bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mosaicism del(22)(q11.2q11.2)/dup(22)(q11.2q11.2) in a patient with features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Dempsey Melissa A. , Schwartz Stuart , Waggoner Darrel J.
Published: April 2007

The chromosome 22q11 region is prone to rearrangements, including deletions and duplications, due to the presence of multiple low copy repeats (LCRs). DiGeorge/velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome is the most common microdeletion syndrome with more than 90% of patients having a common 3‐Mb deletion of 22q11.2 secondary to non‐homologous recombination of flanking LCRs. Meiotic reciprocal events caused by LCR‐mediated rearrangement should theoretically lead to an equal number of deletions and duplications. Duplications of this region, however, have been infrequently reported and vary in size from 3 to 6 Mb. This discrepancy may be explained by the difficulty in detecting the duplication and the variable, sometimes quite mild phenotype. This newly described 22q duplication syndrome is characterized by palatal defects, cognitive deficits, minor ear anomalies, and characteristic facial features. We report on a male with truncus arteriosus and an interrupted aortic arch, immunodeficiency, and hypocalcemia. The patient is mosaic for two abnormal cell lines: a deletion [del(22)(q11.2q11.2)] found in 11 cells and a duplication [dup(22)(q11.2q11.2)] found in 9 cells. Molecular cytogenetic analysis in our patient revealed a 1.5 Mb deletion/duplication, the first duplication reported of this size. Deletion/duplication mosaicism, which is rare, has been reported in a number of cases involving many different chromosome segments. We present the clinical phenotype of our patient in comparison to the phenotypes seen in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion or duplication alone. We propose that this rearrangement arose by a mitotic event involving unequal crossover in an early mitotic division facilitated by LCRs. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo trisomy 20p of paternal origin
Authors: Chaabouni Myriam , Turleau Catherine , Karboul Lotfi , Jemaa Lamia Ben , Maazoul Faouzi , Attié‐Bitach Tania , Romana Serge , Chaabouni Habiba
Published: April 2007

We report on a case of a de novo trisomy 20p in a 5‐year‐old boy. The patient presented with dysmorphic features, mental retardation, poor coordination, cardiac malformation, kyphosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and preaxial hexadactyly. No growth delay was noticed. Standard karyotype and FISH techniques allowed the characterization of the chromosome rearrangement showing a duplication spanning almost the whole short arm of chromosome 20. Therefore the karyotype was interpreted as 46,XY,der(20)(pter → q13.3::p11.2 → pter). Molecular studies identified the duplication of paternal origin. This is one of the rare reports with almost pure trisomy 20p characterized at the molecular level. Its phenotype is compared to other similar cases described in the literature. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Al‐Awadi/Raas‐Rothschild syndrome: Two new cases and review
Authors: Lonardo Fortunato , Sabba Giovanna , Luquetti Daniela Varela , Monica Matteo Della , Scarano Gioacchino
Published: April 2007

Al‐Awadi/Raas‐Rothschild syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder, is characterized by severe malformations of the upper and lower limbs, and a hypoplastic pelvis. We describe two new cases with the typical manifestations, report some new findings, review the relevant literature, and present minimal criteria for the diagnosis. A single homozygous WNT7A mutation was identified by Woods et al. [2006]: 1179C → T, resulting in Arg292Cys with complete loss of WNT7A function. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung development and implications for hypoplasia found in congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Kinane T. Bernard
Published: April 2007

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with various degrees of pulmonary hypoplasia and severe persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn. These conditions have significant implications for the outcome for the patient. Defects in early lung development are likely to be central to the generation of hypoplasia. A number of mouse models with defects in pathways that are central to lung development were found to have CDH. Understanding all aspects of early lung development will provide fresh insight into the pathogenesis of CDH and its associated conditions. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single gene disorders associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Slavotinek Anne M.
Published: April 2007

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect with a high pre‐ and postnatal mortality. Although the majority of diaphragmatic hernias occur as isolated malformations, additional major and minor anomalies are common and are present in more than 40% of patients. There are compelling data for the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of CDH, but the pathogenesis and the causative genes for CDH in humans remain elusive. There are more than 70 syndromes in which diaphragmatic hernias have been described, and several of these syndromes are single gene disorders for which the gene is known. One method for identifying the causative genes in isolated CDH is to study syndromes with known genes in which CDH is a recognized feature, with the rationale that those genes have a role in diaphragm development. This review discusses the syndromes that are most commonly associated with CDH, with greater attention towards syndromes in which the causative genes have been identified, including Simpson‐Golabi‐Behmel syndrome, Denys‐Drash syndrome, spondylocostal dysostosis, craniofrontonasal syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome and Marfan syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overview of epidemiology, genetics, birth defects, and chromosome abnormalities associated with CDH
Authors: Pober Barbara R.
Published: April 2007

