bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF LAKE LAUZON, MONTCALM COUNTY, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC: I. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Kleerekoper Herman , Grenier F.
Published: August 2008

Macroscopic, microscopic and chemical examinations of 287 bottom samples collected in Lake Lauzon, Montcalm County, P.Q. by means of core sampler, combination sounding weight and Ekman dredge showed that most of the bottom of the lake is covered with dark brown to blackish sludge whose thickness varies from 3.5 to more than 350 mm. It is of semiliquid nature but becomes colloidal in well defined areas. The suspensions contain hydrogen sulphide. The water content varied between 31 and 95%. The highest loss on ignition observed was 75.0%, in the deeper parts of the lake. The ratio varies [Formula: see text] between 15.0 and 64.7. It is estimated that lignin accounts for half of the organic matter of the surface bottom deposits. Nitrogen varies between 0.00 and 1.68%. Samples with high loss on ignition contained also the higher amounts of nitrogen. The ratio [Formula: see text] varies between 0.00 and 3.09. There was no correlation between the location of the sample in the lake and this ratio. Silica content is closely related to depth and to position in relation to the shore. In the deepest part (24.4 m.), 32.7% was found. One sample contained 82.4% silica. Calcium varied between 0.34 and 1.69% in the surface sediments. There is no correlation between depth and calcium content. The ratio Ca/Mg varies between 1.55 and 29.0. In half of the samples it was between 2 and 4. Samples with a higher ratio (above 20) contained slightly more nitrogen than the average for all samples (0.04). Phosphorus varied between traces and 0.42%. Samples with higher loss on ignition contained generally the highest amount of phosphorus, although some exceptions were observed. A large part of the phosphorus in the surface sediments seemed to be in organic form. There was no apparent correlation between iron and phosphorus contents. About one-third of the samples contained more than 1% iron. Values for this element varied between 0.19 and 3.87%. The average chemical composition in % dry weight of all surface bottom sediments was: loss on ignition 45.6; crude lignin 17.08; ashes 54.4; total N 0.94; SiO2 46.0; Al2O3 7.11; Ca 0.87; Mg 0.21; total P 0.14; total Fe 1.02; percentage of water 84.9. For a chemical and microscopical study of the subsurface strata, 128 cores were taken. The bacteriology of these samples was described elsewhere. The surface layer of sludge is underlain by different layers which were classified as amorphous organic matter, nonfibrous plant detritus, fibrous plant detritus, sandy organic detritus, sandy clay, fine sand and coarse sand. A profile of the lake bottom was prepared to a depth of about 40 cm. Chemical analyses were carried on for the surface samples. A study was made of the relative abundance in all samples of diatoms, sponge spicules, pollen grains, wood fibers, remains of mosses, plankton and tubes of worms.
THE RATE OF DIGESTION OF BLOOD IN MOSQUITOES. PRECIPITIN TEST STUDIES
Authors: West A. S. , Eligh G. S.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the use of the serological procedure known as the precipitin test to study the rate of digestion of host blood in mosquitoes. In the laboratory, at constant temperatures, precipitin reactions were obtained on blood meals of Aedes aegypti eight days after engorgement when the mosquitoes were held at 11 °C. but only one or two days after engorgement when the holding temperature was 27 °C. Field studies with A. hexodontus in northern Manitoba also showed that temperature has a strong influence on the rate of blood digestion. Pertinent literature is reviewed and the limitations of the precipitin test are discussed. Until now little attention has been devoted in Canada to possible disease transmission by mosquitoes. Increasing interest in mosquitoes as vectors of the encephalitides and proved transmission of western equine encephalitis by Culex restuans in Manitoba suggest the importance of further knowledge of mosquito physiology.
INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CELLS OF THE OVOTESTIS OF THE SLUG, DEROCERAS RETICULATUM (MÜLLER), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NUCLEOLUS
Authors: Bridgeford Hope B. , Pelluet D.
Published: August 2008

The germinal epithelium lining the ovotestis of the slug, Deroceras reticulatum, gives rise to spermatozoa, eggs, and nurse cells. The behavior of the nucleolus has been followed in these cells, particularly in the development of the oocytes. Changes in size, number, and staining reactions of the nucleolar components occur during the rapid growth of the egg. Exposure of animals to low temperature (0 °C.) causes two changes in the germinal epithelial cells. The normal flattened cells with elliptical nuclei now become greatly elongated towards the lumen of the gonad and their nuclei become rounded and conspicuous. The ovotestis shows other changes as a result of exposure to cold, such as loss of organization and, in extreme cases, complete disappearance of the cytoplasm of the eggs, leaving only the nuclei. These changes are accompanied by changes in the behavior of the nucleolus. Similar effects of disorganization and loss of cytoplasm follow the injection of an anterior pituitary hormone "Synapoidin") into slugs, but there was no effect on the germinal epithelium. The number of eggs per follicle increased with the number of injections of the hormone. The general effects of these two agents resemble an induced premature maturation followed by senescence. It is suggested that this may be due to interference with the enzyme or hormonal systems of the normal cells.
A NOTE ON THE CHIGGERS (TROMBICULIDAE) OF ALBERTA
Authors: Brown John H. , Brennan James M.
Published: August 2008

