bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing armoured scale insect (Hemiberlesia spp) populations on male and female Actinidia chinensis vines
Authors: Hill M.G. , Dobson S.J. , Mckenna C.M. , Maher B.J. , Mauchline N.A.
Published: October 2019

The wood and leaves of Actinidia chinensis Hort16A and two male pollinisers A chinensis Meteor and A chinensis Sparkler from commercial kiwifruit orchards were sampled for the presence of armoured scale insects during winter 2007 and summer 2008/09 The numbers and species of scale insect were recorded Meteor had high armoured scale insect populations on its wood with approximately 10 times more armoured scale insects than Sparkler or Hort16A The leaves of Hort16A vines adjacent to Meteor vines had 44 more armoured scale insects and were 30 more likely to be infested by scale insects than the leaves of Hort16A vines adjacent to Sparkler vines The implications of these findings for armoured scale insect control on Hort16A fruit are discussed
A bioassay technique to assess the molluscicidal effects of microbes
Authors: Howlett S.A. , Burch G. , Sarathchandra U. , Bell N.L.
Published: October 2019

Terrestrial slugs (Order Stylommatophora) can cause significant damage in cropping and pastoral systems Pathogenic microbes have long been shown to have potential as biocontrol agents for insect pests and a number of retail products are available but there is no equivalent product for molluscs A research program is underway to investigate the potential of micro organisms as slug biocontrol agents and this paper describes a bioassay methodology that can be used to assess the molluscicidal properties of bacterial isolates Its feasibility has been demonstrated in laboratory tests against pest slugs of the genus Deroceras Fourteen bacterial strains were screened by feeding them to the slugs in a mix based on oat bran a food that is highly palatable to these molluscs Mortality was assessed 3 and 4 days after introduction of the treated food Two of the bacterial strains tested resulted in significant mortality killing 100 slugs within 4 days
Prospects for the biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in New Zealand
Authors: Waipara N.W. , Winks C.J. , Paynter Q. , Riding N. , Day M.D.
Published: October 2019

Lantana camara is an environmental weed in the northern North Island of New Zealand It is an increasingly observed problem in forest margins coastal scrublands dunes plantations and island habitats and its rapid uncontrolled growth can create dense impenetrable thickets suppressing vegetation and bush regeneration Biological control options are being considered for its management A strain of the Brazilian rust Prospodium tuberculatum was released against lantana in Australia in 2001 This rust was screened against invasive forms of the weed that occur in New Zealand and was found to be pathogenic under glasshouse conditions A survey found no evidence that the rust occurs in New Zealand It is concluded that P tuberculatum is potentially a suitable agent for the biocontrol of lantana in New Zealand and further research should be carried out prior to importation of the organism
Indicators for the physical chemical and biological filtering capacity of pesticides in pasture and orchard soils
Authors: M?ller K. , Deurer M. , Aslam T. , Rempt F. , Northcott G. , Clothier B.E. , Rahman A. , Ghani A.
Published: October 2019

Recently the loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) has been reported for some pastoral NZ soils The impact of decreased SOC on soil filtering capacity for pesticides was investigated using 24D The hypothesis was that in aggregated soils the filtering capacity for organic compounds depends on physical chemical and biological properties at the aggregate scale impacting water sorptivity pesticide sorption and pesticide degradation respectively and that these are related to the SOC content Indicators for these properties were identified namely the water repellency SOC content and microbial biomass and basal respiration rates Two pairs of sites with the same soil type texture landuse and climatic conditions but with significantly different SOC content within each of the pairs were selected For hydrophobic soils a SOC loss tended to have a negative impact on chemical and biological properties but a positive impact on the physical filtering capacity of aggregates for 24D
A comparison of sticker adjuvants for their effects on retention and rainfastening of fungicide sprays
Authors: Gaskin R.E. , Steele K.D.
Published: October 2019

Sticker adjuvants enhance adhesion of pesticide sprays to plant surfaces and increase their resistance to rain This study evaluated the effect of two different sticker adjuvant types organosilicone/latex and terpene based polymers on the retention and rainfastness of a protectant fungicide tolyfluanid on Vicia faba (broad bean) and/or Brassica oleracea (cabbage) foliage On hardtowet cabbage the organosilicone/latex stickers provided better spray retention than the terpene polymers Increasing rates of the former resulted in increased retention of spray while use rate had no effect on terpene polymer performance After 4 mm rain (applied as a heavy rain event) up to 86 of fungicide deposits applied with organosilicone/ latex stickers were retained on cabbage In comparison
Efficacy of preemergence herbicides on three annual grass weeds in different soils
Authors: James T.K. , Rahman A.
Published: October 2019

