bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Double‐Blinded Trial on the Effects of Ultrasound Transducer Orientation on Teaching and Learning Ultrasound‐Guided Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Lam Nicholas C. K. , Baker Elizabeth B. , Fishburn Steven J. , Hammer Angie R. , Petersen Timothy R. , Mariano Edward R.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

Learning ultrasound‐guided regional anesthesia skills, especially needle/ beam alignment, can be especially difficulty for trainees, who can often become frustrated. We hypothesized that teaching novices to orient the transducer and needle perpendicular to their shoulders will improve performance on a standardized task, compared to holding the transducer and needle parallel to the shoulders.

Methods

This study compared the effects of transducer orientation on trainees' ability to complete a standardized ultrasound‐guided nerve block simulation. The time to task completion and percentage of the attempt time without adequate needle visualization were measured. Participants were right‐handed healthy adults with no previous ultrasound experience and were randomly assigned to training in either transducer and needle alignment in a coronal plane, parallel to the shoulders (parallel group) or transducer and needle alignment in a sagittal plane, perpendicular to the shoulders (perpendicular group). Participants used ultrasound to direct a needle to 3 targets in a standardized gelatin phantom and repeated this task 3 times. Their efforts were timed and evaluated by an assessor, who was blinded to group assignment.

Results

Data were analyzed on 28 participants. The perpendicular group was able to complete the task more quickly (P < .001) and with a smaller proportion of time lost to inadequate needle visualization (P < .001).

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐guided regional anesthesia trainees complete a standardized task more quickly and efficiently when instructed to hold the transducer and needle in an orientation perpendicular to their shoulders.
The relationship between physical aggression, foreign policy and moral choices: Phenotypic and genetic findings
Authors: McDermott Rose , Hatemi Peter K.
Published: June 2016

Previous work has demonstrated that both leaders and other individuals vary in dispositional levels of physical aggression, which are genetically influenced. Yet the importance of individual differences in aggression for attitudes toward foreign policy or context‐laden moral choices, such as sacrificing the lives of some for the greater good of many, has yet to be fully explored. Given the global importance of such decisions, we undertook this exploration in a sample of 586 Australians, including 250 complete twin pairs. We found that individuals who scored higher on Buss–Perry's physical aggression scale were more likely to support aggressive foreign policy interventions and displayed a more utilitarian moral calculus than those who scored lower on this scale. Furthermore, we found that the majority of variance in physical aggression lay in genetic factors for men, whereas the majority of the variance was in environmental factors for women. The source of covariation between aggression and political choices also differed between the sexes. A combination of genetic and environmental factors accounted for most of the cross‐trait correlations among males, whereas common and unique environmental factors accounted for most of the cross‐trait correlations among females. We consider the implications of our results for understanding how trait measures of aggression are associated with foreign policy and moral choices, providing evidence for why and how individuals differ in responding to complex social dilemmas. Aggr. Behav. 43:37–46, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stretchable Twisted‐Pair Transmission Lines for Microwave Frequency Wearable Electronics
Authors: Jung Yei Hwan , Lee Juhwan , Qiu Yijie , Cho Namki , Cho Sang June , Zhang Huilong , Lee Subin , Kim Tong June , Gong Shaoqin , Ma Zhenqiang
Published: June 2016

Stretchable electrical interconnects based on serpentines combined with elastic materials are utilized in various classes of wearable electronics. However, such interconnects are primarily for direct current or low‐frequency signals and incompatible with microwave electronics that enable wireless communication. In this paper, design and fabrication procedures are described for stretchable transmission line capable of delivering microwave signals. The stretchable transmission line has twisted‐pair design integrated into thin‐film serpentine microstructure to minimize electromagnetic interference, such that the line's performance is minimally affected by the environment in close proximity, allowing its use in thin‐film bioelectronics, such as the epidermal electronic system. Detailed analysis, simulations, and experimental results show that the stretchable transmission line has negligible changes in performance when stretched and is operable on skin through suppressed radiated emission achieved with the twisted‐pair geometry. Furthermore, stretchable microwave low‐pass filter and band‐stop filter are demonstrated using the twisted‐pair structure to show the feasibility of the transmission lines as stretchable passive components. These concepts form the basic elements used in the design of stretchable microwave components, circuits, and subsystems performing important radio frequency functionalities, which can apply to many types of stretchable bioelectronics for radio transmitters and receivers.
Asymmetrical Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Controllable Direct Electrostatic Discharge
Authors: Su Zongming , Han Mengdi , Cheng Xiaoliang , Chen Haotian , Chen Xuexian , Zhang Haixia
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a novel asymmetrical triboelectric nanogenerator (A‐TENG) to produce, detect, and analyze contact electrification and electrostatic discharge (ESD) in the atmosphere. Thanks to the asymmetrical structures, the direct and continuous ESD phenomenon without any external electronic circuits is, for the first time, discovered by our experiments in A‐TENG. Different from traditional contact‐mode TENG, asymmetrical contact pairs introduce an unstable state, which causes a continuous surface charge increase and eventually the air breakdown. The ESD phenomena have been simultaneously detected and confirmed by a low‐dark‐current photoelectric detector. Four different steps have been summarized to describe irregular ESD transition processes before their stable state. At the same time, the frequency and efficiency of ESD have been generally regulated and controlled by systematically investigating several key influence factors (contact materials, contact pressure, tilted angle, surface morphology, etc.). This asymmetrical structure has proved TENG as powerful and real‐time analytical equipment to explore fundamentals of contact electrification and ESD. Meanwhile, three necessary premises for ESD in TENG can be selectively avoided for the improvement of the stability of TENG.
Improved All‐Polymer Solar Cell Performance by Using Matched Polymer Acceptor
Authors: Shi Shaohua , Yuan Jianyu , Ding Guanqun , Ford Michael , Lu Kunyuan , Shi Guozheng , Sun Jianxia , Ling Xufeng , Li Yong , Ma Wanli
Published: June 2016

