bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF THE EURO CRISIS ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN FIRMS
Authors: Filbeck Greg , Louie Kenneth , Zhao Xin
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we investigate the impact of the changes in European percentage sales before and after the Euro crisis for both US‐based and European‐based companies, both overall and across industries. We find that larger firms are associated with a decrease in return on assets (ROAs) in the post‐crisis era; the largtest of these large firms are associated with an increase in ROAs after the crisis. In addition, European (North American) headquartered companies experience a statistically significant decrease (increase) in European sales after controlling for the additional control variables such as industry. Overall, we note that companies which have lower European sales and strategically move their sales out of Europe after crisis experienced an increase in ROA. This result is robust after controlling for endogeneity issues. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercultural Model of Ethical Decision Making: Addressing Worldview Dilemmas in School Counseling
Authors: Luke Melissa , Goodrich Kristopher M. , Gilbride Dennis D.
Published: October 2013

The role of school counselors has expanded and deepened over the past few decades, just as the K–12 student population has become more diversified. Professional school counselors regularly encounter ethical dilemmas related to the intersection of their transformed role and students' needs. School counselors, therefore, need assistance and support to develop the skills and problem‐solving strategies to effectively, ethically, and respectfully negotiate these dilemmas. The authors propose the Intercultural Model of Ethical Decision Making as a practical, user‐friendly tool to help school counselors meet these complex challenges.
Abused Conservative Christian Wives: Treatment Considerations for Practitioners
Authors: Nash Shondrah Tarrezz , Faulkner Cynthia , Abell Ritta R.
Published: October 2013

Through narrative, the authors explore the faith‐based challenges of a physically and emotionally abused Conservative Christian wife to illustrate her ideological assessment of agency in a violent marriage and her concerns about the religious consequences of escape. To offset religious teachings that obstruct the safety and self‐assertion of abused Conservative Christian wives, the authors offer practitioners practical, idiomatic recommendations through which clients can reassess the limitations of common religious schemas, including conceptions of wifely submission, marital permanence, infinite forgiveness, and pious suffering. The religious community's responses to abused wives, particularly those of the clergy, are also discussed.
Tact training versus bidirectional intraverbal training in teaching a foreign language
Authors: Dounavi Katerina
Published: October 2013

The current study involved an evaluation of the emergence of untrained verbal relations as a function of 3 different foreign‐language teaching strategies. Two Spanish‐speaking adults received foreign‐language (English) tact training and native‐to‐foreign and foreign‐to‐native intraverbal training. Tact training and native‐to‐foreign intraverbal training resulted in the emergence of a greater number of untrained responses, and may thus be more efficient than foreign‐to‐native intraverbal training.
Rapid determination of quetiapine in blood by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Application to post‐mortem cases
Authors: López‐Guarnido Olga , Tabernero María Jesús , Hernández Antonio F. , Rodrigo Lourdes , Bermejo Ana M.
Published: October 2013

A simple, fast and sensitive method for the determination of quetiapine in human blood has been developed and validated. The method involved a basic liquid–liquid extraction procedure and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, previous derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)‐trifluoro‐acetamide and chorotrimethylsilane (99 : 1). The methods of validation included linearity with a correlation coefficient > 0.99 over the range 0.02–1 µg ml–1, intra‐ and interday precision (always < 12%) and accuracy (mean relative error always < 12%) to meet the bioanalytical acceptance criteria. The limit of detection was 0.005 µg ml–1. The procedure was further applied to post mortems from the Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Canonical EF‐Loop Directs Ca2+‐Sensitivity in Phospholipase C‐η2
Authors: Popovics Petra , Lu Jin , Nadia Kamil L. , Morgan Kevin , Millar Robert P. , Schmid Ralf , Blindauer Claudia A. , Stewart Alan J.
Published: October 2013

Phospholipase C‐η (PLCη) enzymes are a class of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate‐hydrolyzing enzymes involved in intracellular signaling. PLCη2 can sense Ca2+ (stimulated by ∼1 µM free Ca2+) suggesting that it can amplify transient Ca2+ signals. PLCη enzymes possess an EF‐hand domain composed of two EF‐loops; a canonical 12‐residue loop (EF‐loop 1) and a non‐canonical 13‐residue loop (EF‐loop 2). Ca2+‐binding to synthetic peptides corresponding to EF‐loops 1 and 2 of PLCη2 and EF‐loop 1 of calmodulin (as a control) was examined by 2D‐[1H,1H] TOCSY NMR. Both PLCη2 EF‐loop peptides bound Ca2+ in a similar manner to that of the canonical calmodulin EF‐loop 1, particularly at their N‐terminus. A molecular model of the PLCη2 EF‐hand domain, constructed based upon the structure of calmodulin, suggested both EF‐loops may participate in Ca2+‐binding. To determine whether the EF‐hand is responsible for Ca2+‐sensing, inositol phosphate accumulation was measured in COS7 cells transiently expressing wild‐type or mutant PLCη2 proteins. Addition of 70 µM monensin (a Na+/H+ antiporter that increases intracellular Ca2+) induced a 4‐ to 7‐fold increase in wild‐type PLCη2 activity. In permeabilized cells, PLCη2 exhibited a ∼4‐fold increase in activity in the presence of 1 µM free Ca2+. The D256A (EF‐loop1) mutant exhibited a ∼10‐fold reduction in Ca2+‐sensitivity and was not activated by monensin, highlighting the involvement of EF‐loop 1 in Ca2+‐sensing. Involvement of EF‐loop 2 was examined using D292A, H296A, Q297A, and E304A mutants. Interestingly, the monensin responses and Ca2+‐sensitivities were largely unaffected by the mutations, indicating that the non‐canonical EF‐loop 2 is not involved in Ca2+‐sensing. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 557–565, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteoblast Adhesion Dynamics: A Possible Role for ROS and LMW‐PTP
Authors: Fernandes Gustavo V. O. , Cavagis Alexandre D. M. , Ferreira Carmen V. , Olej Beni , de Souza Leão Maurício , Yano Cláudia L. , Peppelenbosch Maikel , Granjeiro José Mauro , Zambuzzi Willian F.
Published: October 2013