Pot experiments evaluated the efficacy of several preemergence herbicides on three annual grasses that are major problem weeds in most maize growing regions Herbicides evaluated included alachlor metolachlor dimethenamid two formulations of acetochlor and proprietary mixes of acetochlor with atrazine or metribuzin Pots were filled with soil collected from the top 10 cm of seven maize (Zea mays) fields with different cropping histories and seeded with test grasses Herbicides were applied immediately after sowing with a precision glasshouse sprayer Additional seeds were sown at 2weekly intervals for 8 weeks Seedlings were counted 2 weeks after each planting Metolachlor was most effective in controlling summer grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and rough bristle grass (Setaria verticillata) All herbicides were less effective against the large seeded broom corn millet (Panicum miliaceum) than the other grasses All the herbicides except metolachlor were less effective in soils with a long history of maize growing
Influence of coldstorage temperatures on strawberry leak caused by Rhizopus spp
Authors: Siefkes-Boer H.J. , Boyd-Wilson K.S.H. , Petley M. , Walter M.
Published: October 2019

Strawberry leak is a postharvest disease of coldstored strawberry fruit Between October 2007 and March 2009 the effect of temperature on growth and pathogenicity was tested for 39 isolates of Rhizopus and Mucor spp the causal agents of strawberry leak All isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar at target temperatures of 27C Most isolates grew at the lower temperatures tested but temperature fluctuations in the incubators were also detected A selection of the most coldtolerant Rhizopus spp isolates was used in a growth experiment on potato dextrose agar sliced and whole fruit stored at 3C Fungal growth was monitored daily by removing samples at intervals and exposing them to 20C for 2 h before returning them to 3C Little difference was detected in overall growth patterns between numbers of interruptions indicating that cold storage only needs to be interrupted once for the fungus to be activated
Susceptibility of redheaded cockchafer Adoryphorus couloni in New Zealand to Metarhizium anisopliae strain DATF001 (Chaferguard)
Authors: Brownbridge M. , Townsend R.J. , Nelson T.L. , Gicquel B. , Gengos M.
Published: October 2019

The Australian pasture pest Adoryphorus couloni (redheaded cockchafer RHCC) continues to slowly spread from the Port Hills and Banks Peninsula through Christchurch towards productive agricultural land on the Canterbury Plains There are currently no products chemical or biological registered in New Zealand to control this pest In Christchurch several parks used extensively for human recreation were badly damaged by RHCC grubs in the autumn/early winter of 2008 and had to be treated with chemical insecticides (diazinon) Laboratory trials were thus carried out to assess the susceptibility of New Zealand populations of RHCC to a microbial biocontrol agent Metarhizium anisopliae DATF001 (ChaferGuard) registered in Australia Fungal activity was directly influenced by temperature and mode of application Infection and mortality occurred faster at 20C than 15C High mortality levels (90100 after 7 weeks) were obtained when larvae were treated by topical application (105 conidia/grub) or exposure to the dry ChaferGuard formulation in soil; >80 of the cadavers in these treatments were mycosed Direct incorporation of conidia into soil was the least effective treatment Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) was unaffected by the fungus This trial confirmed the efficacy of DATF001 and its potential for use against New Zealand populations of RHCC
Biofumigation with Brassica spp for the control of cylindrocarpon black foot disease of grapevines
Authors: Bleach C.M. , Jones E.E. , Jaspers M.V.
Published: October 2019

Green crops of Brassica species incorporated into the soil release volatile isothiocyanates which are known to suppress pathogenic fungal species Firstly crops of mustard (Brassica juncea) rape (B napus) and oats (Avena sativa) were grown for 5 weeks in a vineyard site previously infested with Cylindrocarpon spp The crops were cultivated into the soil and the area covered with polythene After 2 weeks callused cuttings of rootstock 101104 and 5C were grown for 9 months and infection assessed Disease incidence in rootstocks 10114 and 5C was reduced in the mustard treatment by 11 and 43 respectively The following year the site was inoculated with Cylindrocarpon spp grown on wheat grains The second experiment used three mustard treatments mustard meal cultivated into the soil (Trt 1) mustard grown once to flowering with cultivation (Trt 2) and mustard grown twice to flowering with cultivation each time (Trt 3) In rootstock 5C disease incidence was reduced in all treatments by more that 41 and in rootstock 10114 disease incidence was reduced in Trt 1 and 3 by 30 and 18 respectively These findings suggest that biofumigation using mustard may be a highly effective method for the control of Cylindrocarpon black foot disease
Can critical temperatures be related to insect order
Authors: Arbab A. , McNeill M.R.
Published: October 2019

Insect phenology models are widely used for decision support in pest management and more recently in risk assessments During the last two decades numerous linear and nonlinear models have been used to describe insect development rates and estimate various critical temperatures (CT) including optimal development temperature (Topt) maximum development temperature (Tmax) minimum development temperature (Tmin) and thermal constant (K) (eg day degree requirements to complete development) Using a database comprising more than 600 species from laboratory and field experiments the relationship between CT for the six main insect orders Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Homoptera and Hemiptera was compared There were no significant differences (P>005) between Topt and Tmax for all orders but Tmin and K showed significant (P
Diseases of the kumara crop
Authors: Lewthwaite S.L. , Wright P.J.
Published: October 2019

