bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Enterobacteria in Ready-to-Eat Food in Cafeterias and Retail Food Outlets in Benin City: Public Health Implications
Authors: Igbinosa I.H. , Beshiru A. , Egharevba N.E. , Igbinosa E.O.
Published: September 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from ready-to-eat foods within Benin metropolis, Nigeria.Methods: This was a descriptive study of 210 ready-to-eat food samples comprising fried rice, jollof rice, moi-moi, salad, oil beans, non-oil beans, and African salad obtained from roadside food vendors between January and June 2017. Isolation and identification of enterobacteria isolates were carried out using standard bacteriological and molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was carried out using the disc diffusion method.Results: The mean mesophilic bacterial count expressed in log10 CFU/g from the ready-to-eat foods ranged from oil beans (4.3±0.52) to African salad (7.2±1.38). Escherichia coli count ranged between oil beans (1.8±0.16) and African salad (4.1±0.10). Salmonella species count ranged from non-oil beans (2.3±0.17) to African salad (5.2±0.09). Significant differences were observed from the population count of the ready-to-eat foods (p < 0.05). Bacterial isolates recovered from the ready-to-eat foods include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca. The highest occurrence of the bacterial isolates was Escherichia coli 23(41.07%) while the least was Citrobacter freundii 3(5.36%) and Enterobacter cloacae 3(5.36%). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the bacterial isolates revealed that all bacterial isolates were 100% resistant to cefepime, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ertapenem, and meropenem; with considerable sensitivity to kanamycin and gentamycin.Conclusion: The occurrence of these bacterial isolates in the foods constitutes public health risk to consumers as these pathogens have been associated with foodborne infections.

Keywords: Antibiotic-resistant; Enterobacteria; Foodborne pathogens; Microbial quality; Public health; Street foods
Potentials of Indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from the soil in controlling Fusarium wilt of Cucumber cause by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cucumerinum
Authors: Akintokun P.O. , Okuwa A.O. , Oloyede A.R. , Adebajo S.O. , Akintokun A.K.
Published: September 2020

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production is generally low in Nigeria due to continuous soil nutrient limitation and diseases. However, the persistence in the use of agrochemicals for cucumber production in Nigeria is associated with high cost and deleterious effects on man, animal and the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the potentials of indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a spore-forming bacterium known for its insecticidal properties in controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from soil samples collected from different farm sites in Abeokuta, Nigeria, and identified phenotypically and molecularly. The in-vitro antagonistic activity of B. thuringiensis strains on F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum was evaluated by dual culture method, followed by pot experiment in the screen house. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on the antagonistic B. thuringiensis to confirm Bt species. The results of the in-vitro antagonistic activity revealed that most indigenous B. thuringiensis strains showed significant growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cucumerinum. Similarly, application of B. thuringiensis A and C isolates significantly suppressed the incidence of Fusarium wilt of cucumber in the screen house when compared to the control. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique identified the isolates A and C as Bacillus thuringiensis strain LTS-209 and Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITSJ-01, respectively. Hence, indigenous B. thuringiensis A and C isolates should be incorporated into cucumber cultivation for controlling Fusarium wilt disease of cucumber.

Keywords: Cucumber, Bacillus thuringiensis, Fusarium wilt, 16S rRNA gene
Molecular identification of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) associated with tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Ogun State
Authors: Ewedairo B.I. , Osipitan A.A. , Popoola A.R. , Sanni L.O. , Takeet M.I.
Published: September 2020

The tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera is a key polyphagous agricultural pest with a worldwide distribution. Apart from tomatoes, H. armigera also infests cotton, maize, chickpea and pigeon-pea. Its larvae affect almost all the aerial parts of tomato plants from the vegetative stage to the fruit maturation stage. Due to its high mobility, it causes a huge damage on crops and, as such, early detection of H. armigera from different agro-ecosystems is crucial for implementing control measures. Herein, we used a molecular marker approach to identify Helicoverpa spp. collected from twelve different locations in Ogun State. The H. armigera larvae used for the molecular identification were collected on tomato fruits from the 12 different locations from three agro-ecological zones in Ogun State. Genomic DNA of Helicoverpa was extracted and its purity was checked using Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Cytochrome Oxidase-I (CO-I) region of the DNA was subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification. The PCR amplification of the CO-I gene after gel electrophoresis of PCR products of H. armigera showed a similar banding pattern at 700 base pairs which confirmed the insect as H. armigera.

Keywords: Helicoverpa armigera, Deoxyribonucleic acid, Cytochrome Oxidase-I, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Electrophoresis.
Pyramidal cell morphology and cell death in the hippocampus of adult mice with experimentally induced hydrocephalus
Authors: Shokunbi M.T. , Olopade F.E. , Femi-Akinlosotu O.M. , Ajiboye E.O.
Published: September 2020

