bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Uneasy Triumph of a Concept: The ‘Disease’ Conception of Alcoholism
Authors: Watts Thomas D.
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses some aspects of the growth, development and influence of the “disease” conception of alcoholism, the positivistic base of this conception, and on the criticisms centering on the validity and usefulness of the conception to fully explain the alcoholism phenomenon. Though the ‘disease conception’ has seemingly triumphed, it occupies an uneasy status, for the tempo of the criticism of the concept has increased in recent years, in these (and other) areas: (1) the alleged “predisposing characteristics” of alcoholics; (2) alcoholism as a progressive, inexorable process; (3) the notion of supposed “loss of control,” (4) the necessity of abstinence in treatment; (5) the reification of the concept; (6) the all-inclusive properties of the concept. It is suggested that more modest, less ambitious, more phenomenologically oriented terminology and concepts be employed, to do some justice to the complex and variegated nature of the alcoholism phenomenon.
Crime and Drugs: The Issues and Literature
Authors: McBride Duane C. , McCoy Clyde B.
Published: November 2015

It is the purpose of this paper to examine the major research issues in the study of the relationship between crime and drugs and to examine the relevant research literature as it applies to those issues. Typologies are constructed for both criminal and drug using behavior and it is argued that the relationship between crime and drugs should be examined for each type of crime and each type of drug. A variety of issues regarding the nature of the relationship are discussed. These issues include the statistical association, causal priority, heroin use and increased, sustained and type of criminal activity, the direction of the causal effect and the ecology of crime and drugs. Finally, it is argued that a longitudinal design is necessary before the complexities of the nature of the crime-drug relationship can begin to be unraveled.
Verbal Performances and Addict Conversion: An Interactionist Perspective on Therapeutic Communities
Authors: Hawkins J. David , Wacker Norman
Published: November 2015

Verbal interaction in therapeutic communities (TC's) for the treatment of drug addictions are explored here as a source of both the high rate of “conversion” among residents and the reported high rates of relapse to street crime and illicit drug use after leaving treatment. Residents enter TC's with values radically opposed to those of the TC's treatment philosophy but are gradually drawn into behavioral conformity with the TC code. Certain verbal performances demanded of clients appear instrumental to a conversion process in which clients develop self-concepts along the lines of program models, in spite of their frequent early efforts to “game” their way through therapy.

In verbal performances, clients are pressured to use the distinctive language (argot) and implicit value system of the TC treatment philosophy to characterize their own and their fellow clients' behavior before the group. Major vehicles are confessions, confrontations and rituals of stigmatization mounted with the active participation of resident peers. The ways in which residents are drawn into actively playing expected roles in the resocialization of fellow clients are described.

In TC's, dramatic verbal performances are highly compartmentalized in recurring discrete frames or occasions (Goffman, 1974). Each occasion is governed by a particularistic code which is learned experientially through the prompting of the TC peer group and staff. Specific codes of behavior are “learned by rote.” Behaviors appropriate on one occasion meet with censure on different occasions. In TC's the elaborated code or “concept” which joins the dramatic occasions is described as unknowable and not reducible to intellectual understanding. As a result, the resocialization process in TC's appears to be a conversion to this specific institutional setting itself. Such context-tried resocialization is not likely to guarantee the long-term rehabilitation of clients when they leave the TC setting.
Alcohol Issues and Social Science
Authors: Bacon Selden D.
Published: November 2015

Although there have been both scientific studies of the substance alcohol and also applications to alcohol-related “problems” and programs of scientific research from other fields, there has been little use of scientific orientation in study of the phenomena of alcohol beverage uses and users or of the nature of “problems.” The destructive impact of lack of objective terminology, data and questioning both for research and for resolving “issues” is illustrated. Promises of scientific study and difficulties facing its development are discussed.
Black Family Features and Drinking Behavior
Authors: Lipscomb Wendell R. , Goddard Lawford L.
Published: November 2015

The structural features of the Black family are explored in detail: the social organization of Black family life, the functions of the Black family and the concrete material context within which the Black family exists. Also explored is the contextual relationship between the family and its environment and how this interchange affects the family system and the behavior of its constituent members as manifested in patterns of drinking behavior.

