bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schilddrüsentherapeutika
Authors: Merk Daniel , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred
Published: September 2012

Mit höchstens 25 g beim gesunden Erwachsenen ist die Schilddrüse ein relativ kleines Organ. Ihrer geringen Größe zum Trotz kann sie jedoch für zahlreiche teilweise gravierende endokrine Erkrankungen verantwortlich sein, da sie die lebenswichtigen Schilddrüsenhormone bildet.
Schilddrüsenhormone
Authors: Lamers Christina , Ude Christian , Wurglics Mario
Published: September 2012

Schilddrüsenhormon‐Präparate gehören zu den in Deutschland am häufigsten verordneten Arzneimitteln überhaupt. Nach Aussage des Arzneimittelverordnungsreports 2011 ist das in Deutschland am häufigsten verschriebene Arzneimittel ein Schilddrüsenhormon‐Präparat. Daneben befinden sich noch drei weitere Schilddrüsenhormon‐Präparate unter den Top 20.
Rekombinant hergestelltes schilddrüsenstimulierendes Hormon
Authors: Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo
Published: September 2012

Das Schilddrüsenkarzinom gehört eher zu den seltenen Krebsarten und ist zum überwiegenden Teil sehr gut behandelbar. Nachteilig ist allein das hohe Rezidivrisiko durch verbliebene Resttumorzellen, die meist sehr langsam wachsen und auch nach Jahrzehnten wieder zu einem manifesten Karzinom führen können. Deshalb ist die Nachsorge ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Therapie. Seit 2000 ist mit Thyrotropin alfa ein Wirkstoff verfügbar, der die Durchführung der Nachsorgeuntersuchungen beschleunigt und die Belastung der Patienten während der Hypothyreose verringert. Seit 2010 ist Thyrogen® zusätzlich als prätherapeutischer Stimulus für die Radioiod‐Ablation der Resttumorzellen zugelassen.
Lys05 – ein neuer Ansatz zur Tumortherapie?
Authors: Schmidt Ines , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: September 2012

Auch wenn es in den letzten Jahrzehnten Fortschritte in der Tumortherapie gegeben hat, so fehlt es an innovativen Ansätzen. Die Arbeitsgruppe um R. K. Amaravadi an der University of Sciences, Philadelphia, USA, untersuchte Inhibitoren der Autophagie, durch deren Einsatz die bisherige Chemotherapie ergänzt werden kann.
Antikörper bei Hypercholesterinämie?
Authors: Brunn David , Kühn Benjamin , Schaub Verena , Sitzler Ramona , Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo
Published: September 2012

Es mag etwas merkwürdig klingen, dass nun auch bei Hypercholesterinämie Antikörper zum Einsatz kommen sollen. Aber es gibt eben durchaus Patienten, deren Lipidspiegel mit der bisher verfügbaren Standardtherapie nicht ausreichend gesenkt werden können. Hier könnten eventuell Antikörper helfen.
Tumortherapie mit SMAC‐Mimetika?
Authors: Lobentanzer Sebastian , Gebel Tatjana , Kaminski Helen , Lohnherr Tanja , Oksas Stephan , Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo
Published: September 2012

TL32711, inzwischen unter dem Namen Birinapant von TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals entwickelt, könnte eine neue Klasse unspezifischer Zytostatika – die SMAC‐Mimetika – begründen. Es befindet sich momentan in klinischen Studien der Phase II als Monotherapeutikum und als Add‐On bei soliden Tumoren und in Phase I/II als Monotherapeutikum bei akuter myeloischer Leukämie.
Diskrete Physik und schnelle Transformationen
Authors: Krenn Heinz
Published: September 2012

Digitale Signalverarbeitung und schnelle Transformationsalgorithmen gestatten eine effiziente Berechnung physikalischer Filterungsprozesse in reziproken Räumen. Bei linearen, stationären und kausalen Übertragungssystemen, etwa elektronischen Verstärkern oder optischen Medien, sind Amplitude und Phase der Signale nicht unabhängig voneinander wählbar. Sie gehorchen deshalb der Hilbert‐Transformation zwischen den reziproken Räumen. Digitalisierung verformt generell die Analogsignale und erzeugt künstliche Alias‐Oberwellen. Da Materie selbst aus Atomen besteht, ist sie diskret. Deshalb kann man Eigenschaften physikalischer Systeme elegant mit Methoden der digitalen Signalverarbeitung simulieren.
Die Vermessung des Protons
Authors: Pohl Randolf
Published: September 2012

Zu den fundamentalen Fragen der Physik gehört die nach der Größe des Protons. Sein Ladungsradius wird traditionell über die elastische Streuung von Elektronen am Kern von Wasserstoffatomen bestimmt. Seit den 1990er Jahren ist der Protonenradius aus der Elektronenstreuung der limitierende Faktor beim Test fundamentaler Theorien (Quantenelektrodynamik) mit hochpräziser Laserspektroskopie an Wasserstoffatomen. Schon in den 1960er Jahren gab es die Idee, den Protonenradius mit Hilfe von Myonen zu messen, die das leichtere Elektron ersetzen. Myonen halten sich länger im Kern auf als Elektronen, sind also sensiblere Sonden. 2009 gelang uns ein Experiment am Paul Scherrer Institut, das die Lamb‐Verschiebung zwischen 2S‐ und 2P‐Zustand in myonischem Wasserstoff nutzt. Es bestimmte den Ladungsradius des Protons mit zuvor unerreichter Genauigkeit. Überraschenderweise war der gemessene Ladungsradius um 4 % kleiner als die bisherigen offiziellen CODATA‐Werte. Die Ursache dieser Diskrepanz ist bis heute ungeklärt.
Haben wir das Higgs‐Boson entdeckt?
Authors: Müller Thomas
Published: September 2012

