bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Does Self-Efficacy Influence Pain Perception,
Postural Stability and Range of Motion in
Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain?
Authors: Touche Roy La
Published: February 2021

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal problem among
adults. Individuals with chronic LBP (CLBP) can present a psychological disorder and a lack of pain
self-efficacy.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the process of repetition-induced
summation of activity-related pain, the lumbar range of motion, and the postural stability of
patients with non-specific LBP (NSLBP) based on their level of self-efficacy.
Study Design: This research used a descriptive, cross-sectional study design.
Methods: This research included 60 patients with NSCLBP. Patients were classified as having
“high” or “low” self-efficacy based on a median split of scores on the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy
Scale. All patients received a sociodemographic questionnaire, a psychological self-reported
measures (Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia; Pain Catastrophizing Scale; Rumination subscale,
Magnification subscale; Helplessness subscale; Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; FearAvoidance Belief Questionnaire; Physical Activity subscale; Work subscale); and completed the
Temporal Summation Lifting Task, Lumbar Range of Motion, and Multi-Directional Functional
Reach Test (MDFRT).
Results: The results indicated that the low self-efficacy group had a shorter lumbar range of
motion and lower postural stability, in addition to greater pain intensity in the temporal summation
lifting task, compared with the high self-efficacy group. The analysis showed that the strongest
correlation for the high self-efficacy was between fear of movement and the temporal summation
lifting task, and greater scores at the psychological questionnaires, compared with the high selfefficacy group (r = 0.711; P < 0.01). The strongest correlations found for the low self-efficacy
group, showed a positive relationship between pain catastrophizing and the temporal summation
lifting task (r = 0.765; P < 0.01), and a strong negative association between pain catastrophizing
for the magnification subscale and lumbar range of motion (r = -0.759; P < 0.01).
Limitations: The results of this study should be interpreted with caution because of its crosssectional design, and therefore causal relationships cannot be established. A significant limitation
of the study is that patients’ physical activity levels were not assessed, which could have influenced
their ability to perform motor tasks at the perceived difficulty and fear level.
Conclusions: The high self-efficacy group had less pain in the temporal summation lifting task,
a greater range of motion, and a greater functional range, in addition to a lower influence of
psychological factors.
Key words: Low back pain, chronic pain, self-efficacy, temporal summation, range of motion,
postural stability, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing, low back disability
Radiation Dose Practice Audit of 6,234
Fluoroscopically-Guided Spinal Injections
Authors: Cohen Stuart L.
Published: February 2021

Background: Fluoroscopic imaging guidance is frequently used in performing spinal interventional
techniques. Reference level standards are a quality improvement tool to help reduce radiation dose
and serve as benchmarks for physicians and their technologists to achieve reasonable radiation
exposure while performing fluoroscopically-guided spinal procedures. There are limited data
describing radiation dose for musculoskeletal injections - in particular, spinal injections without any
published reference standards.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to perform a practice audit of radiation doses of
fluoroscopically-guided spinal injections to establish preliminary reference levels as a quality
improvement tool for potential use in future radiation reduction measures.
Study Design: Retrospective, observational study.
Settings: An academic-based subspecialty, high volume pain medicine practice.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of 6,234 spinal injections of 9 different types performed
by experienced practitioners between January and December 2012 was conducted under an
institutional review board’s approval with HIPAA compliance and waiver of informed consent.
Cumulative radiation dose (in mGy) and exposure time (in seconds) distributions (percentiles) as
displayed on the C-arm were calculated per injection for each type of fluoroscopically-guided
spinal injection. Confidence intervals for the dose distributions were determined by using bootstrap
resampling and were used to determine preliminary reference levels.
Results: Proposed preliminary reference levels of cumulative radiation dose (in mGy) and exposure
time (in seconds) for fluoroscopically-guided spinal interventional procedures are provided for
lumbar transforaminal (13 mGy, 30 s), cervical transforaminal (6 mGy, 49 s), caudal epidural (12
mGy, 23s), cervical facet injection (3 mGy, 36 s), lumbar facet injection (9 mGy, 20s), interlaminar
(13mGy, 39s), lumbar radiofrequency denervation (7 mGy, 17s), lumbar sympathetic block (21
mGy, 39s), cervical medial branch block (2 mGy, 25 s), lumbar medial branch block (4 mGy, 12s)
and sacroiliac joint injections (18 mGy, 37s).
Limitations: Study performed at a single subspecialty institution using only one type of C-arm
which limits generalizability.
Conclusions: Radiation doses and preliminary reference levels of fluoroscopically-guided
interventional spine procedures performed by experienced practitioners are made available without
correction for body habitus or field of view, magnification or subtraction techniques or continuous
vs pulsed mode. A registry of radiation-dose data for fluoroscopically-guided interventional spine
procedures would be the next step to refine this data.
Key Words: Spinal procedures, radiation dose, patient safety
Prevalence of Extreme Trait Sensory Profiles
and Personality Types in Nonspecific Chronic
Low Back Pain with Predominant Central
Sensitization: Secondary Analysis of an
International Observational Study
Authors: Clark Jacqui R.
Published: February 2021

