bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Amino Acids of Novel Food in Food by HPLC Coupled with Pre-Column Derivatization
Authors: Xiao Cenjun , Xiao Jing , Wu Yuan , Pang Jie , Chen Fuhong , Zhang Wenhua , Xu Dunming
Published: December 2024

A method for simultaneous determination of Theanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as the novel food of amino acids, which was established using pre-column derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 4-Dimethylaminoazobe nzene-4′-sulfonyl chloride (DABS-Cl) is employed as the derivatization reagent with chromophore linked to Theanine and GABA, which lacks chromophore for DAD analysis in its pristine structure. After the detection wavelength was confirmed, the chromatographic and derivatization conditions were also optimized, including the chromatographic column, mobile phases and their gradient, derivatization temperature and time, the additive amount of buffer solution and derivatization reagent. Methodological verification showed that the derivant of Theanine (DABS-Theanine) and derivant of GABA (DABS-GABA) have good linearity in the range of 1–100 μg/mL, with correlation coefficients of 0.9996 and 0.9995, respectively. The recoveries for both amino acids were between 93.95% and 103.90%, with RSDs ranging from 0.99% to 3.93%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.6 mg/kg for Theanine and 0.2 mg/kg for GABA. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.7 mg/kg for Theanine and 0.6 mg/kg for GABA. Furthermore, five commercial products containing Theanine or GABA in two matrices (candy and beverage) were analyzed by the proposed method for validation. The average contents of Theanine and GABA were in the range of 307.49–1312.13 mg/kg and 22.98–6744.55 mg/kg, respectively. The developed method features easy sample pretreatment, a simple derivatization system, good separation specificity, good repeatability, accuracy and reliability, and can meet the large-scale determination Theanine and GABA in various food substrates.
Enhanced Antioxidant and Digestive Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Pacific White Shrimp Shell Protein Hydrolysates via Conjugation with Polyphenol: Characterization and Application in Surimi Gel
Authors: Gautam Akanksha R. , Benjakul Soottawat , Kadam Deepak , Tiwari Brijesh , Singh Avtar
Published: December 2024

Pacific white shrimp shell protein hydrolysates (SSPHs) produced using alcalase (UAH) and papain (UPH), and polyphenols (PPNs) conjugates were prepared using variable concentrations (0.5–3% w/v) of different polyphenols (EGCG, catechin, and gallic acid). When 2% (v/v) of a redox pair was used for conjugation, 0.5% (w/v) of PPNs resulted in the highest conjugation efficiency (CE), regardless of the polyphenol types. However, CE decreased further with increasing levels of PPNs (p < 0.05). SSPHs at 2% retained the highest CE when combined with the selected PPN and redox pair concentrations (p < 0.05). FTIR and 1H-NMR analysis confirmed the successful conjugation of PPNs with the SSPHs. Among all the conjugates, EGCG conjugated with UAH (A–E) or UPH (P–E) exhibited the highest DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging, and metal chelating activities, respectively. The highest FRAP activity was noticed for A–E conjugate followed by UAH-catechin (A–C) and UPH-catechin (P–C) conjugates. The A–C sample (6 mg/mL) demonstrated the strongest inhibition efficiency against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase (89.29, 81.23, and 80.69%, respectively) than other conjugates (p < 0.05). When A–C conjugate was added into surimi gels prepared from Indian mackerel (IM) and threadfin bream (TH) mince at various levels (2–6%; w/w), gel strength, and water holding capacity was increased in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of surimi type. However, whiteness decreased with increasing A–C levels. After the in vitro digestion of surimi gels, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were also increased as compared to the digest prepared from control surimi gels (added without A–C conjugate). Thus, waste from the shrimp industry in conjugation with plant polyphenols could be utilized to produce antioxidant and antidiabetic or anti-obesity agents, which could be explored as a promising additive in functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Mechanism of Flavonoid Synthesis During Low-Temperature Storage of Sweet Corn Kernels
Authors: Liu Jingyan , Xiao Yingni , Zhao Xu , Du Jin , Hu Jianguang , Jin Weiwei , Li Gaoke
Published: December 2024

Sweet corn is a globally important food source and vegetable renowned for its rich nutritional content. However, post-harvest quality deterioration remains a significant challenge due to sweet corn’s high sensitivity to environmental factors. Currently, low-temperature storage is the primary method for preserving sweet corn; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. In this study, kernels stored at different temperatures (28 °C and 4 °C) for 1, 3, and 5 days after harvest were collected for physiological and transcriptomic analysis. Low temperature storage significantly improved the PPO and SOD activity in sweet corn kernels compared to storage at a normal temperature. A total of 1993 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in kernels stored at low temperatures across all three time points. Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and previous metabolomic data revealed that low temperature storage significantly affected flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, 11 genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis exhibited differential expression across the three storage periods, including CHI, HCT, ANS, F3′H, F3′5′H, FLS, and NOMT, with Eriodictyol, Myricetin, and Hesperetin-7-O-glucoside among the key flavonoids. Correlation analysis revealed three AP2/ERF-ERF transcription factors (EREB14, EREB182, and EREB200) as potential regulators of flavonoid biosynthesis during low temperature treatment. These results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of flavonoid synthesis in sweet corn kernels during low-temperature storage.
Targeting Spore-Forming Bacteria: A Review on the Antimicrobial Potential of Selenium Nanoparticles
Authors: Ahmed Faraz , Zhang Dingwu , Tang Xiaoyang , Malakar Pradeep K.
Published: December 2024

