bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depressive Symptoms Negate the Beneficial Effects of Physical Activity on Mortality Risk
Authors: Lee Pai-Lin
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study is to: (1) compare the association between various levels of physical activity (PA) and mortality; and (2) examine the potential modifying effect of depressive symptoms on the PA-mortality associations. Previous large scale randomized studies rarely assess the association in conjunction with modifying effects of depressive symptoms. In this study, participants consisted of 624 (mean age = 77.35 years) non-institutionalized elderly from the Americans' Changing Lives Longitudinal Study. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies' Depression Scale. Participants in gardening, walking, and sports were first classified into four PA frequency levels, “never,” “rarely,” “sometimes,” and “often.” Those who self-reported “often” engaged in activities of gardening and walking and had reduced odds of mortality of 77% and 83%, adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) = .23 and .17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = .09-.59 and .07-.41 when compared to those who reported “never.” However, mortality risk was not linked to sports activity. The modifying effects of depressive symptoms on PA (depressive symptoms × PA) were then tested, PA was not associated with increased risk for mortality for gardening (parameter estimates, PE = –.03 ± .62, p = .958), and for walking (PE = .04 ± .57, p = .948). Elderly people who engaged in gardening and walking might have protection effects on later risk of mortality. Depressive symptoms showed negative modifying effects that prevent PA predicting later mortality.
Late Preclassic Hohokam Land Use in the Middle Gila River Valley: A View from Florence Military Installation and Adjacent Areas
Authors: Pagoulatos Peter
Published: March 2013

Late pre-Classic (A.D. 750-1150) Hohokam land use of the middle Gila River Valley in southern Arizona is still poorly understood. Current site distribution data from Florence Military Reservation and adjacent areas indicate that unlike settlement and subsistence behavior existed in lowland and upland, or bajada zones. Early village formation and irrigation technology appear to have first developed in the lowlands, along the Gila River during the early pre-Classic (A.D. 300-750) and subsequently spread to the bajada. By the late pre-Classic, lowland village groups were focused upon irrigation agriculture, while village groups inhabiting the bajada were characterized by a more diverse range of farming strategies, including floodwater (ak chin), dry farming, and perhaps even limited irrigation-based technology. Regionally, late pre-Classic villages were very likely integrated into an interdependent economic system, based upon the presence of ballcourts with presumed marketplaces, where commodities were exchanged. Also, by the late pre-Classic, a degree of Territorial Sedentism existed, with village-based communities inhabiting lowland and bajada zones representing separate territorial units.
Investor Protection, Firm Informational Problems, Big N Auditors, and Cost of Debt around the World
Authors: Gul Ferdinand A. , Zhou Gaoguang (Stephen , Zhu Xindong (Kevin
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the effects of investor protection, firm informational problems (proxied by firm size, firm age, and the number of analysts following), and Big N auditors on firms' cost of debt around the world. Using data from 1994 to 2006 and over 90,000 firm-year observations, we find that the cost of debt is lower when firms are audited by Big N auditors, especially in countries with strong investor protection. Second, we find that firms with more informational problems (i.e., higher information asymmetry problems) benefit more from Big N auditors in terms of lower cost of debt only in countries with stronger investor protection.

JEL Classifications: G14; G15; G32; K22; M42.
The influence of lower lip position on the perceived attractiveness of chin prominence
Authors: Modarai Faranak , Donaldson Jane Catalina , Naini Farhad B.
Published: March 2013

Objectives:

To evaluate the influence of the lower lip prominence for varying degrees of chin prominence in the sagittal plane and to establish whether lower lip prominence affects the perceived desire for surgery. To assess differences in preference between orthodontists and laypeople as well as the effect of age, gender, and ethnicity of observers on perceptions of attractiveness and desire for surgery.

Materials and Methods:

A silhouette of an idealized profile image was created. The image was manipulated to create six images demonstrating different degrees of retrogenia and progenia altered in 4-mm increments from −12 mm to +12 mm and six images demonstrating chin and lower lip prominence in 4-mm increments from −12 mm to +12 mm. One hundred laypeople and 30 orthodontists ranked the images from the most to the least attractive. A duplicate of one of the images was used in order to assess intraexaminer reliability.

Results:

The amount and direction of sagittal chin position and the prominence of the lower lip were found to have a significant effect on image rank. Chin protrusion was less attractive than retrusion and surgery was desired more often for these images. The overall direction of opinion was the same for laypeople and orthodontists.

