bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASEAN’s Involvement in the South China Sea Disputes: The Economics-Security Conundrum
Authors: Li Mingjiang , Lee YingHui
Published: January 2022

This chapter implies that the actions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) claimants and non-claimants in the South China Sea (SCS) are driven by their respective strategic national interest in the dispute, amid various historical narratives and legal arguments. It elaborates that the effort to maintain a balance of power in the region creates a dilemma for individual ASEAN countries as they attempt to navigate between the strategic dependence on the US and the economic opportunities presented by China. It also talks about the challenges and constraints the ASEAN will face for playing a role in managing security in the SCS as the Sino-American strategic rivalry intensifies. The chapter traces the evolution of ASEAN's intervention in the disputes and accounts for ASEAN's achievements and failures. It describes the divisions within ASEAN that prevented a unified response to the SCS and highlights the implications for ASEAN centrality within the fast-evolving regional security architecture.
The United States and the South China Sea Question
Authors: Callahan John
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the perspective of the US in the South China Sea (SCS) dispute. It analyzes how the US attempts to emphasize the cost to China of “unlawful” expansionism by combining diplomatic, information, military, and economic approaches. It also mentions the US Pacific Command (USPACOM) and US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), wherein Washington coordinates military responses to China and focuses on efforts to keep sea lines of communications open. The chapter explains how the US diplomatically operates both bilaterally and through ASEAN in order to contain Chinese expansion while continuing to emphasize the United States' long-established “hub and spoke” alliance system in the region. It explores the importance of the SCS to the US, including the evolution of its attitudes and actions toward China.
Balancing and Hedging: The Two Levels of Russia’s Behaviour in the South China Sea
Authors: Korolev Alexander
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that Russia remains demonstrably disengaged from the South China Sea (SCS) dispute. It also highlights Russia's relationship of comprehensive strategic cooperation with both China and Vietnam, which reveals that Moscow has strategic interests that directly or indirectly affect the evolution of the dispute. It also demonstrates that Russia's behaviour towards the dispute is the result of two different modes of great-power behaviour: systemic balancing and regional hedging. The chapter explains how the two different modes of great-power behavior coexist in Russia's behaviour towards the SCS. It sheds light on the evolution of Russia's policies in the region and enhance understanding of how other great powers might react to regional disputes involving various stakeholders.
Shadow People: Black Crime Fiction as Counter-Narrative
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

Russell-Brown (2019) cites the need for black criminology that focuses on blackness as a central theme in understanding offending, victimization, and justice system processes by examining the way it treats blackness as a starting point for inquiry and invites a re-envisioning of mainstream theories of crime and their interplay with race. Using a lens of ‘black crime fiction’ offers an interesting proposition when exploring black criminality and the world where much of it takes place, namely, the inner city.
Locating the Researcher: (Auto)-Ethnography, Race, and the Researcher
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

Performing reflexively can assist the researcher, research participants, and communities outside of the academy in understanding the challenges faced by researchers the importance of being reflexive within social science research; the difficulties, practicalities and methods of doing it are rarely addressed in relation to researching the racialization of crime. It is important when looking at the issues of researcher reflexivity they are not seen not mere neutral techniques, but are imbued with subjective, theoretical, epistemological and ontological assumptions of how knowledge is constructed and produced.
Deliberative Mini-Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David , Geißel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

Deliberative mini-publics (DMPs) are gaining popularity as a way to engage ordinary citizens in policymaking. From climate assemblies to online citizen panels on Covid19, these initiatives raise questions about effective approaches to democratic reform as well as the future of democracy itself. Bringing together ten leading scholars in the field of deliberative democracy, this important book examines the features of a Deliberative Mini-Public (DMP) and considers how DMPs link into democratic systems. It examines the core design features of DMPs and their role in the broader policy process and takes stock of the characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of citizen participation. The book offers valuable insights into the contributions that DMPs can make not only to the policy process, but also to the broader agenda of revitalising democracy in contemporary times.
Evidence in Deliberative Mini-Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

Citizens are often accused of being disinterested and incapable of taking part in politics. This chapter demonstrates how deliberative mini-publics (DMPs) can be designed to address this issue, in a manner that conforms to norms of deliberative democracy. DMPs are, by design, venues that should facilitate balanced and critical deliberation among participants representing differing viewpoints. The design features of mini-publics, such as random selection and moderated small-group discussions, should thus at least to some extent correct potential biases in evidence. Mini-publics’ capacity for critical scrutiny can be further strengthened by specific design features that help participants to become more reflective in their own views.
How Optimal Marginality Created a Public Sociologist
Authors: McLaughlin Neil
Published: January 2022

