bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gail model and fifth edition of ultrasound BI‐RADS help predict axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer—A multicenter prospective study
Authors: Gao Lu‐Ying , Ran Hai‐Tao , Deng You‐Bin , Luo Bao‐Ming , Zhou Ping , Chen Wu , Zhang Yu‐Hong , Li Jian‐Chu , Wang Hong‐Yan , Jiang Yu‐Xin
Published: May 2022

Rationale and Objectives

We aim to assess the performance of the Gail model and the fifth edition of ultrasound BI‐RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) in breast cancer for predicting axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM).

Materials and Methods

We prospectively studied 958 female patients with breast cancer between 2018 and 2019 from 35 hospitals in China. Based on B‐mode, color Doppler, and elastography, radiologists classified the degree of suspicion based on the fifth edition of BI‐RADS. Individual breast cancer risk was assessed with the Gail model. The association between the US BI‐RADS category and the Gail model in terms of ALNM was analyzed.

Results

We found that US BI‐RADS category was significantly and independently associated with ALNM (P < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of BI‐RADS category 5 for predicting ALNM were 63.6%, 71.6%, and 68.6%, respectively. Combining the Gail model with the BI‐RADS category showed a significantly higher sensitivity than using the BI‐RADS category alone (67.8% vs. 63.6%, P < 0.001). The diagnostic accuracy of the BI‐RADS category combined with the Gail model was better than that of the Gail model alone (area under the curve: 0.71 vs. 0.50, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Based on the conventional ultrasound and elastography, the fifth edition of ultrasound BI‐RADS category could be used to predict the ALNM of breast cancer. ALNM was likely to occur in patients with BI‐RADS category 5. The Gail model could improve the diagnostic sensitivity of the US BI‐RADS category for predicting ALNM in breast cancer.
Identifying as someone who avoids virus transmission strengthens physical distancing habit‐behaviour relationships: A longitudinal multi‐national study during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Cushan‐Kain Genevieve , Gardner Benjamin , Verplanken Bas , Lally Phillippa , Rhodes Ryan E. , Kwasnicka Dominika , Alfrey Kristie Lee , Rebar Amanda L.
Published: May 2022

Physical distancing remains an important initiative to curb COVID‐19 and virus transmission more broadly. This exploratory study investigated how physical distancing behaviour changed during the COVID‐19 pandemic and whether it was associated with identity with virus transmission avoidance and physical distancing habit strength. In a longitudinal, multinational study with fortnightly repeated‐assessments, associations and moderation effects were considered for both overall (person‐level means) and occasion‐specific deviations in habit and identity. Participants (N = 586, M age = 42, 79% female) self‐reported physical distancing behavioural frequency, physical distancing habit strength, and identity with avoiding virus transmission. Physical distancing followed a cubic trajectory, with initial high engagement decreasing rapidly before increasing again near study end. Physical distancing was associated with both overall and occasion‐specific virus transmission avoidant identity and physical distancing habit strength. People with strong virus transmission avoidant identity engaged in physical distancing frequently regardless of fluctuations in habit strength. However, for those with weaker virus transmission avoidant identity, physical distancing was strongly aligned with fluctuations in habit strength. To enhance engagement in physical distancing, public health messaging might fruitfully target greater or more salient virus‐transmission avoidance identity and stronger physical distancing habit.
How do we manage t(11;14) plasma cell disorders with venetoclax?
Authors: Chakraborty Rajshekhar , Bhutani Divaya , Lentzsch Suzanne
Published: May 2022

The oral BCL‐2 inhibitor venetoclax has demonstrated promising efficacy in patients with t(11;14) plasma cell disorders, both as a single‐agent and in combination. However, there was an increased mortality signal in the randomized BELLINI trial that was primarily driven by non‐t(11;14) patients. Based on current evidence, venetoclax is included as an option for relapsed/refractory t(11;14) plasma cell dyscrasias in NCCN guidelines and is being widely used in clinical practice. In this review, we aim to critically appraise the current literature and perform case‐based illustration of our approach to management of t(11;14) plasma cell disorders with venetoclax.
Scientist perspectives toward the status and management of gray wolves in the western United States
Authors: Crooks Kevin R. , Gonzalez Mireille N. , Ghasemi Benjamin
Published: May 2022

To inform conservation policy, we solicited scientist perspectives on a controversial conservation issue—the US Fish and Wildlife Service status review to relist gray wolves in the western United States on the Endangered Species Act. Our survey of authors of recent scientific publications on US wolves (n = 84; 26% response rate) indicated that about two‐thirds of respondents supported relisting. About 80% disapproved of Idaho and Montana wolf management plans and believed that they pose a threat to wolf populations in the western United States. Nearly half of respondents were unsure if population estimates of wolves in Idaho and Montana were accurate and reliable and about a fifth believed they were not. Both proponents and opponents of relisting primarily offered policy‐based arguments about state versus federal management, followed by biological arguments about threats to wolves, and social and ethical arguments about wolves and their management.
Unweighting infants reveals hidden motor skills
Authors: Kornafel Tracy , Paremski Athylia C. , Prosser Laura A.
Published: May 2022