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate a variety of intracellular events, but their role in osteoblast adhesion and spreading remains unclear. ROS is a very‐known physiological modulators of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases activities, mainly to low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW‐PTP) activity. As this biological mechanism is not clear in osteoblast adhesion, we decided to investigate ROS levels and phosphorylations of FAK and Src, identifying these proteins as potential substrates to LMW‐PTP activity. Our results showed that during osteoblast adhesion/spreading (30 min and 2 h of seeding) the intracellular ROS content (hydrogen peroxide) is finely regulated by an effective anti‐oxidant system [catalase and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities were evaluated]. During the first 30 min of adhesion, there was an increase in ROS production and a concomitant increase in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity after its phosphorylation at Tyrosine 397 (Y397). Moreover, after 2 h there was a decrease in ROS content and FAK phosphorylation. There was no significant change in LMW‐PTP expression at 30 min or 2 h. In order to validate our hypothesis that LMW‐PTP is able to control FAK activity by modulating its phosphorylation status, we decided to overexpress and silence LMW‐PTP in this context. Our results showed that FAK phosphorylation at Y397 was increased and decreased in osteoblasts with silenced or overexpressed LMW‐PTP, respectively. Together, these data show that ROS modulate FAK phosphorylation by an indirect way, suggesting that a LMW‐PTP/FAK supra‐molecular complex is involved in transient responses during osteoblast adhesion and spreading. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1063–1069, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overlap Cycles for Steiner Quadruple Systems
Authors: Horan Victoria , Hurlbert Glenn
Published: October 2013

Steiner quadruple systems are set systems in which every triple is contained in a unique quadruple. It is well known that Steiner quadruple systems of order v, or SQS(v), exist if and only if . Universal cycles, introduced by Chung, Diaconis, and Graham in 1992, are a type of cyclic Gray code. Overlap cycles are generalizations of universal cycles that were introduced in 2010 by Godbole, et al. Using Hanani's SQS constructions, we show that for every with there exists an SQS(v) that admits a 1‐overlap cycle.
Precision criteria to derive sample size when designing pediatric pharmacokinetic studies: Which measure of variability should be used?
Authors: Salem Farzaneh , Ogungbenro Kayode , Vajjah Pavan , Johnson Trevor N. , Aarons Leon , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin
Published: October 2013

A new approach for calculation of sample size in pediatric clinical pharmacokinetic studies was suggested based on desired precision for a pharmacokinetic parameter of interest. The estimate of variability for sample size calculations could be obtained from different sources. It is not known whether these sources constantly show higher/lower variability across compounds and age groups. We obtained estimates of variability for clearance, volume of distribution and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve for 5 drugs from adult/pediatric classic clinical pharmacokinetic studies, and physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) combined with in vitro–in vivo extrapolation. Estimates were applied to the proposal methodology for non‐compartmental analysis. Sample size was different for each drug based on various estimates of variability from different pharmacokinetic parameters and depending on the age. Overall, there was no consistent discrepancy in sample size calculated according to the source of variability. A conservative approach should be taken when using “precision based methodology” knowing that various sources of initial estimates of variability will not lead to similar sample size calculations. Although PBPK simulations could be used for estimating variability, further work is required to investigate the best approach to estimate variability of pharmacokinetic parameters in pediatric populations and hence sample size calculations.
Metabolic reaction network of Pichia pastoris with glycosylation reactions: Flux analysis for erythropoietin production
Authors: Eskitoros Melda Ş. , Ata Özge , Çalık Pınar
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Biochemical reaction network of Pichia pastoris was improved by including N‐ glycosylation pathway reactions to determine the intracellular reaction rates for glycosylated protein production.

