bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Florestan Fernandes
Authors: Silva Genilson Ferreira da , Santos Wilson da Silva
Published: November 2020

O presente texto avalia a atuação de Florestan Fernandes entre os anos de 1987 a 1994, na condição de Deputado Federal, quando reafirma sua defesa da educação pública, além de denunciar o racismo persistente em nossas relações sociais.  Trata, portanto, da intervenção política de Florestan Fernandes em favor da educação pública e contra o racismo estrutural. Para tanto, este texto analisa os seus discursos na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, registrados no Diário da Assembleia em 1997, além de avaliar sua proposta de Emenda Constitucional, apresentada em 1994, que recomenda reparação racial por meio da inserção do negro na educação pública e estatal.
Review: Medical Waste Management for Covid19
Authors: Sutrisno Hendri , Meilasari Fitriana
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Medical waste generation during the Covid19 pandemic increased by around 30%. Sources of medical waste generation are health care activities. If medical waste is not appropriately managed, it can pollute the environment and disturb health. The purpose of the review is to identify the potential of medical waste in health-care facilities in Indonesia when the Covid19 pandemic and to review medical waste management in Indonesia. The analysis uses a systematic literature review. Discussion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 epidemic is infectious waste (PPE wastes), sharps waste (syringes), chemical waste (expired medicines), and pharmaceutical waste (the used alcohol bottles when rapid tests). The hazardous waste management system refers to Government Regulation No. 101 year 2014 about Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste and and Regulation of Minister of Environment and Forestry of Republic Indonesia No. P.56/MenlhkSetjen/2015 about Procedures and Technical Requirements for Waste Management Hazardous and Toxic From the Health Service Facilities. Infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste are destroyed with incinerators. Syringe residues were damaged with a needle shredder. Residue and incineration ashes are processed using solidification. If the heavy metal content under the quality standards, then the waste can be landfill. Conclusion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 pandemic is infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste. Medical waste generated must be appropriately managed. Proper medical waste management can prevent environmental pollution and the spread of disease. One of the processing of potential medical waste is incineration. The incineration system produces residue and ash waste that must further be handled so that it does not pollute the environment and disturb health.
The Impact of Covid19 Pandemic on Online Learning Process in the College at Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: Alchamdani Alchamdani , Fatmasari Fatmasari , Rahmadani Anugrah Eka , Putri Sari Nahda , Putri Freddrika , Astina Astina
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The health crisis that occurred due to the Covid19 pandemic has an impact on the education sector. Universities in Southeast Sulawesi issued a policy to study at home during the Covid19 emergency response period. The existence of the study at home policy caused the change in the learning. The learning process cannot be done directly and is transferred through online learning. The research objective was to determine the impact of the Covid19 pandemic of the online learning process of universities in Southeast Sulawesi. Method: The type of research is a descriptive research and the technique is purposive sampling. The sample in this study were 170 students from several universities in Southeast Sulawesi. Data collection techniques by distributing the questionnaires using google form. Result and Discussion: The results show that the application of online learning is a new experience that provides convenience and flexibility in studying without having to go to campus. Regardless, online learning is still experiencing obstacles. The availability of inadequate network access resulted in unclear communication and instructions in lectures. The ability of the economy to fulfill internet quotas hinders student participation in taking online lectures. Excessive workload makes student concentration decrease. Conclusion: The government needs to ensure the availability of adequate internet network access in all regions and campuses provide subsidized internet quota for students. So, the lecture activities can be run smoothly and as expected.
The Mental Health of Medical Workers During the Covid19 Pandemic: How Do We Manage It?
Authors: Kusumawardani Devi Arine , Nurika Globila , Luthfiyana Nurul Ulya
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Covid-19 pandemic has occurred in many countries and caused a world health crisis. The morbidity dan mortality rate due to Covid-19 still rising until now. The outbreak of Covid-19 was not only affected the mental health of community but also affect the medical workers as the frontline. Therefore, we present an overview of the mental health outcomes in medical workers and describe the management at the organizational and personal level. Literature is obtained through searches from the ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases which are further classified and summarized based on research questions. Discussion: The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of medical workers shows that the majority of workers experience anxiety, insomnia, depression to severe stress. The risk of mental disorders in women is higher than men, nurses are higher than doctors, and middle and junior positions are higher than senior degrees. Efforts that have been made in controlling mental health problems for workers in health services include periodic mental health monitoring, psychological support through self-care, mindfulness techniques, active listening, music therapy, internal counseling, and problem solving among ourselves. In addition, workers in health services must also get social support such as instrumental support to emotional support in the workplace. Conclusion: Medical workers in the health services have a very high risk of experiencing mental health problems during the Covid-19 pandemic so that the role of leaders in every health care facility is required in carrying out stress management activities in the workplace.
The Impact of Ambient Air Pollution Toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid19): A Literature Review
Authors: Nasikhah Lulukatin , Pawitra Aditya Sukma
Published: November 2020

