bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Logo Programming on Understanding Variables
Authors: Ortiz Enrique , MacGregor S. Kim
Published: May 2005

This study investigated whether there were significant differences in understanding the concept of variable and in attitudes toward mathematics among sixth-grade students ( n = 89) who used a Logo graphics approach, students who used a textbook-based approach, and students who received no instruction on the concept of variable. A posttest of variable understanding (UCVI) was administered immediately and three weeks after instruction was completed. In addition, the Robustness Semantic Differential (an attitudinal survey) was given at the end of the instructional treatment. For the UCVI immediate test, the Logo group scored higher ( p < .01) than the control group, but there was no significant difference between the Logo and the textbook groups. However, for the UCVI delayed retention test, the Logo group scored significantly higher ( p < .01) than both the textbook and control groups. Analysis of the attitudinal survey indicated students had more positive attitudes toward computer-related aspects of instruction.
The Use of Computers by School Counselors: A Statistical Survey
Authors: Wronkovich Michael
Published: May 2005

In a research study conducted in the state of Ohio, it was determined that a rather large percentage of school counselors have found the computer to be a valuable tool in managing clerical tasks and in providing important data for students and staff. Over 75 percent of the counselors responding make use of the computer to aid in clerical tasks required in their jobs. While there has been a virtual explosion of software that has become available for counselors from word processors, data base programs, scheduling programs, career assessment packages, test preparation packages, college admissions packages, and personality inventories, it seems obvious from this survey that counselors in larger and larger numbers are not hesitating to take advantage of the computer to aid in their jobs. It is the assumption of the researcher that use of the computer will in the long run free the counselor to have more time for the important tasks of forming interpersonal relationships vital to successful counseling.
A Critique of Anglo-American Medical Sociology
Authors: Pflanz Manfred
Published: May 2005

After a period of rapid, stormy development, many people in the field tend to feel somewhat discouraged about the present and future state of medical sociology. Measured by the expectations of the public, the patients, and medical sociology itself, there is much disappointment. The predictive power of the tools of medical sociology has proven to be weak, and it has not been able to explain satisfactorily the impact of social inequality on the distribution of disease and on differences in the utilization of health services. It cannot even be ruled out that medical sociology itself has created some of these differences and that it is partly responsible for creating “two-class medicine” in the United States and elsewhere. Social epidemiology has failed to develop useful theories, nor could it deliver unanimous findings. A particularly serious flaw is the confusion between the concepts of class, social strata, and poverty.

Medical sociology has become the propaganda machine of the Welfare State (in the sense used by Alwin W. Gouldner) and instead of questioning medical values it has been co-opted by their proponents and adopted them. Parochialism characterizes both research and publications. The new vogue of “internationalism” has not succeeded in creating truly international studies; also, it has not worked to the advantage of other countries and has not been helpful in creating a theoretical and empirical body of knowledge in health services research. The paper argues that a more realistic exchange between Anglo-American and other medical sociology, between conservative and radical thinking, and between medical sociology and general or specific fields of sociology would foster new ideas and a new understanding of the main problem, that is, of theory versus application, in health services research.
Birth Dates and Death Dates: A Closer Look
Authors: Harrison Albert A. , Moore Michael
Published: May 2005

The present research examines possible temporal links between dates of birth and dates of death. A week by week analysis of the deaths of 4,320 eminent North American men who died within four weeks of their birthdays suggests that the period ranging from two weeks before the birthday to two weeks after the birthday is a period of high risk, with the exception that there are relatively few deaths during the week immediately following the birthday itself. A day by day analysis of the deaths of 1008 eminent individuals who died within one week spans which centered on their birthdays showed that the most deaths occurred two days before the birthday and that the fewest deaths occurred the day after the birthday. For the individuals studied, birthdays may be stressful events whose termination brings about a temporary upswing in mood and a brief reprieve from death. Findings are discussed in terms of the opponent process theory of motivation.
General Health, Health Care Utilization, and Medical Comorbidity in Dysthymia
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This article reviews the literature on the general health, health care utilization, prevalence, medical comorbidity, and treatment of dysthymia in medical settings.

Method:

The literature was searched by using MEDLINE and by reviewing the bibliographies of recent publications. Studies were selected that included health data on patients with dysthymia or chronic depression according to DSM-III, DSM-III-R, ICD-9, or RDC criteria, or patients who were described as having persistent depressive symptoms.

Results:

This review shows that dysthymic patients are at increased risk for poor general health and frequently use medical services. Compared to the general population, dysthymia is more prevalent in primary care and among patients with various medical and neurological conditions, sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, hypothyroidism, and somatoform disorders. Pharmacotherapy is effective, but has not been well studied. Non-tricyclic antidepressants might be especially useful. Psychotherapy studies are virtually nonexistent.

