bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The wild raspberry in Serbia: An ethnobotanical study
Authors: Veljkovic Bojana , Karabegovic Ivana , Acic Svetlana , Topuzovic Marina , Petrovic Ivana , Savic Sladjana , Dajic-Stevanovic Zora
Published: April 2021

An ethnobotanical survey of the traditional use of the wild raspberry (Rubus
ideaus) was conducted on nine sites in the regions of southwest (SWS) and
southeast (SES) Serbia. The regions studied belong to mountainous rural
areas in Serbia, mainly populated by Serbian people of the Orthodox faith.
In total, 93 respondents were interviewed about the medicinal, food and
cosmetic uses of the wild raspberry. In terms of plant parts in traditional
use, the leaf and fruit are known to be used frequently. The dry leaf is
more commonly used in the SES (78%) than in the SWS (25%) region. In the SWS
region, the most frequent use of the wild raspberry leaf is linked to
gastrointestinal disorders and prostate inflammation. In the SES region, the
leaves are mostly used for the prevention and healing of gynecological
disorders during both pregnancy and lactation. The local population of the
SWS region uses the fruits mainly for the preparation of syrup juice (92%),
fruit preserves (42%) and in desserts (62%), while in the SES area the
fruits are most frequently used for the preparation of nonalcoholic (97.4%)
and alcoholic beverages (35.9%). Our results provide some novel information
on the use of the wild raspberry in Serbia and in the Balkans, such as for
the treatment of prostate inflammation, use during breastfeeding and to
alleviate inflammation of the eyes.
Body Contouring of the Trunk
Authors: Faulkner Heather R.
Published: April 2021

Body contouring is a term that encompasses both surgical and non-surgical (minimally invasive) procedures for improving the form of the body. There are a variety of reasons patients may seek out truncal body contouring, including massive weight loss and changes associated with childbirth and aging. Knowledge of the available treatment options and technologies is paramount to the ability to counsel patients accurately about suitability for surgery, expected outcomes, and recognition of complications. This review covers pre-operative patient assessment, techniques, and complications of surgical and non-surgical treatments for body contouring of the trunk (excluding abdominoplasty, which is covered in a separate chapter).
This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 27 references.
Keywords: body contouring, trunk, liposuction, lower body lift, upper body lift, skin tightening, skin laxity, cryolipolysis, panniculectomy, focused ultrasound, radiofrequency.
Design of an Obstacle and Location-Based Detector with Microcontroller System
Authors: Owojori Adedotun O. , Mebawondu Jane O. O. , Mebawondu Jacob O.
Published: April 2021

Out of seven billion of the world’s population, two billion and two million that amounts to 31.43% have visual impairment or blindness according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics report. Hence, the need to develop a wearable device with reduced size, efficient power usage, and for more comfortability of the visually impaired or blind people. This work aims at designing an obstacle detection system using an ultrasonic sensor interfaced with an Arduino board to track location, alert patient, and send location messages of visually impaired patient to guardians as a feedback mechanism using a GPRS and GSM module. The C programming language was used as the instruction code to interface Arduino device to carry out given tasks. At the design level, the circuit was first tested on Proteus software for simulation purposes before its hardware implementation. The results obtained from the test show the variation of distance as the patient approaches the obstacle, and messages received when a fix was obtained. This design concept would help reduce danger across the way of those with sight defects and allow them to go to familiar places without any aid smoothly.
Diatomic Molecules and Mass Spectrum of Heavy Quarkonium System with Kratzer- Screened Coulomb Potential (KSCP) through the Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Inyang E. P. , Inyang E. P. , Karniliyus J. , Ntibi J. E. , William E. S.
Published: April 2021

In this work, we obtain solutions of the Schrödinger equation with Kratzer-screened Coulomb potential (KSCP) model using the series expansion method. Explicitly, we compute the bound state energy eigenvalues for selected diatomic molecules of N2, CO, NO, and CH, respectively, for the various vibrational and rotational quantum states and the numerical energy eigenvalues agree with the existing literature. Three special cases were considered. The energy eigenvalues are applied to obtain the mass spectra of heavy quarkonium system such as charmonium and bottomonium. The results agree with the experimental data and other recent theoretical studies.
Investigating the EFL Courses Shift into Moodle during the Pandemic of COVID–19: The case of MA Language and Communication at Mostaganem University
Authors: SARNOU Hanane , SARNOU Dallel
Published: April 2021

