bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genistein and daidzein, typical soy isoflavones, inhibit TNF‐α‐mediated downregulation of adiponectin expression via different mechanisms in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Yanagisawa Masayoshi , Sugiya Masahiro , Iijima Hiroshi , Nakagome Izumi , Hirono Shuichi , Tsuda Takanori
Published: October 2012

Scope

Previous reports suggest that soy isoflavones have multiple biological functions and may help to restore adiponectin expression and insulin sensitivity. However, little is known about whether soy isoflavones can inhibit the downregulation of adiponectin and their molecular mechanisms. In the present study, we demonstrate that genistein (Gen) or daidzein (Dai) can significantly inhibit the downregulation of adiponectin expression via unique and different molecular mechanisms.

Methods and results

Pretreatment with Gen or Dai significantly inhibited the tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α)‐mediated downregulation of adiponectin expression in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Gen inhibited the TNF‐α‐induced c‐Jun‐NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling that is involved in adiponectin expression. Molecular docking studies based on JNK1 with Gen or Dai clearly supported our experimental results. However, Dai did not significantly inhibit JNK signaling. Dai did, however, inhibit the TNF‐α‐induced downregulation of forkhead box‐containg protein O1, which is also involved in adiponectin expression.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that: (i) both Gen and Dai significantly inhibit the TNF‐α‐mediated downregulation of adiponectin in adipocytes; (ii) Gen is an effective inhibitor of JNK activation, thus inhibiting the TNF‐α‐mediated downregulation of adiponectin; and (iii) Dai can inhibit the downregulation of adiponectin by restoring the TNF‐α‐mediated reduction of forkhead box‐containg protein O1 protein expression.
Intermolecular dynamics and paramagnetic properties of ethylenediaminetetraacetate complexes with the yttrium subgroup rare earth elements using nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Babailov Sergey P.
Published: October 2012

1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements are reported for the D2O solutions of [Ln3+(EDTA4−)]− complexes, where EDTA4− is ethylenediaminetetraacetate anion, Ln3+ = Tb3+ (I), Ho3+ (II), Tm3+ (III), Yb3+ (IV) and Lu3+ (V). Temperature dependencies of the 1H NMR spectra of paramagnetic I–IV have been analyzed using the dynamic NMR methods. It is found that the activation free energies (ΔG‡298 ) of the intermolecular EDTA ions exchange at [Ln3+(EDTA4−)]− complexes are 60±3 (I), 66±3 (II), 69±3 (III) and 74±3 (IV) kJ/mol (at pD = 7). A monotonic increase of the free energy of chemical exchange processes along the series of lanthanide [Ln3+ (EDTA4−)]− complexes is probably related to the lanthanide contraction. The obtained results indicate that coordination compounds I–IV may be considered as thermometric NMR sensors and lanthanide paramagnetic probes for in situ temperature control in solution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H, 13C and 15N NMR assignments for N‐ and O‐acylethanolamines, important family of naturally occurring bioactive lipid mediators
Authors: Ottria Roberta , Casati Silvana , Ciuffreda Pierangela
Published: October 2012

The complete 1H, 13C and 15N NMR signal assignments of some N‐ and O‐acylethanolamines, important family of naturally occurring bioactive lipid mediators, were achieved using one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional experiments (gs‐HMQC and gs‐HMBC). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite volume element method for monotone nonlinear elliptic problems
Authors: Bi Chunjia , Lin Yanping , Yang Min
Published: October 2012

In this article, we consider the finite volume element method for the monotone nonlinear second‐order elliptic boundary value problems. With the assumptions which guarantee that the corresponding operator is strongly monotone and Lipschitz‐continuous, and with the minimal regularity assumption on the exact solution, that is, u∈H1(Ω), we show that the finite volume element method has a unique solution, and the finite volume element approximation is uniformly convergent with respect to the H1 ‐norm. If u∈H1+ε(Ω),0 < ε ≤ 1, we develop the optimal convergence rate
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in the H1 ‐norm. Moreover, we propose a natural and computationally easy residual‐based H1 ‐norm a posteriori error estimator and establish the global upper bound and local lower bounds on the error. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Two positivity preserving flux limited, second‐order numerical methods for a haptotaxis model
Authors: Kolev Mikhail K. , Koleva Miglena N. , Vulkov Lubin G.
Published: October 2012

Two numerical methods for a one‐dimensional haptotaxis model, which exploit the use of van Leer flux limiter, are developed and analyzed. Sufficient conditions time step size and flux limiting are given for such formulation to ensure the non‐negativity of the discrete solution and second‐order accuracy in space. Another advantage is that we avoid solving large nonlinear systems of algebraic equations. The discrete preservation of total conservation of cell density, concentration, and logarithmic density is also verified for the numerical solution. Numerical results concerning accuracy, convergence rate, positivity, and conservation properties are presented and discussed. Similar approach could be applied efficiently in the corresponding two‐ and three‐dimensional problems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2013
Asymptotic‐preserving Godunov‐type numerical schemes for hyperbolic systems with stiff and nonstiff relaxation terms
Authors: Berthon C. , Chalons C. , Turpault R.
Published: October 2012

