bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RT‐PCR Amplification of Various Canine Cytokines and Socalled House‐keeping Genes in a Species‐Specific Macrophage Cell Line (DH82) and Canine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Grone A. , Fonfara S. , Markus S. , Baumgartner W.
Published: March 2011

Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated from a continuous canine macrophage cell line (DH82) was used in reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT‐PCR) for the detection of transcripts of interleukin (IL)‐8, ‐12, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF). Three different methods of RNA isolation (standard guanidinium‐thiocyanate method with and without application of RNA matrix, and boiling) were used and compared in regard to RT‐PCR results. The most suitable method was used to establish RT‐PCR amplification of mRNA transcripts of IL‐2, ‐10, and interferon‐γ (IFN) in RNA isolated from canine peripheral blood leukocytes. Integrity of RNA isolates was ensured by amplification of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or β‐actin. IL‐8, ‐12, and TNF were amplified from RNA isolated by various methods. Use of guanidinium‐thiocyanate with and without RNA matrix gave the most consistent results. Boiling as a mean of RNA isolation was quick and easy, but the RT‐PCR results were extremely variable and multiple smaller bands were observed in the agarose gel in some preparations. IL‐2, ‐10 and IFN transcripts were amplified from RNA isolated with guamidimium‐thiocyanate from leukocytes stimulated with concanavalin A. DNase‐treatment of RNA isolates was necessary to assure the destruction of genomic DNA and to avoid amplification of genomic sequences. This was especially a problem when using primers for GAPDH, β‐actin, IL‐12, and TNF. Lack of DNase‐treatment may lead to false positive results. This may be especially a problem when amplification of so‐called house‐keeping genes is used as internal control for RNA integrity. These findings demonstrated that isolation of total RNA with guanidinium‐thiocyanate followed by DNase‐treatment gave reliable and consistent results for detection of cytokine transcripts by RT‐PCR in a canine macrophage cell line and canine peripheral blood leukocytes.
Health Status of Bulls Used For Natural Breeding on Farms in South West Scotland
Authors: McGowan A. C. , Murray R. D.
Published: March 2011

One hundred and nine breeding bulls were examined during the period November 1992 to June 1993 on farms in south west Scotland for evidence of infectious diseases associated with breeding. Preputial washings were collected to screen for Campylobacter fetus venerialis, together with serial blood samples to assess their seroprevalence to Bovine Virus Diarrhoca virus (BVDv), Bovine Herpes Virus‐1 (BHV‐1), Leptospira hardjo and Bovine Herpes Virus‐4 (BHV‐4). The possible impact of natural mating on the epidemiology of these diseases is described. Evidence of infections with Campylobacter fetus and BVH‐4 were not found in this sample. The overall seroprevalence to BVDv was 78%, for BHV‐1 49%, and L. bardjo 27% at titres of ≥ 1/400. This study shows that bulls may be responsible for the introduction and dissemination of these diseases when moved from farm to farm as part of normal cattle breeding in this area. Young unproven bulls may be particularly susceptible to endemic diseases associated with lowered reproductive performance.
Risk Indicators for the Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Porcine Influenza Viruses and Aujeszky's Disease Virus in Slaughter Pigs from Fattening Pig Herds
Authors: Maes D. , Deluyker H. , Verdonck M. , Castryck F. , Miry C. , Vrijens B. , de Kruif A.
Published: March 2011

Epidemiological aspects of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), influenza H***2N1 and H3N2 viruses, and Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) were investigated in slaughter pigs from 50 fattening pig herds. Herd factors as potential risk indicators for respiratory disease were obtained by means of a questionnaire. At slaughter, blood samples were collected from each herd, and the proportion of seropositive pigs per herd was assessed for each of these pathogens. The median herd‐level seroprevalence of the agents were: Mh 88%, H***3N1 100%, H3N2 60% and ADV 90%. The percentage of herds in which all investigated fattening pigs were seronegative for these agents was: Mh 0%, H***N1 0%, H3N2 12% and ADV 18%. The percentage of herds in which all investigated fattening pigs were seropositive for these agents was: Mh 8%, H1N1 71%, H3N2 22% and ADV 40%. A positive association was found between influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses, and a negative association between influenza H3N2 virus and ADV. There were no risk indicators for the seroprevalence of Mh. Three risk indicators were associated with the seroprevalence of influenza H1N1 virus: a fully slatted floor, an increasing number of pigs in the municipality and dry feeding. Three risk indicators were found for the seroprevalence of influenza H3N2 virus: purchase of pigs from ≥two herds, an increasing number of pigs in the municipality and natural ventilation. The seroprevalence of ADV was influenced by two risk indicators: an increasing number of pig herds in the municipality and an increasing number of pigs per pen.
New concepts in endothelin control of sodium balance
Authors: Nakano Daisuke , Pollock David
Published: March 2011

1. Endothelin (ET)‐1, which was originally found to be secreted by the vascular endothelium, is highly expressed in the kidney, particularly in the renal medulla.

