bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Home management of malaria by mothers of children under-five in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Dada Oladipo A , Omokhodion Folashade O
Published: October 2007

This study reported mothers' practices of home management of malaria in their children aged 0-5 years and highlighted the differences between home management of children with complicated malaria and those with uncomplicated malaria. Of the 380 children seen in the study, 112 (29.5%) had complicated malaria. Complicated malaria was associated with the increasing number of days before presentation at a health facility and delay in the use of antimalarials.
Swan-neck sign of the big toe - association with hypocalcaemia
Authors: Agarwal Kishore S , Baijal Noopur , Tiwari Lokesh , Verma Neeraj , Sahni Mohit , Puliyel Jacob M
Published: October 2007

The sensitivity and specificity of a new clinical sign of hypocalcaemia were evaluated. The Swan-neck sign, wherein infants with symptomatic hypocalcaemia keep their big toe hyperextended at the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexed at the interphalangeal joint, was looked for in 25 infants presenting with non-febrile seizures, alongside their serum calcium levels. The study showed that the sign had a sensitivity of 63.6% and specificity of 66.6%. (Predictive values of positive and negative tests were 93.3% and 20%, respectively.) This is compared with the standard Trousseau and Chvostek signs.
Puffer fish (Tetrodotoxin) poisoning: an analysis and outcome of six cases
Authors: Chowdhury Fazle Rabbi , Ahasan H A M Nazmul , Al Mamun Abdullah , Rashid A K M Mamunur , Al Mahboob Abdullah
Published: October 2007

On 24 July 2005, six members of a single family were admitted to the Medicine and Pediatrics Department of Khulna Medical College Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh, with a history of ingestion of puffer fish. All patients developed toxic manifestations. The cases were clinically analysed with successful outcomes.
Audit of survival after premature birth
Authors: Green David A , Kumar Shruti , Lata Suman
Published: October 2007

Locally applicable data on prognosis in neonates of different gestational ages and birth weights is needed both for counselling individual families and for planning departmental resource allocation. We present data from our unit collected over one year on survival to discharge of infants below 32 weeks gestational age and discuss the difficulties of data interpretation in our setting. No infant below 26 weeks gestation survived and mortality at 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 weeks gestation was 875, 500, 500, 615,158 and 105 per thousand live births, respectively.
HIV sero-prevalence among children diagnosed withTB in Nigeria
Authors: Daniel O J , Ogunfowora O B , Oladapo O T
Published: October 2007

A total of 76 children diagnosed with TB were screened for HIV. Eight (10.5%) were found to be HIV seropositive.
Assessing the performance, practices and roles of drug sellers/dispensers and mothers'/guardians' behaviour for common childhood conditions in Kibaha district, Tanzania
Authors: Nsimba S E D
Published: October 2007

In most third world countries, self-medication is common and pharmacies, drug stores and drug shops are important providers of health advice and inexpensive medicines. We used exit interviews to assess drug sellers'/dispensers' roles and consumers' behaviour in Kibaha district, Coast region, Tanzania.

Exit interviews with mothers/guardians reported the following childhood conditions treated with or without prescriptions at drug shops: respiratory infections (34%), fever (21%), a combination of diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever (14%), diarrhoea alone (13%) and other conditions (17%). The majority of drug sellers/dispensers prescribed or dispensed branded drugs (85%) for most mothers/guardians who visited these drug shops. In addition, antibiotics in total were prescribed for 31% of the mothers/guardians. Of the antibiotics dispensed, 38% were not prescribed by clinicians. In total, oral rehydration salts (ORSs) (3%), antimalarials (sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine) (24%) and antipyretics (11%), were prescribed in 20% but were bought by only 9%; multivitamins (6%), cough mixtures (4%) and other drugs (2%) (antihelminthics, benzylbenzoate emulsions, ear and eye drops) were also purchased from these facilities.

Of the diarrhoea case histories presented by simulated clients at the drug shops, only 35% of the bloody diarrhoea scenarios were accurately diagnosed for getting antibiotics as compared with 44% for watery diarrhoea for which the use of antibiotics were wrongly advised ( P<0.01). Furthermore, drug sellers/dispensers in these drug shops recommended use of ORS less frequently (3%) for a combination of diarrhoea, ARI and fever, and 2% for ARI alone than for watery (29%) and bloody diarrhoea (32%), respectively, for children under five years of age ( P<0.001). Antimicrobial agents were advised for ARI (38%), watery diarrhoea (44%) and bloody diarrhoea (35%), respectively, with no significant difference among the three common childhood conditions. Antipyretics were advised in almost all childhood conditions but were least in watery (2%) and bloody diarrhoea (4%).

