bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOW TEMPERATURE INJURY TO ROOTS OF WHITE ELM
Authors: Hord H. H. V. , Groenewoud H. Van , Riley C. G.
Published: February 2014

White elms (Ulmus americana L.) failed to leaf properly at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in the spring of 1950 following unusually cold weather in January. Although precipitation in 1949 and the first six months of 1950 was well above average, the symptoms were characteristic of moisture deficiency. Trees on cultivated ground and trees whose growth rate was below average suffered most. On the basis of symptoms, climatic records, and ecological conditions it is concluded that the above-ground symptoms were a result of the killing of roots by unusually low winter temperatures. The occurrence of this injury provides a good example of difficulties that may be encountered when introduced trees are not completely adapted to the environment.
A CHECK ON THE ACCURACY OF TREE HEIGHTS TAKEN FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Collins J. R.
Published: February 2014

In the Spring of 1956, some forty tree heights were measured by parallax bar from aerial photographs and checked against ground measurements.The standard error of individual height estimates for all trees was ± 6.1 feet, and for dominant trees was ± 5.1 feet.Estimates of maximum height for site classification can be made with excellent reliability by this method.
A STUDY OF LAKESHORE RESERVATIONS OF PINE QUETICO PROVINCIAL PARK, ONTARIO
Authors: Loucks Orie L.
Published: February 2014

The practice of reserving from cutting strips of natural forest along recreational lakes, rivers, and highways has become accepted widely by conservationists with some opposition from forest operators. From a study of the reservations of pine left in 1943 along the shore of Basswood Lake, Quetico Park, Ontario, it is concluded that shore reservations can be effective in maintaining aesthetic values. A specific pattern in ground vegetation response and a slight improvement in stocking to pine is obtained in a strip of cutover bordering the shore reservation. Some blowdown is inevitable, but for the most part, the few pockets of heavy blowdown in shore reservations can be predicted by an evaluation of certain site characteristics. Such pockets probably should be clear-cut at the time of logging.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) TO BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MOENCH) VOSS
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Spruce budworm larvae feeding on black spruce had a lower rate of development and a higher rate of mortality than those feeding on white spruce or balsam fir. This was attributable to the lateness in opening of the black spruce buds rather than to the inferior nutritional quality of the foliage. When staminate flowers were present in abundance on black spruce trees, development and survival of the insect was fairly similar to that on the other two species of trees; the flowers provided adequate food at the time of the third and fourth instars thus permitting the larvae to survive until the opening of the shoot buds. The late opening of the black spruce buds explains the relative immunity of this species to severe spruce budworm damage.
A SUMMER FIELD GRAFTING TECHNIQUE FOR PINE
Authors: Fowler D. P.
Published: February 2014

Field grafting is an important tool of tree breeders and other foresters concerned with the production of high quality seed for forestry purposes. Field grafting of many pines is carried out in the early summer during a period which is usually crowded with pollination and nursery work. This paper describes a summer grafting technique by which it is possible to successfully field graft pine species late in the growing season using current year's growth for scion and stock material.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FOREST TREE SUCCESSION AFTER CLEARCUT OF MATURE HEMLOCK STANDS IN SOUTHWEST NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Taylor John C.
Published: February 2014

The examination of twelve different-aged, naturally regenerated cuts, the result of clearcut of mature hemlock stands, showed that the ecological composition was much the same in eight of the areas. All the tree species in the observed succession were alike in their ecological behavior. Projection of the data from the observed succession indicated that as the stand became increasingly mature the proportion of commercial trees in the association increased. No significant difference occurred between the mean number of trees per plot for commercial and non-commercial species either (i) before and during, or (ii) after the cut. On the basis of this preliminary survey it appears that natural regeneration in the areas studied will produce a forest of commercial value.
GRAFTING METHODS FOR THE DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Orr-Ewing A. L. , Prideaux D. C.
Published: February 2014

Grafting is a valuable technique for foresters interested in improving seed-quality as the inherent characteristics of selected trees can be preserved indefinitely for breeding and seed orchards. Dormant scions of the Douglas fir can be collected in the winter and early spring by either climbing or shooting off branches with a rifle. They are stored until the rootstock is in an actively growing condition and are then either grafted in a greenhouse or outside. The cleft and crown veneer graft methods have been found the most suitable for this species. The possibilities of early cone production after grafting appear promising.
INJURY TO TREES FROM WINTER DRYING AND FROST IN MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN IN 1958
Authors: Cayford J. H. , Wheaton M. P. H. , Hildahl V. , Nairn L. D.
Published: February 2014

In 1958 considerable injury occurred to trees growing in Manitoba and Saskatchewan as a result of unusual weather conditions which prevailed between October 1957 and June 1958. Unreasonably warm temperatures and strong winds during the winter months caused winter drying of conifers. A severe frost in late April, which had been preceded by temperatures of above 80°F, and lighter frosts that occurred periodically throughout May and June, caused extensive injury to buds and foliage of both coniferous and deciduous trees
PERFORMANCE OF SEVENTEEN POPLAR CLONES IN SOUTH CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Cram W. H.
Published: February 2014

