bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endometriosis as systemic genetic problem
Authors: Baranov Vladislav Sergeyevich
Published: April 2016

Current data contributing to the origin and development of endometriosis (E) — sever common disease of reproductive age women are reviewed. Numerous theories and hypothesis as well as basic pathological mechanisms underlying E are briefly outlined. Whole gene-net and particular groups of candidate genes involved in E are presented. The later include genes of detoxification system, sex hormones and their receptors, cytokines gene, onco- suppressors the genes contributing to embryonic development of female reproductive organs and cell proliferation Major molecular genetic data imply epigenetic impact in the origin of disease which results from progressive disregulation of endometrium genome functions provoked by unfavorable combinations of candidate genes of some signaling pathways and defects in their expression due to abnormal methylation pattern. Histone modifications and the faults of miRNA content. In line with systemic genetic concept initial stages of E could be provoked by different genetic, epigenetic and even external factors which outcome is the same pathophysiological and pathomorphological damages clinically classified as E. Two feasible molecular genetic routs of E. are suggested. Both are relying on unscheduled expression of early embryonic genes such as WNT4, HOX10, HOX11, GALT provoking the changes in genetic program of endometriotic cells (metaplasia) and their subsequent progression as the lesions of ectopic endometrium
Hemostasis in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kapustin Roman Viktorovich , Arzhanova Olga Nikolayevna , Shlyakhtenko Tatyana Nikolayevna , Oparina Tatyana Ivanovna , Komarov Yevgeniy Konstantinovich
Published: April 2016

Been analyzed and studied the characteristics of hemostasis in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Found that for women with disorders of carbohydrate metabolism characte-rized by increased activity of procoagulant, vascular-platelet hemostasis, and decreased activity of fibrinolityc system. It is shown that the violations of the haemostatic system is directly dependent on the degree of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism and require adequate correction of glycemia. Thus, GDM is an important predictor of hemostatic disorders and possible venous thromboembolism in pregnancy.
DIAGNOSTICS OF CHROMOSOMAL ABBERATIONS BY arrayCGH
Authors: Malysheva Olga Viktorovna , Baranov Aleksandr Nikolayevich , Pendina Anna Andreyevna , Shabanova Yelena Sergeyevna , Baranov Vladislav Sergeyevich
Published: April 2016

ACGH is a modern and highly efficient approach for full-genomic scanning of wide spectrum of chromosomal disbalance. Here, we discuss diagnostic capabilities of aCGH and give examples of diagnostic cases.
Endometrial receptivity: the molecularmechanisms regulation of implantation
Authors: Krylova Yuliya Sergeyevna , Kvetnoy Igor Moiseyevich , Aylamazyan Eduard Karpovich
Published: April 2016

Presents current views on endometrial receptivity and the molecular mechanisms regulation of implantation. Examines the signaling molecules as potential markers of parameter estimation window of implantation in assisted reproductive technologies.
Diabetic microvascular complications(retinopathy and nephropathy) and pregnancy
Authors: Borovik Natalya Viktorovna , Potin Vladimir Vsevolodovich , Rutenburg Yelena Leonidovna
Published: April 2016

Dynamics of diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy in 134 women with diabetes mellitus type 1 was studied. It was shown that pregnancy doesn’t lead to aggravation of diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Manifestation of transit maculopathy in some women was related to higher hypoglycemic condition rate.
Cesarean section at juvenile obstetrics
Authors: Zolotov Ivan Sergeyevich , Kutusheva Galiya Fettyakhovna , Rukoyatkina Yelena Alekseyevn
Published: April 2016

The features of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period of young women, delivery by Caesarean section were discovered on the basis of a maternity hospital in St. Petersburg. The analysis of the data has identified the criteria for the negative impact on the reproductive potential of young people, the percentage of abdominal deliveries and their complications.
Range of the rare chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed prenatally at fetuses with increased nuchal translucency
Authors: Zolotukhina Tatyana Vladimirovna , Yudina Yelena Vladimirovna , Shilova Nadezhda Vladimirovna , Minzhenkova Marina Yevgenyevna , Kozlova Yuliya Olegovna , Markova Zhanna Gennadiyevna
Published: April 2016

The data provided are given as an illustration of molecular-cytogenetic approach for improvement of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis of rare chromosomal abnormalities. The main indication for prenatal karyotyping discussed herein presented with increased nuchal translucency at 10–14 weeks of gestation. The following rare chromosomal abnormalities were revealed by FIASH: microdeletion 22q11.2, r(13)(p11q22), dup(8)(p23p12), del (13)(q34), invdupY(q10), two sSNMCs of 5 and 20 chromosomes origin. The importance of improving and systematizing of the ultrasonographic diagnosis of “mild” developmental defects, providing of the expanded prenatal molecular studies and contemporary FISH-technique application is emphasized.
The role of the family-oriented technologies in perinatal medicine within Ural Federal District
Authors: Malgina Galina Borisovna , Shihova Elena Pavlovna , Zhukova Irina Fridrikhovna
Published: April 2016

