bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of linear transducer calibration system using laser interferometer based on the Abbe principle
Authors: Rahman A , Pratiwi E , Alfiyati N , Novyanto O , Hedrony O
Published: January 2021

The validity of the measurement results can be guaranteed by performing calibration using a measurement standard traced to the international system of units (SI). The linear transducer is a measurement standard that is used to calibrate calibration tester, dial gauge tester, and gauge block in the calibration and testing laboratories. The critical position of the linear transducer in the traceability chain leads to the need for an optimal system to calibrate it with the smallest error and highest accuracy. As an optimization step, this research was carried out to improve linear transducer calibration performance using a laser interferometer combined with a universal length machine (ULM). The laser interferometer, ULM, and linear transducer were aligned with the Abbe and cosine principles. The results show a significant reduction of the linear transducer measurement error in the forward and backward directions by 548% and 119%, respectively. The measurement uncertainty could also be decreased by 8% to 0.18 µm.
Development of a rapid-test method for the determination of calcium, zinc, phosphorus, and sulfur in automotive engine oil by WD-XRF (wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescent)
Authors: Cahyadi D , Susilowati E , Arsyansyah M , Febriany S
Published: January 2021

This study describes a rapid method for the determination of calcium, zinc, phosphorus, and sulfur in lubricating oil products using WD-XRF (Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent). Currently, there are several normative references appointed by the mandatory SNI (Indonesian standard) used for elemental analysis in automotive engine oils, i.e., ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy), AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) for calcium, zinc, or magnesium; ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent) for sulfur, lamp method for sulfur, and quinoline phosphomolybdate method for phosphorus. The wet chemical analysis principle used in those reference methods (AAS, ICP-AES, and conventional method) needs a sample preparation step before the main instrument can use to measure an oil sample. It is a time-consuming process and commonly consists of a few steps such as dilution, weighing, heating, and destruction. The statistical characteristics (limit of detection, the limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, and linearity) obtained in this experiment were relatively acceptable. Elemental analysis by WD-XRF needs no sample preparation process, fast, less chemical reagents, multi-elements, simultaneously, and simple. The WD-XRF method potentially could be used as an alternative method for the determination of certain elements (Ca, Zn, P, S) or more as specified in the mandatory SNI for automotive engine oil products.
Phenol degradation by fenton reaction in air injection using plasma electrolysis method
Authors: Wahono J Z , Yusharyahya R D , Harianingsih  , Saksono N
Published: January 2021

Phenolic compounds are pollutants which have high toxicity and could be harmful to the environment even at low concentrations. The degradation of phenolic has been conducted by various methods including photocatalytic and ozonation. However, these methods require high costs and large energy. Therefore, plasma electrolysis by the Fenton reaction may be an alternative method for phenol degradation. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum conditions for phenol degradation by adding Fe2+ ions. The result shows that the most effective phenol degradation was obtained by using an optimum power of 700 watts with an air injection flow rate of 0.2 L/min and addition Fe2+ 20 ppm ions for 30 min experiments. Based on these conditions, the concentration of phenol in waste was reduced to 0.425 mg/L and the highest percentage of phenol degradation (99.58%) was observed. The final phenol concentrations obtained in this study met the quality standards for clean water at a concentration of 1 mg/L as well as the quality standards for drinking water treatment at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L.
The effect of sodium bicarbonate ratio for the mechanical properties of underarm pads rubber for crutches
Authors: Nasruddin  , Bondan A T , Agustini S
Published: January 2021

Research on the effect of the ratio of sodium bicarbonate on the mechanical properties of underarm crutch pads from natural rubber SIR-20 has been carried out. The ratio of sodium bicarbonate used was 1.00 phr; 1.50 phr; 2.00 phr; and 2.50 phr. The rubber compound for underarm crutch pads was made by the compounding process using an open rubber mixing mill and vulcanization at a temperature of 120 °C for 11 minutes. The best formula for curing characteristic rheometer test results at a temperature of 150 °C was URC-04 with Smax = 4.95 kg/cm, Smin = 0.44 kg/cm, ΔS = 4.51 kg/cm, t90 = 6.57 min and ts2 = 4.13 min. The mechanical test result showed the hardness test before aging and after aging of 31 Shore A, and 32 shore A, tear strength of 8.50 kN/m, elongation at the break before aging and after aging of 300%. The results of the identification of functional groups by FTIR for infrared absorption in each sample generally showed the same pattern with one another. SEM analysis result showed the distribution of materials and the formation of pores by sodium bicarbonate was not evenly distributed with an average diameter of 5 microns.
Characterization of 17-4 PH stainless steel metal injection molding feedstock using mixing torque data
Authors: Virdhian S , Doloksaribu M , Supriadi S , Balfas N M , Suharno B , Shieddieque A D
Published: January 2021

