bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEMBUATAN BRIKET BIOARANG DARI KULIT DURIAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT TEPUNG TAPIOKA
Authors: Faradaiza Rizkya , Mulyawan Rizka , Ginting Zainuddin , Dewi Rozanna , Za Nasrul
Published: November 2023

Briket bioarang adalah bahan padat yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif, yang terbuat dari beraneka macam bahan bakar hayati atau biomassa misalnya kayu, ranting, daun-daunan, rumput, jerami ataupun limbah pertanian. Bioarang dapat digunakan dengan melalui proses pengolahan, salah satunya adalah menjadi briket bioarang. Briket bioarang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan sehari-hari seperti memasak, penghangat ruang kandang, menyetrika. Kandungan selulosa dan lignin yang tinggi, sehingga kulit durian sangat cocok digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan briket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh varisi suhu dan komposisi campuran arang kulit durian dengan tepung tapioka terhadap uji kualitas briket bioarang kulit durian. Penelitian ini sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, yang belum pernah dilakukan adalah penggunaan varisi suhu dan komposisi campuran arang kulit durian dengan tepung tapioka sehingga menghasilkan briket bioarang yang terbaik terdapat pada komposisi 95% arang kulit durian dan 5% perekat tepung tapioka pada suhu karbonisasi 400°C. Metode penelitian menggunakan proses karbonisasi yang dilakukan pada suhu 300oC, 350oC, 400oC dan rasio komposisi campuran arang kulit durian (%) : Perekat tepung tapioka ( %) : 95:5, 90:10, 85:15. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa briket bioarang yang terbaik terdapat pada komposisi 95% arang kulit durian dan 5% perekat tepung tapioka pada suhu karbonisasi 400°C, dengan kadar air sebesar 6,15%, kadar abu sebesar 7,80%, kadar zat terbang sebesar 14,95%, kadar karbon sebesar 71.11%, dan nilai kalor 5076.48 kal/gr. Laju pembakaran briket tertinggi terdapat pada variasi komposisi 85% arang dan 15% tepung tapioka dengan nilai sebesar 0,110 gr/menit pada suhu karbonisasi 400°C. Hasil Penelitian briket bioarang semua uji sudah memenuhi standar SNI 01-6235-2000.
KAJIAN PEMANFAATAN ASAP CAIR DARI TEMPURUNG KEMIRI PADA PROSES PENGAWETAN BAKSO
Authors: Simamora Muhammad Rizky , Sulhatun Sulhatun , Suryati Suryati , Jalaluddin Jalaluddin , Kurniawan Eddy
Published: November 2023

Tempurung kemiri diperoleh dari hasil samping dari biji kemiri yang dipisah dari isi dan bijinya. Pemanfaatan tempurung kemiri masih sangat terbatas. Kemiri biasanya digunakan sebagai rempah pangan adalah bagian bijinya saja sedangkan kulitnya dibuang begitu saja sehingga pemanfaatan limbah kulit kemiri sangat diperlukan baik sebagai solusi untuk rehabilitasi lahan kritis dan juga digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Tempurung kemiri dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai asap cair melalui proses pirolisis. Asap cair kemudian dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan antibakteri, minyak rambut, bahan pengawet makanan, dan sebagainya. Penelitian ini sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, yang belum pernah dilakukan adalah perbedaan bahan baku dalam pembuatan asap cair untuk pengawetan, yaitu tempurung kemiri. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian kajian pemanfaatan asap cair dari tempurung kemiri pada proses pengawetan bakso dengan variasi asap cair 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, dan 10% dengan waktu pengawetan selama 5 hari. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh hasil pengawetan terbaik yaitu pada variasi asap cari 6% dengan tekstur bakso agak kasar dan kenyal, beraroma daging dan asap cair, berwarna putih keabu-abuan seperti bakso pada umumnya, kadar air diperoleh sebesar 69,33%, dan pH sebesar 6,8  dengan lama waktu simpan selama 2 hari hal ini sesuai dengan SNI 3818:2014.
PEMBUATAN BIOPLASTIK DARI TEPUNG PATI UBI JALAR (Ipomoea batatas) DENGAN PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN AMPAS TEBU (Saccharum officinarum) dan GLISEROL
Authors: Sulastri Intan , Suryati Suryati , Azhari Azhari , Sulhatun Sulhatun , Bahri Syamsul
Published: November 2023

Bioplastik merupakan plastik yang dapat terdegradasi oleh mikro organisme dari sumber senyawa-senyawa dalam tanaman misalnya pati, selulosa, dan lignin. Pembuatan bioplastik ini menggunakan bahan baku berupa pati ubi jalar dan penambahan matrik berupa ampas tebu dan gliserol sebagai plasticizer. Tujuan dari penelitian ini Untuk mengkaji bagaimana pengaruh penambahan gliserol terhadap campuran pati ubi jalar dan ampas tebu untuk menghasilkan bioplastik. Penelitian ini sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya tetapi dengan menggukan plasticizer berupa sorbitol sedangkan pada penelitian ini menggunakan plasticizer berupa gliserol dengan variasi gliserol yaitu sebanyak 3 ml, 5ml dan 7 ml. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan bioplastik pada penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode panas. Pada penelitian ini hasil yang didapatkan nilai biodegredasi tertinggi terjadi pada variasi massa pati ubi jalar dan ampas tebu yaitu (80:20)% dan (90:10)% dengan penambahan gliserol sebanyak 7 ml, 5ml, dan 3 ml dengan nilai biodegredasinya yaitu sebesar 100% dalam waktu 15 hari, dan nilai kuat Tarik maksimum sebesar 1,723 pada variasi massa pati ubi jalar dan ampas tebu yaitu sebesar (70:30)% dengan penambahan gliserol sebanyak 7 ml, serta nilai elongasi maksimum yaitu sebesar 120,47 % pada variasi massa pati ubi jalar dan ampas tebu yaitu sebesar (90:10) dengan penambahan gliserol sebanyak 7ml.
PEMBUATAN BRIKET CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI JENIS DAN PERSENTASE PEREKAT TEPUNG TAPIOKA DAN TEPUNG BERAS
Authors: Milya Cut , Kurniawan Eddy , Hakim Lukman , Dewi Rozanna , Muhammad Muhammad
Published: November 2023