Conclusions:

Although dysthymia is considered a minor depressive condition, these findings show that it is a significant public health problem, comparable to major depression. Recent efforts to improve the recognition and treatment of major depression in medical settings, therefore, should be extended to include the entire spectrum of depressive disorders. Future studies should investigate the type and pattern of medical comorbidity and health care utilization, different antidepressant and psychosocial therapies, and the clinical and biological correlates of treatment response in different chronic depressive subtypes in medical settings and compare them to major depressive and subsyndromal depressive conditions.
Use of Prescribed Medicines: A Proxy Indicator of Access and Health Status
Authors: Kasper Judith A. , Wilson Renate
Published: May 2005

This paper summarizes data on the use of prescribed medicines in the United States in 1977. Likelihood and volume of use by selected demographic characteristics are presented, as well as age-specific rates by condition groups. Differences in prescribed medicine use for 1977 indicate that children from poor and less educated families have a lower likelihood of receiving a prescription than do the better-off in their age group. This difference appears to correspond to levels of physician use, which differed by 20 percent across educational groups, despite the existence of Medicaid which covers medical care costs for eligible poor children. Once poorer children did see a physician, however, there was no difference in the number of prescriptions written for this age group, reflecting similar physician responses to the diseases of childhood regardless of the social class of the patient. For older persons, these differences in access by social class were not observed. Their likelihood of receiving at least one prescription was comparable regardless of income and education. However, the poor and less educated elderly required more prescriptions than the better-off. The likelihood is that the differences in prescribing seen for this age group reflect differences in levels of illness or health status.
Meditation and Hemispheric Specialization I: Absorbed Attention in Long-Term Adherence
Authors: Warrenburg S. , Pagano R.
Published: May 2005

The hypothesis that meditation facilitates cognitive processing of the right hemisphere (RH) and impairs processing of the left hemisphere (LH) was tested in three groups of matched subjects: long-term practitioners of Transcendental Meditation (TM), non-meditators, and novice TM practitioners who were followed for 3–5 months to identify drop-outs. A test battery of verbal, musical, and spatial tests yielded performance data for LH- and RH-mediated cognitive abilities. Interpreting the data gathered in terms of current cognitive models of memory processing, we conclude that, prior to learning TM, the successfully adherent meditator is predisposed to readily alter his/her attentional focus from a LH dominant to a RH dominant cognitive mode. A clinical implication in the assessment of this trait of absorbed attention may be valuable to therapists in choosing whether to use meditation as an adjunct to psychotherapy.
Death Attitudes, Gender and Death Experience: The Nigerian Evidence
Authors: Okafor Tr. Reuben U.
Published: May 2005

Death education has just found its way into the Health Education and curriculum of Nigerian universities and so requires some baseline empirical data on students' death attitudes. The sample consisted of 311 students selected from six Nigerian universities that offered Health Education. Three research questions answered with statistical means and two null-hypotheses tested with two-tailed t-test and ANOVA guided the study. The Hoelter multidimensional fear of Death Scale (MFODS) and Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) were instruments for determining students' death fear and anxiety respectively with gender and death experience as the independent variables. Results showed that the students' generally had negative death attitudes with females showing greater non-significant negative death attitudes than males. Death experience made no difference as a variable. The implications of these findings particularly for health education were proffered.
Computer-Based Thermodynamics
Authors: Tuttle Kenneth L. , Wu Chih
Published: May 2005

A new computer-based approach to teaching thermodynamics is being developed and tried by two mechanical engineering professors at the U.S. Naval Academy. The course uses sophisticated software, in this case CyclePad, to work all of the homework problems. A new text, written with traditional theory but computer-based problems, accommodates the new approach. The new course is scheduled for Fall Term 2001 at the Naval Academy. Computer-based thermodynamics courses teach the same theory as traditional thermodynamics courses as well as the same types of problems. However, traditional thermodynamic cycle hand calculations are replaced by cycle calculations using CyclePad. This new example of Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction, ICAI, switches emphasis from learning cycle calculations to learning cause and effect through parametric analysis. Parametric analysis is made feasible through experimentation using computer models. For this, CyclePad has artificial intelligence, sensitivity analysis and graphical presentation capabilities. Traditionally, thermodynamics culminates in analysis of the thermodynamic cycles. In this course, students will progress well beyond traditional thermodynamics courses by emphasizing cycle analysis.
Pottery Classification and Cultural Models in Southern New England Prehistory
Authors: Lavin Lucianne
Published: May 2005