Currently, there are many components produced by a metal injection molding process in automotive, consumer goods, medical, and electronics. Metal Injection Molding process (MIM process) consists of four stages, mixing, injection molding, debinding, and sintering. Feedstock plays critical roles in the MIM process since the feedstock’s low quality cannot be corrected later. Feedstocks, which are a mixture of powder and binder, are mixed at an elevated temperature. A feedstock should be homogeneous and has a pseudo-plastic behavior. In the MIM process, the shear rate during injection molding is usually 10 to 10 000 s-1. Within the shear rates range, a maximum viscosity for injection molding was 100 Pas at molding temperatures. In this paper, the rheological characteristic of feedstocks was analyzed using the torque rheometer. The objective of this research was to find the value of viscosity and compare to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of the commercial feedstock by using torque mixing data. All the three feedstocks had pseudo-plastic behavior and below 100 Pas within shear rates range. Form the validation of injection molding experiment, feedstock B with solid loading 60 %, and binder system consists of 35 % PP, 64% PW, and 1 % SA showed a good flowability and moldability.
The effect of chelating agents on the formation of manganese oxide (MnO) in the synthesis of sodium manganese oxide (Na2Mn3O7)
Authors: Marlina H A , Sebayang K , Gea S , Noer Z , Septawendar R , Sunendar B
Published: January 2021

This current study successfully synthesized Na2Mn3O7 in two steps. Firstly, the synthesis of MnO from NaCl and MnCl2.4H2O precursors. NaCl was mixed with citric acid as a chelating agent, while MnCl2.4H2O was mixed with two types of chelating agents (citric acid and 1% chitosan). The solutions of [NaCl-a chelating agent] and [MnCl2.4H2O-a chelating agent] were stirred for ±2 hours. The solutions were hydrothermally heated at 150°C for 6 hours and then calcined at 800°C for 1 hour in a nitrogen condition. The MnO presence was then analyzed using an XRD method. As a comparison, another sample was water leached. Then, it was examined by an XRD method. Secondly, the synthesis of Na2Mn3O7 from MnO and Na2CO3 powder was carried out through a solid method. The calcination was carried out at 800°C for ±3 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere. The XRD results showed the presence of Na2Mn3O7 in the final products of both samples. Based on these experimental results, the sample [NaCl-citric acid; MnCl2.4H2O-1%chitosan] showed higher purity than the sample [NaCl-citric acid; MnCl2.4H2O-citric acid], so that it had a higher intensity of the Na2Mn3O7 phase than the sample [NaCl-citric acid; MnCl2.4H2O-citric acid]. Besides, the Cl- ions removal after calcination greatly affected the intensity of the MnO and Na2Mn3O7 formed.
The comparison of cathodic and anodic plasma electrolysis performance in the synthesis of biodiesel
Authors: Saksono N , Pranata J J C , Muharam Y , Harianingsih
Published: January 2021

Synthesis of biodiesel using plasma electrolysis is very promising. This study aims to understand the differences between cathodic and anodic plasma performance in synthesizing biodiesel from palm oil. The raw materials used were palm oil, methanol, and KOH catalyst. In the present study, the effects of the type of plasma and the depth of an electrode for biodiesel synthesis were evaluated. The results show that cathodic plasma gave the highest yield of 98.76% and the lowest specific energy consumption of 720 J/ml. Meanwhile, under the same conditions, the anodic plasma gave the highest yield of 96.09% and the lowest specific energy consumption of 910 J/ml. These results indicate that cathodic plasma is better than anodic plasma in synthesizing biodiesel because it gives higher yield and lowers specific energy consumption.
Conversion of rubber seed oil into biodiesel with potassium oxide alumina supported by (K2O/Al2O3) catalyst
Authors: Karo Karo J A , Husin H , Nasution F , Yani F T , Maliki S , Prayuda D D , Hasfita F
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we report the synthesis of K2O/Al2O3 for its application as a catalyst in the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production from rubber seed oil. So far, biodiesel production has been done through transesterification of vegetable oils through homogeneous catalysts, such as NaOH and KOH. Heterogeneous catalysts are more advantageous because they are easy to separate from the products, have less corrosion, and can be reused. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of potassium oxide alumina-supported (K2O/Al2O3) solid catalysts to convert rubber seed oil into biodiesel. The K2O/Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized by impregnating KOH on the support of Al2O3 through the inception wetness method. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) to detect surface structure, composition, and active phase of the catalyst. EDX analysis indicated that the catalyst consisted of 36.41% potassium, 32.89%, and 30.7% oxygen. The reaction was conducted in a two-neck glass reactor at a temperature of 65°C, methanol to oil ratios of 10:1, during 1.5 h. The yield of biodiesel was achieved up to 96.9% at the ratio KOH: Al2O3 of 7.5: 2.5.
Performance and engine exhaust emissions in a mixture of pertamax with PET plastic oil
Authors: Winangun K , Putra W T , Buntoro G A , Nirmala A , Puspitasari I
Published: January 2021

Public knowledge about plastic waste management is still a major problem. This study aims to determine the performance and engine emissions of a mixture of pet (p) and Pertamax (b) plastic oil, the purpose of which is to increase the RON of plastic oil. There were 3 fuels tested, pure plastic oil (p100), 90% Pertamax + 10% plastic oil (bp10), 80% Pertamax + 20% plastic oil (bp20). The highest torque test result was 11.38 nm at p100, the highest power was at bp20 with a value of 8.24 hp. exhaust gas emissions of CO = 4.33% at p100, and the best O2at 6.43% at rpm of 8500 with a mixture of bp20 fuel.
The kinetic study of pyrolysis of lignite and polyethylene plastic bag waste using the thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Aulia N , Wijayanti H , Wicakso D R
Published: January 2021

