bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Task Relevance Induces Momentary Changes in the Functional Visual Field During Reading
Authors: Kaakinen Johanna K. , Hyönä Jukka
Published: January 2014

In the research reported here, we examined whether task demands can induce momentary tunnel vision during reading. More specifically, we examined whether the size of the functional visual field depends on task relevance. Forty participants read an expository text with a specific task in mind while their eye movements were recorded. A display-change paradigm with random-letter strings as preview masks was used to study the size of the functional visual field within sentences that contained task-relevant and task-irrelevant information. The results showed that orthographic parafoveal-on-foveal effects and preview benefits were observed for words within task-irrelevant but not task-relevant sentences. The results indicate that the size of the functional visual field is flexible and depends on the momentary processing demands of a reading task. The higher cognitive processing requirements experienced when reading task-relevant text rather than task-irrelevant text induce momentary tunnel vision, which narrows the functional visual field.
Circulating FABP4 is a marker of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in SLE patients
Authors: Parra S , Cabré A , Marimon F , Ferré R , Ribalta J , Gonzàlez M , Heras M , Castro A , Masana L
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study is to determine if circulating fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) plasma levels are a possible marker of metabolic risk in SLE patients. Circulating levels of adipose FABP4 are associated with adiposity, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Patients affected by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) show an accelerated atherosclerosis that cannot be entirely explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty consecutive patients with SLE and 34 non-SLE age-matched controls were recruited for the study. Total plasma lipids and circulating FABP4 were determined. Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by measuring carotid intimae-media thickness (c-IMT) by sonography, and the distribution of lipoprotein subclasses was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In the SLE group, FABP4 was associated with IR, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, as measured by NMR, and the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis. In multivariate analyses FABP4 was associated with increased c-IMT independent of the inflammatory state of the patient. In sum, circulating FABP4 is involved in the metabolic disturbances of SLE affecting lipid metabolism and IR, and it could be a biomarker of atherosclerosis in this population.
Acculturation and Its Implications on Parenting for Chinese Immigrants
Authors: Ho Grace W. K.
Published: January 2014

Purpose: To systematically review and synthesize existing findings on acculturation and its implications on parenting for Chinese immigrants. Method: Three electronic databases were searched for original research articles that examined acculturation and its influence on parenting in Chinese immigrants. Results: Twenty-two studies were included. Findings suggest that acculturation influences parenting beliefs, attitudes, and practices, as well as parent-child relationships among Chinese immigrants. Acculturation discrepancies between parents and children are associated with negative child outcomes. Discussion and Conclusions: Further research is needed to better understand the relationships among acculturation and parenting perceptions, parent-child relationships, and parent-child acculturation discrepancies and associated child outcomes. In particular, longitudinal studies with larger samples and multiple methods are needed to suggest causal inferences and validate these relationships. Implications for Practice: Nurses are at the unique junction to identify these problems through interacting with individuals and families at the clinical and mental/community health levels.
Approaches to Community Nursing Research Partnerships
Authors: Anderson Nancy Lois Ruth , Lesser Janna , Oscós-Sánchez Manuel ángel , Piñeda Daniel V. , Garcia Gwyn , Mancha Juan
Published: January 2014

Every community is unique and has special strengths and health-related needs, such that a community-based participatory research partnership cannot be formed and implemented in a predetermined, step-by-step manner. In this article, we describe how the Community Partnership Model (CPM), designed to allow flexible movement back and forth through all action phases, can be adapted to a variety of communities. Originally developed for nursing practice, the CPM has evolved into approaches for the collaborative initiation and maintenance of community partnerships. The model is informed by the recognition that cultural, social, economic, and knowledge backgrounds may vary greatly between nurse researchers and their community partners. The Familias En Acción violence prevention project exemplifies the use of the CPM in a transcultural partnership formation and implementation process. The collaborative approaches of the model guide community and research partners to interconnect and move flexibly through all partnership phases, thereby facilitating sustainability and community self-advocacy.
A Humanizing Gaze for Transcultural Nursing Research Will Tell the Story of Health Disparities
Authors: Clark Lauren
Published: January 2014

