bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of nutrient additions on particulate and dissolved primary production in surface waters of three Mediterranean eddies
Authors: Lagaria A. , Psarra S. , Lefèvre D. , Van Wambeke F. , Courties C. , Pujo-Pay M. , Oriol L. , Tanaka T. , Christaki U.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The effects of additions of nitrogen (+N), phosphorus (+P), alone and in combination, were assessed during three microcosm experiments performed with surface waters of three anticyclonic eddies, located in the Western, Central and Eastern Mediterranean. We examined the effects of nutrient additions on rates of dissolved and particulate primary production and on metabolic rates of the osmotrophic community (phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes). The experiments were performed in June/July 2008 during the BOUM (Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultra-oligotrophic Mediterranean) cruise. In all three experiments, particulate primary production was significantly stimulated by the additions of nitrogen (+N, +NP) while no effect was observed with the addition of phosphorus alone. Percent extracellular release (PER) showed an inverse relation with total primary production (PPtotal), displaying the lowest values (4–8%) in the +NP treatment. Among the three treatments, the +NP had the strongest effect on the community metabolic rates leading to positive net community production values (NCP>0). These changes of NCP were mainly due to enhanced gross community production (GCP) rather than lower respiration rates (CR). In +NP treatments autotrophic production (whether expressed as GCP or PPtotal) was high enough to fulfil the carbon requirements of the heterotrophic prokaryotes, with phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote production positively correlated. Addition of nitrogen alone (+N) had a smaller effect on community production, resulting in metabolically balanced systems (NCP≈0). Finally, heterotrophic conditions persisted in the +P treatment at the central and eastern stations, and gross production was not sufficient to supply bacterial carbon demand, evidence of a decoupling of phytoplankton production and consumption by heterotrophic prokaryotes.
Calibration of hydrological models using flow-duration curves
Authors: Westerberg I. K. , Guerrero J.-L. , Younger P. M. , Beven K. J. , Seibert J. , Halldin S. , Freer J. E. , Xu C.-Y.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The degree of belief we have in predictions from hydrologic models depends on how well they can reproduce observations. Calibrations with traditional performance measures such as the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency are challenged by problems including: (1) uncertain discharge data, (2) variable importance of the performance with flow magnitudes, (3) influence of unknown input/output errors and (4) inability to evaluate model performance when observation time periods for discharge and model input data do not overlap. A new calibration method using flow-duration curves (FDCs) was developed which addresses these problems. The method focuses on reproducing the observed discharge frequency distribution rather than the exact hydrograph. It consists of applying limits of acceptability for selected evaluation points (EPs) of the observed uncertain FDC in the extended GLUE approach. Two ways of selecting the EPs were tested – based on equal intervals of discharge and of volume of water. The method was tested and compared to a calibration using the traditional model efficiency for the daily four-parameter WASMOD model in the Paso La Ceiba catchment in Honduras and for Dynamic TOPMODEL evaluated at an hourly time scale for the Brue catchment in Great Britain. The volume method of selecting EPs gave the best results in both catchments with better calibrated slow flow, recession and evaporation than the other criteria. Observed and simulated time series of uncertain discharges agreed better for this method both in calibration and prediction in both catchments without resulting in overpredicted simulated uncertainty. An advantage with the method is that the rejection criterion is based on an estimation of the uncertainty in discharge data and that the EPs of the FDC can be chosen to reflect the aims of the modelling application e.g. using more/less EPs at high/low flows. While the new method is less sensitive to epistemic input/output errors than the normal use of limits of acceptability applied directly to the time series of discharge, it still requires a reasonable representation of the distribution of inputs. Additional constraints might therefore be required in catchments subject to snow. The results suggest that the new calibration method can be useful when observation time periods for discharge and model input data do not overlap. The new method could also be suitable for calibration to regional FDCs while taking uncertainties in the hydrological model and data into account.
Performance of masonry buildings during the 20 and 27 December 2007 Bala (Ankara) earthquakes in Turkey
Authors: Adanur S.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. This paper evaluates the performance of masonry buildings during the 20 and 27 December 2007 Bala (Ankara) earthquakes. Bala is a township located 50 km southeast from Ankara city in Turkey. The majority of the buildings in the affected region are built in masonry. Most of masonry buildings were formed with random or coursed stone and mud brick walls without any reinforcement. Many of these buildings were damaged or had collapsed. The cracking and failure patterns of the buildings are examined and interpreted according to current provisions for earthquake resistance of masonry structures. The damages are due to several reasons such as poor construction quality and poor workmanship of the buildings. In addition to these reasons, the two earthquakes hit the buildings within seven days, causing progressive damage.
Training for Optimal Performance Biofeedback Program: A Cooperative Program Between East Carolina University and the United States Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Battalion East
Authors: Russoniello Carmen , Fish Matt , Parks Jennifer , Rhodes John , Stover Bennie , Patton Holly , Gold Ginger , Maes Tami
Published: December 2010

The signature wounds of the Iraq War are traumatic brain injury and post traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Due to an emergent need to address the symptoms of these wounds in returning Marines and navy corpsmen, a memorandum of understanding between the U.S. Marine Corps and East Carolina University's Psychophysiology Lab and Biofeedback Clinic was signed and training services were begun in February 2008. The Training for Optimal Performance program involves a biofeedback circuit-training method in which marines and navy corpsmen participate in a graded exposure protocol that includes virtual reality, cognitive retraining, neurofeedback, heart rate variability, and relationship and resiliency training. Preliminary results indicate that this approach is effective in ameliorating symptoms of traumatic brain injury and PTSD.
Psychophysiologic Assessment and Combat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Pyne Jeffrey M. , Gevirtz Richard
Published: December 2010

