bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on Damage Detection in Timber Specimens Based on an Electromechanical Impedance Technique and RMSD-Based Mahalanobis Distance
Authors: Wang Dansheng , Wang Qinghua , Wang Hao , Zhu Hongping
Published: October 2016

In the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method, the PZT patch performs the functions of both sensor and exciter. Due to the high frequency actuation and non-model based characteristics, the EMI method can be utilized to detect incipient structural damage. In recent years EMI techniques have been widely applied to monitor the health status of concrete and steel materials, however, studies on application to timber are limited. This paper will explore the feasibility of using the EMI technique for damage detection in timber specimens. In addition, the conventional damage index, namely root mean square deviation (RMSD) is employed to evaluate the level of damage. On that basis, a new damage index, Mahalanobis distance based on RMSD, is proposed to evaluate the damage severity of timber specimens. Experimental studies are implemented to detect notch and hole damage in the timber specimens. Experimental results verify the availability and robustness of the proposed damage index and its superiority over the RMSD indexes.
Plantar Pressure Detection with Fiber Bragg Gratings Sensing System
Authors: Liang Tsair-Chun , Lin Jhe-Jhun , Guo Lan-Yuen
Published: October 2016

In this paper, a novel fiber-optic sensing system based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to measure foot plantar pressure is proposed. This study first explores the Pedar-X insole foot pressure types of the adult-size chart and then defines six measurement areas to effectively identify four foot types: neutral foot, cavus foot, supinated foot and flat foot. The plantar pressure signals are detected by only six FBGs, which are embedded in silicone rubber. The performance of the fiber optic sensing is examined and compared with a digital pressure plate of i-Step P1000 with 1024 barometric sensors. In the experiment, there are 11 participants with different foot types to participate in the test. The Pearson correlation coefficient, which is determined from the measured results of the homemade fiber-optic plantar pressure system and i-Step P1000 plantar pressure plate, reaches up to 0.671 (p < 0.01). According to the measured results from the plantar pressure data, the proposed fiber optic sensing system can successfully identify the four different foot types. Measurements of this study have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed system so that it can be an alternative for plantar pressure detection systems.
A Nanoporous Alumina Membrane Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Histamine Determination with Biofunctionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Concentration and Signal Amplification
Authors: Ye Weiwei , Xu Yifan , Zheng Lihao , Zhang Yu , Yang Mo , Sun Peilong
Published: October 2016

Histamine is an indicator of food quality and indispensable in the efficient functioning of various physiological systems. Rapid and sensitive determination of histamine is urgently needed in food analysis and clinical diagnostics. Traditional histamine detection methods require qualified personnel, need complex operation processes, and are time-consuming. In this study, a biofunctionalized nanoporous alumina membrane based electrochemical biosensor with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) concentration and signal amplification was developed for histamine determination. Nanoporous alumina membranes were modified by anti-histamine antibody and integrated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chambers. The specific antibody modified MNPs were used to concentrate histamine from samples and transferred to the antibody modified nanoporous membrane. The MNPs conjugated to histamine were captured in the nanopores via specific reaction between histamine and anti-histamine antibody, resulting in a blocking effect that was amplified by MNPs in the nanopores. The blockage signals could be measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy across the nanoporous alumina membrane. The sensing platform had great sensitivity and the limit of detection (LOD) reached as low as 3 nM. This biosensor could be successfully applied for histamine determination in saury that was stored in frozen conditions for different hours, presenting a potentially novel, sensitive, and specific sensing system for food quality assessment and safety support.
GNSS Spoofing Network Monitoring Based on Differential Pseudorange
Authors: Zhang Zhenjun , Zhan Xingqun
Published: October 2016

Spoofing is becoming a serious threat to various Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications, especially for those that require high reliability and security such as power grid synchronization and applications related to first responders and aviation safety. Most current works on anti-spoofing focus on spoofing detection from the individual receiver side, which identifies spoofing when it is under an attack. This paper proposes a novel spoofing network monitoring (SNM) mechanism aiming to reveal the presence of spoofing within an area. Consisting of several receivers and one central processing component, it keeps detecting spoofing even when the network is not attacked. The mechanism is based on the different time difference of arrival (TDOA) properties between spoofing and authentic signals. Normally, TDOAs of spoofing signals from a common spoofer are identical while those of authentic signals from diverse directions are dispersed. The TDOA is measured as the differential pseudorange to carrier frequency ratio (DPF). In a spoofing case, the DPFs include those of both authentic and spoofing signals, among which the DPFs of authentic are dispersed while those of spoofing are almost overlapped. An algorithm is proposed to search for the DPFs that are within a pre-defined small range, and an alarm will be raised if several DPFs are found within such range. The proposed SNM methodology is validated by simulations and a partial field trial. Results show 99.99% detection and 0.01% false alarm probabilities are achieved. The SNM has the potential to be adopted in various applications such as (1) alerting dedicated users when spoofing is occurring, which could significantly shorten the receiver side spoofing cost; (2) in combination with GNSS performance monitoring systems, such as the Continuous Operating Reference System (CORS) and GNSS Availability, Accuracy, Reliability anD Integrity Assessment for Timing and Navigation (GAARDIAN) System, to provide more reliable monitoring services.
SNR Degradation in Undersampled Phase Measurement Systems
Authors: Salido-Monzú David , Meca-Meca Francisco , Martín-Gorostiza Ernesto , Lázaro-Galilea José
Published: October 2016