2. Recent studies using genetic models have provided significant breakthroughs in the role of ET‐1 in the kidney. For example, ET‐1 in the medullary collecting duct physiologically regulates water and salt reabsorption, thereby controlling blood pressure. Surprisingly, to explain the blood pressure regulation both ETA and ETB receptors are necessary in collecting duct. In fact, we recently revealed that ETA receptor stimulation in the renal medulla was natriuretic and diuretic.

3. The expression and secretion of ET‐1 in the renal medulla are regulated by multiple mechanisms, such as changes in osmolality, exaggerated renin–angiotensin system activity and hypoxia. The changes in the renal medullary ET system are likely to work as compensatory ‘protective’ natriuretic factors in response to high sodium exposure in the kidney.

4. In the present review, we focus on recent publications that describe our current knowledge of the functional role of renal medullary ET‐1, including the recently characterized actions of ETA receptors, the second messenger systems, mechanisms of stimulating ET‐1 production and how the ET system is involved in the development of hypertension.
Obesity‐related colon cancer: Dietary factors and their mechanisms of anticancer action‡
Authors: Zeng Huawei , Lazarova Darina L
Published: March 2011

1. Overweight/obesity is an epidemic in the US as well as in other developed countries, affecting two‐thirds of Americans and an estimated 2.3 billion people worldwide. Obesity increases the risk for Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. For example, epidemiological studies have established a strong association between obesity and colon cancer.

2. It is generally accepted that metabolic changes associated with overweight/obesity, particularly abdominal obesity and changes in adipocyte function, contribute to the increased risk of colon cancer. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this association is important for the development of preventive strategies for colon cancer. Part of these preventive strategies may be based on dietary factors, such as vitamins, minerals (e.g. selenium), fibre, phytochemicals and phenolic compounds. These anticancer nutrients may counteract the molecular changes associated with obesity.

3. The present article reviews the evidence that inflammation and insulin resistance induced by obesity are the molecular mediators of the association between obesity and colon cancer. We also evaluate the evidence for the ability of dietary factors to target the obesity‐induced changes and, thus, protect against colon cancer.
18F‐FDG–PET/CT in the assessment of pancreatic cancer: Is the contrast or a better‐designed trial needed?
Authors: Nguyen Nam Q , Bartholomeusz Dylan F
Published: March 2011

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 657–662.
New contrast enhanced ultrasonography agent: Impact of Sonazoid on radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Hiraoka Atsushi , Hiasa Yoichi , Onji Morikazu , Michitaka Kojiro
Published: March 2011

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 759–764.
Circumferential resection margin involvement after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer
Authors: Raftopoulos I. , Reed J. F. , Bergamaschi R.
Published: March 2011

Aim  This study aimed to evaluate circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision (APR).

Method  Prospectively collected data were analyzed on consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic APR for histologically proven rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, from 1998 to 2006. Patients with no sphincter involvement were not included and underwent intersphincteric resection with coloanal anastomosis. CRM involvement was defined as ≤ 2 mm using a standardized pathology protocol. Data were presented as mean ± SD or as median (range).

Results  Seventy‐four patients (60 ± 14 years of age; body mass index = 29.7 ± 7.9 kg/m2) underwent laparoscopic APR. The distance of the tumour from the anal verge was 3.1 ± 0.93 cm. All patients had sphincter involvement. The operative time was 180 ± 73 min, and estimated blood loss was 269 ± 149 ml. There were no conversions and no postoperative mortality. The adverse event rate was 11%. There were two reoperations and three readmissions. Seventy‐one patients had a T3 tumour and three patients had a T4 tumour. The median tumour size was 3.1 (range, 0–10) × 3 (range, 0–8.5) × 2 (range, 0–3.6) cm, and 26 (range, 3–41) lymph nodes were harvested. The median CRM was 7 (range, 1–11) mm. This was localized at the waist of the specimen in 12 (16.2%) of patients. Adjuvant therapy was given to 92% and 97% of patients with an involved and an uninvolved CRM, respectively. At 50 ± 27 months of follow up of 73 patients, 12 had CRM involvement and had a significantly decreased cancer‐specific survival (log rank test, P = 0.002).

Conclusion  Laparoscopic APR resulted in CRM involvement in 16.2% of patients with rectal cancer.
Diabetes Medication Assistance Service Stage 1: impact and sustainability of glycaemic and lipids control in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Krass I. , Mitchell B. , Song Y. J. C. , Stewart K. , Peterson G. , Hughes J. , Smith L. , White L. , Armour C.
Published: March 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 987–993 (2011)

Aims  To investigate (i) optimal intensity (four visits vs. six visits) and duration (6 vs. 12 months) of the Diabetes Medication Assistance Service in community pharmacy and (ii) sustainability of improvements in patients’ diabetes control associated with differing intensities of intervention.

Methods  A national quota sample of 90 community pharmacies in Australia were randomly assigned into group 1 (6‐month Diabetes Medication Assistance Service) or group 2 (12‐month Diabetes Medication Assistance Service) and subsequently recruited a total of 524 patients. A wide range of clinical (HbA1c, blood pressure, lipids) and quality‐of‐life outcome measures were assessed.

