bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pedagogy of stylistics: Enhancing practice by flipping the classroom, using whiteboards and action research
Authors: Lambrou Marina
Published: January 2021

This article describes how teaching in a second-year undergraduate stylistics workshop was transformed in my attempt to increase student attendance and engagement, and the strategies that were put in place to achieve this outcome. The personal account describes how I changed my teaching pedagogy to facilitate learning through collaborative strategies and how I evaluated the impact this had on student learning using action research (Bradbury, 2015 (ed) The SAGE Handbook of Action Research. London: SAGE) as the investigative approach. Using the model of Plan-Act-Observe-Reflect process (Kemmis and McTaggart, 1988 The Action Research Planner. 3rd edn. Geelong: Deakin University Press) and with data from a short questionnaire given to students, I was able to gain a deeper understanding of the value of the activities as perceived by students. The flipped classroom, where materials were given to students in advance to prepare, became critical for participation in the workshop and allowed for classroom time to be optimised for discussion and feedback. This article also presents photographs of the stylistic analysis produced on whiteboards as part of the collaborative activities with a summary of responses by students to the questionnaire which evaluated the impact that this approach to teaching had on their learning, confidence and preparation for the assessment.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/SiO2 nanocomposites: Effects of the molecular interaction strength on thermal properties
Authors: Boulerba Djilali , Zoukel Abdelhalim
Published: January 2021

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nanocomposites membranes were prepared by simple solution mixing method using three different solvents (acetone, acetonitrile and chloroform). The structure and thermal properties of these nanocomposites were investigated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The infrared spectra confirm that the strongest H-bond interaction between the PMMA and silica was found when using chloroform solvent. In the case of thermal properties, the DSC and TGA analyses show significant improvement in thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg). Furthermore, the ESEM micrographs prove the structure stability of these synthesized nanocomposites. The results demonstrate that the solvent that lead to form the strongest H-bond interaction between the PMMA carbonyl groups and silica silanol groups (as chloroform solvent) will be more efficient in the synthesis of PMMA/SiO2 nanocomposites.
An Empirical Analysis of Household Expenditure on Engineering Education in Odisha
Authors: Choudhury Pradeep Kumar , Kumar Amit
Published: January 2021

There are limited studies on household expenditure on higher education in India, and understanding the factors determining household investment in engineering education is almost absent. However, with the increasing presence of private sector, it is important to examine the changing pattern and determinants of household expenditure on higher education, which would help to formulate evidence-based policies in India. In this context, this article analyses the variability of household expenditure on engineering education and its relationship with socio-economic and institutional factors, using the data collected through a student survey in Odisha, an eastern state of India. We find that, on average, a household spends around 30 per cent of its annual income per child for an engineering degree. The study confirms the presence of a pro-male bias in household expenditure on engineering education, and interestingly, an additional preference is observed among poor households. Robust ordinary least squares (OLS) results show that students enrolled in private engineering colleges have spent significantly more than those enrolled in public-funded institutions. Contrary to the established literature, students belonging to lower socio-economic groups are shown to have spent more on non-fee items than forward social groups, though they have spent relatively less on fees.
Rural School Nurses Face Challenges in Colorado: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Burch Alice M. , Stoeckel Pamella R.
Published: January 2021

Rural school nurses are on the front lines of providing health care for children and families in rural Colorado, but there is little research from their perspective. To fill this gap, a descriptive phenomenological study examined the experiences of nine rural school nurses through in-person audiotaped interviews. Analysis of data revealed three main themes: (1) rural school nurses’ efforts to meet students’ extensive physical and mental health issues, (2) school nurses struggle to help rural students in extreme poverty, and (3) communication challenges experienced by rural school nurses. The findings of this study give voice to the experiences and challenges faced by rural school nurses in southern Colorado.
Instant Credibility: The Conditional Role of Professional Background in Policymaking Success
Authors: Makse Todd
Published: January 2021

For legislators without legislative experience, credibility can be vital to achieving legislative success, and expertise from one’s professional background is a highly plausible source of such credibility. For example, when legislating in policy areas directly related to one’s previous occupation, a legislator’s colleagues may perceive policy instruments as more informed by expertise rather than ideological preferences. In this paper, I focus on several questions related to the linkage between professional background and legislative success, and specifically, the ability to guide authored bills through the legislative process. First, does a match between a legislator’s professional background and the topic of legislation make that legislation more likely to advance in the legislative process? Second, if so, does the importance of professional background dissipate as length of legislative service increases? Third, does the relevance of professional background systematically differ across types of legislators and legislatures? I find strong evidence that having a relevant professional background does lead to legislative success for new members, but that this pattern persists later in the legislative career too. Moreover, I find that these patterns are especially strong for minority party legislators and in legislatures with higher levels of membership turnover.
Use of Disproportionality Analysis to Identify Previously Unknown Drug-Associated Causes of Cardiac Arrhythmias Using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database
Authors: Moreland-Head Lindsay N. , Coons James C. , Seybert Amy L. , Gray Matthew P. , Kane-Gill Sandra L.
Published: January 2021

Introduction:

Drug-induced QTc-prolongation is a well-known adverse drug reaction (ADR), however there is limited knowledge of other drug-induced arrhythmias.

