bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mill as ambivalent democrat
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C.
Published: August 2014

Mill’s status in the democratic family is contested. However, regardless of their conclusions, scholars have largely focused on and interpreted the tension between competence and participation in his thought as a way to determine Mill’s democratic credentials. This article argues for a different approach in thinking about Mill’s status as a democrat – that is, an approach that takes seriously his multifaceted conception of human flourishing – and it also argues that Mill is an ambivalent democrat because different dimensions of democracy corrupt and cultivate different aspects of human flourishing. By taking seriously Mill’s multifaceted notion of human flourishing and connecting it to specific dimensions of democracy, I argue, we obtain a richer and more accurate depiction of the relationship between Mill’s ethics and his politics.
Comparison of anomalous systemic artery to left lower lobe and pulmonary sequestration in left lower lobe by computed tomography
Authors: Qin Jie , Wang Xiao-li , Bai Ming-jun , Huang Shao-hong , Chen Xiu-zhen , Shan Hong
Published: August 2014

Background

Differentiation of anomalous systemic artery to the left lower lobe (ASALLL) from pulmonary sequestration (PS) is essential, as ASALLL can be corrected by anastomosis, embolization, or ligation of the anomalous artery.

Purpose

To compare computed tomography (CT) findings of ASALLL and PS in the left lower lobe (LLL).

Materials and methods

This study included 16 patients with ASALLL and 25 patients with PS in LLL confirmed by operative and pathologic findings.

Results

Cough and sputum were more common in PS (84% and 60%, respectively) than in ASALLL (25% and 12.5%, respectively) ( P < 0.05). Hemoptysis was more common in ASALLL (100%) than in PS (24%) ( P < 0.05). The frequency of ground glass opacity (GGO), normal bronchial distribution, dilated left inferior pulmonary veins, and absence of the interlobar artery distal to the origin of the superior segmental artery in LLL differed significantly between ASALLL and PS. Mass was less common in ASALLL (0%) than in PS (88%) ( P < 0.01). The mean diameter of the anomalous artery (11.88 ± 1.13 mm) in ASALLL was significantly larger than that (5.96 ± 0.98 mm) in PS ( P < 0.01). The presence of anomalous artery arising from thoracic aorta was not different between ASALLL (100%) and PS (72%).

Conclusion

Radiographic indications of ASALLL differ from those of PS in the LLL. Indications that may suggest ASALLL include an enlarged anomalous systemic artery arising from the thoracic aorta, dilated left inferior pulmonary veins, absence of the interlobar artery distal to the origin of the superior segmental artery, normal bronchial distribution, and GGO in the LLL.
High and ultra-high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer: a quantitative analysis
Authors: Wetter Axel , Nensa Felix , Lipponer Christine , Guberina Nika , Olbricht Tobias , Schenck Marcus , Schlosser Thomas W , Gratz Marcel , Lauenstein Thomas C
Published: August 2014

Background

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is routinely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of prostate cancer. However, the routine use of b values higher than 1000 s/mm2 is not clear up to present. Moreover, the complex diffusion behavior of malignant and benign prostate tissues hampers precise predictions of contrast in DWI images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps.

Purpose

To quantitatively analyze DWI with different b values in prostate cancer and to identify b values best suitable for cancer detection.

Material and Methods

Forty-one patients with histologically proven prostate cancer were examined with high resolution T2-weighted imaging and DWI at 3 Tesla. Five different b values (0, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000 s/mm2) were applied. ADC values of tumors and reference areas were measured on ADC maps derived from different pairs of b values. Furthermore, signal intensities of DW images of tumors and reference areas were measured. For analysis, contrast ratios of ADC values and signal intensities of DW images were calculated and compared.

Results

No significant differences were found between contrast ratios measured on ADC maps of all analyzed b value pairs ( P = 0.43). Contrast ratios calculated from signal intensities of DW images were highest at b values of 1500 and 2000 s/mm2 and differed significantly from contrast ratios at b values of 800 and 1000 s/mm2 ( P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Whereas contrast in ADC maps does not significantly change with different b values, contrast ratios of DW images are significantly higher at b-values of 1500 and 2000 s/mm2 in comparison to b values of 800 and 1000 s/mm2. Therefore, diagnostic performance of DWI in prostate cancer might be increased by application of b values higher than 1000 s/mm2.
Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and the role of the A− variant in a Saudi population
Authors: Alharbi Khalid Khalaf , Khan Imran Ali
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency among Saudi men, and to establish the frequency of the two mutations/polymorphisms associated with the G6PD A− mutation – G to A at nucleotide 202 (G202A) and A to G at nucleotide 376 (A376G) – in those found to have G6PD deficiency.

