bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatotoxicity of phenobarbital in dogs: 18 cases (1985-1989)
Authors: Dayrell-Hart Betsy , Steinberg Sheldon A. , VanWinkle Thomas J. , Farnbach George C.
Published: December 2023

The medical records of 18 dogs that had hepatic disease and received phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant for 5 to 82 months were reviewed. Clinical signs included sedation and ataxia in all dogs, 5 dogs were also anorectic, 2 had coagulopathy, 3 were icteric, and 5 had ascites. Serum biochemical analysis revealed serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.2 g/dl in 12 dogs, serum alkaline phosphatase activity ≥ 169 U/L in 18 dogs, serum alanine transaminase activity ≥ 57 U/L in 15 dogs, and total bilirubin concentration ≥ 1 mg/dl (in the absence of lipemia) in 7 dogs.

Serum phenobarbital concentration was ≥ 40 μg/ml in 12 of 17 dogs. Sulfobromophthalein excretion was prolonged in 8 of 10 dogs. Preprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 8 of 10 dogs, and 2-hour postprandial serum bile acid concentrations were high in 9 of 10 dogs. Two of 4 dogs tested had resting plasma ammonia concentrations > 200 mg/dl. An ammonia tolerance test was performed on 2 other dogs; both had ammonia concentration ≥ 200 mg/dl in the plasma 30 minutes after receiving 100 mg of ammonium chloride/kg of body weight, po.

Nine dogs died, 1 was euthanatized, and necropsies were performed on these 10 dogs. Biopsies and necropsies of 6 dogs revealed chronic hepatic fibrosis with nodular regeneration (cirrhosis). One dog had hepatocellular carcinoma and mild cirrhosis. In 1 dog, after phenobarbital had been withheld, necropsy revealed complete recovery of the previously observed lesions.
Use of western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation for diagnosis of feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus infections
Authors: Egberink Herman F. , Lutz Hans , Horzinek Marian C.
Published: December 2023

The uses and limitations of the western blot (wb) and radioimmunoprecipitation assay (ripa) techniques for study of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and FeLV were evaluated. Western blot analysis was used to detect antigenic relatedness between the 2 lentiviruses. Using a rabbit serum directed against p26 of the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) and anti-eiav horse serum obtained from an infected horse, cross-reactivity with p24 of fiv was revealed. Cat sera obtained late after experimentally induced fiv infection recognized p26 of eiav, which indicates reciprocal cross-reactivity.
Seroprevalence of babesiosis in Greyhounds in Florida
Authors: Taboada Joseph , Harvey John W. , Levy Michael G. , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: December 2023

An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to serologically survey Greyhounds from 10 kennels that are part of the racing Greyhound industry in Florida. Age of dogs ranged from 11 months to 11 years. Additionally, 50 adult non-Greyhound pet dogs were consecutively surveyed. Of 393 Greyhounds tested, 181 (46%) were seropositive for babesiosis; pet dogs were seronegative. Slightly higher percentage of seropositive males than females was observed, but this difference was only significant (P < 0.01) in the 2- to 5-year age class. Male dogs <2 years old had significantly (P < 0.01) lower seroprevalence than did male dogs >2 years old. All 46 Greyhounds that were actively racing at the time of sample collection were seronegative.

Dogs were classified into 2 groups on the basis of whether the kennel owner had sought veterinary attention for anemic pups. The 5 kennel owners that had sought veterinary attention (group A) had significantly (P < 0.01) higher seroprevalence (78.5%), compared with the 5 that had not sought veterinary attention (group B; 23.0%).

Seroprevalence of babesiosis in Greyhounds in Florida was comparable to that reported in a limited survey of other southeastern states. It appears to be higher than that in the pet population. Breeding kennels in Florida and other southeastern states from which anemic pups originate should be screened for babesiosis.
Comparison of diazepam with progestin for effectiveness in suppression of urine spraying behavior in cats
Authors: Cooper Leslie , Hart Benjamin L.
Published: December 2023

The most common treatment for urine spraying and marking in cats has been administration of long-acting progestins. Treatment with diazepam has recently been gaining favor, particularly because of reported adverse effects of progestins. Results of a clinical trial involving 20 cats indicated that diazepam was effective in eliminating or markedly reducing spraying in 11 (55%) of them. However, most cats required continuous treatment, or at least intermittent treatment, when spraying recurred. The physiologic and behavioral dependency of cats on diazepam, which presumably develops over the course of administration, may contribute to the tendency for spraying to recur once diazepam treatment is discontinued. Using data from previously published findings on progestin administration, plus additional cases, it was documented that a significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage of males than females responded favorably. Although the number of cases was not sufficient for a statistical comparison of diazepam vs progestin treatment with regard to male vs female, possible gender difference in the effectiveness of diazepam was not indicated.
Cryptorchidism and monorchism in cats: 25 cases (1980-1989)
Authors: Millis D. L. , Hauptman J. G. , Johnson C. A.
Published: December 2023

