bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clofarabine‐Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Proteinuria
Authors: Kintzel Polly E. , Visser James A. , Campbell Alan D.
Published: August 2011

Clofarabine is used as second‐line therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Acute renal impairment is reported with clofarabine; however, it is more likely to occur in patients with confounding factors that may underlie the adverse event. We describe a 65‐year‐old man treated with clofarabine for relapsed acute myeloid leukemia who experienced severe acute kidney injury and proteinuria temporally related to clofarabine administration. The morning after completion of clofarabine administration, his serum creatinine concentration increased to approximately 1.4‐fold above his baseline value, and peaked at 2.8–3.6‐fold over baseline within 72 hours. A 24‐hour urine collection contained 4100 mg of protein. His serum creatinine concentration gradually returned to within 1.5 times his baseline value. Examination of the patient's clinical course, vital signs, and laboratory results did not yield any compelling evidence of alternative causes for acute kidney injury. The patient's comorbidities included a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35–40% and diabetes mellitus. His drug therapy with potential renal effects—lisinopril, furosemide, tobramycin, allopurinol, and valacyclovir—that preceded clofarabine administration was evaluated, and none was determined to be a major factor in the development of this adverse event. Bone marrow evaluations were negative for residual leukemia after clofarabine therapy. After approximately 11 weeks of hospitalization, the patient and his family made an informed decision to continue supportive care at home. Acute kidney injury in this patient was attributed to clofarabine administration due to the time course of events with respect to potential contributing factors. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 7) between the patient's development of renal effects and clofarabine therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of medically significant proteinuria associated with administration of clofarabine. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for acute kidney injury if their patients are administered clofarabine.
Comparison of Field‐scale Herbicide Runoff and Volatilization Losses: An Eight‐Year Field Investigation
Authors: Gish Timothy J. , Prueger John H. , Daughtry Craig S.T. , Kustas William P. , McKee Lynn G. , Russ Andrew L. , Hatfield Jerry L.
Published: August 2011

An 8‐yr study was conducted to better understand factors influencing year‐to‐year variability in field‐scale herbicide volatilization and surface runoff losses. The 21‐ha research site is located at the USDA–ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Beltsville, MD. Site location, herbicide formulations, and agricultural management practices remained unchanged throughout the duration of the study. Metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl) acetamide] and atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] were coapplied as a surface broadcast spray. Herbicide runoff was monitored from a month before application through harvest. A flux gradient technique was used to compute volatilization fluxes for the first 5 d after application using herbicide concentration profiles and turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapor as determined from eddy covariance measurements. Results demonstrated that volatilization losses for these two herbicides were significantly greater than runoff losses (P < 0.007), even though both have relatively low vapor pressures. The largest annual runoff loss for metolachlor never exceeded 2.5%, whereas atrazine runoff never exceeded 3% of that applied. On the other hand, herbicide cumulative volatilization losses after 5 d ranged from about 5 to 63% of that applied for metolachlor and about 2 to 12% of that applied for atrazine. Additionally, daytime herbicide volatilization losses were significantly greater than nighttime vapor losses (P < 0.05). This research confirmed that vapor losses for some commonly used herbicides frequently exceeds runoff losses and herbicide vapor losses on the same site and with the same management practices can vary significantly year to year depending on local environmental conditions.
Use of SOFEA to Predict 1,3‐D Concentrations in Air in High‐Use Regions of California
Authors: van Wesenbeeck I. J. , Cryer S. A. , Havens P. L. , Houtman B. A.
Published: August 2011

Methyl bromide, a commonly used soil fumigant, is being phased out per the Montreal Protocol and multiple fumigants are being positioned as replacements. Most effective soil fumigants, including methyl bromide, have the potential for inhalation exposure if the material volatilizes from soil. Chronic exposures for the fumigant 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) are managed in part by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation by limiting the annual amount that can be used within a given township. A stochastic/deterministic numerical system (SOil Fumigant Exposure Assessment system [SOFEA]) was developed using the USEPA air dispersion model ISCST3, field study observations for flux loss, and links to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). SOFEA was used retrospectively to simulate concentrations of 1,3‐D in air for direct comparison with monitoring program observations conducted by California Air Resources Board in Fresno County. These results indicated slight overprediction but correct magnitudes for regional air concentrations, especially at the higher percentiles, and provide a performance test. SOFEA was also used, prospectively, to predict air concentrations in potential future‐use scenarios. These simulations of chronic air concentrations in two high‐use 1,3‐D counties of California (Ventura, Merced) consisted of 25 contiguous townships treated either at 1.5 times the current township allocation (40,937 kg) or at the maximum levels of 1,3‐D used between 1999 and 2006. Exposure predictions for large regions are necessary to evaluate chronic population‐based lifetime exposure and risk to 1,3‐D should use patterns change. SOFEA provides a tool to estimate regional air concentrations within high‐use areas required for such risk assessments.
Effect of Organic Material on Field‐scale Emissions of 1,3‐Dichloropropene
Authors: Yates S. R. , Knuteson J. , Zheng W. , Wang Q.
Published: August 2011

