bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P026 TOP GOALS AND CONCERNS REPORTED BY INDIVIDUALS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AT OUTPATIENT GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINIC VISITS
Authors: Tse Chung Sang , Shah Samir , Crate Damara , Oberai Ridhima , Hwang Caroline , Ostrov Arthur , Lum Donald , Nelson Eugene , Oliver Brant , Van Citters Aricca , Holthoff Megan , Kennedy Alice , Hou Jason , Singh Siddharth , Weaver Alandra , Melmed Gil , Siegel Corey , van Deen Welmoed
Published: January 2020

Background

The goals of managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include eliminating disease symptoms, improving quality of life, and preventing disease progression/complications. In patients with chronic illnesses, their perception of the illness, emotional reactions, and concerns about the disease/treatment can influence self-management behaviors and their quality of life.[1] Studies of IBD patients’ self-reported disease concerns and subjective perceptions of quality of life are lacking. Here, we aim to understand IBD patients’ top concerns and goals using survey data collected within IBD Qorus, a nationwide Learning Health System for IBD with approximately 40 participating sites.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative content analysis on an open-ended question that was sent to IBD patients prior to their clinic visits with an IBD Qorus provider:

“Currently, what is your number ONE concern or goal related to your IBD? This could be related to a specific symptom (e.g., diarrhea), worry for the future (e.g., need for surgery, cost of care) or how IBD might impact an upcoming life event (e.g., wedding, travel). Or you can report that you have no current concerns or goals.”

Using the inductive approach, two independent researchers (who are not involved with direct clinical care of IBD Qorus patients) coded the responses into major and minor themes, which were then discussed with a third independent coder (an IBD Qorus provider). Each response received one or more codes (if multiple themes were mentioned).

Results

In the first 100 responses from a purposeful sample of six IBD Qorus sites (3 academic and 3 community sites in diverse rural and urban geographic locations), four domains of goals/concerns were identified: symptoms and goals for the symptoms (28/100), medication and their efficacy/side effects (28/100), IBD clinical course and management (29/100), and psychosocial effects of IBD (29/100) (Figure 1). The most common themes in each domain were: abdominal pain and fecal urgency (symptoms), biologics and side effects (medications), surgery and nutrition (IBD clinical course and management), and fear/worry and traveling (psychosocial effects) (Figure 1). Fives responses contained no concerns/goals and three were uncodeable.

Conclusion

IBD patients’ disease-related concerns and goals are broad and diverse, and our study suggests that they are evenly distributed between symptoms, medications, disease course, and psychosocial effects. Understanding patients’ perceptions about the disease and the types of information they desire can aid providers to create and achieve shared treatment goals.

Reference
P080 A PROSPECTIVE LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS EFFECT ON INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE FLARES AND ACTIVITY
Authors: Xu Anthony , Mallepally Niharika , Shapiro Jordan , Hou Jason
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States. Some recent studies have suggested that PPIs may have a negative effect on the gut microbiome. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been linked with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesized that PPI use is associated with increased IBD flares and activity. This study was aimed to assess the effect of PPIs on IBD flares and activity.

Methods

We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of Veterans from the IBD clinic at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center from 2014 to 2018. Our eligibility criteria included patients who were at least 18 years of age, who were diagnosed with Crohn’s Disease (CD) or Ulcerative Colitis (UC), and who had at least 2 clinic visits. IBD flare was defined by patient self-report of IBD flare between clinical encounters. IBD activity was quantified using the partial Mayo Score (pMayo) for UC, and the Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI) for CD. Remission was defined by pMayo< 2 for UC and HBI< 5 for CD. The exposure of PPI was confirmed by chart review. Associations of PPI use with IBD flare and activity were assessed using T-tests and Chi-squared tests.

Results

A total of 132 patients were included in the analysis of which 74 had CD and 58 had UC. 40 patients were PPI users, and IBD flares occurred in 60 patients. No significant association between PPI usage and IBD flares were observed: 42.5% of PPI users developed flares compared to 46.7% of non-PPI users who developed flares, p-value=0.658. In patients with CD, PPI use was associated with non-remission status (RR 2.53; 95% CI 1.04–6.15). In UC patients, PPI use was not associated with non-remission status (RR 1.10; 95% CI 0.67 - 1.79). 13 CD patients on PPIs discontinued the PPI between encounters, which was associated with a statistically significant decrease in HBI (3.62 to 2.54, p-value= 0.005). Among UC patients who discontinued PPIs, there was a non-significant trend towards decreased pMayo (2.26 to 1.59, p-value= 0.069).

