bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining optimal lifting loads using augmented reality and internet of things
Authors: A. González Mendívil Jorge , X. Rodríguez-Paz Miguel , Caballero-Montes Eduardo , Zamora-Hernandez Israel
Published: June 2023

The design of the optimal workplace is still a task of the highest relevance for an ergonomist, the fact that the workplace adapts to the operator and not the operator to the workplace is a task that can take a long time. and this means that many companies do not want to invest that time in such a task and end up with a version of the workplace that is less than optimal.The time that this task takes includes activities such as the design of the place and the design of the environment, for which each of these tasks requires observations, taking photos, videos, and the consequent analysis to define aspects such as lighting, noise, vibration, temperature, ventilation, processes, optimal lifting loads, heights, widths, distances, etc.In terms of time, we would be talking about weeks and perhaps months to be able to complete the design of a workstation, hence the importance of making the said design as efficient as possible in terms of time.In this paper, we will present how the use of technologies such as augmented reality and the Internet of things can help optimize the design of a workstation by minimizing the time for defining the optimal load to be handled by an operator.Early results give us the opportunity to comment that the application of such technologies really minimizes time without sacrificing the accuracy of the measurements.
Dynamic stability of VR headsets: the effect of contact area on displacement in user motion
Authors: Ge Weihan , Wang Yun , Ren Hongyu
Published: June 2023

Since the metaverse was introduced, virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) are increasingly being used for VR gaming, sports and 3D films. Additionally, the Pancake optical module has made HMDs smaller and lighter, which greatly increased its comfortability. However, during real use, there will inevitably be a lot of user head mouvements, such as shaking, lowering and raising, etc., which will cause certain displacement of the HMDs due to its inertia. Then the relative displacement of HMDs may affect the pressure and pressure-bearing area of the head, which leads to user discomfort.Currently, the research on the comfort of HMDs primarily focuses on the static scenarios without mouvement. This paper investigated the relative displacement and user comfort of the HMDs in motion. The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between HMDs' displacement and the contact area in order to provide design guidances and insights for HMDs, particularly the binding area. This paper also proposed an effective experimental method for measuring the relative displacement of HMDs, which can be used to assess the dynamic stability.A simple VR environment was bulit to guide the participant’s head movements by moving circular lightened dots, for simulating the head mouvements in daily life. At the same time, a wearable ruler sticker was designed to measure the displacement of the HMDs relative to the head.The experimenter took measurements of participants’ heads and assisted them to get familiar with the HMDs, and then pasted ruler stickers on the participants’ faces. The participants put on the HMD and adjust it to a comfortable position. Then they completed the head movement under the guidance of the VR environment and repeated it for 5 times. The same procedure was repeated after changing the contact area of the binding with 40mm*40mm foam cotton pieces. The HMD’s position was recorded before and after the mouvement.The results shows that, the HMDs exhibit a significant displacement relative to the head, after performing typical head motions, which causes some slight discomfort. Meanwhile, after doing a data correlation with SPSS, it can be found that the contact area of the binding is one of the main reasons for HMDs’ displacement. And the displacement can be greatly reduced and the pressure comfort rarely changes when the contact area of the bindings is increased, which has a positive impact on the overall comfort evaluation. Besides, we believe that in addition to the contact area, the mass distribution, pressure, and materials also have an effect on the relative displacement of HMDs, which might be the focus of future research. In future, new prototypes will be developed to increase the accuracy of environmental variables control and the evaluation of different factors.
Predicting Virtual Garment Fitting Size with Psychographic Characteristics and 3D Body Measurements Using Artificial Neural Network and Visualizing Fitted Bodies Using Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Yin Dik Nga , Kei Tsang Wai , Pun Chan Ah , Yu Lo Kwan , Ching Chu Wai
Published: June 2023