Background: Individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) and central sensitization
(CS) exhibit sensory hypersensitivity that may be related to pre-existing trait characteristics. Sensory
profiles and trait anxiety-related characteristics have sensory sensitivity in common with CS.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to observe the prevalence of 4 personality types
and extreme scores of 4 trait sensory profiles in people with NSCLBP and predominant CS; and 2)
to compare these between 2 subgroups based on high and low self-reported CS symptoms.
Study Design: An international cross-sectional observational study was undertaken.
Setting: Adults (n = 165; mean age = 45 ± 12 standard deviation) were recruited from
physiotherapy clinics across 3 countries and 2 continents.
Methods: The inclusion criteria were: NSCLBP, aged 18-64 years, with clinically identified
predominant CS pain, without specific pathology. The outcome measures were: Central
Sensitization Inventory (CSI), Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile, State/Trait Anxiety Inventory, and
Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Descriptive and comparative statistics were used.
Results: CSI scores ranged from 19-79 (mean = 50). There was a high prevalence of extreme 1)
trait sensory hyper- and, unexpectedly, hyposensitivity profile scores (P < 0.001) and Defensive High
Anxious personality type (P < 0.01) in the high-CSI (CSI ≥ 40; 78%) subgroup, and 2) trait sensory
hyposensitivity profile scores (P < 0.01) and Repressor personality type (P < 0.01) in the low-CSI
subgroup (CSI < 40; 22%).
Limitations: Self-report measures only were used; limited demographics.
Conclusions: To our knowledge, these results are the first to demonstrate extreme trait sensory
profiles and personality types in people with NSCLBP and predominant CS. A subgroup who reports
low levels of CS symptoms may have a hyposensitive sensory profile and Repressor personality
type. Further study is required to investigate the extent to which these trait characteristics may
predict CS symptoms in people with NSCLBP.
Key words: Central sensitization, nonspecific chronic low back pain, prevalence of extreme trait
characteristics, sensory profiles, trait anxiety-related personality types
The Effect of Speed of Normal Saline Injection
on Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Thoracic
Epidural Anesthesia
Authors: Hong Ji Hee
Published: February 2021

Background: Intracranial pressure (ICP) is affected after epidural saline solution or local anesthetic
injection. Both ICP and epidural pressures have been shown to reach peak pressure just after
epidural injection and begin decline thereafter. Measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD)
through ultrasonography is one of the noninvasive methods used for ICP assessment.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the speed of epidural saline
injection on the ONSD under awake conditions.
Study Design: Prospective randomized trial.
Setting: An interventional pain management practice in South Korea.
Methods: This study included 40 patients receiving thoracic epidural catheterization for pain
management after upper abdominal or thoracic surgery. Following successful epidural space
confirmation, patients were randomized to receive epidural saline infusion with a speed of either
1 mL/second (slow speed, A group) or 3 mL/second (rapid speed, B group), respectively. For the
measurement of ONSD, transorbital sonography was performed and ONSD was measured at 3 mm
posterior to the optic nerve head.
Results: The A and B groups showed significant increases in ONSD according to time. Post hoc
analysis of this result revealed that ONSD at T10 and T30 were significantly increased from baseline
values (T0) (*P < 0.05 vs. T0; +P < 0.001 vs. T0). The mean values at any of the time points and
degree of changes (T1-T0, T10-T0, and T30-T0) in ONSD between groups A and B did not show
any significance.
Limitations: We could not confirm the time of normalization of ONSD after the end of epidural
injection of normal saline.
Conclusions: Thoracic epidural injection of 10 mL of normal saline solution resulted in a
significant increase of ONSD compared to baseline, however, the speed of injection did not affect
the increase of ONSD.
Key words: Epidural, saline, optic nerve, diameter
A Novel Method of Locating Foramen Ovale
for Percutaneous Approaches to the Trigeminal
Ganglion
Authors: Lee Sung Hyun
Published: February 2021

Background: For patients with trigeminal neuralgia who do not respond to medication and
for whom surgical approaches are too risky, percutaneous procedures targeting the trigeminal
ganglion are the current standard treatment. Percutaneous procedures are performed via
the transoval approach under radiologic guidance. Identification of the foramen ovale (FO)
under fluoroscopic guidance is an important part of determining the success or failure of the
procedures.
Objectives: Previous studies have described how to visualize the FO under fluoroscopic
guidance, but those methods are limited by poor reproducibility. In this study, we have
investigated how to visualize the FO clearly and easily under fluoroscopic guidance.
Study Design: Retrospective analysis.
Setting: University hospital in Korea.
Methods: Seventy-two 3-dimensional facial computed tomography scans without anatomic
abnormalities of the skull base were analyzed for verifying the novel method. First, the
mandibular angle and the occipital cortical line were overlapped and then turned by 15° oblique
rotation using the software package. After these manipulations, the visualization of the FO
was graded according to a 4-point scale (0: poor; 1: fair; 2: good; 3: excellent), and the inferior
transfacial and oblique angles were measured.
Results: This enabled clear visualization of the FO. The mean visual grade of 54 right and 46
left FO (total 100) was 2.74 (0: poor; 1: fair; 2: good; 3: excellent). All recorded FOs had at least
grade 2 visibility.
Limitations: This study is lacking application in clinical practice and comparative data to the
submental view.
Conclusions: The mandible angle and the occipital cortex line are obvious anatomic landmarks
and are visible even to nonexperienced practitioners. Therefore, our method using these
anatomic landmarks can improve the reproducibility and accuracy of FO visualization.
Key words: Trigeminal neuralgia, foramen ovale, trigeminal ganglion, 3-dimensional (3D)
facial computed tomography (CT) scans
High Level of Childhood Trauma Predicts a Poor
Response to Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic
Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Määttä Jaakko
Published: February 2021

Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) relieves pain by delivering doses of electric current to
the dorsal column of the spinal cord and has been found to be most effective in the treatment of
neuropathic pain. Psychological distress is a significant risk factor for the development of chronic
pain and has been found to affect the outcome of SCS. Childhood trauma is a risk factor for
chronic pain, but has not previously been studied in SCS patients.
Objectives: The objective of this prospective registry-based study was to investigate the
prevalence of 5 domains of childhood trauma (emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical
neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse) and their relationship with the outcome of spinal cord
stimulation on patients suffering from treatment-resistant chronic pain.
Methods: SCS patients treated at Kuopio University Hospital between 1/1/2015 and 12/31/2016
were sent a survey in the mail, the Trauma and Distress Scale, assessing childhood trauma (n = 43).
Neuropathic pain, disability, anxiety, and depression were measured in the patients pre-surgery and
at 6 and 12 months post-surgery. The patients who provided their name on the questionnaire (n =
22) and had suffered from 3 or more domains of trauma were grouped as the high-trauma group
(n = 13) and the rest as the low-trauma group (n = 9).
Results: The questionnaire was completed by 40 patients (93%). At least 1 domain of trauma was
experienced by 35 (88%) patients, and at least 2 by 24 (60%). The low-trauma group displayed
a statistically significant decrease in the mean PainDETECT score from 21.5 before SCS to 16.5 at
12 months post-surgery (Wilk’s lambda = 0.297, F(2,9) = 10.6, P = 0.004), contrary to the hightrauma group (Wilk’s lambda = 0.904, F(2,6) = 0.3, P = 0.739).
Limitations: Only 22 of the 40 patients provided their name on the questionnaire, which
decreased the sample size on follow-up.
Conclusion: This was the first study to investigate childhood trauma in SCS patients. Patients
who had experienced high amounts of childhood trauma did not experience any relief from
neuropathic pain 12 months’ post-SCS, contrary to the low-trauma group. Childhood trauma
might be a factor worth screening in the preoperative evaluation and aftercare of SCS candidates.
Key words: Spinal cord stimulation, the Trauma and Distress Scale, chronic pain, childhood
trauma, childhood abuse, childhood neglect, chronic back pain, back pain, psychological distress,
neuropathic pain
Evaluation of Opioid Prescribing Habits Based
on Analysis of a State Prescription Drug
Monitoring Program
Authors: Alexander John C.
Published: February 2021

Background: The current opioid epidemic is perhaps the greatest public health crisis in the
United States. Although multiple factors led to the rise of this epidemic, it is without question
associated with the rise in opioid prescribing.
Objectives: Better understanding of the opioid prescribing may provide insights into populationlevel trends contributing to this epidemic, and opportunities to decrease the magnitude of opioid
overdose-related death. Therefore we assessed trends in opioid prescribing habits based on analysis
of the Texas Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) and geographic, ethnic, and incomerelated data from the US Census Bureau.
Study Design: Multiple linear regression analysis of Texas PDMP and US Census Bureau data
were performed to assess for correlations to opioid prescribing based on geographic, ethnic,
income, and time-related variables.
Setting: All controlled substances prescribed in the state of Texas from April 2015 to May 2018
were analyzed.
Methods: We obtained data from the Texas PDMP for all controlled substances from April 2015
to May 2018. We performed multiple linear regression analysis of these data along with US Census
Bureau data to assess for correlations based on geographic, ethnic, income, and time-related
variables. We hypothesized that there would be substantial variability in opioid prescribing habits
based on geographic, ethnic, and economic variables.
Results: Approximately 200 million pills of controlled substances were prescribed per month over
the studied time frame. Overall, high geographic variability was noted, and this strongly correlated
to race and ethnicity. Opioid prescribing increased along with the proportion of white residents
within a county, but a similar negative correlation was noted with increasing Hispanic population
proportion. This correlation was noted throughout the study period, but up until 2017, lower
income levels among higher white population had even higher correlation with increased opioid
prescribing. Cumulative opioid prescriptions throughout the state fell beginning in 2017.
Limitations: This analysis does not include opioids obtained illicitly or from prescriptions outside
the state of Texas. The specificity of geographic data are limited to the county level due to irregular
entry of zip code data by prescribing pharmacies.
Conclusions: In the state of Texas over the studied time period, there was strong correlation
for higher rates of opioid prescribing as white population increased despite overall decreased
opioid prescribing starting in 2017. Until 2017, this correlation grew stronger as low-income white
population increased.
Key words: Opioid, opioid epidemic, opioid utilization
Depression Trends in Patients with Chronic Pain:
An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample
Authors: Orhurhu E-Vwaire
Published: February 2021

