bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Celiac Disease: Distinct Autoimmune Disorders That Share Common Pathogenic Mechanisms
Authors: Goodwin Gregory
Published: October 2019

Background: The relatively common co-occurrence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) suggests these disorders share common pathogenic etiologies. Summary: T1D and CD are strongly linked to closely related high-risk human lymphocyte antigens (HLA-DR-DQ). High-risk HLA molecules bind specific fragments of gluten or the islet self-antigen(s) and present these antigens to antigen-responsive T cells. In an appropriate proinflammatory environment, the autoimmune response results in destruction of the intestinal enterocyte and/or the pancreatic beta cell. Environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of T1D and CD because (1) identical twins are only partially concordant for these disorders and (2) incidence rates of T1D and CD have been steadily rising for decades. Prospective studies in infants genetically predisposed to T1D and CD showed that antibody positivity to both disorders begins in the first 1–3 years of life. Viral infections and early exposure to gluten or cow’s milk in the infant diet have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, delaying introduction of gluten in the infant diet until 12 months of age had no impact on the development of islet or celiac autoimmunity. Weaning nursing infants to hydrolyzed infant formula had no impact on the development of T1D. Viral infections have been suspected of playing a role in T1D pathogenesis for decades. A large international prospective study (TEDDY) has shown increased risk of T1D autoimmunity particularly when >5 respiratory infections or febrile infections have occurred in the 9 months preceding the appearance of islet antibodies. Provocative data in animal models of T1D suggest the microbiome may play an important role in the pathogenesis of T1D. Breastfeeding, diet, infections, antibiotics, and method of birth alter the composition of the microbiome. Human data indicate subtle differences in the microbiome of children with T1D autoimmunity, while intestinal dysbiosis has been clearly demonstrated in CD. Alterations of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CD, and the NOD mouse model suggests an important role of a leaky intestinal epithelium in T1D as well. Key Message: Immunogenetics and the environment are closely interrelated in the pathogenesis of T1D and CD. Large well-designed prospective studies in at-risk populations informed by scientifically rigorous studies in animal models are likely to have the greatest impact on our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of these detrimental autoimmune disorders.
Use of a Mechanical Ventilator with Respiratory Function Monitoring Provides More Consistent Ventilation during Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation
Authors: Jain Deepak , D’Ugard Carmen , Aguilar Ana , del Moral Teresa , Bancalari Eduardo , Claure Nelson
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with T-Piece and self-inflating bag (SIB) during neonatal resuscitation after birth is associated with variability in ventilation. The use of a ventilator with respiratory function monitoring (RFM) for PPV, however, has not been evaluated. Objective: To determine if ventilator + RFM can reduce ventilation variability compared to T-Piece and SIB in a preterm manikin at different combinations of target tidal volume (VT) and lung compliance (CL). Methods: Twenty clinicians provided PPV via mask and endotracheal tube (ETT) using SIB, T-Piece, T-Piece + RFM and Ventilator + RFM to a manikin with adjustable lung CL. Three combinations of CL and target VT: Low CL-Low VT, Low CL-High VT and High CL-Low VT were used in a random order. Results: The use of ventilator + RFM for PPV via ETT during High CL-Low VT period reduced the proportion of breaths with expiratory VT above target when compared to the other 3 devices (56 ± 35%, 85 ± 20%, 90 ± 25%, 92 ± 12% for ventilator + RFM, T-Piece + RFM, T-Piece, SIB, respectively; p < 0.05). During PPV via both mask and ETT, ventilator + RFM maintained the set Ti and rate, whereas SIB and T-Piece use resulted in higher rates, and T-Piece in higher proportion of breaths with prolonged Ti. During PPV via mask, ventilator + RFM reduced gas leakage compared to other devices. Conclusion: In this simulation study, use of a mechanical ventilator with RFM led to an overall improvement in volume targeting at different settings of CL and reduced the gas leak during mask ventilation. The efficacy and safety of using this strategy to neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room needs to be evaluated.
Heterogeneous Cellular Contributions to Elastic Laminae Formation in Arterial Wall Development
Authors: Lin Chien-Jung , Staiculescu Marius C. , Hawes Jie Z. , Cocciolone Austin J. , Hunkins Bridget M. , Roth Robyn A. , Lin Chieh-Yu , Mecham Robert P. , Wagenseil Jessica E.
Published: October 2019

Rationale:

Elastin is an important ECM (extracellular matrix) protein in large and small arteries. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) produce the layered elastic laminae found in elastic arteries but synthesize little elastin in muscular arteries. However, muscular arteries have a well-defined internal elastic lamina (IEL) that separates endothelial cells (ECs) from SMCs. The extent to which ECs contribute elastin to the IEL is unknown.

Objective:

To use targeted elastin (Eln) deletion in mice to explore the relative contributions of SMCs and ECs to elastic laminae formation in different arteries.

