bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of a ternary polyacrylate copolymer resin for the absorption of oil spills
Authors: Fang Pei , Mao Panpan , Chen Jie , Du Yang , Hou Xin
Published: November 2013

A high‐oil‐absorption resin of a ternary copolymer for the absorption of oil spills was successfully prepared by suspension polymerization, and characterizations of the oil‐absorption resin were also examined in this study. The high‐oil‐absorption resin, a ternary copolymerized long‐chain polyacrylate with styrene (St), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and stearyl methacrylate (SMA) as the monomers and synthesized by suspension polymerization, was introduced. The oil‐absorption resin of St/BMA/SMA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The particle morphology of the resin was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of different polymerization technological parameters, such as the mass ratios of the monomer, the benzoyl peroxide initiator, and the crosslinking agent of divinylbenzene; the sort and concentrations of the dispersing agent of hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, and gelatin, and the polymerization temperature, on the oil absorbency of St/BMA/SMA are discussed in detail. The optimum polymerization conditions of the St/BMA/SMA copolymer were obtained as follows: mSt/mmonomer = 50 wt %, mBMA/msoft monomer = 60 wt %, mwater/moil = 3:1, mDVB/mmonomer = 1.0 wt %, mBPO/mmonomer = 1.5 wt %, mHEC/mmonomer = 0.07 wt %, mSDBS/mmonomer = 0.03 wt %, mgelatin/mmonomer = 0.14 wt % (where m is the mass), temperature = 85°C. With increasing content of these factors, the oil absorbency increased at first and then decreased. Compared with binary copolymer St/BMA prepared in previous research, the highest oil absorbencies to dichloromethane were 12.80 and 23.00 g/g in the St/BMA and St/BMA/SMA copolymers, respectively. St/BMA/SMA had a higher oil absorbency and faster oil‐adsorbing rate than St/BMA. The oil absorption in the oil–water mixture and the recovery of the resin were also studied in detail. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40180.
Decreasing the formaldehyde emission in urea‐formaldehyde using modified starch by strongly acid process
Authors: Zhu Xiaofeng , Xu Enguang , Lin Ruihang , Wang Xiaobo , Gao Zhenzhong
Published: November 2013

The incorporation of the modified starch (MS) in urea‐formaldehyde resins at different stage of the synthesis was studied in this article. The synthesized resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, indicating that the ester bond can be introduced into the UF structure after the addition of MS. The curing reactions were examined with differential scanning calorimetry and it reveals that curing temperature of UF resin are slightly shifted to higher temperatures. To study the bonding strength and formaldehyde emission of the bonded plywood, the addition method and amount of MS are systematically investigated. The performance of the UF resins is remarkably improved by the addition of MS around 15% (weight percentage of the total resin) in the second stage. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40202.
The ipsilateral motor cortex does not contribute to long‐latency stretch reflex amplitude at the wrist
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Shemmell Jonathan
Published: November 2013

Background

A capacity for modulating the amplitude of the long‐latency stretch reflex (LLSR) allows us to successfully interact with a physical world with a wide range of different mechanical properties. It has recently been demonstrated that stretch reflex modulation is impaired in both arms following monohemispheric stroke, suggesting that reflex regulation may involve structures on both sides of the motor system.

Methods

We examined the involvement of both primary motor cortices in healthy reflex regulation by eliciting stretch reflexes during periods of suppression of the motor cortices contra‐ and ipsilateral to the extensor carpi radialis in the nondominant arm.

Results

LLSRs were significantly attenuated during suppression of the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, motor cortex. Modulation of the LLSR was not affected by suppression of either primary motor cortex.

Conclusion

Our results confirm the involvement of the contralateral motor cortex in the transmission of the LLSR, but suggest that the ipsilateral motor cortex plays no role in reflex transmission and that neither motor cortex is involved in stability‐dependent modulation of the LLSR. The implications of these results for reflex impairments following stroke are discussed.
GPR30 activation decreases anxiety in the open field test but not in the elevated plus maze test in female mice
Authors: Anchan Divya , Clark Sara , Pollard Kevin , Vasudevan Nandini
Published: November 2013

The GPR30 is a novel estrogen receptor (ER) that is a candidate membrane ER based on its binding to 17β estradiol and its rapid signaling properties such as activation of the extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Its distribution in the mouse limbic system predicts a role for this receptor in the estrogenic modulation of anxiety behaviors in the mouse. A previous study showed that chronic administration of a selective agonist to the GPR30 receptor, G‐1, in the female rat can improve spatial memory, suggesting that GPR30 plays a role in hippocampal‐dependent cognition. In this study, we investigated the effect of a similar chronic administration of G‐1 on behaviors that denote anxiety in adult ovariectomized female mice, using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field test as well as the activation of the ERK pathway in the hippocampus. Although estradiol benzoate had no effect on behaviors in the EPM or the open field, G‐1 had an anxiolytic effect solely in the open field that was independent of ERK signaling in either the ventral or dorsal hippocampus. Such an anxiolytic effect may underlie the ability of G‐1 to increase spatial memory, by acting on the hippocampus.
Effect of linseed oil and macadamia oil on metabolic changes induced by high‐fat diet in mice
Authors: Barrena Helenton C. , Schiavon Fabiana P. M. , Cararra Marcia A. , Marques Any de Castro R. , Schamber Christiano R. , Curi Rui , Bazotte Roberto B.
Published: November 2013

