bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dumping And Double Crossing: The (In)Effectiveness Of Cost‐Based Trade Policy Under Incomplete Information*
Authors: Kolev Dobrin R. , Prusa Thomas J.
Published: March 2003

We argue that the rise of antidumping protection and the proliferation of voluntary export restraints (VERs) are fundamentally interrelated. We show that both can be explained by a cost‐based definition of dumping when the domestic government has incomplete information about the foreign firm's costs. Given that its costs are only imperfectly observed and knowing the government's incentives to protect, efficient foreign firms will voluntarily restrain their exports prior to the antidumping investigation. In turn, the VER distorts the government's perception of the foreign firm's efficiency and leads to undesirably high duties regardless of the foreign firm's efficiency.
On the Distribution of Money Holdings in a Random‐Matching Model*
Authors: Berentsen Aleksander
Published: March 2003

This article studies stationary and nonstationary distributions of money holdings in a random‐matching model. The first part characterizes the stationary distributions of money holdings and derives the optimum quantity of money. The second part considers nonstationary distributions of the optimum quantity of money to show that if the production costs are not too large, any distribution of the optimum quantity of money converges asymptotically to the uniform distribution.
The Lag from Monetary Policy Actions to Inflation: Friedman Revisited
Authors: Batini Nicoletta , Nelson Edward
Published: March 2003

This paper updates and extends Friedman's (1972) evidence on the lag between monetary policy actions and the response of inflation. Our evidence is based on UK and US data for the period 1953–2001 on money growth rates, inflation and interest rates, as well as annual data on money growth and inflation. We reaffirm Friedman's result that it takes over a year before monetary policy actions have their peak effect on inflation. This result has persisted despite numerous changes in monetary policy arrangements in both countries. Similarly, advances in information processing and in financial market sophistication do not appear to have substantially shortened the lag. The empirical evaluation of dynamic general equilibrium models needs to be extended to include an assessment of these models' ability to account for the monetary transmission lags found in the data.
The Opportunistic Approach to Disinflation
Authors: Orphanides Athanasios , Wilcox David W.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the theoretical foundations of a new approach to monetary policy. Proponents of this approach hold that, when inflation is moderate but still above the long‐run objective, the central bank should not take deliberate anti‐inflation action but, rather, should wait for exogenous circumstances – such as favourable supply shocks and unforeseen recessions – to deliver the desired reduction in inflation. While waiting for such circumstances to arise, the central bank should aggressively resist incipient increases in inflation. This strategy has come to be known as ‘the opportunistic approach to disinflation’. We deduce policy maker preferences that rationalize the opportunistic approach as the optimal strategy for disinflation in the context of a model that is standard in other respects. The policy maker who is endowed with these preferences tends to focus on stabilizing output when inflation is low, but on fighting inflation when inflation is high. We contrast the opportunistic approach to a more conventional strategy derived from strictly quadratic preferences.
The Role of Output Stabilization in the Conduct of Monetary Policy
Authors: Mishkin Frederic S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the role of output stabilization in the conduct of monetary policy. It argues that activist monetary policy – in which the monetary authorities focus on output fluctuations in the setting of their policy instrument and in policy statements – is likely to produce worse outcomes for output and inflation fluctuations, because it will lead to suboptimal monetary policy, but also because it complicates monetary authorities’ communication strategy and can weaken the credibility of the central bank. In contrast, conducting monetary policy with a flexible inflation target rule is likely to produce better outcomes. A flexible inflation target rule also allows the monetary authorities to communicate effectively to the public that they do care about output fluctuations, but makes it less likely that they will be encouraged to try to exploit the short–run trade–off between output and inflation.
Macroeconomic Vulnerabilities in the Twenty–first Century Economy: A Preliminary Taxonomy
Authors: DeLong J. Bradford
Published: March 2003

Our current information technological revolution is, by crude metrics, two to three times the relative size of previous industrial revolutions which transformed the economy and the world. However, at the moment, it is anyone’s guess what changes in macroeconomic vulnerabilities and opportunities our current industrial revolution will bring. It seems highly likely that it will bring a better–performing labour market. It also seems highly likely that it will bring larger swings in asset prices and investment demand, which will call for more aggressive counter–cyclical monetary policy. It is possible that it will bring a reduction in the size of the inventory–driven component of the business cycle, and that it will add to the difficulties of financial regulation as complexity increases the government’s task while euphoria diminishes its competence.
Construct‐oriented Biodata Development for Selection to a Differentiated Performance Domain
Authors: Karas Michelle , West Julie
Published: March 2003