Conclusions:

The chin prominence observed in a progenic patient is deemed less attractive than the combined chin and lower lip prominence observed in a patient with mandibular prognathism. In profiles with a more prominent chin a more protrusive lower lip position was preferred. When the chin was retrusive, a normal lower lip position was preferred to a retrusive lip.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism Measured With Positron Emission Tomography Are Decreased in Human Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: van Golen Larissa W. , Huisman Marc C. , Ijzerman Richard G. , Hoetjes Nikie J. , Schwarte Lothar A. , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Diamant Michaela
Published: March 2013

Subclinical systemic microvascular dysfunction exists in asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that microangiopathy, resulting from long-standing systemic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, may be generalized to the brain, resulting in changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism in these patients. We performed dynamic [15O]H2O and [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose brain positron emission tomography scans to measure CBF and cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglu), respectively, in 30 type 1 diabetic patients and 12 age-matched healthy controls after an overnight fast. Regions of interest were automatically delineated on coregistered magnetic resonance images and full kinetic analysis was performed. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were higher in patients versus controls. Total gray matter CBF was 9%, whereas CMRglu was 21% lower in type 1 diabetic subjects versus control subjects. We conclude that at real-life fasting glucose and insulin levels, type 1 diabetes is associated with decreased resting cerebral glucose metabolism, which is only partially explained by the decreased CBF. These findings suggest that mechanisms other than generalized microangiopathy account for the altered CMRglu observed in well-controlled type 1 diabetes.
Circulating Vitamin D Metabolites and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sachs Michael C. , Brunzell John D. , Cleary Patricia A. , Hoofnagle Andrew N. , Lachin John M. , Molitch Mark E. , Steffes Michael W. , Zinman Bernard , de Boer Ian H. ,   the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC) Research Group
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE

People with type 1 diabetes are at high risk of premature atherosclerosis. Existing evidence suggests that impaired vitamin D metabolism may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. We tested associations of circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations with subclinical atherosclerosis among 1,193 participants with type 1 diabetes in the DCCT/EDIC study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We measured plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by mass spectrometry at the end of the DCCT. In a staggered cross-sectional design, we tested associations with coronary artery calcium (CAC), measured by computed tomography a median of 10 years later, and with common and internal carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), measured by B-mode ultrasonography on two occasions a median of 4 years later and a median of 10 years later. We hypothesized that lower concentrations of each vitamin D metabolite would be associated with increased risk of CAC and greater carotid IMT.

RESULTS

At the time metabolites were measured, mean age was 32.4 years and mean duration of diabetes was 7.5 years. The prevalence and severity of CAC tended to be lower—not higher—with lower concentrations of each vitamin D metabolite. For instance, in a fully adjusted multinomial logistic model, a 25 nmol/L lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D was associated with a 0.8-fold decrease in the odds of having higher CAC (95% CI 0.68–0.96, P = 0.01). No vitamin D metabolite was associated with either common or internal mean IMT.

CONCLUSIONS

We did not find evidence linking impaired vitamin D metabolism with increased subclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes.
Impact of Diabetes on Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Paolillo Stefania , Rengo Giuseppe , Pagano Gennaro , Pellegrino Teresa , Savarese Gianluigi , Femminella Grazia D. , Tuccillo Marianna , Boemio Antonio , Attena Emilio , Formisano Roberto , Petraglia Laura , Scopacasa Francesco , Galasso Gennaro , Leosco Dario , Trimarco Bruno , Cuocolo Alberto , Perrone-Filardi Pasquale
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE

Impaired parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity have been demonstrated in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and correlated with worse prognosis. Few data are available on the effect of DM on cardiac neuropathy in heart failure (HF). The aim of the current study was to assess cardiac sympathetic activity in HF patients with and without DM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients with severe HF (n = 75), with (n = 37) and without DM (n = 38), and 14 diabetic patients with normal cardiac function underwent 123I meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy from which early and late heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratios were calculated. Clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical data were measured.

RESULTS

DM compared with non-DM patients showed significantly lower early (1.65 ± 0.21 vs. 1.75 ± 0.21; P < 0.05) and late H/M ratios (1.46 ± 0.22 vs. 1.58 ± 0.24; P < 0.03). Early and late H/M were significantly higher in DM patients without HF (2.22 ± 0.35 and 1.99 ± 0.24, respectively) than HF patients with (P < 0.0001) and without (P < 0.0001) DM. In HF patients, an inverse correlation between early or late H/M ratio and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (Pearson = −0.473, P = 0.001; Pearson = −0.382, P = 0.001, respectively) was observed. In DM, in multivariate analysis, HbA1c and ejection fraction remained significant predictors of early H/M; HbA1c remained the only significant predictor of late H/M. No correlation between early or late H/M and HbA1c was found in non-DM patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetic patients with HF show lower cardiac sympathetic activity than HF patients not having DM or than DM patients with a similar degree of autonomic dysfunction not having HF. HbA1c correlated with the degree of reduction in cardiac sympathetic activity.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Glypican-3 in Pediatric Tumors: An Analysis of 414 Cases
Authors: Chan Elaine S. , Pawel Bruce R. , Corao Diana A. , Venneti Sriram , Russo Pierre , Santi Mariarita , Sullivan Lisa M.
Published: March 2013

