bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary Sterols and Sterol Oxidation Products on Atherosclerosis: An Insight Provided by Liver Proteomic and Lipidomic
Authors: Wang Mengmeng , Liu Yan , Zhao Tian , Xiao Fan , Yang Xuan , Lu Baiyi
Published: August 2021

Scope

The development of atherosclerosis is closely associated with disorder of lipid metabolism. Dietary sterols and their oxidation products play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, their effects on liver lipid metabolism during the atherosclerosis remain unknown.

Methods and Results

Here, we apply lipidomic and proteomic analysis on liver of ApoE–/– mice feed with phytosterols, cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), or phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) to profile lipid species and reveal the underlying mechanism. Dietary exposure of phytosterols, COPs, and POPs all reduce the accumulation of liver triglyceride (TG), but COPs and POPs accelerate the fibrosis of liver. Lipidomic analysis reveals that phytosterols mainly decrease the levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI), while COPs and POPs both increase the level of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and reduce TG with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Besides, COPs up‐regulated levels of lipids associate with atherosclerosis risk, such as phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ceramides (Cer). POPs down‐regulate the level of acyl carnitine (AcCa). Furthermore, proteomic analysis shows that COPs promote oxidative phosphorylation and POPs inhibit the beta oxidation of fatty acids.

Conclusions

This study reveals that phytosterols, COPs, and POPs differently change the composition and metabolism of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids in liver of ApoE–/– mice.
Synthesis of gels by means of Michael addition reaction of multi‐functional acetoacetate and diacrylate compounds and their application to ionic conductive gels
Authors: Naga Naofumi , Satoh Mitsusuke , Magara Tomoyuki , Ahmed Kumkum , Nakano Tamaki
Published: August 2021

Michael‐addition reactions of multi‐functional acetoacetate, meso‐erythritol tetraacetoacetate (ETAA), trimethylolpropane triacetoacetate (TPTAA), and diacrylate compounds, 1,4‐butanediol diacrylate, 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate, 1,9‐nonanediol diacrylate, or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), in dimethyl sulfoxide have successfully yielded the corresponding gels in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.5.0]undecane‐7‐ene as a catalyst at room temperature. The gel formation rates of the reaction systems with TPTAA were higher than those with ETAA. The gels prepared with the alkyl diacrylate compounds or low molecular weight PEGDA showed higher Young's modulus in compression test. The ETAA‐PEGDA gels were also prepared in propylene carbonate containing Li ion or in an ionic liquid. These gels showed good ionic conductivity with conductivity value as high as 2.26 and 2.38 mS/cm at room temperature for the Li ion and ionic liquid containing systems respectively.
Family history of asthma influences outpatient respiratory outcomes in children with BPD
Authors: McGlynn Julianne R. , Aoyama Brianna C. , Collaco Joseph M. , McGrath‐Morrow Sharon A.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Preterm children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are at increased risk for intermittent and chronic respiratory symptoms during childhood and adult life. Identifying children at higher risk for respiratory morbidities in the outpatient setting could help improve long‐term outcomes. In this study, we hypothesized that a family history of asthma (FHA) is a risk factor for higher acute care usage and respiratory symptoms in preterm infants/children with BPD, following initial discharge home.

Methods

Subjects were recruited from the Johns Hopkins Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia outpatient clinic between January 2008 and February 2020 (n = 827). Surveys were administered to caregivers and demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained through chart review.

Results

Demographic features associated with FHA included public health insurance, lower median household income, and nonwhite race. Children with FHA had higher odds of emergency department (ED) visits, systemic steroid use, nighttime respiratory symptoms, and activity limitations. There was no association between FHA and BPD severity.

Conclusion

This study found that children with BPD and FHA were more likely to have respiratory symptoms and acute care usage during the first 3 years of life and that FHA was associated with lower socioeconomic status. Although there was no association between FHA and BPD severity, FHA could predict an increased likelihood of both ED visits and need for systemic steroids in infants/children with BPD followed in the outpatient setting.
Carbon dioxide monitoring in the newborn infant
Authors: Williams Emma , Dassios Theodore , Greenough Anne
Published: August 2021

Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring is vital during mechanical ventilation of newborn infants, as morbidity increases when CO2 levels are inappropriate. Our aim was to review the uses and limitations of such noninvasive monitoring methods. Colorimetry is primarily utilized during resuscitation to determine whether successful intubation has occurred. False negative and positive results can however lead to delays in detecting tracheal versus esophageal intubation. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide sensors have limited use during resuscitation, but can be utilized to provide continuous trend data during on‐going ventilation. End‐tidal capnography can provide clinicians with quantitative end‐tidal CO2 (EtCO2) values and a continuous real‐time capnogram waveform trace. These devices are becoming more widely accepted for use in the neonatal population as the new devices are lightweight with minimal additional dead space. Nevertheless, they have been reported to have variable accuracy when compared to arterial CO2 measurements, however, divergence of results may be related to disease severity rather than technological limitations. During resuscitation EtCO2 can be detected by capnography more rapidly than by colorimetry. Furthermore, capnography can be currently utilized in neonatal research settings to determine the physiological dead space and ventilation inhomogeneity, and thus has potential to be beneficial to clinical care. In conclusion, novel modes of noninvasive carbon dioxide monitoring can be safely and reliably utilized in newborn infants during mechanical ventilation. Future randomized trials should aim to address which device provides the most optimal form of monitoring in different clinical contexts.
Reference‐Free Combined X‐Ray Reflectometry−Grazing Incidence X‐Ray Fluorescence at the French Synchrotron SOLEIL
Authors: Ménesguen Yves , Lépy Marie-Christine
Published: August 2021