Methods

Blood samples were obtained from healthy male Saudi donors and screened for G6PD deficiency using a ﬂuorescent spot test. Samples from subjects shown to be G6PD deficient and controls were then analysed for the presence of the G202A and A376G mutations on exons 4 and 5, respectively, of the G6PD gene using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Result

A total of 2100 male subjects were screened; of these, 100 (4.76%) were shown to be G6PD deficient. The G6PD A− mutation (presence of both G202A and A376G) was observed in two (2%) of the 100 subjects with G6PD deficiency. There was no significant difference in the frequency of this mutation between those with G6PD deficiency and controls.

Conclusion

The G6PD A− mutation (G202A and A376G) does not appear to have a role in G6PD deficiency in a Saudi population.
Small Subchondral Drill Holes Improve Marrow Stimulation of Articular Cartilage Defects
Authors: Eldracher Mona , Orth Patrick , Cucchiarini Magali , Pape Dietrich , Madry Henning
Published: August 2014

Background:

Subchondral drilling is an established marrow stimulation technique.

Hypothesis:

Osteochondral repair is improved when the subchondral bone is perforated with small drill holes, reflecting the physiological subchondral trabecular distance.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

A rectangular full-thickness chondral defect was created in the trochlea of adult sheep (n = 13) and treated with 6 subchondral drillings of either 1.0 mm (reflective of the trabecular distance) or 1.8 mm in diameter. Osteochondral repair was assessed after 6 months in vivo by macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses and by micro–computed tomography.

Results:

The application of 1.0-mm subchondral drill holes led to significantly improved histological matrix staining, cellular morphological characteristics, subchondral bone reconstitution, and average total histological score as well as significantly higher immunoreactivity to type II collagen and reduced immunoreactivity to type I collagen in the repair tissue compared with 1.8-mm drill holes. Analysis of osteoarthritic changes in the cartilage adjacent to the defects revealed no significant differences between treatment groups. Restoration of the microstructure of the subchondral bone plate below the chondral defects was significantly improved after 1.0-mm compared to 1.8-mm drilling, as shown by higher bone volume and reduced thickening of the subchondral bone plate. Likewise, the microarchitecture of the drilled subarticular spongiosa was better restored after 1.0-mm drilling, indicated by significantly higher bone volume and more and thinner trabeculae. Moreover, the bone mineral density of the subchondral bone in 1.0-mm drill holes was similar to the adjacent subchondral bone, whereas it was significantly reduced in 1.8-mm drill holes. No significant correlations existed between cartilage and subchondral bone repair.

Conclusion:

Small subchondral drill holes that reflect the physiological trabecular distance improve osteochondral repair in a translational model more effectively than larger drill holes.

Clinical Relevance:

These results have important implications for the use of subchondral drilling for marrow stimulation, as they support the use of small-diameter bone-cutting devices.
Structural Analysis of the Greek Economy
Authors: Economakis George , Markaki Maria , Anastasiadis Alexios
Published: August 2014

The paper focuses on the “structural characteristics” of the Greek economy: domestic sectoral productive linkages, specialization profile, level of industrial and technological development, relative income elasticities of demand, international trade profile. Our analysis in these characteristics indicates that the Greek economy is a rather ‘‘extraverted” economy, within the EU frame. This “extraversion,” and not the labor costs, is the real cause of the Greek poor economic performance and low competitiveness. Input-output analysis confirms this suggestion.
Assessing the Association Between Self-Control and Self-Reported Criminal Behaviors Between Sexual Orientation Groups
Authors: Koeppel Maria D. H.
Published: August 2014

Since the development of the general theory of crime, self-control has been tested in a variety of manners including various sample populations and criminal outcomes. A smaller, but growing body of research compares the explanatory power of self-control between sociodemographic groups including sex and race. Although the existing body of literature on self-control is extensive, this study addresses a significant gap, that of sexual orientation. Using self-reported data from college students, this research assesses the association between self-control and criminal behavior between heterosexual and nonheterosexual groups. This research further tests the strength of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory in a previously unexplored area, as well as offers a glimpse into offending patterns based on sexual orientation. Results from multivariate regression models indicate there are no significant differences in criminal behavior between sexual orientation groups; however, self-control is not a consistent predictor between sexual orientation groups.
Transient craft: reclaiming the contemporary craft worker
Authors: Holmes Helen
Published: August 2014

This article joins with Richard Sennett’s (2008) reclamation of the craft worker, but also extends it. Through a focus on craft as experience and repetitive practice, Sennett reveals how craft is a key facet of several contemporary professions. Using the example of hairdressing, this article moves beyond Sennett’s conclusions, illuminating how craft is at work within female-dominated service professions. The article adds to the growing body of literature on hairdressing, recognizing that while this literature involves body and emotion work, such growth has been at the exclusion of the craft components of the work. More broadly, the article argues that the craft of service work is obscured by the intangibility of the materials produced and the practices performed, thus limiting the value of such work.
A dynamic probabilistic design method for blade-tip radial running clearance of aeroengine high-pressure turbine
Authors: Fei Cheng-Wei , Tang Wen-Zhong , Bai Guang-chen , Chen Zhi-Ying
Published: August 2014