Results  The 6‐ and 12‐month Diabetes Medication Assistance Service resulted in significant and similar reductions in HbA1c (−0.9 mmol/mol; 95% CI −0.7 to −1.1) –, total cholesterol (−0.3 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.1 to −0.4) and triglycerides (−0.3 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.1 to −0.5). There was also a significant reduction in the number of patients who were at risk of having a cardiovascular event in the next 10 years. For the subset of patients for whom data were available at baseline, completion and 18 months, improvements in HbA1c and total cholesterol were sustained at 18 months and triglycerides showed a further improvement at 18 months.

Conclusions  The Diabetes Medication Assistance Service resulted in significant improvements in diabetes control that were independent of intensity and duration of the service and showed evidence of being sustained at 18 months. The extent and sustainability of clinical improvements achieved by the Diabetes Medication Assistance Service, together with the resulting reduction in cardiovascular risk, should translate into future cost savings to healthcare systems by delaying and reducing diabetes‐related complications.
Measuring the accuracy of different ways to identify the ‘at‐risk’ foot in routine clinical practice
Authors: Leese G. P. , Cochrane L. , Mackie A. D. R. , Stang D. , Brown K. , Green V.
Published: March 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 747–754 (2011)

Aims  We aimed to identify which individual risk factors best predict foot ulceration in routine clinical practice and whether an integrated clinical tool is a better screening tool for future foot ulceration.

Methods  Routinely collected clinical information on foot and general diabetes indicators were recorded on the regional diabetes electronic register. Follow‐up data on foot ulceration were collected from the same electronic record, the local multidisciplinary foot clinic and community and hospital podiatry paper records. Data were electronically linked to see which criteria best predicted future foot ulceration.

Results  Foot risk scores were recorded on 3719 patients (44% female, mean age 59 ± 15 years) across community and hospital clinics. Overall, 851 (22.9%) had insensitivity to monofilaments, in 629 (17.2%) both pulses were absent and 184 (4.9%) had a prior ulcer. In multivariate analysis, the strongest predictors of foot ulceration were prior ulcer, insulin treatment, absent monofilaments, structural abnormality and proteinuria and retinopathy. The sensitivity of predicting foot ulceration was 52% for prior ulcer, 61% for absent monofilaments, 75% for ‘high risk’ on an integrated risk score and 91% for high and moderate risk combined. The corresponding specificities were 99, 81, 89 and 61%. Positive likelihood ratio was 52 for prior ulcer and 6.8 for foot risk, with negative likelihood ratios of 0.48 and 0.15, respectively.

Conclusions  Integrated foot risk scores are more sensitive than individual clinical criteria in predicting future foot ulceration and are likely to be better screening tools, where excluding false negative results is of paramount importance.
Illness perceptions and glycaemic control in diabetes: a systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Mc Sharry J. , Moss‐Morris R. , Kendrick T.
Published: March 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 1300–1310 (2011)

Aims  The Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire have been widely used to measure people’s beliefs about diabetes. This review aimed to synthesize evidence on the relationship between the dimensions of the Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and HbA1c level in adults with diabetes.

Methods  A systematic literature search was carried out in January 2010 to identify relevant studies. Random‐effects model meta‐analyses were conducted with cross‐sectional data to quantify the relationship between Illness Perception Questionnaire dimensions and HbA1c across studies. Randomized controlled trials that targeted Illness Perception Questionnaire perceptions and included HbA1c as an outcome measure were discussed in a narrative review.

Results  Nine cross‐sectional studies and four randomized controlled trials were included. Stronger Identity (r+ = 0.14), Consequences (r+ = 0.14), Timeline Cyclical (r+ = 0.26) Concern (r+ = 0.21), and Emotional Representations (r+ = 0.18) perceptions had significant positive associations with HbA1c. Greater Personal Control (r+ = – 0.12) was negatively associated with HbA1c. For all relationships, heterogeneity tests were non‐significant, suggesting little variability in effect size estimates. Two of the four randomized controlled trials successfully changed illness perceptions, with one also reporting an intervention group reduction in HbA1c.

Conclusions  Some Illness Perception Questionnaire dimensions had small significant associations with HbA1c, although the direction of these associations remains unclear. There was also tentative evidence that illness perceptions can be positively changed through targeted intervention and that these changes may also impact on glycaemic control. Future research could benefit from tailoring intervention content to perceptions that are most highly associated with HbA1c.
Implementing a COAG Reform Using the National Law Model: Australia's National Registration and Accreditation Scheme for Health Practitioners
Authors: Morauta Louise
Published: March 2011

The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) is undertaking a program of reform part of which requires moving from diverse state and territory based legislated systems to a nationally consistent system. A method which is being increasingly used for this purpose is the national law model. On 1 July 2010 a new national registration and accreditation scheme (NRAS) for health practitioners commenced using this model. The challenges faced in implementing NRAS may be faced by other initiatives using the same approach. The challenges of reaching agreement on a national system, avoiding variations within a national system at local level and delays in legislation across multiple parliaments are considered in the light of NRAS experience and lessons for similar projects are drawn out.
FUZZY JOBS IN LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS: CASE STUDIES OF URBAN AND RURAL REGENERATION IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND
Authors: JEANNOT GILLES , GOODCHILD BARRY
Published: March 2011

