bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-degenerate fourth order perturbation theory
Authors:   Department of Physical Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Nigeria., Ibitola Gilbert A. , Ajanaku Olanrewaju ,   Department of Physical Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Nigeria., Ilori Abiola O. ,   Department of Physical Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Nigeria.,   School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg Campus, South Africa.
Published: May 2024

There exist several forms of perturbation theory in Quantum Mechanics, namely: non-degenerate perturbation theory, degenerate perturbation theory, time-dependent perturbation theory, time-constant perturbation theory and time-harmonic perturbation theory. This paper presents an extension of the perturbation theory for non-degenerate states. It has been observed that most texts and journal papers treat only the first –order and second-order non-degenerate perturbation theory. Therefore, this paper attempts to treat and present the third order and fourth order non-degenerate perturbation theory in quantum mechanics. It can thus be asserted that the higher the order of perturbations of quantum systems that we know, the more successful will be our efforts in suppressing or eliminating them.
Geodynamics and its implications to environmental protection: A case study of Aule area, Akure, Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria., Bawallah M. A. , Ayuks M. A. ,   Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria., Ilugbo S. O. ,   Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria., Ozegin K. O. ,   Department of Physics, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria., Oyedele A. A. ,   Department of Physics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria., Aigbedion I. ,   Department of Physics, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria., Aina A. O. ,   Department of Geological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Kwara State University Malete, Nigeria., Whetode J. M. ,   Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria., Ladipo K. O. ,   Department of Metrology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

This research work evaluates the effects of geodynamics processes on the emerging local geology of an area, especially against the background of global tectonic activities, the gradual but continuous earth movement and the depletion of the ozone layer, as it were and its implications on the local geology of a place, especially as it affects the rate of weathering, fracturing and other geologic processes which may pose environmental challenges. A ten year template was adopted for this study, while geophysical and metrological approach was engaged in the study with the use of electrical resistivity method and rainfall data. Two techniques involving lateral resistivity profiling of near E-W orientation with a profile length of 150 m with electrode separation at a = 10 and 20 meters while electrode movement was at 5 meters. Nine vertical electrical soundings (VES) with maximum spread AB/2 = 100 m was carried out at same locations and period (July to August) as was obtained ten years ago for the purpose of effective correlation from the point of data acquisition, data analysis, interpretation, results and findings. Rain data within study area was also collected covering a period of ten (10) years was analysed and presented as bar chart. The result obtained revealed the nature of changes that has taken place within the study area in terms of weathering, and the rate of weathering in the last ten years. Vertical variation/changes occurred at a weathering rate of 1.573, 1.489 and 1.711 cm along the three traverses with average rate of 1.591 cm per year. Horizontal variations also indicated some changes in position of strata, implying an average yearly weathering of about 1.591 cm when compared with the principle of plate tectonics and gradual but continuous earth movement which is at the rate of about 2 cm per year. Therefore, the local geodynamic constant was determined from product of lateral movement and vertical earth weathering trend/gradient which is 3.182 cm2. The rainfall analysis reflects the global weathered changes which is a major contributory factor to geological processes/weathering.
Geo-electrical investigation for groundwater potential of Kaltungo and environs, North Eastern Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria., Saleh Samuel , Ahmed Nur ,   Department of Geology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria., Kilian Ayuni Ngo ,   Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria., Sani Yusuf ,   Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

