bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Concentrations in Equine Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath Synovial Fluid Predicts Intrathecal Tendon Damage
Authors: Smith Matthew R. W. , Wright Ian M. , Minshall Gaynor J. , Dudhia Jay , Verheyen Kristien , Heinegård Dick , Smith Roger K. W.
Published: November 2010

Objectives: To evaluate digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) synovial fluid cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) concentrations as a molecular marker for intrathecal pathology.

Study Design: Case control study.

Animals: Horses (n=46) with DFTS tenosynovitis; 23 fresh cadaver horses.

Methods: DFTS synovial fluid samples were collected from clinical cases with noninfected DFTS tenosynovitis and from control DFTS. Clinical and surgical findings were recorded, and dissection of control limbs was performed to confirm the DFTS to be grossly normal. Synovial fluid COMP was quantified using a homologous competitive inhibition ELISA.

Results: Abnormalities were identified tenoscopically: intrathecal tendon/ligament tearing was identified in 37 cases and 9 had other lesions. In control horses, synovial fluid COMP was higher in younger horses. Clinical cases with intrathecal tendon/ligament tearing had higher synovial fluid COMP than either clinical cases with other lesions, or controls. In horses ≥5 years old, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay was high for diagnosing intrathecal tendon/ligament tearing.

Conclusions: COMP concentrations in DFTS synovial fluid were significantly greater than those in normal horses with noninfected tenosynovitis caused by intrathecal tendon/ligament tearing, but not by other lesions.
Conversion from Diagnostic Laparoscopy to Laparotomy: Risk Factors and Occurrence
Authors: Buote Nicole J. , Kovak‐McClaran Janet R. , Schold Jesse D.
Published: November 2010

Objective: To determine reasons for conversion from diagnostic laparoscopic procedures to celiotomy in dogs and cats.

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Dogs (n=54), cats (40).

Methods: Medical records (2004–2008) were reviewed for dogs and cats that had diagnostic laparoscopic or laparoscopic‐assisted biopsy. Numbers of conversions to laparotomy were recorded, including cause and type (elective versus emergent), postoperative complications, and short‐term outcome. Specific risk factors for conversion, including signalment, preoperative diagnostics, and surgical findings were assessed; categorical variables were tested by χ2 and Fisher's exact tests; continuous variables by Student's t‐test and Wilcoxon's rank‐sum tests; multivariate logistic regression models were created.

Results: Twenty animals (21%) had laparoscopic conversion; 13 (65%) were considered elective and 7 (35%) emergent conversions. There was no significant difference between animals requiring and those not requiring conversion for age, weight, sex, body condition score, clinical signs, previous abdominal surgery, or surgeon experience. Significant risk factors for conversion included low total solids (P=.03), presence of a solitary liver tumor (P<.01), and diagnosis of neoplasia (P<.01).

Conclusions: A conversion rate of 21% was found in this population of dogs and cats undergoing laparoscopic diagnostic procedures. A preoperative finding of a solitary liver tumor, low total solids, and diagnosis of malignancy were all significant risk factors for conversion.
Citation Metrics: Serious Drawbacks, Perverse Incentives, and Strategic Options for Heterodox Economics
Authors: Kapeller Jakob
Published: November 2010

Abstract

This article reviews strategic suggestions for heterodox economic journals and heterodox economists relating to quantitative indexing. It contains a critique of Thomson Scientifics “Journal Impact Factor” as well as an integrated discussion of general strategic guidelines and specific strategic suggestions accounting for the special paradigmatic position of heterodox economics.
Susceptibility to hyperosmotic stress–induced phosphatidylserine exposure increases during red blood cell storage
Authors: Bosman Giel J.C.G.M. , Cluitmans Judith C.A. , Groenen Yvonne A.M. , Werre Jan M. , Willekens Frans L.A. , Novotný Vĕra M.J.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: During storage of red blood cell (RBCs) before transfusion, RBCs undergo a series of structural and functional changes that include the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), a potent removal signal. It was postulated that, during blood bank storage, the susceptibility to stress‐induced PS exposure increases, thereby rendering a considerable fraction of the RBCs susceptible to rapid removal after transfusion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBCs were processed and stored following standard Dutch blood bank procedures. Samples were taken every week for up to 6 weeks and exposed to various stress conditions, such as hyperosmotic shock and energy depletion. The effect of these treatments on PS exposure was measured by flow cytometric analysis of annexin V binding. The same analyses were performed on RBCs that had been separated according to density using discontinuous Percoll gradients.

RESULTS: During storage under blood bank conditions, RBCs become increasingly susceptible to loss of phospholipid asymmetry induced by hyperosmotic shock and energy depletion. Especially the RBCs of higher densities, that have a smaller volume and an increased HbA1c content as is typical of aged RBCs, become increasingly susceptible with storage time.

