bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inmigración judía a Chile desde la Alemania Nazi
Authors: Goldschmidt Eva
Published: April 2019

La inmigración judía durante la época del Holocausto se hizo difícil porque antes de 1933 las puertas de diferentes países empezaron a restringirse por depresión económica, y después de 1933 se restringieron aún más por antisemitismo, resultando en una fobia anti-inmigratoria. Entre 1918 y 1933 las puertas de Latino América estaban abiertas a la inmigración judía y a la inmigración en general, pero desde 1933 hasta 1945 solo se permitió la entrada de unos 84,000 refugiados judíos.

En Chile las circunstancias fueron diferentes. La elección presidencial a fines de 1938 cambió la historia de Chile. El presidente elegido, Pedro Aguirre Cerda, abrió la puerta a los refugiados, mientras otros países la cerraban. Su triunfo se debió al voto de los Nacis chilenos en circunstancias increíbles. Al final de su existencia los Nacis de Chile al mando de su jefe Jorge González von Marées criticaron la furia antisemita alemana y a los alemanes chilenos y a sus descendientes en Chile por no incorporarse al país en el que ya habían residido por tres generaciones. Nuestro pequeño Chile aceptó entre 13,000 y 15,000 judíos en los años del Holocausto.

Los inmigrante judíos, a quienes se les culpó de quitarles el trabajo a los chilenos, contribuyeron con nuevas industrias y métodos, fabricaron productos que antes debían importarse, ahorrando divisas a Chile.
Los judíos de Menorca durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII a través de los protocolos notariales de Mahón (1751-1802)
Authors: Morcillo Matilde
Published: April 2019

Menorca: Institut Menorquíd´Estudis. 2015
Generaciones después. Mapeando documentales sobre el Holocausto en el siglo XXI
Authors: Zylberman Lior
Published: April 2019

La proliferación de imágenes sobre el Holocausto en la era global, así como la renovación generacional en el campo artístico, ha llevado a cambiar la estrategia de la representación del Holocausto: de la sacralización a la desmitificación. En este contexto pensaremos la representación del Holocausto en el documental contemporáneo a través de producciones realizadas desde el año 2000. Así, encontraremos documentales con estilos clásicos y perspectivas formales, con etnografías domésticas y documentales en primera persona, con producciones más próximas al docudrama y al reality show. En lugar de llevar a cabo un análisis exhaustivo, queremos trazar un mapa de algunos de los temas y estilos que surgieron o se consolidaron como una estrategia de representación en este período. Trabajando con títulos de diversas nacionalidades, ordenaremos nuestro análisis a partir de dos temas centrales: Exponiendo la historia, será el primero; e Historias de familias, el segundo.
George Andreani: Varsovia, Berlín, Praga, Buenos Aires
Authors: Glocer Silvia
Published: April 2019

Este artículo relata la historia de vida y la trayectoria profesional de George Andreani, un

músico que recorrió gran cantidad de escenarios tanto en Europa como en Argentina, país

en el que vivió a partir de su exilio en tiempos del nazismo. Con datos tomados de archivos,

bibliotecas, hemerotecas y entrevistas que realicé a algunos familiares, pude reconstruir

esta historia. De esta manera intento corregir algunos datos publicados en anteriores

biografías, precisar con mayor claridad otros y aumentar los conocidos. Además planteo

una hipótesis que sostengo con algunos argumentos: es probable que Andreani haya sido el

que efectuó el arreglo de la marcha Los muchachos peronistas para la histórica grabación

de 1949. Incluye al final un catálogo con su prolífica obra.
La historia de la memoria del Holocausto en Argentina
Authors: Wechsler Wanda
Published: April 2019

Las maneras de recordar el Holocausto en Argentina comenzaron de forma temprana durante la

década de 1940. Desde ese momento hasta el presente, fueron variando las formas de hacer memoria,

los usos y representaciones. La presente ponencia aborda los diversos momentos históricos en los

cuales se visibilizó la memoria del Holocausto para llegar al contexto de la conformación de un

museo dedicado al tema en los años noventa. Fue en esta última década del siglo XX el momento en

el cual esta memoria se hizo pública y se expandió formando parte del fenómeno denominado

“globalización del Holocausto”. Por último, se propone reflexionar sobre el presente y el rol de la

memoria en Argentina.
El Museo del Barrio reabre con un mensaje sobre el poder político y artístico “latinx”
Authors: García Jesús
Published: April 2019

El Museo del Barrio, ubicado en una de las zonas emblemáticas para los hispanos del Alto Manhattan o El Barrio- reabre, después de una extensa renovación con una exhibición colectiva de fotografías y hace una retrospectiva de la obra de Liliana Porter.
Transformaciones socioculturales generadas por la convivencia de los niños, adolescentes y jóvenes con trastornos de Espectro autista
Authors: Colorado Rodrigo Antonio
Published: April 2019