Survival of seventeen poplar clones six years after planting in 1951 ranged from 0 to 100 per cent. Total height of the surviving 13 clones in 1956 varied from 11 to 25 feet. FNS No. 44-52, a natural hybrid of P. deltoides, was the outstanding clone in the test with a survival of 94 per cent and height of 25 feet. Three clones, FNS No. 44-52, Saskatchewan, and BNW No. 4 demonstrated resistance to disease (Cytospora canker), while ten clones proved highly susceptible. Survival and growth for FNS No. 44-52, 38P38, tristis No. 1 and gelrica were superior to those of Northwest poplar, which exhibited a survival of 75 per cent and height of 18 feet.
SEEDLING QUALITY — SOIL FERTILITY RELATIONSHIPS OF WHITE SPRUCE, AND RED AND WHITE PINE IN NURSERIES
Authors: Dickson Alexander , Leaf Albert L. , Hosner John F.
Published: February 2014

An index based on combined morphological features of seedlings was used to relate seedling quality to different levels of nursery soil fertility as determined by soil and seedling analyses. Nutrient content on a per seedling basis was closely related to seedling quality.
A STUDY OF THE ORIGIN OF HEMLOCK FORESTS IN SOUTHWESTERN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Miles M. L. , Smith E. C.
Published: February 2014

A study of neighboring forest stands seventy, one hundred and fifty, and three hundred years old was made in the hemlock area of southwestern Nova Scotia. Soils, drainage and climate were similar. Evidence pointed to fire as the agent in the removal of the original forest in the case of the two younger stands. The number of short-lived trees decreased with the age of the stand, and the abundance and distribution of hemlock indicated its ultimate dominant position. From trends apparent in the younger stands, it appears that having reached an age of three hundred years their composition will be similar to the present composition of the three hundred year old stand. It is concluded that fire may play a major role in the initiation of the development of pure hemlock stands.
GLAZE DAMAGE IN RED AND SCOTS PINE PLANTATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Cayford J. H. , Haig R. A.
Published: February 2014

In November 1958, an ice storm caused severe bending of stems in young red and Scots pine plantations on the Sandilands Forest Reserve in southeastern Manitoba. A study was carried out to investigate the recovery of bent trees and to determine the extent of permanent damage in the plantations.Between 50 and 100 per cent of the trees in young red pine plantations were bent so severely that their tops were touching the ground. Scots pine plantations were less severely affected. However, both species showed considerable recovery and little or no permanent damage has occurred in plantations younger than 14 or older than 25 years of age. Approximately one quarter of the trees growing in two dense red pine plantations, 16 and 22 years of age, were judged to have been permanently damaged.
LOCOMOTIVE SMOKE DAMAGE TO JACK PINE
Authors: Linzon S. N.
Published: February 2014

Soot-laden smoke emanating from a railroad roundhouse suppressed the growth of jack pine trees (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) located in the immediate vicinity. A close correlation was found to exist between the annual wood increment of these trees and the numbers of steam engines serviced in the roundhouse each year.
IS HEIGHT/AGE A RELIABLE INDEX OF SITE?
Authors: Vincent A. B.
Published: February 2014

Uses of the total-height/total-age relationship and the growth-intercept method in defining site quality are discussed briefly. Factors affecting height growth of the trees such as animal, insect, and frost damage, along with stand density and initial suppression, are discussed. Attention is drawn to their influences on the height-age relationship. It is suggested that the growth-intercept method of obtaining site quality may be useful in some circumstances.
AERIAL APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THE SUPPRESSION OF INCIPIENT SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

The aerial application of insecticides against spruce budworm outbreaks is now a common practice. The measure had always been applied in outbreaks covering more or less extensive areas until 1960 when an opportunity was provided of spraying a small incipient infestation in the Lower St. Lawrence region of the Province of Quebec. It was hoped that early treatment might suppress the infestation and prevent its spread. Although the operation was successful in greatly reducing insect numbers in the area treated, it failed to arrest the infestation. Wind dispersal of first- and second-instar larvae prior to spray application resulted in the spread of the infestation beyond the area delimited for treatment. Also, the warm and dry weather in the spring of 1960, and the abundance of staminate flowers on the balsam fir and spruce trees greatly favoured larval survival. The aerial application of insecticides as a method of suppressing incipient spruce budworm outbreaks is discussed in the light of these results.
ROOT WOUNDS AND ASSOCIATED ROOT ROTS OF WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Whitney R. D.
Published: February 2014

The root systems of 656 trees from 7 to 180 years old at three locations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were examined for wounding and root rot. Twenty-seven per cent of 1170 diseased roots bore wounds caused by Hylobius spp. larvae which were associated with the entry of root-rotting or staining fungi. The fungi appeared to have entered mainly through insect-girdled roots, one-half inch in diameter or smaller, and to a less extent directly through the decorticated wood of larger roots. In individual trees, root rot and stain was highly correlated (r = 0.5357) with Hylobius wounding. Wounds caused by excessive moisture, root compression, and animal trampling were associated with the entrance of fungi in 7.1, 4.7, and 1.5 per cent, respectively, of the diseased roots. Eight per cent of the diseased roots were infected from established decay in the root crown. Root cankers and dead root ends, both of unknown cause, were associated with the entry of root fungi in 7.3 and 5.7 per cent of the roots respectively.
EFFECTS ON BIG GAME OF HARVESTING CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN WESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Stelfox John G.
Published: February 2014