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common and well‐studied birth defect. The etiology of most cases remains unknown but increasing evidence points to genetic causation. The data supporting genetic etiologies which are detailed below include the association of CDH with recurring chromosome abnormalities, the existence of CDH‐multiplex families, and the co‐occurrence of CDH with additional congenital malformations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antenatal and postnatal lung and vascular anatomic and functional studies in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Implications for clinical management
Authors: Keller Roberta L.
Published: April 2007

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is characterized by fetal and neonatal lung hypoplasia as well as vascular hypoplasia. Antenatal imaging studies have been performed that attempt to quantify the degree of hypoplasia and its impact on infant prognosis. Prenatal and perinatal growth of the lung and vasculature are interdependent and their continued coordinated growth is critical for survival after birth in this patient population. Lung protection strategies appear to improve survival in newborns with diaphragmatic hernia, but a subset of infants remain who demonstrate sufficiently severe lung hypoplasia that we are unable to provide support long‐term after birth. Fetal intervention is a strategy designed to enhance fetal lung growth towards improving survival in this most severely affected group, though other therapies to enhance postnatal lung and vascular growth should be concurrently investigated. However, any of these interventions will require careful selection of those infants at risk for poor outcome and thorough follow up, since long‐term morbidity is significant in children with diaphragmatic hernia. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and associated cardiovascular malformations: Type, frequency, and impact on management
Authors: Lin Angela E. , Pober Barbara R. , Adatia Ian
Published: April 2007

The co‐occurrence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and cardiovascular malformations (CVMs) has important clinical, genetic, and developmental implications. Previous examinations of this topic often included patients with genetic syndromes. To correct this potential bias, we undertook an extensive review of the literature and obtained new data. The frequency of CVMs associated with isolated CDH was 11–15%. A careful analysis of CVMs indicates that atrial and ventricular septal defects, conotruncal defects, and left ventricular outflow tract obstructive defects were the most common type of CVMs, but proportional to the frequency of occurrence in the general population. The combination of CVM and CDH results in a poorer prognosis than would be expected with either malformation alone. However, the impact on survival from patients with a genetic syndrome has not been consistently evaluated. We encourage researchers to re‐analyze existing series and recommend that future studies distinguish isolated CDH from that which is associated with other malformations, especially as part of genetic syndromes. Therapies should be tailored to maximize cardiac output and systemic oxygen delivery rather than systemic oxygen saturation alone. Although there is speculation about the frequency with which isolated left ventricular “hypoplasia” occurs in patients with CDH, we suggest it results from compression of a pre‐load deficient left ventricle by the hypertensive right ventricle, and unlike true hypoplasia, is reversible. Irrespective of the type of severity of CVMs in patients with CDH, the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary vascular disease predicts outcome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emulsifier‐free miniemulsion polymerization of styrene and the investigation of encapsulation of nanoparticles with polystyrene via this procedure using an anionic initiator
Authors: Faridi‐Majidi Reza , Sharifi‐Sanjani Naser
Published: April 2007

Emulsifier‐free miniemulsion polymerization of styrene was investigated in the presence of potassium persulfate (KPS) as an anionic initiator and cetyl alcohol as a costabilizer using ultrasonic irradiation and comparison of this procedure with conventional emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization showed that this method has a remarkably higher polymerization rate (Rp), smaller size of particles, and narrower molecular weight distribution via gravimetric measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and gel permeation chromatography techniques, respectively. Then, the encapsulation of magnetite (Fe3O4) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with polystyrene was investigated using this procedure. Attempt to encapsulate magnetite nanoparticles failed; however, the encapsulation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was successfully carried out via this procedure using KPS in both cases. TEM proved the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles in polymer particles, and thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the percentage of TiO2 in the products. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Microscopic anatomy of brachial plexus branches in Wistar rats
Authors: Santos Ana Paula , Suaid Carla Adelino , Fazan Valéria Paula Sassoli , Barreira Amilton Antunes
Published: April 2007