Discussion

Amongst CD patients, PPI use was not associated with interval flare however it was associated with non-remission status. Cessation of PPIs was associated with a statistically significant decrease in HBI in CD patients. Amongst UC patients, no significant associations between PPI use and flare or activity were observed. Decreasing unnecessary PPI use in patients with CD may decrease disease severity.
Spiny lobster fisheries status across time and a mosaic of spatial management regimes
Authors: Tewfik Alexander , Babcock Elizabeth A , Phillips Myles
Published: January 2020

In Belize, the commercial harvest of spiny lobsters has occurred for ∼100 years, provides critical livelihoods, and is the primary seafood export. We determined the first empirical estimate of size at maturity in Belize as well as eight fishery status indicators on several fishing grounds. The carapace lengths (CLs) at 50% maturity varied between males (98 mm) and females (86 mm) and are higher than the existing legal minimum of 76 mm. Time series analysis indicated decreasing proportions of mature individuals, decreasing size, and low spawning potential ratios (SPR) as well as high fishing mortality within fishing grounds. The pattern of decline in population status indicators across fishing grounds is consistent with a historical expansion of effort from north to south and offshore. Many indicators of population status within fishing grounds were improved with increasing area of replenishment zone and opposite to the historical expansion. However, overfishing is a problem across all areas examined. An increase in the legal minimum CL to 86 mm and examination of a maximum size limit will likely have significant positive effects on productivity and SPR, respectively, as well as protecting the pivotal role of spiny lobsters within the ecosystem.
Improvement in symptom remission rate following robotic thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Kauppi Juha , Atula Sari , Strbian Daniel , Robinson Eric , Alho Hanni , Sihvo Eero , Ilonen Ilkka , Räsänen Jari
Published: January 2020

OBJECTIVES

We investigated long-term symptom control of myasthenia gravis following robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) versus video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) thymectomy in a retrospective single-centre cohort.

METHODS

From 1999 to 2015, a total of 147 patients underwent thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Demographic data, medications, operative details, hospital length of stay (LOS), procedure complications and follow-up data were collected by chart review. The Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America classification was used to evaluate preoperative and postoperative myasthenia gravis status. The primary outcome was complete stable remission (CSR) status.

RESULTS

Of the 147 patients, 86 (59%) patients underwent VATS thymectomy and 61 (42%) patients underwent RATS thymectomy. There was no operative mortality. The median follow-up was 12 years in the VATS group [interquartile range (IQR) 9–14 years] and 5 years in the RATS group (IQR 3–6 years) (P = 0.001). Two patients in the VATS (2%) and 2 patients (3%) in the RATS group had Clavien–Dindo grade 3 complications. The median LOS was 3 days in the VATS group (IQR 2–4 days) and 2 days in the RATS group (IQR 2–3 days) (P = 0.013). The rate of CSR was 18% (14/65) in the VATS group compared to 26% (16/44) in the RATS group (P = 0.06). Younger age, RATS approach and preoperative medical remission were independently predictive of CSR by Cox regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who underwent RATS thymectomy and were younger or medically remitted before surgery were more likely to achieve CSR. Both methods yield excellent perioperative outcome.
Psychometric evaluation of patient-reported experience measures: is it valid?
Authors: Sizmur Steve , Graham Chris , Bos Nanne
Published: January 2020

Multiple published studies and reviews have advocated the application of psychometric methods to the validation of patient experience measurement. Some such methods depend on measurement assumptions that may not be appropriate for patient experience. Rather than being the default approach for the validation of patient experience measurement, we argue that psychometric methods should be reviewed critically to determine their fit to the measurement application, and alternative approaches explored, so that the most appropriate validation methods can be identified.
International and Global Studies Capstone Course Innovations: Multimedia Identity Video Collage and Study Abroad Integration
Authors: Swimelar Safia
Published: January 2020

This article contributes to the scholarship of teaching and learning in international studies by modeling how a capstone course and multimedia project can support students’ integration of study abroad experiences and learning into their academic work and personal development. The multimedia video collage capstone project empowered students to (re)examine their study abroad site and narrate an identity and globalization theme using local material and sources, from films and novels, to news broadcasts and scholarly writings. The quantitative and qualitative data presented reveals that students found that the capstone video collage project helped them to reflect critically on their study abroad experience and connect learning from abroad and at home. Finally, the course and video collage project revealed to students the subjective nature of narration and visual representation, key revelations to intercultural awareness and international studies learning.
Soleris®Enterobacteriaceae for the Detection of Enterobacteriaceae in Select Foods: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 121901
Authors: Alles Susan , Roman Brooke , Betts Gail , Jordan Suzanne , Everis Linda , Montei Carolyn , Biswas Preetha , Mozola Mark , Donofrio Robert
Published: January 2020

Background

Soleris®Enterobacteriaceae is a growth-based, automated method for detection of Enterobacteriaceae in food.

Objective

A study was conducted to validate the Soleris method for detection of Enterobacteriaceae in select foods (pasteurized milk, yogurt, mozzarella cheese, ice cream, dried milk, pasteurized liquid egg, frozen cooked chicken, deli ham, lettuce, and dry dog food) at a threshold of ≥ 10 CFU/g of product.