We investigated the role of rate limiting factors in development using walking as a model system. The achievement of bipedal posture and locomotion are among the most significant achievements in an infant's first year, with poor balance and weak muscles long proposed as the rate limiting factors. Compensating for either may reveal upright motor skill that has not yet emerged in the infant's natural repertoire. To probe this question, we unweighted prewalking infants and measured their performance in various standing and walking behaviors while unweighted compared to baseline. Our secondary objective was to determine if the influence of unweighting was related to infants’ locomotor experience. Infants stood unsupported for longer durations with 20% or 40% unweighting. Infants took more independent steps and more steps with one hand held with 40% unweighting. No differences in transition to/from standing were observed. Locomotor experience was related to the influence of unweighting during cruising and walking with a push toy. This is the first report of more advanced motor skills—longer periods of unsupported standing and the emergence of independent walking—revealed by unweighting infants. We interpret our observations to suggest that the refinement of motor control needed to support bipedal posture and locomotion precedes the functional emergence of these skills in infants. In other words, the musculoskeletal components required for walking are slower to develop than the neurological factors – and consequently may be the rate limiters. We further suggest that training regimens including unweighting should be explored in infants with motor delays.
A qualitative analysis of the needs and wishes of people with type 2 diabetes and healthcare professionals for optimal diabetes care
Authors: Vasconcelos Silva Carina , Bird Dominique , Clemensen Jane , Janda Monika , de Camargo Catapan Soraia , Fatehi Farhad , Gray Len , Menon Anish , Russell Anthony
Published: May 2022

Aim

Globally, type 2 diabetes care is often fragmented and still organised in a provider‐centred way, resulting in suboptimal care for many individuals. As healthcare systems seek to implement digital care innovations, it is timely to reassess stakeholders' priorities to guide the redesign of diabetes care. This study aimed to identify the needs and wishes of people with type 2 diabetes, and specialist and primary care teams regarding optimal diabetes care to explore how to better support people with diabetes in a metropolitan healthcare service in Australia.

Methods

Our project was guided by a Participatory Design approach and this paper reports part of the first step, identification of needs. We conducted four focus groups and 16 interviews (November 2019–January 2020) with 17 adults with type 2 diabetes and seven specialist clinicians from a diabetes outpatient clinic in Brisbane, Australia, and seven primary care professionals from different clinics in Brisbane. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, building on the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour model.

Results

People with diabetes expressed the wish to be equipped, supported and recognised for their efforts in a holistic way, receive personalised care at the right time and improved access to connected services. Healthcare professionals agreed and expressed their own burden regarding their challenging work. Overall, both groups desired holistic, personalised, supportive, proactive and coordinated care pathways.

Conclusions

We conclude that there is an alignment of the perceived needs and wishes for improved diabetes care among key stakeholders, however, important gaps remain in the healthcare system.
What helps and what hinders primary care treatment for women with type 2 diabetes and binge eating disorder? A qualitative study
Authors: Ritholz Marilyn , Salvia Margaret , Craigen Katherine L. E. , Quatromoni Paula
Published: May 2022

Aim

Although binge‐eating disorder (BED) is a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes, little is known about the treatment experiences for persons with both conditions. Our aim was to explore perceptions of Primary Care Providers' (PCPs') treatment among adult women with both diagnoses.

Methods

In this qualitative descriptive study, we conducted semi‐structured interviews with a sample of 21 women (90% non‐Hispanic white; mean age 49 ± 14.8 years, mean body mass index [BMI] 43.8 ± 8.4; 48% had type 2 diabetes, mean HbA1c68 mmol/mol, 8.4%) who had previously participated in a secondary care specialized eating disorder treatment programme. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis and NVivo 12.

Results

Participants described PCPs' helpful and unhelpful attitudes and behaviours during type 2 diabetes and BED treatment experiences. Helpful treatment was experienced when PCPs demonstrated a person‐centred approach by providing adequate diabetes education, individualized care and non‐judgmental attitudes from which participants reported increased understanding of diabetes and BED, improved diabetes self‐care and fewer negative self‐perceptions. Unhelpful treatment occurred when PCPs did not provide sufficient diabetes education and manifested deficient understanding of BED characterized by simplistic advice or judgmental attitudes, from which participants reported having limited knowledge and understanding of diabetes and BED, low self‐efficacy, diminished trust and feelings of guilt, shame and failure.

Conclusions

We propose a preliminary pathways treatment model derived from our findings, which utilizes integrated type 2 diabetes and BED education and person‐centred collaboration. This preliminary model needs to be tested in quantitative research with a larger sample.
The contestation of ideas behind Indonesia's rural electrification policies: The influence of global and national institutional dynamics
Authors: Wibisono Hafidz , Lovett Jon C. , Anindito Dhimas Bayu
Published: May 2022

Motivation

Progress in Indonesia towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 involves contestation between the global goals and the country's political ambition. The electrification rates ambition has triggered a policy trilemma. There are targets for meeting national energy demand; there are equally important targets for improving energy access and minimizing negative impacts on the environment.

