bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birds of a Feather? The Critique of the North American Business School and its Implications for Educating HRD Practitioners
Authors: Kuchinke K. Peter
Published: August 2007

The recent vehement and highly visible critique of the North American business school curriculum illuminates core tensions in the field of human resource development (HRD) related to the role and responsibility of the profession in for-profit organizations and the educative process by which future practitioners are prepared. If the business school critique, raised by eminent management scholars in the academy, has validity, then an instrumental and functionalist orientation to HRD is not adaptive but, in fact, is counterproductive and shortchanges the needs of business organizations for transformational change and development. Based on a review of the business school critique and research on HRD academic programs in the United States, the author argues for a broader emphasis on systemic change and the transformative potential of the profession based on critical human resource development and positive organizational scholarship.
Src-family kinase–dependent disruption of endothelial barrier function by Plasmodium falciparum merozoite proteins
Authors: Gillrie Mark R. , Krishnegowda Gowdahalli , Lee Kristine , Buret Andre G. , Robbins Stephen M. , Looareesuwan S. , Gowda D. Channe , Ho May
Published: August 2007

Pulmonary complication in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria is manifested as a prolonged impairment of gas transfer or the more severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In either clinical presentation, vascular permeability is a major component of the pathologic process. In this report, we examined the effect of clinical P falciparum isolates on barrier function of primary dermal and lung microvascular endothelium in vitro. We showed that parasite sonicates but not intact infected erythrocytes disrupted endothelial barrier function in a Src-family kinase–dependent manner. The abnormalities were manifested both as discontinuous immunofluorescence staining of the junctional proteins ZO-1, claudin 5, and VE-cadherin and the formation of interendothelial gaps in monolayers. These changes were associated with a loss in total protein content of claudin 5 and redistribution of ZO-1 from the cytoskeleton to the membrane and the cytosolic and nuclear fractions. There was minimal evidence of a proinflammatory response or direct cellular cytotoxicity or cell death. The active component in sonicates appeared to be a merozoite-associated protein. Increased permeability was also induced by P falciparum glycophosphatidylinositols (GPIs) and food vacuoles. These results demonstrate that parasite components can alter endothelial barrier function and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of severe falciparum malaria.
Infection of hematopoietic progenitor cells by HIV-1 subtype C, and its association with anemia in southern Africa
Authors: Redd Andrew D. , Avalos Ava , Essex Max
Published: August 2007

Reports from southern Africa, an area in which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is caused almost exclusively by subtype C (HIV-1C), have shown increased rates of anemia in HIV-infected populations compared with similar acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in the United States, an area predominantly infected with subtype B (HIV-1B). Recent findings by our group demonstrated a direct association between HIV-1 infection and hematopoietic progenitor cell health in Botswana. Therefore, using a single-colony infection assay and quantitative proviral analysis, we examined whether HIV-1C could infect hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and whether this phenotype was associated with the higher rates of anemia found in southern Africa. The results show that a significant number of HIV-1C, but not HIV-1B, isolates can infect HPCs in vitro (P < .05). In addition, a portion of HIV-1C–positive Africans had infected progenitor cell populations in vivo, which was associated with higher rates of anemia in these patients (P < .05). This represents a difference in cell tropism between 2 geographically separate and distinct HIV-1 subtypes. The association of this hematotropic phenotype with higher rates of anemia should be considered when examining anti-HIV drug treatment regimens in HIV-1C–predominant areas, such as southern Africa.
Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on the Charge Accumulation and Electrochemical Reduction at an Osmium Complex/Peroxidase-coated Electrode
Authors: Mizutani Fumio , Ohta Eiji , Mie Yasuhiro , Niwa Osamu
Published: August 2007

Enhanced sensitivity of hydrogen peroxide was performed by accumulating the charge through oxidation of [Os(bpy)2]2+ (bpy = bipyridyl) into [Os(bpy)]3+ in a peroxidase-containing polymer layer on an electrode under the open-circuit condition and then reduced by applying negative potential. The accumulation resulted in a large current response, and the lower detection limit for hydrogen peroxide and that for glucose oxidase, a hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, were 0.1 nM and 2×10−4 U L−1, respectively.
A Consideration of an Evaluation Index for High-Level Low-Frequency Noise by Taking into Account the Effect of Human Body Vibration
Authors: Takahashi Yukio , Harada Noriaki
Published: August 2007

