bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental therapy practice patterns in Minnesota: a baseline study
Authors: Blue Christine M. , Kaylor Mary Beth
Published: April 2016

Objectives

A chronic shortage of dentists, the importance of oral health, and the lack of access to care led to the introduction of a new oral health practitioner in Minnesota, the dental therapist. Dental therapy graduates from the University of Minnesota have been in practice since 2012. To date, there has been no formal study of how they have been incorporated into dental practice. The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline knowledge of dental therapists' practice patterns in Minnesota and determine if dentists' patterns of work changed after a dental therapist was employed.

Methods

Four dental practices were sampled purposefully to obtain various practice types and geographic locations within Minnesota. Secondary data were collected from practice management software databases in each practice between January‐March, 2015. Data were used to describe the work undertaken by dental therapists, the types of patients seen and payer mix. Additionally, data from 6 months before and after employment of the dental therapist were collected to determine whether dentists' practice patterns changed after a dental therapist was employed.

Results

Dental therapists were employed full‐time, seeing an average of 6.8 patients per day. No distinct pattern emerged with regard to ages of patients seen by dental therapists. Dental therapists saw up to 90% of uninsured patients or patients on public assistance. Restorative services across practices comprised an average of 68% of work undertaken by dental therapists. Dentists delegated a full range of procedures within the dental therapy scope of practice indicating trust and acceptance of dental therapists. Dentists in two practices began to take on more complex dental procedures after a dental therapist joined the practice.

Conclusion

Dental therapists are treating a high number of uninsured and underinsured patients, suggesting that they are expanding access to dental care in rural and metropolitan areas of Minnesota. Dentists appear to have an adequate workload for dental therapists and are delegating a full range of procedures within their scope of practice. Dentists performed fewer restorative and preventive procedures after a DT was hired.
A population survey of early factors associated with permanent tooth emergence: findings from a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wong Hai Ming , Peng Si‐Min , Wen Yi Feng , McGrath Colman P.J.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

Studies investigating influencing factors of permanent tooth eruption/emergence have primarily focused on anthropometric measurements while less attention has been paid to the effect of perinatal factors. We aimed to explore early factors associated with eruption status of permanent teeth among 12‐year‐olds through a population‐representative prospective cohort.

Methods

A community sample of Hong Kong children born in 1997 was obtained by random sampling from local secondary schools. Participants' background information including birth characteristics, prenatal and early childhood exposures, family socioeconomic status and medical records was prospectively collected. Clinical examination of tooth emergence was conducted in 2010. Children were divided into complete emergence (of 28 permanent teeth) and partial emergence groups based on clinical examinations. Bivariate analyses were used to assess the association of tooth emergence status with each putative predictor. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were applied to select the best predictors for tooth emergence status at age 12.

Results

Complete background information and clinical data were available from 514 children (76.9% of the invited participants). Bivariate analyses showed that the average birthweight in the partial emergence group was significantly lower than the complete emergence group (mean difference 0.2 kg, P = 0.006). The finding was confirmed by logistic regression analyses. In the adjusted regression model, it was found that for every 1 kilogram increase in birthweight, the odds of having partial emergence would be lowered by 0.49 (odds ratio 0.49, P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Birthweight is associated with status of permanent tooth emergence at 12 years of age, as observed from a population‐representative sample of Hong Kong children.
Mapping epistemic cultures and learning potential of participants in citizen science projects
Authors: Vallabh Priya , Lotz‐Sisitka Heila , O'Donoghue Rob , Schudel Ingrid
Published: April 2016

The ever‐widening scope and range of global change and interconnected systemic risks arising from people–environment relationships (social‐ecological risks) appears to be increasing concern among, and involvement of, citizens in an increasingly diversified number of citizen science projects responding to these risks. We examined the relationship between epistemic cultures in citizen science projects and learning potential related to matters of concern. We then developed a typology of purposes and a citizen science epistemic‐cultures heuristic and mapped 56 projects in southern Africa using this framework. The purpose typology represents the range of knowledge‐production purposes, ranging from laboratory science to social learning, whereas the epistemic‐cultures typology is a relational representation of scientist and citizen participation and their approach to knowledge production. Results showed an iterative relationship between matters of fact and matters of concern across the projects; the nexus of citizens’ engagement in knowledge‐production activities varied. The knowledge‐production purposes informed and shaped the epistemic cultures of all the sampled citizen science projects, which in turn influenced the potential for learning within each project. Through a historical review of 3 phases in a long‐term river health‐monitoring project, we found that it is possible to evolve the learning curve of citizen science projects. This evolution involved the development of scientific water monitoring tools, the parallel development of pedagogic practices supporting monitoring activities, and situated engagement around matters of concern within social activism leading to learning‐led change. We conclude that such evolutionary processes serve to increase potential for learning and are necessary if citizen science is to contribute to wider restructuring of the epistemic culture of science under conditions of expanding social‐ecological risk.
Hand eczema among hairdressing apprentices in Denmark following a nationwide prospective intervention programme: 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Steengaard Sanne S. , Bregnhøj Anne , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: April 2016

Background

Hand eczema is the commonest occupational skin disease in Denmark, and hairdressing is a high‐risk profession. In 2008–2010, a clinically controlled, prospective intervention study aimed at reducing the development of hand eczema was conducted at hairdressing schools in Denmark. The findings showed that significantly fewer apprentices in the intervention group developed hand eczema over a period of 18 months.

