bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological variation in brain through domestication of fowl
Authors: Kawabe Soichiro , Tsunekawa Naoki , Kudo Kohei , Tirawattanawanich Chanin , Akishinonomiya Fumihito , Endo Hideki
Published: May 2017

Great variations in the size, shape, color, feather structure and behavior are observed among fowl breeds. Because many types of domestic fowls have been bred for various purposes, they are ideal to assess the relationship between brain morphology and avian biology. However, little is known about changes in brain shape that may have occurred during fowl domestication. We analyzed the brains of red jungle fowl and domestic fowl to clarify differences in the brain shape between these breeds, as well as the shape changes associated with size enlargement using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Principal component and multivariate regression analyses showed that ventrodorsal bending, anteroposterior elongation and width reduction were significantly correlated with brain size. According to the size‐dependent analysis, the red jungle fowl brain has an intermediate shape between the brain of young broilers and that of large domestic fowl and adult broilers. After the size effect is removed, geometric morphometric analyses show that the brain of red jungle fowl is different from that of domestic fowl, with large round cerebral hemispheres. Significant correlations exist between the skull length and brain volume among fowl, while the brain volume relative to the skull length is distinctly larger in red jungle fowl compared with domestic fowl. The distinct brain shape and increased relative brain size of red jungle fowl may be driven by the presence of large, rounded cerebral hemispheres.
Interdigital tissue remodelling in the embryonic limb involves dynamic regulation of the miRNA profiles
Authors: Garcia‐Riart Beatriz , Lorda‐Diez Carlos I. , Marin‐Llera Jessica C. , Garcia‐Porrero Juan A. , Hurle Juan M. , Montero Juan A.
Published: May 2017

Next‐generation sequencing in combination with quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a dynamic miRNA signature in the interdigital mesoderm of the chick embryonic hinlimb in the course of interdigit remodelling. During this period, 612 previously known chicken miRNAs (gga‐miRNAs) and 401 non‐identified sequences were expressed in the interdigital mesoderm. Thirty‐six microRNAs, represented by more than 750 reads per million, displayed differential expression between stages HH29 (6 id) and HH32 (7.5 id), which correspond to the onset and the peak of interdigital cell death. Twenty miRNAs were upregulated by at least 1.5‐fold, and sixteen were downregulated by at least 0.5‐fold. Upregulated miRNAs included miRNAs with recognized proapoptotic functions in other systems (miR‐181 family, miR‐451 and miR‐148a), miRNAs associated with inflammation and cell senescence (miR‐21 and miR‐146) and miRNAs able to induce changes in the extracellular matrix (miR‐30c). In contrast, miRNAs with known antiapoptotic effects in other systems, such as miR‐222 and miR‐205, became downregulated. In addition, miR‐92, an important positive regulator of cell proliferation, was also downregulated. Together, these findings indicate a role for miRNAs in the control of tissue regression and cell death in a characteristic morphogenetic embryonic process based on massive apoptosis.
Saturated salt solution: a further step to a formaldehyde‐free embalming method for veterinary gross anatomy
Authors: Lombardero M. , Yllera M. M. , Costa‐e‐Silva A. , Oliveira M. J. , Ferreira P. G.
Published: May 2017

In the field of veterinary anatomy, most of the specimens used in practical sessions are perfused with fixatives. Thus, they can be used for a longer time, reducing the number of animals for educational purposes. Formalin is the most commonly used fixative, consisting of a 37% formaldehyde solution. However, formaldehyde is a powerful irritant of the eyes and airways and is considered carcinogenic, causing nasopharyngeal cancer in exposed workers and professionals. In the present study, we explored an alternative method to avoid the use of formaldehyde in specimens used for gross anatomy practical sessions. We propose an inexpensive, non‐toxic fixative that is available worldwide, such as sea salt. This method consists of a continuous perfusion of saturated salt solution for a period of 6–8 h, enabling drainage of the solution to avoid a weight increase of the specimen, and allowing salt to be retained in the tissue. The method is based on recirculation of the saturated salt solution instead of maceration. Perfused specimens retained their natural consistency and joint mobility, with no blood, resembling a piece of meat from the slaughterhouse. They could be used immediately without a maceration period, or stored in the fridge until use and then kept in a bath of saturated salt solution for future conservation. In the case of the former, no refrigeration was needed. The specimens did not have an irritating or offensive smell, and could be used for long sessions (several hours per day) and stored for long periods. However, the blood vessels used for perfusion determine the results: a less invasive approach (through common carotid arteries) gave good preservation of the musculoskeletal system, whereas more invasive access to cannulate the abdominal aorta and vena cava caudalis was required to achieve better preservation of the viscera. In conclusion, we propose that perfusion followed by immersion in a saturated salt solution is a good alternative method for the preservation of specimens used in the practical teaching of gross veterinary anatomy. It is a very simple and inexpensive technique, and is much healthier for users than traditional formalin. Moreover, specimens can be preserved for prolonged periods, and maintain a similar appearance and consistency to fresh material.
Human skin gene expression doesn't correlate with protein expression? Unless both parameters are quantified
Authors: Lephart Edwin D.
Published: May 2017