Chambre d'Analyse Spectrométrique en Transmission ou en Réflexion (Analysis Chamber for Transmission or Reflection Spectrometry) (CASTOR) is a new instrument, operated at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility, dedicated to the metrological characterization of thin films with thicknesses in the nanometer range. The instrument can combine two X‐ray techniques, namely, the reflectivity (XRR) measurements with fluorescence (XRF) acquisitions and especially total‐reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF)‐related techniques such as grazing‐incidence XRF (GIXRF). The instrument is most often installed on the hard X‐ray branch of the Metrology beamline. Geometrical characterization is presented, reproducibility of measurements is studied, and the reference‐free GIXRF analysis is described. Some representative examples are given to illustrate the capabilities of the setup and the combined analysis procedure.
Encourage, retain students through peer‐mentoring programs
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2021

Good information delivered when students need it is critical to retaining and graduating them. That's especially true if they have the added challenges that come with having a disability.
Did court dismiss student‐athlete's due process claim?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: August 2021

A University of New Mexico varsity basketball player was accused of battery by a non‐student, and the Albuquerque Police Department took the report on the allegations. UNM's athletics director met with the student‐athlete in December 2019 to inform him the university was banning him from campus and from playing or practicing with the basketball team due to the accusations. The student‐athlete also received notice he was facing eviction from his on‐campus residence due to the battery allegations.
Combined leadership role brings benefits, challenges
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2021

Kristen Schuth serves in a unique combination of roles at Genesee Community College, where she's the Director of Athletics and the Assistant Vice President of Student Engagement and Inclusion. She had been serving as AD since 2013, but then two years ago she began straddling two worlds when she was promoted to the Assistant VP position. In this combined role, she's encountered some challenges, but she's also seen the campus community benefit in some unexpected ways.
Decorating Bacteria with a Therapeutic Nanocoating for Synergistically Enhanced Biotherapy
Authors: Hou Weiliang , Li Juanjuan , Cao Zhenping , Lin Sisi , Pan Chao , Pang Yan , Liu Jinyao
Published: August 2021

Disorders in the gut microbiota have been implicated in various diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Oral microecologics are of great importance due to their ability to directly intervene the gut microbiome as well as their noninvasiveness and low side effects, while have suffered from low bioavailability and a single therapeutic effect. Here, probiotics are coated with a therapeutic nanocoating for synergistically enhanced biotherapy, a method inspired by the robust protective and therapeutic effectiveness of silkworm cocoon. With its transition from a random coil to β‐sheet conformation, silk fibroin can self‐assemble onto the surface of bacteria. By a simple layer‐by‐layer procedure, an entire nanocoating can be formed along with a near quantitative coating ratio and almost uninfluenced bacterial viability. Thanks to its protective barrier role and innate pharmaceutical activity, silk fibroin nanocoating endows the coated bacteria with a markedly improved survival against gastric insults and a synergistically enhanced therapeutic effect in a murine model of intestinal mucositis. This work demonstrates how therapeutic elements can be combined with probiotics via a simple coating strategy and proposes an alternative to enhance bioavailability and treatment efficacy of oral microecologics.
High Voltage‐Stabilized Graphdiyne Cathode Interface
Authors: Chang Qian , Wang Fan , Zuo Zicheng , He Feng , Zhao Yao , Wang Fuyi , Li Yuliang
Published: August 2021

Suppressing the irreversible interfacial reactions is an important scientific bottleneck in the development of stable high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion battery. The interfacial chemistry of graphdiyne (GDY) on the high‐voltage cathode of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) shows a very interesting process, in which the sp‐hybridization carbon atoms chemically scavenge the hydrofluoric acid (HF) and in situ form the fluorinated GDY interface. It first turns the harmful HF into profit, and greatly enhances the interfacial stability and restrains the side reaction on the cathode under high working voltage. The GDY‐coated LNMO cathode obviously alleviates the electrolyte degradation, achieves high Coulombic efficiency and reliability. Due to atomic‐level selectivity and chemical trapping of HF by GDY, it effectively suppresses the dissolution of Mn, Ni elements. These results highlight the unparalleled advantages of GDY in the formation of high stable interfaces and protection of high‐energy‐density electrodes.
Applications of Atomic Layer Deposition in Design of Systems for Energy Conversion
Authors: Plutnar Jan , Pumera Martin
Published: August 2021