A wide range of measuring applications rely on phase estimation on sinusoidal signals. These systems, where the estimation is mainly implemented in the digital domain, can generally benefit from the use of undersampling to reduce the digitizer and subsequent digital processing requirements. This may be crucial when the application characteristics necessarily imply a simple and inexpensive sensor. However, practical limitations related to the phase stability of the band-pass filter prior digitization establish restrictions to the reduction of noise bandwidth. Due to this, the undersampling intensity is practically defined by noise aliasing, taking into account the amount of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reduction caused by it considering the application accuracy requirements. This work analyzes the relationship between undersampling frequency and SNR reduction, conditioned by the stability requirements of the filter that defines the noise bandwidth before digitization. The effect of undersampling is quantified in a practical situation where phase differences are measured by in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) demodulation for an infrared ranging application.
Sparse Reconstruction for Micro Defect Detection in Acoustic Micro Imaging
Authors: Zhang Yichun , Shi Tielin , Su Lei , Wang Xiao , Hong Yuan , Chen Kepeng , Liao Guanglan
Published: October 2016

Acoustic micro imaging has been proven to be sufficiently sensitive for micro defect detection. In this study, we propose a sparse reconstruction method for acoustic micro imaging. A finite element model with a micro defect is developed to emulate the physical scanning. Then we obtain the point spread function, a blur kernel for sparse reconstruction. We reconstruct deblurred images from the oversampled C-scan images based on l1-norm regularization, which can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and improve the accuracy of micro defect detection. The method is further verified by experimental data. The results demonstrate that the sparse reconstruction is effective for micro defect detection in acoustic micro imaging.
Income Diversification: A Strategy for Rural Region Risk Management
Authors: Wan Jinhong , Li Ruoxi , Wang Wenxin , Liu Zhongmei , Chen Bizhen
Published: October 2016

Recent literature shows that income diversification is an important strategy for rural households to manage drought risk in arid and semiarid regions. This article examines whether income diversification can help rural households to overcome the adverse impact of drought in Northern China. Based on field interview data from 291 rural households in 13 townships of Northern China, we found that rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income; the spatial location of rural households determines the type and number of income sources, the degree of income diversification, and the income combinations, especially under the context of frequent drought strikes. These results indicate that income diversification could help rural households to reduce the adverse impact of drought, enhance their resistance and resilience to drought, and make their livelihood system more stable. Income diversification not only is a useful strategy in terms of managing disaster risk and improving social welfare, but also may offer a new perspective for the research of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive ability of rural social-ecosystem.
Thermoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of a New Combined Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Recompression Brayton/Kalina Cycle
Authors: S. Mahmoudi S. , D. Akbari Ata , Rosen Marc
Published: October 2016

A new combined supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton/Kalina cycle (SCRB/KC) is proposed. In the proposed system, waste heat from a supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton cycle (SCRBC) is recovered by a Kalina cycle (KC) to generate additional electrical power. The performances of the two cycles are simulated and compared using mass, energy and exergy balances of the overall systems and their components. Using the SPECO (Specific Exergy Costing) approach and employing selected cost balance equations for the components of each system, the total product unit costs of the cycles are obtained. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the effects on the SCRB/KC and SCRBC thermodynamic and thermoeconomic performances of key decision parameters. In addition, considering the exergy efficiency and total product unit cost as criteria, optimization is performed for the SCRBC and SCRB/KC using Engineering Equation Solver software. The results indicate that the maximum exergy efficiency of the SCRB/KC is higher than that of the SCRBC by up to 10%, and that the minimum total product unit cost of the SCRB/KC is lower than that of the SCRBC by up to 4.9%.
Dynamic Group Management Scheme for Sustainable and Secure Information Sensing in IoT
Authors: Kim Hyungjoo , Kang Jungho
Published: October 2016

The services provided to users in the environment associated with the Internet of Things (hereinafter referred to as IoT) begin with the information collected from sensors. It is imperative to transmit high-quality sensor data for providing better services. It is also required to collect data only from those authenticated sensors. Moreover, it is imperative to collect high-quality data on a sustainable and continuous basis in order to provide services anytime and anywhere in the IoT environment. Therefore, high-quality, authenticated sensor networks should be constructed. The most prominent routing protocol to enhance the energy consumption efficiency for the sustainable data collection in a sensor network is the LEACH routing protocol. The LEACH routing protocol transmits sensor data by measuring the energy of sensors and allocating sensor groups dynamically. However, these sensor networks have vulnerabilities such as key leakage, eavesdropping, replay attack and relay attack, given the nature of wireless network communication. A large number of security techniques have been studied in order to solve these vulnerabilities. Nonetheless, these studies still cannot support the dynamic sensor group allocation of the LEACH routing protocol. Furthermore, they are not suitable for the sensor nodes whose hardware computing ability and energy resources are limited. Therefore, this paper proposed a group sensor communication protocol that utilizes only the four fundamental arithmetic operations and logical operation for the sensor node authentication and secure data transmission. Through the security analysis, this paper verified that the proposed scheme was secure to the vulnerabilities resulting from the nature of wireless network communication. Moreover, this paper verified through the performance analysis that the proposed scheme could be utilized efficiently.
Ubiquitin in Influenza Virus Entry and Innate Immunity
Authors: Rudnicka Alina , Yamauchi Yohei
Published: October 2016

