bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bis‐Chelated Imine‐Alkoxytitanium Complexes: Novel Chiral Dopants with High Helical Twisting Power in Liquid Crystals
Authors: Braun Manfred , Hahn Antje , Engelmann Marco , Fleischer Ralf , Frank Walter , Kryschi Carola , Haremza Sylke , Kürschner Katrin , Parker Robert
Published: March 2005

Enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure bis‐chelated imine‐alkoxytitanium complexes 6 and 7 have been synthesized and used as chiral dopants for converting nematic into cholesteric phases. The dopants were tested in mainly commercially available nematic liquid crystalline compounds or mixtures: LC1 (BASF), ZLI‐1695 and ZLI‐1840 (Merck), as well as N‐(4‐methoxybenzylidene)‐4′‐butylaniline (MBBA). The values of the helical twisting power (HTP) were determined by the Grandjean–Cano method. Exceptionally high helical twisting powers were obtained. Thus, the titanium complex 6 h displayed a HTP value of 740 μm−1 in MBBA, the highest HTP value reported. The helical twisting power has been found to depend strongly on the structure of the nematic phase and the substitution pattern of the chiral ligand in the titanium complexes 6 and 7. Crystal structure analysis of 6 f confirmed the A,R,R configuration of the metal complex. The chiral imine ligands 4 and 5 were derived from the regioisomeric amino alcohols 1 and 2.
The role of clofarabine in hematologic and solid malignancies—Development of a next‐generation nucleoside analog
Authors: Faderl Stefan , Gandhi Varsha , Keating Michael J. , Jeha Sima , Plunkett William , Kantarjian Hagop M.
Published: March 2005

Clofarabine is a new‐generation nucleoside analog that has been synthesized to combine the most favorable pharmacokinetic properties of its congeners fludarabine and cladribine. In addition to inhibition of DNA polymerases and DNA synthesis, clofarabine acts as a strong inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RnR), an enzyme involved in regulating intracellular deoxynucleotide pools, and has a high affinity to the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCyd), the rate‐limiting step in nucleoside phosphorylation.A review of the English literature was performed that included original articles and related reviews from the MEDLINE (PubMed) data base and from abstracts based on the publication of meeting materials.Although it was synthesized early in the 1980s, the development of clofarabine was stalled until 1993, when, through efforts at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, animal toxicology studies were conducted, and the first Phase I study was initiated in patients with hematologic and solid malignancies. Since then, clofarabine has demonstrated single‐agent antitumor activity in pediatric and adult acute leukemias. By way of its unique metabolic properties, clofarabine also has lent itself to biochemical modulation strategies with other nucleoside analogs, such as cytarabine. Combinations of clofarabine with cytarabine have been studied in acute leukemia and currently are being evaluated in untreated elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Novel schedules are being explored in lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumors.Clofarabine is a new nucleoside analog with considerable activity and an acceptable safety profile in acute leukemias. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Intraoperative, radio‐guided sentinel lymph node mapping in laparoscopic lymph node dissection for Stage I testicular carcinoma
Authors: Satoh Makoto , Ito Akihiro , Kaiho Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Haruo , Saito Seiichi , Endo Mareyuki , Ohyama Chikara , Arai Yoichi
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

The management of regional lymph nodes in patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma is a controversial problem. The authors investigated the feasibility and accuracy of radio‐guided mapping of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for men with clinical Stage I testicular tumors.

METHODS

Twenty‐two patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma were enrolled in the study. One day before surgery, 99mTechnetium‐labeled phytate was injected around the testicular tumor. After undergoing radical orchiectomy, patients underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (L‐RPLND). All radioactive lymph nodes were marked in the L‐RPLND procedure, and three‐dimensional SLN maps were made. All resected lymph nodes were evaluated by routine histopathologic examination, and the clinical significance of intraoperative SLN mapping was evaluated.

RESULTS

SLNs were detected in 21 of 22 patients (95%). Nearly all SLNs were detected at the ventral or lateral side of the vena cava or at the aorta between the levels of the aortic bifurcation. All SLNs were detected easily in a surgical procedure. Only 1 radio‐positive area per patient was identified in 15 patients, and approximately 2–4 positive areas were detected in 6 patients. Two patients had micrometastasis only in SLNs. In 2 patients who had seminoma, lymph node recurrences (at the level of the renal vein and in the obturator lymph node area) occurred at 10 months and 20 months after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Radio‐guided mapping of SLNs with laparoscopy was feasible, and nearly all SLNs were detected accurately by the procedure. In the near future, the standard retroperitoneal lymph node dissection may be avoided in most patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma by utilizing focused examination of SLNs. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression
Authors: Machado José A. F. , Mata José
Published: March 2005