There is a huge demand for clean energy conversion in all industries. The clean energy production processes include electrocatalytic and photocatalytic conversion of water to hydrogen, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen conversion to ammonia, and oxygen reduction reaction and require novel cheap and efficient photo‐ and electrocatalysts and their scalable methods of fabrication. Atomic layer deposition is a thin film deposition method that allows to deposit thin layers of catalysts on virtually any surface of any shape, size, and porosity in an even and easy to control manner. Here the state of the art in applications of atomic layer deposition in the clean energy production and the opportunities it represents for the whole field of the photo‐ and electrocatalysis for a sustainable future are reviewed.
Photoresponsive PAMAM‐Assembled Nanocarrier Loaded with Autophagy Inhibitor for Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Jing Manman , Li Yafei , Wang Meimei , Zhang Hao , Wei Pengfei , Zhou Yang , Ishimwe Nestor , Huang Xiaowan , Wang Liansheng , Wen Longping , Wang Weiping , Zhang Yunjiao
Published: August 2021

As one of the most promising drug‐delivery carriers due to its small size, easy surface modifiability, and hydrophobic interior, cationic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) per se, demonstrated by previous reports and the authors’ present study, indicate potential anticancer capability, however, which are restricted by autophagy elicitation. Besides, its side‐toxicity profile, having also been extensively documented, limits its translation into the clinic. Herein, the authors design a photoresponsive PAMAM‐assembled nanoparticle loaded with the autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine, CQ), which exhibits light responsiveness for precisely controlling drug release and superior dark biosafety. Upon light irradiation, the nanoparticle can dissociate into charged small PAMAM for a significant antitumor effect. Meanwhile, the released CQ can inhibit pro‐survival autophagy induced by PAMAM to achieve an excellent synergistic anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo. The authors’ study provided a vision of utilizing PAMAM as self‐carried anticancer therapeutics in combination with an autophagy inhibitor and proposing a cancer therapy with high antitumor efficacy and low side effects to normal tissues.
Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Li Di , Ushakova Elena V. , Rogach Andrey L. , Qu Songnan
Published: August 2021

Carbon dots (CDs) represent a recently emerged class of luminescent materials with a great potential for biomedical theranostics, and there are a lot of efforts to shift their absorption and emission toward deep‐red (DR) to near‐infrared (NIR) region falling in the biological transparency window. This review offers comprehensive insights into the synthesis strategies aimed to achieve this goal, and the current approaches of modulating the optical properties of CDs over the DR to NIR region. The underlying mechanisms of their absorption, photoluminescence, and chemiluminescence, as well as the related photophysical processes of photothermal conversion and formation of reactive oxygen species are considered. The already available biomedical applications of CDs, such as in the photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and their use as bioimaging agents and drug carriers are then shortly summarized.
Solid Solution of Bi and Sb for Robust Lithium Storage Enabled by Consecutive Alloying Reaction
Authors: Wang Yutao , Yu Ruohan , Luo Tingting , Ma Ganggang , Hu Guangwu , Lyu Jiahui , Zhou Liang , Wu Jinsong
Published: August 2021

Materials with alloying reactions have significant potential as electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and appropriate lithiation potentials. Nonetheless, their cycling performance is inferior due to violent volume expansion and severe pulverization of active materials. Herein, solid solution of Bi0.5Sb0.5 encapsulated with carbon is discovered to enable consecutive alloying reactions with manageable volume change, suitable for developing LIBs with high capacity and robust cyclability. A Sb‐rich shell and Bi‐rich core structure is formed in cycling since the alloying reaction between Sb and Li occurs first, followed by the alloying reaction between Bi and Li. Such a consecutive alloying reaction obeying the thermodynamic path is experimentally realized by the carbon capsulation, which acts as a protecting solid layer to avoid polarized reactions occurred when exposed directly to liquid electrolyte. The LIBs using Bi0.5Sb0.5@carbon run on the consecutive alloying reactions exhibits high capacity, prolonged lifespan (489.4 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g−1) and fast kinetic, while those using bare Bi0.5Sb0.5 suffer from worsened kinetic and thus a poor cycling performance owning to the polarized reactions. The work paves a way of developing alloy electrodes for alkaline‐ion rechargeable batteries with potential industry applications.
Incorporation of a Guaiacol‐Based Small Molecule Guest Donor Enables Efficient Nonfullerene Acceptor‐Based Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Barla Rajkumar , Lochab Bimlesh , Agrawal Anupam , Mishra Amaresh , Keshtov Muhammed L. , Sharma Ganesh D.
Published: August 2021

To improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the organic solar cells (OSCs), it is necessary to widen the absorption profile of the active layer. It is possible by using a ternary active layer consisting of either two donors (D) and one acceptor (A) or two acceptors and one donor having complementary absorption and appropriate frontier energy levels for efficient exciton generation and their dissociation into free charge carriers and subsequent charge/energy transfer. Herein, a large bandgap guaiacol‐based small molecule (SMD) is used as guest donor in ternary OSCs to improve the PCE and suppress the energy loss. SMD exhibits a lager bandgap and deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level compared with conjugated polymer donor (P). Therefore, the HOMO energy level is effectively down‐shifted when P is mixed with SMD, which is beneficial for attaining high open circuit voltage (VOC). OSCs based on the optimized ternary blend P:SMD:Y6 (0.8:0.2:1.2, w/w) after solvent vapor annealing attained a higher VOC of 0.85 V and low energy loss of 0.51 eV compared with the binary device P:Y6 (1:1.2, w/w) with VOC of 0.81 V and energy loss of 0.55 eV, delivering an overall PCE of 15.37%.
Das Nanolaminatpflaster – Schweißnahtnachbehandlung für bisher unerreichte Lebensdauerverlängerung
Authors: Brunow Jakob , Rutner Marcus
Published: August 2021