Viruses are obligatory cellular parasites. Their mission is to enter a host cell, to transfer the viral genome, and to replicate progeny whilst diverting cellular immunity. The role of ubiquitin is to regulate fundamental cellular processes such as endocytosis, protein degradation, and immune signaling. Many viruses including influenza A virus (IAV) usurp ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications to establish infection. In this focused review, we discuss how ubiquitin and unanchored ubiquitin regulate IAV host cell entry, and how histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a cytoplasmic deacetylase with ubiquitin-binding activity, mediates IAV capsid uncoating. We also discuss the roles of ubiquitin in innate immunity and its implications in the IAV life cycle.
Measles to the Rescue: A Review of Oncolytic Measles Virus
Authors: Aref Sarah , Bailey Katharine , Fielding Adele
Published: October 2016

Oncolytic virotherapeutic agents are likely to become serious contenders in cancer treatment. The vaccine strain of measles virus is an agent with an impressive range of oncolytic activity in pre-clinical trials with increasing evidence of safety and efficacy in early clinical trials. This paramyxovirus vaccine has a proven safety record and is amenable to careful genetic modification in the laboratory. Overexpression of the measles virus (MV) receptor CD46 in many tumour cells may direct the virus to preferentially enter transformed cells and there is increasing awareness of the importance of nectin-4 and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) in oncolysis. Successful attempts to retarget MV by inserting genes for tumour-specific ligands to antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD20, CD38, and by engineering the virus to express synthetic microRNA targeting sequences, and “blinding” the virus to the natural viral receptors are exciting measures to increase viral specificity and enhance the oncolytic effect. Sodium iodine symporter (NIS) can also be expressed by MV, which enables in vivo tracking of MV infection. Radiovirotherapy using MV-NIS, chemo-virotherapy to convert prodrugs to their toxic metabolites, and immune-virotherapy including incorporating antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors can also increase the oncolytic potential. Anti-viral host immune responses are a recognized barrier to the success of MV, and approaches such as transporting MV to the tumour sites by carrier cells, are showing promise. MV Clinical trials are producing encouraging preliminary results in ovarian cancer, myeloma and cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the outcome of currently open trials in glioblastoma multiforme, mesothelioma and squamous cell carcinoma are eagerly anticipated.
The Microtubule Inhibitor Podofilox Inhibits an Early Entry Step of Human Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Cohen Tobias , Schwarz Toni , Vigant Frederic , Gardner Thomas , Hernandez Rosmel , Lee Benhur , Tortorella Domenico
Published: October 2016

Human cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that infects many different cell types through an initial binding to cell surface receptors followed by a fusion event at the cell membrane or endocytic vesicle. A recent high-throughput screen to identify compounds that block a step prior to viral gene expression identified podofilox as a potent and nontoxic inhibitor. Time-of-addition studies in combination with quantitative-PCR analysis demonstrated that podofilox limits an early step of virus entry at the cell surface. Podofilox was also able to drastically reduce infection by herpes simplex 1, an α-herpesvirus with a very similar entry process to CMV. Podofilox caused a reduced maximal plateau inhibition of infection by viruses with single step binding processes prior to fusion-like Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus, and influenza A virus or viruses that enter via endocytosis like vesicular stomatitis virus and a clinical-like strain of CMV. These results indicate that microtubules appear to be participating in the post-binding step of virus entry including the pre- and post-penetration events. Modulation of the plasma membrane is required to promote virus entry for herpesviruses, and that podofilox, unlike colchicine or nocodazole, is able to preferentially target microtubule networks at the plasma membrane.
Griffithsin: An Antiviral Lectin with Outstanding Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Lusvarghi Sabrina , Bewley Carole
Published: October 2016

Griffithsin (GRFT), an algae-derived lectin, is one of the most potent viral entry inhibitors discovered to date. It is currently being developed as a microbicide with broad-spectrum activity against several enveloped viruses. GRFT can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at picomolar concentrations, surpassing the ability of most anti-HIV agents. The potential to inhibit other viruses as well as parasites has also been demonstrated. Griffithsin’s antiviral activity stems from its ability to bind terminal mannoses present in high-mannose oligosaccharides and crosslink these glycans on the surface of the viral envelope glycoproteins. Here, we review structural and biochemical studies that established mode of action and facilitated construction of GRFT analogs, mechanisms that may lead to resistance, and in vitro and pre-clinical results that support the therapeutic potential of this lectin.
Assessing Variation in Water Balance Components in Mountainous Inland River Basin Experiencing Climate Change
Authors: Yin Zhenliang , Feng Qi , Zou Songbing , Yang Linshan
Published: October 2016