The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has affected all countries worldwide in all sectors, mainly in the education sector. Schools and Universities were closed. Teaching and learning were transformed from face to face environments to online platforms. In light of the latter, a pivotal query in this study was to investigate the shift of English as a foreign language (EFL) learning and teaching into Moodle online learning platform and how the delivery of online EFL courses was (un-)beneficial for students to end up the academic year. This research paper sets out to deconstruct recent calls for integrating several E-learning platforms or apps into the Algerian university. To carry out this study, we used an interview with six Algerian university teachers as a first research tool to cover all issues that arose regarding the use of MOODLE e-learning platform imposed by the Ministry of Higher Education. Another target in this paper is to uncover the main difficulties our colleagues have faced during the confinement. The second research tool we used in this survey was an online class observation followed by six questions on Moodle, the Google Meet app, and a closed Facebook group. We chose 24 MA Language and communication students from the English language department of Mostaganem University to reveal the obstacles they faced throughout the Covid- 19 Pandemic. The results showed that both teachers and students are ready to access various online platforms or apps as alternatives such as Zoom, Google Meet and Facebook closed groups to continue teaching and learning English.
The Impact of Metacognitive Online Reading Strategies on Online Reading Disposition of Saudi EFL Learners
Authors: T. Yaghi Eyhab
Published: April 2021

The scientific knowledge related to online reading dispositions and factors affecting the occurrence of these dispositions is limited. Therefore, this treatise aims at studying the impact of metacognitive online reading strategies on online reading dispositions. To achieve this goal, the mixed method was employed using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Students’ responses were keyed to AMOS software. The statistical analysis has shown students’ preference for utilizing support strategies to tackle the problems they might face while they engage with online materials. Reflection, as a disposition, was the most frequently reported by students through their responses to the questionnaires. Further, the results confirmed the impact of metacognitive online reading strategies on online reading dispositions, which was the aim of this paper. These findings provide a holistic understanding of the nature of the relationship between metacognition and dispositions, paving the way for further research that touch other aspects of online reading dispositions
The role of Pig production and Market value chain in the occurrence of African Swine Fever in Songwe and Ruvuma regions, Tanzania
Authors: Ngosomwile Ntuli , Sindato Calvin , Komba Erick V.G. , Ndyetabula Daniel W.
Published: April 2021

Background: In recent years, the pig industry in Tanzania has faced frequent occurrence of outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF). However, there is inadequate information on the pig value chain operation in relation to occurrence of ASF. This study aimed at mapping pig value chain and assess its contribution to the occurrence and spread of ASF in Tanzania.

Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Songwe, Momba, Songea and Mbinga districts of Tanzania. Study districts were purposively selected based on the density of pig population, differences in production systems and history of ASF outbreaks. A total number of 484 pig producers and 28 traders were involved in the study. Random sampling was used to select pig producers. Pig traders were selected using snowball technique. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on pig management and production practices, veterinary services, pig marketing practices and biosecurity measures using Open Data Kit (ODK) software. Semi structured interviews were conducted with key informants on perceived risk practices that are related to ASF outbreaks, challenges and recommendations on ASF prevention and control measures.  Observation method was used to assess structure, facilities and practices within the pig production chain.  

Results: The main actors in the pig production chain were pig producers, assemblers, wholesalers and retailers. Unknown stock source (30%), poor husbandry practice such as free ranging (5%), poor management of waste products (73%) and poor handling of feed (73%) were risk practices in the production node. Transportation nodes operated under high risk due to frequent movements and pick-ups of ≥ 30 pigs per trip.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that different actors operate in the pig production, distribution and marketing chain. Each node operated under low biosecurity measures, and poor infrastructures that are likely to contribute to occurrence of ASF. There is need to improve good husbandry practices, marketing and infrastructures to increase production while ensuring pork safety.
Detection of mixed infection of Plasmodium species in the Southern province of Rwanda. Case study: Ruhango, Bunyogombe and Kibilizi Health centres
Authors: Ndahiro Regis , Bizimana Pascal , Ndoricyimpaye Ella Larissa , Hakizimana Alphonse , Mfizi Jean Damascene
Published: April 2021

Background: Malaria is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa including Rwanda. Though the prevalence of malaria has been reduced due to the use of indoor residual sprayings and insecticide-treated bed nets, it is still a disease that kills many people annually. Many studies conducted revealed that in sub-Saharan Africa including Rwanda there is a high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum. However, there is still a gap in the identification of the presence of mixed Plasmodium infection. This study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of Plasmodium species as well as that of mixed plasmodium infection in Ruhango and Kibilizi Health centres.

Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 126 participants in Ruhango, Bunyogombe and Kibilizi health centres located in the southern province of Rwanda. The conventional sampling strategy was used for the selection of individuals who consented to participate in the study. Blood samples were used to detect Plasmodium species and the obtained data were analyzed using Microsoft excel and IBM SPSS version 21.

Results: Among 126 participants presenting with signs and symptoms of malaria, the overall positive cases of Plasmodium species were 61(48.4%) and among the total positive cases 56 (44.5%) were infected with single Plasmodium species while 5 (4%) were infected with mixed Plasmodium species. Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species infecting 49 (39%) participants while Plasmodium vivax was the least prevalent infection, detected in only 1(0.8%) participant.