Of 1,345 cats admitted for orchiectomy during a 10-year period, 23 (1.7%) were cryptorchid and 2(0.1%) were monorchid. Persian cats were overrepresented in the cryptorchid population (P = 0.01). Cats were more likely to be unilaterally than bilaterally cryptorchid (P = 0.01). A predisposition for location of undescended testes (abdominal vs inguinal or right vs left side) was not identified in unilateral cryptorchids. All bilateral cryptorchids had abdominally located testes. The most common surgical approaches used for orchiectomy of cryptorchid cats were a caudal ventral midline incision for inguinal testes and a caudal ventral midline celiotomy for abdominal testes.
Correlation between thoracic radiographs and postmortem findings in dogs with hemangiosarcoma: 77 cases (1984-1989)
Authors: Holt David , Van Winkle Tom , Schelling Curtis , Prymak Caroline
Published: December 2023

Thoracic radiographic and postmortem findings were compared in dogs with histologically confirmed hemangiosarcoma (hsa). On the basis of results of radiography, a false-negative diagnosis was made for pulmonary hsa in 10 (2 1.7%) of 46 dogs, and in 26 (53.1%) of 49 dogs for cardiac hsa. The incidence of false-negative radiographic diagnosis for pulmonary hsa was lower in dogs when left and right lateral views were obtained. The radiographic sensitivity was 78%, and the negative-predictive value was 74% for pulmonary hsa. The radiographic sensitivity was 47%, and the negative-predictive value was 43% for cardiac hsa.
Clinical evaluation of axial pattern skin flaps in dogs and cats: 19 cases (1981-1990)
Authors: Trevor Peter B. , Smith Mark M. , Waldron Don R. , Hedlund Cheryl S.
Published: December 2023

Nineteen axial pattern skin flaps were used in 16 dogs and cats to provide skin for repair of extensive cutaneous defects. Retrospective evaluation of medical records was used to determine percentage flap survival, postoperative complications, and long-term outcome of axial pattern skin flaps. The most common indication for use of axial pattern flaps was to augment wound closure following tumor resection (n = 7). Other indications included trauma (n = 5), chronic nonhealing wounds (n = 4), urine-induced cellulitis (n = 1), idiopathic dermal necrosis (n = 1), and chronic lymphoplasmocytic dermatitis (n = 1). Mean flap survival (± sd) was 96% (± 8). Postoperative complications included wound drainage (n = 15), partial dehiscence of the sutured flap (n = 7), distal flap necrosis (n = 6), infection (n = 3), edema (n = 3), and seroma formation (n = 2). After a median follow-up time of 5 months, evaluation of animals indicated that surgery provided successful wound reconstruction with good cosmetic results. Reconstruction of large cutaneous defects is facilitated by axial pattern flap application regardless of cause of wound. Postoperative complications are common but amenable to standard wound management techniques such as drain placement and surgical debridement of devitalized distal flap skin.
Tarsal lameness of dairy bulls housed at two artificial insemination centers: 24 cases (1975-1987)
Authors: Bargai Uri , Cohen Robert
Published: December 2023

Degenerative joint disease of the tarsi was diagnosed in 20 of 24 Holstein bulls with tarsal lameness at 2 artificial insemination centers from 1975 to 1987. Each of the 2 centers housed about 100 bulls/yr. Of the 24 bulls with tarsal lameness, 22 were from the artificial insemination center designated as A, and 2 were from the center designated as B. Examination of the housing and management procedures revealed that center A had concrete floors with cuboi-dal-shaped yards, whereas center B had deep sand flooring, with long, narrow yards. The only other difference between the 2 centers was that center A used 1- and 2-year-old bulls as teasers for older, heavier bulls to mount, whereas center B used, bulls that were at least 6 years old to withstand the stress placed on their hind limbs by the weight of bulls undergoing semen collection. Radiographic lesions of tarsi of bulls from both centers ranged from distention of the tibiotarsal joint pouch to hypertrophic degenerative osteoarthritis of the distal, intertarsal, and tarsometatarsal joints. It was concluded that the concrete flooring and the semen collecting practices were responsible for the high prevalence of tarsal lameness and degenerative joint disease of the tarsi in bulls housed at center A.
Production, characterization, and applications of a murine monoclonal antibody to dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1
Authors: Andrews Gordon A. , Chavey Patricia S. , Smith Joseph E.
Published: December 2023

A murine IgM monoclonal antibody, which recognizes dog erythrocyte antigen (dea) 1.1, has been produced. The antibody correctly identified canine rbc possessing dea 1.1 in a panel of rbc typed by an independent laboratory. Reactivity of the monoclonal antibody was compared with canine anti-dea 1.1 antiserum with 163 rbc samples from 145 dogs. Results of agglutination tests with the 2 reagents were in agreement for all samples. A card agglutination test that uses the monoclonal antibody with blood is described. A monoclonal antibody-based test should facilitate blood typing for dea 1.1 in clinical practice.
Effect of flunixin meglumine and cimetidine hydrochloride on the pH in the third compartment of the stomach of llamas
Authors: Drew Mark L. , Ramsay Ed , Fowler Murray E. , Kass Philip H.
Published: December 2023