Spore-forming bacterial species pose a serious threat to food plants and healthcare facilities that use high-temperature processing and sterilizing techniques to sanitize medical equipment and food items. These severe processing conditions trigger sporulation, which is the process by which spore-forming bacteria, such as those of the Bacillus and Clostridium species, begin to produce spores, which are extremely resilient entities capable of withstanding adverse environmental circumstances. Additionally, these spores are resistant to a wide range of disinfectants and antibacterial therapies, such as hydrolytic enzymes, radiation, chemicals, and antibiotics. Because of their ability to combat bacteria through several biological pathways, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as an effective method for either eliminating or preventing the formation of spore-forming bacteria. This review aims to investigate every potential pathway of entry and mechanism by which SeNPs impact bacterial species that produce spores. Additionally, SeNPs’ antibacterial efficacy against several infections is reviewed. To precisely explain the antibacterial mechanism of SeNPs and the various factors that can affect their effectiveness, more research is necessary.
New Inequalities for GA–h Convex Functions via Generalized Fractional Integral Operators with Applications to Entropy and Mean Inequalities
Authors: Fahad Asfand , Ali Zammad , Furuichi Shigeru , Butt Saad Ihsan , Ayesha Ayesha , Wang Yuanheng
Published: December 2024

We prove the inequalities of the weighted Hermite–Hadamard type the and Hermite–Hadamard–Mercer type for an extremely rich class of geometrically arithmetically-h-convex functions (GA-h-CFs) via generalized Hadamard–Fractional integral operators (HFIOs). The two generalized fractional integral operators (FIOs) are Hadamard proportional fractional integral operators (HPFIOs) and Hadamard k-fractional integral operators (HKFIOs). Moreover, we also present the results for subclasses of GA-h-CFs and show that the inequalities proved in this paper unify the results from the recent related literature. Furthermore, we compare the two generalizations in view of the fractional operator parameters that contribute to the generalizations of the results and assess the better approximation via graphical tools. Finally, we present applications of the new inequalities via HPFIOs and HKFIOs by establishing interpolation relations between arithmetic mean and geometric mean and by proving the new upper bounds for the Tsallis relative operator entropy.
Patients with a Wide Range of Disorders Related to WFS1 Gene Variants: Novel Mutations and Genotype–Phenotype Correlations
Authors: Grzybowska-Adamowicz Julia , Gadzalska Karolina , Jakiel Paulina , Juścińska Ewa , Gorządek Monika , Skoczylas Sebastian , Płoszaj Tomasz , Jarosz-Chobot Przemysława , Kowalska Irina , Myśliwiec Małgorzata , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Zmysłowska Agnieszka
Published: December 2024

