bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tendencies of the Legal Regulation of Electronic Transactions in Contemporary Russian Law
Authors: Kharkov Vladislav S. ,   Department Head at Sberbank, PJSC, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Civil and Legal Disciplines of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
Published: July 2024

This article discusses the basic aspects of concluding civil law transactions in electronic format. The procedure for recognizing the legal force of documents executed with the help of electronic technical means is analyzed. The interpretations of the main terms associated with the concept of “electronic transaction” are investigated: “digital law” and “smart contract”, the innovations that arose after the entry into force of Law No. 34-FZ on October 1, 2019 are considered. The amendments to the Russian civil legislation made after October 1, 2019 are detailed. The basic provisions of regulation of the electronic transactions market have been fixed. The specifics of electronic transactions are revealed. The characteristic of the concept of “holders of digital rights” is given. The main trends in the legal regulation of electronic transactions in modern Russian law are determined. An attempt is made to differentiate the concepts of “digital” and “electronic” based on the results of research by other specialists. The conceptual approaches of specialists to the concept of “smart contract” are analyzed. The reasons for the departure of Russian law to the concept of “smart contract” are considered. The necessity of legitimizing the institution of smart contracts in modern Russian law and the consolidation of the legal regime of a smart contract is analyzed. The relationship between the need to legalize the institution of smart contracts and cybercrime is considered. The author gives his own interpretation of the concept of “smart contracts” and its basics.
On Contemporary Technologies of the Development of Professional Competence of a Lawyer
Authors: Karagodin Valery N. ,   Head of the Department of Criminalistics of the Ekaterinburg Branch of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee
Published: July 2024

Purpose. To prove the need to change the approach to the formation of professional qualities of a lawyer with the help of modern technologies. Methodology: methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, description, logical techniques and tools are used. Conclusions. The purposes of legal education need to be changed from endowing graduates with competencies that give them the right to master the profession, to the formation of professional qualifications that allow them to carry out specialized legal activities at the required level. To achieve these goals, it is proposed to make extensive use of specialization, individualization, modern means of forming moral, volitional, intellectual, communicative and other professional qualities of a lawyer. Scientific and practical significance. The provisions of this publication can be used in conducting scientific research on this topic. In addition, they can be used in the educational process in institutions of higher and additional professional education to develop the above qualities in students.
Prosecutor as a Subject of the Criminal Policy Aimed at Crime Combating
Authors: Levchenko Oleg V. ,   Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Procedure of the Ulyanovsk State University, PhD (Law)
Published: July 2024

Purpose. To develop scientifically based proposals to improve the criminal procedural activities of the prosecutor, as well as to enhance his role as a subject of criminal policy to combat crime. Methodology: dialectical, formal legal, comparative, logical, and a number of other research methods were used. Conclusion. The Prosecutor›s Office should be understood as the prosecutorial power of the State, whose representatives are authorized by law to bring charges before the court and, through its support in court, to seek the application of measures of criminal legal influence to persons guilty of committing crimes. The Prosecutor›s Office is obliged to counteract crime directly, as well as through the leadership of all law enforcement agencies authorized to identify, investigate, disclose crimes, bring charges before the court and expose persons accused of crimes. The Prosecutor General of Russia, as the head of the prosecuting authority, should be authorized to develop a course of criminal policy, ensure its practical implementation in the activities of preliminary investigation and operational investigative activities and be responsible for the results of its implementation, embodied in a state of legality. Scientific and practical significance. The scientific and practical significance of the results obtained consists in substantiating scientifically sound recommendations on expanding the powers of the prosecutor as a subject of criminal policy to combat crime. The results obtained in the course of the conducted research can be implemented both during further scientific research and in the course of educational activities (in lecture courses, in the preparation of curricula and special courses).
Financial and Legal Aspects of the Development of Creative Economy in Russia
Authors: Savina Anna V. ,   Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law of the Institute of Law and National Security
Published: July 2024

The development of cultural policy, creative industries and innovations, as well as the achievement of economic success both domestically and internationally, is one of the global tasks set by the modern Russian state. It is difficult to overestimate the role of public authorities' participation in these processes through financial support for various events and projects. At the present stage, public financial activity permeates all spheres of the economy, contributing to their development and replication of successful technologies. In order to unify legal regulation in the field of creative industries at the legislative level and in accordance with the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation, a draft law has been developed that establishes the foundations of state support for creative industries, an important role among which is given to measures of financial and property support for these entities. Within the framework of this article, the role of and a comparative characteristic of certain types of state support for subjects of creative industries (targeted financial and property) is given. The importance of public financial activity for the development of the creative economy has been studied, and the nature of the impact of developing creative industries on public interests, modern demands of society and, as a result, on public finance in general has been assessed. Special attention is paid to the principles of implementation of state policy in the field of development of creative industries and creative entrepreneurship.
Formación profesional de enfermeras en el contexto pospandemia de la nueva normalidad en una universidad pública
Authors: Incalla Flores Isabel , Núñez Vásquez María Belén
Published: July 2024

