bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Factors in Behavioral Variability
Authors: Richert Alphons J. , Donley Brian
Published: September 2011

The effects of situation, sex, and four cognitive abilities on the variability of behavior both within and across two social situations were examined. 12 male and 13 female undergraduate subjects interacted with a female accomplice in two interpersonal situations. Behavioral variability was derived from codings of videotapes of the subjects' behaviors. The person-situation interaction was central, and there were also important effects for sex; women tended to be less variable. Significant negative correlations were found for variability in behavior, both within and across the two situations, with divergent production of behavioral systems. Cognition of behavioral relations also showed significant correlation with variability within the more unusual of the two interpersonal situations. The other two cognitive ability variables did not show any significant relationships to behavioral variability. The results are discussed in terms of the integrative functions of systems and the relative differentiation of the experimental situations as opposed to naturally occurring situations.
Counselor's Recognition of Factors in Lethality of Suicide
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Wurtz Philip J.
Published: September 2011

Counselors' recognition of factors in lethality of suicide was studied using the same scale of factors as was used in Holmes and Howard's study of other professional groups. 15 professors of counselor education, 12 post-secondary counselors, 47 secondary-level counselors, and 20 elementary-level counselors completed an examination of signs of suicide. The data for each of these groups are presented and analyzed and show counselors' recognition to be equal to those of social workers and ministers.
Relationship between Reading Scores on the Wide Range Achievement Test and the Gilmore Oral Reading Test in Young Children
Authors: Hollensworth Rita , White Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the reading scores of children ages 7 to 9 yr. on the Wide Range Achievement Test and the Gilmore Oral Reading Test was investigated. The 50 children (37 males and 13 females) had a mean age of 8.6 yr., and a mean grade placement of 2.98. They obtained a mean grade level reading score of 3.27 on the achievement test and 2.26 on oral reading (accuracy). Although the correlation between the two scores was .87, 47 of the children scored higher on the achievement test. As the difference between the mean scores on the two tests was significant, it appears that the two measures produce neither identical nor interchangeable information.
Acquisition of Living Skills by Chronic Patients as a Function of Type of Reinforcement
Authors: Denicola Joseph A. , Stone Anthony , Anker James
Published: September 2011

Current skills-training programs designed to enhance appropriate social behavior of schizophrenics almost exclusively employ positive social reinforcement. However, previous research has demonstrated that schizophrenics are more influenced by mildly aversive consequences than by positive social reinforcement. The present study examined the impact of praise and censure contingencies in a simulated job interview. It was found that observing a model receive censure for inappropriate behavior, and not praise, produced gains in performance for chronic psychiatric inpatients, 22 men and 18 women.
UCLA Loneliness Scale and Effects of Stress
Authors: Schill Thomas , Toves Carmen , Ramanaiah Nerella
Published: September 2011

This study sought to determine how successfully lonely and non-lonely subjects (UCLA Loneliness Scale) cope with recent stressful life events. Correlational analysis indicated the higher the loneliness score the more emotional and somatic complaints were indicated on the Cornell Medical Index Form N2.
Effects of Experienced Success or Failure on Self-Esteem and Problem-Solving Ability
Authors: Craparo John S. , Hines Regina P. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of experienced success or failure on self-esteem and problem-solving ability were studied. 54 female subjects aged 18 to 22 yr. were tested. Two manipulative tasks were performed on pairs in which both either experienced success, failure, or in mixed pairs where one experienced success and the other failure. After the manipulation of success or failure each subject was asked to complete an amended version of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. The subjects were then asked to solve 10 five-letter anagrams following a 14253 pattern. Two 2 × 2 factorial analyses of variance were performed on self-esteem scores and anagram performance. The main effects of success and failure were significant, successful subjects had high self-esteem and solved more anagrams than subjects who failed. No interaction between subjects' success and partners' success occurred. Expectancies about performance, cognitive dissonance, and social comparison processes are discussed.
Comparison of Progressive Relaxation Training and Practice Sessions Using the Adjective Generation Technique
Authors: Fox Robert , Joy Vernon L. , Rotatori Anthony F.
Published: September 2011

The Adjective Generation Technique was used to evaluate and compare progressive relaxation training and practice sessions for one female client. The subject acquired the relaxation skills and maintained them at 3 mo. follow-up. Changes in the referral complaint were also reported. The clinical advantages of using the technique over traditional anxiety scales were described.
A Magnitude Estimation Scale for Human Values
Authors: Cooper Donald R. , Clare Donald A.
Published: September 2011