Lignite or low rank coal has a great potential to be utilized as an alternative energy. In this study, the pyrolysis of lignite and polyethylene plastic bag waste with different compositions (0, 25, 50 and 75 wt.% of polyethylene) had been investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The results showed that the decomposition temperature of lignite was in the range of 250-600°C, while the decomposition temperature of lignite-polyethylene plastic bag waste mixtures was around 280-600°C. The addition of polyethylene to the lignite during pyrolysis reaction contributed to the increasing mass decomposition from 32.16 wt.% (lignite only or 0 wt.% of polyethylene) to 72.70 wt.% (75 wt.% of polyethylene). Furthermore, the thermogravimetric data were used to perform the kinetic study. The obtained kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor) for both lignite and lignite-polyethylene plastic bag waste mixtures were in the range of 16.16-28.95 kJ/mol and 0.014-0.212 min-1.
Increasing product quality of torrefied palm kernel shell batch model with internal surface area modification
Authors: Karelius K , Dirgantara M , Rumbang N , Kristian N , Purwanto F
Published: January 2021

As the largest palm oil-producing country in the world, Indonesia has abundant biomass potential from the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Palm oil production in 2018 in Indonesia is 34.94 million tons, where have by-products are empty bunches (23%), mesocarp fiber (12%), and palm kernel shell (5%). Palm kernel shells are a potential biomass that can upgrade the quality as a solid fuel through thermochemical processes. Torrefaction is one of the thermochemical processes where currently being used to increase the quality of biomass. The usual method used for the torrefaction process in the laboratory is the batch method. However, this method has a disadvantage when the capacity is improved make decreases the quality of the fuel produced. In this study, the quality of torrefied palm kernel shell from batch and batch torrefaction with internal surface area modification were compared. The torrefaction process was carried out at 275°C, with a residence time of 30 minutes. The results showed that the torrefaction of the modified batch method had a better heating value, and was proximate as a fuel.
Optimization of the hydrogenation and rafination process for cocoa butter substitute production using palm kernel oil in a small and medium scale industry
Authors: Junaidi L , Lestari N , Meutia Y R
Published: January 2021

The study on the optimization of hydrogenation and rafination process for cocoa butter substitute (CBS) production using palm kernel oil in small and medium scale industry was conducted. The CBS production process included: hydrogenation, cooling, bleaching, filtering, deodorizing, cooling, and packaging. The optimum condition of the hydrogenation process was obtained using hydrogen with 0.2% nickel catalyst, at 195-200°C, under 2-2.5 bar, using 6.12 hz agitation at 1700 rpm, for 12 hours process. The optimum condition of the rafination process was achieved by bleaching using 2 % bentonite at 80-95°C for 45 minutes and cooling it at 60°C, and deodorizing it at 240°C for 4 hours. The final product of CBS had similar quality characteristics as commercial cocoa butter and was well accepted by consumers. It contained no trans-fatty-acid, 0 nickel, low FFA, and a melting point of 37.1°C.
Preparation of the NiCl2 intercalated on the bentonite as a catalyst in the cracking process of biodiesel
Authors: Sutapa I W , Amalia S , Rosmawaty
Published: January 2021

Biogasoline is a benign energy product that can be produced through the process of breaking down biodiesel. The purpose of this study is to produce biogasoline from cooking oil waste through the cracking process using NiCl2 intercalated as a catalyst. Initially, waste from cooking oil was converted into biodiesel through a process of esterification and transesterification. After biodiesel with carbon chain lengths of 16-20 was acquired, the cracking process to produce biogasoline that had carbon chain lengths of 4-12 with the aid of a catalyst was conducted. The bentonite intercalated NiCl2 catalyst was calcined at a temperature of 600°C for 2 hours, then characterized by XRD and SEM. The results of the diffractogram with XRD showed a peak around 2θ: 44.67° which was the peak of the Ni crystalline. The cracking process of biodiesel was carried out at a temperature of 450°C and 500°C then characterized using GC-MS. The chromatograms generated at a temperature of 450°C showed the presence of three compounds belonging to the faction of biogasoline they were methyl 6-hydroxycaproate (C7H14O3), 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (C4H8O3), and methyl nonylate (C10H20O2).
The potentials of biochar from agricultural waste as a carrier material of biofertilizer for swamplands
Authors: Maftuah E , Saleh M , Pratiwi E
Published: January 2021

Biochar has pores suitable for microbial habitat, and it contains carbon which can be used as an energy source by microbes. The research aims to determine the potential of some biochar as a carrier of biological fertilizer for swamplands. The treatment given was the type of biochar (rice husk, coconut shell, and palm empty fruit bunches) and the microbial type ie decomposer, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), N Fixing Bacteria, and a consortium microbial. The design used was a Factorial Complete Randomized Design, 3 replications. Biochar analysis included organic C, total N, pH, CEC, SiO2, ash content and water content. Calculation of microbial populations was done at 2, 6 and 10 weeks after inoculation. Biochar rice husks, oil palm empty fruit bunches and coconut shells were very effective as decomposer carrier material. The highest of population of N-fixing bacteria and PSB at 6 weeks after inoculation was in the biochar rice husk reached 0.33 x 106 cfu/g for N-fixing bacteria and 54.8 x 106 cfu/g for P solvent bacterial. Rice husk biochar can be used as a carrier material both for a single biofertilizer, as well as a consortium biofertilizer that consists of decomposer fungi, P solubilizing bacteria and N-fixing bacteria.
The utilization of agricultural waste as biochar for optimizing swampland: a review
Authors: Susilawati A , Maftuah E , Fahmi A
Published: January 2021