RESULTS

When co‐substrate sorbitol was replaced with mannitol, 12‐fold increase in erythropoietin flux was obtained as a result of 1.2‐ and 2.4‐fold increase in glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P) formation from fructose‐6‐phosphate (F6P) and 3‐phospho‐D‐glycerate (3PG) formation from glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate (G3P), respectively. Thus, to analyse the fluxes around F6P and the fluxes of the glycosylation pathway reactions in depth, the biochemical reaction network of P. pastoris containing 204 reactions and 129 metabolites was developed and used. The flux analysis for glycosylated erythropoietin production with three glycan residues having 12 mannoses (EPO‐Man12) reveals that the fluxes from G3P and guanosine 5′‐diphosphate (GDP) to F6P synthesis were 1.6‐ and 3‐fold higher than that of the fluxes determined for erythropoietin production with no glycans (EPO), respectively. Furthermore, the results of theoretical data‐based overproduction capacity show that the fluxes of EPO‐Man12 and partially humanized EPO with three glycan residues having five mannoses (EPO‐Man5) were 3.6 and 3.8 µmol gDCW‐1 h‐1, respectively, when the methanol and mannitol uptake rates were 2.10 mmol gDCW‐1 h‐1 and 1.49 mmol gDCW‐1 h‐1. For glycoprotein production, fluxes around F6P were found to be important as UDP‐N‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucosamine (UDP‐GlcNAc) and guanosine 5′‐diphosphate‐D‐Mannose (GDP‐Man) were produced from F6P. Thus the co‐substrate mannitol does not repress AOX promoter but is easily converted to F6P, enhancing glycoprotein production.

CONCLUSION

A metabolic reaction network for P. pastoris with glycosylation reactions is proposed for the determination of fluxes for glycoprotein production by P. pastoris. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
‘EDUCATING A GIRL MEANS EDUCATING A WHOLE NATION’ GENDER MAINSTREAMING, DEVELOPMENT AND ISLAMIC RESURGENCE IN NORTH CAMEROON
Authors: van Santen José C. M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract: The paper is an example of ‘local’ reception of global terminology concerning gender in the Cameroonian context: a gender awareness training for local religious, Muslim, and political leaders is analyzed. These leaders want development that departs from Islamic ‘roots’, emphasizing the importance of women's education. However, a concept such as ‘gender’ turned out to be incongruent with local concepts for relations between human beings. Because of that, they needed not reflect on their own attitudes as male citizens. Their implicit view is, so was discovered after analysis of the workshop, that a process of Islamization would automatically lead to gender mainstreaming. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notable plesiomorphies and notable specializations: Head structure of the primitive “tongue moth” Acanthopteroctetes unifascia (lepidoptera: Acanthopteroctetidae)
Authors: Kristensen Niels P. , Rota Jadranka , Fischer Stefan
Published: October 2013

The Acanthopteroctetidae are one of the first‐originated family‐group lineages within “tongue moths” (Lepidoptera‐Glossata). The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive account (based on whole mount preparations, serial sections, and Scanning electron microscopy) of the cephalic structure of an adult exemplar of the family, to supplement the sparse available information. Notable plesiomorphies include the retention of frontal retractors of the narrow labrum, a high supraocular index linked to strong development of cranio‐mandibular ad‐ and abductors, and perhaps the unusually short but still coilable (just ca. 1.5 turns) galeal “tongue.” Notable specializations (probably mostly family autapomorphies) include a complement of large sensilla placodea on the male antennae, an apical attachment of the long dorsal tentorial arm to the cranium, an extreme reduction of the single‐segmented labial palps, a particularly strong subgenal bridge and a surface structure of near‐parallel ridges on the ommatidial corneae. The presence of sizable saccular mandibular (type 1) glands opening into the adductor apodeme is unexpected, no counterparts being known from neighboring taxa. The same is true for ventral salivarium dilator muscles originating on the prelabium; and tentatively suggested to be homologues of the extrinsic palp flexors (the insertion shift being related to loss of original function due to palp reduction), rather than to the ventral salivarium muscles of more basal insects. A complete “deutocerebral loop”' may or may not be developed, as is true for a mutual appression of the optic lobe and circumoesophageal connective/suboesophageal ganglion, enclosing the anterior tentorial arm between them; a suboesophageal innervation of the retrocerebral complex was not observed. No characters bearing on the monophyly of the Coelolepida were identified. The scapo‐pedicellar articulation with a scapal process and a smooth intercalary sclerite is reminiscent of conditions in Neopseustidae, but remains debatable as a synapomorphy of the two families. J. Morphol. 275:153–172, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular diversity of HIV‐1 and surveillance of transmitted drug resistance variants among treatment Naïve patients, 5 years after active introduction of HAART in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Ong Lai Yee , Razak Siti Nur Humaira , Lee Yeat Mei , Sri La Sri Ponnampalavanar Sasheela , Syed Omar Sharifah Faridah , Azwa Raja Iskandar , Tee Kok Keng , Kamarulzaman Adeeba
Published: October 2013

