bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbicide and Tillage Effects on Volunteer Vegetation Composition and Diversity During Reforestation
Authors: Baer Sara G. , Groninger John W.
Published: May 2004

Fraxinus pennsylvanica(green ash) is commonly used for reforestation of agricultural lowlands in the midwestern and eastern United States. We evaluated the effects of herbicide (untreated, glyphosate, and sulfometuron methyl) and tillage (tilled and no‐till) onF. pennsylvanicasuccess and composition of associated volunteer vegetation 3 years after the treatment applications and reforestation of a formerly cultivated field in southern Illinois. Tillage had no effect onF. pennsylvanicagrowth, whereas both herbicides increased all measures of tree performance. The response of associated native and non‐native species cover was affected by an interaction between the herbicide and tillage treatments. In the presence of herbicide, cover of native species was greater in the no‐till treatment, whereas non‐native cover was higher in the tillage treatment. Both native and non‐native cover were unaffected by tillage in the absence of herbicide, and there were no differences in cover among the herbicide treatments in the presence of tillage. Total diversity was higher in the tillage treatment than the no‐till treatment, and diversity was lower in the sulfometuron methyl herbicide treatment than the control and glyphosate herbicide treatment. Lower diversity in the sulfometuron methyl treatment was attributed to greater cover of a native perennial grass,Andropogon virginicus(Broomsedge), which was inversely related to total diversity. We conclude that a single glyphosate herbicide application can enhanceF. pennsylvanicagrowth and conserve associated species diversity in this system. Furthermore, species‐specific responses of the associated vegetation should be included in management considerations, particularly if silvicultural treatments influence dominance and diversity in the establishing understory community during reforestation.
Response of a Native Perennial Grass Stand to Disturbance in California's Coast Range Grassland
Authors: Bartolome James W. , Fehmi Jeffrey S. , Jackson Randall D. , Allen‐Diaz Barbara
Published: May 2004

To assess the potential for enhancing an existing stand of native perennial grasses on a California Coast Range Grassland site, we experimentally manipulated the seasonal timing and presence of grazing for 3 years (1994 through 1996) and of autumn burning for 2 years (1994 and 1995) and measured species cover for 6 years (1993 through 1998). We subjected the species matrix to classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination (CCA) and tested the ordination site scores as well as diversity indices with linear mixed effects models. Four distinct plant community groups emerged from the classification. Two of these were dominated by annual grasses and two by perennial grasses. No treatment effects were observed on diversity. For composition, temporal and spatial random effects were important mixed effects model parameters, as was the fixed effect covariate, pre‐treatment CCA site score, indicating the importance of random environmental variation and initial starting conditions. Incorporation of these random effects and initial condition terms made for more powerful tests of the fixed effects, grazing season, and burning. We found no significant burning effects. Grazing removal imparted a shift in plant community from more annual‐dominated toward more perennial‐dominated vegetation. Individual perennial grass species responded differently according to genus and species. Nassella spp. increased gradually over time regardless of grazing treatment. Nassella pulchra (purple needlegrass) increase was greatest under spring grazing and N. lepida (foothill needlegrass) was greatest with grazing removal. Danthonia californica (California oatgrass) had little response over time under seasonal grazing treatments, but increased with grazing removal. Under relatively mesic weather conditions it appears that grazing removal from Coast Range Grasslands with existing native perennial grass populations can increase their cover. However if N. pulchra is the sole existing population, spring season‐restricted grazing should be equally effective at enhancing cover of the native grass species.
A Watershed Scale Assessment of Riparian Forests, with Implications for Restoration
Authors: Hyatt Timothy L. , Waldo Tyson Z. , Beechie Timothy J.
Published: May 2004

A combination of air‐photo interpretation, field data, and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was used to map riparian areas that are likely to provide wood and shade to small‐ and medium‐sized streams and where, conversely, restoration might be most beneficial. The analysis encompassed all salmonid‐bearing waters of the Nooksack River basin, in northwest Washington State, plus small tributaries that were thought to contribute wood or effective shading. The size and composition of each riparian stand was examined to determine whether trees were large enough to contribute logs that would form pools in the adjacent channel, with pool‐forming size of wood a function of channel width. Riparian stands were classified according to whether they passed this pool‐forming test. Model results were an exact match to actual conditions in 69% of field‐verified stands. A large proportion (74%) of the stands failing the test in reaches of anadromous fish use were in agricultural areas. Passing stands typically had high shade levels, because both stream shade and effective large woody debris size are a function of the size of the trees relative to the size of the stream. The GIS layer of passing and failing riparian stands can be combined with layers depicting property ownership, threatened fish distribution, and other information to objectively prioritize riparian restoration locations and strategies.
Restoration of a Forest Understory After the Removal of an Invasive Shrub, Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Authors: Hartman Kurt M. , McCarthy Brian C.
Published: May 2004