Wartung und Inspektion von dynamisch beanspruchter stählerner Infrastruktur sind kostenintensiv. Die Frequenz der Inspektionen steigt zum Ende der Lebensdauer an. Schwachstellen einer Konstruktion sind meist die konstruktiven Verbindungen. Wirtschaftliche Sanierungsmaßnahmen von ermüdeten konstruktiven Verbindungen, die kostspielige Inspektionsintervalle unnötig machen, wurden bis jetzt nicht in die breite Praxis übertragen. In diesem Aufsatz wird mit der Nanolaminatbeschichtung, auch Nanolaminatpflaster genannt, ein neues Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahren vorgestellt. Eine Ermüdungsstudie im Zugschwellbereich mit geschweißten und mit Nanolaminat beschichteten Stahlproben zeigt erstmals das Potenzial dieses Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahrens hinsichtlich Lebensdauerverlängerung, auch gegenüber anderen bekannten Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahren. Durch die Nanolaminatbeschichtung ergeben sich in dieser Vorstudie vielversprechende Einzelergebnisse: Bei einer Spannungsschwingbreite nahe der Streckgrenze wird die Lebensdauer im Mittel um das Drei‐ bzw. 4,5‐Fache erhöht. Die Nanolaminatbeschichtung wird im Vergleich mit anderen Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahren diskutiert. Die Schweißnahtnachbehandlung mit Nanolaminatbeschichtungen erscheint industrieübergreifend von großem Interesse und ist bei neuen oder bestehenden Konstruktionen anwendbar.
Collective Phronesis in Business Ethics Education and Managerial Practice: A Neo-Aristotelian Analysis
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: August 2021

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of various discourses relevant to developing a construct of collectivephronesis, from a (neo)-Aristotelian perspective, with implications for professional practice in general and business practice and business ethics education in particular. Despite the proliferation of interest in practical wisdom within business ethics and more general areas of both psychology and philosophy, the focus has remained mostly on the construct at the level of individual decision-making, as in Aristotle’sNicomachean Ethics. However, he also made intriguing remarks aboutphronesisat the collective level in hisPolitics: remarks that have mostly eluded elaboration. The aim of this article is practical and revisionary, rather than exegetical and deferential, with respect to Aristotle. Nevertheless, just as most of the literature on individualphronesisdraws on Aristotle’s exposition in theNicomachean Ethics, the obvious first port of call for an analysis of collectivephronesisis to explore the resources handed down to us by Aristotle himself. The lion’s share of this article is, therefore, devoted to making sense of Aristotle’s somewhat unsystematic remarks and the lessons we can draw from them about collective managerialphronesisand business ethics education.
Inhibition of calpain reduces cell apoptosis by suppressing mitochondrial fission in acute viral myocarditis
Authors: Shi Hui , Yu Ying , Liu Xiaoxiao , Yu Yong , Li Minghui , Wang Yucheng , Zou Yunzeng , Chen Ruizhen , Ge Junbo
Published: August 2021

Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is critical for the development of viral myocarditis (VMC), which is one of the leading causes of cardiac sudden death in young adults. Our previous studies have demonstrated that elevated calpain activity is involved in the pathogenesis of VMC. This study aimed to further explore the underlying mechanisms. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and transgenic mice overexpressing calpastatin were infected with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) to establish a VMC model. Apoptosis was detected with flow cytometry, TUNEL staining, and western blotting. Cardiac function was measured using echocardiography. Mitochondrial function was measured using ATP assays, JC-1, and MitoSOX. Mitochondrial morphology was observed using MitoTracker staining and transmission electron microscopy. Colocalization of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1) in mitochondria was examined using immunofluorescence. Phosphorylation levels of Drp-1 at Ser637 site were determined using western blotting analysis. We found that CVB3 infection impaired mitochondrial function as evidenced by increased mitochondrial ROS production, decreased ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential, induced myocardial apoptosis and damage, and decreased myocardial function. These effects of CVB3 infection were attenuated by inhibition of calpain both by PD150606 treatment and calpastatin overexpression. Furthermore, CVB3-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with the accumulation of Drp-1 in the outer membrane of mitochondria and subsequent increase in mitochondrial fission. Mechanistically, calpain cleaved and activated calcineurin A, which dephosphorylated Drp-1 at Ser637 site and promoted its accumulation in the mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial fission and dysfunction. In summary, calpain inhibition attenuated CVB3-induced myocarditis by reducing mitochondrial fission, thereby inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Like father, like son? A comparison of absolute and relative intergenerational labour income mobility in Germany and the US
Authors: Stockhausen Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Are children better off than their parents? This highly debated question in politics and economics is investigated by analysing the trends in absolute and relative intergenerational labour income mobility for Germany and the US. High quality panel data is used for this purpose; the SOEP for Germany and the PSID for the US. In Germany, 67% of sons born between 1955 and 1975 earned a significantly higher real long-run labour income than their fathers. Those with fathers from the lowest earnings bracket were particularly mobile in absolute terms. In contrast, the fraction of US sons earning more than their fathers is 60% on average for the same cohorts. Their share decreased from 66% in the 1956–60 birth cohort to 48% in the 1971–75 birth cohort, while it changed very little in Germany. Overall, absolute as well as relative labour income mobility is larger in Germany than in the US. This indicates that economic growth has been distributed more broadly in Germany than in the US. While the majority of German males has been able to share in the country’s rising prosperity and are better off than their fathers, US males continue to lose ground. Hence, Chetty et al. (Science 356:398–406, 2017) seem to be right when they say that the American Dream is slowly fading away.
May thermal imaging be useful in the assessment of dental anaesthesia? Preliminary study
Authors: Kaszuba Natalia , Kasprzyk-Kucewicz Teresa , Bałamut Karolina , Morawiec Tadeusz , Stanek Agata , Wziątek-Kuczmik Daria , Cholewka Armand
Published: August 2021