Introduction: WHO has announced coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid19) as a global pandemic at the immune decline, one of which is due to chronic exposure to ambient air pollution. This literature review aims to describe the impact of ambient air pollution toward the risk of being infected by Covid19. Discussion: Covid19 can be found in a bat (host primer), and can be contagious through a person, also possible from pets. The symptoms that sufferers will perceive are fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomit, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and some asymptomatic people. The body’s immunity affects a person’s susceptibility to Covid19 infection. The body’s immunity can be affected by ambient air pollution (with PM10, PM2,5, and O3 are the most pollutant in the air in various countries) for an extended period could be the reason for chronic illness (especially, respiratory tract) could reduce immune resistance. Furthermore, it might be happened on increasing at ACE2 activity and can cause increasing infected by Covid19. Prevention action can be done by contributing from all of the sectors at an observance in guarding, physical distancing, quarantine, and maintaining the ambient air quality in the future. Conclusion: Ambient air pollution must be considered as one effort to prevent chronic illness that can reduce immunity, which can increase the risk of being infected with Covid19. Furthermore, future studies will be carried out on ACE2 activity in people infected with Covid19 in order to get more valid results and following current conditions.
Molecular Review Covid19 from the Pathogenesis and Transmission Aspect
Authors: Setiawan Fery , Puspitasari Heni , Sunariani Jenny , Yudianto Ahmad
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Corona disease-19 virus (COVID-19) spread and caused a pandemic that affected people all over the world. COVID-19 is also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV). Discussion: COVID-19 is a β-coronavirus serotype which is a single strain of RNA virus and was an outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV) and 2012 (MERS-CoV). COVID-19 has Open Reading Frames (ORFs) consisting of Spikes (S), Envelopes (E), Membranes (M), and Nucleocapsids (N) with S parts being a glycoprotein that can attach to receptors owned by host cells, the receptors are CD 26, ACE-2, Ezrin, and Cyclophilins with the main receptor being ACE-2 in the lung organs. Process would evoke a host body's immune response consisting of natural and adaptive immune systems, involving the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) system which consists of two, namely: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II. APC could also generate adaptive immune system, consists of B and T cells. COVID-19 had the ability to survive in B and T cells, so that cytokine-chemokine secretion continues to be known as cytokine storm that trigger Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and death. Conclusion: The recovery prognosis of COVID-19 depended on the detection of COVID-19 patients because it was related to the severity of ARDS, so the earlier it was detected, the greater the chance of recovery.
The Scope Of PHBS In Household And Healthy Home With The Incidence Of Tuberculosis In West Java
Authors: Noerhalimah Titin
Published: November 2020

Latar Belakang: Pada negara berkembang secara umum ada berbagai macam penyakit menular, salah satunya adalah tuberkulosis (TB). Kasus tuberkulosis seringkali terjadi di kawasan negara berkembang, terutama di kawasan Asia Tenggara termasuk Indonesia. Pada tahun 2017 kasus tuberkulosis mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan tahun 2016 yakni dari 57.247 kasus menjadi 59.833 kasus. Padahal pada tahun 2016, kasus tuberkulosis telah menurun dratis bila dibandingkan dengan tahun 2015 yakni 59.446 kasus. Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap penyakit tuberkulosis adalah kondisi lingkungan fisik tempat tinggal dan perilaku hidup seseorang (PHBS). Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan PHBS di rumah tangga dan rumah sehat dengan kejadian tuberkulosis di Provinsi Jawa Barat pada tahun 2015-2017. Metode: Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode penelitian observasional dengan desain studi korelasi. Pengambilan sampel penelitian ini menggunakan total sampling pada data sekunder yang terdapat di Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2015-2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis yaitu uji normalitas dengan uji kolmogorov smirnov dan uji korelasi pearson. Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil bahwa terdapat korelasi positif yang cukup kuat antara rumah tangga ber-PHBS dengan penemuan kasus tuberkulosis (p = 0,01 <0,05; r = 0,69). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa ada korelasi positif yang cukup kuat antara cakupan rumah sehat dengan penemuan kasus tuberkulosis (p = 0,01<0,05; r = 0,68). Kesimpulan: disimpulkan bahwa cakupan rumah tangga ber-PHBS dan rumah sehat berkorelasi positif dengan penemuan tuberkulosis per kabupaten/kota di Jawa Barat.
Sanitary Hygiene and Formaldehyde Content in Chicken Intestine in Traditional Markets of Jember Regency
Authors: Moelyaningrum Anita Dewi
Published: November 2020

