bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New policies for battered women: negotiating the local and the global in Blair's Britain
Authors: Howe Adrian
Published: June 2006

English

After three decades of feminist campaigning on behalf of battered women, domestic violence is now a national policy priority in the UK. Yet the recent enactment of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill comes at a time when globalisation is exacerbating the deleterious effects of neoliberal economic policies on the more marginalised members of western societies. This article explores the changing context in which the British feminist movement has to negotiate its demands with the nation state today, and the prospects for buoyant advocacy work for battered women living in the UK in the era of globalisation.
The politics of public expenditure from Thatcher to Blair
Authors: Mullard Maurice , Swaray Raymond
Published: June 2006

English

The central concerns of this study are twofold: first, to analyse the nature of the politics of public expenditure under both the Thatcher and Blair governments and to ask whether changes in government did make a difference. Second, to deal with the more general question on whether major differences exist between the Conservative and Labour governments in prioritising public expenditure programmes since 1948. The results confirm differences in public expenditure priorities between the two main parties. Labour governments are associated with increased spending on health, education, housing and the environment while Conservative governments are associated with increases in defence and law and order.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Host-Rock Alterations Associated with the Shea Creek Unconformity-Type Uranium Deposits (Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada). Part 1. Spatial Variation of Illite Properties
Authors: Laverret Emmanuel , Mas Patricia Patrier , Beaufort Daniel , Kister Philippe , Quirt David , Bruneton Patrice , Clauer Norbert
Published: June 2006

Unconformity-related uranium deposits, which represent a significant high-grade uranium resource, are systematically surrounded by a host-rock alteration halo enriched in clay minerals. Illite is often the major clay mineral component of the halo and it displays a variable crystal structure. New data are provided on the crystal structure and the chemistry of illite encountered within and outside of the alteration halo surrounding the Shea Creek deposit. Two illite populations were distinguished using textural and structural criteria: samples rich in thetv-1Mpolytype display thin (sub-micrometer) and ‘hairy’ shapes, while samples richer in thecv-1Mpolytype contain illites with rigid lath-like shapes several micrometers wide. In barren ‘regional’ sandstone, the trends with depth of the textural and microstructural properties of illite particles are: (1) an increase of particle size, (2) an evolution to a more isometric form, and (3) a dominance of thecv-1Mpolytype over thetv-1Mpolytype. These trends record diagenetic processes under conditions of deep burial and differ from those observed in altered sandstone around the uranium mineralization. The altered sandstone is characterized by enrichment in thetv-1Mpolytype near the unconformity and/or brittle structural features. Thistv-1Millitization took place in response to structurally-controlled infiltration of basement rocks by diagenetic brines which were further recycled after interaction into the overlying basin. Variations of the illite structural and textural properties may result from nucleation/growth kinetics and may be indicative of a change in the flow regime, and/or a change of saturation state of the fluidvs.illite. Thetv-1Millite may be favored in environments characterized by a high fluid/rock ratio and a high supersaturation state of the fluids in proximity to mineralization.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Host-Rock Alterations Associated with the Shea Creek Unconformity-Type Uranium Deposits (Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada). Part 2. Regional-Scale Spatial Distribution of the Athabasca Group Sandstone Matrix Minerals
Authors: Kister Philippe , Laverret Emmanuel , Quirt David , Cuney Michel , Mas Patricia Patrier , Beaufort Daniel , Bruneton Patrice
Published: June 2006

The spatial distribution of the dominant matrix minerals present in the middle-Proterozoic Athabasca Group sandstone (kaolin, illite, sudoite, dravite, hematite) was studied at a regional scale in the Shea Creek region (Saskatchewan, Canada), in which two epigenetic unconformity-type uranium deposits have been discovered. 3D models of matrix mineral distribution were derived from normative mineral calculations and 3D interpolation using whole-rock geochemical analyses of sandstone samples collected from both mineralized and barren areas. The calculations were constrained by information obtained from petrographic and crystal-chemical clay mineralogical studies on representative samples. The 3D mineral distribution models were compared to the lithostratigraphy and structural features of the Athabasca Group sandstone to ascertain the source and mobility of the main elements involved in the sandstone host-rock alteration processes related to the U mineralization. The distribution of Al is conformable with the lithostratigraphy throughout the studied area, regardless of proximity to basement-rooted structures and U ore bodies. The distribution of illite displays similar features, but the intensity of the illitization of kaolin decreases with increasing distance from the structures and U ore bodies. Hematite bleaching and neoformation of sudoite and dravite were restricted to the vicinity of the fault zones above the U ore bodies. The spatial configurations of the mineral anomalies show that syn-ore fluids flowed from the basement towards the sandstone cover via the fault zones, as described in current metallogenic models. Although Al remained immobile (mass transfer), the anomalous K, B and Mg present in the host-rock alteration haloes were probably imported from the basement rocks (mass transport). Unlike B and Mg, K migrated laterally at least several kilometers from the basement-rooted faults. The mineral distribution models were used to quantify the volume of altered sandstone (10−2−10−1 km3) and the amounts of K, Mg and B which were imported to the alteration haloes above the Shea Creek U ore bodies: 186,000 t of K, 66,000 t of Mg, and 11,000 t of B above the Anne ore body, and 24,000 t of K, 185,000 t of Mg, and a similar 11,000 t of B above the Colette ore body.
Comparison of K-Ar Ages of Diagenetic Illite-Smectite to the Age of a Chemical Remanent Magnetization (CRM): An Example from the Isle of Skye, Scotland
Authors: Elliott W. Crawford , Basu Ankan , Wampler J. Marion , Elmore R. Douglas , Grathoff Georg H.
Published: June 2006

