bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Further Development in Social Marketing
Authors: Binney Wayne , Hall John , Shaw Mike
Published: April 2004

This social marketing study discusses the application of Rothschild’s MOA framework (Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability) in a land-use management context. The authors hypothesize that landholders with higher levels of MOA are positively associated with behavior that would result in the effective control of a vertebrate pest (the European rabbit). A random sample of 566 land managers in southeastern Australia was obtained. The development of scales associated with this study were the result of intensive qualitative research, including focus groups, in-depth interviews, and a thorough review of secondary resources. The scales were developed through a factor analytic process and were piloted and pre-tested before being used.

From the study it is ascertained that about one-third of land managers fall into the highest level of effective behavior, and for the remainder, social marketing interventions, using marketing, education, and the law, could be applied to changebehavior. The study provides evidence that Rothschild’s theoretical MOA framework can be applied to a social market and thus provides guidance on the types of interventions that may be effective in altering behavior. The MOA framework also provides a mechanism for segmentation that can be used to describe various markets and gives direction to the interventions that may be effective in altering behavior.
Extending the Vision of Social Marketing through Social Capital Theory
Authors: Glenane-Antoniadis Alicia , Whitwell Gregory , Bell Simon J. , Menguc Bulent
Published: April 2004

Broadening the conceptual boundaries of marketing in the late 1960s led to a significant paradigm shift. Social marketing emerged under the auspices of this extended concept. It is not surprising, therefore, that social marketers have tended to apply conventional marketing tools, albeit within a vastly different context. Thisarticle argues that social marketers, operating in an environment that is characterized by amplified market failure brought about by externalities, may be ill-equipped to foster change utilizing conventional marketing tools. The article proposes that social capital is a useful and appropriate theory to supplement traditional notions ofmarketing to further enhance the field of social marketing.
The Life Trajectory of Social Marketing
Authors: Andreasen Alan R.
Published: April 2004

The history of social marketing has similarities to the growth and maturity of human beings from its birth in the 1960s through its present status as a respected discipline. After an extended childhood grappling with varying definitions andapplications, the 1990s saw a breakthrough in concept and practice by focusing on behavior change. Despite the growth in the number of textbooks, practical guides and infrastructure, the field has many unanswered challenges that ought to be addressed if it is to continue its maturation and achieve wider respect.
Ready to Fly Solo? Reducing Social Marketing’s Dependence on Commercial Marketing Theory
Authors: Peattie Sue , Peattie Ken
Published: April 2004

The past development of social marketing theory and practice has been based largely on the translation of ideas and practices from conventional, commercial marketing. The application of a customer orientation and conventional marketing techniques has often successfully revolutionized the pursuit of social goals and has led to the growing popularity of social marketing. There is, however, a danger that an over-emphasis on the direct translation of mainstream marketing principles and practices into social contexts may create practical problems and also confusion regarding the theoretical basis of social marketing. This paper provides a critique of the development of social marketing theory and its reliance on mainstream commercial marketing. It argues that social marketing’s future development may depend upon a better understanding of, and emphasis on, the differences between the social and commercial contexts. The paper concludes that social marketing needs the developmentof its own distinctive vocabulary, ideas and tools. To achieve this, there may beopportunities for theorists to follow the example of other marketing sub-disciplines, and also to reach back directly into the disciplines on which marketing is founded, including economics, psychology, sociology and communications theory, in search of new and better-adapted practices and theories to apply.
A Comparison of Three Dementia Screening Instruments Administered by Telephone in China
Authors: Zhou Jingsheng , Zhang Xinqing , Mundt James C. , Wang Lidong , Meng Chao , Chu Changbiao , Yang Jing , Chan Piao
Published: April 2004

Implementation of valid and efficient case-finding methods to screen for cognitive impairment is important for identifying people during the earliest stages of dementia. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), Information-Memory-Concentration Test (IMCT), and Blessed-Roth Dementia Scale (BRDS) are assessment tools commonly used in China. This study investigated the usefulness of administering these scales by telephone.

Subjects ( N= 132: 74 females, 58 males) from Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences in Beijing, China were recruited for participation in this study; 132 collateral informants who accompanied the subjects to their appointments provided IQCODE and BRDS data. Senior neurologists using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000), patient history, physical examination, neuropsychological tests, neuroradiology, and laboratory tests made the dementia diagnoses. Blinded personnel administered the IQCODE, IMCT, and BRDS by telephone and face-to-face in the clinic in counter-balanced administration order. Independent subsamples of 20 subjects were selected for assessment of test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities of the telephone assessments.

