bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mandatory Arbitration of Employment Disputes
Authors: Sherwyn David S. , Tracey J. Bruce
Published: March 2007

While there's no definitive answer as to whether mandatory-arbitration policies for employment disputes are universally enforceable, many courts have allowed such provisions to stand. To ensure enforceability, however, such a policy should meet certain standards of fairness. Specifically, an arbitration policy should provide that (1) the procedure for selecting arbitrators is fair and impartial; (2) evidence and documentation of the facts of the matter are permissible and sufficient; (3) the damages available to the complainant are in keeping with allowable statutory awards; (4) the outcome will be provided in writing; (5) the agreement is fully disclosed to employees such that it can be entered into knowingly and voluntarily by the employees; and (6) there is no confusion regarding what employment issues must be resolved through arbitration. Mandatory arbitration cannot, however, preclude employees from filing a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Some courts have also created confusion regarding whether unionized employees with a collective-bargaining agreement should be treated differently from non-union workers with respect to mandatory-arbitration policies. In general, unionized employees may bring suit in federal court despite the existence of a mandatory-arbitration policy whereas non-union workers may not, provided the mandatory-arbitration agreement is deemed to be enforceable.
Success Factors in Private Clubs
Authors: Singerling James , Woods Robert C. , Ninemeier Jack , Perdue Joe
Published: March 2007

A survey of 574 members, managers, and board members of U.S. private clubs found agreement among those groups regarding the factors that promote the success of a club. Foremost were the following factors: Club managers must be committed to help the club attain its goals; the board allows managers to make day-to-day decisions; and club management must represent the "best interests" of the club. At the bottom of the scale were such factors as: The club seeks revenue sources from outside the membership; the club has reciprocity with other clubs; and the club serves as a selling vehicle for real estate. The factors proposed on the survey had been prescreened by a panel of club managers, yielding a list of 38 success factors. The prescreening undoubtedly contributed to the level of agreement found among the three groups regarding these factors.
Marketing a Resort Community
Authors: Gregor Susan , Koithan-Louderbck Kathy
Published: March 2007

Located at the eastern gateway to Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, Colorado, has enjoyed growth in both tourist and residential traffic. With continued expansion in visitor growth and additional lodging and tourism purveyors, the town's tourism industry needs to work cooperatively to guide and foster growth. Some hopeful steps in that direction are the development of a computerized reservation system for Chamber of Commerce members (restaurants and hotels) and the merger of the chamber with the local Accommodations Association, which was formed specifically to promote tourism. Counterbalancing the push for growth is a segment of the town's population that generally opposes additional development and prefers that Estes Park be left alone. While the town's location and environment give it many advantages over other nearby tourist destinations, a failure to cooperate in promoting the destination may cause tourism to Estes Park to drop off. In particular, hoteliers should pay attention to the growing segment of short-stay travelers without children, in contrast to the current focus on families with children.
Improving Catering Productivity
Authors: Clark john R.
Published: March 2007

Hospital food-service operations could boost staff productivity by using cook-chill technology and also by using prepared vegetables. Based on data from a study of 60 hospital catering managers in the United Kingdom, the use of cook-chill technology could boost productivity by 25 percent, when calculated in terms of meals produced per day per chef. Moreover, the use of prepared vegetables combined with cook-chill technology increased productivity by as much as 50 percent. Ironically, the survey found relatively few operations employing cook-chill techniques.
Korea's Lodging Industry
Authors: Kim Woo Gon , Shin Hyun Ju , Chon Kye-Sung
Published: March 2007

Even before the nation's currency crisis, Korea's hotel and tourism industry faced challenges despite its strengths. Increases in international arrivals are offset by a shortage of rooms. Land costs inhibit development of new hotels at the same time that investment in other forms of commercial real estate are more attractive than hotels. Labor costs have escalated at a rate greater than that experienced by many of Korea's trade partners and competitors. Hotel investors in Korea may find opportunity in mid-price hotels. Other product segments currently missing from the Korean market are extended-stay and budget properties. Another intriguing area of development is condominiums, which appear to be more profitable to investors than transient hotels.
The Downsizing of U.S. Food-Service Companies
Authors: Hutchinson Joe , Jewell Greg
Published: March 2007

A survey of corporate food-service managers throughout the United States reveals that the downsizing of corporate food service was prevalent in all economic sectors and locations in the first half of the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1994 there was a rapid escalation of downsizing activities in both the host organizations and the food-service units within them. Although the numbers of food-service units and host organizations that downsized were identical, reductions occurred more frequently and with greater severity in the organizations served than in the food-service units.
The Internet as a Distribution Channel
Authors: Connolly Daniel j. , Olsen Michael D. , Moore Richard G.
Published: March 2007