At high sound pressure levels, actual body vibrations (noise-induced vibrations) are induced by low-frequency noise. The purpose of this trial study was to show that considering the effects of noise-induced vibration is effective in evaluating high-level low-frequency noise. Using the A-weighted sound pressure level and the Wk-weighted vibration acceleration level of noise-induced vibration measured on the chest as independent variables, empirical evaluation indices (HLLF1, HLLF2 and HLLF3) for evaluating the unpleasantness caused by high-level low-frequency noise were estimated. The HLLF indices were found to be able to evaluate the unpleasantness caused by high-level low-frequency noise better than the A-weighted pressure level. In addition, the slopes of tentative frequency-weighting characteristics corresponding to the HLLF indices were estimated to be gentler than that of the A-weighting characteristic within 25–50 Hz, which was consistent with many previous results that indicated that noise content at lower frequencies should be given more importance when evaluating low-frequency noise Although there are several areas where the HLLF index needs to be improved before it is put in practical use, the results of this study suggest that high-level low-frequency noise could be more effectively evaluated by taking into account the effect of human body vibration.
Langmuir Films of Poly(o-Toluidine) and Poly(o-Methoxyaniline) at the Water–Air Interface
Authors: Opaynych Iryna , Ukrainets A. , Aksimentyeva O.
Published: August 2007

The behaviour of monomolecular layers prepared on a liquid surface may be considered as a limiting case of adsorption. In the present work, measurements of surface-pressure isotherms have been used to examine the effect of the solvent (tetrahydrofuran, chloroform) and polymer concentration on the formation of poly( o-toluidine) (PoTl) and poly( o-methoxyaniline) (PoMA) monolayers at the water surface. The PoTl monolayer exhibited a hysteresis loop when the PoMA and PoTl monolayers were studied under compression/expansion conditions. In contrast, the mobility of the monomer units in the PoMA films formed at the water surface enabled them to rapidly restore their structure.
Adsorption and Complexing Properties of Silicas with Analytical Reagents Grafted via the Mannich Reaction
Authors: Yanovska E.S. , Tertykh V.A. , Kichkiruk O.Yu. , Dadashev A.D.
Published: August 2007

The pre-concentration of metal ions such as Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Hg(II) and Mo(VI) on silicas with covalently bound 8-hydroxyquinoline, 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol or 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol has been studied. The structures of metal-ion complexes with grafted phenolic-type analytical reagents were investigated by IR, ESR and electronic diffuse reflectance spectroscopies.
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Mesoporous TiO2/ZnO Films with Improved Hydrophilicity
Authors: Ptashko T. , Smirnova N. , Eremenko A. , Oranska E. , Huang W.
Published: August 2007

Optically transparent, hydrophilic, porous titania and Zn-doped titania thin films were prepared by the sol–gel technique, using the non-ionic amphiphilic block copolymer Pluronic P123 as the template. The structure and optical properties of these films were characterized using SEM, XRD, UV-vis spectroscopy and BET surface area determinations. It was found that the addition of zinc to TiO2 increased its surface acidity and hydrophilicity, and hence the catalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2/ZnO (1–10 atom %) films in the decomposition of the xantene dye, Rhodamine B.
ViLab: A Virtual Laboratory for Collaborative Research on Wind Power Forecasting
Authors: Pinson Pierre , Lozano Sergio , Marti Ignacio , Kariniotakis George N. , Giebel Gregor
Published: August 2007

The consortium of the European Coordination Action ‘Prediction of Waves, Wakes and Offshore Wind’ (POW'WOW) has established a Virtual Laboratory (ViLab) for the development and operational use of wind power prediction systems. The objectives are to stimulate research in this field, to tighten the collaboration between forecasters and forecast users, and to follow and communicate the state of the art in short term prediction of wind generation. The present note clarifies the benefits for the participants to the ViLab. Also, it describes the methodology employed and some practical issues related to data and confidentiality.
Wind Turbine Maintenance Optimisation: Principles of Quantitative Maintenance Optimisation
Authors: Andrawus Jesse A. , Watson John , Kishk Mohammed
Published: August 2007

Maintenance optimisation is a crucial issue for industries that utilise physical assets due to its impact on costs, risks and performance. Current quantitative maintenance optimisation techniques include Modelling System Failures MSF (using monte-carlo simulation) and Delay-Time Maintenance Model (DTMM). The MSF investigates equipment failure patterns by using failure distribution, resource availability and spare-holdings to determine optimum maintenance requirements. The DTMM approach examines equipment failure patterns by considering failure consequences, inspection costs and the period to determine optimum inspection intervals. This paper discusses the concept, relevance and applicability of the MSF and DTMM techniques to the wind energy industry. Institutional consideration as well as the benefits of practical implementation of the techniques are highlighted and discussed.
Wind Energy Resource and the Electricity Supply Network in Xinjing Autonomous Region, China
Authors: Bao Nengsheng , Hu Guangwang , Xu Junping , Ni Weidou
Published: August 2007

This paper presents the wind energy resource and discusses the electricity supply network for the development of wind power in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China. The current wind power development in Xinjiang is described. Applying the raw ten minutes average wind speed data measured in Dabancheng wind farm in 1993 and 2004, the wind energy resources are assessed in detail. The conclusions for the further development of large scale wind power in Xinjiang region are discussed.
A Decomposition and Guided Simulation Methodology for Large-Scale System Design: A Study in QoS-Capable Intranets with Fixed and Mobile Components
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudip , Zhang Hong , Ramesh R. , Andrews Dee H.
Published: August 2007

