bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posterior analysis of the factor model
Authors: Bartholomew D. J.
Published: August 2011

The term posterior analysis is used in this paper to refer to methods of drawing inferences about the latent variables in factor analysis after the model has been fitted. In particular with the problem of locating each individual in the latent space on the basis of the values of the observed variables. This problem has been traditionally treated by determining factor scores. It is argued here that, if all variables in the model are random, then Bayes' theorem provides the logical link between the data and the unobserved latent variables. Viewed in this perspective the indeterminacy of factor scores is simply an expression of the fact that the latent variables are still random variables after the manifest variables have been observed. The name, factor scores, can then reasonably be given to the location parameters of the posterior distributions. The paper is primarily expository and it contains no new mathematics. Its concern is with the logical framework within which the analysis should be carried out and interpreted.
The effect of skewed distributions on matrix permutation tests
Authors: Faust Katherine , Romney A. Kimball
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the effect of skewed data distributions on matrix permutation tests of association. An empirical example is presented in which incorrect results are obtained using the Mantel statistic. Alternative procedures are considered, and two different data transformations are suggested which provide efficient and effective solutions. Methods for analysing related correlations as a means of evaluating the relative goodness‐of‐fit of alternative representations of a set of data are employed.
Strength of performance and examination assessment
Authors: French Simon , Vassiloglou Marilena
Published: August 2011

The words ‘strength of performance’ are often used in discussing schemes of examination assessment. However, they are seldom defined further. Here we contrast and compare two distinct notions of strength of performance, the relative and the absolute. Both notions are discussed in terms of a multi‐attribute value theoretic (additive conjoint) approach to examination assessment.
Two new goodness‐of‐fit indices for covariance matrices with linear structures
Authors: Maiti Sadhan Samar , Mukherjee Bishwa Nath
Published: August 2011

Two new indices each based on two different methods of estimating the population covariance matrix Σ are derived. Certain algebraic results on these indices are also reported. A case study has been presented to show how the proposed indices in comparison to Jöreskog‐Sörbom's GFI are more efficient in detecting the ‘best’ structure out of 13 competing structures hypothesized for the Graduate Record Examination data. Algebraically it has also been shown that the limiting value of GFI fails to reach the desired value of zero under model misspecification. A Monte Carlo study also shows that with increasing sample size the proposed indices as compared to others show more and more sensitivity to model misspecification. Other advantages of the indices as measures of structural closeness of Z to S are discussed.
Modelling human memory: Connectionism and convolution
Authors: Brown Gordon D. A. , Hulme Charles , Dalloz Peter
Published: August 2011

The mathematical operation of convolution is used as an associative mechanism by several recent influential models of human memory. Convolution can be used to associate two vectors (representing items to be remembered) into a memory trace vector in one operation. An approximation to either of the input vectors can then be retrieved, using the other vector as a probe. Recent convolution‐based memory models have accounted for a wide range of data. Connectionist models may have greater potential for providing developmental accounts, but the architectures that have been most widely used to account for developmental phenomena cannot perform one‐trial learning and this has limited their use as models of human memory. We show that a connectionist‐like architecture can learn, using a gradient‐descent algorithm, to perform single‐trial learning in a similar manner to convolution. The solution that the network finds leads to less variable retrieval than does convolution. Furthermore, the network can learn to carry out the convolution operation itself. This provides a link between connectionist and convolution approaches, and a basis for models with many of the attractions of both connectionist and convolution approaches.
Dieckol from Ecklonia cava Regulates Invasion of Human Fibrosarcoma Cells and Modulates MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 Expression via NF‐κB Pathway
Authors: Zhang Chen , Li Yong , Qian Zhong-Ji , Lee Sang-Hoon , Li Yong-Xin , Kim Se-kwon
Published: August 2011

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, as well as in the disease processes such as arthritis and cancer metastasis. In the present study, dieckol was obtained with high yield from marine brown alga Ecklonia cava (EC), and its effect was assessed on the expression of MMP‐2 and ‐9 and morphological changes in human fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080). Dieckol inhibited the expression of MMP‐2 and ‐9 in a dose‐dependent manner and also suppressed the cell invasion and the cytomorphology in 3D culture system on HT1080 cells. Moreover, dieckol may influence nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway without obvious influence on activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) pathway and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In conclusion, dieckol could significantly suppress MMP‐2 and ‐9 expression and alter cytomorphology of HT1080 cell line via NF‐κB pathway.
Spontaneously Healed Pathologic Fracture over a Critical-Size Calcaneal Cyst
Authors: Lasanianos Nikolaos G. , Spanos Ioannis , Papaioannou Aggeliki , Paneri Elisavet
Published: August 2011

Simple bone cysts are nonsymptomatic lesions. They typically involve the medullary cavity, but they can also be found in nonlong bones such as the calcaneum. Their treatment remains controversial varying from observation and conservative healing to irritating injections or bone grafting. In the case of a pathologic fracture, surgical treatment seems most appropriate especially when the cyst is situated on a weight-bearing bone. We present herein the rare case of a spontaneously healed pathological fracture over a critical-size calcaneal cyst of a patient reluctant to undergo surgical treatment. An interpretation of the healing procedure as well as a review of the literature is presented.
Effect of Terazosin on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Pain due to Double-J Stent: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Mokhtari Gholamreza , Shakiba Maryam , Ghodsi Sara , Farzan Alireza , Heidari Nejad Sayeh , Esmaeili Samaneh
Published: August 2011