Sumber energi alternatif yang banyak dikembangkan dan diteliti saat ini adalah bahan bakar biomassa limbah pertanian. Biomassa seperti cangkang kelapa sawit dapat menjadi sumber bahan baku briket sebagai salah satu energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil (minyak bumi). Penelitian Pembutan Briket Arang dengan Biomassa sudah pernah dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti sebelumnya, dengan menggunakan biomassa dan jenis perekat yang berbeda, yang belum pernah dilakukan adalah Pembuatan Briket Arang dari Cangkang kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Variasi Jenis dan Persentase Perekat Tepung Tapioka dan Tepung Beras. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisa jenis dan persentase perekat yang tepat untuk membuat briket arang cangkang kelapa sawit agar menghasilkan briket dengan kualitas yang baik sesuai standar meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, dan nilai kalor. Proses pembuatan briket meliputi proses karbonisasi, pencampuran biomassa dengan perekat, pencetakan, pengeringan, dan uji kualitas briket yaitu kadar air, kadar abu dan nilai kalor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa briket arang cangkang kelapa sawit sudah memenuhi standar. Pada briket perekat tepung tapioka  kadar air rata-rata sebesar 2.35%, kadar abu sebesar 5.06%. Sedangkan pada briket perekat tepung beras kadar air rata-rata sebesar 2.74%, kadar abu 5.50%. Nilai kalor dari briket arang menggunakan perekat tepung tapioka dan tepung beras dengan persentase 4% masing-masing sebesar 6930.11 kal/gr dan 6922.22 kal/gr.
PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN KOMPOSISI BRIKET DARI ARANG SERBUK GERGAJI KAYU DAN CANGKANG SAWIT DENGAN PEREKAT MOLASE TERHADAP KADAR AIR, KADAR ABU, LAJU PEMBAKARAN DAN NILAI KALOR BRIKET
Authors: Rozi Muhammad Fahrur , Jalaluddin Jalaluddin , Muarif Agam , Suryati Suryati , Masrullita Masrullita
Published: November 2023

Briket adalah sebuah blok bahan bakar dan digunakan dengan cara dibakar yang dan berbentuk serbuk dan ukurannya yang relatif kecil dan cara penggunaannya dengan cara membakar briket dan dapat mempertahankan nyala api. Briket dibuat dari bahan-bahan organik atau biomassa, beberapa jenis limbah biomassa yang berpotensi yaitu limbah kayu, cangkang sawit, jerami, limbah sekam padi, dan ampas dari tebu. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan yaitu mencari formulasi optimal pembuatan briket dari kombinasi serbuk gergaji kayu dan cangkang sawit dengan perekat molase dengan kriteria pengujian meliputi tingkat keabuan, tingkat kelembaban, nilai energi, dan kecepatan pembakaran. Penelitian ini sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, yang belum dilakukan adalah pembuatan briket dengan serbuk gergaji kayu dan cangkang sawit dengan perekat molase. Pembuatan briket dilakukan dengan pengarangan bahan baku kemudian dihancurkan dan dimesh dengan menggunakan ayakan no 50, lalu dimasukkan perekat berupa molase dan dicetak lalu didiamkan dibawah sinar matahari kurang lebih sampai 3 hari dan di masukkan kedalam oven sampai berat yang didapatkan konstan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil terbaik diperoleh pada variasi 40 gr arang serbuk gergaji kayu, 60 gr arang cangkang sawit, 15 ml perekat berupa molase dengan nilai kalor yang diperoleh 5379,5261 cal/gr. Dapat dilihat dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan briket dari arang serbuk gergaji kayu dan arang cangkang sawit dengan menggunakan perekat molase sudah memenuhi SNI dan bisa dijadikan bahan bakar alternatif.
PEMBUATAN BRIKET BIOARANG DARI LIMBAH PADAT HASIL PENYULINGAN MINYAK NILAM TERHADAP BERAT BAHAN BAKU DAN TEMPERATUR PIROLISIS DENGAN METODE PIROLISIS
Authors: Santika Sri , Ginting Zainuddin , Sulhatun Sulhatun , Nurlaila Rizka , Masrullita Masrullita
Published: November 2023

