bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-vivo Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function in Klinefelter Syndrome
Authors: Cung Stephanie , Pyle Laura , Nadeau Kristin , Dabelea Dana , Cree-Green Melanie , Davis Shanlee M
Published: September 2021

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) occurs in 1 in 600 males, resulting in testosterone deficiency and a high prevalence of insulin resistance. Testosterone deficiency in men is a known cause of insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction is hypothesized to mediate this relationship. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate muscle mitochondrial function in XXY compared with male controls. Twenty-seven boys with XXY (age 14.7±1.8 years) were compared with 87 controls (age 16.9±0.9). In-vivo calf muscle mitochondrial function was assessed via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) following 90 s of isometric 70% maximal exercise. Multiple linear regression was used to compare 31P-MRS outcomes (ADP and phosphocreatine (PCr) time constants, rate of oxidative phosphorylation (Oxphos), and Qmax or the maximal mitochondrial function relative to mitochondrial density) between groups after adjusting for age differences. There were no statistically significant differences in the mitochondrial outcomes of ADP, Oxphos, PCr, and Qmax between the groups. There were also no differences in a sensitivity analysis within the XXY group by testosterone treatment status. In this study, in-vivo postexercise skeletal muscle mitochondrial function does not appear to be impaired in adolescents with XXY compared with controls and is not significantly different by testosterone treatment status in XXY.
Biallelic variants of ATP13A3 cause dose-dependent childhood-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension characterised by extreme morbidity and mortality
Authors: Machado Rajiv D , Welch Carrie L , Haimel Matthias , Bleda Marta , Colglazier Elizabeth , Coulson John D , Debeljak Marusa , Ekstein Josef , Fineman Jeffrey R , Golden William Christopher , Griffin Emily L , Hadinnapola Charaka , Harris Michael A , Hirsch Yoel , Hoover-Fong Julie Elizabeth , Nogee Lawrence , Romer Lewis H , Vesel Samo ,   NIHR Bioresource – Rare Diseases, Gräf Stefan , Morrell Nicholas W , Southgate Laura , Chung Wendy K
Published: September 2021

Background

The molecular genetic basis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is heterogeneous, with at least 26 genes displaying putative evidence for disease causality. Heterozygous variants in the ATP13A3 gene were recently identified as a new cause of adult-onset PAH. However, the contribution of ATP13A3 risk alleles to child-onset PAH remains largely unexplored.

Methods and results

We report three families with a novel, autosomal recessive form of childhood-onset PAH due to biallelic ATP13A3 variants. Disease onset ranged from birth to 2.5 years and was characterised by high mortality. Using genome sequencing of parent–offspring trios, we identified a homozygous missense variant in one case, which was subsequently confirmed to cosegregate with disease in an affected sibling. Independently, compound heterozygous variants in ATP13A3 were identified in two affected siblings and in an unrelated third family. The variants included three loss of function variants (two frameshift, one nonsense) and two highly conserved missense substitutions located in the catalytic phosphorylation domain. The children were largely refractory to treatment and four died in early childhood. All parents were heterozygous for the variants and asymptomatic.

Conclusion

Our findings support biallelic predicted deleterious ATP13A3 variants in autosomal recessive, childhood-onset PAH, indicating likely semidominant dose-dependent inheritance for this gene.
Synthetic nicotine has arrived
Authors: Jordt Sven-Eric
Published: September 2021

The introduction of a new product line of the popular disposable electronic cigarette brand Puffbar, advertised as containing synthetic nicotine, has drawn attention to the increasing use of synthetic nicotine in marketed products and its uncertain regulatory status. A search of the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents revealed that the industry considered using synthetic nicotine already in the 1960s, efforts that were abandoned due to high costs and insufficient purity. Recent patents revealed renewed efforts to develop more efficient strategies for the synthesis of nicotine. Nicotine exists as two stereoisomers,S-nicotine andR-nicotine. WhileS-nicotine is the prevalent (>99%) form of nicotine in tobacco, a market-leading form of synthetic nicotine contains both stereoisomers at equal amounts, raising concerns about inaccurate labelling and the poorly understood health effects ofR-nicotine. Other manufacturers, including a leading vendor of pharmaceutical grade nicotine, developed stereospecific strategies to synthesise pureS-nicotine, now added to electronic cigarette products marketed in the USA and UK. WhileS-nicotine andR-nicotine can be differentiated by enantioselective High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), differentiation of synthetic (fossil-derived) from tobacco-derivedS-nicotine will require development of methods to measure carbon isotope (14C or13C) content. Vendors claim that the FDA has no authority to regulate synthetic nicotine as a tobacco product, allowing them to circumvent the premarket tobacco product application process. However, legal analysis suggests that FDA may have the authority to regulate synthetic nicotine as a drug. Alternatively, Congress needs to include nicotine from any source within the legal definition of tobacco products.
Unifying approaches: derivation of Balitsky hierarchy from the Lipatov effective action
Authors: Bondarenko S. , Pozdnyakov S. , Prygarin A.
Published: September 2021

