bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Paradigms of Civic Participation among Youth
Authors: Del Río Norma
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines new paradigms of civic participation among Mexico City's youth. In recent years, international human rights organizations have stressed the need for participative democratic change in Mexico City. In response, the Federal District's left-wing administration has enacted a series of laws, including the Federal District Act for the Rights of Boys, Girls and Adolescents and the Act for the Federal District's Youth in 2000, a law to foster citizen participation in 2004, and the act for the prevention and eradication of discrimination in 2006. However, a gap still exists between the legal sphere and the implementation of social policies that manage and provide democratic spaces for the real practice of citizenship. This chapter discusses the demographics of youth activists in Mexico City as well as their educational trajectories, families, organizations they are involved in, social identities, motivations for engagement, social awareness, and political ideas.
Changing Views and Perspectives
Authors: Canjels Rudmer
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Pearl White's serials in France and the transformations made in tailoring them to the local French setting during World War I. It first provides an overview of the glocalization of American serial films in France before discussing two of Pearl White's serials, Les Mystères de New-York and The House of Hate (La Maison de la haine). It then considers the marketing adaptations and marketing tie-ins of the serials for the French market, along with the incorporation of anti-German propaganda in their French novelizations. In shows that the adaptation not only aligned promotional material or changing intertitles to accommodate viewership, but also, under the stress of war, localization transformed a supposedly national body of “foreign” films into a highly flexible transnational film form. The chapter also explains how Pearl White's love for France that was often made apparent in her serials boosted the French admiration of her.
Not Quite (Pearl) White
Authors: Thomas Rosie
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the construction of one form of modern Indian femininity in the late colonial period by focusing on the intriguing figure of Fearless Nadia, aka Mary Evans. Billed as the “Indian Pearl White,” Evans seems to have been the personification of the “Heroine of a Thousand Stunts” but without her gentler qualities. This chapter first provides an overview of the Fearless Nadia serial films before discussing the films of brothers Homi and Jamshed Wadia, including Diamond Queen. It then analyzes Nadia within the film production context of 1930s Bombay and how the Wadia brothers dealt with her whiteness/otherness and negotiated the points of tension in her image. It also considers the extent to which Nadia copied White and other Hollywood stunt stars, suggesting that this was a form of colonial mimicry in reverse that provided potent currency in the nationalist era. The chapter shows that, despite her whiteness, Fearless Nadia became part of the nationalist movement during the late colonial period in films that many considered anti-British.
Rising
Authors: Bontemps Arna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the history of Negro achievement in education in Illinois. In January 1825 the Illinois Legislature enacted a law calling for the establishment of common schools in each county of the state. These schools were to be open and free to every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years, but it was not until the year 1841 that Negroes were given consideration. In the city of Chicago no discrimination was shown against Negro children in the public schools until 1863, when the council passed an order establishing a separate school for colored children. The first school for Negro children was opened by Miss Rebecca Elliott, who came to Peoria from Cincinnati in 1860. In Cairo, the first public school for Negroes was started in 1853. Also during this period, several churches in Alexander County conducted daily classes that taught readin', writin' and 'rithmetic. This chapter discusses various initiatives to increase Negro access to education in Illinois.
Health
Authors: Bontemps Arna
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the history of Provident Hospital, which had been started by Negro doctors in the late nineteenth century to address the poor health conditions among Negroes in Chicago, with particular emphasis on its role in addressing the high mortality rates due to tuberculosis on the South Side during the period. It begins with an overview of Provident Hospital, which opened in 1891 with thirteen beds and the first training school for Negro nurses in the United States, and considers some of its doctors, led by Dr. Daniel Williams. It then discusses Provident's alliance with the University of Chicago that established the hospital as a recognized educational center, along with its affiliation with the city's important social agencies through its Social Services Department. It also describes Provident's initiative to solve the problem of proper hospitalization of tuberculosis patients in Chicago through its Department of Medicine in collaboration with white physicians and social workers.
Houses
Authors: Bontemps Arna
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the rent strikes staged by Illinois Negroes with the help of Unemployed Councils in the early years of the Great Depression to resist evictions from the Chicago South Side. Chicago suffered during the depression which began in 1929, and the ill effects of the crisis were graphically reflected in the housing situation. Finding rents hard to collect, many owners agreed to condemnation and demolition of rundown houses as the cheapest way out. This chapter examines the alliance between militant Negroes and neighborhood Unemployed Councils in 1930 to fight Negro evictions from the South Side, culminating in riots on August 3, 1931. It also considers a few bright spots with regards to the Negro housing picture in Illinois, citing the high rate of home ownership among Negroes in Chicago; the provisions made in the State Housing Act in 1933 for the creation of the Illinois State Housing Board; and the completion of the Ida B. Wells Homes, a project built expressly for the colored citizens of Chicago, in 1941.