Pottery is a major component of many prehistoric sites in northeastern North America. In southern New England, it appears to be the primary means by which archaeologists may establish finely delineated regional cultural sequences. Yet there are few comprehensive pottery studies from the region. Major reasons include controversies over the appropriate classification system and the utility of limited contextual materials. Recent research in Connecticut indicates that a combination of attribute analysis and typology provides maximum information in the reconstruction of cultural histories and processes, facilitates inter-site comparisons, and eliminates the need for re-analysis of collections. Application of the attribute/type method provides data that support and expand the Windsor ceramic sequences formulated by Rouse (1947) and Smith (1950) and suggests a gradual transition in material cultural change rather than the model of abrupt, periodic replacements that has often been used to explain cultural sequences and change in the Northeast.
Slow Death: One Survivor's Experience
Authors: Paulay Dorothy
Published: May 2005

The author, a clinical social worker, describes her own experience in confronting her husband's lingering death. It is an effort to explore one survivor's way of working through the process and offer a few observations of possible value to others. This account includes the responses of the writer's adolescent son as well as herself over a five year period.
Australian-American Differences in Daydreaming, Attentional Processes, and Curiosity: First Findings Based on Retrospective Reports
Authors: Giambra Leonard M. , Stone Beth S.
Published: May 2005

Using retrospective reports, aspects of daydreaming, nightdreaming, attentional processes, and curiosity were studied in an American and Australian sample. The sample consisted of seventeen to twenty-three year old males ( n = 286), seventeen to twenty-three year old females ( n = 477), and twenty-four to forty-four year old females ( n = 267). Analyses of variance on thirty-three factors of daydreaming, nightdreaming, attentional processes, and curiosity resulted in significant Australian-American differences, main effects, on thirteen factors for seventeen to twenty-three year olds and on five factors for twenty-four year olds. For seventeen to twenty-three year olds, the pattern of significant differences on the factors which dealt with daydreaming characteristics suggested that the daydreaming of Australians was more pleasurable, more sexual, more escapist, more present-oriented, and less practical and planful than for Americans. For twenty-four to forty-four year old women, no apparent patterns of Australian-American differences emerged.
Psychophysiological Research: Aims and Methods
Authors: Johnson Laverne C.
Published: May 2005

The aims and methods of psychophysiology have shifted from concern over techniques and methodology to interest in the psychophysiology of various states of consciousness and of cognitive processes. Along with the shifts in research interest, there have been changes in instrumentation for data acquisition and data analysis. In its relation to psychosomatic medicine, there appears to be a plateau and further advance may require a shift from emphasis on specific motives and attitudes as correlates of diseases to that of examining the total organism in his total environment with a systems control (homeostasis through feedback) orientation.
Fascination with Death as a Function of Need for Novel Stimulation
Authors: Schafer Robert
Published: May 2005

Optimal stimulation theory suggests that when an organism's level of stimulus input falls below its optimal range, the organism is then motivated to return its neurological excitation to its optimal range. If contemporary American society produces individuals who maintain a sense of boredom, powerlessness, and alienation, then they may possibly derive stimulation and consequently importance from highly arousing novel experiences such as violence and death. To test this hypothesis, boredom, alienation and stimulus-seeking were assumed to be indicative of decreased response to principle stimulation sources. Students were grouped into high/low variable groups. An author developed scale measured fascination with death. An analysis of variance revealed that persons both highly bored and highly alienated were indeed more interested in death-related events.
Co-Associative Lexical Cohesion in Promotional Literature
Authors: Jordan Michael P.
Published: May 2005

Extracts from technical advertising and new-product announcements are used as the basis for analysis of the structures and linguistic signaling of many forms of comparison. Based initially on descriptive texts, the analysis also explains problem-solving texts with and without comparison; and comparative texts are seen to include implicit differences or overt comparison as “knocking” copy. Comparative cohesion by co-hyponyms is shown to be the central feature of co-associative cohesion between separate features of competing products, and clause-relating matching relations are explained in these terms. The concept of improvement is discussed in terms of problem-solving, difference and the matching relations of comparative denial. Final notes are provided regarding the significance of this work to the developing paradigm of technical writing.
On Not Trying So Hard: Effortless Experiencing and its Correlates
Authors: Bowers Patricia Greig
Published: May 2005

The process by which thoughts are experienced as effortless and non-volitional rather than planful and intentional is discussed as it relates to hypnosis, creativity, and dreams. A scale of effortless experiencing1 is described, and its correlates, such as hypnotizability, certain indices of creativity, and other qualities of imagination, are reported for four studies.
Varieties of Transcending Experience at Death: A Videotape Based Study
Authors: Klass Dennis , Gordon Audrey
Published: May 2005

