bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unpacking Pandora from Its Box: Deciphering the Molecular Basis of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus
Authors: O’Leary Valerie Bríd , Dolly Oliver James , Höschl Cyril , Černa Marie , Ovsepian Saak Victor
Published: January 2021

An enigmatic localized pneumonia escalated into a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review aims to consolidate the extensive biological minutiae of SARS-CoV-2 which requires decipherment. Having one of the largest RNA viral genomes, the single strand contains the genes ORF1ab, S, E, M, N and ten open reading frames. Highlighting unique features such as stem-loop formation, slippery frameshifting sequences and ribosomal mimicry, SARS-CoV-2 represents a formidable cellular invader. Hijacking the hosts translational engine, it produces two polyprotein repositories (pp1a and pp1ab), armed with self-cleavage capacity for production of sixteen non-structural proteins. Novel glycosylation sites on the spike trimer reveal unique SARS-CoV-2 features for shielding and cellular internalization. Affording complexity for superior fitness and camouflage, SARS-CoV-2 challenges diagnosis and vaccine vigilance. This review serves the scientific community seeking in-depth molecular details when designing drugs to curb transmission of this biological armament.
How the AHR Became Important in Cancer: The Role of Chronically Active AHR in Cancer Aggression
Authors: Wang Zhongyan , Snyder Megan , Kenison Jessica E. , Yang Kangkang , Lara Brian , Lydell Emily , Bennani Kawtar , Novikov Olga , Federico Anthony , Monti Stefano , Sherr David H.
Published: January 2021

For decades, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was studied for its role in environmental chemical toxicity i.e., as a quirk of nature and a mediator of unintended consequences of human pollution. During that period, it was not certain that the AHR had a “normal” physiological function. However, the ongoing accumulation of data from an ever-expanding variety of studies on cancer, cancer immunity, autoimmunity, organ development, and other areas bears witness to a staggering array of AHR-controlled normal and pathological activities. The objective of this review is to discuss how the AHR has gone from a likely contributor to genotoxic environmental carcinogen-induced cancer to a master regulator of malignant cell progression and cancer aggression. Particular focus is placed on the association between AHR activity and poor cancer outcomes, feedback loops that control chronic AHR activity in cancer, and the role of chronically active AHR in driving cancer cell invasion, migration, cancer stem cell characteristics, and survival.
Neuropsychiatric Disorders Due to Limbic Encephalitis: Immunologic Aspect
Authors: Kao Yu-Chia , Lin Ming-I , Weng Wen-Chin , Lee Wang-Tso
Published: January 2021

Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare cause of encephalitis presenting as an acute and subacute onset of neuropsychiatric manifestations, particularly with memory deficits and confusion as core features, along with seizure occurrence, movement disorders, or autonomic dysfunctions. LE is caused by neuronal antibodies targeting the cellular surface, synaptic, and intracellular antigens, which alter the synaptic transmission, especially in the limbic area. Immunologic mechanisms involve antibodies, complements, or T-cell-mediated immune responses in different degree according to different autoantibodies. Sensitive cerebrospinal fluid markers of LE are unavailable, and radiographic findings may not reveal a typical mesiotemporal involvement at neurologic presentations; therefore, a high clinical index of suspicions is pivotal, and a neuronal antibody testing is necessary to make early diagnosis. Some patients have concomitant tumors, causing paraneoplastic LE; therefore, tumor survey and treatment are required in addition to immunotherapy. In this study, a review on the molecular and immunologic aspects of LE was conducted to gain awareness of its peculiarity, which we found quite different from our knowledge on traditional psychiatric illness.
What Can We Learn from FGF-2 Isoform-Specific Mouse Mutants? Differential Insights into FGF-2 Physiology In Vivo
Authors: Freiin von Hövel Friederike , Kefalakes Ekaterini , Grothe Claudia
Published: January 2021

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), ubiquitously expressed in humans and mice, is functionally involved in cell growth, migration and maturation in vitro and in vivo. Based on the same mRNA, an 18-kilo Dalton (kDa) FGF-2 isoform named FGF-2 low molecular weight (FGF-2LMW) isoform is translated in humans and rodents. Additionally, two larger isoforms weighing 21 and 22 kDa also exist, summarized as the FGF-2 high molecular weight (FGF-2HMW) isoform. Meanwhile, the human FGF-2HMW comprises a 22, 23, 24 and 34 kDa protein. Independent studies verified a specific intracellular localization, mode of action and tissue-specific spatiotemporal expression of the FGF-2 isoforms, increasing the complexity of their physiological and pathophysiological roles. In order to analyze their spectrum of effects, FGF-2LMW knock out (ko) and FGF-2HMWko mice have been generated, as well as mice specifically overexpressing either FGF-2LMW or FGF-2HMW. So far, the development and functionality of the cardiovascular system, bone formation and regeneration as well as their impact on the central nervous system including disease models of neurodegeneration, have been examined. This review provides a summary of the studies characterizing the in vivo effects modulated by the FGF-2 isoforms and, thus, offers a comprehensive overview of its actions in the aforementioned organ systems.
Changes in Gene and Protein Expression of Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and Their Inhibitors TIMP2 and TIMP3 in Different Parts of Fluoride-Exposed Rat Brain
Authors: Łukomska Agnieszka , Baranowska-Bosiacka Irena , Dec Karolina , Pilutin Anna , Tarnowski Maciej , Jakubczyk Karolina , Żwierełło Wojciech , Skórka-Majewicz Marta , Chlubek Dariusz , Gutowska Izabela
Published: January 2021

