bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructures and magnetic properties of Bi-substituted NiCuZn ferrite
Authors: Jia Lijun , Zhang Huaiwu , Wu Xiaohu , Li Tao , Su Hua , Liu Baoyuan
Published: February 2012

The effects of Bi3+ substitution on the microstructures and properties of low-temperature fired NiCuZn ferrites have been investigated. It is found that Bi3+ ions can enter into the ferrite lattice and consequently enhance the grain growth and densification in the sintering process due to the activation of the lattice, which in turn lead to an increase of quality factor and static permeability. Bi3+ substitution for Fe3+ is beneficial to forming the spinal phase and lowers the sintering temperature to about 900 °C. Pcv (power loss) was analyzed by dividing Pcv into Ph (hysteresis loss) and Pe+Pr (eddy current loss and residual loss) from the frequency dependence of the power loss. Due to the compact and uniform microstructures, and high sintering density, relatively low losses were obtained in the Bi-substituted samples.
Ferromagnetic resonance studies of Fe thin films with dilute heavy rare-earth impurities
Authors: Sun Li , Wang Yukun , Yang Mao , Huang Zhaocong , Zhai Ya , Xu Yunxia , Du Jun , Zhai Hongru
Published: February 2012

The structure and magnetic properties of Fe1−xGd(Tb)x films prepared by sputtering have been investigated using x-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, and ferromagnetic resonance. Magnetic measurements show that the saturation magnetization decreases as the increase of Gd(Tb) content, which agrees with that Gd(Tb) atomic moments align antiparallel with Fe moments. Theoretical fittings of the angular dependence of ferromagnetic resonance field yield the second- and forth-order perpendicular anisotropy constants K⊥1 and K⊥2, which show a spin reorientation with increasing Gd(Tb) doping. The intrinsic contribution of ferromagnetic resonance linewidth as a result of Gilbert damping is separated from the extrinsic contribution because of the inhomogeneity of the films. It is found that the additions of Gd additives do not significantly improve the damping constant, whereas the Tb dopants increase the damping constant from 0.04 without Tb to 0.11 with 19% Tb, thus a remarkable enhancement of 175%.
Structure and dynamics of the electronically excited C 1 and D 0+ states of ArXe from high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet spectra
Authors: Piticco Lorena , Schäfer Martin , Merkt Frédéric
Published: February 2012

Vacuum ultraviolet spectra of the C 1 ← X 0+ and D 0+ ← X 0+ band systems of ArXe have been recorded at high resolution. Analysis of the rotational structure of the spectra of several isotopomers, and in the case of Ar129Xe and Ar131Xe also of the hyperfine structure, has led to the derivation of a complete set of spectroscopic parameters for the C 1 and D 0+ states. The rovibrational energy level structure of the C 1 state reveals strong homogeneous perturbations with neighboring Ω = 1 electronic states. The analysis of isotopic shifts led to a reassignment of the vibrational structure of the C 1 state. The observation of electronically excited Xe fragments following excitation to the C state rotational levels of f parity indicates that the C state is predissociated by the electronic state of 0− symmetry associated with the Ar(1S0) + Xe(\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$6{\rm s}^\prime[1/2]^{\text{o}}_0$\end{document}6s′[1/2]0o) dissociation limit. The observed predissociation dynamics differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from the behavior reported in previous investigations. An adiabatic two-state coupling model has been derived which accounts for the irregularities observed in the rovibronic and hyperfine level structure of the C 1 state. The model predicts the existence of a second state of Ω = 1 symmetry, supporting several tunneling/predissociation resonances located ∼200 cm−1 above the C 1 state.
Precise real-time polarization measurement of terahertz electromagnetic waves by a spinning electro-optic sensor
Authors: Yasumatsu Naoya , Watanabe Shinichi
Published: February 2012

We propose and develop a method to quickly and precisely determine the polarization direction of coherent terahertz electromagnetic waves generated by femtosecond laser pulses. The measurement system consists of a conventional terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system with the electro-optic (EO) sampling method, but we add a new functionality in the EO crystal which is continuously rotating with the angular frequency ω. We find a simple yet useful formulation of the EO signal as a function of the crystal orientation, which enables a lock-in-like detection of both the electric-field amplitude and the absolute polarization direction of the terahertz waves with respect to the probe laser pulse polarization direction at the same time. The single measurement finishes around two periods of the crystal rotations (∼21 ms), and we experimentally prove that the accuracy of the polarization measurement does not suffer from the long-term amplitude fluctuation of the terahertz pulses. Distribution of the measured polarization directions by repeating the measurements is excellently fitted by a Gaussian distribution function with a standard deviation of σ = 0.56°. The developed technique is useful for the fast direct determination of the polarization state of the terahertz electromagnetic waves for polarization imaging applications as well as the precise terahertz Faraday or Kerr rotation spectroscopy.
A generalized solid-state nudged elastic band method
Authors: Sheppard Daniel , Xiao Penghao , Chemelewski William , Johnson Duane D. , Henkelman Graeme
Published: February 2012