Objective: We evaluated the effect of terazosin in the improvement of lower urinary tract symptoms and flank pain in patients with internal ureteral stents. Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 73 patients with unilateral ureteral stone and hydroureteronephrosis who underwent insertion of an internal ureteral stent after transureteral lithotripsy (TUL) were randomized into two groups. 37 patients received terazosin 2 mg (once nightly) for 4 weeks and 36 patients received placebo for the same time duration. After 4 weeks, all patients were asked about the incidence of frequency, nocturia and urgency by an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, flank pain and pain during urination by a visual analog scale (VAS) score, and hematuria. Results: The mean VAS score was 2.21 in the terazosin group compared with 4.93 in the control group (p < 0.001). Nearly all the patients in the placebo group reported flank pain during urination but this was only reported in 54.5% of the patients in the terazosin group (p < 0.001). All criteria measured by the IPSS in the terazosin group were significantly lower than those in the placebo group (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Administration of terazosin for patients with an internal ureteral stent relieved some stent-related symptoms such as flank pain, pain during voiding, frequency, nocturia and urgency, but had no effect on hematuria.
Optimal Duration of Androgen Deprivation in Combination with Radiation Therapy for Japanese Men with High-Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Takaha Natsuki , Okihara Koji , Kamoi Kazumi , Kimura Yasunori , Yamada Takeshi , Kawauchi Akihiro , Kobayashi Kana , Yamazaki Hideya , Nishimura Tsunehiko , Miki Tsuneharu
Published: August 2011

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for Japanese high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients in a single institution. Methods: Seventy-five high-risk PCa patients were treated by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of 70 Gy combined with neoadjuvant, concurrent and adjuvant ADT. Results: Median age was 72 (59–82) years. Median initial serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 19.0 (4.7–200) ng/ml. Median duration of the entire ADT was 27 (8–63) months. Median follow-up after initiating ADT and after completing EBRT was 66 (41–105) and 59 (36–94) months, respectively. Five-year overall, clinical progression-free, and biochemical progression-free survival rates were 98.3, 97.2, and 87.4%; 2 (2.7%) cancer deaths, 3 (4.0%) clinical progressions, and 11 (14.7%) biochemical progressions. Multivariate analysis suggested a total duration of ADT shorter than 24 months as an independent risk factor of biochemical progression (p = 0.01). Grade 3 toxicities related to EBRT were observed: 1 patient with proctitis and rectal bleeding and 1 patient with rectal bleeding. Conclusions: It is suggested that 70 Gy EBRT combined with ADT confers disease-free survival benefit with tolerable adverse events for Japanese high-risk PCa patients. ADT of 24 months or longer might be recommended to minimize biochemical progression.
Ileocystoplasty in Rats: Metabolic, Renal and Enteropatch Changes in a Mid- and Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Arena Salvatore , Arena Francesco , Fazzari Carmine , Minutoli Letteria , Russo Tiziana , Altavilla Domenica , Squadrito Francesco , Nicòtina Piero Antonio , Romeo Carmelo , Magno Carlo
Published: August 2011

Introduction: Bladder augmentation predisposes humans to many metabolic, renal and enteropatch changes. Our aim was to evaluate in a rat model of ileocystoplasty mid- and long-term urinary, metabolic, renal and graft changes. Materials and Methods: We performed an ileocystoplasty and a sham operation in 30 rats. Seven augmented rats and 3 sham-operated animals were euthanized after 1, 3 and 6 months. We performed urinalysis, urine culture and blood sampling for serum electrolytes and urea. Histopathological changes of the ileal patch and kidneys were also evaluated. Results: The urine cultures were positive in 14.3, 57 and 71%, respectively, 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Urinary pH, serum chloride and urea of the augmented group were significantly higher. Bladder calculi were formed in 23.8% of ileocystoplasty. Histopathological examination showed urothelialization of the graft with hyperplastic/metaplastic changes. The kidneys showed glomerular depletion and a marked distal tubular ectasia. Conclusions: Our data showed that, in a mid- and long-term follow-up, rat bladders subjected to ileocystoplasty displayed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, enhanced serum blood urea levels and glomerular/tubular changes. Hyperplastic and/or metaplastic changes at the junctional zone were observed. Our experimental results suggest that frequent monitoring of renal function and surveillance of humans who have undergone ileocystoplasty are recommended.
P450c17 Deficiency Caused by Compound Heterozygosity for Two Novel Mutations Presenting as Hypotension in Early Infancy
Authors: Gregg Brigid , Kociolek Larry K. , Qin Kenan , Rosenfield Robert L. , Yu Christine
Published: August 2011

