bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arms Versus Alliances
Authors: Conybeare John A. C.
Published: March 2007

If a state can choose between arming itself (by extracting resources from its domestic constituents) or seeking allies who will pledge military resources to that state, does there exist an optimal ratio of its own arms to its allies' arms? This question is pursued by analogy with a corporation's ratio of debt to equity in its capital structure. Classical finance theory suggests two propositions which, if applicable to alliances, imply that there is no optimal ratio, but allies will expect greater returns from the alliance if the ratio rises. Recent theories in finance imply that the arms to allies ratio does matter and should decrease in response to increases in either the domestic costs associated with arming or the riskiness of the state's military situation. These propositions are tested using Correlates of War (COW) data. The results do not support the classical arguments as to the irrelevance of the arms to allies ratio and suggest that this measure of military capital structure responds to risk.
The Effect of Friendship on Personal Business Transactions
Authors: Halpern Jennifer J.
Published: March 2007

A laboratory study examined effects of friendship on expectations of pricing in personal business transactions. Friends expect to pay more but charge less for a variety of commodities than do strangers. Remarkably, without discussion, friends agree on prices for commodities, whereas strangers do not. The result was replicated in a second study and extended to other commodities. The effect may be due to cognitive scripts for transactions with friends.
The Integrative Complexity of American Decision Makers in The Cuban Missile Crisis
Authors: Guttieri Karen , Wallace Michael D. , Suedfeld Peter
Published: March 2007

The focus of this study is the integrative complexity of information processing of Kennedy administration officials before, during, and after the Cuban missile crisis (CMC). Three elements of the CMC decision-making environment have been commonly noted: a high level of stress, ideological disputes among the decision makers, and the need to present a policy outcome palatable to the American public. Overall, American leaders maintained moderate levels of integrative complexity through even the most dangerous moments of the crisis but showed a pattern compatible with the cognitive manager and disruptive stress models of complexity change in response to environmental challenge. There was no significant difference in the complexity of remarks of the so-called hawks and doves among the Kennedy team, calling into question either the veracity of the alleged rift or the manifestations of value conflict in complexity data. Leadership statements made in camera were significantly more complex than public presentations.
Nuclear Taboo And War Initiation in Regional Conflicts
Authors: Paul T. V.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the role of nuclear taboo or the tradition of nonuse of nuclear weapons in limited wars involving a nuclear- and a nonnuclear-weapon state and the importance of this prohibitionary norm to deterrence theory. It explores nonnuclear states' strategic calculations before launching wars against nuclear-armed states. It discusses the historical, moral, normative, and rational bases of the taboo and explains why nuclear states have refrained from using their capability vis-à-vis nonnuclear challengers. Two cases of nonnuclear states initiating wars—the 1973 Egyptian offensive against Israel and the 1982 Argentine invasion of the British Falkland Islands—and the calculations of these states' decision makers on their adversaries' nuclear capability are addressed. The article concludes by discussing the implications of nuclear taboo for deterrence theory and regional conflicts, the conditions under which it could be broken, and the likely consequences of its infraction.
Cognitive-Affective States Predict Military and Political Aggression and Risk Taking
Authors: Satterfield Jason M.
Published: March 2007

The explanatory styles, integrative complexity, and pessimistic rumination scores of Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Josef Stalin, and Franklin D. Roosevelt were derived from verbatim materials for time periods preceding military and political events. The events were rated on scales of aggression/passivity and risk/caution. Results suggest that increases in optimism and decreases in integrative complexity before military and political events predict heightened aggression and risk taking and that increases in low-complexity optimism are strongly predictive. Pessimistic rumination was not a significant predictor. The author hypothesizes that explanatory style and integrative complexity act as cognitive “filters” mediating between situations and behaviors via decision-making and motivational shifts. However, shifts in explanatory style and/or integrative complexity prior to military and political actions could only reflect impression management strategies. Further research comparing private to public verbatim materials is needed.
Policy Failure and Political Survival
Authors: De Mesquita Bruce Bueno , Morrow James D. , Siverson Randolph M. , Smith Alastair
Published: March 2007

The authors advance a theory of the effects of political institutions on state policy. The theory explains how political institutions affect the ability of leaders to maintain themselves in office, why some political systems are more prone to policy failure than others, and why autocrats create mass political systems. The key characteristics of institutions in this theory are the sizes of a polity's selectorate and winning coalition. The authors derive hypotheses from the theory and test those hypotheses using a data set covering more than 2,700 leaders from all states in the period from 1816 to 1990. The statistical tests demonstrate that (1) large winning coalitions are associated with enhanced economic growth, (2) tenure is shortened by a large winning coalition but lengthened by a large selectorate, and (3) in the face of policy failure, leaders with a large selectorate are more likely to survive than those in systems with a large winning coalition. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of these results.
“For God and Country”
Authors: Burris Christopher T. , Branscombe Nyla R. , Jackson Lynne M.
Published: March 2007