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health outcome associated with combat operations. Since October 2001, more than 1.6 million U.S. troops have deployed as part of Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom. Current estimates for postdeployment post-traumatic stress disorder in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans range from 5%–30%. This paper will briefly review a series of new and ongoing projects that utilize psychophysiologic assessment for patients with Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom combat-related PTSD. Two treatment studies are supported by the Office of Naval Research, one assessment study is supported by the Veterans Health Administration, and a second assessment study is supported by the Department of Defense. Psychophysiologic reactivity is not new to combat-related PTSD, but there are new technologies that may enhance our ability to assess and understand this aspect of the condition. Papers describing the outcomes of these studies will be forthcoming.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The Neurofeedback Remedy
Authors: Othmer Siegfried , Othmer Susan F.
Published: December 2010

The application of neurofeedback to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in returning veterans is described herein and is illustrated with two case histories. Initially, frequency-based electroencephalogram training was employed to promote functional recovery, in the manner of the traditional sensorimotor rhythm/beta approach. An optimization procedure was employed in which the reinforcement frequency is tailored to the client on the basis of symptom response, with particular regard for the regulation of arousal. Low frequencies, down to .01 Hz, have been found especially useful in the remediation of post-traumatic stress disorder. This training was complemented with traditional alpha-theta work as pioneered at the Menninger Foundation and by Peniston. The objective here is experiential, because prior traumas typically are revisited in a nonforced, nontraumatic manner. The benign witnessing of traumas consolidates the experience of safety for which the prior training laid the groundwork. Collectively, this approach has been found to be much better tolerated than traditional exposure therapies. In addition, it is helpful in the shedding of substance dependencies that are common in treatment-resistant PTSD
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Police and Military Personnel: Assessment and Treatment Methods from Psychophysiology and Neuroscience—Essential Preliminary Information
Authors: Carmichael John A.
Published: December 2010

This article presents the clinical approach developed by a Canadian biofeedback practitioner for the assessment and treatment of police and military clients, especially those with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The author conducted a clinical practice for more than 25 years primarily with male police and military clients. He examines the impact on treatment effectiveness of a number of factors, such as how police and military clients differ from civilian populations, the definition of trauma in this population, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition; DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria, the assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder, risks and coping factors, consequences of PTSD, DSM-IV conundrums, epidemiology, and other reactions to traumatic events.
Neurofeedback in Work With Refugee Trauma: Rebuilding Fragile Foundations
Authors: Aroche Jorge , Tukelija Sejla , Askovic Mirjana
Published: December 2010

The authors describe the Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), established by the Australian government to provide specialized services for the many torture and trauma survivors accepted as refugees in Australia. Of the clients served by STARTTS, 30% present with post traumatic stress disorder. The authors report on the integration of neurofeedback into the psychotherapy provided to these individuals.
The Importance of Electroencephalogram Assessment for Autistic Disorders
Authors: Coben Robert
Published: December 2010

Autistic disorders are a set of complex syndromes that lead to challenges impacting communication, behavior repertoire, and social skills. The etiology of autism is unknown but is likely epigenetic in nature. It is likely associated with an inflammatory process leading to neuroinflammation in early childhood. Autistic disorders include seizures in approximately one-third of the cases and there are often regions of brain dysfunction associated with neural connectivity anomalies. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is presented as a premiere tool to assess these difficulties due to its' non-invasive nature, availability and utility in detailing these difficulties. Techniques for seizure detection, monitoring, and tracing their propagation are shown. Similar approaches can then be utilized for assessing EEG oscillations, which are at the heart of these neuronal regulation dysfunctions. Autistic disorders are clearly associated with regions of dysfunction and quantitative electroencephalogram strategies for assessing these impairments are shown. These include techniques for increasing the specificity and spatial resolution of the EEG such as source localization and independent components analysis. Lastly, advanced methods for assessing the neural connectivity problems that underlie the difficulties of these children are presented. EEG assessment, when processed and analyzed with the most advanced techniques, can be invaluable in the evaluation of autistic disorders.
Limb Position Biofeedback for Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Ming Wong Yiu
Published: December 2010

Individuals with excessive internal hip rotation and knee valgus during functional movement often develop abnormal lateral patellar tracking, sometimes resulting in anterior knee pain. A configuration of currently available biofeedback instruments, including an electronic goniometer, can provide feedback on limb position, which is useful in correcting the knee valgus. The article reports on the use of this biofeedback system with three individuals with measurable knee valgus, producing a remediation of the limb angle in each case.
Keep Cell Phones and PDAs Away From EMG Sensors and the Human Body to Prevent Electromagnetic Interference Artifacts and Cancer
Authors: Lin I-Mei , Peper Erik
Published: December 2010