In the present study, we analyze the morphology and morphometry of the lateral proper digital nerve of the third finger, and of the proximal and distal segments of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves, in Wistar rats 4 or 7 weeks old. The fascicular area and diameter were generally significantly greater in the proximal compared to distal segments and tended to be larger in 7‐week‐old compared to 4‐week‐old rats (e.g., median nerve area of 0.13 mm2 for the proximal and 0.07 mm2 for distal segments in 4‐week‐old rats, and 0.17 and 0.10 mm2, respectively, for the proximal and distal segments of 7‐week‐old rats). The number of fascicles was significantly greater while the number of myelinated fibers was significantly less in the distal segments (e.g., 1,359 and 509 myelinated fibers, respectively, in the proximal and distal segments of the radial nerve 4‐week‐old rats). There was no significant difference in these parameters between the two age groups. The diameter of the myelinated fibers and their respective axons increased from 4 to 7 weeks of age (e.g., myelinated fiber diameter of 4.10 μm in 4‐week‐old animals and 4.7 μm in the ulnar nerve proximal segment of 7‐week‐old rats). The g‐ratio regression line (axon diameter vs. fiber diameter quotient) was outlined for all the nerves studied here. Differences in myelinated fiber density were detected between the segments of the radial nerve, accompanying the number of myelinated fibers. Detailed knowledge of the microscopic anatomy of rat forelimb nerves provides control data for comparison with studies of experimentally induced neuropathies, which can shed more light on human neuropathies. Anat Rec, 290:477–485, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of neuronal patterning in free‐living rhabditid nematodes I: Sex‐specific serotonin‐containing neurons
Authors: Loer Curtis M. , Rivard Laura
Published: April 2007

As a first step toward understanding the evolution of neuronal patterning and function in a group of simple animals, we have examined serotonin‐containing neurons in 17 species of free‐living rhabditid nematodes and compared them with identified neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found many serotonin‐immunoreactive (serotonin‐IR) neurons that are likely homologs of those in C. elegans; this paper focuses on sex‐specific neurons such as the egg laying hermaphrodite‐specific neurons (HSNs), VCs, and male CAs, CPs, and ray sensory neurons known to function in mating. These cells vary in number and position in the species examined but are consistent with a current molecularly based phylogeny. Two groups (Oscheius and Pristionchus) appear independently to have lost a serotonin‐IR HSN. Oscheius furthermore has no serotonin‐IR innervation of the vulval region, in contrast to every other species we examined. We also saw variation in the location of somas of putative HSN, consistent with evolutionary changes in HSN migration. In C. elegans, the HSN soma migrates during embryogenesis from the tail to the central body, where it innervates its major postsynaptic targets, the vulval muscles. For other species, we observed putative HSN homologs along the anterior‐posterior axis from the head to the tail, but typically HSNs were located near the vulva, which also varies in anterior‐posterior position among the species we examined. The varying positions of the HSN somas in other species are reminiscent of phenotypes seen in various C. elegans mutants with altered HSN migration, suggesting possible mechanisms for the evolutionary differences we observed. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:736–767, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid and preferential activation of Fos protein in hypocretin/orexin neurons following the reversal of dehydration‐anorexia
Authors: Watts Alan G. , Sanchez‐Watts Graciela
Published: April 2007

Dehydration (DE)‐anorexia is stimulated by chronic consumption of hypertonic saline. Spontaneous nocturnal food intake is markedly reduced with this treatment but is rapidly reversed upon the return of drinking water. Here we examined the neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of chronically dehydrated rats for their peptidergic phenotype, colocalization, and activation profiles following the rapid reversal of anorexia. To do this, we used double‐labeling combinations of Fos immunocytochemistry and radioisotopic‐ and digoxigenin‐labeled in situ hybridization. We found that lateral hypothalamic corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons show extensive coexpression with neurotensin mRNA, but they are distinct from hypocretin/orexin and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons. Chronic dehydration increases Fos‐ir in large numbers of neurons in dorsal regions of the LHA. Some of these LHA neurons also show increased CRH, but not hypocretin/orexin or MCH gene expression, as dehydration‐anorexia develops. Furthermore, the behavioral sequence of eating and increased activity exhibited by DE animals in the minutes following water drinking is accompanied by a further increase in the number of Fos‐ir nuclei in the LHA. Increased Fos activation occurs in a significant number of LHA hypocretin/orexin neurons, but not CRH or MCH neurons, in the LHA. Together these data implicate CRH but not hypocretin/orexin or MCH neurons in the LHA in the motor events associated with dehydration. However, when water is returned, contributions to the network controlling responses evidently come from hypocretin/orexin, but not CRH or MCH, neurons in the LHA. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:768–782, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the posterior caudal lobe of the cerebellum and the eminentia granularis posterior in a mormyrid fish
Authors: Campbell Holly R. , Meek Johannes , Zhang Jianmei , Bell Curtis C.
Published: April 2007