We devise a new class of asymptotic‐preserving Godunov‐type numerical schemes for hyperbolic systems with stiff and nonstiff relaxation source terms governed by a relaxation time ε. As an alternative to classical operator‐splitting techniques, the objectives of these schemes are twofold: first, to give accurate numerical solutions for large, small, and in‐between values of ε and second, to make optional the choice of the numerical scheme in the asymptotic regime ε tends to zero. The latter property may be of particular interest to make easier and more efficient the coupling at a fixed spatial interface of two models involving very different values of ε. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
The design, synthesis, and nonlinear optical properties of novel X‐type polyurethane containing dicyanovinylnitroresorcinoxy group with enhanced SHG thermal stability
Authors: Song Mi Young , Jeon Byeongman , Kim Hak Jin , Lee Ju‐Yeon
Published: October 2012

Novel X‐type polyurethane 5 containing 4‐(2′,2′‐dicyanovinyl)‐6‐nitroresorcinoxy groups as nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, which constitute parts of the polymer backbone, was prepared and characterized. Polyurethane 5 is soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and N,N‐dimethylformamide. It shows thermal stability up to 280 °C from thermogravimetric analysis with a glass transition temperature (Tg) obtained from differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of around 120 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient (d33) of poled polymer film at 1064‐nm fundamental wavelength is around 6.12 × 10−9 esu. The dipole alignment exhibits a thermal stability even at 5 °C higher than Tg, and there was no SHG decay below 125 °C due to the partial main chain character of the polymer structure, which is acceptable for NLO device applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Synthetic control of cage/network ratio of poly(methylsilsesquioxane)s for storage stability, hardness, and weather resistance of coating films
Authors: Urano Satoshi , Tomita Rie , Tadanaga Kiyoharu
Published: October 2012

Poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSQ) was synthesized using a two‐step process consisting of hydrolysis of methyl trimethoxysilane (MTMS) with aluminum chelate catalyst and successive condensation reactions conducted at elevated temperatures. Results of nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared measurements show that all terminal functional groups were SiOH in PMSQ. Results show further that PMSQ has both a cage structure and a network structure, and a cage/network ratio is represented by a height ratio of −64.5/−66.6 ppm. PMSQ of different molecular weight but the same SiOH concentration is obtainable by varying the condensation reaction conditions such as the concentration, temperature, amount of aluminum chelate catalyst, and the solvent solubility parameter. A difference of the cage/network ratio occurs. A different cage/network ratio is dependent on the different reactivities of the intramolecular and intermolecular reactions. The relations of molecular structure of the obtained PMSQ molecular structure were characterized along with functions of storage stability, film hardness, and weather resistance. PMSQ designed with a larger cage/network ratio is necessary to obtain PMSQ with good storage stability and a coating film having good weather resistance. PMSQ designed with a smaller cage/network ratio should be prepared to obtain a coating film with high hardness. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
The benefits of a risk‐based approach to facility siting
Authors: Prophet Neil
Published: October 2012

Facility siting has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years and is an important aspect of process safety for plant personnel and their contractors. American Petroleum Institute RP 752 outlines three basic facility siting assessment approaches that can be utilized: a consequence‐based approach, a quantified risk assessment approach, and a spacing tables approach. This article summarizes how a risk‐based approach to facility siting can provide the best understanding of onsite risks and can enable the most cost‐effective resolution of facility siting issues. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Safety system impairment and the need to manage peak risk
Authors: Lewis David K. , Henselwood Fred
Published: October 2012

The catastrophic incident that occurred at Bhopal is often referenced with respect to inherent safety issues. Did intermediate chemicals need to be present? Should the neighboring community start at the fence line? Although likely not as important as the aforementioned fundamental considerations, the impairment of safety systems also played a significant role with respect to this event. These impairments took what should have been an unlikely incident and made the catastrophic outcome a near certainty.

In this article, a methodology is proposed whereby one should consider both the annualized risk and the peak risk involved in various scenarios when managing process hazards. This approach looks at both the impacts of safety system impairments on the total risk and the fluctuations in short‐term risk levels that will occur at the time of any impairment. For organizations where detailed risk assessments have been conducted for safety instrumented systems, such as those values generated through methods like layer of protection analysis, general impairment guidance can be readily assembled. This guidance looks at the type of protection layer and the potential amount of increased risk, which will result from an impairment. The approach then considers both the duration of the impairment with respect to managing annualized risk and the need for interim risk reduction measures during the impairment to manage peak risk. Questions that arise from this approach include: how much fluctuation in risk is appropriate for an organization and how long should an impairment be allowed to go on for? © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Molecular tools for sterile sperm detection to monitor Ceratitis capitata populations under SIT programmes
Authors: Juan‐Blasco María , Sabater‐Muñoz Beatriz , Argilés Rafael , Jacas Josep A , Castañera Pedro , Urbaneja Alberto
Published: October 2012

Background

The success of an area‐wide sterile insect technique (SIT) programme against Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) relies on the mating success of sterile males in the field. Limited information is available about the effectiveness of sterile males in achieving mates with wild females and how these matings contribute to reducing wild populations. To this end, firstly a mating competition test was performed in the laboratory with different release ratios (1:1:0, 1:1:1, 1:1:5, 1:1:10 and 1:1:20 for wild females:wild males:sterile VIENNA‐8 males respectively) and different host fruit. Secondly, the same release ratios were evaluated under semi‐natural conditions on caged trees and on sentinel host.

