bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Comorbidities in Epilepsy
Authors: Mula Marco , Coleman Honor , Wilson Sarah J.
Published: April 2022

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article discusses psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities of epilepsy over the lifespan and illustrates opportunities to improve the quality of care of children and adults with epilepsy.

RECENT FINDINGS

One in 3 people with epilepsy have a lifetime history of psychiatric disorders, and they represent an important prognostic marker of epilepsy. Contributors are diverse and display a complex relationship. Cognitive comorbidities are also common among those living with epilepsy and are increasingly recognized as a reflection of changes to underlying brain networks. Among the cognitive comorbidities, intellectual disability and dementia are common and can complicate the diagnostic process when cognitive and/or behavioral features resemble seizures.

Comorbidities require consideration from the first point of contact with a patient because they can determine the presentation of symptoms, responsiveness to treatment, and the patient’s day-to-day functioning and quality of life. In epilepsy, psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities may prove a greater source of disability for the patient and family than the seizures themselves, and in the case of essential comorbidities, they are regarded as core to the disorder in terms of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
NANOS3 suppresses premature spermatogonial differentiation to expand progenitors and fine-tunes spermatogenesis in mice
Authors: Inoue Hiroki , Sakurai Takayuki , Hasegawa Kazuteru , Suzuki Atsushi , Saga Yumiko
Published: April 2022

In the mouse testis, sperm originate from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs give rise to spermatogonial progenitors, which expand their population until entering the differentiation process that is precisely regulated by a fixed time-scaled program called the seminiferous cycle. Although this expansion process of progenitors is highly important, its regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. NANOS3 is an RNA-binding protein expressed in the progenitor population. We demonstrated that the conditional deletion of Nanos3 at a later embryonic stage results in the reduction of spermatogonial progenitors in the postnatal testis. This reduction was associated with the premature differentiation of progenitors. Furthermore, this premature differentiation caused seminiferous stage disagreement between adjacent spermatogenic cells, which influenced spermatogenic epithelial cycles, leading to disruption of the later differentiation pathway. Our study suggests that NANOS3 plays an important role in timing progenitor expansion to adjust to the proper differentiation timing by blocking the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway.
Notch-dependent DNAcis-regulatory elements and their dose-dependent control ofC. elegansstem cell self-renewal
Authors: Lynch Tina R. , Xue Mingyu , Czerniak Cazza W. , Lee ChangHwan , Kimble Judith
Published: April 2022

A long-standing biological question is how DNA cis-regulatory elements shape transcriptional patterns during metazoan development. Reporter constructs, cell culture assays and computational modeling have made major contributions to answering this question, but analysis of elements in their natural context is an important complement. Here, we mutate Notch-dependent LAG-1 binding sites (LBSs) in the endogenous Caenorhabditis elegans sygl-1 gene, which encodes a key stem cell regulator, and analyze the consequences on sygl-1 expression (nascent transcripts, mRNA, protein) and stem cell maintenance. Mutation of one LBS in a three-element cluster approximately halved both expression and stem cell pool size, whereas mutation of two LBSs essentially abolished them. Heterozygous LBS mutant clusters provided intermediate values. Our results lead to two major conclusions. First, both LBS number and configuration impact cluster activity: LBSs act additively in trans and synergistically in cis. Second, the SYGL-1 gradient promotes self-renewal above its functional threshold and triggers differentiation below the threshold. Our approach of coupling CRISPR/Cas9 LBS mutations with effects on both molecular and biological readouts establishes a powerful model for in vivo analyses of DNA cis-regulatory elements.
Species-specific function of conserved regulators in orchestrating rice root architecture
Authors: Garg Tushar , Singh Zeenu , Chennakesavulu Kunchapu , Mushahary Khrang Khrang Khunggur , Dwivedi Anuj Kumar , Varapparambathu Vijina , Singh Harshita , Singh Raj Suryan , Sircar Debabrata , Chandran Divya , Prasad Kalika , Jain Mukesh , Yadav Shri Ram
Published: April 2022

Shoot-borne adventitious/crown roots form highly derived fibrous root system in grasses. Molecular mechanisms controlling their development remains largely unknown. We provide a genome-wide landscape of transcriptional signatures, tightly regulated auxin response, and in-depth spatio-temporal expression patterns of potential epigenetic modifiers, and transcription factors during priming and outgrowth of rice crown root primordia. Functional analyses of rice transcription factors from WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX and PLETHORA gene families reveal their non-redundant, and species-specific roles in determining the root architecture. OsWOX10, and OsPLT1 regulate both, shoot-borne crown roots, and root-borne lateral roots, but OsPLT2 specifically controls lateral root development. OsPLT1 activates local auxin biosynthesis genes to promote crown root development. Interestingly, OsPLT genes rescue lateral root primordia outgrowth defects of Arabidopsis plt mutant, demonstrating their conserved role in root primordia outgrowth irrespective of their developmental origin. Together, our findings unveil a molecular framework of tissue trans-differentiation during root primordia establishment, leading to culmination of robust fibrous root architecture. This also suggests that conserved factors have evolved their transcription regulation to acquire species-specific function.
Dissociation of β2m from MHC class I triggers formation of noncovalent transient heavy chain dimers
Authors: Dirscherl Cindy , Löchte Sara , Hein Zeynep , Kopicki Janine-Denise , Harders Antonia Regina , Linden Noemi , Karner Andreas , Preiner Johannes , Weghuber Julian , Garcia-Alai Maria , Uetrecht Charlotte , Zacharias Martin , Piehler Jacob , Lanzerstorfer Peter , Springer Sebastian
Published: April 2022