Methods and Results:

We used SMC- and EC-specific
Cre
recombinase transgenes with a novel floxed
Eln
allele to focus gene inactivation in mice. Inactivation of
Eln
in SMCs using
Sm22aCre
resulted in depletion of elastic laminae in the arterial wall with the exception of the IEL and SMC clusters in the outer media near the adventitia. Inactivation of elastin in ECs using
Tie2Cre
or
Cdh5Cre
resulted in normal medial elastin and a typical IEL in elastic arteries. In contrast, the IEL was absent or severely disrupted in muscular arteries. Interruptions in the IEL resulted in neointimal formation in the ascending aorta but not in muscular arteries.

Conclusions:

Combined with lineage-specific fate mapping systems, our knockout results document an unexpected heterogeneity in vascular cells that produce the elastic laminae. SMCs and ECs can independently form an IEL in most elastic arteries, whereas ECs are the major source of elastin for the IEL in muscular and resistance arteries. Neointimal formation at IEL disruptions in the ascending aorta confirms that the IEL is a critical physical barrier between SMCs and ECs in the large elastic arteries. Our studies provide new information about how SMCs and ECs contribute elastin to the arterial wall and how local elastic laminae defects may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
Incidence and Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation Progression
Authors: Blum Steffen , Aeschbacher Stefanie , Meyre Pascal , Zwimpfer Leon , Reichlin Tobias , Beer Jürg H. , Ammann Peter , Auricchio Angelo , Kobza Richard , Erne Paul , Moschovitis Giorgio , Di Valentino Marcello , Shah Dipen , Schläpfer Jürg , Henz Selina , Meyer‐Zürn Christine , Roten Laurent , Schwenkglenks Matthias , Sticherling Christian , Kühne Michael , Osswald Stefan , Conen David ,   for the Swiss‐AF Investigators
Published: October 2019

Background

The incidence and predictors of atrial fibrillation (
AF
) progression are currently not well defined, and clinical
AF
progression partly overlaps with rhythm control interventions (
RCI
s).

Methods and Results

We assessed
AF
type and intercurrent
RCI
s during yearly follow‐ups in 2869 prospectively followed patients with paroxysmal or persistent
AF
. Clinical
AF
progression was defined as progression from paroxysmal to nonparoxysmal or from persistent to permanent
AF
. An
RCI
was defined as pulmonary vein isolation, electrical cardioversion, or new treatment with amiodarone. During a median follow‐up of 3 years, the incidence of clinical
AF
progression was 5.2 per 100 patient‐years, and 10.9 per 100 patient‐years for any
RCI
. Significant predictors for
AF
progression were body mass index (hazard ratio [
HR
], 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05), heart rate (
HR
per 5 beats/min increase, 1.05; 95%
CI
, 1.02–1.08), age (
HR
per 5‐year increase 1.19; 95%
CI,
1.13–1.27), systolic blood pressure (
HR
per 5 mm Hg increase, 1.03; 95%
CI
, 1.00–1.05), history of hyperthyroidism (
HR
, 1.71; 95%
CI
, 1.16–2.52), stroke (
HR
, 1.50; 95%
CI
, 1.19–1.88), and heart failure (
HR
, 1.69; 95%
CI
, 1.34–2.13). Regular physical activity (
HR
, 0.80; 95%
CI
, 0.66–0.98) and previous pulmonary vein isolation (
HR
, 0.69; 95%
CI
, 0.53–0.90) showed an inverse association. Significant predictive factors for
RCI
s were physical activity (
HR
, 1.42; 95%
CI
, 1.20–1.68),
AF
‐related symptoms (
HR
, 1.84; 95%
CI
, 1.47–2.30), age (
HR
per 5‐year increase, 0.88; 95%
CI
, 0.85–0.92), and paroxysmal
AF
(
HR
, 0.61; 95%
CI
, 0.51–0.73).

Conclusions

Cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities were key predictors of clinical
AF
progression. A healthy lifestyle may therefore reduce the risk of
AF
progression.
Argument Mining: A Survey
Authors: Lawrence John , Reed Chris
Published: October 2019

Argument mining is the automatic identification and extraction of the structure of inference and reasoning expressed as arguments presented in natural language. Understanding argumentative structure makes it possible to determine not only what positions people are adopting, but also why they hold the opinions they do, providing valuable insights in domains as diverse as financial market prediction and public relations. This survey explores the techniques that establish the foundations for argument mining, provides a review of recent advances in argument mining techniques, and discusses the challenges faced in automatically extracting a deeper understanding of reasoning expressed in language in general.
How to Distinguish Languages and Dialects
Authors: Wichmann Søren
Published: October 2019