Results

By means of molecular markers, VIENNA‐8 male sperm was positively detected in those females exposed to the male ratios 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20 in the laboratory. In the field test, sterile VIENNA‐8 male matings and the C. capitata progeny on apples were positively correlated with the ratio of sterile males released and with the percentage of sterile matings respectively.

Conclusions

These results confirm the validity of using the molecular detection of VIENNA‐8 male sperm to predict the C. capitata population under semi‐natural conditions. Implications of these results in measuring the efficacy of an SIT programme are discussed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, radiolabeling, and preclinical evaluation of a new octreotide analog for somatostatin receptor‐positive tumor scintigraphy
Authors: De Kakali , Bhowmik Arijit , Behera Ashok , Banerjee Indranil , Ghosh Mrinal Kanti , Misra Mridula
Published: October 2012

Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs have become powerful tools in the diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors, which express somatostatin receptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new somatostatin analog, 6‐hydrazinopyridine‐3‐carboxylic acid‐Ser3‐octreotate (HYNIC‐SATE) radiolabeled with 99mTc, using ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetic acid and tricine as coligands, to be used as a radiopharmaceutical for the in vivo imaging of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2)‐positive tumor. Synthesis of the peptide was carried out on a solid phase using a standard Fmoc strategy. Peptide conjugate affinities for SSTR2 were determined by receptor binding affinity on rat brain cortex and C6 cell membranes. Internalization rate of 99mTc‐HYNIC‐SATE was studied in SSTR2‐expressing C6 cells that were used for intracranial tumor studies in rat brain. A reproducible in vivo C6 glioma model was developed in Sprague–Dawley rat and confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis. Biodistribution and imaging properties of this new radiopeptide were also studied in C6 tumor‐bearing rats. Radiolabeling was performed at high specific activities, with a radiochemical purity of >96%. Peptide conjugate showed high affinity binding for SSTR2 (HYNIC‐SATE IC50 = 1.60 ± 0.05 n m) and specific internalization into rat C6 cells. After administration of 99mTc‐HYNIC‐SATE in C6 glioma‐bearing rats, a receptor specific uptake of radioactivity was observed in SSTR‐positive organs and in the implanted intracranial tumor and rapid excretion from nontarget tissues via kidneys.

99mTc‐HYNIC‐SATE is a new receptor‐specific radiopeptide for targeting SSTR2‐positive brain tumor and might be of great promise in the scintigraphy of SSTR2‐positive tumors. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of 3D‐shaped graphene via transfer printing
Authors: Winters Sinéad , Hallam Toby , Nolan Hugo , Duesberg Georg S.
Published: October 2012

We present the fabrication of three‐dimensional graphene structures supported by a polymer scaffold. The structures are fabricated using transfer printing. The structures could have potential applications in electronics, sensing and electrochemical electrodes. Electrochemical measurements confirm an increase in surface area due to the folding of the graphene over the polymer scaffolding. Further, the production method opens the possibility for strain engineering in graphene, opening a wide range of potential novel effects in the physical and chemical properties of graphene.
Diffusion dynamics of the relaxed excited state in SrTiO3
Authors: Kohmoto T. , Ikeda D. , Liang X. , Moriyasu T.
Published: October 2012

The generation and diffusion dynamics of the optically induced lattice distortion in the relaxed excited state of SrTiO3 are studied by a transient birefringence experiment. The observed signal of the lattice distortion has a component which decays in the millisecond region. Its amplitude shows a nonlinear dependence on the pump power that indicates the relaxed excited state is generated through a multiphoton absorption process.

We observed the lattice distortion induced by a separated pump beam from the probe beam. The signal of the lattice distortion appears later as the separation between the pump and probe beams becomes larger. Experimental results suggest that the optically induced lattice distortion diffuses spatially and its direction is along the crystal axes (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature‐dependent absorbance spectra of semiconductor‐dielectric photonic crystals
Authors: Barvestani Jamal
Published: October 2012