Integrated design of a large-scale distributed system is challenging due to multiple conflicting design objectives, a large number of stochastic parameters, and a combinatorially large design space. Current approaches using decomposition and analysis of isolated subproblems could lead to suboptimization. We develop a framework for integrated design that combines analytical modeling with embedded simulations for large-scale infrastructure planning. The framework uses problem decomposition and a guided simulation methodology, which uses concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic guidance. These are integrated in a comprehensive framework and used to interlink the subproblems and guide the design process towards achieving overall objectives concurrently. A case study demonstrates viability of the framework. The methodology is efficient and flexible, and can be adapted for other problems where resource sharing and integrated system design is critical.
Scatter Search and Local NLP Solvers: A Multistart Framework for Global Optimization
Authors: Ugray Zsolt , Lasdon Leon , Plummer John , Glover Fred , Kelly James , Martí Rafael
Published: August 2007

The algorithm described here, called OptQuest/NLP or OQNLP, is a heuristic designed to find global optima for pure and mixed integer nonlinear problems with many constraints and variables, where all problem functions are differentiable with respect to the continuous variables. It uses OptQuest, a commercial implementation of scatter search developed by OptTek Systems, Inc., to provide starting points for any gradient-based local solver for nonlinear programming (NLP) problems. This solver seeks a local solution from a subset of these points, holding discrete variables fixed. The procedure is motivated by our desire to combine the superior accuracy and feasibility-seeking behavior of gradient-based local NLP solvers with the global optimization abilities of OptQuest. Computational results include 155 smooth NLP and mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP) problems due to Floudas et al. (1999), most with both linear and nonlinear constraints, coded in the GAMS modeling language. Some are quite large for global optimization, with over 100 variables and 100 constraints. Global solutions to almost all problems are found in a small number of local solver calls, often one or two.
An Optimization Framework for Conformal Radiation Treatment Planning
Authors: Lim Gino J. , Ferris Michael C. , Wright Stephen J. , Shepard David M. , Earl Matthew A.
Published: August 2007

An optimization framework for three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy is presented. In conformal therapy, beams of radiation are applied to a patient from different directions, where the aperture through which the beam is delivered from each direction is chosen to match the shape of the tumor, as viewed from that direction. Wedge filters may be used to produce a gradient in beam intensity across the aperture. Given a set of equispaced beam angles, a mixed-integer linear program can be solved to determine the most effective angles to be used in a treatment plan, the weight (exposure time) to be used for each beam, and the type and orientation of wedges to be used. Practical solution techniques for this problem are described; they include strengthening of the formulation and solution of smaller approximate problems obtained by a reduced parametrization of the treatment region. In addition, techniques for controlling the dose-volume histogram implicitly for various parts of the treatment region using hot- and cold-spot control parameters are presented. Computational results are given that show the effectiveness of the proposed approach on practical data sets.
On the Selection of the Globally Optimal Prototype Subset for Nearest-Neighbor Classification
Authors: Carrizosa Emilio , Martín-Barragán Belén , Plastria Frank , Romero Morales Dolores
Published: August 2007

The nearest-neighbor classifier has been shown to be a powerful tool for multiclass classification. We explore both theoretical properties and empirical behavior of a variant method, in which the nearest-neighbor rule is applied to a reduced set of prototypes. This set is selected a priori by fixing its cardinality and minimizing the empirical misclassification cost. In this way we alleviate the two serious drawbacks of the nearest-neighbor method: high storage requirements and time-consuming queries. Finding this reduced set is shown to be NP-hard. We provide mixed integer programming (MIP) formulations, which are theoretically compared and solved by a standard MIP solver for small problem instances. We show that the classifiers derived from these formulations are comparable to benchmark procedures. We solve large problem instances by a metaheuristic that yields good classification rules in reasonable time. Additional experiments indicate that prototype-based nearest-neighbor classifiers remain quite stable in the presence of missing values.
Efficient Computations for the Discrete GI/G/1 System
Authors: Alfa Attahiru Sule , Xue Jungong
Published: August 2007

We consider the discrete-time GI/G/1 system with discrete interarrival times and service-times distributions that have finite supports, and formulate it as a PH/PH/1 system. We then take advantage of the resulting special structure to develop efficient methods for computing its rate matrices and the decay rates of its queue length and waiting time.
Denser Packings Obtained in O(n log log n) Time
Authors: Pisinger David
Published: August 2007