Cell phones produce electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can cause artifacts in physiological recordings and be misinterpreted by the clinician. This study investigated the possible effect of EMI (electrical artifact) on physiological recordings when cell phones are activated/ringing. The procedure consisted of placing the cell phone at varying distances from surface electromyographic sensors. Depending on the orientation of the cell phone's antenna, the EMI produced an artifact in the physiological signal for up to 175 cm (6 ft) that can be misinterpreted by the therapist. To avoid EMI artifacts, clients and therapists should turn off their cell phones when recording physiological signals. This means turning the cell phone off and not just switching it to vibrate. In addition, recent epidemiological studies suggest that long-term intensive cell phone use may increase the risk of gliomas, auditory tumors, and salivary tumors on the side of the head to which the person places the cell phone. Thus, to reduce artifacts and biological harm, the authors recommend keeping the cell phone away from the body and the biofeedback equipment.
Ethical Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Striefel Sebastian “Seb”
Published: December 2010

Traumatic brain injury is a frequently occurring event. Often it is not diagnosed in a timely manner. Neurofeedback interventions have not yet been recognized as a treatment of choice. This lack of acceptance of neurofeedback as a treatment of choice may well be due to a scarcity of published control group studies. In addition, the use of the quantitative electroencephalography, one of the most promising diagnostic and treatment planning tools, has been opposed by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). Yet sufficient clinical and published research data exist to warrant the use of the quantitative electroencephalography as a supplemental tool for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes and the use of various neurofeedback interventions for overcoming many of the symptoms of traumatic brain injury. Practitioners must remain current on both clinical and research data if they are to practice both ethically and competently. In addition, they must attend to other ethical issues such as informed consent, competence, and practice guidelines and standards.
The Elusive Nature of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Swatzyna Ronald J.
Published: December 2010

The author discloses a personal history of undiagnosed mild traumatic brain injury (MBTI) and identifies a typical course and progression of this condition. He advocates a careful inquiry for possible head injury whenever the clinical history shows an original period of normal functioning, a progression of disturbance over time, multiple diagnoses, and poor response to treatment with medication. He discusses the use of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) in assessing possible mild traumatic brain injury, describes typical features of quantitative electroencephalography in mild traumatic brain injury, and cautions about the frequency of false negatives. He provides two case histories showing the progression of disturbing cognitive, personality, and impulse control problems following early head injuries.
Ethical Behavior in Medical Settings
Authors: Striefel Sebastian “Seb”
Published: December 2010

Medical schools have recognized and endorsed integrative health care. As such, integrated care is becoming more common. Biofeedback practitioners already trained to work in medical settings and those willing to be so trained have a real opportunity to expand their base of services because self-regulation is an important part of integrated care and lifestyle change. Working in medical settings requires a broad base of knowledge and skill, including an understanding of both the formal and informal rules that govern activities in such settings. Having a mentor or supervisor who already possesses the requisite skills can be most useful in helping the practitioner acquire the needed knowledge and skills and to make a shift from focusing on pathology to one of promoting good physical and mental health. Issues of competence, informed consent, and confidentiality must also be addressed and often in ways not common in other settings.
Biofeedback Certification Institute of America Goes Global
Authors: Shaffer Fred , Crawford Judy
Published: December 2010

As biofeedback and neurofeedback achieve greater worldwide recognition, there is increased demand for international education and training standards. This article discusses the promise of international biofeedback and neurofeedback, challenges to the growth of international certification, and the Biofeedback Certification Institute of America initiatives to eliminate the obstacles to both U.S. and international certification.
A Single-Participants Investigation of the Effects of Various Biofeedback-Assisted Breathing Patterns on Heart Rate Variability: A Practitioner's Approach
Authors: Edmonds William A. , Kennedy Tom D. , Hughes Philip A. , Calzada Pablo J.
Published: December 2010

The objective of this study was to define specific breathing patterns and examine the effects these patterns have on indicators of heart rate variability. Perceived accounts of ease and comfort in relation to the patterned breathing applications also were assessed. A breathing pattern is the within-cycle respiratory timing or the ratio between the inspiration and expiration of breath, including the pause time at the top of the inspiration and at the bottom of the expiration. The within-participants analysis (N  =  14), including the subjective components, revealed significant differences and illuminated the strength of the effects the varied breathing patterns had on each participant.
Chocolate: Finger Licking Good An Economic and Tasty Temperature Feedback Device
Authors: Peper Erik , Johnston James , Christie Anna
Published: December 2010

Peripheral temperature can be monitored with various equipment ranging from digital or glass thermometers to mood rings. This article reports on an additional “yummy” temperature feedback approach, milk or dark chocolate, as an indicator of successful hand warming. The chocolate feedback was discovered initially by a trainee to reduce symptoms associated with syringomyelia. In addition, the article summarizes data demonstrating that hand warming is easily learned. Using a thermometer, 219 participants—students and physical therapists—rapidly warmed their hands an average of 10.1°F when guided with imagery. For the subset of 106 university students, their subjective stress levels decreased by 49% as their hands warmed. Regardless of the technique, hand warming provides a useful demonstration that voluntary self-control is possible.
Garbage In; Garbage Out—Identify Blood Volume Pulse (BVP) Artifacts Before Analyzing and Interpreting BVP, Blood Volume Pulse Amplitude, and Heart Rate/Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Data
Authors: Peper Erik , Shaffer Fred , Lin I-Mei
Published: December 2010

