bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Stop‐Signal Paradigm
Authors: Matzke Dora , Verbruggen Frederick , Logan Gordon D.
Published: April 2018

Response inhibition—the ability to stop responses that are no longer appropriate—is frequently studied with the stop‐signal paradigm. In the stop‐signal paradigm, participants perform a choice response time task that is occasionally interrupted by a stop signal. The stop signal prompts participants to withhold their response on that trial. Performance in the stop‐signal paradigm is typically formalized as a horse race between a go and a stop process. If the go process wins the race, the response in executed; if the stop process wins the race, the response is inhibited. The stop‐signal paradigm owes its popularity to the underlying horse‐race model that enables researchers to estimate the latency of the unobservable stop response. In this chapter, we present a theoretical review of the stop‐signal paradigm and the corresponding horse‐race model. First we focus on the standard independent horse‐race model and discuss the most important measures of inhibitory control in the stop‐signal paradigm. We then describe the latest developments in the model‐based analysis of stop‐signal data. We conclude the chapter with recommendations on how to run stop‐signal experiments and how to report and interpret the results of stop‐signal studies.
Neural Recordings at Multiple Scales
Authors: Maier Alexander , Schall Jeffrey D. , Woodman Geoffrey F.
Published: April 2018

This chapter surveys the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of neural activity recorded as spikes from single neurons or from populations of neurons and as the local voltage fluctuations derived from synaptic potentials. It also considers how these measures relate to those obtained from outside the brain through the electroencephalogram or from energy and oxygen utilization through functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Neural Networks and Neurocomputational Modeling
Authors: Toutounji Hazem , Hertäg Loreen , Durstewitz Daniel
Published: April 2018

This chapter reviews methods of neurocomputational modeling, ranging from biophysically detailed single neuron and synapse models to connectionist‐style, abstract network formalisms. These methods form an arsenal of mathematical tools that draw on dynamical systems theory, computational theory, nonlinear optimization, probability theory, and statistics. Together, they provide a common language for addressing phenomena at a wide span of biological scales, from molecular mechanisms describing intracellular signal processing to the brain‐wide neural activity producing cognition and behavior. They also form the basis for advanced estimation of model parameters and network structure directly from neural recordings. In conclusion, given the commonalities in mathematical approaches addressed through the text, the necessity for an overarching framework to tackle questions in neurocomputational modeling at different levels of biological detail is emphasized.
Unlocking Pentonville: Architectural Liberation in Self‐Initiated Projects
Authors: Wigglesworth Sarah
Published: April 2018

Capital‐driven development is causing an adversarial atmosphere in built‐environment planning. Architects often find themselves walking a tightrope between their clients' demands and their own professional imperative to work for the good of the community. But challenging a client on ethics can mean losing work. To improve the situation all round, London‐based architect Sarah Wigglesworth advocates involving architects at an earlier stage in the planning process, and also encourages her peers to initiate projects themselves to spur debate and potential collaboration. Her practice's urban regeneration proposal centred on a historic prison building in one of the UK's most deprived neighbourhoods serves as an example.
Freedom from the Known: Imagining the Future Without the Baggage of the Past
Authors: Kundoo Anupama
Published: April 2018

As a newly qualified female architect in early 1990s India, Anupama Kundoo's first instinct was to seek to live as independently and lightly as possible – and to help others to do likewise. A self‐build project intended to be temporary turned into a lifestyle, and led to a career focused on engaging local workers in eco‐minded building that marries new technology with familiar materials. Now based in Madrid, she describes her journey so far, including her own built work and her doctoral studies of a project involving mud dwellings fired to permanence when fully built.
Freedom Via Soft Order: Architecture as a Foil for Social Self‐organisation
Authors: Schumacher Patrik
Published: April 2018

Various radical thinkers have categorised architectural ordering as ‘violence’ and architecture as ‘prison’. But the built environment is an integral part of all human society. Could individual and societal freedom be enhanced by a shift from the ‘hard order’ of the past to a new, libertarian ‘soft order’? Patrik Schumacher, principal of Zaha Hadid Architects, examines the theoretical background of the subject and points to such a new order, in which intervisibility is key and physical boundaries are replaced by expressive thresholds that act as guiding orientations rather than tools of exclusion or containment.
The Paradox of Safety and Fear: Security in Public Space
Authors: Minton Anna
Published: April 2018

Ever‐increasing levels of security staff presence and enclosure around public spaces may be counterproductive. Rather than reassuring and liberating us, the phenomenon – prevalent in the UK and the US but far less so in other countries – is arguably creating a heightened sense of fear, and is limiting the expression of our democratic society. Anna Minton, a widely published author and speaker who is currently Reader in Architecture at the University of East London, reflects on the plague of public‐space privatisation, and points to positive initiatives that are going against the flow.
The Omniscience and Dependency of Practice
Authors: Bernstein Phil
Published: April 2018

The function of and need for architects is constantly being called into question – not least in this issue of 2. So what is their relevance in this world of self‐build, prefabrication, digitalisation and the primacy of capital? Architect and technologist Phil Bernstein, who teaches at Yale University, offers his vision of the practical steps needed for them to secure the agency that constitutes professional freedom, while fully living up to their ethical and societal responsibilities.
Sequential Au/Cu Catalysis: A Two Catalyst One‐Pot Protocol for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Oxazole α‐Hydroxy Esters via Intramolecular Cyclization/Intermolecular Alder‐Ene Reaction
Authors: Nalivela Kumara Swamy , Rudolph Matthias , Baeissa Elham S. , Alhogbi Basma G. , Mkhalid Ibraheem A. I. , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: April 2018

A convenient protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of oxazole α‐hydroxy ester derivatives 4 from readily available propargylamides 1 and alkylglyoxylates 3 was developed. The first step of the one‐pot procedure is the selective intramolecular in situ formation of an alkylideneoxazoline 2, which then in an intermolecular reaction is enantioselectively transformed to the oxazole α‐hydroxy ester derivatives 4 in quantitative yield and good to excellent enantioselectivity via an asymmetric copper(II)‐catalyzed Alder‐ene reaction.

