bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Terrien Marginal Degeneration
Authors: Hafezi Farhad , Gatzioufas Zisis , Seiler Theo G. , Seiler Theo
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:

To report the long-term clinical outcome of a patient diagnosed as having Terrien marginal degeneration (TMD) who was subjected to corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with ultraviolet-A and riboflavin in both eyes.

METHODS:

Topographical changes were assessed by high-resolution Scheimpflug imaging and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Eccentric epithelium-off CXL was performed in both eyes while protecting the corneal limbus. Irradiation was performed with a fluence of 5.4 J/cm
2
, using 3 mW/cm
2
for 30 minutes.

RESULTS:

Five years of postoperative follow-up showed regression of the keratometric values, a local thickening of the corneal stroma, and bilateral improvement of corrected distance visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS:

CXL may arrest progression in TMD and even reverse the catabolic process in the corneal stroma. CXL might represent an alternative therapeutic approach for the management of TMD.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(7):498–500.]
JRCR - updated author and reviewer guidelines for 2014
Authors: Talanow Roland
Published: July 2014

This article describes updates on author and reviewer guidelines for manuscripts submitted on or after July 1, 2014 to the interactive Journal of Radiology Case Reports.
Research Focus on European Education Policy
Authors: Dima Alina Mihaela , Vasilache Simona
Published: July 2014

This chapter includes an overview of the academic research recently dedicated to educational policies in European higher education. This chapter reviews the main research databases, looking for general and specialized articles referring to academic research, and the authors map the trends in mainstream literature. They identify the dynamics of articles dedicated to academic research, the most frequent topics, and assess their impact on educational policies in European universities. The chapter is based on a quantitative analysis of the records, as well as on the debates and analyses of the research on educational policies in recent years.
Convergence of Quality Management Approaches
Authors: Platis Magdalena
Published: July 2014

In all evaluations of universities, either of programs, schools, or the institution as a whole body, the starting point is the self-evaluation report. Its importance is crucial since all the recommendations and conclusions are based on its content. The purpose of this chapter is to reveal the importance of the self-development process as part of the self-management strategies that need to be implemented in higher education universities, in the context of the quality assessment procedures. In the contemporary context, the process of university development has to be understood as a self-development process, taking into consideration all the reforms and changes generated since the the Bologna Declaration (1999). Therefore, it is important to reveal the characteristics of the process of self-development for the higher education institution, to identify most relevant methods of management development, and to explain how self-management strategies can be supported for universities to become better off. In addition, the concept of quality convergence is expressed on the basis of the self-development process.
Convergence at What Cost?
Authors: Glaser-Segura Daniel A. , Mudge Suzanne D. , Bratianu Constantin , Orzea Ivona
Published: July 2014

The Bologna Process instituted measures promoting common curriculum throughout Europe with three-year standards established for Bachelor programs in economics, humanistic and positive sciences, and four-year standards for engineering sciences. Dramatic reductions were made to programs resulting in students moving into the workforce at a faster pace and with fewer academic credits. Questions existed as to whether three-year programs were sufficient for professional identity development. Professional identity, a system of attributes and values one has about self in relation to professional role, is essential for professional culture integration. This chapter employs a quasi-experimental design to compare professional identity development of Romanian business students ranging from first- through third-year using 2012 data and fourth-year students using 2007 data. Findings reveal professional identity within post-Bologna Process programs rose from first year to second but fell in the end-of-program third year. Data from pre-Bologna Process programs show higher measures of professional identity for end-of-program fourth-year students. Interpretations are provided and student workforce readiness discussed.
Towards Convergence in European Higher Education through Open Innovation
Authors: Coraş Eliza Laura , Tanţãu Adrian Dumitru
Published: July 2014

Universities are considered the main sources of innovation; yet, in practice, their potential as collaboration partners in the scope of innovation creation is underexplored, being last mentioned by firms as collaborators. Moreover, firms' innovation policies tend to change their focus by driving success more often from collaboration with universities. Given the direct influence of quality of higher education on the capacity of the business sector to innovate, in this chapter the authors address the issue of collaborating with higher education institutions through open innovation by fostering university-industry collaboration and a more entrepreneurial mindset in universities. The authors offer evidence from European universities in order to illustrate the benefits of such partnerships and also the barriers that hamper the open innovation objectives by applying a risk management perspective. Furthermore, they explore with examples how Romanian universities take this path of collaboration.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Student-Centeredness in Universities
Authors: Marouchou Despina Varnava
Published: July 2014