Seven species of chiggers are reported from Alberta, six of these for the first time. All species are from small rodents and three are reported from Citellus richardsonii, the common ground squirrel of the Alberta prairies. Euschöugastia campi n. sp. is described and figured. All were collected by field crews of the Division of Entomology, Alberta Department of Public Health, and were determined by the junior author.
THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Moore J. E.
Published: August 2008

Forty-nine species of Entomostraca were found in 48 lakes situated in the southern half of Saskatchewan. These lakes form a series ranging from fresh to extremely saline waters. The salinity in most cases was less than 10,000 p.p.m. The occurrence of Entomostraca is correlated with the degree of salinity. Total concentration is considered to be of prime importance in determining presence or absence of species. There were pronounced differences in the total salt content of waters inhabited by the various species. Cladocera were more markedly restricted by high salinity than were Copepoda. Littoral species were apparently more susceptible to increasing concentration than were those of limnetic habits. Typical entomostracan communities in these lakes are discussed. The communities in highly saline waters are quite comparable to those reported in similar habitats in other parts of the world. Marked alterations in the fauna of two lakes have resulted from salinity changes over a period of 20 years. Tentative upper limits of salinity tolerance for many of the species have been proposed. Salt concentrations of between 4000 and 16,000 p.p.m. appear to be upper limits for most freshwater types. The majority of species are considered to possess no special osmoregulatory mechanisms. Except for Artemia salina and Moina hutchinsoni the Entomostraca present in these lakes are typically freshwater species which in general have a wide geographic distribution. The fauna has undoubtedly been derived from many sources and in only a few instances are there indications of definite points of origin.
ÉTUDE SUR LES ACIDES AMINÉS LIBRES DE L'HÉMOLYMPHE DES INSECTES PAR LA MÉTHODE DE CHROMATOGRAPHIE SUR PAPIER FILTRE
Authors: Auclair Jacques L. , Dubreuil Robert
Published: August 2008

A qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of the free amino acids in the hemolymph of nine insect species was carried out with the method of paper partition chromatography. Details concerning the above method as applied to insect blood analysis are given. A discussion of the results obtained with those published in the literature is included. From 16 to 24 free amino compounds are regularly identified in insect blood, many of them in high concentration. There are qualitative and quantitative differences in amino acids between different insect species. Quantitative analyses of the free amino nitrogen of insect hemolymph are presented at the end of the paper. These quantitative determinations were carried out by means of the Van Slyke gasometric apparatus using the nitrous acid reaction.
THE CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSES THAT DETERMINE HOST SPECIFICITY IN AN OLIGOPHAGOUS INSECT (PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS(CURT.) LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Thorsteinson A. J.
Published: August 2008

The mustard oil glucosides, sinigrin, sinalbin, and glucocheirolin and the musard oil, allyl isothiocyanate, as well as the enzyme myrosin, were prepared from the seeds of cruciferous plants. Pieris brassicae (L.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) were induced to feed on leaves of plant species which they normally refuse by painting the leaves with a solution of sinigrin or sinalbin but would not feed on such leaves treated with allyl mustard oil. Feeding responses of P. maculipennis larvae were tested on agar gels containing the powdered, dehydrated leaves of various plants alone and in combinations with glucosides, mustard oil, and myrosin. The amount of feeding was estimated by counts of frass pellets produced by the larvae during the test period. It was shown that sinigrin, sinalbin, and glucocheirolin are feeding stimulants for P. maculipennis larvae. Since the larvae feed readily on at least 40 plant species which are reported to contain mustard oil glucosides it was concluded that the mustard oil glucosides are specific feeding stimulants for this insect. The threshold concentrations for P. maculipennis of gustatory perception of sinigrin under these conditions are of the order of 2 p.p.m. for sinigrin and about 20 p.p.m. for sinalbin. Optimum feeding responses were obtained only when the glucoside is offered in a medium containing other nutrients in the form of powdered, dehydrated leaves or artificial mixtures. In some experiments the addition of allyl mustard oils slightly increased feeding on media containing sinigrin. The addition of viable myrosin to diets containing sinigrin decreased the feeding responses. Since heat-killed myrosin has no repellent effect, it appears that the action of myrosin is due to the depletion by hydrolysis of the quantity of sinigrin in the medium. Apparently the fission products of the hydrolysis including mustard oil are less attractive than the parent glucosides. Since hydrolysis of glucoside will release only minute amounts of mustard oil in the short space of time intervening between biting and swallowing it is unlikely that the gustatory receptors will be exposed to appreciable concentrations of mustard oil as compared with glucoside. On the other hand it is possible that infinitesimal amounts of mustard oil vapor emanating from leaves may stimulate the olfactory sense which is characteristically extremely sensitive in insects. While hunger induces sustained feeding in the absence of mustard oil provided a gustatory stimulant is present, such an olfactory stimulus might conceivably initiate feeding more promptly. This would account for observations in some experiments that larvae produced more frass when feeding on media containing a little mustard oil as well as sinigrin. The power of sinigrin to induce P. maculipennis to feed on nutrient media makes possible the development of an artificial medium for studies of the nutrition of this phytophagous insect.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THERMAL HISTORY AND COLD RESISTANCE IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF RODENTS
Authors: Hart J. Sanford
Published: August 2008