Methods

Inclusivity and exclusivity of the Soleris method were assessed by testing 55 and 38 target and non-target bacterial strains, respectively. Matrix testing was performed with one naturally contaminated and nine inoculated foods. Efficacy of the Soleris method was compared to that of the ISO 21528-2:2017 direct plating reference method using probability of detection analysis. Independent laboratory testing was conducted to verify method performance in two matrixes (yogurt and deli ham). Method robustness, stability, and lot-to-lot consistency of the Soleris reagents were also assessed.

Results

Inclusivity of the Soleris test was 91% and exclusivity was 100%. In matrix testing, there were no significant differences in the number of positive results obtained with the Soleris and reference methods for any of the matrixes examined. Overall, of 370 test portions, there were 176 positive results by the Soleris method and 177 positive results by the reference procedure.

Conclusions

Soleris Enterobacteriaceae is an effective method for detection of Enterobacteriaceae in the foods evaluated, with performance equivalent to that of the ISO 21528-2:2017 reference method.

Highlights

The Soleris method offers the advantages of labor savings and results within 18 h.
Product Entitativity: How the Presence of Product Replicates Increases Perceived and Actual Product Efficacy
Authors: Vanbergen Noah , Irmak Caglar , Sevilla Julio
Published: January 2020

Many studies document the benefits of presenting smaller quantities of products, particularly when differences in quantity relate to availability or popularity. However, we know less about the effects of quantity differences in contexts unrelated to scarcity, such as when products are depicted in ads, special displays, or online retailing settings. The present research builds on extant literature by investigating a previously unexplored question: How do product perceptions differ depending on whether consumers view a single unit in isolation, versus as one unit among identical product replicates? Five experiments demonstrate that presenting multiple product replicates as a group (vs. presenting a single item) increases product efficacy perceptions because it leads consumers to perceive products as more homogeneous and unified around a shared goal. That is, consumers perceive greater product entitativity when viewing a group of product replicates. As a result, the perceived and actual ability of products to deliver that function (i.e., product efficacy) increases.
The effects of highway tolls on private business activity—results from a natural experiment
Authors: Audretsch David B , Dohse Dirk Christian , dos Santos João Pereira
Published: January 2020

The article studies the impact of a switch from free to charged highway provision on firm numbers and private sector employment in a panel of Portuguese municipalities covering the period 2007–2013. It exploits the fact that tolls on certain highways in Portugal were unexpectedly introduced in reaction to the sovereign debt crisis to establish causality. Findings suggest that the price of highway tolls in terms of forgone employment and firm formation may be substantial. Comprehensive analyses of effect heterogeneity reveal that the effects differ across municipalities, sectors and firm size classes. The negative effects of highway tolls are strongest in the municipalities traversed by the newly tolled highways and seem to decrease with distance from these highways, whereas distance to Lisbon aggravates the negative effects of the tolls. We also find that larger firms and manufacturing firms are more strongly affected by the tolls than smaller firms and firms in the service sector and that the negative effect on firm numbers is strongest immediately after the introduction of the tolls, whereas the negative effect on employment increases with the duration of the treatment.
Choice of Laboratory Tissue Homogenizers Matters When Recovering Nucleic Acid From Medically Important Ticks
Authors: Jones Amanda M , Van de Wyngaerde Marshall T , Machtinger Erika T , Rajotte Edwin G , Baker Thomas C
Published: January 2020

Ticks can vector and transmit many pathogens and pose a serious human health threat throughout the world. After collection, many diagnostic laboratories must mechanically disrupt tick specimens for diagnostic testing and research purposes, but few studies have evaluated how well-commercial tissue homogenizers perform this task. We evaluated four commercially available tissue homogenizers: The Bead Ruptor 24 Elite, the Bullet Blender Storm, the gentleMACS Dissociator, and the Precellys 24. We quantitatively compared maceration level, nucleic acid quality, quantity, amplification, and DNA shearing to determine which machines performed the best. The Bead Ruptor 24 Elite had the highest overall score when disrupting a single, uninfected adult Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and performed well in follow-on tests including disrupting individual juvenile samples and detecting pathogens from infected samples.
Validity and Reliability of the Pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
Authors: Reeve Bryce B , McFatrich Molly , Mack Jennifer W , Maurer Scott H , Jacobs Shana S , Freyer David R , Withycombe Janice S , Baker Justin N , Castellino Sharon M , Lin Li , Lucas Nicole R , Hinds Pamela S
Published: January 2020

Background

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measurements linked to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading may improve symptom adverse event (AE) reporting in pediatric oncology trials. We evaluated construct validity, responsiveness, and test-retest reliability of the Ped-PRO–CTCAE measurement system for children and adolescents undergoing cancer care.