Soil fumigation is important for growing many fruits and vegetable crops, but fumigant emissions may contaminate the atmosphere. A large‐scale field experiment was initiated to test the hypothesis that adding composted municipal green waste to the soil surface in an agricultural field would reduce atmospheric emissions of the 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) after shank injection at a 133 kg ha−1 application rate. Three micrometeorological methods were used to obtain fumigant flux density and cumulative emission values. The volatilization rate was measured continuously for 16 d, and the daily peak volatilization rates for the three methods ranged from 12 to 24 μg m−2 s−1. The total 1,3‐D mass that volatilized to the atmosphere was approximately 14 to 68 kg, or 3 to 8% of the applied active ingredient. This represents an approximately 75 to 90% reduction in the total emissions compared with other recent field, field‐plot, and laboratory studies. Significant reductions in the volatilization of 1,3‐D may be possible when composted municipal green waste is applied to an agricultural field. This methodology also provides a beneficial use and disposal mechanism for composted vegetative material.
Chemical Evaluation of Odor Reduction by Soil Injection of Animal Manure
Authors: Feilberg Tavs Nyord Anders , Hansen Martin Nørregaard , Lindholst Sabine
Published: August 2011

Field application of animal manure is a major cause of odor nuisance in the local environment. Therefore, there is a need for methods for measuring the effect of technologies for reducing odor after manure application. In this work, chemical methods were used to identify key odorants from field application of pig manure based on experiments with surface application by trailing hoses and soil injection. Results from three consecutive years of field trials with full‐scale equipment are reported. Methods applied were: membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS), proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometry (PTR–MS), gold‐film hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection, all performed on site, and thermal desorption gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (TD‐GC/MS) based on laboratory analyses of field samples. Samples were collected from a static flux chamber often used for obtaining samples for dynamic olfactometry. While all methods were capable of detecting relevant odorants, PTR–MS gave the most comprehensive results. Based on odor threshold values, 4‐methylphenol, H2S, and methanethiol are suggested as key odorants. Significant odorant reductions by soil injection were consistently observed in all trials. The flux chamber technique was demonstrated to be associated with critical errors due to compound instabilities in the chamber. This was most apparent for H2S, on a time scale of a few minutes, and on a longer time scale for methanethiol.
Swine Odor Analyzed by Odor Panels and Chemical Techniques
Authors: Trabue Steven , Kerr Brian , Bearson Bradley , Ziemer Cherie
Published: August 2011

The National Research Council identified odors as a significant animal emission and highlighted the need to develop standardized protocols for sampling and analysis. The purpose of our study was to compare different odor sampling techniques for monitoring odors emitted from stored swine manure. In our study, odorous headspace air from swine manure holding tanks were analyzed by human panels and analytical techniques. Odorous air was analyzed by human panels using dynamic dilution olfactometry (DDO). Chemical analysis used acid traps for ammonia (NH3), fluorescence for hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Chemical analysis included the use of gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O) for determining key odorants. Chemical odorant concentrations were converted to odor activity values (OAVs) based on literature odor thresholds. The GC‐O technique used was GC‐SNIF. Dilution thresholds measured by different odor panels were significantly different by almost an order of magnitude even though the main odorous compound concentrations had not changed significantly. Only 5% of the key odorous VOCs total OAVs was recovered from the Tedlar bags used in DDO analysis. Ammonia was the only chemical odorant significantly correlated with DDO analysis in the fresh (1 wk) and aged manure. Chemical analysis showed that odor concentration stabilized after 5 to 7 wk and that H2S was the most dominant odorant. In aged manure, neither volatile fatty acids (VFAs) nor H2S was correlated with any other chemical odorant, but NH3, phenols, and indoles were correlated, and phenols and indoles were highly correlated. Correlation of odorant concentration was closely associated with the origin of the odorant in the diet. Key odorants determined by chemical and GC‐O included indoles, phenols, NH3, and several VFAs (butanoic, 3‐methylbutanoic, and pentanoic acids).
Forest Restoration Potentials of Coal‐Mined Lands in the Eastern United States
Authors: Zipper C. E. , Burger J. A. , McGrath J. M. , Rodrigue J. A. , Holtzman G. I.
Published: August 2011