To assess the relationship between personal religious motivation and spontaneous thoughts about one’s nation, Canadian and American undergraduates completed a measure of religious orientation, and both listed and rated the importance of self-generated thoughts about their respective countries. Among Americans, intrinsic orientation predicted greater ascribed importance to the national heritage (e.g., freedom, equal opportunity, tradition, and family) and to official national symbols such as the flag. Among Canadians, intrinsic orientation predicted greater ascribed importance to multiculturalism, but was unrelated to the enshrining of national symbols. Thus, in both cases, intrinsic religion was associated with the endorsement of ideological components of the nation’s dominant self-stereotype.
Cultural Orientations in the United States
Authors: Coon Heather M. , Kemmelmeier Markus
Published: March 2007

The authors investigate differences in individualism and collectivism between the four largest ethnic groups in the United States (African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans). It has been asserted that U.S. minorities score higher in collectivism compared to European Americans, whereas European Americans score higher in individualism than minorities. The authors reexamined these assumptions using meta-analytic techniques with new data (total N = 1,510). Asian Americans and African Americans but not Latinos scored higher in collectivism than did European Americans. African Americans exhibited the highest levels of individualism. The authors discuss the cultural, historical, and social factors that should be taken into account to adequately characterize cultural orientation of socially constructed groups.
The Influence of Perceptual Features, Ethnic Labels, and Sociocultural Information on the Development of Ethnic/Racial Bias in Young Children
Authors: Kowalski Kurt , Lo Ya-Fen
Published: March 2007

Taiwanese children from 3 to 11 years of age were asked to identify their racial group membership and select potential playmates from arrays of racially diverse photos. Children at all age levels displayed some Asian bias; however, this bias was lowest in 10- to 11- year-olds. Same-race bias was also reduced in 8 to 9 year olds by labeling the Asian photos as an ethnicity other than Chinese. This labeling effect emerged and was strongest at the same point in development that children displayed a significant increase in their ability to identify their own group membership. Perception of racial features exerted more influence over children’s choices than recognition of ethnic labels. However, both of these features triggered some bias via knowledge of own-group membership, which appears to be particularly important to children early in development when it is first learned. Preference for familiar physical features and sociocultural information concerning group desirability also influenced children’s biases.
Creativity in Drawings of Geometric Shapes
Authors: Chen Chuansheng , Kasof Joseph , Himsel Amy J. , Greenberger Ellen , Dong Qi , Xue Gui
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether European Americans and Chinese differ in their creation and evaluation of drawings of geometric shapes. Two hundred ninety-four drawings created by 50 European American and 48 Chinese college students were selected from a larger study of culture and creativity. Drawings were judged by eight Chinese and six European Americans following the Consensual Assessment Technique. The drawings were coded by content to examine what the judges considered creative. Results showed high consensus between European American and Chinese judges and great similarity in the creativity of drawings generated by the two groups. Judges liked best those drawings they judged more creative. The most creative drawings typically involved representations of geometric shapes in contexts (either concrete or abstract). Results run counter to the belief that there are wide cultural variations in the evaluation of and attitudes toward creativity, demonstrate the feasibility of cross-cultural comparisons with the Consensual Assessment Technique, and provide a basis for further cross-cultural research on creativity.
Cultural Differences in Adolescents’ Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Tyson G. A. , Hubert Carol J.
Published: March 2007

Lay explanations for juvenile delinquency given by Australian adolescents from either collectivist or individualist cultural backgrounds were examined. After controlling for socioeconomic and demographic variables, differences were found between the groups, with the individualistic group tending to emphasize more individual-oriented explanations. These results are consistent with previous work on culture and attributional style.
Self-and Mutual Perception of Salient Personality Traits of Different Caste Groups
Authors: Anant Santokh S.
Published: March 2007

As part of a project to study the changing inter-caste attitudes in India, 239 urban subjects, belonging to 4 traditional Hindu castes and Harijan castes (former "Untouchables"), checked five traits (from a list of 88) most characteristic of their own and other groups. A comparison of results with similar studies conducted earlier points to the fading of earlier stereotypes about castes. The picture of one's own caste was often similar to the perception of that caste by other castes, indicating a general acceptability of some of the castestereotypes. The higher castes still show resistence to relinquish age-old prejudices against the lower castes.
Teacher Ratings of Behavior Problems of Hawaiian-American Adolescents
Authors: Gordon C. Paul , Gallimore Ronald
Published: March 2007