Methods

A total of 482 children and adolescents (7–18 years, 41.5% not non-Hispanic white) newly diagnosed with cancer and their caregivers participated from nine pediatric oncology hospitals. Surveys were completed at 72 hours preceding treatment initiation (T1) and at follow-up (T2) approximately 7–17 days later for chemotherapy, and 4+ weeks for radiation. Psychometric analyses examined the relationship of Ped-PRO-CTCAE items (assessing 62 symptom AEs) with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, Lansky Play-Performance Scale, and medication use. A separate test-retest study included 46 children.

Results

Ped-PRO-CTCAE and Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale were strongly correlated across age groups at T2: 7–12 years (r = 0.62–0.80), 13–15 years (r = 0.44–0.94), and 16–18 years (r = 0.65–0.98); and over time. The Ped-PRO-CTCAE was strongly correlated with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pediatric measures at T2; for example, pain interference (r = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64 to 0.76), fatigue severity (r = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.69), and depression severity (r = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.81). Ped-PRO-CTCAE items differentiated children by Lansky Play-Performance Scale and by medication use. Test-retest agreement ranged from 54.3% to 93.5%.

Conclusions

This longitudinal study provided evidence for the construct validity and reliability of the core Ped-PRO-CTCAE symptom AE items relative to several established measures. Additional responsiveness data with clinical anchors are recommended. Incorporation of Ped-PRO-CTCAE in trials may lead to a better understanding of the cancer treatment experience.
Transmesocolon internal hernia masking as simple sigmoid volvulus
Authors: Beh Han N , Ongso Yuni F , Koong David B
Published: January 2020

Transmesocolon internal hernias are very rare causes of bowel obstruction. Transmesenteric internal hernias normally associated with small bowel. It can be challenging to diagnose transmesocolon internal hernia hence we present a 93-year-old patient who was misdiagnosed with simple sigmoid volvulus on CT abdomen. She underwent endoscopic colonic decompression. Patient continued to deteriorate in the ward, and CT abdomen was repeated; it revealed the cause of the sigmoid volvulus was due to a defect through transverse mesocolon resulting in internal hernia. Patient was diagnosed with transmesocolic internal hernia with sigmoid volvulus. Patient underwent emergency laparotomy and Hartmann procedure. Transmesocolic internal hernia can be easily missed and needs to be considered when diagnosing patients with large bowel volvulus or obstruction.
13C17O suggests gravitational instability in the HL Tau disc
Authors: Booth Alice S , Ilee John D
Published: January 2020

We present the first detection of the $^{13}\text{C}^{17}\text{O}$ J = 3–2 transition toward the HL Tau protoplanetary disc. We find significantly more gas mass (at least a factor of 10 higher) than has been previously reported using $\text{C}^{18}\text{O}$ emission. This brings the observed total disc mass to 0.2 M⊙, which we consider to be a conservative lower limit. Our analysis of the Toomre Q profile suggests that this brings the disc into the regime of gravitational instability. The radial region of instability (50–110 au) coincides with the location of a proposed planet-carved gap in the dust disc, and a spiral in the gas. We therefore propose that if the origin of the gap is confirmed to be due to a forming giant planet, then it is likely to have formed via the gravitational fragmentation of the protoplanetary disc.
Multisensory modulation of body ownership in mice
Authors: Buckmaster Christine L , Rathmann-Bloch Julia E , de Lecea Luis , Schatzberg Alan F , Lyons David M
Published: January 2020

Body ownership is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness that reflects more than the presence of physical body parts. As demonstrated by the rubber hand illusion (RHI), human brains construct body ownership experiences using available multisensory information. Experimental conditions similar to those that induce the RHI in humans have been recently adapted to induce the rubber tail illusion (RTI) in mice. Here, we show that the RTI is enhanced in both sexes of mice by repetitive synchronous stroking comprised of correlated visual and tactile stimulation of real and rubber tails compared to visual-only mimicked stroking conducted without tactile stimulation. The RTI also appears to be enhanced in female but not male mice by slow compared to fast stroking that reflects an interoceptive manipulation associated with affective touch in humans. Sex differences in slow stroking effects are exploratory and require replication in mice. Sex differences have not been reported for the RHI in healthy humans, but women rate slow stroking as more affectively pleasant compared to the ratings of men. Results suggest that the RHI in humans resembles aspects of the RTI in mice. Studies of mice may therefore provide neurobiological insights on evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness in humans.
Sights and Sounds of Characters
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke
Published: January 2020

