bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Systems in Learning and Memory
Authors: Rai Vikas
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, theories of learning are not discussed at all. Numerous texts
exist where they can be found. It would be enough to note that behavior has two
aspects: 1) explorative and 2) exploitative in active inference. The former is sensitive
to ambiguity, and the latter is sensitive to risk. In the absence of ambiguity, active
inference reduces to a Bellman scheme [1]. Bayesian inference is integrated with active
inference in free-energy formulation. Actions are guided by predictions and are refined
by sensory feedback. The variational free energy is a function of observations and a
probability density over their hidden causative agents. The time average of energy is
action. Minimum variational free energy corresponds to a principle of least action.
Perception can be regarded as a minimum of free energy with respect to inbound
sensory information and action as a minimization of free energy with respect to
outbound action.
Synaptic modification is a prerequisite for learning to occur. What one learns must be
preserved for future use. Therefore, it needs to be stored. That storage is memory.
Neural plasticity is the basis for memory formation. Information about biologically
important events (Pavlovian conditional fear, Pavlovian conditioned eye-blink) reach
centers in the amygdala and cerebellum through circuitry, which depends on the
modality of stimulus and its complexity. In the present chapter, memory systems are
introduced to the reader, starting from the Baddeley-Hitch model of working memory.
Working memory is also known as short-term memory (STM). Certain information
stored in short-term memory is transferred to a memory system known as Long-term
memory (LTM). The brain makes decisions as to which information is to be
transferred to LTM. The role of brain oscillations in memory formation is also
discussed. 7±2 rule states that STM in humans can store only 5 pieces of information
when it is complex; on the other hand, it can store 9 pieces when information is simple.
A method to characterize the complexity of information is given. Information transport
in the brain is thoroughly discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion on the
discovery of engram cells, which participate in systems consolidation of memory.
Geometry of Navigation in Space: Neural Maps
Authors: Rai Vikas
Published: October 2024

A cognitive map guides spatial navigation in mammals. Pyramidal neurons
in the hippocampus become active only in a particular region of the environment.
These regions are called ‘place fields’, and these neurons are called place cells. Many
brain regions are involved in the cognitive mapping of the environment. Grid cells in
the medial entorhinal cortex organize themselves on a regular grid of triangles covering
the entire surface of the environment. The firing pattern of grid cells represents the
distance between spatial locations. These distances provide spatial metrics for the
cognitive map. Other neurons that participate in spatial navigation are head direction
cells, border cells, speed cells, goal cells, reward cells, etc.
Hippocampus-entorhinal circuit provides a ‘coordinate system’ for on-line
measurement of distance and direction of landmarks defining a path leading to a goal.
Navigation of an animal toward a goal depends on synaptic plasticity. Functional
synapses are chosen from a set of anatomical synapses based on the interaction of
Hebbian learning rules, sensory feedback, attractor dynamics, and neuromodulation.
Artificial neural networks, which emulate biological neural networks, can be derived
from complete connectomes of an organism. Design and control principles underlying
intelligent autonomous control systems can be understood based on an analysis of these
ANNs.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Diagnosis and Cure
Authors: Rai Vikas
Published: October 2024