Background: Depression remains a major public health issue that affects the lives of many
worldwide, including patients with chronic pain. Comorbidities like depression have been
associated with decreased quality of sleep, decreased enjoyment of life activities, increased
anxiety, and decreased efficacy in treatments among patients with chronic pain. Despite these
associations, the trends and demographic characteristics of patients with chronic pain with
depression is yet to be investigated.
Objectives: To investigate the trends and demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients
with chronic pain with comorbid depression from years 2011 to 2015 in the United States.
Study Design: This was an observational study.
Setting: Patients were identified from a Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database
called National Inpatient Sample (NIS) documentation.
Methods: Patients were identified from the NIS database using International Classification
of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision (ICD-9 and ICD-10) diagnosis codes for chronic pain and
comorbid depression from years 2011 to 2015.
Results: Between 2011 and 2015, an estimated 9.3 million patients with chronic pain
were identified. Of this cohort, 2.2 million patients (22.9%) were diagnosed with comorbid
depression. The estimated number of patients with depression varied from 399,865 (22.6%)
in 2011 to 421,490 (23.1%) in 2015 (P = 0.13). From 2011 to 2015, there was a significant
upward trend of depression among blacks (8.1 ± 0.42% to 9.7 ± 0.27%), patients aged 65 to
84 years (29.0 ± 0.39% to 32.4 ± 0.23%), Medicare insured patients (56.1 ± 0.54% to 58.5 ±
0.29%), Medicaid insured patients (14.7 0.4% to 17.1 ± 0.24%), and patients from zip code
areas with lowest annual household income (29.2 ± 1.3% to 32.0 ± 0.59%). Among patients
with depression, the adjusted total hospitalization cost increased from $43,584 in 2011 to
$49,923 in 2015 (P < 0.001), with average length of hospital stay stable around 5.05 ± 0.02
days. Most patients were discharged home or with self-care compared with short-term facility
(57.9 ± 0.14% vs. 2.0 ± 0.03%).
Limitations: Large database research comes with several limitations. The NIS database does
not contain variables that can evaluate disease severity such as depression. In addition, the
NIS database is highly dependent on the selection and report accuracy of the appropriate
diagnostic ICD codes. These estimates could be imprecise from over or underestimation of the
number of patients with chronic pain with comorbid depression.
Conclusions: These findings from the present investigation suggest that depression in
patients with chronic pain remained stable from 2011 to 2015, with the majority of patients
identified as women, white, and ages 45 to 65 years.
Key words: Chronic pain, depression, National Inpatient Sample
Endoscope-Assisted Minimally Invasive
Interlaminar Lumbar Decompression for Spinal
Stenosis
Authors: Park Chan Hong
Published: February 2021

Background: Lumbar stenosis is characterized by a narrowing of the spinal canal in association
with progressive degenerative changes in the lumbar spine and surrounding structures, including
hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (LF).
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of endoscope-assisted
interlaminar lumbar decompression (EILD) for patients with lumbar stenosis and hypertrophy of
the LF.
Study Design: Retrospective study.
Setting: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Neurosurgery at Wooridul Spine
Hospital.
Methods: A total of 51 patients were enrolled in this study. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline
and at 2 weeks and 6 months postprocedure via the Numeric Rating Scale, Oswestry Disability
Index (ODI), and Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ).
Results: Mean posttreatment pain scores at 2 weeks and 6 months were significantly lower, and
ODI scores were significantly decreased compared with baseline. ZCQ scores were also significantly
decreased compared with pretreatment surveys. Two patients required reoperation within one
month. At postprocedure 6 months, a ≥ 50% reduction in pain score was recorded in 26 (80%)
of 51 patients, and there was ≥ 40% reduction in ODI score in 82% of patients. No serious
complications including epidural bleeding, dural or neural injuries, or infection were recorded.
Limitations: This study lacked secondary outcome substantiation. In addition, the follow-up
period was short (< 6 months), and no patients had postprocedure magnetic resonance imaging.
The number of patients was also small.
Conclusions: EILD provided good outcomes and may be a reasonable treatment option for
carefully selected patients with hypertrophy of the LF.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for
Lumbar Disc Herniation with Modic Changes via a
Transforaminal Approach: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Li Ya-Wei
Published: February 2021