Blood volume pulse is a popular method for monitoring the relative changes in peripheral blood flow, heart rate, and heart rate variability. This article stresses the danger of blindly interpreting measures like heart rate, which are derived from blood volume pulse, without close inspection of the raw blood volume pulse signal. The authors identify common sources of signal contamination and recommend practical precautions and treatment of artifacts.
Biofeedback Certification Institute of America Certification for Academics and Technicians
Authors: Shaffer Fred , Neblett Randy , Crawford Judy
Published: December 2010

Feedback from Biofeedback Certification Institute of America (BCIA) certificants and noncertificants has resulted in the expansion of our certification programs and simplification of our lapsed certification policy. This article discusses our new Academic and Technician-Level Certifications, how professionals who have allowed their credential to lapse may be reinstated, and how these innovative policies help to achieve BCIA's mission.
Cortical Cartography
Authors: Kaiser David A.
Published: December 2010

Architecture is one part science, one part craft, and two parts art.—David Rutten

This article describes the investigation of structural-functional associations in the brain. Using light microscopy in 1909, Brodmann divided the human and primate brains into dozens of areas based on cell types and distributions, which has since been supplemented by a 3-dimensional coordinate system, an xyz system of millimeter distances. A number of electroencephalograph tomographic (volume) solutions exist, and this article explains the Brodmann montage developed by the author using the spherical harmonic expansion solution by Pascual-Marqui. The author describes his approach to training specific Brodmann areas with electroencephalograhic operant conditioning or feedback.
Uncommon Surface Electromyography
Authors: Bolek Jeffrey E.
Published: December 2010

Surface electromyography (SEMG) can be used as a tool to help gain the return/discovery of motor function in those with disabilities. This article presents the case of “Joey,” an 18-month-old toddler. An already challenging case due to age is made even more difficult considering his genetically based multiple impairments. SEMG provided a window of opportunity, previously unavailable, to allow Joey to demonstrate the new motor skills that he was capable of learning.
Surface Electromyography Biofeedback Training to Address Muscle Inhibition as an Adjunct to Postoperative Knee Rehabilitation
Authors: Neblett Randy , Perez Yoheli
Published: December 2010

Following a knee injury and surgery, pain-related and fear-related muscle inhibition can interfere with rehabilitation and may contribute to the development of chronic pain. Surface electromyography biofeedback can help patients identify and overcome muscle inhibition during physical therapy exercises, so that normal muscle strength and range of motion can be regained.
Future Directions in Surface Electromyography
Authors: Arena John G.
Published: December 2010

The use of surface electromyography (SEMG) has increased exponentially in the past four decades. SEMG is one of the most widespread measures employed today in psychophysiological assessment and one of three primary biofeedback modalities. This article briefly outlines three areas that the author believes are important for SEMG to address if it is to continue to flourish in the future: applications in telehealth, the use of telemetry and ambulatory monitoring, and studies on the stability or reliability of surface electromyography.
Anwendungen des endogenen Thrombinpotenzials
Authors: Wilkens M.
Published: December 2010

An overview is given on the method and the applications of thrombin generation assays. Thrombin generation assays provide a tool which can be used to trace the entire thrombin formation and inactivation of a plasma sample. Therefore they are principally different from traditional global assays like PT and aPTT and promise new opportunities for the assessment of bleeding or thrombotic risks.
Stellenwert der Thrombelastometrie für das Monitoring von Faktor XIII
Authors: Sanders J. O. , Friedrich K. , Gerlach R. , Platz J. , Miesbach W. , Hanke A. A. , Hofstetter C. , Weber C. F.
Published: December 2010

Recently published studies give evidence, that an increased maximum lysis in the APTEM® – test (ML60 > 12%) of the ROTEM® (Tem International GmbH, Munich, Germany) might indicate a factor XIII deficiency (FXIII < 70%). It was the aim of this study to investigate the feasibility of thrombelastometric measurements with the ROTEM device to reflect the isolated influence of FXIII on clot stability and therefore to indicate potential factor XIII deficiencies. Patients, method: After approval by the local Scientific and Ethic Review Board, 26 consecutive patients, scheduled for elective craniotomy for tumour resection, were prospectively enrolled into this study. Blood samples were taken for conventional laboratory coagulation analyses, FXIII analyses and thrombelastometric measurements (EXTEM, FIBTEM and APTEM tests) after induction of general anaesthesia (T1), before skin incision (T2) as well as at (T3) and 24 hours after (T4) postoperative admission to ICU, respectively. Statistical analyses included Spearman rank order correlations and multiple linear regressions. Results: FXIII concentrations did not correlate with the ML60 in the APTEM test at any measuring point. Neither platelet count nor fibrinogen nor FXIII concentrations were of predictive value for ML60 of the APTEM test. Conclusion: The results lead to the assumption that thrombelastometric measurements may not be appropriate for the perioperative monitoring of FXIII concentration.
Neue Ansätze und Indikationen zur Plättchenfunktionsdiagnostik in der Kardiologie
Authors: Ivandic B. , Frey N.
Published: December 2010