Im Dezember letzten Jahres verkündeten die Sprecher der beiden am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) eingesetzten Großexperimente ATLAS und CMS erste Hinweise auf das lang gesuchte Higgs‐Boson. Nun wurden am 4. Juli dieses Jahres die neuen Ergebnisse von beiden Experimenten in einem weltweit übertragenen Seminar vorgestellt. Die damals gefundenen Signale haben sich deutlich verstärkt, so dass die Entdeckung eines neuen Teilchens als sicher gilt. Sehr wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um das vom Standardmodell verhergesagte Higgs‐Boson.
Überraschend großer Brechungsindex für Gammastrahlung
Authors: Habs Dietrich , Jentschel Michael
Published: September 2012

Nach derzeitigem Lehrbuchwissen wird Gammastrahlung in gewöhnlicher Materie nicht gebrochen. Deswegen gibt es keine, dem optischen Bereich verwandten Gammalinsen. Jetzt hat unsere Gruppe vom Institut Laue‐Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble und von der LMU München jedoch einen unerwartet hohen Brechungsindex bei Silizium gefunden. Er beruht auf Delbrück‐Streuung an den extrem starken elektrischen Kernfeldern. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass die Quantenelektrodynamik in diesem Bereich um einen Faktor 105 falsche Ergebnisse liefert. Außerdem weist das Experiment den Weg für zukünftige Gammalinsen.
Optische Tropfenexplosion
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim
Published: September 2012

Durch die Sonne oder ein Blitzlicht erleuchtete Tröpfchen auf einer Fensterscheibe scheinen sich strahlenförmig nach außen zu orientieren. In Wirklichkeit sind sie zufällig verteilt. Wie kommt dieses Phänomen zustande?
Die göttliche Zahl Φ und der Goldene Schnitt
Authors: Rolfs Claus
Published: September 2012

Es gibt eine berühmte Zahlenfolge, die Fibonacci‐Reihe, bei der jedes Glied der Reihe aus der Summe der beiden vorangehenden Glieder gebildet wird. Die Zahlenreihe ist aber auch deshalb bemerkenswert, weil die Division der jeweiligen Glieder erstaunlicherweise stets sehr eng um den Wert 1,62 streut, ja mit aufsteigender Reihe den Wert genau erreicht: die göttliche Zahl Φ = 1,62. Sie definiert den Goldenen Schnitt, der in Natur und Kunst eine große Rolle spielt.
Ein Prosit auf die Symmetrieverletzung
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: September 2012

Klare Sache: Ohne Symmetrien könnte die Physik einpacken. Symmetrien sind das Rückgrat des Standardmodells. Und dass es keine Erhaltungsgröße ohne Symmetrie in der Wirkung gibt, bewies ganz klassisch schon Emmy Noether. Kein Wunder, dass es da in den physikalischen und nicht‐physikalischen Blättern gehörig raschelt, als in den 1950er Jahren eine unerwartete Symmetrieverletzung aufgedeckt wird.
Zerstörte Gele – definierte Cremigkeit
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: September 2012

Wer kommt schon auf die Idee, ein ausgebildetes festes Gel, etwa einen Pudding, zu Bruchstücken zu zerkleinern? Köche und Physiker, denn dabei geht es um Mundgefühl und Cremigkeit – und das auf reiner Wasserbasis. Zerstörte Gele zeigen das Zusammenspiel mit Oberflächenwasser, Mikropartikel und Elastizität zwischen Mund und Gaumen.
Development of an instrument to measure self‐efficacy in caregivers of people with advanced cancer
Authors: Ugalde Anna , Krishnasamy Meinir , Schofield Penelope
Published: September 2012

Objective

Informal caregivers of people with advanced cancer experience many negative impacts as a result of their role. There is a lack of suitable measures specifically designed to assess their experience. This study aimed to develop a new measure to assess self‐efficacy in caregivers of people with advanced cancer.

Methods

The development and testing of the new measure consisted of four separate, sequential phases: generation of issues, development of issues into items, pilot testing and field testing. In the generation of issues, 17 caregivers were interviewed to generate data. These data were analysed to generate codes, which were then systematically developed into items to construct the instrument. The instrument was pilot tested with 14 health professionals and five caregivers. It was then administered to a large sample for field testing to establish the psychometric properties, with established measures including the Brief Cope and the Family Appraisals for Caregiving Questionnaire for Palliative Care.

Results

Ninety‐four caregivers completed the questionnaire booklet to establish the factor structure, reliability and validity. The factor analysis resulted in a 21‐item, four‐factor instrument, with the subscales being termed Resilience, Self‐Maintenance, Emotional Connectivity and Instrumental Caregiving. The test‐retest reliability and internal consistency were both excellent, ranging from 0.73 to 0.85 and 0.81 to 0.94, respectively. Six convergent and divergent hypotheses were made, and five were supported.