We propose a method to decompose the changes in the wage distribution over a period of time in several factors contributing to those changes. The method is based on the estimation of marginal wage distributions consistent with a conditional distribution estimated by quantile regression as well as with any hypothesized distribution for the covariates. Comparing the marginal distributions implied by different distributions for the covariates, one is then able to perform counterfactual exercises. The proposed methodology enables the identification of the sources of the increased wage inequality observed in most countries. Specifically, it decomposes the changes in the wage distribution over a period of time into several factors contributing to those changes, namely by discriminating between changes in the characteristics of the working population and changes in the returns to these characteristics. We apply this methodology to Portuguese data for the period 1986–1995, and find that the observed increase in educational levels contributed decisively towards greater wage inequality. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing chaotic dynamics via Lyapunov exponents
Authors: Fernández‐Rodríguez Fernando , Sosvilla‐Rivero Simón , Andrada‐Félix Julián
Published: March 2005

We propose a new test to detect chaotic dynamics, based on the stability of the largest Lyapunov exponent from different sample sizes. This test is applied to the data used in the single‐blind controlled competition tests for non‐linearity and chaos that were generated by Barnettet al.(1997), as well as to several other chaotic series. The results suggest that the new test is particularly effective when compared to other stochastic alternatives (both linear and non‐linear). For large sample sizes the power of the test is one, although for small sample sizes it diminishes occasionally. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregate vs. disaggregate data analysis—a paradox in the estimation of a money demand function of Japan under the low interest rate policy
Authors: Hsiao Cheng , Shen Yan , Fujiki Hiroshi
Published: March 2005

We use Japanese aggregate and disaggregate money demand data to show that conflicting inferences can arise. The aggregate data appears to support the contention that there was no stable money demand function. The disaggregate data shows that there was a stable money demand function. Neither was there any indication of the presence of a liquidity trap. Possible sources of discrepancy are explored and the diametrically opposite results between the aggregate and disaggregate analysis are attributed to the neglected heterogeneity among micro units. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a cointegrating relation among aggregate variables when heterogeneous cointegration relations among micro units exist. We also conduct simulation analysis to show that when such conditions are violated, it is possible to observe stable micro relations, but unit root phenomena among macro variables. Moreover, the prediction of aggregate outcomes, using aggregate data, is less accurate than the prediction based on micro equations, and policy evaluation based on aggregate data ignoring heterogeneity in micro units can be grossly misleading. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biotinylated GHK peptide incorporated collagenous matrix: A novel biomaterial for dermal wound healing in rats
Authors: Arul V. , Gopinath D. , Gomathi K. , Jayakumar R.
Published: March 2005

Matrikines are small peptide fragments of extracellular matrix proteins that display potent tissue repair activities. Difficulties in achieving sustained delivery of bioactive concentration of matrikines in the affected area limits their therapeutic use. The present study evaluates the effects biotinylated matrikine peptide (bio‐glycyl‐histidyl‐lysine) incorporated collagen membrane for dermal wound healing processes in rats. Biotinylated peptide incorporated collagen matrix (PIC) showed better healing when compared to wounds treated with collagen matrix [CF (collagen film)] and without collagen [CR (control)]. Binding studies indicate that biotinylated GHK (Bio‐GHK) binds effectively to the collagen matrix and red blood cell (RBC) membrane when compared with t‐butyloxycarbonyl substituted GHK (Boc‐GHK). Wound contraction, increased cell proliferation, and high expression of antioxidant enzymes in PIC treated group indicate enhanced wound healing activity when compared to CF and CR groups. Interestingly Bio‐GHK incorporated collagen increases the copper concentration by ninefold at the wound site indicating the wound healing property of Bio‐GHK can also be linked with both copper localization and matrikine activities. These results demonstrate the possibility of using Bio‐GHK incorporated collagen film as a therapeutic agent in the wound healing process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Quantitative evaluation of the fibrin clot extension on different implant surfaces: An in vitro study
Authors: Di Iorio Donato , Traini Tonino , Degidi Marco , Caputi Sergio , Neugebauer Joerg , Piattelli Adriano
Published: March 2005

The aim of the present study was a quantitative evaluation of the in vitro fibrin clot extension on different implant surfaces. Forty‐five disk‐shaped commercially pure Grade 2 titanium samples with three different surface topographies (machined, DPS, and Plus) were used in the present study. For the quantitative evaluation of the fibrin clot, 30 specimens were used (10 per group); human whole blood was employed. Venous blood was drawn from three healthy adult volunteers, and 0.2 mL were immediately dropped onto the surface of each specimen. Contact time was 5 min at room temperature; then the samples were rinsed with saline solution and fixed in a buffered solution of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Samples were washed again with buffer and dehydrated in an ascending alcohol series. Specimens belonging to all groups were observed under SEM at a magnification of 1000×. From each sample, 50 random micrographs were collected in .tif format with an N × M 1024 × 768 grid of pixels. Quantitative analysis of fibrin clot extension showed the following results: in machined samples fibrin clot extension was 345987.2 ± 63747.7 pixels2 (mean ± SD), in DPS samples fibrin clot extension was 375930.9 ± 54726.86 pixels2 (mean ± SD), and in Plus samples, fibrin clot extension was 612333.6 ± 46268.42 pixels2 (mean ± SD). With ANOVA it was possible to find that there were significant differences among the groups. The Tukey test revealed that the extension of the fibrin clot of Plus samples was statistically higher compared to both machined and DPS samples. The results of this in vitro study indicate that there is a correlation between implant surface morphology and fibrin clot extension. Improvement in surface microtexture complexity seems to determine the formation of a more extensive and three dimensionally complex fibrin scaffold. Further investigations are necessary to explain in more detail the mechanisms that regulate the fibrin clot formation on different implant surfaces. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Low temperature complete combustion of dilute toluene and methyl ethyl ketone over Mn‐doped ZrO2 (cubic) catalysts
Authors: Choudhary VR , Deshmukh GM , Pataskar SG
Published: March 2005