The cerebellum of mormyrid fish is of interest for its large size and unusual histology. The mormyrid cerebellum, as in all ray‐finned fishes, has three subdivisions—valvula, corpus, and caudal lobe. The structures of the mormyrid valvula and corpus have been examined previously, but the structure of the mormyrid caudal lobe has not been studied. The mormyrid caudal lobe includes a posterior caudal lobe associated with the electrosense and an anterior caudal lobe associated with lateral line and eighth nerve senses. In this article we describe cellular elements of the posterior caudal lobe and of the eminentia granularis posterior (EGp) in the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii. The EGp gives rise to the parallel fibers of the posterior caudal lobe. We used intracellular injection of biocytin, extracellular injection of biotinylated dextran amine, and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to gamma‐aminobutyric acid, inositol triphosphate receptor I, calretinin, and Zebrin II. The histological structure of the posterior caudal lobe is markedly irregular in comparison to that of the corpus and the valvula, and a tight modular organization of cerebellar elements is less apparent here. Most Purkinje cell bodies are in the middle of the molecular region. Their dendrites are only roughly oriented in the sagittal plane, extend both ventrally and dorsally, and branch irregularly. Climbing fibers terminate only on smooth dendrites near the soma. Most Purkinje cell axons terminate locally on eurydendroid cells that project outside the cortex. The results provide an additional variant to the already large set of different cerebellar and cerebellum‐like structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:714–735, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biow‐up of solutions of some nonlinear hyperbolic equations
Authors: Kato Tosio
Published: April 2007

We prove that any nontrivial solution of certain nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations of second order blows up in a finite time if the initial data are localized, the initial velocity being on the average non‐negative.
Multiphase averaging and the inverse spectral solution of the Korteweg—de Vries equation
Authors: Flaschka H. , Forest M. G. , McLaughlin D. W.
Published: April 2007

Inverse spectral theory is used to prescribe and study equations for the slow modulations of N‐phase wave trains for the Korteweg‐de Vries (KdV) equation. An invariant representation of the modulational equations is deduced. This representation depends upon certain differentials on a Riemann surface. When evaluated near ∞ on the surface, the invariant representation reduces to averaged conservations laws; when evaluated near the branch points, the representation shows that the simple eigenvalues provide Riemann invariants for the modulational equations. Integrals of the invariant representation over certain cycles on the Riemann surface yield “conservation of waves.” Explicit formulas for the characteristic speeds of the modulational equations are derived. These results generalize known results for a single‐phase traveling wave, and indicate that complete integrability can induce enough structure into the modulational equations to diagonalize (in the sense of Riemann invariants) their first‐order terms.
Fabrication and characterization of β−FeSi2 thin films prepared by PLD method using Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Yasui Mitsuhiro , Aoki Takanori , Suzuki Akio , Matsushita Tatsuhiko , Okuda Masahiro
Published: April 2007

β−FeSi2 thin films were grown on Si(111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method using a Nd:YAG laser (λ=1064nm, laser energy=50mJ, laser energy density=1.65J/cm2, repetition frequency=10Hz). In the fabrication process, three targets of (a) Fe(5N), (b) FeSi2(3N), and (c) Fe(5N)+FeSi2(3N) were used. The β−FeSi2 thin films having the best properties of crystallinity were obtained in the case of (c), in which the first layer as the template was formed with the target of Fe(5N) and then, on top of that, the second layer was deposited with the target of FeSi2(3N). At this time, it was found that by XRD measurement, the degree of crystallinity of the films of case (c) in which the first layer was introduced as the template improved 1.4 times as much compared with case (a), and that by SEM and AFM observations, surface morphologies also improved. Moreover, it was found that by TEM observation, the β−FeSi2 thin films grew uniformly along the direction of (220) or (202) from the interface of the Si substrate and the film to the free surface and that by EDS analysis, the compositions of Fe and Si were uniformly distributed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 39–45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20238
A new mapping method for phase estimation of single‐phase signals: A new generalization and new realizations of the DFT estimation method
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji
Published: April 2007

This paper proposes and analyzes a new simple real‐time phase‐estimation method for single‐phase signals, which is based on a vector mapping theory of n‐dimensional to 2‐dimensional vectors. According to the analyses, the proposed mapping method can estimate instantly and properly the true phase of the signals that are contaminated by significant amplitude of noise and harmonics. The mapping method contains the conventional DFT method as a special case. In other words, it can be treated as a generalization of the DFT. Several simple realizations of the mapping method are also newly proposed as a single‐input and two‐output digital mapping filter in both nonrecursive and recursive forms. The recursive realization being able to decrease drastically computing load utilizes the normal form that is robust to finite word length effects. As an application of the proposed mapping method, inverter‐using power control system connected with a single‐phase grid is shown. All analytical results are verified by numerical experiments and the usefulness of the newly proposed mapping method is confirmed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(1): 27–38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20263
Starting method of a superconducting generator in a combined‐cycle power plant
Authors: Imai Yoshihiro , Tokumasu Tadashi , Nagamura Hidehiro , Miyaike Kiyoshi , Matsumoto Hisakazu , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Kusafuka Hiroshi , Shibuya Masatoyo , Takahashi Ryukichi
Published: April 2007

