Does treatment modality affect measures of arterial stiffness in women with gestational diabetes?
Authors: Anness A. R. , Nath M. , Osman M. W. , Webb D. , Robinson T. , Khalil A. , Mousa H. A. 
Published: April 2023

Objective

To investigate whether arterial stiffness (AS) differs between healthy women and women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) managed by different treatment modalities.

Methods

This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study comparing AS in pregnancies complicated by GDM and low‐risk controls. AS was assessed by recording aortic pulse‐wave velocity (AoPWV), brachial augmentation index (BrAIx) and aortic augmentation index (AoAIx) using the Arteriograph® at four gestational‐age windows: 24 + 0 to 27 + 6 weeks (W1); 28 + 0 to 31 + 6 weeks (W2); 32 + 0 to 35 + 6 weeks (W3) and ≥ 36 + 0 weeks (W4). Women with GDM were considered both as a single group and as subgroups stratified by treatment modality. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model on each AS variable (log‐transformed) with group, gestational‐age window, maternal age, ethnicity, parity, body mass index, mean arterial pressure and heart rate as fixed effects and individual as a random effect. We compared the group means including relevant contrasts and adjusted the P‐values using Bonferroni correction.

Results

The study population comprised 155 low‐risk controls and 127 women with GDM, of whom 59 were treated with dietary intervention, 47 were treated with metformin only and 21 were treated with metformin + insulin. The two‐way interaction term of study group and gestational age was significant for BrAIx and AoAIx (P < 0.001), but there was no evidence that mean AoPWV was different between the study groups (P = 0.729). Women in the control group demonstrated significantly lower BrAIx and AoAIx compared with the combined GDM group at W1–W3, but not at W4. The mean difference in log‐transformed BrAIx was –0.37 (95% CI, –0.52 to –0.22), –0.23 (95% CI, –0.35 to –0.12) and –0.29 (95% CI, –0.40 to –0.18) at W1, W2 and W3, respectively. The mean difference in log‐transformed AoAIx was –0.49 (95% CI, –0.69 to –0.30), –0.32 (95% CI, –0.47 to –0.18) and –0.38 (95% CI –0.52 to –0.24) at W1, W2 and W3, respectively. Similarly, women in the control group also demonstrated significantly lower BrAIx and AoAIx compared with each of the GDM treatment subgroups (diet, metformin only and metformin + insulin) at W1–W3. The increase in mean BrAIx and AoAIx seen between W2 and W3 in women with GDM treated with dietary management was attenuated in the metformin‐only and metformin + insulin groups. However, the mean differences in BrAIx and AoAIx between these treatment groups were not statistically significant at any gestational‐age window.

Conclusions

Pregnancies complicated by GDM demonstrate significantly higher AS compared with low‐risk pregnancies regardless of treatment modality. Our data provide the basis for further investigation into the association of metformin therapy with changes in AS and risk of placenta‐mediated diseases. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.