bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The outcomes of flexible working
Authors: Chung Heejung
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the outcomes of flexible working. It first summarises existing literature, focusing mostly on meta-analysis or systematic reviews. Some key themes that will be touched upon are performance and productivity outcomes, well-being, and work-life balance. Using data from across 30 European countries, it then empirically examines whether flexible working helps worker relieve conflict felt between work and family life. The chapter provides evidence that flexible working can improve productivity, performance and well-being of workers. Flexible working can further enhance mother’s employment outcomes post childbirth. However, flexible working can also increase the conflict felt between work and family. On one hand, it is due to flexible working enabling workers to meet both work-family demands, which can increase conflict yet improve worker’s work-life balance satisfaction. On the other hand, it is due to boundary blurring and spill-over of work to family spheres when workers work flexibly.
The empirical evidence of the flexibility paradox
Authors: Chung Heejung
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides evidence of the flexibility paradox from across the world. This includes my own original research with colleagues exploring the association between flexible working and overtime using longitudinal data from UK and Germany. I also present findings looking at the association between flexible working and mental and time work spill-over examined using data across 30 European countries. Others’ work showing evidence of the flexibility-paradox from the US, India and other countries using both qualitative and quantitative methods are also presented. The results show that flexible working leads to work encroaching on other spheres of life not only in terms of the time spent doing work, but also thinking about work. However, as the latter part of this chapter shows, there are variations across the population. Here I show that the flexibility paradox may depend on the workers’ gender, parental and occupational status. What is more, the way in which flexible working is introduced may also matter. However, these variations may also be due to what and how we measure overwork.
COVID-19 and flexible working
Authors: Chung Heejung
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the impact of COVID-19 on the provision of flexible working, on the flexibility stigma, on the patterns of flexibility paradox and its gendered outcomes. It draws from a number of studies, including my own using unique data collected during the first lockdown in the UK. In sum, although we do see some patterns of change especially in terms of the perceptions towards flexible working among both workers and managers, the patterns of flexibility paradox still remains. Even during the pandemic, many workers worked longer, harder, and experienced blurring boundaries leading to work encroaching on family life when working flexibly. In addition, although we do find evidence of men using flexible working for care purposes during the pandemic, the gendered patterns of flexibility paradox still exist –women seem to utilise it more to meet family demands. This provides us with evidence that the expansion of flexible working alone may be insufficient in solving the problems of the flexibility paradox. Without disrupting norms around work, work-life balance and gender roles, we are unlikely to eliminate the flexibility paradox and its gendered outcomes.
UK: North West England and Wales
Authors: Stafford Ian , Cole Alistair , Heinz Dominic
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines case studies from North West England and Wales in the UK through the trust–transparency matrix, which includes the trust–transparency dynamics within and between civil societies at subnational level. Public disaffections and discontent with the established politics helped shape the Brexit agenda. Moreover, the characterisation of trust relations highlights the interplay of interpersonal and interorganisational forms of trust. Thus, the perceived benevolence and integrity dimension of trust reflects the varying settings in Wales and North West England depending on its civil society actors. The chapter also notes the impact of the Iraq War and COVID-19 pandemic characterising the declining political trust in the UK.
France: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bretagne
Authors: Stafford Ian , Cole Alistair , Heinz Dominic
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bretagne's trust–transparency nexus in France. France is often regarded as a low-trust society due to the political culture of ‘two Frances’. The dyarchic culture stems from the conflict between the church and the state, the centre and periphery, and Paris and the provinces. Thus, the central authority has been contested since France's post-revolution two centuries ago. Moreover, Paris has an undercurrent of political violence wherein power is often won. One of the paradoxical features of French politics is the role of associations in the delivery of public services as it would be subjected to brutal political shifts. The chapter highlights the overwhelming phenomenon of mistrust in France.
Peer research: co-producing research within the context of voluntary and community action
Authors: Bennett Ellen
Published: September 2022

