bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2D Cobalt Oxyhydroxide Nanozymes Inhibit Inflammation by Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Authors: Chen Ziying , Chen Pin , Zhu Yangyang , Qian Jieying , Huang Xiaowan , Zhang Wang , Zhang Hao , Mo Qing , Lu Yutong , Zhang Yunjiao
Published: April 2023

Nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine rich repeat family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes are implicated in diverse inflammatory diseases, so their activation needs to be tightly controlled. Over generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key factor in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Consequently, nanozymes with ROS scavenging ability are potential inhibitors of NLRP3 activation and promising therapeutic agents for related inflammatory diseases. Herein, a type of 2D cobalt hydroxide oxide nanosheets (Co NSs), a nanozyme with excellent multienzyme‐like activity, possessing peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, exhibits superior ROS scavenging properties and protects cells from oxidative damage. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal these enzyme‐like catalytic reactions of ROS eliminating are spontaneous and CAT is dominant under physiological conditions. Performing multienzyme properties, Co NSs present excellent anti‐inflammation activity by blocking NLRP3 oligomerization and ASC speck formation, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. Importantly, treatment with Co NSs attenuates the severity of LPS‐induced systemic inflammation and DSS‐induced colitis. This study highlights a successful strategy for utilizing cobalt‐based nanozymes to scavenge ROS and provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanism, demonstrating the potential therapeutic effects of nanozyme for the prevention and treatment of NLRP3‐associatied inflammatory diseases.
Highly Enhanced Polarization Switching Speed in HfO2‐based Ferroelectric Thin Films via a Composition Gradient Strategy
Authors: Hao Puqi , Zheng Shuaizhi , Zeng Binjian , Yu Tao , Yang Zhibin , Liao Luocheng , Peng Qiangxiang , Yang Qijun , Zhou Yichun , Liao Min
Published: April 2023

The next‐generation semiconductor memories are essentially required for the advancements in modern electronic devices. Ferroelectric memories by HfO2‐based ferroelectric thin films (FE‐HfO2) have opened promising directions in recent years. Nevertheless, improving the polarization switching speed of FE‐HfO2 remains a critical task. In this study, it is demonstrated that the composition‐graded Hf1‐xZrxO2 (HZO) ferroelectric thin film has more than two times faster polarization switching speed than the conventional composition‐uniform one. Meanwhile, it has excellent ferroelectricity and improved endurance characteristics. It is also discovered that when the HZO thin film has a gradient composition, the polarization‐switching dynamics shifts from the nucleation‐limited‐switching mechanism to the domain‐wall growth mechanism. Moreover, the transition of switching dynamics is responsible for the faster speed and better endurance of the composition‐graded HZO thin film. These findings not only reveal the physical mechanisms of this material system but also provide a new strategy for memory devices having faster speed and higher endurance.
Understanding Boosted Selective CO2‐to‐CO Photoreduction with Pure Water Vapor over Hierarchical Biomass‐Derived Carbon Matrix
Authors: Jiang Zhifeng , Zhang Zhiquan , Liang Jianli , Zhou Min , Liu Daobin , Mao Danjun , Zhang Qun , Zhang Wei , Li Huaming , Song Li , An Taicheng , Wong Po Keung , Lee Chun‐Sing
Published: April 2023

Solar‐driven CO2reduction reaction (CO2RR) with water into carbon‐neutral fuels is of great significance but remains challenging due to thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of CO2. Biomass‐derived nitrogen‐doped carbon (N‐Cb) have been considered as promising earth‐abundant photocatalysts for CO2RR, although their activities are not ideal and the reaction mechanism is still unclear. Herein, an efficient catalyst is developed for CO2‐to‐CO conversion realized on diverse N‐Cbmaterials with hierarchical pore structures. It is demonstrated that the CO2‐to‐CO conversion preferentially takes place on positively charged carbon atoms next to pyridinic‐N using two representatives treated pollens with the largest difference in pyridinic‐N density and N content as model photocatalysts. Systematic experimental results indicate that surface local electric field originating from charge separation can be boosted by hierarchical pore structures, doped N, as well as pyridinic‐N. Mechanistic studies reveal that positively charged carbon atoms next to pyridinic‐N serve as active sites for CO2RR, reduce the energy barrier on the formation of CO*, and facilitate the CO2RR performance. All these benefits cooperatively contribute to treated chrysanthemum pollen catalyst exhibiting excellent CO formation rate of 203.2 µmol h−1 g−1with 97.2% selectivity in pure water vapor. These results provide a new perspective into CO2RR on N‐Cb, which shall guide the design of nature‐based photocatalysts for high‐performance solar‐fuel generation.
Engineering Neurovascular Unit and Blood–Brain Barrier for Ischemic Stroke Modeling
Authors: Liu Ze , Tang Yaohui , Zhang Zhijun , Liu Qianqian , Wang Mian , Li Wanlu , Yang Guo‐Yuan
Published: April 2023

