bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting fingerprints of landslide drivers: A MaxEnt model
Authors: Convertino M. , Troccoli A. , Catani F.
Published: July 2013

Landslides are important geomorphic events that sculpt river basins by eroding hillslopes and providing sediments to coastal areas. However, landslides are also hazardous events for socio‐ecological systems in river basins causing enormous biodiversity, economic, and social impacts. We propose a probabilistic spatially explicit model for the prediction of landslide patterns based on a maximum entropy principle model (MAXENT). The model inputs are the centers of mass of historical landslides and environmental variables at the basin scale. The model has only three parameters requiring calibration: the threshold for the network extraction, the trade‐off factor between model complexity and accuracy, and the threshold of landslide susceptibility. The calibration on a subset of observations detects the environmental drivers and their relative importance for landslides. We employ the model in the Arno basin, Italy, selected because of its widespread landslide dynamics and the large availability of landslide observations. The model reproduces the size distribution and location of over 27,500 historical landslides for the Arno basin with an accuracy of 86% obtained from the variable‐landslide inference on about 37% of observed landslides. Future landslide patterns are predicted for 17 A1B and A2 rainfall scenarios and for a multimodel ensemble from 2000 to 2100. We show that potential landslide hazard is strongly correlated with variation in the 12 and 48 h rainfall with a return time of 10 years. As the climate gets wetter, the average probability of landslides gets higher which is shown by the landslide size distribution. Hence, the landslide size distribution is a fingerprint of the geomorphic effectiveness of rainfall as a function of climate change. MAXENT is proposed as a parsimonious model for the prediction of landslide patterns with respect to more complex models. The need for very accurately sampled and delineated landslides is lower than for other prediction models. Moreover, the model informs about the drivers of landslides and their relative importance without assumptions on the main triggering factors. This is important to inform monitoring of environmental variables. Our modeling approach can enhance the planning of socio‐ecological systems in river basins by improving the accuracy of landslide prediction in space and time.
Glenohumeral relationships: Subchondral mineralization patterns, thickness of cartilage, and radii of curvature
Authors: Zumstein Valentin , Kraljević Marko , Müller‐Gerbl Magdalena
Published: July 2013

Subchondral mineralization represents the loading history of a joint and can be measured in vivo using computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry. Different mineralization patterns in the glenohumeral joint have been explained by the principle of physiologic incongruence. We sought to support this explanation by measurement of mineralization, radii, and cartilage thickness in 18 fresh shoulder specimens. We found three mineralization patterns: bicentric, monocentric anterior, and monocentric central. Mean radii of the glenoids were 27.4 mm for bicentric glenoids, 27.3 mm for monocentric anterior, and 24.8 mm for monocentric central glenoids. Cartilage thickness measurement revealed the highest values in anterior parts; the thinnest cartilage was found centrally. Our findings support the principle of a physiologic incongruence in the glenohumeral joint. Bicentric mineralization patterns exist in joints consisting of more flat glenoids compared to the corresponding humeral head. Monocentric distribution with a central maximum was found in specimens with glenoids being more curved, indicating higher degrees of congruence, which might represent an early stage of degenerative disease. The obtained information might also be important for implant fixation in resurfacing procedures or to achieve the best possible fit of an osteochondral allograft in the repair of cartilage defects. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1704–1707, 2013
Spontaneous laryngeal reinnervation following chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
Authors: Kupfer Robbi A. , Old Matthew O. , Oh Sang Su , Feldman Eva L. , Hogikyan Norman D.
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To enhance understanding of spontaneous laryngeal muscle reinnervation following severe recurrent laryngeal nerve injury by testing the hypotheses that 1) nerve fibers responsible for thyroarytenoid muscle reinnervation can originate from multiple sources and 2) superior laryngeal nerve is a source of reinnervation.

Study Design

Prospective, controlled, animal model.

Methods

A combination of retrograde neuronal labeling techniques, immunohistochemistry, electromyography, and sequential observations of vocal fold mobility were employed in rat model of chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The current study details an initial set of experiments in sham surgical and denervated group animals and a subsequent set of experiments in a denervated group.

Results

At 3 months after recurrent laryngeal nerve resection, retrograde brainstem neuronal labeling identified cells in the characteristic superior laryngeal nerve cell body location as well as cells in a novel caudal location. Regrowth of neuron fibers across the site of previous recurrent laryngeal nerve resection was seen in 87% of examined animals in the denervated group. Electromyographic data support innervation by both the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves following chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

Conclusions

Following chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in the rat, laryngeal innervation is demonstrated through the superior laryngeal nerve from cells both within and outside of the normal cluster of cells that supply the superior laryngeal nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerve regenerates across a surgically created gap, but functional significance of regenerated nerve fibers is unclear. Laryngoscope, 123:2216–2227, 2013
Connexin 43 and hearing: Possible implications for retrocochlear auditory processing
Authors: Kim Ana H. , Nahm Edmund , Sollas Anne , Mattiace Linda , Rozental Renato
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To examine the relationship between hearing and connexin 43, a dominant gap junctional protein in the central nervous system.