The placement problem is that of packing a set of rectangles into a minimum-area enclosing rectangle. Since it is difficult to optimize directly on a placement, a number of topological representations have been presented in the literature. One of the most successful is the sequence pair representation. As opposed to previous papers using sequence pair, we do not make use of the corresponding constraint graph, but interpret the sequences as a packing order in a constructive algorithm. All placements generated are semi-normalized, i.e., each module is moved as far left and down as possible according to the current packing contour. It is shown that the two interpretations are equivalent for any minimum-area placement, and for a given sequence pair the new interpretation results in a placement using no more area than the constraint graph interpretation. The transformation runs in O(nlog log n) time and it is able to handle various constraints on the location of modules. Computational results based on a simulated-annealing framework show that the algorithm is able to improve significantly on the best found solutions for benchmark very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit design problems using less than ten seconds of CPU time. For large packing problems it is able to find solutions quickly that waste no more than 3%–5percnt; of the space.
A Very Large-Scale Neighborhood Search Algorithm for the Combined Through-Fleet-Assignment Model
Authors: Ahuja Ravindra K. , Goodstein Jon , Mukherjee Amit , Orlin James B. , Sharma Dushyant
Published: August 2007

The fleet-assignment model (FAM) for an airline assigns fleet types to the set of flight legs that satisfies a variety of constraints and minimizes the cost of the assignment. A through connection at a station is a connection between an arrival flight and a departure flight at the station, both of which have the same fleet type assigned to them, which ensures that the same plane flies both legs. Typically, passengers are willing to pay a premium for through connections. The through-assignment model (TAM) identifies a set of profitable throughs between arrival and departure flights flown by the same fleet type at each station to maximize the through benefits. TAM is usually solved after obtaining the solution from FAM. In this sequential approach, TAM cannot change the fleeting to get a better through assignment, and FAM does not take into account the through benefits. The goal of the combined through-fleet-assignment model (ctFAM) is to come up with a fleeting and through assignment that achieves the maximum combined benefit of the integrated model. We give a mixed integer-programming (MIP) formulation of ctFAM that is too large to be solved to even near optimality within allowable time for the data obtained by a major U.S. airline. We thus focus on neighborhood search algorithms for solving ctFAM, in which we start with the solution obtained by the previous sequential approach (that is, solving FAM first, followed by TAM) and improve it successively. Our approach is based on generalizing the swap-based neighborhood search approach of Talluri (1996) for FAM, which proceeds by swapping the fleet assignment of two flight paths flown by two different plane types that originate and terminate at the same stations and the same times. An important feature of our approach is that the size of our neighborhood is very large; hence the suggested algorithm is in the category of very large-scale neighborhood (VLSN) search algorithms. Another important feature of our approach is that we use integer programming to identify improved neighbors. We provide computational results that indicate that the neighborhood search approach for ctFAM provides substantial savings over the sequential approach of solving FAM and TAM.
Power Algorithms for Inverting Laplace Transforms
Authors: Avdis Efstathios , Whitt Ward
Published: August 2007

This paper investigates ways to create algorithms to invert Laplace transforms numerically within a unified framework proposed by Abate and Whitt (2006). That framework approximates the desired function value by a finite linear combination of transform values, depending on parameters called weights and nodes, which are initially left unspecified. Alternative parameter sets, and thus algorithms, are generated and evaluated here by considering power test functions. Real weights for a real-variable power algorithm are found for specified real powers and positive real nodes by solving a system of linear equations involving a generalized Vandermonde matrix, using Mathematica. The resulting power algorithms are shown to be effective, with the parameter choice being tunable to the transform being inverted. The powers can be advantageously chosen from series expansions of the transform. Experiments show that the power algorithms are robust in the nodes; it suffices to use the first n positive integers. The power test functions also provide a useful way to evaluate the performance of other algorithms.
Knee Loading Accelerates Bone Healing in Mice
Authors: Zhang Ping , Sun Qiwei , Turner Charles H , Yokota Hiroki
Published: August 2007

Knee loading is an anabolic loading modality that applies lateral loads to the knee. This study shows that loads applied to the proximal tibial epiphysis stimulate healing of surgically generated wounds in the tibial diaphysis.

Introduction: Wound healing is sensitive to mechanical stimulation such as various forms of stress and different magnitudes of strain. Knee loading has been shown to induce anabolic responses to murine tibias and femora when a strain of 10–20 μstrain is applied at the site of new bone formation. The object of this study was to address a question: does knee loading accelerate closure of open wounds in the tibia?

Material and Methods: Fifty-three C57/BL/6 female mice were used. A surgical wound (0.5 mm in diameter) was generated in the left tibia (loaded) and the right tibia (sham-loaded control). From the fourth postoperative day, knee loading was performed to the left knee with a custom-made piezoelectric loader for 3 min/d for 3 consecutive days. The peak-to-peak force was 0.5 N. Animals were killed 1, 2, or 3 wk after surgery, and the healing process was evaluated with μCT, pQCT, and bone histomorphometry with calcein labeling.