The clay fractions of Jurassic marls in the Great Estuarine Group in southern Isle of Skye are composed of mixed-layered illite-smectite (I-S) with large percentages (>85%) of illite layers, kaolinite, and generally smaller amounts of chlorite. These marls have not been buried to the depths normally required to convert smectite to illite-rich I-S, so it is possible that the conversion was in response to heat and hydrothermal fluids from nearby early Tertiary igneous activity ∼55 Ma ago. The large percentages of illite layers in I-S, the Środoń intensity ratios, and the Kübler index values appear to be consistent with the formation of diagenetic I-S as a result of relatively brief heating caused by igneous activity. The Jurassic rocks in southern Skye contain a secondary chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) that resides in magnetite and formed at approximately the same time as the Tertiary igneous rocks on Skye. K-Ar age values for I-S based on illite age analysis have been determined to test the hypothesis that the CRM was acquired coincidently with the smectite-to-illite conversion. However, linear extrapolation of K-Ar age vs. percentage of 2M1 polytype (detrital illite) from one marl (EL-6) yields an estimate for the age of diagenetic illite of 106 Ma, which is close to the measured age of the finest subfraction (108 Ma). These estimated and measured age values, however, could be substantially greater than the true age of the diagenetic illite in I-S because of the presence of detrital 1Md illite that was recycled from early Paleozoic shales and whose abundance relative to the diagenetic I-S may have been enhanced because the diagenetic fluid had a low K/Na ratio, limiting the amount of diagenetic illite formed. Nevertheless, most of the illite in the Elgol marls (80% or more in the finest fractions) must be diagenetic and probably formed in response to the early Tertiary magmatism.
Fault-Hosted Palygorskite from the Serrata De Níjar Deformation Zone (SE Spain)
Authors: García-Romero E. , Suárez M. , Oyarzun R. , López-García J. A. , Regueiro M.
Published: June 2006

Palygorskite fibers growing along fault planes in the outcrops of a large fault zone in SE Spain (Carboneras Fault Zone: CFZ; Serrata de Níjar) were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy-analytical electron microscopy. The structural formulae, calculated per half unit-cell, is: Si7.95Al0.05O20(Al1.93Fe0.08Mg1.92) (OH)2(OH2)4Na0.09K0.01Ca0.034(H2O). The samples have minor tetrahedral substitutions, with Mg/Al ratios close to one, and contain very small amounts of Fe3+. The number of octahedral cations per half unit-cell is 3.93. The fault-hosted palygorskite shows macroscopic ductile features including incipient foliation. Based on field and laboratory observations, as well as on regional geological evidence indicating the existence of widespread hydrothermal processes along the Serrata de Níjar and surrounding areas, we suggest that palygorskite may have formed during ongoing deformation in the CFZ, as a precipitate from Mg-rich hydrothermal fluids.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Paleocene Ultramafic- and Sedimentary-Hosted Talc Deposits in the Southern Part of the Sivas Basin, Turkey
Authors: Yalçin Hüseyin , Bozkaya Ömer
Published: June 2006

Talc deposits, located mainly in three areas of north-central Turkey, are present in the ophiolitic series of the Cretaceous and in siliciclastic rocks of the Paleocene. Talc deposits related to ophiolites are between tectonite and cumulate occurring as beds and/or lenses and 0.1–3 cm thick fracture fillings within a 5 m brecciated zone with a vein-type bedding. Sedimentary-hosted talc beds and semi-rounded to angular talc grains (0.1–2 cm) range in thickness from 0.1 to 30 cm within marls and conglomerates. Talc veins form lenses (a few meters long) and spheroidal and/or ellipsoidal nodules (1–10 cm). Calcite, dolomite, serpentine and/or mixed-layered illite-smectite (I-S) minerals are encountered in the talc samples. Serpentine with positive U and Hf anomalies, and talc with positive Nb and Zr anomalies, and negative Ta and Ce anomalies are typically depleted in P and Ti, based on chondrite-normalized trace element patterns. The light rare earth element content of sedimentary-hosted talc with a negative Gd anomaly is richer than those of ultramafic-hosted talc with a negative anomaly for Eu as well as serpentine. Significantly, talc with a uniquely sedimentary origin tends to be the principal source of Nb, Hf, Zr, La, Ce, Pr and Nd with respect to serpentine. δ18O and δD values for talc range from +13.8 to +17.5‰ and −60 to −36‰, and those of serpentine are +9.4 and −88‰, indicating supergene conditions for sedimentary-hosted talc and hypogene for ultramafic-hosted talc. When compared with seawater, δ18O data indicate temperatures of 68°C and 80–98°C for the sedimentary- and ultramafic-hosted talc formations, respectively, and 100°C for serpentine, suggesting that talcification and serpentinization of ultramafic rocks both occurred at nearly the same time with various stages. All data show that the talc occurrences are divided into two types based on their mode of formation. The first corresponds to a serpentinization stage within the ophiolites. The others are the neoformation products of sedimentary deposition, diagenetic and post-diagenetic processes, respectively. Sedimentary-hosted talc also seems to have inherited trace element and isotopic compositions from the parent ultramafic rocks.
Clay Minerals in Early Amphibole Weathering: Tri- to Dioctahedral Sequence as a Function of Crystallization Sites in the Amphibole
Authors: Proust D. , Caillaud J. , Fontaine C.
Published: June 2006