Acclimation of deer mice, white mice, and rats to lower temperatures progressively increased the time to death (resistance time), and lowered the temperature producing death in a given time (resistance temperature). A lower limit to acclimation was reached at 1° to −10 °C. for mice. Sex and body weight affected cold resistance to only a minor extent. Average lethal heat debts were 20 to 24 cal. per gm. for deer mice and white mice. Rats were more resistant than deer mice, and deer mice were more resistant than white mice to low temperatures. No difference in pelage insulation was found in deer mice acclimated to 10° or 30 °C.
CELLS OF THE THYMUS AND THEIR RELEASE OF CYTOPLASMIC PORTIONS IN VITRO: I. THE METHOD OF RELEASE OF DISCRETE CYTOPLASMIC PORTIONS BY BASOPHILIC CELLS (CHANGED LYMPHOCYTES) FROM THE THYMUS IN VITRO
Authors: Engelbert V. E.
Published: August 2008

During culture experiments with thymic lobules of chick embryos and young rats, it could be observed directly that cytoplasmic fragments were released from lymphocytes that had changed in appearance. Any similarity to the cell appearance described below has been found only once in the literature, namely in an illustration by Watney from foetal calf thymus published in 1882; Watney however, neither labelled nor described the cells. The distribution of the cytoplasm in readiness for release could be observed when the cells came to lie against the side of the culture vessel. The long processes were then seen to be tubes formed by the cell membranes. A tube could be followed from its first appearance. At this stage it appeared empty but soon a discrete portion of cytoplasm would be seen emerging from the endoplasm and passing slowly into the tube, later followed by several others. The portions remained discrete and did not coalesce. The individual portions would eventually roll out into separate side-tubes. The end pieces twisted off and floated free when the tubes were supported only by the medium. The release of discrete cytoplasmic portions is not clasmatosis as that process is usually understood, nor a degeneration, nor yet a disintegration, but a function of living cells.
THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL ACCLIMATION ON LIMITATION OF RUNNING ACTIVITY BY COLD IN DEER MICE
Authors: Hart J. Sanford
Published: August 2008

Running capacity of mice acclimated to 10 °C. was maximal from −5° to +20 °C. and was minimal at −20 °C. The capacity of mice acclimated to 20° and 30 °C. was maximal from 0 to +20 °C. and +10° to +20° C. respectively. The lower limit for activity was reduced about 10 °C. by a reduction of 20 °C. in the acclimation temperature.
A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ANTERIOR SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF THE FOWL, GALLUS DOMESTICUS
Authors: McCallion D. J. , Aitken H. E.
Published: August 2008

A cytological study was made of the anterior submaxillary gland of the domestic chicken at 1 day, 4 days, and 10 months of age. This gland is one of a number of aggregates distributed throughout the mouth and along the oesophagus. It is a compound tubular gland, whose ducts open in several places under the tongue. The glandular epithelium is a single layer of tall prismatic mucous cells. There are no serous cells. Most of the cells are loaded with mucus and the nuclei are flattened at the bases of the cells. The cells present various stages of secretory activity. No mitotic figures were seen. Tests for alkaline phosphatase were negative, but there was strong acid phosphatase activity. Lipase activity was slight but present. The Golgi material is composed of rods and granules lying between the nucleus and the lumen of the gland.
POSTREDUCTION OF THE X-CHROMOSOME AND COMPLETE CHIASMA INTERFERENCE IN THE LAMPYRIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Smith Stanley G. , Maxwell Doreen E.
Published: August 2008

Five species representing four genera in three of the five tribes comprising the Lampyridae of North America, the only genera known cytologically, have nine pairs of autosomes and an XX (♂): XO (♀) sex-determining mechanism. A single individual of one species, Pyractomena angulata, carried supernumerary chromosomes, which varied in number in different cells from zero to four. The X-chromosome of males is strongly, positively heteropycnotic during early prophase; the X-bivalent of females is indistinguishable from the autosomal bivalents at pachytene. The complements of the five species are indistinguishable but within the complement there are considerable differences both in size and in the position of the centromeres. In all five species the chiasma frequency per cell is without exception nine: univalents not being encountered, the recombination index for the family, as known cytologically, stands uniformly at 81. Chiasma interference, being complete, must therefore extend across the centromere. The supernumeraries, which approximate one-half the size of the smallest regular autosome, have a chiasma frequency of ca. 0.25 per chromosome, or one-half that of the smallest autosome. They thus demonstrate that, contrary to the evidence provided by the regular complement, a length-frequency relationship exists among the latter but is masked by the totality of chiasma interference. As in other beetles, the centromeres are localized, but the lampyrids are unique in having postreductional division of the X in males. Other insect groups with postreduction have, or are reputed to have, diffuse centromeres: one, the Odonata, is invariably postreductional.
THE SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF THE BLACK FLY SIMULIUM VITTATUM ZETT.
Authors: Rothfels K. H. , Dunbar R. W.
Published: August 2008