Teachers in rural Hawaii completed the Behavior Problem Checklist for 196 Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian students. Two factors were extracted, reflecting disruptiveness and passive withdrawal. Similar studies in the United States have typically reported three factors; the two obtained in the Hawaii study, and an immaturityinadequacy factor. Failure to find the latter factor was attributed to the cross-cultural nature of the situation. The results were interpreted to indicate that behavior problems reported by teachers vary little from situation to situation and culture to culture, due to the stimulus conditions inherent in the typical school situation.
Developmental Influences on Geometric Illusion Susceptibility among Hong Kong Chinese Children
Authors: Dawson John L. M. , Young Brian M. , Choi Peter P. C.
Published: March 2007

Hong Kong Chinese developmental results are presented to test cross-cultural developmental theories relating to changes in illusion susceptibility with age. The Muller-Lyer (M-L) and Sander-Parallelogram (S-P) illusion data confirm the expected decrease with age from 3-12 (Walter, 1942), and the later increase to age 21 due to exposure to a more sophisticated environment (Wapner and Werner, 1957). The data also supported Piaget and Morf's (1956) developmental hypotheses regarding contiguous and noncontiguous versions of the Horizontal-Vertical (H-V) illustions. The United States, Hong Kong, and Arunta cross-cultural comparisons also support the "carpentered world hypothesis," while H-V illusion susceptibility was also related to ecologically valid desert/urban differences in habits of perceptual inference. However, intersample differences in retinal pigmentation and the cross-sectional nature of the study may have influenced the results.
Stages of Ethical Reasoning and Moral Norms of Carib Youths
Authors: Gorsuch Richard L. , Barnes M. Louise
Published: March 2007

Ethical development was investigated in a cross-cultural context by examining both the cognitive structure of ethical reasoning and the content of perceived moral norms in Carib boys. No evidence was found for the position that the stages might be a function of cultural norms. Other results were also as expected by stage theory: villagers were at a lower stage than Caribs from towns, and younger boys were at a lower stage than the older youths. However, only the first two cognitive stages were found and the cultural invariance of the perceived moral norms was as great as that of the stages.
Persisting and Disappearing Traits in the Development of Precivilized Societies
Authors: Bowden Edgar
Published: March 2007

Results of the application of a new method of ordinal scaling to a sample of cross-cultural data are presented. The method distinguishes traits which reach a maximum level of development and then decline (D-type) from those which do not decline after reaching a maximum (P-type). Maledominant and equidominant/female-dominant societies are scaled separately and a number of P-type and D-type traits identified, some of the former having previously been found to be strong indices of sociocultural development for both types of society, the rest being specific to one type or the other.
A Hebrew Translation of the MMPI
Authors: Butcher James N. , Gur Raya
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was translated into Hebrew, and the adequacy of the translation was verified by administering both forms to Hebrew-English bilinguals (n = 28). Scale intercorrelations and item stability were quite high and compared favorably with English-English retest studies and other foreign language translations. Comparability was further evaluated by examining endorsement differences between an Israeli sample of normals and U.S. normals. The similarity of group mean profiles for normal Israeli Ss versus U.S. normal Ss suggests that this translation performs in Israel as it does in the United States.
Left-Right Orientation among Hausa Children
Authors: Price-Williams Douglass R. , Levine Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Hausa (Nigerian) children were given two sets of left-right orientation tests: (1) identification of left and right hands on the child's own body and on the body of an investigator facing him, and (2) subtracting from a group composed of a large middle doll with two smaller dolls each side of it, first the middle and the smaller on the right, and then the middle and the smaller on the left. In both cases the child was asked to identify which doll was the left and which was the right. Reported results of the "hands" test give ages at which the left-right identification was attained, using the criterion of 75%, while results of the "dolls" test are reported in terms of the percentages correctly identifying left and right at different ages. The results and methods are compared with studies using a similar approach.
Deprivation and Development of Skill for Pictorial Depth Perception
Authors: Sinha Durganand , Shukla Pushpa
Published: March 2007

The impact of familial deprivation on the acquisition of skill for pictorial depth perception was studied on two groups of 125 children each from Indian nurseries and orphanages, ranging in age from 3 to 61/2 years. Ss were required to judge distance by interpreting each of the six common pictorial cues depicted one at a time in a set of pictures. Analysis of mean scores revealed a clear developmental trend in both the groups. Intelligence was significantly correlated with the scores. With intelligence controlled, significant retarding effects of deprivation on the scores at the higher age levels but none at 3 to 4 years were found. Comparison of scores on each of the six cues revealed the same tendency. Lack of heterogeneity and absence of stimulation in orphanages had a general retarding influence on the development of the skill for pictorial depth perception.
Cultural and Sex Differences in the Sex Distribution of Dream Characters
Authors: Urbina Susana , Grey Alan
Published: March 2007