Purpose:

The objective of this study is to determine the drugs reported to be associated with arrhythmias other than QTc-prolongation using the FAERS database, possibly identifying potential drug causes that have not been reported previously.

Methods:

FAERS reports from 2004 quarter 1 through 2019 quarter 1 were combined to create a dataset of approximately 11.6 million reports. Search terms for arrhythmias of interest were selected from the Standardized MedDRA Queries (SMQ) Version 12.0. Frequency of the cardiac arrhythmias were determined for atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block, bradyarrhythmia, bundle branch block, supraventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation and linked to the reported causal medications. Reports were further categorized by prior evidence associations using package inserts and established drug databases. A reporting odds ratio (ROR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated for the ADRs for each drug and each of the 6 cardiac arrhythmias.

Results:

Of the 11.6 million reports in the FAERS database, 68,989 were specific to cardiac arrhythmias of interest. There were 61 identified medication-reported arrhythmia pairs for the 6 arrhythmia groups with 33 found to have an unknown reported association. Rosiglitazone was the most frequently medication reported across all arrhythmias [ROR 6.02 (CI: 5.82-6.22)]. Other medications with significant findings included: rofecoxib, digoxin, alendronate, lenalidomide, dronedarone, zoledronic acid, adalimumab, dabigatran, and interferon beta-1b.

Conclusion:

Upon retrospective analysis of the FAERS database, the majority of drug-associated arrhythmias reported were unknown suggesting new potential drug causes. Cardiac arrhythmias other than QTc prolongation are a new area of focus for pharmacovigilance and medication safety. Consideration of future studies should be given to using the FAERS database as a timely pharmacovigilance tool to identify unknown adverse events of medications.
A New Gender Microaggressions Taxonomy for Undergraduate Women on College Campuses: A Qualitative Examination
Authors: Gartner Rachel E.
Published: January 2021

Gender microaggressions are everyday slights, insults, and invalidations theorized to create and sustain environments in which sexual harassment and assault of women is normative and permissible. Establishing a gender microaggressions taxonomy for undergraduate women may support efforts to improve campus climate and reduce sexual violence. This study aims to identify a gender microaggressions taxonomy for undergraduate women on college campuses. Five qualitative semi-structured focus groups ( N = 23) were conducted with 18- to 25-year-old undergraduate women. Purposive sampling was employed and directed content analysis was performed. Seven themes emerged: invisibility, intersectionality, caretaker and nurturer, women-dominated occupations, presumed incompetence, sexual objectification, and environmental invalidations.
Why Do Women Talk About It? Reasons for Disclosure of Sexual Victimization and Associated Symptomology
Authors: Carson Kaitlin Walsh , Babad Sara , Brown Elissa J. , Nikulina Valentina
Published: January 2021

Many sexual victimization survivors disclose their experience; however, there is limited research investigating why women disclose this experience and how reasons relate to psychopathology. The current online study aims to further understand the experiences of 142 female survivors (aged 18–29 years) by identifying their reason for disclosure and investigating how reasons relate to self-reported depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Qualitative analyses identified two reasons: intentional and elicited disclosures. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that elicited disclosures were associated with higher PTSD symptomology than intentional disclosures above and beyond relevant covariates, suggesting that disclosure reason is an important factor in the recovery process.
Unleashing the power of immunotherapy and targeted therapy combinations: Advancing cancer care or discovering unknown toxicities?
Authors: Przybylski Daniel J , Bergsbaken Jason J , Piccolo Jennifer K
Published: January 2021

Objective

The purpose of this review was to summarize the triumphs and pitfalls of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) combinations. Data sources: A literature review of PubMed was conducted and studies were included if they were classified as a clinical trial and assessed TKI and ICI combinations for solid tumor malignancies. Dates of literature search included January 1, 1988 through September 22, 2019. Data summary: In the past decade, TKI and ICI monotherapy strategies have changed the management of many advanced solid tumors through their unique mechanisms of action. Preclinical data suggests that TKIs may be able to sensitize tumors to ICI therapy via direct and indirect pathways; however, optimal mechanisms to support various TKI and ICI combinations have yet to be determined. The FDA recently approved TKI and ICI combinations for renal cell carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, and melanoma. Several other tumor types currently have TKI and immunotherapy combinations under investigation with mixed results. Dual therapy with TKIs and immunotherapy have the potential to be synergistic and improve patient outcomes; however, careful consideration will need to be taken in regard to what TKI and immunotherapy are combined.