Purpose

This article illustrates idea contestation within Indonesia's rural electricity policy subsystem by: (1) analysing the position of the global sustainability storyline in pre‐ and post‐SDG and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) periods; and (2) exploring the dynamic of coalition structure within both periods.

Methods and approach

The data is derived from statements of political actors in the national news articles and is analysed using Discourse Network Analysis. To investigate the influence of global agendas, we perform a timeframe analysis in pre‐ and post‐SDG and NDC periods.

Findings

Our analysis presented empirical evidence of the energy trilemma. The contestation between energy access, energy security, and climate change mitigation is observed in the ideas that emerged within the existing storylines. We find that sustainability has not been a primary topic of debate within the policy subsystem in pre‐ and post‐SDG and NDC periods. The findings also reveal how the global deployment of sustainability has triggered the emergence of discursive intermediaries within the policy subsystem. They are essential to framing global environmental issues to fit into internal debates.

Policy implications

First, the narration of implementing renewable energy has to emphasize its benefits over the energy poverty problem while injecting some messages related to environmental profit. Second, the issue of decentralization has always been the most frequent and mutually connected topic, both in terms of source utilization and governance. Therefore, it needs more attention from policy‐makers.
Determination of the functional response in the orb‐weaving spider Araneus diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae) according to insecticide type
Authors: Boyd Kieran M. , Hesselberg Thomas , Alexander Mhairi E.
Published: May 2022

Orb‐weaving spiders are abundant predators in agroecosystems and serve as key natural enemies for pest control. However, studies have demonstrated that many insecticides can negatively affect the predatory behaviours of spiders when exposed to sublethal concentrations, thus disrupting their biocontrol potential and subsequent ecosystem dynamics. Understanding how insecticides impact spiders is, therefore, of great importance.

This study investigated the effects of two conventional insecticides (thiamethoxam and deltamethrin), and a common biopesticide (neem oil) compared to a tap water control on the functional response of a common orb‐weaver Araneus diadematus.

Spiders were collected from the wild and maintained under laboratory conditions in containers (20 × 20 × 5 cm) to allow for web production. Spiders were then exposed to one of the four treatments and Drosophila melanogaster were added to the webs as prey at densities of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 40, with the number of consumed prey quantified after 16‐h to determine the functional response.

Overall, A. diadematus exhibited a type II functional response when exposed to the control, thiamethoxam and neem oil treatments, with comparable consumption rates, search coefficients and handling times. This contrasted with deltamethrin‐treated spiders which exhibited a type III functional response and a lower consumption rate of prey compared to the control.

This study demonstrates that deltamethrin, unlike thiamethoxam and neem oil, is capable of negatively affecting the biocontrol potential of A. diadematus. However, further research is required to fully understand the impact insecticides have on the predatory behaviours of orb‐weaving spiders.
Electrophoretic co‐deposition of Bi2O3–multiwalled carbon nanotubes coating as supercapacitor electrode
Authors: Zhang Daixiong , Xiang Qing
Published: May 2022

Nafion is suggested as an efficient assistant in preparing supercapacitor by employing nanoparticles. In this work, using a bi‐additive of 0.10‐mM NaOH + 0.10 g L−1 Nafion, Nafion‐assisted electrophoretic co‐deposition of Bi2O3–multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coating is successfully realized in ethanol solvent. The capacitance performances of the electrophoretic coatings in 6.0‐M KOH electrolyte are investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques. Comparing with Bi2O3 coating prepared with electrophoretic deposition (EPD) by employing other additive (such as polyethyleneimine), the Bi2O3 coating prepared by Nafion‐assisted EPD shows a better capacitance performance. Benefiting from the improvement in coating conductivity caused by MWCNTs, with a small additional amount of 4.0 wt.%, the Bi2O3–MWCNTs coating exhibits an amazing 164% increase of mass‐specific capacitance (473 F g−1 at the current density of 1.0 A g−1) in comparison with pure Bi2O3 coating (179 F g−1 at the current density of 1.0 A g−1). The cyclic stability test exhibits excellent capacitance retention of 88.7% over 3000 cycles at a constant current density of 10.0 A g−1. This work combines the advantages of MWCNTs, Nafion, and EPD to provide a facile route for preparing Bi2O3‐based coating as a high‐performance supercapacitor electrode.
Freedom, Socialism, and Property‐Owning Democracy
Authors: Raekstad Paul
Published: May 2022

What should a free economic system look like? Socialists have long held that a universal human emancipation requires replacing capitalism with socialism. However, it has recently been argued that Property‐Owning Democracy (POD) safeguards freedom while allowing us to keep key features of capitalism. I challenge that claim by showing that the institutional features that make capitalist workplaces unfree are shared with POD. As a result, POD is insufficient for a free economic system. After discussing a number of objections, I conclude that we should look to more democratic alternatives instead.
Nanopore sequencing of full rRNA operon improves resolution in mycobiome analysis and reveals high diversity in both human gut and environments
Authors: Lu Jingjing , Zhang Xudong , Zhang Xuan , Wang Linqi , Zhao Ruilin , Liu Xiao Yong , Liu Xinzhan , Zhuang Wenying , Chen Liang , Cai Lei , Wang Jun
Published: May 2022