The terms “language” and “dialect” are ingrained, but linguists nevertheless tend to agree that it is impossible to apply a non-arbitrary distinction such that two speech varieties can be identified as either distinct languages or two dialects of one and the same language. A database of lexical information for more than 7,500 speech varieties, however, unveils a strong tendency for linguistic distances to be bimodally distributed. For a given language group the linguistic distances pertaining to either cluster can be teased apart, identifying a mixture of normal distributions within the data and then separating them fitting curves and finding the point where they cross. The thresholds identified are remarkably consistent across data sets, qualifying their mean as a universal criterion for distinguishing between language and dialect pairs. The mean of the thresholds identified translates into a temporal distance of around one to one-and-a-half millennia (1,075–1,635 years).
Aureoboletus rubellus, a new species of bolete from Jiangxi Province, China

Authors: FANG JIE-YU , WU GANG , ZHAO KUAN
Published: October 2019

Aureoboletus rubellus is described as a new species based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. It is characterized by a brownish red pileal surface, yellowish context, ovoid to nephroid spores, cystidia covered with a pale yellow refractive substance, and a trichodermal pileipellis. Multi-gene analyses based on nrLSU, rpb1 and rpb2 also confirmed it belongs to the genus Aureoboletus. Morphological illustrations and descriptions are provided herein.
Revision of the black fungus gnat species (Diptera: Sciaridae) described by W.A. Steffan from Micronesia
Authors: BROADLEY ADAM , KAUSCHKE ELLEN , MOHRIG WERNER
Published: October 2019

On the Micronesian Islands 20 species belonging to ten sciarid genera were detected. The revision resulted in the following three new combinations: Cratyna brevipalpis (Steffan) comb. n., Epidapus jaluitensis (Steffan) comb. n., and Epidapus yapensis (Steffan) comb. n. Two species are declared as new synonyms: B. snyderi Steffan, 1969 syn. n. of Bradysia kraussi Steffan, 1969 and Epidapus nanus Menzel, 2007 syn. n. of Epidapus jaluitensis (Steffan, 1969). Bradysia radicum (Brunetti, 1912) was misinterpreted by Steffan and is not yet known to occur in Micronesia. All revised species are figured.
Effects of Pokemon combined with survivin and cyclin B1 on glioma U251 cells by Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Mo , Jiang Shengqiang , Zhang Xu , Peng Ruoyu , Zhu Minghua , Zhang Yang , Ji Xiao , Luo Guoxuan , Zhang Yong
Published: October 2019

Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain tumors. Glioma diagnosis is not very effective, and there are few therapeutic biomarkers. The aims of this study were to detect Pokemon and its regulatory genes and explore the potential mechanism between them in glioma. The Fe3O4
nanoparticles identified using TEM were used to isolate cell and tissue RNA, qRT-PCR was used to detect Pokemon, survivin, and cyclin B1 mRNA expression. Western blotting was used to detect Pokemon, survivin, and cyclin B1 protein expression. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were
used to detect Pokemon expression. CCK-8 assay, EdU staining, and TUNEL staining were used to assess cell viability and apoptosis. Pokémon was over-expressed in human glioma tissue and cells. In U251 cells, Pokemon knockdown significantly decreased survivin and cyclin B1 expression,
cell viability, and Pokemon expression and increased apoptosis. Pokemon overexpression had an opposite effect. In addition, over-expressed Pokemon reversed these results. Overall, we found that Pokemon promotes tumorigenesis, and the potential mechanism might be related to the Pokemon-related
genes survivin and cyclin B1.
Preparation, structure and flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) with gradient intumescent flame retardant distribution
Authors: Li Zhengqiu , Liao Li , Mao Liangdong , Li Jianbin , Zuo Long , Bao Wenting , Zhao Tianbao , Chen Baoshu
Published: October 2019

In this manuscript, the content-gradient distributions of an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) island-shaped structure in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) were prepared using compression sintering processing technology inspired by powder metallurgy, to achieve efficient flame retardancy
and mechanical properties with low flame retardant dosage. The PBT/IFR master-batch was first prepared by extrusion and then pulverized into powder. At low temperature (20 °C below the melting temperature) and high pressure (≥ 50 MPa) sintering processing conditions, two PBT/IFR powders
with different levels of IFR content were fabricated into restricted island-like structure composites. The island with a higher IFR content exhibited flame retardancy, while the island with lower IFR content maintained the mechanics of the matrix. Compared with the uniform dispersion PBT/20
wt% IFR composite, the combustion of the PBT/IFR (25 wt%:15 wt% = 1:1) gradient content composite improved from V-1 to V-0 using a UL-94 test, while the tensile strength increased by 10%. The performance of the flame retardant was improved by periodically changing its distribution in the polymer
matrix via restricted island-like structures fabricated using compression sintering processing technology inspired by powder metallurgy.
Preparation and characterization of pH-responsive sodium alginate/humic acid/konjac hydrogel for L-ascorbic acid controlled release
Authors: Niu Yuhua , Yang Tong , Ke Ruyuan , Wang Chen
Published: October 2019