At the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (MHC-I) present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells. Following the loss of the peptide and the light chain beta-2 microglobulin (β2m, encoded by B2M), the resulting free heavy chains (FHCs) can associate into homotypic complexes in the plasma membrane. Here, we investigate the stoichiometry and dynamics of MHC-I FHCs assemblies by combining a micropattern assay with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and with single-molecule co-tracking. We identify non-covalent MHC-I FHC dimers, with dimerization mediated by the α3 domain, as the prevalent species at the plasma membrane, leading a moderate decrease in the diffusion coefficient. MHC-I FHC dimers show increased tendency to cluster into higher order oligomers as concluded from an increased immobile fraction with higher single-molecule colocalization. In vitro studies with isolated proteins in conjunction with molecular docking and dynamics simulations suggest that in the complexes, the α3 domain of one FHC binds to another FHC in a manner similar to that seen for β2m.
Αξιολόγηση και βελτίωση ποιότητας υπηρεσίας και εμπειρίας σε συστήματα υπολογιστικού νέφους
Authors: Ψύχας Αλέξανδρος
Published: April 2022

Το Cloud έχει μια πληθώρα από χαρακτηριστικά που είναι απαραίτητα για τους κατόχους εφαρμογών ώστε να διασφαλίσουν την ποιότητα υπηρεσίας, την σταθερότητα καθώς και την κλιμάκωσή τους. Λόγω αυτών των χαρακτηριστικών αποτελεί την ντε φάκτο λύση υποδομής για την εγκατάσταση και λειτουργεία μιας πληθώρας από εφαρμογές. Η ανάπτυξη μιας εφαρμογής σε ένα περιβάλλον Cloud ωστόσο, θέτει μια σειρά από σοβαρές προκλήσεις, κυρίως όσον αφορά τη διαδικασία επιλογής παρόχου και πόρων, με βάση την αναμενόμενη ποιότητα υπηρεσίας, καθώς και τη διαχείριση των εικονικών πόρων στις εγκαταστάσεις του παρόχου. Η διατριβή αυτή επιχειρεί να προσεγγίσει και να επιλύσει αυτά τα θεμελιώδη προβλήματα που αφορούν την υιοθέτηση λύσεων Cloud. Συγκεκριμένα, επιχειρεί να αντιμετωπίσει αυτά τα ζητήματα παρέχοντας μια εξελιγμένη αρχιτεκτονική και ένα σύνολο εργαλείων λογισμικού που βοηθά τόσο τον χρήστη του Cloud όσο και τον πάροχο, όσον αφορά το προφίλ και την κατηγοριοποίηση εφαρμογών, την ανάλυση και την πρόβλεψη των επιπτώσεων παρεμβολών σε παραλληλοποιημένες εφαρμογές, την ανάλυση και διαχείριση των πόρων, τη συγκριτική αξιολόγηση και την ανάλυση και αποσαφήνιση της ποιότητας εμπειρίας σε υποδομές Cloud. Αναφορικά με τις παρεμβολές και διαχείριση πόρων αναπτύχθηκαν μοντέλα βασισμένα σε τεχνητά νευρωνικά δίκτυα, που αναλύουν δεδομένα καταγραφής για να βοηθήσουν τους παρόχους να διαχειριστούν καλύτερα τους εικονικούς πόρους. Η ποιότητα υπηρεσίας και εμπειρίας καθώς και η αξιολόγηση των Cloud υποδομών επικεντρώθηκε στην ανάπτυξη λογισμικού για την αξιολόγηση του επιπέδου ποιότητας υπηρεσίας, καθώς και στην τυποποίηση των μετρικών και διαδικασιών της συγκριτικής αξιολόγησης των Cloud υπηρεσιών.
Beliefs, Emotions, Behaviors & Cardiovascular Disease risk
Authors: Vassou Christina , Panagiotakos Demosthenes
Published: April 2022

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary cause of death around the world (17.9 million deaths per year); heart attack and stroke account for 85% of CVD deaths. According to current demographic data, 1/3 of these deaths occur in adults under the age of 70 and more than 75% in low- and middle-income countries. Recent studies have provided clear evidence that psychological factors (e.g., depression, anxiety, personality traits, social isolation, and chronic life stress) have a key role in the pathogenesis and manifestation of cardiovascular disease because they affect platelet function, plasminogen activator inhibitor and fibrinogen, inflammatory cytokines, serotonin transporter (SERT) and endothelial function. Therefore, pathophysiological mechanisms underlie the relationship between these entities and CVD, whereas alongside psychological conditions contribute to a higher frequency of adverse health behaviors, such as malnutrition, smoking and sedentary lifestyle.
The role of 2 - Octyl-Isocyanacrylate Glue, as a microbial barrier in peripherally inserted central catheter port VADS. A review of the literature
Authors: Delezos Constantinos , Katsoulas Theodoros , Mariolis-Sapsakos Theodoros , Konstantinou Evangelos
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction: The implanted port catheters in chemotherapy which are connected to a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC Ports) are used daily in clinical nursing practice, enabling the administration of intravenous fluids, blood, drugs and Total Parenteral Nutrition. The 2-octyl-isocyanoacrylate glue as an alternative intervention in preventing wound infection during PICC port insertion.