Rooted in an original theoretical perspective on how optimal marginality creates creative ideas, this chapter explains how the multiple social circles Fromm was involved in during his youth created unique non-academic scholar. Fromm was a thinker who was a sociologist, a psychoanalyst, a Frankfurt School critical theorist, a radical Prophetic Jewish thinker and a public intellectual all at the same time.
How Fromm Became a Forgotten Public Sociologist
Authors: McLaughlin Neil
Published: January 2022

Despite the enormous influence Fromm had on the emergence of public sociology his name is not associated with this tradition and Burowoy and others generally don’t mention him. How did this happen? This chapter tells the story of how a debate with Herbert Marcuse in Dissent magazine in the 1950s and the publication of a Marxist self-help-like book The Art of Loving (1956) doomed Fromm’s reputation as a serious sociology for over 50 years, especially in the English-speaking world. We play special attention to the role of Lewis Coser in this story that tells us much about sociological professionalism, the dogmatic nature of Marcuse’s critical theory and how popular writing can damage scholarly reputations.
Conclusion: The Revival of a Global Public Sociologist
Authors: McLaughlin Neil
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter tells the story of the current revival of Fromm’s reputation that is underway around the world and evaluates both the strengths and weaknesses of his sociological vision. The chapter also theorizes how Fromm’s activism and public engagement shaped the quality of his ideas. And ends on making the case for Fromm’s contemporary relevance.
Travel and the Mind
Authors: Hiss Tony
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores travel and the mind, and aspects of psychology of travel, describing humans as the ‘travelling ape’. The chapter looks at the evolution of the human species, the effects of the shift to sedentism some 11,000 years ago, and how travel can impact our mental state. The author introduces the concept of Deep Travel, a way of using the mind that opens us up to new experiences. Different than either daydreaming or closely focused attention, which both seal us off from the world, Deep Travel is alert to everything around us. This way of thinking, the author argues, evolved due to the altered perspective afforded by bipedalism; and is a state of mind that we must nurture, in our sedentist societies, if we are to foster human well-being in future. The chapter also examines the importance of travel for creativity, mental health, and healthy aging.
Placemaking and Travel: The City Is Where the People Choose to Go
Authors: Saunt Deborah , Greenall Tom
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains the ways in which our travel motivations are directly related to how we build and plan our settlements, and to a sense of place. The authors show how travel, place, and human connectivity are intimately connected with physical, cultural and psychological perspectives. Thus, if the public realm is to work well to incorporate function, beauty, safety, a sense of belonging and also encourage sustainable travel there is a need to build good places and good journeys which meet these needs. The chapter also provides case studies of good examples which emphasise the methods, skills and challenges involved in achieving this outcome. The authors argue that it is essential that we plan for the ‘long-now’, fully considering the needs of the future in order to make good places and good journeys for all.
Travel’s Place in the Environment
Authors: Hill Terry
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the impacts of our travel behaviours on our natural environment. The chapter considers the history of these relations, from the age of muscle and wind, through industrialization and seemingly limitless growth, to the realities of climate change and ecological limits that we now face. The negative impacts of human travel are evident in transport-related emissions, which contribute around a quarter of global carbon emissions, and in the more localized impacts of air pollution and habitat disruption due to transport and tourism. We are only at the start of the quest to see how we can live and travel sustainably: this chapter asks, how can our technologies and behaviours change to meet this challenge? It explores possibilities around reducing travel, and suggests that we may reach a more equitable future not by authoritarian edicts but by behavioural ‘nudging’ techniques including pricing and rationing to encourage more responsible travel and the development of sustainable technology.
Neo-liberalism and the Tax State1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay explores why economic liberalism in general and neo-liberalism in particular proved so resilient following the 2008 financial crash after so many ideas and policies associated with it had been discredited. It examines the different paradigms which have defined economic liberalism in the past, and the particular novel features of neo-liberalism, and its various strands, including the Austrian school, Ordo-liberalism, economic libertarianism, public choice, monetarism, and supply side economics. It looks at some of the deep roots of neo-liberalism in ideas about the relationship between households, states and markets, and how this relates to its ideas about the company as a corporate household and the state as a public household. The theory of the tax state became a key component of both economic liberalism and neo-liberalism in the twentieth century.
Marxism After Communism1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay assesses what is living and what is dead in Marxism after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the proclamation of a second end of history and the ideological triumph of capitalism. It discusses the importance of the Soviet Union for Marxists and socialists as a living demonstration, however flawed, of the possibility of an alternative to capitalism. It argues that a future for Marxism as an intellectual tradition depends on its ability to transcend the historicism and realism which characterised Marxism-Leninism and return to its classical roots as a critique of political economy, which analyses the forces which engender social injustice and inequality. The continuing insight of Marxist analyses can be seen in recent work on the state, accumulation, regulation, hegemony, globalisation and social reproduction.
Social Democracy in a Global World1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay argues that after being internationalist in the nineteenth century, social democracy became predominantly national in character after the First World War, reinforced by the breakdown of the liberal world order in the 1930s following the Great Crash. It examines how the nation-state acquired a new legitimacy during post-war reconstruction after 1945 within a new liberal international order under the leadership of the United States and with policies of full employment and economic redistribution, and how the era of national protectionism gradually became outmoded because of the push to greater globalisation in the 1980s and 1990s which restricted the autonomy of national governments. Following the 2008 financial crash the dilemmas of social democratic governments in balancing the need for global engagement with maintaining national support have become acute.
Oakeshott’s Ideological Politics1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay asks whether Oakeshott should be considered as a liberal or as a conservative thinker. It examines the nature of ideology and Oakeshott’s insistence that his own positions and writing were not ideological. The essay demonstrates that there are considerable ideological elements in some of Oakeshott’s writings, particularly in his essays on the post-war Labour Government as well as some of his later writings including Rationalism in Politics and On Human Conduct. The essay concludes that while Oakeshott may be considered a liberal in many of his attitudes, in politics his positions are clearly Conservative. His standing as a Conservative thinker is not misplaced.
Notes on the Essays
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This book has four themes.