This article describes the development and testing of a format for ratio magnitude estimation in the study of human values. This new format provides results which are free from the analytical constraints inherent in the typical ranking procedures followed in the Rokeach Value Survey. After showing that the new format produces comparable test-retest measures of stability to those obtained by Rokeach, the superior analytical possibilities offered by the magnitude-estimation approach are illustrated.
Prediction of Job Satisfactoriness and Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Haywood Gerald D.
Published: September 2011

A five-variable regression equation was developed to predict the job satisfactoriness of 146 secondary teachers as perceived by their principals; the model was then cross-validated on a calibration sample of 146 teachers. The screening sample gave a multiple R of .476, which held on cross-validation to .38. Best predictor was job satisfaction, followed by certification status, time of decision to teach, marital status, and GPA. A similar procedure attempted to build a model to predict job satisfaction but was not successful with these six variables.
Job Satisfaction as a Function of Personality-Job Congruence: A Study with Jungian Psychological Types
Authors: Rahim Afzalur
Published: September 2011

The study tested the hypothesis that congruence between personality and occupational environment has a favorable influence on job satisfaction. Personality and job satisfaction were measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Brayfield and Rothe's Index of Job Satisfaction, respectively ( N = 586). The occupations were classified as technical, intellectual, and social. The results did not provide support for the hypothesis. But personality characteristics, such as extravert-introvert and judging-perceiving, did influence job satisfaction irrespective of occupations.
Attitudes toward Laetrile in Relation to Death Anxiety and Experience with Cancer in the Family
Authors: Salter Charles A. , Templer Donald I.
Published: September 2011

Three questionnaires concerning previous experiences and attitudes toward Laetrile were given to 68 college students and 44 professors. The hypothesis that individuals with greater anxiety would believe more strongly in the efficacy of Laetrile was supported. Positive attitudes toward Laetrile's effectiveness correlated significantly with higher death anxiety ( r = .25, p < .02), higher anxiety about cancer ( r = .25), and having a death from cancer in the extended family ( r = .26). None of these variables correlated significantly with attitudes toward Laetrile's legalization, a statistically independent measure.
On the Relationship between Extraversion and Aggression
Authors: Frost Barry P.
Published: September 2011

The similarities (with respect to the relationships between the extraversion and aggression dimensions) between two studies using quite disparate samples and ages (11-yr.-old normal school children and adult hospital patients) are noted.
Interpersonal Cognitive Differentiation and Drug of Choice
Authors: Penrod James H. , Epting Franz , Wadden Thomas A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between drug abusers' level of interpersonal cognitive differentiation and preferred drug of abuse was explored. 30 subjects completed a drug-history questionnaire which provided information on the pattern and extent of drug use. Interpersonal cognitive differentiation was assessed with a modified form of Kelly's grid repertory test. Depressant abusers were significantly less differentiated than stimulant abusers. Cross-validation with a larger sample would make more interesting the implications which are discussed in the context of earlier studies.
A LA Recherche De L'Emotion Perdu
Authors: Strongman K. T. , Beatson C. A.
Published: September 2011

Open-ended interviews were conducted with 29 subjects who were encouraged to describe in whatever way they wished any personal emotional experiences they could remember. The taped records of the interviews were analysed to determine the number of experiences recalled, the period of life from which they came, their emotional tone, and the descriptive mode used. Results were considered with respect to cultural restraints on the discussion of emotional experience.
Factor Analysis of the Cohen Fear of Success Scale
Authors: Daniels Jack L. , Alcorn John D. , Kazelskis Richard
Published: September 2011

Responses from 501 college freshmen to the Cohen Fear of Success Scale were factor analyzed. Six primary factors were initially identified; however, when more stringent selection criteria were applied, only 15 items included within five of the six factors could be retained. Implications for further research and utilization of Cohen's scale are discussed.
Forecasting Summative Evaluation from Formative Evaluation: A Double Cross-Validation Study
Authors: Wolfe Mary L.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to forecast performance on midterm and final examinations from performance on the weekly quizzes which preceded these examinations. Data from 37 students in a Master's level course in nursing research design suggest that, although performance on a weekly quiz is a significant predictor of both midterm and final examination scores, the former prediction appeared to be more effective than the latter. It is possible that by the second half of the semester, students have learned to use the results of weekly quizzes to modify their study habits, and hence to change the forecast. Implications for instruction include teaching students to use the results of formative evaluation early in the semester.
Gender Differences in Managerial Values
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Munson J. Michael
Published: September 2011

Possible gender differences in the personal values of business students (100 men, 49 women) and corporate recruiters (72 men, 30 women) were investigated using England's (1967) Personal Values Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant gender differences for the value items associated with business goals, groups of people, general topics, and personal characteristics. It is suggested that many of these differences may be associated with occupational position. Managerial implications, as well as areas for future research, are discussed.
Remarks on Scoring Androgyny as a Single Continuous Variable
Authors: Strahan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Properties of two newly proposed, continuous measures of psychological androgyny are discussed in relation to an androgyny-relevant measure previously described. The difficulties of reflecting the construct of androgyny in a single variable are noted, and a combination of masculinity and femininity measures, through analysis of variance or multiple regression procedures, is recommended.
Correlations among Scores on WISC-R and Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Tests for Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Pfeiffer Steven I.
Published: September 2011