If we limit our gaze to epidemiologic or medicalized discourse about health disparities, we risk losing sight of the person living in a health disparity context. We may erase or make invisible the person from a health disparity group; pathologize difference at the population level and, by extension, stigmatize the individual; eliminate the upstream context or causes of disparities; and obscure the human story. For the continued viability of our ideas about health disparities, it is crucial that we maintain cognitive flexibility. The unconscious bedrock of trusted ideas about “culture” and “disparities” can be enriched through a humanized view of the person in the health disparities story. Transcultural nursing research complements the biomedical gaze, placing the patient at the center of a cultural context where health problems are embodied, place based, and socially constituted. Humanizing our practice depends on dialogues with those who experience health disparity conditions.
Participants’ Perceptions of Their Outward Bound Final Expedition and the Relationship to Instructor Supervisory Position
Authors: Bobilya Andrew J. , Kalisch Kenneth R. , Daniel Brad
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this mixed-method study was to understand participants’ perceptions of their Outward Bound Final Expedition experience and more specifically the relationship between the instructor supervisory position and participant’s perception of learning. A sample of 331 students consented to participate and completed a survey at the conclusion of their Final Expedition. Instructors reported that they used different supervisory positions based on student age, readiness, and other factors. The most enjoyable aspect of Final Expedition that emerged when the instructor traveled with the group or within sight and sound was autonomy. Physical challenge and group dynamics were the most difficult aspects, regardless of the instructor position. Group dynamics played a greater role when instructors did not travel with their groups. These results indicate that minimizing instructor involvement enhanced perceived personal growth by increasing self-reliance and self-awareness and enhanced perceived group development by encouraging greater group reliance, responsibility, and cohesion. This study indicates that the adolescent students perceived autonomy and many of the associated benefits despite not experiencing the more traditional unaccompanied Final Expedition. The findings may serve instructors, program managers, and educators utilizing the Final Expedition in the existing programs as well as those interested in integrating autonomous student experiences in their programs.
Gender Matters
Authors: Overholt Jillisa R. , Ewert Alan
Published: January 2014

This two-phase study investigates the process of developing resilience through participation in outdoor adventure programming. In this study, resilience is conceptualized as experiencing growth through a disruptive event. In the first phase, a pre–post survey measure was used to assess resilience in university students who were enrolled in a semester-long adventure education program, a three-credit leisure class, or a one-credit leadership class. The second phase involved semi-structured interviews to better understand the results from Phase 1, which indicated an interaction effect between gender and time. Of particular interest was the finding that males decreased in reported levels of resilience, while females experienced increased levels. The salience of gender roles to adventure education programming is considered as an explanation for these results.
Restrictive Citizenship
Authors: Mann Jay A. , Dymond Stacy K. , Bonati Michelle L. , Neeper Lance S.
Published: January 2014

Citizenship education that uses service-learning continues to be implemented in a manner that may restrict many students from full, meaningful participation. The authors contend that much of the literature on civic-oriented service-learning unnecessarily positions successful projects at the extremes: (a) political socialization versus civic altruism and (b) monism versus cultural pluralism. Each extreme, while seemingly supportive of advancing important objectives of citizenship, limits the experience of service-learning participants through narrowly conceived visions of civic action. These differing visions significantly affect the participation of students with disabilities, limiting access for some students and weakening the overall potential to foster sustained, age- and ability-appropriate engagement in civic life. After a discussion of how restrictive service-learning opportunities affect those with disabilities, the authors call for more civic-orientated service-learning opportunities that transcend these polarized relationships. Recommendations are provided for supporting less extreme conceptions of service-learning outcomes with the goal of broadening the participation of students with disabilities within civic-oriented service-learning.
Fostering Experiential Self-Regulation Through Outdoor Adventure Education
Authors: Sibthorp Jim , Collins Rachel , Rathunde Kevin , Paisley Karen , Schumann Scott , Pohja Mandy , Gookin John , Baynes Sheila
Published: January 2014

Learners thrive when they have the capacity to regulate interest and goal direction. Through direct experiences that are interesting and goal-relevant, learners can internalize and better understand their own agency in the learning process. This article further examines this premise in an outdoor adventure education (OAE) context through two interrelated studies. The aim of the first study was to investigate the potential of OAE to afford more frequent experiences that are interesting and goal-relevant. The aim of the second study was to build on the findings from the first study and determine if exposure to OAE programs might lead to more self-directed learning. The results partially support the premise that OAE can foster experiential self-regulation.
Measures of Motivation for Psychiatric Treatment Based on Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Jochems Eline C. , Mulder Cornelis L. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , van der Feltz-Cornelis Christina M. , van Dam Arno
Published: January 2014

Self-determination theory is potentially useful for understanding reasons why individuals with mental illness do or do not engage in psychiatric treatment. The current study examined the psychometric properties of three questionnaires based on self-determination theory—The Treatment Entry Questionnaire (TEQ), Health Care Climate Questionnaire (HCCQ), and the Short Motivation Feedback List (SMFL)—in a sample of 348 Dutch adult outpatients with primary diagnoses of mood, anxiety, psychotic, and personality disorders. Structural equation modeling showed that the empirical factor structures of the TEQ and SMFL were adequately represented by a model with three intercorrelated factors. These were interpreted as identified, introjected, and external motivation. The reliabilities of the Dutch TEQ, HCCQ, and SMFL were found to be acceptable but can be improved on; congeneric estimates ranged from 0.66 to 0.94 depending on the measure and patient subsample. Preliminary support for the construct validities of the questionnaires was found in the form of theoretically expected associations with other scales, including therapist-rated motivation and treatment engagement and with legally mandated treatment. Additionally, the study provides insights into the relations between measures of motivation based on self-determination theory, the transtheoretical model and the integral model of treatment motivation in psychiatric outpatients with severe mental illness.
Effect of organically modified montmorillonite clay on wear behavior of naturally woven coconut sheath/polyester composite
Authors: Rajini N , Jappes JT Winowlin , Suresha B , Rajakarunakaran S , Siva I , Azhagesan N
Published: January 2014