While most of this work is highly descriptive, the logic of discovery underlying this article is guided by a theoretical model that suggests that the features of Black family life, as well as the pattern of drinking behavior, are unique and that such uniqueness derives from the cultural world-view of Black people. Accordingly, it is suggested that current Black drinking patterns are a product of historical traditions and practices originating from the African continent which have been modified by the concrete historical experience of Blacks in America.
Adolescent Substance Abuse in Anglo-American Families
Authors: Kaufman Edward , Borders Linda
Published: November 2015

A healthy family system will prevent adolescent substance abuse even in the face of heavy peer pressure. The key to such family functioning lies in the family's ability to adapt flexibly to different stresses. For the therapist intervening with the family under stress, as reflected by adolescent substance abuse, consideration of multiple factors including family ethnicity is vital. The Irish-American, Italian-American, Jewish-American, and Anglo-Saxon Protestant families all present with different ethnic backgrounds and generally different structural/interactional patterns. General considerations exist in the family treatment of adolescent substance abuse such as diminishing parental overcontrol and marking generational boundaries, but these must be considered in conjunction with ethnic variables of the presenting family.
Social Thought, Social Movements and Alcoholism: Some Implications of AA's Linkages with other Entities
Authors: Fry Lincoln J.
Published: November 2015

Social thought on alcoholism can be classified into various traditions, all of which have ignored the literature on social movements. In the instance of what is known as the disease model, critics claim the approach ultimately blames the alcoholic. The argument is presented that the social movement perspective suggests that the victim of what passes as the politics of social policy formation will be the organization, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It is noted that some describe AA affiliations as resulting in social policy successes while others warn that professionals in the alcoholism field must rid themselves of AA's influence. The controversy surrounding the Rand Report (Armor et al., 1978) is examined in that context. The findings related to the differential treatment effectiveness of AA and professional treatment are re-examined, which indicated that the Rand study could have been interpreted as a document favorable to AA. This discussion is concerned with why AA was denied what could have been a major victory.
Why Do the Nation's Students Use Drugs and Alcohol? Self-Reported Reasons from Nine National Surveys
Authors: Johnston Lloyd D. , O'Malley Patrick M.
Published: November 2015

The reasons that high school students give for their use of each of nine classes of licit and illicit substances are examined cross sectionally and over time. The data derive from the Monitoring the Future project, which involves annual surveys of large, nationally representative samples of American high school seniors. Reasons for use are found to vary substantially by drug, and also by degree of involvement with the drug; but reasons vary only to a rather limited degree by sex. An analysis of trends between 1976 and 1984 shows only a modest degree of change in the reasons given for using the various substances, despite the fact that prevalence rates for some drugs have changed substantially. Among the most commonly mentioned reasons for substance use are experimentation, social/recreational reasons, and relaxation.
A Moral Vision of Addiction: How People's Values Determine Whether They Become and Remain Addicts
Authors: Peele Stanton
Published: November 2015

Contemporary theories of addiction of all stripes rule out faulty values as a cause of addiction. Yet evidence from cross-cultural, ethnic, and social-class research, laboratory study of addictive behavior, and natural history and field investigations of addiction indicate the importance of value orientations in the development and expression of addictive behaviors, including drug and alcohol addiction, smoking, and compulsive eating. Furthermore, the rejection of moral considerations in addiction deprives us of our most powerful weapons against addiction and contributes to our current addiction binge. The disease myth of addiction in particular attacks the assumption of essential moral responsibility for people's drug use and related behavior, an assumption that we instead ought to be encouraging.
The Social Construction of Alcohol Problems in a Union's Peer Counseling Program
Authors: Sonnenstuhl William J. , Trice Harrison M.
Published: November 2015

While the referral processes in management-based employee assistance/industrial alcoholism programs have been studied, little attention has been paid to those in union peer counseling programs. This study closes the gap by reporting ethnographic data collected in one union's member assistance program. The Tunnel and Construction Workers Union is an occupational community characterized by a heavy drinking culture, and its program consists of credentialed alcoholism counselors and a network of union members who also belong to Alcoholics Anonymous. In negotiations with these groups, drinkers learn that they are alcoholic and achieve sobriety. Negotiations break down into three stages: Getting into the Network, Learning to Stay in the Network, and Taking Responsibility. As in management-based programs, constructive confrontation and job performance are crucial elements in the negotiations. In unions, however, those elements take on a slightly different meaning because unions operate within a different social context than management-dominated work organizations.
Commercial Information on Drugs: Confusing the Physician?
Authors: Hemminki Elina
Published: November 2015

Physicians' drug prescribing habits are not adequate. This paper gives examples from Finland suggesting that information given by drug industry is likely to create and reinforce poor prescribing. Results from four different studies looking at the content of the Finnish commercial drug catalogues suggest that physicians relying on them may be led astray. Studies on drug representatives' presentations in 1975 and 1986 showed that negative aspects of drugs were often omitted. The confusion created by the double name system (trade names and generic names) is illustrated by a survey, showing that physicians did not often know the generic equivalents of the trade names and vice versa. At the end, predictions of possible changes in commercial drug information are presented.
Issues in Research on the Older Woman of Color
Authors: Mindel Charles H. , Kail Barbara L.
Published: November 2015