This study demonstrates that antibiotics are overused in both the urban and rural settings of Kibaha district and that this is due to both clinicians'and drug sellers'prescribing practices in public and private facilities. The use of branded drugs was more common than that of generic drugs in private pharmacies, drug stores and ordinary shops. It is hereby proposed that any intervention should focus on training both facilities in the district on selectively prescribing and rational use of antibiotics for ARI and diarrhoea, and also to prescribe and dispense generic drugs so that it costs patients less when they buy drugs in shops. There is a need to increase awareness in recommending the use of ORS for clients to manage watery and bloody diarrhoea, and ARI in children under five years of age.
Sustainable decline in mortality among severely malnourished children with local resources
Authors: Daga S R , Verma Bela , Mhapankar Abhijit
Published: October 2007

Sustainability of survival among malnourished children is a challenge. Over a period of four years, we achieved a significant decline in mortality, using locally available food, medicines and simple protocols.
Bacteriology of parapneumonic pleural effusions in an Indian hospital
Authors: Mohanty Srujana , Kapil Arti , Das Bimal K
Published: October 2007

In addition to adequate drainage, successful management of complicated pleural effusions and empyema also requires prompt and aggressive treatment with appropriate antibiotics, for which knowledge of the causative organisms involved is essential. In this study (January 2001 to December 2004), the bacteriological profile of patients with pleural effusion/empyema admitted to our hospital was analysed. A total of 2906 pleural fluid samples were received, of which 459 (15.8%) samples were culture positive. The number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms isolated was 412 (86.4%) and 65 (13.6%), respectively. The most frequent Gram-negative organisms were Acinetobacter spp. (27.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.9%) and Klebsiella spp. (12.6%). Staphylococcus aureus (9.6%) was the most frequent Gram-positive organism. Most of the pathogens showed resistance to multiple antibiotic agents.
Low prevalence of malnutrition in a rural Nigerian community
Authors: Senbanjo I O , Adeodu O O , Adejuyigbe E A
Published: October 2007

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in a rural Nigerian community. Using the modified Wellcome Classification, the prevalence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was 20.5%. The prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting were 23.1%t, 9% and 26.7%, respectively. The low prevalence of PEM in this rural Nigerian community may be due to the services and intervention provided by a non-governmental organization in the community. This method of intervention is similarly achievable in any other community.
Parainfluenza type 3 outbreaks in Izmir children, Turkey
Authors: Gülen Figen , Cicek Candan , Kurugol Zafer , Demir Esen , Zeyrek Dost , Özdemir Rahmi , Tanac Remziye , Karatas Tuba
Published: October 2007

The present study was aimed to investigate characteristics of lower respiratory tract infections caused by parainfluenza type 3 viruses. Nasopharyngeal smears were taken from 178 patients with lower respiratory infections for the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza viruses between December 2004 and April 2005. Parainfluenza type 3 was isolated from the viral specimens of 96 (53.9%) patients and it was noticeable that the parainfluenza type 3 outbreak occurs during winter. Obviously, improving the aetiological diagnosis of viral infections might avoid unnecessary therapy, antibiotics in particular, and would allow for preventive isolation of infected patients.
HIV prevalence among prison inmates in a central prison in southern Malawi, 2005
Authors: Chimphambano C , Komolafe O O , Muula A S
Published: October 2007

A cross-sectional study of 164 prison inmates (142 men [86.6%] and 22 women [13.4%]) in Malawi estimated a HIV prevalence rate of 36.6%; 29.9% among men and 50% among women. Three (2.1%) men reported having sex with men, and none reported intravenous drug use.
Costly Collusion in Differentiated Industries
Authors: Thomadsen Raphael , Rhee Ki-Eun
Published: October 2007

This paper demonstrates that increased product differentiation will make it more difficult to sustain collusion when it is costly to coordinate or maintain collusion. This result holds for a wide range of models, including all those commonly used to model competition between differentiated products. This contrasts with the previous theoretical literature, which shows that, in the absence of these costs, greater differentiation can help foster collusion under some common models of product differentiation but is consistent with the empirical literature, which suggests that collusion tends to occur most among homogeneous firms.
Investigating Endogeneity Bias in Marketing
Authors: Liu Qing , Otter Thomas , Allenby Greg M.
Published: October 2007

The use of adaptive designs in conjoint analysis has been shown to lead to an endogeneity bias in part-worth estimates using sampling experiments. In this paper, we re-examine the endogeneity issue in light of the likelihood principle. The likelihood principle asserts that all relevant information in the data about model parameters is contained in the likelihood function. We show that, once the data are collected, adhering to the likelihood principle leads to analysis where endogeneity becomes ignorable for estimation. The likelihood principle is implicit to Bayesian analysis, and discussion is offered for detecting and dealing with endogeneity bias in marketing.
Brand Effects on Choice and Choice Set Formation Under Uncertainty
Authors: Swait Joffre , Erdem Tülin
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the effects of brand credibility, a central concept in information economics–based approaches to brand effects and brand equity, on consumer choice and choice set formation. We investigate the mechanisms through which credibility effects materialize, namely, through perceived quality, perceived risk, and information costs saved. The credibility of a brand as a signal is defined as the believability of the product position information contained in a brand, which depends on consumer perceptions of the willingness and ability of firms to deliver what they have promised. The choice set is defined as the collection of brands that have a nonzero probability of being chosen among those actually available for choice in a given context.