Background: WFS1-spectrum disorders are caused by a mutation in the WFS1 gene. The term includes a wide range of rare disorders, from the most severe Wolfram syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance to milder clinical manifestations with a single causative variant in the WFS1 gene, such as Wolfram-like syndrome, low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (LFSNHL), isolated diabetes mellitus (DM), nonsyndromic optic atrophy (OA), and isolated congenital cataracts. Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate genotype–phenotype correlations in Polish patients with WFS1-spectrum disorders. The study group constituted 22 patients (10 F; 12 M), including 10 patients (3 F; 7 M) referred to the Outpatient Clinic for Rare Diseases in Children and Adolescents and Diabetogenetics between 2019 and 2024 with clinical symptoms suggestive of WFS1-spectrum disorders, and 12 of their first-degree relatives (7 F; 5 M) from 10 families in Poland. Molecular testing was performed using tNGS (Targeted Next Generation Sequencing; Illumina) and analyzed for variants in the WFS1 gene. Results: Thirteen different variants in the WFS1 gene were found in 22 individuals (10 patients and family members), including the identification of two new variants (c.1535T>C and c.2485C>G). All patients had hyperglycemia or DM, hearing impairment, OA, or a combination of these symptoms. Four patients in the study group were diagnosed with Wolfram syndrome and all were compound heterozygotes for variants in the WFS1 gene. Conclusions: The evaluation of molecular characteristics in combination with clinical symptoms broadens the understanding of WFS1-spectrum disorders and allows more accurate management and prognosis for patients with this diagnosis.
Retinal Dystrophy Associated with Homozygous Variants in NRL
Authors: Maggi Jordi , Hanson James V. M. , Kurmann Lisa , Koller Samuel , Feil Silke , Gerth-Kahlert Christina , Berger Wolfgang
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Neural retina leucine zipper (NRL) is a transcription factor involved in the differentiation of rod photoreceptors. Pathogenic variants in the gene encoding NRL have been associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and autosomal recessive clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration. Only a dozen unrelated families affected by recessive NRL-related retinal dystrophy have been described. The purpose of this study was to expand the genotypic spectrum of this disease by reporting clinical and genetic findings of two unrelated families. Methods: Index patients affected by retinal dystrophy were genetically tested by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Segregation analysis within the families was performed for candidate variants. A minigene assay was performed to functionally characterize a variant suspected to affect splicing. Results: Variant filtering revealed homozygous NRL variants in both families. The variant in patient A was a small deletion encompassing the donor splice site of exon 1 of transcript NM_006177.3. The minigene assay revealed that this variant led to two aberrant transcripts that used alternative cryptic donor splice sites located in intron 1. In patient B, a stop-gain variant was identified in the last exon of NRL in a homozygous state due to maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14. Conclusions: Our study expands the genotypic spectrum of autosomal recessive NRL-related retinal dystrophy. Moreover, it underscores the importance of actively maintaining bioinformatic pipelines for variant detection and the utility of minigene assays in functionally characterizing candidate splicing variants.
The Role of Behavioral Factors on Chronic Diseases—Practice and Knowledge Gaps
Authors: Rahelić Valentina , Perković Tomislav , Romić Lucija , Perković Pavo , Klobučar Sanja , Pavić Eva , Rahelić Dario
Published: December 2024

Background: Behavioral factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, poor diet, and physical inactivity, but also sleep deprivation and negative social connections, play a critical role in the development and progression of major chronic diseases. These include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory conditions, and cancers. Methods: The objective of this review is to explore the influence of these modifiable risk factors on the global burden of chronic diseases and assess the potential impact of public health interventions and policy changes. Results: The evidence highlights a significant association between behavioral risk factors and increased morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Public health interventions and policy changes targeting these modifiable behaviors have shown substantial potential in reducing the prevalence and impact of chronic conditions. Strategies such as smoking cessation programs, dietary improvements, physical activity promotion, and stress reduction are critical in mitigating these risks. Conclusions: Addressing modifiable behavioral factors is essential for the prevention and control of chronic diseases. Bridging the gap between current knowledge and effective implementation of interventions is crucial for improving population health outcomes. Public health strategies focused on modifying key behavioral risks can significantly reduce the burden of chronic diseases, thereby improving overall health and reducing healthcare costs.
The Importance of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Associated Bacteria in Promoting Crops’ Performance: An Applicative Perspective
Authors: Bortolot Miriana , Buffoni Beatrice , Mazzarino Sonia , Hoff Gregory , Martino Elena , Fiorilli Valentina , Salvioli Di Fossalunga Alessandra
Published: December 2024

Agricultural systems are particularly impacted by global climate change (CC), responsible for the introduction of multiple environmental stressors negatively affecting plant growth. Soil microbial communities are crucial in agricultural practices, influencing crop performance and soil health. Human activities and CC threaten soil microbial biodiversity, leading to soil quality degradation and decreasing plant health and productivity. Among plant-beneficial microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi are widespread in terrestrial ecosystems, including agroecosystems, and they play a key role by enhancing plants’ fitness and resilience to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore, exploring the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in sustainable agriculture has become increasingly critical. Moreover, the application of mycorrhizal bioinoculants could reduce dependence on inorganic fertilizers, enhance crop yield, and support plants in overcoming environmental stresses. This review, after briefly introducing taxonomy, morphology and mechanisms supporting the symbiosis establishment, reports the roles of mycorrhizal fungi and their associated bacteria in improving plant nutrition and mitigating CC-induced abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, also giving specific examples. The focus is on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi are also considered as promising microorganisms for a sustainable agricultural model. New emerging concepts are illustrated, such as the role of AMF hyphosphere in acting as a preferential niche to host plant growth-promoting bacteria and the potential of ErM fungi to improve plant performance on Ericaceae plants but also on non-host plants, behaving as endophytes. Finally, the potential and limitations of mycorrhizal-based bioinoculants are discussed as possible alternatives to chemical-based products. To this aim, possible ways to overcome problems and limitations to their use are discussed such as proper formulations, the systematic check of AMF propagule viability and the application of suitable agronomical practices in the field.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of bZIP Transcription Factors Under Salt Stress in Chrysanthemum
Authors: Guo Yanchao , Ji Kexin , Jia Zhongqi , Aiwaili Palinuer , Liu Lin , Ren Haoran , Liu Qinglin , Jiang Yunhe , Gao Junping , Xu Yanjie
Published: December 2024