Using the idea of transcendence taken from the comparative study of religions, the paper is an attempt to find concepts that might help us understand the many ways people transform their relationship with death in the encounter with death. The method was to videotape interviews with dying and grieving people and view them repeatedly describing the process through which they were passing. Thirty tapes were made. Two sets of concepts were found useful to synthesize and differentiate the ways people transcend: the experience of ordinary and nonordinary reality, and the use of a mythic or interpretive mode in which change takes place. Together these concepts yield four kinds of transcending. An example and some bibliographic notes are given for each.
Planning and Health Policy in Finland
Authors: Härö A. S. , Purola T.
Published: May 2005

The health services system in Finland is analyzed from the point of view of planning–oriented activities. Society has traditionally been the main provider of services in this country, and executive responsibilities of local autonomous authorities are balanced with the centralized control carried out by legislative measures and subsidies. An organized information system is a prerequisite to planning (this is especially true in a country with Finland's type of organizational structure). The Finnish system is based on problem–oriented data banks. Health interview surveys which link social background data with health–related information have a key role in this system; these surveys are well suited to before and after comparisons. Information is capable of producing action only if it is properly analyzed and timed. In order to obtain information about actual goal expectations of the decision–makers, the special–purpose planning departments are located at a high level of government in Finland. Typical methods of implementation, such as financial subsidies, are described in this paper, and economic estimates and long–term budgeting are given as examples of guides for the central authorities. The use of before and after studies to measure the effect of the policies is described, and some observations on the weaknesses in the present system are presented.
Childhood Experiences and Adult Behavior in a Group of Women with Pain Accounted for by Psychological Factors and a Group Recovered from Major Depression
Authors: Zlot Stefan I. , Herrmann Marianne , Hofer-Mayer Theres , Adler Michele , Adler Rolf H.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

In this study twenty-four women with pain accounted for by psychological factors (DSM-IV, 307.80) and twenty-four with major depression diagnosed according to DSM-III-R were compared to study the relationship between pain and depression.

Method:

They were examined by a semi-structured, tape-recorded interview to study their childhood experiences and adult behavior. The interviews were rated by two independent and blind raters. Interrater correlation (Cohen-Kappa) varied between good and close agreement.

Results:

Of childhood experiences, “brutality between parents,” “brutality toward child,” and “sexual abuse” were often found in both groups and were more strongly represented in these than in comparison groups of former studies. As adults, the pain group had experienced more serious illness ( p = 0.037) and surgery ( p = 0.014). The depression group more often had a history of depression (15/24 vs. 4/24; p = 0.001). The pain group spoke negatively of its physicians ( p = 0.001), was more hostile during the interview ( p = 0.041), was less convinced of the benefit of the hospital stay ( p = 0.029), felt less self-responsible, and was more pessimistic ( p = 0.013). The pain patients also provoked negative emotions in the raters, whereas the latter's reaction to the depression group was compassion and interest ( p = 0.0005) (Pearson's χ2 and Fisher's exact tests). The results show that negative childhood experiences are prominent and similar in patients with pain accounted for by psychological factors and in patients after major depression. Adult behavior, however, is very different.
Exchanging Expertise: Learning from the Workplace and Educating it, Too
Authors: Rehling Louise
Published: May 2005

Administrators and teachers for professional communication programs often are anxious to develop curricula that will teach “real world” practices of workplace practitioners. Many connections can and have been established in response to that concern. However, both practitioners and educators may mistakenly see such connections as a one-way exchange: practitioners with privileged knowledge sharing as a professional courtesy and with hopes of hiring graduates who may need less training on the job. However, the growth and sophistication of scholarship in professional communication, along with changes in the workplace that have led to more professional development needs among practitioners, have created new opportunities for two-way exchanges of expertise. Academics from professional communication programs now can and should use their programs' connections with the workplace to influence practices in the field. This article suggests ways to create more bi-directional educational exchanges.
The Computer in Industrial and Vocational Training
Authors: States David C.
Published: May 2005

This article describes three distinctly different vocational industrial training settings and indicates how computer-based education was successfully applied in each case. The focus is on some of the very practical aspects of efficiency in training, such as the time involved, the costs associated with the training program, and the particular results achieved in terms of time and dollars, versus previously employed training methods.
Personality Characteristics and Daydreaming Frequency among Young, Adult Hearing-Impaired Females: Report on Research in-Progress
Authors: Anthony Susan
Published: May 2005