In the current work, a mixed hydrogel of sodium alginate (SA), humic acid (HA) and konjac gum (KGM) was studied by ionic coordination of Ca2+. The SA/HA/KGM hydrogel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
The ratio of SA/HA/KGM to the amount of Ca2+ was investigated by the swelling property of the gel. The pH sensitivity of the SA/HA/KGM gel was investigated using the swelling properties of the gel under different pH conditions. In vitro drug release indicated that the formed
SA/HA/KGM hydrogel had a good release effect on L-AA in different pH environments, and the encapsulation and drug loading of the drug were greatly improved.
Microstructural change and corrosion variation of SAPH440 steel induced by pre-deformation
Authors: Weng Shuo , Cai Hongchang , Zhao Lihui , Zheng Songlin
Published: October 2019

The influence of microstructural variation on corrosion of SAPH440 steel induced by pre-deformation has been investigated in the corrosive solution. The microstructure observation was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The corrosion
was characterized by weight loss method (WLM), open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization curve (PPC) measurements. The results show that compared to the as-received specimens, the corrosion potential moves to the negative direction and corrosion current density increases
after pre-deformation. The corrosion susceptibility is enhanced by the pre-deformation behavior, which is attributed to the increase in dislocation density with the increasing tensile elongation.
Reconstructing the Ocean Interior from High-Resolution Sea Surface Information
Authors: Liu Lei , Xue Huijie , Sasaki Hideharu
Published: October 2019

When evaluated against the 1/30°-resolution, submesoscale-resolving OFES model outputs, the previously published “interior + surface quasigeostrophic” method (from the 2013 study by Wang et al., denoted W13) for reconstructing the ocean interior from sea surface information is found to perform improperly in depicting smaller-scale oceanic motions (associated with horizontal scales smaller than about 150 km). This could be attributed to the fact that the W13 method uses only the barotropic and first baroclinic modes for the downward projection of sea surface height (SSH), while SSH at smaller scales significantly reflects other higher-order modes. To overcome this limitation of W13, an extended method (denoted L19) is proposed by employing a scale-dependent vertical projection of SSH. Specifically, the L19 method makes the projection via two gravest modes as proposed in the W13 method only for larger-scale (>150 km) signals, but for smaller scales (≤150 km) it exploits the framework of the “effective” surface quasigeostrophic (eSQG) method. Evaluation of the W13, eSQG, and L19 methods shows that the proposed L19 method can achieve the most satisfactory subsurface reconstruction in terms of both the flow and density fields in the upper 1000 m. Our encouraging results highlight the potential applicability of L19 method to the high-resolution SSH data from the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission.
Teacher Preparation and Novice Teacher Self-Efficacy in Literacy Instruction
Authors: Raymond-West Trenice , Rangel Virginia Snodgrass
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which traditional and alternative preparation programs differ in terms of their program components, as well as whether program type was related to different levels of self-efficacy in novice reading teachers. This exploratory study collected data from 83 novice elementary reading teachers in a large urban district in Texas. We answered the research questions using t tests and correlation analysis. The results indicated that traditionally prepared teachers reported significantly higher levels of exposure to literacy teaching skills across their coursework and field work as well as higher levels of self-efficacy. We also found a significant but weak relationship between teachers’ level of self-efficacy and the level of literacy exposure they had in their coursework, and a significant and moderate relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy and the level of literacy exposure they had through their field experiences.
Breaking Out of Open-Plan: Extending Social Interference Theory Through an Evaluation of Contemporary Offices
Authors: Davis M. C. , Leach D. J. , Clegg C. W.
Published: October 2019

Offices are evolving rapidly to facilitate organizational cost reductions and to better support contemporary working practices. We investigate relationships between the design of contemporary offices (physical proximity and breakout areas) and autonomy in predicting individual outcomes (ease of communication, job satisfaction, and well-being). We extend Social Interference Theory to include features of contemporary office design and explicitly explore the moderating role of autonomy. Working in differing office configurations of a global engineering company, 406 employees provided data. Access to breakout areas was strongly related to ease of communication, higher job satisfaction, and well-being. In the absence of breakout areas, employees with higher autonomy were able to better manage the challenges arising from contemporary offices. Practical implications include incorporating breakout areas to enhance employee experience within open-plan offices, using job design to optimize employee experience in open-plan offices, and manager and employee involvement in office design.
How Do Drivers Respond to Silent Automation Failures? Driving Simulator Study and Comparison of Computational Driver Braking Models
Authors: Bianchi Piccinini Giulio , Lehtonen Esko , Forcolin Fabio , Engström Johan , Albers Deike , Markkula Gustav , Lodin Johan , Sandin Jesper
Published: October 2019

Objective

This paper aims to describe and test novel computational driver models, predicting drivers’ brake reaction times (BRTs) to different levels of lead vehicle braking, during driving with cruise control (CC) and during silent failures of adaptive cruise control (ACC).

Background

Validated computational models predicting BRTs to silent failures of automation are lacking but are important for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving.

