bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced emulsion capacity and gel properties of bighead carp myofibrillar protein through interaction with fresh maize bran arabinoxylan extracted by complex enzymes
Authors: Ma Fumin , Cai Xiang , Lv Wenxin , Lu Yaqi , Yin Jiayu , Duan Cuicui , Li Xiaolei , Li Dan
Published: August 2024

Bighead carp has the largest production amount among freshwater fish in China, but its physicochemical properties change rapidly with the denaturation of their myofibril protein (MP). The protein–polysaccharide complexes have shown interesting physicochemical properties as stabilisers and emulsifiers. In this study, arabinoxylans (AXs) were prepared and mixed with bighead carp MP to form a composite gel. The effect of AXs on the thermal stability, emulsification and emulsion stability of the composite gel was investigated. The results showed that fraction precipitated by 60% ethanol (F60) and by 90% (F90) improved the denaturation temperature of bighead carp MP from 65.99 °C to 67.39 °C and 68.22 °C, respectively. The emulsifying capacity of F60 (0.54 m2 g−1) was similar to that of sucrose (0.52 m2 g−1). The effect of F90 on the emulsion stability of bighead carp MP was better than that of F60. The elasticity of bighead carp MP was improved by F60 and F90. The hydroxyl group interactions, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic forces exist between the macromolecules. AXs of fresh maize bran could prevent protein denaturation and improve the emulsion capacity and gel properties of bighead carp MP.
In vitro and in vivo effects of pectin‐type polysaccharides isolated from crabapples (Malus prunifolia) on inflammatory colitis models
Authors: Shin Hyun Young , Kim Yeon Suk , Kim Hoon , Lee Kyung‐Haeng , Bae Yun‐Jung , Moon Sung‐Kwon , Shin Kwang‐Soon , Suh Hyung Joo , Yu Kwang‐Won
Published: August 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory effects of polysaccharides extracted from crabapples (Malus prunifolia; MP) in vitro and in vivo. Crabapples were subjected to hot water extraction to obtain MP‐HW, which was further separated into low (MP‐L) and high molecular weight (MW) (crude polysaccharide; MP‐CP) fractions by ethanol precipitation. Based on MW distribution, general composition, component sugars, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, MP‐CP was identified as a pectin‐type polysaccharide rich in galacturonic acid with an MW of 106.2 kDa. MP‐CP inhibited the production and mRNA expression of proinflammatory factors in an IL‐1β‐treated intestinal epithelial cell model. In addition, MP‐CP significantly alleviated the body weight, disease activity index score, colon length, and spleen weight in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis. The MP‐CP‐treated group showed effective regulation of the expression of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin A than the DSS‐treated group. Haematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue staining revealed that MP‐CP alleviated inflammatory manifestations and mucin expression in the intestinal lumen. Collectively, pectin‐type polysaccharides isolated from crabapples may be used as a new functional food and pharmaceutical agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory colitis.
Effect of proteins and gums on rheology of rice flour, quality characteristics and estimated glycaemic index of low amylose rice gluten‐free penne
Authors: Sriwichai Wichien , Rittisak Sriwiang , Savedboworn Wanticha , Prasajak Patcharee , Moongngarm Anuchita , Photinam Ratchaneeporn , Suksomboon Anocha , Detchewa Pakkawat
Published: August 2024

Gluten‐free rice penne (GFRP) was developed from low amylose rice flour by incorporating egg white protein, soy protein isolate, guar gum and xanthan gum to produce penne with low estimated glycaemic index (eGI). The rheology of rice flour, textural properties, cooking quality, resistant starch (RS) and eGI of GFRP were investigated. Addition of proteins and hydrocolloids increased the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″). Rice gel with proteins and hydrocolloids formed a stronger and more elastic gel than the control, with highest G′ observed in rice gel with 5% egg white protein and 1% guar gum. Incorporation of proteins and hydrocolloids in GFRP significantly increased firmness, improved cooking quality and increased RS content. The eGI of GFRP added with egg white protein and guar gum reduced from seventy‐one to fifty‐three. Results suggested that the development of low eGI penne was possible by incorporating egg white proteins and guar gum.
Heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes persistent cells following osmotic stress in cooked pork sausages
Authors: Nalbone Luca , Forgia Salvatore , Ziino Graziella , Sorrentino Giorgia , Giarratana Filippo , Giuffrida Alessandro
Published: August 2024

Persistent bacteria are subset of cells capable of surviving bactericidal treatments longer. They originate in response to environmental stressors and show a longer lag phase compared to the rest of the population they are part of. Impact of persistent cells on food safety and role of common food preservation techniques in their formation are still unclear. This study aims to investigate whether osmotic stress induces formation of persistent cells in Listeria monocytogenes capable of resisting longer during cooking cycle of pork sausages. Lag‐phase duration at single‐cell level of a strain grown in 6%‐NaCl broth using image processing software was first investigated. Then, trend of the strain inactivation curve was evaluated in experimentally contaminated pork sausages cooked at 65 °C for 11 min. Results showed that salt triggers the formation of persistent cells characterised by a longer lag phase and increased heat resistance, posing a concern especially for ready‐to‐eat foods.
The effects of duration of any breastfeeding on body mass index in Australian children: Exploration of health, economic and equity impacts
Authors: Carrello Joseph , Brown Vicki , Killedar Anagha , Hayes Alison
Published: August 2024

Background

Breastfeeding is a protective measure against childhood overweight and obesity. However, many children are not breastfed the recommended duration, with those from disadvantaged backgrounds more likely to cease breastfeeding early.