3D virtual garment simulation technology is widely used in apparel industry nowadays with computer-aided manufacturing systems for the earlier stages of apparel design and product development process. The technological advances have brought convenience in garment product fitting procedures with virtual fitting environment, and eventually enhance the supply chain in the aspects of social, economic, and environmental aspects. Many studies have addressed the matters related to non-standardized selection on garment sizing, ease allowance for different selected groups, and use of 3D avatars for virtual fitting in the design and pre-production stages. Nevertheless, the current practice for designers is difficult for them to recognize the customers’ motivation and emotions towards their preferred fit in the virtual environment, leading to a hard time for the designers to determine the appropriate ease allowances for the end users. The present study is to investigate the variations on the ease preferences for the apparel sizes according to the body dimensions and psychological orientation of the subjects by developing a virtual garment fitting prediction model using artificial neural network (ANN). One hundred and twenty adult subjects were recruited to conduct 3D body scans and questionnaire survey for retrieving their body dimensions and psychographic characteristics. Segmentations were performed and each cluster was asked to evaluate the fitting preferences in a co-design interview on virtual garment simulation with a commercial software called Optitex. The results demonstrated that the ANN model is effective in predicting ease preferences from the body measurements and the psychological orientation of the subjects with high correlation coefficients, showing that a non-linear relationship is modelled among pattern parameters, body dimensions and psychographic characteristics. The results were visualized using generative adversarial network (GAN) to generate 3D samples. This new approach is significant to predict the garment sizes and pattern parameters with a highly accurate ANN model. Visualization of the predicted size with the implementation of GAN model is valuable to envision the garment details from 2D to 3D. The project has achieved the conception of mass customization and customer orientation by providing the perfect fit to the end users. Eventually, new size fitting data is generated for improved ease preference charts and augments end-user satisfaction in garment fit.
Human comfort factors towards 3D digital fashion design
Authors: Wang Wen
Published: June 2023

Fashion can not only be designed and made by traditional manual methods, but also be realized and produced by digital modelling and 3D printing. At present, although it has not been applied to a wide range in the garment manufacturing, it has put forward new possibilities for traditional clothing manufacturing. It is necessary to study these novel methods on clothing design and production. In this paper, through the digital design to 3D printing for fashion production involved in materials, processes, techniques and other aspects of the study and analysis. From the perspective of human comfort to analysis 3D digital design for fashion production that is more suitable for human wear and higher comfort.
Investigating Health-Care Consumers’ Intention to Use Patient Decision Aids: An Empirical Study
Authors: Ku Wen-Tsung , Lai Hui-Min , Hsieh Pi-Jung
Published: June 2023

Patient decision aids (PDAs) are designed to help patients participate in making specific choices concerning their care options in shared decision-making (SDM). Even though some practitioners and academics have emphasized how SDM enables hospitals to improve patient safety, the overall adoption of PDAs by patients remains low. This study developed an integrated model to explain health-care consumers’ intention to use PDAs. This theoretical model was empirically validated using online survey data from Taiwanese citizens aged at least 20 years. The structural equation model was used to examine the data. The 2,513 valid questionnaires obtained by this study constituted a response rate of 83.76%. The results revealed that e-health literacy had a positive influence on self-efficacy. The findings also indicated that self-efficacy, e-health literacy, functional value, social value, and emotional value had a positive effect on health-care consumers’ intention to use PDAs in SDM. The results of this study provide constructive suggestions to researchers, hospitals, and the government to increase the likelihood of SDM participation.
Making Architecture: Javier García Solera - The Sense of Place in Architecture
Authors: Sosa Marco , Orellana-Alvear Boris , Pacurucu Natalia
Published: June 2023

There is a growing awareness in today's society of the importance of architecture and place, but as the cities we live in grow and our lifestyles change, so does the way we use space. This means that the role of the architect is increasingly important. The development of the city and its rapid growth has become a stage to demonstrate the individualism of an architecture biased towards the spectacle and clearly towards real estate. It is important to recognize the good way of doing architecture. This article intends to establish the importance of the place in the work of the architect Javier García Solera, being for him an important condition to project and a result to be achieved with the construction. Through the bibliographical review, the condition of its architecture and the purpose of its design are described, establishing the strategy that is part of the solution, when facing the place and the initial idea of projecting. At the same time, the present study establishes through the bibliographic review, the notion of what the place means, its different scales and perceptions. It is concluded that architecture is the human response to the environment in which we live and what is its impact on the landscape, as an expression of identity and what sensations it provokes in those who inhabit it. With this study the fundamental role of the place is defined, understanding it as a necessary condition for architecture to exist.
Incremental public space networks as metropolitan infrastructures towards urban resilience and cohesion: decoding best practices in Lisbon, Portugal
Authors: Rafael Santos João , Nunes Tomás , Marques Da Silva Ariana , Duarte José , Beja Da Costa Ana
Published: June 2023

The paper offers a systematized perspective on a selection of complex public space projects delivered in Lisbon metropolitan area, through which three key rationales are discussed: 1) promotion of environmental resilience through green and blue infrastructure networks, 2) promotion of low-carbon mobility through improved conditions for walkability, active modes and access to public transport, 3) promotion of territorial cohesion through better connected and more cohesive neighborhood public spaces. Concluding remarks and contributions reveal the lessons learned on how each project’s rationale and systemic articulation complement each other, as well as the future prospects in terms of assemblage mechanisms towards an incremental logic of public space development.
Comparing the Profile of South African Quantity Surveyors with Construction Quantity Surveyors
Authors: Hoffman Danie , Booyens Derick , Trusler Karl
Published: June 2023

