bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for small bipolar magnetic regions in solar irradiance reconstructions
Authors: Hofer Bernhard , Krivova Natalie A. , Solanki Sami K. , Cameron Robert , Wu Chi-Ju , Usoskin Ilya G.
Published: March 2021

Historical solar irradiance is a critical input to climate models. As no direct measurements are available before 1978, reconstructions of past irradiance changes are employed instead. Such reconstructions are based on the knowledge that solar irradiance on time scales of interest to climate studies is modulated by the evolution of the solar surface magnetic structures, such as sunspots and faculae. This calls for historical records or proxies of such features. The longest direct, and thus mostly used, record is the sunspot number. It allows a reasonable description of the emergence and evolution of active regions, which are larger magnetic regions containing sunspots. At the same time, a significant amount of the magnetic flux on the Sun emerges in the form of the so-called ephemeral magnetic regions, which are weaker short-lived bipolar regions that do not contain sunspots. Due to their high frequency, ephemeral regions are an important source of the irradiance variability, especially on time scales longer than the solar cycle. Difficulties in their proper accounting are a main reason for the high uncertainty in the secular irradiance variability. Existing models either do not account for their evolution at all or link them linearly to active regions. We use a new, more realistic model of the ephemeral region emergence, relying on recent independent solar observations, as input to a surface flux transport model (SFTM) to simulate the evolution of the magnetic field in such regions. The latter can then be used to reconstruct the solar irradiance since the Maunder minimum.
Tectonic control on monogenetic volcanism in the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, México
Authors: Gómez Vasconcelos Martha Gabriela , Macías José Luis , Avellán Denis Ramón , Sosa-Ceballos Giovanni , Garduño-Monroy Víctor Hugo
Published: March 2021

Aligned volcanism is very common in many monogenetic volcanic fields around the world, which can reveal volcano-tectonic interactions at different scales. For instance, volcanic distribution discloses the tectonic stress orientation on regional scales. On more local scales, preexisting faults or fractures may control magma intrusions and their propagation through the upper crust, as faults are zones of crustal weakness that magma intrusions can intercept during its ascent, partly controlling the volcanic vent spatial distribution. But it is not quite understood how do these alignments occur; if they erupted at the same time (within a few dozens of years), if they erupted during a short time interval (hundreds of years) or during a long time interval (thousands of years); if the eruptive style and magma volumes are controlled by these faults and the regional tectonic stress regime, etc.

This study aims to understand the magmatic and structural conditions that favored the emission of a lava plateau followed by Strombolian explosions that built 13 aligned and six dispersed scoria cones through preexisting E-W– to ENE-striking faults in the Queréndaro area. Our results indicate that volcanism in the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field occurs as intermittent magma fluxes, sometimes represented by independent volcanic vents and sometimes by clustered or aligned volcanoes. Moreover, preexisting faults exert a strong influence on volcanic spatial and temporal distribution, volcanic morphology, magma volume, and eruptive dynamics in this area.
Earth Observation Techniques for Spatial Disaggregation of Exposure Data 
Authors: Geiß Christian , Aravena Pelizari Patrick , Priesmeier Peter , Rocio Soto Calderon Angélica , Schoepfer Elisabeth , Langbein Michael , Riedlinger Torsten , Santa María Hernán , Gómez Zapata Juan Camilo , Pittore Massimiliano , Taubenböck Hannes
Published: March 2021

Exposure describes elements which are imperiled by natural hazards and susceptible to damage. The affiliated vulnerability characterizes the likelihood to experience damage regarding a given level of hazard intensity. Frequently, the compilation of exposure information is the costliest component (in terms of time and labor) in risk assessment. Existing data sets and models often describe exposure in an aggregated manner, e.g., by relying on statistical/census data for given administrative entities. Nowadays, earth observation techniques allow to collect spatially continuous information for large geographic areas while enabling a high geometric and temporal resolution. In parallel, modern data interpretation tools based on Artificial Intelligence concepts enable the extraction of thematic information from such data with a high accuracy and detail. Consequently, we exploit measurements from the earth observation missions TanDEM-X and Sentinel-2, which collect data on a global scale, to characterize the built environment in terms of fundamental morphologic properties, namely built-up density and height. Subsequently, we use this information to constrain existing exposure data in a spatial disaggregation approach. Thereby, we compare different methods for disaggregation and evaluate how different resolution properties of the earth observation data affect the risk assessment result. Results are presented for the city of Santiago de Chile, Chile, which is prone to natural hazards such as earthquakes. We present loss estimations and corresponding sensivity with respect to the resolution properties of the exposure data used in the model. Thereby, it can be noted how loss estimations vary substantially and that aggregated exposure information underestimates losses in our scenarios. As such, this study underlines the benefits of deploying modern earth observation technologies for refined exposure estimation and related loss estimation.
Pelagic oxygen consumption rates in the Elbe estuary: Proxies and spatial patterns.
Authors: van Beusekom Justus E.E. , Fehling Dorothee , Bold Sina , Sanders Tina
Published: March 2021

