bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 63
Authors: Brummitt R.K.
Published: February 2019

The family name Vivianiaceae is recommended for conservation. The following 17 generic names are recommended for conservation: Acidocroton with conserved type, Boechera against Borodinia, Chrysopsis against Diplopappus, Engelhardia against Pterilema, Felicia against Coelestina, Agathaea and Charieis, Fulcaldea against Turpinia, Junellia against Urbania, Loxsoma with that spelling, Macbridea Elliott against Macbridea Raf., Moussonia with conserved type, Paraboea against Phylloboea and Trisepalum, Pertya against Myripnois, Sibara against Machaerophorus, Syngonanthus against Philodice, Tieghemella Pierre against Tieghemella Berl Toni, Veratrum against Melanthium, and Xylosma against Apactis. The following three generic names are not recommended for conservation: Mitrastemon with that spelling, Seutera against Macbridea, and Thaspium to make it legitimate. The following four generic names are recommended for rejection: Cofer, Cruzeta, Menais, and Muco. The following 11 specific names are also recommended for conservation: Acidocroton adelioides with conserved type, Bonamia menziesii with conserved type, Calectasia intermedia against Scaryomyrtus hexamera, Engelhardia spicata against Pterilema aceriflora, Hypolepis nigrescens Hook. against H. nigrescens (Schrad.) Nees, Ligusticum californicum with conserved type, Musa velutina against M. dasycarpa, Polygonum hydropiper with conserved type, Potentilla inclinata against P. assurgens, Potentilla verna with conserved type, and Trientalis europaea with conserved type. The following four specific names are not recommended for conservation: Cerinthe glabra with conserved type, Musa balbisiana, Orchis occidentalis against O. kerryensis, and Podocarpus aristulatus with conserved type. The following 17 specific names are recommended for rejection: Anthericum flagelliforme, Ayenia sidiformis, Barberina hirsuta, Cruzeta hispanica, Dactylis lobata, Edechia inermis, Edechia spinosa, Eryngium trifidum, Justicia putata, Lasiostelma somalense, Menais topiaria, Musa rosacea, Samyda parvifolia, Scabiosa sylvatica, Spermacoce suffruticosa, Torreya bogotensis, and Valeriana mixta. The following two specific names are not recommended for rejection: Antidesma scandens and Luzuriaga cordata. It is recommended that the 1754–1756 German translation of S. Vaillant, Établissement de nouveaux caractères de trois familles, 1719–1725, be added to Appendix VI. It is not recommended at the present time that other translations published in Königl. Akad. Wiss. Paris 1754–1760 by Steinwehr of pre‐1753 works be added to Appendix VI. After two ballots, no vote of 11 either for or against proposals to conserve Beccariella or to reject Artemisia aethiopica has been obtained.
Relationships and evolutionary origins of polyploid Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) from Europe inferred using nuclear pgiC and plastid trnL-F sequence data
Authors: Juslén Aino , Väre Henry , Wikström Niklas
Published: February 2019

To test earlier hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of European polyploid Dryopteris, their phylogenetic relationships are investigated using nuclear pgiC and plastid trnL‐F sequence data. The nuclear pgiC region is for the first time used successfully in phylogenetic analyses of ferns, and is shown to provide appropriate variability to address species‐level questions in Dryopteris. The trnL‐F dataset is used to infer maternal relationships for the allopolyploid species and provides strong support for some of the smaller clades resolved by pgiC. Allopolyploid origins of Dryopteris carthusiana, D. cristata, and D. guanchica are supported and some, but not all, progenitors are indicated by the analyses. The results are in disagreement with the "D. semicristata" hypothesis proposed by several authors. The allopolyploid origin of D. crispifolia remained unresolved and allopolyploid origins of D. dilatata and D. filix‐mas were unsupported. This study provides the first insight in the molecular phylogeny of the diploid D. fragrans, which shows major genetic variation within the only European population of the species.
The status of Urocarpidium (Malvaceae): Insight from nuclear and plastid‐based phylogenies
Authors: Tate Jennifer A.
Published: February 2019

An evaluation of the taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of the monotypic genus Urocarpidium Ulbr. (Malvaceae) was undertaken using DNA sequence data. Nuclear (ITS 1 and 2) and plastid (ndhF, rpl16 intron, 3′ matK‐trnK intron) sequence data were used to reconstruct independent phylogenies for related genera of tribe Malveae, to which Urocarpidium belongs. The nuclear and plastid phylogenies indicate that Urocarpidium albiflorum is not synonymous with Tarasa operculata as previously suggested, consistent with earlier phylogenetic studies. Instead, this species is more closely related to Fuertesimalva and Palaua, although its position relative to these two genera differs in the nuclear and plastid trees. Given the unresolved phylogenetic position and unique suite of morphological characters, Urocarpidium is maintained as a monotypic genus. Full synonymy for Urocarpidium albiflorum is also provided.
A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Colchicum L. (Colchicaceae) based on sequences from six plastid regions
Authors: Persson Karin , Petersen Gitte , del Hoyo Alberto , Seberg Ole , Jørgensen Tina
Published: February 2019

