bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional investigation of a secreted chorismate mutase from the plant‐parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii in the context of related enzymes from diverse origins
Authors: VANHOLME BARTEL , KAST PETER , HAEGEMAN ANNELIES , JACOB JOACHIM , GRUNEWALD WIM , GHEYSEN GODELIEVE
Published: November 2008

In this article, we present the cloning of Hscm1, a gene for chorismate mutase (CM) from the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. CM is a key branch‐point enzyme of the shikimate pathway, and secondary metabolites that arise from this pathway control developmental programmes and defence responses of the plant. By manipulating the plant's endogenous shikimate pathway, the nematode can influence the plant physiology for its own benefit. Hscm1 is a member of the CM gene family and is expressed during the pre‐parasitic and parasitic stages of the nematode's life cycle. In situ mRNA hybridization reveals an expression pattern specific to the subventral and dorsal pharyngeal glands. The predicted protein has a signal peptide for secretion in addition to two domains. The N‐terminal domain of the mature protein, which is only found in cyst nematodes, contains six conserved cysteine residues, which may reflect the importance of disulphide bond formation for protein stabilization. The C‐terminal domain holds a single catalytic site and has similarity to secreted CMs of pathogenic bacteria, classifying HsCM1 as an AroQγ enzyme. The presumed catalytic residues are discussed in detail, and genetic complementation experiments indicate that the C‐terminal domain is essential for enzyme activity. Finally, we show how the modular design of the protein is mirrored in the genomic sequence by the intron/exon organization, suggesting exon shuffling as a mechanism for the evolutionary assembly of this protein.
Skin tests, T cell responses and self‐reported symptoms in children with allergic rhinitis and asthma due to house dust mite allergy
Authors: Moed H. , Gerth van Wijk R. , De Jongste J. C. , Van Der Wouden J. C.
Published: November 2008

Background
In allergic responses, a distinction is made between an early‐phase response, several minutes after allergen exposure, and a late‐phase response after several hours. During the late phase, eosinophils and T cells infiltrate the mucosa and play an important role in inflammation.

Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between allergen‐induced late‐phase skin responses and in vitro T cell reactivity. In addition, the relationship between allergen‐induced skin or T cell responses and the severity of self‐reported symptoms was studied in children with house dust mite allergy.

Methods
A total of 59 house dust mite‐allergic children (6–18 years) were recruited in general practice. These children or their parents rated their nasal and asthma symptoms on diary cards during 1 month. Allergen skin tests were performed and read after 15 min (early phase) and 6 h (late phase). Allergen‐specific T cell proliferation was determined, and Th2 cytokine (IL‐5 and IL‐13) secretion was analysed.

Results
The size of the late‐phase skin response correlated with in vitro T cell proliferation (rs=0.38, P=0.003) but not with Th2 cytokine secretion (rs=0.16, P=0.2 for both IL‐5 and IL‐13). Moreover, the late‐phase skin response and T cell proliferation correlated with asthma symptoms (rs=0.30, P=0.02 for skin response and rs=0.28, P=0.03 for T cell proliferation) but not with nasal symptoms (rs=0.19, P=0.15 for skin response and rs=0.09, P=0.52 for T cell proliferation). The early‐phase skin response correlated with the nasal symptom score (rs=0.34, P=0.01) but not with asthma symptom scores (rs<0.005, P=0.97).

Conclusion
In this study, the late‐phase skin test response correlated with in vitro T cell proliferation but not with Th2 cytokine secretion. We found weak or no correlations between late‐phase skin responses and symptoms of asthma or rhinitis in children with house dust mite allergy. This suggests that late‐phase skin responses reflect certain T cell properties but are of limited value for the evaluation of airway symptoms in atopic children.
IL‐12p40 is essential for the down‐regulation of airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of bronchial asthma with prolonged antigen exposure
Authors: Onari Y. , Yokoyama A. , Haruta Y. , Nakashima T. , Iwamoto H. , Hattori N. , Kohno N.
Published: November 2008

Background
We previously reported a mouse model of bronchial asthma showing eosinophilic inflammation, but not airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), after prolonged antigen exposure. This model showed an increase of IL‐12 in the lung.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IL‐12p40 in a murine asthma model with prolonged antigen exposures.

Methods
An ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthma model was first established in wild‐type (WT) and IL‐12p40‐deficient (IL‐12p40−/−) mice. Both strains of mice were further exposed to either OVA (prolonged exposure group) or phosphate‐buffered saline (positive control group) 3 days per week for 3 weeks. During week 4, both groups of mice were given a final challenge with OVA.

Results
Prolonged antigen exposures resulted in marked suppression of airway eosinophilia in both WT and IL‐12p40−/− mice. However, AHR persisted in IL‐12p40−/− but not in WT mice. There were no significant differences of IL‐5, IL‐13 or IFN‐γ levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between WT and IL‐12p40−/− mice. The hydroxyproline content of the lung and peribronchial fibrosis were, however, significantly increased in IL‐12p40−/− mice.