Causative agents of Alzheimer’s disease are 1) amyloid β foldings, 2)
neurofibrillary tangles, and 3) reactive gliosis. Interaction of Aβ with the prion protein
within neurons has recently been suggested to be the basis for drug discovery. Prion
protein is a membrane protein found on cell surfaces of diverse types [1]. The
accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins (UP) generates stress in the
endoplasmic reticulum. This stress worsens the health of the regular function of
neuronal cells. The role of unfolded protein response in T cell development and
function has also been acknowledged [2]. The induction of Femto particles (Fps) is
proposed inside G protein-coupled receptors at an appropriate point in time to monitor
the accumulation of unfolded proteins and to control the misfolding of amyloid β.
These new particles of 10-15m are proposed to be produced in neurons of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). Protons released by hemoglobin can be glued to their antiparticle,
i.e., antiproton, in the conformational space of partially folded amyloid β polypeptides.
Portable Penning antiproton traps are now available at CERN. Gluing of protons and
antiprotons to form a femto particle is mediated by dopamine, a neurotransmitter in
the excitatory synapses.Intraneuronal oxygen homeostasis also contributes to the control of the progression of
the disease. Quantum entanglement between two fps (cf. Fig. 8), one in the neurons
of the neurovascular system (NVU) and the other in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), may be
used to assess the efficiency of the process in a patient with AD. Our approach to the
discovery of a drug for AD is based on monitoring and controlling the misfolding of
amyloid β and the initiation of folding of unfolded proteins by the intervention of femto
particles.
Relationships Between Size Proportions, Distances Between the Large Impurities, Hardness and Strength Parameters of High-Quality Steel
Authors: LIPIŃSKI T.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. High purity steels are used for responsible structural elements operating under cyclic loads. An important issue is the appropriate selection of steel to ensure the expected durability of the construction material. Ensuring durability requires testing. One of the methods to find out the durability of a material is indirect testing. With their help, it is possible to draw conclusions about the fatigue life of the material based on simple tests, including hardness tests, which require the estimation of the proportionality coefficient allowing comparison of durability with hardness. To correctly estimate durability based on hardness, it is necessary to know the impact of real conditions on the microstructure and properties of steel. This necessitates the determination of equations enabling the connection of the actual microstructure of the steel (main phase, morphology of impurities) with the parameters characterizing the fatigue strength. High reliability of the obtained results requires tests to be carried out in natural conditions, which cannot be ensured by laboratory conditions. The objectives set out above were achieved in the research planned and presented in this manuscript.
The Use of Additively Manufactured Concrete Objects
Authors: WYSOCZAŃSKI Andrzej
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Printed concrete elements are now becoming increasingly popular in industrial use within the construction field. This is primarily due to the versatility of 3D printers, which can form virtually any shape, including hollow ones, without the need for moulds. The concretes used in 3D printing can achieve up to six times greater strength than the popular C35/45 construction concretes, and the ability to use variable nozzles enables the printing of both large elements and fine details. However, the technology requires further research, particularly regarding the relationship between concrete strength and printing parameters, as well as the physical characteristics of the concrete mixture.
Cement-Based Composites Doped with Steelmaking Waste as an Element of a Closed-Loop Economy
Authors: ULEWICZ Małgorzata
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The article analyzes the possibility of using sludge and slag from the steel production process to produce cement-based composites, i.e., mortars and concretes. Currently, the use of steelmaking waste is low, which means that large amounts of this material are deposited in landfills and industrial waste heaps, posing a threat to the natural environment. On the other hand, the production of cement-based composites uses large amounts of sand and natural aggregate, the resources of which in some countries around the world are running out or the available natural aggregate does not meet the construction requirements. Therefore, using waste as an alternative material to sand and aggregate is an important element of an economy moving towards a circular economy. This paper presents the characteristics of the generated metallurgical waste and the costs associated with their disposal in landfills. The influence of the addition of steel waste on the physical and mechanical parameters of mortars and concretes produced with their participation was discussed.
Sustainable Farm Management: Integrating Safety, Efficiency, and Environmental Practices
Authors: PILARCZYK Maria
Published: October 2024

Abstract. This article explores the concept of sustainable farm management by integrating safety protocols, operational efficiency, and environmental practices on individual farms. The focus is on the synergistic benefits of combining these elements to foster a sustainable and productive agricultural environment. We discuss the current challenges in farm safety, particularly the management of agricultural machinery, and the best practices for reducing accidents and enhancing machine efficiency. Case studies illustrate the practical applications of integrated approaches and the long-term benefits they offer farm management. The goal is to provide actionable strategies that improve safety and efficiency while promoting environmental stewardship in agriculture.
The Impact of Lean Tools on the Reduction of Potentially Dangerous Events
Authors: SZCZYRBA A.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. In recent years, Lean tools have found widespread application across various industrial sectors, including the food industry, where they have contributed to significant improvements in both operational efficiency and workplace safety. This article presents the findings of pilot studies that evaluated the impact of implementing selected Lean tools – namely 5S, Kaizen, and VSM – on occupational safety within a food industry facility. The objective was to explore how the adoption of these tools influences the reduction of potentially hazardous events and fosters a culture of safety. The findings suggest that Lean tools have a positive effect on decreasing the occurrence of dangerous incidents and on enhancing awareness and behaviors related to safety among workers. This study offers initial evidence supporting the Lean philosophy's effective role in enhancing operational safety within the food industry
Optimizing Financial Market Stability through AI-Based Risk Management
Authors: KUZIOR Aleksandra
Published: October 2024