Study Design

Original research.

Methods

Connexin 43 heterozygous mice are used to assess its mutational effect on hearing. Results are compared to controls consisting of connexin 43, wild type and CBA/J mice. Hearing is assessed using auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests. Distribution of connexin 43 in the organ of Corti and the retrocochlear auditory centers (eight nerve, cochlear nucleus, olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, respectively) is examined. Fluorescent markers are used to elucidate cell types.

Results

Mean click auditory brainstem response threshold for the young connexin 43 heterozygous mice (3–4 months) was 36.7 ± 12.6 dB compared to 25 ± 0 dB for control mice (P < 0.05). Mean threshold difference became more pronounced (68 ± 7.5 dB vs. 31 ± 2.2 dB) at 10 months (P < 0.05). Tonal auditory brainstem response testing showed elevated thresholds (>60 dB) at all frequencies (4–32 kHz) compared to the controls. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were present in all the mice, although the older connexin 43 heterozygous mice responded at higher thresholds. The pattern of connexin 43 immunoreactivity was distinctive from connexin 26 and 30, showing minimal presence in the organ of Corti but robustly present in the retrocochlear centers.

Conclusion

Connexin 43 heterozygous mice demonstrated greater degree of hearing loss compared to age‐matched controls. It is abundantly found in the retrocochlear auditory centers. The mechanism of hearing loss in these mice does not appear to be related to hair cell loss.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 123:3185–3193, 2013
Improved wound healing of postischemic cutaneous flaps with the use of bone marrow‐derived stem cells
Authors: Hu Melissa , Ludlow David , Alexander J. Steven , McLarty Jerry , Lian Timothy
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine if the intravascular delivery of mesenchymal stem cells improves wound healing and blood perfusion to postischemic cutaneous flap tissues.

Study Design

Randomized controlled study.

Methods

A murine model of a cutaneous flap was created based on the inferior epigastric vessels. Mice (n = 14) underwent 3.5 hours of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) 1 × 106 were injected intravenously. Wound healing was then assessed measuring percent flap necrosis, flap perfusion, and tensile strength of the flap after a period of 14 days. Localization of BMSCs was determined with radiolabeled and fluorescent labeled BMSCs.

Results

Postischemic cutaneous flap tissues treated with BMSCs demonstrated significantly less necrosis than control flaps (P <0.01). Beginning on postoperative day 5, BMSC‐treated flaps demonstrated greater blood perfusion than untreated flaps (P <0.01). Tensile strength of BMSC‐treated cutaneous flaps was significantly higher (P <0.01), with a mean strength of 283.4 ± 28.4 N/m than control flaps with a mean of 122.4 ± 23.5 N/m. Radiolabeled BMSCs localized to postischemic flaps compared to untreated tissues (P = 0.001). Fluorescent microscopy revealed incorporation of BMSCs into endothelial and epithelial tissues of postischemic flaps.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the intravascular delivery of BMSCs increases wound healing and promotes flap survival following ischemia‐reperfusion injury of cutaneous tissue flaps. Laryngoscope, 124:642–648, 2014
Prediction of Milk/Plasma Concentration Ratios of Drugs and Environmental Pollutants Using In Silico Tools: Classification and Regression Based QSARs and Pharmacophore Mapping
Authors: Kar Supratik , Roy Kunal
Published: July 2013

A large set of 185 compounds with diverse molecular structures and different mechanisms of therapeutic actions was used to develop and validate statistically significant classification and regression based QSTR models for predicting partitioning of drugs/chemicals into breast milk. Pharmacophore mapping was also carried out which showed four important features required for lower risk of secretion into milk: (i) hydrophobic group (HYD), (ii) ring aromatic group (RA), (iii) negative ionizable (NegIon) and (iv) hydrogen bond donor (HBA). QSTR and pharmacophore models were rigorously validated internally as well as externally to check the possibilities of any chance correlation and judge the predictive potential of the models. Pharmacological distribution diagrams (PDDs) were used for the classification model as a visualizing technique for the identification and selection of chemicals with lower partitioning into milk. Our in silico models enable to identify the essential structural attributes and quantify the prime molecular pre‐requisites which were chiefly responsible for secretion into milk. The developed models were also implemented to screen milk/plasma partitioning potential for a huge number DrugBank database (http://www.drugbank.ca/) compounds.
Enriching self‐organizing networks use cases with opportunistic features: a coverage and capacity optimization paradigm
Authors: Karvounas Dimitrios , Vlacheas Panagiotis , Georgakopoulos Andreas , Stavroulaki Vera , Demestichas Panagiotis
Published: July 2013

