bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Changes in the Banking Sector in Turkey after 2001 Crisis: A Comparasion between before 2001 and after 2001
Authors: Fırat Emine
Published: December 2019

Globalization movements around the word caused countries to be faced with crisises successive. The financial sector has seen major losses from economic crises. Developments in the aftermath of the economic crisis has led to some changes especially in the banking sector, furthermore leading to the growth of the financial sector. In recent years, after the international economic, financial, technological and social developments, activities of banks have increased. Banks, in line with improving economic conditions and changing customer demands have been restructured in order to provide the best service to customers. First, banks increased product, service, quality, variety, technological advances, demand for advertising expenditures, customer satisfaction and efforts on risk management. After 1980, the Turkish banking sector entered a rapid change period in technology, by taking advantage of the facilities to be brought. However, when crises in November 2000 and February 2001 have been added to the previous problems in the banking system, sector has become more fragile. After the 2001 crisis the banking sector has entered the configuration process. The aim of this study is to investigate in detail the process of rapid change after the 2001 crisis, by comparing with the pre-crisis and after the crisis of Turkish banking sector in 2001. In this study, banks in the market will be examined within the framework of a lot of different topics. The changing face of the banking sector after the 2001 crisis in Turkey will form the basis of the study.
Security of Energy Supply for European Union and Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project
Authors: Belet Nuran
Published: December 2019

The fact that global economies are growing rapidly, unequal geographical distribution of energy resources and the fact that no renewable energy resource can compete with oil and natural gas at least in the near future strengthens the energy subject. In this regard, energy demands of the developed countries and the world intensifies on the energy resources of Eurasia Region, especially Caspian Region. The main factor of the energy demand isn't the supply of energy for the least possible cost but the transfer of the needed energy via secure gas pipes so that the national economies can continue producing. Russia is the most important supplier of natural gas for European countries. Eurasian regian and the Caspian Basin countries have become strategic actors in the energy market because of their rich natural gas reserves. Russia's cutting off natural gas to Europe across Ukraine upon the crisis with this country has caused a deep concern. European Union wishes to support security projects for supply synchronically of different countries into which Ukraine and Belarus -those it uses as transit for gas transfer- aren't included because of political and economical reasons to meet its energy demand. In this respect, Turkey plays a key role in supplying energy from this region to minimize the risks of energy supply security. Turkey is located in the center of a geopolitical region which produces oil and natural gas. But it can't make use of its potential. Turkey has to create opportunities to play an active role in various energy projects and pipeline routes. This is an analysis of TANAP project's impacts on European Union's energy supply security, Azerbaijan, Turkey and other countries of the region.
Assessment of Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University Students' Entrepreneurship Orientations by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Özdemir Lutfiye
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of socio-demographic characteristics on the entrepreneurship orientation. The research was carried out 581 undergraduates on the Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University. The data was collected with questionnaire. Reliability of measurement tool (Cronbach’s Alpha) is 73 %. Frequency analysis, T-test, and one-way ANOVA analysis were used in research. As a result, it was found that the socio-demographic characteristics affected aggressive competitiveness, innovation, proactive behavior, risk-taking, autonomy, self-efficacy, need for achievement, internal control focus, and creativity.
Entrepreneurship and Sport
Authors: Dağlı Ekmekçi Yeter Aytül , İrmiş Ayşe
Published: December 2019

Underlined the contributions of entrepreneurship to countries’ economies and development in today's researches, sports entrepreneurship studies referred to in recent times. With this study, emphasized that the sports industry is an economically emerging sector in our developing country and in addition to this economic size many opportunities have been aimed at creating new emphasis. In our country, we have a young population and have the structure of an open society for development and innovation, thus the sports industry is growing rapidly in our country compared with the world. That sports industry is associated with many of the other sectors is a key element to improve the variety of activities. Sports entrepreneurship studies have increased in recent years in the world. However, in our country, this area hosts many opportunities for sports entrepreneurship, almost no work have been encountered, has made it necessary to carry out this study. That sport is managed as professional, it requires the study of sports entrepreneurship. Sports entrepreneurship has needed studied. This study is a first step of building the relations between sport and entrepreneurship at Turkish literature.
Turkish and Russian Higher Education Research and Experimental Development Activities
Authors: Tezcan Mediha
Published: December 2019

