bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spray Recovery From Nozzles Designed to Reduce Drift
Authors: Bouse L. F. , Carlton J. B. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

Low pressure and reduced pressure fan and reduced pressure hollow cone nozzles were compared to conventional fan and hollow cone nozzles to determine their potential for reducing spray drift. Other comparisons included two different spray pressures for a low pressure fan nozzle, low and reduced pressure fan nozzles versus air-aspirating foam nozzles, low pressure versus reduced pressure fan nozzles, and reduced pressure hollow cone nozzles versus reduced pressure fan nozzles. Spray recoveries within 36 m downwind of the spray release point were significantly greater for the low pressure and reduced pressure fan and reduced pressure hollow cone nozzles than for the conventional fan and hollow cone nozzles. An air-aspirating nozzle producing spray without foaming adjuvant resulted in significantly greater spray recovery than a low pressure fan nozzle. The recovery from a reduced pressure fan nozzle having a rated flow of 12.6 cm3/s was significantly greater than that from a low pressure fan nozzle.
Bentazon Applied Postemergence for Economical Control of Common Cocklebur in Soybeans
Authors: McWhorter C. G. , Anderson J. M.
Published: May 2019

Effectiveness of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] for control of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] was evaluated in field research over a 3-yr period. Bentazon, applied over-the-top at 0.6 to 1.1 kg/ha, controlled common cocklebur more effectively than over-the-top or directed applications of dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at 0.8 to 1.7 kg/ha or 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] at 0.2 kg/ha. Single applications of bentazon were highly effective for control of common cocklebur, but multiple applications usually provided the best control and highest soybean yields. A preemergence treatment of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] at 1.1 kg/ha and a postemergence application of bentazon at 1.1 kg/ha provided 92 to 99% control of common cocklebur. Control of common cocklebur with bentazon reduced discounts in harvested soybean seed caused by excessive moisture content and foreign material. The reduction in discounts improved soybean seed grades.
History of Weevils on Puncturevine in and Near the United States
Authors: Maddox D. M.
Published: May 2019

The seed weevil (Microlarinus lareynii Jacquelin duVal) and the stem weevil (M. lypriformis Wollaston) were introduced into the United States and the West Indies to control puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.) and Jamaica feverplant (T. cistoides L.). In 14 yr these weevils have partially controlled these weeds in most areas where weevil establishment has occurred. However, indigenous parasitoids, predators, and cold weather affect weevil densities. Presently a coldhardy strain of seed and stem weevils has become established in Nevada and promise control in colder areas.
Effects of Glyphosate and Siduron on Turfgrass Establishment
Authors: Moshier Loren , Turgeon A. J. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The effects of several concentrations of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] on germination and seedling growth of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Nugget,’ ‘Prato,’ ‘Fylking,’ ‘Park’), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrisHuds. Penncross,’ ‘Seaside’), and red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Pennlawn,’ ‘Wintergreen’) were evaluated in petri dishes under controlled environmental conditions. A high concentration of glyphosate (10-4M) reduced shoot growth in all but two cultivars. Siduron had no effect. Glyphosate or siduron applied to the soil and incorporated did not affect turfgrass germination or growth. When the glyphosate was sprayed over the soil and on the seed lying on the soil surface, red fescue germination was reduced and shoot growth of Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and red fescue was inhibited at the high rate of glyphosate application (17.9 kg/ha). Under field conditions, none of the glyphosate treatments reduced turfgrass germination or growth.
Effect of Soil pH on Microbial Degradation, Adsorption, and Mobility of Metribuzin
Authors: Ladlie James S. , Meggitt William F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio-as-triazin-5(4H)one] degradation by soil microorganisms decreased as the soil pH decreased. Metribuzin and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] mobility increased with increasing concentration and soil pH.14C-metribuzin had greater mobility on soil thin-layer plates than14C-atrazine because of differences in water solubility and basicity. Adsorption increased with decreasing soil pH. The pKa for metribuzin was 0.99 ± 0.08. Adsorption increased gradually as the soil pH decreased toward the pKa of metribuzin. Protonation of the amine group with subsequent adsorption to soil colloids was the postulated reason for the reduction in phytotoxicity, microbial degradation, and mobility of metribuzin at low soil pH levels.
Effects of Paraquat and Dinoseb in Hops
Authors: Ogg A. G. , Zimmermann C. E.
Published: May 2019

Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha and paraquat + dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at 1.1 + 0.7 kg/ha controlled redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] in hops (Humulus lupulusL. ‘Yakima Cluster’) without reducing hop yield or the alpha and beta acid content of the hop cones. Three applications at about 3-week intervals were required to control weeds until harvest. Two applications controlled hop sucker growth. Paraquat at more than 0.6 kg/ha in the third application caused excessive reduction in hop sucker growth.
Distribution ofCarduus nutans, C. acanthoides, C. pycnocephalus, andC. crispus, in the United States
Authors: Dunn P. H.
Published: May 2019

A survey determined the extent and severity of the infestations of four species ofCarduusthistles in the United States. In the mainland United States, 360 counties of 3068 have economically important infestations of musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.), the Appalachian and midwest regions harboring the greatest infestations. Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoidesL.) and Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalusL.) are of economic importance, but have limited distribution. Welted thistle (Carduus crispusL.) is approaching pest status only in Virginia.
Mixed - Brush Canopy Cover - Rainfall Interrelationships with Native Grass Production
Authors: Scifres C. J. , Mutz J. L. , Whitson R. E. , Drawe D. L.
Published: May 2019