Around the engineering background of the probabilistic design of high-pressure turbine (HPT) blade-tip radial running clearance (BTRRC) which conduces to the high-performance and high-reliability of aeroengine, a distributed collaborative extremum response surface method (DCERSM) was proposed for the dynamic probabilistic analysis of turbomachinery. On the basis of investigating extremum response surface method (ERSM), the mathematical model of DCERSM was established. The DCERSM was applied to the dynamic probabilistic analysis of BTRRC. The results show that the blade-tip radial static clearance δ = 1.82 mm is advisable synthetically considering the reliability and efficiency of gas turbine. As revealed by the comparison of three methods (DCERSM, ERSM, and Monte Carlo method), the DCERSM reshapes the possibility of the probabilistic analysis for turbomachinery and improves the computational efficiency while preserving computational accuracy. The DCERSM offers a useful insight for BTRRC dynamic probabilistic analysis and optimization. The present study enrichs mechanical reliability analysis and design theory.
New Roads Paved on Losses
Authors: Mizock Lauren , Russinova Zlatka , Shani Roni
Published: August 2014

People with serious mental illness face stigma that interferes with recovery. Photovoice is a method that integrates photography and writing, providing a valuable means for capturing the narratives of people with mental illness whose voices are often marginalized. The purpose of the present article is to explore the meaning of recovery for individuals with serious mental illness based on a qualitative analysis of a new photovoice-based intervention, Recovery Narrative Photovoice. This intervention focuses on promoting the process of recovery and sense of identity through the creation of empowering visual images and narratives of recovery for individuals with serious mental illness. In this article, we present iconographic and thematic analysis for the 23 photovoice works from two pilots of the Recovery Narrative Photovoice intervention. Results reveal several themes, including metaphors for mental illness, associated losses, recovery strategies, and recovery outcomes. A final theme pertains to recovery messages learned from the recovery process.
Risk Pathways for Suicide Among Native American Adolescents
Authors: Tingey Lauren , Cwik Mary F. , Goklish Novalene , Larzelere-Hinton Francene , Lee Angelita , Suttle Rosemarie , Walkup John T. , Barlow Allison
Published: August 2014

Native American (Native) adolescents have the highest suicide rates in the United States, yet no conceptual models describing risk factors specific to this population exist. We sought to further hone a Native-specific conceptual model developed from quantitative data with qualitative data collected from a longitudinal series of interviews with ( N = 22) Native adolescents who had attempted suicide. Four levels of suicide risk emerged, detailing individual, family, community, and societal factors that affect youths’ pathways to suicide, along with a variety of subthemes and constructs. Some themes parallel established models of suicide risk; however, others are unique to the experience of this sample, including the impact of overtaxed households and family composition, significant grief burden, contagion, and stigma surrounding treatment seeking. We suggest adaptations of existing themes and constructs in the model. We discuss practical implications for research and intervention development, along with strengths and limitations of the study.
Strategic conceptual design of mid-sized passenger aircraft based on future market performance prediction
Authors: Han Soonyoung , Choi Hae-Jin
Published: August 2014

In this study, we propose an enhanced strategic concept selection method based on concurrent consideration of future market performance. In the strategic conceptual design of a product, the relationship between the product attributes and market performance (i.e. customer preference in a market) is modeled. The historical relationship shows how the trend in customer preferences has changed over the period and we observed this trend is closely related to economic conditions of a market. The trend of customers’ preferences is again modeled in terms of related economic factors. Finally, the estimated model is used for predicting the market performance of a concept and selecting the best concept. Demonstrating the usefulness of the approach, we employ the conceptual design of mid-sized passenger aircraft in this work. Market performances of 15 concepts of future mid-sized passenger aircraft that will be sold in 2020–2030 are predicted considering global economic conditions of the global oil price, global gross domestic product, and the net profits of airlines. In the high and reference oil price scenarios, the turboprop aircraft with a large number of seats performs best. However, this concept is very sensitive to oil price fluctuations. In contrast, the market performance of a turbofan aircraft with a large number of seats is predicted to be consistently high in all oil price scenarios, as well as robust to the uncertainty in future market conditions.
Grounded Theory in Global Perspective
Authors: Charmaz Kathy
Published: August 2014

This article locates grounded theory in its national, historical, and disciplinary origins and explores how and to what extent these origins affect research practice across the globe. The article begins a conversation with international researchers who review using grounded theory in their countries and cultures. Their reviews reveal the significance of (a) shared meanings, (b) contradictions between data collection techniques and cultural practices, (c) tensions between coding in English and native languages, (d) points of cultural convergence and grounded theory strategies, and (e) local constraints. In conclusion, the article calls for attending to how the national and cultural underpinnings of methodological approaches affect inquiry.
Modeling the Dynamics of Evaluation
Authors: Ehret Phillip J. , Monroe Brian M. , Read Stephen J.
Published: August 2014

