bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic characterization of navigation strategies in an automated variant of the Barnes maze
Authors: Lee Ju-Young , Jung Dahee , Royer Sébastien
Published: June 2024

Animals can use a repertoire of strategies to navigate in an environment, and it remains an intriguing question how these strategies are selected based on the nature and familiarity of environments. To investigate this question, we developed a fully automated variant of the Barnes maze, characterized by 24 vestibules distributed along the periphery of a circular arena, and monitored the trajectories of mice over 15 days as they learned to navigate towards a goal vestibule from a random start vestibule. We show that the patterns of vestibule visits can be reproduced by the combination of three stochastic processes reminiscent of random, serial and spatial strategies. The processes randomly selected vestibules based on either uniform (random) or biased (serial and spatial) probability distributions. They closely matched experimental data across a range of statistical distributions characterizing the length, distribution, step size, direction, and stereotypy of vestibule sequences, revealing a shift from random to spatial and serial strategies over time, with a strategy switch occurring approximately every six vestibule visits. Our study provides a novel apparatus and analysis toolset for tracking the repertoire of navigation strategies and demonstrates that a set of stochastic processes can largely account for exploration patterns in the Barnes maze.
Prompting social investigation
Authors: Keppler Emma , Molas Susanna
Published: June 2024

A social memory pathway connecting the ventral hippocampus, the lateral septum and the ventral tegmental area helps to regulate how mice react to unknown individuals.
Clinical Practice Guideline for Gastritis in Korea
Authors: Kang Seung Joo , Kim Jae Gyu , Moon Hee Seok , Kook Myeong-Cherl , Lee Jong Yeul , Bang Chang Seok , Tae Chung Hyun , Gong Eun Jeong , Nam Su Youn , Kim Hyun Jung ,   Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research
Published: June 2024

Gastritis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It is very common and has various classification systems such as the updated Sydney system. As there is a lot of evidence that Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of gastric cancer and that gastric cancer can be prevented by eradication, H. pylori gastritis has been emphasized recently. The incidence rate of gastric cancer in Korea is the highest in the world, and due to the spread of screening endoscopy, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are commonly diagnosed in the general population. However, there have been no clinical guidelines developed in Korea for these lesions. Therefore, this clinical guideline has been developed by the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research for important topics that are frequently encountered in clinical situations related to gastritis. Evidence-based guidelines were developed through systematic review and de novo processes, and eight recommendations were made for eight key questions. This guideline needs to be periodically revised according to the needs of clinical practice or as important evidence about this issue is published in the future.
Bio-Efficacy Evaluation of Herbicides for Weed Management in Rabi Onion
Authors: Gohil B.S. , Solanki B.P. , Kadivar M.R. , Donga R.R.
Published: June 2024

A field experiment entitled “Bio-efficacy evaluation of herbicides for weed management in rabi onion” was conducted at Weed Control Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat) during the rabi season of 2021-22 on medium black calcareous soil. The experiment comprising 14 treatments was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that next to weed-free treatment, tank-mix pendimethalin 450 g/ha + oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha as pre-planting fb HW at 40 DATP, tank-mix pendimethalin 450 g/ha + oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha as pre-planting fb pre-mix propaquizafop + oxyfluorfen 43.75+105 g/ha at 40 DATP and tank-mix pendimethalin 450 g/ha + oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha as pre-planting fb pre-mix quizalofop + oxyfluorfen 100 g/ha at 40 DATP control of complex weed flora, reduced population and dry matter of weeds and having less reduction in yield due to better control of weeds, less crop-weed competition, higher weed control efficiency.
Understanding Domestic Violence in Samarinda City, East Kalimantan: A Focus on Psychological Abuse and Family Dynamics
Authors: Sillakhudin
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study was to obtain information on various types and forms of domestic violence, using descriptive qualitative methods on a sample of 180 individuals. The research sample used purposive sampling method using the criteria of adult and married and familiar to the researcher. The results showed that domestic violence is generally caused by family factors, namely the presence of sick family members who need continuous assistance, chaotic family life, lack of intimacy. The forms of domestic violence are mainly in the form of psychological violence behaviour has forms such as swearing, cursing, insults, degrading comments and hurting other people's self-esteem, in addition to a small portion in the form of physical violence and sexual violence in various forms and levels.
Behind Closed Doors: The Persistence of Domestic Violence in Contemporary Indian Society
Authors: Kumar Anoop , Ahmed Wakeel
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Domestic abuse is a significant contributor to the nation's misdemeanor index, with destructive behavior in personal relationships where one person attempts to exert control and influence over another. This can occur in dating, marriage, or conjugal relationships and can lead to physical, psychological, or sexual harm. This work aims to explain the underlying reasons for domestic violence, which include various factors such as individual, relational, community, legal, and governmental elements. These components contribute to domestic abuse and its effects on the victim's emotional and physical well-being in daily life. The report also discusses the different forms of domestic violence, including physical, emotional, mental, sexual, economic, and teasing abuse.
Objective: To assess domestic violence and its relation to human rights.
Methods: The study was conducted in selected areas of Noida, Uttar Pradesh by two data collectors. A total of 60 women were selected using a convenience sampling technique. The questionnaires were checked for completeness, cleaned manually, and entered into SPSS version 25.0 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics were carried out, and associations between dependent and independent variables were checked.
Results: The majority of the women (34 or 56.6%) experienced moderate domestic violence, 16 (26.6%) experienced severe domestic violence, and 10 (16.7%) experienced mild domestic violence. The education status of the women was found to be significantly associated with the level of domestic violence, with a p-value of less than 0.05.
Conclusion: Urgent action is required to strengthen efforts to reduce violence and improve the availability of information on domestic abuse cases. These statistics are crucial for effectively combating domestic violence against women in India.
Effect of Foliar Sprays of Phenylalanine, Nano-potash and Potassium Sulphate on Fruit Quality Attributes of Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) cv. Ambri
Authors: Hassan Arif , Margay Adil Rahim , Din Shaila
Published: June 2024