Conclusions

This study has developed a new instrument to assess self‐efficacy in caregivers of people with advanced cancer. The result is a four‐factor, 21‐item instrument with demonstrated reliability and validity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion implanted inconel alloy – SIMS and GDMS depth profile analysis
Authors: Konarski P. , Kaczorek K. , Kaliński D. , Chmielewski M. , Pietrzak K. , Barlak M.
Published: September 2012

Two analytical techniques – secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) – were applied for depth profile analysis of ion‐implanted nickel alloy inconel 600. Ion implantation with nitrogen, titanium, chromium and yttrium was performed in order to modify surface, mechanical and chemical properties. Implantation parameters were as follows: acceleration voltage 65 kV, ion fluence 1–2 mA/cm2. Series of ion implanted foils were then depth profiled using the two techniques applying ion sputtering. SIMS analysis was performed using 16 mm rods QMA‐410 Balzers quadrupole mass spectrometer and Physical Electronics ion gun (3 keV Ar+ ion beam directed at 45 deg to the surface). GDMS analysis was done with 6 mm rods SRS‐300 quadrupole spectrometer. Ion sputtering was performed due to glow discharge in ~0.1 Torr Ar with 1.5 kV DC voltage supplied to cathode (analysed sample). SIMS and GDMS data are quantified using internal standard method (main component elements) as well as ion implantation parameters. The two methods show similar distributions of ion‐implanted species: N, Ti and Y. Also the depletion‐enrichment of alloy components like Cr, Mn, Fe and Ni is observed in the 0–300 nm sputtering range using both methods. Nickel depletions, as well as chromium and manganese enrichments, are registered by both GDMS and SIMS. However, quantitation of these effects is difficult due to the strong mass interference of the polyatomic ions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recursive partitioning for monotone missing at random longitudinal markers
Authors: Stock Shannon , DeGruttola Victor
Published: September 2012

The development of HIV resistance mutations reduces the efficacy of specific antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection and cross‐resistance within classes of drugs is common. Recursive partitioning has been extensively used to identify resistance mutations associated with a reduced virologic response measured at a single time point; here we describe a statistical method that accommodates a large set of genetic or other covariates and a longitudinal response. This recursive partitioning approach for continuous longitudinal data uses the kernel of a U‐statistic as the splitting criterion and avoids the need for parametric assumptions regarding the relationship between observed response trajectories and covariates. We propose an extension of this approach that allows longitudinal measurements to be monotone missing at random by making use of inverse probability weights. We assess the performance of our method using extensive simulation studies and apply them to data collected by the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research as part of an investigation of the viral genetic mutations associated with reduced clinical efficacy of the drug abacavir. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitivity analysis framework for the treatment effect measure used in the meta‐analysis of comparative binary data from randomised controlled trials
Authors: Jackson Dan , Baker Rose , Bowden Jack
Published: September 2012

The process of undertaking a meta‐analysis involves a sequence of decisions, one of which is deciding which measure of treatment effect to use. In particular, for comparative binary data from randomised controlled trials, a wide variety of measures are available such as the odds ratio and the risk difference. It is often of interest to know whether important conclusions would have been substantively different if an alternative measure had been used. Here we develop a new type of sensitivity analysis that incorporates standard measures of treatment effect. Thus, rather than examining the implications of a variety of measures in an ad hoc manner, we can simultaneously examine an entire family of possibilities, including the odds ratio, the arcsine difference and the risk difference. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snail-dependent repression of the RhoGEF pebble is required for gastrulation consistency in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Murray Michael J. , Southall Tony D. , Liu Wenjie , Fraval Hamilton , Lorensuhewa Nirmal , Brand Andrea H. , Saint Robert
Published: September 2012

The Rho GTP exchange factor, Pebble (Pbl), long recognised as an essential activator of Rho during cytokinesis, also regulates mesoderm migration at gastrulation. Like other cell cycle components, pbl expression patterns broadly correlate with proliferative tissue. Surprisingly, in spite of its role in the early mesoderm, pbl is downregulated in the presumptive mesoderm before ventral furrow formation. Here, we show that this mesoderm-specific repression of pbl is dependent on the transcriptional repressor Snail (Sna). pbl repression was lost in sna mutants but was unaffected when Sna was ectopically expressed, showing that Sna is necessary, but not sufficient, for pbl repression. Using DamID, the first intron of pbl was identified as a Sna-binding region. Nine sites with the Sna-binding consensus motif CAGGT[GA] were identified in this intron. Mutating these to TAGGC[GA] abolished the ventral repression of pbl. Surprisingly, Sna-dependent repression of pbl was not essential for viability or fertility. Loss of repression did, however, increase the frequency of low-penetrance gastrulation defects. Consistent with this, expression of a pbl-GFP transgene in the presumptive mesoderm generated similar gastrulation defects. Finally, we show that a cluster of Snail-binding sites in the middle of the first intron of pbl orthologues is a conserved feature in the other 11 sequenced Drosophila species. We conclude that pbl levels are precisely regulated to ensure that there is enough protein available for its role in early mesoderm development but not so much as to inhibit the orderly progression of gastrulation.
Biosynthesis of clavam metabolites
Authors: Jensen Susan E
Published: September 2012

Naturally occurring clavam metabolites include the valuable β-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid, as well as stereochemical variants with side-chain modifications, called the 5S clavams. Because of the clinical importance of clavulanic acid, most studies of clavam biosynthesis are based on the industrial producer species Streptomyces clavuligerus. Well-characterized early steps in clavam biosynthesis are outlined, and less well understood late steps in 5S clavam biosynthesis are proposed. The complex genetic organization of the clavam biosynthetic genes in S. clavuligerus is described and, where possible, comparisons with other producer species are presented.
Experimental investigation on the evolution of the modulation instability with dissipation
Authors: Ma Y. , Dong G. , Perlin M. , Ma X. , Wang G.
Published: September 2012