Terahertz absorbance spectra of defective and non‐defective semiconductor‐dielectric photonic crystals are theoretically investigated. Two structures with a strongly temperature‐dependent permittivity will be considered at different temperatures. First, non‐defective structure of (Si02/InSb)N and second, defective structure of (Si/SiO2)N InSb(SiO2/Si)N which is completely similar to the structure reported by Hung et al. (J. Appl. Phys. 110, 093110 (2011)). We have shown that in the non‐defective structure the peak of absorbance takes place at band edges and the peak height is nearly 55% of incidence at 325 K and decrease to 12% at 225 K. In the second structure the most absorption takes place in defect mode frequency which is at least three times larger than band edge absorption. By increasing the temperature from 225 K to 325 K, the height of absorption increases from 6.8% to 50% of incident radiation and is slightly shifted to upper frequencies (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of Ce:LiYF4 bulk single crystal with high Ce concentration by Cz method and the scintillation properties
Authors: Yokota Yuui , Yamaji Akihiro , Kawaguchi Noriaki , Fukuda Kentaro , Kurosawa Shunsuke , Yoshikawa Akira
Published: October 2012

Ce 2% doped LiYF4 [Ce:LYF] bulk single crystal was grown by Czochralski method and the structural phase, crystallinity, optical properties and scintillation properties were investigated. Grown Ce:LYF bulk single crystal included some cracks in the initial part of crystal and meanwhile there were no visible cracks in the center and end parts. Full width of half maximum of X‐ray rocking curve on the plate crystal in center part of Ce:LYF bulk single crystal was 81.4 arcsec. Alpha‐ray position in the pulse‐height spectra under alpha‐ray irradiation was almost quarter that of Li‐glass(GS20). Decay times of the crystals in center and end parts were 69.9 and 58.3 ns, respectively (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐resolution optical coherence tomography using broadband light source with strain‐controlled InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Tsubaki Ippei , Harada Yukihiro , Kita Takashi
Published: October 2012

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in broadband light sources to develop a biomolecular imaging technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT). We fabricated superluminescent diodes (SLDs) using three kinds of quantum dot (QD) layers with different emission wavelength in the active region. The emission wavelength was controlled by reducing the strain in QDs by using In0.1Ga0.9As strain‐reducing layer. The SLD device showed a broad electroluminescence spectrum with the center wavelength of 1104 nm and the spectral linewidth of 122 nm at the injection of 40 mA, which corresponds to the theoretical axial resolution of 4.4 µm. To estimate the actual resolution of the OCT system using fabricated SLD, we measured the interference signal in the Michelson interferometer. An axial resolution of 5.4 µm, which is close to the theoretical limit, was obtained (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanostructured molybdenum carbide thin films obtained by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Teghil Roberto , Bonis Angela De , Galasso Agostino , Sansone Maria , Rau Julietta V. , Santagata Antonio
Published: October 2012

The films obtained by ultra‐short pulsed laser deposition of a target of molybdenum carbide, at different substrate temperatures, have been characterized by different techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, micro‐Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that the films are formed by a large number of particles with nanomentric dimensions and are composed mainly of Mo2C. The presence of an excess of carbon, found in the films, is probably due the presence of a certain amount of graphite in the target (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detailed comparison of the pnicogen bond with chalcogen, halogen, and hydrogen bonds
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: October 2012

The characteristics of the pnicogen bond are explored using a variety of quantum chemical techniques. In particular, this interaction is compared with its halogen and chalcogen bond cousins, as well as with the more common H‐bond. In general, these bonds are all of comparable strength. More specifically, they are strengthened by the presence of an electronegative substituent on the electron‐acceptor atom, and each gains strength as one moves down the appropriate column of the periodic table, for example, from N to P to As. These noncovalent bonds owe their stability to a mixture in nearly equal parts of electrostatic attraction and charge transfer, along with a smaller dispersion component. The charge transfer arises from the overlap between the lone pair of the electron donor and a σ* antibond of the acceptor. The angular characteristics of the equilibrium geometry result primarily from a compromise between electrostatic and induction forces. Angular distortions of the H‐bond are typically less energetically demanding than comparable bends of the other noncovalent bonds. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new event‐driven output‐based discrete‐time control for the sporadic MIMO tracking problem
Authors: Jetto L. , Orsini V.
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a new sporadic control approach to the tracking problem for MIMO closed‐loop systems. An LTI sampled data plant with unmeasurable state affected by external unknown disturbances is considered. The plant is interconnected to an event‐based digital dynamic output‐feedback controller via a network. Both the external reference and the unknown disturbance are assumed to be generated as the free output response of unstable LTI systems. The main feature of the new event‐driven communication logic (CL) is that it works without the strict requirement of a state vector available for measurement. The purpose of the CL is to reduce as much as possible the number of triggered messages along the feedback and feedforward paths with respect to periodic sampling, still preserving internal stability and without appreciably degrading the control system tracking capability.