Working towards coproduction within our research programmes has clear benefits but also inherent challenges. Despite a growing body of academic literature surrounding peer research as a participatory approach, there are few research practice-focused guides to support researchers who are keen to embed coproduction principles into their methodologies. This chapter explores how we can engage peer researchers in our programmes of research, with the overarching aim of moving towards the principles of coproduction. It does so by drawing on our experience of researching within the VCS and considering why peer research was an appropriate approach. We take a view across a range of practical research programmes through which we have engaged peer researchers, and present a practice-focused guide to working towards co-production within a VCS research programme. We conclude by exploring key lessons for future research, and signpost to key resources for further support and information.
Investigating meanings and messages on volunteering through television media
Authors: Wiley Kimberly
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents an ethnography of volunteering shown on U.S. television. To build a large dataset with a variety of television genres and series, the author recruited undergraduate students who self-identified as “binge watchers.” Students were placed into teams of four and instructed to identify, document, and interpret instances of volunteering. This chapter will present the challenges to data collection and how credibility can be ensured in the dataset and collection technique. Training interdisciplinary teams of undergraduate students in ethnography and textual analysis while ensuring interrater reliability came with additional challenges. The data were reviewed for completeness and accuracy by the researcher and a graduate assistant in real time as data were collected ensuring a meaningful dataset but slowing down data collection. These challenges are explored and solutions are presented in regards to this playful data collection project.
Annual reporting in voluntary organisations: opportunities for content analysis research
Authors: Cordery Carolyn , McConville Danielle
Published: September 2022

In many countries, charity regulation data is increasingly publicly available at no cost from regulators and other intermediaries. This reporting includes not only financial data but also a range of performance information that can help us to evaluate these organisations’ progress towards their missions. Annual reporting data therefore represents a potential goldmine for researchers. This chapter focuses on recent and potential future innovations in methods and theories used in research on annual reporting in this sector. We highlight the extensive use of content analysis alongside direct enquiry aimed at understanding reporting behaviours. Challenges are identified, including issues in comparability and availability of data beyond organisations constituted as charities. The chapter concludes with a call for further research to help us understand, safeguard and promote voluntary organisations in pursuit of their missions.
Conclusion
Authors: Dean Jon , Hogg Eddy
Published: September 2022

This chapter draws together the key threads of Researching Voluntary Action: Innovations and Challenges. It concludes that research on the myriad forms of voluntary action is both similar and different to research on the broader social world, drawing on examples from the book to illustrate this. The conclusion also addresses gaps within this book, in particular a reflection that the book’s contents and its authors are representative of how voluntary sector research is, rather than how many calls for change are arguing it should be.
Recovery as long term: an introduction
Authors: Roy Alastair , Galvani Sarah , Clayson Amanda
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the concept of recovery, briefly addressing the history of the use of the term as well as some of the key definitional issues and debates. A great deal has been written in academic and popular forms about recovery from substance use. Far less has been written about long-term recovery. This long-term perspective is important in that it explicitly recognises and respects the long-term nature of the struggles many people with substance-use issues take on in pursuing, defining, and realising their own recovery. The chapter introduces some ideas about why a durational or time-based view of recovery might be both limiting for our understanding of recovery but also important for defending an ethic of care and valuing person-centred change. It also explores the importance of the voices of those with lived experience, arguing that the value of many of the stories in this book is in how they link the particularities of people's lived experience of recovery with the systems and structures in which people live. In this respect, the breadth of the people and places covered in the collection is a key strength.
Is measuring long-term recovery desirable, necessary or even possible?
Authors: Livingston Wulf
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines whether measuring long-term recovery is possible or even desirable. It draws on the author's research and writing, with particular regard to recent shifts in methodological approaches to research on alcohol and other drug use. In research on alcohol and other drug use, recovery has been framed in a range of ways, from studies that examine narrowly defined treatment outcomes to those which explore broader changes in lifestyle and social circumstance. This already complex picture is further complicated by questions about how recovery should be understood and/or evaluated at the level of policy, practice, and lived experience, and whether the main concern of research studies should be evidencing causation, correlation, attribution, or contribution. The chapter then considers moves towards greater inclusivity of people with lived experience as active partners in research, as well as the use of theory-driven approaches to programme and strategy evaluation.
Telling recovery stories: an exploration of the relationship between policy, practice and lived experience
Authors: Roy Alastair , Christensen Jennifer
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers a critical exploration of long-term recovery by considering the relationship between policy, practice, and lived experience. It draws on findings from a three-year Economic and Social Research Council-funded project which, between 2012 and 2016, which explored the evidence base around the implementation of a recovery-oriented model of service provision in Lancashire, UK. The study generated a detailed understanding of the development of a new recovery-oriented model of care as well as a contextualised understanding of the lived experience of a number of people using substance-use treatment services. The case study presented in the chapter looks at one transgender woman's ongoing struggles to address her substance use, to find employment, and to feel accepted in the wider community. It argues that studying the links between the micro level of lived experience, the meso level of practice, and the macro level of policy is important for developing and honing our understanding of the lived effect of the implementation of recovery policy.
Change processes in long-term recovery for individuals with present and former substance-use dependence
Authors: Svendsen Thomas Solgaard
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes the diverse long-term change processes that are often required when individuals with present or former substance dependence want to develop meaning and purpose in their lives. It draws on the author's work in a Norwegian study, the Stayer study, which involves long-term follow-up of people who use, or previously used, substances. The chapter then presents a brief summary of the nature and extent of substance use in Norway, the welfare state model, and organisation of substance-use treatment services. It also discusses how the multifaceted term ‘long-term recovery’ is linked to substance dependence and substance-use recovery research, before providing several examples from the Norwegian Stayer study to illustrate the value of long-term research on change processes in substance-use recovery. Finally, the chapter suggests practical improvements for long-term recovery services and research regarding individuals with both present and former substance-use dependence.
Women’s and men’s stories about sex and intimate relationships in long-term recovery from problematic drug use
Authors: Skårner Anette , Svensson Bengt
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the impact of substance use on the longer-term recovery of people's sexual selves. It draws on a qualitative study, conducted in Sweden, of sexuality, intimate relationships, and drugs in the context of long-term recovery from problematic drug use. The chapter highlights how sexuality and sexual activity are experienced under the influence of drugs, and the fear, guilt, loss, and shame people experience when the drugs are no longer there. Both men and women discuss their ignorance of sexuality and sexual performance when substance free, and the associated fear that they cannot perform sexually or have ‘normal’ sexual relationships. The chapter then emphasises the need for treatment services to include discussion of sexuality to help people to overcome the ‘sexual stigma’ of drug use and the limited and limiting ‘sexual script’ relating to substance use and sexuality.
Being a partner in long-term recovery: stories from female partners in Norway
Authors: Lindeman Sari , Selseng Lillian Bruland
Published: September 2022