In the combined‐cycle power plant generators are started by using the igniting arrangement up to the ignition rotational speed of the gas turbine. On the other hand, in the case of using the superconducting generator, it is difficult to apply the igniting arrangement used to generate electricity on the combined cycle for the structure as is. We examined the induction motor starting method for the superconducting generator by using the 70‐MW‐class quick‐response excitation superconducting model generator and the VVVF power supply. From the examination, we confirmed the ability to raise the rotational speed from 6 to 360 rpm. Moreover, it was found to be able to start 200‐MW‐class superconducting generators by the induction motor starting method with the analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 30– 38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20283
Energy and current waveforms of an intense electron beam passing through cavities
Authors: Tomisawa Naru , Nishiguchi Takashi , Yamamoto Kensho , Ando Ritoku , Kamada Keiichi
Published: April 2007

Experiments on transformation of energy and beam current waveforms of an intense relativistic electron beam were carried out. An intense electron beam with energy of 500 keV, current of 3 kA, and duration of 12 ns was injected into a drift tube. A coaxial cavity connected with the drift tube via a gap was utilized to transform the time evolution of electron energies of the beam. The scheme is the same as the autoacceleration except the cavity length. The former part of the beam with the duration of the round‐trip time of the cavity lost the energy and the following part of the beam with the same duration gained the energy. A cylindrical cavity with large radius was located behind the coaxial cavity to change the time evolution of the current waveform of the beam. The injected beam current larger than the space charge limiting current at the cavity was decreased gradually to the limiting current by elongating the cavity length. Trapezoidal waveforms of injected electron energy and beam current were transformed to the time‐increasing waveforms after the cavities. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20293
Potential evaluation of energy supply system in grid power system, commercial, and residential sectors by minimizing energy cost
Authors: Oda Takuya , Akisawa Atushi , Kashiwagi Takao
Published: April 2007

If the economic activity in the commercial and residential sector continues to grow, improvements in energy conversion efficiencies of energy supply systems is necessary for CO2 mitigation. In recent years, the electricity driven hot water heat pump (EDHP) and the solar photovoltaic (PV) have been commercialized. The fuel cell (FC) of co‐generation system (CGS) for the commercial and residential sector will be commercialized in the future. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The aim is to indicate the ideal energy supply system of the users sector, which manages both the economical cost and CO2 mitigation, considering the grid power system. In this paper, cooperative Japanese energy supply systems are modeled by linear programming. It includes the grid power system and energy system of five commercial sectors and a residential sector. The demands of sectors are given by the objective term for 2005 to 2025. Twenty‐four‐hour load for each three annual seasons are considered. The energy systems are simulated to minimize the total cost of energy supply, and to mitigate the CO2 discharge. As a result, the ideal energy system at 2025 is shown. The CGS capacity grows to 30% (62 GW) of the total power system, and the EDHP capacity is 26 GW, in commercial and residential sectors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 9–19, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20361
Position and speed sensorless control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor with parameter identification
Authors: Morimoto Shigeo , Shimmei Akihide , Sanada Masayuki , Takeda Yoji
Published: April 2007

The model parameters of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are required for high‐performance control and a model‐based sensorless control. This paper proposes a sensorless control system of PMSM that does not need parametric information beforehand. The parameters of a PMSM drive system, including the inverter, are identified at standstill and under operating conditions. At first, the initial rotor position is estimated by a signal injection sensorless scheme in which the machine parameters are not required. After the initial position has been estimated, the resistance, including the on resistance of the IGBT, the voltage error caused by dead time in the inverter, and d‐axis and q‐axis inductances, are identified at standstill. After the motor starts by the signal injection sensorless control, the sensorless scheme changes to an extended EMF estimation scheme. The estimated parameters for the resistance, and daxis and q‐axis inductances are used in such sensorless control. The magnet flux‐linkage, which cannot be estimated at standstill, is identified under the sensorless operation at medium and high speeds. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by several experimental results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 68–76, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20548
The control performance improvement of the optical disk system by correction pulse control
Authors: Yokoyama Eiji
Published: April 2007