Furthermore, we study the impact of brand credibility on the variance of the stochastic component of utility. Not only do choice model parameters capture the impact of systematic utility differences on choice probabilities, but also the magnitude of this systematic impact is moderated by the relative importance of the stochastic utility component in preference. We term this moderation phenomenon preference discrimination, which we conceptualize as the decision makers' capacity to effectively discriminate between products' utilities in choice situations.

We estimate a discrete choice model of brand choice set formation and preference discrimination on experimental data in two categories—juice and personal computers—and find strong evidence for brand credibility effects and differential mechanisms through which brand credibility's impact materializes on brand choice conditional on choice set, choice set formation, and preference discrimination.
Seeing Through the Heart's Eye: The Interference of System 1 in System 2
Authors: Mishra Himanshu , Mishra Arul , Nayakankuppam Dhananjay
Published: October 2007

Dual process models conceptualize two systems of processing that are activated when presented with a decision task, the quick and affective System 1 and the deliberative and rule-based System 2. In this article, we explore whether the affective component of System 1 has the potential to interfere with the information integration component of System 2 by utilizing everyday consumer decision-making situations that require the integration of provided information to make optimal choices. We posit that if the provided information has an affective System 1 element, then the affective reaction serves as an input to the System 2 process of information integration. Such an affective input has the potential to cause improper information integration resulting in a biased mental representation, which in turn leads to suboptimal choices. Across three experiments, we test the interfering role of affect in information integration. Experiment 1 establishes the mediating role of the affective System 1 generating a preference for the suboptimal option and rules out the alternate account of analytical skills. Experiments 2 and 3 provide converging evidence for the proposed account that System 1 interferes with System 2 and argue against the alternate account of System 1 directly influencing choice.
The Bright Side of Supplier Encroachment
Authors: Arya Anil , Mittendorf Brian , Sappington David E. M.
Published: October 2007

The common wisdom is that a retailer suffers when its wholesale supplier encroaches on the retailer's operations by selling directly to final consumers. We demonstrate that the retailer can benefit from encroachment even when encroachment admits no synergies and does not facilitate product differentiation or price discrimination. The retailer benefits because encroachment induces the encroaching supplier to reduce the wholesale price in order not to diminish unduly the retailer's demand for the manufacturer's wholesale product. The lower wholesale price and increased downstream competition mitigate double marginalization problems and promote efficiency gains that can secure Pareto improvements.
A Comparison of Buyer-Determined and Price-Based Multiattribute Mechanisms
Authors: Engelbrecht-Wiggans Richard , Haruvy Ernan , Katok Elena
Published: October 2007

Reverse auctions are fast becoming the standard for many procurement activities. In the past, the majority of such auctions have been solely price based, but increasingly attributes other than price affect the auction outcome. Specifically, the buyer uses a scoring function to compare bids and the bid with the highest score wins. We investigate two mechanisms commonly used for procurement in business-to-business markets, in a setting in which buyers' welfare is affected by exogenous nonprice attributes such as the quality, service, and past relationships. Under both mechanisms, bidders bid based on price, but in the “buyer-determined” mechanism, the buyer is free to select the bid that maximizes her surplus while in the “price-based” mechanism, the buyer commits to awarding the contract to the low price bidder. We find, both in theory and in the laboratory, that the “buyer-determined” mechanism increases the buyer's welfare only as long as enough suppliers compete. If the number of suppliers is small and the correlation between cost and quality is low, the buyer is better off with the “price-based” mechanism. These findings are intended to help procurement managers make better decisions in designing procurement mechanisms for a variety of settings.
Does Uncertainty Matter? Consumer Behavior Under Three-Part Tariffs
Authors: Lambrecht Anja , Seim Katja , Skiera Bernd
Published: October 2007

In communication, information, and other industries, three-part tariffs are increasingly popular. A three-part tariff is defined by an access price, an allowance, and a marginal price for any usage in excess of the allowance. Empirical nonlinear pricing studies have focused on consumer choice under two-part tariffs. We show that consumer behavior differs under three-part tariffs and assess how consumer demand uncertainty impacts tariff choice. We develop a discrete/continuous model of choice among three-part tariffs and estimate it using consumer-level data on Internet usage. Our model extends prior work in accommodating consumer switching to competitors, thereby capturing behavior in competitive industries more accurately. Our empirical work shows that demand uncertainty is a key driver of choice among three-part tariffs. Consumers' expected bill increases with the variation in their usage, steering them toward tariffs with high allowances. Consequently, demand uncertainty decreases consumer surplus and increases provider revenue. A further analysis of consumers' responsiveness to the different elements of a three-part tariff under the provider's current pricing structure reveals that prices affect a consumer's tariff choice more than her usage quantity and that the allowance plays a strong role in consumer tariff choice. Based on our results, we derive implications for pricing with three-part tariffs.
The Editor's Secrets
Authors: Shugan Steven M.
Published: October 2007