The present investigation was carried out at Experimental field of Ambri Apple Research Centre (AARC), Shopian, SKUAST-Kashmir, during the year 2022-2023. Eight treatments, viz; control (water spray), potassium sulphate (5 g per litre of water), phenylalanine (@ 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%), nano-potash (@ 1, 2 and 3ml/l of water) were selected for colour improvement. The treatments were applied 30 days prior to harvest. The experiment was laid in complete randomised block design with 3 replications having 3 trees per replication. The results showed that all the treatments outperformed control in terms of chemical characteristics. The treatment T4 (Phenylalanine @ 0.3%) significantly excelled in all the treatments applied. Significantly higher anthocyanin content (14.41 mg/100g), antioxidants (75.71 %), total sugars (12.98 %), TSS (16.23 %), fruit chlorophyll (0.59 mg/g fw) and fruit ascorbic acid (23.93 %) was recorded in T4 (Phenylalanine @ 0.3%) as compared to other treatments. According to the current study, apple cultivar Ambri responded favourably to the application of foliar phenylalanine in improving chemical traits, which otherwise lacks in this cultivar. The application of Phe @ 0.3% , 30 days prior to harvest proved superior in enhancing the quality attributes, notably the anthocyanin content of apple cv. Ambri.
Biodiversity and Soil Properties of Saranda Sal Forest: Implications for Conservation and Management
Authors: Mishra Shambhu Nath , Kumar Rahul , Panwar Vijender Pal
Published: June 2024

Aims: This study is significant as it elucidates the relationship between floristic composition and soil nutrient availability of India's Saranda Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forest.
Study Design: Vegetation sampling was done following a grid of 5 km x 5 km, and soil sampling was done in each sampling plot using a Z-pattern.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Saranda Forest of West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, Eastern India, during 2021-2022
Methodology:  Sampling has been designed as grid methods (5 km X 5 km) following a forest survey of India, and vegetation sampling was done by quadrat method. The soil samples were collected from three depths (i.e., surface: 0–30 cm, sub-surface: 30–60 cm and inner: 60-90 cm from each selected site. ANOVAs were used to compare the chemical properties of soil samples from various forests. Pearson correlation analyses to examine the effects of climatic variables on chemical properties of the soil of selected Sal forest as well as their relation with plant diversity.
Results: A comprehensive analysis of 5432 vascular plants from 65 species and 34 families was conducted across the 17 sites. Fabaceae is the most dominant family with 07 species. The study also examined soil chemical parameters and micronutrients in different sites and established their relations with vegetation dynamics. Notably, tree density showed a significant positive correlation with soil pH (r=0.59, p<0.05), but a significant negative correlation with Shannon diversity (H') (r=-0.53, p<0.05). Similarly, there was a significant positive correlation of Organic carbon with copper (r=0.59, p<0.05) and iron (r=0.61, p<0.00); however, there was a significant negative correlation with Available Phosphorus (r=-0.52, p<0.05).
Conclusion: Research findings underscore the importance of soil nutrients in promoting forest health and growth. Importantly, they can guide the formulation of practical and effective soil-forest management strategies for S. robusta and its associated forests, directly benefiting the forestry and environmental science community.
An Evaluation of Recycled Papers as Storage and Germination Medium of Vegetable Seeds
Authors: A. Emperador Myka Louisse , E. Fernando Valerie Lorraine , B. Walters Harlie Arrene , M. Mendez Precious Faith , Y. Satumba Charlotte Angel , B. Matutes Kevin Client , C. Baslot Kyla Marie , D. Lumahang Mark Rainier , U. Mahinay Jash , D. Bienes Vincent Dave
Published: June 2024

