bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of fat and lean tissue components at the mid‐upper arm in well‐off North West Indian children
Authors: Pathmanathan G. , Prakash S.
Published: June 2005

Attained means and standard deviations of the mid–upper arm fat cross‐sectional area (CSA) and M + B (lean) CSA estimated from the arm circumference and the triceps and biceps skinfolds are presented for 327 girls and 341 boys 6–16 years of age. Tempo unconditional 1‐year velocities of the two components were also calculated based on repeated measurements of 244 girls and 253 boys after a period of about 1 year. Although the attained mean total CSA displays a similar pattern in both sexes, the fat and lean components show opposite patterns. Fat CSA is distinctly larger in girls and increases continuously, while fat CSA in boys stabilizes from 10 to 13 years and then decreases. Lean CSA in girls stabilizes at about 13 years, while that of boys continues to increase. Left hand grip strength of boys is greater and increases from 6 to 16 years. The 1‐year velocity curves of the girls are shifted by about 1–2 years to the left of the curves for boys, but the pattern is similar. The important features displayed are as follows: occurrence of two spurts of increased velocities, preadolescent and adolescent spurts, an adolescent decline in fat CSA velocities in boys which reaches a nadir at about 14 years, occurrence of an adolescent peak of lean CSA in boys at 14 years, high postpeak velocities of lean CSA in both sexes, which indicates continued growth of lean tissue, and a peak in strength that occurs after that in lean tissue. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive accuracy of bioelectrical impedance equations for women
Authors: Jenkins Kathy A. , Heyward Vivian H. , Cook Kelly L. , Hicks Virginia L. , Quatrochi Joseph A. , Wilson Wendy L. , Colville Bette C.
Published: June 2005

This study assessed the predictive accuracy of age‐ and fatness‐specific BIA equations in estimating the fat‐free mass (FFM) of a heterogeneous sample (N = 152) of women, 20–72 years (yr), with 11–57% body fat (BF). The criterion method was hydrostatic weighing (HW) at residual volume. The Siri (Siri [1961] Natl. Acad. Sci., pp. 78–89) two‐component model was used to convert body density into relative body fat (% BF) for calculation of criterion FFWHW. Average FFMHW and predicted FFMBIA did not differ significantly (P > .05) for the Lohman (Lohman [1981] Hum. Biol. 53:181–225) (20–29 yr), Van Loan and Mayclin (Van Loan and Mayclin [1987] Hum, Biol. 59:299–309) (18–64 yr), Gray (Gray [1989] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:225–260) (19–59% BF), and Segal (Segal et al. [1988] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47:7–14) (<30% BF and ≥30% BF) equations. The SEE for these equations ranged from 2.11 to 2.65 kg. All other equations (Lohman 30–49 yr and 50–70 yr; Durenberg (Durenberg et al. [1990] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51:3–6) 20–40 yr and 60–83 yr) significantly underestimated (P < .05) FFMHW by as much as 5 kg, with the SEEs ranging from 2.12 to 2.82 kg., The prediction error of equations developed specifically for young (Lohman, 20–29 yr) and non‐obese (Segal, <30% BF) women was less than that for older (Van Loan and Mayclin, 18–64 yr) and obese (Segal, ≥30% BF; Gray, 19–59% BF) women. In conclusion, Lohman's equation for older (30–49 yr) women or Durenberg's equations for younger (20–40 yr) and older (60–83 yr) women are not recommended. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation study of a panel of reliability indicators applied to paired measurements
Authors: Russell Carl M. , Williamson David F. , Bartko John J. , Bradley Edwin L.
Published: June 2005

Reliability is a subject of continuing discussion in biomedial specialty areas, including physical anthropology and nutritional epidemiology. The purpose of this study was to explore techniques of detecting differences between two evaluators or methods. A field study in which anthropometric dimensions would be taken by two independent evaluators on each participant in a study group was simulated. A panel of reliability indicators was applied across a broad range of parameters using simulation, and then the panel was applied to field anthropometric data. The panel consisted of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), paired t‐test, a simultaneous test of evaluator means and variances, technical error of measurement, mean absolute difference, and mean difference. The simultaneous test for equal evaluator means and variances uses regression to model paired differences versus paired sums. The simulation demonstrated general properties of the reliability indicators across many conditions of population variance, measurer bias, and measurer error variance. High values of ICC often exist in cases in which the measurers are different. The simultaneous test is thus a powerful method for detecting measurer differences, especially when combined with the paired t‐test. However, a single reliability indicator that is sufficient to determine all measurer inconsistencies was not identified. The field study and the simulation permitted the development of a logical approach to determining the source and magnitude of measurer differences using the panel of reliability indicators. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual variation in the sequence of ages at peak velocity in seven body dimensions
Authors: Satake Takashi , Malina Robert M. , Tanaka Shigeho , Kikuta Fumio
Published: June 2005