Annual production of native grasses on the Texas Coastal Prairie was decreased by 90, 66, and 67 kg/ha in 1978, 1979, and 1981, respectively, for each 1% increase in mixed-brush canopy cover in the range, from 12 to 57%. Differences in regression coefficients among years were not significant (P$0.05), although rainfall varied from 84% of the 26-yr average (91.5 cm) in 1978 to 150% of the annual average in 1981. Grass production during the growing season (May through October) only was decreased by 58, 113, and 78 kg/ha in 1978, 1979, and 1981, respectively, for each unit percentage increase in brush canopy cover. A greater proportion of the annual rainfall occurred during the growing season of 1979 than during the drier spring and summer of 1978. Native grasses typical of brush-free Coastal Prairie occupy the interstitial areas among the mixed-brush mottes, but bunch cutgrass (Leersia monandraSwartz) is the only grass that persists from the canopy edge to 1.5 m inward from the brush driplines. Little or no herbaceous vegetation grows in the centers of the mottes.
Physiological and Cytological Effects of BAS 9052 OH on Corn (Zea mays) Seedlings
Authors: Asare-Boamah Nana K. , Fletcher Ronald A.
Published: May 2019

Four days after treatment of corn (Zea maysL. 'SX111′) seedlings with BAS 9052 OH {2 - [1-(ethoxyimino) butyl] - 5 - [2 - (ethylthio) - propyl] - 3 - hydroxy - 2 - cyclohexene-1 - one} growth was inhibited and a purple color developed in the leaves. Low dosages (0.02 and 0.04 kg/ha) caused bleaching of the newly expanding leaves. Dosages higher than 0.04 kg/ha caused significant reductions in length and fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots. Anthocyanin and total - sugar content increased, whereas chlorophyll accumulation and respiratory activity were reduced by herbicide treatment. BAS 9052 OH did not alter the mitotic index of corn root tips, but induced binucleate cells by preventing cell-plate and -wall formation. In some cells, the daughter nuclei were reoriented with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cells, and in others, the nuclei failed to migrate to the poles. These physiological and cytological effects of BAS 9052 OH on corn seedlings may be responsible for the phytotoxic action of the herbicide on grasses.
Absorption, Translocation, and Degradation of SN 533 by Soybeans (Glycine Max) and Peanuts (Avachis Hypogaea)
Authors: Harrison Howard F. , Slife Fred W.
Published: May 2019

SN 533 [1-(N-ethyl-N-propylcarbamoyl)-3-propylsulphonoyl-1,2,4-triazole] toxicity, uptake, translocation, and degradation were studied in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Williams’] and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L. ‘GK 19′). Soybeans were more sensitive than peanuts to SN 533 applied in the nutrient solution. 14C-SN 533 was absorbed by the roots of both species, and the 14C was translocated into the shoot acropetally. Although differences in the uptake and translocation of 14C-SN 533 by soybeans and peanuts were observed, these were not large enough to account for its differential toxicity. Root-absorbed 14C-SN 533 was rapidly degraded in both species, with less than 2% of the radiolabel present in either species occurring as unaltered SN 533 8 days after treatment. Excised leaflets of both species also rapidly degraded 14C-SN 533. The data indicate that the herbicide is more rapidly degraded in peanuts than in soybeans, and thin-layer chromatography of leaflet extracts showed that different polar products were formed from 14C-SN 533 in soybeans and peanuts.
A Comparison between Glyphosate and Assimilate Translocation Patterns in Tall Morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea)
Authors: Dewey Steven A. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

Translocation of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] in tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth., ‘Heavenly Blue’] was compared with movement of14C-photosynthate. The flow of photosynthate was manipulated by creating assimilate sinks in mature leaves and cotyledons using combinations of stem girdling, leaf shading, and localized cytokinin application. Comparisons of14C distribution patterns indicated minor differences between glyphosate and assimilate sink partitioning when14C-glyphosate or14CO2were applied to a single leaf. Labeled glyphosate moved upward through stem girdles in greater proportions than14C from photosynthate, suggesting a greater capacity for glyphosate to transfer from symplast to apoplast. When14C-glyphosate was applied to the stem,14C still moved symplastically to natural and artificial sinks, but apoplastic movement into all transpiring tissues above the site of application greatly increased. Results support the classification of glyphosate as an ambimobile rather than a phloem-mobile herbicide.
Biology and Control of Tall Ironweed (Vernonia altissima)
Authors: Mann Richard K. , Rosser Steven W. , Witt William W.
Published: May 2019

Tall ironweed (Vernonia altissimaNutt.) is a perennial with underground, axillary vegetative buds from which new shoots are produced. In a 2-yr study, tall ironweed plants averaged 6115 seeds/plant. Germination of buried seeds increased with increased time of burial. Foliar herbicide applications were evaluated for control of tall ironweed plants in the pre- to early-bud stages of growth. The triethylamine salt or ethylene glycol butyl ether ester of triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} was the most effective, providing 93 to 90% control of top growth and regrowth of tall ironweed. The butoxyethanol and propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] alone and in combination with the amine salt of triclopyr also provided excellent control.
Response of Common Goldenweed (Isocoma coronopifolia) and Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) to Fire and Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Mayeux H. S. , Hamilton W. T.
Published: May 2019