Abstract. This study examines the impact of AI-based risk management on financial market stability, utilizing both econometric analysis and real-world case studies. The research focuses on financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, BlackRock, and others that have successfully implemented Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to analyze market trends and trading patterns, leading to more informed investment decisions and better overall portfolio performance. The econometric analysis reveals a positive and statistically significant relationship between AI-based risk management and financial market stability. Institutions leveraging AI technologies for risk management experience lower levels of volatility, better risk assessment, and improved decision-making, contributing to greater overall stability in financial markets. The study also identifies challenges faced by institutions implementing AI-based risk management systems, including the need for high-quality data, algorithm complexity, and regulatory compliance. To address these challenges and maximize the benefits of AI in risk management, several recommendations are proposed. These include investing in data quality and governance, enhancing regulatory frameworks, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing, investing in employee training and development, monitoring and evaluating AI systems regularly, and considering the ethical and social implications of AI adoption. The findings suggest that AI-based risk management has the potential to significantly enhance financial market stability.
The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility from the Perspective of Customers in the Light of Own Research
Authors: KOZIEN E.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The traditional perception of business presents a simplistic picture of a business entity focused solely on financial performance and production capacity. This so-called myth of amoral business led to the recognition of the need for some changes in this area, consisting in linking the achievement of economic goals with respect for social interest and the protection of the environment as a resource necessary for the business of the enterprise. Thus was born the concept of corporate social responsibility, the essence of which is such shaping of the relationship between business and its environment, i.e. business objectives and social interest, that the realization of the needs of one party is not necessarily at the expense of the other. Currently, one can see a trend concerning the spread of the idea of corporate social responsibility not only in terms of global changes, but primarily in terms of the importance of local needs. The need to build a relationship of trust between stakeholders and organizations doing business is crucial for socio-environmental-economic development from the perspective of corporate social responsibility. The aim of the article is to assess from the perspective of customers the importance of applying corporate social responsibility practices by manufacturing companies.
Statistical Forecasting Methods and Machine Learning Models in Hierarchical Forecasting for Supply Chain Applications
Authors: LEWIŃSKI Marek
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Growing amounts of data result in the ability to generate forecasts that are more accurate and more explainable to decision-makers. In multiple settings, however, statistical forecasting methods are too simple to capture the complexity present in datasets – in these cases, a need for machine learning arises. Additionally, many forecasting initiatives touch hierarchical processes – forecasting has to be performed at multiple levels of hierarchies and then aggregated and corrected to yield accurate results. This paper aims to provide an overview of statistical forecasting ideas, prepare data for machine learning models, and tie everything together to form a hierarchical forecasting solution supplemented by a review of hierarchical forecasting use cases within the supply chain planning area.
Numerical Analysis of Laser Assisted Metal Expansion Joint Manufacturing
Authors: DANIELEWSKI H.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Paper presents numerical analysis of Metal Expansion Joint (MEJ) formation. Numerical simulation of MEJ manufacturing process, based on Finite Element Method (FEM) was presented. Method of novel metal expansion joint production was shown, where mechanical forming was assisted with laser beam surface heating. Material used for experimental an numerical research was austenitic 304L steel. Numerical model of laser beam surface heating with mechanical force applied for plastic deformation of MEJ lens was established. Based on performed thermo-mechanical simulation, numerical analysis of stress-strain distribution was carried out. Simulation results shown concentration of maximum principal stress and mean normal stress in lens crest, stress vectors and displacement maps confirm impact of mechanical force applied during manufacturing on stress results. Authors presents comparison of single lens MEJ simulation results with experimental manufactured specimen based on established assumptions, where good match of obtained results was achieved.
Influence of Single-Mode and Multimode Fiber Laser Surface Micromachining of DLC Coatings
Authors: KALINOWSKI A.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. This paper presents a study on the impact of single-mode and multimode fiber lasers on the texturing of diamond-like carbon coating surface (DLC). By varying laser process parameters, researchers analyzed how the geometric profile of grooves on a coated surface changed. The experimental results revealed significant differences based on the laser beam mode, suggesting precise control over the properties of the DLC (diamond-like carbon) layer using an infrared laser beam. DLC coatings were applied on stainless steel 1.4034 using PVD magnetron sputtering deposition.
Techniques for Metal Expansion Joint Manufacturing
Authors: KURP P.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The paper describes the functioning of metal expansion joints and presents their traditional production methods. Additionally, an innovative concept of using a laser beam and external forces to produce them was discussed. The authors explained that these expansion joints are used to balance temperature changes and stresses in construction materials. Then, the focus was on analyzing traditional production techniques for these elements, highlighting their limitations and potential difficulties. There was a need to look for new, more efficient production methods that could improve the quality and efficiency of expansion joints. The main part of the article discusses a new concept of metal expansion joint manufacturing with the use of a laser beam and external forces. The manufacturing process is described in detail, including precise control of the laser beam to obtain the appropriate expansion joint geometry while using external forces to accelerate the process. This method guarantees precision and repeatability of workmanship, which is crucial for the effectiveness of metal expansion joints. The next part of the paper presents the results of research on the new production method. The authors focused mainly on processing parameters, such as laser power, speed, acting forces, and geometry of the obtained elements. The test results confirmed the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, enabling precise control of the production process of metal expansion joints.
Corrosion the X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 Super Duplex Stainless Steel in 65% Nitric Acid at Boiling Temperature
Authors: LIPIŃSKI T.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Corrosion of corrosion-resistant steels is a natural phenomenon, but knowing its speed allows you to determine the durability of a structural element. The corrosion rate may depend on the surface condition, which is shaped during the manufacturing process. Thin steels are produced by cold forming, while thick steels are produced by hot forming. Therefore, they have a surface layer with different mechanical, physical and chemical properties. The paper discusses the issue of determining the corrosion rate for cold-rolled and hot-rolled steel. The tests were carried out on samples taken from sheets in the delivered condition. The samples were soaked in 65% nitric acid at boiling point. As a result of the research, it was found that steel produced in the cold rolling process has greater corrosion resistance, especially in the first period of corrosion. This is most likely due to the surface strengthening of the material as a result of cold forming.
Quality Assurance in Special Processes on the Example of the Welding Process
Authors: RAMDAM Kiran
Published: October 2024