A Tigon fistula was surgically implanted into the third compartment of the stomach of 5 llamas to allow measurement of gastric pH. The llamas were allotted into 2 groups and given flunixin meglumine or cimetidine hydrochloride for 3 days. After 4 days without treatment, the drugs given to each group were reversed. Measurements of gastric pH were taken every 30 minutes for 6 hours, using an automated pH meter. The pH measurements after drug administration were compared with measurements obtained during a pretreatment control period. Gastric pH during pretreatment control periods had a mean of 1.43 ± 0.063 (mean ± se). The use of flunixin did not significantly decrease gastric pH, compared with pretreatment controls. Gastric pH was significantly higher within the first 30 minutes after administering cimetidine, compared with pretreatment controls, but this difference disappeared at all later times.
Radiographie, epidemiologie, and clinical aspects of simultaneous pleural and peritoneal effusions in dogs and cats: 48 cases (1982-1991)
Authors: Steyn Phillip F. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: December 2023

In this study, we found that the rate at which radiographically diagnosed simultaneous pleural and peritoneal effusions (double effusions [de]) developed was highest in dogs and cats with infectious causes of pleuritis and/or peritonitis and in those with pancreatitis. However, de were observed more frequently in dogs and cats with neoplastic and cardiovascular diseases. Nonneoplastic liver disease was also documented as a cause of de in the population of this study. Frequency of de was increased in males and in animals > 6 years old. The finding of simultaneous pleural and peritoneal effusions can be considered an indicator of disease severity, and warrants a poor to grave prognosis.
Heritability estimations of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses
Authors: Grϕndahl A. M. , Dolvik N. I.
Published: December 2023

Radiography of the tibiotarsal and metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints was performed on 753 Standardbred trotters (6 to 21 months old) born in 1988. The surveyed population was drawn at random from all parts of Norway and represented about 60% of Standardbred trotters born the same year. Osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint was diagnosed in 108 (14.3%) horses, and the prevalence of disease in progeny groups > 10 ranged from 0 to 69%. Bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints were diagnosed in 89 (11.8%) horses, and the prevalence of disease in progeny groups > 10 ranged from 0 to 41%. Heritability analysis was restricted to 644 horses, comprising groups of 5 or more progeny, from 39 stallions. The heritabilities of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/ plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints were estimated to be 0.52 and 0.21, respectively, using a nonlinear model.
Effectiveness of buspirone on urine spraying and inappropriate urination in cats
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. , Eckstein Robert A. , Powell Karen L. , Dodman Nicholas H.
Published: December 2023

The most frequent type of behavior problem in cats for which veterinary consultation is sought is problem urination. Urine spraying and urine marking have been treated by use of long-acting progestins and diazepam, a benzodiazepine antianxiety drug. Effectiveness of the nonbenzodiazepine antianxiety drug, buspirone, in suppressing urine spraying and marking in 47 male and 15 female cats was evaluated. The effect of the drug in correcting inappropriate urination in 9 cats also was evaluated. Buspirone resulted in a favorable response (> 75% reduction) in 55% of cats treated for urine spraying or marking. There was no sex difference in effectiveness of the treatment, but cats from single-cat households responded favorably significantly (P < 0.001) less frequently than those from multiple-cat households. The 55% response rate was within the range of treatment effectiveness that has been reported for diazepam, and was greater than that reported for progestin. In contrast to diazepam, with which over 90% of treated cats resumed spraying or marking when the drug was gradually discontinued, only half of the cats treated with buspirone resumed spraying when the drug was discontinued after 2 months of treatment (P < 0.001). This difference between diazepam and buspirone in resumption of urine spraying was attributed to diazepam's induction of physiologic and behavioral dependency, not found with buspirone. Cats that resumed spraying were placed on long-term treatment ranging from 6 to 18 months. Buspirone also did not cause the adverse effects of sedation and ataxia, which commonly are seen with diazepam treatment. In cats treated for inappropriate urination, 56% returned to normal litter box usage. Buspirone appeared to be the drug of choice for treating urine spraying and urine marking, and when combined with appropriate behavioral measures, buspirone is indicated for inappropriate urination as well.
Evaluation of mitoxantrone for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs
Authors: Moore Antony S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Ruslander David , Rand William S. , Cotter Susan M. , Getzy David M. , L'Heureux Deborah A. , Dennis Robinette A.
Published: December 2023

Mitoxantrone was administered to 74 dogs with lymphoma at a dosage of 5.0 mg/m2 of body surface, IV, every 3 weeks. Thirty-four dogs had failed to respond to prior treatment with chemotherapeutic agents, which included doxorubicin (33 dogs). The remaining 40 dogs had not received prior treatment.

Complete remission was determined in 19 of 74 dogs (26%), 10 of which had not received prior treatment. The median duration of remission for these 10 dogs was 94 days (range, 49 to 440 days, with 2 dogs still alive at 370 and 440 days, respectively). Nine dogs that had received prior treatment had complete remission that lasted for a median of 126 days (range, 42 to 792 days, with 1 dog still alive at 792 days). The combined remission rate (complete remission plus partial remission) was 41%. Toxicosis was minimal, developing in only 9 dogs and requiring hospitalization of 2 dogs.