The predominant diseases of the commercial kumara (Ipomoea batatas) or sweetpotato crop are caused by fungal pathogens The field disease pink rot results from infection by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lesions form on vines but may spread down stems to the roots The widespread nature of this disease in sweetpotato appears peculiar to New Zealand Scurf is a disease caused by Monilochaetes infuscans which occurs in the field but may proliferate amongst stored roots The disease causes a superficial discolouration of the root surface which is mainly cosmetic but can also increase root water loss in storage Infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata produces a disease known as black rot The disease can be transmitted amongst plants at propagation but is particularly rampant amongst roots in storage This disease is readily transmitted and can cause severe economic loss Fusarium oxysporum causes surface rots in stored roots characterised by light to dark brown lesions that tend to be firm dry and superficial The lesions may be circular and centred on wounds caused by insects or mechanical damage at harvest Soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer generally occurs in roots after they are washed and prepared for the market Fungal infection occurs through wounds or bruised tissue producing distinctive tufts of white fungal strands and black spores
Effect of fungicidal treatments on severity and incidence of elsinoe leaf spot of apple
Authors: Scheper R.W.A. , Wood P.N. , Chigozie B. , Fisher B.
Published: October 2019

The effectiveness of seven products suitable for organic pipfruit orchards on reducing incidence and severity of Elsinoe leaf spot was examined Novel products potassium carbonate and a saponincontaining Yucca schidigera extract were first tested at different concentrations in the laboratory using poison plates and poison slides Increasing concentrations of both products resulted in decreasing Elsinoe piri conidium germination on agar plates and glass slides as well as decreasing size of germination tubes Conidium germination was significantly reduced compared with controls when the concentration of potassium carbonate or the Y schidigera product was 01 or 25 respectively or higher In a glasshouse different rates of products were applied to potted Royal Gala trees prior to inoculation with conidia of E piri (2105 conidia/ml) Disease incidence and severity were significantly reduced when trees were treated with lime sulphur (1 and 2) a low concentration of products containing Y schidigera extract (25) copper hydroxide (0009 and 0019 copper) sulphur (016) or a low concentration of potassium carbonate (05) compared with the control However a different saponincontaining product and high concentrations of potassium carbonate (1) and a Y schidigeracontaining product (5) did not reduce disease incidence or severity In fact 1 potassium carbonate significantly increased disease severity compared with the control
Sampling techniques for isolating trunk disease fungi from a Nelson vineyard
Authors: Mundy D.C. , Casonato S.G. , Manning M.A.
Published: October 2019

A trial was conducted of two different sampling techniques (destructive and a non destructive) undertaken at three different times to ascertain the fungal population associated with trunks of grapevines A Nelson vineyard was surveyed in October 2007 using a coring method on 5 vines and 105 vines were subsequently sampled in July and October 2008 using a crosssection sampling method Botryosphaeria Cylindrocarpon Eutypa and Phomopsis were isolated on all occasions regardless of method The detection of other fungi varied with sampling technique and time taken Differences in isolations between methods and timings of sample collection reflect the heterogeneous distribution of the fungi within the trunks of old vines The core sampling technique was sufficient to determine fungi associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic vines The more destructive technique where crosssection samples were taken gave similar results but required more resources If isolations are to be collected from vines then the method timing and sample size need to be considered and standardised
Sequencing of New Zealands tomato spotted wilt virus isolates
Authors: Lister R.A. , Fletcher J.D. , Timmerman-Vaughan G.M.
Published: October 2019

The capsid protein genes of thirteen isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Tospovirus) occurring in New Zealand have been sequenced TSWV is a thripsvectored virus causing serious damage in field and covered crops With recent new incursions of thrips species and tospoviruses it was considered of interest to identify what if any sequence variation occurs in the New Zealand TSWV isolates both from a temporal and geographic perspective The material chosen for sequencing was sourced from fresh glasshouse and field samples and also from samples that had been stored frozen for several years The oldest TSWV isolate was collected in 1992 and stored frozen since then and the most recently collected was from fresh material in 2008 Samples were obtained from several geographic locations throughout New Zealand When compared to the worldwide TSWV capsid gene sequence data held in GenBank cluster analysis of the sequence data has placed the New Zealand isolates into distinct groups Observations of the most closely related strains on a global scale may provide clues to the country of origin from which historic TSWV incursions into New Zealand originated
Detecting a Tospovirus in trapped thrips
Authors: Lister R.A. , Nielsen M-C. , Davidson M.M. , Fletcher J.D. , Timmerman-Vaughan G.M.
Published: October 2019