Ischemic stroke is a primary vascular disease of the central nervous system characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. As conventional ischemic stroke models fail to predict therapeutic efficacy, in vitro neurovascular unit (NVU)/blood–brain barrier (BBB) models are utilized to model ischemic stroke through replicating the cell–cell interactions and mimicking the blood flow and anatomical features of the brain. Here, an overview of transwell, microfluidic, and hydrogel‐based NVU/BBB models is provided, including cell types, engineering approaches, and the simulation of physiological and pathological features of NVU/BBB after ischemic stroke. Collectively, recent advances in 3D‐printed NVU models are emphasized, which are anticipated to be a promising system for more reliable mechanistic studies and preclinical drug screenings that can eventually accelerate the drug development process for the ischemic stroke therapy.
Moisture‐Resilient Perovskite Solar Cells for Enhanced Stability
Authors: Azmi Randi , Zhumagali Shynggys , Bristow Helen , Zhang Shanshan , Yazmaciyan Aren , Pininti Anil Reddy , Utomo Drajad Satrio , Subbiah Anand S. , De Wolf Stefaan
Published: April 2023

With the rapid rise in device performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), overcoming instabilities under outdoor operating conditions has become the most crucial obstacle toward their commercialization. Among stressors such as light, heat, voltage bias, and moisture, the latter is arguably the most critical, as it can decompose metal‐halide perovskite (MHP) photoactive absorbers instantly through its hygroscopic components (organic cations and metal halides). In addition, most charge transport layers (CTLs) commonly employed in PSCs also degrade in the presence of water. Furthermore, photovoltaic module fabrication encompasses several steps, such as laser processing, subcell interconnection, and encapsulation, during which the device layers are exposed to the ambient atmosphere. Therefore, as a first step toward long‐term stable perovskite photovoltaics, it is vital to engineer device materials toward maximizing moisture resilience, which can be accomplished by passivating the bulk of the MHP film, introducing passivation interlayers at the top contact, exploiting hydrophobic CTLs, and encapsulating finished devices with hydrophobic barrier layers, without jeopardizing device performance. Here, existing strategies for enhancing the performance stability of PSCs are reviewed and pathways toward moisture‐resilient commercial perovskite devices are formulated.
Activatable Sonoafterglow Nanoprobes for T‐Cell Imaging
Authors: Xu Cheng , He Shasha , Wei Xin , Huang Jingsheng , Xu Mengke , Pu Kanyi
Published: April 2023

Real‐time imaging of immune systems benefits early diagnosis of disease and precision immunotherapy; however, most existing imaging probes either have “always‐on” signals with poor correlation to immune responses, or rely on light excitation with limited imaging depth. In this work, an ultrasound‐induced afterglow (sonoafterglow) nanoprobe is developed to specifically detect granzyme B for accurate imaging of T‐cell immunoactivation in vivo. The sonoafterglow nanoprobe (Q‐SNAP) consists of sonosensitizers, afterglow substrates, and quenchers. Upon ultrasound irradiation, sonosensitizers generate singlet oxygen, which converts substrates to high‐energy dioxetane intermediates that slowly release energy after ultrasound cessation. Due to the proximity, energy from substrates can be transferred to quenchers, leading to afterglow quenching. Only in the presence of granzyme B, quenchers are liberated from Q‐SNAP, resulting in bright afterglow emission with a limit of detection (LOD, 2.1 nm) much lower than most existing fluorescent probes. Due to the deep‐tissue‐penetrating ultrasound, sonoafterglow can be induced through a tissue of 4 cm thickness. Based on the correlation between sonoafterglow and granzyme B, Q‐SNAP not only distinguishes autoimmune hepatitis from healthy liver as early as 4 h after probe injection, but also effectively monitors the cyclosporin‐A‐mediated reversal of T‐cell hyperactivation. Q‐SNAP thus offers the possibilities of dynamic monitoring of T‐cell dysfunction and evaluation of prophylactic immunotherapy in deep‐seated lesions.
Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction by Inducing Out‐of‐Plane Polarization in a Metal Phthalocyanine Catalyst
Authors: Li Xiyu , Wu Xingshun , Zhao Yuan , Lin Yunxiang , Zhao Jiahui , Wu Chuanqiang , Liu Hengjie , Shan Lei , Yang Li , Song Li , Jiang Jun
Published: April 2023

Metal phthalocyanine (MPc) material with a well‐defined MN4 moiety offers a platform for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), while the practical performance is often limited by the insufficient O2 adsorption due to the planar MN4 configuration. Here, a design (called Gr‐MG‐O‐MPPc) is proposed, where the metal of MPc (MP) is axially coordinated to a single metal atom in graphene (Gr‐MG) through a bridge‐bonded oxygen atom (O), introducing effective out‐of‐plane polarization to promote O2 adsorption on MPc. Manipulating the out‐of‐plane polarization charge by varying types of MP and MG (MP = Fe/Co/Ni, MG = Ti/V/Cr/Mn/Fe/Co/Ni) in the axial coordination zone of ‐MG‐O‐MP‐ are examined by density functional theory simulations. Among them, the catalyst of Gr‐V‐O‐FePc stands out with the highest calculated O2 adsorption energy, which is synthesized successfully and verified by systemic X‐ray absorption spectroscopy measurements. Importantly, it delivers a remarkable ORR performance with half‐wave potential of 0.925 V (versus reversible hydrogen electrode) and kinetic current density of 26.7 mA cm−2. This thus demonstrates a new and simple way to pursue high catalytic performance by inducing out‐of‐plane polarization in catalysts.
Epitaxial La0.5Sr0.5MnO3‐δ Bipolar Memristive Devices with Tunable and Stable Multilevel States
Authors: Moncasi Carlos , Lefèvre Gauthier , Villeger Quentin , Rapenne Laetitia , Khuu Thoai‐Khanh , Wilhelm Fabrice , Rogalev Andrei , Jiménez Carmen , Burriel Mónica
Published: April 2023