This chapter details the experiences of being a partner in a long-term recovery process. The research about long-term recovery from substance use gives the impression that recovery processes are about single people. However, this is illusory, and reflects the focus of most research into substance-use difficulties. The chapter looks at romantic relationships in long-term recovery from a Norwegian perspective. This is a perspective involving the context of the Scandinavian welfare state, well-established public services, and countries with high levels of gender equality. It exemplifies, from interviews, how women talk about their lives as partners to men in long-term recovery. By doing so, the chapter provides insight into some of the complex experiences of being a partner in a long-term recovery process, and how these women's experiences are related to their social and cultural context.
Transitions in long-term recovery: mapping adolescent development theory to better understand identity change in recovery
Authors: Webb Lucy , Clayson Amanda , Cox Nigel
Published: September 2022

This chapter illustrates the parallels and common theoretical origins of the development of recovery capital and developmental theory. The definition of recovery in substance use is debated, as many interpretations align it with sobriety and abstinence, but to view recovery as a trajectory suggests multiple stages and transitions towards a self-defined state of recovery. The chapter then presents a compelling and novel comparison between identity transitions for children leaving care and for adults in recovery. Drawing on empirical research from two studies, it compares the process of ‘maturation’ from a largely passive, socially influenced identity to ‘individualisation’ and agency. The chapter argues that this emanates, primarily, as participants in the studies gain greater confidence through volunteering and employment activities, while at the same time providing a context of communitas from shared experience.
Care, continuity and change in long-term recovery: the experiences of older opioid users in long-term recovery in three German regions
Authors: Arendt Ines
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the situation of opioid users aged 45 and over in Germany, and considers aspects such as the health-related and social characteristics of this group, as well as indicators for the provision of professional support regarding treatment and recovery. The chapter presents findings from the Alters-CM3 research project, which was conducted in Germany between 2014 and 2017. Alters-CM3 is a German abbreviation for ‘Case management for older opioid users in three German regions’. Funded by the Federal Ministry of Research and Education (FMRE), the research focused on practitioners' experiences of implementing a psychosocial intervention specifically adapted for older opioid users; the intervention applied a person-centred case-management approach. In addition, the research considered the implications of the findings for older opioid users' long-term recovery in relation to their life satisfaction and the improvement of psychosocial support.
Hunger, Whiteness and Religion in Neoliberal Britain
Authors: Power Maddy
Published: September 2022