The main goal of this study was to find out if thermal imaging may be useful in the evaluation of two types of anaesthetic injections—with and without a vasoconstrictor. There were 20 patients (13 women and 7 men) involved in the study. The group was divided into two subgroups. Patients from the first subgroup received infiltration anaesthesia (so-called: IA) of lidocaine (2 mL) and the second group included patients, who received infiltration anaesthesia (so-called: IAN) of lidocaine with 2% noradrenaline (2 mL). The obtained results showed a significant increase in the average temperature 10 min after the injection. In the IA group, the temperature increase was nearly 1.0 °C what was 0.3 °C higher than in the IAN group. Moreover, temperature changes showed a wide plateau between 10 and 25 min after anesthesia administration. The effect of temperature rise was also observed on the contralateral cheek where there was no intervention renders by a contralateral reflex.
Aspects of the thermogravimetric analysis of liquid mixtures as predictive or interpretation tool for batch distillation
Authors: Tripodi Antonio , Rossetti Ilenia
Published: August 2021

The thermogravimetric analysis when applied to liquid binary mixtures of acetonitrile–water and methanol–water reproduces the whole course of a batch distillation with an appreciable saving of time and materials. The experimental mass and energy balances correlate with good approximation to the vapor–liquid equilibrium compositions without the need of gas-phase measures or thermodynamic models. This technique was here applied for the first time as fast method for distillation design and complementary tool for DSC boiling-point measurements.
Human Stem Cell Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Ernzen Kyle , Trask Aaron J. , Peeples Mark E. , Garg Vidu , Zhao Ming-Tao
Published: August 2021

The virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected over 190 million people to date, causing a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 relies on binding of its spike glycoprotein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for infection. In addition to fever, cough, and shortness of breath, severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in the rapid overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This overactive immune response is known as a cytokine storm, which leads to several serious clinical manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and myocardial injury. Cardiovascular disorders such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and heart failure not only enhance disease progression at the onset of infection, but also arise in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Tissue-specific differentiated cells and organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) serve as an excellent model to address how SARS-CoV-2 damages the lungs and the heart. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the current clinical perspectives of the bidirectional relationship between the cardiovascular system and viral progression. Furthermore, we also address the utility of hPSCs as a dynamic model for SARS-CoV-2 research and clinical translation.

Graphical abstract
Spatial Analysis of Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Mexico: Implications for Urban Planning to Improve Public Health
Authors: Garnica-Monroy Ruben , Garibay-Bravo Veronica , Gonzalez-Gonzalez Alonso , Martínez Salgado Hilda , Hernández-Reyes Malinalli
Published: August 2021

In cities, traffic is one of the major determinants for air quality. Studies have shown that proximity to roadways with heavy traffic has been linked with increased incidence and prevalence of a range of health effects such as adverse birth outcomes, dementia, asthma, and increased risk of bronchitis, wheezing, deficits in lung function growth and airway inflammation, especially among children. In Mexico, 103 urban areas have air quality monitoring, whilst more than 2,000 cities lack any information and only 29 have monitoring systems that are robust enough to estimate exposure. This poses serious limitations for environmental and health authorities when aiming at assessing current exposure levels to Traffic-Related Air Pollution (TRAP) with the purpose of designing and implementing policies to reduce the impacts of poor air quality in the population. This study proposes an approach to estimate the population potentially exposed to TRAP using Space Syntax’s accessibility index as the urban form variable. We selected the ten most accessible roads of the five Mexican cities to estimate the proportion of vulnerable population (residents, employees, schoolchildren, hospital patients) with the highest potential exposure to TRAP at a distance of 500 m. Our findings show a similar proportion of the population continually exposed to TRAP due to the proximity to roads with heavy traffic than studies using more complex models. Finally, this study presents alternatives to reduce current population exposure to traffic emissions in Mexican cities.
How do Older Adults Spend Their Time? Gender Gaps and Educational Gradients in Time Use in East Asian and Western Countries
Authors: Kan Man-Yee , Zhou Muzhi , Negraia Daniela Veronica , Kolpashnikova Kamila , Hertog Ekaterina , Yoda Shohei , Jun Jiweon
Published: August 2021

