bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near Real‐Time In Situ Monitoring of Nearshore Ocean Currents Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing on Submarine Fiber‐Optic Cable
Authors: Song Zhenghong , Zeng Xiangfang , Ni Sidao , Chi Benxin , Xu Tengfei , Wei Zexun , Jiang Wenzheng , Chen Sheng , Xie Jun
Published: September 2024

In the nearshore area, ocean current display intricate complexities due to interactions among tide, river, and coastline, which makes accurate current modeling challenging. Continuous in situ observation with high spatial and temporal resolution helps to better understand the dynamics of these currents. In this study, we used a 10‐km long submarine fiber‐optic cable with distributed acoustic sensing technology to record seismic signals associated with ocean waves. The current velocity and water depth were obtained from the velocity dispersion using frequency‐wave number analysis matched against theoretical ocean wave propagation equations. The results show remarkable agreement with observation of a nearby current meter, confirming the dominance of tidal currents as well as a small‐scale residual current. The temporal variation of water depth is consistent with observation by a nearby tidal gauge. This study demonstrates the potential of using submarine fiber‐optic cable for long‐term, high‐resolution, near real‐time nearshore current monitoring.
Anatomy of the Emeishan Mantle Plume Head: Insights From New Geochronologic, Geochemical, and Geologic Data
Authors: Li Hongbo , Zhang Zhaochong , Liu Ran , Reichow Marc K. , Zhu Jiang , Ernst Richard , Santosh M. , Wang Wei , Li Changquan , Li Botong
Published: September 2024

The link between mantle plumes and the formation of large igneous provinces (LIPs) is well established although the anatomy of these remains equivocal. Recent experimental studies and geophysical data suggest that the mantle plume head is more likely to be irregular and asymmetric, rather than an axisymmetric flattened disk. The Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) provides a unique opportunity to test this hypothesis. According to robust petrographic, geochronologic, and geochemical evidence from the late Permian basalts in the Sichuan Basin, and in conjunction with a comprehensive compilation of geologic maps and published geochemical data from the ELIP, we identified several giant radial “fingering” structures. Based on the shallow mantle source from the center to margin in the ELIP and relief of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary, we propose a new mantle plume model to explain the evolution of the Emeishan plume periphery, where narrow finger‐like protrusions and plumelets developed outwards from the main body of the plume to the edges of the flattened plume head. Dragged fingers might have been torn apart into some plumelets, which dispersed and were trapped beneath the thinnest lithosphere relief, and eventually erupted to form small‐scale flood basalt in the Outer Zone of the ELIP.
Auroral Bead Propagation: Explanation Based on the Conservation of Vorticity
Authors: Ohtani Shinichi , Motoba Tetsuo
Published: September 2024

The beading of auroral arcs often takes place at substorm onset. It is known that auroral beads propagate more often eastward than westward at several km/s, which is difficult to explain by existing models. We investigate this issue observationally and theoretically. First, based on previous research and additional statistical analysis, we suggest that (a) auroral beads often propagate eastward in the presence of westward background convection, and (b) background ionospheric convection may be better represented by large‐scale convection for westward propagation, and by meso‐scale convection for eastward propagation. Then we model auroral beads as vortices of ionospheric flow, and consider the longitudinal propagation of their meridional displacement based on the conservation of vorticity. Here it is crucial that the background zonal flow has vorticity (i.e., flow shear) changing with latitude. It is found that the wave propagates either parallel or anti‐parallel to the background flow depending on whether the background vorticity increases or decreases in latitude, and if its latitudinal scale is significantly smaller than the longitudinal wavelength, the phase velocity exceeds the background flow speed. The result suggests that the latitudinal structure of the background flow is crucial for the bead propagation. More specifically, the aforementioned feature (a) implies that the zonal flow associated with eastward propagation is confined in latitude, which may correspond to the preonset approach of mesoscale flows. In contrast, the large‐scale ionospheric flow suggested for westward propagation as described in (b) may correspond to the global convection of the conventional growth phase.
Antarctic krill sequester similar amounts of carbon to key coastal blue carbon habitats
Authors: Cavan E. L. , Mackay N. , Hill S. L. , Atkinson A. , Belcher A. , Visser A.
Published: September 2024

The carbon sequestration potential of open-ocean pelagic ecosystems is vastly under-reported compared to coastal vegetation ‘blue carbon’ systems. Here we show that just a single pelagic harvested species, Antarctic krill, sequesters a similar amount of carbon through its sinking faecal pellets as marshes, mangroves and seagrass. Due to their massive population biomass, fast-sinking faecal pellets and the modest depths that pellets need to reach to achieve sequestration (mean is 381 m), Antarctic krill faecal pellets sequester 20 MtC per productive season (spring to early Autumn). This is equates USD$ 4 − 46 billion depending on the price of carbon, with krill pellet carbon stored for at least 100 years and with some reaching as far as the North Pacific. Antarctic krill are being impacted by rapid polar climate change and an expanding fishery, thus krill populations and their habitat warrant protection to preserve this valuable carbon sink.
Non-invasive optoacoustic imaging of glycogen-storage and muscle degeneration in late-onset Pompe disease
Authors: Tan Lina , Zschüntzsch Jana , Meyer Stefanie , Stobbe Alica , Bruex Hannah , Regensburger Adrian P. , Claßen Merle , Alves Frauke , Jüngert Jörg , Rother Ulrich , Li Yi , Danko Vera , Lang Werner , Türk Matthias , Schmidt Sandy , Vorgerd Matthias , Schlaffke Lara , Woelfle Joachim , Hahn Andreas , Mensch Alexander , Winterholler Martin , Trollmann Regina , Heiß Rafael , Wagner Alexandra L. , Raming Roman , Knieling Ferdinand
Published: September 2024

