bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty with fat transposition above the orbicularis muscle for improvement of the tear trough deformity
Authors: Majidian BA Mandy , Kolli BS Hiren , Moy MD Ronald L.
Published: February 2021

Background

The tear trough is the hollow concavity of the medial lower eyelid. Surgery can address tear trough deformities and reverse visible signs of periorbital aging. The previous methods of transconjunctival blepharoplasty with fat transposition were first described with subperiosteal placement of fat (Plast Reconstr Surg, 125, 2010,699, Aesthetic Surg J, 32, 2012, 426). This was followed by techniques with submuscular transposition of fat, which overcame certain difficulties associated with the subperiosteal methods (Clin Plast Surg, 20, 1993, 393, Arch Facial Plast Surg, 2, 2000, 16).

Objectives

We present a detailed description, evaluate the efficacy, safety, and advantages of transconjunctival blepharoplasty with fat pedicle transposition above the orbicularis muscle for lower eyelid rejuvenation and improvement of the tear trough deformity.

Methods

Forty‐one patients underwent lower eyelid blepharoplasty with fat transposition above the orbicularis muscle. Clinical and photographic documentation along with patient satisfaction ratings were evaluated for a minimum of 44 months postoperatively.

Results

Significant improvements of lower eyelid aesthetics and correction of tear trough abnormalities were observed in most patients. At 44 months postoperatively, surgical correction was maintained in all patients with a high satisfaction and long‐term survival. No contour irregularities or significant long‐term complications were detected in any of the patients.

Conclusion

Transconjunctival blepharoplasty with the fat pedicle transposition placed above the orbicularis muscle is a safe and effective technique for lower eyelid rejuvenation. Compared to previously described techniques of repositioning fat into the subperiosteal or submuscular plane, this technique of transposing fat above the orbicularis muscle is an alternative technique resulting in long‐term improvement of tear trough abnormalities with no major complications.
Women’s knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer prevention: A qualitative study in the Spanish context
Authors: Borrull‐Guardeño Jessica , Sebastiá‐Laguarda Cruz , Donat‐Colomer Francisco , Sánchez‐Martínez Vanessa
Published: February 2021

Aims and objectives

To explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to cervical cancer and its prevention in Spain.

Background

Worldwide, women's knowledge about cervical cancer is low, and their attitudes towards its prevention are good, but they do not correlate with the screening uptake. Although the rates of Spanish women performing cervical cancer screening are mostly acceptable, their knowledge and attitudes about it have not been explored.

Design

Qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Three focus groups were conducted, with 21 women aged 25 to 65 years. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. For intragroup homogeneity, women participated in age groups. The COREQ reporting guidelines were used.

Results

Women expressed their knowledge about cervical cancer was low. None of the participants identified the human papillomavirus as a cause of cervical cancer, nor did they mention the vaccine as a preventive measure. They all knew about the screening existence, but not about its frequency nor target population. About the attitudes and practice, 18 women had an appropriate screening, and they were favourable to this health check, claiming an increase in its frequency. Nineteen women claimed they had not received enough information from the healthcare system and a lack of social awareness in comparison with breast cancer. They demanded from the professionals more health education, a reminder of their appointments and a report of the Pap test results.

Conclusions

There was a self‐perceived low level of knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors and its prevention in the participants. However, they expressed favourable attitudes towards screening, and they demanded more information about cervical cancer and its prevention measures, and they regretted its low social awareness.

Relevance to clinical practice

Midwives, general nurses and other nurse specialists may have a leading position in health education for cervical cancer prevention in different population levels.
Excretory dysfunction and quality of life after a spinal cord injury: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Gong De , Wang Yingmin , Zhong Lirong , Jia Mengmeng , Liu Ting , Li Kun
Published: February 2021

Aims and Objectives

To determine the aspects of excretory dysfunction most influential in determining the quality of life of survivors of spinal cord injury.

Background

Excretory dysfunction is one of the most common and troublesome sequelae of spinal cord injury. Previous studies have shown that it can restrict social participation restriction, cause readmission and generally influence quality of life substantially.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey of hospital inpatients following STOBE guidelines.

Methods

A convenience sample of 101 patients with traumatic or non‐traumatic spinal cord injury were asked about their experiences of excretory dysfunction, and management and their self‐perceived quality of life. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression were performed to isolate the most important relationships.

Results

Only 2 of the 101 subjects professed to be unaffected by excretion dysfunction. Bladder‐related dysfunction was the most frequently mentioned type of problem. Quality of life impairment was found to be most often associated with bladder accidents, bowel accidents and having more than one bladder complications.