The Elbe estuary is strongly impacted by human activities including dredging, land reclamation and eutrophication. Since about 30 years, water quality improved leading to major phytoplankton blooms in the Elbe river. When these blooms enter the upper estuary including the Hamburg port area, they collapse leading  to low oxygen conditions. During a cruise in September 2020 we measured oxygen consumption rates in water samples of the Elbe Estuary between the coastal North Sea (Wadden Sea) and  the weir in Geesthacht including a large freshwater part of the Elbe estuary. In addition, suspended matter samples were taken and analysed for chlorophyll, particulate C (PC) and particulate N (PN). Oxygen consumption rates reached maximum values at both the marine side (~0.3 µmol/(l*h)) and the freshwater  side of the estuary (~0.65 µmol/(l*h)) and a distinct minimum near the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum near the onset of the salinity gradient. Based on specific weights of phytoplankton and PC content, we estimated the contribution of newly formed organic matter. This estimate correlated significantly with the observed oxygen consumption rates. We suggest that most of the riverine organic matter is degraded within the freshwater part of the Elbe estuary before reaching the salinity gradient. This is in line with significant amounts of nitrate being released within the freshwater part of the estuary.
Climate and carbon cycle changes drive the hydrographic configuration of the eastern Mediterranean through the Tortonian-Messinian Transition
Authors: Besiou Evangelia , Kontakiotis George , Antonarakou Assimina , Mulch Andreas , Vasiliev Iuliana
Published: March 2021

The Late Miocene has been considered one of the most climatically stable periods of the Cenozoic, time span characterized by minor long-term cooling and ice growth. Especially, the Tortonian-Messinian Transition is recognized as a priority for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and climate modelling due to the significant paleoenvironmental changes preceding the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC; 5.97-5.33 Ma). Here, we present stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes measured on benthic and planktonic foraminifera from Potamida section (Crete Island, eastern Mediterranean). The δ18O results indicate a decoupling between the surface and the bottom water column starting before the Tortonian-Messinian boundary. The difference between planktonic and benthic oxygen isotope signals (Δδ18O) further provides an estimate of the degree of water column stratification during that time. The δ13C data indicate a generally trend towards lighter values as an excellent illustration of the Late Miocene Carbon Isotope Shift (LMCIS; 7.6-6.6 Ma) due to progressive restriction of the Mediterranean basin, with the exception of the 7.38-7.26 Ma time interval where significantly heavier δ13C values are documented in both records. Such changes in carbon cycle seem to be most pronounced in the planktonic foraminiferal record (surface waters) through a 6-cycle development indicative of a cyclic productivity pattern during the latest Tortonian. The entire record is substantiated by sea surface temperature (SST) estimates based on TEX86 biomarker based proxy. The reconstructed SST record shows that a warm phase characterized the late Tortonian sea surface (~27⁰C), time followed by a strong, steady cooling starting with earliest Messinian, when the SSTs dropped to values as low as 20⁰C. The outcome of the combined stable isotope and biomarker based SST data hint to increased salinity in the surface waters already before the Messinian, while at the Tortonian-Messinian Transition, the conditions in the surface waters changed towards cooler (~24⁰C) and normal salinity conditions.
Does foraging impact tropical forest composition?
Authors: Asuk Sijeh , Kettridge Nicholas , Sadler Jonathan , Pugh Thomas , Matthews Thomas , Ebu Vincent , Ifebueme Nzube
Published: March 2021

Growing evidence suggests that low-intensity anthropogenic activities affect ecological communities. The resultant changes in the forest structure and composition can also be influenced by elevational gradients. During foraging for food collection, humans can cover a wider spatially and elevational range compared to other high-intensity activities. These foraging activities can alter the species richness and evenness patterns either through preferential planting or intentionally or inadvertently influence the propagule pool. This study investigated the impact of foraging on forest composition and structure along an elevation gradient in Cross River National Park in the tropical rainforest zone of Nigeria. Fifteen permanent 40 x 40 m sample plots, covering an area of 2.4 hectares, were established in the forest located in the park along an elevational gradient of 120m to 460m. All trees of 10cm diameter at breast height (dbh) and above in all the plots were measured for dbh and identified to species level. Structured questionnaires on tree species utilization amongst forest-dependent rural communities were used to create edible and inedible tree species categories. Species abundance distributions were calculated at community level. Pairwise beta diversity between all plots along the elevational gradient was calculated using Sorensen’s dissimilarity index (βsor) and the turnover component of βsor using Simpson’s dissimilarity index (βsim). A total of 35 edible species with a density of 128 stems/hectare and basal area of 11.99 m2/ha and 109 inedible species with a density of 364 stems/hectare and basal area of 22.42 m2/hectare were encountered. A reversed j-shaped function characteristic of a ‘natural’ uneven-aged tropical forest stand was observed in the diameter size distribution for all species categories. The pairwise beta diversity trend of inedible species showed that there was a positive trend between beta diversity and elevation, and this was driven by turnover; the replacement of species in the species pool along the elevational gradient. In comparison, edible species differed significantly from inedible species and showed a negligible trend indicating that the species turnover was not enough to cause a change in beta diversity with increase in elevation. These results suggest that low-impact activities such as foraging may be subtly but notably altering the composition of tropical forest, perhaps by preferential planting, or influencing the propagule pool along elevational gradients. Further tests across a wider range of sites are required to assess if this is a widespread phenomenon and to identify the driving mechanisms.
Record springtime stratospheric ozone depletion at 80°N in 2020
Authors: Alwarda Ramina , Bognar Kristof , Strong Kimberly , Chipperfield Martyn , Dhomse Sandip , Drummond James , Feng Wuhu , Fioletov Vitali , Goutail Florence , Herrera Beatriz , Manney Gloria , McCullough Emily , Millan Luis , Pazmino Andrea , Walker Kaley , Wizenberg Tyler , Zhao Xiaoyi
Published: March 2021