By means of an Anglo‐French comparison, this article shows the existence of certain atypical forms of public sector work that are associated with internal and external coordination, particularly in the context of locality based partnerships. In the case of rural and urban development in France in the 1980s, such atypical work involved organizations that were on the fringe of local authorities, a job description that allowed for considerable autonomy and, finally, employment conditions that were often insecure. These are the essential components of ‘fuzzy’ jobs. Similar atypical characteristics can also be found elsewhere and in particular in contemporary practice for urban regeneration in England. Through a comparison of diverse situations, the article explores various factors that influence these forms of employment. The analysis reveals the heavy impact of the mechanisms for allocating public funds, as well as the difficulties in dealing with certain objectives in public policy.
A Statistical Analysis of Probabilistic Counting Algorithms
Authors: CLIFFORD PETER , COSMA IOANA A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract.  This article considers the problem of cardinality estimation in data stream applications. We present a statistical analysis of probabilistic counting algorithms, focusing on two techniques that use pseudo‐random variates to form low‐dimensional data sketches. We apply conventional statistical methods to compare probabilistic algorithms based on storing either selected order statistics, or random projections. We derive estimators of the cardinality in both cases, and show that the maximal‐term estimator is recursively computable and has exponentially decreasing error bounds. Furthermore, we show that the estimators have comparable asymptotic efficiency, and explain this result by demonstrating an unexpected connection between the two approaches.
Estimating the Fraction of ‘Non-Genuine’ Artwork by Henry Moore for Sale on eBay: Application of Latent Class Screening Test Methodology
Authors: Gastwirth Joseph L. , Johnson Wesley O. , Hikawa Hiro
Published: March 2011

Although the Internet has provided consumers with new ways to purchase goods, it also has allowed less scrupulous businesses and individuals to offer poor quality or mislabelled items. In particular, the operators of Internet auction sites may not be required to guarantee the quality or genuineness of the items listed. A latent class approach that was originally developed to estimate the accuracy of medical tests and the prevalence of an infection is adapted to provide estimates of the prevalence of ‘questionable’ artwork offered on eBay. The method requires the existence of two subpopulations with a different prevalence of the trait and each subject is classified by two different tests. As Henry Moore produced less expensive lithographs and etchings, in addition to small sculptures and original drawings, two subpopulations of artwork were available. Two knowledgeable individuals independently assessed all the works by Moore offered on eBay for a period of 18 months. After discussing the issue of non-genuine versions of Moore’s art with experts on Henry Moore, a Bayesian approach was adopted. The method estimates that about 90% of the drawings and small sculptures that are listed on eBay are not genuine whereas most, about 90–95%, of signed prints are genuine. Because the methodology does not require a ‘gold standard’ it can be adopted by consumer protection agencies or producers of expensive items to monitor the authenticity of those objects offered to the public on Internet auction sites.
Getting Real with Real Options: A Utility–Based Approach for Finite–Time Investment in Incomplete Markets
Authors: Grasselli M. R.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  We apply a utility–based method to obtain the value of a finite–time investment opportunity when the underlying real asset is not perfectly correlated to a traded financial asset. Using the comparison principle for the associated variational inequality, we establish several qualitative properties of the optimal investment boundary, in particular its dependence on correlation and risk aversion. We then use a discrete–time algorithm to calculate the indifference value for this type of real option and present numerical examples for the corresponding investment thresholds. We verify that even in the zero correlation case, whereby none of the risk in the project can be hedged in a financial market, the paradigm of real options can still be applied to value an investment decision, since the opportunity to invest still carries an option value above its net present value. In other words, it is time flexibility itself, more than the possibility of replication, that is the source of the extra value of an investment opportunity. This value, however, quickly erodes at higher levels of risk aversion, and even more so when the project is weakly correlated to financial markets.
The history and management of black rhino in KwaZulu‐Natal: a population genetic approach to assess the past and guide the future
Authors: Karsten M. , van Vuuren B. Jansen , Goodman P. , Barnaud A.
Published: March 2011

The numbers of black rhino Diceros bicornis in Africa declined dramatically during the last century due primarily to poaching and latterly habitat transformation and fragmentation and as such, significant concerns exist with regard to the long‐term population viability and the management of these fragmented populations. A considerable proportion of the remaining black rhino (ssp. minor) are found within South Africa where they largely fall under the protection and management of Ezemvelo KwaZulu‐Natal (KZN) Wildlife. Here we provide information on the genetic diversity, population differentiation and level of inbreeding among 77 Diceros bicornis minor individuals sampled in seven protected areas within the KZN Province of South Africa and a single population from Zimbabwe founded from the KZN population. For reference purposes with the cluster analyses, we included four individuals from ssp. bicornis and four individuals from ssp. michaeli. We found low levels of differentiation among ssp. minor populations across the KZN Province; this result is not unexpected given the history of establishments and translocations between reserves. In fact, we argue that the translocations conducted by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife have contributed to the acceptable levels of heterozygosity and minimal inbreeding which characterize the majority of protected areas in the province. Although the overall genetic diversity in D. b. minor is lower than that present in both Diceros bicornis bicornis and Diceros bicornis michaeli, we do not feel that it is any cause for concern at this stage as it still falls within the range reported for other large mammals across Africa. The information presented here forms the basis of an ongoing monitoring programme aimed at providing vital information which, when taken with ecological and other data, will direct the future management decisions regarding translocations between reserves in South Africa and the exchange of individuals with other countries.
Benefits of hyperspectral remote sensing for tracking plant invasions
Authors: He Kate S. , Rocchini Duccio , Neteler Markus , Nagendra Harini
Published: March 2011

Aim  We aim to report what hyperspectral remote sensing can offer for invasion ecologists and review recent progress made in plant invasion research using hyperspectral remote sensing.