High‐throughput sequencing has substantially improved our understanding of fungal diversity. However, the short read (<500 bp) length of current second‐generation sequencing approaches provides limited taxonomic and phylogenetic resolution for species discrimination. Longer sequences containing more information are highly desired to provide greater taxonomic resolution. Here, we amplified full‐length rRNA operons (~5.5 kb) and established a corresponding fungal rRNA operon database for ONT sequences (FRODO), which contains ONT sequences representing eight phyla, 41 classes, 109 orders, 256 families, 524 genera and 1116 species. We also benchmarked the optimal method for sequence classification and determined that the RDP classifier based on our FRODO database was capable of improving the classification of ONT reads, with an average of 98%–99% reads correctly classified at the genus or species level. We investigated the applicability of our approach in three representative mycobiomes, namely, the soil, marine and human gut mycobiomes, and found that the gut contains the largest number of unknown species (over 90%), followed by the marine (42%) and soil (33.8%) mycobiomes. We also observed a distinct difference in the composition of the marine and soil mycobiomes, with the highest richness and diversity detected in soils. Overall, our study provides a systematic approach for mycobiome studies and revealed that the previous methods might have underestimated the diversity of mycobiome species. Future application of this method will lead to a better understanding of the taxonomic and functional diversity of fungi in environmental and health‐related mycobiomes.
Automated extraction of anorectal pressures from high‐resolution manometry reports
Authors: ElWazir Mohamed , Gautam Misha , Mishra Rahul , Oblizajek Nicholas R. , Blackett John W. (William) , Bharucha Adil E.
Published: May 2022

Background

During high‐resolution anorectal manometry (HR_ARM), the raw data are converted into software‐derived summary variables (e.g., rectoanal gradient during evacuation) that capture only a snapshot of the data collected during HR_ARM and are less useful than newer indices, which are also derived from the raw data, for diagnosing defecatory disorders (DD). However, it is cumbersome and time‐consuming to extract raw data from the program and calculate such indices. This study aimed to devise a user‐friendly approach to extract anorectal pressures measured with HR_ARM.

Methods

Anorectal pressures at rest, during anal squeeze, and evacuation were measured with HR_ARM in 180 women, among whom 60 each were healthy, had DD, or fecal incontinence. A reverse engineering approach extracted pressure values from color images in HR_ARM reports. The summary variables generated by the software and a reverse engineering approach were compared with Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), pairedt‐tests, and Bland–Altman's tests.

Results

Anorectal pressures summarized by the software and a reverse engineering method were highly concordant for anal resting (CCC [95% CI], 0.98 [0.97, 0.99]) and squeeze pressures (0.99 [0.99, 0.99) and the rectoanal gradient during evacuation with an empty (0.98 [0.97, 0.98]) and a filled balloon (0.99 [0.99, 0.99]). For most variables, the paired t and Bland–Altman comparisons were not significant.

Conclusions

Anorectal pressures can be accurately determined from pressure topography images in HR_ARM reports. In future, this reverse engineering approach can be harnessed to compile large HR_ARM datasets across centers and to uncover newer, potentially more useful summary rectoanal pressure variables.
A secreted fungal effector suppresses rice immunity through host histone hypoacetylation
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Duan Yuhang , Qiao Fugang , Liu Hao , Huang Junbin , Luo Chaoxi , Chen Xiaolin , Li Guotian , Xie Kabin , Hsiang Tom , Zheng Lu
Published: May 2022

Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that regulates plant immunity. Fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection, but whether fungal pathogens have evolved effectors that directly target plant histone acetylation remains unknown.

Here, we identified a secreted protein, UvSec117, from the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens, as a key effector that can target the rice histone deacetylase OsHDA701 and negatively regulates rice broad‐spectrum resistance against rice pathogens. UvSec117 disrupts host immunity by recruiting OsHDA701 to the nucleus and enhancing OsHDA701‐modulated deacetylation, thereby reducing histone H3K9 acetylation levels in rice plants and interfering with defense gene activation.

Host‐induced gene silencing of UvSec117 promotes rice resistance to U. virens, thus providing an alternative way for developing rice false smut‐resistant plants.