The early stages of amphibole weathering result in the crystallization of several clay mineral species: tri- and dioctahedral smectites, interstratified dioctahedral kaolinite-smectite (K-S), and halloysite. Each clay mineral crystallizes into specific microsites which develop from etch pits along specific crystallographic directions in the host amphibole. Two types of microsites are recognized according to their location in the amphibole crystal and their clay mineral crystallizations. The first type is a plane surface related to the (110) amphibole cleavages where saponite particles crystallize in a characteristic honeycomb texture. The second type is a ‘sawtooth’ (001) fracture surface generated by etch-pit coalescence where (1) platy K-S particles crystallize directly in contact with the amphibole at the top of ‘teeth’, (2) halloysite particles with tubular habits crystallize directly in contact with the amphibole on the side of the ‘teeth’, and/or on the K-S particles, and (3) montmorillonite crystallizes in the central part of the (001) fracture as a layer with honeycomb texture in contact with the K-S platelets located at the top of ‘teeth’. The microtextural relationships between the clay minerals and their host mineral suggest the following crystallization sequence: (1) saponite and montmorillonite crystallize first on the (110) and (001) surfaces, respectively; (2) as amphibole dissolution proceeds perpendicular to the (001) fracture planes, montmorillonites continue to form in the middle part of the widening fracture whereas K-S crystallizes on the ‘sawtooth’ termination; (3) in the last stage of weathering, tubular halloysite crystallizes on the side of the ‘teeth’, and/or on the K-S.
Tracer Diffusion in Compacted, Water-Saturated Bentonite
Authors: Bourg Ian C. , Sposito Garrison , Bourg Alain C. M.
Published: June 2006

Compacted Na-bentonite clay barriers, widely used in the isolation of solid-waste landfills and other contaminated sites, have been proposed for a similar use in the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Molecular diffusion through the pore space in these barriers plays a key role in their performance, thus motivating recent measurements of the apparent diffusion coefficient tensor of water tracers in compacted, water-saturated Na-bentonites. In the present study, we introduce a conceptual model in which the pore space of water-saturated bentonite is divided into ‘macropore’ and ‘interlayer nanopore’ compartments. With this model we determine quantitatively the relative contributions of pore-network geometry (expressed as a geometric factor) and of the diffusive behavior of water molecules near montmorillonite basal surfaces (expressed as a constrictivity factor) to the apparent diffusion coefficient tensor. Our model predicts, in agreement with experiment, that the mean principal value of the apparent diffusion coefficient tensor follows a single relationship when plotted against the partial montmorillonite dry density (mass of montmorillonite per combined volume of montmorillonite and pore space). Using a single fitted parameter, the mean principal geometric factor, our model successfully describes this relationship for a broad range of bentonite-water systems, from dilute gel to highly-compacted bentonite with 80% of its pore water in interlayer nanopores.
The Effect of Heating on the Surface Area, Porosity and Surface Acidity of a Bentonite
Authors: Noyan Hülya , Önal Müşerref , Sarikaya Yüksel
Published: June 2006

The Hançılı bentonite from Turkey shows significant changes in surface area, micro- and mesoporosity, surface acidity and acid strength with heating from 100 to 900°C for 2 h. The specific surface area (S) and specific micro-mesopore volume (V) of the original and heated samples were evaluated from N2 adsorption and desorption data, respectively, by standard methods. The adsorption of n-butylamine from the solution in cyclohexane on the samples was used to determine the total surface acidity (nm) and the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) was taken as a measure of the acid strength. S, V and nm having initial values of 98 m2g−1, 0.080 cm3g−1 and 4.8 × 10−4 mol g−1, respectively, stayed approximately constant as the temperature increased to 450°C and then decreased almost in parallel with each other, reaching their minimum or zero at 900°C. The total surface acidity, in general, declines with increasing temperature. The most acidic sites, however, increase with heating, and especially at dehydration and dehydroxylation. Acid strength reaches its maximum during the dehydroxylation phase at ∼600°C. It was concluded that the total surface acidity does not necessarily parallel the strength of the most acid sites.
Preparation of Large Platy Particles of Co-Al Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Kayano Mihoko , Ogawa Makoto
Published: June 2006

