bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-functional bismuth-doped bioglasses: combining bioactivity and photothermal response for bone tumor treatment and tissue repair
Authors: Wang Liping , Long Nicholas J. , Li Lihua , Lu Yao , Li Mei , Cao Jiangkun , Zhang Yu , Zhang Qinyuan , Xu Shanhui , Yang Zhongmin , Mao Chuanbin , Peng Mingying
Published: May 2018

Treatment of large bone defects derived from bone tumor surgery is typically performed in multiple separate operations, such as hyperthermia to extinguish residual malignant cells or implanting bioactive materials to initiate apatite remineralization for tissue repair; it is very challenging to combine these functions into a material. Herein, we report the first photothermal (PT) effect in bismuth (Bi)-doped glasses. On the basis of this discovery, we have developed a new type of Bi-doped bioactive glass that integrates both functions, thus reducing the number of treatment cycles. We demonstrate that Bi-doped bioglasses (BGs) provide high PT efficiency, potentially facilitating photoinduced hyperthermia and bioactivity to allow bone tissue remineralization. The PT effect of Bi-doped BGs can be effectively controlled by managing radiative and non-radiative processes of the active Bi species by quenching photoluminescence (PL) or depolymerizing glass networks. In vitro studies demonstrate that such glasses are biocompatible to tumor and normal cells and that they can promote osteogenic cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Upon illumination with near-infrared (NIR) light, the bioglass (BG) can efficiently kill bone tumor cells, as demonstrated via in vitro and in vivo experiments. This indicates excellent potential for the integration of multiple functions within the new materials, which will aid in the development and application of novel biomaterials.
Proteomic analysis of stachyose contribution to the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC22162
Authors: Zhong Xian-feng , Zhang Yu-bo , Huang Gui-dong , Ouyang Yong-zhong , Liao Dong-jiang , Peng Jia-wei , Huang Wei-zhi
Published: May 2018

Stachyose is a functional oligosaccharide, acting as a potential prebiotic for colonic fermentation.
Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed α-fluoroalkenylation of arenes via C–H bond activation and C–F bond cleavage
Authors: Li Na , Chang Junbiao , Kong Lingheng , Li Xingwei
Published: May 2018

1,2-Diaryl-substituted monofluoroalkenes with good regio-and stereo-selectivities were achieved through C–H activation by a Ru(ii)-catalyst.
Investigation of soil-steel interface behavior of Iraqi soil by direct shear apparatus
Authors: Al-Emami Omar
Published: May 2018

Soil - structure interaction is an important theme observed in many civil engineering structures like fondations. The interface shear strength plays a significant role in the analysis and design of many structures constructed above or under the ground. In this study, a total of 28 specimens were tested at vertical stresses of 100, 200, and 400 kPa using direct shear apparatus under consolidated drained condition. A silty sand soil, as per USCS classification system was prepared in the laboratory at different water contents (4.5%, 8.8%, and 12.5%) and voids ratios (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1). The frictional resistance of this soil was measured. The soil samples were also sheared against three steel surfaces of different textures (smooth, moderate-rough, and rough). The experimental results showed that the steel surface texture is an effective factor in soil-steel interface shear strength. The interface shear strength of the rough steel surface was found higher than smooth and semi-rough steel surfaces. In addition to the surface roughness, the water content and void ratio also play important roles in interface shear strength.
Prediction of soil water characteristic curve using artificial neural network: a new approach
Authors: Zainal Abdul-Kareem Esmat , Fadhil Shaimaa Hasan
Published: May 2018

Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) is an important relationship between matric suction and volumetric water content of soils especially when dealing with unsaturated soil problems, these problems may include seepage, bearing capacity, volume change, etc. where the matric or total suction may have a considerable effect on unsaturated soil properties. Obtaining an accurate SWCC for a soil could be cumbersome and sometimes it is time consuming and needs effort for some soils, either through laboratory tests or through field tests. Accurate prediction of this curve can give more precise expectations in design or analysis that include some unsaturated soil properties, which can save more effort and time. This work will concentrate on proposing a new approach for determining the SWCC using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) depending on some soil properties (air-entry point and residual degree of saturation) through computer software MatLab as a tool for ANN. The new approach is to plot the SWCC curve points instead of obtaining the parameters used in Brooks and Corey (BC) Model (1964), van Genuchten (VG) Model (1980), or Fredlund and Xing (FX) Model (1994). Results showed close agreement in determination of the SWCC by verification of the ANN results with an additional curve sample.
Assessment of natural and technogenic conditions of the area of the water-supply system upgrade in Dudinka (Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia)
Authors: Bryukhan Fedor
Published: May 2018