By the introduction of different building blocks and side‐chains, a series of donor–acceptor type polymer acceptors containing naphthalene diimide have been successfully prepared. The theoretical and experimental results show that the molecular design effectively tunes the energy levels, solubility, and coplanarity of the acceptor polymers. The intermolecular packing, which has been considered as a key factor in the bulk heterojunction morphology, has been adjusted by changing the coplanarity. As a result of improved morphology and fine‐tuned energy levels, a power conversion efficiency of 6.0% has been demonstrated for the optimized devices, which is among the highest‐efficiencies for reported all‐polymer solar cells. The improved device performance may be attributed to the resemble crystallinity of the donor/acceptor polymers, which can lead to the optimal phase separation morphology balancing both charge transfer and transport.
pH‐Switch Nanoprecipitation of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Multimodal Cancer Targeting and Intracellular Triggered Delivery of Doxorubicin
Authors: Herranz‐Blanco Bárbara , Shahbazi Mohammad‐Ali , Correia Alexandra R. , Balasubramanian Vimalkumar , Kohout Tomáš , Hirvonen Jouni , Santos Hélder A.
Published: June 2016

Theranostic nanoparticles are emerging as potent tools for noninvasive diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of solid tumors. Herein, an advanced targeted and multistimuli responsive theranostic platform is presented for the intracellular triggered delivery of doxorubicin. The system consists of a polymeric‐drug conjugate solid nanoparticle containing encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IO@PNP) and decorated with a tumor homing peptide, iRGD. The production of this nanosystem is based on a pH‐switch nanoprecipitation method in organic‐free solvents, making it ideal for biomedical applications. The nanosystem shows sufficient magnetization saturation for magnetically guided therapy along with reduced cytotoxicity and hemolytic effects. IO@PNP are largely internalized by endothelial and metastatic cancer cells and iRGD decorated IO@PNP moderately enhance their internalization into endothelial cells, while no enhancement is found for the metastatic cancer cells. Poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(histidine) with pH‐responsive and proton‐sponge properties promotes prompt lysosomal escape once the nanoparticles are endocyted. In addition, the polymer‐doxorubicin conjugate solid nanoparticles show both intracellular lysosomal escape and efficient translocation of doxorubicin to the nuclei of the cells via cleavage of the amide bond. Overall, IO@PNP‐doxorubicin and the iRGD decorated counterpart demonstrate to enhance the toxicity of doxorubicin in cancer cells by improving the intracellular delivery of the drug carried in the IO@PNP.
Core–Shell Composite Hydrogels for Controlled Nanocrystal Formation and Release of Hydrophobic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Badruddoza Abu Zayed Md , Godfrin P. Douglas , Myerson Allan S. , Trout Bernhardt L. , Doyle Patrick S.
Published: June 2016

Although roughly 40% of pharmaceuticals being developed are poorly water soluble, this class of drugs lacks a formulation strategy capable of producing high loads, fast dissolution kinetics, and low energy input. In this work, a novel bottom‐up approach is developed for producing and formulating nanocrystals of poorly water‐soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using core–shell composite hydrogel beads. Organic phase nanoemulsion droplets stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and containing a model hydrophobic API (fenofibrate) are embedded in the alginate hydrogel matrix and subsequently act as crystallization reactors. Controlled evaporation of this composite material produces core–shell structured alginate‐PVA hydrogels with drug nanocrystals (500–650 nm) embedded within the core. Adjustable loading of API nanocrystals up to 83% by weight is achieved with dissolution (of 80% of the drug) occurring in as little as 30 min. A quantitative model is also developed and experimentally validated that the drug release patterns of the fenofibrate nanocrystals can be modulated by controlling the thickness of the PVA shell and drug loading. Thus, these composite materials offer a “designer” drug delivery system. Overall, our approach enables a novel means of simultaneous controlled crystallization and formulation of hydrophobic drugs that circumvents energy intensive top–down processes in traditional manufacturing.
Electrical Switching of Magnetization in the Artificial Multiferroic CoFeB/BaTiO3
Authors: Baldrati Lorenzo , Rinaldi Christian , Manuzzi Alberto , Asa Marco , Aballe Lucia , Foerster Michael , Biškup Neven , Varela Maria , Cantoni Matteo , Bertacco Riccardo
Published: June 2016

