bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T‐cell regulation by CD46 and its relevance in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Astier Anne L.
Published: April 2008

CD46 is a complement regulatory molecule expressed on every cell type, except for erythrocytes. While initially described as a regulator of complement activity, it later became a ‘magnet for pathogens’, binding to several viruses and bacteria. More recently, an alternative role for such complement molecules has emerged: they do regulate T‐cell immunity, affecting T‐cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, CD46 stimulation induces Tr1 cells, regulatory T cells characterized by massive production of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), a potent anti‐inflammatory cytokine. Hence, CD46 is likely to control inflammation. Indeed, data from CD46 transgenic mice highlight a role for CD46 in inflammation, with antagonist roles depending on the cytoplasmic tail being expressed. Furthermore, recent data have shown that CD46 is defective in multiple sclerosis, IL‐10 production being severely impaired in these patients. This lack of IL‐10 production probably participates in the inflammation observed in patients with multiple sclerosis. This review will summarize the data on CD46 and T cells, and how CD46 is likely involved in multiple sclerosis.
In situ detection of programmed cell death in Nicotiana tabacum leaves during senescence
Authors: UZELAC B. , JANOŠEVIĆ D. , BUDIMIR S.
Published: April 2008

Leaf senescence is a highly regulated developmental process, during which cell constituents are dismantled in an ordered progression. The final death phase of senescence is a type of programmed cell death (PCD). We showed DNA fragmentation characteristic for PCD by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay not only in senescing leaves but also in young, still developing tobacco leaves.
Navigating transdermal diffusion with multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging
Authors: BIRD D.K. , SCHNEIDER A.L. , WATKINSON A.C. , FINNIN B. , SMITH T.A.
Published: April 2008

We demonstrate the potential of fluorescence lifetime imaging by time‐correlated single‐photon counting as a method for monitoring the transdermal diffusion pathway and diffusion rate of pharmaceuticals in human skin. The current application relies on observing subtle changes in the fluorescence lifetime of the intrinsic fluorophores present in the intracellular region between corneocytes of the stratum corneum. We have comprehensively characterized the measured fluorescence lifetimes from intracorneocyte junctions in three skin section types (dermatomed skin, epidermal membranes and stratum corneum) revealing statistically significant differences of the short lifetime component between each of the types, which we attribute to the sample preparation and imaging method. We show using epidermal membrane sections that application of a drug/solvent formulation consisting of ethinyl estradiol and spectroscopic grade ethanol to the surface gives rise to a slight but statistically significant shortening of the fluorescence lifetime of the long‐lived emitting species present in the sample, from approximately 2.8 ns to 2.5 ns. The method may be useful for future studies where the kinetics and pathways of a variety of applied formulations could be investigated.
Deciphering the distribution of organic components in brachiopod shells by confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: PÉREZ‐HUERTA A. , CUSACK M. , BALL A. , WILLIAMS C. T. , MACKAY S.
Published: April 2008

Characterization of the nature and distribution of organic components is crucial to understand shell formation in marine invertebrates. Although several techniques can provide detailed information at high spatial resolution, few of them are non‐destructive and informative in a larger structural context. We explore the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to obtain a better understanding of the distribution of organic components in calcitic shells of brachiopods focusing on perforations (punctae) across the shell. Resulting intensities and patterns of fluorescence correspond well with the distribution of polysaccharides and proteins as reported in previous histological and biochemical studies. Confocal laser microscopy is, therefore, a useful tool to be combined with other techniques to improve our knowledge of biomineral structures in marine invertebrates.
Dynamic volume change measurements of cereal materials by environmental scanning electron microscopy and videomicroscopy
Authors: TANG X. , DE ROOIJ M. R. , VAN DUYNHOVEN J. , VAN BREUGEL K.
Published: April 2008

Moisture migration induced volume change in cereal materials was studied by environmental scanning electron microscopy, videomicroscopy and stereoscopy. It is shown that the in situ volume change can be monitored by the changes of projection area with the assumption of isotropic swelling/shrinkage. The projection area change from videomicroscopy matches well with the volume change by stereoscopy after dimensional normalization. The arbitrary volume values in between two relative humidity levels are available by interpolating the equilibrium volumes at beginning and ending. The sorption/desorption curves were fitted by the ‘parallel exponential kinetics’ model, which described two independent, parallel processes as ‘slow’ and ‘fast’. In the low relative humidity range, sorption curves match well with the ‘parallel exponential kinetics’ model and the two parallel processes tend to be identical when relative humidity increases. The diffusivity of water moisture in a cracker, which was estimated by the half‐equilibrium principle, has a strong dependence on relative humidity.
A statistical approach for intensity loss compensation of confocal microscopy images
Authors: GOPINATH S. , WEN Q. , THAKOOR N. , LUBY‐PHELPS K. , GAO J. X.
Published: April 2008