Latar Belakang: Bahan berbahaya masih sering ditemui pada berbagai macam makanan jajanan yang beredar di masyarakat. Usus ayam dapat diolah menjadi berbagai jenis masakan dan jajanan, seperti sate usus dan keripik usus. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa penerapan higine sanitasi proses produksi usus ayam dan identifikasi kandungan formalin. Metode: Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Wawancara dan observasi dilakukan pada responden untuk memperoleh data. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 2 pemasok besar (X dan Y) yang memasok usus ayam ke seluruh pasar di kabupaten Jember. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah pemilik pemasok usus untuk menggali pengetahuan terhadap penggunaan bahan berbahaya pada makanan, serta para pekerja diproses produksi untuk melihat penerapan prinsip hygiene sanitasi. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan Teknik Proportional random. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat pengetahuan 2 pemasok terhadap bahan tambahan pangan berbahaya adalah cukup, hygiene sanitasi pada saat proses produksi meliputi aspek pengolahan, penyimpanan dan pendistribusian adalah cukup. Pengetahuan personal hygiene pekerja adalah cukup sedangkan perilaku implementasi Higiene sanitasi termasuk kategori kurang. Fasilitas sanitasi rumah produksi pada ke 2 pemasok usus ayam masih termasuk kategori kurang. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa dari 23 sampel usus ayam yang dijual di pasar trsdisional, terdapat satu sampel (4,35%) positif mengandung formalin (kode sampel PT), yang dipasok oleh pemasok X.  Formalin kemungkinan ditambahkan oleh oleh pedagang.
Prevention Efforts With Compliance To The Prevention Of Transmission Of Covid-19 To Covid Volunteers
Authors: Alimansur Moh , Quyumi Elfi
Published: November 2020

Latar Belakang: Penyakit Covid-19 merupakan penyakit yang mudah menular, sehingga dengan cepat bisa menjangkiti banyak orang. Memperlambat penyebaran virus corona (COVID-19) adalah jalan keluar mengakhiri pandemi. Masyarakat dan pihak non-pemerintah dapat berpartisipasi dalam berbagai bentuk kerelawanan dalam penanggulangan bencana dan pengurangan risiko. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan tentang upaya pencegahan penularan COVID-19 terhadap kepatuhan relawan covid dalam upaya pencegahan penularan COVID19. Metode penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional, besar sampel  105 orang relawan covid di Kota Kediri, dengan metode simple random sampling dengan analisa data menggunakan analisis Chi Square test menggunakan software SPSS 19. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar relawan covid memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup tentang upaya pencegahan penularan COVID-19. Hampir seluruhnya dari relawan covid tidak patuh dalam menjalankan upaya pencegahan penularan COVID-19. Hasil uji Chi-square test menunjukkan adanya hubungan pengetahuan upaya pencegahan dengan kepatuhan dalam pencegahan COVID-19 pada relawan covid yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai p-value = 0,00 < α = 0,05. Kesimpulan: Pengetahuan yang kurang tentang upaya pencegahan penularan COVID-19 akan berdampak pula pada penurunan kepatuhan relawan covid dalam mencegah penularan COVID-19. Perlu adanya edukasi, aturan dan penyediaan alat pelindung diri bagi relawan covid dalam pencegahan penularan COVID-19.
The Utilization of Various Plant Type by the Community of Gunung Bunder Dua Village, Bogor Regency as a Resource of Biology Learning Process
Authors: Akmaliyah Rizna , Wardah Wardah , Cahyanto Tri , Krisdianti Apriani , Rahmawati Deasy
Published: November 2020

The community of Gunung Bunder Dua Village, Bogor Regency is one area that still has plant knowledge and local wisdom in their daily life. This research aims to reveal the local wisdom of Gunung Bunder Dua villagers, Bogor Regency. The method used in the form of direct observation in the field with interview by selected speaker. This research was conducted from 17th June to 17th July 2019 at the village of Gunung Bunder Dua, Bogor Regency, West Java. The observations recorded were 72 species and 40 plant families, with some varieties of uses, namely 19 species of food plants, 56 species of medicinal plants and 3 species of economic value plants. The  result of this reseach are used as source of biology learning such as a video containing ethnobotany information.Abstrak Masyarakat Desa Gunung Bunder Dua, Kabupaten Bogor termasuk salah satu daerah yang masih memiliki pengetahuan tumbuhan dan kearifan lokal dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap kearifan lokal masyarakat desa Gunung Bunder Dua, Kabupaten Bogor. Metode yang dilakukan berupa observasi langsung di lapangan dengan wawancara kepada narasumber terpilih. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari tanggal 17 Juni – 17 Juli 2019 bertempat di Desa Gunung Bunder Dua, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Terdapat 72 spesies dan 40 famili tumbuhan, dengan beragam kegunaan yaitu tumbuhan pangan 19 spesies, tumbuhan obat 56 spesies, dan tumbuhan bernilai ekonomi sebanyak 3 spesies. Hasil penelitian ini dijadikan sumber belajar biologi berupa video yang berisikan informasi etnobotani.
USING VIDEOTAPING HOMEWORK TO IMPROVE SPEAKING ABILITY
Authors: Perdani Yella Dezas
Published: November 2020

