Impact of hypocapnia and cerebral perfusion on orthostatic tolerance
Authors: Lewis Nia C. S. , Bain Anthony R. , MacLeod David B. , Wildfong Kevin W. , Smith Kurt J. , Willie Christopher K. , Sanders Marit L. , Numan Tianne , Morrison Shawnda A. , Foster Glen E. , Stewart Julian M. , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: September 2014

Key points

Vasovagal syncope (a common form of fainting) is frequently associated with excessive breathing and leads to reductions in carbon dioxide (hypocapnia) and cerebral hypoperfusion. The prevention of hypocapnia during orthostatic stress has been shown to improve orthostatic tolerance, but it still remains to be quantified in a larger population, with a more sustained orthostatic stress.

Resting brain blood flow has been shown to impact orthostatic tolerance; however, the importance of resting brain blood flow per se in the pathophysiology of vasovagal syncope has not been clearly explicated.

Our findings show that cerebral hypoperfusion either at rest or induced by hypocapnia at pre‐syncope do not impact on orthostatic tolerance, probably due to a compensatory increase in oxygen extraction of the brain.

We examined two novel hypotheses: (1) that orthostatic tolerance (OT) would be prolonged when hyperventilatory‐induced hypocapnia (and hence cerebral hypoperfusion) was prevented; and (2) that pharmacological reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) at baseline would lower the ‘CBF reserve’, and ultimately reduce OT. In study 1 (n = 24; aged 25 ± 4 years) participants underwent progressive lower‐body negative pressure (LBNP) until pre‐syncope; end‐tidal carbon dioxide () was clamped at baseline levels (isocapnic trial) or uncontrolled. In study 2 (n = 10; aged 25 ± 4 years), CBF was pharmacologically reduced by administration of indomethacin (INDO; 1.2 mg kg−1) or unaltered (placebo) followed by LBNP to pre‐syncope. Beat‐by‐beat measurements of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv; transcranial Doppler), heart rate (ECG), blood pressure (BP; Finometer) and end‐tidal gases were obtained continuously. In a subset of subjects’ arterial‐to‐jugular venous differences were obtained to examine the independent impact of hypocapnia or cerebral hypoperfusion (following INDO) on cerebral oxygen delivery and extraction. In study 1, during the isocapnic trial, was successfully clamped at baseline levels at pre‐syncope (38.3 ± 2.7 vs. 38.5 ± 2.5 mmHg respectively; P = 0.50). In the uncontrolled trial, at pre‐syncope was reduced by 10.9 ± 3.9 mmHg (P ≤ 0.001). Compared to the isocapnic trial, the decline in mean MCAv was 15 ± 4 cm s−1 (35%; P ≤ 0.001) greater in the uncontrolled trial, yet the time to pre‐syncope was comparable between trials (544 ± 130 vs. 572 ± 180 s; P = 0.30). In study 2, compared to placebo, INDO reduced resting MCAv by 19 ± 4 cm s−1 (31%; P ≤ 0.001), but time to pre‐syncope remained similar between trials (placebo: 1123 ± 138 s vs. INDO: 1175 ± 212 s; P = 0.53). The brain extracted more oxygen in face of hypocapnia (34% to 53%) or cerebral hypoperfusion (34% to 57%) to compensate for reductions in delivery. In summary, cerebral hypoperfusion either at rest or induced by hypocapnia at pre‐syncope does not impact OT, probably due to a compensatory increase in oxygen extraction.