This study is the first to document how older adults in East Asian and Western societies spend their time, across four key dimensions of daily life, by respondent’s gender and education level. To do this, we undertook a pioneering effort and harmonized cross-sectional time-use data from East Asian countries (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) with data from the Multinational Time Use Study (Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, United Kingdom, United States; to which we refer as Western countries), collected between 2000 and 2015. Findings from bivariate and multivariate models suggest that daily time budgets of East Asian older adults are different from their counterparts in most Western countries. Specifically, gender gaps in domestic work, leisure, and sleep time were larger in East Asian contexts, than in Western countries. Gender gaps in paid work were larger in China compared to all other regions. Higher levels of educational attainment were associated with less paid work, more leisure, and less sleep time in East Asian countries, while in Western countries they were associated with more paid work, less domestic work, and less sleep. Interestingly, Italy and Spain, two Southern European welfare regimes, shared more similarities with East Asian countries than with other Western countries. We interpret and discuss the implications of these findings for population aging research, and welfare policies.
Co-sensing and co-shaping as shared and relational practices in bringing about relational leaders in higher education
Authors: Ramamoorthi Bhavani , Jäppinen Aini-Kristiina , Taajamo Matti
Published: August 2021

The aim of this article is to investigate how and what kinds of relational and shared practices were co-created within a multicultural team in a higher education collaborative learning environment. The students interacted while working towards the shared goal of co-constructing knowledge. The study provides insight into how student teams can actively build collaboration in learning spaces through manifesting relational leadership. Shared and relational practices refer broadly to all the knowledge, attitudes and skills that emerge from team interaction. A compound theoretical framework combining relational leadership and leadership trichotomy was adapted to study what particular factors enable shared and relational practices. The qualitative study drew data from students’ reflections and group discussions in an intervention which served as a space for experimentation in collaboration and dialogue. The results showed that the students practised Co-sensing and Co-shaping to effectively allow knowledge co-construction. A broadening perception of diversity and the perception that barriers were a doorway to new relational possibilities enabled Co-sensing and Co-shaping to work in collaboration. The results of the study could provide new insights for other kinds of higher education learning environments.
Proptosis a borderline between medical and surgical practice: Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy for example
Authors: Aloua Rachid , Kerdoud Ouassime , Belem Ousmane , Kaouani Amine , Konsem Tarcissus , Slimani Faiçal
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

The association hyperthyroidism–exophtalmia is pathognomonic of the Graves disease. Classically, the treatment is based on a pluridisciplinary approach with a precise chronology. Surgical management of dysthyroid orbitopathy is not based on consensus. When confronted with such particular situations; it can be proposed to treat surgically at the same time the endocrine disease and the ophthalmologic complications.

Observation:

The authors report the case of a 67 -year-old man suffering from Graves’ disease with severe bilateral exophthalmia, treated by orbital decompression with a good result after ten months.

Discussion:

This non-conventional approach highlighted by the authors can be useful in particular situations when the medical environment is not optimal. It helps prevent ocular complications caused by Graves' disease and improves the prognosis of patients with low capacities for the survey.

Highlights
Enhanced Turbulent Heat Fluxes Improve Meiyu‐Baiu Simulation in High‐Resolution Atmospheric Models
Authors: Ding Tian , Zhou Tianjun , Chen Xiaolong , Zou Liwei , Li Puxi , Roberts Malcolm J. , Wu Peili
Published: August 2021

Based on 10 pairs of atmospheric general circulation models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project, we find that high‐resolution models (HRMs, ∼50 km) perform better than low‐resolution models (LRMs, ∼100 km) in simulating the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) rain belt. We attribute the increased rainfall to enhanced vertical advection of water vapor in the HRMs which is mainly contributed by enhanced vertical motion. Based on moist static energy analyses, the stronger vertical motion in the HRMSs is mainly balanced by enhanced net energy flux into the atmosphere column in the “Meiyu‐Baiu” (MB) region due to the increase of air‐sea turbulent latent heat fluxes along the Kuroshio and sensible heat fluxes over land. The increased net energy flux in the HRMs drives stronger ascending motion, resulting in more realistic rainfall in the MB region. Higher saturated specific humidity determined by finer sea surface temperature, less near‐surface specific humidity along the Kuroshio, and stronger near‐surface winds on western side of the western North Pacific Subtropical High strengthened by the enhanced pressure gradient together contribute to higher ventilation efficiencies and enhanced ocean forcing along the Kuroshio, leading to more turbulent latent heat fluxes in the HRMs. Additionally, drier and less cloudy atmosphere in the HRMs result in more downward shortwave radiation heating over the land, which partly contributes to the increased sensible heat flux. This understanding of the sensitivity of simulated MB to model resolution has implications for precipitation simulation and prediction over East Asia.
Martian Crustal Field Influence on O+ and O2+ Escape as Measured by MAVEN
Authors: Weber Tristan , Brain David , Xu Shaosui , Mitchell David , Espley Jared , Mazelle Christian , McFadden James P. , Jakosky Bruce
Published: August 2021

