bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Effects on Absorption and Translocation of 2,4,5-T in Winged Elm
Authors: Wills Gene D. , Basler Eddie
Published: May 2019

The absorption and translocation of foliarly applied14C-labeled (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T-1-14C) in winged elms (Ulmus alataMichx.) as affected by season of application, air temperature, and soil moisture were determined by autoradiography of bark samples and liquid scintillation counting of leaf tissue. Treatments at 3-week intervals throughout the growing season showed highly variable trends in absorption and translocation within and between growing seasons. Seasonal variations in the absorption of14C-2,4,5-T were similar to the variations in translocation. Translocation into the stem closely correlated with absorption into the leaves. Higher daily temperatures of 24 to 40 C appeared to enhance absorption and translocation. Variations in soil moisture showed little effect on absorption; whereas, a decrease in soil moisture reduced translocation from leaves to roots.
Looking Ahead in Weed Science
Authors: Danielson L. L.
Published: May 2019

The future of weed science, and indeed of all of modern agricultural science and technology, is in jeopardy today because the public does not clearly understand their importance. As a result, decisions may be made and actions taken that can, and will if continued, most certainly destroy our complex and highly productive agricultural systems where one worker annually provides food for more than 46 people. We can improve prospects for the future by effective action.
Herbicidal Effects of Picloram on Bermudagrass
Authors: Reber L. J. , Miller R. K. , Tweedy J. A. , Butler J. D.
Published: May 2019

The herbicide 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) was applied to several bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.). Most of the grasses were susceptible to picloram; however, some were resistant and recovered within 16 months from the initial treatment. There were no detectable metabolites of 14C picloram in bermudagrass (C. dactylon (L.) Pers. ‘U-3’) or common Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Also, there were no abnormal changes in cells of swollen nodes of picloram-treated bermudagrass that could explain the selective herbicidal injury of picloram on bermudagrass.
Effect of Magnesium and Photoperiod on Atrazine Toxicity to Tomatoes
Authors: Brenchley Ronald G. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse studies, magnesium-deficient tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were more susceptible to 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) than normal plants when grown under continuous light. Under a 12-hr photoperiod, magnesium-atrazine interactions were not significant. Magnesium deficiency and continuous light each caused reductions in chlorophyll content in tomatoes. A combination of these two conditions caused an additive reduction in chlorophyll content and also caused the greatest susceptibility to atrazine. The influence of magnesium on atrazine toxicity may be due to its effect on chlorophyll content rather than a direct effect on atrazine action.
Effects of Repeated Applications of Herbicides on Soybeans
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Repeated postemergence treatments of 3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea (chloroxuron), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), or 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) can be applied to soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) without severe injury to the foliage throughout the growing season. However, multiple treatments of 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) resulted in more foliar injury early in the season than from similar treatments of chloroxuron, linuron, or dinoseb. Chlorotic veination appeared in the upper leaves of soybeans treated with prometryne late in the season, and injury was greater from multiple applications than from a single application. Chloroxuron and dinoseb resulted in stem injury which increased with repeated applications. Seed yields were lower from plots treated with repeated applications of prometryne compared with untreated plots or plots treated with a single application. Multiple applications of chloroxuron, linuron, or dinoseb did not affect seed yields. Soybean stands were significantly lower in 1 year from three or four applications of linuron and four applications of prometryne compared with fewer applications of each herbicide. Seed quality was best in dinoseb-treated plots and poorest in prometryne-treated plots regardless of the number of applications.
The Fate of Nitrofen in Rape, Redroot Pigweed, and Green Foxtail
Authors: Hawton D. , Stobbe E. H.
Published: May 2019

The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) in the foliage of rape (Brassica campestris L. ‘Echo’), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) was investigated with the aid of 14C-nitrofen. Only limited amounts of the label were translocated in these species. Plants treated with 14C-nitrofen under high light conditions produced several labelled compounds of different molecular size and chromatographic properties. The time at which these compounds were first detectable depended on light intensity. At least two of these compounds are lipid-nitrofen conjugates or nitrofen polymers and others may be formed by cleavage of nitrofen at the ether linkage.
Depression of Carbohydrate in Marine Algae by Urea Herbicides
Authors: Walsh Gerald E. , Grow Thomas E.
Published: May 2019