Limbah dari hasil penyulingan minyak nilam jumlahnya berkisar 98-98,5%  dari bahan baku. Limbah padat hasil penyulingan  minyak nilam memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku untuk memperoleh bahan bakar alternatif melalui proses pirolisis dan proses pengempaan seperti briket. Briket merupakan material mudah terbakar yang terbentuk dari proses pengempaan atau pemampatan material menjadi bentuk padatan dan digunakan sebagai bahan bakar, dimana briket yang dihasilkan harus memiliki sifat kuat dan saling merekat satu sama lain sehingga briket tidak mudah hancur. Penelitian ini sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, yang belum pernah dilakukan yaitu pembuatan briket bioarang dengan menggunakan  limbah padat hasil penyulingan minyak nilam terhadap berat bahan baku dan temperatur pirolisis menggunakan metode pirolisis. Pada penelitian ini, diamati pengaruh berat bahan baku dan suhu pirolisis pada pembuatan briket bioarang dari limbah padat hasil penyulingan minyak nilam. Proses pirolisis dilakukan pada berat bahan baku 600 gr, 1200 gr dan 1800 gr serta pada  suhu pirolisis  300 ºC, 350 ºC dan 400 ºC dengan waktu pirolisis 90 menit. Analisa yang dilakukan adalah analisis proksimat dan nilai kalor. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan kadar air briket bioarang yang terbaik terletak pada berat bahan baku 1800 dan suhu 400oC yaitu  5,0%, kadar abu briket bioarang yaitu  3,5%, kadar zat terbang yaitu  8,3% dan kadar karbon terikat yaitu  83,19%, dan nilai kalor sebesar 5.291 kal/g.
PEMBUATAN DETERJEN CAIR DARI MINYAK KELAPA VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO)
Authors: Jannah Z Rauzatul , Bahri Syamsul , Muhammad Muhammad , Ibrahim Ishak , Ginting Zainuddin
Published: November 2023

Penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pembuatan deterjen cair dari minyak kelapa virgin coconut oil (VCO). Minyak kelapa adalah minyak yang dibuat dari bahan baku kelapa, diproses tanpa bahan kimia. Deterjen merupakan salah satu produk pembersih yang banyak di manfaatkan pada kegiatan pembersihan untuk laundry, alat-alat rumah tangga, trasportasi, kegiatan komersial dan industry metal. Pembuatan deterjen cair dari minyak kelapa virgin coconut oil (VCO) ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh hubungan minyak dan KoH yang dipakai. penelitian ini sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya tetapi dengan menggunakan minyak goreng mentah dan ekstrak biji mahoni, sedangkan pada penelitian ini menggunakan minyak kelapa virgin coconut oil (VCO)dengan variasi waktu pemansan dan volume KOH.Variable penelitian ini adalah hubungan waktu pemanasan,minyak dan KOH pada proses pembuatan deterjen cair dengan minyak kelapa, sehingga menghasilkan deterjen cair yang memenuhi standar SNI. Nilai pH yang diperoleh sekitar 11-12, sedangkan spesifikasi SNI yaitu 10-12. Sedangkan nilai densitas yang diperoleh sekitar 0,8-1,4, sedangkan SNI yaitu 1,2-1,5. Kata Kunci:Densitas, KOH, Minyak Kelapa, pH
Oxidative stress a potent risk factor for thyroid diseases in young pregnant females.
Authors: Mutayyaba Majeed  , Tania Ahmed Shakoori  , Basit Naeem  , Zehra Niazi  , Nasir Islam  , Rabea Nasir  , Maria Shaukat
Published: November 2023

Objective: To evaluate the potent role of oxidative stress in thyroid disease development and progression in young pregnant females during 1st and second trimesters compared with matched healthy pregnant females of the same gestational age. Study Design: Cross-sectional Comparative study. Setting: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Pakistan. Samples were collected at the Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINUM), Faisalabad, and the Department of Obstetrics at DHQ Hospital, Chiniot. Period: July 2019 to July 2021. Material & Methods: Thyroid disease- comorbid pregnant women and euthyroid pregnant women were compared for serum levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidants. The markers were evaluated between 68 healthy subjects in Group A and 43 subjects in Group B known for having thyroid diseases. Blood samples were taken under highly sterile conditions after gaining written consent from all subjects and stored at –8°c to –30°c. A spectrophotometer at 532nm was used to measure serum concentrations of oxidative stress markers. ELISA kits were used to determine serum levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Data was analyzed using independent student t-test, multiple logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis using SPSS version 25. Results: Group A and Group B had a mean age of 26.07±4.88 and 29.19±4.17 years, respectively. Pregnant women having thyroid dysfunction had decreased superoxide dismutase levels (0.05±0.01 nmol/ml) than group A (0.06±0.01). Other indicators of lipid peroxidation showed a non-significant mean difference compared between both groups (p>0.05). Multiple linear regression studies revealed healthy pregnant women with a positive thyroid medication history had higher SOD levels among group B than those without antithyroid medicine, with a Beta coefficient of +0.26 and p=0.04. According to ROC curve analysis, the Superoxide Dismutase biomarker area under ROC was 67.25% at p=0.002. Thus, it may be used as a diagnostic and predictive biomarker. A cutoff value of 51.5pg/ml was proposed, at which sensitivity is 79% and specificity is 69%. It can be a diagnostic and predictive biomarker. Conclusion: The results of the current study concluded that oxidative stress can be considered a potent risk factor for the development and progression of thyroid disease in young pregnant females.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Relationship in Urban Composts
Authors:   Assitant in Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, BENNETT JAYASINGH , R KRISHNAMURTHY ,   Assitant in Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, K.M RAMANATHAN ,   Assitant in Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, C RAMADOSS ,   Assitant in Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