A generalized solid-state nudged elastic band (G-SSNEB) method is presented for determining reaction pathways of solid–solid transformations involving both atomic and unit-cell degrees of freedom. We combine atomic and cell degrees of freedom into a unified description of the crystal structure so that calculated reaction paths are insensitive to the choice of periodic cell. For the rock-salt to wurtzite transition in CdSe, we demonstrate that the method is robust for mechanisms dominated either by atomic motion or by unit-cell deformation; notably, the lowest-energy transition mechanism found by our G-SSNEB changes with cell size from a concerted transformation of the cell coordinates in small cells to a nucleation event in large cells. The method is efficient and can be applied to systems in which the force and stress tensor are calculated using density functional theory.
Photothermal and thermo-refractive effects in high reflectivity mirrors at room and cryogenic temperature
Authors: Farsi Alessandro , Siciliani de Cumis Mario , Marino Francesco , Marin Francesco
Published: February 2012

Increasing requirements in the sensitivity of interferometric measurements is a common feature of several research fields, from gravitational wave detection to quantum optics. This motivates refined studies of high reflectivity mirrors and of noise sources that are tightly related to their structure. In this work we present an experimental characterization of photothermal and thermo-refractive effects in high reflectivity mirrors, i.e., of the variations in the position of their effective reflection plane due to weak residual power absorption. The measurements are performed by modulating the impinging power in the range 10Hz÷100kHz. The experimental results are compared with an expressly derived theoretical model in order to fully understand the phenomena and exploit them to extract useful effective thermo-mechanical parameters of the coating. The measurements are extended to cryogenic temperature, where most high sensitivity experiments are performed (or planned in future versions) and where characterizations of dielectric film coatings are still poor.
Bi-fidelity fitting and optimization
Authors: Miller Ryan L. , Harding Lawrence B. , Davis Michael J. , Gray Stephen K.
Published: February 2012

A common feature in computations of chemical and physical properties is the investigation of phenomena at different levels of computational accuracy. Less accurate computations are used to provide a relatively quick understanding of the behavior of a system and allow a researcher to focus on regions of initial conditions and parameter space where interesting phenomena are likely to occur. These inexpensive calculations are often discarded when more accurate calculations are performed. This paper demonstrates how computations at different levels of accuracy can be simultaneously incorporated to study chemical and physical phenomena with less overall computational effort than the most expensive level of computation. A smaller set of computationally expensive calculations is needed because the set of expensive calculations is correlated with the larger set of less expensive calculations. We present two applications. First, we demonstrate how potential energy surfaces can be fit by simultaneously using results from two different levels of accuracy in electronic structure calculations. In the second application, we study the optical response of metallic nanostructures. The optical response is generated with calculations at two different grid resolutions, and we demonstrate how using these two levels of computation in a correlated fashion can more efficiently optimize the response.
Formation of carriers in Ti-oxide thin films by substitution reactions
Authors: Liu Y. S. , Lin Y. H. , Wei Y. S. , Liu C. Y.
Published: February 2012

Conductive Ti-oxide thin films are produced using a reactive sputtering and post-annealing process. The lowest resistivity of Ti-oxide thin films (2.30 × 10–2 Ω-cm) can be achieved after annealing for 1 h at 400 °C in ambient O2. Additionally, the Hall measurement results indicate that the carrier concentration increases during the initial 1-h annealing process before decreasing during subsequent annealing. By curve fitting the Ols core-level peaks in the x ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum of the annealed Ti-oxide thin films, we found that the oxygen (O) vacancy concentration monotonically increases with annealing time, which differs from the behavior of the carrier concentration regarding annealing time. This means that the O-vacancy mechanism alone cannot explain the formation of carriers in Ti-oxide thin films. By curve-fitting core-level Ti peaks in the XPS spectrum of annealed Ti-oxide thin films, a Ti3+-to-Ti4+ substitution reaction in the TiO2 phase of the Ti-oxide thin film after annealing plays the dominant role in the formation of conduction carriers. Instead of the O-vacancy mechanism, the Ti3+-to-Ti4+ substitution mechanism can explain the concentration of carriers in Ti-oxide thin films following annealing.
Ultrafast response of tunnel injected quantum dot based semiconductor optical amplifiers in the 1300 nm range
Authors: Pulka J. , Piwonski T. , Huyet G. , Houlihan J. , Semenova E. , Lematre A. , Merghem K. , Martinez A. , Ramdane A.
Published: February 2012