Background: Hippocampus is a neural structure in the temporal lobe that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Cognitive impairment with learning disabilities is a common feature in hydrocephalus and is more prominent in adult-onset hydrocephalus. The aim of this study is to describethe morphological alterations in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus of adult hydrocephalic mice.
Method: Hydrocephalus was induced in adult albino mice by intra-cisternal injection of kaolin suspension (250 mg/ml in sterile water). They were  sacrificed 7, 14 and 21 days post-induction. Morphological analysis was carried out on hematoxylin and eosinstained coronal sections of the  hippocampus: the pyramidal neurons (normal and pyknotic) in the CA1 and CA3 subregions were counted and the pyknotic index (PI) was  calculated. The somatic and dendritic features of Golgistained pyramidal neurons were examined by light microscopy in both hydrocephalic and control mice.
Result: The PI was significantly greater in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the hydrocephalic groups compared to the agematched controls. The dendritic processes of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region were fewer with shorter terminal branches in the hydrocephalic mice than in  controls; this was pronounced at 7 days post-induction. In the CA3 region, there was no difference in dendritic arborization between hydrocephalic and control mice.
Conclusion: Acute adult-onset hydrocephalus was associated with increased pyknosis and reduced dendritic arborization in hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA1 but not CA3 region.
Keywords: Hippocampal pyramidal cell, Hydrocephalus, Pyknotic index, Golgi stain
Barriers and impact of disclosure of HIV status to children at the National Hospital, Abuja Nigeria
Authors: Mukhtar-Yola M. , Kuczawski M.
Published: September 2020

Background: HIV infected children survive to adolescence because of anti retroviral therapy, however, only a small proportion know their diagnosis.Disclosure is critical to long-term disease management, yet little is known about if, how, and when disclosure takes place and the barriers associated with it, and its impact on children in resourcelimited settings.
Objective: This study set out to determine the process of and barriers to HIV disclosure in children as well as the immediate impact of this on children and their caregivers.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was done June-July 2016 using  a structured questionnaire, convenience sampling and quantitative methods at the infectious disease clinics of National Hospital Abuja. A sample of 164 caregivers of HIV positive children aged 5 to 16 years receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least one year were enrolled. Results: Prevalence of  full disclosure was 24.5%, partial 22.7% with overall prevalence of 47.2%. Main barrier to disclosure was child’s age and fear of informing others. The impact of disclosure on caregivers was relief in 45.5% but emotional and difficult for others. Immediate reactions by children were sadness;  tearfulness and worry in 28.6%, some showed no reaction while others even expressed relief. On a longer term, disclosure had several effects. Main predictors of disclosure on regression were the child’s age and caregiver’s opinion on disclosure.
Conclusion: The prevalence of full disclosure is low and several barriers affect disclosure. Caregiver’s and HCWs need empowerment and support with culturally appropriate skills and platforms to  deal with the barriers, process and impact of disclosure.
Effects of supplementing geese with green sweet sorghum stalks on microbiota in segments of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Zhong H. , Liu Z. , Liang M. , Wang Q. , Wang Y. , Luo Y. , Sun J. , Zhang C. , Li Q. , Wang C.
Published: September 2020

To explore the effects of supplementing a basal diet with green sweet sorghum stalks on the gut microbiota in geese, one hundred and twenty 28 day old geese were divided into two groups. Group 1 was fed a basal diet and group 2 was fed 92% of the same basal diet with green sweet sorghum stalks ad libitum for 42 days. Three male geese from each group were killed at 70 days old, four gastrointestinal tract segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum) were collected, and the hypervariable V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. There were obvious changes of microbiome in the caecum compared with the other three intestinal segments after green sweet sorghum stalks were added to the diet. Group 2 had significantly higher alpha diversity in the caecum compared with group 1 (P <0.05). The phyla of bacterial communities in the caecum differed. Group 2 had more abundant Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, but Proteobacteria were more abundant in group 1. At genus level, Bacteroides was more prevalent in group 2, as were Prevotella and YRC22 (P <0.05). Functional analysis revealed that the carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, endocrine system and digestive system metabolic pathways were overrepresented in group 2. In conclusion, caecal microbes might play an important role in digesting green sweet sorghum stalks in geese.Keywords: caecum, goose, microbiome, microbial diversity
International Trade and the Economies of Developing Countries
Authors: Okenna Nwabueze Prince , Adesanya Babatunde Moses
Published: September 2020

The economic significance and benefits of foreign trade also known as international trade to the economies of developing countries cannot be overemphasized. Its role and contributions to the gross domestic earnings, employment generation, economic development, and poverty reduction in these underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Benin Republic, and others have been too glaring especially in agrarian economies with fertile arable land.The main aim of this paper was to examine in-depth the contributions and relationship between international trade and the economic development of developing African countries.  Furthermore, this paper recommended stringent macroeconomic policies that when formulated would encourage and increase the multiplier effect of these (foreign) trades. Part of these policies is targeted towards exchange rates, tariffs, import and export duties, subsidies, and actions that promote international trade.The research further concluded that internationaltradeis a key macroeconomic driver that must be encouraged in developing African countries as its multiplier effects have the potentials of driving the needed development goals of these nations. And for this to be achieved, these nations (developing countries) must formulate workable localized macroeconomic policies that suit and drive their interest as against borrowed economic policies from the developed European and Asian nations. Some of the recommendations proffered include adoption of friendly and pro-active export promotion policies, availability of grants, aids, subsidies, and loans, mechanization of the agrarian sector, adoption of flexible exchange rate, etc.This study made use of time series secondary data obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) of developing African countries for a period between 2000 and 2019. A forecast of 15 years was also initiated using these data to provide a long-term insight into the benefits of these trading activities on the GDP of developing countries.
Economic Challenges of Rohingya Peoples: A study on Displacement (Rohingya) Peoples on Myanmar in Cox’s Bazar
Authors: Hosen Sajjad , Shahria Golam
Published: September 2020