Electronic, magnetic, chemical, and mechanical phenomena occurring in metal/oxide heterostructures have recently received great attention in view of their exploitation in novel solid state devices. In particular, artificial multiferroics, i.e., layered or composite systems made of a ferromagnetic and ferroelectric phase, hold potential for achieving the electric control of the magnetization in spintronic devices. In this paper, a novel artificial multiferroic displaying perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is reported: the CoFeB/BaTiO3 bilayer. At room temperature, the CoFeB magnetic coercive field displays a hysteretic behavior, as a function of the voltage across the BaTiO3 layer, with a 60% variation for complete reversal of the ferroelectric BaTiO3 polarization. This is exploited to achieve the electric switching of the magnetization of individual CoFeB electrodes under a uniform magnetic bias field. Upon the local BaTiO3 polarization reversal, the CoFeB electrode jumps from an initial metastable state into the opposite stable magnetization state, with a characteristic switching time determined by magnetic viscosity. The magnetically assisted bipolar electric switching of the magnetization is demonstrated, via voltage pulses compatible with complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics, under uniform bias fields as low as 10 Oe.
Shiftwork and decline in endothelial function among police officers
Authors: Charles Luenda E. , Zhao Songzhu , Fekedulegn Desta , Violanti John M. , Andrew Michael E. , Burchfiel Cecil M.
Published: June 2016

Background

Our objective was to assess the influence of shiftwork on change in endothelial function.

Methods

This longitudinal study was conducted in 188 police officers (78.2% men). Shiftwork status (day, afternoon, night) was assessed objectively using daily Buffalo, NY payroll work history records. Brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed using ultrasound. Mean change in FMD% between 2004–2009 and 2010–2015 was compared across shiftwork using analysis of variance/covariance.

Results

Overall, mean FMD% decreased from 5.74 ± 2.83 to 3.88 ± 2.11 over an average of 7 years among all officers; P < 0.0001. Effect modification by gender was significant. Among men (but not women), those who worked day shifts had a smaller mean (±SE) decrease in FMD% (−0.89 ± 0.35) compared with those who worked the afternoon (−2.69 ± 0.39; P = 0.001) or night shifts (−2.31 ± 0.45; P = 0.020) after risk factor adjustment.

Conclusions

Larger declines in endothelial function were observed among men who worked afternoon or night shifts. Further investigation is warranted. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1001–1008, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Regular use of pain medication due to musculoskeletal disorders in the general working population: Cross‐sectional study among 10,000 workers
Authors: Sundstrup Emil , Jakobsen Markus D. , Brandt Mikkel , Jay Kenneth , Ajslev Jeppe Z. N. , Andersen Lars L.
Published: June 2016

Background

We aimed to determine the association between work, health, and lifestyle with regular use of pain medication due to musculoskeletal disorders in the general working population.

Methods

Currently employed wage earners (N = 10,024) replied to questions about health, work, and lifestyle. The odds for regularly using medication for musculoskeletal disorders were modeled using logistic regression controlled for various confounders.

Results

Pain intensity increased the odds for using pain medication in a dose–response fashion. With seated work as reference, the odds for using pain medication were 1.26 (95%CI: 1.09–1.47) for workers engaged in standing or walking work that is not strenuous and 1.59 (95%CI: 1.39–1.82) for workers engaged in standing or walking work with lifting tasks or heavy and fast strenuous work.

Conclusions

Workers with higher levels of physical activity at work are more likely to use pain medication on a regular basis for musculoskeletal disorders, even when adjusting for pain intensity, lifestyle, and influence at work. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:934–941, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Method for Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells Based on the Measurement of Single‐Cell Metabolism in Droplet‐Based Microfluidics
Authors: Del Ben Fabio , Turetta Matteo , Celetti Giorgia , Piruska Aigars , Bulfoni Michela , Cesselli Daniela , Huck Wilhelm T. S. , Scoles Giacinto
Published: June 2016

The number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood is strongly correlated with the progress of metastatic cancer. Current methods to detect CTCs are based on immunostaining or discrimination of physical properties. Herein, a label‐free method is presented exploiting the abnormal metabolic behavior of cancer cells. A single‐cell analysis technique is used to measure the secretion of acid from individual living tumor cells compartmentalized in microfluidically prepared, monodisperse, picoliter (pL) droplets. As few as 10 tumor cells can be detected in a background of 200 000 white blood cells and proof‐of‐concept data is shown on the detection of CTCs in the blood of metastatic patients.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Silylation of Cyclopropyl C−H Bonds
Authors: Lee Taegyo , Hartwig John F.
Published: June 2016

Hydrosilyl ethers, generated in situ by the dehydrogenative silylation of cyclopropylmethanols with diethylsilane, undergo asymmetric, intramolecular silylation of cyclopropyl C−H bonds in high yields and with high enantiomeric excesses in the presence of a rhodium catalyst derived from a rhodium precursor and the bisphosphine (S)‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS. The resulting enantioenriched oxasilolanes are suitable substrates for the Tamao–Fleming oxidation to form cyclopropanols with conservation of the ee value from the C−H silylation. Preliminary mechanistic data suggest that C−H cleavage is likely to be the turnover‐limiting and enantioselectivity‐determining step.
Synthesis and Investigation of the V‐shaped Tröger′s Base Derivatives as Hole‐transporting Materials
Authors: Braukyla Titas , Sakai Nobuya , Daskeviciene Maryte , Jankauskas Vygintas , Kamarauskas Egidijus , Malinauskas Tadas , Snaith Henry J. , Getautis Vytautas
Published: June 2016