We consider a derivation of the hierarchy of correlators of ordered exponentials directly from the Lipatov’s effective action (Lipatov in Nucl Phys B 452:369, 1995; Phys Rep 286:131, 1997; Subnucl Ser 49:131, 2013; Int J Mod Phys Conf Ser 39: 1560082, 2015; Int J Mod Phys A 31(28/29):1645011, 2016; EPJ Web Conf 125: 01010, 2016) formulated in terms of interacting ordered exponentials (Bondarenko and Zubkov in Eur Phys J C 78(8), 617 2018; Bondarenko et al. in Eur Phys J C 81(7):61, 2021). The derivation of the Balitsky equation (Balitsky in Nucl Phys B 463:99, 1996; Phys Rev D 60:014020, 1999; At the frontier of particle physics, vol. 2, p. 1237–1342; Nucl Phys B 629:290, 2002; Phys Rev D 72:074027, 2005) from the hierarchy is discussed as well as the way the sub-leading eikonal corrections to the Balitsky equation arise from the transverse field contribution and sub-leading eikonal corrections to the quark propagator. We outline other possible applications of the proposed calculation scheme.
Extremal Results on Vertex and Link Residual Closeness
Authors: Zhou Bo , Li Zhenan , Guo Haiyan
Published: September 2021

Robustness of the network topology is a key aspect in the design of computer networks. Vertex (Link, respectively) residual closeness is a new graph-theoretic concept defined as a measure of network robustness due to the failure of individual vertices (links, respectively). In this paper, we identify the trees and unicyclic graphs with the first a few smallest vertex residual closeness, and determine the graphs that minimize or maximize the vertex (link, respectively) residual closeness over some classes of graphs.
Enhanced Real-Time RGB-T Tracking by Complementary Learners
Authors: Xu Qingyu , Kuai Yangliu , Yang Junggang , Deng Xinpu
Published: September 2021

This paper focuses on integrating information from RGB and thermal infrared modalities to perform RGB-T object tracking in the correlation filter framework. Our baseline tracker is Staple (Sum of Template and Pixel-wise LEarners), which combines complementary cues in the correlation filter framework with high efficiency. Given the input RGB and thermal videos, we utilize the baseline tracker due to its high performance in both of accuracy and speed. Different from previous correlation filter-based methods, we perform the fusion tracking at both the pixel-fusion and decision-fusion levels. Our tracker is robust to the dataset challenges, and due to the efficiency of FFT, our tracker can maintain high efficiency with superior performance. Extensive experiments on the RGBT234 dataset have demonstrated the effectiveness of our work.
Super-Chandrasekhar limiting mass white dwarfs as emergent phenomena of noncommutative squashed fuzzy spheres
Authors: Kalita Surajit , Govindarajan T. R. , Mukhopadhyay Banibrata
Published: September 2021

The indirect evidence for at least a dozen massive white dwarfs (WDs) violating the Chandrasekhar mass limit is considered to be one of the wonderful discoveries in astronomy for more than a decade. Researchers have already proposed a diverse amount of models to explain this astounding phenomenon. However, each of these models always carries some drawbacks. On the other hand, noncommutative geometry is one of the best replicas of quantum gravity, which is yet to be proved from observations. Madore introduced the idea of a fuzzy sphere to describe a formalism of noncommutative geometry. This paper shows that the idea of a squashed fuzzy sphere can self-consistently explain the super-Chandrasekhar limiting mass WDs. We further show that the length scale beyond which the noncommutativity is prominent is an emergent phenomenon, and there is no prerequisite for an ad hoc length scale.
Noise Reduction Method for the Ring LaserGyro Signal Based on Ceemdan and the Savitzky–Golay Algorithm
Authors: Liang Hao , Zhao Xingfa , Guo Yu
Published: September 2021

The ring laser gyro signal contains complex noise components, affecting the system’s measurement accuracy. It is an engineering problem worthy of study to find an effective method to reduce the noise in the sampling signal and improve the system’s accuracy. In order to reduce various noises of the ring laser gyroscope and improve its measurement accuracy, a noise reduction method combining complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise and the Savitzky–Golay algorithm is proposed. First, the measured samples are mode decomposed, and the concept of weighted-permutation entropy is introduced to distinguish the noisy modes. Then, the Savitzky–Golay algorithm is used to process the noisy modes, and finally, the signal is reconstructed. Simulated test signal and actual gyro signal are used to test, and compared with the EMD noise reduction method, each indicator is improved. The paper proposes a new noise reduction method for the laser gyro signal, and introduces weighted-permutation entropy to analyze the dividing point. The test data show the effectiveness of the method.
THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON THE EYES OF SPRAGUE–DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Pai Chia-Ling , Chen Jeng-Rung , Lin Hui-Jui , Lin Shiun-Long
Published: September 2021