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. Its yield and quality are greatly affected by abiotic stress. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play crucial roles in abiotic stress response; however, there has been no genome-wide investigation of the bZIP family in Chrysanthemums. Here, we identified 71 bZIP family proteins in the Chrysanthemum nankingense genome and classified them into 12 subgroups using phylogenetic analysis, including subgroups S, A, D, and G, and further performed a conserved motif, gene structure, and protein interaction network analysis for these subgroups. The results indicated that the members from the same subgroup often possess similar gene structures and motif organization, and the genes of the S subgroup are highly conservative during their evolution. The protein interaction network indicated that members of CnbZIP-S dominate the central position of the protein network. In addition, the expression of the CmbZIP genes in ‘Jinba’ was analyzed in root tissue via RNA-Seq after salt stress treatment. We found that 11 CmbZIP genes were down-regulated by salt treatment, and the bZIP-S genes, which were down-regulated, are more prevalent than other subgroups, indicating that the S subgroup genes may play an important role in the salt stress response in Chrysanthemum. Our research provides useful information for breeding new chrysanthemum cultivars with strong salt tolerance.
De Novo Regeneration of Cannabis sativa cv. Cheungsam and Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites of Its Callus
Authors: Ahsan S. , Kwon Da , Injamum-Ul-Hoque Md. , Rahman Md. , Yeam Inhwa , Choi Hyong
Published: December 2024

Cannabis sativa L. cv. ‘Cheungsam’ is an industrial hemp plant of Republic of Korea origin, primarily cultivated for fiber and seed production. In vitro seed germination and tissue culture are valuable tools for developing various biotechnological techniques. In the present study, we aimed to develop a tissue culture process for hemp plants using Cheungsam as a model plant and examine the secondary metabolites produced from its callus. We also developed a method to prepare pathogen-free seedlings from field-derived seeds using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution as a liquid germination medium. Treating seedlings with removed seed coat in 3% H2O2 significantly reduced the contamination rate. Callus formation and de novo organogenesis of shoots and roots from callus were successfully achieved using cotyledon and leaf tissues prepared from the pathogen-free seedlings. The most effective in vitro regeneration results were obtained using the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with certain targeted growth regulators. An optimal combination of 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) and 1.0 mg/L 1-naphthalene acetic acid proved highly effective for callus induction. The addition of 0.5 mg/L TDZ in the MS medium significantly stimulated shoot proliferation, while robust root development was best supported by MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid for both cotyledon and leaf explants. Finally, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of ethanol extract from Cheungsam leaf callus revealed the presence of different secondary metabolites, including 9-octadecenamide, methyl salicylate, dodecane, tetradecane, and phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl). This study provides a comprehensive de novo regeneration protocol for Cheungsam plants and insight into the secondary metabolite profiles of its callus.
Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide and Suicide Death Among South-East Asian Women: A Scoping Review
Authors: Fastenau Anil , Willis Matthew , Penna Srilekha , Yaddanapudi Lahari , Balaji Madhumitha , Shidhaye Rahul , Pilot Eva
Published: December 2024

Worldwide, attempted suicide and suicide death are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Women in South-East Asia are especially vulnerable, as almost 50% of all global female suicides occur in the 11 countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region. This scoping literature analysis aimed to identify and analyze the predictors or risk factors for attempted suicide and suicide death among South-East Asian women. A scoping literature review was conducted. Five databases—PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, PsycINFO, and EMBASE—were searched. Forty studies and twelve literature reviews were eligible for inclusion. Women in South-East Asia, particularly those who are young and married, living in poverty, with low or no education, living in rural areas, with no employment outside the home, with lower socioeconomic position, and living within joint families are highly vulnerable to suicidality. This review identified gender disadvantage, infertility, domestic abuse, intimate partner violence, family conflicts, husband’s alcohol misuse, child marriage, forced marriages, and dowry disputes as the most significant predictors of attempted suicide and suicide death among South-East Asian women. A better understanding of the phenomenon is essential to develop effective gender-specific and culturally appropriate suicide prevention strategies or interventions.
Does the Size of a Bank Moderate the Relationship Between Income, Asset Diversification, and Bank Stability?
Authors: Chowdhury Tabassum , Karim Rashed Al , Awanis Aisyah , Rownak Abrar
Published: December 2024

The study investigated the moderating effect of bank size on the relationship between income diversification and asset diversification on bank stability in the context of commercial banks in Bangladesh. A total of 180 observations from 36 listed banks were collected, all listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. The sample period of this study spanned from 2018 to 2022. The findings revealed that both income and asset diversification had a positive impact on bank stability. Bank size moderated the relationship between income and asset diversification with bank stability. Thus, increasing the size of banks reduced the benefits of income and asset diversification on bank stability, suggesting that larger banks may not gain much from diversification. These results have implications for policymakers and bank managers. They should employ diversification strategies tailored to bank size so that banks will benefit from diversification in the long run. This study is one of the few that uniquely reveals a negative moderating role of bank size in diversification (income and asset) and stability relationships.
GmbZIP4a/b Positively Regulate Nodule Number by Affecting Cytokinin Biosynthesis in Glycine max
Authors: Meng Yongjie , Wang Nan , Wang Xin , Qiu Zhimin , Kuang Huaqin , Guan Yuefeng
Published: December 2024