Expansion of antiretroviral treatment programs have led to the growing concern for the development of antiretroviral drug resistance. The aims were to assess the prevalence of drug resistant HIV‐1 variants and to identify circulating subtypes among HAART‐naïve patients. Plasma specimens from N = 100 HIV+ HAART‐naïve adult were collected between March 2008 and August 2010 and viral RNA were extracted for nested PCR and sequenced. PR‐RT sequences were protein aligned and checked for transmitted drug resistance mutations. Phylogenetic reconstruction and recombination analysis were performed to determine the genotypes. Based on the WHO consensus guidelines, none of the recruited patients had any transmitted drug resistance mutations. When analyzed against the Stanford guidelines, 35% of patients had at least one reported mutation that may reduce drug susceptibility to PI (24%), NRTI (5%), and NNRTI (14%). The commonly detected mutation that may affect current first line therapy was V179D (3%), which may lead to reduced susceptibility to NNRTI. The predominant circulating HIV‐1 genotypes were CRF01_AE (51%) and CRF33_01B (17%). The prevalence of unique recombinant forms (URF) was 7%; five distinct recombinant structures involving CRF01_AE and subtype B′ were observed, among them a cluster of three isolates that could form a novel circulating recombinant form (CRF) candidate. Transmitted drug resistance prevalence among HAART‐naïve patients was low in this cohort of patients in Kuala Lumpur despite introduction of HAART 5 years ago. Owing to the high genetic diversity, continued molecular surveillance can identify the persistent emergence of HIV‐1 URF and novel CRF with significant epidemiological impact. J. Med. Virol. 86:38–44, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis B surface may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Seo Seung In , Choi Hyeok Soo , Choi Bo Youn , Kim Hyoung Su , Kim Hak Yang , Jang Myoung Kuk
Published: October 2013

The simultaneous detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B surface (anti‐HBs) is unusual in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but may be related with more advanced liver diseases. This retrospective long‐term cohort study was aimed to investigate whether coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HBV infection. A total of 1,042 non‐HCC patients were recruited and followed up for a median 4.3 years (range 1.0–22 years). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for HCC development. The prevalence of coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs was 7.0% (73/1,042). In univariate analysis, the 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year cumulative incidences of HCC were significantly higher in coexistence group than in HBsAg only group (12.7%, 23.4%, 69.4% vs. 4.9%, 13%, 20.6%, respectively; P = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs [Hazard ratio (HR), 2.001; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.023–3.912; P = 0.043] as well as male gender [HR, 1.898; 95% CI, 0.31–0.896; P = 0.018], age over 40 years [HR, 14.56; 95% CI, 4.499–47.08; P = 0.0001], and cirrhosis [HR, 7.995; 95% CI, 4.756–13.439; P = 0.0001] was identified as the independent factor for HCC development. Also, the cumulative incidence of HCC increased in proportion to the number of the risk factors. In conclusion, coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs may increase independently the risk of HCC development in chronic HBV infection. Therefore, consideration of HCC development is required in patients with coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs. J. Med. Virol. 86:124–130, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influencing factors of external fluorescence seeding enhancing stimulated Raman scattering in liquid‐core optical fiber
Authors: Yang Rui , Ma Hong‐lei , Jin Hai‐peng
Published: October 2013

This paper reports an external fluorescence seeding technology enhancing the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in liquid‐core optical fiber (LCOF). By surrounding a small section of LCOF with a glass capillary and a solution of Rhodamine 6G filled between them to separate fluorescent dye and Raman medium, the initial intensity of SRS is linearly amplified by external fluorescence seeding, and then the SRS of LCOF can be enhanced effectively. Experimental results show that both the concentration of fluorescent dye and the seeding position have an influence on enhancement of SRS. The maximum enhancement of Stokes lines is obtained when the concentration of dye solution is optimized at ~10−6 mol/l and seeding position is located at the input end. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Let There Be Light: Photo‐Cross‐Linked Block Copolymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Roy Debashish , Sumerlin Brent S.
Published: October 2013

Polymeric nanoparticles are prepared by selectively cross‐linking a photo‐sensitive dimethylmaleimide‐containing block of a diblock copolymer via UV irradiation. A well‐defined photo‐cross‐linkable block copolymer is prepared via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of a dimethylmaleimide‐functional acrylamido monomer containing photoreactive pendant groups with a poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) macro‐chain transfer agent. The resulting amphiphilic block copolymers form micelles in water with a hydrophilic PDMA shell and a hydrophobic photo‐cross‐linkable dimethylmaleimide‐containing core. UV irradiation results in photodimerization of the dimethylmaleimide groups within the micelle cores to yield core‐cross‐linked aggregates. Alternatively, UV irradiation of homogeneous solutions of the block copolymer in a non‐selective solvent leads to in situ nanoparticle formation.

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Silymarin suppresses the PGE2‐induced cell migration through inhibition of EP2 activation; G protein‐dependent PKA‐CREB and G protein‐independent Src‐STAT3 signal pathways
Authors: Woo Seon Min , Min Kyoung‐Jin , Chae In Gyeong , Chun Kyung‐Soo , Kwon Taeg Kyu
Published: October 2013

Silymarin has been known as a chemopreventive agent, and possesses multiple anti‐cancer activities including induction of apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation and growth, and blockade of migration and invasion. However, whether silymarin could inhibit prostaglandin (PG) E2‐induced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) migration and what are the underlying mechanisms are not well elucidated. Here, we found that silymarin markedly inhibited PGE2‐stimulated migration. PGE2 induced G protein‐dependent CREB phosphorylation via protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, and PKA inhibitor (H89) inhibited PGE2‐mediated migration. Silymarin reduced PGE2‐induced CREB phosphorylation and CRE‐promoter activity. PGE2 also activated G protien‐independent signaling pathways (Src and STAT3) and silymarin reduced PGE2‐induced phosphorylation of Src and STAT3. Inhibitor of Src (Saracatinib) markedly reduced PGE2‐mediated migration. We found that EP2, a PGE2 receptor, is involved in PGE2‐mediated cell migration. Down regulation of EP2 by EP2 siRNA and EP2 antagonist (AH6809) reduced PGE2‐inudced migration. In contrast, EP2 agonist (Butaprost) increased cell migration and silymarin effectively reduced butaprost‐mediated cell migration. Moreover, PGE2 increased EP2 expression through activation of positive feedback mechanism, and PGE2‐induced EP2 expression, as well as basal EP2 levels, were reduced in silymarin‐treated cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates that silymarin inhibited PGE2‐induced cell migration through inhibition of EP2 signaling pathways (G protein dependent PKA‐CREB and G protein‐independent Src‐STAT3). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Network analysis for active and passive propagation models
Authors: Kim In‐Jae , Barthel Brian P. , Park Yuyoung , Tait Jordan R. , Dobmeier Joseph L. , Kim Sung , Shin Dooyoung
Published: October 2013