The difficulties of conducting research on minority group older women have not been considered by those in the field of non-compliance. Methodologists have long discussed the issues of doing research on compliance and those of doing research in minority communities. We attempt to integrate these two themes and suggest how the concerns described can be incorporated into our practice and assessment of research.
Patient-Physician Communication as a Determinant of Medication Misuse in Older, Minority Women
Authors: Garrity Thomas F. , Lawson Erma Jean
Published: November 2015

This paper focuses on factors in the doctor-patient relationship that affect misuse of prescription drugs and other medically recommended regimens. The review first examines the patient compliance literature as regards the general population and then narrows the focus to the situations of older, minority females. In both sections, the reviews are organized around four aspects of the clinician-patient encounter: teaching efforts, sharing of expectations, activity vs. passivity of the two participants, and emotional tone. In general, there is limited research available on either the general or the older, minority, female patient populations in this area. To the extent that there are data available, both patient groups appear similarly affected by the factors identified. In the latter population (older, minority, female patients) there appear to be several ways in which risk of misuse is heightened.
The Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Self-Reported Frequency of Drug and Alcohol Use
Authors: Cochran John K.
Published: November 2015

Homogeneous effects cumulative logistic regression is used to examine the effects of personal religiosity on adolescent self-reported frequency of drug and alcohol use. Survey data from a sample of 3,065 male and female adolescents in grades 7 through 12 in three midwestern states are employed. While the existence of an inverse religiosity-substance use relationship is well documented, questions still exist concerning the nature of these relationships. A review of the literature reveals three rival hypotheses concerning variation in the strength of these relationships across drug types: the Anti-Asceticism hypothesis, which predicts stronger relationships among the “softer” drug types; the Moral Condemnation hypothesis, which predicts stronger relationships among the “harder” drugs; and the Hellfire hypothesis, which predicts stable effects across drug types. These data provide strong support for the more general Hellfire hypothesis, with equivalent parameter estimates for the effects of religiosity observed for each drug type. However, slightly weaker effects are observed for adolescentuse of alcohol.
Marketing and Pharmaceutical Development
Authors: Myers Maven J.
Published: November 2015

New pharmaceuticals are developed in response to therapeutic need, scientific feasibility, and market demand. As research and development (R&D) decision processes becomes more sophisticated, marketing input plays a greater role in these decisions.

Industry-financed R&D is dependent on basic research financed by government. The political decisions which determine government-financed research are significant determinants of the scientific feasibility of a new drug.

Many new drugs offer only minor advantages over existing therapies. The cumulative effect of these minor improvements are significant. In addition, new drugs often increase competition in a market.

The Orphan Drug Act has contributed to the marketing of drugs where sufficient market demand may not otherwise exist. While some portion of R&D funds are spent on imitative drugs, the incentive for this use of R&D funds decreases as buyers become more sophisticated and as the cost of marketing a new drug increases.
The Cognitive Skills Component in Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional Settings: A Brief Review
Authors: Husband Stephen D. , Platt Jerome J.
Published: November 2015

Cognitive skills training programs of different types have been used with various populations, including substance abusers, to successfully teach skills so that individuals can function more adaptively. Yet, with a few notable exceptions, there is a paucity of reports in the literature describing the inclusion of a cognitive skills component in correctional substance abuse treatment. Moreover, there is a serious lack of substance abuse treatment programs in many of the nation's jails; this is in spite of the fact that a substantial number of the nation's prisoners have been identified as substance abusers or are incarcerated for drug-related crimes. This article provides a brief overview of cognitive skills interventions, and highlights two correctional treatment programs that incorporated a cognitive component and provided for a controlled outcome evaluation.
Prevalence Estimation: Summary of Common Problems and Practical Solutions
Authors: Hser Yih-Ing
Published: November 2015

Policymakers and researchers interested in prevalence estimation often seek practical guidance on how to obtain and interpret quality estimates. Although the preceding chapters have addressed aspects of these issues, it is helpful to summarize some of the common problems and to provide practical solutions. This chapter assembles a set of questions and abbreviated answers in areas of policy needs, prevalence definitions, data characteristics and availability, and estimation techniques. Readers are directed to extensive discussion in other relevant chapters.
The Disease Controversy Revisited: An Ontologic Perspective
Authors: Neuhaus Charles
Published: November 2015

The current debate over the disease model of addictive behaviors is briefly reviewed, and the ill-will between some advocates and opponents of disease conceptions is noted. The recognition that language distinguishes humans from other living beings is introduced, in which one's reality is generated linguistically. This is fundamentally divergent from the rationalistic view that there is an objective world, free of observer bias, that language seeks to describe. Consequently, diseases are seen as interpretations, or attempts to ascribe meaning to a set of observations. Since meaning happens only in language, diseases are necessarily linguistic distinctions, and not physical entities. The author recommends efforts be directed toward developing innovative treatment approaches, rather than quarreling over the veracity of addiction as disease. Listening for the explicit and implicit rules that patients live by and assisting them to invent new realities and practices in language that permit more productive moves is advocated.
Impairment Testing: Issues and Convergence with Employee Assistance Programs
Authors: Trice Harrison M. , Steele Paul D.
Published: November 2015

