bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Gray’s (1988) Accounting Values to Explain Differing Levels of Implementation of IFRS
Authors: Braun Gary , Rodriguez, Jr. Ramon P.
Published: August 2014

We examine the effect of measurement and disclosure related accounting values on the level of use of IFRS in 42 countries. The decision to undertake the cost associated with replacing current domestic GAAP with a set of foreign constructed accounting standards must be justified with many benefits. These benefits, such as high quality financial statements and increased transparency, are valued differently by countries with differing accounting values. We find empirical support for the hesitancy of countries that value conservatism and secrecy to fully implement IFRS. As an additional test, we use recent data gathered from the IAS Plus website. This more recent test of the effect of measurement and disclosure related accounting values on the level of use of IFRS failed to empirically support the hesitancy of countries that value conservatism and secrecy to require or allow the use of IFRS.
Le rôle des familles au sein du système de santé mentale au Québec
Authors: Bonin Jean-Pierre , Chicoine Gabrielle , Fradet Hélène , Larue Caroline , Racine Hélène , Jacques Marie-Claude , St-Cyr Tribble Denise
Published: August 2014

Cet article vise à résumer l’état des lieux quant au rôle des familles de personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux au sein du système de santé mentale au Québec. À cet effet, un rappel historique permet de mettre en perspective les différents rôles occupés par les familles, d’agent causal, tant au point de vue de la générique que des émotions exprimées, à prestataire de soins qui peut vivre du fardeau et finalement partenaire. Un modèle élaboré par la FFAPAMM et qui identifie trois rôles principaux permet de contextualiser le rôle actuel dans le système. Ce modèle, intitulé CAP, regroupe et décrit trois rôles des familles qui, s’ils sont tributaires du passé, continuent de se côtoyer à notre époque : celui de client, d’accompagnateur et finalement de partenaire. Des recommandations provenant d’un projet de recherche québécois et d’un rapport de la Commission de santé mentale du Canada permettront d’envisager un avenir où les besoins et les aspirations des familles seront pris en compte.
L’effet de l’âge, du genre et du statut socioéconomique sur l’utilisation des services de médecine générale pour des symptômes de détresse psychologique
Authors: Préville Michel , Gontijo-Guerra Samantha , Mechakra-Tahiri Samia-Djemaâ , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Lamoureux-Lamarche Catherine , Berbiche Djamal
Published: August 2014

Objectifs : L’objectif de cette étude était, premièrement, de documenter les propriétés psychométriques d’une mesure du statut socioéconomique des personnes âgées et, deuxièmement, de documenter l’effet du statut socioéconomique sur l’association entre le besoin ressenti d’améliorer sa santé mentale et l’utilisation des services de médecine générale par les personnes âgées en tenant compte de l’effet de l’âge et du genre.

Méthode : Les données utilisées pour cette étude proviennent de l’étude ESA (Enquête sur la santé des aînés) sur la santé mentale et le vieillissement, réalisée en 2005-2008 auprès d’un échantillon probabiliste (n = 2811) de la population âgée de 65 ans et plus vivant à domicile au Québec.

Résultats : Nos résultats ont montré qu’un modèle de mesure du statut socioéconomique des personnes âgées, incluant une dimension individuelle (SSE_I) et contextuelle (SSE_C) de défavorisation, était plausible. La fiabilité de la mesure du statut socioéconomique utilisée dans le cadre du programme de recherche ESA était de ,92. Nos résultats ont montré que les femmes (b = -,43) ainsi que les personnes plus âgées (b = -,16) avaient un statut socioéconomique plus défavorisé. Cependant, nos résultats n’ont montré aucune association significative entre le statut socioéconomique, la perception du besoin d’améliorer sa santé mentale et l’utilisation des services de médecine générale chez les personnes âgées au Québec.