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a proteoglycan thought to play an important role during development. Germline GPC3 mutations are seen in the rare Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS), which predisposes patients to Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, and neuroblastoma. While numerous adult tumors have been evaluated by immunohistochemistry for GPC3, no comprehensive assessment has been done in pediatric tumors. We therefore investigated GPC3 expression in 143 pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors and 271 non-CNS tumors. Among non-CNS tumors, GPC3 expression was seen in 9/9 (100%) hepatoblastomas, 4/6 (67%) malignant rhabdoid tumors, 5/13 (38%) Wilms tumors, 11/37 (30%) alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, and 8/45 (18%) embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. All 136 neuroblastomas, 14 Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and 11 synovial sarcomas were immunonegative for GPC3. Among CNS tumors, GPC3 had restricted expression, with positivity in 6/6 (100%) atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors and 1/4 (25%) craniopharyngiomas. The remaining 136 CNS tumors—23 medulloblastomas, 21 pilocytic astrocytomas, 13 gangliogliomas, 12 ependymomas, 12 glioblastomas, 11 choroid plexus neoplasms, 10 diffuse astrocytomas (grade II/III), 10 meningiomas, 8 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, 8 oligodendrogliomas, 3 craniopharyngiomas, 3 germinomas, and 2 neurocytomas—were entirely negative for GPC3. These results showed GPC3 positivity in a number of non-CNS tumors, with no consistent discrimination between tumors that were or were not associated with SGBS. Within the CNS, GPC3 positivity was limited to a small subset of CNS neoplasms and may thus serve as a useful positive diagnostic biomarker ( P < 0.0001) in addition to negative INI1/BAF47/SMARCB1 staining to differentiate atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors from other high-grade pediatric brain tumors.
Comparison between manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing and aspiration via a suction pump with a suction trap connection for performing bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy dogs
Authors: Woods Katharine S. , Defarges Alice M. N. , Abrams-Ogg Anthony C. G. , Dobson Howard , Viel Laurent , Brisson Brigitte A. , Bienzle Dorothee
Published: March 2013

Objective—To compare the diagnostic quality of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid acquired from healthy dogs by manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing (MAPT) and via suction pump aspiration (SPA) with a suction trap connection.

Animals—12 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedures—BAL was performed with bronchoscopic guidance in anesthetized dogs. The MAPT was performed with a 35-mL syringe attached to polyethylene tubing wedged in a bronchus via the bronchoscope's biopsy channel. The SPA was performed with 5 kPa of negative pressure applied to the bronchoscope's suction valve via a suction trap. The MAPT and SPA techniques were performed in randomized order on opposite caudal lung lobes of each dog. Two 1 mL/kg lavages were performed per site. Samples of BAL fluid were analyzed on the basis of a semiquantitative quality scale, percentage of retrieved fluid, and total nucleated and differential cell counts. Results were compared with Wilcoxon signed rank tests.

Results—Percentage of BAL fluid retrieved (median difference, 16.2%), surfactant score (median difference, 1), and neutrophil count (median difference, 74 cells/μL) were significantly higher for SPA than for MAPT. A higher BAL fluid epithelial cell score was obtained via MAPT, compared with that for samples obtained via SPA (median difference, 1).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that in healthy dogs, SPA provided a higher percentage of BAL fluid retrieval than did MAPT. The SPA technique may improve the rate of diagnostic success for BAL in dogs, compared with that for MAPT. Further evaluation of these aspiration techniques in dogs with respiratory tract disease is required.
Physiologic and antinociceptive effects following intramuscular administration of xylazine hydrochloride in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam in llamas
Authors: Seddighi Reza , Elliot Sarah B. , Whitlock Brian K. , Egger Christine M. , Doherty Tom J.
Published: March 2013

Objective—To evaluate antinociceptive and selected effects associated with IM administration of xylazine hydrochloride in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam in llamas.

Animals—8 adult male llamas.

Procedures—Each llama received tiletamine-zolazepam (2 mg/kg) combined with either xylazine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IM (treatments designated as TZ-Xy0.1, TZ-Xy0.2, TZ-Xy0.4, and TZ-Sal, respectively) at 1-week intervals. Selected cardiorespiratory variables were assessed during lateral recumbency and anesthesia, and recovery characteristics were recorded. Duration of antinociception was evaluated by clamping a claw every 5 minutes.