Homophobia as a Tool of Statecraft
Authors: Korycki Katarzyna , Nasirzadeh Abouzar
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how the Iranian state, far from being the pawn of Western machinations, has varied its stance toward homosexuality in pursuit of its objectives—namely modernization, consolidation, and most recently, deliberalization. In doing so, it has refashioned family and gender relations, positioned itself concerning the imperial appetites of the West, and centralized and expanded its power. To trace how this happened, the chapter anchors the story around three moments in which anti-homosexual rhetoric and practice have been deployed. First is the modernization moment lasting from the early nineteenth century to the onset of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Second is the Islamic nation-state consolidation moment following the revolution. Third is the conservative backlash following the attempted liberalization of 1997 and persisting until today.
Serving Ethnicity
Authors: Cinotto Simone
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Italian restaurateurs used food to represent Italian American identity and nation outside the community. In the interwar years, the position of Italian Americans in the larger life of New York City was still far from secure and subject to a complicated range of attitudes. The exclusionary Immigration Act of 1924 was filled with fearful allusions to the racial inadequacy of Italian immigrants and their inability to make good American citizens. At the same time, however, Italian immigrant restaurateurs and restaurant workers were beginning to transform cultural differences into highly marketable products for mass consumption. This chapter first provides an overview of the economy of Italian restaurants during the period 1900–1940 before discussing how popular culture, race, and performance converged at such establishments. It also considers customer–worker relations in Italian restaurants and shows that Italian restaurants attracted non-Italian middle-class customers by offering popular Italian food in an original and ultimately appealing ethnic narrative.
Recovering the Creole Synthesis
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: May 2017

This book traces the roots of blackface minstrelsy—and the creole sounds, practices, and procedures that made minstrelsy possible—by analyzing the artworks, letters, sketchbooks, music collection, ephemera, and biography of William Sidney Mount, together with similar materials from some of his predecessors and contemporaries. It argues that nineteenth-century blackface is not a radical new invention, but rather the codification and theatricalization of a cluster of working-class performance idioms that were already familiar from the boundary zones of streets, wharves, decks, and fairgrounds. It also uses ethnography and ethnochoreology to reconstruct the behavioral contexts in which minstrelsy took place, along with its creole synthesis of music-and-movement, sound, and the body across boundaries of race, class, geography, and time. This chapter looks at a few preliminary examples that confirm Mount's relevance as a visual source for minstrelsy's musicological reconstruction, including information that he provides on musical instruments and techniques in the period, as well as attitudes about class, race, and gender.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: May 2017

This book has constructed a portrait of the multiethnic nineteenth-century world that gave birth to blackface minstrelsy using primary sources such as demographics, tune repertoires, archival materials, and most especially iconography. Drawing on evidence from the biographical experience and visual reporting of William Sidney Mount, it has also presented a more expansive history than blackface scholarship has formerly recognized. It has argued that the resources and conditions for the creole synthesis existed across the riverine and maritime zones of North America, and that these conditions produced the creole street-performance idioms that were the sources of blackface theatrics. In investigating the riverine and maritime, geographic, demographic, ethnic, and musical roots of blackface minstrelsy, the book has elucidated the processes of cross-cultural encounter, collision, and piebald synthesis by which American popular culture has always been and is still defined.
To Manzanar
Authors: Tamura Eileen H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the forced removal and incarceration of the Nikkei. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. With a stroke of his pen, and without regard for the U.S. Constitution, the president set in motion the process of forced removal and incarceration of an entire people charged with no crime. This episode was “a historical moment when the cultural, racial, and national Otherness of the Asian was most lucidly articulated, most undisputed, and most resolutely dealt with by the American citizenry and state.” The executive order gave the Western Defense Commander, Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt, the power to exclude from designated “military areas” “any or all persons.” As such, Nikkei living within DeWitt's exclusion zone were then herded into temporary detention centers, officially called “Assembly Centers,” managed by the Wartime Civilian Control Administration (WCCA), an agency of the army's Western Defense Command (WDC).