Inhibiting platelet function is a key therapeutic principle in cardiology because platelets play a pivotal role in triggering cardiovascular events. In addition to acetylsalicylic acid, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ADP-receptor blockers are frequently used for anti-platelet therapy. This therapy does not abolish platelet activation and aggregation. Platelets may still be activated by alternative routes such as the thrombin receptor-mediated pathway. New, more potent inhibitors of platelet function continue to lower the risk of ischaemic events but several trials and clinical registries have also shown that this advantage was frequently offset by an increased risk of bleeding complications. As a consequence, the individual risk of ischaemia and bleeding of a patient must be taken into consideration to select the platelet inhibitor offering the best benefit-risk ratio. Modern laboratory diagnostics may help to achieve this goal by complementing functional platelet tests with pharmacogenomic analyses consistent with the idea of „personalized medicine“.
Chemical Synthesis of RNA with Base‐Labile 2′‐O‐(Pivaloyloxymethyl)‐Protected Ribonucleoside Phosphoramidites
Authors: Lavergne Thomas , Janin Michaël , Dupouy Christelle , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Debart Françoise
Published: December 2010

The efficiency of chemical RNA synthesis has been radically improved by the use of pivaloyloxymethyl (PivOM) groups as 2′‐protection, containing an acetal spacer that minimizes the steric effect of the ester group on the neighboring amidite during the coupling. However, the major benefit of the base‐labile PivOM groups is their simple removal upon standard basic conditions applied to deprotect the RNA and release it from solid supports. Combined with standard acyl groups for nucleobases, cyanoethyl groups for phosphates, and base‐cleavable linkers, PivOM groups make RNA deprotection as simple as DNA deprotection. Thus, no additional deprotection step with tedious desalting workup procedures is required, and RNA synthesis becomes as convenient and efficient as DNA synthesis. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 43:3.19.1‐3.19.27. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Time‐Dependent Thermocontrol of the Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Properties of DNA Oligonucleotide Prodrugs
Authors: Ausín Cristina , Grajkowski Andrzej , Cieślak Jacek , Gapeev Alexei , Beaucage Serge L.
Published: December 2010

This unit describes the preparation of alkylthioalkylated and formamidoalkylated alcohols, an amidoalkylated alcohol, a hydroxylalkylated phosphoramidate, and their phosphoramidothioate derivatives, all of which have been identified as heat‐sensitive thiophosphate‐protecting groups in the development of thermolytic immunostimulatory DNA prodrugs. The alcohols are converted to their deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidite derivatives, which are then used in the preparation of thermosensitive dinucleoside phosphorothioates. The thiophosphate‐protecting groups of these dinucleoside phosphorothioates presumably undergo thermolytic cyclodeesterification at elevated temperature under essentially neutral conditions to release the desired phosphorothioate diester function. On the basis of their thermolytic deprotection kinetics, one can identify those thiophosphate‐protecting groups that (i) may be useful for thiophosphate protection of CpG motifs of immunostimulatory DNA oligonucleotides (CpG ODNs); (ii) are suitable for protection of phosphodiester functions flanking the CpG motifs; and (iii) offer adequate protection of terminal phosphodiester functions against ubiquitous extracellular and intracellular exonucleases that may be found in biological environments. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 43:4.42.1‐4.42.31. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of Nucleic Acid Hydration Using Osmotic Stress
Authors: Rozners Eriks
Published: December 2010

Water plays an important role in structure and molecular recognition of biopolymers. Understanding hydration of biopolymers is a significant problem in structural chemistry and biology. However, hydration is a dynamic process that is difficult to study. While X‐ray crystallography, NMR, and molecular modeling have provided structural detail on nucleic acid hydration and valuable insights into water dynamics, the thermodynamic contribution of water molecules to conformational equilibria and recognition of nucleic acids remains poorly understood. This unit describes a thermodynamic analysis of nucleic acid hydration using osmotic stress. Osmotic stress monitors the depression of melting temperature upon decreasing water activity, and calculates the number of thermodynamically unique water molecules associated with the double helix and released from single strands upon melting. Comparison of the number of water molecules released upon melting of nucleic acids with different sequences and chemical modifications provides insights that complement and enhance information obtained by other methods. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 43:7.14.1‐7.14.13. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pyridine‐Directed Organolithium Addition to an Enol Ether
Authors: Yang Jingyue , Dudley Gregory B.
Published: December 2010

A previously reported anionic rearrangement of benzyl 2‐pyridyl ethers can now be accessed by a distinct and unusual mechanism: addition of alkyllithium reagents to α‐(2‐pyridyloxy)‐styrene triggers an anionic rearrangement to afford tertiary pyridyl carbinols. The process is explained by invoking a contra‐electronic, pyridine‐directed carbolithiation of the enol ether π‐system.
Chemoselective Cascade Synthesis of N‐Fused Heterocycles via Silver(I) Triflate‐Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts/N‐C Bond Formation Sequence
Authors: Hao Lu , Pan Yingming , Wang Tao , Lin Min , Chen Li , Zhan Zhuang‐ping
Published: December 2010

An efficient cascade methodology toward chemoselective synthesis of N‐fused heterocycles including 9H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole, 3H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole and 1H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole derivatives has been developed. This transformation proceeds via a silver(I) triflate‐catalyzed consecutive Friedel–Crafts reaction/NC bond formation sequence between readily available propargyl alcohols and 3‐substituted 1H‐indoles. Not only is excellent chemoselectivity observed according to the substitution patterns of propargyl alcohols, but also the Lewis acid‐catalyzed NC bond formation process can be carried out under base‐ and ligand‐free conditions.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination with Polar Amines: Access to Building Blocks with Lead‐Like Molecular Properties
Authors: Tosatti Paolo , Horn Joachim , Campbell Amanda J. , House David , Nelson Adam , Marsden Stephen P.
Published: December 2010