V‐shaped Tröger′s base core has been investigated as a central linking unit in the synthesis of new charge‐transporting materials for optoelectronic applications. The studied molecules have been synthesized in two steps from relatively inexpensive starting materials, and demonstrate high glass transition temperatures, good stability of the amorphous state, and comparatively high hole drift mobility (up to 0.011 cm2 V−1 s−1).
Melamine binding with arachidonic acid binding sites of albumin is a potential mechanism for melamine‐induced inflammation
Authors: Rajpoot Meenakshi , Bhattacharyya Rajasri , Banerjee Dibyajyoti , Sharma Anil
Published: June 2016

Melamine adulteration of food is a public health concern. It has been seen that melamine causes disease in many organs. Melamine‐induced kidney disease is a well‐recognized clinicopathological entity. Inflammation is thought to be important in melamine‐induced pathology. Melamine is expected to bind with albumin because it has a positive charge. Albumin binds arachidonic acid. So if binding of melamine with albumin takes place, it has the potential to displace arachidonic acid from the albumin bound state. This phenomenon may be the source of mediators of inflammation in the melamine exposure state. This aspect is investigated in the present study by docking and molecular dynamics simulation. It is observed that melamine binds with some known arachidonic acid binding sites of albumin. This can lead to formation of more free arachidonic acid. It is also observed that melamine does not bind with extracellular signal regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). Therefore, the signal transduction mediated process involving ERK2 is not a likely mechanism of melamine‐induced inflammation. Therefore, we think that an increased free arachidonic acid level may contribute more to inflammation in the melamine exposure state.
Untersuchungen zu mehrlagigen Massivholzplatten als Heiz‐ und Kühlelement
Authors: Wehsener Jörg , Schulz Tino , Gecks Jens , Bishara Nadja , Krug Detlef , Plagge Rudolf
Published: June 2016

Massivholzplatten erfahren eine vielfältige Verwendung im Bauwesen als tragendes und nichttragendes Konstruktionselement, aber auch als Gestaltungs‐ und Funktionselement. Grundgedanke der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen war die Übernahme raumklimabeeinflussender Funktionen durch mehrlagige Massivholzplatten (SWP), indem Heiz‐ und Kühlelemente in die Mittellagen der Massivholzplatten eingebracht werden. Es wurden zunächst dreilagige Massivholzplatten mit unterschiedlichem Lagenaufbau hinsichtlich ihrer Biegefestigkeiten und ihrer Formstabilität im Differenzklima untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich gegenüber den Referenzmustern eine Abnahme der Biegefestigkeit und der Formstabilität. Weiterführende Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der Wärmeübertragung wurden mit Hilfe hygrothermischer Prüfungen vorgenommen. Im Ergebnis der ermittelten Aufheizkurven und Wärmestromdichten konnten Platten mit hoher Dichte in der Decklage bei spiralförmiger Verlegung der Verrohrung, einem Rohrabstand von 80 mm und einer Überdeckung von 4 mm als Optimum herausgearbeitet werden.

Investigations on multi‐layer solid wood panels with heating and cooling elements. Multi‐layer solid wood panels are used in civil engineering as construction element as well as design‐ and functional element. The fundamental idea of this industry driven project was the integration of climatic‐control functions (cooling/heating) with fluid filled elements in multi‐layer solid wood panels. Solid wood panels with different design were tested on bending strength and dimensional stability under changing climatic conditions. They show, in relationship to a reference element, a degreasing of bending strength and dimensional stability. Further investigations on optimizing heat transfer were carried out with hygrothermal tests. An evaluation of heating curves shows that panels with high density top layer, and pipes designed in spiral curse, increase the heating performance. The optimal pipe dis‐tance was found to be 80 mm, with a covering layer of 4 mm thickness.
Experimentelle Bewertung der Schubtragsicherheit von Stahlbetonbauteilen
Authors: Schacht Gregor , Bolle Guido , Curbach Manfred , Marx Steffen
Published: June 2016

Die experimentelle Bewertung eines Stahlbetonbauteils mit der Gefahr eines möglichen spröden Schubversagens ist aufgrund der geringen Duktilität und damit Vorankündigung des Versagens bisher nicht durch die Richtlinie für Belas‐tungsversuche des DAfStb abgedeckt. Dieser Beitrag fasst die theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen aus [1] zusammen, die durchgeführt wurden, um eine sichere experimentelle Tragsicherheitsbewertung bei vorwiegender Schubbeanspruchung zu ermöglichen. Um die spröden Versagensprozesse während des Versuchs zeitlich und räumlich besser auflösen zu können, wurde eine Kombination modernster Messverfahren eingesetzt. Es werden die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen berichtet und Empfehlungen für die experimentelle Versuchsdurchführung abgeleitet.

Experimental Evaluation of the shear bearing safety

The experimental evaluation of a reinforced concrete member with the danger of a brittle shear failure is yet not covered by the Guideline of the DAfStb for load testing because of the low ductile failure process. This paper describes the theoretical and experimental investigations carried out in [1] to allow a safe evaluation of the shear bearing safety in‐situ. For a high resolution of the beginning failure processes a combination of modern measuring techniques was applied. The results of the experimental investigations are shown and discussed. Finally advises are given for the experimental evaluation of the shear bearing safety during load testing of reinforced concrete members.
Von Biebrich in die ganze Welt
Authors: May Roland
Published: June 2016

Der Zeiss‐Dywidag‐Schalenbau zählt zum Standardrepertoire der internationalen Ingenieurhistoriografie. Seine fundamentale Bedeutung für die weltweite Verbreitung des Betonschalenbaus wurde bislang aber nur unzulänglich aufgearbeitet. Der folgende Beitrag unternimmt einen ersten Versuch der Nachzeichnung des enormen Wissenstransfers, der mit der internationalen Verbreitung dieser Bauweise über vier Kontinente sowie der ihr zugrundeliegenden Theorien einherging.