Neuroblast and salivary gland chromosomes were studied in Feulgen squash preparations of Simulium vittatum larvae. The haploid complement consists of three metacentric chromosomes; the arm ratio of the longest (1) and shortest (3) is approximately as 1: 1, that of the second as 1: 2. Centromere regions of salivary gland chromosomes are expressed as characteristic expanded drums with large disorganized chromomeres. The third salivary gland chromosome bears the single large nucleolus and a smaller granular structure comparable to the Ring of Balbiani of chironomids. Pairing of the two constituents of salivary gland chromosomes is quite loose regardless of the degree of polyteny. Photographic maps are given of the standard band sequence of the entire complement. Relatively short inversions are the commonest type of structural rearrangement. From preliminary observations on further black fly species and an eclectic treatment of the nematocerous literature, morphological characteristics of salivary gland chromosomes are discussed with respect to their value in delimiting taxonomic segregates and determining phylogenetic relationships.
THE NATURE OF CYCLES IN POPULATIONS OF CANADIAN MAMMALS
Authors: Butler L.
Published: August 2008

The number of pelts of the various fur animals collected each year since 1915, are examined critically to determine whether the peak or high collections are cyclic, or whether they could arise by chance in a series of random numbers as suggested by Cole. Cole's criterion of a peak is rejected as impractical and misleading. By splitting the country into 53 sections, it is shown that peaks do not occur at random as would be expected if these are chance occurrences. Nor do the peaks occur in the same year all over the country, but rather they are spread over three to four 'good' years which are followed by five or six 'bad' years, when no peaks occur in any section. Peak collections for the whole of Canada are the resultant of simultaneous high collections in most parts of the country. Rarely are all the sections of the country in phase; whenever a high-producing section gets out of phase it may produce a secondary peak, or even a split peak in the total for the whole country. It is shown that there is a relationship between the number of sections experiencing a peak, and the peak for the whole country. In general, the peak collection of most furs is reached first in the central provinces, then in the western, and finally in the eastern provinces. Data from annual questionnaires confirm this sequence. They show that the increase phase for snowshoe rabbit, mink, and fox begins as an island of increase in the prairie provinces surrounded by an area of decrease or no change. The reports of increase on subsequent years can be plotted by isophasal lines which spread out like waves from the original area of increase. The easiest interpretatation for these waves is migration from the areas where increase began into the more sparsely populated surrounding sections. These migrations would have a synchronizing effect on the population changes over the whole area. They would also give hybrid vigor to the local population by mixing gene pools which have been isolated for several generations. It is suggested that the causal agent of these cycles is the accumulation of favorable factors in good years, acting over most of the country on populations of different initial densities. Migration from the more favored areas will cause an upswing of the cycle over most of the range. Decrease, being largely density-dependent, will follow across the country in the same order.
THE PTILINAL ARMATURE OF FLIES (DIPTERA, SCHIZOPHORA)
Authors: Strickland E. H.
Published: August 2008

The ptilinum of schizophoran flies usually is described as a simple protrusible bladder, the function of which is that of bursting the puparium immediately prior to the escape of the adult. A few observers had, however, recorded that it may be provided with scalelike projections. An examination of the ptilina of approximately 150 species of flies, representing 40 families, indicates that these scales are a characteristic of all schizophoran families. Many of these are described and their structure is compared. Nearly all of the extreme variations can be correlated with similar structures on the proboscis of a conopid. In the majority of families, they are very small and usually conform rather closely with four major types which merge into each other. Exceptions to this general rule occur in certain genera in widely separated families which include Ephydridae, Tetanoceridae, Anthomyidae, and Tachinidae. The action of the ptilinum in recently emerged Calliphoridae indicates that its armature of scales may render it an effective digging organ and that these flies employ it energetically for this purpose. With it, Cyanomyia cadaverina Desv. can remove the smoked surface from a block of plaster of Paris. Extreme scale development occurs on the ptilina of those genera of Tachinidae in which the adults escape from subterranean earthen cells of phalaenid hosts. Their heavy sclerotization may be completed in the pupa several weeks before the adult normally emerges. They are relatively about ten times as long as are those of many related genera. Among field-captured specimens many show that a high percentage of the scales on the upper and lower surfaces of the ptilinum have their apices missing, indicating extensive abrasion as the fly scraped its way through the consolidated earthen cell of the host. From their armature, it appears that the buccal bladders at the anterior base of the rostrum may, in certain families, assist in effecting an escape.
LONGEVITY OF BLACK FLIES IN CAPTIVITY
Authors: Davies Douglas M.
Published: August 2008

Adult female black flies were maintained in captivity for as long as 63 days, 34 living for at least 20 days. The flies were kept in longevity tubes in an unhealed room during the spring and summer, and survived longest when sugar was provided as granules and water by a wick. Flies of undetermined age, netted away from the stream, outlived those that emerged one day before the experiment. Females lived longer than males. Flies that partook of a partial blood meal were more viable than those that partook of a full meal. Flies that fed on ducks highly infected with the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon, were less viable than those fed on uninfected ducks, but in most cases flies, collected in the woods, that were not made to feed on ducks outlived those that fed on ducks. On the average, mortality increased during warm weather and decreased during cooler weather.
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PACIFIC HERRING
Authors: McMynn R. G. , Hoar W. S.
Published: August 2008