An investigation of groundwater potential using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and adopting the Schlumberger configuration with a maximum electrode spread of 100 m have been carried out in Kaltungo and environs. This was carried out with the aimed at evaluating geo-electrical parameters for the exploration of groundwater using the Omega Resistivity Meter. Thirty VES points were conducted across the study area. Data collected was analysed using Interpex IX1-D software. The analysed result reveals four distinctive curve types which are H-type 80%; A-type 6.7%; Q-type 10% and K-type 3.3%. Iso - resistivity maps revealed a major anomaly found at the eastern part of the study area which correspond with the 3-D model and indicate hard resistive rocks. Geo-electro stratigraphic section revealed that the area is underlain by three geo-electric layers, top lateritic soil, weathered/fractured and fresh basement. The first layer has a resistivity value of 23 to 1679 Ωm and a thickness that range from 1 to 5m. The second layer is a weathered/fractured basement with a resistivity of 6 to 410 Ωm and thickness of 7 to 28 m which constitute the aquiferous zones and the third layer is a fresh basement with resistivity value of 514 to 34338 Ωm. Maximum hydraulic conductivity value is observed at VES 14 while transmissivity values varies between 23.84 to 964.0 m2/day. The distribution of aquifer potential in the study area indicates that 75% moderate, 12.5%, high and 12.5% low. Groundwater flow direction is in the NW, SW, SE and E respectively.
Regional groundwater studies using high-resolution aeromagnetic data in Abuja and environs, North-Central Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Geology, School of Physical Science, Modibbo Adama University of Technology P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria., Ebele James Ejike , Nur Ahmed ,   Department of Geology, School of Physical Science, Modibbo Adama University of Technology P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Abuja and environs usually experiences water shortage during the dry season as a result of rapid population growth, due to the fact that the water from Lower Usuma Dam used for domestic and industrial purposes are no longer sufficient to cater for its teeming population. The shortage can be minimized through better understanding of lineament configurations of the area. Regional groundwater studies using high-resolution aeromagnetic data in Abuja and environs, North-Central Nigeria were carried out to address water shortages in Abuja and its surroundings. The aim of the study was to identify groundwater targets/potential zones for the purpose of providing sufficient water to the communities in the area. The study area is situated in the North-Central part of Nigeria and lies between latitudes 8° 00’- 9°30’ N and longitudes 6°30’- 8°00’ E. First vertical derivative (1VD) technique was applied to the residual magnetic data of the study area using Oasis Montaj software version 8.3 and thereafter extracted lineaments from 1VD map using ArcGIS software version 10.4.1. Result of 1VD technique indicates that polyphase deformation was pervasive throughout the area as joints, fractures, faults, as well as folds in the map. Major lineament trends identified in the study area are NNE-SSW 27.47%, NE-SW 25.54%, ENE-WSW 18% and N-S 9.57%, the magnitudes and orientations of the lineaments are essential for groundwater movement. The study indicates that Dogon-Kurmi, Gitata, Rafin, Gurku, Karshi, Keffi, Paiko, Farindoki, Takuti, Lambata, Izom, Tudun Wada, Safon Lapai, Mayaki, Gwagwalada, Gidan Ali, Takura, Dafa, Dangara, Abaji, Kwali, Zuba, Madalla, Gauraka, Suleja, Kuje, Abuja, Bwari, Udegi, Zango-Daji, eastern part of Katakwa, Gadabuke, Buga, Koton-Karfe, Bibirako, Kworaki, Toto, Dagoshi and Umaisha have good groundwater prospect. Fieldwork conducted in the area confirmed the existence of lineaments/fractures in the area and as such are targets for groundwater exploration.
Determination of sediments thickness in part of Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria, from the residualization of aeromagnetic data: Implication for diversification of the Nigerian economy
Authors:   Physics Department, University of Calabar, Nigeria, Akpan O. P. , Okiwelu A. A. ,   Physics Department, University of Calabar, Nigeria, Okwueze E. E. ,   Physics Department, University of Calabar, Nigeria
Published: May 2024

