bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Existence of Cross‐Reactive Antigens between Candida and Mycobacterium
Authors: Maekawa Shizue , Ohara Tohru
Published: November 2013

The existence of cross‐reactive antigens between the genera Candida and Mycobacterium and their distributions among the following 7 strains of genus Candida and 9 strains of genus Mycobacterium were investigated by gel‐diffusion precipitation and passive hemagglutination reaction: C. albicans 1001, C. krusei 1005, C. guilliermondii 1007, C. stellatoidea 1016, C. tropicalis 1003, C. parakrusei 10232, C. pseudotropicalis 1004, M. tuberculosis (H37Rv and Nakano), M. bovis (BCG and Miwa), M. avium (Takeo), M. phlei (Phlei), M. smegmatis (Smegma and M607) and M. microti (Vole). Strong cross‐reactions between C. pseudotropicalis and various strains of Mycobacterium (H37Rv, Nakano, BCG and Miwa) were observed and weak cross‐reactions between C. krusei and the same strains of Mycobacterium by both gel‐diffusion precipitation and passive hemagglutination reaction. Cross‐reactions were not observed by the same precipitation reaction between any other strains of Candida and any strains of Mycobacterium. By passive hemagglutination reactions, cross‐reactions between C. albicans, C. guilliermondii or C. parakrusei and some strains of Mycobacterium were observed although the cross‐reactions between these strains were not demonstrated by gel‐diffusion precipitation. Although existence of the cross‐reactive antigens could not be demonstrated in the cells of C. stellatoidea and C. tropicalis by either gel‐diffusion precipitation or the passive hemagglutination reaction, the cells of these two Candida strains could absorb the cross‐reactive antibodies from the anti‐Mycobacterial sera which react to the antigens of C. pseudotropicalis and C. krusei. These results suggest that C. stellatoidea and C. tropicalis contain minor cross‐reactive antigens which could not be demonstrated by direct methods. The results indicate rather wide distribution of the cross‐reactive antigens among the genus Mycobacterium and of limited distributions among the genus Candida.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Kono Megumi , Kasuga Tokuhiko , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

Examination of cross resistance to macrolide antibiotics in erythromycin resistant staphylococcal strains isolated from clinical sources in the United States showed that there were two types of cross resistance, group A (13.4%) and group C (86.6%). Group A possessed multiple resistance to the macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin, oleandomycin, leucomycin and spiramycin, and was also resistant to lincomycin. In group C, resistance to erythromycin alone or to both erythromycin and oleandomycin could be induced by exposure to erythromycin.
Behavior of Some Episomal Elements in a Recombination‐Deficient Mutant of Escherichia coli
Authors: Takano Toshiya
Published: November 2013

Conjugal transfer and autonomous replication of some episomes occurred normally in a recombination‐deficient (Rec–) mutant of Escherichia coli K‐12. Transduction with phage Plbt of an R factor also occurred normally in this Rec– mutant, but complete or abortive transduction with Plbt of chromosomal genes did not occur. In contrast, transduction of galactose genes by phage λdg occurred in the Rec– bacteria as frequently as in the Rec+ strain. It was shown that phage Plbt does not grow at all on the Rec–bacteria. Recombination between two different R factors, two mutants of phage λ and two mutants of phage T4 occurred normally in the Rec– bacteria, but did not give a Rec+ phenotype to the host bacteria. Colicinogenic factor I made the Rec– host bacteria more resistant to ultraviolet light but the colicinogenic strain was still infertile in the crosses with the Hfr srains of E. coli K‐12.
Latent H Locus in Non‐motile Escherichia coli
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Tazaki Tadakatu
Published: November 2013

Transfer of flagellar characters from a motile strain of E. coli K12 Hfr to non‐motile strains of E. coli F— by sexual conjugation and transduction tests was done. Motile recombinants were obtained from eight out of ten non‐motile strains tested. Non‐motile strains of E. coli tested were classified into three genetic groups according to their flagellar characters: (1) Motile recombinants of the first group possessed H antigens other than that of the donor (E. coli K12), or possessed the same H antigens as that of the donor, inheriting their latent H locus intact. (2) The H antigens of the motile recombinants from the second group were always the same as that of donors. Attempts to prove existence of latent H locus in strains in this group by recombination and transduction were unsuccessful. (3) No motile recombinants were obtainable from the third group of non‐motile E. coli strains. In addition to the above, some of our experimental data on the motility of E. coli are described.
Colicine Typing of Shigella sonnei
Authors: Aoki Yoshio , Naito Tatsuro , Matsuo Sosuke , Fujise Naota , Ikeda Akiko , Miura Kayuko , Yakushiji Yoshiko
Published: November 2013