Many cosmetic companies utilize in vitro gene array studies to display significant stimulation or inhibition of various human skin biomarkers to validate in vivo actions that are reported to enhance dermal health. This follows the central dogma of DNA‐to‐RNA results in protein expression; however, gene and protein expressions do not usually correlate. Unless both gene and protein expressions are quantified which require further investigational time and investment. Where data are available, this short commentary displays the in vitro comparison of four human skin biomarkers for the gene and protein expressions of the stimulation of collagen type I and elastin and the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, when equol was tested. The results demonstrate a good correspondence between gene and protein expressions for the human skin biomarkers tested.
Empirical and pragmatic adequacy of grounded theory: Advancing nurse empowerment theory for nurses' practice
Authors: Udod Sonia A. , Racine Louise
Published: May 2017

Aims and objective

To draw on the findings of a grounded theory study aimed at exploring how power is exercised in nurse–manager relationships in the hospital setting, this paper examines the empirical and pragmatic adequacy of grounded theory as a methodology to advance the concept of empowerment in the area of nursing leadership and management.

Background

The evidence on staff nurse empowerment has highlighted the magnitude of individual and organisational outcomes, but has not fully explicated the micro‐level processes underlying how power is exercised, shared or created within the nurse–manager relationship. Although grounded theory is a widely adopted nursing research methodology, it remains less used in nursing leadership because of the dominance of quantitative approaches to research. Grounded theory methodology provides the empirical and pragmatic relevance to inform nursing practice and policy. Grounded theory is a relevant qualitative approach to use in leadership research as it provides a fine and detailed analysis of the process underlying complexity and bureaucracy.

Design

Discursive paper.

Method

A critical examination of the empirical and pragmatic relevance of grounded theory by (Corbin & Strauss, , ) as a method for analysing and solving problems in nurses' practice is provided.

Conclusions

This paper provides evidence to support the empirical and pragmatic adequacy of grounded theory methodology. Although the application of the ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions of grounded theory is challenging, this methodology is useful to address real‐life problems in nursing practice by developing theoretical explanations of nurse empowerment, or lack thereof, in the workplace.

Relevance to clinical practice

Grounded theory represents a relevant methodology to inform nursing leadership research. Grounded theory is anchored in the reality of practice. The strength of grounded theory is to provide results that can be readily applied to clinical practice and policy as they arise from problems that affect practice and that are meaningful to nurses.
Pregnancy and pelvic girdle pain: Analysis of pelvic belt on pain
Authors: Bertuit Jeanne , Van Lint Charlotte Eloise , Rooze Marcel , Feipel Véronique
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To analyse pain and functional capacity in women with pelvic girdle pain and to evaluate the effect of pelvic belt on these parameters. Two types of belts were to compare.

Background

Pelvic girdle pain is very common during pregnancy. To prevent and relieve pelvic pain, women can use a set of techniques and tools such as a pelvic belt. While scientific evidence is lacking, commercial industries suggest the effectiveness of pelvic belts.

Design

Randomised control trial.

Methods

Forty‐six pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain were evaluated. Pain analysis included a quantitative and a qualitative assessment. A daily activities questionnaire was used for functional capacity evaluation. Women were tested at two times during the pregnancy for a longitudinal evaluation, and they used one of the two belt models during their pregnancy.

Results

Pelvic pain started between the 14th–21st week of pregnancy. Pain intensity was 60 ± 20 mm. Daily activities could increase pain. The use of belts reduced pain. The intensity of pain decreased by 20 mm on a visual analogue scale. The daily activities were also easier. However, all these conclusions are valid only if pregnant women used belts regularly on short periods.

Conclusions

The belts appear to be interesting tools to reduce pelvic pain and improve comfort of pregnant women. This effect might be explained by an analgesic effect with proprioceptive and biomechanical effect. The different types of belts could have differential effects on global, sacroiliac joint and back pain during pregnancy, but this hypothesis requires confirmation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Relevant for patient: to use an easy and validated tool. Relevant for clinical practice: to suggest a tool scientifically validated for patient. Relevant to economic issues: belts decrease pelvic pain and increase comfort of pregnant women. Sick leave could decrease.
Conflict when making decisions about dialysis modality
Authors: Chen Nien‐Hsin , Lin Yu‐Ping , Liang Shu‐Yuan , Tung Heng‐Hsin , Tsay Shiow‐Luan , Wang Tsae‐Jyy
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To explore decisional conflict and its influencing factors on choosing dialysis modality in patients with end‐stage renal diseases. The influencing factors investigated include demographics, predialysis education, dialysis knowledge, decision self‐efficacy and social support.

Background

Making dialysis modality decisions can be challenging for patients with end‐stage renal diseases; there are pros and cons to both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Patients are often uncertain as to which one will be the best alternative for them. This decisional conflict increases the likelihood of making a decision that is not based on the patient's values or preferences and may result in undesirable postdecisional consequences. Addressing factors predisposing patients to decisional conflict helps to facilitate informed decision‐making and then to improve healthcare quality.