Urban compost samples received from the local bodies of the Madras State during the years 1961-62 and 1962-63 were analysed for total nitrogen and total phosphoric acid contents and a relationship has been worked out between them. The findings are discussed in this paper.
Activity Index of Urea-formaldehyde compounds and moulding powder
Authors:   Division of Soil Science and Agrl,Chemistry , Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, S.N DATTA , V ISWARAN ,   Division of Soil Science and Agrl,Chemistry , Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012
Published: November 2023

The Urea-formaldehyde products exhibit distinctly different patterns of nitrogen availability involving low initial and more uniform response than the standard source of nitrogen. The overall efficiency of properly formulated uren-form product equals or excoeds that of conventional nitrogen fertilizers in respect of long season crops such as turf. The single application of uren-form may be made at higher levels than would be feasible with more soluble nitrogen sources.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PLASTIK JENIS HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) DENGAN PASIR LAUT TERHADAP DAYA TAHAN LAPIS PERKERASAN ASPAL BETON
Authors: Viegas Monica Natalia Melenia , Maliki Akhmad , Suharso Akbar Bayu Kresno
Published: November 2023

ABSTRAK: Agregat halus yang digunakan pada Laston biasanya berupa pasir sungai. Penggunaan pasir sungai saat ini menyebabkan terganggunya ekosistem sungai tersebut sehingga perlu memanfaatkan pasir laut yang relatif masih memungkinkan untuk dieksploitasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pasir laut untuk campuran aspal serta penambahan berupa plastik jenis HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan berbagai karakteristik aspal, terutama dalam meningkatkan nilai stabilitas. Campuran agregat menggunakan pasir laut sebagai agregat halus dan plastik jenis High Density Polyethylene dengan variasi kadar plastik yaitu 2, 4, 6 persen. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa campuran aspal dengan pasir laut dan penambahan plastik jenis High Density Polyethylene pada campuran aspal mempengaruhi nilai karakteristik Marshall. Nilai VMA terendah diperoleh pada HDPE 6 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 17,37 persen lebih rendah dibanding aspal tanpa HDPE. Nilai VIM terendah diperoleh pada HDPE 2 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 3 persen lebih rendah dibanding aspal tanpa HDPE. Nilai VFA tertinggi terletak pada HDPE 6 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 78,62 persen dan nilai terendah terletak pada HDPE 0 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 67,89 persen. Nilai stabilitas tertinggi terletak pada HDPE 4 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 1065,22 kg dan nilai terendah pada HDPE 0 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 941,718 kg. Nilai flow tertinggi pada HDPE 4 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 sebesar 3,8 mm dan nilai terendah terletak pada HDPE 0 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 3,4 mm. Nilai Marshall quotient terendah terletak pada HDPE 4 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 255,94 kg/mm lebih rendah dibanding aspal tanpa HDPE. Dari hasil pengujian tersebut diketahui bahwa campuran paling optimal yaitu pada campuran aspal dengan HDPE 4 persen yang dapat dilihat pada karaktersitik pengujian Marshall  Kata Kunci : Aspal Beton, Marshall, HDPE,Pasir Laut
ANALISA PERBANDINGAN BIAYA DAN WAKTU ANTARA METODE KONVENSIONAL DAN PRACETAK (STUDI KASUS : UNDERPASS BUNDARAN SATELIT MAYJEND SUNGKONO SURABAYA)
Authors: Risdiyanti Alya , Siswoyo Siswoyo
Published: November 2023

Ada beberapa metode yang dipakai dalam pelaksanaan suatu proyek salah satunya adalah metode cast in situ/konvensional yang mana dalam pelaksanaannya dilakukan di lokasi proyek. Terdapat juga metode precast/pracetak yang pada dasarnya sama seperti beton bertulang biasa tetapi yang membedakannya yaitu proses produksi dilakukan ditempat khusus produksi pracetak, kemudian dibawa ke lokasi proyek untuk disusun menjadi satu kesatuan struktur yang utuh (ereksi). Dalam tugas akhir ini, data analisa yang diperlukan untuk perbandingan dua system ini adalah data sekunder. Data sekunder adalah data yang diperoleh dari pihak pelaksana pekerjaan yaitu berupa RAB, time schedule, gambar pelaksanaan. Pada tugas akhir ini direncanakan alternatif desain untuk pracetak dengan cara perbandingan analisa biaya dan waktu pelaksanaan. Dengan analisis perbandingan metode pracetak dan cast in situ didapatkan hasil metode cast in situ membutuhkan waktu pelaksanaan selama 64 minggu dengan biaya Rp. 74.800.000.000,- dan metode pracetak membutuhkan waktu pelaksanaan selama 57 minggu dengan biaya Rp. 74.830.000.000,-.Kata kunci : beton, perbandingan, metode, insitu, pracetak
Tres niveles axiológicos reconciliables dentro del proyecto humanista-cosmopolita de Immanuel Kant
Authors: Llano Alonso Fernando H.
Published: November 2023