Conclusions

Future research will be needed to determine appropriate sequencing of TKIs and ICIs after progression on combination therapy. Continued research is necessary to determine optimal dual TKI and immunotherapy options.
Overprotective Parenting Mediates the Relationship Between Early Childhood ADHD and Anxiety Symptoms: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
Authors: Meyer Alexandria , Kegley Molly , Klein Daniel N.
Published: January 2021

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is often comorbid with anxiety disorders in children. Both ADHD and anxiety in childhood has been linked to overprotective parenting styles. In the current study we examine a model wherein early ADHD symptoms predict overprotective parenting, which in turn predicts anxiety symptoms later in childhood. In Study 1 we utilize cross-sectional data in 102 child/parent dyads between the ages of 5 and 7 years old and Study 2 extends these findings by examining this same mediation model longitudinally in 376 child/parent dyads who were assessed when children were 3, 6, and 9 years old. Results from both studies supported a mediation model wherein the relationship between child ADHD symptoms and child anxiety symptoms was mediated by parental overprotection. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine overprotective parenting as a mechanism underlying the heterotypic continuity or sequential comorbidity of ADHD to anxiety symptoms.
A Marginal Effects Approach to Interpreting Main Effects and Moderation
Authors: Busenbark John R. , Graffin Scott D. , Campbell Robert J. , Lee Eric Young
Published: January 2021

This Short Methodological Report builds on research about moderation practices by focusing on a marginal effects approach to interpreting how a main effect is informed by the presence of a moderating variable. Following a content analysis of published studies and a survey of management researchers, our findings suggest there is a great deal of confusion about the ways in which to interpret how a main effect may fluctuate owing to a moderating variable. We therefore provide explicit instructions on how to implement and interpret a marginal effects approach that depicts the nature of a main effect in the presence of a moderator. We use different scenarios and examples to illustrate how researchers can employ the marginal effects technique, which provides an indication of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables over different values of the moderator. We argue and demonstrate that the marginal effects approach helps resolve conflicting findings that may arise from using other prevailing techniques to interpret both main effects and moderation.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stay-Play-Talk Interventions for Improving Social Behaviors of Young Children
Authors: Ledford Jennifer R. , Pustejovsky James E.
Published: January 2021

Stay-play-talk (SPT) is a peer-mediated intervention that involves training peer implementers to stay in proximity to, play with, and talk to a focal child who has disabilities or lower social competence. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the contexts in which SPT interventions have been conducted, the methodological adequacy of the research assessing its effects, and the outcomes for both peer implementers and focal children. Studies have primarily occurred in inclusive preschool settings during free play activities, with researchers serving as facilitators. Average effects were positive and substantial for both peer implementers and focal children, although considerable heterogeneity across studies was observed. Additional research is needed to determine what peer implementer and focal child characteristics moderate intervention success, what modifications are needed for children who have complex communication needs, and optimal procedural variations (e.g., group size, training time).
Feline abdominal ultrasonography: what’s normal? what’s abnormal? The adrenal glands
Authors: Griffin Sally
Published: January 2021

Practical relevance:

Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the adrenal glands can provide important information pertaining to several conditions including hyperaldosteronism and hyperadrenocorticism.

Clinical challenges:

Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings, such as adrenal mineralisation, and clinically significant pathological changes can be challenging.

Aim:

This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased adrenal glands. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material.

Equipment:

Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience.

Evidence base:

Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author’s own clinical experience.
Static and dynamic analyses of functionally graded sandwich skew shell panels
Authors: Pandey Shashank , Pradyumna S , Gupta Shakti Singh
Published: January 2021

The present work is an attempt to develop a simple, accurate and widely applicable finite element formulation having a C0 continuity of transverse displacement at nodes, for static and dynamic analyses of functionally graded sandwich skew shell (FGSSS) panels. A layerwise displacement field based on first-order shear-deformation theory for each layer along with Sanders’ approximation has been adopted for the analysis. Compatibility conditions are imposed at the layer interfaces to satisfy displacement continuity. Two different configurations of FGSSS are taken up in the present investigation. In the first configuration, the top and bottom layers of the panel are made of functionally graded material (FGM) and the core is made of pure metal, whereas in the second configuration, the top and bottom layers are made of pure ceramic and pure metal, respectively and the core is considered to be made of FGM. The material properties of both configurations of FGM panels are estimated according to the rule of mixture. It is observed from the analysis that the present finite element formulation is simple, accurate and computationally efficient. Parameters like skew angle, span to thickness ratio, core to facesheet thickness ratio, volume fraction and boundary conditions have a significant effect on static and dynamic behavior of functionally graded sandwich skew shell panels.
Numerical analysis of fretting wear in lateral contact of sphere/sphere
Authors: Li Ling , Wei Ziming , Ma Shengli , Li Lixia , Xie Miaoxia
Published: January 2021