Results: The measured strain was <20 μstrain with 0.5-N force regardless of the presence or absence of surgical wounds. Compared with sham-loaded controls, the results showed load-driven acceleration of wound healing. First, μCT data revealed that knee loading reduced the size of surgical wounds by 13% (p < 0.01; 1 wk), 25% (p < 0.001; 2 wk), and 15% (p < 0.01; 3 wk). Second, pQCT data indicated that total BMD and BMC and cortical BMD and BMC were significantly increased in the third postoperative week. Last, bone histomorphometry revealed that bone formation was stimulated from the site proximal (close to the knee) to the wound.

Conclusions: The reparative and remodeling phases of wound healing were enhanced by loads applied to the knee without inducing significant in situ strain at the site of wounds. Noninvasive knee loading might therefore be useful clinically to stimulate bone healing in the entire tibia along its length (including cast immobilized wounds).
Die scheinbare Wiedereinführung der Vermögenskonfiskation in Russland
Authors: Schroeder Friedrich-Christian
Published: August 2007

Die Konfiskation des dem Täter gehörenden Vermögens galt lange Zeit bei den Inhabern der Strafgewalt als deren geschätztestes Instrument. Die Carolina von 1532 zählt die willkürliche Vermögenskonfiskation zu den „mißbreuchen vnd bösen vnuernünfftigen gewonheyten, so an etlichen orten vnd enden gehalten werden“ (Art. 218). Bedenklich war vor allem, dass diese Sanktion nach einem Todesurteil nur noch die Familie traf und „Weib und Kinder an den Bettelstab“ gelangten (Art. 218 Carolina). Dementsprechend wurde die Vermögenskonfiskation im preußischen StGB von 1851 aus humanitären Gründen abgeschafft.
Religion and the American Public Philosophy
Authors: Dean William
Published: August 2007

Stephen Whicher has suggested about Emerson in particular that the “dogmatic” optimism he vaunted publicly was something of a makeshift cover for the void he felt in private, a too-much-protested (and therefore sometimes callous) faith thrust upon him by “the ghastly reality of things.”

Sacvan Bercovitch

At the same time there was in [William] James an awful loneliness. He lived in terrible personal isolation, believing that only individuality counted and that even its joys were fleeting. Much of his optimism was bravado.

Bruce Kuklick
The Incorporation of American Religion: The Case of the Presbyterians
Authors: Weeks Louis
Published: August 2007

The Christian church, including all its various branches, has been consistently susceptible to the forces that form or change cultures. Scholars claim that this adaptability has been extremely important in the rise and spread of the religion. In the American environment, Protestants formed voluntary associations that attracted people individually and by family groups. This environment actually shaped “denominations” even during the colonial period. One such denomination was the Presbyterians, who pioneered in the formation of a communion that existed as neither a “state church” nor a “dissenting” church body. As the United States experienced industrialization and growing complexity in economic and cultural patterns, the Protestant denominations were affected by those same forces. Thus, denominations naturally became what came to be termed “non-profit corporations,” subject to the limitations and problems of such organizations but also the beneficiaries of that system as well.
The Troubled Soul of the Academy: American Learning and the Problem of Religious Studies
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: August 2007

The decade of the 1960's was important for American scholars who studied religion. Prospects for employment brightened considerably as public and private universities and Colleges created undergraduate and graduate programs in religious studies. Becoming more self-conscious about their academic identity, professors who staffed these programs founded the American Academy of Religion in 1964, an organization designed to promote scholarship and publication in religion. One index to the growing prominence of religious studies was the survey of humanistic scholarship commissioned by Princeton University's Council on the Humanities and funded by the Ford Foundation. Of the thirteen volumes in this series, two were devoted to the field of religion: Clyde A. Holbrook'sReligion, A Humanistic Field(1963), andReligion(1965), a summary of the various fields in religious studies, edited by Paul Ramsey.
Creation, Evolution, and Holy Ghost Religion: Holiness and Pentecostal Responses to Darwinism
Authors: Numbers Ronald L.
Published: August 2007

In the summer of 1926, the Holiness evangelist Andrew Johnson announced the Suspension of his twenty-seven-part attack on “the biological baboon boosters,” serialized in the Pentecostal Herald, so that he could temporarily return to the camp-meeting circuit. No one in the Holiness Community had been agitating more vigorously to “shake the monkey out of the cocoanut tree,” as he described his Crusade, and he wanted to assure his readers that his “lectures against Darwinism and ‘ape to man’ evolution” would never eclipse the gospel of salvation. “There is nothing like an old-fashioned, soul-saving revival of Holy Ghost religion,” declared the bombastic preacher. “So, let it be distinctly understood that the lectures on Evolution are absolutely secondary to the main line work of intense, soul-saving evangelism to which we have been called and in which we expect to remain.”
The Apocalyptic Origins of Churches of Christ and the Triumph of Modernism
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: August 2007