El presente trabajo es una investigación cuanti-cualitativa sobre la educación inclusiva en los centros educativos de El Salvador. Las administraciones de los presidentes Mauricio Funes 2009-2014 y Salvador Sánchez 2014-2019, han llevado consigo una serie de talleres de sensibilización en el Ministerio de Educación de El Salvador de aquí en adelante (MINED) sobre la inclusión educativa de estudiantes con autismo, así como también asociaciones como Angelitos, Asociación de Autismo de El Salvador de aquí en adelante (ASA), Music Time e instituciones que forman parte del Sistema Salud como el Instituto Salvadoreño de Rehabilitación Integral de aquí en adelante (ISRI) y el Hospital Bloom. Sin embargo, no existe un programa interinstitucional que permita llevar un control de los procesos educativos de los estudiantes con autismo. A pesar de las limitaciones institucionales, los estudiantes con el Trastorno de Espectro Autista de aquí en adelante (TEA), padres de familia, especialistas de la salud, instituciones gubernamentales y las asociaciones han sabido construir una cultura de Educación Inclusiva, la cual debe de ser fortalecida por un programa gubernamental en El Salvador.
¿Continuidad o abandono? – El centro ceremonial de Tazumal, El Salvador C.A. después de la erupción del Volcán Ilopango entre el siglo V –VI d.C.
Authors: Shione Shibata , Herrera Rocío
Published: April 2019

La erupción del Volcán Ilopango, ocurrida entre los principios del siglo V y VI d.C., fue un evento catastrófico el cual provocó el abandono de la extensa área del Sureste de Mesoamérica según los estudios geológicos, sin embargo, conforme a los estudios vulcanológicos y los datos estratigráficos de las excavaciones arqueológicas en el sitio arqueológico Tazumal, cuyo centro prehispánico no fue abandonado completamente por siglos, sino que, la población se habría recuperado en un corto plazo después de la erupción.
Etnografía del municipio de Santa María Ostuma; tierra de la piña, leyendas y tradiciones
Authors: Osegueda Carlos
Published: April 2019

Se exponen los resultados de la investigación realizada en el año 2017, impulsada por un docente y sus estudiantes, de la carrera de la licenciatura de antropología -Utec, desde un enfoque de la antropología sociocultural, dimensionan las expresiones socio-históricas y organizativas-culturales del municipio, que surgen a partir de la producción y comercialización del producto insignia; “La piña”. Se explican las dinámicas locales como el emprendimiento económico, la proyección y construcción patrimonial tangible e intangible entorno a la fruta, que se ve manifestó en las creencias, la producción artística, las leyendas y tradiciones religiosas-espirituales, ejemplo de ello las palancas, las ferias de la piña y la mayordomía a la santa patrona la virgen de Candelaria, entre otras. El método aplicado fue cualitativo-etnográfico, desarrollando entrevistas, grupos focales, aplicando software para análisis cualitativo Nvivo, además se utilizó el drone, permitiendo un registro de lugares emblemáticos del municipio. Entre los resultados se menciona la piña como el producto por excelencia en el municipio; destacando la variedad de azucarón o india, que como se verá más adelante, es el fruto tradicional, a la que le llaman “el patrimonio Ostumeño”; confriendo un sentido de arraigo o pertenencia a los habitantes de la villa ostumeña.
A manera de presentación No.10
Authors: Rivas Ramón D.
Published: April 2019

Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.10 2019: 5-7
How to promote justice, greater safety and trust between hospitals and patients
Authors: Pegalis Steven E. , Dillon William P. , Reinhardt Nicole , Kumar Jessica , Pelo Daniel
Published: April 2019

In a time when lack of trust has been cited as an increasing problem between patients and the organizations and physicians who care for them, what can hospitals and physicians do to deal with this problem that is not already being done?  We discuss herein an actual obstetrical based legal case intended to be an illustrative example of medical-legal issues that could apply to any specialty.  If hospitals and physicians will overtly promote safety by learning from errors and support justice for injured patients, the conveyance of these ethically motivated policies to the public can be a powerful message that hospitals and physicians are to be trusted.
Scoping Review of the Core Elements of Technical Assistance Models and Frameworks
Authors: Dunst Carl J. , Annas Kimberly , Wilkie Helen , Hamby Deborah W
Published: April 2019

A review of 25 technical assistance models and frameworks was conducted to identify the core elements of technicalassistance practices. The focus of analysis was on generally agreed upon technical assistance practices that wereconsidered essential for planning, implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of technical assistance. Resultsindicated that there are five major components of technical assistance and 25 different core elements. Analyses of themodels and components found considerable variability within and between components in terms of the core elementsthat are considered most important or essential. Findings were used to define and describe the core elements of thetechnical assistance models and frameworks and how they can be used in research and evaluation studies todetermine if the use of the core elements and practices are related to changes or improvements in program,organizational, or systems practices.
The Relationship between E-Service Quality and E-Customer Satisfaction: An Empirical Study in Egyptian Banks
Authors: Aly Shared Hany
Published: April 2019