This study describes the development of a multidimensional biodata form which used explicit constructs to guide item generation and rational scale development, construct validation, criterion measurement and empirical keying. These constructs were goal‐orientation, teamwork, customer service, resourcefulness, learning ability and leadership. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in both applicant and incumbent samples were used to identify and test the model which included the thirteen, more differentiated rational scales relating to these six, broader constructs. Empirical keying of the rationally developed scales was conducted against criterion construct scales conceptually related to each predictor construct. Empirical keying at the item level was found to result in higher validities and cross‐validities than either empirical keying at the scale level, or rational keying. The item keyed instrument also demonstrated incremental validity over a test of cognitive ability for specific work performance domains as well as overall work performance.
Impact of Assessments of Validity Generalization and Situational Specificity on the Science and Practice of Personnel Selection
Authors: Murphy Kevin R.
Published: March 2003

The application of meta‐analysis, in particular validity generalization (VG) analysis, to the cumulative literature on the validity of selection tests has fundamentally changed the science and practice of personnel selection. VG analyses suggest that the validities of standardized tests and other structured assessments are both higher and more consistent across jobs and organizations than was previously believed. As a result, selection researchers and practitioners can draw on the research literature to make reasonably accurate forecasts about the validity and usefulness of different tests in particular applications. Distinctions between tests of validity generalization and tests of situational specificity are described, and difficulties in demonstrating that validity is constant across the different settings where tests are used are outlined.
General and Specific Cognitive and Psychomotor Abilities in Personnel Selection: The Prediction of Training and Job Performance
Authors: Carretta Thomas R. , Ree Malcolm James
Published: March 2003

Use of ability tests in personnel selection is addressed beginning with methodological issues. Studies are reviewed that show that almost all the validity of cognitive tests comes from general cognitive ability, g. Psychomotor ability is reviewed and found to have both higher‐ and lower‐order factors, contrary to long‐held beliefs. It was found that the higher‐order general psychomotor factor was one source of validity of psychomotor tests. Additionally, psychomotor tests were shown to contain measures of g and to increment the validity of g‐based measures very little.
Age and Assessments of Professional Expertise: The Relationship between Higher Level Employees’ Age and Self‐assessments or Supervisor Ratings of Professional Expertise
Authors: Van Der Heijden Beatrice
Published: March 2003

In this article the relationship between higher level employees’ age and assessments of professional expertise is described. Hypotheses have been tested with original survey data from 417 higher level employees and 224 direct supervisors. Concerning the analyses of the effects of age, our hypotheses have for the greater part been confirmed. In our study, we have found that age‐related stereotyping is an important phenomenon where assessments concerning professional expertise are made by supervisors. As regards the self‐ratings, there is no relationship between age and professional expertise. Further research is needed to understand the pattern of differences between the two types of ratings. Some speculations concerning improvements of the measurements are discussed.
Comparing Personality Characteristics, Values, and Goals as Antecedents of Organizational Attractiveness
Authors: Rentsch Joan R. , McEwen Alicia H.
Published: March 2003

Person–organization (P–O) fit was examined as an antecedent of individuals’ attraction to organizations by operationalizing P–O fit as the similarity between individuals and organizations on three points of comparison: personality dimensions, values, and goals. It was hypothesized that compared to P–O fit on values and on goals, P–O fit on personality dimensions would be related more strongly to organizational attractiveness. It was also hypothesized that relative to P–O fit on goals, P–O fit on values would be related more strongly to organizational attractiveness. The results indicated that each of the points of comparison had a unique effect on organizational attractiveness and that individuals were more attracted to organizations that were similar to them than to organizations that were dissimilar to them.
Unemployment and mental health among white‐collar workers – a question of work involvement and financial situation?
Authors: Rantakeisu Ulla , Jönsson Leif R.
Published: March 2003

We examine whether it is a psychosocial or an economic need for employment that affects mental health among the unemployed. The relevance of both aspects are examined, concentrating on two measures of each dimension. Two perspectives of work involvement – the degree of connection to working life and the perceived employment commitment – and two perspectives on financial situation – economic security and perceived economic concern – have been analysed, using empirical data collected by means of a cross‐sectional survey of 1297 unemployed white‐collar workers from the public sector in Sweden. The degree of connection to working life was not significantly linked to the mental health of the unemployed, although there was a strong link between the perceived employment commitment and mental health among this group. The stronger the perceived employment commitment, the poorer the state of the person's mental health. Perceived economic concern was also tightly linked to mental health: the greater the economic concern, the poorer the mental health. Economic security also played – at least, partly – a moderate but significant role. The results provide strong support for the existence of both a psychosocial need and an economic need for employment. The analysis demonstrates that it is the perceived assessed measures of work involvement and financial situation that are linked to mental health.
Identification of children from alcohol‐affected homes
Authors: Fischerman Mia
Published: March 2003