An innovative approach to storing and germinating seeds can be achieved by embedding seeds in recycled papers. This quantitative study was conducted to evaluate the viability and germination of vegetable seeds in recycled paper compared to soil. Pechay (Brassica rapa), mustard (Brassica juncea), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and saluyot (Corchorus olitorius) were seed samples examined in both media. Daily monitoring of seedlings' height and germination count was conducted using a counting method and rulers, as well as water sprays. As a result, viability varied among seeds, with pechay (100%) and mustard (96.30%) showing higher rates in recycled paper than spinach (25.93%) and saluyot (44.44%). The viability of pechay (96.30%), mustard (96.30%), spinach (96.30%), and saluyot (70.37%) was generally higher in soil. Germination rates differed across seed types and media. Pechay and mustard grew consistently in both media, while spinach and saluyot had different growth patterns and showed slower growth. Statistical analysis using the Fisher Exact Test and T-test showed no significant difference in viability between recycled paper and soil (P = 0.214). Soil remains preferred, but recycled paper can serve as an alternative starting medium. Long-term growth assessment and matching media to more plant species are recommended to enhance germination practices and sustainable agriculture.
Insights into Malaria: A Cross-sectional Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in South-South Nigeria
Authors: Emorinken Airenakho , Dic-Ijiewere Mercy Ofunami , Uhomohasebhor Eseohe Victoria , Iguma-Asaka Jane Noma , Akerele Ndidi , Akpasubi Blessyn Omoye , Adunbiola Patrick Ojo , Okoh Barbara , Izirein Hannah Olohirere , A. Olugbemide Orebowale
Published: June 2024

Background: Malaria is a public health concern deeply ingrained within local communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Local beliefs and practices play a critical role in defining the effectiveness of control measures. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria in a rural community in South-South Nigeria.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Ugun in South-South Nigeria. Data were collected from the participants using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and a P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: This study included 300 participants with a mean age of 51.6 ± 20.9 years. The results showed that 28.3% had good knowledge, 55.7% had a positive attitude, and 44.7% demonstrated good practices regarding malaria. Knowledge scores were associated with the education (P < 0.012) and occupation (P < 0.001) of participants, while attitude scores were associated with the occupation (P = 0.002) and marital status of participants (P < 0.001). Age, education, occupation, and marital status were associated with participants' practice scores (P < 0.001). Civil servants (OR = 4.97; 95% CI: 1.69 - 14.61; P = 0.004) and pensioners (OR = 7.26; 95% CI: 1.98-26.61; P = 0.003) had higher odds of having good knowledge of malaria than farmers. Married participants (OR = 5.02; 95% CI: 1.51 - 16.66; P = 0.008) and those with good knowledge (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.11 - 3.42; P = 0.021) had higher odds of exhibiting a positive attitude. Participants with primary (OR = 6.21; 95% CI: 2.59 - 14.86; P < 0.001) and secondary (OR = 12.04; 95% CI: 3.89 - 37.31); P < 0.001) education had higher odds of adopting good practices than those with informal education.
Conclusion: Although more than half of the participants had a positive attitude towards malaria, the majority showed insufficient knowledge and poor practices related to the disease. This highlights the pressing need for targeted public health educational programs to improve community understanding and promote effective practices for malaria control.
Performance of Different Varieties of Gladiolus under Prayagraj agro-Climatic conditions
Authors: Kumar G. Nikhil , Topno Samir E. , Bahadur Vijay
Published: June 2024

An experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, from November, 2023 to March, 2024. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with fifteen varieties, replicated thrice. It is concluded that among the different varieties of gladiolus variety V6 (Pusa Suhagin) performed significantly better in plant height (90.69 cm), number of leaves (10), leaf area index (0.22), spike length (113.6 cm), more number of spikes per plant (2.83), more number of florets per spike(16), however less number of days taken for first sprouting recorded in V15 (Snow Board, 7 days) and Vase life highest in variety V9 (Arka Pratham, 11.66 days).
Potential Role of Bio-Stimulants in Administering Floral Characters of Asiatic Lily CV. Indian Summerset
Authors: Tamrakar Prachi , Fatmi Urfi , Bahadur Vijay
Published: June 2024

An experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment consisted of thirteen treatments viz T1-   control, T2- 10 ppm triacontanol, T3-15 ppm triacontanol, T4-20 ppm triacontanol, T5- 25 ppm triacontanol, T6- 5 ppm brassinolide, T7-10 ppm brassinolide, T8-15 ppm brassinolide, T9-20 ppm brassinolide, T10-100 ppm nitrobenzene, T11- 200 ppm nitrobenzene, T12-300 ppm nitrobenzene, T13- 400 ppm nitrobenzene which were arranged in Randomized block design with three replications.  Foliar application of bio-stimulants were sprayed twice at fifteen days interval. Analysis of the data indicated that T9 -brassinolide @ 20 ppm reported to be best for parameters namely days taken for opening of first flower from bud emergence (33.2 days), pedicel length (9.2 cm), number of flowers per stalk (3.8), flower length (15.0 cm), flower diameter (16.4 cm) and flower yield (9.0 flowers/plot and 33.3 flowers/m2).
Morphological Characterization and Diversity Analysis in Pea Germplasm
Authors: Anand Kumar Jai , Singh S. K. , Nagre Sachin Prakash , Patel Teena , Moitra P. K.
Published: June 2024