We concluded that the complete remission rate ascertained when mitoxantrone was the only treatment administered was low, compared with treatments that involved other chemotherapeutic agents; however, the combined remission rate of 41% indicated that mitoxantrone may be beneficial in the treatment of lymphoma in dogs.
Comparison of postoperative phacoemulsification results in dogs with and without diabetes mellitus: 153 cases (1991–1992)
Authors: Bagley Lawrence H. , Lavach J. D.
Published: December 2023

Data were collected from the medical records of 123 nondiabetic dogs (182 eyes) and 30 diabetic dogs (57 eyes) in which phacoemulsification surgery was performed. Pre- and postoperative comparisons, including signalment, initial ophthalmic examination findings, surgical variables, and postoperative findings for the short-term follow-up period (mean, 5.75 weeks), between nondiabetic and diabetic dogs revealed that the complication rate was not greater in the diabetic group. Postoperative uveitis was evident with nearly equal frequency (in nondiabetic dogs, 90% or 164 of 182 eyes and in diabetic dogs, 88% or 50 of 57 eyes). In nondiabetic dogs, 1% prednisolone ophthalmic solution and prednisone were administered pre-and postoperatively, and amoxicillin and dichlorphen-amide postoperatively. In diabetic dogs, the same treatment regimen, except for treatment with flunixin meglumine iv at surgery and substitution of aspirin for prednisone, was used. When nondiabetic and diabetic dogs were treated according to their respective pre- and postoperative medical regimens, clinical differences in postoperative findings were not apparent.
Use of bone marrow serum for biochemical analysis in healthy cats
Authors: Dhein Cheryl R. , Barbee David D.
Published: December 2023

Bone marrow blood and venous blood were collected from 21 healthy cats for analysis of 13 serum biochemical variables. The relationship between values in venous serum and bone marrow serum for each variable was evaluated, using a linear regression F test. A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant evidence that measurements in venous and marrow serum were correlated for that biochemical variable. Biochemical variables for which values were significantly correlated included urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, sodium, chloride, and phosphorus concentrations. In all cats, activities for alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in bone marrow serum exceeded the activities in venous serum. Potassium and phosphorus concentrations were greater in bone marrow serum than in venous serum in 20 cats. Glucose concentrations in bone marrow serum from 19 cats were lower than those in venous serum. Correlation between calcium concentrations in venous and bone marrow serum was not found.
Diagnosis of induced toxoplasmosis in neonatal cats
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Lappin M. R. , Thulliez P.
Published: December 2023

Sixteen pregnant queens were inoculated orally with tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii, and fetal membranes and offspring were examined for Τ gondii infection by bioassay in mice. Queens appeared clinically normal, although all shed Τ gondii oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of 7 of 33 fetuses or kittens from 5 litters (at 13, 23, 26, 27, and 29 postinaculation days) from 8 queens euthanatized between 10 and 31 postinoculation days. Infection with Τ gondii was found In kittens from all 8 litters from the 8 queens that were allowed to undergo parturition and nurse their kittens. A total of 43 kittens were born to these 8 quean.

Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of 26 of 40 kittens bioassayed; in 3 kittens, tissues were not available for bioassay. Toxoplasmosis was severe in full-term kittens born to 5 queens; all 25 kittens from these litters died or were ill by 24 days of age. Anorexia, lethargy, hypothermia, and sudden death were the most common manifestations. Cytologic examination of peritoneal fluid aspirate samples and determination of hepatic-associated enzyme concentrations in affected kittens, as well as measurement of anti-T gondii antibodies in serum of kittens and queens, were helpful in the diagnosis of neonatal toxoplasmosis. Transplacental transfer of anti-T gondii antibodies was not observed in cats. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were found in fecal samples of 3 kittens from different litters at 16, 24, and 63 days of age.
Sebaceous adenitis in dogs and results of treatment with isotretinoin and etretinate: 30 cases (1990-1994)
Authors: White Stephen D. , Rosychuk Rod A. W. , Scott Kathryn V. , Hargis Ann M. , Jonas Leonard , Trettien Amy
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 30 dogs with histologically confirmed sebaceous adenitis that were treated with isotretinoin or etretinate were reviewed. Akitas and Standard Poodles were overrepresented, compared with the general hospital population. Thirteen dogs had concurrent pyoderma.

The retinoids were administered for a minimum of 2 months. Dosage for the 13 dogs treated with isotretinoin only ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 mg/kg of body weight/d (mean, 1.4 mg/kg/d). Dosage for the 10 dogs treated with etretinate only ranged from 0.7 to 1.8 mg/kg/d (mean, 1.1 mg/kg/d). Two dogs were first given isotretinoin (mean dosage, 1.5 mg/kg/ d) and, when they did not respond, were subsequently given etretinate (mean dosage, 0.85 mg/kg/d). Five dogs were first given etretinate (mean dosage, 1 mg/kg/d) and, when they did not respond, were subsequently given isotretinoin (mean dosage, 1.6 mg/kg/d).