Valence change memories are novel data storage devices in which the resistance is determined by a reversible redox reaction triggered by voltage. The oxygen content and mobility within the active materials of these devices play a crucial role in their performance. Therefore, materials which present fast oxygen migration properties and can accommodate variable oxygen stoichiometry are promising candidates. In this work, the perovskite La0.5Sr0.5MnO3‐δ (LSM50) as memristive material is studied, which presents a more facile oxygen vacancy formation and faster oxygen migration compared to other strontium‐substituted manganites. For the first time reproducible resistive switching is reported in epitaxial LSM50‐based devices with active Ti electrodes, which show large operating window and stable multilevel states. Based on the structural, chemical, and electrical results, a simple phenomenological description of the resistive switching phenomena taking place in these novel LSM50‐based memristive devices is proposed.
Advanced Biomimetic Nanostructured Microelectrode Arrays for Enhanced Extracellular Recordings of Enteric Neurons
Authors: Nowduri Bharat , Schulte Steven , Jolfaei Negin Adavoudi , Decker Dominique , Rabe Holger , Schäfer Karl‐Herbert , Saumer Monika
Published: April 2023

Microelectrode surfaces covered with nanostructures derived from components of extracellular matrix, such as collagen fibers, have shown immense beneficial effects in promoting neuronal growth and cellular signaling. Synthetic nanostructures mimicking the features of biological nanostructures with durable conductive materials could promote the cell adhesion on microelectrode surfaces by providing topographical cues and simultaneously improve the charge transfer properties by reducing its global impedance. Therefore, an advanced nanostructuring method mimicking the structural and organizational features of natural collagen fibers onto metallic microelectrode surfaces has been presented here, which is adapted from previous technological achievements of the group and is based on nanoimprint lithography and gold electroplating. Surface characterization methods reveal an increase in surface area between 20% and 68% on the microelectrodes fabricated with two different nanostructure heights. Impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal reduction in impedance magnitude (at 1 kHz) between 22% and 41%, depending upon the nanostructure height and density on the microelectrode, which should subsequently modulate its charge transfer properties for biosensing application. Cell adhesion analysis performed with seal impedance measurements reveals a tighter coupling of enteric neurons on the nanostructured microelectrodes. Finally, extracellular recordings from enteric neurons exhibit a significant improvement in spike detection properties of the nanostructured microelectrodes.
Comparative Analysis of Synthesis Routes for Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide‐Supported Iridium and Iridium oxide Catalysts for OER in PEM Water Electrolysis
Authors: Gollasch Marius , Schmeling Jasmin , Harms Corinna , Wark Michael
Published: April 2023

This study investigates and compares four different deposition methods for an iridium‐based catalyst on antimony‐doped tin oxide support for oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis. Different synthesis routes often lead to varying properties of the resulting catalyst and can result in performance disparities. Here, some of the most prominent methods are carried out on the same support material and evaluated with special focus on the deposition yield of Ir and thus cost efficiency along with electrochemical performance. The catalysts are also assessed based on their chemical composition, namely Ir or IrO2‐based, with an additional thermal treatment to convert Ir to IrO2 species. The chosen synthesis routes result in different Ir species to obtain tetragonal IrO2 a modified Adams fusion approach delivers the best controllable and highest Ir loading and thus superior electrochemical performance. As far as metallic Ir catalysts are concerned, a wet‐chemical reduction‐based synthesis results in the most desirable catalyst, which however falls behind the Adams fusion catalyst upon thermal treatment to IrO2. The work in this study is a comprehensive analysis of different synthesis influences and recommends practices for laboratory‐based syntheses and an outlook on industrial viability.
Ion‐Charged Dielectric Nanolayers for Enhanced Surface Passivation in High Efficiency Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Al‐Dhahir Isabel , Niu Xinya , Yu Mingzhe , McNab Shona , Lin Yingsi , Altermatt Pietro P. , Patrick Christopher E. , Bonilla Ruy Sebastian
Published: April 2023

The power conversion efficiency of solar cells is strongly impacted by an unwanted loss of charge carriers occurring at semiconductor surfaces and interfaces. Here the use of ion‐charged oxide nanolayers to enhance the passivation of silicon surfaces via the field effect mechanism is reported. The first report of enhanced passivation from rubidium and cesium ion‐charged oxide nanolayers is provided. The charge state and formation energy of ion‐charged silicon dioxide are calculated from first principles. Ion embedding is demonstrated and exploited to control the interface population of carriers and minimize electron‐hole pair recombination. The passivation quality directly improves with charge concentration, yet excess ions can produce detrimental interface states. An optimal ionic charge concentration of ≈1.5 × 1012 q cm−2 is deduced, and a recombination velocity and current density as low as 2.8 cm s−1 and 7.8 fA cm−2 are achieved at the Si‐SiO2 interface. Maximized charge is shown to provide efficiency improvements as high as 0.7% absolute. This work provides a unique route to enhance passivation without compromising the film synthesis, thus retaining the antireflection and hydrogenation film properties. As such, ion‐charged dielectrics provide complementary paths for surface and interface optimization in future single‐junction and tandem solar cells.
Enhancing the Stability of Cu‐BTC Metal‐Organic Framework via the Formation of Cu‐BTC@Cu3(PO4)2 MOF Core‐Shell Nanoflower Hierarchical Hybrid Composites
Authors: Elmehrath Sandy , El‐Maghraby Hesham F. , Greish Yaser E.
Published: April 2023