Conclusions

Excretory dysfunction substantially impacts quality of life after a spinal cord injury. Bladder accidents, bowel accidents and more than one bladder complication are factors independently influencing the quality of life of spinal cord injury survivors.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

To improve excretion‐related QOL, patients’ bladder and bowel self‐management training should be strengthened seeking to prevent complications and reduce the risk of bladder and bowel accidents.
Effect of Impression Technique and Operator Experience on Impression Time and Operator‐Reported Outcomes
Authors: Yilmaz Hakan , Eglenen Merve Nur , Cakmak Gulce , Yilmaz Burak
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To investigate the effect of impression technique (conventional preliminary alginate and digital scan) and operator experience in impression making (experienced in digital and conventional, experienced in conventional and inexperienced in digital, and inexperienced in conventional and digital) on impression time, satisfaction and stress levels, and the preference of the operators.

Material and Methods

One patient was assigned for each of the 60 operators, who were experienced in impression techniques at different levels (Group 1: experienced in conventional and digital, Group 2: experienced in conventional and inexperienced in digital, Group 3: inexperienced in conventional and digital). They made conventional impressions (irreversible hydrocolloid) and digital scans (Trios 3) from the same patient. The impression times were recorded at each step (patient registration, maxillary arch, mandibular arch, and bite registration) and in total. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used for the operator satisfaction for applicability, comfort, and hygiene; the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory form (STAI‐TX1) was used for stress, and a questionnaire was completed to measure the operator's impression preference. The data were analyzed with a 2‐way ANOVA and Chi‐square test (α = 0.05).

Results

A significant interaction was found between the operator experience in impression making and the impression technique on time for maxillary and mandibular arch impressions and total time (p ≤ 0.002). Operator experience and impression technique interaction had a significant effect on comfort and average VAS scores (p ≤ 0.016). Whereas, no significant effect of this interaction was found on stress (p ≥ 0.195). Operator experience in impression making had a significant effect on applicability (p < 0.001), and the impression technique had a significant effect on hygiene VAS scores (p < 0.001). Operators in Group 1 and Group 3 preferred the digital scans, however, operators in Group 2 had no preference (p = 0.022).

Conclusion

Operator experience in impression making and impression technique had varying effects on clinician's impression time, comfort, applicability, hygiene, and preference. Operators needed less time for the impressions they were experienced with. Operator stress level was not affected by the operator experience in impression making and the impression technique. Dental students and operators experienced in both techniques were satisfied with the digital scans and they preferred digital scans. Operators experienced with conventional impressions were satisfied with conventional impressions but didn't have a preference for the impression type.
Evaluating the Effect of Ambient and Scanning Lights on the Trueness of the Intraoral Scanner
Authors: Koseoglu Merve , Kahramanoglu Erkut , Akin Hakan
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To determine the influence of different scanning and ambient light conditions on the trueness values of an intraoral scanning (IOS) device.

Material and methods

The present study was conducted among 20 complete dentate volunteers. After making complete maxillary arch impressions with vinyl polysiloxane material, type IV dental stone was poured, and working casts were obtained. Then, the models were digitized using a dental laboratory scanner (LS) and standard tessellation language (STL) files were acquired. Full arch digital scans of the volunteers were also performed using an IOS device with 2 ambient light conditions (RL: room light, 1003 lux, and ZL: zero light, 0 lux) and 2 scanning light modes (blue [B] and white [W]). Twenty digital scans per group at each light condition were consecutively obtained. Discrepancy between the digital scans and digitized working casts was analyzed using a 3D inspection software. The obtained data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05).

Results

Significant differences were obtained among different light conditions for the IOS device (p ˂ 0.0001, F = 42.958 for positive deviations and F = 29.278, for negative deviations). The room light and blue mode (RLB) condition had the lowest deviation values compared with the other light conditions, followed by room light and white mode (RLW), zero light and blue mode (ZLB), and zero light and white mode (ZLW; p =  0.008, p ˂ 0.0001, and p ˂ 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusion

Lighting conditions are effective in assessing the trueness of the digital impressions made with an IOS device. RLB conditions are recommended for taking a digital impression.
Understanding the place of punishment: Disadvantage, politics, and the geography of imprisonment in 21st century America
Authors: Beckett Katherine , Beach Lindsey
Published: February 2021

Studies suggest that the spatial distribution of punishment in the United States is shifting. This article analyzes variation in prison admissions across U.S. counties to deepen our understanding of the contemporary geography of punishment. While research on punishment generally treats economic and political theories of punishment as distinct, we draw on recent studies of penal attitudes to develop a theoretical argument regarding their possible interconnection. We then use Hierarchical Linear Modeling to test the hypothesis that conservatism, race, and disadvantage are associated with the use of prison and that these factors help to explain why prison admission rates are higher in rural and suburban counties than in urban ones, despite notably higher crime rates in the latter. The results indicate that nonurban counties send more people to prison than urban counties and that socioeconomic disadvantage, the size of the Black population, and conservatism are significant predictors of prison admissions after controlling for crime‐related problems. These findings suggest that poverty, race, and politics work in concert to shape the distribution of punishment across 21st century America.
The impact of direct acting antivirals on hepatitis C virus disease burden and associated costs in four european countries
Authors: Mennini Francesco S. , Marcellusi Andrea , Robbins Scott Sarah , Montilla Simona , Craxi Antonio , Buti Maria , Gheorghe Liana , Ryder Stephen , Kondili Loreta A.
Published: February 2021

Background and Aims

We assessed the clinical and economic impact of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in England, Italy, Romania and Spain.