Legumes have the capability to form nodules that facilitate symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) with rhizobia. Given the substantial energy consumption during the process of SNF, legumes need to optimize nodule number in response to everchanging environmental scenarios. The TGACG BINDING FACTOR1/4 (TGA1/4) are key players in the basal immune response of plants. In this study, both β-glucuronidase staining and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that both GmbZIP4a and GmbZIP4b are inducible upon rhizobial inoculation. To investigate their roles further, we constructed gmbzip4a/b double mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Nodulation assessments revealed that these double mutants displayed a reduction in the number of infection threads, which subsequently resulted in a decreased nodule number. However, the processes associated with nodule development including nodule fresh weight, structural characteristics, and nitrogenase activity, remained unaffected in the double mutants. Subsequent transcriptome analyses revealed that zeatin biosynthesis was downregulated in gmbzip4a/b mutants post rhizobial inoculation. Supporting these findings, genes associated with cytokinin (CTK) signaling pathway were upregulated in Williams 82 (Wm82), but this upregulation was not observed in the double mutants after rhizobial treatment. These results suggest that GmbZIP4a/b positively influences nodule formation by promoting the activation of the CTK signaling pathway during the early stages of nodule formation.
Faecal Metabolome Profiles in Individuals Diagnosed with Hyperplastic Polyps and Conventional Adenomas
Authors: Valdés Alberto , Ruiz-Saavedra Sergio , Salazar Nuria , Cifuentes Alejandro , Suárez Adolfo , Díaz Ylenia , del Rey Carmen González , González Sonia , de los Reyes-Gavilán Clara G.
Published: December 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is a gradual process in which progressive histological alterations of the intestinal mucosa damage occur over years. This process can be influenced by modifiable external factors such as lifestyle and diet. Most CRC cases (>80%) originate from conventional adenomas through the adenomatous pathway and usually harbour dysplastic cells, whereas the serrated pathway is less frequent (<20% cases) and comprises hyperplastic polyps and other polyps containing dysplastic cells. The aim of the present work was to shed light on alterations of the faecal metabolome associated with hyperplastic polyps and conventional adenomas. Metabolites were analysed by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (RP/HPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (HILIC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) and the results were integrated. Comparisons were performed between controls without mucosal lesions and the polyps’ group, hyperplastic polyps versus conventional adenomas, and hyperplastic polyps or conventional adenomas versus controls. Alterations of metabolites in specific biochemical modules differentiated hyperplastic polyps and conventional adenomas. The metabolome of the hyperplastic polyps was characterized by an enrichment in glycerophospholipids and an altered metabolism of the degradation pathways of xanthines/purines and pyrimidines, whereas the enrichment in some phenolic compounds and disaccharides, all of them from exogenous origin, was the main differential faecal signature of conventional adenomas. Further research could help to elucidate the contribution of diet and the intestinal microbiota to these metabolomics alterations.
Metabolomics Combined with Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals the Regulation of Flavonoids in the Leaf Color Change of Acer truncatum Bunge
Authors: Sun Yinglun , Yu Ran , Liu Yushan , Liu Jian , Zhang Xinyu , Gong Zaixin , Qu Tongbao
Published: December 2024

The color variation of the leaves in autumn is a significant ornamental feature of Acer truncatum Bunge, especially when the leaves gradually become redder. Many studies focused on leaf color changes; however, less research has been conducted on the mechanism by which A. truncatum’s autumn leaves turn red. Red, middle and green leaves of Acer truncatum were used as the study materials to evaluate their flavonoid-related metabolites and infer gene and metabolite expression patterns in conjunction with transcriptome expression. For a start, phenotypic and leaf color parameters analyses showed that red leaves had the highest color redness and greenness (a*). In addition, a total of 23 flavonoid-related metabolites were identified through the metabolome, including five anthocyanins. Of them, cyanidin 3-O-β-D-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-O rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-O-3″,6″-O-dimalonylglucoside, delphinidin 3,7-di-O-β-D-glucoside and 3-O-β-D-sambubioside would help the leaves turn red in A. truncatum. Similarly, combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses showed that most genes in the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways were differentially expressed in both types of leaves. Chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanin synthase (ANS) could affect flavonoid synthesis during leaf color change. This study could provide data for the genetic improvement of maple plants by exploring valuable metabolites and genes in flavonoid synthesis, and enhance the understanding of different developmental stages.
TRAPPopathies: Severe Multisystem Disorders Caused by Variants in Genes of the Transport Protein Particle (TRAPP) Complexes
Authors: Hall Riley , Sawant Vallari , Gu Jinchao , Sikora Tim , Rollo Ben , Velasco Silvia , Kim Jinkuk , Segev Nava , Christodoulou John , Van Bergen Nicole J.
Published: December 2024