Colicine typing of Shigella sonnei using the methods of Naito et al. and Abbott and Shannon were performed in parallel on a large number of epidemic strains, the indicator strains used in both methods, and on stock strains used to test the accuracy of the indicators. The following results were obtained after typing 462 epidemic strains: by Naito's method, 18 strains were in A1, 87 in A2, 33 in B1, 253 in B2, 38 in C1, 3 in C2, 2 in D, and 3 in E, and 25 strains were unclassifiable; while by Abbott and Shannon's method, using the present authors' simplified designation, 189 strains were in type 6/11, 124 in type 4/14, 85 in type O, and 41 in type 8, and 23 strains were either in other types or found unclassifiable. Naito's type A was in large part, equivalent to Abbott and Shannon's type O, but included some type 6/11 and type 4/14 strains. Naito's type B consisted of types 6/11, 4/14, 3A and 13, and type E consisted of 1A, IB, 3, 5, 9, and 10. Type C coincided with type 8 and type D with type 12. In addition, there were strains determined to be Abbott and Shannon's types 6/11, 4/14, 2, 7 and 9. The Abbott and Shannon's method revealed the possibilities of these strains to be classified in further detail. This is considered to be attributable not merely to the lack of indicators in the Naito's method corresponding to those of Abbott and Shannon's, but also to insufficient production of certain colicines in the Naito's method. Because of the type distribution found in Japan at present, further investigation should be done so that types 6 and 11, and types 4 and 14 can be separated.
Drug Resistance of Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Harada Kenji , Kameda Mitsuo , Suzuki Mitsue , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

A nontransferable R21 (TC) factor was obtained by transduction of R10 (TC.CM.SM.SA) with phage epsilon in group E Salmonella. The R21 (TC) factor acquired transmissibility by the normal conjugal process when group E Salmonella strains harboring R21 (TC) factor were infected with wild‐type F or R16 (CM) factor. This transmissibility at high frequency was accounted for by the formation of the recombinant F TC and R10 (CM) TC factors. The F TC and R16 (CM) TC factors were genetically the same as the original F and R16 (CM) factors, except for the ability to confer TC resistance. In the transduction of F TC factor with phage P1, a dF TC (d: defective) factor was obtained that was defective in many F properties, such as the ability to introduce host chromosome and produce male substance, but was capable of transducing TC resistance (dF TC‐infection) at low frequency.
Two Types of Slowly Growing, Nonphotochromogenic Mycobacteria Obtained from Soil by the Mouse Passage Method: Mycobacterium terrae and Mycobacterium novum
Authors: Tsukamura Michio
Published: November 2013

Two types of slowly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria, Mycobacterium terrae and Mycobacterium novum, were isolated from soil by mouse body passage method. The former was presented previously by the present author as a new species. Its characteristics are better clarified in this paper based on the data of 93 strains. Mycobacterium novum is a slowly growing nonphotochromogen. It grows at 10 to 14 days on egg media and does not grow on Sauton agar. It grows on Ogawa egg medium containing either 0.2% (w/v) sodium p‐aminosalicylate, 0.1% (w/v) sodium salicylate or 0.25 mg/ml NH2OH·HCl. It is differentiated from M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. microti by these characters. It grows at 28 C and 37 C, but does not grow at 45 C. Other characteristics are: nitrate not reduced; negative two week arylsulphatase; negative niacin test; and no amidase clemonstrated. None of the carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds tested could be utilized as the sole source of carbon or of nitrogen in synthetic agar medium. It survived in mouse organs for three to four weeks. It was noticed that these mycobacteria occur very commonly in soil.
Numerical Classification of Atypical Mycobacteria
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Mizuno Shoji , Tsukamura Sumio
Published: November 2013

A numerical classification using fifty‐two characters was done on 72 strains of mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium avium, M. terrae, the pathogenic nonphotochromogens and the pathogenic scotochromogens. The results indicated that the test strains could be divided into two subgroups, the first consisting of M. avium and M. terrae and the second of the nonphotochromogens and the scotochromogens. Distinguishing characters for differentiation between these organisms were described, and taxonomic position of these organisms was discussed.
Classification of Scotochromogenic Mycobacteria
Authors: Tsukamura Michio
Published: November 2013

Numerical classification of scotochromogenic mycobacteria revealed the presence of four groups: (1) Mycobacterium xenopei; (2) M. marianum, M. scrofulaceum, M. aquae and M. gordonae; (3) M. acapulcensis and M. flavescens; and (4) M. aurum. Each of these groups was considered to be a species. Characteristics of these groups were described.
Suppression of Growth of Herpes Simplex Virus in Chick Embryo Fibroblasts at 40 C
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Taniguchi Sadako , Takeuchi Hisayo
Published: November 2013

Four strains of herpes simplex virus tested all showed inability to form plaques in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) at 40 C, while no such suppression of growth was observed with WEE, vaccinia or JE virus in the same cells. The suppression was not due to a complete inhibition of viral growth, because virus‐infected CEF bottle cultures consistently showed a small but definite increase of virus titer in 24 hr. When CEF monolayers adsorbing herpes virus were placed at 40 C, the number of infective centers decreased gradually; however, this decrease was much slower than the degradation of free virus at this temperature. Transfer of virus‐infected CEF bottle cultures from 35 C to 40 C at any time during a one step growth cycle promptly slowed down subsequent virus replication. When virus‐infected CEF bottles were incubated first at 40 C for 24 hr and then transferred to 35 C, a new increase in virus titer took place following a short lag. What stage of virus replication is suppressed at 40 C remains yet to be determined.
Classification of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Mizuno Shoji , Tsukamura Sumio
Published: November 2013