As the background for an improved basis for relevant intervention in favour of children in families with alcohol problems, 208 day‐care centres in the Municipality of Copenhagen with children between the ages 0–6 years received a questionnaire on children attending the centre. Two data collection methods were used, yielding two sets of data: the first consists of staff‐generated data from 136 centres with a total of 5,929 children and the second of manager‐generated data from 43 centres with a total of 1,942 children. In the staff‐generated material, 59% of the centres identified children coming from families with alcohol problems and 24% of the centres knew of families with three or more such children. A total of 215 children corresponding to 3.6% of all children enrolled at a day‐care centre were identified by the centres' staff. In the manager‐generated material, 2.3% of the enrolled children were recognised as living in families with alcohol problems. Considerable variation by district was found regarding the day‐care centre staff's recognition of children coming from families with alcohol problems. The nurseries had by far the lowest level of recognition. Possible explanations are discussed. In the concluding discussion, some possible reasons are presented for the discrepancy between the estimates of the current study and those of other studies concerning alcohol problems in families with children in general. Proposals are made for strengthening day‐care centres’ capacity and role in early identification of and intervention with families with alcohol problems.
Perception of job satisfaction, service effectiveness and burnout among Arab social workers in Israel
Authors: Haj‐Yahia Muhammad M. , Bargal David , Guterman Neil B.
Published: March 2003

Over the past three decades, the topics of job satisfaction and burnout have become a major focus of interest in research and professional training in the field of social work. However, there is a serious lack of studies focusing on these issues in the context of Arab social workers in Israel. This paper presents the results obtained from a subsample of Arab participants in a national study of Israeli social workers. It focuses on the correlations between several career outcomes and organizational conditions such as role characteristics, work conditions, job mastery, and power. Challenge at work and job mastery were found to be the most significant and consistent predictors of the outcome results. The implications of the results are also discussed.
Popular support for institutionalised solidarity: a comparison between European welfare states
Authors: Gelissen J.
Published: March 2003

In this article, we study the determinants of supportiveness for the welfare state as a system of institutionalised solidarity. We distinguish between two types of support; namely, 1) whether people hold the state responsible for achieving social‐economic security and distributive justice, and 2) people's preference for the range of these goals that should be realised if the state is indeed held responsible. Using data from the Eurobarometer survey series, we investigate how, and to what extent, both kinds of support for the welfare state are related to position in the stratification structure, demographic characteristics, and social‐political beliefs, as well as to features of European welfare state regimes. The results of a two‐level hierarchical model suggest that moral commitment to the welfare state dominates at the individual level, whereas self‐interest enters the picture mainly if a person is highly dependent on the provisions of the welfare state. Further, the findings give no support to the claim of a systematic variation between levels of popular support for the welfare state and its institutional set‐up.
A female lay perspective on the establishment of long‐term sickness absence
Authors: Ockander Marlene , Timpka Toomas
Published: March 2003

In Sweden women account for about 60% of the long‐term cases of sickness absence. The aim of this study was to describe women's explanations as to how long‐term sickness absence arises and becomes permanent, with reference to their personal experience. Semi‐structured interviews were performed with 82 middle‐aged women who have personal experience of long‐term sickness absence. Long‐term sickness absence can be said to arise in three distinguishable “spaces”: the work space, the medico‐legal space and the mental space. In the beginning, the women were positive about sick‐leave as such, which they saw as an opportunity for physical rest. But as time went on, they came to regard sick‐leave as creating a vicious circle of new problems related to inactivity and isolation. Apart from this vicious circle and chronic physical impairments, certain conditions at the workplace, at the hospital and the social insurance office transformed seemingly trivial sick‐leaves into long‐term and irreversible sickness absences
Mortality after care among young adult foster children in Sweden
Authors: Vinnerljung Bo , Ribe Martin
Published: March 2003

This exploratory study looks at mortality after care among 13,100 former Swedish foster children, placed before their teens. Sources used are two national databases, on child welfare interventions and causes of death. Risk ratios of death for foster children are compared with those of their peers in the general population and with a comparison group, consisting of 10,668 young adults from adverse home backgrounds, who never entered foster family care before their teens. Both ex‐foster children and the comparison group were young adults (19–26 years old) at time of follow‐up. Results show a moderately elevated risk ratio for both groups compared with peers in the general population, mainly due to more frequent unnatural deaths, especially suicides. Time at first placement was not related to mortality among men, but there was a weak tendency of a higher risk ratio for girls placed at age 7–12. Information on time spent in care is used with caution, due to possible problems with reliability. Almost all comparisons between the foster care and the comparison group fell short of statistical significance. For foster children who had spent more than five years in care, the risk ratio tended to be higher than for foster children with shorter care experience, and similar to that of the comparison group. Foster children who had been in care for less then six years thus tended to have a lower risk ratio than the comparison group.
State socialism and the welfare state: a critique of two conventional paradigms
Authors: Chen Sheying
Published: March 2003