Design

A predictive correlational cross‐sectional study design was used.

Methods

Seventy patients were recruited from the outpatient dialysis clinics of two general hospitals in Taiwan. Data were collected with study questionnaires, including questions on demographics, dialysis modality and predialysis education, the Dialysis Knowledge Scale, the Decision Self‐Efficacy scale, the Social Support Scale, and the Decisional Conflict Scale.

Results

The mean score on the Decisional Conflict Scale was 29.26 (SD = 22.18). Decision self‐efficacy, dialysis modality, predialysis education, professional support and dialysis knowledge together explained 76.4% of the variance in decisional conflict.

Conclusions

Individuals who had lower decision self‐efficacy, did not receive predialysis education on both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, had lower dialysis knowledge and perceived lower professional support reported higher decisional conflict on choosing dialysis modality.

Relevance to clinical practice

When providing decisional support to predialysis stage patients, practitioners need to increase patients' decision self‐efficacy, provide both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis predialysis education, increase dialysis knowledge and provide professional support.
Risk factors for burnout among caregivers working in nursing homes
Authors: Kandelman Nadia , Mazars Thierry , Levy Antonin
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

(i) To assess the level of burnout in nursing home caregivers within a unique healthcare network in France and (ii) to evaluate potential risk factors in this population.

Background

Burnout syndrome occurs frequently among nursing home caregivers and has strong detrimental effects on the quality of health care for residents.

Design

We used an observational survey to study burnout in nursing home caregivers. The survey was used to quantify burnout level (Maslach Burnout Inventory) and potential risk factors and was implemented from October 2013–April 2014.

Methods

A logistic regression was used to explore the association between burnout and its risk factors.

Results

Three hundred and sixty questionnaires were delivered to caregivers in 14 nursing homes within a unique healthcare network. The response rate was 37% (132/360), and 124/132 (94%) surveys were analysed. Caregiver burnout rate was 40% (49/124). Median age was 41 years (range, 20–70) and most caregivers were female. The most common profession (n = 54; 44%) was nurse caregiver and 90% (n = 112) had an antecedent of bullying by a resident. Risk factors identified were as follows: the presence of institutional protocols (death announcement [OR: 3.7] and pain assessment [OR: 2.8]), working in a profit‐making establishment (OR: 2.6) and the antecedent of bullying by a resident (OR: 6.2). Factors most negatively associated with burnout included: practising pastimes (OR: 0.4) and working as a nurse (OR: 0.3). The only significant risk factor in the multivariate analysis was the antecedent of bullying by a resident (OR: 5.3).

Conclusion

Several specific risk factors for burnout in nursing home caregivers were identified.

Relevance to clinical practice

In high‐risk populations of healthcare professionals, screening and management of risk factors is crucial for preventing burnout.
Family functioning and perceived support from nurses during cancer treatment among Danish and Australian patients and their families
Authors: Dieperink Karin B. , Coyne Elisabeth , Creedy Debra K. , Østergaard Birte
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to compare family functioning and perceptions of support from nurses among Danish and Australian adult oncology patients and family members.

Background

Family can have a strong influence on the health of individuals, providing support during a health crisis such as cancer. However, family functioning and supportive care from nurses may vary across cultures and settings.

Design and methods

A descriptive, cross‐sectional comparative design with patients and family members from Denmark and Australia. Participants were asked to fill in translated versions of the Iceland‐Expressive Family Functioning Questionnaire (ICE‐EFFQ) and Iceland‐Expressive Family Perceived Support Questionnaire (ICE‐FPSQ).

Results

In total, 232 participants were recruited. The Danish cohort consisted of 56 patients and 54 family members. The Australian cohort consisted of 83 patients and 39 family members. Mean age was 59 years. No significant differences were found between Danish and Australian families. However, compared to patients, family members reported significantly lower overall family functioning, expressive emotions and communication, as well as less emotional support from nurses.

Conclusions

Family functioning was comparable between Denmark and Australia. Family members reported less emotional support than patients. Nurses need to consider the patient and the family as a unit with complex needs that require monitoring and attention during oncology treatment.

Implications for practice

Families supporting a member with cancer have significant and often unmet needs. Assessment, information‐sharing and health education need to include the family. Supportive care information may be shared between Denmark and Australia and inspires the development of common guidelines for optimal family nursing practice.
Levels of anxiety in parents in the 24 hr before and after their child's surgery: A descriptive study
Authors: Pomicino Laura , Maccacari Elena , Buchini Sara
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To (i) investigate pre‐ and postoperative anxiety levels in parents of surgical patients; (ii) identify factors that affect parental anxiety; and (iii) analyse assistance provided and overall parental satisfaction to assess whether and how this aspect can impact their anxiety level.