The effects of linseed oil (LO) and macadamia oil (MO) on the metabolic changes induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fatty acid were investigated. For the purpose of this study, the vegetable oil present in the HFD, i.e. soybean oil (SO) was replaced with LO (HFD‐LO) or MO (HFD‐MO). For comparative purposes, a group was included, which received a normal fat diet (NFD). Male Swiss mice (6‐week old) were used. After 14 days under the dietary conditions, the mice were fasted for 18 h, and experiments were then performed. The HFD‐SO, HFD‐LO and HFD‐MO groups showed higher glycaemia (p < 0.05 versus NFD). However, no significant effect was observed on glycaemia, liver gluconeogenesis and liver ketogenesis when SO was replaced by either LO or MO. The body weight and the sum of epididymal, mesenteric, retroperitoneal and inguinal fat weights were higher (p < 0.05) in the HFD‐SO and HFD‐MO groups as compared with the NFD group. However, there was no significant difference in these parameters between the NFD and HFD‐LO groups. Thus, the protective role of LO on lipid accumulation induced by an HFD rich in saturated fatty acid is potentially mediated by the high content of ɷ‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in LO. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational Design of Boradiazaindacene (BODIPY)‐Based Functional Molecules
Authors: Gupta Monika , Mula Soumyaditya , Tyagi Mrityunjay , Ghanty Tapan K. , Murudkar Sushant , Ray Alok K. , Chattopadhyay Subrata
Published: November 2013

Three boradiazaindacene (BODIPY) dyes with different‐coloured (greenish‐yellow, orange and red) fluorescence and good Stokes shifts were synthesised starting from the greenish‐yellow BODIPY dye PM546. The high Stokes shifts of the dyes are due to the release of the steric strain in their excited states relative to that in the highly twisted ground states. One of these compounds might be a useful water‐soluble fluorophore, whereas the other two are promising H+ sensors.
Construction of Shallow Surface States through Light Ni Doping for High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of CdS Nanocrystals
Authors: Li Shuo , Zhang Lijing , Jiang Tengfei , Chen Liping , Lin Yanhong , Wang Dejun , Xie Tengfeng
Published: November 2013

Ni‐doped CdS nanowires were synthesized by a simple one‐step method. X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy confirmed that light Ni doping can form shallow surface states due to the presence of substitutional Ni ions, and heavy Ni doping can form deep surface states due to the presence of interstitial Ni ions. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy and transient photovoltage measurements revealed that the shallow surface states can prolong the lifetime of the photogenerated charge carriers, whereas the deep surface states lead to recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers. The relationship between different surface states and the photocatalytic performance of CdS nanocrystals are discussed. The enhanced density of shallow surface states due to light Ni doping significantly promotes photocatalytic H2 production.
Chemical Behaviour of a Prototype Boryl(phosphino)carbene
Authors: Lavigne Florie , Maerten Eddy , Alcaraz Gilles , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Baceiredo Antoine
Published: November 2013

We recently disclosed the synthesis of a novel “push–pull” boryl(phosphino)carbene. To determine the influence of this substitution pattern on the chemical behaviour, a study into the reactivity of the prototype (1) of this new family of B(sp2)‐substituted phosphinocarbenes was undertaken. Carbene 1 exhibits one of the most common intramolecular rearrangements of singlet carbenes, involving a 1,2‐mesityl shift, and typical [2+1] cycloaddition reactions with electron‐poor acrylonitrile. A pronounced α,β‐ambiphilic character was also shown by the reaction of 1 with benzaldehyde, leading to phosphorylalkene 4. Due to its specific electronic properties, carbene 1 also exhibits unprecedented reactivity with chloroacrylonitrile, enabling the formation of bicyclo[1.1.0]phosphetanium salt 6 and borylcyclopropene 9, which have been fully characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography.
Total Synthesis of (+/−)‐Frondosin B and (+/−)‐5‐epi‐Liphagal by Using a Concise (4+3) Cycloaddition Approach
Authors: Laplace Duchan R. , Verbraeken Bart , Van Hecke Kristof , Winne Johan M.
Published: November 2013

A recently developed (4+3) cycloaddition between dienes and furfuryl alcohols, as precursors of oxyallyl‐type cations, has been used as a key step in the racemic syntheses of two natural products: frondosin B and liphagal. This work demonstrates the synthetic potential of this cycloaddition reaction, and offers a short synthetic route to an interesting family of natural products. A full account of these synthetic studies is presented, further illustrating the mechanism, scope, and limitations of this straightforward synthetic method for seven‐membered rings.
An Unusual Triphenylphosphine Oxide Catalyzed Stereoselective 1,3‐Dichlorination of Unsaturated Ketoesters
Authors: Yu Tian‐Yang , Wang Yao , Xu Peng‐Fei
Published: November 2013