Territories of the subarctic forest-tundra of Taymyr are characterized by an insufficient state of exploration of their natural conditions. Another feature is vulnerability of natural landscapes to man-made impacts. Along with this, the increased public attention to preservation of the ecological status of these territories necessitates detailed studies of environment components during construction activities. This work is devoted to the geoecological substantiation of the water-supply system upgrade in Dudinka (Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Autonomous District of the Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia), considering specific natural conditions of the sub-arctic forest-tundra and technogenic impacts of the upgrade project. This work describes primary results of engineering and environmental surveys, which provided necessary and sufficient basic data. It was established that due to a localized nature of technogenic impacts during environmental activities, the combined impact of technogenic factors is insignificant and will not cause environment degradation. A set of recommendations and proposals for environment protection and ecological monitoring organization was developed.
Improvement ratio and behavior of bearing capacity factors for strip skirt footing model resting on sand of different grain size distribution
Authors: Mahmood Mahmood Rashid
Published: May 2018

Plain strain model tests were performed on beds of sands with different particle size distribution (Coarse, Medium and Fine) prepared at loose state (Relative density Dr. of 30%). A strip footing model with skirt was placed on the bed of sand and loaded vertically up to failure at different ratios of skirt depth to width D/B of (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, and 3). The applied stress increments and the corresponding settlements were measured. The improvement ratio due to different skirt depth and the behavior of bearing capacity parameters Nγ and Nq at each depth were evaluated and compared with some theoretical approaches. The test results revealed that the improvement ratio increased linearly up to D/B of 1.5 then reduced. Two factors were introduce into the general bearing capacity equation where used to evaluate bearing capacity of skirt footing, there values are about 1.6 for skirt ratio ranged between 0.5 to 1.5, and 1.25 for skirt ratio more than 1.5. Also, it is found that the Nγ parameter for D/B=0 were very close to Vesic proposal for fine and medium grain size distribution, while it’s close to Biarez proposal for coarse sand. The behavior of Nq parameter with different skirt ratio shows slight increase up to D/B of 1.5 then decrease with increasing D/B ratio for different grain size distribution. While the behavior of theoretical Nq parameter (depending on angle of internal friction values) shows a linear increase with skirt ratio for different grain size distribution.
Evaluation performance of base course mixture containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)
Authors: Al helo Karim , Qasim Zaynab , Majeed Ahmed
Published: May 2018

This paper presented the effect of addition of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) on performance of mixture with (20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) RAP as proportion of asphalt mix. To compare with virgin mixture marshall flow and stability test was used to evaluated durability performance with (0,1,3, and 7) days immersion and Wheel Truck test was used to evaluated the resist to rutting. The best gradation and optimum asphalt content was selected according to Superpave system. Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) was used to compact mixture with 100-mm diameter. The test results indicated that addition of RAP to mixes showed significant increase on resistance of Durability and Rutting.
Acidic solution effects on no-fines concrete produced by using recycled concrete as coarse aggregate
Authors: Gorgis Ikbal , Abd Whab Faleh , Al-Mishhadani Shaker
Published: May 2018

This paper investigates durability of no fine concrete containing demolished concrete as coarse aggregate after crushing to different sizes. Different no fine concrete mixes were considered using Portland cement type I with two types of coarse aggregates, crushed demolished concrete and crushed natural gravel were used with two ratios by weight (1:5 and 1:7) C/Agg. Graded aggregate and single size were used with a maximum size of 20 mm. W /C ratio was kept as 0.4 for all mixes and super-plasticizer was required to keep the same flow and compaction factor value for all mixes. Cube specimens with 150mm were cured and divided to two parts, the first part was exposed to 60 cycles of freezing- thawing; the second part of the sample was immersed in Nitric Acids solution with pH of 3.5 for (7, 28, 90 and 180 days) and then tested for compressive strength. The results indicated that it is possible to produce homogenous and workable mixes by using demolished crushed concrete as coarse aggregate. The compressive strength after cycles of freezing- thawing and immersing in Nitric acid (HNO3) at (7, 28, 90 and 180) days was decreased for samples made with crushed demolished concrete. Also it is found that the performance of concrete mixes containing graded coarse aggregate and 1:5 cement/aggregate ratios was better than other mixes.
The effect of using synthetic fibers on some properties of modified juss
Authors: Fawzi Nada Mahdi , Zghair Luma Abdul Ghani , Hamad Hind Hussein
Published: May 2018

This paper examines the mechanical properties of a composite material made of modified Iraqi gypsum (juss) reinforced with polypropylene fibers. The modified juss was prepared by adding two percentages of cement (5, 10) %. Two percentages of polypropylene fibers were used, to reinforce the modified juss (1, 2) %. The water/dry compound ratio used was equal to 0.53%. The composite was evaluated based on compressive strength, flexural strengths, absorption percentage, density, acoustic impedance, ultra - pulse velocity, longitudinal shrinkage and setting time tests. The results indicated that the inclusion of cement on to juss increases the compressive strength, absorption percentage, density, acoustic impedance, ultra - pulse velocity, longitudinal shrinkage and a reduction in flexural strength and setting time were observed by adding the cement. In addition, the inclusion of polypropylene fiber was significant in improving mechanical performance of the composite material, it shows a great improvement in longitudinal shrinkage, modulus of rupture and absorption percentages.
Properties of foamed concrete reinforced with hybrid fibres
Authors: Abbas Waleed , Dawood Eethar , Mohammad Yahya
Published: May 2018