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Educational inequality across three generations in Australia
Authors: Hancock Kirsten J. , Mitrou Francis , Povey Jenny , Campbell Alice , Zubrick Stephen R.
Published: April 2018

The transfer of advantage and disadvantage across multiple generations is receiving increasing attention in the international literature; however, transfers of resources across multiple generations in Australian families are less well understood. Using a longitudinal dataset of Australian children, we have the opportunity to not only investigate the transfer of educational resources across three generations in Australia, but also investigate the gendered nature of these transfers, which has been a limitation of other studies. We find no evidence of individual grandparent education effects on numeracy and reading scores for grandchildren in Year 3, independent of parent educational attainment and other covariates. However, significant effects on numeracy and reading scores were observed for children in families where both the grandmother and grandfather in maternal and paternal grandparent sets had high educational attainment (a diploma or university qualification), and where either or both the mother and father had a university qualification. These results suggest that the contribution of grandparents to the academic achievement of grandchildren cannot be fully explained by the parent generation and that the concentration of human capital in families contributes to educational inequalities across multiple generations that can be observed by eight years of age.
Die stark wachsende chemische Vielfalt der RNA‐Modifikationen enthält eine Thioacetalstruktur
Authors: Dal Magro Christina , Keller Patrick , Kotter Annika , Werner Stephan , Duarte Victor , Marchand Virginie , Ignarski Michael , Freiwald Anja , Müller Roman‐Ulrich , Dieterich Christoph , Motorin Yuri , Butter Falk , Atta Mohamed , Helm Mark
Published: April 2018

Durch kürzlich neu entdeckte Strukturen wurde das Spektrum an funktionellen Gruppen, die die chemische Vielfalt von RNA‐Modifikation definieren, überraschend erweitert. Durch die Verwendung von LC‐MS war es uns möglich, über hundert Signale von RNA‐Komponenten, die eine Ribose‐Einheit enthielten, in tRNAs von E. coli zu detektieren. Durch Fütterungsexperimente mit stabilen isotopenmarkierten Verbindungen wurden 37 Verbindungen identifiziert, die neue RNA‐Modifikationen darstellen. Eine der 37 Strukturen konnte durch den Einsatz von Deuterium‐Austausch‐Experimenten sowie hochauflösender Massenspektrometrie aufgeklärt werden. Die Struktur von msms2i6A (2‐Methylthiomethylenethio‐N6‐isopentenyladenosin) wurde durch Methion‐D3‐Fütterungsexperimente und schließlich durch die Synthese der Nukleobase bestätigt. Die Modifikation msms2i6A enthält ein Thioacetal, dessen Biosyntheese wir in vitro durch das Radikal‐SAM‐Enzym MiaB aus ms2i6A nachstellen konnten. Dieses Enzym führt eine Thiomethylierung durch und generiert aus i6A in einer ersten Umsetzung ms2i6A. Das neu entdeckte Thioacetal wird durch eine zweite Umsetzung generiert, bei dem nun Wasserstoff aus der zuvor eingeführten Methylgruppe abstrahiert wird. Thioacetale sind in der Naturstoffchemie äußerst selten und diese Reaktion stellt zudemeinen neuartigen enzymatischen Mechanismus für ihre Bildung dar. In Verbindung mit dem Pool von 36 weiteren neuen Modifikationen beschreibt diese Arbeit eine neue Ebene in der RNA‐Modifikationschemie.
Two Histidines in an α‐Helix: A Rigid Co2+‐Binding Motif for PCS Measurements by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Bahramzadeh Alireza , Jiang Hailun , Huber Thomas , Otting Gottfried
Published: April 2018

Pseudocontact shifts (PCS) generated by paramagnetic metal ions present valuable long‐range information in the study of protein structural biology by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Faithful interpretation of PCSs, however, requires complete immobilization of the metal ion relative to the protein, which is difficult to achieve with synthetic metal tags. We show that two histidine residues in sequential turns of an α‐helix provide a binding site for a Co2+ ion, which positions the metal ion in a uniquely well‐defined and predictable location. Exchange between the bound and free cobalt is slow on the timescale defined by chemical shifts, but the NMR resonance assignments are nonetheless readily transferred from the diamagnetic to the paramagnetic NMR spectrum by an IzSz‐exchange experiment. The double‐histidine‐Co2+ motif offers a straightforward, inexpensive, and convenient way of generating precision PCSs in proteins.
Polymeric Nanoparticles with a Glutathione‐Sensitive Heterodimeric Multifunctional Prodrug for In Vivo Drug Monitoring and Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhang Fuwu , Ni Qianqian , Jacobson Orit , Cheng Siyuan , Liao Arthur , Wang Zhantong , He Zhimei , Yu Guocan , Song Jibin , Ma Ying , Niu Gang , Zhang Longjiang , Zhu Guizhi , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: April 2018