Conclusion
The results suggest that endogenous IL‐12p40 is essential for inhibition of AHR and peribronchial fibrosis, but not eosinophilic inflammation, in a murine asthma model with prolonged antigen exposures.
Liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are potent regulators for hepatic Dec1 expression
Authors: Noshiro Mitsuhide , Usui Emiko , Kawamoto Takeshi , Sato Fuyuki , Nakashima Ayumu , Ueshima Taichi , Honda Kiyomasa , Fujimoto Katsumi , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi , Makishima Makoto , Kato Yukio
Published: November 2008

DEC1 (BHLHB2/Stra13/Sharp2)—a basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor—is known to be involved in various biological phenomena including clock systems and metabolism. In the clock systems, Dec1 expression is dominantly up‐regulated by CLOCK : BMAL1 heterodimer, and it exhibits circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)—the central circadian pacemaker—and other peripheral tissues. Recent studies have shown that the strong circadian rhythmicity of Dec1 in the SCN was abolished by Clock mutation, whereas that in the liver was affected, but not abolished, by Clock mutation. Moreover, feeding conditions affected hepatic Dec1 expression, which indicates that Dec1 expression is closely linked with the metabolic functions of the liver. Among ligand‐activated nuclear receptors examined, LXRα and LXRβ with T0901317—agonist for LXR—were found to be potent enhancers for Dec1 promoter activity, and a higher expression level of LXRα protein was detected in the liver than in the kidney and heart. T0901317 increased the levels of endogenous Dec1 transcript in hepatoma cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that LXRα bound to the Dec1 promoter, and an LXRα‐binding site was identified. These observations indicate that hepatic DEC1 mediates the ligand‐dependent LXR signal to regulate the expression of genes involved in the hepatic clock system and metabolism.
Resistance to benzoylphenyl urea insecticides in Australian populations of the sheep body louse
Authors: LEVOT G. , SALES N.
Published: November 2008

Abstract A laboratory bioassay based on the failure of eggs laid by diflubenzuron‐treated sheep body lice Bovicola ovis (Schrank) (Phthiraptera; Trichodectidae) to produce nymphs is described. The test is capable of detecting benzoylphenyl urea‐resistant populations. A susceptible discriminating dose (topical treatment of female lice with 0.10 μg diflubenzuron) suitable for screening suspect resistant populations is suggested but testing of further populations that are naïve to these insect growth regulator insecticides is warranted.
Incursion and range expansion in the bluetongue vector Culicoides imicola in the Mediterranean basin: a phylogeographic analysis
Authors: NOLAN D. V. , DALLAS J. F. , PIERTNEY S. B. , MORDUE (LUNTZ) A. J.
Published: November 2008

Abstract The bluetongue (BT) vector Culicoides imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has undergone widespread range expansion across most of the Mediterranean basin, concomitant with the largest BT epizootic outbreaks on record. Knowledge of the substructure of this vector expansion would be useful for identifying specific source−expansion systems. To this end we analysed the haplotype diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in 273 C. imicola from 88 Mediterranean sites and outgroups. All the C. imicola haplotypes (n = 26) formed a single, distinct clade in comparison with haplotypes of four other species of the Imicola group from southern Africa, confirming C. imicola as a single phylospecies. Haplotype distribution showed extreme differentiation across the Mediterranean basin, with four common haplotypes each predominating in different areas. Eastern and western areas characterized by distinct BT incursions accounted for most of the molecular variance in haplotype composition. Shared common haplotypes identified one area of incursion and expansion encompassing the western half of the Mediterranean basin, with evidence of population growth, and another system encompassing Anatolian Turkey, the Aegean Islands and mainland Greece. A third area of range expansion was identified in the central Mediterranean, with a possible source in Algeria and unsampled parts of central North Africa. We conclude that the expansion of C. imicola in the Mediterranean basin consists of at least three incursions followed by expansions and that the western system experiences conditions promoting high population growth.
Resistance to insect growth regulator insecticides in populations of sheep lice as assessed by a moulting disruption assay
Authors: JAMES P. J. , CRAMP A. P. , HOOK S. E.
Published: November 2008

Abstract Low‐volume, backline applications with the benzoylphenyl urea insecticides triflumuron and diflubenzuron represent in excess of 70% of treatments for the control of sheep lice, Bovicola ovis (Schrank) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae), in Australia. Reports of reduced effectiveness from 2003 and subsequent controlled treatment trials suggested the emergence of resistance to these compounds in B. ovis populations. A laboratory assay based on the measurement of moulting success in nymphs was developed and used to assess susceptibility to diflubenzuron and triflumuron in louse populations collected from sheep where a control failure had occurred. These tests confirmed the development of resistance to triflumuron and diflubenzuron in at least two instances, with estimated resistance ratios of 67–94X at LC50.
Accidental importation of the mosquitoAedes albopictusinto the Netherlands: a survey of mosquito distribution and the presence of dengue virus
Authors: SCHOLTE E.‐J. , DIJKSTRA E. , BLOK H. , DE VRIES A. , TAKKEN W. , HOFHUIS A. , KOOPMANS M. , DE BOER A. , REUSKEN C. B. E. M.
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the summer of 2005, the Asian tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus(Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) was found for the first time in the Netherlands. It was collected on the premises of several horticultural companies that import the ornamental plantDracaena sanderiana(Sparagalus: Dracaenaceae [Agavaceae]), known as Lucky bamboo, from southern China, an area endemic for this mosquito species and for arboviruses transmitted by this vector. Here we report the results of a 1‐year survey of the distribution and vector status ofAe. albopictusin Lucky bamboo nurseries in the Netherlands (July 2006–June 2007). As it had been established previously that the presence of this species was linked to the import of Lucky bamboo, the survey was conducted only on sites owned by relevant import companies. In total, 569 adultAe. albopictuswere collected with mosquito traps from 15 of the 17 (88%) glasshouses used by Lucky bamboo importers, none of which were found to be infected with dengue virus. On two occasions there was evidence thatAe. albopictushad escaped from the glasshouses, but, overall, there was no evidence that a population had become established in the greenhouses or elsewhere.
Generation of Chlamydomonas strains that efficiently express nuclear transgenes
Authors: Neupert Juliane , Karcher Daniel , Bock Ralph
Published: November 2008