The recruitment of native seedlings is often reduced in areas where the invasive Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) is abundant. To address this recruitment problem, we evaluated the effectiveness of L. maackii eradication methods and restoration efforts using seedlings of six native tree species planted within eradication and unmanipulated (control) plots. Two eradication methods using glyphosate herbicide were evaluated: cut and paint and stem injection with an EZ‐Ject lance. Lonicera maackii density and biomass as well as microenvironmental characteristics were measured to study their effects on seedling growth and survivorship. Mean biomass of Amur honeysuckle was 361 ± 69 kg/ha, and density was 21,380 ± 3,171 plants/ha. Both eradication treatments were effective in killing L. maackii (≥ 94%). The injection treatment was most effective on large L. maackii individuals (>1.5 cm diameter), was 43% faster to apply than cutting and painting and less fatiguing for the operator, decreased operator exposure to herbicide, and minimized impact to nontarget vegetation. Deer browse tree protectors were used on half of the seedlings, but did not affect survivorship or growth. After 3 years, survival of native seedlings was significantly less where L. maackii was left intact (32 ± 3%) compared with the eradication plots (p < 0.002). Seedling survival was significantly different between cut (51 ± 3%) and injected (45 ± 3%) plots. Species had different final percent survival and rates of mortality. Species survival differed greatly by species (in descending order): Fraxinus pennsylvanica > Quercus muehlenbergii ≥ Prunus serotina≥ Juglans nigra > Cercis canadensis > Cornus florida. Survivorship and growth of native seedlings was affected by a severe first‐year drought and by site location. One site exhibited greater spring soil moisture, pH, percent open canopy, and had greater survivorship relative to the other site (55 ± 2 vs. 30 ± 2%). Overall, both L. maackii eradication methods were successful, but restorationists should be aware of the potential for differential survivorship of native seedlings depending on species identity and microenvironmental conditions.
Long‐Term Effects of Reclamation Treatments on Plant Succession in Iceland
Authors: Gretarsdottir Jarngerdur , Aradottir Asa L. , Vandvik Vigdis , Heegaard Einar , Birks H. J. B.
Published: May 2004

The long‐term effects (20–45 years) of reclamation treatments on plant succession are examined at two localities in Iceland that were fertilized and seeded from 1954 to 1979 with perennial grasses or annual grasses, or left untreated. The areas that underwent reclamation treatments had significantly higher total plant cover (7–100%) than the untreated control plots (<5%), and floristic composition was usually significantly different between treated and untreated plots. Dwarf‐shrubs (Calluna vulgarisandEmpetrum nigrum), bryophytes, biological soil crust, grasses, and shrubs characterized the vegetation in the treated plots, but low‐growing herbs that have negligible effects on the environment, such asCardaminopsis petraeaandMinuartia rubella, and grasses characterized the control plots. The seeded grass species had declined (<10%, the perennials) or disappeared (the annuals) but acted as nurse species that facilitated the colonization of native plants. It seems that by seeding, some factors that limit plant colonization were overcome. Soil nutrients, vegetation cover, litter, and biological soil crust were greater in the treated areas than the control plots. This may have enhanced colonization through an increase in soil stability and fertility, increased availability of safe microsites, increased moisture, and the capture of wind‐blown seeds. This study demonstrates the importance of looking at the long‐term effects of reclamation treatments to understand their impact on vegetation succession.
Restoring Nature, Without Mosquitoes?
Authors: Willott Elizabeth
Published: May 2004

The benefits of wetlands are now widely appreciated. Less widely known is that historically many wetlands were drained to help control malaria and other deadly diseases. This essay's general theme is that there are pros and cons to restoration or creation of wetlands. The specific theme is that mosquitoes pose practical and theoretical problems. In particular, abundant mosquitoes should not be regarded as an after‐the‐fact surprising side effect but rather, abundant mosquitoes should be viewed as a primary and foreseeable effect of providing habitat suitable for them. Yet our funding mechanisms and educational institutions often fail properly to address the reality that restoring or creating wetlands has a downside.
The development of food simulants for microwave oven testing
Authors: Swain M. Veronica L. , Russell Steven L. , Clarke Robert N. , Swain Mark. J.
Published: May 2004

The microwave heating characteristics of foods vary with temperature, chemical composition, physical state and geometry. The purpose of the food simulates reported in this paper is to provide heating loads that will enable reliable and reproducible characterization of the heating performance of microwave ovens (2.45 GHz), specifically when heating chilled convenience meals. An extensive literature search was done to identify food simulants that had been used to mimic the heating responses of foods when heated both conventionally and in microwave fields. Each prospective food simulant was initially assessed against a set of criteria that included ease of manufacture, stability and formability. Four meals were chosen to represent the range of chilled convenience meals available in the UK. Tests, using continuous fibre‐optic temperature measurement during heating, indicated that the meals could be separated into two broad categories according to heating times, i.e. ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ responders. Food simulants were developed for the two food categories. A good match between food simulant and meal was achieved for the main indicators, i.e. temperatures at central and intermediate locations and weight loss. A close match (a difference of 2% between food simulant and meal) was achieved for the centre location, which is important, as this is often the coolest area in the meal after heating in domestic microwave ovens.
Effect of packaging materials and dissolved oxygen on the survival of probiotic bacteria in yoghurt
Authors: Talwalkar Akshat , Miller Craig W. , Kailasapathy Kaila , Nguyen Minh H.
Published: May 2004