Drug testing is an increasingly popular corporate response to substance using employees. It has, however, some significant shortcomings as a means of identifying and controlling substance use. In this article, the authors describe and discuss drug-testing policies and procedures, and conclude that drug testing became popular in the 1980s largely as a workplace response to broader cultural and governmental concerns, rather than actual increase in the prevalence of substance use. Issues related to the implementation of performance testing as an alternative to drug testing are discussed. Finally, the authors consider the areas of distinction and convergence between drug and performance testing and employee assistance programs.
Maturing out of Substance Use: Selection and Self-Correction
Authors: Labouvie Erich
Published: November 2015

Based on the concept of self-regulation of development, data from a longitudinal study of young adults were used to examine the maturing out of substance use as a manifestation of both selection and self-correction. Findings confirm a normative trend toward greater conventionality that is evidenced by decreases in individuals' own and their friends' perceived use of alcohol, cigarettes, and illicit drugs. Marriage and parenthood are important personal goals for a majority of young adults. Path analytic results indicate that by age 28/31 reductions in use are more pronounced among individuals who have remained married since their early 20s, those who have become married, and those who have become parents. These self-corrective changes in use are facilitated by selection of, and differential association with, friends who are also married and have children by age 30. At the same time, however, there is also evidence for developmental continuity in use. Besides strong autoregressive effects, such continuity is enhanced by other selection processes indicating that young adults are inclined to select friends and spouses on the basis of shared behavioral norms with regard to substance use.
Employee Attitude Crystallization and Substance Use Policy: Test of a Classification Scheme
Authors: Bennett Joel B. , Lehman Wayne E.K.
Published: November 2015

Previous research suggests that employees are often unaware of or ambivalent toward substance abuse policies. These studies focus on one policy component-drug-testing-and fail to distinguish employees with clear (or crystallized) from unclear attitudes. The current study explored a broader view of policy and examined both personal and situational factors that may determine attitudes. Survey data from employees in three municipalities support a distinction among five attitude categories; those who are: (a) dissatisfied with efforts to control employee abuse, (b) satisfied, (c) anti-policy, (d) pro-policy, and (e) uninformed. Discriminant analyses suggest that different profiles characterize these attitude groups. For example, dissatisfied employees report low personal alcohol use, high co-worker alcohol use, and low self-referral whereas anti-policy employees report high personal drug use, high co-worker use, and low job identity. Discussion focuses on policy as a social construction and the implications of attitude distinctions for employee training.
Assessment of Risk for HIV Transmission among Drug Abusers in Porto Alegre, Brazil
Authors: Pechansky Flavio , Soibelman Mauro , Kohlrausch Egle
Published: November 2015

The authors describe the preliminary data from a research project to assess risk behaviors for HIV transmission among drug abusers in the south of Brazil, with particular emphasis on IDUs. Two questionnaires developed by U.S. researchers (the risk for AIDS behavior inventory {RAB} and the risk behavior assessment [RBAJ] were translated and adapted to be used as assessment tools for the first 61 cases of the project. The preliminary findings are reported, as well as implications for the development of future interventions to deal with the spread of HIV in Brazil.
Improving Substance Abuse Treatment Access and Retention Using a Case Management Approach
Authors: Mejta Cheryl L. , Bokos Peter J. , Mickenberg Judith , Maslar Michael E. , Senay Edward
Published: November 2015

The effectiveness of a case management model in improving treatment access, retention, and outcomes was examined within a cohort of 360 intravenous drug users (IDUs) pursuing substance-abuse treatment through a central intake facility. IDUs were randomly assigned either to the case management group or to the comparison group. In the case managed condition, IDUs received assistance from their case manager in identifying and accessing needed services, including substance abuse treatment. In the comparison condition, IDUs received limited referral information for substance abuse treatment. Clients in the case managed group accessed substance abuse treatment in significantly greater numbers and more rapidly than clients in the comparison group. Case-managed clients also remained in substance abuse treatment nearly twice as long as did comparison group clients. Finally, case-managed clients showed better treatment outcomes including reduced alcohol and drug use.
Drug Use and Correlates among Sexually Transmitted Disease Patients, Emergency Room Patients, and Arrestees
Authors: Hser Yih-Ing , Boyle Kathleen , Anglin M. Douglas
Published: November 2015