Polymeric micelle‐based drug delivery systems have dramatically improved the delivery of small molecular drugs, yet multiple challenges remain to be overcome. A polymeric nanomedicine has now been engineered that possesses an ultrahigh loading (59 %) of a glutathione (GSH)‐sensitive heterodimeric multifunctional prodrug (HDMP) to effectively co‐deliver two synergistic drugs to tumors. An HDMP comprising of chemotherapeutic camptothecin (CPT) and photosensitizer 2‐(1‐hexyloxyethyl)‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐α (HPPH) was conjugated via a GSH‐cleavable linkage. The intrinsic fluorogenicity and label‐free radio‐chelation (64Cu) of HPPH enabled direct drug monitoring by fluorescence imaging and positron emission tomography (PET). Through quantitative PET imaging, HDMP significantly improves drug delivery to tumors. The high synergistic therapeutic efficacy of HDMP‐loaded NPs highlights the rational design of HDMP, and presents exciting opportunities for polymer NP‐based drug delivery.
A Highly Efficient Near‐Infrared‐Emissive Copolymer with a N=N Double‐Bond π‐Conjugated System Based on a Fused Azobenzene–Boron Complex
Authors: Gon Masayuki , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: April 2018

Fused azobenzene–boron complexes (BAzs) show highly efficient near‐infrared (NIR) emission from the nitrogen–nitrogen double bond (N=N) containing π‐conjugated copolymer. Optical measurements showed that BAz worked as a strong electron acceptor because of the intrinsic electron deficiency of the N=N double bond and the boron–nitrogen (B−N) coordination which dramatically lowered the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the azobenzene ligand. The simple donor–acceptor (D–A) type copolymer of bithiophene (BT) and BAz exhibited intense photoluminescence (PL) in the NIR region both in the dilute solution (λPL=751 nm, ΦPL=0.25) and in the film (λPL=821 nm, ΦPL=0.038). The BAz monomer showed slight PL in the dilute solution, and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) was detected. We proposed that N=N double bonds should be attractive and functional building blocks for designing π‐conjugated materials.
Pregnancy Outcomes After Exposure to Certolizumab Pegol
Authors: Clowse Megan E. B. , Scheuerle Angela E. , Chambers Christina , Afzali Anita , Kimball Alexa B. , Cush John J. , Cooney Maureen , Shaughnessy Laura , Vanderkelen Mark , Förger Frauke
Published: April 2018

Objective

Anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) medications are effective in controlling chronic inflammatory diseases, but information about their use and safety in pregnancy is limited. Consequently, anti‐TNF agents are often discontinued early in gestation. Certolizumab pegol (CZP), a PEGylated, Fc‐free anti‐TNF agent approved for the treatment of rheumatic diseases and/or Crohn's disease, has minimal to no active placental transfer. This analysis was undertaken to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in women receiving CZP, especially those exposed during early pregnancy.

Methods

Prospective and retrospective data on maternal CZP exposure were extracted from the UCB Pharma safety database through March 6, 2017. Analysis was limited to prospective reports to avoid potential bias associated with retrospective submissions. The numbers of live births, miscarriages, elective abortions, stillbirths, and major congenital malformations were ascertained.

Results

Of 1,137 prospectively reported pregnancies with maternal exposure to CZP, 528 (including 10 twin pregnancies) had 538 known outcomes: 459 live births (85.3%), 47 miscarriages (8.7%), 27 elective abortions (5.0%), and 5 stillbirths (0.9%). There were 8 major congenital malformations (1.7%) among the 459 infants. First trimester exposure occurred in 367 (81.2%) of 452 pregnancies resulting in 459 live births. Exposure during all 3 trimesters occurred in 201 (44.5%) of 452 pregnancies.

Conclusion

This analysis represents the largest cohort of pregnant women exposed to an anti‐TNF agent for management of chronic inflammatory diseases. Analysis of pregnancy outcomes does not indicate a teratogenic effect of CZP, compared to the general population, nor an increased risk of fetal death. The data are reassuring for women of childbearing age considering treatment with CZP.
The use and effectiveness of interactive progressive drawing in anatomy education
Authors: Greene Sarah J.
Published: April 2018

Anatomical relationships are challenging concepts for first‐year medical students. The use of progressive drawing, where an image is created from a blank template, has long been utilized for outlining anatomical relationships and continuity from one region to another, and has shown positive outcomes for student learning. More recently, computerized progressive drawing has been introduced; however, challenges, including issues with visual clarity, have been described. In this study, 17 computerized screencasts of drawings covering neurovasculature of the limbs, abdomen, pelvis, head, and neck were created and provided to first‐year medical students at Morehouse School of Medicine. An animated method for drawing was utilized to increase visual clarity. Surveys were provided to 181 first‐year medical students to collect feedback about these screencasts. Sixty percent (n = 108) of students completed at least one survey. Respondents rated all 17 screencasts with a minimum of 4.7/5 for helpfulness in learning the material for course examinations. A majority of students (77.8%) reported viewing the screencasts more than once on at least one survey, and students reported varying methods for utilizing the screencasts. A majority of students provided positive feedback relating to technical quality. Some significant differences in course performance were seen based on screencast usage. The positive responses from students indicate that this is a useful method in medical education. Anat Sci Educ 11: 445–460. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Differences in the fractions of ice clouds between eastern and western parts of Eurasian continent using CALIPSO in January 2007
Authors: Yamauchi Akira , Kawamoto Kazuaki , Okamoto Hajime
Published: April 2018