E-Service has become of great importance to both companies and researchers alike during the last decade. So, E-Service helping the banks in building a good relation-ship with their customers. However, The main aims of this study are to investigate. Does E-Service Quality affect E-Customer Satisfaction in Egyptian Banks? the study collected 140 surveys from respondents who use online service in different branches banks located in Cairo City in Egypt. Factor analysis has shown a significant impact between e-service quality and e-customer satisfaction. The regression analysis showed a significant correlation between all the variables of the e-service quality and e-customer satisfaction except Empathy.
REFERENDUM REGARDING THE MAYOR’S APPEAL IN CONNECTION WITH THE FAILURE TO GIVE HIM A VOTE OF CONFIDENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF ART. 67 OF THE ACT ON THE LOCAL REFERENDUM
Authors: Gurdek Magdalena
Published: April 2019

The legislator amended the act of January 11, 2018 on the amendment of certain acts to increase the participation of citizens in the process of selecting, functioning and controlling certain public bodies in the added art. 28aa of the Local Government act, a new procedure for the commune council to initiate a referendum on the appeal of the commune head due to failure to grant him confidence in two subsequent years. In this study the author analyzes the effects of the (valid) referendum carried out in the context of art. 67 of the act on the local referendum. Legislator, by introducing new solutions under the Local Government act, did not make any changes to the act on the local referendum, which raises some doubts as to the effects of such a referendum.
THE RESTRICTION ON EXECUTION OF AGRUCILTURAL REAL ESTATE AGAINST AFTER CHANGE CONDITIONS LEGISLATION TRADING AGRICULTURAL REAL ESTATE.
Authors: Ziajka Anna
Published: April 2019

The article provides an overview and analysis of the case law of courts in the field of execution concerning agricultural real estate. In the first part shows a statutory definition of real property. Thereafter, the main part of the article presents in detail an execution concerning immovable property after entering into force on amendment act. The article points out the conditions which have to be fulfilled in order to exceptionally obtain the ownership of agricultural real estate in accordance with law. Regulation were analysed in view fact, that pursuant to the Polish legislation, the right of pre-emption is granted only to coowners of agricultural real estate.
ASSERTING CRIMINAL LAW CLAIMS ON BEHALF OF THE STATE TREASURY FROM CONVICTS BOUND BY THE JOINT MARITAL PROPERTY REGIME
Authors: Pokora Andrzej
Published: April 2019

The article covers the terms and scope of liability of convicts from their personal property and from the joint property when they are bound by the joint marital property regime. In the first place, problems of a convict’s liability from the personal property is discussed. Then, the possibility of the convict’s liability from the joint property is presented. Finally, the article discusses problems of limiting or excluding the liability under art . 28 of the Executive Penal Code and the impact of a change in property relations between spouses on the conduct of execution of criminal law liabilities.
O Pacto Social Europeu 1945 e a União Europeia
Authors: Varela Raquel
Published: April 2019

Resumo: O Estado Social europeu nasce robusto em 1945-1947, dez anos antes da CECA (depois CEE e UE). A União Europeia sedimenta-se só nos anos 80, depois de várias crises. Quando se consolida a União Europeia, o Estado Social começara já a entrar em crise, embora paulatina, é esse o argumento central deste artigo. A UE vai ter um papel determinante, através do fundo social europeu e das directivas comunitárias, em substituir o Estado Social (políticas universais com base em taxação progressiva) pela Assistência Social (políticas focalizadas nos desempregados e pobres com base em transferência de renda de trabalhadores de sectores médios para trabalhadores pobres).
Komunitas serangga hama padi rawa lebak yang ditanam dengan berbagai jarak tanam
Authors: Herlinda Siti , Apryanti Hesti , Susilawati Susilawati , Anggraini Erise
Published: April 2019

Jarak tanam padi mempengaruhi spesies dan populasi serangga hama. Jarak tanam lebih rapat ideal untuk habitat dan relung serangga hama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengobservasi perbandingan komunitas serangga hama padi rawa lebak yang ditanam dengan berbagai jarak tanam. Percobaan lapangan dilaksanakan pada padi di lahan rawa lebak seluas 15 ha yang ditanam dengan jarak tanam tegel (25 cm x 25 cm) dan jajar legowo pada berbagai kombinasi jarak (4:1, 5:1, 6:1, dan 7:1). Serangga hama diambil menggunakan jaring serangga. Semua spesies serangga hama yang ditemukan pada satu musim tanam padi pada penelitian ini adalah 27 spesies. Spesies yang dominan ditemukan pada padi fase vegetatif adalah Oxya chinensis (Thunberg), Acrida turrita (Linnaeus), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Nephotettix virescens (Distant), dan Cofana spectra (Distant), sedangkan pada fase generatif didominasi oleh Leptocorisa acuta (Fabricius) dan Riptortus sp. Populasi N. lugens dan N. virescens tidak dipengaruhi oleh jarak tanam. Populasi kedua jenis wereng tersebut rendah dan tidak menjadi hama utama di padi rawa lebak. Spesies serangga hama utama adalah L. acuta dan populasinya dipengaruhi oleh jarak tanam padi. Populasi hama lebih tinggi pada padi dengan jarak tanam yang lebih rapat, yaitu jajar legowo 6:1, 7:1, dan tegel dibandingkan dengan jajar legowo 4:1 dan 5:1. Untuk itu, jajar legowo 4:1 atau 5:1 sebaiknya diterapkan di sawah rawa lebak untuk menekan populasi fitofag agar tidak menjadi hama penting.
Keanekaragaman kumbang sungut panjang (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) di Hutan Lindung Wehea, Kalimantan Timur
Authors: Sugiarto Sugiarto , Boer Chandradewana , Mardji Djumali , Komara Liris Lis
Published: April 2019