The post–war development of industrialised nations has been led by the idea of a welfare state. On the other hand, research on current and former communist states is still dominated by an age–old notion of ‘state socialism’. This article provides a critical assessment of the two conventional paradigms by reviewing their implications within the historical and international contexts. By tracing its ideological roots and contrasting with the changing reality, it is argued that state socialism was misused in representing Marxist guidelines and is outdated in characterising the reforming socialist societies. By emphasising the experience of developing nations the article further challenges the welfare state as the paradigm for studying the general direction of a modern society. Attention is drawn to the study of a general public policy, and the economic state model is revisited for conceptualising the experience of a non–welfare state nation such as China.
Problems in Knowledge Management: A Case Study of a Knowledge‐Intensive Company
Authors: Van Zolingen S. J. , Streumer J. N. , Stooker M.
Published: March 2003

Knowledge management has become an important tool in staying ahead in the competition between companies. In this article five different phases of the knowledge management process are distinguished: acquiring knowledge, codifying knowledge, disseminating knowledge, developing knowledge and applying knowledge. The occurrence of knowledge management problems is demonstrated in a case study in a knowledge‐intensive company. Most of the problems in this case occur in the first three phases of the knowledge management process. It is recommended that the company monitors on a regular basis, starting from its core competencies and its strategy, what essential knowledge their employees are lacking and encourages them to acquire it. Furthermore, the company should ensure that employees have time to codify their knowledge regularly and that adequate information systems are in place and kept up‐to‐date. The dissemination of knowledge can be improved by working in different teams, coupling junior with senior employees, and by the exchange of new knowledge between employees on a regular basis by encouraging the development of communities of practice and by the systematic creation of learning histories.
The Cultural Economy of Cities
Authors: Scott Allen J.
Published: March 2003

An increasingly important fraction of contemporary economic activity is devoted to the production of cultural outputs, i.e. goods and services with high levels of aesthetic or semiotic content. This kind of economic activity is especially, and increasingly, associated with a number of large cities scattered over the globe. A conceptual account of this phenomenon is provided on the basis of an exploration of the character of place‐specific forms of culture generation and the agglomerative tendencies of many kinds of cultural products industries. The empirical cases of Los Angeles and Paris are briefly discussed. The dynamics of production, distribution and location of major cultural products industries are also examined. The paper ends with a brief allusion to the modalities of spatial differentiation of culture in contemporary capitalism and to a prospective cultural politics.
The Genesis of the High Technology Milieu: A Study in Complexity
Authors: Garnsey Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the question of ‘how and why some places develop expanding industrial complexes while others move along other trajectories’, with reference to localized high technology enterprise. It is argued that concern with local resource endowments has led to the neglect of chance events and cumulative processes, key features of path dependence. The emerging industrial ensemble can be conceived as a complex open system, characterized by interdependent activities, sensitive to initial conditions and subject to irreversibilities. In such systems, the relationship between initial conditions and subsequent innovative developments is unpredictable, though common dynamic processes can be detected. The systems approach can address the multidisciplinary features of the innovative milieu, where economic, cultural and political dimensions form an interdependent whole.

Cet article explore ‘comment et pourquoi certains endroits développent des ensembles industriels grandissants alors que d’autres suivent des trajectoires différentes’ en ce qui concerne les entreprises locales de technologie de pointe. Je soutiens qu’un intérêt pour les dotations des ressources locales a conduit à négliger les événements dus au hasard et les processus cumulatifs, éléments centraux de la dépendance du trajectoire. Les ensembles industriels naissants peuvent être vus comme des sytèmes ouverts complexes, caractérisés par des activités interdépendantes, sensibles aux conditions initiales et soumis à des irrévocabilités. Dans de tels systèmes, la relation entre les conditions initiales et les développements innovatifs subséquents est imprévisible, bien que des processus dynamiques communs puissent être détectés. L’approche systémique est appropriée aux éléments multidisciplinaires du milieu innovatif où les dimensions économique, culturelle et politique forment un tout interdépendant.
Transformations of a city centre in the light of ideologies: the case of Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
Authors: Bitušíková Alexandra
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with transformations of the central square in the city of Banská Bystrica, Central Slovakia, from 1918 to the present. This period can be divided into three important eras with respect to the historical development of the square. In the democratic period from 1918–48, the central square was a polyfunctional area where most of the city’s social and cultural events and activities took place. The polyfunctionality of the square in the interwar period was replaced by a dominating traffic function in the communist period, during the years 1948–89. The central square became the arterial road of the city where any social and cultural activities were impossible to organize because of noise and pollution. The situation has changed since the velvet revolution in 1989. Most of the houses on the square have been returned to former owners and transformed into luxurious private shops, restaurants, cafes and banks. In 1994 the complete reconstruction of the square took place. The inhabitants have welcomed the reconstruction with great interest. After long years, the square has become a place of rich social and cultural life, and is considered a symbol of modernization and westernization. The reconstruction of the square has contributed to a revitalization of urban life. It has reinforced the inhabitants’ identity with the city and their pride in the place where they live.