This editorial provides an overview of the editorial process at one peer-reviewed publication. The editorial starts by explaining the role of the players (the editors, the review team, the area editor). The editorial then covers each step in the review process, from how reviewers are selected to how authors should respond to different outcomes. The editorial ends by discussing citation metrics, appointments to the editorial board and copyrights. This article argues that (1) requesting more reviews yields a faster, more informative review process; (2) publishing more articles can raise citations per article; (3) for many submissions, some reviewers should evaluate procedures, whereas others should evaluate contribution; (4) reviewers should not micromanage revisions; (5) editors must, unfortunately, write overly cautious decision letters; and (6) it is important to reward reviewers with board appointments and published acknowledgments. Journals must be author-friendly to survive.
The Trouble with TECs … a critique of the Training and Enterprise Councils initiative
Authors: Peck Jamie
Published: October 2007

Based on case studies of four Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) and an analysis of national developments in training policy, this paper presents a critique of the TEC initiative. The initiative was launched in 1988 to bring innovation and new private sector funding to the British training system. The TECs’ manifest failure to deliver a ‘skills revolution’, it is argued, cannot be blamed on ‘external’ factors such as the unexpected advent of recession, but instead must be attributed to ‘internal’ causes. The problems currently faced by TECs – including inadequate funding, short-termism, an inability to stimulate in-company training – stem from the flawed neoliberal thinking on which the initiative was based. Problems of market failure in the training system were never likely to be solved by institutions which aped the market itself. In this sense the failure of TECs has to be seen as a systemic one.
Finance for Owner Occupation in the UK: the sick man of Europe?
Authors: Stephens Mark
Published: October 2007

Britain’s large owner occupied sector is beset with problems. Large rises in house prices contributed to the unsustainable economic boom in the late 1980s. The measures taken to combat them contributed to the recession in the 1990s, which was exacerbated by the slump in the housing market. An agenda for reform has been developed, but it has usually neglected developments in other countries and failed to consider the importance of European integration. This article asks whether Britain has anything to learn from its European partners and what implications European integration will have for national housing finance systems.
A Canute Policy Fighting Economics? Local economic policy in an industrial district: the case of Nottingham’s Lace Market
Authors: Crewe Louise , Forster Zena
Published: October 2007

This paper considers the issue of local economic policy in an industrial district. We focus on the fashion system in Nottingham’s Lace Market as an example of a flexibly specialised production complex whose success hinges on the production of quality, design based garments produced in small batches to meet customised consumption preferences. Such flexibility is enhanced through integrated local supply chains within a networking community of firms, and is underpinned by the provision of a sophisticated system of collective services. Our aim is to explore the role which institutional regulation has played in sustaining this industrial quarter, focusing on the complex relationship between economic activity, policy and place. While state intervention has played a pivotal role in shaping the evolution of this industrial agglomeration, this study also clearly reveals the tensions inherent within economic development policies which simultaneously endeavour to satisfy commercial, conservation, industrial and environmental interests. We conclude by offering the basis for a policy agenda which could enhance economic adjustment within an industrial district.
British Tax Policy 1979–90: equity and efficiency
Authors: Wilkinson Margaret
Published: October 2007

The Conservative government in Britain in the 1980s was regarded as a tax reforming administration. ‘Tax reform’ is short-hand for efficiency in taxation which requires low rates on a wide base. There is a view that economic performance was improved, though at the expense of equity. This paper gives an account of the changes which took place and assesses their effects on both efficiency and equity. It finds that taxes became more regressive butt hat it is unlikely that there were any large efficiency gains. This is because though the rates of some taxes (especially income tax) were reduced, others were raised and, apart from corporation tax, tax bases remained the same or were narrowed. In particular the income tax base was made narrower by the introduction of new reliefs and the growth of old ones. Such changes are bad for both equity and efficiency.
The Politics of Purchasing in the National Health Service
Authors: Salter Brian
Published: October 2007

With the 1992 NHS reforms and the introduction of the internal market a new political game has begun where, for the first time, the rationing of the supply of health care to make it fit unlimited demand is the explicit responsibility of purchasing agents (DHAs, FHSAs and GP Fundholders). This paper analyses the inherent clash between purchaser rationing and traditional NHS values, the unbridled pluralism of the gameplay surrounding the purchaser function, and the absence of accepted rules and procedures. It concludes by reviewing the implication of the reforms for the distribution of power in the NHS.
Politics, Locality and Resources: negotiating a community care scheme
Authors: Meethan Kevin , Thompson Catherine
Published: October 2007

This paper is concerned with the establishment of a pilot community care scheme in York, the Scarcroft Project. Based largely on the principles outlined in the Griffiths Report, the project was established by North Yorkshire Social Services Department to develop and coordinate services for elderly people in an area of York. The initiative is multi-disciplinary in its approach and also involves York Health Authority, York City Council and Age Concern, York.