Seven body dimensions of 35 Japanese children, 15 boys and 20 girls, were measured longitudinally at six‐monthly intervals from 9 through 15 years of age. Spline curves were fitted to each dimension to obtain age at peak velocity and magnitude of peak velocity for each child. Ages at peak velocity for the seven dimensions were chronologically arranged within each individual, and the arrangement was labeled “sequence.” Kendall's rank order correlation coefficients among average and individual sequences were calculated to determine whether there was a regular order among individuals in ages at peak velocity of the seven dimensions. There were no sex differences in average sequences, but there was considerable variation among individual sequences. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tracking of blood pressure in children and youth
Authors: Van Lenthe Frank J. , Kemper Han C. G. , Twisk Jos W. R.
Published: June 2005

Part of a preventive pediatric strategy against cardiovascular diseases is the early identification of hypertension in childhood. There is a clearly established relationship between blood pressure measured during childhood and at later periods for the same individual. This relationship was investigated in studies of blood pressure tracking in children over the past two decades. This report reviews longitudinal studies that analysed tracking of blood pressure between the ages of 4 and 20 years. The results confirm the existence of tracking, but the statistical relationship seems too weak to justify preventive pediatric strategies based on blood pressure in childhood. However, during adolescence, tracking of blood pressure is affected by the processes of growth and maturation. Methodological problems may have also resulted in underestimation of the amount of tracking. An increase in the number of blood pressure measurements and the use of vertex‐corrected blood pressure values would probably improve tracking. It is important to analyse the improvement in tracking coefficients when these new methods are used in order to determine the maximal extent to which blood pressure in childhood can predict future levels. Recently, several studies that were able to relate blood pressure values from childhood to adulthood suggested that tracking seems to persist over this long period. Together with comparable results from future analyses of studies considered in this review, more detailed information will become available about the predictability of blood pressure in children. Although blood pressure is the best single predictor of future blood pressure, results of this review indicate that its predictability is not sufficiently strong for preventive strategies in childhood. Therefore, the development of blood pressure predictors based on more than one parameter is recommended. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Menarcheal age in central Italy
Authors: Vienna Alessandro , Capucci Enrico
Published: June 2005

Estimates of menarcheal age in girls in central Italy based on the status quo and recall methods are compared. Results obtained by the two methods differ significantly in that the recall method underestimates age of menarche even though utmost care was used in data collection (province of Rome: status quo 12.44, retrospective 11.84; Molise: status quo 12.51, retrospective 12.12). Positive and negative aspects of the two methods are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the Preece‐Baines growth model to cross‐sectional data: Problems of validity and interpretation
Authors: Zemel Babette S. , Johnston Francis E.
Published: June 2005

The Preece‐Baines growth model (PBGM) is a family of curves that conform to the shape of the human growth curve. It is most often used to analyze longitudinal records on individuals, but it can be applied to cross‐sectional data from population surveys. The purpose of this study was to determine empirically the validity of applying the PBGM to cross‐sectional data to make inferences about the timing and nature of the adolescent growth spurt. Longitudinal records (n = 339) from the Third Harvard Growth Study were analyzed individually using the PBGM. Results for each sex were pooled to characterize longitudinal growth in this population. Ten independent random cross‐sectional samples were generated from the same data set. These were divided by sex and the age means for height were analyzed using the PBGM. Comparisons between the pooled longitudinal estimates and those from the random cross‐sectional samples indicated that the PBGM can accurately estimate the age at peak height velocity in males, as well as other characteristics of the adolescent growth spurt when using cross‐sectional data. In females, spurious results were obtained when cross‐sectional data are used. Possible sources of bias are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between environment and growth for Mopan children in Belize
Authors: Crooks Deborah L.
Published: June 2005

The growth status (stature, weight, body mass index, arm circumference, estimated arm muscle and fat) of Mopan Maya children, ages 9–14 years, from San Antonio, Toledo, Belize, is evaluated with two objectives: (1) to identify associations between growth and factors in the household and local environment that coexist with poverty, and (2) to consider growth in relation to the distribution of national resources. One‐way analyses of variance indicate significant differences among z‐scores for indication of growth status by age, although the direction of the differences is not consistent. T‐tests indicate boys exhibit significantly lower z‐scores for weight, arm circumference and estimated arm muscle, but significantly higher z‐scores for estimated arm fat than girls. Although girls suffer preschool malnutrition at twice the rate than boys, the differences may indicate later female buffering for some aspects of growth. T‐tests, correlations and regression analyses indicate the importance of household socio‐economic and demographic factors for growth. Although the equations that best explain the six growth measures are not identical, they indicate the significance of SES, birth order, home environment and gender in explaining variation in the growth of San Antonio children. At the population level, growth faltering is apparent among San Antonio children compared to U.S. reference data, most likely resulting from chronic mild to moderate undernutrition. Low levels of infrastructure in Toledo District and poor access to resources for Mopan Maya in San Antonio probably contribute to the less than optimal growth status. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐sectional anthropometric study of Burmese boys and girls 9–14 years of age with secular comparisons from 1948
Authors: Torretta Oscar , Guerci Antonio , Carossino Paolo , Zin Thant
Published: June 2005