Objectives

To investigate the long‐term effect of the intervention.

Methods

Two hundred and eighty‐four participants were identified from the original dataset, and were sent a questionnaire.

Results

No difference was seen between the intervention and control groups. This may partly be attributable to the two groups no longer being well matched, and improved work habits in the control group. Overall, there was an improvement in work habits. Participants had a 1‐year prevalence of hand eczema of 22.4%. Reactions to hair dye were reported for 24.5%, and 35.5% had left the trade; 36.4% used gloves when shampooing, and 21.3% stated that they cut hair before colouring it.

Conclusions

The effect of the intervention was not visible after 6 years, but an overall improvement in work habits was noted.
Knowledge of the past and the judgement of history in tenth‐century Trier: Regino of Prüm and the lost manuscript of Bishop Adventius of Metz
Authors: West Charles
Published: April 2016

Regino of Prüm's chronicle is an invaluable source for ninth‐ and early tenth‐century Frankish history, but also for contemporary perceptions of that history. Though Regino's motivations for writing continue to be discussed, most historians now agree that his account can be read as one of Carolingian rise and fall. This article argues that this interpretative stance should be considered as in part a product of Regino's engagement with the surprisingly limited sources for the ninth century at his disposal. Taken together, these texts suggested a narrative for which Regino could find ample confirmation in the events of his own time.
Cacna1g is a genetic modifier of epilepsy caused by mutation of voltage‐gated sodium channel Scn2a
Authors: Calhoun Jeffrey D. , Hawkins Nicole A. , Zachwieja Nicole J. , Kearney Jennifer A.
Published: April 2016

More than 1,200 mutations in neuronal voltage‐gated sodium channel (VGSC) genes have been identified in patients with several epilepsy syndromes. A common feature of genetic epilepsies is variable expressivity among individuals with the same mutation. The Scn2aQ54 transgenic mouse model has a mutation in Scn2a that results in spontaneous epilepsy. Scn2aQ54 phenotype severity varies depending on the genetic strain background, making it a useful model for identifying and characterizing epilepsy modifier genes. Scn2aQ54 mice on the [C57BL/6JxSJL/J]F1 background exhibit earlier seizure onset, elevated spontaneous seizure frequency, and decreased survival compared to Scn2aQ54 mice congenic on the C57BL/6J strain. Genetic mapping and RNA‐Seq analysis identified Cacna1g as a candidate modifier gene at the Moe1 locus, which influences Scn2aQ54 phenotype severity. In this study, we evaluated the modifier potential of Cacna1g, encoding the Cav3.1 voltage‐gated calcium channel, by testing whether transgenic alteration of Cacna1g expression modifies severity of the Scn2aQ54 seizure phenotype. Scn2aQ54 mice exhibited increased spontaneous seizure frequency with elevated Cacna1g expression and decreased seizure frequency with decreased Cacna1g expression. These results provide support for Cacna1g as an epilepsy modifier gene and suggest that modulation of Cav3.1 may be an effective therapeutic strategy.
Much more give than take: South Africa as a major donor but infrequent recipient of invasive non‐native grasses
Authors: Visser Vernon , Wilson John R. U. , Fish Lyn , Brown Carly , Cook Garry D. , Richardson David M.
Published: April 2016

Aim

Some regions donate more invaders from particular taxonomic and functional groups than they receive. We demonstrate a particularly striking donor–recipient asymmetry in invasion ecology in grasses. Specifically, we explore whether low numbers of invasive grasses in South Africa can be explained by sampling biases, introduction dynamics, species traits or invasibility of ecosystems.

Location

South Africa, Australia, Chile, Europe and the USA.

Methods

We tested for a donor–recipient asymmetry using lists of native and non‐native grasses in five regions across the globe. Then, using distribution, trait and environmental data, we tested whether regions differed in: (1) herbarium sampling effort; (2) introduction dynamics of non‐native grasses (primary uses, area of origin and minimum residence time of non‐native grasses); (3) traits of native and non‐native grasses (leaf size, height, life history, growth form, C3:C4 ratio and taxonomic placement); and (4) fire frequency.

Results

South Africa has fewer invasive grasses, and fewer widespread invasive grasses, than other regions; while grasses native to South Africa are much more likely to be invasive elsewhere than other grasses. This asymmetry cannot be explained by sampling biases, historical trade links or minimum residence time. Rather it is likely to be due to a combination of: (1) the massive scale of the introduction of South African grasses around the world; (2) specific traits that make South African grasses successful competitors; and (3) the high fire frequency of many South African ecosystems to which many native grasses are adapted, but introduced grasses are not.