The audit was conducted among leading perinatal centers of the Urals Federal District (UFD) and included department heads, doctors and patients — some by personal interview, others by written questionnaires. We found that in the perinatal centers there is virtually no organized work to prepare pregnant women for childbirth. The percentage of partnership-supported labors varies from 0 to 48.5 % (in two centers partner-supported labors do not take place at all). In most institutions partner-supported childbirth rate does not exceed 10–12 %, although the technology is available and free. Rooming-in mothers and term infants implemented everywhere, but mothers and preterm infants are often separated. Thus, it is necessary to continue the implementation of perinatal practices, namely, family-oriented technology which should be an essential indicator parameters of perinatal audit in the leading perinatal centers in the Urals Federal District.
Prospects of laboratory diagnostics in obstetrics (according to the materials of the 20-th European Congress of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, EuroMedLab 2013)
Authors: Dorofeykov Vladimir Vladimirovich , Kerkeshko Gleb Olegovich
Published: April 2016

Diagnostic and therapy monitoring prospectives and challenges with pregnant women of different gestational age have been analysed and reviewed. The advanced laboratory techniques for the prediction of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, as well as such biomarkers as placental growth factor, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, holotranscobalamin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin I are discussed.).
Integrated assessment haemostasis pregnant women with gestosis
Authors: Barinov Sergey Vladimirovich , Dolgikh Vladimir Terent'evich , Medyannikova Irina Vladimirovna
Published: April 2016

The parameters of the kaolinaktivirovannoy thrombelastographic at physiological gestation, moderate, and severe gestosis. The significant differences between groups for the intensification of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis activity. Option and the severity of the changes thrombelastographic determine the need for correction hemocoagulation violations during gestation thrombohemorrhagic to prevent complications in pregnancy.
Cytokines and growth factors as markers of endometrium implantation capacity in IVF
Authors: Sharfi Yulia Najibovna
Published: April 2016

The implantation is the foundation is basic event of the successful pregnancy, which requires the participation of various endocrine, paracrine and autocrine mechanisms on the hormonal, cellular and molecular levels. The result is an adequate growth and differentiation of endometrium, adhesion and invasion of the blastocyst and formation of a normal placenta. The success of implantation depends on embryo quality, presence of receptive endometrium and normally functioning immune system to provide an active dialogue between the blastocyst and endometrium. The cytokines and growth factors play an important role in the process of implantation. Imbalance synthesis of these molecules leads to partial or complete failure of the implantation process. LIF cytokine and GM-CSF, TGF -b, VEGF growth factors are the most important factors involved in the process of implantation . This review reflects the role of these molecules in the process of implantation and modern methods of their determination to predict pregnancy rate in IVF.
Efficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue in endometriosis therapy
Authors: Denisova Valentina Mikhaylovna
Published: April 2016

Endometriosis is estrogen- dependent disease. Aromatase P450 is the key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis. The aim of the study was to compare therapeutic efficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (aGnRH) with ovarian aromatase activity. 64 women with endometriosis were examined after laparoscopic coagulation of endometrioid lesions. The examination included determination of FSH, LH, prolactin, antimüllerian hormone, estradiol, estrone and androstendione by immune-enzyme assay in peripheral blood and determination of ovarian aromatase activity by test with aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Laparoscopic coagulation of endometrioid lesions and following six- month course of aGnRH have lead to decrease of clinical manifestations of the disease and recovery of normal ovulatory menstrual cycle in most (72.5 %) of the patients. Therapeutic efficiency of combined therapy did not depend on basal blood estradiol level and ovarian aromatase activity.
Laparoscopic diagnostics and treatment of acute early adhesive small bowel obstruction after gynecological operations performed by laparoscopic access
Authors: Timofeyev Mikhail Yevgenyevich , Shtyrov Sergey Vyacheslavovich , Marchenko Igor Petrovich , Kretsu Vitaliy Nikolayevich , Shapovalyants Sergey Georgiyevich
Published: April 2016

The Results of treatment of 8 female patients with early acute adhesive small bowel obstruction (AASBO) after laparoscopic gynecological surgery are presented. Diagnostic laparoscopy appeared to be the most helpful and the safest diagnostic technique, confirming the AASBO diagnosis and helping to choose operative treatment mode. In 5 patients AASBO was successfully treated using laparoscopic method, while in 3 patient median laparotomy was required: 1 patient with AASBO relapse, and 2 patients with pelvic peritonitis progression.
Balloon thermoablation in patients with hyperplastic processes in endometrium treatment
Authors: Breusenko Valentina Grigorjevna , Mishieva Olga Igorevna , Golova Julia Arnoldovna , Politova Anna Petrovna
Published: April 2016

The experience of treatment of 84 menstruating and postmenopausal patients with hyperplastic processes in endometrium is analyzed in the study. Balloon thermoablation of endometrium using TERMOCHOICE sistem was performed. Clinical effectiveness of ablation was assessed during 12, 24, 36 months. The effectiveness of thermoablation in menstruating women was 83,1 %, in menopause patients 100 %. The technique is safe, effective and uterus-preserving.
Folate therapy optimization in complicated pregnancy
Authors: Kerkeshko Gleb Olegovich , Arutjunyan Aleksandr Vartanovich , Arzhanova Olga Nikolaevna , Milyutina Yuliya Pavlovna
Published: April 2016