Background

Surgery as an event generates anxiety in children and their parents. Children who are anxious before surgery are likely to develop more postoperative psychological and physiological complications than those who are not. The role parents play in influencing emotional states of their children has been well demonstrated. However, specific national programmes aimed at helping parents develop new models for coping are relatively inexistent in Italy.

Study design

Longitudinal study.

Methods

One hundred and one parents of children undergoing surgery at a healthcare facility in Padua, Italy, completed the Italian version of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y questionnaire. They also answered questions about their parents' socio‐demographic situation, the amount and quality of preoperative information received, assistance provided and their overall satisfaction with this information.

Results

The preoperative level of anxiety in parents who were interviewed was higher than Italian normative data, especially in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and Pediatric Urology departments. Mothers had a significantly higher level of anxiety than fathers. Communicating possible complications of surgical procedures increased anxiety, while providing information about pre‐ and postsurgery nutrition and pain management and providing local anaesthetic on children decreased parental anxiety. Parents expressed a sufficiently high level of satisfaction although they defined the hospital environment as uncomfortable.

Conclusions

Aspects of care that can make hospitalisation less traumatic for parents are as follows: greater support, involving them in the treatment process, improving hospital department admission procedures and providing thorough preoperative information.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare professionals are encouraged to pay attention to communication modalities providing detailed information to parents.
The impact of a structured preoperative protocol on day of surgery cancellations
Authors: Turunen Elina , Miettinen Merja , Setälä Leena , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the impact of implementing an evidence‐based, structured preoperative protocol on day of surgery cancellations in 13 operative specialties.

Background

Surgery cancellations cause unnecessary harm for patients and organisations as many cancellations could be prevented. Preoperative care has developed in recent years, and several preoperative interventions have been introduced. However, the optimal model for organising preoperative care remains unknown. Cancellations are a commonly used indicator when evaluating the success of preoperative care.

Design

Observational study with two study phases: before and after.

Methods

The cancellation data were collected from the hospital register from 1 September 2013–31 May 2014 (n = 591) and from September 2015–May 2016 (n = 542). The compliance rate of the preoperative protocol was evaluated in group sessions (n = 13) during spring 2016 using the participation of preoperative healthcare professionals (n = 49). The data were analysed statistically.

Results

Cancellation rates varied between 1.6%–9.7% (in the first phase) and between 1.5%–7.7% (in the second phase). A remarkable decrease was found in patients who failed to attend their scheduled procedures. The mean of compliance to the preoperative protocol across all specialties was 82.3%. A correlation between the rate of cancellation and the rate of compliance with the preoperative protocol was found.

Conclusions

A preoperative protocol promotes the scheduled arrival of surgical patients to the hospital and therefore decreases cancellation rates.

Relevance to clinical practice

An evidence‐based preoperative care protocol should be introduced for all healthcare professionals working in preoperative care to ensure smooth, safe and high‐quality care for surgical patients.
Longitudinal Transmission of Conflict Management Styles Across Inter‐Parental and Adolescent Relationships
Authors: Staats Soundry , van der Valk Inge E. , Meeus Wim H. J. , Branje Susan J. T.
Published: May 2017

This study longitudinally investigated transmission of conflict management styles across inter‐parental, adolescent–parent, adolescent–friend, and adolescent–partner relationships. During four waves, 799 middle‐to‐late adolescents (Mage‐t1 = 15.80; 54% boys) and their parents completed the Conflict Resolution Style Inventory. Cross‐lagged path analyses indicated transmission of adolescent conflict management styles in relationships with parents to relationships with friends and romantic partners: Positive problem solving and conflict engagement utilized by adolescents in conflicts with parents were significantly, positively related to, respectively, adolescent positive problem solving and conflict engagement in relationships with friends 1 year later and relationships with partners 2 years later. Thus, the study showed that the way adolescents manage conflicts with parents predicts how they handle conflicts later in relationships outside the family.
Prediction of long‐term clinical outcome in a diverse chronic hepatitis B population: Role of the PAGE‐B score
Authors: Brouwer W. P. , van der Meer A. J. P. , Boonstra A. , Plompen E. P. C. , Pas S. D. , de Knegt R. J. , de Man R. A. , ten Kate F. J. W. , Janssen H. L. A. , Hansen B. E.
Published: May 2017

An abundance of noninvasive scores have been associated with fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. We aimed to compare the prognostic ability of these scores in relation to liver histology in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Liver biopsies from treatment‐naïve CHB patients at one tertiary care centre were scored by a single hepato‐pathologist. Laboratory values at liver biopsy were used to calculate the PAGE‐B, REACH‐B, GAG‐HCC, CU‐HCC and FIB‐4 scores. Any clinical event was defined as HCC development, liver failure, transplantation and mortality. HCC and mortality data were obtained from national database registries. Of 557 patients, 40 developed a clinical event within a median follow‐up of 10.1 (IQR 5.7‐15.9) years. The PAGE‐B score predicted any clinical event (C‐statistic.86, 95% CI: 0.80‐0.92), HCC development (C‐statistic .91) and reduced transplant‐free survival (C‐statistic .83) with good accuracy, also when stratified by ethnicity, antiviral therapy after biopsy or advanced fibrosis. The C‐statistics (95% CI) of the REACH‐B, GAG‐HCC, CU‐HCC and FIB‐4 scores for any event were .70 (0.59‐0.81), .82 (0.75‐0.89), .73 (0.63‐0.84) and.79 (0.69‐0.89), respectively. The PAGE‐B event risk assessment improved modestly when combined with the Ishak fibrosis stage (C‐statistic .87, 95% CI: 0.82‐0.93). The PAGE‐B score showed the best performance in assessing the likelihood of developing a clinical event among a diverse CHB population over 15 years of follow‐up. Additional liver histological characteristics did not appear to provide a clinically significant improvement.
Estimating lion's prey species profile in an arid environment
Authors: Beukes M. , Radloff F. G. T. , Ferreira S. M.
Published: May 2017