We investigated the difference in the fraction of ice (water) cloud bins between eastern and western parts of Eurasia using Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data in January 2007. The fraction of ice cloud bins between −25 and 0 °C was clearly larger in eastern Eurasia than in western Eurasia. A significantly increased (about 20–30%) fraction of ice‐containing clouds is observed in eastern Eurasia in the cloud top temperatures range from −30 to −15 °C. The difference in ice cloud bin fractions between eastern and western Eurasia was remarkable between −20 and −5 °C, being about 20% greater in eastern Eurasia. The fraction of ice cloud bins in the lower troposphere (below 3 km) was larger in eastern Eurasia than in western Eurasia. These results indicate that the ice formation process was more promoted in the lower troposphere in eastern Eurasia than in western Eurasia. This is the first time such results have been obtained from cloud internal structure observations using the CALIPSO active sensor.
Skeletal Growth Dysregulation in Australian Male Infants and Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Green Cherie C. , Dissanayake Cheryl , Loesch Danuta Z. , Bui Minh , Barbaro Josephine
Published: April 2018

Recent findings suggest that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are larger in size for head circumference (HC), height, and weight compared to typically developing (TD) children; however, little is known about their rate of growth, especially in height and weight. The current study aimed to: (a) confirm and extend upon previous findings of early generalized overgrowth in ASD; and (b) determine if there were any differences in the rate of growth between infants and toddlers with ASD compared to their TD peers. Measurements of HC, height, and weight were available for 135 boys with ASD and 74 TD boys, from birth through 3 years of age. Size and growth rate in HC, height, and weight were analyzed using a linear mixed‐effects model. Infants with ASD were significantly smaller in size at birth for HC, body length, and weight compared to TD infants (all P < 0.05); however, they grew at a significantly faster rate in HC and height in comparison to the TD children (P < 0.001); there was no significant difference between the groups in growth rate for weight (P > 0.05). The results confirmed that male infants and toddlers with ASD exhibit skeletal growth dysregulation early in life. Autism Res 2018, 11: 846–856. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Recent findings suggest that infants with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are smaller in size at birth compared to typically developing infants but grow larger than their peers during the first year. Little is known about their rate of growth, especially for height and weight. Our findings confirmed that infants with ASD are smaller in size at birth for head circumference (HC), height, and weight, but grow at a faster rate in HC and height than their peers from birth to 3 years.
Brief report: Poor self‐regulation as a predictor of individual differences in adaptive functioning in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Uljarević Mirko , Hedley Darren , Nevill Rose , Evans David W. , Cai Ru Ying , Butter Eric , Mulick James A.
Published: April 2018

The present study examined the link between poor self‐regulation (measured by the child behavior checklist dysregulated profile [DP]) and core autism symptoms, as well as with developmental level, in a sample of 107 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 19–46 months. We further examined the utility of DP in predicting individual differences in adaptive functioning, relative to the influence of ASD severity, chronological age (CA), and developmental level. Poor self‐regulation was unrelated to CA, developmental level, and severity of ADOS‐2 restricted and repetitive behaviors, but was associated with lower ADOS‐2 social affect severity. Hierarchical regression identified poor self‐regulation as a unique independent predictor of adaptive behavior, with more severe dysregulation predicting poorer adaptive functioning. Results highlight the importance of early identification of deficits in self‐regulation, and more specifically, of the utility of DP, when designing individually tailored treatments for young children with ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1157–1165. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This study explored the relationship between poor self‐regulation and age, verbal and non‐verbal developmental level, severity of autism symptoms and adaptive functioning in 107 children with autism under 4 years of age. Poor self‐regulation was unrelated to age, developmental level, and severity of restricted and repetitive behaviors but was associated with lower social affect severity. Importantly, more severe self‐regulation deficits predicted poorer adaptive functioning.
Population-based study of the sensitivity of axillary ultrasound imaging in the preoperative staging of node-positive invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Morrow E , Lannigan A , Doughty J , Litherland J , Mansell J , Stallard S , Mallon E , Romics L
Published: April 2018

Background

Preoperative staging of the axilla is important to allow decisions regarding neoadjuvant treatment and the management of the axilla. Invasive lobular carcinoma metastases are difficult to detect because of the infiltrative pattern of the nodal spread. In this study the sensitivity of preoperative axillary staging between invasive lobular (ILC) and ductal (IDC) carcinoma was compared.

Methods

All women diagnosed with pure ILC or IDC in the West of Scotland in 2012–2014 were identified from a database maintained prospectively within the Managed Clinical Network. Pretreatment axillary ultrasound imaging (AUS), core biopsy and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) results were compared between ILC and IDC.

