bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Exclusion: The European Concept for Indian Social Reality
Authors: Kummitha Rama Krishna Reddy
Published: March 2015

Social exclusion, a European concept that has been inducted into the Indian social research domain, is the core area of inquiry in this article. It is argued that the concept of social exclusion needs to play a crucial role in Indian society in terms of handling multiple deprivations experienced by different social groups. This article aims to comprehend the trends of social exclusion and further examines its significance in Indian policy discourse. Further, it analyses the transformation that Indian state has undergone, having socialist orientation earlier and the neoliberal phase recently. The article has been divided into two sections. While the first section provides theoretical analysis of the concept and the second section studies purview of the new concept in Indian context and discusses some policy implications.
Resilience of Ideology as a Vanguard of Movement: A Study of North Eastern Turbulence
Authors: Samson Kamei
Published: March 2015

Ideology is a very crucial component of any movement and for its understanding. Unlike other features of a movement, which are easily perceived and made explicit, ideology is often vague and may or may not be present at the early stage of a movement. The article analyses an aspect of ideology wherein its capacity to withstand economic and political forces is considerably minimised. Examination of some past and present movements supports the proposition that sometimes ideology loses its resilience when lured by economic and political incentives. However, rare instances of open acceptance of failure of ideology to withstand the lure of economic and political benefits are often misunderstood for its resilience. Ideology that shapes and protects identity of certain majority group is also bound to change to accommodate smaller groups for various reasons.
Rural Handloom Textile Industry in Bihar: A Case of Rural Informal Sector
Authors: Sarmistha Uma
Published: March 2015

The informal sector in India, as in other developing countries, is a source of employment and livelihood to an overwhelmingly large proportion of workers. Although the urban sector has been widely studied by social scientists around the world, not much research has been done on the non-agricultural rural informal sector, which has witnessed significant growth in the recent past. Based on an ethnographic field study of the handloom workers of Bihar, India, the article briefly describes the production process in the handloom industry, and drawing from the critics of economic development theories, it tries to explain how social networking in the rural labour market can affect economic outcomes. The findings of the study illustrate a unique kind of social networking in the handloom industry arising from caste and religion, which can be associated with notions of embeddedness and social capital.
Book Review: Ranjit Singh Ghuman and Indervir Singh (Eds), Nehruvian Economic Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance
Authors: Kumar Saurabh
Published: March 2015

Ranjit Singh Ghuman and Indervir Singh (Eds), Nehruvian Economic Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance, Chandigarh, Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development, 2014, 295 pp., ISBN: 978-81-85835-70-5.
Book Review: Rupa Vishwanath, The Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion and the Social in Modern India
Authors: Menon Shailaja
Published: March 2015

Rupa Vishwanath, The Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion and the Social in Modern India, New York, Columbia University Press, 2014, 400 pp., ₹2,850, ISBN 978-0231163061.
Book Review: Ashok K. Pankaj and Ajit K. Pandey (Eds), Subalternity, Exclusion and Social Change in India
Authors: Jayaram N.
Published: March 2015

Ashok K. Pankaj and Ajit K. Pandey (Eds), Subalternity, Exclusion and Social Change in India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press India, 2014, 387 pp., ₹895, ISBN 978-93-82993-24-7.
The Human Development Index and Its Methodological Refinements
Authors: Deb Surajit
Published: March 2015

The human development index (HDI), which portrays a simple characterisation of the development process by considering achievements in health, education and standard of living, is popularly used as the summary indicator of well being in comparative analysis of nations. However, the index as a measure has not remained free from criticisms on computational methodology and choice of indicators. Several methodological changes were undertaken in the twentieth anniversary edition of HDI in 2010. The purpose of this note is to review the revision in methods and point out what needs to be done further to improve quality of the HDI index.
Resetting the autoreactive immune system with a therapeutic peptide in lupus
Authors: Schall N , Muller S
Published: March 2015

Over the last decade there has been a rapid expansion in the use of peptides as drugs. Nowadays, they are being used therapeutically in such diverse areas as endocrinology, neurology, haematology and some types of allergies. In the field of autoimmunity, a few candidates have emerged. Thus, in the pipeline of novel strategies designed to treat patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, the 21-mer peptide P140/Lupuzor raises hopes for the generation of an efficient, specific and safe treatment. This phosphopeptide has successfully completed a phase IIb clinical trial and will enter into a multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The phase IIb trial showed that after three months of therapy (three subcutaneous injections of 200 µg peptide/patient in addition to standard of care), Lupuzor improved Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score of lupus patients under active treatment by 67.6% versus 41.5% in the placebo group ( p < 0.025). After three additional months of follow-up, the improvement rate was 84.2% versus 45.8% ( p < 0.025). The side-effect profile was unproblematic and the drug was well tolerated as evidenced by a very low drop-out rate. P140 does not behave as an immunosuppressant, it acts primarily as a fine immunomodulator of autoreactive CD4+ T cells. Its underlying mechanism of action involves autophagy, a cellular process that implicates lysosomal-dependent recycling of intracellular components and controls the pool of major histocompatibility complex class II-displayed peptides that is presented to CD4+ T cells.
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study adding high dose vitamin D to analgesic regimens in patients with musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Gendelman O , Itzhaki D , Makarov S , Bennun M , Amital H
Published: March 2015

Background

The current mode of therapy for many patients with musculoskeletal pain is unsatisfactory.