Big game populations and range conditions were studied in a mature white spruce forest prior to logging and for the first 5 years following logging. Cutting was on a clear-cut basis with strips cut 5 and 10 chains wide and 40–48 chains long with intervening residual strips left 5 chains wide. Cutover areas scarified with a D-9 "Cat" equipped with 3 rakers mounted to the lower blade edge were compared to unscarified areas. Information was gathered on plant species, numbers, utilization, canopy coverage, browse forage yields and heights, and seasonal numbers and distribution of big game.In general, scarification following logging retarded big game forage production and utilization one to two years compared to the unscarified logged areas. Usable browse production dropped from 529 lbs. per acre under mature spruce to 101 lbs. in the scarified and 187 lbs. in the unscarified areas. Although the browse canopy coverage was greater in the mature forest than in the logged areas five years following logging, the weight of usable browse, and the actual summer utilization of the available browse, were substantially greater in the logged areas. Grass encroached quickly on the cut over strips until in 5 years it covered approximately 50% of the ground in both the scarified and unscarified areas. This dense grass coverage appeared to impede coniferous seed germination and survival. Five years after logging, forb coverage had tripled in scarified areas and increased four-fold in the unscarified strips, over that present in the uncut spruce. Deer and elk used these forbs as their chief summer food in the cut over strips.During the first 5 years, big game use of cut over areas was confined almost entirely to the summer. Deer were not frightened out of the areas being logged, as were the elk and moose, and utilized the cut over areas much more extensively.
WHITE BIRCH DIEBACK AND CONTENT OF SOME NUTRIENTS IN MATURE LEAVES AND SOIL
Authors: Lortie Marcel , Laforte Andre
Published: February 2014

Comparative analyses of the mineral content in leaves of white birch trees showing dieback symptoms, yielded no evidence of a correlation between the concentration of Ca, P, N, and Mg in the foliage and the incidence of the disease. The content of K in leaves of the upper portion of crowns was found to decrease as dieback increased.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY AND GERMINATION BEHAVIOR OF CONIFEROUS SEED. V. SEED MOISTURE CONTENT DURING STRATIFICATION AND SECONDARY STORAGE, PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO
Authors: Allen G. S.
Published: February 2014

Two seedlots of Douglas fir were each soaked to two levels of moisture content, stratified for 20-120 days at 0-2 °C., subjected to post-stratification storage, and incubated at 10°, 15°, and 25 °C. The higher moisture content (60-70 per cent) was superior for both seedlots particularly when the seed was subjected to drying and storage after stratification. The ability of Douglas fir seed to withstand stratification, drying, and storage for a total time of 240 days, without loss of germinative capacity or vigor, is shown.
TESTING THE EFFICIENCY OF AIR-PHOTO STRATIFICATION USED IN THE NEW BRUNSWICK FOREST INVENTORY
Authors: Macpherson A. F.
Published: February 2014

Testing showed that in the New Brunswick Forest Inventory a considerable increase in sampling efficiency, over that of simple random sampling, was obtained by the use of three bases of air-photo stratification within a double sampling framework. These gains were particularly good for total softwood volume, up to 88% gain being achieved for this volume category. Gains in efficiency for softwood sawlog volume were somewhat disappointing, however, and a modification in sampling design is suggested, which should increase sampling efficiency for this important volume category. Stratification by maturity group was found to be less effective than that by cover type and volume class; the addition of maturity group stratification to that by cover type and volume resulted in little further gain in efficiency.
CROWN WIDTH-D.B.H. RELATIONSHIPS FOR OPEN-GROWN BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE IN QUEBEC
Authors: Vezina P. E.
Published: February 2014

Measurements of open-grown balsam fir and white spruce disclosed a high degree of correlation between width and d.b.h. for a given species. From this relation, Crown Competition Factor (CCF) values were applied to even-aged balsam fir stands of various ages and site indices, and related to other measures of stand density. These preliminary trials indicate that the CCF is a good measure to express the density of even-aged balsam fir stands, but its value will be further stressed if it can be successfully correlated with growth and yield.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY AND GERMINATION BEHAVIOR OF CONIFEROUS SEED. VI. STRATIFICATION AND SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT, PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO
Authors: Allen G. S.
Published: February 2014

Stratification effects increase with duration of treatment; short treatments accelerate germinaion markedly for incubation at 25 °C but longer treatments are necessary for rapid germination at 15° or 10 °C. Post stratification drying and storage reduce the stratification effect, particularly at low incubation temperatures, but do not adversely affect germinative capacity. Implications for seed testing and nursery practice are discussed.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ROOT ROT AND FROST DAMAGE IN SOME DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATIONS
Authors: Foster R. E. , Johnson A. L. S.
Published: February 2014