An experimental investigation focusing on the effect of dissipation on the evolution of the Benjamin–Feir instability is reported. A series of wave trains with added sidebands, and varying initial steepness, perturbed amplitudes and frequencies, are physically generated in a long wave flume. The experimental results directly confirm the stabilization theory of Segur et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 539, 2005, pp. 229–271), i.e. dissipation can stabilize the Benjamin–Feir instability. Furthermore, the experiments reveal that the effect of dissipation on modulational instability depends strongly on the perturbation frequency. It is found that the effect of dissipation on the growth rates of the sidebands for the waves with higher perturbation frequencies is more evident than on those of waves with lower perturbation frequencies. In addition, numerical simulations based on Dysthe’s equation with a linear damping term included, which is estimated from the experimental data, can predict the experimental results well if the momentum integral of the wave trains is conserved during evolution.
A throttling mechanism sustaining a hole tone feedback system at very low Mach numbers
Authors: Matsuura K. , Nakano M.
Published: September 2012

This study investigates the sound produced when a jet, issued from a circular nozzle or hole in a plate, goes through a similar hole in a second plate. The sound, known as a hole tone, is encountered in many practical engineering situations. Direct computations of a hole tone feedback system were conducted. The mean velocity of the air jet was 10 m s−1. The nozzle and the end plate hole both had a diameter of 51 mm, and the impingement length between the nozzle and the end plate was 50 mm. The computational results agreed well with past experimental data in terms of qualitative vortical structures, the relationship between the most dominant hole tone peak frequency and the jet speed, and downstream growth of the mean jet profiles. Based on the computational results, the shear-layer impingement on the hole edge, the resulting propagation of pressure waves and the associated vortical structures are discussed. To extract dominant unsteady behaviours of the hole tone phenomena, a snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis of pressure fluctuation fields was conducted. It was found that the pressure fluctuation fields and the time variation of mass flows through the end plate hole were dominantly expressed by the first and second POD modes, respectively. Integrating the computational results, an axisymmetric throttling mechanism linking mass flow rates through the hole, vortex impingement and global pressure propagation, is proposed.
Simulation and modelling of slip flow over surfaces grafted with polymer brushes and glycocalyx fibres
Authors: Deng Mingge , Li Xuejin , Liang Haojun , Caswell Bruce , Karniadakis George Em
Published: September 2012

Fabrication of functionalized surfaces using polymer brushes is a relatively simple process and parallels the presence of glycocalyx filaments coating the luminal surface of our vasculature. In this paper, we perform atomistic-like simulations based on dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) to study both polymer brushes and glycocalyx filaments subject to shear flow, and we apply mean-field theory to extract useful scaling arguments on their response. For polymer brushes, a weak shear flow has no effect on the brush density profile or its height, while the slip length is independent of the shear rate and is of the order of the brush mesh size as a result of screening by hydrodynamic interactions. However, for strong shear flow, the polymer brush is penetrated deeper and is deformed, with a corresponding decrease of the brush height and an increase of the slip length. The transition from the weak to the strong shear regime can be described by a simple ‘blob’ argument, leading to the scaling ${\dot {\gamma } }_{0} \propto {\sigma }^{3/ 2} $, where ${\dot {\gamma } }_{0} $ is the critical transition shear rate and $\sigma $ is the grafting density. Furthermore, in the strong shear regime, we observe a cyclic dynamic motion of individual polymers, causing a reversal in the direction of surface flow. To study the glycocalyx layer, we first assume a homogeneous flow that ignores the discrete effects of blood cells, and we simulate microchannel flows at different flow rates. Surprisingly, we find that, at low Reynolds number, the slip length decreases with the mean flow velocity, unlike the behaviour of polymer brushes, for which the slip length remains constant under similar conditions. (The slip length and brush height are measured with respect to polymer mesh size and polymer contour length, respectively.) We also performed additional DPD simulations of blood flow in a tube with walls having a glycocalyx layer and with the deformable red blood cells modelled accurately at the spectrin level. In this case, a plasma cell-free layer is formed, with thickness more than three times the glycocalyx layer. We then find our scaling arguments based on the homogeneous flow assumption to be valid for this physiologically correct case as well. Taken together, our findings point to the opposing roles of conformational entropy and bending rigidity – dominant effects for the brush and glycocalyx, respectively – which, in turn, lead to different flow characteristics, despite the apparent similarity of the two systems.
Introduction
Authors: Cooke Glenn R.
Published: September 2012

Queensland's heritage city of Maryborough was the focus of the Australian Garden History Society's 32nd Annual Conference, held from 19–21 August 2011. The Society is again delighted to collaborate with Queensland Review to bring the papers from this conference to publication, just as it did with those of the 2003 conference. Maryborough was selected for this event because the city centre is remarkably intact and coherent, and because of the appeal of its numerous charming ‘Queenslander’ houses to Southern delegates. The topics of the conference and the tours organised by the conference committee confirmed Garden History Society chair John Dwyer's opening description of Maryborough, quoted from the Australian National Trust's 1982 Historic Places publication, as ‘one of the four most charming places in Australia’.
Robert Ørsted-Jensen, 'Frontier History Revisited: Colonial Queensland and the 'History War", Brisbane: Lux Mundi, 2011, ISBN 9 7814 6638 6822, 278 pp., $27.00
Authors: Cox Eirini
Published: September 2012