The traditional food aid/food poverty narrative in the United Kingdom tells us that food banks are compassionate spaces, responding to growing need. Missing is a more nuanced consideration of why food aid might exist and acknowledgment of the deeper, entrenched causes of food poverty. This book shines a light on these neglected dimensions of the debate. It argues that food aid is not only a consequence of neoliberal policies but an industry riddled with neoliberal governmentality, surveilling and governing people. It shows how food aid upholds Christian ideals, white privilege, and maintains inequalities of class, race, religion and gender. But it also reveals a sector that is immensely varied, embodying individualism and mutual aid. Drawing upon lived experiences, it documents how people in poverty stigmatise female and racialised Others for their poverty, while struggling themselves to maintain economic success amid insecure employment and punitive social security. And yet, the experience of food insecurity, like that of food aid, is shaped not only by neoliberal norms but by gendered, racial and religious identities, which foster shared experiences and solidarities, giving rise to alternative modes of food redistribution outside of formal food aid. The book argues that it is only by harnessing these alternative, progressive ways of being that food aid and the communities in which they are situated can become part of a movement for economic and racial justice.
Food aid and neoliberalism: an alliance built on shared interests?
Authors: Power Maddy
Published: September 2022

Chapter 3 elucidates the fusion of food charity and neoliberalism. It explores whether food aid is a consequence of neoliberal state retrenchment since the 1970s and considers the extent to which food aid is a personification of neoliberal governmentality and food charity, showing how surveillance and neoliberal ethics are weaved into practice and discourse within some food aid. The chapter also, however, disputes the neoliberal genesis of 21st century food charity. It explores the complexity and diversity of contemporary food aid, incorporating diverse types of organisation and variegated ethical frameworks, and reveals the 19th century liberal roots of what is often thought to be a modern phenomenon.
Whiteness, racism and colourblindness in UK food aid
Authors: Power Maddy
Published: September 2022

Chapter 5 considers how race and ethnicity influence food charity in the UK. It describes manifestations of race and racism in US community food movements, drawing upon the commentaries of American social scientists Julie Guthman and Rebecca de Souza, and considers systemic ethnic and racial inequalities in socio-economic status and in food security in the UK. It argues that, in the light of socio-economic inequalities between ethnic groups, black and minority ethnic individuals might be expected to be over-represented among those seeking emergency food aid in the UK, compared to white people. Informed by primary research in Bradford and York, the chapter in fact reveals an under-representation of black and minority ethnic individuals in some forms of food aid. In considering the reasons for this under-representation, it describes the performative power of ‘whiteness’ in some food charities and the, associated, stigmatisation of ethnic minorities and poor whites.
Racial inequality or mutual aid? Food and poverty among Pakistani British and White British women
Authors: Power Maddy
Published: September 2022

Chapter 7 considers whether and how ethnic and ethno-religious identities may influence the likelihood of reporting food insecurity, as well as the broader lived experience of food, poverty and food aid use. It focuses on women with young children at a local level, but also draws upon data collected at a national level, where available. It explicates the varying political and ethical frameworks that may underpin lived experiences of food in contexts of poverty – neoliberal ethics of independence, hospitality informed by Islam, and mutual aid – arguing that, in some marginalised communities mutual aid is the predominant ethical system. It closes by exploring in depth possibilities for mutual aid in food charity, highlighting the progressive ethical and political frameworks, celebrating interdependence and fostering resistance to neoliberal norms, that underpin some food charities.
Seeds beneath the snow
Authors: Power Maddy
Published: September 2022

Chapter 8 concludes with key reflections on the ideological, socio-political and cultural context and characteristics of contemporary food aid and food insecurity. The book ends with three short stories from radical and progressive organisations addressing food insecurity in the US, offering an alterative way of doing food aid that confronts racism and nurtures solidarity.
Introduction
Authors: Quinn Matthew J.
Published: September 2022

The introduction chapter shows how the book plots a landmark reimagination of governance and public administration, underpinned by sustainable development and civic republicanism.
Governance and sustainable development as governmentality
Authors: Quinn Matthew J.
Published: September 2022

The chapter begins with personal reflections on experience of governance during the author’s career. It sets the emergence of the contested concepts of governance and sustainable development in the context of counterculture and concerns about the environment and global equity, alongside the beginnings of what became the contrary voice of neo-liberalism. It illustrates, through practical examples, the competing emancipatory and controlling narratives and practice of governance and concludes that the current approach matches Foucault’s sense of the economic focus of governance and of social and political order reflected in forms of domination. It explains the similarly conflicting narratives of sustainable development governance and characterises two narratives: governance of sustainable development, using existing practice, and a transformatory ethic of governance for sustainable development which has its roots in the introduction to the Brundtland Report. It illustrates these with the experience of taking forward a legal duty to sustainable development in Welsh Government. It concludes that the democratic impasse in sustainable development is rooted in systems sustained by present forms of governmentality. The existing bureaucratic tools and governance narratives will preserve existing forms of order rather than enabling change.
Bureaucratic practice and governmentality
Authors: Quinn Matthew J.
Published: September 2022

