bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, the activities of the Society and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances and the Editor’s Report on the Society’s publication. The Council for the following session was elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 2002-2003 is included. The President's Address was then delivered.
Elizabeth J E Pirie
Authors: Withers Paul
Published: April 2023

Elizabeth Jane Elphinstone Pirie, ‘Liz’, as she was known to those who knew her well, was born in Malta, the only child of Revd James E Pirie and Ethel, neé Stewart, a schoolteacher.
Rerigonium: a lost 'city' of the Novantae
Authors: McCarthy Mike
Published: April 2023

Rerigonium, a place-name in Ptolemy’s Geography, is thought to have been located in the Rhinns of Galloway, but its site has never been identified. There is a strong circumstantial case for regarding the Innermessan area on the eastern side of Loch Ryan as being the likely locus of Rerigonium. Why is this of interest? It is contended that the name, in both the British and Old Welsh forms, indicates an important function perhaps in the pre-Roman Iron Age in connection with the Novantae, as well as the obscure post-Roman entity known as Rheged.
The Cinderella Service: the Ordnance Survey and the mapping of the Antonine Wall
Authors: Linge John
Published: April 2023

A former archaeology surveyor with the Ordnance Survey describes the recent history of OS involvement with the Antonine Wall, culminating in the far-reaching 1980 Survey which was finally completed before the disbandment of OS archaeological services in 1983. Using the two most recent PSAS compilation articles on the Wall as exemplars (1995 & 2002), the author questions why archaeologists are unaware of, or are not using correctly, the legacy that the OS provided.
Excavating a parchmenerie : archaeological correlates of making parchment at the Pictish monastery at Portmahomack, Easter Ross
Authors: Carver Martin , Spall Cecily
Published: April 2023

A number of associated features and artefacts in the workshops at Portmahomack (Ross-shire) can be related to the preservation and finishing of hides, and it is argued that this included the preparation of parchment for the production of manuscripts. The archaeological correlates of making parchment and methods for distinguishing it from other types of leather-working are discussed.
'Danes . . . in this Country': discovering the Vikings in Scotland
Authors: Graham-Campbell James
Published: April 2023

The Rhind Lectures for 1995–6, on ‘Death and Wealth in Viking Scotland’, commenced with a review of the earliest known records pertaining to the discovery of the Vikings in Scotland, beginning in the 16th century. This paper expands on the lectures, surveying the development of our knowledge and understanding of Scandinavian settlement in Scotland, from an archaeological perspective, down to the opening years of the 20th century. Particular attention is given to the publications by J J A Worsaae and Daniel Wilson, in the mid-19th century, given their fundamental impetus towards the replacement of ‘antiquarian speculation’ by ‘scientific archaeology’ in Scotland. The latter part of the paper is devoted to a description and discussion of the outstanding contribution made by Joseph Anderson to Scottish Viking studies, during the second half of the 19th century.
Three excavations in medieval Dumbarton: 94-102 and 101-3 High Street and 75 College Street
Authors: Coleman Russel , Perry David , Robertson Thomas , Hall Derek , Franklin Julie , Cox Adrian , Smith Catherine , Holden Tim , Photos-Jones Effie
Published: April 2023

This report describes the results of three archaeological excavations which took place within the medieval burgh of Dumbarton, two by Eric Talbot between 1971 and 1972 on the High Street and at College Street and the third, on the High Street, by SUAT in 1997. Evidence of medieval activity, including metal working, was found on burgage plots in the High Street. A large pottery assemblage provided an important opportunity to investigate medieval trends in a west coast burgh, an area hitherto under-represented in ceramic studies. Glass waste at College Street may have originated from the site of the late 18th/19th-century Dumbarton Glassworks.
Excavation at Newbattle Abbey College Annexe, Dalkeith, Midlothian
Authors: Gooder John , Bush H , Crowley N , Heald A
Published: April 2023

Excavation of a medieval cemetery associated with Newbattle Abbey at Newbattle Abbey College Annexe, near Dalkeith, Midlothian, involved the removal of 127 inhumations and a large quantity of charnel. Evidence of medieval metalworking activity pre-dating an area of part of the cemetery was also uncovered. Nine stone-capped graves were discovered to the west of the abbey church. To the east-northeast of the abbey church the remains of a stone-built building, possibly part of an infirmary, were unearthed. Specialist reports include
St Bride's, Douglas - A family mausoleum
Authors: Markus Mary
Published: April 2023

The church of St Bride’s, Douglas (NGR: NS 8359 3095), which is cared for by Historic Scotland, contains an impressive series of tombs and memorials to members of the Douglas family. Three of these tombs, dating from the second quarter of the 14th century to the mid-15th century, take the form of recesses, and are set with in the north and south walls of the choir. The architecture of the earliest of the three shows an awareness of the work of late 13th/early 14th-century English court masons, while the canopies of the other two are more closely related to major Scottish building campaigns, notably at Melrose and possibly at Lincluden. The scope of the sources for all three tombs is a reflection of the status of their patrons, and the very high quality of the effigies emphasizes their high social standing.
The material culture of recusancy at Fetternear
Authors: Dransart Penelope , Bogdan Nicholas Q
Published: April 2023