Results

Some 602 women with ILC and 4199 with IDC had undergone axillary surgery, of whom 209 and 1402 respectively had nodal metastases. Pretreatment AUS sensitivity was significantly lower in ILC than in IDC (32·1 versus 50·1 per cent respectively, P < 0·001; OR 0·47, 95 per cent c.i. 0·34 to 0·64). Core biopsy had equally high sensitivity of 86 per cent in both subtypes; however, FNAC was significantly less sensitive in both ILC (55 per cent; P = 0·003) and IDC (75·6 per cent; P = 0·006). Multivariable analysis revealed that cT3–4 status and symptomatic presentation were both significant in predicting nodal metastasis in patients with ILC and false-negative AUS findings (OR 3·77, 95 per cent c.i. 1·69 to 8·42, P = 0·001; and OR 1·92, 1·24 to 2·98, P = 0·003, respectively).

Conclusion

AUS is inferior in detecting axillary node metastasis in ILC compared with IDC. Women with cT3–4 lobular carcinoma may benefit from ultrasound-guided axillary biopsy regardless of the ultrasonographic appearance of the nodes.
Development and evaluation of a patient-centred measurement tool for surgeons' non-technical skills
Authors: Yule J , Hill K , Yule S
Published: April 2018

Background

Non-technical skills are essential for safe and effective surgery. Several tools to assess surgeons' non-technical skills from the clinician's perspective have been developed. However, a reliable measurement tool using a patient-centred approach does not currently exist. The aim of this study was to translate the existing Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) tool into a patient-centred evaluation tool.

Methods

Data were gathered from four cohorts of patients using an iterative four-stage mixed-methods research design. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to establish the psychometric properties of the tool, focusing on validity, reliability, usability and parsimony.

Results

Some 534 patients were recruited to the study. A total of 24 patient-centred non-technical skill items were developed in stage 1, and reduced to nine items in stage 2 using exploratory factor analysis. In stage 3, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that these nine items each loaded on to one of three factors, with excellent internal consistency: decision-making, leadership, and communication and teamwork. In stage 4, validity testing established that the new tool was independent of physician empathy and predictive of surgical quality. Surgical leadership emerged as the most dominant skill that patients could recognize and evaluate.

Conclusion

A novel nine-item assessment tool has been developed. The Patients' Evaluation of Non-Technical Skills (PENTS) tool allows valid and reliable measurement of surgeons' non-technical skills from the patient perspective.
Assess, monitor reputational risks facing your campus
Authors: Scott Kevin B.
Published: April 2018

Higher education officials know firsthand how potential risks can become actual incidents that harm the reputation of their institutions at any point.
Make community policing a campuswide philosophy
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2018

Community policing is a campuswide philosophy at the State University of New York College at Buffalo, said Peter M. Carey, J.D., chief of police.
A left ventricular true aneurysm
Authors: Saleh Yehia , Almaghraby Abdallah , Abdelkarim Ola , Abdelnaby Mahmoud , Hammad Basma
Published: April 2018

Key Clinical Message

True ventricular aneurysm is a scarred wall that most commonly results after an unrevascularized ST elevation myocardial infarction. Patients usually present with heart failure, angina, ventricular arrhythmia, systemic embolization, or ventricular rupture. Diagnosis can be achieved via echocardiography, left ventricle angiogram, cardiac computed tomography, or cardiac magnetic resonance.
Influence of Particle Size Distribution on Lifetime and Thermal Stability of Ostwald Ripening of Supported Particles
Authors: Hu Sulei , Li Wei‐Xue
Published: April 2018

Stability of dispersed particles on their supports is one of the central topics in heterogeneous catalysis and quantifying the influence of the particle size distribution on lifetime and thermal stability is highly valuable for rational design of efficient nanocatalysts. We report here a theoretical study of Ostwald ripening of supported particles, in particular, the kinetic evolution of particle number, average size, and dispersion with respect to time and thermal temperature in a wide range of size and monodispersity. Phase diagrams of half‐lifetime and onset temperature of ripening as functions of size and monodispersity were constructed. If decreasing the average particle size, though there is a modest gain in the dispersion, the stability declines dramatically; specifically, the half‐lifetime of ripening decreases exponentially and the corresponding onset temperature decreases by hundreds of Kelvin. Decline in stability owing to the decrease in size could, however, be systematically compensated by increasing the monodispersity of the size distribution. We find that the supported particles with the same half‐life time and onset temperature could originate from different particle size distributions, whereas the particle size distribution with the same apparent dispersion could have very different onset temperature and half‐lifetime. The result highlights the importance of both size and monodispersity in particle size distribution to the ripening resistance of supported particles, and the methodology developed for simulating ripening kinetics could be used to accelerate the aging protocols.
Rhenium‐ and Manganese‐Catalyzed Selective Alkenylation of Indoles
Authors: Wang Chengming , Rueping Magnus
Published: April 2018

An efficient rhenium‐catalyzed regioselective C−H bond alkenylation of indoles is reported. The protocol operates well for internal as well as terminal alkynes, affording products in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, a manganese‐catalyzed, acid free, regioselective C2‐alkenylation of indoles with internal alkynes is described. The directing groups can be easily removed after the reaction and the resulting products can be used as valuable building blocks for the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic compounds.
Optimization of CO2 Biofixation by Chlorella vulgaris Using a Tubular Photobioreactor
Authors: Hossain S. Mohammad Z. , Hossain Mohammad M. , Razzak Shaikh A.
Published: April 2018