Representative species of six genera of marine unicellular algae (Chlorococcumsp.,Dicrateria inornataParke,Dunaliella tertiolectaButcher,Nannochlorissp.,Isochrysis galbanaParke, andMonochrysis lutheriDroop) were treated in unialgal culture with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 1-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (neburon), 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron), and 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea (fenuron). Tests were conducted at salinities of 5, 10, 20, and 30 parts per thousand (ppt). The herbicides depressed concentration of carbohydrate in all species.Dunaliella tertiolectawas most resistant; its carbohydrate content decreased 9.2% at 5 ppt salinity and 17.9% at 30 ppt.Chlorococcumwas most susceptible; its carbohydrate content decreased 49.1% at 5 ppt and 65.6% at 30 ppt salinity.
Effect of Temperature on Phytotoxicity and Root Uptake of Several Herbicides
Authors: Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The phytotoxicity of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) to corn (Zea maysL.) and soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) seedlings and 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) to soybean seedlings increased with increasing temperature from 20 to 30 C. The phytotoxicity of α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) did not change significantly between 20 and 30 C. Corn and soybean plants grown at 30 C translocated more14C from14C-atrazine and soybeans more14C from14C-linuron to the shoots during the 4-hr root uptake treatment period than plants grown at 20 C. There was less accumulation of14C from14C-atrazine in soybean roots and14C-linuron and14C-trifluralin in the roots of corn and soybean plants grown at 30 C compared to those grown at 20 C. Comparison of data at 30 C and 20 C during the 4-hr root uptake treatment period showed enhanced root to shoot movement of14C from14C-atrazine in corn and from14C-linuron in soybean at the higher uptake treatment temperature indicating a possible relationship between increased herbicide transport to the shoot at high temperature and increased phytotoxicity.
Phytotoxicity of Fluometuron and Its Derivatives to Cotton and Weeds
Authors: Rubin B. , Eshel Y.
Published: May 2019

The phytotoxicity of 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) and three of its analogs was studied on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), foxtail (Setariasp.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Fluometuron was the most active compound, and the demethylated derivative and aniline analog were the least phytotoxic. The activity of the monomethyl analog of fluometuron, when applied via nutrient solution and to clay soil, was about 50% and 70% of the parent compound, respectively. Photosynthesis in cotton and redroot pigweed was inhibited by fluometuron, to a lesser degree by the monomethyl analog, and not at all by the demethyl and aniline analogs. Cotton was most tolerant, and only slight differences were found between the susceptibility of foxtail and redroot pigweed. These differences in response to fluometuron and its metabolites may contribute to the differential response between cotton and weeds.
The Loss of Alachlor from Soil
Authors: Hargrove R. S. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

Gas chromatographic analysis of benzene extracts was used to study the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the degradation and volatilization of 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor) in the soil. The relative humidity of a closed system had little effect on alachlor retention in air dry Sawyer fine sandy loam at 22 C, but had a pronounced effect when soil temperature was 38 C or higher. At 0% relative humidity (38 C or 46 C) alachlor was degraded to 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethylacetanilide. Decomposition, which also occurred in 5 N aqueous HCl, was attributed to acidic soil water film surfaces. As relative humidity within the system increased, the rate of degradation decreased, apparently because condensation of water vapor increased the thickness of the soil water film and decreased the surface acidity. At 38 C, minimum loss was noted at 31% relative humidity, and at 46 C, minimum loss was found at 79% relative humidity. The increased loss of alachlor at relative humidities above these critical points was attributed to volatility and not to chemical degradation.
Interactions of Light, Temperature and Moisture on Terbutryn Toxicity
Authors: Houseworth L. D. , Tweedy B. G.
Published: May 2019

Toxicity of soil-applied 2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (terbutryn) to cucumbers (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Gemni’) and oats (Avena sativusL. ‘Nodaway’) was increased 2.2 times when the light intensity was raised from 11,000 to 22,000 lumens/m2and 1.5 times when the moisture level was raised from low (25 to 50% field capacity) to high (75 to 100% field capacity). When the temperature was raised from the low level (19 C day, 14 C night) to the high level (29 C day, 24 C night) toxicity of terbutryn to oats was increased 1.6 times and toxicity to cucumber was increased 1.3 times. Analysis of interactions of the three variables on toxicity of terbutryn showed that environmental conditions favoring rapid growth resulted in an increase in phytotoxicity.
Xanthotoxin and Bergapten in Spring Parsley
Authors: Williams M. Coburn
Published: May 2019

Two phototoxic compounds, xanthotoxin (8-methoxysporalen) and bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen), were isolated from spring parsley [Cymopterus watsonii(Coult. & Rose) Jones] by thin-layer chromatography, and identified by comparison of Rf values, infrared spectra, and melting points, with pure samples. The concentration of xanthotoxin was two to four times that of bergapten in plant samples collected during the 2-month growing season. Seeds contained xanthotoxin and bergapten in equal concentrations.
Wear and Performance of Nozzles in Applying Trifluralin
Authors: Smith D. T.
Published: May 2019

In a stationary sprayer in a laboratory, wear was not detected in nozzles delivering α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) in 4.3 to 6.9 gpa (assuming 4 mph at 30 psi) after 60 hr of use. In contrast, there was 1.7 to 2.0% increase in discharge volume during the first 5 to 10 hr from nozzles delivering 12.9 to 26.6 gpa. Wear was attributed to the greater amount of liquid discharged through the larger nozzles. Average wear in stainless steel nozzles was 1.7% as compared with 2.5 and 2.6% in brass and aluminum nozzles, respectively, delivering 4.3 to 26.0 gpa over a 60-hr period, while volume decreased 4.1% in nylon nozzles. Although trifluralin concentrations in the field were lower when the herbicide was applied in 2.7 or 5.4 gal of carrier/A, as compared to nozzles discharging 8.0 to 31.0 gpa, control of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) was 95% or higher with all carrier rates 6 months following application.
Absorption and Dissipation of TCA by Wheat and Oats
Authors: Chow Paul N. P.
Published: May 2019