We present a neural network implementation of central components of the iterative reprocessing (IR) model. The IR model argues that the evaluation of social stimuli (attitudes, stereotypes) is the result of the IR of stimuli in a hierarchy of neural systems: The evaluation of social stimuli develops and changes over processing. The network has a multilevel, bidirectional feedback evaluation system that integrates initial perceptual processing and later developing semantic processing. The network processes stimuli (e.g., an individual’s appearance) over repeated iterations, with increasingly higher levels of semantic processing over time. As a result, the network’s evaluations of stimuli evolve. We discuss the implications of the network for a number of different issues involved in attitudes and social evaluation. The success of the network supports the IR model framework and provides new insights into attitude theory.
Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament tracks fMRI correlates of attention at the first attack of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tortorella C , Direnzo V , Taurisano P , Romano R , Ruggieri M , Zoccolella S , Mastrapasqua M , Popolizio T , Blasi G , Bertolino A , Trojano M
Published: August 2014

Background:

Identifying markers of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) is extremely challenging since it means supplying potential biomarkers for neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between fMRI correlates of attention performance and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS.

Methods:

Twenty-one untreated, cognitively preserved CIS patients underwent BOLD-fMRI while performing the Variable Attentional Control (VAC) task, a cognitive paradigm requiring increasing levels of attentional control processing. CSF NFL was assessed by ELISA technique. SPM8 random-effects models were used for statistical analyses of fMRI data ( p<0.05 corrected).

Results:

Repeated-measures ANOVA on imaging data showed an interaction between attentional control load and NFL levels in the right putamen. At the high level of attentional control demand CIS patients with “low NFL levels” showed greater activity in the putamen compared with subjects with “high NFL levels” ( p=0.001). These results are independent of cognitive impairment index.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest a relationship between CSF NFL levels and load-dependent failure of putaminal recruitment pattern during sustained attention in CIS and suggest a role of CSF NFL as a marker of subclinical abnormality of cognitive pathway recruitment in CIS.
Stimulating citizenship or expanding entertainment? The effect of Facebook on adolescent participation
Authors: Theocharis Yannis , Quintelier Ellen
Published: August 2014

Over the past decade, Internet and politics scholarship has been concerned with the effects of the Internet on forms of civic and political participation. Recent research has moved on to examine the effects of social networking sites like Facebook. Although past studies have generally found positive – albeit weak or moderate – relationships between social networking sites use and civic and political participation, reliance on cross-sectional surveys has not produced conclusive evidence of the direction of causality. We use a two-wave panel survey of 15- and 16-year-olds to examine how Facebook use affects various forms of political and non-political entertainment-oriented participation (both online and offline). We find that Facebook use is positively related to civic and entertainment-oriented, but not to online or offline political, participation. Further analysis using structural equation modelling shows that prior levels of civic participation have a stronger effect on Facebook use than Facebook use has on civic participation. Facebook use only leads clearly to entertainment-oriented participation. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The DC factor? Advocacy groups in the news
Authors: Kim Young Mie , McCluskey Michael
Published: August 2014

This study examines dynamics among organized interests’ characteristics, the organizations’ strategic activities, and news coverage of organizations’ activities by incorporating theoretical perspectives from group politics and journalism. To examine the relationship among groups’ characteristics, strategic efforts, and news coverage (visibility and prominence), the study combines three large data sets: group profile data (208 US organizations based on the Internal Revenue Service data collected by the National Center for Charitable Statistics), telephone interviews with groups’ executive members (208 randomly sampled organizations nationwide), and content coding of newspaper articles that covered the same organizations (548 newspaper articles). Findings from this study show that the ‘DC factor’, that is, being located in Washington, DC, is consistently a significant factor in explaining the presence of groups in newspapers, even after controlling for group resources, including total revenue. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Inter-professional perspectives of dementia services and care in England: Outcomes of a focus group study
Authors: Sutcliffe Caroline L , Jasper Rowan , Roe Brenda , Jolley David , Crook Anthony , Challis David J
Published: August 2014

Many people living with dementia are supported at home using a variety of health and social care services. This paper reports the findings from a focus group study undertaken with staff in community mental health teams to explore areas for improvement in relation to national policies and recommendations for dementia care. Two focus groups were held with staff ( n = 23) in 2011 to discuss topics including service delivery, information and communication, and provision of health and community care for people with dementia. Respondents identified problems with information sharing and incompatible electronic systems; inflexibility in home care services; and poor recognition of dementia in hospital settings. General practitioners had developed a greater awareness of the disease and some community services worked well. They felt that budgetary constraints and a focus on quality indicators impeded good dementia care. Key areas suggested by staff for improvements in dementia care included the implementation of more flexible services, dementia training for health and social care staff, and better quality care in acute hospital settings.
The Site Gap
Authors: Fullmer Elliott B.
Published: August 2014