The role of folic acid and negative effects of its deficit in pregnancy are discussed. The folate content in the blood of pregnant women who were administered folic acid containing drugs were shown to excess the standard allowances. Possible side-effects of continuous folate blood level increase were revealed. The recommendations for folate therapy optimization in complicated pregnancy are given.
DOCTOR K.F. WRANGELL - THE FORGOTTEN OBSTETRICIAN OF OLD PETERSBURG
Authors: Ovechkin Eugeny Germanovich
Published: April 2016

In 2013 in St. Petersburg a small circulation of E. G. Ovechkin’s book «Doctor Wrangell - the Petersburg obstetrician» was published. It is devoted to activity of the doctor of medicine and surgery, the obstetrician baron K. F. Wrangell (1799-1875). The book is based on studying of a set of not previously published documents. The author acquaints with basic provisions of this book and excerpts from the most important documents.
Ovarian aromatase activity in polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Nikolayenkov Igor Pavlovich , Potin Vladimir Vsevolodovich , Tarasova Marina Anatolyevna , Tkachenko Natalya Nikolayevna , Yarmolinskaya Maria Igorevna , Timofeyeva Yekaterina Mikhaylovna , Samoylovich Yanina Andreyevna
Published: April 2016

41 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 15 healthy women of reproductive age were examined to evaluate ovarian aromatase activity. Aromatase activity was determined by the decrease of estradiol level after peroral intake of aromatase inhibitor letrosol. To examine aromatase activity of antral follicle (∆E2) was divided on the blood level of antimullerian hormone (AMH), which is corresponded to the number of antral follicles. Significant variations of aromatase activity of antral follicles in patients with PCOS were determined: in 34.1 % of women it was within physiological ranges, in 48.8 % of women it was decreased and in 17.1 % of women it was increased. Aromatase activity of antral follicles in patients with PCOS correlated with blood levels of estradiol (r = 0.67), estron (r = 0.27), free testosterone(r = 0.43), androstendion (r = 0.34) and body mass index (r = 0.30). Aromatase activity had reverse correlation with number of antral follicles. Athors suggest that the sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropinic stimulation is decreased in patients with PCOS and low aromatase activity.
Comparison of laboratory methods for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Martikaynen Zinaida Mikhaylovna , Grigoryev Aleksey Nikolayevich , Ryzhkova Olga Sergeyevna , Shipitsyna Yelena Vasilyevna , Savicheva Alevtina Mikhaylovna , Litvinenko Irina Viktorovna , Galkina Alla Valentinovna , Kudryavtseva Nina Igorevna , Tangatarova Yelena Mikhaylovna , Lomakina Olga Aleksandrovna , Protasova Yelena Petrovna , Romantseva Svetlana Yuryevna
Published: April 2016

The paper presents data on comparison of microscopy, culture and molecular (PCR) methods for diagnosis of trichomoniasis, as well as on evaluation of the quality of culture media for isolation of trichomonads produced by Russian and international manufacturers. The highest sensitivity was shown for the molecular (real-time PCR) method. Microscopy of stained and wet smears demonstrated relatively high sensitivity. The culture media that are widely used in our country for Trichomonas vaginalis isolation need optimization.
Melatonin: pregnancy and labor
Authors: Aylamazyan Edvard Karpovich , Evsyukova Inna Ivanovna , Kvetnoy Igor Moiseyevich
Published: April 2016

This review summarizes many of the published reports about the mechanisms of melatonin production and it’s role during pregnancy and labor. Melatonin seems to be of particular importance for the maintenance of the optimal course of pregnancy and fetus development. Sinergized actions of melatonin and oxytocin during labor were demonstrated. The individual prescription during labor pharmacological preparations which are physiological antagonists for melatonin is accentuated.
Clinical significance of prenatal diagnosis of macrosomia by ultrasound
Authors: Bayeva Irina Yuryevna
Published: April 2016

Оbjective: Establish the diagnostic value of ultrasound examination in prenatal diagnosis of macrosomia among the women without diabetes and to determine its effect on birth outcomes. Мethods: This is a retrospective cohort study done at the Orenburg municipal perinatal center and maternity hospital № 2 since 2006 to 2012. In this study 3760 pregnant women were analyzed who delivered term, singleton, live born infants. The estimated fetal sonographic weight by the formula Hadlock’s was obtained within the last week prior to delivery. The study population was divided into 4 groups (true positive, true negative, false positive, false negative) according to the estimated fetal weight (EFW) and regarding the birth weight (BW). Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated to compare the prediction of macrosomia when using different observation methods. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were calculated. The mean value of two groups were compared using two sample t test and χ² test for comparison of proportions. Results: In order to assess the accuracy of the ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis of macrosomia the study population was divided into 4 groups according to the estimated fetal weight (EFW) and regarding the birth weight (BW): true positive (n-147), false negative (n-229 ), false positive (n-353), true negative (n-3031). Results of the study showed no statistically significant differences between the birth weight and estimated fetal weifht by ultrasound alone only in the macrosomia group with true-positive results (p = 0.9). In applying the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) performance analysis sensitivity and spesificity in the prediction of the macrosomia by ultrasound revealed the average predictive power of the method. Area under the curve (Area under ROC curve, AUC) made 0.7295 (95 % CI: 0.695-0.781), which corresponds to a predetermined average accuracy. The accuracy of macrosomia prediction by ultrasound methods was 90 %, sensitivity - 35 %, specificity - 93,5 %. Сesarian sections were performed for 40 % of the pregnant women, where fetal macrosomia was truly ruled in (true positive) and 16% of the women who delivered normal weight infants (true negative). Overestimation of fetal weight (false positive) has led to the 30 % rate of cesarean sections. Underestimation of fetal weight (false negative) has decreased to the 24% rate of cesarean sections but in this case perinatal complications have increased. Conclusion: Results showed an average accuracy in predicting macrosomia by the formula Hadlock’s. The results of the study have proved that the inappropriate prediction macrosomia of fetal weight has influence on the mode of delivery. Overestimation of fetal weight has led the proportion of cesarian sections. Underestimation of fetal macrosomia has increased perinatal complications.
Optimization of diagnostics and treatment of mixed and stress urinary incontinence in women
Authors: Rusina Yelena Ivanovna
Published: April 2016