In the greenhouse, five crops were grown in soil containing trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 3 to 24 ppm. Based on seedling yields, corn (Zea mays L., var. Morden 88) and oats (Avena sativa L., var. Rodney) were relatively tolerant to TCA at all rates, barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Conquest) and rye (Secale cereale L., var. Antelope) were tolerant at lower rates, but wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Manitou) suffered injury at all rates. When TCA-2-14C was applied to the roots of wheat and oats seedlings in water or nutrient solution, wheat seedlings absorbed more TCA-2-14C than oats. Potassium cyanide (KCN) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) decreased TCA-2-14C absorption by wheat more than that by oats. From 5 to 21 days after application, wheat retained two to four times as much TCA-2-14C as oats. Thus, half of the TCA-2-14C in shoots and roots of wheat disappeared in 11.3 and 11.4 days, respectively, compared with 7.9 and 3.5 days for oats. Based on this investigation, the difference in susceptibility of wheat and oats to TCA appeared to be governed by the metabolic processes involved in absorption and dissipation.
Influence of Three Drift Control Adjuvants on Volatility, Adherence, and Efficacy of Herbicides
Authors: Ekins W. Leo , Appleby Arnold P. , Furtick W. R.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to determine the tolerance of several crops to herbicide sprays containing three spray drift control adjuvants, a cross-linked polyacrylate (Norbak), a pseudo-plastic spray gel agent composed primarily of natural carbohydrates (Dacagin), and hydroxyethylcellulose (Vistik). Other studies were conducted to observe the effect of the adjuvants on the efficacy of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat) when used with or without a surfactant, the effectiveness of the adjuvants in preventing 3-amino-s-triazole plus ammonium thiocyanate (amitrole-T) from being washed off plants, and the effect of the adjuvants in reducing vapor loss of the ethyl ester of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) from leaves. Little increased injury was caused from the addition of the adjuvants to herbicides sprayed on several crops. The adjuvants added to paraquat were not effective substitutes for surfactant; however, Dacagin or Vistik added to paraquat combined with surfactant did not reduce the efficacy of paraquat. Norbak reduced the efficacy of paraquat, with or without the addition of surfactant. The adjuvants did not prevent amitrole-T from being washed off plants. Results of vapor studies suggested that Dacagin and Norbak reduced vapor loss of the ethyl ester of 2,4-D from plant surfaces.
SCIENZA POLITICA E SISTEMA GIUDIZIARIO
Authors: Marradi Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Oggetto di questa rassegna sono ie analisi del sistema giudiziario inteso come sotto-insieme del sistema politico, e di sue strutture o segmenti particolari. Del sottosistema e delle sue strutture si investigano le funzioni nel sistema politico, i processi diinput, output, conversion, e le reIazioni con l'ambiente; oppure — in una diversa prospettiva — si analizzano le relazioni fra le caratteristiche di determinati segmenti (singole corti e singoli giudici) e il loro comportamento decisionale.

In Italia, queste due prospettive di studio non hanno ancora una denominazione. Useremo quindi, per designarle, quelle ormai affermate negli Stati Uniti: « Judicial Process Approach » per la prima, e « Judicial Behavior Approach » per la seconda. Alcuni preferiscono mettere in secondo piano la distinzione, indicando unitariamente gli studi politologici sul sistema giudiziario con il termine « Judicial Research ». Nella prima parte di questa rassegna, dedicata all'attualestatusaccademico di questi studi in America, alla loro diffusione fuori dai confini americani e al loro sviluppo storico, offriremo anche noi una trattazione unitaria, piú idonea a cogliere gli aspetti generali che è nostra intenzione sottolineare. Passando invece all’analisi dei contributi specifici, le differenze di metodo e linguaggio fra i due « approcci » sono abbastanza sensibili da consigliare una trattazione separata. Dedicheremo quindi la seconda parte della presente rassegna al « Process Approach », e un saggio successivo al « Behavior Approach », le cui caratteristiche richiedono un approfondimento particolare.
Sura and Senecio
Authors: Jones C. P.
Published: May 2019

At first glance, L. Licinius Sura and Q. Sosius Senecio have many points of resemblance. Both were men of erudition and culture, like their mutual friend the younger Pliny. Both stood close to Trajan and participated in the two Dacian wars. Both received the rare honour of a public statue from the emperor. Together they gave their names to the year 107, sharing the fasces as consules ordinarii.

So many are the similarities, in fact, that the two are difficult to think of as separate and defined characters. There is another and graver reason for juxtaposing their careers. Sura's is often assumed to be largely known from an acephalous inscription found in Rome in the sixteenth century: that view goes back to Lipsius, but was first forcefully argued by Borghesi. In recent years doubts have been voiced, in the first place by Professor Syme: not Sura, but possibly Sosius Senecio. It is time to argue that the ignotus is indeed Sosius, and to draw the consequences for the early years of Trajan's reign.
The Copy of Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices From Aphrodisias in Caria
Authors: Erim Kenan T. , Reynolds Joyce
Published: May 2019