Objectives

Investigate the association between duration of any breastfeeding and body mass index (BMI) and estimate the health, economic and equity impacts of increasing breastfeeding duration to at least 6 months.

Methods

We modelled the association between any breastfeeding duration and BMI at age 6/7 years, using a nationally representative cohort of 3935 Australian children (survey weighted to 221 103 children). We then used a simulation model to predict the impact of increasing breastfeeding duration to at least 6 months in all children on prevalence of overweight (including obesity) and associated healthcare costs to age 16/17 years.

Results

Achieving breastfeeding duration of at least 6 months could prevent 2933 cases of overweight at age 16/17 years, translating to healthcare cost‐savings of AUD $4.29 million. Although most cases (68%) would come from low socio‐economic backgrounds this would make only a minor difference in reducing inequalities.

Conclusion

Efforts to support increased breastfeeding duration could result in reduced prevalence of overweight and obesity and save healthcare costs, however, additional action would be required to improve equity.
Does basic physician trainee selection predict successful progression in the Royal Australasian College of Physicians adult medicine training programme? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Post Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2024

Background

The optimal selection process for basic physician trainees (BPTs) is unclear.

Aims

To assess an adult BPT selection process, including a standardised recruitment interview assessing clinical decision‐making and situational judgement.

Methods

A retrospective multi‐year cohort study of applicants who were selected for interview during the annual recruitment for 2011–2015 clinical years in an adult basic physician training network in NSW. The predictive capacity of the final recruitment assessment score was compared with success in the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) adult medicine clinical examination within 2 years.

Results

Four hundred thirty‐six applicants were selected for interview (84–91 in each year). Summary mean post‐interview scores ranged from 1.25 to 10, with the median ranging between 7 and 8. Median scores were higher in those who passed the examination than those who did not (7.75 vs 6.43, P < 0.0001). Those who did not sit for the examination in the relevant year or never sat for the examination had similar median scores (7 vs 6.75, P = 0.11). Those not deemed eligible for recruitment were less likely to pass the clinical examination within 2 years than those on the eligibility list (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25–0.57). Applicants with mean scores lower than 8 were less likely to pass than those in the top band (8.1–10); scores between 6.1 and 8 OR 0.42 (95% CI = 0.26–0.68), 4.1–6 OR 0.23 (95% CI = 0.13–0.41) and 2.1–4 OR 0.24 (95% CI = 0.10–0.60).

Conclusion(s)

The predictive capacity of the selection process for success in the RACP clinical examination within the minimum time period is high.
The Use of Snoezelen to Support People With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities: An International Survey Describing the Perspectives of Support Persons
Authors: Testerink Gemma , ten Brug Annet , Douma Gerdine , van der Putten Annette
Published: August 2024

Background

Snoezelen is often used for people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities, but scarcely evaluated. This study aimed to provide insight into the application and perceived effects of snoezelen from the perspective of support persons.

Method

We conducted an international survey with professionals (n = 130) and relatives (n = 8) supporting people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Information regarding the application and perceived effects was gathered. Content and descriptive analysis were used.

Results

Despite variation, common characteristics were identified regarding purpose, approach and context. Perceived positive effects mostly concerned improved mental health of the person receiving snoezelen (n = 88). A person‐centred approach was reported as important element for positive effects.

Conclusions

This study describes the use of snoezelen for people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. These insights can be used for future research into working elements and effects of snoezelen and facilitate evidence‐based support.
The moderating effect of self‐regulated learning skills on online learning behaviour in blended learning
Authors: Li Shuang , Chen Jingxi , Liu Sizhuo
Published: August 2024

Background

Enhancing the effectiveness of online learning has become a key challenge with regard to the ability of blended learning to reach its full potential. However, mechanisms by which students' self‐regulated learning (SRL) skills influence their online learning engagement in blended learning and subsequent learning achievement have yet to be explored fully.

Objectives

This study aims to explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of students' SRL skills on online learning behaviour and learning achievement in blended learning.

Methods

Based on students' self‐reported data and learning behavioural data, this study employed a combination of structural equation modelling and learning analytics to conduct an in‐depth investigation into the influence of SRL skills on online learning behaviour and blended learning achievement.

Results

The results indicated that the duration spent on challenging mandatory tasks mediates the relationship between psychological engagement and learning achievement; Two SRL skills, task strategies and self‐evaluation, played positive moderating roles in the relationship between psychological engagement and online behavioural engagement. Further analysis of behavioural sequences revealed that these two skills influenced students' behavioural patterns during video learning and their effectiveness in error attribution during exercises. Additionally, self‐evaluation impacted the approach to quizzes and error correction during exercises.