Drawing on recent sociological analyses concerned with conceptualising localities this paper will show that the decision to close an elderly persons’ home and reinvest the revenue in community care was the result of a process of compromise and negotiation between service providers and politicians concerned with the allocation of resources at local level. This in turn is discussed in terms of the implications for consumer involvement in community care.
Spoken Reminiscences of Political Agents in Northern Nigeria I
Authors: Afeadie Philip Atsu
Published: October 2007

British imperial administration in Africa and Asia has originally been characterized as “indirect rule,” but the concept of “indirect rule” has been faulted for several shortcomings, including its inadequacy in explaining relations between the limited number of European officials and the predominance of indigenous personnel in government. Recent research has rather identified political clientage as a suitable model for examining the structures and dynamics of British rule in the non-European world from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. Clientage denotes a mutually beneficial relationship and solidarity between individuals or groups of unequal status and influence in society. It is characterized by dependency between a client and a patron, with varying command over resources and values. This system of cultivating relations of personal loyalty developed as a principle of political activity in many social formations.

Clientage operation necessarily involved brokerage. As a medium for political interaction, clientage in indigenous hierarchies embodied agency and linkage between ruling élites and subjects. Accordingly, clientage involved political mediation, which required brokerage or intermediary service. Similarly, clientage in the colonial context essentially involved interaction between hierarchies of imperial rulers and those of the subordinate indigenous government. Mediation and brokerage between governing officials and indigenous rulers also constituted a vital element in imperial governance and administration.
On Updating J.D. Fage's Guide to Precolonial Sources for Western Africa
Authors: Alpern Stanley B.
Published: October 2007

In the 1992 volume of History in Africa, John D. Fage asked readers for possible additions to his landmark 1987 Guide to Original Sources for Precolonial Western Africa Published in European Languages, as he was preparing a second edition. I responded with a list of suggested additions and corrections that I had been storing up. This started a fruitful correspondence that continued beyond the appearance of the second edition in 1994, in which he generously acknowledged my help. In my last letter I told him I was already keeping notes on my computer for a third edition of the Guide. On 2 October 1994 he replied that “[a]s things stand at the moment, I doubt whether I shall want to do a third edition. The effort required to try and keep abreast with the literature seems to be continually increasing! … But then I don't see why—in due course—you shouldn't blossom forth yourself as the author of an ‘Additions and Corrections to Fage's Guide’. Indeed, this might be the more proper course.”

One can imagine the effect this confidence expressed by a grand old man of African historiography had on the novice to the field that I was. For a dozen years (extending beyond Fage's death in 2002) I haphazardly gathered information suitable for a supplement to the second edition. I then approached David Henige about it, and he encouraged me to complete the project systematically. This took 18 more months.
Brief Sketch on the Life and Character of the Late Hon. Benj. J. K. Anderson, M.A. PH.D. K.C.
Authors: Geysbeek Tim
Published: October 2007

Benjamin Anderson (1835-1910), Liberia's great explorer of the nineteenth century, was at the forefront of encouraging the government to establish a viable economic and political presence in the deep interior. Anderson migrated from Baltimore, Maryland, when he was sixteen years old, and became a three-time Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the Interior, mathematics professor, official surveyor, diplomat, military officer, and accomplished cartographer. He is most noted for having traveled to the fabled town of Musadu in today's Guinea. Musadu seemed to hold much promise to enrich the young colony because of its supposed natural resources such as gold, a strong political base, and connections to the interior trade routes that extended to the Niger River and beyond.

Primary source information about Anderson's life comes from his own writings, scattered publications, and archival materials. The most complete contemporary account—published here—is an obituary that an unknown author wrote shortly after Anderson died. The obituary was located in the Frederick Starr Papers (Box 9, Folder 9) in the Department of Special Collections at the University of Chicago's Regenstein Library in 2000. It is typed on 8 ½″ × 14″ paper with “Republic of Liberia, Montserrado County, Superintendents Office” pre-printed on the back of each sheet. This paper's title is the same as the original title of the obituary. The document gives several interesting bits of information about Anderson's life that are not found in any other sources, and contains considerable data that can be independently confirmed.
The Extraordinary Journey of the Jaga Through the Centuries: Critical Approaches to Precolonial Angolan Historical Sources
Authors: Heintze Beatrix
Published: October 2007

The ancient kingdom of Angola, or more precisely Ndongo—which until 1671 essentially existed in the area north of the Kwanza River in presentday Angola—and the neighboring state of Kasanje, which was established by the Mbangala around 1630—belong to what is historiographically one of the more privileged areas of Africa, the history of which is documented by written sources extending back into the sixteenth century. These sources are even quite numerous, and, because of their diverse nature, often complement each other. Thus there are documentary as well as narrative sources, eyewitness accounts as well as other types. Particularly primary, but also secondary (as well as “tertiary” and “quaternary”) sources differ greatly in quality. Despite such differences they share one common factor: virtually without exception they were written by members of foreign, non-African cultures, who came to the area as conquerors, slave traders, and missionaries.