Pearson correlations between standard scores on the WISC-R and Woodcock-Johnson tests for 77 learning disabled subjects ( M age = 9.5 yr.) showed Reading, Mathematics, and Written Language scores were positively and significantly related to the Verbal subtest scaled scores and Verbal IQs. Scores on Reading and Mathematics were similarly related to the WISC-R Full Scale IQs. The practical significance of these findings is discussed.
Analysis of Children's Self-Drawings as Related to Self-Concept
Authors: Fu Victoria R.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the utilization of self-drawings as a measure of children's self-concepts. The subjects were 1599 9-, 10-, and 11-yr.-old girls. Each subject drew a picture of herself and responded to a self-concept scale. The data do not offer consistent or conclusive support for the hypothesis that self-drawings are indicative of self-concepts. Further study of the validity of self-drawings as an indicator of self-concept is needed.
Death Anxiety: Comparison of Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Suicidologists, and Funeral Directors
Authors: Pepitone-Arreola-Rockwell F.
Published: September 2011

Death anxiety levels of 130 psychiatrists, 57 psychologists, 31 suicidologists, and 8 funeral directors in California were compared through a mail survey. The hypothesis that psychiatrists would have the highest death anxiety levels because their suicide rates are high was not supported. However, this study provides baseline data for levels of death anxiety for the four occupational groups; psychologists showed the highest levels of death anxiety.
Taped Vocalization as a Reinforcer of Vocal Behavior in a Siamang Gibbon (Symphalangus Syndactylus)
Authors: Haraway Maury M. , Maples Ernest G. , Tolson Steve
Published: September 2011

The experiment demonstrated operant control of the vocal behavior of an adult male siamang by using taped vocalizations of wild siamangs as the reinforcer. The procedure consisted of 38 sessions divided into five phases. Baseline (three sessions): taped vocalizations were presented continuously until the subject made two vocal responses, then were terminated entirely. Operant 1 (five sessions): following elicitation of vocal behavior, taped vocalizations were presented contingently on any vocal response by the subject. Operant 2 (nine sessions): a 5-min. elicitation period preceded the onset of the contingency period. Discrimination-extinction (12 sessions): the 5-min. elicitation period was followed by an extinction period in which no taped answering calls were presented. Reconditioning (nine sessions): the procedure was identical to that for Operant 2. During all phases, the session continued until the subject ceased emitting vocal responses. Mean times spent calling for the last three sessions of each phase were: Baseline, 0.0 (min.); Operant 1, 1.60; Operant 2, 6.50; Discrimination-extinction, 3.56; and Reconditioning, 6.71. The results represent the operant control of a prepotent, species-typical pattern of behavior by use of a reinforcing stimulus that is specifically relevant to that behavior.
The Sleep of Older Subjects Fifteen Years Later
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

The EEG sleep of 5 subjects originally recorded in their early 50s was recorded 15 yr. later in their mid-60s. Increased within-sleep awakenings were present and shorter sleep stages. A modified slow wave scoring system resulted in an increased amount rather than the previously established decline in slow wave sleep with aging. Interpretive cautions necessary in extended-time studies are noted. Reliability of awakening measures across time was seen.
Fallacy of the Distribution of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Duffy John C.
Published: September 2011

It is pointed out that it is fallacious to expect alcohol consumption to follow any particular statistical distribution. Emphasis on the distribution of alcohol consumption in research is therefore misguided.
Behavioral Referents for Molar Ratings of Heterosocial Skill
Authors: Royce W. Stephen
Published: September 2011

A linear modeling technique was used to identify valid behavioral referents of molar heterosocial skill ratings in both men and women. Videotapes of the heterosocial interactions of 30 men and 30 women representing a wide range of skill were shown to untrained peers who made molar heterosocial skill ratings and supplied lists of the behavioral cues they believed to be useful in discriminating skillful and unskillful subjects. The most widely endorsed cues were then scored for their rates of occurrence in the target subjects' interactions, and multiple regression analyses were used to construct linear models of behavioral referents for the molar heterosocial skill ratings. Highly skilled men were those who kept their gaze up, asked questions, and used appropriate hand gestures. Highly skilled women were those who kept their gaze up, made eye contact, and avoided speaking too softly.
Effects of Induced Mood on Retrieval of Personal Episodic and Semantic Memories
Authors: Madigan R. J. , Bollenbach A. K.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the effects of induced moods on memory retrieval. In the first experiment, subjects read statements which induce temporary elation or depression and then recalled specific personal memories. Subjects in the elated condition rated their memories significantly more pleasant than subjects experiencing a depressed mood. In a second experiment, subjects who had read elated or depressed statements gave single-word associates to each of 15 stimulus words. The mean ratings for the associate words produced by subjects in the elated condition were significantly more pleasant than those from depressed subjects.
An Exploratory Survey of the Development of a Vietnamese Stereotype
Authors: Borresen C. Robert
Published: September 2011