Method

Two alternative models of driver response to silent ACC failures are proposed: a looming prediction model, assuming that drivers embody a generative model of ACC, and a lower gain model, assuming that drivers’ arousal decreases due to monitoring of the automated system. Predictions of BRTs issued by the models were tested using a driving simulator study.

Results

The driving simulator study confirmed the predictions of the models: (a) BRTs were significantly shorter with an increase in kinematic criticality, both during driving with CC and during driving with ACC; (b) BRTs were significantly delayed when driving with ACC compared with driving with CC. However, the predicted BRTs were longer than the ones observed, entailing a fitting of the models to the data from the study.

Conclusion

Both the looming prediction model and the lower gain model predict well the BRTs for the ACC driving condition. However, the looming prediction model has the advantage of being able to predict average BRTs using the exact same parameters as the model fitted to the CC driving data.

Application

Knowledge resulting from this research can be helpful for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving.
Knowing What’s Coming: Unpredictable Motion Causes More Motion Sickness
Authors: Kuiper Ouren X. , Bos Jelte E. , Schmidt Eike A. , Diels Cyriel , Wolter Stefan
Published: October 2019

Objective

This study explores the role of anticipation in motion sickness. We compared three conditions varying in motion predictability and assessed the effect of anticipation on subsequent illness ratings using a within-subjects design.

Background

Anticipation is thought to play a role in motion sickness by reducing the discrepancy between sensed and expected sensory information. However, both the exact role and potential magnitude of anticipation on motion sickness are unknown.

Method

Participants ( N = 17) were exposed to three 15-min conditions consisting of repeated fore-aft motion on a sled on a 40-m rail (1) at constant intervals and consistent motion direction, (2) at constant intervals but varied motion direction, and (3) at varied intervals but consistent motion direction. Conditions were otherwise identical in motion intensity and displacement, as they were composed of the same repetitions of identical blocks of motion. Illness ratings were recorded at 1-min intervals using an 11-point motion sickness scale.

Results

Average illness ratings after exposure were significantly lower for the predictable condition, compared with both the directionally unpredictable condition and the temporally unpredictable condition.

Conclusion

Unpredictable motion is significantly more provocative compared with predictable motion. Findings suggest motion sickness results from a discrepancy between sensed and expected motion, rather than from unpreparedness to motion.

Application

This study underlines the importance of an individual’s anticipation to motion in motion sickness. Furthermore, this knowledge could be used in domains such as that of autonomous vehicles to reduce carsickness.
Supporting Surgical Teams: Identifying Needs and Barriers for Exoskeleton Implementation in the Operating Room
Authors: Cha Jackie S. , Monfared Sara , Stefanidis Dimitrios , Nussbaum Maury A. , Yu Denny
Published: October 2019

Objective

The objective of this study was to identify potential needs and barriers related to using exoskeletons to decrease musculoskeletal (MS) symptoms for workers in the operating room (OR).

Background

MS symptoms and injuries adversely impact worker health and performance in surgical environments. Half of the surgical team members (e.g., surgeons, nurses, trainees) report MS symptoms during and after surgery. Although the ergonomic risks in surgery are well recognized, little has been done to develop and sustain effective interventions.

Method

Surgical team members ( n = 14) participated in focus groups, performed a 10-min simulated surgical task with a commercial upper-body exoskeleton, and then completed a usability questionnaire. Content analysis was conducted to determine relevant themes.

Results

Four themes were identified: (1) characteristics of individuals, (2) perceived benefits, (3) environmental/societal factors, and (4) intervention characteristics. Participants noted that exoskeletons would benefit workers who stand in prolonged, static postures (e.g., holding instruments for visualization) and indicated that they could foresee a long-term decrease in MS symptoms with the intervention. Specifically, raising awareness of exoskeletons for early-career workers and obtaining buy-in from team members may increase future adoption of this technology. Mean participant responses from the System Usability Scale was 81.3 out of 100 ( SD = 8.1), which was in the acceptable range of usability.

Conclusion

Adoption factors were identified to implement exoskeletons in the OR, such as the indicated need for exoskeletons and usability. Exoskeletons may be beneficial in the OR, but barriers such as maintenance and safety to adoption will need to be addressed.

Application

Findings from this work identify facilitators and barriers for sustained implementation of exoskeletons by surgical teams.
Does Reducing Sedentarity With Standing Desks Hinder Cognitive Performance?
Authors: Labonté-LeMoyne Elise , Jutras Marc-Antoine , Léger Pierre-Majorique , Sénécal Sylvain , Fredette Marc , Begon Mickael , Mathieu Marie-Ève
Published: October 2019

Objective

The goal of this study was to determine if using a standing desk would affect the productivity of workers, based on the type of work they perform.

Background

Standing desks are a promising new health intervention in the workplace, but users and employers often require more specific recommendations related to productivity, such as the type of work that is more suited for the standing desk.

Method

Thirty-seven young and healthy adults performed eight cognitive tasks in a 2 × 2 × 2 within-subject design of the following independent variables: posture (sitting/standing), task difficulty (easy/hard), and input device (computer mouse/tactile screen) in a counterbalanced order.