Purpose

We aimed to assess the impact of adding 4000 IU of vitamin D on pain and serological parameters in patients with musculoskeletal pain.

Materials and methods

This was a randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled study assessing the effect of 4000 IU of orally given vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) (four gel capsules of 1000 IU, (SupHerb, Israel) vs. placebo on different parameters of pain. Eighty patients were enrolled and therapy was given for 3 months. Parameters were scored at three time points: prior to intervention, at week 6 and week 12. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of pain perception were recorded following 6 and 12 weeks. We also measured serum levels of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by ELISA.

Results

The group receiving vitamin D achieved a statistically significant larger decline of their VAS measurement throughout the study compared with the placebo group. The need for analgesic ‘rescue therapy’ was significantly lower among the vitamin D-treated group. TNFα levels decreased by 54.3% in the group treated with vitamin D and increased by 16.1% in the placebo group. PGE2 decreased by39.2% in the group treated with vitamin D and increased by 16% in the placebo group. LTB4 levels decreased in both groups by 24% ( p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Adding 4000 IU of vitamin D for patients with musculoskeletal pain may lead to a faster decline of consecutive VAS scores and to a decrease in the levels of inflammatory and pain-related cytokines.
EUROPattern Suite technology for computer-aided immunofluorescence microscopy in autoantibody diagnostics
Authors: Krause C , Ens K , Fechner K , Voigt J , Fraune J , Rohwäder E , Hahn M , Danckwardt M , Feirer C , Barth E , Martinetz T , Stöcker W
Published: March 2015

Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) are highly informative biomarkers in autoimmune diagnostics. The increasing demand for effective test systems, however, has led to the development of a confusingly large variety of different platforms. One of them, the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), is regarded as the common gold standard for ANA screening, as described in a position statement by the American College of Rheumatology in 2009. Technological solutions have been developed aimed at standardization and automation of IIF to overcome methodological limitations and subjective bias in IIF interpretation. In this review, we present the EUROPattern Suite, a system for computer-aided immunofluorescence microscopy (CAIFM) including automated acquisition of digital images and evaluation of IIF results. The system was originally designed for ANA diagnostics on human epithelial cells, but its applications have been extended with the latest system update version 1.5 to the analysis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and anti-dsDNA antibodies.
17-β-estradiol affects BLyS serum levels and the nephritogenic autoantibody network accelerating glomerulonephritis in NZB/WF1 mice
Authors: Bassi N , Luisetto R , Ghirardello A , Gatto M , Valente M , Della Barbera M , Nalotto L , Punzi L , Doria A
Published: March 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that predominantly affects fertile women, suggesting sex hormones are involved in disease pathogenesis. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) has been found to be elevated in SLE patients and to drive a lupus-like syndrome in transgenic mice.

Our aim was to evaluate the effects of estrogen administration on BLyS and nephritogenic anti-C1q and anti-dsDNA antibodies in lupus-prone NZB/WF1 mice.

We implanted pellets releasing 17-β-estradiol (18.8 µg/day) on the back side the ear of 10 NZB/WF1 mice (group 1), and compared them with 10 mice intraperitoneally injected with PBS 200 μl twice a week (group 2), as controls. We evaluated BLyS, anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q serum levels starting one week after pellet implantation. We also analyzed time to proteinuria onset, proteinuria-free survival and overall survival. Kidneys, spleen, liver and lungs were harvested for histological analysis. Mice were bred until natural death.

BLyS serum levels were higher in group 1 than in group 2 mice at each evaluation. Group 1 mice developed nephritogenic antibodies and proteinuria significantly earlier and at higher levels than controls. Direct correlation between BLyS and anti-C1q ( R2 = 0.6962, p < 0.0001) or anti-dsDNA ( R2 = 0.5953, p < 0.0001), and between anti-C1q and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies ( R2 = 0.5615, p < 0.0001) were found. Proteinuria-free and global survival rates were significantly lower in group 1 than in controls. Histological analyses showed more severe abnormalities in group 1 mice.