Successful methods have been developed for the artificial fertilization and rearing of the eggs and larvae of Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii Cuvier. A salinity optimum (11.53‰ to 16.24‰) for development and survival of eggs and larvae was evident in a study of the effects of constant and changing salinity (0‰ to 34.28‰). However, there is a wide salinity tolerance (6.06‰ to 34.28‰) for both eggs and larvae. Eggs transferred to pond water (0‰ salinity) during the first few days of development perish within a few hours, but if transferred at a later stage, they will survive for at least two days. No apparent correlation exists between survival of eggs and magnitude of salinity change. During development, two critical stages are apparent: the first at blastopore closure, the second prior to and during hatching.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD MAMMALS: IX. DIDELPHONEMA, A NEW GENUS OF NEMATODE FROM MARSUPIALS
Authors: Wolfgang R. W.
Published: August 2008

The spirurid nematode Spirocerca cylicola recorded by the author from the Trinidad opossum is regarded as a synonym of S. longispiculata Hill, 1939, which is made the type of a new genus, Didelphonema.
A COMPARISON OF SOME SEASONAL AND TEMPERATURE-INDUCED CHANGES IN PEROMYSCUS: COLD RESISTANCE, METABOLISM, AND PELAGE INSULATION
Authors: Hart J. S. , Heroux O.
Published: August 2008

The cold resistance of deer mice captured during the winter was greater than that of summer mice and was accompanied by a greater pelage insulation and a lower oxygen consumption at 1–2 °C. On the other hand, the enhanced cold resistance of deer mice previously acclimated to cold was not accompanied by differences in pelage insulation. Moreover, in white-footed mice previously acclimated to different temperatures, oxygen consumption was similar at 1–2 °C. These data indicate that the seasonal changes observed in Peromyscus are not identical to changes produced by acclimation in the laboratory. Environmental factors responsible for these differences are discussed.
THE SWIMBLADDER GAS CONTENT OF SOME FRESHWATER FISH WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PHYSOSTOMES
Authors: Saunders Richard L.
Published: August 2008

Swimbladder gas samples were analyzed from 10 species of fish caught at various depths extending from the surface to 486 ft. in Lake Huron and adjoining waters. The physoclists studied, yellow perch and burbot, had gas compositions which agreed with previous findings. From progressively greater depths, these displayed decreasing nitrogen percentages and increasing oxygen percentages. The physostomes, lake trout, lake whitefish, shallowwater cisco, deepwater cisco, bloater, American smelt, white sucker, and longnose sucker, displayed strikingly high percentages of nitrogen and correspondingly low percentages of oxygen at all depths. Carbon dioxide was found only in traces in both groups. Results of flotation pressures determined for American smelt, shallowwater cisco, and bloater indicated that most specimens were probably buoyant at depths of capture and that results of gas analyses were indicative of the gas compositions at depths of capture. Both physostomes and physoclists from the greatest depths of capture displayed swimbladder nitrogen pressures in excess of 0.8 of an atmosphere, the partial pressure of dissolved nitrogen in most natural waters. The excess was slight in physoclists but in physostomes it was nearly equal to the total (hydrostatic plus atmospheric) pressure.
A CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE SHELL GLAND OF THE DOMESTIC HEN
Authors: McCallion D. J.
Published: August 2008

A cytological and cytochemical study has been made of the oviducts of hens producing thick shelled eggs and of hens producing thin shelled eggs, with special reference to the shell gland. No significant differences between them were discovered. The inner surface of the oviduct of the hen is lined with ciliated epithelium containing two types of cells, ciliated and goblet. Lying under the ciliated lining are the tubular glands of the oviduct. The Golgi apparatus has been described in the several types of cells. The secretory products of these cells have been identified in the various parts of the oviduct. Small amounts of calcium were shown to be present in the oviduct by one of several techniques, the others giving negative results. Slight positive results were obtained for the presence of phosphates. Alkaline phosphatase was present in slight and varying amounts uniformly distributed in the oviduct, but acid phosphatase was confined to the ciliated epithelium. Glycogen was not present in the glandular tissues. The deposition of calcium as egg shell seems to be different from that in bone formation. Possible mechanisms of egg shell formation are discussed.
OXYGEN UPTAKE OF MUSCLE HOMOGENATES FROM THREE SPECIES OF INSECTS, IN THE PRESENCE OF ADDED SUCCINATE, CYTOCHROMEc, AND PHOSPHATE
Authors: Allen Willard R. , Richards A. Glenn
Published: August 2008

The oxidation of sodium succinate by muscle homogenates prepared from the leg muscles of adult cockroaches [Periplaneta americana (L.)] and thoracic muscles of adult beetles (Tenebrio molitor L.) and adult flies (Sarcophaga bullata Parker) was studied. Oxygen consumption at 30 °C. was measured in standard Warburg flasks. The standard conditions required for optimum activity were first established for each species studied. Activity was highest in the muscle of T. molitor, intermediate in S. bullata and males of P. americana, and lowest in females of P. americana. The difference between the sexes of P. americana was highly significant. A difference associated with sex was not observed in the other species examined. Significant differences attributable to age were not observed for P. americana or T. molitor adults, but a systematic increase in activity was observed during the early adult life of S. bullata; this was associated with the development of the thoracic muscle.
STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF THERMAL CONDITIONING IN TWO SPECIES OF SAWFLY LARVAE
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , House H. L.
Published: August 2008