The Arctic winter of 2019-2020 was characterized by an unusually persistent polar vortex and temperatures in the lower stratosphere that were consistently below the threshold for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). These conditions led to ozone loss that is comparable to the Antarctic ozone hole. Ground-based measurements from a suite of instruments at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Canada (80.05°N, 86.42°W) were used to investigate chemical ozone depletion. The vortex was located above Eureka longer than in any previous year in the 20-year dataset and lidar measurements provided evidence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) above Eureka. Additionally, UV-visible zenith-sky Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements showed record ozone loss in the 20-year dataset, evidence of denitrification along with the slowest increase of NO2 during spring, as well as enhanced reactive halogen species (OClO and BrO). Complementary measurements of HCl and ClONO2 (chlorine reservoir species) from a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer showed unusually low columns that were comparable to 2011, the previous year with significant chemical ozone depletion. Record low values of HNO3 in the FTIR dataset are in accordance with the evidence of PSCs and a denitrified atmosphere. Estimates of chemical ozone loss were derived using passive ozone from the SLIMCAT offline chemical transport model to account for dynamical contributions to the stratospheric ozone budget.
ESA’s efforts for more consistent geodetic products
Authors: Schoenemann Erik , Dilssner Florian , Mayer Volker , Gini Francesco , Otten Michiel , Springer Tim , Bruni Sara , Enderle Werner , Zandbergen René
Published: March 2021

The importance of an accurate global geodetic reference frame and associated Earth orientation parameters is undisputed and has been recognised by the UN resolution 69/266. Given the importance of global geodetic references,  ESA is actively contributing to the IAG services: IGS, ILRS, IDS and the contribution to the IVS is in preparation.

ESA’s activities can be divided into four main areas: the operation of Ground Infrastructure (ESTRACK, EGON, …), the establishment and improvement of inter-technique ties, the operation of a scientific data archive (GSSC) and the generation of geodetic products and services.

This presentation will focus on the activities performed by the Navigation Support Office. The Navigation Support Office at ESA/ESOC is responsible for providing the Geodetic Reference Frame for all ESA missions and is also the Consortium Coordinator of the Galileo Geodetic Service Provider (GGSP) that generates the Galileo Geodetic Reference Frame (GTRF). Within its responsibilities, the Navigation Support Office is continuously working on improving the consistency of its geodetic products. The possibility to perform a Combination On the Observation Level (CoOL) for all geodetic observations is an excellent tool to identify inconsistencies. Over the recent years, significant improvements have been implemented in the data processing in order to enhance the consistency of the delivered products. As the status of the inter-technique ties remains a limiting factor in this context, ESA is currently investigating the possibility of using space ties, e.g. combining GNSS, SLR, DORIS and VLBI in space.

This presentation will give an overview of the geodetic products and services generated by ESA’s Navigation Support Office and outline the associated processing setup. In particular, it will report on the analysis performed to improve the consistency of the results provided by the different observation techniques and outline the recent improvements and ongoing activities.
Monitoring snow processes in the Ötztal Alps (Austria) and development of an open source snow model framework
Authors: Warscher Michael , Hanzer Florian , Becker Carsten , Strasser Ulrich
Published: March 2021

The Rofental is a high Alpine environmental research basin in the Ötztal Alps (Austria, 1890 - 3770 m a.s.l.). The existing measurement network has recently been extended by new stations and sensors that focus on automated recordings of snow cover properties. Core of the network are three automatic weather stations (AWS) that incorporate 10 min. recordings of snow depth (SD), snow water equivalent (SWE), layered snow temperatures, snow surface temperature, snow density, as well as solid and liquid water content of the snowpack. One AWS is extended by a particular setup of two SD and SWE measurements at nearby wind-exposed and sheltered locations, complemented by an acoustic-based snow drift sensor to quantify wind-driven snow redistribution.

