bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standards for the development and methodology of the 2019 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot guidelines
Authors: Bus Sicco A. , Van Netten Jaap J. , Hinchliffe Robert J. , Apelqvist Jan , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Schaper Nicolaas C. ,   IWGDF Editorial Board
Published: January 2020

Diabetic foot disease is a source of major patient suffering and societal costs. Investing in evidence‐based international guidelines on diabetic foot disease is likely among the most cost‐effective forms of health care expenditure, provided the guidelines are outcome focused, evidence based, and properly implemented. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has published and updated international guidelines since 1999. The 2019 updates are based on formulating relevant clinical questions and outcomes, rigorous systematic reviews of the literature, and recommendations that are specific, and unambiguous along with their transparent rationale, all using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. We herein describe the development of the 2019 IWGDF guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease, which consists of six chapters, each prepared by a separate working group of international experts. These documents provide guidelines related to diabetic foot disease on prevention; offloading; peripheral artery disease; infection; wound healing interventions; and classification of diabetic foot ulcers. Based on these six chapters, the IWGDF Editorial Board also produced a set of practical guidelines. Each guideline underwent extensive review by the members of the IWGDF Editorial Board as well as independent international experts in each field. We believe that adoption and implementation of the 2019 IWGDF guidelines by health care providers, public health agencies, and policymakers will result in improved prevention and management of diabetic foot disease and a subsequent worldwide reduction in the patient and societal burden this disease causes.
Ecological costs of climate change on marine predator–prey population distributions by 2050
Authors: Sadykova Dinara , Scott Beth E. , De Dominicis Michela , Wakelin Sarah L. , Wolf Judith , Sadykov Alexander
Published: January 2020

Identifying and quantifying the effects of climate change that alter the habitat overlap of marine predators and their prey population distributions is of great importance for the sustainable management of populations. This study uses Bayesian joint models with integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) to predict future spatial density distributions in the form of common spatial trends of predator–prey overlap in 2050 under the “business‐as‐usual, worst‐case” climate change scenario. This was done for combinations of six mobile marine predator species (gray seal, harbor seal, harbor porpoise, common guillemot, black‐legged kittiwake, and northern gannet) and two of their common prey species (herring and sandeels). A range of five explanatory variables that cover both physical and biological aspects of critical marine habitat were used as follows: bottom temperature, stratification, depth‐averaged speed, net primary production, and maximum subsurface chlorophyll. Four different methods were explored to quantify relative ecological cost/benefits of climate change to the common spatial trends of predator–prey density distributions. All but one future joint model showed significant decreases in overall spatial percentage change. The most dramatic loss in predator–prey population overlap was shown by harbor seals with large declines in the common spatial trend for both prey species. On the positive side, both gannets and guillemots are projected to have localized regions with increased overlap with sandeels. Most joint predator–prey models showed large changes in centroid location, however the direction of change in centroids was not simply northwards, but mostly ranged from northwest to northeast. This approach can be very useful in informing the design of spatial management policies under climate change by using the potential differences in ecological costs to weigh up the trade‐offs in decisions involving issues of large‐scale spatial use of our oceans, such as marine protected areas, commercial fishing, and large‐scale marine renewable developments.
Frenulate siboglinids at high Arctic methane seeps and insight into high latitude frenulate distribution
Authors: Sen Arunima , Didriksen Alena , Hourdez Stéphane , Svenning Mette Marianne , Rasmussen Tine L.
Published: January 2020

Frenulate species were identified from a high Arctic methane seep area on Vestnesa Ridge, western Svalbard margin (79°N, Fram Strait) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI). Two species were found: Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis, and a new, distinct, and undescribed Oligobrachia species. The new species adds to the cryptic Oligobrachia species complex found at high latitude methane seeps in the north Atlantic and the Arctic. However, this species displays a curled tube morphology and light brown coloration that could serve to distinguish it from other members of the complex. A number of single tentacle individuals were recovered which were initially thought to be members of the only unitentaculate genus, Siboglinum. However, sequencing revealed them to be the new species and the single tentacle morphology, in addition to thin, colorless, and ringless tubes indicate that they are juveniles. This is the first known report of juveniles of northern Oligobrachia. Since the juveniles all appeared to be at about the same developmental stage, it is possible that reproduction is either synchronized within the species, or that despite continuous reproduction, settlement, and growth in the sediment only takes place at specific periods. The new find of the well‐known species O. haakonmosbiensis extends its range from the Norwegian Sea to high latitudes of the Arctic in the Fram Strait. We suggest bottom currents serve as the main distribution mechanism for high latitude Oligobrachia species and that water depth constitutes a major dispersal barrier. This explains the lack of overlap between the distributions of northern Oligobrachia species despite exposure to similar current regimes. Our results point toward a single speciation event within the Oligobrachia clade, and we suggest that this occurred in the late Neogene, when topographical changes occurred and exchanges between Arctic and North Atlantic water masses and subsequent thermohaline circulation intensified.
The social return on investment of a new approach to heart failure in the Spanish National Health System
Authors: Merino María , Jiménez Margarita , Manito Nicolás , Casariego Emilio , Ivanova Yoana , González‐Domínguez Almudena , San Saturnino Maite , Hidalgo‐Vega Álvaro , Blanch Carles
Published: January 2020

Aims

We aim to agree on a set of proposals to improve the current management of heart failure (HF) within the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) and apply the social return on investment (SROI) method to measure the social impact that these proposals would generate.