Combustion of dilute toluene and methyl ethyl ketone over Mn‐doped ZrO2 catalysts prepared using different precipitating agents, such as tetra‐alkyl ammonium hydroxides and NH4OH, having Mn/Zr ratios from 0.05 to 0.67, and calcined at different temperatures has been thoroughly investigated. The Mn‐doped ZrO2 catalyst shows high toluene or methyl ethyl ketone combustion activity, particularly when its ZrO2 is in cubic form, when its Mn/Zr ratio is close to 0.2, and when it is prepared using tetra‐methyl ammonium hydroxide as a precipitating agent and calcined at 773 K. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Cyto‐epitheliochorial placenta of the viviparous lizard Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii: A new placental morphotype
Authors: Adams Susan M. , Biazik Joanna M. , Thompson Michael B. , Murphy Christopher R.
Published: March 2005

The structural features of the uterine epithelium of the chorioallantoic placenta and omphalloplacenta in the viviparous Australian skink, Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii, were investigated using SEM and TEM techniques. In particular, the structural characteristics that would allow interpretation of function were analyzed, particularly those of gas exchange in the chorioallantoic placenta and histotrophy in the omphaloplacenta. Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii has a complex placenta consisting of a placentome, paraplacentome, and omphaloplacenta. The paraplacentome has a well‐vascularized lamina propria in which projecting uterine capillaries displace the overlying uterine epithelial cells, reducing them to attenuated cytoplasmic extensions. Associated cell nuclei and organelles are lost from this region, to provide a capillary lumen to uterine lumen barrier of 0.5–1.0 μm. Hence, the paraplacentome is likely a prominent site for gaseous exchange via simple diffusion. The omphaloplacenta has a similar cytology to that of the placentome, but the uterine epithelial cells are hypertrophied and the apical plasma membrane actively secretes vesicles into the uterine lumen. The omphaloplacenta shows features that are associated with histotrophic transport of nutrients via vesicle secretion, very similar to that of lipid apocrine secretion. The placentome consists of cuboidal cells in the uterine epithelium, with large centrally located nuclei overlying the well‐vascularized lamina propria. Although the placentome has a similar cytological structure to that of the omphaloplacenta, granules or active vesicle secretion were not observed. Thus, the placentome may be associated with histotrophy, but not via apocrine secretion. Squamate placentation is epitheliochorial; however, we propose a new term be used to describe the type of placentation in P. entrecasteauxii: “cyto‐epitheliochorial,” because of the extreme attenuation of uterine epithelial cells of the paraplacentome. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional morphology of the mantle of Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca, Cephalopoda)
Authors: Westermann Bettina , Schmidtberg Henrike , Beuerlein Knut
Published: March 2005

This study presents histological and cytological findings on the structural differentiation of the mantle of Nautilus pompilius in order to characterize the cells that are responsible for shell formation. The lateral and front mantle edges split distally into three folds: an outer, middle, and inner fold. Within the upper part of the mantle the mantle edge is divided into two folds only; the inner fold disappears where the hood is attached to the mantle. At the base of the outer fold of the lateral and front mantle edge an endo‐epithelial gland, the mantle edge gland, is localized. The gland cells are distinguished by a distinct rough endoplasmic reticulum and by numerous secretory vesicles. Furthermore, they show a strong accumulation of calcium compounds, indicating that the formation of the shell takes place in this region of the mantle. Numerous synaptic contacts between the gland cells and the axons of the nerve fibers reveal that the secretion in the area of the mantle edge gland is under nervous control. The whole mantle tissue is covered with a columnar epithelium having a microvillar border. The analyses of the outer epithelium show ultrastructural characteristics of a transport active epithelium, indicating that this region of the mantle is involved in the sclerotization of the shell. Ultrastructural findings concerning the epithelium between the outer and middle fold suggest that the periostracum is formed in this area of the mantle, as it is in other conchiferan molluscs. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenolic compounds in some apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars of organic and integrated production
Authors: Veberic Robert , Trobec Mateja , Herbinger Karin , Hofer Melanie , Grill Dieter , Stampar Franci
Published: March 2005