The proposed event‐driven CL is composed of a sensor CL (SCL) and of a controller CL (CCL). The SCL is based on the computation of a quadratic functional of the tracking error and of a corresponding suitably computed time‐varying threshold: a network message from the sensor to the controller is triggered only if the functional equals or exceeds the current value of the threshold. The CCL is directly driven by the SCL: the dynamic output controller sends a feedforward message to the plant only if it has received a message from the sensor at the previous sampled instant. Formulation of the controller in discrete‐time form facilitates its implementation and provides a minimum inter‐event time given by the sampling period. An example taken from the related literature shows the effectiveness of the new approach. The focus of this paper is on the stability and performance loss problems relative to the sporadic nature of the control law. Other topics such as network delay or packets dropout are not considered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Luenberger observers and dwell‐time logic for feedback hybrid loops in continuous‐time control systems
Authors: Fichera Francesco , Prieur Christophe , Tarbouriech Sophie , Zaccarian Luca
Published: October 2012

For linear control systems, we add a Luenberger observer to extend the state‐feedback hybrid loop designs of our previous work to the output feedback case. This defines an output feedback controller. The hybrid loop consists of a continuous‐time dynamics when the estimate of the state leads to a nonincrease of a suitable Lyapunov‐like function and in a jump equation when this condition is not satisfied. The jump equation is defined by means of a static state‐feedback law from the observed state. Four techniques based on different reset maps and flow and jump sets are proposed, all of them exploiting a suitable dwell‐time logic. For the proposed designs, we prove the global exponential stability of the origin. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions is illustrated by simulation examples where we show suitable reduction of the output overshoot. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple Response Regression for Gaussian Mixture Models with Known Labels
Authors: Lee Wonyul , Du Ying , Sun Wei , Hayes David Neil , Liu Yufeng
Published: October 2012

Multiple response regression is a useful regression technique to model multiple response variables using the same set of predictor variables. Most existing methods for multiple response regression are designed for modeling homogeneous data. In many applications, however, one may have heterogeneous data where the samples are divided into multiple groups. Our motivating example is a cancer dataset where the samples belong to multiple cancer subtypes. In this paper, we consider modeling the data coming from a mixture of several Gaussian distributions with known group labels. A naive approach is to split the data into several groups according to the labels and model each group separately. Although it is simple, this approach ignores potential common structures across different groups. We propose new penalized methods to model all groups jointly in which the common and unique structures can be identified. The proposed methods estimate the regression coefficient matrix, as well as the conditional inverse covariance matrix of response variables. Asymptotic properties of the proposed methods are explored. Through numerical examples, we demonstrate that both estimation and prediction can be improved by modeling all groups jointly using the proposed methods. An application to a glioblastoma cancer dataset reveals some interesting common and unique gene relationships across different cancer subtypes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012
Wind tunnel test on mean wind forces and peak pressures acting on wind turbine nacelles
Authors: Noda Hiroshi , Ishihara Takeshi
Published: October 2012

Mean wind force coefficients of nacelles are investigated by a wind tunnel test and are compared with those in current codes, such as the Germanischer Lloyd Guideline 2010 (GL2010) and Eurocode, in order to clarify the effects of the ground, presence of a hub, turbulence in the incident flow and nacelle length on these coefficients. Formulas for the mean wind force coefficients are proposed as a function of yaw angles. It is found that mean wind force coefficients of wind turbine nacelles specified in GL2010 are underestimated in comparison with those obtained by wind tunnel tests.

Pressure measurements of a nacelle are also conducted. Notably, the mean pressure coefficients for design load case 6.2 (DLC6.2) are significantly larger than those for design load case 6.1 (DLC6.1) in IEC61400‐1. Maximum and minimum mean pressure coefficients are proposed for the DLC6.1 and DLC6.2 by the wind tunnel test, which are similar to those in Eurocode and are larger than those proposed in GL2010. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eine effektive Synthese von cis‐[IrCl2(CO)2]– unter Verwendung von Ameisensäure als Carbonylierungsagenz
Authors: Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Mayer Peter
Published: October 2012

The reaction of hydrated iridium chloride with formic acid in refluxing ethoxyethanol afforded by an efficient way the known iridium carbonyl chlorido complex cis‐[IrCl2(CO)2]–. The latter species was isolated and characterized as its corresponding PPN salt (PPN+ = bis(triphenylphosphane)iminium cation). The molecular structure of PPN[IrCl2(CO)2] (1) was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Rb2Mn3O4
Authors: Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2012

Rb2Mn3O4, which is the first rubidium oxomanganates(II), has been synthesized via the azide/nitrate route from a stoichiometric mixture of the precursors RbN3, RbNO3, and MnO, as well as from Rb2O and MnO, through an all solid state reaction. Its crystal structure (C2/c, Z = 4, a = 1546.9(2) pm, b = 666.22(7) pm, c = 588.06(6) pm) consists of a 3D arrangement of edge‐ and corner‐sharing MnO4 tetrahedra with rubidium filling the space between. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate a magnetic phase transition at 126 K. The magnetic response as a function of temperature is complex, indicating strong, partly frustrated magnetic exchange interactions.
A Dynamic Logic for deductive verification of multi-threaded programs
Authors: Beckert Bernhard , Klebanov Vladimir
Published: October 2012