Organisations and professions need adaption skills to survive and prosper in a world of change. As a new democracy, South Africa is experiencing significant change. Organisations such as the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors (ASAQS) must also adapt. The ASAQS is a voluntary association formed to serve the professional needs of Quantity surveyors (QS’s). QS’s offer financial consultancy services to the construction industry. The ASAQS has been considering adding a new membership category for construction quantity surveyors (CQS) since a recent study has shown that more than 17% of QS’s are employed by contractors and do not work as professional consultants. South African CQS’s do not have a professional organisation to serve their interests. A new CQS membership category will address that need, strengthen the ASAQS membership base and expand the ASAQS’s influence in the construction industry. To secure updated information about the profile of QS’s, a questionnaire from the ASAQS, assisted by the University of Pretoria (UP), was recently circulated to all QS’s nationally. In a previous study, the data was used to compile a profile of CQSs to assist the ASAQS’s consideration of a CQS membership category. The profile of CQS’s confirmed them to be relatively young (almost 55% are not older than 35 years), 83% are located in provinces with major urban economic hubs, 63% are African, but less than 10% are from Coloured, Indian or other racial groups. All CQS’s have tertiary qualifications, only 25% of CQS’s are not registered with the South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession (SACQSP), but 34% are not ASAQS members. To further assist the ASAQS in considering this new membership category, this study will compare the profile of CQS’s to the profile of consulting QS’s. The findings of this study will assist the ASAQS to more clearly understand the specific nature and traits of CQS’s. Recent and detailed information proposed by this study will help guide the ASAQS’s decision on CQS membership.
Determinants influencing the current real estate market in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Spirkova Daniela , Golej Julius , Zatrochova Monika
Published: June 2023

Increasing mortgage loan prices, interest rates, the decline in the attractiveness of investment housing, inflation, and the energy crisis are the determinants that significantly affect real estate, especially the residential market. Currently, in December 2022, the European Central Bank (ECB) has raised key interest rates by 50 basis points and is expected to raise them further. According to the ECB's latest forecasts, the average inflation rate will reach 8.4% this year and fall to 6.3% in 2023. In the following years, the ECB expects inflation to average 3.4% in 2024 and 2.3% in 2025. Thus, current developments bring turbulence to the property market, but radical changes in the residential property market cannot be expected. In the past, investment properties accounted for up to half of all transactions in the real estate market in Slovakia. Those intended for rent are suffering under the impact of sharp price increases, as several analyses have shown. Another interesting fact is the payback period for such an investment. For example, in the centre of Slovakia's capital Bratislava, the return on a one-room flat has been extended by more than four years to 30.5 years from January to June 2022. Bratislava has thus overtaken Warsaw (27.3 years) and Budapest (30.1 years). The reason for the extension of the investment payback period when buying an apartment was the increase in prices, but this was no longer matched by the increase in rents, which were lagging behind. Therefore, current development is bringing shocks to the real estate market not only in Slovakia. The authors assume that home ownership may be affordable in the future only for a limited income group, especially in large cities. Due to the energy crisis, and increasing interest rates on housing loans, there will be a group of people who will not be able to repay their mortgage and will have to change from owner-occupied housing to rental housing. The aforementioned real estate market situation with an emphasis on residential housing is an unexplored topic in the current international literature. This paper focuses on the economic and behavioural aspects that are related to the issue of the residential real estate market, as well as the negative consequences of the energy crisis combined with the increase in interest rates, inflation, etc. In their research, the authors analyze and interpret relevant aspects of the behavioural aspects of the residential real estate market with a significant impact on the price development, sustainability, and affordability of residential real estate due to the negative turbulence on a global scale. The partial results will be presented in the paper.
Investigations on User Acceptance of Fast Charging Stations in Drive-Through Layouts for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Mueller Alexander , Elster Benjamin , Tsolakidis Lampros , Deininger Moritz
Published: June 2023