Resistance in Manzanar
Authors: Tamura Eileen H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Kurihara's incarceration. Kurihara was among the Nikkei assigned to Manzanar, one of ten concentration camps for Nikkei, citizens and alien residents alike. Located at the base of the Sierra Nevada in eastern California, Manzanar was in a desert land of extreme temperatures, high winds, and harsh climate. On June 1, 1942, the army's WCCA, which had been running Manzanar, turned over its administration of the camp to a civilian agency, the War Relocation Authority (WRA). Six months after the WRA took control of Manzanar, the camp experienced a revolt that ended in the death of two innocent young men, shaking the confidence of administrators and the sense of security of the inmates. But long before that explosion of hostility, there had been strong undercurrents of resentment at Manzanar that went back ultimately to the frustrations of Nikkei rooted in the long history of discrimination they had endured, especially in California.
Japan
Authors: Tamura Eileen H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Kurihara's journey to Japan. Despite having renounced his U.S. citizenship and declaring himself Japanese, he was never fully comfortable in his adopted land. One of the differences was the “strong pressure on homogenization” in Japan. In order to feel comfortable socially, the Nisei had to assimilate fully into Japanese culture. Those who succeeded in doing so were able to “merge into the Japanese mainstream community and keep their invisibility.” This requirement went against the grain of Kurihara's nature, his self-identity as an individual with freedom to express himself and to live according to his beliefs. Ultimately, Kurihara's two decades in Japan was a mirror image of his much longer life in the United States. In both countries, bounded by circumstances he never successfully transcended, his life was centered primarily on his cultural subgroup.
A Capital Boyhood
Authors: Warfield Patrick
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at John Philip Sousa's early education in Washington and his training as a member of the United States Marine Band. Looking back over his childhood, the March King remembered the 1860s as a period of adventure and the Navy Yard as a neighborhood that allowed youthful play to coexist with military pageantry. The soundtrack of this childhood was provided by military bands, some of which were accompanying Northern regiments to battle, while others were permanent residents of the city. The most important band was, of course, the Marine Band. By the age of thirteen he had largely committed himself to a career in music. He was helped along the way by a community of musicians that provided him with much more than playmates and an apprenticeship.
William Gibson
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: May 2017

The leading figure in the development of cyberpunk, William Gibson (born in 1948) crafted works in which isolated humans explored near-future worlds of ubiquitous and intrusive computer technology and cybernetics. This volume is the first comprehensive examination of the award-winning author of the seminal novel Neuromancer (and the other books in the Sprawl trilogy, Count Zero and Mona Lisa Overdrive), as well as other acclaimed novels including recent bestsellers Pattern Recognition, Spook Country, and Zero History. This book draws upon extensive research to provide a compelling account of Gibson's writing career and his lasting influence in the science fiction world. Delving into numerous science fiction fanzines that the young Gibson contributed to and edited, the book describes for the first time more than eighty virtually unknown Gibson publications from his early years, including articles, reviews, poems, cartoons, letters, and a collaborative story. The book also documents the poems, articles, and introductions that Gibson has written for various books, and its discussions are enriched by illuminating comments from various print and online interviews. The works that made Gibson famous are also featured, as the book provides extended analyses of Gibson's ten novels and nineteen short stories. Lastly, the book presents a new interview with Gibson in which the author discusses his correspondence with author Fritz Leiber, his relationship with the late scholar Susan Wood, his attitudes toward critics, his overall impact on the field of science fiction, and his recently completed screenplay and forthcoming novel.
Finding his Own Uses for Things
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses William Gibson's short fiction. Among Gibson's early short stories are “Fragments of a Hologram Rose” (1977), which introduces the theme of virtual reality; “The Gernsback Continuum” (1981), his first metafictional consideration of science fiction and its effects; “Johnny Mnemonic” (1981), which first involves the underworld of the Sprawl, the vast megalopolis stretching down America's East Coast; and “Burning Chrome” (1982), which adds the ingredient of cyberspace. “The Gernsback Continuum” pays fond tribute to the prophecies of science fiction writers and futurists of the 1920s and 1930s, and ponders how their visions still influence residents of a future they failed to predict. This chapter examines other Gibson stories, including “The Belonging Kind” (1981, with John Shirley), “Hinterlands” (1981), “The Winter Market” (1985), “Doing Television” (1990), and “Thirteen Views of a Cardboard City” (1997).
From Black Belt to Bronzeville
Authors: Schlabach Elizabeth Schroeder
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the complex interplay of race, geography, and cultural criticism that permeated the Renaissance as a whole. Beginning with the categorization of the neighborhood as the Black Belt and ending with heralding itself as “Bronzeville,” the chapter examines the interaction of newly arrived migrants with previously settled African Americans that bloomed into an exciting community. It specifically analyzes two popular intersections in the South Side of Chicago—the “Stroll” district (the intersection of 35th and State Streets) during the early 1920s, and the intersection at 47th and South Parkway. This intersection, along with the Stroll, served as foundations and sources of work for famed African American musicians, artists, and writers, such as Richard Wright, Langston Hughes, and Gwendolyn Brooks.