Correlations between the face-to-face and telephone administrations of the scales were good, ranging from .80 to .97. The administration order of assessment methods did not affect the results. Inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities were satisfactory. The sensitivity and specificity of each scale exceeded 80 percent, demonstrating scale validity and clinical utility.

The results support reliable and valid administration of these dementia assessments in person or over the telephone. The appropriate selection of assessment instruments is dependent upon the characteristics of the patient population and the intended use of the results. Use of telephone assessments may provide a valid and efficient method to screen elderly people for early detection of dementia symptoms and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
Planning Fantasies? An Exploration of a Potential Lacanian Framework for Understanding Development Assessment Planning
Authors: Hillier Jean , Gunder Michael
Published: April 2004

This article examines Lacan’s psychoanalytically derived social theory as to its appropriateness for understanding aspects of planning practice. Lacan theorized not only about language and culture, but also about that which resides outside of symbolization and underlies human desire, to provide an understanding of human subjectivity, identity and motivation. We discuss how a Lacanian critical social theoretical approach could be pertinent to analysis of the complex mixture of hybrid processes – technical, collaborative and political – that comprise planning development assessment. We outline key Lacanian concepts including the mirror-stage, jouissance, the Four Discourses and the ‘big Other’ and their applicability to understanding development assessment and regulation.
Personality and Professionalism in a Norwegian District Council
Authors: Abram Simone
Published: April 2004

A great deal of current planning literature is concerned with the behaviour of public sector planners and their roles within organizations. What is lacking, however, is a more nuanced understanding of what ideas or concepts people use to think about their roles in organizations, and how their very personalities have become tied into the creation of professionalism. This article looks at the dilemmas for public servants in a Norwegian municipality and shows how structural dilemmas may be internalized by individual employees. The emic concept of ‘loyalty’ is shown to symbolize attempts to individualize such dilemmas and render them subject to personality, rather than recognize them as conceptual problems.
Racial Difference in Engaging, Recruiting, and Interviewing African American Women in Qualitative Research
Authors: Gibson Priscilla , Abrams Laura
Published: April 2004

Social work researchers are increasingly interested in capturing the lived experiences of African American women in various settings and circumstances. Qualitative methodologies can fulfill this goal, yet researchers commonly face several barriers in gathering the collective stories of African American women. This article explores the process of conducting qualitative research with African American females from the feminist perspectives of two researchers – one African American and one White. Through dialogue, we describe how our individual standpoints influenced our experiences during three research stages: engaging, recruiting, and interviewing. Although our racial backgrounds contributed to very distinct research experiences, we contend that with cultural awareness and understanding of African American communities, researchers of all racial and ethnic backgrounds can make positive contributions to building knowledge about African American women. Strategies that insiders and outsiders can utilize in qualitative research with disenfranchised communities are presented.
The Contribution of Adult Learning Theory to Human Resource Development (HRD)
Authors: Sleezer Catherine M.
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. Adult learning theory and practical research in the field illuminate the processes by which adults acquire knowledge and skills and apply new learning in many venues. One important venue for the application of learning is the workplace. In spite of the frequency with which human resource development (HRD) professionals say they rely on adult learning, the contributions of adult learning theory and research to HRD theory, research, and practice have never been fully explored. No comprehensive and comparative analysis and synthesis demonstrates how adult learning theory informs HRD theory, research, and practice. This issue is dedicated to filling a gap in the HRD literature by presenting the major adult learning theories and drawing implications for the field.
The Concept of Self-Directed Learning and Its Implications for Human Resource Development
Authors: Ellinger Andrea D.
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. Learners are increasingly being challenged to assume more responsibility for their own learning and development in work organizations. Although the concept of self-directed learning (SDL) has a rich history of research and practice in the adult education field, it has not received considerable attention in the context of HRD. Therefore, this article will introduce SDL and overview its various conceptualizations, examine approaches and techniques that can be used in HRD practice, and suggest how future research can extend our understanding of SDL in the context of HRD.
Holistic Learning Theory and Implications for Human Resource Development
Authors: Yang Baiyin
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. The adult learning literature provides a number of concepts and theories of adult learning. No unifying theory of learning has emerged because of the complexity and diversity of the adult learning process. A recently developed holistic theory provides an integrative framework to examine some of the contemporary adult learning theories. Implications for human resource development theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Hit by Pitches
Authors: Trandel Gregory A.
Published: April 2004

It is commonly believed that baseball teams retaliate when one of their batters is hit by a pitch. In fact, Major League Baseball (MLB) has legislated to discourage this behavior. Previous analysts have disagreed about whether retaliation is likely directed at the offending pitcher or at one of his teammates; this distinction matters when considering impacts on pitcher behavior. This paper notes that when season-long hit-by-pitch totals—the data used to date — are disaggregated by team, they reveal no evidence of either formof retaliation. These researching this topic may need to develop new data sources.
Why no Baseball Work Stoppage?
Authors: Staudohar Paul D.
Published: April 2004