Information on large carnivore diet composition is important when conservationists seek to address stressors such as habitat encroachment, bush meat trade and retribution killing on the persistence of populations. Detailed diet sampling approaches can contribute to effective conservation management. We compare different approaches including GPS cluster analysis, scat analysis and opportunistic observations and describe lion diet profiles in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP). We determined that a sample size of between 65–69 lion feeding events out of 278 found by GPS cluster analysis and 55–59 lion scats out of 189 samples can provide a representative description of lion diet in the KTP. Our opportunistic observations (n = 52) were found to be too few for robust deductions. Scat analysis yielded the highest prey diversity (n = 11) and best representation of prey <50 kg, but required 160 scats at ~ 263 km driven per scat collected. GPS cluster analysis provided good information for large prey, but underrepresented prey <50 kg. Kill remains were found at only 37% of the investigated GPS cluster points (n = 823). Even so, GPS cluster analysis yielded diet descriptions quicker than scat analyses. The use of GPS cluster and scat analysis in tandem is recommended for the estimation of lion diet in this arid environment.
The bothersome crow people and the silent princess: exploring the orientations of children as they play a digital narrative game
Authors: Maine Fiona
Published: May 2017

This study builds on and extends our understanding of literacy through exploring children's encounters with a digital narrative game. The research analyses different stances or orientations that children take as they progress through the game and how they draw on schematic understandings about narratives and digital gaming to support their game‐play. The study extends previous research exploring how children make meaning from visual texts and how we draw on resources across and between modes to understand narratives. Taking a socio‐cultural approach, the research suggests a framework of possible orientations that children take as they engage with the storyworld of the game, showing how this is at times strategic and critical, and at other times immersive and reactive.
Water resources management and Integrated Water Resources Management implementation in Malawi: Status and implications for lake basin management
Authors: Chidammodzi C. L. , Muhandiki V. S.
Published: May 2017

Many countries, including Malawi, are implementing integrated approaches for the development, management and use of water and other natural resources. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is, arguably, one approach considered helpful in addressing water issues effectively and sustainably. This study assesses the implementation of IWRM in Malawi to the present time, in relation to the five priority areas the country's Integrated Water Resources Management/Water Efficiency (IWRM/WE) Plan (2008–2012) sought to address, as well as the potential benefits of infusing Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) in this approach. Document reviews, key informant interviews, questionnaire surveys and site visits were the employed methods in this analysis. Considering the significant importance of lakes in the country, this study, through application of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats framework, provides insight on how lake basin management issues can best be incorporated within the existing IWRM‐based framework to promote the management and utilization of lakes for sustainable use. While acknowledging the relevance of a holistic approach, the study highlights the importance for the country to ensure that its development agenda is not negatively affected in the course of implementing IWRM.
A proof of the Farkas–Minkowski theorem by a tandem method
Authors: Fujimoto Takao , Perera B. B. Upeksha P. , Giorgi Giorgio
Published: May 2017

This note presents a proof of the Farkas–Minkowski theorem. Our proof does not presuppose the closedness of a finitely generated cone, nor employs separation theorems either. Even the concept of linear independence or invertibility of matrices is not necessary. Our new device consists in proving the Farkas–Minkowski theorem and the closedness of a finitely generated cone at the same time based upon mathematical induction. We make use of a minimization problem with an equality constraint, a method familiar to economics students.
Brain endothelial cell expression of SPARCL‐1 is specific to chronic multiple sclerosis lesions and is regulated by inflammatory mediators in vitro
Authors: Bridel C. , Koel‐Simmelink M. J. A. , Peferoen L. , Derada Troletti C. , Durieux S. , Gorter R. , Nutma E. , Gami P. , Iacobaeus E. , Brundin L. , Kuhle J. , Vrenken H. , Killestein J. , Piersma S. R. , Pham T. V. , De Vries H. E. , Amor S. , Jimenez C. R. , Teunissen C. E.
Published: May 2017

Aims

Cell matrix modulating protein SPARCL‐1 is highly expressed by astrocytes during CNS development and following acute CNS damage. Applying NanoLC‐MS/MS to CSF of RRMS and SPMS patients, we identified SPARCL‐1 as differentially expressed between these two stages of MS, suggesting a potential as CSF biomarker to differentiate RRMS from SPMS and a role in MS pathogenesis.