Methods and results

A multidisciplinary working team of 16 experts was set up, with representation from the main stakeholders regarding HF: medical specialists (cardiologists, internal medicine physicians, general practitioners, and geriatric physicians), nursing professionals, health management professionals, patients, and informal caregivers. This team established a set of proposals to improve the management of HF according to the main areas of HF care: emergency and hospitalization, primary care, cardiology, and internal medicine. A forecast‐type SROI method, with a 1‐year time frame, was applied to measure the social impact resulting from the implementation of these proposals. The required investment and social return were estimated and summarized into a ratio indicating how much social return could be generated for each euro invested. Intangible returns were included and quantified through financial proxies. The approach to improve the management of HF consisted of 28 proposals, including the implementation of a case management nurse network, standardization of operational protocols, psychological support, availability of echocardiography machines at emergency departments, stationary units and primary care, early specialist visits after hospital discharge, and cardiac rehabilitation units, among others. These proposals would benefit not only patients and their informal caregivers but also the SNHS. Regarding patients, proposals would increase their autonomy in everyday activities, decrease anxiety, increase psychological and physical well‐being, improve pharmacological adherence and self‐care, enhance understanding of the disease, delay disease progression, expedite medical assessment, and prevent the decrease in work productivity associated with HF management. Regarding informal caregivers, proposals would increase their quality of life; improve their social, economic, and emotional well‐being; and reduce their care burden. The SNHS would benefit from shorter stays of HF patients at intensive care units and reduction of hospitalizations and admissions to emergency departments. The investment needed to implement these proposals would amount to €548m and yield a social return of €1932m, that is, €3.52 for each euro invested.

Conclusions

The current management of HF could be improved by a set of proposals that resulted in an overall positive social return, varying between areas of analysis. This may guide the allocation of healthcare resources and improve the quality of life of patients with HF.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Cobalt and Free‐base Triaryl Corrole Bearing Hydroxyethyl Amino Groups
Authors: Chen Ying , Fan Qi‐Hang , Hossain Md Sahadat , Zhan Shu‐Zhong , Liu Hai‐Yang , Si Li‐Ping
Published: January 2020

Four free‐base corroles (F15C, F12C, F10C, F8C) and their cobalt(III) complexes were used as homogeneous electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution using acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and water as proton sources. Free‐base corrole was firstly reported as electrocatalyst for H2 evolution. The results showed that free‐base corrole was active in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in trifluoroacetic acid. And cobalt(III) corroles bearing hydroxyethyl amino groups were more efficient in HER as compared to their benchmark corroles. The catalytic active species of four tested cobalt(III) corroles were CoII‐H in acetic acid/dimethylformamide solvent. In water solution, both CoIII‐H and CoII‐H may be involved in HER. Interestingly, when trifluoroacetic acid was used as proton source, CoII‐H was the mainly active intermediate for F15CCo and F10CCo, and CoIII‐H for F12CCo and F8CCo, respectively. As for the free‐base corrole, (·Cor)H4 and [(·Cor)H3]– were the catalytic active species.
Switchable Dielectric Behavior and Order‐Disorder Phase Transition in a New Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Compound: (CH3NH3)4[InCl6]Cl
Authors: Li Min , Xu Guan‐Cheng , Xin Wen‐Bo , Zhang Yin‐Qiang
Published: January 2020

A new organic‐inorganic phase transition material (CH3NH3)4[InCl6]Cl (1), has been successfully synthesized and characterized. The compound undergoes a reversible first‐order phase transition at Curie temperature Tc=284 K, accompanied with a wide hysteresis of 12 K, which investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity discloses an obvious step‐like dielectric anomaly. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that the order‐disorder transition of the [InCl6]3– anion and the methylammonium cation were the main factor drove the phase transition from high temperature phase with the space group P2/m to low temperature phase with the space group P2/n. This finding indicates that In‐based organic–inorganic hybrids compounds can be used to build phase transition materials, which broaden the way for exploring dielectric switching materials.
Sterically‐Controlled Self‐Immolation in Phosphoramidate Linkers Triggered by Light
Authors: Procházková Eliška , Filo Juraj , Cigáň Marek , Baszczyňski Ondřej
Published: January 2020