Background/Aims: P450c17 deficiency is an uncommon steroidogenic disorder that typically presents as a sexually infantile adolescent phenotypic female with hypertension and hypokalemia. Although cortisol synthesis is impaired, elevated corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone ordinarily prevent adrenal insufficiency. Thus, diagnosis prior to puberty is rare. We report novel clinical features of an infant with complete P450c17 deficiency due to two novel mutations in CYP17A1. Methods: A 10-week-old, 46,XY phenotypic female presented with hypotension, developed hypokalemic hypertension post-resuscitation, then hyperkalemic hyponatremia upon weaning salt supplements. All CYP17A1 exons of the proband and parents were PCR-amplified and sequenced. Cosyntropin, GnRH agonist, and hCG tests were performed. Results: Sequencing demonstrated compound heterozygosity for two novel CYP17A1 mutations, C327dupT and C362G>A (W121X), both generating premature stop codons in exon 2 and predicting non-functional enzymes. Plasma corticosterone was very elevated, deoxycorticosterone normal, cortisol detectable, and aldosterone low-normal at baseline. Responses to cosyntropin of corticosterone and progesterone were elevated, deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone normal, cortisol subnormal, and 17α-hydroxycorticosteroid intermediates undetectable. GnRH agonist/hCG testing showed no androgenic response. Conclusion: This is the first report of P450c17 deficiency presenting in a 46,XY female infant with hypotensive shock, a state exacerbated by the atypical absence of deoxycorticosterone elevation.
Highly Efficient Thermal Decomposition of Volatile Organic Compounds by Pt/CeO2/ZSM-5
Authors: Fuku Kojirou , Goto Masahiko , Kamegawa Takashi , Mori Kohsuke , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: August 2011

Small Pt nanoparticles were deposited on bifunctional CeO2/ZSM-5 support combining noble metal stabilizing ability and adsorptive enrichment of organic molecules. The highly efficient thermal catalytic decomposition of methanol as a model compound of VOC can be achieved under mild conditions by Pt/CeO2/ZSM-5.
Projective p-Orderings and Homogeneous Integer-Valued Polynomials
Authors: Johnson Keith , Patterson Donald
Published: August 2011

Bhargava defined
Determination of Space Shift of Si / SiGe / Si Heterojunction's Cap Layer by Grazing-angle Incidence X-ray Backiffraction Technique
Authors: Bezirganyan Siranush E. , Bezirganyan Hayk H. , Bezirganyan Hakob P. , Bezirganyan Petros H.
Published: August 2011

Presented theoretical paper concerns the structure investigation of Si/SiGe/Si heterojunction bipolar device by the extremely sensitive Grazing-angle Incidence X-ray Backdiffraction (GIXB) technique. The silicon cap layer and the silicon substrate have the same value of the spacing period along the growth surface according the proposed model of heterostructure. However, a longitudinal space shift exists between their lattice space periods. Appearance of the space shift is stipulated by the interface misfit dislocations. The magnitude of the space shift is one of the important characteristics of crystalline layers and substrate interface quality, and can be used for the non-destructive control of device parameters during the growth and fabrication processes.
Política e intermedicalidade no Alto Xingu: do modelo à prática de atenção à saúde indígena
Authors: Novo Marina Pereira
Published: August 2011

O modelo de atenção à saúde indígena no Brasil tem como fundamentos a atenção integral à saúde, associada à noção de atenção diferenciada, e prevê o respeito à diversidade cultural, buscando a incorporação de práticas terapêuticas tradicionais nos serviços de saúde destinados a atender estas populações. A questão que se coloca é entender de que forma é possível conciliar o acesso universal aos bens e serviços de saúde a uma atenção que garanta a diferenciação, sem interferir, no entanto, na qualidade dos serviços ofertados. Para além disso, é preciso definir quais parâmetros utilizar para avaliar a qualidade e a eficácia desses serviços oferecidos em um contexto intercultural. Com base em um estudo de caso - a implementação dos serviços de saúde no Alto Xingu - apresento questões relacionadas aos usos políticos e os "perigos" associados aos "espaços da saúde" e as distintas concepções (de índios e não índios) do que seja saúde e qualidade dos serviços de saúde. Essas questões se interpõem e afetam não apenas as ações de saúde, mas também a situação política local.
Health Related Quality of Life Assessment questionnaire for children aged 5 to 11 years with HIV/AIDS: cross-cultural adaptation for the Portuguese language
Authors: Costa Luciana Scarlazzari , Latorre Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira , Hearst Norman , Marques Heloisa Helena de Souza
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study is to describe preliminary results from the cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Life Assessment Questionnaire, used to measure health related quality of life (HRQL) in Brazilian children aged between 5 and 11 with HIV/AIDS. The cross-cultural model evaluated the Concept, Item, Semantic and Measurement Equivalences (internal consistency and intra-observer reliability). Evaluation of the conceptual, item, semantic equivalences showed that the Portuguese version is pertinent for the Brazilian context. Four of seven domains showed internal consistency above 0.70 (α: 0.76-0.90) and five of seven revealed intra-observer reliability (ricc: 0.41-0.70). This first Portuguese version of the HRQL questionnaire can be understood as a valuable tool for assessing children's HRQL, but further studies with large samples and more robust analyses are recommended before use in the Brazilian context.
Transgênicos - Plantas Produtoras de Fármacos (PPF)
Authors: Rocha Daniele Rachidi da , Marin Victor Augustus
Published: August 2011