Until today, the range and the time to fill up the energy storage of an electric vehicle takes much longer than that of vehicles with combustion engine. For the user, these deficits are associated with a loss of comfort, especially during long-distance journeys. One possible approach to significantly reducing charging times is to provide the option of thermal power transfer in addition to electrical power during vehicle fast charging in order to dissipate heat during the fast charging process and thus further shorten the charging process. This approach is selected in the publicly funded research project CoolEV.Despite these and comparable efforts, charging time will not be comparable to the time required for refuelling in the foreseeable future. The question arises as to what extent shortening the charging time can contribute to increasing convenience. The possibility of completing the charging process like a short "pit stop" in the drive-through is seen as a decisive gain in convenience. Closely related to this is the question of how long vehicle users maximally remain at the vehicle during charging in order to then immediately continue their journey. As a result, a statement can be generated as to whether charging stations in a drive-through layout are target-oriented and under which conditions they are to be preferred to those with parking bays.In order to investigate the questions, an architectural model of an ideal loading park with a drive-through layout is first created. This model is then imported into a VR environment and animated allowing test persons to virtually experience and evaluate the charging process. Subject tests are conducted and user behavior as a function of charging time is captured and documented by video. The results are compared and discussed with the subjective impressions of the test persons, which are collected with questionnaires.
Deployment of Ransomware Detection Using Dynamic Analysis and Machine Learning
Authors: Herrera- Silva Juan , Hernandez-Alvarez Myriam
Published: June 2023

Ransomware's growing impact is powered by dedicated criminal teams working within an organized business framework. Because of the amount of sensitive information stored on devices and the cloud while transferring over the networks, malware detection, especially ransomware, has become a primary research topic in recent years. In this paper, we present a dynamic feature dataset with 50 characteristics that are ransomware related and with low correlation pairwise. The link to the dataset is included. Using this dataset, machine learning models are generated implementing Random Forest, Gradient Boosted Regression Trees, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, and Neural Networks algorithms obtaining average ten-fold cross-validation accuracies between 74% and 100%. Processing times range between 0.15 sec and 25.47 secs, allowing a fast response to avoid encryption. These models are applied to new artifacts to effectively detect possible incoming threats.
Architectural Design for Secure Smart Contract Development
Authors: Lewis Myles
Published: June 2023

As time progresses, the need for more secure applications grows exponentially. The different types of sensitive information that is being transferred virtually has sparked a rise in systems that leverage blockchain. Different sectors are beginning to use this disruptive technology to evaluate the risks and benefits. Sectors like finance, medicine, higher education, and wireless communication have research regarding blockchain. Futhermore, the need for security standards in this area of research is pivotal. In recent past, several attacks on blockchain infrastructures have resulted in hundreds of millions dollars lost and sensitive information compromised. Some of these attacks include DAO attacks, bZx attacks, and Parity Multisignature Wallet Double Attacks which targeted vulnerabilities within smart contracts on the Ethereum network. These attacks exposed the weaknesses of current smart contract development practices which has led to the increase in distrust and adoption of systems that leverage blockchain for its functionality. In this paper, I identify common software vulnerabilities and attacks on blockchain infrastructures, thoroughly detail the smart contract development process and propose a model for ensuring a stronger security standard for future systems leveraging smart contracts. The purpose for proposing a model is to promote trust among end users in the system which is a foundational element for blockchain adoption in the future.
Third person drone – gamification motivated new approach for controlling UAV
Authors: Hofmann Thomas , Linder Dennis , Lensing Philip
Published: June 2023

Over the last years drones became a more and more popular solution for inspection and survey tasks. Controlling these drones, especially in tight spaces, using ‘line of sight’ or a ‘first person’ view from the perspective of the drone can be a difficult task. Often users experience an increased rate of difficulty that can be traced back to the limited situationaloverview of the user. To investigate whether a different form of visualization and interaction might result in a higher level of usability for the user, an experimental workspace was set up, with the goal of exploring the possibility of implementing a ‘third person view’ metaphor, like one used in video games. To further allow the user to experience his environment the use of virtual reality was used to stream the followers perspective directly to the users headset. This allowed the user to fly inside a simulated environment allowing for a control- and repeatable testing ground of the software. The workspace consisted of a simulation in which a ‘proof of concept’ was developed. In this simulation a drone used a conventional GPS sensor to follow a human controlled drone, offering his view, from a static camera, as a third person perspective to the controller using a virtual reality headset. Within the framework of the project, two aspects in particular were investigated: The performance of the technical system and the basic user experience and ergonomics of this form of interaction. To evaluate the performance of the follower system, the GPS position, as well as execution times and latencies were recorded. The user experience was evaluated based on personal interviews. The results show that the developed system can in fact follow a drone based on the GPS position alone, as well as calculate the desired positions in a timely manner. Yet, the existing delay in movement induced by the controller execution, as well as the drones own inertia did not allow for continues camera tracking of the drone using a static camera. This introduced several issues regarding tracking and impacted the user experience, but still showed that such a metaphor could in theory be implemented and further refined. The personal interviews showed that users would try tracking the drone by moving their head, like they are used to in virtual reality games. Ultimately, it was deduced that introducing a vectorbased drone movement, additional range detection sensor, as well as a moveable camera, controlled via head movement would be next steps to improve of the overall system. Since the prototype created in this paper only contained a bare bones user interface and experience the use of a usability study has been foregone in exchange for a more stable software solution. This allows further research into this topic the possibility of evaluating possible types of spatial user interfaces, which could improve the user immersion.
Motion analysis of drone pilot operations and drone flight trajectories
Authors: Goto Akihiko , Sugiyama Naoki , Ota Tomoko
Published: June 2023