This paper reports the results of a study on the use of illicit drugs and related problems in groups that are often considered hidden populations at high risk for drug abuse. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in 1992–94 with 5,168 subjects from sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, hospital emergency rooms (ER), and jails in Los Angeles County, California. Extensive drug involvement and other HIV-risk behaviors were reported by all three samples. Excluding marijuana, crack and cocaine were the most prevalent drugs used; the rate of positive cocaine urinalysis was 8.5% for STD subjects, 18.1% for ER subjects, and 52.8% for the arrestees. About 40% of the subjects from both STDs and jails and 27% from ERs reported three or more sex partners in the past year. About 41% of STD and 49% of ER samples also reported having arrest records. Current use of heroin and cocaine was highly associated with multiple sex partners and an arrest record. The study confirmed the high prevalence of drug abuse and other high-risk behaviors in these samples. The importance of targeting these groups for early identification and intervention is underscored.
Are Telephone Surveys Suitable for Studying Substance Abuse? Cost, Administration, Coverage and Response Rate Issues
Authors: McAuliffe William E. , Geller Stephanie , LaBrie Richard , Paletz Susannah , Fournier Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

Substance-abuse telephone surveys have become increasingly popular; however, the methodological literature has focused solely on potential disadvantages of the method when compared to face-to-face surveys. Striving for greater balance, this paper examines the potential advantages (lower cost, greater security and privacy, and easier administration) and disadvantages (noncoverage, lower response rates, and lower validity). Existing evidence suggests that the disadvantages typically have a small impact on prevalence estimates. When there is a risk of substantial bias, researchers should employ available techniques for minimizing it. On balance, the telephone survey's advantages appear to outweigh the disadvantages for many research problems, but enhanced designs are needed to realize the method's full potential in this substantive area.
An Economic Analysis of Alcohol Prohibition
Authors: Miron Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2015

The use of government prohibitions to address economic and social problems related to substance abuse is widespread, but this policy is surprisingly difficult to justify on economic grounds. Standard economic models suggest that prohibitions can have substantial undesirable consequences and that they may fail to accomplish their primary objective: reduced consumption of the prohibited commodity. Economic reasoning also suggests that moderate sin taxes on the commodity in question, possibly combined with various types of regulation, are likely to reduce consumption more effectively than prohibition while avoiding many of the negative consequences of prohibitions. Evidence from the U.S. experience with the prohibition of alcohol, 1920–33, is consistent with the predictions of the economic analysis of prohibition: neither alcohol consumption nor alcohol prices changed substantially, while violent crime increased.
Windmills in Their Minds? Drug Policy and Drug Research in the Netherlands
Authors: Korf Dirk J. , Riper Heleen , Bullington Bruce
Published: November 2015

Contemporary Dutch drug policy is a product of many long-term political, demographic and social changes that have taken place in the Netherlands since the nation's first drug law was enacted in 1919. Shifts in policy emphasis are described and explained in terms of three principles that serve as the cornerstones of the Dutch approach, these include the following: (1) a separation of the markets for hard and soft drugs; (2) normalization of the phenomenon, which means treating drug users as ordinary citizens entitled to government assistance, but also required to assume responsibility for their actions; and (3) harm reduction efforts directed at minimizing the damage done by drugs to users, communities and to the society as a whole. The changing policies regarding cannabis are utilized here as a case study to illustrate how these principles work in practice. Several contemporary issues are analyzed in terms of their influence on recent policy changes. These include drug-related nuisance, the participation of organized crime in drug markets and criticism from abroad regarding the impact of Dutch policies on other nations. The article concludes with a reconsideration of the effects of decriminalizing cannabis, contrasting the Dutch application of the expediency principle with its use in other nations.
Involvement of Caspase-3 and GD3 Ganglioside in Ceramide-induced Apoptosis in Farber Disease
Authors: Farina Felicia , Cappello Francesco , Todaro Matilde , Bucchieri Fabio , Peri Giovanni , Zummo Giovanni , Stassi Giorgio
Published: November 2015

Farber's disease (FD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by ceramidase deficiency, which results in ceramide accumulation in lung, liver, colon, skeletal muscle, cartilage, and bone. Although this disease has been symptomatically characterized, little is known about its molecular pathogenetic process. Because recent studies reported that ceramide accumulation induces GD3 ganglioside formation and apoptosis, we investigated, in tissue obtained via colonoscopy from seriously involved patients, the possible involvement of ceramide in FD colonocyte destruction. Histochemical and TUNEL analyses of paraffin-embedded sections revealed that 45 ± 4.3% of FD colonocytes showed morphological signs of apoptosis compared with the 8 ± 2.3% of constitutive epithelial cell death. Importantly, immunohistochemical study for pro-apoptotic factors showed that GD3 accumulation co-localized with active caspase-3 and cleaved K18 in FD colon tissue. These findings provide evidence for a role of the apoptotic ceramide pathway in the pathogenesis of FD.
Co-expression of the Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigens 1 and 2 in Normal Adult Human Tissues and Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Cataltepe Sule , Gornstein Eric R. , Schick Charles , Kamachi Yoshiro , Chatson Kimberly , Fries Jochen , Silverman Gary A. , Upton Melissa P.
Published: November 2015