Methods

This study examines the potential of SPARCL‐1 as CSF biomarker discriminating RRMS from SPMS in three independent cohorts (n = 249), analyses its expression pattern in MS lesions (n = 26), and studies its regulation in cultured human brain microvasculature endothelial cells (BEC) after exposure to MS‐relevant inflammatory mediators.

Results

SPARCL‐1 expression in CSF was significantly higher in SPMS compared to RRMS in a Dutch cohort of 76 patients. This finding was not replicated in 2 additional cohorts of MS patients from Sweden (n = 81) and Switzerland (n = 92). In chronic MS lesions, but not active lesions or NAWM, a vessel expression pattern of SPARCL‐1 was observed in addition to the expression by astrocytes. EC were found to express SPARCL‐1 in chronic MS lesions, and SPARCL‐1 expression was regulated by MS‐relevant inflammatory mediators in cultured human BEC.

Conclusions

Conflicting results of SPARCL‐1′s differential expression in CSF of three independent cohorts of RRMS and SPMS patients precludes its use as biomarker for disease progression. The expression of SPARCL‐1 by BEC in chronic MS lesions together with its regulation by inflammatory mediators in vitro suggest a role for SPARCL‐1 in MS neuropathology, possibly at the brain vascular level.
HCV RNA Genomic sequences and HCV‐E2 glycoprotein in sural nerve biopsies from HCV‐infected patients with peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Russi S. , Sansonno D. , Monaco S. , Mariotto S. , Ferrari S. , Pavone F. , Lauletta G. , Dammacco F.
Published: May 2017

Aims

Peripheral neuropathy (PN), the major neurological complication of chronic HCV infection, is frequently associated with mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) and small‐vessel systemic vasculitis. While humoral and cell‐mediated immune mechanisms are suspected to act together in an aberrant immune response that results in peripheral nerve damage, the role of HCV remains largely speculative. The possible demonstration of HCV in peripheral nerve tissue would obviously assume important pathogenic implications.

Methods

We studied sural nerve biopsies from 11 HCV‐positive patients with neuropathic symptoms: five with and six without MC. In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunofluorescence studies were carried out to detect genomic and antigenomic HCV RNA sequences and HCV‐encoded E2‐glycoprotein, respectively.

Results

Epineurial vascular deposits of E2‐glycoprotein were found in four (80%) MC and in two (33.3%) non‐MC patients, respectively. These findings were enhanced by the perivascular deposition of positive‐, though not negative‐strand replicative RNA, as also found in the nerve extracts of all patients. Mild inflammatory cell infiltrates with no deposits of immunoglobulins and/or complement proteins were revealed around small vessels, without distinct vasculitis changes between MC and non‐MC patients.

Conclusions

These results indicate that nerve vascular HCV RNA/E2 deposits associated to perivascular inflammatory infiltrates were similar in chronically HCV‐infected patients, regardless of cryoglobulin occurrence. Given the failure to demonstrate HCV productive infection in the examined sural nerve biopsies, nerve damage is likely to result from virus‐triggered immune‐mediated mechanisms.
Crisis at Guy's Hospital (1880) and the nature of nursing work
Authors: Tesseyman Sheri , Hallett Christine , Brooks Jane
Published: May 2017

This historical study aims to refine understanding of the nature of nursing work. The study focuses on the 1880 crisis at Guy's Hospital in London to examine the nature and meaning of nursing work, particularly the concept of nursing work as many ‘little things.’ In this paper, an examination of Margaret Lonsdale's writing offers an original contribution to our understanding of the ways in which nursing work differs from medical practice. In this way, we use the late‐nineteenth‐century controversy at Guy's Hospital as a prism through which to examine the contested nature of nursing work. Lonsdale's ideas are corroborated by examination of writings by nurse leaders Florence Nightingale and Eva Luckes. Luckes, in particular, elaborated what was meant by nursing as the performance of a thousand little things, which are specific to nursing work. While physicians had been performing much of what was considered to be nursing work, nurses developed some of these and other interventions into a unique body of work characterized by meticulous attention to significant details. Some implications regarding current nursing practice are discussed.
What We can Learn About the Behaviour of Firms from the Average Monthly Frequency of Price‐Changes: An Application to the UK CPI Data
Authors: Dixon Huw David , Tian Kun
Published: May 2017

The monthly frequency of price‐changes is a prominent feature of many studies of the CPI micro‐data. In this paper, we see what the frequency implies for the behaviour of price‐setters in terms of the cross‐sectional distribution average of price‐spell durations across firms. We derive a lower bound for the mean duration of price‐spells averaged across firms. We use the UK CPI data at the aggregate and sectoral level and find that the actual mean is about twice the theoretical minimum consistent with the observed frequency. We construct hypothetical Bernoulli–Calvo distributions from the frequency data which we find can result in similar impulse responses to the estimated hazards when used in the Smets–Wouters (2003) model.
The boron transporter BnaC4.BOR1;1c is critical for inflorescence development and fertility under boron limitation in Brassica napus
Authors: Zhang Quan , Chen Haifei , He Mingliang , Zhao Zhuqing , Cai Hongmei , Ding Guangda , Shi Lei , Xu Fangsen
Published: May 2017