Objetivo: Identificar la modalidad en la formación preferida por los estudiantes de enfermería para el nuevo contexto pospandemia en una universidad pública. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo comparativo de corte transversal con 136 estudiantes, grupo de primer año con 77estudiantes   y grupo de quinto año con 59 estudiantes, muestra no probabilística por conveniencia, los datos se recolectaron en modalidad virtual con una escala Likert en Google Forms, con una confiabilidad de 0.70 de coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Ambos grupos manifiestan estar satisfechos con el logro de competencias teóricas mediante educación virtual, quinto año 44,07% y primer año 36,36%, satisfechos con la capacitación docente 37,29% los de quinto año y 37,66% los del primer año. Los estudiantes del quinto año regularmente satisfechos (35,59%) con el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje y el primer año satisfecho (40,26%).  El quinto año presenta insatisfacción con el logro de competencias prácticas (27,12%) y primer año muestra regular satisfacción (28,57%). La opinión de los estudiantes de primero y quinto año muestra diferencias significativas en la preferencia de la educación virtual para el logro de competencias teóricas y sobre la capacitación docente. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de primero y quinto año opinan a favor de la permanencia de formación en la modalidad híbrida; sin embargo, el rechazo por la modalidad virtual es mayor en los estudiantes de quinto año.
Estudio histológico de las glándulas de meibomio en la llama (Lama glama)
Authors: Ramirez Huanca Julio Enrique , Paredes Baca Fernando Samuel
Published: July 2024

El objetivo del estudio fue describir histológicamente las características estructurales de las glándulas de meibomio en la llama (Lama glama). Estas glándulas se encuentran anexas al ojo y contribuyen en la formación de una de las capas de la película lagrimal encargada de proteger la córnea del ojo. Se colectaron muestras de globos oculares, incluido los párpados, de cinco llamas jóvenes, a las cuales se les diseccionó y extrajo las glándulas de meibomio. Las muestras se almacenaron en formol tamponado al 10 % y se procesaron bajo la técnica de inclusión en parafina. Se cortaron, tiñeron y analizaron en el microscopio. Las glándulas presentaron gran cantidad de adenómeros saculares compuestos, rodeados de tejido conectivo conformado por fibras de colágeno y vasos sanguíneos. Se observan conductos excretores menores y mayores revestidos por un epitelio estratificado plano no queratinizado. Los adenómeros muestran meibocitos basales que son pequeños y redondos, meibocitos centrales de forma poliédrica que contienen vesículas lipídicas y meibocitos superficiales con núcleos picnóticos, que posteriormente se desintegran y muestran sus restos en la luz de los conductos. La comparación con la literatura permite concluir que existe una coincidencia con otras especies respecto al tipo de adenómero y tipos celulares. En cuanto a la cantidad de adenómeros, hay similitud con el camello dromedario; además, las glándulas de meibomio en las llamas son más numerosas que en otras especies y que podrían ser una adaptación de esta especie.
Evaluación de las características morfométricas de las subcuencas de la región Grijalva-Villahermosa (RH30D) en el sureste de México
Authors: Medrano-Pérez Ojilve Ramón , Sanaphre-Villanueva Lucia , Juárez-Rodríguez María José
Published: July 2024

El análisis morfométrico es clave para identificar y establecer comparaciones entre las diferentes características geomorfológicas, topográficas, morfodinámica e hidrológica en cuencas hidrográficas con limitaciones en la información climática. El sureste de México se ha caracterizado por recurrentes eventos de inundación y la vulnerabilidad a los efectos adversos asociados. El principal objetivo de la investigación es evaluar las relaciones estadísticas de 12 parámetros morfométricos y examinar su significado para agrupar las subcuencas con características morfométricas similares, y así analizar la homogeneidad en el comportamiento morfodinámico e hidrológico en las 26 subcuencas de la Región Hidrológica Grijalva-Villahermosa (RH30D) del sureste de México. Los resultados revelaron cuatro grupos de subcuencas distintos. El grupo 1 mostró correlaciones positivas con patrones de drenaje eficientes, mientras que el grupo 4 se asoció a tendencias de inundación debido a avenidas fuertes y grandes caudales. Aunque los grupos 2 y 3 presentaron valores cercanos a la media en la mayoría de los parámetros, se observan diferencias al tener valores inversos para Relación de Bifurcación (RB) y Frecuencia de corrientes. Por un lado, el grupo 3 presenta patrones de drenaje controlados por estructuras geológicas (altos valores de RB), el grupo 2 muestra un alto número de corrientes por unidad de área, de lo que se infiere respuestas hidrológicas más rápidas. Se busca contribuir al conocimiento, la investigación y toma de decisión en los temas relacionados.
Temporary protection of persons displaced from Ukraine
Authors: Simentić Popović Janja , Sandić Goran
Published: July 2024