With the developments in Information and Communication Technologies, the competition now seems to be emerging on a global level rather than being on a national level. Communication, knowledge and information flow caused trade, production, consumption and any economic activity to originate the new competition and bond market opportunities on a national and global extent. The most dynamic and affective source of competition is to focus on the production of the new in today's Information Age. Mutual benefits rely mostly upon the technological developments and initiatives. Research and development activities gradually gain importance for the countries. In this paper, the data on research and development between Turkish Republic and Russian Federation is comparison and analyzed.
Analysis of Security Perceptions of Foreign Tourists: The Case of Alanya
Authors: Aksu Muharrem , Aktaş Ali Rıza , Oku Onur , Şentürk Faruk Kerem
Published: December 2019

High risk perception of the tourists affects tourism demand and causes serious declines in the number of tourists to destinations. With this respect, data collected from 500 randomly chosen foreign tourists were analyzed in order to identify their safety perception levels of Alanya town center and in which circumstances and places they have risk perceptions. Factors such as country of origin (nationality), gender, age, travel companion, education level, and duration of stay were tested in order to find out if they have an effect on safety/risk perceptions. Analysis included frequency tables and chi-squared tests. According to the main findings, majority of foreign tourists visiting Alanya find the destination safe (90,6%). There were significant differences in tourists’ perception of risk and safety among issues like traffic and criminal cases such as theft, purse-snatching, sexual harassment, crimes. Additionally, correlation was detected between one of the factors affecting risk perception, -gender and risk types such as -going out at nights, theft and sexual harassment; and foreign tourists’ showed different risk perceptions according to their gender.
Exclusion from Welfare Services in Turkey as a Social Exclusion Form
Authors: Durusoy Öztepe Nagihan , Ünlütürk Ulutaş Çağla
Published: December 2019

The welfare regime of Turkey is classified in South European Welfare Modal. One of the main characteristics of this regime is lack of the inclusion of entire population. The aim of this presentation is analysing the exclusion of citizens from four main welfare services: health care, education, social security and social assistance. Datas of Turkey Staistics Institution’s (TURKSTAT) 2010 Household Budget Survey are used to examine the population excluded from basic welfare services. This study has found that %13,5 of the population is excluded from health insurance. %8,6 of the population are not completed any school. Furtheremore, %49,8 of theemployees are not under the covereage of social security system. % 3,3 of the population can access to social assistance.
Emprical Analysis of Competition Dynamics in Turkish Banking via Competition Determination Approaches
Authors: Altunöz Utku
Published: December 2019

Due to the complex and close interaction of banks with other economic units, any trouble in banking sector might have repercussion on the whole economy which makes the market structure and competition in banking sector as a cynosure. Business world is facing gradually increasing competition. It seems that the existence of firms depends on the power and the advantage of their competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to analyze the competition structure and the market conditions of Turkish banking system. despite the existence of a number of studies about competition in banking sector, there is still a lack of the studies which has been done with Lerner's Index. Due to this fact, Lerner’s Indeks is used in this study. Bank level determinants of Lerner Index is analysed using Panel Data Regression Method and was reached to factors effecting competitive behavior in Turkish Banking Sector.
The Effect of Higher Education on Growth: A Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Kutlutürk Murat Mustafa , Akmaz Hakan Kasım , Çetin Ahmet
Published: December 2019

In this study the relationship between higher education and economic growth was investigated using annual data between 1988 and 2012 for Turkey. To see short and long run effects of higher education on growth the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) testing approach was used. In this investigation ratio of higher education graduates in employment was used as an explanatory variable. Zivot and Andrews test was implemented for the variables. The long and short run effects of higher education on growth was found significant. Granger causality test was implemented and one way Granger causality from higher education to growth was determined.
Arbitration Rules in Turkish Legal System
Authors: Tuncay Ahmet
Published: December 2019

International companies, with the countries having the relations of commerce and investment, would refer to go to arbitrators, which is completely based upon their free will, to remove or minimise the risks in their own legal systems, to provide the disputes resolve fast and effective way, during the resolution of disputes. Also in our country, to provide the improvement of the international commerce and to promote investment of foreign and local corporation, according to the national and international arbitration legal regulations are made and international agreements are signed by taking notice of the international arbitration rules. Under the title of this, Turkish legal system of the arbitration rules will be researched in details.
International Commercial Arbitration Institutes
Authors: Sayın Uğur
Published: December 2019