Main conclusion

South Africa has a high diversity of grasses that possess specific traits to cope with fire, grazing and disturbance. This makes them more competitive. Moreover, the high diversity of certain grass lineages in South Africa acts as a reservoir of potential invaders and possibly helps limit invasions in South Africa by promoting fire.
Effects on agitation with rivastigmine patch monotherapy and combination therapy with memantine in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a multicenter 24‐week prospective randomized open‐label study (the Korean EXelon Patch and combination with mEmantine Comparative Trial study)*
Authors: Yoon Soo J , Choi Seong H , Na Hae R , Park Kyung‐Won , Kim Eun‐Joo , Han Hyun J , Lee Jae‐Hong , Shim Young S , Na Duk L
Published: April 2016

Aim

Memantine is known to be effective in the treatment of the behavioral symptoms of dementia, especially agitation in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, memantine and rivastigmine patch combination therapy has not been well studied in determining treatment effectiveness with mild to moderate AD patients.

Methods

This was a multicenter, 24‐week, prospective, randomized, open‐label study design. A total 147 AD patients with Mini‐Mental State Examination scores from 10 to 20 were randomly assigned to rivastigmine patch monotherapy and combination therapy with memantine groups. Agitation symptoms, using the Korean Version of the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory were evaluated at baseline and at study end. Suppression and emergence of agitation symptoms were also evaluated. We carried out factor analyses to evaluate the interrelationship of agitation symptoms and to investigate treatment response in these symptoms.

Results

Factor analyses showed two symptom clusters: factor A – aggressive agitated behaviors – versus factor B – non‐aggressive agitated behaviors. The rivastigmine patch monotherapy group showed significantly decreased factor B scores and had a tendency of decreased Korean Version of the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory total scores and factor A scores. Conversely, the combination therapy group showed significantly increased Korean Version of the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory total scores and factor B scores. Neither monotherapy nor combination therapy reduced the emergence of new agitation symptoms.

Conclusions

In this trial of mild to moderate AD patients, the rivastigmine patch monotherapy group experienced a reduction of non‐aggressive agitated behaviors. However, combination therapy with memantine did not show any benefit on the agitation associated with mild to moderate AD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 494–499.
The phylogenetic relationships of Przevalski's FinchUrocynchramus pylzowi, the most ancient Tibetan endemic passerine known to date
Authors: Päckert Martin , Martens Jochen , Sun Yue‐Hua , Strutzenberger Patrick
Published: April 2016

Competing systematic hypotheses have placed the Tibetan endemic Przevalski's FinchUrocynchramus pylzowieither with the Old World buntings (Emberizidae) or with the cardueline finches (Fringillidae, Carduelinae). Recent studies based on limited genetic evidence instead suggest an isolated position within Passeroidea and advocate a separate family, Urocynchramidae, as had been suggested much earlier on the grounds of morphology. We provide a time‐calibrated multi‐locus phylogeny for Passeroidea including Przevalski's Finch based on three mitochondrial markers and three nuclear introns that placedU. pylzowiin a clade together with Estrildidae, Viduidae and Ploceidae. A sister group relationship ofU. pylzowiand weavers (Ploceidae) was concordant among three multilocus reconstructions but received only poor support. Divergence time estimates inferred from a fossil/biogeographical molecular dating approach suggested a late Oligocene split ofU. pylzowifrom its closest relatives at roughly 25 million years ago, making this the oldest known Tibetan endemic passerine. In addition to the molecular data, behavioural peculiarities and egg coloration further strengthen an isolated placement ofU. pylzowi.
The avian‐origin H3N2 canine influenza virus that recently emerged in the United States has limited replication in swine
Authors: Abente Eugenio J. , Anderson Tavis K. , Rajao Daniela S. , Swenson Sabrina , Gauger Phillip C. , Vincent Amy L.
Published: April 2016

Equine‐origin H3N8 has circulated in dogs in the United States since 1999. A genetically and antigenically distinct avian‐origin H3N2 canine influenza was detected in March of 2015 in Chicago, Illinois. Subsequent outbreaks were reported with over 1000 dogs in the Midwest affected followed by 23 additional states with detections within 5 months. The potential for canine‐to‐swine transmission was unknown. Experimental infection in pigs showed this virus does not replicate efficiently in swine.
Correlation between health‐related quality of life and venous leg ulcer's severity and characteristics: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: González de la Torre Héctor , Quintana‐Lorenzo María L , Perdomo‐Pérez Estrella , Verdú José
Published: April 2016

This study aims to determine health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients suffering with venous ulceration and to correlate wound's severity status with HRQoL loss as well as identify the aspects of HRQoL most negatively affected by the presence of venous ulcers. In this observational, cross‐sectional, descriptive, analytical multi‐centre study, data was compiled over a period of 3·5 months. Thrity‐four patients with venous ulceration were recruited. The RESVECH 2·0 scale was used to monitor wounds. The MAID scale was used to measure wound's severity. The Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire (CCVUQe) (Spanish version) was used to evaluate quality of life. The mean CCVUQe score was 60·58 ± 16·04. The HRQoL dimension most affected was ‘Emotional state’ (mean score = 77. 67 ± 17·34). The average RESVECH 2.0 score for the wounds was 13·15 ± 5·07. A statistically significant association between total CCVUQ‐e score and total RESVECH 2.0 score was detected [Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0·546 (P ≤ 0·001)]. Venous ulcers affect patients' HRQoL, particularly their emotional status. There is a relationship between the severity of the wound and loss of HRQoL. The presence of non‐viable tissue, poor exudate control and infection all determine loss of HRQoL. New studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Workplace ostracism and employee silence in nursing: the mediating role of organizational identification
Authors: Gkorezis Panagiotis , Panagiotou Maria , Theodorou Mamas
Published: April 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effect, through organizational identification, of workplace ostracism on nurses' silence towards patient safety.