The South Side Community Art Center and South Side Writers Group
Authors: Schlabach Elizabeth Schroeder
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the South Side Community Art Center and the South Side Writers' Group that predate the fame of Richard Wright and Gwendolyn Brooks. As pillars of the Bronzeville's community, these institutions of art and literature generated a unique aesthetic consciousness/political ideology for which Chicago Black Renaissance would garner much fame. The chapter emphasizes how the artists and authors of both institutions evidenced a strong commitment to and conditioning by the streets and people of Bronzeville. The aesthetic formula characterized by these visual arts and literary groups collided in ways that always articulated a vital political and modern consciousness that sustained the Renaissance movement into the 1940s.
Selling the East in the American South
Authors: Bald Vivek
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the complex racializations and negotiations of South Asian sailors who jumped ship in Southern and Northeastern seaports and became entrepreneurs who traded ethnic notions within the larger cultural economy of Orientalism of the time. This early history expands the South Asian American narrative to include a group of previously unknown migrants who lived and worked in the United States as early as the 1880s. It points to the significance of the cultural and economic context of turn-of-the-century American Orientalism within which they were able to establish a viable commercial network. Moreover, it reveals different trajectories of migration from the subcontinent—trajectories that South Asians followed through the Southern states and into the economic and cultural orbit of the Caribbean and Central America.
Natives of a Ghost Country
Authors: Vu Roy
Published: May 2017

This chapter identifies the significant factors impacting the emergence and establishment of the refugee Vietnamese American community in Houston, Texas. Vietnamese Houstonians have responded and continue to respond to their migration, racialization, and marginalization in several ways. They have constructed spatiality by developing an emerging and vibrant postwar community in the Greater Houston metropolitan area (GMHA) through challenging racisms; reformulating transhistorical nationalism and political participation; creating small, well-defined social communities; shifting their central business districts; and establishing religious, linguistic, and social service institutions. Ultimately, Vietnamese Houstonians have created an exceptional, multimodal community that remains in flux, responding to the constant changes and challenges that they have faced and endured.
“A Tennessean in an Unlikely Package”
Authors: Tang Jasmine Kar
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the comedy and figure of Southern and Asian American entertainer Henry Cho. Cho's representation of his racial subjectivity reveals how he carefully manages others' expectations of him. The use of humor by a racialized subject in performance can mitigate discomfort about racial difference among mainstream white audiences. Thus, the stand-up comedy of Henry Cho presents an especially rich site of study when one considers how accents and jokes operate as markers and articulations of belonging. Moreover, Cho's comedy attest to the challenges in pulling away from the “pernicious either/or habit common in the formation of imagined communities” especially in constructions of the South, as they push for ways “to talk about region without talking about essential identities or ‘heritage.’”
Transformation Now!
Authors: Keating AnaLouise
Published: May 2017

This lively and thought-provoking study is written in the traditions of radical U.S. women-of-color feminist/womanist thought and queer studies, inviting us to transform how we think about identity, difference, social justice and social change, metaphysics, reading, and teaching. Through detailed investigations of women-of-color theories and writings, indigenous thought, and the author's own personal and pedagogical experiences, the book develops transformative modes of engagement that move through oppositional approaches to embrace interconnectivity as a framework for identity formation, theorizing, social change, and the possibility of planetary citizenship. Speaking to many dimensions of contemporary scholarship, activism, and social justice work, the book calls for and enacts innovative, radically inclusionary ways of reading, teaching, and communicating.
Beyond Intersectionality
Authors: Keating AnaLouise
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the overlooked theoretical contributions of This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, underscoring the importance of women-of-colors theorizing while inviting readers to go beyond intersectional frameworks. A groundbreaking, multigenre collection of writings, This Bridge Called My Back has become an iconic text in feminist scholarship and women's and gender studies (WGS) curriculum. This chapter argues that This Bridge Called My Back offers social-justice actors and scholars of all colors innovative tools and theoretical contributions that we still need to learn from, expand on, and implement in our scholarship, teaching, and other forms of activism. The chapter also offers an alternative perspective from those who claim that This Bridge represents a “safe space” exclusively for women of colors.