An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, potentially leading to damage, is termed as ‘oxidative stress’. Some studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may increase in resistance of the aqueous humor drainage or induce the rearrangement of human trabecular meshwork and result in glaucoma finally. An eight-week d-galactose injection was used to mimic high oxidative stress rats. Behavior tests, fundus images, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber diameter (ACDia) and pupil diameter (PD) were investigated. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and serum were taken for antioxidant capability of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the amount of nitric oxide (NO). After perfusion, Müller’s cells and astrocyte, microglial and inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) were labeled. The activities of SOD were decreased after induction. The spatial memory ability and muscular endurance were impaired through Morris water maze (MWM) and weight-loaded forced swimming test. These results demonstrated that oxidative stress was exacerbated by d-galactose. The IOP was gradually increased in the third week after d-galactose induction. Immunohistochemical stains showed that the density of Müller’s cells, astrocytes and microglia increased in d-galactose group. Microglia mostly became active. These data indicate that oxidative stress may result in the impairment of behavior, increase of Müller’s cells, astrocyte and microglia which is induced by d-galactose. The correlation between oxidative stress and elevation of IOP should be further studied. These may involve in the pathologies of aging or other neurodegenerative disease.
ANFIS-based Models for Coating Quality Prediction for Thin-Film Deposition Processes
Authors: Protim Das Partha , Das Soham , Kumar Mahto Premchand , Kumar Dhruva , Kumar Roy Manish
Published: September 2021

Thin-film deposition processes have gained much popularity due to their unique capability to enhance the physical and chemical properties of various materials. Identification of the best parametric combination for a deposition process to achieve desired coating quality is often considered to be challenging due to the involvement of a large number of input process parameters and conflicting responses. This study discusses the development of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-based models for the prediction of quality measures of two thin-film deposition processes, i.e., SiCN thin-film coating using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process and Ni–Cr alloy thin-film coating using direct current magnetron sputtering process. The predicted response values obtained from the developed models are validated and compared based on actual experimental results which exhibit a very close match between both the values. The corresponding surface plots obtained from the developed models illustrate the effect of each process parameter on the considered responses. These plots will help the operator in selecting the best parametric mix to achieve enhanced coating quality. Also, analysis of variance results identifies the importance of each process parameter in the determination of response values. The proposed approach can be applied to various deposition processes for modeling and prediction of observed response values. It will also assist as an operator in selecting the best parametric mix for achieving desired response values.
On a conjecture of Laplacian energy of trees
Authors: Ganie Hilal A. , Rather Bilal A. , Pirzada S.
Published: September 2021

Let [Formula: see text] be a simple graph with [Formula: see text] vertices, [Formula: see text] edges having Laplacian eigenvalues [Formula: see text]. The Laplacian energy LE[Formula: see text] is defined as LE[Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the average degree of [Formula: see text]. Radenković and Gutman conjectured that among all trees of order [Formula: see text], the path graph [Formula: see text] has the smallest Laplacian energy. Let [Formula: see text] be the family of trees of order [Formula: see text] having diameter [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we show that Laplacian energy of any tree [Formula: see text] is greater than the Laplacian energy of [Formula: see text], thereby proving the conjecture for all trees of diameter [Formula: see text]. We also show the truth of conjecture for all trees with number of non-pendent vertices at most [Formula: see text]. Further, we give some sufficient conditions for the conjecture to hold for a tree of order [Formula: see text].
On some punctured codes of ℤq-Simplex codes
Authors: Prabu J. , Mahalakshmi J. , Durairajan C. , Santhakumar S.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we have constructed some new codes from [Formula: see text]-Simplex code called unit [Formula: see text]-Simplex code. In particular, we find the parameters of these codes and have proved that it is a [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-linear code, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a smallest prime divisor of [Formula: see text]. When rank [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a prime power, we have given the weight distribution of unit [Formula: see text]-Simplex code. For the rank [Formula: see text] we obtain the partial weight distribution of unit [Formula: see text]-Simplex code when [Formula: see text] is a prime power. Further, we derive the weight distribution of unit [Formula: see text]-Simplex code for the rank [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text].
Determination of Economic Leakage Level with Optimization Algorithm in Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Firat Mahmut , Yilmaz Salih , Ateş Abdullah , Özdemir Özgür
Published: September 2021