Hybrid organic‐inorganic nanoflowers (NFs) have recently emerged as a critical tool in enhancing the stability and activity of biomolecules due to their expansive surface area and porosity. The delicate petal‐like features of NFs offer innumerable sites for biomolecule adsorption, including but not limited to proteins, amino acids, and enzymes. Cu‐BTC, a copper‐based Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF) has been hindered in its potential for diverse applications by its instability in humid and aqueous conditions. To overcome this limitation, this study explores the stabilization of Cu‐BTC via the mineralization of its surface with the formation of copper phosphate nanoflowers (NFs). To initiate the mineralization process and provide a template for the growth of the NFs, a physiologically rich amino acid medium is employed. The inclusion of amino acids in the RPMI medium played a crucial role in the preservation of the Cu‐BTC hierarchical structure by facilitating the self‐assembly of copper phosphate nanoflowers on its surface, thereby producing a Cu‐BTC@Cu3(PO4)2 core‐shell structure. The innovative mechanism behind the formation of copper phosphate nanoflowers in this study and its consequential stabilization of the Cu‐BTC MOF structure underscore its novel nature.
Exploring the Formation of CoO/ZnO Heterostructure to Enhance Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Hu Zhihao , Zhou Yu , Wu Chuanqiang , Cheng Lixun , Tai Yilin , Chen Shuangming , Song Li , Ge Binghui
Published: April 2023

Revealing the electrocatalytic microstructure is the basis for finding more efficient and stable electrode materials for clean energy conversion devices. However, there is still a lack of direct understanding of the phase transition process of the sample during heating, which makes the synthesis conditions of the catalyst often rely on experienced guidance. Herein, ZIF‐8@α‐Co(OH)2 core‐shell structure and uniformly coated α‐Co(OH)2 nanosheets on the surface of ZIF‐8 are synthesized. The effect of temperature on microstructure evolution is studied by in situ heating technique with high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. Based on understanding the relationship between temperature, microstructure, and OER properties, a simple annealing synthesis strategy is designed effectively. During the annealing process, ZnO@CoO heterogeneous structure is formed at 400 °C, and the material reached a stable hydroxyl oxide structure after electrochemical cycle voltammetry in an alkaline solution. The OER performance test shows that the commercial IrO2 catalyst has comparable catalytic performance.
Sheathed Molecular Junctions for Unambiguous Determination of Charge‐Transport Properties
Authors: Herrer Lucia , Naghibi Saman , Marín Ivan , Ward Jonathan S. , Bonastre Jose María , Higgins S. J. , Martín Santiago , Vezzoli Andrea , Nichols Richard John , Serrano José Luis , Cea Pilar
Published: April 2023

Future applications of single‐molecular and large‐surface area molecular devices require a thorough understanding and control of molecular junctions, interfacial phenomena, and intermolecular interactions. In this contribution the concept of single‐molecule junction and host‐guest complexation to sheath a benchmark molecular wire–namely 4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylenebis(ethyne‐2,1‐diyl))dianiline – with an insulating cage, pillar[5]arene 1,4‐diethoxy‐2‐ethyl‐5‐methylbenzene is presented. The insertion of one guest molecular wire into one host pillar[5]arene is probed by 1H‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), whilst the self‐assembly capabilities of the amine‐terminated molecular wire remain intact after complexation as demonstrated by XPS (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy). Encapsulation of the molecular wire prevents the formation of π‐ π stacked dimers and permits the determination of the true single molecule conductance with increased accuracy and confidence, as demonstrated here by using the STM–BJ technique (scanning tunneling microscopy– break junction). This strategy opens new avenues in the control of single‐molecule properties and demonstrates the pillararenes capabilities for the future construction of arrays of encapsulated single‐molecule functional units in large‐surface area devices.
Fabrication of Omniphobic‐Omniphilic Micropatterns using GPOSS‐PDMS Coating
Authors: Kartsev Dmitrii D. , Prilepskii Artur Y. , Lukyanov Ilia M. , Sharapenkov Eduard G. , Klaving Anastasiia V. , Goltaev Aleksandr , Mozharov Alexey , Dvoretckaia Liliia , Mukhin Ivan , Levkin Pavel A.
Published: April 2023

Surfaces with special wettability properties, such as omniphobicity or omniphilicity, are essential for functional devices that use both aqueous and organic media. Micropatterning of omniphobic and omniphilic properties can provide a wide range of applications, including miniaturized experiments using both aqueous and organic media. Herein, an approach for creating omniphobic‐omniphilic micropatterns based on selective photoacid polymerization of octa(3‐glycidyloxypropyl) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane modified with mono‐aminopropyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane is reported. The composition of the polymeric coatings using infrared spectroscopy; patterning accuracy using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy; wettability characteristics of the omniphobic, and omniphilic surfaces using contact angle measurements are studied. The proposed approach allows for single‐step micropatterning (sub‐10 µm) or macropatterning (3 mm). Liquids with surface tensions >22.8 mN m−1 can be confined to the omniphilic areas by the omniphobic borders. C2C12 cells are successfully cultivated in omniphilic areas, demonstrating their cell compatibility. The cells adhere to and grow on the entire surface of the pattern, without any signs of cytotoxicity. However, the strongest adhesion is observed in the omniphilic areas, making it possible to create cell micropatterns in a single step. The proposed method for the fabrication of omniphobic‐omniphilic transparent, mechanically robust, biocompatible patterns can find applications in microfluidics, biotechnology or miniaturized biological screening experiments.
Optically Reconfigurable Complementary Logic Gates Enabled by Bipolar Photoresponse in Gallium Selenide Memtransistor
Authors: Rehman Shania , Khan Muhammad Asghar , Kim Honggyun , Patil Harshada , Aziz Jamal , Kadam Kalyani D. , Rehman Malik Abdul , Rabeel Muhammad , Hao Aize , Khan Karim , Kim Sungho , Eom Jonghwa , Kim Deok‐kee , Khan Muhammad Farooq
Published: April 2023