Abstract. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework aimed at ensuring quality assurance in welding procedures within the construction sector. The framework encompasses the adoption of standardized Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS), rigorous training and certification processes for welders, and the integration of state-of-the-art technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time monitoring. It underscores the significance of comprehending welding metallurgy and optimizing welding processes to elevate both quality standards and operational efficiency. The implementation of this framework has resulted in notable enhancements in welding quality control, manifesting in significant reductions in defects, increased production efficiency, and heightened workplace safety measures. By amalgamating theoretical insights (analysis of factors determining the welding quality) with practical strategies, this framework endeavors to cultivate a culture of continuous improvement and excellence within the construction industry.
Dietary inflammatory index, physical activity, body composition, and high sensitivity c-reactive protein levels in adolescent athletes in Central Java
Authors: Widyastuti Trioni , Susanto Hardhono , Noer Etika Ratna , Muniroh Muflihatul , Widyastiti Nyoman Suci
Published: October 2024

Inflammation is the body's response to tissue damage and infection. Prolonged inflammation can increase the risk of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Some factors that can trigger inflammation are dietary patterns, high physical activity, and body composition. This study examined the correlation between dietary inflammatory index (DII), physical activity, body composition, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. It examined differences in characteristics based on gender. This study was a cross-sectional design of 55 adolescent athletes at the Student Sports Education and Training Center in Central Java. The exclusion criteria were an athlete who had a physical injury (did not participate in training) and a smoker. The DII score was calculated based on the dietary pattern using SQFFQ, anthropometric data (weight, height, and nutritional status based on BMI/age), body composition (body fat percentage, fat mass, and fat-free mass) using the BIA tool, physical activity data for the last seven days using IPAQ and hs-CRP levels using the FIA method. Our result showed that the DII score was significantly correlated with hs-CRP (p=0.013). There was no correlation between physical activity, body composition, and anthropometry with hs-CRP levels (p0.05). There were differences in body height, body weight, body fat percentage, and fat-free mass between males and females (p0.001). The diet of athletes had anti-inflammatory potential (83.6%), as evidenced by the intake of vitamins and minerals, and athletes had low hs-CRP levels 1 mg/L (85.5%), indicating that no inflammation occurred. Future longitudinal research is needed with a large population of adolescent athletes to explain the role of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory diets on the incidence of inflammation and measure physical exercise in athletes to reduce inflammatory bias.
Use of Extrinsic Motivators to Improve the BMI of Obese or Overweight Adolescents: Systematic Review
Authors: Gonçalves Ana , Simões Pedro Augusto , Sousa-Pinto Bernardo , Taveira-Gomes Tiago
Published: October 2024

Background

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in children and adolescents worldwide. Given the dimensions of the problem, the treatment of childhood obesity is considered extremely important. Current evidence indicates that behavioral and cognitive behavioral strategies combined with diet and physical activity approaches may assist in reducing adolescent obesity.

Objective

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the use of extrinsic motivators for improving the BMI of obese or overweight adolescents. 

Methods

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) overweight or obese adolescents, (2) intervention using extrinsic motivators, and (3) outcome variables related to weight status. The exclusion criterion was the presence of an associated chronic disease. The search process was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science (last searched on April 23, 2023). The risk of bias was evaluated independently by 2 authors using Cochrane tools (RoB2 [randomized controlled trials], ROBINS-I, and ROBINS-E).

Results

From 3163 studies identified, 20 articles (corresponding to 18 studies) were included in the analysis. The studies differed in terms of study design, sample size, follow-up duration, outcomes reported, and extrinsic motivators used. Most of the studies had videogames or apps as interventions. Of the 18 studies, 9 (50%) reported a statistically significant decrease in BMI. The most used extrinsic motivators were “motivation” (n=13), “feedback” (n=10), and “rewards” (n=9). Among the motivators, “reminders” (100%) and “peer-support” (80%) appeared to have high impacts on BMI reduction. 