Two separate pilot studies, using hearing-impaired, female college students, divided into three daydreaming frequency groups (low, moderate and high) are summarized. Different frequency daydreamers were compared on characteristics related to fantasy. Multivariate and univariate analyses for both studies indicated that achievement, as measured by grade point index, depression, feelings about the importance of achievement, information seeking, preference for being alone, loneliness and how often subjects fantasized as adolescents were significantly different across the three daydreaming frequency groups. Specifically, subjects who daydream fourteen or more hours per week (high frequency) showed more actual achievement as reflected in their grades, viewed achievement, however, as less important in their lives, were more depressed, higher in information seeking, were lonelier, preferred to be alone and fantasized more frequently during their adolescence than less frequent daydreaming hearing-impaired, college-age females. Achievement benefits and emotional consequences of frequent daydreaming are discussed for this population.
Globalization in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Part II
Authors: Tarabusi Claudio Casadio , Vickery Graham
Published: May 2005

This is the second of a two-part report on the pharmaceutical industry. Part II begins with a discussion of foreign direct investment and inter-firm networks, which covers international mergers, acquisitions, and minority participation; market shares of foreign-controlled firms; international collaboration agreements (with a special note on agreements in biotechnology); and licensing agreements. The final section of the report covers governmental policies on health and safety regulation, price regulation, industry and technology, trade, foreign investment, protection of intellectual property, and competition.
Personality Traits and Reality-Testing Abilities, Controlling for Vividness of Imagery
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Moran Cindy , Gray Reid
Published: May 2005

One hundred seventy-seven college students completed personality measures including the MMPI-168, and reality-discrimination measures including a timed discrimination task developed by the first author. Previously on such a timed task, normal subjects discriminated percepts more quickly from images of perceptual vividness than from faint images, as if they registered more “central innervation” during more vivid imaging. Presently, on each of the four practice trials and forty-four timed trials in Task 1, subjects fixated on a dot, perceived a stimulus to one side, imaged an identical stimulus on the other side and rated its vividness while continuing to image. Then, either the dot became a P and subjects pressed a button on the side of the percept, as quickly as possible, or the dot became an I and subjects pressed a button on the side of the image. The slope, within subject, of image/percept discrimination times over image-vividness ratings was computed for the 149 subjects who rated some of their forty-four images more vividly than others. It was predicted and found that self-described hallucinators and MMPI-defined paranoids discriminated percepts less quickly from vivid images, as if the greater “central innervation” behind more vivid images is not registered by psychosis-prone subjects.
Death and Society among the Anggor of New Guinea
Authors: Huber Peter B.
Published: May 2005

The central concern of the paper is the relationship between Anggor representations of the natural phenomenon of death, and representations of the autonomous village - a cultural phenomenon. The ideal solidarity of the Anggor village is defined largely through opposition to the hostile and dangerous outside world; this opposition is expressed in Anggor beliefs that death is caused by outsiders, through sorcery, alienating the deceased from the moral community of the village. Relations between Anggor villages, then, are characterized by a constant undercurrent of fear and hostility which is continually renewed by death. Within this context, death and violence are so defined that they are self-generating and sporadically escalate into disruptive large scale episodes of inter-village aggression. Thus death, both as an object of doctrine and a fact of life, is a key feature of the Anggor system of inter-village relations.
Mengele Medicus: Medicine's Nazi Heritage
Authors: Seidelman William E.
Published: May 2005

Nazi medicine is commonly considered to be an aberration that began and ended with the horrors of the Hitler regime. But its beginnings were more gradual and its legacy more pernicious. Data derived from research conducted on unknowing and unwitting subjects in death camps continue to be cited in authoritative contemporary medical literature. Nazi medicine has become a part of the professional genotype of modern medicine. This continuing influence of Nazi medicine raises profound questions for the epistemology and morality of medicine.
Coping with Transplant Failure: Grief vs. Denial
Authors: Streltzer Jon , Moe Marilyn , Yanagida Evelyn , Siemsen Arnold
Published: May 2005

A major drawback to kidney transplantation as a treatment for end stage renal disease is the common occurrence of rejection and failure of the transplanted kidney. We evaluated twenty-five dialysis patients, all of whom had suffered transplant failure during a ten year period. Of these, twenty-four had good psychological readjustment to chronic dialysis. Fourteen patients successfully grieved the loss of their kidneys. Ten denied any psychological difficulty in returning to dialysis and did not manifest the usual signs of grief. We suggest that the effectiveness of denial as a coping mechanism should be recognized and supported when present; in contrast, “grievers” should be helped through the grieving process and followed up to ensure resolution and proper readjustment to dialysis.
Prevalence of Alcohol Related Admissions to General Medical Units
Authors: Lange Donald E. , Schacter Brent
Published: May 2005