Estrogen administration is associated with increased levels of BLyS as well as of anti-C1q and anti-dsDNA antibodies, leading to accelerated glomerulonephritis and disease progression in NZB/WF1 mice.
From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Pineda M A , Eason R J , Harnett M M , Harnett W
Published: March 2015

Evidence from human studies suggests that parasitic worm infection can protect humans against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and this idea is strengthened by data generated in model systems. Although therapeutic use of parasitic worms is currently being explored, there are obvious benefits in pursuing drug development through identification and isolation of the ‘active ingredients’. ES-62 is a secreted glycoprotein of the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, which we have found to protect against the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. ES-62 activity is dependent on the inflammatory phenotype of the local environment and protection arises via inhibition of Th17- and γδT cell-dependent IL-17 production. At the same time, NK and NK T cell IL-17 production is left intact, and such selectivity suggests that ES-62 might make a particularly attractive therapeutic for RA. However, as a potentially immunogenic protein, ES-62 is unsuitable for development as a drug. Nevertheless, ES-62 activity is dependent on covalently attached phosphorylcholine (PC) residues and we have therefore produced a library of PC-based drug-like ES-62 small-molecule analogues (SMAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy. Screening this library, we have found an ES-62 SMA that mirrors ES-62 in protecting against CIA and by the same IL-17-dependent mechanism of action.
What Causes Medicine Shortages in Primary Health Centres?
Authors: Raut-Marathe Shweta , Sardeshpande Nilangi , Yakkundi Deepali
Published: March 2015

Availability of essential medicines in public health facilities is one of the issues of concern for effective health care delivery in Maharashtra. There are several implications of unavailability of medicines, such as unwarranted out-of-pocket expenditures and consequent indebtedness in some cases. Medicine unavailability is also one of the major reasons for lower utilization of the public health system. Thus, present study was undertaken to enhance understanding of the problem of medicine unavailability, as well as the process of indent and supply from the primary health centre (PHC) and other functional aspects linked with availability, such as inventory management and different sources of medicine supply. Using case study method, the study examines data from two PHCs in Pune district, Maharashtra. Findings of the study indicate several lacunae in the existing indent and supply system of medicines in Maharashtra. Some of the medicines were supplied through multiple sources and yet, these medicines were NIL in stock. Inventory management of the medicines was rather inadequate. Medicine supply system is not demand responsive. Hence, major reforms in the current medicine indent–supply system are essential to ensure adequate supply of medicines to the patients in the public health system.
Experienced Challenges in Prehospital Management
Authors: Nordby Halvor
Published: March 2015

The article presents an exploratory qualitative study of how managers of ambulance stations experience communication with employees working as authorized paramedics. The aim was to understand how the managers perceived challenges in this communication, and how they thought it was possible to meet these challenges.

Method:

The study involved semi-structured interviews with 20 managers, supplemented with observation studies in ambulance stations. The interviews were analyzed on the basis of a methodological reflective lifeworld approach, and compared to the participant observations of interaction between managers and employees.

Results:

The managers thought it was difficult to secure good communication. The reasons varied, but everybody referred to lack of time, knowledge gaps and unpredictable, hectic work schedules. This implied that employee dialogue often had to be brief and direct, and that it was difficult to conform to ideals of extensive communication. In the light of these challenges, the managers held that it was important to focus on attitudes, interpersonal relations and team building in order to develop well-functioning services.

Discussion:

It is challenging to implement modern ideals of communicative human resource management (HRM) in prehospital management. Practical limits justify communication practices with elements from top-down management (TDM). In recent management theory, TDM has been conceived of as a brutal and old-fashioned communication model, but it is sometimes necessary to use principles from TDM in prehospital management.

Conclusion:

In management theory, HRM is often presented as a communication model that health managers should conform to. This study suggests that HRM should not be implemented in all areas of health management. It is important to develop models that combine elements from HRM and TDM with ethical frameworks and team-building approaches, in order to capture the reality of health care services where lack of time and other resources are salient aspects. Such models can help managers to cope with difficult situations and should, therefore, be a focus area in health management theory.
Embracing Tensions in Corporate Sustainability
Authors: Van der Byl Connie A. , Slawinski Natalie
Published: March 2015

Corporate sustainability is rife with tensions as firms seek to balance often divergent economic, social, and environmental goals. To assess how tensions have been addressed in past research and to identify promising areas for pushing the literature forward, we conduct a comprehensive review of research in corporate sustainability from the past 11 years. We note four general approaches to how tensions are examined: through a win-win, trade-off, integrative, or paradox lens. The win-win approach looks for opportunities to reconcile social and/or environmental goals with economic goals, thus bypassing tensions, whereas a trade-off approach views such goals as being in conflict and requires that a choice be made between them. We find that scholars have also used an integrative approach to bring balance to the three elements of sustainability. More recently, a paradox approach, which seeks to understand the nature of tensions along with how actors work through them, provides an opportunity to evaluate complex sustainability issues and generate creative approaches to them. We call on scholars to build on paradox research, which explicitly addresses tensions in sustainability, and to extend conceptual work through empirical studies.
Organizational Perspectives of Industrial Symbiosis
Authors: Walls Judith L. , Paquin Raymond L.
Published: March 2015