Background

Employee silence in nursing has recently received attention in relation to its antecedents. Yet, very little is known about the role of workplace ostracism in generating nurses' silence.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a public hospital in Cyprus.

Method

Data were collected from 157 nurses employed in a public hospital of Cyprus between November 2014–January 2015. To examine the present hypotheses bootstrapping analysis and Sobel test were conducted.

Results

Results demonstrated that workplace ostracism has an effect on nurses' silence towards patient safety. Moreover, this effect was partially mediated through organizational identification.

Conclusions

Workplace ostracism among nurses significantly affects both nurses' attitude and behaviour namely organizational identification and employee silence.
Gravitropisms and reaction woods of forest trees – evolution, functions and mechanisms
Authors: Groover Andrew
Published: April 2016

The woody stems of trees perceive gravity to determine their orientation, and can produce reaction woods to reinforce or change their position. Together, graviperception and reaction woods play fundamental roles in tree architecture, posture control, and reorientation of stems displaced by wind or other environmental forces. Angiosperms and gymnosperms have evolved strikingly different types of reaction wood. Tension wood of angiosperms creates strong tensile force to pull stems upward, while compression wood of gymnosperms creates compressive force to push stems upward. In this review, the general features and evolution of tension wood and compression wood are presented, along with descriptions of how gravitropisms and reaction woods contribute to the survival and morphology of trees. An overview is presented of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying graviperception, initial graviresponse and the regulation of tension wood development in the model angiosperm, Populus. Critical research questions and new approaches are discussed.

Contents

Summary
790

I.
Introduction
790

II.
General features and evolution of reaction woods of angiosperms and gymnosperms
792

III.
Adaptive significance of reaction woods, including relationship to form
795

IV.
Perception and primary responses to gravity and physical stimuli in woody stems
797

V.
Mechanisms regulating developmental changes in reaction woods
798

VI.
Research questions and new research approaches
800

VII.
Conclusions
800

Acknowledgements
800

References
800
Innovative approaches to bipolar disorder and its treatment
Authors: Harrison Paul J. , Cipriani Andrea , Harmer Catherine J. , Nobre Anna C. , Saunders Kate , Goodwin Guy M. , Geddes John R.
Published: April 2016

All psychiatric disorders have suffered from a dearth of truly novel pharmacological interventions. In bipolar disorder, lithium remains a mainstay of treatment, six decades since its effects were serendipitously discovered. The lack of progress reflects several factors, including ignorance of the disorder's pathophysiology and the complexities of the clinical phenotype. After reviewing the current status, we discuss some ways forward. First, we highlight the need for a richer characterization of the clinical profile, facilitated by novel devices and new forms of data capture and analysis; such data are already promoting a reevaluation of the phenotype, with an emphasis on mood instability rather than on discrete clinical episodes. Second, experimental medicine can provide early indications of target engagement and therapeutic response, reducing the time, cost, and risk involved in evaluating potential mood stabilizers. Third, genomic data can inform target identification and validation, such as the increasing evidence for involvement of calcium channel genes in bipolar disorder. Finally, new methods and models relevant to bipolar disorder, including stem cells and genetically modified mice, are being used to study key pathways and drug effects. A combination of these approaches has real potential to break the impasse and deliver genuinely new treatments.
Advances in the genetics of schizophrenia: toward a network and pathway view for drug discovery
Authors: Collier David A. , Eastwood Brian J. , Malki Karim , Mokrab Younes
Published: April 2016

The spectacular advance in our understanding of the genetic basis of schizophrenia through genome‐wide association studies has the potential to identify new leads for drug treatment through improved understanding of disease pathophysiology. However, using these genetic associations successfully in drug development and patient stratification requires further target validation, particularly in understanding which gene(s) is causal in the disease, how the risk variants alter gene function and regulation, and how they fit into disease pathways and networks. If researchers consider the disease network as the target, they need to understand which genes should be targeted and in which modality, in order to modulate pathophysiology and obtain a beneficial effect for the patient. In the present article, we review recent genetic findings in schizophrenia and discuss how these might be validated with biology and integrated with epigenetic and transcriptome data to identify targets that lie within disease networks and pathways. This new understanding of disease biology will also facilitate the development of assays that recapitulate specific aspects of the disease using model organisms and cells. These assays can then be used in screening approaches, which manipulate disease networks or pathological processes to generate and test therapeutic strategies.
Infrared reflectance imaging in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Ly Angelica , Nivison‐Smith Lisa , Assaad Nagi , Kalloniatis Michael
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to describe the appearance of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) phenotypes using infrared (IR) reflectance imaging. IR reflectance imaging of the retina has the potential to highlight specific sub‐retinal features and pathology. However, its role in macular disease, specifically AMD, is often underestimated and requires clarification.