Aeromagnetic data were used in the study to determine the sediment thickness in the Lower Benue Trough. To achieve the objectives of the study, geophysical techniques were employed to analyze four aeromagnetic maps on a scale of 1:100,000, covering parts of the Lower Benue Trough. These include map merging, polynomial fitting, directional derivatives and forward modeling. Nine (9) profiles were modeled to determine sediment thickness, presence of possible intrusives and the subtle structural features and their trend within the study area. Results from this study revealed the existence of many intrusives which were majorly granite and basalt rocks which suggests complex tectonic events which accompanied the evolution of the Benue Trough. Lineament orientation revealed is majorly NE-SW direction and other directions were NW-SE, E-W and N-S. A sedimentary thickness ranging from 7 to 10 km were suggested by a 3D forward modeling, and this estimated depth did not coincide with an average of 5 km suggested by earlier researchers. Huge variations within the basement complex are however induced by the presence of horst structures as well as graben and this is profound within the depocenters where sedimentary pile is thicker. Magnetic sources within the sediment in Abakiliki, Udi and Nkalagu areas have potentials for hydrocarbon accumulation due to the thickness of the sediments in these parts of the study area. However, Bansara area reveals the presence of lots of intrusives, indicating high geothermal regimes that may not be favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation but have high potentials for solid mineral resources. Therefore, the Bansara area is recommended for organised and formal solid mineral exploration, which can apparently diversified the economy of Nigeria.
Acute epileptic electricity supply in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State: Its causes and remediation
Authors:   Electrical/Electronic Department, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara, Nigeria., Obukoeroro John , Uguru H. E. ,   Department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Epileptic electric power supply had become a common factor in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. This study looks at the immediate causes of the prolong power failure in the area, in order to proffer solutions to them. Field work and questionnaires were used to obtain data for this study. During the field work, the main 33 KVA Isoko-Kwale transmission line was thoroughly inspected to ascertain its current state. In addition, the primary (11 KVA) and secondary (415 V) distribution lines, the transformer and feeder pillars were also inspected. Furthermore, questionnaires were distributed to three categories of people (electricians, civil servants and traders), to ascertain the remote causes of epileptic power supply in the region. Results obtained from the field work revealed that some of the electrical materials used in the 33 kVA transmission line were in bad shape. There were instances of missing cross arms from the utility poles, and the insulators were fixed directly to the poles. It was also observed that some cross arms were freely handing at the side of the utility poles. Considering the primary and secondary distribution lines, most of them were in bad shape. Slanting utility poles and cables overgrown with tree branches were regular occurrences. In terms of the feeder pillars, some of them were not functioning. The operational feeder pillars showed signs of overloading and burnt cables. The analysis of the questionnaires feedback with chi-square and graphical methods, revealed that: the poor state of electrical materials, and the negligence of the people of the region in adhering to the electrical rules were highly responsible for the poor electrical supply in the area. Results obtained from the study had revealed that the best remedies to the persistent power failure in the area is the total overhauling of the distribution lines patterns and the transformers. In addition, the people should adhere to the Nigeria electrical safety practices by switching off unnecessary appliances. This will help to conserve electrical energy, and minimized overloading of the 33 KVA transmission line.
Evaluating the geotechnical and electrical properties of soil samples around Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria
Authors:   Electrical/Electronic Department, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara, Nigeria., Obukoeroro John , Uguru H. E. ,   Department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Effective earthing system is the lifeline of any electrical wiring and installations. This study was done to evaluate the geotechnical (moisture content and electrical conductivity) and electrical properties of soil samples within the school of engineering complex, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria. All the geotechnical and electrical parameters investigated in this study were done in accordance to ASTM International approved methods. The electrical conductivity meter was used to measure the soil electrical conductivity; while the soil resistance was measure through the Wenner four probes method. Results obtained from but the field and laboratory tests revealed that the soil electrical conductivity, soil moisture content and the soil resistances varied greatly across the study area. The moisture content ranged from 15.48 to 24.45% (wb); while the electrical conductivity ranged between 3.09 and 5.41 dS/m. The results revealed that the soil resistance decreases as the probe distance increased from 5 to 10 m. At 5 m probes distance, the soil resistance varied between 4.8 and 17.2 Ω; at 10 m probes distance, the soil resistance ranged from 2.9 to 14.8Ω; while at 15 m probes distance, the soil resistance fell between 1.5 and 10.5 Ω. In terms of the soil resistivity, the results showed the region with clay soil had the lowest soil resistivity (mean~158.15 Ωm), while the region with the sandy recorded the highest soil resistivity of 820 Ωm. The knowledge of these soil properties is crucial for design of earthing systems for structures within the school of engineering complex. This will help to minimize electrical hazards to both human being and the materials within the complex.
The use of Semi-Markov Model to determine the efficacy of CDC staging criterion in Nigeria (A case study of General Hospital Minna, Niger State)
Authors:   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru, Nigeria., Isah Gbodoti Abdulmumini , Abdullahi Mohammed ,   Department of Mathematics, Nigerian Army University Biu, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Semi-Markov model in discrete state and time to study the trajection among the various defined HIV/AIDs stages has been presented in this paper. The model was used to determine the staging of HIV- infected clients reported at heart-to-heart clinic of General Hospital Minna, Niger State, Nigeria for a period of 10 years. The result shows that there is no transition from asymptomatic stage of HIV to late/advance AIDs such that φ14 (n) = 0; which led to gradual increment in the graphs of interval transition probabilities for all n ∈ N.The study shows that there are some increments in the transition probabilities from stages 2, 3 and 4 to stage 1 from about 0.05745, 0.01055 and 0.00379 in the first month (n = 1) to about 0.37163, 0.17821 and 0.05862 in the forty four months (n = 44) and in the forty five months (n = 45) respectively. From the virtual transition probabilities, the graph is gradually decreasing after forty-five (45) months. The result show that φ11 (n), φ22 (n), φ33 (n) and φ44 (n)attained the values of about 0.56516, 0.50353, 0.53343 and 0.65623 respectively for the first few months or years. The percentage decrease is about 37.1%, 17.8% for stages 2, 3 in forty-four months and 5.8% for stage 4 in forty-five month duration. However, client’s transitions dropped slowly and attain stability of stage at infinity. In compliance to the medical view, all HIV-naïve patients transit to AIDs stage especially when therapeutic intervention is lacking. The model established in this study could assist the Medical Personnels’ (MP), Health Care Providers (HCP), Epidemiologists, Medical Statisticians and other funding organizations to plan for the treatment, tracking and intervention for the ever increasing scourge of HIV/AIDs.
Investigation of relative abundance of radioelement concentration over a portion along Birnin Yauri, Northwestern Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria., Usman Ahmed , Muhammad Nura Nagoda ,   Department of Physics, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria., Lawan Aliyu Mohammed ,   Department of Geology, Skyline University Nigeria., Onotu Momoh Kabiru ,   Department of Physics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