Results

Our results revealed that using a standing desk had no negative effect on performance or perception, but it did lead to increased brain activity in the alpha band for the parietal region (β = 0.186, p = .001).

Conclusion

We conclude that users of standing desks can freely stand for any level of task difficulty for work that involves working memory. However, more research is needed to generalize these results to other types of cognitive abilities and prolonged use of standing desks.

Application

Our results simplify recommendations for workers as they do not need to worry about the type of work they are performing when using a standing desk.
Toward a Better Understanding of In-Vehicle Auditory Warnings and Background Noise
Authors: Šabić Edin , Chen Jing , MacDonald Justin A.
Published: October 2019

Objective

The effectiveness of three types of in-vehicle warnings was assessed in a driving simulator across different noise conditions.

Background

Although there has been much research comparing different types of warnings in auditory displays and interfaces, many of these investigations have been conducted in quiet laboratory environments with little to no consideration of background noise. Furthermore, the suitability of some auditory warning types, such as spearcons, as car warnings has not been investigated.

Method

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of three auditory warnings (spearcons, text-to-speech, auditory icons) with different types of background noise while participants performed a simulated driving task.

Results

Our results showed that both the nature of the background noise and the type of auditory warning influenced warning recognition accuracy and reaction time. Spearcons outperformed text-to-speech warnings in relatively quiet environments, such as in the baseline noise condition where no music or talk-radio was played. However, spearcons were not better than text-to-speech warnings with other background noises. Similarly, the effectiveness of auditory icons as warnings fluctuated across background noise, but, overall, auditory icons were the least efficient of the three warning types.

Conclusion

Our results supported that background noise can have an idiosyncratic effect on a warning’s effectiveness and illuminated the need for future research into ameliorating the effects of background noise.

Application

This research can be applied to better present warnings based on the anticipated auditory environment in which they will be communicated.
Microbial Interactions in Oral Communities Mediate Emergent Biofilm Properties
Authors: Diaz P.I. , Valm A.M.
Published: October 2019

Oral microbial communities are extraordinarily complex in taxonomic composition and comprise interdependent biological systems. The bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that thrive within these communities engage in extensive cell-cell interactions, which are both beneficial and antagonistic. Direct physical interactions among individual cells mediate large-scale architectural biofilm arrangements and provide spatial proximity for chemical communication and metabolic cooperation. In this review, we summarize recent work in identifying specific molecular components that mediate cell-cell interactions and describe metabolic interactions, such as cross-feeding and exchange of electron acceptors and small molecules, that modify the growth and virulence of individual species. We argue, however, that although pairwise interaction models have provided useful information, complex community-like systems are needed to study the properties of oral communities. The networks of multiple synergistic and antagonistic interactions within oral biofilms give rise to the emergent properties of persistence, stability, and long-range spatial structure, with these properties mediating the dysbiotic transitions from health to oral diseases. A better understanding of the fundamental properties of interspecies networks will lead to the development of effective strategies to manipulate oral communities.
Using Dynamic Contextual Factors to Better Understand the Etiology and Escalation of Stalking Violence
Authors: Thompson Carleen M. , Stewart Anna L. , Dennison Susan M.
Published: October 2019

Stalking is dynamic, influenced by targets’ reactions and stalkers’ circumstances. Consequently, the risk of violence in stalking cases is likely dynamic. Despite this, dynamic contextual factors have been neglected in stalking violence research. Guided by Thompson’s integrated theoretical model, we investigated key established stalking violence risk factors alongside new dynamic contextual factors in a content analysis of 43 stalking court transcripts from Queensland, Australia. Findings suggest that relying on individual factors in isolation leads to moderate rates of error. Combining risk factors provides a more sophisticated understanding of stalking violence, with dynamic contextual factors playing a pivotal role in understanding changes in risk, including when stalkers with historical and/or static contextual factors pose a higher risk of violence. Findings emphasize the need to look beyond traditional dispositional, historical, and static factors toward new dynamic contextual factors and highlight the importance of contextual factors for violence assessment and prevention strategies.
The Lisbon Waterfront: Perspectives on Resilience in the Transition from the Twentieth to the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Garcia Pedro R.
Published: October 2019

For forty years, the port city of Lisbon, Portugal, has been trying to be resilient by adapting to technical changes in port activities. Today it continues to seek to formulate long-term strategies to improve the port and create a stronger maritime community. Looking at regional planning strategies, this article analyzes the city’s ability to face adversities brought by the decline of the port. Between 1973 and 2013, central and local government authorities proposed a number of plans. Each plan set out to relocate port facilities, and to redevelop and improve waterfront territories for the community and the environment, in order to become competitive enough to attract global stakeholders and boost economic activities. The fate of each plan depended on the central government, regional bodies, the municipalities of Lisbon and surrounding towns, and the Lisbon Port Authority, all part of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area around the Tejo estuary. But the port city has repeatedly failed to carry out most of these plans, and it has not attracted new investment. It has failed to formulate and establish a coherent planning strategy. For over four decades, no one has been able to develop necessary solutions to expand the port, relocate container terminals, and remain competitive. The discussion of each of the five plans presented here will explore why Lisbon has struggled and how those struggles have threatened Lisbon’s resilience as a port city, that is to say, its ability to recover readily from adverse conditions, even if in a new form.
More than de minimis: FAPE in the Post Endrew F. Era
Authors: McKenna John William , Brigham Frederick J.
Published: October 2019