A survey, administered to 1,580 individuals, concerned: (1) knowledge about the Vietnamese, (2) responsibility toward the Vietnamese, and (3) attitudes toward the Vietnamese. With regard to Part 1, none of the items predicted attitudes; however, in Part 2, three items significantly predicted attitudes. These items seem to relate to a general factor of social concern rather than a sense of responsibility toward the Vietnamese. The attitudinal data (Part 3) indicated a relatively positive attitude toward the Vietnamese much like attitudes toward Chinese and Japanese.
Effect of Group Heterogeneity on Quality of Task Solutions
Authors: Aamodt Michael G. , Kimbrough Wilson W.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were placed into groups on the basis of either trait homogeneity or heterogeneity with the other group members and were given a group task to complete. The results indicated group answers of superior quality when the group was composed of heterogeneous individuals rather than homogeneous individuals.
Locus of Control, Repression-Sensitization, and Interpersonal Causality
Authors: Spring Richard , Khanna Prabha
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between repression-sensitization and multidimensional locus of control, particularly as these variables relate to a third variable, the attribution of causality in interpersonal relationships. 41 male psychiatric inpatients were employed as subjects, of whom 18 were from an acute general inpatient unit and 23 were from an alcohol and drug unit. Eight independent variables were considered. There were eight dependent variables which were derived from an attribution measure devised for this study. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the variable having the most predictive power with respect to causal attributions was the subsample which the subject represented. A second analysis excluding subsample considerations showed that Levenson's Powerful Others scale was positively correlated with Internal-Positive attributions. Other significant correlations between the various measures were examined.
Clark-Trow Orientation, Use of Student Services, and Potential Transfer by Morning and Evening College Students
Authors: Little Gregory L. , Murrell Patricia H.
Published: September 2011

68 students from four first-semester classes in English showed students' orientations on the Clark-Trow typology were related to attendance and transfer. Factors influencing behavior were identified.
Choosing a Help-Giver: Sex of Subject, Type of Problem, Age of Helper, and Relationship of Helper to Subject
Authors: Martin Robyn , Bonasera F. Natalie , Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 1 20 male and 20 female undergraduates responded to questionnaire items requiring choice between two types of advisors for help in solving two types of problems. Subjects chose either a lower- or upper-classman as the help-giver when the hypothetical problem was either related to personal adjustment or academics. Subjects preferred younger advisors for personal problems and older advisors for academic problems. 20 undergraduates with siblings (10 male, 10 female) and 20 undergraduates without siblings 10 male, 10 female) in Exp. 2 responded to questionnaire items requiring choice between two types of advisors (parent, peer) for help in solving two types of problems (moral, career). When moral decisions were involved, male subjects with siblings and female subjects without siblings showed no preference; however, females with siblings and males without siblings preferred peers over parents. When career decisions were involved, parents were preferred. These findings suggest that help-seeking and choosing an advisor are behaviors that can be predicted by personal and situational factors.
Comparison of Three Intellectual Screening Tests in a Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: O'Bannon R. Michael , Rickard Henry C.
Published: September 2011

Scores from three brief intellectual screening instruments were compared with WAIS IQs. The Quick Test, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Revised Beta, and the WAIS were administered to 70 clients of a vocational rehabilitation center. All IQ estimates from the brief measures correlated highly with WAIS IQs. The Quick Test and the Peabody significantly underestimated the WAIS Verbal IQ. No differences were found between any of the brief measures and the WAIS Performance Scale or Full Scale. The Quick Test showed the greatest agreement with the WAIS when clients were classified into categories of intelligence based on their test scores.
Locus of Control and Self-Concept in a Status Offender Population
Authors: Friedberg Robert D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between locus of control and self-concept for 24 status offenders who were administered the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale. The results supported the hypothesis of a negative correlation between a high self-concept and an external locus of control ( r = –.62). Implications for clinicians were discussed.
Styles of Creativity: Test-Score Correlations between Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Carne G. C. , Kirton M. J.
Published: September 2011