En el presente artículo, el autor pretende hacer una reivindicación del proyecto hunianista-cosmopolita de lmmanuel Kant como un sistema adecuado pala la integración de los intereses o fines individuales con los valores particulares y universales, aparentemente tan irreconciliables entre sí. En esta especie de "aldea global" que es nuestro mundo, no cabe obstaculizar la difusión general de los derechios humanos, y menos aún si esa limitación se lleva a cabo en aras de cualquier relativismo ético-cultural o soberarismo de estricta observancia. Como contrapunto al concepto romántico de "comumdad nacional" -orgánica. monolitica, y estructurada jerárquicanzente que algunos intentan recuperar desde planteamientos localistas y excluyentes, reivindicamos los valores humanistas y universales de la Ilustración, en clara consonancia con las aspiraciones de un modelo de sociedad civil, abierto y plural como el que impera en el mundo occidental Este hecho constituye también un motivo adecuado para evocar la modernidad del pensamiento político kantiano, en el cual se asientan las bases de una futura constitución cosmopolita que garantice a la humanidad una convivencia pacífica, racional y democrática
VIOLENCIA Y CRUELDAD
Authors: Wieviorka Michel
Published: November 2023

Se distingue en este trabajo entre una violencia que sirve para la obtención de algún otro fin y una violencia que se busca o se practica por sí misma; la crueldad se caracteriza así por ser una violencia por la violencia. El intento es el de encontrar una explicación para esa crueldad caracterizada como violencia absoluta. Para eso, se recorre una serie de libros que han tratado sobre el tema en los que, a pesar de que hay alguna alusión a otros tipos de crueldad, se acaba hablando de la crueldad militar. Un intento de determinar la "función" de la crueldad conduce a la determinación de las condiciones que la hacen posible la impunidad, el miedo y la cultura del odio. Al final, el ser humano no aparece como un ser cruel per se, sino como alguien que resulta obligado a serlo por el 'poder'.
IGUALDAD Y DERECHO ANTIDISCRIMINATORIO: PRESENTACIÓN
Authors: Mercado Pacheco Pedro
Published: November 2023

Después del número extraordinario con el que conmemoramos el cincuenta aniversario de nuestra revista, el número 45/2011 de los ACFS que ahora presentamos retoma su formato habitual y dedica su sección monográfica al tema “Igualdad y derecho antidiscriminatorio”. Nuestro propósito es acoger en nuestras páginas algunos de los problemas y de los debates más candentes en el terreno de las políticas de igualdad y del derecho antidiscriminatorio, reuniendo una serie de contribuciones que, desde la pluralidad de enfoques y temáticas, puedan ser representativas del trabajo que actualmente se está llevando en este campo tanto desde el enfoque de la teoría jurídica como de la reflexión filosófica y política.
Razón práctica, creación de normas y principio democrático: una reflexión sobre los ámbitos de la argumentación legislativa
Authors: Marcilla Córdoba Gema
Published: November 2023

El principal fundamento de la legitimidad de la ley es su origen democrático. Pero legislar, aparte de implicar una manifestación de voluntad del pueblo o de sus representantes, es un proceso en el que se intercambian argumentos de muy diverso tipo. De la argumentación legislativa emergen exigencias de justificación que se dirigen a quienes participan en la tarea de legislar, pero ello no necesariamente representa una intromisión en la democracia. Antes bien, una ley guiada en su producción por pautas de deliberación y justificación es más resistente a la discrecionalidad jurisdiccional, comenzando porque la claridad e intelegibilidad de una ley, contribuye a la certeza del Derecho. La argumentación legislativa, como aproximación científica a la legislación, presupone un modo de comprender las relaciones entre Política y Derecho, en la que la legitimidad de la política reside en último término el carácter justificado de las decisiones. De hecho, desde una perspectiva metateórica, el elemento que permite diferenciar mejor entre las distintas aproximaciones científicas a la producción de normas se halla la noción de racionalidad legislativa (bastaría decir de ley) subyacente, de modo que la teoría y la técnica o técnicas legislativas serán muy distintas en función de si el punto de partida es una razón instrumental o consecuencialista (enfoque minimalista) o, por el contrario, una noción más compleja, que sin excluir otros aspectos, se encuentre abierta a exigencias de justificación práctica (enfoque maximalista). Por lo demás, la argumentación legislativa se asemeja en unos aspectos y difiere en otros de la argumentación en el ámbito jurisdiccional. Asimismo, presenta peculiaridades en función del ámbito temporal y espacial en el que se desarrolle la argumentación. Tales consideraciones son relevantes, tanto para determinar hasta qué punto son aplicables a la argumentación legislativa las aportaciones de la teoría estándar de la argumentación jurídica, como para concretar el papel que otras disciplinas, como la economía, la sociología o la ciencia política, pueden desempeñar en el proceso de legislación.
Un análisis ético de las nuevas tecnologías de edición genética: el CRISPR-Cas9 a debate
Authors: De Miguel Beriain Iñigo , Armaza Armaza Emilio
Published: November 2023

La aparición de las modernas técnicas de modificación genética (CRISPRCas9) ha abierto maravillosas expectativas en el campo de la biomedicina. Sin embargo, su aplicación sobre la línea germinal humana despierta todavía una fuerte oposición por parte de amplios colectivos. A menudo se aduce que factores como el riesgo que implica esta técnica, su propia futilidad, la amenaza implícita a la integridad del genoma humano, o la posibilidad de que acaben dando naturaleza a una nueva eugenesia justifican la necesidad de trazar una prohibición o, al menos, una moratoria sobre ellas. En este texto debatiremos la solvencia de cada uno de estos argumentos, concluyendo que, en realidad, no hay buenos motivos para oponerse a la técnica que nos ocupa.
Factors affecting academic performance of students at the University of Burao (UOB), Somaliland
Authors:   University of Burao, Somaliland, Kunle Mohamed
Published: November 2023