CONCLUSIONS: During storage, RBCs develop an increased susceptibility to stress‐induced loss of phospholipid asymmetry that is especially associated with an aging phenotype. This increased susceptibility may be responsible for the rapid disappearance of a considerable fraction of the RBCs during the first 24 hours after transfusion.
Hospital blood bank information systems accurately reflect patient transfusion: results of a validation study
Authors: McQuilten Zoe K. , Schembri Nikita , Polizzotto Mark N. , Akers Christine , Wills Melissa , Cole‐Sinclair Merrole F. , Whitehead Susan , Wood Erica M. , Phillips Louise E.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Hospital transfusion laboratories collect information regarding blood transfusion and some registries gather clinical outcomes data without transfusion information, providing an opportunity to integrate these two sources to explore effects of transfusion on clinical outcomes. However, the use of laboratory information system (LIS) data for this purpose has not been validated previously.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Validation of LIS data against individual patient records was undertaken at two major centers. Data regarding all transfusion episodes were analyzed over seven 24‐hour periods.

RESULTS: Data regarding 596 units were captured including 399 red blood cell (RBC), 95 platelet (PLT), 72 plasma, and 30 cryoprecipitate units. They were issued to: inpatient 221 (37.1%), intensive care 109 (18.3%), outpatient 95 (15.9%), operating theater 45 (7.6%), emergency department 27 (4.5%), and unrecorded 99 (16.6%). All products recorded by LIS as issued were documented as transfused to intended patients. Median time from issue to transfusion initiation could be calculated for 535 (89.8%) components: RBCs 16 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI], 15‐18 min; interquartile range [IQR], 7‐30 min), PLTs 20 minutes (95% CI, 15‐22 min; IQR, 10‐37 min), fresh‐frozen plasma 33 minutes (95% CI, 14‐83 min; IQR, 11‐134 min), and cryoprecipitate 3 minutes (95% CI, −10 to 42 min; IQR, −15 to 116 min).

CONCLUSIONS: Across a range of blood component types and destinations comparison of LIS data with clinical records demonstrated concordance. The difference between LIS timing data and patient clinical records reflects expected time to transport, check, and prepare transfusion but does not affect the validity of linkage for most research purposes. Linkage of clinical registries with LIS data can therefore provide robust information regarding individual patient transfusion. This enables analysis of joint data sets to determine the impact of transfusion on clinical outcomes.
Absence of detectable xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus in plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1–infected blood donors or individuals in Africa
Authors: Tang Shixing , Zhao Jiangqin , Viswanath Ragupathy , Nyambi Phillipe N. , Redd Andrew D. , Dastyar Armeta , Spacek Lisa A. , Quinn Thomas C. , Wang Xue , Wood Owen , Gaddam Durga , Devadas Krishnakumar , Hewlett Indira K.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Since the identification of xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer patients in 2006 and in chronic fatigue syndrome patients in 2009, conflicting findings have been reported regarding its etiologic role in human diseases and prevalence in general populations. In this study, we screened both plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) collected in Africa from blood donors and human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1)‐infected individuals to gain evidence of XMRV infection in this geographic region.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 199 plasma samples, 19 PBMNC samples, and 50 culture supernatants from PBMNCs of blood donors from Cameroon found to be infected with HIV‐1 and HIV‐1 patients from Uganda were screened for XMRV infection using a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR assay.

RESULTS: Using highly sensitive nested PCR or RT‐PCR and real‐time PCR assays capable of detecting at least 10 copies of XMRV plasmid DNA per reaction, none of the 268 samples tested were found to be XMRV DNA or RNA positive.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results failed to demonstrate the presence of XMRV infection in African blood donors or individuals infected with HIV‐1. More studies are needed to understand the prevalence, epidemiology, and geographic distribution of XMRV infection worldwide.
Bacterial growth kinetics in ACD‐A apheresis platelets: comparison of plasma and PAS III storage
Authors: Dumont Larry J. , Wood Tammara A. , Housman Molly , Herschel Louise , Brantigan Barbara , Heber Cheryl , Houghton Jaime
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine the growth kinetics of bacteria in leukoreduced apheresis platelets (LR‐AP) in a platelet (PLT) additive solution (PAS; InterSol, Fenwal, Inc.) compared to LR‐AP stored in plasma.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Hyperconcentrated, double‐dose LR‐AP were collected from healthy donors with a separator (AMICUS, Fenwal, Inc.). LR‐AP were evenly divided, InterSol was added to half (65% InterSol:35% plasma [PAS]), and PLTs in autologous plasma were used for a paired control (PL). Bacteria were inoculated into each LR‐AP PAS/PL pair (0.5‐1.6 colony‐forming units [CFUs]/mL), and bacterial growth was followed for up to 7 days. Time to the end of the lag phase, doubling times, maximum concentration (conc‐max), and time to maximum concentration (time‐max) were estimated.