Conclusion: The study identified the significant prevalence of mixed-species of Plasmodium infection as well as the high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in the study population. These findings suggest that there is a need for continued monitoring of non-falciparum infection in this population and the introduction of species-specific RDTs that can be used for diagnostic purposes.
Effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem tree) on prevention and treatment of clinical human malaria: A systematic review
Authors: Mbugi Erasto Vitus , Sife Alfred Said , Ruzegea Mboni , Msoffe Grace Emmanuel Peter , Daniel Bestina , Kabyemela Edward , Sunguya Bruno , Lwoga Edda Tandi
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Neem tree parts such as leaves, stem barks, and roots are known to have some medicinal values in both humans and animals. However, the evidence is scattered and vary with populations and regions. This systematic review sought to explore the effectiveness of neem as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent against malaria.

Methodology: The systematic review examined the effectiveness of neem using the pre-registered review protocol and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. The Population Intervention Comparator Outcome (PICO) question was: “What is the effectiveness of neem (Azadirachta indica) when used as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for malaria infection?” It included all cross-sectional survey studies, qualitative studies, case-control studies, randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and cohort studies with or without comparison groups. Studies that had both children and adult patients who were diagnosed with malaria were included in the survey. Malaria patients using traditional medications other than neem as well as those who did not use neem were excluded from this study. The search for articles, screening, and synthesis were conducted using the Rayyan software.

Results: Out of the total 1089 articles retrieved, only 3 fitted the inclusion criteria, 1 article could not be retrieved. A narrative synthesis was therefore done on 2 final research articles that were retrievable. The pooled evidence shows that Azadirachta indica is effective against malaria. The medicinal effects are more on symptoms and curbing development to clinical disease than ant parasitic effects.

Conclusion: Neem is potential traditional medicine for malaria symptoms’ treatment, but evidence on ant parasitic effects is still not conclusive. The study recommends further primary studies to enhance the power of results to further recommend this plant for the prevention of or treatment of malaria symptoms.
Health related vulnerabilities and enabling institutions to facilitate responses to climate change in East Africa
Authors: Githeko Andrew K
Published: April 2021

It is now accepted that climate change  is  having and will continue to have a direct or an indirect impact on human health and in most cases, it will be negative. In this review the links between climate and climate sensitive diseases is established. The review goes further to examine what it will take for health research institutions to address adaptation to climate change, while reducing institutional vulnerability and improving their response to climate change.  Evidence has emerged that range expansion of climate sensitive diseases such as malaria, meningitis, Rift Valley Fever, chikungunya and cryptosporidium is occurring and this will increase pressure on the health systems across Africa. Climate related risks in health will require a proactive approach in order to prevent rather than manage health disasters. Diseases epidemic predictive models will enable early detection of the risks and intervention. The health system is dependent on several national and foreign partners forming a critical network. If these networks malfunction then the health systems will be highly susceptible to failure. Governance and leadership of the institutions will determine the rate of adaption to climate change. There is need to strengthen research institutions in Africa because they can run long term programs addressing climate change. Furthermore these institutions must expand their research agenda to include a multidisciplinary approach to solving problems.  A closer collaboration between departments of meteorology, remote sensing and mapping  and medical research institutions is now more urgent than ever. Development partners and national governments must invest in infrastructure that will enable adaptation with the aim of increasing the institutional capacity to cope and minimize the potential impacts of climate driven diseases.
Réflexions pour une approche anthropologique de la guerre homérique
Authors: Bouvier David
Published: April 2021

Os historiadores contemporâneos são unânimes em considerar que a guerra era "natural" para os gregos antigos. A generalização é bem mais perigosa porque ela suscita um círculo vicioso de justificativas, por meio das quais se passa da evidência das guerras para sua frequência e daí ao reconhecimento de um temperamento belicoso dos gregos. Tendo como referência dois estudos essenciais de Momigliano e Vernant, a presente contribuição mostra que o postulado de uma evidência da guerra impediu que se reconhecesse, desde a Ilíada, um processo de reflexão para justificar a guerra, dando-lhe um sentido. Situada em uma planície de Troia livre de qualquer obstáculo, animada por um jogo de investidas mútuas, a guerra homérica se assemelha à tensão de uma balança em que o equilíbrio vai ceder. Bem mais do que uma simples metáfora, a estabilização e a comparação das forças remete ao desejo de uma guerra cujo veredicto possa advir da equidade.
Analysis of the community supported agriculture model in Brazil from the point of view of the transaction cost economic
Authors: Rotoli Liliane Ubeda Morandi , Scalco Andréa Rossi , Pigatto Giuliana Aparecida Santini
Published: April 2021