The effects of various CO2 concentrations in CO2 bioconversion by cultivation of microalga Chlorella vulgaris were investigated using a vertical tubular photobioreactor. The response surface technique with central composite design was applied to model the CO2 biofixation rate, the specific growth rate (SGR), and the biomass productivity of C. vulgaris as function of CO2 concentration and cultivation time. The developed nonlinear model was employed to determine the optimum CO2 concentration in an air‐CO2 mixture and the cultivation time for maximum CO2 biofixation, SGR, and microalgae biomass productivity. In addition, a multiple responses optimization method was also applied to determine the maximum CO2 uptake rate, the SGR, and the biomass productivity, simultaneously. The predicted optimum values agreed well with the experimental data.
Activity and Electrochemical Stability of Pt‐ and Pt2Ni‐α‐WC/C Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media
Authors: Bott‐Neto José L. , Ticianelli Edson A.
Published: April 2018

The activity and electrochemical stability of Pt and Pt2Ni alloy nanoparticles supported on carbon (Pt/C, Pt2Ni/C) or on hexagonal tungsten carbide/carbon powders (Pt‐α‐WC/C, Pt2Ni‐α‐WC/C) were investigated for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1 M HClO4. The composites were extensively characterized by different physicochemical techniques, after which the electrochemical active surface area and the electrocatalytic activity for ORR were investigated, before and after being submitted to accelerated stress tests (AST). Results of rotating ring‐disk electrode experiments have indicated that Pt2Ni‐α‐WC 20 wt.%/C presents the highest initial specific activity (SA) for ORR, about 1.8 times higher than that of a Pt/C catalyst, but also the largest loss of specific activity caused by the AST. This is assigned to a strong catalyst degradation and consequent elimination of positive effects of Ni over Pt in the electrocatalysis of ORR. Although the mass activity of Pt/C electrode was higher after 12000 AST cycles, the specific activity of Pt‐α‐WC20 wt.%/C is more stable, indicating that beneficial interactions between Pt and the WC/WOx phases are maintained along the AST.
Miner‐Regel und zugehörige Sicherheitselemente in Betriebsfestigkeitsberechnungen am Beispiel von Kranbahnträgern
Authors: Geißler K.
Published: April 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Retraction: 01.01: Placement of nut determining failure mode of bolt and nut assemblies
Authors: Grimsmo Erik L. , Aalberg Arne , Langseth Magnus , Clausen Arild H.
Published: April 2018

The above article, published online on 13 September 2017 in Wiley Online Library [1], has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal editors, and Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin. The retraction has been agreed as this article is a duplicate of the version published on 10 August 2017 [2]. The duplicate publication of this article was due to an administrative error on the part of the publishers. The authors were in no way at fault. For the version of record, please refer to the first published version [2]. The publishers wish to apologize for this error.

References

[1] E.L. Grimsmo, A. Aalberg, M. Langseth, A.H. Clausen, 01.01: Placement of nut determining failure mode of bolt and nut assemblies. ce/papers, 1 (2017) 165–174. doi:10.1002/cepa.47

[2] E.L. Grimsmo, A. Aalberg, M. Langseth, A.H. Clausen, How placement of nut determines failure mode of bolt-and-nut assemblies. Steel Construction, 10 (2017) 241–247. doi:10.1002/stco.201710025
Significant Effect of Pore Sizes on Energy Storage in Nanoporous Carbon Supercapacitors
Authors: Young Christine , Lin Jianjian , Wang Jie , Ding Bing , Zhang Xiaogang , Alshehri Saad M. , Ahamad Tansir , Salunkhe Rahul R. , Hossain Shahriar A. , Khan Junayet Hossain , Ide Yusuke , Kim Jeonghun , Henzie Joel , Wu Kevin C.‐W. , Kobayashi Naoya , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: April 2018

Mesoporous carbon can be synthesized with good control of surface area, pore‐size distribution, and porous architecture. Although the relationship between porosity and supercapacitor performance is well known, there are no thorough reports that compare the performance of numerous types of carbon samples side by side. In this manuscript, we describe the performance of 13 porous carbon samples in supercapacitor devices. We suggest that there is a “critical pore size” at which guest molecules can pass through the pores effectively. In this context, the specific surface area (SSA) and pore‐size distribution (PSD) are used to show the point at which the pore size crosses the threshold of critical size. These measurements provide a guide for the development of new kinds of carbon materials for supercapacitor devices.
Monitoring Uneven Multistage/Multiphase Batch Processes using Trajectory‐Based Fuzzy Phase Partition and Hybrid MPCA Models
Authors: Luo Lijia
Published: April 2018