The properties of foamed concrete reinforced with carbon fibres and hybrid fibres of carbon with polypropylene fibres has been studied. Various volumetric fractions of carbon fibres (0.5, 1 and 1.5%), hybrid fibres of carbon fibres (CF) with polypropylene fibres (PPF) as (1% CF + 0.5% PPF) & (0.5% CF + 1% PPF), also the mono polypropylene fibres as 1.5% PPF were used to reinforce foamed concrete mix. Fresh and hardened properties of all mixes included flowability, density, absorption, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strengths has been tested. Results showed that inclusion of carbon fibres up to 1% volumetric fraction may increase the compressive strength by about 36% higher than that of control mix. Whereas, the use of 1.5% carbon fibres exhibit significant increase in splitting and flexural tensile strengths by about 47 and 114%, respectively, compared to the reference mix. On the other hand, the hybridization of 1% CF + 0.5% PPF increased the splitting tensile strength and flexural strengths by 53% and 114%, respectively, compared with plain foamed concrete mix.
Relationship between splitting tensile and compressive strengths for self-compacting concrete containing nano- and micro silica
Authors: Jaber Ali , Gorgis Iqbal , Hassan Maan
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the relationship between splitting tensile strength and compressive strength of self-consolidating concrete using data collected from laboratory specimens tested at standard conditions. The results were then compared with some expressions published in international literature. The investigated variables included: type of cement, percentage of nanosilica and percentage of microsilica as a cement replacement by weight. In spite of concrete not being designed to resist direct tension the knowledge of tensile strength is needed to estimate the cracking load. In the absence of test results an estimate of the tensile strength may be obtained by using the relationship proposed. The verification of the proposed formula based on experimental data was estimated by means of the integral absolute error (IAE). The output of this study has provided a better understanding of the correlation between splitting and compressive strengths of SCCs and the effect of some related variables on the resultant behavior, which has therefore, helped to generate new expression with better accuracy.
Study some mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete with nano silica under severe saline environment conditions
Authors: Habeeb Ghalib , Hashim Zahraa
Published: May 2018

The main aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of Nano silica self-compacting concrete which is subjected to severe saline conditions that contain sulfates and chlorides at concentrations similar to those existing in the soils and ground water of the middle and southern parts of Iraq. For this purpose, ordinary and sulfate resistant Portland cement without and with 3% Nano silica addition by weight of cementitious materials were used. Splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity were investigated for all exposure conditions and all types of mixes of self-compacting concrete at ages of 28, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days. Test results revealed that the inclusion of Nano Silica in concrete mixes improved clearly the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete compared with reference concrete.
The role of ambient temperature variation on drying shrinkage development of self-compacting Portland-limestone cement concrete
Authors: Al-Shathr Basil , Abdulameer Ammar , al-Attar Tareq
Published: May 2018

The ambient temperature records in Iraq show a large variation between day and night reaching 20 C, depending on the season, whether it is summer or winter. For this reason, the aim of this research is to study the effect of these conditions on the drying shrinkage of self-compacting concrete produced by using Portland-Limestone cement (ASTM C595 - Type IL). SCC mixes were designed to attain compressive strengths of 40 and 60MPa at 28days with and without silica fume respectively. Same mixes were reproduced with ordinary Portland cement (ASTM C150 - Type I) for comparisons. Two maximum sizes of aggregate 10 and 20 mm were incorporated in this work. The drying shrinkage was measured for 180 days after 7 days of water curing. The range of ambient (outdoor) temperature variation was from - 4 to + 39°C and the relative humidity ranged from 15 to 60 %. The results of this exposure were compared to that of specimens kept in the shrinkage chamber, with a temperature of 21°C and relative humidity 35%. The current results showed that due to the irreversible nature of shrinkage strain, the drop of ambient temperature and the rise of atmosphere moisture or relative humidity would not reverse the shrinkage strain. It is important to figure the final total accumulated strain when dealing with ambient temperature variation. The drying shrinkage characteristics for concrete made with Type IL cement, are found similar to that for concrete produced with Type I cement.
Production of lightweight Geopolymer concrete using artificial local lightweight aggregate
Authors: Abbas Waleed , Khalil Wasan , Nasser Ibtesam
Published: May 2018

