bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circadian Locomotor Analysis of Male Mice Lacking the Gene for Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS–/–)
Authors: Kriegsfeld Lance J. , Demas Gregory E. , Lee Samuel E. , Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L. , Nelson Randy J.
Published: May 2004

Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous gas that functions as a neurotransmitter. Because NO is very labile with a half-life of less than 5 sec, most functional studies of NO have manipulated its synthetic enzyme, NO synthase (NOS). Three isoforms of NOS have been identified: (1) in the endothelial lining of blood vessels (eNOS), (2) an inducible form found in macrophages (iNOS), and (3) in neurons (nNOS). Most pharmacological studies to date have blocked all three isoforms of NOS. Previous studies using such agents have revealed that NO might be necessary for photic entrainment of circadian rhythms; general NOS inhibitors attenuate phase shifts of free-running behavior, light-induced c- fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and phase shifts of neural firing activity in SCN maintained in vitro. To assess the specific role of nNOS in mediating entrainment of circadian rhythms, mice with targeted deletion of the gene encoding the neuronal isoform of NOS (nNOS–/–) were used. Wild-type (WT) and nNOS–/– mice initially were entrained to a 14:10 light:dark (LD) cycle. After 3 weeks, the LD cycle was either phase advanced or phase delayed. After an additional 3 weeks, animals were held in either constant dim light or constant dark. WT and nNOS–/– animals did not differ in their ability to entrain to the LD cycle, phase shift locomotor activity, or free run in constant conditions. Animals held in constant dark were killed after light exposure during either the subjective day or subjective night to assess c- fos induction in the SCN. Light exposure during the subjective night increased c- fos expression in the SCN of both WT and nNOS–/– mice relative to animals killed after light exposure during the subjective day. Taken together, these findings suggest that NO from neurons might not be necessary for photic entrainment.
Photoperiodic Control of the Rat Pineal Arylalkylamine-N-Acetyltransferase and Hydroxyindole-O-Methyltransferase Gene Expression and Its Effect on Melatonin Synthesis
Authors: Ribelayga Christophe , Garidou Marie-Laure , Malan André , Gauer François , Calgari Christiane , Pévet Paul , Simonneaux Valérie
Published: May 2004

Photoperiodic changes of pineal melatonin (MEL) profile are accompanied by parallel changes of arylalkylamine- N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) activity. In the present study, the authors investigated, for the first time, whether two other important variables of pineal metabolism, AA-NAT and hydroxyindole- O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) gene expression, also may be affected by the photoperiod. Evening rises in AA-NAT and HIOMT mRNA and in circulating MEL occurred concomitantly with an increased delay from dark onset as scotophase shortened. On the opposite, the morning declines of all three variables occurred with different kinetics but were locked to light onset. These observations demonstrate that the daily rhythms in AA-NAT and HIOMT gene expression are modulated by the photoperiod and bring further evidence in favor of nor adrenaline as the possible link between the endogenous clock and MEL. Interestingly, the duration of the nocturnal peak in HIOMT mRNA was positively correlated with HIOMT activity. In conclusion, this study adds two important links to the chain of mechanisms involved in the photoperiodic control of pineal metabolism. First, photoperiodic modulation of the MEL rhythm primarily results from changes in the AA-NAT gene expression. Second, the photoperiodic regulation of HIOMT activity occurs at the transcriptional level.
Melatonin Rhythm Observed throughout a Three-Cycle Bright-Light Stimulus Designed to Reset the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Authors: Shanahan Theresa L. , Kronauer Richard E. , Duffy Jeanne F. , Williams Gordon H. , Czeisler Charles A.
Published: May 2004