The marketing relationship between farmers and consumers generates transaction costs, and these costs can be minimized through use of an appropriate governance structure. The main objective of this paper was to analyze the governance structure of Community Supported Agriculture in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to identify whether it favors coordination between agents and promotes the reduction of transaction costs. The investigation followed a qualitative-quantitative approach according to the survey research method. For this, it was described the characteristics of the institutional environment in order to understand the aspects that delimit the behavior of the agents and that influence the structure of governance between the agents, as well as identifying the characteristics of transactions and agents (farmers and consumers), from the viewpoint of Transaction Cost Economics.  The analysis of the characteristics of the agents showed that there is limited rationality in the perception of consumers; the characteristics of the transactions indicated a high level of locational, temporal, physical and brand specificity, in addition to the technological specificity in the farmers' perceptions; and the frequency of transactions is high. The assessed scenario shows that the specified governance structure is the hybrid - with the bilateral dependence between autonomous actors and, although adequate, requires improvements in reducing uncertainty among agents. This article brings scientific contributions by relating the theoretical approach of Transaction Cost Economics to the short channels of food production and consumption and, mainly, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, where these channels have grown in the last decade.
Keywords: Commercialization channel. Institutional environment. Governance structure.
When an old concept comes full circle, in other words, the shock of the real
Authors: Klimczak Anna
Published: April 2021

The article presents a collection of the author’s archival works, the meaning of which has become relevant in the face of socio-political changes in Poland. Critical artistic considerations related to national identity or relations between the state and the church are also discussed. The artist’s attitude towards political discussion and a closer look at the creative processes is also examined. Cultural projects and selected artistic works are identified, and grassroots social activities with the participation of artists are described. The ongoing media discussion and social mood is outlined. Included is a visual (photographic) presentation commenting on the issues highlighted, with particular emphasis on the artistic works of the author.
Studi penataan pada tanaman lanskap jalan di bagian hilir Tukad Mati, Kelurahan Legian, Kecamatan Kuta, Kabupaten Badung
Authors: Dewi Putu Candra Kusuma , Utami Ni Wayan Febriana , Gunadi I Gusti Alit
Published: April 2021

This research is motivated by lack of arrangement on streetscape plantations at the downstream of Tukad Mati as well as on-site roblems found such as unfit existing plantations to streetscape planting standar and unsupported behavior of community surrounding which establish unideal streetscape condition i.e. littering waste to the river, congestion created from street vendors and unintended gathering place on the sidewalks. Therefore, this study aims to determine the appropriate arrangement for streetscape with focusing on plantations arrangement. Method used in this study was field survey by implementing observations, field measurements and documentations data collection technique. Data were analyzed with descriptive qualitative method by comparing streetscape suitability with regulation standards and literatures. Results were indicated that the streetscape has potency to develop by arranging the plantations. It can be achieved by following government regulation on standard of streescape. Based on current situation of the street, it found that the previous plan for tree selection were not ideal, so it need to adjust by selecting and planting quen crape myrtle trees (Lagerstroemia speciosa) to substitute the previous streetscape plantations plan. Then, this recommended species was used as the main concept for structuring streetscape plantation at the downstream of Tukad Mati. The concept for spatial arrangement with this new tress selection will providing comfortable space for the user and improving the quality of the physical and visual of the street.
Assessing the Role of Integrated Research and Monitoring Tools in Remediation Efforts at Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence River Basin Areas of Concern: A Case Study of the Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan
Authors: Berquist Michelle
Published: April 2021

In accordance with the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the governments of Canada and the United States have agreed to support the remediation of 43 Areas of Concern (AOC) where “failure [to meet objectives of the agreement] has caused or is likely to cause impairment of beneficial use or of the area’s ability to support aquatic life.” A Remedial Action Plan (RAP) has been created for each AOC that outlines how impairments are to be addressed. This presentation will focus on one such plan, the Bay of Quinte RAP, as a case study to explore the role of research and monitoring in realizing the aims of the policy. Results will be based on a literature review encompassing existing works about Great Lakes RAPs, the Bay of Quinte watershed, multi‐party monitoring and the relationship between science and policy, along with semi‐structured interviews with project leaders and community stakeholders to determine how practice at the Bay of Quinte compares to theory and to practice at other Areas of Concern. The results will be instructive for any groups planning a multi‐stakeholder undertaking particularly those involved in any of the 40 other RAPs still underway on our Great Lakes.
Using Thermal Profiling as an Indicator for Groundwater Discharge
Authors: Ricci Jamie
Published: April 2021