Controlled burning during winter reduced densities of common goldenweed [Isocoma coronopifolia(Gray) Greene] by 33 to 44% and suppressed canopy cover and height of surviving common goldenweeds for 2 yr. Applied to an unburned infestation, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) granules only partially controlled common goldenweed at rates of 2 kg/ha or less. Tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} or picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) pellets provided excellent control of common goldenweed if applied at 2 kg/ha during March and at 1 kg/ha if applied after burning in February. The burning pretreatment appeared to synergistically enhance effectiveness of herbicides applied at relatively low rates. Increases in standing crop of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliarisL.) following burning were usually small and temporary, but effective herbicide treatments and burn-herbicide combinations increased buffelgrass standing crop by as much as three-fold.
Effects of Soil Texture and Seed Placement on Emergence of Four Subshrubs
Authors: Mayeux H. S.
Published: May 2019

Seedling emergence of broom snakeweed [Gutierrezia sarothrae(Pursh) Britt. & Rusby], threadleaf snakeweed [G. microcephala(DC.) Gray], common goldenweed [Isocoma coronopifolia(Gray) Greene], and false broomweed (Ericameria austrotexanaM.C. Johnston) was studied in the glasshouse. Germination of these species is known to be light-stimulated. Seed of all four subshrubs germinated readily if placed on the surface or partially pressed into the soil. Emergence was reduced by covering seed with soil to a depth of less than 1 mm. Few seedlings emerged from a depth of 1 cm, and none emerged from a depth of 2 cm. Rate of emergence also decreased with increasing depth of placement. Soil texture had little effect on emergence. Rapid germination on the soil surface is consistent with other aspects of the regenerative strategy of common goldenweed and false broomweed, which do not depend upon a buried seed bank for regeneration. Seed burial probably provides a form of enforced dormancy in the small, long-lived seeds of the two snakeweed species.
IDENTIFICAZIONE PARTITICA, PROGRAMMA POLITICO E PERSONALITÀ DEI CANDIDATI NELLE ELEZIONI PRESIDENZIALI AMERICANE DEL 1980
Authors: Corbetta Piergiorgio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Oltre un anno è trascorso dalle elezioni presidenziali americane del 4 Novembre 1980: e tuttavia il senso di quel risultato elettorale è ancora ben lontano dall'esserci definitivamente chiaro. Anzi, possiamo tranquillamente affermare che la nostra comprensione non è andata molto oltre le prime confuse interpretazioni, quando evidenti erano la sorpresa e l'impreparazione di fronte alla «vittoria a valanga» del candidato repubblicano.
STARE AL GOVERNO: VANTAGGIO O SVANTAGGIO?
Authors: Rose Richard , Mackie Thomas T.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

I perdenti di oggi potranno diventare vincitori di domani? Oppure i vincitori si rafforzeranno sempre più? A livello elettorale, tali interrogativi mirano a stabilire se il partito in carica può servirsi dei suoi poteri per assicurarsi una più lunga permanenza al governo. Ovvero, se guidare un paese sta diventando oggi sempre più difficile a causa dei sovraccarichi imposti al governo, allora un partito che vince le elezioni, probabilmente, sarà sconfitto successivamente, quando cercherà la rielezione.
CLASSE POLITICA E ISTITUZIONALIZZAZIONE DEL PARLAMENTO: 1946–1972
Authors: Cotta Maurizio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

A trent'anni dal crollo della dittatura fascista si fa oggi particolarmente pressante la questione della possibilità di sopravvivenza del regime che ne è scaturito. Sono infatti alle viste mutamenti che pochi, fino a non molti anni fa, avrebbero dato per probabili (e soprattutto cosí rapidamente). L'esito del referendum sul divorzio, i risultati elettorali del 15 giugno 1975, la crescita del Partito Comunista Italiano sia in termini elettorali che di egemonia nella società civile, la grave crisi di tutti i partiti minori dell'area laica, lo sbandamento e la crisi di leadership del partito di maggioranza relativa, sono altrettanti fenomeni dai quali emerge che certi equilibri all'interno del sistema politico si sono trasformati e che la via è aperta ad ulteriori mutamenti. Ma quali mutamenti? Mutamenti all'interno del regime, che ne trasformerebbero solo la funzionalità (forse in senso migliorativo) oppure, invece, mutamenti del regime che potrebbero addirittura qualificarsi come involuzione o break-down del sistema? Le possibilità sono varie, e non è davvero privo di rilievo che risulti vera l'una o l'altra interpretazione. È importante, quindi, che il dibattito teorico, apertosi su questi temi, sia approfondito e condotto non da una ma da piú prospettive, per coprire tutta la complessità del fenomeno. Tra queste prospettive riveste interesse l'analisi della situazione dell'istituto parlamentare nel trentennio considerato. È questo l'argomento qui affrontato, sulla base dei dati di una ricerca sul personale parlamentare italiano dal 1946 ad oggi.
SISTEMA DI CORRENTI E DEPERIMENTO DEI PARTITI IN ITALIA
Authors: Lombardo Antonio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il sistema partitico italiano è stato caratterizzato, nel 1975, dall'affermarsi clamoroso di due tendenze che erano in moto da anni: il rafforzamento del PCI e l'indebolimento della DC. Occorre chiedersi se le due tendenze in questione abbiano origine soltanto, o soprattutto, nel mutamento della società civile, ovvero (o soprattutto) in specifici meccanismi del sistema partitico e di governo.
SULLA TEORIA DELLA DEMOCRAZIA COMPETITIVA
Authors: D'Alimonte Roberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questo saggio nasce dalla convinzione che per capire a fondo il funzionamento della democrazia rappresentativa occorra esplorare, e sul piano formale e suI piano empirico, il rapporto tra democrazia da un lato e competizione inter-partitica dall'altro. In omaggio a questa convinzione, il saggio è articolato suuna ipotesi precisa:a parità di condizioni, un sistema di partiti è democratico nella misura in cui è competitivo.