For the 20 dogs treated with isotretinoin, 1 was lost to follow-up; 9 of the remaining 19 had a successful outcome (> 50% reduction in severity of scaling and extent of alopecia, compared with pretreatment appearance). For the 17 dogs treated with etretinate, 9 had a successful outcome. Outcome could not be predicted on the basis of clinical signs or histologic findings, and a prognosis could not be determined on the basis of whether sebaceous glands were evident histologically.
Pneumocystectomy in a Midas cichlid
Authors: Lewbart Gregory A. , Stone Elizabeth A. , Love Nancy E.
Published: December 2023

This report illustrates the feasibility of radiography, anesthesia, and coelomic surgery in a pet fish.

Pneumocystectomy can improve certain buoyancy disorders in fish.
Retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract in foals
Authors: Fischer A. T. , Yarbrough T. Y.
Published: December 2023

A technique for retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract of foals was developed and then performed in 25 foals (1 to 30 days old) with colic. Retrograde contrast radiography was shown to be sensitive (100%) and specific (100%) for evaluating obstruction of the small colon or transverse colon. It was slightly less sensitive (86%) and specific (83%) for evaluation of the entire large colon, particularly in older foals. Retrograde contrast radiography provided increased diagnostic capability, compared with that for noncontrast radiography. Retrograde contrast radiography can provide valuable information when evaluating foals with colic and should be part of the diagnostic evaluation.
Response to high-dose radioactive iodine administration in cats with thyroid carcinoma that had previously undergone surgery
Authors: Guptill Lynn , Catharine J. , Scott-Moncrieff R. , Janovitz Evan B. , Blevins William E. , Yohn Susan E. , DeNicola Dennis B.
Published: December 2023

Seven cats with thyroid carcinomas that had previously undergone surgical removal of neoplastic tissue were treated with 30 mCi of radioactive iodine (131I). Six of the cats had clinical signs of hyperthyroidism; 1 did not. There were no complications associated with 131I treatment, and clinical signs resolved in all cats. Technetium scans of 4 cats made after treatment did not have evidence of isotope uptake. In the remaining 3 cats, small areas of isotope uptake, the intensity of which was equal to or less than the intensity of uptake in the salivary glands, were seen. All 7 cats became hypothyroid after treatment; 4 required L-thyroxine supplementation. One cat was alive 33 months after treatment. The other 6 cats were euthanatized because of unrelated diseases 10 to 41 months after treatment.
Effects of phenobarbital administration on results of serum biochemical analyses and adrenocortical function tests in epileptic dogs
Authors: Chauvet Anne E. , Feldman Edward C. , Kass Philip H.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine what effects long-term phenobarbital administration to dogs with epilepsy would have on serum biochemical factors and adrenocortical function.

Design—

Prospective, uncontrolled study.

Animals—

Five dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.

Procedure—

Serum total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, and cholesterol concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities were measured before and 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after initiation of phenobarbital administration. Endogenous ACTH concentration was measured, and ACTH stimulation and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests were performed at the same time.

Results—

Serum albumin concentration decreased in 4 of 5 dogs, and serum cholesterol concentrations decreased in all 5 dogs over the course of the study. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentration and alanine aminotransferase activities increased over time, and were greater than the upper reference limits in 4 of the 5 dogs by the end of the study. Endogenous ACTH concentration increased in all dogs but remained within reference limits. Plasma ACTH-stimulated aldosterone concentration increased over the course of the study. Plasma cortisol concentration did not suppress, after administration of dexamethasone, in 1 dog after 6 and 12 months of phenobarbital administration.

Clinical Implications—

Although endogenous
acthconcentration should be normal in dogs receiving phenobarbital, results of ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression tests may be altered. Serum albumin and cholesterol concentrations, and serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities may also be abnormal.
Radioiodine treatment of 524 cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Becker David V.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate a protocol for subcutaneous radioiodine treatment of cats with hyperthyroidism in which the dose was determined on the basis of severity of the cat's clinical signs, thyroid tumor size, and magnitude of the serum thyroxine (T4) concentration.

Design—

Prospective case series.

Animals—

524 cats with hyperthyroidism.

Procedure—

A scoring system based on 3 factors (severity of clinical signs, size of the thyroid gland, and magnitude of the serum T4 concentration) was used to select the dose of radioiodine to be administered subcutaneously.

Results—

On the basis of the scoring system, 310 (59%) cats were treated with a low dose of radioiodine (< 3.5 mCi; median, 3.0 mCi), 158 (30%) were treated with a moderate dose (3.5 to 4.4 mCi; median, 4.0 mCi), and 56 (11 %) were treated with a high dose (≥ 4.5 mCi; median, 5.0 mCi). At time of discharge from the hospital, serum T4 concentration was still high in 80 (15.3%) cats, but by 6 months after administration of radioiodine, the serum T4 concentration had decreased to within or below reference range in all but 8 (1.5%) cats with persistent hyperthyroidism. Many cats had low serum T4 concentrations at some time after radioiodine treatment, but only 11 (2.1 %) cats developed clinical and clinicopathologic features of hypothyroidism and required supplementation with L-thyroxine. Thirteen (2.5%) cats had a relapse of hyperthyroidism 1.1 to 6.5 years after initial radioiodine treatment. Overall, the response to treatment was considered good in 94.2% of the cats. Median survival time in the cats was 2.0 years; the percentage of cats alive after 1, 2, and 3 years of treatment was 89, 72, and 52%, respectively.