It is necessary to set the most appropriate targets in water loss management (WLM) and to choose the most economically and technically suitable method to achieve these targets. The aim of this work is to define the level of economic leakage with the optimization algorithm in sustainable WLM, considering the system components, requirements and costs of the methods. For this purpose, a new model based on discrete stochastic optimization has been developed to determine the most appropriate values of the pressure level and the number of teams. After the system components were entered into the model, the optimal values of parameters were determined according to the problem-specific defined objective function. It was calculated that the pressure should be reduced from 40[Formula: see text]m to 25.30[Formula: see text]m, and the number of teams was 4 for the sample system. The Economic Leakage Level for the system was calculated as 145.85[Formula: see text]m3/day in volume and 11.9% in percentage.
Dynamic interplay of biogeochemical C, S and Ba cycles in response to the Shuram oxygenation event
Authors: Cui Huan , Kaufman Alan J. , Xiao Shuhai , Zhou Chuanming , Zhu Maoyan , Cao Mengchun , Loyd Sean , Crockford Peter , Liu Xiao-Ming , Goderis Steven , Wang Wei , Guan Chengguo
Published: September 2021

Compared with Phanerozoic strata, sulfate minerals are relatively rare in the Precambrian record; this is probably due to the lower concentrations of sulfate in dominantly anoxic oceans. Here, we present a compilation of sulfate minerals that are stratigraphically associated with the Ediacaran Shuram excursion (SE) – the largest negative

δ

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C excursion in Earth history. We evaluated 15 SE sections, all of which reveal the presence of sulfate minerals and/or enriched carbonate-associated sulfate concentrations, suggesting a rise in the sulfate reservoir. Notably, where data are available, the SE also reveals considerable enrichments in [Ba] relative to pre- and post-SE intervals. We propose that elevated seawater sulfate concentrations during the SE may have facilitated authigenesis of sulfate minerals. At the same time, the rise in Ba concentrations in shelf environments further facilitated barite deposition. A larger sulfate reservoir would stimulate microbial sulfate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of organic matter (including methane), contributing to the genesis of the SE. The existence of sulfate minerals throughout the SE suggests that oxidant pools were not depleted at that time, which challenges previous modelling results. Our study highlights the dynamic interplay of biogeochemical C, S and Ba cycles in response to the Shuram oxygenation event.

Supplementary material: SEM and EDS data and figures S1-S4 and tables S1-S3 are available at:
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5602560

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the ‘Sulfur in the Earth system’ collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/sulfur-in-the-earth-system
Comparative experimental study on the physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone after water-cooling and natural-cooling under high temperature
Authors: Jiang Haopeng , Jiang Annan , Zhang Fengrui
Published: September 2021

Experimental tests were conducted to study the influence of natural cooling and water cooling on the physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone. This study aims to understand the effect of different cooling methods on the physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone (such as mass, volume, density, P-wave velocity, elastic modulus (
E
), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), etc.). The results show that the UCS and
E
of the specimens cooled by natural cooling and water cooling decrease with heating temperature. At 800°C, after natural cooling and water cooling, the average value of UCS decreased by 34.65 and 57.90%, and the average value of
E
decreased by 87.66 and 89.05%, respectively. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were used to capture the development of microcracks and pores within the specimens after natural cooling and water cooling. It was found that, at the same temperature, water-cooling treatment was more likely to cause microcracks and pores, which can cause more serious damage to the quartz sandstone. These results confirm that different cooling methods have different effects on the physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone, and provide a basis for the stability prediction of rock mass engineering in cases such as a tunnel suffering from exposure to fire.
Marine carbonate sedimentation in volcanic settings
Authors: Lokier Stephen W.
Published: September 2021

Carbonate sediments have been produced and deposited in areas of active volcanism since at least the Paleoarchean. Despite early recognition of a significant relationship between volcanism and marine carbonate systems, research in this field has been largely neglected. With increasing recognition of the accelerating effects and significance of anthropogenically driven climate change on the ocean–atmosphere system, the time is ripe for studying volcanism-influenced carbonates as a natural analogue for future environmental scenarios. We undertake a detailed assessment of the state-of-the-science in our understanding of these systems. We identify significant bilateral division in approaches, with the geological and biological communities rarely interacting. The study of ancient volcanic-carbonate systems, in particular, appears to have ‘fallen between two stools’ with both the volcanic and sedimentological communities shying away from studying these cross-disciplinary systems. Observations of recent volcanic–carbonate interactions are challenging; long periods of volcanic quiescence are punctuated by brief episodes of activity. Recent developments in robust remotely deployable instrumentation offer an opportunity to safely undertake sustained monitoring of these systems before, during and after eruptions. Informed assessment of the likely responses of carbonate ecosystems to future climatic challenges requires the initiation of an integrated, collaborative, cross-disciplinary approach to studying the complex interactions within these challenging mixed depositional systems.
Volcaniclastic deposits and sedimentation processes around volcanic ocean islands: the central Azores
Authors: Chang Yu-Chun , Mitchell Neil C. , Hansteen Thor H. , Schindlbeck-Belo Julie C. , Freundt Armin
Published: September 2021