Somatic data were collected during January 1992 on 135 boys and 121 girls attending school in Yangon (Rangoon), Burma. The measures of body size (stature, sitting height, lower limb height, shoulder width, hip width, and chest girth), and body form (lower limb height as a percentage of sitting height) were analyzed for central tendency and variability. Comparisons were made with earlier samples of Burmese children measured in 1948, 1957, and 1960 as well as with samples from China, India, and Japan. Lower mean statures suggest that children from low socioeconomic circumstances in Burma are experiencing a negative secular trend that coincides with a declining economy. Before further inferences can be made, additional studies are needed due to the small sample size and restricted socioeconomic strata. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional status among rural Meitei children of Manipur, India
Authors: Gaur Rajan , Singh Ningthoujam Yaima
Published: June 2005

The nutritional status of 301 rural Meitei children (5–11 years old, 163 boys and 138 girls) from low socioeconomic backgrounds was evaluated with the help of dietary survey, clinical signs of mineral and vitamin deficiencies, and selected anthropometric dimensions. The diet was cereal and starchy food—based with rice forming the staple food. Potatoes and green grams, were the commonly consumed tubers and pulses, respectively. Consumption of fruits, eggs, milk, and milk products was extremely low. Vitamin A and C deficiencies were the most common. Spongy bleeding gums (19%), and Bitot's spot (11%) and conjunctival xerosis (12%) were the most prevalent clinical signs of vitamin C and A deficiency, respectively. Compared to girls, boys had a significantly higher incidence of deficiency signs. Mean statures and weights are below the 20th percentile of U.S. (NCHS) reference data. The incidence of stunting was substantially more than that of wasting. Nearly 29% of the children had z‐scores 2 S.D. or more below the NCHS median in stature‐for‐age. Only 1.7% of the children had z‐scores 2 S.D. or more below the reference median of weight‐for‐stature. More girls than boys were classified as having normal weight/age, stature/age, and weight/stature. The results are contrary to the common belief that Indian girls are at a nutritional disadvantage compared to boys. Rather, the findings support the concept of better buffering of female than males under conditions of environmental stress. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical growth, nutritional status, and dietary intake of African‐American middle school students from Philadelphia
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Hallock Robert J.
Published: June 2005

As part of an integrated program of academically based participatory action research, measurements of nutritional status and dietary intakes were collected from 11‐ to 15‐year‐old African‐American youth attending an innercity Philadelphia middle school. Statures and weights were collected on 136 individuals and 24‐hr recalls, distributed across the week, on 113. Using the U.S. reference data, statures were not significantly different from U.S. age/sex means, but weights were significantly greater. With the U.S. Black population (NHANES I and II) serving as a reference for the body mass index, 23.5% of the sample were classed as obese, with a BMI >90th centile. This is greater than has been reported for Philadelphia Whites, for U.S. Blacks in general, or for other samples from the U.S. and Canada. Intakes of vitamins were at or above two‐thirds of RDAs except for vitamin D, with a median of 28.1% of the recommended allowance. Low intakes were also recorded for dietary fiber (36.9% RDA) and zinc, with a median intake of 63% RDA. The median intake of fat was 101.3% RDA, of saturated fat, 102.2% RDA, of cholesterol, 76% RDA, and of polyunsatured fat, 48.2% RDA. The median intake of sodium was 2701 mg, 112.5% RDA. Overall, the data indicate a population with a very high prevalence of obesity, and diets high in saturated fat and low in polyunsaturated fat. Also of potential concern is the indication of low intakes of zinc and high intakes of sodium. Given the increased health risks of urban African‐Americans, these findings on young adolescents suggest the need to develop programs designed to improve diets and enhance health in general in this age group. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal/offspring birth month concordance in a Pacific island population
Authors: Underwood Jane H.
Published: June 2005

Analyses of 13,863 births occurring on Guam before 1942 reveal statistically significant concordance of maternal and offspring birth months, accounting for over 17% of recorded births. A secular change by maternal birth year in month of highest concordance level coincides with changing public health measures over this historical period. Together with observed birth order effects, showing decreasing concordance values with increasing birth order rank, these findings suggest an immunological component of observed birth seasonality patterns. The potential effects of maternal‐fetal immunological interactions merit greater consideration in birth seasonality studies among historical and anthropological populations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Re‐examination of secular change in adult Irish stature
Authors: Relethford John H.
Published: June 2005

Data from a large cross‐sectional study conducted in the 1930s were used to examine secular changes in adult stature in post‐Famine Ireland. The sample consists of 4061 males and 804 females, who were 30 years of age or older at the time of measurement (mostly in 1935). The Himes–Mueller method was used to adjust stature for the effects of aging so that secular change could be assessed. The linear regression of adjusted stature on year of birth was significant for both males and females, and there was no significant difference in slopes between the sexes. These results show an increase in stature of approximately 0.35–0.40 cm per decade, which is not that different from increases found in other studies of 19th century European populations. No significant curvilinearity was detected. These results show that an earlier analysis of a much smaller portion of the sample was biased due to small numbers. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipids and apoproteins in relation to participation in organized sport activities and pubertal development in boys
Authors: Zonderland M. L. , Erich W. B. M. , Dortlandt W. , Thijssen J. H. H. , Erkelens D. W.
Published: June 2005