The utilization of agricultural waste as biochar is one way to manage agricultural waste to encourage swamps optimization. There is quite a lot of agricultural waste in Indonesia estimated to reach 10.7 t y−1, including rice-husks, cocoa pods, coconut-shells, oil palm shells, and corncobs. One of the management of agricultural waste is to make biochar from various sources of raw materials. This paper is intended to provide information about agricultural waste as biochar in agriculture to optimize swampland in Indonesia. The quality of biochar depends on raw materials, incinerator, combustion temperature, and the length of combustion. The application of biochar on agricultural land serves as a soil enhancer that can improve its chemical properties and soil physical properties. Improvements in the quality of the soil chemical and physical properties impact the availability of nutrients and water through the ability of biochar to retain nutrients and water. In the end, the addition of biochar has implications for increasing the productivity of food crops. In the future, it is expected that with the application of biochar, swamplands can increase productivity.
Water management and rice husk biochar application to solve acid sulfate soil problems to promote rice yield and reduce greenhouse gas emission
Authors: Yusuf W A , Mukhlis
Published: January 2021

The use of biochar for soil fertility improvement is gaining popularity due to its potential to improve soil quality and increase crop yield in swampland. Water management plays a key role in controlling various dynamic processes such as acidity production. The water management system in acid sulfate soil should have a proper leaching and flushing capacity of the oxidation product. When these soils are used for rice, we found that the most important constraints were (1) Acidity (which includes the combined effects of pH, Al toxicity, and P deficiency) and (2) Fe stress (which is due to the combined effects of Fe toxicity and deficiencies of other divalent cations such as calcium/Ca). The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of water management and rice husk biochar and compost applied in combination (0,1% of each w/w, thus 0,1% compost + 1% rice husk biochar) on growth, the yield of rice and methane emission on acid sulfate soil. The Provision of 50% compost + 50% Biochar rice husk with washing water management every two weeks (P2) in acid sulfate soil could reduce methane emissions by up to 53.16% with the highest dried unhusked rice yield of 3.86 t/ha.
Utilization of lightweight brick waste as soils stabilizing agent
Authors: Arifin Y F , Kusworo A S
Published: January 2021

The utilization of lightweight bricks as building walls, including houses, is getting higher. Beside its many advantages, lightweight brick also has disadvantages. One of them is that the remaining pieces cannot be used for its primary function and become waste. In the field, this waste is used as a material to stabilize the soil. However, there are no tests that examine its effectiveness as a stabilizing agent, the percentage of its composition, and what soil can be stabilized. This research focuses on laboratory tests on the use of lightweight brick waste for soil stabilization. The types of soil used in this study were lateritic, organic and expansive soil. The soils and waste were mixed at percentages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by weight. Some tests, such as the Atterberg limit, Standard Proctor compaction, and unconfined compression tests were carried out to determine its effect on the soil. The results showed that lightweight brick waste reduced the liquid limit, plasticity index, and increased soils shear strength. Different types of soil produced different levels of influence. Moisture content in the mixtures was also found to affect the results of soil stabilization.
Activated carbon from Nypa (Nypa fruticans) leaves applied for the Fe and Mn removal
Authors: Syauqiah I , Elma M , Mailani D P , Pratiwi N
Published: January 2021

Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans) is a type of palm-shaped mangrove. A nypa leaf contains 28.9% cellulose so that it is possible to produce an activated carbon applied for heavy metal removal in the solution. Thus, this study aimed to remove Fe and Mn in the FeCl3 and MnCl2 solution using the activated carbon produced from nypa leaves. In the experimental procedure, 5 grams activated carbon from nypa leaves (the particles that could pass through 40, 80, and 120 mesh size and retained on the sizes of 50, 100, and 150 mesh) were added and undergone in a batch system (for 60 and 120 minutes). The concentrations of Fe and Mn in the solution were investigated using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that there were significant decreases in the Fe and Mn concentrations at the 60-minutes contact time with 150 mesh particle size (the absorption capacity values of Fe and Mn were 59.96 and 96.94 wt.%, respectively). This was due to the bigger surface area of the adsorbent and the longer contact time resulting in better interaction between the activated carbon from nypa leaves to remove Fe and Mn concentrations in the solution.
The effect of addition of bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa on biodegradation of methyl orange dye by brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum
Authors: Purnomo A S , Rahmadini F D , Nawfa R , Putra S R
Published: January 2021