Massive influx of Rohingya peoples into Bangladesh, fleeing a campaign of terror by the Myanmar military has had a profound impact on the communities of Cox’s Bazar. Some positive impacts include improvements in the provision of social services, increasing labor workforce, job placement of host community, growth in the number of small businesses and new livelihood opportunities. Though the Bangladesh Government & INGO is fulfilling all its humanitarian commitments, such as providing temporary shelter, foods and many more but it wants to begin repatriation as soon. However, there is a little probability that the refugees will be able to return to Myanmar in the short term due to political instability, security concerns and lack of interest by the Myanmar government in negotiating a deal. The research tries to find out what types of steps are useful if they are staying a long time in Bangladesh. The researcher found that Rohingya peoples want to work as a day laborer in the camp area, they want to start commerce in the camp for removing unemployment and agree that cooking is a source of earning. Highest average mean is 4.5690 express that most of the Rohingya peoples want education for seeking more opportunities.
Finansal Krizlerin Yapay Sinir Ağı Modeli ile Öngörülebilirliği: Türkiye için Bir Uygulama
Authors: TÜRK Armağan
Published: September 2020

Finansal krizler 1980 sonrası dönemde üzerinde daha çok tartışılmaya başlayan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Kapitalizm doğası itibarıyla krize yol açma eğilimindedir. Bundan dolayı tarihsel süreç içerisinde birçok kriz görülmüştür. 1980 sonrası finansal krizlere olan ilgi artmıştır. Bunun başlıca nedeni krizlerin görülme sıklığındaki artış ve etkilerinin daha global olmasıdır. Finansal krizlerin ülke ekonomisi üzerindeki yıkıcı etkileri yanında sosyolojik etkileri de bulunmaktadır. Krizlerin bu özelliği bu konuda çalışan kişileri krizleri ortaya çıkartan faktörleri bulmaya yönlendirmiştir. Yeni finansal mimari oluşturma çalışmalarındaki temel konulardan biride finansal kriz göstergelerinin tespitidir. Kriz göstergelerini tespit etmek amacıyla birçok değişik yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Bu modeller genel olarak erken uyarı sistemi (EWS) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. İktisatçıları bu konuda çalışmaya iten temel neden finansal krizlerin ülkelerde yarattığı döviz kaybı, aşırı resesyon ve negatif büyüme oranlarıdır. Bundan dolayı finansal krizlerin öngörülmesini sağlayacak güvenilir göstergelerin tanımlanması büyük fayda sağlayacaktır. Krizlere neden olan faktörler bilinmekle birlikte finansal krizler yeniden ortaya çıkmaktadır. Finansal krizlerin öngörülebilirliğiyle ilgili çalışmalarda gelecekte sorun yaratması muhtemel değişkenlerin tespit edilip izlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada Türkiye için 2008 yılındaki kriz dönemi verileri kullanılarak bir sonraki kriz için hangi göstergelerin izlenmesi gerektiği yapay sinir ağı modeli kullanılarak tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.
Comparative Analysis of Government Revenue and Expenditures In The Case of the Federal Government of Ethiopia
Authors: Gebreyesus Samuel Atsibh
Published: September 2020

In civilized societies taxation is one of the oldest activities, which has been playing a key role for thousands of years. Public expenditure in developing countries like Ethiopia plays an important role in the process of economic development. The general objective of the study was to make a Comparative analysis of government tax revenue and expenditure budget of the federal government of Ethiopia. To conduct the study both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected from the ministry of finance and economic cooperation and the tax authority using questionnaire and interviews. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21 version. The findings show that the tax authority has limitations in using technologies to modernize the tax administration, poor the tax collection capacity. The Tax to GDP ratio of the country is low as compared to the sub-Saharan countries. There are different factors for the poor tax collection performance; weak enforcement and low tax audit coverage, and lack of strong cooperation with stakeholders. The government has weaknesses in the management public resources. The tax authority should use different Medias to create taxpayers awareness about tax, should strengthen its tax enforcement department to bring non taxpayers to the tax net.
Political Realism in International Relations: Classical Realism, Neo-realism, and Neo-Classical Realism
Authors: Lomia Ekaterine
Published: September 2020

Realism, also known as political realism, is one of the most dominant theories of international relations. The school of thought in realism was established in the post-World War II era; however, it is widely associated with the ancient Greek studies, particularly, in the works of Thucydides who allows a more sophisticated analysis of the conception of power and its place in the anarchic international system. Unlike idealism and liberalism, which underline the idea of cooperation in international relations, realism stresses a competitive and confrontational side of human nature and argues that in global politics there is no space for morality. Thus, states show constant readiness to obtain power and achieve their political ends. The article aims at studying the basic approach, the theory of realism is based on. The study has been prepared as a result of examining articles and books written by dominant realist scholars who have influential opinions in the field.
Learning styles of millennial students at a pharmacy school in the Philippines
Authors: Carrido Darwin Infante , Ramirez Romeo-Luis F
Published: September 2020