Conclusions

The heterogeneity of the included studies made analysis difficult. No study evaluated extrinsic motivators in isolation. Most of the studies had a moderate or high risk of bias. The extrinsic motivators “reminders” and “peer-support” appeared to be useful. Further studies are needed, and these should include well-designed randomized controlled trials and studies involving homogeneity in BMI measures, consistent extrinsic motivator definitions, and longer durations to better understand the long-term impacts of extrinsic motivators on weight management success.
Barriers to Patient Portal Adoption Among a Bilingual Patient Population (Preprint)
Authors: Yang Jiahua , Mackert Michael , De Luca Daniela M , Dove Sophia Annette
Published: October 2024

UNSTRUCTURED

Objective: The purpose of this article was to advance understanding of potential barriers to patient portal adoption, explore willingness to adopt an electronic portal, and examine differences between language preferences.
Materials and Methods: English and Spanish-speaking patients (N=107) were surveyed from a community clinic. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to predict the probability that patients would adopt the patient portal.
Results: Only 65% of participants said they envisioned themselves using the patient portal. Participants reported barriers such as stronger preference for in-person communication with their physician, concerns about privacy, language difficulties, lack of comfort with portals, and poor design. Spanish-speaking patients were more willing to get e-info about medication reminders, diagnostic, and vital signs, than English speakers.
Conclusion: Understanding cultural differences and empowering patients to have more autonomy over their health and decision-making leads to a more meaningful experience with their physicians potentially overcoming low health literacy-related barriers.
The Impact of ESG Performance on the Financial Performance of Chinese High-Tech and Internet Industry Firms
Authors: Guo Yang
Published: October 2024

This study aims to explore the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance on the financial performance of firms in China’s high-tech and internet industries. Using annual data from 100 companies spanning from 2015 to 2022, a fixed effects model is applied for empirical analysis. The study finds that overall ESG performance has a significant positive impact on firms' return on assets (ROA) and net profit margin (NPM), with the governance (G) and social (S) dimensions showing particularly strong effects. While the environmental (E) dimension has a weaker short-term impact on financial performance, its long-term benefits are undeniable. Firm size and market share also have significant positive effects on financial performance. The results suggest that optimizing governance structures and actively fulfilling social responsibilities can enhance financial performance, while long-term investments in environmental responsibility should be integrated into corporate strategies. Overall, the findings provide empirical evidence for companies in formulating ESG strategies and offer specific policy recommendations for the sustainable development of China’s high-tech and internet industries.
A Study on the E-C Translation of Daily Chemical Advertisements from the Perspective of Communicative Translation Theory
Authors: Xin Tingting
Published: October 2024

Advertising can not only build the image of a brand, but also increase the visibility of the product. Today, as the global economy becomes more and more interconnected, more and more products are pouring into the international market, in which advertising translation plays an irreplaceable role. Due to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, this paper mainly studies from the perspective of communicative translation theory, and selects naturalization strategies as theoretical guidance, including paraphrasing, additive translation, transcreation, imitation translation and retranslation methods to conduct research on the Chinese translation of advertising slogans for daily chemical products. It is found that when translating daily chemical product advertisements, translators should not only follow the three principles of advertising slogan translation, but also flexibly adopt different translation methods for different texts, so as to continuously increase the cultural value and commercial value of daily chemical product advertising. The purpose of this paper is to provide inspiration for the translation of advertising slogans in the future, and to better promote cross-cultural business communication.
Exploring the Challenges of Online Learning in Nigerian Higher Education
Authors: Akaeze Christian O. , Akaeze Nana Shaibu
Published: October 2024

This study examines the challenges faced by lecturers in Nigerian higher education institutions when adopting and using e-learning platforms. Through virtual interviews conducted with 12 university lecturers across six regions, the research identifies several key obstacles: unreliable internet connectivity, frequent power outages, and limited access to technological resources. Additionally, inadequate training and institutional support are noted as significant barriers. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data, revealing patterns and common themes related to these challenges. The study suggests that improving internet and power infrastructure, along with enhancing training and technical support, are crucial strategies for overcoming these issues. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to create a more supportive environment for e-learning, aiming to improve the educational experience for both lecturers and students.
From the Desk of the Editor
Authors: Das Santanu
Published: October 2024

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VNS algorithm for the periodic pick-up and delivery helicopter routing problem in oil and gas offshore
Authors: Lubnina Elena , Kochetov Yury
Published: October 2024