Pompe disease (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive glycogen storage disorder that causes proximal muscle weakness and loss of respiratory function. While enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the only effective treatment, biomarkers for disease monitoring are scarce. Following ex vivo biomarker validation in phantom studies, we apply multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT), a laser- and ultrasound-based non-invasive imaging approach, in a clinical trial (NCT05083806) to image the biceps muscles of 10 late-onset PD (LOPD) patients and 10 matched healthy controls. MSOT is compared with muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, spirometry, muscle testing and quality of life scores. Next, results are validated in an independent LOPD patient cohort from a second clinical site. Our study demonstrates that MSOT enables imaging of subcellular disease pathology with increases in glycogen/water, collagen and lipid signals, providing higher sensitivity in detecting muscle degeneration than current methods. This translational approach suggests implementation in the complex care of these rare disease patients.
Human cell surface-AAV interactomes identify LRP6 as blood-brain barrier transcytosis receptor and immune cytokine IL3 as AAV9 binder
Authors: Shay Timothy F. , Jang Seongmin , Brittain Tyler J. , Chen Xinhong , Walker Beth , Tebbutt Claire , Fan Yujie , Wolfe Damien A. , Arokiaraj Cynthia M. , Sullivan Erin E. , Ding Xiaozhe , Wang Ting-Yu , Lei Yaping , Chuapoco Miguel R. , Chou Tsui-Fen , Gradinaru Viviana
Published: September 2024

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are foundational gene delivery tools for basic science and clinical therapeutics. However, lack of mechanistic insight, especially for engineered vectors created by directed evolution, can hamper their application. Here, we adapt an unbiased human cell microarray platform to determine the extracellular and cell surface interactomes of natural and engineered AAVs. We identify a naturally-evolved and serotype-specific interaction between the AAV9 capsid and human interleukin 3 (IL3), with possible roles in host immune modulation, as well as lab-evolved low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) interactions specific to engineered capsids with enhanced blood-brain barrier crossing in non-human primates after intravenous administration. The unbiased cell microarray screening approach also allows us to identify off-target tissue binding interactions of engineered brain-enriched AAV capsids that may inform vectors’ peripheral organ tropism and side effects. Our cryo-electron tomography and AlphaFold modeling of capsid-interactor complexes reveal LRP6 and IL3 binding sites. These results allow confident application of engineered AAVs in diverse organisms and unlock future target-informed engineering of improved viral and non-viral vectors for non-invasive therapeutic delivery to the brain.
Structures of the human leading strand Polε–PCNA holoenzyme
Authors: He Qing , Wang Feng , Yao Nina Y. , O’Donnell Michael E. , Li Huilin
Published: September 2024

In eukaryotes, the leading strand DNA is synthesized by Polε and the lagging strand by Polδ. These replicative polymerases have higher processivity when paired with the DNA clamp PCNA. While the structure of the yeast Polε catalytic domain has been determined, how Polε interacts with PCNA is unknown in any eukaryote, human or yeast. Here we report two cryo-EM structures of human Polε–PCNA–DNA complex, one in an incoming nucleotide bound state and the other in a nucleotide exchange state. The structures reveal an unexpected three-point interface between the Polε catalytic domain and PCNA, with the conserved PIP (PCNA interacting peptide)-motif, the unique P-domain, and the thumb domain each interacting with a different protomer of the PCNA trimer. We propose that the multi-point interface prevents other PIP-containing factors from recruiting to PCNA while PCNA functions with Polε. Comparison of the two states reveals that the finger domain pivots around the [4Fe-4S] cluster-containing tip of the P-domain to regulate nucleotide exchange and incoming nucleotide binding.
Transient colonizing microbes promote gut dysbiosis and functional impairment
Authors: Lee Sunjae , Meslier Victoria , Bidkhori Gholamreza , Garcia-Guevara Fernando , Etienne-Mesmin Lucie , Clasen Frederick , Park Junseok , Plaza Oñate Florian , Cai Haizhuang , Le Chatelier Emmanuelle , Pons Nicolas , Pereira Marcela , Seifert Maike , Boulund Fredrik , Engstrand Lars , Lee Doheon , Proctor Gordon , Mardinoglu Adil , Blanquet-Diot Stéphanie , Moyes David , Almeida Mathieu , Ehrlich S. Dusko , Uhlen Mathias , Shoaie Saeed
Published: September 2024