Improving learners’ speaking ability is the main purpose of Conversation 1 Class in Tadris Bahasa Inggris STAI Bandung. One of the strategies that were given is homework. The homework was in the form of video, which was called videotaping homework. The videos contained conversations using English expressions learned in the form of roleplay. The research design was qualitative research and the data collection was questionnaire. The result showed that 75% of the learners though that this strategies was able to improve their speaking ability in terms of Productivity, Purposefulness, Challenge, Authenticity, Academically. In addition videotaping homework had academicals purpose also that it could improve speaking ability of the learners, especially English expression knowledge by re-watching the video and finding the lackness through those videos.
EXPLORING PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Fadilla Raisa
Published: November 2020

Considering the role of teachers which is uneasy, it is necessary to develop an effective means of supporting and retaining teachers to provide good quality learning environment for students and a supportive work environment for teachers. Based on the urgency of professional development for teachers, pre-service teachers’ perception towards teacher professional development (TPD) becomes prominent to explore. The survey reflects the pre-service teachers’ perception with regard to professional development.  The perception covers the most needed topics in TPD and the most needed learning activities which may give high impacts to their knowledge for teaching. This study involves pre-service teachers from English Department Batch 2016 who were taking internship program as English teachers in public or private schools in Banjarmasin.Regarding the pre-service teachers’ perception related to the needed topics, classroom management and knowledge of instructional practices in their subject field are the greatest area of development need followed by knowledge of their main subject and also ICT skills. On the concern of pre-service teachers’ perception related to most needed learning activities of TPD, courses or workshops is recognized as the most beneficial learning activities to improve teachers’ competences.The results of this study are expected to provide the basic thought for the implication for teacher preparation program in the future. Furthermore, the targeted implementation of the findings will give insights on the most needed professional development topics and most preferred learning activities which can be considered by the related institution when conducting teacher preparation program.
Vintage by vine interactions most strongly influence Pinot noir grape composition in New Zealand
Authors: Martin Damian , Grab Franziska , Grose Claire , Stuart Lily , Scofield Claire , McLachlan Andrew , Rutan Tanya
Published: November 2020

Vine genetics, fruit maturity, region and vineyard are perceived as factors that strongly influence Pinot noir grape and wine composition. Our study aims to understand the relationship between grape (and ultimately wine) composition and the physical appearance and performance characteristics of a vine (i.e. vine ideotype). Our experimental approach controlled these variables by studying within-block differences in vine performance across multiple seasons and vineyards. Grapes were sourced at commercial harvest from 20 single vines from 12 vineyard sites in three Pinot noir growing regions (Central Otago, Martinborough and Marlborough) of New Zealand.Across three vintages yields ranged from 0.1 kg to 6.3 kg per metre, but there was no general relationship between yield and berry soluble solids. On a vine by vine basis normalised yields did not correlate among seasons. Berry extract colour measures were, on average, three-fold higher in 2019 than in 2018.Principal Component Analysis has indicated that vintage dominated berry composition effects that might otherwise be associated with yield per vine, region and vineyard. The extent of the variation in performance of the same vines between seasons largely excludes factors that are stable between seasons as primary causes. Changes in management of the same vine from year to year appeared the most likely contributors to variation. We have derived highly significant negative linear relationships between vine yield class and the frequency of vines that were within a benchmark specification established for icon vines, providing evidence of the quality risk associated with higher yield. The results also indicate that a proportion of vines meet the benchmark specification at higher yields. From results to date we can further our research confident in the knowledge that factors such as vine yield, region or vineyard are, in themselves, unlikely to be the principal drivers of major differences in Pinot noir grape and wine composition.
PERAN PENDIDIK DALAM MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Setiawan Ramlan
Published: November 2020

SDN Sumpinghayu Kecamatan Dayeuhluhur Kabupaten Cilacap
Harnessing the Power of Mast Cells in Unconventional Immunotherapy Strategies and Vaccine Adjuvants
Authors: Willows Steven , Kulka Marianna
Published: November 2020

Mast cells are long-lived, granular, myeloid-derived leukocytes that have significant protective and repair functions in tissues. Mast cells sense disruptions in the local microenvironment and are first responders to physical, chemical and biological insults. When activated, mast cells release growth factors, proteases, chemotactic proteins and cytokines thereby mobilizing and amplifying the innate and adaptive immune system. Mast cells are therefore significant regulators of homeostatic functions and may be essential in microenvironmental changes during pathogen invasion and disease. During infection by helminths, bacteria and viruses, mast cells release antimicrobial factors to facilitate pathogen expulsion and eradication. Mast cell-derived proteases and growth factors protect tissues from insect/snake bites and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Finally, mast cells release mediators that promote wound healing in the inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling stages. Since mast cells have such a powerful repertoire of functions, targeting mast cells may be an effective new strategy for immunotherapy of disease and design of novel vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we will examine how certain strategies that specifically target and activate mast cells can be used to treat and resolve infections, augment vaccines and heal wounds. Although these strategies may be protective in certain circumstances, mast cells activation may be deleterious if not carefully controlled and any therapeutic strategy using mast cell activators must be carefully explored.
Manual Muscle Testing – Force Profiles and Their Reproducibility
Authors: Bittmann Frank N , Dech Silas , Aehle Markus , Schaefer Laura V
Published: November 2020