In this paper, a probabilistic technique for compensation of intensity loss in confocal microscopy images is presented. For single‐colour‐labelled specimen, confocal microscopy images are modelled as a mixture of two Gaussian probability distribution functions, one representing the background and another corresponding to the foreground. Images are segmented into foreground and background by applying Expectation Maximization algorithm to the mixture. Final intensity compensation is carried out by scaling and shifting the original intensities with the help of parameters estimated for the foreground. Since foreground is separated to calculate the compensation parameters, the method is effective even when image structure changes from frame to frame. As intensity decay function is not used, complexity associated with estimation of the intensity decay function parameters is eliminated. In addition, images can be compensated out of order, as only information from the reference image is required for the compensation of any image. These properties make our method an ideal tool for intensity compensation of confocal microscopy images that suffer intensity loss due to absorption/scattering of light as well as photobleaching and the image can change structure from optical/temporal section‐to‐section due to changes in the depth of specimen or due to a live specimen. The proposed method was tested with a number of confocal microscopy image stacks and results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Upgrading a microscope with a spiral phase plate
Authors: MAURER C. , JESACHER A. , FÜRHAPTER S. , BERNET S. , RITSCH‐MARTE M.
Published: April 2008

We present the implementation of a spiral phase plate in a standard bright‐field microscope to enhance the contrast of phase and amplitude samples. The method can be employed in all types of microscopy where standard phase contrast methods are applicable, for example, in bright‐field transmission or reflection microscopy using an illumination source with partial spatial coherence. The spiral phase filter is placed into an accessible Fourier plane of the imaging path of the microscope. It is shown that this produces not only a strong contrast enhancement but in theory also improves the spatial resolution of the microscope for white light. A series of different set‐ups for transmissive or reflective samples, including epi‐illumination, are presented to demonstrate the practical range of applications of this contrasting method. A minute shift of the spiral phase plate out of the centre results in relief‐like images that are similar to those obtained by differential interference contrast microscopy. A series of such relief‐like images can be numerically processed to obtain quantitative phase and amplitude information of the sample.
Out‐of‐area placements in Scotland and people with learning disabilities: a preliminary population study
Authors: BROWN M. , PATERSON D.
Published: April 2008

People with learning disabilities have a different pattern of disease from the general population and high health needs that are frequently unidentified and unmet. Many require responses from general and specialist health services. A picture is emerging of some people with learning disabilities, often with complex care needs, moving from their home area on what is being termed, out‐of‐area placements, to receive specialist care. However, within the learning disability population, limited research has been undertaken and the impact on health services is unknown. Data were collected from health and social care providers to identify people with learning disabilities moving in and out of services across Scotland. Further data about the consequences and impact of out‐of‐area placements were gathered in one geographical area using focus group methodology. The results suggest that people with learning disabilities are moving in, out and across Scotland, often as a result of breakdown of local care arrangements or because of lack of specialist resources. Planning, service development and effective communication need to be in place to address the needs of this increasing and ageing population.
An investigation into the aspirations and experiences of newly appointed dual diagnosis workers
Authors: MCLAUGHLIN D. F. , SINES D. , LONG A.
Published: April 2008

This qualitative, exploratory study was designed to explore a sample of eight recently appointed dual diagnosis workers' (DDWs) perceptions of their new role and function in Northern Ireland (NI). A semi‐structured interview was used and respondents were assured that their anonymity/rights would be protected. All of the narratives were shown to the respondents for their approval prior to going to press. The transcripts were analysed by using a tried and tested analytical framework. Seven key categories emerged from the findings relating to the DDWs perceptions of their: (1)understanding of the term dual diagnosis; (2) hopes; (3) fears; (4) support in their new role; (5) key clinical issues; (6) the positioning of the service; and (7) their overall role and function. This is a new and important area of work in NI. However, to date, no research has been carried out on the topic in the province. Consequently, the findings from this small study could go some way towards helping to shape the future direction of, and bring about some universality to the provision of the dual diagnosis service within different National Health Service Trusts in NI. Further research is required on this new and growing service as well as on the service users' perceptions of the care provided by DDWs. The study will be followed up on an annual basis for 3 years to provide longitudinal data. Generalization of findings requires caution because of the small sample size.
Intimate partner violence as experienced by men
Authors: FLINCK A. , ÅSTEDT‐KURKI P. , PAAVILAINEN E.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study is to describe intimate partner violence as experienced by men and to formulate the common structure of meanings of experiences of men exposed to intimate partner violence. The data were gathered by open‐ended interviews with 10 (n = 10) men. The participants had experiences in intimate partner violence. All the 10 men were interviewed twice and they were allowed to tell their experiences as they liked. The data were analysed by applying the method developed by Colaizzi. The experiences of men formulated three main themes describing the factors leading to intimate partner violence, being a victim of intimate partner violence and own violent behavior. The main themes are named as follows: (1) a burden on the pair relationship; (2) face to face with violence; and (3) from denying violence to striving towards the truth. The research results enhance the understanding of the experiences of men. The information may be useful in promoting women's, men's and families' health, developing work on violence and in the education of professionals in social and health care. The results may also help women to understand men's experiences in a pair relationship.
The Aspergillus nidulans FcyB cytosine‐purine scavenger is highly expressed during germination and in reproductive compartments and is downregulated by endocytosis
Authors: Vlanti Anna , Diallinas George
Published: April 2008