This paper proposes a control system which improves OPU (Optical Pick Up) control performance in an optical disk system. This system can be realized by adding a correction pulse control block which is based on a position error signal onto a conventional position control loop composed of the PID control rule. Using this function, the position error resulting from a physical distortion and acceleration disturbance to the disk can be decreased sharply. Furthermore, this system can decrease the deviation caused by the shock disturbance which cannot be controlled by the PID control rule. In addition, it becomes possible to decrease the overshoot in the impulse response sharply, and realize stable capture of a target position. Since this system can be created with a simple algorithm, it is possible to use it in a wide range of applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 53–67, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20570
Prosocial involvement and antisocial peer affiliations as predictors of behavior problems in urban adolescents: Main effects and moderating effects
Authors: Kaufmann Dagmar R. , Wyman Peter A. , Forbes‐Jones Emma L. , Barry Jason
Published: April 2007

This study examined the relationships between prosocial involvement (PI), antisocial peer affiliations (APA), and the degree of their overlapping or independent prediction of behavior problems in urban adolescents. Two dimensions of behavior were assessed at ages 9–11 and at ages 13–15: disruptive, aggressive conduct and number of delinquent behaviors in the past year. Participants were 167 urban boys and girls with multiple early childhood risk factors. APA predicted higher rating of aggressive conduct and more delinquent behaviors at ages 13–15 beyond the effects of earlier behavior problems. PI predicted lower rates of delinquent behavior but not aggressive conduct. A portion of the influence of PI on delinquent behavior was independent and a portion overlapping with APA. High PI moderated the positive relationship between APA and delinquent behavior, consistent with a protective effect. Interventions that promote PI are unlikely to substantially reduce associations with antisocial peers but may prove beneficial for youths with many antisocial friends by reducing contagion effects that promote delinquency. Other implications for prevention efforts are also considered. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 417–434, 2007.
Can't have one without the other: Mental health providers and community parents reducing barriers to services for families in urban poverty
Authors: Frazier Stacy L. , Abdul‐Adil Jaleel , Atkins Marc S. , Gathright Tamara , Jackson Maudette
Published: April 2007

University–community partnerships are widely recognized as critical to the success of community research and advocacy work but difficult to form and sustain. This article will describe a unique facet of that partnership, namely the collaboration between mental health clinicians and community consultants, a partnership that our data suggest was a cornerstone of our school‐based mental health service program called PALS, an ecological model designed to engage African American families living in urban poor communities in mental health services. The service model was designed to promote children's learning and positive behavior through supporting teachers and encouraging parental involvement in school. In PALS, parent representatives from the community and clinicians from the university worked together in school‐based teams to support children, families, and teachers. This article will discuss the evolution of our clinician–consultant partnership and several lessons that emerged regarding the incorporation of community members into the world of academia, research, and mental health service delivery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 435–446, 2007.
Possibilities of using near infrared reflectance/transmittance spectroscopy for determination of polymeric protein in wheat
Authors: Scholz Éva , Prieto‐Linde Maria L , Gergely Szilveszter , Salgó András , Johansson Eva
Published: April 2007

Possibilities of using near‐infrared reflectance and near‐infrared transmittance (NIR/NIT) spectroscopic techniques for detecting differences in amount and size distribution of polymeric proteins in wheat were investigated. To evaluate whether differences in polymeric protein due to genetic or environmental variations were detectable by NIR/NIT techniques, wheat materials of different background were used. Size‐exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography was applied to detect variation in polymeric protein. Partial least squares regression gave high R2 values between many protein parameters and NIR/NIT spectra (particularly second‐derivative spectra of NIR 1100–2500 nm region) of flours, while no such relationship was found for whole wheat grains. Most and highest correlations were found for total amount of extractable and unextractable proteins and monomer/polymer protein ratio. Some positive relationships were found between percentage of total unextractable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein and percentage of large unextractable polymeric protein in the total large polymeric protein and NIR/NIT spectra. Thus, it was possible to detect differences in polymeric proteins with NIR/NIT techniques. The highest amount of positive correlations between NIR/NIT spectra and protein parameters was found to be due to environmental influences. Some correlations were found for breeding lines with a broad variation in gluten strength and polymeric protein composition, while a more homogeneous sample showed less correlation. Thereby, detection of variation in amount and size distribution of polymeric protein due to cultivar differences with NIR/NIT methods might be difficult. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative effects of sulfur and nitrogen fertilization and post‐harvest processing parameters on the glucotropaeolin content of Tropaeolum majus L.
Authors: Bloem Elke , Haneklaus Silvia , Schnug Ewald
Published: April 2007