Nos résultats ne confirment pas l’idée avancée dans d’autres études selon lesquelles le statut socioéconomique a un effet sur l’utilisation des services de médecine générale par les personnes âgées et suggèrent que, dans un contexte où les services de santé sont donnés dans le cadre d’un programme d’assurance public, le statut socioéconomique n’influence pas l’accès aux services de médecine générale chez les personnes âgées.
Periodicity and patterns of ocean wind and wave climate
Authors: Stopa Justin E. , Cheung Kwok Fai
Published: August 2014

The Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) provides a wealth of information spanning 1979–2009 for investigation of ocean wind and wave climate. Preprocessing of the data is necessary to remove the dominant seasonal signals and to create time series of semimonthly averaged wind speed and significant wave height over a 0.5° global grid. We perform an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to extract the dominant space‐time patterns. The results for the three major ocean basins show strong zonal structures in the winds and saturation of the swells corroborating prior works with various data sets. We reexamine the CFSR data in the frequency domain to identify periodic signals associated with published climate indices. The Fourier transform of the preprocessed time series generates spectra ranging from 1 month to 15 years period for an EOF analysis. The results demonstrate the spatial structures and periods of climate phenomena. The Arctic Oscillation dominates the Atlantic basin with a broad range of intra‐annual signals off the European coasts. The Indian and Pacific Oceans are strongly influenced by inter‐annual cycles of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Antarctica Oscillation. The Indian Ocean also has strong intra‐annual components ranging from 50 to 80 days period. The ENSO proves to be a ubiquitous signal around the globe, and in particular, saturates the Pacific with strong influences in the equatorial region and the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies. A commonality of all basins is that the magnitude and the spatial structure of the intra‐annual and inter‐annual signals are similar suggesting a wide range of periods in each of the climate cycles examined.
The benefits of using remotely sensed soil moisture in parameter identification of large‐scale hydrological models
Authors: Wanders N. , Bierkens M. F. P. , de Jong S. M. , de Roo A. , Karssenberg D.
Published: August 2014

Large‐scale hydrological models are nowadays mostly calibrated using observed discharge. As a result, a large part of the hydrological system, in particular the unsaturated zone, remains uncalibrated. Soil moisture observations from satellites have the potential to fill this gap. Here we evaluate the added value of remotely sensed soil moisture in calibration of large‐scale hydrological models by addressing two research questions: (1) Which parameters of hydrological models can be identified by calibration with remotely sensed soil moisture? (2) Does calibration with remotely sensed soil moisture lead to an improved calibration of hydrological models compared to calibration based only on discharge observations, such that this leads to improved simulations of soil moisture content and discharge? A dual state and parameter Ensemble Kalman Filter is used to calibrate the hydrological model LISFLOOD for the Upper Danube. Calibration is done using discharge and remotely sensed soil moisture acquired by AMSR‐E, SMOS, and ASCAT. Calibration with discharge data improves the estimation of groundwater and routing parameters. Calibration with only remotely sensed soil moisture results in an accurate identification of parameters related to land‐surface processes. For the Upper Danube upstream area up to 40,000 km2, calibration on both discharge and soil moisture results in a reduction by 10–30% in the RMSE for discharge simulations, compared to calibration on discharge alone. The conclusion is that remotely sensed soil moisture holds potential for calibration of hydrological models, leading to a better simulation of soil moisture content throughout the catchment and a better simulation of discharge in upstream areas.
Deep ocean early warning signals of an Atlantic MOC collapse
Authors: Feng Qing Yi , Viebahn Jan P. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: August 2014

A future collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) has been identified as one of the most dangerous tipping points in the climate system. It is therefore crucial to develop early warning indicators for such a potential collapse based on relatively short time series. So far, attempts to use indicators based on critical slowdown have been marginally successful. Based on complex climate network reconstruction, we here present a promising new indicator for the MOC collapse that efficiently monitors spatial changes in deep ocean circulation. Through our analysis of the performance of this indicator, we formulate optimal locations of measurement of the MOC to provide early warning signals of a collapse. Our results imply that an increase in spatial resolution of the Atlantic MOC observations (i.e., at more sections) can improve early detection, because the spatial coherence in the deep ocean arising near the transition is better captured.
Evolution of mass density and O+ concentration at geostationary orbit during storm and quiet events
Authors: Denton R. E. , Takahashi K. , Thomsen M. F. , Borovsky J. E. , Singer H. J. , Wang Y. , Goldstein J. , Brandt P. C. , Reinisch B. W.
Published: August 2014