In both 2008 and 2012, about one third of the American electorate cast their votes early. While early voting programs are established by states, counties have considerable discretion with regard to implementing them. While some counties offer only a single early voting site, others offer dozens. Previous research suggests that site density may affect the degree to which programs increase turnout. I use county-level data from the 2008 and 2012 elections to measure whether a county’s racial and ethnic composition predicts high (or low) levels of site density. Applying county-level data from the Election Assistance Commission and American Community Survey, I find that the percentage of a county identifying as Black has a significantly negative association with early voting site density. This relationship persists when numerous demographic covariates are included in ordinary least squares models. These site disparities suggest that early voting may not be achieving its full potential in heavily African American communities.
Candidate Gender and the Political Engagement of Women and Men
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: August 2014

Does the presence of descriptive representation have symbolic consequences for women’s engagement in politics? Given mixed results from prior survey-based studies, I use experiments to investigate whether there is a direct psychological effect of candidate gender on voters’ interest in political engagement. By holding the features of the campaign and attributes of the candidates constant, I investigate the specific effects of candidate gender on people’s perceptions of the candidates and their desire to engage in politics. I find that women’s interest and engagement with the campaign is insensitive to the gender of the candidates, while men are less interested in participating in the election when the congressional candidate from their party is female. The mere presence of women candidates does not animate women’s engagement in campaigns.
Supported and Unsafe
Authors: Garver Rachel , Noguera Pedro
Published: August 2014

We draw upon the case of Seacrest High School to show that the extensive, physical separation of U.S.-born and immigrant students, as well as targeted supports for immigrant students absent similar attention to the rest of the student body, undermine the conditions necessary for a safe school. Seacrest community members expressed conflicting and conflicted perceptions concerning the extent to which immigrant students should receive differential treatment and the extent to which they should be physically isolated. These perceptions, which evoked concerns about fairness and educational efficacy, put the school’s legitimacy into question and threatened its ability to ensure safety. Despite misgivings, the structure was insulated in part by a web of racial stereotypes about Asian immigrant and African American students. We conclude that educational practices for English language learners should be evaluated by their effects on school culture and particularly on school safety.
Social media in everyday practice
Authors: Saleh Mahomed
Published: August 2014

Social media is used on a daily basis by doctors and the patients whom they serve. Although providing a number of distinct advantages and novel tools for clinical interaction, education and professional development, social media also has a number of important pitfalls, of which doctors need to be aware. This article discusses issues related to the use of social media by doctors and highlights key guidance as well as best-practice advice with regards this developing area of the GP’s tool kit.
The last 48 hours
Authors: Gupta Sarbari , Sengupta Arnab
Published: August 2014

With an increasing number of patients identifying home as their preferred place of death, GPs are finding themselves at the frontline of providing end-of-life care. Although there is often support available from specialist palliative care teams in the community, GPs are themselves highly capable of providing good general palliative care, commencing advance care planning and supporting patients and their relatives through what can be a difficult time. Early identification of patients approaching the end of their life enables effective planning, prioritisation of care, and making sure that appropriate resources are available, allowing patients to receive care in a timely and coordinated manner.
High noon back pain- severe pseudoradicular pain as a lead symptom of superficial siderosis: a case report
Authors: Saft Carsten , Siglienti Ines , Gold Ralf , Schlamann Marc , Hindy Nicolai El , Sure Ulrich , Forsting Michael
Published: August 2014

A superficial siderosis of the central nervous system following a traumatic cervical nerve root avulsion usually leads to gait difficulties and hearing loss, whereas back pain is described only rarely. Here we report on the first case with circadian occurrence of severe back pain as the only symptom of a superficial siderosis. We present a case with the most severe pseudoradicular lumbosacral pain occurring daily at noon for the past 5 weeks. The 48-year-old male white patient did not complain of pain in the morning. A traumatic root avulsion 26 years earlier led to a brachial plexus palsy and Horner’s syndrome in this patient. Superficial hemosiderosis in cranial MRI and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid revealing massive red blood cells as well as xanthochromia and elevated protein levels (742 mg/l) led to the diagnosis of a superficial siderosis. A pseudomeningocele caused by a cervical nerve root avulsion is described as a rare reason for superficial siderosis. Surgery on a pseudomeningocele, diagnosed by MRI, led to an immediate disappearance of complaints in our case. Regular neurological investigation and possibly repeated lumbar puncture to exclude superficial siderosis should be considered in cases with severe back pain and a history of traumatic root avulsion. Modern susceptibility weighted MR imaging (SWI) techniques, sensible to the detection of superficial hemosiderosis, might be helpful in the making of a diagnosis.
A Double-Blinded Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Short-term Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Reducing Postoperative Pain After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Hak Alisha , Rajaratnam Krishan , Ayeni Olufemi R. , Moro Jaydeep , Peterson Devin , Sprague Sheila , Bhandari Mohit
Published: August 2014

Background:

We aimed to determine whether patients with arthroscopically repaired rotator cuff (RC) tears would have reduced pain and improved function after ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections compared with placebo injection.