The internet has become an extension of hotel chains' global distribution systems (GDSs). It offers three particular strategic possibilities: (1) to drive revenues by extending the company's reach to broader, more global markets, (2) to reduce costs by bypassing traditional distribution channels (e.g., airline GDSs), avoiding commissions, and lowering transaction fees, and (3) to enhance customer service by providing more and better information with multimedia. The potential of the market for guests' booking their own rooms is considerable, and electronic bookings are generally less expensive to complete than those from other channels, notably toll-free telephone lines. The technology is new enough that many difficulties remain, however. Of the top-ten sites maintained by luxury hotel operators, for instance, none provided for real-time, online reservations. Midscale and economy operators have been able to make better progress in online reservations, in part because their rooms are more uniform than those of luxury operators. Purchasers of corporate travel are able to use electronic booking to monitor and gain better control of their travel expenses. Hotel chains that assist corporate travel departments in this effort, through direct connections, can benefit. Prospects for group sales remain in the future, because the design of GDS and internet software does not yet capture the many complications of room-block and meetingroom purchases. Meeting planners can, however, find meeting-related information on the internet. Among other shortcomings of the internet are the overwhelming volume of information available and concerns about the security of data transmission and storage. Perhaps the greatest challenge of electronic distribution is achieving some form of competitive advantage from GDSs and web sites—since so much of today's technology is easily copied. Finally, no precise formula exists for how a particular hotel operation should allocate its resources for electronic commerce. That determination stems from the hotel's overall marketing strategy.
Indian Gaming—
Authors: Vallen Gary , Cothran Cheryl , Combrink Thomas
Published: March 2007

This study surveyed employment trends in Arizona's Native American casinos and discovered that only at the level of hourly line employees do Native Americans edge out non-Native Americans. In management positions, non-Native Americans continue to outnumber Native Americans. Moreover, a recent decrease in new Native American entry-level managers bodes poorly for tribal self-management. Those trends appear to be a function of tribe size and, according to casino human-resources directors, the lack of managerial skills in most tribal populations. Human-resources officers indicated they were relatively unlikely to find qualified Native American applicants for senior and midlevel management, somewhat more likely to find qualified Native Americans for entry-level management, and considerably more likely to find them for hourly entry-level jobs. Thus all Arizona tribes need to make greater efforts, through mentoring and management-development programs, to increase substantially the numbers of Native Americans in casino management positions. The record of promoting Native Americans to management has been mixed. Of those casinos that provided opening-year versus current-year figures, Native Americans made some advances into senior-management positions since the opening of those casinos. In fact, Native Americans now outnumber non-Native Americans as senior managers at selected casinos (although not for the entire sample). At the level of hourly employees, the percentage of Native Americans has also increased. In the case of entry-level managers, however, the percentage of Native Americans has decreased, from 50 percent at opening to 39 percent today.
Sexual-Harassment Liability in 1998
Authors: Sherwyn David , Tracey J. Bruce
Published: March 2007

In June 1998 the U.S. Supreme Court issued three separate rulings regarding workplace sexual harassment. In an apparent victory for employers, the court ruled in one case that a victim must actually suffer a tangible loss (i.e., a demotion or unwelcome transfer) to establish a case for quid pro quo harassment. The court affirmed, moreover, that employers can absolve themselves of liability in hostile-environment cases by establishing a meaningful and effective policy against sexual harassment. Absent a meaningful policy, however, employers will be liable for a hostile environment created by supervisors. Thus, in another case, the court found an employer liable for workplace harassment because the employer pp. 14-21 failed to disseminate its existing policy and to follow its terms. Finally, in a same-sex harassment case, the court rejected the notion that egregious sexual harassment is per se unlawful, leaving open the possibility that a harasser who treats men and women equally, no matter how badly, could be found not guilty of unlawful behavior. Still, the court made it clear that an employer's best defense against supervisors' sexual-harassment behavior is an effective prevention policy. Consequently, employers should draft a policy that (1) defines sexual harassment; (2) states the company prohibits such conduct; (3) provides a clear procedure for submitting claims, including the names of individuals involved in the resolution process; (4) states that those who complain or cooperate with an investigation will not be retaliated against; and (5) is disseminated to all new employees when they join the company, reissued to all employees each year, and posted in a conspicuous location in the workplace.
Mentoring for Line-Level Employees
Authors: Lankau Melenie J. , Chung Beth G.
Published: March 2007