As Plantas Produtoras de Fármacos (PPF) representam a 4ª onda de vegetais geneticamente modificados. Neste caso, com a tecnologia sendo empregada para desenvolver e produzir vacinas e/ou produtos farmacêuticos, a partir de plantas transgênicas. Esta tecnologia, como todas as inovações científicas, vem acompanhada de riscos. Porém, o conhecimento atual disponível sobre seu uso não permite ainda conclusões definitivas sobre o caráter dos riscos, sua significância e sua probabilidade de causar, ou não, sérios danos. A análise de risco deve servir de base para a implementação de inovações tecnocientíficas. Os parâmetros devem ser avaliados, precauções especiais devem ser tomadas, a pesquisa deve ser conduzida de forma detalhada e também precisa ter amplo alcance quanto aos riscos potenciais por ser uma inovação. O presente artigo revisou a aplicabilidade desta nova tecnologia com relação ao gerenciamento do risco e a uma contenção que vise a segurança de uso, a manipulação e o comércio para os seres humanos.
Nitrogen removal and ammonia-oxidising bacteria in a vertical flow constructed wetland treating inorganic wastewater
Authors: Domingos Sergio S. , Dallas Stewart , Skillman Lucy , Felstead Stephanie , Ho Goen
Published: August 2011

Nitrogen removal performance and the ammonia-oxidising bacterial (AOB) community were assessed in the batch loaded 1.3 ha saturated surface vertical flow wetland at CSBP Ltd, a fertiliser and chemical manufacturer located in Kwinana, Western Australia. From September 2008 to October 2009 water quality was monitored and sediment samples collected for bacterial analyses. During the period of study the wetland received an average inflow of 1,109 m3/day with NH3-N = 40 mg/L and NO3-N = 23 mg/L. Effluent NH3-N and NO3-N were on average 31 and 25 mg/L, respectively. The overall NH3-N removal rate for the period was 1.2 g/m2/day indicating the nitrifying capacity of the wetland. The structure of the AOB community was analysed using group specific primers for the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and by clone libraries to identify key members. The majority of sequences obtained were most similar to Nitrosomonas sp. while Nitrosospira sp. was less frequent. Another two vertical flow wetlands, 0.8 ha each, were commissioned at CSBP in July 2009, since then the wetland in this study has received nitrified effluent from these two new cells.
Some Functional Inequalities on Polynomial Volume Growth Lie Groups
Authors: Chamorro Diego
Published: August 2011

In this article we study some Sobolev-type inequalities on polynomial volume growth Lie groups. We show in particular that improved Sobolev inequalities can be extended to this general framework without the use of the Littlewood–Paley decomposition.
Symptomatic Hypocalcemia due to Sodium Phosphate for Bowel Preparation following Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Kirdak Turkay , Korun Nusret
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a case on symptomatic hypocalcemia due to sodium phosphate use for bowel preparation following parathyroidectomy. Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone were in normal levels postoperatively. Two months following the operation, phosphosoda was administered for bowel preparation. Following bowel preparation severe carpopedal spasm developed. It can be speculated that sodium phosphate administration for bowel preparation may precipitate hypocalcemic tetany in the patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.
La biblioteca universitaria en las redes sociales: planificando una presencia de calidad
Authors: Andrade Andrade Estela Carmen , Velazquez Guerrero Erika Jimena
Published: August 2011

Trata sobre la viabilidad de participación de las bibliotecas universitarias en las redes sociales. Se presentan los  beneficios y oportunidades de  la web 2.0 y de las comunidades en línea. Plantea un conjunto de pautas orientadas al desarrollo de un plan de trabajo que permita la implementación de sitio informativo en una red social. Se destaca las capacidades de los bibliotecólogos para optimizar esta clase de servicios.
Estudio bibliométrico del descriptor “Ergonomía” en la base LISA
Authors: Bahia Eliana Maria dos Santos , Macedo Raimundo Nonato dos Santos , Blattmann Ursula
Published: August 2011

Objetivo: El estudio analiza la producción científica sobre ergonomía utilizando la base de datos Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA). La base de datos LISA, iniciada en 1969, mantiene su cobertura temática en el área de Biblioteconomía y Ciencia de la Información.Método: En el estudio se utilizó el método de la bibliometría aplicada para verificar la producción científica indexada.Resultados: Entre los resultados de la búsqueda de términos indexados en la base de datos LISA, se encontraron 503 artículos con el término “Ergonomic”; 352 artículos, con la expresión “Design”; 111 artículos con el descriptor “Systems”; 110 artículos con el término “Work”; y , 98 artículos con el término “Evaluation”. De entre los 34 títulos de revistas, 4 títulos cubren un 79% de los artículos que tratan sobre Ergonomía en la base LISA. Los demás 30 títulos de revistas cubren un 21% de los artículos indexados bajo esa temática.Conclusiones: El presente estudio bibliométrico ofrece un panorama de cómo la ergonomía es percibida en el área de Biblioteconomía y Ciencia de la Información.
Tumor‐primed natural killer cells from patients with multiple myeloma lyse autologous, NK‐resistant, bone marrow‐derived malignant plasma cells
Authors: Katodritou Eirini , Terpos Evangelos , North Janet , Kottaridis Panagiotis , Verrou Evgenia , Gastari Vasiliki , Chadjiaggelidou Christina , Sivakumaran Shivajanani , Jide‐Banwo Samuel , Tsirogianni Maria , Kapetanos Dimitrios , Zervas Konstantinos , Lowdell Mark W.
Published: August 2011