Self‐organizing networks (SONs) have been introduced into long‐term evolution in order to configure and optimize the network in an autonomic manner. However, in some situations the reconfiguration of the entire network is not the most cost‐efficient solution. Consequently, opportunistic networks have been introduced as operator‐governed, coordinated extensions of the infrastructure that are created dynamically where and when they are needed, exploiting the radio environment. This work proposes an enhanced SON functional architecture (FA) with opportunistic features in order to handle such situations through the manipulation of ONs. In addition, the proposed FA is utilized in a coverage and capacity optimization use case, where small cells are deployed in order to extend the capacity of a macro base station (BS). Users opportunistically exploit the resources (i.e. resource blocks) of the small cells. In addition, the small cells are configured to the optimal power level in order to maximize the users’ throughput without causing interference to the other users. Two different approaches of controlling the interference among the macro BS and the small cells are presented, namely soft constraint and hard constraint cases. Furthermore, apart from maximizing the users’ throughput, emphasis is given to the fairness among the users and on the quality‐of‐service provision through a proper resource allocation. The evaluation proved that when small cells are introduced the system's throughput is increased by 12.76% when the macro BS and the small cells cannot use the same resource blocks simultaneously (hard constraint case) and by 8.25% when the reuse is possible. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Krylov subspace and spectral methods for solving complementarity problems in many‐body contact dynamics simulation
Authors: Heyn Toby , Anitescu Mihai , Tasora Alessandro , Negrut Dan
Published: July 2013

Many‐body dynamics problems are expected to handle millions of unknowns when, for instance, investigating the three‐dimensional flow of granular material. Unfortunately, the size of the problems tractable by existing numerical solution techniques is severely limited on convergence grounds. This is typically the case when the equations of motion embed a differential variational inequality problem that captures contact and possibly frictional interactions between rigid and/or flexible bodies. As the size of the physical system increases, the speed and/or the quality of the numerical solution decreases. This paper describes three methods – the gradient projected minimum residual method, the preconditioned spectral projected gradient with fallback method, and the modified proportioning with reduced gradient projection method – that demonstrate better scalability than the projected Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel methods commonly used to solve contact problems that draw on a differential‐variational‐inequality‐based modeling approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second‐order convected particle domain interpolation (CPDI2) with enrichment for weak discontinuities at material interfaces
Authors: Sadeghirad A. , Brannon R.M. , Guilkey J.E.
Published: July 2013

Convected particle domain interpolation (CPDI) is a recently developed extension of the material point method, in which the shape functions on the overlay grid are replaced with alternative shape functions, which (by coupling with the underlying particle topology) facilitate efficient and algorithmically straightforward evaluation of grid node integrals in the weak formulation of the governing equations. In the original CPDI algorithm, herein called CPDI1, particle domains are tracked as parallelograms in 2‐D (or parallelepipeds in 3‐D). In this paper, the CPDI method is enhanced to more accurately track particle domains as quadrilaterals in 2‐D (hexahedra in 3‐D). This enhancement will be referred to as CPDI2. Not only does this minor revision remove overlaps or gaps between particle domains, it also provides flexibility in choosing particle domain shape in the initial configuration and sets a convenient conceptual framework for enrichment of the fields to accurately solve weak discontinuities in the displacement field across a material interface that passes through the interior of a grid cell. The new CPDI2 method is demonstrated, with and without enrichment, using one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges of using primary care electronic medical records in the UK to study medications in pregnancy
Authors: Cea‐Soriano Lucia , García Rodríguez Luis A. , Fernández Cantero Oscar , Hernández‐Díaz Sonia
Published: July 2013

Purpose

This paper aimed to assess the prescription of medications during pregnancy by primary care physicians in the UK.

Methods

We identified both completed pregnancies and pregnancies losses (ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations, and stillbirths) in women aged 13–49 years enrolled in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) between 1996 and 2010 following an algorithm with three sequential cycles that searched for Read Code groups in hierarchical order: (1) indicators of conception; (2) delivery or pregnancy loss; and (3) other codes suggestive of pregnancy. Completed pregnancies were linked to liveborn infants by means of the family identification number and date of birth. Prescription of specific drugs during the first trimester and time trends during the last decade were calculated.

Results

A total of 191 000 pregnancies were identified, including 148 544 completed pregnancies and 42 456 (22.2%) pregnancies losses (ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations, and stillbirths). Of the completed pregnancies, 131670 (88.6%) were successfully linked with the offspring. The most commonly prescribed drugs were antibiotics, antimycotics, asthma/allergy medications, and analgesics. From 1996 to 2010, the proportion of completed pregnancies with at least one prescription during the first trimester increased for antidepressants (1.8% to 4.2%), thyroid hormones (0.7% to 1.6%), and opiods (1.5% to 2.6%), among other drugs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the prescription of several medications by primary care physicians during the first trimester of pregnancy has risen in the UK during the last decade. We discuss how, when important challenges are considered, THIN may be a promising resource to study specific therapies during pregnancy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stehaufmännchen, Kolumbus‐Eier und ein Gömböc
Authors: Ucke Christian , Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: July 2013