To avoid the complexity of the circuit for in‐memory computing, simultaneous execution of multiple logic gates (OR, AND, NOR, and NAND) and memory behavior are demonstrated in a single device of oxygen plasma‐treated gallium selenide (GaSe) memtransistor. Resistive switching behavior with RON/ROFF ratio in the range of 104 to 106 is obtained depending on the channel length (150 to 1600 nm). Oxygen plasma treatment on GaSe film created shallow and deep‐level defect states, which exhibit carriers trapping/de‐trapping, that lead to negative and positive photoconductance at positive and negative gate voltages, respectively. This distinguishing feature of gate‐dependent transition of negative to positive photoconductance encourages the execution of four logic gates in the single memory device, which is elusive in conventional memtransistor. Additionally, it is feasible to reversibly switch between two logic gates by just adjusting the gate voltages, e.g., NAND/NOR and AND/NAND. All logic gates presented high stability. Additionally, memtransistor array (1×8) is fabricated and programmed into binary bits representing ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code for the uppercase letter “N”. This facile device configuration can provide the functionality of both logic and memory devices for emerging neuromorphic computing.
High‐Precision Wavelength Tuning of GeSn Nanobeam Lasers via Dynamically Controlled Strain Engineering
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Joo Hyo‐Jun , Chen Melvina , Son Bongkwon , Burt Daniel , Shi Xuncheng , Zhang Lin , Ikonic Zoran , Tan Chuan Seng , Nam Donguk
Published: April 2023

The technology to develop a large number of identical coherent light sources on an integrated photonics platform holds the key to the realization of scalable optical and quantum photonic circuits. Herein, a scalable technique is presented to produce identical on‐chip lasers by dynamically controlled strain engineering. By using localized laser annealing that can control the strain in the laser gain medium, the emission wavelengths of several GeSn one‐dimensional photonic crystal nanobeam lasers are precisely matched whose initial emission wavelengths are significantly varied. The method changes the GeSn crystal structure in a region far away from the gain medium by inducing Sn segregation in a dynamically controllable manner, enabling the emission wavelength tuning of more than 10 nm without degrading the laser emission properties such as intensity and linewidth. The authors believe that the work presents a new possibility to scale up the number of identical light sources for the realization of large‐scale photonic‐integrated circuits.
Magnetically Driven Powerless Lighting Device with Kirigami Structured Magneto–Mechanoluminescence Composite
Authors: Listyawan Michael Abraham , Song Hyunseok , Jung Ji Yun , Shin Joonchul , Hwang Geon‐Tae , Song Hyun‐Cheol , Ryu Jungho
Published: April 2023

The energy crisis and global shift toward sustainability drive the need for sustainable technologies that utilize often‐wasted forms of energy. A multipurpose lighting device with a simplistic design that does not need electricity sources or conversions can be one such futuristic device. This study investigates the novel concept of a powerless lighting device driven by stray magnetic fields induced by power infrastructure for obstruction warning light systems. The device consists of mechanoluminescence (ML) composites of a Kirigami‐shaped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, ZnS:Cu particles, and a magneto–mechano‐vibration (MMV) cantilever beam. Finite element analysis and luminescence characterization of the Kirigami structured ML composites are discussed, including the stress–strain distribution map and comparisons between different Kirigami structures based on stretchability and ML characteristic trade‐offs. By coupling a Kirigami‐structured ML material and an MMV cantilever structure, a device that can generate visible light as luminescence from a magnetic field can be created. Significant factors that contribute to luminescence generation and intensity are identified and optimized. Furthermore, the feasibility of the device is demonstrated by placing it in a practical environment. This further proves the functionality of the device in harvesting weak magnetic fields into luminescence or light, without complicated electrical energy conversion steps.
Generation of Long‐Lived Excitons in Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence 2D Organic and Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites for Ultrafast and Low Power‐Consumption Nonvolatile Photomemory
Authors: Chen Jian‐Cheng , Lu Yu‐Dao , Chen Jung‐Yao
Published: April 2023

Room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) two‐dimensional (2D) organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) that possess superior stability and efficient triplet energy transfer between inorganic parts and organic cations have been seen as promising materials in optoelectronic devices. However, the development of RTP 2D OIHP‐based photomemory has not been explored yet. In this work, the spatially addressable RTP 2D OIHPs‐based nonvolatile flash photomemory is first investigated to explore the function of triplet excitons in elevating the performance of photomemory. Thanks to the triplet excitons generated in RTP 2D OIHP, extremely low photo‐programming time of 0.7 ms, multilevel behavior of minimum 7 bits (128 levels), remarkable photoresponsivity of 19.10 AW−1 and significantly low power consumption of 6.79 × 10−8 J per bit can be achieved. The current study provides a new prospective in understanding triplet excitons function in nonvolatile photomemory.
Examining the role of the excess shelter deduction in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefit formula
Authors: Ismail Mehreen S. , Ver Ploeg Michele , Chomitz Virginia , Wilde Parke
Published: April 2023