The radiometric method involves the measurement of naturally occurring radioactive materials emitting the ionization radiation (α, β, from rocks). In the field, the gamma rays and their adequate energies are detected by a spectrometer coupled with the scintillation detector. Three (3) high resolution airborne radiometric data obtained from the Nigerian geological survey agency (NGSA) were used to obtain the concentration of Potassium (K), Uranium (U) and Thorium (Th) respectively in the study area. The gridded data were fed into Oasis montaj software for appropriate filtering, in other to produce solutions for radioelement concentration across the area under study, thereafter producing shaded count maps as well as ternary maps. The result of the analysis revealed that potassium concentration is between 0.090 to 2.455% with an average of 2.365%. The thorium concentration values ranged from -0.539 to 15.221 ppm with an average of 7.341 ppm. The uranium concentration revealed values from -0.402ppm to 3.902ppm with an average of 1.75ppm. The ternary map of the radiometric data showed a red/cyan colour grid depicting potassium which is more pronounced across the area, followed by the uranium content(blue) covering an appreciable portion across with only but a few (green) coloured shaded regions depicting thorium. The results obtained have shown that the area has substantial amount of radioelement concentration, with potassium being the most abundant covering the central and western half of the area while the uranium content is more abundant towards the mid-western half and eastern parts of the area. The thorium content is minimal across the region.
Estimation of sedimentary thickness using spectral depth analysis approach: A case study of Sokoto Basin of northwestern Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero. Kebbi State, Nigeria., Bonde D. S. , Sani M. S. ,   Department of Science, Sokoto State University Sokoto, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Spectral depth analysis using high resolution aeromagnetic data was carried out to evaluate the sedimentary thickness of northeastern part of Sokoto Basin, Nigeria. The study area is situated between longitude 50 00׳00״E to 6000׳00״E and latitude12030׳00״N to 13030׳N. Covering four (4) sheets namely; sheet 11 (Rabah), sheet 12 (Isah), sheet 30 (Dange) and sheet 31 (Mafara). Spectral depth analysis and source parameter imaging (SPI) were carried out on the composite map of the area to estimate depth variation to basement and infer areas of probable hydrocarbon maturation prospects. The result of the spectral studies indicates an increase in sedimentation northeastern part, with several depressions on the basement rock. Two prominent magnetic layers of depths, deeper depth (Z1) and shallow depth (Z2) varying from 0.91 to 2.09 km and 0.35 to 0.73 km were observed with averages 1.6025 and 0.549 km respectively. Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) depth result ranges from 0.239 km (shallow magnetic bodies) to 1.912 km (deep lying magnetic bodies). These blocks where higher sedimentary thicknesses are observed in the study area such as blocks G (2.02 km), K (2.20 km) L (2.09 km) and P (1.91 km) are probable sites for prospect of hydrocarbon maturation in the study area.
Determination of hydrocarbon potentials in parts of Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria using spectral analysis technique
Authors:   Department of Physics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria., Ogwuche Matthew Monday , Momoh Kabiru Onotu ,   Department of Physics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria., Ibrahim Rabiu Adeiza ,   Department of Physics, Kogi State University, Anyingba, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

In this work, an attempt was made to estimate the depth to magnetic source and by inference, the thickness of sediments within parts of the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria. Aeromagnetic data of Tambuwal (Sheet 50) was acquired, processed and interpreted. The regional field was separated from the total magnetic intensity (TMI) and the magnetic anomaly was obtained. The anomaly map was upward continued and divided into overlapping square grids of 27.5 km x 27.5 km. Spectral depth analysis was then carried out on each grid to infer areas of probable hydrocarbon prospects. The result of the spectral method indicated high sedimentation, generally greater than 2.00 km, trending NE-SW through the central portions. The central, particularly around Dogon Marke town and its environs, have the highest thickness of sediments (2.4 km). In conclusion, the central portion of the study area, particularly around Dogon Marke town and its environs has the highest prospect for hydrocarbon.
Estimation of near-surface geotechnical parameters using seismic measurements at phase ǀǀ site, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, North-western Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Physics, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria., Momoh Kabiru Onotu , Muhammad Umar Ishaq ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Abdu Gusau Polytechnic, Talata Mafara, Zamfara State, Nigeria., Usman Ahmed ,   Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria., Ibrahim Audu Usman ,   Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Kaura Namoda, Zamfara state, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Determination of the dynamic geotechnical properties and seismic wave velocities serves as essential inputs for a foundation design cognizant of seismic site response and rock strength. This study evaluates competent zones for construction at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Phase II site. Four shallow seismic refraction profiles were carried out using the ABEM Terraloc Pro seismograph. Compressional (P) and shear (S) waves were acquired and the time-term technique, which is a combination of linear least squares and delay time analysis to invert the first arrivals for a velocity section and then to tomography section was adopted. These sections were correlated with a borehole report and a good matching was observed. The result shows that the area consists of three subsurface layers; an overburden with average thickness of about 10.5 m and P- and S-wave velocities (velocities) of about 550 m/s and 345 m/s respectively, the weathered basement with an average thickness of 12.5 m and velocities of 950 m/s and 550 m/s respectively, while the fresh basement was found at a depth of about 24 m with velocities of 1250 m/s and 680 m/s respectively. The Concentration Index, Material Index, Poisson’s Ratio, and Stress Ratio were calculated to be in the range of 4.869 to 6.128, -0.032 to 0.312, 0.172 to 0.258, and 0.267 to 0.346 respectively in the study area. The seismic velocity values, engineering consolidation, and strength parameters showed that the subsurface soil/rock at the eastern parts of the study area is characterized by less competent soil/rock quality while the western parts are characterized by more competent soil/rock quality. Hence, the western and north-western parts are more preferable for the foundation of structures to be erected.
Rapid estimation of heavy metals in crude oil contaminated soils by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria., Douglas R. K. , Obhuo M. ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria., Opukumo A. W. ,   School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU, UK.
Published: May 2024