Clinical Implications—

Results of the study suggest that this method of dose estimation works well and that subcutaneous administration of radioiodine provides a safe and effective means of treating hyperthyroidism in cats.
Evaluation of the use of intrauterine infusions of oxytetracycline, subcutaneous injections of fenprostalene, or a combination of both, for the treatment of retained fetal membranes in dairy cows
Authors: Stevens Reyneld D. , Page Dinsmore R. , Cattell Marguerita B.
Published: December 2023

Dairy cows (n = 207) that had retained fetal membranes for more than 8 hours after parturition were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (group 1, daily intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline; group 2, daily intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline and a single SC injection of fenprostalene; group 3, a single SC injection of fenprostalene; and group 4, untreated controls). Cows were monitored daily. Subsequent disease conditions were recorded, and appropriate treatments were initiated. Interval from parturition to expulsion of fetal membranes was unaffected by treatment regimen. The frequency of cows with high rectal temperatures (≥ 39.5 C) was significantly (P < 0.05) less in cows treated with oxytetracycline infusions; however, the frequency of displaced abomasum, ketosis, and mastitis was unaffected by treatment method. Treatment method appeared to influence the development of postpartum uterine pathologic conditions. Treatment with oxytetracycline and fenprostalene (group 2) increased (P < 0.05) the frequency of pyometra. Treatment with fenprostalene (groups 2 and 3) decreased the number of cows with a palpable uterine lumen detectable during per rectal palpation at 28 to 42 days after parturition. Reproductive efficiency, as determined on the basis of the interval from parturition to conception, was unaffected by treatment protocol.
Epizootiologic evaluation of urolithiasis in cats: 3,498 cases (1982–1992)
Authors: Thumchai Rosama , Lulich Jody , Osborne Carl A. , King Vickie L. , Lund Elizabeth M. , Marsh William E. , Ulrich Lisa K. , Koehler Lori A. , Bird Kathleen A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To test the hypothesis that breed, sex, and age of cats, and anatomic location of uroliths are risk factors for calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis.

Design

Retrospective case-control study.

Sample Population

Records of 3,498 feline urolith accessions submitted between September 1982 and September 1992.

Procedure

Mineral composition of feline uroliths was quantitatively analyzed. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for breed, sex, age, and urolith location as risk factors for calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolith formation. The population at risk was defined as all cats for which that type of urolith had been submitted. The control population was all cats for which uroliths had been submitted, excluding cats with the type of urolith being evaluated.

Results

Burmese, Persian, and Himalayan breeds were at higher risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths, but at reduced risk for developing magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. Compared with females, neutered male cats had a higher risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths, but a reduced risk for developing magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. The risk for calcium oxalate urolith formation increased with age. One- to 2-year-old female cats had the highest risk for magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. Uroliths removed from the kidneys were more likely to be composed of calcium oxalate than of magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Clinical Implications

Breed, sex, and age of cats, and anatomic location of uroliths should be considered when evaluating risk of calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in urolith-forming cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208:547–551)
Unilateral nephrectomy in dogs with renal disease: 30 cases (1985-1994)
Authors: Gookin Jody L. , Stone Elizabeth Arnold , Spaulding Kathy A. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate indications for and complications, efficacy, and effects on renal function of unilateral nephrectomy in dogs with renal disease, and to evaluate the role that scintigraphy had in the decision to excise a kidney.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

30 dogs with renal disease that underwent unilateral nephrectomy. A comparison group of 12 dogs with renal calculi that underwent renal scintigraphy but not nephrectomy was included.

Results

Indications for nephrectomy included renal or ureteral calculi (n = 10), renal mass (8), chronic pyelonephritis (5), perirenal mass (3), severe hydronephrosis and hydroureter (3), and renal hypoplasia with ureteral ectopia (1). None of the dogs were azotemic before surgery. Renal scintigraphy apparently influenced the decision to perform nephrectomy, because in 14 of 16 dogs that underwent nephrectomy, the affected kidney contributed ≤ 33% of the total glomerular filtration rate, but in 6 of 8 comparison dogs that underwent nephrotomy, the affected kidney contributed > 33% of total glomerular filtration rate. Complications of nephrectomy included oliguria (5) and organ laceration (2). Mean ± SD final serum creatinine concentration for 16 dogs alive at least 6 months after nephrectomy was 2.2 ± 1.8 mg/dl. Three dogs had chronic renal failure of undetermined cause at the time of death. Nephrectomy did not completely resolve the underlying disease in 13 dogs. Renal function was evaluated in 6 dogs 2 to 3.5 years after nephrectomy and was impaired in 4. None of the dogs were anemic, azotemic, proteinuric, or hypertensive. Survival time varied depending on the underlying disease.

Clinical Implications

Multiple factors contributed to the decision to perform nephrectomy. Unilateral nephrectomy resulted in few serious complications and was not detrimental to the remaining kidney, but did not always resolve the underlying disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:2020-2026)
Ability of flumazenil, butorphanol, and naloxone to reverse the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs
Authors: Lemke K. A. , Tranquilli W. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Benson G. J. , Olson W. A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the ability of flumazenil (FLU), butorphanol (BUT), and naloxone (NAL) to reverse the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs.