From Biebrich into the whole world – A study on the diffusion of Zeiss‐Dywidag shell construction until the end of the Second World War

Zeiss‐Dywidag shell construction forms an integral part of the international historiography of structural engineering. Its fundamental importance for the worldwide dissemination of thin concrete shell constructions, however, still awaits an adequate examination. The following article is a first attempt to trace the enormous knowledge transfer that accompanied the diffusion of this construction method and its underlying theories over four continents.
Antibiotic resistance and virulence: Understanding the link and its consequences for prophylaxis and therapy
Authors: Guillard Thomas , Pons Stéphanie , Roux Damien , Pier Gerald B. , Skurnik David
Published: June 2016

“Antibiotic resistance is usually associated with a fitness cost” is frequently accepted as common knowledge in the field of infectious diseases. However, with the advances in high‐throughput DNA sequencing that allows for a comprehensive analysis of bacterial pathogenesis at the genome scale, including antibiotic resistance genes, it appears that this paradigm might not be as solid as previously thought. Recent studies indicate that antibiotic resistance is able to enhance bacterial fitness in vivo with a concomitant increase in virulence during infections. As a consequence, strategies to minimize antibiotic resistance turn out to be not as simple as initially believed. Indeed, decreased antibiotic use may not be sufficient to let susceptible strains outcompete the resistant ones. Here, we put in perspective these findings and review alternative approaches, such as preventive and therapeutic anti‐bacterial immunotherapies that have the potential to by‐pass the classic antibiotics.
Adjuvant therapies for malignant melanoma
Authors: Olofsson Bagge R , Ny L
Published: June 2016

More promise from targeted therapy
Development and validation of an LC‐MS/MS method for the determination of tigecycline in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Mei Shenghui , Luo Xuying , Li Xingang , Li Qian , Huo Jiping , Yang Li , Zhu Leting , Feng Weixing , Zhou Jianxin , Shi Guangzhi , Zhao Zhigang
Published: June 2016

Tigecycline (TGC) is an important antibiotic in treating various drug‐resistant bacteria. The dosage regimen for cerebral intraventricular TGC is still unknown. The aim of the study was to develop and validate liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) methods for the determination of TGC in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to obtain an applicable regimen. The ion transitions under ESI positive model were performed at m/z 586.3 > 513.2 and m/z 595.3 > 514.3 for TGC and d9‐TGC internal standard (IS). For plasma and CSF samples, the calibration curve of TGC was linear within the ranges 25–2000 and 250–100,000 ng/mL; the IS normalized matrix effect was within the ranges 96.46–101.06% and 101.13–103.58%, respectively, for all. TGC was stable under all tested conditions. The patient received 1 mg intraventricular and 49 mg intravenous administration of TGC. The AUC0–12 in plasma and CSF calculated according to our noncompartment model were 4713 and 23,0238 h ng/mL, respectively. Given our findings cerebral intraventricular TGC may be a choice for clinicians to treat drug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacterial‐induced meningitis and the safety and efficacy of this administration route warrants further study.
Management of a dissection of matrix P right ventricular‐to‐pulmonary artery conduit by implanting two pre‐stents and a melody valve
Authors: Nozynska Joanna , Stiller Brigitte , Grohmann Jochen
Published: June 2016

Reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary valve via a bovine‐derived valve conduit such as Matrix‐P‐Xenograft is a common surgical repair technique for pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. After conduit degeneration due to calcification or aneurysmal dilatation, percutaneous transvenous stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract followed by pulmonary valve implantation has become the standard interventional treatment. Applied to stenotic conduits, the method is considered safe and effective. An important but seldom‐reported problem is graft failure related to the formation of a Matrix membrane due to inflammation and fibrosis inside the xenograft, which can cause serious problems when dissection and rupture occur during transcatheter intervention. The torn pseudomembrane may cause the complete obstruction of both pulmonary arteries, resulting in a life‐threatening situation requiring rapid intervention, as in this case presentation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case report: successful retreatment of hepatitis C genotype 1b infection with sofosbuvir + simeprevir in a patient with cirrhosis who had prior virologic relapse after treatment with daclatasvir and asunaprevir
Authors: Safadi Rifaat , Noviello Stephanie , Boparai Navdeep , McPhee Fiona
Published: June 2016

Key Clinical Message

There is currently minimal clinical experience regarding retreatment options for patients failing direct‐acting antiviral combination regimens. Here, we report the outcomes of a HCV genotype 1b‐infected patient with virologic failure following treatment with daclatasvir and asunaprevir, who was successfully retreated with sofosbuvir plus simeprevir.
Contribution of Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence to Burnout Among Counseling Interns
Authors: Testa Daniel , Sangganjanavanich Varunee Faii
Published: June 2016