Under natural conditions, the content of the bioactive compound glucotropaeolin in the vegetative tissue of Tropaeolum majus is too low to be used directly for the preparation of a mono‐drug. In the present study the influence of sulfur and nitrogen fertilization and the post‐harvest drying procedure on the glucotropaeolin content was evaluated in order to minimize losses of the active glucosinolate. In 2001, field experiments with three levels of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization were conducted on two different sites. Nitrogen fertilization had no consistent influence on the glucotropaeolin content while sulfur fertilization with 100 kg S ha−1 enhanced the glucotropaeolin content in leaves and seeds significantly by factors of 1.4–2.1 and 1.6–1.8, respectively. The results of the post‐harvest treatment showed that a gentle drying procedure at 40°C in a ventilated oven induced an increase in the glucotropaeolin content in leaves of 1.4–3.2‐fold (from 10.7–25.5 to 30.9–44.6 µmol g−1 dry weight) compared to sampling in liquid nitrogen followed by freeze‐drying of the samples. This paper delivers new insights into glucosinolate metabolism that will contribute significantly not only to warrant a high content of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants, but also to promote glucosinolate concentrations in various crops by appropriate post‐harvest treatments. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing Curriculum Implementation: A Process for Identifying Salient Variables
Authors: Taunton Roma Lee
Published: April 2007

The focus of this study was a process for selecting variables for assessing curriculum implementation. Three sets of variables, program characteristics, curriculum content, and curriculum emphasis, were measured to determine the degree to which program goals were implemented in 18 continuing education pediatric nurse practitioner programs. Program directors (19) responded to a questionnaire on the three sets of variables. Results from one‐way analysis of variance (α = .05) and omega squared (ø2) were used to identify variables from each of the three sets most likely to account for differences in curriculum implementation among the programs. Three of 11 program characteristics, 5 of 14 content domains, and 3 of 6 emphasis parameters were identified as salient variables for assessing student achievement and long‐term curriculum outcomes.
Empirical Test of the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior
Authors: Cox Cheryl L. , Roghmann Klaus J.
Published: April 2007

The general concepts, variables, and relationships described by the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior (IMCHB) were used to guide a secondary data analysis of 203 women's decisions to request an amniocentesis. Step‐wise multiple regression explained 58% of the variance in these decisions by jointly examining the factors which define the client as unique in her responses to an at‐risk pregnancy, as well as factors describing the client‐provider interaction. The women could be correctly classified as users or nonusers of prenatal diagnosis with 87% accuracy in a discriminant analysis based on the variables derived from the conceptual model. Finally, structural equation modeling was used to estimate the causal paths described by the general model. While the relationships proposed in the model need further empirical evauation, this first application serves to demonstrate the testability of the IMCHB and its potential to direct nursing inquiries.
The relationship of developmental variables to maternal behavior
Authors: Mercer Ramona T.
Published: April 2007

Developmental differences in self‐concept, personality integration, flexibility, empathy, and temperament, and the relationship of these variables to maternal behavior, were investigated using three age groups of first‐time mothers. The age groups also were tested for change in self‐concept and personality integration from 1 to 3 days postpartum to 8 months postbirth. The longitudinal study included 60 mothers aged 15–19 years, 138 aged 20–29 years, and 90 aged 30–42 years. Self‐completed instruments were used to measure the personality variables, and an interviewer‐rated instrument measured maternal behavior.

Personality integration and flexibility increased significantly and correlated significantly with age indicating that both are developmental constructs. Empathy and temperament traits did not increase with age, although teenage scores were significantly lower in empathy, self‐concept, several temperament traits, and maternal behavior. The two older groups' self‐concept decreased significantly the first eight months of motherhood. In the teenage group personality integration, empathy, activity level, intensity and threshold to stimulus were significantly correlated with maternal behavior. In the 20–29 year‐old group, self‐concept, personality integration, flexibility, rhythmicity, adaptability, intensity and mood quality correlated significantly with maternal behavior. In the older group, self‐concept, flexibility, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, intensity, and mood quality correlated significantly with maternal behavior.
Primary prevention behaviors: The female‐headed, one‐parent family
Authors: Duffy Mary E.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the primary prevention behaviors of 59 female‐headed, one‐parent families and the barriers which deter their practice. Two interviews, a health diary, and a card sort were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the qualitative data. Nutrition was the behavior the families felt was most important for maintaining health. Time was the major barrier to primary prevention practices. A relationship was found between the family's ability to change and grow and their practice of primary prevention behaviors. Families that consciously risked lifestyle changes also were willing to try to incorporate primary prevention behaviors. On the contrary, families with stagnant lifestyles expressed the desire to change their primary prevention behaviors but made no visible attempt to do so.
The relationship of movement and time to older adults' functional health
Authors: Engle Veronica F.
Published: April 2007