A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Colchicum (including Bulbocodium and Merendera) is presented. The phylogeny includes all but four of the 100 species and all subspecies currently recognized in the genus, two insufficiently known species (C. mirzoevae, C. stenopetalum), and one cultivated specimen (C. laetum hort.) probably of hybrid origin. The analysis is based on 292 parsimony‐informative characters derived from nucleotide sequences from six plastid regions (trnL intron, trnL‐trnF IGS, trnY‐trnD IGS, trnH‐psbA IGS, atpB‐rbcL IGS, rps16 intron) and 33 morphological, life history, and chromosomal characters. The genus Colchicum is strongly supported as monophyletic. The morphological data are considerably more homoplasious than the molecular characters, but provide added resolution to the trees derived from a combined analysis. The phylogenetic hypothesis is largely in conflict with the subgenera and sections recognized by Stefanov, and agrees better with some of the informal species groups defined by Persson in earlier publications. Additional data will be needed to resolve all relationships.
Systematics of the genusSalweenia(Leguminosae) from Southwest China with discovery of a second species
Authors: Yue Xue-Kun , Yue Ji-Pei , Yang Li-Er , Li Zhi-Min , Sun Hang
Published: February 2019

Salweenia(Leguminosae) has long been defined as a monotypic genus. In this study we carried out comprehensive studies on populations ofS. wardiiBaker f. across its distribution range. The results showed that this species diverged into two distinct groups: plants from the Yalong Jiang valley have linear leaflets 0.07–0.14 cm wide and relatively flattened legumes, as well as a 2A karyotype asymmetry, whereas plants from the Nu Jiang and Lancang Jiang drainages have lanceolate leaflets 0.20–0.34 cm wide, undulant legumes, and a 1A karyotype asymmetry. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic analysis of four chloroplast DNA markers (trnL‐F, rpl32‐trnL, psbA‐trnH, trnS‐G) recovered two reciprocally monophyletic clades among accessions of plants from these two areas respectively. We therefore recognize individuals ofS. wardiiin the Yalong Jiang valley as a separate species,S. bouffordianasp.nov.Salweeniathus contains two allopatrically distributed species and the genus is no longer monotypic. The origin of the disjunction between the two species is briefly discussed and it is hypothesized to have come about through vicariance, resulting of several historic river separations, reversal and capture events estimated to have taken place during the Pleistocene.
Molecular delimitation of clades within New World species of the "spiny solanums" (Solanum subg. Leptostemonum)
Authors: Stern Stephen , Agra Maria de Fátima , Bohs Lynn
Published: February 2019

Solanum subg. Leptostemonum contains approximately 350–450 species, including the cultivated eggplant, S. melongena. Most species placed in this subgenus form a monophyletic group, the Leptostemonum clade, characterized by the presence of stellate hairs and prickles, leading to the common name of "spiny solanums". Here we present a phylogenetic analysis that circumscribes the major clades within the spiny solanums and examines the relationships among them, with an emphasis on New World species. Of particular interest is the clarification of the clade limits and species composition of groups that have not been well‐sampled. We also increase sampling of taxa that have been previously analyzed in molecular studies, namely those in the Torva, Micracantha, and Erythrotrichum clades. These groups have convergent morphological characteristics that have challenged taxonomists, making classification difficult. Results from our study delimit 14 clades within the spiny solanums, including the newly designated Asterophorum, Gardneri, Sisymbriifolium, and Thomasiifolium clades. We also establish the placement of species not previously sampled, especially those endemic to Brazil. These results give an increased understanding of the evolution of the Leptostemonum clade by defining monophyletic groups within it and identify areas of the phylogenetic tree that remain unresolved and require further taxon sampling.
Dates of publication of Scripta Botanica [Áîòàíè÷åñêiÿ çàïèñêè]
Authors: Doweld Alexander B.
Published: February 2019

Exact publication dates are provided for the first time for Scripta Botanica [Áîòàíè÷åñêiÿ çàïèñêè], the first Russian scientific botanical journal which appeared from 1886 to 1916.
Typification of names of taxa of Bauhinia L. (Leguminosae: Cercideae) from Brazil
Authors: Vaz Angela Maria Studart da Fonseca
Published: February 2019

An alphabetical list of all the validly published names of Brazilian taxa of Bauhinia L. s.str. (= Bauhinia subg. Bauhinia) including those first published in Pauletia Cav. is presented with details of all types including 30 new typifications. All names are assigned to their accepted taxa following the classification for Leguminosae tribe Cercideae published by Lewis & Forest in 2005.
Typification of the name Cynoglossum creticum Mill. (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Selvi Federico , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2019

Cynoglossum creticum Mill., a name in current usage for a widely distributed Mediterranean species, is neotypified in the apparent absence of original material for the name.
Chamerion or Chamaenerion (Onagraceae)? The old story in new words
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N.
Published: February 2019

When treated separately from Epilobium, the group of species with zygomorphic flowers and alternate leaves has the correct generic name Chamaenerion Ség. 1754, and Chamerion (Raf.) Raf. ex Holub 1972 is its later heterotypic synonym. The history of generic treatments and name changes in Epilobium s.l. is briefly discussed, and nomenclatural and type citations are provided.
English and Latin as alternative languages for validating the names of organisms covered by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: The final chapter?
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Moore Gerry
Published: February 2019