Industrial symbiosis (IS) is a collaborative environmental action whereby firms share or exchange by-products, materials, energy, or waste as a way to economically reduce aggregate environmental impact. Research in IS has flourished over the past two decades, and the time is ripe for a coherent review of organizational perspectives on the topic, particularly since the practice of IS is rife with difficulties often attributed to “social” factors. We review the organizational perspectives found in IS literature using a two-dimensional framework considering the antecedents, consequences, lubricants, and limiters of IS assessed through institutional, network/system, organizational, and individual levels of analysis. Our framework highlights what organizational perspectives have been adopted so far and also points to avenues of future scholarship of this unique phenomenon.
Allies and Audiences
Authors: Briant Emma L.
Published: March 2015

This article discusses changes to what were seen by government planners as “out-dated” British and American propaganda systems following 9/11 and the Iraq War. It presents qualitative research examining how government propaganda strategies responded to global asymmetric threats in a post-9/11 media environment. The article draws on both documentary evidence and the accounts of elite sources from Britain and the United States including Public Relations professionals, journalists, and foreign policy, defense, and intelligence personnel. Recently, the intelligence contractor Edward Snowden revealed the extent to which the speed of adaptation in surveillance practices has left policy and oversight behind, raising concern over ethics, privacy, and transparency. The article will explore an adaptation of propaganda systems that also occurred unhindered by public debate. It will show how U.S. and U.K. Governments believed existing propaganda systems were not responding to the information environment and discusses legal, structural, and cultural issues in propaganda practices, post-9/11. Planners assisted in gradually changing structures and cultures of propaganda in both countries for reasons of operational effectiveness. The Anglo-American relationship will be highlighted as one tool capable of overcoming obstacles or restrictions in propaganda for purposes of counterterrorism. Interviews indicated that this was enabled by the countries’ different capabilities and weak legislative restrictions, which some highlighted as advantageous to planning. The article will consider the resilience of U.S./U.K. restrictions and governance of propaganda, highlighting areas for concern.
The Sovereign Base Areas: colonialism redivivus?
Authors: Clogg Richard
Published: March 2015

In 1960, following a bitter struggle, the British colonial power, agreed to concede a (qualified) independence to Cyprus. As the price of such independence, however, the UK government insisted on retaining sovereignty in perpetuity over two sovereign base areas, Dhekelia and Akrotiri, the largest Royal Air Force base outside the United Kingdom. These bases cover three per cent of the land area of the island. Such retention of control over part of a former colonial territory is unique in the history of British decolonization and has manifest consequences for the people of Cyprus.
Synthesis of ZnO nanowire array film on Mg doped gallium nitride substrate
Authors: Chen H. , Fang Y. , Qi Z. , Li S. , Huang X. , Tian Y.
Published: March 2015

ZnO nanowire array films, composed of well aligned ZnO nanowires ∼200 nm in diameter and 1 μm in length, were successfully synthesised on Mg doped gallium nitride by hydrothermal method. In addition, the films possess quite flatten surface. In the synthesised process, there was no catalyst that had been used. Growth conditions were comprehensively discussed in the process of aqueous solution method. It was found that the length of ZnO nanowires and the thickness of the film could be tunable by altering solution concentration and growth time. Such ZnO film assembled with vertically aligned nanowire may have potential applications as UV light emitting diodes.
Analysis of residual stresses in particulate reinforced aluminium matrix composite after EDM
Authors: Sidhu S. S. , Batish A. , Kumar S.
Published: March 2015

This paper reports the effect of properties of three types of particulate reinforced metal matrix composite materials (65 vol.-SiC/A356·2, 10 vol.--SiC–5 vol.- quartz/Al, 30 vol.-SiC/A359) and machining parameters on residual stresses induced in the machined surface during powder mixed electric discharge machining. Three electrode materials (Cu, Gr and Cu–Gr) and three machining parameters, namely, peak current and pulse (on/off) duration, are varied to determine the magnitude of induced residual stresses. The result shows that the workpiece, electrode material properties, and pulse off time significantly contribute in the formation of residual stresses. Concentration of reinforced particulates and matrix conductivity also play a vital role in the development of residual stresses. The deposition of disintegrated particles of composite electrode (Cu–Gr) results in high magnitude of residual stresses.
Impact of active screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and decolonization on MRSA infections, mortality and medical cost: a quasi-experimental study in surgical intensive care unit
Authors: Lee Yuarn-Jang , Chen Jen-Zon , Lin Hsiu-Chen , Liu Hsin-Yi , Lin Shyr-Yi , Lin Hsien-Ho , Fang Chi-Tai , Hsueh Po-Ren
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading pathogen of healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units (ICUs). Prior studies have shown that decolonization of MRSA carriers is an effective method to reduce MRSA infections in ICU patients. However, there is currently a lack of data on its effect on mortality and medical cost.

Methods

Using a quasi-experimental, interrupted time-series design with re-introduction of intervention, we evaluated the impact of active screening and decolonization on MRSA infections, mortality and medical costs in the surgical ICU of a university hospital in Taiwan. Regression models were used to adjust for effects of confounding variables.

