philipp , Waitz Thomas
Published: June 2024

Um das Klima zu schützen, wird derzeit intensiv nach Alternativen zu fossilen Rohstoffen gesucht, die für die Erzeugung und Speicherung von Energie und für die Fertigung von Chemieprodukten genutzt werden können. Ein Forschungsansatz dabei ist, das klimaschädliche Kohlenstoffdioxid als Rohstoff zu erschließen. Es kann elektrochemisch durch eine homogen‐ oder heterogen‐katalysierte Reduktionsreaktion umgewandelt werden – z. B. in Kohlenstoffmonoxid, aus dem danach chemische Energieträger und wichtige Chemikalien für die chemische Industrie hergestellt werden können. Alternativ kann Kohlenstoffdioxid auch zu Ameisensäure umgesetzt werden, die beispielsweise als Energiespeicher geeignet ist. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Möglichkeit präsentiert, die elektrochemische CO2‐Reduktion experimentell in der Schule durchzuführen, um dieses Thema aus der aktuellen Forschung in den Chemieunterricht einzubinden.
NPM1‐mutated myeloid neoplasms are a unique entity not defined by bone marrow blast percentage
Authors: Gener‐Ricos Georgina , Bataller Alex , Rodriguez‐Sevilla Juan Jose , Chien Kelly S. , Quesada Andres E. , Almanza‐Huante Emmanuel , Hammond Danielle , Sasaki Koji , DiNardo Courtney , Kadia Tapan , Daver Naval , Borthakur Gautam , Issa Ghayas C. , Short Nicholas J. , Kanagal‐Shamanna Rashmi , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Montalban‐Bravo Guillermo
Published: June 2024

Introduction

NPM1‐mutated (NPM1mut) myeloid neoplasms (MNs) with <20% bone marrow (BM) blasts (NPM1mut MNs<20) are uncommon, and their classification remains inconsistent.

Methods

The clinicopathologic features of 54 patients with NPM1mut MNs <20 were evaluated and compared with wild‐type NPM1 MNs <20 and NPM1mut MNs≥20, respectively.

Results

NPM1mut MNs had similar features regardless of blast percentage, except for higher IDH2 (29% vs 7%, p = .023) and FLT3 (70% vs 11%, p < .001) frequency in patients with ≥20% BM blasts. Thirty‐three (61%) patients with NPM1mut MNs <20 received low‐intensity chemotherapy (LIC) and 12 (22%) received intensive chemotherapy (IC). Higher complete remission rates (75% vs 27%, p = .006) and median overall survival (mOS) (not reached vs 30.4 months, p = .06) were observed with IC compared to LIC. Young patients (age <60 years) did not reach mOS either when treated with LIC or IC. Stem cell transplant was associated with increased survival only in patients treated with LIC (HR, 0.24; p = .025). No differences in mOS were observed by BM blast strata (32.2 months, not reached and 46.9 months for <10%, 10%–19%, and ≥20% blasts, p = .700) regardless of treatment modality (LIC: p = .900; IC: p = .360). Twenty‐three patients (43%) with NPM1mut MNs <20 had marrow blast progression to ≥20%.

Conclusions

Overall, NPM1mut MNs define a unique entity independent of BM blast percentage.
Extensive soma‐soma plate‐like contact sites (ephapses) connect suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons
Authors: Czeisler Mark É. , Shan Yongli , Schalek Richard , Berger Daniel R. , Suissa‐Peleg Adi , Takahashi Joseph S. , Lichtman Jeff W.
Published: June 2024

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central pacemaker for mammalian circadian rhythms. As such, this ensemble of cell‐autonomous neuronal oscillators with divergent periods must maintain coordinated oscillations. To investigate ultrastructural features enabling such synchronization, 805 coronal ultrathin sections of mouse SCN tissue were imaged with electron microscopy and aligned into a volumetric stack, from which selected neurons within the SCN core were reconstructed in silico. We found that clustered SCN core neurons were physically connected to each other via multiple large soma‐to‐soma plate‐like contacts. In some cases, a sliver of a glial process was interleaved. These contacts were large, covering on average ∼21% of apposing neuronal somata. It is possible that contacts may be the electrophysiological substrate for synchronization between SCN neurons. Such plate‐like contacts may explain why the synchronization of SCN neurons is maintained even when chemical synaptic transmission or electrical synaptic transmission via gap junctions is blocked. Such ephaptic contact‐mediated synchronization among nearby neurons may therefore contribute to the wave‐like oscillations of circadian core clock genes and calcium signals observed in the SCN.
Urbanization and primary productivity mediate the predator–prey relationship between deer and coyotes
Authors: Parsons Arielle W. , Pacifici Krishna , Shaw Jonathan C. , Cobb David , Boone Hailey M. , Kays Roland
Published: June 2024

Predator–prey interactions are important for regulating populations and structuring communities but are affected by many dynamic, complex factors across large scales, making them difficult to study. Integrated population models (IPMs) offer a potential solution to understanding predator–prey relationships by providing a framework for leveraging many different datasets and testing hypotheses about interactive factors. Here, we evaluate the coyote–deer (Canis latrans–Odocoileus virginianus) predator–prey relationship across the state of North Carolina (NC). Because both species have similar habitat requirements and may respond to human disturbance, we considered net primary productivity (NPP) and urbanization as key mediating factors. We estimated deer survival and fecundity by integrating camera trap, harvest, and biological and hunter observation datasets into a two‐stage, two‐sex Lefkovich population projection matrix. We allowed survival and fecundity to vary as functions of urbanization, NPP, and coyote density, and projected abundance forward to test eight hypothetical scenarios. We estimated initial average deer and coyote densities to be 11.83 (95% CI: 5.64, 20.80) and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.02, 1.45) individuals/km2, respectively. We found a negative, though highly uncertain, relationship between the current levels of coyote density and deer fecundity in most areas that became more negative under hypothetical conditions of lower NPP or higher urbanization, leading to lower projected deer abundances. Though not conclusive, our results indicate the possibility that coyotes could have stronger effects on deer populations in NC if their densities rise, but primarily in less productive and/or more suburban habitats. Our case study provides an example of how IPMs can be used to better understand the complex relationships between predator and prey under changing environmental conditions.