We here present analyses of the publicly available data that focus on snow drift events in an avalanche-prone winter season. The two nearby SWE measurements show differences of around 500% of measured peak SWE at a horizontal distance of only 25 m caused by wind-driven redistribution. In addition, the presented data is used to develop and validate the new open source, distributed snow cover model openAMUNDSEN. We evaluate different integrated energy balance and snow layer schemes and compare the data to results of the ESM-SnowMIP project.
Inventory of geoheritage as a tool for local sustainable development in Cajón del Maipo Geopark Project, Central Chile 
Authors: Vergara Daskam Camilo , Estay Daskam Cristóbal , Prior Carvajal Anthony
Published: March 2021

Cajón del Maipo is a mountainous territory located in the Andes Cordillera of central Chile (~ 5,000 km2), 50 km away from Santiago city, and is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the country. It reaches a maximum altitude of 6,570 masl, and its geology is controlled by the compressive subduction regime between the Nazca and the South American plates. In its rocks, 166 million years of geological history are recorded, and its geodiversity includes: sedimentary and igneous rocks, active stratovolcanoes, thermal springs, tectonic structures, glacial and fluvial morphologies, landslides, marine fossils, and abandoned mine shafts. The area is part of the Chilean biodiversity hotspot, and hosts an important and strained water system, with ~650 glaciers that supplies almost the entire city of Santiago with drinking and irrigation water, home to more than 7 million people.

This work shows the existing inventory of geoheritage of Cajon del Maipo, which includes 43 geosites classified in 10 geological thematic areas. Geosites were selected and assessed using a quantitative approach in the three main types of use (scientific, educational and geotouristic), and in their degradation risk. Of the inventory list, 5 geosites have international relevance, 17 national relevance, 10 regional and 11 local relevance. Additional values where highlighted associated with potential for developing geopark activities (cultural and intangible heritage, biodiversity, climate change and geological hazards), as well as legal aspects regarding protection. Combining statistical, geographical, and qualitative analysis of the previous parameters, geosites were categorized in multi labeled management classes, which are: geotourism, education, science, and conservation. For each class, management priorities and opportunities were identified, including research, protection, promotion, infrastructure habilitation, and monitoring. In the next years, this inventory must be the framework for developing a local geoheritage management plan, and the basis for the elaboration of the application dossier of Cajon del Maipo as a UNESCO Global Geopark.

Cajon del Maipo Geopark Project has been developed since 2017 with the main goals of providing economic opportunities for local community and promoting the sustainable management of natural and cultural heritage. Framed in the project Action Plan, actions and initiatives have been implemented, including: geoheritage research and geoconservation; geotourism and local products development; geoeducation programs focused on local schools; and networking at local, national, and international levels. All the mentioned initiatives are supported by the creation and the permanent updating of the Cajon del Maipo inventory of geoheritage.
The Effects of the Quasi-Biannual Oscillation on Tephra Distribution from a Plinian Eruption
Authors: Eisele Steffen , Qingyuan Yang , Bouvet de Maissoneuve Caroline , Jenkins Susanna F.
Published: March 2021

The quasi-biannual oscillation (QBO) dominates the equatorial zonal wind in the tropical stratosphere. Alternating easterly and westerly wind regimes form in the upper stratosphere and propagate downwards to the tropopause with a mean period of approximately 28 months. The westerly phase of the QBO is characterized by faster and more regular downward propagation, while the easterly phase has higher intensity (up to double the wind speed) and longer duration. Long-term lower stratospheric wind records indicate prevailing easterly winds (~60 % of the time) for the tropical regions. However, during westerly phases of the QBO, the wind is exclusively blowing towards the east. This leads to different but well predictable tephra distributions during the two phases. The QBO is effectively controlling the variations of the lower stratospheric wind regimes between 15º N and 15º S. Therefore, the effects of the QBO on spatial tephra distribution impact all tropical volcanic regions, including Central America, SE-Asia, the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone and the African Rift. We use the Tephra2 model in a case study from Tandikat volcano in West Sumatra to analyse the different QBO phases' effects on tephra distribution from Plinian eruptions. Incorporating the QBO in probabilistic hazard assessments for Plinian eruptions improves the accuracy of the hazard assessments. Understanding the effects of the QBO on the spatial tephra distribution will also help re-evaluate distal tephra records.   
Using open-source high resolution remote sensing data to determine the access to buildings in the context of passenger transport
Authors: Hahn Armin , Frühling Wiard , Schlüter Jan
Published: March 2021

Routing on a road network requires geographical points on the road network that correspond best to the addresses of the given origin and destination, here called snapping points. The technique to determine such snapping points is also called offline map matching. Conventional routing machines use the shortest perpendicular distance from a building’s centroid to the road network for this purpose. However, in some cases, this technique leads to suboptimal results when the access to a building is not reachable from the road segment with the shortest perpendicular distance. We used open-source data — multispectral images, OpenStreetMap data, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data — to perform a cost-distance analysis and determined the most likely access to buildings. Therefore, we assumed that the path to the building shows less vegetation cover, minimal slope of the terrain and avoids building footprints. Our results are validated based on a predetermined Ideal Snapping Area for different weightings of the parameters vegetation, slope und building footprints. We also compared our results with a conventional routing machine (Open Source Route Machine - ) that uses the perpendicular distance. The validation-rate of our approach is up to 90%, depending on the weighting of chosen parameters, whereas the conventional routing machine shows a validation-rate of 81%. The optimized snapping points can be used to determine enhanced stop locations in passenger transport to improve services such as door-to-door transportation (e.g. demand-responsive transport).
GRACE Follow-On Gravity Field Recovery from Combined Laser Ranging Interferometer and Microwave Ranging System Measurements
Authors: Behzadpour Saniya , Kvas Andreas , Mayer-Gürr Torsten
Published: March 2021

Besides a K-Band Ranging System (KBR), GRACE-FO carries a Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) as a technology demonstration to provide measurements of inter-satellite range changes. This additional measurement technology provides supplementary observations, which allow for cross-instrument diagnostics with the KBR system and, to some extent, the separation of ranging noise from other sources such as noise in the on-board accelerometer (ACC) measurements.