Because of exportation and importation of countries, the amount of commerce enlarged, therefore foreign agreements increased. Because of having differnet law systems of the contries the people, working on permanent investment and commerce wishes to have the suitable arbitration that they want.From this point of view, begining from the year 1898, It has been worked on to develop contraptions do international authorized commercial court’s duty. Then permanent arbitration council was established, Cenevre Convention, New York Convention was established, and the rules of international arbitration called UNCITRAL was constituted. The countries which are the contracting parties of these agreements, agreed that the implement of rules on their own domestic law systems. In addition, they delegated compulsory execution for these rules. Beside this, to organise the international commercial arbitration, countries and private institues are founded arbitration institues. Today there are hundereds of international commercial arbitration institues, which are called as the same name of their city’s, the most favorite and their woking systems are explaned.
Classification of Countries According to their Tourism Statistics via Different Cluster Analysis Methods and the Place of Turkey in this Structure
Authors: Giray Selay
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to classify the countries according to their tourism indicators via different cluster analysis methods and compare the findings. Using classical cluster analysis and fuzzy clustering together will be more appropriate to determine the World tourism structure. In this way the findings can be interpreted more detailed and comparatively. Data obtained from website of Worldbank (3 basic international tourism statistics of 159 countries for the year 2010) and findings are gained using NCSS (statistical software) 2007. According to the findings of fuzzy clustering method, Turkey belogs to a cluster which contains ABD, United Kingdom, China, Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Spain, Hong Kong, Russian Federation, and Ukraine. According to the findings of classical clustering method (k means), Turkey is in the same cluster with same countries except Hong Kong. Also the findings of two techniques are similar about Turkey. Such a result can be expected correspondingly grading the countries about international their tourism data in 2011. Different clustering methods findings are steady about Euroasian countries too. Except Russian Federation and Ukraine all of the other Euroasian countries are located together in same cluster depending upon two different clustering methods. In conclusion two different clustering methods provide consistent (similar) results about the classification of countries according their internatianol tourism statistics.
An Evaluation of Electronic Commerce in Terms of Accounting Information System in the Global Competitive Environment
Authors: Atabey Naim Ata , Yılmaz Fatma Özlem , Yılmaz Baki
Published: December 2019

The gradually increasing of the competition among the managements that operate in the present-day global competitive environments leads to the speedily and continuously development of the information technologies in the managements. The electronic commerce (e-commerce), which is one of the most dynamic ways of the competition and emerges as a result of the speedily and continuously developments in the information technologies, starts the process of increasing the competition, the flexibility, the quality and the speed among the managements by providing that all sorts of operations, which belong to the commercial activities and interest in both organizations and individuals, are made on the electronic environment. E-commerce makes some changes in the management processes and their operations, and these changes affect on the assets and the sources of the managements, and it causes to incomes and expenses and brings the events and the operations, which had to be explained in the financial tables, into the forefront. E-commerce, therefore, shows itself up as a part of Accounting Information System with its way affecting on the processes and the operations in the managements. E-commerce, in this Study, has been tried to assess by the perspective of Accounting Information System in the global competitive environment.
The Relationships between Destination Brand Image, Destination Brand Loyalty and Word of Mouth Behaviour
Authors: Unurlu Çiğdem , Akyol Ayşe , Altaş Dilek
Published: December 2019

This article documents a study and model of the destination brand image, destination brand loyalty and word-of-mouth behaviour (WOM). Therefore, the literature review consists of three parts namely destination brand image, destination brand loyalty and word-of-mouth behaviour. Destination brand image can be defined as the reasoned perceptions consumers attach to specific brands. Destination brand loyalty can be defined as the main source of customer-based brand equity. Brand loyalty was defined as the attachment a customer has to a brand. Lassar et. al. noted that brand equity stems from the grater confidence that consumers place in a brand than they do in its competitors. This confidence translates into consumers' loyalty and their willingness to pay a premium price for the brand. Word of mouth behaviour can be defined as informal communications directed at other consumers about the ownership or characteristic of particular goods and services and/or their sellers. In order to explore the relationship between destination brand image, destination brand loyalty and word-of-mouth behaviour, a two phase research design (exploratory and descriptive) was adopted and conducted. This study was based on the measures of Boo et all (2009), and Kim et all (2011) because their instruments had been developed, tested, refined and yielded reliable results. The questionnaire items were scored on a 5 point Likert scale, ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. A cross sectional design was used for the data collection. Data is analysed by using SPSS.
Transformation in Economics Education in Transition Countries and International Visibility: The Case of Balkan Economists
Authors: Çokgezen Murat , Çokgezen Jale
Published: December 2019