“There is no arcane place for return”
Authors: Keating AnaLouise
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers a detailed example of how scholars and other readers can use differences to forge commonalities. Reading Mary Daly in conversation with Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde, this chapter examines the limitations in typical western concepts of the universal and demonstrates the possibility of negotiating between the universal and the particular without denying the importance of either. It argues that these negotiations are transformational in (at least) two ways: they enable us to redefine the universal in radically open-ended and inclusionary ways. And, these negotiations between universal and particular alter readers' self-perceptions and collective definitions. Finally, this chapter also addresses post-structuralist critiques of origin stories and revisionist mythmaking.
Introduction
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This book presents a historical analysis that explains why the very existence of a working class requires an understanding of the institutions and individuals who presume to speak on its behalf, as well as an understanding of those who seek to contain and delegitimize the many voices that arise out of labor's world. It is not just that a new vocabulary is necessary for this work, but in a world where many of the old social democratic markers have been obscured, the rationale for collective organization at the workplace and in the polity has changed dramatically in the last few decades. Both the strike and the ballot seem to have an increasingly anemic payoff in the face of the capital mobility that pressures contemporary states to subordinate social and economic regulation to the prerogatives of enterprise. This is one reason that the contest of ideas is so important and why intellectuals of whatever pedigree are essential combatants. This introductory chapter presents the author's story of how he came to this role.
The United States in the Great Depression
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the question of whether fascism was a realistic possibility in the United States during the Great Depression. It argues that federal and regional character of the American state, and of the American right, saved the United States from the emergence of an authoritarian political movement that sought anything but veto power at the seat of national government. But had the American state had more of a Prussian character, opposition to the New Deal order might well have taken a more overtly anti-parliamentary, paramilitary character, as it briefly did in the racially tense 1950s and 1960s, when resistance to integration generated a revival of rhetoric celebrating “states' rights,” accompanied by sometimes violent clashes with federal authorities.
Bashing Public Employees and Their Unions
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the idea of governmental “sovereignty,” as used by the right, to undermine the rationale for collective bargaining in the public sector. From the Boston Police Strike of 1919 forward, conservatives have considered the organization of government workers to be incompatible with the sovereign status of those entities sustained by taxes and elected by the populace. Public employee unions subverted the will of elected officeholders and undermined state power. That antiunion ideology faded in the two decades after 1958 when public employee unionism grew by leaps and bounds, but in recent years it has returned, albeit in a distinctively neoliberal, antistate guise. Conservatives today charge that instead of challenging the power of the state, public sector unionism is illegitimate because these institutions support those governmental functions that regulate commerce, sustain public education, and provide other public goods now under attack from the neoliberal right.
Do Graduate Students Work?
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the question of whether graduate students should be categorized as workers or students. The question has been up for grabs for several years in Congress, at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), and in the courts. The issue is important not just because such a decision will help advance or retard the enrollment of thousands of graduate students into trade unions. Rather, this is the kind of question that bedevils and confuses our understanding of the nature of work, of the purposes of the labor law, and of how we think about class in a society when the vast majority of people wear collars that are neither blue nor white.
Why American Unions Need Intellectuals
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between union leaders and intellectuals, which today has become more entangled than at any time since the 1940s. If one has a generous definition of “intellectual,” it is easy to find lots of students, academics, researchers, journalists, and writers, many of radical pedigree, working in, around, and for the U.S. labor movement. Unions have long sought help from high-profile outsiders in support of their strikes, bargaining agendas, and political objectives, but today these connections have grown so dense that some of these figures, many pro-labor academics, now find themselves enlisted, at times even drafted, into the disputes that have recently wracked some of the nation's key unions. Not since the early Cold War split the labor movement and divided American liberals have otherwise independent writers and academics played such a public role inside the labor movement.
U.S. Labor Irreconcilables and Reservationists and the Founding ILO Conference in Washington, D.C., November 1919
Authors: McKillen Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the debate over U.S. membership in the League of Nations and the International Labor Organization (ILO) as the ILO founding conference took place in Washington, D.C., in November 1919. It considers the importance of the International Congress of Working Women and African Americans from Leftist groups in shaping the debate over the ILO in the United States. In particular, it explores how a unique confluence of class, diaspora, race, and isolationist politics in the United States drove many centrist labor and moderate Left groups to adopt “irreconcilable” or harshly reservationist positions on the question of U.S. participation in the League and ILO. It also discusses Republican Senator Robert LaFollette's attack on the ILO in Congress and suggests that the debate over the ILO is illustrative of the role of economic considerations and ideas about the racialized division of labor in shaping Congressional responses to Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy programs in 1919.