We present MODL, a Dynamic Logic and a deductive verification calculus for a core Java-like language that includes multi-threading. The calculus is based on symbolic execution. Even though we currently do not handle non-atomic loops, employing the technique of symmetry reduction allows us to verify systems without limits on state space or thread number. We have instantiated our logic for (restricted) multi-threaded Java programs and implemented the verification calculus within the KeY system. We demonstrate our approach by verifying a central method of the StringBuffer class from the Java standard library in the presence of unbounded concurrency.
Lyso‐globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso‐Gb3) levels in neonates and adults with the Fabry disease later‐onset GLA IVS4+919G>A mutation
Authors: Chien Yin‐Hsiu , Bodamer Olaf A. , Chiang Shu‐Chuan , Mascher Hermann , Hung Christina , Hwu Wuh‐Liang
Published: October 2012

Lyso‐globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso‐Gb3) is a useful biomarker in the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment for Fabry disease. However, it is unclear whether lyso‐Gb3 is elevated in patients with later‐onset Fabry disease. Thus, we measured lyso‐Gb3 levels from dried blood spots (DBS) from male newborns with the Fabry disease later‐onset phenotype, IVS4+919G>A mutation, and their family members. The lyso‐Gb3 levels were below the detection limit in normal control newborns and were slightly higher in adults. In males of all ages with the IVS4+919G>A mutation, lyso‐Gb3 levels were elevated and were higher than in age‐matched controls. The elevation of lyso‐Gb3 levels in males with the IVS4+919G>A mutation was only slightly elevated compared with patients with the classical Fabry phenotype. The measurement of lyso‐Gb3 levels is useful in the diagnosis of Fabry disease, including the later‐onset phenotype. The DBS lyso‐Gb3 level was not elevated in IVS4+919G>A heterozygotes, and is not useful for their diagnosis. Since lyso‐Gb3 levels are elevated from birth in Fabry disease males, “an elevated lyso‐Gb3 level” may be of little values for deciding when to begin enzyme replacement therapy.
Effects of hypoglycaemia on neuronal metabolism in the adult brain: role of alternative substrates to glucose
Authors: Amaral Ana I.
Published: October 2012

Hypoglycaemia is characterized by decreased blood glucose levels and is associated with different pathologies (e.g. diabetes, inborn errors of metabolism). Depending on its severity, it might affect cognitive functions, including impaired judgment and decreased memory capacity, which have been linked to alterations of brain energy metabolism. Glucose is the major cerebral energy substrate in the adult brain and supports the complex metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes, which are essential for synaptic activity. Therefore, hypoglycaemia disturbs cerebral metabolism and, consequently, neuronal function. Despite the high vulnerability of neurons to hypoglycaemia, important neurochemical changes enabling these cells to prolong their resistance to hypoglycaemia have been described. This review aims at providing an overview over the main metabolic effects of hypoglycaemia on neurons, covering in vitro and in vivo findings. Recent studies provided evidence that non‐glucose substrates including pyruvate, glycogen, ketone bodies, glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate, are metabolized by neurons in the absence of glucose and contribute to prolong neuronal function and delay ATP depletion during hypoglycaemia. One of the pathways likely implicated in the process is the pyruvate recycling pathway, which allows for the full oxidation of glutamate and glutamine. The operation of this pathway in neurons, particularly after hypoglycaemia, has been re‐confirmed recently using metabolic modelling tools (i.e. Metabolic Flux Analysis), which allow for a detailed investigation of cellular metabolism in cultured cells. Overall, the knowledge summarized herein might be used for the development of potential therapies targeting neuronal protection in patients vulnerable to hypoglycaemic episodes.
An Improved Method for Analysis of Glucosylceramide Species Having cis‐8 and trans‐8 Isomers of Sphingoid Bases by LC–MS/MS
Authors: Imai Hiroyuki , Hattori Hideyasu , Watanabe Masayuki
Published: October 2012

High‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) approaches have enabled high selectivity and sensitivity for the identification and quantification of glucosylceramide molecular species. Here we demonstrate that HPLC–ESI–MS/MS is an efficient method for characterizing plant glucosylceramide species having the cis‐8 and trans‐8 isomers of sphingoid bases. Complete baseline separation was achieved using a high‐carbon‐content octadecylsilyl column and a simple binary gradient comprising methanol and water. The result of 2‐hydroxy fatty acid composition achieved by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS was compared with that achieved by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID), indicating that the two methods yield similar molar compositions. The current method should be applicable to seeking the active components of glucosylceramide species from plant materials in response to biological challenges.
Dairy Lecithin from Cheese Whey Fat Globule Membrane: Its Extraction, Composition, Oxidative Stability, and Emulsifying Properties
Authors: Zhu Dan , Damodaran Srinivasan
Published: October 2012