The fretting wear characteristics of spherical/spherical lateral contacts under different load conditions, contact angles, and the number of fretting cycles are studied. A spherical/spherical lateral fretting wear model is established in ABAQUS software. A UMESHMOTION subroutine for spherical/spherical contact models is written to simulate the fretting wear based on the energy model and the Fortran language. The results show that as the load increases, the contact width increases significantly and the wear depth decreases. It is also found that the rate of change of the wear depth gradually increases in the central portion of the contact area, and is relatively smooth in the contact edge portion. An increase in the magnitude of the moving load causes a small increase in the contact width and a significant increase in the wear depth. The rate of increase of the wear depth at the edge of the contact area gradually increases and the rate of increase of the wear depth at the center of the contact area changes linearly. As the contact angle increases, the contact form gradually changes to a positive contact. Meanwhile, the wear depth variation shifted from a “U” shape to a “W” shape, which caused the wear depth to decrease significantly at the contact center and eventually approach zero as the adhesive area appeared. In addition, with an increase in the number of fretting cycles, the wear depth was almost unchanged at the contact center portion but significantly increased at the edge portion.
Comparative responsiveness of the health utilities index and the RAND-12 for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Marrie Ruth Ann , Leung Stella , Cutter Gary R , Fox Robert J , Salter Amber
Published: January 2021

Background:

Outcome measures need to be valid and have good test–retest reliability and responsiveness. We compared the responsiveness of the RAND-12 and the Health Utilities Index—mark III (HUI3) in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods:

In Spring 2018 and 2019, North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) registry participants completed the HUI3, the RAND-12, and reported disability (Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS)) and employment status (full-time, part-time, and no). We used changes in PDDS and employment status as anchors. We assessed responsiveness using effect size, standardized response mean, and the responsiveness index. We used relative efficiency (RE) to compare the responsiveness of the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores, adjusting for sociodemographic factors.

Results:

We included 4769 participants in the analysis. They had a mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of 60.9 (10.1) years, and 3826 participants (80.2%) were women. RE was highest for the HUI3 for changes in in disability status (HUI3: 1.0, Physical Component Score-12 (PCS-12): 0.80, and Mental Component Score-12 (MCS-12): 0.41) and for changes in employment status (HUI3: 1.0, PCS-12: 0.70, and MCS-12: 0.17).

Conclusion:

The HUI3 was more responsive to changes in disability and employment status than the PCS-12 or MCS-12. Given the HUI3’s other strong psychometric properties, it may be the preferred generic measure of HRQOL in MS.
Early age of onset predicts severity of visual impairment in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Macaron Gabrielle , Khoury Jean , Bena James , Seay Meagan , Bermel Robert A , Cohen Jeffrey A , Rensel Mary R
Published: January 2021

Background:

Severe residual visual loss (SRVL) is frequent in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Identifying higher-risk patients at onset is important to prevent disability accumulation.

Objective:

To determine predictors of SRVL in a large NMOSD cohort.

Methods:

Patient characteristics at last visual acuity (VA) evaluation were retrospectively collected. VA was scored 0: better than 20/40, 1: 20/40–20/99, 2: 20/100–20/200, and 3: worse than 20/200. SRVL was defined as a combined score (VA worst + best eye) ⩾ 4. Descriptive statistics were used to compare groups and logistic regression to evaluate predictors of VA.

Results:

106 patients (mean age at disease onset (AO): 35.8 ± 16.5 years) were included. Patients with SRVL had earlier AO (mean: 26.7 vs 38.0 years) compared to non-SRVL group ( p = 0.005). Patients with AO < 21 years were more likely to have SRVL, be blind, present with binocular optic neuritis, have recurrent optic neuritis, and receive oral therapy first-line than those with AO ⩾ 21. After adjusting for race, sex, and disease duration, the odds of SRVL were 4.68 times higher in patients < 21 at disease onset (95% CI: 1.53–14.34, p = 0.007).

Conclusion:

Early AO predicts SRVL in NMOSD, independent of disease duration. High-efficacy therapies should be considered for first-line treatment in this group.
An enrichment strategy for clinical trials in SPMS
Authors: Koch Marcus W , Metz Luanne , Cutter Gary
Published: January 2021

Background:

We recently compared clinical outcomes in secondary progressive MS (SPMS) clinical trials and found an association of timed 25 foot walk (T25FW) worsening events and baseline disability scores. It is unclear whether disability worsening in clinical trials is comparable to that seen in clinical practice.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to compare disability worsening between the IMPACT and ASCEND data sets and data from the Calgary MS clinic and to characterize the association of baseline T25FW and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores with disability worsening.