The ultrafast gain and refractive index dynamics of tunnel injected quantum dot based semiconductor optical amplifiers in the 1300 nm range are investigated using a heterodyne pump probe technique. In the gain regime, ground state wavelengths exhibit full gain recovery in less than 10 ps up to 3 times transparency, attributed to enhanced carrier refilling via the injector layer. The effect of the injector can also been seen in unusual phase dynamics at excited state wavelengths at this injection level.
Four-wave mixing in carbon nanotube-coated optical fiber gratings
Authors: Shao Li-Yang , Jakubinek Michael B. , Sun Tingting , Simard Benoit , Albert Jacques
Published: February 2012

The observation of four-wave mixing (FWM) in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) deposited around a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) has been demonstrated. A thin, floating SWCNT film is manually wrapped around the outer cladding of the fiber and FWM occurs between two core-guided laser signals by TFBG-induced interaction of the core mode and cladding modes. The effective nonlinear coefficient is calculated to be 1.8 × 103 W−1 Km−1. The wavelength of generated idlers is tunable with a range of 7.8 nm.
Spin Hall effect of reflected light from an air-glass interface around the Brewster’s angle
Authors: Kong Ling-Jun , Wang Xi-Lin , Li Si-Min , Li Yongnan , Chen Jing , Gu Bing , Wang Hui-Tian
Published: February 2012

We have developed a modified theory of the spin Hall effect of reflected light from a planar interface composed of two dielectric media and obtain the analytical expression valid for any incident angle including the Brewster’s angle. We improved the experimental method and measured the spin-dependent transverse displacement of reflected light from a planar air-glass interface around the Brewster’s angle. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical prediction.
Influence of the dynamic plasma shielding on the elastic electron-ion collision in turbulent plasmas
Authors: Jung Young-Dae
Published: February 2012

The dynamic plasma shielding effects on the elastic electron-ion collision are investigated in turbulent plasmas using the second-order eikonal method. The results show that the dynamic screening effect strongly enhances the eikonal phase shift as well as the cross section. It is also found that the dynamic screening effect decreases with increasing impact parameter. In addition, the influence of the turbulence suppresses the eikonal phase shift and cross section, especially, for small impact parameters. Moreover, it is found that the dynamic screening effect on the eikonal cross section increases with decreasing thermal energy for large impact parameters.
Interplay between carrier and cationic defect concentration in ferromagnetism of anatase Ti1-xTaxO2 thin films
Authors: Roy Barman A. , Annadi A. , Gopinadhan K. , Lú W. M. , Ariando  , Dhar S. , Venkatesan T.
Published: February 2012

Thin films of Ta incorporated TiO2 grown by pulsed laser deposition under specific growth conditions show room temperature ferromagnetism. Ta introduces carriers and concomitantly cationic defects, the combination of which leads to ferromagnetism. In this paper, we report on the dependence of the carrier and cationic defect density (compensation) on various parameters such as oxygen growth pressure, temperature and Ta concentration. Most likely, the Ti vacancies act as magnetic centers and the free electrons help with the exchange leading to ferromagnetism via Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida mechanism.
Sir Sidney Kidman: Australia's cattle king as a pioneer of adaptation to climatic uncertainty
Authors: Dobes Leo
Published: February 2012

There is little direct evidence about the business model used by the legendary cattle king, Sir Sidney Kidman. Kidman’s properties were invariably stocked at less than full capacity, and were generally contiguous, forming chains that straddled stock routes and watercourses in the most arid zone of central Australia. Railheads at the ends of the chains provided access to the main capital city markets, and Kidman’s drovers supplied a wealth of information on competing cattle movements. This combination of features effectively afforded strategic transport flexibility in the form of so-called ‘real options’, especially during severe region-wide droughts. Alternative perspectives, such as the vertical integration of Kidman’s operations, or spatial diversification of land holdings, offer only partial insights. Faced with a highly variable and unpredictable climate, combined with the onset of erosion and the spread of rabbits, Kidman exemplifies human ability to adapt creatively to exogenous environmental shocks such as climate change.
Condom migration resulting from circumcision, microbicides and vaccines: brief review and methodological considerations
Authors: Crosby Richard A. , Ricks JaNelle , Young April
Published: February 2012

Objective: To provide an updated review of condom migration as a means of highlighting methodological issues for future studies of this behavioural issue. Methods: Electronic searches of PubMed, MEDLINE and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were carried out in October 2010 and updated in January 2011 for English-language articles published from 1994 onward. Results:Evidence addressing condom migration from microbicides and vaccines is vastly underdeveloped, simply because these products are still experimental. In contrast, the more advanced evidence regarding male circumcision is hopeful because it suggests that migration may not be an overwhelming issue. Nonetheless, the entire body of empirical evidence on this question could be substantially expanded and improved. Conclusion: Until stronger evidence suggests that condom migration is unlikely, it is important to be mindful of the potential for condom migration to occur in response to biomedical interventions (circumcision, microbicides and vaccines).
Condom use errors and problems: a global view
Authors: Sanders Stephanie A. , Yarber William L. , Kaufman Erin L. , Crosby Richard A. , Graham Cynthia A. , Milhausen Robin R.
Published: February 2012