Type or representative strains of rapidly growing mycobacteria were tested in respect to 97 characters and submitted to a numerical classification. The results revealed that the following species be recognized: (1) Mycobacterium rhodochrous; (2) M. chitae; (a) M. phlei; (4) M. thamnopheos; (5) M. borstelense; (6) M. fortuitum; (7) M. vaccae; (8) M. parafortuitum; (9) M. smegmatis. Biologic and biochemical characters of type strains of these species were described. M. fortuitum was divided into two subspecies, M. fortuitum subsp. fortuitum and M. fortuitum subsp. abscessus. M. runyonii is synonym of M. abscessus and therefore has been included to the subspecies abscessus. M. parafortuitum was divided into two subspecies, M. parafortuitum subsp. parafortuitum and M. parafortuitum subsp. aurum, M. aurum being reduced to a subspecies. M. smegmatis was divided into two subspecies (or varieties), M. smegmatis subsp. smegmatis and M. smegmatis subsp. lacticola.
A Simple Method for the Serum Neutralization with Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Utilizing Plaque Inhibition by Agar‐diffused Antibody
Authors: Kiyota Hiroshi
Published: November 2013

The cup method commonly used in antibiotic assay was applied to the serum neutralization with JE virus. A cup was fixed in the overlay covering chick embryo cells and filled with a test serum, and diffusion of antibody was allowed to take place at 20 C before addition of virus onto the agar surface. When the overlay contained 0.6% agar, 0.1 to 0.27% of the virus penetrated the overlay and formed plaques leaving a plaque inhibition zone around the cup. A clear inhibition zone was produced when the interval between the addition of serum and virus inoculation was 2 days, the amount of virus given per dish being 5×105 PFU, and the dishes were subsequently incubated at 20 C for one day and then at 35 C for 3 days before staining with neutral red. The plaque inhibition zone diameter was in linear relation to the logarithm of the antibody concentration used. The sensitivity of the test was such that positive results were obtained with sera possessing endpoint titers higher than 1 : 10 as determined by the ordinary 50% plaque reduction test. When sera of 83 children with different vaccination histories were tested by the present cup method and by the 50% plaque reduction method in parallel, a good correlation was observed between the two titers.
A New Cell Line of Calf Kidney and Its Susceptibility to Viruses
Authors: Kimura Susumu , Fukui Kohmei , Yoshida Nagayuki , Matsubara Yoshikatsu
Published: November 2013

A new cell line (CKT) derived from a male calf kidney obtained in Tokushima, Japan has been established and cultivated serially over a period of 3 years. Morphologically, this line had a fibroblast‐like appearance during early cell passages, but became an epithelial‐cell form by the 20th passage and subsequently retained this form without significant morphological change during further passage in vitro. CKT cells had no susceptibility to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 or to echovirus type 4, but low susceptibility to coxsackie viruses B1 and B5. The cells showed a susceptibility similar to that of HeLa cells, but lower than that of human embryo kidney cells, when challenged with adenoviruses.
The Multiplication of Staphylococcal Phages in Nonpermissive Hosts
Authors: Wentworth Berttina B. , Romig William R.
Published: November 2013

Determining the phage susceptibility of staphylococci is complicated by the appearance of “inhibition,” in which concentrated phage suspensions produce confluent lysis, but no dilution of the phage suspension produces distinct plaques. Variants of typing phage 81 were found to inhibit cultures A17 and A19. The multiplication of phage in these nonpermissive hosts was studied by using more sensitive indicator strains for phage assays in one‐step growth experiments. The phage produced was neither host‐modified nor mutant. Since there have been reports of endemic hospital infections due to untypable strains inhibited by group III phages, two such strains, CL‐4 and CL‐63, were studied for production of typing phages 47 and 53. It was found that inhibition may be associated with either a normal burst of phage from a small fraction of infectious bacterial centers or with the release of a reduced burst from a higher proportion of infectious centers. The multiplication of phage in some cells of these nonpermissive hosts appeared to depend upon the physiological state of the culture as well as the genetic potential of the phage.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci
Authors: Hashimoto Hajime , Oshima Hiroshi , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

According to genetic studies of the inducible resistance to macrolide antibiotics; erythromycin (EM), oleandomycin (OM), leucomycin (LM), spiramycin (SP), in Staphylococcus aureus, it was found that there are two types of cross‐resistance; resistance to EM and to both EM and OM. In EM‐resistant strains, EM is an active inducer, while both EM and OM are the inducers in those strains resistant to both EM and OM. However, the induced populations of both strains acquired high resistance (800 μg/ml or more) to all macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin. The resistance of induced cells was lost when grown in the absence of inducers. From a strain MS537, in which EM is an inducer, a mutant MS537‐1 was obtained on the plate containing OM. In strain MS537‐1, OM, in addition to EM, has become an active inducer for macrolide resistance. When MS537 and MS537‐1 were cultured on the plate containing LM, mutants MS537‐2 and MS537‐3 were obtained, respectively. They were found to be highly resistant to all macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin, and their resistance was not inducible but constitutive. According to transductional analysis, it was found that the loci concerned with induction for macrolide resistance and those governing cross‐resistance to macrolide antibiotics were co‐transducible, both loci not being separated by transduction. The constitutive resistance to macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin in strains MS537‐2 and MS537‐3, was also co‐transducible, suggesting that the resistance to macrolide antibiotics and to lincomycin are determined by a gene or by a cluster of genes in the cocci.
Interference with Virus Infection Induced by RNA in Chick Embryo Cells
Authors: Fukada Tetsuo , Kawade Yoshimi , Ujihara Masako , Shin Chieko , Shima Toshie
Published: November 2013