In the socialist era, economists, like other scientists, had limited connections to the West and their work rarely appeared in international journals due to methodological differences between the Western and the socialist scholars in social sciences, inadequacies in English, and other legal restrictions. After the collapse of socialism, legal barriers were lifted but the new republics still needed new economists equipped with the requirements of the new economic order based on private property and market mechanisms. To this end, they reorganized their economics curricula, published new textbooks, and trained students and academics. Aim of this study is to discuss impact of policies adopted in economics education by transition countries on publication performances of economists in former socialist countries in Balkan region. In this regard, articles published by the economists of former socialist countries in the Balkans between 1990 and 2013 are examined. The articles published in journals indexed by Scopus database are classified on the bases of countries, dates, authors, affiliations, journals and subjects. Long term trends derived from these classifications are interpreted. The results of this study show that number of publications by Balkan economists in Scopus economics journals increased gradually over 1990-2013 period: Particularly, increasing number of regional journals indexed in the Scopus soared the international publications of the Balkan economists. Overwhelming majority of these works are in English, published in regional journals and are about regional issues. The study also revealed that most of the contributors are affiliated to big, old, public universities of the region.
Real Exchange Rate Effects on Trade and Immiserizing Growth: The Case of Turkey 2003-2013
Authors: Sağlam Yağmur , Egeli Hüseyin Avni
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the long run relationship between real exchange rates and trade within terms of immiserizing growth for Turkey. The relationship between real exchange rates and trade are taking into consideration with two approach which are pass-through and standard theory. So it is observed that which approach is valid for Turkey. Also we tried to see if trade policies which on terms of trade create immiserizing growth or not during the period. We used unrestricted Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) analysis to see the relationship between real exchange rate and trade rate, growth. Also we added a dummy into the VAR which demonstrate the structural break for global economic crisis as an exogenous variable. The results of the application are; in the long term there is no cointegration between trade rate and real exchange rates and growth. So for the short term; the dummy was statistically significant and affects the distribution of series; the relationship between trade rate and real exchange rates are very weak and rarely supports the Standard Theory. Also terms of trade impacts growth rate positively but the effects of growth rate on terms of trade is indeterminate. So there is not an immiserizing growth in Turkey for the period between 2003 and 2013.
Tobin Tax in Reducing the Negative Effects of Capital Controls and Short Termed Capital Movements
Authors: Öztürk Rahime Hülya , Karaçor Zeynep , Er Perihan Hazel
Published: December 2019

The phenomenon liberalization, with the influence of Bretton Woods system that collapsed, following 1970 Oil Shock, first began with the efforts to search for the markets to value the investments of these countries in the developed countries. When arrived to 1980s, the developed countries, squeezed under the debt load accompanying the insufficient capital accumulation and low saving rates, in order to provide the desired capital figures, needed the foreign resources and, in this point, liberalization process of capital gained importance In realizing the growth and developmental targets of country economies, their integrating to liberalization process have a great importance. That the developing counties integrate to the system without the necessary arrangement in their financial structures made an effect in the direction of disturbing the stability of country economies, particularly in short termed capital inflows. As much as the problem created by the speculative capital inflow, the immediate outflow of this capital, disordering the balance of country economies, also caused crises. For maiming the negative influences of short termed capital, capital controls are emphasized. Just as these controls can have the various application ways, the most emphasized and discussed application was Tobin tax. Even though there are the various disagreements in the direction of whether or not Tobin tax affected the capital inflows, the examples of Malaysia and Chili gave the successful results.
Worker’s Remittances and Poverty in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Karymshakov Kamalbek , Abdiyeva Raziya , Sulaimanova Burulcha
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of internal and international remittances on poverty in Kyrgyzstan using household survey data for 2011. Following Adams and Cuecuecha (2010) two-stage multinomial logit model suggested by Bourguigon et al. (2007) is used. Methodology use instrumental variables to solve the selectivity bias issue and then estimates counterfactual expenditure of households. Households are classified as international remittance receiving, internal remittance receiving and remittance non-receiving. For evaluation of remittances impact on poverty counterfactual expenditures are compared with observed actual expenditure by household types. Expenditure level for 2011 for definition of national poverty line in Kyrgyzstan is used as the benchmark for poverty impact of remittances. Results show that international remittances considerably decrease poverty level. Per capita expenditure of international remittance receiving households would be lower than expenditure of poverty line for 2011, if they did not receive remittances. Internal remittance receiving households also would decrease expenditures, but it would still be higher than poverty line.
Developments in Monetary Policies before and after the Recent Financial Crisis and the Change in the Role of Central Banks
Authors: Kaya Zekayi , Tokucu Erkan
Published: December 2019