Recent findings

Recent advances in clinical methods, imaging and scientific knowledge may be integrated to improve the accuracy of disease stratification in AMD. In particular, IR imaging holds an underutilised sensitivity to detect reticular pseudodrusen, which have been repeatedly described as a high‐risk sign for late AMD.

This article provides clinically relevant descriptions of AMD phenotypes using IR reflectance imaging. The findings are integrated with images from cases seen at the Centre for Eye Health. As primary eye‐care providers assume a critical role in the detection, diagnosis and management of AMD, we also provide a chair‐side reference to assist clinicians in interpreting IR images in AMD.
Using magnetic resonance imaging to assess visual deficits: a review
Authors: Brown Holly D. H. , Woodall Rachel L. , Kitching Rebecca E. , Baseler Heidi A. , Morland Antony B.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Over the last two decades, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used in neuroscience research to assess both structure and function in the brain in health and disease. With regard to vision research, prior to the advent of MRI, researchers relied on animal physiology and human post‐mortem work to assess the impact of eye disease on visual cortex and connecting structures. Using MRI, researchers can non‐invasively examine the effects of eye disease on the whole visual pathway, including the lateral geniculate nucleus, striate and extrastriate cortex. This review aims to summarise research using MRI to investigate structural, chemical and functional effects of eye diseases, including: macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, albinism, and amblyopia.

Recent Findings

Structural MRI has demonstrated significant abnormalities within both grey and white matter densities across both visual and non‐visual areas. Functional MRI studies have also provided extensive evidence of functional changes throughout the whole of the visual pathway following visual loss, particularly in amblyopia. MR spectroscopy techniques have also revealed several abnormalities in metabolite concentrations in both glaucoma and age‐related macular degeneration. GABA‐edited MR spectroscopy on the other hand has identified possible evidence of plasticity within visual cortex.

Collectively, using MRI to investigate the effects on the visual pathway following disease and dysfunction has revealed a rich pattern of results allowing for better characterisation of disease. In the future MRI will likely play an important role in assessing the impact of eye disease on the visual pathway and how it progresses over time.
Neutrophil function in children following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Kent Michael W. , Kelher Marguerite R. , Silliman Christopher C. , Quinones Ralph
Published: April 2016

HSCT is a lifesaving procedure for children with malignant and non‐malignant conditions. The conditioning regimen renders the patient severely immunocompromised and recovery starts with neutrophil (PMN) engraftment. We hypothesize that children demonstrate minimal PMN dysfunction at engraftment and beyond, which is influenced by the stem cell source and the conditioning regimen. Peripheral blood was serially collected from children at 1 to 12 months following allogeneic HSCT. PMN superoxide () production, degranulation (elastase), CD11b surface expression, and phagocytosis were assessed. Twenty‐five patients, mean age of 10.5 yr with 65% males, comprised the study and transplant types included: 14 unrelated cord blood stem cells (cords), seven matched related bone marrow donors, three matched unrelated bone marrow donors, and one peripheral blood progenitor cells. Engraftment occurred at 24 days. There were no significant differences between controls and patients in PMN production, phagocytosis, CD11b surface expression, and total PMN elastase. Elastase release was significantly decreased <6 months vs. controls (p < 0.05) and showed normalization by six months for cords only. The conditioning regimen did not affect PMN function. PMN function returns with engraftment, save elastase release, which occurs later related to the graft source utilized, and its clinical significance is unknown.
The Cross‐fertilization between the Sustainable Development Goals and International Water Law
Authors: Spijkers Otto
Published: April 2016

Are the main principles of international water law, as reflected in the Watercourses Convention, sufficiently equipped to motivate States to sustainably manage their freshwater resources? This article suggests that a more pronounced sustainable approach to these principles is desirable. The Sustainable Development Goals might give this ‘green’ evolution of international water law a further push in the right direction. In this contribution, three elements that could be the focus of this evolution are identified: (i) a sustainable interpretation of the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization of shared watercourses, the no‐harm rule and the duty of cooperation; (ii) a commitment to the further development of the ecosystems approach to international water law; and (iii) further emphasis on facilitating public participation in decision making relating to the utilization of international watercourses.
The morality of mweki: Performing sexuality in the ‘Islands of Love’
Authors: MacCarthy Michelle
Published: April 2016

Trobriand dance is a key cultural expression and a means of communicating subjectivity in a number of ways: it expresses aspects of kinship, gender, morality, and ideas about modernity and primitivity. In a region with a long history of Christian missions, coupled with a recent ‘Revival’ brought about by the arrival of Pentecostal forms of worship, certain dances come to be key markers of particular moral positions. Primary among these is the Tapioca Dance, famed far beyond the Trobriands, but problematic in local discourses and practice. This paper examines the ways in which such dances make sexuality public, and why this is such a concern for ‘Revived’ (and other) Christian Trobriand Islanders.
Workers’ Participation in Training and Import Competition: Evidence from the USA
Authors: Kosteas Vasilios D.
Published: April 2016