Theme 1:Hayek and neo-liberalism

1 The western ideology (2009)

2 Neo-liberalism and the tax state (2013)

3 Ideas and interests in British economic policy (1989)

4 Hayek on knowledge, economics and society (2006)

Theme 2:Socialism and social democracy...
Introduction: Historical Contexts
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

The volume is introduced by the author and includes his notes on each of the essays as well as an epilogue, which considers their original context and what has changed since.
Notes on the Essays
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

There are four main themes.

Theme 1: Britain’s political economy

1 After Brexit (2019)

2 Explanations Of British Decline (1999)

Theme 2: Europe and America

3 The European Disunion (2006)

4 The Anglo–American world view (2019)

Theme 3: Thatcherism

5 The Free Economy and the Strong State (1979)...
After Brexit1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay examines the historical contexts which shaped the UK economy and its particular model of Anglo-liberal capitalism, and the political discourse of economic and imperial decline which took hold particularly after 1945. It looks at the debate on models of capitalism, and why membership of the EEC was attractive partly because of the different models of capitalism which had developed in Europe and were for a time regarded as superior to that of the UK. It examines the trajectories of the development of the UK political economy from 1942 to 2017, paying particular attention to the major shift in direction under Thatcher and Blair. The final section analyses the tension between US and European models of capitalism, the impact of Brexit and the different ways in which the UK might now develop.
Explanations of British Decline1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay reflects on the debate on British decline which consumed the political class for several decades particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. Decline has many meanings and has always been a contested term. The essay distinguishes between absolute and relative decline, imperial and economic decline, and explores the different debates which have emerged over relative economic decline during the last hundred years and the various political programmes on right and left to overcome it. Imperial decline came to be accepted as inevitable in a way that relative economic decline was not. The varying accounts of the economic decline hold different national peculiarities responsible. The essay analyses the debates around an anti-industrial culture, the size and role of finance, the distractions of empire, the absence of a developmental state, and the organisation of industry.
The Free Economy and the Strong State1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay analyses the intellectual revival which took place on the right in the 1970s at a time of economic and political crisis and conflict. It highlights the novelty and ambition of the ideas which were being advanced by supporters of Thatcher within the Conservative party, and the depth and seriousness of their critique of post-war Conservatism, Keynesianism, social democracy and the post-war settlement. The essay shows that behind these ideas was a revival of liberal political economy as a dominant discourse. A key figure in this revival was Hayek, who had been influenced by Austrian economists and by the group of German liberals in the 1930s who began to call themselves neo-liberals and were the forerunners of the ordo-liberal tradition in Germany.
Introduction: Globalizing (the Study of) Regionalism in International Relations
Authors: Bilgin Pinar , Futák-Campbell Beatrix
Published: January 2022