Exposure to light and darkness can rapidly induce phase shifts of the human circadian pacemaker. A type 0 phase response curve (PRC) to light that has been reported for humans was based on circadian phase data collected from constant routines performed before and after a three-cycle light stimulus, but resetting data observed throughout the entire resetting protocol have not been previously reported. Pineal melatonin secretion is governed by the hypothalamic circadian pacemaker via a well-defined neural pathway and is reportedly less subject to the masking effects of sleep and activity than body temperature. The authors reasoned that observation of the melatonin rhythm throughout the three-cycle light resetting trials could provide daily phase-resetting information, allowing a dynamic view of the resetting response of the circadian pacemaker to light. Subjects ( n = 12) living in otherwise dim light (~10-15 lux) were exposed to a noncritical stimulus of three cycles of bright light (~9500 lux for 5 h per day) timed to phase advance or phase delay the human circadian pacemaker; control subjects ( n = 11) were scheduled to the same protocols but exposed to three 5-h darkness cycles instead of light. Subjects underwent initial and final constant routine phase assessments; hourly melatonin samples and body temperature data were collected throughout the protocol. Average daily phase shifts of 1 to 3 h were observed in 11 of 12 subjects receiving the bright light, supporting predictions obtained using Kronauer’s phase-amplitude model of the resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker. The melatonin rhythm in the 12th subject progressively attenuated in amplitude throughout the resetting trial, becoming undetectable for > 32 hours preceding an abrupt reappearance of the rhythm at a shifted phase with a recovered amplitude. The data from control subjects who remained in dim lighting and darkness delayed on average – 0.2 h per day, consistent with the daily delay expected due to the longer than 24-h intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker. Both temperature and melatonin rhythms shifted by equivalent amounts in both bright light-treated and control subjects ( R = 0.968; p < 0.0001; n = 23). Observation of the melatonin rhythm throughout a three-cycle resetting trial has provided a dynamic view of the daily phase-resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker. Taken together with the observation of strong type 0 resetting in humans in response to the same three-cycle stimulus applied at a critical phase, these data confirm the importance of considering both phase and amplitude when describing the resetting of the human circadian pacemaker by light.
Nonentrained Circadian Rhythms of Melatonin in Submariners Scheduled to an 18-Hour Day
Authors: Kelly Tamsin Lisa , Neri David F. , Grill Jeffrey T. , Ryman David , Hunt Phillip D. , Dijk Derk-Jan , Shanahan Theresa L. , Czeisler Charles A.
Published: May 2004

The human circadian timing system has previously been shown to free run with a period slightly longer than 24 h in subjects living in the laboratory under conditions of forced desynchrony. In forced desynchrony, subjects are shielded from bright light and periodic time cues and are required to live on a day length outside the range of circadian entrainment. The work schedule used for most personnel aboard American submarines is6hon duty alternating with 12 h off duty. This imposed 18-h cycle is too short for human circadian synchronization, especially given that there is no bright-light exposure aboard submarines. However, crew members are exposed to 24-h stimuli that could mediate synchronization, such as clocks and social contacts with personnel who are living on a 24-h schedule. The authors investigated circadian rhythms of salivary melatonin in 20 crew members during a prolonged voyage on a Trident nuclear submarine. The authors found that in crew members living on the 18-h duty cycle, the endogenous rhythm of melatonin showed an average period of 24.35 h ( n = 12, SD = 0.18 h). These data indicate that social contacts and knowledge of clock time are insufficient for entrainment to a 24-h period in personnel living by an 18-h rest-activity cycle aboard a submarine.
A Model of Molecular Circadian Clocks: Multiple Mechanisms for Phase Shifting and a Requirement for Strong Nonlinear Interactions
Authors: Scheper Tjeerd Olde , Klinkenberg Don , van Pelt Jaap , Pennartz Cyriel
Published: May 2004

A fundamental question in the field of circadian rhythms concerns the biochemical and molecular nature of the oscillator. There is strong evidence that circadian oscillators are cell autonomous and rely on periodic gene expression. In Drosophila, Neurospora, Aplysia, and vertebrates, circadian oscillators are thought to be based on molecular autoregulatory loops composed of transcription, translation, and negative feedback by proteins on nuclear transcription. By studying a mathematical model of molecular clocks based on this general concept, the authors sought to determine which features such clocks must have to generate robust and stable oscillations and to allow entrainment by external stimuli such as light. The model produced circadian oscillations as an emergent property even though a time delay in protein synthesis and rate constants of the feedback loop were much shorter than 24 h. Along with the delay in protein production, strong nonlinear interactions in macromolecular synthesis and nuclear feedback appeared to be required for the model to show well-behaved oscillatory behavior. Realistic phase-shifting patterns induced by external stimuli could be achieved by multiple mechanisms—namely, up-and downward perturbations of protein or mRNA synthesis or degradation rates. The model makes testable predictions about interactions between clock elements and mechanisms of entrainment and may help to understand the functions of the intricate molecular interactions governing circadian rhythmogenesis.
Daily Rhythms of Fos Expression in Hypothalamic Targets of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Diurnal and Nocturnal Rodents
Authors: Nunez Antonio A. , Bult Abel , McElhinny Teresa L. , Smale Laura
Published: May 2004

Little is known about the differences in the neural substrates of circadian rhythms that are responsible for the maintenance of differences between diurnal and nocturnal patterns of activity in mammals. In both groups of animals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as the principal circadian pacemaker, and surprisingly, several correlates of neuronal activity in the SCN show similar daily patterns in diurnal and nocturnal species. In this study, immunocytochemistry was used to monitor daily fluctuations in the expression of the nuclear phosphoprotein Fos in the SCN and in hypothalamic targets of the SCN axonal outputs in the nocturnal laboratory rat and in the diurnal murid rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus. The daily patterns of Fos expression in the SCN were very similar across the two species. However, clear species differences were seen in regions of the hypothalamus that receive inputs from the SCN including the subparaventricular zone. These results indicate that differences in the circadian system found downstream from the SCN contribute to the emergence of a diurnal or nocturnal profile in mammals.
Nonphotic Entrainment in a Diurnal Mammal, the European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus)
Authors: Hut Roelof A. , Mrosovsky N. , Daan Serge
Published: May 2004