During the historical process, application of the monetary policies and the roles of the central banks have changed within the framework of the developments in the world economy, problems encountered and the economic policies as a solution to these problems. The financial crises after 1990 and the recent financial crisis as the biggest experienced one after 1930s, caused an increase in the importance of the task of providing financial stability besides price stability and in this context in the function of “lender of last resort” of the central bank. The crisis required using new policy instruments in addition to interest rate instrument which was not sufficient enough in providing financial stability and the roles of the central banks in providing financial stability changed. In this study, applications of monetary policies and the changing role of the central banks will be examined. Within this framework, traditional and non-traditional instruments will be explained and the problems that can be confronted by a central bank when providing price stability besides financial stability will be remarked.
Model of Growth of the Russian Corporations: Impaction of Institutional Factors
Authors: Silova Elena , Belova Irina , Bents Daria
Published: December 2019

In modern conditions corporations are a core of economic system and many macroeconomic indicators depend on growth of corporations. Quality and intensity of growth of corporations depend on many factors, both internal, and external. Institutional factors, including efficiency of the contract relations, level of tax burden, quality of corporate institutes have huge impact on growth of corporations. The purpose of this work – to reveal factors of growth of the Russian corporations and to construct models of the Russian corporations’ growth in a branch section. In research the assessment influence of tax loading on efficiency of the contract relations and growth of the Russian corporations is carried out. The analysis of growth of the Russian corporations in various branches (oil and gas, metallurgy, power industry) is carried out and models of their growth taking into account such factors, as tax burden, level of dividend payments and level of compensation of the administrative personnel are constructed. The degree of tax burden to efficiency improvement of contractual relations in Russian corporations was analyzed. The growth rate of sales revenue was taken as an indicator of the corporation efficiency. The factors influencing the growth rate of sales revenue were analyzed, the basis for the analysis was Cobb-Douglas production function with some clarifications.
Why do Developing Countries Fail to Attract Global Capital? Reinvestigation of the Lucas Paradox for the Balkan Countries
Authors: Bal Harun , Algan Neşe , Demiral Mehmet
Published: December 2019

The neoclassical theory predicts that capital should flow from developed (rich) to developing (poor) countries until the differences of investment returns are equalized. However, in his famous example, Lucas (1990) pointed out that, even the marginal product of capital in India was roughly calculated as 58 times that of the United States in 1988, such a capital flow did not occur in practice. This observation somewhat still exists in general. This study tries to find out some possible explanations to why Lucas Paradox is still seen in such an increasingly integrated world and demonstrate what foreign direct investments (FDIs) really pursue, focusing on selected nine Balkan countries. The study performs gravity model estimation using annual balanced panel data sets covering the period of 2000-2012. Overall results demonstrate that there is some evidence supporting Lucas paradox for the Balkan countries investigated. Main findings show that, regulations, country risk and China’s increasing attraction of global FDI tend to hinder Balkan countries’ performances, while improvements in human capital, infrastructures and logistic services can help these countries increase their global shares in FDI. Besides, increases in the research and development investments and progress in the path of the European Union membership processes seem to promote attracting global FDI.
Financial Crisis and Fiscal Policy: An Assessment of the EU-Member Balkan States
Authors: Akyol Servet
Published: December 2019

The objective of this paper is to study the economic and social results of the post-crisis fiscal policies concerning the Balkan States that are members of the EU. The global crisis, which broke out in the US in 2008, had a deep effect on both developed and developing countries. Until today different policies have been put on the agenda in order to eliminate or alleviate the impacts of the crisis. In this context, bailout and stimulus packages were firstly implemented. Stimulus packages were replaced by austerity policies because of the increasing public debt and budget deficit after 2010. Fiscal policy focused on reducing the debts instead of supporting the economic activities. This study is based on historical and descriptive method. It examines the development of post-crisis fiscal policies in the Balkan States that are members of the EU. In this study, public expenditure, public debt, public deficit and unemployment rate are used as the main indicators. The effects of fiscal policy will be compared between countries. This study also suggests that although the crisis resulted from financial sector, burden of crisis was transferred to public sector. Moreover, in many countries, because of its increasing deficit and debt burden, public sector became depended on financial sector that was rescued before. After the crisis, fiscal policies has led to significant economic and social costs in the Balkan States that are members of the EU.
Comparative Analysis of the Inter-Regional Infant Mortality Rate from the Perspective of Health Economics in Turkey
Authors: Barlas Emin , Şantaş Fatih , Kar Ahmet
Published: December 2019