A large number of studies have been conducted over a long period of time to better understand how people adopt new products and/or ideas. With recent advancement in social network technologies such as Facebook and Twitter, the interest in better understanding the role of social network effect or social influence on the adoption of an idea has again been brought to the forefront. In this study, we examine the propagation of ideas through a social network and we introduce two network propagation rules to explain the idea propagation under social influence. We then apply the rules to different network models, which include a large‐world network, a small‐world network, a random network, and local neighbor networks such as a path, a star, and their variations. In terms of social network in our study, we say that if a person has adopted an idea, then the person is infected by the idea. So the main interest of our study is to find the minimum number of initially infected individuals (i.e., early adopters of an idea) to effectively infect the rest of the social network. Furthermore, we give examples of real‐world situations in management and the spread of violence, where the proposed propagation analysis can be applied. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 63(2), 160–169 2014
A High‐order extended finite element method for extraction of mixed‐mode strain energy release rates in arbitrary crack settings based on Irwin's integral
Authors: Lan Mengyu , Waisman Haim , Harari Isaac
Published: October 2013

An analytical formulation based on Irwin's integral and combined with the extended finite element method is proposed to extract mixed‐mode components of strain energy release rates in linear elastic fracture mechanics. The proposed formulation extends our previous work to cracks in arbitrary orientations and is therefore suited for crack propagation problems. In essence, the approach employs high‐order enrichment functions and evaluates Irwin's integral in closed form, once the linear system is solved and the algebraic degrees of freedom are determined.

Several benchmark examples are investigated including off‐center cracks, inclined cracks, and two crack growth problems. On all these problems, the method is shown to work well, giving accurate results. Moreover, because of its analytical nature, no special post‐processing is required. Thus, we conclude that this method may provide a good and simple alternative to the popular J‐integral method. In addition, it may circumvent some of the limitations of the J‐integral in 3D modeling and in problems involving branching and coalescence of cracks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of sales promotions, weight status, and impulsivity on purchases in a supermarket
Authors: Nederkoorn Chantal
Published: October 2013

Objective

Several environmental factors contribute to increased food consumption and play a role in the prevalence of obesity, like portion size, accessibility and relative price of high caloric foods, food commercials, and sales promotions. However, not everyone seems equally sensitive to these environmental cues and both obesity and impulsivity appears to play a role.

Methods

In this study, food purchases in an internet supermarket are tested in 118 participants, with or without sales promotions for snack foods. Both weight status and response inhibition, an index of impulsivity, are measured.

Results

Participants with less inhibitory control purchased in total more calories from the internet supermarket then participants with more inhibitory control. In addition, sales promotion, weight status, and inhibitory control appeared to interact in their effect on snack food purchases: participants with less inhibitory control and overweight bought more calories of snacks in the sales promotions condition, but not in the control condition. For the other participants, with normal weight and/or high inhibitory control, sales promotions had no effect on their purchases of calories of snacks.

Conclusions

It seems that especially the combination of low inhibitory control and overweight makes participants vulnerable for environmental cues.
BIRC5 (survivin) splice variant expression correlates with refractory disease and poor outcome in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Moore Andrew S. , Alonzo Todd A. , Gerbing Robert B. , Lange Beverly J. , Heerema Nyla A. , Franklin Janet , Raimondi Susana C. , Hirsch Betsy A. , Gamis Alan S. , Meshinchi Soheil
Published: October 2013

Background

The inhibitor‐of‐apoptosis protein survivin, encoded by BIRC5, regulates apoptosis, cell division and proliferation. Several survivin splice variants have been described however, the prognostic significance of their expression has not been well defined in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Procedure

Quantitative expression analyses of BIRC5 mRNA (n = 306) and survivin transcript splice variants (n = 90) were performed on diagnostic bone marrow samples from children with de novo AML treated on the clinical trials CCG‐2961 and AAML03P1, then correlated with disease characteristics and clinical outcome.