This is the first direct evidence demonstrating that a fungal effector targets a histone deacetylase to suppress plant immunity. Our data provided insight into a counter‐defense mechanism in a plant pathogen that inactivates host defense responses at the epigenetic level.
Plasticity in stomatal behaviour across a gradient of water supply is consistent among field‐grown maize inbred lines with varying stomatal patterning
Authors: Ding Risheng , Xie Jiayang , Mayfield‐Jones Dustin , Zhang Yanqun , Kang Shaozhong , Leakey Andrew D. B.
Published: May 2022

Stomata regulate leaf CO2 assimilation (A) and water loss. The Ball–Berry and Medlyn models predict stomatal conductance (gs) with a slope parameter (m or g1) that reflects the sensitivity of gs to A, atmospheric CO2 and humidity, and is inversely related to water use efficiency (WUE). This study addressed knowledge gaps about what the values of m and g1 are in C4 crops under field conditions, as well as how they vary among genotypes and with drought stress. Four inbred maize genotypes were unexpectedly consistent in how m and g1 decreased as water supply decreased. This was despite genotypic variation in stomatal patterning, A and gs. m and g1 were strongly correlated with soil water content, moderately correlated with predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), but not correlated with midday leaf water potential (Ψmd). This implied that m and g1 respond to long‐term water supply more than short‐term drought stress. The conserved nature of m and g1 across anatomically diverse genotypes and water supplies suggests there is flexibility in structure‐function relationships underpinning WUE. This evidence can guide the simulation of maize gs across a range of water supply in the primary maize growing region and inform efforts to improve WUE.
Swooshed: How Nike and the City of New York could potentially change the landscape of city branding through apparel licensing agreements
Authors: Thomas Michael Blair
Published: May 2022

Cities across the United States are increasingly implementing branding into their strategic plans. Several municipalities are finding creative ways to do so, paced by New York City's 2019 licensing agreement with sportswear giant, Nike. The city (via NYC & Company) and Nike entered into a 2‐year agreement that is claimed by Nike as the first known partnership of its kind. The contract allows the sportswear company to produce footwear and apparel with nearly all the city's likenesses, with product release subject to the city's approval. Buoyed by an analysis of relevant public and place branding literatures, this Viewpoint analyzes the cultural ties that serve as the foundation of the relationship between the two entities and the potential impact of non‐financial elements to consider within the agreement. The article offers questions that practitioners should ponder when deciding to enter licensing agreements when opportunities become available.
Military spending and sustainable development
Authors: Elgin Ceyhun , Elveren Adem Y. , Özgür Gökçer , Dertli Gül
Published: May 2022

Using a panel data set of 160 economies from 1950 to 2018, this paper examines the relationship between military expenditures and economic, health‐related, education, environmental, and social indicators of sustainable development. The results generally suggest that the size of the military expenditures is negatively associated with educational attainment, life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality rates, female labor force participation, gender equality, and access to safe drinking water, electricity, basic sanitation, and positively correlated with mortality and poverty rates and air pollution. The findings are generally robust to different specifications and interact with GDP per capita; that is, the association of military spending with the development indicators is stronger (weaker) in less (more) developed economies.
The Russian‐American Company as a Corporation
Authors: VINKOVETSKY ILYA
Published: May 2022

This essay examines the corporate identity of the Russian‐American Company (RAC). It argues that the 1799 design of this chartered joint‐stock company was inspired by contemporary examples of West European‐based colonial companies. As Russia's first truly global company, the RAC engaged in a number of profit‐making ventures designed to reward its shareholders, the North American fur trade and the Chinese trade among them. At the same time, in overseeing the Russian Empire's Alaskan territories, the RAC functioned as an increasingly dependent contractor of the Russian Imperial government. Some of the relevant government officials viewed the Company with distrust whereas others embraced it. Looking at the founding and operation of the RAC, I argue that it constituted an early nineteenth‐century joint venture involving private and government interests, but–and this is a crucial point–always with its own corporate identity, apart from the core structure of the empire's government.
Ambivalently Modern, Ambiguously Traditional: Ivan Bunin and the Courtroom Narrative
Authors: SCHUR ANNA
Published: May 2022

The paper offers a reading of Ivan Bunin's “The Case of Cornet Elagin” to argue that this underappreciated story affords insight into one of the central issues debated by Bunin scholars: the writer's place within realist and modernist practice. “Elagin” dramatizes Bunin's ambivalent relationship with both and reveals how his embrace of modernist aesthetics is qualified by his distaste for modernist ethics, especially for the culture of decadence. To trace how this dynamic of engagement and critique plays itself out in “Elagin,” the paper explores the story's formal conception, its relationship with previously overlooked documentary sources, and its place within the tradition of courtroom narrative.
Boisterous Utopia: Soviet Sonic Culture and Dziga Vertov's Enthusiasm
Authors: KENDALL MATTHEW
Published: May 2022

This article introduces the concept of Soviet “sonic culture” to better explain the critical reception of Dziga Vertov's 1930 documentary, Enthusiasm. The domestic rejection of Enthusiasm has been well documented, but the film's unexpected success outside of the Soviet Union has challenged scholarly accounts for the film's unpopularity with Soviet audiences. To explain these gaps, I use Vertov's film to exhume larger trends that shaped the understanding of both sound and listening in the early Soviet period. These trends appear not only in my reading of the film and its reception, but in case studies that incorporate the recording of birdsongs, the history of Soviet headphones and the orchestration of Lenin's funeral, to name only a few. Through all of these examples, I show how participants in sonic culture rejected Western theories of aural perception, particularly those that ascribed agency to a listener, and asserted that sound recordings should perfectly replicate–not merely represent–sonic reality. In addition to clarifying the underlying cultural motivations that stood behind the rejection of Enthusiasm, sonic culture also offers a path forward to explore the unique, material status that sound maintained in the early Soviet Union.
History of Line Pipe Manufacturing in North America
Authors: Kiefner J. F. , Clark E.B.
Published: May 2022

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored through the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Center for Research and Technology Development by Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, El Paso Natural Gas Company, Gas Research Institute, Research Committee on Gas Pipelines Safety, and Washington Gas and Electric Company.