Phosphoramidate prodrugs stand out for their applications as drug delivery systems. However, information on their activation remains limited to prodrug half‐live and metabolite structure, which hinders their development. Considering the lack of data on phosphoramidate self‐immolation, we studied light‐triggered self‐immolation of phosphoramidate‐based linkers bearing various amino acid arms by NMR spectroscopy with in situ irradiation, complemented with mathematical fitting, and by optical methods. By changing the alanine arm, we were able to systematically fine‐tune, slow down or speed up the cyclization rate. The cyclization rate of branched amino acid arms increased with the steric demands of their α‐substituents according to the Thorpe‐Ingold effect. The cyclization of β‐alanine and proline was very slow or did not proceed at all, but lactate may be a good alternative for the alanine arm because lactate exhibits a significantly slower cyclization rate than alanine (ca. 60 times). Overall, our study demonstrates that phosphoramidate self‐immolation strongly depends on the structure of the amino acid arm and on the conditions used (solvent, concentration and temperature), thereby providing a solid foundation for the rational design of new self‐immolative phosphoramidate systems with desired properties.
Increased MSX level improves biological productivity and production stability in multiple recombinant GS CHO cell lines
Authors: Tian Jun , He Qin , Oliveira Christopher , Qian Yueming , Egan Susan , Xu Jianlin , Qian Nan‐Xin , Langsdorf Erik , Warrack Bethanne , Aranibar Nelly , Reily Michael , Borys Michael , Li Zheng Jian
Published: January 2020

Increasing cell culture productivity of recombinant proteins via process improvements is the primary focus for research groups within biologics manufacturing. Any recommendations to improve a manufacturing process obviously must be effective, but also be robust, scalable, and with product quality comparable to the original process. In this study, we report that three different GS−/− CHO cell lines developed in media containing a standard concentration of the selection agent methionine sulfoximine (MSX), but then exposed to increased MSX concentrations during seed train expansion, achieved titer increases of 10–19%. This result was observed in processes already considerably optimized. Expanding the cells with a higher MSX concentration improved cell line production stability with increased culture age. Production cultures in 500‐L and 1000‐L bioreactors replicated laboratory results using 5‐L bioreactors, demonstrating process robustness and scalability. Furthermore, product quality attributes of the final drug substance using the higher MSX process were comparable with those from cells expanded in media with the standard selection MSX concentration. Subsequent mechanistic investigations confirmed that the cells were not altered at the genetic level in terms of integration profiles or gene copy number, nor transcriptional levels of glutamine synthetase, heavy chain, or light chain genes. This study provides an effective and applicable strategy to improve the productivity of therapeutic proteins for biologics manufacturing.
Fabrication of Graphene Oxide Supported Acid–Base Bifunctional Metal–Organic Frameworks as Efficient Catalyst for Glucose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Conversion
Authors: Wei Yanan , Zhang Yunlei , Li Bing , Yan Changhao , Da Zulin , Meng Minjia , Liu Chunbo , Yan Yongsheng
Published: January 2020

Developing a supported‐type metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) catalyst with multifunctional active sites is essential to broaden its application as a heterogeneous catalyst. Herein, polydopamine (PDA)‐modified graphene oxide (PDA@GO) is used as a support to prepare an acid–base bifunctional UiO‐66‐type MOFs catalyst in green solution (aqueous solution) through a one‐pot method. By adjusting the amount between GO, PDA, UiO‐66‐NH2, and UiO‐66‐SO3H, the heterogeneous solid catalyst UiO‐66‐SO3H‐NH2/PDA@GO with uniform distribution of MOFs can be obtained. The morphology and various properties of the catalyst are characterized and the catalytic performance of the catalyst for the conversion of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) is demonstrated and discussed. Herein, the supported‐type MOFs catalyst offers an alternative way to promote current acid–base catalytic systems for achieving efficient production of 5‐HMF from sustainable biomass.
Reversible High Capacity and Reaction Mechanism of Cr2(NCN)3 Negative Electrodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Arayamparambil Jeethu Jiju , Chen Kaixuan , Iadecola Antonella , Mann Markus , Qiao Xianji , Fraisse Bernard , Dronskowski Richard , Stievano Lorenzo , Sougrati Moulay Tahar
Published: January 2020

A detailed study of the electrochemical reaction mechanism between lithium and the trivalent transition‐metal carbodiimide Cr2(NCN)3, which shows excellent performance as a negative electrode material in Li‐ion batteries, is conducted combining complementary operando analyses and state‐of‐the‐art density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As predicted by DFT, and evidenced by operando X‐ray diffraction and Cr K‐edge absorption spectroscopy, a two‐step reaction pathway involving two redox couples (Cr3+/Cr2+ and Cr2+/Cr0) and a concomitant formation of Cr metal nanoparticles is apparent, thus indicating that the conversion reaction of this carbodiimide upon lithiation occurs only after a preliminary intercalation step involving two Li per unit formula. This mechanism, evidenced for the first time in transition‐metal carbodiimides, is likely behind its outstanding electrochemical performance as Cr2(NCN)3 can maintain more than 600 mAh g−1 for 900 cycles at a high rate of 2 C.
Pearl Necklace Fibrous Carbon Sharing Fe–N/Fe–P Dual Active Sites as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalyst in Broad Media and for Liquid/Solid‐State Rechargeable Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Wu Mengchen , Liu Rui
Published: January 2020