The 2002 negotiations between owners and players in major league baseball attracted national attention because of the history of past work stoppages in the sport. This article examines eight reasons why the negotiations successfully avoided a shutdown. Perhaps the most important of these reasons was that the players really did not want to strike— despite their announced intention to do so. The 232-day 1994-95 baseball strike, the longest ever in professional team sports, was devastating to both sides, and neither wanted to go through a similar experience.
Addressing the Texas Nursing Shortage: A Legislative Approach to Bolstering the Nursing Education Pipeline
Authors: Green Alexia , Wieck K. Lynn , Willmann Jim , Fowler Chris , Douglas Wanda , Jordan Clair
Published: April 2004

This article describes a successful collaborative endeavor by organizations within Texas to address the nursing shortage. As one of the first states to address the nursing shortage from a legislative perspective, passage of the Nursing Shortage Reduction Act of 2001 focused on bolstering the nursing education pipeline. Specifically addressed are the strategic planning process for development and passage of this important legislation, the content of the legislation, and a 2-year summary of the impact of the legislation on the Texas nursing educational infrastructure.
Have We Underestimated the Effects of Sodium Excess on the Health of the Public?
Authors: DeCrane Susan K.
Published: April 2004

Americans consume a diet with a salt content up to 10 times that recommended for optimal health. This excess intake results in high rates of cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease that do not occur in cultures with lower sodium intakes. Although the effects of excess sodium on population health have been demonstrated across study designs, proposals to reduce sodium content in commercially available foods continue to be met with opposition despite findings that reducing the content of salt in many foods does not reduce palatability. Development of a public health policy is supported by recommendations for dietary sodium reduction from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization. Nursing will play an essential role in this policy initiative by using strategies at the public health level including surveillance, educational programs, liaison work with the food industry, and evaluation of programs and outcomes.
“Insuring America’s Health: Principles and Recommendations”: IOM Report (January 2004)
Authors: Jennings Carole P.
Published: April 2004

This policy highlight alerts readers to the recently released (January 2004) report titled “Insuring America’s Health: Principles and Recommendations.” The report calls for universal health coverage by 2010, compares proposed solutions to the problem of a growing uninsured population, and details five principles to use to compare and judge current and future options.
Trust No One (On the Internet)
Authors: Bratich Jack Zeljko
Published: April 2004

This article examines the “metastory” surrounding Gary Webb’s 1996 “Dark Alliance” series as a moment of crisis in mainstream journalism. Two forces converge in Webb’s series and its aftermath: (1) establishment journalism confronts and manages the reemergent phenomenon of conspiracy theory, and (2) establishment print-based journalism attempts to organize a relationship with the emergent medium of the internet. When these two forces collide in the profession, conspiracy theories and the web end up mutually defining each other. This problematization of a conspiracy theory has multiple effects—not only in disqualifying the story itself but in reshaping the profession of journalism in its relation to new technology. Eschewing technological determinism, this article demonstrates how a new technology is made sensible through a professional discourse as a way of making it manageable. In turn, professional journalism operates as technical expertise in a liberal political rationality of “governing at a distance.”
Children Reporting Online
Authors: Seiter Ellen
Published: April 2004

This article describes an action-research project in which children ages 8 to 11 learn internet research skills in the context of producing a community newspaper. New technologies are made more relevant to working-class African American and Latino students by using them to report on their immediate community as well as to their own lives and their own neighborhood. What misconceptions arise when children try to evaluate the information they find on the web? How does the web push children’s interest away from local politics and toward a global entertainment culture? Through an ethnographic classroom study, the article discusses the ways children have both generated and discarded story ideas; how their stories reflect their conflicting and overlapping age, gender, and ethnic identities; and how their use of computers has challenged this author to reexamine the project’s goals and the meaning of the internet in children’s lives.
Reframing Human Resource Development
Authors: Mabey Christopher
Published: April 2004

Human resource development (HRD) practice can be viewed from a number of theoretical standpoints. Rather than viewing competing standpoints as unhelpful at best,or incompatible at worst,this article proposes purposeful dialogue between them. The argument of this article is that to draw on a range of interpretive lenses,far from inhibiting our understanding of HRD,actually helps the researcher arrive at a fuller and more holistic understanding of such activities. This,in turn,leads to better informed feedback to HRD practitioners as they seek to design and manage training interventions in organizations. By way of illustration,Bolman and Deal’s multiframe approach is applied as an interviewing device,with managers taking part in an executive coaching program in a case organization, demonstrating the unpredictability of an apparently straightforward HRD intervention. Implications for HRD theorizing,methodolo gy,and practice are summarized.
Updating Theory on Organizational Stress: the Asynchronous Multiple Overlapping Change (AMOC) Model of Workplace Stress
Authors: Sikora Patricia B. , Beaty E. David , Forward John
Published: April 2004