Methods:

We combined the three data sets and investigated the impact of baseline characteristics on disability worsening with a logistic regression model. We calculated T25FW, EDSS, and ‘EDSS or T25FW’ worsening events as a function of ascending cut-off baseline disability scores.

Results:

Data source was not associated with T25FW worsening at 12 months. There was a strong association of baseline T25FW and EDSS cut-off scores with T25FW worsening. No such association was present for the EDSS and ‘EDSS or T25FW’.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that it is possible to ‘enrich’ a trial cohort for expected T25FW worsening events using specific baseline T25FW and EDSS cut-off scores. These analyses inform the selection of inclusion criteria for clinical trials in SPMS.
Autocratic ruling parties during regime transitions: Investigating the democratizing effect of strong ruling parties
Authors: Kavasoglu Berker
Published: January 2021

This study examines the role of autocratic ruling party strength in democratic transitions. While the impact of ruling party strength on regime stability is extensively studied, we know much less about how ruling party strength influences prospects for democratization during regime transitions. Proceeding from recent studies that suggest autocratic incumbents often choose to democratize from a position of strength rather than weakness, I discuss how specific attributes strong ruling party organizations wield can provide autocratic incumbents with incentives and capabilities to lead democratization in the context of regime change. Using original data on organizational characteristics of 161 autocratic ruling parties between 1970 and 2015, I provide the first set of systematic empirical evidence supporting the argument that ruling party organizational features that promote regime durability can simultaneously facilitate the implementation of substantial democratizing reforms by regime elites in a top-down fashion to preempt political opposition.
What is remembered lives: Time and the disruptive animacy of archiving AIDS on Instagram
Authors: Cifor Marika
Published: January 2021

By mobilizing Instagram time’s affordances, The AIDS Memorial ( @theaidsmemorial) account has unique potential to remake normative AIDS time. Even as @theaidsmemorial sometimes extends endemic AIDS time’s normalizing registers, this archive is positioned to redesign AIDS’ temporal rhythms. @theaidsmemorial could powerfully expose the structural persistence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Through close readings of recent posts, this article illustrates how through disruptive animacy @theaidsmemorial could be made to harness Instagram’s immediacy and nowness. @theaidsmemorial can engender affective immediacy through circulating images and spatiotemporal immediacy through geotagging. Together these temporal mechanisms make HIV/AIDS disruptively animate in the present in ways that rupture normative AIDS time. @theaidsmemorial could uncover, beyond the tight bounds of AIDS communities, the continued immediacy of HIV/AIDS in the times and spaces the privileged also occupy. Reigniting urgency around AIDS can improve the lives and life chances of people living with HIV/AIDS and bolster memory transmission and intergenerational exchange.
Inframalleolar bypass for chronic limb-threatening ischemia
Authors: Benedetto Filippo , Spinelli Domenico , Pipitò Narayana , Barillà David , Stilo Francesco , De Caridi Giovanni , Barillà Chiara , Spinelli Francesco
Published: January 2021

The aims of this study were to analyze the results of inframalleolar bypass for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and to identify outcome-predicting factors. All consecutive patients undergoing inframalleolar bypass for CLTI between 2015 and 2018 were included in this retrospective, single-center study. Outflow artery was the most proximal patent vessel segment in continuity with inframalleolar arteries. Bypasses originating from the popliteal artery were defined as ‘short bypasses’. Sixty patients underwent inframalleolar bypass, with four patients undergoing bilateral procedures, making a total of 64 limbs included. The mean age was 73 ± 14 and 52 (81%) were male. The great saphenous vein was the preferred conduit ( n = 58, 91%), in a devalvulated fashion ( n = 56, 88%). Superficial femoral artery was the most common inflow artery for ‘long’ grafts ( n = 22, 34%), while popliteal artery was the inflow artery for all ‘short’ grafts ( n = 25, 39%). Dorsalis pedis artery was chosen as an outflow artery in 41 patients (63%). Median follow-up was 21 months. Two-year primary and secondary patency, limb salvage, amputation-free survival, and overall survival rates were 67 ± 6%, 88 ± 4%, 84 ± 4%, 72 ± 6%, and 85 ± 4%, respectively. At multivariate analysis, dialysis was an independent predictor for poor primary patency (HR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.62–13.05; p = 0.004), whereas a short bypass was independently associated with an increased primary patency (HR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.10–0.89; p = 0.03). In conclusion, bypass grafting to the inframalleolar arteries resulted in good patency rates, limb salvage and overall survival. Dialysis patients had lower primary patency but still had good limb salvage and survival. Short bypass was a predictor of improved primary patency.
Physical activity and screen time among youth with autism: A longitudinal analysis from 9 to 18 years
Authors: Dahlgren J , Healy S , MacDonald M , Geldhof J , Palmiere K , Haegele JA
Published: January 2021