Aphrodisias in Caria had already yielded a number of fragments of the Latin text of Diocletian's Edict on Prices by the early years of this century, and others, some of them very important, came to light during the brief Italian investigations conducted by G. Jacopi in 1937. The excavations initiated in 1961 by New York University under the direction of K. T. Erim have yielded in the course of their annual campaigns a considerable number of new pieces. Although more fragments will undoubtedly come to light in future seasons as work proceeds, it seems appropriate that the group so far discovered should be published. All of these pieces have been made available to Professor S. Lauffer for use in his consolidated edition of the text of the Edict as known at present; nevertheless, we consider it our duty to publish the new material from Aphrodisias separately and in full; we do so here and offer such comments on it as we can.
It could happen to you: how perceptions of personal risk shape support for social welfare policy in the American States
Authors: Milita Kerri , Bunch Jaclyn , Yeganeh Sara
Published: May 2019

Is public support for social welfare programs’ contingent on an individual’s exposure to risk? Prior work has examined whether tough economic times lead people to “reach out” (i.e. become more accepting of government expansion of social welfare programs) or “pull back” (i.e. become less supportive of welfare). However, these studies do not account for the conditional relationship between an individual’s exposure to risk and his or her risk orientation. Using new survey data, we find that an individual’s risk orientation moderates the relationship between risk exposure and public support for welfare spending. When individuals perceive exposure to economic risk, those who are risk averse are highly supportive of welfare expansion; those who are risk acceptant become less supportive. Broadly, these findings suggest that public support for welfare spending is contingent on whether an individual perceives exposure to risk and, if so, the individual’s propensity to tolerate that risk.
Automated Reconstruction of Spherical Kikuchi Maps
Authors: Zhu Chaoyi , Kaufmann Kevin , Vecchio Kenneth
Published: May 2019

An automated approach to fully reconstruct spherical Kikuchi maps from experimentally collected electron backscatter diffraction patterns and overlay each pattern onto its corresponding position on a simulated Kikuchi sphere is presented in this study. This work demonstrates the feasibility of warping any Kikuchi pattern onto its corresponding location of a simulated Kikuchi sphere and reconstructing a spherical Kikuchi map of a known phase based on any set of experimental patterns. This method consists of the following steps after pattern collection: (1) pattern selection based on multiple threshold values; (2) extraction of multiple scan parameters and phase information; (3) generation of a kinematically simulated Kikuchi sphere as the “skeleton” of the spherical Kikuchi map; and (4) overlaying the inverse gnomonic projection of multiple selected patterns after appropriate pattern center calibration and refinement. The proposed method is the first automated approach to reconstructing spherical Kikuchi maps from experimental Kikuchi patterns. It potentially enables more accurate orientation calculation, new pattern center refinement methods, improved dictionary-based pattern matching, and phase identification in the future.
Winners and losers reconsidered: party support, character valence, and satisfaction with democracy
Authors: Leiter Debra , Clark April K. , Clark Michael
Published: May 2019

Studies of citizens’ satisfaction with democracy have established a connection between satisfaction and how well those citizens’ preferred parties perform in elections. Yet, the question remains whether ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ respond to the same system- and party-level factors when evaluating their political satisfaction. We build on extant literature to consider citizen satisfaction with democracy from the perspective of character valence. Using the Mannheim Eurobarometer trend file and content analysis-based data on parties’ character valence, we find that both winners’ and losers’ satisfaction with the political system is affected by parties’ character valence, but in differing (and somewhat surprising) ways. We find that winners respond to improvements in the character valence of opposition parties, whereas losers demonstrate greater concern with the valence of governing parties.
A SiGe transceiver chipset for automotive radar applications using wideband modulation sequences
Authors: Schoepfel Jan , Kueppers Simon , Aufinger Klaus , Pohl Nils
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a W-band MIMO radar transceiver chipset for automotive applications, based on a Silicon Germanium technology. It consists of a reference VCO, operating at a center frequency of 38 GHz and a companion IC that comprises a complete millimeter-wave transceiver at 76 GHz. This chipset enables building multipurpose MIMO radar systems that can be scaled in terms of transmitter and receiver count. What makes this system innovative is the fact that it is able to handle more broadband signals than systems presented in current literature and is furthermore not limited to one modulation scheme. The chipset is capable of transmitting and receiving any signal waveform. The main goal of this work was to create a functional version of a VCO and a one-channel transceiver MMIC. Furthermore a demonstrator for a proof of concept was designed to test the MMICs on a system level. The realized VCO MMIC achieves a tuning frequency range of 6 GHz with a center frequency of 38 GHz and consumes 152 mW from a 3.3 V supply. The transceiver MMIC is fully functional and achieves a saturated output power of 11.5 dBm while drawing 670 mW from a 3.3 V supply.
The Spanish Version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA): A Psychometric Evaluation in Early Adolescence
Authors: Pastor M. Carmen , López-Penadés Raül , Cifre Eva , Moliner-Urdiales Diego
Published: May 2019