Conditioning larvae of the sawflies Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) and Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) at moderately high temperatures increased the thermal tolerance of both species. In both species increased resistance was accompanied by a significant increase in specific gravity of the haemolymph. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph of N. sertifer was increased by about 20%. These effects may be significant in the mechanism whereby increased tolerance to high temperatures is achieved in the living insect. The normal pH of the haemolymph of N. sertifer larvae was not altered by heat treatment, indicating that its buffering capacity was not overcome.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD MAMMALS: X. PARASITES OF CHIROPTERA
Authors: Wolfgang Robert W.
Published: August 2008

A new genus and species of nematode, Biacantha desmoda, subfamily Strongylacanthinae Yorke and Mapleston, 1926, is described from the vampire bat, Desmodus rufus Wied, 1826.
SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF HIGHER DIPTERA: III. INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN THE GENUS HYLEMYA
Authors: Boyes J. W.
Published: August 2008

Analyses of the somatic complements of Hylemya antiqua, H. brassicae, H. cilicrura, H. crucifera, H. floralis, H. fugax, H. planipalpus, and H. trichodactyla (?) have been made following techniques described in the first paper of this series. All species, except H. fugax, have 12 chromosomes. These 12-chromosome species fall naturally into three main groups differing in average arm ratios and in other respects. H. fugax males have 13 chromosomes and females have 14, both including five pairs of submetacentric autosomes. One to three supernumerary chromosomes were found in a few larvae of H. cilicrura. Small intraspecific differences were found between collections of H. brassicae from different geographic locations. The results with this genus emphasize the inaccuracy of referring to complements which look similar as the same or identical.
ORNITHOFILARIA FALLISENSIS N. SP. (NEMATODA: FILARIOIDEA) FROM THE DOMESTIC DUCK WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF MICROFILARIAE IN WATERFOWL
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Ornithofilaria fallisensis n. sp. is described from the domestic duck and compared with closely related species. Four types of microfilariae are described from waterfowl besides that of O. fallisensis n. sp.
TULAREMIA IN BEAVERS AND MUSKRATS, WATERTON LAKES NATIONAL PARK, ALBERTA, 1952-53
Authors: Banfield A. W. F.
Published: August 2008

A tularemia epizootic occurred in aquatic mammals in Waterton Lakes National ParK, Alta., during the winter of 1952-53. Pasteurella tularense was isolated from tissues of beaver (Castor canadensis), muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), and from two water samples taken from affected streams. The course of the outbreak, including the contamination of the streams, resembled conditions described in northwestern United States by Parker, Steinhaus, Kohls, and Jellison.
ACCLIMATION AND LETHAL HIGH TEMPERATURES FOR A PARASITIC INSECT
Authors: Baldwin W. F.
Published: August 2008

When reared at 29 °C, the parasitic insect Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.) was more resistant to temperatures of 40° to 46 °C. than when reared at 17° or 23 °C. This increase in resistance was attributed to desiccation. The determination of the temperature tolerance of an insect is complicated by age, humidity conditions, and thermal history. The limits of tolerance were determined for D. fuscipennis reared at 17°, 23°, and 29 °C. and held at temperatures of 17° to 46 °C.
ANALYSE MICRO-CALORIMÉTRIQUE DES VARIATIONS DE LA THERMOGENÈSE CHEZ DIVERS INSECTES
Authors: Prat Par Henri
Published: August 2008

Experiments have been performed on various types of living materials (small vertebrates and invertebrates, bacterial cultures, germinating seeds) with a new Calvet microcalorimeter installed at the University of Montreal, thanks to a grant from the National Research Council. In this article, curves of thermogenesis (thermograms) of some species of Melanoplus (Orthopterae) are first examined; they vary according to individuals, species, sex, age, stage of development, temperature of the ambiance, etc. Under respiratory conditions permitting a long survival (many days), several types of normal thermogenesis can be distinguished among them. When insects are placed in closed cells, some hours later their thermograms become strongly modified; a strong paroxysm of thermogenesis occurs when the animal undergoes the first effects of asphyxia and lasts, with jerks, during two or three hours; then follows a comatous depression leading to death. Those troubles seem imputable here to accumulation of carbon dioxide, not to lack of oxygen in the calorimetric cell. In other experiments, performed in the presence of small quantities of sodium hydroxide in order to absorb the carbon dioxide elaborated, the insects remain alive for several days, with their thermograms reaching a constant, thinly undulated regimen. We have also investigated the thermogenesis of many other species of insects among Orthopterae, Dictyopterae, Lepidopterae, Dipterae, and Coleopterae. Besides specific differences their thermograms display strong variations at times of molting, metamorphosis, laying of eggs, etc. Microcalorimetry is thus likely to offer interesting applications for analyzing stages of development as well as physiological responses to environmental factors.
REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN THE CREEPING VOLE, MICROTUS OREGONI SERPENS MERRIAM
Authors: Cowan Ian McT. , Arsenault Margaret G.
Published: August 2008