RESULTS: Streptococcus viridans did not grow to detectable levels in either PAS or PL units. The other bacteria had no significant overall difference in the conc‐max (p = 0.47) or time‐max (p = 0.7) between PL and PAS LR‐AP; PL had a 0.14 hours faster doubling rate (p = 0.023); and PAS had a 4.7 hours shorter lag time (p = 0.016).

CONCLUSION: We observed that five index organisms will grow in LR‐AP stored in a 35%:65% ratio of plasma to InterSol where initial bacterial concentrations are 0.5 to 1.6 CFUs/mL. The more rapid initiation of log‐phase growth for bacteria within a PAS storage environment resulted in a bacterial concentration up to 4 logs higher in the PAS units compared to the plasma units at 24 hours, but with no difference in the conc‐max. This may present an early bacterial detection advantage for PAS‐stored PLTs.
Optimizing the Spatial Structure of the Agricultural Production Function
Authors: Singh Surendra
Published: November 2010

Important characteristics of spatial agricultural production functions are derived by introducing a non‐negative curvilinear spatial demand function for production input intensities. Given the usual neoclassical rationale assumptions of spatial demand for capital and labor inputs under competitive environment of farming in developing agricultural economies, the optimal production levels are determined by optimizing spatial demand for production inputs. Decreasing price‐to‐transport costs ratio (that is, decrease in the prices of capital goods or increase in freight rates) and increasing wage‐to‐travel costs ratio (that is, increase in labor wages or decrease in the travel rate) expand the limits of the (spatial) optimal boundary of the demand for agricultural capital goods and labor input respectively. These effects occur on account of the operation of (positive) spatial price gradient and (negative) wage‐gradient in the market region. It may be noted that elasticities of demand for production factors are spatially variant and have significant effects on the alterations in the structure of agricultural production. However, the spatial optimal solution of production has a complicated relationship with them. The price elasticity has negative and wage elasticity has positive spatial gradients in the market region. Farmers located in the periphery of the market region are not much affected by the proportionate changes occurring in the prices of agricultural capital goods but are more sensitive to the proportional changes in labor wages.

Because of a decreasing trend in capital input demand and increase in labor input with distance from the market, capital‐product diminishes with a decreasing rate and labor‐product increases with an increasing rate in the spatial structure of agricultural production. As a result, capital‐labor ratio falls toward zero, which raises profit rate per unit of capital investment especially in the outer part of the market region. The equilibria of optimal production with price elasticity as well as of capital intensity with labor employment (that is, capital‐labor ratio as unity) determine spatial limits of the optimal production zone which is shifted outward subject to the provision of cheap transportation, stabilizing market prices and/or increasing wage rate at the market center. It will help in extending outwardly the optimal spatial limits of capital investment and will mobilize capital resources of farmers in the periphery for efficient and competitive capital‐dominated farming.
A Zero‐One Programming Model for Contiguous Land Acquisition
Authors: Williams Justin C.
Published: November 2010

The land acquisition problem is a spatial partitioning problem that involves selecting multiple parcels to be acquired for a particular land use. Three selection criteria are considered: total cost, total area, and spatial contiguity. Achieving contiguity or connectivity has been problematic in previous exact methods for land acquisition. Here we present a new zero‐one programming model that enforces necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving contiguity in discrete cell landscapes, independent of other spatial attributes such as compactness. Computational experience with several demonstration problems is reported, and results and extensions are discussed.
Constructing the Spatial Weights Matrix Using a Local Statistic
Authors: Getis Arthur , Aldstadt Jared
Published: November 2010

Spatial weights matrices are necessary elements in most regression models where a representation of spatial structure is needed. We construct a spatial weights matrix, W, based on the principle that spatial structure should be considered in a two‐part framework, those units that evoke a distance effect, and those that do not. Our two‐variable local statistics model (LSM) is based on the Gi* local statistic. The local statistic concept depends on the designation of a critical distance, dc, defined as the distance beyond which no discernible increase in clustering of high or low values exists. In a series of simulation experiments LSM is compared to well‐known spatial weights matrix specifications—two different contiguity configurations, three different inverse distance formulations, and three semi‐variance models. The simulation experiments are carried out on a random spatial pattern and two types of spatial clustering patterns. The LSM performed best according to the Akaike Information Criterion, a spatial autoregressive coefficient evaluation, and Moran's I tests on residuals. The flexibility inherent in the LSM allows for its favorable performance when compared to the rigidity of the global models.
Spatial Analysis of Employment and Population Density: The Case of the Agglomeration of Dijon 1999
Authors: Baumont Catherine , Ertur Cem , Le Gallo Julie
Published: November 2010