Flute Types and Stereotypes
Authors: Olsen Dale A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses flute classifications and world flute types, their uses, functions, and musical occasions. The flute is an edge-type aerophone, meaning it is any instrument whose sound is produced by an aspirated stream of air that strikes a sharp edge, creating audible sound waves. There are seven categories for aspirated edge-type aerophones, which are referred to as “Olsen categories” in this book: (i) vertical/diagonal tubular flute with ductless, rimmed mouthpiece; (ii) vertical tubular flute with ductless notched mouthpiece; (iii) certical, diagonal, or horizontal tubular flute with duct mouthpiece; (iv) transverse tubular flute with ductless single-hole cross-blown mouthpiece; (v) vertical multiple-tubular flute with ductless rimmed mouthpieces (panpipe type); (vi) globular or vessel flute with ductless, single-hole, cross-blown mouthpiece (ocarina type 1); and (vii) globular or vessel flute with duct mouthpiece (ocarina type 2).
Religious Status of Flutes
Authors: Olsen Dale A.
Published: May 2017

Throughout this book, flutes have often been shown to be implements of supernatural power. As such, many flutes could also be interpreted as being religious, because metaphysical power is commonly associated with “religious” power. In some cultures with ancient religious beliefs certain flutes have extraordinarily high religious status. This chapter deals specifically with flutelore that pertains to the spirituality of flutes within four religious systems: Sufism, Hinduism, Zen Buddhism, and Judeo-Christianity. The particular instruments are the Arabic or Farsi nay, the Hindustani bansuri or Karnatic venu, the Japanese shakuhachi, and biblical “flutes” and musical instruments associated with Jesus, respectively. Through the poetry and other literature pertaining to the use of these flutes within those major religions, we can learn about and appreciate the spiritual qualities of flutes in general.
Demilitarization: Unraveling the Structures of Violence
Authors: Bickford Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a case study regarding East Germany after reunification, and frames it in terms of a larger and interdisciplinary inquiry into what demilitarization is all about. Narrow conceptions of demilitarization that are centered solely on the destruction of weapons fetishize weapons, and these narrow views obscure analysis of the social relations and cultural constructions upon which militarization programs are dependent. Demilitarization implies a reversal of an implicit process or program—an unraveling—of ways of thinking and sensing that made a military solution thinkable and desirable. The chapter also looks at the salient foci of demilitarization at the “micro” level of everyday life and lived experience, and how states attempt to make certain kinds of citizens.
Demilitarization and Democratization in the Post–World War II World
Authors: Averill Stephanie Trombley
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how, in the former Axis powers of Japan and Germany, the United States occupation authorities initially pursued policies that treated democratization and demilitarization as virtually synonymous. They believed a democracy could not flourish in either Japan or the Federal Republic of Germany until the military traditions had been purged from their national character and consciousness. The former aggressors faced total disarmament. Initial plans—embodied most drastically by the Morgenthau Plan to turn Germany into a pastoral country—were severe and uncompromising. However, once the Soviet Union had successfully acquired the atomic bomb, the United States concluded that measured rearmament in both countries was essential for the defense of democracy and the free world.
A Mother’s Arithmetic
Authors: Frederickson Mary E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Elizabeth Clark Gaines's journey from slavery to freedom. At each stage of her life, Gaines plumbed the resources available to her—family, church, literacy, white allies, and the law—to navigate her way to freedom. In the process, legal battles ensued, first with the man who enslaved her for twenty-four years, and then with his eldest son. Thus, Gaines used the law to free herself and her four children. Her success met with hard resistance, both in Kentucky, where signed papers concerning enslavement meant nothing if a slave master refused to honor them, and in Cincinnati, where, as Gaines's grandson Peter later put it, “Nowhere has the prejudice against colored people been more cruelly manifested.”
“We Charge Genocide”
Authors: Horne Gerald
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Patterson's genocide petition, which was a devastating indictment of the U.S. authorities' complicity and dereliction in lynching, murder, deprivation of voting rights, and all manner of crimes. Ominously for Washington, the petition virtually invited the international community to intervene forcefully in what had been seen traditionally as an internal U.S. affair. By early 1952, Patterson claimed that as a result of this petition, “the international offensive against racist terror” in his homeland had “reached unprecedented heights.” When Eleanor Roosevelt felt compelled to disparage the petition, it suggested that the campaign could not be ignored easily. Even in Seattle, which had been thought to be a liberal citadel, the public library banned the genocide book, while the public-school system sought to bar the CRC from renting an auditorium.