During the Nomenclature Section of the XVIII International Botanical Congress that took place in Melbourne, Australia, from 18 to 22 July 2011, it was decided to allow English to be used as an alternative language for producing validating descriptions and diagnoses of new taxa of organisms covered by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, which is to be renamed the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants; on and after 1 January 2012 this can be done in English or Latin. Until then, names of new non‐fossil taxa must continue to be provided with a Latin description or diagnosis in order to be validly published.
Phylogenetic classification of Trametes (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) based on a five–marker dataset
Authors: Justo Alfredo , Hibbett David S.
Published: February 2019

The phylogeny of Trametes and related genera was studied using molecular data from ribosomal markers (nLSU, ITS) and protein–coding genes (RPB1, RPB2, TEF1–alpha) and consequences for the taxonomy and nomenclature of this group were considered. Separate datasets with rDNA data only, single datasets for each of the protein–coding genes, and a combined five–marker dataset were analyzed. Molecular analyses recover a strongly supported trametoid clade that includes most of Trametes species (including the type T. suaveolens, the T. versicolor group, and mainly tropical species such as T. maxima and T. cubensis) together with species of Lenzites and Pycnoporus and Coriolopsis polyzona. Our data confirm the positions of Trametes cervina (= Trametopsis cervina) in the phlebioid clade and of Trametes trogii (= Coriolopsis trogii) outside the trametoid clade, closely related to Coriolopsis gallica. The genus Coriolopsis, as currently defined, is polyphyletic, with the type species as part of the trametoid clade and at least two additional lineages occurring in the core polyporoid clade. In view of these results the use of a single generic name (Trametes) for the trametoid clade is considered to be the best taxonomic and nomenclatural option as the morphological concept of Trametes would remain almost unchanged, few new nomenclatural combinations would be necessary, and the classification of additional species (i.e., not yet described and/or sampled for molecular data) in Trametes based on morphological characters alone will still be possible. Alternative scenarios to divide the trametoid clade in five or ten genera were considered but if any of these options were to be adopted morphological distinction of the segregated genera and the ascription of additional species to any of these genera would be very difficult and in some cases impossible. The genera Artolenzites, Coriolopsis (as currently typified), Coriolus, Cubamyces, Cyclomycetella, Lenzites, Poronidulus, Pseudotrametes and Pycnoporus are considered synonyms of Trametes.
Phylogeny, taxon circumscriptions, and character evolution in the core Ptychanthoideae (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta)
Authors: Sukkharak Phiangphak , Gradstein S. Robbert , Stech Michael
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in the core Ptychanthoideae (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta), with a focus on Thysananthus, are assessed based on molecular (plastid psbA–trnH, trnG, trnL–F, trnS–rps4, nrITS), morphological–anatomical, and phytochemical data. Generic relationships are molecularly well–resolved and confirm the placement of Mastigolejeunea pancheri and the monotypic Dendrolejeunea fruticosa in Thysananthus. Most morphological characters currently used to distinguish genera in Ptychanthoideae are homoplastic according to ancestral state reconstruction. Molecular and phytochemical data suggest the occurrence of polyphyletic species in Thysananthus and Mastigolejeunea. Careful study of the polyphyletic taxa revealed morphological differences between some of the intraspecific clades, which correlated with synonymized or novel species. Incongruence between plastid and ITS data in M. pancheri indicated the occurrence of a putative hybrid, the first one recorded in Lejeuneaceae and the first in liverworts inferred from phylogenetic data.
Phylogenetic position of the genus Hattorioceros (Anthoceratophyta)
Authors: Li Jianyou , Zhang Li , Zhou Lanping
Published: February 2019

The spores of the monospecific genus Hattorioceros are ovoid to spheroid with canaliculate–striate surface ornamentation, and are unique among hornworts. We determine here for the first time the phylogenetic position of the genus using sequence data from the chloroplast rbcL and mitochondrial nad5 genes. Hattorioceros is nested within Phaeoceros, challenging its taxonomic status. Although spore morphology is a key feature in hornwort taxonomy, our results suggest that caution must be taken when describing taxa above the species level based solely on a single character.
The nomenclatural history of Fritillaria eduardii and the correct names of its varieties
Authors: Wietsma Willem A. , van den Berg Ronald G. , van Scheepen Johan , Wieringa Jan J.
Published: February 2019

Material of a new fritillary was mentioned in four publications by Eduard Regel in 1884, but he used different names for this material. In the first publication it was named Fritillaria eduardii, but in the following publications the material was described as two varieties of F. imperialis L., both odourless, one with purplish flowers and one with yellow or yellow–red flowers. Both colour varieties, but especially the latter, have been taken into cultivation. Morphological observations and crossing experiments have established that both varieties do not belong to F. imperialis and should be accommodated in F. eduardii. New names for these varieties are proposed, following E. Regel's intention as closely as possible.
Detection and sequencing of porcine circovirus 3 in commercially sourced laboratory mice
Authors: Jiang Shouchuan , Zhou Nini , Li Yufeng , An Jiahui , Chang Tianhao
Published: February 2019