Eleven organically grown apple cultivars and 11 apple cultivars of integrated production from Austria and Slovenia were analyzed by HPLC for the content of phenolic compounds in peel and pulp. We identified chlorogenic acid, p‐coumaric acid, procyanidin B3, protocatechuic acid, (−)‐epicatechin, phloridzin, rutin and quercetin‐3‐rhamnoside in apple peel. In apple pulp, (+)‐catechin was also identified in all the cultivars. Some other phenols (procyanidin B3, rutin and quercetin‐3‐rhamnoside) could not be identified or were not properly separated. With regard to the phenolic content in the apple peel, there were no differences between organically grown apple cultivars and apple cultivars of integrated production. Organically grown apples, however, exhibited a higher content of phenolic substances in the apple pulp compared with the apple cultivars of integrated production. This may be due either to the different genotype source or to the growing technology. Higher concentrations of phenolic compounds in organically grown cultivars could be a result of plant response to stress. The apple peel contained higher concentrations of identified phenols than the pulp. The apple peel represents up to 10% of the whole fruit; therefore the phenolsic compounds in the pulp are of greater importance to the consumer than the phenolic compounds in the peel. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of cooking times of pulses using an automated Mattson cooker apparatus
Authors: Wang Ning , Daun James K
Published: March 2005

A Mattson bean cooker apparatus was modified to electronically register individual cooked seeds by automatically recording the time taken for each plunger to drop. Contact switches, interfaced with a computer via a digital input/output board, were activated when individual plungers dropped through the cooked seeds. It was found that at the time when 80% of the seeds had been penetrated the Mattson cooker method agreed with a tactile method for determining cooking times for yellow peas (Pisum sativum), lentils (Lens culinaris), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) and navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Compared with the tactile method, the automated Mattson cooker method was more objective, much easier to carry out and more resource‐efficient. The automated Mattson cooker could provide plant breeders and the pulse industry with a reference testing method for evaluating the cookability of pulses. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimation of the degree of polymerization of condensed tannins of some wild fruits of Zimbabwe (Uapaca kirkiana and Ziziphus mauritiana) using the modified vanillin‐HCl method
Authors: Muchuweti Maud , Ndhlala Ashwell R , Kasiyamhuru Abisha
Published: March 2005

Methanol and glacial acetic acid were compared for their effect in the vanillin assay for tannins. The time taken for the development of colour was followed using a spectrophotometer. By reacting vanillin and condensed tannins in the presence of acetic acid, the time for the development of the chromogenic substance was reduced approximately threefold compared with the time taken in the presence of methanol. The degree of polymerization was followed by reacting a catechin standard, the tannin of the Uapaca kirkiana and Ziziphus mauritiana, with vanillin in acetic acid medium at 30 °C and measuring absorbance at intervals. The values obtained suggested between 4 and 10 monomer units of catechin per polymer of tannins for the different portions of the two fruits. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Quercetin properties as a functional ingredient in omega‐3 enriched fish gels fed to rats
Authors: Pérez‐Mateos Miriam , Bravo Laura , Goya Luis , Gómez‐Guillén Carmen , Montero Pilar
Published: March 2005

Wistar rats were fed with surimi gels containing either sunflower oil, fish oil (ω3), and the same formulation additionally supplemented with 1.05 g kg−1 quercetin (ω3‐Q). Antioxidant capacity was highest in gels with added quercetin when measured by the ferric‐reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) method, but not by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. Lipid stability was not enhanced by quercetin since commercial fish oil already contains stabilizers. Quercetin modified neither rheological properties nor water‐holding capacity of the gels; however, it produced a large increase in yellowness (b*). Serum lipid profile of rats was not significantly different. Total serum antioxidant capacity by FRAP was significantly increased only in the ω3‐Q group. Plasma malondialdehyde was similar in the ω3 and ω3‐Q groups, indicating no prooxidative effect of quercetin in vivo. These results suggest that quercetin might be used as a food ingredient in fish gel to improve some nutritional properties of the gel. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Pectin and calcium chloride treatment for low‐fat fried green gram splits
Authors: Holikar Manoj V , Annapure Uday S , Singhal Rekha S , Kulkarni Pushpa R
Published: March 2005

Fried green gram (Phaseolus mungo L) splits are a traditional savoury relished by consumers of all age groups as an anytime snack. The high oil content in such products is of concern owing to its association with obesity and related health disorders. The present work evaluates the effect of soaking green gram splits in calcium chloride solution (2.5–10 g kg−1) for 3 h followed by air drying and a subsequent dip in 10–30 g l−1 pectin solution for 10 min, again followed by air drying, on the oil content in the fried product prepared from them. After frying in groundnut oil at 170 ± 5 °C for 2 min, the oil content in the pretreated fried product was reduced to 211.7 g kg−1, compared with 335 g kg−1 for the untreated control. Attempts to further reduce the oil content by applying a second coating of pectin were unsuccessful. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pea and soya bean interaction on zinc dialyzability in weaning foods
Authors: Rincón F , Ibáñez MV , Martínez B
Published: March 2005

Higher values are reported for Zn dialyzability of homogenized infant formulas when pea content is high and soya bean content is low, but also when the reverse is the case, ie low pea content and high soya bean content. This apparent paradox is examined in terms of a potential antagonistic effect of the pea × soya bean interaction on Zn dialyzability. The antagonistic effect is traced to the linear combined effect of the two ingredients on pH over a narrow interval around 5.90 and on calcium content. This combined effect may account for the difference in results between in vivo and in vitro studies reported by several authors. The combination of certain vegetables in an infant formula may, in certain circumstances, enhance Zn dialyzability, contradicting the general view that increased legume content diminishes Zn dialyzability due to an increase in phytic acid levels. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Positional analysis of egg triacylglycerols and phospholipids from hens fed diets enriched with refined seal blubber oil
Authors: Pacetti Deborah , Hulan Howard W , Schreiner Matthias , Boselli Emanuele , Frega Natale G
Published: March 2005