Methods

An HCV progression Markov model was developed considering DAA eligibility and population data during the years 2015‐2019. The period of time to recover the investment in DAAs was calculated as the cost saved by avoiding estimated clinical events for 1000 standardized treated patients. A delayed treatment scenario because of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) was also developed.

Results

The estimated number of avoided hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis and liver transplantations over a 20‐year time horizon was: 1,057 in England; 1,221 in Italy; 1,211 in Romania; and 1,103 in Spain for patients treated during 2015‐2016 and 640 in England; 626 in Italy; 739 in Romania; and 643 in Spain for patients treated during 2017‐2019. The cost‐savings ranged from € 45 to € 275 million. The investment needed to expand access to DAAs in 2015‐2019 is estimated to be recovered in 6.5 years in England; 5.4 years in Italy; 6.7 years in Romania; and 4.5 years in Spain. A delay in treatment because of COVID‐19 will increase liver mortality in all countries.

Conclusion

Direct‐acting antivirals have significant clinical benefits and can bring substantial cost‐savings over the next 20 years, reaching a Break‐even point in a short period of time. When pursuing an exit strategy from strict lockdown measures for COVID‐19, providing DAAs should remain high on the list of priorities in order to maintain HCV elimination efforts.
Diet during pregnancy: Influence of social characteristics and migration in the ELFE cohort
Authors: Kadawathagedara Manik , Ahluwalia Namanjeet , Dufourg Marie‐Noelle , Forhan Anne , Charles Marie Aline , Lioret Sandrine , de Lauzon‐Guillain Blandine
Published: February 2021

Better adherence to dietary guidelines during pregnancy is supposed to result in healthier perinatal outcomes. We aim to characterize the diets of pregnant women by hypothesis‐driven and exploratory approaches and describe potential social determinants. Analyses included 12 048 mothers from the French nationwide ELFE birth cohort. Dietary intake over the last three months of the pregnancy was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Two hypothesis‐driven scores (the Diet Quality score, based on benchmarks derived from the National Health and Nutrition Program Guidelines, and the PANDiet score, based on nutrient intake) were calculated. Exploratory dietary patterns were also identified by principal component analysis. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess associations of maternal social characteristics with dietary patterns, accounting for the possible effect modification by their migration status. Five dietary patterns were identified: the Western, Balanced, Bread and toppings, Processed products, and Milk and breakfast cereals. Younger maternal age, single motherhood, unemployment and the presence of older children in the household were related to a suboptimal diet during pregnancy. The less acculturated the women were, the healthier and less processed their diets were, independent of their socio‐economic position. Several social determinants of the quality of women's diets were however moderated by their migration status. These findings shed light on the relations between indicators of social vulnerability, such as single motherhood and unemployment, and poorer diet quality. Given the reduced diet quality that accompanies the acculturation process, it is of paramount importance to identify the specific factors or obstacles that affect migrant women in maintaining their diet quality advantage over the majority population.
Effectiveness of the baby‐friendly community initiative on exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya
Authors: Kimani‐Murage Elizabeth W. , Kimiywe Judith , Mutoro Antonina N. , Wilunda Calistus , Wekesah Frederick Murunga , Muriuki Peter , Mwangi Bonaventure M. , Samburu Betty Mogesi , Madise Nyovani Janet , McGarvey Stephen T. , Griffiths Paula L.
Published: February 2021

The baby‐friendly hospital initiative (BFHI) promotes exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in hospitals, but this is not accessible in rural settings where mothers give birth at home, hence the need for a community intervention. We tested the effectiveness of the baby‐friendly community initiative (BFCI) on EBF in rural Kenya. This cluster randomized study was conducted in 13 community units in Koibatek sub‐county. Pregnant women aged 15–49 years were recruited and followed up until their children were 6 months old. Mothers in the intervention group received standard maternal, infant and young child nutrition counselling, support from trained community health volunteers, health professionals and community and mother support groups, whereas those in the control group received standard counselling only. Data on breastfeeding practices were collected longitudinally. The probability of EBF up to 6 months of age and the restricted mean survival time difference were estimated. A total of 823 (intervention groupn= 351) pregnant women were recruited. Compared with children in the control group, children in the intervention group were more likely to exclusively breastfeed for 6 months (79.2% vs. 54.5%;P< .05). Children in the intervention group were also exclusively breastfed for a longer time, mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) 0.62 months (0.38, 0.85;P< .001). The BFCI implemented within the existing health system and including community and mother support groups led to a significant increase in EBF in a rural Kenyan setting. This intervention has the potential to improve EBF rates in similar settings.
Professional identity formation within longitudinal integrated clerkships: A scoping review
Authors: Brown Megan E. L. , Whybrow Paul , Kirwan Gavin , Finn Gabrielle M.
Published: February 2021