Optimized catalysts are attractive from the standpoint of energy storage and conversion. Herein, a pearl necklace fibrous carbon catalyst with Fe–N/Fe–P dual active sites (Fe–P/NHCF) is fabricated via carbonization–phosphidation of metal–organic framework (MOF)/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. Benefiting from Fe–N/Fe–P doping‐induced active sites, accompanied by particular hierarchical porous merit and a 1D necklace network to facilitate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), it exhibits a half‐wave potential of 0.82 V in alkaline medium and outperforms commercial Pt/C in terms of stability in acid medium. Furthermore, a low voltage gap (1.04 V) is acquired in a liquid Zn–air battery with Fe–P/NHCF as the cathode. Meanwhile, the portable solid‐state Zn–air battery displays an open circuit voltage of 1.32 V and a power density of 42 mW cm−2. This strategy puts forward a protocol to develop tailored geometry with dual active sites for ORR in alkaline/acid media, which is expected to promote devices of practical significance.
CoP/N‐Doped Carbon Nanowire Derived from Co‐Based Coordination Polymer as Efficient Electrocatalyst toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Liang , Xu Guan Cheng , Xu Gui , Zhang Li
Published: January 2020

The development of cheap, high‐efficiency, and long‐term durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts has become a research hotspot. Carbon‐confined transition‐metal phosphides derived from coordination polymers and metal–organic frameworks have received great attention. Herein, a CoP/N‐doped carbon‐400 (CoP/NC‐400) nanowire is prepared using a coordination polymer [Co(C4H7NO4)]·xH2O (Co‐Asp, Asp = l‐aspartic acid) nanowire as the precursor and template through simultaneous pyrolysis and low‐temperature phosphidation. Electrochemical tests indicate that the CoP/NC‐400 nanowire displays better OER properties than CoP/NC‐300/500 nanowires. The overpotential required to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is 320 mV with a minimum Tafel slope of 89 mV dec−1. Moreover, at a higher current density, the OER performance of the CoP/NC‐400 nanowire is superior to that of RuO2. The excellent electrochemical performance of the CoP/NC‐400 nanowire is attributed to the high electrochemical surface area and the strong synergistic effect of the CoP nanoparticle and the N‐doped carbon nanowire.
A comparative study on physicochemical properties of two nanomagnetic compounds CaO@Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@CaO and their catalytic role on biodiesel preparation
Authors: Mardani Hamid Reza , Forouzani Mehdi , Moradi Nazanin , Kheibarian Zahra
Published: January 2020

In this study, two nanomagnetic compounds from calcium oxide and iron (II, III) oxide (CaO@ Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@CaO) were synthesized by hydrothermal method and were characterized by general techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, MAP, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. The chemical and physical properties of these nanocompounds were studied, and they were compared with each other. The type of metal oxide as a support part was considered to be very interesting in this research. By changing the support from Fe3O4 to CaO: (a) the crystal size decreased from 41.60 to 36.82 nm, (b) the morphology was significantly changed, CaO@ Fe3O4 got a misty mountain‐like shape but other compound got a tiny spherical shape, (c) surface area and pore volume decreased as CaO@Fe3O4 is macroporous and the other compound is microporous. (d) Fe3O4 as support yielded better results than CaO due to more amount of coating. Both nanomagnetic compounds efficiently performed transesterification process using sunflower oil and methanol without any additional base compounds but CaO@Fe3O4 is slightly stronger catalyst than Fe3O4@CaO. Prepared biodiesel was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 13C‐NMR, and gas chromatography apparatuses. These results also corresponded with the prepared biodiesel by NaOH as a standard.
Study on the release and sensory perception of encapsulated d‐limonene flavor in crystal rock candy using the time–intensity analysis and HS‐GC/MS spectrometry
Authors: Vatankhah Lotfabadi Shahrzad , Mortazavi Seyyed Ali , Yeganehzad Samira
Published: January 2020

This research was conducted to evaluate encapsulated d‐limonene perception and release in rock candy. Microcapsules with wall materials of 75/25 of gum Arabic/Maltodextrin by 20% of wall materials) were produced for using in rock candy. To evaluate the flavor release from rock candy by time–intensity method, a model system was developed and time–intensity sensory evaluation was conducted by trained sensory panelists in order to determine the effect of three different matrices (water, water and flavored rock candy, and water with flavored rock candy and citric acid (pH = 3) at three serving temperatures (10, 45, and 75°C) on the perception of d‐limonene release. Results showed that release of d‐limonene from flavored rock candy with acid citric (pH = 3) at 75°C had the highest perceived sensation whereas the matrix of microcapsule in water at 10°C had the lowest perception. On the other hand, increasing the temperature from 10 to 75°C had significant effects on the release and perception of d‐limonene (p < .05). Headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry confirmed results from time–intensity sensory evaluation, which indicated that the release of d‐limonene increased in the presence of sucrose and citric acid (pH = 3).
Comparison of taste components in stewed beef broth under different conditions by means of chemical analyzed
Authors: Wang Linhan , Qiao Kaina , Duan Wen , Zhang Yuyu , Xiao Junfei , Huang Yan
Published: January 2020