Save or occurrence «de novo» of the bladder and urethra dysfunction in surgical correction of urinary incontinence (UI) among women is impotant problem of Urogynecology. Purpose: To evaluate the role of complex diagnostics in determination of the pathogenetically based tactics with mixed and stress incontinence among women. Materials and Methods: The study included 633 patients 22-88 years old with complaints of mixed (n = 356) and stress (n = 277) UI before treatment (medical, physiotherapy, sling surgery): 119 - clinically, 514 - complexly (clinical examination and complex urodynamic testing). Surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse is performed to 270 patients. Complex examination was repeated to all of them in 1-3 and 12-36 months after treatment. Results: detrusor overactivity - DO (32.9 %) and urethral instability (23.1 %) before surgery is more common among patients with complaints of mixed incontinence, but among patients with stress complaints this pathology is also found in 5 %, and 8.3 % of cases, respectively. 55.9 % patients with complaints of mixed incontinence and 47.2 % - with stressful complaints were not operated in connection with full or significant reduction of complaints on the background of pathogenic conservative therapy. The efficacy of sling operations for stress and mixed incontinence is high but not statistically different and generally amounts to 97.1 % in 3-36 months after surgery. The frequency of postoperative dysfunction among clinically examined patients with complaints of mixed incontinence was in general 46 %, the frequency among complexely examined patients - 9.7 %. (OR 7,7, 95 % CI 2,9-20,3). Conclusion: Complex examination with the use of urodynamic testing, the therapy of bladder and urethra neuro-muscular dysfunction, the selection of patients for surgical treatment leads to a significant reduction of dysfunction number in early and late postoperative period and improve patients’ satisfaction with the treatment.
A clinical case of pregnancy with suspected trophoblastic disease in 3 trimester
Authors: Mikhaylin Yevgeniy Sergeyevich , Ivanova Lada Anatolyevna , Lisyanskaya Alla Sergeyevna , Savitskiy Aleksey Gennadyevich , Minina Anna Gennadyevna , Gederim Marina Nikolayevna
Published: April 2016

Cases of trophoblastic disease in the presence of the living fetus during 2-3 trimesters of pregnancy is a rare phenomenon. The description of the clinical case of suspected trophoblastic disease at term of 26 weeks is provided in article. The decision of pregnancy prolongation under control β- HCG was made. Therapy of gestosis, improvement of maternal-placental blood flow, anticoagulant therapy was carried out. Cesarean section was made at 30 weeks of pregnancy (preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes). In the postpartum period, a decrease of b-HCG to zero was within 1,5 months. In the postoperative period we did not receive convincing pathomorphological data for the presence of trophoblastic disease, so the question of whether there was in this case partial hydatidiform mole in combination with alive fetus, or received changes in the placenta and anomalously high values of b-HCG were the result of primary placental insufficiency with the intrauterine infection, remains open.
Saturation of pregnant women organism vitamin D and the course of perinatal period
Authors: Gurkina Yelena Yuryevna , Petrova Natalya Viktorovna , Novikova Tatyana Vasilyevna , Yuryev Vladimir Vladimirovich , Dorofeykov Vladimir Vladimirovich , Zazerskaya Irina Yevgenyevna
Published: April 2016

The review presents the criteria of vitamin A deficiency D adopted by in different countries and approaches to the appointment of vitamin D during pregnancy. Analyzed data from the most important studies in recent years devoted to this problem.
Modern diagnostics of human papillomavirus infection: a review of worldwide research
Authors: Orekhova Yekaterina Konstantinovna , Khachaturyan Armine Robertovna
Published: April 2016

The Human papillomavirus infection is a major risk factor for neoplastic processes of the cervix. In addition to a clinical examination of the cervix using a speculum and a light source, the cervix can be inspected using a variety of noninvasive and invasive diagnostic methods. In spite of this, clinical practice requires development and clinical of new disposable and highly informative methods for the detection of virus-induced cell proliferative activity to clarify the degree of neoplasia and manage the disease.
Advantages of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in treatment of ovarian cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Vyshinskaya Ekaterina Alexandrovna , Bespalov Vladimir Grigorievich , Vasilyeva Irina Nikolaevna , Semenov Alexander Leonidovich , Stukov Alexander Nikolaevich , Belyaeva Olesya Alexandrovna , Kireeva Galina Sergeevna , Maidin Mikhail Alexandrovich , Gershfeld Eduard Dmitrievich , Belyaev Alexey Mikhaylovich
Published: April 2016