This document’s purpose is to provide pipeline operators with historical data on line pipe, so that they will be able to operate their pipelines, particularly the older ones, with greater confidence in their safety and reliability.

The document is comprised of four major sections. The first explains the manufacturing processes that have been and are being used to make line pipe. The second presents tables by type of pipe listing the manufacturers of line pipe, past and present, in North America. At the end of this section some techniques for identifying unknown pipe samples are presented. In the third section the API line pipe specifications as they have evolved since 1928 are reviewed. The fourth section is a glossary of terms frequently associated with line pipe manufacturing.
The impact of face masks on spectral acoustics of speech: Effect of clear and loud speech styles
Authors: Knowles Thea , Badh Gursharan
Published: May 2022

This study quantified the effects of face masks on spectral speech acoustics in healthy talkers using habitual, loud, and clear speaking styles. Harvard sentence lists were read aloud by 17 healthy talkers in each of the 3 speech styles without wearing a mask, when wearing a surgical mask, and when wearing a KN95 mask. Outcome measures included speech intensity, spectral moments, and spectral tilt and energy in mid-range frequencies which were measured at the utterance level. Masks were associated with alterations in spectral density characteristics consistent with a low-pass filtering effect, although the effect sizes varied. Larger effects were observed for center of gravity and spectral variability (in habitual speech) and spectral tilt (across all speech styles). KN95 masks demonstrated a greater effect on speech acoustics than surgical masks. The overall pattern of the changes in speech acoustics was consistent across all three speech styles. Loud speech, followed by clear speech, was effective in remediating the filtering effects of the masks compared to habitual speech.
The Influence of the Motivational Climate on Rehabilitation Behaviors and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Brinkman-Majewski Rachel E. , Weiss Windee M.
Published: May 2022

Context: Athletic trainers influence the motivational climate in rehabilitation, but little is known about the role of the motivational climate on patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the motivational climate in rehabilitation on athletes’ behaviors in rehabilitation (eg, effort and energy) and overall satisfaction with rehabilitation. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive research. Methods: A total of 78 male and female, NCAA Division II injured athletes receiving rehabilitation services, and 7 certified athletic trainers, and 8 athletic training students providing rehabilitation health care participated. All injured athletes completed an adapted version of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire 2 to measure perceptions of the motivational climate in rehabilitation, along with the Overall Satisfaction with Rehabilitation Scale. Athletic trainers and athletic training students completed a training behaviors assessment to rate the athletes’ energy, effort, and persistence in rehabilitation. Results: Injured athletes’ perceptions of the motivational climate predicted rehabilitation behaviors and patient satisfaction. Higher perceptions of having an important role in rehabilitation predicted higher rehabilitation behaviors (F3,74 = 4.45, P < .01), while higher perceptions of unequal recognition during rehabilitation predicted lower desirable behaviors (F3,74 = 4.90, P < .01). Higher perceptions of a mastery climate in rehabilitation predicted greater patient satisfaction (F3,74 = 7.41, P < .001) and lower perceptions of being punished for mistakes predicted greater satisfaction (F3,74 = 5.92, P < .001). Conclusions: Productive athlete behaviors during rehabilitation and greater patient satisfaction with rehabilitation can be expected when athletes perceive a mastery motivational climate during rehabilitation. Athletic trainers can facilitate creating a mastery motivational climate by focusing on individual improvement, putting forth high effort, and evaluating success based on personal improvement.
Evaluating the Influence of Gravity on Shoulder Strength Measures Assessed via Handheld Dynamometry
Authors: Dixon Edmond J. , Sánchez De La Cruz Christian R. , Artese Ashley L.
Published: May 2022