Quantification of the changes of water balance components is significant for water resource assessment and management. This paper employed the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to estimate the water balance in a mountainous watershed in northwest China at different spatial scales over the past half century. The results showed that both Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and determination coefficient (R2) were over 0.90 for the calibration and validation periods. The water balance components presented rising trends at the watershed scale, and the total runoff increased by 30.5% during 1964 to 2013 period. Rising surface runoff and rising groundwater flow contributed 42.7% and 57.3% of the total rising runoff, respectively. The runoff coefficient was sensitive to increasing precipitation and was not significant to the increase of temperature. The alpine meadow was the main landscape which occupied 51.1% of the watershed and contributed 55.5% of the total runoff. Grass land, forest land, bare land, and glacier covered 14.2%, 18.8%, 15.4%, and 0.5% of the watershed and contributed 8.5%, 16.9%, 15.9%, and 3.2% of the total runoff, respectively. The elevation zone from 3500 to 4500 m occupied 66.5% of the watershed area, and contributed the majority of the total runoff (70.7%). The runoff coefficients in the elevation zone from 1637 to 2800 m, 2800 to 3500 m, 3500 to 4000 m, 4000 to 4500 m, and 4500 to 5062 m were 0.20, 0.27, 0.32, 0.43, and 0.78, respectively, which tend to be larger along with the elevation increase. The quantities and change trends of the water balance components at the watershed scale were calculated by the results of the sub-watersheds. Furthermore, we characterized the spatial distribution of quantities and changes in trends of water balance components at the sub-watershed scale analysis. This study provides some references for water resource management and planning in inland river basins.
Challenges for Production of Human Transplantable Organ Grafts
Authors: Kobayashi Eiji
Published: October 2016

The described research methods explain how you could generate a three-dimensional kidney, based on recent research results. The first method is to fabricate human organs in a pig body. The second is to transplant the so-called “organ bud” into a patient's body for further development. The third method is to regenerate organs by filling cells into the cytoskeleton as a scaffold. Research for the in vitro fabrication of organ buds has been elaborately accelerated. The organ bud transplantation has been confronted with issues of continuity with the original organs, so the development of technology for achieving continuity between a transplanted organ bud and the existing organs is progressing well. The “organ fabrication” methodology, whereby cells are placed into completely decellularized organs, is supported by recent research results using pig organs taking the size of humans into consideration.
Effect of triple junctions on deformation twinning in a nanostructured Cu–Zn alloy: A statistical study using transmission Kikuchi diffraction
Authors: Liu Silu , Ma Xiaolong , Li Lingzhen , Zhang Liwen , Trimby Patrick W , Liao Xiaozhou , Li Yusheng , Zhao Yonghao , Zhu Yuntian
Published: October 2016

Scanning electron microscopy transmission Kikuchi diffraction is able to identify twins in nanocrystalline material, regardless of their crystallographic orientation. In this study, it was employed to characterize deformation twins in Cu/10 wt % Zn processed by high-pressure torsion. It was found that in 83% of grains containing twins, at least one twin intersects with a triple junction. This suggests that triple junctions could have promoted the nucleation of deformation twins. It should be cautioned that this technique might be unable to detect extremely small nanoscale twins thinner than its step size.
Corruption effect on foreign direct investments in European Union countries
Authors: Navickas Valentinas , Navickas Mykolas , Kordoš Marcel
Published: October 2016

The authors of the article analyze the effect of corruption on foreign direct investments in most corrupt European Union countries. Corruption in the context of the analysis is understood as an act where government officials enter into an agreement with a foreign investors against the interest of society. It takes place when illegal payments for government are made. Such payments acts as an additional tax on investments in foreign country, thus decreasing attractiveness of investment for foreign investors. There are various types of corruption, but most common classification include grand corruption, petty corruption and public sector corruption. However, this article focuses on the effect of grand corruption, because it directly affects FDI inflows in particular country. Results of the research made by the authors shows that corruption has adverse effect on FDI inflows, however particular corrupt actions may postively effect FDI inflows. In order to determine corruption effect on FDI in corrupt EU countries statistical analysis of 2000–2014 period has been implemented and conceptual model of effect on FDI created.
THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM OF HIGHLY CHARGED COPPER IONS
Authors: Yang Z. H. , Du S. B. , Su M. G. , Chang H. W. , Guo Y. P.
Published: October 2016

This paper reports the laboratory measurements of extreme ultraviolet spectra of highly charged copper ions. In this work, 82 lines from Cu xv to Cu xxiii in the 160–360 Å wavelength range are identified as the transitions of the 2p23p–2p23d, 2p43s–2p43p, 2p43p–2p43d, 2p53s–2p53p, 2p53s–2p53p, 3s3p–3p2, 3s23p3-3s3p4, 3s23p–3s3p2, 3s23p3–3s3p4, and 2p4 (3P)3s–2p4 (3P) 3p, in which 40 spectral lines have been newly and accurately measured. Their identification is based on comparisons with available experimental and theoretical values and the calculations with Cowan codes.
GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM PSR J0007+7303 USING SEVEN YEARS OF FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Li Jian , Torres Diego F. , de Oña Wilhelmi Emma , Rea Nanda , Martin Jonatan
Published: October 2016