A reading of the manual for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator left it unclear whether it measures, inter alia, level or style of creativity, whereas the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory specifically purports to measure style but not level. Comparison of both manuals and instruments led the authors to the view that there were significant correspondences between the two tests. The present paper reports the results of the use of both Indicator and Inventory with a sample of experienced management students, yielding statistically significant moderate correlations between the Kirton Inventory and two of the four Myers-Briggs dimensions. It seems clear, therefore, that to the extent that the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures creativity, it is style rather than level that it is measuring.
Vocational Interests of Substance Abusers
Authors: Collins Hardin A. , Smith Arthur E. , White W. Glenn
Published: September 2011

The vocational interests of male polydrug, alcohol, and heroin abusers were compared using the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory. Findings indicated that the form of substance abuse is not related to occupational preference. When compared with tradesmen-in-general, substance abusers are more interested in verbal, aesthetic, people-oriented, and feminine kinds of activities. Interpretations are made in the context of John Holland's theory of personal orientations and occupational environments.
Maternal Expectancies for Achievement, IQ, and Autonomous Achievement Motivation in Kindergarten Children
Authors: Touliatos John , Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between maternal expectancies of achievement and autonomous achievement motivation in children as moderated by IQ. Subjects were 67 white kindergartners and their mothers. Autonomous achievement motivation was assessed with Veroff's resumption technique, and IQ was measured by the Kuhlman-Anderson Intelligence Test. Mothers' expectancies for achievement were obtained through home interviews using an adaptation of the Parental Development Timetable. Moderated regression analyses indicated a significant interaction for maternal expectancies of achievement and children's IQs. A bivariate regression plot indicated that under conditions of low maternal expectancies, children with high IQs express greater autonomous achievement motivation than children with lower IQs. No differences were found between the two groups of children for conditions of high maternal expectancies.
Sex Differences in Motive to Avoid Success on Competitive or Cooperative Action
Authors: Yamauchi Hirotsugu
Published: September 2011

To find out the factorial dimensions among achievement-related motives (motive to approach success, motive to avoid failure, and motive to avoid success) and to provide information about the relation of the motive to avoid success to cooperative action 62 male and 62 female subjects were administered ARM Scale. Four factors were extracted by the principal-factor analysis from the correlation matrix, and the factors were rotated by a normalized varimax criterion. Two of these factors contained the motive to avoid success. Four factor scores were computed for each subject using the varimax factor weights obtained in the factor analysis. Sex differences in each factor score were not significant. The number of cooperative actions on Prisoner's Dilemma Game was defined as a score of cooperative tendency. Sex differences in the mean cooperative score were not significant. It is interesting to note, however, that the relationships between the denying attitude for attaining success and the cooperative tendency were significant for females but not for males.
Target-Setting Self-Control for Smoking
Authors: Hills A. A.
Published: September 2011

Modification of smoking behaviour was studied in a 3 × 2 factorial design, one of the variables being the setting of targets in the treatment procedure either by self or therapist ('self vs ‘therapist-paced') and the other was of Health Locus of Control. 60 subjects were recruited to take part in an 11-wk. programme of smoking reduction. ‘Therapist-paced’ target setting was considered to have considerable potential as a way of modifying existing self-control programmes with the emphasis more on therapist's intervention or direction.
Validity of the Positive Behavior Subscale of the Social Performance Survey Schedule in a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Lowe Michael R.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has provided support for the validity of the Social Performance Survey Schedule, a 100-item self-report measure of social skill. However, the scale has separate positive (Part A) and negative (Part B) behavior subscales, the validity of which has not been adequately assessed. The present study examined the validity of the Part A subscale with psychiatric inpatients by comparing scores with an objective measure of social activity, judges' ratings of social skill, and several self-report measures. The results generally supported Part A's validity. The influence of social desirability on Part A scores was discussed and future directions for research were suggested.
Comparative Validity of Simple and Residualized Difference Scores
Authors: Williams Richard H. , Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Apart from some anomalous exceptions which are not likely to occur in testing practice, the predictor-criterion validity of simple difference scores is greater than, less than, or equal to that of residualized difference scores depending on whether the correlation between observed pretest and posttest scores is greater than, less than, or equal to the ratio of the standard deviations of pretest and posttest scores.
Evaluation of Experimenter as a Method of Reducing Vascular Stress
Authors: Larkin Kevin T.
Published: September 2011

To validate a verbal measure of aggression, a replication of a study by Hokanson and Burgess (1962b) was conducted. 32 introductory psychology students were frustrated during a timed mental task by the experimenter. Systolic blood-pressure measurements indicated a significant elevation following the frustration. 16 subjects who completed a questionnaire evaluating the experimenter following the frustration were able to reduce vascular elevations to baseline readings. 16 control subjects, who completed a self-evaluation questionnaire instead of the experimenter-evaluation instrument, maintained significantly higher systolic blood-pressures.
Comparison of Responses by Normal and Deviant Populations to Louisville Behavior Checklist
Authors: Tarte Robert D. , Vernon Chuck R. , Luke David E. , Clark Hewitt B.
Published: September 2011