The unicellular green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii is both an invaluable model organism for plant biology and an attractive biotechnological production system. Despite the availability of efficient methods for introduction of foreign genes into the nuclear genome of the alga, transgene expression levels are usually very poor. This is a serious limitation that has severely hampered both post‐genomics research in Chlamydomonas and use of the alga in molecular farming. Here we report a solution to this problem. We have designed a genetic screen that facilitates isolation of algal strains that efficiently express introduced transgenes. The levels of accumulation of foreign protein in our expression strains are almost uniformly high in all transgenic clones and are little influenced by position effects. The possibility of expressing transgenes to high levels will greatly facilitate post‐genomics research in Chlamydomonas, and will also boost exploitation of the alga as an inexpensive production host for biopharmaceuticals and other valuable compounds.
Characterization of the ABA‐regulated global responses to dehydration in Arabidopsis by metabolomics
Authors: Urano Kaoru , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Ogata Yoshiyuki , Morishita Yoshihiko , Takeda Migiwa , Sakurai Nozomu , Suzuki Hideyuki , Saito Kazuki , Shibata Daisuke , Kobayashi Masatomo , Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki Kazuko , Shinozaki Kazuo
Published: November 2008

Drought is the major environmental threat to agricultural production and distribution worldwide. Adaptation by plants to dehydration stress is a complex biological process that involves global changes in gene expression and metabolite composition. Here, using one type of functional genomics analysis, metabolomics, we characterized the metabolic phenotypes of Arabidopsis wild‐type and a knockout mutant of the NCED3 gene (nc3‐2) under dehydration stress. NCED3 plays a role in the dehydration‐inducible biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone that is important in the dehydration‐stress response in higher plants. Metabolite profiling performed using two types of mass spectrometry (MS) systems, gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight MS (GC/TOF‐MS) and capillary electrophoresis MS (CE‐MS), revealed that accumulation of amino acids depended on ABA production, but the level of the oligosaccharide raffinose was regulated by ABA independently under dehydration stress. Metabolic network analysis showed that global metabolite–metabolite correlations occurred in dehydration‐increased amino acids in wild‐type, and strong correlations with raffinose were reconstructed in nc3‐2. An integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis revealed ABA‐dependent transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of the branched‐chain amino acids, saccharopine, proline and polyamine. This metabolomics analysis revealed new molecular mechanisms of dynamic metabolic networks in response to dehydration stress.
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of two distinct putrescine N‐methyltransferases from roots of Anisodus acutangulus
Authors: Kai Guoyin , Zhang Yan , Chen Junfeng , Li Li , Yan Xiangming , Zhang Ran , Liao Pan , Lu Xuan , Wang Wei , Zhou Genyu
Published: November 2008

Putrescine N‐methyltransferase (PMT; EC. 2.5.1.53) catalyzes the S‐adenosylmethionine‐dependent N‐methylation of putrescine to form N‐methylputrescine, which was the first committed step in tropane alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. Two PMT cDNA clones [Anisodus acutangulus putrescine N‐methyltransferase 1 (AaPMT1), GenBank Accession No. EU670745; AaPMT2, GenBank Accession No. EU670746] were obtained and characterized together from Anisodus acutangulus for the first time. The full‐length cDNA of AaPMT1 was 1322 bp containing a 1014‐bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 338 amino acids and AaPMT2 was 1219 bp containing a 1041‐bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 347 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of AaPMTs with those from tropane alkaloid‐producing plants revealed that AaPMTs had high similarity with other plants PMT. Phylogenetic tree analysis displayed that AaPMT1 showed extensive homology with PMT from Anisodus tanguticus, and AaPMT2 had closer relationship with PMT2 from Atropa belladonna, which indicated PMTs belonged to PMT superfamily. Southern hybridization analysis of the genomic DNA revealed the occurrence of two PMT copies in A. acutangulus genome. Tissue expression pattern analysis revealed that AaPMT1 expressed strongly in roots, weakly in steams and leaves, besides, AaPMT2 presented a similar weaker trend. It indicated that AaPMTs were constitutive expression genes, which were the first reported tissue‐independent PMT genes compared with other known PMT genes. AaPMT1 expression was upregulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in all tissues, reaching the highest level after 24 h of the treatment. AaPMT2 also exhibited a very similar trend, whereas the expression was much weaker than that in AaPMT1. So, AaPMTs were considered to be MeJA elicitor‐responsive genes and could be effectively elicited at least at the transcriptional level. The work would provide useful knowledge for tropane alkaloids biosynthesis and metabolic engineering to increase the production.
European populations of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera are resistant to aldrin, but not to methyl‐parathion
Authors: Ciosi M. , Toepfer S. , Li H. , Haye T. , Kuhlmann U. , Wang H. , Siegfried B. , Guillemaud T.
Published: November 2008