Takeaway

The findings of this research enrich and advance the understanding of characteristics and processes of SRL in blended learning contexts and have important implications for both instructional design and learning support in the context of blended K‐12 learning.
Risk analysis of blood pressure changes on cardiovascular disease in Chinese population
Authors: Xu Lei , Wang Kai , Yan Tao , Li Lehui , Miao Yu , Tian Zixuan , Zhang Ru , Wang Ya , Zhang Chunfa , Yan Jinli , Cao Ning , Zhang Nan , Zhang Xingguang
Published: August 2024

The study aimed to assess the impact of changes in blood pressure on cardiovascular events in the Chinese population. It enrolled 33 179 Chinese participants aged ≥35 years (57.1% women) without CVD at baseline. BP status was defined according to the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines. The type of BP change was defined as change in BP status from baseline to the end of follow‐up, included stable BP <130/80, <130/80 to ≥130/80, ≥130/80 to <130/80 mm Hg, persistent BP ≥130/80 mm Hg. The hazard ratio (HR) of incident CVD by change in BP category was estimated using Cox proportional hazards and Fine–Gray models. During median follow‐up of 3.17 years, 2023 CVD events occurred. Compared with BP <120/80, 120–129/<80 mm Hg at baseline (HR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.09–2.53), 130–139/80–89 mm Hg (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.94–1.95), and ≥140/90 mm Hg (HR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.78–3.40) were risk factors for CVD. Compared with the group with stable BP <130/80 mm Hg, the risk of CVD was 1.88 (95% CI: 1.40–2.53) in the group with persistent BP ≥130/80 mm Hg and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.01–1.94) in the group of BP decreased to <130/80 mm Hg. These results showed that BP 120–129/<80, 130–139/80–89, and ≥140/90 mm Hg were associated with a high risk of CVD. Over time, persistent BP ≥130/80 mm Hg increased the risk of CVD, but a return to <130/80 mm Hg from hypertension decreased the risk of CVD.
Digital motor intervention effects on motor performance of individuals with developmental disabilities: a systematic review
Authors: Corey J. , Tsai J. M. , Mhadeshwar A. , Srinivasan S. , Bhat A.
Published: August 2024

Background

Individuals (i.e. children/young adults) with developmental disabilities (DDs) and intellectual disabilities (IDs) often display a variety of physical and motor impairments. It is well known that participation in motor activities can positively impact the development of children's cognitive and social skills. Recently, virtual and digital technologies (e.g. video conferencing applications, virtual reality and video gaming) have been increasingly used to promote better physical/motor outcomes. The efficacy of digital technologies in improving motor outcomes for those with DD/ID varies depending on the technology and population, and the comparative effects of various technologies are unknown. The aim of our study is to conduct a systematic review to comprehensively examine the quantitative and qualitative results of current studies reporting the efficacy of digitally based motor interventions on motor outcomes in individuals with DD/ID.

Methods

Literature published from 1900 to 2024 was searched in four health sciences databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and CINAHL. Articles that examined the effects of gross motor/physical activity training using technologies such as exergaming (i.e. exercise through video gaming such as the Wii and Xbox Kinect), virtual reality or telehealth video conferencing applications (i.e. Zoom, Webex or mobile health apps) on the standardised or game‐specific gross motor performance of individuals with DD/ID diagnoses that do not typically experience significant walking challenges using experimental or quasi‐experimental study designs were included. Thirty relevant articles were retrieved from a search of the databases PubMed (914), PsycINFO (1201), Scopus (1910) and CINAHL (948).

Results

Our quantitative synthesis of this published literature suggests strong and consistent evidence of small‐to‐large improvements in motor skill performance following digital movement interventions.

Conclusions

Our review supports the use of digital motor interventions to support motor skill performance in individuals with DD without ID. Digital technologies can provide a more engaging option for therapists to promote motor skill development in individuals with DD or for caregivers to use as an adjunct to skilled therapy.
Reliability of quantitative magnetic susceptibility imaging metrics for cerebral cortex and major subcortical structures
Authors: Pirozzi Maria Agnese , Canna Antonietta , Nardo Federica Di , Sansone Mario , Trojsi Francesca , Cirillo Mario , Esposito Fabrizio
Published: August 2024

Background and purpose

Susceptibility estimates derived from quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) images for the cerebral cortex and major subcortical structures are variably reported in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, as average of all (), absolute (), or positive‐ () and negative‐only () susceptibility values using a region of interest (ROI) approach.

This pilot study presents a reliability analysis of currently used ROI‐QSM metrics and an alternative ROI‐based approach to obtain voxel‐weighted ROI‐QSM metrics ( and ).

Methods

Ten healthy subjects underwent repeated (test‐retest) 3‐dimensional multi‐echo gradient‐echo (3DMEGE) 3 Tesla MRI measurements. Complex‐valued 3DMEGE images were acquired and reconstructed with slice thicknesses of 1 and 2 mm (3DMEGE1, 3DMEGE2) along with 3DT1‐weighted isometric (voxel 1 mm3) images for independent registration and ROI segmentation.