The prevalence of alcohol related admissions to hospitals in Manitoba was examined in an investigation limited to the general medicine units of four representative hospitals within the province. All admissions during one-month periods were closely examined. In order to determine if an admission was related to alcohol, the investigators obtained permission from each patient to ask the attending physician to rate the degree to which they felt the admission was alcohol related, and intensively reviewed all charts. The percentage of alcohol related admissions was found to range from 6.38 percent to 14.93 percent on medical units. The disorders which alcohol related patients presented on admission tended to differ from those in the not-related category. At all hospitals, disorders of the gastrointestinal system were in the majority for the alcohol related group, while the not-related group presented more difficulty in the area of cardiovascular disorders. The cost which is associated with these alcohol related admissions is large, the highest being $61, 050.00 for a one-month period in one of the hospitals surveyed. The findings clearly indicate that in Manitoba, health care facilities and health care professionals are very much involved in problems related to alcohol. The findings of this study indicate that the problem is with us and we should make every effort to ensure proper and effective care, and to establish systems for the identification and referral of alcohol related admissions.
The Self-Reference Effect in Incidental Memory: Elaboration, Organization, Rehearsal and Self-Complexity
Authors: Kreitler Shulamith , Singer Jerome L.
Published: May 2005

The study was designed mainly to examine the self-reference effect (SRE) in recall relative to recall of words presented in regard to an “other” reference in order to clarify whether the effect is due to organization [1] or also to elaboration. Further purposes were to study the effect in long-term hypermnesia, its dependence on rehearsal as manifested through thought-samplings, and its relation to a self-complexity measure. The design was multi-task, multi-condition and multi-trial. The four tasks (each with 16 words, administered randomly) were: SR, reference to the typical freshman, semantic and structural. The five conditions differed in the expectedness of recall, the number of recalls in the first and second sessions (a week apart), the introduction of thought samplings or relaxation periods prior to recall, recurrence of fourteen recalls during the week's interval. The subjects were forty men and forty women undergraduates, assigned randomly to the conditions. The major findings were that the SR task is superior in recall and clustering to all the others, including the typical freshman, across all conditions and trials; repeated recalls did not produce hypermnesia; thoughts about the self and the words did not promote recall whereas those about the situation did; and a measure of self-complexity was correlated positively with recall in the SR tasks. It is suggested that the SR effect depends on elaboration manifested initially in clustering and later in processes that serve to integrate relevant material into stable personality structures.
Death of an Institutionalized Parent: Predictors of Bereavement
Authors: Pruchno Rachel A. , Moss Miriam S. , Burant Christopher J. , Schinfeld Sandra
Published: May 2005

A multidimensional analysis of bereavement experienced by eighty-four adult children whose parents died following a stay in a long term care facility indicated that pre-death indicators of strain (length of stay, parent's cognitive status, child's feelings about parent living in a nursing home, depression) had varying levels of predictive power regarding the extent to which the child reported feeling sad, experiencing persistent thoughts about the parent, feeling a sense of comfort in memories about the parent, feeling that the parent was a buffer to the child's mortality, and having a sense of relief.
Delusions of Substitution and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Khanna Rakesh , Khanna Namita
Published: May 2005

A male patient with chronic paranoid schizophrenia developed delusions of substitution that were of abrupt onset and short duration. This coincided with the detection of diabetes mellitus. Over the next three years, despite being on continuous moderate dose neuroleptic treatment the re-emergence and resolution of delusions of substitution varied with the control of his diabetic status. A selective review of reports on organic contributors to delusions of substitution is presented. It is suggested that the abruptly appearing, short lasting delusions of substitution may be more likely to have a known organic contributor.
Church Attendance, Religious Affiliation and Parental Responses to Sudden Infant Death, Neonatal Death and Stillbirth
Authors: Thearle M. J. , Vance J. C. , Najman J. M. , Embelton G. , Foster W. J.
Published: May 2005

There is an association between religion and health: those who are religious have healthier life-styles resulting in less physical illness and improved longevity. Some evidence shows that there may be a beneficial association between religion and psychological well-being. With bereavement, some may “turn to God” while others “turn away from God”; this occurrence may be reflected in their church attendance. In a prospective study, families who had experienced death from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Neonatal Death, or Stillbirth were compared for anxiety, depression, and church attendance with control families who had not experienced such bereavement A traditionally held belief that religion offers consolation for the grief of bereavement and that the bereaved “turn to God” as reflected in church attendance was not confirmed. There is the suggestion that the bereaved who attend church regularly have less anxiety and depression compared with the irregular or non-church attenders.
Organic Mood Disorder, Manic Type, Associated with Hyponatremia: A Case Report
Authors: Baar J. Mark
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Mania and other mood changes are known to be associated with various organic etiologies. This article documents a case of organic mania associated with hyponatremia, a phenomenon which has not been previously reported, and reviews the pertinent medical literature.