Temperature can be used in order to selectively and intelligently deploy monitoring wells to measure groundwater discharge to surface water. The temperature of Groundwater is constant, reflecting average annual temperature, whereas the temperature of surface water fluctuates daily and seasonally. The contrast can be found by scanning sediment for variations in temperature. In effect, this disparity causes ‘cold spots’ in surface water, such as lakes, which are often felt by swimmers as a brisk interruption to the warmth of the lake. This technique of scanning shorelines for evidence of groundwater discharge to surface water was employed at three locations. These sites are all located in Ontario; one, Victor, is in the James Bay Lowlands, while the remaining two, Frontenac Landfill and the Former Davis Tannery, are in southeastern Ontario, namely Kingston. Victor is a pristine location, while the two in Kingston are both contaminated. Each has limestone bedrock overlain by glacial sediment and wetlands. The two in southern Ontario have marshes, while the site in northern Ontario is a peatland. The climate of the Kingston locations is temperate and continental with influence of the Great Lakes whereas Victor is subarctic and wet. The stratigraphy, or succession of sediments that overly the bedrock, has been heavily disturbed by anthropogenic processes at the two sites in Kingston, making groundwater flow difficult to predict. Determining groundwater discharge will aid other work at each site. At the Former Davis Tannery it is critical to trace contaminants, particularly fugitive emissions that may discharge into adjacent surface water. At Frontenac, the study will help understand the implications of the landfill on the marsh which flanks it. Furthermore, the study of groundwater discharge at Victor can provide information about the hydrogeology of the region, as few studies have taken place in this region until recently. Two different types and probes of various lengths were manually inserted into sediment to identify temperature differences. Location and temperature readings were recorded. The range of temperatures at each site was as follows: Frontenac (10.2°C to 13.4°C), Victor (0.5°C to 20.4°C), and the Former Davis Tannery (8.2°C to 23.1°C). These differences indicate that thermal profiling can be used in order to scan for groundwater discharge. Furthermore, the ease with which this method can be accomplished makes it a viable solution for consulting firms, researchers, or others looking to characterize groundwater/surface water interactions.
Intellectual Property Challenges: Unshackling Innovation
Authors: Palmer Chris
Published: April 2021

Last year I was co‐investigator on an award winning research project that sought to improve sustainable energy technology. Our project optimized dye‐sensitized solar cells, which are cheaper and more environmentally friendly than traditional solar cells. We discovered that adding a certain material results in approximately a 10% increase in efficiency. Although I would like to, I cannot share any more details because of intellectual property issues. This seems odd considering the intent of the project; however, it is a common and valid concern for researchers because of current intellectual property law. An inventor has no claim to an invention until it is patented. The expense of patenting forces people to hoard their ideas even if they do not want the patents for themselves. Though ideas could benefit society, inventors must conceal them lest a greedy entity patent them and prevent their free use. To remedy this problem I propose the establishment of an institution that would pay for patent applications, provided that after the patent is granted only a minimal fee is charged for use of the patent. This fee would compensate the inventors reasonably, pay upkeep costs of the institution and possibly fund a grant agency. This would encourage innovation by allowing free exchange of ideas without fear of intellectual robbery or loss of credit to the inventor, facilitating more productive and expedient research. The institution would afford society virtually free use of technologies with the consent of the inventor, making widespread implementation of new technologies more feasible.
8. Temperature Dependence of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide and Methane Exchange in High Arctic Mineral Soils: Implications for Feedbacks to a Warming
Authors: Fisher Evangeline
Published: April 2021

Plant communities in the high Arctic are distributed according to moisture gradients. If moisture regimes change in response to future climate change, the distribution of plant communities is also likely to change. An understanding of how interactions between vegetation community type and changes in temperature and moisture levels will impact the flux of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide in arctic soils is critical for predicting potential positive feedback to climate warming. My research quantifies the flux of these greenhouse gases from mineral soils collected from three different plant community types at Cape Bounty, Nunavut: wet sedge, mesic heath, and polar desert. Intact soil cores (0‐10 cm) were collected during July of 2008, then sealed and refrigerated for transportation back to Kingston. The cores were incubated at 4°C, 8°C, and 12°C, including a three week pre‐incubation to ensure the cores were completely equilibrated to their respective temperature. My results suggest a significant temperature dependency for production of each of the greenhouse gases, with enhanced output in the characteristically wetter sites. The response to temperature (Q10) does not; however, appear to be consistent across the different plant communities. Further field studies were conducted to determine the impact of these vegetative community types on observed soil temperature. My results demonstrate a tendency toward warmer temperatures and enhanced diurnal fluctuations at drier sites. These initial results suggest that in a warmer climate, high Arctic soils have the potential to contribute to a positive feedback to climate change through the efflux of these gases.29
9. Creating Effective Health Promotion Messages: Using Eye Tracking Technology Coupled with Masked Recall to Determine the Effectiveness of Loss and Gain Framed Osteoporosis Advertisements
Authors: Dalgleish Jordanne
Published: April 2021

Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease which afflicts over 25 percent of Canadian women over the age of 50, and can lead to serious fractures.(Osteoporosis Canada, 2009) What is the most startling about this disease is that osteoporosis is largely preventable by taking calcium and vitamin D supplements and enjoying a healthy, active lifestyle. The challenge then, is to figure out ways to effectively communicate prevention related health messages. By framing messages either by naming or showing the consequences (loss framed) naming or showing the benefits (gain framed) or simply stating the facts (neutral framed), message framing can be a persuasive communication tool to affect changes in behaviour (Pelletier & Sharp, 2008) Using eye tracking technology‐ which is a device used to measure a participant’s attention to advertisements ‐ data will be collected to monitor the number of eye fixations, and the dwell time, or total amount of time looking at a particular advertisement. This information will be used to determine what types of messages (loss, gain, or neutral framed) garner more audience attention. The eye tracking data will be coupled with an exercise after the eye tracking experiment where participants are asked to recall what was written in the health advertisement messages. This exercise will provide information on whether loss, gain or neutral framed messages were more effective for audience recollection, which is significant because the messages recalled more easily are more likely to change perceptions, attitudes and behaviours.
10. Mercury Biomagnification in the Food Web of Tropical Andean Stream
Authors: Kwon Sae Yun
Published: April 2021