Background: The surgical selection for patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with
Modic changes (MCs) is still contentious. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy via a
transforaminal approach (TF-PELD) as a representative minimally invasive spine surgery technique
for LDH has been standardized. However, its efficacy has not been thoroughly described in the
patients with LDH with MCs.
Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes of TF-PELD in the
treatment of LDH and MCs.
Study Design: Retrospective study.
Setting: Inpatient surgery center.
Methods: From January 2015 to December 2016, 276 patients with LDH showing normal or
MCs signals in their bone marrow in our hospital were enrolled in this retrospective study. All
patients suffered low back and leg pain because of LDH and underwent the TF-PELD procedure.
Clinical outcomes were assessed according to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for back pain and
leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for functional status assessment, and modified MacNab
criteria for patient satisfaction.
Results: A total of 182 patients showed normal intensity, 44 patients showed Modic type 1
signals, and 50 patients showed Modic type 2 signals before surgery. The postoperative VAS
and ODI scores were significantly improved compared with those preoperatively among the
groups. In the Modic type 1 and 2 signals groups, however, the postoperative VAS scores for
back pain and ODI scores showed an upward trend with the follow-up time extending. The
recurrence rates were 4.4%, 9.1%, and 8.0% in the normal, Modic type 1 and 2 signals groups,
respectively. The recurrence rates and satisfaction rates showed no significant difference among
the groups at the final follow-up.
Limitations: This study has a small sample size and the follow-up period was too short. There
is no comparison with other therapeutic options such as fusion surgery or the lack of any other
treatment.
Conclusions: TF-PELD is an option for treatment of patients with LDH even if the patients
show MCs. However, the postoperative back pain and functional status have the trend of
deterioration with the time extending in patients with MCs, especially in the Modic type 1
signals
Projeto piloto de implantação de uma cozinha cetogênica para tratamento de epilepsia refratária
Authors: Neri Lenycia de Cassya Lopes , Vieira Rafaela Rodrigues , Santana Sabrina Moura Mercham de , Sampaio Letícia Pereira de Brito
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: verificar alterações no consumo alimentar e hábitos de vida em pacientes com fibrose cística brasileiros durante o período de isolamento social devido a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: pesquisa transversal com levantamento de dados por meio de questionário elaborado pela equipe de nutricionistas especialistas no tratamento de pacientes com fibrose cística, com questões referentes às manifestações respiratórias recentes de pacientes ou familiares, alterações nos hábitos de aquisição e compras de alimentos e alterações quanto ao consumo de grupos alimentares e suplementos. Os dados foram tabulados e foi realizada uma análise descritiva. Resultados: 40,34% das famílias de pacientes com fibrose cística mudaram os hábitos de compras de alimentos, cerca de 40% dos pacientes diminuíram a prática de atividade física e aumentaram o tempo de uso de telas em mais de 50% durante o período da pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusões: Apesar de algumas dificuldades relacionadas à aquisição dos alimentos e alterações em hábitos de vida, houve manutenção do consumo alimentar da maioria dos grupos alimentares e suplementos pelos pacientes pediátricos com fibrose cística brasileiros durante o isolamento social devido a pandemia de COVID-19.
Descritores: Dieta cetogênica; Epilepsia; Educação alimentar e nutricional.
CORONA VIRUS, CHILD LABOUR AND IMPERFECT MARKET IN INDIA
Authors: Dr. Ipsita Priyadarsini Pattanaik
Published: February 2021

The objective of the study is to analyse impact of corona virus in child labour in India. Covid-19 pandemic has created a big challenge in front of the world and India its negative impact on the economy has also created the possibilities of an increase in child labour. One impact would be an increase in the number of child workers. Along with the health crisis, and the economic and labour market shock that the pandemic has generated, the vulnerability of millions to child labour is another issue that merits serious attention. Already, there are 152 million child labourers worldwide. Despite the prohibition of engagement of children below the age of 14 in all occupations, India alone is home to 10.1 million child labourers in the age group 5-14 years Census 2011. As per the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy’s (CMIE) weekly tracker survey, the impact of COVID-19 has already pushed the urban unemployment rate to 30.9% as on April 5, which was 8.21% on March 15 estimates show that about 400 million informal workers in India may not get back their livelihood status for a longer period in the near future
KEYWORDS:- Child labour, Covid-19, Health, Unemployment, Work
Race Re(con)figurations through Speculative & Environmental Futurity
Authors: Genidogan Katerina
Published: February 2021

This article argues that climate change prediction and projection of dystopic futures have affected processes of race re(con)figuration through the logic of development and disaster risk management. It argues for an epistemological shift in our understanding of race that passes through space, and most importantly, time, and situates the analysis of race within chronobiopolitics that is used as a framework to explain the rationales and mechanisms of evolution, development, and adaptation. In this context, the article attempts to delineate the shift from endless progress to sustainability and eventually adaptation. By analysing the rhetoric and images in specific reports, videos, action plans, and frameworks related to climate change predictions and weather-related disasters in Africa, it attempts to show how the fictioning and preemption of predatory futures creates a fertile ground for resilience building through the production of a racial(ising) affect that favours the proliferation of market dystopias.
Localization, Distribution and Structure of Muscle Fibres Using Specific Antibody Markers in the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822)
Authors: Saud Hussein A. , Alshami Ilham J.J. , Cooper Ruth
Published: February 2021