The Appalachian region in the eastern United Sates is home to the Earth's most extensive temperate deciduous forests, but coal mining has caused forest loss and fragmentation. More than 6000 km2 in Appalachia have been mined for coal since 1980 under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA). We assessed Appalachian areas mined under SMCRA for forest restoration potentials. Our objectives were to characterize soils and vegetation, to compare soil properties with those of pre‐SMCRA mined lands that were reforested successfully, and to determine the effects of site age on measured properties. Soils were sampled and dominant vegetation characterized at up to 10 points on each of 25 post‐SMCRA mines. Herbaceous species were dominant on 56%, native trees on 24%, and invasive exotics on 16% of assessed areas. Mean values for soil pH (5.8), electrical conductivity (0.07 dS m−1), base saturation (89%), and coarse fragment content (50% by mass) were not significantly different from measured levels on the pre‐SMCRA forested sites, but silt+clay soil fraction (61%) was higher, bicarbonate‐extractable P (4 mg kg−1) was lower, and bulk density (1.20 g cm−1) was more variable and often unfavorable. Pedogenic N and bicarbonate‐extractable P in surface soils increased with site age and with the presence of weathered rocks among coarse fragments. Our results indicate a potential for many of these soils to support productive forest vegetation if replanted and if cultural practices, including temporary control of existing vegetation, soil density mitigation, and fertilization, are applied to mitigate limitations and aid forest tree reestablishment and growth.
Nitrate‐Nitrogen Losses through Subsurface Drainage under Various Agricultural Land Covers
Authors: Qi Zhiming , Helmers Matthew J. , Christianson Reid D. , Pederson Carl H.
Published: August 2011

Nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3–N) loading to surface water bodies from subsurface drainage is an environmental concern in the midwestern United States. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various land covers on NO3–N loss through subsurface drainage. Land‐cover treatments included (i) conventional corn (Zea mays L.) (C) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (S); (ii) winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop before corn (rC) and before soybean (rS); (iii) kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) as a living mulch for corn (kC); and (iv) perennial forage of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) mixed with clovers (PF). In spring, total N uptake by aboveground biomass of rye in rC, rye in rS, kura clover in kC, and grasses in PF were 14.2, 31.8, 87.0, and 46.3 kg N ha−1, respectively. Effect of land covers on subsurface drainage was not significant. The NO3–N loss was significantly lower for kC and PF than C and S treatments (p < 0.05); rye cover crop did not reduce NO3–N loss, but NO3–N concentration was significantly reduced in rC during March to June and in rS during July to November (p < 0.05). Moreover, the increase of soil NO3–N from early to late spring in rS was significantly lower than the S treatment (p < 0.05). This study suggests that kC and PF are effective in reducing NO3–N loss, but these systems could lead to concerns relative to grain yield loss and change in farming practices. Management strategies for kC need further study to achieve reasonable corn yield. The effectiveness of rye cover crop on NO3–N loss reduction needs further investigation under conditions of different N rates, wider weather patterns, and fall tillage.
Systematic evaluation of biofilm models for engineering practice: components and critical assumptions
Authors: Boltz J. P. , Morgenroth E. , Brockmann D. , Bott C. , Gellner W. J. , Vanrolleghem P. A.
Published: August 2011

Biofilm models are valuable tools for the design and evaluation of biofilm-based processes despite several uncertainties including the dynamics and rate of biofilm detachment, concentration gradients external to the biofilm surface, and undefined biofilm reactor model calibration protocol. The present investigation serves to (1) systematically evaluate critical biofilm model assumptions and components and (2) conduct a sensitivity analysis with the aim of identifying parameter subsets for biofilm reactor model calibration. AQUASIM was used to describe submerged-completely mixed combined carbon oxidation and nitrification IFAS and MBBR systems, and tertiary nitrification and denitrification MBBRs. The influence of uncertainties in model parameters on relevant model outputs was determined for simulated scenarios by means of a local sensitivity analysis. To obtain reasonable simulation results for partially penetrated biofilms that accumulated a substantial thickness in the modelled biofilm reactor (e.g. 1,000 μm), an appropriate biofilm discretization was applied to properly model soluble substrate concentration gradients and, consistent with the assumed mechanism for describing biofilm biomass distribution, biofilm biomass spatial variability. The MTBL thickness had a significant impact on model results for each of the modelled reactor configurations. Further research is needed to develop a mathematical description (empirical or otherwise) of the MTBL thickness that is relevant to modern biofilm reactors. No simple recommendations for a generally applicable calibration protocol are provided, but sensitivity analysis has been proven to be a powerful tool for the identification of highly sensitive parameter subsets for biofilm (reactor) model calibration.
Effect of hydraulic retention time on pretreatment of blended municipal sludge
Authors: Koyunluoglu-Aynur S. , Riffat R. , Murthy S.
Published: August 2011