The effects of packaging materials on the dissolved oxygen and the survival of the probiotic bacteria in yoghurt were studied. Oxygen adapted and non‐oxygen adapted strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. were incorporated in yoghurts, which were packaged in oxygen permeable high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS), oxygen‐barrier material (NupakTM) and NupakTM with an oxygen scavenging film (Zero2TM). During storage the dissolved oxygen increased steadily in HIPS packaged yoghurt whereas it remained low in yoghurts packaged in NupakTM and Zero2TM. In all yoghurts, no significant decreases were observed in the viability of either oxygen adapted or non‐oxygen adapted cells of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Thus, although the dissolved oxygen in yoghurt can be influenced by the type of packaging material, it may not affect the survival of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts.
Applications of electronic noses and tongues in food analysis
Authors: Deisingh Anil K. , Stone David C. , Thompson Michael
Published: May 2004

This review examines the applications of electronic noses and tongues in food analysis. A brief history of the development of sensors is included and this is illustrated by descriptions of the different types of sensors utilized in these devices. As pattern recognition techniques are widely used to analyse the data obtained from these multisensor arrays, a discussion of principal components analysis and artificial neural networks is essential. An introduction to the integration of electronic tongues and noses is also incorporated and the strengths and weaknesses of both are described. Applications described include identification and classification of flavour and aroma and other measurements of quality using the electronic nose. The uses of the electronic tongue in model analyses and other food, beverage and water monitoring applications are discussed.
Kinetic behaviour and thermal inactivation of pectinlyase used in food processing
Authors: Ortega Natividad , De Diego Silvia , Rodríguez‐Nogales José M. , Perez‐Mateos Manuel , Busto María D.
Published: May 2004

Kinetic properties and thermal inactivation of pectinlyase (PL) were assayed in commercial pectinase preparations (Rapidase C80, Pectinase CCM, Pectinex 3XL and Grindamyl 3PA) by using apple pectin as substrate. The PL activity of Rapidase C80 showed substrate inhibition, while the other enzyme preparations followed typical Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The optimum pH and temperature values for PL activity lay within the range of 5.5–6.5 and 35–40 °C, respectively. PL was heat‐inactivated with simple first order kinetics. With respect to this, thermodynamic activation parameters (ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG#) using a non‐linear Arrhenius plot were calculated. The Pectinase CCM and Pectinex 3XL PL showed a half‐life (t1/2) at 50 °C of 2.0 min and 11.8 min, respectively.
Identification of irradiated meat using electron spin resonance spectroscopy: results of blind trials
Authors: Chawla Surinder P. , Thomas Paul
Published: May 2004

Two blind trials on bone‐in meat chunks are reported. In total 30 or 35 coded samples were analysed for irradiation treatment using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In the first trial 30 samples were received from other research institutes. All samples were qualitatively identified correctly. The second trial consisted of 35 samples. They were either left unirradiated or had been irradiated at doses of 1, 2.5 or 4 kGy. All samples were qualitatively identified on the basis of the ESR spectra. Using re‐irradiation, the doses received by the samples were determined with linear, quadratic or exponential equations. The quadratic or exponential equations gave more successful estimates of the irradiation dose whereas linear fit equations tended to overestimate the dose.
The use of simultaneous 1H & 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance measurements to characterize energy metabolism during the conversion of muscle to meat
Authors: Bertram Hanne C. , Whittaker Andrew K. , Andersen Henrik J. , Karlsson Anders H.
Published: May 2004

In order to investigate the potential of magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) in the elucidation of post‐mortem metabolism in muscle biopsies, simultaneous 1H and 31P MAS NMR measurements were made continuously on post‐mortem (20 min to 24 h) muscle longissimus samples from rabbits. The animals had either been or not been given adrenaline (0.5 mg kg−1 4 h pre‐slaughter) to deplete stores of muscle glycogen. The intracellular pH was calculated from 1H spectra, and the post‐mortem rate of formation of lactate was followed and quantified. Comparison of measurements made on muscle samples from rabbits treated with adrenaline with measurements made on muscle samples from untreated rabbits revealed significant effects of adrenaline treatment on both pH (pH24 h = 6.42 vs. pH24 h = 5.60) and formation of lactate (16 mmol g−1 vs. 65 mmol g−1). The 31P NMR spectra were used to follow the rate of degradation of ATP and phosphocreatine. The present study clearly shows that MAS NMR has potential for the study of post‐mortem energy metabolism.
Fat reduction affects quality of akara (fried cowpea paste)
Authors: Patterson Sara P. , Phillips R. Dixon , McWatters Kay H. , Hung Yen‐Con , Chinnan Manjeet S.
Published: May 2004

Akara, a fried finger food made from cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), is popular in West Africa and has been shown to be acceptable to American consumers. Akara is, however, a high‐fat food (about 31%, dry wt basis). We determined the effects of incorporating two modifiers, high amylose cornstarch or extruded cowpea flour, on akara fat content and consumer acceptability. The modifiers were used at the 10% level. Akara fat content was reduced by 26.1% with cornstarch and by 36.8% with extruded cowpea flour. There were no significant differences in sensory ratings among samples, and all samples received acceptable ratings (6 = like slightly) for overall liking.
Glycoconjugate Histochemistry of the Seminal Vesicles of the Japanese Miniature (Shiba) Goat
Authors: Sakairi A. , Tsukise A. , Habata I. , Nara T. , Meyer W.
Published: May 2004