The growth and reproduction of the cricetine rodent, Microtus oregoni serpens Merriam, has been studied in the laboratory and in the wild. Growth data arise largely from 28 captive born litters. It has been determined that gestation is [Formula: see text] to 25 days; that mean litter size is 2.95; that a postparturient oestrus is usual but frequently does not occur; that puberty occurs at 22–24 days in females and 34–38 days in males; that there is a sterile period of 5 to 14 days between first oestrus and first conception; longevity in captivity exceeded 320 days but in the wild there was a complete annual turnover. Instantaneous relative growth rates have been determined for four distinguishable phases of growth. A limited experiment using light and heat to stimulate increased reproduction had equivocal results.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF MICE IN NORTHEASTERN QUEBEC AND THE COAST OF LABRADOR
Authors: Schad G. A.
Published: August 2008

Nineteen helminths are recorded from mice of the families Cricetidae and Zapodidae in Northeastern Quebec and the coast of Labrador. The possible synonymy of Quinqueserialis hassalli with Q. quinqueserialis is discussed, Andrya bairdi n. sp. is described, and Catenotaenia linsdalei is made a synonym of C. dendritica.
SIAMESE TWIN EMBRYOS OF THE BLACK WIDOW SPIDER, LATRODECTUS MACTANS (FABR.)
Authors: Rempel J. G.
Published: August 2008

Two sets of Siamese twin embryos of the black widow spider are described. The first set is 290 hr. old, the second, 333 hr. In both cases duplication involves the cephalothorax. A description of the internal structures based on normal embryos of the same age is given. The opinion is expressed that such twins could not survive beyond blastokinesis.
EFFECTS OF THYROXINE AND THIOUREA ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CHUM SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA)
Authors: Dales Samuel , Hoar William S.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of chum salmon were incubated in solutions of synthetic thyroxine sodium or thiourea. Thyroxine accelerated growth of the body wall and pectoral fins but reduced the rate of increase in body length. In addition, thyroxine treatment produced exophthalmia, intense deposition of guanine, and decreased pigmentation. Thiourea likewise reduced the rate of growth in length but had no apparent effect on the development of body wall or fins. Decreased deposition of guanine was evident in thiourea treated fish but the deposition of melanin was not affected. Thyroids of fish treated with thyroxine showed characteristic colloid storage while those of fish in thiourea were hyperplastic. The rate of contraction of the embryonic heart was unaffected by the treatments.
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LAKE TROUT, SALVELINUS NAMAYCUSH, AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN PRESSURE
Authors: Gibson E. S. , Fry F. E. J.
Published: August 2008

The ultimate upper lethal temperature is estimated to be 23.5 °C. The temperature for maximum activity is from 15 °C.–17 °C. Active respiration becomes dependent on the oxygen pressure at approximately two-thirds air saturation. The minimum oxygen pressure for this species is approximately 40 mm. Hg at 20 °C. and 60 mm. Hg at 20 °C. These data pertain to one-and two-year fish.
AN INTRODUCED POPULATION OF THE GRAY SQUIRREL (SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS GMELIN) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Robinson D. J. , Cowan I. McT.
Published: August 2008

A population of gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Gapper) introduced into an isolated forest and park area of 1000 acres is the subject of the study. The squirrels have established themselves in the deciduous and mixed forest areas and in these areas they seem to prevail over the native chickaree (Tamiasciurus douglasii) even though the chickaree is physically dominant. The gray squirrel has not adapted itself to new food sources but has merely narrowed its choice until two species, Acer circinatum and A. macrophyllum, of a genus used on its native range dominate the annual diet. Black color phase predominated over gray (6.5 to 1), the sex ratio was 1 male to 0.645 females, the mean litter size at weaning 1.5. Under these conditions the suitable range is fully stocked and the population is stable. Males roamed over territories of at least 50 acres while females remained within areas of 5 to 15 acres. Thus with polygamy the rule, each male had a theoretical chance of mating with any female. Physical dominance seemed to govern the male actually mating with an oestrous female but the same male did not prevail in each mating observed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE TABLES FOR THE SPRUCE BUDWORM
Authors: Morris R. F. , Miller C. A.
Published: August 2008

A method for preparing life tables is described and two examples are presented, based on field data from the Green River Watershed in northwestern New Brunswick. Column headings for age interval (x), survivorship (lx), deaths (dx), and death rate (qx) are adopted from human life tables. An additional column, dx factor, should be added to insect life tables so that the different mortality factors can be tabulated. Life tables for the spruce budworm are based on intensive population sampling on permanent plots, complemented by data on fecundity, natural and applied control factors, and dispersion. Techniques for these basic studies will be detailed in subsequent papers. Life tables for consecutive generations of the budworm in different forest types should provide fundamental information on the epidemiology of the species and on the possible reduction of damage through forest management and through direct control measures.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): III. EFFECTS OF NINETEEN AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH
Authors: House H. L.
Published: August 2008

Feeding tests with the parasite Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) reared aseptically on chemically defined media showed that food lacking l-arginine, l-histidine, dl-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-lysine, dl-methionine, dl-phenylalanine, dl-threonine, dl-tryptophane, or dl-valine failed to support larval growth beyond the first instar. Omitting glycine from the diet lowered the rate of growth and permitted only a small number of individuals to develop beyond the first instar. There were statistically significant differences between the rates of growth on the control diets and on diets lacking dl-alanine, glycine, dl-serine, or l-tyrosine. When dl-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, l-hydroxyproline, or l-proline was omitted from the food, larval growth and development were not affected.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITHPSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS(FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.): IV. EFFECTS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID, GLUTATHIONE, DEXTROSE, A SALT MIXTURE, CHOLESTEROL, AND FATS
Authors: House H. L.
Published: August 2008