The armed conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine has profoundly impacted the lives of people in these courtiers, particularly in Ukraine. Due to the conflict, nearly 8 million individuals have been displaced from Ukraine, a statistic reported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2023. These displaced persons have sought refuge in various regions, notably within EU and Western Balkan countries. In response to the massive influx of people from Ukraine, the EU activated the temporary protection mechanism for the first time. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the temporary protection provided to displaced persons from Ukraine represents an appropriate form of international protection or is rather an instrument by which states tried to manage the large migratory flow that followed as result of the conflict. While acknowledging the critical role of temporary protection in safeguarding individuals affected by armed conflict, we propose that its activation was primarily driven by interests related to managing migration flows. To support this claim, we will examine the following aspects: the political nature and influence in the activation of temporary protection; the potential for temporary protection to obscure the diverse needs of those fleeing Ukraine thereby impacting their legal status determination; and the impending expiration of temporary protection, along with the lack of a publicly discussed adequate exit strategy by EU, and subsequently Serbia, which risks leaving those under temporary protection in a state of legal uncertainty.
Održivo upravljanje otpadom u teoriji i praksi
Authors: Miković Ivan , Kekez Anka
Published: July 2024

Održivo upravljanje otpadom jedno je od ključnih tematskih područja koje su države Europske unije dužne implementirati u odnosu na europski okolišni acquis. Važan cilj acquisa je uspostava zero waste modela gospodarenjem otpadom koji podrazumijeva multidisciplinaran pristup s ciljem očuvanja svih resursa odgovornom proizvodnjom, potrošnjom, ponovnom uporabom i oporabom proizvoda, ambalaže i materijala bez spaljivanja i ispuštanja u zemlju, vodu ili zrak koji ugrožavaju okoliš ili živote ljudi. Ovaj rad ima za cilj pružiti strukturiran opis organizacije gospodarenjem komunalnim otpadom u zero waste modelu koji je istovremeno obuhvatan i detaljan. Slučaj na kojem gradimo opis dolazi iz hrvatske regije Donjeg Međimurja s glavnim fokusom na grad Prelog kao referentnom točkom proučavanja, pri čemu se nastoji odgovoriti na istraživačko pitanje: Kako je organizirano upravljanje otpadom na lokalnoj razini u zero waste modelu. Temeljem analize dokumenata i intervjua s ključnim dionicima sustava gospodarenja otpadom, rad detektira ključne elemente zero waste modela: 1) održivi ciljevi lokalnih strateških dokumenata, 2) djelotvorna mreža aktera (EU, nadležno ministarstvo, lokalna samouprava, pružatelji komunalne usluge, nevladin sektor, građani), 3) uspostavljeni suradnički odnosi među akterima, 4) korištenje modernih i participativnih instrumenata javnih politika i 5) aktivna uloga građana.
APPLICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF SCANNING AND TRANSMISSIONELECTRON MICROSCOPES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Ullah Nabi , Aman Qazi Raina , Ullah Sami , Khan Saraf
Published: July 2024

Recent developments in nanoscience and technology have increased the importance of electron microscopes, specifically the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), in almost all fields of science and technology. Electron microscopes provide information such as morphology, composition, crystal struc-ture, and crystal phase. They have the capability to confirm the formation of required products and also provide infor-mation on any defects that may occur in the product. SEM and TEM have been used in various disciplines including chemistry, physics, biology, pharmacy, archaeology, materials science, agriculture, soil science, environmental science, forensic sciences, civil engineering, and electronic engineering. All these features and advantages of electron micro-scopes contribute to their importance in academic as well as industrial research, thereby enriching the development and growth of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
The Influence of Organizational Culture on Procurement Practices: A Multi-industry Perspective
Authors: Cooper Mason
Published: July 2024