Kumbang sungut panjang (longhorn beetle) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) adalah kelompok serangga yang terdiri atas banyak spesies dan bernilai penting secara ekonomi, berasosiasi dengan beragam spesies tumbuhan inang dan merupakan famili kumbang yang paling terkenal. Kehadiran famili ini di Hutan Lindung Wehea (HLW), Kecamatan Muara Wahau, Kabupaten Kutai Timur, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur belum pernah dilaporkan sehingga tulisan ini adalah informasi pertama mengenai keanekaragaman spesies kumbang sungut panjang di HLW. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman spesies, spesies yang dominan, subdominan dan kemerataan penyebaran individu kumbang sungut panjang Famili Cerambycidae di HLW. Kumbang ditangkap dengan menggunakan perangkap malaise dan perangkap dari daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) di dalam plot penelitian berukuran 20 m x 100 m (0,2 ha). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa indeks keanekaragaman Simpson adalah sebesar 0,93 (keanekaragaman tinggi). Di antara 42 spesies yang ditemukan, 6 spesies termasuk dominan, 8 spesies subdominan, dan 28 spesies tidak dominan. Spesies yang dominan adalah Epepeotes spinosus (Thomson), E. luscus (Fabricius), Acalolepta rusticatrix (Fabricius), Ropica quadricristata (Breuning), Pterolophia melanura Pascoe, dan Egesina (Callienispia) minuta (Fisher). Indeks kemerataan Simpson (E) adalah sebesar 0,36 (penyebaran individu masing-masing spesies tidak merata).
Harnessing (and Yoking) Ox Power in Canada: A Historical Overview
Authors: Little J. I.
Published: April 2019

Cet article démontre que l’usage des bœufs s’est poursuivi postérieurement à l’ère des pionniers au Canada, non seulement dans les régions agricoles les plus marginales,mais aussi dans les Prairies de l’Ouest et dans l’industrie forestière. Il montre également que l’emblématique joug artisanal n’était pas le seul moyen d’utiliser la force des bœufs, car on employait des harnais de cuir dans les Prairies, des jougs de garrot achetés dans le commerce en Colombie-Britannique et un joug de corne (ou de tête) particulier en Nouvelle-Écosse.
Mobility and Memory: British Architects and Their Tools, ca. 1700-1780
Authors: Romariz Elizabeth Deans
Published: April 2019

Objects such as tools play an essential role in the history of architecture, yet little scholarly attention has been paid to how they inform the history of the profession. Britain’s object-based culture after the Restoration is particularly revelatory. Both professional and amateur architectural practice shifted away from the gentry as increased accessibility to resources encouraged avocation. This essay looks at objects that testify to a culture of architectural practice beyond professionals and gentlemen, as tools and materials to facilitate drawing became more affordable and portable.
AN ANALYSIS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HUMAN RESOUCES IN THE HEALTH FIELD PLANNING POLICY IN DEPOK, 2017
Authors: Annadoroh Hani' , Ilyas Yaslis
Published: April 2019

Abstract. According to the Minister of Health Regulation no. 33/2015 (Permenkes 33) on Guidelines for Composing the Human Resources in the Health Field (HRH) Planning, planning for HRH must be done from the bottom up. In 2016, Depok City has implemented the regulation, but the results were not applicable. This qualitative study analyzes the process of creating the planning document at Depok City in 2017 through in-depth interviews and documentary research. We discovered that the 2017 HRH planning document in Depok City did not completely follow all the steps stated in Permenkes 33. Ineffective communication caused lack of commitment and support from the stakeholders, which in turn, caused the lack of support from the bureaucratic structure, such as standard operational procedures, regulation, and allocation of resources, whether it was manpower, funding, or facilities. Therefore, we recommend that the socialization or advocation process to the stakeholders to be increased.Abstrak. Menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan nomor 33 Tahun 2015 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sumber Daya Manusia dalam bidang Kesehatan (SDMK), perencanaan SDMK harus dilakukan secara berjenjang dari bawah ke atas. Di tahun 2016, kota Depok telah melaksanakan permenkes tersebut, akan tetapi hasilnya belum dapat dijadikan pertimbangan dalam manajemen kepegawaian. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis terhadap pelaksanaan penyusunan dokumen perencanaan kebutuhan SDMK kota Depok tahun 2017 dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyusunan dokumen perencanaan kebutuhan SDMK kota Depok tahun 2017 belum sesuai dengan tahapan yang terdapat dalam Permenkes 33 tahun 2015. Permasalahan disebabkan oleh komunikasi yang tidak efektif, yang menyebabkan tidak adanya komitmen dan dukungan dari pemangku kepentingan, sehingga tidak terdapat dukungan dari struktur birokrasi yang berupa SOP dan peraturan, dan alokasi sumber daya, baik manusia, dana, maupun fasilitas. Untuk itu, sebaiknya proses sosialisasi atau advokasi ke para pemangku kepentingan ditingkatkan.
What is Movement?
Authors: Apostolopoulos Nikos C.
Published: April 2019