The validity of previous reports regarding sex differences in ratio of male characters in dreams was investigated. Eight dreams were obtained for each of 192 college students in Lima, Peru, and New York City. Odd-even reliabilities for male dream characters ranged from .36 to .72. U.S. subjects had a higher percentage of male dream characters than Peruvians (p <.01). U.S. males had a greater percentage of men in their dreams than U.S. females; in Peru the sex difference was reversed (p < .01). These findings contradict previous reports of males universally dreaming more about men than do females, attributed by Hall to Oedipal conflicts. Present results allow the conclusion that sex differences in the percentage of male characters in dreams are not universal. Differences in the sex ratio of dream characters more likely reflect sociocultural differences in contact between the sexes.
Language Attitudes in St. Lucia
Authors: Lieberman Dena
Published: March 2007

Results of the application of the matched guise to a sample of bilingual St. Lucians are presented. This method requires that respondents evaluate the personality traits of speakers whose tape-recorded voices are played to them. This technique has been used for measuring community-wide stereotyped impressions of language, and it has been widely employed in cross-cultural investigations. The results indicated that St. Lucian bilinguals have different evaluative reactions to their two languages, English and a French-based creole. Furthermore, the findings suggested that St. Lucians have a positive attitude toward this French-based creole, their native language. These findings contradict the view commonly expressed by St. Lucians on language usage questionnaires that English is the preferred language and that creole is not not equally valued.
The Validity of Traditional-Modern Attitude Measures
Authors: Jones Pauline A.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents findings of analyses of the intercorrelations of items from five traditional-modern (T-M) attitude scales, and of correlations of the items with background variables assumed to be indicators of modernism in values. It also reports findings relating T-M values to students' educational aspirations and achievement. In general, the findings demonstrate a closer association between modernism in values and educational achievement and aspirations than between modernism and community, parental and family-background variables. The discussion points to the importance of using both the factorial analyses of the interitem correlations and the "predictive validity" coefficients as complementary empirical evidence for moving toward both the refinement of a theoretical conception of modernity and the revision of measures of modern attitudes.
A British-American Contrast of Coalition Strategies in Four-Person Groups of Unequal Pivotal Power
Authors: Valiant-Dyckoff G. L.
Published: March 2007

The effect of varying pivotal and initial resources power in a four-person coalition situation was investigated in the United States and England. Pivotal power was varied in the proportion 1:1/2:1/4h:1/4/4, while initial resources (relative powers) were distributed in the proportion 1:11/2:1/2/2:. The research included 132 subjects: 60 from junior high schools in New York and 72 from a comprehensive middle school in Leeds, England. The results indicate that both power position and nationality contributed to coalition-formation strategies. In general, British groups tended to play more competitively than American groups, distributing reward in accordance with pivotal power predictions. American subjects distributed reward according to an interim strategy. The findings are discussed with reference to nationality, power distribution, and friendship patterns.
Acculturation of Second- and Third-Generation Mexican American Children
Authors: Knight George P. , Kagan Spencer , Nelson William , Gumbiner Jann
Published: March 2007

Measures of field independence, locus of control, self-esteem, and school achievement were obtained for 144 Anglo American and Mexican American fourth, fifth, and sixth grade children from a "traditional" Mexican American community. From second to third generation, Mexican American children increasingly approach Anglo American norms with respect to field independence, reading achievement, and math achievement. Opposite trends were obtained with regard to self-esteem; no significant effects of generational level were found with regard to locus of control. Several possible explanations of the apparent paradox of decreasing self-esteem alongside increasing achievement levels with generation are suggested.
Word Associations
Authors: Ekpo-Ufot Abel
Published: March 2007

Two purposes guided this study. The first was to test Rosenzweig's (1961) proposition that "associative habits are equivalent among different communities," and the second was to determine categories of associations characterizing two cultural groups. Continuous associations to 30 of the 1910 Kent-Rosanoff stimulus-words were obtained from a group of students in the University of Lagos, Nigeria. These were compared with the discrete data from U.S. college students in the 1963 Minnesota norms. When the three most popular responses from each group were examined, 42% of them were identical. The use of primary responses revealed, however, 20% equivalence only. The U.S. group emitted more adjective and contrast responses but fewer noun responses than the Nigerian group. Such response-type preferences may reflect basic cultural and personality differences.
Modifying Status Relations in Israeli Youth
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth G. , Sharan Shlomo
Published: March 2007