The Bologna Process initiated by the European Commission in 1998 has stimulated change through the implementation of several education reforms. These reforms placed into action a series of curricular improvements geared towards the European Higher Education Convergence. More specifically, the introduction of the European Credit Accumulation and Transfer System (ECTS) aims to support more student-centred, more flexible, and more individually tailored education tracks. However, the student-centred policy, as a fundamental pillar towards the improvement of teaching, has been applied in a very simple and unclear fashion (Reichert & Tauch, 2003) without being properly understood by the academics themselves. This chapter reports on the importance of the conceptual change approach in the professional development of academics by arguing that the design of an effective student-centred learning environment may not be effectively achieved in practice in the absence of the academics' own conceptions of how they conceive, experience, and understand teaching. The possible mismatch between conceptions of teaching and actual teaching practices may prove to be an obstacle for the effective implementation of the student-centred reforms. Thus, the main purpose of this chapter is to explore the likelihood of how conceptions of teaching could encourage an environment that supports student learning and contribute to the effectiveness of convergence of the European Higher Education.
Convergence in Financing the European Higher Education Systems
Authors: Dima Alina Mihaela , Ramona Cantaragiu
Published: July 2014

Financing the higher education systems in European countries is a highly debated topic, and the main issues are related to increasing the level of public funding, increasing the degree of autonomy in the management of the financial resources of universities, establishing direct correlations between results and the amount of public funding, and encouraging the diversification of funding sources, combined with the creation of partnerships with research institutes, enterprises, and regional authorities. This chapter presents a four-tiered research regarding the opinions of the Romanian academic community with respect to: (a) the priority measures used to improve convergence in Higher Education (HE) financing, (b) the most relevant indicators for assessing convergence in financing HE, (c) the barriers stopping or slowing down convergence financing in HE, and (d) the institutions responsible for taking measures and clearing any obstacles in financing the higher education system.
Implementing a Hybrid Cloud Infrastructure to Facilitate ICT in Education
Authors: Siahos Yannis , Papanagiotou Iasonas , Georgopoulos Alkis , Tsamis Fotis , Nikoltsios Lefteris
Published: July 2014

In this chapter, the authors present the methodology and the results of their effort towards the introduction of cloud services as a means to simplify the adoption of ICT in education using Free/Open Source Software. A hybrid cloud infrastructure is established in order to provide Linux and optionally MS-Windows desktop environments with the Software as a Service cloud model. Legacy and modern school PCs function as stateless devices. To achieve this, their “Sch-scripts” application performs an unattended installation of the Linux Terminal Server Project software to a school computer that also hosts centrally maintained virtual machines. Classroom management is accomplished using their “Epoptes” application. Administration is only required in the school server while the educational software is provided with the Software as a Service model either in online form or through repositories that automate software installation. Four-hundred-twenty schools have already implemented this architecture and 117 responded to the evaluation survey. The statistical analysis of these answers confirms the design principles, which include minimal cost, as well as reusability of obsolete equipment, ease of administration, centralized management, patches and educational software provisioning, classroom management, and above all, facilitation of the educational procedure.
Which Perspectives Can Drive the Analysis of Technology-Enhanced Learning Environments?
Authors: Bottino Rosa Maria
Published: July 2014

Due to its interdisciplinary nature, educational technology research is characterized by approaches, models, and methodologies that derive from a number of different research traditions, disciplines, and approaches. Thus, the numerous research studies in this sector are characterized by a wide range of paradigms and methodologies that needs some overarching notion to be framed and understood. In this chapter, specific reference has been made to the notion of perspective. On the basis of this notion, a framework has been sketched to help make explicit the interplay between perspectives and elements that characterize technology-based learning environments. Such framework has been exemplified considering two research projects carried out at the Institute of Educational Technology of the Italian National Research Council.
Why Game-Based Learning Did Not Achieve What It Could Achieve
Authors: Tan Wee Hoe , Neill Sean , Johnston-Wilder Sue
Published: July 2014

This chapter investigates the reasons behind the attitude differences of professionals involved in Game-Based Learning (GBL). Semi-structured interviews were conducted between October 2009 and March 2010 with 11 Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and 11 game experts in the UK. The interviews aimed to explain why the professionals' attitudes were statistically significantly less positive when comparing what GBL could ideally achieve and what it usually achieves. The negative experience encountered by the interviewees is the key reason of the attitude differences. The accountability culture of UK education diminished SMEs' confidence in GBL practice, and the condition was further impaired with the lack of good quality games. Time constraints, online security for minors, and teachers' lack of understanding about games were also the challenges faced by the GBL practitioners. Meanwhile, 5 factors of positive GBL practice were identified in the study (i.e. flexibility, use of media-rich resources, positive attitude towards new teaching methods, trendy learning strategies, and maturation of GBL systems). Based on the positive and negative experiences shared by the interviewees, the chapter proposes a guideline for ideal GBL practice, which highlights how successful GBL practice could be replicated and how failed attempts could be avoided.
Analyzing the Effects of Context-Aware Mobile Design Principles on Student Learning
Authors: Seneca Eric
Published: July 2014