Evaluations are made of the significance of root rot and frost damage evident in five 16- to 18-year-old Douglas fir plantations. Assuming that all affected trees die, two effects of mortality are considered, one beneficial in that it eliminates trees restricting the growth of neighboring trees, and the other detrimental in that it creates stand openings large enough to support a crop tree. Most of the mortality was of the former class, and there was no evidence that the stand openings created would effect any appreciable reduction in future yield from the area examined.
THE FIELD PERFORMANCE OF TEN BELLANI RADIATION INTEGRATORS
Authors: Vezina P. E.
Published: February 2014

Le fonctionnement sur le terrain de dix pyranomètres de Bellani, modèle de l'observatoire de Davos, a été étudié pendant 47 jours à l'été de 1962. Cet appareil mesure le rayonnement solaire reçu sur une surface sphérique et est sensible même à des doses de radiation très faibles comme on en rencontre souvent en forêt. Puisque l'appareil n'est pas fabriqué en série, ses dimensions peuvent varier légèrement d'un appareil à l'autre. C'est pourquoi chaque pyranomètre est calibré individuellement par le manufacturier. Un des dix appareils a été utilisé comme étalon. On a trouvé que le fonctionnement des dix appareils placés dans les mêmes conditions, après un an d'usage, était essentiellement le même malgré les changements journaliers dans les conditions climatiques.
EFFECTS OF FOREST FIRES ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Scotter George W.
Published: February 2014

The effects of forest fires on some physical and chemical soil properties in the Black Lake region of northern Saskatchewan were determined on four burned-over areas, and results were compared with corresponding mature forested areas. Formerly, two of the burns supported jack pine forests and the other two supported black spruce forests.Temperatures, water infiltration rates, and erosion were the physical soil properties considered. Temperatures at the 1-inch and 3-inch depths in the burned-over soils averaged 10.5 F and 9.7 F respectively, higher than soil temperatures under mature forests. Water infiltration rates, compared at one location only, were not impaired. Erosion following fire was slight.Soil nutrients and soil pH were the chemical properties considered. Total exchange capacity decreased on three of the four burns, when compared with mature forests. Exchangeable hydrogen was reduced and available phosphorus increased on each of the burned-over soils. Exchangeable calcium increased on three of the four burned-over soils. No conclusions could be reached for alterations in total nitrogen, exchangeable magnesium, potassium, and sodium. On the burned-over areas acidity decreased at 1-inch depths and 3-inch depths.Forest fire influence both chemical and physical soil properties on the winter range of barren-ground caribou in northern Saskatchewan. These alterations may be important in changing the habitat to one less favorable for the germination and growth of preferred food plants.
BALSAM FIR ADVANCE GROWTH AFTER CUTTING IN QUEBEC
Authors: Hatcher R. J.
Published: February 2014

Two investigations were made in Quebec on the growth of balsam fir advance growth after logging. Younger and smaller seedlings responded faster and better to the release than older and taller seedlings; a direct relationship existed between seedling height growth before release and height growth subsequent to release.
THE RATE OF ADVANCE OF STAND-OPENING DISEASE OVER A TEN-YEAR PERIOD IN WHITE SPRUCE AT CANDLE LAKE, SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Whitney R. D. , Groenewoud H. van
Published: February 2014

Trees tallied in 1952 on two plots, 51 and 38 years old at breast height, in stand-opening diseased areas, were re-examined after a 10-year period. Of the non-suppressed white spruce, the number of healthy trees decreased by 20 and 30 per cent on the two plots respectively; the dead trees increased by 21 and 16 per cent. Losses through mortality of potential crop trees from these stands indicate that few trees will survive to reach saw timber size. The net change in basal area of living white spruce was minus 24 per cent and 0 per cent on the two plots.
SPRUCE BUDWORM DAMAGE TO BALSAM FIR IN IMMATURE STANDS, QUEBEC
Authors: Hatcher R. J.
Published: February 2014

A study was made of the effect of the 1945-1957 spruce budworm infestation on 1,800 acres of spruce-fir and spruce-fir-hardwood forest logged for pulpwood about 15 years prior to the infestation.The number of fir trees was reduced 64 per cent between 1951 and 1961 in the main cover type representing 69 per cent of the forest; fir was reduced from a major stand component of 45 per cent by volume to a minor component of 11 per cent. The basal area reduction of fir varied directly with the fir basal area at the time of the outbreak. Losses were very high in stands containing over 20 sq. ft. of fir per acre.These young stands did not exhibit the degree of resistance to damage often observed in young stands elsewhere. But in spite of heavy losses through all diameter classes, the amount of spruce and fir regeneration that survived to 1961 is believed adequate to produce a pulpwood crop within 60 years.
ROOT SPREAD CAN BE ESTIMATED FROM CROWN WIDTH OF DOUGLAS FIR, LODGEPOLE PINE, AND OTHER BRITISH COLUMBIA TREE SPECIES
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