Results

MRSA infection rate decreased from 3.58 (baseline) to 0.42‰ (intervention period) (P <0.05), re-surged to 2.21‰ (interruption period) and decreased to 0.18‰ (re-introduction of intervention period) (P <0.05). Patients admitted to the surgical ICU during the intervention periods had a lower in-hospital mortality (13.5% (155 out of 1,147) versus 16.6% (203 out of 1,226), P = 0.038). After adjusting for effects of confounding variables, the active screening and decolonization program was independently associated with a decrease in in-hospital MRSA infections (adjusted odds ratio: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.8) and 90-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.7 to 0.99). Cost analysis showed that $22 medical costs can be saved for every $1 spent on the intervention.

Conclusions

Active screening for MRSA and decolonization in ICU settings is associated with a decrease in MRSA infections, mortality and medical cost.
The Ensembl Regulatory Build
Authors: Zerbino Daniel R , Wilder Steven P , Johnson Nathan , Juettemann Thomas , Flicek Paul R
Published: March 2015

Most genomic variants associated with phenotypic traits or disease do not fall within gene coding regions, but in regulatory regions, rendering their interpretation difficult. We collected public data on epigenetic marks and transcription factor binding in human cell types and used it to construct an intuitive summary of regulatory regions in the human genome. We verified it against independent assays for sensitivity. The Ensembl Regulatory Build will be progressively enriched when more data is made available. It is freely available on the Ensembl browser, from the Ensembl Regulation MySQL database server and in a dedicated track hub.
Bone mineral density and carotid atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a controlled cross-sectional study
Authors: Ajeganova Sofia , Gustafsson Thomas , Jogestrand Tomas , Frostegård Johan , Hafström Ingiäld
Published: March 2015

Introduction

As osteoporosis is reported to be associated with atherosclerosis in the general population we examined the relationship between bone mass and carotid measurements in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and controls, and possible links between them in SLE.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, 111 SLE-patient were compared with 111 age- and sex-matched controls, mean age 48.7(12.9) years, 89% were women, of which 51% postmenopausal. Carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), carotid plaque occurrence and echogenicity were determined by B-mode ultrasound and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Results

BMD and cIMT were inversely associated both in patients and controls. Patients, but not controls, with carotid plaque had higher cIMT at low BMD than at normal BMD, p = 0.010. Logistic regression indicated more than doubled odds ratio (OR) of carotid plaque in patients, particularly in post-menopausal women, than in controls in relation to all BMD measurements. For low BMD at hip, significant increased OR for echolucent plaque was shown for patients compared with controls.

In patients, significant impact of age, body mass index, smoking, systolic blood pressure, blood lipids, diabetes mellitus, impaired renal function, low levels of complement C3 and C4, history of nephritis, SLE-damage index and ever use of antimalarial was found for association between BMD and higher cIMT and carotid plaque. In multivariate regression, low C4 was independent contributor to association between total BMD and upper cIMT tertile, accounted for OR (95% confidence interval) of 3.2 (1.03-10.01), and also for association with bilateral carotid plaque, OR of 4.8 (1.03-22.66). The contribution of low C4 for the association between BMD and carotid atherosclerosis was enhanced within the second and third tertiles of total BMD.

Conclusion

This study is the first to demonstrate inverse association between BMD and carotid measurements in both SLE-patients and controls. Our results suggest that SLE-patients may suffer higher burden of (sub)clinical atherosclerotic disease, especially presence of both echolucent and echogenic plaque, than controls with the same bone mineral status. Low complement C4 seems to play an important role in earlier development of carotid atherosclerosis already within (sub)normal ranges of total BMD in patients.
Workers’ Lunch Away from Home in the Paris of the Belle Epoque: The French Model of Meals as Norm and Practice
Authors: Bruegel Martin
Published: March 2015

This article expands the anthropological notion of the “proper meal” to account for the quantitative aspects of workers’ lunch away from home in Paris around 1900. It reconstructs the meals’ caloric content and shows that male workers had easier access than their female colleagues to what they considered a full repast. Yet not everybody behaved according to the French model of the structured meal, namely, appetizer, entrée, and dessert. A full-fledged takeout food sector offered alternatives to the French model and allowed consumers to distance themselves from norms. Many French scholars have accepted the canonical dietary model as self-evident, which has led to neglect of this more informal food space where cultural rules exerted a weaker hold on eating behavior. Attention to the cultural importance and the material content of the commercial midday meal around 1900 offers a starting point to examine the developments of food practices and body weights in the twentieth century.