An experiment was conducted to identify the diverse morphological breeding lines. A total of Fifty-two germplasm lines were characterized morphologically as per DUS guidelines, and Shannon’s diversity indices (mean value=0.612) were estimated using Microsoft Excel. The results revealed that maximum variability and diversity were present in foliage color, pod intensity of green color, seed cotyledon color and plant height. Minimum variability was reported for stem anthocyanin colouration, seed testa mottling, leaf axial color and flower standard petal color. The traits of foliage waxy bloom and stipule type were present in all the genotypes. Stem anthocyanin coloration, seed testa mottling, flower standard petal color, and leaf axial color were unique traits and were reported in only a few of the genotypes. It may be concluded that these traits would be considered diverse morphological traits during the selection of lines in segregating generations for the development of pea lines /Variety.
Sewage Water Use in Crop Production and Its Effect on Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Soil: A Review
Authors: Sushil  , Khokhar Kiran , Bhardwaj K.K , Vikas  , Rohtash  , Roohi  , Goel Vishal
Published: June 2024

The availability of freshwater for irrigation is dwindling, prompting the need for innovative solutions to tackle this critical issue. This research delves into comparing sewage water with fresh water, recognizing the immense volume of wastewater generated daily due to rapid population growth and industrial expansion. The current state of sewage water in India presents a formidable challenge, highlighting the imperative for proactive management strategies moving forward. The study explores methods to harness sewage water for agricultural use, aiming to enhance productivity while acknowledging the global significance of wastewater management. Sewage water composition varies depending on local industrial activities, often containing higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, micronutrients, and soil microbial content compared to regular water sources. Utilizing sewage water for irrigation can positively impact soil chemistry and fertility, although it may increase electrical conductivity, albeit usually within acceptable limits to mitigate soil salinity risks. However, sewage water typically contains elevated concentrations of heavy metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, and Nickel, posing potential hazards to soil and plant health if surpassing safety thresholds. Continuous use of sewage water may exacerbate the accumulation of these hazardous metals, posing risks to both soil quality and human health. Nonetheless, during periods of water scarcity crucial for crop growth, sewage water emerges as a vital resource, potentially saving agricultural productivity. In this context, sewage farming emerges as a promising approach to alleviate the demand for freshwater while addressing wastewater challenges. Embracing sewage water for irrigation holds the promise of significant advancements in curbing wastewater proliferation, underscoring its role as a sustainable solution for agricultural water requirements.
Advances and Challenges in Intellectual Disability in Rural India: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Trends
Authors: Nanda Anita
Published: June 2024

Intellectual disability (ID) presents a significant public health challenge in rural India, characterized by disparities in access to healthcare, stigma, and socio-economic barriers. This comprehensive review examines recent advances and persistent challenges in understanding, diagnosing, and supporting individuals with ID in rural communities in India.
Advancements in diagnosing and intervening in intellectual disability in rural India have been achieved through various approaches, including community-based screening programs, culturally tailored assessment tools, telemedicine, and mobile health solutions. These initiatives prioritize widening access to healthcare services and early intervention, with the overarching goal of enhancing outcomes for individuals with intellectual disabilities.
However, formidable challenges persist. Limited access to specialized services, pervasive stigma, socio-economic disparities, and inadequate awareness hinder progress in addressing the needs of individuals with ID in rural India. These challenges necessitate a multi-faceted approach involving policymakers, healthcare providers, educators, and community leaders.
Addressing these challenges requires prioritizing the needs of individuals with ID, promoting awareness and advocacy, investing in capacity building, and implementing policy reforms. Collaborative efforts are essential to overcome barriers and ensure that individuals with ID in rural India receive the support and opportunities they deserve.
Moving forward, it's essential to prioritize on-going research, expand service provision, and nurture a culture of acceptance and inclusion. These endeavors are critical for shaping a future where individuals with intellectual disabilities in rural India can not only thrive but also actively contribute to their communities. While strides have been made, significant challenges persist in addressing intellectual disability in these areas. Acknowledging these hurdles and collectively working to overcome them is vital for building a more inclusive and equitable society that values the unique contributions of all individuals, regardless of their abilities.
In conclusion, the author concluded that while progress has been made, significant challenges remain in addressing intellectual disability in rural India. By acknowledging these challenges and working together to overcome them, we can build a more inclusive and equitable society for all individuals, regardless of their abilities.
Evaluation of Sesame Germplasm for Resistance against Leaf Webber, Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel)
Authors: Swetha N. , Boopathi T. , Ramani B.S.L. , Tejaswini A. , Rathnakumar A.L. , Ramya K.T. , Yadav Praduman , Reddy C. Narendra
Published: June 2024

Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), known as the sesame leaf webber is an important and specific pest of sesame, exerting a considerable yield loss of up to 72%. The objective of this study was to assess various sesame germplasm for their resistance against A. catalaunalis. The present study was carried out at ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. A total of 276 germplasm were evaluated for their resistance against Sesame leaf webber, together with a resistant check (Swetha) and a susceptible check (Prachi). The experiment was conducted using Randomized Block design for two seasons (2023 and 2024). Incidence of leaf webber was observed on 10 randomly selected plants on each germplasm at weekly intervals. Percent Leaf damage was calculated for all the 276 germplasm along with a resistant check and a susceptible check. The data on percentage of leaf damage for both the seasons were also subjected to statistical analysis using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The performance of the germplasm were evaluated using 1-9 scoring methodology, categorizing them as highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible or highly susceptible based on scores. In season 1, germplasm, B 203, DSK-1-A, EC-511212, EVC-101, IC-205201, IC-205775, IC-413205, IC-500343, IS-17, and SL-11 were found to be completely free from the incidence of A. catalaunalis. The germplasm were categorized as highly resistant (53), resistant (62), moderately resistant (56), susceptible (74), and highly susceptible (31). In season 2, none of the germplasm exhibited complete resistance. The germplasm were categorized as follows: highly resistant (46), resistant (51), moderately resistant (69), susceptible (55), and highly susceptible (55). The incidence of the pest on the resistant check, Swetha, was 4.46% in season 1 and 5.94% in season 2, while the percent pest incidence on the susceptible check, Prachi, was 76.69% in season 1 and 69.18% in season 2. 46 germplasm were observed to be highly resistant to Antigastra catalaunalis across both the seasons and also based on the combined mean percent leaf damage analysis. Thus, these germplasm can be used as donors in future breeding programmes.
Toxicity Studies of Trema orientalis in Rats with Respect to Certain Haematological and Biochemical Parameters
Authors: D. Niranjan, , N. B. Shridhar, , M. H Vinuta, , U Sunilchandra, , S.S Manjunatha, , B.S Pradeep, , M. Sagar, , N. Suma,
Published: June 2024

An experimental study was carried out to assess the toxicological aspects of methanolic extract of leaves and stems of Trema orientalis (METO) in rats. Repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study of METO was performed in male Wistar albino rats as per the OECD guidelines 407. In total, 24 rats were assigned in four groups of six in each group.  Group I served as control, while Group II, III and IV rats were orally gavaged with METO daily at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively for 28 days. The experimental rats were apparently healthy throughout the experimental period with respect to feed intake and body weight gain. Haematological parameters such as total erythrocytes count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were assessed from blood on day 14 and day 28 in the repeated dose oral toxicity study. Also, certain biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine from serum were estimated. TLC was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in group IV of METO treated rats. The significant (p < 0.05) increase in creatinine values of group IV on 28th day, associated with occurrence of various phytochemicals. Other haematological and biochemical parameters showed no significant changes in METO treated groups. The study concluded that the doses of T. orientalis resulted in pulmonary, hepatic and renal damage in experimental rats and might be toxic to the domestic animals also, which need to be investigated in future.
Back and Forth
Authors: Cook Murray
Published: June 2024

Stirling and its control of the Forth river crossings is often considered to be the most strategic location in Scotland. Current historiography suggests a restricted set of crossing points over the River Forth with a focus on the Fords of Frew as the only viable crossing point to the west of Stirling. This paper contrasts the historiography of the river crossings at the Forth and its tributaries (The Teith, The Allan Water and the Goodie Water) with the reality as recorded from a variety of sources: maps, historical accounts, military engagements between the Wars of Independence and the 1745 Rising, and site visits by the author. Attention is focussed on the publication of William Watson’s 1916 Rhind Lecture to this Society published in 1926 as The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. This volume misnames, confuses and aggrandises fording points at Frew (the Fords of Frew) which has been followed by subsequent scholars. In turn this led to a limited understanding of how the various rivers were crossed. This study reveals a variety of possible options rather than the assumed limited and restricted crossing points. The two main crossing points are identified (Drip and Abbey fords) and their origins and histories summarised.
Staatsferne under Construction — Eine Nachlese zur Causa Libra
Authors: Möllers Christoph , Zimmer Luisa
Published: June 2024

Der Beitrag diskutiert die verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen für die Kommunikationstätigkeit von mehrheitlich in Staatshand befindlichen Unternehmen vor dem Hintergrund der sog. Libra- Affäre. Erörtert werden insb. die dogmatische Stellung des presseverfassungsrechtlichen Staatsfernegebots, sein Verhältnis zu der in der Verfassungsrechtsprechung wesentlich weiter durchdrungenen Staatsferne des Rundfunks sowie Bedeutung und Reichweite des sich aus der Staatsfernedoktrin ergebenden Beherrschungsverbots. Mit Rücksicht auf diese Aspekte soll schließ
Cross-Face Grafting in Facial Paralysis
Authors: Fisch U.
Published: November 2011