Aim: The aim of the present review was to explore the use of 2-octylisocyanacrylate glue as a microbial barrier in wound trauma and in peripherally central catheter insertion.

Methods: An electronic research was conducted in 4 databases. Sixty five papers focusing on the use of glue in surgical trauma closure and healing were analyzed.

Results: The literature demonstrates significant benefits of the 2-octyl-isocyanacrylate glue in comparison to other tissue adhesives, when placed on skin incisions. The 2-octyl-isocyanacrylate glue seems to provide an effective barrier to microbial penetration by Gram-positive and Gram-negative motile and non-motile species.

Conclusions: The use of the 2-octyl-isocyanacrylate seems to be an effective method for skin closure and healing in patients undergoing PICC Port implantation whilst causing no side effects such as allergies, skin irritation or pain during the procedure.
Design and implementation of modular 6-degrees of freedom light-weight cooperative handling robot
Authors: Chen Ya , Yang Jiaheng , Wang Dianjun , Zhong Haoxiang , Zheng Xingkang , Liu Qianyang
Published: April 2022

Background: In view of the poor working environment and high labor intensity of manual loading and unloading in the production process of small forgings, a modular 6-DOF (degrees of freedom) light-weight cooperative handling robot is designed. Combined with the computer-aided design method, the modular and lightweight design is realized through the simulation of the actual motion situation.

Methods: The overall configuration and modular joints of the robot were designed, and the static characteristics analysis of the whole robot and key parts was performed using Ansys to verify the rationality of the structural design. The kinematics model of the robot was established by using the Denavit-Hartenberg parameter method and the workspace of the robot was solved by forward kinematics simulation. Performance testing of the experimental prototype was executed. The repeated positioning accuracy was analyzed by a laser tracker to measure the position information at the end of the robot.

Results: The results show that the repetitive positioning accuracy of the robot is 0.09mm, which can meet the requirements of loading and unloading handling in forging production.

Conclusions: The study provides a theoretical basis for the structure design and optimization of the light-weight cooperative robot.
Analysis of defects in supporting structures of an industrial building
Authors: Afanas'eva Valeriya , Nikolenko S. , Sazonova Svetlana
Published: April 2022

All buildings with a significant service life must be regularly surveyed. This work analyzes the results of the inspection of the building of the compressor shop KC-1. Analysis of the design documentation and the results of measurement work showed that structurally the building has overall dimensions in plan along the outer axes of 21.0 × 72.0 meters. The height of the building is 17.0 meters. The conducted visual examination showed the presence of damages and defects of the third and fourth categories, which requires an instrumental examination. In particular, the need to determine the strength of brickwork and the strength of concrete in structures. The analysis of the results of the instrumental examination showed: the results of testing the wall masonry by the shock pulse method using the ONIKS 2.5 device showed that the compressive strength grade of the silicate brick of the compressor shop walls corresponds to M75 and M125, and ceramic M100. The grade of the masonry mortar for the walls of the compressor shop corresponds to M50 and M75; The results of concrete testing by the non-destructive method of strength control using the DigiShmidt2000 device showed that the compressive strength class of concrete in the reinforced concrete columns of the workshop corresponds to B20, in the girders B25, floor slabs and coating slabs B20. Verification numerical calculations on the computer of the bearing capacity of the building structures of the compressor shop building were performed taking into account the actual static diagrams, sections of elements, strength characteristics of materials established during the survey, and constant loads existing at the date of the survey. Based on the results of the verification calculation of the building structures of the transverse frame of the building, it was found that the bearing capacity of the upper chord of the truss was not provided. The bearing capacity of the building columns when calculating according to the first and second groups of limiting states is provided. In general, the analysis showed that the technical condition of the technical condition of the compressor shop KC-1 is unacceptable.
Algorithm for analyzing the customer base of a trade organization
Authors: Evdokimova Svetlana , Novikova Tatyana , Novikov A.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the work is to develop an algorithm for analyzing the customer base of a trade organization, which allows customers to be divided into groups depending on their activity. In the future, by taking into account the preferences of each group of clients, it will be possible to increase the efficiency of working with clients. The authors use ABC-XYZ analysis and clustering methods in the algorithm, which make it possible to determine the most active customers who bring in the most profit. The ABC-XYZ analysis method divides buyers into groups depending on the amount and frequency of purchases, clustering methods combine the original objects into clusters based on similar characteristics. According to the algorithm presented in the work, RapidMiner Studio system has developed scenarios for analyzing the client base of a trade organization. The ABC-XYZ analysis method showed buyers who are worth paying special attention to, since their absence will lead to losses. The cluster analysis used the k-means methods, which divided the initial data set into 3 clusters, g-means and Expectation-Maximization algorithm, in which the number of clusters was not specified. The following characteristics were used: the average amount of purchases per year, the average number of unique products purchased per year, the average number of purchases per year, the number of years that the buyer cooperates with the store, the year of the last purchase. The g-means method divided the buyers into 3 clusters, and the EM algorithm into 10. The combined ABC-XYZ analysis and k-means algorithm showed the best results of customer separation, allowing an individual approach to work with customers of each group.
Methodology and algorithm for calculating and selecting of pumping aggregates for storage tanks of liquid products
Authors: Akimenko Andrey , Anikeev E. , Voronin Vladimir
Published: April 2022