Coconut sheath fiber was surface treated with silane-coupling agent and alkali modification, respectively. The coconut sheath fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites with and without organically modified montmorillonite (1, 2, 3, and 5 wt %) were produced using hand lay-up technique followed by compression molding. The dry sliding wear behavior of unfilled and organically modified montmorillonite filled coconut sheath fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites, slid against a hardened steel disc (Rc 32), were investigated on a pin-on-disc wear test apparatus. The chemically modified fibers, examined by scanning electron microscope, revealed the changes of structure on the morphology of fiber surface. Experimental results revealed that silane treatment largely reduced the specific wear rate of the organically modified montmorillonite filled coconut sheath fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Scanning electron microscope images of the worn surfaces of the organically modified montmorillonite filled coconut sheath fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites showed that silane modified composites had the strongest interfacial adhesion and the smoothest worn surface under given load and sliding velocity. The maximum reduction in specific wear rate was observed for silane treated coconut sheath with 2 wt % organically modified montmorillonite into polyester for different velocities. Scanning electron microscope studies were made to investigate the wear mechanisms.
Effect of carbonization temperature and fibre content on the abrasive wear of rice husk char reinforced epoxy composite
Authors: Samantrai SP , Raghavendra G , Acharya SK
Published: January 2014

A series of experiments have been conducted to study the effects of different carbonization temperature (850, 900 and 950 ℃) on the abrasive wear behaviour of carbonized rice husk char epoxy composite. The wear behaviour was studied using a pin-on-disc machine against 400 grit size abrasive paper. All the tests were carried out at room temperature under 5, 10, 15 and 20 N normal loads. The effect of carbonization temperature and normal load on the abrasive wear of composite was investigated. The results show that the wear behaviour of pure epoxy improved considerable with the incorporation of carbonized char. It is also found that carbonization temperature of 950 ℃ for 30 wt.% of fibre gives the optimum wear resistance for the composite under study. The worn surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyse the wear mechanism in different types of developed composites.
Some fundamental aspects of self-levitating sliding contact bearings and their practical implementations
Authors: Atherton MA , Mares C , Stolarski TA
Published: January 2014

In this study, fundamental aspects and mechanisms of acoustic levitation together with governing equations are presented first. Then, the acoustic levitation phenomenon is considered as a new way to design air suspension systems capable of self-levitation. A particular emphasis is laid on journal bearings and their specific geometrical configuration. A practical feasibility of using acoustic levitation to separate contacting surfaces is supported and illustrated by results of experimental testing of a number of prototype devices.
Factors influencing the perception of roughness in manual exploration: Do medical gloves reduce cutaneous sensibility?
Authors: Mylon Peter T , Buckley-Johnstone Luke , Lewis Roger , Carré Matt J , Martin Nicolas
Published: January 2014

A new roughness perception test was designed to evaluate cutaneous sensibility. Blindfolded subjects explored a sample of sandpaper using one of two methods: stroking the sample (dynamic method) or applying pressure (static method). A range of samples of various grades were presented in a random order, and subjects scored each one in terms of perceived roughness. Each subject performed the test in three conditions – wearing latex and nitrile examination gloves and bare-handed. Mean normalised scores for each combination of sandpaper grade and hand condition were calculated. The coefficient of friction (COF) between each sample and glove (or bare finger) was measured, and the topography of each sample was analysed using a profilometer. It was found that the COF did not vary significantly across the samples, and so could not be related to perceived roughness. However, there were strong correlations between perceived roughness and surface topography (roughness average, particle diameter, particle spacing), particularly in the dynamic method. In the static method, most subjects did not perceive roughness differences below 800 µm particle spacing. In both methods, there was a significant reduction in perceived roughness when gloves were donned, but no significant difference between the two glove types could be found. It was concluded that the dynamic method was a useful test for evaluating cutaneous sensibility. Further investigation of the relationship between friction and perceived roughness was recommended, using a wider range of sample materials.
Effects of walnut shells on friction and wear performance of eco-friendly brake friction composites
Authors: Qi Shicheng , Fu Zhezhen , Yun Rongping , Jiang Shengling , Zheng Xiaoa , Lu Yafei , Matejka Vlastimil , Kukutschova Jana , Peknikova Veroslava , Prikasky Martin
Published: January 2014