The effect of feeding laying hens with refined seal blubber oil (SBO, containing 22.2% ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on the fatty acids composition and regiospecific distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) of egg produced was investigated. The hens were fed four diets containing 0 (control), 1.25, 2.5 or 5% SBO for 5 and 9 weeks. Comparison of the total fatty acids composition indicated that a 5 week feeding period was sufficient to obtain the highest amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids in the eggs. The fatty acids composition of the egg lipids reflected the fatty acids composition of the diet. The substantial reduction in the ω6/ω3 ratio (ie 8.5 to 2.6) is of interest, and is in line with the recommendations of health authorities in several countries, where it has been suggested that the human diet should contain a ω6/ω3 ratio of 3–4. The greatest reduction of the ω6/ω3 ratio occurred for diet A (control) and diet B (1.25% SBO). Principal component analysis analysis of the fatty acids composition of egg lipid showed four clusters representing: (i) the control diet; (ii) the diet containing 1.25% SBO as well as samples obtained from feeding 2.5% SBO for 9 weeks; (iii) the diet with 5% SBO; and (iv) samples obtained from hens fed 2.5% SBO for 5 weeks. More ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFA) were incorporated in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine than in TAG.

Although ω3 were predominantly linked in the position Sn‐1,3 of TAG in SBO, they were esterified in the Sn‐2 position of the TAG and PL of eggs obtained after feeding laying hens with enriched diets. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Variations in volatile compounds and flavour in Idiazabal cheese manufactured from ewe's milk in farmhouse and factory
Authors: Barron Luis , Redondo Yolanda , Aramburu Mikel , Pérez‐Elortondo Francisco J , Albisu Marta , Nájera Ana I , Renobales Mertxe de
Published: March 2005

Stage of lactation, use of bulk milk or milk from individual flocks, and cheese‐making in farmhouse or industrial factory are important factors affecting the production and quality of Idiazabal cheese. The volatile composition of cheese samples made from raw ewe's milk in farmhouses or industrial plants at two different times of the year and aged for 90 and 180 days was analysed by dynamic headspace coupled to GC‐MS. Short‐chain fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, methyl ketones and ethyl esters were the most abundant compounds in the aroma of Idiazabal cheese samples. Differences in the volatile composition were found between farmhouse and industrial cheeses made at different times of the year and ripened for 90 or 180 days. Likewise, the sensory profiles of the farmhouse and industrial cheeses were significantly different, regardless of the time of the year and ripening time. The results for the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the sensory attributes of the cheese samples showed two PCs defined as ‘farmhouse flavour factor’ and ‘industrial flavour factor’. Farmhouse cheeses showed high scores for buttery, milky and toasty odours, and buttery and nutty flavours, whereas industrial cheeses showed high scores for sharp, rennet and brine odours, and rennet and rancid flavours. The percentages of methyl ketones such as 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 2‐butanone, 2‐pentanone and 2‐heptanone, and acids such as n‐propanoic, 2‐methylpropanoic and 3‐methylbutanoic acids were higher in farmhouse cheeses than in industrial cheeses. On the other hand, the percentages of esters such as ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate, and alcohols such as 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, and acids like n‐hexanoic acid were higher in industrial cheeses than in farmhouse cheeses. Relationships between sensory attributes and volatile compounds were studied on the basis of the differences found in sensory profile and volatile composition between farmhouse and industrial cheeses. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of substrate adaptation on the microbial fermentation and microbial composition of faecal microbiota of weaning piglets studied in vitro
Authors: Awati Ajay , Konstantinov Sergey R , Williams Barbara A , Akkermans Antoon D L , Bosch Marlou W , Smidt Hauke , Verstegen Martin W A
Published: March 2005

The in vitro cumulative gas production technique can be used to assess microbial activity of a complex community, in relation to fermentation of a particular energy source. Therefore, in combination with an in vivo study to examine the effects of two different diets for weaning piglets, microbial activities of faeces were compared from animals on the two different diets. The two diets were: CHO diet [containing added fermentable carbohydrates, including sugarbeet pulp (SBP) and wheat starch (WST)], and control diet without any added fermentable carbohydrates. Neither diet contained antibiotics or extra added copper. Twenty‐four piglets were selected from 12 litters (two per litter), weaned at 4 weeks of age (neither creep feeding nor any antibiotic treatment before and during the study), and introduced to one of the two diets. After 9 days on the diet, faecal samples were collected from selected animals, and tested for their activity in terms of gas production kinetics, and end‐products such as volatile fatty acids, ammonia and dry matter disappearance of the two test substrates SBP and WST. The bacterial diversity was also analysed before and after in vitro fermentation using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of amplified 16S rRNA genes. There were differences both in kinetics and end‐products of the substrates. More interestingly, significant differences were detected between inocula, although mainly in terms of fermentation kinetics of the two substrates. With the CHO inoculum, SBP was fermented faster than with the control, while this effect was reversed for WST. Significantly higher diversity, as measured by DGGE fingerprint analysis, was detected in the microbial community enrichment on SBP as compared with WST at the end of fermentation. The difference between the kinetics of SBP compared with WST fermentation by faecal microbiota from the CHO diet fed piglets suggests better adaptation to SBP fermentation than to WST fermentation. The WST fermentation was more unexpected, given that a significant amount of starch is known to be fermentable by the small intestinal microbiota. It was concluded that the microbial community composition and activity in the GIT may be changed in response to diet, and that this change can be detected in vitro. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolated vitamin E deficiency with demyelinating neuropathy
Authors: Puri Vinod , Chaudhry Neera , Tatke Medha , Prakash Ved
Published: March 2005