We investigated mass density ρm and O+ concentration ηO+≡nO+/ne (where nO+ and ne are the O+ and electron density, respectively) during two events, one active and one more quiet. We found ρm from observations of Alfvén wave frequencies measured by the GOES, and we investigated composition by combining measurements of ρm with measurements of ion density nMPA,i from the Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer (MPA) instrument on Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft or ne from the Radio Plasma Imager instrument on the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration spacecraft. Using a simple assumption for the He+ density at solar maximum based on a statistical study, we found ηO+ values ranging from near zero to close to unity. For geostationary spacecraft that corotate with the Earth, sudden changes in density for both ρm and ne often appear between dusk and midnight magnetic local time, especially when Kp is significantly above zero. This probably indicates that the bulk (total) ions have energy below a few keV and that the satellites are crossing from closed or previously closed to open drift paths. During long periods that are geomagnetically quiet, the mass density varies little, but ne gradually refills leading to a gradual change in composition from low‐density plasma that is relatively cold and heavy (high‐average ion mass M ≡ ρm/ne) to high‐density plasma that is relatively cold and light (low M) plasmasphere‐like plasma. During active periods we observe a similar daily oscillation in plasma properties from the dayside to the nightside, with cold and light high‐density plasma (more plasmasphere‐like) on the dayside and hotter and more heavy low‐density plasma (more plasma sheet‐like) on the nightside. The value of ne is very dependent on whether it is measured inside or outside a plasmaspheric plume, while ρm is not. All of our results were found at solar maximum; previous results suggest that there will be much less O+ at solar minimum under all conditions.
Mush microphysics and the reactivation of crystal‐rich magma reservoirs
Authors: Parmigiani Andrea , Huber Christian , Bachmann Olivier
Published: August 2014

Reactivation and eruption of upper crustal crystal‐rich magma reservoirs (“crystal mushes”) following recharge has recently been invoked in numerous volcanic systems worldwide. Over the last few years, several models have been proposed for the reactivation of such mushes prior to or during eruptions. These models vary significantly in terms of predicted timescales associated with reactivation, because they assume that different physical mechanisms control the dynamics of this process. A common limitation of all the proposed models is that they parameterize the complex nonlinear multiphase dynamics that govern the evolution of these magmas in their open system reservoirs and rely on simple empirical laws. We argue that microscale physical models are a necessity if one wants to better constrain the evolution of these complex systems and the conditions that lead to eruption. As petrological observations of erupted mushes strongly support a thermal and fluid input from wet magma recharges, we have developed a pore‐scale multiphase heat and fluid transport model to understand the effect of a percolating fluid phase on the partial melting and reactivation of crystal mushes. Specifically, we use lattice Boltzmann calculations to reveal a counterintuitive feedback between volatile transport and melting in crystal‐rich environments. We find that partial melting, even at a low degree, can significantly reduce the efficiency of the buoyant migration of exsolved volatiles in the mush and therefore negatively impact the heat transfer upward during reactivation. This negative feedback between melting and volatile transport is expected to significantly affect the distribution of exsolved volatiles in the reservoirs, as well as the transport of trace species carried by the volatile phase (e.g., S, metals). The presence of a disperse magmatic volatile phase (unconnected bubbles) will also affect the thermomechanical properties of the mush during reactivation, making it more compressible and thermally less conductive.
Rupture and variable coupling behavior of the Mentawai segment of the Sunda megathrust during the supercycle culmination of 1797 to 1833
Authors: Philibosian Belle , Sieh Kerry , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Natawidjaja Danny H. , Chiang Hong‐Wei , Wu Chung‐Che , Perfettini Hugo , Shen Chuan‐Chou , Daryono Mudrik R. , Suwargadi Bambang W.
Published: August 2014