Background
Significantly more research attention has been devoted to the consistency of condom use, with far fewer studies investigating condom use errors and problems. The purpose of this review was to present the frequency of various condom use errors and problems reported worldwide. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted for peer-reviewed articles, published in English-language journals between 1995 and 2011. Results: Fifty articles representing 14 countries met criteria for inclusion. The most common errors included not using condoms throughout sex, not leaving space at the tip, not squeezing air from the tip, putting the condom on upside down, not using water-based lubricants and incorrect withdrawal. Frequent problems included breakage, slippage, leakage, condom-associated erection problems, and difficulties with fit and feel. Prevalence estimates showed great variation across studies. Prevalence varied as a function of the population studied and the period assessed. Conclusion: Condom use errors and problems are common worldwide, occurring across a wide spectrum of populations. Although breakage and slippage were most commonly investigated, the prevalence of other condom use errors and problems found in this review were substantially higher. As a framework for understanding the role of condom errors and problems in inadequate protection, we put forward a new model: the Condom Use Experience model. This model can be used to generate testable hypotheses for future research. Addressing condom use errors and problems in research and interventions is crucial to closing the gap between the perfect use and typical use of condoms.
Condom use: still a sexual health staple
Authors: Crosby Richard A. , Cates Willard
Published: February 2012

This article introduces and summarizes the contents of this special edition. Given the exceptional potential of condoms to avert epidemics of sexually transmitted infections and teen or unintended pregnancy – even in low-resource environments – this in-depth examination of current knowledge, practice, and issues with condoms and their use is an important asset for educators and practitioners worldwide.
Population structure, timing of divergence and contact between lineages in the endangered Hastings River mouse (Pseudomys oralis)
Authors: Rowe Karen M. C. , Rowe Kevin C. , Elphinstone Martin S. , Baverstock Peter R.
Published: February 2012

Management of threatened species requires understanding their genetic structure, particularly when the potential for cryptic lineages exists for species with a broad geographic range. The Hastings River mouse (Pseudomys oralis) is an endangered species found along the eastern coast of Australia. Previous genetic investigation revealed two mitochondrial lineages, separated by an unsampled gap in northern New South Wales. Using new samples from within this gap and from throughout the species’ range, we recovered two evolutionary lineages in agreement with previous studies. Importantly, we identified Washpool National Park as the area of lineage overlap, located at the northern limit of the Macleay–McPherson Overlap Zone. We confirmed limited haplotype sharing between localities, suggesting low levels of gene flow. Historical demography suggested recent population expansion and decline for Lineages I and II, respectively. Our dating estimates placed lineage divergence at 300 000–900 000 years ago, at the lower limit of percentage divergence between other sister species in Pseudomys. While these results support separate management consideration for each lineage, nuclear markers are needed to evaluate whether these lineages represent separate species. In addition, comparative phylogeographic analyses of divergence times among lineages of other species distributed across the Macleay–McPherson Overlap Zone are needed to determine the significance of this biogeographic contact zone for ecological communities in the region generally.
Is body size variation in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) associated with environmental variables?
Authors: Furlan Elise , Griffiths J. , Gust N. , Armistead R. , Mitrovski P. , Handasyde K. A. , Serena M. , Hoffmann A. A. , Weeks A. R.
Published: February 2012

The body size of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is known to vary across both its latitudinal range and relatively short geographic distances. Here we consider how variation in platypus length and weight associates with environmental variables throughout the species’ range. Based on data from over 800 individuals, a Bergmann’s cline (increased body size in regions of lower temperature) was detected across the species latitudinal range. The opposite association, however, was present at smaller scales when comparing platypus body size and temperature within southern mainland Australia, or within an individual river basin. Temperature regimes alone clearly did not dictate body size in platypuses, although disentangling the effects of different climatic variables on body size variation was difficult because of correlations amongst variables. Nevertheless, within suitable platypus habitat in south-eastern Australia, areas of relatively lower rainfall and higher temperatures were typically associated with larger-bodied platypuses. The potential benefits to larger-bodied animals living under these conditions are explored, including consideration of variation in energy expenditure and food availability. Assuming these associations with environmental variables are biologically significant, a shift in platypus body size is anticipated in the future with predicted changes in climate.
Structure-property relationships of a biological mesocrystal in the adult sea urchin spine
Authors: Seto Jong , Ma Yurong , Davis Sean A. , Meldrum Fiona , Gourrier Aurelien , Kim Yi-Yeoun , Schilde Uwe , Sztucki Michael , Burghammer Manfred , Maltsev Sergey , Jäger Christian , Cölfen Helmut
Published: February 2012