Increasing release of mercury (Hg) through gold amalgamation, and deforestation have been major concerns in South America. Volcanic sources have also contributed to the natural emission of Hg from the Andes Mountains. Hg not only exhibits biomagnification through aquatic food webs, but it is also neurotoxic and impacts the reproductive capacity of fish. Many studies have assessed Hg biomagnification from areas of gold mining and erosion, but ours is one of the first to examine Hg contamination in a relatively undisturbed area. We used stable nitrogen () and carbon (13C) isotopes to characterize the food web of Río Las Marías, Venezuela, and examine Hg biomagnification trends. Representative fish species from Río Las Marías were collected during January‐February 2004, including detritivores, herbivores, invertivores, parasites, piscivores, and carnivores. Nitrogen isotope results indicate that parasitic catfish (Ochmancanthus alternus) ( = 12.2‰), carnivorous stingrays (Potamotrygon orbignyi) ( =11.4‰) and piscivorous redeye piranhas (Serrasalmus rhombeus) ( =10.9‰) act as top consumers in the web. Detritivorous characins (Steindachnerina argentae) (=6.8‰), and invertivorous knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) ( =7.9‰) were located at the bottom of the food web. Although the highest value was observed from Ochmancanthus alternus due to its unusual diet of fish mucus, we predict that piscivorous species will exhibit higher Hg concentrations by consuming the muscle tissue where Hg is stored. Our assessment of Hg patterns in Río Las Marías will clarify the extent of Hg contamination in undisturbed areas, and will offer a valuable comparison to rivers that are influenced by gold mining activities.3
Contextual Influences on Attributions of Racial Discrimination in Organizational Work Groups
Authors: Lyons Brent
Published: April 2021

I will assess how contextual characteristics of work groups, along with one’s race, influence employees’ tendencies to attribute negative job outcomes to racial discrimination. I hypothesize that employees who are passed over for promotion are more likely to make attributions of discrimination when they are a racial minority (Asian), their race is numerically underrepresented in the group, and the person promoted instead is of a different race. When their race is numerically underrepresented, Whites make more discriminatory attributions than Asians. When equally represented, Asians make more discriminatory attributions. Finally, Asians and Whites will not differ in their discrimination attributions when the promoted individual is of the same race, but Whites have higher attributions when he/she is of a different race.
THE BEGINNING OF THE RUSSIAN ARMED AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE ACCORDING TO "THE NEW YORK TIMES" (February 27 – March 4, 2014)
Authors: Petrechko Oleh , Masnenko Vitalii
Published: April 2021

Summary. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the initial stage of the Russian aggression against Ukraine was represented in "The New York Times". The methodology of the study is based on the principles of science, the use of general scientific methods inter alia, the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the content analysis method. The scientific novelty lies in the conclusion drawn for the first time in historiography that Russian propaganda aimed at American society in the first days of Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine was ineffective.
The conclusions are as follows. "The New York Times" has paid much attention to the Russian aggression against Ukraine ever since the building of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was seized by a military Russian uni. For the period from February 27 to March 4, each issue of the newspaper contained materials that directly covered the Russian aggression or dealt with this problem indirectly. The authors of the materials promptly covered the current situation of that time, and taking into account the time difference between Ukraine and the United States, reports in the electronic and sometimes in the print version of the newspaper could appear on the same calendar day on which the commented event took place. The events in Ukraine were covered quite fully and objectively, the positions of both the Ukrainian and Russian sides, as well as the statements of the inhabitants of Crimea were cited. Russian propaganda’s attempts to shape the negative attitude of American society towards Ukraine and the Revolution of Dignity were unsuccessful.
PLACES OF MEMORY AS A "TOUCHSTONE" OF UKRAINIAN-POLISH RELATIONS
Authors: Khakhula Liubomyr , Ohar Anna
Published: April 2021

Monograph review:
Strilchuk L., Ninichuk A. War of memory and war of monuments in modern Ukrainian-Polish relations. Lutsk: Vezha-Druk, 2019. 368 p.
دور القيادة الواعية في بناء الهوية‌ التنظيمية دراسة تحليلية لآراء عينة من أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في كليات جامعة دهوك
Authors: Ismail Hadi Kh. , Khalid Green M.
Published: April 2021