The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of stewing process on the content of taste compounds in stewing beef broth. The amino acids, 5′‐nucleotides, and organic acids in stewing beef broth were determined by HPLC. The results showed that the contents of four 5′‐nucleotides in raw beef were significantly lower than that in stewed beef broth. The addition of spices, salt, and sucrose was beneficial to promote the release of amino acid in beef broth. The highest contents of umami, sweet amino acid, and total amino acid were 907.67, 2930.11, and 5088.76 μg/g in stewed beef broth with salt addition, and 1085.10, 3367.48, and 5595.20 μg/g with sucrose addition. The contents of those in the stewed beef optimal group (s‐b‐o) were 7008.53, 34007.67, and 49282.82 μg/g, respectively, which was far higher than that with salt addition and sucrose addition. The content of total amino acid and total organic acid was significantly higher in s‐b‐o‐o than in s‐b‐o. The proper amount of blend oil was beneficial to the release of flavor substances in stewed beef broth. The EUC value of the stewed beef blank group (s‐b‐b) was 3.50 g MSG/100 g. The addition of spices could significantly increase the EUC of stewed beef broth. The TAVs of 8 compounds were more than 1 in the sample of s‐b‐o‐o, including Asp, Glu, Pro, Ala, Val, Met, Arg, and tartaric acid. These 8 compounds contribute more to the taste of stewed beef broth.
Distribution of elements and their correlation in bran, polished rice, and whole grain
Authors: Yao Bao‐Min , Chen Peng , Sun Guo‐Xin
Published: January 2020

The relationship of toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr) and trace elements (Cu, Se, Ni, Zn, Mn) in rice bran and corresponding polished rice is not well known. A total of 446 rice grains were collected from paddy fields distributed across China, and the concentrations of 8 elements in rice bran and their corresponding polished rice were measured. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, and Se have a good linear relationship between rice bran and polished rice (R2: .79, .97, .82, .99, respectively; all p < .001). Polishing rice could effectively remove the average contents of 44.4% As, 19.8% Cd, and 15.4% Cr in the whole grain, but caused the substantial losses of more than half of Mn and Ni (57.7% and 56.9%), and nearly one‐third (30.9%, 31.5%, and 29.1%) of Cu, Se, and Zn in brown rice although only about 10% of rice bran was milled. The "L" type correlation exists not only between As and Cd, but also between the nutrients Se, Mn, Ni, and the toxic elements As, Cd. These results indicated that As accumulation in rice could reduce the levels of essential mineral nutrients Mn, Ni, and Se. On the contrary, improving nutrient elements by fertilization could decrease the accumulation of some toxic elements. This provides a practical new idea for the prevention and control of rice As or Cd, and concomitantly improves the deficiency of nutrient elements in rice.
Volcanic–plutonic connection and associated Au‐Cu mineralization of the Tulasu ore district, Western Tianshan, NW China: Implications for mineralization potential in Palaeozoic arc terranes
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Bo , Xue Chun‐Ji , Seltmann Reimar , Dolgopolova Alla , Andersen Jens C. Ø. , Zhang Guo‐Zhen
Published: January 2020

Constructing the plutonic–volcanic connections in volcanic arc setting is essential for understanding a variety of magmatic processes from continental crust differentiation to formation of magmatic‐hydrothermal ore deposits. Based on the combination of zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotope and whole‐rock geochemistry and Sr‐Nd isotopes, we evaluated the potential connections between volcanic and plutonic rocks from the Tulasu Basin, the largest epithermal gold ore district in the Chinese Western Tianshan. The peak of volcanism coincides well with the major plutonism, representing an important magma event at ~347–367 Ma. These contemporaneous volcanic and plutonic rocks show broadly similar arc‐related geochemical signatures and zircon in‐situ Hf (εHf[t] = −1.0–14.3) and whole‐rock Nd (εNd[t] = −4.2–4.6) isotopic compositions, indicative of formation from parental magmas derived from a common depleted mantle source metasomatized by slab‐derived melts, despite diverse consequent processes (fractional crystallization, crustal contamination, and magma mixing/mingling) during their differentiation in a subduction‐related setting. Volcanic rocks from the Axi caldera in the centre of the Tulasu district are geochemically less evolved than the coeval porphyritic granite, which indicates that the intrusive rocks might originate from residual melts left behind by extraction of erupted magmas. In contrast, the porphyry Cu mineralized Kexiaxi pluton, which occurs in the margin of the Tulasu district, is compositionally indistinguishable from the coeval volcanic suites. This implies that the Kexiaxi pluton represents the intrusive equivalent of a common magma reservoir feeding the volcanic eruptions, and magma fluxes may have controlled their differentiation. We thus suggest that the depleted mantle derived calc‐alkaline magma, modified during slab‐related melt metasomatism, crustal contamination, and magma mixing may have played an important role in copper enrichment at Kexiaxi. Finally, the relatively water‐rich and fertile nature of arc magma of the Tulasu district indicates high exploration potential for significant porphyry Cu‐Au deposits. The existing alteration‐immobile fertility proxy (V/Sc) for intrusive rocks may also be useful to assess the fertility of cogenetic volcanic rocks, in turn with implications for unexposed porphyry Cu deposits at depths.
Long‐term hydrologic recovery after wildfire and post‐fire forest management in the interior Pacific Northwest
Authors: Niemeyer Ryan J. , Bladon Kevin D. , Woodsmith Richard D.
Published: January 2020