The chapter begins with the author’s recollections of first entering the peculiar world of a UK civil servant and how rules and organisation shape the scope of public service. It gives a short genealogy of the emergence of bureaucracy and the narratives behind it. It explores competing narratives of the purpose and legitimacy of bureaucracy, comparing Weber’s account with the more civic-facing views of Woodrow Wilson and Waldo, negative views from classical liberalism, and the impacts of managerialism. This suggests that bureaucracy can either be viewed as a neutral force focused on economic efficiency or a civic force focused on an inclusive citizenship. It considers the impact of recent public administration reforms such as New Public Management and suggest this has overlayed an even narrower focus on to the Weberian structures and practice. This has made it less able to connect issues and serve the public rather than the individual. It illustrates the impact of practical examples of Foucault’s concepts of knowledge-power, territory, institutions, narratives and disciplines in constraining change and suggest the need to see bureaucracy as a civic ecosystem. This is captured in discussion with colleagues about the enabling characteristics of governing for sustainable development.
Closing words
Authors: Quinn Matthew J.
Published: September 2022

The book concludes by setting out the elements of a new civic bureaucracy. The practice of this new bureaucracy would replace the historic dominance of economic efficiency and uniformity with service to a more localised, plural and interconnected polity. This would serve to address the twin 21st century challenges of achieving sustainable development and addressing disaffection with democratic government.
Introduction
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents the binary view (aka fact-value dichotomy). Traditionally influential in the social sciences, the view holds that positive and normative beliefs are fundamentally distinct, the first being testable against reality and the second being intrinsically subjective. The chapter critiques the view, yet notes that it will not be buried by critique alone: a coherent alternative is needed. In policy theory today, influential alternatives such as post-positivism and constructionism share the assumption that the key problem is excessive trust in our knowledge of objective reality. They thus leave untouched the binary view’s denigration of the status of normative claims. The Introduction presents a very different approach, based on the observation that our beliefs form a network, each belief being supported by others. Fact beliefs depend in various ways upon normative ones, and vice versa. One can thus say that no fact is merely factual, no norm is merely normative. Value claims need not be treated as subjective or axiomatic: they can be pulled into what Jürgen Habermas calls the “vortex of argumentation.”
Some effects of the binary view
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

The binary view leads many writers to mask the normative content of their arguments. It also supports the belief that policy differences ultimately arise from “underlying value judgments” that are not subject to reasoned assessment. This leads to “end-of-the-line” thinking, the view that normative debate is fated to run into fundamental differences that are beyond rational judgment, “differences about which men (sic) can ultimately only fight,” as Milton Friedman put it. The chapter undermines this foundational pessimism through a discussion of Friedman’s influential illustration of an alleged foundational difference: between the lovers of freedom and advocates for equality. Contrasting Friedman’s position on those two goods with that of John Rawls reveals differences that are most certainly amenable to rational analysis.
The binary view also personalizes values, so that, in a normative conflict, the question becomes “Whose values will prevail?” Power and ego thus displace thought, and the foundation is laid for a narrow understanding of the policy analyst’s role in a democracy.
Convenient belief
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

This chapter draws on the insights of Douglas Amy to argue that the binary view is very convenient for many actors in the policy world. It can serve the interests of analysts themselves, and of politicians and various other “consumers” of analysis. The binary view can do this even if no one fully believes in it.
Serious ethical reflection, first, can threaten the analyst’s traditional role as purveyor of supposedly value-free technical advice. As for politicians: they often resort to technocratic justifications for their decisions. Yet politicians also frequently appeal to “values voters” with strident promises to “defend the family” and so on. These ostensibly opposed approaches both rely on the binary view, by exempting values from critical reflection.
An implication of this is that no scholarly argument –including this one– will fully dislodge the binary view from the policy world. Still, careful critique can weaken the defences of the view, and thus shake the allegiance to it of at least some policy actors.
Networks of beliefs and practices
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