Animals

6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure

Dogs were randomly assigned to each of 6 reversal treatment groups. In each experiment, oxymorphone (0.22 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and diazepam (0.22 mg/kg, IV) were given sequentially 15 minutes after glycopyrroiate (0.01 mg/kg, IV) administration. Physiologic saline solution (SAL; 1 ml), FLU (0.01 mg/kg), BUT (0.44 mg/kg), or NAL (0.06 mg/kg) alone, or FLU-BUT or FLU-NAL (same dosages) was given IV as a reversal treatment 15 minutes after oxymorphone-diazepam administration. An individual unaware of the treatment protocol recorded time to extubation, sternal recumbency, and walking.

Results

Time to extubation was significantly (P < 0.05) less with BUT, NAL, FLU-BUT, or FLU-NAL treatment, compared with that for SAL treatment. Time to sternal recumbency was less with BUT, NAL, FLU-BUT, or FLU-NAL treatment, compared with that for SAL treatment. Time to walking was less with FLU-BUT or FLU-NAL treatment, compared with that for SAL treatment.

Clinical Implications

Flumazenil, in combination with BUT or NAL, can be used to reverse the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:776–779)
Relationship between inflammatory hepatic disease and inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and nephritis in cats
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Gagne J. M. , Armstrong P. Jane
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether cats with inflammatory hepatic disease had concurrent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pancreatitis, or chronic interstitial nephritis.

Design

Prospective case series.

Sample Population

78 tissue sections of liver, intestine, pancreas, and kidney from cats that had previous necropsy examinations at the teaching hospital.

Procedure

We reviewed histologic sections of liver, intestine, pancreas, and kidney from cats that had previous necropsy examinations and determined the prevalence of lymphocytic portal hepatitis, cholangiohepatitis, IBD, pancreatitis, and chronic interstitial nephritis, and the relationship among them.

Results

36 cats had lymphocytic portal hepatitis, 18 had cholangiohepatitis, and 24 did not have inflammatory hepatic disease. The prevalence of IBD (10/36; 28%) and pancreatitis (5/36; 14%) in cats with lymphocytic portal hepatitis was not significantly different from cats without inflammatory hepatic disease. The prevalence of IBD (15/18; 83%) and pancreatitis (9/18; 50%) was greater (P < 0.05) for cats with cholangiohepatitis, compared with cats without inflammatory hepatic disease. Thirty-nine percent of cats (7/18) with cholangiohepatitis had IBD and pancreat Evidence of IBD in association with cholangiohepatitis was characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells into the lamina propria; however, neutrophilic infiltrates also were found in 6 of 15 (40%) cats with cholangiohepatitis. Pancreatitis was mild in all cats.

Clinical Implications

Cats with a diagnosis of cholangiohepatitis should be evaluated for IBD and pancreatitis, (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1114-1116)
Evaluation of udder health and mastitis in llamas
Authors: Rowan Lynnel L. , Morin Dawn E. , Hurley Walter L. , Shanks Roger D. , Kakoma Ibulaimu , Hoffmann Walter E. , Goetz Thomas E. , Cullor James S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To investigate intramammary infections in llamas, identify the pathogens responsible, and determine whether effects of intramammary infection could be detected by use of mastitis indicator tests commonly used for cows.

Design

Observational study.

Animals

100 llamas on 10 farms.

Procedure

Milk samples were evaluated by bacterial culturing and by determination of somatic cell count (SCC), using direct microscopic and automated counting methods, California Mastitis Test score, pH, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity. Correlation coefficients were determined among the various mastitis indicator tests, and test results were determined for milk from infected and uninfected glands.

Results

Evidence of intramammary infection was evident in 76 of 369 (21%) milk samples, with 54 of 94 (57%) llamas having at least 1 infected gland. Staphylococcus sp other than Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant pathogens. None of the llamas had clinical signs of mastitis, and significant differences were not detected in SCC, California Mastitis Test score, pH, or N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity between infected and uninfected samples. California Mastitis Test scores were negative or trace for 307 of 313 (98%) samples, and SCC were low. In contrast, pH and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity of milk from uninfected glands were higher than values reported for milk from uninfected cows, and neither variable was significantly correlated with the number of somatic cells in samples of llama milk.

Clinical Implications

Although intramammary infections develop in llamas, inflammation (mastitis) appears to be rare. Values for mastitis indicator tests used for cows cannot be directly extrapolated to llamas. Subclinical mastitis is apparently not an important problem in llamas in the United States. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1457–1463).
Central diabetes insipidus in dogs: 20 cases (1986–1995)
Authors: Harb Marcella F. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine , Griffey Steve M.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To assess clinical signs, biochemical findings, results of modified water deprivation and other diagnostic tests, response to treatment, and survival time in dogs with central diabetes insipidus (CDI).

Design—

Retrospective study.

Animals—

20 dogs with CDI.

Procedure—

Signalment, history, physical examination, results of diagnostic tests, response to treatment, and survival time were extracted from the medical record of each dog and supplemented with information obtained from owners via telephone.