In offshore field development projects, the operating and transport expenses
are crucial part of the total budget. In this paper, we introduce a new
helicopter routing problem with splitting demands and a time horizon. A
fleet of identical helicopters with known capacity should server predefined
demands to deliver employees at the offshore platforms and return other
employees to depot for every day of time horizon. All routes start and
finish at the depot, the length of each route cannot exceed a given
threshold. Our goal is to find the routes to satisfy all demands with
minimal total length. To tackle this pick-up and delivery problem, we design
the MILP model and adopt the VNS-algorithm. Some hard constraints are
relaxed and included into the objective function with penalties.
Computational results for real-world test instances of the JV ?Vietsovpetro?
Company illustrate ability for reduction the transport expenses up to 5-10%.
One Nervous System: Critical Links Between Central and Peripheral Nervous System Health and Implications for Obesity and Diabetes
Authors: Townsend Kristy L.
Published: October 2024

There are key differences between the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), such as glial cell types, whether there is protection by the blood-brain barrier, modes of synaptic connections, etc. However, there are many more similarities between these two arms of the nervous system, including neuronal structure and function, neuroimmune and neurovascular interactions, and, perhaps most essentially, the balance between neural plasticity (including processes like neuron survival, neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, gliogenesis) and neurodegeneration (neuronal death, peripheral neuropathies like axonopathy and demyelination). This article brings together current research evidence on shared mechanisms of nervous system health and disease between the CNS and PNS, particularly with metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes. This evidence supports the claim that the two arms of the nervous system are critically linked and that previously understudied conditions of central neurodegeneration or peripheral neurodegeneration may actually be manifesting across the entire nervous system at the same time, through shared genetic and cellular mechanisms. This topic has been critically underexplored due to the research silos between studies of the brain and studies of peripheral nerves and an overemphasis on the brain in neuroscience as a field of study. There are likely shared and linked mechanisms for how neurons stay healthy versus undergo damage and disease among this one nervous system in the body—providing new opportunities for understanding neurological disease etiology and future development of neuroprotective therapeutics.

Article Highlights
NMDA Receptors in POMC Neurons Connects Exercise with Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Portillo Bryan , Hwang Eunsang , Ajwani Jason , Grose Kyle , Lieu Linh , Wallace Briana , Kabahizi Anita , K. Elmquist Joel , W. Williams Kevin
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Increased arcuate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron activity improves glucose metabolism and reduces appetite, facilitating weight loss. We recently showed that arcuate POMC neurons are activated by exercise. However, the role of excitatory glutamatergic input in these neurons and the metabolic outcomes of exercise remains undefined. To investigate this, we developed a mouse model with NMDA receptors (NMDARs) selectively deleted from POMC neurons of adult mice. We performed metabolic assessments, including the monitoring of body weight, body composition analysis, and glucometabolic tolerance tests. We also examined the metabolic outcomes of these mice in response to exercise, including changes in arcuate POMC neuronal activity and insulin sensitivity. Loss of NMDARs in POMC neurons failed to alter body weight or body composition. Notably, however, we did observe a marked impairment in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Additionally, exercise resulted in activation of arcuate POMC neurons and a sustained improvement in insulin sensitivity, an effect that was abrogated in mice deficient for NMDARs in POMC neurons when compared to their respective sedentary controls. This underscores an important link between exercise, hypothalamic neuron function, and metabolic health. Moreover, this highlights an underappreciated role of hypothalamic POMC neurons in mediating exercise's beneficial effects on glucose metabolism.

Highlights

· High intensity interval exercise (HIIE) causes a sustained improvement in insulin sensitivity.

· Melanocortin neurons are required for increasing insulin sensitivity following HIIE.

· NMDARs in POMC neurons are necessary for improved insulin sensitivity after HIIE.

· Activation of arcuate POMC neurons following HIIE relies upon NMDARs.
Review of high-precision femtosecond laser materials processing for fabricating microstructures: Effects of laser parameters on processing quality, ablation efficiency, and microhole shape
Authors: Shin Sungkwon
Published: October 2024

Femtosecond lasers are promising tools for achieving high-precision processing of thin materials without causing any thermal surface damage and bulk distortion. However, thermal damage can occur even with ultrashort laser pulses. This is because of high electron penetration depth and heat accumulation at high fluence and high repetition rate. Nanoparticle redeposition can be dramatically altered with variation in repetition rate. The symmetry of microholes and ablation efficiency vary with laser polarization. The laser wavelength affects the ablation efficiency and surface roughness. Therefore, understanding these laser–matter interactions that depend on the laser parameters is essential for high-precision laser processing. This article reviews laser–matter interactions in the 64FeNi alloy, as well as analytical models for designing the desired hole size and taper angles. This can help establish strategies for creating various high-precision microstructures using femtosecond lasers.
Osseous artefacts from the Church of St James in Toruń as a source of information on the production and use of everyday bone objects in Poland from the 14th to the 18th centuries
Authors: Sulkowska-Tuszyńska Krystyna , Orłowska Justyna
Published: October 2024