In the introduction we locate this edited volume in the Globalizing IR and Regionalism literatures. We are building on previous effort to put the international or global into IR, and argue that more work needs to be done to include non-mainstream, non-Western approaches. We also argue that the Eurocentric Regionalism literature suffers from the same predicament While some efforts have been made by scholars to consider regions as regional worlds, we argue that by engaging with both of these sets of literatures helps us to broaden both disciplines’ remit and do what they have always aim to do: help us make sense of global order. We also explain how we think about region, regionalism and regionalisation, and how the specific chapters in the book deal with these concepts.
In this section, we also introduce the Leiden Circle, a group of scholars who are work at and engaged with researching and teaching IR and Regionalism from this Globalized perspective. We also include an explanation for the structure of the book.
Embracing the Particular: A Research Agenda for Globalizing International Relations
Authors: Newby Vanessa
Published: January 2022

Debates on the contribution and value of area studies have punctuated the field of IR since the end of World War Two. This chapter provides a brief history of the debates between IR scholars and area studies specialists to show why international relations currently lacks the detailed regional knowledge needed to advance the Globalizing IR agenda. It reveals how critiques of area studies have always been closely connected to epistemological developments: The more IR aligned itself with the ‘scientific method’ the more it has distanced itself from area studies. The second section then discusses how methodology has played a role in restricting our regional knowledge, in particular how neo-positivist methodology can limit and proscribe research being carried out in IR. The third and final section then offers some practical suggestions for uncovering local and regional insights using pragmatic versions of process-tracing, comparative regional methods, and analyticism.
Introduction: No Peace from Corona – Why Grand Strategy and Great Powers Remain Important
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

The introduction explains how great powers continue to shape the course of international politics. Therefore, understanding their grand strategies is important. It is easy to draw a black and white picture of great power politics. Instead, the introduction shows how one must analyse the great powers from their own perspectives and arrive at a nuanced picture.
Allied: One Needs Allies but Cannot Always Choose Them
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains why great powers have alliances – however, you need allies but cannot always choose them. Russia and China have few allies. The partnership of convenience between them is unlikely to become a true alliance, but neither is it likely to fall apart. Transatlantic relations between the US and the EU run deep, but the NATO alliance has undergone severe shocks. The EU’s quest for strategic autonomy will shape the future of NATO.
Agile: Taking Decisions, Acting, and Taking New Decisions
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains why the implementation of grand strategy requires agility: the capacity to take decisions rapidly, and to translate them into practice, so as to adapt to changing circumstances. A strategy that does not adapt fast becomes unstrategic. US grand strategy since the turn of the century lost agility, whereas China flexibly adapted to the changing balance of power and established itself as a great power. The focus of Russian grand strategy leaves little room for agility. The EU is handicapped as compared to the other great powers, because it lacks centralised decision-making in foreign and defence policy.
Introduction
Authors: Sergi Anna , Reid Alexandria , Storti Luca , Easton Marleen
Published: January 2022

The introduction presents thematic findings from knowledge exchange exercises between the authors, other academics and over a dozen practitioners from port security and law enforcement in different port locations. This forms the basis for the discussion of different challenges and outlooks that each chapter unpacks. These include the presence of incompatible data sharing and information exchange systems; complex governance structures; the difficulties of coordination across authorities and institutions (public and private); competing priorities in and around the port space; the perennial tension between trade and security in ports; technological challenges, including cyber security; and corruption and organised crime as port-specific security challenges. A brief summary of each chapter is included at the end of the introduction, navigating readers through the text.
Policing Complex Criminality in and through Major Seaports
Authors: Sergi Anna , Reid Alexandria , Storti Luca , Easton Marleen
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a framework for analysing large-scale, organised and complex criminality through and within major seaports and the challenges of policing these activities. The chapter’s main aim is to analyse how organised crime, organisational crime and forms of collusion and/or corruption on the waterfront and in/through seaports should be understood as complex crimes, in as much as they involve different types of activities, more or less serious or harmful in nature and more or less local in reach. Drawing on data collected in the ports of Genova, New York/New Jersey, Montreal, Melbourne, Liverpool and Gioia Tauro in particular, the chapter reflects on practical challenges and the practices of policing the port space. In doing so, the chapter establishes that the policing of complex crimes on the waterfront and in/through seaports is a form of hybrid policing, between high and low control mechanisms. It concludes with an analysis of the consequences this has for local partnerships and long-lasting interventions.
Conclusion
Authors: Sergi Anna , Reid Alexandria , Storti Luca , Easton Marleen
Published: January 2022