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes able to kill tumor cells and virus‐infected cells. Human‐resting NK cells can be activated by co‐culture with NK‐resistant CTV‐1a cells. These tumor‐activated cells (TaNKs) are cytotoxic to a range of NK‐resistant tumor cells in vitro. This potential, however, has not been explored in multiple myeloma (MM). In this study, we demonstrate that TaNK cells from 21 MM patients lyse a variety of myeloma targets, including primary isolates of autologous and allogeneic CD138+ myeloma cells whilst sparing CD138−ve bone marrow cells. Myeloma patients' TaNK‐induced lysis of the U266 cell line was significantly higher compared to normal controls (median‐specific lysis 79.1% vs. 69.5%) (P = 0.003). In addition, TaNKs induced substantial lysis of autologous and allogeneic CD138+ myeloma cells (median‐specific lysis 52.5% and 37.4%, respectively). The percentage of specific lysis did not correlate with important disease characteristics (ISS, age, and high‐risk molecular abnormalities) or with the disease status and antimyeloma treatment, including novel agents and dexamethasone. In conclusion, tumor‐primed NK cells are able to induce substantial lysis of myeloma targets including autologous and allogeneic CD138+ myeloma plasma cells and could be an additional therapeutic approach in MM, particularly in the era of novel agents. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autosomal dominant inheritance of a predisposition to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections and intracranial saccular aneurysms
Authors: Regalado Ellen , Medrek Sarah , Tran‐Fadulu Van , Guo Dong‐Chuan , Pannu Hariyadarshi , Golabbakhsh Hossein , Smart Suzanne , Chen Julia H. , Shete Sanjay , Kim Dong H. , Stern Ralph , Braverman Alan C. , Milewicz Dianna M.
Published: August 2011

A genetic predisposition for thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) can be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with decreased penetrance and variable expression. Four genes identified to date for familial TAAD account for approximately 20% of the heritable predisposition. In a cohort of 514 families with two or more members with presumed autosomal dominant TAAD, 48 (9.3%) families have one or more members who were at 50% risk to inherit the presumptive gene causing TAAD had an intracranial vascular event. In these families, gender is significantly associated with disease presentation (P < 0.001), with intracranial events being more common in women (65.4%) while TAAD events occurred more in men (64.2%,). Twenty‐nine of these families had intracranial aneurysms (ICA) that could not be designated as saccular or fusiform due to incomplete data. TGFBR1, TGFBR2, and ACTA2 mutations were found in 4 families with TAAD and predominantly fusiform ICAs. In 15 families, of which 14 tested negative for 3 known TAAD genes, 17 family members who were at risk for inheriting TAAD had saccular ICAs. In 2 families, women who harbored the genetic mutation causing TAAD had ICAs. In 2 additional families, intracranial, thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms were observed. This study documents the autosomal dominant inheritance of TAADs with saccular ICAs, a previously recognized association that has not been adequately characterized as heritable. In these families, routine cerebral and aortic imaging for at risk members could prevent cerebral hemorrhages and aortic dissections. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Der Neubau des Emscher‐Durchlasses am Rhein‐Herne‐Kanal in km 42,8 Matthias Skrezek‐Boß
Authors: Skrezek‐Boß Matthias , Pohl Carsten , Placzek Dietmar , Terlau Ulrich , Bökamp Heinrich
Published: August 2011

Seit 2008 erfolgt der Neubau eines Durchlasses für die Kreuzung der Emscher mit dem Rhein‐Herne‐Kanal (RHK). Besondere Herausforderungen bei dieser Maßnahme sind der Bau einer Trockendockbaugrube zur Herstellung des Durchlassmittelteils und das Einschwimmen bzw. Absenken dieses im Kanal.
Licorice extract increases cyclophosphamide teratogenicity by upregulating the expression of cytochrome P‐450 2B mRNA
Authors: Park Dongsun , Yang Yun‐Hui , Choi Ehn‐Kyoung , Yang Goeun , Bae Dae‐Kwon , Lee Sun Hee , Kim Tae Kyun , Kyung Jangbeen , Kim Dajeong , Choi Kyung‐Chul , Kim Yun‐Bae
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: Since cyclophosphamide is metabolically activated to teratogenic acrolein and cytotoxic phosphoramide mustard by cytochrome P‐450 type 2B (CYP2B), we assessed the effects of licorice, a CYP2B inducer, on the fetal defects induced by cyclophosphamide. METHODS: Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were daily administered with licorice (100 mg/kg) by gavage for 7 days, from the 6th to 12th day of gestation, and intraperitoneally administered with cyclophosphamide (11 mg/kg) 1 hr after the final licorice treatment. On the 20th day of gestation, maternal and fetal abnormalities were determined by Cesarian section. RESULTS: Cyclophosphamide was found to reduce fetal and placental weights without increasing resorption or death. In addition, it induced malformations in live fetuses; 93.8, 41.1, and 100% of the external (skull and limb defects), visceral (cleft palate and ureteric dilatation), and skeletal (acrania, vertebral/costal malformations, and delayed ossification) abnormalities, respectively. When pre‐treated with licorice, cyclophosphamide‐induced body weight loss and abnormalities of fetuses were remarkably aggravated. Moreover, repeated treatment with licorice greatly increased mRNA expression and activity of hepatic CYP2B. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that repeated intake of licorice may aggravate cyclophosphamide‐induced body weight loss and malformations of fetuses by upregulating CYP2B. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:553–559, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (2‐Chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methanones and 2‐(2‐Chlorophenyl)‐1‐phenylethanones by Friedel—Crafts Acylation of 2‐Chlorobenzoic Acids and 2‐(2‐Chlorophenyl)acetic Acids Using Microwave Heating.
Authors: Mahdi Jasia , Ankati Haribabu , Gregory Jill , Tenner Brian , Biehl Edward R.
Published: August 2011