A parte il riferimento esplicito ai partiti e ai sistemi di partito, questa ipotesi è stata intuita da Schumpeter piú di trenta anni fa. Nel suoCapitalism, Socialism and Democracyegli scriveva che « il metodo democratico è quello strumento istituzionale per arrivare a decisioni politiche nel quale alcune persone acquistano il potere di decidere mediante una lotta per il voto popolare ». E a questa definizione fanno capo con sfumature diverse Ie analisi del funzionamento della democrazia competitiva svolte daFriedrich, Dahl, Sartori e Downs.
ATTEGGIAMENTI POLITICI DEGLI IMPRENDITORI: IL CASO DELLA LOMBARDIA
Authors: Urbani Giuliano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il rapporto tra imprenditori e politica resta ancora oggi, nel nostro paese, uno dei campi di studio meno indagati. L'argomento è ormai assurto ai fasti dei rotocaichi e delle prime pagine dei quotidiani, senza che a questo successo di pubblico abbia però fatto seguito un anaIogo e parallelo approfondimento conoscitivo. La conseguenza piú appariscente è che in tema di ª imprenditori e politica » possediamo uno sterminato archivio di « ritratti » dei singoli personaggi (in specie dei piú noti amministratori di grandi industrie), sapendo però ben poco di quelche pensa e di quel che fa la generalità della categoria. Orientamenti politico-culturali degli imprenditori, livello e fon ti delle loro conoscenze, modalita di partecipazione politica restano altrettanti campi dove procediamo per grandi impressioni, attraverso generalizzazioni che nascono per lo piú da singole e casuali relazioni personali (spesso influenzate e deformate dalle rispettive propensioni ideologiche), piuttosto che da solide informazioni empiriche, raccolte sistematicamente e su vasta scala.
LE TRASFORMAZIONI DELL'ATTUALE SISTEMA ECONOMICO
Authors: Miglio Gianfranco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Qualche anno fa, accingendomi ad analizzare la crisi del sistema elettivo-rappresentativo, e quindi le contraddizioni che avrebbero poi condotto il sistema politico italiano alla sua presente autodissoluzione, presi le mosse da una constatazione del tutto empirica: il vago presagio di un mutamento, grave e sempre meno lontano, che si manifestava nell'inquietudine dell'uomo della strada.
LE ELEZIONI DEGLI ANNI SETTANTA: TERREMOTO O EVOLUZIONE?
Authors: Sani Giacomo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Negli ultimi anni gli studiosi dei fenomeni elettorali hanno avuto a disposizione abbondante materiale per le loro analisi. Dalla primavera del 1972 a quella del 1976 si sono tenute, infatti, ben quattro consultazioni a carattere nazionale. Alle elezioni politiche del 1972 hanno fatto seguito il referendum sul divorzio del 1974, le elezioni regionali del 1975 e le recentissime elezioni per il rinnovo del parlamento. Questa successione di elezioni a breve scadenza consente di sottoporre a continue verifiche le interpretazioni di volta in volta avanzate. In uno scritto apparso di recente su questa rivista ho analizzato i risultati delle elezioni regionali del 1975 mettendo in luce il ruolo giocato da fattori legati al ricambio del corpo elettorale. In questo articolo mi propongo di dimostrare che lo schema di analisi avanzato in quella sede può essere applicato con risultati soddisfacenti alle elezioni del 1976. Dopo una breve discussione del modello utilizzato vengono presentati alcuni dati sul ricambio del corpo elettorale ed esaminate alcune stime ricavate da indagini demoscopiche sul travaso di voti da destra a sinistra. Seguono alcune verifiche dello schema a livello nazionale e regionale ed una breve analisi dei fenomeni di concentrazione dei suffragi a vantaggio del PCI e della DC all'interno dei due schieramenti di sinistra e di centro-destra. Nella parte conclusiva del saggio si dimostra che i risultati del 1976 lungi dal rappresentare una inversione di tendenza rispetto a quelli del 1975 costituiscono una ulteriore conferma dell'esistenza di un processo di graduale mutamento nella distribuzione delle preferenze politiche in Italia.
MEDIAZIONE E INDIRIZZO POLITICO NEL PARLAMENTO ITALIANO
Authors: Predieri Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Dodici anni fa, nella ricerca diretta da Giovanni Sartori, appariva un mio saggio sulla «Produzione legislativa». Dire che cosa è avvenuto ed è cambiato in questi anni — in cui ho continuato a seguire i problemi dell'attività legislativa, soprattutto nella Ricerca sul processo legislativo finanziata dal CNR — non sarebbe agevole in poche righe. Ho cercato di farlo altrove, in modo meno affrettato; sommando le considerazioni di allora a quelle di oggi qualche annotazione riassuntiva può comunque essere stesa.
CRISI E MUTAMENTO POLITICO: IL NUOVO CONTRIBUTO TEORICO DI ALMOND
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Piú di venti anni fa, Macridis e Cox nel rapporto finale su un seminario, tenutosi presso la Northwestern University, denunciavano senza mezzi termini l'arretratezza degli studi politici comparati e, piú in generale, della scienza politica come disciplina. Tutti, i partecipanti a quel seminario — da Macridis stesso a Beer, Eckstein, Deutsch e Ward, per citare solo alcuni tra i piú noti dei partecipanti — erano sostanzialmente concordi nel ritenere che la politica comparata fosse provinciale, eurocentrica, descrittiva, formalistica, statica, monografica. Macridis stesso tornerà a insistere ed approfondire questi temi in un suo volume di qualche anno dopo.
Lifecourse transitions and participation in political organisations in older Spanish men and women
Authors: Serrat Rodrigo , Villar Feliciano
Published: May 2019