Geological histories of volcanic ocean islands can be revealed by the sediments shed by them. Hence there is an interest in studying cores of volcaniclastic sediments that are particularly preserved in the many flat-floored basins lying close to the Azores islands. We analyse four gravity cores collected around the central group of the islands. Three sedimentary facies (F1-F2a, F2b) are recognized based on visual core logging, particle morphometric and geochemical analyses. F1 is clay-rich hemipelagite comprising homogeneous mud with mottled structures from bioturbation. F2a and F2b are both clay-poor volcaniclastic deposits, which are carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor, respectively. More biogenic carbonate in F2a reflects the incorporation of unconsolidated calcareous material from island shelves or bioturbation. Within F2a and F2b we identify deposits emplaced by pyroclastic fallout, primary or secondary turbidity currents by combining multiple information from lithological composition, sedimentary structures, chemical composition of volcanic glass shards and morphometric characteristics of volcanic particles. Primary volcaniclastic sediments were found in all four cores, echoing activity known to have occurred up to historical times on the adjacent islands. These preliminary results suggest that greater details of geological events could be inferred for other volcanic islands by adopting a similar approach to core analysis.
[Retracted] Research on the Detection and Tracking Algorithm of Moving Object in Image Based on Computer Vision Technology
Authors: Chen Chunsheng , Li Din
Published: September 2021

In order to improve the video image processing technology, this paper presents a moving object detection and tracking algorithm based on computer vision technology. Firstly, the detection performance of the interframe difference method and the background difference model method is compared comprehensively from both theoretical and experimental aspects, and then the Robert edge detection operator is selected to carry out edge detection of the vehicle. The research results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper has the longest running time per frame when tracking a moving target, which is about 2.3 times that of the single frame running time of the CamShift algorithm. The algorithm has high running efficiency and can meet the requirements of real‐time tracking of a foreground target. The algorithm has the highest tracking accuracy, the time consumption is reduced, and the error of the tracking frame deviating from the real position of the target is the least.
The Dynamic Game of Knowledge Hiding Behavior from Organizational Members: To Hide or Not to Hide?
Authors: Yang Fan , Yang Long , Li Ping
Published: September 2021

In the era of the knowledge economy, it is urgent for organizations to solve the problem of knowledge hiding of internal members to accelerate the speed and efficiency of knowledge dissemination and innovation and adapt to rapid changes in the market. At present, research on knowledge hiding has received extensive attention from Western countries, but there are few relevant studies in China. Based on the hypothesis of bounded rationality, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model of second‐level knowledge hiding of organizational members and analyzes the main factors affecting the stable equilibrium point using MATLAB numerical simulation. The results show that knowledge leakage risk is positively correlated with knowledge hiding. The ability of knowledge absorption and transformation is positively correlated with the behavior of knowledge hiding. There is a negative correlation between collaborative innovation ability and knowledge hiding. There is a negative correlation between knowledge stock and knowledge hiding. Only when the incentive reaches a certain level can organizational members be encouraged to give up knowledge hiding. This paper provides a more comprehensive and dynamic picture of the evolutionary game of knowledge hiding among members in the organization and provides a new idea of knowledge management for organizational managers.
Congenital Cataracts and Microphakia with Retinal Dysplasia and Optic Nerve Hypoplasia in a Calf
Authors: Siepker Christopher L. , Zimmer Jennifer L. , Bedard Kathleen M. , Hart Kelsey A. , Czerwinski Sarah L. , Carmichael K. Paige
Published: September 2021

Case Description. A two-month-old, female, Aberdeen-Angus calf was presented for congenital cataracts and blindness in both eyes (OU). The dam had a reported history of visual defects (not specified) and had produced other affected calves (per owner history). Ophthalmic examination revealed mature bilateral cataracts, attenuation of the iridic granules, persistent pupillary membranes, and dyscoric pupils. Additionally, the calf had a poor body condition, prognathism, dome-shaped head, excessive nasal drainage, limb contracture, and fever. Histopathology of both eyes revealed lenticular degeneration (congenital cataracts), retinal dysplasia, and optic nerve hypoplasia. BVDV IHC detected antigen within only the left eye (OS), consisting of intrahistiocytic and endothelial immunoreactivity within the ciliary body, iris, and choroid. No BVDV immunoreactivity could be detected in the right eye (OD). This case highlights the unique ocular changes present in in utero BVDV infection of cattle with a different immunohistochemical staining profile than previously described.
Automation of Function Assignment in the Models of Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Hao Mingsheng , Othman Rohani
Published: September 2021