mdash;

Cet article concerne les transformations de la place centrale de la ville de Banská Bystrica en Slovakie Centrale, de 1918 à nos jours. Cette période peut être divisée en trois époques, importantes quant au développement historique de cette place. Durant la période démocratique de 1918 à 1948, la place centrale était un endroit polyfonctionnel où prenaient place la plupart des activités sociales et culturelles. La polyfonctionnalité de la place entre les deux guerres fut remplacée par la fonction dominante de la circulation durant la période communiste de 1948 à 1989. La place centrale devint l’artère principale de la ville où il était impossible d’organiser des activités culturelles ou sociales à cause du bruit et de la pollution. Cette situation a changé depuis la révolution feutrée de 1989. La plupart des maisons sur la place ont été rendues à leurs anciens propriétaires et transformées en boutiques de luxe, en restaurants, en cafés et en banques. La reconstruction complète de la place que les habitants ont accueilli chaudement et avec grand intérêt, eut lieu en 1994. Après de nombreuses années, la place est devenue un lieu riche de vie culturelle et sociale et est considérée un symbole de modernisation et occidentalisation. La reconstruction de la place a contribuéà la revigoration de la vie urbaine. Elle a renforcé l’identification des habitants à leur ville et leur fierté d’y habiter.
Land Use and the Limits to (Regional) Governance: Some Lessons from Planning for Housing and Minerals in England
Authors: Cowell Richard , Murdoch Jonathan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the supposed shift from government to governance in the context of land‐use planning in England and indicates some of the problems which surround increased regional autonomy in governmental systems. It is argued that decision‐making processes around land use, especially when they concern conflicts between development and environmental protection, are not easily rendered into the flexible arrangements deemed characteristic of governance. Two case studies in the housing and minerals sectors – presented to illustrate this general argument – show the existence of strong ‘strategic lines’ which tend to subsume local representations and limit the formation of partnerships. In both cases, the strategic line comes dressed in the language of technical (numerical) forecasts and projections which raises problems for any local opposition to the thrust of the strategy. In conclusion it is argued that although some recasting of the planning regime in each sector is underway this has only served to highlight continuing problems in linking strategy and locality, especially in cases of conflict around land use, which regional governance may not easily alleviate.

Cet article examine le prétendu changement du gouvernementà la gouvernance dans le contexte de la planification de l’utilisation du sol en Angleterre et montre certains des problèmes liés à la croissance de l’autonomie régionale dans les systèmes gouvernementaux. Les processus de décision concernant l’utilisation du sol, particulièrement quand ils concernent des conflits entre le développement et la protection de l’environnement, ne sont pas aisément résolus par les arrangements flexibles qui sont dits caractéristiques de la gouvernance. Deux cas d’étude dans les secteurs du logement et des mineraux – présentés afin d’illustrer l’argument général – montrent l’existence de fortes ‘strategic lines’ qui ont tendance à inclure les représentations locales et qui limitent la formation d’associations. Dans les deux cas, ‘the strategic line’ prend la forme des prévisions techniques (quantitative) et des projections, ce qui pose des problèmes pour toute opposition locale à la dynamique de la stratégie. En conclusion, bien que certains remaniements soient en cours dans le régime de planification de chaque secteur, ceci n’a servi qu’à souligner les problèmes continus des liens entre la stratégie et la localité, particulièrement en cas de conflit quant à l’utilisation du sol, que la gouvernance régionale risque de ne pas pouvoir résoudre facilement.
The Structure of Networks in Industrial Districts
Authors: Staber Udo
Published: March 2003

In research on industrial districts, network relations among firms and organizations are considered critical for the development and diffusion of new knowledge, with implications for innovation and regional development. A review of this literature, however, suggests that many investigators are surprisingly silent, conceptually and empirically, about the structure of innovative networks, although they often couch their arguments implicitly in structural language. The survey of a sample of 64 empirical industrial district studies shows that few researchers have measured and analysed network structures, and none have studied performance outcomes of variations in network structure. An evolutionary perspective is used to propose a research agenda for a better understanding of the relationship between network structure and innovation.