We cloned and characterized an Aspergillus nidulans gene, called fcyB, encoding the closest homologue to the yeast Fcy2p/Fcy21p permeases. Deletion of fcyB (ΔfcyB) does not affect growth, development, reproduction or bulk purine uptake, but eliminates the leaky growth on purines of ΔazgAΔuapCΔuapA strains, lacking all known purine transporters, and confers resistance to the antifungal 5‐fluorocytosine. Kinetic analyses showed FcyB is a low‐capacity, high‐affinity, cytosine‐purine transporter sharing similar molecular interactions for substrate recognition with the yeast Fcy2p/Fcy21p carriers. fcyB transcription is highly activated during germination but drops at low constitutive levels throughout vegetative development. UaY‐mediated purine induction of fcyB transcription is only moderate, while ammonium represses transcription through an AreA‐dependent mechanism. A strain expressing FcyB–GFP confirms a low protein expression level in the plasma membrane of vegetative mycelia, but reveals an abundant expression in sexual and asexual compartments. FcyB–GFP was also shown to be downregulated by endocytosis in response to ammonia or the presence of cytosine. The expression profile of FcyB supports that its main physiological role is cytosine‐purine scavenging.
A malonyl‐CoA‐dependent switch in the bacterial response to a dysfunction of lipid metabolism
Authors: Schujman Gustavo E. , Altabe Silvia , De Mendoza Diego
Published: April 2008

Bacteria stringently regulate the synthesis of their membrane phospholipids, but the responsible regulatory mechanisms are incompletely understood. Bacillus subtilis FabF, the target of the mycotoxin cerulenin, catalyses the condensation of malonyl‐ACP with acyl‐ACP to extend the growing acyl chain by two carbons. Here we show that B. subtilis strains containing the fabF1 allele, which codes for the cerulenin‐insensitive protein FabF[I108F], overexpressed several genes involved in fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis (the fap regulon) and had significantly elevated levels of malonyl‐CoA. These results pinpointed FabF[I108F] as responsible for the increased malonyl‐CoA production, which in turn acts as an inducer of the fap regulon by impairing the binding of the FapR repressor to its DNA targets. Synthesis of acyl‐ACPs by a cell‐free fatty acid system prepared from fabF1 cells showed the accumulation of short‐ and medium‐chain acyl‐ACPs. These results indicate that the acyl‐ACP chain length acceptance of FabF[I108F] is biased towards shorter acyl‐ACPs. We also provide evidence that upregulation of FabF[I108F] is essential for survival and for resistance to cerulenin of fabF1 cells. These findings indicate that malonyl‐CoA is a key molecule to monitor lipid metabolism functioning and trigger appropriate genetic and biochemical adjustments to relieve dysfunctions of this essential metabolic pathway.
Early infection of Fagus sylvatica by Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto
Authors: ŁAkomy P. , Cieślak R.
Published: April 2008

Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto is the most important damaging agent in Scots pine stands planted on the former agricultural lands in Poland. The routine action in pine stands which have lost stability because of H. annosum root rot is to change stand management, including species conversion. In many cases, the Fagus sylvatica is used for this purpose. This study was the first assessment of widespread infection by H. annosum in young F. sylvatica plantations. Disease symptoms included atrophy and yellowing of leaves, wilting and the presence of pathogen sporocarps around the root collars of young trees. Heterobasidion annosum s. s. was observed on both 4‐ and 17‐year‐old beech. Based on annual increments, the disease could be present for 3–4 years before tree death. A high incidence of H. annosum in pine stumps of previous stands (80–100%) and dry periods in recent years may be the main reasons for such common infection of F. sylvatica. This work also showed that mice and frost were not the main killing factors F. sylvatica in plantations.
Geographic distribution, disease symptoms and pathogenicity of Phytophthora nemorosa and Phytophthora pseudosyringae in California, USA
Authors: Wickland A. C. , Jensen C. E. , Rizzo D. M.
Published: April 2008