Fluoride (F) exposure decreases brain receptor activity and neurotransmitter production. A recent study has shown that chronic fluoride exposure during childhood can affect cognitive function and decrease intelligence quotient, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is still incomplete. Extracellular matrix (ECM) and its enzymes are one of the key players of neuroplasticity which is essential for cognitive function development. Changes in the structure and the functioning of synapses are caused, among others, by ECM enzymes. These enzymes, especially matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), are involved in both physiological processes, such as learning or memory, and pathological processes like glia scare formation, brain tissue regeneration, brain-blood barrier damage and inflammation. Therefore, in this study, we examined the changes in gene and protein expression of MMP2, MMP9, TIMP2 and TIMP3 in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum of rats (Wistar) exposed to relatively low F doses (50 mg/L in drinking water) during the pre- and neonatal period. We found that exposure to F during pre- and postnatal period causes a change in the mRNA and protein level of MMP2, MMP9, TIMP2 and TIMP3 in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum. These changes may be associated with many disorders that are observed during F intoxication. MMPs/TIMPs imbalance may contribute to cognitive impairments. Moreover, our results suggest that a chronic inflammatory process and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage occur in rats’ brains exposed to F.
The Role of Bone in Muscle Wasting
Authors: Klein Gordon L.
Published: January 2021

This review describes the role of bone resorption in muscle atrophy as well as in muscle protein anabolism. Both catabolic and anabolic pathways involve components of the proinflammatory cytokine families and release of factors stored in bone during resorption. The juxtaposition of the catabolic and anabolic resorption-dependent pathways raises new questions about control of release of factors from bone, quantity of release in a variety of conditions, and relation of factors released from bone. The catabolic responses involve release of calcium from bone into the circulation resulting in increased inflammatory response in intensity and/or duration. The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) from bone suppresses phosphorylation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and stimulates ubiquitin-mediated breakdown of muscle protein. In contrast, muscle IL-6 production is stimulated by undercarboxylated osteocalcin, which signals osteoblasts to produce more RANK ligand, stimulating resorptive release of undercarboxylated osteocalcin, which in turn stimulates muscle fiber nutrient uptake and an increase in muscle mass.
Crownwall Failure Analysis through Finite Element Method
Authors: Dermentzoglou Dimitrios , Castellino Myrta , De Girolamo Paolo , Partovi Maziar , Schreppers Gerd-Jan , Antonini Alessandro
Published: January 2021

Several failures of recurved concrete crownwalls have been observed in recent years. This work aims to get a better insight within the processes underlying the loading phase of these structures due to non-breaking wave impulsive loading conditions and to identify the dominant failure modes. The investigation is carried out through an offline one-way coupling of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) generated wave pressure time series and a time-varying structural Finite Element Analysis. The recent failure of the Civitavecchia (Italy) recurved parapet is adopted as an explanatory case study. Modal analysis aimed to identify the main modal parameters such as natural frequencies, modal masses and modal shapes is firstly performed to comprehensively describe the dynamic response of the investigated structure. Following, the CFD generated pressure field time-series is applied to linear and non-linear finite element model, the developed maximum stresses and the development of cracks are properly captured in both models. Three non-linear analyses are performed in order to investigate the performance of the crownwall concrete class. Starting with higher quality concrete class, it is decreased until the formation of cracks is reached under the action of the same regular wave condition. It is indeed shown that the concrete quality plays a dominant role for the survivability of the structure, even allowing the design of a recurved concrete parapet without reinforcing steel bars.
Construction of Oxygen-Rich Carbon Foams for Rapid Carbon Dioxide Capture
Authors: Duan Cheng , Zou Wei , Du Zhongjie , Mi Jianguo , Han Jiaxi , Zhang Chen
Published: January 2021

As carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorbents, porous materials with high specific surface areas and abundant CO2-philic groups always exhibit high CO2 capacities. Based on this consensus, a category of oxygen-rich macroporous carbon foams was fabricated from macroporous resorcinol-formaldehyde resins (PRFs), which were obtained via an oil-in-water concentrated emulsion. By the active effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) at high temperatures, the resultant carbon foams (ACRFs) possessed abundant micropores with rich oxygen content simultaneously. At the same time, most of the ACRFs could retain the marcoporous structure of their precursor. It is found that porosity of ACRFs was mainly determined by carbonization temperature, and the highest specific surface areas and total pore volume of ACRFs could reach 2046 m2/g and 0.900 cm3/g, respectively. At 273 K, ACRFs showed highest CO2 capacity as 271 mg/g at 1 bar and 91.5 mg at 15 kPa. Furthermore, it is shown that the ultra-micropore volume was mainly responsible for the CO2 capacities of ACRFs at 1 bar, and CO2 capacities at 15 kPa were mainly affected by the oxygen content. It is also found that the presence of macropores would accelerate ACRFs adsorbing CO2. This study provides ideas for designing a porous CO2 adsorbent.
Systematic Analysis of the Stress-Induced Genomic Instability of Type Three Secretion System in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida
Authors: Marcoux Pierre-Étienne , Vincent Antony T. , Massicotte Marie-Ange , Paquet Valérie E. , Doucet Émilie J. , Hosseini Nava , Trudel Mélanie V. , Byatt Gabriel , Laurent Mathilde , Frenette Michel , Charette Steve J.
Published: January 2021