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies addressing older people's political participation. Much of this literature, however, can be criticised for neglecting important aspects of seniors’ political participation, such as its dynamics across the lifecourse, its gendered nature and the influence of the particular socio-political contexts in which participation occurs. In this paper we bring together all these issues to explore the relation between lifecourse transitions and participation in political organisations in Spanish men and women. We conducted life-story interviews with 40 highly engaged older political activists regarding their lifetime story of political commitment, and identified eight different lifecourse transitions affecting their participation in political organisations. Three of these transitions were related to the work domain and five to the family domain. Most of them were clearly gender-dependent, affecting men's and women's engagement in political organisations in different ways and to different degrees. Our study expands on previous research on lifespan-related aspects of political participation by showing that considering biographical, gendered and historical aspects is key to understanding the relationships between life transitions and participation in political organisations across the lifecourse.
Pre- and Post-Perihelion Spectroscopic Observations of Comet Kohoutek (1973f)
Authors: Wyckoff S. , Wehinger P
Published: May 2019

Twenty pre- and post-perihelion calibrated image-tube spectrograms (3400-9000A; 75 and 150 A/mm) were obtained of Comet Kohoutek covering a range in heliocentric distances of 0.9 to 0.4 a. u. (30 November 1973 - 14 February 1974). Total band intensities have been measured for the CN, C2 and NH2 bands in the coma spectrum, and for the CO+ and H2O+ bands in the tail spectrum. Changes in the total band intensities as a function of heliocentric distance are discussed, as are the pre- and post-perihelion characteristics of the spectra. The line intensity distributions within individual bands of the heteronuclear molecules (with large dipole moments) indicate very low rotational “temperatures” as expected. The measured band intensity ratios of the A2π-X2Σ (red) CN bands and the B2Σ-A2π (violet) CN bands are compared with predicted band intensity ratios calculated by T. Danks and C. Arpigny (1973 Astron. and Astrophys. 29, 347). Finally column densities are determined for CN and C2 in the coma and CO+ in the tail of Comet Kohoutek at various heliocentric distances.
A Search for Molecular Transitions in the 22-25 GHz Band in Comet Kohoutek 1973f
Authors: Churchwell E. , Landecker T , Winnewisser G. , Hills R. , Rahe J.
Published: May 2019

According to current theories, the radicals optically identified in cometary spectra stem from more complex parent compounds which have no transitions at visible wavelengths. In recent years radio transitions of likely molecules have repeatedly been searched for but were never found (e.g., Huebner and Snyder, 1970; Clark et al., 1971). Only in Comet Kohoutek 1973f have microwave lines of three molecules been detected, OH (Biraud et al., 1974; Turner, 1974), CH3CN (Ulich and Conklin, 1974), and HCN (Snyder et al., 1974). Here we report on our search for transitions in the 22-25 GHz band of the molecules H2O, NH3, and CH3OH in this Comet and give upper limits on line temperatures and column densities.
‘Swimming Upside Down in the Wrong Direction’ Plato's Criticism of Sophistic Rhetoric on Technical and Stylistic Grounds
Authors: North Helen F.
Published: May 2019

The reform of rhetoric is an integral part of the great program of moral reform undertaken by Plato, and the intensity with which he pursues the subject is a measure of the importance it assumed in his thought. This importance is only partly a result of the enormous and perverse influence wielded by rhetoric on politics and the ethics of the individual. The basic reason for Plato's hostility to sophistic rhetoric was that it took the side of appearance in the conflict between appearance and reality which lay behind much of the Socratic–Platonic philosophy. Rhetoric as it was developed by the great teachers of the late fifth century and exercised in the early fourth was concerned, not with knowledge, but with the appearance of knowledge. It did not care for truth, only for what was probable (εἰϰός) or persuasive (πιθανόν). ‘To seem’ (δοϰεĩν, ϕαíνεσθαı) rather than ‘to be’ (εἷναı) was its goal.
Der Eingang von Cyprians Schrift ‘Ad Donatum’
Authors: Martin Josef
Published: May 2019