This paper presents the translation, adaptation and validation of a broadly used scale to measure emotion regulation strategies (i.e. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Children and Adolescents –ERQ-CA; Gullone & Taffe, 2012) in a sample of early adolescents. The 10-item scale was applied to a sample of 248 adolescents (128 boys) aged 13 to 14 years. Semi-confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure: Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression (SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .96). These two factors demonstrate adequate internal consistency and evidence for convergent validity with other scales that refer to emotional intelligence, affect, and behavior. Thus, Cognitive Reappraisal scores were associated with higher self-perceived emotional abilities, positive affect and personal adjustment (ps < .05). Conversely, Expressive Suppression scores were associated with lower self-perceived emotional abilities, positive affect, and personal adjustment (ps < .01), with higher scores on negative affect, school and clinical maladjustment (ps < .01), as well as stress and depression symptoms (ps < .001). Overall, these findings suggest that the questionnaire may be a useful and reliable instrument for the assessment of emotion regulation strategies in early adolescents for future research in Spanish speaking countries.
Cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors associated with different mutations in Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus)
Authors: Zhao Ning , Bi Yaling , Wu Cuixia , Wang Dandan , You Ludan , Liu Weitang , Wang Jinxin
Published: May 2019

Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus Steud.) is an invasive grass weed that severely threatens the production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) crops in eastern Asia. Mesosulfuron-methyl is a highly efficient acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide widely used for control of this species in China. However, in recent years, some A. japonicus populations have evolved resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl by different amino acid substitutions (AASs) within the ALS gene. In the current study, 11 populations of A. japonicus were collected from Anhui Province, China, where the wheat fields were severely infested with this weed. Based on single-dose screening, eight of these populations evolved resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl, and gene sequencing revealed three AASs located in codon 197 or 574 of the ALS gene in the different resistant populations. Subsequently, three typical populations, AH-1, AH-4, and AH-10 with Trp-574-Leu, Pro-197-Thr, and Pro-197-Ser mutations, respectively, in ALS genes were selected to characterize their cross-resistance patterns to ALS inhibitors. Compared with the susceptible population AH-S, AH-1 showed broad-spectrum cross-resistance to sulfonylureas (SUs), imidazolinones (IMIs), triazolopyrimidines (TPs), and sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinones (SCTs); whereas AH-4 and AH-10 were resistant to SUs, TPs, and SCTs but sensitive to IMIs. Moreover, all three resistant populations were sensitive to both photosystem II inhibitor isoproturon and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor QYM201 (1-(2-chloro-3-(3-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-2-one). Based on the current state of knowledge, this study is the first report of A. japonicus evolving cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides due to a Pro-197-Ser mutation in the ALS gene.
Answer to California Landscape Riddle Lies Underground
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

Scientists link vegetation mosaics in California to patterns of weathered bedrock.
The Quaking, Shrinking Moon
Authors: Crowell Rachel
Published: May 2019

New evidence suggests that the Moon may still be tectonically active.
Melt‐Induced Fractionation of Major Ions and Trace Elements in an Alpine Snowpack
Authors: Avak Sven E. , Trachsel Jürg C. , Edebeli Jacinta , Brütsch Sabina , Bartels‐Rausch Thorsten , Schneebeli Martin , Schwikowski Margit , Eichler Anja
Published: May 2019

Understanding the impact of melting on the preservation of atmospheric compounds in high‐Alpine snow and glacier ice is crucial for future reconstruction of past atmospheric conditions. However, detailed studies investigating melt‐related changes of such proxy information are rare. Here we present a series of five snow pit profiles of 6 major ions and 34 trace elements at Weissfluhjoch, Switzerland, collected between January and June 2017. Atmospheric composition was preserved during the cold season, while melting toward the summer resulted in preferential loss of certain species from the snowpack or enrichment at the base of the snowpack. Increasing mobilization of major ions with meltwater (NH4+ < Cl− ~ Na+ < NO3− ~ Ca2+ ~ SO42−) can be related to their stronger enrichment at ice crystal surfaces during snow metamorphism. Results for trace elements show that less abundant elements such as Ce, Eu, La, Mo, Nd, Pb, Pr, Sb, Sc, Sm, U, and W were best preserved and may still serve as tracers to reconstruct past natural and anthropogenic atmospheric emissions from melt‐affected snow pit and ice core records. The obtained elution behavior matches the findings from another high‐Alpine site (upper Grenzgletscher) for major ions and the large majority of investigated trace elements. Both studies indicate that water solubility and location at the microscopic scale are likely to determine the relocation behavior with meltwater and also suggest that the observed species‐dependent preservation from melting snow and ice is representative for the Alpine region, reflecting Central European atmospheric aerosol composition.
Identification of genomic region(s) responsible for high iron and zinc content in rice
Authors: Dixit Shilpi , Singh Uma Maheshwar , Abbai Ragavendran , Ram T. , Singh Vikas Kumar , Paul Amitava , Virk P. S. , Kumar Arvind
Published: May 2019