The theory of status characteristics and expectation states provided the basis for applying expectation training to Israel society. A baseline study identified Middle Eastern and Western ethnic background as low and high states of a diffuse status characteristic; Jews of Western background were more active and influential than Jews of Middle Eastern background in four-person groups engaged in a collective task. Next, 180 Jewish boys of Middle Eastern and Western ethnic background participated in an experiment to alter ethnic interaction patterns reflecting the status ordering of the larger society. Middle Eastern subjects were trained to exhibit a high degree of competence on either academic or nonacademic tasks, whereupon they instructed Western boys in these tasks. Four-person groups comprised of two members from each ethnic group engaged in two group decision-making criterion tasks. Analysis of the interaction data revealed that both academic and nonacademic training increased the amount of influence wielded by low status subjects in contrast with control groups. Generality of the application to mixed status classrooms is analyzed.
Incidence of Left-Handedness for Writing
Authors: Payne Monica A.
Published: March 2007

Recent investigations of left hand usage in non-Western societies have typically involved administration of a battery of tests to small samples. The present study took an alternative approach, surveying a large population on the single measure of hand used for writing. In a sample of 56,779 Nigerian primary schoolchildren, an overall incidence of 4.51 % was found, considerably higher than previous reports from Nigeria and other parts of Africa. In agreement with most empirical studies or theoretical proposals, a higher incidence of left-handedness for writing was observed in boys than in girls, and in urban than in rural children.
Japanese and American Children's Drawings of the Outside and Inside of their Bodies
Authors: Steward Margaret S. , Furuya Taeko , Steward David S. , Ikeda Atsuko
Published: March 2007

Preschool children completed drawings of the outside and inside of the human body. The drawings were scored for cultural, development, and health status features utilizing a scoring system which coded number of components, colors, and style. Japanese children were less likely than American children to add facial features, clothing detail, or to color arms and legs on the outside figure. All children typically drew three components inside the body; Japanese children were more likely to draw hearts and American children to draw brains; girls were more likely to include stomachs than boys. When compared to data from hospitalized preschool children, differences were found in content but not quantity of internal components. Maternal perception of children's vulnerability to change in health status as adults was significantly related to ratio of inside/ outside scores in both Japanese and American subjects.
Perceptions of Ethnic Group Modal Intelligence
Authors: Zeidner Moshe
Published: March 2007

This study examined Israeli college students' perceptions of the modal intelligence of five major Israeli ethnic groups, i.e., European Jews, Eastern Jews, Christian Arabs, Moslem Arabs, and Druze, and explored students' attributions with respect to the determinants of ethnic group differences in ability. In addition, this study explored their perceptions of the social distance of each of these five target groups and the relationship between a group's modal intelligence and perceived social distance. The quota sample consisted of 120 undergraduate students enrolled in a major northern Israeli campus and included representatives of each of the five target groups assessed. The perceived modal intelligence profiles for the five Israeli ethnic groups varied as a function of the student's ethnic group membership. Whereas, there was considerable disagreement with respect to the least intelligent and intermediate subgroups, there appears to be general consensus among Israeli students that Jews of Western extraction are the most intelligent of the major Israeli ethnic subgroups. Furthermore, Arab students, relative to their Jewish counterparts, were more prone to espouse an environmental stance in the explanation of group differences in ability. The relationship between a group's perceived modal intelligence and perceived social distance was tenuous. The data suggest that perceptions of intelligence are moulded by the role which each group plays in relation to the other and that students' perceptions of group modal intelligence function much like cultural group stereotypes. The data were discussed and explicated in terms of ethnic stereotypes and intergroup relationships.
Intrafamily Acculturation of Values in Greece
Authors: Georgas James
Published: March 2007

Changing ecological and social factors should result in different degrees of acculturation of family values associated with the traditional hierarchical collectivist family system, between parents and their sons and daughters within rural and urban contexts. A family values questionnaire was given to 226 three-person families (mother, father, 18-year-old son or daughter; 110 from Athens and 116 from small communities). The results indicate that (a) values associated with hierarchical father-mother roles were rejected by young people from both Athens and small communities, (b) Athenian parents were in a middle position, and (c) parents from small communities still agreed with these values. Gender was an important variable in that daughters were more rejecting than were sons of the traditional family hierarchical collectivistic structure and fathers of daughters were more traditional than were fathers of sons, whereas no such relationships were found with mothers. Also there appeared to be two stages in the acculturation of the collectivist family values, the first being rejection of the authority of the father and the second being the active disobedience of paternal authority.
Moral Reasoning among Tibetan Monks
Authors: Heubner Ann M. , Garrod Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