Martian crustal magnetic fields influence the solar wind interaction with Mars in a way that is not fully understood. In some locations, crustal magnetic fields act as “mini‐magnetospheres,” shielding the planet's atmosphere, while in other locations they act as channels for enhanced energy input and particle escape. The net effect of this system is not intuitively clear, but previous modeling studies have suggested that crustal fields likely decrease global ion escape from Mars. In this study, we use data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft to analyze how crustal magnetic fields influence both global and local ion escape at Mars. We find that crustal fields only increase ion escape if ions are not bound tightly to the magnetic field. Specifically, ion escape is increased only if closed magnetic fields trap 35% or less of energized oxygen ions. In any other case, crustal fields decrease both global and local ion escape by as much as 40% and 80%, respectively. This suggests that the presence of crustal magnetic fields has had a moderate impact on atmospheric ion loss throughout Martian history, potentially influencing the planet's atmospheric evolution and habitability.
Surface‐Wave Tomography of the Northern Canadian Cordillera Using Earthquake Rayleigh Wave Group Velocities
Authors: Estève C. , Gosselin J. M. , Audet P. , Schaeffer A. J. , Schutt D. L. , Aster R. C.
Published: August 2021

We measure fundamental‐mode Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion from regional earthquakes and employ transdimensional Bayesian tomography to invert for azimuthally anisotropic group velocity maps at 10–60 s periods. Seismic azimuthal anisotropy within the crust and uppermost mantle shows fast‐axis alignment with principal northern Canadian Cordillera (NCC) tectonic structures suggesting large‐scale and coherent deformation across the crust and upper mantle. We extract group velocity dispersion curves at each grid point of the isotropic group velocity maps and invert them independently for VS as a function of depth in a probabilistic framework. At mid‐to‐lower crustal depths, our pseudo 3‐D VS model reveals an anomalously low VS structure (<3.8 km/s) across the NCC, which likely reflects elevated crustal temperatures that buoyantly support regional high elevations. Two high‐velocity regions (≥4.5 km/s) at uppermost mantle depths underpin the edges of the arcuate Mackenzie fold and thrust belt. We observe variations in the dip direction of the high‐velocity craton edge in the upper mantle, from subvertical in the northern NCC to westward in the southern NCC. We interpret a low‐velocity region (≤4.3 km/s) between the Tintina and Denali faults at uppermost mantle depths to reflect upwelling asthenosphere, which likely postdates 430 km of previously estimated Eocene lithosphere‐scale horizontal displacement along the Tintina fault. Our surface‐wave model resolves a high‐velocity region (≥4.4 km/s) dipping north‐northeast below the Wrangell volcanic field, which we interpret as a down‐going segment of the Pacific slab and may contribute to the observed volcanism in the area.
Aqueous Geochemical and Microbial Variation Across Discrete Depth Intervals in a Peridotite Aquifer Assessed Using a Packer System in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman
Authors: Nothaft Daniel B. , Templeton Alexis S. , Boyd Eric S. , Matter Juerg M. , Stute Martin , Paukert Vankeuren Amelia N. ,   The Oman Drilling Project Science Team
Published: August 2021

The potential for molecular hydrogen () generated via serpentinization to fuel subsurface microbial ecosystems independent from photosynthesis has prompted biogeochemical investigations of serpentinization‐influenced fluids. However, investigations typically sample via surface seeps or open‐borehole pumping, which can mix chemically distinct waters from different depths. Depth‐indiscriminate sampling methods could thus hinder understanding of the spatial controls on nutrient availability for microbial life. To resolve distinct groundwaters in a low‐temperature serpentinizing environment, we deployed packers (tools that seal against borehole walls during pumping) in two ‐deep, peridotite‐hosted wells in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Isolation and pumping of discrete intervals as deep as to below ground level revealed multiple aquifers that ranged in pH from 8 to 11. Chemical analyses and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of deep, highly reacted groundwaters bearing up to , methane () and sulfate () revealed an ecosystem dominated by Bacteria affiliated with the class Thermodesulfovibrionia, a group of chemolithoheterotrophs supported by oxidation coupled to reduction. In shallower, oxidized groundwaters, aerobic and denitrifying heterotrophs were relatively more abundant. High and of (up to and , respectively) indicated microbial oxidation, particularly in waters with evidence of mixing with waters. This study demonstrates the power of spatially resolving groundwaters to probe their distinct geochemical conditions and chemosynthetic communities. Such information will help improve predictions of where microbial activity in fractured rock ecosystems might occur, including beyond Earth.
Assessing Different Plant‐Centric Water Stress Metrics for Irrigation Efficacy Using Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere‐Continuum Simulation
Authors: Zhang Jingwen , Guan Kaiyu , Peng Bin , Pan Ming , Zhou Wang , Grant Robert F. , Franz Trenton E. , Rudnick Daran R. , Heeren Derek M. , Suyker Andrew , Yang Yi , Wu Genghong
Published: August 2021