Location  United States.

Methods  We review the utility of hyperspectral remote sensing for detecting, mapping and predicting the spatial spread of invasive species. We cover a range of topics including the trade‐off between spatial and spectral resolutions and classification accuracy, the benefits of using time series to incorporate phenology in mapping species distribution, the potential of biochemical and physiological properties in hyperspectral spectral reflectance for tracking ecosystem changes caused by invasions, and the capacity of hyperspectral data as a valuable input for quantitative models developed for assessing the future spread of invasive species.

Results  Hyperspectral remote sensing holds great promise for invasion research. Spectral information provided by hyperspectral sensors can detect invaders at the species level across a range of community and ecosystem types. Furthermore, hyperspectral data can be used to assess habitat suitability and model the future spread of invasive species, thus providing timely information for invasion risk analysis.

Main conclusions  Our review suggests that hyperspectral remote sensing can effectively provide a baseline of invasive species distributions for future monitoring and control efforts. Furthermore, information on the spatial distribution of invasive species can help land managers to make long‐term constructive conservation plans for protecting and maintaining natural ecosystems.
Genome‐wide association study identifies a single major locus contributing to survival into old age; the APOE locus revisited
Authors: Deelen Joris , Beekman Marian , Uh Hae‐Won , Helmer Quinta , Kuningas Maris , Christiansen Lene , Kremer Dennis , van der Breggen Ruud , Suchiman H. Eka D. , Lakenberg Nico , van den Akker Erik B. , Passtoors Willemijn M. , Tiemeier Henning , van Heemst Diana , de Craen Anton J. , Rivadeneira Fernando , de Geus Eco J , Perola Markus , van der Ouderaa Frans J. , Gunn David A. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Uitterlinden André G. , Christensen Kaare , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Heijmans Bastiaan T. , Houwing‐Duistermaat Jeanine J. , Westendorp Rudi G. J. , Slagboom P. Eline
Published: March 2011

By studying the loci that contribute to human longevity, we aim to identify mechanisms that contribute to healthy aging. To identify such loci, we performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) comparing 403 unrelated nonagenarians from long‐living families included in the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS) and 1670 younger population controls. The strongest candidate SNPs from this GWAS have been analyzed in a meta‐analysis of nonagenarian cases from the Rotterdam Study, Leiden 85‐plus study, and Danish 1905 cohort. Only one of the 62 prioritized SNPs from the GWAS analysis (P < 1 × 10−4) showed genome‐wide significance with survival into old age in the meta‐analysis of 4149 nonagenarian cases and 7582 younger controls [OR = 0.71 (95% CI 0.65–0.77), P = 3.39 × 10−17]. This SNP, rs2075650, is located in TOMM40 at chromosome 19q13.32 close to the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Although there was only moderate linkage disequilibrium between rs2075650 and the ApoE ε4 defining SNP rs429358, we could not find an APOE‐independent effect of rs2075650 on longevity, either in cross‐sectional or in longitudinal analyses. As expected, rs429358 associated with metabolic phenotypes in the offspring of the nonagenarian cases from the LLS and their partners. In addition, we observed a novel association between this locus and serum levels of IGF‐1 in women (P = 0.005). In conclusion, the major locus determining familial longevity up to high age as detected by GWAS was marked by rs2075650, which tags the deleterious effects of the ApoE ε4 allele. No other major longevity locus was found.
Reproducibility and sensitivity of muscle reoxygenation and oxygen uptake recovery kinetics following running exercise in the field
Authors: Buchheit Martin , Ufland Pierre , Haydar Bachar , Laursen Paul B. , Ahmaidi Said
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of postexercise near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)‐derived measurements and their sensitivity to different exercise intensities in the field. Seventeen athletes (24·1 ± 5·6 year) repeated, on three occasions, two 2‐min submaximal shuttle‐runs at 40% and 60% of VIFT (final speed of the 30–15 intermittent fitness test) and a 50‐m shuttle‐run sprint (Sprint), with (OCC) or without (CON) repeated transient arterial occlusions of the medial gastrocnemius during the postexercise period. NIRS variables (i.e. oxyhaemoglobin [HbO2], deoxyhaemoglobin [HHb] and their difference [Hbdiff]) were measured continuously for 3 min after each exercise. Half‐recovery (½Rec) and mean response (MRT; monoexponential curve fitting) times of muscle reoxygenation and muscle oxygen uptake () recovery were calculated. Reliability was assessed using the typical error of measurement, expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). Postexercise recovery of muscle reoxygenation revealed CVs ranging from 16·8% to 37·3%; CV for recovery ranged from 6·2% to 20·9%, with no substantial differences shown between NIRS variables and exercise intensities. While running, intensity did not affect MRT or ½Rec for muscle reoxygenation, and differences were found for recovery (e.g. [Hbdiff]‐ MRT = 28·7 ± 5·2, 34·2 ± 5·1 and 37·3 ± 6·2 s for 40%, 60% and Sprint, respectively, P<0·01). To conclude, the kinetics of postexercise NIRS measurements showed CV values ranging from 6% to 37%, with no substantial differences between exercise intensities or NIRS‐derived variables. However, exercise intensity did influence recovery kinetics, but not that of muscle reoxygenation in an occlusion‐free condition.
Safety evaluation of combination toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) and piroxicam in tumour‐bearing dogs (excluding mast cell tumours): a phase I dose‐finding study
Authors: Chon E. , McCartan L. , Kubicek L. N. , Vail D. M.
Published: March 2011