Results—Interval between treatment administration and lateral recumbency for TZ-Xy0.4 was shorter than that for TZ-Xy0.1 or TZ-Sal. Mean ± SEM duration of antinociception was longer for TZ-Xy0.4 (51.3 ± 7. 0 minutes), compared with findings for TZ-Xy0.2 (31.9 ± 6.0 minutes), TZ-Xy0.1 (8.1 ± 4.0 minutes), and TZ-Sal (0.6 ± 0.6 minutes). Interval between treatment administration and standing was longer for TZ-Xy0.4 (112 ± 9 minutes) than it was for TZ-Xy0.2 (77 ± 9 minutes) or TZ-Sal (68 ± 9 minutes). Mean heart and respiratory rates during the first 30 minutes for TZ-Sal exceeded values for the other treatments. Administration of TZ-Xy0.2 and TZ-Xy0.4 resulted in Pao2 < 60 mm Hg at 5 minutes after llamas attained lateral recumbency, and values differed from TZ-Sal findings at 5, 10, and 15 minutes; Paco2 was greater for TZ-Xy0.2 and TZ-Xy0.4 than for TZ-Sal at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Xylazine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) increased the duration of antinociception in llamas anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses
Authors: Nieto Jorge E. , Maher Omar , Stanley Scott D. , Knych Heather K. , Snyder Jack R.
Published: March 2013

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses.

Animals—8 healthy horses.

Procedures—A single dose of zoledronic acid (0.057 mg/kg, IV) was administered during a 30-minute period. Venous blood was collected at several time points. Zoledronic acid concentration in plasma was measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Plasma was analyzed for total calcium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations and a marker for bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen).

Results—Zoledronic acid was safely administered IV during a 30-minute period, and no adverse effects were observed. Plasma concentrations of zoledronic acid were consistent with a 2-compartment mammillary model. Plasma concentrations of zoledronic acid were detected for up to 8 hours after administration. Mean total calcium concentrations in plasma were less than the reference range 7 days after zoledronic acid administration. A marker for bone remodeling decreased in concentration after zoledronic acid administration and remained low for the 1-year duration of the study. No changes in BUN and creatinine concentrations were observed after zoledronic acid administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Zoledronic acid was safely administered in healthy horses. Zoledronic acid is reported as the strongest bisphosphonate presently available, and studies evaluating potential benefits of zoledronic acid in horses with orthopedic conditions are warranted.
Effects of anesthetic induction with midazolam-propofol and midazolam-etomidate on selected ocular and cardiorespiratory variables in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Gunderson Erin G. , Lukasik Victoria M. , Ashton Marcella M. , Merideth Reuben E. , Madsen Richard
Published: March 2013

Objective—To compare effects of anesthetic induction with midazolam-propofol or midazolam-etomidate on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary diameter (PD), pulse rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—18 dogs.

Procedures—Dogs undergoing ophthalmic surgery received midazolam (0.2 mg/kg, IV) and either propofol or etomidate (IV) until intubatable. For all dogs, results of physical examinations, ophthalmic examinations of the nonoperated eye, and preanesthetic blood analyses were normal. Intraocular pressure, PD, blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were measured in the nonoperated eye at 5 time points: just prior to the anesthetic induction sequence, after 5 minutes of preanesthetic oxygenation via face mask, after IV administration of midazolam, after IV anesthetic induction, and after endotracheal intubation.

Results—PD decreased significantly from baseline by 4.4 ± 0.4 mm (mean ± SD) after anesthetic induction and 5.3 ± 0.4 mm after intubation in the etomidate group and by 1. 2 ± 0.4 mm after intubation in the propofol group. Intraocular pressure was increased significantly from baseline by 3.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg after anesthetic induction in the etomidate group and by 4.7 ± 1.2 mm Hg after anesthetic induction and 4.5 ± 1. 2 mm Hg after intubation in the propofol group. Pulse rate was significantly lower by 28.6 ± 12.6 beats/min after anesthetic induction in the etomidate group, compared with the propofol group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At the studied doses, midazolam-etomidate caused clinically important miosis and increased IOP. Midazolam-propofol caused an even greater increase in IOP but had minimal effects on PD.
Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in rabbits after oral administration of single and multiple doses
Authors: Fredholm Daniel V. , Carpenter James W. , KuKanich Butch , Kohles Micah
Published: March 2013

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam (1 mg/kg) in rabbits after oral administration of single and multiple doses.

Animals—6 healthy rabbits.

Procedures—A single dose of meloxicam (1 mg/kg, PO) was administered to the rabbits. After a 10-day washout period, meloxicam (1 mg/kg, PO) was administered to rabbits every 24 hours for 5 days. Blood samples were obtained from rabbits at predetermined intervals during both treatment periods. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed.

Results—The mean peak plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve extrapolated to infinity after administration of a single dose of meloxicam were 0.83 μg/mL and 10.37 h•μg/mL, respectively. After administration of meloxicam for 5 days, the mean peak plasma concentration was 1.33 μg/mL, and the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from the time of administration of the last dose to 24 hours after that time was 18.79 h•μg/mL. For single- and multiple-dose meloxicam experiments, the mean time to maximum plasma concentration was 6.5 and 5.8 hours and the mean terminal half-life was 6.1 and 6.7 hours, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma concentrations of meloxicam for rabbits in the present study were proportionally higher than those previously reported for rabbits receiving 0.2 mg of meloxicam/kg and were similar to those determined for animals of other species that received clinically effective doses. A dose of 1 mg/kg may be necessary to achieve clinically effective circulating concentrations of meloxicam in rabbits, although further studies are needed.
Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate in cats with reduced renal mass and administered meloxicam and acetylsalicylic acid
Authors: Surdyk Kathryn K. , Brown Cathy A. , Brown Scott A.
Published: March 2013

Objective—To determine whether administration of meloxicam or acetylsalicylic acid alters glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cats with renal azotemia.