During the course of surveys for Phytophthora ramorum in coastal forests of California and Oregon, P. nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae were frequently isolated from foliage and stems of the same hosts as P. ramorum. Both species ranged from central California to Oregon within 50 km of the Pacific Ocean. Both were also found in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Phytophthora nemorosa was primarily found infecting trees in coast redwood forests and was most often isolated from bay laurel leaves (Umbellularia californica), bleeding cankers on the main bole of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), and leaf and small stem tissue of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Phytophthora pseudosyringae was primarily isolated from hosts found in coast live oak woodlands. Bay laurel was the most common host while infection of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) stems was less frequent. Inoculation studies confirmed the pathogenicity of P. nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae on their most common hosts.
Preoperative management of Cushing's syndrome with metyrapone for severe psychiatric disturbances
Authors: Obinata Daisuke , Yamaguchi Kenya , Hirano Daisaku , Yoshida Toshio , Soma Masayoshi , Takahashi Satoru
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  A 56‐year‐old woman suffered from severe depression due to Cushing's syndrome with right adrenal adenoma. She had a normal mental state before developing Cushing's syndrome. Because of her depressive state, informed consent for the treatment could not be obtained, and oral administration of 1.5 g/day metyrapone was commenced. After two weeks, her mental state had markedly improved. She subsequently underwent a right adrenalectomy, and metyrapone administration was terminated on the day of surgery. Without modification on the replacement of corticosteroids, the postoperative course was uneventful. Preoperative management of Cushing's syndrome with metyrapone may be useful in cases of severe psychiatric disturbances due to hypercortisolism.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to right ventricle without vena caval involvement
Authors: Sato Takuma , Takeda Atsushi , Yamada Shigeyuki , Numata Isao , Sakamoto Kazuhiro
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Cardiac metastases from renal cell carcinoma without vena caval involvement are extremely rare. We report 49‐year‐old man who presented symptoms of heart failure and thrombocytopenia. Computed tomography and echocardiography revealed a left renal tumor and a right ventricular mass without vena caval involvement. His symptoms progressed rapidly and he died at nine days following diagnosis of the right ventricular tumor.
Unusual solitary metastasis of the ciliary body in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Mancini Vito , Battaglia Michele , Lucarelli Giuseppe , Di Lorenzo Vito , Ditonno Pasquale , Bettocchi Carlo , Selvaggi Francesco Paolo
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) usually metastasizes to the lung, liver, bone; ocular metastasis is uncommon. We describe a rare case of metachronous ciliary RCC metastasis in a 42‐year‐old man who had undergone left radical nephrectomy for conventional RCC (pT3aN0M0, G2 Fuhrman) 6 years earlier. Solitary metastasis of the left eye presented with inflammatory symptoms, but examination of the fundus and bulbar ultrasound revealed a small mass of the ciliary body. Initial radiotherapy was unsuccessful and definitive treatment consisted of ocular enucleation with radical result and no further evidence of local and distant disease. Ocular metastasis of RCC is rare, can appear years after treating the primary tumor and should not be excluded in RCC follow‐up. As for other RCC solitary metastasis, the best option remains the radical surgical approach.
Fournier gangrene associated with hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
Authors: Hori Junichi , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Watanabe Masaki , Osanai Hiroaki , Hori Masako
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  We report a case of a 32‐year‐old man with hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome) who developed Fournier gangrene due to infectious multiple atheromas of the scrotal skin that progressed to the right groin and thigh. The patient required surgical debridement and subsequent skin grafting. This is a rare case of Fournier gangrene associated with hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome). When a patient without diabetes mellitus has repeated infections and atopic‐like dermatitis, Job syndrome should be considered.
COMPARISON OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE HELPER/SUPPRESSOR T‐CELL RATIOS IN SARCOIDOSIS VERSUS OTHER INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES
Authors: ROBINSON B. W. S. , ROSE A. H. , THOMPSON P. J. , HEY A.
Published: April 2008

In order to compare the frequency of elevated lymphocyte proportions and elevated Leu3/Leu2 (helper/inducer to suppressor/cytotoxic) ratios in sarcoidosis with those in clinically similar interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocyte proportions and Leu3/Leu2 ratios were determined for 20 patients with sarcoidosis and 30 patients with other (non‐sarcoidosis) ILDs [cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (seven), lung connective tissue disease (seven), extrinsic allergic alveolitis (four), lymphoproliferative disease (two), and asbestosis (ten)], as well as in eight control subjects. BAL lymphocyte proportions were elevated above control values in 19 (95%) patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis (mean value 36 ± 3%) but also in 12 (39%) patients with non‐sarcoidosis ILDs (mean value 17 ± 4%). Leu3/Leu2 ratios were over 2.5 in 15 (75%) of the sarcoidosis patients (mean ratio 4.4 ± 1). In all control subjects, however, and in all but one of the non‐sarcoidosis groups, Leu3/Leu2 ratios were below 2.5 (p < 0.001 for each compared to sarcoidosis patients). Helper/suppressor ratios over 2.5 are found in the majority of our sarcoidosis patients and, unlike raised lymphocyte proportions alone, are not commonly seen in other ILDs, suggesting that evaluation of BAL helper/suppressor cell ratios may be of value in the investigation of patients with ILD.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF T‐CELL DEPLETED AND NON‐DEPLETED MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY
Authors: ATKINSON K. , BIGGS J. , COOLEY M. , FARRELLY H. , O'FLAHERTY E. , RAPHAEL H. , ASHBY M. , CONCANNON A. , DODDS A. , MORGAN G. , McKENZIE I. F. C.
Published: April 2008

Sixteen patients with hematological malignancy received cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), fractionated total body irradiation (12 Gy), oral cyclosporin, and an HLA‐identical sibling marrow transplant depleted of T cells by incubation with the monoclonal antibody anti‐HuLy‐m1 (CD2) and rabbit complement with (five patients) or without (11 patients) anti‐HuLy‐m8 (CD8). These 16 patients were compared historically to 84 patients with hematological malignancy receiving cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), fractionated total body irradiation (12 or 14 Gy), oral cyclosporin, and unmanipulated HLA‐identical sibling marrow, for parameters of engraftment and graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Graft failure occurred in one of the 16 T‐cell depleted recipients and in one of the 84 non‐depleted recipients. Engraftment was slightly but significantly slower in the T‐cell depleted group and bacterial infections significantly more, frequent and severe than in the unmanipulated group. There was a suggestion that the severity of acute GVHD was reduced in those receiving T depleted marrow. Randomized trials will be necessary to determine if marrow T‐cell depletion results in superior long‐term leukemia‐free survival.
A KINETIC STUDY OF SULINDAC IN THE ELDERLY
Authors: BAYLEY N. , WARNE R. W. , MOULDS R. F. W. , BURY R. W.
Published: April 2008