Due to the rapid depletion of natural resources, the use of waste materials and by-products from different industries of building construction has been gaining increased attention. Geopolymer concrete based on Pozzolana is a new material that does not need the presence of Portland cement as a binder. The main focus of this research is to produce lightweight geopolymer concrete (LWGPC) using artificial coarse lightweight aggregate which produced from locally available bentonite clays. In this investigation, the binder is low calcium fly ash (FA) and the alkali activator is sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate in different molarities. The experimental tests including workability, fresh density, also, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity at the age of 7, 28 and 56 days were studied. The oven dry density and thermal conductivity at 28 days age are investigated. The results show that it is possible to produce high strength lightweight geopolymer concrete successfully used as insulated structural lightweight concrete. The 28-day compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, dry density, and thermal conductivity of the produced LWGPC are 35.8 MPa, 2.6MPa, 5.5 MPa, 1835kg/m3, and 0.9567 W/ (m. K), respectively.
Effective factors to encourage the foreign direct investment in Iraq
Authors: Ali Shahla Mohammad
Published: May 2018

Foreign direct investment in Iraq cannot take its complete role for different reasons, such as: Lack of security, Corruption, Lack of Transparency, Unequipped banking system, undeveloped arbitration law, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issue, and internal disputes over oil rights. It was found that Iraq rates as one of the worst places in the world to do business, languishing at 166 out of 183 countries, according to a World Bank report and for starting a business Iraq ranks even lower
Evaluation of different types of artificial intelligence methods to model the suspended sediment load in Tigris River
Authors: Al-Mukhtar Mustafa
Published: May 2018

Modeling of suspended sediment load in rivers has a major role in a proper management of water resources. Artificial intelligence has been identified as an efficient way to model the complex nonlinear hydrological relationship. In this study, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), in addition to two different kinds of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) i.e. feedforward and radial basis networks were used and compared to model the suspended sediment load (SSL) in Tigris River-Baghdad using the streamflow discharge as input. To this end, an intermittent data of SSL and streamflow were collected over the period 1962-1981 from Sarai station in Baghdad. 70 % of these data was used to calibrate (train) the networks and the remaining 30% for the validation (test). The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) were used to judge whether the observed and modelled data belong to the same distribution. Results revealed that the ANFIS model outperform the other methods. R2, RMSE, and NSE of ANFIS during the calibration phase were equal to 0.58, 75617, and 0.58, respectively and during the validation were 0.72, 27944, and 0.59, respectively. Therefore, ANFIS approach is recommended to estimate the river suspended sediment load.
Impact of using two different sources of water quality for simulation of salt and moisture content in unsaturated zone
Authors: Jalut Qassem , Saleh Anmar
Published: May 2018

Monitoring water quality and moisture content throughout the root zone become essential for proper management and for reduction of undesirable and diverse effects caused by using different water quality. In the field level, poor management of using different quality water can cause a huge reduction on the vegetation production. Two field plots were selected in Al-Khalis region in Diyala governorate as a case study. Four scenarios were applied for the data collected for a complete season from a local meteorological station and by using HYDRUS-3D V2.05 software package to simulate water and salt transport through a 1m depth of unsaturated zone. Irrigation scheduling was estimated using FAO method. The net water depth required for a season was 65 mm for 7 days irrigation interval and 21 irrigation events. For depths (20, 40, 60, 80, and100 cm) the salt concentration were simulated for the four scenarios and for the whole season. For the limit of controlling soil salinity at low level in initial and develop stage of plantation, it has been found that the Fourth scenario has to be chosen.
Hydraulic performance of abrupt outlet transition structure with strip guide vanes at subcritical flow
Authors: Maatooq Jaafar , Zghaier Zainab
Published: May 2018

For some stream structures such as barrages, regulators, as well as change of channel cross section, the downstream expansion transitions structures are the common requirement. Eddies, as a result of the flow separation in such structures leads to destruction the bed and sides of the downstream channel. Head loss, on the other hand, produced through the expansion is important because it affects the stage at downstream. This study is restricted to developing the hydraulic performance of abrupt outlet transition at subcritical flow for both decreasing the head losses besides spreading the flow transversely to achieve regular velocity across the width as much as possible. New appurtenances, is adopting to install at specified configuration into a sudden transition. The appurtenances consisted of two successive rows of thin plates used as guide vanes to direct and spread the flow across the width with more uniformity. The guide vanes also keep the head losses at minimum possible. This attempt, through the results, proved that it has considerable hydraulic and economic advantages as compared to using a flared wall. Greater uniformity in velocity distributions of flow across the width, shorter length, and 70% lesser head loss are the results of the hydraulic performance of abrupt expansion transition equipped with two sets of strip vanes as compared to that with the plain one.
Estimation of probable maximum precipitation for tropical catchment
Authors: Sammen Saad , Mohamed Thamer , Ghazali Abd Alhalim , Sideq Lariyah , Aziz Azlan Abdul
Published: May 2018

Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is the maximum precipitation depth for specific region or station within a certain time. The main purpose of PMP estimation is calculate the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). The PMF is considered necessary for design and manage the hydraulic structures. PMP can be estimate using two methods, either using a physical method or by using statistical method. In this study, statistical approach was used to estimate the PMP for Temengor catchment in Perak state, Malaysia. Extreme value type-1 distribution (EV1) is adopted to estimate the extreme rainfall and Hershfeid method was used to estimate PMP value. Also, intensity duration curve (IDC) was derived for 1, 2 and 3 days storm duration with return period 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 years. The results showed that the values of PMP for 1000 return period are 222.361mm, 311.847mm and 348.307mm for 1, 2 and 3 days respectively.
Nonlinear analysis of water-soil-barrage floor interaction
Authors: Al-Shukur Abdul-Hassan , Al-Qaisi Atheer Zaki , Al-Rammahi Ayaat Majid
Published: May 2018

Fluid - Structure Interaction (FSI) and Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) are mostly considered in the non-linear analysis of water-soil-barrage floor interaction. A three dimensional (3D) - section of a barrage is selected and modelled via ANSY 15.0. The ogge barrage floor shape has been taken as a case study of analysis. The non-linear analysis of the structure model is developed through selecting suitable available elements in ANSYS which are related to the case under study and is compared with linear analysis. The results of the analysis are obtained by suggesting different characteristics of concrete, soil, and rock materials as a parametric study. Both closed barrage and in operation are the cases have been considered in analysis. It is concluded from this study that ANSYS/APDL is adequate tool to simulate and analysis the problem that need sufficient experiences to select suitable available elements to get the acceptable results. It is also concluded that the deformation in barrage floor has little difference by (6%) in linear and non-linear analysis in case of no operation. While this deformation in non-linear analysis with operation condition is less by (13%) than of no operation case. The non-linear deformation of barrage floor is more effective by change of density of barrage concrete itself, modulus of elasticity and yield stress of both soil and rock foundation materials, while no sensitive effect of change of Poisson’s ratio on the deformation. The maximum seepage flow at exit point downstream barrage floor with upstream and downstream piles is lesser by (67.40%) than without pile. In the view of stability, it is concluded that the barrage floor is already safe in exist gradient and piping problems with or without piles.
Accuracy evaluation of 2D geometric correction models: Iraq as a case study
Authors: Ziboon Abdul Razzak , Mohammed Israa
Published: May 2018

One of the most important preprocessing methods for remote sensing data and geometrical distrortion is the geometric correction. In this research, several mathematical models were used in two dimensions case and were compared to each other to determine the accuracy of each mathematical model when used in three different regions with different terrains. Three high-resolution satellite images of the QuickBird satellite (a flat area, a hilly area and a mountain area) of Iraq have been used in this work. The flat area is chosen in Baghdad, while the hilly and mountain areas are chosen in Irbil in the north of Iraq. In this research, the mathematical models used are the first and second order polynomials, as well as the projective transform. All of these models were applied to all different topographic areas and their accuracy was assessed based on the Matlab program. The results of the models in the three areas studied indicate that the best precision is achieved with the second order polynomial model, while the worst precision is obtained with the first order polynomial model. On the other hand, the precision of the projective transformation is almost similar to the precision of the first order polynomial.
Investigation of surface area of lakes and marshes from satellite images by using remote sensing and geographic information system integration in Iraq
Authors: Dawood Alaa , Kalaf Yousif , Abdulateef Nagham , Falih Mohammed
Published: May 2018

Water level and distribution is very essential in almost all life aspects. Natural and artificial lakes represent a large percentage of these water bodies in Iraq. In this research the changes in water levels are observed by calculating the areas of five different lakes in five different regions and two different marshes in two different regions of the country, in a period of 12 years (2001 - 2012), archived remotely sensed images were used to determine surface areas around lakes and marshes in Iraq for the chosen years . Level of the lakes corresponding to satellite determined surface areas were retrieved from remotely sensed data .These data were collected to give explanations on lake level and surface area fluctuations. It is important to determine these areas at different water levels to know areas which are being flooded in addition to the total area inundated .The behavior of hydrological regime of these lakes during the period was assessed using an integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques which found that the total surface area of the lakes had diminished and their water volumes reduced. The study further revealed that the levels of the lakes surfaces had lowered through these years.
Accuracy assessment of cadastral maps using high resolution aerial photos
Authors: Alwan Imzahim , Hamed Noor , Husien Haifaa
Published: May 2018