Cobalt (II) and Al (III) layered double hydroxides were precipitated from homogeneous solutions using urea hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions. The particle sizes were controlled successfully by changing the reaction temperature and period. It was found that larger particles formed by reactions at lower temperatures over longer reaction periods because the slow urea hydrolysis at lower temperatures suppresses the formation of nuclei in the solution. When the reaction was conducted at 60°C for 100 days, particles >40 µm wide were obtained.
X-ray Diffraction Line Broadening on Vibrating Dry-Milled Two Crows Sepiolite
Authors: Bastida Joaquin , Kojdecki Marek A. , Pardo Pablo , Amorós Pedro
Published: June 2006

A reference sample of sepiolite and products of its comminution by vibrating dry-milling have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) line-broadening analysis, complementary field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and surface area measurements. The apparent crystallite sizes determined via XRD are in agreement with observations on FESEM images. The sepiolite aggregates consist of lath-shaped agglutinations of prisms and pinacoids elongated along [001], each lath including several crystallites in that direction. The surface area magnitudes are in the range of previous experimental measurements of other sepiolites. The results obtained show the effectiveness of vibro-milling as the procedure to use for the comminution of sepiolite.
Mechanism of Adsorption of Water Vapor by Muscovite: A Model Based on Adsorption Calorimetry
Authors: Rakhmatkariev Gairat
Published: June 2006

Adsorption isotherms and differential heats of adsorption of water vapor by muscovite were measured at 303 K. The heats of adsorption are stepwise and each step corresponds to the stoichiometric formation of adsorption complexes of H2O molecules with K+ ions, (H2O)n/K+, (n = 1–6), which are located on the basal and lateral (edge) faces. At saturation, the ditrigonal cavities of the basal faces are fully occupied by hexameric clusters. It is suggested that half of the K+ ions on the basal faces come from neighboring layers by migration under the influence of the adsorbed H2O at the initial stage of adsorption. Similar migration of K+ to the edges was also hypothesized, suggesting that only every second site can be occupied by a cluster. At the final stage of adsorption, H2O molecules are believed to form H-bonded bridges between the hexameric water/cation clusters on the basal faces, whereas on the edge faces no such effect is believed to occur. The mean molar integral adsorption entropy of water is ∼−7 J/mol K less than the molar entropy of the bulk liquid. The mobility of H2O on muscovite is slightly less than in bulk water. Migration of K+ cations under the influence of adsorbed H2O both on the basal and lateral faces of muscovite is reversible.
Facility‐Level Characteristics Associated with Serious Suicide Attempts and Deaths from Suicide in Juvenile Justice Residential Facilities
Authors: Gallagher Catherine A. , Dobrin Adam
Published: June 2006

Little is known about how facility‐level characteristics affect the risk of suicide and suicide attempts in juvenile justice residential facilities. This leaves facility administrators and mental health providers without evidence‐based guidance on how the facility itself affects risks. The current study uses data from two recently developed censuses of juvenile justice facilities in the United States to examine the relationship between facility‐level characteristics and the likelihood of a facility reporting serious suicide attempts and deaths from suicide. Results suggest highest risks for facilities housing larger populations of Black young people and for facilities locking sleeping room doors. Lower risks are found for facilities screening all young people within 24 hours of arrival.
Adenoviral-Mediated Modulation ofSim1Expression in the Paraventricular Nucleus Affects Food Intake
Authors: Yang Chun , Gagnon David , Vachon Pascal , Tremblay André , Levy Emile , Massie Bernard , Michaud Jacques L.
Published: June 2006

Haploinsufficency ofSim1, which codes for a basic helix-loop-helix–PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) transcription factor, causes hyperphagia in mice and humans, without decrease in energy expenditure.Sim1is expressed in several areas of the brain, including the developing and postnatal paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a region of the hypothalamus that controls food intake. We have previously found that the number of PVN cells is decreased inSim1+/−mice, suggesting that their hyperphagia is caused by a developmental mechanism. However, the possibility thatSim1functions in the postnatal PVN to control food intake cannot be ruled out. To explore this hypothesis, we used adenoviral vectors to modulateSim1expression in the postnatal PVN of wild-type mice. Unilateral stereotaxic injection into the PVN of an adenoviral vector producing a short hairpin RNA directed againstSim1resulted in a significant increase in food intake, which peaked to 22% 6 d after the procedure, compared with the injection of a control virus. In contrast, injection of an adenovirus that expressesSim1induced a decrease in food intake that was maximal on the seventh day after the procedure, reaching 20%. The impact of bilateral injections of these vectors into the PVN was not greater than that of unilateral injections. Together, these results strongly suggest thatSim1functions along a physiological pathway to control food intake.
Glutamatergic Control of Microvascular Tone by Distinct GABA Neurons in the Cerebellum
Authors: Rancillac Armelle , Rossier Jean , Guille Manon , Tong Xin-Kang , Geoffroy Hélène , Amatore Christian , Arbault Stéphane , Hamel Edith , Cauli Bruno
Published: June 2006