This qualitative study investigates the influence of organizational culture on procurement practices across multiple industries, aiming to enrich understanding of how cultural dynamics shape decision-making, supplier relationships, and strategic outcomes within procurement departments. Through semi-structured interviews with procurement professionals, organizational leaders, and industry experts, data were gathered to explore the impact of leadership styles, ethical frameworks, industry dynamics, and external influences on procurement strategies. Findings reveal that transformational leadership fosters innovation, strategic alignment, and long-term partnerships in procurement, whereas transactional and autocratic styles may prioritize cost efficiency over broader strategic goals. Ethical cultures within organizations significantly influence supplier selection criteria and procurement decisions, highlighting the importance of integrating ethical standards consistently to mitigate risks and enhance organizational reputation. Industry-specific dynamics necessitate adaptive procurement strategies tailored to technological advancements, regulatory requirements, and market conditions. Effective supplier relationship management practices, emphasizing trust, transparency, and mutual value creation, enhance procurement effectiveness and resilience. Organizational structures, including centralized, decentralized, and hybrid models, play crucial roles in optimizing procurement operations. Learning cultures promoting continuous improvement and knowledge sharing foster innovation and resilience in procurement practices. External factors such as market volatility, regulatory changes, and geopolitical risks underscore the need for adaptive procurement strategies and robust risk management practices. This study contributes to theoretical insights and practical implications for aligning organizational culture with strategic procurement objectives to optimize effectiveness, mitigate risks, and drive sustainable value creation across supply chains.
Sliver Spall Mitigation Field Investigation, Laboratory Study, and Mixture Proportioning Analysis
Authors: Tibbetts Caitlin , Scott Dylan , Shannon Jameson , Tingle Jeb
Published: July 2024

A combined field and laboratory study was conducted to identify factors contributing to sliver spall of concrete pavements and recommend avenues for prevention. In this study, spall density maps of eight airfields were created, and cores were taken for petrographic analysis. A companion laboratory study evaluated nondestructive testing equipment for identifying concrete prone to sliver spalling. Concrete mix designs with good and poor performance were analyzed for trends in mixture proportioning and aggregate gradation. Spall density mapping indicated sliver spalling was more likely to occur on longitudinal joints and that the distress was not solely a material or mixture design–related issue. The laboratory study concluded that surface resistivity measurements were able to differentiate edge- finishing techniques (normal versus overworked, mortar-rich edge) after seven days of curing. An analysis of particle packing theory and mixture proportioning trends showed there was substantial overlap in the gradations for good and poor performing pavement. Thus, acceptable mixture designs can produce poor quality pavement if not constructed properly. The main contributors to early age sliver spalling of concrete airfield pavement occur during pavement construction.
The Distribution of Pusako Randah Property in Minangkabau Society: Between Cultural Tradition and Islamic Law Provision
Authors: Nofialdi Nofialdi , Rianti Siska
Published: July 2024

This article discusses the distribution of pusako randah property by the Minangkabau people. Pusako randah property is distributed when parents, as the property owner, are still alive and distributed only to daughters (daughter-based distribution). Whereas, according to the consensus of Tungku Tigo Sajarangan attended by ulama, ninik mamak, and intellectuals-scholar in 1952, the distribution of pusako randah property should be executed using farāid mechanism. Some data are obtained from in-depth interviews with six custom figures. The finding of this research reveals that the distribution of pusako randah property is not only executed after the death of parents but also divided before the parents’ death. Besides, pusako randah property is intended only for daughters, while sons do not have a right to inheritance property. Distribution agreement of assets while parents are still alive in Islam is categorized as a gift (hibah) to anticipate (sadd al-dzari'ah) potential property disputes after parents die. In the inheritance traditions of other Minangkabau people, the distribution agreement of assets when the parents are still alive while the transfer after the parents die could be categorized as a will distribution (waṣiah). However, the distribution still exceeds one-third of the total assets. The allocation of inheritance only to daughters is a tradition that deviates from the Tungku Tigo Sajarangan consensus, even though the aim is to realize a universal benefit.
 Keywords: Inheritance distribution, pusako randah property, Minangkabau
Muslim-Malay Women in Political Leadership: Navigating Challenges and Shaping the Future
Authors: Ramli Mohd Anuar , Syed Jaafar Syed Mohd  Jeffri , Md Ariffin Mohd Farhan , Kasa Annuar Ramadhon , Qotadah Hudzaifah Achmad , Achmad Adang Darmawan , Siswanto Siswanto
Published: July 2024

Women's participation in politics, particularly in leadership roles, remains a contentious topic within Muslim communities. This situation is due primarily to the prevalent interpretation that men are inherently more qualified for national leadership positions, as influenced by the patriarchal structure of society and persistent stereotypes that undermine women's capabilities. These cultural and societal barriers hinder women's ascension to the highest echelons of political power, especially in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. This study seeks to analyze Islamic jurisprudence originating from the Quran and hadith interpretation of women's status to address the common misconception that Islam inherently supports misogyny. It then contextually puts the analysis of Malay women's obstacles in achieving political leadership in Malaysia and Indonesia. This socio-legal research is aimed at understanding the complexities of gender-based challenges in political settings caused by prevailing non-moderate interpretation of Sharia sources combined with patriarchal culture in the Malay world. It reveals that historically, in Malay, women have been entrusted with national leadership responsibilities. Similarly, from an Islamic perspective, there appears to be a misinterpretation of hadith regarding the prohibition of appointing women as national leaders. Thus, this traditional culture that permits women to hold leadership positions must be re-polished because women can utilize their liberties, including leadership, previously denied by non-moderate views.
The Reality of Violence Against Wives: Dynamics of Social Settlement and Support in Lamongan, East Java
Authors: Sabri Fahruddin Ali , Rohmah Linda Farihatur , Ghufron Muhammad , Hadi Mukhammad Nur , Musafa'ah Suqiyah , Nadhifah Nurul Asiya
Published: July 2024