سعت الدراسة الحالية إلى الكشف عن دور القيادة الواعية في بناء الهوية التنظيمية لجامعة دهوك من وجهة نظر أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية فيها، وتم اعتماد ثلاثة أبعاد للقيادة الواعية، وهي: الوعي بالذات، الوعي بالآخرين، والوعي بالموقف، وثلاثة أبعاد للهوية التنظيمية، وهي: المركزية، التميز، والاستمرارية. ومن أجل الوصول إلى النتائج المتوخاة من الدراسة، تم الاعتماد على أدبيات الموضوع التي تناولت متغيرات الدراسة في بناء الإطارين النظري والمنهجي لها. وصممت استمارة استبانة لجمع بيانات الجانب الميداني، وشملت عينة الدراسة (452) من أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في الجامعة المبحوثة. بينما جرت عمليات التحليل الإحصائي للبيانات باستخدام البرمجية الإحصائية (SPSS)، وتم حساب عدد من المؤشرات الإحصائية والتي شكلت الأساس في عرض ومناقشة نتائج التحليل الميداني. خرجت الدراسة بمجموعة من الاستنتاجات، منها وجود علاقات معنوية موجبة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين القيادة الواعية والهوية التنظيمية، كما إن القيادة الواعية بوصفها متغيراً مستقلاً تؤثر معنوياً في الهوية التنظيمية. تم وضع مجموعة من المقترحات التي ركزت على ضرورة الاهتمام من قبل القيادات الاكاديمية في الجامعة المبحوثة بأبعاد الهوية التنظيمية مجتمعة (المركزية، التميز، والاستمرارية).
An Efficient Method of Image Encryption Using Rossler Chaotic System
Authors: Hamza Yasir Ahmed , Dahar Omer Marwan
Published: April 2021

In this study, a new approach of image encryption has been proposed. This method is depends on the symmetric encryption algorithm RC4 and Rossler chaotic system. Firstly, the encryption key is employed to ciphering a plain image using RC4 and obtains a ciphered-image. Then, the same key is used to generate the initial conditions of the Rossler system. The system parameters and the initial conditions are used as the inputs for Rossler chaotic system to generate the 2-dimensional array of random values. The resulted array is XORed with the ciphered-image to obtain the final encrypted-image. Based on the experimental results, the proposed method has achieved high security and less computation time. Also, the proposed method can be resisted attacks like (statistical, brute-force, and differential).
Democracia, gobernabilidad y cohesión social
Authors: Salgado Guzmán Sandra Alicia , Solís Salazar Rosa María , Montiel Rodríguez Delfino Amando
Published: April 2021

Una democracia estable se fundamenta en la cohesión social, la democracia se ve socavada en sociedades con pobreza generalizada y brechas crecientes de inequidad social, económica y cultural entre los grupos de la sociedad. La extrema desigualdad es uno de los principales desafíos para la gobernabilidad en América Latina y por ende en México. Aunado a ello: la erosión de las fuentes tradicionales de pertenencia a una comunidad, los altos niveles de exclusión social o segregación en grupos de la colectividad y la desconfianza generalizada en los gobernantes, partidos políticos e incluso de las Instituciones Públicas, todos estos elementos dificultan la cohesión social y la salud de la democracia.Cabe mencionar que cuando se experimentan altos niveles de pobreza, desigualdad y exclusión; el crecimiento y modernización coexisten con crecientes cordones de miseria; la exclusión política de los pobres en las zonas rurales; la política de elevar la productividad y liberar mercados, son más importantes que la de salvaguardar un nivel de vida mínimo para la mayoría de las personas y en donde los individuos, al ser marginados, no participan en la vida pública, salvo al ejercer su derecho al voto. En esta investigación el método utilizado es teórico, bajo la técnica de análisis documental, la observación y deducción lógica, lo que permite identificar como la cohesión social surge como un esfuerzo democrático para establecer equilibrios sociales, dinamismo económico e identidad nacional, a fin de instaurar un sistema de equidad y sostener los impulsos del crecimiento económico no controlado, evitando la fractura social.
La importancia de implementar un programa de compliance ambiental en las empresas
Authors: Lara Serna Leonel , Ruíz Méndez Octavio
Published: April 2021

La implementación de un modelo de compliance posiciona a las empresas entre sus competidores y le brinda la posibilidad de adecuarse fácilmente a otros mercados, pues significa que es versátil y posee la capacidad de adaptarse a las necesidades actuales del cliente, las cuales, precisamente, son determinantes para su permanencia y aceptación dentro de la sociedad. Es claro que, durante los últimos 30 años, el sector empresarial se ha enfocado en las necesidades y preocupaciones de la sociedad (que se conectan directamente con la globalización y estilo de vida) más que en la creación e imposición de productos, debido a que buscan brindar soluciones y atender conflictos propios de cada época.A la vez, la inclusión de compliance permite que sea más fácil la gestión de operaciones, la previsión de riesgos, así como la consolidación de una imagen, ya que esta herramienta le agrega valor económico a la empresa, considerándose una inversión obligada.Son muchos los parámetros que un buen programa de compliance debe cubrir, sin embargo, en este trabajo, se abordarán tres temas que son de suma importancia hoy en día: el compliance, el medio ambiente, -que se ha convertido en uno de los principales aspectos de regulación paras las empresas- y la fusión entre ellos, para mejorar la operatividad al margen del respeto de lo derechos humanos y el desarrollo sustentable.
Augmented reality marker-based technology for augmenting newspaper advertisement
Authors: Pervez Rahat , Chowdhury Diba , Sagor Md Sahadat Hossain , Hoque Md. Imdadul , Islam Nafiul
Published: April 2021