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program's (SNAP) excess shelter deduction acknowledges that high shelter expenses can compete with food spending. We examined whether the deduction facilitates benefit targeting. We estimated that 48%–67% of SNAP households received the deduction, with the likelihood varying by region, household composition, and housing tenure. Households living in the Northeast or renting unsubsidized housing were especially likely to face limits on the deduction amount. According to our results, the excess shelter deduction likely helps households obtain higher SNAP benefit allotments albeit to a limited extent.
Lithium Plating and Stripping: Toward Anode‐Free Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Zor Ceren , Turrell Stephen J. , Uyanik Mehmet Sinan , Afyon Semih
Published: April 2023

Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in portable electronic devices, the transportation sector, and grid storage. However, LIB anodes are restricted to carbon‐based materials limiting their energy density. Recently, the use of metallic Li as the anode in Li‐metal (LMBs) and solid‐state (LMSSBs) batteries has gained attention due to the high energy densities it can provide. Herein, the research progress in the field to derive a broad picture of the technologies relying on Li metal as the anode is critically assessed. It is essential to understand the Li plating and stripping processes in terms of fundamental electrochemical and physical mechanisms to address the challenges of employing metallic Li. Anode‐free Li‐metal batteries (AFLMBs) and anode‐free solid‐state batteries (AFSSBs) are the most attractive systems discussed in this review. AFLMBs are highly studied, but safety concerns due to Li dendrite growth and side reactions between plated Li metal and liquid electrolyte are some key challenges yet to be resolved. AFSSBs are the ultimate goal in this field, as utilizing a solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) can prevent dendrites at moderate charging rates and realize the potential of the anode‐free battery. However, the general problems with the use of SSEs remain and require substantial research efforts.
Efficient Memristive Stochastic Differential Equation Solver
Authors: Dong Xuening , Primeau Louis , Genov Roman , Rahimi Azghadi Mostafa , Amirsoleimani Amirali
Published: April 2023

Herein, an efficient numerical solver for stochastic differential equations based on memristors is presented. The solver utilizes the stochastic switching effect in memristive devices to simulate the generation of a Brownian path and employs iterative Euler method computations within memristive crossbars. The correctness of the solution paths generated by the system is examined by solving the Black–Scholes equations and comparing the paths to analytical solutions. It is found that the absolute error of a 128‐step path is limited to an order of . The tolerance of the system to crossbar nonidealities is also assessed by comparing the numerical and analytical paths' variation in error. The numerical solver is sensitive to the variation in operating conditions, with the error increasing by , , and as the ambient temperature, wire resistance, and stuck probability of the memristor increase to extreme conditions. The solver is tested on a variety of problems to show its utility for different calculations. And, the resource consumption of the proposed structure built with existing technology is estimated and it is compared with similar iterative solvers. The solver generates a solution with the same level of accuracy from to faster than similar digital or mixed‐signal designs.
Flexible Silver/Carbon Nanotube‐Graphene Oxide‐Polydimethylsiloxane Electrode Patch for Electroencephalography Language
Authors: Li Penghai , Wang Chen , Li Mingji , Xuan Xiuwei , Zhou Baozeng , Li Hongji
Published: April 2023

A flexible silver/carbon nanotube‐graphene oxide‐polydimethylsiloxane (Ag/CNT‐GO‐PDMS) patch electrode for recording electroencephalography (EEG) signals and recognizing words is prepared. These patches record EEG signals under the synergistic sensing mechanism of the noncontact capacitance mode of the CNT‐GO‐PDMS patch and contact current mode of the Ag claws, with low scalp contact resistance of 6.4 kΩ. In the occipital region, the signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) are ≈90 dB for α‐waves and 9 dB for visual‐evoked signals; the SNR of auditory‐evoked EEG signals in the temporal region is ≈10 dB. The EEG cap comprises seven Ag/CNT‐GO‐PDMS patches to record EEG signals in steady‐state visual‐evoked potentials (SSVEP) and multiple auditory steady‐state response (MASSR). These patches can recognize nine words (“one” to “nine”) in the SSVEP–MASSR paradigm, with a visual accuracy of 90.4% and auditory accuracy of 54.0%. The statistical analysis also shows that the stimulation frequency and scalp channel are significant influencing factors for the accuracy of word recognition. We developed a standardized process of flexible Ag/CNT‐GO‐PDMS patches and herein propose a new strategy to identify words, which is of great significance for the establishment of the EEG language database and the application of EEG in the field of information transmission.
Dynamic Motion Planning Model for Multirobot Using Graph Neural Network and Historical Information
Authors: Li Jinpeng , Su Zhiyuan , Qiu Yiyu
Published: April 2023

In order to effectively improve the path‐finding capability of a multirobot system in a decentralized control approach, a dynamic motion planning model based on graph neural networks and historical information (GNNHIM) is proposed. Due to the limited sensing range of the robot's onboard sensors, GNNHIM uses convolutional neural networks to extract features from the heterogeneous environmental information collected and analyzes the motion trends of other robots in conjunction with the historical path information stored locally. After finishing feature fusion, each robot exchanges its feature vectors with other robots still within sensing range to obtain the next action by the graph neural network model processing. Herein, imitation learning is used to train robots to choose behavioral strategies to maximize team benefit. The experimental results show that GNNHIM can make path planning for multirobot systems more efficient and reliable, enabling all robots to reach their own goal within a limited time in 95.1% of the experimental dataset. Moreover, GNNHIM still has great generalization when applied to unseen scenarios and larger scale robot systems. GNNHIM in unseen scenarios has improved the success rate by 6%‐34% and reduced the detour percentage by 3.8% on average compared to the other scheduling model.
Sensory Adaptation in Biomolecular Memristors Improves Reservoir Computing Performance
Authors: Maraj Joshua J. , Haughn Kevin P.T. , Inman Daniel J. , Sarles Stephen A.
Published: April 2023