This study considers changes in the plasma lipid and apoprotein profiles of boys in relation to participation in organized sport activities and to testosterone (T) levels. Fifty boys, aged 9.9 ± 0.6 years (mean ± S.D.), participated in the study. During a 3 year follow‐up, the following measurements were taken twice a year: stature, weight, and skinfolds. Blood samples for lipids and apoproteins and sex hormone levels, and information on participation in sport activities were also obtained. No relationship was found between participation in organized sport activities and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) or apoprotein A‐I (apo A‐I). The changes of the profile over time in more active boys (participation rate > 3 hr/wk) were similar to those of less active boys (participation rate < 1 hr/wk) (MANOVA, repeated measures, not significant.) Consistent relationships between sex hormones and lipids and apoproteins were restricted to T with total cholesterol (TC), HDL‐C, and apo A‐I, respectively. The common variance ranged from 5.8% (rT,TC) to 18.5% (rT,HDL‐C) (P ⩽ 0.05.) When the boys who reached advanced puberty during the follow‐up period (n = 21) were studied apart from those who did not (n =29), differences were found in TC, apo A‐I, and HDL‐C, TC decreased from 4.6 ± 0.65 to 4.3 ± 0.58 mmol/l in the more advanced pubertal boys, and increased from 4.6 ± 0.90 to 4.8 ± 0.79 mmol/l in the others; apo A‐I decreased from 185 ± to 28.3 to 156 ± 20.4 mg/dl and from 179 ± 20.6 to 176 ± 27.7 mg/dl, respectively (MANOVA, repeated measures, P ⩽ 0.05) HDL‐C was lower in advanced pubertal boys at the end of follow‐up (1.4 ± 0.33 and 1.7 ± 0.38 mmol/l, respectivel; P ⩽ 0.05). The lack of a relationship with regular physical activity may be due to the high levels of HDL‐C and apo A‐I at the begining of the study. On the other hand, the effect of the increasing T levels on HDL‐C and apo A‐I may have overwhelmed the presumed effect of regular physical activitiy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular trend in the age at menarche in Haiti
Authors: Barnes‐Josiah Debora , Augustin Antoine
Published: June 2005

Trends in age at menarche of 10,563 pregnant Haitian women enrolled in a longitudinal study of maternal mortality are examined. Mean recalled age at menarche for adult women in the sample was 15.37 years. However, there was a clear decline in mean menarcheal ages from the oldest to the youngest women, with a mean rate of decline for adult women of 0.36 years per decade. Mean menarcheal age was higher in each age group of rural women than for women in the metropolitan Port‐au‐Prince area; the rate of decline for adult rural women (0.37 years per decade) was nonsignificantly higher than that for adult metropolitan women (0.30 years per decade). The data suggest a secular decline in age at menarche in Haiti, as well as a continuing disparity between metropolitan and rural women. A declining age at menarche has important implications for fertility and reproductive health in Haiti, and may reflect a gradual improvement in health and nutritional status. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypovitaminosis A: A model for sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Skinner Mark
Published: June 2005

The cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is unknown. It is the leading cause of death from age one month to one year in North America. The purpose of this essay is to generate some testable hypotheses as to the cause of SIDS by drawing attention to distinct epidemiological parallels between SIDS and a newly recognized form of enamel hypoplasia, termed localized hypoplasia of the primary canine tooth (LHPC), which has been attributed to vitamin A deficiency. LHPC and SIDS share a common epidemiological profile: winter seasonality, occurrence at 3–5 months, and affecting apparently healthy children, but with increased incidence in socio economically disadvantaged families particularly racial/ethnic minorities (except Hispanics who show a reduced incidence), previously compromised infant health, less prenatal counselling, and less breastfeeding. Vitamin A has pervasive functions throughout the body including bone growth and maintenance of epithelial membranes. It is proposed that SIDS is due in part to hypovitaminosis A through one of several mechanisms: imbalanced basicranial growth producing mechanical constriction on the respiratory nerves passing through the jugular foramen; or through compromised myelination and/or maturation of the brain stem and cranial nerves involved in respiration; or through pharyngeal collapse due to mandibular undergrowth; or dysfunction of hypoxia‐sensitive epithelial cells in the trachea. It is recommended that assay of hypoxia‐sensitive epithelial cells in the trachea. It is recommended that assay of the retinyl ester content of the liver of SIDS victims be included in autopsy protocol. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular changes in the stature, weight, and age at maximum growth increments of urban Chinese girls from the 1950s to 1985
Authors: Ji Cheng‐Ye , Ohsawa Seiji , Kasai Naomi
Published: June 2005

This study focuses on changes in the stature, weight, and age at maximum increments in Chinese urban girls 7–17 years of age between the 1950s and 1985. The data come from anthropometric surbeys in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1985 in 17 Chinese cities. An overall increasing trend is apparent for stature and weight. The average increments are 1.91 cm and 0.57 kg per decade for 7 year olds, 3.43 cm per decade for 11 year olds, 2.11 kg per decade for 13 year olds, and 1.27 cm and 0.73 kg per decade for 17 year olds. Girls in 1985 attained peak growth earlier, by 1.08 years or 0.04 year/decade, than girls in the generation 30 years earlier. Specific comprisons of changes in body size and age at maximum increments during 1950–1960, 1960–1970, and 1970–1985 are also reported, and the results are compared with those of other countries or groups. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular changes in the stature and mass of Western Australian secondary school children
Authors: Blanksby Brian A.
Published: June 2005