Merging industry‐level data on imports into the NLSY79 cohort data, we examine the relationship between rising imports and the amount of time workers in the US manufacturing sector spend in training events. A simple theoretical model shows the effect of foreign competition may depend on the type of training. Controlling for both industry and individual fixed effects, we find that rising imports lead workers to spend less time in training for the purpose of career advancement. There is some evidence this effect is stronger for less educated and lower ability workers.
NBA Primary Market Ticket Consumers: Ex Ante Expectations and Consumer Market Origination
Authors: Mills Brian M. , Salaga Steven , Tainsky Scott
Published: April 2016

We add to the recent ticket market literature by using a unique, disaggregated, and proprietary data set of primary market ticket sales transactions from a National Basketball Association team that includes previously unavailable information on date of purchase, customer location, and other consumer demographics. We find that local and out-of-market fans differ in their total purchase amounts, with out-of-market fans spending more than local consumers, on average, and differential spending effects based on the home team win probability. In particular, this differential behavior has important implications for Rottenberg’s uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. We find evidence that interest in visiting team quality dominates interest in perceived contest uncertainty, fitting the reference-dependent preference model in the context of low local team quality. Further, these findings also have important implications related to market segmentation and dynamic ticket pricing in professional sport.
It’s All About My Team: Mega–Sport Events and Consumer Attitudes in a Time Series Approach
Authors: Armenakyan Anahit , O’Reilly Norm , Heslop Louise , Nadeau John , Lu Irene R. R.
Published: April 2016

The hosting of a mega–sport event (MSE) has a number of implications for a host country, some positive and some negative. This research explores the influence of the on-field performance of the host country’s national team (NT), in this case for the Olympic Games, on the decision to bid for and potentially host such an MSE. Previous studies have normally focused on residents and international tourists who attend the event, thereby not considering the views of (i) nonresident communities of the host country and (ii) international and domestic spectators. This research responds by investigating the impact of individual associations with the (Olympic) NT through examining the expectations for and perceived performance of the NT on behavioral attitudes of domestic (Canadian) and foreign (American) residents toward the NT itself, the MSE, and the host country, around the 2010 Winter Vancouver Olympic Games.
Consumers’ Comparative Evaluative Judgment of Athlete Endorsers
Authors: Sato Shintaro , Ko Yong Jae , Kaplanidou Kyriaki (Kiki) , Connaughton Daniel P.
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine consumers’ comparative judgment of athlete endorsers in back-toback advertisement settings. Drawing on the inclusion/exclusion model (Schwarz & Bless, 2007), the authors argue that (a) a recently observed athlete endorser impacts consumer judgment of subsequently presented endorsers, and (b) the valence of the impact depends on brand category membership of the consecutively presented endorsers. A 2 (representative endorser activation: present vs. absent) × 2 (brand category membership: membership vs. nonmembership) between-subjects design was administered across three experiments. Results demonstrated that the presence of a representative endorser increased a subsequently presented endorser’s perceived expertise when that subsequent endorser represented the same brand category. Results also demonstrated that the presence of a representative endorser decreased a subsequently presented endorser’s perceived expertise when that subsequent endorser did not represent the same brand category. Overall, these findings support both assimilation and contrast effects. The authors argue how this outcome can assist advertising managers to strategically position appropriate endorsers in marketing platforms.
Building Mental Toughness: Perceptions of Sport Psychologists
Authors: Weinberg Robert , Freysinger Valeria , Mellano Kathleen , Brookhouse Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

Most of the data obtained in studying mental toughness has come from athletes, coaches, and sometimes parents. The purpose of the present investigation was to explore sport psychologists’ experiences of building mental toughness and their perceptions of how coaches can build mental toughness in their athletes. A phenomenological approach to qualitative research guided the study. Semistructured qualitative interviews with 15 sport psychologists were conducted. A concept map was developed that illustrates the theme and subthemes that emerged from analysis of the interviews. As indicated, sport psychologists felt that coaches could build mental toughness in their athletes by behaving mindfully, which included putting athletes under adverse situations and providing (teaching) them with the mental skills to effectively cope with these adversities. These results both confirm and extend existing research on how to build mental toughness.
Examining the Effects of Normative Messages on Perceived Effort in Sport
Authors: Crozier Alyson J. , Spink Kevin S.
Published: April 2016