The academic performance of students has been a subject of interest for educational researchers for a while; however, most of the research in this area was done outside of Somaliland. Therefore, this study examined factors affecting the academic performance of students in Burao, Somaliland. The study aimed to investigate the influence of employment status, learning style preference, test anxiety, and English communication problems on the students’ GPAs. The undergraduate students of the University of Burao participated in this study. Using stratified sampling, 333 students were chosen from six different faculties, and data was gathered by a questionnaire. The response rate was 69%, so data from 230 students were analyzed using a Binomial logistic regression with the help of SPSS 21. The result indicated that employment status has no significant effect on students’ GPAs, while the other three variables had effects on it. Regarding the influence of learning style preference, the students with auditory learning styles had 3.0 times higher odds of achieving higher grades than students with visual learning styles. The study also discovered that for every one-unit increase in test anxiety, students were 0.56 times less likely to achieve higher grades. Moreover, for every one-unit increase in English communication problems, students were 0.63 times less likely to achieve higher grades. In short, of the four predictor variables, only learning style preference, test anxiety, and English communication problems affected students’ GPAs in different ways. Therefore, the study made several recommendations including the use of various lecture delivery techniques by lecturers and the development of an English communication policy by the university.
Using Rosetta Stone Application as a Mobile Assited Language Learning (MALL) in EFL: Documentary Study
Authors: Nst Ahmad Husein , Daulay Sholihatul Hamidah , Dewi Utami
Published: November 2023

Current technological developments require students and teachers to increasingly explore their abilities in English using currently available applications. This study focuses on analyzing articles that discuss the use of Rosetta Stone in Language Learning applications in teaching English for Foreign Languages (EFL). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Rosetta Stone Application in teaching English to speakers of other languages (EFL) using data from a variety of journals.. The method used was descriptive method with Documentary Research Design. Documentary research is a type of scholarly exploration that inspects specific exploration subjects utilizing essential sources like texts and notes. Based on six previous journals from various studies in the world such as Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria and Russia. The data illustrates the fact of using Rosetta Stone based on the research results of six researchers who have been published in journals published around the world. The results that can be drawn based on the research report are the use of the Rosetta Stone application in increasing students' abilities in learning English as a foreign language effectively. There are substantial variations in learning English as a Foreign Language between individuals who have been trained utilizing the Rosetta Stone Application, such as speaking, listening, writing, vocabulary knowledge, and pronunciation.
Examining Outcome-Based Education (OBE) in Writing Class: Project-Based Assessment Analysis
Authors: Setyowati Yulis
Published: November 2023

The call for the implementation of Outcome-Based in Indonesia has been emphasized since 2019, highlighting the necessity for adjustments in the higher education context. In English academic writing classes, incorporating OBE principles presents challenges, particularly in the realm of assessment. The assessment process must effectively evaluate all abilities, skills, and knowledge specified in the learning outcomes. These challenges are further amplified by the large class sizes, resulting in suboptimal assessments of students' writing abilities. Therefore, Project Based assessment that aligns with OBE principles and assists academic writing lecturers in addressing the complexities of providing quality assessments to a multitude of students in Indonesia is of utmost significance. The Proposal Writing Course Universitas Wijaya Putra, consisting of twelve students from the English Department, utilizes the OBE-Project-based assessment method. This study aims to describe the students’ composition as the learning output based on the writing rubrics assessment. The analysis of the student’s proposals revealed a notable enhancement in various aspects, including the context, literature review, research design, and data. It is found that Project Based assessment that aligns with OBE principles significantly enhances their research writing skills and improves their academic achievement throughout the research process. analysis. The incorporation of project-based assessment in OBE in the courses holds great potential for elevating the academic performance of graduate school students engaging in proposal writing courses.
The Analysis of Functional Morpheme in Hansel and Gretel Short Story
Authors: Kusumawardhani Paramita
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the research is to identify what functional morpheme is and how to recognize it in “Hansel and Gretel” short story. A functional morpheme is a part of free morpheme. A morpheme is the smallest unit in English linguistics that forms a word. There are two kinds of morpheme; they are free morpheme and bound morpheme. A morpheme that can stand on its own is called free, and ones that cannot are bound. A free morpheme has two types; they are lexical and functional morpheme. Functional morpheme is a morpheme that is commonly used in some articles to connect words or sentences. A functional morpheme is a part of Morphology. Functional morpheme is mostly used in English and it can be found in an English story. It is used because it gives influences the sentences. Without functional morpheme, sometimes the sentences will have no meaning or read awkwardly so it can give a different meaning to the sentences themselves.  The data of the research was taken from “Hansel and Gretel” short story and the results of students’ analysis. The participants of the research were the 1st semester of English Department students. A qualitative descriptive method was used to do the research. After doing the research, there are some results found in the research, they are (1) two items in the article section; (2) four items for the conjunction part; (3) eight items for the preposition part; and (4) eight items in the pronoun section.
Advancements in the Regulation of Different-Intensity Exercise Interventions on Arterial Endothelial Function
Authors: Li Qian-Qian , Qin Kai-Rong , Zhang Wen , Guan Xiu-Mei , Cheng Min , Wang Yan-Xia
Published: November 2023