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of cultivated corn in North America and has recently begun to invade Europe. In addition to crop rotation, chemical control is an important option for D. v. virgifera management. However, resistance to chemical insecticides has evolved repeatedly in the USA. In Europe, chemical control strategies have yet to be harmonized and no surveys of insecticide resistance have been carried out. We investigated the resistance to methyl‐parathion and aldrin of samples from nine D. v. virgifera field populations originating from two European outbreaks thought to have originated from two independent introductions from North America. Diagnostic concentration bioassays revealed that all nine D. v. virgifera field populations were resistant to aldrin but susceptible to methyl‐parathion. Aldrin resistance was probably introduced independently, at least twice, from North America into Europe, as there is no evident selection pressure to account for an increase of frequency of aldrin resistance in each of the invasive outbreaks in Europe. Our results suggest that organophosphates, such as methyl‐parathion, may still provide effective control of both larval and adult D. v. virgifera in the European invasive outbreaks studied.
Short‐Term Antiandrogen Flutamide Treatment Causes Structural Alterations in Somatic Cells Associated with Premature Detachment of Spermatids in the Testis of Pubertal and Adult Guinea Pigs
Authors: Maschio LR , Cordeiro RS , Taboga SR , Góes RM
Published: November 2008

Contents

In spite of widespread application of flutamide in the endocrine therapies of young and adult patients, the side effects of this antiandrogen on spermatogenesis and germ‐cell morphology remain unclear. This study evaluates the short‐term androgen blockage effect induced by the administration of flutamide to the testes of pubertal (30‐day old) and adult (65‐ and 135‐day old) guinea pigs, with an emphasis on ultrastructural alterations of main cell types. The testes removed after 10 days of treatment with either a non‐steroidal antiandrogen, flutamide (10 mg/kg of body weight) or a pharmacological vehicle alone were processed for histological, quantitative and ultrastructural analysis. In pubertal animals, flutamide androgenic blockage induces spermatogonial differentiation and accelerates testes maturation, causing degeneration and detachment of primary spermatocytes and round spermatids, which are subsequently found in great quantities in the epididymis caput. In post‐pubertal and adult guinea pigs, in addition to causing germ‐cell degeneration, especially in primary spermatocytes, and leading to the premature detachment of spherical spermatids, the antiandrogen treatment increased the relative volume of Leydig cells. In addition, ultrastructural evaluation indicated that irrespective of age antiandrogen treatment causes an increase in frequency of organelles involved with steroid hormone synthesis in the Leydig cells and a dramatic accumulation of myelin figures in their cytoplasm and, to a larger degree, in Sertoli cells. In conclusion, the transient exposition of the guinea pigs to flutamide, at all postnatal ages causes some degenerative lesions including severe premature detachment of spermatids and accumulation of myelin bodies in Leydig and Sertoli cells, compromising, at least temporarily, the spermatogenesis.
The impact of endometriosis on work and social participation
Authors: Gilmour Jean A , Huntington Annette , Wilson Helen V
Published: November 2008

Endometriosis is a debilitating chronic disease that can affect many aspects of everyday life owing to symptoms such as pain and fatigue. This paper reports the findings of a study exploring the impact of symptomatic endometriosis on women's social and working life. The study used a feminist approach. Eighteen women were interviewed and a thematic approach used to analyse the data. The analysis is structured around three themes focusing on issues around disclosure of symptoms in the work place; the impact of symptoms on work, education and social participation; and the strategies used by women in the study to manage endometriosis. A range of health and employment implications are discussed in this paper. In particular, nurses can provide useful support to women by careful assessment and prompt referral for diagnostic procedures and by providing timely and comprehensive information, including information about the lifestyle and nutritional factors recommended by women with endometriosis.
Severity of fatigue is related to functional limitation and health in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Theander Kersti , Jakobsson Per , Torstensson Olof , Unosson Mitra
Published: November 2008

Fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In research as well as in clinical practise, fatigue and its influence on functioning and health has not been in focus. The aim of this study was to compare fatigue, functional limitations owing to fatigue and health between patients with COPD and individuals from the general population to assess the differences between patients experiencing no, moderate and severe fatigue. Patients with COPD (n = 151) and individuals from the general population (n = 95) answered questions about fatigue, the Fatigue Impact Scale and the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form‐36. The patients with COPD reported a higher frequency, longer daily duration and more severity of fatigue compared with individuals from the general population as well as more functional limitations and worse health. The patients who reported severe fatigue had more functional limitations and worse health compared with patients reporting moderate fatigue. These results indicate that fatigue severity should be screened for during the nursing care process with purpose to reduce the symptom burden.
Phased‐array transducers for damage detection in aircraft structures*
Authors: PEÑA‐MACIAS J. , PÉREZ M. C. , MARTÍNEZ‐OÑA R. , GÓMEZ‐ULLATE Y. , DE ESPINOSA F. MONTERO , KAWIECKI G.
Published: November 2008