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) serves as a serological marker for advanced squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and as an indicator of therapeutic response. Recent molecular studies show that the SCCA is transcribed by two almost identical tandemly arrayed genes, SCCA1 and SCCA2. These genes are members of the high molecular weight serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. Although SCCA1 and SCCA2 are 92% identical at the amino acid level, they have distinct biochemical properties. Paradoxically, SCCA1 is an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteinases, such as cathepsins L, S, and K, whereas SCCA2 inhibits chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases, cathepsin G, and mast cell chymase. Using a new set of discriminatory monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, we showed that SCCA1 and SCCA2 were co-expressed in the suprabasal layers of the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue, tonsil, esophagus, uterine cervix and vagina, Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus, and some areas of the skin. SCCA1 and SCCA2 also were detected in the pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium of the conducting airways. Examination of squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and head and neck showed that SCCA1 and SCCA2 were co-expressed in moderately and well-differentiated tumors. Moreover, there was no differential expression between these SCCA “isoforms” in normal or malignant tissues. In contrast to previous studies, these data indicated that the expression of SCCA1 and SCCA2 was not restricted to the squamous epithelium and that these serpins may coordinately regulate cysteine and serine proteinase activity in both normal and transformed tissues.
Visual Imagery as an Information Processing Strategy
Authors: Forrest Elliott B.
Published: November 2015

The role of visual imagery is explored as an information-processing strategy, and its relationship is counter pointed to the linguistic system. The importance of visual imagery as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool to aid both visual and nonvisual performance and learning problems is discussed.
Discrimination of Neurological Impairment in the Learning Disabled Adolescent
Authors: Fabian Judith J. , Jacobs Ursula W.
Published: November 2015

Learning disabilities have lacked adequate etiological definition. The Canter Background Interference Procedure of the Bender Gestalt Test and the Quick Neurological Screening Test were found to discriminate neurological/organic signs in an adolescent learning disabled population. Up to this time there has been a paucity of adequate, relatively brief objective measures of organicity in this age range. Methodological problems, research needs, and implications for the use of these tests are discussed.
How Many Teachers Do We Need?
Authors: Maul Ray C.
Published: November 2015

This article undertakes to highlight the findings of the 1952 National Teacher Supply and Demand Study, the fifth in the annual series. The investigation is designed to clarify some of the most baffling problems confronting the American elementary and high school system today. Not only counselors and guidance workers, but teachers, administrators, school board members, state department officials, local and state professional groups, legislators, civic groups, parents, citizens—all persons interested in the immediate and long-range welfare of the nation—have a stake in these vital problems.
The Cooperative Program in Educational Administration and How it Grew
Authors: Carroll John S.
Published: November 2015

What is the CPEA? How was it created? What are its purposes? How does it function? What are its accomplishments to date? These are some of the questions answered by Mr. Carroll in this information-packed statement. It brings Journal readers up to date on this far-flung undertaking sponsored by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation.
Trust in God, Forgiveness by God, and Death Anxiety
Authors: Krause Neal
Published: November 2015

Research on religion and death anxiety has produced many contradictory findings. These conflicting findings arise, in part, from inadequacies in the measurement of religion as well as problems with the way the data have been analyzed. The purpose of the current study is to develop and empirically evaluate a conceptual model that contains the following core hypotheses: (a) People who go to church more often will receive more spiritual support from fellow church members (spiritual support is assistance provided by coreligionists for the explicit purpose of increasing the religious beliefs and practices of the recipient). (b) Individuals who receive more spiritual support will be more likely to trust God. (c) Those who trust God more deeply will be more likely to feel forgiven by Him. (d) People who feel forgiven by God will experience less death anxiety. Findings from a recent nationwide survey provide support for each hypothesis.
Wet Soiling of Cotton; Part I: The Effect of Finishes on Soiling
Authors: Berch Julian , Peper Henry
Published: November 2015

This work is part of a program that has the objective of establishing the relationship between surface properties and wet soiling characteristics of cottons treated with selected finishes. The results and interpretation of soiling tests on cottons with fifteen different finishes or chemical modifications are reported here.

The fabrics were soiled in aqueous dispersions of iron oxide, iron oxide plus oleic acid, carbon black, carbon black plus oleic acid, and vacuum cleaner dirt. In most cases, the fabrics were soiled with each of these dispersions at 120° and 160° F.