Hypothesis:

PRP compared with placebo (saline) was more effective in reducing pain at the site of an RC injury that has undergone arthroscopic repair.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2.

Methods:

We conducted a 2-centered, blinded, randomized controlled trial comparing the level of pain in patients undergoing arthroscopic repair. Patients were randomized to either PRP or saline (placebo). They received 2 ultrasound-guided injections of the randomized product: 1 intraoperatively and 1 at 4 weeks postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was shoulder pain demonstrated using a visual analog scale (VAS) at 6 weeks postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D); the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC); and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score (DASH), as well as adverse events and revision surgeries. Patients were assessed clinically preoperatively and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postsurgery. A prespecified interim analysis was conducted after 50% of patients were recruited and followed.

Results:

We recruited 25 patients when interim power analysis led to an early trial termination. Follow-up was 96%. The mean difference between groups was not statistically significant (–1.81; 95% CI, –4.3 to 1.2; P = 0.16). The EQ-5D, WORC, and DASH scores also did not show significant differences between groups at week 6 ( P = 0.5, 0.99, and 0.9, respectively). There were no revision surgeries, and 4 adverse events (3 PRP, 1 saline).

Conclusion:

There was no statistical difference in outcome measures when augmenting arthroscopically repaired RC tears with PRP.

Clinical Relevance:

Identifying therapies that improve outcomes in patients with RC tears remains a challenge and deserves ongoing investigation.
The Masters Athlete
Authors: Tayrose Gregory A. , Beutel Bryan G. , Cardone Dennis A. , Sherman Orrin H.
Published: August 2014

Context:

With the ever-increasing number of masters athletes, it is necessary to understand how to best provide medical support to this expanding population using a multidisciplinary approach.

Evidence Acquisition:

Relevant articles published between 2000 and 2013 using the search terms masters athlete and aging and exercise were identified using MEDLINE.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Results:

Preparticipation screening should assess a variety of medical comorbidities, with emphasis on cardiovascular health in high-risk patients. The masters athlete should partake in moderate aerobic exercise and also incorporate resistance and flexibility training. A basic understanding of physiology and age-related changes in muscle composition and declines in performance are prerequisites for providing appropriate care. Osteoarthritis and joint arthroplasty are not contraindications to exercise, and analgesia has an appropriate role in the setting of acute or chronic injuries. Masters athletes should follow regular training regimens to maximize their potential while minimizing their likelihood of injuries.

Conclusion:

Overall, masters athletes represent a unique population and should be cared for utilizing a multidisciplinary approach. This care should be implemented not only during competitions but also between events when training and injury are more likely to occur.

Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):

B.
Delay to Reconstruction of the Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Newman Justin T. , Carry Patrick M. , Terhune Elizabeth B. , Spruiell Murray , Heare Austin , Mayo Meredith , Vidal Armando F.
Published: August 2014

Background:

A delay in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is associated with an increase in the number of concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries. Factors that contribute to this delay have not been well described.

Hypothesis:

Socioeconomic and demographic factors are related to ACL surgery timing.

Study Methods:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

All subjects who underwent primary ACL reconstruction at a single tertiary pediatric hospital between 2005 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables included concomitant knee injuries (cartilage or meniscus injuries requiring additional operative treatment) and chronologic, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analyses were used to identify factors related to ACL surgery timing.

Results:

The mean age of the 272 subjects was 15.2 ± 2.12 years. Time to surgery was significantly different among subjects who required multiple additional surgical procedures at time of ACL reconstruction (median, 3.3 months) compared with subjects with 1 (median, 2.0 months) or no additional injuries (median, 1.6 months). Subjects underwent ACL reconstruction significantly sooner if they were older at the time of injury (hazard ratio [HR], 1.2 per 1 year; 95% CI, 1.1-1.2; P < .0001) or were covered by a commercial insurance plan (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.6; P < .0001). Median time to ACL surgery was 1.5 months (95% CI, 1.3-1.7) for subjects with commercial insurance plans compared with 3.0 months (95% CI, 2.3-3.3) for subjects with noncommercial insurance coverage.

Conclusion:

The risk of delayed ACL surgery was significantly higher among pediatric and adolescent subjects who were less affluent, who were covered by a noncommercial insurance plan, and who were younger. This study also confirms previous studies that have reported an association between a delay in ACL surgery and the presence of additional knee injuries requiring operative treatment, accentuating the importance of timely care.