This study compares the piloting practices and drone flight trajectories of skilled and novice drone pilots. Markers for 3D movement analysis were attached to the fingers that move the control stick. Similarly, drones were also marked and the flight movement of the drones analyzed. These two sets of data were cross-checked to examine the characteristics of the subjects. As a result, the following results were obtained.・The expert pilot did not adjust the position of the object directly in front of the object to be photographed, but at a distance of about 90 mm in the lateral direction.・The expert moved the drone in both the first axis and the second axis directions
Accounting trustworthiness requirements in Service Systems Engineering
Authors: Schmidt Steven , Hartenstein Sandro
Published: June 2023

Trustworthy services are essential for sustainable digitization, especially during ever more demanding times when it comes to service expectations, quality and consumption. Putting the human being behind the service consumer at the centre of service systems engineering also means identifying which requirements are beneficial for the actual usage of the service. Previous research has shown that the degree of trustworthiness of a digital system is directly related to the potential use of the same. Yet, there is a lack of empirical data on the perception of trustworthiness of different systems and approaches on how to integrate these aspects as requirements in disciplines such as Service Engineering in academia. This paper aims to provide insights into a recent empirical study that collected views on the importance of trustworthiness attributes of various digital services and how these results can potentially be integrated into Service Systems Engineering via a Requirements Engineering approach. The base is a multidisciplinary view of trustworthiness in sociotechnical systems. In this expert survey, the perspectives are manifested by trusted Wifi, conventional WebAPIs, AI WebAPIs, and mediation services. Thus, differences in social, technical and socio-technical, as well as with AI-enabled services will also be highlighted. Utilizing the basic approaches of Trust Engineering, Trust determinants are incorporated and empirically evaluated in this study and give new insights into trustworthy Systems Engineering as well as relevant and potentially counter-intuitive features.
A Data retrieval Model for Distributed Heterogeneous Pharmacy Information Sources
Authors: Alramouni Suad , Hassounah Reem
Published: June 2023

The need for sharing data in various domains has increased significantly over the past decades and has become the focus of many theoretical works as numerous data-related problems remain unsolved. Hospitals exemplify this notion given that they are complex institutions with constantly evolving patient-related services and ever-growing data stored on heterogeneous data sources. The purpose of this research is to solve the patients’ issue in checking drug availability in pharmacies in their vicinity, specifically for pharmacies in Saudi Arabia.A qualitative study was conducted to obtain a comprehensive view from two hospitals in Riyadh, KSA about their HIS implementation and the integration approaches used. To address the data integration challenges faced by these hospitals, a data retrieval model to integrate data from heterogeneous sources has been developed and tested.Various reasons affect the successful implementation and adoption of HIS. The main reason for the lack of HIS adoption in Saudi Arabia is due to the lack of expertise in systems integration and weak integration planning and architecting. This thesis looked at integration approaches and found that there is no single optimal integration approach for solving complex integration issues. A combination of multiple integration approaches should be utilized to leverage the advantages of the various approaches. One of the main components of the HIS is the Pharmacy Information system (PIS) which is responsible for storing and managing medication-related data, however, PISs in pharmacies are considered heterogeneous and not integrated, therefore users cannot conduct searches for medication availability across multiple pharmacies. A data Retrieval Model has been designed to integrate heterogeneous data sources and has been validated by implementing a mockup E-Pharmacy mobile application that helps the user search for medications in pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. This data retrieval model can be applied in many fields and benefit various organizations in their data integration initiatives.
Can haptic signals aid to solve ADAS limitations?
Authors: De Nalda Tárrega Víctor , Soler Andrés , Laparra Jose , Solaz Jose , Morales Casas Adrian
Published: June 2023