The type three secretion system (TTSS) locus of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, located on the plasmid pAsa5, is known to be lost when the bacterium is grown at temperatures of 25 °C. The loss of the locus is due to the recombination of the insertion sequences flanking the TTSS region. However, the mechanism involved in this recombination is still elusive. Here, we analyzed 22 A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains that had already lost their TTSS locus, and we systematically explored another 47 strains for their susceptibility to lose the same locus when grown at 25 °C. It appeared that strains from Europe were more prone to lose their TTSS locus compared to Canadian strains. More specifically, it was not possible to induce TTSS loss in Canadian strains that have AsaGEI2a, a genomic island, and prophage 3, or in Canadian strains without a genomic island. A comparative genomic approach revealed an almost perfect correlation between the presence of a cluster of genes, not yet characterized, and the susceptibility of various groups of strains to lose their locus. This cluster of genes encodes putative proteins with DNA binding capacity and phage proteins. This discovery creates new opportunities in the study of pAsa5 thermosensitivity.
Adherence to Child Feeding Practices and Child Growth: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis in Cambodia
Authors: Som Somphos Vicheth , Van Der Hoeven Marinka , Laillou Arnaud , Poirot Etienne , Chan Theary , Polman Katja , Ponce Maiza Campos , Wieringa Frank T.
Published: January 2021

Appropriate feeding in the first 1000 days of a child’s life is critical for their health and growth. We determined associations between adherence to age-appropriate feeding practices and child growth in Cambodia. Children (n = 1079) were included in the first follow-up (FU) data analyses and followed for 30 months (six FUs). Data were analyzed by generalized linear mixed-effect models. Children who adhered to feeding practices on at least three FUs, with an adequate minimal dietary diversity (MDD), a minimal acceptable diet (MAD), and age-appropriate daily feeding (ADF) were less stunted (14.8%, 12.3%, and 6.4%, respectively) than children who never adhered to these indicators (25.2%, 30.1%, and 24.8%, respectively). A higher adherence to MDD and ADF was associated with a higher height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) (β: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.01–0.25 and β: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.22–0.50), while a higher adherence to the MDD and MAD was associated with a higher weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) (β: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.08–0.30; and β: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05–0.27). A higher adherence to a minimum meal frequency (MMF) was associated with a lower HAZ (β: −0.99, 95% CI: −1.28–−0.70). Our findings showed that to reduce wasting and stunting in Cambodia, interventions should focus on improving both the quality and quantity of food intake of children under two while targeting the whole complementary feeding period.
Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improve Vascular Stiffness in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Meital Lara T. , Schulze Karl , Magee Rebecca , O’Donnell Jill , Jha Pankaj , Meital Chaim Y. , Donkin Rebecca , Bailey Tom G. , Askew Christopher D. , Russell Fraser D.
Published: January 2021

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a vascular disease involving permanent focal dilation of the abdominal aorta (≥30 mm) that can lead to catastrophic rupture. Destructive remodeling of aortic connective tissue in AAA contributes to wall stiffening, a mechanical parameter of the arterial system linked to a heightened risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Since aortic stiffening is associated with AAA progression, treatment options that target vascular inflammation would appear prudent. Given this, and growing evidence indicating robust anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective properties for long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs), this study evaluated the impact of these nutrients (1.8 g/day for 12 weeks) on indices of vascular stiffness in patients with AAA. At baseline, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx75) were significantly higher in patients with AAA compared to control participants (PWV: 14.2 ± 0.4 m.s−1 vs. 12.6 ± 0.4 m.s−1, p = 0.014; AIx75: 26.4 ± 1.7% vs. 17.3 ± 2.7%, p = 0.005). Twelve-week LC n-3 PUFA supplementation significantly decreased PWV (baseline: 14.2 ± 0.6 m.s−1, week 12: 12.8 ± 0.7 m.s−1, p = 0.014) and heart rate (baseline: 63 ± 3 bpm, week 12: 58 ± 3 bpm, p = 0.009) in patients with AAA. No change was observed for patients receiving placebo capsules. While this raises the possibility that LC n-3 PUFAs provide improvements in aortic stiffness in patients with AAA, the clinical implications remain to be fully elucidated.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Rotating Annular VUV/UV Photoreactor for Water Treatment
Authors: Luo Minghan , Xu Wenjie , Kang Xiaorong , Ding Keqiang , Jeong Taeseop
Published: January 2021

The ultraviolet photochemical degradation process is widely recognized as a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sustainable technology for water treatment. This study integrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a photoreactive kinetic model to investigate the effects of flow characteristics on the contaminant degradation performance of a rotating annular photoreactor with a vacuum-UV (VUV)/UV process performed in continuous flow mode. The results demonstrated that the introduced fluid remained in intensive rotational movement inside the reactor for a wide range of inflow rates, and the rotational movement was enhanced with increasing influent speed within the studied velocity range. The CFD modeling results were consistent with the experimental abatement of methylene blue (MB), although the model slightly overestimated MB degradation because it did not fully account for the consumption of OH radicals from byproducts generated in the MB decomposition processes. The OH radical generation and contaminant degradation efficiency of the VUV/UV process showed strong correlation with the mixing level in a photoreactor, which confirmed the promising potential of the developed rotating annular VUV reactor in water treatment.
Hubungan Klasifikasi Perokok dengan Kesehatan Jaringan Periodontal Masyarakat yang Merokok di Pulau Harapan diukur dengan Skor CIPTN
Authors: Prabowo Baby , Rosida Triyawati , Ahmad Hidayati
Published: January 2021