The article presents the results of typological and traceological analyses that involved seven objects made of osseous raw materials found around the church of Saint James in Toruń. Owing to technological analysis, it was possible to reconstruct the methods applied for working osseous materials by craftsmen of past times, whereas the analysis of use-wear traces allowed us to formulate conclusions regarding the function of the examined specimens. The objects were compared to other analogous finds in an attempt to recreate the techniques used for making them, the context in which they were used, and the role they could have played in the past.
Identifying organic residue on ground stone tools from Mesolithic sandy sites: selected examples from Paliwodzizna 29 in Central Poland
Authors: Cristiani Emanuela , Orłowska Justyna , Osipowicz Grzegorz
Published: October 2024

During excavations at the Mesolithic site Paliwodzizna 29 (central Poland), in addition to the flint artefacts typical for this period and region, a collection of 175 non-flint stone artefacts was discovered. This collection included various “macro-lithic tools” displaying visible intentional modifications and usage traces. This observation prompted a preliminary traceological analysis of a selection of tools. The primary goal of the presented research was to assess the possibility of analysing and interpreting use-wear traces and potential residues on these tools. The ultimate aim was to investigate the feasibility of conducting such analyses on macro-lithic tools from the sandy sites of the Polish Lowland dating back to the Mesolithic.
Prognostic Significance of the Lymph Node Ratio for Overall Survival after Curative Surgery for Rectal Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Taha Abdallah M
Published: October 2024

Background: Accurate rectal cancer N staging requires the histopathological evaluation of at least 12 lymph nodes. Retrieval of that count is not always possible. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the lymph node ratio (LNR) prognostic significance on overall survival. Methods: The current study is a retrospective cohort study of 229 patients who underwent curative surgery for resectable rectal cancer. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off value for Lymph Node Count (LNC), Positive Lymph Nodes count (PLN), and LNR for overall survival (OS). The Kaplan-Meier product limit method was used for univariate analysis of factors affecting OS. Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to test significance. A Cox-Regression Hazard model was used to detect the most significant factor affecting OS. Results: ROC curve analysis of the PLNs revealed a poor prognostic value of the test, with a sensitivity of 51.9% at PLNs 4 cutoff value, with a shorter mean OS above it (21.71±11.597 vs. 31.20 ± 16.634 for ≥4 vs. <4). ROC curve analysis of LNC revealed the poor value of the test, with a sensitivity of 56% at LNC 12 cutoff value, with longer mean Overall Survival (OS) above it (28.21±15.432 vs. 22.22±12.97 for LNC ≥12 vs. <12). ROC curve analysis of the LNR revealed good value of the test for predicting survival, with a sensitivity of 95% at LNR 18.82% cutoff value, with longer mean OS above it (21.44±11.607 vs. 39.82±15.085 for LNR ≥18.8% vs. <18.8%). According to our univariate analysis, the factors significantly affecting OS were histopathological examination (p =.000), Lympho-Vascular Invasion (LVI) (p =.014), and the LNC cutoff value (p=.002), the PLN cutoff value (p =.008), and the LNR cutoff value (p =.000. According to our multivariate analysis, the LNR cutoff value of 18.8% was the most significant factor affecting OS (p =.000). Conclusions: A high LNR with an 18.82% cutoff value is an independent adverse prognostic factor affecting OS after curative surgery for cancer rectum. The LNR could be considered a good alternative to the absolute number of PLNs, particularly in patients with a low LNC. A higher LNC ≥12 was associated with a longer OS; maximum possible lymphadenectomy should be performed for each patient.
Encasement of Ventral Hernia Mesh within Small Bowel: A Case Report
Authors: Klein Joshua
Published: October 2024

Ventral hernia repairs are one of the most commonly performed surgical interventions, with low overall complication rate of 15 percent of cases. Complications with wound healing account for over half of all complications associated with ventral hernia repairs. There is a risk, albeit low, of other such complications, including enterectomy, intra-abdominal infections, and mesh erosion into surrounding structures. We present a case of a 73-year-old male who presented to the hospital with a history of abdominal pain of one week duration. The patient was originally diagnosed with an abdominal wall abscess and recurrent hernia. Upon exploration of the abdominal cavity, it was noted that the mesh from previous ventral hernia repair had eroded into the lumen of the small bowel, requiring small bowel resection for removal of the mesh and repair of the hernia. Ventral hernia repairs are relatively safe, and complications of mesh erosion into the lumen of the small bowel are extremely rare, with minimal cases reported. This case highlights a rare complication associated with ventral hernia repairs and the importance of early recognition and appropriate repair when complications are found.
Is Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) Efficient in Studying Nocturnal Mammals in the Philippines?
Authors: Wojciechowski Filip J
Published: October 2024