• I report the two-year follow-up results obtained by cross-face grafting in seven patients. The advantages of the method, ie, reduction of innervation of the healthy side of the face and restoration of emotional movements of the paralyzed side, are counterbalanced by the long delay in reinnervation and the limited number of motor fibers available for matched contralateral diversion. For this reason, cross-face grafting should still be considered as an experimental stage and should not be used in an indiscriminate way to achieve symmetry of emotional movements in irreversible unilateral facial palsy.
Aldol Condensation and Michael Addition of 4,4‐Dimethyl‐cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione and Aromatic Aldehydes. Unconventional Substituent Effects
Authors: Kaya Muharrem
Published: November 2011

By the cyclization of 4,4‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione with different aromatic aldehydes, the xanthene regioisomers were obtained. The diversity of xanthene isomers could be determined. The electronic and steric effects on aromatic aldehydes could be observed.
An Efficient Synthesis of N‐Substituted‐3‐aryl‐3‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohex‐1‐enyl)propanamides by Four‐component Reaction in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Dou Guolan , Zhong Xiaoxing , Wang Deming , Shi Daqing
Published: November 2011

A mild and efficient synthesis of N‐substituted‐3‐aryl‐3‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohex‐1‐enyl)propanamides via four‐component reaction of an aldehyde, amine, Meldrum's acid and 5,5‐dimethylcyclo‐hexane‐1,3‐dione in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC) in aqueous medium is described. This method has the advantages of accessible starting materials, good yields, mild reaction conditions and eco‐friendliness.
Efficient One‐step Synthesis and Properties of Photochromic Diarylethenes Having an Indene Bridging Unit
Authors: Jin Jiayu , Zou Lei
Published: November 2011

Two novel isomeric photochromic diarylethenes with an indene bridging unit have been prepared by a simple and efficient one‐step synthesis method. Their properties, including photochromic behavior, fluorescent properties and fatigue resistance, have been investigated. These two isomeric compounds showed photochromic back‐and‐forth reactions with ultraviolet and visible light both in solution and in PMMA film. Their ring‐open forms exhibited appreciable fluorescence, which was quenched by the ring‐closed forms. All results indicated that diarylethenes derivatives with indene‐aryl bridges exhibited rather high fatigue resistance and good thermally irreversible photochromic properties.
Metabolic Profiling of Human Colorectal Cancer Using High Resolution 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Wenxue , Zhou Xiaoyan , Huang Dan , Chen Fener , Du Xiang
Published: November 2011

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third commonest malignancy cancer worldwide. Clear understandings of global metabolic profiling of the normal mucosa and cancer tissues are vitally important to aid optimizing the clinical management strategy and understanding CRC biology. We studied metabolic characteristics of 20 CRC and 20 distant normal mucosa tissues extracts from 20 patients using high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate analyses, such as principal component analysis (PCA). Compared with distant normal mucosa tissues, lactate, taurine, ornithine and polyamine were present at significantly higher levels in CRC tissue extracts whereas myo‐inositol was present at significantly lower level. Two metabolites ratios such as myo‐inositol/taurine and myo‐inositol/(ornithine+polyamine) appear to be the most valuable biomarkers for the differentiation CRC from normal mucosa tissues. Our data suggested that HR 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analyses is a potentially useful technology for detecting malignant changes in the normal mucosa tissues, the technique may be further exploited for future CRC biomarker research or identification of targets for therapeutic manipulations.
Voltage endurance characteristics of epoxy/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Iizuka Tomonori , Uchida Katsumi , Tanaka Toshikatsu
Published: November 2011

Two kinds of epoxy/silica nanocomposites, specifically Aerosil and Nanopox specimens, were prepared to clarify the effect of nano‐filler dispersion and of coupling agents on electric field endurance. According to SEM observation, nano‐fillers were well dispersed in the former specimens, while some agglomeration was found in the latter specimens. This difference caused different characteristics for partial discharge resistance and treeing resistance. Partial discharge resistance was improved only by adding nano‐fillers, and treeing resistance was improved not only by adding nano‐fillers but also by uniformly dispersing the nano‐fillers. Coupling agents were also effective for treeing resistance in both kinds of specimens. It was then clarified that nano‐fillers and coupling agents could improve partial discharge and treeing resistance, but that treeing resistance could be upgraded or degraded depending on the level of nano‐filler dispersion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(12): 65–73, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10338
Transient growth of secondary instabilities in parallel wakes: Anti lift-up mechanism and hyperbolic instability
Authors: Ortiz Sabine , Chomaz Jean-Marc
Published: November 2011