An ethanol extraction method was studied for the production of dairy lecithin from cheese whey‐derived milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). A two‐step ethanol extraction of MFGM involving first extraction at pH 6.5, followed by second extraction at pH 4.5 yielded 17.2 % lipids. The extracted material contained about 90 % lipids, 4.5 % ash, and 1.2 % moisture. The phospholipid content of the ethanol extract was 31 % and the remainder was mostly neutral lipids. The phospholipid fraction contained 34 % sphingomyelin, 31 % phosphatidylcholine, 27 % phosphatidylethanolamine, 4.6 % phosphatidylserine, and 3.1 % phosphatidylinositol. Since the ethanol extract contained 31 % phospholipids, it can be technically termed as dairy lecithin. The major fatty acid components were linoleic acid (5.1 %), myristic acid (8.3 %), palmitic acid (29 %), stearic acid (14 %), oleic acid (25 %), and the remainder was minor fatty acids with chain length ranging from C4:0 to C22:5. The dairy lecithin was semi‐solid at room temperature and exhibited a major phase transition at about 35 °C. Owing to its low polyunsaturated fatty acid content, the dairy lecithin was reasonably stable to oxidation as measured by the rate and extent of hexanal production during 35 days of storage at 45 °C. Oil‐in‐water emulsions made with less than 2 % dairy lecithin (relative to the total emulsion weight) were unstable; however, emulsions made with greater than 4 % dairy lecithin were very stable for more than 60 days at room temperature. The results of this study indicated that a highly functional dairy lecithin can be commercially produced using cheese whey‐derived MFGM as the starting material.
Layer-by-Layer Assembled Films Composed of “Charge Matched” and “Length Matched” Polysaccharides: Self-Patterning and Unexpected Effects of the Degree of Polymerization
Authors: Witt Maria A. , Valenga Francine , Blell Rebecca , Dotto Marta E. R. , Bechtold Ivan H. , Felix Olivier , Pires Alfredo T. N. , Decher Gero
Published: October 2012

The functionalization of chitosan with carboxymethyl groups allows zwitterionic or anionic chitosan derivatives to be obtained as a function of the degree of substitution. Here, we show that polyelectrolyte multilayers of chitosan and carboxymethylchitosan can be assembled by “dipping” or “spraying” to form strongly hydrated films in which both the polyanion and polycation possess the same polymer backbone (“matched chemistries”). Such films grow rapidly to fairly large thickness in very few assembly steps, especially in the case of “matched” charge densities, and atomic force microscopy reveals the formation of surface patterns that are dependent on the deposition conditions and on the number of layers. Interestingly, the influence of the molar masses of the polyelectrolyte pairs on the complex formation is somewhat counterintuitive, the stronger complexation occurring between polyanions and polycations of different (“non-matching”) lengths.
Selective Cell Recruitment and Spatially Controlled Cell Attachment on Instructive Chitosan Surfaces Functionalized with Antibodies
Authors: Custódio C. A. , Frias A. M. , del Campo A. , Reis R. L. , Mano J. F.
Published: October 2012

Bioactive constructs to guide cellular mobilization and function have been proposed as an approach for a new generation of biomaterials in functional tissue engineering. Adult mesenchymal stem cells have been widely used as a source for cell based therapeutic strategies, namely tissue engineering. This is a heterogeneous cell population containing many subpopulations with distinct regenerative capacity. Thus, one of the issues for the effective clinical use of stem cells in tissue engineering is the isolation of a highly purified, expandable specific subpopulation of stem cells. Antibody functionalized biomaterials could be promising candidates to isolate and recruit specific cell types. Here we propose a new concept of instructive biomaterials that are able to recruit and purify specific cell types from a mixed cell population. This biomimetic concept uses a target-specific chitosan substrate to capture specific adipose derived stem cells. Specific antibodies were covalently immobilized onto chitosan membranes using bis[sulfosuccinimidyl] suberate (BS3). Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to monitor antibody immobilization/adsorption onto the chitosan films. Specific antibodies covalently immobilized, kept their bioactivity and captured specific cell types from a mixed cell population. Microcontact printing allowed to covalently immobilize antibodies in patterns and simultaneously a spatial control in cell attachment.
Signaling regulated endocytosis and exocytosis lead to mating pheromone concentration dependent morphologies in yeast
Authors: Chou Ching-Shan , Moore Travis I. , Chang Steven D. , Nie Qing , Yi Tau-Mu
Published: October 2012

Polarized cell morphogenesis requires actin cytoskeleton rearrangement for polarized transport of proteins, organelles and secretory vesicles, which fundamentally underlies cell differentiation and behavior. During yeast mating, Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to extracellular pheromone gradients by extending polarized projections, which are likely maintained through vesicle transport to (exocytosis) and from (endocytosis) the membrane. We experimentally demonstrate that the projection morphology is pheromone concentration‐dependent, and propose the underlying mechanism through mathematical modeling. The inclusion of membrane flux and dynamically evolving cell boundary into our yeast mating signaling model shows good agreement with experimental measurements, and provides a plausible explanation for pheromone‐induced cell morphology.
A dual role of divalent metal ions in catalysis and folding of RNase H1 from extreme halophilic archaeon Halobacterium sp. NRC‐1
Authors: Tannous Elias , Yokoyama Koji , You Dong-Ju , Koga Yuichi , Kanaya Shigenori
Published: October 2012