An initial survey of mentoring relationships for front-line hotel-industry employees shows that employees who have a mentor are inclined to demonstrate above-average commitment to their hotel. Workers with mentors were much more likely than others to agree strongly with such statements as: “I am willing to put in a great deal of effort beyond that normally expected to help this hotel be successful”, “This hotel really inspires the very best in me in the way of job performance”, and “For me, this is the best of all possible hotels to work for.” The study also found that employees with mentors were less likely to agree with the proposition that they would be working for another hotel in the next two years.
Lodging REITs
Authors: Beals Paul , Arabia John V.
Published: March 2007

Originated in 1960 legislation, the real-estate-investment trust (REIT) burst onto the lodging industry in the early 1990s as a means for aggregating capital for aggressive purchases of undervalued hotels. REITs are restricted by Internal Revenue Code (IRC) from actually operating the real estate they own, and the IRC requires them to pay out 95 percent of income. Thus, a REIT must lease its property to managers and, as a result, may experience “revenue leakage,” or the loss of some revenue to the manager. However, an unusual REIT structure, known as the paired-share REIT, allowed certain firms not only to purchase hotels but to stanch some of the cash-flow leakage by controlling an associated operating firm. The REITs' strength, which is their ability to draw tax-favored investments, is also potentially their weakness when capital markets tighten. Publicly traded REITs are expected to continue their growth (to augment earnings), and acquisition is a favored strategy for that growth. A strategy of acquisitions, however, requires continual capital inflows. The future direction of REITs is clouded by the current roiling of financial markets.
From Measurement to Action
Authors: Boughton Paul D. , Fisher James E.
Published: March 2007

Managers at Arvida's River Hills Country Club took two surveys, one in 1994 and one in 1997, to find out what is most important to club members. Following the 1994 survey, the managers took steps to improve operations. Comparing the results of the surveys, one can see that guests responded to those changes by visiting the club more often. Improvements in the club's F&B facilities demonstrate how the survey's findings were implemented. Managers cross-trained employees, asked employees to help set customerservice standards, and encouraged workers to make suggestions for improvement. Managers also shared more information with the members, and invited members to tell the managers how things were going. To remain competitive, the club checked its own prices against those of the competition, redesigned the menu, boosted food costs (to put more on the plate), and offered special member prices for lunch. The result was an increase in both customer satisfaction and patronage between 1994 and 1997.
Looking Beyond RevPAR
Authors: Brown James R. , Dev Chekitan S.
Published: March 2007

A study of 396 North American properties operated by two hotel companies indicates that decisions about a hotel's size, its service orientation, its strategic orientation, its ownership arrangement, and its management arrangement significantly affect a number of labor-and capital-productivity measures. Capital productivity is defined as total sales, gross operating profits, and income before fixed charges per available room; labor productivity is defined as those same measures per full-time equivalent employee, for a total of six productivity measures in all. The hotel's size, its service orientation, its ownership arrangement, and its management arrangement affect productivity. Large hotels, it seems, use their labor more productively, and generate the most income from their capital investments. Upscale hotels are inclined to be more productive overall than mid-market hotels, while hotels operated by branded management companies use their capital and labor resources more efficiently than do hotels operated independently or by independent management companies. Finally, company-owned properties tend to employ their labor more productively than do franchised hotels.
Best Practices in the U.S. Lodging Industry
Authors: Dubé Laurette , Enz Cathy A. , Renaghan Leo M. , Siguaw Judy
Published: March 2007

A wide-ranging, Cornell-based research study sought to uncover the U.S. lodging industry's best practices, both in specific functions (such as marketing and property management) and in overall business strategy, from the perspectives of both managers and customers. For the managers' perspective, after inviting nominations and scanning media reports, the team examined 3,528 nominations. Using a screening analysis the team selected 115 best-practice champions in eight functional areas, and 29 overall champions divided according to industry segment (e.g., economy, midscale without F&B, upscale) and key competency (e.g., employee satisfaction). Following detailed interviews, the team wrote case studies for both the functional champions and the overall champions. The customers' perspective on functional and overall best practices was assessed in phone interviews conducted with a national sample of end-users and intermediaries. Customers assessed the value created by the best industry performance on key functional areas and, for overall champions, they specified what created value at the time of purchase and during the experience. Examples of those cases and a summary of the customer research are published in this article and will be detailed in subsequent articles in the series.
Best Hotel Environmental Practices
Authors: Enz Cathy A. , Siguaw Judy A.
Published: March 2007

As the four environmental champions here demonstrate, operating a "green" hotel is not only good practice but good business.
Sustaining Competitive Advatag
Authors: Dube Laurette , Renaghan Leo M.
Published: March 2007