Context

Although the uptake of Longitudinal Integrated Clerkships (LICs) is increasing worldwide, and there are documented benefits to participation, there is a lack of conceptual evidence regarding how LICs exert many of their benefits, including their influence on the recruitment and retention of practitioners to underserved areas or specialties. Whilst career choice and professional identity development have been previously connected within medicine, what is known about the ways in which LICs influence identity remains unclear. A scoping review was conducted to explore current knowledge and map directions for future research.

Method

In 2020, the authors searched nine bibliographic databases for articles discussing identity within the context of LICs using a systematic search strategy. Two reviewers independently screened all articles against eligibility criteria and charted the data. Eligible articles were analysed by quantitative and qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

849 articles were identified following an extensive search. 131 articles were selected for full‐text review, with 27 eligible for inclusion. Over half of all articles originated from the United States or Canada, and research most frequently explored identity development from sociocultural orientations. Qualitatively, four themes were identified: (a) The importance of contextual continuities; (b) Symbiotic relationship of responsibility and identity development; (c) Becoming a competent carer; and (d) Influence of LICs on career identity.

Conclusions

This scoping review adds weight to the supposition that participation in LICs facilitates identity development, namely through contextual continuities and the responsibility students assume as they become co‐providers of patient care. There are suggestions that LICs encourage the development of an ‘ethic of caring’. As little research compares comprehensive LICs with other clerkship models, it remains difficult to say to what degree identity formation is facilitated above and beyond other models. Future comparative research, and research exploring identity formation from diverse theoretical perspectives would add depth.
Admissions experiences of aspiring physicians from low‐income backgrounds
Authors: De Freitas Chanté , Buckley Rya , Klimo Rebecca , Daniel Juliet M. , Mountjoy Margo , Vanstone Meredith
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Students from low‐income backgrounds (LIB) have been under‐represented in Canadian medical schools for over fifty years. Despite our awareness of this problem, little is known about the experiences of aspiring physicians from LIB in Canada who are working towards medical school admission. Consequently, we have little insight into the barriers and facilitators that may be used to increase the representation of students from LIB in Canadian medical schools.

Methods

This paper describes a qualitative description interview study aimed at understanding the experiences of aspiring physicians from LIB as they attempt to gain entry to medical school. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 21 participants at different stages of their undergraduate, master's, and non‐medical professional education, and used the theories of intersectionality and identity capital as a theoretical framework for identifying barriers and facilitators to a career in medicine.

Results

Participants experienced social, identity‐related, economic, structural and informational barriers to a career in medicine. Intrinsic facilitators included motivation, self‐confidence, attitude, strategy, information‐seeking and sorting, and financial literacy and increasing income. Extrinsic facilitators were social, informational, financial and institutional in nature.

Conclusion

This study fills existing knowledge gaps in the literature by identifying the pre‐admissions barriers and facilitators encountered by aspiring physicians from LIB in Canada. The barriers and facilitators outlined in this study offer a framework for identifying target areas in developing support for admitting medical students from LIB. Given that medical students from LIB are more likely to serve underserved populations, our study is relevant to Canadian medical schools’ social accountability commitment to producing physicians that meet the health needs of marginalised and vulnerable patients.
Qualitative analysis of medical student reflections on the implicit association test
Authors: Gonzalez Cristina M. , Noah Yuliana S. , Correa Nereida , Archer‐Dyer Heather , Weingarten‐Arams Jacqueline , Sukhera Javeed
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Health professions educators use the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to raise awareness of implicit bias in learners, often engendering strong emotional reactions. Once an emotional reaction ensues, the gap between learner reaction and strategy identification remains relatively underexplored. To better understand how learners may identify bias mitigation strategies, the authors explored perspectives of medical students during the clinical portion of their training to the experience of taking the IAT, and the resulting feedback.

Methods

Medical students in Bronx, NY, USA, participated in one 90‐minute session on implicit bias. The focus of analysis for this study is the post‐session narrative assignment inviting them to take the race‐based IAT and describe both their reaction to and the implications of their IAT results on their future work as physicians. The authors analysed 180 randomly selected de‐identified essays completed from 2013 to 2019 using an approach informed by constructivist grounded theory methodology.