Federal regulations for special education services have focused primarily on procedural issues since the Rowley decision, which held that Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) need only be reasonably calculated to yield educational benefit. However, the minimum threshold for benefit has changed with the recent Endrew F. decision as IEPs must yield more than de minimis progress. To ensure sufficient progress toward the achievement of ambitious goals, schools must develop IEPs that meet procedural and substantive requirements, employ interventions with clear evidence of effectiveness, effectively measure student response to services, and to communicate this information with parents/guardians so that they can actively participate in this process. Manuscripts invited for this special issue include investigations of IEP quality; co-teaching; intervention studies in reading, writing, and mathematics; meta-analytic findings regarding social studies education; and a discussion of the implications of Endrew F. for different student disability populations. These papers discuss challenges faced by stakeholders with vested interests in students with disabilities as well as areas of continued development and refinement in evidence-based practice.
How language type influences patterns of motion expression in bilingual speakers
Authors: Lewandowski Wojciech , Özçalışkan Şeyda
Published: October 2019

Expression of motion shows systematic inter-typological variability between language types, particularly with respect to manner and path components of motion: speakers of satellite-framed languages (S-language; e.g. German) frequently conflate manner and path into a single clause, while verb-framed language speakers (V-language; e.g. Spanish) typically express manner and path in separate clauses, a pattern that also becomes evident in bilinguals’ expression of motion events in each language type. However, less is known about intra-typological variability within each language type, particularly for the expression of motion events among bilingual speakers. In this study, we examine motion descriptions produced by two groups of bilinguals – with Polish as first language – learning a second language that belongs to the same (Polish–German) or a different language type (Polish–Spanish), in comparison to monolinguals in each language (German, Spanish, Polish). Our results, based on written descriptions of animated motion scenes, showed evidence for both inter-typological and intra-typological variation in the expression of motion, with greater attunement to first-language (L1) patterns in learning a language of the same type, and closer alignment to second-language (L2) patterns in learning a language that belongs to a different language type.
Socialization through stories of disaster in engineering laboratories
Authors: Wylie Caitlin Donahue
Published: October 2019

The initiation of novices into research communities relies on the communication of tacit knowledge, behavioral norms and moral values. Much of this instruction happens informally, as messages subtly embedded in everyday interactions. Through participant-observation and interviews, I investigate how engineers socialize future engineers. Specifically, I study how undergraduate students who work in an engineering laboratory learn their research community’s social and technical norms. I found that a key method of conveying knowledge about social behavior and technical practices is the narration of the experience of mistakes and failures. As a powerful tool of socialization, these ‘disaster stories’ contain messages of self-deprecation, humility, teamwork and mutual learning. They are most often told by the principal investigator or a graduate student to an undergraduate student, thus generously offering novices the opportunity to learn vicariously through more experienced engineers’ errors. Disaster stories can reduce hierarchy, normalize learning through mistakes and build relationships among workers through the sharing of humbling personal struggles. The stories promote collaboration, a sense of belonging and the value of continuous learning for all the community’s members. They demonstrate the power of storytelling in the acquisition of tacit social and technical knowledge.
Implications of Including Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Materials to Performance of Balanced Asphalt Concrete Mixes
Authors: Barros Luiza , Garcia Victor M. , Garibay Jose , Abdallah Imad , Nazarian Soheil
Published: October 2019

Understanding the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures may lead to improved mix design aiming to maximize the use of recycled materials while yielding optimal volumetric properties and balanced performance. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the RAP content and source on the mechanical performance of AC mixes as measured by overlay tester, Hamburg wheel tracking device, and indirect tension tests. Several Superpave mixes with 12.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size and recycled binder replacement ratios ranging from 0 to over 50 were designed and evaluated in this study. A performance interaction diagram was used to interpret collectively the cracking susceptibility, rutting potential, and tensile strength of the AC mixes. Asphalt concrete mixes with high RAP content can be balanced with proper individual mix design and their performance assessed through mechanical characterization. Furthermore, AC mixes with RAP from different sources yielded different cracking and rutting potentials. The performance tests and analysis methodology from this study could potentially be incorporated into the balanced mix design process to provide well-performing mixes containing optimal amounts for recycled materials.
Game Theoretic Choices Between Corrupt Dictatorship Exit Emoluments and Nation-Building CDR Benefits: Is There a Nash Equilibrium?
Authors: Ridley Dennis , de Silva Aryanne
Published: October 2019