The conclusion discusses how each chapter connects with one another and it provides a synthesis of the book. The conclusion highlights how the book applies a first explicitly criminological lens on the political economy of ports. The book has taken a practical look at some of these junctures and the relationships that port spaces produce, blend and enrich across the port-sea and port-city interface. The result is a panacea of interdisciplinary discussions that all paint a complex picture. The conclusion chapter evaluates how port security might be affected by several contemporary events, including the UK’s exit from the European Union, the coronavirus pandemic and the US-China trade dispute. It reflects on the contribution of multiple interrelated disciplinary perspectives throughout the text, suggesting multiple areas and topics that could be addressed through further research.
Values in an Era of Free Choice
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: January 2022

According to the global survey of values by Shalom Schwartz, the three most widely acclaimed values are benevolence (friendship, love), universalism (tolerance, peace, love of nature), and self-direction (freedom, creativity). These results hold across diverse cultures and continents, implying that humanity has a majority consensus on our core values. This shows that the presumptions of the world-view of the economic man do not hold: people are not primarily egoistic pleasure- and power-seekers. I am inclined to interpret these values as aspirations: this is how we (want to) see ourselves. The question is how we can live up to our own aspirations, and how can we integrate these in our daily lives, in our institutions.
The Laboratory of the Flourishing Life: Serious Change Can Be Playful
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: January 2022

Role play and theatre belongs to our human history as a way of creative storytelling, and ‘ordinary people’ can also become the artists and creators of their own lives and our collective culture, as Jacob Levy Moreno argues. I present the Theatre of the Soul, the method I use, as developed by Moreno and his followers. It creates opportunities to enact the ‘flourishing self‘, to explore and experience personal strengths, to visualize values and future visions for individuals and groups, or to create celebrations and rituals. The Theatre of the Soul offers a creative and playful form of self-expression for all, with a safe space for exploration, guided by the core values of openness, acceptance and curiosity. A group experience can powerfully change norms and behaviour. Group work and specific tools (such as role reversal) can boost empathy, social competence, and can increase one’s ability to cooperate with and trust others. Therefore, positive community experiences could be one of the keys to finding solutions to the global crisis.
The Computational Surfacing of Memories: Promoting the Memorable
Authors: Jacobsen Ben , Beer David
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the processes of ranking that are a central part of the automatic production of memory. It shows how the taxonomisation of people’s memories provided not only the conditions by which to determine what counts as a memory and what does not, but also the conditions that enabled their ranking. This was the basis for how memories could be variously weighted and resurfaced within the throwback feature. As such, the processes of classification informed Facebook’s ranking algorithm, which afforded the targeting of certain memories to certain users at certain times. The chapter argues that the automatic production of memories is not only underpinned by the partitioning of the memorable, but also the promotion of the memorable. In this framework, rankings participate in ontologically promoting users’ past content into ‘memories’. As such, the promotion of content into memories actively generates novel kinds of encounters between the past and present, between individual users, and between users and the platform.
Conclusion: Sorting the Past
Authors: Jacobsen Ben , Beer David
Published: January 2022

The conclusion brings together the various threads of the book, suggesting that there is a need to better understand the underlying classification and prioritisation processes and their consequences for memory in everyday life. The conclusion outlines how the book has sought to make a specific intervention into the automatic production of memory. It is suggested that the concept of memory, and what we understand memories to be, is unlikely to go untouched by these developments. The book finishes by suggesting that there is a need for a sustained engagement with broader issues related to the algorithmic interventions that are active in in memory-making, along with a careful exploration of what people make of these processes and how they respond to them. Indeed, the changes that social media are bringing to the politics of remembering is too important to leave unchecked.
Street Vendor Struggles: Maintaining a Livelihood Through the COVID-19 Lockdown in Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Turner Sarah , Binh Nguyen N.
Published: January 2022