Results

Medical students with clinical experience respond to the IAT through a continuum that includes their reactions to the IAT, acceptance of bias along with a struggle for strategy identification, and identification of a range of strategies to mitigate the impact of bias on clinical care. Results from the IAT invoked deep emotional reactions in students, and facilitated a questioning of previous assumptions, leading to paradigm shifts. An unexpected contrast to these deep and meaningful reflections was that students rarely chose to identify a strategy, and those that did provided strategies that were less nuanced.

Conclusion

Despite accepting implicit bias in themselves and desiring to provide unbiased care, students struggled to identify bias mitigation strategies, a crucial prerequisite to skill development. Educators should endeavour to expand instruction to bridge the chasm between students’ acceptance of bias and skill development in management of bias to improve the outcomes of their clinical encounters.
Modification of the effects of intensive systolic blood pressure control on kidney outcomes by baseline body mass index
Authors: Agarwal Adhish , Wei Guo , Boucher Robert , Ahmed Faris , Beddhu Srinivasan
Published: February 2021

Aim

Obesity and intensive systolic blood pressure (SBP) control are independently associated with greater risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined whether baseline body mass index (BMI) modifies the effects of intensive SBP lowering on AKI or incident CKD.

Methods

The systolic blood pressure intervention trial (SPRINT) randomized 9361 participants with high blood pressure to an SBP target of either <120 mm Hg or < 140 mm Hg. In a secondary analysis of 9210 SPRINT participants with a baseline BMI of ≥18.5 and < 50 kg/m2, we examined the interactions of baseline BMI and SPRINT SBP intervention on subsequent AKI and incident CKD.

Results

Each 5 kg/m2 increase in baseline BMI was associated with higher risk of AKI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.25) and incident CKD (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.32). Intensive SBP control increased the risk of AKI (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.22–2.11) and incident CKD (HR 3.49, 95% CI 2.47–4.94). The increased risk of AKI with intensive SBP control was consistent across the baseline BMI spectrum (linear interaction p = 0.55); however, the risk of incident CKD with SPRINT intervention increased with higher BMI (linear interaction p = 0.043).

Conclusion

The increased risk of adverse kidney events seen with intensive SBP control in the SPRINT persisted across the baseline BMI spectrum. A higher baseline BMI was associated with an augmented risk of incident CKD with intensive SBP control.
Defining codominance in plant communities
Authors: Gray Jesse E. , Komatsu Kimberly J. , Smith Melinda D.
Published: February 2021

Species dominance and biodiversity in plant communities have received considerable attention and characterisation. However, species codominance, while often alleged, is seldom defined or quantified. Codominance is a common phenomenon and is likely to be an important driver of community structure, ecosystem function and the stability of both. Here we review the use of the term ‘codominance’ and find inconsistencies in its use, suggesting that the scientific community currently lacks a universal understanding of codominance. We address this issue by: (1) qualitatively defining codominance as mostly shared abundance that is distinctively isolated within a subset of a community, and (2) presenting a novel metric for quantifying the degree to which relative abundances are shared among a codominant subset of plant species, while also accounting for the remaining species within a plant community. Using both simulated and real‐world data, we then demonstrate the process of applying the codominance metric to compare communities and to generate a quantitatively defensible subset of species to consider codominant within a community. We show that our metric effectively distinguishes the degree of codominance between four types of grassland ecosystems as well as simulated ecosystems with varying degrees of abundance sharing among community members. Overall, we make the case that increased research focusses on the conditions under which codominance occurs and the consequences for species coexistence, community structure and ecosystem function that would considerably advance the fields of community and ecosystem ecology.
Clinical and dermoscopic polymorphisms in agminated Spitz nevi: Ugly presentation but benign behavior
Authors: De Giorgi Vincenzo , Venturi Federico , Scarfì Federica , Trane Luciana , Silvestri Flavia , Savarese Imma , Facchini Flavio , Buccoliero Anna Maria , Massi Daniela
Published: February 2021

Agminated Spitz nevi are an uncommon entity, and their management is challenging due not only the young age of the patients but also the tumor's uncertain malignant potential and the variability in the dermoscopic and clinical presentation. We report a case of a 6‐year‐old boy with multiple agminated Spitz nevi on a café au lait macule with different atypical clinical patterns and dermoscopic features.
Return on Investments in Hotel Franchising: Understanding Moderating Effects of Franchisee Dependence
Authors: Lawrence Benjamin , Zhang Jie J. , Hsu Liwu , Zheng Sarah
Published: February 2021