The manual muscle test (MMT) is a flexible diagnostic tool, which is used in many disciplines, applied in several ways. The main problem is the subjectivity of the test. The MMT in the version of a “break test” depends on the tester’s force rise and the patient’s ability to resist the applied force. As a first step, the investigation of the reproducibility of the testers’ force profiles is required for valid application. The study examined the force profiles of n=29 testers (n=9 experiences (Exp), n=8 little experienced (LitExp), n =12 beginners (Beg)). The testers performed 10 MMTs according to the test of hip flexors, but against a fixed leg to exclude the patient’s reaction. A handheld device recorded the temporal course of the applied force. The results show significant differences between Exp and Beg concerning the starting force (padj=0.029), the ratio of starting to maximum force (padj=0.005) and the normalized mean Euclidean distances between the 10 trials (padj=0.015). The slope is significantly higher in Exp vs. LitExp (p=0.006) and Beg (p=0.005). The results also indicate that experienced testers show inter-tester differences and partly even a low intra-tester reproducibility. That highlights the necessity of an objective MMT-assessment. Furthermore, an agreement on a standardized force profile is required – a suggestion is given.
Evaluating the Conductive Properties of Melanin-Producing Fungus, Curvularia lunata, after Copper Doping
Authors:   Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), Jones Robert M. , Thurston Alison K. , Barbato Robyn A. , Barnes Eftihia V.
Published: November 2020

Melanins are pigmented biomacromolecules found throughout all domains of life. Of melanins’ many unique properties, their malleable electrically conductive properties and their ability to chelate could allow them to serve as material for bioelectronics. Studies have shown that sheets or pellets of melanin conduct low levels of electricity; however, electrical conductance of melanin within a cellular context has not been thoroughly investigated. In addition, given the chelating properties of melanin, it is possible that introducing traditionally con-ductive metal ions could improve the conductivity. Therefore, this study investigated the conductive properties of melanized cells and how metal ions change these. We measured the con-ductivity of pulverized Curvularia lunata, a melanized filamentous fungi, with and without the addition of copper ions. We then com-pared the conductivity measurements of the fungus to chemically synthesized, commercially bought melanin. Our data showed that the conductivity of the melanized fungal biomass was an order of magnitude higher when grown in the presence of copper. However, it was two orders of magnitude less than that of synthetic melanin. Interestingly, conductance was measurable despite additional constituents in the pellet that may inhibit conductivity. Therefore, these data show promising results for using melanized cells to carry electrical signals.
Quantifying Oil-Recovery Mechanisms during Natural-Gas Huff ‘n’ Puff Experiments on Ultratight Core Plugs
Authors: Tran Son , Yassin Mahmood Reza , Eghbali Sara , Doranehgard Mohammad Hossein , Dehghanpour Hassan
Published: November 2020

Despite promising natural gas huff ‘n’ puff (HnP) field-pilot results, the dominant oil-recovery mechanisms during this process are poorly understood. We conduct systematic natural-gas (C1 and a mixture of C1/C2 with the molar ratio of 70:30) HnP experiments on an ultratight core plug collected from the Montney tight-oil formation, under reservoir conditions (P = 137.9 bar and T = 50°C). We used a custom-designed visualization cell to experimentally evaluate mechanisms controlling gas transport into the plug during injection and soaking phases and oil recovery during the whole process. The tests also allow us to investigate effects of gas composition and initial differential pressure between injected gas and the plug (ΔPi = Pg−Po) on the gas-transport and oil-recovery mechanisms. Moreover, we performed a Péclet number, NPe, analysis to quantify the contribution of each transport mechanism during the soaking period.

We found that advective-dominated transport is the mechanism responsible for the transport of gas into the plug at early times of the soaking period (NPe = 1.58 to 3.03). When the soaking progresses, NPe ranges from 0.26 to 0.62, indicating the dominance of molecular diffusion. The advective flow caused by ΔPi during gas injection and soaking leads to improved gas transport into the plug. Total system compressibility, oil swelling, and vaporization of oil components into the gas phase are the recovery mechanisms observed during gas injection and soaking, while gas expansion is the main mechanism during depressurization phase. Overall, gas expansion is the dominant mechanism, followed by total system compressibility, oil swelling, and vaporization. During the “puff” period, the expansion and flow of diffused gas drag the oil along its flowpaths, resulting in a significant flow of oil and gas observed on the surface of the plug. The enrichment of injected gas by 30-mol% C2 enhances the transport of gas into the plug and increases oil recovery compared to pure C1 cases.
Data Integration Process from Oil Characterization and Pvt Modeling to Reservoir Simulation for the East Cat Canyon Heavy Oil Field in California
Authors: Moog Guillaume J. , O'Sullivan Terry , Castellanos Diaz Orlando , Verlaan Marco A.
Published: November 2020