The adoption of mobile technology is rapidly transforming how individuals obtain information. Learning occurs when content is accessed in a recursive process of awareness, exploration, reflection and resolution within one's social context. Specifically, the most visible, current definitions of mobile learning provide an overview of the learning theory and device characteristics informing mobility, but do not focus on how people interact with mobile devices in their everyday lives. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of context-aware mobile design principles on student learning. The study had 60 participants randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. The results indicated that the treatment group scored a significantly higher mean score than the control. The data suggests that mobile learning is more than just an extension or luggable form of electronic learning. It requires a designer to understand instructional and software design, mobile human-computer interactions, and learning theory.
Are You an Online Team Player?
Authors: Rawlings Melody
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this pilot case study was to answer the following research questions: How do previous experiences affect students' attitudes toward online teamwork? When do students' attitudes toward online teamwork first develop and why? Using a social constructivist framework, a qualitative case study design was utilized to conduct an online open-ended survey and online focus group in one online Organizational Leadership 300-level course. Findings revealed that students' attitudes toward online teamwork are in part predicated upon previous online team experiences. Students identified a number of challenges with online teamwork, many of which related to personality issues, slackers or members who do not contribute his or her share of the work, and poor communication. Generally, students' attitudes and perceptions toward online teamwork began in college after their first online team experience. In order for online teamwork to be effective, instructors may consider designing team projects that include methods to ensure both team and individual accountability, promote team cohesiveness, and foster frequent communication among team members.
Realising the Potential of MOOCs in Developing Capacity for Tertiary Education Managers
Authors: Nguyen Chinh , Davis Heather , Sharrock Geoff , Hempsall Kay
Published: July 2014

MOOCs are a recent development, with little informed consensus on the extent of their future impact on tertiary education. In this paper the authors consider one application of open online courseware, as a platform for professional development within the tertiary sector, with an agreed pathway into award programs in tertiary education management. The case presented is a recently launched ‘emerging leaders and managers program (eLAMP)' for the Australian tertiary education sector. The pedagogical, resourcing and practical issues of designing and supporting this program are examined as a means of exploring the conceptual underpinnings of online technologies and pedagogies.
Exploring the Relevancy of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
Authors: Dyer Ronald A.D
Published: July 2014

The challenge of Information and Communication Technology Management within the Caribbean university system remains daunting. On the surface there exists constant need to revisit infrastructure, system architecture, software and relevant hardware in keeping with the myriad number of changes across the global technology landscape. However, a greater challenge is emerging rapidly forcing universities across the globe to re-evaluate their strategic direction as it relates to course delivery. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) represent the next frontier for open and distance education; allowing for dispersion of courses (free of charge) to participants with a diverse array of digital content spanning the sciences, arts, humanities and business. MOOCs represent a new thinking for content design/delivery rooted in the transformation of production and knowledge sharing Tapscott & Williams, (2007). University systems regionally as traditional gatekeepers of knowledge must now become au courant to ensure currency and competitiveness. This paper examines MOOCs as a new digital content frontier, their relevance to Caribbean higher education institutions and the challenges that universities face as they become more prevalent. It will also provide insights into the potential strategies for adoption of MOOCs within the Caribbean university system.
IκB Kinase Activity Drives Fetal Lung Macrophage Maturation along a Non-M1/M2 Paradigm
Authors: Stouch Ashley N. , Zaynagetdinov Rinat , Barham Whitney J. , Stinnett Amanda M. , Slaughter James C. , Yull Fiona E. , Hoffman Hal M. , Blackwell Timothy S. , Prince Lawrence S.
Published: July 2014

In preterm infants, exposure to inflammation increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic, developmental lung disease. Although macrophages are the key cells that initiate lung inflammation, less is known about lung macrophage phenotype and maturation. We hypothesized that fetal lung macrophages mature into distinct subpopulations during mouse development, and that activation could influence macrophage maturation. Expression of the fetal macrophage markers CD68, CD86, CD206, Ym1, fibrinogen-like protein 2, and indolamine-2, 3-dioxygenase was developmentally regulated, with each marker having different temporal patterns. Flow cytometry analysis showed macrophages within the fetal lung were less diverse than the distinctly separate subpopulations in newborn and adult lungs. Similar to adult alveolar macrophages, fetal lung macrophages responded to the TLR4 agonist LPS and the alternative activation cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Using a macrophage-specific constitutively active IκB Kinase transgenic model (IKFM), we demonstrated that macrophage activation increased proinflammatory gene expression and reduced the response of fetal lung macrophages to IL-4 and IL-13. Activation also increased fetal lung macrophage proliferation. Fetal IKFM lungs contained increased percentages of more mature, CD11blowF4/80high cells that also expressed higher levels of the alternative activation markers CD204 and CD206. Development of fetal lung macrophages into mature alveolar macrophages may therefore include features of both proinflammatory and alternative activation paradigms.
The Receptor for the Complement C3a Anaphylatoxin (C3aR) Provides Host Protection against Listeria monocytogenes–Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Mueller-Ortiz Stacey L. , Morales John E. , Wetsel Rick A.
Published: July 2014