On the basis of their corporeity humans are not only beings of distance but also the beings of proximity, rooted beings, not only inner worldly but also beings in the world (Patocka, 1998)Over the centuries the dialectical confluence of metaphysics and epistemology has been at the forefront in the attempt to define the concept of what it is to be human and ultimately human existence. The union of several aspects conceived from these two opposite elements has been responsible for the genesis of numerous philosophical terms and ideas such as: rationalism, materialism, socialism and idealism. Although these terms reference something different, what is primarily at the core has been the endeavour to analyse and demonstrate that it is through man’s relationship with nature that one garners the understanding of self. Human consciousness in conjunction with a spatio-temporal perception, defined as movement through the time-space continuum, creates the condition where the possibility of defining the essence of existence may blossom. In this commentary, an effort is made to present movement, specifically its relationship to the “body” as the physical construct for the meaning of self.
Melatonin improves the efficiency of super-ovulation and timed artificial insemination in sheep
Authors: Song Yukun , Wu Hao , Wang Xuguang , Haire Aerman , Zhang Xiaosheng , Zhang Jinlong , Wu Yingjie , Lian Zhengxing , Fu Juncai , Liu Guoshi , Wusiman Abulizi
Published: April 2019

It has been well proved that melatonin participates in the regulation of the seasonal reproduction of ewes. However, the effects of short term treatment of melatonin on ewe’s ovulation are still to be clarified. In this study, the effects of melatonin on the number of embryos harvested from superovulation, and the pregnant rate in recipients after embryo transferred have been investigated. Hu sheep with synchronous estrus treatment were given melatonin subcutaneously injection (0, 5, and 10 mg/ewe, respectively). It was found that the estrogen level in the group of 5 mg melatonin was significantly higher than that of other two groups at the time of sperm insemination (p < 0.05). The pregnant rate and number of lambs in the group of 5 mg melatonin treatment was also significantly higher than that of the rests of the groups (P < 0.05). In another study, 31 Suffolk ewes as donors and 103 small-tailed han sheep ewes as recipients were used to produce pronuclear embryo and embryo transfer. Melatonin (5 mg) was given to the donors during estrus. The results showed that, the number of pronuclear embryos and the pregnancy rate were also significantly higher in melatonin group than that in the control group. In addition, 28 donors and 44 recipient ewes were used to produce morula/blastocyst and embryo transferring. Melatonin (5 mg) was given during estrus. The total number of embryos harvested (7.40 ± 1.25/ewe vs. 3.96 ± 0.73/ewe, P < 0.05) and the pregnant rate (72.3 ± 4.6% vs. 54.7 ± 4.0%, P < 0.05) and number of lambs were also increased in melatonin group compared to the control group. Collectively, the results have suggested that melatonin treatment 36 hours after CIDR withdrawal could promote the number and quality of embryos in vivo condition and increased the pregnant rate and number of lambs.
Forensic characteristics and population genetics of Chinese Kazakh ethnic minority with an efficient STR panel
Authors: Chen Chong , Guo Yuxin , Jin Xiaoye , Cui Wei , Wei Yuanyuan , Fang Yating , Lan Qiong , Kong Tingting , Xie Tong , Zhu Bofeng
Published: April 2019

On the purpose of enhancing the forensic efficiency of CODIS STR loci, new STR loci have been gradually discovered and developed into some commercial multiplex systems. Recently, 22 STR loci including 18 non-CODIS STR loci and four CODIS STR loci were investigated in 501 unrelated healthy individuals of Kazakh ethnic group. Seven to 20 alleles at the different loci were identified and altogether 276 alleles for 22 selected loci were detected with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0010 to 0.3623. No significant deviation was observed from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium test for any of the 22 STRs. The value of cumulative power of discrimination in Kazakh group was 1-1.00E−28. Analyses of population differentiations and genetic distances between Kazakh and other Chinese groups presented that the Kazakh group with the Uygur group. These 22 STR loci evenly distributed on 22 different autosomal chromosomes were characterized by high genetic diversities and therefore could be utilized in the forensic cases to further increase the discrimination performance.
Evolution of digestive enzymes and dietary diversification in birds
Authors: Chen Yan-Hong , Zhao Huabin
Published: April 2019