To study the disposition of the anti‐inflammatory drug sulindac, its active sulphide metabolite, and the inactive sulphone metabolite, sulindac (200 mg twice daily) was given to eight elderly subjects for at least 14 consecutive days. The drug was then ceased for 72 hours, and suitable samples were collected to study its elimination. The mean steady‐state concentration for sulindac was 5.0 μg/ml, for sulindac sulphide was 6.5 μg/ml, and for sulindac sulphone was 13.2 μg/ml. These are approximately twice the reported steady‐state levels for the respective redox forms in healthy young adults. The mean half‐lives of sulindac, sulindac sulphide, and sulindac sulphone were 18.3 hours, 22.3 hours, and 54.6 hours, respectively. One patient who had mildly abnormal liver function tests developed more severe abnormalities whilst receiving sulindac. These returned towards normal after cessation of treatment. This patient had the highest steadystate plasma concentration of sulindac sulphone. It is concluded that care should be taken with the use of sulindac in the elderly, and control of patients' symptoms should be attempted with lower doses of the drug before the standard dose of 200 mg twice daily is administered.
DIAGNOSIS OF INFERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE PRESENCE OF LEFT ANTERIOR HEMIBLOCK
Authors: COOPER M. J. , BARRETT P. A. , REID G. C. , LYONS N. R.
Published: April 2008

Inferior myocardial infarction results in Q waves in the inferior leads of the electrocardiogram (ECG). Left anterior hemiblock results in initial r waves in these leads. Thus the diagnosis of one in the presence of the other is difficult. It has been reported that inferior infarction can be diagnosed in the presence of left anterior hemiblock when there is a q wave or q equivalent in lead II, and that part of the inferior wall must be spared, to result in the initial r waves of left anterior hemiblock in leads III and aVF. We examined these concepts in 18 patients with such an ECG, by means of resting myocardial perfusion (thallium‐201) scintigraphy. In 15 there were defects in the inferior left ventricular wall consistent with inferior infarction. In all of these patients there was sparing of part of the inferior wall: in nine, sparing of the posterior part, and in six, sparing of the anterior part. We conclude that in apparently isolated left anterior hemiblock, a q wave or q equivalent in lead II is an important sign, indicating the likelihood of associated inferior infarction.
A STUDY OF ARTHRITIS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: SCRIMGEOUR E. M. , MATZ L. R. , AASKOV J. G.
Published: April 2008

A study was undertaken of 182 Melanesian patients with arthritis who were admitted to three major hospitals in Papua New Guinea between 1977 and 1982. There were 118 male and 64 female subjects, whose mean ages were 29 years and 25 years respectively. A diagnosis was made in 101 cases (55.5%) but in 81 cases, because assessment and management had been inadequate, a diagnosis could not be made. The commonest cause was infectious arthritis (44%), followed by rheumatoid arthritis (14%), gout (8%), and reactive arthritis (8%). In the 44 subjects with infectious arthritis, gonorrhea was the cause in 25 cases (57%) and in a further six cases (14%) it was attributed to Ross River virus infection. In five cases, arthritis was believed to be caused by Wuchereria bancrofti infection. In several cases, chronic arthritis was present in association with ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, or systemic sclerosis.
CEREBRAL CYSTICERCOSIS: A CASE REPORT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO RECENT ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Authors: PASCOE M. , SAINES N. , LYALL I. , NOLAN C.
Published: April 2008

Cerebral cysticercosis is becoming more common in Australia as the immigrant population from areas of endemic disease increases. The case reported exemplifies the common presentation of this interesting infestation.

Treatment consists primarily of Praziquantel with or without steroids and anti‐seizure medication if indicated. Follow‐up is by both clinical and radiological assessment.
AMINOHYDROXYPROPYLIDENE DIPHOSPHONATE TREATMENT OF HYPERCALCEMIC CRISIS DUE TO PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: EVANS R. A.
Published: April 2008

A 43 year old man was known to have had mild primary hyperparathyroidism for several years. Nine days following surgery for acute cholecystitis he developed a hypercalcemic crisis with a plasma calcium level of 4.23 mmol/l, despite intravenous and oral hydration. The hypercalcemia was corrected by a single intravenous dose of (3‐amino‐1‐hydroxypropylidene)‐1,1‐diphosphonate (15 mg), allowing parathyroidectomy to be performed electively and on a well patient.
ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA PRESENTING AS PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM IN A YOUNG MAN
Authors: FRASER A. G. , CROXSON M. S. , ESPINER E. A. , SYNEK B.
Published: April 2008

A young Polynesian man presented with severe hypertension complicated by an intracerebral hemorrhage. The hypertension was found to be secondary to hyperaldosteronism from a well differentiated adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgical removal of the tumour has resulted in a near normal blood pressure with no evidence of tumour recurrence or hyperaldosteronism after one year.
Twenty years of experience with Krzeski’s cystovaginoplasty for vaginal agenesis in Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster–Hauser syndrome: anatomical, histological, cytological and functional results
Authors: Borkowski Andrzej , Czaplicki Maciej , Dobronski Piotr
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the long‐term anatomical results using the original method of vaginal reconstruction with a pedicled bladder flap (Krzeski’s cystovaginoplasty, CVP) in women with Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster–Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) and the evaluation of radiological, histological, cytohormonal and functional results of CVP.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1981 and 2000, 38 patients (mean age 22.5 years, range 18–40) with MRKHS underwent CVP. A physical examination was used to evaluate the anatomical results, 27 patients had vaginography, and biopsies of the neovaginal wall and cytohormonal smears were taken in two. Functional sexual and urinary results, and opinions on CVP, were evaluated by an inventory mailed to 37 patients in 2000.