Der von K. G. Goetz unternommene Nachweis, dass der von Hartel in seiner Ausgabe der Werke Cyprians unter die Spuria aufgenommene kleine Brief ‘Credo te retinere …’ der ursprüngliche Anfang des cyprianischen Traktates Ad Donatum sei, fand seiner Zeit die Billigung H. von Sodens und A. Harnacks. C. Weyman dagegen hat den Versuch als völlig verfehlt bezeichnet, O. Bardenhewer spricht von einem Monolog, und G. Krüger vermisst im Verlaufe des Monologs jede Andeutung dafür, dass es sich um einen Dialog handelt, während er später den Traktat als einen Dialog erklärt, ‘wie sich aus dem Anfang und dem Ende der Schrift deutlich ergibt,’ um allerdings gleich darauf wieder festzustellen, dass jede Andeutung dafür fehle, dass es sich um einen Dialog oder Scheindialog handle.
The Commemoration Pictures of the Exultet Roll Barberinus latinus 592
Authors: Ladner Gerhart B.
Published: May 2019

Of the five surviving fragments of the Exultet roll Barb. lat. 592 in the Vatican Library, one — 592 (5) — shows two striking commemoration pictures: of the pope on his throne, with a bishop or archbishop standing to his left and a deacon to his right (Plate 1), and of the emperor, likewise enthroned, on whose left sits a count on a faldistorium, holding a falcon in his right hand (Plate 2); these main figures are accompanied by other representatives of the clergy and laity. None of the figures is identified by name.
Jesuit Aristotelianism and Sixteenth-Century Metaphysics
Authors: Lohr Charles H.
Published: May 2019

The outstanding sixteenth-century Scripture scholar Juan Maldonado, in an instruction for members of the Society of Jesus on the manner of teaching theology, thus describes the ideal professor:

The professor of Scholastic theology should be so skilled in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew that he will be able to speak with grace and not ridiculously and that he will not be restricted in his dealings with the heretics who are well-equipped with languages. He should be versed in all parts of philosophy … and much more so in all parts of theology, first of all in sacred letters, which is the source of all theology, so that he will be able to refute the heretics with the Scriptures; then for the same reason in the decrees of the councils, and the books of the ancient doctors, in Church dogma, in sacred history; … and finally in the Scholastic authors, … especially St. Thomas [MP 864f.].
Special Education may be too Special
Authors: Richardson Brian E.
Published: May 2019

The suggestion is made, in this paper, that too many children have been placed in Special Schools for the physically handicapped. One of the reasons for this has been the tendency for the community to use the terms impairment, disability and handicap, interchangeably. An attempt is made to clarify the difference between these terms. It is claimed that there should be “compelling educational reasons” before a child is placed anywhere other than a regular class in a regular school. Guidelines for determining alternative placements are suggested. The paper claims that, in Australia, there does not exist an appropriate continuum of educationl service provision for children with physical disabilities. It is contended that too little use is made of the special class within a regular school.

Historically it has been the practice to educate a child with a significant physical disability in a special school. Of course there have been some exceptions to this practice, but it has never-the-less been true that a child with, say, athetoid cerebral palsy, would probably have been placed in a “special school for the physically handicapped”. Fortunately that situation is changing and it is appropriate that we look now at both why the special placement model was so popular, and also what factors should be considered in determining an educational placement today.
Teacher questions as a function of knowledge of organicity
Authors: Jacobs John F. , Leahy Mary
Published: May 2019

The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test was administered to secondary school students, and experimental group teachers were informed of results. A dyadic interaction analysis of teacher questions, categorized on the operations dimension of Guilford’s Structure of the Intellect, was recorded in experimental and control classes. Analysis, using ANOVA, suggests teachers interact differently with students who have visual motor difficulties (despite not having these children explicitly identified) than they do with ‘normal’ children. The data further suggest teacher knowledge of the prescence of some children with visual motor difficulties affects the type of question teachers ask of all students in their classroom.
The association between feeding protocol compliance and weight gain following high-risk neonatal cardiac surgery
Authors: Furlong-Dillard Jamie M. , Miller Benjamin J. , Sward Kathy A. , Neary Alaina I. , Hardin-Reynolds Trudy L. , Jeffers Grace , Clay Bonnie A. , Truong Dongngan T. , Miller Thomas A. , Jones Courtney E. , Lambert Linda M. , Bailly David K.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Children with congenital heart disease are at high risk for malnutrition. Standardisation of feeding protocols has shown promise in decreasing some of this risk. With little standardisation between institutions’ feeding protocols and no understanding of protocol adherence, it is important to analyse the efficacy of individual aspects of the protocols.

Methods:

Adherence to and deviation from a feeding protocol in high-risk congenital heart disease patients between December 2015 and March 2017 were analysed. Associations between adherence to and deviation from the protocol and clinical outcomes were also assessed. The primary outcome was change in weight-for-age z score between time intervals.

Results:

Increased adherence to and decreased deviation from individual instructions of a feeding protocol improves patients change in weight-for-age z score between birth and hospital discharge (p = 0.031). Secondary outcomes such as markers of clinical severity and nutritional delivery were not statistically different between groups with high or low adherence or deviation rates.