The purpose of research is a comparison of the combined antitumor effects of cytotoxic drugs used in the treatment of ovarian cancer, when administered intraperitoneally, with the effects of these drugs in mono-treatment. The study was conducted in 132 Wistar female rats inoculated intraperitoneally with ascitic tumor of the ovary. At 48 hours after inoculation of the ovarian tumor rats were administered once intraperitoneally with drugs at maximum tolerated doses, dioxadet 1.5 mg/kg of body weight, cisplatin 4 mg/kg, cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg, paclitaxel 5 mg/kg, gemcitabine 50 mg/kg, or a combination of these drugs in half doses. Antitumor effects of the treatment were estimated by increase in survival time comparing median survival time of rats in different groups. Combinations dioxadet with cisplatin”, dioxadet with cyclophosphamide, and dioxadet with paclitaxel” have additive antitumor effects in comparison with the effects of these drugs administered separately. Combination dioxadet with gemcitabine did not increase the antitumor activity of the drugs.
Expression of antimicrobial peptides in the epithelium of the cervix uteri after caesarian section and vaginal birth
Authors: Lebedeva Olga Petrovna , Ivashova Olesya Nikolaevna , Pakhomov Sergey Petrovich , Churnosov Mikhail Ivanovich , Samborskaya Nataliya Ivanovna , Fedorenko Elena Anatolevna
Published: April 2016

The Background: Antimicrobial peptides are first line of defense for mucosa against viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Meanwhile, expression of antimicrobial peptides in postpartum period has not been studied. Objective: To estimate the expression of mRNA of antimicrobial peptides in epithelium of the cervix uteri after caesarean section and vaginal birth 3 or 4 days after delivery. Materials and methods: The data-sample consisted of 17 women after caesarean section and 46 women after vaginal delivery examined on days 3 or 4 of postpartum period. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR method was used to study mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptides. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney criteria. Results: It was shown that higher level of expression of SLPI, HNP3, HD6 and HBD4 in the endocervix was present in women who delivered via caesarean section compared with those who had vaginal delivery. Conclusion: Women who underwent caesarean section exhibited increased expression of antimicrobial peptides compared to those who had vaginal birth. This increased expression can be attributed to multiple reasons such as differences in vaginal microflora restoration, different changes in hormone levels and also due to surgical trauma after operative delivery. The use of antimicrobial peptides can give new opportunities for prophylaxis and treatment of septic complications that occur in postpartum period.
Clinical characteristics and obstetrical principals at HIV-infected women in Saint Petersburg
Authors: Niauri Dariko Aleksandrovna , Yakovlev Aleksej Avenirovich , Penchuk Tatyana Efimovna , Rad´kova Yulija Valer’evna , Kukol´nikova Yulija Arkad’evna , Musatova Ekaterina Vladimirovna , Khubulava Nina Vladimirovna
Published: April 2016

Objective: to determine the clinical course of HIV infection, pregnancy and delivery in HIV-infected women. Materials and Methods: the analysis of 1483 clinical records of the HIV-infected women, who were delivered in specialized infectious and obstetric department in Clinical infectious diseases hospital named after S.P. Botkin in 2011-2013. Results: Average age of patients - 28,2 ± 1,2 years. Vast majority of women (78,5 %) knew about the diagnosis “HIV-infection” before pregnancy. The sexual way of transmission dominated (67,6 %) among patients with the detected mechanism of HIV-transmission. Full three-step ARV prevention was performed in 82,4 % (1222) cases. The average amount of patients with 4th stage of HIV infection was 49,2 % (730), thus the number of women in labor with the 4th stage of HIV infection increased from 19,4 to 55,6 % in 2011-2013. There is a high percentage of the coinfection of HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis C or B + C (50,8 %). The most frequent complications of pregnancy and labour at the HIV-infected women are: iron deficiency anemia, chronic placentary insufficiency, eclampsy, premature discharge of amniotic fluid. Every third pregnant has a combination of these pregnancy complications. Frequency of premature birth was 23,5 %. The majority of pregnant women had vaginal labors (67,3 %) Cesarean sections were performed in 32,7 % cases. Conclusion: In St. Petersburg in 2011-2013 significantly increased the number of women with clinically significant manifestations of HIV infection on the 4th stage of secondary diseases. The most frequent clinical manifestations of 4A stage of HIV infection were fungal (candidiasis) lesion of the mucous genitals, mouth and viral (HSV) lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. The major complications of pregnancy in HIV-infected women are anemia and chronic placental insufficiency. Almost one in four pregnancies ends premature birth. Remains high percentage of cesarean sections, including those caused by infectious indications.
Human papillomavirus: screening and vaccination
Authors: Roik Elena Evgen’yevna , Baranov Aleksey Nikolaevich , Usynin Maksim Vadimovich
Published: April 2016