Agreement, consistency, and reproducibility of ROI‐QSM metrics were assessed through Bland‐Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient, and interscan and intersubject coefficient of variation (CoV).

Results

All ROI‐QSM metrics exhibited good to excellent consistency and test‐retest agreement with no proportional bias. Interscan CoV was higher for in comparison to the other metrics where it was below 15%, in both 3DMEGE1 and 3DMEGE2 datasets. Intersubject CoV for and exceeded 50% in all ROIs.

Conclusions

Among the evaluated ROI‐QSM metrics, and estimates were less reliable, whereas separating positive and negative values (using ) improved the reproducibility within, and the comparability between, subjects, even when reducing the slice thickness. These preliminary findings may offer valuable insights toward standardizing ROI‐QSM metrics across different patient cohorts and imaging settings in future clinical MRI studies.
Association between psychological traits and occlusal tactile acuity of healthy individuals
Authors: Coppola Gabriella , Michelotti Ambrosina , Simeon Vittorio , Koutris Michail , Lobbezoo Frank , Bucci Rosaria
Published: August 2024

Objectives

Tactile acuity is a somatosensory measure of the extent to which humans can discern tactile stimuli. It is influenced by how peripheral signals are processed centrally. In the oral cavity, Occlusal Tactile Acuity (OTA) is the ability to perceive minimal thicknesses between antagonist teeth. The aim of the current study was to assess the association between psychological traits and OTA of otherwise healthy individuals.

Methods

Sixty‐three volunteers (32 males; mean age ± SD: 24.6 ± 2.7 years) participated in this study. Somatosensory amplification, anxiety, depression, physical symptoms and pain catastrophizing were scored using questionnaires, and subgroups of severity were created per variable based on cut‐offs. OTA was measured using 9 aluminium foils with thickness (ranging from 8 to 72 μm) and one sham test (without foil). Each thickness was tested 10 times in random order, the participants were instructed to report whether they felt the foil between their molars and the mean percentage of correct answers was computed. A linear mixed model was used with OTA as a dependent variable and psychological domain as an independent variable.

Results

Significantly different OTA was observed among the anxiety subgroups (p = .003), supporting a decreased perception of thicknesses 24 and 32 μm (p = .018 and p < .001, respectively) in participants with moderate/severe anxiety compared to those with no/mild anxiety. Significantly different OTA was also observed among the pain catastrophizing subgroups (p = .008), showing decreased perception of thicknesses 32 and 40 μm (p < .001 and p = .007, respectively) in severe catastrophizing levels, compared to no/mild catastrophizing levels. No significant differences were observed for the other variables.

Conclusions

Healthy adults with increased anxiety or pain catastrophizing levels show decreased interdental acuity as compared to participants with minor or no psychological impairment.
Impact of Hospital Dentistry on Patients' Food Intake Status in Convalescent Rehabilitation Ward
Authors: Ohno Tomohisa , Terada Izumi , Nomoto Akiko , Fujishima Ichiro , Iwasa Yasuyuki , Umeda Yoshiko , Kanamori Daisuke , Kishima Masako , Sakaguchi Hideo , Matsuo Koichiro , Motohashi Yasutomo , Ozaki Kenichiro , Minakuchi Shunsuke
Published: August 2024

Background

Treating oral problems with dentist intervention during hospitalisation may improve patients' food intake status.

Objectives

This study aimed to clarify whether convalescent rehabilitation ward inpatients in a hospital with hospital dentistry (HHD) had a better diet at discharge than those in a hospital without hospital dentistry (HNHD).

Methods

Retrospective observational study including inpatients with dental involvement in a HHD with dentists and dental hygienists and HNHD with dental hygienist and visiting dental service between 1 March and 31 August 2022. Data included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Functional Independent Measure (FIM) motor and cognitive, Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) score, Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS), whether the FILS ≥8 (indicating that patient eats also a non‐texture‐modified diet), remained and functional tooth numbers and speech language hearing therapist (SLHT) and dentist interventions. Comparisons between the two hospitals and factors that affected the FILS ≥8 were examined.

Results

A total of 333 and 89 inpatients were included in the HHD and HNHD groups, respectively. After propensity score matching, the HHD group had a significantly higher rate of FILS ≥8, functional tooth numbers at discharge, and SLHT and dentist intervention rates. The multivariable logistic regression analysis for propensity score matching participants showed that the significant independent variables for FILS ≥8 were age, BMI, FILS, FIM motor (all at admission) and SLHT and dentist interventions. Odds ratio for dentist intervention was 14.46 (95% CI: 4.36–48.01).