Conclusions:

High-risk feeding protocol adherence and fewer deviations are associated with weight gain independent of their influence on nutritional delivery and caloric intake. Future studies assessing the efficacy of feeding protocols should include the measures of adherence and deviations that are not merely limited to caloric delivery and illness severity.
Utilization of learned skills in cognitive behavioural therapy for panic disorder
Authors: Halaj Asala , Yekutiel Nitzan , Strauss Asher Y. , Huppert Jonathan D.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Research has long investigated the cognitive processes in the treatment of depression, and more recently in panic disorder (PD). Meanwhile, other studies have examined patients’ cognitive therapy skills in depression to gain insight into the link between acquiring such skills and treatment outcome.

Aims:

Given that no scale exists to examine in-session patient use of panic-related cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) skills, the aim of this study was to develop a new measure for assessing patients’ cognitive and behavioural skills in CBT for PD.

Method:

This study included 20 PD patients who received 12 weekly individual therapy sessions. The Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Panic Skills (CBTPS) rating system was developed. Three independent raters coded tapes of therapy sessions at the beginning and end of treatment.

Results:

The coefficient alphas and inter-rater reliability were high for the cognitive and behavioural subscales. Improvement in the patients’ CBTPS scores on both subscales indicated overall symptom improvement, above improvement in anxiety sensitivity.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the impact of patient acquisition of CBT PD skills on treatment outcome. A new measure was developed based on the observations and was deemed reliable and valid. The measure facilitates the examination of the mechanisms of change in treatment for PD. An in-depth examination of the CBTPS may refine our understanding of the impact of each skill on PD treatment outcome. Further research relating to acquiring CBT skills could shed light on the mechanisms of change in treatment.
CHILDREN’S HEALTH, HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, AND R&D-BASED ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Baldanzi Annarita , Bucci Alberto , Prettner Klaus
Published: May 2019

We analyze the effects of children’s health on human capital accumulation and on long-run economic growth. For this purpose, we design an R&D-based growth model in which the stock of human capital of the next generation is determined by parental education and health investments. We show that (i) there is a complementarity between education and health: if parents want to have better educated children, they also raise health investments and vice versa; (ii) parental health investments exert an unambiguously positive effect on long-run economic growth, (iii) faster population growth reduces long-run economic growth. These results are consistent with the empirical evidence for modern economies in the twentieth century.
Effect of Heavy Mass Ion (Gold) and Light Mass Ion (Boron) Irradiation on Microstructure of Tungsten
Authors: Sharma Prashant , Maya Padivattathumana , Akkireddy Satyaprasad , Raole Prakash M. , Tyagi Anil K. , Attri Asha , Kulriya Pawan K. , Bajpai Parmendra K. , Mishra Sudhir , Patel Shiv P. , Trivedi Tarkeshwar , Khan K. B. , Deshpande Shishir P.
Published: May 2019

The difference in the defect structures produced by different ion masses in a tungsten lattice is investigated using 80 MeV Au7+ ions and 10 MeV B3+ ions. The details of the defects produced by ions in recrystallized tungsten foil samples are studied using transmission electron microscopy. Dislocations of type b = 1/2[111] and [001] were observed in the analysis. While highly energetic gold ion produced small clusters of defects with very few dislocation lines, boron has produced large and sparse clusters with numerous dislocation lines. The difference in the defect structures could be due to the difference in separation between primary knock-on atoms produced by gold and boron ions.
Ultrastructural Imaging Analysis of the Zona Pellucida Surface in Bovine Oocytes
Authors: Báez Francisco , Camargo Álvaro A. , Gastal Gustavo D.A.
Published: May 2019

The aims of the present study were to: (i) evaluate the ultrastructural differences in the zona pellucida (ZP) surface between immature and mature bovine oocytes, and (ii) describe a new objective technique to measure the pores in the outer ZP. Intact cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from a local abattoir were immediately fixed (immature group) or submitted to in vitro maturation (IVM) at 38.5 °C for 24 h in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air (mature group). Oocytes from both groups were morphologically evaluated via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the images were processed in the Fiji/ImageJ software using a new objective methodology through the Trainable Weka Segmentation plugin. The average number of pores in ZP was greater (p < 0.05) in the mature group than the immature group. However, the size and circularity of pores in ZP did not differ (p > 0.05) between groups. In conclusion, it has been shown that the number of pores highlighted the main ultrastructural change in the morphology of the ZP surface of bovine oocytes during the IVM process. We have described an objective method that can be used to evaluate ultrastructural modifications of the ZP surface during oocyte maturation and early embryo development.
5G multi-element/port antenna design for wireless applications:a review
Authors: Gupta Parul , Malviya Leeladhar , Charhate S. V.
Published: May 2019