A 22‐year‐old man, with a past history of generalized tonic‐clonic seizures treated with phenobarbital, presented with spinocerebellar ataxia. The electrophysiological studies revealed a demyelinating motor‐sensory neuropathy. The serum vitamin E level was low. Sural nerve biopsy revealed loss of large myelinated fibers with evidence of remyelination. Vitamin E supplementation led to clinical and electrophysiological recovery of sensory conduction and evoked potentials. Motor nerve conduction, however, showed only partial recovery. Vitamin E deficiency leading to a demyelinating neuropathy, as in the present case, suggests that the full spectrum of the disease entity is not fully defined. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Muscle carnitine in hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism
Authors: Sinclair Christopher , Gilchrist James M. , Hennessey James V. , Kandula Manju
Published: March 2005

Weakness is common in both hyper‐ and hypothyroidism, and skeletal muscle L‐carnitine may play a role in this regard, as suggested by studies indicating abnormal levels of carnitine in serum and urine of patients with thyroid dysfunction. Skeletal muscle samples were obtained for carnitine analysis from control subjects, and from hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients before and after treatment. There was a significant reduction in carnitine, especially the esterified portion, in hyperthyroid individuals, with a return to normal as euthyroid status was regained. In hypothyroid patients, there was a trend for carnitine to be lower than normal and for improvement once euthyroid status was attained. Our data indicate that muscle carnitine levels are affected by both hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism. A decrease in muscle carnitine in both conditions may contribute to thyroid myopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Silicon light‐emitting diodes based on dislocation‐related luminescence
Authors: Kveder V. , Badylevich M. , Schröter W. , Seibt M. , Steinman E. , Izotov A.
Published: March 2005

We investigated correlation between concentration of deep level defects at dislocations, detected by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and the efficiency of dislocation related luminescence in Si samples with dislocation density of about (3–5) × 108 cm–2. We show that significant reduction of concentration of deep states at dislocations achieved by using the combination of gettering and passivation, results in a drastic (by several orders of magnitude) increase of dislocation‐related D1 luminescence in a high temperature range. As a consequence, electroluminescence (EL) from dislocation related D1‐line reaches an external efficiency more then 0.1% at room temperature. Concentration of D1 and D2 luminescence centers, roughly estimated from the optical absorption spectrum, was found to be of the order of 3 × 1014 cm–3 for dislocation density of about 5 × 108 cm–2. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defects in germanium‐doped Czochralski silicon
Authors: Yang Deren
Published: March 2005

Germanium doping of Czochralski (CZ) silicon has attracted attention in recent years. It is pointed out that germanium doping can result in denser voids with small size, which can be eliminated easily by annealing at high temperature, and may improve the gate oxide integrity (GOI) of semiconductor devices. Meanwhile, oxygen precipitation in CZ silicon can be enhanced by germanium, so that the internal gettering (IG) ability of wafers is improved. In addition, it is reported that germanium can suppress the formation of thermal donors (TDs). Thus, it is believed that the germanium‐doped CZ (GCZ) silicon can be used as the substrate of ultra‐large scale integrated (ULSI) circuits, which have the high quality subsurface layer, the high IG ability, and the stable electrical property. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the nucleation of shuffle dislocations in Si
Authors: Rabier J. , Demenet J. L.
Published: March 2005

Different types of dislocation core are evidenced in silicon depending on the deformation conditions. Perfect (shuffle) dislocations are found for high applied stresses whereas dissociated (glide) dislocations result from the application of moderate or low stresses. This paper is devoted to the characterization of such a transition and the possible transformation from one type of core to the other type of core. Experimental results suggest that these two types of dislocations are nucleated in two different ranges of temperature and stress rather than resulting from core transformations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interfacial structure of MBE grown InN on GaN
Authors: Kehagias Th. , Iliopoulos E. , Delimitis A. , Nouet G. , Dimakis E. , Georgakilas A. , Komninou Ph.
Published: March 2005