Entrainment by nonphotic, activity-inducing stimuli has been investigated in detail in nocturnal rodents, but little is known about nonphotic entrainment in diurnal animals. Comparative studies would offer the opportunity to distinguish between two possibilities. (1) If nonphotic phase shifts depend on the phase of the activity cycle, the phase response curve (PRC) should be about 180° out of phase in nocturnal and diurnal mammals. (2) If nonphotic phase shifts depend on the phase of the pacemaker, the two PRCs should be in phase. We used the diurnalEuropean ground squirrel ( Spermophilus citellus) in a nonphotic entrainment experiment to distinguish between the two possibilities. Ten European ground squirrels were kept under dim red light (<1 lux) and 20 ± 1° C. During the entrainment phase of the experiment, the animals were confined every 23.5 h ( T) to a running wheel for 3 h. The circadian rhythms of 6 squirrels entrained, 2 continued to free run, and 2 possibly entrained but displayed arrhythmicity during the experiment. In a second experiment, a photic pulse was used in a similar protocol. Five out of 9 squirrels entrained, 1 did not entrain, and 3 yielded ambiguous results. During stable entrainment, the phase-advancing nonphotic pulses coincided with the end of the subjective day, while phase-advancing light pulses coincided with the start of the subjective day: mean [.psi]nonphotic = 11.4 h; mean [.psi]photic =0.9h([.psi] defined as the difference between the onset of activity and the start of the pulse). The data for nonphotic entrainment correspond well with those from similar experiments with nocturnal Syrian hamsters where [.psi]nonphotic varied from 8.09 to 11.34 h. This indicates that the circadian phase response to a nonphotic activity-inducing stimulus depends on the phase of the pacemaker rather than on the phase of the activity cycle.
A Simpler Model of the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Authors: Forger Daniel B. , Jewett Megan E. , Kronauer Richard E.
Published: May 2004

Numerous studies have used the classic van der Pol oscillator, which contains a cubic nonlinearity, to model the effect of light on the human circadian pacemaker. Jewett and Kronauer demonstrated that Aschoff's rule could be incorporated into van der Pol type models and used a van der Pol type oscillator with higher order nonlinearities. Kronauer, Forger, and Jewett have proposed a model for light preprocessing, Process L, representing a biochemical process that converts a light signal into an effective drive on the circadian pacemaker. In the paper presented here, the authors use the classic van der Pol oscillator with Process L and Jewett and Kronauer's model of Aschoff's rule to model the human circadian pacemaker. This simpler cubic model predicts the results of a three-pulse human phase response curve experiment and a two-pulse amplitude reduction study with as much, or more, accuracy as the models of Jewett and Kronauer and Kronauer, Forger, and Jewett, which both employ a nonlinearity of degree 7. This suggests that this simpler cubic model should be considered as a potential alternative to other models of the human circadian system currently available.
Beyond the Three-Process Model of Alertness: Estimating Phase, Time on Shift, and Successive Night Effects
Authors: Folkard Simon , Åkerstedt Torbjorn , Macdonald Ian , Tucker Philip , Spencer Michael B.
Published: May 2004

This paper starts by summarizing the development and refinement of the additive three-process model of alertness first published by Folkard and Åkerstedt in 1987. It reviews some of the successes that have been achieved by the model in not only predicting variations in subjective alertness on abnormal sleep-wake schedules but also in accounting for objective measures of sleep latency and duration. Nevertheless, predictions derived from the model concerning alertness on different shifts, and over successive night shifts, are difficult to reconcile with published data on accident risk. In light of this, we have examined two large sets of alertness ratings with a view to further refining the model and identifying additional factors that may influence alertness at any given point in time. Our results indicate that, at least for the range of sleep durations and wake-up times commonly found on rotating shift systems, we may assume the phase of the endogenous circadian component of alertness (process C) to be “set” by the time of waking. Such an assumption considerably enhanced the predictive power of the model and yielded remarkably similar phase estimates to those obtained by maximizing the post-hoc fit of the model. We then examined the manner in which obtained ratings differed from predicted values over a complete 8-day cycle of two, 12-h shift systems. This revealed a pronounced “first night compensation effect” that resulted in shift workers rating themselves as progressively more alert than would be predicted over the course of the first night shift. However, this appeared to be achieved only at the cost of lowered ratings on the second night shift. Finally, we were able to identify a “time on shift” effect whereby, with the exception of the first night shift, alertness ratings decreased over the course of each shift before showing a modest “end effect.” We conclude that the identification of these additional components offers the possibility that in the future we may be able to predict trends in accident risk on abnormal sleep-wake schedules.
Interactive Mathematical Models of Subjective Alertness and Cognitive Throughput in Humans
Authors: Jewett Megan E. , Kronauer Richard E.
Published: May 2004