A cadastral map is a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels. Some cadastral maps show additional details, such as survey district names, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, positions of existing structures, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names, selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps. In Iraq / Baghdad Governorate, the main problem is that the cadastral maps are georeferenced to a local geodetic datum known as Clark 1880 while the widely used reference system for navigation purpose (GPS and GNSS) and uses Word Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) as a base reference datum. The objective of this paper is to produce a cadastral map with scale 1:500 (metric scale) by using aerial photographs 2009 with high ground spatial resolution 10 cm reference WGS84 system. The accuracy assessment for the cadastral maps updating approach to urban large scale cadastral maps (1:500-1:1000) was ± 0.115 meters; which complies with the American Social for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Standards (ASPRS).
3D Digital modeling for archeology using close range photogrammetry
Authors: Khalaf Abbas , Ataiwe Tariq , Mohammed Israa , Kareem Ali
Published: May 2018

This research is to evaluate the feasibility of applying three-dimensional modelling of the close-range photogrammetry in documenting archaeological monuments by using digital photogrammetry image processing software and digital consumer camera. The digital camera used was Nikon D3100, the processing software was (AgiSoft PhotoScan) and (ArcGIS, ArcScene extension). The study area was selected in the centre of Baghdad province by choosing one of the archeological monuments in it, namely the Abbasid alace. A set of camera locations represent the locations of the images, and as a result of the processing, 81 digital images were arranged in a sequence in which the results of this step were verified. The points cloud after processing were 1,082,617 points. Six control points were selected, used as distances constrained. The validity of the fixed location of the points can be ascertained by checking the data. The program provide the error and accuracy for each image, where a total error in the scale bar was 0.005253 meters, a total error of marks points was 0.010957 meters and the accuracy for all six points was 0.005 meters.
Calculating of adjusted geoid undulation based on EGM08 and mean sea level for different regions in Iraq
Authors: Fanos Ali , Tahir Rusul , Mohammed Suad , Mahmood May
Published: May 2018

In last decades Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or as known Global Positioning System (GPS) technique is considered a revolutionary technique in the field of geodetic survey in comparison with traditional techniques (level, theodolite and total station). The height obtained from GNSS technique is ellipsoid height and to have a physical meaning in a surveying or engineering application it must be transformed to orthometric height. Therefore, a geoid model has to be used to do this transformation process. In Iraq there is no specific geoid that can be used in order to get proper orthometric height. This research aims to calculate adjusted geoid undulation based on Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08) through observation of Iraqi official vertical network using GNSS technique. Different regions in Iraq have been chosen to perform this research. The result of this research can assist a lot to enhance the accuracy of elevations obtained from GNSS and support the establishment of Iraq geoid.
Preparing a comprehensive geodatabase for Iraq geodetic networks systems
Authors: Jasim Oday , Hassoon Khalid , Hussein Mazin
Published: May 2018

This paper concerns the subject geodetic networks data in Iraq and the need to put them in specialized spatial databases that can be updated and developed, which makes it much easier for those concerned such as scientific researchers ad surveying engineers to access these data and use them in scientific applications and Engineering projects. The practical aspect of this study was divided into three stages, the first stage was limited to the collection of official data related to the main projects of geodetic networks in Iraq, beginning with the first English network 1934, the second English network 1967, the Polish network 1979, the gravitational networks 1963-1984, and ending with the CORS-HARN networks that have been based in their observations and calculations upon the GPS. The second stage consists of sorting the data obtained from the first stage, and then entering the selected data into spatial databases. The third stage includes the reconnaissance, ground survey and verification of data obtained from the second stage. Furthermore, it also showed that all the English networks, the first 1934 and the second 1967, as well as the points of gravity were almost completely extinct and it became difficult to identify any traces of any of its points within this region.
Influence of ties on the behavior of short reinforced concrete columns strengthened by external CFRP
Authors: Sarsam Kaiss , Khalel Raid , Hadi Mohammed
Published: May 2018

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the behavior of normal strength reinforce concret (RC) circular short column strengthned with “carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets”. Three series comprising totally of (15) specimens loaded until failure under concentric compresion load. Strengthening was varied by changing the number of CFRP strips, spacing and wrapping methods. The findings of this research can be summarized as follows: for the columns without CFRP, the influence of the tie spacing was significant: compared with 130 mm tie spacing, dropping the spacing to 100 mm and 70 mm increased the load carrying capacity by 18% and 26%, respectively. The columns with less internal confinement (lesser amount of ties) were strengthened more significantly by the CFRP than the ones with greater amount of internal ties. As an example of the varying effectiveness of the fully wrapped CFRP, the column with ties at 130 mm was strengthened by 90% with the CFRP. In contrast, the ones with 70 mm spaced ties only increased in strength with CFRP by 66%. Compared with the control specimen (no CFRP), the same amount of CFRP when used as hoop strips led to more strengthening than using CFRP as a spiral strip- the former led to nearly 9% more strengthening than the latter in the case of 130 mm spaced internal steel ties. In the case of 100 mm internal steel ties, the difference (between the hoops & spiral CFRP strengthening) is close to 4%. In contrast, there is no difference between the two methods of strengthening in the heavily tied columns (70 mm tied spacing).
Retrofitting of shear strength self-compacting reinforced concrete deep beams with FRP
Authors: Al-Bayati Nabeel , Muhammad Bassman , Sadkhan Sarah
Published: May 2018