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular bacterium that is acquired through tainted food and may lead to systemic infection and possible death. Despite the importance of the innate immune system in fighting L. monocytogenes infection, little is known about the role of complement and its activation products, including the potent C3a anaphylatoxin. In a model of systemic L. monocytogenes infection, we show that mice lacking the receptor for C3a (C3aR−/−) are significantly more sensitive to infection compared with wild-type mice, as demonstrated by decreased survival, increased bacterial burden, and increased damage to their livers and spleens. The inability of the C3aR−/− mice to clear the bacterial infection was not caused by defective macrophages or by a reduction in cytokines/chemokines known to be critical in the host response to L. monocytogenes, including IFN-γ and TNF-α. Instead, TUNEL staining, together with Fas, active caspase-3, and Bcl-2 expression data, indicates that the increased susceptibility of C3aR−/− mice to L. monocytogenes infection was largely caused by increased L. monocytogenes–induced apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid cells in the spleen that are required for ultimate clearance of L. monocytogenes, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. These findings reveal an unexpected function of C3a/C3aR signaling during the host immune response that suppresses Fas expression and caspase-3 activity while increasing Bcl-2 expression, thereby providing protection to both myeloid and lymphoid cells against L. monocytogenes–induced apoptosis.
Enteric Parasites and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in Children from Cañazas County, Veraguas Province, Panama
Authors: Jiménez Gutiérrez Elena , Pineda Vanessa , Calzada Jose E. , Guerrant Richard L. , Lima Neto Jones B. , Pinkerton Relana C. , Saldaña Azael
Published: July 2014

This study was designed to examine the height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), and the prevalence of intestinal inflammation, gastrointestinal infections with parasites, and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in rural Panamanian children. Stool microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for EAEC detected Giardia lamblia (32%, 32 of 100) and EAEC (13%, 11 of 87) in the study participants, respectively. Anthropometric analyses showed that those children who were > 12 months of age had lower HAZ scores (mean of −1.449) than the reference population. As a group, the children in the study 1 to 5 years of age did not show recovery from the previously mentioned decline in terms of their HAZ. The HAZ means of the children infected with G. lamblia, EAEC, and Ascaris lumbricoides were −1.49, −1.67, and −2.11, respectively. Furthermore, the study participants with A. lumbricoides and EAEC infections in the presence of lactoferrin showed another decrease of 0.19 and 0.13, respectively, in their HAZ means.
Diversity of macromycetes in the Białaczów nature reserve (Central Poland)
Authors: Salamaga Agnieszka , Ślusarczyk Dominika
Published: July 2014

The paper contains preliminary results of mycological research conducted in the Białaczów forest reserve, situated at the Wzgórza Opoczyńskie Upland. There are only data on macromycetes at this area. The occurrence of 167 species of macrofungi has been documented on the background of variety of tree stand and habitats. In July 2011 a heavy wind storm destroyed the tree stand and devastated the reserve. Now the area is in course of natural renovation. The data presented in the paper could be used as comparative fungal material concerning qualitative and quantitative changes.
ONTOLOGÍA DE LO SENSIBLE Y ESPACIO CORPORAL EN MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
Authors: Verano Gamboa Leonardo
Published: July 2014

Nuestro punto de partida es el planteamiento de Merleau-Ponty de una ontología de lo sensible concebida como endo o intra-ontología. La exigencia de pensar al ser desde dentro del ser, hecha por esta ontología, implica reconocer la existencia de un vínculo originario – sensible – entre el sujeto y el mundo. Este vínculo es entendido como el ‘punto de cruce’ – de quiasmo – que defi ne nuestra existencia como ser en el mundo. Ser en el mundo es ser en el espacio como espacio vivido, espacio de experiencia. El aporte de Merleau-Ponty está en concebir una espacialidad originaria, no determinada solamente por nuestra existencia corporal, sino como parte constitutiva del mundo, del ser. El propósito de este trabajo es, en este contexto, mostrar que en la concepción ontológica de la experiencia sensible como experiencia de quiasmo – de reversibilidad – el espacio vivido se revela como un espacio habitado corporalmente. Este planteamiento lo desarrollamos en dos apartados generales: 1. Intra o endo-ontología y 2. El cuerpo como expresión o el habitar corporalmente en el espacio.
O MONISMO INTEGRAL DE HANS JONAS CONTRA O FISICALISMO
Authors: Carvalho Viana Wellistony
Published: July 2014

O objetivo do presente artigo é tornar explicíta a tese jonasiana segundo a qual matéria e espírito, mente e corpo expressam duas dimensões irredutíveis do ser como um todo. O artigo se compõe de duas partes: na primeira, mostra-se a argumentação de Jonas contra o fisicalismo no nível do biológico, e na segunda, apresenta-se a argumentação crítica no nível do mental. Desautorizar a tese do monismo materialista é tão importante para a ética da responsabilidade como foi para Jonas criticar o dualismo cartesiano, contra o qual ele elaborou sua biologia filosófica.
De la irreductible presencia del salvaje hobbesiano en la obra de Sigmund Freud
Authors: De La Fabián Rodrigo
Published: July 2014