The present study localizes and characterizes complex glycoconjugates in the seminal vesicles of the Japanese Shiba goat, using several carbohydrate histochemical procedures, including lectin techniques at light and electron microscopic levels. Glandular epithelial cells and luminal secretions were shown to contain neutral and acidic glycoconjugates with various saccharide residues, such as α‐d‐Man, α‐d‐Glc, α‐l‐Fuc, β‐d‐Gal, GalNAc, GlcNAc, and NeuAc (sialic acid). The terminal oligosaccharide chains of sialoglycoconjugates present in the seminal vesicles were NeuAc α 2‐3Gal β 1‐3GalNAc and NeuAc α 2‐3Gal β 1‐4GlcNAc. In addition, in lysosomes of the glandular epithelial cells α‐d‐Man, α‐d‐Glc, GlcNAc and NeuAc (sialic acid) residues could be detected, the secretory vesicles contained α‐l‐Fuc, and the endoplasmic reticulum exhibited α‐d‐Man and α‐d‐Glc residues. The complex glycoconjugates with various sugar residues found in the seminal vesicles of the goat may be involved in various fertilization‐related events.
Effects of Sarcoptic Mange and its Control with Oil of Cedrus deodara, Pongamia glabra, Jatropha curcas and Benzyl Benzoate, both with and without Ascorbic Acid on Growing Sheep: Epidemiology; Assessment of Clinical, Haematological, Cell‐Mediated Humoral Immune Responses and Pathology
Authors: Dimri U. , Sharma M. C.
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of commonly used acaricidal drugs in India and also to assess the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) as adjunct therapy in 72 growing sheep with sarcoptic mange, aged 5–6 months and weighing 20.4–31.7 kg. Eight replicates of nine animals were formed based on sex, and day 0 body weight. Another set of 12 healthy sheep (5–6 months old) constituted the healthy control group. Drugs were applied locally on the affected parts daily and recovery changes in skin lesions were observed at the time of every application. l‐Ascorbic acid was administered intramuscularly. Skin scrapings were collected daily from each group and examined for the presence of mites. Blood samples from each group were collected and analysed for total erythrocytes, leucocytes, haematocrit, haemoglobin and lymphocytes on 0, 14th and 28th day post‐treatment (PT). Cell‐mediated (CMI) and humoral immune (HI) responses were assessed on 0 and 28 days PT. Within groups treated with the drug alone, recovery in oil of Jatropha curcas group was faster and lesions were free from mites after the eighth application. For each drug, the recovery was faster with AA as an adjunct therapy when compared with the group treated with the drug alone. Within all groups, recovery in oil of J. curcas plus ascorbic acid (OJC‐AA) group was fastest and the lesions were mite‐free after three applications. The overall mean values were higher for all haematological parameters in OJC‐AA group. Recovery with respect to suppressed CMI and HI responses during infection was also faster in this group. Gross and microscopic pathological studies revealed a marked adverse effect of infection on skin, kidney, spleen and liver. The OJC‐AA group indicated faster recovery. It is concluded from this study that oil of J. curcas was found more efficacious in controlling sarcoptic mange in sheep and AA might be beneficial as adjunct in case of sarcoptic mange to get quick recovery with lesser applications of main therapy. However, the pharmacology of AA with reference to health of skin needs to be investigated.
Silymarin, a Possible Hepatoprotector in Dairy Cows: Biochemical and Histological Observations
Authors: Tedesco D. , Domeneghini C. , Sciannimanico D. , Tameni M. , Steidler S. , Galletti S.
Published: May 2004

Silymarin, a standardized extract from Silybum marianum seed, is a natural hepatoprotector used for the treatment of liver diseases in man. The aim of this study was to investigate its safety and efficacy in periparturient dairy cows. Ten treated and 10 control pregnant dairy cows were paired by parity, body condition score (BCS), health condition and previous milk production. Treatment consisted of daily 10 g per animal of silymarin extract administered as oral drenches, from 10 days prior to the calving date to 15 days after calving. Blood samples and liver biopsies were taken from each animal at 7 and 30 days after calving. Hepatic functions were evaluated by assay of plasma β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total cholesterol, high‐density lipoproteins, low‐density lipoproteins, triglyceride and total bilirubin. The histological aspect of the liver was assessed in biopsies. Clinical chemistry values were similar for both groups and effects at different times (day 7 versus day 30; P < 0.05) were attributed to physiological variations in periparturient cows. Histology showed fat accumulation in the liver of both groups, as it is expected in periparturient dairy cows. In treated cows, fat‐rich hepatocytes were observed near the central vein. These observations suggest that, at the used dosage, S. marianum extract has no adverse effect on the liver of lactating cows, and presents no objective evidence for a hepatoprotective effect in this species.
Sodium Transport Across the Isolated Epithelium of Sheep Omasum is Influenced by Luminal Ammonia
Authors: Martens H. , Krützfeld T. , Wolf K.
Published: May 2004