This article examines the plausible interactions and ramifications of chronic and acute stressors in the workplace. Our position is that current organizational change and work stress models inadequately address the subjective experience of employees. We use existing physiological adaptation paradigms as starting points to illuminate the psychological responses to multiple and simultaneous environmental demands. A new framework is developed, the Asynchronous Multiple Overlapping Change (AMOC) model, to account for the complexity of contemporary work settings. We suggest that the net effect of employee response to continuous major and minor organizational changes is a primary contributor to employee resistance to change: The cumulative impact of multiple and sometimes conflicting change initiatives eventually overwhelms cognitive appraisal and coping mechanisms. Other theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of the proposed framework are also discussed.
Efficacy of Stress Inoculation Training in a Case of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Secondary to Emergency Gynecological Surgery
Authors: Trzepacz Angie M. , Luiselli James K.
Published: April 2004

Stress inoculation training (SIT) was evaluated as treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a 27-year-old who experienced emergency gynecological surgery (hysterectomy) 3weeks after delivering her first child. She was seen at an outpatientmental health center with complaints of sleep disturbance, flashbacks, prolonged crying, avoidance of landmarks associated with the surgery, and chronic distress in response tomultiple environmental stimuli. SITwas instituted during eight treatment sessions in which she was taught progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, guided imagery, covert modeling, thought stopping, and thought replacement procedures. Evaluated in a single-case experimental design format, the effects of treatment were that the woman no longer had stressinducing experiences and her level of discomfort in the presence of identified environmental triggers essentially was eliminated. However, at a follow-up session she reported other life circumstances that had not improved contemporaneously. The case is discussed with reference to evidence-based treatments for PTSD.
Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation, Exposure, and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Gastric Bypass Surgery Related Anxiety
Authors: Lind Nicholas A. , Cigrang Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2004

An unusual case of a “food phobia,” which developed more than a year after the patient underwent a gastric bypass procedure, is described. A brief description of the normal digestive process and Roux-en-Y procedure is presented followed by a discussion of common surgical outcome, the patient’s presenting difficulties, assessment data, case conceptualization, and course of treatment. The casewas challenging because, as with all clinical health psychology cases, it is often difficult to tease out the physical and psychological aspects of the problem. It was also difficult to establish an exposure hierarchy due to the satiation effect of food. Progress was made, however, by applying known principles of behavior change to this novel complaint. The case demonstrates the utility of a comprehensive functional analysis as well as the impact of incorporating the patient’s strengths into the treatment plan.
Using a Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) Schedule to Reduce Maladaptive Behaviors in a Nursing Home Resident
Authors: Spira Adam P. , Koven Lesley P. , Edelstein Barry A.
Published: April 2004

The case of Donna, a nursing home resident, is presented. Donna engaged in seemingly intractable behaviors, including compulsive theft and prostitution. A variety of behavioral interventions failed to reduce these target behaviors. A differential reinforcement of incompatible responding (DRI) procedurewas implemented following functional assessment. Specifically, Donna’s attendance at structured recreational programs was reinforced with preferred edibles. Treatment resulted in significant increases in recreational programattendance and a concomitant reduction in the incompatible targeted behaviors.
Imaging the Ankle and Foot and Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Masala S. , Fiori R. , Marinetti A. , Uccioli L. , Giurato L. , Simonetti G.
Published: April 2004

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has improved the possibility of evaluating musculoskeletal structures thus gaining an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of foot and ankle pathologies. In this review, the normal and pathological images of the ankle and foot obtained using MR techniques are presented and discussed. The high soft-tissue contrast resolution and the multiplanar sections of MRI allow the imaging of contiguous tissues where small contrast differences exist, such as ligamentous and tendinous injuries or impingement syndromes. The spatial resolution with high sensitivity for bone signal changes offers an early detection of osseous abnormalities such as stress fractures or osteonecrosis. Here it is specified possibilities and limitations of MRI in the diabetic foot: this technique is superior to nuclear medicine and computed tomography (CT), however it is unable to distinguish between neuro arthropathy and infection.
The Management of Lower Extremity Wounds Using Topical Negative Pressure
Authors: Petrie N. , Potter M. , Banwell P.
Published: April 2004