Background: The millennial generation already composes the majority of populations across different pharmacy schools in the Philippines. The need to explore millennial students’ learning styles and its governing factors thereby become more valuable in changing and innovating instructional approaches, designs, and strategies used in their learning environment. Aims: This study aimed to generally describe the learning styles of the millennial pharmacy students from a college institution in the Philippines using the Vermunt’s Inventory of Learning Styles (ILS). Specifically, it aimed to determine the appropriate approaches in response to the students’ learning styles, and the relationship between and among the variables of the study. Method: A quasi- experimental research design was employed in this study using online survey as the method of data collection. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to analyse the data using Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences Statistics. Pearson’s correlation coefficient investigated the relationship between and among the independent and dependent variables, while t-test and one-way ANOVA tested for significant difference among groups. Results: There were 124 out of 168 students who participated in the study making the overall response rate at ~74%. The most prevalent learning style among the millennial pharmacy students enrolled in De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute, College of Pharmacy is application- directed (3.85±0.46), followed by reproduction-directed (3.81±0.45), undirected (3.73±0.49) and lastly meaning-directed (3.52±0.54). The students’ perceived grades were significantly reflected by their learning styles. Conclusion: Results of this study may be used in increased capitalising and development of the learning style profile of millennial pharmacy students to application-directed approaches. Instructional approaches, designs and strategies must cater to how students learn effectively and strategically, and consider all possible governing factors that affect learning styles of students.
The Status of the Quadrivium in the Corpus on Logic of the Brethren of Purity (Iḫwān aṣ-Ṣafā’)
Authors: Galita Crina
Published: September 2020

Článek nabízí reflexi statusu kvadrivia v listech X–XIV jedné z nejznámějších encyklopedií Bratrstva čistoty Rasā’il a rekonstruuje v ní zahrnutou metodologii užívání kvadrivia v rámci teoretické filosofie, tedy jak v něm jsou získávány naprosto korektní důkazy. Pomocí hermeneutické metodologie jsou zkoumány způsoby, jak se přibližovat k obecné pravdě a jak přesně k ní jednotlivci dospívají. První část vysvětluje, co je to empirická věda a jaké jsou její určující rysy, zatímco druhá část dokládá, jak Bratrstvo čistoty nahlíželo na rozličná užití kvadrivia jako na metody vedoucí k poznání. Závěrečná část hodnotí některé příklady, které lze nalézt v samotných základech kvadriviálních disciplín a demonstruje na nich, jak je v nich využita formální logika.
Editorial
Authors: Černín David , Otisk Marek
Published: September 2020

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ESTIMASI KARBON TERSIMPAN TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) VARIETAS SOCFINDO PADA KELAS KESESUAIAN LAHAN S3 DI KEBUN AEK TOROP PTPN III
Authors: Situmorang Havier , Sukariawan Aris , Djaingsastro Aulia Juanda , Wahyuni Mardiana
Published: September 2020

The expansion of oil palm plantations has led to debate over the negative impacts on soil fertility, hydrology, biodiversity and global warming. Climate change occurs due to changes in the composition of the atmosphere, mainly due to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The usefulness of photosynthesis using CO2 is important to note. The purpose of this study is to measure / estimate the stored carbon absorbed by the 13-year-old Socfindo palm oil plant in the land suitability class S3. The study was conducted in May to June 2019 at PT Aek Torop Kebun III. Using descriptive design with Destructive and Non-Destructive methods based on ICRAF. The parameters are Above Surface Biomass (BAP) and Substance Biomass (BTB). The results showed that the oil palm surface surface biomass (BAP) at the age of 13 years was 117,855 tons / ha. The results of observations of Undergrowth Biomass (BTB) are 0.392 Ton / ha, the potential carbon stored is 54.394 Ton C / Ha and carbon dioxide absorption is 199.625 Ton CO2 / Ha.
EFEKTIFITAS PUPUK DALAM BEBERAPA UKURAN SACHET TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)
Authors: Rahma Alia , Wahyuni Mardiana , Manurung Saroha
Published: September 2020

The productivity of oil palm plants is influenced by genetic factor planting materials, soil, climate, cultivation and plant maintenance. Nursery is the first step to prepare the prime plant material. In the implementation of the nursery, fertilization is one important maintenance factor and should be done with reference to 4T (Exactly Types, Dosage, Time and Method). Loss of fertilizer is an important thing to be controlled. This research is a conservation action by packing fertilizer in sachet bag and conservation treatment. The research was conducted in January 2019 – July 2019 at STIPAP. The study used a non factorial randomized block design with S one sowing system, S two, S three, and S four sachet systems of different sizes using conservation. The best treatment is the application of gauze sachet system (S four = 638 mesh) with conservation increasing the growth of seedling height (91,36 cm), stem diameter (50,80 mm), increasing chlorophyll (55,62 cci), increasing root wet weight 99,73 (44%) and canopy dry weight 55,10 (44%).
KAJIAN BIAYA PEMUPUKAN TANAMAN MENGHASILKAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) DI DIVISI F KEBUN SEI KALAM PT. ASAM JAWA
Authors: Ningsih Tuty , Lubis Dimas Akbar Ramadhan , Manurung Saroha
Published: September 2020