Elevated wildfire activity in many regions in recent decades has increased concerns about the short‐ and long‐term effects on water quantity, quality, and aquatic ecosystem health. Often, loss of canopy interception and transpiration, along with changes in soil structural properties, leads to elevated total annual water yields, peak flows, and low flows. Post‐fire land management treatments are often used to promote forest regeneration and mitigate effects to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, few studies have investigated the longer‐term effects of either wildfire or post‐fire land management on catchment hydrology. Our objectives were to quantify and compare the short‐ and longer‐term effects of both wildfire and post‐fire forest management treatments on annual discharge, peak flows, low flows, and evapotranspiration (AET). We analyzed ten years of pre‐fire data, along with post‐fire data from 1 to 7 and 35 to 41 years after wildfire burned three experimental catchments in the Entiat Experimental Forest (EEF) in the Pacific Northwest, USA. After the fire, two of the catchments were salvage logged, aerially seeded, and fertilized, while the third catchment remained as a burned reference. We observed increases in annual discharge (150–202%), peak flows (234–283%), and low flows (42–81%), along with decreases in AET (34–45%), across all three study catchments in the first seven year period after the EEF wildfire. Comparatively, annual discharge, peak flows, lows flows, and AET had returned to pre‐fire levels 35–41 years after the EEF fire in the two salvage logged and seeded catchments. Surprisingly, in the catchment that was burned but not actively managed, the annual discharge and runoff ratios remained elevated, while AET remained lower, during the period 35–41 years after the EEF fire. We posit that differences in long‐term hydrologic recovery across catchments were driven by delayed vegetation recovery in the unmanaged catchment. Our study demonstrates that post‐fire land management decisions have the potential to produce meaningful differences in the long‐term recovery of catchment‐scale ecohydrologic processes and streamflow.
Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics involved in iron oxide nanoparticle‐induced dysfunction of dendritic cells was alleviated by autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine
Authors: Zhang Tian‐guang , Zhang Yu‐long , Zhou Qian‐qian , Wang Xiao‐hui , Zhan Lin‐sheng
Published: January 2020

Iron oxide nanoparticles are nanomaterials that are used extensively in the biomedical field, but they are associated with adverse effects, including mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondrial homeostasis is achieved through dynamic stability based on two sets of antagonistic balanced processes: mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation as well as mitochondrial fission and fusion. In this study, we showed that PEG‐COOH‐coated Fe3O4 (PEG‐Fe3O4) nanoparticles induced mitochondrial instability in dendritic cells (DCs) by impairing mitochondrial dynamics due to promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) pathway, inhibiting mitochondrial degradation via decreased autophagy, and facilitating mitochondrial fragmentation involving increased levels of DRP1 and MFN2. The resulting reduced levels of dextran uptake, CD80, CD86 and chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) suggested that PEG‐Fe3O4 nanoparticles impaired the functionally immature state of DCs. Autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) alleviated PEG‐Fe3O4 nanoparticle‐induced mitochondrial instability and impairment of the functionally immature state of DCs due to unexpected enhancement of PGC1α/MFN2‐mediated coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion.
Long noncoding RNA linc00467 plays an oncogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the miR‐18a‐5p/NEDD9 axis
Authors: Zheng Yuanwen , Nie Peihua , Xu Shifeng
Published: January 2020

Increasing evidence has shown that numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in tumorigenesis. Herein, we investigated the biological role of lncRNA linc00467 in the cancer biology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We observed that linc00467 was upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Silencing of linc00467 using small interfering RNA interference significantly inhibited the growth and motility of HCC cells, and increased cell apoptosis through regulating the Bcl‐2/Bax axis and the caspase cascade, suggesting that linc00467 exerted oncogenic functions in the progression of HCC. Moreover, we found that linc00467 could target miR‐18a‐5p, and NEDD9 was a target for miR‐18a‐5p in HCC cells. Furthermore, either the miR‐18a‐5p inhibitor or upregulation of NEDD9 could recover the inhibitory effects caused by silencing of linc00467. In conclusion, our data highlighted the oncogenic role of linc00467 in HCC progression by regulating the miR‐18a‐5p/NEDD9 axis.
FOXC1 negatively regulates BMP‐SMAD activity and Id1 expression during osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Caddy Jordan C. , Luoma Leiah M. , Berry Fred B.
Published: January 2020

Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate a diverse range of biological processes through their activation of SMAD1, SMAD5, or SMAD8 proteins that, in turn, regulate gene expression. These SMAD transcription factors achieve a layer of functional specificity in different cell types largely through actions with additional transcriptional regulatory molecules. In this study, we demonstrate that the forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) transcription factor can modulate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to impair the expression of BMP4‐responsive genes and prevent the efficient osteoblast differentiation. We demonstrate that repression occurs downstream of BMP signaling and impacts the ability SMAD1 or SMAD5 to activate gene expression. Repression of SMAD activity requires FOXC1 DNA‐binding capacity and the transcriptional inhibitory domain of FOXC1. We report that FOXC1 inhibits BMP4 induction of Id1 expression and identify a motif in the regulatory region of mouse Id1 gene that FOXC1 binds. We determine that this inhibition by FOXC1 binding does not affect SMAD1, SMAD5, or SMAD8 binding to its target sequence in the Id1 gene. Finally, we determine that the elevated expression of FOXC1 can reduces expression osteogenic differentiation genes in mouse embryonic stems directed to the osteoblast lineage through BMP4 treatment. Together, these findings indicate that FOXC1 can negatively regulate certain aspects of BMP4 signaling required for osteoblast differentiation. We propose that FOXC1 acts to attenuate the initial BMP‐activated pathways that establish osteoblast differentiation and allow for terminal osteoblast differentiation to conclude.
Ablation of PKM2 ameliorated ER stress‐induced apoptosis and associated inflammation response in IL‐1β‐treated chondrocytes via blocking Rspo2‐mediated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Li Zhi Zhou , Wang Fei , Liu Shuang , Li Hui , Wang Yang
Published: January 2020