Thrips vector tospoviruses which worldwide cause disease epidemics in a wide range of economically important crops Of the approximately 5000 species of thrips 11 are known to vector one or more of the 14 recognised Tospovirus species In New Zealand only three tospoviruses and two vectors have been recorded Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci vector tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) while T tabaci vectors iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) is vectored primarily by F occidentalis Frankliniella occidentalis is also known to vector three other tospoviruses not yet recorded in New Zealand It was possible to detect the presence of a tospovirus (TSWV) from thrips (F occidentalis) trapped on sticky boards for 24 h and 1 2 3 or 4 weeks using ELISA and RTPCR techniques ELISA provides a rapid and economical screening technique provided antibodies are commercially available for a given tospovirus However the use of RTPCR may allow the development and use of universal primers to detect the presence of any Tospovirus which could then be further identified using specific Tospovirus primers
Quantifying survival of nematodes in disturbed soil and under prolonged drying intervals
Authors: Aalders L.T. , McNeill M.R. , Bell N.L.
Published: October 2019

Soilcontaminated footwear and equipment have been highlighted as a biosecurity risk for the entry of exotic unwanted organisms including nematodes into New Zealand Exotic plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are of concern because of the risk they pose to commercially important crops and native plants Understanding survival probabilities of PPN in loose soil can assist in determining establishment probabilities if the soil is transported to new environments Two experiments were carried out (spring 2008 and summer 2009) using fieldcollected soil to determine nematode survival after 7 28 and 56 days of drying under ambient conditions in the laboratory Soil moisture at the beginning of the spring and summer experiments were ca 37 and 15 respectively Season appeared to be an important factor in the ability of the nematodes to survive desiccation with some plant parasitic taxa (Helicotylenchus and Criconematidae) present after 56 days in the summer experiment but none present beyond 7 days in the spring experiment Overall the reduction in total nematode numbers did not show a consistent pattern when compared to the day 0 samples with a reduction of 79 83 and 97 after 7 28 and 56 days of desiccation respectively for springcollected soil and 36 86 and 92 respectively for summercollected soil
Main characteristics to distinguish Bactericera cockerelli from other psyllids in New Zealand
Authors: Dale P.J. , Nielsen M-C.
Published: October 2019

The tomato/potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera Triozidae) is found throughout most of New Zealand along with a range of native and other introduced psyllids all belonging to the superfamily Psylloidea The Psylloidea contains six families of which four are recorded from New Zealand (Psyllidae Calophyidae Homotomidae and Triozidae) Species belonging to Triozidae have trifurcate branching on the basal vein of the forewing in contrast to the other psyllid families in New Zealand which have bifurcate branching Bactericera cockerelli can be distinguished from other Triozidae species by the number of inner apical spurs on the tibiae of the hind legs (2) size and shape of the cubital cell in the forewing (short and compact) absence of long setae on vertex and dorsal thoracic surfaces and the lack of well developed genal cones Illustrations of these characters can be seen on insectwatchcom Usually body markings in insects are not suitable for identification purposes since these are likely to vary However the very distinct markings (white marginal and inner patch) on the vertex (dorsal surface of head) of B cockerelli seem stable and are a very useful characteristic for distinguishing this species from other psyllids in New Zealand
Investigation into the delayed establishment of Microctonus aethiopoides in Northland
Authors: Eden T.M. , Gerard P.J. , Dymock J.J. , Ahmad N.
Published: October 2019

The Irish strain of Microctonus aethiopoides was released in New Zealand in 2006 to help control clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) Establishment was rapid at all release sites except in Northland where multiple releases appeared to fail until low numbers were recovered in 2008 It was hypothesised that because Northland at 35S is at sufficiently different latitude to the original collection sites near Belfast Ireland (5437N) there is a crossing of the critical photoperiod for diapause induction in the wasp larvae Replicated cage trials were undertaken to compare the prevalence of premature diapause in Northland with Waikato under natural daylength and simulated Far North midsummer photoperiod (1410 h light dark) with a 16 h photoperiod Results indicated that larval diapause inside the weevil may be initiated by the parent wasp as significantly more 1st instar larvae were present in weevils where wasps had been subjected to reducing daylength (16 h down to 14 h light) High mortality amongst singlylaid wasp larvae in the Northland summer and the absence of teratocytes usually associated with larvae indicates clover root weevil adults can defeat a singlylaid parasitoid These results may explain the reduced efficacy of the Irish wasp in Northland
Wilding control guidelines for farmers and land managers
Authors: Ledgard N.J.
Published: October 2019

The spread of introduced conifers (wildings) threatens biological conservation landscape values and pastoral productivity of large areas of montane New Zealand Considerable resources are spent annually on their control This paper reviews the background to a guideline manual that has been written to enable farmers and land managers to determine the most practical and cost effective means for wilding control Wilding size and frequency are used to choose the optimum removal technique from a wilding control toolbox Methods involve management of the affected site (burning grazing fertilising) physical removal (hand pulling hand tools ringbarking) power tools (chainsaws and scrubbars) heavy machinery (mulching windrowing) and chemicals (foliar spraying stem poisoning cut stump application soil injection) For each technique implementation recommendations are given along with comment on the most appropriate tools audit procedures and safety issues The wilding website (wwwwildingconifersorgnz) is used for additional detail
New names for New Zealand weeds
Authors: Champion P.D. , James T.K. , Dawson M.I.
Published: October 2019