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on hydrolysis and acidogenesis for the pretreatment processes: acid phase digestion (APD) and autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) using blended municipal sludge. The effect of the different pretreatment steps on mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) was evaluated in terms of methane yield, keeping the operating conditions of the MAD the same for all systems. Best operating conditions for both APD and ATAD were observed for 2.5 d HRT with high total volatile fatty acids (tVFA), and the highest methane yield observed for MAD. No significant difference was observed between the two processes in terms of overall volatile solids (VS) reduction with same total HRT. The autothermal process produced heat of 14,300 J/g VS removed from hydrolytic and acetogenic reactions without compromising overall methane yields when the HRT was 2.5 d or lower and the total O2 used was 0.10 m3 O2/g VS added or lower. However, the process needs the input of oxygen and engineering analysis should balance these differences when considering the relative merits of the two pretreatment processes. This is the first study of its kind directly comparing these two viable pretreatment processes with the same sludge.
Targeting Voters via the Web ‐ A Comparative Structural Analysis of Austrian and German Party Websites
Authors: Russmann Uta
Published: August 2011

The growth of parties' web‐based activities over the last decade has led to a more sophisticated use of websites, and Web campaigns are increasingly embedded in a general political marketing strategy. This study investigates the extent to which political parties use the Internet to attract different target groups of voters. The online audience can be seen as one mass or as carefully defined target segments, for example relating to party affiliation, age or gender. The paper analyzes the occurrence of online targeting on political parties websites during the most recent Austrian and German National Elections (2008/2009). Comparison within and between countries reveals similarities between parties that are more striking than differences at a general level, but it also identifies that catch‐all parties and client parties apply different targeting patterns. Client parties address the general public just as much as different target groups, whereas catch‐all parties tailor their websites to a greater extent to specific target segments.
Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dong Jia-Yi , Xun Pengcheng , He Ka , Qin Li-Qiang
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that higher magnesium intake may reduce diabetes incidence. We aimed to examine the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a PubMed database search through January 2011 to identify prospective cohort studies of magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. A random-effects model was used to compute the summary risk estimates.

RESULTS

Meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies involving 536,318 participants and 24,516 cases detected a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk [RR] 0.78 [95% CI 0.73–0.84]). This association was not substantially modified by geographic region, follow-up length, sex, or family history of type 2 diabetes. A significant inverse association was observed in overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) but not in normal-weight individuals (BMI <25 kg/m2), although test for interaction was not statistically significant (Pinteraction = 0.13). In the dose-response analysis, the summary RR of type 2 diabetes for every 100 mg/day increment in magnesium intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.82–0.89). Sensitivity analyses restricted to studies with adjustment for cereal fiber intake yielded similar results. Little evidence of publication bias was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis provides further evidence supporting that magnesium intake is significantly inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner.
Critical Thinking for Quality Education
Authors: Mainali Bhawani Prasad
Published: August 2011

Critical thinking is a recent educational paradigm. It is a powerful thinking skill that empowers learners and facilitates creative and qualitative teaching/learning process. This article deals with the concept of critical thinking for quality education. Moreover, it also identifies the rationale of critical thinking and its implications in Nepalese education . Keywords Critical thinking, creativity, concretization, culture of silence, quality education. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5300 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 6-12
Fundamental Forces and Unified Field Theory
Authors: Tiwary Dhananjay Kumar
Published: August 2011

This paper deals with fundamental particles, their classifications on the basis of Bose – Einstein Statistics, Fermi- Dirac Statistics and Quark Theory along with four types of existing fundamental forces. This also reflects on unified field theory regarding unification of the fundamental forces. Keywords Bosons, fermions, quarks, Higgs’ particles, standard model DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5302 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 16-19
Reflecting on Efficacy of Meanings Into Words Intermediate
Authors: Sah Kedar Prasad
Published: August 2011

The present paper is an attempt to share some reflections on the effectiveness of the textbook ‘Meanings into Words Intermediate’ prescribed by Higher Secondary Education Board for the students of grade XI. This largely draws on my experience of teaching the course for more than a decade. Keywords Communicative approach, notional-functional syllabus, controlled practice, free practice, Presentation-Practice-Production (PPP) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5304 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 23-25
Existentialism in Education
Authors: Koirala Matrika Prasad
Published: August 2011

This paper is an attempt to survey the historical development of existentialist philosophy, meaning of existence, its philosophical premises and perspectives. Further, this also deals with implications of existentialism in selection of aim of education, organization of curriculum, role of teachers and students and school organization. Keywords Existence, nihilistic, being-in-itself, being-for-itself, individuality DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5309 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 39-44
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Women Regarding HIV/AIDS
Authors: Baral Om Prasad
Published: August 2011

HIV/AIDS is one of the most burning health problems in the world and Nepal is not an exception. It does not only affect individual's health but also socioeconomic condition. Its excessive prevalence is due to lack of literacy and awareness about it. It causes problems from womb to tomb. This study concludes that the majority of married women of child bearing age have inadequate knowledge and information about causes, mode of transmission, consequences and preventive measures of HIV/AIDS. Key words HIV/AIDS, behaviour of women, reproductive age, child bearing age DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5310 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 45-48
Cephalic Indices of Some Birds in Relation to Their Feeding Habits
Authors: Kushwaha Pramod Kumar
Published: August 2011