Dans les recherches sur les districts industriels, les réseaux relationnels entre entreprises et organisations sont jugés essentiels pour le développement et la diffusion de nouvelles connaissances, d'où des implications pour l'innovation et l'expansion régionale. A la lumière de ces documents, on constate néanmoins que de nombreux enquèteurs sont étonnamment silencieux, à la fois au plan conceptuel et empirique, sur la structure des réseaux innovants, m?me s'ils formulent souvent leurs arguments implicitement dans un langage structural. L'examen d'un échantillon de 64 études empiriques sur les districts industriels montre que peu de chercheurs ont mesuré et analysé les structures en réseau, et qu'aucun n'a étudié les performances à la suite des variations dans ce type de structure. Appliquant une perspective évolutionniste, l'article propose un programme de recherches pour une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre structure en réseau et innovation.
Youth as a Political Movement: Development of the Squatters' and Autonomous Movement in Copenhagen
Authors: Mikkelsen Flemming , Karpantschof Rene
Published: March 2003

The main purpose of this article is firstly to construct a political theory of urban youth movements, and secondly to explain the international setting and transnational commitment of one of the most vigorous movements in Denmark after the second world war. The BZ‐movement, as it was called, began as a squatter movement firmly embedded in communal mobilization and later turned into a political movement with strong ties to squatters' and Autonomous groups in Germany and the Netherlands. We attempt to describe and explain the development of the BZ‐movement, the repertoire of collective actions, and how a process of goal displacement took place from around 1981 until 1995. In our theoretical appraisal we reject most cultural arguments, postmodernism and social marginalization in favour of concepts of place, organization, interaction and political opportunity. Thus, local social networks as well as national and international political opportunities, including relationships to opponents and allies, play a major role in determining the everyday social and political life of the BZ‐movement.

Le principal objectif de cet article est d'élaborer une théorie politique sur les mouvements de la jeunesse urbaine, puis d'expliquer le cadre international et l'engagement transnational de l'un des mouvements danois les plus présents depuis la Deuxème Guerre mondiale. Le mouvement BZ (c'est son nom) a débuté comme mouvement de squatters nettement intégré dans une mobilisation collective, puis s'est transformé en mouvement politique étroitement liéà des groupes de squatters et autonomes allemands et hollandais. L'article s'efforce de décrire et d'expliquer l'évolution du mouvement BZ, son actif au plan collectif et le processus de déplacement des objectifs qui s'est déroulé d'environ 1981 à 1995. Dans notre évaluation théorique, nous rejetons la plupart des arguments culturels, le postmodernisme et la marginalisation sociale, privilégiant les concepts de lieu, d'organisation, d'interaction et d'opportunité politique. Les réseaux sociaux locaux, ainsi que les ouvertures politiques nationales et internationales, y compris les relations avec des opposants et alliés, jouent donc un rôle essentiel dans la détermination de la vie politique et sociale quotidienne du mouvement BZ.
One year on. Reflections on September 11th and the ‘War On Terrorism’: regulating New York City’s visitors in the aftermath of September 11th
Authors: Fainstein Susan S
Published: March 2003

The effects of the attack on the World Trade Center have been especially felt within New York City’s large tourism industry. An important source of employment for low–skilled workers, the tourism industry has sustained substantial job loss in the aftermath of September 11th. Within the context of regulation theory we can see that the tourism regime is caught in a difficult dilemma. On the one hand, it must develop the city in a way that seems welcoming to visitors — that is, it must regulate the city for the benefit of visitors. On the other, it must regulate tourists to assure that they do not present a danger to residents, visitors and the industry itself.

L’attaque du World Trade Center a eu des conséquences particulières sur l’important secteur touristique new–yorkais. Source considérable de travail pour le personnel peu qualifié, le tourisme a perdu un grand nombre d’emplois après le 11 septembre. Dans le contexte de la théorie de la régulation, on constate que les autorités touristiques sont prisonnières d’un difficile dilemme. D’un côté, elles doivent aménager la ville de manière accueillante, autrement dit elles doivent réguler la ville à l’intention des visiteurs. De l’autre, elles doivent réguler les touristes de sorte qu’ils ne présentent aucun danger pour les habitants, les visiteurs et le secteur lui–même.
The Context of Spouse Migration to Australia
Authors: Khoo Siew‐Ean
Published: March 2003

The article discusses five types of spouse migration. Data on the country of origin of migrant spouses and their sponsoring partners suggest that the largest component of spouse migration is chain migration for marriage, with previous immigrants sponsoring partners from their former home country.