Based on more than seven years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Pass 8 data, we report on a detailed analysis of the bright gamma-ray pulsar (PSR) J0007+7303. We confirm that PSR J0007+7303 is significantly detected as a point source also during the off-peak phases with a test statistic value of 262 (∼16σ). In the description of the off-peak spectrum of PSR J0007+7303, a power law with an exponential cutoff at 2.7 ± 1.2 ± 1.3 GeV (the first/second uncertainties correspond to statistical/systematic errors) is preferred over a single power law at a level of 3.5σ. The possible existence of a cutoff hints at a magnetospheric origin of the emission. In addition, no extended gamma-ray emission is detected that is compatible with either the supernova remnant (CTA 1) or the very high-energy (>100 GeV) pulsar wind nebula. A flux upper limit of 6.5 × 10−12 erg cm−2 s−1 in the energy range 10–300 GeV is reported, for an extended source assuming the morphology of the VERITAS detection. During on-peak phases, a sub-exponential cutoff is significantly preferred (∼11σ) for representing the spectral energy distribution, in both the phase-averaged and phase-resolved spectra. Three glitches are detected during the observation period and we found no flux variability at the time of the glitches or in the long-term behavior. We also report the discovery of a previously unknown gamma-ray source in the vicinity of PSR J0007+7303, Fermi J0020+7328, which we associate with the z = 1.781 quasar S5 0016+73. A concurrent analysis of this source is needed to correctly characterize the behavior of CTA 1 and it is also presented in the paper.
C/O AND Mg/Si RATIOS OF STARS IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
Authors: Brewer John M. , Fischer Debra A.
Published: October 2016

The carbon-to-oxygen ratio in a protoplanetary disk can have a dramatic influence on the compositions of any terrestrial planets formed. In regions of high C/O, planets form primarily from carbonates, and in regions of low C/O, the ratio of magnesium to silicon determines the types of silicates that dominate the compositions. We present C/O and Mg/Si ratios for 852 F, G, and K dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. We find that the frequency of carbon-rich dwarfs in the solar neighborhood is

and that 156 known planet hosts in the sample follow a similar distribution as all of the stars as a whole. The cosmic distribution of Mg/Si for these same stars is broader than the C/O distribution and peaks near 1.0, with

of systems having

Mg/Si 

, leading to rocky planet compositions similar to the Earth. This leaves 40% of systems that can have planets that are silicate-rich and that may have very different compositions than our own.
A DEEP CAMPAIGN TO CHARACTERIZE THE SYNCHRONOUS RADIO/X-RAY MODE SWITCHING OF PSR B0943+10
Authors: Mereghetti S. , Kuiper L. , Tiengo A. , Hessels J. , Hermsen W. , Stovall K. , Possenti A. , Rankin J. , Esposito P. , Turolla R. , Mitra D. , Wright G. , Stappers B. , Horneffer A. , Oslowski S. , Serylak M. , Grießmeier J.-M.
Published: October 2016

Observations of PSR B0943+10 with XMM-Newton and the LOFAR, LWA, and Arecibo radio telescopes in 2014 November confirm the synchronous X-ray/radio switching between a radio-bright (B) mode and a radio-quiet (Q) mode, in which the X-ray flux is a factor ∼2.4 higher than in the B-mode. We discovered X-ray pulsations during the B-mode (0.5–2 keV pulsed fraction of (38 ± 5)%) and confirm their presence in the Q-mode, where the pulsed fraction increases with energy from ∼20% to ∼65% at 2 keV. We found marginal evidence for an increase in the X-ray pulsed fraction during the B-mode on a timescale of hours. The X-ray spectrum during the Q-mode requires a fit with either a power law plus blackbody or the sum of two blackbodies, while in the B-mode it is well fit by a single blackbody (a single power law is rejected). In the Q-mode, the pulsed emission has a blackbody spectrum with temperature

K and the unpulsed emission is a power law with photon index ∼2.5, while during the B-mode both the pulsed and unpulsed emission can be fit by either a blackbody or a power law with similar values of temperature and index. A Chandra image does not show diffuse X-ray emission. These results support a scenario in which unpulsed non-thermal emission, likely magnetospheric, and pulsed thermal emission from a small polar cap (∼1500 m2) with a non-dipolar field (∼1014 G) are present during both modes and vary in a correlated way. This is broadly consistent with the partially screened gap model and does not necessarily imply global magnetospheric rearrangements to explain the mode switching.
MODELING THE EARLY AFTERGLOW IN THE SHORT AND HARD GRB 090510
Authors: Fraija N. , Lee W. H. , Veres P. , Duran R. Barniol
Published: October 2016