This article presents a methodology for calculating the basic parameters and selecting of centrifugal pumping units for filling (emptying) storages of liquid products (for example, vegetable oils). Centrifugal pumping units are widely used in the operation of tank farms for various needs of the national economy, in particular, for temporary storage of liquid products in sea and river ports when they are transshipped from land transport to ships, or from ships to land transport. As an example, the projected storage of vegetable oils in the port of Yeysk (Azov sea, Krasnodar region, Russian Federation) is given. The methodology includes the calculation of average fluid velocities, linear and local hydraulic losses in the intake and pressure pipelines, pipeline diameters, pump performance, the pressure created by it, electric drive power; equipment selection. Based on the proposed methodology, an algorithm has been created for calculating and selecting a pumping unit for transporting of liquid products from vehicles to a storage tank, or vice versa. The methodology and algorithm discussed in this article can be used in the design of storage facilities for various liquids at manufacturing plants, transshipment bases, etc.
Functional-Voxel Modelling of Bezie Curves
Authors: Sycheva Anastasiya
Published: April 2022

The problem of this research is the impossibility of applying parametric functions in theoretical-multiple modeling, that significantly narrows the range of problems solved by analytical models and methods of computational geometry. To expand the possibilities of R-functional modeling application in the field of computer-aided design systems, it is proposed to solve the problem of finding an appropriate representation of parametric curves using functional-voxel computer models.

The method of functional-voxel modeling is considered as a computer graphic representation of analytical functions’ areas on the computer. The basic principles and examples of combining R-functional and functional-voxel methods with obtaining R-voxel modeling have been presented. In this case, R-functional operations have been implemented on functional-voxel models by means of functional-voxel arithmetic.

Based on the described approach to modeling of theoretical-multiple operations for the function area represented by graphical M-images, two approaches to construction a functional-voxel model of the Bezier curve have been proposed. The first one is based on the sequential construction of the curve’s interior by intersection a positive area of half-planes, which enumeration is performed by De Castiljo algorithm. This approach is limited by the convexity of the curve’s reference polygon. This problem’s solution has been considered. The second approach is based on the application of a two-dimensional function for local zeroing (FLOZ), i.e., a nil segment on the positive area of function values. By consecutive unification of such segments it is proposed to construct the required parametrically given curve.

Some features related to operation and realization of the proposed approaches have been described and illustrated in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of described approaches have been highlighted. Assumptions about applicability of proposed algorithms for Bezier curve functional-voxel modeling in solving of various geometric modeling problems have been made.
When Paid Work Gives in to Unpaid Care Work: Evidence from the Hedge Fund Industry Under COVID-19
Authors: Ain Tommar Sara , Kolokolova Olga , Mura Roberto
Published: April 2022

We examine how childcare inequalities in the home affect the work productivity of female talent, using unique data on the family structures of hedge fund managers and the exogenous shock from school closures during the early COVID-19 pandemic response. We find that female managers’ ability to generate abnormal returns is curbed by 9% on average in the shock-month of school closures, providing a direct measure of the cost of unpaid care work. This effect is driven by mothers and especially mothers with young children. With increasing calls for more female representation in all layers of the economy and the efforts exerted toward that goal, there is reason for concern that these efforts might not factor in as the pandemic has uncovered how women in general and mothers in particular bear both the burden of unpaid care work and the subsequent cost to their paid work.

This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance.
Dynamic Double Auctions: Toward First Best
Authors: Balseiro Santiago R. , Mirrokni Vahab , Leme Renato Paes , Zuo Song
Published: April 2022

Efficient and Profit-Maximizing Dynamic Double Auctions for Two-Sided Markets

Two-sided markets that enable sellers and buyers to trade have received considerable attention in the past decade. Prominent examples include online advertising, freelancing, and ride-hailing. In these markets, trade is coordinated by an intermediating platform that determines which parties should trade, collects payments from buyers, and transfers payments to sellers. How should trading mechanisms be designed when agents repeatedly trade over time? In the paper “Dynamic Double Auctions: Toward First Best,” Balseiro, Mirrokni, Paes Leme, and Zuo design dynamic double auctions that satisfy the following practical requirements: no positive transfers, that is, the platform never asks sellers to make payments nor are buyers ever paid; and periodic individual rationality, that is, agents should derive a nonnegative utility from every trade opportunity. This work provides mechanisms satisfying these requirements that, as the number of trading opportunities grows, are asymptotically efficient, budget balanced, and allow to extract the welfare generated by the market as profit.
When Does the Pre-entry Experience of New Entrants Improve Their Performance? A Meta-Analytical Investigation of Critical Moderators
Authors: Cao Zhi , Posen Hart E.
Published: April 2022