As the most species-rich class of tetrapod vertebrates, Aves possesses diverse feeding habits, with multiple origins of insectivory, carnivory, frugivory, nectarivory, granivory and omnivory. Since digestive enzymes mediate and limit energy and nutrient uptake, we hypothesized that genes encoding digestive enzymes have undergone adaptive evolution in birds. To test this general hypothesis, we identified 16 digestive enzyme genes (including seven carbohydrase genes (hepaticamy, pancreaticamy, salivaryamy,agl,g6pc,gaaandgck), three lipase genes (cyp7a1, lipfandpnlip), two protease genes (ctrcandpgc), two lysozyme genes (lyzandlyg) and two chitinase genes (chiaandchit1)) from the available genomes of 48 bird species. Among these 16 genes, three (salivaryamy,lipfandchit1) were not found in all 48 avian genomes, which was further supported by our synteny analysis. Of the remaining 13 genes, eight were single-copy and five (chia,gaa,lyz,lygandpgc) were multi-copy. Moreover, the multi-copy genesgaa,lygandpgcwere predicted to exhibit functional divergence among copies. Positively selected sites were detected in all of the analyzed digestive enzyme genes, exceptagl,g6pc,gaaandgck, suggesting that different diets may have favored differences in catalytic capacities of these enzymes. Furthermore, the analysis also revealed that the pancreatic amylase gene and one of the lipase genes (cyp7a1) have higherω(the ratio of nonsynonymous to the synonymous substitution rates) values in species consuming a larger amount of seeds and meat, respectively, indicating an intense selection. In addition, thegckcarbohydrase gene in species consuming a smaller amount of seeds, fruits or nectar, and a lipase gene (pnlip) in species consuming less meat were found to be under relaxed selection. Thus, gene loss, gene duplication, functional divergence, positive selection and relaxed selection have collectively shaped the evolution of digestive enzymes in birds, and the evolutionary flexibility of these enzymes may have facilitated their dietary diversification.
A Review of the Odontogenic Keratocyst and Report of a Case
Authors: Sekhar M. Chandra , Thabusum D. Ayesha , Charitha M. , Chandrasekhar G. , Shalini M.
Published: April 2019

The Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental, non – inflammatory chronic cystic lesion, on radiograph it may be unilocular or multi locular OKC is a cyst of odontogenic origin, usually asymptomatic with an aggressive clinical behavior including a high recurrence rate and tendency to invade bone and adjacent soft tissues. Diagnosis is based on the clinical history, clinical appearance, and radiographs and histology. A case of odontogenic keratocyst involving the ramus of the mandible is presented in this article emphasizing on the characteristics and various features of OKC.
Hepatitis B Infection in People Living with HIV/AIDS; A Retrospective Study of the Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital
Authors: Anthony Richard , Brenyah Ruth C. , Darkwah Kwame O. , Egbule Blessing C. , Ninnoni Jerry P. K. , Okantey Christiana , Ephraim Richard K. D.
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Comorbidities among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) increases with disease severity. This may be attributed to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) toxicity and HIV/AIDS-related infections.  

Aim: We investigated the presence of comorbidities among PLWHA and reported their clinical and biochemical characteristics.

Methods: This study was conducted at the Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital (ENRH) in the South-Western part of Ghana. A retrospective data of 500 participants (134 males and 366 females) was collected from HIV/AIDS patients on HAART (January 2012 to January 2016). Sociodemographic characteristics and laboratory data of patients were retrieved from patients’ clinical files and laboratory database respectively. Data was analyzed with SPSS for both descriptive and inferential analysis.

Results: A total of 96 (19.2%) comorbidities were recorded (N=500). The most prevalent comorbidity was hepatitis B virus infection (34.4%). Among the 96 HIV/AIDS patients who had comorbidities, 27 (28.1%) were males and 69 (71.9%) were females. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the HIV/AIDS patients with comorbidities was similar to that of those without comorbidities (113.84 ± 16.73 vs 115.32 ± 15.68). Majority of the participants with comorbidities 59 (61.5%) and those without comorbidities 227 (56.2%) were found to be on the same therapy combination (TDF+3TC+EFV). The decreased CD4 cell count, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum potassium and creatinine were similar in the participants (those with comorbidities and those without comorbidities). None of the demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters were associated with the presence of comorbidities.

Conclusion: The total prevalence of commodities was 19.2% and the most prevalent commodity was HBV (34.4%). The comorbidities were common among females, the married and old people living with HIV/AIDS. Early and regular screening will be a key prevention and control strategy for the HIV/AIDS-associated commodities.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance of Hotels in Zanzibar
Authors: Abdallah Zuhura Mohamed , Mohamed Fatma Ali
Published: April 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility is gaining more awareness in Zanzibar as the firms are recognizing the important role it plays on firm’s performance. This research empirically examines the effect of corporate social responsibility and financial performance of hotels in Zanzibar. CSR is measured by cost paid for corporate social responsibility while financial performance is measured by using profitability measures such as ROA and ROE.

By utilizing panel data of 4 hotels for 7 years period from 2011-2017, the study uses ordinary least square method-random effect regression, model. The study found CSR has a significant positive effect on ROA and ROE of hotels in Zanzibar. The study also found that control variables (i.e leverage, R & D, size) have a significant effect on ROA and ROE. The study recommends more investment in CSR as a way of boosting hotels profitability.
A Study on the Productivity of Potato in Hugli District, West Bengal, India
Authors: Roy Arindam , Siddique Giyasuddin , Mondal Mehedi Hasan
Published: April 2019