The zebrafish Danio rerio is a popular model species  for genetic and early development studies. It is relatively easy to maintain in laboratory, has a high fecundity rate and produces transparent embryos. Here, we characterise muscle development in early life stage zebrafish using paraffin sections of embryos and larvae treated with haematoxylin and eosin staining, and whole mount fluorescent immunohistochemistry. We found variations in the distribution of muscle mass throughout the body, with the greatest proportion of muscle mass found in the tail. Our data also showed for the first time the reaction of antibodies (protein expression) in muscle at early life stages of development. Whole mount fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining with three markers (PAX7, MF20 and F59) suggests that muscle development starts even earlier than previously suggested at the embryonic stage (1 dpf).
Analisis Penerapan Generic Strategies pada Perusahaan (Studi Kasus pada PT Madubaru)
Authors: Suryatimur Kartika Pradana , Khabibah Nibras Anny , Giovanni Axel
Published: February 2021

This study aims to analyze the implementation of generic strategies implemented by the company. The strategy adopted by the company affects the company's position in competition. The research method used is descriptive qualitative case studies. This study uses investment data from PT Madubaru during 2008 - 2017. The data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data includes the results of interviews, and secondary data includes audited company financial reports. The results of this study indicate that companies cannot reduce production costs by simply improving technology to gain a competitive advantage through cost leadership. The company's failure to reduce production costs was due to the lack of availability of easy and cheap raw materials. Achieve a competitive advantage through cost leadership must meet the requirements, namely; minimizing costs, cheap raw materials, and utilizing appropriate technology.
SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI PERSEDIAAN BARANG BERBASIS KOMPUTER PADA BAGIAN GUDANG DI SEKOLAH CINTA KASIH JAKARTA
Authors: Siregar Saut Aleksius
Published: February 2021

Technology development has a very important role in information management. Processing information related to large and fast inventory flows in a company certainly requires accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of information systems. This problem is experienced by the Sekolah Cinta Kasih in the activities of those who still use the manual recording system. The type of research used is descriptive research with a case study approach. By doing a series of system analysis, the author intends to design a computerized inventory information system. The system uses Microsoft Access 2010 which is capable of being operated in a Microsoft Windows XP operating system or a higher version of Windows.The computerized information system is expected to provide various facilities for the warehouse in processing database information and reports that are accurate, fast, and efficient. And minimize errors in inventory control. The new system design aims to prevent errors in the Accounting Information System Inventory by the Cinta Kasih School.
KOMPARASI METODE INTERPOLASI UNTUK SISTEM PENGENALAN SEL DARAH PUTIH
Authors: Lina Lina , Anthony Kelly
Published: February 2021

The over time role of technology becomes very important. That is because the function of technology is to facilitate human work. Because human needs are increasingly complex, technological developments are created in such a way as to meet human needs. The experts in the medical field are currently very dependent on technology to do their jobs, in order to obtain effective and efficient results. Application system designed aims to help experts in the medical field to diagnose diseases through introduction to white blood cell types. The recognition system was developed using the Nearest Feature Line (NFL) method. In this NFL method, characteristic lines are formed using the method of linear interpolation, linear spline, quadratic spline, and cubic spline. Aside from introducing an introduction system, this paper also discusses comparisons between interpolation methods to form characteristic lines. The test was carried out using FTI Untar Pattern Recognition laboratory blood cell data. The test results show that the formation of characteristic lines using the linear interpolation method provides better recognition results compared to the spline interpolation method.
PENGEMBANGAN APLIKASI WEB BERBASIS FLEXBOX UNTUK PENGELOLAAN JADWAL PRODUKSI DAN DOKUMEN DIGITAL MENGGUNAKAN FRAMEWORK BULMA DI PT. GRAMEDIA
Authors: Gunadi Goldie
Published: February 2021

PT. Gramedia is the largest printing service provider company in Indonesia. Besides in Jakarta, PT. Gramedia also opened several branches / sites in several regions, namely: Cikarang, Bandung, Surabaya, Medan, Bawen, Bali, Makassar and Palembang. The problem in this research is the process of delivering production schedule information and sending digital documents which are still carried out by production administration officers using fax machines, electronic mail (e-mail) and also messaging applications such as whatsapp. So that the production process at each site can run and well-coordinated applications are needed that can handle the production process and digital documents in PDF format that are needed as supporting information for centralized production. The application made consists of flexbox-based web applications and can be accessed by every user quickly and easily. The Bulma framework is needed so that the web application development process becomes faster and more efficient, because Bulma provides various libraries and web application components needed. The resulting web application can solve the problem of PT. Gramedia, easy to use, has a responsive display with an attractive layout and has compatibility with various mobile devices in use today.
Sales, Acquisitions, and Mergers of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies
Authors: McLeod Alyssa K.
Published: February 2021