An examination of the strategies that enabled overall best-practice champions to achieve excellence revealed eight factors for sustaining competitive advantage. The research was part of a broad Cornell University-based study of the American hotel industry's best practices. The eight factors that underlie sustained competitive advantage are (1) a competitive strategy based on capability and distinctive value; (2) focused strategic positioning; (3) structural alignment of facility and operations; (4) alignment of the human-resources strategy with the strategic position; (5) distillation of strategic positioning into day-to-day operations; (6) alignment of brand, franchisee, and owner; (7) balance between innovation and wisdom; and (8) growth by operational and financial muscle. Each best-practice champion executed those factors in a way that was congruent with its market position and overall strategy.
The Development of Counseling Psychology in Higher Educational Institutions in China
Authors: Leung S. Alvin , Guo Li , Lam Man Ping
Published: March 2007

To examine the recent development of counseling at universities in China, a survey questionnaire was administered to a group of counselors who participated in a national training workshop in counseling. Respondents were asked to provide information about a number of areas, including their training and counseling activities and their perceptions of several areas related to the development of counseling in China. The results suggested that most counselors had received little formal training in counseling, and counseling was often done in the context of political and thought education. Respondents perceived themselves as needing more training in practical counseling skills than in Western counseling theories. They perceived limited resources and a lack of professionally trained counselors as major barriers. The results are discussed in relation to the future development of counseling at universities in China.
School-Linked Prevention
Authors: Kenny Maureen E. , Waldo Michael , Warter Elizabeth H. , Barton Catherine
Published: March 2007

Principles drawn from contemporary developmental-contextualism are presented as a framework for guiding the design, implementation, and evaluation of school-linked prevention programs that are consistent with an emerging body of research specifying best practices in prevention. Two school-linked preventive interventions, the Gardner Extended Services School (GESS) and Supporting Teachers Supporting Students, are described and discussed according to developmental principles. Roles of counseling psychologists in each intervention are also discussed. Implications of the theory and science of school-linked prevention and the two program examples for training of counseling psychologists are described.
The Reintegration of Vocational Psychology and Counseling Psychology
Authors: Robitschek Christine , DeBell Camille
Published: March 2007

In the past 20 years, there have been numerous calls for a reinvigoration of vocational psychology. Now, as vocational psychology has grown again within counseling psychology, the authors argue that what is needed is not a reinvigoration but rather a new paradigm that reintegrates vocational psychology and the rest of counseling psychology. The new paradigm conceptualizes vocational issues as an integral part of theory, research, practice, and teaching of counseling psychology. Vocational issues should not over shadow other issues but should be an integrated part of what counseling psychologists do. The articles in this major contribution take steps toward this new paradigm by addressing teaching issues in counseling psychology training programs. If the new paradigm is to be adopted by all counseling psychologists, they must begin in their training programs. These articles give suggestions for how to begin the paradigm shift in this setting, discussing implications for the science and practice of counseling psychology beyond the training programs.
Counseling Torture Victims
Authors: Whittaker Shaun R.
Published: March 2007

This theoretical article addresses the psychological effects of torture (including solitary confinement) and the implications of torture for counseling and the counseling psychology profession.
An Overview of the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology
Authors: Weissberg Michael , Rude Stephanie S. , Gazda George M. , Bozarth Jerold D. , McDougal Karen S. , Slavit Michael R. , Smith Janice L. , Walsh Donna J.
Published: March 2007

This report (a) describes the issues and planning process that led up to the Georgia conference and (b) summarizes the background and characteristics of the conference participants.
Balancing Ethical Responsibilities
Authors: Stadler Holly A.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines a strategy for reporting child abuse or neglect, balancing ethical responsibilities and clinical limit setting. Presented in decision-tree form, the strategy is a hierarchy of autonomy respecting acts offering clients a variety of options for reporting abuse or neglect.
The Juggling Act of the College Counseling Center
Authors: Gilbert Steven P.
Published: March 2007

College and university counseling centers have dual loyalties to both individuals and institutions that can create difficult conflicts of interest. Skillful juggling of conflicting loyalties is one of the variables that define college counseling as a mental health specialty. Conflicts typically involve pressures either to breach confidentiality or, more problematically, to involve the agency in administrative functions and decisions. The professional literature and the professional association ethical codes offer little guidance on how to respond to these pressures. A number of variables such as institutional size and stability, administrative location, agency history, degree of external pressure, degree of consensus on the counseling center s role, philosophy of psychological services, and the current ethical and legal climate influence how difficult the juggling act may be. The International Association of Counseling Services recommendation of "administrative neutrality" provides a conceptual tool usefull in formulating counseling center policy and selling boundaries.
Systematic Eclectic Models
Authors: Mahalik James R.
Published: March 2007