The characterization of live-oil properties and PVT modeling is a critical part of a reservoir description and dynamics study. This paper describes the data integration process from oil characterization through reservoir simulation on the Basal Sisquoc (BSq) Sands formation in the East Cat Canyon heavy oil field, located about 200 km NW of Los Angeles, California. Since heavy live-oil samples can be very challenging to acquire, PVT properties are often estimated by conducting laboratory assays on dead-oil samples and samples recombined with synthetic gas matching the formation gas composition. The results of these experiments are subsequently modeled and further integrated into a full-field simulation model for history matching or forecasting. This paper presents the complete process of PVT to simulation workflow adapting to the specifics of the East Cat Canyon field. It considered the distinctive gas composition characteristics of the field leading to a mismatch between previously modeled live-oil properties and actual field measurements. Challenges in the work arose from the complexity in modeling and honoring a large number of data coming from a variety of sources, collection locations and collection timing. The data integration process was further challenged by the strongly dipping, potentially faulted reservoir, characterized by strong variations of the oil properties and a rapidly decreasing oil API as a function of depth.

The work integrated and reconciled all data sources available to the authors, including more recent field observations, thus leading to a better representation of the oil properties and project's economics.
Failure Prediction for SRP using Analytic Solutions
Authors: Sirghii Viorica , Fruhwirth Rudolf Konrad , Hofstaetter Herbert , Pongratz Reinhard , Nirtl Michael
Published: November 2020

An innovative method for Sucker Rod Pump (SRP) failure prediction based on Improved Completely Connected Perceptron artificial neural networks (ANN) is presented. Results are compared to historical wellbore data. ANN models validity is proven to meet SRP failures prediction with a ±5% error, helping identify and prevent potential damages, reduce costs and risks, optimize production.

The process was set up in phases. In the Inception phase use cases were identified. A set of 5 million digital dynacards from 56 wells was selected altogether with complete wellbore data. Then data was processed, screened, quality controlled, created workflows and methods of use. Data driven ANN models were established and tested for an automatized pump state identification. Improved Completely Connected Perceptron models were trained based on manually labelled subsets and statistical and Elliptical Fourier Transform features. Sequential Forward Selection was applied for finding the most relevant features. Will be followed by a trend analysis, and failure prediction processes.

Initially data quality was verified and further used for training several models developed to filter out bad samples. Models performance was controlled and validated for quality assurance using multifold cross validation. Results were analyzed and compared by identifying their accuracy and precision. All models performed well and although the error difference between their performances was minor, the one with highest score was selected and applied. 88% of the initial dataset was identified as of a good quality.

In the second step a subset of data was manually labelled for pump states. In total, 11 states were found with "normal" being the highest occurrence, followed by "fluid pound", "gas interference" and others. This dataset was used for training the neural network models. Results were evaluated, processed and quality checked. The error analysis based on multifold cross validation and f1-score proved that resulted ANN models offer robust and consistent results, in every case up to 99% accuracy for dynacards state identification. Remaining data was fed in and QA&QC-ed. The occurrence of pump states remains the same as mentioned above.

Having such models, allows the application of a trend analysis for identifying the tendency of SRP performance over time accompanied by prevention and prediction of future failures in the system. Models can be easily updated as new data comes in without the need of retraining. In case of new conditions, our established QC tools allow fast and effortless retraining with high accuracy. Principles can be extended to other artificial lift systems.
Prognostic factors and survival according to tumour subtype in women presenting with breast cancer bone metastases at initial diagnosis: a SEER-based study
Authors: Li Xiao , Zhang XiaoLi , Liu Jie , Zhong Shen Yin
Published: November 2020

Background: Tumour subtype has a significant effect on bone metastasis in breast cancer, but population-based estimates of the prognosis of patients with bone metastases at breast cancer diagnosis are lacking. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of tumour subtype and other factors on the prognosis and survival of patients with bone metastases of breast cancer.Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data from 2012 to 2016, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to investigate stage IV breast cancer patients with bone metastases. Stage IV patient characteristics according to subtype were compared using chi-square tests. Overall survival (OS) and prognostic factors were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model, respectively.Results: A total of 3384 stage IV patients were included in this study; 63.42% were HR+/HER2-, 19.86% were HR+/HER2+, 9.34% were HR-/HER2-, and 7.39% were HR-/HER2+. The median OS for the whole population was 38 months, and 33.9% of the patients were alive at five years. The median OS and five-year survival rate were significantly different among stage IV breast cancer patients with different molecular subtypes (p<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age of 55-59 (HR=1.270), black race (HR=1.317), grade III or IV (HR=1.960), HR-/HER2- (HR=2.808), lung metastases (HR=1.378), liver metastases (HR=2.085), and brain metastases (HR=1.903) were independent risk factors for prognosis; married status (HR=0.819), HR+/HER2+ (HR=0.631), HR-/HER2+ (HR=0.716), insurance (HR=0.587) and surgery (HR=0.504) were independent protection factors of prognosis. There was an interaction between the HR+/HER2+ subtype and other metastases (except bone metastases, HR=0.694, 95% CI: 0.485-0.992), but the interaction between race and subtype did not reach significance for prognosis.Conclusions: There were substantial differences in OS according to tumour subtype. In addition to tumour subtype, other independent predictors of OS were age at diagnosis, race, marital status, insurance, grade, surgery and visceral metastases. There was an interaction between the HR+/HER2+ subtype and other metastases (except bone metastases) for prognosis. Tumour subtype, as a significant prognostic factor, warrants further investigation.
The role of lymphocyte-monocyte ratio on axial spondyloarthritis diagnosis and sacroiliitis staging  
Authors: Wang Jing , Su Jinyu , Yuan Yuan , Jin Xiaxia , Shen Bo , Lu Guoguang
Published: November 2020