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), a recently discovered virus, has spread widely in pigs throughout the world. In order to investigate the possibility of mice used to study the infection of PCV3, commercially sourced Balb/C and ICR mice were screened for PCV3 infection. Blood samples were collected from 20 mice (10 each of Balb/c and ICR), DNA was extracted, and subjected to PCR with PCV3 specific primers. We found all 20 serum samples tested positive for PCV3 DNA. From four mice, the complete genomes of PCV3 were amplified and sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results showed that the amplified genome was 2000 bp, and sequence comparison showed that the homology of the complete genome and ORF2 gene with those of porcine PCV3 are 97.9%–98.8% and 96.9%–98.3%, respectively. Amino acids alignment results showed that the Cap protein of the mouse PCV3 isolates share 90.7%–96.3% amino acid homology with that of the references strains derived from pigs. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF2 sequences showed that all PCV3 strains clustered together and were clearly separate from other circovirus species. We detected PCV3 in experimental mice in China for the first time, which is an opportunity to use mice to study the infection of PCV3 and a potential hazard to swine industry.
Fundamental solutions and frictionless contact problem in a semi‐infinite space of 2D hexagonal piezoelectric QCs
Authors: Li Caiqi , Zhou Yue‐Ting
Published: February 2019

General solutions for the semi‐infinite space of two‐dimensional (2D) piezoelectric quasicrystals (QCs) are acquired by means of the potential theory method and the generalized Almansi's theorem. Then based on the fundamental solutions of the concentrated loadings case, the frictionless contact problem in a semi‐infinite of 2D hexagonal piezoelectric QCs is addressed by using the superposition principle and potential theory. Analytic solutions of fields quantities in terms of elementary functions for the phonon field, phason field and electric field are obtained under three different rigid indenters (flat‐ended cylindrical, conical and spherical), which are convenient for numerical analysis. Numerical examples are given to display the relationship between the contact stiffness and the penetration depth through the change of the curves, and to demonstrate the distribution of the field components under the action of the flat‐ended cylindrical.
A Catalogue of Earthquakes in the Koyna-Warna Region, Western India (2005 – 2017)
Authors: Shashidhar D. , Mallika K. , Mahato C. , Maity B.S. , Sudheer K. , Satyanarayana H.V.S. , Rao N. Purnachandra , Raghavan R.V. , Sarma A.N.S. , Murthy Y.V.V.B.S.N. , Shankar U. Gowri , Narsingarao D. , Anuradha M. Uma
Published: February 2019

The Koyna-Warna region of western India is one of the most prominent reservoir triggered seismicity (RTS) sites in the world. A catalogue of 957 earthquakes of M≥2.0 which includes 24 earthquakes of M 4.0 – 5.1 from August 2005 to December 2017 is presented here. The magnitude for completeness is found to be 1.7 based on the Gutenberg-Richter earthquake frequency-magnitude relationship. The presented catalogue would be useful to Earth science community for undertaking earthquake related studies in the region.
Near-surface Shear Velocity Structure Estimation using Ground-roll in Moran Area, Central Upper Assam Basin, India
Authors: Singh Pawan Kumar , Sandeep  , Singh N. P.
Published: February 2019

The frequency dependent characteristics of Rayleigh-wave, which is considered to be noise during body-wave prospecting, can be utilized to infer near surface elastic properties. To generate the near surface VS profiles, initially spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) was used, which has now been replaced by more sophisticated multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW). In the present study, MASW for impulsive source is applied to the seismic (impulsive source) datasets acquired in the Moran area of the central part of upper Assam basin to estimate the near-surface S-wave velocity (Vs) structure with the objective of its application to static correction during S-wave reflection data processing, and geotechnical and environmental studies in the area. Multichannel surface waves are extracted from conventional seismic record. The multichannel analysis includes construction of dispersion curves from observed Rayleigh-waves, and inversion of VS profile from calculated dispersion curves. The near surface 1D VS profiles, derived from the extracted ground roll vary from 200 m/sec (near the surface) to about 450 m/sec at 40m depth, and provides a good estimation of vertical shear velocity structure in the area. The 2D near surface shear velocity structure (VS) is generated by horizontal interpolation of individual vertical profiles. The results are in agreement with the available three component low velocity layer (3C-LVL) data.
Business, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Security in the Case Law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: REGUART-SEGARRA Núria
Published: February 2019

The history of indigenous peoples from across the globe is marked by constant aggression, persecution and conflict. In these times, they are being obliged to confront the consequences of economic interests in their ancestral lands and natural resources, which often take the form of extractive projects conducted by corporate actors with the permission of governments. These abusive practices have led to a number of social, legal and political disputes, many of which have resulted in violence. All of this reveals that indigenous rights cases cannot be omitted in the study of the interrelation between business, human rights and security, since these three elements are present in many of them. In particular, the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights needs to be closely examined, as it is considered to be the regional system of human rights protection that has played the most prominent role in delimitating indigenous property rights.
Shedding of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by colonized patients during procedures and patient care activities
Authors: Alhmidi Heba , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Koganti Sreelatha , Jencson Annette L. , Rutter Joseph D. , Bonomo Robert A. , Wilson Brigid M. , Mayer JeanMarie , Samore Matthew H. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: February 2019

Objective:

Medical procedures and patient care activities may facilitate environmental dissemination of healthcare-associated pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Design:

Observational cohort study of MRSA-colonized patients to determine the frequency of and risk factors for environmental shedding of MRSA during procedures and care activities in carriers with positive nares and/or wound cultures. Bivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with environmental shedding.