Anthropometric data for 4,683 Western Australian secondary school chidren from the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia, were compared with figures compiled in 1940 from the same area. In the 44 year period, the average stature of 12‐ to 18‐year‐old males increased by approximately 4% in each 1 year age band and average body mass increased by 15%. Over the same period, girls of similar age showed stature increases with a mean value of 2% for each 1 year age group and average mass increases of 11%. The magnitude of the secular increase declined with age from 12 to 17 years. Standard deviations for the 1940 data were not presented; hence, the statistical significance of any difference between mean values could not be established. The body mass index (BMI) estimates from 1940 were lower at all ages for both sexes than the actual BMI data from 1984. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of statural growth in Spanish populations
Authors: Rosique Javier , Rebato Esther
Published: June 2005

Regional differences in the growth of Spanish children were studied by fitting the Preece‐Baines Model I to cross‐sectional stature data. The function parameters and derived biological variables were used to compare children from seven different studies. Regional differences in growth are interpreted as a result of a geographic variation among Spanish provinces in demographic, public health and nutritional conditions. There are differences between urban samples depending on region. Adult stature (h1) and the pattern of growth differ between urban and rural populations from the interior lands. Males from urban Extremadura, Barcelona and the Basque Country show the tallest adult statures. Adult statures of males from Segovia, Extremadura emigrants and Cuenca are not only the lowest, but the growth pattern shows delay in estimated ages at take‐off and PHV compared to the other populations. Estimated age at PHV is later for all male samples compared to Vizcaya, except for the sample of Barcelona‐I. Females from Barcelona‐II, Segovia and the Basque Country show the tallest adult statures (h1). All of the female samples, except that of urban Extremadura, have an earlier estimated age at PHV compared to the sample from Vizcaya. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of somatotypes: A longitudinal study of Belgian children age 6 to 17 years
Authors: Hebbelinck Marcel , Duquet William , Borms Jan , Carter J. E. Lindsay
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of somatotypes in Belgian children and adolescents, 52 boys and 30 girls, followed longitudinally from 6 to 17 years of age. The anthropometric Heath‐Carter somatotypes, with a stature correction for endomorphy, were estimated at 1‐year intervals. Mean somatotypes were most different between the earliest and oldest ages in both boys and girls. For boys, the means from 9 to 13 years and from 14 to 17 years did not differ. Means were 2‐4‐2½, 2½‐4‐4, and 2‐4‐4 at 6, 12, and 17 years, respectively. The scatter of somatotypes about their means was smallest at 6–8 years and greatest at 11–13 years in both boys and girls (P <0.05). For girls, the mean somatotypes from 8 or 9 years through adolescence were not different, although they tended to become more meso‐endomorphic. Means were 2‐4½‐2½, 3‐4‐3½, and 3½‐3½‐3 at 6, 12, and 17 years, respectively. The average migratory distance for boys was 6.4 (range = 3.7–12.9) and 7.8 (3.9–21.8) for girls. Many subjects had changes that were three to four times greater than others. Boys were lower in ectomorphy at 6–8 years than at older ages, while girls were higher in mesomorphy at 6 than at 12–17 years (P <.05). Interage partial correlations for each component were highest (r2 ⩾ .49) between adjacent years, but were poor to moderate as time intervals increased. The findings of this longitudinal study confirm and further define the instability of somatotypes previously observed in cross‐sectional studies of Belgian children and adolescents. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inbreeding effects on reproductive outcome among seven tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Naidu J. M. , Babu B. V. , Kusuma Y. S. , Yasmin  , Devi S. Sachi
Published: June 2005

The effects of inbreeding on reproductive outcome in terms of fertility and mortality were analyzed in seven tribal populations from Andhra Pradesh, India. The effect on mortality at both prenatal and prereproductive postnatal stages was further verified after estimating genetic load by an exponential regression model. Relatively higher fertility and mortality rates were recorded among consanguineous marriages than nonconsanguineous unions in the majority of tribes. The regression analysis indicated a positive, nonsignificant association between inbreeding and mortality in five tribes. Low B/A ratios were found in five tribes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships of physical fitness, fatness, and lifestyle indicators with blood iron in children and adults
Authors: Song Thomas M. K. , Thériault Germain , Prud'Homme Denis , Malina Robert M. , Bouchard Claude
Published: June 2005

The associations between physical fitness, fatness, activity level, dietary intake and smoking, with indicators of blood iron status are considered in 1,216 children and adults of the Quebec Family Study, 612 males and 604 females, classified into six age groups: 10–14, 15–19, 35–39, 40–44, 45–49, and 50–54 years. Physical fitness was determined as power output at a heart rate of 150 beats per min on a cycle ergometer (PWC150) and as strength of the knee extensor muscles. Fatness was estimated with the body mass index (BMI) and the sum of six skinfolds. Activity level and dietary intake were assessed with three‐day records. Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and serum ferritin of males were greater (P < 0.001) than those of females in all age groups except 10–14 years. Serum ferritin of boys and girls (10–19 years) was significantly lower than in adults. There were no clear relationships between Hb, Hct, and serum ferritin with activity level, physical fitness and body composition. However, smoking was positively correlated with Hb (P < 0.01) and Hct (P < 0.001) in all age groups, except adult females 35–39 years. Using a multiple correlation procedure, the independent variables of the study accounted for about 9% (adult males), 11% (boys), 11% (adult females), and 5% (girls) of the variance in serum ferritin. Thus, activity level, nutritional intake, physical fitness and body fat are only marginally related to blood iron status in this population. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status and level of mortality
Authors: Gage Timothy B. , Zansky Shelly M.
Published: June 2005