Conclusions

Dentists are necessary to improve patients' food intake status in convalescent rehabilitation wards.
From Arctic ponds to the “Northern Great Lakes”: Algae as first responders of climate‐driven regime shifts
Authors: Smol John P. , Rühland Kathleen M. , Michelutti Neal , Evans Marlene S.
Published: August 2024

Arctic freshwater ecosystems are on the “frontline” of climate change, but due to a lack of direct long‐term monitoring data, indirect approaches, such as algal‐based paleolimnology, must be used to reconstruct past limnological conditions. Our understanding of the responses of small‐ to mid‐sized Arctic lakes to climate warming has increased over the last ~30 years. However, until recently, little was known about even the basic limnological conditions of Canada's “Northern Great Lakes,” such as Lake Hazen, Great Bear Lake, and Great Slave Lake. In this summary, we show that a continuum of algal changes, observable in the sedimentary archives of shallow ponds to very large Arctic lakes, signals the crossing of key aquatic thresholds linked to changing ice covers and thermal regimes, declining wind speeds, and other climate‐related variables. With recent accelerated warming, even the largest and most resilient Arctic waterbodies are now fundamentally different than they were just a few decades ago. These changes will undoubtedly cascade throughout the food web leading to important changes for local Indigenous populations as well as the global community.
Micro‐ and nanoscale studies of insoluble organic matter and C‐rich presolar grains in Murchison and Sutter's Mill in preparation for Bennu sample analysis
Authors: Nguyen A. N. , Clemett S. J. , Thomas‐Keprta K. , Alexander C. M. O'D. , Glavin D. P. , Dworkin J. P. , Connolly H. C. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: August 2024

Samples of B‐type asteroid (101955) Bennu returned by the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) spacecraft will provide unique insight into the nature of carbonaceous asteroidal matter without the atmospheric entry heating or terrestrial weathering effects associated with meteoritic samples. Some of the Bennu samples will undergo characterization by X‐ray computed tomography (XCT). To protect the pristine nature of the samples, it is important to understand any adverse effects that could result from irradiation during XCT analysis. We analyzed acid‐insoluble residues produced from two powdered samples of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite, one control and one XCT‐scanned, to assess the impact on insoluble organic matter (IOM) and presolar grains. Using a suite of in situ analytical techniques (field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, optical and ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy, microprobe two‐step laser mass spectrometry, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry), we found that the two residues had indistinguishable chemical, molecular, and isotopic signatures on the micron to submicron scale, indicating that an X‐ray dosage of 180 Gy (the maximum dose to be used during preliminary examination of Bennu materials) did not damage the IOM and presolar grains. To explore the use of acid‐insoluble residues to infer parent body processes in preparation for Bennu sample analysis, we also analyzed a residue produced from the Sutter's Mill carbonaceous chondrite. Multiple lines of evidence, including severely degraded UV fluorescence signatures and D‐rich hotspots, indicate that the parent body of Sutter's Mill was heated to >400°C. This heating event was likely short lived because the abundance of presolar SiC grains, which are destroyed by thermal metamorphism and prolonged oxidation, was consistent with those in Murchison and other unheated chondrites. The results of these in situ analyses of acid‐insoluble residues from Murchison and Sutter's Mill provide complementary detail to bulk analyses.
Discovery of fossil micrometeorites from the Deccan trap intertrappeans
Authors: Singh V. P. , Rudraswami N. G. , Chalapathi Rao Nittala V. , Genge Matthew J. , Pandey M. , Sreekuttan S. , Chattopadhaya S.
Published: August 2024

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary represents the extinction of ~70% of species, a prominent Chicxulub impact event and Deccan volcanism. This work reports the first attempt to extract the micrometeorites (MMs) from the Deccan intertrappean horizons. Eighty‐one spherical particles were studied for their morphological, textural, and chemical characteristics. Intact cosmic spherules with ferromagnesian silicates (6) and Fe‐Ni oxide (7) compositions correspond to MMs from the deep sea and Antarctica. Silicate and Fe‐Ni spherules in this study showcase remarkable preservation, a testament to the highly favorable conditions present. Fe spherules (38) with iron oxide compositions exhibit diagenetic alteration during preservation. Textural analysis of 30 Fe spherules reveals a dendritic, interlocking pattern and slightly elevated Mn content, suggesting these may be fossilized I‐type MMs. However, eight Fe spherules with blocky and cubical granular textures resemble oxidized pyrite spherules. Al‐Fe‐Si spherules (30) possess a significant enrichment of Al and Si within their Fe‐oxide‐dominated composition. Group‐I Al‐Fe‐Si spherules (15) display zoned Al‐Fe‐Si oxide composition, dendritic Mg‐Cr spinel grains, and aerodynamic features, all indicative of impact spherules. The finding of these impact spherules from sampled Deccan intertrappean layer raises the possibility that these paleosols were deposited during the Chicxulub impact event, the only identified impact event with global distribution during the Deccan volcanism time frame. This unique location provides an opportunity for the simultaneous collection of well‐preserved MMs, impact, and volcanic spherules. The exceptional preservation of the studied MMs is likely due to a combination of non‐marine environments, atypical climatic conditions, and rapid deposition. This study further investigates the potential role of cosmic dust flux in the K‐Pg extinction event. We propose that the enhanced cosmic dust flux, a likely scenario during the K‐Pg boundary period, synergistically mixing with impact dust in the upper atmosphere, may have intensified and extended the harsh climatic conditions at the K‐Pg boundary. Subsequently, the deposition of this dust, enriched in bioavailable iron, on Earth's surface might have contributed to the swift recovery of life and environmental conditions.
Petrology and chronology of mare components in lunar basaltic breccia meteorite Northwest Africa 12384
Authors: Yen Christopher J.‐K. , Carpenter Paul K. , Deligny Cécile , Nemchin Alexander , Merle Renaud , Irving Anthony J. , Nishiizumi Kunihiko , Caffee Marc W. , Jull A. J. Timothy , Whitehouse Martin , Jolliff Bradley L.
Published: August 2024