The combination of an air‐stable iridium catalyst and the dipolar aprotic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) allowed, for the first time, the systematic exploitation of highly polar, functionalized amines in asymmetric allylic substitutions: low molecular weight, sp3‐rich chiral building blocks were obtained with physicochemical properties that will be valuable in the synthesis of lead‐like small molecules.
Zinc(II)‐Dipicolylamine‐Functionalized Polydiacetylene–Liposome Microarray: A Selective and Sensitive Sensing Platform for Pyrophosphate Ions
Authors: Kim Kyung Mi , Oh Dong Ju , Ahn Kyo Han
Published: December 2010

A microarray‐chip assay system for the fluorescence detection of phosphate‐containing analytes in aqueous media has been constructed from stimuli‐responsive polymerized poly(diacetylene)‐liposomes for the first time. Proper combination of the liposome components (ZnII‐dipicolylamine for phosphate binding and an amine‐terminated component for anchoring the liposome onto an aldehyde‐derivatized glass plate), has led to a microarray chip that selectively detects pyrophosphate, an important biomarker, over competing anions, such as phosphate and adenosine triphosphate, with nanomolar sensitivity. The chip‐based assay shows advantages, such as high specificity and sensitivity, over solution‐based assays that use the same liposomes, and over known homogeneous molecular sensing systems.
Die Milch macht's – auch bei Pflanzen. Milchröhren und Milchsaft
Authors: Schnepf Eberhard
Published: December 2010

Viele verschiedene Pflanzen haben Milchröhren und produzieren Milchsaft. Dieser fließt aus, wenn die Pflanze verletzt wird, koaguliert dann schnell und schützt die Wunde. Milchsaft ist eine Mischung aus Vakuolen und Cytoplasma und enthält viele verschiedenartige sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe, besonders Polyterpene (meistens in der Form von Latex‐Partikeln) und oft Giftstoffe. Ungegliederte Milchröhren bestehen aus einer einzigen Zelle, gegliederte entstehen durch die Fusion von Einzelzellen. Beide Typen können verzweigt sein. Berühmt/berüchtigt ist der Milchsaft des Schlafrnohns, Papaver somniferum; er enthält Opium. Technisch sehr wichtig geworden ist der Milchsaft von Hevea brasiliensis, nachdem die Vulkanisierung erfunden worden war.
Nord‐ und Südpolarmeer im Klimawandel. Ein biologischer Vergleich
Authors: Hempel Gotthilf , Piepenburg Dieter
Published: December 2010

Die Polarmeere der Arktis und Antarktis sind geprägt durch das Vorkommen von Meereis, das einen eigenen Lebensraum darstellt und das auch die Ökosysteme des Freiwassers und des Meeresbodens stark beeinflusst. Die Lebensbedingungen im Nord‐ und Südpolarmeer unterscheiden sich deutlich als Folge der Unterschiede ihrer geographischen Lage, des jeweiligen Lichtregimes und der Meereisbedeckung. Aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Vereisungs‐ und Besiedlungsgeschichte steht der jungen, artenarmen arktischen Fauna eine alte, artenreiche antarktische Fauna gegenüber. Der Klimawandel ist im Nordpolarmeer und auch an der Antarktischen Halbinsel besonders deutlich. Hier schrumpft die sommerliche Eisbedeckung dramatisch und auch das mehrjährige Dauereis schwindet. Dies beeinträchtigt die Meereislebensgemeinschaften und ihre assoziierte Fauna und hat weitreichende Konsequenzen für das polare Plankton und Benthos.
Berufschancen für Bachelor und Master in der Biologie: Mehr als Praktikum oder Pharmaberater?
Authors: Klöck Gerd
Published: December 2010

Die Berufsaussichten für Biologen werden traditionell als schwierig bezeichnet. Zwar wird allgemein angenommen, dass bestimmte Spezialisierungen während des Studiums den Berufseinstieg erleichtern. Die große Zahl von arbeitsuchenden Studierenden und Absolventen zeigt aber, dass selbst im Bereich der boomenden Life Science‐Branche die Trauben für Berufseinsteiger relativ hoch zu hängen scheinen. Wie ist die Arbeitsmarktlage für Biologen wirklich? Was macht Absolventen für Firmen interessant? Welche Rolle spielen dabei die neuen Abschlüsse, Bachelor und Master, und hat man als Bachelor‐Absolvent der Biologie überhaupt eine Chance auf dem Arbeitsmarkt?
Ludwig Büchner
Authors: Kockerbeck Christoph
Published: December 2010

Der Arzt und Philosoph Ludwig Büchner war ein Pionier der Volksbildung und zählt mit Jacob Moleschott und Carl Vogt zu den Hauptvertretern des naturwissenschaftlichen Materialismus in Deutschland.
Click Chemistry for Rapid Labeling and Ligation of RNA
Authors: Paredes Eduardo , Das Subha R.
Published: December 2010