Other smaller components are sponsorship of spouses by the second generation from the parents' country of origin; sponsorship of foreign spouses by Australians for intermarriage; and family reunion of spouses separated by refugee movements.

Spouse migration from English‐speaking or European countries is often motivated by a preference for Australia's climate or lifestyle rather than marriage to an Australian partner, unlike spouse migration from other parts of the world where the process is more closely related to marriage.
The Jewish Exodus from the New South Africa: Realities and Implications
Authors: Horowitz Shale , Kaplan Rabbi Dana Evan
Published: March 2003

In the 1990s, the Jewish population of South Africa declined at an unprecedented rate in marked contrast to Jewish populations in other English‐speaking countries.

Possible explanations include fear of political instability and political violence, deteriorating economic conditions and prospects, fear of directly discriminatory government policies, rising violent crime rates, and more permissive immigration policies in desirable destination countries.

All but the last of these factors appear to have played some role. However, only changes in violent crime rates provide an explanation for the unprecedented surge in net emigration, persisting even after a successful political and economic transition to majority black rule under moderate African National Congress governments.

Changes in crime rates also provide the most satisfactory explanation for related changes in internal migration patterns.
Trends in Latin American Skilled Migration: “Brain Drain” or “Brain Exchange”?
Authors: Pellegrino Adela
Published: March 2003

During the last half of the twentieth century the Latin American sub‐continent, historically a region of immigration, became one of emigration characterized by intra‐regional movements and movements towards the developed world, particularly the US.

The emigration of highly skilled resources was a new phenomenon in the 1960s and debate on “brain drain” took a significant place in academia and in international organizations. In recent years, within the context of intensification of the globalization process and by virtue of the drive for technological development and the subsequent demand for specialization, the issue has returned to both the arena of political debate and to the academic world.

This article presents an analysis of trends in Latin American migration in the context of the new situation. It discusses whether there is a continuation of the “brain drain” phenomenon or the emergence of a trend towards “brain exchange” or “brain circulation”, as appears to be occurring in other parts of the world.
New Approaches to Asylum?
Authors: Koser Khalid
Published: March 2003

Since its inception 50 years ago, the international asylum regime has shifted through a series of discernibly different approaches. The most recent approach has been characterized by restrictions on asylum‐seekers, manifested initially through a reluctance to grant asylum, and today through a reluctance even to admit asylum‐seekers.

There is now a growing consensus that this approach is unsustainable. States are recognizing that restrictions have not fulfilled their original aims of reducing the number of asylum‐seekers, and furthermore have had unintended consequences that include the growth of human smuggling and trafficking.

UNHCR is concerned about the erosion of the entire concept of asylum. Asylum advocates, NGOs and human rights activists argue that restrictions have impacted as heavily on those who need international protection as on those who do not. As a result, a wide range of new initiatives are being proposed, which may pave the way for the evolution of a new approach to asylum.

This article analyses the evolution of restrictions in the asylum regime, explains the failing of this approach, and finally reviews possible ways forward.
The Short– and Long–run Performance of New Listings in Tunisia
Authors: Ben Naceur Samy , Ghanem Hatem
Published: March 2003

This study examines abnormal stock market returns of new listings on the Tunisian Stock Exchange. Substantial positive abnormal returns are found on the first listing day and this finding is similar to that obtained in other countries. Subsequent performance is poor and investors who bought shares at the close of trading on the first day would have lost about 22% against the Tunis Stock Exchange index over a three–year period. The possible causes of this are investigated. Among the factors found in the literature that possibly affect the level of long–term performance, only the state of the IPO market, the initial return, the delay in reaching the ‘first market price’ and the size of the firms have significant coefficients. This result is supportive of the traditional fad’s interpretation of long–term underperformance.
Experimenting with Households and Inventing ’Home’
Authors: Jones Gill
Published: March 2003

Alongside change in patterns of transition fromschool to the labour market, there has been massive recent change in patterns of household and family formation, as the period of dependent youth is extended, and family formation is deferred. This article explores recent developments in the UK. New ways of leaving home have produced new non‐familial household forms. Do these represent alternative forms of living, an alternative ‘lifestyle choice’? Or do they merely represent a response to economic constraint, a way of getting by during the extended phase of economic dependence in youth; a necessary new transitional and intermediate living arrangement between the parental home and the ‘eventual’ new family home? In either case, the living arrangements of young people should make us think hard about the ways in which we construct—and they apply in policy and practice—the concept of ‘home’. The article is based on recent empirical research by the author in the UK, but the questions it raises are more wide‐reaching.
Transitions and Youth Cultures: Forms and Performances
Authors: Machado Pais José
Published: March 2003