The interdisciplinary project reported here combines art history, archaeology and the historical anthropology of religion. It consists of a study based on the material culture of recusancy from the mansion and medieval bishop’s palace at Fetternear, Aberdeenshire. After the Reformation, the property became the main seat of the Leslies of Balquhain, a recusant family. A stone plaque bearing the inscription IHS MRA, probably dating from 1691, placed on the façade of the mansion indicates the religious allegiance of the family. This study of the contents of the mansion is based on surviving material culture associated with Fetternear and documentary sources and shows that the Leslies of Balquhain were building up the necessary intellectual and material resources for sustaining Roman Catholic worship and that their property served as the headquarters of the Jesuit mission in Scotland in the late 17th century.
Asia in 18th-century Edinburgh institutions: seen or unseen?
Authors: Teissier Beatrice
Published: April 2023

The paper is intended to show how Asian material and its display influenced perceptions of Asia, and vice versa, and to what degree involvement in Asia was considered to be a part of Scots’ self perception in the late 18th century. In Part 1 Asian material donated to Edinburgh institutions (the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Advocates’ Library) is compared and discussed in the context of owners and donors (including private collectors), acquisition and value, display and learning, and organization. Gifts and prices are listed in two tables. Part 2 is divided into several sections: (i) communications on Asia delivered to the institutions are contextualized; (ii) 18th-century perceptions of ancient Egypt and China are discussed as these were crucial in contemporary discourses of antiquity; (iii) the university and scholarship are examined to show J Robertson’s attitude towards the teaching of oriental languages; (iv) the reading of manuscripts and the translation of texts from Asia are discussed to show the impact they had in Scotland; (v) the impact of orientalist William Jones and the Asiatic Society is assessed.
Arable agriculture in prehistory
Authors: Guttmann E B A , Dockrill S J , Simpson I A
Published: April 2023

A Neolithic agricultural soil, a Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age soil and a range of middendeposits were analysed from the multi-period settlement sites of Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney and OldScatness, Shetland. The analysis was undertaken in order to compare the midden material whichhad accumulated within the settlement to the cultural material in the arable fields. The comparisonwas undertaken in order to determine whether manuring was practised in the Neolithic and, if so,to identify which materials were selected as fertilizers. Thin section micromorphology, phosphateanalysis, particle size distribution and loss on ignition were used to identify and characterize thematerials which were added to the soil. The results indicate that in the Neolithic period at Tofts Nessthe middens themselves were cultivated, although midden material was also added as fertilizer tothe fields around the site. The cultivation of midden heaps in the Neolithic may have been a commonpractice and is evidence for intensive arable agriculture on a small scale. The cultivation of a LateBronze Age to Early Iron Age midden at Old Scatness, Shetland suggests continuity of the practice.Parallels are drawn with other Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age sites.
Meetings of the Society 2003-2004
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 2003 – 2004.
Prelims
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Front matter for Volume 134

Table of Contents

Editorial Board for the Proceedings, 2003-4

Society Publications, 2003-4

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Council for 2003-4

Patron and Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2003-4

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
J N Graham Ritchie
Authors: Ellis John
Published: April 2023

All recent Fellows of the Society will remember Dr Graham Ritchie, whose death came as such a shock on 27 April 2005.
Excavation of Bookan chambered cairn, Sandwick, Orkney
Authors: Card Nick , Alldritt D , Clark A , Duncan J , MacSween A , Miller J , Ramsay S , Wickham-Jones C R
Published: April 2023

Excavation at the chambered cairn of Bookan, Sandwick, Orkney, in June 2002 revealed that the cairn excavated by James Farrer in 1861, and later described and planned by George Petrie and Henry Dryden, was only the primary phase in the history of the site. After the site had fallen into disrepair or been deliberately slighted, the original cairn, c. 7m in diameter, was incorporated in a stepped cairn or platform, c. 16m in diameter, bounded by three concentric revetments. The role of Bookan as the type-site for a variety of early style of chambered cairn is reconsidered, along with the `monumentalization' of the site in an Orcadian context. Separately authored contributions include
An anthropomorphic carving from Pictish Orkney
Authors: Lawrence David
Published: April 2023

Article on an example of Pictish anthropological art discovered in Orkney, incised on the surface of a cattle bone artefact that is interpreted as a gaming piece. The find is described and compared with related objects, with conclusions that may hold implications for the origins of hnefatafl and the meaning of some Pictish symbols.
The Anglian monastery and medieval priory of Coldingham: Urbs Coludi revisited
Authors: Stronach Simon , Franklin Julie , Hastie Mhairi , Henderson David , Wagner P , Carrott J
Published: April 2023