The tight coupling between increased neuronal activity and local cerebral blood flow, known as functional hyperemia, is essential for normal brain function. However, its cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the cerebellum, functional hyperemia depends almost exclusively on nitric oxide (NO). Here, we investigated the role of different neuronal populations in the control of microvascular tone byin situamperometric detection of NO and infrared videomicroscopy of microvessel movements in rat cerebellar slices. Bath application of an NO donor induced both NO flux and vasodilation. Surprisingly, endogenous release of NO elicited by glutamate was accompanied by vasoconstriction that was abolished by inhibition of Ca2+-phopholipase A2 and impaired by cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthase inhibition and endothelin A receptor blockade, indicating a role for prostanoids and endothelin 1 in this response. Interestingly, direct stimulation of single endothelin 1-immunopositive Purkinje cells elicited constriction of neighboring microvessels. In contrast to glutamate, NMDA induced both NO flux and vasodilation that were abolished by treatment with a NO synthase inhibitor or with tetrodotoxin. These findings indicate that NO derived from neuronal origin is necessary for vasodilation induced by NMDA and, furthermore, that NO-producing interneurons mediate this vasomotor response. Correspondingly, electrophysiological stimulation of single nitrergic stellate cells by patch clamp was sufficient to release NO and dilate both intraparenchymal and upstream pial microvessels. These findings demonstrate that cerebellar stellate and Purkinje cells dilate and constrict, respectively, neighboring microvessels and highlight distinct roles for different neurons in neurovascular coupling.
Trophoblastic diseases and pregnancy
Authors: Jauniaux Eric
Published: June 2006

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term commonly applied to a spectrum of interrelated disorders originating from the placental trophoblast. These include complete, partial and invasive moles, placental site trophoblastic tumours and choriocarcinomas. Modern genetic and molecular biology techniques enable rapid and accurate diagnosis and have contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of GTD. As a result most women can be treated before they develop severe complications. This review addresses the perinatal diagnosis of GTD and focuses on the roles of ultrasound and Doppler examination in prenatal diagnosis and the importance of histopathology in the postnatal diagnosis of GTD.
Living with computers
Authors: Alderman Brian , Alderman Anthony E. , Ross Gill
Published: June 2006

Most hospitals in the UK have introduced computer technology to a greater or lesser extent. Usually this technology amounts to a series of ‘stand‐alone’ computers introduced piecemeal to fulfil specific tasks or purposes. Such stand‐alone computers usually do not interface easily and rarely do they ‘talk to each other’ within and between departments. In this article we describe a system introduced throughout a large district general hospital, where two entire hospitals were computerised simultaneously. We describe the effects of living with these computers, twelve years on.
Development of a Compact and Simple Gas Chromatography for Oral Malodor Measurement
Authors: Murata Takatoshi , Rahardjo Anton , Fujiyama Yuki , Yamaga Takayuki , Hanada Mariko , Yaegaki Ken , Miyazaki Hideo
Published: June 2006

Background: Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in oral air are the only type of gases correlated with the strength of oral malodor. We developed a compact and simple gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a newly invented indium oxide semiconductor gas sensor (SCS) for measuring the concentrations of VSCs in mouth air. We have assessed the correlation between measurements with a GC‐SCS and those with a regular GC.

Methods: Oral air samples from randomly selected volunteers were analyzed with both a GC‐SCS and a GC with a flame photometric detector (FPD), which is specific to VSCs, and GC‐SCS measurements were compared to those obtained by GC‐FPD. Subsequently, oral air samples before and after mouthrinsing with 5% ethanol mouthwash were analyzed to determine the effect of ethanol on VSC measurements by GC‐SCS.

Results: There were strong correlations between VSC concentrations determined using these two gas chromatography methods (hydrogen sulfide, R = 0.821, P <0.0001; methyl mercaptan, R = 0.870, P <0.0001; and dimethyl sulfide, R = 0.770, P <0.0001). Although GC‐SCS can differentiate ethanol and VSCs in oral air samples after mouthrinsing, GC‐SCS measurements demonstrated higher values than those obtained by GC‐FPD; however, this discrepancy improved over time due to the reduced effect of ethanol.

Conclusion: The results suggest that GC‐SCS may be useful for the diagnosis of halitosis.
Modified Semilunar Coronally Advanced Flap
Authors: Haghighat Kamran
Published: June 2006

Background: Correction of mucogingival recession deformities with a variety of periodontal plastic surgery procedures has been described, each demonstrating a variable degree of success. A modified semilunar coronally advanced flap is described for the treatment of recession defects on multiple adjacent teeth.

Methods: Semilunar incisions were made apical to the recession defects, starting within mucosa and extended mesio‐distally, arching more coronally to terminate apical to the papillae mesial and distal to the teeth exhibiting the defects. The papilla between the teeth with recession was coronally advanced after a split‐thickness dissection and sutured more coronally, over the deepithelialized portion of the original papilla. The flap design gave better mobility and stability to the repositioned pedicle than previously described semilunar coronally advanced flap procedures.

Results: Seven cases treated with this approach healed without complication and remained stable throughout the 8 to 22 months of post‐surgical observation.