Toceranib phosphate and piroxicam have individually demonstrated antineoplastic activity. Additionally, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory therapy is often warranted in aged cancer‐bearing dogs for management of osteoarthritis comorbidity. As concurrent use may be warranted for a given individual and the adverse event (AE) profile for each can be overlapping (gastrointestinal), a phase I trial was performed in tumour‐bearing (non‐mast cell) dogs to establish the safety of the combination using a standard 3+3 cohort design. Five dose‐escalating cohorts, up to and including approved label dosage for toceranib and standard dosage for piroxicam, were completed without observing a frequency of dose‐limiting AEs necessitating cohort closure. Therefore, the combination of standard dosages of both drugs (toceranib, 3.25 mg kg−1, every other day; piroxicam, 0.3 mg kg−1 daily) is generally safe. Several antitumour responses were observed. As with single‐agent toceranib, label‐indicated treatment holidays and dose reductions (e.g. 2.5–2.75 mg kg−1) may occasionally be required owing to gastrointestinal events.
Low‐income Euro‐American Mothers' Perceptions of Health and Self‐care Practices
Authors: Mendias Elnora P. , Clark Michele C. , Guevara Edilma B. , Svrcek Claire Y.
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT
Objective: Health promotion activities may decrease preventable diseases and health system overuse. This study examined how low‐income Euro‐American mothers described their health/wellness, self‐care practices (SCP), and SCP benefits, barriers, and interpersonal influences (norms, modeling, and social support) affecting their SCP.

Design and Sample: This descriptive qualitative study used a convenience sample of 10 low‐income, English‐speaking mothers, 25–43 years old, seeking women's/children's health services at a large urban Texas health clinic.

Measures: Data were collected via face‐to‐face interviews, using a standardized semistructured interview guide; data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's qualitative research methods.

Results: All participants primarily described themselves positively and as mothers and workers. Most viewed health and wellness as distinct but typically included physical and emotional well‐being. Mothers valued health and SCP for personal and family reasons. All identified SCP benefits. Most identified SCP barriers. Women viewed themselves as vital to family function and well‐being, learned SCP primarily from parents during childhood, and described limited support for SCP.

Conclusions: The results provide a better understanding of participants' self‐care decision making and are useful in designing appropriate clinical health promotions. Reducing health inequities in low‐income women requires further study of the underlying causes and development of effective policies and measures to address them.
The Nature of Occupational Violence Against Taxicab Drivers
Authors: Gilbert Betsy
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT
Objective: This research sought to expand evidence about the nature of occupational violence against taxicab drivers and provide further understanding of occupational violence from their perspective.

Design and Sample: Qualitative research using hermeneutic analysis was conducted. Sixteen taxicab drivers were interviewed, transcripts were analyzed, and the themes describing the nature of occupational violence were identified.

Results: Study participants reported exposure to violence, including incidents that involved money, interpersonal violence, encounters during night shift, and physical violence and weapons. Verbatim quotes illustrated violent acts that taxicab drivers experienced.

Conclusions: The study findings reveal that taxicab drivers are commonly exposed to violence on the job. Acts that the participants reported as violence included racism, disrespect, verbal abuse, and physical violence. These incidents highlighted the perception of foreign‐born drivers that their risk for violence on the job is increased because they are members of a visible minority. Community/public health nursing practice implications include actions that: (a) reduce psychosocial risks and disparities from exposure to occupational violence, (b) develop effective prevention measures that reduce exposure of taxicab drivers to violence, (c) consider this worker population when planning community violence prevention programs, and (d) influence public policy related to taxicab driver safety. The investigator advocates and offers recommendations for future research about the nature, effects, and prevention of occupational violence against taxicab drivers.
Comparison of Medial and Lateral Ultrasound‐Guided Approaches for Periarticular Injection of the Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Facet Joints in Horses
Authors: Cousty Matthieu , Firidolfi Charlotte , Geffroy Olivier , David Florent
Published: March 2011

Objective: To compare ultrasound‐guided lateral and medial approaches for periarticular injections of the thoracolumbar intervertebral facet joints (IFJ).

Study Design: Experimental cadaveric study.