Animals—6 young adult cats.

Procedures—3 sexually intact male cats and 3 sexually intact female cats had surgically reduced renal mass and azotemia comparable to International Renal Interest Society chronic kidney disease stages 2 and 3. Renal function was evaluated by measurement of serum creatinine concentration, urinary clearance of exogenously administered creatinine, and the urine protein-to-creatinine concentration ratio (UP:C). Measurements taken in cats receiving placebo at the beginning and end of the study were compared with results obtained at the end of 7 days of treatment with either meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, SC, on day 1; 0.1 mg/kg, SC, on days 2 to 7) or acetylsalicylic acid (20 mg/kg, PO, on days 1, 4, and 7).

Results—No significant treatment effects on urinary clearance of exogenously administered creatinine, serum creatinine concentration, or UP:C were detected. Mean ± SEM serum creatinine concentration and urinary clearance of exogenously administered creatinine measurements following 7 days of treatment with meloxicam (serum creatinine concentration, 2.67 ± 0.17 mg/dL; urinary clearance of exogenously administered creatinine, 1.34 ± 0.08 mL/min/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (serum creatinine concentration, 2.62 ± 0.12 mg/dL; urinary clearance of exogenously administered creatinine, 1.35 ± 0.07 mL/min/kg) were not significantly different from the mean baseline values for these variables (serum creatinine concentration, 2.77 ± 0.14 mg/dL; urinary clearance of exogenously administered creatinine, 1.36 ± 0.07 mL/min/kg).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Neither meloxicam nor acetylsalicylic acid had a measurable effect on urinary clearance of exogenously administered creatinine, serum creatinine concentration, or UP:C. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that GFR of euvolemic cats with normal or reduced renal function is not dependent on cyclooxygenase function.
The long and winding road to publication
Authors: Van Teijlingen Edwin Roland , Simkhada Padam Prasad , Simkhada Bibha , Ireland Jillian Catherine
Published: March 2013

It is clear that academic dissemination has a system of checks and balances which authors may experience as barriers.  We all want to be sure that scientific information disseminated in academic journals is based on solid data, ethically collected and correctly interpreted.  The process of peer reviewing helps to prevent bad science and/or poor scientific papers being published.  Many published scientific papers differ from the original submitted manuscript since papers go through a process of peer-review, editing and rewriting.  However, there are other potential obstacles in the field of academic publishing.  This paper is a case-study of one methods paper which stumbled upon a number of barriers related to the viability and continued existence of a number of academic journals in Nepal.  Finally, we offer some advice to help health journals to survive when their editors leave.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v2i4.7093Nepal Journal of Epidemiology Vol.2(4) 2012 pp.213-215
Injury Epidemiology: The Neglected Chapter
Authors: Pal Ranabir
Published: March 2013

Injuries are the significant public health problem and posing as the mounting global crisis upsetting families and communities across population levels. We need a multidisciplinary approach embedded in injury surveillance. A sensitization revolution is vital at all the health care levels to gather critical strength of dedicated personnel in the field of research in injury intervention.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v2i4.7825 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology Vol.2(4) 2012 pp.216-218
Book Reviews
Authors: McIntire C. , Hayes Alan , Gollnick James , Vertin Michael , Kahn Abrahim , Wiebe Dona;d , Schafer Stephen , Neelands David
Published: March 2013

John Van Seters, In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History, reviewed by C.T. McIntire

Ernest E. Best, Religion and Society in Transition: The Church and Social Change in England, 1560-1850reviewed by Alan L. Hayes

John Heaney, The Sacred and the Psychic, reviewed by James T. Gollnick

Bernard Lonergan, Ritual Magic, reviewed by Michael Vertin

Grace Jantzen, God's World, God's Body, reviewed by Abrahim H. Khan

J. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 1, The Rationalization of Society, reviewed by Donald Wiebe

Helmut Peukert, Science, Action, and Fundamental Theology: Toward a Theology of Communicative Action, reviewed by Stephen J. Schafer

M. Darrol Bryant, ed., The Future of Anglican Theologyreviewed by W. David Neelands
An introduction to the Study of a priori Christology
Authors: Young Pamela
Published: March 2013

The whole subject of a priori or transcendental christology is not one that is much dealt with in Christian systematic theology. Yet, as I hope to make clear in this paper, it is a subject to which those who engage in the study of christology today could tum with profit. I fIrst became inerested in a priori or transcendental christology because of my contact with the writings of Karl Rahner, the one contemporary theologian who has dealt with the subject in detail. The aim of this paper is to introduce the reader to a priori christology as an area of study and to point to some of the consequences of such a study for the understanding of christology as a whole.
Christian Puja?
Authors: Hospital and Zion Clifford and William
Published: March 2013