The authors present here mathematical models in which levels of subjective alertness and cognitive throughput are predicted by three components that interact with one another in a nonlinear manner. These components are (1) a homeostatic component ( H) that falls in a sigmoidal manner during wake and rises in a saturating exponential manner at a rate that is determined by circadian phase during sleep; (2) a circadian component ( C) that is a function of the output of our mathematical model of the effect of light on the circadian pacemaker, with the amplitude further regulated by the level of H; and (3) a sleep inertia component ( W) that rises in a saturating exponential manner after waketime. The authors first construct initial models of subjective alertness and cognitive throughput based on the results of sleep inertia studies, sleep deprivation studies initiated across all circadian phases, 28-h forced desynchrony studies, and alertness and performance dose response curves to sleep. These initial models are then refined using data from nearly one hundred fifty 30- to 50-h sleep deprivation studies in which subjects woke at their habitual times. The interactive three-component models presented here are able to predict even the fine details of neurobehavioral data from sleep deprivation studies and, after further validation, may provide a powerful tool for the design of safe shift work and travel schedules, including those in which people are exposed to unusual patterns of light.
Controlled Release of Biomolecules from pH-Sensitive Hydrogels Prepared by Radiation Polymerization
Authors: Mahkam Mehrdad
Published: May 2004

Copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid based hydrogels were studied as hydrogel drug delivery systems. Radiation copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid (mixed with 3,3'-azobis(6-hydroxy benzoic acid)(ABHB) as an azo derivative of 5-aminosalicylic acid were carried out with various amounts of methacryloyloxyethyl esters of terephthalic acid for crosslinking. The polymer structures were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy and glass transition temperature (Tg). The hydrolysis of the drug–polymer conjugates were carried out in dialysis bags containing aqueous buffer solutions (pH 1 and 7.4) at 37°C. The drug-release profiles indicate that the amount of drug release depended on the degree of swelling and crosslinking.
Affinity Chromatography as a Tool to Analyze Polyanion–Polycation Complexes: the Case of Poly(Llysine Citramide)–Poly(L-lysine) Systems
Authors: Boustta M. , Leclercq L. , Vert M.
Published: May 2004

Artificial polymeric carriers for bioactive compounds, such as drugs and genes, are increasingly being reported in the literature. Most are polyelectrolytes aimed at being injected into body fluids that are composed of charged macromolecules (proteins, glycoproteins, poly(glycosamino glycane)s, polynucleotides, etc.). Many interactions can occur and lead to dramatic phenomena, such as polyelectrolyte complexation or substitution, cell aggregation and hemolysis. For the purpose of modeling and better understanding these interactions and their effects, a library of polyanions of the poly(L-lysine citramide)-type was interacted with the polycation poly(L-lysine) in aqueous media. Different fractions of complexes were generated by successive additions of aliquots of the polycation solution to the polyanion library solution by a titrating process. The two components, the polycation and the complex population of polyanions, were separated from the collected complex fractions by affinity chromatography and then analyzed by aqueous SEC. Molecular weight selectivity was shown, the high molecular weight polyanion macromolecules precipitated first, while complexes involving smaller molecules were found to remain in solution. The data show the potential of affinity chromatography for studying interpolyelectrolyte complexes and emphasizes the critical role that polydispersity can play when therapeutic charged macromolecules are injected into blood.
Clinical Informatics in Critical Care
Authors: Martich G. Daniel , Waldmann Carl S. , Imhoff Michael
Published: May 2004

Health care information systems have the potential to enable better care of patients in much the same manner as the widespread use of the automobile and telephone did in the early 20th century. The car and phone were rapidly accepted and embraced throughout the world when these breakthroughs occurred. However, the automation of health care with use of computerized information systems has not been as widely accepted and implemented as computer technology use in all other sectors of the global economy. In this article, the authors examine the need, risks, and rewards of clinical informatics in health care as well as its specific relationship to critical care medicine.
Housing Discrimination in U.S. Suburbs: A Bibliography
Authors: Medford Roberta
Published: May 2004

This bibliography identifies and describes social science literature published since 1970 on suburban racial housing discrimination in the United States, emphasizing materials published since 1990. Attempts by suburbs using zoning or other means to exclude affordable and/or public housing, and real estate and lending industry discrimination are covered, as are studies of the spatial mismatch hypothesis, or suburban jobs/housing imbalance. Included as well are studies of efforts to oppose discrimination, such as fair housing enforcement, fair share housing, and the open suburbs movement. The bibliography consists of 321 annotated entries in four groups: bibliographies and reference sources, monographs (pre-and post-1990), and journal articles, with author, geographic, and subject cross-references.
An Arresting Experiment
Authors: Miller JoAnn
Published: May 2004