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the related apoptosis and inflammation damage play key roles in osteoarthritis development. The aim of the present work was to investigate the exact role and potential underlying mechanism of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in rat chondrocytes exposed to interleukin‐Iβ (IL‐1β). We observed that IL‐1β stimulation resulted in an apparent enhancement in PKM2 expression. Additionally, loss of PKM2 evidently ascended cell viability in response to IL‐1β exposure. Simultaneously, elimination of PKM2 manifestly repressed IL‐1β‐stimulated chondrocyte apoptosis, concomitant with attenuated in the proapoptotic protein markers Bax and cleaved caspase‐3, and elevated the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2. In the meanwhile, knockdown of PKM2 ameliorated ER stress in IL‐1β‐treated chondrocytes, as evidenced by reduced expression of the ER stress‐associated proteins GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase‐12. Furthermore, PKM2 silencing protected chondrocytes against IL‐1β‐triggered inflammatory response, as reflected by the downregulated release of proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‐2, and prostaglandin E2, as well as decreased nitric oxide generation. More important, abrogating PKM2 expression caused a marked decline in Rspo2 expression, and subsequently blocked Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Mechanistically, the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling activator Licl effectively impeded the beneficial effects of PKM2 ablation on IL‐1β‐stimulated apoptosis and inflammatory response. These findings collectively implicated that PKM2 inhibition protected against ER stress‐mediated cell apoptosis and inflammatory injury in rat chondrocytes stimulated with IL‐1β by inactivating Rspo2‐mediated Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, and may represented a novel therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.
Expanded newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism by tandem mass spectrometry in newborns from Xinxiang city in China
Authors: Ma Shujun , Guo Qinghe , Zhang Zhongxin , He Zhian , Yue Aizhi , Song Zhishan , Zhao Qingwei , Wang Xia , Sun Ruili
Published: January 2020

Background

Tandem mass spectrometry is a powerful technology available in China over the last 15 years. The development of tandem mass spectrometry had made it possible to rapidly screen newborns for inborn errors of metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the birth incidence of inborn errors of metabolism through expanded screening of newborns by tandem mass spectrometry in Xinxiang area.

Methods

Dried blood spots from 50 112 newborns were assessed for inborn errors of metabolism by tandem mass spectrometry. The diagnoses were confirmed based on the clinical features, conventional laboratory tests, and the organic acid levels tested in urine by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.

Results

The study findings revealed that 31 newborns were diagnosed with inborn errors of metabolism. The total incidence rate of inborn errors of metabolism was 1/1617, and these included 16 cases of amino acid disorders (51.6%), nine cases of organic acid disorders (29.0%), and 6 (19.4%) cases of fatty acid beta‐oxidation disorders.

Conclusions

The screening for the incidence of inborn errors of metabolism in Xinxiang area showed that the rate was higher than previously reported. This study provides valuable data which may be useful in facilitating improvements in the expansion of screening to enable early diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of metabolism before the onset of symptoms.
Novel classifiers with clinical laboratory parameters for early detection of osteosarcoma
Authors: Cao Lin‐Lin , Chen Zhaoming , Yue Zhihong , Pei Lin , Jia Mei , Wang Hui , Li Tingting
Published: January 2020

Background

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant bone tumors. It is essential to explore early diagnostic indicators with high sensitivity and specificity due to the rapid progression and metastasis of OS and the poor survival of metastatic OS patients. However, a few indicators of diagnostic significance have been described.

Methods

A total of 458 OS patients, 312 healthy individuals, and 228 patients with primary benign bone lesions were included. Logistic regression was performed on 46 clinical laboratory parameters to establish the diagnostic classifiers, which were evaluated by analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

We established three diagnostic classifiers, called Cos for all ages, Clos for low ages, and Chos for high ages, with clinical laboratory parameters to distinguish OS from healthy individuals. All classifiers showed better diagnostic performances than alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the independent validation cohort. In addition, these classifiers had better ability than ALP to discriminate OS from primary benign bone lesions. Furthermore, Cos, Clos, and Chos had larger AUC than ALP to identify small‐size and early‐stage OS and could also detect ALP‐negative OS effectively.