This cross-cultural pilot study of moral reasoning had twofold purpose: (a) to examine Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning in a non-Western, historically independent society; and (b) to explore its adequacy for representing comprehensively the moral domain of a Buddhist culture. Twenty adolescent and young adult monks from a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Nepal were administered culturally adapted Kohlberg interviews. The findings support certain assumptions underlying Kohlberg's claim to universality, but raise doubts about the ability of his theory to encompass concepts fundamental to a Buddhist worldview and morality.
The Effects of Prevalent Social Stereotypes on Intergroup Attribution
Authors: Ben-Ari Rachel , Schwarzwald Joseph , Horiner-Levi Eveline
Published: March 2007

The study tested there alternative hypotheses regarding intergroup attribution patterns derived from the ethnocentric, the asymmetrical, and the stereotype-based models of intergroup attribution. Junior high school pupils (284 males and 298 females) from majority and minority groups in Israel were asked to make internal-external attributions regarding three different competencies awarded to an ingroup or outgroup member. The results largely supported the streotype-based model: Members of both groups made internal attributions for stereotype-consistent positive behavior and external attibutions for stereotype-inconsistent positive behavior, for both the ingroup and the outgroup.
Person Description in India, Britain, and Bulgaria
Authors: Lalujee Mansur , Angelova Radoslava
Published: March 2007

This study concerns person description in India, Britain, and Bulgaria. It was anticipated that in an individualist country such as Britain, person description would be more abstract and decontextualized than it is in more collectivist societies such as India and Bulgaria. College student subjects in each of the three countries were asked to provide written descriptions of themselves and of two other targets. The results showed that the most abstract and decontextualized descriptions were provided by the Bulgarians. Differences between the British and the Indians were confined to references to people. Differences between targets were consistent with the hypothesis that these vary as a function of familiarity. It is suggested that the notion of an abstract individual, a central idea of individualism, may also be consistent with certain forms of totalitarianism. The discussion also emphasizes the importance of considering the respondents' communicative flexibility in describing themselves and other people.
Men's and Women's Preferences in Marital Partners in the United States, Russia, and Japan
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Sprecher Susan
Published: March 2007

In this investigation, data on young, single adults' preferences in marital partners were gathered from three very diverse cultures: the United States, Russia, and Japan. Based on evolutionary, social learning, historical, and cross-cultural perspectives, the authors hypothesized that in all three cultures they would find certain traditional gender differences. Men would care more than women about physical attractiveness, whereas women would care more than men about status (e.g., intelligence; ambition; money, status, and position; potential for success) and personality attributes (e.g., kindness, understanding, expressiveness, openness). Women would be more "choosy" overall than would men. The authors also hypothesized thatpeople from the United States (a Western individualist culture) would expect more from their relationships than would those from Japan (an Eastern collectivist culture). Finally, the authors predicted that gender differences would be smallest in the United States and largest in Japan. They found strong support for all but the last of these hypotheses and found weak support for that one.
Urbanization, Culture, and Helpfulness
Authors: Yousif Yousif , Korte Charles
Published: March 2007

Social contact, help exchange, and attitudes toward helpfulness were examined in both urban and small town settings in England and the Sudan using self-report measures. Much of the cultural analysis of the "urban unhelpfulness" effect, that is, lower levels of helpfulness in urban settings, suggests that this effect is dependent on cultural and community factors. In particular, it is possible that Islamic norms stressing a communal orientation, predominant in the Sudan, would greatly mitigate the urban unhelpfulness effect. The results did not support this: The effect was quite equivalent in both countries, supporting the effect's apparent universality. In addition, a dispositional explanation was not supported in light of the poor correspondence between the behavioral and attitudinal data.
Urban Stressors in South Asia
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Pandey Janak , Begum Hamida Akhtar
Published: March 2007

In two studies, pedestrians in Old and New Delhi (India) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) were asked about their reactions to three stressors common to rapidly growing urban areas in South Asia: noise, air pollution, and crowding. Results from the first study, a survey of men in Old Delhi, indicated that respondents who were more upset by noise and by crowding also reported more physical symptoms and less perceived control. In the second study, male and female pedestrians were interviewed in New Delhi and Dhaka. Results revealed consistent gender, country, and gender by country effects on measures of general affect, ratings of stressors, and coping responses. In addition, results from an experimental manipulation in Study 2 indicated that in both countries, telling pedestrians about the effects of air pollution or crowding made them feel significantly worse than they would have felt had they not been given any information.
Test of a Nonlinear Relationship between Linguistic Acculturation and Ethnic Identification
Authors: Laroche Michel , Kim Chankon , Hui Michael K. , Tomiuk Marc A.
Published: March 2007