Although pre-entry experience is widely regarded as a critical asset that positively influences new entrant performance, empirical support is mixed. To address this inconsistency, we conduct a meta-analysis of the empirical findings in 272 papers. We draw theoretically on the organizational learning literature to argue that the pre-entry experience–new entrant performance relationship is contingent on the characteristics of pre-entry experience, the environmental context of the new entrant, and the interaction between the two. In particular, we examine the effects of two levels of pre-entry experience (firm and founder), four types of founder-level pre-entry experience (entrepreneurial, managerial, industry, and functional experience), and two types of environments (industry and institutional). The meta-analysis results show a significant and positive correlation between founder-level pre-entry experience and economic performance of 0.07. Likewise, the failure rates of spinouts and diversifying entrants are 11% lower than that of start-ups. The moderating analysis results show that the correlation of founder-level pre-entry experience and economic performance is lower in knowledge- or technology-intensive (KTI) industries and higher in low-KTI manufacturing and service industries. The correlation is also higher in institutional environments with high power distance and individualism. These findings provide compelling new evidence for the importance of pre-entry experience and advance our understanding of the boundary conditions on the pre-entry experience–new entrant performance relationship.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1589 .
Two Cases of BRASH Syndrome: A Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Shah Parthav , Silangcruz Krixie , Lee Eric , Nishimura Yoshito
Published: April 2022

Bradycardia, renal failure, atrioventricular (AV) nodal blockade, shock, and hyperkalemia (BRASH) syndrome is a relatively new clinical entity. It is often underrecognized, underdiagnosed, and confused with other causes of bradycardia. Treatment of BRASH syndrome differs from the standard bradycardia algorithm in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), and the cornerstone management remains treating the hyperkalemia, improving renal function by treating the underlying cause, withholding AV nodal blocking agents, and considering dialysis in refractory cases, as any single factor could precipitate the vicious cycle. Here we describe two cases of BRASH syndrome with different clinical presentations that were treated with conservative management: one case in a 77-year-old Japanese woman and the other in an 86-year-old man.
Women's satisfaction with maternity care and its associated factors in Ikot Omin, Nigeria
Authors: Eko Inyang Enebieni , Edet Olaide Bamidele
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims

Women's satisfaction with care during the maternity period is a critical determinant of sustained use of maternity services and positive birth outcomes. This study examined factors associated with women's satisfaction with care during the maternity period in Ikot Omin, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 404 women of reproductive age who had received maternity care services from health facilities or were currently receiving either antenatal, delivery or postnatal services from health facilities in Ikot Omin. Data were collected using a 31-item validated questionnaire that asked questions on sociodemographic data, healthcare workers' attitudes and satisfaction with maternity care. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with the chi squared test and logistic regression being used to calculate association between variables.

Results

Less than half (47.3%) of the respondents were satisfied with their maternity care. The participants' overall satisfaction was statistically significantly associated with healthcare workers' attitudes (P<0.000), maternal age (P<0.000), parity (P<0.000), educational level (P<0.000) and marital status (P=0.035).

Conclusions

Respondents' satisfaction with maternity care was varied and associated with healthcare workers' attitudes, as well as sociodemographic characteristics. Policies should be developed by stakeholders to encourage healthcare workers to adopt a positive attitude that is favourable to women during this sensitive and crucial period of women's lives. Mothers' educational level should be enhanced. Healthcare workers should be exposed to group reflection on the ethical codes relating specifically to their profession and value clarification sessions to improve their attitudes.
Lateral Cephalograms: Why Do We Take Them?
Authors: Haworth Jennifer , Virdi Miesha , Ireland Anthony J
Published: April 2022

Orthodontic indications for lateral cephalograms are diagnosis, prescription, prediction and research. Benefits of taking these radiographs must be weighed against the risks of radiation exposure. Various cephalometric analyses have been described, and these are commonly used for diagnosis and treatment planning, but unavoidable errors of both projection and identification can complicate radiographic interpretation. The use of the cervical vertebral maturation technique for growth prediction has been contentious, but may have a useful role in aiding treatment timing. Research outcomes in orthodontics have focused heavily on cephalometrics, but this is starting to change, especially with the development of 3D analysis techniques.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The range of uses of lateral cephalograms in orthodontic practice and some of the latest research regarding the use of cephalometrics in treatment planning is described.
Precision roll angle measurement system based on autocollimation
Authors: Ren Wenran , Cui Jiwen , Tan Jiubin
Published: April 2022