Robert Ørsted-Jensen, Frontier History Revisited: Colonial Queensland and the ‘History War’, Brisbane: Lux Mundi, 2011, ISBN 9 7814 6638 6822, 278 pp., $27.00
Spreading the Word
Authors: Sim Jean
Published: September 2012

This article examines local publications regarding horticulture, botany and garden design from the first 50 years of Queensland history. The primary aim was to critically review the documentary data with a focus on understanding designed landscapes. A secondary objective was to reveal the major historical figures responsible for writing about design and horticulture in general between 1859 and 1915. This article represents a summary of these sources and their authors, rather than a detailed discussion about the contents of these writings. Apart from newspapers, which devoted columns to horticultural and on occasion aesthetic matters, there were various other types of relevant publications on designed landscapes in early Queensland, including books, almanacs, nursery catalogues, gardening guides, essays, annual reports, journals and bulletins. The following review is arranged chronologically by publication date, and divided across two major eras: 1850s–1870s and 1880s–1910s. The biographical information provided with each author emphasises their design experiences and influence as part of the evaluation of the significance of these sources for the research.
EFFECTS OF SALINE WATER ON WATER STATUS, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF WILD (SOLANUM CHILENSE) AND DOMESTICATED (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM VAR. CERASIFORME) TOMATOES
Authors: MARTÍNEZ JUAN-PABLO , ANTÚNEZ ALEJANDRO , PERTUZÉ RICARDO , ACOSTA MARIA DEL PILAR , PALMA XIMENA , FUENTES LIDA , AYALA ANIBAL , ARAYA HECTOR , LUTTS STANLEY
Published: September 2012

Farmers around the world are concerned about the effects of human-induced salinity on crop yield and quality. Therefore, researchers are actively testing wild relatives of cultivated plants to identify candidates to improve crop performance under salt stress. A study was conducted to understand the effects of salt stress (Sodium chloride, NaCl) on cultivated tomato species (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme L.) and a wild tomato relative (Solanum chilense Dun.) from the Northern part of Chile. Plants were cultivated hydroponically under controlled environmental conditions for 112 days with nutrient solution containing 0 mM (3 dS m−1), 40 mM (6 dS m−1) and 80-mM (9 dS m−1) NaCl. Salt stress reduced the shoot biomass in S. lycopersicum but not in S. chilense. Both species were able to maintain the leaf water content; however, the cultivated S. lycopersicum showed osmotic adjustment, while S. chilense did not. Salt stress reduced the total fruit yield in S. lycopersicum based on a decrease in the mean fruit weight, but it had no impact on the number of fruits per plant. In contrast, salt stress had no significant impact on the fruit yield in S. chilense. Salt stress increased the total soluble solids content in S. lycopersicum and the titratable acidity in S. chilense. It was concluded that S. chilense displays a contrasting behaviour in response to prolonged exposure to moderate salinity compared with S. lycopersicum, and that this related species could be an interesting plant for breeding purposes.
Experimental infection of laboratory mice with twoBartonella tribocorumstrains from wildMusspecies: a homologous host-bacteria model system at the genus level
Authors: COLTON L. , KOSOY M.
Published: September 2012

To date no experimental infection studies have been conducted in laboratory mice usingMusspp. bartonella strains. Therefore we designed a study to evaluate thein vivoinfection characteristics of 2Bartonella tribocorumstrains from wildMusspp. in laboratory mice with the aim of developing a mouse model that reproduces characteristics of naturally acquired bartonella infections in rodents. Groups of outbred CD1 female mice were subcutaneously inoculated with low doses of 2 mouse bartonella strains (10, 100, and 1000 bacteria/mouse). Blood was collected weekly for 27 weeks to evaluate bacteraemia kinetics in infected mice. Mouse urine collected during weeks 3–6 post-inoculation was also tested for viable bacteria to determine whether urine might serve as a source of bacterial transmission. Mice were susceptible to infection with both strains. Bacteraemias in mice lasted up to 25 weeks, sometimes with abacteraemic intervals, and achieved levels up to 107cfu/ml of blood. Temporal lags in bacteraemia onset of up to 19 weeks in length were noted at different inoculum doses. No viable bacteria were detected in mouse urine. Bacteraemic mice displayed characteristics of infection similar to those observed in natural rodent hosts during longitudinal field studies. This mouse model of persistent bacteraemia should be suitable for a variety of experimental uses.
An alternative to killing? Treatment of reservoir hosts to control a vector and pathogen in a susceptible species
Authors: PORTER R. , NORMAN R. A. , GILBERT L.
Published: September 2012

Parasite-mediated apparent competition occurs when one species affects another through the action of a shared parasite. One way of controlling the parasite in the more susceptible host is to manage the reservoir host. Culling can cause issues in terms of ethics and biodiversity impacts, therefore we ask: can treating, as compared to culling, a wildlife host protect a target species from the shared parasite? We used Susceptible Infected Recovered (SIR) models parameterized for the tick-borne louping ill virus (LIV) system. Deer are the key hosts of the vector (Ixodes ricinus) that transmits LIV to red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, causing high mortality. The model was run under scenarios of varying acaricide efficacy and deer densities. The model predicted that treating deer can increase grouse density through controlling ticks and LIV, if acaricide efficacies are high and deer densities low. Comparing deer treated with 70% acaricide efficacy with a 70% cull rate suggested that treatment may be more effective than culling if initial deer densities are high. Our results will help inform tick control policies, optimize the targeting of control methods and identify conditions where host management is most likely to succeed. Our approach is applicable to other host-vector-pathogen systems.
Structure and organization of an avian haemosporidian assemblage in a Neotropical savanna in Brazil
Authors: FECCHIO ALAN , LIMA MARCOS ROBALINHO , SVENSSON-COELHO MARIA , MARINI MIGUEL ÂNGELO , RICKLEFS ROBERT E.
Published: September 2012