The delivery of topical pressures at subatmospheric levels to heal acute and chronic wounds has been widely reported. This article reviews the role of this therapeutic modality to treat wounds of the lower extremity. Recent literature is re-viewed, and mechanisms of action of this process are also discussed.
Therapeutic Massage and Healing Touch Improve Symptoms in Cancer
Authors: Post-White Janice , Kinney Mary Ellen , Savik Kay , Gau Joanna Berntsen , Wilcox Carol , Lerner Irving
Published: April 2004

Complementary therapies are increasingly used to reduce side effects of cancer treatment, without evidence for their effectiveness. In a randomized, prospective, 2-period, crossover intervention study, the authors tested the effects of therapeutic massage (MT) and healing touch (HT), in comparison to presence alone or standard care, in inducing relaxation and reducing symptoms in 230 subjects. MT and HT lowered blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate (HR). MT lowered anxiety and HT lowered fatigue, and both lowered totalmooddisturbance. Pain ratings were lower after MT and HT, with 4-week nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use less during MT. There were no effects on nausea. Presence reduced RR and HR but did not differ from standard care on any measure of pain, nausea, mood states, anxiety, or fatigue. MTand HT are more effective than presence alone or standard care in reducing pain, mood disturbance, and fatigue in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.
State Lotteries: Their Effect on Equal Access to Higher Education
Authors: Bowden Randall G. , Elrod Henry E.
Published: April 2004

Many states (18 of 39) use revenue generated by lotteries to help fund higher education. The revenue is generated as a regressive tax disproportionately collected. As such, do state lotteries contribute toward facilitation of equal access to higher education for low-income and minority citizens? Given population trends, college enrollment, and graduation rates, lower income and minority groups do not have proportionate access to postsecondary education for which they help pay through purchasing lottery tickets.
Engaging Latino Parents in Supporting College Pathways: Lessons From a College Access Program
Authors: Auerbach Susan
Published: April 2004

How can K-16 partnerships enlist Latino parents as informed allies in support of their children’s college planning? This article draws on data from 3 years of participant observation to show how a bilingual outreach program for parents at a diverse high school narrowed the information gap about college, enhanced family social networks, and challenged inequities. Latino families gained knowledge and confidence for interacting with institutions, communicating with their children, and easing pathways to college.
Reluctant Partners, Problem Definition, and Legislative Intent: K-16 Policy for Latino College Success
Authors: Oliva Maricela
Published: April 2004

Improving access to college for Latinos and other underrepresented minorities is a serious policy dilemma, particularly in states where they constitute large and growing numbers of the college-age population. Latinos as a group face numerous obstacles to college attendance, including a lack of knowledge about college and how to get there, inadequate financial resources, and the absence of adequate adult guidance for navigating the college choice and enrollment process. This article describes the separation between K-12 and postsecondary education that contributes to Latino students’ transition problems between levels. School-university collaboration and partnerships and early interventions activities have helped to mitigate such problems since the 1960s. A new form of interaction between levels, K-16 educational coordination, is described as a recent and increasingly popular policy strategy for addressing the problem. Texas is used to illustrate the development of such policy over five state legislative sessions and within the state’s race-neutral context.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Community Planning
Authors: Johnson Donald Leslie
Published: April 2004

That geometry is employed in architecture is well known. So too is its application known since antiquity to the layout of cities. Based on experiences as an architect who believed in a holistic approach to his art (referring to it as organic), Frank Lloyd Wright used simple geometry to rationalize fundamental physical and programmatic determinants. It is not surprising, therefore, that he applied geometry in community and city planning projects to define and enhance determinants such as land use, spatial configuration, transportation routes, and building mass and to anticipate social interactions. Four projects of the period between 1909 and 1935 are analyzed.
A Reprehensible and Unfriendly Act: Homeowners, Renters, and the Bid for Residential Segregation in Atlanta, 1900-1917
Authors: Lands LeeAnn Bishop
Published: April 2004

In Atlanta, racial segregation ordinances were precursors to comprehensive land-use zoning and planning, and the city’s first comprehensive land use plan incorporated both racial and class designations. A close examination of rental housing investment patterns reveals that Atlanta’s rental housing boom combined with the continued spread of City Beautiful and J. C. Nichols–propagated innovations to encourage homeowners to “protect their investments,” introducing a fear of the spatial proximity of renters—African Americans in particular—and housing incongruity. In Atlanta, then, the residential segregation debate was influenced not just by the racial predilections of the white majority but by issues of class and property ownership as well, particularly as these issues played out within an aesthetic culture that continued City Beautiful’s celebration of large, ordered spaces.
Victor Gruen and the Construction of Cold War Utopias
Authors: Mennel Timothy
Published: April 2004