We refer to periods of subduction strain accumulation beneath the Mentawai Islands, Sumatra, as “supercycles,” because each culminates in a series of partial ruptures of the megathrust in its final decades. The finale of the previous supercycle comprised two giant earthquakes in 1797 and 1833 and whatever happened in between. This behavior between two great ruptures has implications for how the megathrust will behave between its more recent partial failure, during the Mw 8.4 earthquake of 2007, and subsequent large ruptures. We synthesize previously published coral microatoll records and a large new coral data set to constrain not only these two giant ruptures but also the intervening interseismic megathrust behavior. We present detailed maps of coseismic uplift during the two earthquakes and of interseismic deformation during the periods 1755–1833 and 1950–2000, as well as models of the corresponding slip and coupling on the underlying megathrust. The large magnitudes we derive (Mw 8.6–8.8 for 1797 and Mw 8.8–8.9 for 1833) confirm that the 2007 earthquakes released only a fraction of the moment released during the previous rupture sequence. Whereas megathrust behavior leading up to the 1797 and 2007 earthquakes was similar and comparatively simple, behavior between 1797 and 1833 was markedly different and more complex: several patches of the megathrust became weakly coupled following the 1797 earthquake. We conclude that while major earthquakes generally do not involve rupture of the entire Mentawai segment, they may significantly change the state of coupling on the megathrust for decades to follow, influencing the progression of subsequent ruptures.
Real‐time retrieval of precipitable water vapor from GPS precise point positioning
Authors: Yuan Yubin , Zhang Kefei , Rohm Witold , Choy Suelynn , Norman Robert , Wang Chuan‐Sheng
Published: August 2014

Sensing of precipitable water vapor (PWV) using the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been intensively investigated in the past 2 decades. However, it still remains a challenging task at a high temporal resolution and in the real‐time mode. In this study the accuracy of real‐time zenith total delay (ZTD) and PWV using the GPS precise point positioning (PPP) technique is investigated. GPS observations in a 1 month period from 20 globally distributed stations are selected for testing. The derived real‐time ZTDs at most stations agree well with the tropospheric products from the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service, and the root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) are <13 mm, which meet the threshold value of 15 mm if ZTDs are input to numerical weather prediction models. The RMSE of the retrieved PWVs in comparison with the radiosonde‐derived values are ≤3 mm, which is the threshold RMSE of PWVs as inputs to weather nowcasting. The theoretical accuracy of PWVs is also discussed, and 3 mm quality of PWVs is proved achievable in different temperature and humidity conditions. This implies that the real‐time GPS PPP technique can be complementary to current atmospheric sounding systems, especially for nowcasting of extreme weather due to its real‐time, all‐day, and all‐weather capabilities and high temporal resolutions.
On the use of modified Taylor diagrams to compare ionospheric assimilation models
Authors: Elvidge S. , Angling M. J. , Nava B.
Published: August 2014

This paper describes the construction and use of “modified Taylor diagrams” and the comparison of three real‐time assimilative ionospheric models. The paper expands on the work by McNamara et al. (2013) and serves as an addendum to that work. Modified Taylor diagrams provide an easy way of visualizing and comparing statistical information about a number of models, and for multiple parameters, simultaneously. Using modified Taylor diagrams has led to new conclusions about the models tested in McNamara et al. (2013); also, the comparison of the data ingestion version of NeQuick is included. It is shown that the modified NeQuick model performs comparably with the data assimilation models from McNamara et al. (2013) and in multiple cases also shows considerable improvement, such as in hmF2 at the Hermanus Digisonde station.
Spatial distribution and temporal variations of occurrence frequency of lightning whistlers observed by VLF/WBA onboard Akebono
Authors: Oike Yuta , Kasahara Yoshiya , Goto Yoshitaka
Published: August 2014

We statistically analyzed lightning whistlers detected from the analog waveform data below 15 kHz observed by the VLF instruments onboard Akebono. We examined the large amount of data obtained at Uchinoura Space Center in Japan for 22 years from 1989 to 2010. The lightning whistlers were mainly observed inside the L shell region below 2. Seasonal dependence of the occurrence frequency of lightning whistlers has two peaks around July to August and December to January. As lightning is most active in summer, in general, these two peaks correspond to summer in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively. Diurnal variation of the occurrence frequency showed that lightning whistlers begin to increase in the early evening and remain at a high‐occurrence level through the night with a peak around 21 in magnetic local time (MLT). This peak shifts toward nightside compared with lightning activity, which begins to rise around noon and peaks in the late afternoon. This trend is supposed to be caused by attenuation of VLF wave in the ionosphere in the daytime. Comparison study with the ground‐based observation revealed consistent results, except that the peak of the ground‐based observation appeared after midnight while our measurements obtained by Akebono was around 21 in MLT. This difference is explained qualitatively in terms that lightning whistlers measured at the ground station passed through the ionosphere twice above both source region and the ground station. These facts provide an important clue to evaluate quantitatively the absorption effect of lightning whistler in the ionosphere.
Hydrologic routing using nonlinear cascaded reservoirs
Authors: Kim Dong Ha , Georgakakos Aris P.
Published: August 2014