Every year, 500 000 women worldwide are diagnosed with cervical cancer. Currently, there is no doubt that certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) do act as causative agents of cervical cancer. Nowadays there are more than 150 different types of HPV are known. Certain types of viruses by affecting the epithelium of humans and animals lead to appearance of warts or papillomas, others lead to malignancy of squamous epithelium. The most common HPV types are 16 and 18, cause cervical cancer. Vaccination and screening are the most effective tools for preventing cervical cancer. Preventive vaccines are currently registered and actively used in many countries around the world.
First-trimester medical abortion
Authors: Sukhikh Gennadiy Tikhonovich , Serov Vladimir Nikolaevich , Prilepskaya Vera Nikolaeva , Khan Natal'ya Eknikovna , Tutunnik Viktor Leonidovich , Baranov Igor Ivanovich , Baev Oleg Radomirovich , Shmakov Roman Georgievich , Tetruashvili Nana Kertlosovna , Klimenchenko Natal'ya Ivanovna , Kuzemin Andrey Alexandrovich , Astakhova Tat'yana Mikhailovna , Balushkina Anna Andreyevna , Aylamazyan Edvard Karpovich , Tarasova Marina Anatolievna , Krasnopolskiy Vladislav Ivanovich , Logutova Lidiya Sergeevna , Melnik Tatyana Nikolaevna
Published: April 2016

The Clinical Protocol “First-Trimester Medical Abortion” is written in accordance with the Russian laws on health protection, Procedure on medical care provision to women seeking for artificial termination of pregnancy, Law on drug circulation. The evidential base for the clinical protocol was constituted by the publications included in the Cochrane Library, PUBMED and MEDLINE databases, by the results of the Russian clinical studies on the medical abortion carried out with the permission of the Ethical Committee of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, by the Russian and international regulatory documents on safe abortion (FDA, HAS). The objective of these clinical protocol is to improve the quality of medical aid in the Russian Federation provided during early pregnancy termination. The comments were discussed jointly by the work group members; a consensus was reached on the key questions of the clinical protocol and practical recommendations were developed.
Representaciones sociales de género: La(s) mujer(es)/madre(s) como un instrumento para el Desarrollo en el Programa gubernamental chileno Ingreso Ético Familiar
Authors: Ahumada Karina , Monreal Tania , Tenorio Loreto
Published: April 2016

This article constitutes a critical reflection, from a gender approach, on the main aspects of the Chilean government program for overcoming poverty and/or extreme poverty: Ethical Family Income. Through the review of official documents, press releases and academic research, our main objective was to understand and analyze the representations of gender present in the social program and its implications for women, who have been identified as the main recipient. According to the analysis made, it was possible to see the instrumentalization of the women in their role as mediators between public policy and their families. The foregoing has led to the reproduction of traditional gender roles, which circumscribes women to a reproductive-domestic role, and not as a subject of rights.
Igualdad, Equidad de Género y Feminismo, una mirada histórica a la conquista de los derechos de las mujeres
Authors: Duarte Cruz José María , García-Horta José Baltazar
Published: April 2016

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) defines equality and says how to achieve it. The policies propose frameworks to live equally, but: how do you do this if it is society that teaches us to be unequal? This paper provides a historical overview of progress and setbacks on gender equality. By examining this phenomenon perhaps we get to know a social reality that impacts men and women differently. Currently, progress on gender equality can be seen, but in turn, inequitable ways that continue to favor male roles over the female are manifested.
The relation between glutathione S-Transferase M1 null-genotype and cardiac problems in beta-thalassemia.
Authors: Abo-Shanab Asem Metwally , El-Desouky Mohamed Ali , Kholoussi Naglaa Mohamed , El-Kamah Ghada Youssef , Helwa Iman Aly , Fahmi Abdelgawad Ali
Published: April 2016

This work was carried out to investigate the role of Glutathione S-Transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype frequency in prognosis of β-thalassemia, and to detect the correlation between GSTM1 null genotype and appearance of cardiac complications in β-thalassemia.
The studied groups in the present work were divided to three groups (group I: 20 healthy subjects, group II: 56 β-thalassemic patients and group III: 16 β-thalassemic patients with cardiac complications were taken from group II). The measurement of human high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was performed using nephelometry. GSTM1 genotype was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and cardiac complications were determined by using Echocardiography.
A statistically significant increase in hs-CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels was found in β-thalassemic patients with cardiac complications compared to normal subjects. Results showed no relation between GSTM1 null genotype frequency neither with β-thalassemia nor with cardiac complications appearance, where the interaction between GSTM1 null genotype in β-thalassemic patients with cardiac complications and healthy subjects were insignificant compared to subjects with GSTM1 non-null genotype.
GSTM1 null genotype frequency has no role in β-thalassemia or cardiac complications appearance.
Comparación de dos protocolos de manejo en preeclampsia severa, lejos del término, y resultados maternos y neonatales: una cohorte histórica Hospital Universitario San José, Popayán (Colombia)
Authors: Rendón-Becerra César Augusto , Ortiz-Martínez Roberth Alirio
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: determinar si existe una diferencia en la seguridad del protocolo de manejo expectante o activo en gestantes con embarazos menores de 34 semanas y preeclampsia severa en resultados maternos y fetales.