This chapter extends the analysis of the previous one. The complex relations between our actions and our beliefs, and the intricate web formed by our actions and goals, both have important implications for a non-binary policy analysis. Since changes in our social milieu, for example, can affect our network of beliefs, our interests and even our habits, policy need not always attack “root causes” directly.
The chapter rejects policy approaches that assume a world neatly chopped into means and ends. Certain practices pursue multiple ends, and many important goods such as happiness or freedom are both means and ends. An analysis that assumes that we know precisely what people seek in a particular activity, such as work life, may thus neglect and undermine important human values.
Finally, the chapter returns to a point developed in previous chapters: conscious attention is a scarce resource. This points to both the essential nature of habits, and the potential usefulness –and danger– of policy “nudges.”
Decision contexts
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

Real world “decision contexts” –spaces in which one or more people arrive at a decision on some question– can be problematic in a number of ways. Decision-makers can be inattentive, or rushed, or believe that the job of analysis is merely to provide justifications for a pre-fabricated choice. The chapter uses passages from Plato and Shakespeare to illustrate such problems.
But a healthy society requires healthy decision contexts. One (delicate) task of the responsible analyst is to try to nudge particular contexts towards that ideal. This requires abandonment of the “subservient analyst model”: in a healthy public service, the analyst should not accept as unquestioned axioms the beliefs, whether normative or positive, of elected officials.
All this poses a particular challenge to the young analyst: they must find a way to harmonize their need to earn a living with a desire to take pride in their work. In this imperfect world, there will inevitably be times when they feel torn being doing the safe and “prudent” thing, and doing what they believe the interest of the public, perhaps even of humanity, requires.
The limits of dialogue
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

A central theme of this book is that “There is always something to talk about, if we’re willing to talk”: dialogue is not destined to founder when it reaches “ultimate values,” as foundational pessimists claim (chapter 2). Yet we must avoid “dialogic utopianism,” an exaggerated optimism concerning the power of dialogue. Open-minded discussion will yield many fruits, yet not always result in full agreement, because of the “burdens of judgment” (Rawls).
Nor can dialogue allow the policy analyst to embrace a pure “facilitator” role and evade the question of truth: truth judgments are unavoidable even in a dialogue-oriented policy approach.
There may be tensions between various goals of policy consultation. A participatory process structured to help us find truth on an issue may differ greatly from one that seeks to arrive at a decision that citizens, or some particular group of citizens, can embrace as their own.
Finally, the chapter draws on insights from Johan Huizinga and Thucydides to stress that people inevitably engage in dialogue with mixed motives, which can have problematic effects.
Social security
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks into social security, which primarily covers pensions, provision for disability, meeting housing costs, and low-income earners. Social security provides benefits for people in poverty and who need support for activities like childcare and social care. Some of the main types of social security benefits are insurance, means-tested, non-means-tested, universal, and discretionary. The chapter expounds on the concept of social security spending and government spending. The social security system is bound by complex rules as it simultaneously makes the practice virtue and a vice.
Education
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles the principle of education. Provisions have been put into effect to ensure schooling remains inclusive. The principle of general inclusion guarantees the principle of universality that leads to the advancement of the general welfare. However, the principle of universalism is challenged in secondary education due to possible differences in quality in vocational and academic education. The debates on inequality and low achievement concern social classes, race, minority groups, and children in poverty. On the other hand, the education system operates as one of the major forms of socialisation, such as transmitting social norms and values and changing the societal structures.
Child protection
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses child protection. It notes the correlation between poverty and families, which is prevalent among divorcees. The possibility of separation raises a degree of emotional distance between family members. Thus, policies tend to have an implicit emphasis that those who do not have normal nuclear families are doomed to fail due to their deviant behaviour and refusal to conform to societal norms. On the other hand, some people argue that the main focus of child protection should primarily cover poor children. Child abuse tends to be one of the main reasons why children come into the care of local authorities.
Employment services
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks into employment services holding the debate on a welfare state's role in terms of unemployment. Some people argue about taking a structural approach wherein employment and unemployment are determined by the state and structure of the economy. Then, the other argument focuses on an the individualistic approach wherein employment and unemployment are dependent on the actions and choices of the affected people. The political consensus on the welfare policy revolves around the proposition that employment can transform people's lives in a way that benefits could not. The chapter suggests how the government could create jobs to expand public employment as unemployment is a waste of human resources.
The Juvenile Justice System: Intake Decisions and Outcomes
Authors: Ketchum Paul R. , Peck B. Mitchell
Published: September 2022