Fertilization in oil palm plants plays a very important role, more than 50% of the cost of the plant is used for fertilization. The hybrid oil palm currently being developed is generally very responsive to fertilization. Fertilization is a very important factor to increase the productivity and quality of the production produced. Fertilization is useful to provide nutrients needed by plants in order to carry out physiological processes that produce good growth and production. Fertilization costs are relatively high, approximately 30% of the total production costs or 40-60% of the total maintenance costs. The costs required to carry out fertilization activities are very large so that proper fertilization planning is needed to be effective and efficient. In productive plants can be done effectively 4T fertilization techniques, namely the right type, right dose, right on target, and on time. Based on this, observations were made on the study of fertilizer costs on plantations. This research was conducted in Division F of Sei Kalam Gardens, PT. Asam Jawa, Labuhanbatu Selatan Regency, North Sumatra Province. The time for the research to begin in March 2019 until May 2019.
Disección Aórtica Stanford A Crónica Asintomática Post Cirugía de Revascularización Coronaria
Authors: Muñoz Juan , Guzmán Rosario , Illatopa Violeta , Pereda Carlos
Published: September 2020

Acute Stanford A aortic dissection rarely makes a transition to the chronic state naturally, due to its high mortality. We present a rare case of chronic Stanford A aortic dissection post surgery, in a patient who remained stable for more than 1 year, and subsequently presented chest pain.
DETERMINAN KEJADIAN PENDARAHAN POSTPARTUM DI RSUD KABUPATEN BIAK NUMFOR
Authors: Aswar Sophian , Pamungkas Sapta Erna , Ulfiani Nurul
Published: September 2020

Pendahuluan : Perdarahan postpartum meningkatkan kemungkinan kematian di rumah sakit dan menyebabkan 19% dari kematian ibu di rumah sakit (Polly.et.al. 2009). Penyebab langsung kematian ibu terkait kehamilan dan persalinan terutama adalah perdarahan 28% (Depkes. RI, 2008), tujuan: Mengetahui berapa besar faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian pendarahan postpartum di RSUD Kabupaten Biak Numfor, metode: penelitian bersifat observasional analitik dengan desain case control study, hasil : berdasarkan analisis Regresi Logistik Berganda variabel paritas ibu merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian pendarahan post partum dengan nilai Wald sebesar 8,942 dan signifikansi sebesar 0,00, dengan demikian paritas merupakan faktor risiko kejadian pendarahan postpartum, Kesimpulan: Umur < 20 tahun atau > 35 tahun memiliki risiko untuk mengalami perdarahan post partum 3,1 kali lebih besar daripada ibu yang berumur 20 â€“ 35 tahun, Paritas â‰¤ 1 dan paritas > 3 memiliki risiko 6,1 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami perdarahan post partum dibandingkan dengan paritas 2 â€“ 3, Riwayat persalinan tidak normal memiliki risiko untuk mengalami perdarahan postpartum 3,1 kali lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan ibu yang riwayat persalinan baik, Partus lama (persalinan â‰¥ 18 jam) memiliki risiko untuk mengalami perdarahan post partum 3,5 kali lebih besar daripada ibu dengan partus normal (â‰¤ 18 jam ) Ibu dengan anemia memiliki risiko untuk mengalami perdarahan postpartum 2,9 kali lebih besar daripada ibu dengan tidak anemia (â‰¤18 jam) namun tidak signifikan karena nilai P = 0.092, Hasil uji multivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel paritas merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian perdarahan postpartum dengan nilai Wald sebesar 8.942.
FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEPATUHAN BEROBAT PENDERITA TB PARU DI WILAYAH PUSKESMAS KOTA YAPEN SERUI
Authors: Situmeang Lamria , Sulistiyani Sulistiyani , Utami Theresia Febriana Christi Tyas
Published: September 2020

Situasi tuberkulosis di Indonesia tergolong telah menjadi darurat kesehatan masyarakat global dan Indonesia sudah berkomitmen untuk mengakhiri Tuberkulosis. Penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan tingkat pendidikan penderita, pengetahuan penderita, sikap petugas, Pengawas Minum Obat (PMO), dan dukungan keluarga dengan kepatuhan berobat penderita TB Paru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik cross sectional. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuisioner dengan subjek penelitian adalah TB paru yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Ada hubungan antara peran pengawas minum obat dengan tingkat kepatuhan pasien TB Paru dengan nilai uji chi square didapatkan bahwa nilai P value 0,012 > 0,005 dengan nilai hitung didapatkan 6,254 < 79,08 dengan nilai estimasi resiko atau OR 5,500 pada (95% CI: 1,320-22,920), dan tidak ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga (P value 0,765 > 0,05), sikap (P value 0,765 > 0,05), dan pengetahuan (P value 0,077 > 0,005) dengan tingkat kepatuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara peran pengawas minum obat (PMO) dengan tingkat kepatuhan pasien TB Paru, dan tidak ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga, sikap, dan pengetahuan dengan tingkat kepatuhan pasien TB di Puskesmas Kota Serui Kepulauan Yapen. Diharapkan dengan meningkatkan kepatuhan melalui pemberian pemahaman dan pengetahuan tentang TB pada pasien, hal ini dapat memperbaiki persepsi masyarakat tentang penyakit TB yang juga dapat memperkuat faktor utama seperti kondisi psikologis penderita, sehingga dapat mendukung penyelesaian program pengobatan.
VARIASI DAN RELASI SEMANTIS LEKSIKAL BAHASA SUNDA LULUGU: ANALISIS DIAKRONIS DATA LINGUAL (LULUGU’S VARIATIONS AND LEXICAL SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS LULUGU: DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS OF LINGUAL DATA)
Authors: Firdaus Winci
Published: September 2020