Being healthy is a condition which all individuals and all countries are willing to achieve. However, health is a difficult concept to define and describe. Countries that are striving to achieve better status of health allocate an increasing part of their national income to health sector and expect to get these expenditures' worth. Health economy is an important tool that can be utilized in determining the effect of expenditures on the status of health and improving the effectiveness of expenditures. Thus, health economics is being used both in micro and macro scales. One of the important criteria showing the health status and development of countries is infant mortality rate. Turkey is among the countries which closed the gap between itself and the developed countries in terms of infant mortality rate. In this study, velocity ratio between 2006 and 2012 in Turkey had been calculated in order to compare them with those of the developed countries. In order to compare Turkey's regional infant mortality rates, territorial velocity ratios had been calculated, Turkey Health Statistics Annual data belonging to the years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 had been used to carry out various statistical analyses in order to determine the factors affecting infant mortality rate. Although Turkey had improved itself in terms of infant mortality rates, there are still things to be achieved at the scale of the country and the regions.
Assessing the Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Export Performance of Macedonia and Turkey
Authors: Bucevska Vesna
Published: December 2019

Export has been in the focus of economic literature for years due to its multi-fold contribution to the macroeconomic stability and economic growth. These contributions are of great importance for Macedonia and Turkey on their way to becoming full members of the European Union. The objective of this paper is to investigate empirically the impact of the inward foreign direct investments (FDI) on export performance of Macedonia and Turkey. To achieve this objective we use a popular model of export and estimate two models. The first (benchmark) model includes the real effective exchange rate, the potential GDP, trade liberalization and export in the previous year. Along with these explanatory variables, in the second model we include the FDI inflows variable. The results of the benchmark model indicate that trade liberalization has a positive and significant impact on export. The export performance is positively and significantly affected by the last year's exports. The estimated coefficient of real effective exchange rate is not statistically significant. The potential output has a positive impact on the increase of export but it is also statistically not significant. The results of the second model indicate that FDI have a positive impact on export performance of Macedonia and Turkey, but not significant. The other explanatory variables have kept their signs as in benchmark model and only trade liberalization and the export from the previous period remained statistically significant.
Artificial Neural Network Models to Build an Early Warning System for Turkish Commercial Banks before and after the 2001 Financial Crisis
Authors: Kılıç Süleyman Bilgin , Lopcu Kenan , Paksoy Semin
Published: December 2019

The objective of this paper is to measure the failure risk of Turkish commercial banks. Bank failures bring to bear high costs on economies as well as on governments and eventually on the public and the taxpayers. During the past two decades, many developed and developing economies have experienced large scale bank failures, and estimates for average bank restructuring costs range from 6% to 10% of the Gross Domestic Product. In Turkey the amount of restructuring costs is approximately 30% of the Gross Domestic Product. In this study, we use 29 selected financial ratios of banks across 1996-2012 periods and the Artificial Neural Network Models to build an early warning system. If commercial bank failure were a predictable event, bank restructuring costs could be minimized. Additionally, if early warning systems are used effectively, the regulatory actions necessary to prevent banks from failing could be taken in advance or in the least a more orderly process of bank closures could be administered. The results overall indicate that almost all commercial banks currently operating in the Turkish banking sector are quite sound and far from failure.
Foreign Direct Investment in Transition Economies: Is It Related to Export Expansion or Import Substitution?
Authors: Gerni Cevat , Sarı Selahattin , Emsen Ömer Selçuk , Kabadayı Burhan
Published: December 2019

It is propounded that there are two motivations behind foreign direct investments (FDI). One of them is to invest in foreign countries because of trade barrier to export. In this case foreign investors operate in import substitution industries (ISI). The second fact to invest in another country away from homeland is to get benefit from cost advantages such as cheap labor and inputs, positioning closed to developed countries. With this aspect foreign investors operate in export oriented sectors (EOS). The economic consequences were discussed lighting on study’s aim examining the FDI to Transitions Countries whether are ISI or EOS. The foreign direct investments to Transitions Countries were investigated by panel data analysis. First and second generation unit root tests and cross section dependency tests were applied. Long and short term regressions were realized. The data set were obtained from Word Bank Data Base and annually data were collected between 1993 and 2012. Theoretically and statistically expected coefficients and coefficient’s sign for explanatory variables have been obtained. It is as a result observed that the countries have higher internal market potential to take foreign direct investments to import substitution industries. The countries close to developed economies have been drawing foreign direct investments to export oriented sectors.
Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emissions for Turkey and Iran over 1990-2010
Authors: Rüstemoğlu Hasan , Uğural Sevin
Published: December 2019