The aim of this paper is to analyze the intraurban spatial distributions of population and employment in the agglomeration of Dijon (regional capital of Burgundy, France). We study whether this agglomeration has followed the general tendency of job decentralization observed in most urban areas or whether it is still characterized by a monocentric pattern. To that purpose, we use a sample of 136 observations at the communal and at the IRIS (infraurban statistical area) levels with 1999 census data and the employment database SIRENE (INSEE). First, we study the spatial pattern of total employment and employment density using exploratory spatial data analysis. Apart from the CBD, few IRIS are found to be statistically significant, a result contrasting with those found using standard methods of subcenter identification with employment cut‐offs. Next, in order to examine the spatial distribution of residential population density, we estimate and compare different specifications: exponential negative, spline‐exponential, and multicentric density functions. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity, and outliers are controlled for by using the appropriate maximum likelihood, generalized method of moments, and Bayesian spatial econometric techniques. Our results highlight again the monocentric character of the agglomeration of Dijon.
On Some Recent Definitions and Analysis Frameworks for Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience
Authors: Aven Terje
Published: November 2010

Recently, considerable attention has been paid to a systems‐based approach to risk, vulnerability, and resilience analysis. It is argued that risk, vulnerability, and resilience are inherently and fundamentally functions of the states of the system and its environment. Vulnerability is defined as the manifestation of the inherent states of the system that can be subjected to a natural hazard or be exploited to adversely affect that system, whereas resilience is defined as the ability of the system to withstand a major disruption within acceptable degradation parameters and to recover within an acceptable time, and composite costs, and risks. Risk, on the other hand, is probability based, defined by the probability and severity of adverse effects (i.e., the consequences). In this article, we look more closely into this approach. It is observed that the key concepts are inconsistent in the sense that the uncertainty (probability) dimension is included for the risk definition but not for vulnerability and resilience. In the article, we question the rationale for this inconsistency. The suggested approach is compared with an alternative framework that provides a logically defined structure for risk, vulnerability, and resilience, where all three concepts are incorporating the uncertainty (probability) dimension.
Experiencing Family Business Creation: Differences between Founders, Nonfamily Managers, and Founders of Nonfamily Firms
Authors: Morris Michael H. , Allen Jeffrey A. , Kuratko Donald F. , Brannon David
Published: November 2010

An experiential perspective for examining family business creation is introduced. As a “lived experience,” the family firm generates a cumulative series of interdependent events that takes on properties rooted in affect. The family business is a context that enables unscripted temporal performances by founders. Characteristics of the venture creation experience are examined, and underlying dimensions are proposed and empirically investigated. Building on social capital theory, differences in experiences between founders of family businesses, nonfamily managers, and founders of nonfamily ventures are explored. These differences are argued to have important implications for decision making and ongoing dynamics within the family firm.
A Leadership Perspective of Reciprocal Stewardship in Family Firms
Authors: Pearson Allison W. , Marler Laura E.
Published: November 2010

Davis, Allen, and Hayes found that family members employed by the family firm reported significantly higher levels of perceived stewardship than nonfamily members. We extend their research by exploring how stewardship in family firms can be further expanded throughout the firm using the theoretical perspective of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory. Particularly in family firms, the leader's stewardship behaviors may establish a culture of stewardship throughout the firm. The resulting reciprocal stewardship behaviors of employees can be explained through LMX mechanisms. Propositions are offered to explore conditions where the family firm context provides a unique opportunity for creating a culture of reciprocal stewardship.
The Impact of Family Representation on CEO Compensation
Authors: Combs James G. , Penney Christopher R. , Crook T. Russell , Short Jeremy C.
Published: November 2010

Understanding the nature of family representation in public firms has been an important topic for entrepreneurship research. Because CEO compensation is a key tool that boards use to align the interests of shareholders and managers, researchers have taken steps toward understanding how family representation affects CEO compensation. Prior research has painted family–member CEOs as stewards who accept lower compensation. Based on agency theory, we describe a different scenario wherein family representatives engage in strategic control that reduces family–member CEOs‘ compensation. Thus, family–member CEOs accept lower compensation only when additional family members are represented in management or on the board. In comparison with CEOs at nonfamily firms, we find that family–member CEO compensation is 13% lower when multiple family members are involved, but 56% higher when the CEO is the lone family member.
Recollection of Pain Due to Inappropriate Versus Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Shocks
Authors: MARCUS GREGORY M. , CHAN DERRICK W. , REDBERG RITA F.
Published: November 2010

Background:
 Although inappropriate shocks are known to be an important consequence of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs), the subjective experience of pain intensity perceived by those receiving inappropriate versus appropriate shocks has not previously been examined.

Methods:
 One hundred ICD patients underwent a standardized interview by an investigator blinded to the clinical history. Patients with a previous ICD shock were asked to describe the intensity of the associated pain on a standard 0–10 scale (10 being the worst pain they had ever experienced). Medical charts were then examined for any history of inappropriate and/or appropriate ICD discharges.