The origins of the American-born Churches of Christ are exceedingly complex. While most historians have argued that Churches of Christ separated from Alexander Campbell's Disciples of Christ late in the nineteenth Century, this essay will suggest that the genesis of Churches of Christ was not a matter of Separation from the Disciples at all. Rather, Churches of Christ grew from two early nineteenth-century worldviews that coalesced and intertwined with one another in ways that often defy disentanglement. The first was the apocalyptic perspective of Barton W. Stone; the second was the radically sectarian mentality of the young and brash Alexander Campbell of theChristian Baptistperiod (1823-1830). As early as the 1830's, these two perspectives wed, brought together in part by the matchmaking power of poverty, marginality, and social estrangement. Together, they clearly shaped a portion of the Stone-Campbell movement that, in due time, would come to be known as a denomination separate from the Disciples; namely, the Churches of Christ.
Imaging Protestant Piety: The Icons of Warner Sallman
Authors: Morgan David
Published: August 2007

Traditionally, art historians have relied on iconography, biography, and connoisseurship as the fundamental means of studying images. These approaches and methods stress the singularity of an image, its authenticity, and its authorship; therefore, they reflect an enduring debt to the humanist tradition of individualism. The image is understood principally as the product of the unique and privileged inspiration of an individual artist and is regarded as a measure of this individual's genius. Iconographical and biographical research secure authorial intent; connoisseurship authenticates the work. While this scholarly apparatus certainly offers the art historian indispensable tools, it is important to understand that its commitment to original intent is singularly ill-equipped to assess the reception of images, the ongoing history of response that keeps images alive within a culture from generation to generation.
Religion in the United States: Notes Toward a New Classification
Authors: Corbett Julia Mitchell
Published: August 2007

How one should classsify religious groups in the United States is a persistent question. The necessity for some sort of classification system is obvious: the vast diversity of religion in the United States requires that we be able to bring order out of what would otherwise be sheer chaos. At the same time, the pluralism that raises the issue in the first place makes the development of an adequate method of classification difficult. Both the historic Judeo-Christian mainstream and the alternatives to it that have emerged throughout our history must be given their due in a way that obscures the importance of neither one.
Mass Culture, Upper-Class Culture, and the Decline of Church Discipline in the Evangelical South: The 1910 Case of the Godbold Mineral Well Hotel
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: August 2007

Two of the primary images most scholars have of the religion of white southerners in the postbellum period seem inconsistent or even contradictory. One image portrays members of the mainstream Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches as becoming increasingly secure in their positions as leaders of southern society. The churches were losing, or had already lost, their sense as agencies for the plain folk to criticize the complacency, the hierarchical pretensions, and perceived decadence of the upper class. In doing so, they had taken on the characteristics John Lee Eighmy best described asChurches in Cultural Captivity.As on so many topics, C. Vann Woodward states this position most clearly.
The Church and American Destiny: Evangelical Episcopalians and Voluntary Societies in Antebellum America
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt
Published: August 2007

The study of evangelical moral reform has become one of the most fruitful areas of research in American religious history. By looking at reform, particularly voluntary societies, social and political historians have acknowledged the cultural importance of religion. Thus, nineteenth-century evangelicals have been recognized for their positive, negative, or ambiguous contributions to American society. Often with great success, historians have expounded and promoted interpretations of social control, capitalist expansionism, and neo-Marxism regarding evangelical social action. Yet, in spite of differing nuances, many of these interpretations follow much the same story line: antebellum evangelicals attempted, however nobly or misguidedly, to impose their standards of piety and morality on the American public. They feared the chaos released by the American and French revolutions.
The Holocaust, Second-Generation Witness, and the Voluntary Covenant in American Judaism
Authors: Berger Alan L.
Published: August 2007

Widespread discourse about the Holocaust entered American popular culture in the seventies in two main ways: a series of television shows that purportedly focused on the destruction of European Judaism and two books that dealt specifically with the children of survivors. The television miniseries, Gerald Green's Holocaust (1978), suited the national need for simplified history and melodrama. Moreover, given the American penchant for ethnic identifiers, Holocaust became known as the Jewish Roots. The networks soon aired other Holocaust programs, including Herman Wouk's far less commercially successful The Winds of War. The resultant Holocaust discourse was frequently poorly informed and historically naive. On the one hand, it reflected a tendency in Western culture to think that the Holocaust ended definitively in 1945. On the other hand, this discourse frequently neutralized the evil of nazism.
Thomas Merton and the Religion of the Bomb
Authors: Farrell James J.
Published: August 2007

In 1958, C. Wright Mills delivered his “Pagan Sermon to the Christian Clergy,” a piece in which he challenged American churches to consider their complicity in the coming of World War III. Mills complained that “the verbal Christian belief in the sanctity of human life… does not itself enter decisively into the plans now being readied for World War III.… Total war ought indeed be difficult for the Christian conscience to confront, but the Christian way out makes it easy; war is defended morally and Christians easily fall into line—as they are led to justify it—in each nation in terms of Christian faith itself.”
How Realistic Can a Catholic Writer Be? Richard Sullivan and American Catholic Literature
Authors: Cadegan Una M.
Published: August 2007

In 1933, a twenty-five-year-old writer named Richard Sullivan articulated for himself the qualities a novel should have. In a “Record of Work Begun and Ideas for Stories,” 1932-1933, he wrote:

Let all be adoration. 9-14-33

a novel must be—?