The methyl orange (MO), one of common textile dyes from azo groups, has negative impact in human life and the environment. Therefore, many attemps have been devoted to find the most effective method for MO degradation. Brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum has identified as the biodegradable agent of MO, but its efficiency is still low, and it requires a long incubation time. In this work, the biodegradable performance of brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum was investigated for MO degradation in the presence of bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa with various volumes (2-10 mL, 1 mL = 5.05 x 1012 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)). The addition of 10 mL of bacteria into G. trabeum culture showed the maximum degradation of 88.67% in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium for the 7-day incubation. The identified metabolites were 4-((4-(dimethyliminio) cyclohexa-2.5-dien-1-ylidenehydrazinyl) phenolate (C14H15N3O, compound 1), 4-((4-iminiocyclohexa-2.5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl) benzenesulfonate (C12H10N3O3S, compound 2), 4-((hidroksi-4-iminioyclohexa-2.5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl) benzenesulfonate (C12H10N3O4S, compound 3), 4-((4-(dimethyliminio) hydroxy-cyclohexa-2.5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl) methoxy benzenesulfonate (C15H16N3O5S, compound 4), and 4-((4-(dimethyliminio) dihydroxy-cyclohexa-2.5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl) dimethoxy benzenesulfonate (C16H18N3O7S, compound 5). Based on the identification of metabolic products, the mixed cultures transformed MO via three pathways: (1) desulfonylation, (2) demethylation, and (3) hydroxylation. These results indicate that P. aeruginosa can enhance MO biodecolorization by G. trabeum.
Degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) using TiO2-chitosan composite as a photocatalyst
Authors: Rizky N A , Irawati U , Rohman T
Published: January 2021

Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) is an anionic surfactant that is widely used as an active ingredient in synthetic detergent formulation. Being a component in domestic waste, LAS can potentially be harmful to the environment. In this research, the degradation of LAS using TiO2-chitosan composite as a photocatalyst was investigated. The optimum dose of TiO2-chitosan to be used was determined, and the effect of pH towards the degradation effectiveness was also studied. The results showed that a dose of 1 g/100 mL composite at pH 6 gave an optimum result for the LAS degradation. In this optimum condition, the decrease in LAS concentration was up to 95.20% from its initial concentration.
Comparison of ferrate (FeO4
2-) and ultrasonic waves ability as Coliform antibacterial in Kahayan River water Central Kalimantan
Authors: Kurniawati N , Sunariyati S , Karelius K , Hakim L , Krestina W , Wardani D A P
Published: January 2021

This study aims to compare ferrate (FeO4
2-) and exposure of ultrasonic waves as an antibacterial coliform in the Kahayan River water in Central Kalimantan. Sampling in this study used the Grab Sampling method with the Kemmerer Sampler tool. Ferrate (FeO42-) was made by reacting to a solution of Fe(NO)3 with NaOCl in alkaline conditions. Application of Ferrate (Fe(VI)) done by varying the concentration (0.03125; 0.0625; 0.125; 0.25; 0.5 mmol/L) to get the best concentration, and follow by varying times (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes) at optimum concentration. Ultrasonic wave exposure was carried out with varying frequencies to get the optimum frequency and followed by variations in the exposure time at the optimum frequency. The coliform test was carried out by the MPN method with stages of detection tests, affirmation tests, and colony counting. The MPN analysis showed that ferrate could kill coliform bacteria at a concentration of 0.0625 mmol/L during the 5 minutes stirring time with 100% efficiency. Ultrasonic wave exposure could kill coliform bacteria optimally at a 40 kHz frequency during 3 hours of exposure time with 96% efficiency These results showed that ferrate was more effective in killing coliform bacteria compared with ultrasonic wave exposure.
Low concentration lead ion adsorption determination performance using activated carbon from bambu betung (Dendrocalamus asper)
Authors: Zakaria A , Yuliani N , Oktaviani A , Fachrurrazie
Published: January 2021

Adsorption is one alternative that is used to reduce lead (Pb) at low concentrations. Activated charcoal from Dendrocalamus asper (Schult) known as local name “Bambu Betung” has better performance in low concentration Pb adsorption at the liquid waste. The activation by added Na2CO3 was carried out for 24 hours and followed by neutralization of the filtrate until it reaches pH 7. Determination of optimum adsorption using adsorbent weight, adsorbate pH and contact time was treated concurrently including the design of surface method response statistics central composite design (RSM CCD). An optimal condition conducted to obtain these adsorption Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal mechanism. CCD processing was managed to obtained optimum conditions of pH, weight, and time. The results of the isothermal equation were in accordance with the Langmuir model because the absorption model has given an r value of 0.998 through the Langmuir equation y = 0.047x + 0.009. Overall, the optimum adsorption capacity of activated charcoal from D.asper (Schult) was performed at 21.28 mg per gram adsorbent. Based on the characteristics of betung bamboo activated charcoal test using SEM-EDX it was shown that there was no contamination of lead ion, this is the same as activated charcoal in general.
The implementation of green industry standard batik industry to develop eco-friendly
Authors: Indrayani L , Triwiswara M
Published: January 2021