Background: Axial spondyloarthritis (axial SpA)is a chronic inflammatory disorder involving the sacroiliac joints, that could lead to disability due to the failure of timely treatment. The lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is an indicator of disease progression. However, its role in axial SpA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of LMR in axial SpA diagnosis, disease activity classification and sacroiliitis staging.Methods: Seventy-eight axial SpA patients and 78 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of axial SpA was performed according to the New York criteria or the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria, whereas the staging of sacroiliitis in axial SpA patients was determined by X-ray examination. Comparisons of LMR levels between groups were performed using t test. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis were used to assess correlations between LMR and other indicators. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the role of LMR in the diagnosis of axial SpA.Results: Higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR), red blood cell distribution width(RDW), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR), mean platelet volume(MPV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein(CRP) levels and lower red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), LMR, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL) and albumin/globulin (A/G) levels were noted in axial SpA patients compared to HCs. Positive correlations were observed between LMR and RBC, Hb, Hct and A/G, whereas negative correlations were found between LMR and NLR, PLR, AST, and TBIL (P< 0.05). ROC curves showed that the area under the curve(AUC) for LMR in the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis was 0.803 (95% CI =0.734-0.872) with a sensitivity and specificity of 62.8% and 87.2%, respectively, and the AUC (95% CI) for the combination of ESR, CRP and LMR was 0.975 (0.948-1.000) with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.9% and 97.4%, respectively. LMR levels were lower (P<0.05) and significant differences in LMR values were observed among different stages (P<0.05).Conclusions: Our study suggested that LMR might be an important inflammatory marker to identify axial SpA and assess disease activity and X-ray stage of sacroiliitis.
3D Culture and Characterization of Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells in a New Microfluidic Platform
Authors: Trennheuser Sebastian , Schmitt-Hoffner Felix , Mahringer Anne , Mesch Lena , Jones Peter , Stelzle Martin , Fricker Gert
Published: November 2020

Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from harmful substances in the peripheral blood stream and ensures brain homeostasis by regulating the transport of nutrients and metabolites. It also prevents many pharmaceutical drugs from reaching their target site and dysfunctions of the BBB are often associated with CNS diseases. In order to provide a new in vitro platform that allows the investigation of barrier characteristics of the BBB and drug transport under physiological and pathological conditions, the TransBBB system was developed. The microfluidic chip consists of ten parallel culture chambers, each allowing the cultivation of endothelial cells on a physiological matrix under perfusion.Methods: Porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (PBCECs) were cultivated on the surface of a hydrogel matrix resulting in a barrier which separates the culture chambers into two compartments. A protocol was established in order to obtain a tight cell layer under perfusion and the effect of different perfusion volumes on BBB formation was investigated. The barrier was then characterized in terms of cell viability, barrier integrity and expression of tight junction proteins.Results: PBCECs formed a tight cell layer on the hydrogel surface preventing FITC dextran from permeating the cellular barrier. The presence of ZO-1 at the cell borders was shown indicating a functional BBB. The perfusion experiments suggested a critical role of medium volume for cell layer integrity under perfusion conditions.Conclusions: The TransBBB chip presented here provides a promising, scalable microfluidic platform for the investigation of cellular barriers which can be integrated seamlessly into existing cell culture and drug testing workflows.
New insights into patterns of first metastatic sites influencing survival of patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer: a multicenter study of 271 patients
Authors: Yamamura Jun , Kamigaki Shunji , Fujita Junya , Osato Hiroki , Manabe Hironobu , Tanaka Yumiko , Shinzaki Wataru , Hashimoto Yukihiko , Komoike Yoshifumi
Published: November 2020