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake and distribution of B in allotetraploid rapeseed (Brassica napus) are unclear. Here, we identified a B transporter of rapeseed, BnaC4.BOR1;1c, which is expressed in shoot nodes and involved in distributing B to the reproductive organs. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing a BnaC4.BOR1;1c promoter‐driven GUS reporter gene showed strong GUS activity in roots, nodal regions of the shoots and immature floral buds. Overexpressing BnaC4.BOR1;1c in Arabidopsis wild type or in bor1‐1 mutants promoted wild‐type growth and rescued the bor1‐1 mutant phenotype. Conversely, knockdown of BnaC4.BOR1;1c in a B‐efficient rapeseed line reduced B accumulation in flower organs, eventually resulting in severe sterility and seed yield loss. BnaC4.BOR1;1c RNAi plants exhibited large amounts of disintegrated stigma papilla cells with thickened cell walls accompanied by abnormal proliferation of lignification under low‐B conditions, indicating that the sterility may be a result of altered cell wall properties in flower organs. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BnaC4.BOR1;1c is a AtBOR1‐homologous B transporter gene expressing in both roots and shoot nodes that is essential for the developing inflorescence tissues, which highlights its diverse functions in allotetraploid rapeseed compared with diploid model plant Arabidopsis.
An Atopic Dermatitis Management Algorithm for Primary Care Providers and Assessment of Its Usefulness as a Clinical Tool
Authors: Miyar Maria E. , Brown Megan , Vivar Karina L. , Jablon Kimberly , Boscardin Christy , Levy Moise L. , Teng Joyce M. , Mathes Erin F.
Published: May 2017

Background/Objectives

There is a lack of primary care provider (PCP) understanding of atopic dermatitis (AD) treatments and topical steroid use. We designed an AD management algorithm for pediatric PCPs. We hypothesized that the algorithm would improve pediatric PCPs' knowledge of AD diagnosis and management.

Methods

Pediatric primary care resident and attending physicians at three residency programs were invited to participate in an electronic AD algorithm survey that contained demographic and 19 knowledge‐based questions. Participants were randomized to intervention and control groups, with the intervention group receiving a short lecture and copy of our algorithm to use in an inpatient or outpatient setting for 2 months. Changes in scores between preintervention and postintervention surveys were compared.

Results

Of the 54 participants, those in the intervention group (n = 26) performed significantly better than those in the control group (n = 28) after controlling for pretest scores (β = 1.19 [95% confidence interval 0.07, 2.32], p = 0.04). The intervention group had a higher average score on the posttest knowledge questions (71% correct) than the control group (65% correct) (p = 0.06). The majority of physicians who received the algorithm agreed or strongly agreed that they liked using the algorithm.

Conclusion

The use of a management algorithm improved physician knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of AD and was well accepted by physicians. Use of this management algorithm may lead to better recognition and management of AD, particularly earlier recognition of and therapy for superinfection, improving treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients and families.
Comparison of Two Formulations of Topical Timolol for the Treatment of Infantile Hemangiomas
Authors: Ng Michelle Si Ying , Tay Yong‐Kwang , Ng Shanna Shan‐Yi , Foong Alice Yee Wah , Koh Mark Jean‐Aan
Published: May 2017

This report compares the efficacy of timolol maleate 0.5% eyedrops (TM) with that of timolol maleate 0.5% ophthalmic gel‐forming solution in the treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IHs). Sixty‐six patients undergoing treatment with topical timolol were retrospectively reviewed; our results revealed similar therapeutic efficacies for both types of timolol formulations. Early treatment initiation (<3 mos) and superficial lesions correlated with better treatment response. TM eyedrops may be a more cost effective, equally efficacious modality of treatment for IHs.
Molluscum Contagiosum of the Gluteal Cleft: Observations and Implications for Management in Five Children
Authors: Bakke Joshua R. , Stein Sarah L.
Published: May 2017

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common, self‐limited skin infection caused by a double‐stranded DNA virus of the family Poxviridae. Although the morphology of the disease is well described, MC presenting at unusual sites can exhibit atypical morphology, resulting in misdiagnosis. This observational, retrospective case series discusses the novel morphology of MC presenting in the intergluteal cleft of five children seen in the outpatient dermatology clinic of an academic medical center. We present this case series to highlight this novel presentation of MC in children and to emphasize a conservative approach to management given the sensitive location and the self‐limited nature of the infection.
Epidemiology and Predisposing Factors for Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum and Transient Neonatal Pustular: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Reginatto Flávia Pereira , Muller Fernanda Mello , Peruzzo Juliano , Cestari Tania Ferreira
Published: May 2017

Background/Objectives

Erythema toxicum neonatorum (ETN) and transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM) are benign pustular skin conditions that are relatively common in newborns, but the predisposing factors for these conditions are unknown. Our goal was to verify the prevalence of ETN and TNPM and their predisposing factors in a large sample of neonates.