The number of Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) in the vehicle has continuously increased during the last years. There is, however, a lack of understanding in how this information can be better conveyed to the driver, in order to optimize its help. Drivers may become overexposed to visual information when driving, or acoustic alerts can be masked in noised environments. Moreover, if the user is not paying attention to the road or using headphones, visual and acoustic alerts would not be as efficient or desirable, but the key is the multimodal communication.Therefore, a study has been carried to evaluate the effectiveness of a new haptic and acoustic ADAS system comparing it to conventional visual ADAS. This new system is called Vibe system, that consists of a seat with haptic actuators and acoustic signals. In order to carry out the experiment, 20 subjects in ‘standard’ sleeping conditions and 10 in ‘sleep deprived’ conditions participated in the experiment. The experimentations were taken place in the dynamic driving simulator developed by the IBV’s Human Autonomous Vehicle (HAV). Users were immersed in driving tasks, in day and night conditions, with CARLA SW in the HAV simulator while several visual, auditive and haptic alerts appeared to simulate different ADAS of some of the most common vehicle brands. In every hazardous situation during the driving tasks, the following alerts were triggered: drowsiness, blind spot alert, overspeed alert and lane change. The driving behavior, the mental status and the user opinion of each user was gathered using telemetry, physiological signals and validated questionnaires such as TAM or SUS.In a general overview, there are barely no statistically significant difference in the main parameters between the haptic and the conventional visual ADAS evaluated, so the effect of each signal is similar in controlled conditions. Currently, the acceptance of traditional ADAS is slightly higher but haptic ADAS acceptance improves along sessions, even being a new technology.
How personality, demographics, and technology affinity affect trust in autonomous vehicles: a case study
Authors: Mosaferchi Saeedeh , Califano Rosaria , Naddeo Alessandro
Published: June 2023

Autonomous vehicles’ companies are awakening of cutting-edge technology by offering self-driving cars, however, customers’ acceptance and trust of this high-tech product has become a significant open challenge in the world. It can be expected that autonomous vehicles (AVs) ameliorate traffic flow, lessen accidents and injuries, and save the time on travel in addition to people’s life. Despite the increment of human replacement by the artificial intelligence in various industries and artifacts, most customers have not convinced with this big revolutionize transportation yet. This paper presents an experiment that evaluated the impact of personality, affinity to technology and demographics on human’s trust in autonomous vehicles. Methods: 19 engineering students did participate in the experiment by using an autonomous vehicle with level 2, that had automated speed and trajectory maintenance, but without automatic detection for obstacles, objects or events while driving. First, the AV programmer explained its function and information about the track for all participants. Then, they were asked to answer to 9 questions of Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) scale, 17 demographic questions, and 10 questions of Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ). Afterwards, all participants rode 10-minute path in a pre-defined rout by accompaniment of the AV programmer to control probable dangerous situations. Finally, they completed Trust in Automation Scale questionnaire. Gathering data was analysed using IBM SPSS 26. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for descriptive data and the Spearman for analytical data. Results: The analysis’ results showed a behavioural split (50/50) among people having and not having complete confidence in the autonomous vehicle. Nervous people trust the AV less than others, like people with little or no experience in using an AV. As well, the more transparency in the AV’s behaviours and presenting information about it, the more trust and security perception of participants. People with high level of technology affinity experienced more trust in the AV, as the effect of frequent exposures with an AV. It’s worth mentioning that females are more conservative and prefer to trust an AV less than males. Conclusions: The results indicated that various variables could affect people’s trust in AVs. Obviously, changing people’s demographics and some aspects of personality seem to be impossible most of the times, while as approved by other recent studies, their affinity to technology, as a new type of personality, can change or be changed. As the results showed, it is recommended to AVs companies to design a good system in the vehicle, in order to present all information to passengers clearly. In addition, if some conditions are provided that people can test these vehicles and know more about their functions in detail, their trust will definitely increase significantly.
“Hand-Over, Move-Over, Take-Over” – HoMoTo as a Holistic Method to Analyze Take-Over Scenarios
Authors: Schäffer Miriam , Pomiersky Philipp , Remlinger Wolfram
Published: June 2023

Automated driving in Level 3 (SAE) allows the driver to temporarily devote his or her time to other activities (non-driving related activities, NDRA). If the system reaches its limits, take-overs back to Level 2 are mandatory. During the take-over phase, both the driver and the vehicle interior are in a state transition in order to regain a drivable condition. In Level 4, a complete and continuous devotion of the driver is possible and take-overs are not necessary by definition. Due to initial limited application areas, the use of Level 4 systems will initially also include take-overs. Then, the state transitions of driver and interior increase in complexity since a higher number and more variations of NDRAs are permitted. For the development and design of safe take-overs in automated vehicles, the prediction and assessment of the time required for these state transitions under different conditions, like NDRA and the associated body postures and interior adaption, is necessary. Currently, a procedure for describing and documenting the states and tasks of vehicle occupants and vehicle interior, and for the evaluation of positions and attitudes during the take-over does not exist. To close this gap, Schäffer et al. (2021) developed the method “Hand-Over, Move-Over, Take-Over” (HoMoTo). HoMoTo provides a description format of the driver's postures, movements, and cognitive states by dividing the take-over phase into subphases and subtasks. In this work, HoMoTo will be explained in detail with focus on the individual phases, steps, and influencing factors. Nevertheless, to obtain valid results further investigation of the procedure based on this work is necessary.
Does it Press? Investigating the Efficacy of an Ultrasonic Haptic Button Interface for Non-Visual Driving Applications
Authors: Alsamsam Maher , Fink Paul , Brown Justin , Dimitrov Velin , Giudice Nicholas
Published: June 2023