Crude oil exploration and exploitation activities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria have caused the contamination of numerous land sites. A total of 45 sub-surface soil samples were collected from three genuinely crude-oil spill sites and their heavy metal concentrations were measured using X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The range of measured heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) in the three study sites are as follows: chromium (Cr) 54-75, copper (Cu) 5.4-16.6, iron (Fe) 14841-23404, lead (Pb) 13.5-21.4, manganese (Mn) 158-555, zinc (Zn) 32.6-47.2 in Site 1; Cr (35-66), Cu (5-16.1), Fe (10166-20967), Pb (12-17.8), Mn (209-440), Zn (17.6-33.6) in Site 2; and in Site 3: Cr (32-115), Cu (6.5-20.8), Fe (7538-22800), Pb (12-135), Mn (98-338), Zn (19.9-177). The trend of heavy metals contamination in the three sites are as follows: Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu. Their mean concentrations were relatively higher than background concentrations of heavy metals in soils previously reported in same region. Using the contamination factor (CF), the intensity of heavy metal (Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb, and Cu) contamination in soils from the three oil spill sites were evaluated and compared. The index showed Cr > Mn across the three sites, which was highest in site 1 and least in site 2. The trend of CF varies for the other metals. The high values of CF for Mn and Cr show that Mn and Cr have extreme level of contamination while Cu, Pb, and Zn lie within the range of moderate level contamination. Furthermore, statistical analyses shows significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the concentrations of the metals, which indicates the link between the metals. Thus, crude-oil spill may be the common denominator for the heavy metal pollution in the study locations. Based on the contamination indicator parameter, the soils of the studied sites are threatened by contamination of Cr and Mn.
Polyphasic tectonic history of the N70° DASA Graben (northern, Niger)
Authors:   Department of Geology, Abdou Moumouni University, P. O. Box 10662, Niamey, Niger., Sani Abdoulwahid , Konaté Moussa ,   Department of Geology, Abdou Moumouni University, P. O. Box 10662, Niamey, Niger., Karimou Dia Hantchi ,   Department of Geology, Dandicko Danklodo University, P.O. Box 465, Maradi, Niger., Wollenberg Peter ,   Global Atomic Corporation, Toronto, Canada.
Published: May 2024

Located in northern Niger, the N70° DASA graben is a trough discovered recently in the Tim Mersoï basin. In this study, a tectonic history of the DASA graben was presented based on the combined use of satellite imagery, field observations and measures, available literature and borehole data. These data were used to analyse the sedimentary facies and the tectonic deformations in the DASA graben, and derive their relative chronology. For this purpose, uplift and rift deformations and their interactions with sedimentation were characterized. Overall, the analyses suggest that the DASA graben was affected from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous by three major tectonic phases: the first phase was an uplifting stage with extension during the Carboniferous to Permian; the second phase was a rifting stage. The mean extension was ~ N160° and dominantly produced ENE-WSW trending normal faults; and the third phase was a postrift stage. It was characterized by a ~ N130° compression. The structural and sedimentological features defined the DASA graben as a particular type of syn-sedimentary basin evolving from a transpressive tectonic regime during the period ranging from Carboniferous to Permian to an extensive tectonic regime during the period ranging from Triassic to Lower Cretaceous. Thus, the second period marked by an extensional regime would probably be related to the initial stage of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. After this rifting period, the DASA graben was affected by a compressional phase related to the collision between Africa and Europe.
Kinematic evolution of the Pan-African shear zones of South Maradi, southern Niger
Authors:   Department of Geology, University of Agadez, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 199, Agadez, Niger., Idi Souley Baraou , Konaté Moussa ,   Department of Geology, Abdou Moumouni University, P. O. Box 10662, Niamey, Niger.
Published: May 2024