An excavation was undertaken in the north of Abbey Yards Field, adjacent to Coldingham Priory,the Scottish Borders. Three ditches crossed the area on the same alignment and one was wood-lined.Radiocarbon dating indicated that this boundary had been created in the 7th or early 8th century AD.Several patches of midden were preserved within adjacent hollows in the subsoil. Finds were scarcebut a similarly dated fragment of antler comb and an assemblage of pre-medieval animal bone were recovered from the fills and midden. Bede referred to an Urbs Coludi as the location of a monasteryand nunnery presided over by St Æbbe in the mid-7th century. The location of this foundation hasbeen identified as Kirk Hill, situated on the coast to the north of Coldingham. The evidence is reviewedand it is concluded that Coldingham is as likely a location for the ecclesiastical site, with Kirk Hilla contemporary secular fort. There may have been some form of continuing settlement at the site, assuggested by later medieval historians, before the founding of a new church by Edgar King of Scotsat the very end of the 11th century. By the middle of the 12th century this had developed into a priory dependent on Durham. The edge of the church graveyard was identified, with several industrialfeatures immediately outside. A second late medieval phase of cemetery was also excavated. It issuggested that the edge of the graveyard was an area used to bury marginalized members of society,with ill health and disability commonly evident among the skeletons. Animal bone associated withthe industrial features indicated that activities such as production of glue or tallow and tanning wereundertaken in the vicinity.
A programme for wetland archaeology in Scotland in the 21st century
Authors: Crone Anne , Clarke Ciara
Published: April 2023

The paper briefly summarises progress on wetland archaeology in Scotland to date and outlines the SWAP (Scottish Wetland Archaeology Programme) proposal for a strategic programme of works with the aim of seeing the potential of the archaeological resource of the Scottish wetlands more fully addressed. Although the proposals focus primarily on freshwater wetlands, as there is already a Scottish forum to develop initiatives in coastal archaeology, it is recognised that there is an overlap between these areas of interest.
Annual Report for the year 2004-2005
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Research grants, events, the activities of the Society and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances and the Editor’s Report on the Society’s publication. The Council for the following session was elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 2004-2005 is included. The President's Address was then delivered.
The excavation and reconstruction of the recumbent stone circle at Strichen, Aberdeenshire, 1979-82
Authors: Phillips Tim , Hampsher-Monk Iain , Abramson Philip
Published: April 2023

The paper describes an excavation at Strichen monument, often considered an anomaly with its recumbent stone and flankers apparently on the north side of a stone circle, rather than to the south or southwest as is usually the case with this class of monument. Although the site had been badly damaged by modern activities, the excavations were able to demonstrate that the recumbent and flankers originally lay on the southern side of a prehistoric stone circle. A sequence was revealed showing that a roundhouse-like structure and a timber circle had been constructed in the Early Iron Age inside an Early Bronze Age monument. Comparisons with other Early Bronze Age sites that were reused in the Later Bronze and Iron Ages suggest that this may be part of a wider pattern in prehistoric Scotland. After the fieldwork was completed, the stones of the monument were re-erected in the sockets revealed by the excavation.
Early Historic sculpture and landscape: a case study of Cladh a'Bhile, Ellary, Mid-Argyll
Authors: Gondek Meggen M
Published: April 2023

The burial ground at Cladh a’Bhile in Mid-Argyll contains a collection of 29 carved stones, which is the second highest concentration of recorded Early Historic sculpture in Argyll. The descriptive recording and analysis of this sculpture has been the main focus of previous study, particularly as the site presently retains its function as a burial ground. The sculpture itself currently offers limited scope for interpreting what Cladh a’Bhile was in the Early Historic period. However, through a consideration of the potential Early Historic features at and around Cladh a’Bhile, more information can be brought to bear on the function and context of this collection of carved monuments. Different functions can be proposed for the site, including an isolated cemetery or a monastic context. However, the incorporation of Cladh a’Bhile into the wider coastal landscape of Loch Caolisport suggests a further context for the site. Through the exploration of the associated archaeology, topography and place-names set within this landscape, it may be suggested that the burial ground and its sculpture may have played a part in inaugural rituals associated with Early Historic kingship.
Configuration and dimensions of burgage plots in the burgh of Edinburgh
Authors: Tait Robin
Published: April 2023

The paper presents a study in occupational mapping, the focus of which is on combining locational data for early modern occupations with a contemporaneous town plan of Edinburgh, in order to study occupational distribution in the urban environment. By combining data from a 1635 tax roll with the corresponding section of the 1647 Gordon of Rothiemay map of Edinburgh, a new tool was formed for visualizing the distribution and physical patterns of urban occupations in the southeast quarter of Scotland's capital.
A note on possible astronomic noon markers at Arbroath Abbey, Angus
Authors: Anderson Kathleen
Published: April 2023

The article describes how the behaviour of sunlight on the stonework at two points in the nave of Arbroath Abbey allows the moment of astronomic noon (Greenwich mean time plus ten minutes) to be identified between the months of September and March.
Neolithic mortuary practice in Orkney
Authors: Lawrence David
Published: April 2023