Micronutrient especially iron and zinc-enriched rice hold immense promise for sustainable and cost-effective solutions to overcome malnutrition. In this context, BC2F5 population derived from cross between RP-Bio226 and Sampada was used to localize genomic region(s)/QTL(s) for grain Fe (iron) and Zn (zinc) content together with yield and yield-related traits. Genotyping of mapping population with 108 SSR markers resulted in a genetic map of 2317.5 cM with an average marker distance of 21.5 cM. Mean grain mineral content in the mapping population across the two seasons ranged from 10.5–17.5 ppm for Fe and 11.3–22.1 ppm for Zn. Based on the multi-season phenotypic data together with genotypic data, a total of two major QTLs for Fe (PVE upto 17.1%) and three for Zn (PVE upto 34.2%) were identified. Comparative analysis across the two seasons has revealed four consistent QTLs for Fe (qFe1.1, qFe1.2, qFe6.1 and qFe6.2) and two QTL for Zn content (qZn1.1 and qZn6.2). Additionally, based on the previous and current studies three meta-QTLs for grain Fe and two for grain Zn have been identified. In-silico analysis of the identified QTL regions revealed the presence of potential candidate gene(s) such as, OsPOT, OsZIP4, OsFDR3, OsIAA5 etc., that were previously reported to influence grain Fe and Zn content. The identified QTLs could be utilized in developing high yielding, Fe and Zn denser varieties by marker assisted selection (MAS).
Impaired memory-guided attention in asymptomatic APOE4 carriers
Authors: Zimmermann Jacqueline , Alain Claude , Butler Chris
Published: May 2019

Attention and memory may be impaired in individuals at-risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), though standard cognitive assessments typically study the two in parallel. In reality, attention and memory interact to facilitate information processing, and thus a more integrative approach is required. Here, we used a novel auditory paradigm to assess how long-term memory for auditory scenes facilitates detection of an auditory target in asymptomatic carriers of Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the principle risk gene for late-onset AD. We tested 60 healthy middle-aged adults with varying doses of APOE4 - 20 APOE4 homozygotes (E4/E4), 20 heterozygotes (E3/E4) and 20 non-carriers (E3/E3) - to determine effect on memory-guided attention. While explicit memory was unaffected by genotype, APOE4 dose significantly impaired memory-guided attention. A relationship between explicit memory and memory-guided attention was observed in non-carriers, but this correlation was not significant in E3/E4 and E4/E4 carriers, suggesting that APOE4 carriers rely less on explicit memory to facilitate attention. Since memory-guided attention declined with age in APOE4 homozygotes, this impairment may reflect early disease rather than being a life-long trait. In sum, asymptomatic individuals at increased genetic risk of AD show an age-dependent decline in attention-memory interaction when memory alone is not impaired.
Physical Radiation Enhancement Effects Around Clinically Relevant Clusters of Nanoagents in Biological Systems
Authors: Villagomez-Bernabe B. , Currell F. J.
Published: May 2019

Here we show that the determining factor for physical radiation enhancement effects for a clinically realistic cluster of heavy-atom bearing nanoparticles is the total number of heavy atoms packed into the cluster. We do this through a multiscale Monte Carlo approach which permits the consideration of radiation transport through clusters of millions of nanoparticles. The finding is in contrast to that predicted when isolated nanoparticles are considered and is a direct consequence of the Auger electrons playing less of a role for clusters compared to isolate nanoparticles. We further show that this result is agnostic to selection of the subcellular region considered to be sensitive to the effects of radiation, provided the inside the cluster of nanoparticles is not considered to be biologically active.
Development of a DNA isolation device using poly(3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine)-coated swab for on-site molecular diagnostics
Authors: Park Hyun-Ju , Cho Heesoo , Jung Ho Sang , Cho Baek Hwan , Lee Min-Young
Published: May 2019

For on-site molecular diagnostics, a pre-treatment step for isolation of nucleic acid from clinical samples on site is desired. However, conventional commercialized silica-based nucleic acid isolation kits require repetitive pipetting and a centrifugation or permanent magnet for buffer exchange. In this study, we developed a poly(3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine) (L-DOPA)-coated swab that can absorb and desorb DNA depending on pH of buffers and a portable integrated DNA isolation device that comprises integrated chambers containing DNA isolation buffers. The poly(L-DOPA)-coated swab interacts with each buffer by passing through the membrane between the integrated chambers. Our device involves a simple operation and does not require any large equipment or skilled experts. By connecting the device with an automated polymerase chain reaction system, an isothermal amplification system, or a non-amplified DNA detection method, on-site molecular diagnosis of various diseases can be quickly realized.
Plasmodium pseudo-Tyrosine Kinase-like binds PP1 and SERA5 and is exported to host erythrocytes
Authors: Gnangnon Bénédicte , Fréville Aline , Cailliau Katia , Leroy Catherine , De Witte Caroline , Tulasne David , Martoriarti Alain , Jung Vincent , Guerrera Ida Chiara , Marion Sabrina , Khalife Jamal , Pierrot Christine
Published: May 2019