The Pan-African Province (PAP) of south Maradi (Niger) corresponds to the northeastern part of the Benin-Nigerian Shield, which is part of the Pan-African Mobile Belt, located to the East of the West African Craton. This study focuses on the microstructural study supported by geochronological data of the South Maradi Pan-African shear zones. The structural analysis of the Pan-African shear bands, combined with the previous radiometric data allowed to highlight a polyphase history of this northeastern part of the Benin-Nigerian Shield. Two major tectonic periods are highlighted: A ductile to brittle Pan-African deformation stage (D1) relayed by a brittle post-Pan-African deformation stage (D2). The first phase D1 consists of two episodes noted D1a and D1b: (1) the D1a episode was a ductile pan-African deformation stage with a strong coaxial component, which favoured the development of symmetric fabrics of foliation. The tectonic regime was characterized, first by a NW-SE (~N140°) trending pure-shear-dominated shortening episode, which prevailed between 617.9 ± 2.8 to 589 ± 1.9 Ma. Then during episode D1a, the shortening direction evolved gradually from NW-SE to ~E-W (N90°-N70°). This change of direction is due to the constraint coming from the Pan-African orogeny. The deformation had progressively a rotational component and this is how D1b episode began. This latter was characterized by a brittle-ductile deformation, associated with the formation of mylonitic gneiss and micaschist. So, the counter clockwise sinistral rotation of the shortening axis Z (from N140° to N90°- N70°) reveals a Pan-African continuum of deformation between D1a and D1b episode. (2). Subsequently, a stage of brittle deformation D2 affected all the previous structures. This D2 stage is marked by a continental-scale system of conjugated strike-slip faults, NE-SW and NW-SE trending. This investigation contribute to knowledge of Pan-African kinematic evolution of Benin-Nigerian Shield, particularly its northeastern part (South Maradi).
Geo-electrical investigation of groundwater potential and subsurface structures in part of Pompo Village, Minna, North-central Nigeria
Authors:   Psychometrics Department, National Examinations Council, Minna, Nigeria., Omale1 Michael Eneojo , Udensi2 Emmanuel Emeka ,   Department Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria., Rafiu2 Adewuyi Abdulwaheed ,   Department Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria., Jamilu2 Shehu ,   Department Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

The electrical resistivity survey (VES) method was used to carry out groundwater investigation to delineate the aquiferous units in Pompo, which is a settlement in the neighbourhood of the Gidan Kwano campus of the Federal University of Technology, Minna. Pompo lies within the Pre-Cambrian Basement Complex of Northern Nigeria, and is mostly underlain by the Migmatic-Gneiss Complex, coarse-grained biotite granite and granodiorite. The survey was carried out on a grid of 500 m x 500 m. Interpretation of the data was done using IP2win software, in which a layering model was obtained with the digitized sounding curve for each of the six profiles. The results obtained show that the area is generally underlain by three geologic sections (lateritic top soil, weathered basement and fresh basement). However, in some sections, where the basement had experienced severe weathering leading to fracturing of the basement rocks, four layer models were obtained. The weathered basement that is the aquifer system of the study area is generally characterized by low resistivity that is less than 400 m with basement depth between 20.0 m and 35.0 m found in the eastern and south-eastern zones.
Impacts of rainfall on road crashes in Onitsha metropolis of Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Geography and Meteorology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria., Orusaekee D. U. , Enete I. C. ,   Department of Geography and Meteorology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria., Onwuadiochi I. C. ,   Department of Geography and Meteorology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

The World Health Organization, in particular, is concerned about road traffic accidents that occur during rainfall. However, this has resulted in global deaths, injuries, and property losses. The effects of rainfall on road crashes in the Onitsha metropolis were investigated in this study. The Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMET) provided rainfall data from 2009 to 2018, while the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), Awka provided road accident data from 2009 to 2018. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were the statistical approaches used to achieve the research goal. The significance level for all inferential analyses was set at 95 percent (0.05). Yearly road crashes and annual rainfall amount have a negative relationship, according to the findings. Rainfall patterns are negatively and insignificantly linked with annual road crashes (p=0.153>0.05), showing that rainfall patterns are not the cause of road crashes in Onitsha. The correlation between monthly road crashes and rainfall received during wet season months is not significant, as demonstrated by the p-value (0.577). The relationship between monthly road crashes and rainfall recorded during dry season is not significant, as indicated by the p-value (0.797). The findings further reveal that, there are non-linear correlations between the rate of road crashes and the two seasons of the year because drivers were more careful when driving under rainfall. Therefore, slower driving during rainfall and parking of cars during torrential downpours are recommended by the study to further reduce the probability of road accidents.
Spatial-temporal composition, abundance and diversity of algal communities in River Malewa of Lake Naivasha Ramsar Basin, Kenya
Authors:   Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Naivasha, Kenya, Obegi Beatrice. N. ,   Departments of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Kisii University, Kenya., Njiru James ,   Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya., Getabu Albert ,   Departments of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Kisii University, Kenya., Gichana Zippora ,   Departments of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Kisii University, Kenya.
Published: May 2024