Species composition of the healthy adult gut microbiota tends to be stable over time. Destabilization of the gut microbiome under the influence of different factors is the main driver of the microbial dysbiosis and subsequent impacts on host physiology. Here, we used metagenomics data from a Swedish longitudinal cohort, to determine the stability of the gut microbiome and uncovered two distinct microbial species groups; persistent colonizing species (PCS) and transient colonizing species (TCS). We validated the continuation of this grouping, generating gut metagenomics data for additional time points from the same Swedish cohort. We evaluated the existence of PCS/TCS across different geographical regions and observed they are globally conserved features. To characterize PCS/TCS phenotypes, we performed bioreactor fermentation with faecal samples and metabolic modeling. Finally, using chronic disease gut metagenome and other multi-omics data, we identified roles of TCS in microbial dysbiosis and link with abnormal changes to host physiology.
Perceived vulnerability to disease in pregnancy and parenthood and its impact on newborn health
Authors: Sorokowska Agnieszka , Pytlinska Aleksandra , Frackowiak Tomasz , Sorokowski Piotr , Oleszkiewicz Anna , Stefanczyk Michal Mikolaj , Rokosz Marta
Published: September 2024

Susceptibility to diseases and fear of infections might vary intra-individually, depending on life circumstances. The main aims of the current research were to examine whether perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) is higher in expectant women and their partners as compared to their non-pregnant peers (Study 1), and to test whether a mother’s disease aversion during pregnancy relates to health of her newborn (Study 2). In Study 1 we collected cross-sectional data from 412 men and women varying in parenthood status. Pregnant female participants were more likely to exhibit higher levels of PVD as compared with childless peers, although mothers also reported relatively high PVD scores. PVD in men, generally lower than that of women, seemed to be rather independent of their parenthood status. In Study 2, a sample of 200 pregnant women completed the PVD scale during the second pregnancy trimester and a follow-up survey after their child was born. We found that PVD in pregnant women was not related to further health outcomes in their newborns. Birth weight, average Apgar score, and general health of a newborn were not associated with the pregnancy-period mother’s PVD score. However, the probability of giving birth to a child with 10 Apgar points was higher in younger mothers and tended to decrease with the increasing number of health issues before pregnancy. Overall, this research contributes to understanding of the health-oriented beliefs of expectant parents and parents of infants, but it also shows that the possible, PVD-related disease avoidance has a relatively little effect on basic markers of a newborn’s health.
The association of midregional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) at ICU admission and fluid overload in patients post elective cardiac surgery
Authors: Pfortmueller Carmen A. , Ott Isabelle , Müller Martin , Wilson Darius , Schefold Joerg C. , Messmer Anna S.
Published: September 2024

Postoperative fluid overload (FO) after cardiac surgery is common and affects recovery. Predicting FO could help optimize fluid management. This post-hoc analysis of the HERACLES randomized controlled trial evaluated the predictive value of MR-proADM for FO post-cardiac surgery. MR-proADM levels were measured at four different timepoints in 33 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Patients were divided into FO (> 5% weight gain) and no-FO at ICU discharge. The primary outcome was the predictive power of MR-proADM at ICU admission for FO at discharge. Secondary outcomes included the predictive value of MR-proADM for FO on day 6 post-surgery and changes over time. The association between MR-proADM and FO at ICU discharge or day 6 post-surgery was not significant (crude odds ratio (cOR): 4.3 (95% CI 0.5–40.9, p = 0.201) and cOR 1.1 (95% CI 0.04–28.3, p = 0.954)). MR-proADM levels over time did not differ significantly between patients with and without FO at ICU discharge (p = 0.803). MR-proADM at ICU admission was not associated with fluid overload at ICU discharge in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. MR-proADM levels over time were not significantly different between groups, although elevated levels were observed in patients with FO.
The Yangtze River Delta experienced strong seasonality and regular summer upwelling during the warm mid-Holocene
Authors: Alberti Matthias , Veiga Sandro F. , Chen Bo , Hu Liang , Fang Zheng , Zhou Baochun , Pan Yanhong
Published: September 2024

The mid-Holocene climate optimum saw warm temperatures in large parts of China, but its impact on seasonal environmental changes is not fully understood yet. Here, we use high-resolution geochemical analyses of 7000 to 6000 year-old oyster shells from the Yangtze River Delta to reconstruct climatic and oceanographic patterns. The stable isotope (δ18O, δ13C) and clumped isotope data reflect prominent seasonal changes in temperature, precipitation, and river discharge. Summer months experienced warm temperatures and a distinct increase in rainfalls and river discharge. In contrast, winter months were characterized by a dry season, which might have been longer than today. Stable isotope data also indicate regular summer upwelling in the study area. These results partly disagree with available climate models raising doubts on the models’ reliability. Thus, our palaeo-proxy data offers the possibility to evaluate and correct climate models and thereby improve predictions for the future considering on-going global warming.
Target localization and defect detection of distribution insulators based on ECA‐SqueezeNet and CVAE‐GAN
Authors: Zhang Chao , Liu Yu , Liu Honggang
Published: September 2024