Northwest Africa (NWA) 12384 is a lunar polymict breccia composed almost entirely of basaltic components. The clast content includes low‐ to very‐low‐Ti volcanic picritic glass, basaltic vitrophyre, and crystalline pigeonite basalt—an assemblage of volcanic materials that can be tested for petrogenetic relationships. We present the inferred history of select mare components of NWA 12384 as suggested by texture, mineralogy, and petrography, and compare them to Apollo samples and other lunar meteorites. In addition, we used the volcanic glasses in the breccia as a primary composition for crystallization modeling and comparison to the lithic clast compositions. We find that the mafic clasts in NWA 12384 cannot be derived from the picritic glass through a common liquid line of descent because of higher Ti content, though they may have crystallized from a separate, common liquid line of descent. These clasts could represent local source‐region heterogeneity or differential assimilation of more Ti‐rich material. Pb‐Pb SIMS analyses of a large basalt clast in NWA 12384 reveal an age of 3044 ± 41 Ma (2σ), which is used together with the chemical data and 4π cosmic ray exposure age of less than 20 kyr and terrestrial age of between 3.1 and 17.3 kyr to constrain the possible locations of provenance for this meteorite.
Towards the conservation of the crucian carp in Europe: Prolific hybridization but no evidence for introgression between native and non‐native taxa
Authors: Jeffries Daniel L. , Lawson‐Handley Lori , Lamatsch Dunja K. , Olsén K. Håkan , Sayer Carl D. , Hänfling Bernd
Published: August 2024

Hybridization plays a pivotal role in evolution, influencing local adaptation and speciation. However, it can also reduce biodiversity, which is especially damaging when native and non‐native species meet. Hybridization can threaten native species via competition (with vigorous hybrids), reproductive resource wastage and gene introgression. The latter, in particular, could result in increased fitness in invasive species, decreased fitness of natives and compromise reintroduction or recovery conservation practices. In this study, we use a combination of RAD sequencing and microsatellites for a range‐wide sample set of 1366 fish to evaluate the potential for hybridization and introgression between native crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and three non‐native taxa (Carassius auratus auratus, Carassius auratus gibelio and Cyprinus carpio) in European water bodies. We found hybridization between native and non‐native taxa in 82% of populations with non‐natives present, highlighting the potential for substantial ecological impacts from hybrids on crucian carp populations. However, despite such high rates of hybridization, we could find no evidence of introgression between these taxa. The presence of triploid backcrosses in at least two populations suggests that the lack of introgression among these taxa is likely due to meiotic dysfunction in hybrids, leading to the production of polyploid offspring which are unable to reproduce sexually. This result is promising for crucian reintroduction programs, as it implies limited risk to the genetic integrity of source populations. Future research should investigate the reproductive potential of triploid hybrids and the ecological pressures hybrids impose on C. carassius.
Performance‐driven contractor recommendation system using a weighted activity–contractor network
Authors: Mostofi Fatemeh , Tokdemir Onur Behzat , Bahadır Ümit , Toğan Vedat
Published: August 2024

The reliance of contractor selection for specific construction activities on subjective judgments remains a complex decision‐making process with high stakes due to its impact on project success. Existing methods of contractor selection lack a data‐driven decision‐support approach, leading to suboptimal contractor assignments. Here, an advanced node2vec‐based recommendation system is proposed that addresses the shortcomings of conventional contractor selection by incorporating a broad range of quantitative performance indicators. This study utilizes semi‐supervised machine learning to analyze contractor records, creating a network in which nodes represent activities and weighted edges correspond to contractors and their performances, particularly cost and schedule performance indicators. Node2vec is found to display a prediction accuracy of 88.16% and 84.08% when processing cost and schedule performance rating networks, respectively. The novelty of this research lies in its proposed network‐based, multi‐criteria decision‐making method for ranking construction contractors using embedding information obtained from quantitative contractor performance data and processed by the node2vec procedure, along with the measurement of cosine similarity between contractors and the ideal as related to a given activity.
A convergent cross‐mapping approach for unveiling congestion spatial causality in urban traffic networks
Authors: Mao Jiannan , Huang Hao , Gu Yu , Lu Weike , Tang Tianli , Ding Fan
Published: August 2024