The human skeletal remains from the Neolithic chambered cairn of Isbister, Orkney were re-examined to test the accuracy of observations reported in the published analysis. During the examination, pathological lesions, signs of weathering and other taphonomic markers were recorded. Two marked disparities between the study and the published report were discovered: the Isbister population was found to display a high prevalence rate of pathological symptoms not previously described; and the bones were found not to display any great degree of the weathering, bleaching and other erosion remarked upon in the published literature. Doubt is also cast on the published calculation of minimum number of individuals interred. It is argued that the most likely explanation for the apparent differences in results is the systematic misinterpretation of pathological symptoms as evidence of taphonomic processes. It is suggested that there is no supporting evidence for the view that external exposure or preliminary disarticulation occurred prior to interment in Isbister chambered cairn.
A pit containing an undecorated Beaker and associated artefacts from Beechwood Park, Raigmore, Inverness
Authors: Suddaby Ian , Sheridan Alison , Ballin Torben , Hammersmith Hattie , Heald Andrew , McLaren Dawn
Published: April 2023

In 2004 an archaeological evaluation prior to development at Beechwood Park, adjacent to Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, revealed a pit which was found to contain both an undecorated beaker and a plano-convex flint knife at the base, with later slag from iron smithing dispersed in the fill. These associations are discussed and placed in their local and national context. Separately authored contributions include
Rock art from a Bronze Age burial at Balblair, near Inverness
Authors: Dutton Andrew , Clapperton Kelly , Carter Stephen
Published: April 2023

This report presents the findings of archaeological excavations undertaken on the heavily denuded remains of a Bronze Age burial cairn at Balblair, near Inverness, during 2004. Little information was recovered about the cairn, other than a ground plan, and the single central cist had been opened and emptied in the past, leaving only a few sherds of Food Vessel-style pottery with which to date the monument. The cist itself proved to be of much greater interest with all three of the surviving side slabs bearing rock art. In two cases this comprises small cup marks and a perforation but the third slab bears a large cup mark and perforation, and complex carved design without obvious parallel in Scottish prehistoric rock art. An analysis of the cist slabs concludes that, although the main slab is exceptional in its design, the site as a whole conforms to our current understanding of ‘single grave art’ and the use/re-use of rock art in the early Bronze Age.
Early historic settlement on the western carselands of Forth valley: a reappraisal
Authors: Harrison John G , Tipping Richard
Published: April 2023

This paper challenges the view, widespread amongst historians and archaeologists, that prior to the Improvement period the carselands west of Stirling were devoid of settlement due to near-continuous peat  mosses. The argument is supported by cartographic evidence of pre-Improvement settlement and by documentary evidence of farming and settlement from the 15th century onward. Settlement was concentrated along the river margins and most of the modern carseland settlements are recorded by the 17th century. Eighteenth-century writers thought that the mosses had always been discontinuous and identified the important relationship between settlement and soil-types across the carse. Fortunately, the scientifically and archaeologically important surviving peat mosses have made the area a focus of palaeo-ecological and geomorphological research in recent decades. The scientific evidence supports the historical conclusion that the mosses were likely to be discontinuous in the pre-Improvement period, providing attractive sites for early settlement along their margins and confirms the correlation between documented early modern settlement and soil types, themselves a reflection of the evolution of the carse in the post-glacial period. The modern landscape is not, in this view, simply a product of moss clearance but also includes land never covered by moss and land only partially reclaimed. The reasons why recorded archaeological evidence for settlement is confined to the margins of the carse are briefly considered, as are some of the wider historical implications (such as movement between the north and south of Scotland).
Excavations at Summerlee Ironworks, Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire
Authors: Lewis John , Murdoch Robin
Published: April 2023

Excavations within Summerlee Heritage Park, Coatbridge in the late 1980s revealed extensive remains of the Summerlee Ironworks, founded in 1836. These included the bases of four furnaces, five heating stoves, an engine house, a boiler house and several underground flues together with numerous ancillary structures and features and elements of a chemical recovery plant. Although most of the excavated remains were associated with various stages of remodelling and upgrading, a significant number appeared to date from the early years of the works.
Excavation of an Iron Age, Early Historic and medieval settlement and metalworking site at Eilean Olabhat, North Uist
Authors: Armit Ian , Campbell Ewan , Dunwell Andrew , Housley Rupert , Hunter Fraser , Jackson Adam , Johnson Melanie , McLaren Dawn , Miller Jennifer , Murdoch K R , Thoms Jennifer , Warren Graeme , Braby Alan , Evenden Craig , Mulqueeny Libby , Whitelaw Leeanne
Published: April 2023

The promontory site of Eilean Olabhat, North Uist was excavated between 1986 and 1990 as part ofthe Loch Olabhat Research Project. It was shown to be a complex enclosed settlement and industrialsite with several distinct episodes of occupation. The earliest remains comprise a small Iron Agebuilding dating to the middle centuries of the first millennium BC, which was modified on severaloccasions prior to its abandonment. Much later, the Early Historic remains comprise a smallcellular building, latterly used as a small workshop within which fine bronze and silverwork wasproduced in the fifth to seventh centuries AD. Evidence of this activity is represented by quantitiesof mould and crucible fragments as well as tuyère and other industrial waste products. The sitesubsequently fell into decay for a second time prior to its medieval reoccupation probably in the14th to 16th centuries AD.