Knowledge of the relationships between lateral root spread and crown width is needed to guide plans for providing optimum space per tree during silvicultural operations. Crown width is a valuable indicator of root spread of open-grown Douglas fir, lodgepole and ponderosa pines, and white, Engelmann and Sitka spruces. The association between root spread and crown width is less reliable in forest-grown trees but still useful.Detailed studies of root systems were made by excavation of roots of trees blown down in the U.B.C. Campus Forest by a typhoon in October, 1962. Roots of 89 Douglas fir, 81 western hemlock, 61 western red cedar, and 33 red alder trees were mapped and analyzed in relation to 18 tree and stand variables. In addition, average and maximum root depth, number of main roots, the ratio of maximum to average root spread, and portion of rooting zone occupied by roots were studied.Average and maximum radius of roots of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine were analyzed in relation to crown width, d.b.h., height, age and other tree and stand characteristics. Appropriate regression and correlation analyses were completed for all species and the possible advantages of ratio estimates were noted.Ratios of root spread to crown width were influenced by species, stand density, and kind of soil. Ratios averaged 1.1 for open- and 0.9 for forest-grown Douglas fir but were 2.4 for both open- and forest-grown lodgepole pine on peat or poorly drained soils.
FUNGOUS DETERIORATION OF BALSAM FIR KILLED BY SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NORTHWESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Stillwell M. A. , Kelly D. J.
Published: February 2014

The rate of fungous deterioration was determined for 292 balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) killed by the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in an area of heavy tree mortality in northern New Brunswick. Trees dead less than one year and up to seven years were examined. Fifty fir trees dead 0 to 2 years in a light mortality area were also examined. Trees in the heavy mortality area deteriorated much more slowly than those examined by other workers in Ontario. Stereum chailletii (Pers.) Fr. and S. sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) Fr. caused most of the incipient and advanced decay in New Brunswick, whereas S. chailletii caused all the incipient decay in trees dead less than one year in Ontario but was replaced after one year by Polyporus abietinus Dicks, ex Fr. which then caused most of the advanced decay. Advanced decay progressed faster in trees in the light mortality area in New Brunswick than in trees in the heavy mortality area. Nineteen species of basidiomycetes were associated with sapwood decay. Comments concerning the position and frequency of fungous occurrence in the different parts of the tree in relation to the number of years since death are made for eight of the more commonly isolated fungi. The introduction of S. chailletii into living trees by woodwasps and the differences observed in the development of P. abietinus in dead trees in the two regions are discussed.
REDUCTION IN GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE AFTER OUT-PLANTING
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

Several age-classes of nursery stock were sampled before and after the 1963 growing season by excavation of trees. Samples were also planted out and later excavated. Studies of several criteria to express check were made and leader length selected as the most practicable.It is suggested that, by definition, a tree be considered in check until it has achieved a rate of terminal growth equivalent to that it would have attained in the next season in the nursery. Average leader lengths of unchecked trees are suggested for 2-0, 3-0 and 2-2 stock. Check was found to reduce leader length by about 50% in the first year after outplanting. Other experiments indicate that the effect continued for ten years or more in many instances.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF STAND MODELS FOR DOUGLAS FIR AND LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Newnham R. M. , Smith J. H. G.
Published: February 2014

Methods used in the development and testing of stand models for Douglas fir and lodgepole pine are described briefly. Influence of spacings from 3.3 to 19.8 feet on number of trees per acre, basal area per acre, and average d.b.h. is shown graphically for Douglas fir. The importance of knowing distribution as well as amount of mortality is stressed and illustrated. Use of the model for studying thinning is described.Study of a lodgepole pine model, which also includes tree height and volume per acre, suggests that the general approach based on crown width and d.b.h. of open-grown trees could be applied to other species. Because of the ease and speed of manipulation of these models they could become an important operational and research technique.
TREE PLANTER ATTACHMENTS FOR CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF CONIFEROUS SEEDLINGS
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Warren G. L.
Published: February 2014

White grubs are a serious problem in some of the areas being planted in the reforestation program in Manitoba. Various insecticides have been shown to be effective in the U.S.A., but accurate methods for spot-treatment of seedlings have been lacking. This paper describes attachments which were fitted to a Lowther tree-planter to automatically dispense liquid or granular insecticides beneath coniferous seedlings during planting. Initial trials have shown that the attachments perform satisfactorily under field conditions. Liquid insecticide and granular fertilizer can be delivered simultaneously if desired.
GROWTH AND NUMBERS OF SPECKLED ALDER FOLLOWING LOGGING OF BLACK SPRUCE PEATLANDS
Authors: Vincent A. B.
Published: February 2014

Information collected on speckled alder during an examination of black spruce and balsam fir reproduction in peatlands of northern Ontario indicates that alder develops rapidly following cutting of the softwood overstorey, but the phase of most rapid height growth is completed within about 10 years when it has attained an average height of five to six feet. Openings of various sizes occur in alder stands. Exclusive of openings, the stands examined varied from 16,000 to 30,000 stems per acre, with the crown closure ranging from 40 to 80 per cent and averaging about 50 per cent.
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS IN THE FORESTS OF THE FUTURE
Authors: Reid S. G. , Ladell J. L.
Published: February 2014