The strength of the relationship between several anthropometric indicators of nutritional status, or more generally, standard of living, with overall mortality at the population level is compared. The anthropometic indicators examined include height, weight, weight‐for‐height, and weight‐for‐height2at various ages. The results demonstrate that height is most closely associated with the level of mortality. Weight‐for height2, in contrast, has the weakest association with mortality. Of the ages examined, age 6 consistently has the strongest relationship with the level of mortality, whereas birthweight and adult measures have the lowest associations with the overall level of mortality, although the results for birthweight may be an artifact of biased data. Curiously, there is little or no sex difference in the slope of the relationship between anthropometric measure and level of mortality after correcting for smaller size and longer life expectancies of females compared to males. Overall, the anthropometric indicators are very highly correlated with mortality, exceeding 0.85 in some cases. This suggests that anthropometric dimensions may be a useful source of corroborative information when attempting to estimate demographic rates for populations where the demographic data are suspect. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rate of skeletal maturation in relation to secondary sexual development during female adolescence
Authors: Onat Teoman , İşeri̇ Haluk
Published: June 2005

The relationship between rate of skeletal maturation (interval from capping of hand epiphyses to fusion of radius) and rate of secondary sexual development was studied in a longitudinal sample of 76 normal Turkish girls. The interval from capping to fusion correlated inversely and significantly with the stage of secondary sexual development (SSD) attained at capping. It is concluded that the rate of skeletal maturation and expected growth after the onset of capping are not constant and depend on the stage of secondary sexual characteristic development, the former being shorter with more advanced sexual maturation. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of methods for predicting adult stature in Turkish girls
Authors: Onat Teoman
Published: June 2005

The original or revised methods for prediction of adult stature of Tanner–Whitehouse (TW), Roche‐Wainer‐Thissen (RWT), and Bayley–Pinneau (BP) were validated in a mixed longitudinal study of Turkish girls, 9–14 years of age. Comparison of 727 estimations of 102 girls showed that the RWT'93 revision is an improvement over the original method by reducing the standard deviation, and absolute median and mean of residuals. The TW'83 (3v) method, by dropping the variable midparent stature, was reduced in accuracy before age 12. The addition of the previous annual increment in stature improved the predictions, while further addition of the increment in skeletal age did not. In relation to overall accuracy and reliability, BP (0.75) and TW'75 (0.73) had the highest R2 values, while RWT'75 had the lowest (0.55). Regarding individual consistency of multiple predictions, the RWT methods ranked best and TW'83 relatively poorest. Systematic errors found in Turkish girls were similar to those found in French, Swiss, and Finnish girls. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The FG syndrome: Further characterization, report of a third family, and of a sporadic case
Authors: Riccardi Vincent M. , Hässler Erich , Lubinsky Mark S. , Opitz J. M.
Published: June 2005

We report 5 new cases of the FG syndrome, 1 sporadic, 3 brothers from a European family, and another affected male born in the first FG syndrome family reported by Opitz and Kaveggia in 1974. The pedigree data confirm the hypothesis of X‐linked inheritance of this multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. Its manifestations include shortness of stature with a disproportionately large head, mental retardation, hypotonia with or without congenital joint contractures, seizures and a strikingly characteristic personality and facial appearance, imperforate anus and/or other gastrointestinal defects, congenital heart defects, and many minor manifestations. Chronic pulmonary disease in some affected males may be a complication of hypotonia.
Minor chromosome variants in child psychiatric patients
Authors: Funderburk Steve J. , Guthrie Donald , Lind Roger C. , Muller Helga M. , Sparkes Robert S. , Westlake Joan R. , Opitz John M.
Published: June 2005

The frequency of minor chromosome variants, as detected by conventional chromosome analysis, was examined among 1,289 child psychiatric patients, of whom one‐fourth had only behavioral problems and three‐fourths had congenital abnormalities and more severe mental disorders. There was no more than random association between prominent satellites, prominent secondary constrictions or a long Y chromosome, and congenital abnormalities or more severe mental disorders. The frequencies of these chromosome variants were affected by race as has been shown in previous studies. These findings do not support the evidence for a developmental effect of minor variants in man.
Replication patterns of three isodicentric X chromosomes and an X isochromosome in human lymphocytes
Authors: Dewald Gordon , Spurbeck Jack L. , Gordon Hymie , Hoehn Holger
Published: June 2005