There have been numerous changes in botanical names of New Zealand weeds and their assignment to plant families since the publication of the relevant Flora of New Zealand volumes This paper outlines the reasons behind the changes in nomenclature including the recent use of DNA sequencing to classify plants by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) Currently accepted name changes and new assignment of families for weeds in New Zealand are listed
Towards reduced reliance on fungicides for disease control in New Zealands cropbased industries
Authors: Beresford R.M.
Published: October 2019

The challenge faced by New Zealands fruit vegetable and arable sectors is to reduce the negative impacts of fungicides on market access environmental sustainability and consumer confidence while at the same time achieving adequate disease control for export market and international regulatory requirements Controlling diseases in a humid climate with ever increasing restrictions on agrichemicals and few effective alternatives to fungicides requires redesign of disease management systems Research into redesign includes improved resistance of crop cultivars improved understanding of microbial interactions between fungicides biological controls and nontarget microbes and completely novel methods based on molecular genetics Disease forecasting systems can improve the efficiency of fungicide use The success of new approaches must measured by a reduction in fungicide loading Success depends on the linking of new research to effective technology transfer that will give cropbased industries courage to try new methods and the confidence to know they are not risking their economic viability
Benefits from plant resistance in reducing reliance on fungicides in cereal disease management
Authors: Viljanen-Rollinson S.L.H. , Marroni M.V. , Butler R.C.
Published: October 2019

Two field trials autumn and springsown with seven fungicide treatments and three wheat cultivars with different levels of resistance to Puccinia striiformis the cause of stripe rust were carried out at Lincoln during the 20092010 growing season to assess the value of utilising disease resistance within an integrated wheat disease management strategy The development of stripe rust was monitored during the season The resistant cultivar CFR02452 was free of stripe rust in all treatments including the no fungicide treatment There was more disease in the autumnsown trial than in the springsown trial The moderately resistant cultivar Torlesse had less stripe rust than the susceptible cultivar Claire in both trials and negligible disease in the springsown trial In cultivar Claire for both trials two fungicide applications that started before disease was present provided disease control that was similar to four applications but fungicide applications that commenced once the disease had established provided little control of stripe rust
Improving antsurveillance trap design to reduce competitive exclusion
Authors: Stringer L.D. , Suckling D.M. , Mattson L.T.W. , Peacock L.R.
Published: October 2019

The National Invasive Ant Surveillance is conducted annually around ports and other highrisk areas to detect new ant incursions into New Zealand Currently nonsticky foodbaited vials are used to trap ants The ability of a sticky bait trap to trap multiple ant species at baits was tested under the hypothesis that a sticky trap would reduce the role of competitive exclusion at food sources a drawback of food baiting Furthermore the role of food type sugar protein and a combination of both foods on ant catch was examined Although only 4 of traps caught multiple species this incidence was five times greater in the stickybait than foodonly vials The combined food source traps caught ants more often than the single food source traps The refinement of ant monitoring traps will aid surveillance managers in the future
Investigation of biosecurity risk organisms for the plant and environment domains in New Zealand for 2008 and 2009
Authors: Froud K.J. , Bullians M.S.
Published: October 2019

The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand runs several surveillance programmes to detect new or emerging risk organisms in New Zealand Reporting of these organisms is through the exotic disease and pest emergency hotline Notifications received through the hotline are screened and investigated to determine if they pose a risk to New Zealands core biosecurity values (economic environmental human health and cultural) Significant numbers of notifications are received each year Data detailing the notification and investigation of suspect risk organisms in the plants and environment domains for the last 2 years are presented and compared with previously published data The trend in notifications and the resulting outcomes of investigations are discussed
Demonstrating an integrated pest management strategy in autumnsown wheat to arable farmers
Authors: Horrocks A. , Davidson M.M. , Teulon D.A.J. , Horne P.A.
Published: October 2019

Six crops of autumnsown wheat managed under integrated pest management (IPM) were compared to six adjacent crops grown under the participating farmers current pest management practices in demonstration trials in Canterbury during the 200809 and 200910 seasons Farmer training with a focus on monitoring and beneficial predator identification was carried out The presence and abundance of key pests and diseases (slugs aphids yellow dwarf virus (YDV)) and beneficial predators was determined Carabid beetles and other beneficial insects capable of contributing to pest control were present in the arable cropping systems There was an increasing trend in the number of beneficial organisms a reduction in pests and a 50 reduction in the number of insecticides applied in the IPM managed crops There were negligible YDV and crop yield differences between the two approaches IPM adoption at these farms was very high after these participatory trials
The lifecycle and epidemiology of Bactericera cockerelli on three traditional Maori food sources
Authors: Puketapu A.J.
Published: October 2019