The postwar American shopping mall projects of Austrian émigré Victor Gruen aimed to create not merely ideal commercial zones but complete, insular communities that would serve as templates in the (re)construction of an ideal capitalist society. These utopian sites were shaped as much by cold war concerns as by capitalist dreams, and as a result, they came to highlight tensions between the imperatives of commerce (which made malls possible) and the cooperative ones at the root of much utopian thought. This is seen in a close study of Gruen’s “shopper’s paradise,” Southdale—the first fully enclosed, temperature-controlled mall.
Variables that Affect/Control High-Density Polyethylene Film Oxygen-Moisture Barrier
Authors: Todd William G.
Published: April 2004

Multiple layer polyolefin-based films continue to be one of the preferred packages for both the food and medical industries. The technology of these films has advanced over the years from simple monolayer structures to multilayer hybrid structures. These affordable packages not only provide tamper proof evidence, but also protection from insects, bacteria, germs, and dust and are very effective in providing moisture and oxygen barrier. This paper will discuss these latter two properties, moisture and oxygen barrier, when polyethylene is used as the primary film component.

Many variables affect high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film’s oxygen transmission rates (OTR), and water vapor transmission rates (WVTR). These variables include film crystalline structure, relaxation rates of molten polyethylene, polyethylene manufacturing technology, polyethylene resin physical properties, atmospheric conditions, and film fabrication technology and structure. This paper will describe how permeation rates are measured and how each of the above variables affects the permeation rates.
Sonographic Analysis: Normal Variability of Muscle and Tendon of the Shoulder in Response to Daily Activity and Exercise
Authors: Wilkinson Maureen , Grimmer Karen
Published: April 2004

Although work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are now well recognized and documented, tests to diagnose and quantify these disorders are not well developed. Late presentation of MSDs is believed to equate to poor outcomes, and lack of reliable monitoring of treatment may lead to an inappropriate return to work. The authors report on a study to quantify “normal” muscle activity in volunteers. Subjects were randomly divided into control and intervention (exercise) groups. Using sonography, the authors measured the diameters of the selected soft tissue twice daily over a period of a week, with an extra measurement after exercise in the intervention group. Results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups over any of the time frames or in dominant and nondominant sides. However, results indicated there was a day-to-day and diurnal difference in muscle size, indicating that muscles do not remain static in size.
Arteriovenous Fistula of the Breast
Authors: Rhodes-Wilson Michelle
Published: April 2004

Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the result of communication occurring between an artery andan adjacent vein. The etiology of an arterio-venous fistula can be either acquired or congenital in nature. They may occur anywhere in the body where arteries and veins are in proximity to each other. This case report involves an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula discovered by sonographic examination in a female breast. Because of the potential for complications, which may occur with arteriovenous fistulae, it is important to investigate and supervene when patients are suspected of having these lesions.
Prenatal and Postnatal Imaging Findings of Congenital Adrenal Neuroblastoma
Authors: Lee Jee Young , Cho Jeong Yeon
Published: April 2004

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumorin childhood. There have been several casereports and reviews on the prenatal diagnosis ofcongenital neuroblastoma. The sonographicimaging findings of fetal adrenal neuroblastomaare variable. Most of them are cystic or complex,but uncommonly, solid neuroblastomas arereported. This case study presents prenatal andpostnatal findings of a purely solid echoicadrenal neuroblastoma.
Middle Cerebral Artery Doppler Used to Detect Fetal Anemia
Authors: Lalicker Angela , Himmelberg Jeffrey
Published: April 2004

Although rhesus immune globulin, also knownas Rhogam, has caused a dramatic decrease inanemic fetal demise, there are still risks. Anestimated one to six anemia cases occur per 1000births each year, but only 30% of these fetuseswill develop anemia that requires treatment.Previously, invasive techniques such ascordocentesis and amniocentesis were the only testsused to diagnosis a fetus at risk for anemia.Recently, anemia has been diagnosed by Dopplersonography of the middle cerebral arteryvelocity. The peak systolic velocities are measuredand plotted on a graph to determine anemiaseverity. These velocities are also able to diagnoseanemia in healthy fetuses by monitoring velocityincreases at a certain gestational age. Timing ofthe first and later intravenous blood transfusionscan also be determined using middle cerebralartery peak systolic velocity Doppler. Thisnoninvasive test has no known risk to the fetus andhas proven very useful in the diagnosis of fetalanemia.
Joining of nickel base superalloy single crystals
Authors: Babu S. S. , David S. A. , Park J. W. , Vitek J. M.
Published: April 2004