Ein Stehaufmännchen richtet sich von selbst immer wieder auf. Einmal angestoßen, wackelt es als Rollpendel hin und her. Sogenannte Trickeier kann man auf das spitze Ende hinstellen. Sie fallen allerdings nach einiger Zeit um. Das Gömböc ist ein dreidimensionaler, konvexer und homogener Körper mit nur einer stabilen Gleichgewichtslage, ähnlich wie ein Stehaufmännchen. Es wurde erst 2006 von Mathematikern erfunden.
Die dunkle Seite der Galaxienentwicklung
Authors: Lutz Dieter , Sturm Eckhard
Published: July 2013

Mit dem Weltraumobservatorium Herschel wurde erstmals der Großteil des kosmischen Infrarothintergrunds in ferne Galaxien aufgelöst. Ein Vergleich der Eigenschaften dieser fernen Galaxien mit denen naher infrarotstarker Galaxien lässt sich mit dem Konzept einer “Hauptreihe” sich stetig entwickelnder Galaxien erklären. Hierin ändern sich die Eigenschaften vom frühen Universum bis heute durch den sinkenden Gasanteil. Die weitere Entwicklung zu passiven Galaxien wird intensiv untersucht. Aktive Galaxienkerne, in denen sich supermassereiche Schwarze Löcher befinden, könnten hierbei eine Rolle spielen.
Planck misst Licht vom Anfang der Zeit
Authors: Enßlin Torsten A.
Published: July 2013

Das europäische Weltraumteleskop Planck hat die Kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung mit bislang unerreichter Genauigkeit vermessen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen das Standardmodell der Kosmologie, nach dem wir in einem von Dunkler Materie und Dunkler Energie dominierten Universum leben. Darüber hinaus erlauben die Planck‐Daten Einblicke in die allerersten Momente des Universums als der Raum “inflationär” explodierte und Quanteneffekte die Ursprünge für die heutigen kosmischen Strukturen bildeten.
Der Scheinriese im Säulengang
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim
Published: July 2013

Ein Säulengang, der kürzer ist, als er erscheint, lässt Menschen scheinbar wachsen, wenn sie durch ihn hindurchgehen. Die geschickte optische Täuschung eines Architekten aus dem 17. Jahrhundert befindet sich in einem alten Palast in Rom.
‘I know they are distressed. What do I do now?’
Authors: Moorey Stirling
Published: July 2013

Significant advances have been made in our understanding of psychological adjustment to cancer over the last 40 years. Most clinicians now recognise the importance of psychosocial factors and the need for skills in emotional support. In the first phase of psycho‐oncology, pioneering work in the 1970s and 1980s mapped the extent of psychological morbidity in cancer. This has been followed by a second phase where clinical trials have demonstrated that psychological treatments are effective. But although clinicians may feel more confident in identifying distress and listening to the patient, they rarely feel confident that they possess the skills to help. This paper will review the progress through the first two phases and argue that we are now in the third phase where we can begin to examine methods for delivering cost‐effective psychological care. One of these methods is to equip staff with basic skills to understand and manage psychological distress. This paper will also describe a programme over the last 10 years to evaluate the effectiveness and clinical impact of such training for palliative care professionals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technology of carbon nanotubes production in gas mixtures containing carbon monoxide
Authors: Khovavko Alexander , Sviatenko Alexey , Kotov Victor , Bondarenko Borys , Nebesniy Andriy , Filonenko Denis
Published: July 2013

High‐temperature processes of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesis are inherently power‐consuming and also are difficult to manage. The analysis of known technologies of CNTs production shows that the majority of low‐temperature processes, anyhow, are closely related with conversion of hydrocarbons at various temperature regimes. Besides, these technologies differ for applied catalysts and methods of their deriving. Low‐temperature processes, in turn, normally are inefficient and have a low use factor of hydrocarbons. In the present work there were studied new approaches which would give the possibility to continuously receive carbon nanotubes. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Delta(δ)‐doping of semiconductor nanowires
Authors: Zervos Matthew
Published: July 2013

The electronic sub‐band structure of single δ‐layers in GaAs nanowires have been determined via the self‐consistent solution of the Poisson–Schrödinger equations in the effective mass approximation. The spread and sheet density of the δ‐layer were varied systematically between 1–12 nm and 1012–1013 cm–2, respectively. A V‐shaped potential is obtained for a δ‐layer of 8 nm with a sheet density of 8 × 1012 cm–2at the core resulting in strong confinement with just one sub‐band falling below the Fermi level, but complete depletion occurs for smaller spreads and/or sheet densities. In contrast a W‐like potential is obtained across the diameter with three sub‐bands below the Fermi level when the same δ‐layer is positioned half way between the core and surface due to weaker quantum confinement. Finally, δ‐doping at the surface results in a flat‐band potential extending from the core up to the surface and a thinner tunnel barrier suitable for the formation of low‐resistance ohmic contacts and higher carrier mobilities since the charge distribution has a maximum at the core in all of the aforementioned cases. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental Evaluation of Tool and High‐Speed Steel Properties Using Multi‐Functional KIc‐Test Specimen
Authors: Podgornik Bojan , Leskovšek Vojteh
Published: July 2013