The bright, short, and hard GRB 090510 was detected by all instruments aboard the Fermi and Swift satellites. The multiwavelength observations of this burst presented similar features to the Fermi-LAT-detected gamma-ray bursts. In the framework of the external shock model of early afterglow, a leptonic scenario that evolves in a homogeneous medium is proposed to revisit GRB 090510 and explain the multiwavelength light curve observations presented in this burst. These observations are consistent with the evolution of a jet before and after the jet break. The long-lasting LAT, X-ray, and optical fluxes are explained in the synchrotron emission from the adiabatic forward shock. Synchrotron self-Compton emission from the reverse shock is consistent with the bright LAT peak provided that the progenitor environment is entrained with strong magnetic fields. It could provide compelling evidence of magnetic field amplification in the neutron star merger.
HINODE AND IRIS OBSERVATIONS OF THE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVES PROPAGATING FROM THE PHOTOSPHERE TO THE CHROMOSPHERE IN A SUNSPOT
Authors: Kanoh Ryuichi , Shimizu Toshifumi , Imada Shinsuke
Published: October 2016

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves have been considered as energy sources for heating the solar chromosphere and the corona. Although MHD waves have been observed in the solar atmosphere, there are a lack of quantitative estimates on the energy transfer and dissipation in the atmosphere. We performed simultaneous Hinode and Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph observations of a sunspot umbra to derive the upward energy fluxes at two different atmospheric layers (photosphere and lower transition region) and estimate the energy dissipation. The observations revealed some properties of the observed periodic oscillations in physical quantities, such as their phase relations, temporal behaviors, and power spectra, making a conclusion that standing slow-mode waves are dominant at the photosphere with their high-frequency leakage, which is observed as upward waves at the chromosphere and the lower transition region. Our estimates of upward energy fluxes are

erg cm−2 s−1 at the photospheric level and

erg cm−2 s−1 at the lower transition region level. The difference between the energy fluxes is larger than the energy required to maintain the chromosphere in the sunspot umbrae, suggesting that the observed waves can make a crucial contribution to the heating of the chromosphere in the sunspot umbrae. In contrast, the upward energy flux derived at the lower transition region level is smaller than the energy flux required for heating the corona, implying that we may need another heating mechanism. We should, however, note a possibility that the energy dissipated at the chromosphere might be overestimated because of the opacity effect.
A NEW CORRELATION WITH LOWER KILOHERTZ QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATION FREQUENCY IN THE ENSEMBLE OF LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARIES
Authors: Hakan Erkut M. , Duran Şİvan , Çatmabacak Önder , Çatmabacak Onur
Published: October 2016

We study the dependence of kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillation (kHz QPO) frequency on accretion-related parameters in the ensemble of neutron-star low-mass X-ray binaries. Based on the mass accretion rate,

, and the magnetic field strength, B, on the surface of the neutron star, we find a correlation between the lower kHz QPO frequency and

. The correlation holds in the current ensemble of Z and atoll sources and therefore can explain the lack of correlation between the kHz QPO frequency and X-ray luminosity in the same ensemble. The average run of lower kHz QPO frequencies throughout the correlation can be described by a power-law fit to source data. The simple power law, however, cannot describe the frequency distribution in an individual source. The model function fit to frequency data, on the other hand, can account for the observed distribution of lower kHz QPO frequencies in the case of individual sources as well as the ensemble of sources. The model function depends on the basic length scales, such as the magnetospheric radius and the radial width of the boundary region, both of which are expected to vary with

to determine the QPO frequencies. In addition to modifying the length scales, and hence the QPO frequencies, the variation in

, being sufficiently large, may also lead to distinct accretion regimes, which would be characterized by Z and atoll phases.
ON THE MISALIGNMENT BETWEEN CHROMOSPHERIC FEATURES AND THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE SUN
Authors: Martínez-Sykora Juan , Pontieu Bart De , Carlsson Mats , Hansteen Viggo
Published: October 2016

Observations of the upper chromosphere show an enormous amount of intricate fine structure. Much of this comes in the form of linear features, which are most often assumed to be well aligned with the direction of the magnetic field in the low plasma β regime that is thought to dominate the upper chromosphere. We use advanced radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations, including the effects of ion-neutral interactions (using the generalized Ohm’s law) in the partially ionized chromosphere, to show that the magnetic field is often not well aligned with chromospheric features. This occurs where the ambipolar diffusion is large, i.e., ions and neutral populations decouple as the ion-neutral collision frequency drops, allowing the field to slip through the neutral population; where currents perpendicular to the field are strong; and where thermodynamic timescales are longer than or similar to those of ambipolar diffusion. We find this often happens in dynamic spicule or fibril-like features at the top of the chromosphere. This has important consequences for field extrapolation methods, which increasingly use such upper chromospheric features to help constrain the chromospheric magnetic field: our results invalidate the underlying assumption that these features are aligned with the field. In addition, our results cast doubt on results from 1D hydrodynamic models, which assume that plasma remains on the same field lines. Finally, our simulations show that ambipolar diffusion significantly alters the amount of free energy available in the coronal part of our simulated volume, which is likely to have consequences for studies of flare initiation.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CORONAL JETS TO THE SOLAR WIND
Authors: Lionello R. , Török T. , Titov V. S. , Leake J. E. , Mikić Z. , Linker J. A. , Linton M. G.
Published: October 2016