Insulators, as typical equipment for distribution networks, provide good electrical insulation between live conductors and earth. Timely and accurate detection is essential for insulator detection issues. However, as the complexity of neural networks increases, the detection efficiency is often lower. Therefore, this paper proposes a fast insulator positioning and defect detection method. Firstly, for insulator target localization, the SqueezeNet network is improved using ECA attention mechanism. In addition, to address the issue of low defect detection accuracy, a joint algorithm has been proposed. The integration of convolutional variational autoencoder (CVAE) and generative adversarial network (GAN) solve their own shortcomings due to different image focus angles. The target localization accuracy reaches 94.30%, and the defect detection accuracy reaches 89.60%. It solves the problems of difficulty in locating small targets in a large field of view and inaccurate detection due to a small number of abnormal samples. This method has been tried and tested in practical distribution network systems.
The mean solar butterfly diagram and poloidal field generation rate at the surface of the Sun
Authors: Cloutier S. , Cameron R. H. , Gizon L.
Published: September 2024

Context. The difference between individual solar cycles in the magnetic butterfly diagram can mostly be ascribed to the stochasticity of the emergence process.

Aims. We aim to obtain the expectation value of the butterfly diagram from observations of four cycles. This allows us to further determine the generation rate of the surface radial magnetic field.

Methods. We used data from Wilcox Solar Observatory to generate time-latitude diagrams of the surface radial and toroidal magnetic fields spanning cycles 21–24. We symmetrized them across the equator and cycle-averaged them. From the mean butterfly diagram and surface toroidal field, we then inferred the mean poloidal field generation rate at the surface of the Sun.

Results. The averaging procedure removes realization noise from individual cycles. The amount of emerging flux required to account for the evolution of the surface radial field is found to match that provided by the observed surface toroidal field and Joy’s law.

Conclusions. Cycle-averaging butterfly diagrams removes realization noise and artefacts due to imperfect scale separation and corresponds to an ensemble average that can be interpreted in the mean-field framework. The result can then be directly compared to αΩ-type dynamo models. The Babcock-Leighton α-effect is consistent with observations, a result that can be appreciated only if the observational data are averaged in some way.
So-called essential but treated as disposable: Northern California farmworkers working under COVID-19
Authors: Deeb-Sossa Natalia , Torreiro-Casal Mónica , Medel-Herrero Alvaro
Published: September 2024

The workplace emerged as a primary site of infectious disease during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in occupations having little to no social distancing or potential for remote work. The pandemic had a huge impact on the physical and mental health of farmworkers, and it exposed the labor-market inequities in the United States, exacerbated by the lack of preventive measures to protect these vulnerable workers. In this paper, we use a social constructionist perspective to explore the meaning of “essential worker” by interviewing thirty farmworkers who during the pandemic came to work in a labor market shaped by exploitation and oppression and related unsafe working conditions. We argue that these workers, who are considered “essential” but treated as disposable, work under structural racist capitalism, and our findings contribute to a better understanding of how these Northern California farmworkers perceive being essential under these working conditions.
Global analysis of social learning’s archetypes in natural resource management: understanding pathways of co-creation of knowledge
Authors: Bonatti Michelle , Lana Marcos , Medina Leonardo , Chevelev Paul , Baldivieso Carla , Erismann Carla , Gleich Pia , Rodriguez Tatiana , Eufemia Luca , da Silva Rosa Teresa , Borba Juliano , Matavel Custodio , Schlindwein Sandro , Ison Ray , Eisenack Klaus , Hellin Jon , Pacillo Grazia , Vadez Vincent , Bossuet Jérôme , Dolinska Aleksandra , Sieber Stefan
Published: September 2024

Although social learning (SL) conceptualization and implementation are flourishing in sustainability sciences, and its non-rigid conceptual fluidity is regarded as an advantage, research must advance the understanding of SL phenomenon patterns based on empirical data, thus contributing to the identification of its forms and triggering mechanisms, particularly those that can address urgent Anthropocene socio-ecological problems. This study aims to discover fundamental patterns along which SL in natural resources management differs by identifying SL archetypes and establishing correlations between the SL process and overall geopolitical conditions. Using a systematic literature review comprising 137 case studies in the five continents, content analysis, and correlations were performed. Results show two main archetypes of social learning (endogenous and exogenous). Their occurrence was linked, to where social learning occurs and how venues/preconditions for social learning are placed. In the Global South, endogenous SL should be better potentialized as a catalyzer of deliberative processes for sustainable natural resources management.
Fear really comes from the unknowns: exploring the impact of HIV stigma and discrimination on quality of life for people living with HIV in Singapore through the minority stress model
Authors: Jain Ritu , Wong Chen Seong , Tan Rayner Kay Jin
Published: September 2024