As a hidden crime, violence against wives is considered a disgrace to be discussed in public, especially reported to state and non-state actors. At first, victims feel able to resolve violence without outside intervention from outside their household, but repetition after repetition of violence requires them to choose what kind of resolution is right for them. This choice should be made after they have the support of individuals in their social environment. This study aims to explore the knowledge and experience of victims of violence against wives in choosing one among legal norms favorable to them. This study uses a critical realist approach by collecting qualitative data with dialogue techniques and observations of three women who were victims and six people who provided support to victims. We conclude that victims experience a dynamic psychological state, where initially, they always try to maintain the integrity of their household. The dominance of men and the subordination of women as a reality of cultural norms are essential factors in choosing ways of resolving conflicts at the community level, and we consider that the community has succeeded in providing social support to victims so that victims feel they get help and defense. However, we hope that this social support can be carried out through structured, systematic, and massive protection of victims of violence from State and non-state actors while considering the cultural norms of the community and supporting the identification of violence.
Determination of the Minimum Age Limit for Marriage: Balancing Legal Supremacy and the Objectives of Sharia in Indonesian Marriage Law
Authors: Fausi Achmad , Asmuni Asmuni
Published: July 2024

Based on the new Indonesian marriage law provision, marriage is only permitted if the man and woman have reached the age of 19 years. Since then, a relatively high violation of marriage law has occurred, marked by the practice of early marriages for children. Thus, the function of law as a tool of social engineering and a means of order does not work well. The research is a normative legal study that utilized the State of Law Theory, the Law Protection Theory, and the Maqāṣid Sharia to analyze the loophole in Indonesian marriage law provisions on minimum age of marriage, application for an early age marriage, officialization of unregistered early age marriage, and their practice in the Religious Court. This study reveals that the law supremacy of lowering the minimum age of marriage has the noble purpose of safeguarding religion (hifẓ al-din) through marriage at the appropriate age, the soul (hifẓ al-nafs) from the threat of death through children marriage, the mind (hifẓ al-aql) through the provision of opportunities for higher education, the offspring (hifẓ al-nasl) from the threat of stunting and miscarriages, and property (hifẓ al-māl) from the threat of poverty as a result of children being denied their right to an education. Therefore, upholding the primacy of benefit (maṣlahat) and rejecting damage is the desired outcome of the legislation limiting the age of marriage. By increasing the minimum marriage age, Indonesian law has created a breakthrough in unifying the state and Islamic legal norms, with one of its sources being 'urf (customs or practices of a society).
Oedipus as Myself and as Other: Sophocles’ Tragedy Oedipus Rex in La Violence et le Sacré by René Girard Part I
Authors: Monin Maxim ,   Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Published: July 2024

The article examines the theory of violence of the philosopher Rene Girard and the role that Girard’s interpretation of Sophocles’ tragedy Oedipus Rex plays in it. Since the story of Oedipus has repeatedly been the subject of consideration, in particular, by psychoanalysis and structuralism, and since Girard’s own inter­pretation continues and at the same time polemicizes with these interpretations, the article examines the story of Oedipus taking into account the broad context of its modern philosophical, literary, and historical explanations. At the same time, the story of Oedipus itself is analyzed as a sequential layering of levels called in the article “mythological”, “family” and “political”. The article argues that almost all interpretations of the story of Oedipus consider one of these levels as the main one, and, therefore, can also be divided into three types. The inter­pretation of the story of Oedipus in Girard’s theory, in accordance with this ty­pology, belongs to those that consider primarily its political aspect, which makes it close to modern problems, but at the same time vulnerable to criticism, since, in accordance with the logic of this interpretation, Oedipus is deprived of the quali­ties of a character, turning into a toy of impersonal processes, which significantly distorts the meaning of Sophocles’ tragedy in its “classical reading”.
The Idea, Role and Function of the Sheikh in Sufism
Authors: Sejin Jung ,   Hanyang University
Published: July 2024