The paper addresses utilization of 0–14.6 vol.% alkaline-treated walnut shell powders (WSPs) as a functional filler in the proposed eco-friendly brake friction materials. Five non-asbestos friction material samples containing WSP and jute fibers from biomass as biodegradable components were prepared, also including several from natural resources, such as wollastonite, basalt fibers, zircon, barite, and vermiculite. The friction-wear properties of the prepared composites were tested by using Chase friction performance testing device. Furthermore, an extension evaluation method was introduced to rank the composites based on their overall friction-wear characteristics. The coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate of the samples could be effectively improved, especially for the sample with a WSP content ≤5.6 vol.%. With confirmation of the analysis and characterization results, chars were very possibly formed by the degradation of organic ingredients, such as WSP and jute fibers, which played a key role in affecting the friction performance of the friction composites.
Effect of niacin on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: January 2014

Endothelial dysfunction is an independent predictor of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Niacin possesses high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-elevating, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, all potentially contributing to the amelioration of endothelial function. However, controversies exist among trials reporting the effects of niacin on endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) as a reliable surrogate of endothelial function. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of niacin on brachial artery FMD using a meta-analysis of available evidence. MEDLINE and Scopus databases were searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the impact of niacin therapy on brachial artery FMD. Meta-analysis of eligible studies was conducted using a random-effects model. Pooled effects were measured by weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Quality assessment, and subgroup, meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were conducted using standard methods. Among 596 citations, 19 full-text articles were read and seven were found to be eligible for inclusion. Eligible studies involved 441 subjects comprising 228 in the niacin and 213 in the control groups. Niacin therapy significantly improved FMD (WMD: 1.98%; 95% CI: 0.91–3.05%; p = 0.0003) and this effect was robust in the sensitivity analysis. The effect size was greater in the subgroup of studies administering higher doses of niacin (≥ 2000 mg/day) as well as those studies administering niacin for primary prevention of ACVD. Meta-regression indicated no association between niacin-induced changes in FMD and changes in plasma HDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol or triglycerides. None of the included studies could find any significant effect of niacin on nitroglycerin-mediated dilation. In conclusion, treatment with niacin improves endothelial function.
Religious and ethnic politics in refugee hosting: Somalis in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Jaji Rose
Published: January 2014

Perception of refugees in Nairobi goes beyond the generic and homogenizing term ‘refugees’ and the legal instruments guiding the hosting of refugees. Legal instruments such as the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1969 African Union Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa take the position that refugee hosting is humanitarian and apolitical. Based on the experiences and circumstances of Somali refugees in Nairobi, this paper takes a contrary view and argues that refugee hosting is political and shaped by interpretation of the conflict that the refugees fled and their perceived political implications for the host country. The paper locates accentuation and criminalization of Somali religious affiliation in the localization of global conflicts and globalization of local conflicts in which the predominantly Muslim Somali refugees become the local and regional epitome of contemporary global terrorism as the conflict in Somalia has global ramifications due to its association with global terrorism. Having demonstrated the role of regional and global politics in the hosting of Somalis in Kenya, the paper also argues that Somalis are not helpless victims of circumstances as they create counter-narratives that seek to de-legitimize politicization and criminalization of their religious and ethnic affiliations.
Defining complexity for risk assessment of sociotechnical systems: A conceptual framework
Authors: Johansen Inger Lise , Rausand Marvin
Published: January 2014

This article aims to shed light on the meaning of complexity for risk assessment of sociotechnical systems. The point of departure is that complexity is related to uncertainty as an indication of confidence in risk assessment. Complexity science points to limitations in risk analysis that owe to a mismatch between the nature of sociotechnical systems and how we approach them in search of prediction and control. Complexity complements uncertainty in three ways: as a source of uncertainty, as an additional type of uncertainty concerning deviations from what is designed, planned or assumed, and as an overall indication of limitations in the analysis with respect to potential for surprise. A new framework is suggested to clarify and make the concept of practical value to risk assessment. The framework consists of a definition, a conceptual map, an ontological and epistemological position, and a set of indicators. Complexity is explained in the conjunction of an analyst, a system, and a chosen model and is conditioned on the state of knowledge and the assessment context. It is epistemic in the sense that it resides in the analyst’s understanding of the system and not in the system as such. A challenging implication is that complexity is relative in many respects, but this also provides opportunities for approaching it in risk assessment. The indicators can help to acknowledge, reduce, and describe complexity in pre-assessment, risk analysis, and risk evaluation.
TAT-SNAP-23 treatment inhibits the priming of neutrophil functions contributing to shock and/or sepsis-induced extra-pulmonary acute lung injury
Authors: Bai Jianwen , Tang Lunxian , Lomas-Neira Joanne , Chen Yaping , McLeish Kenneth R , Uriarte Silvia M , Chung Chun-Shiang , Ayala Alfred
Published: January 2014

Respiratory burst function of neutrophils is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of pathologies such as indirect (extra-pulmonary) acute lung injury (iALI), as well as sepsis. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of an HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT)-fusion protein containing a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor domain from synaptosome-associated protein-23 (SNAP-23) on the shock/sepsis- and sepsis-enhanced neutrophil burst capacity using the clinical relevant two-hit iALI mouse model and the classical cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) septic model. TAT-SNAP-23 significantly decreased the blood neutrophil respiratory burst in vitro, and also in vivo in CLP and hemorrhaged mice. We found that the neutrophil influx to the lung tissue, as measured by myeloperoxidase levels and neutrophil-specific esterase+ cells, was also decreased in the TAT-SNAP-23-treated group. Consistent with this, treatment of TAT-SNAP-23 significantly reduced the disruption of lung tissue architecture and protein concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in iALI mice compared with vehicle-treated iALI mice. In addition, although TAT-SNAP-23 did not alter the extent of local cytokine/chemokine expression, the in vitro migration capacity of neutrophils was blunted from septic and hemorrhagic mice. These data support our hypothesis that TAT-SNAP-23 reduces neutrophil dysfunction in iALI and sepsis by inhibiting neutrophil respiratory burst.
Implicit Interpersonal Attraction in Small Groups
Authors: Krause Sascha , Back Mitja D. , Egloff Boris , Schmukle Stefan C.
Published: January 2014

The present research investigated the nature and behavioral consequences of interpersonal attraction in small groups. In line with dual-process models of information processing, we studied the influence of implicit and explicit evaluations of interaction partners on actual friendly behavior in two social contexts. In two studies, 247 unacquainted same-sex participants ( N1 = 139; N2 = 108)—assigned to groups of four to six members—rated each other by completing a variant of the affective priming task to assess implicit interpersonal attraction and a self-report to measure explicit interpersonal attraction. Social relations analyses indicated that implicit and explicit interpersonal attraction were (a) primarily present on the relationship level, (b) reliably assessed, (c) independent of each other, and (d) predicted behavior in subsequent interactions. Importantly, implicit interpersonal attraction predicted both actual behavior in an online game and friendly behavior in a group discussion task above and beyond explicit interpersonal attraction.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis mimicking a renal cell carcinoma: a unique and challenging case
Authors: Dell’Aprovitola Nicoletta , Guarino Salvatore , Vecchio Walter Del , Camera Luigi , Chiancone Francesco , Imbimbo Ciro , Salvatore Marco , Imbriaco Massimo
Published: January 2014

We describe an unusual case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) in a 73-year-old woman diagnosed after a blunt abdominal trauma. This case is unique because of the atypical presentation, with absence of symptoms, normal laboratory exams, and unusual computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. The patient underwent radical nephrectomy because a renal cystic tumor was suspected. Only the histopathological findings suggested the final diagnosis of XGPN.
Imaging findings in uncorrected tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries and septic embolism
Authors: Dobrocky Tomas , Klink Thorsten , Weisstanner Christian , Heverhagen Johannes , Christe Andreas
Published: January 2014

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common congenital heart malformations comprising a ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, right ventricular hypertrophy, and overriding aorta. A rare variant includes pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. Altered hemodynamics within the functional single-ventricle results in turbulent flow and predisposes to endocardial vegetation formation which may consequently lead to thromboembolic events. We present a rare case of an adult survivor of uncorrected TOF with pulmonary atresia.
The Four-Function Model of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Bentley Kate H. , Nock Matthew K. , Barlow David H.
Published: January 2014

Nonsuicidal self-injury is receiving increasing attention in empirical and clinical realms. Indeed, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders designated nonsuicidal self-injury as a condition that requires further study, which signals possible future official adoption. Despite growing interest in this perplexing phenomenon, much remains unknown about why nonsuicidal self-injury occurs, including fundamental features of its etiology and underlying mechanisms. In addition, no evidence-based interventions that directly target this maladaptive behavior currently exist. The recently developed, empirically supported four-function model posits that nonsuicidal self-injury is maintained by four distinct reinforcement processes. In this review, we used the four-function model to guide the understanding of important unanswered questions and suggest much-needed studies for future research in the field of self-injury.
Hospital admissions and exercise capacity decline in patients with COPD
Authors: Ramon Maria A. , Gimeno-Santos Elena , Ferrer Jaume , Balcells Eva , Rodríguez Esther , de Batlle Jordi , Gómez Federico P. , Sauleda Jaume , Ferrer Antoni , Barberà Joan A. , Agustí Alvar , Gea Joaquim , Rodriguez-Roisin Robert , Antó Josep M. , Garcia-Aymerich Judith ,   the PAC-COPD Study Group
Published: January 2014

Exercise capacity declines with time and is an important determinant of health status and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesised that hospital admissions are associated with exercise capacity decline in these patients.

Clinical and functional variables were collected for 342 clinically stable COPD patients. The 6-min walk distance (6MWD) was determined at baseline and after a mean±sdof 1.7±0.3 years. Information on hospitalisations during follow-up was obtained from centralised administrative databases. Linear regression was used to model changes in exercise capacity.

Patients were mostly male (92%), with mean±sdage 67.9±8.6 years, post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s 54±17% predicted and baseline 6MWD 433±93 m. During follow-up, 6MWD decreased by 21.9±51.0 m·year−1and 153 (45%) patients were hospitalised at least once. Among patients admitted only for COPD-related causes (50% of those ever admitted), the proportion presenting a clinically significant loss of 6MWD was higher than in patients admitted for only nonrespiratory conditions (53%versus29%, p=0.040). After adjusting for confounders, annual 6MWD decline was greater (26 m·year−1, 95% CI 13–38 m·year−1; p<0.001) in patients with more than one all-cause hospitalisation per year, as compared with those with no hospitalisations.

Hospitalisations are related to a greater decline in exercise capacity in COPD.
Tuberculosis elimination: theory and practice in Europe
Authors: D'Ambrosio Lia , Dara Masoud , Tadolini Marina , Centis Rosella , Sotgiu Giovanni , van der Werf Marieke J. , Gaga Mina , Cirillo Daniela , Spanevello Antonio , Raviglione Mario , Blasi Francesco , Migliori Giovanni Battista
Published: January 2014

Although Europe identified the pathway to tuberculosis (TB) elimination in 1990, no information on programmes for country preparedness is available.

A questionnaire investigating TB elimination activities was submitted to 38 national TB programme representatives of low TB incidence (<20 cases per 100 000 population) European countries/territories of the World Health Organization European region.

Out of 31 providing a complete answer, 17 (54.8%) reported to have a dedicated national TB programme, 20 (64.5%) a national plan including TB elimination (13 (41.9%) including targets), 22 (71%) guidelines, 14 (45.2%) a specific budget for TB activities, and 23 (74.2%) TB reference centres. All countries reported having case-based electronic TB surveillance, 19 (61.3%) perform regular supervision, 12 (38.7%) have a monitoring and evaluation plan and five (16.1%) perform modelling. In three countries (9.7%), TB health services are free for insured individuals only. In 22 countries/territories (71%) not all TB drugs were available, while in 12 (38.7%) drug stock-outs have been described. Although high-risk group screening for latent TB infection is performed by the majority of countries, only 6 (19.4%) provided figures on preventive treatment completion rates.

Not all elements identified as essential for country preparedness to achieve TB elimination are available in the countries surveyed.
Tuberculosis mortality: patient characteristics and causes
Authors: Lin Chou-Han , Lin Chou-Jui , Kuo Yao-Wen , Wang Jann-Yuan , Hsu Chia-Lin , Chen Jong-Min , Cheng Wern-Cherng , Lee Li-Na
Published: January 2014

Background

In the antibiotic era, tuberculosis (TB) still causes a substantial number of mortalities. We aimed to identify the causes and risks of death among TB patients.

Methods

Medical records of mortality cases of culture-proven TB diagnosed during 2003–2007 were reviewed. All TB deaths were classified into 2 groups (TB-related and non-TB-related), based on the underlying cause of death.

Results

During the study period, 2016 cases (male: 71.1%) of culture-proven TB were identified. The mean age was 59.3 (range: 0.3–96) years. The overall mortality rate was 12.3% (249 cases) and the mean age at death was 74 years; 17.3% (43 cases) of all TB deaths were TB-related. Most of the TB-related deaths occurred early (median survival: 20 days), and the patient died of septic shock. Malignancy, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, and miliary and pneumonic radiographic patterns were all independent predictors for all TB deaths. Cavitary, miliary and pneumonic radiographic patterns were all significant predictive factors for TB-related death. Extrapulmonary involvement and liver cirrhosis were also factors contributing to TB-related death.

Conclusions

The majority of TB deaths were ascribed to non-TB-related causes. Managing TB as well as underlying comorbidities in a multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve the outcome of patients in an aging population. However, the clinical manifestations of patients with TB-related death vary; many progressed to fulminant septic shock requiring timely recognition with prompt treatment to prevent early death.
Reduced ADAMTS13 activity is associated with an ADAMTS13 SNP, fever and microparticles in a malaria-like model
Authors: Kraisin Sirima , Palasuwan Attakorn , Popruk Supaluk , Nantakomol Duangdao
Published: January 2014

Background

Severe falciparum malaria (SM) remains a major cause of death in tropical countries. The reduced activity of ADAMTS13, increasing levels of ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) in SM patients, are assumed as factors that intensify disease severity. However, the reason why ADAMTS13 activity is reduced in SM remains unclear.