Although increasingly popular, eclecticism has sometimes been characterized by its critics as "seat of the pants " therapy. This has led some authors to provide organizing principles for the eclectic field. These systematic eclectic models help counselors and therapists integrate interventions from various schools of psychotherapy. Four systematic eclectic models (Beutler 's eclectic psychotherapy; Howard, Nance, and Myers' adaptive counseling and therapy; Lazarus' multimodal therapy; and Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical approach) are presented and evaluated on five dimensions. Additionally, the article examines support for the models, and makes conceptual and empirical recommendations.
Counseling the HIV-Infected Client
Authors: Hoffman Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

The emerging empirical and clinical literature on the psychosocial issues of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has only begun to guide clinicians in their work with seropositive clients. This article presents a model that provides a conceptual framework for assessing the client's resources as he or she attempts to address the psychosocial issues that may occur as a result of this disease. The model has four components: special characteristics, social supports, situation, and client characteristics. It is hypothesized that these client resources predict or moderate the clients response to HIV infection. Responses to HIV infection are discussed followed by counseling strategies and interventions to address each response or reaction. Case management issues are presented including ethical dilemmas, rethinking clinical goals, the changing boundaries of the therapeutic relationship, transference, and countertransference.
Further Manifestations of the MOMM Phenomenon
Authors: Horan John J. , Weber Wanda L. , Fitzsimmons Peggy , Maglio Christopher J. , Hanish Christine
Published: March 2007

A frequent response to papers by John Horan and Leo Goldman attributes the predominance of graduates and employees from MOMM institutions (the University of Minnesota, Ohio State University, the University of Maryland, and the University of Missouri) in all Division 17 governance structures to greater achievement. Others argue that given alternative baselines, MOMM graduates and employees (MOMMs) might prove to be underrepresented. In this study, data on the scholarly productivity of MOMMs and outsiders, at the time of their appointments to the editorial boards of the Journal of Counseling Psychology and The Counseling Psychologist, suggest that outsiders are more productive than MOMMs and that there is a significant disposition to appoint relatively unpublished MOMMs to JCP's editorial board. Our data further indicate that outsiders are indeed underrepresented; moreover, an unexpected and conspicuous decline in their membership percentage between 1973 and 1989 is an ominous indicator of Division 17's organizational health.
Understanding Retirement from Sports
Authors: Baillie Patrick H.F.
Published: March 2007

Retirement from competitive sports often poses significant difficulties for an athlete, whether competing at the high school college, elite, or professional levels. This article describes the meaning that sport involvement may have for an athlete, and indicates how the affiliation with an identity as an athlete may influence adjustment to retirement. Research has suggested that many athletes are poorly prepared for their retirement from competition and may face considerable difficulties in their coping with the significant life changes that accompany the end of their sports careers and sports identities. Suggestions are presented for various programs to assist athletes before, during, and after their retirement from competition, with special attention given to the application of a life development intervention (LDI) approach.
Organizational and Political Issues in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Wynkoop Timothy E , Dixon David N.
Published: March 2007

This article examines organizational and political issues of Division 17 (the division of counseling psychology) of the American Psychological Association. The methodology was derived from the recommendations of the Organizational and Political Issues Group (OPIG) of the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology. The activity of Division 17 governance was traced over a 9-year period (1984-1992) and then compared against the OPIG recommendations. The goal was to assess the division's compliance with these recommendations. The results were mixed.
Integrating Social and Counseling Psychological Perspectives on the Self
Authors: Moore Margaret A. , Britt Thomas W. , Leary Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Few areas present a more ideal opportunity for dialogue between counseling and social psychologists than the self Both disciplines have contributed significantly to the development of self theories and the design of methodologies suitable for understanding processes and practices relevant to the self However, counseling and social psychologists are finding it increasingly necessary to value and actively initiate interdisciplinary discussion and collaboration in order to prevent cognitive blind spots in understandings of the self In this article, the authors examine impediments to successful bridging of the disciplines and highlight areas ripe for interface within the arenas of professional training and development, theory, practice, methodology, metatheory, and epistemology. More specifically, the authors identify cultural, interpersonal, developmental, motivational, evaluative, regulatory, structural, and vocational aspects of the self that would benefit from collaborative inquiry. Throughout this article, the authors attempt to balance illustrations of the actual and potential applications of knowledge relevant to the self with calls to counseling and social psychologists to work together to ensure the relevance of their self analyses to diverse cultures.
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Doctoral Students' Mentoring Relationships with Faculty in Counseling Psychology:
Authors: Lark Julianne S. , Croteau James M.
Published: March 2007