Sufism is a philosophy among religions and a religion among philosophies. In the circle of religions, it appears as a philosophy due to the freedom of thought characteristic of Sufism; Among philosophical systems, it seems to be a religion due to the fact that the Sufi worships God and devotes himself to him. A Sufi is a lover of truth, one who, through love and devotion, moves towards truth and perfection, which in reality are the aspirations of all people. Spiritual seekers fol­lowing the Sufi path entrust the process of their spiritual awakening to a sheikh – a spiritual mentor who monitors the spiritual well-being of his students and the implementation of their awakening. The sheikh guides travelers along the path of disappearance of selfhood in God, leading them to eternal life in God. The sheikh’s disciples are murids, that is, people who want to follow the indi­cated path. The Sufi traveled thousands of miles in search of a master, that per­son with whom he could take the first step beyond the boundaries of the known. From the most talented students, the sheikh chose his successor, the one who was to continue studying the tariqa after him or lead the dissemination of Sufi ideas in new regions. The sheikh transferred the right to teach students to his successor and gave his blessing for this.
The Riddle of Ilyenkov’s Last Book: Why Did A.A. Bogdanov Turn out to be His Final Opponent?
Authors: Pushchaev Yuriy ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University,   Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2024

The article is devoted to the analysis of significance of the last book by E.V. Ilyenkov Leninist dialectics and metaphysics of positivism. Despite the fre­quent judgments that this book is not a successful work of the philosopher, it is proved that, on the contrary, it is very important, because, in fact, it is his dying final ideological testament. Since this book by Ilyenkov is devoted to the analy­sis of Materialism and Empirio-criticism by V.I. Lenin, the article argues for the non-triviality of this Lenin’s book, and this also contradicts the frequent opinions that it tells only about the “basic truths of materialism”. The article also analyzes the philosophy of A.A. Bogdanov as the main deathbed opponent of Ilyenkov in absentia and shows the originality of his version of philoso­phy in the context of the Marxist philosophical tradition. The final conclusion of the article is that, under the guise and in the person of Bogdanov and Russian machism, Ilyenkov criticized the stagnation current in Soviet society and the So­viet state under Brezhnev, the theoretical and socio-political stagnation, incom­patible in his opinion with the desired further movement towards communism according to Marx and Lenin, because the three “whales” or logical foundations of Machism highlighted by Ilyenkov in the book – the principles of balance, economy of forces and organization – are at the same time a description of those principles that became decisive in the USSR in the 1970s, in the lives of ordi­nary Soviet people, and in leading party politics, in Soviet reality as a whole.
On the Dialectic of the Real and the Ideal: Evald Ilyenkov and the Russian Epistemological Tradition
Authors: Khamidov Alexandr ,   Independent Researcher, Shchedrina Tatiana ,   Institute of Social and Humanitarian Education, Moscow State Pedagogical University
Published: July 2024

The article is devoted to rethinking the place and role of Evald Vasilyevich Ilyen­kov in the Russian epistemological tradition. His interpretation of the dialectic of the real and the ideal (in German: Ideelle) turns out to be strikingly consonant with the intellectual searches of Russian philosophers of the first half of the twen­tieth century (G.G. Shpet, P.A. Florensky, M.M. Bakhtin, A.F. Losev, etc.), who turned (each in their own way) to understanding the phenomena of the social world. This consonance for a long time remained outside the scope of research attention, and meanwhile, immersing the concept of Ilyenkov’s “ideal” in the con­text of “positive philosophy” on Russian soil becomes relevant today for identi­fying continuity in the development of Russian philosophy as an integral cultural and historical phenomenon. Despite the apparent paradox, Ilyenkov, postulating the “ideal” as “really” existing, turns out to be much closer to the Russian philo­sophical tradition than the certain “socio-ideological” conjuncture of his time al­lowed to imagine. Exploring the “logic” of Marx’s “Capital”, Ilyenkov discovers a special layer of reality that exists exclusively in the social world and requires understanding. He became the first in Soviet philosophy who not only under­stood the concept of the “ideal” Marx, but also developed it, i.e. revealed the ex­istence of the ideal in the sense of Ideelle not only in the external body of cul­ture, which is the merit of K. Marx, but also in the inner spiritual world of man. In conclusion, the need to specify the concept of E.V. Ilyenkov is noted by com­paring it with the ideas of Russian philosophers, in particular with the reasoning of M.M. Bakhtin about the relationship between architectonic and compositional forms, content and matter (material).
How is Mozart Possible? On the Electoral Affinity of the Solutions of N. Elias and E. Ilyenkov
Authors: Ivashchuk Olga ,   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Published: July 2024