In spite of its industrial importance, Hugli is one of the leading potato producing districts of West Bengal with momentous productivity. But the productivity has shown considerable variation in its quantity, yield per unit of land and area under the crop over the last few decades. The present study strives to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics, emphasizing on trend, growth and variability as well as inter-Block variations in potato productivity of Hugli District from 1990-91 to 2013-14. The study was primarily based on the secondary data obtained from various sources. Time series analysis (3 year moving average curve), Coppock’s Instability Index and Sahu’s Simple Achieved Variation have been used to analyze the trend, instability and sustainability of the productivity, whereas, Crop Yield and Concentration Indices Ranking Coefficient is employed to identify productivity regions of potato. The result has revealed a unique oscillating nature in area, yield and output over the study period. The area and the output of the crop have been increased almost 51.70% [Exponential R2= 0.751] and 32.75% [Exponential R2= 0.381] respectively, whereas the yield rate has shown an insignificant positive trend of growth [Exponential R2= 0.014] during the same period.  The Blocks have also revealed wide inter-disparity in productivity during the phase with considerable degree of instability and sustainability.
Zitronensäure – Bestimmung von Zitronensäure in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz mittels Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie (HPLC) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Schuh C. , Korste H. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of citric acid [77‐92‐9] in workplace air in a concentration range of one tenth up to twice the currently valid OEL or MAK value of 2 mg/m3 E. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a glass fibre filter, which is inserted in a GSP sampling system. using a suitable flow‐regulated pump with a volumetric flow rate of 10 L/min or 3,5 L/min. For sampling 2 hours or 15 min (checking the short‐term value) can be used. The collected citric acid is extracted with diluted caustic soda and analysed by means of high performance liquid chromatography using an UV detector. The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a multiple‐point calibration. The absolute limit of quantification (LOQ) is 12 ng and the relative LOQ is 0.005 mg/m3based on an air sample volume of approx. 1200 L (0.014 mg/m3based on air sample volume of 420 L) or 0.04 mg/m3based on an air sample volume of approx. 150 L (for short‐term value) (0.11 mg/m3based on air sample volume of 52.5 L). The mean recovery was 100% and the expanded uncertainty for the overall measurement method was 18%.
Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) [BAT Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Rettenmeier A.W. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area evaluated di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate [CAS No.118‐81‐7] in 2017 and derived a biological guidance value at the workplace (BLW) for the combined urinary concentration of the four major DEHP metabolites mono(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2‐ethyl‐5‐hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5‐OH‐MEHP), mono(2‐ethyl‐5‐oxohexyl) phthalate (5‐oxo‐MEHP) and mono(2‐ethyl‐5‐carboxypentyl) phthalate (5‐cx‐MEPP). Available publications are described in detail.

Human studies are not available for deriving a quantitative relationship between the internal dose and the critical toxic effects of DEHP (tumour promotion in the liver, respiratory effects, reproductive and developmental toxicity). Therefore, the evaluation of the BLW was based on the relationship between DEHP uptake by inhalation at the level of the MAK value and the urinary excretion rates of MEHP, 5‐OH‐MEHP, 5‐oxo‐MEHP and 5‐cx‐MEPP, using a conversion factor that defines this relationship. In accordance with this conversion factor external exposure to DEHP at the level of the MAK value corresponds to a combined urinary concentration of the four metabolites of approx. 4 mg/g creatinine at steady state. As the conversion factor has been derived from oral DEHP uptake and metabolite excretion data of only one male volunteer, the concentration of 4 mg/g creatinine is considered a BLW. Sampling time is for long‐term exposure at the end of the shift after several shifts.
Addendum zu Blei und seine Verbindungen (außer Bleiarsenat, Bleichromat und Alkylbleiverbindungen) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Bolt H.M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

In 2018 the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area re‐evaluated lead and its compounds and has derived a biological guidance value at the workplace (BLW) for the blood concentration of lead. Available publications are described in detail. The re‐evaluation is entirely based on studies in humans. The following critical health effects were considered: effects on heme synthesis, behavioural toxicity/neurotoxicity, male fertility, developmental toxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiovascular effects, genotoxicity/carcinogenicity.

Effects on neurobehaviour and nephrotoxicity have been described at blood levels around 300 µg Pb/L and higher. Therefore, a BLW of 200 µg Pb/L blood has been deduced. As investigations of lead‐exposed workers show no statistical increase in lymphocyte micronuclei at this blood level, it is reasonably expected that the proposed BLW will also minimize a lead‐induced genotoxic/carcinogenic risk.

For women a Biological Reference Value (BAR) of 70 µg Pb/L blood is proposed, based on the 95th percentile of lead blood levels of the general population in Germany.

Because of the long persistence of lead in the body, the sampling time is not fixed.
Polyethylenglykole (PEG) (mittlere Molmasse 200–600) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated polyethylene glycols (PEGs) (average molar mass 200–600) [
25322‐68‐3
] considering all toxicological endpoints.

In 13‐week studies in rats, the NOAEC for aerosols of PEG 200 and PEG 400 was the highest concentration tested of 1000 mg/m
3
. Taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c), the extrapolation of data in animals to humans and the preferred value approach, the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) has now been lowered to 200 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction. PEG 300 is composed of PEG 200 and PEG 400. PEG 600 is composed of 50% PEG 400. Therefore, the MAK value also applies to PEG 300 and PEG 600. In a chronic study at 2000 mg PEG 400/kg body weight and day, the body weight gain in rats was diminished. Therefore, the critical effect of PEGs is expected to be systemic and PEGs are classified in Peak Limitation Category II. As the half‐life is between 2 and 4 hours, the excursion factor of 2 is confirmed. Because formation of a mist is possible, exposure should be minimized for reasons of occupational safety and hygiene.