Experimental program were carried out to investigate the behavior of self-compacting reinforced concrete deep beams retrofitting with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Six simply supported deep beams were tested under symmetrically two point loads, three beams were tested up to failure without strengthening as a control beams with different shear span to effective depth ratio (a/d) while the other two beams were loaded up to 60% from the ultimate load of control beams for each a/d ratio and then retrofitted by the same configuration of CFRP to study the effect of a/d ratio on the properties of deep beams retrofitted. a/d for tested beams were (0.8, 1, 1.2). Study was focused on determining failure loads, cracking loads, failure modes, load midspan deflection. All the beams had the same compressive strength, overall dimensions and flexural and shear reinforcement. It was concluded that using this retrofitted method is very efficient and a gain in the ultimate load capacity of the deep beams was obtained also the results showed that when a/d ratio increase from 0.8 to 1.2, the ultimate load was decrease by 25% and midspan deflection was increased approximately at all load stages for control and retrofitted beams.
Harmonic dynamic loading response of reinforced concrete column
Authors: Sabih Saba
Published: May 2018

A reinforced concrete column is classified as compression structural element mostly analyzed and designed due to the applied combinations of dead and live loading with other considered loadings. Industries of considerable or relatively great size, production and electrical utilities are very concerned about the presence of dynamic loads in their electrical power systems. This behavior provides current with different components that are multiples of the fundamental frequency of the system which are called harmonics. Reinforced concrete elements such as column must be checked for the strength capacity and the response due to applied harmonic loading after completed the static analysis and design. In present article evaluations of reinforced concrete columns under the effects of dynamic harmonic loadings are studied. The main parameters are the reinforcement ratio and harmonic ranged loadings. Finite elements approach was adopted to analyze the columns by ANSYS software and all models are simulated in three dimensions. The analysis results indicated that the square cross sections with that rectangular of the same cross sectional area are closed in performance against static and dynamic loadings.
Toluene concentrations reduction by using photocatalytic coating methods for cementitious materials
Authors: Hussein Ayat , Al Anbari Riyad , Hassan Maan
Published: May 2018

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) generated from various sources like car combustion is one of the most surrounding pollutants, which can be transferred from one form to another in the presence of sunlight. In the present work the ability of the reduction of VOC have been conducted on cementitious samples surfaces by using toluene as a pollutant gas and TiO2 as an environmentally friendly photocatalyst . Two coating methods have been used (dip and spray) with two types of aqueous solution, prepared by spreading 3g/L micro and nano TiO2 powder with deionized water. A laboratory test procedure was adopted to assess the performance of the coated specimens. The specimens were subjected to toluene gas and there efficiency in gas removal was monitored with time. Furthermore, contact angle for the coated samples was also examined to investigate the hydrophilicity of the coated substrate. The results showed that TiO2 give high activity and work as a good photocatalyst for mitigation of air pollutants, and that it could be used in different ways and concentrations to obtain better air quality and aesthetic building appearance. The observed coating efficiency in reducing the toluene was more pronounced in higher than lower gas concentrations for the micro coated samples with removal efficiency equals to 13% and 10% for dipping and spraying method, respectively. While the higher removal was about 20% for both nano dipping and nanospray methods for the inlet gas concentration 3ppm. This behavior reflects the beneficial effects of TiO2 coating procedure in highly pollutant environments, like Iraq.
Assessment study of water quality index (WQI) for Shatt Al-arab River and its branches, Iraq
Authors: Hamdan Ahmed , Dawood Ammar , Naeem Douaa
Published: May 2018

Shatt Al-Arab River (in Basrah province South of Iraq) is approximately 192 km long. It plays a key role in providing water for domestic purposes, irrigation, manufacturing, in addition to shipment. Recently the river suffers from increasing pollution, due to wastes from industries, domestic sewage and agricultural activities that find their way into water sources and result in large scale deterioration of water quality. Investigating the river size and significance, becomes necessary to perform a study to understand the water quality of this river that is considered by some experts as one of the most contaminated in Iraq. This work uses the Water Quality Index (WQI) to describe the pollution level of the river and by using Geographic Information System (GIS) to create WQI map. This study also determines the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality throughout its course. WQI has been formulated making use of several water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand（BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand（COD）, Nitrate (NO3-2), Phosphate (PO4-3), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Turbidity (Tur), and Electrical Conductivity (E.C) which were measured at 37 sites along the river. Bad water quality was observed at the sites of the river branches, near the center of Basrah governorate. Furthermore, it was discovered that the main reason for river pollution was due to the high sewage water discharged into the river, especially river branches and illegal discharges of industrial effluent and sewage.
Study of the properties of drinking water for Kirkuk city and its pollution in some areas
Authors: Zainulabdeen Iman Hussein
Published: May 2018