Chromosomes from four patients with variants of the Turner syndrome were investigated by G‐ and C‐ banding and DNA replication techniques. Their karyotypes were: 1) 46,X,idic(X)(q28), 2) 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(q24), 3)45,X/ 46,X,idic(X)(p11), and 4) 46,X,i(Xq). In Patients 1, 2, and 3, the abnormal X was isodicentric, with different break‐and‐fusion points in each case. In each, the G‐band pattern on one side of the breakpoint was a mirror image of that on the other side. Each had two distinct C‐bands, only one of which was associated with a primary constriction. The fourth patient had an isochromosome of the long arm of an X in which only one C‐band could be discerned. Replication studies were done on lymphocyte cultures by incorporating a thymidine analogue and staining with acridine orange. In addition, replication patterns of normal early‐ and late‐replicating X chromosomes were studied in two normal females. In the four patients, all the normal X chromosomes had normal early‐replication patterns. The two idic(X) chromosomes with break‐and‐fusion points on their long arms almost always had symmetric replication patterns, which demonstrates that the corresponding bands replicated synchronously. In contrast, many of the idic(X)(p11) and i(Xq) chromosomes showed asymmetric or asynchronous replication. In each, the replication pattern of the abnormal X was similar to the equivalent portions of a normal late‐replicating X.
The G and BBB syndromes: Case presentations, genetics, and nosology
Authors: Funderburk Steve J. , Stewart Ray , Opitz John M.
Published: June 2005

Hypertelorism and hypospadias are described in four unrelated boys; bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate were also present in two of the boys and mild mental retardation in another. These features are compatible with both the G and BBB syndromes. When present, laryngotracheoesophageal anomalies or respiratory and swallowing difficulties are characteristic features of the G syndrome; otherwise facial features may be useful in distinguishing the G and BBB syndromes. Cases 1 and 2 had anteverted nares and a broad and flat nasal bridge, and Case 1 had shortened palpebral fissures, all consistent with the G syndrome. In contrast, Cases 3 and 4 had a high and broad nasal bridge as previously described in the BBB syndrome. The father of Case 1 had mild hypertelorism and first‐degree hypospadias, demonstrating autosomal dominant inheritance in the G syndrome. The mothers of Cases 2, 3, and 4 all had mild hypertelorism consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance and partial male‐sex limitation, as previously proposed for both the G and BBB syndromes.
Small marker chromosome mosaicism confirmed in two cases ascertained prenatally
Authors: Kohn Gertrude , Shaham Meira , Ornoy Asher , Beyth Yoram , Cohen Maimon M. , Hoehn Holger
Published: June 2005

Two cases of chromosomal mosaicism were prenatally diagnosed and confirmed in tissues cultured from subsequently aborted fetuses. In both cases a small marker chromosome was observed which proved de novo in origin, since parental chromosomes were normal. The implications and interpretation of such findings in counselling families undergoing amniocenteses is discussed. Mosaicism for small marker chromosomes may be more frequent than hitherto suggested.
Niemann‐pick disease: Prenatal diagnoses and studies of sphingomyelinase activities
Authors: Wenger David A. , Wharton Candace , Sattler Martha , Clark Cameron , Scriver Charles R.
Published: June 2005

Five pregnancies were monitored for couples at‐risk for having a child with some form of Niemann‐Pick disease (NPD). Three of these were for the classic Type A form in which affected children usually have less than 1% of normal sphingomyelinase activity. Two of these pregnancies were terminated after the cultured amniotic‐fluid cells were determined to have less than 1% of normal sphingomyelinase activity (0.4 and 0.6 nmole/mg protein/hr versus the control mean of 61.7). In the other pregnancy at risk for Type A NPD near normal activity was measured and it was contined to term. The two other pregnancies were monitored for couples in which severely affected children were found to have partially deficient sphingomyelinase activity (about 20% of normal) in cultured skin fibroblasts. Cultural amniotic‐fluid cells from one of these pregnancies also had about 20% of control sphingomyelinase activity, but the woman underwent a spontaneous abortion soon after the cells were received and no studies on the fetus were done. The other sample was taken at the time of abortion for social reasons. In this case the cultured amnioticfluid cells and cultured fetal skin fibroblasts gave normal sphingomyelinase activity.

Enzymatic studies on tissues from the two fetuses predicted to be affected with Type A NPD confirmed the prenatal diagnosis. Studies of sphingomyelinase activity in the brains from these fetuses and from a child who died with Type A NPD indicated significant levels of activity when measured at pH 7.4 in the presence of magnesium. The higher level of the pH 7.4 sphingomyelinase activity in developing brain may indicate some important role in normal brain development.
Prenatal diagnosis of Wolman disease
Authors: Coates Paul M. , Cortner Jean A. , Mennuti Michael T. , Wheeler James E. , Kaback Michael M.
Published: June 2005

Two pregnancies at risk for Wolman disease were monitored by assay and electrophoresis of acid lipase in cultured amniotic‐fluid cells. Cells from patient 1 had 5% of control levels of acid lipase, using 14C‐triolein as substrate; however, when artificial substrates (esters of 4‐methylumbelliferone and p‐nitrophenol) were used to measure acid lipase, these cells had 30% of control levels. Electrophoresis of cell extracts revealed the absence of the A form of acid lipase, consistent with the diagnosis of Wolman disease. Analysis of fetal tissues following prostaglandin termination of this pregnancy confirmed the diagnosis. Assay of fetal‐skin fibroblasts with 14C‐triolein, as well as with artificial substrates, showed marked deficiency of acid lipase activity. Electrophoresis of fetal‐tissue extracts also demonstrated the absence of the A form of acid lipase. Amniotic‐fluid cells from patient 2 showed normal levels of acid lipase with all substrates tested; the electrophoretic pattern of acid lipase was normal. The results suggest that the prenatal diagnosis of Wolman disease be made using the radioassay of acid lipase and/or electrophoresis.
Inherited interstitial del(Xp) with minimal clinical consequences: With a note on the location of genes controlling phenotypic features
Authors: Herva Riitta , Kaluzewski Bogdan , de la Chapelle Albert , Summitt Robert L.
Published: June 2005