Este artículo tiene por objetivo realizar una crítica inmanente a la obra de Freud. Su principal hipótesis es que el concepto antropológico hobbesiano del estado de naturaleza, como la guerra de todos contra todos, infl uencia Freud y produce algunos impasses mayores en su obra: la imposibilidad de fundar una clínica que no dependa de la sugestión y la imposibilidad de pensar un lazo social ateo, es decir, no regulado por la culpa. Para llevar adelante este encuentro entre Freud y Hobbes, este artículo recurre al concepto de “paradigma inmunitario” de Roberto Esposito. En este sentido el artículo muestra, junto a la lectura que René Girard hace de Totem y Tabú, que el concepto freudiano de sacrifi cio, lejos de apaciguar la ley totémica, la produce retroactivamente. La consecuencia de esta relación invertida entre ley y sacrifi cio ha sido caracterizada como la inevitable deriva tanatopolítica del liberalismo moderno: para conservar la vida, hay que sacrifi carla; para conservar la ley, hay que fundarla y refundarla con violência ilegítima. Es decir, una vez que la obra de Freud asume los presupuestos antropológicos hobbesianos, queda atrapada entre el fantasma del retorno destructivo del salvaje pre-social y la ley superyoica que, si bien parece ser la única capaz de controlar al salvaje, no hace sino que perpetuar su violencia y la necesidad de repetir el sacrificio.
Do direito à Educação Superior ao desafio do acesso para todos
Authors: Wessler Boneti Lindomar , Gisi Maria Lourdes , Filipak Sirley Terezinha
Published: July 2014

Analisa como as significações conceituais e os fins da Educação Superior se expressam nas políticas educacionais nos diferentes momentos da história brasileira, de um projeto tipicamente burguês ao acesso para todos. Argumenta-se que, além do arcabouço institucional (regras, normas, valores etc.) que rege o fazer educacional superior — o qual se mantém imutável durante todo o período histórico das políticas educacionais brasileiras, continuando afinado à ética burguesa —, diferentes eventos (políticos, econômicos, culturais etc.), nos diferentes momentos históricos, contribuíram com alterações significativas da feição das políticas de Educação Superior no que se refere aos seus fins e significações conceituais, tais como: Educação Superior associada à ideia da evolução social, utilizando-se da cultura burguesa como parâmetro/fim, antes da chamada “Revolução Burguesa” no Brasil; o enfoque na coletividade, Educação Superior como instrumento de construção de um projeto de nação, após a “Revolução Burguesa”; a volta ao enfoque no indivíduo e na competitividade a partir do discurso da cidadania e da inclusão social, com o início nas últimas duas décadas do século XX, caminhando para o seu principal desafio: o acesso para todos.
Usos e gênese do discurso mudancista no campo educacional brasileiro
Authors: Grimm Viviane , R. de M. Pereira Gilson
Published: July 2014

O objetivo do presente estudo é apreender os modos pelos quais certos discursos enfatizam o potencial transformador da educação, assim como explicitar a gênese do discurso pedagógico mudancista. Utilizam-se como fonte de investigação obras selecionadas na bibliografia especializada sobre a história da educação brasileira que, de forma implícita ou explícita, abordam a ênfase dada ao viés mudancista no discurso educacional e, ainda, os artigos publicados na Revista Educação & Sociedade (do n. 1, 1978, ao n. 57, 1996) e na Revista da ANDE (do n. 1, 1981, ao n. 21, 1995). Observa-se que a crença no potencial transformador da educação está relacionada à concepção de homem que emerge na modernidade, influenciada principalmente por uma forma “otimista” de apropriação da abordagem marxista; do mesmo modo, tal crença faz parte de um “estilo de pensamento pedagógico” dos intelectuais da educação tendente a enfatizar a dinamicidade do campo educacional em relação à estrutura social. Este estilo de pensamento faz-se presente já na Primeira República é e revigorado no período de redemocratização do país na década de 1980.
A educação infantil como direito: uma dimensão da materialização das políticas para a infância
Authors: Quitéria Nascimento Rehem Faní , De Paula Faleiros Vicente
Published: July 2014

O presente artigo discute a educação infantil como direito, defendendo-a como resultado de lutas históricas, embates, correlação de forças, em que a garantia legal não significa a efetivação destes. Realizamos uma análise dos documentos nacionais que reconhecem a educação infantil como direito que são: a Constituição Federal de 1988, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional. Conclui-se que se trata de um embate social e político e não apenas jurídico-legal e, apesar de avanços consideráveis, muito há que ser feito para que a educação da primeira infância se materialize.
Sentidos e significados da educação inclusiva: o que revelam os profissionais do Centro de Capacitação em Educação Inclusiva e Acessibilidade (CEIA/Canoas)
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Gilberto , Nörnberg Marta
Published: July 2014