Normal-functioning endothelium is crucial to maintaining vascular homeostasis and inhibiting the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Exercise training has been proven effective in regulating arterial endothelial function, and the effect of this regulation is closely related to exercise intensity and the status of arterial endothelial function. With this review, we investigated the effects of the exercise of different intensity on the function of arterial endothelium and the underlying molecular biological mechanisms. Existing studies indicate that low-intensity exercise improves arterial endothelial function in individuals who manifest endothelial dysfunction relative to those with normal endothelial function. Most moderate-intensity exercise promotes endothelial function in individuals with both normal and impaired arterial endothelial function. Continuous high-intensity exercise can lead to impaired endothelial function, and high-intensity interval exercise can enhance both normal and impaired endothelial function. In addition, it was demonstrated that the production of vasomotor factors, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response is involved in the regulation of arterial endothelial function under different-intensity exercise interventions. We posit that this synthesis will then provide a theoretical basis for choosing the appropriate exercise intensity and optimize the prescription of clinical exercise for persons with normal and impaired endothelium.
Science education for entrepreneurship and sustainable development: A call for overhaul of government agencies and institutions in Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Science and Vocational Education, Faculty of Education and Extension Services, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria., CYRIL Matthew , ORJI Emmanuel I. ,   Department of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Published: November 2023

Nigeria has a good number of Government Parastatals in the Ministry of Science and Technology, Industrial Development Centers, Federal and States Universities of Science and Technology, and Polytechnics, which are capable of promoting entrepreneurial activities as well as providing entrepreneurship education. Yet much is left to be desired; the epileptic power supply, unprofessionalism in government sectors, corruption by government officials, and the well-celebrated practice of substituting merit for a quota system. The paper discusses the need to overhaul Government Agencies and Institutions in Nigeria to meet the desired Entrepreneurship Education for Sustainable Development. Since skill acquisition is central to entrepreneurship, the paper highlighted the need for qualitative education as means for the attainment of appropriate skills for achieving sustainable development. Four skills relevant to different levels of education were identified. Challenges of entrepreneurship education for sustainable development as well as strategies for achieving entrepreneurship education for sustainable development were discussed. The paper recommends that Government Agencies and Institutions saddled with the responsibility of providing entrepreneurship training in the country should be overhauled.
Excessive day time sleepiness and its associated factors among adult population in an urban area of southern Rajasthan
Authors: Nitesh Mangal  , Mansi Sharma  , Mehul Patel  , Dilip Kumar L  , Varghese KA  , Rajkumar Patil
Published: November 2023

Background: Sleep problems have been considered as an unmet public health problem. Sleep problems are mostly under reported and neglected by the Indian population. Very limited studies have been conducted in India on this aspect.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of excessive day time sleepiness (EDS) and its associated factors among urban adult population.
Materials and Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 adults of 20–60 years age group in urban Udaipur. Socio-demographic and other details were obtained using a semi structured questionnaire. Using Epworth Sleepiness Scale, assessment of EDS was assessed.
Results: In the present study, mean age of the participants was 40.8 ± 11.3 years. Considering the ESS score of 10 or more, EDS was observed in 60.2% subjects. EDS was associated with age, gender, milk consumption, and mobile use. No significant association was found between EDS with central obesity, body mass index, marital status, literacy, occupation, exercise, smoking, and consumption of alcohol.
Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of EDS was high. Therefore, early identification of excessive sleep problems and appropriate intervention that address the various determinants of the sleep problems is of prime importance.
UMA REVISÃO SOBRE CENTRO DE GRAVIDADE E EQUILÍBRIO CORPORAL
Authors: Lemos Luiz Fernando Cuozzo , Teixeira Clarissa Stefani , Mota Carlos Bolli
Published: November 2023

O centro de gravidade está intimamente ligado ao equilíbrio corporal, porém algumas vezes essa relação é pouco enfatizada. Diante disso, esse estudo buscou analisar as influências e relações do CG com o equilíbrio corporal dos indivíduos, por meio de uma revisão de literatura. Para isso, realizou-se uma busca em base de dados, livros e demais produções cientificas da área de biomecânica. Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostram que muitas variáveis influenciam na posição do CG e por conseqüência no equilíbrio corporal. Conclui-se que a relação específica da altura do centro de gravidade com o equilíbrio, é uma abordagem pouco estudada e pode ainda ser bem desenvolvida, relacionando diversos tipos de indivíduos como obesos, idosos, atletas, entre outros.
Racial disparities in incidence, treatment, and survival in adult brain metastases: a 10-year national database analysis
Authors: Jiang Sam H. , Bhaskara Mounika , Deysher Daniel , Sadeh Morteza , Souter John , Mehta Ankit I.
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess demographic and racial disparities in incidence, treatment, and survival of adults with metastatic malignancy to the brain.

METHODS

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database, the authors identified adults with nonprimary brain metastases between 2010 and 2019. Incidence was calculated for all 10 years while data from 2010 to 2014 were used for survival analysis. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality within 5 years, assessed by 6-month, 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year survival rates. Chi-square tests of independence and one-way ANOVA were used to compare categorical and continuous measures, respectively, between non-Hispanic White (NHW), Hispanic White (HW), Black, and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) patients. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was developed to evaluate the risk of death within 5 years.