The aim of this study is to incorporate the two ranging systems (LRI and KBR) observations in ITSG-Grace2018 gravity field recovery. The two observation groups are combined in an iterative least-squares adjustment with variance component estimation used to determine the unknown noise covariance functions for KBR, LRI, and ACC measurements. We further compare the gravity field solutions obtained from the combined solutions to KBR-only results and discuss the differences with a focus on the global gravity field and LRI calibration parameters.
First noble gas results from fluid inclusions of the Late Miocene-Pleistocene Macedonian volcanics
Authors: Molnár Kata , Temovski Marjan , Palcsu László
Published: March 2021

Late Miocene to Pleistocene volcanism within the Vardar zone (N. Macedonia) covers a large area, has a wide range in composition and it is largely connected to the tectonic evolution of the South Balkan extensional system, the northern part of the Aegean extensional regime. A recent study indicated an increasing rate of mantle metasomatism towards the younger centers in the region [1]. During the last stage of activity, ultrapotassic (UK) centers that formed between ca. 3.2 and 1.5 Ma originated from the lithospheric mantle beneath the region [2]. Although there are no reported mantle xenoliths from these centers, the erupted mafic rocks contain abundant olivine as phenocrysts [3]. Noble gas isotopic characteristics of fluid inclusions in olivine can reveal important information about the origin of the fluid and the metasomatic state of the lithospheric mantle. We analyzed for the first time the noble gas composition of fluid inclusions of olivine phenocrysts from the Mlado Nagoričane volcanic center, the northernmost member of the UK centers with an eruption age of 1.8 ± 0.1 Ma [2]. The R/RA ratios give a range of 3.1-4.5 with 4He/20Ne values of 11.7-14.6. These R/RA values are lower than the MORB and the averaged subcontinental lithospheric values, and considering the negligible amount of atmospheric contribution, imply a more metasomatized character for the underlying lithospheric mantle beneath the region. Mantle-derived noble gases were detected in a recent geochemical study on the thermal springs and gas exhalations in the region, with up to 20% of mantle contribution calculated based on their noble gas composition using the MORB R/RA value [4]. These new Mlado Nagoričane fluid inclusion noble gas values indicate that the mantle contribution in the recent gas emissions in the region could be higher than what was thought.

This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, financed by the European Regional and Development Fund in the project of GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00009 ‘ICER’ project

[1] Molnár et al. 2020 – EGU2020-13101.

[2] Yanev et al., 2008 – Mineralogy and Petrology, 94(1-2), 45-60.

[3] Yanev et al., 2008 – Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, Sofia, 46, 35-67.

[4] Temovski et al. 2020 – EGU2020-2763.
DYAMOND-II simulations with IFS-FESOM2
Authors: Rackow Thomas , Wedi Nils , Mogensen Kristian , Dueben Peter , Goessling Helge F. , Hegewald Jan , Kühnlein Christian , Zampieri Lorenzo , Jung Thomas
Published: March 2021

This presentation will give an overview about an ongoing collaboration between the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Our recent development is a single-executable coupled configuration of the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) and the Finite Volume Sea Ice-Ocean Model, FESOM2. This configuration is set up to participate in the DYAMOND project alongside ECMWF’s default IFS-NEMO configuration. IFS-FESOM2 and IFS-NEMO are tentative models to generate “Digital Twin” storm-scale, coupled simulations as envisioned in the European Destination Earth (DestinE) and Next Generation Earth Modelling Systems (NextGEMS) projects.

FESOM2 has a novel dynamical core that supports multi-resolution triangular grids. The model and its predecessor FESOM1 have been used in many studies over the last decade, with a focus on the role of the polar regions in global ocean circulation. The impact of eddy-permitting and locally eddy-resolving resolution has been addressed in CMIP6 and HighResMIP simulations as part of the AWI-CM-1-1 global climate model, while simulations with up to 1km resolution in the Arctic Ocean have been performed in stand-alone mode.

Initially, two coupled IFS-FESOM2 configurations have been tested: A coarse-resolution setup with a nominal 1° ocean, and a DYAMOND-II configuration with 0.25° ocean and IFS at 4.5km global resolution on average. For the latter configuration, FESOM2 is mimicking the “ORCA025” tri-polar curvilinear grid of the NEMO model, whose grid boxes have been split into triangles. Initialisation is from ECMWF’s analysis for IFS and NEMO, and from an ERA5-forced ocean spin-up for FESOM2. We discuss technical challenges with respect to the hybrid OpenMP and MPI parallelization in a single-executable context, describe a novel strategy for resource-efficient writing of model output, and summarise future applications such as exploring the impact of flexible FESOM2 grid configurations on the atmosphere - with ocean simulations that resolve leads in sea ice and ocean eddies almost everywhere.
Groundwater sustainability in a semiarid traditional irrigation piedmont supplied by high mountain streamflow
Authors: Bouimouass Houssne , Fakir Younes , Tweed Sarah , Leblanc Marc
Published: March 2021