The Philippines is one of the biodiversity hotspots and one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world
The Choanocyte Cells from Phylum Porifera, Nematocysts Cells from Phylun Cnidaria and Colloblast Cells from Ctenophora like Analogues Structures
Authors: Zamponi Mauricio O
Published: October 2024

There are three basic structures belongs to Phylum Porifera, Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Ctenophora very important because they have similar function like to catch food, but three of them have different origin and different structuration too. They are knowing like choanocyte (Porifera), nematocysts (Cnidaria) and colloblast (Ctenophora) so they are considered analogue structures and they have different positions in the animal; meanwhile the first one are localized in the general cavity (asconoid form, leuconoid form) of sponge, the second one are localized in different zones of the animal like tentacles, acontium , verrucae , vesicule, acrorargus and the last one is on tentacles.
Ambulance Crew Waiting Time: Causes, Impacts and Solutions- A Review
Authors: M* Alsaqabi , M Alonazi , A Thani
Published: October 2024

Ambulance crew waiting time, defined as the duration spent by emergency medical services (EMS) teams at hospitals before transferring a patient to hospital care, is a critical concern globally. This delay impacts patient outcomes, leads to operational inefficiencies, and increases healthcare costs. Various factors contribute to this issue, including hospital overcrowding, increased demand for emergency services, and poor communication between hospitals and EMS teams. This paper explores the causes and impacts of ambulance crew waiting time and reviews potential solutions for mitigating these delays, emphasizing the need for systemic improvements and technological innovations.
Basic Properties of Laplace Transformation in Mathematics
Authors: Narayan Mishra Lakshmi
Published: October 2024

The main purpose of this research project is to discover the importance and results of Laplace transforms in the field of science and technology. Also try to highlight his role and valuable contributions. The goal is to emphasize the importance of mathematics in the presentation and study of complex systems and how they contribute to the development of science and technology. In this article, we will learn the Laplace transform and its basics. The need for mathematics is increasing in modern life. In order to explain and prove their research on cognition, researchers in all scientific fields use different statistics, tools or models. The Laplace transform is one of the most important methods used by scientists and researchers to find answers to their problems.
Ionic Thrusters for Deep-Space
Authors: Bhardwaj Ritik
Published: October 2024

This analysis explores the basic principles, notable technological progress, and varied uses of ionic thrusters in modern space exploration. Furthermore, it discusses the obstacles and potential future developments of this technology, highlighting its crucial contribution to advancing our exploration of the universe.
International Society for Very Highly Advanced Artificial Intelligence (ISVHAAI)
Authors: S* Gajawada
Published: October 2024

International Society for Very Highly Advanced Artificial Intelligence (ISVHAAI). The result of 16 years of my journey in Artificial Intelligence (4 Years at IIT Roorkee. 12 Years after Completing Studies at IIT Roorkee).
On the Rationality of Propaganda II: Examples of Reasonable Propaganda Films
Authors: GJ Jason
Published: October 2024

The term ‘propaganda’ is normally taken in the pejorative sense of deceitful messaging. Propaganda is considered dubious if it is produced by a government agency, especially if by a ministry of war or propaganda. In this article I apply the theory of propaganda I sketched in a prior piece in these pages, under which propaganda is simply messaging intended to persuade others to do something or to support something. Under this theory, propaganda is reasonable if but only if it is evidence-based, truthful, broadly logical, not coercive, targeted at mentally competent adults, and transparent—meaning that the audience should be aware that the message is intended to persuade them to do or support something. I then examine three WWIIera government propaganda films, one—A Defeated People (1946)—produced by the British military, and two—The Negro Soldier (1944) and Teamwork (1947)—produced by the American military. I explain first why I chose these particular films. I then analyze these films in some detail, and show that while they were not perfectly rational, they all effectively conveyed the persuasive message that the respective militaries wanted to convey. And they did this by meeting all of criteria for propaganda to be rational.
Unlocking Peak Performance: The Critical Role of Sports Psychology
Authors: Kaygusuz Seval
Published: October 2024

Sports psychology is an interdisciplinary field of science that focuses on the mental processes and behaviours of athletes in order to optimise their performance. The field plays a critical role in addressing not only the physical abilities of athletes, but also psychological elements such as mental resilience, motivation, concentration, stress management and emotional balance, all of which have a significant impact on performance. The primary aim of sport psychology is to maximise the mental capacity of athletes, thereby enhancing both their physical and psychological performance to the highest level.