Setting:

A Veterans Affairs hospital.

Participants:

This study included 75 patients in contact precautions for MRSA colonization or infection.

Results:

Of 75 patients in contact precautions for MRSA, 55 (73%) had MRSA in nares and/or wounds and 25 (33%) had positive skin cultures. For the 52 patients with MRSA in nares and/or wounds and at least 1 observed procedure, environmental shedding of MRSA occurred more frequently during procedures and care activities than in the absence of a procedure (59 of 138, 43% vs 8 of 83, 10%; P < .001). During procedures, increased shedding occurred ≤0.9 m versus >0.9 m from the patient (52 of 138, 38% vs 25 of 138, 18%; P = .0004). Contamination occurred frequently on surfaces touched by personnel (12 of 38, 32%) and on portable equipment used for procedures (25 of 101, 25%). By bivariate analysis, the presence of a wound with MRSA was associated with shedding (17 of 29, 59% versus 6 of 23, 26%; P = .04).

Conclusions:

Environmental shedding of MRSA occurs frequently during medical procedures and patient care activities. There is a need for effective strategies to disinfect surfaces and equipment after procedures.
The impact of service user’s suicide on mental health professionals
Authors: Murphy P. T. , Clogher L. , van Laar A. , O’Regan R. , McManus S. , McIntyre A. , O’Connell A. , Geraghty M. , Henry G. , Hallahan B.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Our principle objective was to examine the personal and professional impact of service user (SU) suicide on mental health professionals (MHPs). We also wished to explore putative demographic or clinical factors relating to SUs or MPHs that could influence the impact of SU suicide for MHPs and explore factors MHPs report as helpful in reducing distress following SU suicide.

Methods

A mixed-method questionnaire with quantitative and thematic analysis was utilised.

Results

Quantitative data indicated SU suicide was associated with personal and professional distress with sadness (79.5%), shock (74.5%) and surprise (68.7%) particularly evident with these phenomena lasting less than a year for more than 90% of MHPs. MHPs also reported guilt, reduced self-confidence and a fear of negative publicity. Thematic analysis indicated that some MHPs had greater expertise when addressing SU suicidal ideation and in supporting colleagues after experiencing a SU suicide. Only 17.7% of MHPs were offered formal support following SU suicide.

Conclusion

SU suicide impacts MHPs personally and professionally in both a positive and negative fashion. A culture and clear pathway of formal support for MHPs to ascertain the most appropriate individualised support dependent on the distress they experience following SU suicide would be optimal.
Hypersonic boundary layer transition on a concave wall: stationary Görtler vortices
Authors: Chen X. , Huang G. L. , Lee C. B.
Published: February 2019

This study investigates the stability and transition of Görtler vortices in a hypersonic boundary layer using linear stability theory and direct numerical simulations. In the simulations, Görtler vortices are separately excited by wall blowing and suction with spanwise wavelengths of 3, 6 and 9 mm. In addition to primary streaks with the same wavelength as the blowing and suction, secondary streaks with half the wavelength also emerge in the 6 and 9 mm cases. The streaks develop into mushroom structures before breaking down. The breakdown processes of the three cases are dominated by a sinuous-mode instability, a varicose-mode instability and a combination of the two, respectively. Both fundamental and subharmonic instabilities are relevant in all cases. Multiple modes are identified in the secondary-instability stage, some of which originate from the primary instabilities (first and second Mack modes). We demonstrate that the first Mack mode can be destabilized to either a varicose-mode or sinuous-mode streak instability depending on its frequency and wavelength, whereas the second Mack mode undergoes a stabilizing stage before turning into a varicose mode in the 6 and 9 mm cases. An energy analysis reveals the stabilizing and destabilizing mechanisms of the primary instabilities under the influence of Görtler vortices, highlighting the role played by the spanwise production based on the spanwise gradient of the streamwise velocity in both varicose and sinuous modes. The effects introduced by the secondary streaks are examined by filtering the secondary streaks in two new simulations with nominally identical conditions to those of the 6 and 9 mm cases. Remarkably, the secondary streaks can destabilize the Görtler vortices, therefore advancing the transition. The stability theory results are in good agreement with those from direct numerical simulations.
The ThuringianVolkskirchenbund, the Nazi Revolution, andVölkischConceptions of Christianity
Authors: Spencer Heath
Published: February 2019

In the German church elections of July 1933, prominent liberal Protestants in the state of Thuringia gave their support to theDeutsche Christen(German Christians), a pro-Nazi faction that sought to establish a uniquely “German” form of Christianity based on “blood” and “race.” At first glance, this development might suggest an affinity between liberal Protestant theology andvölkisch(racist-populist) conceptions of Christianity. However, a closer examination of events leading up to this decision reveals that pragmatic and strategic considerations were at least as important as ideology. Although liberal Protestant leaders ultimately determined that cooperation with theDeutsche Christenwas necessary, they did so reluctantly, and only after they were convinced that other options had been exhausted. This article examines church-political alignments in Thuringia during the Weimar and early Nazi eras, with an emphasis on the aims and priorities of theVolkskirchenbund(People's Church League), a liberal Protestant faction in the Thuringian regional synod. It traces the decision-making processes behind the events of 1933, the motives and perceptions of key players, and diverse responses of leaders as well as rank and file members. Their story illustrates one of the more complicated paths toward Christian complicity in the Third Reich.
What Has Happened to Post-Christian Canada?
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: February 2019