Clinical assessment has been presented in the literature as involving extensive time and resources. Unfortunately, the realities of a comprehensive mental health clinic and private practice typically require well-focused, relatively short-term interventions, which in turn dictate that the assessment be brief and assist in the identification of the target problems as early as possible. This study provided an extension of previous standardization of a behavior checklist to ensure its relevance to current urban society and its appropriateness for application to a broad range of children's and adolescents' clinical problems. Based on this study, as well as previous validation research, the Louisville Behavior Checklist appears to represent an important clinical assessment for use by therapists, program evaluators, and administrators of community mental health centers and private practice.
Effect of Incentives and Personal Contact on Response Rate to a Mailed Questionnaire
Authors: Shackleton V. J. , Wild J. M.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports a study comparing the efficacy of financial incentive and personal contact in facilitating response to a mailed questionnaire. For 89 partially sighted school leavers the combination of factors significantly increased the speed of return of the questionnaires but did not affect the eventual response rate. The results highlight the limitations of single-variable studies of response-rate facilitators.
An Empirical Test of ‘A Cultural Delusion of Alcoholics’
Authors: Heather Nick , Winton Maurice , Rollnick Stephen
Published: September 2011

A study by Schaefer (1971) has been misreported as showing a relationship between alcoholics' beliefs and their behaviour when only a relationship between two beliefs had been demonstrated. Schaefer found that alcoholics who believed in the “first drink, then drunk” dictum were less likely to profess to be able to drink socially. The present study extends this finding by demonstrating that such alcoholics were less likely to be classified as harmfree drinkers 6 mo. following termination of abstinence-oriented treatment.
Validity of Role-Playing Tests and Self-Predictions of Assertive Behavior
Authors: Rakos Richard F. , Mayo Michael , Schroeder Harold E.
Published: September 2011

Relationships were explored among self-predictions of assertive behavior in specific situations, actual behavior in identical situations, and role-playing tests in similar situations for two negative assertiveness response classes. Consistent with earlier research, role-playing assessments were minimally predictive of in vivo assertiveness. This minimal relationship was generally consistent for both males and females at high, medium, and low levels of assertiveness. In contrast to some earlier research, self-predictions of assertive responses were generally inaccurate with respect to behavior in role playing.
Type a Behavior and Eastern versus Western Belief Systems of a U. S. A. Sample
Authors: Stensrud Robert , Gilgen A. R. , Koloc Anne
Published: September 2011

Type A behavior pattern was studied in relation to Eastern and Western belief systems. 40 subjects whose over-all belief systems were Eastern demonstrated a small negative correlation with a Type A behavior pattern. Those more Eastern in their orientations toward society and toward themselves scored significantly lower on the Type A behavior scale than 40 subjects who were more Western in their orientation.
Cognitive Orientation, Identified Curative Factors, and Depression as Predictors for Treatment Outcomes in Group Therapy Programs for Alcoholism
Authors: Zastowny Thomas R. , Trimborn Sharon , Janosik Ellen , Milanese Evelyne
Published: September 2011

Four group therapy programs for alcoholism were studied to identify patient-therapy combinations which fostered positive treatment outcomes. For 42 alcoholics patients' cognitive orientations, depression levels, and identified curative factors were found to be important mediating conditions for outcome.
Machiavellian and Achievement Orientations among Foreign and American Master's Students in Business Administration
Authors: Okanes Marvin M. , Murray L. William
Published: September 2011

The Mach IV scale and the Mehrabian test of achievement orientation were administered to 185 students in two accredited programs for Masters of Business Administration. Of these, 70% were from foreign countries. An across-countries analysis of scores on both tests was applied to students from Algeria, Iran, the Philippines, Taiwan, and the United States. An analysis of similarities and differences based on cultural factors is provided. Predictions for each of the five countries derived from hypotheses generated on the basis of cultural background were confirmed more often for Mach scores than for achievement scores.
Processing of Formal Complaints against Psychologists
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Linford Orma
Published: September 2011

The multiplicity of procedures for dealing with formal complaints against psychologists is subjected to a critical review and analysis in the context of an in-depth case study. It is evident that there are sources of confusion and hazards for both the client-plaintiff and the therapist-defendant in the current network of professional, administrative, and legal procedures. Recommendations for changes are presented.
Age Differences in Perceptions of the Common Cold and other Ailments and Discomforts
Authors: Thumin Fred J. , Wims Earl
Published: September 2011