The Ministry of Health in Alamsyah, (2017) states that smoking behavior is an activity of burning one of the tobacco products, then smoking or inhaling the smoke, including clove cigarettes, white cigarettes, cigars or other forms produced from the nicotina tabacum, nicotina rustica and other species. The classification of smokers consists of: light smokers (1-4 cigarettes/day), moderate smokers (5-14 cigarettes/day), heavy smokers (> 15 cigarettes/day). This study was conducted to obtain an overview of the health of the periodontal tissue in people who smoke on the island of Harapan. Data were collected by classifying smokers and intra-oral examination of CPITN on every community who smoked on the island of Harapan whose results were recorded on the examination sheet. This examination was carried out in January 2020. The data were analyzed by Univariate and Bivariate. Based on the results of research on male smokers in Harapan Island, Seribu Islands region, it can be concluded that there are no smokers who have a score of 0 or have healthy periodontal tissue. In the category of moderate smokers, the highest number of CIPTN 2 scores or had tartar on the sub gingiva was 9 people (52.9%), while in the heavy smoker group the highest score also had CIPTN 2 scores or had tartar on the sub gingiva as many as 18 people (48,6%). The statistical test results obtained P = 0.029 where the P value <0.05, it can be concluded that there is a difference in the proportion of the classification of smokers to the state of the periodontal tissue calculated based on the CIPTN status or there is a significant relationship between the classification of smokers and the state of the periodontal tissue calculated by the CIPTN score).
Uji Efektifitas Ekstrak Etanol Bawang Batak terhadap Keputihan yang Berlebihan pada Wanita Usia Subur
Authors: Sembiring Iskandar Markus , Situmorang Novidawati Boru
Published: January 2021

Batak onion plants contains flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and saponins. Compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth are flavonoids. This type of research is a quantitative study using a true experimental research design (pure experiment) with a rancangan “pretest-posttes“ model. Namely, before the treatment was carried out, observations were made on the sample and after the treatment was also carried out several observations. Collecting samples, making simplicia, making extraction by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, making thick extracts with concentrations of 15%, 20% and 25%. The effectiveness test was carried out in reducing excessive vaginal discharge by taking the vaginal discharge for women of childbearing age, then doing a pH test on the vaginal discharge and adding the ethanol extract of batak onions after that the pH test was again carried out. The results showed that the onion extract (Allium schoenoprasum L) concentrations of 15%, 20% and 25% were able to reduce excessive vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age and the results of vaginal pH examinations showed that the concentration of 25% was faster to stabilize vaginal pH which was too alkaline. For further researchers, it is recommended to formulate the ethanol extract of the onion hobo (Allium schoenoprasum L) into a solid soap or ovule preparation.
Una Salud, más allá de las zoonosis
Authors: Araya Mauricio
Published: January 2021

“Una salud” es un concepto que lleva ya algún tiempo entre la comunidad científica, sin embargo, creo, aún no se logra su total comprensión y estamos lejos de su real aplicación, los temas sanitarios involucrados son muchos, pero la temática sobre zoonosis predomina casi totalmente, dejando de lado otras varias aplicaciones del concepto, como animales centinelas, violencia doméstica, obesidad y cáncer, entre otras, es importante entender que el concepto no es solo trabajar interdisciplinarmente, sino que lograr resultados sinérgicos más allá de la suma de cada disciplina en particular.
Enfermedades no transmisibles y clima en Chile: un resumen de evidencia para el período 1990-2019.
Authors: Dünner María Alejandra , Puentes Rodrigo , Vaquero Alejandra , Díaz Janepsy , Ayala Salvador
Published: January 2021

Introducción: El cambio climático ha sido identificado como uno de los principales desafíos del siglo XXI, aumentando la morbilidad, mortalidad y el gasto en salud. A pesar de que las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) son la principal causa de muerte en la mayoría de los países del mundo, su relación con el clima ha sido menos estudiada en comparación con las enfermedades transmisibles. Los efectos en salud producto del cambio climático, van a depender de la capacidad de los países de adaptar sus sistemas de salud y organizaciones para enfrentar este nuevo escenario. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica internacional y nacional publicada relacionada con clima y ENT. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico de la evidencia publicada sobre clima y ENT, entre los años 1990 y 2019, utilizando Web of Science (WoS) en la búsqueda internacional y PubMed, WoS, Scopus y Lilacs para la búsqueda nacional, definiendo palabras clave, criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Se identificó un importante aumento de los artículos publicados a nivel mundial, donde Estados Unidos ocupa el primer lugar. Brasil es el país con más publicaciones de Sudamérica, seguido por Argentina y Chile. En la búsqueda local, 27 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para ser analizados en profundidad. Sus resultados principalmente muestran el efecto de la contaminación atmosférica sobre ENT como aumento de morbi-mortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias y cardiovasculares, número de consultas de urgencia, hospitalizaciones y muertes. Las variables climáticas (temperatura, precipitaciones, humedad, etc.) fueron utilizadas para controlar el efecto de otras variables, como la contaminación atmosférica. Discusión: Esta revisión busca incentivar la investigación en Chile, especialmente focalizada en el efecto del clima sobre ENT, con el objeto de entregar más y mejor información para la toma de decisiones en salud.
Concentración del clorhidrato de cocaína incautado en Chile durante la pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Vargas Pérez Gisela Gema , Chicahual Caniupan Basilio Javier , Duffau Garrido Boris Ettienne
Published: January 2021