The temples of Kerala, I discovered, are open only to Hindus. In many other parts of India there are no such restrictions. If non-Hindus are willing to take off their shoes, and sometimes their shirts as well, they can gain access to thousands of temples scattered across the country. It was not always this way, however. For centuries even many Hindus were not allowed in Hindu temples. The first time in recent history that all castes were allowed into a temple was in 1936; and somewhat surprisingly in view of the present restrictions against non-Hindus, this took place in what is now Kerala.
Barmen and Unforseen Consequences: a Personal Memoir
Authors: Busing Paul
Published: March 2013

I heard about Barmen and some of its inside history from Martin Niemoller, whose son in those days I was trying to coach in Greek and Latin. He narrated to some of us what happened, who was there, who had spoken, who was difficult. He mentioned the early tensions between Lutherans, representing the so-called Landeskirchen, and the regional churches of old Prussia. The Lutherans were still intact because they had permitted a certain amount of nazification in their territories (Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Hanover) or at least not too strongly protested against it, for example in the question of the Aryan paragraph, which made it impossible for Jewish or half Jewish (racially speaking) pastors and other church officials to keep their official positions. In the Prussian churches, there had been quite tense situations between party and government authorities and individual pastors, pulpit declarations, imprisonments. Niemoller was also convinced that Barmen was not and could not be the last word but only one event in a continuous struggle and tension between the church and the Nazi regime, represented at that time still mainly by the so-called 'German Christians'.
The True Light
Authors: Brown Schuyler
Published: March 2013

Background: The New Testament and 'Other Religions'. -In our study of biblical texts, we must distinguish between what the original author is likely to have thought on the subject of 'other religions' -and what his readers are likely to have understood -and what the modern interpreter may infer from these same texts, when they are read in the context of the present ecumenical dialogue between Christianity and the other world religions.
At the Crossroads of Christology
Authors: Webb Stephen
Published: March 2013

Well, let me say I knew that sooner or later a "real" Barthian would read my book, and it would not be pretty. Since my book is about rhetoric, as well as Barth, let me make a comment or two about its context. It was not written for Barth scholars (a title I would not claim for myself); in fact, it was not written (University of Chicago Divinity School) where Barth was much read or taken seriously at all. It was written as a way of putting Barth into conversation with a lot of people who could benefit, I thought, from his voice. I saw certain parallels between Barth's early theology and many of the issues and claims of post-modem literary theorists, philosophers and rhetoricians, and I wanted to draw Barth into that conversation. (My role models in this, by the way, were Robert Scharlemann and Walter Lowe.) I also thought that many of the recent advances in rhetorical theory could be applied to a great theological writer with productive results. I was glad to write this book at an institution where the blurring of boundaries was encouraged and celebrated.
Response to Stephen Webb on Christology in Conflict
Authors: Marshall Bruce
Published: March 2013

The basic argument of Christology in Conflict is this: if ultimate and universal significance must be ascribed to Jesus Christ, and to him alone, then a reflective account of faith in Jesus (i.e., a Christology) must have a specific structure. In order for anything to count as ultimately significant or meaningful in human life (such as "salvation" and "a saviour"), it must come to pass in, be included in or be coincident with Jesus' reality as a particular person. Or, in the logico-grammatical terms I prefer for making this point, the criterion for what is ultimately meaningful (however characterized) is applicability to the narratively identified Jesus as its ascriptive subject. The point is not to playoff Jesus as a particular person against his general or saving significance, or to give one more weight than the other in Christology (their relationship is not a quantitative one), but to argue that a successful Christology must order them in a certain way. The book makes no attempt to argue for the antecedent of this hypothetical proposition: to show that Jesus Christ alone is ultimately significant. It rather takes this claim for granted and argues that the Christologies of Barth and Thomas Aquinas share a common logical structure appropriate to this claim, while Christologies in modernity (of which Rahner serves as the example) have typically been set up in such a way that they are, despite themselves, incoherent with it.
The Nixon-Cronin Speeches: A Cold War Theology
Authors: O'brien Thomas
Published: March 2013

My purpose here is to uncover and examine a theology that is sometimes explicit, but more often implied, in Richard Nixon's speeches delivered between 1953 and 1960, the original texts of which were written by a Roman Catholic priest, John F. Cronin. First I will survey the history of the association between Cronin and Nixon. Second, I will deal with the speeches themselves and the theology that often lay just beneath the surface. Finally, I will look at the practical consequences of this Cold War theology and the mission entrusted to its believers.