However, the greatest problem these sources pose for historians is not their bias—for their authors were all more or less deeply involved in the contemporary political and economic circumstances that they purport to document. Rather, by far the gravest problem for anyone wishing to write not just Portuguese colonial history, butAfricanhistory, is that none of these authors, unlike those who wrote about neighboring Kongo, lived at the African courts or among Africans (let alone were intimately aquainted with their culture), so that they were not able to observe or experience events directly from the inside. This considerably reduces the scope of the history that can be reconstructed and risks unjustifiably narrowing or distorting the historical perspective. The few exceptions, such as the reports told by the English slave trader Andrew Battell and the comprehensive syntheses left us by Antonio Cavazzi—both of which unfortunately have been published only as second or third hand renderings of their accounts—thus are accorded even greater historiographical weight.
The Komenda Wars, 1694–1700: a Revised Narrative
Authors: Law Robin
Published: October 2007

Since 1990 I have been working on a critical edition of records of the Royal African Company of England (hereafter RAC), preserved in the Rawlinson collection of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. This material comprises letter-books containing correspondence received at the RAC's West African headquarters, Cape Coast Castle, mainly from the Company's other factories on the Gold Coast, during the period from 1681 to 1699 (though with some gaps). Two volumes of this correspondence, covering the years 1681-83 and 1685-88, were published in 1997 and 2001; a third and final volume, presenting correspondence from 1691-99, is now published.

Although attention was drawn to this material in the 1970s, only limited use has hitherto been made of it by historians. The only substantial published study of the Gold Coast which makes extensive use of the Rawlinson material is that by Ray Kea (1982), which deals with general social and economic structures and their transformations, rather than with the detailed course of events. The general neglect of this material has undoubtedly been due, in large part, to its user-unfriendly arrangement, the letters being entered according to the date of their receipt at Cape Coast, without regard for geographical provenance, which makes the process of locating documents which relate to any particular locality extremely tedious—an obstacle which its publication has now removed. The potential utility of this material in the detailed reconstruction of events on the Gold Coast is illustrated here by the case of the “Komenda Wars” of 1694-1700.
Removing the Blinders and Adjusting the View: A Case Study from Early Colonial Sierra Leone
Authors: Magaziner Daniel R.
Published: October 2007

Mende raiders caught Mr. Goodman, “an educated young Sierra Leonean clerk,” at Mocolong, where he “was first tortured by having his tongue cut out, and then being decapitated.” His was a brutal fate, not unlike those which befell scores of his fellow Sierra Leoneans in the spring of 1898. Others were stripped of their Europeanstyle clothes and systematically dismembered, leaving only mutilated bodies strewn across forest paths or cast into rivers. Stories of harrowing escapes and near-death encounters circulated widely. Missionary stations burned and trading factories lost their stocks to plunder. Desperate cries were heard in Freetown. Send help. Send gun-boats. Send the West India Regiment. Almost two years after the British had legally extended their control beyond the colony of Sierra Leone, Mende locals demonstrated that colonial law had yet to win popular assent.

In 1898 Great Britain fought a war of conquest in the West African interior. To the northeast of the Colony, armed divisions pursued the Temne chief Bai Bureh's guerrilla fighters through the hot summer months, while in the south the forest ran with Mende “war-boys,” small bands of fighters who emerged onto mission stations and trading factories, attacked, and then vanished. Mr. Goodman had had the misfortune to pursue his living among the latter. In the north, Bai Bureh fought a more easily definable ‘war,’ a struggle which pitted his supporters against imperial troops and other easily identified representatives of the colonial government. No reports of brutalities done to civilians ensued. In the south, however, Sierra Leoneans and missionaries, both men and women, joined British troops and officials on the casualty rolls.
Historiography of Selected Works on Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902)
Authors: McFarlane Richard A.
Published: October 2007

The historiography of Cecil John Rhodes may be divided into two broad categories: chauvinistic approval or utter vilification. In the Introduction toColossus of Southern Africa, Lockhart and Woodhouse wrote: “Those who hated [Rhodes] most were those who knew him least, and those most admired and loved him were those who knew him best.” The earlier works written soon after Rhodes death, and usually by his “intima[te]” friends, constitute the first group. Later works written by historians and journalists largely constitute the second group. Generally speaking, the category into which a particular biography or history is placed has a strong correlation to the time it was written. Chronologically, these two groups divide at about 1945, when the last of Rhodes's intimate companions died and the British Empire was beginning to be dismantled.