Sample Population: Adult equine cadavers (n=4).

Methods: IFJ (T12–T13 to L5–L6) were identified by ultrasound (transducer perpendicular to the spine axis) and insertion of a 13 cm, 18 g spinal needle monitored until bone contact using medial (right side) and lateral (left side) approaches. Number of needle insertions at each site, needle repositioning, and insertion depth were recorded. On bone contact 2 mL latex was injected. Intraarticular deposition, distance of latex from the closest articular margin, and presence of latex in the multifidus muscle were established by dissection.

Results: Of 96 attempts, only 1 site require reinsertion of the needle; however, 46% of the injections required needle repositioning. Mean ± SD insertion depth was 8.5 ± 1.1 cm. Most injections (86%) were intraarticular and 96% were at or within 0.5 cm of the closest articular margin. Needle insertion relative to the transducer (lateral, medial) had no effect on the distance from the latex to the closest articular margin and all injections were performed into the multifidus muscle.

Conclusions: Ultrasound‐guidance facilitated accurate periarticular injection of thoracolumbar IFJ irrespective of using a medial or lateral approach.
An Alternative Pathway Electrosurgical Unit Injury in a Dog
Authors: Burgess Richard C. F. , Freeman Lynetta J. , Jennings Ryan N. , Lenz Stephen D.
Published: March 2011

Objective: To report esophageal perforation, caused by alternative current pathway from the use of a monopolar electrosurgery unit (ESU), during routine orthopedic surgery in a dog.

Study Design: Clinical report.

Animals: Two‐year‐old male Labrador retriever.

Methods: Medial meniscectomy and lateral suture stabilization were performed on a healthy Labrador retriever with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Monopolar electrosurgery was used during the procedure for hemostasis and tissue dissection. Anesthetic monitoring was augmented with an esophageal electrocardiogram (ECG) probe. The day after surgery, the dog appeared dehydrated. After intravenous fluid therapy, respiratory distress was noted and thoracic radiography and contrast fluoroscopy revealed an esophageal perforation.

Results: Exploratory surgery was planned to repair the defect. Cardiac arrest occurred after induction. Gross necropsy findings and histopathologic examination revealed lesions consistent with thermal necrosis of the esophagus and myocardial degeneration. An internal investigation of this medical device accident revealed that multiple factors may have contributed to the injury.

Conclusions: An alternative current pathway from the monopolar ESU to the esophageal ECG probe resulted in a full‐thickness esophageal thermal injury and cardiac failure.
Security Issue Timing: What Do Managers Know, and When Do They Know It?
Authors: JENTER DIRK , LEWELLEN KATHARINA , WARNER JEROLD B.
Published: March 2011

We study put option sales on company stock by large firms. An often‐cited motivation for these transactions is market timing, and managers' decision to issue puts should be sensitive to whether the stock is undervalued. We provide new evidence that large firms successfully time security sales. In the 100 days following put option issues, there is roughly a 5% abnormal stock return, with much of the abnormal return following the first earnings release date after the sale. Direct evidence on put option exercises reinforces these findings: exercise frequencies and payoffs to put holders are abnormally low.
The Joy of Giving or Assisted Living? Using Strategic Surveys to Separate Public Care Aversion from Bequest Motives
Authors: AMERIKS JOHN , CAPLIN ANDREW , LAUFER STEVEN , VAN NIEUWERBURGH STIJN
Published: March 2011

The “annuity puzzle,” conveying the apparently low interest of retirees in longevity insurance, is central to household finance. Two possible explanations are “public care aversion” (PCA), retiree aversion to simultaneously running out of wealth and being in need of long‐term care, and an intentional bequest motive. To disentangle the relative importance of PCA and bequest motive, we estimate a structural model of the retirement phase using a novel survey instrument that includes hypothetical questions. We identify PCA as very significant and find bequest motives that spread deep into the middle class. Our results highlight potential interest in annuities that make allowance for long‐term care expenses.
The Interim Trading Skills of Institutional Investors
Authors: PUCKETT ANDY , YAN XUEMIN (STERLING)
Published: March 2011

Using a large proprietary database of institutional trades, this paper examines the interim (intraquarter) trading skills of institutional investors. We find strong evidence that institutional investors earn significant abnormal returns on their trades within the trading quarter and that interim trading performance is persistent. After transactions costs, our estimates suggest that interim trading skills contribute between 20 and 26 basis points per year to the average fund's abnormal performance. Our findings also indicate that any trading skills documented by previous studies that use quarterly data are biased downwards because of their inability to account for interim trades.
An Impaired Renal Function: A Predictor of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Mortality in Patients with Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure
Authors: KREUZ JENS , HORLBECK FRITZ , HOYER FELIX , MELLERT FRITZ , FIMMERS ROLF , LICKFETT LARS , NICKENIG GEORG , SCHWAB JOERG O.
Published: March 2011

Background: This study investigated the overall mortality and the incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) in 99 patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) suffering from heart failure.

Methods: We performed a stepwise regression model to identify independent risk factors for the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. Using a Cox regression model, independent risk factors for total mortality were evaluated and, subsequently, a Kaplan‐Meier analysis was applied. The primary endpoint of this study was the identification of independent predictors of overall mortality and the incidence of malignant arrhythmias.