Following a review of the literature concerning the relationship between acculturation (acquisition of a dominant culture) and ethnic identification (retention of culture of origin), the authors propose that linguistic acculturation is nonlinearly related to ethnic identity. An empirical study was conducted to test this relationship between linguistic acculturation and ethnic identification using data gathered from multiple studies investigating four different ethnic groups in Eastern Canada over a period of 7 years. Regression analysis results indicate that the two underlying dimensions of ethnicity are related and that the postulated function exhibits an excellent fit, thus providing support for the proposition.
The Socialization of Achievement in Poor and Minority Students
Authors: Bempechat Janine , Graham Suzanne E. , Jimenez Norma V.
Published: March 2007

Ethnic similarities and differences in children’s perceptions of their parents’ educational socialization practices and attributions for success and failure, and the impact of these variables on mathematics achievement, were examined in a sample of 591 poor African American, Latino, Indo-Chinese, and Caucasian fifth and sixth graders. Students completed the Educational Socialization Scale (ESS), the Sydney Attribution Scale (SAS), and the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) in math. Results revealed distinct ethnic differences in perceptions of educational socialization and attributions. However, the factors that distinguished the groups were not the ones that predicted higher mathematics achievement. Rather, the authors found evidence for the notion that higher achievement is predicted by both cultural universals as well as cultural specifics. Findings are discussed in terms of the culture and contexts of achievement.
Cultural Influences on Sharer and Recipient Behavior
Authors: Rao Nirmala , Stewart Sunita Mahtani
Published: March 2007

Seventy-two 4-year-old Chinese and Indian children were paired with a friend and with an acquaintance in their class. One child (sharer) was given 10 pieces each of his or her preferred and nonpreferred foods, whereas the partner (recipient) was given one piece of each of the same foods. Sharing incidents were classified to indicate whether they were initiated by the sharer (spontaneous sharing) or due to the recipients’ behavior (elicited and passive sharing). Friendship did not influence either the quantity or quality of sharing. Results indicated that young Asian children were more likely to share spontaneously and less likely to elicit sharing. Chinese children showed more spontaneous sharing than did Indian children; the majority of sharing incidents in the Indian sample were classified as passive sharing. Findings highlight the importance of cultural beliefs on young children’s behavior and of considering the interactive effects of the sharers’ and recipients’ behaviors on each other.
A Comparison of Response Styles in Singapore and Taiwan
Authors: Bresnahan Mary Jiang , Ohashi Rie , Liu Wen Ying , Nebashi Reiko , Liao Chao-Chih
Published: March 2007

This study compares the response styles of 2 groups of Chinese men and women who have been described as collectivists—Chinese in Singapore and Taiwan. Participants were presented with one of three request scenarios that controlled participant identity and manipulated the level of imposition of what was requested. Chinese in Singapore were found to prefer complying with the request of a friend compared to Chinese in Taiwan, who were more likely to refuse and who used significantly more tactics to decline a friend’s request. This suggests that although they indicated that they would be more likely to refuse the request, Taiwan Chinese compensated for this preference by embedding declinations in several tactics. There was more request compliance with low imposition and less request compliance with high imposition for all participants, regardless of national group or gender. Independent self-construal was related to direct refusal. Overall, men were more compliant than women.
A Preliminary Validation of the Bem Sex Role Inventory in Japanese Culture
Authors: Katsurada Emiko , Sugihara Yoko
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to preliminarily validate the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) in Japanese culture. A total of 289 college students were asked to rate the social desirability of the BSRI items for both men and women. The results of multiple paired t tests indicated that, overall, the BSRI is a valid measurement in Japanese culture. Exchanging some items within the BSRI was recommended for higher validity with Japanese samples.
Self-Esteem and Tactile Communication
Authors: Silverman Alan F. , Pressman Mark E. , Bartel Helmut W.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between self-esteem and tactile communication was studied in four different conditions, varying both the sex of the subject and the sex of the confederate. The major hypothesis was supported in that the higher the subject's self-esteem, the more intimate the subject was in communicating through touch, especially when communicating with a female. Also, high self-esteem subjects found the task easier, and perceived the communication as being transmitted more clearly than did the low self-esteem subjects. Moreover, males found the task significantly easier than did females.
Albert Speer: How To Manage an Atrocity
Authors: Wooton Leland M.
Published: March 2007

Albert Speer as democratic manager? Seems absurd on the surface, even outrageous. Hitler's right-hand-man practiced a rather bizarre form of hu manistic management in the Ministry of Armaments and War while "suc cessfully" managing an atrocity. His legacy to history, particularly manage ment history, is one of the most fascinating cases for raising the ethical issues facing the management community today. Values and ethics are at the core of democratic thought, and the way they are distorted in the arenas of manage ment is crucial to understand for those concerned with linking the ethics of democracy to the process of managing democratic institutions.