This article explores the concept of function assignment in first language (L1) and second language (L2) speech production, compares automation of function assignment in L1 and L2 speech production, pursues factors hampering automation of function assignment in L2 speech production, and discusses how to improve automation of function assignment in L2 speech production. Grammatical encoding, of which function assignment is one of the subordinate processes, is also one of the processes in L2 speech production. While function assignment in L1 speech production is mostly automatic, it demands much attentional resources and is executed under conscious supervision in L2 speech production. L2 learners’ incomplete knowledge of the target language and their limited working memory resources hamper automation of function assignment in L2 speech production. Furthermore, as per generative models of learning, to improve automation of function assignment, teachers can either adopt strategies or improve instructional designs targeting this subprocess. Together, this conceptual paper gives a comprehensive overview of automation of function assignment, explores its impact on second language acquisition (SLA), and reveals that it is feasible to facilitate automation of function assignment in L2 speech production by improving instructional designs, especially the presentation methods of sentence elements.
[Retracted] Application of Wireless Communication in Experimental Research of the Interface Bonding Condition between Asphalt Layers by Tensile Testing
Authors: Yin Hua , Wang Daming , Zou Jianwei , Zhu Yaoting
Published: September 2021

The vigorous development of communication technology, especially the development of wireless network communication technology, has accelerated its informatization process in more and more industrial applications. In the field of monitoring and detection applications, the many advantages of wireless network transmission technology provide an important reference for high‐quality compaction monitoring. Engineering practice shows that the construction technology of asphalt pavement is the ultimate guarantee of engineering quality. It is important to recognize that pavement performance is greatly influenced by interface bonding condition and interface failure can reduce the serviceability of pavements rather than their overall structural lifetime. This paper presents a laboratory test to investigate the bonding tensile performance between asphalt layers by tensile testing. The test methods and devices for determining the bond regarding tensile testing are summarized as follows. Different interface conditions have been analyzed herein: 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 kg/m2 with corresponding emulsified asphalt (MA) and SBS‐modified MA. It is found that the stress‐strain relationship of tensile testing for interface bonding is similar with low‐carbon steels and it can be categorized into four zones. The results of tensile strength and damage displacement are discussed which are key parameters in describing the interface bonding condition and evaluating pavement performance.
Classification and Treatment Strategies of Concomitant Fibular Column Injuries in Tibial Plateau Fractures
Authors: Yao Xiang , Lv Bin , Hu MinJie , Yuan Jishan , Fan Xiaochen , Zhou Kaihua , Tang JiLei , Wang Lei
Published: September 2021

Background. About 1/3 of tibial plateau fractures are associated with proximal fibula fractures, but most proximal fibula fractures are often ignored. The aim of this study was to precisely explain the classification and treatment strategies of six injury types of the fibular column associated with tibial plateau fractures. Methods. Patients with ipsilateral proximal fibula and tibial plateau fractures treated in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed from Aug 2007 to Mar 2020. Two experienced surgeons and two radiologists divided fibular column injury into 6 injury types according to the AO classification and four‐column nine‐segment classification. The treatment scheme (surgically treated or conservatively treated) was also recorded. Results. In total, 355 proximal fibula fractures were included. Type 2 fibular head fracture was the most common type of injury in 122, and the segregate of superior tibiofibular syndesmosis was the rarest type in 3. In avulsion injury proximal of fibular pattern, the proportion of patients who need surgical intervention is the highest. Conclusions. Six injury types in the four‐column nine‐segment classification covered all types of bony and soft tissue injuries of the fibular column and concisely explained the injury mechanism. The classification is helpful for the precise judgement and decision‐making of the concomitant fibular column injuries in tibial plateau fractures.
Maxwell Nanofluid Flow over an Infinite Vertical Plate with Ramped and Isothermal Wall Temperature and Concentration
Authors: Khan Naveed , Ali Farhad , Arif Muhammad , Ahmad Zubair , Aamina Aamina , Khan Ilyas
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate how heat and mass transfer impacts the unsteady incompressible flow of Maxwell fluid. An infinite vertical plate with ramped and isothermal wall temperature and concentration boundary conditions is considered with the Maxwell fluid. Furthermore, in this study, engine oil has been taken as a base fluid due to its enormous applications in modern science and technologies. To see the importance of nanofluids, we have suspended molybdenum disulfide in engine oil base fluid to enhance its heat transfer rate. To investigate the flow regime, the system of equations was derived in the form of partial differential equations. The exact solutions to the complex system are obtained using the Laplace transform technique. Graphically, the impact of different embedded parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions has been shown. Through using the graphical analysis, we were interested in comparing the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles for ramped and isothermal wall temperature and concentration. The magnitude of velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions is greater for an isothermal wall and less for a ramped wall, according to our observations. We observed that adding molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles to the engine oil increased the heat transfer up to 12.899%. Finally, the corresponding skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number have been calculated and presented in a tabular form.
Realization of Mobile Education Resource Sharing Method Based on Wireless Broadband Connection
Authors: Wu Yongli , Chen Jingliang
Published: September 2021