The paper reviews scientific and technological issues related to repair weldability of nickel base single crystal superalloys. The role of weld pool geometry and crystallographic orientation of the single crystals on the solidification grain structure was discussed. Results of asymmetric cracking during welding of thin crystals due to stray grain formation were introduced. The role of high resolution characterisation tools including electron microscopy and atom probe field ion microscopy in understangding non-equilibrium microstructure evolution was demonstrated. Computational methodologies to describe the dynamic thermal, stress and microstrutural evolutions to describe weldability as well as the performance of these welds were discussed.
Nickel based superalloy welding practices for industrial gas turbine applications
Authors: Henderson M. B. , Arrell D. , Larsson R. , Heobel M. , Marchant G.
Published: April 2004

The continued drive for increased efficiency, performance and reduced costs for industrial gas turbine engines demands extended use of high strength-high temperature capability materials, such as nickel based superalloys. To satisfy the requirements of the component design and manufacturing engineers, these materials must be capable of being welded in a satisfactory manner. The present paper describes the characteristic defects found as a result of welding the more difficult, highly alloyed materials and reviews a number of welding processes used in the manufacture and repair of nickel alloy components. These include gas tungsten arc (GTA) and electron beam (EB) welding, laser powder deposition and friction welding. Many of the more dilute nickel based alloys are readily weldable using conventional GTA processes; however, high strength, precipitation hardened materials are prone to heat affected zone and strain age cracking defect formation. A number of factors are found to affect the propensity for defects: composition (aluminium and titanium content), grain size, pre- and post-weld heat treatment, as well as the welding process itself (control of heat input and traverse speed). Process parameter identification is still largely empirical and a fuller understanding of the joining processes is dependent upon the development and application of more sophisticated numerical modelling techniques.
Metallography of 9Cr steel power plant weld microstructures
Authors: Letofsky E. , Cerjak H.
Published: April 2004

The microstructural characterisation of welded joints subject to creep and the formation of the heat affected zone (HAZ) in tungsten alloyed high temperature 9% chromium steels is extremely important in modern power station construction. In these investigations, creep specimens were made available taken from fabrication welds in steel castings. The results of the hardness measurements carried out are presented, together with the qualitative and quantitative results of metallographical investigations. Special attention is paid to softening in the HAZ and the effect which this has on the creep resistance and fracture behaviour of welded joints. TEM investigations with the aid of energy filtering (EFTEM) were used to clarify the mechanisms taking place. The results of the metallurgical investigations will be compared with the results obtained in actual welds.
New method to diffusion bond superalloys
Authors: Shirzadi A. A. , Wallach E. R.
Published: April 2004

A new method for diffusion bonding nickel base and cobalt base superalloys has been developed, which is based on non-chemical oxide removal before the bonding process. Using this method, diffusion bonds were produced in nickel base and cobalt base superalloys with ‘virtually invisible’ bond interfaces and compositions very close to the bulk alloys. The bonding time required is about 1 h and the results of severe mechanical tests of the bonded samples, including directionally solidified (DS), single crystal and dissimilar superalloys, are very promising. The new oxide removal method is very rapid, does not require the use of any sophisticated equipment and is not a costly process. The high temperature properties of bonded samples are currently being investigated. European and USA patents have been applied for and the details of this new method are to be published in the future.
Type IIIa cracking in ½ CrMoV steam pipework systems
Authors: Brett S. J.
Published: April 2004

A mode of cracking termed Type IIIa has been found to occur in the welds of ½CrMoV pipework systems in the UK. This cracking mechanism is not as well documented as the more familiar Type IV cracking, which occurs on these and other ferritic steel systems, but is likely to increase in importance as plant ages. This paper summarises the available information on the initiation and development of Type IIIa cracks and brings up to date recent work on carbon diffusion local to welds, which is believed to play a role in the susceptibility to this form of cracking.
Application of discrete distribution point heat source model to simulate multipass weld thermal cycles in medium thick plates
Authors: Ramirez A. J. , Brandi S. D.
Published: April 2004

An analytical solution to the heat flow differential equation has been proposed, which allows an adequate and simplified approach to multipass welding conditions in the heat affected zone. The solution is based on the medium thick plate temperature distribution initially proposed by Rosenthal. The model applies a discrete distribution of point heat sources localised on any point of the plate that is being welded. This approach allows changing the position of the heat sources in the groove from one pass to another, reproducing multipass welding conditions. Actual thermal cycles of multipass welding of AISI 304 and 2304 stainless steels were recorded and compared with simulated thermal cycles, which verified the agreement between the simulated and the actual HAZ thermal cycles. Microstructures of alloys UNS S32304 and UNS S32205 were reproduced in the Gleeble system using the calculated thermal cycles and their comparison with actual weld microstructures confirmed the utility of the proposed heat flow model for metallurgical weldability studies involving multipass welding.
Neptunium incorporation into uranyl compounds that form as alteration products of spent nuclear fuel: Implications for geologic repository performance
Authors: Burns Peter C. , Deely Kathryn M. , Skanthakumar Suntharalingam
Published: April 2004