The TRAPP (TRAnsport Protein Particle) protein complex is a multi-subunit complex involved in vesicular transport between intracellular compartments. The TRAPP complex plays an important role in endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-plasma membrane transport, as well as autophagy. TRAPP complexes comprise a core complex, TRAPPI, and the association of peripheral protein subunits to make two complexes, known as TRAPPII and TRAPPIII, which act as Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) of Rab11 and Rab1, respectively. Rab1 and Rab11 are GTPases that mediate cargo selection, packaging, and delivery during pre- and post-Golgi transport in the secretory pathway. Rab1 is also required for the first step of macroautophagy, a cellular recycling pathway. Pathogenic variants in genes encoding protein subunits of the TRAPP complex are associated with a range of rare but severe neurological, skeletal, and muscular disorders, collectively called TRAPPopathies. Disease-causing variants have been identified in multiple subunits of the TRAPP complex; however, little is known about the underlying disease mechanisms. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current knowledge surrounding disease-associated variants of the TRAPP complex subunits, propose new insights into the underlying disease pathology, and suggest future research directions into the underlying disease mechanisms.
Amplicon Sequencing Analysis of Submerged Plant Microbiome Diversity and Screening for ACC Deaminase Production by Microbes
Authors: Mohan Binoop , Majeed Aqsa , Thingujam Doni , Burton Sethson Silton , Cowart Katie E. , Pajerowska-Mukhtar Karolina M. , Mukhtar M. Shahid
Published: December 2024

Submerged plants can thrive entirely underwater, playing a crucial role in maintaining water quality, supporting aquatic organisms, and enhancing sediment stability. However, they face multiple challenges, including reduced light availability, fluctuating water conditions, and limited nutrient access. Despite these stresses, submerged plants demonstrate remarkable resilience through physiological and biochemical adaptations. Additionally, their interactions with microbial communities are increasingly recognized as pivotal in mitigating these environmental stresses. Understanding the diversity of these microbial communities is crucial for comprehending the complex interactions between submerged plants and their environments. This research aims to identify and screen microbes from submerged plant samples capable of producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase and to explore microbial diversity through metagenomic analysis. Microbes were isolated and screened for ACC deaminase production, and metagenomic techniques, including co-occurrence network analysis, were used to examine microbial diversity and interactions within the communities. ACC deaminase-producing microbes can significantly enhance plant metabolism under stress conditions. The identification of the culturable bacteria revealed that most of these microbes belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Acinetobacter. A total of 177 microbial strains were cultured, with molecular identification revealing 79 reductant, 86 non-reductant, and 12 uncultured strains. Among 162 samples screened for ACC deaminase activity, 50 tested positive. To further understand microbial dynamics, samples were collected from both natural sources and artificial pond reservoirs to assess the impact of the location on flood-associated microbiomes in submerged plants. Metagenomic analysis was conducted on both the epiphytic and endophytic samples. By exploring the overall composition and dynamics of microbial communities associated with submerged plants, this research seeks to deepen our understanding of plant–microbe interactions in aquatic environments. The microbial screening helped to identify the diverse microbes associated with ACC deaminase activity in submerged plants and amplicon sequencing analysis paved the way towards identifying the impact of the location in shaping the microbiome and the diversity associated with endophytic and epiphytic microbes. Co-occurrence network analysis further highlighted the intricate interactions within these microbial communities. Notably, ACC deaminase activity was observed in plant-associated microbes across different locations, with distinct variations between epiphytic and endophytic populations as identified through co-occurrence network analysis.
Antioxidant Activity and Structural Characterization of Anthocyanin–Polysaccharide Complexes from Aronia melanocarpa
Authors: Wang Jie , Wang Jingyi , Hao Jiahui , Jiang Miao , Zhao Congcong , Fan Ziluan
Published: December 2024