Clinical Relevance:

Access to care is a current area of research interest and health policy formation. Information in this arena drives 2 important aspects of health: most immediately, care provided to patients, and over a broader scope, the policy that directs health care. The orthopaedic surgeon should be aware of the association between socioeconomic and demographic factors and ACL surgery timing to optimize outcomes.
Impact of Educational Cartoon on Pediatric Bowel Preparation Quality at Time of Colonoscopy
Authors: Maxwell Elizabeth , Simmons Marsha , Franklin Linda , Arnold Janis , Pall Harpreet
Published: August 2014

Objective: To evaluate if addition of educational cartoon to pediatric bowel preparation instructions improves the quality of bowel preparation and patient experience. Methods: Patients were randomized to control group receiving standard bowel preparation instructions or intervention group receiving additional educational cartoon. To objectively rate bowel preparation, a blinded endoscopist completed numeric Ottawa score (0-14, with 0 being best). The family also completed a questionnaire rating the bowel preparation process. Results: Data from 23 patients were analyzed. Mean Ottawa score in the intervention group compared with controls was not significantly different (mean scores 3.73 and 3.33, respectively; P = .384). Level of education was significantly correlated with better Ottawa score in the overall population (ρ = −.462, P = .026) and within the control group (ρ = −.658, P = .02). Both groups of patients reported positive experience with bowel preparation. Conclusion: There may be benefit to further investigation of this educational cartoon in parents with less than college level education or non-English-speaking families in larger population of patients.
Reinforcement of Mg/Ti joints using ultrasonic assisted tungsten inert gas welding–brazing technology
Authors: Xu C. , Sheng G. , Wang H. , Yuan X.
Published: August 2014

Ultrasonic assisted tungsten inert gas welding–brazing technology was developed to refine coarsening columnar α-Mg grains of Mg/Ti joints. In this study, ultrasonic vibration was introduced into molten pool of Mg/Ti joints with frequency of 20 kHz and maximum power of 1·6 kW. The results showed that, with ultrasonic power of 1·2 kW, the morphology of columnar α-Mg grains was refined to approximately equiaxed grains and the average grain size of columnar grains decreased from 200 to ∼50 μm. Moreover, the maximum joint strength of joints increased ∼18·1% to 228 N mm−1 over the joints welded without ultrasonic vibration (193 N mm−1). Furthermore, the optimised Mg/Ti joint fractured at base metal zone rather than fusion zone upon tensile–shear loading, indicating that efficient grain refinement was attained. However, welding voids occurred with the ultrasonic power further increased to 1·6 kW, which resulted in the decrease in mechanical properties.
On effect of salt deposits on oxidation behaviour of CMSX-4 above 1000°C
Authors: Pahlavanyali S. , Pang H. T. , Li F. , Bagnall S. , Rae C.
Published: August 2014

Whereas the effect of contaminants in causing hot corrosion has been extensively studied at temperatures up to 1000°C, this paper describes a systematic study of the effects of various salt deposits on the cyclic oxidation of CMSX-4** in air at temperatures above 1000°C. The alloy was tested both in the bare and in the platinum aluminised (Pt-Al) coated conditions and variables included temperature, salt concentration, and sulphur level of the original alloy. It was found that salt deposition at very moderate levels, re-applied at regular intervals, significantly increased the initial weight gain and decreased the time to first spallation despite the rapid loss of the salt through evaporation in the first heating up cycle subsequent to salt deposition. The degraded microstructure of the specimens tested with salt resembled closely that of blades having experienced engine service conditions. Hence, cyclic oxidation with the addition of salt offers an accurate, flexible, reproducible and above all realistic method of assessing the life of turbine components.
Comparative study of porous anodic alumina: Effects of aluminium deposition methods
Authors: Chin I. K. , Yam F. K. , Chai Y. , Hassan Z.
Published: August 2014

This article reports on the comparative study of the fabrication of porous anodic alumina films by anodisation of the aluminium films on glass substrates which were deposited by direct current sputtering and electron beam evaporation methods. The relationship between surface morphology of the deposited aluminum films and porous anodic alumina films was investigated. A more uniform and ordered porous anodic alumina was obtained by fabricating from electron beam evaporation deposited aluminium film with smaller and compact grains. Two-step anodisation was used to further improve the quality of porous anodic alumina compared to one-step anodisation. The optical transmittance spectra within wavelength of 370–800 nm were obtained and the optical properties were studied.
Total ionizing dose (TID) effects of γ ray radiation on switching behaviors of Ag/AlO
x
/Pt RRAM device
Authors: Yuan Fang , Zhang Zhigang , Wang Jer-Chyi , Pan Liyang , Xu Jun , Lai Chao-Sung
Published: August 2014

The total ionizing dose (TID) effects of 60Co γ ray radiation on the resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices with the structure of Ag/AlO
x
/Pt were studied. The resistance in low resistance state (LRS), set voltage, and reset voltage are almost immune to radiation, whereas the initial resistance, resistance at high resistance state (HRS), and forming voltage were significantly impacted after radiation due to the radiation-induced holes. A novel hybrid filament model is proposed to explain the radiation effects, presuming that holes are co-operated with Ag ions to build filaments. In addition, the thermal coefficients of the resistivity in LRS can support this hybrid filament model. The Ag/AlO
x
/Pt RRAM devices exhibit radiation immunity to a TID up to 1 Mrad(Si) and are highly suitable for radiation-hard electronics applications.
Identification, cross-taxon transferability and application of full-length cDNA SSR markers in Phyllostachys pubescens
Authors: Lin Yuan , Lu Jiang-Jie , Wu Miao-Dan , Zhou Ming-Bing , Fang Wei , Ide Yuji , Tang Ding-Qin
Published: August 2014