Fifth generation (5G) is the current hot topic of the world's leading telecommunication companies. The compact designs of antennas made it possible for them to resonate at higher frequencies, thus to enable the devices to attain higher data rate as compared to 4G technology. Data rate of 5G technology for low mobility users is expected to be 50.0 Gbps and for high mobility users it is 5.0 Gbps. On the other hand, International telecommunication union's objective for 5G is 3 times more spectrally efficient thanlong-term evolution (LTE). The paper has carried out meticulous study over the impact of 5G antennas on the size of antenna, size/type of substrate, gain, efficiency, and isolation, etc. Also, different arrays andmultiple input multiple outputs (MIMOs) with patch antenna, magneto electric-dipole, microstrip grid array antenna, folded dipole, series-fed array, connected antenna array, MIMO are studied. The paper also includes the existing technology i.e 4G LTE and their isolation enhancement approaches. Many of the designs used the reflector plates to reduce the back lobe radiation problem in MIMO/array antennas to increase front-to-back ratio. The gain in 5G antennas can be increased by using balun, parasitic element as directors, multiple notch structures, three identical slot sub-arrays, etc. Mathematical equations of multi-element/port antennas are included to model the designed antennas. The beam steering is also included for the 5G technology in this paper.
A low insertion loss low-pass filter based on single comb-shaped spoof surface plasmon polaritons
Authors: Li Luping , Dong Lijuan , Chen Peng , Yang Kai
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a low insertion loss low-pass filter based on the spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) with single comb-shape. Compared with traditional ones, the proposed filter provides lower insertion loss and return loss by optimizing the structural parameters of the mode conversion and SSPP parts. According to the measurement results, the average insertion loss of the fabricated filter is 0.41 dB and the return loss of which at the near-zero-hertz band is <−25.9 dB. The S parameter comparison result between the unoptimized and optimized filters demonstrates that the optimized filter provides lower insertion loss and return loss, smaller size, and better out-of-band rejection. The dispersion comparison result reveals the reasons behind the improved performances. The better performances of the optimized filter proves that breaking the regularity of traditional SSPP filters is beneficial to the filter's performances.
Herzfrequenzvariabilität – Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendbarkeit
Authors: Fouradoulas Marc , von Känel Roland , Schmid Jean-Paul
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Messung der Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HRV) erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf die Aktivität des autonomen Nervensystems (ANS). Eine autonome Dysbalance (AD) findet sich als gemeinsame Komponente zahlreicher Erkrankungen. Vielfach geht diese einer Erkrankung voraus und korreliert mit dem Therapieansprechen. Sie hat damit neben dem pathologischen auch einen prädiktiven Wert. Daneben stellt die Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HRV) in Ruhe ein psychophysiologisches Phänomen mit breiter Aussagekraft dar. Psychisches Erleben wirkt sich über das ANS auf die physiologische Homöostase, einschliesslich Immunprozesse, aus, was psychosomatische Effekte biologisch untermauert und durch HRV messbar macht. Das autonome Nervensystem (ANS) als Schnittstelle dieser psychophysiologischen Regulation gewinnt durch die HRV-Forschung zunehmend Bedeutung und ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen Psyche, Lebensstil, autonomer Regulation und chronischen körperlichen Erkrankungen. Sie bedingt eine systemische, Organ-übergreifende Sichtweise sowie eine Orientierung an langfristigen Prozessen. Die Beurteilung und Normalisierung der AD stellt dadurch eine neuartige therapeutische Strategie dar, von der sich zahlreiche Interventionen und Lebensstilmodifikationen ableiten lassen. So erhalten Interventionen, die den Vagotonus stärken (aerobes bzw. moderates körperliches Training, Relaxationstechniken, Vagusstimulation etc.), eine zunehmende Bedeutung. Gegenüber der einfachen nicht-invasiven Messung und Beliebtheit als Forschungsinstrument steht die Komplexität der Interpretation und die zurückhaltende Umsetzung in der klinischen Praxis. Nichtsdestotrotz existieren Guidelines und Normwert-Sammlungen, derer sich der Anwender bedienen kann.
Rasche Rückbildung einer symptomatischen Hyperkalzämie
Authors: Koster Markus , Ritter Simon , Brändle Michael
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Ältere Patienten mit vorbestehender Nierenfunktionseinschränkung und Einnahme von Nierenfunktions-hemmenden und Volumen-depletierenden Medikamenten samt gleichzeitiger Einnahme von Kalziumkarbonat weisen eine hohe Vulnerabilität bezüglich der Kalzium-Homöostase und somit ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine Hyperkalzämie auf. Die Inzidenz des Milch-Alkali-Syndroms hat in den letzten Jahren wegen der vermehrten Einnahme von Kalziumkarbonat-Präparaten zugenommen und gehört als dritthäufigste Ätiologie von Hyperkalzämien früh in die Differenzialdiagnose. Wie in diesem Fall gezeigt, können bei entsprechenden Risikofaktoren bereits relativ kleine Dosen von exogenem Kalzium zu einer Hyperkalzämie führen.
Metabolismus und Funktion der Lipoproteine hoher Dichte (HDL)
Authors: Jomard Anne , Osto Elena
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. HDL wurde lange Zeit als das «gute Cholesterin» angesehen, das für die Gesundheit des Gesamtorganismus und speziell des kardiovaskulären Systems essenziell ist. HDL ist jedoch komplex aufgebaut und durchläuft dynamische Umbauprozesse, an dem zahlreiche Komponenten, Enzyme und verschiedene Gewebe beteiligt sind. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit stellen wir HDL als eine Lipoproteinklasse vor, die zahlreiche Facetten hat, und deren verschiedene Unterklassen eine unterschiedliche Molekülgrösse und Zusammensetzung aufweisen, die unterschiedliche Rezeptor-Interaktionen und Funktionen ausüben. Ausserdem berichten wir von neuen auf HDL basierenden Therapie-Ansätzen, die bereits in klinischen Studien untersucht wurden, die allerdings nur zum Teil erfolgreich verliefen.