Hotel franchising presents a unique network context for investigating inter‐organizational collaboration. Franchisees and franchisors must collaborate closely but face incompatible incentives in allocating financial and human resources to invest in three types of operations: centralized, network‐level operations run by the franchisor; distributed, outlet‐level operations managed by franchisees; and coordinated operations, which use franchisee and franchisor inputs. This study employs a mixed‐methods design to empirically examine the effects of these three types of investments on outlet‐level performance while considering franchisees' dependence on the franchisor for sales. To ground our understanding of the phenomenon, we interview US hotel industry experts, then test the conceptual model with a panel data set of 3500 franchised US hotel properties. We find that franchisee dependence moderates the impact of all three types of investments. Specifically, a high‐dependence franchisee's centralized investments and coordinated investments, and a low‐dependence franchisee's distributed investments are associated with higher levels of outlet performance. We discuss how structural embeddedness drives these effects and explore its implications for service supply chain design and collaborative operations management.
Psychometric properties of Virtual Environment for Social Information Processing, a social information processing simulation assessment for children
Authors: Russo‐Ponsaran Nicole M. , McKown Clark , Karls Ashley , Wu Irene Y. H.
Published: February 2021

Virtual Environment for Social Information Processing (VESIPTM) is a web‐based social information processing assessment developed for youth in grades 3–7. VESIP was developed to address: (a) the broader assessment of social information processing in a variety of socially challenging situations and (b) the need for technically strong and scalable assessments that can be administered universally in schools as a growing number of states adopt social and emotional learning standards. Consistent with the Crick and Dodge theoretical model of social information processing, VESIP assesses six different dimensions: solution preference, problem identification, emotion response, intent attribution, goal preference, and social self‐efficacy. This study summarizes technical properties of VESIP based on the evaluation of two general education samples: a multi‐state group of students whose data were part of a large‐scale norming study (N = 2,156), and a subset of local students from that group who participated in a validation study (n = 334). Confirmatory factor analyses supported a model that has three distinct facets: (a) one that includes five social information processing factors, (b) one that includes five situational factors, and (c) one overall social information processing factor. This model closely parallels the Crick and Dodge model and suggests that social information processing is somewhat situation specific. Internal consistency and test–retest reliabilities for social information processing factors were good. VESIP scores were consistently associated with an alternate measure of social information processing and other criterion measures. Implications for theory and practice are considered.
Reduction of anti‐K‐mediated hemolytic disease of newborns after the introduction of a matched transfusion policy: A nation‐wide policy change evaluation study in the Netherlands
Authors: Luken Jessie S. , Folman Claudia C. , Lukens Michaël V. , Meekers Johan H. , Ligthart Peter C. , Schonewille Henk , Zwaginga Jaap Jan , Janssen Mart P. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , van der Bom Johanna G. , de Haas Masja
Published: February 2021

Background

During pregnancy, maternal red blood cell (RBC) antibodies can lead to life‐threatening fetal hemolysis and anemia. Women can become immunized by a pregnancy or an unmatched transfusion. Our aim was to quantify the effect of a nationwide K‐matched transfusion policy for women of childbearing age potential to prevent K‐immunization in pregnancy.

Study Design and Methods

In this nation‐wide policy change evaluation study we determined the occurrence of RBC antibodies before and after introduction of a K‐matched transfusion policy and evaluated the cause K alloimmunization 10 years after introduction of this measure. K‐matched transfusion for females under 45 years of age is advised in the Dutch transfusion guideline since 2004. We used laboratory data from pregnancies with RBC antibodies identified in the period 1999‐2018 obtained as part of a population‐based screening program in the Netherlands.

Results

Tests of 36 286 pregnancies produced a positive antibody screening result which concerned anti‐K in 1550 pregnancies. The occurrence of anti‐K decreased from 67.9 to 20.2 per 100 000 pregnancies. The relative risk reduction was 0.70 which largely exceeded the relative risk reduction of 0.27 for antibodies against RBC antigens for which no preventive matching is required. The number of pregnancies at risk for anti‐K‐mediated disease decreased from 9.7 to 4.2 per 100 000 pregnancies.

Conclusions

A K‐matched transfusion policy is associated with a major decrease in a number of pregnant women with anti‐K and pregnancies at risk for anti‐K‐mediated disease. A relatively simple measure is now shown to impact prevention of hemolytic disease in the fetus and newborn.
Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors and their auxiliary subunits in synaptic plasticity and disease
Authors: Cull‐Candy Stuart G. , Farrant Mark
Published: February 2021

AMPA receptors are tetrameric glutamate‐gated ion channels that mediate a majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. They exist as calcium‐impermeable (CI‐) and calcium‐permeable (CP‐) subtypes, the latter of which lacks the GluA2 subunit. CP‐AMPARs display an array of distinctive biophysical and pharmacological properties that allow them to be functionally identified. This has revealed that they play crucial roles in diverse forms of central synaptic plasticity. Here we summarise the functional hallmarks of CP‐AMPARs and describe how these are modified by the presence of auxiliary subunits that have emerged as pivotal regulators of AMPARs. A lasting change in the prevalence of GluA2‐containing AMPARs, and hence in the fraction of CP‐AMPARs, is a feature in many maladaptive forms of synaptic plasticity and neurological disorders. These include modifications of glutamatergic transmission induced by inflammatory pain, fear conditioning, cocaine exposure, and anoxia‐induced damage in neurons and glia. Furthermore, defective RNA editing of GluA2 can cause altered expression of CP‐AMPARs and is implicated in motor neuron damage (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and the proliferation of cells in malignant gliomas. A number of the players involved in CP‐AMPAR regulation have been identified, providing useful insight into interventions that may prevent the aberrant CP‐AMPAR expression. Furthermore, recent molecular and pharmacological developments, particularly the discovery of TARP subtype‐selective drugs, offer the exciting potential to modify some of the harmful effects of increased CP‐AMPAR prevalence in a brain region‐specific manner.