The results of the tests indicate that positively charged, hydrophobic or soft finishes promote wet soiling. The best resistance to wet soiling was obtained with those finishing agents or chemical modifications that were negatively charged or hydrophilic.
Studies on the Distribution of Cross-Links in Wrinkle-Resistant Cottons
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Kullman Russell M. H. , Frick J. G. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: November 2015

The properties of untreated cotton, cotton acetylated to various degrees, and partially deacetylated cottons were examined before and after cross-linking treatments to obtain information on the distribution of cross-links in wrinkle-resistant cottons. The study showed that the cellulosic hydroxyl groups that are most reactive with dimethylol ethyleneurea are acetylated first. Similarly, deacetylation released the most reactive groups first. Electron micrographs showed that interlamellae cross-links (cross-links between growth layers) in the cotton fiber occur when there is improvement in dry crease recovery, but the interlamellae cross-links are not essential for improvement in wet crease recovery. Wet recovery (without dry) was imparted by intermicrofibril crosslinks.
Denier Distribution of Textile Fibers Obtained with an Electrical Sensing Zone Particle Analyzer (Coulter Counter®)
Authors: Bloch M. G. , Gusack J. A.
Published: November 2015

Fiber-diameter and denier distributions of various size tows have been determined with the Coulter Counter, an instrument consisting of a sensing unit and a digital counter. The methods developed for sample preparation, instrument operation, and efficient data reduction are described. A critical comparison of the results with results of other denier measuring techniques is made, and the advantages and limitations of the method at present and its future potential are discussed.
Relationships of Cotton Fabric Thickness and Compressional Resilience to Wash–Wear Properties
Authors: Hebert Jacques J. , Weiss Louis G. , Orr Rollin S. , Grant James N.
Published: November 2015

Measurements of thickness and compressional resilience were made on a variety of wash-wear-treated 80 × 80 print cloth samples. The method, utilizing an electronic compression tester, was more reliable and less time consuming than mechanical methods. Tension during treatment, mercerization, and add-on of wrinkle-resistant agents affected fabric thickness. An inverse relation was found between thickness at low pressure and the wash–wear panel rating of the samples. A high correlation existed between wrinkle recovery and compressional resilience, indicating the advantages of studies of compressional properties of wash–wear-treated cotton print cloths.
The Theory of Shrinkproofing of Wool: Part V: Electron and Light Microscopy of Wool Fibers after Chemical Treatments
Authors: Bradbury J. H. , Rogers G. E. , Filshie B. K.
Published: November 2015

Lincoln 36's top, subjected to ten different chemical treatments as described in previous publications of this series [4, 5], was examined by light and electron microscopy using replica and thin-sectioning techniques. The sectioning and staining technique proved useful in showing the extent of penetration of the fiber by the reagent. The more drastic treatments such as 5% sodium hydroxide in water, hydrogen peroxide (10 vol for 16 hr), and severe treatment with chlorine (16% on weight of wool) caused almost complete obliteration of cellular detail throughout the fiber. Milder oxidation treatments may not have destroyed cellular detail, but may have oxidized sufficient disulfide bonds to prevent the TGA-OsO4 staining procedure from staining the matrix, with the result that the fine structure of microfibrils and matrix in the cortex were not visible. Alternative section staining procedures utilizing permanganate or lead hydroxide were also useful.

Modification of the cuticle was observed after every treatment which effected shrinkproofing; namely, acid chlorination, treatment with permonosulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, and treatment with permanganate in saturated salt. Some treatments (ethanol extraction, for example) produced a marginal degree of shrinkproofing and showed a small amount of cuticle modification. Other treatments (with peracetic acid, for instance) did not modify the cuticle and did not effect shrinkproofing. Thus, the primary requirement for shrinkproofing by degradative chemical treatments is sufficient modification of the fiber cuticle. The chemical reaction by which cuticle modification (and thereby shrinkproofing) is brought about generally involves cystine, but with the use of ethanolic sodium hydroxide the major process is probably the removal of a wool wax constituent from the cell membrane complex beneath the cuticle.

Although modification of the cortex by chemical reaction is undesirable from a practical point of view, it has only a secondary effect on the degree of shrinkproofing. Various methods of confining the reaction to the cuticle are discussed. In particular, it was found that sodium hydroxide in water penetrates throughout the fiber, whereas the reaction was limited to the cuticle by the use of sodium hydroxide in ethanol or in an aqueous solution saturated with salt. Similarly, reaction of the cortex occurred with permanganate in water (with no subsequent shrinkproofing), whereas the presence of salt limited the reaction to the cuticle, thus producing shrinkproofing. The correlation between cuticle modification (hence degree of shrinkproofing) and alteration of frictional coefficients was good in most cases, but the lack of correlation in a few cases emphasized the importance of a new approach to the measurement of frictional coefficients.
The Behavior of Ethylenimine with Cellulose in the Presence of Acetic Acid
Authors: Segal Leon , Eggerton F. V.
Published: November 2015