This study looks at the experiences and perceptions that domestic violence victims reported with Mills's power model. The victims' partners were the primary research participants in an arrest experiment. The following were empirically examined: the occurrence of violence following suspect arrest, victim perceptions of personal and legal power, victim satisfaction with the police, and victim perceptions of safety following legal intervention. Race and two victim resource measures (i.e., employment status and income advantage) explained variance in perceptions of independence. A police empowerment scale was used to measure legal power. It was found that arrest affected the probability of reoccurring domestic violence. Suspect arrest and the victim's perceptions of legal power were related to perceptions of safety following police intervention. The study concludes with some implications for domestic violence research, programs, and perspectives.
Does Alcohol Make a Difference?
Authors: Testa Maria , Quigley Brian M. , Leonard Kenneth E.
Published: May 2004

Episodes of husband-to-wife violence in which the husband consumed alcohol were compared with episodes of husband-to-wife violence, reported by the same individuals, in which the husband was not drinking. Among this community sample of newly-weds, wife reports, but not husband reports, indicated that violent episodes in which the husband was drinking included more acts of violence and were more likely to involve severe violence. Both wife and husband reports indicated that wives were more likely to be physically aggressive in husband drinking episodes compared to sober episodes. However, whereas wives reported that their aggressive behavior was a response to husband aggression, husbands reported that wives were more likely to initiate violence in these episodes. Violent episodes that include alcohol may be more severe and more mutually violent than sober episodes. Discrepancies between husband and wife reports may reflect differences in recall or self-serving biases.
The Self-appraisal Questionnaire
Authors: Loza Wagdy , Green Katherine
Published: May 2004

In this study, the effectiveness of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ), a self-report measure for predicting release outcome, is examined as compared to clinician-administered and widely used risk prediction measures, over a 5-year period. The SAQ was administered along with four similar, but clinician-administered, measures to 91 federally sentenced Canadian male offenders prior to their release to the community. Follow-up data were collected for a 60-month period. Outcome criteria measures were violent and general recidivism. Results indicated that the SAQ is at least as effective as the four other measures in predicting postrelease outcome. The advantages of using the SAQ as a self-report measure as opposed to clinician-administered measures are discussed.
Social Perception of Rape
Authors: Frese Bettina , Moya Miguel , Megías Jesús L.
Published: May 2004

This study assessed the role of rape myth acceptance (RMA) and situational factors in the perception of three different rape scenarios (date rape, marital rape, and stranger rape). One hundred and eighty-two psychology undergraduates were asked to emit four judgements about each rape situation: victim responsibility, perpetrator responsibility, intensity of trauma, and likelihood to report the crime to the police. It was hypothesized that neither RMA nor situational factors alone can explain how rape is perceived; it is the interaction between these two factors that best account for social reactions to sexual aggression. The results generally supported the authors’ hypothesis: Victim blame, estimation of trauma, and the likelihood of reporting the crime to the police were best explained by the interaction between observer characteristics, such as RMA, and situational clues. That is, the less stereotypic the rape situation was, the greater was the influence of attitudes toward rape on attributions.
Engaging Community Residents to Prevent Violence
Authors: Bowen Linda K. , Gwiasda Victoria , Brown M. Mitchell
Published: May 2004

The Institute for Community Peace has conducted two demonstration projects to determine whether communities can be engaged to prevent violence as it is identified and defined locally and link primary prevention across multiple forms of violence. The projects present evidence that community engagement can effect primary violence prevention; the violence prevention field has much to learn about developing and sustaining strategies to address interrelated violence problems; and the violence prevention field and community residents are in vastly different placeswith respect to primary violence prevention.
Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization Among Male and Female Homeless and Runaway Youth
Authors: Tyler Kimberly A. , Whitbeck Les B. , Hoyt Dan R. , Cauce Ana Mari
Published: May 2004

Risk factors associated with the likelihood of being sexually victimized by a stranger or friend/acquaintance since being on the street was examined among 372 homeless and runaway youth. Young people were interviewed on the streets and in shelters by outreach workers using a systematic sampling strategy. Youth who engaged in more high-risk behaviors were expected to be at greater risk for sexual victimization by both known and unknown assailants. Results indicated that for females, running from home for the first time at an earlier age was associated with sexual victimization by both a stranger and friend/acquaintance. However, engaging in deviant subsistence strategies, survival sex, and grooming predicted being sexually victimized by a friend/acquaintance. For males, survival sex and grooming predicted stranger sexual victimization, whereas sexual orientation was associated with sexual victimization by a friend/acquaintance. Overall,35% of the sample had been sexually victimized.
Trauma Symptoms and Life Skill Needs of Domestic Violence Victims
Authors: Gorde Mrugaya W. , Helfrich Christine A. , Finlayson Marcia L.
Published: May 2004