The questions arising from this sort of study are legion. Given the history of American suspicion in regard to Roman Catholics, how did a Roman Catholic priest acquire such an influential position among early Cold War theorists- especially with Richard Nixon, a Quaker? Do Nixon's speeches presuppose a theological interpretation of world events? Is the Cold War theology of the speeches a genuinely Christian theology, or is it a form of idolatry?
The Local Church in a Multicultural Society: An Orthodox Solution for an Unorthodox Dilemma
Authors: Smith T.
Published: March 2013

The Orthodox Church in Canada finds itself in an ecclesiological dilemma on the eve of its second century of presence in this part of the world. For a variety of sociological and theological reasons, it has thus far been unable to coalesce into one visible institution, remaining instead segregated along ethnopolitical lines and showing few signs of escaping from its resultant selfimposed marginalization in Canadian society.

The widely respected and well received theology of the local church as the preferred Orthodox insight into the nature and functioning of Christian community has thus far made little headway in extricating Orthodox Christianity in the Canadian context from its chaotic jurisdictional status. The reality of multiculturalism as a distinguishing characteristic of Canadian society further complicates the issue by offering a secularized model of the Pentecost event as a powerful extra-ecclesial argument for the retention of ethnically defined churches. For the outside admirer of Eastern Christianity, this ongoing failure of the Orthodox to address the problems confronting their church in a multicultural society runs the risk of eliminating by neglect an incarnation of the Christian experience of God of immense value for all Christian traditions. It is to commit on a theological level the same fundamental error which on a sociological level plagues the establishment of multiculturalism in Canada: to ignore the givens of a shared vision of human society and assert diversity for its own sake without concern for unity.
Wesley's Homiletic: Law and Gospel for Preaching
Authors: Wilson Paul
Published: March 2013

John Wesley (1703—1791) is less remembered for his preaching than the fiery George Whitefield, who first introduced an initially hesitant Wesley to the experience of field-preaching. And yet, if we thumb through Wesley's Journal and other sources, we read of large crowds gathering to hear him, numbers so large in fact that they are difficult to comprehend. On his first occasion of field-preaching on April 2, 1739, he preached to 3,000 people on a Monday. By June of that year he was preaching more frequently outdoors and to larger crowds: 12,000—14,000 on Thursday the 14th at Blackheath; 6,000‐7,000 on Sunday the 17th in Upper Moorfields; and to the same number at Rose Green on Sunday the 24th.
The Deceptive Monolith of Women's Experience: Struggling for Common Feminist Visions amidst Diversity
Authors: Shepherd Loraine
Published: March 2013

This article, in investigating the role of experience in feminist theologies, will focus upon the work of Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza. Schüssler Fiorenza is one of the most influential and widely known feminist theologians. She postulates women's experience as both source and norm in her methodology. After defining what I mean by experience, I will look critically at its role in Schüssler Fiorenza's work. I will then examine further critiques of "women's experience," and, finally, will conclude with proposals which appreciate both the diversity of women's experiences and the need for communal visions within feminist theologies.
Caroline Walker Bynum: Historian of Fragments
Authors: Galea Kate
Published: March 2013

This article attempts to introduce the work of Caroline Walker Bynum by presenting the evolution of her thought through more than two decades of publication. For those unfamiliar with her work, the summaries presented below will serve as an introduction to one of the more brilliant scholars of this generation. For those who have met Bynum's work, the interest will lie in following the development of her thought and tracing both the common threads and the differences through the sixteen articles and four books under examination here.
The History of Women, Religion and Education: A Methodological Approach
Authors: Bowman Lorna
Published: March 2013

This article attempts to provide an interpretive framework within which to clarify the relationship between the religious and the educative dimensions of the educational philosophy of Catholic religious congregations committed to education. In order to lay the groundwork for the development of such a framework I present an overview of the theology of charism and charisma and an introduction to the founding charisms of religious congregations, and compare this with the understanding of the phenomenon of charisma in institution building as presented in the work of Max Weber. In this way it is possible to identify the influence of the "theology-behind-the curriculum" in Catholic education carried out by vowed religious.
Some Observations on Ecclesiological Method
Authors: Healy Nicholas
Published: March 2013

Some commentators have called the twentieth century the century of the Church. Perhaps this is due in part to the unusual amount of theological activity devoted to ecclesiology. These efforts have produced major reforms in ecclesial structures and practices and important proposals for future reform.

It is arguable, however, that although the theoretical discussion remains lively, in one sense it has come to a standstill. Theologians have constructed many a systematic treatise in ecclesiology, but they seem to be no further along than they were at the beginning of the century in establishing a set of basic principles, let alone in reaching a general consensus on the Church's nature and function. Even agreement on a common framework for discussion seems beyond our reach. Liberationists and feminists, neo-Augustinians and liberals, all seem to write largely for the like-minded. Their descriptions of the Church begin from scratch according to sets of principles often shared only by their own group; little attempt is made to enhance or discuss previous or conflicting ecclesiologies.
Old Testament Research
Authors: Irwin William
Published: March 2013