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the influence of different normative (descriptive, injunctive) messages on individual self-reported effort in sport. Adult recreational volleyball athletes (n = 58) reported their self-perceived effort, were randomly assigned through their team designation to one of three conditions (descriptive norm, injunctive norm, control) and then received multiple e-mail messages specific to their condition motivating them to work hard. Participants reported their self-perceived effort a second time after receipt of these messages. The results from a one-way ANCOVA, controlling for initial perceived effort, revealed that those in the normative conditions reported greater perceived effort than those in the control condition. Preliminary evidence is provided suggesting that individual self-reported effort may be significantly impacted by the perception of what others are doing and what others approve of within that environment (i.e., normative information).
Identification of GPR83 as the receptor for the neuroendocrine peptide PEN
Authors: Gomes Ivone , Bobeck Erin N. , Margolis Elyssa B. , Gupta Achla , Sierra Salvador , Fakira Amanda K. , Fujita Wakako , Müller Timo D. , Müller Anne , Tschöp Matthias H. , Kleinau Gunnar , Fricker Lloyd D. , Devi Lakshmi A.
Published: April 2016

Functional coupling occurs between PEN-GPR83 and bigLEN-GPR171, ligand-receptor pairs implicated in feeding.
Sleep deprivation impairs memory by attenuating mTORC1-dependent protein synthesis
Authors: Tudor Jennifer C. , Davis Emily J. , Peixoto Lucia , Wimmer Mathieu E. , van Tilborg Erik , Park Alan J. , Poplawski Shane G. , Chung Caroline W. , Havekes Robbert , Huang Jiayan , Gatti Evelina , Pierre Philippe , Abel Ted
Published: April 2016

Sleep deprivation impairs memory formation by suppressing protein synthesis.
The molecular neurobiology of the sleep-deprived, fuzzy brain
Authors: Sweatt J. David , Hawkins Kimberly E.
Published: April 2016

Lack of sleep prevents the brain from making new proteins that enable memory formation.
Roots respond when the iron is not
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: April 2016

Arabidopsis thaliana
DELLA proteins have a tissue-specific response to iron deficiency.
Tackling kinase inhibitor resistance
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: April 2016

Examining receptor and intracellular kinase dynamics at the single-cell and posttranslational levels reveals new strategies to overcome drug resistance.
Polo kinase at the mitochondria
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: April 2016

Phosphorylation of the mitochondrial protein Miro by Polo kinase controls mitochondrial calcium handling.
RpiRc Is a Pleiotropic Effector of Virulence Determinant Synthesis and Attenuates Pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gaupp Rosmarie , Wirf Jessica , Wonnenberg B. , Biegel Tanja , Eisenbeis J. , Graham J. , Herrmann M. , Lee C. Y. , Beisswenger C. , Wolz C. , Tschernig T. , Bischoff M. , Somerville G. A.
Published: April 2016

In
Staphylococcus aureus
, metabolism is intimately linked with virulence determinant biosynthesis, and several metabolite-responsive regulators have been reported to mediate this linkage.
S. aureus
possesses at least three members of the RpiR family of transcriptional regulators. Of the three RpiR homologs, RpiRc is a potential regulator of the pentose phosphate pathway, which also regulates RNAIII levels. RNAIII is the regulatory RNA of the
agr
quorum-sensing system that controls virulence determinant synthesis. The effect of RpiRc on RNAIII likely involves other regulators, as the regulators that bind the RNAIII promoter have been intensely studied. To determine which regulators might bridge the gap between RpiRc and RNAIII,
sarA
,
sigB
,
mgrA
, and
acnA
mutations were introduced into an
rpiRc
mutant background, and the effects on RNAIII were determined. Additionally, phenotypic and genotypic differences were examined in the single and double mutant strains, and the virulence of select strains was examined using two different murine infection models. The data suggest that RpiRc affects RNAIII transcription and the synthesis of virulence determinants in concert with σ
B
, SarA, and the bacterial metabolic status to negatively affect virulence.
Extra-axial primary non-Hodgkin's CNS lymphoma mimicking meningioma, in a 5-year-old immunocompetent child: a rare entity
Authors: Bhaskar Mukesh Kumar , Ojha Balkrishna , Jaiswal Manish , Sagar Mala
Published: April 2016

We describe a case of a 5-year-old immunocompetent girl who presented with features of raised intracranial pressure with left eye ptosis of 1-month duration. CT scan and MRI of the brain showed an extra-axial, intensely contrast enhancing lesion in the left temporoparieto-occipital region, consistent with meningioma. On open tissue biopsy and immunohistochemistry staining, a diagnosis of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was made. Six cycles of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisolone regimen were given and showed a good clinical outcome without any recurrence during follow-up of 5 months.
Improving the management of multimorbidity in general practice: protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial (The 3D Study)
Authors: Man Mei-See , Chaplin Katherine , Mann Cindy , Bower Peter , Brookes Sara , Fitzpatrick Bridie , Guthrie Bruce , Shaw Alison , Hollinghurst Sandra , Mercer Stewart , Rafi Imran , Thorn Joanna , Salisbury Chris
Published: April 2016

Introduction

An increasing number of people are living with multimorbidity. The evidence base for how best to manage these patients is weak. Current clinical guidelines generally focus on single conditions, which may not reflect the needs of patients with multimorbidity. The aim of the 3D study is to develop, implement and evaluate an intervention to improve the management of patients with multimorbidity in general practice.