Transient collimated plasma eruptions in the solar corona, commonly known as coronal (or X-ray) jets, are among the most interesting manifestations of solar activity. It has been suggested that these events contribute to the mass and energy content of the corona and solar wind, but the extent of these contributions remains uncertain. We have recently modeled the formation and evolution of coronal jets using a three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code with thermodynamics in a large spherical domain that includes the solar wind. Our model is coupled to 3D MHD flux-emergence simulations, i.e., we use boundary conditions provided by such simulations to drive a time-dependent coronal evolution. The model includes parametric coronal heating, radiative losses, and thermal conduction, which enables us to simulate the dynamics and plasma properties of coronal jets in a more realistic manner than done so far. Here, we employ these simulations to calculate the amount of mass and energy transported by coronal jets into the outer corona and inner heliosphere. Based on observed jet-occurrence rates, we then estimate the total contribution of coronal jets to the mass and energy content of the solar wind to (0.4–3.0)% and (0.3–1.0)%, respectively. Our results are largely consistent with the few previous rough estimates obtained from observations, supporting the conjecture that coronal jets provide only a small amount of mass and energy to the solar wind. We emphasize, however, that more advanced observations and simulations (including parametric studies) are needed to substantiate this conjecture.
An acoustic study of temporal aspects of discourse under the influence of alcohol in Spanish speakers
Authors: González Ceria Jennifer
Published: October 2016

Although the effects of alcohol on the temporal parameters of speech have been approached in various studies in numerous languages, there is no such study analyzing the acoustic manifestations of said effects in the Spanish language. The aim of this preliminary study is to observe in which ways certain strategies, such as silent pauses, filled pauses, and syllable lengthening —both in frequency and duration—, as well as speaking and articulatory rates are affected by the alcoholization in utterances realized by Spanish speakers. Ten female subjects participated in this experiment, each performing four tasks—two in order to obtain semi-spontaneous speech and two in order to obtain read speech—in each of the three sessions maintained. In the first session the participants were completely sober, in the second they were under a moderate influence of alcohol, and in the third session they were in a more intoxicated state than in the previous session. The results show that the quantity of speech disrupting strategies is not determinately related to the level of intoxication of the subject, whereas in contrast the duration of such strategies, as well as speaking and articulation rate constitute notable indicators of intoxication. That is to say, that alcohol, as it affects the central nervous system, produces a slowing of speech that creates a relationship with the length of pauses and slowness of speech that is directly proportional with blood alcohol content.
Mecanismos para entender los logros de los movimientos: Conversación, desplazamiento y disrupción
Authors: Fishman Robert M. , Everson David W.
Published: October 2016

Buena parte de la investigación en movimientos sociales tiende a asumir - y en algunos casos argumenta de manera explícita - que la disrupción es el principal mecanismo a través del cual los movimientos de protesta obtienen importantes concesiones por parte de quienes detentan el poder. No obstante, algunos estudios y mucha evidencia empírica proporcionan una base sólida para sostener la existencia de otras vías para el logro de los movimientos sociales. Si bien la importancia del discurso y el enmarcado se ha puesto de manifiesto en una serie de estudios, nosotros sostenemos que el significado completo que la palabra tiene para el éxito de los movimientos se capta mejor a partir del concepto de “conversación” y un examen de sus condiciones de viabilidad. La sustitución o el desplazamiento de la titularidad del poder, a pesar de ser una vía menos frecuente para el logro de los movimientos de protesta, también merece atención conceptual y empírica. En este artículo hacemos conceptualmente explícitas este conjunto de distinciones, diferenciando de manera analítica entre estos tres mecanismos de éxito de un movimiento y delineando las condiciones requeridas por cada uno de ellos para demostrarse viable y “útil”. Nos basamos en extensos ejemplos extraídos de movimientos y eventos de protesta en los Estados Unidos, España y Portugal, utilizando este material empírico así como la literatura teórica existente como base para construir nuestro argumento conceptual sobre la distinción de estos tres mecanismos como tipos ideales y las condiciones que les permiten ser operativos. También planteamos la cuestión de hasta qué punto – y cuándo - los actores de movimientos pueden combinar con éxito estos mecanismos o verse forzados a seguir una u otra de estas vías hacia el logro de una forma relativamente “pura”.
¿Protestas deliberativas? Persuadiendo a los políticos para que no cierren escuelas en las municipios suecos
Authors: Uba Katrin
Published: October 2016