The o‐chloro structures are required for use in ring closure reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Sp3 α‐C—H Activation and Functionalization of Alcohol and Ether
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Yu , Zhang Fu‐Min , Tu Yong‐Qiang
Published: August 2011

Review: 77 refs.
Direct loss model for seismically damaged structures
Authors: Mander John B. , Sircar Jyotirmoy , Damnjanovic Ivan
Published: August 2011

Loss ratio, which is the ratio of the repair cost to the total replacement cost, is an effective parameter for representing structural and nonstructural damage caused by earthquakes. A probabilistic loss estimation framework is first presented that directly relates hazard to response and hence to losses. A key feature of the loss estimation approach is the determination of losses without need for customary fragility curves. Relationships between intensity measures and engineering demand parameters are used to define the demand model. An empirically calibrated loss model in the form of a power curve with upper and lower cut‐offs is used in conjunction with the demand model to estimate loss ratios. Loss ratios for each of the damage states take into account epistemic uncertainty and an effect on price surge following a major hazardous event. The loss model is calibrated and validated for bridges designed based on the prevailing Caltrans, Japan, and New Zealand standards. The loss model is then transformed to provide a composite seismic hazard–loss relationship that is used to estimate the expected annual loss for structures. The closed‐form four‐step stochastic loss estimation model is applied to the bridges designed for ductility. Results of these ductile designs are compared to a bridge detailed to an emerging damage avoidance design philosophy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turbulence in a skewed three‐dimensional wall‐bounded shear flow: effect of mean vorticity on structure modification
Authors: Holstad A. , Andersson H. I. , Pettersen B.
Published: August 2011

Mean‐flow three‐dimensionalities affect both the turbulence level and the coherent flow structures in wall‐bounded shear flows. A tailor‐made flow configuration was designed to enable a thorough investigation of moderately and severely skewed channel flows. A unidirectional shear‐driven plane Couette flow was skewed by means of an imposed spanwise pressure gradient. Three different cases with 8°, 34°and 52°skewing were simulated numerically and the results compared with data from a purely two‐dimensional plane Couette flow. The resulting three‐dimensional flow field became statistically stationary and homogeneous in the streamwise and spanwise directions while the mean velocity vector V and the mean vorticity vector Ω remained parallel with the walls. Mean flow profiles were presented together with all components of the Reynolds stress tensor. The mean shear rate in the core region gradually increased with increasing skewing whereas the velocity fluctuations were enhanced in the spanwise direction and reduced in the streamwise direction.

The Reynolds shear stress is known to be closely related to the coherent flow structures in the near‐wall region. The instantaneous and ensemble‐averaged flow structures were turned by the skewed mean flow. We demonstrated for the medium‐skewed case that the coherent structures should be examined in a coordinate system aligned with V to enable a sound interpretation of 3D effects. The conventional symmetry between Case 1 and Case 2 vortices was broken and Case 1 vortices turned out to be stronger than Case 2. This observation is in conflict with the common understanding on the basis of the spanwise (secondary) mean shear rate. A refined model was proposed to interpret the structure modifications in three‐dimensional wall‐flows. What matters is the orientation of the mean vorticity vector Ω relative to the vortex vorticity vector ωv, that is, the sign of Ω ·ωv. In the present situation, Ω ·ωv  >  0 for the Case 1 vortices causing a strengthening relative to the Case 2 vortices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules: Molecular advances
Authors: Melck Adrienne L. , Yip Linwah
Published: August 2011

Over the last several years, a clearer understanding has developed of the genetic alterations underlying thyroid carcinogenesis. This knowledge can be used to tackle 1 of the challenges facing thyroidologists: management of the indeterminate thyroid nodule. Despite the accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration cytology, many patients undergo surgery to diagnose malignancy and better diagnostic tools are required. A number of biomarkers have recently been studied and show promise in this setting. In particular, BRAF, RAS, PAX8‐PPARγ, microRNAs, and loss of heterozygosity have each been demonstrated as useful molecular tools for predicting malignancy and can potentially guide decisions regarding surgical management of nodular thyroid disease. This review summarizes the current literature surrounding each of these markers, highlights our institution's prospective analysis of these markers, and describes the subsequent incorporation of molecular markers into a management algorithm for thyroid nodules. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Factors associated with recurrence and therapeutic strategies for sinonasal rosai–dorfman disease
Authors: Chen Hai–Hong , Zhou Shui–Hong , Wang Shen–Qing , Teng Xiao–Dong , Fan Jun
Published: August 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors associated with the recurrence of Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus.