The traditional autocollimation method is widely used for small angle measurement due to its high precision and high resolution, but it cannot be used to measure the roll angle. To overcome this problem, a roll angle measurement method based on autocollimation is proposed in this paper. To achieve roll angle measurement, a transmission grating is selected to generate a pair of measurement beams, and a combined target is designed as the angle sensor. A roll angle with higher accuracy and resolution can be obtained by differential measurement, because the measurement error introduced by the beam angle drift of the light source can be effectively suppressed. A series of experiments is carried out to verify the performance of the proposed system. In the experiments, the resolution of the roll angle is better than

0.05

 arcsec, and the accuracy of the system is

0.20

 arcsec with a measurement range of

250

 arcsec.
Average power scaling of THz spintronic emitters efficiently cooled in reflection geometry
Authors: Vogel Tim , Omar Alan , Mansourzadeh Samira , Wulf Frank , Sabanés Natalia Martín , Müller Melanie , Seifert Tom S. , Weigel Alexander , Jakob Gerhard , Kläui Mathias , Pupeza Ioachim , Kampfrath Tobias , Saraceno Clara J.
Published: April 2022

Metallic spintronic terahertz (THz) emitters have become well-established for offering ultra-broadband, gapless THz emission in a variety of excitation regimes, in combination with reliable fabrication and excellent scalability. However, so far, their potential for high-average-power excitation to reach strong THz fields at high repetition rates has not been thoroughly investigated. In this article, we explore the power scaling behavior of tri-layer spintronic emitters using an Yb-fiber excitation source, delivering an average power of 18.5 W (7 W incident on the emitter after chopping) at 400 kHz repetition rate, temporally compressed to a pulse duration of 27 fs. We confirm that a reflection geometry with back-side cooling is ideally suited for these emitters in the high-average-power excitation regime. In order to understand limiting mechanisms, we disentangle the effects on THz power generation by average power and pulse energy by varying the repetition rate of the laser. Our results show that the conversion efficiency is predominantly determined by the incident fluence in this high-average-power, high-repetition-rate excitation regime if the emitters are efficiently cooled. Using these findings, we optimize the conversion efficiency and reach highest excitation powers in the back-cooled reflection geometry. Our findings provide guidelines for scaling the power of THz radiation emitted by spintronic emitters to the milliwatt-level by using state-of-the-art femtosecond sources with multi-hundred-Watt average power to reach ultra-broadband, strong-field THz sources with high repetition rate.
Performance investigation of the probability-aided maximum likelihood sequence detector for a probabilistic shaped 16-QAM system
Authors: Jia Xiaoshuo , Li Yan , Liu Yuyang , Zhou Honghang , Li Jiaxin , Luo Ming , He Zhixue , Yang Chao , Qiu Jifang , Zuo Yong , Li Wei , Hong Xiaobin , Guo Hongxiang , Lv Jianxin , Wu Jian
Published: April 2022

In this paper, for the first time, a probability-aided maximum-likelihood sequence detector (PMLSD) is experimentally investigated through a 64-GBaud probabilistic shaped 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (PS-16QAM) transmission experiment. In order to relax the impacts of PS technology on the decision module, a PMLSD decision scheme is investigated by modifying the decision criterion of maximum-likelihood sequence detector (MLSD) correctly. Meanwhile, a symbol-wise probability-aided maximum a posteriori probability (PMAP) scheme is also demonstrated for comparison. The results show that the PMLSD scheme outperforms the direct decision scheme about 1.0-dB optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) sensitivity. Compared with symbol-wise PMAP scheme, PMLSD scheme can effectively relax the impacts of PS technology on the decision module and a more than 0.8-dB improvement in terms of OSNR sensitivity in back-to-back (B2B) case is obtained. Finally, we successfully transmit the PS-16QAM signals over a 2400-km fiber link with a bit error ratio (BER) lower than 1.00×10−3 by adopting the PMLSD scheme.
Phase-sensitive terahertz upconversion detection
Authors: Pfeiffer Tobias , Klier Jens , von Freymann Georg , Molter Daniel
Published: April 2022

Nonlinear frequency conversion provides an elegant method to detect photons in a spectral range which differs from the pump wavelength, making it highly attractive for photons with inherently low energy. Aside from the intensity of the light, represented by the number of photons, their phase provides important information and enables a plethora of applications. We present a phase-sensitive measurement method in the terahertz spectral range by only detecting visible light. Using the optical interference of frequency-converted photons and leftover pump photons of the involved ultrashort pulses, fast determination of layer-thicknesses is demonstrated. The new method enables phase-resolved detection of terahertz pulses using standard sCMOS equipment while achieving sample measurement times of less than one second with a precision error of less than 0.6%.
X-ray Fourier transform holography with beam shaping optical elements
Authors: Pratsch C. , Rehbein S. , Werner S. , Guttmann P. , Stiel H. , Schneider G.
Published: April 2022