The authors examined the contribution of mindfulness and emotional intelligence to burnout among counseling interns (N = 380). Results indicated that higher scores on mindfulness and emotional intelligence were related to lower burnout scores. Counselor educators and supervisors should be proactive in helping students to cultivate wellness practices during internships.
Examining the Effects of Jyoti Meditation on Stress and the Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Gutierrez Daniel , Conley Abigail H. , Young Mark
Published: June 2016

The authors examined whether Jyoti meditation (JM), a spiritually based meditation (Singh, ), influenced student counselors' (N = 60) level of stress and emotional intelligence (EI). Results from a randomized controlled trial and growth curve analysis provided a multilevel model in which JM reduced stress and EI moderated the effect.
Synthetically Tuning the 2‐Position of Halogenated Quinolines: Optimizing Antibacterial and Biofilm Eradication Activities via Alkylation and Reductive Amination Pathways
Authors: Basak Akash , Abouelhassan Yasmeen , Norwood Verrill M. , Bai Fang , Nguyen Minh Thu , Jin Shouguang , Huigens Robert W.
Published: June 2016

Agents capable of eradicating bacterial biofilms are of great importance to human health as biofilm‐associated infections are tolerant to our current antibiotic therapies. We have recently discovered that halogenated quinoline (HQ) small molecules are: 1) capable of eradicating methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) biofilms, and 2) synthetic tuning of the 2‐position of the HQ scaffold has a significant impact on antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Here, we report the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of 39 HQ analogues that have a high degree of structural diversity at the 2‐position. We identified diverse analogues that are alkylated and aminated at the 2‐position of the HQ scaffold and demonstrate potent antibacterial (MIC≤0.39 μm) and biofilm eradication (MBEC 1.0–93.8 μm) activities against drug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecium strains while demonstrating <5 % haemolysis activity against human red blood cells (RBCs) at 200 μm. In addition, these HQs demonstrated low cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. Halogenated quinolines are a promising class of antibiofilm agents against Gram‐positive pathogens that could lead to useful treatments against persistent bacterial infections.
Crystal Structure Analysis of the Repair of Iron Centers Protein YtfE and Its Interaction with NO
Authors: Lo Feng‐Chun , Hsieh Chang‐Chih , Maestre‐Reyna Manuel , Chen Chin‐Yu , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Horng Yih‐Chern , Lai Yei‐Chen , Chiang Yun‐Wei , Chou Chih‐Mao , Chiang Cheng‐Hung , Huang Wei‐Ning , Lin Yi‐Hung , Bohle D. Scott , Liaw Wen‐Feng
Published: June 2016

Molecular mechanisms underlying the repair of nitrosylated [Fe–S] clusters by the microbial protein YtfE remain poorly understood. The X‐ray crystal structure of YtfE, in combination with EPR, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), UV, and 17O‐labeling electron spin echo envelope modulation measurements, show that each iron of the oxo‐bridged FeII–FeIII diiron core is coordinatively unsaturated with each iron bound to two bridging carboxylates and two terminal histidines in addition to an oxo‐bridge. Structural analysis reveals that there are two solvent‐accessible tunnels, both of which converge to the diiron center and are critical for capturing substrates. The reactivity of the reduced‐form FeII–FeII YtfE toward nitric oxide demonstrates that the prerequisite for N2O production requires the two iron sites to be nitrosylated simultaneously. Specifically, the nitrosylation of the two iron sites prior to their reductive coupling to produce N2O is cooperative. This result suggests that, in addition to any repair of iron centers (RIC) activity, YtfE acts as an NO‐trapping scavenger to promote the NO to N2O transformation under low NO flux, which precedes nitrosative stress.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of a Ruthenium(VI) Nitrido Complex with HSO3− and SO32− in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Qian , Zhao Hong Yan , Man Wai‐Lun , Lam William W. Y. , Lau Kai‐Chung , Lau Tai‐Chu
Published: June 2016

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of SIV (SO32−+HSO3−) with a ruthenium(VI) nitrido complex, [(L)RuVI(N)(OH2)]+ (RuVIN, L=N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐o‐cyclohexyldiamine dianion), in aqueous acidic solutions are reported. The kinetic results are consistent with parallel pathways involving oxidation of HSO3− and SO32− by RuVIN. A deuterium isotope effect of 4.7 is observed in the HSO3− pathway. Based on experimental results and DFT calculations the proposed mechanism involves concerted N−S bond formation (partial N‐atom transfer) between RuVIN and HSO3− and H+ transfer from HSO3− to a H2O molecule.
Two‐Dimensional Ketone‐Driven Metal–Organic Coordination on Cu(111)
Authors: Della Pia Ada , Riello Massimo , Lawrence James , Stassen Daphne , Jones Tim S. , Bonifazi Davide , De Vita Alessandro , Costantini Giovanni
Published: June 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue is a collaboration between the groups of D. Bonifazi (University of Namur, Cardiff University), A. De Vita (King's College London), and G. Costantini (University of Warwick). The shape of a scanning tunneling microscopy image of filament structures formed when pyrene 4,5,9,10‐tetraone is co‐deposited with iron on a Cu(111) surface is where the inspiration for the cover image created by the artist Mary Courtney came from. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201600368.
Deep‐Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optics in a Borate Framework with 21‐Ring Channels
Authors: Wei Qi , Wang Jia‐Jia , He Chao , Cheng Jian‐Wen , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: June 2016