The author analyzes two approaches to the nature of genius. In the first, Kantian, geniality is linked to the creation of beauty. However, it is innate and remains incomprehensible. The foundations of the approach that claims to reconstruct the sociogenesis of talent and genius were laid by the logic of Hegel but were de­veloped into a theory only in the 20th century through the efforts of only two inde­pendent lines of research: N. Elias’s “post-philosophical sociology” and the phi­losophy of E.V. Ilyenkov, who collaborated with A.I. Meshcheryakov’s group. The analysis shows that both Elias and Ilyenkov reveal a special dimension of so­cial history, the consideration of which is decisive to the success of the socio­genetic explanation of genius: the balance of social power of historical subjects. Tracing the dynamics of this balance allows us to assert that the Kantian model ex­presses the functioning of a certain social canon of behavior and feeling – the aris­tocratic one. Under its dominance art cannot rise above the level of craftsmanship. N. Elias shows that high art begins with the overcoming of this canon and the emergence of the canon of a constant deviation from traditional paths. But the vic­tory of the individualizing canon, which gives priority to artists, by no means guar­antees the emergence of geniuses. On the contrary, it turns art into art for profes­sionals, a sophisticated craft technique, and the sociogenesis of a genius apparently comes to a dead end. At this point philosophical sociopsychology, which arose in the collaboration of E.V. Ilyenkov and A.I. Meshcheryakov, as the author shows, provides the missing link in Elias’s considerations, which is capable of restoring the power of Elias's argument and substantiating his discoveries.
“Language barrier” in theories of mind and limitations of the computational approach
Authors: Baryshnikov Pavel ,   Pyatigorsk State University
Published: July 2024

This paper examines from a special perspective the problem of methodological limita­tions of the computational approach in the philosophy of mind and empirical sciences. The main goal is to consistently substantiate the dependence of philosophical “metaphori­cal dictionaries” on advances in the field of computer science, historical contexts of epis­temology, formal and methodological limitations of algorithmic and computational proce­dures. The key idea is that despite the success of computational models in empirical re­search, their conceptual level does not allow us to correctly formulate the question of the ontology of consciousness. Computationalism in philosophical theories of con­sciousness is presented as a practice of word usage, which posits systems of consistent descriptions of the information properties of consciousness and cognitive processes within the framework of certain methodological rules. The limitations of the computa­tional approach are associated with the lack of a scientific theory of subjectivity, the fun­damental irreducibility of external properties of consciousness to internal states, and fun­damental restrictions on the completeness and consistency of computer mathematics. A classification of several anti-computational programs has been carried out. The article discusses various limitations of computational approaches, such as: the complexity of for­malizing nonlinear and hidden processes, the dependence of emotions and intuition on the situational context and individual differences, the difficulty of predicting the emerg­ing properties of autonomous and autopoietic systems, and the limitations associated with non-standard computational processes of quantum and dynamic phenomena. A special role is given to the problem of set-theoretic reductive realism within the framework of mathe­matical structuralism and some aspects of p-adic number systems as a possible alternative to a “universal language” for the computational philosophy of consciousness.
Some arguments in favor of embodied cognition
Authors: Boroday Sergey ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2024

The article criticizes a number of assumptions of the disembodied approach to mind, ac­cording to which human mind and higher cognitive capacities can be represented without a human body or without a body part outside the brain; the bodily correlate of mind is the human brain; mind and cognition can be conceptualized as computation. In contrast, arguments for the conception of embodied cognition are presented: 1) the prototypical form of mind is impossible without natural language, and language is impossible without the body; 2) the brain-in-a-vat mental experiment is inadequate because the individual brain mirrors idiosyncratic experiences associated with the body that cannot be translated into extramodal “information”; the brain cannot be isolated from the rest of the nervous system and the body as a whole, and the fullest understanding of nervous system func­tioning is possible only from comparative-evolutionary, ontogenetic, and cultural per­spectives; 3) biological processes and those involving conscious states cannot be reduced to “computation” because of the incommensurability of ontologies.
Socialism is personalism: Nikolai Berdyaev about the “proper” social organization
Authors: Makarova Anna ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2024

The article examines the attitude of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdyaev (1874–1948) to the main features of socialism and his criticism of the weaknesses of the socialist so­cial order (the idea of equality, ineffective work ethic, chiliastic sentiments, profanation of Christian values, etc.). It is noted that Berdyaev is undoubtedly a socialist-oriented thinker, and his critical attitude towards the forms of socialist manifestation is associated with the fact that Berdyaev had his own vision of the “target” state of the socialist sys­tem, that may be called “personalistic socialism”. The article examines the main features of personalistic socialism proposed by Berdyaev: justification of inequality and defense of the principle of hierarchism, protection of personal freedom, proper attitude towards work (labor as service to one’s neighbor, as the revelation of the creative potential), “new economic psychology”, and, in contrast to already embodied forms of socialism, Berdyaev declares, that the goal of personalistic socialism is the creation of a classless society. The third part of the article attempts to reconstruct Berdyaev’s “social-philoso­phical dream”, while substantiating the philosopher’s lack of ambition for political action and the creation of a political project of personalistic socialism. In order to reconstruct the ideas of Berdyaev, the author uses texts from different periods of his work: “New Re­ligious Consciousness and Society” (1907), “Philosophy of Inequality” (1918), “Self-Knowledge” (1949), as well as articles from the 1930s: “On Social Personalism (1933), “Personalism and Marxism” (1935), “On modern nationalism” (1938), etc.
Mythological foundations of rationality
Authors: Rodzinsky Dmitry ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: July 2024