There exists an important awareness for reduction of CO2 emissions to obtain a sustainable world. Together with this, there is a great deal of interest for decomposition analysis to see the accelerating and decelerating factors of CO2 emissions. The aim of this project is to decompose CO2 emissions in economic sectors for the two superpowers of Middle East, Iran and Turkey, over the time period between 1990 and 2010, for Turkey obtained a rapid growth performance in recent years and Iran which is the energy superpower of the world. Refined Laspeyres Index decomposition method and a consistent data gathered from the World Bank’s and UN’s databases have been used during the analysis. Five main sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, construction and other service sectors) and four main impacts (scale effect, composition effect, energy intensity effect and carbon intensity effect) have been considered to see the increasing and decreasing factors of CO2 emissions. Various interesting results are observed for both of the countries, for each of the economic sectors. Generally scale effect and energy intensity effect are the dominant impacts for all sectors of both countries. However composition effect and carbon intensity effect are also important contributors for economic activities of these two countries. Overall, our analysis showed that these two countries should pay attention for energy intensity and sustainable economic growth.
Input-Output Analysis of the Kyrgyzstan Economy (2005-2010)
Authors: Turdalieva Ainura
Published: December 2019

Structural changes in economy become the important goal of economic development in the developing countries. During the ongoing globalization process, the successful execution of special analysis and approaches caused the growing interest in macroeconomic planning and development policies. In this context, input-output analysis is emerging as an alternative research method among the other economic planning methods. Given paper based on input-output analysis and used input-output tables prepared for the years 2005 and 2010 by The National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic. İntersectoral relations, forward and backward linkages, industrial structure dependency, production techniques, efficiency of input usage were calculated in this paper. The results are as follows: for five years economy has been functioning in poor conditions; together with the lack of interaction between sectors, economy is not integrated; there were external dependence in production structure. It is notable that for achieving economic growth, economy needed investments to stimulate the production capacity, which strengthening inter-sectoral relationship and stable macroeconomic planning.
Density and Number of Physicians in Turkey for the Period of 2002-2012: An Evaluation of Macro Health Manpower Planning
Authors: Erigüç Gülsün
Published: December 2019

Health care delivery requires a sufficient number of manpower. It is recognized that the shortage of health workforce is the most important issue for the health sector. Health manpower distribution should be in a balanced across the country. National human resources for health policies require evidence-based planning. Health manpower planning involves issues such as planning, employment and management of workforce. The main objectives of this study are determine physician numbers, compare the data to OECD and other countries, distribution of physicians, proportion of health employees to each other. The main criteria used in health manpower planning are that the numerical situation of manpower, while the other is distinguishes of manpower according to the regions, provinces and institutions. The Ministry of Health of Turkey Health Statistics Year Books (last one published in 2013 for 2012 data) and the other statistics were used for obtaining data. In Turkey, physicians total has increased by 41,1%, in this period. Specialist physician increased by 54, 2%, general practitioner 25, 8%, medical residents 33, 4%. In 2002, 62, 4% of physicians total were working in the Ministry of Health while 21.9% universities, 15.7% private sector. In 2012, 56.8% of physicians total were working in the Ministry of Health, 20.8% universities, 22.4% private sector. In 2002, Turkey had 139 physicians per 100.000 populations while the number is 172, in 2012. According to the tenth five-year development plan, the number of physicians per 100.000 people are estimated to be 176 for 2013, while 193 for 2018.
Renewable Energy Policies and Energy Supply Security
Authors: Gürson Poyraz , Topcu Mustafa Kemal , Ülker Halil İbrahim , Erkan Turan Erman
Published: December 2019

Energy is one of the fields that innovation is to be speeded up regarding requirements and geopolitical position of Turkey. However, as a result of natural consequence of unplanned and incorrect energy policies, dependency rate of consumed energy of Turkey has reached out a rate of 72 percent. Since need to energy is increasingly growing and a large part of consumed energy is imported, dependency seems to continue to increase. Toward this end, studies related to reducing foreign dependency on energy, the largest input of manufacturing industry in Turkey, are reviewed and discussed with a literature survey methodology. And policy recommendations concerning energy supply security are made. Renewable energy has been attached great importance worldwide as well as nationwide because of providing reliable energy regarding economy, policy, and environment. In order to meet the increasing electricity needs of Turkey as a developing country; the number of facilities on renewable energy are also growing. Domestic production of equipment for renewable energy producing and integrating those into conventional system is of high importance because of energy supply security and sustaining reserves as well as reducing foreign dependency.
European Union Migration Relations: An Analysis Focused on Macedonia
Authors: Sözen İlyas , Çam Fatih , Öngel Volkan
Published: December 2019