A new borate LiBa3(OH)[B9O16][B(OH)4], which combines the uniform porosity of open‐frameworks with the extraordinary NLO properties of borates, has been obtained under hydrothermal conditions by using mixed lithium and barium ions as templates. The framework displays an acs‐type net with large 21‐ring channels. The second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement shows that it is a type I phase‐matchable material with a strong SHG signal intensity about 3.1 times that of KDP (KH2PO4). UV/Vis–NIR diffuse reflectance analysis indicates that the compound has a wide transparency range with the short‐wavelength absorption edge below 200 nm. These characteristics reveal that the compound is a promising deep‐UV nonlinear optical material.
Electronic Modulation of the SOMO–HOMO Energy Gap in Iron(III) Complexes towards Unimolecular Current Rectification
Authors: Wickramasinghe Lanka D. , Mazumder Shivnath , Kpogo Kenneth K. , Staples Richard J. , Schlegel H. Bernhard , Verani Cláudio N.
Published: June 2016

Amphiphilic five‐coordinate iron(III) complexes with {N2O2Cl} and {N2O3} coordination spheres are studied to elucidate the roles of electronic structure on the mechanisms for current rectification. The presence of an apical chlorido or phenolato ligand plays a crucial role, and the [FeIII{N2O2Cl}] species supports an asymmetric mechanism while its [FeIII{N2O3}] counterpart seems to allow for unimolecular mechanism. The effects of electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents in the ligand frameworks are also considered.
Diffusion of Large Nitrogen Bubbles into Tap Water Studied by the Rotary Chamber Technique
Authors: Nüllig Marius , Peters Franz
Published: June 2016

The rotary chamber technique allows extended observation times of rising bubbles up into the 10‐mm range. After establishing the technique in combination with optical sizing in previous publications, this work completes the case of nitrogen bubbles in tap water. The rise velocity and the mass transfer are measured for five degrees of water saturation. A one‐parameter model equation involving the Archimedes number is offered for calculation. The limit of the analytical boundary layer model is depicted.
A Potent Inhibitor of Protein Sequestration by Expanded Triplet (CUG) Repeats that Shows Phenotypic Improvements in a Drosophila Model of Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: Luu Long M. , Nguyen Lien , Peng Shaohong , Lee JuYeon , Lee Hyang Yeon , Wong Chun‐Ho , Hergenrother Paul J. , Chan H. Y. Edwin , Zimmerman Steven C.
Published: June 2016

Myotonic dystrophy is the most common form of adult‐onset muscular dystrophy, originating in a CTG repeat expansion in the DMPK gene. The expanded CUG transcript sequesters MBNL1, a key regulator of alternative splicing, leading to the misregulation of numerous pre‐mRNAs. We report an RNA‐targeted agent as a possible lead compound for the treatment of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) that reveals both the promise and challenges for this type of small‐molecule approach. The agent is a potent inhibitor of the MBNL1–rCUG complex with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 25±8 nm, and is also relatively nontoxic to HeLa cells, able to dissolve nuclear foci, and correct the insulin receptor splicing defect in DM1 model cells. Moreover, treatment with this compound improves two separate disease phenotypes in a Drosophila model of DM1: adult external eye degeneration and larval crawling defect. However, the compound has a relatively low maximum tolerated dose in mice, and its cell uptake may be limited, providing insight into directions for future development.
Fluorescent Detection of Lipid Droplets and Associated Proteins
Authors: Listenberger Laura L. , Studer Andrea M. , Brown Deborah A. , Wolins Nathan E.
Published: June 2016

Excess lipid is stored in intracellular organelles known as lipid droplets. This unit discusses techniques for the visualization of lipid droplets and associated proteins in cultured mammalian cells. Protocols for the detection of lipid droplets in fixed or live cells with BODIPY 493/503 are included. The best method for combining visualization of intracellular lipid droplets with indirect immunofluorescent detection of lipid droplet–associated proteins is described. Techniques for sample fixation and permeabilization must be chosen carefully to avoid alterations to lipid droplet morphology. Immunofluorescent detection of perilipin 2, a broadly expressed, lipid droplet–associated protein, widely used as a marker for lipid droplet accumulation, is presented as an example. Finally, a simple protocol for enhancing lipid droplet accumulation through supplementation with excess fatty acid is included. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescence Dynamics in the Endoplasmic Reticulum of a Live Cell: Time‐Resolved Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Ghosh Shirsendu , Nandi Somen , Ghosh Catherine , Bhattacharyya Kankan
Published: June 2016

Fluorescence dynamics in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a live non‐cancer lung cell (WI38) and a lung cancer cell (A549) are studied by using time‐resolved confocal microscopy. To selectively study the organelle, ER, we have used an ER‐Tracker dye. From the emission maximum
of the ER‐Tracker dye, polarity (i.e. dielectric constant, ϵ) in the ER region of the cells (≈500 nm in WI38 and ≈510 nm in A549) is estimated to be similar to that of chloroform (
=506 nm, ϵ≈5). The red shift by 10 nm in
in the cancer cell (A549) suggests a slightly higher polarity compared to the non‐cancer cell (WI38). The fluorescence intensity of the ER‐Tracker dye exhibits prolonged intermittent oscillations on a timescale of 2–6 seconds for the cancer cell (A549). For the non‐cancer cell (WI38), such fluorescence oscillations are much less prominent. The marked fluorescence intensity oscillations in the cancer cell are attributed to enhanced calcium oscillations. The average solvent relaxation time (<τs>) of the ER region in the lung cancer cell (A549, 250±50 ps) is about four times faster than that in the non‐cancer cell (WI38, 1000±50 ps).
Amphiphilic Carbonaceous Microsphere‐Stabilized Oil‐in‐Water Pickering Emulsions and Their Applications in Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: Liu Li , Jiang Linlin , Xie Xiaomin , Yang Sen
Published: June 2016