Understanding plant water stress (PWS) in the soil‐plant‐atmosphere‐continuum (SPAC) that connects water supply from soil, water demand from atmosphere, and plant self‐regulation is a prerequisite for efficient irrigation in response to water scarcity. Currently, PWS can be defined in various ways, for example, based on environmental factors and/or plant‐centric metrics. The environment‐based metrics usually do not take plants into consideration. Regarding the existing plant‐centric metrics, their interconnections and abilities to capture the physical water constraints from both soil water supply and atmospheric water demand are still unclear. This research investigates the theoretical foundations behind different PWS metrics, and assesses their efficacy and potentials for irrigation scheduling. This study first investigated the interconnections among different PWS metrics and the co‐regulation of soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the plant‐centric metrics through an advanced process‐based model, ecosys. We then use ecosys to test different PWS metrics’ performance in guiding irrigation in terms of water use, maize yield, and economic profits. The case study was conducted at sites across a dramatic rainfall gradient in Nebraska, the largest irrigation state in the United States Corn Belt. The ecosys simulation indicates that canopy water potential and stomatal conductance (gs) are the most effective plant‐centric metrics in the SPAC system in indicating PWS. In addition, our findings show that using the plant‐centric metrics‐based irrigation schemes, which capture the co‐regulation of soil moisture and VPD, can improve producers’ economic profits through water savings.
Natural gas hydrate resources and hydrate technologies: a review and analysis of the associated energy and global warming challenges
Authors: Yu Yi-Song , Zhang Xianwei , Liu Jian-Wu , Lee Yohan , Li Xiao-Sen
Published: August 2021

The roles of natural gas hydrates and their related technologies in the future energy supply, carbon cycle and climate change mitigation.
Correction: Artichoke leaf extract supplementation lowers hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation and increases multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet
Authors: Liao Kuo-Chen , Jhuang Jia-Hua , Yao Hsien-Tsung
Published: August 2021

Correction for ‘Artichoke leaf extract supplementation lowers hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation and increases multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet’ by Guo-Chen Liao et al., Food Funct., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/D1FO00861G.
Alkylation of poly-substituted aromatics to probe effects of mesopores in hierarchical zeolites with differing frameworks and crystal sizes
Authors: Adawi Hayat I. , Odigie Florence O. , Sarazen Michele L.
Published: August 2021

Kinetic analysis of alkylation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene with benzyl alcohol and accompanying secondary reactions provides insight into reaction–diffusion–deactivation of bulky polyaromatic moieties in hierarchical zeolites.
Characterization and mechanism study of aqueous cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene
Authors: You Shichao , Ren Jiwen , Zhang Jinghan , Yu Zhaopeng , Zhao Chenqi , Wu Yibo , Liu Ruofan
Published: August 2021

The co-initiator B(C6F5)3 first complexed with ether. Then the complex deprives the OH− of CumOH at the water–oil interface, and initiates the polymerization of p-methylstyrene at the interface.
Palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative C–H cyclization for isoindolinone synthesis
Authors: Abe Masahiro , Ueta Kaho , Tanaka Saki , Kimachi Tetsutaro , Inamoto Kiyofumi
Published: August 2021

Pd-catalyzed intramolecular dehydrogenative C(sp3)–H amidation for the synthesis of isoindolinones was developed. Use of Pd/C as a catalyst enables the desired cyclization to proceed smoothly without adding any stoichiometric oxidants.
A nano-sized Cu-MOF with high peroxidase-like activity and its potential application in colorimetric detection of H2O2 and glucose
Authors: Yu Hao , Wu Hanliu , Tian Xuemei , Zhou Yafen , Ren Chunguang , Wang Zhonghua
Published: August 2021

A Cu-MOF with high peroxidase-like activity was prepared and could be used for colorimetric detection of H2O2 and glucose with high selectivity and good linear range (50–500 μM).
A highly sensitive and selective fluoride sensor based on a riboswitch-regulated transcription coupled with CRISPR-Cas13a tandem reaction
Authors: Ma Yuan , Mou Quanbing , Yan Peng , Yang Zhenglin , Xiong Ying , Yan Deyue , Zhang Chuan , Zhu Xinyuan , Lu Yi
Published: August 2021

A fluoride sensor based on riboswitch-regulated transcription coupled with Cas13a sensor can detect fluoride in water with a portable fluorometer. This sensor expands nuclei acid sensors to an anion, with high sensitivity and selectivity against other common anions.
Correction: Hydrogen-activation mechanism of [Fe] hydrogenase revealed by multi-scale modeling
Authors: Finkelmann Arndt Robert , Senn Hans Martin , Reiher Markus
Published: August 2021

Correction for ‘Hydrogen-activation mechanism of [Fe] hydrogenase revealed by multi-scale modeling’ by Arndt Robert Finkelmann et al., Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 4474–4482, DOI: 10.1039/C4SC01605J.