Recent developments in economic theory have established that gross domestic product (GDP) is determined almost entirely by the institutions of capitalism, democracy, and rule of law (CDR). To raise GDP, a corrupt dictator-led country must raise its CDR index. Its corrupt ruler aims to maximize his personal wealth in what he perceives to be a zero sum game. He maximizes personal wealth from a certainty undeserved large share of low GDP versus a deserved small share of high GDP, the former share being larger than the latter in absolute value. We explore the question of how to pay off the corrupt dictator with an emolument, conditional on the dictator reforming or leaving the country, and replaced by a democratically elected government. A game is designed such that when played, it reveals the Nash equilibrium emolument that the reformed or exiting corrupt leader and the entering nation-builders will agree to.

JEL Classifications: A20, A22
The Mistake Rumination Scale: Development, Validation, and Utility of a Measure of Cognitive Perfectionism
Authors: Flett Gordon L. , Nepon Taryn , Hewitt Paul L. , Zaki-Azat Justeena , Rose Alison L. , Swiderski Kristina
Published: October 2019

In the current article, we describe the development and validation of the Mistake Rumination Scale as a supplement to existing trait and cognitive measures of perfectionism. The Mistake Rumination Scale is a seven-item inventory that taps the tendency to ruminate about a past personal mistake. Psychometric analyses confirmed that the Mistake Rumination Scale consists of one factor assessed with high internal consistency. Analyses established that elevated levels of mistake rumination are associated with trait perfectionism, ruminative brooding, depression, and social anxiety. Moreover, scores on the Mistake Rumination Scale significantly predicted unique variance in depression beyond the variance accounted for by trait perfectionism dimensions, rumination, and automatic thoughts. Overall, our findings attest to the further use of the Mistake Rumination Scale and highlight the tendency of certain perfectionists to suffer from cognitive forms of perfectionism involving overthinking about past mistakes and related imperfections involving the self.
Take a Load off Fanny: Peer Mentors in Veterans Treatment Courts
Authors: Jalain Caroline I. , Grossi Elizabeth L.
Published: October 2019

This article explores the role of mentors in three veterans treatment courts (VTCs) in two Midwestern states. VTCs have existed for more than 10 years and continue to flourish across local, state, and federal jurisdictions. Yet, little is known about the factors related to program compliance, completion, and reductions in recidivism. Many VTCs consider peer mentors as a key link between the court workgroup, program participants, and ultimately program outcomes. Thus, this study uses individual and focus-group data from interviews with veteran mentors and VTC team members along with field observations in various VTC settings to better understand the role of peer mentors. The research begins with an overview of the recruitment, selection, training, and retention of mentors. Secondly, the study examines the impact of these mentor programs and concludes with recommendations for further evaluation of the role of mentors and other key stakeholders regarding program compliance, completion, and recidivism reduction.
Cognitive Diversity in a Healthy Aging Cohort: Cross-Domain Cognition in the Cam-CAN Project
Authors: Shafto Meredith A. , Henson Richard N. , Matthews Fiona E. , Taylor Jason R. , Emery Tina , Erzinclioglu Sharon , Hanley Claire , Rowe James B. , Cusack Rhodri , Calder Andrew J. , Marslen-Wilson William D. , Duncan John , Dalgleish Tim , Brayne Carol , Cam-CAN  , Tyler Lorraine K.
Published: October 2019

Objective: Studies of “healthy” cognitive aging often focus on a limited set of measures that decline with age. The current study argues that defining and supporting healthy cognition requires understanding diverse cognitive performance across the lifespan. Method: Data from the Cambridge Centre for Aging and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) cohort was examined across a range of cognitive domains. Performance was related to lifestyle including education, social engagement, and enrichment activities. Results: Results indicate variable relationships between cognition and age (positive, negative, or no relationship). Principal components analysis indicated maintained cognitive diversity across the adult lifespan, and that cognition–lifestyle relationships differed by age and domain. Discussion: Our findings support a view of normal cognitive aging as a lifelong developmental process with diverse relationships between cognition, lifestyle, and age. This reinforces the need for large-scale studies of cognitive aging to include a wider range of both ages and cognitive tasks.
Design of iron bird for a regional jet aircraft
Authors: Li Dawei , Lin Mingxing , Tian Liang
Published: October 2019

A regional jet’s iron bird was built for trouble shooting and design improvement of its airborne system. Modular design architecture and overall plan for the iron bird were proposed, and structure of the test rig, main tested systems, relevant supporting test systems and test programs were described. Besides, as one of the most critical airborne systems, NLG loading system was chosen for deep research; its mathematical model was built and analyzed in detail. Test results of hydraulic system’s main parameters were given. The whole iron bird provided important guarantee for system testing and continued design improvement. Also, test validation level for multi systems integration and fault diagnosis level of airborne system were improved.