Context: Handheld dynamometry is a feasible, reliable, and cost-effective method for assessing shoulder strength. One limitation to this tool is the lack of standardized testing protocols and specified shoulder strength test positions. Although it is recommended that strength tests be performed in a gravity-eliminated position, this may not always be a feasible or practical testing protocol. There is limited research on the influence of gravity on strength measures; to our knowledge, no study has compared handheld dynamometry shoulder strength assessments based on body position and gravity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare shoulder flexion, extension, and abduction strength assessed via handheld dynamometry between a gravity-eliminated and a gravity-influenced test position. Design: This study was a comparison of shoulder strength based on test position. The test position was the independent variable, and the dependent variables were shoulder flexion, extension, and abduction strength. Methods: Supine (gravity-eliminated) and seated (gravity-influenced) strength measures were assessed in 20 healthy adults (19.4 [1.2] y) on the dominant arm. Paired t tests were used to determine differences between body positions for each test. Significance was accepted at P ≤ .05. Results: There were no differences between supine and seated flexion and extension measures. Absolute supine shoulder abduction scores (152.5 [58.4] N) were significantly higher than seated scores (139.9 [55.6] N). Conclusions: Findings show that gravity should be considered when using handheld dynamometry scores as indicators of abductor shoulder strength and function.
Absence of structural brain changes from mindfulness-based stress reduction: Two combined randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kral Tammi R. A. , Davis Kaley , Korponay Cole , Hirshberg Matthew J. , Hoel Rachel , Tello Lawrence Y. , Goldman Robin I. , Rosenkranz Melissa A. , Lutz Antoine , Davidson Richard J.
Published: May 2022

Studies purporting to show changes in brain structure following the popular, 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course are widely referenced despite major methodological limitations. Here, we present findings from a large, combined dataset of two, three-arm randomized controlled trials with active and waitlist (WL) control groups. Meditation-naïve participants (
n
= 218) completed structural magnetic resonance imaging scans during two visits: baseline and postintervention period. After baseline, participants were randomly assigned to WL (
n
= 70), an 8-week MBSR program (
n
= 75), or a validated, matched active control (
n
= 73). We assessed changes in gray matter volume, gray matter density, and cortical thickness. In the largest and most rigorously controlled study to date, we failed to replicate prior findings and found no evidence that MBSR produced neuroplastic changes compared to either control group, either at the whole-brain level or in regions of interest drawn from prior MBSR studies.
Suppression of nuclear GSK3 signaling promotes serine/one-carbon metabolism and confers metabolic vulnerability in lung cancer cells
Authors: He Long , Endress Jennifer , Cho Sungyun , Li Zhongchi , Zheng Yuxiang , Asara John M. , Blenis John
Published: May 2022

Serine/one-carbon metabolism provides critical resources for nucleotide biosynthesis and epigenetic maintenance and is thus necessary in cancer cell growth, although the detailed regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We uncover a critical role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in regulating the expression of serine/one-carbon metabolic enzymes. Nuclear enrichment of GSK3 significantly suppresses genes that mediate de novo serine synthesis, including PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH, and one-carbon metabolism, including SHMT2 and MTHFD2. FRAT1 promotes nuclear exclusion of GSK3, enhances serine/one-carbon metabolism, and, as a result, confers cell vulnerability to inhibitors that target this metabolic process such as SHIN1, a specific SHMT1/2 inhibitor. Furthermore, pharmacological or genetic suppression of GSK3 promotes serine/one-carbon metabolism and exhibits a significant synergistic effect in combination with SHIN1 in suppressing cancer cell proliferation in cultured cells and in vivo. Our observations indicate that inhibition of nuclear GSK3 signaling creates a vulnerability, which results in enhanced efficacy of serine/one-carbon metabolism inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
Gelation of highly entangled hydrophobic macromolecular fluid for ultrastrong underwater in situ fast tissue adhesion
Authors: Liu Yuqing , Guan Ge , Li Yinghao , Tan Ju , Cheng Panke , Yang Mingcan , Li Bingyun , Wang Quan , Zhong Wen , Mequanint Kibret , Zhu Chuhong , Xing Malcolm
Published: May 2022

Although strong underwater bioadhesion is important for many biomedical applications, designing adhesives to perform in the presence of body fluids proves to be a challenge. To address this, we propose an underwater and in situ applicable hydrophobic adhesive (UIHA) composed of polydimethylsiloxane, entangled macromolecular silicone fluid, and a reactive silane. The hydrophobic fluid displaced the boundary water, formed an in situ gel, bonded to tissues, and achieved exceptional underwater adhesion strength. Its underwater lap shear adhesion on porcine skin was significantly higher than that of cyanoacrylate and fibrin glues, demonstrating excellent water resistance. The burst pressure of UIHA on porcine skin was 10 times higher than that of fibrin glue. The cytocompatible UIHA successfully sealed ruptured arteries, skin, and lungs in rats, pigs, rabbits, and dogs. Together, the gelation of highly entangled hydrophobic macromolecular fluid provided a means to prepare underwater bioadhesives with strong bonding to tissues and excellent water resistance.
The optical theorem in action: radiation of an electron in a Lorentz-violating vacuum
Authors: Borisov Anatoly V.
Published: May 2022

According to the optical theorem, the imaginary part of the one-loop radiative shift of the electron energy in an external field (IP1L) determines the total probability of photon emission by the electron. We calculate IP1L and then the probability and power of radiation of an electron in a constant background tensor field, which simulates the violation of Lorentz invariance in the framework of the Standard Model Extension. Using current experimental constraints on the background field strength, we show that the considered radiation effect can manifest itself under astrophysical conditions at ultrahigh electron energy.
Holographic spacetime, black holes and quantum error correcting codes: a review
Authors: Kibe Tanay , Mandayam Prabha , Mukhopadhyay Ayan
Published: May 2022