Since UNESCO has established batik as Indonesia’s cultural heritage, batik has become increasingly recognized internationally. However, many parties are concerned about environmental problems due to the waste from the batik production process. Therefore, the batik industry must change its thinking about the concept of environmentally friendly industries by applying green industry principles. This paper will explain the application of green industry principles that can be fulfilled at every stage of the batik production process. The technical and management requirements are covered by the Green Industry Standard (GIS) for the batik industry which is stipulated by the Minister of Industry Regulation Number 39 of 2019. GIS includes the efficiency of input materials, namely raw and auxiliary materials as well as the selection of alternative materials that are more environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and minimize water consumption and pay attention to the principles of water conservation, good waste treatment, and limitation of air emissions due to the use of technology and low-carbon energy options. It is expected that with the application of green industry principles, the batik industry will not only experience an increase in the economic sector but become an environmentally industry.
The potential of food waste as bioplastic material to promote environmental sustainability: A review
Authors: Ramadhan M O , Handayani M N
Published: January 2021

Food waste is a challenge for sustainable development since it can increase greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental issues. Food processing and manufacturing are known to raise food waste. Meanwhile, plastic waste is a big problem in environmental pollution. This study aims to explore the potential of food waste as bioplastic material as an environmentally friendly alternative packaging. The method used was an effective literature review. The results showed that many food wastes have the potential to be developed as bioplastics if they contain biopolymers such as starch, cellulose, or other biopolymers. Some of the food wastes are obtained from the food processing industry such as sludge waste, cassava peel, banana peel, pineapple peel, durian seed, jackfruit seed, avocado seed, and chicken feather. The Development of bioplastics from food waste has a double benefit that can solve two problems indirectly, namely reducing plastic waste and food waste at the same time, thereby promoting environmental sustainability.
A review: The use of mangrove for biomonitoring on aquatic environment
Authors: Wilda R , Hamdan A M , Rahmi R
Published: January 2021

Mangroves have been investigated widely as plants that can absorb and accumulate heavy metals in their tissues. Due to that ability, mangroves have been used to reduce heavy metals in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, mangroves have been used for biomonitoring of heavy metals pollution. The use of mangroves for biomonitoring on aquatic environments has been considered as a cheap, rapid, and sufficient method. The mangrove is an organism that has the ability to absorb the contaminants of heavy metal and to function as fine pollutants trap. However, to develop this technique for wide use, research and investigation are still needed. This paper is aimed to describe the future direction of mangrove studies of using mangroves as a biomonitoring agent. Based on the review,Rhizophopora mucronataandAvicennia marinaare mangrove species that have a promising ability to be used for biomonitoring in the aquatic environment.
Biodegradation of buried crude oil in soil microcosm by fungal co-culture
Authors: Yanto D H Y , Hidayat A
Published: January 2021

Crude oil pollution in soil is a major environmental problem over the world. After long-term contamination, crude oil can be buried in the soil and leaving the toxic and persistence compounds. Treatment of buried crude oil in soil is a major challenge. In this study, buried crude oil in soil (20 cm-depth) was treated by the co-culture of three fungal strains (Pestalotiopsis sp. NG007/Polyporus sp. S133/Trametes hirsuta D7 with composition 1/1/1 and pre-grown in wood meal) placed on the top or bottom layer of the soil. Biodegradation behavior of crude oils were analyzed at different depth interval (0–5 cm, 5–15 cm, and 15–20 cm) with constant oxygen diffusion. The results showed that both position of fungal co-culture could degrade crude oil 63 – 92% after 30 days. Placing the co-culture in the bottom layer position of the soil demonstrated more effective degradation for all the depth interval than that of the top layer position. During the biodegradation, the co-culture produced oxidative enzymes such as catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase with significant activities. This study offers an important strategy to remediate crude oil contaminated soil, specifically buried crude oil.
Network approach to mutagenesis sheds insight on phage resistance in mycobacteria
Authors: Sinha Saptarshi , Samaddar Sourabh , Das Gupta Sujoy K , Roy Soumen
Published: January 2021

Motivation

A rigorous yet general mathematical approach to mutagenesis, especially one capable of delivering systems-level perspectives would be invaluable. Such systems-level understanding of phage resistance is also highly desirable for phage–bacteria interactions and phage therapy research. Independently, the ability to distinguish between two graphs with a set of common or identical nodes and identify the implications thereof, is important in network science.

Results

Herein, we propose a measure called shortest path alteration fraction (SPAF) to compare any two networks by shortest paths, using sets. When SPAF is one, it can identify node pairs connected by at least one shortest path, which are present in either network but not both. Similarly, SPAF equalling zero identifies identical shortest paths, which are simultaneously present between a node pair in both networks. We study the utility of our measure theoretically in five diverse microbial species, to capture reported effects of well-studied mutations and predict new ones. We also scrutinize the effectiveness of our procedure through theoretical and experimental tests on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 and by generating a mutant of mc2155, which is resistant to mycobacteriophage D29. This mutant of mc2155, which is resistant to D29 exhibits significant phenotypic alterations. Whole-genome sequencing identifies mutations, which cannot readily explain the observed phenotypes. Exhaustive analyses of protein–protein interaction network of the mutant and wild-type, using the machinery of topological metrics and differential networks does not yield a clear picture. However, SPAF coherently identifies pairs of proteins at the end of a subset of shortest paths, from amongst hundreds of thousands of viable shortest paths in the networks. The altered functions associated with the protein pairs are strongly correlated with the observed phenotypes.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Recovery after breast cancer surgery following recommended pre and postoperative physical activity: (PhysSURG-B) randomized clinical trial
Authors: Heiman J , Onerup A , Wessman C , Haglind E , Olofsson Bagge R
Published: January 2021

Background

The effect of preoperative physical activity on recovery and complications after primary breast cancer surgery is unknown. The objective of this trial was to evaluate whether a recommendation of non-supervised physical activity improved recovery after breast cancer surgery.