RNase H1 from extreme halophilic archaeon Halobacterium sp. NRC‐1 (Halo‐RNH1) consists of an N‐terminal domain with unknown function and a C‐terminal RNase H domain. It is characterized by the high content of acidic residues on the protein surface. The far‐ and near‐UV CD spectra of Halo‐RNH1 suggested that Halo‐RNH1 assumes a partially folded structure in the absence of salt and divalent metal ions. It requires either salt or divalent metal ions for folding. However, thermal denaturation of Halo‐RNH1 analyzed in the presence of salt and/or divalent metal ions by CD spectroscopy suggested that salt and divalent metal ions independently stabilize the protein and thereby facilitate folding. Divalent metal ions stabilize the protein probably by binding mainly to the active site and suppressing negative charge repulsions at this site. Salt stabilizes the protein probably by increasing hydrophobic interactions at the protein core and decreasing negative charge repulsions on the protein surface. Halo‐RNH1 exhibited activity in the presence of divalent metal ions regardless of the presence or absence of 3 M NaCl. However, higher concentrations of divalent metal ions are required for activity in the absence of salt to facilitate folding. Thus, divalent metal ions play a dual role in catalysis and folding of Halo‐RNH1. Construction of the Halo‐RNH1 derivatives lacking an N‐ or C‐terminal domain, followed by biochemical characterizations, indicated that an N‐terminal domain is dispensable for stability, activity, folding, and substrate binding of Halo‐RNH1.
Mild cognitive impairment in a community sample: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study
Authors: Brodaty Henry , Heffernan Megan , Kochan Nicole A. , Draper Brian , Trollor Julian N. , Reppermund Simone , Slavin Melissa J. , Sachdev Perminder S.
Published: October 2012

Background

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with an increased dementia risk. This study reports incidence of MCI subtypes, rates of progression to dementia, and stability of MCI classification.

Methods

We examined 873 community‐dwelling adults aged 70 to 90 years over 2 years as part of an ongoing population‐based longitudinal study, the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Neuropsychological testing assessed five cognitive domains, and a diagnosis of no cognitive impairment, MCI, or dementia (follow‐up only) was made according to published criteria.

Results

The incidence of MCI was 104.6 (95% confidence interval: 81.6–127.7) per 1000 person‐years, with higher incidence in men (men, 156.8; women, 70.3). Incidence rates for single‐domain amnestic, multiple‐domain amnestic, single‐domain nonamnestic, and multiple‐domain nonamnestic MCI were 47.7, 7.9, 45.0, and 3.9 per 1000 person‐years, respectively. The 2‐year rate of progression from MCI at baseline to dementia was 4.8%, being highest for multidomain amnestic MCI (9.1%). Of those with MCI at baseline, 28.2% reverted to no cognitive impairment at follow‐up. Sensitivity analyses by redefining criteria for cognitive impairment did not affect stability of diagnosis, although changing the threshold of domain impairment reduced baseline MCI prevalence from 36.7% to 5.7% and incidence to 23.5, and increased 2‐year progression rate from MCI to dementia to 14.3%.

Conclusions

Incidence rates for MCI are higher than previously reported, particularly in men and for single‐domain MCI; rates for amnestic and nonamnestic MCI were comparable. Multidomain amnestic MCI was the most likely subtype to progress to dementia, but overall, the diagnosis of MCI, particularly single‐domain MCI, shows considerable instability.
Discriminatory and predictive capabilities of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and multiplex platforms in a longitudinal Alzheimer's disease study
Authors: Jongbloed Wesley , Kester Maartje I. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Veerhuis Robert , Scheltens Philip , Blankenstein Marinus A. , Teunissen Charlotte E.
Published: October 2012

Background

Multiplex assays such as xMAP have been proposed for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers amyloid β 42 (Aβ42), tau (Tau), and phosphorylated tau (pTau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here, we compared the traditional enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and xMAP with respect to their: (1) absolute biomarker concentration, (2) ability to distinguish AD from nondemented subjects, (3) ability to monitor AD longitudinally, and (4) ability to predict progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD.

Methods

We selected 68 AD, 62 MCI, and 24 nondemented subjects, performed clinical examinations, and obtained CSF at baseline and 2 years later. Aβ42, Tau, and pTau were measured with both ELISA and xMAP.

Results

Biomarker levels differed considerably between the two assays, and the differences were concentration dependent. No differences were observed in ability to distinguish nondemented subjects from AD patients between ELISA (area under curve of 0.84 for Aβ42, 0.79 for Tau, and 0.75 for pTau) and xMAP (area under curve of 0.82 for Aβ42, 0.75 for Tau, and 0.73 for pTau), all P < .05. Increased Aβ42 levels of AD patients at follow‐up compared with baseline were detected with ELISA, whereas increased Tau levels for nondemented subjects and MCI patients were only detected with xMAP. The hazard ratios for progression from MCI to AD did not differ between the assays.

Conclusion

Both ELISA and multiplex assays can be used to measure AD biomarker levels in CSF to support clinical diagnosis and predict progression from MCI to AD with similar accuracy. Importantly, the assays' output in absolute biomarker concentrations is remarkably different, and this discrepancy cannot be reconciled with simple correction factors.