The tomato/potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera Triozidae) is an introduced pest of solanaceous crops in New Zealand A range of established plants play host to Bactericera cockerelli including three traditional Maori food sources taewa or Maori potatoes (Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena) kumara (Ipomoea batatas) and poroporo (Solanum aviculare) Taewa and kumara are highly susceptible to summer B cockerelli infestation whilst poroporo an evergreen plant remains susceptible yearround and provides overwintering refuge Extensive monitoring of each host plant was carried out to determine the significance of each host in the lifecycle of B cockerelli in New Zealand Poroporo was monitored from late autumn for 6 months to determine if the plant served as a significant overwintering host for the pest after harvesting summer crops Taewa and kumara plants were monitored throughout the summer growing season on a weekly basis increasing to twice a week as populations proliferated Host plants were monitored both in the natural environment and under laboratory conditions Data collected contributed to tracking population development of B cockerelli on each host including the length of each life stage (ie egg nymph adult) Comparisons between the three hosts revealed host preference host suitability and the significance of each host in the lifecycle progression of B cockerelli
Dry hot air reduces seedborne pathogens of carrot seeds
Authors: Cheah L-H. , Townshend J. , Hedderley D.I.
Published: October 2019

The effect of dry hot treatment of carrot seeds on seedborne pathogens (Alternaria dauci Fusarium solani and Xanthomonas sp) and seed germination was investigated Carrot seeds (no fungicide) were soaked in water for 1 min before being exposed to hot air (70C or 75C) for 10 20 or 30 min and then plated on potato dextrose agar to assess pathogen growth Treated seeds were sown in cell trays in a glasshouse to assess germination and weight of subsequent seedlings All dry hot air treatments significantly (P
The response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) to the fungus Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Raikar S.V. , Shah F.A. , Pitman A.R. , Jacobs J.M.E.
Published: October 2019

Rhizoctonia solani is a soilborne fungal pathogen of many economically important crops Thirteen closely related anastomosis groups (AGs) of this pathogen have been identified each of which affects different plant species Previous studies have suggested that R solani AG3 is the main cause of disease in potato Rhizoctonia solani infection of potato plants can result in stem canker and tubers with black scurf Affected plants give a reduced yield while affected tubers are considered to have reduced quality resulting in economic loss The current study investigated the response of different potato cultivars and lines to R solani AG3 Thirtytwo potato cultivars/lines many actively used in the Plant Food Research potato breeding programme were screened in a shadehouse pot trial The trial was laid out in an adapted resolvable block design to ensure uniform exposure to environmental factors Each cultivar had six replicates four with and two without AG3 inoculum Plants were grown to maturity and the resulting tubers were assessed for disease (black scurf) Preliminary results show that none of the lines/cultivars tested were resistant but degrees of susceptibility varied In this experiment stem canker was not observed in any of the lines/cultivars
Seaweed extracts slightly reduce effects of root knot nematodes on tomato plants
Authors: Shah F.A. , Butler R.C. , Bulman S.R. , Nelson W.R. , Fletcher J.D. , Scott I.A.W.
Published: October 2019

Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) are economically important pathogens of a number of plants species worldwide A glasshouse pot experiment was carried out to compare the performance of an organic seaweed product (Kelpak) with that of the traditional nematicide fenamiphos (Nemacur) for the control of M fallax in tomato Root systems of seaweed and fenamiphostreated plants were less affected by M fallax than those in untreated controls although differences in root gall index for the treatments were not statistically significant (P031) Plant parameters were increased by the treatments but only for shoot height was the increase statistically significant (P005) Visual observation revealed that the roots systems of seaweedtreated plants were more dense and paler in colour than those from the untreated and fenamiphostreated plants which had dark brown roots The experiment has not found compelling evidence of high efficacy of seaweed extract against nematodes attacking tomato Effectiveness of these products warrants further study however including using different combinations of materials and timing of application aiming to determine if they are useful as part of integrated nematode management
Recent changes to legislation under the ACVM Act and how these impact on research
Authors: Fisher R.
Published: October 2019

This presentation will primarily focus on relatively new changes to legislation that are applicable to the research and development sector and how these apply to trial work The requirement to hold a provisional or research approval for trial work will be explained and the fact that this applies to all organisations and individuals including CRIs industry researchers and university institutions The forthcoming introduction of generic approvals under certain circumstances will be outlined As a result of the proposed new approvals compliance costs will be reduced and approval requirements for NZFSA and ERMA (which already issues generic approvals) will be aligned The purpose and scope of the ACVM Act and legislation will be explained encompassing the reason for provisional and research approvals by relating this back to the risks managed under the ACVM Act When assessing risks to be managed it must be demonstrated that the products registered are not likely to cause unacceptable risks to public health trade in primary produce animal welfare or agricultural security Registration is required as under the ACVM Act Thus agricultural compounds can only be legally
imported or manufactured for sale sold or used in New Zealand if they are registered exempt from
registration (via Regulations) or approved under special circumstances
To assist researchers in preparing applications the key differences between provisional and research
approvals will be explained Common de64257;ciencies found in applications to the ACVM Group will be
touched on as well as the need to apply for approvals well ahead of anticipated research start dates Data
protection with regards to the development of novel actives will be summarised
NOTE Documents outlining detailed guidelines to assist applicants are available here
Applying for a Research Approval under the ACVM Act
Applying for Provisional Registration under the ACVM Act
Development of a grapevine detached root assay for assessing pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon spp
Authors: Pathrose B. , Jones E.E. , Jaspers M.V. , Ridgway H.J.
Published: October 2019