Alteration of spent nuclear fuel in a geological repository under oxidizing conditions is likely to result in abundant uranyl compounds. Incorporation of radionuclides into the uranyl alteration phases may significantly reduce their mobility, thereby impacting repository performance. The following compounds have been synthesized from solutions containing from ∼10 to 500ppm Np5+: meta-schoepite, UO3·2H2O; Na-compreignacite, Na2[(UO2)3O2(OH)3]2(H2O)7; uranophane, Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2(H2O)5; and β-(UO2)(OH)2. The structures of each involve sheets of uranyl polyhedra; the interlayers contain cations and H2O groups in Na-compreignacite and uranophane, only H2O in meta-schoepite, and β-(UO2)(OH)2does not contain interlayer constituents. Synthesized powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry, and were analyzed by ICP-AES (U, Na, Ca) and ICP-MS (Np). Aliquots of the powders were washed in 0.5M acetic acid to remove sorbed Np prior to analysis. The powders of meta-schoepite and β-(UO2)(OH)2contained at most a few ppm Np5+. In contrast, powders of Na-compreignacite and uranophane contained Np5+in proportion to the Np5+concentration in the mother solution, and powders of each containing more than 400ppm Np5+(of total Np + U) were obtained. Incorporation of Np5+into uranyl compounds that form in a geological repository appears possible, and may impact the mobility of Np.
Enhanced production possibility of the therapeutic radionuclides 64Cu, 67Cu and 89Sr via (n,p) reactions induced by fast spectral neutrons
Authors: Spahn I. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M.
Published: April 2004

Spectrum averaged cross sections for the 64Zn(n,p)64Cu, 67Zn(n,p)67Cu and 89Y(n,p)89Sr reactions were measured using a 14MeV d(Be) neutron source. In each case a clean radiochemical separation was performed and the radioactivity of the product was determined via high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry or anticoincidence β
- counting. The cross sections are three to five times higher than with a fission neutron spectrum. It is postulated that at an intense fast spectral neutron source, e.g. a spallation source, it would be advantageous to use an (n,p) reaction: GBq amounts of 64Cu and 67Cu could be produced in one hour irradiation and of 89Sr in about one day irradiation.
Thrombocytopenia due to acute venous thromboembolism and its role in expanding the differential diagnosis of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kitchens Craig S.
Published: April 2004

Thrombocytopenia is an uncommon but serious consequence of heparin administration. Occasionally patients with massive acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) will develop thrombocytopenia. As heparin or some thrombin inhibitor is strongly indicated in acute VTE, it is important to distinguish this event from heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Four patients are presented who developed thrombocytopenia so early in their course of VTE and/or therapy with heparin that HIT was considered unlikely. The mean nadir platelet count for these four patients was 60,000/μl occurring at a mean time of 18 hr after the initiation of heparin therapy. Because of strong indications to continue heparin for their acute VTE in the face of a very low likelihood that they did have HIT, heparin was continued with excellent results and resolution of the thrombocytopenia. The literature of this subject is reviewed. Thrombocytopenia following VTE is actually rather common, but it is usually milder than in these four cases. In some cases such as these four, the thrombocytopenia can be sudden and rather severe causing diagnostic confusion with HIT. Am. J. Hematol. 76:69–73, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in the frequency of the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene among the Lebanese population
Authors: Almawi Wassim Y. , Finan Ramzi R. , Tamim Hala , Daccache Jocelyn L. , Irani‐Hakime Noha
Published: April 2004

In view of its role in precipitating mild hyperhomocysteinemia as well as being a risk factor for vascular thrombosis, we investigated the frequency of the C677T mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene among 589 healthy Lebanese subjects by PCR‐RFLP analysis (HinfI digestion) and compared them with those of other countries of Caucasian and non‐Caucasian origin. The prevalence of the mutated homozygous (T/T) and heterozygous (C/T) C677T MTHFR genotype was 11.04% and 39.73%, respectively, giving an allele frequency of 0.309. While the prevalence of the T/T genotype was similar with respect to gender, higher prevalence was noted among Christian (13.08%) compared to Moslem (7.66%) subjects (P < 0.001), and heterogeneity in its distribution was seen in the different Lebanese provinces, and was directly related to the Christian/Moslem composition of each province. The distribution of the MTHFR C677T in Lebanon is unique with regard to its higher occurrence among Christians compared to Moslems, adding to the existing body of literature on the heterogeneity of its prevalence and distribution. Am. J. Hematol. 76:85–87, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.