Algae and algal communities are potentially vulnerable to climate change and consequently can be depleted or be extinct hence the current debate on global biodiversity. Using a 30 µm phytoplankton net, triplicate samples were picked monthly from 10 stations in River Malewa from November 2020 to December 2021. A total of 360 samples were picked the whole study period. The study examined taxonomy, composition, abundance, diversity, and distribution. Counting and identification was done using Sedwick- rafter cell counting chamber with a Binocular compound microscope. Results indicated 89 species of phytoplankton were identified. 86 species were identified in the river while additional 3 more species were identified in the lake. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms) dominated in lotic sites with 50%, Cyanophyceae was 17%, Chlorophyceae 16% and Myxophyceae was 6% while the least dominant was Euglenophyceae with 4%, Chrysophyceae (3%), Xanthophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Dinophyceae with 1% each. Two points at the lake showed a high dominance in Chlorophyceae with 63%, Xanthophyceae 21% and Chrysophyceae 14%, while Bacillariophyceae was 1% and the rest of the groups were 0%. The abundance showed RM1 and RM4 had abundance of 4.8 x 105 cells/mm3. Site RM9 and RM10 being lacustrine recorded highest abundance with 1.24 x 106 and 1.29 x 106 respectively. RM3 recorded abundance of 6.2 x 105 cells/mm3, RM3 was 7.3 x 105 cell/mm3 and RM5, RM6, RM7 and RM8 recorded abundance of 8.5 x 105, 9.2 x 105, 7.5 x 105 and 7.9 X 105 cell/mm3 respectively. High value of Shannon-Wiener's index (H ') was recorded in RM6 (1.556), followed by RM4 (1.521), RM7 (1.504), and lowest was RM 10 (1.141), RM5 (1.299), RM1 (1.398), RM3 (1.403), RM2(1.474) and RM8 (1.473). Management issues and effects of existing human pressures, such as damping, urbanization and nutrient enrichment on river ecosystems should be studied to fill gaps in knowledge on phytoplankton monitoring on rivers and streams.
The impact of environmental education and awareness on the effective management of solid wastes among residents of Jos-Bukuru Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Jos,  Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria., Wapwera Samuel Danjuma , Akintunde Elijah A. ,   Department of Geography and Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Jos,  Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria., Rahila Samson Chiroma ,   Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Jos,  Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

This paper examined the impact of Environmental Education and Awareness on the Effective Management of Solid Wastes among residents of Jos-Bukuru Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria with a view to making recommendations on environmental awareness and education for the area. It is by examining the existing policy on environmental awareness and its effect on people’s attitudes to solid waste management. It is by determining the relationship between attitude and solid waste management practices and also evaluating the influence of the level of environmental awareness on the solid waste management practices among residents. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 400 respondents, selected through a systematic random sampling technique from six zones namely; Fari-gada, Angwan-Rukuba, Tudun-Wada, Rantya, Rayfield and Bukuru in the Jos-Bukuru metropolis. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analysed using spearman’s rank correlation (rho) and analysis of variance (F-ratio) statistical techniques. The results obtained showed that there was a provision for a policy on environmental awareness and its effects on people’s attitudes to solid waste management. Also, there was no relationship between attitude and solid waste management practice in Jos Metropolis and there was a low level of influence of environmental awareness and education on people’s attitudes towards solid waste management in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. Based on these results a set of recommendations was made to help policy makers, practitioners and the academia in solid waste management.
Evaluation of potentially toxic metals load and risk assessment in sediments from coastal areas of Lagos State
Authors:   Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria., Majolagbe A. O. , Anko S. O. ,   Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria., Yusuf K. A. ,   Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria., Ayodele A. A. ,   Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Trace metal pollution is of global concern due to its adverse effects on human health. Sediments in water bodies are a repository of pollutants, including trace metals, and since they are non-biodegradable, they have negative impact on the ecosystems. Trace metals are due to both anthropogenic and natural sources. Sediments are monitors of trace metal pollution. The study, therefore, aims at assessing the trace heavy metals (THM) in the surface sediments of coastal areas in Lagos State. Forty (40) sediments samples (top and sub-sediment soil) were collected from five coastal communities: Langbasa, Itumaro, Ibeshe, Epe and Badagry, analyzed for pH and trace metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Ecological tools: pollution classification, pollution index, and geo accumulation index were further used along with application of sediments quality guidelines to reveal trends and variations in sediment investigated. The pH values range from 4.7- 6.4, while the trace metals concentration ranges from 1.6 - 6.42, 36.2 - 104.5, 0.05 - 63.6, 0.00 - 0.17, 32.1 - 266.3, 3.7 - 5.94, 0.00 - 0.00 mg/kg for Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Ca, Mg and Ni respectively. The order of concentration of the metals was Ca > Fe > mg > Cu > Zn > Pb. The monomial and overall ecological potential risks for the trace potentially toxic metals investigated (lead, iron, zinc and copper) in the study area posed low potential risk (<40) and (< 110) respectively. The order of deteriorations (potential risk) in the study area is Badagry > Ibeshe > Epe > Itumaro > Langbasa. Continuous monitoring of trace heavy metals is important to ensure health safety and sustainable environment.
A study of attitudes towards learning Chinese as foreign language in Ghanaian universities: A comparative study of University of Ghana and University of Cape Coast
Authors:   Modern Languages Department (Chinese Section), University of Ghana, Ghana., Nkrumah Bright , Darko James Opuku ,   Confucius Institute, University of Cape Coast, Ghana.
Published: May 2024