A key element of hydrologic routing models is that the discharge‐storage relationship is assumed to follow a certain mathematical form, usually a linear or a power function, with parameters calibrated based on existing inflow‐outflow data. This assumption simplifies the model calibration process but also constrains model operation throughout the flow range, potentially introducing biases. We present a new nonlinear hydrologic river routing approach where functions are only required to be nondecreasing. River reaches are modeled as conceptual reservoir cascades, with discharge‐storage and loss/gain functions identified by the data. A novel parameter estimation approach is developed to identify these functions and other model parameters within a dynamical optimization framework. It is shown that hydrologic routing functions indeed exhibit different mathematical forms at different regions of their active range, and that the new approach is reliable, efficient, and robust under observational uncertainty. The model is demonstrated in lake and river routing applications for the Nile River, and it is also applicable for the estimation of nonlinear, nondecreasing functional relationships of general dynamic systems in state‐space form.
Chemistry of Marine Natural Substances: Originality, Diversity, Distribution
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

General Introduction

Distribution of Nitrogenous and Non‐Nitrogenous Secondary Metabolites

Distribution of Secondary Metabolites by Chemical Class

Characteristics of the Secondary Metabolites of Marine Organisms

Incorporation of Halogens

Incorporation of Sulfur

Incorporation of Silicon

Rare Chemical Elements Encountered in Marine Substances:As,B,Ni,V,Zn

Arsenic

Boron

Nickel

Vanadium

Zinc
Archaea
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

General Introduction

Membrane Lipids

Macrocyclic Dialkyl Glycerol Diethers

Paleotemperatures Index:TEX86andBITIndex

Pranylquinones

Cyclic Polysulfides

Bacteriorhodopsin of Halophiles

Extremozymes
Thraustochytrids and Ciliates
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Taxonomic Position of Thraustochytrids and Overview of the Group

Carotenoids of Thraustochytrids

Long‐Chain (n‐3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Thraustochytrids

Long‐Chain Fatty Acid Composition and Phylogeny of Thraustochytrids

α‐Glucosylceramides of Thraustochytrids

Extracellular Enzymes

Introduction to the Chemistry of Ciliates

Terpenes ofEuplotes

Photoreceptor Pigments

Keronopsins and Keronopsamides ofPseudokeronopsis rubraandP. ricii
Introduction to Chemical Ecology
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Examples of Intraspecific Relations

Sexual Pheromones: Sperm‐Activating Peptides of Urchins and Mollusks

Examples of Alarm Pheromones

Examples of Interspecific Relationships

Predator–Prey Relationships: Defense Allomones of Algae and Invertebrates

Defense Allomones in Associations Between Microorganisms and Invertebrates

Elicitors and Defense Allomones of Algae

Substances Inducing Metamorphosis of Larvae

Formation of Epibiosis (Biofouling) and Antifouling Substances

Food Attractants and Stimulants
Mollusks–2
Authors: Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolites of Cephalopods
Contributions of Familial Rheumatoid Arthritis or Lupus and Environmental Factors to Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sparks Jeffrey A. , Chen Chia‐Yen , Hiraki Linda T. , Malspeis Susan , Costenbader Karen H. , Karlson Elizabeth W.
Published: August 2014

Objective

We assessed the contributions of familial rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or lupus and environmental factors to the risk of RA.

Methods

Among 121,700 women in the Nurses' Health Study, 65,457 provided data on familial RA/lupus. Among these, 493 RA cases (301 seropositive and 192 seronegative) were validated. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for RA comparing those with and without familial RA/lupus, adjusting for environmental factors (smoking, alcohol, body mass index [BMI], parity, breastfeeding, menopause, hormone use, early menarche, and menstrual regularity) using Cox proportional hazards models. Population attributable risks (PARs) for RA within this cohort were calculated for familial RA/lupus, smoking, alcohol, BMI, parity, and breastfeeding.