The earliest published biography of Cecil Rhodes wasCecil Rhodes: His Political Life and Speeches, 1881-1900published just two years before his death. The work was published pseudonymously under the moniker “Vindex.” C.M. Woodhouse, in the “Notes on Sources” at the front of his book on Rhodes, identified Vindex as the Reverend F. Vershoyle.
The Importance of Being Honest: Verifying Citations, Rereading Historical Sources, and Establishing Authority in the Great Karamoja Debate
Authors: Mirzeler Mustafa Kemal
Published: October 2007

Anthropologists pay considerable attention to the writing style, the construction of a text, and the question of ethnographic authority, particularly since Derek Freeman's critique of Margaret Mead's Samoa writings. Although the issue of representation of the history and culture of far-flung peoples in the form of the written report is a long and distinguished tradition in the field of cultural anthropology, the Freeman/Mead debates have raised a number of questions ranging from the problem of faulty citation practices to the issue of vulnerable ethnographic authority. The debate over Freeman's critique of Mead has developed into a major controversy and was featured at the 1983 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association (Marshall 1993:604). Since then, numerous articles and books have been written on the debate, and while many people have become tired of the “whole mess”, the case continues to attract scholarly attention.

Critiques of Freeman often revolve around the sources Freeman used to support his historical argument against Mead, illuminating how Freeman used rhetorical devices, selectively omitted vital passages in historical documents that he cited, and “heavily” used partial quotations and (sometimes) ellipses, in order to “…undermine Mead's ethnographic authority and enhance his own” (e.g., Marshall 1993:604).
The Tricksters of Karamoja
Authors: Mirzeler Mustafa Kemal
Published: October 2007

Karamojong oral tradition provides several trickster characters such as the rabbit, the self-appointed moral guard. This rabbit pretends to defend the weak and the powerless, yet secretly steals from them, but in the end gets exposed for what it really is. Then there is the clever fox, which skilfully tricks people with its clever manipulations, convincing them that it is honest and upright, not unlike the rabbit, but then it too gets caught stealing. Napeikisina, the one-breasted villain trickster, the symbol of humanity's penchant for evil, masquerades her insatiable cannibalistic propensities and desire for recognition, but her penchant for evil eventually becomes apparent, thus frightening people, and like all the other tricksters she too gets caught.

Ben Knighton seems to possess some of the attributes of some of these tricksters. With amazing legerdemain, he skilfully manages to conjure up oral and written texts in an attempt to persuade people to believe that what they read is authentic, in order to offer himself as the paramount authority on all matters Karamoja. But he too ends up getting caught, like all the Karamojong tricksters.
A Collection of Stories and Its Preservation in the Digital Age
Authors: Scheub Harold
Published: October 2007

There is never an end to stories.

“The art of composing oral narratives,” said Nongenile Masithathu Zenani, a Xhosa storyteller,

is something that was undertaken by the first people, long ago, during the time of the ancestors. When those of us in my generation awakened to earliest consciousness, we were born into a tradition that was already flourishing. Narratives were being performed by adults in a tradition that had been established long before we were born. And when we were born, those narratives were constructed for us by old people, who argued that the stories had initially been created in olden times, long ago. That time was ancient even to our fathers; it was ancient to our grandmothers, who said that the tales had been created years before by their grandmothers. We learned the narratives in that way, and every generation that has come into being has been born into the tradition. Members of every generation have grown up under the influence of these narratives.

In the late 1960s and in the 1970s, I made a number of research trips to southern Africa for the purpose of studying the oral traditions of the Xhosa, Zulu, Swati, and Ndebele peoples. The Xhosa and Zulu live in South Africa, the Swati in Swaziland, and the Ndebele in the southern part of Zimbabwe. During each of those trips many of the performances and discussions were taped. I witnessed thousands of performances.
Archeology and Reconstructing History in the Kenya Highlands: the Intellectual Legacies of G.W.B. Huntingford and Louis S.B. Leakey
Authors: Sutton J.E.G.
Published: October 2007

A preceding article examined the ethnographic, linguistic and archeological enquiries of G.W.B. Huntingford (1901-1978) and L.S.B. Leakey (1903-1972) in the Kenya highlands in the “high colonial” era of the 1920s and 1930s—the one, a young settler, researching independently in the Kalenjin region west of the Rift Valley, the other brought up on an Anglican mission station in Kikuyu country to the east and then, as an ambitious prehistorian, concentrating his activities in the Rift itself. That article pointed to their contrasting approaches to these disciplines, observing how each in his own way separately compartmentalized his anthropology from his archeology, with the result that any sense of the history of the existing peoples whom they studied-Nandi and Kikuyu-was effectively denied. This sequel examines their archeology more critically, beginning with their basic approaches and methods, and then tracing the impact of their work on subsequent scholarship and research endeavors, and especially on those anxious to reconstruct East African history in the changing intellectual climate leading to Independence.