En élaborant la notion anthropologique du « vrai repas » pour estimer le contenu calorique des déjeuners des ouvriers à l’extérieur autour de 1900, cette recherche montre que les hommes ont un accès plus facile que les femmes à ce qu’ils considèrent comme un repas roboratif. Mais tout le monde ne mange pas selon le modèle français du repas structuré en trois: hors d’œuvre, plat de résistance, dessert. Un secteur d’aliments à emporter propose des alternatives au modèle français et permet aux consommateurs de tenir les normes à distance. L’histoire ou le retour du refoulé: l’ethnocentrisme contemporain qui accepte le modèle canonique comme une évidence a fait négliger aux chercheurs français cet espace informel où les règles de la bienséance n’exercent qu’une influence limitée sur les pratiques alimentaires. L’oubli dans lequel est tombée l’histoire de cette nourriture de rue a permis d’interpréter l’émergence de la restauration rapide comme une manœuvre étrangère et de qualifier de « malbouffe » les mets qu’elle propose.
The Hidden Labor of Fair Trade
Authors: Lyon Sarah
Published: March 2015

In this article, Sarah Lyon explores the impact of fair trade on agricultural laborers within Latin America. She situates fair trade within regional processes of agrarian change, exploring how the movement and certification practices intersect with broader socioeconomic and political forces, paying close attention to fair trade's insertion into local, regional, and national contexts. The data come from three sources: the author's own research among small coffee producers in Guatemala and southern Mexico, related studies on contract labor within small producer fair trade value chains, and an exploration of fair trade standards for plantation production. In its current form, fair trade certification provides few identifiable advantages to waged agricultural laborers. It is critical that certifiers begin to explicitly acknowledge and strengthen the legal frameworks already in place to protect agricultural worker rights. Where these are inadequate, fair trade organizations can and should work with other stakeholders to change both norms and regulations.
Storm sudden commencements and earthquakes
Authors: Гульельми Анатолий , Guglielmi Anatol , Лавров Иван , Lavrov Ivan , Собисевич Алексей , Sobisevich Aleksey
Published: March 2015

We have investigated statistically the problem of possi-ble impact of the geomagnetic storm sudden com-mencement (SSC) on the global seismic activity. SSC are used as reference points for comparative analysis of seismicity by the method of superposed epoch. We se-lected 405 earthquakes from 1973 to 2010 with M≥5 magnitudes from a representative part of USGS Catalog. The comparative analysis of seismicity was carried out at the intervals of ±60 min relative to the reference point. With a high degree of reliability, it was found that before the reference point the number of earthquakes is noticeably greater than after it. In other words, the global seismicity is suppressed by SSC. We refer to some studies in which the chemical, thermal and force mechanisms of the electromagnetic field action on rocks are discussed. We emphasize the incompleteness of the study concerning the correlation between SSC and earthquakes because we still do not succeed in understanding and interpreting the relationship in terms of physics and mathematics. The study need to be continued to solve this problem of interest and importance.
Spectra of variations and cosmic ray anisotropy during GLE of June 11, 1991
Authors: Кравцова Марина , Kravtsova Marina , Сдобнов Валерий , Sdobnov Valeriy
Published: March 2015

We have studied variation spectra and cosmic-ray (CR) anisotropy, using the ground-based and satellite observations of the CR intensity on the worldwide network of stations during the ground level enhancement (GLE) of June 11, 1991. The spectro-graphic global survey has been used. Variation spectra of primary CRs at different moments of the event are presented. Note that the CR variation spectra during this period are not described by a power or an exponential function of particle rigidity. The maximum rigidity, up to which the protons were accelerated on June 11, 1991, was ~2.8 GV (06:00 UT; i.e., two hours after GLE started). We show relative variations in the CR intensity in the geocentric solar ecliptic coordinate system during certain periods of the event under study. On June 11, 1991, the bidirectional anisotropy dominated in the distribution of particles with rigidity of 4 GV and 10 GV, which implies that the Earth passed the loop-like IMF structure.
Spreading the word: Preventing trachoma through advocacy
Authors: Hassen Degu , Sarjine Gauri
Published: March 2015

Trachoma is a painful eye condition that is caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis. If left untreated, repeated infections cause the eyelid to turn inwards. This condition is known as trachomatous trichiasis, or blinding trachoma, and results in intense pain and scarring on the front of the eye that ultimately leads to blindness. To address the huge burden of trachoma in Ethiopia, CBM has collaborated with the Organization for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara to implement the Amhara Trachoma Control Program (ATCP) since 2006. In this article, Degu Hassen provides a personal account of his experiences as a trachoma patient and describes how attending a community awareness session led to his decision to undergo surgery.
Master Teaching
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: March 2015

In the first of two articles on what it means to be a ‘master teacher’, Matt Bromley looks at what research has shown us are some of the traits and virtues of effective teachers
Tree Growth Yield and Fruit Quality of Different Apple Cultivars Trained as Super Spindle
Authors: Kucuker Emine , Yildiz Kenan , Ozkan Yakup
Published: March 2015

This study was carried out on Topaz, Cooper 39 and Muscat apple cultivars grafted on M27 rootstocks under Tokat ecological conditions during 2008 - 2010. The trees planted in 2.0 m x 0.5 m row spacing (10,000 trees ha-1) and trained to super spindle (SS) training system. The vegetative development, yield and fruit quality performances of the trees supported by wire – pole combination were observed for three years. At the end of the experiment, it was determined that Cooper 39 had a higher trunk cross sectional area (TCA) than Topaz and Muscat. While cumulative yield (CY) per tree and cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) were determined to be the highest in Cooper 39, these values were found to be the lowest in Topaz. CY per hectare over the first three crop year was found to be the highest in Cooper 39 and the yield reached to 142.9 t.ha1. The lowest CY per hectare (69.6 ton ha-1) was determined in Topaz
Antibacterial Mechanism of The Ehyl Acetate Extracts From Naked Oat Again Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Yuan Li-Huan , Hu Qing-Ping , Xu Jian-Guo
Published: March 2015