This paper investigates the three-dimensional temporal instabilities and the transient growth of perturbations on a Von Kármán vortex street, issuing from the development of the primary instability of a parallel Bickley velocity profile typical of a wake forming behind a thin flat plate. By solving iteratively the linearized direct Navier Stokes equations and its adjoint equations, we compute the optimal perturbations that exhibit the largest transient growth of energy between the initial instant and different time horizons. At short time horizons, optimal initial perturbations are concentrated on the points of maximal strain of the base flow. The optimal gain of energy and the mechanism of instability are well predicted by local theories that describe the lagrangian evolution of a perturbation wave packet. At time of order unity, hyperbolic region leads the dynamics. Only at large time (t ≥ 20), the growth is led by the most amplified eigenmode. This eigenmode evolves, when the wavenumber increases, from perturbation centred in the core of the vortices, to perturbations localised on the stretching manifold of the hyperbolic points. At finite and large time, the gain in energy is initially associated with a mechanism reminiscent to the anti lift-up mechanism described by Antkowiak and Brancher [J. Fluid Mech. 578, 295 (2007)] in the context of an axisymmetric vortex. Presently, the optimal initial condition (the adjoint modes at large time) corresponding to streamwise streaks localised on the contracting manifold of the hyperbolic point induces streamwise vortices aligned with the stretching manifold of the hyperbolic point (the direct modes). The localisation on distinct manifolds of direct and adjoint eigenmodes is more pronounced when the Reynolds number is increased. An interpretation is proposed based on a balance between diffusion and stretching effects that predicts the thickness of the energy containing region for the adjoint and the direct mode decreasing as 1/Re. The extra gain of energy due to non normal effects grows, since direct and adjoint modes are localised in different regions of space, i.e., the stretching and contracting manifold, a novel effect of the so called convective non normality associated with the transport of the perturbation by the base flow.
Acceleration statistics of solid particles in turbulent channel flow
Authors: Zamansky R. , Vinkovic I. , Gorokhovski M.
Published: November 2011

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are used here to study inertial particle acceleration statistics in the near-wall region of a turbulent channel flow. The study is motivated by observations in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) suggesting that when particle inertia increases, particle acceleration variance decreases due to both particle preferential accumulation and the filtering effect of inertia. In accordance with these studies, the present DNS shows that for increasing inertia, solid particle acceleration probability density functions (PDFs), scaled by the acceleration root-mean-square (RMS), depart from that of the fluid. The tails of these PDFs become narrower. However, in turbulent channel flow, as the Stokes number increases up to 5, the streamwise acceleration RMS in the near-wall region increases, while further increase of the Stokes number is characterized by the streamwise acceleration RMS decrease. In parallel, contrary to calculations in homogeneous isotropic turbulence, the conditional acceleration statistics of the fluid seen by the solid particle show that while the vertical and transverse acceleration RMS components remain close to the unconditional fluid acceleration, the longitudinal RMS component is remarkably higher in the near wall region. This feature is more pronounced as the Stokes number is increased. Additionally, the conditional acceleration PDFs overlap almost perfectly with the unconditional fluid PDFs, normalized by the acceleration RMS. The enhanced longitudinal acceleration variance of the fluid seen by the particles may be due to the spanwise alternation of high-and-low speed streaks. Depending on inertia, particles may respond to those fluid solicitations (experiencing an increase of the longitudinal acceleration RMS) or ignore the wall turbulent structures (presenting in that case a more homogeneous concentration).
Moving beyond Watson–Crick models of coarse grained DNA dynamics
Authors: Linak Margaret C. , Tourdot Richard , Dorfman Kevin D.
Published: November 2011

DNA produces a wide range of structures in addition to the canonical B-form of double-stranded DNA. Some of these structures are stabilized by Hoogsteen bonds. We developed an experimentally parameterized, coarse-grained model that incorporates such bonds. The model reproduces many of the microscopic features of double-stranded DNA and captures the experimental melting curves for a number of short DNA hairpins, even when the open state forms complicated secondary structures. We demonstrate the utility of the model by simulating the folding of a thrombin aptamer, which contains G-quartets, and strand invasion during triplex formation. Our results highlight the importance of including Hoogsteen bonding in coarse-grained models of DNA.
Amyloid-β peptide structure in aqueous solution varies with fragment size
Authors: Wise-Scira Olivia , Xu Liang , Kitahara Taizo , Perry George , Coskuner Orkid
Published: November 2011