The shape and size of skull and arrangement of mouth parts play an important role to determine the food and feeding behaviour of birds. The cephalic or head index is a ratio between breadth and length of head. The numerical procedure of cephalic indices of birds represent an important taxonomic character and also help to establish the relationship of feeding habits to visual and acoustic organs of birds. Birds have evolved a great variety of beaks according to their food habits. Due to different food habits found in birds, they possess various types of beaks of special structure. This article deals with cephalic indices of some birds of Uttar Pardesh (India) in relation to their feeding habits. Keywords Skull, bill, measurement, ratio, relation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5311 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 49-55
Total Quality Management in Education
Authors: Thapa Tara Bahadur
Published: August 2011

Total Quality Management (TQM) is the latest in a parade of models, recipes, programs, frameworks, and slogans for guiding academic reform. It provides a tool to help ensure this quality. The management in TQM means everyone is the manager of their own responsibilities because everyone in the institution, whatever their status, position or role is. Information and technologies have brought sea changes in education and has therefore changed the interpretation of the term quality. TQM advocates that everything and everybody in the organization is involved in the academic institutions for continuous improvement. As it is applied to education, TQM faces new challenges due to diversity in nature of students and educators, large and multileveled classrooms, technological advances and new paradigms in educational content and delivery. Despite these issues education must maintain quality across classrooms, schools and institution. This article highlights the need of TQM to improve overall quality of education in Nepal. Keywords Total Quality Management, managerialism, educational management, quality improvement, application DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5314 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 80-83
Transgenic Plants: Review on Risks and Benefits in the Environment of Developing Countries
Authors: Shrivastava Umesh Prasad
Published: August 2011

Various transgenic plants have been produced employing various techniques. These plants perform interaction among other organisms the agro-environment. But, cultivation of these plants is a matter of debate. Various questions on risk factors have been raised by many authors, e.g. problems related consequences of gene escape, adverse impact on biodiversity, natural enemies, pollinators, soil organisms, decomposers and various non target organisms. On the other hand, various supporters give emphasis in the favour of transgenic plants praising its benefits, e.g. reduced environmental impact from pesticides and insecticide, increased yield, soil conservation, phytoremediation etc. Critical analysis of this controversy is the main concern of this present mini review. Also, an attempt has been made to describe the potential impact of transgenic plants in developing countries. Keywords Transgenic plants, genetically modified organisms, risks, benefits, developing countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v1i0.5315 Academic Voices 2011; 1: 84-93
Computational Study of pH-sensitive Hydrogel-based Microfluidic Flow Controllers
Authors: Kurnia Jundika C. , Birgersson Erik , Mujumdar Arun S.
Published: August 2011

This computational study investigates the sensing and actuating behavior of a pH-sensitive hydrogel-based microfluidic flow controller. This hydrogel-based flow controller has inherent advantage in its unique stimuli-sensitive properties, removing the need for an external power supply. The predicted swelling behavior the hydrogel is validated with steady-state and transient experiments. We then demonstrate how the model is implemented to study the sensing and actuating behavior of hydrogels for different microfluidic flow channel/hydrogel configurations: e.g., for flow in a T-junction with single and multiple hydrogels. In short, the results suggest that the response of the hydrogel-based flow controller is slow. Therefore, two strategies to improve the response rate of the hydrogels are proposed and demonstrated. Finally, we highlight that the model can be extended to include other stimuli-responsive hydrogels such as thermo-, electric-, and glucose-sensitive hydrogels.
Influence of the Hydrophobicity of Polyelectrolytes on Polyelectrolyte Complex Formation and Complex Particle Structure and Shape
Authors: Mende Mandy , Schwarz Simona , Zschoche Stefan , Petzold Gudrun , Janke Andreas
Published: August 2011

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were prepared by structural uniform and strongly charged cationic and anionic modified alternating maleic anhydride copolymers. The hydrophobicity of the polyelectrolytes was changed by the comonomers (ethylene, isobutylene and styrene). Additionally, the n−/n+ ratio of the molar charges of the polyelectrolytes and the procedure of formation were varied. The colloidal stability of the systems and the size, shape, and structure of the PEC particles were investigated by turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Dynamic light scattering indicates that beside large PEC particle aggregates distinct smaller particles were formed by the copolymers which have the highest hydrophobicity (styrene). These findings could be proved by AFM. Fractal dimension (D), root mean square (RMS) roughness and the surface profiles of the PEC particles adsorbed on mica allow the following conclusions: the higher the hydrophobicity of the polyelectrolytes, the broader is the particle size distribution and the minor is the swelling of the PEC particles. Hence, the most compact particles are formed with the very hydrophobic copolymer.
Microsatellite loci development in mycoheterotrophic Corallorhiza maculata (Orchidaceae) with amplification in C. mertensiana
Authors: Hopkins Sarah E. , Lee Taylor D.
Published: August 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for the first time in the species Corallorhiza maculata, a nonphotosynthetic orchid that is becoming a model for studying mycorrhizal specificity.