The meaning of a lexem or word diacronically can change. The change of meaning in a language occurs with the passage of time. Similarly, the change of meaning that occurs in Sundanese. The research describes change of lexical meaning in Lulugu Sundanese (bahasa Sunda Lulugu; BSL) from old Sundanese (bahasa Sunda Kuno; BSK). The purpose of this research is to see the change of meaning in Sundanese Lulugu. The method used in this research is descriptif comparative method with range time diachronic. From the results of the analysis can be concluded the change of meaning in the form of extention-ristriction meaning, total change of meaning, euphemism, disphemism, and connotation change.
GAYA BAHASA DALAM KUMPULAN PUISI QASIDAH JERUJI NURANI KARYA M. ROIS RINALDI (STYLISTICS IN GROUPING POETRY QASIDAH JERUJI NURANI BY M. ROIS RINALDI)
Authors: Oktaviantina Adek Dwi
Published: September 2020

Poetry created by a process of creations which is involving the idea from the owner of the words. Stylistic is a model that speak inside the poetry. M. Rois Rinaldi is the owner of the words who uses stylistic in the creation process. This formulation of research is how stylistics in grouping poetry of Qasidah Jeruji Nurani by M. Rois Rinaldi. The aim of research is describing the stylistics in grouping poetry of Qasidah Jeruji Nurani by M. Rois Rinaldi. This research methods are qualitative. Qasidah Jeruji Nurani by M. Rois Rinaldi is indirectly an expression according to Riffatere, because of three main reasons, the first is displacing of meaning, the second one is distorting of meaning, and the last is creating of meaning. The conclussion of this research is the poetry of M. Rois Rinaldi entittled ‘Kelak’, ‘Membaca Wajah’, and ‘Secabik Senja’ has a specific metaphor about the game of life and death.
KAJIAN TEORITIS PEMBELAJARAN MENEMUKAN TEMA DAN PESAN PADA SYAIR YANG DIPERDENGARKAN DENGAN MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL
Authors: Sakila Sakila
Published: September 2020

AbstrakPenulisan artikel ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pembelajaran menemukan tema dan pesan syair yang diperdengarkan dengan menggunakan media audiovisual. Adapun masalah dalam penulisan ini adalah bagaimana langkah-langkah guru untuk meningkatkan keterampilan siswa dalam pembelajaran mendengarkan syair dengan menggunakan media audio visual. Untuk memecahkan masalah dan tujuan penulisan digunakan metode penulisan kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penulisan ini dapat menyimpulkan bahwa dengan menggunakan media audio visual dalam pembelajaran mendengarkan syair dapat meningkatkan keterampilan siswa dan menciptakan suasana kelas menjadi lebih menyenangkan.Kata-kata kunci:tema, amanat, syair, media, audio visual. AbstractWriting scientific articles aims to describe learning to find themes and poetry messages that are played using audiovisual media. The problem in this writing is how the steps of the teacher to improve students' skills in learning to listen to poetry using audio visual media. To solve the problem and the purpose of writing is used a qualitative writing method that is descriptive in nature. The results of this paper can conclude that using audio visual media in learning to listen to poetry can improve students' skills and create a more pleasant classroom atmosphere.Keywords:theme, message, poetry, media, audio visual.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN BERBAHASA DALAM TEKS KATA PENGANTAR SKRIPSI MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI MANAJEMEN STIE MUHAMMADIYAH MAMUJU
Authors: Nugraha Shafwan
Published: September 2020

Penelitian ini mengkaji kesalahan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia ragam formal di dalam teks kata pengantar skripsi-skripsi yang disusun oleh mahasiswa tingkat akhir Program Studi Manajemen di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) Muhammadiyah Mamuju. Teks kata pengantar adalah salah satu bagian yang penting dalam skripsi, namun kurang diperhatikan penggunaan bahasanya oleh penulis skripsi. Akibatnya, muncul banyak kesalahan berbahasa di dalam teks tersebut. Penelitian ini berupa penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang menggunakan metode analisis kesalahan (anakes) dan kategorisasi kesalahan secara taksonomi linguistik,  dengan tujuan mendeskripsikan kesalahan-kesalahan berbahasa yang muncul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan yang paling banyak terjadi adalah kesalahan ejaan (tataran fonologis). Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa para pengajar mata kuliah bahasa Indonesia dan Tata Tulis Karya Ilmiah di STIE Muhammadiyah Mamuju perlu lebih menguatkan penguasaan materi ejaan bahasa Indonesia.
STRATEGI BERTUTUR MENOLAK OLEH MASYARAKAT BATAK TOBA PADA KEGIATAN (MARHATA SINAMOT) TAWAR-MENAWAR MAHAR
Authors: Manurung Lastri Wayhuni
Published: September 2020

Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menemukan strategi menolak yang digunakan oleh juru bicara pada kegiatan marhata sinamot (tawar-menawar mahar). Tahap marhata sinamot dalam pernikahan adat Batak Toba menjadi salah satu tahap paling penting karena tahap ini berisi tentang pembahasan sinamot (mahar) yang menjadi simbol bentuk bagaimana laki-laki menghormati perempuan yang akan dinikahinya. Penolakan adalah tindakan yang dapat mengancam muka dari pendengar/pemohon/orang yang mengundang, karena itu bertentangan dengan harapannya, maka juru bicara membutuhkan strategi untuk menyatakan penolakannya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang datanya bersumber dari negosiasi marhata sinamot di Sidamanik. Dari pembahasan pada analisis data disimpulkan bahwa strategi yang paling banyak digunakan (terlebih penutur A kepada B) adalah strategi menolak dengan pernyataan meminta empati. Faktor peristiwa tutur dan keterikatan prinsip dalihan na tolu yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat Batak Toba, menjadi alasan digunakannya strategi tersebut.
Pemitoosan Identitas Masyarakat Boalang Mongondow Utara
Authors: Untoro Ratun
Published: September 2020

Social class affects the community's behavior such as treatment and honorary system, inter or within the social class.  the research is intended to unveil the myth in North Boolaang Mongondow folktales, which constitutes the Identity of the people, using Carl Gustav Jung psychoanalysis theory.  The myth or folktale that lives in the community is the expression or the realization of unconscious wishes, which is nevertheless inconsistent, inappropriate, and do not match with daily facts.  the purpose of this research is acknowledgment the royal effort  to arrange  the community through the folktale experience. Interesting finding through the research, that the kingdom used the folktales to strengthen the royal hegemony.
PERSOALAN ORTOGRAFI PENYERAPAN KOSAKATA SANSKERTA DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA
Authors: Sudiana I Made
Published: September 2020

Sanskrit has a different writing system with the Indonesian language. Sanskrit uses Devanagari characters, while the Indonesian uses Latin script. Indonesian absorbs much vocabulary from other languages; one of them is from Sanskrit. Differences in sound system and writing system cause problems in absorption. The issue that arises is how to write words that absorbed it. The writing system in the absorption is often problematic when a language does not recognize the sound of the source language. Sanskrit recognizes certain sounds that do not exist in Indonesian. Differences writing system would also cause problems in the orthography. Orthographic problems in Sanskrit vocabulary absorption into the Indonesian language includes writing fricative sounds, retroﬂex, consonant aspire. labiodental /v/ and bilabial /w/, schwa (pepet), and anusuara.
MEDAN MAKNA RASA PADA LIDAH DALAM BAHASA TOMBULU
Authors: Sorey Oldrie Ch.
Published: September 2020

The research is aimed 1) to give the description about the genre and the total of lexemes in the taste bud of tongue in Tombulu language; 2) to give the description about the components of the taste bud of tongue in Tombulu language. The method in this research is descriptive, semantics theory is used to describe the meaning area. The results show that there are several lexemes found in the taste bud of tongue in Tombulu language. The lexemes are (1) delicious,‘ (2) plain; (3 ) bitter; (4) salty; (5) sweet; (6) not delicious; (7) rough; (8) sour.
PERKEMBANGAN FUNGSI PRAGMATIK PADA ANAK USIA 2,5 TAHUN (STUDI KASUS PADA AZZA AQILA JIHAN SYUASABITHA)
Authors: Kusno Ali
Published: September 2020

The golden age of kid was a sensitive period. During this period, the kid was specially receiving the stimulant from theenvironment. The period of kid’s language development was various, dependent on the characteristics. This study relatedto the function development of kid’s language. The example case to the girl 2,5 years old, Azza Aqila Jihan Syuasabitha(Jihan). Jihan was growing in the family environment and child caring. The kid’s language was developing quickly. Theusage of language was devoted to Jihan’s interaction with family members. Collecting data method in this study was theobservation. The subject in this study was the child’s author. This study aimed to describe the development of Jihan’sspeech as child 2,5 years old based on the language function grouping according to M.A.K Halliday. The result of thestudy showed the kid can apply all of language function usage. Those are the instrumental, the regulatory, the interactional,the personal, the heuristic, the imaginative, and the representational. Therefore, she was interpreted has the ability aboveaverage the children the same age. The achievement was influenced by biological factors (parents who have good languageskills) and social environment (in the house, in the school, and so on) which can stimulate Jihan’s language development AbstrakMasa keemasan anak merupakan periode sensitif (sensitive periods). Selama masa tersebut anak secarakhusus mudah menerima stimulus-stimulus dari lingkungan. Tempo perkembangan bahasa anakcenderung variatif tergantung karakteristik anak. Penelitian ini berhubungan dengan perkembanganfungsi bahasa anak. Contoh kasus, Azza Aqila Jihan Syuasabitha (Jihan) anak perempuan yang berusia2,5 tahun. Jihan besar dalam lingkungan keluarga dan taman penitipan anak. Perkembangan fungsibahasanya pesat. Pemakaian bahasa dikhususkan pada interaksi Jihan dengan anggota keluarga.Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian dengan teknik pengamatan berperan serta. Subjek penelitian iniadalah anak penulis sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan tuturanJihan sebagai anak yang berusia 2,5 tahun berdasarkan pengelompokan fungsi bahasa menurut M.A.KHalliday. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan anak itu mampu menerapkan keseluruhan fungsi penggunaanbahasa, yakni instrumental, regulatoris/dogmatis, interaksional, personal, heuristik, imajinatif, danrepresentasional. Dengan demikian, dapat diinterpretasikan bahwa anak itu memiliki kemampuan diatas rata-rata anak seumur dia. Pencapaian tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor biologis (orang tua yangmemang memiliki kemampuan berbahasa yang baik) dan lingkungan sosial (di rumah, sekolah, dantempat lain).
Using avatars to address teacher self-efficacy
Authors: Bosch Chancey , Ellis Trevor
Published: September 2020