Cotton and rayon celluloses heated in the presence of ethylenimine and acetic acid dissolved in benzene were found to contain a significant amount of fixed nitrogen. Some polymer was formed but was removed by washing with water. The optimum molar ratio of acid-to-imine seemed to be in the range 1:10 to 1:20. Nitrogen content in treated cotton after a 2-hr boil in 2% sodium hydroxide was 1.5%; in treated rayon, 2.7%. There was no change in the crystal lattice. Infrared spectra were similar to those of aminoethylcellulose. The treated cellulose dyed with acid wool dyes, complexed readily with metal ions, and showed moderate ion-exchange capacity. There seemed to be little change in tensile strength as a result of the inline treatment.
Pore Structure of Cotton Fabrics Crosslinked with Formaldehyde-Free Reagents
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , King Walter D.
Published: November 2015

Pore structures of cotton fabric crosslinked with several formaldehyde-free durable press reagents are elucidated, and results are compared with those for the industry standard, DMDHEU (dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea). The formaldehyde-free reagents were BTCA (butanetetracarboxylic acid), DHDMI (dihydroxydimethylimidazolidinone), and the glyoxal/glycol system; the fabric was an 80 × 80 cotton print-cloth. Treatments were designed to impart the same degree of conditioned wrinkle recovery (WRA) to the fabric. A reverse gel permeation chromatographic technique was used to follow changes in pore size distribution. Columns were prepared by settling water slurries of the ground cotton in a conventional manner. Two series of water soluble solutes, which were series of oligomeric sugars and ethylene glycols, were used to study the elution characteristics of the unmodified and crosslinked samples. Internal structure differences were also elucidated by means of moisture regain, considered to be a measure of the internal surface of the cotton fiber in the conditioned state, and water of imbibition, a measure of internal volume in the water-swollen state. Formaldehyde-free crosslinking reagents effect a lower level of collapse of the internal pore structure of the cotton fiber than does DMDHEU at generally comparable levels of resilience.
An Analysis of the System Effects in Woven Fabrics under Ballistic Impact
Authors: Cunniff Philip M.
Published: November 2015

Following a brief review of prior work on fabric-based armor systems, the system effects that occur during the ballistic impact of woven fabric body armor materials are discussed from a conceptual framework developed to relate single yarn impact mechanics to fabric impact mechanics. The consequence of assembling yarns into single-ply fabric structures is discussed from this perspective. A steep strain gradient along yarns in the region of the transverse deflection of the fabric is related to the constraint imposed on them by neighboring yarns. Striking and residual velocity data, collected for single-ply fabric systems of Spectra®, Kevlar® 29, and nylon with various different yarn deniers and weave types, are used to establish the response of spaced armor systems. The system effects of assembling fabric plies into body armor systems are determined by comparing the response of spaced armor systems to actual multiple-ply systems. There is a pronounced decrease in energy absorption capacity for the Spectra and nylon systems; this deleterious effect is ascribed to increased transverse stresses and possible interference of the deflection characteristics of fabric plies by subsequent plies.
Surface Energies of Nonionic Surfactants Adsorbed onto Nylon Fiber and a Correlation with Their Solubility Parameters
Authors: Slade Philip E. , Hild Debra N.
Published: November 2015

The surface energies of spin finishes adsorbed onto synthetic fibers are a major factor in determining the processing capabilities of these fibers. They also play a key role in determining how wettable the fibers are by other materials that may be applied to yarn or fabrics in later stages of processing, such as dyes, sizes, or anti-soiling agents. We have applied several homologous series of nonionic surfactants, which can be used as spin finish emulsifiers, to nylon 66 fibers and determined the polar, dispersion, and total surface energies of these adsorbed materials. We also propose a relationship between the measured surface energies and the calculated Hansen fractional solubility parameters.
Analysis of Fabric Deformation in a Roll-Making Operation Part III: Effect of Viscoelasticity
Authors: Ghosh T. K. , Peng H. , Banks-Lee P.
Published: November 2015

The relationship between various parameters of roll making, fabric properties, and the resultant stresses developed within a fabric roll has been discussed in Parts I and II of this series. A discrete continuum model was used to describe fabric deformation during roll making. In the present model, the fabric is assumed to be in plane stress state and the effect in the filling direction is entirely neglected. The fabric is considered as anisotropic in warp and thickness directions. The effect of fabric viscoelasticity in the warp direction is also considered. A simple two-term Maxwell viscoelastic model is used to describe the fabric viscoelastic behavior. The stress relaxation process within fabric rolls during and after roll formation is discussed through numerical examples.