Results:
 Thirty‐five of the 100 patients had a record of at least one ICD shock, and 17 had experienced at least one inappropriate shock. Those with a history of an inappropriate shock described a significantly higher median pain scale (9, interquartile range [IQR] 8–10) compared to those with a history of only appropriate shocks (median 4, IQR 2–8, P = 0.0011). In multivariable analysis, a history of an inappropriate shock was the only predictor statistically significantly associated with an increase in shock pain: the pain scale for those with inappropriate shocks was higher by 2.8 points on average after multivariable adjustment (95% confidence interval 0.29–5, P = 0.030). Eighteen patients had considered having their device deactivated, and a history of an inappropriate shock was the only factor independently associated with this consideration.

Conclusions:
 Compared to those who have received only appropriate shocks, inappropriate ICD shocks are associated with a recollection of greater pain and consideration of device inactivation. (PACE 2011; 34:348–353)
“Good Enough Stories”: Helping Couples Invest in One Another's Growth
Authors: SKERRETT KAREN
Published: November 2010

All abstracts are available in Spanish and Mandarin Chinese on Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1545‐5300). Please pass this information on to your international colleagues and students.

This article utilizes key constructs of the narrative metaphor: that stories organize, structure, and give meaning to events in our lives. When stories are used as a way to understand the lives of couples, they have the potential for enhancing individual and relational growth. It is proposed that knowing both our own and our partner's story and development goals increases the likelihood of making an investment in self/other and relational growth. It is further suggested that helping couples develop narratives with a sense of “We” promotes a more generative perspective. These ideas were developed in a small qualitative pilot study with long‐married, middle‐class, heterosexual couples, which suggested that the synthesis of each partner's life story into a couple story promoted individual and relational development. Implications for therapeutic work with couples are presented as well as specific recommendations for ways to utilize the life story approach as an aspect of treatment. It is intended to assist clinicians and teachers in translating narrative ideas into therapeutic work with couples.
Is There Hidden Potential for Rural Population Growth in Sweden?
Authors: Niedomysl Thomas , Amcoff Jan
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Rural depopulation is a concern in many countries, and various policy initiatives have been taken to combat such trends. This article examines whether hidden potential for rural population growth can be found in Sweden. If such potential exists, it implies that the development prospects for many rural areas are not as unpromising as they may seem today. If not, rapid rural depopulation can be expected and policymakers will have to increase their focus on how to lessen problems associated with population decline. We employ a combination of survey data and register data to identify the characteristics of people who have expressed a desire to move to rural areas and compare this population with those who actually do move to these areas. The results show that more people have rural residential preferences than the actual number of migrants to rural areas suggest. The findings indicate that there is a general potential for rural population growth; however, the characteristics of these two groups are similar and we cannot discern any group as constituting this hidden potential. Nonetheless, we argue that this potential is unlikely to be realized in terms of rural population growth and we discuss the further implications of these findings.
Isotope Evidence to Link a Suspect with a Pipe Bomb Multimurder in Austria 1995*
Authors: Papesch Wolfgang , Rank Dieter , Horacek Micha , Tesch Roland
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  A bomb attempt in Oberwart, Austria, on February 4, 1995, was the culmination of several pipe and letter bomb attempts mainly in Austria. The pipe bomb had been mounted on a self‐made gypsum (plaster of Paris) pedestal and exploded when touched, killing four persons. With a level of 200 tritium units (TU), the water extracted from the gypsum pedestal was unusually enriched in tritium (3H) compared to an environmental level of about 20 TU at that time. Investigation of the 3H content of air moisture in the living room of an arrested suspect showed values of about 1000 TU (normally, 50 TU is not exceeded). Additionally, water used as sealing liquid in a glass with nitroglycerine found in the living room was also significantly enriched in 3H (>400 TU). The living room therefore offered the high 3H level environment necessary to lead to elevated 3H concentrations in the gypsum pedestal.
Complete rupture of anal sphincter in primiparas: long‐term effects and subsequent delivery
Authors: WEGNELIUS GISELA , HAMMARSTRÖM MARGARETA
Published: November 2010

Objective. To study long‐term effects with respect to anal incontinence, pain, attitude to and mode of second delivery following complete rupture of the anal sphincter. Design. Case‐control study. Settings. Södersjukhuset, a university hospital in Stockholm. Population. A case group of 136 primiparas who had experienced a complete rupture of the anal sphincter. Two matched control groups of primiparas, one of whom had cesarean section and the other a normal vaginal delivery. Methods. The case women were examined and asked for symptoms of anal incontinence 3–6 months after delivery; 3–8 years later they and two matched control groups answered a postal questionnaire. Response rate was 89%. Main outcome measures. Symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and, as secondary end‐point, the attitude to and mode of second delivery. Results. Anal incontinence after delivery was reported by 31% in the case group, and at long‐term follow‐up by 54% in the case group, 21% in the cesarean section and 23% in the normal delivery group (p < 0.0001). A wish to postpone or abandon further childbirth was significantly more common in the case women (33 and 18%) than in the other groups, but about 60% delivered again in all groups. In the case group, the next delivery was by cesarean section in 49%. Conclusion. At long‐term follow‐up after a complete rupture of the anal sphincter, anal incontinence was common and many women wished to postpone or avoid further delivery.
Neonatal complications and risk factors among women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: SCHNEIDER SVEN , HOEFT BIRGIT , FREERKSEN NELE , FISCHER BURKHARD , ROEHRIG SILKE , YAMAMOTO SHELBY , MAUL HOLGER
Published: November 2010