Este artigo examina uma parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa-ação colaborativa em andamento que focaliza o campo da educação intercultural, potencializando a diversidade cultural no contexto do Centro de Capacitação em Educação Inclusiva e Acessibilidade (CEIA) da rede pública de ensino do município de Canoas. Neste texto, as definições de educação inclusiva reveladas pelos educadores do CEIA são apresentadas e discutidas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa que, metodologicamente, se ancora na abordagem da pesquisa-ação colaborativa, pois tem como eixo articulador a formação e a transformação das práticas cotidianas a partir de um processo de inserção em médio prazo no espaço escolar. As análises apontam para a construção de outra cultura da pesquisa em educação, onde os profissionais da educação que vivem o dia a dia possam viver o deslocamento do lugar clássico de informantes para o lugar de colaboradores do processo investigativo. Observa-se que está em curso a construção do sentido da educação inclusiva como resultado de um processo global, onde os professores, no e com o seu trabalho pedagógico, propõem espaços de vivência e de situações de aprendizagem capazes de garantir as necessidades especiais de seus alunos em turmas regulares. Finalmente, a educação inclusiva acontece quando se inventa, na escola, práticas pedagógicas que apostam na experiência como um princípio organizador do trabalho pedagógico.
Mesoscale variability and its seasonality in the Solomon and Coral Seas
Authors: Hristova Hristina G. , Kessler William S. , McWilliams James C. , Molemaker M. Jeroen
Published: July 2014

High‐resolution (4 km) climatologically forced ocean model, validated by altimetry and glider data, is used to characterize the vertical and seasonal variations of mesoscale variability in the Solomon and Coral Seas. The highest eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the southwest Pacific is found subsurface in the Gulf of Papua, at the depth of the low‐latitude western boundary current velocity core. Variability associated with the western boundary current, especially downstream of topographic obstacles, dominates the thermocline and intermediate level EKE. By contrast, surface EKE is generally enhanced in the southwest Pacific with a pronounced annual cycle that has a phase difference between small‐scale and large‐scale variability. Large mesoscale eddies account for most of the surface EKE and its annual modulation. The June maximum of surface EKE in the Solomon Sea and the December maximum in the Coral Sea can be accounted for by local instabilities of large‐scale currents. Small mesoscale eddies, predominantly cyclonic, are abundant in late winter (August to September), coinciding with the timing of deepest mixed layer and strongest vertical velocity. They contribute to the spatially uniform surface‐enhanced EKE over the top 100 m, not associated with the western boundary current. In the Coral Sea, small mesoscale eddies are generated mostly by open‐ocean surface baroclinic instabilities, while in the land‐bounded Solomon Sea near‐boundary instabilities and topographic generation are also important.
Topographic controls on shallow groundwater levels in a steep, prealpine catchment: When are the TWI assumptions valid?
Authors: Rinderer M. , van Meerveld H. J. , Seibert J.
Published: July 2014

Topographic indices like the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) have been used to predict spatial patterns of average groundwater levels and to model the dynamics of the saturated zone during events (e.g., TOPMODEL). However, the assumptions underlying the use of the TWI in hydrological models, of which the most important is that groundwater level variation can be approximated by a series of steady state situations, are rarely tested. It is also not clear how well findings from existing hillslope studies on sites with transmissive soil can be transferred to entire catchments with less permeable soils. This study, therefore, evaluated the suitability of selected topographic indices to describe spatial groundwater level variations based on time series from 51 groundwater wells in a 20 ha catchment with low‐permeability soils in Switzerland. Results showed that median groundwater levels were correlated to slope, curvature, and TWI, but the strength of correlation depended on whether the indices characterized the local topography or the topography of the upslope contributing area. The correlation between TWI and groundwater levels was not constant over time but decreased at the beginning of rainfall events, indicating large spatial differences in groundwater responses, and increased after peak flow, when groundwater levels could be considered to be spatially in a steady state. Our findings indicate that topographic indices are useful to predict median groundwater levels in catchments with low‐permeability soils and that the TWI assumptions are best met when groundwater levels change slowly.
Continuous uplift near the seaward edge of the Prince William Sound megathrust: Middleton Island, Alaska
Authors: Savage J. C. , Plafker G. , Svarc J. L. , Lisowski M.
Published: July 2014

Middleton Island, located at the seaward edge of the continental shelf 50 km from the base of the inner wall of the Aleutian Trench, affords an opportunity to make land‐based measurements of uplift near the toe of the Prince William Sound megathrust, site of the 1964, M = 9.2, Alaska earthquake. Leveling surveys (1973–1993) on Middleton Island indicate roughly uniform tilting (~1 µrad/a down to the northwest) of the island, and GPS surveys (1993–2012) show an uplift rate of 14 mm/a of the island relative to fixed North America. The data are consistent with a combined (coseismic and postseismic) uplift (in meters) due to the 1964 earthquake as a function of time τ (years after the earthquake) u(τ) = (3.5 + 1.21 log10 [1 + 1.67 τ]) H(τ) where 3.5 is the coseismic uplift and H(τ) is 0 for τ < 0 and 1 otherwise. The current uplift on Middleton Island is attributed to continuous slip on a fault splaying off from the megathrust, and the long‐term uplift is the superposition of the effects of past earthquakes, each earthquake being similar to the 1964 event. Then, the predicted uplift at time t due to a sequence of earthquakes at times ti would be . From studies of strandlines associated with the uplifted terraces on Middleton Island, Plafker et al. (1992) estimated the occurrence times of the last six earthquakes and measured the present‐day elevations of those strandlines. The predicted uplift is in rough agreement with those measurements. About half of the predicted uplift is due to postseismic relaxation from previous earthquakes.
Seasonal migration of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water
Authors: Wang Bin , Hirose Naoki , Kang Boonsoon , Takayama Katsumi
Published: July 2014