The antibacterial mechanism of the ethyl acetate extracts from naked oat against Bacillus subtilis were studied in this paper based on assays such as cell wall alkaline phosphatase (AKP), permeability and integrity of cell membrane as well as electron microscopy observations. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extracts had significant effects on AKP, permeability and integrity of cell membrane. We concluded that the mechanism of action of the ethyl acetate extracts against B. subtilis might be described as:Acting on cell wall and membrane, resulting in disruption, cell lysis, and the leakage of intracellular constituents according to the results of AKP, the leakage of electrolytes, the losses of contents (proteins, reducing sugars and 260 nm absorbing materials) assays and electron microscopy observations. Overall, the results clearly indicated that the ethyl acetate extracts from naked oat was potential to control the contamination of foods caused by bacterial diseases
The Basque Lobby at the EU level: A matter of expertise and networks
Authors: Bienefeld Eric
Published: March 2015

Unexplored areas in EU literature regarding regional representational channels give impetus to the research. Novelty lies in the article’s concentration on reciprocal regional governmental and EU relations to prove that Regions with Legislative Competencies interact in EU decision-making, to influence it both formally and informally. It relies on a Multilevel Governance (MLG) approach, considering varying levels of influence of sub-state, state and supranational entities within the EU. The Basque Country’s high degree of autonomy and resources maximize its ability to influence policy. The article explores the most effective forms of representation and the policy areas where its activism has an impact.
Child pornography and the law: Of Good Report (2013). Reopening debates on secrecy, information and censorship
Authors: Tomaselli Keyan
Published: March 2015

The first cinema-release South African made film to be banned since the fall of apartheid was Of Good Report (2013). This article discusses the broader context of the banning, its unbanning, and the debates that occurred. These are linked to broader issues of freedom of media and democracy, of who gets to decide, and the nature of increasingly repressive state–civil society relations. Issues of censorship, regulation of images and audience agency are examined.
Everything but ‘ordinary’: Representations of Africa in film
Authors: Sakota-Kokot Tanja
Published: March 2015

This article examines four war-themed mainstream films about Africa – I Dreamed of Africa (Hugh Hudson, 2000), The Constant Gardener (Fernando Meirelles, 2005), Black Hawk Down (Ridley Scott, 2001) and Blood Diamond (Edward Zwick, 2006). The films were chosen because they present seemingly different representations of the African characters through their narrative strategies. The discussion will examine the representation of Western and African characters and how they function and interact with each other within a particular narrative context. The films remain centred on events that have occurred in Africa yet display typical features and characteristics of Hollywood film: the central characters are predominantly colonizers from the West who have entered Africa and interact from a hierarchical point of view with the land, the animals and the people. Drawing on Ndebele’s discussion on whether states in Africa can ever be represented as ‘ordinary’, this article will interrogate how the representation of both characters from Africa and the African setting contribute to the perceived notion that Africa can never be ‘ordinary’ and it will always be represented in extreme terms.
TIA (This is Africa!): Colonial violence in Edward Zwick’s Blood Diamond (2006)
Authors: Dokotum Okaka Opio
Published: March 2015

Blood Diamond is one of the recent Hollywood films that avoids the exotic representations of Africa of the colonial melodramas and even critiques western stereotypes about Africa, but as Curtis Keim asserts, ‘Hollywood stereotyping of Africa has become veiled rather than growing less prevalent’ (2009: 24–25). The code TIA (This is Africa) in the film summarizes the film’s representational logic of violence which implies that in Africa, violence is the order of the day. The image of Africa as a death-trap invokes memories of dystopian colonial literary discourse about Sierra Leone as ‘the white man’s grave’ (Phillips 2002). In this article I examine the treatment of violence in Blood Diamond to establish its complex patterns and motifs, and the racialized frame of representing violent death. I examine the lucrative nature of neocolonial violence for mercenaries, their African nation clients, and rebels, and what it says about the complexity of neocolonial violence in Africa.
Violence as a symbolic tool of enunciation: Film as an artistic response to Kenya’s socio-eco-political realities
Authors: Mugubi John
Published: March 2015