Eilean Olabhat has produced a well-stratified, though discontinuous, structural and artefactualsequence from the mid-first millennium BC to the later second millennium AD, and has importantimplications for ceramic development in the Western Isles over that period, as well as providingsignificant evidence for the nature and social context of Early Historic metalworking.
Forest grazing and seaweed foddering: early Neolithic occupation at Maybole, South Ayrshire
Authors: Becket Alastair , MacGregor Gavin , Clarke Ann , Duffy Paul , Finlay Nyree , Miller Jennifer , Sheridan Alison
Published: April 2023

A group of Early Neolithic features probably relating to the cooking of food was excavated. Several of these features contained considerable amounts of carbonised botanical remains, providing a broader insight into the landscape where these features were found. Analysis of the remains suggests that there has been a short phase of occupation, radiocarbon dated to 3780-3650 cal BC.
Medieval timber-lined wells in Elgin
Authors: Murray Hillary K , Murray J C , Lindsay W J
Published: April 2023

Summary of results from excavations on three medieval backland properties behind the High Street in Elgin, including a full analysis of timber-lined wells dating from the late 12th/early 13th and 14th centuries. A rare wooden wheel recovered from one of the wells is also illustrated.
Gogar, archaeological and historical evidence for a lost medieval parish near Edinburgh
Authors: Morrison Jenni , Oram Richard , Ross Alisdair , Franklin Julie
Published: April 2023

The parish of Gogar, located just to the west of Edinburgh, ceased to exist shortly after theReformation. The name ‘Gogar’ survives in various modern place-names but extensive recentdevelopment has obliterated most of the historic topography of the former parish. Redevelopmentof the site of the former Gogarburn Hospital for the new global headquarters of the Royal Bank ofScotland led to archaeological investigations in 2003 that identified part of the medieval fermtounof Nether Gogar. The results of the archaeological investigations have been combined here withhistorical research to present a reconstruction of the ‘lost’ parish, focusing on evidence for thefermtoun of Nether Gogar in the medieval period (ad 1200–1600).
Graveheart: cult and burial in a Cistercian chapter house - excavations at Melrose, 1921 and 1996
Authors: Ewart Gordon , Gallagher Dennis , Sherman Paul , Franklin Julie , MacQueen Bill , Thoms Jennifer
Published: April 2023

The chapter house at Melrose was first excavated by the Ministry of Works in 1921, revealing asequence of burials including a heart burial, possibly that of Robert I. Part of the site was re-excavatedin 1996 by Kirkdale Archaeology for Historic Scotland in order to provide better information for thepresentation of the monument. This revealed that the building had expanded in the 13th century, theearly chamber being used as a vestibule. There was a complex sequence of burials in varied forms,including a translated bundle burial and some associated with the cult which developed aroundthe tomb of the second abbot, Waltheof. The heart burial was re-examined (and reburied) and itssignificance is considered in the context of contemporary religious belief and the development of acult. There was evidence for an elaborate tiled floor, small areas of which survive in situ.
Ultrasonography of Muscle Vibration Caused by MYBPC1 Variant
Authors: Zhao Ying , Yan Chuanzhu , Ji Kunqian
Published: April 2023

This case report describes muscle vibration during muscle contraction caused by an MYBPC1 variant.
Lessons Learned From a COVID-19 Dog Screening Pilot in California K-12 Schools
Authors: Glaser Carol A. , Le Marchand Chloe E. , Rizzo Kyle , Bornstein Lea , Messenger Sharon , Edwards Carol A. , Nakamura Robert
Published: April 2023

This diagnostic study describes a dog screening program used to identify COVID-19 infections among schoolchildren.
Advancing Equity in Medical Device Development for Children
Authors: Bourgeois Florence T. , Espinoza Juan C.
Published: April 2023

This Viewpoint reviews activities to increase pediatric medical device development, assesses ongoing challenges, and recommends strategies to strengthen pediatric programs.
Alternative Approach to Modeling of Nucleation and Remelting in Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Koepf Johannes A. , Gotterbarm Martin R. , Kumara Chamara , Markl Matthias , Körner Carolin
Published: April 2023

In powder bed fusion (PBF) of metals, energy of a laser or electron beam is utilized to form near‐net‐shaped parts from a powder bed. A very promising application of PBF lies in the direct control of the resulting microstructure by adjusting process parameters. Especially the intentional tilting of grains in one certain direction offers a complete new field of activity for additively produced parts specially designed for a given load case. Nucleation is essential for utilization of this effect. Herein, an alternative approach for modeling nucleation in PBF of metals is introduced. The model is not intended to cover every physical effect of this extreme complex phenomenon. Based on observations reported from different researchers in the field of PBF, a heuristic approach is applied to consider new grains within a cellular automata (CA)‐based crystal growth model for PBF. Utilizing the implicit capability of the CA to model competitive growth of grains, this approach does not require any additional computational capacities. The numerical calculations are carried out using a message–passing interface (MPI) parallelization on a high‐performance computing (HPC) cluster located at the Regional Research Center Erlangen. The numerical results are validated by means of experiments and electron backscatter diffractometric measurements.
A Sample‐Triggered Microvalve Based on Material Property Regulation Mechanism for Reagent Storage and on‐Demand Release
Authors: Chen Yuanfen , Wang Jintao , Chen Yao , Xiao Chongyong , You Hui
Published: April 2023