This qualitative study investigated lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) doctoral students' mentoring relationships with faculty in counseling psychology. Data from semistructured interviews with 14 LGB participants was analyzed using a grounded theory approach. After submitting a preliminary description to a peer audit, and a "member check," a final description of these LGB doctoral students' mentoring relationships with faculty was constructed. The description included two interactive LGB-specific contextual themes (safety in the training environment regarding LGB issues and students' level of outness/disclosure regarding sexual orientation) that helped shape three themes regarding LGB students' experience of mentoring relationships (formation, functions, and impact). Seven recommendations for faculty mentors are made based on the results, and implications for research are addressed.
Child Welfare, the Private Sector, and Community-Based Corrections
Authors: Lerman Paul
Published: March 2007

After more than a decade of carrying out a community-based juvenile correctional policy, it is useful to stand back and gain perspective on how this policy has been implemented. From national data the following facts about implementation are readily apparent: Implementation is strongly associated with private sector dominance; alternatives are linked to the child welfare system, as well as the juvenile correctional system; privately administered alternatives are heavily subsidized by federal and state public funds; the division of labor that has developed between the public and private correctional sectors is strongly associated with degree of offense seriousness, deviance diversity, and disproportionate number of females; and the utilization of private alternatives tends to vary by geographical regions. These facts are documented and the reasons why American implementation of this strategy has occurred with these characteristics is discussed.
Prison Crowding: The Response of Probation and Parole
Authors: Finn Peter
Published: March 2007

A systemwide approach is needed to relieve the extensive prison crowding problems in the United States that reached its highest level in 1982, with 43,000 inmates added to the country's federal and state facilities. Interviews with 31 probation and parole officials in 30 states and the District of Columbia were conducted to determine the role these agencies are currently playing in the effort to alleviate prison crowding. The results indicate that there have been relatively few changes in probation programs designed to reduce prison crowding.
The First Eight After Furman: Who was Executed with the Return of the Death Penalty?
Authors: Jolly Robert W. , Sagarin Edward
Published: March 2007

The death of Gary Gilmore before a firing squad in 1977 marked an end to a ten-year period in the United States without an execution. Eight executions took place between January 1977 and September 1983. All those put to death were male, the youngest was 24 years of age, seven of the eight were white, guilt was established in all cases with near certainty, the crimes were particularly heinous, and several asked for death. The first eight to be executed thus had characteristics designed to mute the protest against the death penalty. The authors contend that if executions are resumed on a large scale, this pattern cannot be maintained.
Substance Use among Rapists: A Comparison with Other Serious Felons
Authors: Ladouceur Patricia , Temple Mark
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between substance use and sexual and violent crime, using data collected as part of the 1979 “Survey of Inmates in Correctional Institutions.” Specifically, the intent is to (1) assess the relationship between substance use and crime for rapists and compare this relationship with that for offenders whose crimes involve different levels of sex and violence; (2) examine the extent to which race, age, and social context modify this relationship; (3) compare substance use at the time of the offense with typical use patterns, in order to determine whether use is likely to be directly linked to the crimes in question; and (4) place the findings in a theoretical context in order to suggest directions for future research. The findings indicate that although there is a slight difference between offender types for drug use, no difference between offender types was found for alcohol use. In addition, these findings did not appear to be modified by race, age, or social context factors. Finally, it was found that use at the time of the offense does not differ markedly from typical use patterns.
Destructuring, Privatization, and the Promise of Juvenile Diversion: Compromising Community-Based Corrections
Authors: Curran Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

During the 1970s, a consensus emerged that juvenile deinstitutionalization and diversion offered great promise for lowering recidivism. However, critics charged that community-based programs had failed to achieve their stated objectives and that diversion actually “widened the net” of social control. The present research examined the impact of “restructuring” by analyzing data on the national growth and distribution of open facilities in the United States. The study found that a bifurcated system has developed, in which public facilities are primarily responsible for institutionalized corrections while the private sector administers the majority of open-environment programs. The ramifications of this system and specific constitutional issues regarding the privatization of corrections are discussed.
Public Support for Mandatory Drug-Alcohol Testing in the Workplace
Authors: Latessa Edward J. , Travis Lawrence F. , Cullen Francis T.
Published: March 2007

In both the public and private sectors, mandatory testing for substance abuse has become a salient policy issue. Testing programs have spread rapidly, and the prudence of this policy has come under scrutiny. Based on a 1987 survey of 258 Cincinnati residents, the present study attempts to assess the extent to which citizens endorse the campaign to expand the scope of employee testing for substance abuse. In general, the data suggest that the public supports the policy of testing. Support is strongest when programs are proposed for workers whose impairment would jeopardize public safety (e.g., airline pilots). In contrast, more dissensus is evident when the policy proposal is to bring all workers under the purview of mandatory drug-alcohol testing.
The New Mathematics of Imprisonment
Authors: Zimring Franklin E. , Hawkins Gordon
Published: March 2007