The work outlined in this paper is a part of a wider effort aimed at the development of a built‐in system for real‐time damage detection in aircraft structures. The objective of this study was to show the feasibility of applying low‐frequency phased‐array transducers for damage detection in metallic structures with bonded repairs and, also, in structures made of composite materials. This paper is divided into two main portions: a component dedicated to the monitoring of crack growth under a simulated composite repair and a part describing an introductory study done for composite panels monitoring. The data acquisition system is also described. The results of the study described in this paper indicate that a low‐frequency, built‐in phased‐array system can successfully estimate the length of a crack growing under a bonded repair. Satisfactory results of monitoring simulated defects in composite structures are presented, as well.
SOME COMMENTS ON THE LONG‐TERM RESULTS OF ENDOCRINE TREATMENT OF PROSTATIC CANCER1
Authors: Franksm L. M.
Published: November 2008

Prostatic cancer patients may be divided into three groups. which differ in their response to endocrine treatment. These differences in response may be due to changes in the host or in the tumour cells.

A temporary state of tumour retardation or latency follows endocrine treatment—generally anti‐androgenic—in about 70 to 80 per cent. of all cases of prostatic cancer, but whatever form of treatment is used about 75 per cent. of all cases die within three years. Even in tumours which show a marked response, endocrine treatment does not destroy all tumour cells. Hormone sensitivity therefore is not a property of the tumour as a whole but may vary from part to part of the same tumour.

The original concept of anti‐androgenic treatment does not altogether explain the observed facts. It is possible that endocrine treatment controls only the residual normal element in prostatic cancer cells.
PHæOCHROMOCYTOMA OF THE BLADDER1
Authors: Pugh R. C. B.
Published: November 2008

Phæochromocytoma of the bladder is a very rare tumour which is of considerable clinical importance as it may be an unsuspected cause of hypertension or the “adrenal sympathetic” syndrome. Because of the frequency of hsematuria as a symptom, the tumour may mimic one of the commoner forms of bladder neoplasm. Manipulation or operative removal is not without risk to the patient as there is the possibility of severe hypotension occurring when the tumour is handled.
KIDNEY HOMOTRANSPLANTATION IN THE HUMAN
Authors: Shackman Ralph , Dempster W. J. , Wrong O. M.
Published: November 2008

Seven human kidney homotransplantations carried out at Hammersmith Hospital since January 1961 are reported in detail.

 Together with twenty‐nine relevant cases recorded by other writers the successes and failures have been defined and analysed.

 With the proviso that the maximal reported follow‐up period is only three and a half years, complete success may be claimed for two patients; one is well three and a half and another two and a half years after homotransplantation. The fact that both successes occurred in non‐identical twins may be significant.

 Partial success, meaning that an individual's life has been significantly prolonged by homotransplantation, has been achieved in seven cases; one patient in the Hammersmith Hospital series is at work two years after the homotransplantation. Renal functional deterioration, not necessarily fatal, subsequently occurred in six; death ascribed to malignant metastases occurred in one.

 Immediate failure occurred in nine cases and was associated with vascular thrombosis in six, ischaemic necrosis of a cadaver kidney in one, “humoral” shut‐down with cortical necrosis in one, and acute tubular necrosis in one.

 Early failure, within five days, occurred in nine cases and was associated with vascular thrombosis in five.

 Infection and haemorrhage, sometimes occurring concomitantly, have been prominent complications: infection occurred in twelve instances and haemorrhage in nine.

 While it is not unreasonable to anticipate immediate success in a majority of cases of human kidney homotransplantation, early and late failures due to thrombosis, infection, haemorrhage, or renal functional deterioration, a manifestation of rejection, may vitiate the achievement.
EXPERIENCE WITH URETERO‐ILEOSIGMOIDOSTOMY
Authors: Houtappel H. C. E. M.
Published: November 2008

Uretero‐ileosigmoidostomy has been performed in twelve patients without operative mortality and with few post‐operative complications. This series is too small and the observation period of eight of the twelve patients too short to allow a well‐founded judgment to be made. The method certainly has theoretical and probably practical advantages over ureter implantation into the intact colon. The fact remains, however, that 50 per cent. of the patients require sodium citrate to preserve the alkali reserve and that regurgitation of sigmoid contents into the loop seems to be possible, at least during the early post‐operative period.
Acute Hypertension and Perirenal Haematoma— A New Aspect of Page's Syndrome
Authors: LINGÅRDH GUNNAR , SCHÖNEBECK JAN
Published: November 2008

Chronic hypertension induced by perirenal constrictive processes is known from experimental studies as well as from clinical experience. In this report we present 2 cases of acute hypertension induced by massive perirenal haematoma, in 1 case as a complication following pyeloplasty, in the other as a complication following percutaneous renal biopsy.

Since the shock may be masked by the hypertension (and operation thereby postponed) it is essential to be aware of this syndrome.
The Management of Urinary Fistulae following Cadaveric Renal Transplantation
Authors: BROCKIS J. G. , GOLINGER D. , HAYWOOD E. F. , HOUSE A. K. , HURST P. , SAKER B. , MERWYK A. VAN
Published: November 2008

Vesicoureteric, ureteric and calyceal fistulae in cadaver transplants may be successfully treated by early exploration and nephrostomy splintage with silastic tubing for a period of not less than 6 weeks.
Procidentia and Ureteric Obstruction
Authors: RIDDLE P. R. , SHAWDON H. H. , CLAY BARBARA
Published: November 2008

3 cases of renal failure, due to procidentia, presenting as emergencies are described. The upper urinary tracts of 4 asymptomatic patients with procidentia were investigated; dilatation was found in 1 instance only.