Results

Familial RA/lupus was significantly associated with RA (HR 3.67), seropositive RA (HR 3.90), and seronegative RA (HR 3.95). After adjusting for environmental factors, familial RA/lupus was significantly associated with RA (HR 3.59, 95% confidence interval 2.94–4.37). Smoking >10 pack‐years, overweight, BMI, and premenopause status remained significantly associated with RA after adjusting for familial RA/lupus. For RA in this cohort, the PAR for smoking, BMI, alcohol, parity, or breastfeeding collectively was 41%; the PAR due to heredity from familial RA/lupus was 21%.

Conclusion

In this large, prospective cohort, women with familial RA/lupus had a 4‐fold increased risk for RA that remained significant after adjusting for environmental factors. A large proportion of RA risk was attributable to environmental factors, even among those with familial RA/lupus.
Nitrogen‐Doping‐Induced Defects of a Carbon Coating Layer Facilitate Na‐Storage in Electrode Materials
Authors: Shen Wei , Wang Cong , Xu Qunjie , Liu Haimei , Wang Yonggang
Published: August 2014

A nitrogen‐doped, carbon‐coated Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode material is synthesized and the formation of doping type of nitrogen‐doped in carbon coating layer is systemically investigated. Three different carbon‐nitrogen species: pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and quaternary N are identified. The most important finding is that different carbon‐nitrogen species in the carbon layer have different impacts on the improvement of the electrochemical properties of Na3V2(PO4)3. Pyridinic N and pyrrolic N significantly increase the electronic conductivity and create numerous extrinsic defects and active sites. Quaternary N only increases the electronic conductivity without creating extrinsic defects. Therefore, it is unexpectedly demonstrated that the Na3V2(PO4)3/C+N, in which with minimize content of quaternary N or exist most extrinsic defects, exhibits the best electrochemical performance, particularly the rate performance and cycling stability. For example, when the discharging rate increased from 0.2 C to 5 C, its capacity of 101.9 mAh g−1 decays to 84.3 mAh g−1 and an amazing capacity retention of 83% is achieved. Moreover, even at higher current density of 5 C, an excellent capacity retention of 93% is maintained even after 100 cycles.
Brief Communication: A likely case of scurvy in a rural Early Classic Maya burial from Actun Uayazba Kab, Belize
Authors: Wrobel Gabriel
Published: August 2014

A Maya burial of a late adolescent (Burial 98‐3) found in the rockshelter entrance of Actun Uayazba Kab (AUK), Belize, displays a combination of lesions that is consistent with scurvy. Signs include large, active lesions on the posterior surfaces of maxilla; relatively mild porotic hyperostosis along the midline of the skull on the parietals and occipital; cribra orbitalia; potential pinprick lesions on the greater wings of sphenoid and temporal; reactive lesions on the palate, temporal lines of frontal and parietals, and external and internal surfaces of zygomatics; small lesions on the popliteal surfaces of both femora; and periodontal disease. Identification of scurvy at AUK potentially informs the analysis of other primary burials and scattered bone found there and at other nearby sites, which often reveal evidence of nonspecific lesions that are usually attributed to anemia and infection, but that are also consistent with scurvy. The social and ecological context of this Protoclassic (0–AD 300) individual, who lived in a rural agricultural community with no evidence of complex social hierarchy, contrasts with typical discussions of disease among the Maya, which tend to focus on the degrading effects of overcrowding and resource deficiencies. While scurvy has been largely overlooked in the Maya area, this study supports earlier arguments for its presence that were based largely on clinical and ethnographic analogies and suggests the need to incorporate scurvy into broader synergistic models of ancient health. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:476–481, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison study of the polar cold air mass between Northern and Southern Hemispheric winters based on a zonal‐mean two‐box model
Authors: Kanno Yuki , Shoji Takamichi , Iwasaki Toshiki
Published: August 2014