Ammonia is a physiological fermentation product in the forestomachs and is absorbed from the rumen and omasum. Cellular uptake of ammonia affects the intracellular pH of polar and non‐polar cells. The effect of the uptake on the pH of the cytosol depends on the predominant form of ammonia. NH3 uptake and its intracellular protonation tend to alkalinize the cytoplasm, whereas the uptake of NH acidifies the cytoplasm by reversing this reaction. Consequently, the absorption of ammonia across the omasal epithelium could cause a change of the intracellular pH and pH‐dependent transport mechanisms like Na/H exchange. Because no information is available about the form of ammonia absorbed in the omasum and, hence, possible modulation of Na transport by ammonia, the effect of increasing luminal ammonia concentrations (0, 5, 15 and 30 mmol/l) on Na transport were studied. In epithelia of hay‐fed animals, ammonia linearly inhibited Na transport in a dose‐dependent manner, at a luminal pH of 7.40, but not at a pH of 6.40. Ammonia did not influence Na transport in epithelia of concentrate‐fed animals. Because luminal ammonia did not consistently change the short circuit current or tissue conductance absorption of ammonia as NH appears to be unlikely. The predominant form of ammonia absorbed in the omasum is probably NH3, which is protonated in the cytosol. The reduced availability of protons may be the cause of inhibition of Na transport via Na/H exchange.
The heart of the art: emotional intelligence in nurse education
Authors: Freshwater Dawn , Stickley Theodore
Published: May 2004

The concept of emotional intelligence has grown in popularity over the last two decades, generating interest both at a social and a professional level. Concurrent developments in nursing relate to the recognition of the impact of self‐awareness and reflexive practice on the quality of the patient experience and the drive toward evidence‐based patient centred models of care. The move of nurse training into higher education heralded many changes and indeed challenges for the profession as a whole. Traditionally, nurse education has been viewed as an essentialist education, the main emphasis being on fitness for practice and the statutory competencies. However, the transfer into the academy confronts the very notion of what constitutes this fitness for practice.

Many curricula now make reference in some way to the notion of an emotionally intelligent practitioner, one for whom theory, practice and research are inextricably bound up with tacit and experiential knowledge. In this paper we argue that much of what is described within curriculum documentation is little more than rhetoric when the surface is scratched. Further, we propose that some educationalists and practitioners have embraced the concept of emotional intelligence uncritically, and without fully grasping the entirety of its meaning and application. We attempt to make explicit the manner in which emotional intelligence can be more realistically and appropriately integrated into the profession and conclude by suggesting a model of transformatory learning for nurse education.
Making room for grief: walking backwards and living forward
Authors: Moules Nancy J. , Simonson Kari , Prins Mark , Angus Paula , Bell Janice M.
Published: May 2004

In this paper, the authors describe an aspect of a program of research around grief and clinical practice. The first phase of the study involves examination of experiences of grief with attention to troublesome or problematic beliefs that fuel the extent of suffering in the bereaved. The data, obtained from a review of videotaped clinical interviews with families seen in the Family Nursing Unit at the University of Calgary, were analyzed according to philosophical hermeneutic tradition. Findings suggest that grief is an experience that is ongoing, that changes in nature over time, but that involves a continuing relationship with the deceased; it is a graceful, periodic, deliberate walk backwards while keeping a sure foot in living forward.
High‐risk group and high‐risk life stage: Key issues in adverse effects of environmental agents on human health
Authors: MORI CHISATO
Published: May 2004

Our previous studies analyzing umbilical cords show that human fetuses are exposed to multiple environmental agents. Fetuses are at a high‐risk life stage in human life and our results revealed that there is a presence of potential high‐risk group in Japanese babies. It suggests the necessity to develop a new method of evaluating health risk factors to human fetuses of the possible long‐term effects caused by prenatal exposure to multiple environmental agents. Its main goal is to find the potential high‐risk group in the next generation and to prevent the long‐term effects caused by fetal exposure to multiple chemicals. Recently, we introduced our attempts to apply toxicogenomic analysis of gene expressions in umbilical cords using DNA microarray to the future health risk assessment. Our trial showed that it could be used as an effective newborn screening to detect potential high‐risk groups focusing on the exposure level and the susceptibility. To improve future children's health, it is necessary to develop a risk reduction method, in addition to the establishment of the new risk assessment, to avoid multiple chemical exposures and to reduce the concentration level of persistent chemicals in the human body. Worldwide cooperation is urgently required focusing on the high‐risk group and high‐risk life stage. (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 51–58)
Reproductive toxicity of 2,5‐hexanedione in male rats
Authors: AOKI KAZUO , KIHAILE PAUL E. , MISUMI JUNICHI , PEI WEI , KUDO MASANOBU
Published: May 2004

Background, Aims and Method:  2,5‐Hexanedione is an industrial solvent which causes peripheral neuropathy. In the current study, the effect of 2,5‐hexanedione on testicular histology of adult rats as well as sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were studied by administering 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg/kg per day for 12 weeks.

Results:  No sperm motility was observed in the 200 mg and 400 mg/kg per day treatment groups and significantly reduced motility was observed in the 100 mg/kg per day group. The morphology were also significantly reduced in the 200 mg and 400 mg/kg per day groups compared to the control group, but the sperm concentration was significantly reduced only in the 400 mg/kg per day group. Histological examination of the testes in the 400 mg/kg per day group revealed that two‐thirds of the testes had Sertoli cell only syndrome, whereas in the 200 mg/kg per day group half of the testes showed maturation arrest and sperm as well as spermatids were observed in 83% of the testes.