Objective. This study aimed to identify risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and assess the effects of GDM on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Material and methods. This was a cross‐sectional study using data from the German Perinatal Quality Registry, which is a complete national registry containing information on all hospital births across Germany. The Registry for 2006 contains data on a complete birth cohort of 668,085 newborn infants and 647,392 mothers from all 896 German hospitals. All data were taken from maternity log records and analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Each recorded case of GDM was identified by a gynecologist or in hospital. Results. The prevalence of GDM was 2.3% (14,990 of 647,385). High‐risk groups were migrants, women of lower socioeconomic status (adjusted odds ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.28) and obese women (adjusted odds ratio 4.96, 95% confidence interval 4.70–5.24). A higher risk of fetal malformations was found for those diagnosed with GDM (adjusted odds ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.15–1.53). Conclusion. The higher risk of fetal malformations with GDM suggests that many of these women may have high glucose levels even during the first trimester. Policies and interventions regarding prenatal care should therefore focus not only on how better diagnostic and treatment procedures can be implemented, but also on how they can reach older and migrant women as well as women of lower socioeconomic status.
Accommodating scenarios of climate change and management in modelling the distribution of the invasive tree Schinus molle in South Africa
Authors: Richardson David M. , Iponga Donald M. , Roura‐Pascual Núria , Krug Rainer M. , Milton Suzanne J. , Hughes Gregory O. , Thuiller Wilfried
Published: November 2010

Determining the potential range of invasive alien species under current conditions is important. However, we also need to consider future distributions under scenarios of climate change and different management interventions when formulating effective long‐term intervention strategies. This paper combines niche modelling and fine‐scale process‐based modelling to define regions at high risk of invasion and simulate likely dynamics at the landscape scale.

Our study species is Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper tree; Anacardiaceae), a native of central South America, introduced to South Africa in about 1850 where it was widely planted along roads.

Localities of planted and naturalized trees were mapped along 5380 km of roads – a transect that effectively samples a large part of western South Africa. Correlative modelling was used to produce profiles of present and future environmental conditions characterizing its planted and naturalized ranges. A cellular‐automata simulation model was used to estimate the dynamics of S. molle under future climates and different management scenarios.

The overall potential range of S. molle in the region is predicted to shrink progressively with predicted climate change. Some of the potential range of S. molle defined based on current conditions (including areas where it is currently highly invasive) is likely to become less favourable. The species could persist where it is well established long after conditions for recruitment have deteriorated. Some areas where the species is not widely naturalized now (notably the fynbos biome) are likely to become more favourable. Our modelling approach allows for the delineation of areas likely to be invaded in future by considering a range of factors at different scales that mediate the interplay of climatic variables and other drivers that define the dimensions of human intervention such as distance from planted trees and the density of planted plants, both of which affect propagule pressure.
Effect of predation and habitat quality on growth and reproduction of a stream fish
Authors: Billman E. J. , Tjarks B. J. , Belk M. C.
Published: November 2010

Billman EJ, Tjarks BJ, Belk MC. Effect of predation and habitat quality on growth and reproduction of a stream fish. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 102–113. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Anthropogenic disturbances are rarely independent, requiring native fishes to respond to multiple factors to persist in changing environments. We examined the interaction of predation environment (presence of introduced brown trout, Salmo trutta) and habitat quality on growth and reproduction of southern leatherside chub, Lepidomeda aliciae, a small‐bodied stream fish native to central Utah, USA. Southern leatherside chub were sampled from four streams representing a complete two‐factor cross of predation environment and habitat quality. Growth was estimated using increment analysis of annuli on otoliths, and reproductive traits were measured for both sexes. Southern leatherside chub growth was greater in high‐quality than in low‐quality habitats, and greater in predator than in nonpredator environments. However, fish exhibited a greater growth response to presence of brown trout in low‐quality habitats. Southern leatherside chub growth followed predictions of plastic responses to resource availability based on habitat quality and predation environment (lethal vs. nonlethal effects). Reproductive allocation (gonad wet mass) was significantly greater in low‐quality versus high‐quality habitats, but was unaffected by predation environment. Other female life‐history traits were affected either by both effects or their interaction. Reproductive responses to habitat quality and predation environment were consistent with predictions based on differential mortality. Southern leatherside chub growth and reproduction responded differently to the combination of habitat quality and predation environment, thus demonstrating the importance of assessing interacting effects of anthropogenic disturbances to more fully comprehend impacts on native species and to appropriately manage, recover and restore these species and their habitats.
The role of temperature in the prey capture probability of drift‐feeding juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Watz Johan , Piccolo John J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract – Cold water temperatures are widely supposed to reduce the food intake of stream salmonids. Although cold temperatures have been documented to reduce swimming ability, digestion and gastric evacuation rates, little is known about how temperature influences the ability of fish to capture prey. We examined the effects of water temperature on the prey capture probability of drift‐feeding juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a laboratory stream. Temperatures ranged between 5.7 °C and 14 °C. We found significant effects of water temperature on prey capture probability and capture manoeuvre time. The mean capture probability dropped from 96% at 14 °C to 53% at 5.7 °C. At 8 °C and higher temperatures, foraging performances did not differ much among treatments. We suggest that reduced swimming ability could be one of the most important mechanisms for the observed pattern of reduced prey capture probability at cold water temperatures, but prey detection limitations and predator avoidance may play a role. Our results will be of use for bioenergetics‐based drift‐foraging models, which to date have not incorporated a temperature‐dependent prey capture function.
Predators and invasive plants affect performance of amphibian larvae
Authors: Watling James I. , Hickman Caleb R. , Orrock John L.
Published: November 2010