Materiales y métodos: cohorte histórica de gestantes entre las 24 y 34 semanas, con diagnóstico de preeclampsia severa, que después de recibir un curso de corticoesteroides fueron manejadas con protocolo expectante o activo según criterio de equipo responsable en una institución universitaria de referencia en la región suroccidental de Colombia. Muestreo consecutivo. Se midió como resultado primario la mortalidad y las complicaciones maternas, y una medida compuesta de pobres resultados maternos. Como resultados secundarios se midieron mortalidad neonatal, días de estancia hospitalaria en la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN), horas de ventilación mecánica y una medida compuesta de complicaciones neonatales. Se compararon las características basales y clínicas de las dos poblaciones, y los resultados maternos y neonatales por medio de test exacto de Fisher o chi cuadrado para variables categóricas, y pruebas no paramétricas para variables continuas.

Resultados: los grupos fueron comparables con respecto a sus características basales. La prolongación del embarazo en el manejo expectante fue en promedio 8,8 días con DS +/- 8,74 días. No se presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre los dos protocolos respecto a la morbimortalidad materna o perinatal en la estancia hospitalaria posparto, los días de hospitalización del recién nacido y las horas de ventilación mecánica (p > 0,05).

Conclusión: no se encontraron diferencias en términos de seguridad en resultados maternos y fetales con el manejo expectante en relación con el manejo activo en pacientes con preeclampsia severa temprana.
Ethics and Privacy as Enablers of Learning Analytics
Authors: Gasevic Dragan , Dawson Shane , Jovanovic Jelena
Published: April 2016

This issue of the Journal of Learning Analytics features a special section on ethics and privacy that is guest edited by a team of researchers involved in the European Learning Analytics Community Exchange (LACE) project. The issue also features a paper that looks at the use of new methods for the measurement of self-regulated learning. This editorial concludes with a summary of the future changes in the editorial team of the journal.
Learning Analytics in Small-scale Teacher-led Innovations: Ethical and Data Privacy Issues
Authors: Rodríguez-Triana María Jesús , Martínez-Monés Alejandra , Villagrá-Sobrino Sara
Published: April 2016

As a further step towards maturity, the field of learning analytics (LA) is working on the definition of frameworks that structure the legal and ethical issues that scholars and practitioners must take into account when planning and applying LA solutions to their learning contexts. However, current efforts in this direction tend to be focused on institutional higher education approaches. This paper reflects on the need to extend these ethical frameworks to cover other approaches to LA; more concretely, small-scale classroom-oriented approaches that aim to support teachers in their practice. This reflection is based on three studies where we applied our teacher-led learning analytics approach in higher education and primary school contexts. We describe the ethical issues that emerged in these learning scenarios, and discuss them according to three dimensions: the overall learning analytics approach, the particular solution to learning analytics adopted, and the educational contexts where the analytics are applied. We see this effort as a first step towards the wider objective of providing a more comprehensive and adapted ethical framework to learning analytics that is able to address the needs of different learning analytics approaches and educational contexts.
The Role of a Reference Synthetic Data Generator within the Field of Learning Analytics.
Authors: Berg Alan Mark , Mol Stefan T. , Kismihók Gábor , Sclater Niall
Published: April 2016

This paper details the anticipated impact of synthetic ‘big’ data on learning analytics (LA) infrastructures, with a particular focus on data governance, the acceleration of service development, and the benchmarking of predictive models. By reviewing two cases, one at sector wide level and the other at the institutional level - the Jisc learning analytics architecture and the UvAInform learning analytics project running at the University of Amsterdam - we explore the need for an on demand tool for generating a wide range of synthetic data. We argue that the application of synthetic data will not only accelerate the creation of complex and layered learning analytics infrastructure but also help to address the ethical and privacy risks involved during service development.
Privacy-driven Design of Learning Analytics Applications – Exploring the Design Space of Solutions for Data Sharing and Interoperability
Authors: Hoel Tore , Chen Weiqin
Published: April 2016

Studies have shown that issues of privacy, control of data, and trust are essential to implementation of learning analytics systems. If these issues are not addressed appropriately systems will tend to collapse due to legitimacy crisis, or they will not be implemented in the first place due to resistance from learners, their parents, or their teachers. This paper asks what it means to give priority to privacy in terms of data exchange and application design and offers a conceptual tool, a Learning Analytics Design Space model, to ease the requirement solicitation and design for new learning analytics solutions. The paper argues the case for privacy-driven design as an essential part of learning analytics systems development. A simple model defining a solution as the intersection of an approach, a barrier, and a concern is extended with a process focussing on design justifications to allow for an incremental development of solutions. This research is exploratory of nature, and further validation is needed to prove the usefulness of the Learning Analytics Design Space model.
Patients’ Perception of Medication Therapy Management in a Hospital Pharmacy Setting
Authors: Akonoghrere Rita O  , Ogigirigi Rukeme J
Published: April 2016