The relationship of movement (measured by walking cadence) and time (measured by perceived duration) to functional health was investigated in a sample of community‐based, white, older women (N = 114). Significant relationships were found between health and movement, and between movement and time. Speed, inherent in both movement and time, may be an important qualitative dimension of functional health. Walking cadence shows the most promise for use as an inexpensive, noninvasive, easy‐to‐use clinical measure of health.
Burnout among intensive care nurses
Authors: Bartz Claudia , Maloney Joseph P.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intensive‐care nurse burnout and demographic variables. The Maslach Burnout Inventory measured six components of burnout: emotional exhaustion frequency and intensity, deperson‐alization frequency and intensity, and personal accomplishment frequency and intensity. The sample (N = 89) was drawn from an army medical center. The variables, nursing, age, sex, military status, level of education, and length of time in nursing correlated with more than one aspect of burnout (p < .05). Older age, less than a baccalaureate degree, female, and civilian status described the intensive care nurse who was less prone to burnout. Further study of the relationship between nurses and burnout is required.
Factors influencing career success in nursing
Authors: Zimmerman Lani , Yeaworth Rosalee
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine educational preparation, personal characteristics, and significant others in the career success of women in nursing. The sample was a random selection of 194 doctorally prepared female nurses who reported some degree of career success. The factor, personal characteristics, was ranked as the most important in facilitating career success, educational preparation was ranked second, and significant others was ranked third. Among significant others ranked as influential were teachers, peer/colleagues, and supervisors.
Use of water pillows in reducing head shape distortion in preterm infants
Authors: Schwirian Patricia M. , Eesley Tamara , Cuellar Linda
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a water‐pillow treatment in reducing bilateral head flattening of preterm infants. The subjects were 21 healthy infants of less than 36 weeks gestational age. Care of the experimental babies included supporting the head on a small water pillow and supporting the torso at the same level to avoid flexion or curvature of the spine; the control group received customary care. The ratios of the anterior‐posterior diameter to the biparietal diameter were significantly different for the two groups (p < .0005). The heads of the control infants became flattened on both sides, while those of the experimental babies maintained the round shape they had at admission to the unit. The findings support the use of a small water pillow, in combination with support for the torso, as a means of alleviating bilateral head flattening in preterm infants.
Perceived stress and symptom patterns in early adolescents: The role of mediating variables
Authors: Yarcheski Adela , Mahon Noreen E.
Published: April 2007

The relationship between perceived stress and symptom patterns was investigated in 136 seventh and eighth grade boys and girls. Affective‐oriented coping and social support, two variables hypothesized as mediators of this relationship, were examined also. Participants completed the Modified Adolescent Life Change Events Questionnaire, the Jalowiec Coping Scale, the PRQ‐A Social Support System, and the Symptom Pattern Scale. As predicted, the positive relationship between perceived stress and symptom patterns decreased when controlling for affective‐oriented coping, while it increased when controlling for social support. Implications for nursing practice and further theory development are discussed.
Healthy nursing doctoral programs: Relationship between perceptions of the academic environment and productivity of faculty and alumni
Authors: Holzemer William L. , Chambers Donald B.
Published: April 2007

Indicators of the environment of doctoral programs in nursing were examined in relationship to productivity. Student and faculty perceptions of the academic program environment were correlated with outcome measures of productivity for both faculty and alumni. Twenty‐five of the 29 eligible doctoral programs in nursing participated in the study; results are based on the responses of 326 faculty, 659 students, and 296 alumni. Environmental and productivity indicators were primarily measured by the Graduate Program Self‐Assessment (GPSA) instruments developed by Educational Testing Service (ETS) for studying dimensions of quality in doctoral education. Significant relationships were found between faculty perceptions of the environment's scholarly excellence, available resources, and student commitment and motivation and faculty productivity. Students consistently viewed the environment more positively when greater percentages of the faculty were at the associate, rather than the assistant, professor level. There was minimal relationship between faculty and student perceptions of the environment and alumni productivity.
An instrument to measure coping responses in employed mothers: Preliminary results
Authors: Collins Clare , Post Louis
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a survey instrument to measure coping responses in working mothers. Coping responses were defined as efforts to prevent, avoid, or control emotional distress. Based on interviews literature review, and a survey of existing instruments, items were developed to measure these three functions of coping behaviors. The instrument was distributed to 133 married mothers who worked at least 15 hours per week outside the home; response rate was 93%.

Nine subscales to measure coping responses in working mothers were identified. Alpha reliability coefficients for the subscales range from 65–90. Construct validity of the subscales was investigated by examining specified relationships between subscale scores and role strain measures. All but one of the subcaes were significantly correlated in the predicted direction with at least one of the role strain measures.

The final instrument, the Coping Responses Inventor (CRI), is comprised of 59 Likert format items from which nine subscale scores can be calculated. Some aspects of the reliability and validity of this instrument have been investigated, but confirmation of the findings await further study. Potential uses of the CRI are 1) as an instrument in survey research and 2) as an exploratory tool in counseling interventions with employed women with children.