Normally, hardness and fracture toughness are used to determine the influence of vacuum‐heat‐treatment parameters and to optimize it for the specific operating conditions of the tool. However, there are also other tool properties which are equally important and need to be taken into consideration. To determine such a wide range of properties different test procedures and different test specimens are required since none of the standard tests alone is capable of providing relevant properties completely. Currently the best overall appraisal of tool and high‐speed steel applicability seems to be a combination of fracture toughness, bending, or compression testing and in specific cases of impact or small‐punch creep test. This paper clearly demonstrates usability of a single KIc‐test specimen for determination of a wide range of properties being important for tool and high‐speed steels, and their vacuum‐heat‐treatment optimization. In the case of ESR AISI M2 high‐speed steel low tempering and austenitizing temperatures are preferable in terms of ductility and toughness, high tempering and lower austenitizing temperatures in terms of bending strength and high‐speed machinability, while high austenitizing and mid tempering temperatures in terms of hardness, compression strength and grindabillity.
Withdrawn: The main pillar: Assessment of space weather observational asset performance supporting nowcasting, forecasting, and research to operations
Authors: Posner A. , Hesse M. , St. Cyr O. C.
Published: July 2013

Key Points

Manuscript assesses current and near‐future space weather assets

Current assets are inadequate for forecasting of severe geomagnetic storms

Near‐future assets will not improve the situation
Assembly of Nickel(II) and Manganese(II) Coordination Polymers based on a Energetic Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acid Ligand
Authors: Wu Rui‐Feng , Zhu Yong‐Ji , Jin Wei
Published: July 2013

The complexes {[Ni(tnbpdc)(H2O)4]·2H2O}n (1) and {[Mn(tnbpdc)(H2O)4]·4H2O}n (2) (tnbpdc = 2, 2′,6, 6′‐tetranitro‐4, 4′‐biphenyl dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized and structurally characterized by IR spectrocopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 adopt monodentate coordination modes and form two‐dimensional layer structures by hydrogen bonds. The thermal results exhibit that both complexes have high thermal stabilities, but different decomposition temperatures owing to the different central metal atoms. They can be applied as novel, structurally correlated heat‐resistant energetic materials.
Modelling urban populations of the Australian White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca) to inform management
Authors: Smith Andrew Charles Michael , Munro Ursula , Figueira Will F.
Published: July 2013

Since the 1970s, populations of the Australian White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca) have dramatically increased in many Australian urban centres. Managers of ibis are currently focusing on limiting this bird's reproductive success in order to reduce population sizes or at least halt further increases in urban areas. Here we use data on nesting success and survival for three populations of ibis around greater Sydney to develop an age‐structured population model. The estimated growth rate for all populations combined was about 1.5 % per year and for individual sites were more variable at −1, −7, and 9 %. For all populations, growth rates were most sensitive (based on elasticity analyses) to the survival of adults and least sensitive to fecundity, especially of 3 year olds. Further exploration of the importance of fecundity rates, which are relatively poorly known for these populations, suggests that rates of <0.4 fledglings per nest per year is very likely to lead to a population decline (λ less than lower bound of 95 % CI). Conversely, positive population growth is nearly assured (λ greater than upper bound of 95 % CI) for fecundities of >0.7 fledgling per nest per year. The results suggest that ibis from other locations (probably their traditional breeding areas in inland Australia) have immigrated into urban environments as estimated growth rates cannot account for current population sizes. Management strategies must take these findings into account and also consider that ibis are declining in their traditional habitats to avoid exacerbating their decline at a regional scale.
The thermoregulatory strategy of two sympatric colubrid snakes affects their demography
Authors: Lelièvre Hervé , Rivalan Philippe , Delmas Virginie , Ballouard Jean‐Marie , Bonnet Xavier , Blouin‐Demers Gabriel , Lourdais Olivier
Published: July 2013

Population dynamics of terrestrial vertebrates are affected by climatic fluctuations, notably in ectotherms. An understanding of the interaction between physiology and demographic processes is necessary to predict the impacts of climate change. Reptiles are particularly sensitive to temperature, but only a few studies have explored the relationship between thermoregulatory strategy and demography in these animals. Using 12 years of mark‐recapture data on two sympatric colubrid snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus and Zamenis longissimus), we tested whether demographic parameters are influenced by contrasted thermoregulatory strategies. The thermophilic and conspicuous species (H. viridiflavus) grew faster than the thermoconforming and secretive species (Z. longissimus), and this difference was most pronounced in open habitats, suggesting that the metabolic benefits associated with high thermal preferences depend on environmental factors at small spatial scales. Survival varied annually in both species, but was not lower in H. viridiflavus despite a higher degree of exposure. In Z. longissimus, survival was negatively affected by low temperatures during the active season, possibly underlying an exposure trade‐off.
The Social Ecology of Resolving Family Conflict Among West African Immigrants in New York: A Grounded Theory Approach
Authors: Rasmussen Andrew , Chu Tracy , Akinsulure-Smith Adeyinka M. , Keatley Eva
Published: July 2013