Some single‐stranded RNA's, notably RNA from E. coli bacteriophage MS2, were found to induce interference with viral growth (Sindbis, vesicular stomatitis, and vaccinia viruses) in chick embryo cell culture. Oligonucleotides appear to have a more essential role for induction of interference than high molecular weight RNA, since (a) phage RNA preparations containing degraded components are more consistently effective than preparations consisting essentially of intact molecules, (b) chick embryo RNA (homologous to the cells), ineffective in itself, becomes strongly effective after digestion with T1 RNase, and (c) calf liver RNA, which gives variable results, becomes reproducibly effective after T1 RNase digestion. Certain structural specificities of oligonucleotides are required, since (a) digests by pancreatic RNase, (b) T1 RNase digests of E. coli and yeast RNA's, and (c) mononucleotides, are all ineffective or only slightly effective. Various characteristics of the interference observed indicate that the RNA does not directly inactivate free virus but inhibits viral replication, most probably by inducing some cellular processes unfavorable for viral growth. Release of interferon into the culture medium during or after RNA treatment was examined, but in many cases only low titers or none of interferon activity were observed. Experiments on Newcastle disease virus, a virus relatively insensitive to interferon, yielded variable results as to its sensitivity to RNA‐induced interference. Thus the role of interferon in the RNA‐induced interference described here remains unsettled.
Studies on Parainfluenza Virus Infections among Infants and Children in Sendai
Authors: Numazaki Yoshio , Yano Namio , Shigeta Shiro , Ikeda Mari , Takai Soji , Suto Tsunehisa , Ishida Nakao
Published: November 2013

According to our own procedures of virus isolation and serology, 53 cases of parainfluenza virus infections were found out of 479 infants and children with respiratory illness between September 1963 and December 1965 in Sendai. Virus isolation was positive in 134 cases out of 479 tested, including 60 respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, 28 parainfluenza virus and others. In serological study, poor antibody production in type 2 parainfluenza virus infection was noticed as compared with type 1 or type 3 infections. Three cases from which no viral agent was recovered, showed significant antibody rise against Sendai virus without antibody rise against any other parainfluenza and mumps viruses. In addition, Sendai virus antibody was most frequently found as a heterotypic antibody in these parainfluenza virus infections. Type 1 and type 3 parainfluenza virus infections were observed in spring, whereas type 2 virus infections were observed in autumn and winter. In this epidemiologic and clinical study, it is most notable that the incidence of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is less than that in the reports from other European and American countries.
Bovine Epizootic Fever
Authors: Tanaka Yoshio , Inaba Yuji , Sato Kunihiko , Ito Hiroshi , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru
Published: November 2013

It was found that the ruins of Bovine Epizootic Fever appeared to be RNA as its replication was not inhibited by 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. It had a buoyant density of 1.196, was not filterable through membrane filter (Millipore Filter Corp. Mass.) of 100 mμ pore size, and was sensitive to ether, chloroform and deoxycholate, was inactivated by trypsin and ultraviolet irradiation, precipitated by protamine sulfate, readily inactivated at pH 3.0, fairly labile at 56 C but readily preserved at —80 C, not stabilized at 50 C by I M MgCl2, and resisted repeated freeze‐thawing. The virus appears not to require a DNA‐depcndent RNA synthesis in the host cell for its replication, as chromomycin A3 did not inhibit its replication. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation was unsuitable for purification because of a very poor recovery of infectivity. CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation was successfully used for this purpose, and electron microscopy of the resulting fractions by phosphotungstic negative staining technique revealed virus‐like bullet‐shape particles, about 140 mμ in length and 80 mμ across, in the fraction of peak infectivity titer. The particle is probably the virion of the virus. These findings suggest relation of the virus to Rhabdoviruses [6], but further studies are necessary. The physicochemical properties of the virus provide additional evidence for similarity of the virus to bovine ephemeral fever virus, and emphasizes the desirability of further detailed comparative studies to decide whether they are one and the same or merely very closely related.
Antibody Formation in Mice Infected with Salmonella typhimurium by Primary Immunization with Sheep Erythrocytes or Bacterial Cells
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Saito Kazuhisa
Published: November 2013