• Methods and Results: Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed using an enrichment and cloning protocol. The number of alleles for each locus ranged from two to seven. The loci were tested in three populations, and the resulting high FST values suggested that these loci have utility in illuminating population structure. Cross‐amplification was also achieved in the sister species C. mertensiana.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful in further study of the population genetics of this species, including that of previously described mycorrhizal races.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in the critically endangered species Acer yangbiense (Aceraceae)
Authors: Zhao Linlin , Sun Weibang , Yang Junbo
Published: August 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed to assess genetic diversity and population structure in Acer yangbiense, a critically endangered endemic species that occurs in northwestern Yunnan Province, China.

• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol, 34 microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in A. yangbiense. Polymorphisms were evaluated in 39 individuals from two distinct populations, one of which was naturally occurring and the other an ex situ grouping. Nine of the markers showed polymorphisms with two to five alleles per locus; observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities ranged from 0.0000 to 0.8000 and from 0.0000 to 0.6889, respectively.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite primers will prove useful in the further investigation of population genetics studies in A. yangbiense and, in addition, will assist related research of other congeneric species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for a worldwide invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)
Authors: Yu Xiang‐Qin , Li Qiao‐Ming
Published: August 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for a worldwide invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) to elucidate the population genetic structure and invasive history.

• Methods and Results: A total of 14 microsatellite primer pairs were developed using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol, and their polymorphism was assessed in two natural populations of C. odorata from Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago. Eleven loci showed polymorphism and eight of these loci were successfully amplified in Ageratina adenophora, another invasive weed related to C. odorata.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers are useful for investigating the population genetic structure and the history of range expansion of these invasive species.
Abus sexuels : une sexualité indicible
Authors: Garnier Catherine
Published: August 2011

Le silence qui recouvre les abus sexuels incestueux, souvent subis à un âge prépubère, constitue une entrave dans la construction de l’identité, de la relation de couple et de la filiation. L’article s’appuie sur trois vignettes cliniques pour illustrer ce constat et montre que la lente reconstruction après ces traumatismes est le fait d’une parole tenue dans un cadre analytique où l’interdit du toucher et l’absence d’emprise sont la règle.
À qui appartient l'enfant en accueil familial ?
Authors: Chapon Nathalie
Published: August 2011

L’article se situe dans la perspective des travaux s’intéressant aux situations de pluriparentalité (familles recomposées, familles adoptives, familles d’accueil...) qui de fait suscitent de nombreuses questions. La parentalité se trouve bousculée, en pleine recomposition Quel rôle et quelle place peuvent avoir les adultes auprès des enfants dont ils ne sont pas les parents ? L’article privilégie la situation des familles d’accueil, interroge le positionnement de l’assistante familiale, de son conjoint et des travailleurs sociaux. Les nouvelles situations de vie parentales nécessitent l’ouverture vers d’autres références familiales et sociales, vers un partage des axes de la parentalité et au-delà la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de coéducation avec l’ensemble des acteurs gravitant autour de l’enfant.
Cutting Edge: Mouse CD300f (CMRF-35–Like Molecule-1) Recognizes Outer Membrane-Exposed Phosphatidylserine and Can Promote Phagocytosis
Authors: Choi Seung-Chul , Simhadri Venkateswara R. , Tian Linjie , Gil-Krzewska Aleksandra , Krzewski Konrad , Borrego Francisco , Coligan John E.
Published: August 2011

Reportedly, CD300f negatively regulates interactions between dendritic and T cells and acts as an anti-inflammatory molecule in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. We found that a CD300f/Fc chimeric protein specifically binds to apoptotic/dead splenocytes and to apoptotic cells from starved or irradiated lymphocytic cell lines, an observation extended to insect cells. CD300f also binds PMA/ionomycin-activated splenocytes and Ag-stimulated T cells, an interaction inhibited by Annexin V. By ELISA, cosedimentation, and surface plasmon resonance using phospholipid-containing liposomes, we show that CD300f preferentially binds phosphatidylserine and requires a metal ion. Exogenous expression of CD300f in cell lines results in enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. We conclude that expression of CD300f conveys additional capacity to recognize phosphatidylserine to myeloid cells. The result of this recognition may vary with the overall qualitative and quantitative receptor content, as well as signaling capacity of the expressing effector cell, but enhanced phagocytosis is one measurable outcome.
Genetics of Common Polygenic Ischaemic Stroke: Current Understanding and Future Challenges
Authors: Bevan Steve , Markus Hugh S.
Published: August 2011