Anthocyanins and polysaccharides are among the primary components of numerous foodstuffs, and their interaction exerts a considerable influence on the texture and nutritional value of foods. In order to improve the antioxidant properties and stability of anthocyanins as well as their bioavailability, in this study, anthocyanin–polysaccharide complexes with varying compounding ratios (1:0.5, 1:1.0, 1:1.5, 1:2.0, 1:2.5, 1:3.0) were prepared from Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanins and polysaccharides derived from the fruit pomace of Aronia melanocarpa. These compounds were characterized, and their antioxidant capacity was determined. The findings demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins was markedly enhanced through the process of compounding with polysaccharides. The most efficacious antioxidant effect was determined by measuring the IC50 of the antioxidant activity of mixtures at different anthocyanin/polysaccharide complexing ratios. The results of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed the features of the anthocyanin–polysaccharide complexes with ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1.0, 1:1.5, and 1:2.5. The anthocyanins and polysaccharides were observed to enhance the intensity of ultraviolet absorption with respect to that of the individual molecules, and it was noted that they were able to bond to each other through hydrogen bonding. Additionally, the morphology of the compositions differed from that of the individual components. This provides a theoretical foundation for the structural design of anthocyanin–polysaccharide-containing foods and the development and utilization of novel food ingredients.
An Advanced Sensing Approach to Biological Toxins with Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy Based on Their Unique Protein Quaternary Structures
Authors: Uzawa Hirotaka , Kondo Satoshi , Nagatsuka Takehiro , Seto Yasuo , Nishida Yoshihiro
Published: December 2024

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), ricin, and many other biological toxins are called AB toxins possessing heterogeneous A and B subunits. We propose herein a quick and safe sensing approach to AB toxins based on their unique quaternary structures. The proposed approach utilizes IgG antibodies against their A-subunits in combination with those human cell-membrane glycolipids that act as the natural ligands of B-subunits. In practice, an IgG antibody against the A-subunit of a target toxin is selected from commercially available sources and immobilized on the surface of Au nanoparticles to constitute a multivalent IgG/Au nanoconjugate. The derived IgG/Au conjugate is used in the pretreatment process of test samples for deactivating biological toxins in the form of a ternary toxin/antibody/Au complex. This process is implemented in advance to reduce the risk of handling biological toxins in laboratory work. On the other hand, the human glycolipid is immobilized on a tiny glass plate and used as a biosensor chip. The biosensor chip is set in the chamber of a flow sensing system using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrometry available in portable size at relatively low cost. In principle, the LSPR sensing system enables us to perform a rapid and selective detection for different kinds of biological toxins if the human glycolipid is correctly selected and installed in the sensing system. In the present LSPR sensing approach, a target AB toxin may have been deactivated during the pretreatment process. The test sample containing the deactivated AB toxin becomes a real target to be analyzed by the sensing system. In the present, we describe the concept of employing the commercially available IgG antibody in the pretreatment process followed by a typical procedure for converting it into the multivalent antibody/Au nanoconjugate and its preliminary applications in the LSPR detection of a ricin homologue (RCA120) and BoNTs in different serotypes. The tested LSPR sensing approach has worked very well for the ricin homologue and certain serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins like BoNT/A, indicating that the prior deactivation process at their A-domains causes no significant damage to the function of their B-domains with respect to determining the host cell-membrane glycolipid. The experimental results also indicated that LSPR responses from these pretreated AB toxins are significantly amplified. That is obviously thanks to the presence of Au nanoparticles in the multivalent IgG/Au nanoconjugate. We suggest in conclusion that the proposed LSPR sensing approach will provide us with a safe and useful tool for the study of biological AB toxins based on their unique quaternary protein structures.
Fish Brain Cell Lines Can Be Infected with Adenoviral Vectors and Support Transgene Expression—An In Vitro Approach
Authors: Cuesta Alberto , Valero Yulema
Published: December 2024

Host–pathogen interactions and the design of vaccines for aquaculture fish viruses are challenging and call for innovative approaches. This study explores the potential of adenoviral (Ad) vectors Ad5 and chimeric Ad5/40 as gene delivery tools for fish brain cells susceptible to neurotropic viruses. For this purpose, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) DLB-1 and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) SaB-1 brain cell lines were infected with Ad5 or Ad5/40 vectors expressing GFP, and we evaluated their capacity for infection by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, as well as their antiviral innate immune response by the transcription of gene markers (irf3 and mx). We found that both vectors are able to infect DLB-1 and SaB-1 brain cell lines to similar levels, as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, though the infection efficiency was low. In addition, infection with Ad vectors regulated the transcription of genes related to the interferon-mediated antiviral immune response. Our results indicate that the Ad5/40 vector achieves better infection and consistent cellular distribution. These findings suggest that these vectors may offer targeted gene delivery and local immune responses.
Protective Mechanisms of Carica papaya Leaf Extract and Its Bioactive Compounds Against Dengue: Insights and Prospects
Authors: Shoyshob Tanvir Zaman , Heya Irin Amin , Afrin Nusrat , Enni Mansura Akter , Asha Israt Jahan , Moni Akhi , Hannan Md. Abdul , Uddin Md. Jamal
Published: December 2024