This article examines recently published claims that increased use of imprisonment will produce dramatic economic savings. Part I shows that applying the estimates generated in “Making Confinement Decisions” to trends in the United States produces anomalous results. If the study estimates were correct, criminal justice expenditures would have decreased recently and crime rates would have dropped toward zero as the U.S. prison population has doubled. Part II of the article discusses some of the factors that produced wild overestimates of the incapacitative potential of expanding imprisonment.
Neither Conflict Nor Labeling Nor Paternalism Will Suffice: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Family in Criminal Court Decisions
Authors: Daly Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This statistical study examines sentencing and pretrial release decisions for black, white, and Hispanic men and women, using data from New York City and Seattle criminal courts. Hypotheses are tested on the interactive influences of gender and family, and the mitigating effects of family for men and women of different race and ethnic groups. The results show that gender differences in court outcomes can be explained by defendants' familial circumstances, and that such differences are greatest for black defendants. Arguing that neither the male-centered conflict or labeling perspectives, nor the paternalism thesis capture the logic of court decision making, I call for more research on how familial-based justice practices are classed, raced, and gendered.
Cooperative Models and Corporate Crime: Panacea or Cop-Out?
Authors: Snider Laureen
Published: March 2007

This article critiques the new “cooperative” models of regulatory reform, arguing that they will weaken the process of regulation. After documenting some of the problems of criminalization models, the article describes the major cooperative schemes that have been offered. The roots of their current popularity are examined and traced to the fiscal and ideological crises that beset capitalist economies in the 1980s. The consequences of adopting a cooperative model are set out. Last, the unlikely prospects for achieving more effective enforcement by cooperative regulation are discussed.
Gender and Delinquency in White-Collar Families: A Power-Control Perspective
Authors: Hagan John , Kay Fiona
Published: March 2007

This article expands the understanding of a kind of white-collar delinquency: youthful violations of patents and copyrights through the copying of audio- and videotapes and computer software. Class and gender variations in these kinds of activities are considered using a power-control perspective that focuses on parental controls and attitudes toward risk-taking. A power-control perspective treats childhood and adolescent socialization as a systemic process of social reproduction that links the family and work spheres, with implications for the understanding of “pink” as well as white-collar crimes.
HIV Education for Probation Officers: An Implementation and Evaluation Program
Authors: Lurigio Arthur J. , Petraitis John , Johnson Bruce
Published: March 2007

This article describes the implementation and evaluation of an HIV education seminar for adult probation officers (POs) in Cook County (Chicago). The seminar consisted of medical and legal topics, and was presented by an experienced educator. Pre- and postseminar measures of effectiveness were examined. Results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge about HIV and a significant decrease in their fear of HIV. Suggestions are offered regarding the future implementation of HIV seminars for POs.
Recidivism to the Criminal Justice System of Substance-Abusing Offenders Diverted into Treatment
Authors: Stelle Kit R. , Mauser Elizabeth , Moberg D. Paul
Published: March 2007

In 1989, Wisconsin funded Treatment Alternative Programs (TAP), based on the Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC) model, to provide treatment alternatives in lieu of imprisonment for substance-abusing offenders. TAP's goal is to break the offender's drug/crime cycle, using a case management model. Follow-up studies assessed TAP participant recidivism over an 18-month period. Client recidivism information since admission to TAP was obtained from numerous public sources, including probation/parole and court records. Results strongly suggest that offenders completing TAP are significantly less likely to recidivate than offenders not completing the program. Cost analyses suggest TAP can be more cost-effective than incarceration.
Community Policing in Small Town and Rural America
Authors: Weisheit Ralph A. , Wells L. Edward , Falcone David N.
Published: March 2007

Community policing has become a popular approach. Discussions of community policing have focused on urban and suburban departments, generally ignoring rural and small town police organizations. Ironically, many of these departments have a history of practices that correspond directly to the principles of community policing. For example, officers in these agencies typically know the citizens personally, have frequent face-to-face contact with them, and engage in a variety of problem-solving activities that fall outside of law enforcement. In neglecting small town and rural police, researchers have denied themselves an important natural laboratory for studying community policing.
The Social Construction of Corporate Violence: Media Coverage of the Imperial Food Products Fire
Authors: Wright John P. , Cullen Francis T. , Blankenship Michael B.
Published: March 2007