Infection of mice with a strain of Salmonella typhimurium, known to multiply in macrophages, resulted in a marked alteration of their antibody response to further antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) or killed bacterial cells. The mice infected with a wild‐type S. typhimurium and simultaneously immunized with sRBC, showed a significantly stimulated immune response to sRBC as revealed by the increased number of hemolytic plaque‐forming cells in their spleens during the period following such immunization. Whether the animals were infected intraperitoneally or intravenously did not affect the stimulant effect of the infection on the immune response to sRBC. Injection of killed bacteria in amounts up to 106 organisms, instead of infection with live organisms, did not elicit any effective enhancement of antibody formation to sRBC. In cases of attenuated S. typhimurium infection, the stimulant effect on antibody formation to sRBC was obvious in the mice infected with the organisms simultaneously with or 1 week prior to the sRBC injection, while a slight suppression of antibody formation was observed in mice infected 3 weeks before the injection with sRBC. A similar effect of the infection was observed when the serum anti‐bacterial antibody response was examined after stimulation with bacterial antigens. The altered immune responses after Salmonella infection are discussed in relation to the adjuvant effect of bacterial endotoxins and also to the acquired immunity to mouse typhoid.
The Alkaloids of Fungi
Authors: El‐Refai Abdel‐Monam H. , Sallam Lottfy A. R. , Naim Nadia
Published: November 2013

Examination of different species of local fungi, grown on two nutritive solutions of different composition, for alkaloid formation was investigated. The formation of alkaloids was confined to four species, namely: Geotrichum candidum, Mucor hiemalis, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus nigricans. A comparative study of the growth as well as the formation of alkaloids by these species and by Claviceps purpurea NRRL was carried out. Methods were also described with which the different alkaloids produced by the experimental strains were identified. Peptides as well as clavine type alkaloids were detected in all cases except with Mucor hiemalis where a compound corresponding to ergosine was the only alkaloid present.
Genetic Recombination in Klebsiella pneumoniae An Approach to Genetic Linkage Mapping
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Tazaki Tadakatu
Published: November 2013

Genetic recombination was observed between two different strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is a non‐motile and encapsulated bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and has about 55% of its DNA content as GC. The mode of recombination seemed to be similar to that of the F‐factor mediated conjugation in Escherichia coli. One strain acted as the donor and the other as the recipient, and a relatively large fragment of the donor's chromosome was transferred unilaterally and unidirectionally by cell to cell contact. No genetic factor which is associated with the recombination has been identified. The genetic linkage map of K. pneumoniae was analyzed various mutants derived from the two strains. It was found that the 28 markers so far investigated were arranged linearly in a single linkage group, and that the genetic linkage map of K. pneumoniae, like that of E. coli, could be considered circular. The proposed genetic linkage map of K. pneumoniae was quite similar to that of E. coli or Salmonella typhimurium. The close similarities in this map among the three species suggest a possibility that K. pneumoniae may have differentiated from an ancestor common all three species.
Experimental Salmonellosis
Authors: Kawakami Masaya , Ishibashi Hiroaki , Mitsuhashi Susumu , Sakaino Kohji , Fukai Kohji
Published: November 2013

Mice were infected with smooth or rough strains of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium and viable bacterial cells found in the liver of the inoculated animals were enumerated by plating homogenates of tissues on nutrient agar plates containing 0.35 M sucrose. Some rough strains of these Salmonella were recovered in the bacteria seen on these plates and appeared able to form colonies only on the sucrose‐containing medium but not on an identical medium without added sucrose. This population did not appear in the liver of animals until at least 24 hr after infection. The number of bacteria capable of forming colonies only on the hypertonic medium was found to vary with the time after infection and the strain of bacteria used for infection. From the results of morphological examination of cells of the colonies developing on the hypertonic plates, these bacterial forms were thought to result from unstable L forms in the infected tissues. Possible processes of the formation of these L forms in vivo and their significance in induction of anti‐infectious immunity are discussed.
Macrolide Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Shimizu Mikio , Saito Tetsu , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

A heat‐inducible mutant, resistant to macrolide antibiotics (Mac), was isolated from Staphylococcus aureus MS537 in which Mac‐resistance was induced by subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin (EM). After induction at 42 C, this mutant acquired a high resistance to both Mac and lincomycin (LMC). Transduction and biochemical studies revealed that spiramycin (SP)‐resistance in this mutant was induced by exposure to a high temperature (42 C) or by treatment with EM in broth but not in phosphate buffer. Induction did not take place when chloramphenicol (CM) was added to the induction mixture. Ribosomes from the mutant cultured at 42 C decreased their affinity for SP and consequently polypeptide synthesis on such ribosomes was not inhibited by SP, when compared with those cultured at 30 C. From these results, it was concluded that alteration of ribosomes took place after induction by exposure at high temperatures or by EM‐treatment and that the mechanism of SP‐resistance after induction was accounted for by a decrease in SP‐binding to ribosomes.
Studies on the Antigenic Activities of Yeasts
Authors: Sunayama Hiroyoshi , Suzuki Shigeo
Published: November 2013