Methods and analysis

This is a pragmatic two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial. 32 general practices around Bristol, Greater Manchester and Glasgow will be randomised to receive either the ‘3D intervention’ or usual care. 3D is a complex intervention including components affecting practice organisation, the conduct of patient reviews, integration with secondary care and measures to promote change in practice organisation. Changes include improving continuity of care and replacing reviews of each disease with patient-centred reviews with a focus on patients' quality of life, mental health and polypharmacy. We aim to recruit 1383 patients who have 3 or more chronic conditions. This provides 90% power at 5% significance level to detect an effect size of 0.27 SDs in the primary outcome, which is health-related quality of life at 15 months using the EQ-5D-5L. Secondary outcome measures assess patient centredness, illness burden and treatment burden. The primary analysis will be a multilevel regression model adjusted for baseline, stratification/minimisation, clustering and important co-variables. Nested process evaluation will assess implementation, mechanisms of effectiveness and interaction of the intervention with local context. Economic analysis of cost-consequences and cost-effectiveness will be based on quality-adjusted life years.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has approval from South-West (Frenchay) National Health Service (NHS) Research Ethics Committee (14/SW/0011). Findings will be disseminated via final report, peer-reviewed publications and guidance to healthcare professionals, commissioners and policymakers.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN06180958; Pre-results.
Examination of food industry progress in reducing the sodium content of packaged foods in Canada: 2010 to 2013
Authors: Arcand JoAnne , Jefferson Katherine , Schermel Alyssa , Shah Ferdeela , Trang Susan , Kutlesa Daniela , Lou Wendy , L’Abbe Mary R.
Published: April 2016

In 2010, as part of a national sodium reduction strategy, Canada published sodium reduction benchmark targets for packaged foods; however, no evaluation of this policy has occurred. The objective was to evaluate changes in the sodium content of packaged foods, identify categories reduced in sodium, and determine the proportion meeting Health Canada’s sodium reduction benchmarks. This was a cross-sectional analysis of Canadian packaged foods in 2010 and 2013 (n = 10 487 and n = 15 394, respectively). Sodium content was obtained from the Nutrition Facts table. Overall, 16.2% of food categories had significantly reduced sodium levels. The greatest shifts in the distribution of sodium within food categories occurred in imitation seafood (mean ± SD, mg/100 g; 602 ± 50 to 444 ± 81, 26.2%, p = 0.002), condiments (1309 ± 790 to 1048 ± 620, 19.9%, p = 0.005), breakfast cereals (375 ± 26 to 301 ± 242, 19.7%, p = 0.001), canned vegetables/legumes (269 ± 156 to 217 ± 180, 19.3%, p < 0.001), plain chips (462 ± 196 to 376 ± 198, 18.6% p = 0.004), hot cereals (453 ± 141 to 385 ± 155, 15.0%, p = 0.011), meat analogues (612 ± 226 to 524 ± 177, 14.4%, p = 0.003), canned condensed soup (291 ± 62 to 250 ± 57, 14.1%, p = 0.003), and sausages and wieners (912 ± 219 to 814 ± 195, 10.7%, p = 0.012). The proportion of foods meeting at least 1 of the 3 phases of the sodium reduction benchmark targets slightly increased (51.4% to 58.2%) and the proportion exceeding maximum benchmark levels decreased (25.2% to 20.8%). These data provide a critical evaluation of changes in sodium levels in the Canadian food supply. Although progress in reducing sodium in packaged foods is evident, the food industry needs to continue efforts in reducing the sodium in the foods they produce.
Pubertal status, pre-meal drink composition, and later meal timing interact in determining children’s appetite and food intake
Authors: Patel Barkha P. , Hamilton Jill K. , Vien Shirley , Thomas Scott G. , Anderson G. Harvey
Published: April 2016

Puberty is a period of development that alters energy intake patterns. However, few studies have examined appetite and food intake (FI) regulation during development of puberty in children and adolescents. Therefore, the objective was to measure the effect of pubertal status on FI and subjective appetite after pre-meal glucose and whey protein drinks in 9- to 14-year-old boys and girls. In a within-subject, randomized, repeated-measures design, children (21 pre–early pubertal, 15 mid–late pubertal) received equally sweetened drinks containing Sucralose (control), glucose, or whey protein (0.75 g/kg body weight) in 250 mL of water 2 h after a standardized breakfast on 6 separate mornings. Ad libitum FI was measured either 30 or 60 min later and appetite was measured over time. In pre–early and mid–late pubertal boys and girls there was no effect of sex on total FI (kcal). Glucose and whey protein drinks reduced calorie intake similarly at 30 min. But at 60 min, whey protein reduced FI (p < 0.001) compared with control and glucose in pre–early pubertal children, but not in mid–late pubertal children. However, sex was a factor (p = 0.041) when FI was expressed per kilogram body weight. Pubertal status did not affect FI/kilogram body weight in boys, but it was 32% lower in mid–late pubertal girls than at pre–early puberty (p = 0.010). Appetite was associated with FI in mid–late pubertal children only. In conclusion, pubertal development affects appetite and FI regulation in children.