This chapter takes an intersectional approach to examining experiences of migrant street vendors in Hanoi. It emphasizes how pre-existing conditions of migration status, low-income, and informal working arrangements amplified the challenge of maintaining livelihoods during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also draws on semi-structured interviews with 31 street vendors in Hanoi, which were completed between May and July 2020 as COVID-19 restrictions relating to the first wave were lifting and before the second wave hit. The chapter focuses predominantly on migrant vendors and their already precarious situation on the city's streets, comparing their responses with long-term resident vendors. It discusses urban informal livelihoods and inequality, analyzing how the interlaced axes of migrant woman or man, low socio-economic class, and informal worker created specific inequalities and/or barriers for individuals attempting to maintain urban livelihoods during the pandemic in Hanoi.
The Hidden Inequities and Divisions among Workers in the US: The Domestic Workers’ Workforce as Non-Essential Workers
Authors: Sternberg Carolina
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the working conditions of domestic workers, such as cleaners, nannies, and caregivers in the United States and how they have not been recognized as essential workers, despite being on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides a detailed overview of the demographics, wages, benefits, and poverty living conditions of domestic workers, of whom 91.5 percent are women. It also reveals the disproportionate amount of care work that is carried out by ethnic minorities, immigrants, and women. The chapter highlights the complex relationship between employer–employee. It discusses some of the incredible work that non-for-profit organizations across US cities have undertaken in order to improve domestic employees' working conditions and advocate for better workers' rights.
Reflections of Living ‘Hand-to-Mouth’ among ‘Hustlers’ During COVID-19: Insights on the Realities of Poverty in Jamaica
Authors: Brooks Sheere
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews the theme of augmented precarity during the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines ‘hustling’ in Jamaica, which is a common practice of marginalized populations to capitalize on opportunities to earn an income in extreme economic landscapes. It further explains that hustling in Jamaica is a mobile, iterant, and unregulated activity that often involves street vending or picking up side jobs. It also considers effects of the first wave of the pandemic on hustling activities due to government lockdown measures in Jamaica. The chapter focuses on the informal labor market in relation to the ‘right to the city’ in the urban Global South. It questions traditional approaches to assessing poverty and proposes an alternative approach that captures a realistic insight surrounding the precarity of hustling and risks to poverty.
Ageist Transport Infrastructures: Rethinking Public Transport amid COVID-19 Lockdowns in India
Authors: Nagesh Prajwal , Bailey Ajay , George Sobin , Subaiya Lekha
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the impact of public transport restrictions on older adults in India. It deconstructs the idea that older adults are a homogenous group and explores how reductions in public transit intersect with economic insecurity, isolation, and lockdown to amplify age-based inequalities. It also uses the case of Bengaluru city in southern India to highlight how transport protocols issued during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted older adults' mobility. The chapter reviews the exclusion of older passengers from the public transport system, which has implications for their access to work, social life, and essentials such as banking, health care, and groceries. It examines how events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, further accentuated the already disadvantageous position of older adults in the absence of age-friendly interventions.
How Governments’ Response to the Pandemic Exacerbate Gender Inequalities in Belarus and Ukraine: Comparative Analysis of Minsk and Kyiv Cases
Authors: Matveieva Olga , Navumau Vasil
Published: January 2022

This chapter elaborates how government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated gender inequalities in Minsk and Kyiv. It explains that the contrasting experiences of the pandemic between the two cities is partly due to the vastly different responses and attitudes towards the virus in Ukraine and Belarus. It also notes how life in both countries during the pandemic has been particularly challenging for women, covering domestic violence as the most pressing theme. The chapter analyzes gender-related consequences of Ukraine and Belarus' differing approaches to containing the pandemic in their respective capital cities. It discusses two different national policies to deal with the pandemic's consequences.
The Impacts of Socio-Spatial Inequity: COVID-19 in São Paulo
Authors: Rocco Roberto , José Beatriz Kara , Carvalho Higor , Royer Luciana
Published: January 2022

This chapter profiles the highly unequal lives of three inhabitants of São Paulo or Paulistanos as they navigate new and existing challenges during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It sets out the structural circumstances that contributed to São Paulo being a major pandemic hotspot. It analyzes how the city's pre-existing economic, spatial, social, and racial inequalities are central to understanding how the virus has impacted different communities within Brazil's largest city. The chapter cites the virulent politicization of the pandemic that set the powerful federal government on a collision course with the interests of federal states and cities in Brazil. It describes the structural circumstances that led São Paulo to become one of the cities worse affected by the virus, leading to the almost complete collapse of its public health system.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Travails of Rohingya Refugees in the Largest Bangladeshi Refugee Camp
Authors: Chattoraj Diotima , Ullah AKM Ahsan , Hossain Mallik Akram
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on life in a Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh, where experiences of social exclusion and 'Othering' have increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It refers to a combination of extreme health challenges, crowding, and a dramatic loss of economic livelihoods that were caused by restrictions placed on interactions between those in the refugee camp and those outside. It also recounts health experts that warned that if the virus reached the world's largest refugee camp, it would spread like wildfire and Bangladesh might become devastated by COVID-19 due to the arrangements of camp settlements. The chapter points out that the population density in the Rohingya camp is more than 100,000 people per square mile and sanitation options are scarce. It mentions the groceries, kiosks, health centers, and schools that are all located within the camps, making congestion worse.
Singapore’s Pandemic Governance and Deepening Marginalization of Migrant Workmen
Authors: Yea Sallie
Published: January 2022