Method:

The mental status of a patient with end stage renal disease and no previous psychiatric history who presented with mania and hyponatremia was carefully monitored while her serum sodium concentration was corrected.

Results:

The manic symptoms of the patient presented resolved completely with correction of serum sodium concentration alone.

Conclusions:

The acute episode of hyponatremia experienced by this patient with chronic, end stage renal disease appears to have precipitated the symptoms of mania. This observation may shed some additional light on the pathophysiology of organic mania.
Adjustment: Denial in the Styles of Coping with Hiv Infection
Authors: Earl William L. , Martindale C. J. , Cohn David
Published: May 2005

This study describes styles of denial associated with traumatic information (specifically HIV/AIDS infection). Participants were referred from three sites. Psychosocial, knowledge, and belief inventories were administered in structured individual interviews. CDC evaluations of high risk also were utilized. Clients with similar knowledge bases exhibited some differences in evaluating “risk groups” versus “high risk behavior.” Three styles of denial emerged: a) Primary Denial (PD), 2) Secondary Denial (SD), and 3) Denial with no benefit (NBD) ( Deferred Behavior-conscious knowledge is high). The three styles were evenly distributed PD = 38 percent (22); SD = 33 percent (19); NBD = 29 percent (17). There appeared to be some mobility where 9 percent of the total population migrated from one style to a higher adaptive style.
The Future of Health Care in Six European Countries: The Views of Policy Elites
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: May 2005

A recent study was made of the views of politicians, representatives of trade unions, business organizations, and others likely to be influential in policy making, on the future of health care provision in six European Union (E.U.) countries. This article discusses the findings. While common problems of rising cost resulting from population aging are recognized in all countries, the way these issues are interpreted and the policies seen as appropriate to tackle them differ. Views are strongly influenced by the organizational structure of existing provision. This supports the “new institutionalist” view that policy feedback plays an important role in shaping policy reform. It also indicates that the potential for convergence in E.U. social policy is more limited than suggestions that the single European market will lead to an “ever closer union” might imply.
The Demands and Requirements of Computer Programming: A Literature Review
Authors: Dalbey John , Linn Marcia C.
Published: May 2005

This review discusses recent literature on computer programming. It focuses on psychological studies of programming and selected issues related to instruction in programming. The purpose is to inform computer educators about the nature of the cognitive processes involved in programming, and the potential benefits to be gained from learning programming. Concerns relevant to pre-college students of programming are emphasized. The literature reviewed includes empirical studies of programming, rational analyses of the programming task by computer scientists, and expository essays by educators and psychologists. The literature is presented to illuminate three major issues: 1) what are the cognitive demands of programming and what are the possible cognitive outcomes? 2) how does instruction influence learning? 3) who benefits, and in what ways, from instruction?
The Relationship between Prior Knowledge and Interactive Overviews during Hypermedia-Aided Learning
Authors: Shapiro Amy M.
Published: May 2005

Advance organizers have been used successfully to augment the learning outcome for students engaged in traditional text-based learning [1] and those engaged in hypermedia-assisted learning [2]. Prior research has shown that this effect may occur because the organizer provides cues to prior knowledge which is then used as an elaborative tool for the new information [3]. Novices are uniquely challenged, however, in that they have little or no prior knowledge to aid in the learning process. The present study used interactive overviews (IOs), a type of advance organizer, to explore the effect of the interaction between organizer structure and prior knowledge on novices' ability to meet particular learning goals. Subjects were recruited who displayed some knowledge of animal family resemblances but very little about interspecies relationships within ecosystems on pretests. They were then asked to learn about a world of fictitious animals with the aid of a hypermedia program which provided an IO arranged either by animal families or ecosystems. They were also assigned the goal of learning about either animal families or ecosystems. Outcome measures focused on subjects' ability to meet their learning goals. Results indicated that the ecosystem IO aided learners in meeting an ecosystems learning goal, about which they had no prior knowledge. The effect was strong enough to produce incidental learning effects, as those assigned to learn about animal families also learned about ecosystems when exposed to the ecosystem IO. In the presence of prior animal family knowledge, however, the animal families IO had no facilitative effect. It is argued, though, that this may have been an epiphenomenon of the pretesting procedure which activated subjects' existing animal family knowledge. Results are discussed with reference to Kintsch's construction integration model as well as classroom application [4].
The Role of the Psychiatric Consultant in the Treatment of Burned Patients
Authors: Goodstein Richard K. , Hurwitz Thomas D.
Published: May 2005