A dozen years ago, I was sitting in a suburban Vancouver church on a Saturday afternoon, waiting for my young sons’ piano recital to start. I looked around the rented facility, new to me, and noticed an impressionistic painting of the crucifixion toward the front of the sanctuary.
Nutritional modulation of the epigenome and its implication for future health
Authors: Burton Mark A. , Lillycrop Karen A.
Published: February 2019

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as type-2 diabetes and CVD are now highly prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Evidence from both human and animal studies shows that early-life nutrition is an important determinant of NCD risk in later life. The mechanism by which the early-life environment influences future disease risk has been suggested to include the altered epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Epigenetic processes regulate the accessibility of genes to the cellular proteins that control gene transcription, determining where and when a gene is switched on and its level of activity. Epigenetic processes not only play a central role in regulating gene expression but also allow an organism to adapt to the environment. In this review, we will focus on how both maternal and paternal nutrition can alter the epigenome and the evidence that these changes are causally involved in determining future disease risk.
Fatalism: thoughts about tomorrow's sea battle
Authors: Cockburn David
Published: February 2019

The hold of the fatalistic reasoning that Aristotle criticizes is dependent, first, on the idea, articulated by Frege, that the real candidates for truth and falsity are something other than particular contingent happenings such as affirmations or thinkings, and, second, on the idea that the demand for speculative reflection overrides any demand for practical deliberation. Standard challenges to the reasoning embody the same presuppositions and so simply perpetuate the core confusions. They do so most fundamentally in the assumption that we need a ‘metaphysical’ grounding for our idea of ourselves as agents who have influence on the course of events.
Older Immigrants’ Access to Primary Health Care in Canada: A Scoping Review
Authors: Wang Lu , Guruge Sepali , Montana Gelsomina
Published: February 2019

Le vieillissement et l’immigration ont significativement transformé la composition démographique au Canada, et les immigrants y représentent une proportion croissante de la population adulte plus âgée. L’accès adéquat aux services de santé est essentiel au bien-être et à l’inclusion sociale de cette population. Cet examen de la portée porte sur les connaissances actuelles concernant l’accès des immigrants d’âge avancé aux médecins omnipraticiens et à leur consultation, considérant que ces médecins jouent un rôle central dans la prestation de soins de première ligne, dans les soins préventifs et les soins de santé mentale. Le modèle en 5 étapes d’Arksey et O’Malley a été utilisé pour effectuer des recherches dans une grande variété de bases de données pour des articles publiés en anglais dans des revues avec comité de pairs concernant ce sujet dans le contexte canadien. Un total de 31 articles répondant aux critères d’inclusion ont été examinés en détail. Ces articles ont été classés en fonction de l’information disponible sur leurs auteurs, la population à l’étude, la méthodologie, le domaine de la santé et les obstacles mentionnés. Trois thèmes principaux ont émergé de cet examen de portée : l’accès et l’utilisation des soins de première ligne, la promotion de la santé et le dépistage du cancer, ainsi que l’utilisation des services de santé mentale. Les immigrants d’âge avancé font face à des obstacles en termes d’accès aux soins et ceux-ci seraient liés à la littératie en santé, à la langue, à la culture, aux croyances en matière de santé, aux inégalités spatiales et à des circonstances structurelles. L’examen de la portée présente de manière détaillée l’accès aux soins des personnes âgées immigrantes au Canada, et permet de dériver des implications sur les politiques qui permettraient de répondre à leurs besoins qui sont non comblés dans le domaine de la santé.
Determination of computed tomography number of high-density materials in 12-bit, 12-bit extended and 16-bit depth for dosimetric calculation in treatment planning system
Authors: Jayamani Jayapramila , Osman Noor Diyana , Tajuddin Abdul Aziz , Salehi Zaker , Ali Mohd Hanafi , Abdul Aziz Mohd Zahri
Published: February 2019

Aim

The main aim was to examine the effect of bit depth on computed tomography (CT) number for high-density materials. Analysis of the CT number for high-density materials using 16-bit scanners will extend the CT scale that currently exists for 12-bit scanners and thus will be beneficial for use in CT–electron density (ED) curve in radiotherapy treatment planning system (TPS). Implementation of this extended CT scale will compensate for tissue heterogeneity during CT–ED conversion in treatment planning.

Materials and methods

An in-house built phantom with 10 different metal samples was scanned using 80, 100 and 120 kVp in two different CT scanners. A region of interest was set at the centre of the material and the mean CT numbers together with data deviation were determined. Dosimetry calculation was performed by applying a direct anterior beam on 12-bit, 12-bit extended and 16-bit.