In order to provide further information on the chemical nature of the antigenideterminants of the mannan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mannan was digested by Arthrobacter α ‐mannosidase, and 9, 21, 35, 59 and 62%‐partially degraded mannans were prepared in the present study. Acetolysis of each degraded mannan showed that only a small amount of the tetrasaccharide was detectable in the 35%‐digested mannan, whereas the predominant product of the 59 and 62%‐digested mannan was mannose. The result of a quantitative precipitation reaction with the degraded mannans showed that the precipitation activities were partially or completely destroyed by the action of the enzyme. The lack of the tetrasaccharide moieties of the mannan were noticeable by a decrease in the precipitating ability. It was observed that the decreasing ratio of either the maximum amount of the antibody N precipitable by the mannan or per cent degradation of the mannan were essentially equal and yielded nearly a straight relationship between 0 and 2.0 hr digestion. However, the 59 and 62%‐digested mannans, containing trace amounts of di‐ and trisaccharides in the branching parts, showed no significant antigenic activities. Furthermore, the molar ratio of the tetrasaccharide relative to the trisaccharide also gradually decreased. These observations confirm that the tetrasaccharide moiety, Man α1→3Man α1→2Manα1→2Man, plays an important role as the antigenic determinant. The core mannan moiety completely lost both the precipitating ability and inhibitory activity in ranges employed up to 1500 μg. These findings offer a direct proof that the core mannan moiety of mannan is not responsible for antigenic activity, and functions merely as the “carrier” of the antigenic determinants which dominate the immunological specificity.
Degradation of RNA of Partially Uncoated Tobacco Mosaic Virus During Extraction from Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Onda Haruo , Hirai Tokuzo
Published: November 2013

Extracts of tobacco leaves, 3 to 22 hr after infection with 32P‐labeled tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), were analysed by sucrose density‐gradient centrifugation. As reported previously, a shoulder appeared on the lighter side of the main peak representing intact parent viruses. The shoulder was shown to contain partially uncoated virus particles with sedimentation constants of about 140–150 S, which withstood dialysis against a phosphate buffer. RNA from the uncoated particles was isolated on the sucrose density‐gradient, and its sedimentation constant was estimated at 16–18 S. Intact TMV‐RNA and RNA having 16–18 S were also obtained directly from homogenates of tobacco leaves infected with 32P‐TMV. 32P‐TMV was partially stripped by SDS and was added to tobacco leaf sap to test the RNase activity in tobacco leaves. A part of RNA which was exposed by SDS was digested and the 32P‐radioactivity in the top zone of the centrifugation tube increased. This finding supported the idea that the partially uncoated virus particles in infected leaves lost a portion of their RNA during extraction by the action of the RNase contained in the homogenate.
Transduction Analysis of the Genetic Determinants for Chloramphenicol Resistance in Staphylococci
Authors: Inoue Matsuhisa , Hashimoto Hajime , Yamagishi Saburo , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

A genetic analysis of resistance to chloramphenicol (CM) in Staphylococcus aureus S1337 was carried out through transduction. About 3 to 18% of the transductants jointly acquired resistance to both tetracycline (TC) and CM, even when singly selected for either CM‐ or TC‐resistance. When singly selected for either TC‐ or streptomycin (SM)‐resistance, about 1 to 4% of the transductants jointly acquired resistance to both TC and SM. Joint transduction of both CM‐ and SM‐resistance was never observed, when singly selected for either TC‐ or CM‐resistance. These findings indicate that the genetic loci govering CM, TC and SM resistance in S1337 are closely linked, and appear to possess the following linkage order, ‐CM‐TC‐SM‐. The finding that penicillin (PC) resistance is not cotransducible with either CM‐, TC‐, or SM‐resistance, is also accordance with a previous result in MS27, indicating that PC‐resistance is governed by a genetic unit different from the one carrying resistance to TC, SM and CM in S1337.
Aluminum‐Marker of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus Strains
Authors: Nakao Chieko , Tagaya Isamu , Komatsu Toshihiko , Kodama Hideo
Published: November 2013

Aluminum (A)‐marker of 14 wild type 1 poliovirus strains (4 from the central nervous system of fatal cases, 10 from feces of paralytic cases) were studied. These strains were isolated in Japan from 1957 to 1961 before the implementation of the mass vaccination campaign with Sabin live poliovaccine. While an attenuated strain LSc,2ab, and a virulent strain, Mahoney, were shown to be typically A− and A+ respectively, only one of the wild strains examined was A+, 3 strains were A− and the remaining 10 were apparently A−, being thermoresistant in the presence or absence of Al3+ ions, when an ordinary stock virus was used. After three passages in primary monkey kidney cell cultures maintained with l‐cystine‐free synthetic medium No. 199 most of these strains became more or less thermosensitive in the absence of, but stabilized in the presence of Al3+, The results of the monkey neurovirulence test by intrathalamic inoculation with 2 A− strains indicated that they are almost as neurovirulent as the reference A+ Mahoney strain. These results suggest that the A‐marker is an attribute inherent to each strain of type 1 poliovirus without any correlation with neurovirulence in monkeys.
Transfer Agent of Immunity
Authors: Osawa Nobutaka , Saito Kazuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

An almost pure population of mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages) was obtained by repeated replacement of the culture medium. When treated in vitro with an immune ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation extracted from the spleens of mice immunized with horse red blood cells (H‐RBC), the rosette forming cells against H‐RBC were demonstrated in some of the cultured macrophages but not against calf red blood cells. According to both microscopic observations and phagocytic activity, almost all of the rosette formers in this population were found to be large mononuclear phagocytes. These results support our view that large mononuclear phagocytes of mesenchymal origin constitute another cell line responsible for antibody formation in addition to the plasma and lymphocytic cell lines.
Complement Requirement of Neutralizing Antibodies Appearing after Primary and Booster Immunizations with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Morishima Taka , Aoki Yoshiro
Published: November 2013