In this research, we describe an augmented reality android-based idea in which we utilize augmented reality marker-based technology for augmenting newspaper advertisement with electronic information that does not modify the format of the newspaper document and remains exactly the same, substantially improves the utility of paper by reducing the portion of the printed Ad on the newspaper. An implementation on a camera phone is discussed that lets users retrieve data and access links from newspaper advertisements to electronic data. We carefully examined over twenty people of different ages and occupations who participated in the newspaper-based AR and we got a significant overall response. Further analysis implies that this may assist students in understanding the complex 3D objects, which they can manipulate, learn tasks and improve skills.
Diode laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty using palisade technique
Authors: Michalik Michał , Podbielska-Kubera Adrianna , Dmowska-Koroblewska Agnieszka
Published: April 2021

Introduction. The patency of the lower part of the upper respiratory tract depends on the muscle tone of pharynx, soft palate and tongue muscles. The consequence of the lowered tone of these muscles is recurrent total or partial narrowing of the airways. In this case, the turbulent airflow causes soft tissue vibration, which is heard as snoring. Material and Methods. The study included 34 patients: 27 men and 7 women. Carbon dioxide diode laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty was employed. The diode laser with a wavelength of 810 mm, power of 5 W, and pulse length of 4 seconds was used. Before the procedure, all the patients underwent laryngological assessment. Medical history of the patients was also collected. In addition, the patients completed 2 questionnaires: a sleep disorder screening questionnaire and Ephworth Sleepiness Scale. Moreover, a 3D CT scan and acoustic rhinometry were performed. All the tests were repeated 3 months after the procedure. Results. The procedure was performed in 34 patients. Complete clinical response was observed in 21 cases, and a partial response was seen in 13 cases. There were no patients in the study group who had not experienced at least a partial improvement of symptoms. None of the patients reported any complications. Conclusions. Good clinical outcome was obtained in all the patients after obtaining palatal stiffening, which contributed to the resolution of symptoms. The advantages of diode laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty using palisade technique include the safety of the procedure, minimal invasiveness, short healing time, and a low risk of complications. The procedure is performed on an out-patient basis under local anesthesia.
The foreign bodies in lower respiratory tract in pediatric patients treated in referral academic department of pediatric otolaryngology
Authors: Drogobytska Irina , Pilch Maciej , Zawadzka-Głos Lidia
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Foreign bodies in lower respiratory tract for many years are big challenge for otolaryngologists. These objects could present variability of clinical symptoms. Increase of infection and mortality due to delay of accurate diagnosis. Interview is the most important part of examination of patient with suspected foreign body in airways. Any suspicion of aspiration is qualification to diagnostic bronchoscopy. Aim. This paper refers occurrence assessment, clinical course, diagnostic process and treatment of the pediatric patients with suspected foreign body in lower respiratory tract hospitalized in referral Academic Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis of 74 patients with suspected foreign body in lower respiratory tract, who were hospitalized in Clinical Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology in Warsaw Medical University in 2016-2018. Analysis includes demographic data, occurrence frequency, localization and the type of foreign body, diagnostic process and treatment. Results. This study includes 42 boys (57%) and 32 girls (43%) in age of 8 months to 16-year-old. The episode of choking occurs in interview in 71 patients (96%). Foreign bodies in lower respiratory tract were confirmed and evacuated in bronchoscopy procedure in 44 cases (59.5%). In 30 cases (40.5%) there were any foreign body in airways. The most common group of patients admitted to Clinic with suspected foreign body in airways was children in age between 1 to 3-year-old, which accounted for 22 cases (50%). Coughing was the most commonly reported symptom (54.5%), wheezing (27.5%) and dyspnea (15.9%). Twenty-three patients were presenting wheezing and whirring in physical examination. Air trap found in thorax x-ray were in 22 patients (45%). The right main bronchus was the most common place of foreign body retention – 22 patients (50%). The organic foreign bodies were in 32 cases (72.7%) and non-organic in 12 (27.3%). The nuts were the most common foreign body aspirated to airways. Conclusions. Foreign body aspiration should be suspected in every patient, not only those with choking episode but also with patients who presents ambiguous change in physical examination and x-ray scan. In pediatric patient with suspected foreign body in lower respiratory tract, in every time the bronchoscopy is needed to be done, even in patients with no abnormalities in physical examination and x-ray scan.