Direct-to-consumer genetic tests have become increasingly popular in the United States within the last few years. However, these tests pose many risks to the consumer, most notably privacy risks. A subset of these privacy risks involves the issue of company mergers, acquisitions, and sales. Many companies in the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market have privacy policies that contain a variation of a “business transfer” clause. These clauses specify that in the event the company goes through a business transition such as a sale, merger, or acquisition, the consumer’s personal information—including the consumer’s DNA—will be among the assets transferred. This Article explores the risks associated with these business transfer clauses as they relate to the consumer, and presents a solution to mitigate said risks. The solution lies in FTC v. Toysmart, wherein a toy company that filed for bankruptcy was restricted in selling its assets—which included its customers’ personal data— only to entities with the same interests as the toy company. This Article urges that the default interpretation standard of business transfer clauses track similarly such that a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company may only be sold to, merged with, or acquired by a company with the same or like interests.
El urbicidio y la memoria en los cuentos “Noviembre, la madre, 1936” y “Nubes de polvo y humo” de Juan Eduardo Zúñiga
Authors: Pasero-O’Malley Anthony
Published: February 2021

Los cuentos de Juan Eduardo Zúñiga sobre la guerra civil española, en los cuales el autor hace hincapié en las vidas de los habitantes de la ciudad mientras navegan por el caos bélico y la destrucción de la capital sitiada y bombardeada, marcaron un hito en la producción literaria sobre la contienda desde la publicación de la primera colección en 1980. Con el apoyo de los enfoques teóricos sobre el urbicidio desarrollados por Martin Coward y las trayectorias por el espacio urbano, este estudio propone un análisis de dos cuentos de Largo noviembre de Madrid, “Noviembre, la madre, 1936” y “Nubes de polvo y humo”, para explorar las técnicas estilísticas y temáticas, examinando tanto sus vínculos con los otros cuentos de la colección como sus propios nexos de unión. En sus recorridos y trayectorias por determinadas calles y avenidas desoladas por los bombardeos, los protagonistas de los dos cuentos reivindican el papel de la memoria en el desarrollo de la psique humana. Al transitar de forma intencionada por la capital reafirman cómo los recuerdos y las vivencias personales atribuidas a los lugares y espacios urbanos funcionan como estrategia de resistencia política y memorística contra el olvido y la aniquilación.
Prueba 9
Authors: Martí Ronda
Published: February 2021

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DEMOCRATIC-POLITICAL CULTURE AND AUTHORITARY SYNDROME IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
Authors: Никифоров Максим Александрович , Танцура Марина Сергеевна
Published: February 2021

В статье исследуется вопрос места и роли авторитарного синдрома в формировании демократической политической культуры Российской Федерации. Исследуется проблема становления современной российской политической культуры, выделяются основные черты авторитарного синдрома, рассматриваются стадии травматизации российского общества. Выделяются вероятные тенденции дальнейшего развития политической культуры страны.

The article explores the question about the place and role of the authoritarian syndrome in the formation of a Russian democratic political culture. The problem of the formation of modern Russian political culture is investigated, the main features of the authoritarian syndrome are highlighted, the stages of traumatization of Russian society are considered. Probable trends of further development of political culture of the country are highlighted.
COMORBIDITY OF REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS AND ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Воеводина Анна Александровна
Published: February 2021

Настоящая публикация посвящена теоретическому исследованию оценки взаимодействия артериальной гипертензии и рефлюкс-эзофагита. Рассмотрены возможные анатомические взаимодействия, механизмы взаимодействия, а также общность факторов риска у пациентов с рефлюкс-эзофагитом. Проанализированы сложности диагностики и лечения таких пациентов.

This publication is devoted to a theoretical study of the assessment of the interaction of arterial hypertension and reflux esophagitis. Possible anatomical interactions, mechanisms of interaction, and common risk factors in patients with reflux esophagitis are considered. The difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of such patients are analyzed.
THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN BANKING SECTOR IN SUPPORTING SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19
Authors: Тарханова Елена Александровна , Стрижова Алина Анатольевна
Published: February 2021

В условиях предотвращения последствий COVID-19 важную роль в поддержке малого и среднего бизнеса играет банковский сектор РФ. В статье определены пострадавшие отрасли малого и среднего бизнеса от реализации мер по предотвращению коронавирусной инфекции. Проведено исследование поддержки данных отраслей банковским сектором в контексте COVID-19.