RESULTS

The anatomical result was good in 37 patients during a mean (range) follow‐up of 9 (0.25–19) years; the result was good in 30 patients, but seven developed vaginal stenosis that was successfully repaired. There were two cases of post‐coital vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) at 18 months after CVP. Vaginal biopsies showed epithelialization of the posterior vaginal wall and gradual metaplastic changes from urothelium to stratified nonsquamous epithelium. Cytological smears showed a normal biphasic pattern and neovaginal susceptibility to hormonal milieu. In all, 27 patients (73%) responded to the questionnaire. All had sexual partners and started sexual intercourse at a mean of 14 months after CVP; 89% experience orgasms and in 48% the vagina was the source; 40% sometimes used lubricants and seven (26%) used vaginal dilators. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after CVP were reported by 19 (66%) of the women and in six the LUTS were persistent. One patient was not satisfied with the functional and anatomical result of CVP, 89% declared that it improved sexual life, 93% would undergo CVP again and in 92% the quality of their sexual life was improved. All patients, when asked, stated that they would recommend CVP to another patient with MRKHS.

CONCLUSIONS

Vaginal reconstruction by CVP is characterized by good anatomical and functional results, sustained by long‐term observation. The resultant epithelium is very similar to that of the native vagina in histology and function. All vaginas are functional and the level of patient satisfaction was high. The level of complications was acceptable, but in some patients LUTS can persist.
Quantifying mast cells in bladder pain syndrome by immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Larsen Mathilde S. , Mortensen Svend , Nordling Jørgen , Horn Thomas
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate a simple method for counting mast cells, thought to have a role in the pathophysiology of bladder pain syndrome (BPS, formerly interstitial cystitis, a syndrome of pelvic pain perceived to be related to the urinary bladder and accompanied by other urinary symptoms, e.g. frequency and nocturia), as >28 mast cells/mm2 is defined as mastocytosis and correlated with clinical outcome.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The current enzymatic staining method (naphtolesterase) on 10 µm sections for quantifying mast cells is complicated. In the present study, 61 patients had detrusor biopsies taken between 2002 and 2005; the patients were given a clinical score, and sections of the biopsy stained with (i) naphtolesterase on 10 µm sections, staining every third section, or (ii) immunohistochemically with antitryptase on both 10 µm and 3 µm sections, with two and six unstained sections between, respectively. Mast cells were counted according to a well‐defined procedure.

RESULTS

The old and the new methods, on 10 and 3 µm sections, showed a good correlation between mast cell counts. When using tryptase staining and 3 µm sections, the mast cell number correlated well with the clinical score (Spearman’s ρ 0.576; 95% confidence interval 0.155–0.820) and 27 mast cells/mm2 was the threshold suggesting mastocytosis.

CONCLUSIONS

We recommend taking biopsies from the detrusor of patients with suspected BPS and examining them with tryptase‐stained 3 µm thick sections, with every seventh section used for quantification; 27 mast cells/mm2 is considered indicative of mastocytosis.
DNA polymorphisms in exon 1 and promoter of the CDH1 gene and relevant risk of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Ma Xin , Xu Hua , Zheng Tao , Li Hong‐Zhao , Shi Tao‐Ping , Wang Bao‐Jun , Ju Zheng‐Hua , Wang Chao , Zhang Guo‐Xi , Zhang Xu
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between DNA polymorphisms, including single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion polymorphisms, in exon 1 and promoter of the CDH1 gene, and the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder (TCCB).

PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This was a hospital‐based case‐control study of 180 patients with TCCB and 110 normal controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of all participants and genotypes determined using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing techniques. Haplotypes were analysed using appropriate software.

RESULTS

SNPs were detected at −160A/C, −73A/C and 178C/T; an inserted oligonucleotide of 5′‐CCGTGCCCCAGCC‐3′ was identified at 234 bp. The −160A allele frequency in the case group was 0.67, statistically higher than in the control group (0.42; P < 0.001), and higher in invasive carcinoma (0.77) than in superficial carcinoma (0.60). For −73C/A and 178C/T SNPs there was no difference among genotypes. The 234 repeat oligonucleotide insertion (2I) frequencies in cases was 0.27, statistically higher than in the control group (0.17; P = 0.01). The most common haplotype in controls was C‐A‐T‐I (28%), the frequency of which was higher than in the TCCB group (6%). The A‐A‐T‐2I was the only variation distribution carrying the −160A allele and was at a statistically higher frequency in the TCCB group (37%, the most common haplotype in cases) than in the control group.