This study identified the trauma symptoms and life skill needs of 84 domestic violence victims from three domestic violence programs. Women completed two self-report tools: Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) and Occupational Self Assessment (OSA). Staff members participated in focus groups regarding their perceptions of the women’s needs. Women scored within the clinical range on the Defensive Avoidance (39.8%), Intrusive Experiences (30.1%), and Tension Reduction Behavior (24.1%) clinical scales of the TSI. On the OSA, the groups’ priorities differed although all demonstrated a desire to function more independently. Their mental health functioning and prioritization of needs differed based on their level of involvement with the service delivery system. Staff members believe women lack skills in the areas of money management, seeking and obtaining employment, locating permanent housing, independently completing self-care and home management activities, managing stress, and parenting. The findings indicate that both mental health and life skills needs must be addressed.
Buildinga Successful Intranet
Authors: Parsons Andrea
Published: May 2004

Without missions, intranets deflate quickly. Information appears randomly and does not contribute to an organization's overall objectives. If security issues are not addressed early on, intellectual capital may be at risk. And without proper promotion, employees may soon forget that an intranet exists. These issues form a complex set of questions that organizations must consider in building an effective intranet. However, many organizations take a hands-off approach, relying on a "launch it and they will love it" philosophy. When an intranet's value withers, an organization loses time and wastes resources. Whether an organization is in the early stages of developing an intranet or providing a facelift to an existing one, starting with solid planning principles can help ensure an intranet's momentum and create value.
Pharmacy Benefit Trends
Authors: Robbins Chris
Published: May 2004

This article discusses an annual survey, conducted by an independent national pharmacy benefit consultancy, that identifies trends and perspectives regarding the rising cost of pharmaceutical benefits, potential solutions for the cost increases, and the viability of available solutions. The 2003 Prescription Benefit Research Survey examined the perceptions of health care benefit thought leaders_those individuals managing programs for large corporations. Specifically, the survey sought to understand how these leaders view current trends and how they plan to promote the design of high-quality, cost-effective pharmacy benefit programs. The article provides an overview of the 2003 survey findings, including topics such as the anticipated increases in the cost of pharmacy benefit programs, possible reasons for cost increases, potential solutions to slow the increases, and whether the government should be involved in efforts to control costs.
Correctional Services Corporation v. Malesko: Boss, “They Can’t Hurt You Now”
Authors: Holsinger Alexander M. , Hughes Tom “Tad”
Published: May 2004

Over the past 20 years, issues surrounding the privatization of various services within correctional settings have been revisited in the United States and internationally. Almost without question, the motivation for implementing privatization of various services within a correctional setting (if not the entirety of an institution, for example) is by nature fiscal. The area of corrections has been the subject of much debate and growth regarding privatization. Yet the newest dawn of the private prison has left many questions unanswered. The answers will likelybe found through litigation on the federal level, and most of the questions will likely deal with issues of liability and culpability. This article focuses on the recent Supreme Court case ofCorrectional Services Corporation v. Malesko (2001). This case addressed the use of afederal civil rights remedy, a Bivens action, against a private correctional facility. As such,the case opinion helps to settle some of the issues surrounding the liability of private correctional institutions as well as generate policy considerations significant to correctional management.
In-Custody Therapeutic Community Substance Abuse Treatment: Does It Have an Impact on Custody Personnel?
Authors: Deitch David A. , Koutsenok Igor , Ruiz Amanda
Published: May 2004

This study explores the impact of working in correctional settings on custody personnel, examining in particular the differences between quality of professional life issues in substance abuse treatment environments versus general custody settings. The article describes research findings regarding the relationship between differing professional environments and subjective perceptions of physical and psychological health for custody personnel working in Substance Abuse Treatment units located in three separate prisons: the Substance Abuse Treatment Facility (SATF) at California State Prison, Corcoran; California Rehabilitation Center; and R.J. Donovan Correctional Facility. To carry out this study, the authors surveyed 120 custody staff members from treatment units and general population facilities, using three instruments. Also examined were a number of documented indicators of well-being, including inmate disciplinary problems, inmate random urinalysis results, staff sick leave, and occupational injuries. Along with the findings, implications of this research for national policy concerning prison-based substance abuse treatment are discussed.
The Intimate Partner Homicide Decline: Disaggregated Trends, Theoretical Explanations, and Policy Implications
Authors: Wells William , DeLeon-Granados William
Published: May 2004

The United States has witnessed a steady decline in intimate partner homicides over the past 20 years, however this decline appears less dramatic when rates of victimization are disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, and marital status. This article disaggregates trends in intimate partner homicide as a way of offering a detailed measure of victim safety and as a more precise method for developing theoretical explanations for the phenomenon. It also presents an analysis of existing research on policyrelevant factors that have been hypothesized to facilitate victim safety. This analysis underscores the policy implications of findings that suggest varying levels intervention may be necessary across classes of victims.
“But I Am a Good Mom”
Authors: TARDY REBECCA W.
Published: May 2004