The paper makes an analytical attempt to determine the nature of the connections between myth and science, irrationality and rationality. In this regard, we see the purpose of our work in the definition of myth and the reconstruction of mythological consciousness, which is not only the first, but also a more effective way of mastering the world in comparison with the rational method. The stated goal consistently solves four tasks, the first of which is to determine the nature of the mythological image. The solution of the second problem will reveal the mechanism of the transition of mythological consciousness into a universal method of thinking – generalization. The answers to the questions of the third task will allow us to describe the “conditions of transition” of mental generalization into a similar form of rational thinking. The solution of the fourth problem will make it possible to substantiate the position that the mythological image is the alpha and omega or the beginning and end of rational thinking. For this purpose, the text explains how the myth revealed itself in four universal principles of being and thinking: “everything in everything”, “like begets like”, “what is above, is below” and “the secret controls the obvious”. Four unconscious aspects of the manifestation of mythological thinking are derived from them: syncretism, similarity, analogy and heuristics, which will later turn into a universal formula of rationality. To substantiate such a transition, a consistent connection of an unconscious mythological image with a mental generalization is revealed, which then turns into rationality. This is manifested in the fact that the imaginary image of mythological consciousness reveals its significant influence on the mental process of generalizing particular events in which the imaginative perception of the world sees the future. This is possible because the four properties of mental generalization correspond to similar characteristics of rational thinking. As a result, it is concluded that the process of generalization is a household form of rationality, and rationality becomes an optimized or enhanced type of everyday generalization. The research becomes an attempt to analytically substantiate the “supra-rational” content of the mythological image, which acts as an inexhaustible archive, a source of rational thinking, offering one of the possible options for the transformation of the myth into a rational “logos”.
Computational epistemology projects
Authors: Alekseeva Ekaterina ,   State Academic University for the Humanities
Published: July 2024

The article is devoted to the currently actively developing philosophical research approach – computer epistemology. Computational epistemology is epistemological research, one of the key methodological components of which is the use of computer tools that allow one to obtain non-trivial conclusions. Despite the fact that the history of the use of computer technologies in the framework of philosophical research has been going on for more than twenty years, this area has begun to develop actively quite recently. This is connected with the widespread introduction of computer technologies into everyday life, and with the development of computer research tools proper, and with a change in certain attitudes within the philosophical community. It is assumed that computer epistemology, as part of computer philosophy, is part of the digital humanities, but it does not just use computer tools, but changes the very way of philosophical thinking. The article gives a definition of computer epistemology in the context of computer philosophy in general, shows that there are several concepts related to the use of digital technologies in philosophical, in particular epistemological, research, considers the relevance of the very concept of computer epistemology. The article also proposes a classification of approaches in the field of computer epistemology, which can be extrapolated to computer philosophy in general. It is proposed to distinguish two types of approaches in the field of computer epistemology: the first is model and agent-oriented, the second is data-oriented. The article analyzes the difference between their epistemological and technical foundations, and also provides vivid examples of the application of these approaches in epistemological research. The point of view is considered, according to which computer modeling can become a key epistemological and philosophical method in general, arguments are given both “for” and “against” this statement. An assumption is also made about possible further scenarios for the development of computer epistemology. It is assumed that the foundation of intellectual experience by computer technologies will lead to a situation where computer epistemology will become one of the key areas of epistemological research.
Deep Learning-Enabled Transformation of Scanning Superlens Microscopy Images into Scanning Electron Microscopy-like Large Depth-of-Field Images
Authors: SUN Hui , LUO Hao , Wang Feifei , CHEN Qingjiu , CHEN Meng , WANG Xiaoduo , YU Haibo , ZHANG Guanglie , Liu Lianqing , WANG Jianping , WU Dapeng , Li Wen Jung
Published: July 2024

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enables nanoscale imaging but requires vacuum environments and coating samples with conductive films. We present a deep learning approach to transform optical super-resolution (OSR) microscopy images into SEM-like images without these limitations. Our custom scanning superlens microscopy system acquires OSR images down to ~80 nm without coatings or vacuum. A generative adversarial network (GAN) model is trained on paired OSR and SEM images to learn the mapping between domains. The model is then used to transform previously unseen OSR test images. Quantitative analysis shows the reconstructed images achieve a mean peak signal-to-noise ratio 0.74 dB higher than the input OSR images. Qualitative assessment further demonstrates the model's ability to generate results with high structural detail. This technique overcomes key SEM constraints while preserving nanoscale resolution, promising wide applicability for challenges such as chip-level defect detection and biological sample analysis where coating or vacuum requirements pose obstacles.