An unusual Ph3PO‐catalyzed stereoselective 1,3‐dicholorination of an unsaturated ketoester has been developed. The novel activation mode involved in this cascade reaction can promote consecutively elusive transformations. The products were obtained with good yields and excellent stereoselectivities. This reaction makes important complementation to the limitations associated with the field of dichlorination.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Directed Sulfenylation of Arene CH Bonds
Authors: Yang Yaxi , Hou Wei , Qin Lihuai , Du Juanjuan , Feng Huijin , Zhou Bing , Li Yuanchao
Published: November 2013

The rhodium‐catalyzed intermolecular direct CH thiolation of arenes with aryl and alkyl disulfides was developed for the first time to provide a convenient route to aryl thioethers. This strategy is compatible with many different directing groups and exhibits excellent functional group tolerance. More significantly, mono‐ or dithiolation can be selectively achieved, thus providing a straightforward way for selective preparation of aryl thioethers and dithioethers.
Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Patterns Created by Capillary Force and Their Impact on Cell Migration
Authors: Han Lulu , Wu Jindan , Ren Tanchen , Mao Zhengwei , Guo Yang , Gao Changyou
Published: November 2013

Cell migration plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this study a method of capillary force lithography was used to treat poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC) multilayers with a PDMS stamp before or after etching by NaCl solution, yielding physical patterns with various features such as double thin lines, double strips, meniscus‐shaped ridges, and high ridges. The ridge height is controllable in the range of 25 and 1100 nm. Migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was restrained by the double‐line patterns in a ridge height‐dependent manner. By contrast, the mobility of SMCs was controlled by both the hydration ratio of the multilayers and the pattern features.
Incorporation of Lysine‐Containing Copolymer with Polyurethane Affording Biomaterial with Specific Adsorption of Plasminogen
Authors: Xu Haichao , Luan Yafei , Wu Zhaoqiang , Li Xinming , Yuan Yuling , Liu Xiaoli , Yuan Lin , Li Dan , Chen Hong
Published: November 2013

A novel biomaterial based on polyurethane (PU) was prepared through physical incorporation of lysine‐containing copolymer to improve its hemocompatibility and surface recognition of plasminogen. The lysine‐containing copolymer was synthesized via the copolymerization of 2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA), oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) and 6‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl amino‐2‐(2‐methyl‐acryloylamino)‐hexanoic acid tert‐butyl ester (Lys(P)MA), followed by the deprotection of COOH and ε‐NH2 groups on lysine residues in the copolymer. The composition of the copolymer can be adjusted by varying the monomer feed ratio. The three components contribute to improving the compatibility with PU, resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption and specific binding of plasminogen, respectively. The binding capacity towards plasminogen increased with the lysine content in the copolymer. This approach illustrates a simple way for the generation of novel biomaterials with improved hemocompatibility and surface recognition of specific biomolecules.
Methyl 1,2‐Shift Rearrangement on C‐ring and Decarboxylation at C28 of Oleanolic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Hu Jun , Wu Jindan , Ju Yong
Published: November 2013

A new oleanolic acid derivative with A‐ring lactone, C‐ring rearrangement and decarboxylation at C28 was synthesized, which was confirmed by HRMS, NMR and X‐ray crystal structure. It is the first report about the methyl rearrangement on C‐ring of oleanolic phenylmethyl ester, and the possible mechanism was proposed as the 1,2‐methyl shift.
Effects of Edge Oxidation on the Stability and Half‐Metallicity of Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhao Meilian , Yang Feng , Xue Ying , Xiao Dan , Guo Yong
Published: November 2013

A comprehensive first‐principles theoretical study of the electronic properties and half‐metallic nature of zigzag edge‐oxidized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is carried out by using density functional theory (DFT) with the screened exchange hybrid functional of Heyd, Scuseria and Ernzerhof (HSE06). The oxidation schemes include ‐OH, ‐COOH and ‐COO groups. We identify oxidized GQDs whose opposite spins are localized at the two zigzag edges in an antiferromagnetic‐type configuration, showing a spin‐polarized ground state. Oxidized GQDs are more stable than the corresponding fully hydrogenated GQDs. The partially hydroxylated and carboxylated GQDs with the same size exhibit half‐metallic state under almost the same electric‐field intensity whereas fully oxidized GQDs behave as spin‐selective semiconductors. The electric‐field intensity inducing the half metal increases with the length of the partially oxidized GQDs, ranging from M=4 to 7.
Estimation of fixed points for nonlinear time series
Authors: Mohammadi Shapour , Abbasinezhad Hossein
Published: November 2013

Identification of fixed points is very important in dynamic systems analysis. One method used is based on polynomial regression. In this article, we show that methods other than that of Aguirre and Souza can be more accurate if the classical assumptions for regression are violated. Simulation results reveal that an artificial neural network (ANN) is more precise than the Aguirre and Souza method, which is based on cluster expansion method. Overall, ANN is the best method for finding fixed (equilibrium) points of nonlinear time series, followed by nonparametric regression in terms of accuracy. For larger sample sizes, ANN estimates are generally accurate and the method is robust to changes in the signal/noise ratio. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 19: 30–39, 2014
Interactions between assembly order and temperature can alter both short‐ and long‐term community composition
Authors: Clements Christopher F. , Warren Philip H. , Collen Ben , Blackburn Tim , Worsfold Nicholas , Petchey Owen
Published: November 2013