Methods

In this study, we conducted a review of the English‐language literature published between 1969 and 2010 on the recurrence of and treatment strategies for sinonasal RDD.

Results

To our knowledge, 126 cases of RDD have been reported to date. Of the 126 patients, 32 (25.4%) had no recurrence or were alive with no evidence of disease; remission occurred in only 1 patient (0.7%); 69 patients (54.8%) had a recurrent, persistent, or progressive course; and 6 patients (4.8%) died from the disease. In patients with recurrent, persistent, and progressive disease, there was no significant tendency for lymph node involvement.

Conclusion

Sinonasal RDD is generally described as benign. However, recurrence and fatal outcome have been reported. Our results suggest that the initial modality may affect the recurrence of RDD. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Multivariate high‐frequency‐based volatility (HEAVY) models
Authors: Noureldin Diaa , Shephard Neil , Sheppard Kevin
Published: August 2011

This paper introduces a new class of multivariate volatility models that utilizes high‐frequency data. We discuss the models' dynamics and highlight their differences from multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. We also discuss their covariance targeting specification and provide closed‐form formulas for multi‐step forecasts. Estimation and inference strategies are outlined. Empirical results suggest that the HEAVY model outperforms the multivariate GARCH model out‐of‐sample, with the gains being particularly significant at short forecast horizons. Forecast gains are obtained for both forecast variances and correlations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hearing loss as a complication of paget's disease of bone
Authors: Monsell Edwin M. , Cody Dianna D. , Bone Henry G. , Divine George W.
Published: August 2011

Hearing loss has long been known to be a complication of Paget's disease of bone. Older ideas about the mechanisms of hearing loss are being replaced by a new view based on experimental evidence from patients. Studies reviewed show no evidence of auditory nerve dysfunction and confirm a cochlear site of lesion. A loss of bone mineral density in the cochlear capsule is associated with both a high-tone hearing loss and a low-tone air-bone gap.
Identification of stress and coping risk and protective factors associated with changes in adjustment to caring for an adult with mental illness
Authors: Mackay Christina , Pakenham Kenneth I.
Published: August 2011

There is a paucity of theory guided longitudinal research into how carers of an adult with mental illness adapt to caregiving. This study examined changes in carer adjustment over 12 months and identified risk and protective factors using stress/coping theory. Eighty‐seven carers completed questionnaires at Time 1 and 12 months later (Time 2). The risk/protective factors were background variables, coping resources, appraisals, and coping strategies. Adjustment outcomes were stable over 12 months. Stress/coping variables were associated with one or more Time 2 adjustment outcomes when controlling for initial adjustment and the direction of these associations were consistent with predictions. Findings support the application of stress/coping theory to guide identification of modifiable risk and protective factors associated with caregiver adjustment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–16, 2011.
Comparative proteome analysis of glutenin synthesis and accumulation in developing grains between superior and poor quality bread wheat cultivars
Authors: Liu Wan , Zhang Yanzhen , Gao Xuan , Wang Ke , Wang Shunli , Zhang Yong , He Zhonghu , Ma Wujun , Yan Yueming
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: Wheat glutenins are the major determinants of wheat quality. In this study, grains at the development stage from three wheat cultivars (Jimai 20, Jin 411 and Zhoumai 16) with different bread‐making quality were harvested based on thermal times from 150 °Cd to 750 °Cd, and were used to investigate glutenin accumulation patterns and their relationships with wheat quality.

RESULTS: High and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GSs and LMW‐GSs) were synthesised concurrently. No obvious correlations between HMW/LMW glutenin ratios and dough property were observed. Accumulation levels of HMW‐GSs and LMW‐GSs as well as 1Bx13 + 1By16 and 1Dx4 + 1Dy12 subunits were higher in superior gluten quality cultivar Jimain 20 than in poor quality cultivar Jing 411 and Zhoumai 16. According to the results of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, six types of accumulation patterns in LMW‐GSs were identified and classified. The possible relationships between individual LMW‐GSs and gluten quality were established.

CONCLUSION: The high accumulation level of HMW‐GSs and LMW‐GSs as well as 1Bx13 + 1By16 and 1Dx4 + 1Dy12 subunits contributed to the superior gluten quality of Jimai 20. Two highly expressed and 16 specifically expressed LMW glutenin subunits in Jimain 20 had positive effects on dough quality, while 17 specifically expressed subunits in Zhoumai 16 and Jing 411 appeared to have negative effects on gluten quality. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimisation of chocolate formulation using dehydrated peanut–cowpea milk to replace dairy milk
Authors: Aidoo Herta , Sakyi‐Dawson Esther , Abbey Lawrence , Tano‐Debrah Kwaku , Saalia Firibu Kwesi
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: The rheological properties of chocolate, based upon its acceptability by consumers, are determined largely by the ingredients and their proportions used in the formulations. Milk chocolates are very popular because milk provides flavour and smooth texture to the product. This study aimed to determine the optimal ingredient formulation for vegetable milk chocolate using peanut–cowpea milk as a substitute for dairy milk. The study followed a four‐component constrained mixture design, with cocoa liquor, vegetable milk, cocoa butter and sugar as the components. Lecithin and vanillin were added at a constant amount to all formulations. Critical attributes of the chocolates were evaluated using descriptive sensory tests and instrumental techniques.