Holography is a powerful method for achieving 3D images of objects. Extending this method to short wavelengths potentially offers significantly higher resolution than visible light holography. However, current X-ray holography setups employ nanoscale pinholes to form the reference wave. This approach is relatively inefficient and limited to very small sample size. Here, we propose a new setup for X-ray holography based on a binary diffractive optical element (DOE), which forms at the same time the object illumination and the reference wave. This optic is located separately from the sample plane, which permits investigation of larger sample areas. Using an extended test sample, we demonstrate a resolution of 90 nm (half-pitch) at an undulator beamline at BESSY II. The new holography setup can be directly transferred to free electron laser sources enabling time-resolved nanoscale imaging for ultra-fast processes.
Composable security for inter-satellite continuous-variable quantum key distribution in the terahertz band
Authors: Liu Chengji , Zhu Changhua , Nie Min , Yang Hong , Pei Changxing
Published: April 2022

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) can be effectively compatible with off-the-shelf communication systems and has been proven to be the security against collective attacks in the finite-size regime and composability. In this paper, we classify three different trust levels for the loss and noise experienced by the sender and receiver. Based on these trust levels, we derive the composable finite-size security bounds of inter-satellite CVQKD in the terahertz (THz) band. We also show how these trust levels can nontrivially increase the composable secret key rates of THz-CVQKD and tolerate higher loss. Furthermore, the numerical simulations strongly support the feasibility of inter-satellite THz-CVQKD even in the worst trust level. This work provides an efficient path for building an inter-satellite quantum communication network.
Large-area SnTe nanofilm: preparation and its broadband photodetector with ultra-low dark current
Authors: Song Liyuan , Tang Libin , Hao Qun , Yang Chunli , Teng Kar Seng , Wang Haipeng , Yue Biao , Li Junbin , Wei Hong
Published: April 2022

Photodetectors are receiving increasing attention because of their widely important applications. Therefore, developing broadband high-performance photodetectors using new materials that can function at room temperature has become increasingly important. As a functional material, tin telluride (SnTe), has been widely studied as a thermoelectric material. Furthermore, because of its narrow bandgap, it can be used as a novel infrared photodetector material. In this study, a large-area SnTe nanofilm with controllable thickness was deposited onto a quartz substrate using magnetron sputtering and was used to fabricate a photodetector. The device exhibited a photoelectric response over a broad spectral range of 400-1050 nm. In the near-infrared band of 940 nm, the detectivity (D*) and responsivity (R) of the photodetector were 3.46×1011 cmHz1/2w-1 and 1.71 A/W, respectively, at an optical power density of 0.2 mWcm-2. As the thickness of the SnTe nanofilm increased, a transition from semiconducting to metallic properties was experimentally observed for the first time. The large-area (2.5cm × 2.5cm) high-performance nanofilms show important potential for application in infrared focal plane array (FPA) detectors.
Nonadiabatic strong field ionization of noble gas atoms in elliptically polarized laser pulses
Authors: Xiao ZhiLei , Quan Wei , Yu ShaoGang , Lai XuanYang , Liu XiaoJun , Wei ZhengRong , Chen Jing
Published: April 2022

We present theoretically obtained photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) for the strong field ionization of argon in an elliptically polarized laser field at a central wavelength of 400 nm. Three different theoretical approaches, namely, a numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE), a nonadiabatic model, and a classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) model are adopted in our calculations. From the TDSE calculations, it is found that the attoclock offset angle (most probable electron emission angles with respect to the minor axis of the laser’s polarization ellipse) in the PMD increases with rising ATI order. While this result cannot be reproduced by the CTMC model, the nonadiabatic model achieves good agreement with the TDSE result. Analysis shows that the nonadiabatic corrections of the photoelectron initial momentum distribution (in both longitudinal and transverse directions with respect to the tunneling direction) and nonadiabatic correction of the tunneling exit are responsible for the ATI order-dependent angular shift.
Profile probing of suspended particles in water by Stokes vector polarimetry
Authors: Zhou Hu , Li Jiajin , Liao Ran , Chen Yan , Liu Tong , Wang Yihao , Zhang Xu , Ma Hui
Published: April 2022

Suspended particles are the important components of natural water. In this paper, a method based on polarized light scattering is proposed for profile probing of the particulate components in water. The profile probing is achieved by a polarized light sheet illuminating the suspension and the Stokes vector imaging system at a 120° backscattering angle, receiving the scattered light of the particles in the scattering volume. Each Stokes vector image (SVI) includes hundreds of star-studded particles whose Stokes vectors are used to retrieve the numbers of each particulate component in water. Experiments of typical particles are conducted. The classifications of these particles powered by the convolutional neural network (CNN) are demonstrated. The particulate components in mixed samples are successfully recognized and quantitatively compared. Considering at least 10 SVIs every second, the concentrations of each particulate component in water are effectively evaluated. The concept of profile probing the particulate components in water is proved to be powerful, by which we can measure up to almost 8000 particles per second. These results encourage the development of in-situ tools with this concept for particle profiling in future field surveying.
Ultra-broadband Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurface for arbitrary rotation of linear polarization and beam splitter
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Cao Hailin , Meng Zhenya , Sun Zhiwei
Published: April 2022