Images are a key tool in the creation of public characters. The bulging biceps of a hero’s sculpture, a line that makes a villain squint slightly in a political poster, the high-pitched squeak of a minion: a few tiny visual or aural details can suggest a character in the blink of an eye. Florence launched civic humanism and republican ideology with an extensive program of public sculpture in the new squares it built in the fifteenth century, using David as a republican hero against tyranny. Artists have refined our visual vocabulary for character work ever since. This chapter also shows how music suggests power or morality in the characters it portrays.
Ridicule and Contempt for Minions
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents minions as part of a typology of primary characters including heroes, villains, victims, and minions. Character work tends to portray the weakness of victims—paradigmatically women and children—as the lack of physical power, whereas the weakness of minions lies more in their ineptitude and in an overexcitability that undermines effective action. Inept characters cannot be too threatening and thus need not be punished or repressed too thoroughly. They will go away, self-destruct, or see the error of their ways with little outside intervention. It is hard to blame them. Villains are the real threat. Portraying one’s opponents as ineffectual is a way to discourage their potential backers and to undermine their own confidence, but it also may relax and demobilize one’s own team.
We Admire Heroes
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke
Published: January 2020

Opening with a discussion of eulogies for John McCain, this chapter presents heroes as part of a typology of primary characters including heroes, villains, victims, and minions. Strong, good, and active, heroes are the players who must set things right and protect others. Heroes struggle, which is why they are admirable—and also why they need others’ cooperation, votes, or financial support. The combination of good and strong leads to bravery, actions that run the risk or reality of self-sacrifice. Hero portraits can remind people of the hero’s past victories, but also of the powerful forces arrayed against her. Strong enough to protect herself, the hero’s goodness requires that she act on behalf of others as well. This is the difference between heroism and success: an individual’s accomplishments, such as earning a fortune, may not help anyone else. Because strong figures can be threatening, character work on a hero highlights her goodness and willingness to sacrifice herself for others.
From Victims to Heroes
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at an important transformation, when victims manage to become heroes, addressing several ways that groups can jump the boundary from victim to hero. It discusses the intentional suffering of martyrs and saints. They are heroes by example, as their pointed sacrifice becomes a form of power for those who have no other. The chapter also looks at heroes of endurance and resistance. Their resistance, by surviving rather than dying, counters the traditional expectations of passivity and weakness from sufferers. It discusses the gendered dimensions of this heroism. In the transformation from victims to heroes, oppressed and injured groups face an essential dilemma: They need the sympathy that victimhood brings but also the strength to fight back. The chapter draws on a range of examples of attempts to solve this tension: including the Palestinian concept of sumud, guerrilla warfare, and survivors of child sexual abuse.
Beyond Characters?
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses a number of ways that traditional public characters have evolved to correspond with the way that moderns picture blame and causality. It looks at the decline of heroes and villains in this supposed post-heroic era. It turns to the ways that the essentialism of character work is challenged, through various attitudes that range from medicalization and skepticism through cynicism and irony. It discusses the ridicule of flat characters, the dispersal of blame in a risk society, and the invention of new terms for circumstantial victims like trauma, patients, and abnormal. It argues that these new characterizations do not escape the essential triad of villain, victim, and hero. Public characters may have changed in some ways, but they are not obsolete. And, despite modern skepticism about the traditional language of characters, heroes thrive in today’s new nationalism with leaders like Vladimir Putin, Viktor Orban, and Donald Trump.
The Economics of Disconnected Adults and Unstable Families
Authors: Eichner Maxine
Published: January 2020

This chapter demonstrates the ways in which harsh economic forces have undermined the stability of American families. The fragile families that the 1965 Moynihan Report identified as a phenomenon limited to poor, urban African American families in the next two decades spread to the underclass of all races as economic inequality and insecurity expanded in the United States. Since then, as economic restructuring has increasingly decimated the job opportunities of the working class, their families too have become destabilized. The end result is that marriage rates have plummeted among poor and working-class families, while rates of divorce and nonmarital births have skyrocketed. American families are now the most unstable in the world, at considerable cost to the well-being of adults and, particularly, children. While some commentators, including J. D. Vance, have argued that the problems of the poor and working class derive from cultural rather than economic sources, clear analysis shows the roots of these problems are firmly planted in the economic domain.
How We Fail Our Children Part I—The Caretaking Young Children Need
Authors: Eichner Maxine
Published: January 2020

A question for any thriving society is how to ensure that children have the things they need to do their best. Two different approaches, pro-family policy and free-market family policy, claim to satisfy children’s needs well. Countries with pro-family policy go out of their way to make it easy for parents to spend time with their children when kids most need it, as well as to provide them high-quality caretaking while parents work, and generous material support. In contrast, under free-market family policy, the United States expects parents to negotiate these conditions on their own, privately arranging for time off from work, reasonable work hours, caregiving while they work, and enough cash to support their kids. This chapter uses recent research on early childhood development to construct a list of the caretaking conditions that help young children thrive. It then considers the extent to which children receive these conditions under free-market family policy versus pro-family policy. Ultimately, it turns out that by far the biggest casualties of free-market family policy are our children.
Outcomes for Children in the Free-Market Family System
Authors: Eichner Maxine
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers how US free-market family policy drags children’s outcomes down in a number of different areas, including happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. That’s partly because few children in this system get what they need in their critical first years. And after that, in our profoundly unequal economy, almost all children must contend with the recognition that other families have far more access to material wealth and the opportunities it brings than their own. And as they mature, American youth face the stress of preparing themselves for adulthood in increasingly insecure and unequal economic circumstances. The result is that, no matter where they stand on the economic ladder, US children wind up doing considerably worse than past US children on an array of indicators, as well as far worse than children in countries with pro-family policy.
The Electoral College of 1787
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: January 2020