Cocaína es la segunda sustancia ilícita más consumida en Chile, produce graves complicaciones a la salud, puede provocar la muerte y tiene potencial adictivo. Se interna principalmente por las Regiones del Norte procedente mayoritariamente de Bolivia, Perú, y Colombia, sin embargo, las medidas de control de movilización producto de la Pandemia de COVID-19 podrían obstaculizar en gran medida la internación, distribución y comercialización de la droga dentro del territorio nacional. El objetivo del estudio es informar cómo ha cambiado el número de muestras y concentración promedio del Clorhidrato de Cocaína incautado en las Regiones de Chile entre Marzo y Junio del 2020, comparado con igual periodo del 2019. Los resultados del periodo 2020 muestran una disminución de la concentración promedio y número de muestras en la mayoría de las Regiones, la concentración promedio a nivel nacional descendió desde un 45,15% hasta un 35,89%, y las muestras se redujeron de 2.299 hasta 632. Mostrando así que en Chile, como en la mayoría de los países, se ha producido una disminución tanto de la droga circulante como de la pureza, lo cual es importante informar de manera oportuna para contribuir al diseño de estrategias ante posibles cambios en el narcotráfico.
Estudio Piloto de Vigilancia Integrada de susceptibilidad fenotípica y presencia de genes de resistencia a antimicrobianos β-lactámicos en cepas de Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis aisladas desde alimentos en Chile.
Authors: Paredes-Osses Esteban Alfredo , Fernandez Ricci Alda , Duarte Boke Sergio , Espinoza Aguilar Kimberly , Vaquero Orellana Alejandra , Ulloa Bello Marcelo , Flores Andrade Alvaro , Araya Rodriguez Pamela , Hormazabal Opazo Juan , Martínez Hernández María Cristina
Published: January 2021

Salmonella enterica es uno de los microorganismos transmitidos por alimentos más significativos a nivel global. Los últimos reportes han mencionado que Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) se ha convertido en un relevante microorganismo asociado con múltiples resistencias a antimicrobianos. En el marco del Plan Nacional contra la Resistencia a Antimicrobianos, el Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) de Chile ha presentado un plan piloto para la Vigilancia Integrada de la Resistencia a Antimicrobianos en cepas de Salmonella aisladas desde alimentos. Se seleccionaron 50 cepas aisladas de S. Infantis desde alimentos durante los años 2018 y 2019, las cuales fueron enviadas al Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP) desde los laboratorios ambientales de las Secretarias Regionales Ministeriales (SEREMI) de Salud. Primeramente, se llevaron a cabo los ensayos fenotípicos de las susceptibilidades a antimicrobianos β-lactámicos y en paralelo, se les realizó la identificación de genes de resistencia al mismo grupo de antimicrobianos. Los resultados indican que, de las 50 cepas analizadas, no hubo resistencia fenotípica a Amoxicilina/Ácido Clavulánico, 96% fue resistente a Ampicilina, 10% de susceptibilidad intermedia a Cefoxitin, 96% de resistencia a Ceftiofur y Ceftriaxona. En cuanto al análisis genético, en el 100% de las cepas se detectó la presencia del gen blaCTX-M y en el 4% la presencia del gen blaCMY-2. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos es un tema importante a nivel mundial, y el ISP en conjunto con otros sectores bajo el concepto Una Salud, ha comenzado la vigilancia activa e integrada para cepas aisladas desde matrices ambientales, aportando al desarrollo del objetivo estratégico del Plan Nacional, que establece reforzar los conocimientos y la base científica, a través de la vigilancia de resistencia antimicrobiana en humanos, animales y ambiente.
INFRARED DETECTING BEHAVIOURS OF Cu2NiSnS4 PHOTODIODES
Authors: İLHAN Mustafa , KOÇ Mümin Mehmet
Published: January 2021

A photodetector in Al/p-Si/Cu2NiSnS4/Al form was produced using sol-gel method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in the structural assessment of the photodetectors. Microscopic investigations showed that Cu2NiSnS4 structures were formed in nanostructure in granular form. Current–time and current-voltage investigations confirmed that Al/p-Si/Cu2NiSnS4/Al photodiodes have infrared sensing properties. Photodetection properties such as linear dynamic rate, ideality factor, photosensitivity, and photoresponse characteristics were assessed. Results also validate the infrared sensing properties of the diodes. The barrier height of the Al/p-Si/Cu2CoSnS4/Al diodes was calculated as 0.466 eV. Ideality factor of the diodes was found to be 5.16. Results indicate that our Al/p-Si/Cu2CoSnS4/Al diodes are suitable for infrared tracking device applications.
İsrail-Filistin Meselesi ve Filistin Güvenlik Güçleri
Authors: ÇAKIR Adem
Published: January 2021