Results

High-density materials (>4·34 g cm−3) in 16-bit depth provide disparities up to 44% compared to Siemens’ 12-bit extended. Influence of tube voltage showed a significant difference (p<0·05) in both bit depth and CT number of the gold and amalgam saturated in 16-bit depth. A 120 kVp energy illustrated a low variation on CT number for different scanners, but dosimetry calculation showed significant disparities at the metal interface in 12-bit, 12-bit extended and 16-bit.

Findings

High-density materials require 16-bit scanners to obtain CT number to be implemented in treatment planning in radiotherapy. This also suggests that proper tube voltage together with correct CT–ED resulted in accurate TPS algorithm calculation.
FROM NOSTALGIA TO UTOPIA: A GENEALOGY OF FRENCH CONCEPTIONS OF SUPRANATIONALITY (1848–1948)
Authors: CANIHAC HUGO
Published: February 2019

This essay investigates the intellectual history of one of the purportedly most “revolutionary” concepts of post-1945 international thought—the concept of supranationality. While the literature has generally analyzed the concept as a direct continuation of progressive cosmopolitan ideas, or, to the contrary, as a political watchword formulated after 1945 to promote the European project, this essay highlights other, more ambiguous origins for the concept. It retraces the early uses of the concept in French debates. It argues that the irruption of supranationality in the political and legal vocabulary was far from revolutionary, as is typically claimed—without referring directly to the writings of the great classical philosophers. Rather, the concept drew on earlier discourses whose emergence can be identified in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debates, ranging from Catholic thought to international law. To retrace the genealogy of supranationality in the decades preceding the supranational vogue of the 1950s contributes to illuminating the complex intellectual origins of the European Union and of international thought more generally.
Do voters dislike liberalizing reforms? New evidence using data on satisfaction with democracy
Authors: Berggren Niclas , Bjørnskov Christian
Published: February 2019

Since the early 1980s a wave of liberalizing reforms has swept over the world. Using panel data from 30 European countries in the period 1993–2015, we test the hypothesis that such reforms have led to voter dissatisfaction with democracy, since, it is argued, they have been undertaken in a non-transparent way, often during crises, and they have entailed detrimental consequences. The reform measures are constructed as distinct changes in four policy/institutional areas: government size, the rule of law, market openness, and regulation. Our results indicate that while reforms of government size are not robustly related to satisfaction with democracy, reforms of the other three kinds are – and in a way that runs counter to anti-liberalization claims. Reforms that reduce economic freedom are generally related to satisfaction with democracy in a negative way, while reforms that increase economic freedom are associated positively with satisfaction with democracy.
Radiative Effects of Secondary Ice Enhancement in Coastal Antarctic Clouds
Authors: Young G. , Lachlan‐Cope T. , O'Shea S. J. , Dearden C. , Listowski C. , Bower K. N. , Choularton T. W. , Gallagher M. W.
Published: February 2019

Secondary ice production (SIP) commonly occurs in coastal Antarctic stratocumulus, affecting their ice number concentrations (Nice) and radiative properties. However, SIP is poorly understood and crudely parametrized in models. By evaluating how well SIP is captured in a cloud‐resolving model, with a high‐resolution nest within a parent domain, we test how an improved comparison with aircraft observations affects the modeled cloud radiative properties. Under the assumption that primary ice is suitably represented by the model, we must enhance SIP by up to an order of magnitude to simulate observed Nice. Over the nest, a surface warming trend accompanied the SIP increase; however, this trend was not captured by the parent domain over the same region. Our results suggest that the radiative properties of microphysical features resolved in high‐resolution nested domains may not be captured by coarser domains, with implications for large‐scale radiative balance studies over the Antarctic continent.
Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds as the Major Source of Formic Acid in a Mixed Forest Canopy
Authors: Alwe Hariprasad D. , Millet Dylan B. , Chen Xin , Raff Jonathan D. , Payne Zachary C. , Fledderman Kathryn
Published: February 2019

Formic acid (HCOOH) is among the most abundant carboxylic acids in the atmosphere, but its budget is poorly understood. We present eddy flux, vertical gradient, and soil chamber measurements from a mixed forest and apply the data to better constrain HCOOH source/sink pathways. While the cumulative above‐canopy flux was downward, HCOOH exchange was bidirectional, with extended periods of net upward and downward flux. Net above‐canopy fluxes were mostly upward during warmer/drier periods. The implied gross canopy HCOOH source corresponds to 3% and 38% of observed isoprene and monoterpene carbon emissions and is 15× underestimated in a state‐of‐science atmospheric model (GEOS‐Chem). Gradient and soil chamber measurements identify the canopy layer as the controlling source of HCOOH or its precursors to the forest environment; below‐canopy sources were minor. A correlation analysis using an ensemble of marker volatile organic compounds suggests that secondary formation, not direct emission, is the major source driving ambient HCOOH.
The Role of Atmospheric Rivers for Extreme Ablation and Snowfall Events in the Southern Alps of New Zealand
Authors: Little K. , Kingston D. G. , Cullen N. J. , Gibson P. B.
Published: February 2019