An in vitro method was developed to determine the relative pathogenicity of C macrodidymum C liriodendri and C destructans isolates on grapevine roots Young feeder roots of similar age and diameter were placed individually into Petri dishes containing watersaturated silica sand with the basal cut ends of the roots inserted into tubes filled with sterile water Three isolates each of C macrodidymum and C liriodendri and two of C destructans were inoculated as mycelial plugs onto the wounded roots three replicates per isolate After 1 month all inoculated roots had dark brown lesions (range of lengths 287404 mm) that were significantly different between isolates with an isolate of C liriodendri having the longest lesions and an isolate of C destructans the shortest This assay provides a rapid in vitro method to screen large numbers of Cylindrocarpon spp isolates
Recovery and viability of seeds ingested by goats
Authors: Harrington K.C. , Beskow W.B. , Hodgson J.
Published: October 2019

Seeds of eight plant species were fed to four penned goats on three separate occasions The faeces were collected over subsequent days then seeds were recovered and tested for viability Less than 10 of the ingested seeds survived passage through the goats for five of the species though 323 of broadleaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) seeds and 192 of gorse (Ulex europeaus) seeds were excreted undigested The percentage of viable seeds ingested that remained viable when excreted ranged from 257 for broadleaved dock to 05 for variegated thistle (Silybum marianum) A large proportion of recovered seeds was excreted within 24 h of ingestion and all seeds had passed through the goats within 72 h Grazing by goats of weed seedheads is generally seen as beneficial due to large decreases in the number of viable seeds added to the soil However as all species established from intact goat dung potential exists for dispersal of weeds to new areas especially by feral goats
Field evaluation of fungicides to control postharvest rots of avocados in New Zealand
Authors: Everett K.R. , Pak H.A. , Pushparajah I.P.S. , Taylor J.T. , Astill M.S. , King D.B.
Published: October 2019

Copper is the only fungicide currently registered for use on avocado orchards for controlling fruit rots that are expressed postharvest Two additional fungicides that performed well in previous tests were evaluated as spray applications to 12 orchards four in each of the three major avocado growing regions of New Zealand (North of Kaitaia Whangarei and Bay of Plenty) Pyraclostrobin/boscalid and fluazinam were at least as effective as copper in controlling avocado rots and are suitable alternatives to copper Fluazinam should be applied in winter because in combination with the additive di1pmethene it damaged leaves during the spring flush Pyraclostrobin/boscalid would need to be used judiciously to prevent build up of resistance in fungal populations Copper could still be applied but in combination with these fungicides thus reducing the numbers of applications of copper and therefore the risk of copper accumulation in soil
Physiological response of grapevines to vascular pathogens a review
Authors: Mundy D.C. , Manning M.A.
Published: October 2019

The successful infection of a grapevine vascular system by a plant pathogen and expression of disease symptoms occur only when the pathogen has overcome the wound response and other defences of the vine Even when pathogens do successfully infect the vascular system of grapevines symptom expression is not often observed in the first season Symptoms may be observed in one year but the same vine can have reduced or no symptoms the following season Information is presented on physiological stress in association with trunk diseases as one factor that may contribute to symptom expression in vines A hypothesis of grapevine wound response is proposed as part of the discussion of vine physiological response Information on individual trunk diseases and physiological interactions is also provided
Acceptability of clover flea as prey for common pasture spiders
Authors: Eden T.M. , Sidhu A. , Ranson H. , Wilson D.J. , Gerard P.J.
Published: October 2019

Clover flea (Sminthurus viridis) is present throughout New Zealand causing significant damage to white clover (Trifolium repens) in localised areas of the North Island Insecticides are available for clover flea control but their use is harmful to beneficial pasture invertebrates While predatory mites are present in New Zealand pastures previous research has indicated that they are relatively ineffective at moderating clover flea populations Other species in pasture such as spiders may prove to be more effective predators The feeding and survival of clover flea was compared when caged with common pasture spiders (Lycosidae or Linyphiidae) at either 15C or 20C Spiders had a significant effect on clover flea survival and there was no difference between spider families At 15C clover flea survival in the presence of spiders was less than 21 compared with 94 survival in the spiderfree controls (P
Dissolution analysis to study release of Lactobacillus plantarum from silage inoculant prills
Authors: Swaminathan J. , Bunt C.R. , Gilmore B. , Jones D.
Published: October 2019