This study examined attitudes of second language learners in Ghanaian universities. In recent times, due to increasing number of Chinese companies in Ghana, it has become very crucial to learn Chinese language, especially in the universities. This study targets students who are pursuing Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) in University of Ghana (UG) and University of Cape Coast (UCC). The study employed primary and secondary data to gain insight into students’ attitude towards Chinese language in both UG and UCC. All students participating were giving open-ended questionnaires for the purpose of study. The study found out that there are several factors that affect the Chinese language learning such as feeling reluctant, gender, peer pressure, social class, age, anxiety, encouragement and motivation. The study recommend that local Chinese teachers needed, more scholarship should be given to Ghanaian students who have desire and interest in the learning Chinese language. Moreover, China needs to send more native Chinese speaking teachers to support local teachers of the Chinese language in both universities and organizing cultural activities quarterly to inspire and enhanced their studies.
Implementation of Basic Science Curriculum in Nigeria private secondary schools: Problems and prospects
Authors:   Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Jos, Nigeria., OGUNDELE Michael Olarewaju , OKUNLOLA O. Rebecca ,   Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Jos, Nigeria., DAMILOLA James Clara ,   Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Jos, Nigeria., GODFREY Shown ,   Department of Educational Foundations, College of Education Pankshin, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

Nigeria accepted education as an instrument for national development and as a tool to enhance the formulation of ideas, rapid growth, as well as a devisor of all worthwhile interactions and ideas that are capable of fostering both individual and societal development. This paper digs into the issues surrounding effective implementation of Basic Science Curriculum in Nigeria private secondary schools: problems and prospects. The position of Basic Science as the bedrock for all science subjects in the secondary school has led to its inclusion in the school curriculum. The paper advocates the implementation of Basic Science Curriculum to ensure the optimal attainment for sustainable development in Nigeria. The paper also examined the importance of Basic Science Curriculum and the challenges facing its teaching, among others. Finally, the paper recommended massive advocacy and sensitization of teachers, students, parents and school administrators and supervisors who are the end-users of the new curriculum for its effective implementation. Recommendations which if properly effected would enhance effective teaching of basic science have also been discussed.
Accreditation exercise requirements adequacy and quality of resources in South-south federal universities, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Curriculum Studies, Educational Management Planning, Faculty of Education, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria., Agboola Bolapeju M. , Bassey Aniedi O. ,   Department of Curriculum Studies, Educational Management Planning, Faculty of Education, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Published: May 2024

The study determined accreditation exercises requirement adequacy and quality of resources in south-south federal universities, Nigeria. Four research questions and null hypotheses guided the study. Study design was ex-post facto with population of 6667 and sample size of 723 academic staff selected through multi-stage sampling technique in six universities. Data were generated with two validated instruments titled: "Accreditation Exercise Requirement Adequacy Questionnaire (AERAQ)" and "Resource Quality Status Checklist (RQSC)". Reliability coefficient of 0.93 was obtained for AERAQ using Cronbach alpha statistic. Research questions were answered with mean and the null hypotheses tested with independent t-test statistic at significant level of 0.05. The findings show significant difference between accreditation exercise requirement adequacy and quality status of academic staff, library facilities and funding. Recommendations made include; conduct of regular monitoring of programmes by National Universities Commission and provision of adequate funds, infrastructures, facilities and lecturers to ensure the resources meet the benchmark.