Structuring over many length scales is a design strategy widely used in Nature to create materials with unique functional properties. We here present a comprehensive analysis of an adult sea urchin spine, and in revealing a complex, hierarchical structure, show how Nature fabricates a material which diffracts as a single crystal of calcite and yet fractures as a glassy material. Each spine comprises a highly oriented array of Mg-calcite nanocrystals in which amorphous regions and macromolecules are embedded. It is postulated that this mesocrystalline structure forms via the crystallization of a dense array of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precursor particles. A residual surface layer of ACC and/or macromolecules remains around the nanoparticle units which creates the mesocrystal structure and contributes to the conchoidal fracture behavior. Nature’s demonstration of how crystallization of an amorphous precursor phase can create a crystalline material with remarkable properties therefore provides inspiration for a novel approach to the design and synthesis of synthetic composite materials.
cAMP regulates DEP domain-mediated binding of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac1 to phosphatidic acid at the plasma membrane
Authors: Consonni Sarah V. , Gloerich Martijn , Spanjaard Emma , Bos Johannes L.
Published: February 2012

Epac1 is a cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small G protein Rap. Upon cAMP binding, Epac1 undergoes a conformational change that results in its release from autoinhibition. In addition, cAMP induces the translocation of Epac1 from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. This relocalization of Epac1 is required for efficient activation of plasma membrane-located Rap and for cAMP-induced cell adhesion. This translocation requires the Dishevelled, Egl-10, Pleckstrin (DEP) domain, but the molecular entity that serves as the plasma membrane anchor and the possible mechanism of regulated binding remains elusive. Here we show that Epac1 binds directly to phosphatidic acid. Similar to the cAMP-induced Epac1 translocation, this binding is regulated by cAMP and requires the DEP domain. Furthermore, depletion of phosphatidic acid by inhibition of phospholipase D1 prevents cAMP-induced translocation of Epac1 as well as the subsequent activation of Rap at the plasma membrane. Finally, mutation of a single basic residue within a polybasic stretch of the DEP domain, which abolishes translocation, also prevents binding to phosphatidic acid. From these results we conclude that cAMP induces a conformational change in Epac1 that enables DEP domain-mediated binding to phosphatidic acid, resulting in the tethering of Epac1 at the plasma membrane and subsequent activation of Rap.
Diachronic changes in modality in South African English
Authors: Rossouw Ronel , van Rooy Bertus
Published: February 2012

In this paper we aim to contribute to both the synchronic and diachronic description of the grammar of South African English (SAfE) in its written register. In the handful of previous studies on the variety’s grammar (e.g. Bowerman 2004b) the traditional method of pointing out peculiarities has restricted its research potential to a great extent, whereas we now endeavour to move in the opposite direction of full description in the hope of creating a comparative platform with other Southern Hemisphere Englishes (SHEs). A historical corpus of written SAfE is used to trace the path of modality from the 19th to the late 20th century as preserved in letters, newspapers and fictional writing. The findings are, firstly, that modals decline only in the second half of the 20th century, after remaining relatively stable throughout the 19th and first half of the 20th century, and, secondly, that semi-modals do not increase in usage to the same extent as observed for other varieties of English. These patterns are attributed to a number of forces: trade-off relations between different modals to move away from excessive politeness to more direct forms, and developments within particular registers that favoured or disfavoured the use of specific modals.
Nae Barr’s Irn-Bru whit ye’re oan aboot
Authors: Lillo Antonio
Published: February 2012

Even the most cursory browse through any slang dictionary will immediately reveal that rhyming slang is a highly productive category of word-formation in contemporary British and Australian English. However, because of the inextricable difficulty in tracking what is essentially an oral (and often improvisational) phenomenon, dictionaries have typically overlooked rhyming slang items whose use is restricted to specific geographical areas, especially in Ireland and Scotland. Conceived as a sequel and companion piece to a previous study on Scottish rhyming slang by this author (Lillo 2004b), this article examines the way rhyming slang has thrived in Scotland over the past few years, thereby providing interesting insights into its role in the articulation of Scottish identity and its spread and growth around the anglophone world. While Scottish rhyming slang shows largely the same morphological characteristics as other rhyming slangs, its home-grown flavour is apparent in a significant proportion of its repertoire, which serves as a real marker of national identity and pride among Scots. The final section of the article presents a glossary of Scottish rhyming slang made up for the most part of previously unrecorded items collected by the author.
Development of interactional competence
Authors: Achiba Machiko
Published: February 2012