Most socio-political films in Kenya in the last decade manifest manifold shades of violence. By juxtaposing two films (Wale Watu and Pieces for Peace) that reflect the scenario in Kenya following the bungled elections of 27 December 2007 – films that exhibit obvious physical violence – against two more (Benta and Nairobi Half Life), that explore everyday violence in metropolises characterized by social inequalities. This article aims to evolve a practical framework for the evaluation of how dramatic craftsmanship on the theme of violence in these films operates to interpret the Kenyan social, cultural, economic and political experiences. A framework of this nature will provide us with grounds upon which we can make objective deductions and substantive statements about Kenyan films in this regard. The article examines the external and internal processes operating upon the characters in the film texts and the strategies the film-makers employ to bring out these processes. Such an analysis is crucial in the evaluation of the relationship between an aspect of form – character – and content in the Kenyan film. Characters in the four selected films are considered from a socio-political perspective. Guided by the belief that any committed art is inseparable from political and social realities in its function, the article looks at the film-makers as committed artists, and examines their use of film as a vehicle for evaluating society and enunciating their visions for their societies.
HIV and AIDS: The violence of visuality and the visuality of violence
Authors: Rwafa Urther , Mushore Washington
Published: March 2015

This article explores the expression of violence through verbal and visual representations of HIV and AIDS in the film ‘Musinsimuke’ which literary means ‘change’ (Markham, 2001). The epistemological understanding of violence embraces two important strands: the symbolic and the physical. These two facets are intertwined and feed into each other. The manifestations of violence are played out onto the body which is a contestable terrain that reflects possibilities for both hope and social abjectivity. Violence destabilizes the normal: it is the politics of representation in which people infected can be viewed as hopeless and useless, and destined for death. In its psychological dimension, violence is the unstable condition in which infected people may begin to undermine themselves instead of living positively with the disease by leading a healthy life. This article will argue that extreme cinematic representations of diseased bodies gloss over the realities and methods of preventing HIV and AIDS. We will also conceptualize the violence of representation as metaphorically depicting Zimbabwe as a contaminated nation, undergoing challenging times and in need of serious attention. Most donor-funded films have a tendency to hit out at the government by proffering macabre images of diseased bodies, creating stereotypes and reinforcing damaging myths about African sexuality. Such myths need to be challenged and deconstructed through visual images working as counter-cultures.
Análise de riscos no transporte rodoviário de combustíveis líquidos e gasosos em Portugal: relação entre a sinistralidade e o tráfego
Authors: Santos Teresa , Góis José Carlos
Published: March 2015

O transporte rodoviário de mercadorias perigosas em Portugal representa cerca de 10% do total de todas as mercadorias transportadas por estrada; destas, 70% dizem respeito a combustíveis líquidos e gasosos. Neste trabalho, identificam-se os perigos e analisa-se a sinistralidade no transporte de combustíveis nos últimos seis anos, tendo em conta a evolução do número de vítimas e a sua gravidade. São identificados os locais onde se registaram maior número de acidentes e procura-se estabelecer uma correlação entre a sinistralidade e os dados de tráfego nessas estradas.
Gestão da emergência em escolas
Authors: Cruz Rui M. , Batista João Santos , Tato Diogo Miguel
Published: March 2015

Neste artigo é apresentada uma abordagem intencionalmente facilitadora do processo de intervenção, em caso de emergência, em ambiente escolar. Tem por objectivo servir de suporte à decisão entre o momento de declaração da emergência e a chegada das autoridades. Para tal é apresentado um conjunto de protocolos desenhados especificamente para diferentes riscos naturais. Esta abordagem é dirigida a não-profissionais responsáveis, em cada organização, pela resposta à emergência.
Legislação urbanística e produção de riscos: o caso do Peu das Vargens (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil)
Authors: Name Leo , De Cássia Martins Montezuma Rita , Sesana Gomes Elisa
Published: March 2015

A partir de uma visão multidisciplinar (geografia, ecologia, direito urbano, arquitetura e urbanismo) este artigo pretende abordar os potenciais riscos relacionados ao recém-aprovado Plano Estruturação Urbana das Vargens (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). Esta avaliação será realizada observando-se os riscos potenciais em três dimensões: a jurídico-política, a urbano-arquitetónica e a geobiofísica.
Risco de inundações - uma metodologia para a sua cartografia
Authors: Sá Luis , Vicêncio Henrique
Published: March 2015

O risco de inundações é um dos mais importantes em Portugal, sendo provavelmente no século XX responsável por impactes económicos e sociais muito significativos. Uma carta que caracterize áreas vulneráveis a inundações será um instrumento que permitirá antecipar as reacções do território face a essas situações. A metodologia proposta procura enquadrar diversas dinâmicas naturais com tradução territorial e que hoje podem ser integradas em múltiplos conjuntos de dados espaciais nos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG).
Avaliação de riscos: comparação entre vários métodos de avaliação de risco de natureza semi-quantitativa
Authors: Carvalho Filipa , Bettencourt Melo Rui
Published: March 2015

Este artigo objectiva dar a conhecer os resultados de um estudo, realizado no âmbito do mestrado em Ergonomia na Segurança no Trabalho, o qual se centrou na análise comparativa entre 10 métodos de avaliação de risco, de natureza semi-quantitativa. Com este estudo, pretendeu-se investigar se o Nível de Risco obtido pelos 10 métodos era idêntico para cada um dos riscos previamente identificados e se o Tipo de Risco identificado poderia influenciar o Nível de Risco obtido por esses mesmos métodos.