In the research, the process of the European Union, a candidate, a new member and a negotiating country’s migration experiences are compared (Macedonia, Bulgaria and Turkey). The results of this study are thought to be very important for Macedonia, which is not already negotiating for EU membership, in that it presents the difficulties Macedonia is facing on the way to EU membership. As for the methodology, after the theoretical descriptions which define the borders of the subject are done, economic, politic-legality and social dimensions of international migration are examined. Looked from this point of view, in this study, it is foreseen that becoming an EU member can be a solution to primarily migration “issues” and ethnic conflicts. In the evaluation of the findings which seem to support this hypothesis, the changes seen in the immigration and emigration dynamics of Bulgaria after it was admitted to EU are accepted as valuable data which determine the motivation of this study.
Analysing the Effects of Cultural Differences to International Trade in Manufactured Goods: A Literature Survey
Authors: Uğur Tuğçe , Uğur Mehmet Sedat
Published: December 2019

Linder Theory which is a considerable theory about international manufactured goods trade suggests that international trade in manufactured goods will be more intense between countries with similar per capita income levels than between countries with dissimilar per capita income levels. But in practice, cultural differences between countries may also restrain the density of trade. This literature survey will aim to explain the relationship between income level and culture which may be different for one to another group. G. Hofstede who is an influential cultural anthropologist suggests five different cultural dimension to explain cultural differences between countries. Later, Hofstede calculates the values of different countries in these dimensions. So, in this study, initially, international trade in manufactured goods between similar per capital income levels will be examined. This will be done by comparing per capital income levels of selected countries. OECD data in trade and TÜİK's data (for Turkey) will be used in comparison. Later Hofstede's data will be used. In conclusion, the survey will try to explain how large are the effects of cultural differences between countries with similar income levels in international trade in manufactured goods. Previous studies generally find statistically significant results, but the main framework of these studies suggests controversial results. The study has aimed to commit a literature survey and in this study, comparisons of trade flow between countries are also controversial.
The Importance and Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Growth and Development
Authors: Önce Asım Günal , Marangoz Mehmet , Erboy Nedret
Published: December 2019

Economic growth leads to with increased prosperity with increasing of income levels of people living in a
country. Economic development involves social and cultural developments in the economy along with prosperity. Entrepreneurship which is involved in factors of production, labor, capital and technology and brings them together and it takes risks and assess opportunities has an important role in economic growth and development. The basic elements of a country's economic development are individuals who have an entrepreneurial spirit. They are driving force of growth and prosperity. The impact on entrepreneurs' on economic development can be associated with their inventions / scientific research and invention through their innovations, the ability of adaptation innovations, by way of competition raise efficiency, providing employment, making business opportunities and their increasing of production and commercial activities where they are established. In the economies, entrepreneurs increase profits in terms of production volume, stimulating competition and in parallel with leads to the decline prices. In this context, the country's economic growth and development, remaining prosperity affects well-being and quality of life of individuals, their economic prosperity and their social and cultural development. In this study, the role and importance of entrepreneurship in a country's economic growth and development and socio-economic development will be examined in the context of various parameters and in terms of these parameters the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth will be highlighted.
Environmental Sustainability And Agriculture
Authors: Bilgili Faik , Bağlıtaş Hayriye Hilal
Published: December 2019

In the environmental sustainability concept, this paper investigates the relationship between agricultural emission and per capita income. Additional variable is agriculture sector energy consumption. Our data is related to 1990-2010 period for 22 countries which are in the Eurasian region. Firstly, dynamic OLS and full modified OLS are applied to the data. The results show that Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid for agricultural emission and income. Moreover, there is a co-integration relationship between agricultural emission and both income and agricultural energy consumption. Secondly, dynamic panel GMM and dynamic OLS are applied to little modified data. Results again, imply that EKC is true for agriculture sector. Based on these results, political and intuitional regulations could be developed for environmental sustainability.
Consumption Function and the Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Income and Consumption for Turkey
Authors: Altunöz Utku
Published: December 2019

The relationship between income and consumption is one of the most important subjects of economics that became the subjects of many study. In this study, Absolute Income Theory of Keynes for Turkey is predicted by using the data in period 1987 – 2012 and the method of cointegration. Before the econometric analysis, the function of consumption, consumption theories, studies involving these theories and its critics were examined. After that, variables were examined the unit root situations. Two variables do not take action together and it is seen that they do not affect each other when the long term relations and the short term dynamics are examined.