This study explores the development of the interactional competence of an 8-year-old, Japanese learner of English over three cooking sessions with native speakers of English at her home during her period of residence in Australia. The study draws upon Vygotsky’s (1978) zone of proximal development in order to elucidate the L2 child’s process of acquiring interactional competence in this unfamiliar social practice (i.e., cooking-relevant talk). The analysis reveals marked changes in the child’s participation pattern over time, moving from making relevant minimal responses to more initiated, and autonomous participation. The child recycled some of the interlocutors’ utterances from the previous sessions, showing that the earlier cooking sessions provided her with a linguistic challenge and became a resource of language learning for her. She also made use of a textual resource (i.e., the recipe) as a scaffold to move toward more autonomous participation. In addition, the role of the recipe became less central as her participation became increasingly more independent.
Greek and English linguistic identities in the EU
Authors: Sidiropoulou Maria
Published: February 2012

Translated and original texts have been claimed to differ with respect to their linguistic make-up. Parallel versions of texts seem to reflect aspects of the identities represented by the respective languages. The study exploits this potential, in the EU context, with a view to raising awareness of linguistic and cultural differences between English and Greek. A descriptive approach to parallel English and Greek EU material reveals aspects of linguistic preference across languages, with reference to the five dimensions of cultural values in Hofstede and Hofstede’s model of cultural relativism (2005). Translation practice can provide evidence of the linguistic manifestation of socially preferred patterns of behavior which determine linguistic action. Aspects of linguistic preference traced in the EU English-Greek translation context are shown against a background of linguistic preference manifested in other genres.

Raising awareness of identities across languages is expected to ultimately provide recommendations for quality improvement in the EU translation practice, or how to achieve near-native command in language acquisition, while foregrounding the significance of the experienced socio-cultural realities in the study of meaning making.
Inclusivity and non-solidarity
Authors: Izutsu Mitsuko Narita , Izutsu Katsunobu
Published: February 2012

Some languages use first person inclusive plurals for second person reference. Such usage has often been associated with the notions of
solidarity or lesser social distance. However, this line of explanation cannot provide an adequate account for the use of inclusives for
second person honorific reference in Ainu, an indigenous language of Japan. Members of an Ainu-speaking community or family have
traditionally expressed loyalty or deference to their leader (village or family holder), rather than friendship or companionship. The
present paper argues that the usage of first person inclusives for second person reference may be classified into two types: a
solidarity-based usage (positive politeness) and a power-based usage (negative politeness) (cf. Brown
and Gilman 1960). We aim to demonstrate that the Ainu honorific usage of inclusives can only be explained using the power-based account. A
similar power-based honorific usage of inclusives is also attested in some South Asian languages, such as Tamil and Limbu.
Treatment Effects on Forensic Psychiatric Patients Measured With the HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment Scheme
Authors: Belfrage Henrik , Douglas KevinS.
Published: February 2012

This study focuses on the foundational issue of change in violence risk factors in forensic psychiatric patients across multiple assessment periods using the HCR-20 scheme. HCR-20 assessments performed on 150 forensic psychiatric patients at two special (forensic) hospitals in Sweden were studied in relation to the patients' time at institution, with the aim to investigate a possible relation between level of risk and time at institution. A sub-group was followed across an 18-month period of institutionalization to investigate possible changes in risk factors over time. The latter patients were assessed with the HCR-20 three times, with six months between the assessments. Patients with longer treatment times had lower scores on the HCR-20 Clinical and Risk Management sub-scales, compared to patients who had been admitted to the hospitals for a shorter period of time. This finding was particularly evident on the cross-sectional analyses with respect to the R scale. The clinical risk factors in the C scale also dropped overall in connection with treatment time across both cross-sectional and prospective analyses, although not as substantially as the R scale. The results are consistent with and provide support for the HCR-20 system's proposition that the C and R scales are dynamic, or prone to change.
Mental Health Professionals' Attitudes Towards Legal Compulsion: Report of a National Survey
Authors: Roberts Caroline , Peay Jill , Eastman Nigel
Published: February 2012

This article presents findings from a national postal survey of mental health practitioners' views about key aspects of current legislation and proposed law reform regarding the use of compulsion in England and Wales. Differences between psychiatrists, general practitioners, approved social workers, and Mental Health Act Commissioners were examined. Data from 2022 respondents revealed strong areas of agreement between practitioner groups about the circumstances where legal compulsion (the use of forcible treatment; abridgement of the right to refuse treatment; the use of detention) should be available. The results also demonstrated, however, considerable attitudinal distance between practitioners and core aspects of the reforms proposed by the government. Given that the governmental proposals appear to be at odds with the prevailing views of practitioners, there is likely to be substantial resistance to implementing core aspects of the reforms. The contentious areas include over-riding refusal of treatment by patients who retain their capacity to decide for themselves, as well as the preventive detention of those with untreatable personality disorder.
The Dutch Entrustment Act (TBS): Its Principles and Innovations
Authors: van Marle HjalmarJ.C.
Published: February 2012