Ten rabbits were given a primary course of immunization by 4 weekly intravenous injections of herpes virus, and 1.5 years later 3 of them showing low titers of neutralizing antibody received 1 booster injection. The serological response in the primary immunization was characterized by an early development of complement‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody ahead of that of non‐complement‐requiring neutralizing (N) antibody, the CRN/N ratio being 8 to 128 within 3 weeks. In contrast, N antibody appeared much faster after the booster immunization, the CRN/N ratio approaching 4 within 1 week. The early type IgG, whose neutralizing activity was enhanced by complement (C′) about 16‐fold, was distinct from the late type IgG which could not be enhanced by C′ more than 4‐fold. The late type IgG appeared after 4 weeks and 3 days in the primary and booster immunizations, respectively. Serological examinations of human patients suggested the occurrence of the booster type response in the case of repeated infections among adults.
Inhibition of Phage Growth by an Antibiotic Rugulosin Isolated from Myrothecium verucaria
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Nii Fusako , Shimizu Masanao , Watanabe Itaru , Haruna Ichiro
Published: November 2013

The mechanism of anti‐phage action of (—)rugulosin was investigated mainly using phage MS2. In the presence of the antibiotic, phage adsorption was not inhibited and phage–bacterium complexes did not remain in an antiserum‐sensitive state. However, phage–bacterium complexes temporarily remained in a shear‐sensitive state during the time immediately following phage infection and phage RNA penetrating into the host bacteria was decreased. The antibiotic also acted on preformed antiserum‐ and shear‐resistant infective centers and inhibited the in vitro RNA synthesis by Qβ replicase. These results indicate that the mechanim of action of the antibiotic consists of at least 2 parts, i.e., the inhibition of the penetration of phage RNA into the host bacteria and some early intracellular reaction(s) for phage multiplication.
Autolytic Enzyme System of Clostridium botulinum
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kawata Tomio , Hisatsune Kazuhito
Published: November 2013

The mode of action of the autolytic enzymes of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L was investigated using a partially purified autolysin. The autolysin completely solubilized SDS‐treated cell walls of the organism, liberating 1.2 moles of NH2‐terminal‐L‐alanine and 0.6 moles of reducing groups per mole of glutamic acid. Neither the NH2‐termini of other amino acids nor COOH‐termini of any amino acids were released. These results show that the autolysin contains an N‐acetylmuramyl‐L‐alanine amidase and a hexosaminidase. A disaccharide and peptides were isolated from the wall lysate in a chromatographically homogeneous state. The reducing end of the disaccharide was elucidated to be N‐acetylglucosamine by borohydride reduction. This fact indicates that the hexosaminidase is likely to be an endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase. A possible structure of the cell wall peptidoglycan is proposed.
Plaque Formation by Sendai Virus of Parainfluenza Virus Group, Type 1 on Monkey, Calf Kidney and Chick Embryo Cell Monolayers
Authors: Shibuta Hiroshi , Akami Masayuki , Matumoto Minoru
Published: November 2013

Cynomolgus monkey kidney cells were found to be a highly sensitive medium for plaque formation of Sendai virus and provided a practical method for the infectivity assay of the virus. The method gave reproducible titers and was as sensitive as the egg inoculation method and was simple enough to be used routinely. Sendai virus formed no recognizable plaques on chick embryo cell monolayers. However, the incorporation of a small amount of trypsin into the overlay medium induced plaques. This method gave comparable titers to those obtained on monkey kidney monolayers. Sendai virus formed plaques on calf kidney cell monolayers, but difficulties in the application of the method to infectivity assay arose from the fact that the plaques formed in calf kidney cells were small and not homogeneous in size and were not clearly defined.
Relationship between Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium novum and Subgroup “V” (Mycobacterium trivial)
Authors: Tsukamura Michio
Published: November 2013

Comparison was made among Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, M. terrae, M. novum and subgroup “V” (M. trivial) These organisms together are differentiated from other mycobacteria of group II and group III by the following characters: (1) Sensitiveness to ethambutol; (2) Tolerance to nitrite; (3) Tolerance to Tween 80; (4) Inability to utilize glucose and succinate in the presence of glutamate. To exclude the influence of growth rate, rough colony mutants (R‐type mutants) were isolated from M. nonchromogenicum, M. terrae and M. novum and compared with each other and subgroup “V” that was originally of R‐type. The R‐type mutants of M. nonchromogenicum were similar to those of M. terrae, with the exception of the intensity of nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities. These two have been suggested to belong to the same taxon, appropriate name of which is M. nonchromogenicum. The R‐type mutants of M. novum were similar to the subgroup “V”, with the exception of the intensity of arylsulfatase activity. It has been considered that subgroup “V” is an R‐type mutant of M. novum. Although M. nonchromogenicum and M. novum could be differentiated from each other by the intensity of the arylsulfatase, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities and requirement of nitrogen compounds, these two organisms are differentiated from other mycobacteria by the same characteristics and are therefore considered to be closely related organisms.
Crystallization of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus in Wilted Leaves of Chinese Cabbage by Treatment at High Temperature
Authors: Ushiyama Rokuo
Published: November 2013