Results—

Isosthenuria or hyposthenuria was a consistent finding. Seven dogs with complete CDI and 13 dogs with partial CDI were identified on the basis of results of a modified water deprivation test. Dogs treated with desmopressin acetate responded well to treatment. Seven dogs were alive 18 to 72 months (median, 36 months) after diagnosis, and 10 dogs died or were euthanatized 1 week to 2 years (median, 2 months) after diagnosis. Seven of 10 dogs that died developed neurologic signs after diagnosis of CDI. Computed tomography revealed a mass in the region of the pituitary gland in 5 of 7 dogs. Necropsy of 6 dogs, including 2 dogs on which computed tomography had been performed, revealed neoplasia in the pituitary gland.

Clinical Implications—

Onset of neurologic signs after diagnosis of CDI in middle- to old-aged dogs indicates that CDI may not be a benign disease that is treated easily. Brain imaging is recommended after diagnosis of CDI in middle- to old-aged dogs. Also, because many dogs are isosthenuric on initial examination, CDI cannot be ruled out as a cause of polyuria and polydipsia on the basis of lack of hyposthenuria. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1884–1888)
Correlation between subjective and objective measures used to determine severity of postoperative pain in dogs
Authors: Conzemius Michael G. , Hill Chris M. , Sammarco Jill L. , Perkowski Sandra Z.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the association between subjective and objective variables commonly used to evaluate severity of postoperative pain in dogs. Design-Prospective double-blind study.

Animals—

36 dogs with unilateral rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament that underwent surgery to stabilize the stifle.

Procedure—

Each dog was assessed to determine severity of pain before and after surgery, using various subjective and objective criteria.

Results—

Subjective measures of pain (scores for visual analogue and numerical rating scales) correlated poorly or were not correlated with heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and results of a pain threshold test. Scores for visual analogue and numerical rating scales correlated with each other and with the amount of vocalization at most time periods.

Clinical Implications—

We detected a weak association between commonly employed subjective and objective measures of pain. This indicated that some of these measurement techniques do not predictably reflect severity of postoperative pain in dogs. Therefore, clinicians should not rely too heavily on these variables when assessing severity of postoperative pain in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1619–1622)
Racing-related factors and results of prerace physical inspection and their association with musculoskeletal injuries incurred in Thoroughbreds during races
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Peloso John G. , Mundy George D. , Fisher Mitzi , Holland Robert E. , Little Thomas V , Misheff Martha M. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Honnas Clifford M. , Moyer William
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To describe and compare data from Thoroughbreds that sustained musculoskeletal injuries while racing with data from matched control horses.

Design—

Matched case-control study.

Animals—

216 Thoroughbreds that sustained a musculoskeletal injury while racing and 532 horses from the same races that were not injured.

Procedure—

Data regarding racing history, race-entrant characteristics, racing events determined by analysis of videotapes of races, and results of prerace physical inspections were determined for all horses. Injured horses were compared with control horses by using conditional logistic regression.

Results—

Results of prerace inspection by regulatory veterinarians were significantly associated with injury. Odds of musculoskeletal injury, injury of the suspensory apparatus of the forellmb, and injury of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle of the forelimb were 5.5 to 13.5 times greater among horses assessed to be at increased risk of injury by regulatory veterinarians on the basis of results of prerace inspection than for horses not considered to be at increased risk of injury. Odds of an abnormal finding in the suspensory ligament during prerace inspection were 3.4 times greater among horses that injured the suspensory apparatus than among control horses, and odds of an abnormal finding in the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle during prerace inspection were 15 times greater among horses that njured the tendon than among control horses.

Clinical Implications—

Regulatory veterinarians can identify horses during prerace physical inspection that have an increased risk of injury during races. Prerace physical inspections could be used to reduce the risk of injury to Thoroughbreds during races. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:454–463)
Survey of humane organizations and slaughter plants regarding experiences with Vietnamese potbellied pigs
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine to what extent humane organizations are receiving requests to take unwanted Vietnamese potbellied pigs and to determine whether owners of potbellied pigs are selling them for slaughter.

Design

Mail survey.

Sample Population

1,178 humane organizations in 7 states and 978 slaughter plants in 4 states.

Results

802 (68%) humane organizations and 787 (81%) slaughter plants responded. Of the humane organizations that responded, 479 (60%) stated they were willing to accept potbellied pigs. Humane organizations received 4,380 requests from owners to accept potbellied pigs during the study period and accepted 3,149 (72%) of these pigs. Six hundred fifteen (20%) of the potbellied pigs accepted were strays. Of the 437 humane organizations that provided reasons why owners relinquished their potbellied pigs, 255 (58%) reported larger than expected size, 148 (34%) reported zoning restrictions, and 82 (19%) reported aggression. Of 485 slaughter plants that normally slaughtered hogs, 255 (53%) had received requests to slaughter potbellied pigs. These plants slaughtered 2,640 and refused 1,407 potbellied pigs during the study period.

Clinical Implications

Problems with larger than expected size, zoning restrictions, and aggressive behavior caused owners of Vietnamese potbellied pigs to relinquish their pets to humane organizations and slaughter plants. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:562–565)