Stroke is the third commonest cause of death and the major cause of adult neurological disability worldwide. While much is known about conventional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and incidence of smoking, these environmental factors only account for a proportion of stroke risk. Up to 50% of stroke risk can be attributed to genetic risk factors, although to date no single risk allele has been convincingly identified as contributing to this risk. Advances in the field of genetics, most notably genome wide association studies (GWAS), have revealed genetic risks in other cardiovascular disease and these techniques are now being applied to ischaemic stroke. This paper covers previous genetic studies in stroke including candidate gene studies, discusses the genome wide association approach, and future techniques such as next generation sequencing and the post-GWAS era. The review also considers the overlap from other cardiovascular diseases and whether findings from these may also be informative in ischaemic stroke.
Which Patients Need an Axillary Clearance after Sentinel Node Biopsy?
Authors: Pazaiti Anastasia , Fentiman Ian S.
Published: August 2011

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a safe and accurate minimally invasive method for detecting axillary lymph node (ALN) involvement in the clinically negative axilla thereby reducing morbidity in patients who avoid unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Although current guidelines recommend completion ALND when macro- and micrometastatic diseases are identified by SLNB, the benefit of this surgical intervention is under debate. Additionally, the management of the axilla in the presence of isolated tumour cells (ITCs) in SLNB is questioned. Particularly controversial is the prognostic significance of minimal SLNB metastasis in relation to local recurrence and overall survival. Preliminary results of the recently published Z0011 trial suggest similar outcomes after SNB or ALND when the SN is positive, but this finding has to be interpreted with caution.
A Comparative Analysis of Biomarker Expression and Molecular Subtypes of Pure Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Invasive Breast Carcinoma by Image Analysis: Relationship of the Subtypes with Histologic Grade, Ki67, p53 Overexpression, and DNA Ploidy
Authors: Sarode Venetia R. , Han Jeong S. , Morris Danielle H. , Peng Yan , Rao Roshni
Published: August 2011

There is a paucity of data regarding molecular subtypes of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (pDCIS). We evaluated the expression of ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, and p53 and DNA ploidy in 118 pDCIS and 100 invasive breast carcinomas (IBCAs) by routine IHC and classified them according to molecular subtypes. Quantification of biomarkers and DNA ploidy was performed by image analysis. Expression of ER, PR, and high ki67 was more frequent in pDCIS compared to IBCA. High-grade tumors had lower ER and PR expression, high Ki67, overexpression of HER2 and p53, and DNA aneuploidy. Luminal A and HER2 subtypes were more common in pDCIS, and triple negative was more prevalent in IBCA. In both groups, HER2 and triple negative subtypes were characterized by high ki67, overexpression of p53, and DNA aneuploidy compared to luminal subtypes. Molecular subtypes of IBCA are distinct from those of pDCIS. Invasion is characterized by change in phenotype in some tumors.
Vascular Damage in Kidney Disease: Beyond Hypertension
Authors: Stinghen Andréa E. M. , Pecoits-Filho Roberto
Published: August 2011

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent and a multiplier of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cannot be completely explained by traditional Framinghan risk factors. Consequently, greater emphasis has been placed in nontraditional risk factors, such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, sympathetic overactivation, protein-energy wasting oxidative stress, vascular calcification, and volume overload. The accumulation of uremic toxins (and the involvement of genetic factors) is responsible for many of the clinical consequences of a condition known as uremia. In this brief paper, we discuss mechanisms involved in the vascular damage of CKD patients, aiming to point out that important factors beyond hypertension are largely responsible for endothelial activation and increased CVD risk, with potential impact on risk stratification and development of novel therapeutic options.
Compression of Morbidity 1980–2011: A Focused Review of Paradigms and Progress
Authors: Fries James F. , Bruce Bonnie , Chakravarty Eliza
Published: August 2011

The Compression of Morbidity hypothesis—positing that the age of onset of chronic illness may be postponed more than the age at death and squeezing most of the morbidity in life into a shorter period with less lifetime disability—was introduced by our group in 1980. This paper is focused upon the evolution of the concept, the controversies and responses, the supportive multidisciplinary science, and the evolving lines of evidence that establish proof of concept. We summarize data from 20-year prospective longitudinal studies of lifestyle progression of disability, national population studies of trends in disability, and randomized controlled trials of risk factor reduction with life-style-based “healthy aging” interventions. From the perspective of this influential and broadly cited paradigm, we review its current history, the development of a theoretical structure for healthy aging, and the challenges to develop coherent health policies directed at reduction in morbidity.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Predicts Left Ventricular Mass and Induces Cell Adhesion Molecule Formation
Authors: Stevens Kathryn K. , McQuarrie Emily P. , Sands William , Hillyard Dianne Z. , Patel Rajan K. , Mark Patrick B. , Jardine Alan G.
Published: August 2011