Piedmont areas are globally important hydrological systems as transitional zones between mountains (headwater basins) where water is produced and adjacent plains (basins floor) where water is consumed. In arid and semiarid areas, the water availability in piedmonts have made them adequate places for rural communities’ settlement and irrigation activities. The hydrochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry in the piedmont areas might be influenced by the interaction with the mountain streamflow, the geology, the climate and the human activities. In this study we investigated the hydrochemistry of the groundwater in the piedmont of Ourika wadi that is coming from the High-Atlas of Marrakech Mountains (central Morocco). The HCO3-Ca-Na groundwater type, inherited form the streamflow, is the primary water facies in the area. It has its origin from carbonates dissolution and silicates withering in the High-Atlas mountains. In the irrigated area, the ion exchange processes are responsible of Ca and Mg enrichment. Currently, the groundwater salinity is low and the chemical quality is excellent thanks to the seasonal groundwater recharge from the mountain streamflow and to the practiced traditional agriculture that generally uses high amounts of irrigation and low amounts chemical fertilizers. However, major concerns about groundwater sustainability arise from two parameters. Firstly, the snowmelt-driven runoff supplying the groundwater recharge in piedmonts is in continuous decrease because of the snow cover reduction observed in the last decades and forecasted in the future under climate change, likely putting more pressure on groundwater resources. Secondly, due to the growing anthropogenic activities the traditional agriculture might change to intensive agriculture using more chemicals and inducing pollution.
Recoverability of Callisto gravity field influenced by orbiter mission characteristics
Authors: Desprats William , Arnold Daniel , Blanc Michel , Jäggi Adrian , Li Mingtao , Li Lei , Witasse Olivier
Published: March 2021

The exploration of Callisto is part of the extensive interest in the icy moons characterization. Indeed, Callisto is the Galilean moon with the best-preserved records of the Jovian system formation. Led by the National Space Science Center (NSSC), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), the planned Gan De mission aims to send an orbiter around Callisto in order to characterize its surface and interior. Potential orbit configurations are currently under study for the Gan De mission proposal.

As part of a global characterization of Callisto, its gravity field can be inferred using radio tracking data from an orbiter. Mission characteristics such as orbit type, Earth beta angle and solar elongation will have a direct influence on the recoverability of its gravity field parameters. In this study, we will analyse this influence from closed-loop simulations using the planetary extension of the Bernese GNSS Softwareai.

A number of reference orbits with different orbital characteristics will be selected for the Gan De mission and, using an extended force model, will be propagated from different starting dates and different initial Earth beta angles. Realistic Doppler tracking data (2-way X-band Doppler range rate) will be simulated as measurements from ground stations, with a dedicated noise model. These observations will then be used to reconstruct the orbit along with dynamical parameters. The focus of this presentation will be on the quality of the retrieved gravity field parameters and tidal Love number k2.
The Effect of the State-of-the-Art Mapping Functions on Precise Point Positioning
Authors: Durmus Faruk Can , Erdogan Bahattin
Published: March 2021

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are effectively used for different applications of Geomatic Engineering. There are lots of model error sources that affect the performance of the point positioning. Especially for the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique, which depends on the absolute point positioning, these errors should be modelled since PPP technique utilizes un-differenced and ionosphere-free combinations. Studies about PPP technique show that the effect of tropospheric delay caused by water vapor and dry air in the troposphere, which affects GNSS signals, is an important parameter should be modelled. Total zenith delay consists of both hydrostatic and wet delay. Hydrostatic delay can be accurately estimated by using atmospheric surface pressure and height with empirical models. Although there are many empirical models currently used for the determination of the zenith wet delay, the accuracies of these models are inadequate due to the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor. Moreover, the tropospheric delay occurs along the path of GNSS signals and the Mapping Functions (MFs) are used to convert the tropospheric signal delay along the zenith direction to the slant direction. In this study, it is aimed to measure the effect of the globally produced MFs as Niell Mapping Function (NMF), Vienna Mapping Function 1 (VMF1), Global Mapping Function (GMF) and Global Pressure Temperature model 2 (GPT2) for GNSS positioning accuracy. Only GPS satellite system has been taken into account. For the analysis it has planned to process approximately 294 permanent stations from Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS) archive with Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s GipsyX v1.2 software. In order to reveal the effect of different season the GPS observations in January, April, July and October, 2018 have been obtained. The solutions were derived for different session durations as 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours for each global MFs and root mean square values have been estimated for each session durations.