To date, studies using cross-sectional methodologies make up a majority of the literature surrounding children with autism spectrum disorders and participation in physical activity and screen time. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine how physical activity and screen time behaviors co-develop for children with and without an autism spectrum disorder. To address this research gap, this study compared how physical activity and screen time levels changed over time (9 to 18 years of age) between youth with autism spectrum disorder and youth with neurotypical development. Data on the levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, television-, and video game-based screen time, collected as a part of the “Growing up in Ireland” study, were compared between youth with autism spectrum disorder and a propensity-matched sample of youth with neurotypical development ( n = 88 per group; 176 in total). Robust regression analyses indicated that children with autism spectrum disorder became less active over time compared to children with neurotypical development and that video game screen time also differed significantly between the groups when children were 9 years old. These findings elucidate important disparities present between these groups of children during pivotal developmental times.

Lay abstract

To date, studies using cross-sectional methodologies make up a majority of the literature surrounding children with autism spectrum disorders and participation in physical activity and screen time. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine how physical activity and screen time behaviors co-develop for children with and without an autism spectrum disorder. To address this research gap, this study compared how physical activity and screen time levels changed over time (from 9 to 18 years of age) between youth with autism spectrum disorder and youth with neurotypical development. Data on the levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, television-, and video game-based screen time, collected as a part of the “Growing up in Ireland” study, were compared between youth with autism spectrum disorder and a propensity-matched sample of youth with neurotypical development ( n = 88 per group; 176 in total). Robust regression analyses indicated that children with autism spectrum disorder became less active over time compared to children with neurotypical development and that video game screen time also differed significantly between the groups when children were 9 years old. These findings elucidate important disparities present between these groups of children during pivotal developmental times.
Becoming traditional: Contemporary san art and the production of (non-) knowledge
Authors: Baracchini Leïla
Published: January 2021

The contribution of arts for development has recently received a great deal of attention from international donors ad organizations. The anthropology of art, however, has participated in a limited way in these debates. Borrowing theoretical tools from the socio-anthropology of development, this paper questions the politics of knowledge involved in the implementation of art projects in postcolonial context. Drawing on ethnographical research in Botswana on an art project opened by a NGO for the San people, it describes the ways areas of knowledge and non-knowledge have been attributed. It shows that the conceptions of knowledge at stake in the making of contemporary San art indirectly reproduce a Great Divide between modernity and tradition, which has direct impacts on the ways the practice is appropriated by local actors.
Exploring the hospitality-tourism nexus: Directions and questions for past and future research
Authors: Lugosi Peter
Published: January 2021

Hospitality has often been conceived primarily as a supporting component of the tourism product. This commentary synthesises inter and multidisciplinary literature to examine alternative and more complex intersections of hospitality and tourism. It discusses four thematic areas of hospitality research: labour; the transformation of place (experiences); socio-material and socio-technological practice; and human encounters. It argues that applying hospitality as a sensitising concept in these domains of enquiry, and studying hospitality’s abstract and concrete dimensions, enhances our understanding of tourism as socio-economic phenomena and a global system, and helps to appreciate tourism’s implications for multiple stakeholders. Moreover, it proposes a range of questions for future research.
What difference does ‘difference’ make? Identity, difference and the multicultural city
Authors: Alian Sanaz , Wood Stephen
Published: January 2021

This paper draws on the work of Jean Baudrillard to critique the manner in which notions of ‘identity’ and ‘difference’ are employed in understandings of the multicultural city. It begins with an overview of ways in which ethnicity is construed in the planning literature on multicultural cities. This is followed by discussion of Baudrillard’s contention that the basic terms of engagement with multiculturalism, ‘identity’ and ‘difference’, are problematic in so far as they mirror the fundamental means by which discrimination is effected in capitalist societies. It is argued that, in some cases, commentators on the multicultural city merely rehearse and entrench certain of capitalism’s key ideological ‘alibis’; in other cases, commentators present as critical insights what Baudrillard might regard as normative descriptions of the current machinations of capitalism.
Investigating the Psychometric Properties of the Social-Emotional Learning Scale
Authors: Thomas Christopher L. , Zolkoski Staci M. , Sass Sarah M.
Published: January 2021