The structural properties of the interfacial area of InN thin films, grown by rf‐plasma MBE on top of GaN/Al2O3 substrates have been investigated by TEM and HRTEM. Continuous or columnar film growth highly depends on the pre‐growth of an InN nucleation layer and low substrate temperatures. The lattice constants in both growth cases were determined by electron diffraction analysis. A network of 60° misfit dislocations was introduced in the InN/GaN interface to accommodate the lattice mismatch between the two crystals. The degree of residual compressive strain in the continuous film is also calculated, considering the columnar film closer to the relaxed configuration. The good agreement between the experimental and the calculated value for the misfit dislocation spacing provides evidence that the residual compressive strain is minimized. The in‐plane lattice expansion, observed in the continuous InN film, is attributed to thermal tensile strain originating from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of InN and GaN. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carrier diffusion and recombination in highly excited InGaN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Jarašiūnas K. , Aleksiejūnas R. , Malinauskas T. , Sūdžius M. , Miasojedovas S. , Juršėnas S. , Žukauskas A. , Gaska R. , Zhang J. , Shur M. S. , Yang J. W. , Kuokštis E. , Khan M. A.
Published: March 2005

Time‐resolved four‐wave mixing and photoluminescence techniques have been combined for studies of MOCVD‐grown InxGa1–xN/GaN/sapphire heterostructures with different indium content (0.08 < x < 0.15). In‐plane diffusion and recombination of spatially‐modulated carriers, confined in the front layer of 50‐nm‐thick InGaN, were monitored by a probe beam diffraction and provided an average value of a bipolar diffusion coefficient D ≈ 1–1.5 cm2/s and its dependence on the In content. A complete saturation of four‐wave mixing (FWM) efficiency vs excitation energy was found prominent in a layer with 10% of In. The latter effect of saturation correlated well with the dependence of quantum efficiency of stimulated emission on In content in heterostructures. Short decay times of stimulated emission (∼10 ps) measured by time‐resolved PL in highly excited structure allowed us to attribute the FWM saturation effect to the threshold of stimulated recombination. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Atomic simulations and HRTEM observations of a Σ 18 tilt grain boundary in GaN
Authors: Kioseoglou J. , Béré A. , Komninou Ph. , Dimitrakopulos G. P. , Nouet G. , Iliopoulos E. , Serra A. , Karakostas Th.
Published: March 2005

The crystalline quality of GaN thin films grown on foreign substrates for opto‐ and micro‐electronics applications depends strongly on the growth conditions. Among a variety of microstructural defects that appear in GaN epilayers, grain boundaries (GBs) are extended defects that may be formed during the growth process under certain circumstances. In this work, the atomic structures of a ‘symmetric' and an ‘asymmetric' 70.53° 〈$ 1 \bar 2 10$〉 Σ18 tilt boundaries are investigated by combining large scale energetic calculations, using a modified Stillinger–Weber interatomic potential, with high resolution transmission electron microscopy observations. The energetically favourable short‐period asymmetric interface is matched to the experimental observations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement effect of Tb‐related luminescence in AlxGa1–xN with the AlN molar fraction 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
Authors: Wakahara A. , Nakanishi Y. , Fujiwara T. , Yoshida A. , Ohshima T. , Kamiya T.
Published: March 2005

Effects of Al composition on luminescence properties corresponding to Tb3+ inner level transitions are investigated. When the Al composition is larger than 0.3, luminescence corresponding to 5D4–7FJ (J = 3, 4, 5, 6) transitions is observed at room temperature, while 5D3–7FJ transition such as 5D3–7F5 can be observed only at low temperature. As the Al composition increases, the luminescence intensity is increased super linearly at first, and then linearly increased. Thermal quenching of luminescence intensity is dramatically improved as increasing the Al composition. Major effect of AlGaN is well explained by reduction of energy‐back‐transfer process. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of lattice matched InxGa1–xP1–yNy heteroepitaxial layers on GaP
Authors: Imanishi T. , Wakahara A. , Kim S. M. , Yonezu H. , Furukawa Y.
Published: March 2005

Optical constants and band structure of InxGa1–xP1–yNy lattice matched to GaP (100) substrate are investigated. Nitrogen concentration in the film estimated by X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, was 1.4%, 1.8% and 3.5%. Refractive index and transition critical points E0 (Γv to Γc), E1 (Lv to Lc) and E2 (Xv to Xc) are evaluated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. When N composition increases from 1.4% to 3.5%, both photoluminescence (PL) peak energy, EPL, and E0 shift to lower energy, and the energy difference ΔE = E0 – EPL decrease from 380 meV to 110 meV. The large red‐sift of EPL from the E0 suggest that the luminescence is of defect‐related luminiscence, and crossover point of indirect band structure estimated by the extrapolation of N‐composition dependence of ΔE is estimated to be arroud in In0.1Ga0.9P0.96N0.04. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Uniform III‐nitride growth in single wafer horizontal MOVPE reactors
Authors: Hardtdegen H. , Kaluza N. , Steins R. , Javorka P. , Wirtz K. , Alam A. , Schmitt T. , Beccard R.
Published: March 2005

Using a new susceptor set‐up a systematic study on gas phase transport properties was carried out with the aim of obtaining layer uniformity. By determining the influence of the transport parameters on growth it is then possible to achieve symmetric growth profiles and highly uniform GaN and AlGaN layers as well as heterostructures exhibiting a high material quality with respect to their structural and electrical properties. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature dependence of carrier lifetimes in InN
Authors: Chen Fei , Cartwright A. N. , Lu H. , Schaff W. J.
Published: March 2005