Pseudokinases play key roles in many biological processes but they are poorly understood compared to active kinases. Eight putative pseudokinases have been predicted in Plasmodium species. We selected the unique pseudokinase belonging to tyrosine kinase like (TKL) family for detailed structural and functional analysis in P. falciparum and P. berghei. The primary structure of PfpTKL lacks residues critical for kinase activity, supporting its annotation as a pseudokinase. The recombinant pTKL pseudokinase domain was able to bind ATP, but lacked catalytic activity as predicted. The sterile alpha motif (SAM) and RVxF motifs of PfpTKL were found to interact with the P. falciparum proteins serine repeat antigen 5 (SERA5) and protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) respectively, suggesting that pTKL has a scaffolding role. Furthermore, we found that PP1c activity in a heterologous model was modulated in an RVxF-dependent manner. During the trophozoite stages, PbpTKL was exported to infected erythrocytes where it formed complexes with proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization or host cell maturation and homeostasis. Finally, genetic analysis demonstrated that viable strains obtained by genomic deletion or knocking down PbpTKL did not affect the course of parasite intra-erythrocytic development or gametocyte emergence, indicating functional redundancy during these parasite stages.
Differing responses in milk composition from introducing rapeseed and naked oats to conventional and organic dairy diets
Authors: Butler Gillian , Stergiadis Sokratis , Chatzidimitriou Eleni , Franceschin Enrica , Davis Hannah R. , Leifert Carlo , Steinshamn Håvard
Published: May 2019

Dairy products are often considered challenging for health due to their saturated fatty acid content, yet they also provide beneficial nutrients, some unique to ruminants. The degree of fat saturation is influenced by cows’ diets; grazing pasture enhances unsaturated fatty acids in milk compared with conserved forages. These benefits can be partially mimicked by feeding oilseeds and here we consider the impact on milk composition in a 2 × 2 trial, feeding rapeseed to both conventional and organic cows, finding very differing lipid metabolism in the 4 experimental groups. For milk fat, benefits of organic rather than conventional management (+39% PUFA, +24% long chain omega-3 and +12% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)) appear complementary to those from feeding rape (+43% MUFA, +10% PUFA, +40% CLA), combining to produce milk 16% lower SFA and higher in MUFA (43%), PUFA (55%) and CLA (59%). Organic and rape feeding provide less omega-3 PUFA than the conventional and control diets, yet contrary to expectations, together they almost doubled (+94%) the omega-3 concentration in milk, implying a 3.8 fold increase in net transfer from diet into milk. Organic and rape feeding also gave lower trace-elements and antioxidants in milk. Greater understanding of these phenomena might enhance the sustainability of dairying.
Human mid-trimester amniotic fluid (stem) cells lack expression of the pluripotency marker OCT4A
Authors: Vlahova Filipa , Hawkins Kate E. , Ranzoni Anna Maria , Hau Kwan-Leong , Sagar Rachel , De Coppi Paolo , David Anna L. , Adjaye James , Guillot Pascale V.
Published: May 2019

Expression of OCT4A is one of the hallmarks of pluripotency, defined as a stem cell’s ability to differentiate into all the lineages of the three germ layers. Despite being defined as non-tumorigenic cells with high translational potential, human mid-trimester amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) are often described as sharing features with embryonic stem cells, including the expression of OCT4A, which could hinder their clinical potential. To clarify the OCT4A status of hAFSCs, we first undertook a systematic review of the literature. We then performed extensive gene and protein expression analyses to discover that neither frozen, nor fresh hAFSCs cultivated in multipotent stem cell culture conditions expressed OCT4A, and that the OCT4A positive results from the literature are likely to be attributed to the expression of pseudogenes or other OCT4 variants. To address this issue, we provide a robust protocol for the assessment of OCT4A in other stem cells.
Laboratory study of stationary accretion shock relevant to astrophysical systems
Authors: Mabey P. , Albertazzi B. , Falize E. , Michel Th. , Rigon G. , Van Box Som L. , Pelka A. , Brack F.-E. , Kroll F. , Filippov E. , Gregori G. , Kuramitsu Y. , Lamb D. Q. , Li C. , Ozaki N. , Pikuz S. , Sakawa Y. , Tzeferacos P. , Koenig M.
Published: May 2019

Accretion processes play a crucial role in a wide variety of astrophysical systems. Of particular interest are magnetic cataclysmic variables, where, plasma flow is directed along the star’s magnetic field lines onto its poles. A stationary shock is formed, several hundred kilometres above the stellar surface; a distance far too small to be resolved with today’s telescopes. Here, we report the results of an analogous laboratory experiment which recreates this astrophysical system. The dynamics of the laboratory system are strongly influenced by the interplay of material, thermal, magnetic and radiative effects, allowing a steady shock to form at a constant distance from a stationary obstacle. Our results demonstrate that a significant amount of plasma is ejected in the lateral direction; a phenomenon that is under-estimated in typical magnetohydrodynamic simulations and often neglected in astrophysical models. This changes the properties of the post-shock region considerably and has important implications for many astrophysical studies.
Response of an actin network in vesicles under electric pulses
Authors: Perrier Dayinta L. , Vahid Afshin , Kathavi Vaishnavi , Stam Lotte , Rems Lea , Mulla Yuval , Muralidharan Aswin , Koenderink Gijsje H. , Kreutzer Michiel T. , Boukany Pouyan E.
Published: May 2019