We would like to thank Miss A. Bigby and Mr Harron Thomson for allowing us to study the latter cases in this presentation, also Dr D. A. L. Bowen who performed the autopsy on the second case: and Dr F. Pygott who stimulated us to collect and publish this series.
An Improved Surgical Technique for Intra‐vesical Resection of Bladder Diverticula
Authors: COLODNY ARNOLD H.
Published: November 2008

A technique for the resection of bladder diverticula which lessens the chance of injury to the ureter, vas deferens or the innervation of the bladder is described.
False Cytodiagnosis of Bladder Malignancy due to Previous Radiotherapy
Authors: COWEN P. N.
Published: November 2008

Results from a urological cytodiagnosis service indicate that it is not possible to distinguish with any degree of certainty malignant from non‐malignant irradiated urothelial cells in urine.

It is stressed, therefore, that when urine specimens are sent for cytological examination, details of any previous irradiation should be given to the cytologist.
Non‐parasitic Chyluria (presenting with Urinary Retention)
Authors: TAYLOR T. V. , STRACHAN A. W. B. , ISHERWOOD I. , MOORE THOMAS
Published: November 2008

Two cases of non‐parasitic chyluria are presented each presenting with retention of urine.

Abnormal communications in both cases have been demonstrated lymphangiographically. The thoracic ducts were patent and there was no evidence of filariasis.

Surgical removal of the anomalous dilated lymphatics was carried out, the patients being symptom‐free at 7 and 10 years.

The two cases seem to have lymphatic malformations which may be the basis of the disorder.
The Urodynamic Assessment of Adult Enuresis
Authors: TORRENS M. J. , COLLINS C. D.
Published: November 2008

Urodynamic analysis has revealed a high proportion of uninhibited bladder activity in adult enuresis. There was no associated neurological deficit to explain this abnormality. There was no correlation between the various diurnal symptoms and the presence of uninhibited bladder contractions. Enuresis was associated with obstructive uropathy in only 6% of cases. Some evidence has also been presented to support the concepts of ectopic sensory receptors and abnormal sphincter inhibition.

A review of the problem of pathogenesis has suggested four main areas of possible abnormality:

1. A sensory lesion producing inadequate or delayed appreciation of bladder activity.

2. Cortical and subcortical dysfunction because of inadequate arousal or defective maturation of subconscious inhibition.

3. A congenital or acquired upper motor neurone lesion causing an uninhibited bladder.

4. A similar or related lesion causing an over‐inhibited sphincter.

These factors probably always occur in varying combinations. Because of the lack of association between symptoms, signs and objective measurements, there is a strong case for relating diagnosis, prognosis and treatment to urodynamic assessment.
Hydrocolpos
Authors: GALVIYA U. D. , HOWELL D. G. , MCMAHON M. J. , MOGG R. A.
Published: November 2008

The method of presentation and problems in diagnosis of 3 cases of hydrocolpos are discussed.

The anatomy and embryology of the abnormality is described.

The methods of treatment and results are outlined.
Constituents of Urinary Calculi containing Struvite
Authors: SUTOR D. JUNE
Published: November 2008

In a collection of 615 stones containing struvite and in which the sequential deposition of the constituents from the nucleus to the surface had been determined, other substances were found to follow a marked deposition of struvite in 139 cases. In 122, the compound was accompanied by struvite, in 16, struvite was replaced by it and in 1, both types of deposition had occurred in different layers. All urinary stone constituents could accompany struvite and many could replace this compound.
The Long‐term Management and Social Consequences of Ureterosigmoid Anastomosis
Authors: MCCONNELL J. B. , STEWART W. K.
Published: November 2008

It is regrettable that while the recognised complications of ureterosigmoid anastomosis—recurrent urinary tract infection, and acidosis—can be avoided and obstructive uropathy can be recognised early and so treated, the operation frequently condemns the patient to a restricted life with an unpleasant ritual of bowel frequency and incontinence. It seems that the lack of awareness of this bizarre life‐style and the occasional true successes have allowed the operation to remain in use.

Our experience confirms the unpredictability of the end result of ureterosigmoid anastomosis and suggests that the operation should be largely abandoned, in favour of the conduit type procedure.
Transperitoneal Ureterolithotomy
Authors: BOSE T. K. , SHAW RICHARD e.
Published: November 2008

The transperitoneal approach to the pelvic ureter has many advantages over the extraperitoneal technique for ureterolithotomy but the operation is safe only if contamination of the peritoneal cavity is avoided by establishing extraperitoneal drainage after closing the incision in the peritoneum over the ureter.
Urological Complications following Aortofemoral Bypass Graft
Authors: WALLIJN E. , RENDERS G. , VEREECKEN L.
Published: November 2008

3 cases of ureteric obstruction secondary to aortic femoral bypass grafting are presented.

This complication has been infrequently reported and we feel that it may be more common than is recognised.

In all other published cases the ureter lay behind the prosthesis but the authors present a surgically proved case where the ureter lay in its normal position.