The dipterous parasite Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) reared aseptically on chemically defined media requires ribonucleic acid, dextrose, a salt mixture, cholesterol, and fats for optimum growth; the differences between the results obtained on the experimental media and on the controls were statistically significant. Glutathione is not required for growth, but possibly aids in metamorphosis.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FACE IN THE HYMENOPTERA
Authors: Bigelow R. S.
Published: August 2008

Facial structure was compared in over 925 of the 1,945 Nearctic genera and subgenera of the order Hymenoptera. The clypeus is considered as the facial region between the labrum and a definite system of strengthening inflections associated with the tentorium. The primitive position of the anterior tentorial pits was probably at the level of the ventral edges of the genae. In many of the species examined they lie well above the ventral edges of the genae. This modification was probably produced by ventral extension of the genae, and not by dorsal migration of the clypeus. In many species, however, the pits lie at the ventral rim of the face. This modification was probably produced first by enclosure of the clypeus between ventral extensions of the genae, and then by ventral migration of the tentorial pits. The formation of new sclerites by the secretion of additional cuticular material was observed and described in several groups. Similarities in facial structure between groups widely separated by taxonomists are pointed out.
UPPER LETHAL TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF THE GUPPY, LEBISTES RETICULATUS
Authors: Gibson M. Beatrice
Published: August 2008

Guppies, Lebistes reticulatus, of inbred and unselected stocks, were tested for their variability in resistance to upper lethal temperatures. Unselected fish were maintained in constant temperatures of 20°, 25°, and 30 °C. from birth and were subjected to lethal temperatures either without further treatment or acclimated to 30 °C. before testing. Inbred lines were reared at 25 °C. and acclimated to 30 °C. Resistance times were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 33° to 38 °C. Acclimation has a moderate influence on the resistance times at the higher lethal temperatures, but the effect is lessened at 35 °C. and disappears at 34 °C. There is an indication of an optimum rearing temperature in the neighborhood of 25 °C. for resistance to the higher temperatures. General response to high lethal temperatures is similar to that reported for other fish, but heterogeneity is exhibited at 37° and 34 °C. Both genetic composition and early thermal history influence resistance to high temperatures as well as acclimation just prior to experiment. The upper incipient lethal temperature is slightly above 32 °C. over the biokinetic range of the guppy.
A SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR POPLAR INSECTS
Authors: Henson W. R.
Published: August 2008

The distribution of poplar foliage over the trees is described for a number of locations in the trans-Divide area of the Rocky Mountains of Canada. The statistics of some foliage attributes and of the distributions of a number of organisms infesting foliage are derived. On this basis, a sampling' system with preset limits of precision and confidence is designed. The system is tested and its limitations discussed. Techniques for the modification of the system to fit local conditions are suggested. The system outlined will provide in a single operation data of known accuracy on the populations of a number of organisms.
THE pH IN THE GUT AND BLOOD OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.), AND OTHER INSECTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PATHOGENICITY OF BACILLUS CEREUS FR. AND FR.
Authors: Heimpel A. M.
Published: August 2008

Regional pH measurements in the gut and the blood of 11 species of Hymenoptera and two of Lepidoptera were made. The larvae were examined in their later instars, after ecdysis, after starvation, or as mature larvae. The gut pH was found to change regionally during development and under these different conditions, but the blood pH tended to remain relatively unchanged. The pH in the gut and of the blood of the larch sawfly was found to be close to the optimum for good growth of B. cereus and was within the optimum activity range of the enzyme lecithinase in the anterior two thirds of the mid-gut and in the blood. This apparently holds for most of the sawfly species examined and for Carpocapsa pomonella, but not for those Lepidoptera examined herein.
ORNTHOFILARIA ALGONQUINENSIS N. SP. FROM HIRUNDO ERYTHROGASTER WITH A REVISION OF THE GENERA PARAMICIPSELLA CHOW, 1939 EMEND. CHABAUD AND CHOQUET, 1953 AND ORNITHOFILARIA GÖNNERT, 1937
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Ornithofilaria algonquinensis n. sp. is described from the barn swallow (Hirundo erythrogaster). Three species are recognized in the genus Paramicipsella Chow, 1939, namely: P. brevicaudata Chow, 1939; P. lepidogrammi (Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1937) Chabaud and Choquet, 1953; P. australis (Johnston and Mawson, 1942) Chabaud and Choquet, 1953. The following species are recognized in Ornithofilaria Gönnert, 1937: O. mavis (Leiper, 1909) Gönnert, 1937; O. travassosi (Koroliowa, 1926) n. comb.; O. stantschinskyi (Gilbert, 1930) n. comb.; O. lienalis (Orloff, 1947) n. comb.; O. brevispiculum (Singh, 1949) n. comb.; O. fallisensis Anderson, 1954; O. algonquinensis n. sp.