Educational resource sharing among students is always an essential component for the development of education level. With the progress of digital and communication networks among institutions, the use and sharing of high-grade educational resources can reach a new level. This paper proposes a new platform for mobile educational resource prediction and sharing via wireless broadband access technology. The architecture of the resource sharing system comprises resource, management, and service layers. An evaluation index system is established to assess the quality of the resource, and a detailed description of the resource assessment methods is presented. Moreover, the social impacts on the allocation of resources and similarities between the social metrics such as response time, success rate, and resource acquisition were investigated. The system has the potential to provide a high success rate and low response time. The system proposed in the paper will stimulate teamwork between teaching groups and increase the ability of resource sharing and optimization more comprehensively.
On the Existence and Uniqueness Results for Fuzzy Linear and Semilinear Fractional Evolution Equations Involving Caputo Fractional Derivative
Authors: El Mfadel Ali , Melliani Said , Elomari M’hamed
Published: September 2021

In this manuscript, we establish new existence and uniqueness results for fuzzy linear and semilinear fractional evolution equations involving Caputo fractional derivative. The existence theorems are proved by using fuzzy fractional calculus, Picard’s iteration method, and Banach contraction principle. As application, we conclude this paper by giving an illustrative example to demonstrate the applicability of the obtained results.
Mechanical Efficiency of HMCVT under Steady‐State Conditions
Authors: Zhang Guangqing , Zhang Hengtong , Ge Yanyan , Qiu Wei , Xiao Maohua , Xu Xiaomei , Zhou Minghui
Published: September 2021

Hydromechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) technology has been widely used due to its advantages of ride comfort and fuel economy. The relatively uniform efficiency expression of HMCVT is obtained by studying torque and transmission ratios to reveal steady‐state characteristics and predict the output torque. Mathematical models of torque ratios are derived by analyzing the HMCVT system power flow and calculating the equivalent meshing power of epicyclic gear train and efficiency for the hydraulic system. The relationship between mechanical system transmission and hydraulic system parameters is established using the torque ratios, and a mechanical system demanding surface is proposed. Two numerical examples of the HMCVT system with single and dual variable units are demonstrated to establish an effective and convenient method. The method is validated through a physical prototype TA1‐02 test.
Evaluation of the Obesity Prevention, Blood Glucose, and Blood Lipid Control of Vietnamese Rice Varieties in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Nguyen Thuy Linh , Trinh Khanh Son
Published: September 2021

Five Vietnamese rice varieties, which differ in their basic chemical composition (starch content, amylose content, fiber content) including polished rices and whole grain rices, were chosen for this study. High-fat diet-induced obesity, using these rice, was subjected to in vivo experiments to evaluate the effects of body weight gain, caloric intake, postprandial blood glucose level (PBGL), and glycemic index (GI) in tested mice groups. PBGL peaks appeared at 30th minute after eating, and GI of each experimental group was ranked in order as

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, respectively, in which, brown rice (LĐ) and germinated brown rice (GM) had low GI. Furthermore, these rice varieties caused the lowest LDL cholesterol and the ratio of LDL/HDL cholesterols in mice. In this study, the higher the amylose and fiber contents were, the lower glycemic index, triglycerides, LDL, and LDL/HDL values were. The golden flower glutinous rice (GN), with low amylose and fiber content, gave worse blood lipid parameters than that of GM and LĐ. Histopathological studies of white adipose and liver tissues showed that LĐ and GM significantly reduced the symptoms of obesity and fatty liver compared with the others, especially compared to GN. The results obtained from this study help patients with overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes choose the right rice variety for their daily diet to be able to control their diseases.
FNet: A Two-Stream Model for Detecting Adversarial Attacks against 5G-Based Deep Learning Services
Authors: Xu Guangquan , Feng Guofeng , Jiao Litao , Feng Meiqi , Zheng Xi , Liu Jian
Published: September 2021

With the extensive application of artificial intelligence technology in 5G and Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) networks, it has become a common trend for artificial intelligence to integrate into modern communication networks. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning and has recently led to significant improvements in many fields. In particular, many 5G-based services use deep learning technology to provide better services. Although deep learning is powerful, it is still vulnerable when faced with 5G-based deep learning services. Because of the nonlinearity of deep learning algorithms, slight perturbation input by the attacker will result in big changes in the output. Although many researchers have proposed methods against adversarial attacks, these methods are not always effective against powerful attacks such as CW. In this paper, we propose a new two-stream network which includes RGB stream and spatial rich model (SRM) noise stream to discover the difference between adversarial examples and clean examples. The RGB stream uses raw data to capture subtle differences in adversarial samples. The SRM noise stream uses the SRM filters to get noise features. We regard the noise features as additional evidence for adversarial detection. Then, we adopt bilinear pooling to fuse the RGB features and the SRM features. Finally, the final features are input into the decision network to decide whether the image is adversarial or not. Experimental results show that our proposed method can accurately detect adversarial examples. Even with powerful attacks, we can still achieve a detection rate of 91.3%. Moreover, our method has good transferability to generalize to other adversaries.
Pythagorean Fuzzy Digraphs and Its Application in Healthcare Center
Authors: Parimala Mani , Almunajam Arwa , Karthika Muthusamy , Alshammari Ibtesam
Published: September 2021