The current study employs a grounded theory approach to examine West African immigrants’ resolution of parent–child conflict and intimate partner conflict. Data from 59 participants present an interactive social ecological framework, where a lack of resolution at one level results in attempts to resolve problems at higher levels. Four levels are identified within West African immigrants’ problem solving ecology, each with specific actors in positions of authority: individual/dyadic (parents and spouses), extended family (which includes distant relatives and relatives living in home countries), community leadership (non‐family elders and religious leaders), and state authorities. From participants’ descriptions of family challenges emerged a picture of a social ecology in flux, with traditional, socially conservative modes of resolving family conflict transposed across migration into the more liberal and state‐oriented familial context of the United States. This transposition results in a loss spiral for the traditional social ecology, differentially affecting individual actors within families. Implications for helping professionals working with new immigrant communities include identifying variability in openness to adapting structures that are not working well (e.g., patriarchal protection of abusive husbands) and supporting structures known to be associated with well being (e.g., collective monitoring of youth).
The acoustic analogy in an annular duct with swirling mean flow
Authors: Posson H. , Peake N.
Published: July 2013

This paper is concerned with modelling the effects of swirling flow on turbomachinery noise. We develop an acoustic analogy to predict sound generation in a swirling and sheared base flow in an annular duct, including the presence of moving solid surfaces to account for blade rows. In so doing we have extended a number of classical earlier results, including Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings’ equation in a medium at rest with moving surfaces, and Lilley’s equation for a sheared but non-swirling jet. By rearranging the Navier–Stokes equations we find a single equation, in the form of a sixth-order differential operator acting on the fluctuating pressure field on the left-hand side and a series of volume and surface source terms on the right-hand side; the form of these source terms depends strongly on the presence of swirl and radial shear. The integral form of this equation is then derived, using the Green’s function tailored to the base flow in the (rigid) duct. As is often the case in duct acoustics, it is then convenient to move into temporal, axial and azimuthal Fourier space, where the Green’s function is computed numerically. This formulation can then be applied to a number of turbomachinery noise sources. For definiteness here we consider the noise produced downstream when a steady distortion flow is incident on the fan from upstream, and compare our results with those obtained using a simplistic but commonly used Doppler correction method. We show that in all but the simplest case the full inclusion of swirl within an acoustic analogy, as described in this paper, is required.
The rhythm of fountains: the length and time scales of rise height fluctuations at low and high Froude numbers
Authors: Burridge H. C. , Hunt G. R.
Published: July 2013

The magnitude and frequency of vertical fluctuations of the top of an axisymmetric miscible Boussinesq fountain forms the focus of this work. We present measurements of these quantities for saline-aqueous fountains in uniform quiescent surroundings. Our results span source Froude numbers $0. 3\leq {\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} \leq 40$ and, thereby, encompass very weak, weak, intermediate and forced classes of fountain. We identify distinct scalings, based on known quantities at the fountain source, for the frequency of fountain height fluctuations which collapse our data within bands of ${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $. Notably, our scalings reveal that the (dimensionless) frequency takes a constant value within each band. These results highlight characteristic time scales for the fluctuations which we decompose into a single, physically apparent, length scale and velocity scale within each band. Moreover, within one particular band, spanning source Froude numbers towards the lower end of the full range considered, we identify unexpectedly long-period fluctuations indicating a near balance of inertia and (opposing) buoyancy at the source. Our analysis identifies four distinct classes of fluctuation behaviour (four bands of ${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $) and this classification matches well with existing classifications of fountains based on rise heights. As such, we show that an analysis of the behaviour of the fountain top alone, rather than the entire fountain, provides an alternative approach to classifying fountains. The similarity of classifications based on the two different methods confirms that the boundaries between classes mark tangible changes in the physics of fountains. For high ${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $ we show that the dominant fluctuations occur at the scale of the largest eddies which can be contained within the fountain near its top. Extending this, we develop a Strouhal number, ${\mathrm{Str} }_{top} $, based on experimental measures of the fountain top, defined such that ${\mathrm{Str} }_{top} = 1$ would suggest the dominant fluctuations are caused by a continual cycle of eddies forming and collapsing at this largest physical scale. For high-${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $ fountains we find ${\mathrm{Str} }_{top} \approx 0. 9$.
A NOTE ON RESOLVENT CONVERGENCE ON A THIN DOMAIN
Authors: SILVA RICARDO P.
Published: July 2013

In this paper we provide a new proof of strong convergence of resolvent operators associated with boundary value problems on thin domains.
Loving Relationships and Conflicts with Morality
Authors: BREWER-DAVIS NINA
Published: July 2013

Loving another person requires that we set that person apart from others, but morality is often thought to require that we view everyone as equally important. I argue that two approaches to the nature of love, robust concern and special perception, both miss crucial aspects of loving relationships: sensitivity to the beloved’s response, and history of the relationship. Love depends on the beloved’s attitude as well as the lover’s. Shared history as a necessary condition of loving relationships addresses these problems, and points the way to more productive analysis of conflicts between loving relationships and impartiality.
On pre-Tibetan semi-vowels
Authors: Jacques Guillaume
Published: July 2013