Prestoring and on‐demand releasing of reagents is an essential feature for further automation and integration of lab‐on‐a‐chip (LOC). The current microvalves rely on external drive to trigger release the prestored reagent. Herein, a novel microvalve that can achieve long‐term prestorage and tested‐sample‐triggered release of reagents is developed. The microvalve functions based on water‐triggered material property regulation mechanism: the waterproof film contributes to the reagent stable storage; the water‐solvable film would lose most of its mechanical strength once triggered by water; then the bilayer film would fracture under the stress of the microspring, releasing the prestored reagent. The functionality of the microvalve is demonstrated in a microfluidic chip. The microvalve is triggered open by the test sample, and the released prestored reagent flows to the reserved reaction area few minutes later. The delay time could be adjusted from 0.1 to 11 min as required by sample reaction, through controlling the structure of the time‐delay valve. Compared to previous reported microvalves that rely on the external drive, the novel microvalve reported herein provides a new approach to realize internal signal‐triggered release of the prestored reagent, thus achieving a real accessory‐free, portable, and user‐friendly self‐contained LOC for rapid and point‐of‐care diagnostics.
3D Printing and Easy Removal of Transparent Thin Polymeric Sheets and their Application in Solar Cells Encapsulation
Authors: Alam Fahad , El-Atab Nazek
Published: April 2023

3D printing of thin transparent sheets is challenging because transparency is compromised due to surface defects. Herein, the 3D printing of thin, transparent, and smooth polymeric surfaces is demonstrated with easy removal and potential application in solar cell encapsulation. Thin disk‐shaped objects are printed using a vat‐photopolymerization‐based 3D‐printing technique, and their transparency is measured. The disks are printed directly onto the build plate in three different orientations, whereas a modified build plate is used for each sample. The sample printed on the modified build plate exhibits the highest transparency (≈95%) and is the easiest to remove from the plate. Thin and transparent sheets are prepared with embedded TiO2 nanoparticles using this approach. TiO2 addition blocks the ultraviolet‐light wavelengths of 200–400 nm, which can reduce phonon generation in silicon solar cells and, thus, lower the panel surface temperature. The results demonstrate an 8 °C reduction in temperature, which can enhance the efficiency of silicon photovoltaics. The proposed method demonstrates the capability of 3D printing of transparent, smooth surfaces with easy removal of thin objects for various applications.
3D Knitting for Pneumatic Soft Robotics
Authors: Sanchez Vanessa , Mahadevan Kausalya , Ohlson Gabrielle , Graule Moritz A. , Yuen Michelle C. , Teeple Clark B. , Weaver James C. , McCann James , Bertoldi Katia , Wood Robert J.
Published: April 2023

Soft robots adapt passively to complex environments due to their inherent compliance, allowing them to interact safely with fragile or irregular objects and traverse uneven terrain. The vast tunability and ubiquity of textiles has enabled new soft robotic capabilities, especially in the field of wearable robots, but existing textile processing techniques (e.g., cut‐and‐sew, thermal bonding) are limited in terms of rapid, additive, accessible, and waste‐free manufacturing. While 3D knitting has the potential to address these limitations, an incomplete understanding of the impact of structure and material on knit‐scale mechanical properties and macro‐scale device performance has precluded the widespread adoption of knitted robots. In this work, the roles of knit structure and yarn material properties on textile mechanics spanning three regimes–unfolding, geometric rearrangement, and yarn stretching–are elucidated and shown to be tailorable across unique knit architectures and yarn materials. Based on this understanding, 3D knit soft actuators for extension, contraction, and bending are constructed. Combining these actuation primitives enables the monolithic fabrication of entire soft grippers and robots in a single‐step additive manufacturing procedure suitable for a variety of applications. This approach represents a first step in seamlessly “printing” conformal, low‐cost, customizable textile‐based soft robots on‐demand.
IgG‐Complement Adsorption Behavior Activates Macrophage Mediated Early Immune Responses on Zirconia Implants
Authors: Jiang Shuting , Ni Yueqi , Zhang Fanyu , Duan Yiling , Qi Haoning , Mo Wenting , Tang Qinchao , Miron Richard J , Zhang Yufeng
Published: April 2023