Elevated FGF-23 is a predictor of mortality and is associated with LVH in CKD. It may be a biomarker or a direct toxin. We assessed the relationship between FGF-23 and LVH in CKD using CMRI. In vitro we studied the effect of phosphate, FGF-23, and Klotho on E-selectin and VCAM production in HUVECs. FGF-23 concentration correlates negatively with eGFR and positively with LVMI. FGF-23 was an independent predictor of LVH in CKD. E-selectin and VCAM production was elevated in HUVECs cultured in high phosphate with FGF-23 or Klotho. This effect was attenuated in cells exposed to both FGF-23 and Klotho. FGF-23 is an independent predictor of LVH as measured by CMRI. We show preliminary data which supports that FGF-23 is toxic resulting in activation of the vascular endothelium. We do not prove causality with elevated FGF-23 and LVH. Further research should ascertain if lowering levels of FGF-23 translates to improved clinical outcomes.
Long-Term Survival ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Fecal Samples Obtained from Naturally Infected Cows and Stored at −18°C and −70°C
Authors: Raizman Eran A. , Espejo L. A. , Wells S. J.
Published: August 2011

The objective was to evaluate the survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Map) in naturally infected dairy cows feces under long periods of freezing at −18°C and −70°C. Samples were collected from cows previously tested positive with serum ELISA or fecal culture, or with clinical signs of Johne's disease. Samples were stored at −18°C and/or −70°C and recultured in Herrold's egg yolk media every 3–6 months. A proportional odds mixed model was used for data analysis. Sixty nine fecal samples were stored for different periods between September 2002 and January 2005. Of these, 45 (65%) were stored at −18°C and 24 (35%) at −70°C. Average number of days between repeated culture dates was 98 and 84 for −18°C and −70°C, respectively. Median number of repeated cultures was 6 and 4 for samples stored at −18°C and −70°C, respectively. After adjusting for initial sample bacterial load, the effects of temperature or number of thawing and refreezing cycles on Map viability were not significant. The probability that a sample decreases from high to moderate-low bacterial load and from moderate-low to negative bacterial load was 13.5% per month. Although this study found gradual reduction of Map concentration in stored fecal samples through time, overall survival in −18°C can ease fecal samples management in laboratories with low-processing capacity or lack of −70°C freezer.
Cognitive Stimulation Programs in Healthy Elderly: A Review
Authors: Tardif Sarah , Simard Martine
Published: August 2011

This literature paper investigated the efficacy of 14 cognitive intervention programs administered to healthy elderly participants. PsycINFO and PubMed databases were searched using the following terms: cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, elderly, and aging. The majority of participants (13/14 studies) were recruited in community. Nine out of 14 studies targeted memory as the principal cognitive function to train or stimulate. Face‐name associations, mental imagery, paired associations, and the method of loci were the main techniques taught to participants. Improvements were observed on at least one outcome measure in each study included in this paper. Recommendations to improve cognitive interventions in the healthy elderly are proposed, such as the utilization of more robust experimental designs, the inclusion of measures of generalization of training in daily life, the assessment of instrumental activities of daily living, quality of life, and self‐esteem.
Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics of Myxoid Soft-Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Nishio Jun , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Nabeshima Kazuki , Naito Masatoshi
Published: August 2011

Myxoid soft-tissue sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors characterized by a predominantly myxoid matrix, including myxoid liposarcoma (MLS), low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS), extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC), myxofibrosarcoma, myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS), and myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP). Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses have shown that many of these sarcomas are characterized by recurrent chromosomal translocations resulting in highly specific fusion genes (e.g.,FUS-DDIT3in MLS,FUS-CREB3L2in LGFMS,EWSR1-NR4A3in EMC, andCOL1A1-PDGFBin myxoid DFSP). Moreover, recent molecular analysis has demonstrated a translocationt(1; 10)(p22; q24) resulting in transcriptional upregulation ofFGF8andNPM3in MIFS. Most recently, the presence ofTGFBR3andMGEA5rearrangements has been identified in a subset of MIFS. These genetic alterations can be utilized as an adjunct in diagnostically challenging cases. In contrast, most myxofibrosarcomas have complex karyotypes lacking specific genetic alterations. This paper focuses on the cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings of myxoid soft-tissue sarcomas as well as their clinicopathological characteristics.
Inflammatory Concepts of Obesity
Authors: Rocha Viviane Zorzanelli , Folco Eduardo J.
Published: August 2011

Obesity, long considered a condition characterized by the deposition of inert fat, is now recognized as a chronic and systemic inflammatory disease, where adipose tissue plays a crucial endocrine role through the production of numerous bioactive molecules, collectively known as adipokines. These molecules regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immune function and blood coagulability, and may serve as blood markers of cardiometabolic risk. Local inflammatory loops operate in adipose tissue as a consequence of nutrient overload, and crosstalk among its cellular constituents-adipocytes, endothelial and immune cells-results in the elaboration of inflammatory mediators. These mediators promote important systemic effects that can result in insulin resistance, dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease. The understanding that inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of obesity-derived disorders has led to therapeutic approaches that target different points of the inflammatory network induced by obesity.