Exotic ecosystem engineers induce structural and qualitative habitat changes in invaded landscapes, yet studies rarely examine the effects of both of these changes on native taxa. We used a factorial experiment in natural, predator‐containing environments to determine whether performance of amphibian larvae was affected by predators and/or changes in habitat structure or chemistry associated with the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii. Invertebrate predators significantly reduced survival of American toad Anaxyrus americanus larvae, whereas tadpole development was accelerated in pools inoculated with the chemical signature of L. maackii. The significant effect of L. maackii chemistry on A. americanus larvae suggests that invasive species may have non‐intuitive effects even on native taxa with which they share no trophic connection, and may represent cryptic components of the multiple, interactive drivers of biodiversity change.
Melatonin synergistically increases resveratrol‐induced heme oxygenase‐1 expression through the inhibition of ubiquitin‐dependent proteasome pathway: a possible role in neuroprotection
Authors: Kwon Kyoung Ja , Kim Jung Nam , Kim Min Kyeong , Lee Jongmin , Ignarro Louis J. , Kim Hee‐Jin , Shin Chan Young , Han Seol‐Heui
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Melatonin is an indoleamine secreted by the pineal gland as well as a plant‐derived product, and resveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring polyphenol synthesized by a variety of plant species; both molecules act as a neuroprotector and antioxidant. Recent studies have demonstrated that RSV reduced the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease and stroke, while melatonin supplementation was found to reduce the progression of the cognitive impairment in AD. The heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is an inducible and redox‐regulated enzyme that provides tissue‐specific antioxidant effects. We assessed whether the co‐administration of melatonin and RSV shows synergistic effects in terms of their neuroprotective properties through HO‐1. RSV significantly increased the expression levels of HO‐1 protein in a concentration‐dependent manner both in primary cortical neurons and in astrocytes, while melatonin per se did not. Melatonin + RSV showed a synergistic increase in the expression levels of HO‐1 protein but not in the HO‐1 mRNA level compared to either melatonin or RSV alone, which is mediated by the activation of PI3K‐Akt pathway. Treatment of melatonin + RSV significantly attenuated the neurotoxicity induced by H2O2 in primary cortical neurons and also in organotypic hippocampal slice culture. The blockade of HO‐1 induction by shRNA attenuated HO‐1 induction by melatonin + RSV and hindered the neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by H2O2. The treatment of MG132 + RSV mimicked the effects of melatonin + RSV, and melatonin + RSV inhibited ubiquitination of HO‐1. These data suggest that melatonin potentiates the neuroprotective effect of RSV against oxidative injury, by enhancing HO‐1 induction through inhibiting ubiquitination‐dependent proteasome pathway, which may provide an effective means to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
Family Acceptance in Adolescence and the Health of LGBT Young Adults
Authors: Ryan Caitlin , Russell Stephen T. , Huebner David , Diaz Rafael , Sanchez Jorge
Published: November 2010

ISSUE:  The role of family acceptance as a protective factor for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adolescents and young adults has not been established.

METHODS:  A quantitative measure with items derived from prior qualitative work retrospectively assessed family accepting behaviors in response to LGBT adolescents' sexual orientation and gender expression and their relationship to mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk in young adults (N= 245).

FINDINGS:  Family acceptance predicts greater self‐esteem, social support, and general health status; it also protects against depression, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation and behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS:  Family acceptance of LGBT adolescents is associated with positive young adult mental and physical health. Interventions that promote parental and caregiver acceptance of LGBT adolescents are needed to reduce health disparities.
Correlates of Substance Use Severity Among Homeless Youth
Authors: Nyamathi Adeline , Hudson Angela , Greengold Barbara , Slagle Alexandra , Marfisee Mary , Khalilifard Farinaz , Leake Barbara
Published: November 2010

PROBLEM: This cross‐sectional study identified a number of factors that were correlated with drug‐use severity among homeless youth.