Los estudios sobre el impacto político de la movilización de protesta muestran que a veces las protestas disruptivas ayudan a los movimientos sociales a alcanzar sus objetivos. Esto se explica convencionalmente por los intereses de los políticos en la reelección y el control social, dejando de lado en última instancia argumentos alternativos tales como la búsqueda de mejores soluciones en términos de mejores políticas. Este artículo investiga si los argumentos bien razonados - medidos por la calidad deliberativa de cartas de protesta contra el cierre de las escuelas - persuaden más que los simples gritos a los responsables municipales en Suecia. El análisis apoya este argumento puesto que las escuelas defendidas por cartas de protesta con una calidad superior de deliberación tienen una mayor probabilidad de permanecer abiertas que las escuelas defendidas por cartas de una calidad deliberativa inferior. Sin embargo, surge una paradoja fundamental a partir de la segunda conclusión: las formas intrínsecamente no deliberadas de protestas, como las manifestaciones, tienen un efecto negativo más fuerte sobre la probabilidad de cierre de las escuelas. Por lo tanto, las prácticas comunicativas bien razonadas tienen cierto poder de persuasión, pero los activistas experimentados pueden preferir protestas disruptivas como medio para obtener más influencia política.
Oncocytic Pleomorphic Adenoma of Palatal Salivary Gland with Macrophages and Giant Cells Associated with Cholesterol Crystals
Authors: Sarode Gargi S. , Sarode Sachin C. , Patil Shankargouda , Anil Sukumaran
Published: October 2016

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common salivary gland tumor characterized by histo-morphological diversity in the form of myxoid, hyalinized, chondroid, osseous, and squamous areas. In this paper, we report a rare case of predominantly oncocytic variant of PA in a 45-year-old male patient on the posterior palatal region. Microscopic examination showed homogenous eosinophilic cellular mass composed of epithelial components arranged in the form of tubular and solid patterns. The polygonal and oval cells showed abundant dark eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The cell borders were distinct with a central nucleus showing prominent nucleoli. Interestingly at few places, cholesterol clefts were seen surrounded by macrophages and giant cells. The tumor was surgically excised with no evidence of recurrence after 2 years.
Bats and evolution
Authors: Fenton M. Brock
Published: October 2016

No abstract available
Nonnegatively curved Euclidean submanifolds in codimension two
Authors: Florit Luis A. , Ziller Wolfgang
Published: October 2016

We provide a classification of compact Euclidean submanifolds

M^n\subset\mathbb R^{n+2}

with nonnegative sectional curvature, for

n \ge 3

. The classification is in terms of the induced metric (including the diffeomorphism classification of the manifold), and we study the structure of the immersions as well. In particular, we provide the first known example of a nonorientable quotient

(\mathbb S^{n-1} \times \mathbb S^1)/{\mathbb Z_2} \subset \mathbb R^{n+2}

with nonnegative curvature. For the 3-dimensional case, we show that either the universal cover is isometric to

\mathbb S^2 \times \mathbb R

, or

M^3

is diffeomorphic to a lens space, and the complement of the (nonempty) set of flat points is isometric to a twisted cylinder

(N^2 \times \mathbb R)/\mathbb Z

. As a consequence we conclude that, if the set of flat points is not too big, there exists a unique flat totally geodesic surface in

M^3

whose complement is the union of one or two twisted cylinders over disks.
Nekhoroshev’s estimates for quasi-periodic time-dependent perturbations
Authors: Bounemoura Abed
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we consider a Diophantine quasi-periodic time-dependent analytic perturbation of a convex integrable Hamiltonian system, and we prove a result of stability of the action variables for an exponentially long interval of time. This extends known results for periodic time-dependent perturbations, and partly solves a long standing conjecture of Chirikov and Lochak. We also obtain improved stability estimates close to resonances or far away from resonances, and a more general result without any Diophantine condition.
Families of $p$-adic Galois representations and $(\phi, \Gamma)$-modules
Authors: Hellmann Eugen
Published: October 2016

We investigate the relation between

p

-adic Galois representations and overconvergent

(\phi,\Gamma)

-modules in families. Especially we construct a natural open subspace of a family of

(\phi,\Gamma)

-modules, over which it is induced by a family of Galois-representations.
Assembling homology classes in automorphism groups of free groups
Authors: Conant James , Hatcher Allen , Kassabov Martin , Vogtmann Karen
Published: October 2016

The observation that a graph of rank

n

can be assembled from graphs of smaller rank

k

with

s

leaves by pairing the leaves together leads to a process for assembling homology classes for Out

(F_n)

and Aut

(F_n)

from classes for groups

\Gamma_{k,s}

, where the

\Gamma_{k,s}

generalize Out

(F_k)=\Gamma_{k,0}

and Aut

(F_k)=\Gamma_{k,1}

. The symmetric group

\mathfrak G_s

acts on

H_*(\Gamma_{k,s})

by permuting leaves, and for trivial rational coefficients we compute the

\mathfrak G_s

-module structure on

H_*(\Gamma_{k,s})

completely for

k \leq 2

. Assembling these classes then produces all the known nontrivial rational homology classes for Aut

(F_n)

and Out

(F_n)

with the possible exception of classes for

n=7

recently discovered by L. Bartholdi. It also produces an enormous number of candidates for other nontrivial classes, some old and some new, but we limit the number of these which can be nontrivial using the representation theory of symmetric groups. We gain new insight into some of the most promising candidates by finding small subgroups of Aut

(F_n)

and Out

(F_n)

which support them and by finding geometric representations for the candidate classes as maps of closed manifolds into the moduli space of graphs. Finally, our results have implications for the homology of the Lie algebra of symplectic derivations.