Conclusions: This technique will be particularly valuable when previous attempts for root coverage with soft tissue autografts have resulted in residual recession defects on adjacent teeth and in a thicker‐tissue biotype that would be amenable to partial‐thickness dissection. An adequate thickness of tissue that will allow a partial‐thickness flap dissection is required to avoid tooth or alveolar bone fenestrations. This technique provides better control over flap repositioning than previously described semilunar coronally advanced flaps.
Growing Dryland Grain Sorghum in Clumps to Reduce Vegetative Growth and Increase Yield
Authors: Bandaru Varaprasad , Stewart B. A. , Baumhardt R. L. , Ambati Satish , Robinson C. A. , Schlegel Alan
Published: June 2006

Stored soil water and growing season precipitation generally support early season growth of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in dryland areas but are insufficient to prevent water stress during critical latter growth stages. The objective of this study was to determine if growing plants in clumps affected early season growth and subsequent grain yield compared to uniformly spaced plants. We hypothesized that growing grain sorghum plants in clumps would result in fewer tillers and less vegetative growth so that more soil water would be available during the grain‐filling period. Results from 3 yr at Bushland, TX, and 1 yr at Tribune, KS, showed that planting grain sorghum in clumps of three to six plants reduced tiller formation to about one per plant compared to about three for uniformly spaced plants. Grain yields were increased by clump planting by as much as 100% when yields were in the 1000 kg ha−1 range and 25 to 50% in the 2000 to 3000 kg ha−1 range, but there was no increase or even a small decrease at yields above 5000 kg ha−1. Our results suggest that planting grain sorghum in clumps rather than spaced uniformly conserves soil water use until later in the season and may enhance grain yield in semiarid dryland environments.
Dairy Manure Compost Improves Soil and Increases Tall Wheatgrass Yield
Authors: Butler Twain J. , Muir James P.
Published: June 2006

Confined animal feeding dairy operations have generated excess amounts of manure, creating a need to identify alternative uses for this plant nutrient source. The objectives in this study were to (i) study the effect of composted dairy manure on Windthorst soil (fine, mixed, active, thermic Udic Paleustalfs), (ii) evaluate two soil testing methods for measuring P when composted dairy manure is applied, and (iii) determine tall wheatgrass [Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth & Dewey ‘Jose’] yield response to six rates of composted dairy manure and two rates of inorganic N fertilizer. A randomized complete block design experiment arranged in a split‐plot with four replications was initiated in 2001. Main plots received a single application of composted dairy manure at rates of 0, 11.2, 22.4, 44.8, 89.6, and 179.2 Mg ha−1, which were incorporated before planting tall wheatgrass at the rate of 17 kg ha−1. Subplots received annual split applications of inorganic N at 224 or 336 kg ha−1. Composted dairy manure averaged across the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 growing seasons increased soil organic matter (OM) 54%, pH 55%, infiltration rate 550%, P 480%, and K 84% in this soil. The improved soil properties increased dry matter (DM) yields each growing season (2002–2003 and 2003–2004) up to 96 and 58%, respectively. Tall wheatgrass had similar crude protein (CP) (158–231 g kg−1), DM yields (3858–9536 kg ha−1), P concentrations (1.4–2.8 g P kg−1), and P removal rates (5.4–26.7 kg ha−1) compared to other cool‐season perennial grasses.
Cyprus: Nicosia and its d‐visions
Authors: Hadjichristos Christos
Published: June 2006

Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, has been divided since the Turkish invasion of 1974 and the physical and spatial separation of the Greek‐Cypriot and Turkish‐Cypriot communities. In an article that exemplifies how, for many countries, the concentration of architectural effort on internal cultural problems remains a priority, Christos Hadjichristos describes how urban interventions in the divided city of Nicosia aspire to heal and ultimately resolve Cyprus's schisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
District court of justice, Katowice
Authors: Melvin Jeremy
Published: June 2006

On visiting Katowice in southwest Poland, Jeremy Melvin met up with Archistudio, the architects of a substantial new judicial precinct that is due for completion in 2008. He describes how in this scheme, which is so demanding even in its circulation requirements, the practice has been able to combine pragmatism and foresight with ‘elegant and dignified expression’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theatre beyond child's play
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: June 2006

Howard Watson describes how at London Bridge, Keith Williams Architects has produced a permanent home for the Unicorn Theatre for Children with ‘a grown‐up building for kids’. Devoid of primary colours or Disneyesque spectacle, its elegant, intelligent design is tailored to the practical requirements of its audience, but subtly inspires ‘with innovative, surprising touches’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic technique for multidimensional granulation modeling
Authors: Gantt Justin A. , Gatzke Edward P.
Published: June 2006

Recent granulation modeling research has produced compelling evidence that simple one‐dimensional (1‐D) models will not suffice when describing the dynamics of particle growth. During the mixing process particles gradually become more saturated due to the loss of air in particles resulting from collisions with the surroundings. This process, called consolidation, influences not only granule pore saturation and binder layer thickness, but also particle coalescence properties. Due to the consolidation behavior observed, a simple size dependent model is typically not adequate. The solution of a multidimensional population balance equation (PBE) is performed using a multiscale solution technique. A microscale model which utilizes a discrete element method (DEM) simulation is used to determine granular flow characteristics and coalescence efficiency. Statistical analysis of data from interactions at the microscale is then used to produce a multidimensional coalescence kernel. Since analytical solutions to PBEs with more than one internal dimension typically do not exist, a constant number kinetic Monte‐Carlo (MC) method is used to solve the PBE. This solution technique is used in a test case to model growth of a lactose/starch/HPC and water mixture. The simulated results corresponded well with experimental data. This technique, while in its infancy, proves to be a unique and effective method of bridging multiple scales of the granulation process. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Pre‐ and postnatal findings in trisomy 17 mosaicism
Authors: Utermann Barbara , Riegel Mariluce , Leistritz Dru , Karall Thomas , Wisser Josef , Meisner Lorraine , Fauth Christine , Baldinger Rosa , Johnson Julie , Erdel Martin , Taralczak Malgorzata , Pauli Richard M. , Baumer Alessandra , Schinzel Albert , Kotzot Dieter
Published: June 2006