Electron microscopic examination of Chinese cabbage leaves systemically infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) showed that numerous particles assumed to be virus were present in the cytoplasmic spaces between clumped chloroplasts. In the general ground cytoplasm TYMV particles were undistinguishable from the ribosomes. When whole leaves, detached from intact plants showing mosaic, were heated at 60 C for 5 min and kept at room temperature (about 20 C) for 18 hr, particles located in the spaces between chloroplasts and general cytoplasm were apparently crystallized. No such crystalline arrays were seen in healthy cells. The interparticle distance in the crystals formed in wilted tissue was 270–300 A. There was no evidence that cytoplasmic ribosomes have a tendency to crystallize under such conditions. It is suggested that TYMV particles are crystallized by the wilting procedure used.
Experimental Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mice
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio
Published: November 2013

Comparative studies on the fate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the peritoneal cavity and organs of mice after intraperitoneal inoculation with highly and low virulent strains were made by the viable cell count technique and microscopic observation. A highly virulent strain, after intraperitoneal inoculation in mice, showed resistance to phagocytosis and grew rapidly in the peritoneal cavity. The highly virulent bacteria then entered the blood and invaded organs, and mice died due to septicemia within 12 to 16 hr after inoculation. On the other hand, the low virulent strain was quickly phagocytized and cleared from the mouse body within 12 hr and all inoculated mice survived. These results suggested that the resistance to phagocytosis or the ability of intracellular multiplication in the host would be an important factor for the pathogenesis of the microorganism.
Replication and Synthesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Ribonucleic Acids in Vero Cells
Authors: Nishimura Chiaki , Tsukeda Hohko
Published: November 2013

Neither replication nor ribonucleic acid synthesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Vero cells was affected by actinomycin D at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml, but both were markedly inhibited by formycin A, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, at a concentration of between 10 and 25 μg/ml. Synthesis of virus‐specific RNA's was then studied in the presence of actinomycin D. The viral RNA synthesis, as estimated from the eventual virus yields in cells treated with formycin A at different intervals from infection, was found to proceed 6 to 7 hr in advance of mature virus formation which began at 10 hr after infection. The newly synthesized viral RNA detected by a 6‐hr pulse‐labeling with 3H‐uridine was observed at the 43S region in a sucrose gradient centrifugation. With a shorter pulse, however, a rapidly labeled virus‐specific RNA was detected first in the 10 to 15S region, which was soluble in 2 m NaCl, and this label moved to the ribonuclease‐resistant 26S RNA during a subsequent 6‐hr period. Further studies of this 26S RNA by pulse‐chase experiments demonstrated that a minor 20S double‐stranded form accumulated as a by‐product in the viral 43S RNA replication. Thus the two ribonuclease‐resistant forms of virus‐specific RNA, 26S and 20S, were identified in JEV‐infected Vero cells. Results of these experiments suggest that the 43S single‐stranded viral RNA and the 20S double‐stranded minor RNA might be formed through the intermediate type 26S RNA which is partially ribonuclease‐resistant.
Drug‐Resistance and Distribution of R Factors among Proteus Strains
Authors: Odakura Yoshihiro , Tanaka Tokumitsu , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

Proteus strains were isolated in 1967 and 1968 from clinical specimens, and their drug resistance and distribution of R factors were investigated. With special reference to 4 drugs; tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM), and sulfanilamide (SA), the surveys indicated that the isolation frequency of single TC‐resistance was the highest, followed by quadruple‐, triple‐, and double‐resistance in a decreasing order. It was the remarkable feature that the isolation frequency of R (TC.CM.SM.SA) factor was very low in Proteus strains in contrast to a large number of R (CM.TC.SM.SA) factors in Shigella strains. The isolation of 6 to 7‐drug resistance was the highest in P. rettgeri but that of 2 to 3‐drug resistance was much higher in other Proteus cultures. It should be noted that the isolation frequency of resistance to kanamycin (KM), ampicillin (APC) and cephaloridine (CER) was much higher than that in Shigella. Among the strains carrying resistance to the 3 drugs, the strains harboring resistance to both APC and CER were isolated most frequently (78.7%), followed by KM resistance (33.8%), CER resistance (10.8%), and others in a decreasing order. Thirty‐seven R factors were demonstrated from 171 strains examined. Although the TC resistance in Proteus strains included 86.6%, only one R factor carrying TC‐resistance marker, i.e., R (CM.TC.SM.SA.KM.APC.CER), was isolated. Namely, it indicated that most of the TC resistance in Proteus strains were found to be conjugally nontransmissible. By contrast, most of the KM resistance was conjugally transmissible.
Phage Receptor Material in Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall
Authors: Yokokura Teruo
Published: November 2013

A trichloroacetic acid (TCA)‐soluble fraction, extracted using cold TCA, was derived from the cell wall of Lactobacillus casei strain S‐1. It not only inhibited the adsorption of phage J‐l but also desorbed these phages, in their active form, which had previously been adsorbed onto the cell walls. l‐Rhamnose, one of the components of this TCA‐soluble fraction, had an identical activity to this TCA‐soluble fraction, on phage adsorption. This suggested that l‐rhamnose is a part of phage receptor material in the cell wall of L. casei strain S‐l; and the binding of the phage to the cell wall is reversible, even at 37 C.