The copper(I)‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (click chemistry) is shown to be compatible with RNA (with free 2′‐hydroxyl groups) in spite of the intrinsic lability of RNA. RNA degradation is minimized through stabilization of the CuI in aqueous buffer with acetonitrile as cosolvent and no other ligand; this suggests the general possibility of “ligandless” click chemistry. With the viability of click chemistry validated on synthetic RNA bearing “click”‐reactive alkynes, the scope of the reaction is extended to in‐vitro‐transcribed or, indeed, any RNA, as a click‐reactive azide is incorporated enzymatically. Once clickable groups are installed on RNA, they can be rapidly click labeled or conjugated together in click ligations, which may be either templated or nontemplated. In click ligations the resultant unnatural triazole‐linked RNA backbone is not detrimental to RNA function, thus suggesting a broad applicability of click chemistry in RNA biological studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Separation and Suppression of the Structural and Magnetic Transitions in Superconducting Doped Iron Tellurides, Fe1+xTe1‐ySy.
Authors: Zajdel Pawel , Hsieh Ping‐Yen , Rodriguez Efrain E. , Butch Nicholas P. , Magill Jeff D. , Paglione Johnpierre , Zavalij Peter , Suchomel Matthew R. , Green Mark A.
Published: December 2010

Samples of Fe1+xTe1‐ySy (0 < y < 0.15) are prepared by direct reaction of the elements (775 °C, 2 d) and characterized by single crystal XRD and powder neutron diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Microstructure and Magnetoresistance of Heterogeneous Gold‐Rich Ag3Au1.1Te2.
Authors: Kienle L. , Duppel V. , Lembke G. , Mogwitz B. , Janek J. , von Kreutzbruck M. , Simon A.
Published: December 2010

Ag3Au1.1Te2 is synthesized from the elements in evacuated quartz ampules at 700 °C and characterized by HRTEM, SEM, and magnetoresistance measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: The Topotactic Reduction of Sr3Fe2O5Cl2—Square Planar Fe(II) in an Extended Oxyhalide.
Authors: Dixon Edward , Hayward Michael A.
Published: December 2010

Binary metal hydrides can be used to selectively deintercalate oxide ions from complex transition metal oxychlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pseudo‐polymorph in Mineral Sphenicidite Family (NH4) [Fe2(OH)(H2O)(PO4)2] ·1.5H2O Exhibiting Spontaneous Magnetization Below 25 K.
Authors: Zhou Hong , Duan Hai‐bao , Zhang Hui , Ren Xiao‐Ming
Published: December 2010

Green block‐shaped single crystals of the title compound are hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of FeSO4, (NH4)2HPO4, H3BO3, NH4OH, C2H4O4, and H2O (autoclave, 180 °C, 3 d, 45% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: The Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation of Ketones with Oxone® in the Presence of Ionic Liquids as Solvents.
Authors: Chrobok Anna
Published: December 2010

The reaction is applied to a variety of cyclic and linear ketones and is carried out in [bmim]BF4.
ChemInform Abstract: Isocyanide Based Multicomponent Reactions of Oxazolidines and Related Systems.
Authors: Waller Robert W. , Diorazio Louis J. , Taylor Brian A. , Motherwell William B. , Sheppard Tom D.
Published: December 2010

Oxazolidines constitute a powerful and flexible scaffold for a set of multicomponent reactions leading to potentially useful structural diversity in a single reaction step.
ChemInform Abstract: Allylation of Cyclohexanones in Aqueous Media and Influence of Facial Amphiphilic Fructopyranosides.
Authors: Bellomo Ana , Daniellou Richard , Plusquellec Daniel
Published: December 2010

The In‐promoted reaction is investigated in aqueous solution with respect to the diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convergent, Modular Access to Complex Amines.
Authors: Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Revol Guillaume , Zard Samir Z.
Published: December 2010

Various xanthates can be added to N‐vinyl phthalimide (II) with little formation of oligomers, if the xanthate is used in excess and the medium slightly diluted.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Suzuki Cross‐Couplings of Activated Secondary Alkyl Electrophiles: Arylations of Racemic α‐Chloroamides.
Authors: Lundin Pamela M. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: December 2010

Various α‐chloroamides are arylated with good yields and good to excellent enantioselectivity in the presence of chiral ligand DAL.
ChemInform Abstract: KHSO4 Assisted Michael Addition‐Elimination Reactions of Formylated Acetophenones in Water: A Facile General Green Synthetic Route to 3‐(Alkyl/aralkyl/aryl)amino‐1‐arylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones
Authors: Devi A. S. , Dutta M. C. , Nongkhlaw R. , Vishwakarma J. N.
Published: December 2010

19 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Palladacycle Containing Nitrogen and Selenium: Highly Active Pre‐Catalyst for the Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction and Unprecedented Conversion into Nanosized Pd17Se15.
Authors: Rao Gyandshwar Kumar , Kumar Arun , Ahmed Jahangeer , Singh Ajai Kumar
Published: December 2010

A new air‐ and moisture‐insensitive palladacycle shows high catalytic activity for the Suzuki—Miyaura coupling reaction of phenyl boronic acid (II) with functionalized aryl/hetaryl halides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Bromination of Ethyl 5‐Alkylthiophene‐2‐carboxylates.
Authors: Taydakov Ilya V. , Krasnoselskiy Sergey S.
Published: December 2010

Selective halogenation of 5‐alkylated thiophene derivatives (I) is possible with 1 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reaction of Methyl 2,4‐Dioxo‐4‐phenylbutanoate and Methyl 2,4‐Dioxopentanoate with Aromatic Aldehydes and Propane‐1,2‐diamine and Chemical Properties of the Products.
Authors: Gein V. L. , Kasimova N. N. , Aliev Z. G. , Vakhrin M. I.
Published: December 2010