Trisomy 17 mosaicism is one of the rarest autosomal trisomies in humans. Thus far, only 23 cases have been described, most of them detected prenatally. In only five instances has mosaicism been demonstrated in lymphocytes and/or fibroblasts postnatally, and only in these have multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), facial dysmorphisms, and mental retardation been reported. Patients with trisomy 17 mosaicism at amniocentesis and a normal karyotype in blood and fibroblasts (n = 17) were always healthy. Here, we report on pre‐ and postnatal clinical, cytogenetic, molecular‐cytogenetic, and molecular findings in four patients with trisomy 17 mosaicism. The first case was detected in cultured but not in short‐term chorionic villi and amniocytes. Due to MCA on prenatal ultrasound examination the pregnancy was terminated. The second patient is a 13‐month‐old healthy boy, in whom low level trisomy 17 mosaicism was detected in cultured chorionic villi only. The third patient is a 2‐year‐old girl with growth retardation, developmental delay, MCA, and trisomy 17 mosaicism in amniocytes, fibroblasts, and placenta, but not in blood and buccal smear. The fourth patient is a 9‐year‐old boy with growth and mental retardation, sensoneurinal hearing loss, and MCA. Cytogenetic analyses showed trisomy 17 mosaicism in amniocytes, skin fibroblasts, and urinary sediment cells, whereas in blood and buccal smear a 46,XY karyotype was found. Molecular investigations in all four cases indicated biparental inheritance of chromosome 17. Formation of trisomy was most likely due to a maternal meiosis I error in Patient 1 and a postzygotic non‐disjunction of the paternal chromosome 17 in Patient 4. Cerebellar malformations, reported in two cases from the literature and in two reported here may be a specific feature of trisomy 17 mosaicism. Since the aberration has rarely been reported in lymphocytes, chordocentesis is not indicated in prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal genetic counseling for trisomy 17 mosaicism in chorionic villi or amniocytes should consider that the clinical significance remains uncertain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive prognosis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Hermann Bruce P. , Seidenberg Michael , Dow Christian , Jones Jana , Rutecki Paul , Bhattacharya Abhik , Bell Brian
Published: June 2006

Objective

First, to determine whether patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy have a different cognitive trajectory compared to control subjects over a prospective 4‐year interval; second, to determine the proportion of patients who exhibit abnormal cognitive change and their profile of demographic, clinical epilepsy, and baseline quantitative magnetic resonance imaging characteristics; and third, to determine the most vulnerable cognitive domains.

Methods

Participants with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 46) attending a tertiary referral clinic and healthy control subjects (n = 65) underwent neuropsychological assessment and reevaluation 4 years later. Analysis of test–retest patterns identified individual patients with adverse cognition outcomes.

Results

The prospective cognitive trajectory of patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy differs from age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects. Lack of practice effects is common, but frank adverse cognitive outcomes are observed in a subset of patients (20–25%), particularly in vulnerable cognitive domains that include memory. Cognitive declines are associated with a profile of abnormalities in baseline quantitative magnetic resonance volumetrics, lower baseline intellectual capacity, as well as longer duration of epilepsy and older chronological age.

Interpretation

Cognitive prognosis is poor for a subset of patients characterized by chronicity of epilepsy, older age, lower intellectual ability, and more baseline abnormalities in quantitative magnetic resonance volumetrics. Ann Neurol 2006;60:80–87
Alsin/Rac1 signaling controls survival and growth of spinal motoneurons
Authors: Jacquier Arnaud , Buhler Emmanuelle , Schäfer Michael K. E. , Bohl Delphine , Blanchard Stephane , Beclin Christophe , Haase Georg
Published: June 2006

Objective

Recessive mutations in alsin, a guanine‐nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPases Rab5 and Rac1, cause juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2) and related motoneuron disorders. Alsin function in motoneurons remained unclear because alsin knock‐out mice do not develop overt signs of motoneuron degeneration.

Methods

To generate an alsin loss‐of‐function model in an ALS‐relevant cell type, we developed a new small interfering RNA electroporation technique that allows efficient knock down of alsin in embryonic rat spinal motoneurons.