Körfez Savaşı sonrası oluşan uluslararası ortamdan istifade ederek Orta Doğu’daki sorunu çözmek isteyen ABD, Rusya ve bazı Arap ülkeleri, FKÖ’nün içinde bulunduğu durumun da katkısıyla Madrid Konferensı’nda tarafların bir araya gelmesini sağladılar. Madrid Konferansı’nda her ne kadar beklenilen sonuç elde edilememiş olsa da uzun yıllardır aynı masa etrafında bir araya gelemeyen tarafları buluşturması açısından önemliydi. Ardından gelen Oslo I ve özellikle Oslo II antlaşması Mayıs 2020’ye kadar gelen süreci şekillendiren temel antlaşma olma özelliğine sahiptir. Orta Doğu barış sürecinde henüz daimi statü için bir antlaşmaya varılamamıştır. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmada Eylül 1993-Mayıs 2020 arasındaki gelişmeler değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma döneminde, Gazze’nin özel durumu hariç, Batı Şeria’da kademeli olarak siyasi, ekonomik ve güvenlik işlerinin yürütülmesine olanak sağlayan bir yapının sağlandığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada, araştırma döneminde Batı Şeria’da güvenlik ve kamu düzenin sağlanmasında Filistin Güvenlik Güçleri (FGG)’nin etkin olduğu varsayımı ileri sürülmektedir. Çalışmanın temel araştırma sorusu, “Filistin’de güvenlik ve kamu düzenin sağlanmasında FGG’nin yeri nedir?” şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Bu temel soru “FGG’nin tarihsel gelişimi, organizasyon yapısı ile çalışma biçim ve usulleri nasıldır?”, “İsrail Savunma Kuvvetleri (İSK) ile güvenlik işbirliği FGG’nin etkinliğini nasıl etkilemektedir?”, “Yabancı devlet desteğinin FGG’nin gelişimindeki rolü nedir?” sorularının cevaplanması suretiyle verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın birinci bölümünde FGG’nin tarihsel gelişimi açıklanmakta, ikinci bölümde FGG’nin kuvvet yapısı ve işlevleri incelenmekte, üçüncü bölümde FGG’nin İsrail güvenlik güçleri ile güvenlik işbirliğinin FGG’ye etkisi tartışılmakta, dördüncü bölümde FGG’nin aldığı yabancı devlet desteği incelenmektedir. Sonuç bölümünde çalışmada elde edilen bulgular özetlenmiştir. Çalışmada, FGG’nin kamu düzeni ve otoritesinin sağlanmasına yönelik olarak işlevsel ve disiplinli bir yapıya ulaştığı gösterilmiştir. Ancak, İsrail’in hukuksuz uygulamaları karşısında halktan gelen tepkilerin ve son dönemdeki gelişmelerin mevcut yönelimi farklı bir istikamete çevirme riski taşıdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Sultanın İhsanı: XVI. Yüzyılda Halilurrahman Surresi
Authors: ÇAKMAK Abdullah
Published: January 2021

Osmanlı yönetiminde ise Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Halilurrahman’daki kutsal mekânları ziyareti esnasında burada yaşayan Müslüman tebaaya yönelik ihsanı diğer Osmanlı sultanları tarafından da devam ettirilmiştir. Osmanlı sultanlarının Halilurrahman şehrine yönelik öne çıkan iki faaliyet alanı geçmişte olduğu gibi vakıf ve surredir. Başta Kanuni Sultan Süleyman olmak üzere Osmanlı padişahlarının şehre yaptıkları tahsisatla, vakıf eserlerin hizmetlerinde süreklilik sağlanmıştır. Bunun yanında Müslümanlar için kutsal sayılan Mekke, Medine ve Kudüs halkına gönderilen surre hizmetinden Halilurrahman da nasibini almıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı şehre yönelik zikri geçen surre hizmetinin 16. yüzyıldaki durumunu tespit etmek ve detaylarını ilişkin bilgileri ortaya koymaktır.
Filistin’de Bir Osmanlı Arşivi: Müeessesetü İhyâi’t-Türâs ve’l-Buhûsi’l-İslâmiyye
Authors: DOLU Alaattin
Published: January 2021

Osmanlı Devleti hâkim olduğu coğrafyada yıkılışından sonra arkasında bıraktığı kültürel birikim bugün söz konusu toprakların tarihinin araştırılmasında bir veri kaynağı olmaktadır. Balkanlardan Ortadoğu’ya uzanan geniş coğrafyada kurulan yeni devletlerden bazıları kimisi dağınık kimisi merkezi arşivlerini araştırmacılara açmıştır. Bu arşivlerden birisi Filistin’de Vakıflar Bakanlığı arşivi olup içinde Osmanlı öncesi ve sonrası belgeleri de barındırmaktadır. Bu arşiv kurulduğu tarihten sonra araştırmacılara bir süre sınırlı hizmet vermiş daha sonra şu anda bulunduğu Ebû Dîs kasabasında Türkiye’nin de desteğiyle daha profesyonel bir hizmet vermeye başlamıştır. Burada bu arşive ve kataloglarına dair bilgiler sunulmakta ve Filistin tarihi çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılara bir yol gösterilmektedir.
A Study on the Impact of Covid-19 on Students Learning Experiences with Special Reference to Madurai City
Authors: Margaret Divya A , Priya Suganthi
Published: January 2021