Methods

This parallel, unblinded, multicentre interventional trial randomized women in whom breast cancer surgery was planned. The intervention consisted of an individual recommendation of added aerobic physical activity (30 min/day), before and 4 weeks after surgery. The control group did not receive any advice regarding physical activity. The primary outcome was patient-reported physical recovery at 4 weeks after surgery. Secondary outcomes included mental recovery, complications, reoperations, and readmissions.

Results

Between November 2016 and December 2018, 400 patients were randomized, 200 to each group. Some 370 participants (180 intervention, 190 control) remained at 4 weeks, and 368 at 90 days. There was no significant difference in favour of the intervention for the primary outcome physical recovery (risk ratio (RR) 1.03, 95 per cent c.i. 0.95 to 1.13). There was also no difference for mental recovery (RR 1.05, 0.93 to 1.17) nor in mean Comprehensive Complication Index score (4.2 (range 0–57.5) versus 4.7 (0–58.3)) between the intervention and control groups.

Conclusion

An intervention with recommended non-supervised physical activity before and after breast cancer surgery did not improve recovery at 4 weeks after surgery. Registration number: NCT02560662 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Surgical outcomes after radioactive 125I seed versus hookwire localization of non-palpable breast cancer: a multicentre randomized clinical trial
Authors: Taylor D B , Bourke A G , Westcott E J , Marinovich M L , Chong C Y L , Liang R , Hughes R L , Elder E , Saunders C M
Published: January 2021

Background

Previous studies have suggested improved efficiency and patient outcomes with 125I seed compared with hookwire localization (HWL) in breast-conserving surgery, but high-level evidence of superior surgical outcomes is lacking. The aim of this multicentre pragmatic RCT was to compare re-excision and positive margin rates after localization using 125I seed or hookwire in women with non-palpable breast cancer.

Methods

Between September 2013 and March 2018, women with non-palpable breast cancer eligible for breast-conserving surgery were assigned randomly to preoperative localization using 125I seeds or hookwires. Randomization was stratified by lesion type (pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or other) and study site. Primary endpoints were rates of re-excision and margin positivity. Secondary endpoints were resection volumes and weights.

Results

A total of 690 women were randomized at eight sites; 659 women remained after withdrawal (125I seed, 327; HWL, 332). Mean age was 60.3 years in the 125I seed group and 60.7 years in the HWL group, with no difference between the groups in preoperative lesion size (mean 13.2 mm). Lesions were pure DCIS in 25.9 per cent. The most common radiological lesion types were masses (46.9 per cent) and calcifications (28.2 per cent). The localization modality was ultrasonography in 65.5 per cent and mammography in 33.7 per cent. The re-excision rate after 125I seed localization was significantly lower than for HWL (13.9 versus 18.9 per cent respectively; P = 0.019). There were no significant differences in positive margin rates, or in specimen weights and volumes.

Conclusion

Re-excision rates after breast-conserving surgery were significantly lower after 125I seed localization compared with HWL. Registration number: ACTRN12613000655741 (http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/).
Sphincter-saving surgery after neoadjuvant therapy for ultra-low rectal cancer where abdominoperineal resection was indicated: 10-year results of the GRECCAR 1 trial
Authors: Rouanet P , Rivoire M , Gourgou S , Lelong B , Rullier E , Jafari M , Mineur L , Pocard M , Faucheron J L , Dravet F , Pezet D , Fabre J M , Bresler L , Balosso J , Lemanski C
Published: January 2021

This phase III trial included patients with ultra-low rectal adenocarcinoma that initially required abdominoperineal resection. The surgical decision was based on clinical tumour status after preoperative treatment. The overall sphincter-saving resection rate was 85 per cent, with 72 per cent rate of intersphincteric resection. Long-term results showed that changing the initial abdominoperineal resection indication into a sphincter-saving resection according to tumoral response is oncologically safe.

Saving the sphincter
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: 5-year outcomes of merged data from two randomized clinical trials (SLEEVEPASS and SM-BOSS)
Authors: Wölnerhanssen B K , Peterli R , Hurme S , Bueter M , Helmiö M , Juuti A , Meyer-Gerspach A C , Slawik M , Peromaa-Haavisto P , Nuutila P , Salminen P
Published: January 2021

Background

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) are both effective surgical procedures to achieve weight reduction in patients with obesity. The trial objective was to merge individual-patient data from two RCTs to compare outcomes after LSG and LRYGB.