The present paper discusses the synchronic status and the origin of the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ in Old Tibetan on the basis of modern Tibetan languages and other Sino-Tibetan languages, in particular Rgyalrong and Lolo-Burmese.
Distribution of English textiles in the Spanish market at the beginning of the 18thcentury
Authors: Fernández-De-Pinedo Echevarría Nadia , Fernández-De-Pinedo Fernández Emiliano
Published: July 2013

This article examines the marketing and distribution of foreign fabric, predominantly English, in the northern sub-plateau of Spain at the beginning of the 18thcentury using information from a fiscal source. The official tax record used in this study was a specific and special tax levied on cloth imported from countries with which Spain was at war. The details of this tax shed more light on a hotly debated topic with respect to transport and networks in modern Spain and make it possible to analyze and quantify the physical volume as well as the value and the destination of textiles.
‘Effects of’ and ‘effects with’ captions: How exactly does watching a TV programme with same-language subtitles make a difference to language learners?
Authors: Vanderplank Robert
Published: July 2013

Ever since Karen Price's ground-breaking work in 1983, we have known that same-language subtitles (captions) primarily intended for the deaf and hearing-impaired can provide access to foreign language films and TV programmes which would otherwise be virtually incomprehensible to non-native-speaker viewers. Since then, researchers have steadily built up our knowledge of how learners may make use of these when watching.

The question remains, however, whether, and to what extent, watching subtitled programmes over time helps develop learners’ language skills in various ways. Perhaps surprisingly, this question of long-term language development has still not been fully addressed in the research literature and we appear to be in a largely ‘confirmatory’ cycle. At an informal level, on the other hand, there are countless stories of learners who have been assisted in learning a foreign language by watching subtitled or captioned films and television.

I shall review the contributions of key research studies to build up a picture of the current state of our knowledge and go on to outline, first, the current gaps in research and, second, some encouraging new approaches to learning by autonomous ‘users’ of foreign-language Internet media and same-language subtitles across languages, now more widely available.
The value of remnant trees in pastures for a neotropical poison frog
Authors: Robinson Darvé , Warmsley Adrienne , Nowakowski A. Justin , Reider Kelsey E. , Donnelly Maureen A.
Published: July 2013

Conversion of natural habitats to anthropogenic land uses is a primary cause of amphibian declines in species-rich tropical regions. However, agricultural lands are frequently used by a subset of forest-associated species, and the habitat value of a given land use is likely modified by the presence and characteristics of remnant trees. Here we used mark–recapture methods to examine abundances and movement probability of the poison frog, Oophaga pumilio, at individual trees in forest-fragment edges and adjacent pastures in north-eastern Costa Rica. One hundred and forty-seven trees were surveyed at three replicate sites that each included a forest fragment and adjacent pasture. Trees were sampled at distances of ≤30 m into forest and ≤150 m into pastures for Oophaga pumilio, and local environmental characteristics were measured at each tree. We also measured indices of physical condition (size and endurance) of frogs captured in forest edges and in nearby pastures. Analyses of 167 marked individuals showed no difference in per-tree abundances or sex ratios between pasture and forest edges. We found significant interactions between habitat type and leaf-litter cover, tree dbh and number of logs, indicating greater influence of local variables on abundances in pastures. Movement among trees was infrequent and not predicted by sex, size, habitat type or environmental variables. While results of endurance tests did not differ for individuals from the two habitats, frogs captured in pastures were, on average, larger than frogs captured in forest edges. These data indicate that remnant trees are important habitat features for O. pumilio in pastures and corroborate research in other systems that suggests that large relictual trees should be retained to maximize the potential for altered landscapes to provide habitat for native species.
Effect of rainfall seasonality on the growth of Cecropia sciadophylla: intra-annual variation in leaf production and node length
Authors: Zalamea Paul-Camilo , Sarmiento Carolina , Stevenson Pablo R. , Rodríguez Manuel , Nicolini Eric , Heuret Patrick
Published: July 2013

Patterns of leaf production and leaf fall directly influence leaf area index and forest productivity. Here, we focused on Cecropia sciadophylla individuals inhabiting the extremes of the gradient in seasonality in rainfall at which C. sciadophylla occurs. In Colombia and French Guiana we compared the intra-annual variation in leaf production as well as the intra-annual fluctuation in internode length on a total of 69 saplings ranging in size from 1 to 2 m. The mean rate of leaf production was ~2 leaves mo−1 in both populations, and the rate of leaf production was constant throughout the year. Our results showed monthly variation in internode length and the number of live leaves per sapling in the seasonal habitat and variation only in internode length in the everwet habitat. Because the rate of leaf production is constant at both localities, the difference in number of live leaves per sapling at the seasonal site must reflect seasonal variation in leaf life span. We show that in Cecropia, internode length can serve as an indicator of precipitation seasonality. Finally an open question is whether leaf production in other pioneer species is also independent of climatic seasonal cues. This information could allow us to link growth and climate of secondary forest species and better understand how past and future climate can affect plant growth trajectories.
Seed rain under the canopies of female and maleMyrsine coriacea, a pioneer tree from the Brazilian Atlantic forest
Authors: Begnini Romualdo Morelatto , Castellani Tânia Tarabini
Published: July 2013