The characteristics of the polar cold air mass (PCAM) below a threshold potential temperature θT are quantitatively compared between two hemispheric winters and analyzed with a zonal‐mean two‐box model. This model estimates a residence time in a genesis box, a life time in a loss box, and PCAM flux between them. The hemispheric total PCAM amount below θT =280 K in the Northern Hemispheric winter is approximately 40% greater than that in the Southern Hemispheric winter. This difference is attributed to the residence time enhanced due to the land–sea distribution and mountain barriers, while the PCAM flux is almost equivalent between the two winters.
An Overview of Industrial Processes for the Production of Olefins – C4 Hydrocarbons
Authors: Bender Michael
Published: August 2014

The survey describes industrial processes for the production of light olefins emphasizing on C4 hydrocarbons. Value chains in the petrochemical and the oil refining industry are strongly interrelated with regards to olefin production. An account is given on the production and the consumption volumes of the various C4 hydrocarbons on a global basis, including an outlook for alternative, petrochemical and bio‐based processes for the production of C4 olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermochemical Investigations in the System Cd—Gd.
Authors: Reichmann Thomas L. , Ganesan Rajesh , Ipser Herbert
Published: August 2014

The vapor pressure of Cd in the Cd—Gd system is determined between 693 and 1045 K, and the thermodynamic activities of Cd are derived as a function of temperature for the composition range 52—86 wt.% Cd.
ChemInform Abstract: H2V3O8 Nanobelts as a Novel Stable Electrode Material with Good Reversible Redox Performance.
Authors: Mjejri I. , Etteyeb N. , Sediri F.
Published: August 2014

Belt‐like nanocrystalline H2V3O8 is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of V2O5, 1,4‐butanediol, and water in the molar ratio 1:0.5:277 (autoclave, 180 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: [Sb7Se8Br2]3+ and [Sb13Se16Br2]5+ — Double and Quadruple Spiro Cubanes from Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Breternitz Joachim , Groh Matthias F. , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael
Published: August 2014

The new compounds obtained by reaction of Sb and Se in ionic liquids are characterized by single crystal XRD and DFT quantum chemical calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Experimental and First‐Principles Studies of the Ternary Borides Ta3Ru5B2 and M3‐xRu5+xB2 (M: Zr, Hf).
Authors: Hermus Martin , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: August 2014

The ternary borides Ta3Ru5B2, Zr2.86Ru5.14B2, and Hf2.83Ru5.17B2 are synthesized by arc‐melting of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (Ar, Cu crucibles).
ChemInform Abstract: Brominations with Pr4NBr9 as a Solid Reagent with High Reactivity and Selectivity.
Authors: Beck Thorsten M. , Haller Heike , Streuff Jan , Riedel Sebastian
Published: August 2014

The reagent is used for rapid bromination of alkenes (I), enones (III), alkynes (VI), acetophenone (VIII), and arenes (XI), (XIII), and (XV) in a regio‐ and/or stereoselective manner in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Hydrodehalogenation of Alkenyl Bromides: A New Approach to the Synthesis of (E)‐Alkenes.
Authors: Chelucci Giorgio
Published: August 2014

A variety of (E)‐alkenes (II) and (IV) is obtained by Pd‐catalyzed hydrodebromination of bromides (I) and (III) with NaBH4 and TMEDA.
ChemInform Abstract: CuO Nanoparticles as Effective Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for S‐Arylation Reactions.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Sodagar Esmat , Nematpour Manijeh
Published: August 2014

CuO nanoparticles are an efficient and inexpensive catalyst for C—S cross coupling reactions of manolonitrile‐CS2 adduct with a variety of aryl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reactions of Aromatic Aldehydes and Two Different Nucleophiles and Their Leaving Ability‐Determined Downstream Conversions of the Products.
Authors: Li Minghao , Taheri Amir , Liu Meng , Sun Shaohuan , Gu Yanlong
Published: August 2014

L‐Proline catalyzes the three‐component reactions of benzaldehydes, activated methylene compounds and nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel P450‐Based Biocatalyst for the Selective Production of Chiral 2‐Alkanols.
Authors: von Buehler Clemens J. , Urlacher Vlada B.
Published: August 2014

The P450 monooxygenase CYP154A8 from Nocardia farcinica is successfully applied as a biocatalyst in the regio‐ and enantioselective hydroxylation of alkanes (I) to (S)‐2‐alkanols (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Zinc‐Catalyzed Simmons—Smith Reaction: Access to Various 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Levesque Eric , Goudreau Sebastien R. , Charette Andre B.
Published: August 2014