We study the role of a biomimetic actin network during the application of electric pulses that induce electroporation or electropermeabilization, using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a model system. The actin cortex, a subjacently attached interconnected network of actin filaments, regulates the shape and mechanical properties of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, and is a major factor influencing the mechanical response of the cell to external physical cues. We demonstrate that the presence of an actin shell inhibits the formation of macropores in the electroporated GUVs. Additionally, experiments on the uptake of dye molecules after electroporation show that the actin network slows down the resealing process of the permeabilized membrane. We further analyze the stability of the actin network inside the GUVs exposed to high electric pulses. We find disruption of the actin layer that is likely due to the electrophoretic forces acting on the actin filaments during the permeabilization of the GUVs. Our findings on the GUVs containing a biomimetic network provide a step towards understanding the discrepancies between the electroporation mechanism of a living cell and its simplified model of the empty GUV.
New type of doping effect via metallization of surface reduction in SnO2
Authors: Bang Jae Hoon , Choi Myung Sik , Na Han Gil , Oum Wansik , Choi Sun-Woo , Kim Sang Sub , Kim Hyoun Woo , Jin Changhyun
Published: May 2019

The use of conventional doping methods requires consideration of not only the energy connection with the base material but also the limits of the type and doping range of the dopant. The scope of the physico-chemical change must be determined from the properties of the base material, and when this limit is exceeded, a large energy barrier must be formed between the base material and the dopant as in a heterojunction. Thus, starting from a different viewpoint, we introduce a so-called metallization of surface reduction method, which easily overcomes the disadvantages of existing methods while having the effect of doping the base material. Such new synthetic techniques enable sequential energy arrangements–gradients from the surface to the centre of the material–so that free energy transfer effects can be obtained as per the energies in the semiconducting band, eliminating the energy discontinuity of the heterojunction.
Post-diagnostic C-reactive protein and albumin predict survival in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Yang Jin-Rong , Xu Jia-Ying , Chen Guo-Chong , Yu Na , Yang Jing , Zeng Da-Xiong , Gu Min-Jing , Li Da-Peng , Zhang Yu-Song , Qin Li-Qiang
Published: May 2019

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most commonly diagnosed lung cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. This study aimed to analyze if serum C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin (Alb), and CRP/Alb ratio could provide prognostic information in patients with NSCLC. 387 patients with primary NSCLC were included in this analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of death with adjustment for some potential confounders. The multivariate regression analyses revealed the statistically significant associations of decreased survival of patients with NSCLC with elevated CRP, decreased Alb, and elevated CRP/Alb ratio. The HRs of mortality were 1.56 (95% CI: 0.80–3.04) and 2.64 (95% CI: 1.35–5.16) for patients in the second and the highest tertiles of CRP (P-trend = 0.003). For albumin, the HR was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.29–0.85) for the normal group. The CRP/Alb ratio strongly predicted the survival of patients in the highest tertile with a fourfold risk of dying compared with those in the lowest tertile (HR = 4.14, 95% CI: 2.15–7.98). The subgroup analysis according to various patient characteristics confirmed these associations. In conclusion, serum CRP, albumin, and CRP/Alb ratio are predictive of survival for Chinese patients with NSCLC.
Detection of alveolar bone defects with three different voxel sizes of cone-beam computed tomography: an in vitro study
Authors: Dong Ting , Yuan Lingjun , Liu Lu , Qian Yifeng , Xia Lunguo , Ye Niansong , Fang Bing
Published: May 2019

This study was conducted to assess the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of different voxel sizes in the detection of alveolar bone defects, and to select the optimal voxel size for clinical use. 46 in-vitro teeth were placed in bovine ribs in which alveolar bone defects were randomly simulated. In total, 32 alveolar bone defects and 14 teeth without periodontal defects were used. CBCT images were acquired with the use of three different voxel sizes: 0.125-mm, 0.2-mm and 0.4-mm. The scan data were 3D-reconstructed in Mimics software and evaluated by two observers with more than 5 years of experience in CBCT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and diagnostic values were obtained. Pairwise comparison of ROC curves was made for evaluation of the diagnostic values of different voxel sizes. Kappa statistics assessed the observer reliability. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05. It showed no statistically significant difference between 0.125-mm group and 0.2-mm group, but 0.4-mm group had lower Az values that differed significantly from 0.125-mm and 0.2-mm groups (P < 0.05). Based on diagnostic value and radiation protection, 0.2-mm voxel size may be a good choice for the detection of bone defects with CBCT.
Lycopene alleviates AFB1-induced immunosuppression by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in the spleen of mice
Authors: Xu Feibo , Wang Peiyan , Yao Qiucheng , Shao Bing , Yu Hongyan , Yu Kaiyuan , Li Yanfei
Published: May 2019

Lycopene alleviates AFB1-induced immunosuppression by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the spleen of mice.
A highly active non-precious transition metal catalyst for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formates
Authors: Schieweck Benjamin G. , Westhues Niklas F. , Klankermayer Jürgen
Published: May 2019

Herein a highly active non-precious transition metal catalyst for the homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formate is presented. Detailed ligand optimisation enabled the development of a nickel-based catalytic system with exceptional productivity.
Multi-code magnetic beads based on DNAzyme-mediated double-cycling amplification for a point-of-care assay of telomerase activity
Authors: Liu Chunxue , Zhang Susu , Li Xia , Xue Qingwang , Jiang Wei
Published: May 2019

Development of a reliable and facile telomerase activity assay with high specificity and sensitivity is a central challenge to make telomerase testing a routine part of medical care with respect to cancer.