The best examples of recent writings about Old Testament spirituality tend to be of two kinds: books bringing the results of biblical research to the attention of readers interested in spirituality; and histories of spirituality which include a section on the Bible. Plainly, the impetus to study Old Testament spirituality comes from outside the field of biblical studies itself, which generally ignores the topic. As a result, biblical specialists wishing either to open the Old Testament to readers interested in spirituality or to provide materials for a section on the Bible in a history of spirituality receive no clear guidance on how it differs from Old Testament theology or the religion of ancient Israel. No one, to my knowledge, has addressed in other than the most cursory fashion the question of spirituality as an object of Old Testament research.
Christianizing the Social Order and Founding Myths: Double Vision?
Authors: Airhart Phyllis
Published: March 2013

Can we say that "Christianizing the social order" was the founding vision of the United Church? This question nagged me as the Lilly Project Committee made plans for what we were accustomed to calling our "founding vision" conference. As we cast about for a theme, there was some hesitation in identifying it as the founding vision. To me the phrase conjured up images of the turn-of-the-century social gospel movement and the Christian socialism which in the 1930s found expression in the report of the United Church commission by that name. There is no doubt that these were crucial episodes in the story of the United Church and its antecedents. But was it really the "founding vision?"
Christianizing the Social Order: T.B. Kilpatrick's Theological Vision of the United Church of Canada
Authors: Fraser Brian
Published: March 2013

While serving as a chaplain during World War I, George G.D. Kilpatrick wrote to his father that he found the men in the Canadian forces "reaching and groping for a coherent interpretation of inner experience." The elder Kilpatrick must have felt considerable disappointment in his son's assessment of the faith of Canadians at the front, for Thomas Buchanan Kilpatrick had spent a lifetime attempting to provide just such an interpretation of the meaning of humanity's experience of God, sin and redemption. Kilpatrick was one of Canada's most prominent Presbyterian theologians and an ardent supporter of church union. His understanding of the theological foundations of the United Church of Canada was widely shared by the leadership of the movement and represents one of the central paradigms within which the new church understood its mission of Christianizing the social order. This essay examines the nature of Kilpatrick's theological vision, focusing on his exposition of the doctrinal section of the Basis of Union of the United Church of Canada in the context of his interpretation of World War I.
United Church Support for Collective Bargaining in the 1940s
Authors: MacDowell Laurel
Published: March 2013

In the 1940s, labour policy became a major issue in Canada. Thousands of workers were joining unions, particularly new industrial unions affiliated to the American CIO movement. The absence of a public policy on collective bargaining generated increased industrial conflict as employers refused to recognize the new unions or to negotiate with them. Building on its tradition of social activism, reflecting its experience of the Depression of the 1930s and seeking to play a progressive role in the war crisis, the United Church of Canada responded to this contemporary concern and developed a general policy on the issue of collective bargaining.
Towards a Global Theology of Revelation
Authors: Hospital Clifford
Published: March 2013

It has recently been customary to group Christian attitudes toward other religions as either “exclusivist.” “inclusivist” or “pluralist.” The traditional Christian position has most often been exclusivist, focused on the idea that Christians have the truth and others are in error; and, more specifically, that salvation is available only through Christ. and thence only within the church. On occasion there has been a somewhat broader, incipiently inclusivist approach, which has seen the divine wisdom as given in some measure to all people. But still it was judged that the full truth is found only in Jesus Christ; and in general, the practical effects of this were the same as those of the exclusivist position: salvation,was still seen as confined to those of the Christian community.
Dishonour, Gender and the Parable of the Prodigal Son
Authors: Batten Alicia
Published: March 2013

The parable of the Prodigal Son is one of the most celebrated stories in the Gospel of Luke. Patristic commentators have heralded the parable as a great tale of repentance, while more recent criticism has focused on the effusive love of the father. This study joins many modem authors in their emphasis on the father's love, but will suggest that not only does the father behave in an unexpected manner, his actions are representative of another point of viewnamely, the view of women. Current anthropological examinations of the dynamics of honour and shame in Mediterranean cultures support such a thesis.
Authorship and Identity in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas
Authors: Chartrand-Burke Tony
Published: March 2013

In the study of early Christian writings it is well known that a text's professed authorship can hold the answers to questions of its audience, its place and time of origin, its underlying theological position and the motives behind its creation. Terence V. Smith has described this phenomenon succinctly in his discussion of the Petrine writings. Christianity, he writes, “comprised a variety of different groups whose individuality was often expressed in part by their adherence to a type of Christian belief associated with a particular apostolic figure. A text written under the name of an apostle could therefore be an expression of one of these groups. This cannot be applied universally, however, for apostolic attribution as a method of self identification is really more a first-, second-or third-century phenomenon than a practice of later centuries. And other texts, featuring important Christian figures as characters rather than as their authors, are not necessarily indicative of sectarian allegiances but instead may be a reflection of hagiographical interests. Still, reservations aside, there is considerable value in weighing the evidence of professed authorship when trying to understand a text's place in Christian history.