Results

Total BIRC5 expression did not correlate with clinical outcome. Fragment length analysis and sequencing of the entire BIRC5 transcript demonstrated three splice variants. The most prominent product, wild‐type survivin, was expressed in all samples tested. Two minor transcripts were present in 90 patients treated on CCG‐2961; survivin‐2B and a novel variant, survivin‐ΔEx2, characterized by deletion of BIRC5 exon II. A high 2B/ΔEx2 expression ratio (≥1) correlated with increased diagnostic WBC count, monocytic phenotype, +8 cytogenetics, lower complete remission (45% [n = 10] vs. 88% [n = 59], P < 0.001) and higher induction failure rates (23% [n = 5] vs. 3% [n = 2], P = 0.009). Consistent with this poor induction response, patients with a 2B/ΔEx2 ratio ≥1 had inferior 5‐year survival rates (OS 36% vs. 60%, P = 0.011; EFS 23% vs. 53% at 5 years, P = 0.001) and appear to have increased relapse risk (P = 0.056). Subset analyses suggest that relative over‐expression of 2B, rather than under‐expression of ΔEx2 determines clinical response.

Conclusions

High survivin‐2B/ΔEx2 ratios are associated with refractory disease and inferior survival in childhood AML. Survivin splice variant expression warrants prospective evaluation in clinical trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:647–652. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of cerium phenylphosphonate and its synergistic flame retardant effect with decabromodiphenyl oxide in glass‐fiber reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Chen Chao , Guo Zhenghong , Ran Shiya , Fang Zhengping
Published: October 2013

A lamellar cerium phenylphosphonate (CeHPP) was synthetized through reflux method and it was combined with decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) to prepare flame retarded poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed that CeHPP was a one‐dimensional nanocrystal with the interlamellar distance of 1.57 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that CeHPP had the excellent thermal stability and abundant char residue. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) revealed that CeHPP dispersed homogenously in both PET and DBDPO phases. CeHPP could form a continuous and compact char layer in PET nanocomposites and had a synergistic effect with DBDPO. The collaboration of 2 wt% CeHPP and 6 wt% DBDPO dramatically improved UL 94 rating (from V‐2 to V‐0) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) value (from 22.9% to 29.1%) for PET. What is more, the mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile tests. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:539–547, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Where should the novel device, Endobarrier, be placed?
Authors: Gupta P Sen
Published: October 2013

G Longcroft‐Wheaton, P Bhandari. Endobarrier: a viable alternative to gastric bypass surgery? Pages 322–326.
Endobarrier: a viable alternative to gastric bypass surgery?
Authors: Longcroft‐Wheaton G , Bhandari P
Published: October 2013

Obesity is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in modern society. While bariatric surgery is becoming increasingly common as an evidence‐based method of treating such patients, it is very invasive and associated with significant risk. There is a need for less invasive endoscopic measures to treat obesity, particularly in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes. Endobarrier is a novel endoscopic technique which can potentially improve metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes and induce weight loss in obese patients with diabetes.

This article reviews the evidence behind Endobarrier, its role in managing obese patients, in particular those with diabetes, and investigates where this device could potentially be used in clinical practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Application of low loading of collagen in electrospun poly[(l‐lactide)‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone)] nanofibrous scaffolds to promote cellular biocompatibility
Authors: Daranarong Donraporn , Thapsukhon Boontharika , Wanandy Nico S , Molloy Robert , Punyodom Winita , Foster L John R
Published: October 2013

Electrospinning of various polymers has been used to produce nanofibrous scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix and support cell attachment for the potential repair and engineering of nerve tissue. In the study reported here, an electrospun copolymer of l‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone (67:33 mol%) resulted in a nanofibrous scaffold with average fibre diameter and pore size of 476 ± 88 and 253 ± 17 nm, respectively. Blending with low loadings of collagen (<2.5% w/w) significantly reduced the average diameter and pore size. The uniformity of fibre diameter distributions was supported with increasing collagen loadings. The nanofibrous scaffolds significantly promoted the attachment and proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells compared to cells exhibiting asynchronous growth. Furthermore, analysis of cell health through mitochondrial activity, membrane leakage, cell cycle progression and apoptotic indices showed that the nanofibrous membranes promoted cell vigour, reducing necrosis. The study suggests that the use of more cost‐effective, low loadings of collagen supports morphological changes in electrospun poly[(l‐lactide)‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone)] nanofibrous scaffolds, which also support attachment and proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells while promoting cell health. The results here support further investigation of the electrospinning of these polymer blends as conduits for nerve repair. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Liquid Crystalline Dispersions of Graphene‐Oxide‐Based Hybrids: A Practical Approach towards the Next Generation of 3D Isotropic Architectures for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Chidembo Alfred T. , Aboutalebi Seyed H. , Konstantinov Konstantin , Wexler David , Liu Hua K. , Dou Shi X.
Published: October 2013

We report the use of the spray pyrolysis method to design self‐assembled isotropic ternary architectures made up of reduced graphene oxide (GO), functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and nickel oxide nanoparticles for cost‐effective high‐performance supercapacitor devices. Electrodes fabricated from this novel ternary system exhibit exceptionally high capacitance (2074 Fg−1) due to the highly conductive network, synergistic link between GO and carbon nanotubes and achieving high surface area monodispersed NiO decorated rGO/CNTs composite employing the liquid crystallinity of GO dispersions. To further assess the practicality of this material for supercapacitor manufacture, we assembled an asymmetric supercapacitor device incorporating activated carbon as the anode. The asymmetric supercapacitor device showed remarkable capacity retention (>96%), high energy density (23 Wh kg−1), and a coulombic efficiency of 99.5%.
Lie algebroids, non‐associative structures and non‐geometric fluxes
Authors: Deser A.
Published: October 2013