This article reviews the progress in our understanding of the reconstruction of the bulk spacetime in the holographic correspondence from the dual field theory including an account of how these developments have led to the reproduction of the Page curve of the Hawking radiation from black holes. We review quantum error correction and relevant recovery maps with toy examples based on tensor networks, and discuss how it provides the desired framework for bulk reconstruction in which apparent inconsistencies with properties of the operator algebra in the dual field theory are naturally resolved. The importance of understanding the modular flow in the dual field theory has been emphasized. We discuss how the state-dependence of reconstruction of black hole microstates can be formulated in the framework of quantum error correction with inputs from extremal surfaces along with a quantification of the complexity of encoding of bulk operators. Finally, we motivate and discuss a class of tractable microstate models of black holes which can illuminate how the black hole complementarity principle can emerge operationally without encountering information paradoxes, and provide new insights into generation of desirable features of encoding into the Hawking radiation.
Ultrahigh-energy gamma rays and gravitational waves from primordial exotic stellar bubbles
Authors: Cai Yi-Fu , Chen Chao , Ding Qianhang , Wang Yi
Published: May 2022

We put forward a novel class of exotic celestial objects that can be produced through phase transitions occurring in the primordial Universe. These objects appear as bubbles of stellar size and can be dominated by primordial black holes (PBHs). We report that, due to the processes of Hawking radiation and binary evolution of PBHs inside these stellar bubbles, both electromagnetic and gravitational radiations can be emitted that are featured on the gamma-ray spectra and stochastic gravitational waves (GWs). Our results reveal that, depending on the mass distribution, the exotic stellar bubbles consisting of PBHs not only provide a decent fit for the ultrahigh-energy gamma-ray spectrum reported by the recent LHAASO experiment, but also predict GW signals that are expected to be tested by the forthcoming GW surveys.
Neutrino tagging: a new tool for accelerator based neutrino experiments
Authors: Perrin-Terrin Mathieu
Published: May 2022

This article describes a new experimental method for accelerator based neutrino experiments called neutrino tagging. The method consists in exploiting the neutrino production mechanism, the "Equation missing" decay, to kinematically reconstruct the neutrino properties from the decay incoming and outgoing charged particles. The reconstruction of these particles relies on the recent progress and on-going developments in silicon particle detector technology. A detailed description of the method and achievable key performances is presented, together with its potential benefits for short and long baseline experiments. Then, a novel configuration for long baseline experiments is discussed in which a tagged beam would be employed together with mega-ton scale natural deep water Cherenkov detectors. The coarseness of this type of detectors is overcome by the precision of the tagging and, conversely, the rate limitation imposed by the tagging is outweighed by the size of the detector. These mutual benefits result in an affordable design for next generations of long baseline experiments. The physics potential of such experiments is quantified using the Protvino to KM3NeT/ORCA setup as a case study for which an unprecedented sensitivity to the leptonic CP violation could be achieved.
Neutrino tomography of the Earth with ORCA detector
Authors: Capozzi F. , Petcov S. T.
Published: May 2022

Using PREM as a reference model for the Earth density distribution we investigate the sensitivity of ORCA detector to deviations of the Earth (i) outer core (OC) density, (ii) inner core (IC) density, (iii) total core density, and (iv) mantle density, from their respective PREM densities. The analysis is performed by studying the effects of the Earth matter on the oscillations of atmospheric$$\nu _{\mu }$$νμ,$$\nu _e$$νe,$${\bar{\nu }}_\mu $$ν¯μand$${\bar{\nu }}_e$$ν¯e. We present results which illustrate the dependence of the ORCA sensitivity to the OC, IC, core and mantle densities on the type of systematic uncertainties used in the analysis, on the value of the atmospheric neutrino mixing angle$$\theta _{23}$$θ23, on whether the Earth mass constraint is implemented or not, and on the way it is implemented, and on the type – with normal ordering (NO) or inverted ordering (IO) – of the light neutrino mass spectrum. We show, in particular, that in the “most favorable” NO case of implemented Earth mass constraint, “minimal” systematic errors and$$\sin ^2\theta _{23}=0.58$$sin2θ23=0.58, ORCA can determine, e.g., the OC (mantle) density at$$3\sigma $$3σC.L. after 10 years of operation with an uncertainty of (− 18%)/+ 15% (of (− 6%)/+ 8%). In the “most disfavorable” NO case of “conservative” systematic errors and$$\sin ^2\theta _{23}=0.42$$sin2θ23=0.42, the uncertainty on OC (mantle) density reads (− 43%)/+ 39% ((− 17%/+ 20%), while for for$$\sin ^2\theta _{23} = 0.50$$sin2θ23=0.50and 0.58 it is noticeably smaller: (− 37)%/+ 30% and (− 30%)/+ 24% ((− 13%)/+ 16% and (− 11%/+ 14%)). We find also that the sensitivity of ORCA to the OC, core and mantle densities is significantly worse for IO neutrino mass spectrum.