Two cases of seriously burned patients are presented which differ in initial psychiatric presentation and subsequent course. In each case, the role of the psychiatric consultant is described. The role includes direct evaluative and psychotherapeutic contact with the patient and liaison with the surgical and nursing staff. This dual approach is necessary for a consistent rehabilitative effort, particularly in hospitals that do not have a psychiatric liaison team.
Survivors of Suicide: A Comprehensive Bibliography Update, 1986–1995
Authors: McIntosh John L.
Published: May 2005

An update of a 1985–86 Omega bibliography of the literature on survivors of suicide is presented. Following brief introductory comments, including the identification of research and therapy needs and unresolved issues, the bibliography listings are organized by the following subtopics: general references on family members and friends as suicide survivors; children, adolescents, youth, and parents as survivors; school and educational settings; parental suicide; elderly suicide survivors; mental health professionals and clinicians in training as survivors; survivors of professionals' suicides; and research on attitudes toward survivors. Published works in professional journals, books, book chapters, and doctoral dissertations on the topic of survivor-victims are included.
Primary Medical Care in the United States: Present Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Huntley R. R.
Published: May 2005

The steady decline in primary physicians in the United States is documented. The increasingly severe maldistribution of physicians is examined in relation to the effect this has on primary care. The effect on the poor, rural people, and minority group people is particularly serious. Four approaches to the solution of this problem are identified and discussed in some detail: an increase in the output of physicians, an increase in the supply and use of ancillary support personnel, reform in the organization of medical care, and the creation of a new specialty of family practice. Special attention is devoted to the likely contribution of the Neighborhood Health Center and Health Maintenance Organization movements to solution of current problems in primary medical care.
The Need for Sequential Formative and Summative Evaluations Made Evident from Practice
Authors: Signer Barbara
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to conduct formative and summative evaluation for Computer Integrated Instruction (CII), an alternative use of CAI. The Non-Equivalent Control Group, Pretest-Posttest Design was implemented with the class as the unit of analysis. Several of the instruments were adopted from existing computer-assisted instruction (CAI) evaluation studies, while some had to be developed specifically for this study. The findings were 1) that the teachers were reluctant users of the CII materials and 2) that there was a significant difference for mathematics achievement favoring the control group. A recommended model of separate, sequential formative and summative evaluations resulted from this study.
Life Stressors and Coping Style are Associated with Immune Measures in HIV-1 Infection—A Preliminary Report
Authors: Goodkin Karl , Fuchs Ingbert , Feaster Daniel , Leeka Jay , Rishel Dorothy Dickson
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Life stressors and coping style have been associated with alterations in cellular immunity similar to those seen in HIV-1 infection. The interval between infection with HIV-1 and the development of AIDS is lengthy and highly variable. This pilot study investigated whether life stressors and coping style may account for a portion of this variation.

Method:

A sample of eleven asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive homosexual male volunteers responding to a local advertisement was assessed on life stressors, coping style and cellular phenotypic and functional immune measures—T4 “helper” cell/T8 “suppressor” cell ratio, T4 cell count, total lymphocyte count, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity.

Results:

Significant associations were observed for both major life stressor impact over the previous year and passive coping style use with the total lymphocyte count; higher life stressor impact and passive coping style use were associated with lower total lymphocyte counts. Similarly, a trend in the same direction was found for the relationship of these two measures with the count of T4 cells, which are directly infected and killed by HIV-1.

Conclusions:

It is well documented that decrements in T4 cell and total lymphocyte counts are powerful predictors of subsequent clinical progression to AIDS. These preliminary findings suggest that life stressors and coping style may also be predictors of the development of AIDS.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Cancer Information Service
Authors: Kramer Roderick M. , Docter David , McKenna Robert J. , Irwin Lowell , Hisserich John , Hammond G. Denman
Published: May 2005

The Cancer Information Service, a telephone information and referral service, was implemented to provide cancer patients, their family members, community physicians, and health professionals access to current information about new methods of cancer detection, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. The use of the service was evaluated over a thirty-six month period by an analysis of more than 20,000 inquiries. Initial findings suggest that the impact of diagnosis and treatment of cancer upon patients and their family members creates needs for information and support not met by patient-physician relationships. Results also suggest that telephone intervention by para-professional counselors can be effective with respect to providing information about cancer and its treatment, as well as limited psychosocial support and referral to available community resources.