In the first part of this article, the geometry of Lie algebroids as well as the Moyal‐Weyl star product and some of its generalizations in open string theory are reviewed. A brief introduction to T‐duality and non‐geometric fluxes is given. Based on these foundations, more recent results are discussed in the second part of the article. On the world‐sheet level, we will analyse closed string theory with flat background and constant H‐flux. After an odd number of T‐dualities, correlation functions allow to extract a three‐product having a pattern similar to the Moyal‐Weyl product. We then focus on the target space and the local appearance of the various fluxes. An algebra based on vector fields is proposed, whose structure functions are given by the fluxes. Jacobi‐identities for vector fields allow for the computation of Bianchi‐identities. Based on the latter, we give a proof for a special Courant algebroid structure on the generalized tangent bundle, where the fluxes are realized by the commutation relations of a basis of sections. As reviewed in the first part of this work, in the description of non‐geometric Q‐ and R‐fluxes, the B‐field gets replaced by a bi‐vector β, which is supposed to serve as the dual object to B under T‐duality. A natural question is about the existence of a differential geometric framework allowing the construction of actions manifestly invariant under coordinate‐ and gauge transformations, which couple the β‐field to gravity. It turns out that Lie algebroids are the right language to answer this question positively. We conclude by giving an outlook on future directions.
Guidelines for determining the probability of ignition of a released flammable mass
Authors: Stack Bob , Sepeda Adrian , Moosemiller Mike
Published: October 2013

It is not difficult to find situations in which the probability of ignition for a given set of conditions varies widely from source to source. There are also some variables that are known to be important to the probability of ignition that have not yet been rigorously quantified. This results in uncertainty in risk‐based studies, limiting the ability of the risk manager to justify spending for appropriate projects that would reduce the probability of ignition as a way of managing risk.

For this reason, CCPS commissioned a new book for release in 2013 that consolidates the available information on this subject and proposes ignition probability algorithms that advance the state of the art. Purchasing the book also allows access to software that codifies (and automates some of) the methods discussed in the book. The intended audiences for the book are Process Safety Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) involved in risk assessments and hazard evaluations. The timing of the new book's release is after the release of the revision to the CCPS book, “Guidelines for Evaluating Process Plant Buildings for External Fires, Explosions, and Toxic Releases,” and near the release time of another CCPS book, “Guidelines for Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers for Layer of Protection Analysis” in order to support the risk‐based analyses described in those publications. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 19–25, 2014
Controlled synthesis and characterization of highly ordered core–shell nickel–carbon nanoparticle arrays on the van der Waals surfaces of layered semiconductor crystals
Authors: Bakhtinov A. P. , Vodopyanov V. M. , Kudrynskyi Z. R. , Kovalyuk M. Z. , Netyaga V. V. , Karbivskyy V. L. , Vishniak V. V. , Lytvyn O. S.
Published: October 2013

Self‐assembled core–shell Ni–C nanoparticles (NPs) with nearly uniform sizes were grown on the van der Waals (0001) surfaces of GaSe layered crystals. The metal NPs encapsulated within graphite shells (Ni@C) with the sizes ranging from a few to 15 nm were produced by electron beam induced vacuum deposition from metal‐carbon melts under UV‐irradiation without annealing after the deposition. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy. The van der Waals interactions between the NPs and the surface electrostatic interactions are utilized for encapsulated NPs self‐assembly. The Coulomb staircases and the negative differential conductance were observed at temperatures lower than 300 K in the current–voltage (I–V) curves of the vertical hybrid structures Au/Ni/(Ni–C)/Ni@CNCs/n‐Ga2O3/p‐GaSe/In consisting of ferromagnetic metal Ni, (Ni–C) nanocomposite thin film and two layers of magnetic NPs (Ni@CNCs), which were embedded in n‐Ga2O3 wide‐band‐gap oxide. The I–V characteristics of this structure depend on orientation of the external weak (∼60 mT) magnetic field relative to the (0001) GaSe plane. Peculiarities observed in the I–V characteristics of the hybrid structures may be caused by magnetic‐field‐dependent phenomena of spin‐dependent tunneling through the barriers, which gives rise to spin accumulation, and spin‐polarized electric current interactions with magnetic NPs.
Atomic layer deposition of alumina on γ‐Al2O3 nanofibres
Authors: Jõgiaas Taivo , Arroval Tõnis , Kollo Lauri , Kozlova Jekaterina , Käämbre Tanel , Mändar Hugo , Tamm Aile , Hussainova Irina , Kukli Kaupo
Published: October 2013

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been exploited for coating γ‐alumina nanofibres with amorphous alumina, using trimethylaluminium Al(CH3)3 (TMA) and water as precursors. The experiments were carried out at 150 or 300 °C, using 100 cycles (or an integer multiple of it) of ALD treatment. Heat‐treatment was applied to the fibres to evaluate possible changes in ALD process development. Some samples were compacted and hardness was measured to preliminarily evaluate the effect of ALD and possible usage of fibres as raw material for hard ceramics. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vickers hardness test were used to characterize the fibres (with and without ALD coating). Alumina nanofibres can be considered as reinforcements in structural composites or as a material for inorganic membranes, suitable to applications at elevated temperatures.
Anisotropy of the electron effective mass in rutile SnO2 determined by infrared ellipsometry
Authors: Feneberg Martin , Lidig Christian , Lange Karsten , White Mark E. , Tsai Min Y. , Speck James S. , Bierwagen Oliver , Goldhahn Rüdiger
Published: October 2013