Methods

In this prospective 1‐year multicenter study, 2,831 neonates (age ≤72 hours) born in southern Brazil were randomized to undergo skin examination by a dermatologist.

Results

Most were Caucasian (of European descent). There were 602 cases of ETN (21.3% prevalence) and 97 cases of TNPM (3.4% prevalence). ETN was more prevalent in Caucasian neonates, male neonates, those with 1‐minute Apgar scores from 8 to 10, those who had no gestational risk factors, and those not admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Positive correlations were observed between ETN and gestational age and birthweight. ETN was least frequent in the winter. No NICU admission or birth during the spring was associated with TNPM.

Conclusions

At least in the region where this study was conducted, seasonality affects these benign pustular skin conditions. The health of the child at birth, gestational age, and birthweight influenced the development of ETN. This finding may indicate a role of immune system maturity in ETN, but additional studies are needed to confirm this.
Huanglongbing pathogen CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus exploits the energy metabolism and host defence responses of its vector Diaphorina citri
Authors: Lu Zhanjun , Killiny Nabil
Published: May 2017

Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri is the vector of the citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) associated bacterial agent ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas). The molecular interactions between CLas and D. citri remain unclear. In the present study, protein profiles of mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic fractions from uninfected and CLas‐infected adult D. citri are investigated using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. The comparative analysis reveals a total of 18, 24 and 20 protein spots that are unique or differentially expressed in mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic proteins fractions respectively. These proteins are successfully identified by mass spectrometry. Among the 62 identified proteins, 30 are up‐regulated, whereas 32 are down‐regulated. These proteins include important components in energy metabolism such as ATP synthase, ATPase, ATP/ADP carrier protein, etc.; host stress responses such as heat shock proteins; host detoxification processes (i.e., cytochrome P450 and glutathione S‐transferase); and the cytoskeleton (such as actin, tubulin, myosin and tropomyosin). These data suggest that, after CLas infection, several proteins of D. citri, especially energy metabolism and protein biosynthesis, are altered, and extensive host defence responses are induced. In conclusion, the present study reports proteomic information that is helpful in understanding the vector–pathogen relationship between CLas and D. citri, and could be used to identify potential targets for limiting the spread of CLas, as well as to provide new insights into HLB management.
Managing Retail Budget Allocation between Store Labor and Marketing Activities
Authors: Perdikaki Olga , Kumar Subodha , Sriskandarajah Chelliah
Published: May 2017

The performance of a retail store depends on its ability to attract customer traffic, match labor with incoming traffic, and convert the incoming traffic into sales. Retailers make significant investments in marketing activities (such as advertising) to bring customers into their stores and in‐store labor to convert that traffic into sales. Thus, a common trade‐off that retail store managers face concerns the allocation of a store's limited budget between advertising and labor to enhance store‐level sales. To explore that trade‐off, we develop a centralized model to allocate limited store budget between store labor and advertising with the objective of maximizing store sales. We find that a store's inherent potential to drive traffic plays an important role, among other factors, in the relative allocation between advertising and store labor. We also find that as advertising instruments become more effective in bringing traffic to stores, managers should not always capitalize this effectiveness by increasing their existing allocations to advertising. In addition, we discuss a decentralized setting where budget allocation decisions cannot be enforced by a store manager and present a simple mechanism that can achieve the centralized solution. In an extension, we address the budget allocation problem in the presence of marketing efforts to shift store traffic from peak to off peak hours and show that our initial findings are robust. Further, we illustrate how the solution from the budget allocation model can be used to facilitate store level sales force planning/scheduling decisions. Based on the results of our model, we present several insights that can help managers in budget allocation and sales force planning.
Composting to sanitize plant‐based waste infected with organisms of plant health importance
Authors: Kerins G. , Blackburn J. , Nixon T. , Daly M. , Conyers C. , Pietravalle S. , Noble R. , Henry C. M.
Published: May 2017

The potential for using the composting process to sanitize plant waste infected with one of three plant pathogens was investigated using bench‐scale composting equipment. Two of these pathogens, the potato wart disease fungus Synchytrium endobioticum and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) are currently subject to European quarantine regulations. The third, Polymyxa betae, a parasite of sugar beet, is regulated in some European countries when in association with Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal organism of rhizomania disease of sugar beet. Survival of test organisms following various combinations of compost temperature, exposure time and moisture was determined using RNA‐based detection methodology and/or plant‐based bioassays. Mathematically definable relationships between compost treatment (temperature/time) and organism viability were identified for P. betae and S. endobioticum; these give some indication of the practicality of using composting for dealing with infected wastes. However, for PSTVd, the considerable variability in measured susceptibility of the viroid to the composting process meant that no such definable relationship could be determined and further work would be needed to extrapolate to practical situations.