Both the order in which species arrive in a community, and environmental conditions, such as temperature, are known to affect community structure. Little is known, however, about the potential for, and occurrence of, interactions between assembly history and the environment. Of particular, interest may be the interaction between temperature and community assembly dynamics, especially in the light of predicted global climatic change and the fundamental processes that are governed, through metabolic rate, by an individual's environmental temperature. We present, to our knowledge, the first experimental exploration of how the influence of assembly history, temperature, and the interaction between the two alters the structure of communities of competitors, using small‐scale protist microcosm communities where temperature and assembly order were manipulated factorially. In our experiment, the most important driver of long‐term abundance was temperature but long‐lasting assembly order effects influenced the relationship between temperature and abundance. Any advantage of early colonization proved to be short‐lived, and there was rarely any long‐term advantage to colonizing a habitat before other species. The results presented here suggest that environmental conditions shape community composition, but that occasionally temperature could interact with the stochastic nature of community assembly to significantly alter future community composition, especially where temperature change has been large. This could have important implications for the dynamics of both rare and invasive species.
Natural variation in chemosensation: lessons from an island nematode
Authors: McGaughran Angela , Morgan Katy , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: November 2013

All organisms must interact with their environment, responding in behavioral, chemical, and other ways to various stimuli throughout their life cycles. Characterizing traits that directly represent an organism's ability to sense and react to their environment provides useful insight into the evolution of life‐history strategies. One such trait for the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, chemosensation, is involved in navigation to beetle hosts. Essential for the survival of the nematode, chemosensory behavior may be subject to variation as nematodes discriminate among chemical cues to complete their life cycle. We examine this hypothesis using natural isolates of P. pacificus from La Réunion Island. We select strains from a variety of La Réunion beetle hosts and geographic locations and examine their chemoattraction response toward organic compounds, beetle washes, and live beetles. We find that nematodes show significant differences in their response to various chemicals and are able to chemotax to live beetles in a novel assay. Further, strains can discriminate among different cues, showing more similar responses toward beetle washes than to organic compounds in cluster analyses. However, we find that variance in chemoattraction response is not significantly associated with temperature, location, or beetle host. Rather, strains show a more concerted response toward compounds they most likely directly encounter in the wild. We suggest that divergence in odor‐guided behavior in P. pacificus may therefore have an important ecological component.
Low‐affinity FcγR interactions can decide the fate of novel human IgG‐sensitised red blood cells and platelets
Authors: Armour Kathryn L. , Smith Cheryl S. , Turner Craig P. , Kirton Christopher M. , Wilkes Anthony M. , Hadley Andrew G. , Ghevaert Cedric , Williamson Lorna M. , Clark Michael R.
Published: November 2013

G1Δnab is a mutant human IgG1 constant region with a lower ability to interact with FcγR than the natural IgG constant regions. Radiolabelled RBCs and platelets sensitised with specific G1Δnab Abs were cleared more slowly from human circulation than IgG1‐sensitised counterparts. However, non‐destructive splenic retention of G1Δnab‐coated RBCs required investigation and plasma radioactivities now suggest this also occurred for platelets sensitised with an IgG1/G1Δnab mixture. In vitro assays with human cells showed that G1Δnab‐sensitised RBCs did not cause FcγRI‐mediated monocyte activation, FcγRIIIa‐mediated antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or macrophage phagocytosis although they did adhere to macrophages. Thus, FcγRII was implicated in the adhesion despite the Δnab mutation reducing the already low‐affinity binding to this receptor class. Additional contacts via P‐selectin enhance the interaction of sensitised platelets with monocytes and this system provided evidence of FcγRII‐dependent activation by G1Δnab.

These results emphasise the physiological relevance of low‐affinity interactions: It appears that FcγRII interactions of G1Δnab allowed splenic retention of G1Δnab‐coated RBCs with inhibitory FcγRIIb binding preventing RBC destruction and that FcγRIIb engagement by G1Δnab on IgG1/G1Δnab‐sensitised platelets overcame activation by IgG1. Considering therapeutic blocking Abs, G1Δnab offers lower FcγR binding and a greater bias towards inhibition than IgG2 and IgG4 constant regions.
Structural Investigation of Pyridinecarboxylato Titanium(IV) Complexes: An Uncommon Monomeric Octacoordinated Complex vs. a Hexaprismatic Architecture
Authors: Fenton Julie L. , Laaroussi Anasse , Mobian Pierre , Chaumont Clément , Khalil Georges , Huguenard Clarisse , Henry Marc
Published: November 2013

We report the synthesis and structural characterisation of two titanium(IV) complexes. A new titanium(IV) complex bearing four picolinato ligands, denoted as Ti(pic)4, has been prepared under solvothermal conditions. This complex identified by single‐crystal diffraction is a new example of an octacoordinated environment for titanium(IV) and is close to an ideal triangular dodecahedron. A second synthesis of a hexaprismatric carboxylato titanium complex formulated as [Ti6(μ3‐O)6(OiPr)6(μ‐O2CC5H3NCOOiPr)6] starting from a dissymmetric anhydride pyridine carboxylic precursor is described. The solid‐state analysis shows the presence of a single compound among 13 possible species. Calculations gave evidence of a highly selective mechanism leading to the formation of the final product.
1,2‐Functionalized Imidazoles as Palladium Ligands: An Efficient and Robust Catalytic System for the Fluorine‐Free Hiyama Reaction
Authors: Martínez Regina , Pastor Isidro M. , Yus Miguel
Published: November 2013

A variety of hydroxy‐ and amino‐functionalized imidazoles were prepared from 1‐methyl‐ and 1‐(diethoxymethyl)imidazole by means of isoprene‐mediated lithiation followed by reaction with an electrophile. These compounds in combination with palladium acetate were screened as catalyst systems for the Hiyama reaction under fluorine‐free conditions using microwave irradiation. The systematic study of the catalytic system showed 1‐methyl‐2‐aminoalkylimidazole derivative L1 to be the best ligand, which was employed under solvent‐free conditions with a 1:2 Pd/ligand ratio and TBAB (20 mol‐%) as additive. The study has revealed an interaction between the Pd/ligand ratio and the amount of TBAB. The established catalytic system presented a certain degree of robustness, and it has been successfully employed in the coupling of a range of aryl bromides and chlorides with different aryl siloxanes. Furthermore, both reagents were employed in an equimolecular amount, without an excess of organosilane.
Are acute and chronic saltwater fish studies required for plant protection and biocidal product active substance risk assessment?
Authors: Wheeler James R. , Maynard Samuel K. , Crane Mark
Published: November 2013

The acute and chronic toxicity of chemicals to fish is routinely assessed using fish acute and early life stage (ELS) test results, usually with freshwater species. Under some regulations with certain substances, however, data on saltwater species may also be required. Evidence from earlier studies suggests that saltwater fish species are generally no more sensitive than freshwater species and that when they are more sensitive to a substance the difference in sensitivity is usually less than a factor of 10. However, most of these studies concentrated on acute lethal toxicity results for a wide range of substances and across a range of taxonomic groups. In the present study, the authors compare freshwater and saltwater acute median lethal concentration (LC50) and chronic ELS no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) results from standardized regulatory studies specifically for fish species exposed to the same plant protection or biocidal product active substances to determine the value of testing in both freshwater and saltwater fish. The results suggest that, in most cases, use of a freshwater fish 96-h LC50 or longer-term ELS NOEC should be sufficient to protect saltwater species. In a small number of cases (12%), saltwater ELS NOECs were more sensitive by a factor >10, although differences in sensitivity were not consistent for this small number of substances when 96-h LC50 and longer-term ELS NOECs were compared. It is debatable whether such a low probability merits the additional animal use required to run saltwater fish tests, especially when onshore contaminants released to estuaries and coastal environments are likely to be diluted many-fold when compared with concentrations found in freshwaters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:703–707. © 2013 SETAC
An SPH model for free surface flows with moving rigid objects
Authors: Liu M.B. , Shao J.R. , Li H.Q.
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a computational model for free surface flows interacting with moving rigid bodies. The model is based on the SPH method, which is a popular meshfree, Lagrangian particle method and can naturally treat large flow deformation and moving features without any interface/surface capture or tracking algorithm. Fluid particles are used to model the free surface flows which are governed by Navier–Stokes equations, and solid particles are used to model the dynamic movement (translation and rotation) of moving rigid objects. The interaction of the neighboring fluid and solid particles renders the fluid–solid interaction and the non‐slip solid boundary conditions. The SPH method is improved with corrections on the SPH kernel and kernel gradients, enhancement of solid boundary condition, and implementation of Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model. Three numerical examples including the water exit of a cylinder, the sinking of a submerged cylinder and the complicated motion of an elliptical cylinder near free surface are provided. The obtained numerical results show good agreement with results from other sources and clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented meshfree particle model in modeling free surface flows with moving objects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel ZC3H7B‐BCOR, MEAF6‐PHF1, and EPC1‐PHF1 fusions in ossifying fibromyxoid tumors—molecular characterization shows genetic overlap with endometrial stromal sarcoma
Authors: Antonescu Cristina R. , Sung Yun‐Shao , Chen Chun‐Liang , Zhang Lei , Chen Hsiao‐Wei , Singer Samuel , Agaram Narasimhan P. , Sboner Andrea , Fletcher Christopher D.
Published: November 2013

PHF1 gene rearrangements have been recently described in around 50% of ossifying fibromyxoid tumors (OFMT) including benign and malignant cases, with a small subset showing EP400‐PHF1 fusions. In the remaining cases no alternative gene fusions have been identified. PHF1‐negative OFMT, especially if lacking S100 protein staining or peripheral ossification, are difficult to diagnose and distinguish from other soft tissue mimics. In seeking more comprehensive molecular characterization, we investigated a large cohort of 39 OFMT of various anatomic sites, immunoprofiles and grades of malignancy. Tumors were screened for PHF1 and EP400 rearrangements by FISH. RNA sequencing was performed in two index cases (OFMT1, OFMT3), negative for EP400‐PHF1 fusions, followed by FusionSeq data analysis, a modular computational tool developed to discover gene fusions from paired‐end RNA‐seq data. Two novel fusions were identified ZC3H7B‐BCOR in OFMT1 and MEAF6‐PHF1 in OFMT3. After being validated by FISH and RT‐PCR, these abnormalities were screened on the remaining cases. With these additional gene fusions, 33/39 (85%) of OFMTs demonstrated recurrent gene rearrangements, which can be used as molecular markers in challenging cases. The most common abnormality is PHF1 gene rearrangement (80%), being present in benign, atypical and malignant lesions, with fusion to EP400 in 44% of cases. ZC3H7B‐BCOR and MEAF6‐PHF1 fusions occurred predominantly in S100 protein‐negative and malignant OFMT. As similar gene fusions were reported in endometrial stromal sarcomas, we screened for potential gene abnormalities in JAZF1 and EPC1 by FISH and found two additional cases with EPC1‐PHF1 fusions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incident cancer risk after the start of aspirin use: Results from a Dutch population‐based cohort study of low dose aspirin users
Authors: Hollestein Loes M. , van Herk‐Sukel Myrthe P.P. , Ruiter Rikje , de Vries Esther , Mathijssen Ron H.J. , Wiemer Erik A.C. , Stijnen Theo , Coebergh Jan‐Willem W. , Lemmens Valery E.P.P. , Herings Ron M.C. , Stricker Bruno H.C. , Nijsten Tamar
Published: November 2013

Observational and intervention studies suggest that low dose aspirin use may prevent cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of long term low dose aspirin use (≤100 mg daily) on cancer in general and site‐specific cancer among low dose aspirin users in the Dutch general population. We conducted a population‐based cohort study with detailed information on aspirin exposure and cancer incidence. Only incident (new) low dose aspirin users, who were included in the linkage between PHARMO and the Eindhoven Cancer Registry (1998–2010) and free of cancer before the start of follow up were included. A Cox proportional hazard model with cumulative aspirin use as a time‐varying determinant was used to obtain hazard ratios (HR). Duration of aspirin use amongst 109,276 incident low dose aspirin users was not associated with a decreased risk of any of the site‐specific cancers or cancer in general (adjusted HR per year of aspirin use for all cancers: 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.04, HR of >6 years aspirin use compared to <2 years: 1.17, 95% CI 1.02–1.34). After adjusting for current and past aspirin use, 2–6 years of low dose aspirin use was associated with a reduced colorectal cancer risk compared to <2 years of aspirin use (adjusted HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.96). However, a clear dose‐response relationship was not observed (adjusted HR >6 years aspirin use 0.95, 95% CI 0.60–1.49). Our results do not support the primary prevention of cancer among long term aspirin users.
Time trends of human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer, from 1940 to 2007
Authors: Alemany Laia , de Sanjosé Silvia , Tous Sara , Quint Wim , Vallejos Carlos , Shin Hai‐Rim , Bravo Luis E. , Alonso Patricia , Lima Marcus A. , Guimerà Núria , Klaustermeier JoEllen , Llombart‐Bosch Antonio , Kasamatsu Elena , Tatti Silvio A. , Felix Ana , Molina Carla , Velasco Julio , Lloveras Belen , Clavero Omar , Lerma Enrique , Laco Jan , Bravo Ignacio G. , Guarch Rosa , Pelayo Adela , Ordi Jaume , Andújar Miguel , Sanchez Gloria I. , Castellsagué Xavier , Muñoz Nubia , Bosch F. Xavier ,   on Behalf of the RIS HPV TT Study Group
Published: November 2013

Contribution over time of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in human cancers has been poorly documented. Such data is fundamental to measure current HPV vaccines impact in the years to come. We estimated the HPV type‐specific distribution in a large international series of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) over 70 years prior to vaccination. Paraffin embedded ICC cases diagnosed between 1940 and 2007 were retrieved from eleven countries in Central‐South America, Asia and Europe. Included countries reported to have low‐medium cervical cancer screening uptake. Information on age at and year of diagnosis was collected from medical records. After histological confirmation, HPV DNA detection was performed by SPF‐10/DEIA/LiPA25 (version1). Logistic regression models were used for estimating the adjusted relative contributions (RC) of HPV16 and of HPV18 over time. Among 4,771 HPV DNA positive ICC cases, HPV16 and HPV18 were the two most common HPVs in all the decades with no statistically significant variations of their adjusted‐RC from 1940–59 to 2000–07 (HPV16—from 61.5 to 62.1%, and HPV18—from 6.9 to 7.2%). As well, the RC of other HPV types did not varied over time. In the stratified analysis by histology, HPV16 adjusted‐RC significantly increased across decades in adenocarcinomas. Regarding age, cases associated to either HPV16, 18 or 45 were younger than those with other HPV types in all the evaluated decades. The observed stability on the HPV type distribution predicts a high and stable impact of HPV vaccination in reducing the cervical cancer burden in future vaccinated generations.
The role of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 in tumor aerobic glycolysis and its potential therapeutic implications
Authors: Jiang Xiangli , Sun Qian , Li Hui , Li Kai , Ren Xiubao
Published: November 2013

A significant characteristic of cancer cell metabolism is the high level of aerobic glycolysis with high glucose consumption and lactate production. Phophoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of 3‐phosphoglycerate and 2‐phosphoglycerate during glycolysis. It has been reported that this enzyme is commonly upregulated in many human cancers. PGAM1 plays an important role in coordinating glycolysis and anabolic activity to promote cancer cell proliferation. However, the mechanisms under these effects are still poorly understood. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the structure and functions of PGAM1, and PGAM1's role in glycolysis in cancer cells and regulators that modulate PGAM1's effects. Progress in understanding of PGAM1 will provide the rationale to support the development of new hypothesis‐driven studies to define PGAM1's potential therapeutic implications for cancer treatment.
A mechanistic study on the metastasis inducing function of FUS‐CHOP fusion protein in liposarcoma
Authors: Patil Nitin , Ahmed Kabeer Rasheed Suhail , Abba Mohammed , Hendrik Leupold Jörg , Schwarzbach Matthias , Allgayer Heike
Published: November 2013

The FUS‐CHOP fusion protein has been found to be instrumental for specific oncogenic processes in liposarcoma, but its ability to induce metastasis and the underlying mechanisms by which this can be achieved remain unknown. To dissect its functional role in this context, we stably overexpressed this protein in SW872 liposarcoma and HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell lines, and were able to demonstrate that forced expression of FUS‐CHOP significantly increases migration and invasion, as well as enhances lung and liver metastasis in the in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, that is proliferation independent. Additionally, FUS‐CHOP enhances the expression of matrix‐metalloproteinases −2 and −9, and transactivates their promoters in vitro. Mutational analysis showed that C/EBP‐β‐ (−769/−755), NF‐κB (−525/−516) and CREB/AP‐1 (−218/−207) sites were important for MMP‐2 and NF‐κB (−604/−598), AP‐1 (−539/−532) and AP‐1 (−81/−72) for MMP‐9 transactivation. Moreover, a direct in vivo interaction of FUS‐CHOP was observed in case of the MMP‐2 promoter within region (−769/−207). siRNA data revealed that MMP‐2 expression is essential in the FUS‐CHOP induced metastatic phenotype. MMP‐2‐mRNA and protein expression correlated significantly with FUS‐CHOP positivity in 46 resected patient liposarcoma tissues. We have for the first time provided substantial evidence for the FUS‐CHOP oncoprotein as an inducer of metastasis that is due to the transcriptional induction of specific tumor‐associated proteases. Insights gained from this study not only support a deeper understanding of the mechanistic properties of FUS‐CHOP, but also open up new avenues for targeted therapy.
Specimen self‐collection and HPV DNA screening in a pilot study of 100,242 women
Authors: Lazcano‐Ponce Eduardo , Lőrincz Attila T. , Torres Leticia , Salmerón Jorge , Cruz Aurelio , Rojas Rosalba , Hernández Pilar , Hernández Mauricio
Published: November 2013

Since cervical cancer remains common in Mexico despite an established cytology screening program, the Ministry of Health recently introduced pilot front‐line HPV testing into the Mexican cervical cancer screening program (CCSP). Here, we present the key field performance metrics of this population‐based study. High‐risk HPV DNA (hrHPV) testing was conducted on self‐collected vaginal specimens from 100,242 women aged 25–75 years residing in Morelos State. All hrHPV positive women and a random sample of 3.2% (n = 2,864) of hrHPV negative participants were referred for colposcopic examination. The main disease endpoint of interest was cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+). We calculated relative risk, positive predictive value and negative predictive value adjusted for screening test verification bias. The overall prevalence of hrHPV was 10.8% (95%CI 10.6–11.0). Women positive for hrHPV had a relative risk of 15.7 for histologically detectable CIN2+. The adjusted positive predictive value of the hrHPV test was 2.4% (95%CI 2.1–2.7); whereas the adjusted negative predictive value was 99.8% (95%CI 99.8–99.9). These findings suggest that large‐scale vaginal hrHPV testing in a middle‐income country can identify women at greater risk of advanced cervical abnormalities in a programmatically meaningful way but care is warranted to ensure that disease not detectable at colposcopy is kept to a minimum. PASS shows areas that need improvement and sets the stage for wider use of hrHPV screening of self‐collected vaginal specimens in Mexico.
Insights Into the Mechanisms of Sclerostin Action in Regulating Bone Mass Accrual
Authors: Williams Bart O
Published: November 2013

© 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A 2.5D micromagnetic modeling approach for magnetic domain and domain wall studies
Authors: Van de Wiele Ben , Vansteenkiste Arne , Van Waeyenberge Bartel , Dupré Luc , De Zutter Daniel
Published: November 2013

We describe how a 2.5D approach can be successfully applied to micromagnetic simulations in which the magnetization dynamics is computed on the nanometer scale. In this approach, an infinitely long geometry is treated enabling a 2D spatial discretization. The material properties and field quantities are invariant in the infinite direction but retain their 3D vector character, safeguarding a correct physical description of the magnetization processes. As an example, we apply the 2.5D approach to investigate the equilibrium domain configurations and domain wall types encountered in infinite magnetic strips with varying cross‐sectional dimension (4D × D) and a varying uniaxial anisotropy strength Ku, imposed along the infinite direction. For each considered point in the parameter space D − Ku, the equilibrium state is computed by relaxing the micromagnetic system starting from four different initial magnetization states. On the basis of these simulations, we can distinguish three different regions, dominated by the anisotropic, magnetostatic, and exchange interactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of the ROS‐scavenging system in salt‐stressed wheat plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Talaat Neveen B. , Shawky Bahaa T.
Published: November 2013