The notion of fuzzy set is introduced to deal with uncertainty, whereas the conventional sets are used for certainty. The extensions of fuzzy set theory such as intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PyFS) were introduced to overcome drawbacks in fuzzy theory. Fuzzy graph structure is used to deal with the uncertainty in a network and describe its relation on the nonempty vertex set. One of the extensions of intuitionistic fuzzy digraph (IFDG) is Pythagorean fuzzy digraph (PyFDG). IFDG cannot handle if the sum of degree of acceptance and degree of rejection for an arc weight exceeds 1. So, we introduced PyFDG to overcome the limitations in IFDG and it deals with the imprecise arc weight involving degree of acceptance and degree of rejection. Pythagorean fuzzy digraph (PyFDG) and its basic operations and score function of PyFDG are defined in this paper. Algorithm is proposed to solve application problem in healthcare center.
Effect of Different Types of Mulching on Soil Properties and Tree Growth of Magnolia champaca Planted at the Montane Rainforest in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia
Authors: Rahmani Wahidullah , Salleh Mohd Nazre , Hamzah Mohd Zaki , Abdu Aminu , Ishak Mohamad Fakhri , Wan Abd Khadir Wan Rasidah , Awang Mohd Ridza , Ibrahim Zahari , Abd Majid Ahmad Fadzil , Azrin Salleh Mohd Shahrir , Anuar Azhar , Alias Mohamad Azani Bin
Published: September 2021

Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) is among the most vulnerable habitats to fragmentation, deforestation, and global climate change. A successful restoration program requires a comprehensive understanding of variables influencing seedling efficiency. This study was conducted on Sg. Terla Forest Reserve Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. In this study, we used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and measured the Magnolia champaca height, root collar diameter, diameter at breast height, plant survival, root diameter, main root length, lateral root length, root coiling, root direction, and chlorophyll content. The soil samples were taken to study the effect of different mulching materials on soil characteristics. We also measured soil compaction, soil texture, soil colour, soil moisture content, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total sulphur, available phosphorus, and exchanged potassium. This study indicates that mulching had no significant effect on plant height, diameter breast height, root collar diameter, and chlorophyll content between treatments. Although mulching had a significant effect on root diameter, main root length, and root distributions among treatments while for lateral root length and root:shoot ratio did not show a significant effect among treatments. However, oil palm mulching treatment had a greater effect on plant height, root collar diameter, and diameter at breast height growth, among treatments. Mulching significantly affected soil pH, soil moisture content, total sulphur, and potassium exchange. In contrast, mulching did not significantly affect soil organic carbon, total soil nitrogen, and soil available phosphorus between treatments.
Canine Leishmaniasis in Morocco: A Descriptive Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Idrissi Houda , Hakkour Maryam , Duchateau Luc , Zanatta Renato , Kachani Malika , Azrib Rahma , Daminet Sylvie , Kichou Faouzi , El Asatey Sabrine , Tazi Noureddine , Sahibi Hamid , El Hamiani Khatat Sarah
Published: September 2021

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonotic vector-borne disease that is endemic in the Mediterranean Basin including Morocco. Dogs play a major epidemiological role in this zoonosis as reservoir hosts. This study investigated the clinical manifestations of CanL in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. A total of 96 dogs presented to the Small Animal Clinic of the Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV Hassan II) of Rabat, Morocco, and were tested by RT-PCR and/or serology. Among them, 32 (33.3%) were positive to Leishmania infantum infection. The majority of the positive dogs (93.7%) came from urban areas. Most of them were male (62.5%) and purebreds (65.6%), were aged between 3 and 7 years (71.8%), and had outside activities (guarding, hunting, livestock guarding, and service activities) (71.8%) and all of them were living exclusively outdoor or had free access to the outdoor environment. Lymphadenomegaly (81.2%), dermatological disorders (65.6%) (mostly exfoliative dermatitis), weight loss (59.3%), exercise intolerance (56.2%), anorexia (28.1%), hyporexia (15.6%), and ocular lesions (28.1%) were the most frequent clinical signs and complaints recorded. Anemia and hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia were observed in 68.7% and 72.7% of the cases, respectively. These results suggest that CanL leads to various nonspecific clinical signs as described previously, making the diagnosis challenging. Since CanL is endemic in Morocco, it should be recommended to systematically test dogs displaying clinical signs compatible with this disease and to regularly screen asymptomatic at-risk dogs. It is also crucial to educate dog owners about the zoonotic aspect of the disease and to encourage intersectorial collaboration following the “One Health” concept, in order to contribute to a more effective control/prevention of human and canine leishmaniasis.