This chapter reflects on the outbreaks of COVID-19 among migrant workers in Singapore, describing how the first phases of the pandemic constituted the vast majority of infections in Singapore. It explains how the infections are attributed to a pre-existing political economy that both spatially contains and socially marginalizes migrant workers. It also looks at a complex picture of migrant worker infection clusters that connected to a structural and institutional history of socio-spatial exclusion and economic marginalization. The chapter reviews the racial/migrant context of Singapore and policies aimed at the spatialization of difference. It examines the living and working conditions of migrant workmen in Singapore, which increases the prevalence of COVID-19 infections among the sub-population.
Experiential Equity: An Environmental Neuroscientific Lens for Disparities in Urban Stress
Authors: Mazumder Robin
Published: January 2022

This chapter articulates the concept of ‘experiential equity’ to explain how urban space is experienced differently depending on one's intersecting social identities. It relates experiential equity to the COVID-19 pandemic by reflecting on different experiences of cycling and questions who is able to fully enjoy new bike lanes that have sprung up in cities during the pandemic. It also discusses how the pandemic has highlighted and demonstrated the bidirectional relationship between urban design and stress. The chapter explores the term ‘pandemic related stress,’ which refers to the stress and anxiety associated with contracting the illness, passing the illness onto others, and the financial stress associated with the pandemic's impact on the economy. It highlights an outdoor-focused approach that has been lauded as a necessary strategy to enhance and support physical and mental well-being.
What is the Relationship between COVID-19 and the Movement to ‘Defund the Police’?
Authors: Dilworth Richardson , Weaver Timothy P.R.
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that the profound instability and disruption that has been brought about because of the COVID-19 pandemic has established conditions for the ‘defund the police’ idea to shift from the margins of political debate into the mainstream. It elaborates how George Floyd's murder became a unique catalyst that facilitated diffusion of the ‘defund’ idea across cities in the United States and across the world. It also looks at social forces that seized the opportunity to make demands that would have fallen on deaf ears in the absence of the disruptive effects of COVID-19. The chapter explores the relationship between fundamental causes and contingent factors in the case of COVID-19 and the George Floyd killing to better understand the dynamics of policy change. It cites examples of disruptions associated with COVID-19.
Introduction
Authors: Cowan Dave , Mumford Ann
Published: January 2022

The chapter outlines how the book maps out the ways in which those already disadvantaged have been affected by legal responses to COVID-19. It lays out how contributors tackle issues including virtual trials, adult social care, racism, tax and spending, education and more. The chapter reflects on the implications of COVID-19 and express concerns with policy and practice developments and with the neutral version of the law and the economy which has taken root.
Racism as Legal Pandemic: Thoughts on Critical Legal Pedagogies
Authors: Adebisi Foluke , Jivraj Suhraiya
Published: January 2022

In making the argument that racism must be understood as a legal pandemic, this chapter explores the continued deployment of race within law and beyond as a biological and therefore racialised concept. It highlights how this ‘race thinking’ in the time of COVID-19 compounds intersecting socio-economic and other inequalities that racialised populations already experience, as we demonstrate by focusing on the specific case study of garment workers in Leicester. At the beginning of the first lockdown, the image of sweatshops located in our midst caught media attention and fuelled racialised logics locating super-spreading and fear of contagion centrally within migrant populations rather than focusing on the issues of continued premature death – a form of blatant legally sanctioned racism in full view. However, in the final section ‘What now? Developing anti-racist legal education’, we draw on our experience as teachers to argue that through pedagogy another world is possible. By engaging other teachers and students we can collectively expose the racist violence and force of law as well as chart paths and potential for social justice.
Rights and Solidarity during COVID-19
Authors: Halliday Simon , Meers Jed , Tomlinson Joe
Published: January 2022