Technology-enhanced learning continues to provide opportunities for increased interventions in educational programing. For teacher education programs, novelty pales in comparison to providing meaningful instruction and enduring outcomes. The use of avatars has provided integration of research evidence that increases intended behaviors; however, research is lacking on teacher self-efficacy change via an avatar experience. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and avatar use in a teacher education program. A relational study using both parametric and non-parametric designs for four different samples indicated a significant relationship between avatar intervention and teacher self-efficacy in classroom management, instructional strategies, and student engagement. The sample from a student teaching course, which had a limited number of participants, provided mixed results. More studies need to include experimental designs and isolation of variabilities in the avatar model.
A global model–measurement evaluation of particle light scattering coefficients at elevated relative humidity
Authors: Burgos María A. , Andrews Elisabeth , Titos Gloria , Benedetti Angela , Bian Huisheng , Buchard Virginie , Curci Gabriele , Kipling Zak , Kirkevåg Alf , Kokkola Harri , Laakso Anton , Letertre-Danczak Julie , Lund Marianne T. , Matsui Hitoshi , Myhre Gunnar , Randles Cynthia , Schulz Michael , van Noije Twan , Zhang Kai , Alados-Arboledas Lucas , Baltensperger Urs , Jefferson Anne , Sherman James , Sun Junying , Weingartner Ernest , Zieger Paul
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The uptake of water by atmospheric aerosols has a pronounced effect on particle light scattering properties, which in turn are strongly dependent on the ambient relative humidity (RH). Earth system models need to account for the aerosol water uptake and its influence on light scattering in order to properly capture the overall radiative effects of aerosols. Here we present a comprehensive model–measurement evaluation of the particle light scattering enhancement factor f(RH), defined as the particle light scattering coefficient at elevated RH (here set to 85 %) divided by its dry value. The comparison uses simulations from 10 Earth system models and a global dataset of surface-based in situ measurements. In general, we find a large diversity in the magnitude of predicted f(RH) amongst the different models, which can not be explained by the site types. Based on our evaluation of sea salt scattering enhancement and simulated organic mass fraction, there is a strong indication that differences in the model parameterizations of hygroscopicity and model chemistry are driving at least some of the observed diversity in simulated f(RH). Additionally, a key point is that defining dry conditions is difficult from an observational point of view and, depending on the aerosol, may influence the measured f(RH). The definition of dry also impacts our model evaluation, because several models exhibit significant water uptake between RH = 0 % and 40 %. The multisite average ratio between model outputs and measurements is 1.64 when RH = 0 % is assumed as the model dry RH and 1.16 when RH = 40 % is the model dry RH value. The overestimation by the models is believed to originate from the hygroscopicity parameterizations at the lower RH range which may not implement all phenomena taking place (i.e., not fully dried particles and hysteresis effects). This will be particularly relevant when a location is dominated by a deliquescent aerosol such as sea salt. Our results emphasize the need to consider the measurement conditions in such comparisons and recognize that measurements referred to as dry may not be dry in model terms. Recommendations for future model–measurement evaluation and model improvements are provided.
Inverse modeling of fire emissions constrained by smoke plume transport using HYSPLIT dispersion model and geostationary satellite observations
Authors: Kim Hyun Cheol , Chai Tianfeng , Stein Ariel , Kondragunta Shobha
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Smoke forecasts have been challenged by high uncertainty in fire emission estimates. We develop an inverse modeling system, the HYSPLIT-based Emissions Inverse Modeling System for wildfires (or HEIMS-fire), that estimates wildfire emissions from the transport and dispersion of smoke plumes as measured by satellite observations. A cost function quantifies the differences between model predictions and satellite measurements, weighted by their uncertainties. The system then minimizes this cost function by adjusting smoke sources until wildfire smoke emission estimates agree well with satellite observations. Based on HYSPLIT and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Aerosol/Smoke Product (GASP), the system resolves smoke source strength as a function of time and vertical level. Using a wildfire event that took place in the southeastern United States during November 2016, we tested the system's performance and its sensitivity to varying configurations of modeling options, including vertical allocation of emissions and spatial and temporal coverage of
constraining satellite observations. Compared with currently operational
BlueSky emission predictions, emission estimates from this inverse modeling
system outperform in both reanalysis (21 out of 21 d; −27 % average
root-mean-square-error change) and hindcast modes (29 out of 38 d; −6 % average root-mean-square-error change) compared with satellite observed smoke mass loadings.