World demand for paper is growing rapidly. Although Canada will continue to be the leading exporter of paper in the immediate future, there will be increasing competition from fast growing man-made forests of the tropics and subtropics. Competition from non-cellulose materials will also increase. To meet these challenges, the quality of Canadian pulp and paper products must be improved while keeping costs to a minimum.The conventional methods of pulping have been tuned up to a high pitch, and virtually any species can now be utilized. The paper maker, by manipulating his raw material and by the use of additives, can produce paper with widely different properties; but such operations add to costs, and the closer the raw material approaches to the paper maker's requirements, the lower these costs will be.Although the manner in which fibre characteristics influence paper properties has been studied for a number of years, little of this work can be directly related to Canadian species, about which we need to know a lot more.With increasing knowledge of the properties of our different species and the ability of the pulp and the and paper technologist to use each efficiently, it is suggested that the emphasis will shift to maximum economic production of wood substance in terms of weight, as opposed to production by volume of merchantable wood. This will likely bring changes not only to our concept of the 'ideal tree', but also in the management of forests and silvicultural treatment of stands. Utilization of tops and branches in certain cases must also be given serious consideration. In addition to low cost cellulose, Canada must continue to produce a proportion of top quality fibres such as those of the northern spruces.Much of the above can be applied to the sawmill industry where low costs and high quality are again the key requirements.In the future the forester will be called upon not only to plan and tend the forests; he must also take complete responsibility for delivery directly to the mill, sawmill or factory, according to a master plan, of material of a pre-determined character.
"CONFUSION WORSE CONFOUNDED" THE SAD STORY OF FOREST REGULATION
Authors: Dwight T. W.
Published: February 2014

The origin of the Austrian method, the first formula method of regulating the cut, is outlined and errors in its application and in several other methods of regulation are cited. These have created what may be described as "confusion". It would seem that mensurationists could give important assistance in clearing up the situation.
WILDLIFE VALUES IN FORESTRY IN ONTARIO
Authors: Clarke C. H. D.
Published: February 2014

The objective of land use is to produce the most in values for the greatest possible number of people. In the province of Ontario the concept of single-use forestry has been abandoned both in legislation and planning. Examples are given where wildlife management and forestry have impinged on each other, and the conclusion in these cases is that sound management should produce few problems. On non-agricultural open lands in the vicinity of metropolitan areas, wildlife management and forestry together become economical where advantage is also taken of the urgent need for open space for many forms of outdoor recreation.
SULPHUR DIOXIDE INJURY TO TREES IN THE VICINITY OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Authors: Linzon S. N.
Published: February 2014

Damaging concentrations of atmospheric sulphur dioxide have, under favorable environmental conditions, caused severe injury to susceptible trees growing in the vicinity of petroleum refineries located at Clarkson, Ontario and East St. Paul, Manitoba. The damage is described and the factors contributing to recent injury are discussed. Recommendations for correlating tree damage with sulphur dioxide emanations from refineries and for preventing recurrent damages are made.
SOME EFFECTS OF FOLIAGE SAPROPHYTES IN THE CONTROL OF MELAMPSORA LEAF RUST ON BLACK COTTONWOOD
Authors: Bier John E.
Published: February 2014

Saprophytic microorganisms associated with healthy foliage of Populus trichocarpa Torrey and Gray affected the extent of infection of clonal material by the rust fungus Melampsora occidentalis Jacks. Removal of saprophytes from healthy foliage resulted in heavy infection by the pathogen. Significant levels of rust control were achieved in the laboratory and in the field by applying aqueous suspensions containing an abundance of foliage saprophytes to healthy leaves, to supplement that provided in Nature. Apparently, microbiological types differing in degree of rust resistance may occur at the clonal level and operate in addition to established genetic principles.Experimental results suggested that applications of aqueous suspensions containing an abundance of foliage saprophytes resulted in stimulation of rooting of healthy leaves in addition to providing a measure of rust control.
A COMPREHENSIVE AND FLEXIBLE MULTIPLE REGRESSION PROGRAM FOR ELECTRONIC COMPUTING
Authors: Kozak A. , Smith J. H. G.
Published: February 2014

Since 1957 multiple regression programs used by the U.B.C. Faculty of Forestry have been revised several times to increase their flexibility and encourage comprehensive analyses. The program described here accepts either basic data or results of earlier analyses, simplifies review of variables, allows supplementary analysis of specified variables, and ensures that the most important ones can be thoroughly evaluated. In a few minutes, using this program, an I.B.M. 7040 computer can reduce thousands of observations to the summaries needed for effective study of many forestry problems.
LOSS OF NITROGEN FROM THE FOREST FLOOR BY BURNING
Authors: Knight H.
Published: February 2014

Burning experiments conducted in the laboratory indicated a 25-64 per cent loss of nitrogen from the forest floor at temperatures of 300-700 °C. Burning increased the nitrogen concentration of the residual material, but the total amount of nitrogen decreased. This may explain the frequent reports of an increase in nitrogen after burning.
PROTECTING LOGS FROM LONG-HORNED WOOD BORERS WITH LINDANE EMULSION
Authors: Ross D. A. , Downton J. S.
Published: February 2014