The three‐dimensional motion of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water (YSBCW) and the relevant dynamical factors are studied using a regional circulation model and the two‐way Lagrangian particle tracking method (PTM). The simulated results are in good agreement with hydrographic observations. The trajectories of the modeled particles show that the subsurface cold heavy water mass from the northern part of the Yellow Sea gradually sinks into deeper layers along the western slope of the Yellow Sea trough with a southward movement from spring to summer. The cold water mass gradually gathers speed from early March to July or August, and eventually reaches its southernmost location in late September or early October. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments demonstrate that tide‐induced residual currents under baroclinic conditions are the dominant factor driving deep circulation during summertime in the Yellow Sea. The summer southerly wind and strong surface solar radiation are the secondary factors influencing the southward migration. This study also proposes an improved delimitation for the YSBCW based on temperature statistics in the central basin (deeper than 40 m) between 35°N and 39°N in March with an increase in rate of approximately 0.7°C/month, which is more appropriate than the constants of the 8°C or 10°C isotherms frequently used.
Extensive hydrogen supersaturations in the western South Atlantic Ocean suggest substantial underestimation of nitrogen fixation
Authors: Moore Robert M. , Kienast Markus , Fraser Michael , Cullen John J. , Deutsch Curtis , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Follows Michael J. , Somes Christopher J.
Published: July 2014

The nitrogen cycle is fundamental to Earth's biogeochemistry. Yet major uncertainties of quantification remain, particularly regarding the global oceanic nitrogen fixation rate. Hydrogen is produced during nitrogen fixation and will become supersaturated in surface waters if there is net release from diazotrophs. Ocean surveys of hydrogen supersaturation thus have the potential to illustrate the spatial and temporal distribution of nitrogen fixation and to guide the far more onerous but quantitative methods for measuring it. Here we present the first transect of high resolution measurements of hydrogen supersaturations in surface waters along a meridional 10,000 km cruise track through the Atlantic. We compare measured saturations with published measurements of nitrogen fixation rates and also with model‐derived values. If the primary source of excess hydrogen is nitrogen fixation and has a hydrogen release ratio similar to Trichodesmium, our hydrogen measurements would point to similar rates of fixation in the North and South Atlantic, roughly consistent with modeled fixation rates but not with measured rates, which are lower in the south. Possible explanations would include any substantial nitrogen fixation by newly discovered diazotrophs, particularly any having a hydrogen release ratio similar to or exceeding that of Trichodesmium; undersampling of nitrogen fixation south of the equator related to excessive focus on Trichodesmium; and methodological shortcomings of nitrogen fixation techniques that cause a bias toward colonial diazotrophs relative to unicellular forms. Alternatively, our data are affected by an unknown hydrogen source that is greater in the southern half of the cruise track than the northern.
Spatial characterization of roughness elements in high‐gradient channels of the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, USA
Authors: Yochum Steven E. , Bledsoe Brian P. , Wohl Ellen , David Gabrielle C. L.
Published: July 2014

We collected high‐resolution LiDAR‐based spatial and reach‐average flow resistance data at a range of flows in headwater stream channels of the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, USA. Using these data, we implemented a random field approach for assessing the variability of detrended bed elevations and flow depths for both the entire channel width and the thalweg‐centered 50% of the channel width (to exclude bank effects). The spatial characteristics of these channels, due to bedforms, large clasts and instream wood, were compared with Darcy‐Weisbach f and stream type through the use of the first four probability density function moments (mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis). The standard deviation of the bed elevations (σz) combined with depth (h), as relative bedform submergence (h/σz), was well correlated with f (R2 = 0.81) for the 50% of channel width. The explained variance decreased substantially (R2 = 0.69) when accounting for the entire width, indicating lesser contribution of channel edges to flow resistance. The flow depth skew also explained a substantial amount of the variance in f (R2 = 0.78). A spectrum of channel types is evident in depth plots of skew versus kurtosis, with channel types ranging from plane bed, transitional, step pool/cascade, to cascade. These results varied when bank effects were included or excluded, although definitive patterns were observed for both analyses. Random field analyses may be valuable for developing tools for predicting flow resistance, as well as for quantifying the spectrum of morphologic change in high‐gradient channel types, from plane bed through cascade.
Derivation of lowland riparian wetland deposit architecture using geophysical image analysis and interface detection
Authors: Chambers J. E. , Wilkinson P. B. , Uhlemann S. , Sorensen J. P. R. , Roberts C. , Newell A. J. , Ward W. O. C. , Binley A. , Williams P. J. , Gooddy D. C. , Old G. , Bai L.
Published: July 2014