Terbeschikkingstelling (TBS) is a provision in the Dutch criminal code that allows for a period of treatment following a prison sentence for mentally disordered offenders. This article describes the legal criteria as well as the actual treatment environment of the TBS. Discussion focuses on the selection of patients and the indications for treatment, quality improvement in treatment programs and their evaluation, and the exchange of knowledge about the TBS approach and its effectiveness.
Psychiatric Patients' Competency to Collude With Hospital Police in “Sting” Operations: A Case Report and Practice Implications
Authors: Boccaccini MarcusT. , Zapf PatriciaA. , Brodsky StanleyL.
Published: February 2012

This article describes the case of a hospitalized psychiatric patient who colluded with hospital police in a “sting” operation designed to catch a hospital employee selling drugs. The patient had failed a drug test and was told that he could avoid criminal charges by cooperating in the “sting.” We argue that the patient was asked to enter into a contract with the hospital police when he was pressed to collude with them in the “sting” operation and that his competence to enter into that contract should have been formally assessed. Although there are no explicit legal criteria that must be met for a person to be competent to collude with police, recognized criteria exist for determining a person's competence to enter into a contract. Our position is that hospitalized patients should only be permitted to collude with police when they are competent to enter into a contract and can enter into the contract voluntarily. Research pertaining to psychiatric patients' abilities to meet these criteria is reviewed, and implications for mental health practitioners with patients who may be asked to collude with police are discussed.
Reliability and Factor Structure of the Dutch Language Version of Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
Authors: Hildebrand Martin , Ruiter Corinede , Vogel Viviennede , Wolf Pascallevan der
Published: February 2012

The present study examined the interrater and internal reliability and factor structure of the Dutch language version of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991) in a sample of 107 patients admitted to a forensic psychiatric hospital. In addition, we evaluated the potential role of two different information sources, real-life interview versus videotaped interview, when scoring the PCL-R. Interrater reliabilities of individual items and the PCL-R total score were good to excellent. Good agreement on the categorical diagnosis of psychopathy was also obtained (weighted Cohen's k = .63 for simultaneous comparison of three raters). The internal consistency of the PCL-R was found to be high, as indicated by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87, with an alpha of 0.83 for both Factor 1 and Factor 2. Comparisons between real-life and videotaped interview demonstrated that the information source did not influence the raters' coding. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the two-factor structure obtained by Hare (1991) in the standardization samples did not fit the current data well. CFA also failed to confirm the three-factor model identified by Cooke and Michie (2001). Exploratory principal components analysis using oblique rotation extracted two main factors, which accounted for 44% of the variance. It is concluded that the Dutch language version of the PCL-R can be reliably rated by trained professionals, its factor structure resembles the traditional two-factor model to some extent, and future research should include larger samples of different populations such as prisoners and general psychiatric patients.
Identifying Psychiatric Patients at Risk for Repeated Involvement in Violence: The Next Step Toward Intensive Community Treatment Programs
Authors: Skeem JenniferL. , Mulvey EdwardP. , Lidz Charles , Gardner William , Schubert Carol
Published: February 2012

Recent studies indicate that a small, but critical subgroup of psychiatric patients is involved in a disproportionately large number of violent incidents among the mentally ill. This subgroup is an appropriate focus for intensive community-based treatment programs designed to reduce violence. However, little research has been conducted on methods for identifying patients who repeatedly become involved in violent incidents. This article describes a large follow-up study in which these patients were identified using a simple screening process that is feasible for routine use. This screening process efficiently and effectively identified a small minority of patients who were at risk for repeated involvement in violence. Patients deemed “at risk” by the screening process had an average of 7 violent incidents during a six-month follow-up period. The characteristics of these patients are described, and implications of the screening tool for conducting future research, targeting individuals for more intensive treatment services, and developing violence-focused treatment programs are discussed.
Psychiatric Advance Directives: A Survey of Persons With Schizophrenia, Family Members, and Treatment Providers
Authors: Swanson JeffreyW. , Swartz MarvinS. , Hannon MichaelJ. , Elbogen EricB. , Wagner H.Ryan , McCauley BarbaraJ. , Butterfield MarianI.
Published: February 2012

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) allow competent persons to request or refuse specific types of treatment and designate a proxy decisionmaker in advance of a mental health crisis when they may lose capacity to make reliable healthcare decisions. A survey of attitudes and opinions about PADs was conducted in three stakeholder groups with a sample of 104 persons with schizophrenia and related disorders, 83 family members of persons with severe mental illness (SMI), and 85 clinicians who treat persons with severe mental illness. Among the sample of persons treated for schizophrenia, only 7 (6.80%) reported having a PAD, but 62 (67.39%) reported that they would complete a PAD if provided assistance. Respondents in all three stakeholder groups largely expressed great interest in PADs, but indicated that they had little or no experience with these new legal instruments. Patients, family members, and clinicians differed substantially in their opinions about the goals of PADs, the likely effectiveness of these instruments, and who should be legally bound by them. Respondents with schizophrenia perceived significant barriers to completing a PAD. Stakeholders have interest in, and high hopes for PADs; however, significant barriers prevent successful implementation of PADs as intended. It may be necessary to provide resources to assist persons with SMI in completing PADs, configure information systems to make PADs accessible, and educate clinicians about the potential benefits and drawbacks of PADs and their legal obligations regarding PAD compliance.
The Role of Demographic, Criminal, and Psychiatric Variables in Examiners' Predictions of Restorability to Competency to Stand Trial
Authors: Hubbard KarenL. , Zapf PatriciaA.
Published: February 2012