The article concerns itself therefore with what Leakey in the late 1920s designated “Neolithic cultures” in the Nakuru-Elmenteita basin within the elevated stretch of the Rift Valley, to which subject Mary Leakey subsequently contributed, leading to Sonia Cole's essays at synthesis in the 1950s/1960s; and also with the Azanian hypothesis of Huntingford, which was rediscovered by Basil Davidson in the late 1950s and, with some deft transformation, catapulted centerstage for an emerging picture of East African history of a positive and enlightened sort.
Al-Ghazālī and Schopenhauer on Knowledge and Suffering
Authors: Ali Zain Imtiaz
Published: October 2007

The "major Islamic philosophers," writes Deborah Black, "produced no works dedicated to aesthetics, although their writings do address issues that contemporary philosophers might study under that heading." The emergent theme in this essay is that classical Islamic philosophy may be studied within a framework of aesthetics. To achieve this goal, the metaphysics of Abu Hamid al-Ghazālī (1058–1111) and the aesthetics of Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) will be brought together.
The Significance of Einstein's Theory of Relativity in Nishida's "Logic of Field"
Authors: Hashi Hisaki
Published: October 2007

This essay presents aspects of the philosophy of nature of Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945) (Kyoto School) and its relation to the physics of his day. Which aspects of Einstein's Theory of Relativity are treated in Nishida's Logic of Field? Through exact explanations of the fundamental differences between physics and philosophy this essay aims to clarify the construction of logic in philosophy and physics while considering interdisciplinary aspects.
Pyrrhonism and the Mādhyamaka
Authors: Kuzminski Adrian
Published: October 2007

The question of possible Indian influence on Pyrrhonist skepticism was raised long ago by Diogenes Laertius in his biography of Pyrrho. Diogenes tells us that Pyrrho adopted his "most noble philosophy" as a result of his contacts with Indian sages when he accompanied Alexander the Great on his expedition in the fourth century B.C.E. Most modern Western scholars have downplayed Diogenes' claim as unsubstantiated, but the striking parallels to be found in subsequent ancient Pyrrhonist and Mādhyamaka texts suggest its continued plausibility. In both the Pyrrhonist texts of Sextus Empiricus and the Mādhyamaka texts of Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti, we are repeatedly counseled above all to suspend our various non-evident beliefs, that is, our judgments about or attachments to evident things, if we wish to be liberated from the anxiety that such beliefs create and gain some kind of tranquillity, bliss, or enlightenment. A comparative analysis of these Pyrrhonist and Mādhyamaka texts finds that what differences exist are entirely compatible with, and equally in the service of, this common, and indeed virtually identical, therapeutic purpose. It is perhaps not too much to say that Pyrrhonism and the Mādhyamaka are nearly indistinguishable from one another, an intriguing conclusion to contemplate.
Four-Dimensional Time in Dzogchen and Heidegger
Authors: Yao Zhihua
Published: October 2007

Concerning time, we have many puzzles, such as what eternity is, how it is related to the passage of time, whether the passage of time is irreversible, whether things past are no longer, whether the future is non-predictable, whether or not the present exists, and so on. This article is an attempt to discuss such experiences of the passage of time. First, a Buddhist practice in the Dzogchen tradition that deals with the experience of the passage of time will be introduced, then Longchenpa's concept of four times (dus-bzhi) will be analyzed and its significance to the history of Buddhism discussed. Next, Heidegger's concept of four-dimensional time and its elaboration by later philosophers will be discussed. It will conclude with the similarities and differences between the four-dimensional time theories as found in these two diverse traditions, and the possible reasons for their striking similarities.
The Devil is in the Detail: Clinicians, Academics and Researchers Resolving the Problems of Clinical Research
Authors: Sanders Catherine M. , Kettler Lisa J. , Best Nicole T. , Winefield Helen R. , Robinson Malcolm
Published: November 2007

The difficulties associated with conducting valid family therapy research within a clinical practice discourage many potential researchers. This article will describe collaboration between a group of academics, researchers and clinicians who decided to explore the process and efficacy of systemic family therapy conducted within a working private practice. The specific questions we are addressing are, whether the requests clients bring to their first session of therapy can be reliably classified by practitioners, whether these requests change over time, and whether the nature of the request is associated with therapist and client ratings of therapeutic outcome. Additional questions about the form and nature of the therapeutic alliance as experienced by both client and practitioner are also being explored. This paper will map the passage of the work from inception to its current state where over 140 clients are active participants. In doing so attention will be paid to the obstacles encountered: practical, financial and ethical, and the solutions devised to address these.