Batch processes often have the traits of multiple operation stages/phases and uneven batch durations. These two traits bring difficulties to batch process modelling and monitoring. In this paper, a trajectory‐based fuzzy phase partition (TBFPP) method and hybrid multiway PCA (MPCA) models are developed for monitoring multistage/multiphase batch processes with uneven durations. The TBFPP method divides each batch into several fuzzy operation phases by clustering trajectory data of phase‐sensitive process variables using the sequence‐constraint fuzzy c‐means (SCFCM) clustering algorithm. This TBFPP method not only solves the uneven duration problem of batches, but also can identify transition regions between neighbouring operation phases. Fuzzy operation phases are further divided into “steady” and “transition” operation phases according to the membership degrees of samples. Hybrid modelling methods, consisting of phase‐based (global) modelling and just‐in‐time (local) modelling, are used to cope with different process characteristics of the “steady” and “transition” operation phases. Offline phase‐based MPCA models are built for “steady” operation phases to describe the steady process characteristics. Online just‐in‐time MPCA models are built for “transition” operation phases to handle the time‐varying process characteristics. Based on the hybrid MPCA models, an online process monitoring method is proposed. The efficacy of the proposed methods is demonstrated through a simulation study of a fed‐batch fermentation process.
Antichagasic, Leishmanicidal, and Trichomonacidal Activity of 2‐Benzyl‐5‐nitroindazole‐Derived Amines
Authors: Fonseca‐Berzal Cristina , Ibáñez‐Escribano Alexandra , Vela Nerea , Cumella José , Nogal‐Ruiz Juan José , Escario José Antonio , da Silva Patrícia Bernardino , Batista Marcos Meuser , Soeiro Maria de Nazaré C. , Sifontes‐Rodríguez Sergio , Meneses‐Marcel Alfredo , Gómez‐Barrio Alicia , Arán Vicente J.
Published: April 2018

Three different series of new 5‐nitroindazole derivatives—1‐(ω‐aminoalkyl)‐2‐benzylindazolin‐3‐ones (series A; ten compounds), 3‐(ω‐aminoalkoxy)‐2‐benzylindazoles (series B; four compounds) and 3‐alkylamino‐2‐benzylindazoles (series C; five compounds)—have been synthesized and evaluated against the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania amazonensis, and Trichomonas vaginalis: etiological agents of Chagas disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and trichomoniasis, respectively. Many indazoles of series A, B, and C were efficient against T. cruzi. Some compounds in series A, after successfully passing the preliminary screening for epimastigotes, exhibited activity values against amastigotes of several T. cruzi strains that were better than or similar to those shown by the reference drug benznidazole and displayed low nonspecific toxicity against mammalian cells. On the other hand, preliminary studies against promastigotes of L. amazonensis showed high leishmanicidal activity for some derivatives of series A and C. With regard to activity against T. vaginalis, some indazoles of series B and C were rather efficient against trophozoites of a metronidazole‐sensitive isolate and showed low nonspecific toxicities toward Vero cell cultures. Additionally, some of these compounds displayed similar activity against metronidazole‐sensitive and resistant isolates, showing the absence of cross‐resistance between these derivatives and the reference drug.
Carcinoma in Situ of the Bladder
Authors: UTZ D. C. , FARROW G. M. , RIFE C. C. , SEGURA J. W. , ZINCKE H.
Published: April 2018

Central to the earlier detection and effective treatment of bladder cancer is the understanding of the basic principle that in situ cancer, evolving from epithelial atypia or hyperplasia, is the early phase in the development of invasive bladder cancer. While it may be asymptomatic, irritative bladder symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria irrespective of bacteriuria are usually evident and should be evaluated with exfoliative urinary cytology to detect the presence of this cancer. Properly collected and skillfully interpreted cytologic examination of the urine is probably the most accurate screening test for this and other important varieties of bladder cancer. Improved technologic features of cystoscopy have aided in the identification of in situ cancer, particularly when multiple random cold biopsy specimens of all quadrants, including the trigone, of the bladder and of the prostatic urethra are employed. Such investigative methods recognize that in situ cancer is a generalized urothelial malignancy that very often involves ureteral, prostatic as well as all bladder mucosa. Despite the pathologic observation that this cancer shows an intense cellular activity, the temporal aspect of its transition from a superficial cancer to an invasive one remains unpredictable, although clearly finite. Treatment is controversial. Radical cystectomy should effect cure if recommended early and before it becomes clinically apparent that the disease is already invasive in some urothelial locations. If the cancer appears to be localized to a relatively small (5 cm) area of the bladder and the patient's symptoms are not excessive, intravesical chemotherapy using such preparations as Thio‐tepa, mitomycin, Adriamycin, or epodyl may result in a temporary, sometimes complete, remission.
Carcinoma of the Adrenal Cortex
Authors: RICHIE, JEROME P. , GITTES RUBEN F.
Published: April 2018

Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare tumor that affects all ages and sexes and has a dismal prognosis. Half are functional, half are not. Early stages are uncommon and are detected by their endocrine effects, usually in females, as incidental findings at surgery or on computed tomography scans. Arteriography, venography, and CT‐scan define the local disease. Endocrine evaluations may delay surgery and do not affect the treatment. Radical local surgery with wide exposure is indicated in all adrenal tumors except the radiologically defined small tumor of pure primary hyperaldosteronism. Thoracoabdominal incisions, extra‐fascial dissection, nephrectomy, splenectomy, and partial pancreatectomy may be used. Adjunctive chemotherapy or radiation have not been tested. Cures are recorded only in widely‐excised, low stage tumors without evidence of metastases (T 1‐2 NOMO). Ortho‐p‐DDD is useful in less than half the cases, functional or not. Phase II studies and collaborative combined chemotherapy treatment studies are badly needed.
High frequency of the PNPLA3 rs738409 [G] single‐nucleotide polymorphism in Hmong individuals as a potential basis for a predisposition to chronic liver disease
Authors: Tepper Clifford G. , Dang Julie H. T. , Stewart Susan L. , Fang Dao M. , Wong Kimberly A. , Liu Stephenie Y. , Davis Ryan R. , Dao Doan Y. , Gregg Jeffrey P. , Török Natalie J. , Chen Moon S.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

An exploratory study was performed to determine the prevalence of the patatin‐like phospholipase domain‐containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) rs78409 [G] allele among the Hmong as a risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the world's most common chronic liver disease and is expected to replace viral hepatitis as the leading cause of cirrhosis and potential precursor to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Of all populations in California, the Hmong experience the highest risk of death from HCC and the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors among Asians that predispose them to NAFLD. Here a genetic explanation was sought for the high rates of chronic liver disease among the Hmong. The literature pointed to the PNPLA3 rs738409 [G] allele as a potential genetic culprit.