Ultrasonic haptic (UH) feedback employs mid-air ultrasound waves detectable by the palm of the hand. This interface demonstrates a novel opportunity to utilize non-visual input and output (I/O) functionalities in interactive applications, such as vehicle controls that allow the user to keep their eyes on the road. However, more work is needed to evaluate the useability of such an interface. In this study, 16 blindfolded participants completed tasks involving finding and counting UH buttons, associating buttons with audio cues, learning spatial arrangements, and determining button states. Results showed that users were generally successful with 2–4 arranged buttons and could associate them with audio cues with an average accuracy of 77.1%. Participants were also able to comprehend button spatial arrangements with 77.8% accuracy and engage in reconstruction tasks to prove user understanding. These results signify the capability of UH feedback to have real-world I/O functionality and serve to guide future exploration in this area.
Chinese Drivers’ Attitudes toward L2+ Level of Driving Automation
Authors: Li Liping , Chen Yurong , Wang Jifang , Luo Xiaojun
Published: June 2023

In addition to SAE 6 levels of driving automation, the industry has introduced Level 2+ driving automation (L2+), which includes features such as Highway Driving Pilot (HDP), Automatic Parking Assist (APA), Valet Parking Assist (VPA) and Remote Parking Assist (RPA). A mixed-methods study was conducted to investigate the daily usage and attitudes of L2+ experienced drivers toward L2+ features. 395 L2+ experienced drivers in China participated in the on-line survey, and 11 of them joined successive validation interviews. The results show that HDP and APA are the most commonly used features. Drivers experience more fun with tech from using parking features, while HDP provide users with relaxing time. Safety concerns are the main reason why drivers do not use L2+ features, which in turn decreases usage and negatively correlates with performance-related reasons for not using them. These findings suggest that drivers hold divergent attitudes towards L2+ features, with a focus on safety or efficiency. Such findings can guide product design and customer education.
CVR data unavailable: A study of 52 airline accidents and incidents 2014-2022
Authors: Cookson Simon
Published: June 2023

Concern has grown in recent years over the number of airline accidents and incidents for which investigators were unable to retrieve cockpit voice recorder (CVR) data. In 2018, a National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) report listed 34 events in which “pertinent CVR data were overwritten” and called for the introduction of CVRs with a 25-hour recording duration. In 2021, the European Union introduced regulations that require new transport aircraft weighing over 27,000 kg to be equipped with 25-hour CVRs. Building on a previous study (Cookson, 2019), this paper presents a protocol for examining safety events for which CVR data were unavailable, and examines 52 safety events that occurred between 2014 and 2022. In a majority of cases, the pertinent CVR data were overwritten because there was no prompt deactivation of the CVR after the safety event and/or a delay in notifying the investigating agency. The paper highlights a lack of standardization in the way that CVR data are presented in accident and incident reports, and a worrying subset of cases with a minimal description of CVR data or no mention at all.
Metrics to Evaluate Multi-Stakeholder Airport Control Center Decision-Making Processes - a Critical Discussion
Authors: Piekert Florian , Carstengerdes Nils , Schier Sebastian , Guenther Yves , Suikat Reiner
Published: June 2023

Since the beginning of the century, airport management decision-making processes have been under scientific discussion. The introduction of Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A CDM) has set an operational standard which is a about to be succeeded by Total Airport Management and Performance Based Airport Management. Within the design and validation of these concepts and the necessary tools multiple assessments of the decision-making processes have been made. Although being under research for almost 20 years, the right selection of metrics to evaluate the decision-making processes remains still a challenge. Reflecting the different stakeholder objectives and the intricate dependent working processes into metrics and performance indicators is complex and was in some cases not sensitive to the introduced operational improvement.Summarizing the experiences of the past, this paper suggests a novel approach towards the evaluation of airport control centre decision-making processes. This approach assesses performance on bases of comprehensive indicators such as costs and decision time which are valid for all stakeholders. It allows the application of computational power to calculate reliable reference values as well as to identify optimization potentials. Moreover, this paper suggests to encounter objective metrics for human factors aspects as well as to consider additional communication and personality indicators. Last but not least recurrence analysis and cross-lagged panel designs are introduced to analyse effects over time and causal relationships between human factors and performance indicators.This novel approach to decision-making evaluation leads away from single performance indicator selection and assessment to a more comprehensive evaluation of the airport in connection with highly sophisticated communication pattern analysis.
Active and Passive Machine Learning Predictors to Build Adaptive Virtual Environments
Authors: Mcmahan Timothy , Parsons Thomas
Published: June 2023