Death of a Revolutionary
Authors: Horne Gerald
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter looks at Patterson's last years. As Patterson's lifespan wound down, it became evident that despite his association with a reviled organization, it was difficult to isolate him altogether, not only because of his track record, which inspired admiration, but also because many African Americans were not necessarily prone to bow to those who only recently had declared their unwavering support for Jim Crow. Thus, a man who made no secret of his desire for a revolutionary transformation of the United States—a nation where conservatism was ingrained—continued to win adherents even as his debilities mounted and his life was expiring. On March 5, 1980, at the age of eighty-nine, Patterson died at Union Hospital in the Bronx. Ultimately, Patterson left behind memories of a life of struggle shaped by an all-pervading hatred of Jim Crow and imperialism; more than that, he saw the path to socialism as paved by the struggle for democratic rights.
Racial Hierarchies of Desire and the Specter of Sex Tourism
Authors: Williams Erica Lorraine
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the complexities of the racial hierarchies of desire in Salvador by articulating what it calls the specter of sex tourism. It examines the Brazilian ideologies of race that shape the sexual economies of tourism by introducing the concepts of racial democracy, whitening, and mestiçagem (racial and cultural mixing). It also considers the racialized erotics of tourism propaganda and the construction of the mulata (a woman of mixed black and white ancestry) as Brazil's national erotic icon. Finally, it discusses the ways in which Bahian women of African descent who are not engaged in sex work are implicated in the sexual economies of tourism because of assumptions about their licentiousness and availability.
Working-Class Kings in Paradise
Authors: Williams Erica Lorraine
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the parameters and structure of Salvador's sex tourism industry. Drawing on ethnographic interviews with tour guides and tourism industry workers, it explores the complexities of tourism, race, and sexuality in Salvador. The chapter begins by considering issues of class as they relate to Italian tourists. It then discusses the ways in which sex tourism has been defined and understood in academic scholarship, in the popular media, in government anti–sex tourism campaigns, and by interviewees. It also probes how the Brazilian government defines sex tourism as a manifestation of child sexual exploitation and assesses the perspectives of tour guides and tourism industry workers about how sex tourism operates in Salvador. Finally, it presents case studies that illustrate how Italian men are constructed as the quintessential sex tourists as well as how discourses of class status distinguish who may be considered a sex tourist.
Bad Days
Authors: Brown Ruth Nicole
Published: May 2017

This chapter foregrounds girls' stories about fighting against a critical literary backdrop of Black girlhood as recounted in June Jordan's (2000) Soldier: A Poet's Childhood, Toni Cade Bambara's (1992) “A Girl's Story,” and performance poems written by four SOLHOT homegirls. This analysis of girls' narratives about fighting and violence in their daily schooled lives validates girls' stories about fighting within a larger context of structural and interpersonal violence, describes the kind of power Jordan argues is necessary to address both adults' complicity in violence (against youth) and the systemic nature of violence, and demonstrates how and why the performance of homegirls' poetry enables girls in SOLHOT to practice freedom as Bambara instructed. In response to girls' stories, a performance of listening, courage, and interdependence as exemplified by SOLHOT homegirls is advocated as a visionary solution to the popular–policy problem so often constructed as girlfighting, mean girls, and/or bullying.
A Ghostly Archeology
Authors: Fisher Jaimey
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the films of Christian Petzold. Over the past twenty years and across eleven feature-length works, Petzold has established himself as the most critically acclaimed director in Germany. Five of his last eight films have won Best Film from the Association of German Film Critics (2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2012). It is not only the critics, however, who admire Petzold's work: his breakthrough The State I Am In (Die innere Sicherheit; 2000) won the Federal Film Prize in Gold, the equivalent of a best-film prize for its year, an unusual recognition for an art-house film. His films consistently explore new and transformational modes of individualities, especially the compromised, even tainted, character of desire in the wake of economic adaptability, accommodation, and mobility. This kind of adaptability, productive desire, and subsequent movement are emphatically historicized in Petzold's cinema, in which history regularly intrudes upon individuals' dreams, fantasies, and desires as well as the spaces they inhabit.
Introduction
Authors: Vanel Hervé
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses composer John Cage's views about Muzak and his interest in the work of French composer Erik Satie. Muzak is a company that provides functional music as a tool of management in environmental situations. The term has nonetheless a double entendre: muzak (lower case) refers to the genre of background music in general, while Muzak (with a capital) refers specifically to the trademarked product. For Cage, Muzak's discourse clarified the stakes of a competition in which both the arts and the products of industry were engaged. His comparative evaluation of furniture music and muzak may have stressed the possibility of separating one from the other, but by the same token it also indicated that they share a parallel if irreconcilable ambition.