RESULTS

A total of 64,690 patient records were identified and analyzed following exclusion based on age (patients > 84 years or < 18 years were excluded), missing race data, and missing survival data. Incidences are reported per 100,000 adults. The incidence of brain metastases increased from 2.59 in 2010 to 2.78 in 2019, with an average 10-year incidence of 2.72. API patients had the highest population-adjusted incidence (3.52), followed by NHW (2.99), Black (2.32), and HW (1.59) patients. Black patients were the most likely to have low income and single status, while API patients were the most likely to have high income and married status. Subsequently, Black patients had the shortest survival time (9.05 months vs 9.19 months for NHW vs 12.93 months for HW vs 15.89 months for API patients, p < 0.001). After controlling for the effect of socioeconomic factors on survival, the multivariable analysis showed that Black (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.88–0.94), HW (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.69–0.76), and API (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.66–0.73) patients all had a survival advantage compared with NHW patients. Surgery also conferred a strong survival advantage (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.44–0.49).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of brain metastases has increased slightly between 2010 and 2019, with the highest rate in API patients. Black patients had the lowest survival, potentially due to poor socioeconomic status and lower rates of surgery and chemotherapy. Black patients were the most likely to not be recommended surgery, suggesting a discrepancy in services offered to these patients. More research is warranted to understand the underlying causes of these disparities.
Scoping review on the state of racial disparities literature in the treatment of neurosurgical disease: a call for action
Authors: Owolo Edwin , Seas Andreas , Bishop Brandon , Sperber Jacob , Petitt Zoey , Arango Alissa , Yoo Seeley , Shah Sharrieff , Duvall Julia B. , Johnson Eli , Abu-Bonsrah Nancy , Kaplan Samantha , Eden Sonia , Ashley William W. , Williamson Theresa , Goodwin C. Rory
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE

Racial disparities are ubiquitous across medicine in the US. This study aims to assess the evidence of racial disparities within neurosurgery and across its subspecialties, with a specific goal of quantifying the distribution of articles devoted to either identifying, understanding, or reducing disparities.

METHODS

The authors searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus databases by using keywords to represent the concepts of neurosurgery, patients, racial disparities, and specific study types. Two independent reviewers screened the article titles and abstracts for relevance. A third reviewer resolved conflicts. Data were then extracted from the included articles and each article was categorized into one of three phases: identifying, understanding, or reducing disparities. This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines.

RESULTS

Three hundred seventy-one studies published between 1985 and 2023 were included. The distribution of racial disparities literature was not equally spread among specialties, with spine representing approximately 48.3% of the literature, followed by tumor (22.1%) and general neurosurgery (12.9%). Most studies were dedicated to identifying racial disparities (83.6%). The proportion of literature devoted to understanding and reducing disparities was much lower (15.1% and 1.3%, respectively). Black patients were the most negatively impacted racial/ethnic group in the review (63.3%). The Hispanic or Latino ethnic group was the second most negatively impacted (25.1%). The following categories—other outcomes (28.0%), the offering of treatment (21.6%), complications (18.6%), and survival (16.7%)—represented the most frequently measured outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Although strides have been taken to identify racial disparities within neurosurgery, fewer studies have focused on understanding and reducing these disparities. The tremendous rise of literature within this domain but the relative paucity of solutions necessitates the study of targeted interventions to provide equitable care for all patients undergoing neurosurgical treatment.
“¡Este hombre me hirió!”. Homicidio, género y lenguaje jurídico en el Jalisco decimonónico
Authors:   Texas Tech University, Brittsan Zachary
Published: November 2023

Against the backdrop of a national civil war, this article examines a fatal episode of domestic violence in Guadalajara in 1860. Ursino Sánchez may have silenced his partner, Sista Cuevas, and fled into the night, but the victim’s surviving family members ensured that he would face punishment at the hands of the law. By examining the language deployed in the courtroom by the involved parties, I observe both how gender norms were irremediably inscribed in the legal codes governing violence, and how these norms informed testimonies and, possibly, judicial findings. Furthermore, judicial records consulted here reveal the degree to which citizens had metabolized colonial and modern legal precedents into a shared cultural understanding of gender roles that spanned decades and class divides in postcolonial Mexico.
Incidence of Barotrauma Following Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With COVID-19 Admitted to the ICUs of Two Selected Hospitals in Rasht, Iran
Authors:   Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Research Development Unit, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Ashraf Ali , Ebrahimiyan Jektaji Ramin ,   Department of General Surgery, Clinical Research Development Unit, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Saeedinia Mostafa ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Biazar Gelareh ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Eslami Kenarsari Habib ,   Department of Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Behjat Mohmmad Kazem ,   Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Published: November 2023

Background In the treatment process of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, one of the threatening complications is pulmonary complications such as barotrauma. Objective This study aims to investigate the prevalence of barotrauma in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) of two hospitals in Rasht, Iran. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICUs of Razi and Poursina hospitals in Rasht in 2020. Their files were studied, and their demographic/clinical data and pulmonary complications were extracted using a checklist by an anesthesia resident. Results Out of 140 patients, 81(57.9%) received non-invasive mechanical ventilation and 59(42.1%) had invasive ventilation. Barotrauma was observed in 9 cases (6.4%), 8(88.9%) in the form of pneumothorax and one (11.1%) in the form of both pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema. The results showed that the incidence of barotrauma was significantly higher among patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation (P=0.003). No significant difference was observed among patients received non-invasive ventilation (P>0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of barotrauma among COVID-19 patients in the study hospitals is low, which indicates the proper performance of the attending physicians and compliance with the standard guidelines.