Methods

Five-year outcomes of the Finnish SLEEVEPASS and Swiss SM-BOSS RCTs comparing LSG with LRYGB were analysed. Both original trials were designed to evaluate weight loss. Additional patient-level data on type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obstructive sleep apnoea, and complications were retrieved. The primary outcome was percentage excess BMI loss (%EBMIL). Secondary predefined outcomes in both trials included total weight loss, remission of co-morbidities, improvement in quality of life (QoL), and overall morbidity.

Results

At baseline, 228 LSG and 229 LRYGB procedures were performed. Five-year follow-up was available for 199 of 228 patients (87.3 per cent) after LSG and 199 of 229 (87.1 per cent) after LRYGB. Model-based mean estimate of %EBMIL was 7.0 (95 per cent c.i. 3.5 to 10.5) percentage points better after LRYGB than after LSG  (62.7 versus 55.5 per cent respectively; P < 0.001). There was no difference in remission of T2DM, obstructive sleep apnoea or QoL improvement; remission for hypertension was better after LRYGB compared with LSG (60.3 versus 44.9 per cent; P = 0.049). The complication rate was higher after LRYGB than LSG (37.2 versus 22.5 per cent; P = 0.001), but there was no difference in mean Comprehensive Complication Index value (30.6 versus 31.0 points; P = 0.859).

Conclusion

Although LRYGB induced greater weight loss and better amelioration of hypertension than LSG, there was no difference in remission of T2DM, obstructive sleep apnoea, or QoL at 5 years. There were more complications after LRYGB, but the individual burden for patients with complications was similar after both operations.
Monitoring the evolving impact of COVID-19 on institutional surgical services: imperative for quality improvement platforms
Authors: Leung S , Al-Omran M , Greco E , Qadura M , Wheatcroft M , Mamdani M , Gomez D , de Mestral C
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a massive slow down of scheduled surgical services, leading to concerns about increased morbidity from delayed care and of a large backlog of patients. In these times it is critical to collect and monitor data on surgical service volumes to help minimize the consequences to our patients. Here we describe our institutional vascular service volumes through the pandemic to date, demonstrating how quality improvement platforms can be useful tools for proactive data collection and monitoring..

Continued evaluation.
Scoring of tumour response after neoadjuvant therapy in resected pancreatic cancer: systematic review
Authors: van Roessel S , Janssen B V , Soer E C , Fariña Sarasqueta A , Verbeke C S , Luchini C , Brosens L A A , Verheij J , Besselink M G
Published: January 2021

Background

Preoperative chemo(radio)therapy is used increasingly in pancreatic cancer. Histological evaluation of the tumour response provides information on the efficacy of preoperative treatment and is used to determine prognosis and guide decisions on adjuvant treatment. This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence on tumour response scoring systems in pancreatic cancer.

Methods

Studies reporting on the assessment of resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy were searched using PubMed and EMBASE. All original studies reporting on histological tumour response in relation to clinical outcome (survival, recurrence-free survival) or interobserver agreement were eligible for inclusion. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

The literature search yielded 1453 studies of which 25 met the eligibility criteria, revealing 13 unique scoring systems. The most frequently investigated tumour response scoring systems were the College of American Pathologists system, Evans scoring system, and MD Anderson Cancer Center system, investigated 11, 9 and 5 times respectively. Although six studies reported a survival difference between the different grades of these three systems, the reported outcomes were often inconsistent. In addition, 12 of the 25 studies did not report on crucial aspects of pathological examination, such as the method of dissection, sampling approach, and amount of sampling.

Conclusion

Numerous scoring systems for the evaluation of tumour response after preoperative chemo(radio)therapy in pancreatic cancer exist, but comparative studies are lacking. More comparative data are needed on the interobserver variability and prognostic significance of the various scoring systems before best practice can be established.
Variation in histopathological assessment and association with surgical quality indicators following oesophagectomy
Authors: Pucher P H , Green M , Bateman A C , Underwood T J , Maynard N , Allum W H , Novelli M , Gossage J A ,   the Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons
Published: January 2021

Background

Histopathological outcomes, such as lymph node yield and margin positivity, are used to benchmark and assess surgical centre quality, and are reported annually by the National Oesophago-Gastric Cancer Audit (NOGCA) in England and Wales. The variation in pathological specimen assessment and how this affects these outcomes is not known.

Methods

A survey of practice was circulated to all tertiary oesophagogastric cancer centres across England and Wales. Questions captured demographic data, and information on how specimens were prepared and analysed. National performance data were retrieved from the NOGCA. Survey results were compared for tertiles of lymph node yield, and circumferential and longitudinal margins.

Results

Survey responses were received from 32 of 37 units (86 per cent response rate), accounting for 93.1 per cent of the total oesophagectomy volume in England and Wales. Only 5 of 32 units met or exceeded current guidelines on specimen preparation according to the Royal College of Pathologists guidelines. There was wide variation in how centres defined positive (R1) margins, and how margins and lymph nodes were assessed. Centres with the highest nodal yield were more likely to use systematic fat blocking, and to re-examine specimens when the initial load was low. Systematic blocking of lesser curve fat resulted in significantly higher rates of patients with at least 15 lymph nodes examined (91.4 versus 86.5 per cent; P = 0.027).

Conclusion

Preparation and histopathological assessment of specimens varies significantly across institutions. This challenges the validity of currently used surgical quality metrics for oesophageal and other tumours.