Conclusions:  In conclusion, we have shown that 2,5‐hexanedione severely affected sperm motility even at low doses, whereas high doses adversely affected all the sperm parameters as well as causing testicular injury. (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 59–62)
Successful pregnancy outcome using sperm from severely diseased men with testicular cancer and collagen disease: Three case reports
Authors: SASAKI SACHIKO , SASAKI KEIKO , TAKAHASHI SAYAKA , SASAKI TOSHIE , KYONO KOICHI , ARAKI YASUHISA
Published: May 2004

Objective:  To confirm the feasibility of using fresh or frozen/thawed spermatozoa from cancer and collagen diseased patients for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

Patients:  Two participants were diagnosed with testicular carcinoma and one patient was diagnosed with collagen disease.

Methods:  Of the two carcinoma patients, one patient provided a fresh testicular biopsy sample and one patient ejaculated fresh sperm after surgical operation. One collagen diseased patient's sperm was frozen, and three samples were used in subsequent ICSI treatment cycles. Their female partners underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for the retrieval of oocytes.

Results:  Two patients with testicular cancer and their respective partners achieved successful pregnancies from ICSI using fresh sperm after surgery. The patient suffering from collagen disease had a successful pregnancy from ICSI using sperm frozen prior to chemotherapy treatment.

Conclusions:  Patients with testicular carcinoma or collagen disease who might desire to father children in the future should be offered sperm preservation prior to the initiation of chemotherapy treatment. Under currently available treatment, patients with cases of severe disease can still become biological fathers. (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 69–75)
Molecular screening of unculturable bacteria present in men with reproductive failure
Authors: ANURADHA POTHARAJU , ROZATI ROYA , THANGRAJ K. , KHATRI G. , HANUMANTHARAO P.
Published: May 2004

Objective:  To determine the presence of unculturable bacteria using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in infertile men with pyosperrmia.

Design:  Perspective clinical study.

Setting:  The study took place at the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Owaisi Hospital and Research Center; In vitro Fertilization Unit, Mahavir Hospital and Research Center; Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology; and Bharat Biotech Foundation, Hyderabad, India.

Patients:  A total of 68 infertile men and 15 donors, all with no symptoms of genito‐urinary tract infections and sterile semen cultures were included in the study.

Interventions:  None.

Main outcome measures:  Screening bacteria using routine bacterial cultures and PCR based screening with universal eubacterial primers.

Results:  The statistical analysis of all the semen parameters in asthenazoospermic, azoospermic, ceyptazoospermic, severe oligospermic and mild oligospermic patients were found to be significant compared with the controls. All the groups were found to be significant compared with the controls (P < 0.05) except for volume and pus cells in the cryptozoospermia group. The Student's t‐test also was significant for the seminal parameters before and after treatment of 68 selected individuals with pyospermia and sterile cultures. A total of 44.11% (30/68) samples were collected from the negative culture of pyospermic infertile men have shown the presence of bacteria on amplification using PCR with universal eubacterial primers. The DNA was purified and sequenced. The sequences were checked for homology using DNASTAR and Ribosomal DataBase Project II. A total of 90% of the samples have shown the nearest evolutionary relation to Pantoea P102 (AF394539) and 10% of samples have shown close relation with Burkholderia cepacia (AF042161).

Conclusion:  The routine bacteriological cultures were unable to detect certain bacterial species particularly with members of enterobacteriaceae family (Pantoea species). Polymerase chain reaction, when used for screening bacteria, can detect the unculturable form of bacteria in infertile men. No amplification for bacterial DNA was obtained in control samples (fertile men with sterile semen cultures.) (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 77– 84)
Effects of dibromoacetic acid on murine spermatozoa and testis
Authors: FUJINOKI MASAKATSU , IMAIZUMI YOSHIE , OHTAKE HIDEKI , YAMAOKA SADAO
Published: May 2004

Background and Aims:   Bromoacetic acids are a by‐product of water ozonation and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) in particular, which is a by‐product of disinfection, inhibits male reproductive functions. In order to understand its effects, the spermatozoa and testes of mice were exposed to DBAA.

Methods:   Twelve‐week‐old ICR mice were exposed to 10 p.p.m. DBAA. They were examined in regards to effects on the weights of body, testis and epididymis, the histological changes of tesits and the protein expression in testis.

Results:   Neither the bodyweight nor the weights of the testis and epididymis of the exposed mice was affected, but approximately 13% of spermatozoa obtained from the cauda epididymis were motile with a drop‐shaped head, and structures resembling residual bodies were found in the testis. Moreover, the expression of two testis proteins was changed by exposure to DBAA.

Conclusions:   It was likely that DBAA inhibited male reproductive functions by disturbance of spermatogenesis via change of protein expression. (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 85–93)
Assessment of tracheal intubating conditions in children using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxant
Authors: Batra Y.K. , Al Qattan A.R. , Ali S.S. , Qureshi M.I. , Kuriakose D. , Migahed A.
Published: May 2004

Background : Tracheal intubation in children can be achieved by deep inhalational anaesthesia or an intravenous anaesthetic and a muscle relaxant, suxamethonium being widely used despite several side‐effects. Studies have shown that oral intubation can be facilitated safely and effectively in children after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil without a muscle relaxant. Remifentanil is a new, ultra‐short acting, selective mu‐receptor agonist that is 20–30 times more potent than alfentanil. This clinical study was designed to assess whether combination of propofol and remifentanil could be used without a muscle relaxant to facilitate tracheal intubation in children.