A systematic study of a robust angular tolerance ultra-broadband metasurface for arbitrary rotation of linear polarization is demonstrated. The proposed method combines the spin-dependent Pancharatnam-Berry phase and the generalized Snell’s law to achieve an arbitrary angle linear polarization rotator and beam splitter. Numerical results of one terahertz example show that a 90° polarization rotator has a polarization conversion ratio of more than 90% from 1.3 to 2.3 THz in the ultra-broadband range. This method represents a significant advance in versatile, flexible design and performance compared to previously reported birefringent material wave plates, grating structures, and multi-resonance-based polarization rotators.
Single-collision-induced path loss model of reflection-assisted non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communications
Authors: Cao Tian , Wu Tianfeng , Pan Changyong , Song Jian
Published: April 2022

By considering both scattering and reflection events as collision-induced events (CIEs), an analytical path loss model of reflection-assisted non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet communications (UVC) is proposed with single CIE incorporated, which refers to the single-collision-induced (SCI) path loss model. More specifically, the analytical expressions of the received optical energy resulting from single-scatter and single-reflection events in reflection-assisted NLOS UVC are respectively derived. Then, in terms of those two expressions, the expression of the proposed SCI path loss model is obtained. Finally, Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations and experimental results are given to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed SCI path loss model. The results manifest that the proposed SCI path loss model can work well in both coplanar and noncoplanar geometry of the reflection-assisted NLOS UVC.
Average symbol error probability and channel capacity of the underwater wireless optical communication systems over oceanic turbulence with pointing error impairments
Authors: Lin Zhiru , Xu Guanjun , Zhang Qinyu , Song Zhaohui
Published: April 2022

The influence of oceanic turbulence and pointing error impairments on the underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems is considered in this study. We propose a generalized fading model, which comprises the path loss due to the absorption and scattering, the oceanic turbulence (modeled by Málaga distribution), and the pointing error impairments resulting from ocean movements. Thereafter, closed-form expressions of the average symbol error probability (SEP) and average channel capacity are proposed for optical waves propagate in oceanic turbulence with the M-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) and under the constraints of the limited average-power and peak-power. The Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to validate the analytical results and demonstrate that the fading parameters, including the mean-squared temperature, the salinity-temperature contribution factor, jitters, and water conditions, significantly affect the system performance. Moreover, the thermal noise and quantum noise in ocean environment have more serious impact than the background noise. Finally, we prove that the UWOC systems with the pure peak-power constraint performs better than that limited by average-power and peak-power.
Ultracompact and ultralow-loss S-bends with easy fabrication by numerical optimization
Authors: Dong Zhenli , Qiu Jifang , Chen Yuchen , Wang Lihang , Guo Hongxiang , Wu Jian
Published: April 2022

Ultra-longitudinal-compact S-bends with flexible latitudinal distances (d) are proposed and experimentally demonstrated with ultralow loss and fabrication-friendly structures by three steps based on numerical optimization. During the first step (curve optimization), insertion losses (ILs) of S-bends are significantly reduced by optimizing transition curves based on Bézier curves. During the second step (shape optimization), the ILs are further minimized by varying the widths of S-bends to increase optical confinement. In the third step (curvature optimization), considering ease of fabrication, an optimization of curvature radius is used to ensure that all feature sizes for the S-bends are larger than 200 nm. Simulation results show that for S-bends with footprints of 2.5× d μm2, the ILs are less than (0.19, 0.045, 0.18, 0.27) dB in a wavelength range of 1400–1700 nm when d is set as (3, 6, 9, 12) μm, respectively. Then, the S-bends of 2.5× 3 μm2 and 2.5× 12 μm2 are fabricated on a commercial 220-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. Experimental results show that the ILs of both are less than 0.16 dB in a wavelength range of 1420–1630 nm. The lowest ILs are 0.074 dB and 0.070 dB, respectively. Moreover, in addition to the ultralow ILs and ease of fabrication, our design is flexible for designing S-bends with a flexible value of d, which makes our approach practical in large-scale photonic integrated circuits.
Hybrid nanophotonic–microfluidic sensor for highly sensitive liquid and gas analyses
Authors: Kuzin Aleksei , Chernyshev Vasiliy , Kovalyuk Vadim , An Pavel , Golikov Alexander , Ozhegov Roman , Gorin Dmitry , Gippius Nikolay , Goltsman Gregory
Published: April 2022

Today, a lab-on-a-chip is one of the most promising ways to create sensor devices for gas and liquid analysis for environmental monitoring, early diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness assessment. On the one hand, this requires a large number of measurements and, on the other hand, involves minimum consumption of the test analytes. Combination of highly sensitive photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with microfluidic channels (MFCs) is necessary to solve this problem. In this work, PICs based on a silicon nitride platform integrated with MFCs for studying liquids and gases were developed. Different concentrations of isopropanol in de-ionized water were used as the analyte. Based on this, the sensitivity (S) and detection limit (DL) of the analyzed solution were evaluated. Entire system calibration was carried out to calculate S and DL, considering experimental and numerical simulation data. This development may be of interest as a promising platform for environmental monitoring and realization of point-of-care strategy for biomedical applications.