Keywords: State-of-the-Art Mapping Function, Troposphere, Precise Point Positioning, Accuracy, GipsyX
A paradigm of extreme rainfall pluvial floods in complex urban
areas: the flood event of 15 July 2020 in Palermo (Italy)
Authors: Francipane Antonio , Pumo Dario , Sinagra Marco , La Loggia Goffredo , Noto Leonardo V.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. In the last years, some regions of the Mediterranean area are witnessing a progressive increase in extreme events, such as urban and flash floods, as a response to the increasingly frequent and severe extreme rainfall events and their ground effects, which are often exacerbated by ever-growing urbanization. In such a context, the traditional defense of urban areas, which are usually based on urban drainage systems designed without regard to the impacts of urbanization and climate change on natural systems, may not be sufficient to deal with the risk deriving from the occurrence of such events. This study focuses on a very recent and particularly intense urban flood that occurred in Palermo on 15 July 2020 that represents a perfect example of extreme rainfall pluvial floods in a complex urban area that many cities, especially in the Mediterranean region, have been experiencing in recent years. A conceptual hydrological model and a 2D hydraulic model, particularly suitable for simulations in a very complex urban context, have been used to simulate the event. Results have been qualitatively validated by means of crowdsourced information and satellite images. The experience of Palermo, which has highlighted the urgent need for a shift in the way of managing stormwater in urban settlements, can be assumed as a paradigm of management of extreme rainfall pluvial floods in complex urban areas. Although the approaches and the related policies cannot be identical for all cities, the modeling framework here used to assess the impacts of the event under study and some conclusive remarks could be easily transferred to other and different urban contexts.
Evaluating Methods for Imputing Missing Data from Longitudinal Monitoring of Athlete Workload
Authors: Benson Lauren C. , Stilling Carlyn , Owoeye Oluwatoyosi B.A. , Emery Carolyn A.
Published: March 2021

Missing data can influence calculations of accumulated athlete workload. The objectives were to identify the best single imputation methods and examine workload trends using multiple imputation. External (jumps per hour) and internal (rating of perceived exertion; RPE) workload were recorded for 93 (45 females, 48 males) high school basketball players throughout a season. Recorded data were simulated as missing and imputed using ten imputation methods based on the context of the individual, team and session. Both single imputation and machine learning methods were used to impute the simulated missing data. The difference between the imputed data and the actual workload values was computed as root mean squared error (RMSE). A generalized estimating equation determined the effect of imputation method on RMSE. Multiple imputation of the original dataset, with all known and actual missing workload data, was used to examine trends in longitudinal workload data. Following multiple imputation, a Pearson correlation evaluated the longitudinal association between jump count and sRPE over the season. A single imputation method based on the specific context of the session for which data are missing (team mean) was only outperformed by methods that combine information about the session and the individual (machine learning models). There was a significant and strong association between jump count and sRPE in the original data and imputed datasets using multiple imputation. The amount and nature of the missing data should be considered when choosing a method for single imputation of workload data in youth basketball. Multiple imputation using several predictor variables in a regression model can be used for analyses where workload is accumulated across an entire season.
Exploring Service Quality in Islamic Banking Industry of Afghanistan: An Analysis of Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Zubair Abdullah , Hasan Hamid
Published: March 2021

Service quality is an essential organizational factor that has a positive relationship with customer satisfaction. Thus, in this paper, we measure the service quality of the Islamic banking industry of Afghanistan and customer satisfaction through the modified CARTER model. We collected data in Kabul province from customers of the following banks: Afghanistan International Bank (AIB), Afghan United Bank (AUB), Bank-e-Millie Afghan (BMA), Ghazanfar Bank (GB), and Islamic Bank of Afghanistan (IBA). In nutshell, our study results reveal that in the Islamic banking industry of Afghanistan out of seven dimensions of service quality only four dimensions are significant namely; compliance (COM), reliability, empathy (EMP), responsiveness (RES) while the other three dimensions namely; assurance (ASR), tangibles (TAN), and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are insignificant for the customers of Islamic banking in Afghanistan. Thus, our study suggests that the Islamic banking industry in Afghanistan needs improvement in innovative products and services with their pricing and designing policies. Similarly, the Islamic banking industry of Afghanistan needs to determine a fair profit ratio for bank management, making easy required conditions and terms in the agreement with customers, and taking a fair commission on services. This research will help the Islamic banking industry of Afghanistan to adjust and design truly their operational and managerial policies.
Fra barnehage til voksenliv – Utdanning, didaktikk og verdi
Authors: Reigstad Ingunn , Jermstad Linnéa K. , Kjærgård Per Ivar , Sundnes Hilde , Halsnes Astrid Øien , Småland Erik Goth , Goth Ursula Småland , Tokovska Miroslava , Unneland Anne Karin Rudjord , Aadland-Atkinson Kristin , Jones Lise Øen , Hesjedal Elisabeth , Jokstad Gunnvi Sæle , Hagenes Tove , Landro Torgeir , Holovchuk Svitlana , Schønfeldt Espen , Voll Liv Oddrun
Published: March 2021