An oil‐in‐water Pickering emulsion system stabilized by amphiphilic porous carbonaceous microspheres was prepared and successfully used in enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis. The control of the emulsion droplet size and size distribution were investigated by adjusting the particle content and the dispersed phase volume fraction. More than 99 % of the lipase was adsorbed at the interface of the emulsion droplets and showed excellent stability and activity. The size of the emulsion droplets exerted two opposite influences on the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme: increasing the rate of the process by providing a large interfacial area, thereby overcoming mass transfer limitations, and reducing the rate of the process by decreasing the interfacial enzyme concentration. A high hydrolysis yield (up to 100 %) was obtained after 2 h. This study shows the great potential and advantages of using an oil‐in‐water Pickering emulsion system for enzyme‐catalyzed reactions.
Mouse Models of Asthma
Authors: Debeuf Nincy , Haspeslagh Eline , van Helden Mary , Hammad Hamida , Lambrecht Bart N.
Published: June 2016

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the conducting airways characterized by the presence of allergen‐specific IgE, Th2 cytokine production, eosinophilic airway inflammation, bronchial hyperreactivity, mucus overproduction, and structural changes in the airways. Investigators have tried to mimic these features of human allergic asthma in murine models. Whereas the surrogate allergen ovalbumin has been extremely valuable for unravelling underlying mechanisms of the disease, murine asthma models depend nowadays on naturally occurring allergens, such as house dust mite (HDM), cockroach, and Alternaria alternata. Here we describe a physiologically relevant model of acute allergic asthma based on sensitization and challenge with HDM extracts, and compare it with the ovalbumin/alum‐induced asthma model. Moreover, we propose a detailed readout of the asthma phenotype, determining the degree of eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids by flow cytometry, visualizing goblet cell metaplasia, and measuring Th cytokine production by lung‐draining mediastinal lymph node cells restimulated with HDM. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diffraction Techniques in Structural Biology
Authors: Egli Martin
Published: June 2016

A detailed understanding of chemical and biological function and the mechanisms underlying the molecular activities ultimately requires atomic‐resolution structural data. Diffraction‐based techniques such as single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and neutron diffraction are well established and they have paved the road to the stunning successes of modern‐day structural biology. The major advances achieved in the last twenty years in all aspects of structural research, including sample preparation, crystallization, the construction of synchrotron and spallation sources, phasing approaches, and high‐speed computing and visualization, now provide specialists and nonspecialists alike with a steady flow of molecular images of unprecedented detail. The present unit combines a general overview of diffraction methods with a detailed description of the process of a single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination experiment, from chemical synthesis or expression to phasing and refinement, analysis, and quality control. For novices it may serve as a stepping‐stone to more in‐depth treatises of the individual topics. Readers relying on structural information for interpreting functional data may find it a useful consumer guide. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selection of Natural and Base‐Modified DNA Aptamers for a Camptothecin Derivative
Authors: Fujita Hiroto , Kuwahara Masayasu
Published: June 2016

Nucleic acid aptamers for small molecules are currently being developed and have a potential role in diverse applications including biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics involving low‐molecular‐weight biomarkers and drugs. To enhance and broaden their functions through chemical modification, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) selection has been attempted with modified DNA/RNA libraries. Recently, we demonstrated the superior efficacy of base modification for affinity enhancement and the usefulness of unnatural nucleic acid libraries for development of small‐molecule aptamers. In this unit, we describe construction of a modified DNA library that includes (E)‐5‐(2‐(N‐(2‐(N
6‐adeninyl)ethyl))carbamylvinyl)uracil bases and acquisition of high‐affinity camptothecin‐binding DNA aptamers, in addition to those of the corresponding natural DNA library and aptamers, using the SELEX method. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gravitational outlier detection for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Bharti Sourabh , Pattanaik Kiran K.
Published: June 2016

Accuracy of sensed data and reliable delivery are the key concerns in addition to several other network‐related issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Early detection of outliers reduces subsequent unwanted transmissions, thus preserving network resources. Recent techniques on outlier detection in WSNs are computationally expensive and based on message exchange. Message exchange‐based techniques incur communication overhead and are less preferred in WSNs. On the other hand, machine learning‐based outlier detection techniques are computationally expensive for resource constraint sensor nodes. The novelty of this paper is that it proposes a simple, non message exchange based, in‐network, real‐time outlier detection algorithm based on Newton's law of gravity. The mechanism is evaluated for its accuracy in detecting outliers, computational cost, and its influence on the network traffic and delay. The outlier detection mechanism resulted in almost 100% detection accuracy. Because the mechanism involves no message exchanges, there is a significant reduction in network traffic, energy consumption and end‐to‐end delay. An extension of the proposed algorithm for transient data sets is proposed, and analytic evaluation justifies that the mechanism is reactive to time series data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.