Several studies in rats, mice and rabbits with PEG 200 and PEG 400 show that the margins between the NOAECs for developmental toxicity scaled to a concentration at the workplace and the MAK value of 200 mg/m
3
are sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and PEGs remain classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. PEGs are not genotoxic and are not suspected to be carcinogenic.

According to skin absorption models, PEGs are not taken up via the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts. A large number of studies in humans show that PEGs are not skin sensitizers, however, it cannot be excluded that autoxidation products of PEG might induce a low number of positive reactions. There are no data on respiratory sensitization.
4‐Methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐on [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 4‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one [
108‐32‐7
;
51260‐39‐0
;
16606‐55‐6
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

The critical effect of 4‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one is eye irritation. Rats did not show systemic effects in a 13‐week inhalation study with whole‐body exposure to aerosols of 4‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one up to the highest concentration tested of 1000 mg/m
3
. At 100 mg/m
3
, swollen periocular tissue is observed in male animals. This finding is substantiated by the results of the acute eye irritation studies. Due to the weak effects, a NAEC of 50 mg/m
3
(12 ml/m
3
) is extrapolated. At this concentration, the substance can occur as a vapour; the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) is therefore set in ml/m
3
. By applying the usual extrapolation steps, a MAK value of 2 ml/m
3
is derived.

Since the critical effect of 4‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one is local, Peak Limitation Category I is designated. An excursion factor of 1 is set as the critical effect concentration is twice as high as the extrapolated NAEC.

There is an adequate margin between the NOAEC for developmental toxicity and the MAK value. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and 4‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

4‐Methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one is not genotoxic and the local tumour incidence was not increased in a chronic dermal study in male mice.

Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Limited data show no sensitization.
Dimethoxymethan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of dimethoxymethane [
109‐87‐5
].

The critical effect is depression of the central nervous system, which was observed in a 13‐week study in rats at 9650 ml/m
3
. A MAK value of 500 ml/m
3
is derived from the NOAEC of 1908 ml/m
3
, taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace because the blood:air partition coefficient of dimethoxymethane is > 5 (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c). Since a systemic effect is critical, classification in Peak Limitation Category II is retained. As the half‐life is somewhat longer than one hour, the excursion factor of 2 is confirmed.

The NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is 10 068 ml/m
3
and, after considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace, the difference to the MAK value is sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and dimethoxymethane remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Limited data show no sensitization.
Titandioxid (alveolengängige Fraktion) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated titanium dioxide [13463‐67‐1]. Titanium dioxide causes lung tumours in rats at high concentrations. In 2009, titanium dioxide was evaluated and, because a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) could not be established, it was classified in Carcinogen Category 3A. Titanium dioxide is a biopersistent granular dust and, in a later evaluation, inhalation studies with titanium dioxide were used to derive the general threshold limit value for granular biopersistent dusts. Therefore, the respirable fraction of titanium dioxide dust is reclassified in Carcinogen Category 4 and a MAK value of 0.3 mg/m3× material density is established for the respirable fraction according to the general threshold value for biopersistent granular dusts. Reclassification in Carcinogen Category 4 is justified because the lung tumours are regarded as a consequence of the inflammatory mechanism of action, for which a threshold can be defined. Direct genotoxic effects appear to be of subordinate relevance for the carcinogenicity of biopersistent granular dusts. By analogy with the biopersistent granular dusts, Peak Limitation Category II is established for titanium dioxide with an excursion factor of 8. Since titanium dioxide is not systemically distributed and accumulates only locally in the lungs, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded. Titanium dioxide is classified accordingly in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Titanium dioxide is not expected to be a sensitizer and is not taken up via the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts.
Polytetrafluorethen [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated polytetrafluoroethene [9002‐84‐0] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. As polytetrafluoroethene is an insoluble and chemically inert polymer, showing no systemic toxicity after subchronic oral dosing, polytetrafluoroethene granular dusts are considered to be biopersistent. According to the mechanistic model, chronic inhalative overload of alveolar particle clearance results in particle‐induced inflammation and diverse proliferative tissue changes in lungs. The general threshold limit value and all its classifications for the respirable and inhalable fractions are applied to polytetrafluoroethene:

For the respirable fraction, a MAK value of 0.3 mg/m3× density (2.2 g/cm3) is set with Peak Limitation Category II and an excursion factor of 8. It is classified in Carcinogen Category 4 and in Pregnancy Risk Group C. For the inhalable fraction, a MAK value of 4 mg/m3is set. The inhalable fraction is also assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C because polytetrafluoroethene is an insoluble and inert polymer, which is not systemically toxic after oral dosing.

There are no data on genotoxicity, sensitization or dermal absorption. As polytetrafluoroethene is an insoluble polymer, genotoxic and sensitizing effects and a significant contribution of skin absorption to systemic toxicity are not expected.