CONCLUSION

The −160A, 234 2I allele and haplotype A‐A‐T‐2I were risk factors of TCCB. Haplotype C‐A‐T‐I might act as a protective factor for TCCB.
Molecular and histological markers in urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract
Authors: Eltz Stephanie , Comperat Eva , Cussenot Olivier , Rouprêt Morgan
Published: April 2008

Urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs) are one of the most common types of malignancies. Recently, different mechanisms of carcinogenesis, as well as discrepancies in the natural history of urothelial cancers of the bladder and of the upper urinary tract (UUT), have been identified. As a result several teams have focused on specific markers in UUT‐UCCs, a very rare type of cancer. This review gives a brief overview on the current markers of interest. Microsatellite instabilities (MSI) are independent molecular makers for prognosis. In addition, MSI can help detect a germline mutation and therefore allows for the detection of possible hereditary cancers. The loss of proteins of the mismatch repair system can also facilitate the detection of a germline mutation but should be followed by DNA sequencing. Epithelial cadherin has been shown to be an independent marker of prognosis, as well as hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and telomerase RNA component. Furthermore HIF‐1α is significantly associated with the grade and pattern of growth and the telomerase RNA component could possibly also be used in diagnosis. The active form of the l‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) was a significant prognostic marker in univariate analysis only. There are contrasting studies on the significances of p27 and Ki‐67 as prognostic markers in UUT‐UCCs. MET is a factor that correlates with vascular invasion of invasive cancer and bcl‐2 oncoprotein correlates with stage. The ongoing identification of these markers might help to find specific treatments tailored to the molecular pattern of each tumour. Therefore a subgroup of patients with a higher risk of recurrence could be identified as well as patients that could benefit from minimal invasive surgery.
Enucleation of renal cell carcinoma with ablation of the tumour base
Authors: Kutikov Alexander , VanArsdalen Keith N. , Gershman Boris , Fossett Lindsay K. , Guzzo Thomas J. , Wein Alan J. , Malkowicz S. Bruce
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE

To retrospectively assess the effectiveness of cancer control with enucleation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is surgically expedient, allows preservation of maximal renal parenchyma, and makes intraoperative renal ischaemia unnecessary, by two surgeons routinely enucleating renal tumours and ablating the tumour bed with argon beam and the Nd‐YAG laser.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1996 and 2006 at our institution, 97 patients had RCC enucleated, with ablation of the tumour base. Patients with lesions other than RCC and those with von Hippel‐Lindau disease or Birt‐Hogg‐Dube syndrome were excluded from the study. The mean follow‐up was 24.9 months. Patients were evaluated for RCC recurrence with cross‐sectional imaging at least every 6 months for the first 2 years and then annually thereafter.

RESULTS

The mean (median, range) tumour size was 2.8 (2.5, 0.8–7.0) cm. Of the 97 patients only one had disease progression after a mean follow‐up of 24.9 months. This patient presented with a solitary grade 2 clear cell RCC and had a local recurrence 30 months after original surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The present series and other available clinical data suggest that enucleation with cavity ablation is an oncologically sound approach that is simple, versatile and obviates the need for renal ischaemia.
The relationship between the local and systemic inflammatory responses and survival in patients undergoing resection for localized renal cancer
Authors: Lamb Gavin W.A. , McArdle Peter A. , Ramsey Sara , McNichol Anne‐Marie , Edwards Joanne , Aitchison Michael , McMillan Donald C.
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE

To examine the relationship between the systemic inflammatory response (C‐reactive protein, CRP), tumour interleukin‐6 receptor and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 expression, tumour T‐lymphocytic (CD4+, CD8+) infiltration and cancer survival in patients undergoing resection for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as both the local and systemic inflammatory responses appear to predict the outcome in these patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 60 patients undergoing nephrectomy for localized RCC. Pre‐operative circulating CRP levels were measured and tumour interleukin‐6 receptor and COX‐2 expression, tumour CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were assessed using immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up was 78 months, with 14 patients relapsing from their disease and nine cancer‐specific deaths. On univariate and multivariate survival analysis, tumour stage and grade and CRP levels were identified as significant factors associated with relapse‐free and cancer‐specific survival. There was a significant direct relationship between Fuhrman grade and CD4+ T‐lymphocytic infiltrate (P < 0.05). An increase in tumour expression of interleukin‐6 receptor was weakly associated with an increase in tumour CD8+ T‐lymphocytic infiltration (P = 0.057). An increase in tumour CD4+ T‐lymphocytic infiltration was associated with an increase in CD8+ T‐lymphocytic infiltration (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The present results suggest that tumour‐based factors such as interleukin‐6 receptor and COX‐2 expression or T‐lymphocytic subset infiltration are subordinate to systemic factors such as CRP level in determining survival in patients with localized RCC.
Prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Geddes J. , Schopman J. E. , Zammitt N. N. , Frier B. M.
Published: April 2008

Aims  Impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) is thought to affect approximately 25% of people with Type 1 diabetes. While this estimate was based on retrospective information from patients in several small studies performed several years ago, validated methods of assessment have not been used in a large hospital clinic‐based population to ascertain the prevalence in the present era.