Although there is evidence for a positive involvement of the antioxidant defense system in plant response to salt stress, there is poor information regarding the influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis on enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense in wheat under saline conditions. The present article focuses on the contribution of mycorrhizae to antioxidant defense in salt‐stressed wheat plants. Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Sids 1 and Giza 168, were grown under nonsaline or two saline conditions (4.7 and 9.4 dS m–1) with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. Salt stress considerably decreased root colonization and plant productivity, particularly in Giza 168. Interestingly, mycorrhizal colonization alleviated the adverse effect of salt stress and significantly enhanced plant productivity, especially in Sids 1. The concentration of glycinebetaine, the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) and the concentrations of antioxidant molecules (glutathione and ascorbate) were increased under saline conditions; these increases were more significant in salt‐stressed mycorrhizal plants, especially in Sids 1. Salt stress induced oxidative damage through increased lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide concentration, particularly in Giza 168. Mycorrhizal colonization altered plant physiology and significantly reduced oxidative damage. Elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be one of the mechanisms how AMF improve wheat adaptation to saline soils and increase its productivity.
Bone char as phosphorus fertilizer involved in cadmium immobilization in lettuce, wheat, and potato cropping
Authors: Siebers Nina , Godlinski Frauke , Leinweber Peter
Published: November 2013

Bone char is a potential clean and renewable P fertilizer with Cd‐immobilization capabilities, but the P–Cd interactions in cropping of vegetable, grain, and tuber crops are unknown. In the present pot experiment bone char was evaluated on its effect on the growth and P supply of various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes) as well as its capability to reduce the uptake of Cd from a moderately Cd‐contaminated and P‐deficient soil (soil 1) and a highly Cd‐contaminated soil with sufficient P supply (soil 2). When averaging the dry‐matter yield over the treatments for each crop for the P‐sufficient soil 1, the following order was obtained: triple superphosphate (TSP) > diammonium phosphate (DAP) > BC, whereas for the soil 2 with sufficient P supply it was inverted with BC > DAP > TSP. The P‐deficiency resulted in a more pronounced effect of TSP and DAP on the plant growth, whereas P sufficiency in the soil promoted a crop‐quality‐enhancing effect of bone char. The Cd concentration in the consumption‐relevant plant parts was mostly insignificantly affected by treatments; however, the total Cd concentration in the whole plants tended to decrease with fertilizer addition for all crops in soil 1 even at very low bone‐char application levels. Similar results were obtained for soil 2 with an exception for the Cd concentration in potatoes, as the total Cd concentration was significantly increased in the TSP and DAP treatments. This most likely results from the introduction of Cd with TSP and DAP as they contained ≈ 27–28 mg Cd kg–1. Thus, this study demonstrated the potential of bone char as a clean P fertilizer, which can efficiently decrease the Cd contamination of potato on contaminated soils.
Tephrochronology of the Toba tuffs: four primary glass populations define the 75‐ka Youngest Toba Tuff, northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: WESTGATE J. A. , PEARCE N. J. G. , PERKINS W. T. , PREECE S. J. , CHESNER C. A. , MUHAMMAD R. F.
Published: November 2013

Four primary glass populations, well defined by their Sr, Ba and Y concentrations, occur in the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT), which was deposited during a supereruption of the Toba caldera complex in northern Sumatra 75 ka. Average concentrations of major and trace elements indicate a coherent, systematic variation of glass composition across populations. No clear pattern in the areal distribution of these four glass groups can be discerned. The multiple glass populations of the YTT easily distinguish it from the single homogeneous glass population of the Middle Toba Tuff (∼500 ka), as represented by its basal vitrophyre, and that of the Oldest Toba Tuff (∼800 ka), as represented by ash Layer D at the Ocean Drilling Program site 758 in the Indian Ocean.
Trial sequential methods for meta‐analysis
Authors: Kulinskaya Elena , Wood John
Published: November 2013

Statistical methods for sequential meta‐analysis have applications also for the design of new trials. Existing methods are based on group sequential methods developed for single trials and start with the calculation of a required information size. This works satisfactorily within the framework of fixed effects meta‐analysis, but conceptual difficulties arise in the random effects model. One approach applying sequential meta‐analysis to design is ‘trial sequential analysis’, developed by Wetterslev, Thorlund, Brok, Gluud and others from the Copenhagen Trial Unit. In trial sequential analysis, information size is based on the required sample size of a single new trial, which, in the random effects model, is obtained by simply inflating it in comparison with fixed effects meta‐analysis. However, this is not sufficient as, depending on the amount of heterogeneity, a minimum of several new trials may be indicated, and the total number of new patients needed may be substantially reduced by planning an even larger number of small trials. We provide explicit formulae to determine the requisite minimum number of trials and their sample sizes within this framework, which also exemplify the conceptual difficulties referred to. We illustrate all these points with two practical examples, including the well‐known meta‐analysis of magnesium for myocardial infarction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.