Examining the impact of health information seeking among informal, interpersonal networks, this article focuses specifically on the extent to which these conversations serve to identify role boundaries, specifically that of motherhood. Drawing on Goffman's work on region and regional behaviors, this ethnographic analysis of women in a moms and tots play group reveals boundaries between the public and private presentation of self. The regions of front stage, backstage, and “back”-backstage are used here to discuss how talk regarding health issues, and particularly inappropriate or taboo talk, defines and exemplifies the role of the “good” mother. The implications for the accessibility of information are discussed in light of the cultural contradictions women face in fulfilling this role.
Material Memories Ethnography
Authors: SMALL LINDA MARIE
Published: May 2004

This is a study of elder women now living single in retirement and the strategies the women create to survive in this new cultural setting. Retirement-complex living in the emerging American elder care market calls for devising individual occupation strategies to adapt to the previously unknown lifeway in which the retirees form a family community matrix. Lacking cultural precedent, traditional old ways, anachronisms vanishing from the mainstream of popular culture, provide a means for the women to create and use personal bridging strategies in “living happy.” Included are scripted and solipsistic rituals that provide self-appraisal of one's health status through immediate experience. The author discovered that living out these old ways in the present has surprising health-giving outcomes because of the attendant purposeful occupation and social interactions old ways compel from elder women within this emergent household form.
Ethnography 1900
Authors: HALLETT TIM , FINE GARY ALAN
Published: May 2004

Ethnographic research has changed dramatically over the past century, as a review of research published in the American Journal of Sociology from 1895 to 1910 attests. After describing the characteristics of that research and the scholars who published it, the authors analyze what has changed. This examination of ethnographic research suggests that despite methodological and theoretical advances over the past century, some traits of those earlier studies have been lost in contemporary field research. Specifically, the authors point to the loss of clarity, authority, and confidence in much current research. Ethnographers of a century ago believed that they were able to picture social scenes, deal with public problems, and provide ameliorative solutions. Moreover, they spoke with confidence and authority, an authority that is now downplayed in ethnographic research.
A “Know It All” with a “Pet Peeve” Meets “Underdogs” Who “Let Her Have It”
Authors: Solomon Brenda
Published: May 2004

While welfare-to-workprograms are put in place and organized by state structures, they occur locally. The program practices designed to ready women receiving welfare benefits for employment are largely negotiated between trainers and trainees meeting together at program sites. In this article, the author draws from the ethnographic data she collected as a participant-observer in a nursing assistant welfare-to-worktraining program and focuses on the informal use of formal class time that the nurse trainer established to address trainee workobstacles. The author’s analysis shows linkages between the trainers and the trainees in terms of their social locations, the problems of workthey faced, and the methods of negotiation they used to meet and resist program goals. The ethnographic data reveal how the trainer and trainees process administrative and subjugated logics, particularly so that “mothering” and “sistering” are used to screen poor women in and out of employment and prepare them for low-waged jobs in the nursing home industry.
Noncustodial Mothering
Authors: Eicher-Catt Deborah
Published: May 2004

This article interrogates the cultural experience of being a noncustodial mother. Framed by the discrete event of child visitation, the author provides a personal account of her struggles to perform successfully in such a constraining context of discourse. Employing a dramatistic metaphor, she extends the praxis of autoethnography by critically exploring the semiotic and phenomenological nature of this communicative experience. She reveals that noncustodial mothering presents a cultural paradox that foregrounds the dialecticalmovement between a competent performance and a performative competence of mothering. She discusses the implications of this cultural phenomenon in light of the concepts of performativity and la parole that deepens our appreciation of the communicative praxis of ethnography.
Upright Generations of the Future
Authors: Raz Aviad E. , Atar Marcela
Published: May 2004

This article examines the responses of an Arab Bedouin minority group in Israel to a genetic counseling program for spouse selection. While health professionals designed the program to fit local norms such as consanguinity, matchmaking, and the Muslim ban on abortion, for the Bedouin, it also meant the medicalization of marriage arrangements and family planning. The ethnography focuses on the negotiated order that was developed around genetic testing, placing the voices of community members in the context of personal agendas, gender roles, and broader social and political processes. The conclusion further explores the implications for induced cultural change in community-based health interventions, scientific boundary work, and the ethnography of bioethics.
ROMANCING RESISTANCE AND RESISTING ROMANCE
Authors: GROVES JULIAN MCALLISTER , CHANG KIMBERLY A.
Published: May 2004

Ethnographic writing in sociology and anthropology emphasizes everyday strategies of resistance among disempowered individuals over their submission in relations of power. Rather than asking whether disempowered individuals resist or submit to their situation, this article examines how tales of resistance and submission get written. Both authors studied a community of migrant Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong. Yet, each came up with a contradictory tale: one of empowerment, and one of submission. Reflecting on the interactions that each author encountered in the field, this article argues that resistance and control do not exist outside the power relationships that ethnographers establish with their informants.
ACTIVE VIEWING
Authors: FINGERSON LAURA
Published: May 2004