The Electoral College adopted at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 sought a president who would be a consensus choice in the model of George Washington. To produce a consensus choice, the delegates adopted a system that gave each elector two votes and required each elector to vote for two individuals from different states. The hope was that even if electors gave one vote to a home-state favorite, they would give their second vote to a national-consensus candidate. The delegates nonetheless insisted that, to win, a candidate must receive votes from a majority of electors, not merely a plurality.
Hume’s Negative Argument on Induction
Authors: Qu Hsueh M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares Hume’s negative arguments on induction in Section 1.3.6 of the Treatise of Human Nature and Section 4 of the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. It finds that the argument in the Enquiry is intended to establish a primarily sceptical result, while the argument in the Treatise is intended to establish a primarily psychological result. For one, the surrounding context in the Treatise suggests a more descriptive nature to the argument of THN 1.3.6, while the surrounding context in the Enquiry suggests a more normative nature to the argument of EHU 4. Moreover, the structure of the arguments themselves in these two sections offer further evidence for this difference.
Hume’s Positive Argument on Induction
Authors: Qu Hsueh M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares Hume’s positive arguments on induction in Section 1.3.6–8 of the Treatise of Human Nature and Section 5 of the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. It finds that EHU 5, unlike the corresponding discussion in the Treatise, begins by seeking to reassure the reader that the positive argument will assuage the spectre of scepticism. The positive argument seems able to perform this role in virtue of its emphasising the truth-conducive nature of custom at the close of EHU 5. This reliability of custom offers an epistemological justification for our inductive practices, despite their not being founded on reason.
The Scepticism of Book 1, Part 4
Authors: Qu Hsueh M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the secondary literature on the relationship between Hume’s treatments of scepticism in the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, and briefly outlines the position that while Hume’s starting and finishing epistemological positions are similar between the two, his justifications for reaching such a finishing point differs considerably between the two. It then proceeds to offer a brief overview of THN 1.4.1 (Of Scepticism with Regard to Reason), THN 1.4.2 (Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses), THN 1.4.3 (Of the Antient Philosophy), and THN 1.4.4 (Of the Modern Philosophy), which are relevant to Hume’s considered treatment of scepticism in THN 1.4.7 (Conclusion of this book).
A Change for the Better
Authors: Qu Hsueh M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter makes the case that Hume’s epistemological framework in the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding is superior to that of the Treatise of Human Nature. First, the framework of EHU 12 has strong parallels to contemporary epistemology, in contrast to the Title Principle from THN 1.4.7.11. In particular, aspects of this framework have affinities with Wright-style conservatism, and Steup’s internalist reliabilism. Second, this framework avoids the weaknesses that afflicted the Title Principle: it has adequate foundation, is able to satisfactorily reject superstition, and is founded on truth. Third, unlike its analogue in the Treatise, the epistemological framework of the Enquiry is able to offer a ‘compleat answer’ to Reid and Beattie by denying the common-sense philosophy that is the fundamental basis of their critiques of his philosophy.
Sirènes
Authors: Johnson Julian
Published: January 2020

Debussy’s Sirènes is the starting point for a discussion of the wordless voice in music from Debussy through to Saariaho. How should we interpret the idea of the siren voice? As a misogynistic voice (Cavarero), or a dangerously seductive voice (Adorno and Horkeimer) that foregrounds the sonic aspect of language over its signifying aspect? Mallarmé’s Un coup de dès is used to explore the idea of the siren’s voice leading to the shipwreck of language and the breaking up of grammatical order. This is taken as a parallel to Debussy’s call to dissolve tonal grammar towards a more fluid kind of musical logic. Both enable the appearing of a ‘constellation’ of new relations, a key idea for Boulez in the 1950s, from Pli selon pli to the Third Piano Sonata.
Mirrors
Authors: Johnson Julian
Published: January 2020

The trope of reflection foregrounds the idea that art is not a representation of reality but its remaking as a heterotopic space (Foucault). Two river paintings of Monet and Matisse’s The Open Window (1905) are explored as studies in the nature of vision and looking, anticipating Merleau-Ponty’s exploration of visuality and our perception of the world. Music since Debussy does something similar, as is shown in Saariaho’s two ‘Nymphéas’ pieces and in Boulez’s Constellation-Miroir from the Third Piano Sonata. The idea of a threshold is explored musically in relation to works from Fauré’s song cycle Mirages (1919) through to Grisey’s last work, Quatre chants pour franchir le seuil (1998). The idea of mirror reflection finds a musical parallel in the idea of sound and echo, central to the development of electro-acoustic music.
“Speculative” Memoir Fragments and Existential Dilemmas
Authors: Callison Candis , Young Mary Lynn
Published: January 2020