In a changing society, the transitions made by young people to adult life are characterised as movement (in biographical trajectories) and as a process (of social reproduction). Whilst in the traditional pattern for these transitions young people submitted to rigidly regulated prescriptive forms, the passage to adulthood today is guided by performative cultures which derive from the islands of dissidence where young people now lead their everyday lives. Leisure emerges as the most striking feature of youth cultures, and this leads us to posit the hypothesis of a ,neo‐baroque aestheticisation of youth lifestyles and a leisure ethic that regards life as an adventure. However, we may be led astray by ambivalence (a concept based, significantly, on homonymy) if we take the more general manifestations of these styles (leisure, the emphasis on the visual and persuasiveness) as a uniform phenomenon (youth), when what actually exists is variety (different youth cultures).
The Limitless Growth Assumption
Authors: Comeliau Christian
Published: March 2003

The propositions implicit in the Washington Consensus can be stated as follows: development is assimilated to limitless economic growth; the goal of social progress is reduced to a mere “trickle‐down” effect; the widest possible engagement in international trade is seen as the fundamental prerequisite for development; the role of the state is subordinate to that of the market; in short, there exists, or so it is maintained, one single model of rational development. This paper is devoted to a preliminary discussion of the first of the above principles. It seeks first to show the extent to whichgrowth is indeed the centre‐piece of development strategies, setting out the arguments traditionally advanced in favour of its preeminence, with its concomitant requirement for limitless expansion of commodity output. However,growth on this scale clearly seems not to be sustainable in the longer term — hence the need to rethink where economic growth fits into long‐term development aims and strategies and to take fuller account of the arguments, of an economic, social, and ecological nature, being put forward against this view of growth as limitless.
Essential Elements of a Relevant International Financial Reform
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio
Published: March 2003

After initial considerations on the nature of the problems that the current international financial system faces and some political economy issues,this article considers five questions. (1) The reforms required to guarantee adequate financial crisis prevention and resolution. (2) The role of development finance, including the use of multilateral development finance to support increased participation of low‐income and small middle‐income countries in private capital markets and the financing of social safety nets during crises. (3) The need to reach a renewedinternational agreement on the limits of conditionality and a full recognition of the central role of the “ownership” of development and macroeconomic policies by developing countries. (4) The role of regional and subregional institutions in increasing the supply of “global public goods” and other services in the area of international finance. (5) The need to maintain several realms of national autonomy, including capital account regulations and the choice of exchange rate regimes. The article argues that regional institutions and national autonomy are particularly important for the smaller players in the international arena, which will gain significantly from competition in the services provided to them and from the maintenance of freedom of action in a context of imperfect supply of global public goods.
Participatory Development: Between Hopes and Reality
Authors: Blanchet Karl
Published: March 2003

Forty years after independence, the African countries have still not taken off economically. The many indicators produced by national bodies describe a wholly discouraging situation, even worse than in the 1970s. Yet, for many years, quite large budgets have been invested in development and thousands of people are working on the subject. Why is it that, now that the development policies of the 1970s and 1980s have been questioned and there is awareness of the importance of communities’ opinions about their own development, the success of “participatory” projects remains unproven? Is it not the case that participatory development has become another poorly understood, poorly applied ideology? In Togo, which is undergoing a political crisis deplored by the international community, projects are now emerging that have been developed and implemented by communities. This example can help us reach a better understanding of the social development worker's role and understand what “community participation” means in the minds of those working on the ground.
The Insecure Social Protection of Migrant Workers From the Maghreb
Authors: Boudahrain Abdellah
Published: March 2003

Is it possible to speak of just and equitable social protection for the active populations of poor countries which suffer from development problems and are dominated by an international order in which only the law of the strongest prevails, especially when those populations emigrate to seek work in order to live or merely to survive? Universal standards that are supposed to ensure some measure of international coordination of national legislation and practice in social security between developed countries and the so‐called developing countries suffer from this somewhat original form of inequality. The adaptation of such standards at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels only reflects the discrimination and selfish interests of States and of the rich and powerful, and indeed of broad sectors of their civil society who reject others simply because of their different culture and traditions. The debate is more involved than at first it may seem. By accepting others as being like oneself one can imagine a better world in which, when people move freely ‐ including migrant workers and their families ‐ they enjoy effective protection through social security. A study of the situation of Maghreb migrants employed and residing in western Europe and the Gulf States has much to teach us in this respect, especially in determining whether any form of solidarity is plausible or achievable in some not too distant future.