At Larkin, British Columbia, a 1% emulsion of lindane applied on 21 June 1965 protected sections of fresh-felled Pinus ponderosa Laws. trees from ovi-position by Monochamus. The same concentration of lindane applied 23 July to logs infested with Monochamus larvae under the bark, killed the larvae or prevented them from penetrating the wood.
HEMLOCK AND LARCH DWARF MISTLETOE SEED DISPERSAL
Authors: Smith Richard B.
Published: February 2014

During 1964-65, approximately 49,050 hemlock dwarf mistletoe seeds were dispersed from a severely infected 35-ft. western hemlock tree, and 3,750 larch mistletoe seeds were dispersed from a lightly infected 63-ft. western larch tree. Seeds were trapped over an area 5,800 ft.2 in extent around the hemlock, and over an area of 2,200 ft.2 around the larch.The peak of larch mistletoe seed dissemination was about 1 month earlier than for hemlock. Seed counts for both years and both mistletoes were highest in the southwest and least in the northeast quadrants of the trapping areas.It was firmly established that small trees, even if lightly infected, are a serious potential sources of dwarf mistletoe seed; they must be removed if satisfactory dwarf mistletoe control is to be achieved.
TREE FORM: DEFINITION, INTERPOLATION, EXTRAPOLATION
Authors: Grosenbaugh L. R.
Published: February 2014

Definition of tree form requires numerous measurements of height and stem radius or diameter distributed over the entire tree stem. Further definition may involve a graphic plot of stem profile, an analytic expression of radius as a polynomial or rational polynomial function of distance from apex, or the direct numeric evaluation of the major integrals of tree form (length, surface, volume). Linear, quadratic, or harmonic interpolation over short intervals can assume a monotonic one-parameter function without introducing serious error. Extrapolation should employ a two-parameter function passing through the origin and based on three measured pairs of coordinates. Appropriate surface and volume integrals are given for the convex right hyperbola (XY−QX+PY=O) and the concave parabola (Y2+QX−PY=O).
IMPROVED GERMINATION OF WHITE SPRUCE SEED BY INCREASING MOISTURE CONTENT WITH ABSORPTIVE POWDERS
Authors: Waldron R. M. , Cayford J. H.
Published: February 2014

Greenhouse studies have shown that pelleting white spruce seed with baby powder and Captan 50-W significantly increased germination under exposed conditions. When Captan 50-W was used, the germinants were largely abnormal. Increased germination was apparently due to a more rapid absorption of water and the development of a moisture uptake system resistant to evaporational stresses.
INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND GROWTH RATE ON DRY WOOD PRODUCTION IN PLANTATION-GROWN WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Chang C. I. , Kennedy R. W.
Published: February 2014

Two hundred and thirty-two white spruce trees were sampled from 29 plots in 6 localities in southern Ontario. Specific gravities of discs cut at four-foot intervals were determined for each tree. The amount of dry wood substance contained in each tree was obtained by multiplying weighted, whole tree specific gravity by tree volume. Although specific gravity was negatively correlated with growth rate, this reduction in dry weight per unit volume was minor in relation to the increased volumes associated, with rapid growth rates.The equation using the regression of the logarithm of dry wood production on tree age was determined. Trees having dry wood production of more than 1.5 times the standard error of estimate indicated by the regression lines were selected as superior trees. The characteristics of these superior trees together with the environments in which they grew were examined. The absence of any relationship with environmental factors suggested a genetic cause of above-average wood production. Superiority of a tree was mainly due to fast radial growth rate. The prospect of designing a tree breeding program to improve rate of dry wood production is discussed.
Simulation Models in Forest Management and Harvesting
Authors: Newnham R. M.
Published: February 2014

The advantages and disadvantages of simulation models are described and examples are given of their use in forestry. Stand models and a simulation model for pulpwood harvesting machines are described in some detail. Stand models simulate the growth of a stand on an individual tree basis and can be used for testing the effect of different silvicultural operations on subsequent stand development. The harvesting simulation models imitate the passage of a harvesting machine through a stand of pulpwood. They can be used to test the effect on harvesting time of using machines of different sizes and operating characteristics. The effect of stand structure on harvesting time can also be tested.
A Method of Constructing Site-Index Curves from Stem Analyses
Authors: Heger L.
Published: February 2014

Site-index curves were constructed from stem-analyses data with the help of linear regressions derived for relationships between site index (total height at BH age of 50 years, the independent variable) and total heights attained at the end of the previous nine 5-year periods. The method was tested for white spruce, black spruce, lodgepole pine and jack pine.
Drought Conditions for Burning Raw Humus on Clear-Cut Jack Pine Sites in Central Ontario
Authors: Chrosciewicz Z.
Published: February 2014

Raw-humus materials were burned to improve seedbeds on clear-cut jack pine sites in central Ontario. The depths of residual raw humus after burning showed consistent patterns of variation both with the depths of original raw humus before burning (direct relationships) and with the drought conditions under which the materials were burned (inverse relationships). On this basis, humus-depth-reduction curves were developed for predicting the outcome of burning over a range in drought conditions.
V-Gauge
Authors: Bella I. E.
Published: February 2014