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Defender la vida e imaginar el futuro. Debates y experiencias desde la investigación social en Buenaventura (Colombia)
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Louidor Wooldy Edson , Jaramillo Marín Jefferson , Parrado Pardo Érika Paola , Millán Echeverría Constanza , Garzón Vargas Joaquín , Samudio Reyes Vera Xiomara , Moreno Zapata Francia Jenny , Arboleda Quiñónez John Henry , Sánchez-Garzoli Gimena
Published: February 2021

Este libro tiene la intención de plantear el debate sobre cómo se ha tejido histórica, sociológica y juridicamente la defensa e imaginación de la vida en un territorio paradojal como lo es Buenaventura. Así, se reúnen los aportes de nueve investigadores e investigadoras con diversas experiencias en este territorio y provenientes de diferentes disciplinas académicas, trayectorias sociales y ámbitos profesionales. Los autores y autoras exploran, desde diferentes estrategias teórico-metodológicas y perspectivas temáticas, las configuraciones actuales tanto de los órdenes sociales de violencia como de las gramáticas de vida articuladas por la comunidad para resistir y re-existir en Budnaventura. A lo largo de los capitulos, se podrán reconocer las múltiples facetas de la coyuntura paradojal que la comunidad afrocolombiana enfrenta allí, en particular tras la firma oficial de los Acuerdos de Paz entre las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia Ejército Popular (FARC-EP) y el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos en septiembre del 2016. Defender la vida e imaginar el futuro tiene el mérito de actualizar, ahondar, complejizar y ampliar los devenires de este proceso de paz, así como lo que sobrevino para las comunidades con el Paro Civico del 2017.
Hybrid Modeling Approach for Melt-Pool Prediction in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Moges Tesfaye , Yang Zhuo , Jones Kevontrez , Feng Shaw , Witherell Paul , Lu Yan
Published: February 2021

Multi-scale, multi-physics, computational models are a promising tool to provide detailed insights to understand the process–structure–property–performance relationships in additive manufacturing (AM) processes. To take advantage of the strengths of both physics-based and data-driven models, we propose a novel, hybrid modeling framework for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process. Our unbiased model-integration method combines physics-based, simulation data, and measurement data for approaching a more accurate prediction of melt-pool width. Both a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and experiments utilizing optical images are used to generate a combined dataset of melt-pool widths. From this aggregated data set, a hybrid model is developed using data-driven modeling techniques, including polynomial regression and Kriging methods. The performance of the hybrid model is evaluated by computing the average relative error and comparing it with the results of the simulations and surrogate models constructed from the original CFD model and experimental measurements. It is found that the proposed hybrid model performs better in terms of prediction accuracy and computational time. Future work includes a conceptual introduction to the use of an AM ontology to support improved model and data selection when constructing hybrid models. This study can be viewed as a significant step toward the use of hybrid models as predictive models with improved accuracy and without the sacrifice of speed.
Fuel Stratification Influence on NOx Emission in a Premixed Axial Reacting Jet-in-Crossflow at High Pressure
Authors: Stiehl Bernhard , Genova Tommy , Otero Michelle , Martin Scott , Ahmed Kareem
Published: February 2021

Three reacting jet-in-crossflow (JiC) methane/air flames were numerically investigated in a lean axially staged combustor at a pressure of five atmospheres. A detailed chemistry Star-CCM+ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used with 53 species considered and the result of turbulence-governed finite-rate modeling was validated with in-house experimental data. An optically accessible test section features three side windows, allowing local flow and flame analysis with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and CH* chemiluminescence as well as pressure, temperature, and species exit measurements. The research objective was to predict and verify NOx formation of the premixed 12.7 mm axial jet. Three headend temperature levels were investigated along with three premixed jets at lean (φJet = 0.75), near-stoichiometric (φJet = 1.07), and rich (φJet = 1.78) axial fuel line equivalence ratio. Based on the matching exit emission concentration, global emission benefits were investigated by adjustment of the fuel stratification. The perfectly premixed methane/air flames of this study were shown to ignite at the lee-side of the jet. For the elevated headend temperature level T = 1800 K, the flame extended beyond the windward jet trajectory and caused high axial NO production. For industry application, a firing temperature of 1920 K was achieved with a NOx optimized fuel split of 25%, combining a lean headend (φHeadend = 0.61) with a rich (φJet = 1.78) jet equivalence ratio. This operating point allowed minimization of the combustor residence time at temperatures above 1700 K as well as combustion in a compact flame at the jet lee-side along the counter rotating vortex pair.
Long-term frequency changes of a potential baleen whale call from the central Indian Ocean during 2002–2019
Authors: Pinto Nikita R. , Chandrayadula Tarun K.
Published: February 2021