The quality of silage can be improved by addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) at the time of ensiling Rapid fermentation by fermentative LAB reduces water soluble carbohydrates to lactic acid The consequent rapid decrease in pH improves silage preservation and inhibits the growth of aerobic spoilage microorganisms For successful silage making it is essential that inoculants are delivered in a viable state and are released during silage making LAB can be formulated as prills for extended bacterial survival but the release characteristics from the prill will determine product utility In these experiments release characteristics of the LAB Lactobacillus plantarum contained in three types of prills (immediate release formulation (IRF) or sustained release formulations (SRF1 and SRF2)) were examined using a DIS 8000 Dissolution Apparatus to study in vitro release in two pH conditions At neutral pH IRF released >80 of live bacterial within 30 min while SRF1 and SRF2 released approximately 55 and 25 respectively Under acidic conditions (pH 4) release profiles were similar to those produced under neutral conditions from all formulations This study demonstrates the utility of dissolution analysis in selection of bacterial formulations
Pheromone trap and crop infestation monitoring of mealybug species in Nelson apple orchards
Authors: Shaw P.W. , Wallis D.R.
Published: October 2019

Potential applications for synthetic sex pheromones for two troublesome mealybug species found in New Zealand Pseudococcus calceolariae (citrophilus) and P longispinus (longtailed) are ongoing The aim of this pilot study was to compare the results of seasonlong pheromone trapping for both species with crop infestation assessments at harvest A total of four traps of each species was monitored in three commercial Nelson orchard blocks between September 2010 and April 2011 Trapping indicated a sharp peak in male citrophilus mealybug flight activity in mid February with a gradual decline thereafter Longtailed mealybug flight activity increased during March and peaked in late April when trapping ceased Higher numbers of citrophilus mealybug males (36764) were trapped than longtailed mealybug (693) At harvest mealybugs were identified on 357 infested fruit and 295 infested leaves to determine mealybug species composition and relative abundance The dominant species was longtailed mealybug identified on 92 of infested fruit Citrophilus and obscure mealybugs (P viburni) were identified on 3 and 5 of infested fruit respectively From the leaf sample 410 longtailed 4 obscure and no citrophilus mealybugs were identified These results indicate pheromone trap catches do not reflect species abundance in the crop Possible reasons for these results are discussed
Monitoring Bactericera cockerelli and associated insect populations in potatoes in South Auckland
Authors: Walker G.P. , MacDonald F.H. , Larsen N.J. , Wallace A.R.
Published: October 2019

Bactericera cockerelli (the tomatopotato psyllid; TPP) and associated insects were monitored weekly in unsprayed potatoes at Pukekohe by using yellow sticky traps and sampling plants from late July 2009 until mid March 2010 TPP adult catches and egg and nymphal infestations were absent or low until mid December Other exotic and native psyllid species dominated trap catches until TPP populations increased markedly in mid January and peaked at 120 adults per trap in late February with egg numbers reaching 520 per plant a week later TPP nymphs peaked at 260 per plant in early February Micromus tasmaniae (brown lacewing) was common in spring and summer but Melanostoma fasciatum (small hover fly) became the dominant predator peaking at 162 eggs and 35 larvae per plant in mid January Naturally occurring predators appear to be important biological control agents of aphids small caterpillars and probably TPP on potatoes at Pukekohe
Factors affecting the persistence of some residual herbicides in maize silage fields
Authors: Rahman A. , James T.K. , Trolove M.R. , Dowsett C.
Published: October 2019

The persistence of residual herbicides used in maize (Zea mays) silage crops was investigated in three field trials located in Waikato Taranaki and Canterbury Herbicides used included atrazine and acetochlor applied preemergence and mesotrione and nicosulfuron applied 612 weeks after planting Bioassay of soil samples collected about the time of silage harvest showed small but biologically toxic residues of only nicosulfuron and only at the Taranaki site A subsequent glasshouse study investigated whether the differences in persistence of nicosulfuron were due principally to soil characteristics (four soil types) or rainfall (amount and timing) Heavy rainfall (50 mm) in the first week or two after application or for several consecutive weeks was more effective in leaching the herbicide and reducing the residues than light (10 mm) or moderate (25 mm) rain applied at similar times Also residues of nicosulfuron disappeared faster in soils with low pH and high organic matter
A simple PCRRFLP method to distinguish between species and strains of Microctonus parasitoids found in New Zealand
Authors: Vink C.J.
Published: October 2019

Two strains of the hymenopteran parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides have been released in New Zealand for the biological control of Sitona weevil species One attacks Sitona discoideus a pest of lucerne and the other attacks Sitona lepidus a pest of clover Two other Microctonus species also attack weevils in pasture; M hyperodae was released for the biological control of Listronotus bonariensis and the native M zealandicus attacks Irenimus spp These Microctonus species can attack nontarget weevil hosts and the identification of the larvae of the different Microctonus species and the separation of adults of M aethiopoides strains can only be achieved by molecular methods This paper describes a simple polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method for distinguishing between the two M aethiopoides strains M hyperodae and M zealandicus This PCRRFLP method requires minimal molecular equipment and is cheaper and/or faster than other molecular methods