Perception of the common cold and other discomforts was studied as a function of age by conducting telephone interviews with a systematic random sample of 430 respondents residing in the St. Louis Metropolitan area. Information was obtained on the frequency and duration of colds, the symptoms and treatments of colds, and on the perceived severity of various discomforts. Older individuals had fewer colds than younger individuals and suffered relatively little head congestion, fever, and fatigue. In treating colds, older respondents tended to stay home, whereas younger individuals more often drank fluids and used Contac. As compared with younger respondents, older respondents perceived the two-day intestinal flu and having a wisdom tooth pulled to be relatively less serious, but a sprained ankle as relatively more serious. Implications were noted for the medical practitioner and consumer psychologist.
Aggression in a Competitive Task
Authors: Hynan Michael T.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the construction and validation of a competitive task which uses a new apparatus designed for the study of aggression. A variety of personality measures were answered by 144 male and female university students before they participated in the task. During the task three independent variables (instrumentality of aggression, sex of aggressor, and sex of target) were manipulated to determine the comparability of the results with past research. Instrumental shocking occurred more frequently than non-instrumental (hostile) shocking, and males shocked more than females. A factor analysis of the personality measures produced a factor, Repression vs Expression, which represented a dimension of aggressiveness and accounted for 18% of the variance in hostile shocking. The competition paradigm was shown to provide a valid index of hostile aggression while minimizing deception and risk to subjects.
Pattern Running under a 4NR Schedule in Acquisition
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

In an alleyway, rats were run to a 4NR schedule, four non-reinforced trials followed by a reinforced trial. Better pattern running occurred with small than with large magnitude of reward in acquisition training.
Acquisition of Morphological Rules: Effects of Frequency of Item-Type and Rehearsal Strategy in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Braunstein Harriet M. , Peacock Kari S. , Soloko Joan M. , Tippit Susan L.
Published: September 2011

Paired-associate items which followed an association rule were presented in a mixed list with a smaller number of irregular items which deviated from the rule but were presented for study more frequently. On test lists new stimulus items were presented for which the correct response followed the rule. In learning the items 30 subjects were instructed to use either maintenance rehearsal or elaborative operations. The prediction that the elaboration strategy would facilitate performance was confirmed. However, the expectation that maintenance rehearsal would produce equal ease of learning on irregular items was not upheld. All subjects performed best on irregular items, probably because they were more frequently presented and contained unusual response elements which may have stood out.
Average Competence, Variability in Individual Competence, and Accuracy of Statistically Pooled Group Decisions
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Owen Guillermo , Feld Scott L.
Published: September 2011

We correct propositions advanced by Sattler in 1966 on the accuracy of group judgments as a function of the mean competence and distribution of competence of group members. We provide the special distributions which, for fixed total group competence, minimize/maximize group majority rule accuracy. We also show how group majority competence can be above/below that of group mean competence.
Image of Self, Schoolmates, Parents, and Adults among Wolof Adolescents
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

This study investigated 695 Wolof secondary school students' (176 girls, 519 boys, age range from 17 to 20 yr.) perception of self, family, comrades and adults in general by a questionnaire. (a) Subjects were twice less worried about their physical appearance than about their psychological makeup. (b) Subjects' criticisms were levelled mainly at adults in general and less at themselves. (c) There was a greater concern for the family's poverty and a preference for perfect harmony at home. (d) Kindness was the most appreciated quality in comrades. (e) Concerning adults, opinion was evenly divided. Some appreciate their advice and kindness, others hate their vices and intolerance; however, when requested to choose between a status of adolescence or of adulthood, subjects anticipated fear of the heavy responsibilities of adults often coupled with a thirst for independence, a desire to keep up their families, and have their own families as well.
An Emerging Contingency, the Stepfamily: Review of Literature
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Soper Barlow
Published: September 2011

This review is a noncritical annotated listing of items in the literature on the stepfather, stepmother, stepchild, and stepfamily. Implications for counseling are discussed.
Adjustment to Aging and Relationships with Offspring
Authors: Davidson William B. , Cotter Patrick R.
Published: September 2011

Structured interviews were conducted with 83 older people to determine the role of adult offspring in adjustment to aging. Satisfaction with the length of visits with offspring was significantly related to elderly people's well-being and so was having multiple friendships. Implications were drawn about how these two social networks—family and friends—can be used as support systems for married and widowed elderly persons.
Persons Who Most Impress Gifted Youth
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Lee Leta A.
Published: September 2011

A study of the persons who most impressed gifted youth was conducted with 125 gifted students enrolled in a summer residential program. Students were asked to indicate the person who most impressed them and to include the reason(s) why that person was chosen. The most frequently chosen category of individuals was family members (44.8%), then persons doing a specific job (15.2%), comrades or friends (12.8%), persons in the world of arts and culture (12%), political/historical figures (8.0%), sports figures (4.8%), and moral and religious personalities (2.4%).
Wechsler Subtest Differences between Prisoners and Patients, with Intelligence as a Moderator Variable
Authors: Saunders David R.
Published: September 2011