METHODS: To examine a commonly used measure of substance‐use severity, the TCU Drug Screen II, in a convenience sample of 156 homeless youth, ages 15–25 from a drop‐in site in Santa Monica, California.

FINDINGS: Higher drug‐use severity scores were independently related to low levels of perceived health and maladaptive coping strategies.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study are particularly relevant in that they support previous results showing that psychosocial variables are related to substance use behavior among young populations.
Sexual Violence beyond Reasonable Doubt: Using Pattern Evidence and Analysis for International Cases
Authors: Aranburu Xabier Agirre
Published: November 2010

Establishing the pattern of crime is fundamental for the successful investigation of international crimes (genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity). A pattern of crime is the aggregate of multiple incidents that share common features related to the victims, the perpetrators, and the modus operandi. Pattern evidence and analysis have been used successfully, mainly in the investigation of large‐scale killings, destruction, and displacement; the use for sexual violence charges has been remarkably more limited. There is a need to overcome this gap by setting proper methods of data collection and analysis. At the level of evidence collection, under‐reporting should be addressed through victimization surveys or secondary analysis of data available from different sources. At the level of analysis, the available evidence needs to be subject to impartial examination beyond the pre‐conceptions of the conflict parties and advocacy groups, in compliance with scientific standards for quantitative, qualitative, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) methods. Reviewing the different investigative experiences and jurisprudence will help to set the right methodology and contribute most efficiently to putting an end to the impunity regarding sexual crimes.
Prolonged Armed Conflict and Diminished Deference to the Military: Lessons from Israel
Authors: Davidov Guy , Reichman Amnon
Published: November 2010

We examine whether the level of deference shown by the Israeli Supreme Court to military decisions has changed over time by empirically analyzing the entire body of Supreme Court decisions in petitions against the military commander between 1990 and 2005. Setting forth a number of different factors that might generally affect the degree of deference to state agencies, we hypothesized that there would be a decrease in deference in the relationship between the Court and the military commander during the examined period. Our findings show that deference to the military commander has indeed diminished significantly. We argue that this is best explained by the continuation of the armed conflict (and its aftermath, namely, the routinization and increase in the number of petitions by the civilian population) and also—to some extent—by the rise of a substantive rule‐of‐law legal consciousness, central to which is the importance of human rights.
Law's Allure and an Interbranch Perspective on Law and Politics
Authors: Barnes Jeb
Published: November 2010

This essay views Gordon Silverstein's book Law's Allure: How Law Shapes, Constrains, Saves, and Kills Politics (2009) from the perspective of the burgeoning interbranch literature on law and courts, which seeks to place judicial decision making within the context of ongoing political and policy‐making processes. It argues that Law's Allure reflects the strengths and weaknesses of this literature. On the plus side, it compellingly reinterprets the concept of legal precedent in political terms, showing how the content of judicial decisions serves as an iterative framing mechanism within and across various policy areas. On the downside, it struggles to provide a rigorous framework for analyzing the risks of the juridification of American politics. Despite any weaknesses, its attempt to map different pathways of legalistic court‐based policy development in diverse settings represents a useful step for those interested in bringing the study of law and courts back into the core of analyzing American politics and policy making.
Law's Strange Allure: The Power of Legal Lore beyond the Law‐Politics Divide
Authors: Murakawa Naomi
Published: November 2010

American political culture is both seduced and repulsed by legal power, and this essay reviews Gordon Silverstein's contribution to understanding the causes and consequences of “law's allure.” Using interbranch analysis, Silverstein argues that law is dangerously alluring as a political shortcut, but ultimately he concludes that law offers no exit from “normal politics” and the hard work of “changing minds.” This essay suggests that Silverstein's framework—his dyadic focus on courts and Congress, constructive and deconstructive patterns, legal formality and normal politics—strips law from its animating context of interests, inequality, and ideology. Without consideration of these larger forces of power, Silverstein's framework misplaces law's ability to “change minds” in perverse and unexpected ways.
Law's Allure in American Politics and Policy: What It Is, What It Is Not, and What It Might Yet Be
Authors: Silverstein Gordon
Published: November 2010

Responding to a set of review essays, the author of Law's Allure: How Law Shapes, Constrains, Saves, and Kills Politics (Silverstein 2009) argues that politicians and policy entrepreneurs fail to calculate the risks of juridification—the judicialization of policy combined with the legalization of politics itself—which have expanded and accelerated in the United States in recent decades. Paradigmatic case studies (on subjects including poverty, electoral districting, automated budgeting, war powers, abortion laws, and the regulation of tobacco as well as the environment) illustrate the risks of various patterns of juridification and construct an agenda for future research.