Objectives

To investigate whether rs4962153, febrile temperature, and microparticles, contribute to reduced ADAMTS13 activity.

Methods

Genotypic association of rs4962153 with ADAMTS13 antigen and activity was examined in 362 healthy Thai participants. The collagen binding assay was used to study the effects of febrile temperature and microparticles on ADAMTS13 activity.

Results

ADAMTS13 antigen and activity were decreased in participants with AA genotype, compared to AG and GG (antigen: p-value = 0.014, and < 0.001; activity: p-value = 0.036, and < 0.002, respectively). There was significantly reduced ADAMTS13 antigen in AG compared to GG (p-value = 0.013), but not in ADAMTS13 activity (p-value = 0.082). The number of rs4962153 A alleles correlated with the reduced level of antigen and activity (p-value <0.001 and p-value = 0.001, respectively). MPs showed an inhibitory effect on ADAMTS13 activity (p-value = 0.025). Finally, ADAMTS13 activity was decreased in a temperature and time-dependent manner. The interaction between these two factors was also observed (p-value <0.001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the A allele of rs4962153, MPs, and febrile temperature, contribute to reduce ADAMTS13 activity in plasma. These data are useful in malaria or other diseases with reduced ADAMTS13 activity.
Improving malaria knowledge and practices in rural Myanmar through a village health worker intervention: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lwin Moh Moh , Sudhinaraset May , San Aung Kyaw , Aung Tin
Published: January 2014

Background

Since 2008 the Sun Primary Health (SPH) franchise programme has networked and branded community health workers in rural Myanmar to provide high quality malaria information and treatment. The purpose of this paper is to compare the malaria knowledge level and health practices of individuals in SPH intervention areas to individuals without SPH intervention

Methods

This study uses data from a cross-sectional household survey of 1,040 individuals living in eight rural townships to compare the knowledge level of individuals in SPH intervention areas to individuals without SPH intervention.

Results

This study found that the presence of a SPH provider in the community is associated with increased malaria knowledge and higher likelihood of going to trained providers for fevers. Furthermore, the study found a dose–response, where the longer the duration of the programme in a community, the greater the community knowledge level.

Conclusion

The study suggests that community health workers might have significant impact on malaria-related mortality and morbidity in rural Myanmar.
XB130 promotes proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells
Authors: Shi Min , Zheng Dayong , Sun Li , Wang Lin , Lin Li , Wu Yajun , Zhou Minyu , Liao Wenjun , Liao Yulin , Zuo Qiang , Liao Wangjun
Published: January 2014

Background

XB130 has been reported to be expressed by various types of cells such as thyroid cancer and esophageal cancer cells, and it promotes the proliferation and invasion of thyroid cancer cells. Our previous study demonstrated that XB130 is also expressed in gastric cancer (GC), and that its expression is associated with the prognosis, but the role of XB130 in GC has not been well characterized.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the influence of XB130 on gastric tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo and in vitro using the MTT assay, clonogenic assay, BrdU incorporation assay, 3D culture, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Western blot analysis was also performed to identify the potential mechanisms involved.

Results

The proliferation, migration, and invasion of SGC7901 and MNK45 gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines were all significantly inhibited by knockdown of XB130 using small hairpin RNA. In a xenograft model, tumor growth was markedly inhibited after shXB130-transfected GC cells were implanted into nude mice. After XB130 knockdown, GC cells showed a more epithelial-like phenotype, suggesting an inhibition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. In addition, silencing of XB130 reduced the expression of p-Akt/Akt, upregulated expression of epithelial markers including E-cadherin, α-catenin and β-catenin, and downregulated mesenchymal markers including fibronectin and vimentin. Expression of oncoproteins related to tumor metastasis, such as MMP2, MMP9, and CD44, was also significantly reduced.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that XB130 enhances cell motility and invasiveness by modulating the EMT-like process, while silencing XB130 in GC suppresses tumorigenesis and metastasis, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic target.
Energy-efficient mobile tracking in heterogeneous networks using node selection
Authors: Hadzic Senka , Yang Du , Violas Manuel , Rodriguez Jonathan
Published: January 2014

Range-based positioning is capable of achieving better accuracy in heterogeneous networks, where mobile nodes enabled with multiple radio access technologies are allowed to deploy not only the faraway access points but also high spatial density peer nodes as anchor nodes. However, due to peer node energy supply constraint and network capacity constraint, an efficient cooperation strategy is required. In this paper, we propose a cooperation method to track the position of a moving target with high accuracy and reduce the energy consumption and signaling overhead via node selection. It is demonstrated by simulation that in a specific practical scenario, the proposed method is capable of reducing the signaling overhead by about 34% to within 0.5-m degradation of accuracy compared to exhaustive cooperation. We also evaluate the achievable performance averaged over randomly located node configurations and compare the proposed scheme with the mostly used nearest-node selection algorithm in terms of accuracy and cost.
Optimal set of grid size and angular increment for practical dose calculation using the dynamic conformal arc technique: a systematic evaluation of the dosimetric effects in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy
Authors: Park Ji-Yeon , Kim Siyong , Park Hae-Jin , Lee Jeong-Woo , Kim Yeon-Sil , Suh Tae-Suk
Published: January 2014

Purpose

To recommend the optimal plan parameter set of grid size and angular increment for dose calculations in treatment planning for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) using dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) considering both accuracy and computational efficiency.