Current databases of Phyllostachys pubescens full-length cDNAs (FL-cDNAs) provide a rich source of sequences for the development of potential FL-cDNA simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We screened 10,608 P. pubescens cDNAs, discovering 1614 SSRs in 1382 SSR-containing FL-cDNAs. The SSRs were more abundant within transposable elements (TEs) than expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genome survey sequences (GSSs), and specific dinucleotide repeats tended to associate with particular TE families: (TA)n with En/Spm and (CT)n with Mutator. A selected panel of 100 FL-cDNAs containing type I SSRs yielded 68 functional SSR markers with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.12, among which 22 loci contained polymorphisms. These markers became less transferrable (83.1% → 69.9% → 49.3%) but more polymorphic (79.4% → 92.3% → 92.8%) with increasing phylogenetic distance (intra-genus → intra-subtribe → intra-family). Transferability and polymorphism also depended on the location of the marker, with those located in the coding region being more transferrable (69.1%) and less polymorphic (89.4%) than those in the 5′-UTR (63.4% transferable, 90.7% polymorphic) and the 3′-UTR (61.8% transferable, 91.4% polymorphic). As proof of principle, we were able to use our FL-cDNA SSR markers to identify the parental stocks in interspecific hybrids of bamboo within and beyond P. pubescens, and estimate the outcrossing rate for P. pubescens. Our research should facilitate molecular breeding in bamboo species where original genetic markers are scarce.
The effect of banning affirmative action on human capital accumulation prior to college entry
Authors: Antonovics Kate , Backes Ben
Published: August 2014

This paper examines how banning affirmative action in university admissions affects both overall academic achievement and the racial gap in academic achievement prior to college entry. Focusing on college-bound high school students, we use a difference-in-difference methodology to analyze the impact of the end of race-based affirmative action at the University of California in 1998 on both the overall level of SAT scores and high school GPA, and the racial gap in SAT scores and high school GPA. We find little evidence of either a decline in academic achievement or a widening of the racial gap in academic achievement after the ban.

JEL codes

I21; I24
Why do wages become more rigid during a recession than during a boom?
Authors: Yokoyama Izumi
Published: August 2014

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effect of performance-based layoffs on wage rigidity in the context of performance pay. In the model, it becomes optimal for firms to raise future regular pay to maintain workers’ current efforts, which results in downwardly rigid regular pay under the threat of performance-based layoffs. Furthermore, it becomes optimal for firms to base wages less on workers’ performance during recessions due to the lower value of productivity. Consequently, wages during recessions also become “rigid” (inflexible) with respect to performance. The Japanese panel dataset supported these theoretical implications.

JEL codes

J30; J33; J63
The effect of age and clinical circumstances on the outcome of red blood cell transfusion in critically ill patients
Authors: Dejam Andre , Malley Brian E , Feng Mengling , Cismondi Federico , Park Shinhyuk , Samani Saira , Samani Zahra Aziz , Pinto Duane S , Celi Leo Anthony
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Whether red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is beneficial remains controversial. In both retrospective and prospective evaluations, transfusion has been associated with adverse, neutral, or protective effects. These varying results likely stem from a complex interplay between transfusion, patient characteristics, and clinical context. The objective was to test whether age, comorbidities, and clinical context modulate the effect of transfusion on survival.

Methods

By using the multiparameter intelligent monitoring in intensive care II database (v. 2.6), a retrospective analysis of 9,809 critically ill patients, we evaluated the effect of RBC transfusion on 30-day and 1-year mortality. Propensity score modeling and logistic regression adjusted for known confounding and assessed the independent effect of transfusion on 30-day and 1-year mortality. Sensitivity analysis was performed by using 3,164 transfused and non-transfused pairs, matched according the previously validated propensity model for RBC transfusion.

Results

RBC transfusion did not affect 30-day or 1-year mortality in the overall cohort. Patients younger than 55 years had increased odds of mortality (OR, 1.71; P < 0.01) with transfusion. Patients older than 75 years had lower odds of 30-day and 1-year mortality (OR, 0.70; P < 0.01) with transfusion. Transfusion was associated with worse outcome among patients undergoing cardiac surgery (OR, 2.1; P < 0.01). The propensity-matched population corroborated findings identified by regression adjustment.

Conclusion

A complex relation exists between RBC transfusion and clinical outcome. Our results show that transfusion is associated with improved outcomes in some cohorts and worse outcome in others, depending on comorbidities and patient characteristics. As such, future investigations and clinical decisions evaluating the value of transfusion should account for variations in baseline characteristics and clinical context.