Much of this article is based on an interview with Speer in which he discussed his role as a key policy maker in the Third Reich. He has now begun to recount the danger inherent in a system whose mentality is one of amoral functionalism—one essentially devoid of morals and ethics in its decision- making processes and one concerned only with how things get done and not whether they should be done. Few people have any real need to relive the events of that era. But the activities of Albert Speer are as relevant to our present era as any behavior in history can be.
Theory as Self-Portrait and the Ideal of Objectivity
Authors: Riebel Linda
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the epistemological issue of the theorist's subjectivity. I suggest that theories of human nature reflect the theorist's personality as he or she externalizes it or projects it onto humanity at large. This article extends this familiar proposition by proposing that there are two forms of externalization: static externalization, in which the theorist projects outward his or her own structures, and dynamic externalization, in which the theorist projects outward his or her needs. In the first, the theory of human nature is a selfportrait of the theorist as he or she is; in the second, the theory is a self-portrait emphasizing what the theorist needs.

After a review of the philosophical positions on the issue of the fundamental subjectivity of knowledge, I consider Freud and Adler as instances of the contrasting styles of externalization. Their personal histories, peer relation-ships, and their clinical arrangements are reviewed for evidence that their theories are externalizations of themselves.

I conclude, on the basis of these arguments, that the case is quite strong that theory inevitably contains large elements of self-portrait. This is taken as a cause not for despair, but for caution. The value of theories of human nature is not denied, but they are seen as members of an array of descriptions, in each of which there is lodged a valid description of some portions of humanity.
Slipping inside the Crack between the Worlds
Authors: Baron Larry
Published: March 2007

Most of the debate surrounding the publication of Carlos Castaneda's books has focused on the issue of whether Castaneda actually served as an apprentice to the Yaqui sorcerer don Juan Matus or if he invented the whole odyssey. While disucssion of this issue is important, since Castaneda was awarded a Ph.D. from the UCLA Anthropology Department for Journey to Ixtlan (under the title, "Sorcery: A Description of the World"), I approach Castaneda's work from a different perspective. By suspending judgment on the truthfulness of Castaneda's argument. I use his reported experiences as an exercise in the sociology of knowledge. Castaneda's work is placed in the philosophical context of social phenomenology, and the attempt is made to demonstate the relationship between Alfred Schutz's theory of multiple realities and Castaneda's put ative experiences in the world of sorcery. I further argue that Castaneda's books may be read as providing a model for living an "authentic" life. Although the issues raised may bear on one's assessment of the existence of don Juan, my intention is to point out the philosophical affinity of Castaneda's work with social phenomenology, and demonstrate the contribution that may be made to the sociology of knowlege and sociology of religion.
Toward a Secular Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Smith Brewster
Published: March 2007

Humanistic psychology may be mapped on two crossed dichotomies: practical versus theoretical, and religious-spiritual versus secular. The theoretical/secular quadrant with which I am identified has been underrepresented in the humanistic psychology movement, with various disadvantages including estrangement from the academic study of personality, now reviving. An integration of primatological-archaeological-historical scholarship is presented as a secular humanist "origin myth," warranting hope though not optimism in our present version of the human existential predicament, one that has no precedent. A presidential address to the APA Division of Humanistic Psychology.
Anticultural Culture
Authors: Adams Richard , Haaken Janice
Published: March 2007

Based on participant-observation in a LIFE SPRING training, we argue that this manifestation of the human potential movement uses various techniques and cultural values to convince training participants that culture has no power over them. This tendency to deny the impact of culture is rooted in our cultural history, with its most recent ard powerful advocate being humanistic psychology.
Revisiting the Psychology of Men
Authors: Gilbert Richard Karman
Published: March 2007

During the past 20 years, in the context of the contemporary feminist movement, the study of gender issues has centered on the psychology of women. During this time, male behavior and dynamics have been considered primarily in terms of their relation to, or effect on, women's development. Recently, however, there has been renewed interest in considering the psychological issues of men as a distinct focus of study. The primary impetus for this extension in thinking has been the growing realization that existing models of adult masculinity (i.e., the traditional, "macho" male or the gentler, feminine-identifiled male of the 1970s and 1980s) are both psychologically limited. In this climate of discontent, the mytho-poetic men's movement-headed by the distinguished American poet, Robert Bly-has emerged as the primary forum in which a reexamination of masculine dynamics is being undertaken. Methodologically, the mytho-poetic approach employs didactic instruction, readings of poetry, mythic storytelling, music and movement, personal testimonials, and enactments of ritual to explore the psychology of men. Conceptually, it offers a compelling set of ideas about the nature and responsibilities of a new or revitalized masculinity. At the center of this thinking is a call for a greater masculine presence in the socialization process, especially that involving male offspring, and a proposed archetypal model of a mature, integrated masculinity. These ideas form the most coherent expression of the possible form of a postpatriarchal, postfeminist model of masculinity.