Studies on avian haemosporidia are on the rise, but we still lack a basic understanding of how ecological and evolutionary factors mold the distributions of haemosporidia among species in the same bird community. We studied the structure and organization of a local avian haemosporidian assemblage (generaPlasmodiumandHaemoproteus) in the Cerrado biome of Central Brazil for 5 years. We obtained 790 blood samples from 54 bird species of which 166 (21%) were infected with haemosporidians based on molecular diagnostics. Partial sequences of the parasite cytochrome b gene revealed 18 differentiated avian haemosporidian lineages. We also analysed the relationship of life-history traits (i.e., nesting height, migration status, nest type, sociality, body mass, and embryo development period) of the 14 most abundant bird species with the prevalence of avian haemosporidia. It was found that host species that bred socially presented a higher prevalence ofHaemoproteus(Parahaemoproteus) than bird species that bred in pairs. Thus, aspects of host behaviour could be responsible for differential exposure to vectors. The assemblage of avian haemosporidia studied here also confirms a pattern that is emerging in recent studies using molecular markers to identify avian haemosporidians, namely that many lineages are host generalists.
A true gift of mother earth: the use and significance of obsidian at Çatalhöyük
Authors: Carter Tristan
Published: September 2012

This paper reviews 50 years of obsidian studies at Neolithic Çatalhöyük in the Konya plain, central Anatolia. A number of key issues are addressed: (1) the source of the site's raw materials, the means and forms by which the obsidian was introduced to the site and the role of Çatalhöyük in the supra-regional dissemination of these raw materials; (2) the alleged gender associations of certain obsidian goods in the burial record and beyond; (3) a more general consideration of the social significance of the circulation and consumption of obsidian at the site, including the phenomena of hoarding and gifting, plus the important role of projectiles in the creation of social identities and various forms of ritual behaviour, not least the termination of the life of a building/individual; (4) the technotypological and raw material variability through time; (5) the use of obsidian in daily practice and craft-working.
Local authority and civic Hellenism: Tarcondimotus, Hierapolis-Castabala and the cult of Perasia
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: September 2012

In the mid first century BC, a dynast named Tarcondimotus asserted his authority over parts of Smooth Cilicia. Tarcondimotus' successful accommodation of the differing expectations of Roman magistrates, local Greeks and Cilicians was connected to his patronage of the Greekpolisof Hierapolis-Castabala. Through such patronage, he collaborated with municipal elites to interweave Greek and local traditions into the city's culture and cult in ways that produced innovative expressions of civic Hellenism. Likewise, while Hierapolis-Castabala was under Tarcondimotus' protection, its cult to the goddess Perasia, a local manifestation of the ancient Hittite deity Kubaba, embodied these unique cultural expressions. During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Perasia retained her traditional name and her cult enjoyed distinctively local rites in which her priestesses walked upon fiery coals. Such unique qualities prevented Greeks and Romans during the centuries following Tarcondimotus' rule from associating her with any single goddess worshipped in Greece or Italy. In sum, by patronising Hierapolis-Castabala, Tarcondimotus presented himself as the defender of Greek civic life and theHierapolitaiwere able to persist in their unique expressions of Greek civic performance and cult in the turbulent transitional period between Seleucid and Roman rule.
Certain properties for crossed products by automorphisms with a certain non-simple tracial Rokhlin property
Authors: FANG XIAOCHUN , FAN QINGZHAI
Published: September 2012

Let $\Omega $ be a class of unital $C^*$-algebras. Then any simple unital $C^*$-algebra $A\in \mathrm {TA}(\mathrm {TA}\Omega )$ is a $\mathrm {TA}\Omega $ algebra. Let $A\in \mathrm {TA}\Omega $ be an infinite-dimensional $\alpha $-simple unital $C^*$-algebra with the property SP. Suppose that $\alpha :G\to \mathrm {Aut}(A)$ is an action of a finite group $G$ on $A$ which has a certain non-simple tracial Rokhlin property. Then the crossed product algebra $C^*(G,A,\alpha )$ belongs to $\mathrm {TA}\Omega $.
Optimal design of 6-DOF eclipse mechanism based on task-oriented workspace – ADDENDUM
Authors: Lee Donghun , Kim Jongwon , Seo TaeWon
Published: September 2012

In the article1 the author omitted the following from the acknowledgement section:

This work was supported by the Soongsil University Research Fund of 2012.
Unknown Womanby Anna Odell: The Event, the Trial, the Work – Reflections on the Mediality of Performance
Authors: SAUTER WILLMAR
Published: September 2012

This article is concerned with an extraordinary artwork created by a young Swedish art student, Anna Odell. Odell's re-enactment of an earlier suicide attempt on a bridge in Stockholm, filmed for an art installation, caused an outcry from the public and medical authorities and a court case that stimulated heated debate in the national press. Here I examine Odell's work for the ‘critical’ questions it in turn provokes about artistic creation and communication: the difficulties for the performance scholar in addressing the enactment when it is so generically hard to define; why the art/artist was found guilty of a ‘fraudulent practice’; and what might be revealed and further problematized by theorizing the enactment as a cultural, socio-political event.
Notes on Verdi's I due Foscari
Authors: Giger Andreas
Published: September 2012