The perception of patients on Medication therapy management (MTM) in a hospital pharmacy setting was investigated. The objectives of study was the determination of the extent to which patients in the Outward Patient Department (OPD) had knowledge of MTM services rendered by pharmacists and their attitude towards MTM services as well as identifying the kind of MTM services rendered by hospital pharmacists to patients. The study employed the survey research design and used a self-developed questionnaire to elicit information from 150 respondents in two government hospitals in Delta State Nigeria. The data analysis employed the use of descriptive (percentages) and inferential (chi-square) statistics at a significant level of P<0.05. Results revealed that patients had limited awareness of the kind of care given by hospital pharmacists. Although patients benefited positively from MTM services, gender and age had no significant (P>0.05) influence on their attitude towards MTM services while educational qualification and disease state had a significant (P<0.05) interaction and influence. It identified drug therapy reviews and patient education on therapy as the kind of MTM services rendered to patients. Patients should be encouraged to seek more knowledge about the relevance of various health care providers in the health sector as this will help improve their attitude and response towards care provided by the various health care professionals.
Fluid and glucose transport across intestinal epithelium following honey intake in rats
Authors: Alagwu EA  , Azuoma KE  , Achike C  , Uloneme GC  , Akukwu D  , Osim EE
Published: April 2016

The effect of honey intake on fluid and glucose absorption in rats was studied using everted sacs intestine techniques. Twelve rats (180-200 gm) were randomly selected and grouped into the control (A) and honey-fed (test) group (B) with six rats in each group. The control group was fed with rat chow and water while the test group was fed with rat chow, water and honey. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks excluding two weeks of acclimatization. The animals were scarified at the end of study and the abdomen opened immediately, and the intestine dissected out. 10 cm long of the intestine (2 from jejunum, 2 from ileum) were cut out and used for the everted sacs experiment. The results showed that honey intake did not affect fluid transport but affected glucose transport across the small intestine. There were no significant differences observed in initial wet weight (IWW), initial serosal volume (ISV) and final serosal volume (FSV) in both the test and control groups (p>0.05). No significant differences were also observed in mucosal fluid transfer (MET), serosal fluid transfer (SET) and gut fluid uptake (GFU) in both the test and control groups (p>0.05). However, mucosal glucose transfer (MGT), serosal glucose transfer (SGT) and GGU, while MGT and SGT were significantly higher in the test group compared to the control (p<0.05), the gut glucose uptake (GGU) was however significantly reduced in the test compared with the control (p<0.05). It is therefore concluded that honey intake significantly reduced GGU while it significantly increased MGT and SGT in the intestinal epithelium of Wister rats.
Conocimiento y racismo. El fomento de la educación intercultural en el aula. Implementación del proyecto EUROSUR en Castilla-La Mancha
Authors: García Bresó Javier , Garcés Jordi , Bayot Agustín , Gil Matas Fuensanta , Fernández García Tomás
Published: April 2016

Todos estamos comprobando que en los últimos años ene España hay más inmigrantes, personas que vienen de otros lugares culturalmente diferentes. Aunque el número de inmigrantes exacto es difícil saberlo (Kottak, 1994:102), se estima que en España hay unos 600.000; quizás esta cifra suba a unos 800.000 como un cálculo relativo si se tienen en cuenta los "indocumentados". De cualquier manera el país d ela Comunidad Económica Europea que menos inmigrantes tiene es España con solo el 1,6% de la población total, la media de la Unión supera el 6%. Por otra parte también debemos recordar que aún viven fuera de España más de millón y medio de emigrantes. Todavía las cifras de los que entran y de los que se han ido están desniveladas. Ese saldo "negativo" para españa puede seguir haciéndonos pensar en que "los racistas son los otros" como estableció el profesor Calvo Buezas (1989) en su libro sobre gitanos, minorías y derechos humanos en los textos escolares.
El fomento de la educación intercultural en el aula. Implementación del proyecto EUROSUR en Aragón
Authors: Gutiérrez Resa Antonio , Puzo Luis Ángel
Published: April 2016

Lo que presentamos es el resultado de un proyecto financiado por el Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación Científica) dentro del III Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico (Programa Sectorial de Promoción General del Conocimiento) durante el año 1998-99).
PHYTOCHEMICAL, ELEMENTAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF CRYPTOCARYA LATIFOLIA
Authors: Hamza Mohammed Falalu , Shaikb Shakira , Moodley Roshila
Published: April 2016

Background: Existing populations of Cryptocarya latifolia (Lauraceae) are rapidly declining as a consequence of their substitutive use for Ocotea bullata. The uncontrolled and excessive removal of the bark and roots of this species has led to the death of many of these plants and may eventually result in its depletion in the natural habitat.

Materials and methods: The secondary metabolites from the leaves and fruits of C. latifolia were extracted using solvents of various polarities, isolated using column chromatography and identified using spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant capacity) of selected phytocompounds at varied concentrations was determined by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. A propagation study of the species was also conducted.

Results: The compounds isolated from the plant were the novel compound, α-pyrone (5-hexyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one) and known compounds quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, β-sitosterol, copaene and nerolidol. The radical scavenging activity of the isolated compounds indicated moderate to good anti-oxidant activity. Treatment of explants with BAP:NAA at 1.0:0.01 mg L-1 produced the highest percentage of shoots (94%) and longest shoot length (8.06 mm).

Conclusion: This study validates the ethno-medicinal use of the plant and supports the replacement of bark and roots by leaves and fruits for the management and conservation of this declining plant species. The benefits of consuming the fruits are two-fold as they can also contribute to the recommended dietary allowances of most essential elements for the majority of individuals.