This study was conducted to demonstrate the difference between drinking water quality for seven different areas of Kirkuk city with the treatment water in the main and three sub storages tanks, affected with drinking water pipe lines, supplying system Alternate and continuous and also pipes across the construction work’s areas. The physical and chemical properties (turbidity, pH, conductivity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, TDS (Total dissolve solids), TSS (Total suspended solids), sodium and potassium) for raw water and treated water in the Storages in addition to the supplying water from seven different areas in Kirkuk were analyzed, samples taken at a rate nine times during the month of March. Results showed that Drinking water of Dumez, Wasti, Shorja, Imam Qasim and Arubaa polluted with turbidity with an average levels of (8.68, 6.04, 7.41, 6.95, 7.64) NTU respectively, over the limit allowed by IBWA (International Bottled Water Association), 2012 and WHO (World Health Organization), 2006. The turbidity in the main and sub storages have reached (4.04, 4.09, 4.47, 4.16) NTU respectively, while other physical and chemical properties were within the allowed limits for human use. The pollution in those areas caused by the alternative supplying system of treatment water and it has negative impact on the pipelines, it includes constriction work in areas also where pipelines exist.
Determination of greenhouse gasses in al-Nahrawan suburban by geomatics technique
Authors: Ziboon Abdul-Razzak , Resheq Ali , Hamza Abbas , Abass Mays
Published: May 2018

Climate change is now more important than before, based on many evidence, humans were affecting on changing Earth’s climate. The atmosphere and oceans have warmed, by sea-level rise, a strong decline in Arctic ice sea, and other climate-related changes. The aim of this study was to calculate some important greenhousse gasses concentration such as CO2, CH4, N2O in AL-Nahrawan suburban -Baghdad city -Iraq. Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to map greenhouse gasses dispersion in AL-Nahrawan bricks factory. From GIS distribution maps for CO2, CH4, N2O, it was found that the value of these gasses were changed from one location to another according to the quantity of fuel used in bricks factory, Where the value of emitted CO2 ranged from (695 -854 tones), value of N2O ranged from (1.905 - 2.318 tones), and finally value of CH4 ranged from (0.286 - 0.347 tones).
Evaluation of Combined Sewage Trunk System (East Bank Trunk) in Al-Rusafa Area, Baghdad City, Iraq
Authors: Al-Ani Faris Hammodi , Al-Bayati Sataa A.F. , Jasim Ali N.
Published: May 2018

This study came because of problems that recently occurred in the sewerage trunk in Baghdadcity. In Rusafa, there are two main trunks (East Bank Trunk and Zublin Trunk) for the carry of sewage to the wastewater treatment plant in Rustamiyaha, some parts of Baghdad city were flooded due to high rainfall intensity in year 2013 and 2014 during winter for several days, the results obtained from the analysis showed that the design capacity of the transmission trunk of Baghdad does not meet the maximum operating conditions. It was also found that the hydraulic gradient is very low, which made the flow velocity less than the minimum recommended Self-cleansing velocity. This caused the deposition of particles that cause the blockage of the transmission main trunks.
Assessment of air quality for Kerbala city using field survey
Authors: Al-Anbari Riyad , Mohammed Zainab , Ismail Muayad , Resheq Ali
Published: May 2018

The main objectives of this work are monitoring and analyzing air pollutant gases in Karbala city like (O3, SO2, H2S, VOCS, TSP, CO, CO2, NO2, PM1, PM2.5, PM7 and PM10). In this study, 11 deferent locations with 22 monitoring site has been selected to measuring the concentrations of air pollutants. The measuring period was six months starting from December (2015) to May (2016). The concentration results of TSP were more than Iraqi and world standard during April and May. The concentrations of CO recorded high values at the north of the city. The maximum concentration of NO2 was exceeding (1.5 ppm) at April 2016, while the minimum value was reached to (0.1 ppm) in many locations. The values of O3 were within international and Iraqi standard limits while the SO2 concentrations were above the International standard limits. High concentration of CO2 were founded in the north site of Karbala. There were high H2S concentrations in all sites, H2S values were between (0.006 ppm - 1.81 ppm) during the period study, which were exceeding acceptable limits value of the international. There is variation in the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the highest concentration for VOCs was about (20 ppm) at December 2015. The minimum concentrations of VOCs were recorded during March 2016. In all sites the concentrations were within the acceptable limits (3 ppm). The results of field tests of air sites show that the highest pollutants concentrations were in December, April and May months, whereas lower concentrations of pollutants are observed during the remainder of the study, especially in March.