Background: The initial therapeutic strategy for hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer is based on the first metastatic site, but little evidence is available regarding the influence of metastatic distribution patterns of first metastatic sites on prognosis. In this study, we aimed to identify the metastatic distribution patterns of first metastatic sites that significantly correlate with survival after recurrence.Methods: We performed a retrospective review of records from 271 patients with recurrent metastatic HR+/ HER2- breast cancer diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2015. We assessed survival after recurrence according to the metastatic distribution patterns of first metastatic sites and identified significant prognostic factors among the patients with single and multiple metastases.Results: Prognosis was significantly better in patients with single metastasis than those with multiple metastases (median overall survival after recurrence: 5.86 years vs. 2.50 years, p<0.001). No metastatic organ site with single metastasis was significantly associated with prognostic outcome, though single metastasis with diffuse lesions was an independent risk factor for worse prognosis (HR: 3.641; 95% CI: 1.856-7.141), and more easily progressed to multiple metastases (p=0.002). Multiple metastases including liver metastasis (HR: 3.145; 95% CI: 1.802-5.495) or brain metastasis (HR: 3.289; 95% CI: 1.355-7.937) were regarded as a significant independent poor prognostic factor, but multiple metastases not involving liver or brain metastasis were not significantly related to prognosis after recurrence.Conclusions: Single metastasis with diffuse lesions could more easily disseminate systemically and progress to multiple metastases, leading to poor prognosis similar to multiple metastases. Our findings indicate that reconsideration of the determinant factors of therapeutic strategies for first recurrence in HR+/HER2- breast cancer may be needed.
Joint hemorrhage accelerates cartilage degeneration in a rat immobilized knee model
Authors: Sogi Yasuhito , Yabe Yutaka , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Onoda Yoshito , Sekiguchi Takuya , Itaya Nobuyuki , Yoshida Shinichiro , Yano Toshihisa , Suzuki Kazuaki , Onoki Takahiro , Itoi Eiji
Published: November 2020

Background: Joint hemorrhage is caused by trauma, ligament reconstruction surgery, and bleeding disorders such as hemophilia. Recurrence of hemorrhage in the joint space induces hemosiderotic synovitis and oxidative stress, resulting in both articular cartilage degeneration and arthropathy. Joint immobilization is a common treatment option for articular fractures accompanied by joint hemorrhage. Although joint hemorrhage has negative effects on the articular cartilage, there is no consensus on whether a reduction in joint hemorrhage would effectively prevent articular cartilage degeneration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of joint hemorrhage combined with joint immobilization on articular cartilage degeneration in a rat immobilized knee model.Methods: The knee joints of adult male rats were immobilized at the flexion using an internal fixator from 3 days to 8 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into the following groups: immobilized blood injection (Im-B) and immobilized-normal saline injection (Im-NS) groups. The cartilage was evaluated in two areas (contact and non-contact areas). The cartilage was used to assess chondrocyte count, Modified Mankin score, and cartilage thickness. The total RNA was extracted from the cartilage in both areas, and the expression of metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-13, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: The number of chondrocytes in the Im-B group significantly decreased in both areas, compared with that in the Im-NS group. Modified Mankin score from 4–8 weeks of the Im-B group was significantly higher than that of the Im-NS group only in the contact area. The expression of MMP-8 and MMP-13 from 2 to 4 weeks and TNF-α from 2 to 8 weeks significantly increased in the Im-B group compared with those in the Im-NS group, but there was no significant difference in IL-1β expression.Conclusions: The results showed that joint hemorrhage exacerbated immobilization-induced articular cartilage degeneration. Drainage of a joint hemorrhage or avoidance of loading may help prevent cartilage degeneration during joint immobilization with a hemorrhage.
Development and validation of a nomogram to predict overall survival for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Wenwen , Zhu Weiwei , Yu Shengqiang , Li Kangqi , Ding Yuexia , Wu Qingna , Tang Qiling , Zhao Quan , Lu Congxiao , Guo Chenyu
Published: November 2020

Background: Heterogeneity of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constraints accurate prognosis prediction of the tumor. We therefore aimed at developing a novel nomogram for accurate prediction of overall survival (OS) of patients with metastatic RCC.Methods: We extracted 2010 to 2016 data for metastatic RCC patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, and randomly stratified them equally into training and validation sets. Prognostic factors for OS were analyzed using Cox regression models, and thereafter integrated into a 1, 3 and 5-year OS predictive nomogram. The nomogram was validated using the training and validation sets. The performance of this model was evaluated by the Harrell’s concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), category-free net reclassification improvement (NRI), index of prediction accuracy (IPA), and decision curve analysis (DCA).Results: Overall, 2315 metastatic RCC patients in the SEER database who fulfilled our inclusion criteria were utilized in constructing a nomogram for predicting OS of newly diagnosed metastatic RCC patients. The nomogram incorporated eight clinical factors: Fuhrman grade, lymph node status, sarcomatoid feature, cancer-directed surgery and bone, brain, liver, and lung metastases, all significantly associated with OS. The model was superior to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (7th edition) both in training (C-indices, 0.701 vs. 0.612, P<0.001) and validation sets (C-indices, 0.676 vs. 0.600, P<0.001). The calibration plots of the nomogram corresponded well between predicted and observed values. NRI, IDI, and IPA further validated the superior predictive capability of the nomogram relative to the AJCC staging system. The DCA plots revealed reliable clinical application of our model in prognosis prediction of metastatic RCC patients.Conclusions: We developed and validated an accurate nomogram for individual OS prediction of metastatic RCC patients. This nomogram can be applied in design of clinical trials, patient counseling, and rationalizing therapeutic modalities.