Results

After small interfering RNA–mediated alsin knockdown, cultured motoneurons displayed a reduced apparent size of EEA1‐labeled early endosomes and an increased intracellular accumulation of transferrin and L1CAM. Alsin knockdown induced cell death in 32 to 48% of motoneurons and significantly inhibited axon growth in the surviving neurons. Both cellular phenotypes were mimicked by expression of a dominant‐negative Rac1 mutant and were completely blocked by expression of a constitutively active Rac1 mutant. Expression of dominant‐negative or constitutively active forms of Rab5 had no such effects.

Interpretation

Our data demonstrate that alsin controls the growth and survival of motoneurons in a Rac1‐dependant manner. The strategy reported here illustrates how small interfering RNA electroporation can be used to generate cellular models of neurodegenerative disease involving a loss‐of‐function mechanism. Ann Neurol 2006;60:105–117
Progressive vacuolating glycine leukoencephalopathy with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: del Toro Mireia , Arranz José Antonio , Macaya Alfons , Riudor Encarnació , Raspall Miquel , Moreno Antonio , Vazquez Elida , Ortega Arancha , Matsubara Yoichi , Kure Shigeo , Roig Manuel
Published: June 2006

To report two unrelated patients with a new phenotype of nonketotic hyperglycinemia associated with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Clinical findings included rapidly progressive neurological deterioration with onset in the first year of life characterized by developmental regression without seizures or electroencephalogram abnormalities during follow‐up. Both patients died before the age of 18 months. Glycine cleavage system deficiency was confirmed by enzymatic studies in frozen liver. Molecular analysis in the related genes showed no pathogenic mutation. Radiological and pathological findings were consistent with progressive vacuolating encephalopathy. Our patients with biochemical and enzymatic parameters consistent with atypical nonketotic hyperglycinemia. The clinical and radiological evolution, as progressive vacuolating leukoencephalopathy and the association with pulmonary hypertension constitute a previously unrecognized variant. Ann Neurol 2006;60:148–152
Progressive spinal axonal degeneration and slowness in ALS2‐deficient mice
Authors: Yamanaka Koji , Miller Timothy M. , McAlonis‐Downes Melissa , Chun Seung Joo , Cleveland Don W.
Published: June 2006

Objective

Homozygous mutation in the ALS2 gene and the resulting loss of the guanine exchange factor activity of the ALS2 protein is causative for autosomal recessive early‐onset motor neuron disease that is thought to predominantly affect upper motor neurons. The goal of this study was to elucidate how the motor system is affected by the deletion of ALS2.

Methods

ALS2‐deficient mice were generated by gene targeting. Motor function and upper and lower motor neuron pathology were examined in ALS2‐deficient mice and in mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mice that develop ALS‐like disease from expression of an ALS‐linked mutation in SOD1.

Results

ALS2‐deficient mice demonstrated progressive axonal degeneration in the lateral spinal cord that is also prominent in mutant SOD1 mice. Despite the vulnerability of these spinal axons, lower motor neurons in ALS2‐deficient mice were preserved. Behavioral studies demonstrated slowed movement without muscle weakness in ALS2−/− mice, consistent with upper motor neuron defects that lead to spasticity in humans.

Interpretation

The combined evidence from mice and humans shows that deficiency in ALS2 causes an upper motor neuron disease that in humans closely resembles a severe form of hereditary spastic paralysis, and that is quite distinct from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006;60:95–104
Trial of celecoxib in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Cudkowicz Merit E. , Shefner Jeremy M. , Schoenfeld David A. , Zhang Hui , Andreasson Katrin I. , Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Drachman Daniel B. ,   Northeast ALS Consortium
Published: June 2006

Objective

To determine whether chronic treatment with celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor that has been shown to be beneficial in preclinical testing, is safe and effective in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods

A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial was conducted. Three hundred research subjects with ALS were randomized (2:1) to receive celecoxib (800mg/day) or placebo for 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the rate of change in upper extremity motor function measured by the maximum voluntary isometric contraction strength. Secondary end points included safety, survival, change in cerebrospinal fluid prostaglandin E2levels, and changes in the rate of decline of leg and grip strength, vital capacity, ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised, and motor unit number estimates.

Results

Celecoxib did not slow the decline in muscle strength, vital capacity, motor unit number estimates, ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised, or affect survival. Celecoxib was well tolerated and was not associated with an increased frequency of adverse events. Prostaglandin E2levels in cerebrospinal fluid were not elevated at baseline and did not decline with treatment.

Interpretation

At the dosage studied, celecoxib did not have a beneficial effect on research subjects with ALS, and it was safe. A biological effect of celecoxib was not demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid. Further studies of celecoxib at a dosage of 800mg/day in ALS are not warranted. Ann Neurol 2006;60:22–31
The neurobiology of neurooncology
Authors: Read Tracy‐Ann , Hegedus Balazs , Wechsler‐Reya Robert , Gutmann David H.
Published: June 2006

The histological classification of brain tumors currently is based on the morphological appearance and protein expression patterns that reflect specific cell types within the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that the cells of origin for brain tumors may persist in the fully formed tumors, and that these “cancer stem cells” might represent the relevant cellular targets for anticancer therapy. In this regard, insights into the developmental neurobiology of brain tumors has significant impact on our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of these devastating cancers, as well as the development of new strategies for treating brain tumors. Ann Neurol 2006;60:3–11