Zirconium implants have gained popularity among clinicians due to their superior mechanical properties. However, zirconium implants usually perform less well in early osseointegration than titanium implants. And the degree of severity of the acute inflammation resulting from macrophage activation after implantation determines the result of the implantation. The mechanism by which zirconia implants cause more acute inflammation compared to titanium implants is currently unknown. Here, the complement activation on zirconium oxide is demonstrated, which causes differences in inflammation compared to titanium oxide. More adsorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and complement protein C1q together with the more efficient triggering of the complement system is shown to occur on ZrO2 surfaces. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further reveal that IgG exhibits more accessible binding sites on ZrO2 surfaces due to its hydrophobicity, leading to more efficient complement activation. Reduced inflammation of hydrophilized ZrO2 compared to non‐treated ZrO2 demonstrates the role of hydrophobicity in the higher inflammation of ZrO2. The results reveal that complement activation due to conformational changes and greater adsorption of IgG and C1q on ZrO2 triggers inflammation caused by macrophages, providing new insights for implant design and performance optimization.
Nanoscale Disorder and Deintercalation Evolution in K‐Doped MoS2 Analysed Via In Situ TEM
Authors: Shao Shouqi , Tainton Gareth R.M. , Kuang W. J. , Clark Nick , Gorbachev Roman , Eggeman Alexander , Grigorieva Irina V. , Kelly Daniel J. , Haigh Sarah J.
Published: April 2023

Intercalation and deintercalation processes in van der Waals crystals underpin their use in nanoelectronics, energy storage, and catalysis but there remains significant uncertainty regarding these materials’ structural and chemical heterogeneity at the nanoscale. Deintercalation in particular often controls the robustness and cyclability of the involved processes. Here, a detailed analysis of potassium ordering and compositional variations in as‐synthesised K intercalated MoS2 as well an analysis of deintercalation induced changes in the structure and K/Mo elemental composition is presented. By combining 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (4DSTEM), in situ atomic resolution STEM imaging, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) the formation of previously unknown intermediate superstructures during deintercalation is revealed. The results provide evidence supporting a new deintercalation mechanism that favors formation of local regions with thermodynamically stable ordering rather than isotropic release of K. Systematic time‐temperature measurements demonstrate the deintercalation behavior to follow first‐order kinetics, allowing compositional and superstructural changes to be predicted. It is expected that the in situ correlative STEM‐EDS/SAED methodology developed in this work has the potential to determine optimal synthesis, processing and working conditions for a variety of intercalated or pillared materials.
Introducing Dynamic Bonds in Light‐based 3D Printing
Authors: Zhu Guangda , Houck Hannes A. , Spiegel Christoph A. , Selhuber‐Unkel Christine , Hou Yi , Blasco Eva
Published: April 2023

Light‐based 3D printing has received significant attention due to several advantages including high printing speed and resolution. Along with the development of new technologies, material design is key for the next generation of light‐based 3D printing. Conventional printable polymeric materials, also known as photopolymers or photoresins, often lead to thermosets–polymer networks cross‐linked by permanent covalent bonds which bring limited adaptability and restricted reprocessability. Dynamic bonds that can reversibly break and reform enable network rearrangement, thereby offering unprecedented properties to the materials such as adaptability, self‐healing, and recycling capabilities. Hence, introducing dynamic bonds into materials for light‐based 3D printing is a promising strategy to further expand and meet the diverse application scenarios of 3D printed multi‐functional materials and moreover meet more demanding sustainable and nature‐inspired design considerations (e.g., adaptability and self‐healing). Herein, an overview of recent advances in dynamic photopolymers for light‐based 3D printing, aiming to bridge these two promising research fields is presented. Importantly, the current challenges are also analyzed and perspectives for further developing dynamic photopolymers for light‐based 3D printing and their potential applications are provided.
Emerging Applications, Developments, Prospects, and Challenges of Electrochemical Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Conversion
Authors: Chen Wenda , Yang Xiuyuan , Chen Zhida , Ou Zhijun , Hu Jiangtao , Xu Yuan , Li Yongliang , Ren Xiangzhong , Ye Shenghua , Qiu Jieshan , Liu Jianhong , Zhang Qianling
Published: April 2023

Ammonia is not only an important feedstock for chemical industry but also a carbon‐free energy carrier and a safe storage media for hydrogen. Due to the advantages compared to Haber–Bosch process, electrochemical NO3−‐to‐NH3conversion via nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) received attention. Recently, “green hydrogen” generated from water electrolysis shows promise to become the energy for future but limited by the safety of storage and transportation. This review proposes electrochemical NO3−‐to‐NH3conversion can store renewable electric energy and “green hydrogen” into NH3, which is a potential solution for solving the puzzle of “green hydrogen” storage and transportation. Moreover, the theoretical insights of NO3−RR and electrocatalyst design are discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this field are elucidated. This review provides a novel perspective for NO3−RR and accelerates the development of effective electrocatalysts for NO3−‐to‐NH3conversion.
PEDOT:PSS: Smart Infrared Rewritable Materials
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Wu Zuoxu , Liu Yijie , Yin Li , Hou Shuaihang , Mao Jun , Cao Feng , Zhang Qian
Published: April 2023