Depending on the molar ratio, reaction of compounds (I), (II) and (III) leads to 2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐one derivatives (IV) or (XV), resp., possessing 2 (or 4) reactive carbonyl groups.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of New Spiro[cyclopropane‐1,3′‐[3H]indol]‐2′(1′H)‐ones from 3‐Phenacylideneoxindoles.
Authors: Shaabanzadeh Masoud , Khabari Faranak
Published: December 2010

Hydrazine addition to α,β‐enones (I) affords a spiroindolepyrazolone as intermediate which is not separated but reacted in situ with lead tetraacetate (II) to form a mixture of diastereoisomeric spirocyclopropaneindolones (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran as a Suitable Green Solvent for Phthalimide Functionalization Promoted by Supported KF.
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Hoyos Pilar , Fernandez Maria , Sinisterra Jose V. , Alcantara Andres R.
Published: December 2010

A chemoselective nitrogen functionalization of phthalimides (I) by using KF‐alumina in 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran, a solvent obtained from renewal sources, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthesized Mannich Bases as Ligands in Cu‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of Imidazoles in Water.
Authors: Zhu Yefeng , Shi Yixing , Wei Yunyang
Published: December 2010

A simple, environmentally friendly and efficient protocol for the N‐arylation of imidazoles and related N‐heterocycles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐(polyfluoroalkyl)chromones and Their Ammonium Salts. 3‐Hydroxychromone in the Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Irgashev Roman A. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Sokovnina Anna A. , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: December 2010

Nitrozation of (polyfluoroalkyl)chromanones (I) gives rise to the formation of previously unknown 3‐hydroxy‐2‐(polyfluoroalkyl)chromones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Metal‐Free Synthesis of Fluoroquinolones by Organocatalytic Hydrogenation.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Stoeckel Mirjam , Sugiono Erli , Theissmann Thomas
Published: December 2010

Highly enantioselective organocatalytic transfer hydrogenations allow the syntheses of the title compounds (II) and (V), which are known precursors of the antibiotics flumequine (III) and levofloxacine (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Amino‐6‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophen‐2‐yl)‐4‐(2‐thienyl)pyrimidine: Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Shklyaeva E. V. , Bushueva A. Yu. , Romanova V. A. , Abashev G. G.
Published: December 2010

Title compound (VI) containing an electron‐deficient pyrimidine ring linked to two electron‐donating moieties is synthesized starting from thiophene (I).
ChemInform Abstract: New Briarane‐Related Diterpenoids from the Sea Whip Gorgonian Coral Junceella fragilis (Ellisellidae)
Authors: Sung Ping‐Jyun , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

isolation, structure determination and cytotoxicity of fragilides H (I) and I (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐3‐phosphonyl‐4,5‐dihydrofuran Analogues of Nucleotides.
Authors: Lee Hee‐Yoon , Lee Kiho , Hah Jung Hwan , Moon Deuk Kyu , Lee Chong‐Kyo
Published: December 2010

Six 5‐hydroxymethyl‐3‐phosphonyl‐4,5‐dihydrofuran analogues of nucleotides of type (III), (V) and (VI) are prepared and tested for their antiviral effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Imidazobenzazepine Derivatives as Dual H1/5‐HT2A Antagonists for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders.
Authors: Gianotti Massimo , Corti Corrado , Delle Fratte Sonia , Di Fabio Romano , Leslie Colin P. , Pavone Francesca , Piccoli Laura , Stasi Luigi , Wigglesworth Mark J.
Published: December 2010

The derivatives (I) are shown to possess potent and balanced H1/5‐HT2A receptor antagonist activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and SAR of Novel, 4‐(Phenylsulfamoyl)phenylacetamide mGlu4 Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) Identified by Functional High‐Throughput Screening (HTS).
Authors: Engers Darren W. , Gentry Patrick R. , Williams Richard , Bolinger Julie D. , Weaver C. David , Menon Usha N. , Conn P. Jeffrey , Lindsley Craig W. , Niswender Colleen M. , Hopkins Corey R.
Published: December 2010

The title compounds are evaluated as mGlu4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs).
ChemInform Abstract: Tungsten Carbides and Nitrides and Ternary Systems Based on Them: The Electronic Structure, Chemical Bonding and Properties
Authors: Suetin D. V. , Shein I. R. , Ivanovskii A. L.
Published: December 2010

Review: 186 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticle Magnetism
Authors: Papaefthymiou Georgia C.
Published: December 2010

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emergence of Magnetism in Graphene Materials and Nanostructures
Authors: Yazyev Oleg V.
Published: December 2010

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Fenton Catalysts Based on Clays, Silicas and Zeolites
Authors: Navalon Sergio , Alvaro Mercedes , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: December 2010

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Coinage Metal Catalysis for the Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules
Authors: Krause Norbert , Aksin‐Artok Oezge , Breker Viola , Deutsch Carl , Gockel Birgit , Poonoth Manojkumar , Sawama Yoshinari , Sawama Yuka , Sun Tao , Winter Christian
Published: December 2010

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloadditions of Allylsilanes. Part 22. Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopentanes and Cyclobutanes by Lewis Acid Promoted [3 + 2] and [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Allylsilanes
Authors: Schmidt Arndt W. , Knoelker Hans‐Joachim
Published: December 2010

Review: about 150 refs.