Corona viruses are a large family of viruses, causing less severe common cold to more severe diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The SARS-CoV-21 is a corona virus very similar to the one that caused SARS. There is evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 has also been transmitted from bats. Like other corona viruses, SARS-CoV-2 virus particles are spherical and have mushroom-shaped proteins called spikes protruding from their surface, giving the particles a crown-like appearance. The spike binds and fuses to human cells, allowing the virus to gain entry. Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the National Institutes of Health, U.S., have produced a 3D atomic-scale map of the protein of the SARS-CoV-2 that binds to and infects human cells. Mapping the 3D structure of the protein - spike (S) glycoprotein - will allow a better understanding of how the virus binds to the human cells. Knowing the structure of the spike protein will, in turn, allow scientists to develop vaccines and antivirals against the virus and even better diagnostics. The World Health Organisation has declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic4. The symptoms of COVID-19 appear within two to 14 days after exposure and include fever, cough, a runny nose and difficulty in breathing. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the COVID-19 and how this great pandemic has bothered the ordinary life of every citizen, with more focus on the economic imbalance created in India. This study has also attempted to know the students learning experiences and their attitude due to this lockdown period amidst the demanding end of the semester requirements in the year 2020. It also attempts to know their expectations, anxieties, plans and problems encountered by them about COVID-19 by being at home, having in mind their career development.
A Study on Customers Attitude towards the Problems of Internet Banking Services in Madurai City
Authors: Andy R , Sujatha A
Published: January 2021

The banking industry has been developing by using Internet banking as a well-organized and practicable tool to create customer value. In the banking sector, different electronic delivery channels are increasingly used for delivering banking products and services that convenient for the customers at a low cost. Internet Banking (IB) is one among them in the banking sector. It is one of the smart services offered by traditional banks to offer speed and reliable services to online users. With the fast development of computer-based technology, the Internet Banking can draw more customers to perform banking dealings in related banks. However, the main issue of Internet banking faced by bankers is that a large number of banking customers are not ready to usethe Internet banking services offered by banks. This happens due to the services offered through Internet banking is yet to encourage its customers. Customer satisfaction is an important factor that helps the banks to maintain competitive advantages. Therefore, this study is to observe the factors that influence the customers’ satisfaction towards Internet banking. The study concentrates on the following factors that can influence customers’ satisfaction toward Internet banking, which include services, web design, security, and convenience. The sample size taken for the study was 100 respondents who provided valuable feedback to pertain to the above factors that influence customers’ decision to use Internet Banking.
A Study of Stress Complications among Employees during Covid-19 Pandemic Special References to Chennai City
Authors: Vijai C , Nivetha P
Published: January 2021

Nowadays, stress is a common word used in day-to-day life. With the spread of the coronavirus, many states have issued stay-at-home orders. Many companies have mandated that employees work from home to help stop the spread of COVID-19 between members of your staff with other employees and their families. This research finds out employee work from home stress complicates during Covid-19 Lockdown. The primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 454 respondents using Google form. The majority was 45% of the respondents are male, 43% of the respondents are 21-30 years age group, 40% of the respondents are Diploma/ITI qualified, 35% of the respondents are Rs. 20,001 to Rs. 30,000 income group,% of the respondents are not feeling stressing in accepting all works, 47% of the respondents are not accepted lockdown increase work pressure, majority of the respondents are not doing work from home and it is found that the majority of respondents employed in the private sector and the majority of respondents do not accept normal working days better than this lockdown. Data were processed and analyzed by the Statistical Package for social science. A chi-square test was used to investigate the level of association among variables at the significance level of p<0.05. This study to find out the stress complication among employees during COVID -19 special references to Chennai City.
A Study on Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Marketing
Authors: Poorani D , Vidhiya J , Santhosini Ms.
Published: January 2021

Digital Marketing has emerged as extra well-known after the involvement of modern technologies in businesses. It has completely changed the historic advertising methods and compelled marketers to remain linked with their buyers or clients by using the net for promoting their products and services. Since the emergence of social media, industrial advertising teachers and entrepreneurs have additionally been intrigued by the influence of such media on the discipline. As social media lookup in the industrial marketing discipline has been of growing interest, this lookup tries to the challenges and possibilities in social media. This research offers some of the options to overcome the problems and analyzing the satisfactory method in a present-day scenario in the discipline and suggests directions for future development.
An Analysis on Human Resource Management Practices and Job Satisfaction with Special Reference to IT Company
Authors: Srivastava Shivi
Published: January 2021

The job satisfaction of employees signifies one of the furthermost multifaceted zones fronting nowadays executives when it talks about handling their workers. The human resource department should focus on promoting job satisfaction. Till individuals and every single company release not all of the effort to discover the specific difficulties which touch not only their gratification but the complete performance, it will develop loads of trouble. The specific study is regarding the Human Resource Management Practices and job satisfaction with special reference to IT Company. The study was undertaken at SDITS: Software Development & Website Designing Company in Lucknow. The worker of the company was the target populace chosen for this work. The pilot study presented numerous aids to know the circumstances and to confirm the samples of the work. The sample frame for work was 200; for executing a pilot study, the investigator took a quantity of 5% of the sample frame, a size of 25. It displayed the response as 95% belongs to a specific category. So the investigator has taken S as 95% and T as 5%. The level of confidence reserved is 95%; thus, the Z value is 1.96. If Z is 95%, the E value must be 5%. Therefore, the sample size is 129. This is the descriptive research study and stratified random sampling grounded on six subdivisions like Human Resource, Finance, Labour, Quality management, Production and Research and Development for picking samples.It was marked that practically every worker was fulfilled with their effort under the assumed practices of human resources management. The specific work once more evidenced that practices of human resource management have countless character within the company to encounter their objectives. Till the company providing complete effort, each worker will confront terrible outcomes.
Survival Strategies for Businesses during Covid-19 Lockdown
Authors: Nivetha P , Sudhamathi S
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pestilence is a sharp admonition that pandemics have existed before and will keep on happening later on, as other only here and there happening fiascoes. Regardless of whether we are frail to evade the appearance of hurtful infections, we should plan to hose their consequences for human progress. All through the world, the most recent pestilence has had genuine financial impacts, and it doesn’t seem like each country would be unaffected. In addition to the fact that this has financial ramifications; quite a bit of society is affected, which has added to extraordinary movements in how organizations act and how buyers act. Many anticipated issues with getting to the administration, notwithstanding, for example, regulatory difficulties and qualification challenges. We additionally test take-up rates and market dependability results for advances contrasted with awards based activities utilizing exploratory change.
Telecommuting: An Empirical Study on Job Performance, Job Satisfaction and Employees Commitment during Pandemic Circumstances
Authors: Abilash K M , Mary Siju Nitha
Published: January 2021

Telecommuting can assist various organizations in complying with any ordinance during pandemic situations. This study investigates the link of adopting telecommuting in the organization during the crucial situation and how it enables the employee to perform, satisfy, committed to working with full effectiveness. Additionally, this research elicits other factors such as employee engagement and how it bolsters the job autonomy of individuals to control or shape professional dynamics connected with responsibility and the environment. The researcher has employed descriptive statistics, coefficient of correlation and one sample t-test method to analyze data, and the result indicated which shows a good relationship between employee commitment and job satisfaction during the adoption of telecommuting method in an organization. Also observed from the study, telecommuting can abreast routine work and official meetings during the current situations. It is also recommended that employees should ensure the work environment properly before adopt with telecommuting method.
A Study on the Impact of Social Media on Consumer Buying Behaviour of Mobile Phones in Chennai
Authors: Gajashree S , Anand J
Published: January 2021

This paper aims to investigate the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior. The primary purpose of this research is to identify the effect of social media on consumer buying decisions. Social Media have given many opportunities to consumers in adapting to different aspects of life. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have played significant roles in expanding consumer’s online purchases. This paper aims to know which consumers are mostly influenced by the online purchase of mobile through social media and the kinds of social media that are employed mainly by consumers in Chennai. The research carried out primary research methods and questionnaire to investigate the impact of social media sites on the user’s changing behavior who aim to purchase online. The target of the research is to elucidate why, when, and the way social media has impacted on the consumer decision process. The theoretical framework rests on the literature of the consumer decision-making process, social media, and previous studies relating to social media marketing. The quantitative research method is tailored to the aim of this research. The empirical data was gathered by sending out an opinion poll to individuals. The study explains how individuals are attending processing and selecting the knowledge on social media before a sale. The findings indicate that individuals pursue an active role in information search on social media comparing to mass media. Yet, information exposure is selective and subjective during knowledge search. Results show that social media usage influences consumer satisfaction within the stages of data search and alternative evaluation, with happiness getting amplified. The consumer moves along the method towards the ultimate purchase decision and post-purchase evaluation.
Corporate Performance Measurement Tool via Economic Value Added
Authors: Sathiya Moorthi S B
Published: January 2021

Execution estimation matters in the present complicated business field independent of the sort, nature, and volume variety in business. On the off chance that the consequence of the exhibition estimation turns out badly because of the broken or erroneous determination of tool(s), at that point, the all-out cycle will refute in due time henceforth an endeavor to assess Economic Value Added (EVA) as an option in contrast to conventional execution measure. For the most part, it is accepted that EVA is intended for giant organizations and is the best exhibition measure. The potential favorable circumstances, openings and constraints of utilizing EVA as an exhibition estimation instrument are examined to energize the clients/perusers to consolidate EVA with their present arrangement to receive the likely rewards from it.
பழங்கால ஓலைச்சுவடிகள் - ஒரு பார்வை
Authors: Suba T , Aji K
Published: January 2021

It is the Manuscripts that give us the literary treasures we read and enjoy today in book form. The prints were mostly made of Palm Leaves. Because it is readily available and inexpensive. This review explores the methods of preservation of the Manuscripts, how to make manuscripts, the types of pens used, the protocols to be followed when writing, the method of reading, how they are preserved, and the causes of the destruction of manuscripts.
தமிழில் குழுக்குறி - பொருண்மையியல் ஆய்வு
Authors: Ramesh Kumar M
Published: January 2021

Semantics is the study of meaning. It is describe relationship, the use of words and functions in language. Everyone knows primary meaning it is called the dictionary meaning of the word and also designative meaning. If a word has only one meaning, it can easily be said that it does not exist in terms of usage (Polysemy, Synonymy, Homonymy). Not only these, the secret language, codes of words used by a group of people for conceptual use, Jargon (group code), however this section is the semantic area particularly connotative meaning; that needs to be explored and explained in the linguistic context. What kind of words, in what sense are they used, who, for what, where are they used. The purpose of this article is to explore and explain.