In a routine cytogenetic investigation of the outpatients of a hospital for the mentally retarded, a 26‐year‐old woman with a presumptive interstitial deletion of the short arm of one of the X chromosomes was found. The same aberration was found in her phenotypically normal mother and in one of her four sisters, all phenotypically normal. By GTG‐ and QFQ‐banding methods, the deletion was interpreted to involve the entire band Xp21 and adjacent parts of p11 and p22. The karyotype is written 46,X,del(X)(pter→p22::p11→qter). By autoradiography and Bud R acridine orange technique, the deleted X was the late replicating one in all three affected persons. The deletion apparently causes shortness of stature but no other phenotypic symptoms or signs. Hence a gene or genes controlling stature is located in band Xp21 or regions immediately adjacent to this band. Since the absence of this region does not cause streak gonads, it does not contain genes controlling the formation of the ovaries. This appears to be the first example of a heritable chromosome deletion compatible with a normal phenotype and reproduction.
H‐Y antigen in 46,XY pure testicular dysgenesis
Authors: Nazareth H. R. S. , Moreira‐Filho C. A. , Cunha A. J. B. , Vieira‐Filho J. P. B. , Lengyel A. M. J. , Lima M. C. , Optiz John M.
Published: June 2005

Clinical, cytogenetic, pathologic and histocompatibility‐Y (H‐Y) antigen studies were performed on a phenotypic female with primary amenorrhea and streak gonads. Pathological examination of tissues removed at total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐gonadectomy showed gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma of left streak. A single F‐body (Y chromosome) was found in buccal smears. Analysis of blood cells and tumor fibroblasts showed a 46, XY chromosome constitution (Q‐banding). The data were consistent with a diagnosis of 46, XY pure testicular dysgenesis. Positive results for H‐Y antigen were found in this case.
Distal 2q duplication: Report of two familial cases and an attempt to define a syndrome
Authors: Zankl M. , Schwanitz G. , Schmid P. , Zankl H. , Dockter G. , Rodewald A. , Zang K. D. , Grosse K.‐P.
Published: June 2005

Two cases of partial trisomy 2q are described, both resulting from a balanced translocation in one of the parents. In one case the chromosomes 2 and 11 were involved [paternal karyotype: 46,XY,t(2;11)(q33;q23)]; in the second case, chromosomes 2 and 8 [paternal karyotype: 46,XY,t(2;8)(q32;p23)]. When the two patients were compared to the few cases reported in the literature, it was concluded that the associated clinical syndrome is characterized by severe psychomotor retardation and relatively mild abnormalities involving skull and facies.
Genetic and environmental determinants of periodontal disease
Authors: Rao D. C. , Chung C. S. , Morton N. E.
Published: June 2005

Reanalysis of data on periodontal disease in 241 families [Chung et al, 1977b], based on an extended and more satisfactory path model [Rao et al, 1979], failed to detect significant heritability, and concluded in favor of cultural inheritance only, without maternal effects or intergenerational differences. The most parsimonious hypothesis yields a relative variance component of 0.338 ± 0.024 due to indexed environment for both children and adults, the remainder (1.0 − 0.338 = 0.662) being due to residual nongenetic factors.
Stage of palate closure as one indication of “liability” to cleft palate
Authors: Vekemans M. , Fraser F. C.
Published: June 2005

A new inbred mouse strain, SW/Fr, developed from a random‐bred SW stock has a 6% incidence of spontaneous cleft palate without cleft lip. SW/Fr mice close their palates comparatively late in development. After cortisone treatment, the mean of the distribution (mean time to reach palate stage 5) is shifted towards later gestational ages. There is no change in the variance of the distribution.

These data lend further support to the hypothesis that cleft palate in mice may fit a model where a continuous distribution is separated into discontinuous parts by a developmental threshold, and that time of palate closure is an important component of liability to cleft palate.
Genetics of hyperuricemia in families with gout
Authors: Morton N. E.
Published: June 2005

Complex segregation analysis supports the polygenic hypothesis of Hauge and Harvald and Neel et al, according to which hyperuricemia ascertained through gout is rarely due to a major gene, evidence for which is not significant in two studies that were considered to favor a major locus.
A gene for hypospadias in a child with presumed tetrasomy 18p
Authors: Côté G. B. , Petmezaki S. , Bastakis N.
Published: June 2005

The proband and his elder brother had intrauterine growth retardation, hypospadias, cryptorchism, a high palate, distally placed axial triradii, and a functional and maturational CNS defect that improved with age and included the inability to suck, severe swallowing difficulties, and frequent vomiting. Their hypospadias is due to an autosomal dominant gene. The proband also had a small extra metacentric chromosome presumed to be an isochromosome 18p.