American—constantly; of course, naturally.

Scope—heights to depths; and length also: a life

Religious—naturally; how else?

Bitter—like life; intermittently.

When he wrote these words, Sullivan had not yet published a novel; the publication of his first short story in a national magazine was still three years away. He eventually published six of his novels and dozens of short stories while teaching English at the University of Notre Dame from 1936 to 1974. Few people have heard of him or his work, and, at first glance, his life looks commonplace, even prosaic—he never lived farther than one hundred miles from his birthplace and seldom traveled; he taught at the same place, largely the same courses, for thirty-eight years; he wrote and published for almost forty years, coming tantalizingly close to major success, which nonetheless always eluded him.
Character, Public Schooling, and Religious Education, 1920-1934
Authors: Warren Heather A.
Published: August 2007

Over the past five years, the American public has witnessed a flurry of interest in “character” and “character or moral education.” In 1992, William Kilpatrick wrote a book that attracted widespread attention,Why Johnny Can't Tell Right from Wrong: Moral Illiteracy and the Case for Character Education.A year later, William Bennett's best-selling anthology of remedial readings appeared,The Book of Virtues.More recently, Gertrude Himmelfarb published a book on the Victorian golden age of morals. At the same time, within the educational field, a subprofession of consultants devoted to character work has aimed to affect schooling at the elementary and secondary levels. As early as the mid-1970's, theologians and ethicists began discussing the idea of character, taking their cue from Stanley Hauerwas. Common to all of these writers is the belief that character has a necessary tie to religion and democracy.
The Scalabrini Fathers, the Italian Emigrant Church, and Ethnic Nationalism in America
Authors: D'Agostino Peter R.
Published: August 2007

Philip Gleason has observed that the Roman Catholic church in the United States has been an “institutional immigrant” for much of its history. The idea of an “institutional immigrant,” posed in the Singular and distinguished from “the immigrant peoples who comprised the Catholic population,” presupposes a basic if undefined unity to American Catholicism. The nature of that unity has always been a highly contested issue. Gleason's formulation also suggests that the experience of the Catholic church is illuminated by considering its history in light of the processes that have occupied students of immigration—Americanization, generational transition, assimilation, the invention of ethnicity, and the like. The nature of these processes has also given rise to debates as Americans grapple to understand their cultural identity. In short, Gleason's idea lends itself to debate about the normative significance of American Catholicism, American culture, and their relationship to one another. In the interest of enriching this debate, I would suggest that the Roman Catholic church in the United States has also been an institutional emigrant.
Southern Baptists and Northern Evangelicals: Cultural Factors and the Nature of Religious Alliances
Authors: Hankins Barry
Published: August 2007

At times in history, groups of people with very different ideologies have allied with one another because of a common threat. The most striking example of this was the World War II alliance of the United States and the Soviet Union. In a religious matter, Baptists and other free-church evangelicals in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries joined with deists like Thomas Jefferson to combat the threat to religious liberty posed by the establishment of religion. At other times, groups with similar ideas have been unable to come together because they did not share similar attitudes toward or positions within their cultures. This essay is concerned with the latter phenomenon and uses Southern Baptists and northern evangelicals as a case study. The historical relationship of these two groups illustrates something profound about the very nature of religious alliances; specifically, it illustrates how cultural factors and intuitive notions of uneasiness about theological security determine whether or not religious groups with great theological similarities can find common ground.
Jewish GIs and the Creation of the Judeo-Christian Tradition
Authors: Moore Deborah Dash
Published: August 2007

“Fifty years ago last June,” Bernard Bellush recalled, “our naval vessel,LST 379, plowed through the choppy waters of the English Channel under overcast skies. We were part of the vast Allied armada heading for the D-day invasion of Omaha Beach in France. Despite briefings,” he admitted, “not one of us was prepared for the cliffs bristling with German armament.” Raised in a socialist Jewish home, Bellush joined the army to fight in World War II like tens of thousands of other American Jewish men. His recollections deserve our attention not merely for the time and place that they recall—though the experience of the D-Day invasion is inherently interesting—but also for what happened onLST 379as it crossed the Channel in 1944.
“Rational Amusement and Sound Instruction”: Constructing the True Catholic Woman in theAve Maria, 1865-1889
Authors: Becker Penny Edgell
Published: August 2007

This article explores the relationship between gender ideology and popular culture in one particular time and place—a Catholic family magazine called theAve Mariaduring the latter part of the nineteenth Century. This case study yields an interpretive sociological account of how women were portrayed in this magazine, an account that sheds light on our understanding of the construction and negotiation of religious ideologies. When I speak of “ideology,” I refer to highly articulated and explicit meaning Systems that construct and regulate patterns of conduct. “Official ideologies” are endorsed and promoted by organizational officials and/or community elites.