Methods  Five hundred and eighteen people with Type 1 diabetes were recruited by random selection over a 2‐year period. Participants completed a questionnaire documenting baseline characteristics and assessment of their awareness status using the method described by Gold et al. The number of episodes of severe hypoglycaemia they had experienced in the preceding year was recorded retrospectively.

Results  IAH was present in 19.5% of the cohort. Compared to those with normal awareness of hypoglycaemia, those with IAH were significantly older [mean ± standard deviation (sd); 39.3 ± 12.9 vs. 45.9 ± 13.5 years, P < 0.001], had a longer duration of diabetes [median (interquartile range) 14 (8–22) vs. 23 (14–32) years, P < 0.001], and had a six‐fold higher frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in the previous year [0.38 ± 1.04 (25th–75th centile 0–0) vs. 2.36 ± 4.81 (25th–75th centile 0–2) episodes per person, P < 0.001].

Conclusions  The present survey of a large hospital‐based clinic population has confirmed that a significant proportion of people with Type 1 diabetes (19.5%) continue to have IAH. Despite improvements in insulin therapies, intensification of insulin regimens and innovative patient education, the prevalence of IAH remains high in Type 1 diabetes.
Transgenic tomato plants alter quorum sensing in plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria
Authors: Barriuso Jorge , Ramos Solano Beatriz , Fray Rupert G. , Cámara Miguel , Hartmann Anton , Gutiérrez Mañero F. Javier
Published: April 2008

Two Gram‐negative, plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), denominated as M12 and M14, were classified by 16S rDNA sequencing as Burkholderia graminis species. Both strains were shown to produce a variety of N‐acyl‐homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing (QS) signalling molecules. The involvement of these molecules in plant growth promotion and the induction of protection against salt stress was examined. AHL production was evaluated in vitro by thin‐layer chromatography using AHL biosensors, and the identity of the AHLs produced was determined by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The in situ production of AHLs by M12 and M14 in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana plants was detected by co‐inoculation with green fluorescent protein‐based biosensor strains and confocal laser scanning microscopy. To determine whether plant growth promotion and protection against salt stress were mediated by QS, these PGPRs were assayed on wild‐type tomato plants, as well as their corresponding transgenics expressing YenI (short‐chain AHL producers) and LasI (long‐chain AHL producers). In wild‐type tomato plants, only M12 promoted plant growth, and this effect disappeared in both transgenic lines. In contrast, M14 did not promote growth in wild‐type tomatoes, but did so in the LasI transgenic line. Resistance to salt stress was induced by M14 in wild‐type tomato, but this effect disappeared in both transgenic lines. The strain M12, however, did not induce salt resistance in wild‐type tomato, but did so in LasI tomato plants. These results reveal that AHL QS signalling molecules mediate the ability of both PGPR strains M12 and M14 to promote plant growth and to induce protection against salt stress.
High‐density seedling expression system for the production of bioactive human cardiotrophin‐1, a potential therapeutic cytokine, in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts
Authors: Farran Imma , Río‐Manterola Francisco , Íñiguez María , Gárate Sonia , Prieto Jesús , Mingo‐Castel Angel M.
Published: April 2008

Histidine‐tagged human cardiotrophin‐1 (hCT‐1), a recently discovered cytokine with excellent therapeutic potential, was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts under the transcriptional and translational control of two different promoters (rrn and psbA) and 5′‐untranslated regions (5′‐UTRs) (psbA and phage T7 gene 10). The psbA 5′‐UTR promotes recombinant hCT‐1 (rhCT‐1) accumulation in chloroplasts at higher levels (eight‐fold) than those obtained for the phage T7 gene 10 5′‐UTR, regardless of the promoter used, indicating that the correct choice of translational control element is most important for protein production in chloroplasts. The maximum level of rhCT‐1 achieved was 1.14 mg/g fresh weight (equivalent to 5% of total soluble protein) with the psbA promoter and 5′‐UTR in young leaves harvested after 32 h of continuous light, although the bioactivity was significantly lower (~35%) than that of commercial hCT‐1. However, harvesting in the dark or after 12 h of light did not result in a significant decrease in the bioactivity of rhCT‐1, suggesting that 32 h of over‐lighting affects the biological activity of rhCT‐1. Because high levels of rhCT‐1 accumulation took place mainly in young leaves, it is proposed that seedlings should be used in a ‘closed system’ unit, yielding up to 3.2 kg per year of rhCT‐1. This amount would be sufficient to meet the estimated annual worldwide needs of hCT‐1 for liver transplantation surgery in a cost‐effective manner. Furthermore, our strategy is an environmentally friendly method for the production of plant‐based biopharmaceuticals.
Technology Trade in Economic Development
Authors: Busse Matthias , Groizard José L.
Published: April 2008

Recent evidence on the respective contributions of institutions and trade to income levels across countries has demonstrated that – once endogeneity is considered – institutional quality clearly dominates the effect of trade. We argue that overall trade is not the most appropriate measure for technology diffusion as a source of productivity growth and propose to focus on imports of research and development (R&D)‐intensive goods instead. Overall, we confirm previous findings that institutions matter most and that overall trade is not positively associated with per‐capita income levels. Yet this does not hold for technology trade, as there is a positive and significant linkage between technology imports and income levels. This outcome is robust to various model specifications, including an instrumental variables approach.