According to the U.S Supreme Court decision in Jackson v. Indiana, mental health professionals must determine if a defendant has “substantial” probability of regaining competency through treatment in the “foreseeable” future. Previous research suggests that examiners are relatively poor at predicting which defendants will regain competency given the low base rate of defendants unable to be restored to competency. In addition, few studies have used multivariate statistics to examine the inter-correlations among predictor variables and restorability predictions. The purpose of this study was to utilize multivariate statistics to determine whether a set of predictor variables (demographic, criminal, and psychiatric variables) could accurately predict a defendant's classification as restorable or not restorable. The analyses suggest that none of the three sets of predictor variables—demographic, criminal, and psychiatric—taken alone significantly outperforms the other. However, psychiatric variables performed slightly better than demographic and criminal variables in correctly classifying unrestorable defendants. Ultimately, an equation with two variables—previous criminal history and a current violent charge—was found to be statistically the most optimal combination of predictors accounting for the most variance. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health
The Prediction of Violence in Acute Psychiatric Units
Authors: Watts David , Leese Morven , Thomas Stuart , Atakan Zerrin , Wykes Til
Published: February 2012

This is a prospective longitudinal study addressing the issue of predicting violence within two weeks of admission to two psychiatric units. Predictors of violence in 100 consecutive admissions were collected at baseline and tested on an outcome of violence. Risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression models and cross-validated using jack-knifing techniques. Two separate definitions of violence were used, actual assault on another person and aggressive behavior including attempted assault, violence to property and specific threats. Thirty-two patients actually assaulted, 41 behaved aggressively and 27 were completely non-violent. Two models were developed to predict membership according to these definitions. A single model based on a three-category outcome compared unfavorably with the two-model approach. Although the presence of recent pre-admission violence had some predictive value for both models, clinical variables were most predictive. “Non-violence” and “violence” appeared to be two separate states, and did not fit neatly on to a continuum. The two models were statistically robust, but should be tested prospectively on larger samples.
Are Negative Social and Psychological Childhood Characteristics of Significant Importance in the Development of Psychosocial Dysfunctioning?
Authors: Freidenfelt Jenny , Klinteberg Brittaf
Published: February 2012

The development of mental health from childhood to adulthood, as well as the associations between childhood hyperactive and non-hyperactive behavior versus adult psychopathic traits, were studied. The central target of examination was to focus on the importance of social and psychological risk characteristics in the psychosocial development of criminal risk individuals and a comparison group. Prospective longitudinal data from the research program ‘Young Lawbreakers as Adults’ were used. Childhood maltreatment, poor friendships and adjustment problems were found to precede deterioration in mental health over the life span. Hyperactive individuals characterized by poor friendships and a display of aggression affects showed psychopathic traits in adulthood. Non-hyperactive individuals, also displaying psychopathic traits in adulthood, were instead found to have been maltreated and displayed adjustment difficulties in childhood. The results, indicating individual different needs of vulnerable children in the development of psychosocial dysfunctioning, were discussed in terms of the elaboration of preventive efforts within the area of youth and antisocial behavior.
Clinicians' Perceptions of Which Factors Increase or Decrease the Risk of Violence Among Forensic Out-patients
Authors: Sturidsson Knut , Haggård-Grann Ulrika , Lotterberg Malin , Dernevik Mats , Grann Martin
Published: February 2012

There is a debate in the academic community about which approach to the assessment of risk for violence is preferable. A vital aspect of this debate is evaluating the relative merits of clinical decision-making. However, clinical decision-making in violence risk assessment is understudied. The present study investigated if and how clinicians perceived that the absence and presence of dynamic factors affected the individual-specific risk for violence in forensic out-patients. The Structured Outcome Assessment and Community Risk Monitoring (SORM) instrument was administered by 35 clinicians to 51 different patients, yielding a total of 103 unique clinician-patient encounters. The clinicians' emphasized the following factors: lack of insight, lack of treatment motivation, psychiatric institutional treatment, professional support contacts, and substance misuse. Least weight was given to physical health care, children, occupational training and employment services, partner, and impaired daily functioning. The results suggest that clinicians considered violence risk and protective factors anchored in empirical research. Clinicians preferred clinical factors before non-clinical factors. Also, clinicians put more weight on individual than on contextual factors and more weight on risk factors than on protective factors.