Despite its prevalence in neurosensory systems for pattern recognition, event detection, and learning, the effects of sensory adaptation (SA) are not explored in reservoir computing (RC). Monazomycin‐based biomolecular synapse (MzBS) devices that exhibit volatile memristance and short‐term plasticity with two strength‐dependent modes of response are studied: facilitation and facilitation‐then‐depression (i.e., SA). Their ability to perform RC tasks including digit recognition, nonlinear function learning, and aerodynamic gust classification via combination of model‐based device simulations and physical experiments where SA presence is controlled is studied. Simulations exhibiting moderate SA achieve significantly higher accuracy classifying a custom 5 × 5 binary digit set, with experimental validation achieving maximum testing accuracies of 90%. Classifications of the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digit dataset achieve a maximum testing accuracy of 94.34% in devices with SA. Fitting error of the Mackey–Glass time series is also significantly reduced by SA. Experimentally obtained pressure distributions representing gusts on an airfoil in a wind tunnel are classified by MzBS reservoirs. Reservoirs exhibiting SA achieve 100% accuracy, unlike MzBS reservoirs without SA and comparable static neural networks.
A Scalable, Incoherent‐Light‐Powered, Omnidirectional Self‐Oscillator
Authors: Nemati Yasaman , Deng Zixuan , Pi Haotian , Guo Hongshuang , Zhang Hang , Priimagi Arri , Zeng Hao
Published: April 2023

Light‐fueled self‐oscillators based on stimuli‐responsive soft materials have been explored toward the realization of a myriad of nonequilibrium robotic functions, such as adaptation, autonomous locomotion, and energy conversion. However, the high energy density and unidirectionality of the light field, together with the unscalable design of the existing demonstrations, hinder their further implementation. Herein, a light‐responsive lampshade‐like smart material assembly as a new self‐oscillator model that is unfettered by the abovementioned challenges, is introduced. Liquid crystal elastomer with low phase transition temperature is used as the photomechanical component to provide twisting movement under low‐intensity incoherent light field. A spiral lampshade frame ensures an equal amount of light being shadowed as negative feedback to sustain the oscillation upon constant light field from omnidirectional excitation (0°–360° azimuth and 20°–90° zenith). Different‐sized oscillators with 6, 15, and 50 mm in diameter are fabricated to prove the possibility of scaling up and down the concept. The results provide a viewpoint on the fast‐growing topic of self‐oscillation in soft matter and new implications for self‐sustained soft robots.
The evolutionary history of rice azaleas (Rhododendron tschonoskii alliance) involved niche evolution to a montane environment
Authors: Yoichi Watanabe , Tamaki Ichiro , Oh Sang‐Hun , Nagano Atsushi J. , Uehara Koichi , Tomaru Nobuhiro , Abe Harue
Published: April 2023

Premise

The formation of isolated montane geography on islands promotes evolution, speciation, and then radiation if there are ecological changes. Thus, investigating evolutionary histories of montane species and associated ecological changes may help efforts to understand how endemism formed in islands’ montane floras. To explore this process, we investigated the evolutionary history of the Rhododendron tschonoskii alliance, which grows in montane environments of the Japanese archipelago and the Korean Peninsula.

Methods

We studied the five species in the R. tschonoskii alliance and 30 outgroup species, using genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and cpDNA sequences, in association with environmental analyses.

Results

The monophyletic R. tschonoskii alliance diverged since the late Miocene. Species in the alliance currently inhabit a cold climatic niche that is largely different from that of the outgroup species. We observed clear genetic and niche differentiations between the taxa of the alliance.

Conclusions

The association of the alliance's evolution with the formation of cooler climates on mountains indicates that it was driven by global cooling since the mid‐Miocene and by rapid uplift of mountains since the Pliocene. The combination of geographic and climatic isolation promoted high genetic differentiation between taxa, which has been maintained by climatic oscillations since the Quaternary.
Recent Progress in Arylmetalative Cyclization/Annulation of Functionalized Alkynes with Organoboranes
Authors: Rajesh Manda , Kumar Gadi Ranjith
Published: April 2023

Achieving complex molecular assemblies in modular modes is always one of the top priorities of the organic chemist. Cyclization/annulation of functionalized alkynes through carbo metalation has an impactful swath in synthetic organic chemistry. There have recently been considerable contributions in this arena uncovering several new chemical spaces towards new solutions for various fields of biology. On the other hand, organoboronic reagents are fascinating reactive chemprobs, are partake in a broad range of chemical transformations. Particularly utility of these reagents in the carbo‐metalation of alkynes is the subject of high perusal in organic chemistry. To this degree, tuning various transition‐metal catalysts with organoboranes and functionalized alkynes is an intriguing subject for the synthesis of various classes of acyclic and cyclic adducts. Mechanistically, these arylative cyclizations proceed through initial aryl‐metalation on alkynes which provides alkenyl metal species, that concomitantly react with the pendent electrophile. The stereo‐ and regioselective reactivity of this C‐metal is steered by chelation with the coordinating group and/or electrophile on alkyne. In this review, we focused on the critical achievements of the field with the emphasis on the stereoselective capture of the vinyl metal complex with a pendent electrophile. In this field, compilation of the detailed mechanistic pathways in this realm would be helpful to find the gaps and hence to discover novel transformations.
Synthesis of Fused Lactones through Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed peri C−H Functionalization
Authors: Nishida Ayako , Inai Yasuhito , Usuki Yoshinosuke , Satoh Tetsuya
Published: April 2023