Background Structural stigma and institutionalised discrimination towards people living with HIV remain pervasive in many settings. However, qualitative explorations of experiences of stigma, health and social service engagement, and quality of life among people living with HIV in Singapore remain under-researched. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 73 participants in Singapore. These included 56 people living with HIV (30 men who have sex with men, 23 heterosexual men, and 3 women) and 17 stakeholders including healthcare professionals and other allied workers. Interviews focused on participant perspectives or experiences of HIV diagnosis, navigating healthcare, attitudes towards HIV, and impact of HIV on relationships. Data were analysed through inductive thematic analysis. Results Our findings were framed within a minority stress model, highlighting the distal and proximal stressors relating to living with HIV. With regard to distal stressors, participants highlighted that they had experienced or were aware of institutionalised discrimination towards people living with HIV across various aspects of their lives. These included experiences – overt and covert – of discrimination in education, workplace, and healthcare settings. With regard to proximal stressors, participants highlighted the role of anticipated stigma and the stress of concealment. This included participants’ fear of potential legal and/or social repercussions resulting from the disclosure of their HIV status, actions that they may not be able to anticipate and articulate. Although employers may not overtly discriminate, the fear of such anticipated discrimination influenced decisions to conceal HIV status in job applications and workplaces. This restricted agency for the people living with HIV in our study by affecting their regular medical follow-ups, socialising behaviours, and overall quality of life. Consequently, many participants felt that concealment of their status, and forgoing potential educational, employment, and even health opportunities, were the only ways of protecting themselves from such forms of stigma and discrimination. Conclusions This study found that anticipated stigma and discrimination diminished the quality of life of people living with HIV in Singapore. Implementing an anti-discrimination framework could address the unpredictability and alleviate the manifold unknowns of anticipated stigma.
Where would young people using an online STI testing service want to be treated? A survey of young Australians
Authors: Walsh Olivia , Cardwell Ethan T. , Hocking Jane S. , Kong Fabian Y. S. , Ludwick Teralynn
Published: September 2024

Background Although there has been growth in online STI testing services, more attention is needed to understand how to facilitate effective treatment pathways for users. This study investigated where young people want to be treated for gonorrhoea and syphilis if they test positive using an online service. Methods We conducted an online survey of Australians aged 16–29 years that included multiple choice and free-text questions about their preferred location for receiving injectable antibiotics. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression examined associations between respondent characteristics and service preferences. Content analysis was used to code free-text responses. Results Among 905 survey respondents, 777 (85.9%) answered questions on treatment preferences. Respondents most commonly preferred injectable antibiotics provided by a sexual health clinic (294; 37.8%) or a nurse in a pharmacy (208; 26.8%). Gender/sexually diverse respondents were more likely to select sexual health clinics over general practice (MSM RRR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1–5.7; WSW RRR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–5.7; trans/non-binary RRR 2.5; 95% CI 1.0–6.0). Older respondents (aged 25–29 years) were more likely to choose all alternatives over general practice, with the reverse found for those who had previously tested. From open-text answers, pharmacies were valued for their convenience, and sexual health clinics for providing non-judgemental, free services by specialists. Conclusions Differences in treatment preferences by certain groups of young people suggest that different service offerings may influence treatment-seeking outcomes from online STI testing services
Flow cytometric immunophenotypic features of acute myeloid leukemia with mast cell differentiation
Authors: Xu Jie , Kim Do Hwan , Wang Wei , Li Shaoying , Lin Pei , Tang Guilin , Konoplev Sergej , Qiu Lianqun , Fang Hong , Garces Sofia , Leventaki Vasiliki , E Shuyu , Medeiros L Jeffrey , Wang Sa A
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mast cell (MC) differentiation was recently described as an aggressive subgroup of AML cases. The objectives of this study were to assess the flow cytometric immunophenotypic features of AML-MC cases.

Methods

We characterized the immunophenotypic features of 21 AML-MC cases by flow cytometry and compared them to 20 reactive/regenerating bone marrow specimens.

Results

The number of MCs detected by flow cytometry in AML-MC cases ranged from 0.4% to 21.1%, with a median of 3.5%, significantly higher than that of normal/reactive bone marrow (BM) (median, 0.01%; range, 0.000%-0.396%; P < .0001). Immunophenotypically, MCs in AML-MC cases demonstrated immaturity, differing from MCs in normal/reactive BMs, including dimmer CD45 (100% vs 0%), lower side scatter (100% vs 0%), more frequent CD34 (81% vs 20%), and CD123 (100% vs 10%) positivity, and more frequent uniform/increased CD38 expression (95% vs 20%) (all P ≤ .0001). CD2 (0/5) and CD25 (2/6, 1 uniform and 1 partial) were assessed in a subset of cases. The myeloblasts in AML-MC were typically CD34+CD117+HLA-DR+ with unusually frequent expression of CD56 (57%, all partial) and CD25 (63%, mostly partial), increased CD117 (62%), and decreased CD38 (86%). The MC percentage determined by flow cytometry correlated well with MCs detected by tryptase immunohistochemistry (r = 0.76, P < .001).

Conclusions

The MCs in AML-MC cases are characterized by dim CD45, low side scatter, CD34 and CD123 positivity, and uniform and increased CD38 expression. Flow cytometry is an excellent tool for identifying AML-MC cases.
Toxin inhibition: Examining tetracyclines, clindamycin, and linezolid
Authors: Green Sarah B , Albrecht Benjamin , Chapin Ryan , Walters Jillian
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of toxin inhibition in select infections and to provide recommendations for appropriate antimicrobial selection when toxin inhibition is indicated.