Materials and methods

Dose variations with varying grid sizes (2, 3, and 4 mm) and angular increments (2°, 4°, 6°, and 10°) were analyzed in a thorax phantom for 3 spherical target volumes and in 9 patient cases. A 2-mm grid size and 2° angular increment are assumed sufficient to serve as reference values. The dosimetric effect was evaluated using dose–volume histograms, monitor units (MUs), and dose to organs at risk (OARs) for a definite volume corresponding to the dose–volume constraint in lung SBRT. The times required for dose calculations using each parameter set were compared for clinical practicality.

Results

Larger grid sizes caused a dose increase to the structures and required higher MUs to achieve the target coverage. The discrete beam arrangements at each angular increment led to over- and under-estimated OARs doses due to the undulating dose distribution. When a 2° angular increment was used in both studies, a 4-mm grid size changed the dose variation by up to 3–4% (50 cGy) for the heart and the spinal cord, while a 3-mm grid size produced a dose difference of <1% (12 cGy) in all tested OARs. When a 3-mm grid size was employed, angular increments of 6° and 10° caused maximum dose variations of 3% (23 cGy) and 10% (61 cGy) in the spinal cord, respectively, while a 4° increment resulted in a dose difference of <1% (8 cGy) in all cases except for that of one patient. The 3-mm grid size and 4° angular increment enabled a 78% savings in computation time without making any critical sacrifices to dose accuracy.

Conclusions

A parameter set with a 3-mm grid size and a 4° angular increment is found to be appropriate for predicting patient dose distributions with a dose difference below 1% while reducing the computation time by more than half for lung SBRT using DCAT.
Identifying the Zheng in psoriatic patients based on latent class analysis of traditional Chinese medicine symptoms and signs
Authors: Yang Xuesong , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Lerkiatbundit Sanguan , Ye Jianzhou , Ouyang Xiaoyong , Yang Enpin , Sriplung Hutcha
Published: January 2014

Background

There are approximately five Zhengs reported in psoriatic patients. Systematic data collection and proper analysis for the classification of psoriasis have been lacking. This study aims to cluster the Zhengs in psoriatic patients based on the application of a checklist of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms and signs followed by latent class analysis (LCA).

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 507 psoriatic patients aged above 10 years was performed in Yunnan Provincial Hospital of TCM and the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medicine University from October 2010 to September 2011 using a TCM symptoms and signs checklist obtained from 16 TCM experts by the Delphi technique. LCA was applied to obtain the best fitted model for clustering of symptoms and signs that can be interpreted as underlying Zhengs of psoriasis.

Results

The LCA identified three Zhengs: dampness-heat Zheng (35.1%); blood heat Zheng (34.7%); and yin deficiency and blood dryness Zheng (30.2%). The first Zheng was associated with winter, the second with male sex, old age, smoking, and drinking alcohol, and the third with outpatient status, which reflected a mild disease course.

Conclusions

In this study, 507 psoriasis patients were clustered into three Zheng s, which had different associated factors.
Prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in the district of Niakhar, region of Fatick, Senegal
Authors: Senghor Bruno , Diallo Aldiouma , Sylla Seydou N , Doucouré Souleymane , Ndiath Mamadou O , Gaayeb Lobna , Djuikwo-Teukeng Félicité F , Bâ Cheikh T , Sokhna Cheikh
Published: January 2014

Background

Urinary schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that exists in all regions of Senegal. It is a major public health issue in this country. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and intensity of this parasitosis in 12 villages of Niakhar (Fatick, Senegal).

Methods

A total of 210 schoolchildren, aged 7 to 15 years, were enrolled in this study, and urine samples were examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using a standard urine filtration technique.

Results

Of these children, 121 (57.6%) were found to be infected with a mean geometric count of 185 eggs per 10 ml of urine. The disease was present in all surveyed villages, and the prevalence ranged from 14.3% to 92.8%. The prevalence of infection was significantly correlated with increasing age and was higher in boys. Infection intensity was significantly higher in boys but did not significantly differ with age. Significant relationships between i) water contact or access to running water and ii) the prevalence or intensity of urinary schistosomiasis were also noted.

Conclusions

The district of Niakhar is endemic for urinary schistosomiasis, with a high intensity of infection. A control program to decrease the prevalence and intensity should be implemented in this area to improve community health.