The lockdown imposed by the four governments of the UK in late March 2020 represented an extraordinary, rapid, and radical restriction on normal life for the entire population. What did the UK public think about this unprecedented governmental intervention? Specifically, what was the popular rights consciousness with respect to the lockdown restrictions? The chapter argues that, despite notable and powerful public statements about the extent to which lockdown represented an unacceptable violation of basic rights and liberties, this claim failed to capture the public imagination. Instead, most people either regarded the violation of basic rights as acceptable, given the context of the pandemic, or simply failed to think of the lockdown in terms of basic rights at all. The chapter suggests that such popular rights consciousness has been shaped by the strength of social solidarity during the crisis – what we might describe as a kind of popular ‘obligation’ consciousness.
COVID-19 in Adult Social Care: Futures, Funding and Fairness
Authors: Harding Rosie
Published: January 2022

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the UK residential social care sector has been immense and tragic. Elderly, vulnerable and frail individuals living in residential care settings who should have been ‘shielded’ from the virus have died in disproportionate numbers. There are multiple and overlapping reasons for the very high rates of COVID-19 infection and death in residential adult social care settings. Some are immediate policy decisions relating to the management of the pandemic including to discharge older people from NHS hospitals into residential and nursing homes without a negative COVID-19 test result, and to prioritise the supply of (scarce) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to NHS providers. Others are endemic to the regulation of residential and nursing care, including the financial models that allow private equity firms to make significant profits while local authority funded placements pay at below cost, family members are required to pay care ‘top up’ fees, and self-funded residents are expected to cross subsidise those funded by the state. This chapter argues that a new model for adult social care, which focuses on fairness rather than profit is the only way to create a stable, safe and sustainable social care sector for the future.
Education, Austerity and the COVID-19 Generation
Authors: Struthers Alison
Published: January 2022

This chapter will discuss the stratified effects of COVID-19, and the responses to it, within the formal education sector in England based principally on socio-economic factors, with other social categorisations, including ethnic origin and disability, being discussed where relevant. It begins by considering the impact of the 2008 economic crash upon the education sector. How did the age of austerity affect schools more generally, and pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds in particular? Consideration will then be given to why this matters during the current global pandemic, and how the responses to COVID-19 are likely to have entrenched and exacerbated existing inequalities. In the concluding section, the important question of how these injustices might be remedied is addressed. Is there a way to ensure that the UK’s economic recovery from the pandemic is handled in a sustainable and equitable way, with the burden of debt repayment falling not just on the poorest and most vulnerable sectors of society?
What Have We Learned about the Corporate Sector in COVID-19?
Authors: Wheeler Sally
Published: January 2022

Business failure usually offers an opportunity to critique the adoption or not of innovation, the adaptation or not to changing markets and consumer preferences, the ratio of loan to equity capital, the quality of management decisions and so on. However the light shone by the UK lockdown which required all non-essential businesses to close by March 26th 2020 and its staggered reopening by mid-June illuminated the practices of an apparently successful business. This chapter focuses on Boohoo, a publicly listed company on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM); and the rise of fast fashion and the credibility of Environmental, Social and Governance investing. It exposes the fault line that separates workplace conditions and environmental degradation from monetary return on investment. The chapter ends by offering some thoughts on the behavior of those who enable industries such as fast fashion to take hold and thrive - consumers and investors. It suggests what a post-COVID future for corporate accountability might look like.
Social Security under and after COVID-19
Authors: Meers Jed
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides some brief context and an overview of demands currently being placed on the social security system. It then addresses the lessons learnt from a decade of austerity scholarship, and their resurgence in the Government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, it considers “frontier problems” – issues which sit at a three-way boundary between the COVID-19 pandemic, pre-existing challenges to social security administration, and the future of the welfare state. They are all problems that pre-date the pandemic and were already part of the direction of travel in social security administration, but have been exacerbated and accelerated.
From Loss to (Capital) Gains: Reflections on Tax and Spending in the Pandemic Aftermath
Authors: Mumford Ann , Lahey Kathleen
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that capital gains taxation provides the perfect forum for consideration of basic principles of fairness in taxation, and this is nowhere more evident than in a brief reconsideration of the history of its introduction. The argument will be advanced that, on the topic of government spending, the possibility of principles seems not really to be entertained – and, especially during an era in which the boundaries of taxation and spending often are blurred, there is no reason that the sort of elegant analyses that supported the introduction of capital gains taxation in the 1960s need not be encouraged in the area of modern spending. Given the Chancellor’s warning that the economic scars of Covid are likely to be visible at least until 2025, if not longer, it is imperative that the possibility of revisiting successes of the past – and, given that the Chancellor is turning to capital gains tax in a dire time of need, then capital gains tax at least could be described as a tool with some potential - requires consideration.