In order to prevent the consequences of COVID-19, the banking sector of the Russian Federation plays an important role in supporting small and medium-sized businesses. The article identifies the affected small and medium-sized businesses from the implementation of measures to prevent coronavirus infection. A study of the banking sector's support for these industries in the context of COVID-19 was conducted.
Dental and vertebral morphology of the enigmatic mosasaur Dollosaurus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Sweden
Authors: Lindgren Johan
Published: February 2021

Teeth, jawbone fragments and vertebrae of an unusual mosasaurine mosasaur, Dollosaurus, have been collected from marine strata of latest early Campanian age in the Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden. This material enables a detailed analysis of dental and vertebral characters, which, in turn, are used to tentatively distinguish Dollosaurus from the closely related globidensine Prognathodon. However, the evidence is contradictory, and two evolutionary scenarios are possible: (1) the two genera represent separate offshoots of a single lineage; or (2) Dollosaurus represents the most basal ‘Prognathodon-like’ taxon known so far.
The youngest pelagic crinoids (latest Maastrichtian, the Netherlands)
Authors: Jagt John W.M.
Published: February 2021

The roveacrinid Birgelenocrinus degraafi Jagt, 1999b, the youngest pelagic crinoid known to date, appears to be confined to the Maastricht Formation in the southeast Netherlands, ranging from the Kunrade Limestone facies (ecozone V, lower part) to within two metres below the K/T boundary (= Meerssen Member, top subunit IVf-6, ‘tuffaceous’ biocalcarenitic facies). Its disjunct distribution within this formation, i.e. occurring directly above omission surfaces or hardgrounds, suggests this is linked to local sea-level changes, which produced optimum feeding habitats. The morphology of theca and brachials show this species to have been truly pelagic; the collapse of the planktonic food chain at the end of the Cretaceous would explain the demise of this and other roveacrinids.
Goniocamax christenseni n. sp. (Belemnitellidae, Belemnitida) – a new species from the Upper Cretaceous of Russia
Authors: Košták Martin
Published: February 2021

A new species of Goniocamax Naidin: Goniocamax christenseni n. sp. is described from the Upper Turonian and the lowermost Coniacian strata of the Volga river region in Russia. The new species occur together with ‘primitive’ species of Goniocamax i.e. Goniocamax intermedius (Arkhangelsky) and G. surensis (Naidin), which suggests that two parallel evolutionary lineages in Goniocamax sensu Naidin, 1964 were present and both of unknown origin. The origin of G. lundgreni (Stolley) can be explained by gradual calcification of the anterior part of the guard in the intermedius/surensis group. G. christenseni n. sp. has a well calcified pseudoalveolus and an acute angle at the bottom of the ventral fissure of the wall of the pseudoalveolus. Thus, G. christenseni n. sp. resembles the first representatives of Belemnitella D’Orbigny and is considered the likely ancestor of the Belemnitella group. Phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the Late Turonian belemnitellids (genera Praeactinocamax Naidin and Goniocamax Naidin) are discussed.
Marine Palaeobiogeography of the Central European Late Cretaceous
Authors: Kollmann Heinz A.
Published: February 2021

Late Cretaceous shallow marine mollusc assemblages show a distinct vertical differentiation into those of the inner and the outer shelf. The realms Theia (pro Tethys) and Kalais (pro Boreal, Temperate) can only be distinguished by means of inner shelf assemblages. Outer shelf assemblages are uniform across realm boundaries. The boundary between the inner and the outer shelf is biologically significant. It is interpreted to reflect the lower boundary of the tropical/subtropical surface mixed layer and extended as far north as southern Sweden in the Late Cretaceous.
Barrandegnathus n. gen. (conodonta) from the Komstad Limestone (lower Mid Ordovician), Scandinavia, and its palaeogeographical significance
Authors: Stouge Svend
Published: February 2021

A characteristic early Mid Ordovician conodont fauna first recorded from Bohemia is known from Morocco and southwestern Scandinavia. It is characterized by Barrandegnathus n. gen. (type species: Baltoniodus bohemicus Dzik, 1983). Barrandegnathus bohemicus is considered to be endemic to the Tornquist Sea, but it is often associated with Baltic Province conodonts. The fauna was first described from the Klabava Formation the sediments of which accumulated in the Prague Basin, Czech Republic and was subsequently recorded as reworked Ordovician conodont fauna preserved in Upper Silurian strata from Morocco and from the Komstad Limestone in southwest Scandinavia. The stratigraphical range of the species is confined to the late part of the early Mid Ordovician (Darriwilian; Volkhov Regional Stage). Barrandegnathus bohemicus probably migrated to Baltica with cold-water ocean currents moving from the high latitudinal Perunica terrane to the Gondwana supercontinent and to the southwestern margin of the Baltica continent. Baltic Province conodonts are recorded from cool-water carbonates at or just off the periphery of Gondwana. Rifting along the Gondwana margin followed by drifting of palaeocontinents and terranes towards mid-high latitudes promoted deposition of cool-water carbonates. Baltic Province conodonts are recorded from Gondwana and Gondwana derived continents. The distribution of cool-water carbonates and the associated conodont fauna shows that Baltic Province conodonts were not confined to the Baltica continent. Barrandegnathus n. gen. is introduced; the genus is represented by B. bohemicus (Dzik, 1983).
APLIKASI PENENTUAN RUTE TERPENDEK UNTUK BAGIAN PEMASA-RAN PRODUK ROTI SURYA DENGAN METODE BEST FIRST SEARCH
Authors: Juniansyah Aldisen , Masterjon Masterjon
Published: February 2021

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