Educators and educational support staff are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of systematic efforts to support students’ social and emotional growth. Logically, the success of social-emotional learning programs depends upon the ability of educators to assess student’s ability to process and utilize social-emotional information and use data to guide programmatic revisions. Therefore, the purpose of the current examination was to provide evidence of the structural validity of the Social-Emotional Learning Scale (SELS), a freely available measure of social-emotional learning, within Grades 6 to 12. Students ( N = 289, 48% female, 43.35% male, 61% Caucasian) completed the SELS and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses of the SELS failed to support a multidimensional factor structure identified in prior investigations. The results of an exploratory factor analysis suggest a reduced 16-item version of the SELS captures a unidimensional social-emotional construct. Furthermore, our results provide evidence of the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the reduced-length version of the instrument. Our discussion highlights the implications of the findings to social and emotional learning educational efforts and promoting evidence-based practice.
Heterogeneity of Research Results: A New Perspective From Which to Assess and Promote Progress in Psychological Science
Authors: Linden Audrey Helen , Hönekopp Johannes
Published: January 2021

Heterogeneity emerges when multiple close or conceptual replications on the same subject produce results that vary more than expected from the sampling error. Here we argue that unexplained heterogeneity reflects a lack of coherence between the concepts applied and data observed and therefore a lack of understanding of the subject matter. Typical levels of heterogeneity thus offer a useful but neglected perspective on the levels of understanding achieved in psychological science. Focusing on continuous outcome variables, we surveyed heterogeneity in 150 meta-analyses from cognitive, organizational, and social psychology and 57 multiple close replications. Heterogeneity proved to be very high in meta-analyses, with powerful moderators being conspicuously absent. Population effects in the average meta-analysis vary from small to very large for reasons that are typically not understood. In contrast, heterogeneity was moderate in close replications. A newly identified relationship between heterogeneity and effect size allowed us to make predictions about expected heterogeneity levels. We discuss important implications for the formulation and evaluation of theories in psychology. On the basis of insights from the history and philosophy of science, we argue that the reduction of heterogeneity is important for progress in psychology and its practical applications, and we suggest changes to our collective research practice toward this end.
Algorithmic performance constraints for wind turbine condition monitoring via convolutional sparse coding with dictionary learning
Authors: Martin-del-Campo Sergio , Sandin Fredrik , Schnabel Stephan
Published: January 2021

We analyze vibration signals from wind turbines with dictionary learning and investigate the relation between dictionary distances and faults occurring in a wind turbine output shaft rolling element bearing and gearbox under different data and compute constraints. Dictionary learning is an unsupervised machine learning method for signal processing, which permits learning a set of signal-specific features that have been used to monitor the condition of rotating machines, including wind turbines. Dictionary distance is one such feature, and its effectiveness depends on an adequate selection of the dictionary learning hyperparameters and the data availability, which typically is constrained in condition monitoring systems for remotely located wind farms. Here we evaluate the characteristics of the dictionary distance feature under healthy and faulty conditions of the wind turbines using different options for the selection of the pretrained dictionary, the sparsity of the signal model which determines the compute requirements, and the interval between data samples. Furthermore, we compare the dictionary distance feature to the typical time-domain features used in condition monitoring. We find that the dictionary distance based feature of a faulty wind turbine deviates by a factor of two or more from the population distribution several weeks before the gearbox bearing fault was reported, using a data sampling interval as long as 24 h and a model sparsity as low as 2.5%.
Trends and outcomes of mechanically ventilated cirrhotic patients in the United States from 2005–2014
Authors: Cheung Kyle , Mailman Jonathan F , Crawford Jennifer J , Karvellas Constantine J , Sy Eric
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Cirrhotic patients in organ failure are frequently admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) to receive invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We evaluated the trends of hospitalizations, in-hospital mortality, hospital costs, and hospital length of stay (LOS) of IMV patients with cirrhosis.

Methods

We analyzed the United States National Inpatient Sample from 2005–2014. We selected discharges of IMV adult (≥18 years) patients with cirrhosis using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition , Clinical Modification codes. Trends were assessed using linear regression and joinpoint regression.

Results

Between 2005 and 2014, there were approximately 9,441,605 hospitalizations of IMV adult patients, of which 4.7% had cirrhosis. There was an increasing trend in the total number of IMV cirrhotic patient hospitalizations (annual percent change [APC] 7.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.4%; 7.6%, Ptrend < 0.001). The in-hospital case-fatality ratio declined between 2005–2011 (APC –2.9%, 95% CI, –3.4%; –2.4%, Ptrend < 0.001); however, it remained similar between 2011–2014 ( Ptrend = 0.58). The total annual hospital costs of all IMV cirrhotic patients increased from approximately $1.2 billion USD in 2005 to $2.7 billion USD in 2014 ( Ptrend < 0.001). The mean hospital costs per patient and mean LOS declined between 2005 and 2014 ( Ptrend  < 0.001 and Ptrend = 0.01 respectively).