Antologien Fra barnehage til voksenliv. Utdanning, didak­tikk og verdi består av profesjonsnær forskning på lærer­utdanningene og videregående opplæring, og på praksisfeltene barnehage og grunnskole. De 18 forfatterne, som har basert sine bidrag på forskning fra egen praksis, har lang erfaring med formidling av kunnskap og verdier som er viktige i pedagogiske sammenhenger. Antologien Fra barnehage til voksen­liv. Utdanning, didaktikk og verdi inneholder forskningsdata fra utdanningssektoren samt oppdatert informasjon og viten­skapelige forsknings­resultater fra prosjekter i kommunen, fylkeskommunen og private institusjoner. Vi håper at tekstene vil motivere til danning og kritisk tenkning, og utfordre til aktivt engasje­ment for medmennesker og samfunn både i Norge og globalt.
Elever med stort læringspotensial – en kunnskaps- og holdningsutfordring?
Authors: Jokstad Gunnvi Sæle , Hagenes Tove
Published: March 2021

Prinsippet om tilpasset opplæring står sterkt i norsk skole og har som hensikt å sikre alle elever en likeverdig mulighet til læring og utvikling. NOU-rapporten «Mer å hente. Bedre læring for barn med stort læringspotensial» beskriver hvordan elever med stort læringspotensial ikke opplever det slik. Rapporten konkluderer med at det er et stort behov for kunnskapsheving om temaet og antyder også at det kan råde en elitistisk holdning hos lærere. Også lærerutdanningen blir utfordret på dette feltet. I denne studien ønsker vi derfor å se nærmere på hvordan studentenes kunnskap om barn med stort læringspotensial kan fremmes og hvilke holdninger studentene har til barn med stort læringspotensial. Datamaterialet fremkommer gjennom kvalitativ metode, bestående av en dokumentanalyse av 53 studenttekster og et strukturert litteratursøk. Analysen viser at lærerstudenter trenger økt kunnskap om barn med stort læringspotensial, at studenter sidestiller barn med stort læringspotensial med skoleflinke elever, at undervisningen for slike elever kan by på differensieringsutfordringer, men at de trolig ikke har en elitistisk holdning til denne elevgruppen. Det konkluderes med at tilrettelegging for barn med stort læringspotensial innebærer undervisning i tråd med grunnverdiene i den norske skolen, slik det er nedfelt i gjeldende norske skolepolitiske dokumenter.
Tilrettelegging for trivsel. Mangfold i det norske klasserommet
Authors: Goth Ursula Småland , Jermstad Linnéa K. , Tokovska Miroslava
Published: March 2021

Den norske skole står overfor en rekke utfordringer for å imøtekomme samfunnsmandatet om å skape en skole som byr på meningsfulle helhetlige lærings- og sosialiseringspraksiser for alle elever. En av disse utfordringene er å innfri kravet om likeverdig opplæring i en inkluderende og raus skole uavhengig av elevenes nasjonalitet, bakgrunn, legning eller religiøs tilhørighet. Her står trivselen til den enkelte elev sentralt. Denne studien ser nærmere på betydningen av trivsel ved å utforske erfaringene til en nyankommen innvandrerelev og hennes mor i møte med den norske grunnskolen. Det ble gjennomført en singel-casestudie som baserer seg på et strukturert litteratursøk, en tekstanalyse av mors dagbok og et kvalitativt dybdeintervju med moren. Data som fremkom ved de tre ulike metodiske tilnærmingene, ble analysert individuelt av forfatterne og fortettet for å oppnå en forståelse på et generelt og helhetlig nivå. Studiens funn indikerer at trivsel er utslagsgivende for opplevelsen av inkludering, for å etablere kontakter i nærområdet og for å få venner både i lukkede og åpne rom. Opplevd trivsel kan også være en utslagsgivende faktor for læring og motivasjon. Trivsel kan også ses på som en resiliensfaktor. Studien konkluderer derfor med at trivsel kan bli utslagsgivende for integreringsprosessen for nye elever.
Med kunst som veiviser til profesjonell utvikling
Authors: Jokstad Gunnvi Sæle
Published: March 2021

Voksne som samhandler med barn kommer ofte i situasjoner som ikke har en handlingsmaksime. Dette er gjennomgående også for lærerprofesjonen og må av den grunn fokuseres på i lærerutdanningen. For å øve opp og reflektere over mulige handlingsvalg kan samtaler med utgangspunkt i ulike kunstverk være en vei å gå. Gjennom dialog, ulike stemmer og parallelle historier kan det profesjonelle skjønn og egen subjektivitet styrkes og utvikles. Denne studien undersøker hvordan et kull i lærerutdanningen reflekterer over et kunstverk, og artikkelen drøfter hvordan kunstverk kan åpne for pedagogisk refleksjon og profesjonsetisk bevissthet. Det empiriske materialet er innhentet gjennom kvalitativ metode, bestående av analyse av 45 studentdokumenter, samt et strukturert litteratursøk. Analysen viser at kunstverk inviterer til dialog og profesjonsetisk bevissthet, men at bruk av kunstverk som igangsetter for pedagogisk refleksjon bør introduseres som metode og anvendes flere ganger om studenter skal bli fortrolig med dette. Artikkelen skisserer videre hvordan lærerutdanningen ved å introdusere og anvende denne metoden kan være med på å gi lærerstudenter en grunnleggende handlingskompetanse til selvrefleksjon. Det vil være i tråd med beskrivelser om profesjonsfellesskapet i ny overordnet del i læreplanverket og forventningen om en lærers livslange læring.