Various fragment sizes of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide have been utilized to mimic the properties of the full-length Aβ peptide in solution. Among these smaller fragments, Aβ16 and Aβ28 have been investigated extensively. In this work, we report the structural and thermodynamic properties of the Aβ16, Aβ28, and Aβ42 peptides in an aqueous solution environment. We performed replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations along with thermodynamic calculations for investigating the conformational free energies, secondary and tertiary structures of the Aβ16, Aβ28, and Aβ42 peptides. The results show that the thermodynamic properties vary from each other for these peptides. Furthermore, the secondary structures in the Asp1-Lys16 and Asp1-Lys28 regions of Aβ42 cannot be completely captured by the Aβ16 and Aβ28 fragments. For example, the β-sheet structures in the N-terminal region of Aβ16 and Aβ28 are either not present or the abundance is significantly decreased in Aβ42. The α-helix and β-sheet abundances in Aβ28 and Aβ42 show trends – to some extent – with the potential of mean forces but no such trend could be obtained for Aβ16. Interestingly, Arg5 forms salt bridges with large abundances in all three peptides. The formation of a salt bridge between Asp23-Lys28 is more preferred over the Glu22-Lys28 salt bridge in Aβ28 but this trend is vice versa for Aβ42. This study shows that the Asp1-Lys16 and Asp1-Lys28 regions of the full length Aβ42 peptide cannot be completely mimicked by studying the Aβ16 and Aβ28 peptides.
Communication: Time-domain measurement of high-pressure N2 and O2 self-broadened linewidths using hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Miller Joseph D. , Roy Sukesh , Gord James R. , Meyer Terrence R.
Published: November 2011

The direct measurement of self-broadened linewidths using the time decay of pure-rotational hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps RCARS) signals is demonstrated in gas-phase N2 and O2 from 1–20 atm. Using fs pump and Stokes pulses and a spectrally narrowed ps probe pulse, collisional dephasing rates with time constants as short as 2.5 ps are captured with high accuracy for individual rotational transitions. S-branch linewidths of N2 and O2 from ∼0.06 to 2.2 cm−1 and the line separation of O2 triplet states are obtained from the measured dephasing rates and compared with high-resolution, frequency-domain measurements and S-branch approximations using the modified exponential gap model. The accuracy of the current measurements suggests that the fs/ps RCARS approach is well suited for tracking the collisional dynamics of gas-phase mixtures over a wide range of pressures.
Psychiatric diagnosis in the elderly referred to a consultation‐liaison psychiatry service in a general geriatric hospital in Japan
Authors: Yamada Kenshi , Hosoda Masuhiro , Nakashima Sayaka , Furuta Kou , Awata Shuichi
Published: November 2011

Aim:  Because depression is a common disorder in later life, elderly patients with delirium can be misdiagnosed as having depression. This study aimed to compare psychiatric diagnoses in the elderly made by referring doctors and psychiatrists.

Method:  Consecutive non‐psychiatric inpatients aged 65 years or older that were referred to a consultation‐liaison (C‐L) psychiatry service of a general hospital in Japan were enrolled. An attending psychiatrist recorded the physical and psychiatric diagnoses of the referring doctors, reason for referral, psychotropic medication and sociodemographics. The psychiatrist recorded the psychiatric diagnosis after discussion with another psychiatrist in the C‐L psychiatry service. A researcher categorized the diagnoses of the referring physicians and psychiatrists as F0 (organic brain syndrome), F1 (mainly alcoholism), F2/3 (mainly depression) and F4/5 (neurosis/insomnia) using The International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10). The degree of agreement between doctors' and psychiatrists' diagnoses was estimated for each F category using kappa statistics.

Results:  Of the 192 referred inpatients, 172 were enrolled (79 [45.9%] men; mean age 81.6 ± 7.8 years). Concordance of diagnosis between doctors and psychiatrists was achieved for F0, F1, F2/3 and F4/5, resulting in kappa statistics of 0.47, 0.27, 0.28 and 0.32, respectively. The psychiatrists in this survey diagnosed 12 cases of delirium and four cases of psychoactive substance‐use disorders in 23 cases of depression diagnosed by the referring doctors.

Conclusion:  The referring doctors in this survey had an insufficient level of diagnostic accuracy for psychiatric disorders. Delirium and psychoactive substance‐use disorders were often misdiagnosed as depression. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 304–309.
Dementia on the Byzantine throne (ad 330–1453)
Authors: Poulakou‐Rebelakou Effie , Kalantzis George , Tsiamis Costas , Ploumpidis Dimitris
Published: November 2011

Aim:  To present the consequences of the prolonged age of the emperors, especially if combined with symptoms of dementia, during the Byzantine period (ad 330–1453).

Methods:  A review of the original historical and literal sources referring to the life and political course of all the aged Byzantine emperors (a range of 87 total persons who ascended the throne).

Results:  Seven Byzantine emperors out of 87 reached older age and showed symptoms that are attributed to dementia, as well as other manifestations of prolonged life. Most of the Byzantine medical authors attempted to connect dementia with certain multifactor agents and some of them interpreted the symptoms as being influenced by the brain's pathogenic humor or focused on the role of vascular diseases. However, an elderly leader afflicts his personal destiny, as well as the succession of the throne and the history of the whole nation. Sometimes, a delay in diagnosis and recognition of the loss of the somatic and mental ability of the emperor made scientific intervention useless and the patient's behavior was dangerous for the citizens of the state.

Conclusion:  Even in contemporary societies, extended life expectancy results in leaders of older age, suffering from various diseases connected with gerontology. Loss of mental skills is considered dangerous and remains a problem from antiquity to the modern day. Byzantium handled all these cases with diplomacy. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 405–412.