In Chapter 3, we turn the tables from audiences back to journalists to examine how journalists are narrating their own professional identity through real-time “speculative” memoir fragments. This chapter explores how American and Canadian journalists are struggling with their own personal reckoning and existential crises with respect to issues of truth, subjectivity, and power and how to narrate oneself in a global journalism landscape with multiple colonial histories. Drawing on a range of memoir fragments from a series of behind-the-scenes, first-person animated graphic videos titled Correspondent Confidential that ran on Vice Media and exemplars of “quit lit” (where journalists publicly explain their rationale for leaving journalism or doing it differently), we argue that there is an emergent ethical meta genre concerning how journalists are dealing with the “view from nowhere” in a global journalism context that calls for increased location of identity and interests.
Startup Life
Authors: Callison Candis , Young Mary Lynn
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 shifts the terrain to a prominent women-led journalism startup in an innovation context that has prioritized technological change over social structures and transformation. Science and technology studies frameworks for thinking about repair are necessary to explain how this commercial startup is not just innovating for the sake of saving journalism but to improve journalism as a tool for intervention and responsibility—to “move the needle” on what kinds of work journalism is able to do. These commitments are playing out particularly in fieldwork related to ownership and structuring, professional identity and innovations related to collaboration, and the deliberate focus of the startup on reconciliation as a public good in a settler-colonial society and media in Canada. We complicate the emerging focus in journalism studies on repair and reform as largely a function of the nonprofit and philanthropic journalism sector.
The Qurʾān in the Muslim Academy
Authors: Daneshgar Majid
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the ways in which Western Islamic studies in general, and Western Qurʾanic studies in particular written by different scholars, including John Burton, Joseph G. Schacht, Richard Bell, William Montgomery Watt, John Wansbrough, and Andrew Rippin, among others, are received in the Muslim academy. It compares the promotion of Islamic Apologetics and the approaches taken by Christian theology programs in the West. It considers also if and, if so, how, the Qurʾān is read in light of science, technology, and biblical literature. Finally, it tries to describe how the Muslim academy attempts to set apart and keep separate their institutions and publications from those of Westerners.
The Invention of Pastorization
Authors: Velmet Aro
Published: January 2020

This chapter charts the expansion of the Pasteur Institute into French Indochina and the emergence of a distinctively Pastorian microbiology during the years of the third great plague pandemic. It follows Alexandre Yersin’s expeditions to Hong Kong and India, his own encounter with the plague in Nha Trang, and his work in developing containment measures for the Indochinese Government-General. The chapter looks at how Pastorian containment methods were integrated into a systematic program at International Sanitary Conferences by experts such as Albert Calmette and Émile Roux. It concludes by looking at how these programs failed to work in practice but nevertheless reinforced French claims of hygienic modernity.
Pastorization and Its Discontents
Authors: Velmet Aro
Published: January 2020

Pastorization provided a rationale for monopolizing alcohol and opium industries in French Indochina. Albert Calmette’s “Amyloprocess,” a method of industrial fermentation, became the justification for handing rice wine production to a French company, on the grounds that it produced more hygienic and pure wine than local Vietnamese distillers. Unexpected consequences of the technological process, however, led to widespread revolt. Officials attempted a similar technopolitical strategy with opium manufacturing, but they did not succeed. By comparing alcohol and opium monopolies, this chapter highlights the technical and geopolitical factors that determined the success or failure of these policies. In particular, the Shanghai and Hague drug conferences shaped the range of policy options in the opium industry.
Monks and Warriors, Bureaucrats and Businessmen
Authors: Velmet Aro
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes the ways in which colonial Pastorians challenged the masculine ethos of the Institute, charting a course away from monastic, disinterested, and humanitarian science toward a more heroic and capitalist attitude. With uncertain government support, Pastorians in Indochina and Tunisia had to find new sources of revenue and socialize in a more militaristic environment. These researchers, such as Alexandre Yersin and Charles Nicolle, styled themselves as heroic explorers and conquerors. The impact of World War I strengthened their position and set them on a course to conflict with Émile Roux. In this conflict, both sides reinterpreted the legacy of the historical Louis Pasteur, claiming that the mythical scientist had endorsed their particular view of science. By the end of the 1930s, the heroic ideal had won rhetorically if not entirely in terms of business models.
The Racial Politics of Microbes in Colonial Dakar
Authors: Velmet Aro
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyzes how the 1928 yellow fever epidemic caused a major political upset in colonial Dakar, reoriented West African public health policies, and empowered the Pasteur Institute in the region. With the plague outbreaks of 1914, public health responses became politically controversial, as they became used by African leaders such as Blaise Diagne. The disease ecology of yellow fever, however, which affected primarily Europeans rather than natives of West Africa, empowered Diagne to call out racist French policies and threatened the stability of French rule. The Pasteur Institute’s proposal to develop a vaccine was widely seen as an opportunity to calm the political situation.
Africa in the Global Race for a Yellow Fever Vaccine
Authors: Velmet Aro
Published: January 2020