The aseptic vascular reconstructive surgical procedures are to be preferred to ureteric reconstruction.
The Influence of Vesical Distension on Urethral Resistance to Flow: the Collecting Phase
Authors: GHONEIM M. A. , FRETIN J. A. , GAGNON D. J. , SUSSET J. G.
Published: November 2008

Using female dogs, changes in the urethral pressure profile in response to vesical distension were studied. It was noted that during the collecting phase there was an increase in the amplitude of the profile tracing.

These experiments revealed that this increase is not mediated through an autonomic reflex and does not reflect a significant enhancement of a‐adrenergic activity. These changes are mainly due to increased tension of the urethral muscle, secondly to detrusor stretch.
Suprapubic Prostatectomy combined with Vesico‐urethroplasty
Authors: MAGRI J.
Published: November 2008

A new look at the operation of suprapubic prostatectomy is suggested in view of the continuing substantial morbidity associated with traditional techniques.

The proposition is that a reconstructive as distinct from a simple ablative operation is possible, notwithstanding long‐standing beliefs to the contrary. The writer goes on to outline the principles, and to describe and illustrate in detail the steps in a new technique of prostatectomy combined with a urethroplasty, which uses full‐thickness bladder wall flaps to provide immediate epithelial cover for the denuded surfaces of the prostatic urethra.

The theoretical advantages of such a technique are borne out by the results in the first 400 cases so treated, which are contrasted with those from a comparable personal series of 200 retropubic prostatectomies and other representative series.
Iglesias Resectoscope with Continuous Irrigation, Suction and Low Intravesical Pressure
Authors: IGLESIAS JOSE J. , SPORER ANDREW , SEEBODE JOSEPH J.
Published: November 2008

A resectoscope with continuous irrigation, suction and low intravesical pressure is described.

Advantages of this instrument include: no interruption, better endoscopic vision by a continuous clear inflow of more than 600 ml per min, a constant intravesical pressure less than 10 mm Hg during the resection, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and no more wet floor and wet surgeon.

Since the entire amount of irrigating fluid is collected, blood loss can be calculated and the amount of absorption determined.
Urinary Pathogens in the Male
Authors: MASKELL ROSALIND , PEAD LINDA , HALLETT R. J.
Published: November 2008

Evidence is presented that the pathogens causing urinary infection in boys differ significantly from those causing infection in girls and in adult males. Studies of the prepuce flora in boys known to have had urinary infection and in matched controls suggest that the focus of infection is in the preputial sac or urethra, rather than the bowel as in girls. It is suggested that the difference in infecting organisms in boys and in adult males may be related to prostatic secretion.
The Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry: 10 Years On
Authors: GACHES C. G. C. , MILLER K. W. , ROBERTS J. B. M. , SLADE N.
Published: November 2008

The reasons for the initiation and the basic structure of the Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry have been discussed.

The detailed follow‐up data on those patients clinically at “renal risk” has been noted, with a demonstrably low incidence of proven bacterial infection, no radiological progression and minimal interference with pregnancy.

Satisfactory and reassuring information has thus accrued for the first time in a particular group of patients with often severe recurrent symptoms.
The Technique and Results of Pyelocalycotomy for Staghorn Calculi
Authors: TEPHENSON T. P. , BAUER S. , HARGREAVE T. B. , WARWICK RICHARD TURNER
Published: November 2008

In 10 kidneys treated by the sinus approach the overall recurrence rate was 40%.

In 48 kidneys treated by pyelocalycotomy the overall recurrence rate was 17% but only 6% in functioning kidneys with infective stones.

Infection was controlled in 75 % of patients from whom all stone fragments were removed radiologically but all patients in whom fragments remained, or who developed further calculi, remained infected—with Proteus in 75 % of cases.

All patients with kidneys completely cleared of calculi in whom infection was controlled remained stone‐free for periods of up to 10 years.
Acute Urinary Retention in the Female
Authors: DORAN J. , ROBERTS MICHAEL
Published: November 2008

The causes of acute urinary retention in the female are discussed in relation to 103 cases recorded over a 3‐year period.

The authors feel that the findings are at variance with traditional teaching on the subject. Rather than being very rare the condition is found, in fact, to be not uncommon. It is found to occur postoperatively and following childbirth. Gynaecological and neurological lesions are reaffirmed as important causes and pathology within the urinary tract is found to be a more frequent component than is usually appreciated. Our findings do not support the view that hysteria is a common cause of acute urinary retention in females.
The Effect of Adrenergic Blocking Drugs on Outflow Resistance
Authors: WHITFIELD H. N. , DOYLE P. T. , MAYO M. E. , POOPALASINGHAM N.
Published: November 2008

Alpha blockade at a dose which produces minimal cardiovascular effects causes a significant fall in the urethral pressure profile in man.

No change in profile height has been seen following the administration of a beta blocking drug in a dose producing cardiovascular changes of a similar order of magnitude.
Flat Carcinoma in situ of Bladder
Authors: RIDDLE P. R. , CHISHOLM G. D. , TROTT P. A. , PUGH R. C. B.
Published: November 2008

36 patients with flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder have been reviewed.

Those with widespread disease usually presented with dysuria or obstructive outflow tract symptoms and radical surgery appeared to give better results than radiotherapy. However, when the lesion was confined to small areas of the bladder mucosa, haematuria or pain were the main presenting symptoms and a conservative approach seemed justified.