Spatial causality in urban traffic networks explores how events or conditions in one location affect those in another. Unveiling congestion spatial causality is crucial for identifying congestion‐inducing bottlenecks in traffic networks and offering valuable insights for traffic network management and control. This study introduces the traffic‐convergent‐cross‐mapping (T‐CCM) method, a state‐space‐reconstruction approach from the dynamic system perspective, to identify causality among roads within urban traffic networks using time series data. Simultaneously, it effectively addresses the intricate challenges of uncertainty and interdependency among sensors caused by traffic flow dynamics. Empirical findings from real‐world (PeMS‐Bay area) traffic speed data validate the effectiveness of the T‐CCM method in detecting causality. This study reveals bidirectional causal effects between downstream and upstream roads in short‐term congestion generation and dissipation periods, which can pinpoint congestion origins and inform quick traffic management response. Furthermore, it elucidates the long‐term causality impacts between distant roads, particularly with regard to traveler choices and road land use attributes, guiding infrastructure investment and public transit improvements.
A demonstration of the enviromics approach to integrating environmental ‘big data’ problems
Authors: Bowerman Andrew F.
Published: August 2024

This article is a Commentary on Resende et al. (2024), 245: 102–116.
Predicting gully formation: An approach for assessing susceptibility and future risk
Authors: Goli Mokhtari Leila , Baghaei Nejad Nadiya , Beheshti Ali
Published: August 2024

Gully erosion is a significant natural hazard and a form of soil erosion. This research aims to predict gully formation in the Kalshour basin, Sabzevar, Iran. Employing the Information Gain Ratio (IGR) index, we identified 13 key factors out of 22 for modeling, with elevation emerging as the most influential factor in gully formation. The study evaluated the performance of individual machine learning algorithms and ensemble algorithms, including the Functional Tree (FT) as the main classifier, Bagging (Bagg), AdaBoost (Ada), Rotation Forest (RoF), and Random Subspace (RSS). Using a data set of 400 gully and non‐gully points obtained through field investigations (70% for training and 30% for testing), the RoF model achieved an area under the curev (AUC) value of 0.99, indicating its high predictive ability for gully‐susceptible areas. Other algorithms also performed well (Ada: 0.90, FT: 0.92, RSS: 0.94, Bagg: 0.95). However, the RoF algorithm with the functional tree as the main classifier (RoF_FT) demonstrated the highest ability in gully classification and susceptibility mapping, enhancing the functional tree's performance. In addition to AUC, the RoF_FT model achieved an F1 score of 0.89 and an MCC of 0.78 on the validation set, indicating a high balance between precision and recall, and a strong correlation between predicted and actual classes, respectively. Similarly, other models showed robust performance with high F1 scores and MCC values, but the RoF_FT model consistently outperformed them, underscoring its robustness and reliability. The resulting gully erosion‐susceptibility map can be valuable for decision‐makers and local managers in soil conservation and minimizing damages. Implementing proactive measures based on these findings can contribute to sustainable land management practices in the Kalshour basin.

Recommendations

Gully erosion threat: Gully erosion poses a significant threat to soil, with far‐reaching environmental consequences.

Predictive modeling: This research focuses on predicting gully formation in the Kalshour basin, Sabzevar, Iran, using advanced machine learning algorithms.

Key findings for decision‐makers: The study evaluates the performance of various machine learning algorithms and ensemble algorithms, with the Functional Tree serving as the main classifier. This not only enhances our ability to predict gully formation but also provides a valuable tool for decision‐makers and local managers in soil conservation.

Impact on sustainable land management: By offering a gully erosion‐susceptibility map, the research empowers decision‐makers to implement proactive measures, minimizing damage and contributing to sustainable land management practices.

Interdisciplinary approach: The study's combination of geospatial analysis, machine learning, and soil conservation aligns with the journal's mission to advance understanding in environmental modeling.
Characterization and Genetic Mapping of Resistance to Cotton–Melon Aphid (Aphis gossypii) in Cucumber
Authors: Ning Shixiong , Xia Lei , Fang Yu , Zhou Zhengyue , Wang Yuhui , Chen Jinfeng
Published: August 2024

Cotton–melon aphid (Aphis gossypii) is a highly destructive pest that causes serious yield losses in cucumber production. IL52, a Cucumis hystrix introgression line of cucumber, exhibits resistance to a number of diseases and also shows strong resistance to aphids. To characterize the type of aphid resistance in IL52, we designed a separate leaf‐disc/no‐choice test and free‐choice test to examine antibiosis and antixenosis, respectively. Our results indicated that IL52 displayed antixenosis resistance to aphids. In other words, when planted with other lines such as CCMC, IL52 was not favourable to aphids. To dissect the genetic basis of antixenosis resistance in IL52, we evaluated a mapping population of 155 lines from CCMC × IL52–derived F7:8 RIL using free‐choice test for aphid resistance. A major‐effect QTL on Chr2, designated as qRag2.1 (Resistant to A. gossypii), was identified as being significantly associated with aphid resistance. The QTL qRag2.1 was mapped to an interval flanked by markers UW085197 and SSR11909, spanning a physical location of 15.14–19.07 Mb, which explained 12.74%–14.03% of the phenotypic variance. Analysis of polymorphisms between the parental lines using resequencing data revealed one gene, CsaV3_2G018180, with three nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions and a 6‐bp InDel in its coding sequence (CDS). CsaV3_2G018180 encodes a pectinesterase/pectinesterase inhibitor enzyme, designated as CsPEI, which has been reported to regulate pectin methylesterase activity that is implicated in various biological processes. The relative expression level of CsPEI was induced in IL52 post aphid infestation, suggesting it could be a potential candidate gene for aphid resistance.
Identification of Full or Partially Waxy Wheat by Using Viscosity Ratio Index
Authors: Zan Xiangcun , Chang Yingying , Wang Yongxia , Wang Yumin , Dong Haibin , Qi Xueli
Published: August 2024