Conclusions

The total number of hospitalizations and total annual costs of IMV patients with cirrhosis have been increasing over time. However, past hesitancy around admitting cirrhotic patients to the ICU may need to be tempered by the improving mortality trends in this patient population.
A Development of the Essex-Lopresti Maneuver: Minimally Invasive Reduction and Fixation of Tongue-Type Calcaneal Fractures via a Single Incision
Authors: Budair Basil , Fenton Paul
Published: January 2021

Tongue-type calcaneal fractures are a subset of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. A reduction maneuver for this fracture pattern was described by Essex-Lopresti. The aim of this article is to describe a modification of this technique that allows reduction and fixation of tongue-type calcaneal fractures via a single, minimally invasive incision. We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing fixation utilizing this technique at our institution. We identified 13 fractures in 12 patients with a median follow-up of 12 months. Median Böhler angle was 3.5° preoperatively and 26.5° at final follow-up. The median AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) hindfoot score was 78. There were no complications or further surgeries in this series. We believe that reduction and fixation of tongue-type calcaneal fractures using this minimally invasive technique is safe and reliable and avoids the potential soft tissue problems of fixation with more extensive incisions.

Levels of Clinical Evidence: Level IV
Anatomical Variations in the Origin of the Lingual Artery in the Kenyan Population
Authors: Sarna Krishan , Kamau Martin , Sonigra Khushboo Jayant , Amuti Thomas
Published: January 2021

Study design:

Descriptive cross-sectional study.

Objective:

To determine the variations in origin of the LA and its relationship to surgical landmarks.

Background:

The Lingual artery (LA) is a branch of the External Carotid Artery (ECA) that constitutes the principal supply to structures within the oral cavity and floor of the mouth. Knowledge of its variant anatomy is therefore vital during radiological and surgical procedures performed in the head and neck region since they may predispose it and other branches of the ECA to iatrogenic injury. There is, however, a dearth of regional data on the same.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 70 LA dissections were performed bilaterally on 35 human cadavers. The borders of the carotid triangle were identified after which the external carotid artery and its branches were exposed. The pattern of origin and the diameter of the LA was noted and distances from its origin to the CB, GCHB and the HN were measured. Similar measurements were carried out for any variant trunks. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS (IBM version 27). A paired t-test was used to compare side differences. Representative photos of the vessel and its variations were taken.

Results:

The LA was found to be present in all cadavers dissected and was bilaterally symmetrical in 43% of cases. Four (4) types of branching patterns were encountered in the present study, the most commonly observed being the solitary LA followed by the LFT, TLT and finally the TLFT. The average diameter was least in the solitary pattern and greatest in the TLT. In relation to the CB, the solitary LA originated at a distance of 1.51 ± 0.89 cm while the LFT, TLT and TLFT originated at a distance of 1.80 ± 0.73 cm, 1.02 ± 0.64 cm and 1.25 ± 0.01 cm respectively from the CB. The mean distance from the origin of the LA to the GCHB was least in the TLT and greatest in the TLFT. With reference to the hypoglossal nerve, the LA was at an average, 0.82 ± 0.15 cm from the HN for the solitary pattern, 1.34 ± 0.86 cm for the LFT, 1.34 ± 0.90 cm for the TLT and 1.38 ± 0.93 cm for the TLFT.

Conclusion:

The LA in the Kenyan population exhibited a high frequency of variation in comparison to other populations regarding its pattern of origin and relationship to landmarks such as the CB, GCHB and HN. These findings may provide further insight into the understanding of the vascular anatomy to the radiologist and the surgeon to avert complications and improve overall treatment outcome.
A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques for Management of Severe Rhinophyma
Authors: Benyo Sarah , Saadi Robert A. , Walen Scott , Lighthall Jessyka G.
Published: January 2021

Study Design:

Systematic review of the literature.

Objective:

The goal of this study is to review the current literature on severe rhinophyma requiring operative management for significant cosmetic deformity or nasal obstruction. We aim to provide a treatment algorithm for the various surgical techniques employed in the treatment of severe rhinophyma.

Methods:

Independent searches of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases were performed. Articles from the period of 2010 to 2020 were collected. All studies which described surgical treatment of severe rhinophyma using the Boolean method and relevant search term combinations, including “rhinophyma,” “severe,” “operative” and “surgery” were collected.

Results:

A total of 111 relevant unique articles met criteria for eligibility analysis. Of these, 85 articles were deemed inappropriate for the literature review due to exclusion criteria. The remaining 26 articles were included in the literature review. Due to variability in study design and outcome measures, formal synthesis of data in the form of a meta-analysis was not possible.

Conclusions:

Severe rhinophyma may present a reconstructive challenge to reestablish normal contour and patent nasal airway. Significant deformity necessitates surgical correction. The present article reviews the current literature and provides a summary and stepwise explanation of established surgical techniques for addressing the cosmetic and functional deficits these patients encounter.