The preparation of the critical edition of Verdi's I due Foscari has drawn attention to two overlooked sources: an early scenario attributed to Andrea Maffei and an early manuscript copy with various layers of corrections. This article questions the scenario's attribution to Maffei, revising the opera's early history. It furthermore identifies one of the layers in the manuscript copy as being in Verdi's hand, showing that the composer's role in fine-tuning a libretto at this early stage in his career was greater than has so far been possible to show.
Melancholy and allegory inDie Frau ohne Schatten
Authors: Shirley Hugo
Published: September 2012

Die Frau ohne Schatten(The Woman without a Shadow, 1917) was conceived as Richard Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal's ‘chief joint work’, and its central message has been read as an allegory of artistic collaboration and social engagement. This article calls upon Walter Benjamin's theory of allegory to enrich such an interpretation and unravel the opera's positive conclusion as an inadequate cure for the artistic melancholy of thefin de siècle. While Strauss successfully engaged with allegory to portray two of the opera's characters – the infertile Emperor and Empress – he was unable, for his own philosophical reasons expressed in the contemporaneousEine Alpensinfonie(1915), to ratify Hofmannsthal's hope, rooted in his ‘Chandos Crisis’, of creating an aesthetic totality, of reconstituting the symbol that Benjamin, in his later writings, pits against allegory.
Castrati and impresarios in London: two mid-eighteenth-century lawsuits
Authors: Duncan Cheryll
Published: September 2012

Two King's Bench lawsuits in The National Archives of the UK contain new information about the activities of castrati working in mid-eighteenth-century London. Monticelli v. Sackville (1748) confirms Horace Walpole's testimony that singers employed by the Earl of Middlesex's opera company received enormous salaries. Manfredini v. Geminiani (1751) preserves details of a contract of employment between singer and impresario that went disastrously wrong for both parties. An account of the London careers of the main protagonists is supplied to contextualise the new information.
Frederick's Athens: crushing superstition and resuscitating the marvellous at the Königliches Opernhaus, Berlin
Authors: Forment Bruno
Published: September 2012

From 1748 onwards, the marvellous made a comeback in opera seria via the Königliches Opernhaus in Berlin. The striking resurgence of myth and magic in the predominantly historical operatic genre appears to bespeak a growing interest in Lullian tragédie en musique, which in turn can be associated with Frederick II's French orientation in literary and philosophical matters. But how did deities, sorcerers and Louis quatorzien imports chime with Frederick's notorious resistance to superstition and divinely ordained kingship? The juxtaposition of the relevant operas with theoretical writings from Friderician Prussia yields a multi-faceted, somewhat paradoxical answer, revealing that the marvellous, alongside nourishing a new type of operatic spectacle, served Frederick as a vehicle to impart his philosophical agenda to his state, a former centre of Pietism.
Quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: IsHak Waguih William , Bolton Michael A. , Bensoussan Jean-Charles , Dous George V. , Nguyen Trang T. , Powell-Hicks Allycin L. , Gardner Jennifer E. , Ponton Kimberly M.
Published: September 2012

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has a significant impact on the patients’ quality of life (QOL). This is an initial literature review of QOL in patients with BDD, examining the extent of QOL impairments, the impact of psychiatric comorbidity on QOL, and the effect of treatment on QOL in BDD. Studies were identified through PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO searches from 1960–2011 using the keywords: “quality of life,” “body dysmorphic disorder,” “dysmorphophobia,” and “body image.” Studies included in this review were selected using specific criteria by two authors reaching consensus. Most BDD research studies have used symptom severity measures mainly to study BDD and its treatments. BBD with or without comorbidities is significantly associated with poor QOL and functioning. Studies show that treatment of BDD, either by psychopharmacological treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or cognitive behavior therapy, might have positive effects on QOL, although these results need to be replicated in larger studies. In conclusion, QOL could add significant value to the assessment of BDD if used as one of the primary measures in research and clinical work in BDD, by providing more information and clearer understanding on the impact of the illness on satisfaction with activities of daily life and overall sense of wellbeing before and after treatment.
A NOTE ON USING EXCESSIVE PERKS TO RESTRAIN THE HIDDEN SAVING PROBLEM
Authors: Chien YiLi , Song Joon
Published: September 2012

We offer an explanation for why perks are overprovided to high-profile CEOs. Hidden saving by an agent makes it difficult for a principal to control the agent's moral hazard problem. However, an agent typically cannot save perks; for example, a CEO who owns the right to use a private jet for personal use cannot bank the unused airplane hours. Thus, the principal may oversupply the agent perks to avoid the hidden saving problem. When the agent canbothexert lower effortandsave wage income, i.e., in the presence of thedouble deviation problem, we show that the principal supplies more perks than the agent would have purchased on his own (i.e.,excessiveperks).
Intakes and sources of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans, coumestrol and soya-containing foods in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk), from 7 d food diaries, using a newly updated database
Authors: Mulligan Angela A , Kuhnle Gunter GC , Lentjes Marleen AH , van Scheltinga Veronica , Powell Natasha A , McTaggart Alison , Bhaniani Amit , Khaw Kay-Tee
Published: September 2012

Objective

A diet rich in phyto-oestrogens has been suggested to protect against a variety of common diseases but UK intake data on phyto-oestrogens or their food sources are sparse. The present study estimates the average intakes of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans and coumestrol from 7 d food diaries and provides data on total isoflavone, lignan and phyto-oestrogen consumption by food group.