A fast, accurate and handy diameter-measuring device for small trees (diameters of 4 inches or less) is described. It can be constructed quickly from a piece of plywood 7 x 12 x ¼. inches.
Influence of Manganese on Growth of Jack Pine and Black Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Morrison I. K. , Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

Analyses of foliage from natural stands of jack pine and black spruce confirmed earlier observations that levels of Mn were much higher in foliage of black spruce than in that of jack pine. Levels of Fe in jack pine foliage were greater than in black spruce.In a growth chamber experiment with spruce and pine seedlings and Mn supplied at 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ppm, both species grew best at the 0.1 ppm level and there was no evidence of difference in tolerance to high Mn levels. In this experiment, no marked species difference in foliar Mn concentrations was observed like that existing in natural stands. Possible reasons for this lack of difference are discussed.
The Status of Forest Technician Training in Canada
Authors: Garratt George A.
Published: February 2014

Stimulated most recently by the reorganization of the post-secondary education systems in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, the number of formal forest-technician training programs has now increased to 17, two-thirds of them two-year offerings, with several additional courses in prospect for 1969. Enrollments have shown a rather consistent increase over the past six years, as a consequence both of the initiation of 13 new programs during that period and of enlarged student bodies in the older establishments. The number of forest-technician diploma awards reached an all-time high of 472 in 1968, to give a ratio of 4.4 technicians per professional (B.Sc.F.) degree recipient. About two-thirds of the 1968 graduates who entered forestry work were employed by provincial agencies, approximately a fourth were hired by the forest industries, and the balance entered federal service.
Australian Forestry Highlights
Authors: Duffy P. J. B. , Shepherd R. F.
Published: February 2014

Only four per cent of Australia is suitable for commercial forestry. The remainder is open wood-land, scrub, grassland, and desert. Eucalyptus is the dominant native genus, many species of which are highly valuable. Pinus radiata dominates the planted forests which are being planted at a rate sufficient to overcome a deficiency of softwoods by the year 2000. The plantations are managed intensively; soil fertilization and frequent thinnings are standard operations. High yields are obtained from P. radiata but the lack of diversification increases the risks from introduced insect and disease pests. Fire hazard conditions are often extreme in both planted and indigenous forests.
Taper Functions and their Application in Forest Inventory
Authors: Kozak A. , Munro D. D. , Smith J. H. G.
Published: February 2014

Total inventories and methods of volume summary which facilitate compilation of tree and log volumes to any desired standard of utilization are needed. It should be possible to find volume per tree to any specified standard of utilization expressed as stump height, top dib, and/or section height. Furthermore, the technique should be able to provide the fraction of volume per tree located in logs of any specified length and dib and by any system of scaling, be it board feet, cubic feet, or weight. The system also should be usable to describe the influence of biological factors on bole shape and taper, and to estimate component weights in biomass and other studies. The functions developed in this paper and based upon dbh, total height, and section height as a fraction of total height can meet most of these requirements.
Some Historical Notes on Forest Tree Breeding in Canada
Authors: Farrar J. L.
Published: February 2014

Information is presented on the beginnings of tree breeding in Canada, especially the events which took place in the federal government departments prior to World War II. Emphasis is on personalities and organization rather than scientific results.
The Development of a Program for the Genetic Improvement of Douglas-fir in British Columbia
Authors: Orr-Ewing A. L.
Published: February 2014

The Douglas-fir, one of the most important species in western North America, has been widely planted in coastal British Columbia since 1930. The present measures being taken by the British Columbia Forest Service, Industry and the University of British Columbia to improve the genetic quality of the large amounts of seed required, are discussed. These include seed production areas, selections of plus trees in clone banks and seed orchards, together with the research programs being undertaken by all three organizations. It is noted that at the present time more than 90 per cent of the Douglas-fir seed is collected from unimproved stands. It is considered that the acreage of the seed production areas and the planned expansion of seed orchards will not be sufficient to ensure that future collections will be from improved seed sources. An immediate expansion of seed production areas is suggested as an interim measure. It is considered that there is great potential for the genetic improvement of Douglas-fir as it has already been demonstrated that the species is adaptable to radically different methods of breeding.
Poplar Breeding in Canada
Authors: Zufa L.
Published: February 2014

Poplar breeding in Canada is described according to the regions in which it has been carried out. In Quebec, tests of introduced poplars are mentioned. In Ontario, aspen and cottonwood breeding is described. In the Prairie Provinces, the breeding of poplars for shelterbelts is delineated. In British Columbia, the selection of black cottonwood and the tests of introduced poplars are reviewed. The importance of poplars to meet increased timber requirements is pointed out and the need is indicated for better planning of national and regional breeding programs.
The Need to Establish a National System of Natural Forested Areas
Authors: Weetman G. F.
Published: February 2014

Since there is no national system of recognizing, preserving and registering undisturbed examples of the different types of forest cover in Canada, it is proposed that the Canadian Institute of Forestry initiate such a system, similar to one established by the Society of American Foresters many years ago in the United States. The system could be set up in cooperation with the Regional Panels of the International Biological Programme — Conservation of Terrestrial Communities Subcommittee (IBP-CT). It is suggested that if foresters do not take the initiative, other groups will, and some of the results may not be pleasing to foresters.