Furniture Music
Authors: Vanel Hervé
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the furniture music of French composer Erik Satie (1866–1925). Satie's pieces of furniture music are each fundamentally based on a short musical fragment, to be repeated ad lib (at one's pleasure). As such, they are intrinsically monotonous and can retain the attention of the active listener for only a short span before boredom inevitably sets in. Vexations (1893), for instance, is a short piece consisting of four repetitive phrases to be repeated 840 times. Strictly speaking, three sets of furniture music by Satie exist. The first set, from 1917, is composed for flute, clarinet, and strings, plus a trumpet for the first piece. The second set, from 1920 and labeled Sons industriels [Industrial sounds], was performed at the Galerie Barbazanges. The last piece of furniture music for small orchestra from 1923, was commissioned by Mrs. Eugè ne Meyer Jr. of Washington, D.C. Tenture de cabinet préfectoral (approximately: Upholstery for a Governor's Office) was delivered by Satie to furnish the library of her residence.
The Conceptual Impossibility of Racial Blackness
Authors: Barrett Lindon
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces modern conceptions of racial blackness from the beginnings of Euro-American imperialism in the Western Hemisphere through the seventeenth-century Atlantic slave trade and the mercantilist economy dependent on slavery up to the Federalist era (1780–1800) in early U.S. national politics. It traces a historical trajectory—approximately 1500 to 1800—that links the origin of the U.S. nation (and its Constitutional avoidance of the immorality of its slave system) to European imperialism and the mercantilist economy supported by the slave trade. In so doing the chapter establishes “the fundamental, ongoing event of Western modernity” and how it revises systems of world trade and the mechanics of state powers, and revises the materiality of the body and the relations of the body to the discursive mechanisms by which it is socially apprehended and managed in the modern exclusive paradigms of personhood.
Captivity, Desire, Trade
Authors: Barrett Lindon
Published: May 2017

This chapter continues the discussion of Equiano/Vassa's autobiography, focusing on its role in the literary tradition as the most important eighteenth-century slave narrative in order for Barrett to set up the long tradition of the fugitive slave narrative in its pre-classic (prior to 1800), classic (1830–1865), and postbellum (1865 and later) versions. It then turns to a number of fugitive slave narratives and related abolitionist texts from the classic period: William Grimes's Narrative of the Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave (1855); James Bradley's 1835 journalistic account of his own enslavement; David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly to Those of the United States of America (1829); Frederick Douglass's Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845) and My Bondage and My Freedom (1855).
Modernism and the Affects of Racial Blackness
Authors: Barrett Lindon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the dispute between two important figures of the Harlem Renaissance: George Schuyler and Langston Hughes. Schuyler's critique of the African American avant-garde in his essay “The Negro-Art Hokum” (1926) and Hughes's response in “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” (1926) provide a focus point to understand how African American artists and intellectuals imagined their relationship both to Western modernization and avant-garde cultural modernism. This chapter stands as a separate essay from Barrett's surviving manuscript, as it appears to be intended for a different publication; its inclusion here is meant to supplement discussion from the previous chapters, although Schuyler and Hughes did not tackle the gender and sexuality aspects of Barrett's arguments so far posited in this book.
The Genesis of Young-Earth Creationism
Authors: Caudill Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the origins of Young-Earth creationism by focusing on the Scopes trial of 1925, with particular emphasis on how it became a template for subsequent clashes over the irreconcilable issue of evolution versus religion. That template includes public schools as the battleground of choice as well as Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan. The Scopes trial was not just a reaction against Charles Darwin and evolution, but against science in general. Despite creationism being suspect science, it is a model of political activism that took form at the Scopes trial. This chapter considers the rapid growth of antievolutionism in the early twentieth century and how antievolutionists worked their way into the cultural mainstream with savvy media campaigns. It also examines how Bryan and Darrow defined the subsequent place of antievolutionism for fundamentalists.
From the Scopes Trial to Darwin on Trial
Authors: Caudill Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the transformation of the creationist movement after William Jennings Bryan's death and the Scopes trial. When Bryan died, fundamentalism was thrown into some disarray. However, creationists were also forced to reorganize and rethink his progressive politics and liberal interpretation. During the next few years, several individuals campaigned to become Bryan's successor, from George F. Washburn to Paul Rood and Gerald Winrod. This chapter begins with a discussion of changes in the fundamentalist movement after Scopes, with particular emphasis on the rise of creationism. It then considers the growth of religion, and religiosity in general, during the 1950s and 1960s, highlighted by the emergence of televangelists led by Billy Graham, and the “culture war” of the 1980s and 1990s. It also analyzes the book The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications (1961), by Henry Morris and John Whitcomb; the so-called “decade of creation” in the 1970s; and the evolution of “creation-science” into “intelligent design.”