Thermal radiation spectrum regulation plays an important role in energy and information fields. Effectively hiding targets and rendering it invisible to infrared imaging detectors are great challenges in past decades. Herein, a smart infrared rewritable and emissivity tunable polymer film is proposed based on PEDOT:PSS. The adjustment ability for the thermal emission is attributed to the mobile polaronic of PEDOT that can be effectively regulated by redox agents, resulting in an infrared emission modulation > 30%. The conformation and molecular stacking order of PEDOT also present reversible property, accompanied with the transformation between dication state and neutral state. Finally, a technique for direct writing and erasing process in the infrared region is implemented, based on the simple redox treating process. This work aims to provide a simple strategy on fabricating rewritable films based on conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS, which can be potentially applied in infrared optics security printing.
Ultracoherent Single‐Electron Emission of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Aiwei , Zhao Jiuzhou , Chen Ke , Li Zhenjun , Li Chi , Dai Qing
Published: April 2023

A single‐electron emitter, based on a single quantized energy level, can potentially achieve ultimate temporal and spatial coherence with a large emission current, which is desirable for atomic‐resolution electron probes. This is first developed by constructing a nano‐object on a metal tip to form a quantized double barrier structure. However, the single‐electron‐emission current can only achieve a picoampere level due to the low electron tunneling rate of the heterojunction with large barrier width, which limits the practical applications. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serve as a single‐electron emitter and a current up to 1.5 nA is demonstrated. The double barrier structure formed on the CNT tip enables a high tunneling rate (≈1012 s−1) due to the smaller barrier width. The emitter also shows high temporal coherence (energy dispersion of ≈10 meV) and spatial coherence (effective source radius of ≈0.85 nm). This work represents a highly coherent electron source to simplify the electron optics system of atomic‐resolution electron microscopy and sub‐10 nm electron beam lithography.
Metal Alloys‐Structured Electrocatalysts: Metal–Metal Interactions, Coordination Microenvironments, and Structural Property–Reactivity Relationships
Authors: Yang Chengdong , Gao Yun , Ma Tian , Bai Mingru , He Chao , Ren Xiancheng , Luo Xianglin , Wu Changzhu , Li Shuang , Cheng Chong
Published: April 2023

Metal alloys‐structured electrocatalysts (MAECs) have made essential contributions to accelerating the practical applications of electrocatalytic devices in renewable energy systems. However, due to the complex atomic structures, varied electronic states, and abundant supports, precisely decoding the metal‐metal interactions and structure‐activity relationships of MAECs still confronts great challenges, which is critical to direct the future engineering and optimization of MAECs. Here, this timely review comprehensively summarizes the latest advances in creating the MAECs, including the metal‐metal interactions, coordination microenvironments, and structure‐activity relationships. First, the fundamental classification, design, characterization, and structural reconstruction of MAECs are outlined. Then, the electrocatalytic merits and modulation strategies of recent breakthroughs for noble and non‐noble metal‐structured MAECs are thoroughly discussed, such as solid solution alloys, intermetallic alloys, and single‐atom alloys. Particularly, unique insights into the bond interactions, theoretical understanding, and operando techniques for mechanism disclosure are given. Thereafter, the current states of diverse MAECs with a unique focus on structural property‐reactivity relationships, reaction pathways, and performance comparisons are discussed. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives for MAECs are systematically discussed. It is believed that this comprehensive review can offer a substantial impact on stimulating the widespread utilization of metal alloys‐structured materials in electrocatalysis.
Quantum Size Effect to Induce Colossal High‐Temperature Energy Storage Density and Efficiency in Polymer/Inorganic Cluster Composites
Authors: Yang Mingcong , Wang Shaojie , Fu Jing , Zhu Yujie , Liang Jiajie , Cheng Sang , Hu Shixun , Hu Jun , He Jinliang , Li Qi
Published: April 2023

Polymer dielectrics need to operate at high temperatures to meet the demand of electrostatic energy storage in modern electronic and electrical systems. The polymer nanocomposite approach, an extensively proved strategy for performance improvement, encounters a bottleneck of reduced energy density and poor discharge efficiency beyond 150 °C. In this work, a polymer/metal oxide cluster composite prepared based on the “site isolation” strategy is reported. Capitalizing on the quantum size effect, the bandgap and surface defect states of the ultrasmall inorganic clusters (2.2 nm diameter) are modulated to markedly differ from regular‐sized nanoparticles. Experimental results in conjunction with computational simulation demonstrate that the presence of ultrasmall inorganic clusters can introduce more abundant, deeper traps in the composite dielectric with respect to conventional polymer/nanoparticle blends. Unprecedented high‐temperature capacitive performance, including colossal energy density (6.8 J cm−3), ultrahigh discharge efficiency (95%) and superior stability at different electric field frequencies, are achieved in these polymer/cluster composites up to 200 °C. Along with the advantages in material preparation (inexpensive precursors and one‐pot synthesis), such polymer/inorganic cluster composite approach is promising for high‐temperature dielectric energy storage in practical power apparatus and electronic devices.