For select organisms, specifically Clostridioides difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, toxin production plays an integral role in overall disease pathogenesis and progression. Some expert recommendations include utilization of an antimicrobial with toxin inhibition properties as primary or adjunctive therapy for certain infections due to these organisms, but evolving data have made the choice of antitoxin agent less clear. Clindamycin has been the long-standing standard of care agent for toxin inhibition in necrotizing S. aureus and S. pyogenes infections, but linezolid shows promise as an alternative either in the setting of drug shortages or simply when clindamycin is not optimal, while tetracyclines require further study for this indication. The role for adjunctive toxin inhibition in C. difficile infection (CDI) is less defined, as current first-line therapies already have antitoxin properties.

Conclusion

Toxin inhibition plays a key role in successful management of patients with infections due to toxin-producing organisms. Adjunctive therapy with a tetracycline could be considered in severe, fulminant CDI, but the associated benefit is variable. The benefit of antitoxin treatment for necrotizing S. aureus and S. pyogenes has been more consistently documented. Recent studies support linezolid as an alternative to clindamycin as an adjunctive S. aureus treatment or as monotherapy when appropriate.
Arbitration and the right to a fair trial
Authors: Tamblyn Nathan
Published: September 2024

It is a good thing to resolve disputes. Yet arbitration is perceived as being contrary to the right to a fair trial under article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Indeed, the current approach of the courts is to say that an agreement to arbitrate is a waiver of the right to a fair trial. That is factually incorrect and alarming in principle. This article investigates the problem and proposes a new approach. The end result confirms the legitimacy of arbitration and improves our understanding around the independence of arbitrators and the confidentiality of proceedings.
How Mild Is the Mild Long COVID? A Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients with Cognitive Complaints
Authors: Lopes-Santos Lucas Emmanuel , de Lacerda Ferreira Diego , de Angelis Geisa , Foss Maria Paula , Trevisan Ana Carolina , de Lacerda Kleython José Coriolano Cavalcanti , Tumas Vitor , Bellissimo-Rodrigues Fernando , Wichert-Ana Lauro
Published: September 2024

The global impact of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has extended beyond physical health, leading to widespread mental health issues. Beyond respiratory symptoms, there is a growing concern about long-term cognitive effects, particularly in individuals who experienced mild cases of the infection. We aimed to investigate the neuropsychological aspects of long-term COVID-19 in non-hospitalized adults compared with a control group. This cross-sectional study included 42 participants, 22 individuals with a history of mild COVID, and 20 healthy controls. The participants were recruited from the community and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Participants from the mild COVID group reported cognitive symptoms persisting for an average of 203.86 days and presented a higher frequency of psychological treatment history (81.8%) compared with the control group (25.0%). History of anxiety disorders was more prevalent in the mild COVID group (63.6%) than in the control group (20.0%). Significant reductions in verbal working memory were observed in the mild COVID group. Levels of anxiety were found to have a significant impact on difficulties with visual recognition memory. This study reveals important neuropsychological alterations in individuals following mild COVID-19, emphasizing executive functions deficits. Our findings underscore the persistence of these deficits even in non-hospitalized cases, suggesting potential inflammatory mechanisms in the central nervous system. The study highlights the need for comprehensive assessments and targeted interventions to address the diverse cognitive impacts on individuals recovering from COVID-19.
A Systematic Review to Explore a Neuropsychological Profile that Predates Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Noon Rachel , Pathan Tayeem
Published: September 2024

Objective

Research demonstrates reduced cognitive flexibility and weak central coherence during acute illness and following recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN). This systematic review investigated if these impairments are present in first-degree relatives of individuals with AN, representing a possible neuropsychological risk profile.

Methods

A systematic review of electronic databases was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search ended on July 14, 2023. Established search terms and inclusion criteria identified relevant research. Risk of bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program. The review was registered with Prospero international prospective register of systematic reviews (No. CRD42023401268). Study selection, descriptive data, critical appraisal, and risk of bias are presented in tables and figures.

Results

The search yielded 10 studies. The included studies conducted neuropsychological assessments of discordant AN relatives and lifetime longitudinal study participants. Most studies found cognitive flexibility and central coherence to be significantly reduced in participants with AN and their relatives compared with controls. One study found decision making to be significantly impaired in AN participants and relatives. Effect sizes were moderate to large.

Discussion

Reduced cognitive flexibility and weak central coherence appear to be endophenotypes of AN. Further research is required with relatives concordant for AN to establish whether these biomarkers co-segregate with AN within families. These findings suggest a possibility of developing screeners to identify individuals at risk of AN allowing for early intervention.
Case Series: Therapeutic Combination of VoluDerm Radiofrequency Microneedling and Glycolic Acid Peel in Scaled-Up Concentrations
Authors: Levenberg Alex , Vinshtok Yuri , Gershonowitz Amikam
Published: September 2024

Background

Glycolic acid (GA) is an α-hydroxy peeling agent that causes controlled removal of the epidermis, with or without the dermis. Studies have shown the ability of GA to stimulate fibroblast proliferation, induce collagen synthesis, and decrease collagen degradation. The VoluDerm radiofrequency microneedling (RFMN; Pollogen, Tel Aviv, Israel) utilizes an array of microelectrodes to penetrate the epidermis and deliver energy to the skin. The controlled fractional thermal injury promotes neocollagenesis in the correction of skin laxity and wrinkle reduction. It was theorized that GA and VoluDerm could synergistically boost collagen production in combined treatment.