Methods : Forty children (5–10 years) admitted for adenotonsillectomy were randomly allocated to one of two groups to receive remifentanil 2 μg·kg−1 (Gp I) or remifentanil 3 μg·kg−1 (Gp II) before the induction of anaesthesia with i.v. propofol 3 mg·kg−1. No neuromuscular blocking agent was administered. Intubating conditions were assessed using a four‐point scoring system based on ease of laryngoscopy, jaw relaxation, position of vocal cords, degree of coughing and limb movement. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) measured noninvasively before induction of anaesthesia to 5 min after intubation (seven time points).

Results : Tracheal intubation was successful in all patients without requiring neuromuscular blocking agent. Intubating conditions were clinically acceptable in 10 of 20 patients (50%) in Gp I compared with 18 of 20 patients (90%) in Gp II (P < 0.05). MAP and HR decreased in both groups after induction of anaesthesia (P < 0.01). Both HR and MAP were significantly lower in Gp II compared with Gp I after tracheal intubation (P < 0.01). No patient in the present study developed bradycardia or hypotension.

Conclusions : We conclude that remifentanil (3 μg·kg−1), administered before propofol (3 mg·kg−1) provides acceptable tracheal intubating conditions in children, and completely inhibited the increase in HR and MAP associated with intubation.
Rhabdomyolysis after intraoperative myelography
Authors: Canbay Özgür , Bal Nilüfer , Akinci Seda , Kanbak Meral , Aypar Ülkü
Published: May 2004

This case report suggests that the nonionic contrast agents may cause myoclonic spasms and seizures like the ionic ones.

A 14‐year‐old female with congenital scoliosis was scheduled for T2‐L3 scoliosis surgery. She had no medical history of a seizure disorder. After a negative wake‐up test, myelography was performed with iohexol. Myoclonic spasms, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) and rhabdomyolysis were diagnosed postoperatively.

Anaesthesiologists should be aware of the complications which may occur after the use of nonionic and water‐soluble contrast agents.
Anaesthesia considerations for cardiac MRI in infants and small children
Authors: Odegard Kirsten C. , DiNardo James A. , Tsai‐Goodman Beverly , Powell Andrew J. , Geva Tal , Laussen Peter C.
Published: May 2004

Background : General anaesthesia is frequently necessary in infants and small children undergoing cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), because of the imaging techniques, MRI environment and potential need for breath‐holding to facilitate imaging. Anaesthetizing paediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) for cardiac MRI poses many challenges for the anaesthetist and this report reviews our experience.

Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the anaesthesia and MRI records of all patients who had undergone cardiac MRI between January 2000 and October 2002.

Results : A total of 250 children with cardiac disease underwent general anaesthesia for cardiac MRI. ASA classification included class I, 2%; class II; 26%; class III, 60% and class IV, 12%. A total of 168 patients (67%) had undergone previous cardiac surgery, 182 patients (94%) were discharged the same day and 48 patients (19.2%) had cyanotic cardiac defects (SpO2 between 55 and 85%). No scans were interrupted because of low oxygen saturation during breath‐hold or haemodynamic instability. No patient was admitted to the hospital from complications related to general anaesthesia, but one inhouse patient from the cardiology ward was admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) after the MRI because of cyanosis and low cardiac output. Seven patients from the CICU were on inotropic infusions when they underwent the MRI procedure and two others needed inotropic support after induction of anaesthesia. Five patients had a brief episode of hypotension during the MRI and responded quickly to interventions.

Conclusion : Our experience demonstrates that general anaesthesia for cardiac MRI can be provided safely in infants and small children with CHD, despite the complexity and pathophysiology of many defects, the frequent breath‐holding for image acquisitions and the MRI environment.
Analgesic effect of clonidine added to bupivacaine 0.125% in paediatric caudal blockade
Authors: Joshi Wanda , Connelly Neil Roy , Freeman Katharine , Reuben Scott S.
Published: May 2004

Background : Caudals are a common method of providing pain relief in children undergoing surgery. Clonidine, an α2 agonist, exhibits significant analgesic properties. The current investigation sought to determine whether caudal clonidine added to caudal bupivacaine would decrease pain in paediatric patients undergoing surgery.

Methods : Thirty‐six children undergoing elective surgery were studied. Following anaesthetic induction, a caudal was placed (1 mg·kg−1 bupivacaine 0.125%) with an equal volume of either clonidine (2 μg·kg−1) or saline. Perioperative analgesic requirements in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) and at home following hospital discharge, and parental pain scores were evaluated.

Results : There were no significant demographic, haemodynamic, or pain score differences between the groups. There was no difference in analgesic duration between groups. There were significantly more children who vomited during the first 24 postoperative hours in the clonidine group than in the saline group (eight in clonidine, two in saline; P < 0.05).