The partially waxy wheat with single and double deletion of Wx gene have desirable texture in noodles. The selecting of partially waxy wheat with strong gluten has become one of the main targets in the breeding of high‐quality wheat for noodles. This study aimed to explore a method for identifying fully waxy or partially waxy wheat with different Wx gene deletion by using pasting properties. In this study, the viscosity ratio (VR) index was brought forward for the first time. The impacts of the eight allelic types with different Wx genes on pasting parameters were studied by using 60 double haploid (DH) lines from the same combination (Experiment I), and 85 samples consisted of main varieties and a few advanced lines from the Huanghuai wheat region (Experiment II). The results revealed the viscosity ratio was significantly different among allelic deletion types. More surprisingly, the wild type, three single deletion types, three double deletion types and full waxy type among the eight alleles, respectively, exhibited distinct distribution intervals for viscosity ratios, enabling the preliminary determination of specific Wx gene deletion types based on VR. Therefore, the VR value can serve as an effective index for identifying fully and partially waxy wheat lines during breeding selection, and it holds significant potential in the breeding of high‐quality wheat for noodles.
Prevalence and predisposing factors of frailty and social inclusion among older adults: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ayaz‐Alkaya Sultan , Kulakçı‐Altıntaş Hülya
Published: August 2024

Objective

The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and predisposing factors of frailty and social inclusion among community‐dwelling older adults.

Design

The study was conducted using a cross‐sectional design.

Sample

The target population consisted of older adults registered in five family health centers in a city in Turkey. The study was completed with 600 older adults.

Measurements

The Tilburg frailty indicator (TFI) and the social inclusion scale were used to collect data.

Results

The prevalence of frailty in older adults was 60.5%. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk of frailty was found to be higher in older adults aged 75 and over (2.5 times), those with low education level (5.8 times), those who were single (2 times), those with chronic diseases (1.8 times), those with unhealthy lifestyle (2.8 times), and those who were dissatisfied with their home living environment (5.9 times). It was found that age, education level, marital status, income, presence of chronic disease, lifestyle, satisfaction with their home living environment, and frailty explained 50% of the variance in social inclusion.

Conclusion

The study concluded that most community‐dwelling older adults were frail, and social inclusion was lower in those frail. Age, education level, marital status, lifestyle, presence of chronic disease, and satisfaction with their home living environment were found to be predisposing factors for both frailty and social inclusion. Public health nurses could develop strategies to prevent frailty in older adults and increase activities that encourage participation in social life.
Basal ABA signaling balances transpiration and photosynthesis
Authors: Pizzio Gaston A. , Mayordomo Cristian , Illescas‐Miranda Jonatan , Coego Alberto , Bono Mar , Sanchez‐Olvera Mayra , Martin‐Vasquez Constanza , Samantara Kajal , Merilo Ebe , Forment Javier , Estevez Juan Carlos , Nebauer Sergio G. , Rodriguez Pedro L.
Published: August 2024

The balance between the CO2 entry for photosynthesis and transpiration water loss is crucial for plant growth, and ABA signaling can affect this equilibrium. To test how ABA balances plant growth and environmental adaptation, we performed molecular genetics studies in the biotech crop Nicotiana benthamiana under well‐watered or drought conditions. Studies on ABA signaling in crops are complicated by the multigenic nature of the PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptor family and its functional redundancy, which is particularly challenging in polyploid plants. We have generated a pentuple pyl mutant in the allotetraploid Nicotiana benthamiana through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The pentuple mutant is impaired in 2 NbPYL1‐like and 3 NbPYL8‐like receptors, affecting the regulation of transpiration and several ABA‐dependent transcriptional processes. RNA‐seq and metabolite analysis revealed that the synthesis of galactinol, an essential precursor for the osmoprotective raffinose family of oligosaccharides, is ABA‐dependent and impaired in the mutant under osmotic stress. In contrast, our results show that, under well‐watered conditions, partial inactivation of ABA signaling leads to higher CO2 entry and photosynthesis in the mutant than in WT. Photosynthesis analyses revealed an increased CO2 diffusion capacity mediated by higher stomatal and mesophyll conductances, and higher substomatal CO2 concentration in the pentuple mutant. RNA‐seq analyses revealed that genes associated with cell wall loosening (e.g., expansins) and porosity were strongly downregulated by ABA in WT. In summary, a partial relief of the ABA control on transpiration mediated by ABA receptors positively affects photosynthesis when water is not limited, at the expense of reduced water use efficiency.