Objectives

Safety and efficacy of the combination treatment were investigated in patients seeking corrections of the age-related skin deteriorations.

Methods

Seven female patients (aged 42-70 years, Fitzpatrick II-IV) with photo- and chrono-damaged skin received 5 treatments of VoluDerm followed by the GA peel at increasing 30% to 70% concentrations.

Results

Clinical photography taken 6 months after the treatment demonstrated improvement in elasticity, wrinkling, roughness, pigmentation, erythema, and pore size across the entire treated group. Efficacy quantified by the physician and patients per 1 to 5 Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale was average 4.3 and 4.5, respectively. The treatments were tolerated well without preprocedural anesthesia. Skin phenomena observed after GA application were suggestive of the acid passing to deeper layers.

Conclusions

A novel combination of VoluDerm RFMN and GA at increased concentrations provided safe and effective synergy in the treatment of aging facial skin. Visible results demonstrated skin tightening, reduction of rhytidids, and improvement of the skin texture which may be a result of the combination.

Level of Evidence: 4
On the trail of particle rain
Authors: Watson A A
Published: September 2024

Alan Watson discusses the current status of research into ultra-high energy cosmic rays
‘We kept having this internal conflict around the language of handout and hand-up’: independent living philosophy and rural disability services during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sage Rayna , Standley Krys , Greiman Lillie , Mashinchi Genna M , Willard Mary
Published: September 2024

In the United States, Centers for Independent Living (CILs) staff were at the frontlines of responding to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural people with disabilities. Growing out of the Independent Living (IL) Movement , CILs emphasize independence, autonomy, choice, and control for disabled people and do not typically have financial or other resources to give away. To better understand the experiences of CIL staff in using the CARES Act monies and serving rural people with disabilities, researchers at the Rural Institute for Inclusive Communities in collaboration with the Association for Programs in Rural Independent Living (APRIL) used thematic coding to analyze the transcripts of eight national online peer support meetings that were facilitated by APRIL. We found CIL staff described distributing financial assistance to cover essential household needs such as rent, utilities, internet access, and various items. In turn, they also shared that they grappled with conflicts created by the influx of CARES Act funding, which put CIL staff in the position of providing what some described as ‘handouts’ rather than CILs’ usual work of providing consumers with a ‘hand-up’ through training and other non-financial supports. This project highlights a unique challenge CIL staff faced as they attempted to stay true to IL philosophy while concurrently meeting the needs of rural people with disabilities in crisis during the pandemic.
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-coated chitosan nanoparticles enhance macrophage proinflammatory phenotype in vitro
Authors: Karami Fatemeh , Namdar Ahmadabad Hassan , Shaheli Marjan
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to investigate the effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODNs)-coated chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) on the phenotype of murine macrophages and their proinflammatory cytokine profile in vitro. CNP-CpG-ODNs loaded with FITC-scrambled siRNA were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and exposed to CNP-CpG-ODNs. Treated macrophages were assessed for uptake capacity. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression levels of MHC-II, CD40, and CD86 costimulatory molecules in treated macrophages. Furthermore, the secretion levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the release of nitric oxide (NO) were measured in the culture supernatant of treated macrophages using sandwich ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively. These in vitro studies showed that CNP-CpG-ODNs had no cytotoxic effect on macrophages and were efficiently taken up by them. Additionally, CNP-CpG-ODNs significantly increased the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO in the culture supernatant compared to CNP alone. Moreover, CNP-CpG-ODNs enhanced the expression of MHC-II, CD40, and CD86 costimulatory molecules on macrophages. These findings indicate that incorporating CpG-ODNs into CNPs promotes macrophage maturation and a proinflammatory phenotype. Therefore, CNP-CpG-ODNs may serve as an effective system for targeted gene delivery to macrophages, enhancing immune responses.
Maternal folic acid over-supplementation impairs cardiac function in mice offspring by inhibiting SOD1 expression
Authors: Cai Ke , Wang Feng , Shi Hai-Qun , Shen An-Na , Zhao Rui , Geng Hao-Ran , Lu Jia-Quan , Gui Yong-Hao , Shi Yan , Zhao Jian-Yuan
Published: September 2024

Aims

Folic acid (FA) supplementation during pregnancy aims to protect foetal development. However, maternal over-supplementation of FA has been demonstrated to cause metabolic dysfunction and increase the risk of autism, retinoblastoma, and respiratory illness in the offspring. Moreover, FA supplementation reduces the risk of congenital heart disease. However, little is known about its possible adverse effects on cardiac health resulting from maternal over-supplementation. In this study, we assessed the detrimental effects of maternal FA over-supplementation on the cardiac health of the offspring.