Results: One hundred twenty‐five VT (≥310 ms), 51 fast VT (between 310 ms and 240 ms), and 48 episodes of ventricular fibrillation (≤240 ms) were documented in 32 patients. Independent predictors of arrhythmias detected and treated by the ICD included female gender (odds ratio [OR] 3.4), lack of statin therapy (OR 3.5), and increased serum creatinine (OR 3.7). The Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed no difference in survival between participants with or without VT. Total mortality was predicted by increased age (OR 2.3) and an impaired renal function (OR 1.9), independently.

Conclusions: In this cohort of NICM patients with heart failure, female gender, lack of statin therapy, and increased creatinine represented independent risk factors for the incidence of malignant arrhythmias. Furthermore, renal insufficiency and age favored total mortality. Considering these results, impaired renal function might represent a valuable noninvasive tool to identify NICM patients who, despite ICD implantation, have the highest risk of mortality and therefore require a particularly thorough follow‐up. (PACE 2011; 34:894–899)
Characteristics of J Wave‐Associated Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation: Role of Drugs
Authors: CHINUSHI MASAOMI , HASEGAWA KANAE , IIJIMA KENICHI , FURUSHIMA HIROSHI , IZUMI DAISUKE , SATO AKINORI , AIZAWA YOSHIFUSA
Published: March 2011

A storm of J wave‐associated idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) was observed in a 49‐year‐old man. Multiform premature ventricular complexes initiated the episodes of VF. Intravenous isoproterenol attenuated the J wave and suppressed the VF storm. After the implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator, VF was induced by programmed electrical stimulation at baseline, and it was terminated by a 25‐J shock after an unsuccessful 15‐J shock. During oral treatment with quinidine sulfate, 600 mg daily, the J wave was attenuated and VF became noninducible by programmed electrical stimulation. VF induced by a shock delivered on the T wave was terminated by a single 10‐J shock. Mean F‐F interval and dominant frequency of the VF were 162 ms and 6.8 Hz at baseline, and 210 ms and 5.0 Hz during the quinidine sulfate treatment. (PACE 2012; 35:e226–e230)
Mechanism of Complex Fractionated Electrograms Recorded During Atrial Fibrillation in a Canine Model
Authors: GERSTENFELD EDWARD P. , LAVI NIMROD , BAZAN VICTOR , GOJRATY SATTAR , KIM STEVEN J , MICHELE JOHN
Published: March 2011

Background: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFEs) have been described as a target during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation; however, the mechanism leading to CFEs is poorly understood. We used noncontact mapping in a canine model of AF to determine the activation patterns in areas of CFEs.

Methods: Sustained AF was induced in 10 canines with 10–12 weeks of atrial tachy‐pacing at 440 ppm. A roving mapping catheter and noncontact multielectrode array (MEA) were deployed in the left atrium (LA). NavX software was used to construct a contact bipolar CFE LA map. The MEA was then used to reconstruct wavefront propagation in proximity to CFE regions. Wavefront propagation was assessed during three separate recording segments for each site.

Results: There were 34 CFE regions identified (3.4/dog) and 102 noncontact CFE regional activation sequences studied. The CFE regions were stereotypically located at the junctions of (1) the left pulmonary vein (PV)/posterior LA, (2) right inferior PV/posterior LA, (3) right superior PV/anterior LA, and (4) the LA roof. The majority (47%) of CFE recordings were characterized by wavefront collision, usually between circulating LA wavefronts and entry/exit from the PVs. Thirty‐eight (38%) CFE recordings were noted to be the central functional barrier of a reentrant wavefront. Ablation through CFE regions due to reentry led to AF termination and noninducibility in 3/5 animals.

Conclusions: In this pacing‐induced AF model, common causes of CFEs include: (1) wavefront collision, (2) conduction through channels of functional block, (3) reentry. The vast majority of these CFE regions were caused by wavefront collision rather than true “drivers” of AF. (PACE 2011; 34:844–857)
An Advanced Single Particle Model for C3S and Alite Hydration
Authors: Biernacki Joseph J. , Xie Tiantian
Published: March 2011

The hydration behavior of portland cement phases continues to be debated with new insights fueling the controversy. What causes the induction period? What initiates acceleration? What causes the onset and rapid decrease in reaction rate post peak? Does diffusion play a role and what causes low, but sustained reaction rates for long periods of time? Recent modeling efforts suggest that boundary nucleation and growth can explain at least some of the observations and that such occurs in a “limited reaction volume” accounting for about 30% of the initial cement mass. Yet, other efforts offer an alternative theory that would suggest that densification occurs in two steps. In an effort to resolve these and other questions, a single particle model for alite/Ca3SiO5 hydration has been developed using a mass continuity‐based continuum approach as an alternative to the Avramian basis used in most recent studies. Such single particle models are relevant starting points for fast model‐based experimentation, more elaborate single particle models, and simulation platforms that act on ensembles of particles. The present model includes transport effects, solution phase chemistry, and incorporates intraparticle nucleation.