Isolated pioneer trees have been shown to increase the deposition of animal-dispersed seeds. The effect of gender on seed rain has not yet been investigated, and this study aimed to evaluate whether female and male plants of a pioneer dioecious zoochoric tree differ with respect to the seed rain under their canopies. Seed rain was evaluated for 13 mo, from October 2009 to October 2010, in secondary vegetation of the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil. We used 60 seed traps (0.5 m2): 40 traps under the crowns of 40Myrsine coriacea(Primulaceae) trees (20 male and 20 female individuals) and 20 at sites without trees. We found 365071 diaspores belonging to 115 morphospecies from 37 families, and 38.3% of the morphospecies were trees, most of them zoochoric. The female trees accumulated a greater number of diaspores and species richness than male trees. The male trees accumulated a higher number of seeds and species than areas without trees. This study shows that sites containing female and male trees ofM. coriaceaand sites without trees differed significantly in terms of seed rain, and there is a gender effect in this dioecious, pioneer tree species because female plants promote an increase in the richness and abundance of diaspores.
Improving hip fracture care: striving for excellence
Authors: Nandi N , Maddula M , Sahota O
Published: July 2013

Hip fracture is a common and potentially devastating injury that occurs mainly in older people. The incidence is predicted to rise by 30% in the next 10 years alone. Many of those who recover suffer a loss of mobility and independence. There is growing emphasis to improve the care of patients sustaining hip fracture, especially in those with concurrent cognitive impairment. This review focuses on current best practice as well as several key areas of management, including analgesia, anaemia and nutrition. In doing so, we hope to identify interventions that may form the basis of a future Enhanced Recovery Pathway dedicated to hip fracture care.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states and cross-linguistic transfer
Authors: BORODKIN KATY , FAUST MIRIAM
Published: July 2013

This study examined cross-linguistic transfer in oral language skills in a sample of 50 native Hebrew speakers who learned English as a second language. The ability to retrieve phonological forms of words in naming, as manifested by the tendency to experience tip-of-the-tongue states, was correlated across languages. We also found within and across language correlations between this ability and grammatical accuracy, lexical diversity, and syntactic complexity in second language narratives. These findings are consistent with the transfer across languages in oral language skills and provide insights into the processes linking phonological and higher level encoding in production of connected speech.
The margin of appreciation, domestic irregularity and domestic court rulings in ECHR environmental jurisprudence: Global legal pluralism in action
Authors: HILSON CHRIS
Published: July 2013

Global legal pluralism is concerned,inter alia, with the growing multiplicity of normative legal orders and the ways in which these different orders intersect and are accommodated with one another. The different means used for accommodation will have a critical bearing on how individuals fare within them. This article examines the recent environmental jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights to explore some of the means of reaching an accommodation between national legal orders and the European Convention. Certain types of accommodation – such as the margin of appreciation given to states by the Court – are well known. In essence, such mechanisms of legal pluralism raise a presumptive barrier which generally works for the state and against the individual rights-bearer. However, the principal focus of the current article is on a less well-known, recent set of pluralistic devices employed by the Court, which typically operate presumptively in the other direction, in favour of the individual. First, the Court looks to instances of breaches of domestic environmental law (albeit not in isolation); and second, it places an emphasis on whether domestic courts have ruled against the relevant activity. Where domestic standards have been breached or national courts have ruled against the state, then, presumptive weight is typically shifted towards the individual.
EU membership of the WTO: International trade disputes and judicial protection of individuals by EU Courts
Authors: THIES ANNE
Published: July 2013

The European Union (EU) is embedded in a pluralistic legal context because of the EU and its Member States’ treaty memberships and domestic laws. Where EU conduct has implications for both the EU’s international trade relations and the legal position of individual traders, it possibly affects EU and its Member States’ obligations under the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO law) as well as the Union’s own multi-layered constitutional legal order. The present paper analyses the way in which the European Court of Justice (ECJ) accommodates WTO and EU law in the context of international trade disputes triggered by the EU. Given the ECJ’s denial of direct effect of WTO law in principle, the paper focuses on the protection of rights and remedies conferred by EU law. It assesses the implications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) – which tolerates the acceptance of retaliatory measures constraining traders’ activities in sectors different from those subject to the original trade dispute (BananasandHormonescases) – for the protection of ‘retaliation victims’. The paper concludes that governmental discretion conferred by WTO law has not affected theapplicabilityof EU constitutional law but possibly shapes the actualscopeof EU rights and remedies where such discretion is exercised in the EU’s general interest.