The multiple baleen whales of the central Indian Ocean use distinct calls, with their acoustic signatures marking their respective geographic distributions. This paper uses observations from Diego Garcia to track long-term changes (2002–2019) in calls produced by an unidentified whale. The calls around 20–45 Hz consist of closely spaced frequency tones that resemble a comb, followed by a downsweep. The observations show that while the average comb frequencies steadily increase, the downsweep portion decreases. Some frequencies disappear, while new ones appear. These frequency-observations are different from similar studies of other baleen whales in the region, which mostly show a decrease.
Evaluation of the Performance of Manual Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods and Disk Breakpoints for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Khan Ayesha , Pettaway Cedric H. , Dien Bard Jennifer , Arias Cesar A. , Bhatti Micah M. , Humphries Romney M.
Published: February 2021

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
is an emerging cause of serious infections with high associated mortality in immunocompromised patients. Treatment of
S. maltophilia
infections is complicated by intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobials, including carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and some cephalosporins.
Supplemental Material: Three stages of arc migration in the Carboniferous-Triassic in northern Qiangtang, central Tibet, China: Ridge subduction and asynchronous slab rollback of the Jinsha Paleotethys
Authors: Liu Yin , Xiao W.J. , al. et
Published: February 2021

Sampling details (Table S1), zircon geochronological data (Table S2), geochemical data (Table S3), and a summary of zircon morphology and geochronology (Table S4) for Carboniferous-Triassic samples from the northern Qiangtang terrane. Geochemical data set of Carboniferous-Triassic magmatic rocks from the northern Qiangtang terrane (Table S5).
Supplemental Material: Quantitative analysis of the sedimentary architecture of eolian successions developed under icehouse and greenhouse climatic conditions
Authors: Cosgrove Grace I.E. , al. et
Published: February 2021

Table S1: Statistical calculations.
Mistaken identity: an unexpected case of spontaneous cholecystocutaneous fistula formation
Authors: Shariatmadari Isla , Rossi Chiara , Krishna Kandaswamy
Published: February 2021

We describe the case of a 78-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with a 2-week history of a superficially developing mass in the lower right abdominal wall, fluctuant and non-tender with overlaying erythematous skin changes. Though resembling an abdominal wall abscess and initially listed for a simple incision and drainage, diagnostic uncertainty encouraged further investigation. CT and ultrasound confirmed the mass appeared to be in continuity with the gallbladder fossa, with the lumen also containing small bowel medially. While awaiting a multidisciplinary team discussion, the patient re-presented with concern over discharge appearing at the site of the mass. On inspection, we noted black flecks and small stones. This case describes the unusual and rare presentation of a cholecystocutaneous fistula. The patient was managed conservatively and remains clinically well.
Proliferative glomerulonephritis and mantle cell lymphoma: a rare association
Authors: Mhedhbi Bilel , Chargui Soumaya , Harzallah Amel , Goucha Rim
Published: February 2021

Renal involvement in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is rare. We present the case of a man followed for MCL presented with acute kidney injury and positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) type anti proteinase 3 (PR3). He was treated as for a rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis with cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone. Renal biopsy revealed diffuse endocapillary proliferation and segmental extracapillary proliferation in four glomeruli. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the renal invasion of lymphomatous cells. He started improving his renal function shortly after starting treatment. The coexistence of renal MCL infiltration, extracapillary proliferation and ANCA positive is exceptional.
Panuveitis in a patient with active Crohn’s disease
Authors: Senthamizh Tharini , Senthamizhselvan Kuppusamy , Sahoo Niroj Kumar , Kaliaperumal Subashini
Published: February 2021

A 14-year-old girl presented to the ophthalmology clinic with progressive diminution of vision, redness, pain and photophobia in both eyes for the last 1 month. She had abdominal pain, diarrhoea and weight loss during that period. Ocular examination revealed features of anterior uveitis, vitritis and retinal vasculitis. In view of gastrointestinal symptoms, abdominal imaging was done, which showed multiple enhancing bowel wall thickening with skip lesions in the terminal ileum and ascending colon. Colonoscopy showed ulcers in the ascending colon, caecum and terminal ileum. Histopathology revealed microgranulomas in lamina propria and submucosal granulomas suggestive of Crohn’s disease. The patient was started on topical steroid eye drops and oral budesonide and mesalazine. Her vision improved after 3 weeks and bowel symptoms attained remission after 8 weeks, and at present, she is doing well.