787 prisoners are compared with 1400 hospitalized patients, using the Personality Assessment System scoring of the Wechsler subtest battery and stratifying the data by intelligence. A clear pattern of over-all results emerges, but this is not uniformly replicated across four levels of intelligence.
Concept Acquisition and School Progress: An Examination of the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts
Authors: Piersel Wayne C. , McAndrews Tom
Published: September 2011

The relation of performance on the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts to kindergarten readiness skills and first grade achievement was investigated (70 females and 53 males). The correlations indicated strong positive relationships between kindergarten entry level skills, skill acquisition, and achievement in first grade.
Selecting Intelligence Tests for Studies of Dyslexic Children
Authors: Stanley Gordon , Smith Glen , Powys Adrienne
Published: September 2011

Teachers were asked to select control children of comparable general ability to dyslexic children in their classes and differences between these two groups were examined. Manual Expression from the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Ability, Picture Completion, and Block Design from the WISC-R did not differ across groups. Picture Arrangement and Object Assembly from WISC-R showed differences between migrants and Australians but not between dyslexics and controls. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Comprehension from WISC-R showed differences for both the migrancy and dyslexia variables. Cattell Culture-fair, Visual Association from the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Ability, and Mazes from WISC-R showed differences only between 45 dyslexics and 53 controls. The difficulty in determining the appropriateness of specific tests to determine specific learning disability is discussed.
Further Considerations of the Phenomenology of Proxemics
Authors: Ford J. Guthrie , Maloney Marynell
Published: September 2011

Subjective distance is the individual's experience of a particular objective interpersonal distance. In the present experiments, this distance was measured by subjects positioning two inanimate forms at a separation distance they judged as identical to an actual social spacing preceding the measurement task. In Exp. 1, subjective distances for 30 males and 30 females were assessed following a condition of inappropriate spatial closeness; the subjects significantly underestimated the objective interpersonal distance. This replicated an earlier finding despite the fact that the method of measuring subjective distance was dramatically altered. The consistency of this finding provided some validity for the subjective-distance construct. In Exp. 2, a cognitive reappraisal of close interpersonal spacing by 20 subjects significantly reduced the underestimation effect of Exp. 1. A theoretical analysis of the subjective distance data emphasized perceived size as a salient psychological cue to distance perception in a proxemic situation.
Insulators against Stress: Self-Esteem and Assertiveness
Authors: Petrie Keith , Rotheram Mary Jane
Published: September 2011

Self-esteem and assertiveness were examined as personal attributes which insulate firefighters from high occupational stress. The personal stress of 106 firemen ranked from firefighter to battalion chief was assessed using self-report measures of somatic stress symptoms, trait anxiety, and occupational stress. The stress measures were highly correlated and reflected a generalized stress reaction. Stress did not vary with length of time on the job, age, rank, or factors in the personal lives of employees such as marital status, marital satisfaction, income, or the number of children. However, path analysis indicated that self-esteem and assertiveness were significantly inversely related to stress, with assertiveness contributing to self-esteem and self-esteem being directly related to stress.
Some Characteristics of Apollonian and Dionysian Dimensions of Economic Theories
Authors: Krus David J. , Kennedy Patricia H.
Published: September 2011

A scale based on analysis of Milton and Rose Friedmans' book Free to Choose was constructed and interpreted within the framework of the Apollonian-Dionysian, West-East dimensions of preferred cognitive styles and value categories. Implications of societal endorsement of the Friedmans' concepts were discussed with respect to economic policies and favored ideological climate.
Occupational Stress, Satisfaction, Physical Well Being, and Coping: A Study of Homemakers
Authors: Ivancevich John M. , Matteson Michael T.
Published: September 2011

A number of major studies of occupational stress have examined purportedly highly stressful jobs such as air traffic controllers, police officers, and military personnel. Little is known about the stress, satisfaction, and physical well-being associated with the job of homemaking. The present study examined the question: Are homemaking tasks more stressful, less satisfying, and more physically upsetting for full-time or part-time homemakers? A total of 307 randomly selected full-time and part-time homemakers answered the research question. In general, full-time homemakers are more stressed by children, domestic work conditions, and role issues than part-time homemakers. The part-time homemakers were more stressed by the lack of sharing in tasks exhibited by spouses or others than were the full-time homemakers. Generally both groups were satisfied (measured by the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire) with the homemaker job. A few differences were found in physical health and well being but no distinct pattern of superiority of one group over the other was identified. Some suggestions for future research on homemakers are presented.