This chapter expounds on intake decisions and outcomes in the juvenile justice system. According to available data, non-White adults and juveniles tend to have less favourable outcomes in both the front-end and back-end decision points in comparison to White juveniles. Juveniles are sent into the justice system due to referrals of their crimes instead of being guilty of the offences. Thus, overrepresentation often leads to large race and ethnicity differences in detention. While the processes of the juvenile court system are relatively complex, they could still reach potential outcomes of dismissing the case, deferring adjudication, or adjudicating the juvenile as a youthful offender.
Police, Juvenile Court and Juvenile Specialist Interviews
Authors: Ketchum Paul R. , Peck B. Mitchell
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles the process of interviewing people amongst the minority overrepresentation in the juvenile justice system. Interviews were semi-structured with scripted questions, but the script tends to differ for questions specific to occupations. Then, follow-up questions based upon the participant's response were encouraged. The chapter covers the stereotypes prevalent within interviews such as non-White families having different value systems and lower parental involvement. It also expounds on the four frames of color-blind racism: abstract liberalism, naturalism, cultural racism, and minimization of racism. Most people think Black and Latinx youth have a culture of violence while only a few people do not.
Conclusion and Discussion
Authors: Ketchum Paul R. , Peck B. Mitchell
Published: September 2022

This concluding chapter clarifies the racial context of disproportionate minority contact (DMC). Disproportionate minority contact focuses more on the different ratios of non-White kids and White kids being punished for their alleged delinquent behaviour. However, DMC has never been about non-White children being more deviant than White kids. The main issue of researching DMC is the usage of data that records racial inequality and differential treatment of non-White people. The disadvantages of using police data as a measurement of crime rates since arrests do not equate to crimes, while self-report data lack the benefit of anonymity. The chapter includes the concept of defunding the police and investing more in social workers and juvenile specialists.
Rescaling through Austerity Governance
Authors: Jonathan S. Davies , Blanco Ismael , Bua Adrian , Chorianopoulos Ioannis , Cortina-Oriol Mercè , Feandeiro Andrés , Gaynor Niamh , Gleeson Brendan , Griggs Steven , Hamel Pierre , Henderson Hayley , Howarth David , Keil Roger , Pill Madeleine , Salazar Yunailis , Sullivan Helen
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, we show how the study of scale is enlightening when trying to understand how austerity has functioned in our eight case study cities. In order to put forth a clear definition of how we use the concept, we also propose a definition of scale and promote a synthetic and multi-faceted definition such as the one suggested by Byron Miller (2009: 62; emphasis in the original): “a set of territorially nested, malleable relationships among territorially embedded or constituted agents and institutions, shaping their responsibilities, capacities, opportunities, and constraints through territory-specific rule regimes, resources, and identities”. The chapter explores several different dimensions of scale, as it pertains to neoliberalism, austerity and the struggle for social justice – which also takes the form of struggles over the definition and classification of scale and territory.
Childcare Markets as an Object of Study
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter develops a framework through which to explore state-led marketization in action, drawing on the conceptual language of a broader social science literature called the Social Studies of Marketization (SSM). The chapter suggests that SSM offers a conceptually sophisticated language to open the black box of childcare, and other care markets, to more engaged scrutiny. Bringing the literature on childcare markets into conversation with the insights of SSM, the chapter lays out an alternative approach which seeks to better account for the dynamic and often unseen work involved in their creation. It then moves from a critique of markets as an ideology or ‘handmaiden’ of neoliberalism to markets as an object of study in their own right. The chapter outlines the fundamental critiques of marketized childcare and the role of the state within these conversations. It also considers why many argue that childcare should be organized and provided as a public good.
Private Providers, Childcare Labour and the Problem of Finance
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews the other set of calculative agencies in the childcare market: the providers. It investigates for-profit providers as calculative agents who deploy different financial strategies to operate in the emergent market. Focusing on two types of provider that have proliferated in Aotearoa New Zealand, namely the individual owner-operator and the consolidated childcare chain, the chapter digs into the strategies and economic calculations these actors have made in relation to the work of childcare since 2002. It then reveals the relational nature of this calculative work, adjusting in response to both the demands of the parent consumer and the interests of government in the sector. The chapter argues that the strategies deployed by these actors in response to state-led marketization are generative of the kinds of competitive market dynamics which have provoked significant criticism during this time. The chapter describes the problem of finance for childcare owner-operators which manifests in diverse ways. It also considers the role of labour within the financial strategies of for-profit providers.
Introduction
Authors: Grace Sharon , O’Neill Maggie , Walker Tammi , King Hannah , Baldwin Lucy , Jobe Alison , Lynch Orla , Measham Fiona , O’Brien Kate , Seaman Vicky
Published: September 2022