Conclusion : We do not recommend adding clonidine (2 μg·kg−1) to a bupivacaine (0.125%) caudal block in children undergoing surgery.
Delayed rises in serum S100B levels and adverse neurological outcome in infants and children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Lardner David , Davidson Andrew , McKenzie Ian , Cochrane Andrew
Published: May 2004

Background : The protein S100B is a marker of brain injury. Early after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), serum S100B levels are artefactually high. We investigated whether delayed (48 h) rise in S100B levels may have a role in detecting brain injury after CPB.

Methods : Data from 43 children were analysed in this study. Samples were collected at preincision and 30 min, 24 and 48 h postbypass and then analysed by using a commercially available radioimmunoassay (Sangtec100). Charts were reviewed at 3–5 months for evidence of neurological injury.

Results : S100B levels were high preoperatively in neonates and universally high immediately postbypass. In 36 children, samples were available for all time points. Compared with preoperative levels, rises occurred at both 24 and 48 h in three patients, only at 24 h in four patients and only at 48 h in three patients. Two patients had evidence of neurological injury. A rise at 48 h was associated with neurological injury (odds ratio 33.9, P < 0.03, 95% CI 1.39–827). There was no association between neurological injury and S100B levels at 24 h. Both the patients with neurological injury had rises at 48 h that were significantly higher than patients with rises at 48 h without injury.

Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that monitoring S100B levels in the late postoperative period may still have a role in detecting neurological injury after cardiac surgery in children. Consistent with previous observations, S100B is high preoperatively in neonates and early postbypass in all patients.
Diclofenac and metabolite pharmacokinetics in children
Authors: van der Marel Caroline D. , Anderson Brian J. , Rømsing Janne , Jacqz‐Aigrain Evelyne , Tibboel Dick
Published: May 2004

Background : Data concerning metabolism of diclofenac in children are limited to intravenous and enteric coated oral formulations. There are no data examining diclofenac or its hydroxyl metabolite pharmacokinetics after rectal administration in children.

Methods : Infants (n = 26) undergoing tonsillectomy were given diclofenac 2 mg·kg−1 followed by 1 mg·kg−1 8 h as suppository formulation for postoperative analgesia. Serum was assayed for diclofenac, 4′‐hydroxydiclofenac and 5′‐hydroxydiclofenac concentrations during the procedure and 1, 2 and 4 h postoperatively. The formation clearances of diclofenac to hydroxyl metabolites were estimated using nonlinear mixed effects models. A single compartment, first order absorption and first order elimination model was used to describe diclofenac pharmacokinetics. Published data from 11 children given enteric‐coated diclofenac tablets were used to assess relative bioavailability.

Results : Mean (sd) age and weight of the patients were 4.5 (1.5) years and 20.5 (4.1) kg. The formation clearance to 4′‐hydroxydiclofenac (% CV) and to 5′‐hydroxydiclofenac were 8.41 (8.1) and 3.41 (113) l·h−1 respectively, standardized to a 70 kg person using allometric ‘1/4 power’ models. Clearance by other routes contributed 33.0 (64) l·h−1 70 kg−1. Elimination clearance of hydroxyl metabolites was fixed at 27.5 l·h−1 70 kg−1. The volumes of distribution of parent diclofenac and its hydroxyl metabolite were 22.8 (19.0) and 45.3 (l.70) kg−1. The suppository formulation had an absorption half‐life of 0.613 (33.2) h with a lag time of 0.188 (24.9) h. Interoccasion variability of formation clearance to 4′‐hydroxydiclofenac, diclofenac volume of distribution, absorption half‐time and lag time for the suppository was 36%, 55%, 14% and 119%, respectively. The relative bioavailability of the suppository compared with an enteric‐coated tablet was 1.26.

Conclusion : The formation clearance of the active metabolite 4′‐hydroxydiclofenac contributed 19% of total clearance (44.82 l·h−1 70 kg−1). The rectum is a suitable route for administration of diclofenac in children 2–8 year of age and was associated with a higher relative bioavailabilty than enteric‐coated tablets and an earlier maximum concentration (50 vs. 108 min). This pharmacokinetic profile renders diclofenac suppository a suitable formulation for short duration surgery.
Comparison of ropivacaine with bupivacaine and lidocaine for ilioinguinal block after ambulatory inguinal hernia repair in children
Authors: Tsuchiya Naohisa , Ichizawa Manami , Yoshikawa Yukiko , Shinomura Tetsutaro
Published: May 2004

Background : We have compared ropivacaine with bupivacaine and lidocaine for ilioinguinal block in thirty children undergoing ambulatory inguinal hernia repair.

Methods : Patients were assigned randomly to receive 0.5 ml·kg−1 of 0.2% ropivacaine (Group R, n = 10), 0.25% bupivacaine (Group B, n = 10) or 1% lidocaine (Group L, n = 10). The patients’ parents, who were not informed of the type of local anaesthetic employed, evaluated the postoperative pain at 2 h and 6 h after operation using the Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale.

Results : There was a significant difference in the face scale score between Group R and Group L, and Group B and Group L. There was no difference in the face scale score between Group R and Group B. There were no complications or clinical evidence of local anaesthetic toxicity.

Conclusions : We have confirmed that bupivacaine and ropivacaine are more effective than lidocaine in the prevention of postoperative pain after children's inguinal hernia repair. We suggest that ropivacaine 0.2% is an alternative to bupivacaine 0.25% for ilioinguinal block in ambulatory paediatric surgery.