Time‐resolved pump–probe transmission measurements were used to determine the temperature dependence of carrier lifetime for InN epilayers with unintentionally doped levels from 1018 to 1019 cm–3. The observed decay time at 20 K is well explained by a dominating radiative interband recombination, while at room temperature it is attributed to a defect related nonradiative recombination channel. The temperature dependence of the radiative lifetime is deduced from the measurements of both differential transmission decay time and PL intensity. For the best quality sample, we find the radiative lifetime increases proportionally to T3/2, as theory predicts when a k‐selection rule holds, which suggests that the radiative band‐to‐band transition accounts for the observed infrared photoluminescence over the entire temperature. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Advanced characterization techniques of nonuniform indium distribution within InGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by MOCVD
Authors: Lu D. , Florescu D. I. , Lee D. S. , Ramer J. C. , Parekh A. , Merai V. , Li S. , Gardner J. J. , Begarney M. J. , Armour E. A.
Published: March 2005

Nonuniform indium distribution within InGaN/GaN single quantum well (SQW) structures with nanoscale islands grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) have been characterized by advanced characterization techniques. Robinson backscattered electron (BSE) measurements show cluster‐like BSE contrast of high brightness regions, which are not centered at small dark pits in a SQW structure of spiral growth mode. By comparing with the secondary electron (SE) images, the bright cluster areas from the BSE images were found to have higher indium content compared to the surrounding dark areas. Temperature dependant photoluminescence (PL) measurement shows typical “S‐shape” curve, which shows good correlation with nonuniform indium distribution from BSE measurement. Optical evaluation of the samples show increased PL slope efficiency of the spiral mode SQW, which can be attributed to the presence of Indium inhomogeneities. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative analysis of hot‐electron transport in AlGaN/GaN and AlGaN/AlN/GaN 2DEG channels
Authors: Ardaravičius L. , Ramonas M. , Kiprijanovic O. , Liberis J. , Matulionis A. , Eastman L. F. , Shealy J. R. , Chen X. , Sun Y. J.
Published: March 2005

Nanosecond‐pulsed current–voltage measurements were used to study hot‐electron transport in undoped AlGaN/GaN and AlGaN/AlN/GaN two‐dimensional electron gas channels biased up to 200 kV/cm. Voltage pulses of 1 ns were applied in order to minimize channel heating. The current saturated at 100 kV/cm in the AlN‐interbarrier‐contained structures; the estimated saturated drift velocity was about 1.1 × 107 cm/s. No saturation of the current was observed in AlGaN/GaN channels in the field range below 200 kV/cm. Monte Carlo simulation of hot‐electron transport was carried out with electron gas degeneracy and hot phonons taken into account. A fairly good fit of the experimental results with the Monte Carlo simulation data was obtained in the electric field range up to 30 kV/cm. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for structural characterization of oligosaccharides derivatized with 2‐aminobenzamide
Authors: Morelle Willy , Page Adeline , Michalski Jean‐Claude
Published: March 2005

The use of electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the characterization of 2‐aminobenzamide (2AB)‐labeled oligosaccharides and N‐linked protein oligosaccharide mixtures is described. The major signals were obtained under these conditions from the [M+Na]+ ions for all 2AB‐derivatized oligosaccharides. Under collision‐induced dissociation, sodiated molecular species generated in the ESI mode yield simple and predictable mass spectra. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments with orders higher than two offer a number of ways to enhance MS/MS spectra and to derive information not present in MS and MS2 spectra. Information on composition, sequence, branching and, to some extent, interglycosidic linkages can be deduced from fragments resulting from the cleavage of glycosidic bonds and from weak cross‐ring cleavage products. Reversed‐phase HPLC and derivatization by reductive amination using 2‐aminobenzamide were finally applied to characterize a glycan pool enzymatically released from glycoproteins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of atomic hydrogen in non‐thermal hydrogen plasmas by means of molecular beam threshold ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Wei‐Guo , Xu Yong , Yang Xue‐Feng , Wang Wen‐Chun , Zhu Ai‐Min
Published: March 2005

Atomic hydrogen plays important roles in chemical vapor deposition of functional materials, plasma etching and new approaches to chemical synthesis of hydrogen‐containing compounds. The present work reports experimental determinations of atomic hydrogen near the grounded electrode in medium‐pressure dielectric barrier discharge hydrogen plasmas by means of molecular beam threshold ionization mass spectrometry (MB‐TIMS). At certain discharge conditions (a.c. frequency of 24 kHz, 28 kV of peak‐to‐peak voltage), the measured hydrogen dissociation fraction is decreased from ∼0.83% to ∼0.14% as the hydrogen pressure increases from 2.0 to 14.0 Torr. A simulation method for extraction of the approximate electron beam energy distribution function in the mass spectrometer ionizer and a semi‐quantitative approach to calibrate the mass discrimination effect caused by the supersonic beam formation and the mass spectrometer measurement are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.