The origins of this book lie in collaborative discussions with a group of feminist criminologists, sociologists and psychologists: the Criminal Women Voice, Justice and Recognition Network (CWVJR) who came together to develop research and scholarship which aims to centre women’s voices and lived experiences. This book draws on each co- author’s body of research in their field of expertise and on a range of research projects, practice and activities. As such the aim of this book is to bring together a body of feminist research on ‘criminal women’ that critically examines women’s reasons for engaging in ‘criminal’ activity and the challenges they face in ‘attempting to become women of their own making’ (Carlen et al, 1985 : 1). Following the foreword from Pat Carlen herself, this introductory chapter offers a brief overview of women’s current experiences in the CJS and summarises the substantive content of the chapters to follow.
Sex Work, Criminalisation and Stigma: Towards a Feminist Criminological Imagination
Authors: O’Neill Maggie , Jobe Alison
Published: September 2022

Chapter 3, by Maggie O’Neill and Alison Jobe, centres on participatory research interviews with women who sell or have sold sex and have spent time in prison. In articulating the relationship between private troubles and social issues (Mills, 1970), the authors argue that women’s narratives point to future possible trajectories and modes of doing justice with women, working against the grain of what Hudson (2006) calls ‘white man’s justice’. This is an example of participatory, biographical narrative research as criminological imagination that enables us ‘to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society’ (Mills, 1970: 6; Carlen, 2010; Seal and O’Neill, 2019). In Criminal Women , the prison regime is described as being based around the will to ‘discipline, infantalize, feminize, medicalize and domesticate’ (Carlen et al, 1985: 162), and in the final part of this chapter the authors reflect on the extent to which this relates to women’s experiences of the CJS, and how this has changed or stayed the same over time.
‘The World Split Open’: Writing, Teaching and Learning with Women in Prison
Authors: King Hannah , O’Brien Kate , Measham Fiona , Verity-Fee Phoenix , Iris  , Angel
Published: September 2022

Chapter 6 represents the work conducted by the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Programme. Chapter 6, by Hannah King, Kate O’Brien and Fiona Measham, provides a critical exploration and framework for thinking through the authors’ own work with women in prison delivering a prison education programme.
Women’s Biographies through Prison
Authors: Verity-Fee Phoenix , Iris  , Angel  , King Hannah , O’Brien Kate , Measham Fiona
Published: September 2022

Also drawing from the work conducted by the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Programme Chapter 7 is co- authored with Verity- Fee, Phoenix, Iris and Angel. Their writings, prison journeys and voices take centre stage. Through their poetry and creative writing, this chapter provides a platform for their voices and experiences to be heard. Through short reflective biographies that accompany each of their written pieces, together, the authors try to convey a sense of their journey through prison.
Immigration, Race, and Citizenship
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

In this chapter I focus on citizenship policies, and how they have impacted people of color and immigrants. There are two factors at play in these processes, and it is important to start off with a discussion of how citizenship policies have targeted people of color to in some instances encourage and in others to prevent them from becoming full participants in the political life of the countries in which they live. Politicians have pursued policies that restrict access to citizenship in part to delay the impact of demographic shifts we are seeing on both sides of the Atlantic. These policies have the effect of limiting access to those who would undermine the power of White-dominated political arenas. Conservative and far-right politicians have clearly influenced these policies, while politicians on the left have been more likely to support and encourage citizenship and voting rights for people of color.
From the Civil Rights Movement to Black Lives Matter
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

In this chapter I begin with an examination of discrimination in practice in the US and Europe, particularly in terms of housing, labor rights and cultural practices. I then examine the development of civil rights legislation in the US and its impact on policy and movements in the UK. In the 1990s, antidiscrimination policy shifted to the EU level, with the pursuit of antidiscrimination policy om the form of the Racial Equality Directive, and I conclude with a discussion of developments in political participation and representation for immigrants in Europe.
Conclusion: Finding a Path Forward
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

One of the purposes of this book is to begin to define a new approach to the study of the politics of race. Although many researchers have examined the global impacts of race politics, it is important to see the connections across the Atlantic, from a historical perspective and the ways that they continue to impact the politics of race. This comparative work needs to expand and grow, given the sharing of information across borders, we can no longer see policy developments or social movements as being confined to national borders.