A systematic examination ofAve Mariafrom 1865 to 1889 reveals that two-thirds of the articles reproduce some version of the official ideology of the True Catholic Woman. On the other hand, about one-third of the articles produce what I call “alternative interpretations”—“alternative” because they are critical of the limits that the official versions placed on women's character, activity, or autonomy.
Tares in the Wheat: Puritan Violence and Puritan Families in the Nineteenth-Century Liberal Imagination
Authors: Buchanan Daniel P.
Published: August 2007

The New England tradition of violence is a curiously dual one. For more than a Century after their arrival in Boston, the Puritans of New England participated in the wave of genocidal violence that helped decimate Native communities throughout the Americas. To a lesser degree, they also turned their violent energies against members of their own Community by banishing, torturing, and killing those Puritans who embraced the Quaker doctrine of the inner light or who were accused by their neighbors of witchcraft. Yet, rarely has a community been so self-conscious about its own violence, so determined to find ultimate meaning in the midst of atrocity. What could it mean, New Englanders persistently asked, that their “city on a hill” was enmeshed in violence? For at least two of the theological traditions that took strongest hold in New England—Puritanism and liberalism—this question was an inescapable preoccupation.
“We Have Heard the Joyful Sound”: Charles E. Fuller's Radio Broadcast and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2007

The message that Grace Fuller had awaited for years arrived at her cabin in the San Bernardino mountains. Here, she sought relief from the Southern California heat that aggravated her tuberculosis, for which there was no easy treatment in 1916. Her husband, Charles, had gone to church alone in Los Angeles to hear Paul Rader, the boxer-turned-evangelist. There, Charles converted to fundamental Christianity. Unable to contain his excitement, he informed her of his call to missions, probably Africa. Certain the heat would do her in, Grace's gratitude for Charles's religious experience was tempered by the idea of being a missionary. She thought to herseif, “I'll go with him anywhere in the world, but oh, my goodness, I hope it isn't to a hotclimate!”
The Aura of Wellness: Subtle-Energy Healing and New Age Religion
Authors: Albanese Catherine L.
Published: August 2007

Producing a book as a tenured professor retired from the Department of Physiological Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, is probably not an activity to invite unusual notice. But if the book is titledInfinite Mind: Science of the Human Vibrations of Consciousnessand if one of its chapters announces as its topic “The Human Aura: Living Vibrations Brought to Light,” perhaps there is reason to take a second look. “Too often we scientists get lost in our data,” observes Valerie V. Hunt, “forgetting that the essence of science is careful observation, deep thought, and wise deductions from both reasoning AND the exercise of mystical and dreamlike states.” With a declared background in neurophysiology and psychology as well as teaching experience at Columbia University, the University of Iowa, and UCLA, Hunt invites readers both lay and scientific: “Come with me on a journey of discovery into the research of the vibrant human aura that you can follow and understand. For scientists, my reasoning, although broad and penetrating—and sometimes mystical—is based upon scientific facts and clinical observations.”
The Sisters of the Holy Family and the Veil of Race
Authors: Fessenden Tracy
Published: August 2007

In 1872, a young novice, Sister Marie, appeared at the door of the private study of Napoleon Perche, archbishop of New Orleans. This was not Sister Marie's first visit to the archbishop's residence. As a member of the religious order “last in rank” in the city, she was regularly called on to perform housekeeping duties for the archbishop and had worked for him in this capacity first as a postulant and later as a novice. Today, the reason for her visit was different: she appeared before him for the first time in a religious habit, which her order's mother superior, Josephine Charles, had designed and made. Mother Josephine was one of three founders of the Soeurs de Sainte-Famille or Sisters of the Holy Family (SSF), the order lowest in rank in New Orleans because its members were women of African descent.
We Do Not See Things as They Are, We See Them as We Are: A Multidimensional Worldview Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Doron Guy , Kyrios Michael , Moulding Richard , Nedeljkovic Maja , Bhar Sunil
Published: August 2007

Cognitive-behavioral models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) assign a central role to specific beliefs and coping strategies in the development, maintenance and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. These models also implicate perceptions of self and the world in the development and maintenance of OC phenomena (e.g., overestimation of threat, sociotropy, ambivalent or sensitive sense of self, looming vulnerability), although such self and world domains have not always been emphasized in recent research. Following recent recommendations (Doron & Kyrios, 2005), the present study undertook a multifaceted investigation of self and world perceptions in a nonclinical sample, using a coherent worldview framework (Janoff-Bulman, 1989, 1991). Beliefs regarding the self and the world were found to predict OC symptom severity over and above beliefs outlined in traditional cognitive-behavioral models of OCD. Self and world beliefs were also related to other OC-relevant beliefs. Implications of these findings for theory and treatment of OCD are discussed.