It is suggested that the term flat carcinoma in situ be used for this lesion whose behaviour differs significantly from that of the commoner papillary or invasive tumours. The pathological appearances are to be reported elsewhere in full.
The Ultrastructure of Human Male Urethral Stricture
Authors: SINGH M. , SCOTT T. M.
Published: November 2008

Biopsy material was examined from 20 urethral strictures at the time of urethroplasty, using ultramicroscopic methods not hitherto applied to the study of the pathogenesis of stricture. Abundant smooth muscle and elastic tissue was found in the post‐inflammatory strictures. The scar tissue from post‐traumatic strictures merely showed dense collagen.

An anatomical basis for the well known difference between the fibrous and the resilent stricture is demonstrated, and the role of smooth muscle in the development and behaviour of strictures is discussed.
Bifid Urethra with Pre‐anal Accessory Track (Y Duplication)
Authors: WILLIAMS D. INNES , BLOOMBERG S.
Published: November 2008

Bifid urethra with a pre‐anal or perineal accessory track (Y duplication) is an abnormality insufficiently recognised and its true anatomy may be overlooked. 9 cases are reported together with a description of an operative correction.
Transplantation of Interstitial Cells of the Testis: Effect of Implant Site, Graft Mass and Ischaemia
Authors: BOYLE PAULINE F. , FOX M. , SLATER D.
Published: November 2008

Autotransplantation of testicular tissue was performed in inbred mice to subcutaneous trunk, ear lobe and intraperitoneal sites.

The results were assessed after 3 months by determining the weights of seminal vesicle and penis and by the histological appearances of the grafts and seminal vesicles.

Intraperitoneal implantation produced maximal effects and as little as 5 mg of testicular tissue could be grafted with demonstrable androgenic action on the host.

Spermatogenic tissue atrophied in all cases but interstitial cells were shown to survive and function 3 months after subcutaneous grafting following 48 hours ischaemia at 3°C, 12 hours at 21°C and 3 hours at 37 °C.
Antireflux Ureterocystostomy at the Vertex of the Bladder
Authors: BRADIĆ I. , PASINI M. , VLATKOVIĆ G.
Published: November 2008

This is the first report on the technique and the results of an antireflux ureterocystostomy in the vault of the bladder.

During the last 3 years, a total of 106 antireflux ureterocystostomies at the vertex of the urinary bladder has been performed.

In 93 cases without another preceding antireflux operation, only 2 (21%) recurrent refluxes were found, whereas in 13 cases where an antireflux operation had been performed previously, 4 cases of recurrent reflux were seen, making a 30% rate of operative failure in this particular group. In all other cases the end result was excellent; the urine has become negative on culture and the dilatation of the ureter has subsided.
The Effect of Chlorhexidine Irrigation of the Bladder in the Rat
Authors: HARPER W. E. S. , MATZ L. R.
Published: November 2008

Rats' bladders were irrigated with aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate 1 : 5,000 or 1 : 10,000 for varying periods up to 48 hours. Histologic examination of the bladders showed severe erosive cystitis in a high percentage of cases.

It is concluded that chlorhexidine cannot be recommended for prolonged irrigation of the bladder or for instillation during intermittent catheterisation where chlorhexidine has repeated and prolonged contact with bladder mucosa.
Diphosphonate Therapy in Nephrocalcinosis
Authors: MCCREDIE D. A. , POWELL H. R. , ROTENBERG E.
Published: November 2008

The inhibiting effect of diphosphonates on calcification in tissues has led to their successful use i n conditions associated with abnormal calcification, such as niyositis ossificans (Bassett et al., 1969; Cram et al., 1971; Weiss, Fisher and Phang, 1971; Russell of et al., 1972) and Paget's disease of bone (Smith, Russell and Bishop, 1971; Altman et al., 1973; Russell et al., 1974). In vitroexperiments have shown that diphosphonates inhibit the crystallisation of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate from solutions of these salts (Francis, 1969; Fraser et al., 1972) and the discdium salt of ethane I‐hydroxy‐1.1‐diphosphonate (EHDP) inhibited the formation of calcium stones in rats with experimental nephrolithiasis (Fraser et al., 1972). Few clinical studies have been reported on the use of diphosphonates in human stone‐formers or patients with nephrccalcinosis, but it appears that inhibition of crystal growth may be obtained (Ohata and Pak, 1973; Baumann et al., 1974; Robertson et al., 1974). Whilst Uttley et al., (1975) have recently reported the use of diphosphonates in 3 children with ectopic calcification in skin and subcutaneous tissues, their use in children with renal calcification has not been reported to our knowledge.

This paper presents results obtained with the use of EHDP in 4 children with nephrocalcinosis over a 13‐month period. Preliminary results of these studies have been previously presented (McCredie, Powell and Rotenberg, 1974).
Influence of Vesico‐ureteral Reflux on the Response to Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Female Children
Authors: FAIR WILLIAM R. , GOVAN DUNCAN E.
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this article is to present data on 3 groups of female children, comprising a total of 169 patients, who were followed through successive episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI) with respect to recurrence of infection. Specifically, the authors will consider: (a) the influence of vesico‐ureteral reflux on the recurrence rate of infection and (b) whether or not surgical correction of reflux influenced the rate of infection.