Although investigative reports have contributed to the social movement against white-collar crime, few studies assess the extent to which the media socially construct corporate violence as a “crime.” We examine this issue through a content analysis of newspaper coverage of the fire-related deaths of 25 workers at the Imperial Food Products chicken-processing plant, which resulted in the company's owner pleading guilty to manslaughter. The analysis revealed that newspaper reports largely attributed the deaths to the lax enforcement of safety regulations but did not initially construct the deaths as a crime or subsequently publicize the criminal convictions.
The Roots of Prison Violence: A Test of the Deprivation, Management, and “Not-So-Total” Institution Models
Authors: McCorkle Richard C. , Miethe Terance D. , Drass Kriss A.
Published: March 2007

Studies of prison violence typically focus either on individual-level aggression or large-scale collective acts. Most past work consists of case studies, limiting the generalizations from the results. The present study used data from 371 state prisons and measures of both individual and collective violence and attempted to identify the structural, managerial, and environmental determinants of prison disorder. Findings suggest that poor prison management is a predictor of rates of assault toward inmates and staff. However, the likelihood of prison riots is largely independent of structural, managerial, and environmental factors. The article also discusses the implications for public policy.
Taking Fear of Crime Seriously: The Tasmanian Approach to Community Crime Prevention
Authors: Brown Mark , Polk Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Despite having little serious crime in the form of homicide or sexual assault, the state of Tasmania in Australia has enough crime in terms of assault, burglary, and public order offenses to generate a reasonably high level of fear of crime. The Tasmanian government has embarked upon a novel attempt to address simultaneously both crime and fear of crime through a strategy of crime prevention that focuses on a combination of restorative justice and community enhancement. This positive, developmental approach to crime prevention is fundamentally integrative and stands in sharp contrast to the punishment-oriented policies currently popular in many American jurisdictions. Unlike the Tasmanian proposals, approaches such as “three strikes and you're out” leave the fear of crime problem unresolved, leading to a continuous upward spiral of punitiveness.
Public Support for Early Intervention Programs: Implications for a Progressive Policy Agenda
Authors: Cullen Francis T. , Wright John Paul , Brown Shayna , Moon Melissa M. , Blankenship Michael B. , Applegate Brandon K.
Published: March 2007

Since the early 1970s, criminologists have embraced the view that only broader social justice will reduce crime—a stance that has largely surrendered criminal justice policy to conservatives. Emerging research shows, however, that early intervention programs prevent crime and are cost effective. Based on a 1997 survey of Tennessee respondents, the article reports further that the public supports early intervention strongly and prefers it to incarceration as a strategy to reduce offending. Thus, the article contends that early intervention programs, which extend services to at-risk children and families, comprise an important progressive policy initiative that criminologists and policy makers should support.
Rates of Disorder in Higher-Custody State Prisons: A Comparative Analysis of Managerial Practices
Authors: Reisig Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Despite the rise of the prison management movement, little research has been conducted assessing the outcomes associated with different managerial practices in American prisons. One factor that has slowed the development of research in this area is the challenge of operationalizing the interrelated administrative components that guide prison operations. Using past research as a conceptual base, this study evaluates the performance of managerial practices by conducting a series of post hoc comparisons of subjective levels of disorder. The findings do not support the hypothesis that prisons that adhere to highly formalized managerial practices are most effective at combating disorder.
The Public Safety Potential of Megan's Law in Massachusetts: An Assessment from a Sample of Criminal Sexual Psychopaths
Authors: Petrosino Anthony J. , Petrosino Carolyn
Published: March 2007

This article presents an exploratory assessment of the potential of Megan's Law to prevent subsequent sex offenses in Massachusetts. Using secondary data on 136 criminal sexual psychopaths, the authors found that 27 percent of the sample had a prior conviction that met the requirements of the Massachusetts Registry Law before their most recent sex crime. Of these 36 offenders who would have been eligible for the registry, 12 committed a stranger-predatory sex offense; the remaining 24 offended against family, friends, and coworkers. Assuming a registration and notification system of complete integrity, proactive police warnings could have potentially reached subsequent victims in 6 of the 12 stranger-predatory cases.
Neutralizing Victim Reform: Legal Professionals' Perspectives on Victims and Impact Statements
Authors: Erez Edna , Laster Kathy
Published: March 2007

Despite the high hopes of victims' rights advocates, and contrary to the warnings about negative consequences, the evidence demonstrates that victim impact statements (VISs) have had little influence on criminal proceedings and court outcomes. This study, based on interviews with judges, prosecutors, and defense counsels charged with the implementation of the VIS scheme in South Australia, shows that practitioners routinely objectify, and thereby minimize, the injuries sustained by victims, and impose an implicit “reasonable victim” test to evaluate VISs. Professionals' responses are analyzed according to Sykes and Matza's notion of techniques of neutralization as a case study of the ways in which law reform endeavors are subordinated to the competing value systems and organizational imperatives of court workgroups.