Conclusion

Our study suggests the potential of Cos, Clos, and Chos as non‐invasive biomarkers for early OS.
Group metacognitive therapy for adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders: A pilot study
Authors: Thorslund Johanna , McEvoy Peter M. , Anderson Rebecca A.
Published: January 2020

Objective(s)

The metacognitive model suggests that beliefs about cognition maintain repetitive negative thinking (RNT), a transdiagnostic process that underlies commonly comorbid, emotional disorders. To date, there has been the limited application of metacognitive therapy (MCT) to adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate a six‐session group transdiagnostic MCT program for adolescents with anxiety and/or depressive disorders.

Method

Participants (N = 10; 3 male, 7 female; average age 15.2 years) completed measures of metacognition and RNT at assessment, baseline period, during treatment, and at 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups.

Results

Nine participants attended all six treatment sessions and one discontinued after four sessions. At posttreatment and follow‐ups, the majority of participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders and evidenced a clinically significant or reliable change in metacognitions and RNT.

Conclusions

Results suggest that group MCT is promising in terms of acceptability and effectiveness for adolescents with anxiety and/or depressive disorders.
Nutrition interventions to treat low muscle mass in cancer
Authors: Prado Carla M. , Purcell Sarah A. , Laviano Alessandro
Published: January 2020

Many patients with cancer experience poor nutritional status, which detrimentally impacts clinical outcomes. Poor nutritional status in cancer is primarily manifested by severe muscle mass (MM) depletion, which may occur at any stage (from curative to palliative) and often co‐exists with obesity. The objective of this article was to discuss gaps and opportunities related to the role of nutrition in preventing and reversing low MM in cancer. It also provides a narrative review of relevant nutritional interventions for patients capable of oral intake. The impact of nutrition interventions to prevent/treat low MM in cancer is not well understood, potentially due to the limited number of studies and of clinically viable, accurate body composition assessment tools. Additionally, the type of study designs, inclusion criteria, length of intervention, and choice of nutritional strategies have not been optimal, likely underestimating the anabolic potential of nutrition interventions. Nutrition studies are also often of short duration, and interventions that adapt to the metabolic and behavioural changes during the clinical journey are needed. We discuss energy requirements (25–30 kcal/kg/day) and interventions of protein (1.0–1.5 g/kg/day), branched‐chain amino acids (leucine: 2–4 g/day), β‐hydroxy β‐methylbutyrate (3 g/day), glutamine (0.3 g/kg/day), carnitine (4–6 g/day), creatine (5 g/day), fish oil/eicosapentanoic acid (2.0–2.2 g/day EPA and 1.5 g/day DHA), vitamin/minerals (e.g. vitamin D: 600–800 international units per day), and multimodal approaches (nutrition, exercise, and pharmaceutical) to countermeasure low MM in cancer. Although the evidence is variable by modality type, interventions were generally not specifically studied in the context of cancer. Understanding patients' nutritional requirements could lead to targeted prescriptions to prevent or attenuate low MM in cancer, with the overall aim of minimizing muscle loss during anti‐cancer therapy and maximizing muscle anabolism during recovery. It is anticipated that this will, in turn, improve overall health and prognostication including tolerance to treatment and survival. However, oncology‐specific interventions with more robust study designs are needed to facilitate these goals.
Tailoring photocatalysts and elucidating mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in water: a comparative overview
Authors: Do Huu‐Tuan , Phan Thi Lan‐Anh , Dao Nguyen Ngoc Han , Huang Chao‐Wei , Le Quyet Van , Nguyen Van‐Huy
Published: January 2020

A perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as the most important representative of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), is environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. Among treatment techniques for PFOA decomposition, photocatalytic degradation of PFOA has received considerable attention. A series of candidate photocatalytic materials, including TiO2‐, carbonaceous‐, Ga2O3‐, In2O3‐based, etc., have been successfully proposed to eliminate PFOA. Overall, there are two types of mechanisms for photocatalytic degradation of PFCAs, including conventional mechanism and charge transfer mechanism. For a conventional mechanism, the mechanism of PFOA photodegradation over bulk TiO2 via two pathways: photo‐redox and β‐scission. For the charge transfer mechanism, the PFOA degradation pathway in water‐soluble H3PW12O40 is mainly via charge‐transfer excited complex ([PW12O40]3−*). Finally, attention on critical challenges and prospects for photodegradation of PFOA are also intensified. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Microplastics in soils: a review of possible sources, analytical methods and ecological impacts
Authors: Zhang Bin , Yang Xin , Chen Liang , Chao Jinyu , Teng Jia , Wang Qing
Published: January 2020

Microplastics are emerging persistent pollutants that have been extensively detected in aqueous environments. Yet, scientists have little knowledge of microplastic pollution in soils. This study reviewed over 60 articles, with the following objectives: (i) to discuss sources and the global distribution of microplastics in soils; (ii) to evaluate current extraction techniques and analytical methods for microplastics in soils; and (iii) to comprehensively assess their adverse impacts on soils and soil organisms. Moreover, this review highlights the lack of research into microplastic contamination in soils as a significant knowledge gap. Research into the fate, sources and analytical techniques of soil microplastics and the interactions between soil organisms, soils and microplastics is essential in order to underpin management decisions aimed at safeguarding the ecological integrity of our soils. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry