bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antidepressants Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Hong-Ming , Yang Yao-Hsu , Chen Ko-Jung , Lee Yena , McIntyre Roger S , Lu Mong-Liang , Lee Yi-Chen , Hsieh Ming-Chia , Chen Vincent Chin-Hung
Published: July 2019

Context

The effect of antidepressant (ATD) use on mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has not yet been sufficiently studied, although comorbid depression is common in this population.

Objective

To explore the impact of ATDs on mortality among DM patients.

Design

A retrospective cohort study in a national database.

Setting

This population-based study used the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Since 2000, we identified 53,412 cases of newly diagnosed patients with DM and depression. Patient cases were followed for assessing mortality until 2013.

Main Outcome Measure

The association between mortality and ATD use was explored adjusting for cumulative dosing.

Results

Using the time-dependent Cox regression model, ATD use was associated with significantly reduced mortality among patients with DM [in the highest dose group: hazard ratio (HR), 0.65; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.71]. Further analysis showed that differences in mortality existed across ATD categories: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.71), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.78), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (HR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.63), mirtazapine (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.82), tricyclic/tetracyclic antidepressants (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.97), and trazodone (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.91). However, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) was found to be associated with an increase, rather than a decrease, in total mortality (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.99).

Conclusion

Most ATDs, but not RIMA, were associated with significantly reduced mortality among a population with comorbid DM and depression.
New Insights Into Pheochromocytoma Surveillance of Young Patients With VHL Missense Mutations
Authors: Fagundes Gustavo F C , Petenuci Janaina , Lourenco Delmar M , Trarbach Ericka B , Pereira Maria Adelaide A , Correa D’Eur Joya Emilie , Hoff Ana O , Lerario Antonio M , Zerbini Maria Claudia N , Siqueira Sheila , Yamauchi Fernando , Srougi Victor , Tanno Fabio Y , Chambo Jose Luis , Latronico Ana Claudia , Mendonca Berenice B , Fragoso Maria Candida B V , Almeida Madson Q
Published: July 2019

Context

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant syndrome caused by germline mutations in the VHL gene. Guidelines recommend pheochromocytoma (PHEO) biochemical screening should start at age 5 years.

Objective

Genotype–phenotype correlations in VHL, focusing on PHEO penetrance in children, were studied.

Design

We retrospectively evaluated 31 individuals (median age at diagnosis was 26 years) with diagnosed VHL disease.

Results

PHEO was diagnosed in six children with VHL. A large PHEO (5 cm) was detected in a 4-year-old boy with p.Gly114Ser mutation. PHEO penetrance was 55% starting at age 4 years. VHL missense mutations were identified in 11 of 22 families (50%), frameshift mutations in four (18.2%), stop codon in three (13.6%), splicing site in two (9.1%), and large gene deletion in two (9.1%). The codon 167 (n = 10) was a hotspot for VHL mutations and was significantly associated with PHEO (90% vs. 38%; P = 0.007). PHEOs and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) were strongly associated with VHL missense mutations compared with other mutations (89.5% vs. 0% and 73.7% vs. 16.7%; P = 0.0001 and 0.002, respectively). In contrast, pancreatic cysts (91.7% vs. 26.3%; P = 0.0001), renal cysts (66.7% vs. 26.3%; P = 0.027), and central nervous system hemangioblastomas (91.7% vs. 47.3%; P = 0.012) were more frequent in VHL with nonmissense mutations.

Conclusion

VHL missense mutations were highly associated with PHEO and PNETs. Our data support that in children with VHL harboring missense mutations, biochemical screening for PHEO should be initiated at diagnosis.
Ground reaction forces intersect above the center of mass even when walking down visible and camouflaged curbs
Authors: Vielemeyer Johanna , Grießbach Eric , Müller Roy
Published: July 2019

A main objective in bipedal walking is controlling the whole body to stay upright. One strategy that promotes this objective is to direct the ground reaction forces (GRF) to a point above the center of mass (COM). In humans such force patterns can be observed for unperturbed walking, but it is not known if the same strategy is used when humans walk across a change in walkway height. In this study, eleven volunteers stepped down off a visible (0, 10, and 20 cm) and a camouflaged (0 or 10 cm) curb while walking at two different speeds (1.2±0.1 m s−1 and 1.7±0.1 m s−1). The results showed that in all conditions the GRF pointed predominantly above the COM. Vectors directed from the center of pressure (COP) to the intersection point (IP) closely fitted the measured GRF direction not only in visible conditions (R2>97.5%), but also in camouflaged curb negotiation (R2>89.8%). Additional analysis of variables included in the calculation of the IP location showed considerable differences for the camouflaged curb negotiation: Compared to level walking, the COP shifted posterior relative to the COM and the vertical GRF were higher in the beginning and lower in later parts of the stance phase of the perturbed contact. The results suggest that IP behavior can be observed for both visible and camouflaged curb negotiation. For further regulation of the whole body angle the asymmetrical vertical GRF could counteract the effect of a posterior shifted step.
Light avoidance by non-ocular photosensing system in the terrestrial slugLimax valentianus
Authors: Nishiyama Haruka , Nagata Akane , Matsuo Yuko , Matsuo Ryota
Published: July 2019

Although the eye is the best studied photoreceptive organ in animals, the presence of non-ocular photosensing systems has been reported in numerous animal species. However, most of the roles non-ocular photosensory systems play remain elusive. We found that the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus avoids light and escape into dark areas even if it is blinded by the removal of the bilateral superior tentacle. The escape behaviour was more evident for the short-wavelength light. Illumination with blue but not red light, to the head elicited avoidance behaviour in the blinded slugs. Illumination to the tail was ineffective. The light avoidance behaviour of the blinded slugs was not affected by the removal of the penis, which lies on the brain in the head, suggesting that the penis is dispensable for sensing light in the blinded slug. mRNA of Opn5A, xenopsin, retinochrome, and that of rhodopsin to a lesser extent, were expressed in the brain according to RT-PCR. Light-evoked neural responses were recorded from the left cerebro-pleuro connective of the isolated suboesophageal ganglia of the brain, revealing that the brain is sensitive to short wavelengths of light (400 – 480 nm). This result is largely consistent with the wavelength dependency of the light-avoidance behaviour of the blinded slugs that we observed in the present study. Our results strongly support that the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus detect and avoid light by using their brain as a light sensing organ in the absence of eyes.
Dosimetric comparison of protons vs photons in re-irradiation of intracranial meningioma
Authors: Poel Robert , Stuessi Lobmaier Anja , Andratschke Nicolaus , Unkelbach Jan , Tanadini-Lang Stephanie , Guckenberger Matthias , Foerster Robert
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

Re-irradiation of recurrent intracranial meningiomas represents a major challenge due to dose limits of critical structures and the necessity of sufficient dose coverage of the recurrent tumor for local control. The aim of this study was to investigate dosimetric differences between pencil beam scanning protons (PBS) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) photons for intracranial re-irradiation of meningiomas.

Methods:

Nine patients who received an initial dose >50 Gy for intracranial meningioma and who were re-irradiated for recurrence were selected for plan comparison. A volumetric modulated arc therapy photon and a pencil beam scanning proton plan were generated (prescription dose: 15 × 3 Gy) based on the targets used in the re-irradiation treatment.

Results:

In all cases, where the cumulative dose exceeded 100 or 90 Gy, these high dose volumes were larger for the proton plans. The integral doses were significantly higher in all photon plans (reduction with protons: 48.6%, p < 0.01). In two cases (22.2%), organ at risk (OAR) sparing was superior with the proton plan. In one case (11.1%), the photon plan showed a dosimetric advantage. In the remaining six cases (66.7%), we found no clinically relevant differences in dose to the OARs.

Conclusions:

The dosimetric results of the accumulated dose for a re-irradiation with protons and with photons were very similar. The photon plans had a steeper dose falloff directly outside the target and were superior in minimizing the high dose volumes. The proton plans achieved a lower integral dose. Clinically relevant OAR sparing was extremely case specific. The optimal treatment modality should be assessed individually.

Advances in knowledge:

Dose sparing in re-irradiation of intracranial meningiomas with protons or photons is highly case specific and the optimal treatment modality needs to be assessed on an individual basis.
Effectiveness of a small breast screening programme: 25 year evaluation (25 year breast screening evaluation)
Authors: Nisbet Andrew Patric , Borthwick-Clarke Andrew , Scott Nic , Goulding Helen , Jane Harwood
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To evaluate mammography screening quality on the Island of Jersey over a 25-year period from Jan 1990 to end March 2015 from females invited between ages 50 to 75 using a 2 yearly screening interval. Jersey had a population of only around 67,000 at onset, rising to around 100,000 at the end of the 25 years.

Methods:

An analysis was performed of key routinely collected measures that are important to determining if a screening programme is on course to reduce breast cancer mortality such as uptake, recall rates, screen detected cancer and interval cancer rates. Further supporting indicators including grade, stage and comparative deaths from breast cancer in screen detected and not screen detected females were also assessed.

Results:

Over the 25-year period 19,768 females were invited to screening and 16,866 attended, giving an uptake of 85.2%. There were 501 screen detected cancers of which 400 were invasive, and 101 DCIS. 125 interval cancers presented outside screening over the 25 years. The annual recall rate over the last 20 years was <6% for prevalent round and 4% for incident round screening. Based on the standardized detection ratio (SDR) and uptake, the estimated reduction in mortality from breast cancer was calculated as 40.2%.

Conclusions:

Recommended population sizes for breast units range from a quarter to half a million people. For very small units like Jersey serving smaller populations, rigorous quality control is essential to maintain credibility. Despite the small size of the programme evidence shows a similar detection rate to the UK NHS Breast screening programme was achieved. In small programmes careful monitoring of rates of uptake, recall, cancer detection and interval rates are required over adequate time periods together with supporting information to show that small units can achieve national standards and detection rates necessary to reduce breast cancer mortality.

Advances in knowledge:

Running a small breast cancer screening programme is challenging for quality control. The impact on mortality can be predicted for small screening programmes despite their size. 10-year group survival in screen detected invasive breast cancer >90%. Interval cancers are more advanced than screen detected invasive cancers, so high suspicion is still required in breast symptoms after "normal" screen result. Mortality in lapsed/ceased attenders suggest that extending age range could be beneficial.
Balancing accuracy and interpretability of machine learning approaches for radiation treatment outcomes modeling
Authors: Luo Yi , Tseng Huan-Hsin , Cui Sunan , Wei Lise , Ten Haken Randall K , El Naqa Issam
Published: July 2019

Radiation outcomes prediction (ROP) plays an important role in personalized prescription and adaptive radiotherapy. A clinical decision may not only depend on an accurate radiation outcomes’ prediction, but also needs to be made based on an informed understanding of the relationship among patients’ characteristics, radiation response and treatment plans. As more patients’ biophysical information become available, machine learning (ML) techniques will have a great potential for improving ROP. Creating explainable ML methods is an ultimate task for clinical practice but remains a challenging one. Towards complete explainability, the interpretability of ML approaches needs to be first explored. Hence, this review focuses on the application of ML techniques for clinical adoption in radiation oncology by balancing accuracy with interpretability of the predictive model of interest. An ML algorithm can be generally classified into an interpretable (IP) or non-interpretable (NIP) (“black box”) technique. While the former may provide a clearer explanation to aid clinical decision-making, its prediction performance is generally outperformed by the latter. Therefore, great efforts and resources have been dedicated towards balancing the accuracy and the interpretability of ML approaches in ROP, but more still needs to be done. In this review, current progress to increase the accuracy for IP ML approaches is introduced, and major trends to improve the interpretability and alleviate the “black box” stigma of ML in radiation outcomes modeling are summarized. Efforts to integrate IP and NIP ML approaches to produce predictive models with higher accuracy and interpretability for ROP are also discussed.
Current status of stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy in the UK: six years of progress
Authors: Distefano Gail , Garikipati Satya , Grimes Helen , Hatton Matthew
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To update the 2012 UK stereotacticablative radiotherapy (SABR) Consortium survey and assess the development of SABR services across the UK over the past 6 years. Use the results to share practice and continue to drive forward technique development, aid standardization and by highlighting issues, improve access to SABR services and trials across the UK.

Methods:

In January 2018, an online questionnaire was sent by the UK SABR Consortium to 65 UK radiotherapy institutions covering current service provision and collecting data on immobilization, motion management, scanning protocols, target/OAR delineation, planning, image-guidance, quality assurance and future plans.

Results:

50 (77%) institutions responded, 38 ( vs 15 in 2012) indicated they had an active SABR programme with the remaining 12 centres intending to develop a SABR programme Documented changes include the development of Linac delivered SABR to non-lung sites, an increase in centres using abdominal compression (14 vs 2) and the introduction of four-dimensional cone beam CBCT. Current practice is broadly in line with UK SABR Consortium and European guidelines.

Conclusion:

This 2018 survey shows a welcome increase in SABR provision, surpassing 2012 projections. However, it is clear that the UK SABR program needs to continue to expand to ensure that patients with oligometastatic disease have access and SABR for early stage lung cancer is available in all centres. Updated guidance that addresses variability in target delineation, image guidance and reduces patient specific quality assurance is warranted.

Advances in knowledge:

Documented progress of UK SABR across all treatment sites over the last six years, barriers to implementation and future plans.
Identifying population segments for effective intervention design and targeting using unsupervised machine learning: an end-to-end guide
Authors: Engl Elisabeth , Smittenaar Peter , Sgaier Sema K.
Published: July 2019

One-size-fits-all interventions that aim to change behavior are a missed opportunity to improve human health and well-being, as they do not target the different reasons that drive people’s choices and behaviors. Psycho-behavioral segmentation is an approach to uncover such differences and enable the design of targeted interventions, but is rarely implemented at scale in global development. In part, this may be due to the many choices program designers and data scientists face, and the lack of available guidance through the process. Effective segmentation encompasses conceptualization and selection of the dimensions to segment on, which often requires the design of suitable qualitative and quantitative primary research. The choice of algorithm and its parameters also profoundly shape the resulting output and how useful the results are in the field. Analytical outputs are not self-explanatory and need to be subjectively evaluated and described. Finally, segments can be prioritized and targeted with matching interventions via appropriate channels. Here, we provide an end-to-end overview of all the stages from planning, designing field-based research, analyzing, and implementing a psycho-behavioral segmentation solution. We illustrate the choices and critical steps along the way, and discuss a case study of segmentation for voluntary medical male circumcision that implemented the method described here. Though our examples mostly draw on health interventions in the developing world, the principles in this approach can be used in any context where understanding human heterogeneity in driving behavior change is valuable.
Communicating with Warmth in Distributive Negotiations Is Surprisingly Counterproductive
Authors: Jeong Martha , Minson Julia , Yeomans Michael , Gino Francesca
Published: July 2019

When entering into a negotiation, individuals have the choice to enact a variety of communication styles. We test the differential impact of being “warm and friendly” versus “tough and firm” in a distributive negotiation when first offers are held constant and concession patterns are tracked. We train a natural language processing algorithm to precisely quantify the difference between how people enact warm and friendly versus tough and firm communication styles. We find that the two styles differ primarily in length and their expressions of politeness (Study 1). Negotiators with a tough and firm communication style achieved better economic outcomes than negotiators with a warm and friendly communication style in both a field experiment (Study 2) and a laboratory experiment (Study 3). This was driven by the fact that offers delivered in tough and firm language elicited more favorable counteroffers. We further find that the counterparts of warm and friendly versus tough and firm negotiators did not report different levels of satisfaction or enjoyment of their interactions (Study 3). Finally, we document that individuals’ lay beliefs are in direct opposition to our findings: participants believe that authors of warmly worded negotiation offers will be better liked and will achieve better economic outcomes (Study 4).

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
A Flexible Design for Funding Public Goods
Authors: Buterin Vitalik , Hitzig Zoë , Weyl E. Glen
Published: July 2019

We propose a design for philanthropic or publicly funded seeding to allow (near) optimal provision of a decentralized, self-organizing ecosystem of public goods. The concept extends ideas from quadratic voting to a funding mechanism for endogenous community formation. Citizens make contributions to public goods of value to them. The amount received by the public good is (proportional to) the square of the sum of the square roots of contributions received. Under the “standard model,” this mechanism yields first best public goods provision. Variations can limit the cost, help protect against collusion, and aid coordination. We discuss applications to campaign finance and highlight directions for future analysis and experimentation.

This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
The Cost of Status: When Social and Economic Interests Collide
Authors: Moore Curt B. , Payne G. Tyge , Filatotchev Igor , Zajac Edward J.
Published: July 2019

Although researchers have devoted considerable attention to assessing how organizations benefit from ascriptions of high status, relatively little research has analyzed the financial costs that organizations may incur in actively managing such ascriptions. In this study, we analyze how and why organizations may pay a relatively steep economic price for the attainment and/or maintenance of social status. Specifically, we advance an original theoretical perspective, which suggests that firms engaged in economic competition are simultaneously engaged in social ceremony and that these dual processes can generate a combination of social gains (in terms of status) and economic losses (in terms of profitability). We theorize and test our perspective in the context of competitive bidding ceremonies using a unique, decade-long data set on repeated competitive market interactions among firms in the U.S. construction industry. We find support for our prediction that firms’ participation in bidding ceremonies can generate divergent outcomes, that is, higher social status and diminished economic performance. We discuss the implications of our theoretical and empirical analysis for the existing literature on social status, competitive bidding, and—more generally—on the role social forces play in competitive market behaviors and outcomes.
Educating registered nurses and healthcare support workers on nutrition and tissue viability
Authors: Royall Dawn
Published: July 2019

This article provides an outline of an educational programme designed to inform and guide registered nurses and healthcare support workers on understanding the connection between nutrition and wound healing, with the aim of helping them recognise malnutrition in older community-dwelling adults with wounds. The Agents for Nutrition and Tissue Viability programme was set up 9 years ago, The Agents for Nutrition and Tissue Viability Programme was set up 9 years ago within an acute trust and has since then has been rolled out to a local community trust. Benefits have included greater networking between acute and community trusts and quality improvements for patients.
Using a transcervical Foley catheter to enhance normality for induction of labour
Authors: Acheson Maria
Published: July 2019

Background

Vaginal prostaglandins are the most widely used method of labour induction in the UK. The rise in the number of women undergoing induction of labour requires the exploration of alternative, safe and holistically effective methods.

Aim

To determine if a transcervical Foley catheter could enhance normality and improve induction outcomes.

Methods

Four primary peer-reviewed articles were systematically reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and labour outcomes of the transcervical Foley catheter. Key findings were analysed, discussed and summarised.

Findings

There was a lack of publications; however, the transcervical Foley catheter demonstrated favourability of cervical dilatation on a moderate sample, with fewer adverse maternal or neonatal risks, making it a safer alternative to pharmacological methods. The rate of caesarean section was not increased and similar to women using vaginal prostaglandins. However, women using vaginal prostaglandins were more likely to have a caesarean section due to a non-reassuring fetal heart rate.

Conclusion

A transcervical Foley catheter is an effective method of labour induction that provides women with an alternative to pharmacological methods and offers choice. The transcervical Foley catheter will improve women's overall experience of induction and enhance normality of induction of labour.
Why midwives alone are not enough
Authors: McDowell Indie
Published: July 2019

Despite the reductions in maternal mortality and morbidity across the world, there is far to go. Indie McDowell explores why increasing the numbers of trained midwives alone is not the answer
Using elective placements effectively
Authors: Jacob Danielle
Published: July 2019

Elective placements, both in the UK and abroad, are a great opportunity for student midwives to experience care in other settings. Danielle Jacob shares what she learnt from her placements
a guide to Montessori and Steiner qualifications: Specialist training
Authors: Crown Hannah
Published: July 2019

What qualifications and training are available in the specialist approaches of Montessori and Steiner? By Hannah Crown
Pedagogies of the minor gesture: Artful mentorship in college teaching
Authors: Flint Maureen A. , Guyotte Kelly W.
Published: July 2019

We, the two authors, found ourselves together in spring semester 2018 as Maureen enrolled in a mentored teaching course with Kelly. It was through this experience that we both became attuned to what Erin Manning termed minor gestures – an attentiveness to the subtleties, nuances, the potential in the minute and often imperceptible rhythms of professional and artistic practice. Through contemplation of the minor gestures of our mentored relationship, we entangle our uncertainties, frustrations, joys and realizations of teaching together, an awakeness to the minor pedagogical movements of the classroom. Moving between poetic reflections, writing and visual imagery in this article, we seek to slow down and dwell in the in-between spaces of research-artfulness-teaching that we have come to know as pedagogical minor gestures. Though minor in name, such gestures linger with us indefinitely as we consider the futures of our professional practices.
Contemporary artist/teacher meets a mid-century classroom: Practice, theory and becoming an art teacher
Authors: Graham Mark Allen , Estrada Tara Carpenter
Published: July 2019

Student teaching is one of the most important and demanding parts of teacher preparation. Student teachers balance many concerns, including classroom management, apathetic students, the demands and expectations of a full-time teacher, how to dress, how to get along with their mentor teacher, and how to meet the expectations of the licensure process that typically includes complex assessments of their teaching practices. These case studies illustrate how student teachers may also need to navigate philosophical differences with their mentoring teacher about art, education and classroom management. These differences also create distinct portraits of conflicts in art education between emerging and traditional pedagogical practices. Creating a productive collaboration between university and school and between the student teachers and their mentors is a challenge that requires careful attention to the existing culture and teaching practices of the mentoring teacher and the emerging methods of the student teacher.
Formas emotivas do discurso persuasivo
Authors: Mateus Samuel
Published: July 2019

Tal como a Retórica no-lo ensina, as emoções (pathos) estão no centro do discurso persuasivo. A racionalidade argumentativa da retórica não exclui as emoções como elemento fundamental do processo persuasivo. Primeiro, porque razão e emoção andam a par no que diz respeito ao raciocínio e à tomada de decisão, tal como demonstrado por vários estudos de Neurociência e de Psicologia Social. Em segundo lugar, porque a própria persuasão envolve uma modalidade emocional paralela a uma modalidade estritamente formal ou dita “racional”.O presente artigo salienta algumas das principais formas emotivas que pontuam os discursos de natureza persuasiva, como o da publicidade: o uso da sugestão, a utilização de linguagem figurada e conotativa, ou ainda a concentração sobre as necessidades e desejos do auditório. Além dessas, destacam-se, ainda, um conjunto de efeitos emocionais relativos, quer ao auditório, quer ao orador. Embora este elencar de formas emotivas não se pretenda exaustivo, a enumeração de procedimentos emocionais nos discursos publicitários oferece-nos um preliminar esboço do alcance e consequências práticas da persuasão emocional.
Estilos alternativos de desarrollo local: metodología utilizada para el caso de una Investigación Acción Participativa en la provincia de Málaga
Authors: Habegger Lardoeyt Sabina , Mancila Iulia
Published: July 2019

El objetivo de este artículo es evidenciar la necesidad de poner en circulación experiencias de investigación que atisban una incipiente producción creativa que permite experimentar con estilos de desarrollo comunitario. Para ello, presentamos una Investigación Acción Participativa desarrollada a nivel local, concretamente en la provincia de Málaga (España) que generó un laboratorio social polifónico, confluencia de distintas voces, prácticas y formas de hacer, y cuya finalidad última fue visualizar muchas de las problemáticas sociales diarias y concretas que vivíamos los habitantes. El proceso fue protagonizado por vecinos, vecinas, junto con movimientos sociales e investigadores, quienes elaboramos un informe diagnóstico y los recursos metodológicos para afrontar dichas problemáticas y mejorar nuestro entorno.
Um olhar sobre a trajetória histórica e as características da Educação de Jovens e Adultos no Brasil
Authors: Lima Maria Consuelo Alves , Melo Rayane de Jesus Santos
Published: July 2019

Este estudo evidencia pontos da trajetória histórica da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) no Brasil que merecem destaques pelas contribuições favoráveis ou contrárias ao seu desenvolvimento no País. Delineando caminhos percorridos pela EJA, a partir de consultas em referenciais teóricos e documentos oficiais, discutiram-se avanços e retrocessos na cultura jurídica, lutas de movimentos sociais e criação e execução de programas que tiveram o objetivo de erradicar o analfabetismo, tido como “vergonha nacional”. Pela visão histórica da EJA, é possível compreender o papel de particularidades de percurso que impulsionaram a promoção e as melhorias no ensino de jovens e adultos na atualidade.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: EJA. História da Educação. Movimentos Sociais.
Trabajo con solución de problemas matemáticos en tercer grado de primaria: análisis en dos escuelas privadas
Authors: Rivera Yolanda Rosas , Solovieva Yulia
Published: July 2019

El objetivo del presente artículo consiste en conocer y analizar la forma de trabajo de la solución de problemas que utilizan dos maestras con diferentes programas educativos (programa competencias-oficial y teoría de la actividad aplicada a la enseñanza). Se propone el análisis del método de enseñanza de la solución de problemas desde las aportaciones metodológicas de la teoría de la actividad. El método de investigación fue cualitativo. Como participantes se incluyeron a dos maestras de tercer grado y a sus alumnos. Se siguieron las siguientes fases: diseño de instrumentos, observación de clase, entrevista a maestras y evaluación cualitativa de alumnos. Los resultados muestran que un colegio forma habilidades operativas en los alumnos, mientras que otro colegio desarrolla habilidades generales para la solución de problemas. Concluimos que el conocimiento de la estructura de la solución de problemas favorece que los alumnos desarrollen habilidades generales y resuelvan los problemas de forma reflexiva.

PALABRAS CLAVE: solución de problemas, educación básica, teoría de la actividad, enseñanza de las matemáticas.
Pengukuran Optical Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD) untuk Monitoring Tekanan Intrakranial (TIK) di Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Authors: Thamrin Muhammad Husni , Airlangga Prananda Surya
Published: July 2019

Latar Belakang: Peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (TIK) adalah kegawatan pada sistem neurologis yang dapat menyebabkan kematian, akibat keganasan di otak, cedera kepala tertutup, gangguan aliran liquor cerebro spinal (LCS), sumbatan pada sinus venosus utama dan yang bersifat idiopatik. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa monitoring TIK dapat meningkatkan kualitas dan kelangsungan hidup pasien-pasien yang mengalami peningkatan TIK. Metode pengukuran TIK non invasif seperti pengukuran optical nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) jarang dilakukan di Indonesia meskipun memiliki nilai manfaat yang besar bagi penatalaksanaan pasien di ICU.Kasus: Kami melaporkan 4 kasus ICU di RSUD Dr. Moewardi, Solo, Jawa Tengah: laki-laki, 54 tahun dengan cedera kepala berat (CKB), ICH regio temporal dan edema cerebri, mendapatkan terapi konservatif; wanita 52 tahun, dengan CKB, SDH regio frontotempororoparietal, ICH regio temporoparietal dekstra dan edema cerebri; wanita 44 tahun mengalami cedera kepala akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas dengan EDH regio parietotemporal dextra, closed fracture clavicula dextra dan dilakukan kraniotomi  evakuasi EDH; laki-laki 45 tahun dengan stroke hemoragik,dekstra, patah tulang tertutup, klavikula kanan dan dilakukan evakuasi EDH pascaoperasi ICH. Pada keempat pasien di atas kami lakukan pengukuran ONSD pada kedua bola mata dengan hasil yang berbeda-beda. ONSD > 5 mm kami anggap pasien mengalami peningkatan TIK, TIK > 20 mmHg, dan terapi di ICU disesuaikan dengan hasil ini untuk menurunkan TIK nya.Pembahasan: Laporan kasus kami ini memberikan gambaran bahwa pemeriksaan sonografi bola mata pasien yang dilakukan oleh klinisi ICU dapat memperkirakan tekanan intrakranial pasien secara cepat dan akurat. ONSD dengan cut off > 5 mm dapat memperkirakan TIK > 20 mmHg. Pada pasien kasus 1, 2, 4 didapatkan ONSD melebihi 5 mm pada kedua bola mata dan TIK diperkirakan melebihi 20 mmHg. Segala terapi yang bertujuan menurunkan TIK telah dilakukan kecuali kraniotomi dekompresi pada 2 pasien (kasus 1, dan kasus 2). Pemeriksaan ONSD juga memberikan informasi kepada klinisi tentang prognosis pasien. Hal ini menjadi penting saat memberikan informasi kepada keluarga pasien dan untuk rencana terapi selanjutnya. Pengukuran ONSD akan sangat bermanfaat dalam merubah keluaran pasien jika diukur pada fase awal dan dapat merubah terapi sesuai hasil ONSD. Pemeriksaan ONSD juga memeiliki keterbatasan yaitu sangat tergantung pada kemampuan operator sonografinya.Kesimpulan: Ini adalah laporan pertama di unit perawatan intensif kami berkenaan dengan metode pengukuran TIK non invasif. Diperlukan penelitian prospektif mengenai akurasi hasil antara pemeriksa, dan kegunaannya pada fase awal pasien cidera kepala (di ruang resusitasi) atau pasien yang beresiko mengalami peningkatan TIK.
General Anesthesia Technique in Tetralogy of Fallot Patient Undergo Tooth Extraction Surgery
Authors: Cahyono Iwan Dwi , Satoto Hari Hendriarto , Martyarini Shazita Adiba
Published: July 2019

Background: Tetralogy of fallot is one of the congenital cyanotic heart disease that is often found in children. The disorder has four features, a ventricular septal defect (VSD), aortic overriding, infundibulary stenotic, and hypertrophy right ventricular. Like other congenital heart disease, tetralogy of fallot sometimes related to fatal complications, such as bacterial endocarditis which was related to dental infections. Anesthetic management in tetralogy of Fallot is often described in patients with known cardiac disease. Perioperative considerations include preoperative preparation for surgery, intraoperative anesthetic management, and common postoperative issues in the intensive care unit.Case: A three-year-old boy had history of Tetralogy of Fallot. He has many severe early childhood caries. From the physical examination, many severe caries and roots gangrene was  found in both jaws. He was planned to get teeth extraction under general  anesthesia.Discussion: Tetralogy of fallot (TOF) is a congenital cyanotic heart disease that is often found in children, approximately around of 7–10% from overall congenital heart disease in children. Children with TOF have an increased risk of bacterial endocarditis. Invasive procedure was performed under general anesthesia. Patient was successfully operated under general anesthesia.Conclusion: Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cyanogenic heart disease that is a challenge for anesthetist. General anesthesia is the best suitable anesthetic technique in instable patient.
Deksametason Untuk Mengurangi Respon Inflamasi Pada Bedah Jantung Berdasarkan Kadar C-Reactive Protein Plasma
Authors: Nurcahyo Widya Istanto , Sayoga Hanugra Julius
Published: July 2019

Latar belakang: Bedah jantung terbuka merupakan salah satu jenis operasi dengan trauma yang cukup besar, dalam pelaksanaannya menggunakan mesin Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB). Penggunaan mesin CPB menyebabkan respon inflamasi yang luas dan ditandai dengan peningkatan C-Reactive Protein (CRP). Salah satu cara untuk menekan produksi CRP ini dengan menggunakan deksametason. Dosis deksametason dengan teknik pemberian premedikasi yang sering digunakan yaitu 1 mg/kgbb dan 2 mg/kgbb.Tujuan: Membandingkan efek deksametason dengan dosis 1 mg/kgbb dan dosis 2 mg/kgbb sebagai premedikasi terhadap kadar CRP pasca CPB pada operasi jantung.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinik acak yang mengikutsertakan 18 pasien bedah jantung dengan anestesi umum dan menggunakan mesin CPB. Sampel dibagi 2 kelompok, yaitu deksametason dosis 1 mg/kgbb dan dosis 2 mg/kgbb sebagai premedikasi. Membandingkan jumlah CRP pada masing-masing dosis deksametason saat praoperasi dan pascaoperasi.Hasil: Pada penelitian ini, tidak ditemukan peningkatan yang bermakna dari kadar CRP pada kedua kelompok (deksametason 1 mg/kg [p=0,813] dan deksametason 2 mg/kg [p=0,115]). Perbandingan kadar CRP pascaoperasi antara kelompok deksametason 1 mg/kg dengan kelompok deksametason 2 mg/kg didapatkan hasil yang tidak bermakna (p=0,596),Simpulan: Tidak didapatkan perbedaan antara pemberian premedikasi deksametason 1 mg/kg dengan deksametason 2 mg/kg dalam menurunkan respon inflamasi pada operasi jantung dengan CPB.
Taxonomic notes on Indian Terminalia (Combretaceae)
Authors: Chakrabarty Tapas , Krishna G. , Rasingam L.
Published: July 2019

The species Terminalia kanchii Dhabe, T. manii King, T. maoi Dhabe and T. shankarraoi Dhabe were identified to be conspecific with T. citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. and therefore reduced to synonyms of the latter. Terminalia procera Roxb., treated recently as a synonym of T. catappa L. is reinstated here as a distinct species, and for the name, a lectotype and an epitype have been designated and T. copelandii Elmer is considered as its synonym. Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., which has recently been recognized as a distinct species, is treated as a synonym of T. elliptica Willd. Terminaila sharmae M.Gangop. & Chakrab. is merged with Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb. ex G. Don of the Elaeocarpaceae, and a lectotype has been designated for the latter name. Terminalia vermae M.Gangop. & Chakrab. is maintained as a distinct species.
The early medieval village of Morawy: a grave field from the 11th century
Authors: Danielewski Marcin
Published: July 2019

This article deals with the issues of an 11th century grave field in Morawy village in Kuyavia. In the first Piast times, the area was an integral part of the dynasty’s dominion. Discovered in the 1930s, the grave field is of great importance from the point of view of considerations of ethnically foreign settlements in Poland.
Criteria for strict monotonicity of the mixed volume of convex polytopes
Authors: Bihan Frédéric , Soprunov Ivan
Published: July 2019

Let P
1, …, Pn
and Q
1, …, Qn
be convex polytopes in ℝ
n
with Pi
⊆ Qi
. It is well-known that the mixed volume is monotone: V(P
1, …, Pn
) ≤ V(Q
1, …, Qn
). We give two criteria for when this inequality is strict in terms of essential collections of faces as well as mixed polyhedral subdivisions. This geometric result allows us to characterize sparse polynomial systems with Newton polytopes P
1, …, Pn
whose number of isolated solutions equals the normalized volume of the convex hull of P
1 ∪ … ∪ Pn
. In addition, we obtain an analog of Cramer’s rule for sparse polynomial systems.
Locke’s Principle of Proportionality
Authors: Boespflug Mark
Published: July 2019

Locke’s principle of proportionality – among his most important contributions to philosophy – states that we ought to apportion our assent to a given proposition in accord with the probability of that proposition on an adequate body of evidence. I argue that treatments of Locke’s principle fail to avoid interpreting it as a fundamentally doxastic prescription – a precept concerning how we ought to voluntarily control our assent. These interpretations are problematic on account of their implications concerning the degree of control that agents have over the doxastic process, and on account of how they cohere with numerous texts in the Essay. I suggest that the principle, instead, commends that we engage in certain activities, or practices, that tend to produce true beliefs.
Explainable software systems
Authors: Vogelsang Andreas
Published: July 2019

Software and software-controlled technical systems play an increasing role in our daily lives. In cyber-physical systems, which connect the physical and the digital world, software does not only influence how we perceive and interact with our environment but software also makes decisions that influence our behavior. Therefore, the ability of software systems to explain their behavior and decisions will become an important property that will be crucial for their acceptance in our society. We call software systems with this ability explainable software systems. In the past, we have worked on methods and tools to design explainable software systems. In this article, we highlight some of our work on how to design explainable software systems. More specifically, we describe an architectural framework for designing self-explainable software systems, which is based on the MAPE-loop for self-adaptive systems. Afterward, we show that explainability is also important for tools that are used by engineers during the development of software systems. We show examples from the area of requirements engineering where we use techniques from natural language processing and neural networks to help engineers comprehend the complex information structures embedded in system requirements.
Change in fetal behavior in response to vibroacoustic stimulation
Authors: Ogo Kaoru , Kanenishi Kenji , Mori Nobuhiro , AboEllail Mohamed Ahmed Mostafa , Hata Toshiyuki
Published: July 2019

Objective

To assess fetal behavioral changes in response to vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) in normal singleton pregnancies using four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound.

Methods

Ten types of fetal movements and facial expressions in 68 healthy pregnant women between 24 and 40 weeks were studied using 4D ultrasound for 3 min before and after 3-s VAS. The frequencies of mouthing, yawning, tongue expulsion, back arch, jerky arm movement, startle movement, smiling, scowling, hand-to-face movement, and blinking were evaluated. The fetuses were subdivided into four gestational age groups (24–27, 28–31, 32–35, and ≥36 weeks). Comparison of the frequencies of the fetal behaviors before and after the stimulation in each gestational age group was conducted to detect the response to stimulation with advancing gestation.

Results

There were no significant differences in the frequency of each fetal behavior before and after VAS at 24–27, 28–31, and 32–35 weeks of gestation. However, the frequencies of blinking and startle movements were significantly higher after VAS in the 36–40 gestational age group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The age of 36 weeks of gestation might represent an advanced stage of brain and central nervous system development and maturation as the response to stimuli is prominent at this age compared with earlier gestation.
Ferroelectric polarization in multiferroics
Authors: Krohns Stephan , Lunkenheimer Peter
Published: July 2019

Multiferroic materials, showing ordering of both electrical and magnetic degrees of freedom, are promising candidates enabling the design of novel electronic devices. Various mechanisms ranging from geometrically or spin-driven improper ferroelectricity via lone-pairs, charge-order or -transfer support multiferroicity in single-phase or composite compounds. The search for materials showing these effects constitutes one of the most important research fields in solid-state physics during the last years, but scientific interest even traces back to the middle of the past century. Especially, a potentially strong coupling between spin and electric dipoles captured the interest to control via an electric field the magnetization or via a magnetic field the electric polarization. This would imply a promising route for novel electronics. Here, we provide a review about the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of various multiferroic systems ranging from type I multiferroics, in which magnetic and ferroelectric order develop almost independently of each other, to type II multiferroics, which exhibit strong coupling of magnetic and ferroelectric ordering. We thoroughly discuss the dielectric signatures of the ferroelectric polarization for BiFeO3, Fe3O4, DyMnO3and an organic charge-transfer salt as well as show electric-field poling studies for the hexagonal manganites and a spin-spiral system LiCuVO4.
Flüchtlinge, Terroristen, Freiheitskämpfer?
Authors: Hardt Lucas
Published: July 2019

Vorspann

Die Dekolonisierung der 1950er und 1960er Jahre ging an der Bundesrepublik scheinbar spurlos vorüber, hatte Deutschland doch alle seine Besitzungen in Übersee schon nach der Niederlage im Ersten Weltkrieg verloren. Allerdings wurden Politik und Gesellschaft wiederholt mit Problemen konfrontiert, die das zumeist von Gewalt begleitete Ende der europäischen Kolonialreiche mit sich brachte. Lucas Hardt zeigt am Beispiel des Unabhängigkeitskriegs in Algerien auf, wie Bund und Länder im Spannungsfeld von Ausländer- und Asylrecht, Außenpolitik und wirtschaftlichen Interessen auf die Herausforderung antworteten, die von nordafrikanischen Migranten ausging. Von besonderer Bedeutung waren dabei die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen, die der vielleicht wichtigste Katalysator für die Herausbildung administrativer Verfahrensweisen waren, die Lucas Hardt als „westdeutsches Algerier-Regime“ bezeichnet.
Ausgelagert und unsichtbar: Arbeitsbedingungen in der Reinigungsbranche
Authors: Sardadvar Karin
Published: July 2019

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich damit, in welcher Weise Reinigungsarbeit – als ein typischer Bereich sogenannter „Einfacharbeit“ – in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten von Auslagerungen betroffen war und wie sie davon geprägt wurde. Er stellt aktuelle Branchencharakteristika und Beschäftigungsbedingungen zur Reinigungsbranche in Österreich im internationalen Kontext dar und argumentiert, dass die mit der Auslagerung verbundenen Veränderungen der Reinigungsarbeit problematische Arbeits- und Beschäftigungsbedingungen verstärken. So tragen insbesondere die verbreiteten Arbeitszeiten an den Tagesrändern zu einer Unsichtbarmachung der Arbeit bei, die einer mangelnden Anerkennung weiter Vorschub leistet. Die Tendenz zur gesellschaftlichen Unsichtbarmachung spiegelt sich daneben auch in der wissenschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen (Nicht-)Zuwendung zu „Einfachdienstleistungen“ und der Reinigung im Speziellen wider. Der Beitrag geht weiters auf die Rolle des Wohlfahrtsstaates in der Gestaltung der Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen von in „Einfachdienstleistungen“ Beschäftigten ein. Abschließend weist er auf Ansatzpunkte für Verbesserungen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen hin.