For groundwater‐surface water interactions to be understood in complex wetland settings, the architecture of the underlying deposits requires investigation at a spatial resolution sufficient to characterize significant hydraulic pathways. Discrete intrusive sampling using conventional approaches provides insufficient sample density and can be difficult to deploy on soft ground. Here a noninvasive geophysical imaging approach combining three‐dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and the novel application of gradient and isosurface‐based edge detectors is considered as a means of illuminating wetland deposit architecture. The performance of three edge detectors were compared and evaluated against ground truth data, using a lowland riparian wetland demonstration site. Isosurface‐based methods correlated well with intrusive data and were useful for defining the geometries of key geological interfaces (i.e., peat/gravels and gravels/Chalk). The use of gradient detectors approach was unsuccessful, indicating that the assumption that the steepest resistivity gradient coincides with the associated geological interface can be incorrect. These findings are relevant to the application of this approach in settings with a broadly layered geology with strata of contrasting resistivities. In addition, ERT revealed substantial structures in the gravels related to the depositional environment (i.e., braided fluvial system) and a complex distribution of low‐permeability putty Chalk at the bedrock surface—with implications for preferential flow and variable exchange between river and groundwater systems. These results demonstrate that a combined approach using ERT and edge detectors can provide valuable information to support targeted monitoring and inform hydrological modeling of wetlands.
Defining Criteria for Disease Activity States in Nonsystemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Based on a Three‐Variable Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score
Authors: Consolaro Alessandro , Negro Giorgia , Chiara Gallo Maria , Bracciolini Giulia , Ferrari Cristina , Schiappapietra Benedetta , Pistorio Angela , Bovis Francesca , Ruperto Nicolino , Martini Alberto , Ravelli Angelo
Published: July 2014

Objective

To determine cutoff values for defining the states of inactive disease (ID), low disease activity (LDA; or minimal disease activity), moderate disease activity (MDA), and high disease activity (HDA) using the clinical (3‐variable) Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (cJADAS).

Methods

For selection of cutoffs, data from a clinical database including 609 children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) were used. Optimal cutoffs were determined against external criteria by calculating the 75th and 90th percentile (for ID and LDA) and 10th and 25th percentile (for HDA) of cumulative score distribution and through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. External criteria included definitions for ID and LDA cutoffs and therapeutic decisions for HDA cutoffs. MDA cutoffs were set at the score interval in‐between LDA and HDA cutoffs. Crossvalidation was performed using 2 JIA patient samples (n = 485) and was based on assessment of construct and discriminant validity.

Results

The selected cutoffs were as follows: ≤1 for ID in both oligoarthritis and polyarthritis; ≤1.5 and ≤2.5 for LDA in oligoarthritis and polyarthritis, respectively; 1.51–4 and 2.51–8.5 for MDA in oligoarthritis and polyarthritis, respectively; and >4 and >8.5 for HDA in oligoarthritis and polyarthritis, respectively. In crossvalidation analyses, the cutoffs showed a strong ability to discriminate between disease activity states defined subjectively by physicians and parents, levels of pain, and presence/absence of functional impairment and disease damage.

Conclusion

Cutoff values for classifying various disease states in nonsystemic JIA using the cJADAS were developed. The cutoffs revealed good measurement characteristics in crossvalidation analyses and are suited for application in clinical practice and research.
Screening individuals with intellectual disability, autism and Tourette's syndrome for KCNK9 mutations and aberrant DNA methylation within the 8q24 imprinted cluster.
Authors: Delgado Marta Sánchez , Camprubí Cristina , Tümer Zeynep , Martínez Francisco , Milà Montserrat , Monk David
Published: July 2014

The phenotype overlap between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) & intellectual disabilities (ID) is mirrored at the genetic level, with common genes being reported mutated in variety of developmental disabilities. However despite widespread genetic screening for mutations, in approximately 40–60% of childhood developmental disorders the genetic cause remains unknown. Several genome‐wide linkage screens in ASD have identified a locus mapping to distal 8q. We have recently identified a novel brain‐specific imprinted cluster at this location, which contains the reciprocally expressed maternal KCNK9 and paternally expressed non‐coding PEG13 transcripts, the latter located within an intron of TRAPPC9. Interestingly, mutations of KCNK9 and TRAPPC9 have been reported in Birk‐Barel mental retardation and non‐syndromic familial forms of ID, respectively.

Here, we report a genetic screen for KCNK9 coding mutations and potential epigenetic aberrations that could result in deregulated imprinting in a cohort of 120 ID, 86 ASD and 86 Tourette syndrome patients. Fifteen of the ID patients had clinical characteristics overlapping with Birk‐Barel syndrome. Sequencing of the two coding exons of KCNK9 failed to identify pathologic mutations, with only one variant, rs2615374, being present with allele frequencies similar to those described in dbSNP database. DNA methylation profiling of the KCNK9 and TRAPPC9 promoters, the maternally methylated PEG13 DMR and a long‐range enhancer region were normal in all patients. Our findings suggest that mutations of KCNK9 or epigenetic disturbances within the PEG13 imprinted cluster do not significantly contribute to the cause of the developmental disabilities tested in this study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.