This study uses reception analysis based in cultural studies, which argues that audiences actively view media and critically and socially create media meanings and interpretations. Examining data from individual interviews and focus groups, the author identifies how nine- to thirteen-year-old girls individually and collectively interpret family situation comedies. The results indicate that girls use their own individual experiences to critically evaluate television families. Second, girls incorporate the morals and values of each program into their collective talk. Third, girls actively assess humorous sequences and attach particular salience to humor involving body control and body image. Fourth, television is used as a shared cultural experience and social capital in active collaborative talk, and media meanings are socially constructed through interaction. The author argues that the girls are active viewers and that family television sitcoms can be a positive, prosocial force in girls' lives that fosters social interaction and enhances social relationships.
Gauging Metropolitan “High-Tech” and “I-Tech” Activity
Authors: Chapple Karen , Markusen Ann , Schrock Greg , Yamamoto Daisaku , Yu Pingkang
Published: May 2004

In the past few years, a number of new studies have published high-tech rankings of American metropolitan areas that are used by many business consultants and local economic development organizations to advise firms on location strategies. In this article, the authors generate their own rankings based on an occupational definition of “high techness” and compare them with those of four other studies. The results rank larger and older industrial cities, such as Chicago, New York, and even Detroit, higher than many of the smaller places celebrated as high tech, such as Austin. The work demonstrates that the methodology underlying rankings is crucially important to the outcome. By abandoning narrow notions of high tech restricted to maturing technologies in computers, electronics, and telecommunications and instead using science and technology (S&T) occupations as a marker for high tech, it may be possible to tag the innovative potential of emerging sectors, including high-tech services.
From Best Science Toward Economic Development: The Evolution of NSF’s Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR)
Authors: Hauger J. Scott
Published: May 2004

In 1979, under pressure from Congress, the National Science Foundation (NSF) founded the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR). Initially conceived as a means to foster scientific competitiveness in states that had not historically won many federal research dollars, EPSCoR has evolved into a program that fosters science-based economic development, an extension of the best science paradigm on which NSF and EPSCoR were founded. This article traces the evolution of EPSCoR, showing why state governments have had rational incentives to use EPSCoR to serve an economic development agenda, examining how the institutions erected to govern it inadvertently allowed EPSCoR states to incorporate economic development as a motivating force, and documenting the increasing economic development orientation of successful EPSCoR proposals and programs. The article concludes with some observations on the potential trade-offs between best science and economic development and offers some suggestions for further research.
Treatment Effects from UPBEAT: A Randomized Trial of Care Management for Behavioral Health Problems in Hospitalized Elderly Patients
Authors: Oslin David W. , Thompson Richard , Kallan Michael J. , TenHave Thomas , Blow Frederic C. , Bastani Roshan , Gould Robert L. , Maxwell Annette E. , Rosansky Joel , Van Stone William , Jarvik Lissy
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Unified Psychogeriatric Biopsychosocial Evaluation and Treatment (UPBEAT) Program, an interdisciplinary mental health care management program, on the behavioral health symptoms of elderly veterans. Participants, 60 years and older, included 2637 veterans recruited from medical/surgical units who screened positively for significant depressive or anxiety symptoms and/or at-risk alcohol drinking. Participants were randomized to UPBEAT or to usual care. Primary outcomes were measured at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months. Participant nonadherence to the protocol was common and is a major limitation. There were no differences between UPBEAT and usual care patients on symptom or functional outcomes at any follow-up point. Exploratory analyses suggested that among participants with more physical health problems, there were greater improvements in depressive symptoms in those assigned to UPBEAT care. Despite a theoretical and practically sound intervention, participation was low and treatment outcomes, while generally good, appeared unaffected by the addition of the program.
Tales from the Fields: Sources of Employee Identification in Agribusiness
Authors: Morgan Jayne M. , Reynolds Cassandra M. , Nelson Talia J. , Johanningmeier Angela R. , Griffin Michael , Andrade Paulina
Published: May 2004

This grounded, interpretive study of an agricultural company contributes to the understanding of organizational identification by considering the various sources employees draw on and direct toward in forming relationships with their organizations. The conceptualization of identification “sources” supplants the identification terms targets and resources that are commonly used in identification literature, to address the less conscious and more emotional, integrative, self-referential facets of the identification process. Through written accounts, employees revealed multiple sources of identification, grounded in aspects both external and internal to the organization. An identity shift was also located in the narratives as some employees struggled with the tension between farming/family values and corporate philosophies embedded in the term agribusiness. A model demonstrating the role of sources in the identification process is proposed as a theoretical addition to organizational identification research. Practical implications and future directions are also discussed.