RESULTS: Regression models were fitted to the data, and the optimum ingredient formulation for acceptable vegetable milk chocolate was determined. The vegetable milk had significant (P = 0.05) influence on flavour, mouth feel, hardness and after taste of chocolates.

CONCLUSIONS: The optimum ingredient formulation for acceptable vegetable milk chocolates was determined to be cocoa liquor (18.00%), sugar (30.75%), peanut–cowpea milk (28.93%), and cocoa butter (22.32%). The results demonstrate that it is feasible to use vegetable source milk for chocolate. The findings also provide clues for scale‐up criteria for large‐scale production of vegetable milk chocolate. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Facilitative effects of Eucommia ulmoides on fatty acid oxidation in hypertriglyceridaemic rats
Authors: Kobayashi Yukihiro , Hiroi Tetsuya , Araki Mayumi , Hirokawa Takahiko , Miyazawa Maki , Aoki Nobuyoshi , Kojima Takashi , Ohsawa Toshiyuki
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: Tea made from Eucommia ulmoides leaves is widely consumed as a health food, since recent studies have revealed various pharmacological effects of the tea, e.g. a hypotriglyceridaemic effect. This study was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the plasma triglyceride‐lowering effect of E. ulmoides leaves.

RESULTS: Rats were divided into four groups: a normal group, a group fed a high‐fat/high‐fructose diet (untreated group) and two groups fed a high‐fat/high‐fructose diet and E. ulmoides tea (4 or 20 g L−1 extract, treated groups). Plasma triglyceride concentrations were reduced in treated groups in a dose‐dependent manner compared with the untreated group. DNA microarray analysis revealed that genes involved in hepatic α‐, β‐ and ω‐oxidation, mainly related to the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α and δ signalling pathway, were up‐regulated in the treated group. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that E. ulmoides leaves contain three phytochemicals that make up 60 mg g−1 of the material and are likely to be the active components.

CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the promotion of fatty acid oxidation, probably by the action of phytochemicals, participates in the ameliorative effect of E. ulmoides leaves on hypertriglyceridaemia. These findings provide the scientific evidence for the functionality of E. ulmoides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular Docking Guided Comparative GFA, G/PLS, SVM and ANN Models of Structurally Diverse Dual Binding Site Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Gupta Shikhar , Fallarero Adyary , Vainio Mikko J. , Saravanan P. , Santeri Puranen J. , Järvinen Päivi , Johnson Mark S. , Vuorela Pia M. , Mohan C. Gopi
Published: August 2011

Recently discovered 42 AChE inhibitors binding at the catalytic and peripheral anionic site were identified on the basis of molecular docking approach, and its comparative quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed. These structurally diverse inhibitors were obtained by our previously reported high‐throughput in vitro screening technique using 384‐well plate’s assay based on colorimetric method of Ellman. QSAR models were developed using (i) genetic function algorithm, (ii) genetic partial least squares, (iii) support vector machine and (iv) artificial neural network techniques. The QSAR model robustness and significance was critically assessed using different cross‐validation techniques on test data set. The generated QSAR models using thermodynamic, electrotopological and electronic descriptors showed that nonlinear methods are more robust than linear methods, and provide insight into the structural features of compounds that are important for AChE inhibition.
DFT calculation of structures and NMR chemical shifts of simple models of small diameter zigzag single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
Authors: Kupka Teobald , Stachów Michał , Nieradka Marzena , Stobiński Leszek
Published: August 2011

Linearly conjugated benzene rings (acenes), belt‐shape molecules (cyclic acenes) and model single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were fully optimized at the unrestricted level of density functional theory (UB3LYP/6‐31G*). The models of SWCNTs were selected to get some insight into the potential changes of NMR chemical shift upon systematic increase of the molecular size. The theoretical NMR chemical shifts were calculated at the B3LYP/pcS‐2 level of theory using benzene as reference. In addition, the change of radial breathing mode (RBM), empirically correlated with SWCNT diameter, was directly related with the radius of cyclic acenes. Both geometrical and NMR parameters were extrapolated to infinity upon increase in the studied systems size using a simple two‐parameter mathematical formula. Very good agreement between calculated and available experimental CC bond lengths of acenes was observed (RMS of 0.0173 Å). The saturation of changes in CC bond lengths and 1H and 13C NMR parameters for linear and cyclic acenes, starting from 7–8 conjugated benzene rings, was observed. The 13C NMR parameters of individual carbon atoms from the middle of ultra‐thin (4,0) SWCNT formed from 10 conjugated cyclic acenes differ by about 130 ppm from the corresponding open end carbon nuclei. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.