Generalized infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (GIRSE) was applied to Sb‐doped rutile SnO2(101) films grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). Coupled longitudinal‐optical (LO) phonon–plasmon (LPP) modes for the two principal polarization directions of the optically anisotropic SnO2 were identified and their frequencies were determined as a function of electron concentrations obtained by Hall effect measurements. The analysis of these modes yielded very accurate values for the plasma frequencies and finally the anisotropy of the electron effective masses as a function of carrier density. Comparison to Hall effect electron concentrations yielded a non‐parabolicity of the conduction band.
Local probe studies in the weakly Jahn–Teller distorted LaMnO3.08 manganite
Authors: Lopes A. M. L. , Correia J. G. , Amaral V. S. , Araújo J. P.
Published: October 2013

The LaMnO3.08 manganite system was studied as a function of temperature ranging from 10 up to 292 K using the perturbed angular correlation local probe technique at ISOLDE‐CERN facility. The electrical field gradient (EFG) measurements performed across the different temperatures revealed a single EFG distribution, corresponding to a unique probe local environment. In contrast with the small‐polaron picture, no fully Jahn–Teller distorted Mn3+O6 octahedra was observed in this insulator sample. A local single‐phase scenario with uniform Mn charge distribution is proposed.
Junctionless nanowire transistor fabricated with high mobility Ge channel
Authors: Yu Ran , Georgiev Yordan M. , Das Samaresh , Hobbs Richard G. , Povey Ian M. , Petkov Nikolay , Shayesteh Maryam , O'Connell Dan , Holmes Justin D. , Duffy Ray
Published: October 2013

The junctionless nanowire metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (JNT) has recently been proposed as an alternative device for sub‐20‐nm nodes. The JNT architecture eliminates the need for forming PN junctions, resulting in simple processing and competitive electrical characteristics. In order to further boost the drive current, alternative channel materials such as III–V and Ge, have been proposed. In this Letter, JNTs with Ge channels have been fabricated by a CMOS‐compatible top–down process. The transistors exhibit the lowest subthreshold slope to date for JNT with Ge channels. The devices with a gate length of 3 μm exhibit a subthreshold slope (SS) of 216 mV/dec with an ION/IOFF current ratio of 1.2 × 103 at VD = –1 V and drain‐induced‐barrier lowering (DIBL) of 87 mV. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observer‐based decentralized adaptive control for large‐scale pure‐feedback systems with unknown time‐delayed nonlinear interactions
Authors: Yoo Sung Jin
Published: October 2013

This paper presents an approximation design for a decentralized adaptive output‐feedback control of large‐scale pure‐feedback nonlinear systems with unknown time‐varying delayed interconnections. The interaction terms are bounded by unknown nonlinear bounding functions including unmeasurable state variables of subsystems. These bounding functions together with the algebraic loop problem of virtual and actual control inputs in the pure‐feedback form make the output‐feedback controller design difficult and challenging. To overcome the design difficulties, the observer‐based dynamic surface memoryless local controller for each subsystem is designed using appropriate Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals, the function approximation technique based on neural networks, and the additional first‐order low‐pass filter for the actual control input. It is shown that all signals in the total controlled closed‐loop system are semiglobally uniformly bounded and control errors converge to an adjustable neighborhood of the origin. Finally, simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized control scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neodymium‐Doped LaF3 Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Bioimaging in the Second Biological Window
Authors: Rocha Ueslen , Kumar Kagola Upendra , Jacinto Carlos , Villa Irene , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , del Carmen Iglesias de la Cruz María , Juarranz Angeles , Carrasco Elisa , van Veggel Frank C. J. M. , Bovero Enrico , Solé José García , Jaque Daniel
Published: October 2013

The future perspective of fluorescence imaging for real in vivo application are based on novel efficient nanoparticles which is able to emit in the second biological window (1000–1400 nm). In this work, the potential application of Nd3+‐doped LaF3 (Nd3+:LaF3) nanoparticles is reported for fluorescence bioimaging in both the first and second biological windows based on their three main emission channels of Nd3+ ions: 4F3/2→4I9/2, 4F3/2→4I11/2 and 4F3/2→4I13/2 that lead to emissions at around 910, 1050, and 1330 nm, respectively. By systematically comparing the relative emission intensities, penetration depths and subtissue optical dispersion of each transition we propose that optimum subtissue images based on Nd3+:LaF3 nanoparticles are obtained by using the 4F3/2→4I11/2 (1050 nm) emission band (lying in the second biological window) instead of the traditionally used 4F3/2→4I9/2 (910 nm, in the first biological window). After determining the optimum emission channel, it is used to obtain both in vitro and in vivo images by the controlled incorporation of Nd3+:LaF3 nanoparticles in cancer cells and mice. Nd3+:LaF3 nanoparticles thus emerge as very promising fluorescent nanoprobes for bioimaging in the second biological window.