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed dehydrogenative cyclization of 9‐anthracenecarboxylic acids and 2‐substituted 1‐naphthoic acids proceeds through peri C−H bond cleavages to produce fused lactones. These aromatic carboxylic acids also undergo dehydrogenative coupling with styrenes and successive Wacker‐type cyclization under palladium catalysis to construct 3‐benzylidenebenzo[de]isochromen‐1‐one frameworks.
The structural and social determinants of Alzheimer's disease related dementias
Authors: Adkins‐Jackson Paris B. , George Kristen M. , Besser Lilah M. , Hyun Jinshil , Lamar Melissa , Hill‐Jarrett Tanisha G. , Bubu Omonigho M. , Flatt Jason D. , Heyn Patricia C. , Cicero Ethan C. , Zarina Kraal A. , Pushpalata Zanwar Preeti , Peterson Rachel , Kim Boeun , Turner Robert W. , Viswanathan Jaya , Kulick Erin R. , Zuelsdorff Megan , Stites Shana D. , Arce Rentería Miguel , Tsoy Elena , Seblova Dominika , Ng Ted K.S. , Manly Jennifer J. , Babulal Ganesh
Published: April 2023

Introduction

The projected growth of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD‐related dementia (ADRD) cases by midcentury has expanded the research field and impelled new lines of inquiry into structural and social determinants of health (S/SDOH) as fundamental drivers of disparities in AD/ADRD.

Methods

In this review, we employ Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory as a framework to posit how S/SDOH impact AD/ADRD risk and outcomes.

Results

Bronfenbrenner defined the “macrosystem” as the realm of power (structural) systems that drive S/SDOH and that are the root cause of health disparities. These root causes have been discussed little to date in relation to AD/ADRD, and thus, macrosystem influences, such as racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia, are the emphasis in this paper.

Discussion

Under Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem framework, we highlight key quantitative and qualitative studies linking S/SDOH with AD/ADRD, identify scientific gaps in the literature, and propose guidance for future research.

Highlights

Ecological systems theory links structural/social determinants to AD/ADRD.

Structural/social determinants accrue and interact over the life course to impact AD/ADRD.

Macrosystem is made up of societal norms, beliefs, values, and practices (e.g., laws).

Most macro‐level determinants have been understudied in the AD/ADRD literature.
Expanding the use of brief cognitive assessments to detect suspected early‐stage cognitive impairment in primary care
Authors: Mattke Soeren , Batie Donnie , Chodosh Joshua , Felten Kristen , Flaherty Ellen , Fowler Nicole R. , Kobylarz Fred A. , O'Brien Kelly , Paulsen Russ , Pohnert Anne , Possin Katherine L. , Sadak Tatiana , Ty Diane , Walsh Amy , Zissimopoulos Julie M.
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Mild cognitive impairment remains substantially underdiagnosed, especially in disadvantaged populations. Failure to diagnose deprives patients and families of the opportunity to treat reversible causes, make necessary life and lifestyle changes and receive disease‐modifying treatments if caused by Alzheimer's disease. Primary care, as the entry point for most, plays a critical role in improving detection rates.

Methods

We convened a Work Group of national experts to develop consensus recommendations for policymakers and third‐party payers on ways to increase the use of brief cognitive assessments (BCAs) in primary care.

Results

The group recommended three strategies to promote routine use of BCAs: providing primary care clinicians with suitable assessment tools; integrating BCAs into routine workflows; and crafting payment policies to encourage adoption of BCAs.

Disscussion

Sweeping changes and actions of multiple stakeholders are necessary to improve detection rates of mild cognitive impairment so that patients and families may benefit from timely interventions.
Electrical Pulse‐Driven Periodic Self‐Repair of Cu‐Ni Tandem Catalyst for Efficient Ammonia Synthesis from Nitrate
Authors: Bu Yongguang , Wang Chao , Zhang Wenkai , Yang Xiaohan , Ding Jie , Gao Guandao
Published: April 2023

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction sustainably produces ammonia and alleviates water pollution, yet is still challenging due to the kinetic mismatch and hydrogen evolution competition. Cu/Cu2O heterojunction is proven effective to break the rate‐determining NO3−‐to‐NO2− step for efficient NH3 conversion, while it is unstable due to electrochemical reconstruction. Here we report a programmable pulsed electrolysis strategy to achieve reliable Cu/Cu2O structure, where Cu is oxidized to CuO during oxidation pulse, then regenerating Cu/Cu2O upon reduction. Alloying with Ni further modulates hydrogen adsorption, which transfers from Ni/Ni(OH)2 to N‐containing intermediates on Cu/Cu2O, promoting NH3 formation with a high NO3−‐to‐NH3 Faraday efficiency (88.0±1.6 %, pH 12) and NH3 yield rate (583.6±2.4 μmol cm−2 h−1) under optimal pulsed conditions. This work provides new insights to in situ electrochemically regulate catalysts for NO3−‐to‐NH3 conversion.