Virtual environments are increasingly used for assessment and training. While virtual environments offer ecologically valid stimulus presentations, they still follow a one-size fits all model. Technological innovation provides opportunities to transform the virtual environments into a customized experience for each individual user. This allows for the personalization of the virtual environment to the unique capabilities of a user. Active and passive data logging systems provide data necessary for adaptive virtual environments. Currently, most adaptive systems apply either active or passive data collection for building an adaptive virtual environment. The goal of the current research is to identify an optimal methodology for integrating both active and passive data into an adaptive virtual environment that can employ user data for fine tuning stimulus presentations. The framework suggested provides optimal performance parameters for identifying user cognitive and affective states and keeping users in a flow state. The result is a customized experience that is personalized to the user.
An Immersive Virtual Simulation to Assess the Effects of Engaging Tasks on Situational Safety Awareness
Authors: Kwegyir-Afful Ebo , Heilala Janne , Kantola Jussi
Published: June 2023

Issues about industrial safety during demanding activities are of paramount importance, especially regarding accident prevention. This paper assesses the situational safety awareness (SSA) of two groups of participants in an immersive virtual space according to a task specification. The purpose was to investigate the influence of engaging work exposure on their SSA while conducting plant maintenance activities in the virtual space. The maintenance activity involved changing the engine filter of a gas-powered engine in a computer-based simulation environment. For the procedure, the virtual reality-accident causation model (VR-ACM) comprising 3-D modelling and simulation, accident scenario, and safety assessment was employed for the experiment. Two groups of participants undertook the experiment and provided simulation data and perceptual feedback for the assessment. These groups constituted; the experimental group (n=26) engaged with an air filter replacement exercise and the control group (n=26) was not given any responsibility. Questions based on the Slater-Usoh-Steed (SUS) questionnaire which accesses the three themes of presence was employed for measuring the SSA experienced in the virtual space. The three assessment themes include the potential to perceive hazardous conditions, comprehension of the conditions, and the ability to project lessons in the likely event of the situation arising. This measurement was to evaluate participants’ perception of the virtual space, as the dominant reality rather than their actual location. Despite the substantial levels of presence demonstrated by both participating groups according to the results, the mean evacuation duration of those with the activity (M = 82.42, SD = 18.01) compared to those without the activity (M = 64.58, SD = 18.34) demonstrated a statistically significant difference, t (52) = 3.26, p = .001 in the influence of the working activity to a lesser SSA in the virtual space.
ESG and UN SDGs Driven Strategy Generation Process for Green and Pink Oceans
Authors: Markopoulos Evangelos , Zhao Kui , Samkova Mascha , Vanharanta Hannu
Published: June 2023

The paper introduces an applied and practical methodological framework for mapping the ESG criteria on the UN SDGs, and vice versa, and applies the results in developing organizational strategies based on sustainable and social innovations that can lead to Green or Pink oceans. Such an approach can be a dynamic multiplier on the organizational efforts to comply with the ESG criteria that impact their valuation and performance, and the alignment with the UN SDGs that impact the ESG score and the reputation of the organization. Any organization can use the proposed methodology to develop realistic and operational strategies in line with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the ESG criteria. Such strategies can increase the organization's competitiveness and deliver reputational benefits from their social and sustainable operations, but also financial benefits from their ESG score achievements. The paper suggests the pre and post-conditions on using the proposed method, research limitations, and areas of further research to be conducted for the application of the proposed methodology.
Data Space Ecosystem Development
Authors: Ruohomaa Heikki , Salminen Vesa
Published: June 2023

Societies are facing the huge change in its all sectors. Business drivers like; digital transformation and sustainability, are changing societies and all industries with increasing speed. The overflow of created data and technological opportunities are possible to turn managing by data solutions and business co-evolution.The efficient utilization of data is aimed at developing the data space with extensive EU-wide projects, European common data space development is on the programs, as GAIA-X, but there is also need for regional data space development.Domain-specific data spaces in Europe will not be implemented in a top-down approach. The European data space for a certain domain will materialize as the entirety of a variety of different bottom-up endeavors. (Otto et al (2021). Despite this fact, regional data space development work has been very limited. The objective of this article is to introduce the concept to increase knowledge and understanding by the development of regional data space.