The Pastorian yellow fever vaccine project interacted with British and American ventures, moving from Dakar to Paris, New York, and Tunis and back to Dakar. The French vaccine developed in this project caused dangerous meningoencephalitis in some children and was used to vaccinate more than fourteen million people in the 1940s. This chapter argues that both global networks of laboratory infrastructure and infrastructural absence in West Africa enabled the Pastorians to develop a viable prototype and ignore its adverse consequences. The technopolitics of vaccine testing and the global politics of laboratory networks interacted here to produce experimental success and practical disaster. The chapter concludes with an investigation of the mass campaigns of the late 1930s and early 1940s, deadly incidents of the 1950s, and the vaccine’s discontinuation in the 1960s and 1970s. It highlights the occasional competition and occasional rivalry with the Rockefeller Foundation and the British Empire.
Conclusion
Authors: Velmet Aro
Published: January 2020

The conclusion summarizes how the Pastorians developed a new form of colonial governance that was predicated on low-cost technical interventions that were easily standardizable. It highlights both the integrative and divisive functions of the Pastorians’ ideas of universal application. In some cases, the Pastorians’ model helped transport public health solutions across great distances, in other cases it created competitive advantages against other research laboratories. The conclusion then suggests some implications for the history of global health and developments in the post-1945 era.
The Elite and Popular Roots of Contemporary Republican Extremism
Authors: Skocpol Theda
Published: January 2020

The unremitting rightward movement of the Republican Party is currently driving asymmetric partisan polarization in the United States. After Democrats won major victories in 2006, 2008, and 2012, Republicans responded by pushing unpopular efforts to cut taxes on the rich, eviscerate labor protections, and slash spending on education, Social Security, and health care. Drawing from recent research, this chapter explains how two separate currents of right-wing extremism—billionaire ultra-free-market fundamentalism and popularly rooted ethno-nationalist resentment—have worked in tandem to remake the GOP. Although these elite and popular forces are often in tension, they have fused in a mutually leveraging way during the Donald Trump presidency.
Dissecting the Conservative Triumph in Wisconsin
Authors: Hertel-Fernandez Alexander
Published: January 2020

After Republicans gained full control of Wisconsin government in 2011, they quickly enacted far-reaching retrenchments of the public sector, tax cuts and regulatory rollbacks, and—above all—bills curbing union rights. Republicans had barely mentioned the anti-labor measures on the campaign trail, and these steps were not popular. This chapter explains why such transformative policy changes happened anyway, through the efforts of interlocking conservative organizational networks previously installed in Wisconsin. The chapter sheds light on the roots and impact of similar right-wing organizational and activist networks at the heart of ongoing transformations across all fifty US states.
Why Republicans Went Hard Right in North Carolina
Authors: Tervo Caroline
Published: January 2020

North Carolina Republicans used to be pro-business social moderates but moved hard right as they rose to supermajority power after 2010. As this chapter explains, this change was enabled by newly formed links between grassroots networks in the Tea Party and Christian right and free-market-oriented think tanks and elite advocacy organizations. Intertwined organizational networks operating outside of traditional party organizations boosted GOP electoral prospects and pulled the party’s agendas further right on issues such as voting rights, Medicaid expansion, environmental protection, and tax reform. Conservative organizational gains have exacerbated geographical partisan divides in North Carolina, as they have in other states and nationally.
The Overlooked Organizational Basis of Trump’s 2016 Victory
Authors: Zoorob Michael , Skocpol Theda
Published: January 2020

Conventional wisdom claims that the Trump 2016 campaign was “disorganized,” but this judgment overlooks bargains with leaders of preexisting federated networks connected to millions of voters in pivotal states. Newly found data about the Fraternal Order of Police, the white police union, show that lodge and membership locations help predict Trump margins beyond other pro-GOP variables. Trump deliberately appealed to white police anger at the Black Lives Matter movement and (in a departure from his typical mass rallies) spoke in front of law-enforcement audiences. Similarly, Trump and his top lieutenants courted Christian right pastors and National Rifle Association leaders willing to disseminate campaign messages and mobilize followers in exchange for Trump’s promise to nominate right-wing Supreme Court justices. Many voters outside of big cities were receptive because they are embedded in evangelical and gun-friendly social networks and believe their lifeways are threatened by outside, liberal forces.