METHODS

Cell‐free DNA was isolated from 26 serum samples previously collected in community settings. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction–based single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed with a validated TaqMan SNP genotyping assay, and results were analyzed with TaqMan Genotyper software.

RESULTS

The PNPLA3 rs738409 [C>G] variant occurred at a frequency of 0.46 (12 of 26; 95% confidence interval, 0.27‐0.67). This carrier rate would rank the Hmong as the third highest population in the 1000 Genomes Project.

CONCLUSIONS

Although this small sample size limits the generalizability, the high frequency rates of this allele along with the presence of metabolic syndrome risk factors warrant further studies into the etiology of NAFLD among the Hmong. Cancer 2018;124:1583‐9. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
CNS Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Common hematopoietic origin for LCH‐associated neurodegeneration and mass lesions
Authors: McClain Kenneth L. , Picarsic Jennifer , Chakraborty Rikhia , Zinn Daniel , Lin Howard , Abhyankar Harshal , Scull Brooks , Shih Albert , Lim Karen Phaik Har , Eckstein Olive , Lubega Joseph , Peters Tricia L. , Olea Walter , Burke Thomas , Ahmed Nabil , Hicks M. John , Tran Brandon , Jones Jeremy , Dauser Robert , Jeng Michael , Baiocchi Robert , Schiff Deborah , Goldman Stanton , Heym Kenneth M. , Wilson Harry , Carcamo Benjamin , Kumar Ashish , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Whipple Nicholas S. , Campbell Patrick , Murdoch Geoffrey , Kofler Julia , Heales Simon , Malone Marian , Woltjer Randy , Quinn Joseph F. , Orchard Paul , Kruer Michael C. , Jaffe Ronald , Manz Markus G. , Lira Sergio A. , Parsons D. Williams , Merad Miriam , Man Tsz‐Kwong , Allen Carl E.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Central nervous system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (CNS‐LCH) brain involvement may include mass lesions and/or a neurodegenerative disease (LCH‐ND) of unknown etiology. The goal of this study was to define the mechanisms of pathogenesis that drive CNS‐LCH.

METHODS

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers including CSF proteins and extracellular BRAFV600E DNA were analyzed in CSF from patients with CNS‐LCH lesions compared with patients with brain tumors and other neurodegenerative conditions. Additionally, the presence of BRAFV600E was tested in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) as well as brain biopsies from LCH‐ND patients, and the response to BRAF‐V600E inhibitor was evaluated in 4 patients with progressive disease.

RESULTS

Osteopontin was the only consistently elevated CSF protein in patients with CNS‐LCH compared with patients with other brain pathologies. BRAFV600E DNA was detected in CSF of only 2/20 (10%) cases, both with LCH‐ND and active lesions outside the CNS. However, BRAFV600E+ PBMCs were detected with significantly higher frequency at all stages of therapy in LCH patients who developed LCH‐ND. Brain biopsies of patients with LCH‐ND demonstrated diffuse perivascular infiltration by BRAFV600E+ cells with monocyte phenotype (CD14+CD33+CD163+P2RY12‐) and associated osteopontin expression. Three of 4 patients with LCH‐ND treated with BRAF‐V600E inhibitor experienced significant clinical and radiologic improvement.

CONCLUSION

In LCH‐ND patients, BRAFV600E+ cells in PBMCs and infiltrating myeloid/monocytic cells in the brain is consistent with LCH‐ND as an active demyelinating process arising from a mutated hematopoietic precursor from which LCH lesion CD207+ cells are also derived. Therapy directed against myeloid precursors with activated MAPK signaling may be effective for LCH‐ND. Cancer 2018;124:2607‐20. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Alternative payment and care‐delivery models in oncology: A systematic review
Authors: Aviki Emeline M. , Schleicher Stephen M. , Mullangi Samyukta , Matsoukas Konstantina , Korenstein Deborah
Published: April 2018

Rising US health care costs have led to the creation of alternative payment and care‐delivery models designed to maximize outcomes and/or minimize costs through changes in reimbursement and care delivery. The impact of these interventions in cancer care is unclear. This review was undertaken to describe the landscape of new alternative payment and care‐delivery models in cancer care. In this systematic review, 22 alternative payment and/or care‐delivery models in cancer care were identified. These included 6 bundled payments, 4 accountable care organizations, 9 patient‐centered medical homes, and 3 other interventions. Only 12 interventions reported outcomes; the majority (n = 7; 58%) improved value, 4 had no impact, and 1 reduced value, but only initially. Heterogeneity of outcomes precluded a meta‐analysis. Despite the growth in alternative payment and delivery models in cancer, there is limited evidence to evaluate their efficacy. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.