Design

Development of a food composition database for twelve phyto-oestrogens and analysis of soya food and phyto-oestrogen consumption in a population-based study.

Setting

Men and women, aged 40–79 years, from the general population participating in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) between 1993 and 1997, with nutrient and food data from 7 d food diaries.

Subjects

A subset of 20 437 participants.

Results

The median daily phyto-oestrogen intake for all men was 1199 μg (interquartile range 934–1537 μg; mean 1504 μg,sd1502 μg) and 888 μg for all women (interquartile range 710–1135 μg; mean 1205 μg,sd1701 μg). In soya consumers, median daily intakes were higher: 2861 μg in men (interquartile range 1304–7269 μg; mean 5051 μg,sd5031 μg) and 3142 μg in women (interquartile range 1089–7327 μg; mean 5396 μg,sd6092 μg). In both men and women, bread made the greatest contribution to phyto-oestrogen intake – 40·8 % and 35·6 %, respectively. In soya consumers, vegetable dishes and soya/goat's/sheep's milks were the main contributors – 45·7 % and 21·3 % in men and 38·4 % and 33·7 % in women, respectively.

Conclusions

The ability to estimate phyto-oestrogen intake in Western populations more accurately will aid investigations into their suggested effects on health.
Inadequate feeding of infant and young children in India: lack of nutritional information or food affordability?
Authors: Malhotra Nisha
Published: September 2012

Objective

Despite a rapidly growing economy and rising income levels in India, improvements in child malnutrition have lagged. Data from the most recent National Family Health Survey reveal that the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices recommended by the WHO and the Indian Government, including the timely introduction of solid food, are not being followed by a majority of mothers in India. It is puzzling that even among rich households children are not being fed adequately. The present study analyses the socio-economic factors that contribute to this phenomenon, including the role of nutritional information.

Design

IYCF practices from the latest National Family Health Survey (2005–2006) were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to establish the determinants of poor feeding practices. The indicators recommended by the WHO were used to assess the IYCF practices.

Setting

India.

Subjects

Children (n9241) aged 6–18 months.

Results

Wealth was shown to have only a small effect on feeding practices. For children aged 6–8 months, the mother's wealth status was not found to be a significant determinant of sound feeding practices. Strikingly, nutritional advice on infant feeding practices provided by health professionals (including anganwadi workers) was strongly correlated with improved practices across all age groups. Exposure to the media was also found to be a significant determinant.

Conclusions

Providing appropriate information may be a crucial determinant of sound feeding practices. Efforts to eradicate malnutrition should include the broader goals of improving knowledge related to childhood nutrition and IYCF practices.
Identification and characterization of a kunzeaol synthase from Thapsia garganica: implications for the biosynthesis of the pharmaceutical thapsigargin
Authors: Pickel Benjamin , Drew Damian P. , Manczak Tom , Weitzel Corinna , Simonsen Henrik T. , Ro Dae-Kyun
Published: September 2012

Thapsigargin is a major terpenoid constituent of Thapsia garganica root. Owing to its potent antagonistic effect on the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, thapsigargin has been widely used to study Ca2+ signalling and is also a potential drug for prostate cancer. Despite its importance, thapsigargin biosynthesis in T. garganica remains unknown. In order to decipher thapsigargin biosynthesis, deep transcript sequencing (454 and Illumina) of the T. garganica root was performed, and two terpene synthases (TgTPS1/2) were identified. Functional characterization of their encoded enzymes in a metabolically engineered yeast revealed that TgTPS1 synthesized δ-cadinene, whereas TgTPS2 produced ten distinct terpenoids. However, cultivation of the TgTPS2-expressing yeast in pH-maintained conditions (pH 6–7) yielded one major oxygenated sesquiterpenoid, suggesting that formation of multiple terpenoids was caused by acidity. The major terpene product from TgTPS2 was identified as 6β-hydroxygermacra-1(10),4-diene (kunzeaol) by mass-fragmentation pattern, retention index, the nature of its acid-induced degradation and NMR. Also, recombinant TgTPS2 efficiently catalysed the synthesis of kunzeaol in vitro from farnesyl diphosphate with a Km of 2.6 μM and a kcat of 0.03 s−1. The present paper is the first report of a kunzeaol synthase, and a mechanism for the transformation of kunzeaol into the thapsigargin backbone is proposed.
Amélioration de la stabilité des mini-implants orthodontiques
Authors: Nienkemper Manuel , Wilmes Benedict , Renger Stéphane , Mazaud-Schmelter Mathilde , Drescher Dieter
Published: September 2012

Dans le domaine de l’ancrage squelettique, le recours aux mini-implants orthodontiques ne cesse de se développer. Cependant, le principal problème reste leur taux relativement élevé de perte de 16,4 %. Si l’on analyse les publications traitant des causes de perte d’implants, il s’avère que l’insertion de mini-implants plus importants en taille dans la région antérieure et médiane du palais aboutit à une grande stabilité ainsi qu’à un taux élevé de succès. De plus, la stabilité du couplage mini-implant/suprastructure est déterminante dans le succès. L’utilisation de mini-implants dont la tête possède un pas de vis interne permet la mise en place vissée stable de différents types d’abutments(piliers). Grâce à de longues plaques perforées spéciales, il est possible de relier deux mini-implants entre eux et d’augmenter ainsi leur stabilité. Un système d’éléments préfabriqués permet l’élaboration rapide de différents types de mécaniques orthodontiques efficaces (systèmes mécaniques efficaces).