Methods and results

Eight-week-old C57BL/6J pregnant mice were randomly divided into control and over-supplemented groups. The offspring cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed in the left ventricular myocardium by histological analysis. Proteomic, protein, RNA, and DNA methylation analyses were performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, and bisulfite sequencing, respectively. We found that maternal periconceptional FA over-supplementation impaired cardiac function with the decreased left ventricular ejection fraction in the offspring. Biochemical indices and tissue staining further confirmed impaired cardiac function in offspring caused by maternal FA over-supplementation. The combined proteomic, RNA expression, and DNA methylation analyses suggested that key genes involved in cardiac function were inhibited at the transcriptional level possibly due to increased DNA methylation. Among these, superoxide dismutase 1 was down-regulated, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased in the mouse heart. Inhibition of ROS generation using the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine rescued the impaired cardiac function resulting from maternal FA over-supplementation.

Conclusions

Our study revealed that over-supplementation with FA during mouse pregnancy is detrimental to cardiac function with the decreased left ventricular ejection fraction in the offspring and provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the association between maternal FA status and health outcomes in the offspring.
Tissue oedema following pulsed field ablation recognized during a concomitant left atrial appendage closure procedure: a case report
Authors: Gaggiotti Gemma , Bordignon Stefano , Tohoku Shota , Schmidt Boris , Chun Julian Kyoung-Ryul
Published: September 2024

Background

In patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF), at high stroke risk, and who are ineligible for long-term oral anticoagulation, the left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) could be an alternative to anticoagulation. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a new non-thermal method for cardiac ablation modality based on high-voltage electrical energy for irreversible electroporation. We first report a case of a concomitant PFA pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and LAAC.

Case summary

A 74-year-old female patient was referred to our department for PVI for persistent AF (CHA2DS2-VASc score 5). A concomitant percutaneous LAAC was proposed because of a history of previous cerebellar transient ischaemic attack despite continuous oral anticoagulation therapy. Pulmonary vein isolation was achieved with a pentaspline PFA catheter, and LAAC was performed with a WATCHMAN FLX™ device (Boston Scientific, Plymouth, MN, USA). After PVI, a swelling of the left atrial ridge was observed, yet a 27 mm LAAC device was successfully implanted. The follow-up transesophageal echo (TEE) after 6 weeks showed complete resolution of the oedema, no device-related thrombus, but a slight proximal tilting of the LAAC device without leakage could be observed. The 6-month follow-up demonstrated a stable sinus rhythm, no stroke, or bleeding events were recorded.

Discussion

In this case of synchronous PFA-PVI procedure in AF and WATCHMAN FLX™ device implantation, the electroporation created an acute oedema at the ridge level which at the TEE follow-up after 6 weeks was resolved. This resulted in a slightly tilted WATCHMAN device position which was nevertheless stable and showed no leakage.
Aortic dissection extending into the interventricular septum following redo aortic valve replacement surgery in a patient with Takayasu’s arteritis: a rare case report
Authors: Hu Chan-Han , Chang Chun-Hao , Tsai Meng-Ta , Tsai Wei-Chuan , Huang Mu-Shiang
Published: September 2024

Background

Takayasu’s arteritis is an infrequent manifestation of vasculitis affecting the aorta and its primary branches with numerous symptoms. This report details a rare case wherein a patient developed interventricular septal dissection following aortic valve replacement.

Case summary

A middle-aged woman diagnosed with Takayasu’s arteritis previously underwent aortic valve replacement with a mechanical valve owing to severe aortic regurgitation. Subsequently, she received a redo aortic valve replacement following an episode of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis with paravalvular leak. Heart failure symptoms emerged during follow-up, revealing aortic root dissection extending into the interventricular septum, causing significant prosthetic valve movement. A Trido Bentall operation and interventricular septum repair were performed, and the patient recovered smoothly.

Discussion

Interventricular dissection, although uncommon, may be due to factors such as infection, myocardial infarction, congenital anomalies, trauma, or post-surgical shear stress. Timely diagnosis is imperative to prevent life-threatening complications; surgery remains the primary treatment. The present case report describes a rare presentation that was successfully managed through a Bentall operation and underscores the necessity of prompt intervention in treating this condition.
Adapting Lully for the London stage: reading a chaconne of 1698
Authors: Lee Michael
Published: September 2024

In the Prologue to Rinaldo and Armida (1698), playwright John Dennis is quick to distance this new work from Lully and Quinault’s earlier Armide (1686). Despite this, traces remain, as evidenced by the presence in Dennis’s drama of Armida’s confidante Phenissa, a figure invented by Philippe Quinault. The most notable link with Lully’s opera comes, however, in John Eccles’s entertainment for Act 3, a divertissement-like masque of Venus and Cupid, which includes a chaconne that bears a close resemblance to the passacaille given in the fifth act of Lully’s Armide. In comparing Eccles’s chaconne with Lully’s passacaille, it is possible to note not only common structural features, but also the corresponding narrative role taken by the respective scenes in which each dance features. It will be argued that the use of such an identifiably French element in Dennis and Eccles’s work represents a conscious dramaturgical decision, and an ironic reframing, consistent with the work’s patriotic intent. Through this, it can be argued that familiarity with the music of Lully allowed it to be readily adapted and reimagined for the London stage.