Dengue fever is currently a major global issue, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The absence of specific antiviral medications supports alternative dengue treatment strategies. South Asian countries have been using Carica papaya leaves as a traditional remedy for dengue for many years. Carica papaya possesses several biological features, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cancer-fighting, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant qualities. Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated that bioactive compounds found in papaya leaf extracts, including carpaine, dehydrocarpaine I and II, chymopapain, and papain, significantly influence platelet counts, while phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, kaemferol, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin significantly inhibit viral replication in dengue patients, with negligible side effects. Carica papaya may be considered a viable pharmacological candidate with several targets for treating dengue. It has been shown to prevent infections, reduce oxidative stress, control cytokine storms and the immune system, lessen thrombocytopenia, and increase the body’s protein and hemoglobin levels. This literature review highlights the pathophysiological mechanism of dengue, as well as the pharmacological action of Carica papaya, both of which combat this debilitating disease. Despite these findings, additional investigation, including clinical studies, is necessary to confirm the effectiveness and safety of papaya-based treatments. It is necessary to address issues like standardizing papaya extracts, figuring out the best dosages, and assessing any drug interactions.
Magnetism of Manganese Complexes with Fluorinated Benzimidazole-Substituted Nitronyl Nitroxides
Authors: Tretyakov Evgeny , Bakuleva Nadejda , Efimov Nikolay , Kulikova Elizaveta , Luneau Dominique
Published: December 2024

A series of layered compounds of the formula {[Mn2(radical)3](ClO4)}n was obtained by a reaction (in methanol) of manganese(II) acetate with 2-(2-benzimidazolyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidinyl-1-oxy-3-oxides fluorinated on the benzene ring and by successive addition of sodium perchlorate. This study showed that the magnetic properties of the complexes are sensitive to the number and arrangement of fluorine atoms in the paramagnetic ligands. It was found that the heterospin complex with 4-FBzIm-NN behaves as a magnet with Curie temperature TC = 50 K, which is close to that of the {[Mn2(BzIm-NN)3](ClO4)}n complex containing a nonfluorinated ligand. Meanwhile, no 3D ordering was noted for complexes with difluorinated and 5-fluoro-substituted ligands.
A New Approach to Enhancing Radiation Hardness in Advanced Nuclear Radiation Detectors Subjected to Fast Neutrons
Authors: Vakili Aref , Farasat Mahsa , La Magna Antonino , Italia Markus , Pancheri Lucio
Published: December 2024

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) are critical sensors for the ATLAS and CMS timing detectors at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), offering enhanced timing resolution with gain factors of 20 to 50. However, their radiation tolerance is hindered by the Acceptor Removal Phenomenon (ARP), which deactivates boron in the gain layer, reducing gain below the threshold for accurate timing. This study investigates the radiation hardness of thin, carbon-doped LGAD sensors developed by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to address ARP-induced limitations. Active dopant profiles in the gain layer, junction, and bulk were measured using a Spreading Resistance Probe (SRP) profilometer, and the effects of annealing and neutron irradiation at fluences of 3 × 1014, 1 × 1015, and 3 × 1015 neq/cm2 (1 MeV equivalent) were analyzed. Low carbon dose rates showed minimal improvement due to enhanced deactivation, while higher doses improved radiation hardness, demonstrating a non-linear dose–response relationship. These findings highlight the potential of optimizing gain layers with high carbon doses and low-diffusion boron to extend LGAD lifetimes in high-radiation environments. Future research will refine carbon implantation strategies and explore alternative approaches to further enhance the radiation hardness of LGADs.
Enhanced Pain Reduction at Different Stages of Knee Osteoarthritis via Repeated Injections of Hyaluronic Acid with Niacinamide: A Comparative Study
Authors: Pennekamp Sophie , Hegelmaier Stephan , Hitzl Wolfgang , Geßlein Markus , Bail Hermann Josef , Loose Kim , Kopf Andreas , Engel Niklas , Rüther Johannes , Willauschus Maximilian , Millrose Michael
Published: December 2024

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is the most common joint disease, characterized by the degeneration of joint cartilage. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid (IAHA) injections are a well-established non-surgical treatment. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed knee OA patients receiving IAHA combined with niacinamide injections, assessing pain reduction in relation to patient data, the number of injections, and radiological findings. Results: IAHA injections led to significant pain reduction on the numeric rating scale (NRS) (0–10), with a mean decrease of 3.34 ± 1.65. Pain relief was greater with multiple injections. A comparison of subgroups by injection frequency (1, 2, or >2) showed significant pain reduction between 1 and 2 injections (p = 0.027) and between 1 and >2 injections (p = 0.032). The OA grade measured using the Kellgren–Lawrence (p = 0.95) and Vallotton MRI classifications (p = 0.50) did not correlate with pain reduction. However, patients with meniscal damage (p = 0.02) showed a greater benefit. A strong positive correlation was found between baseline pain intensity and pain reduction (p < 0.001; r = 0.61). Conclusions: IAHA with niacinamide significantly reduces knee OA pain, with more injections enhancing pain relief. Greater benefits were observed in patients with higher baseline pain and meniscal damage. The favorable safety profile and potential for repeated treatments make IAHA a valuable option in knee OA management.