The role of atmospheric rivers (ARs) for extreme ablation and snowfall is examined at Brewster Glacier in the Southern Alps, the site of the longest glacier mass balance record in New Zealand. By global standards, New Zealand is strongly impacted by ARs. Here it is shown for the first time (in New Zealand) that ARs strongly contribute to extreme snowfall and ablation and thus mass balance overall. Vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) exceeds 1,600 (800) kg·m−1·s−1 for the largest ablation (snowfall) events, marking these as very strong ARs. The proximity to the freezing threshold during extreme snowfall events indicates the sensitivity of mass balance to temperature variation. Importantly, similarly high rates of IVT during some extreme ablation and snowfall events also occur outside of conventional AR spatial structures. This finding indicates that AR detection algorithms may substantially underestimate the importance of extreme IVT for New Zealand and elsewhere.
Search Space Representation and Reduction Methods to Enhance Multiobjective Water Supply Monitoring Design
Authors: Bode Felix , Reed Patrick , Reuschen Sebastian , Nowak Wolfgang
Published: February 2019

Optimal design of groundwater monitoring networks is challenging due to (1) conflicting objectives for assessing the performance of candidate monitoring networks, (2) uncertainty in system dynamics and hydrogeological context, and (3) the large decision space of possible monitoring‐well positions (also termed the search space). The immensity of the search space poses a significant challenge for modern multiobjective optimization tools. This study introduces two approaches that improve the efficiency and effectiveness of evolutionary multiobjective optimization tools when solving monitoring design problems. We show how a careful mathematical representation of the monitoring design search space and reductions of possible monitoring‐well positions enhance the solution and attainment of decision‐relevant multiobjective trade‐offs in monitoring quality. We demonstrate the value of our improved representation and reduction techniques on a three‐objective monitoring network design problem focused on urban source water protection (termed the U_Protect benchmarking problem). U_Protect abstracts a real‐world case study within an urban drinking‐water well catchment, including inaccessible and restricted areas for monitoring‐well installation, and random heterogeneities in the conductivity field. Our representation and reduction methods significantly enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability of the optimization. Our proposed framework shifts focus to the most impactful monitoring design decisions while also enhancing decision makers understanding of key performance trade‐offs. In combination, our proposed representation and reduction techniques have significant promise for enhancing the size and the scope of combinatorial monitoring problems that can be explored.
Global Dynamics of Stored Precipitation Water in the Topsoil Layer From Satellite and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Kim Hyunglok , Lakshmi Venkat
Published: February 2019

The amount of soil water in the topsoil layer (from 0 to 10 cm) has been regarded as a key factor in controlling land‐atmosphere interaction by determining the fraction of net radiation. In the present study, we investigate spatial trends of the stored precipitation fraction in the topsoil layer for varying vegetation and aridity indices by utilizing four satellites and two reanalysis data sets on a global scale. Using the Budyko framework, we relate climate regimes to the stored precipitation fraction on a global scale. A positive relation between the stored precipitation fraction with aridity index and a negative relation between the stored precipitation fraction and free parameter, vegetation optical depth, and isohydric slope are discovered. Even though the stored precipitation fraction values were calculated from different soil moisture and precipitation sources, they share an similar spatial trend: the drier and less vegetated the soil is, the more precipitation is retained in the top layer of the soil. Specifically, the topsoil retains 37% ± 11% of precipitated water three days after a rainfall event where the aridity index was greater than 5. Over wet and forest areas, due to large runoff fluxes and plants intercepting water before the precipitated water reached the ground, the topsoil retains 21% ± 2% of precipitated water three days after a rainfall event. Furthermore, by using the modeled data sets in the calculation of the stored precipitation fraction metric, we are able to conduct a sensitivity analysis of FP(f) metrics with respect to different sampling frequency values.
Pore‐Scale Dissolution by CO2 Saturated Brine in a Multimineral Carbonate at Reservoir Conditions: Impact of Physical and Chemical Heterogeneity
Authors: Al‐Khulaifi Yousef , Lin Qingyang , Blunt Martin J. , Bijeljic Branko
Published: February 2019

We study the impact of physical and chemical heterogeneity on reaction rates in multimineral porous media. We selected two pairs of carbonate samples of different physical heterogeneity in accordance with their initial computed velocity distributions and then injected CO2 saturated brine at reservoir conditions at two flow rates. We periodically imaged the samples using X‐ray microtomography. The mineralogical composition was similar (a ratio of dolomite to calcite of 8:1), but the intrinsic reaction rates and mineral spatial distribution were profoundly different. Visualizations of velocity fields and reacted mineral distributions revealed that a dominant flow channel formed in all cases. The more physically homogeneous samples had a narrower velocity distribution and more preexisting fast channels, which promoted dominant channel formation in their proximity. In contrast, the heterogeneous samples exhibit a broader distribution of velocities and fewer fast channels, which accentuated nonuniform calcite distribution and favored calcite dissolution away from the initially fast pathways. We quantify the impact of physical and chemical heterogeneity by computing the proximity of reacted minerals to the fast flow pathways. The average reaction rates were an order of magnitude lower than the intrinsic ones due to mass transfer limitations. The effective reaction rate of calcite decreased by an order of magnitude, in both fast channels and slow regions. After channel formation calcite was shielded by dolomite whose effective rate in slow regions could even increase. Overall, the preferential channeling effect, as opposed to uniform dissolution, was promoted by a higher degree of physical and/or chemical heterogeneity.