The high reactivity of aryldiazomethanes towards zinc allows for catalytical generation of the intermediary carbenoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diarylcyclopropyl Spirocyclic Ketones.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Chan Chieh‐Kai , Chen Yi‐Chia
Published: August 2014

This one‐pot synthesis of the title ketones tolerates various functional groups and simple starting materials and reagents can be used.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Alkyne Activation: The Surprising Ligand Effect.
Authors: Su Yijin , Lu Mei , Dong Boliang , Chen Hao , Shi Xiaodong
Published: August 2014

This Ag‐catalysis is based on a strong ligand effect requiring a ratio of BINAP:Ag of 1:2 for excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Air‐Stable Gold Nanoparticles Ligated by Secondary Phosphine Oxides for the Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Aldehydes: Crucial Role of the Ligand.
Authors: Cano Israel , Chapman Andrew M. , Urakawa Atsushi , van Leeuwen Piet W. N. M.
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of novel air‐stable gold nanoparticles employing tert‐butyl(naphthalene‐1‐yl)phosphine oxide as supporting ligand and its characterization using a wide range of techniques is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid, Highly Efficient, and General Protocol for the Synthesis of Functionalized Triarylmethanes: A Straightforward Access for the Synthesis of (‐)‐Tatarinoid C.
Authors: Babu B. Madhu , Thakur Pramod B. , Nageswara Rao N. , Santosh Kumar G. , Meshram H. M.
Published: August 2014

BF3·Et2O‐mediated Friedel‐Crafts alkylation is used for the synthesis of triarylmethanes from aldehydes and di‐ or trimethoxybenzenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of CF3‐Containing 3,3′‐Cyclopropyl Spirooxindoles by Sequential [3 + 2] Cycloaddition/Ring Contraction of Ylideneoxindoles with 2,2,2‐Trifluorodiazoethane.
Authors: Li Tian‐Ren , Duan Shu‐Wen , Ding Wei , Liu Yi‐Yin , Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: August 2014

This is the first example of [3 + 2] cycloaddition/ ring contraction sequence under transition‐metal‐free conditions yielding the title spiro compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkynyliodonium Salt Mediated Alkynylation of Azlactones: Fast Access to Cα‐Tetrasubstituted α‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Finkbeiner Peter , Weckenmann Nicole M. , Nachtsheim Boris J.
Published: August 2014

Cysteine and serine derivatives are not tested since their azlactones are synthetically not accessible from their protected amino acid precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective 1,2‐Dihydropyridine Alkylation/Addition Sequence for the Synthesis of Piperidines with Quaternary Centers.
Authors: Duttwyler Simon , Chen Shuming , Lu Colin , Mercado Brandon Q. , Bergman Robert G. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: August 2014

This is the first example of a C‐alkylation of 1,2‐dihydropyridines with alkyl triflates and Michael acceptors to yield products with quaternary stereocenters with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Diels—Alder Construction of Regiodifferentiated meta‐Amino Phenols and Derivatives.
Authors: Weaver Marisa G. , Bai Wen‐Ju , Jackson Stephen K. , Pettus Thomas R. R.
Published: August 2014

The syntheses of the starting materials are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 6‐Unsubstituted 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones and 2‐(Arylamino)pyrimidines.
Authors: Terentjeva S. , Muceniece D. , Lusis V.
Published: August 2014

A novel series of 6‐unsubstituted dihydropyrimidines (IV) are synthesized via a Biginelli reaction and transformed into previously unknown 2‐arylaminopyrimidines (V).
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Bond Arylation in the Synthesis of Aryltetralin Lignans: A Short Total Synthesis of Podophyllotoxin.
Authors: Ting Chi P. , Maimone Thomas J.
Published: August 2014

The preparation of title compound (IV) starts from 6‐bromopiperonal (not shown) and involves a Pd‐catalyzed C(sp3)—H arylation as the key step‐
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrahigh Porosity in Mesoporous MOFs: Promises and Limitations
Authors: Senkovska Irena , Kaskel Stefan
Published: August 2014

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Porous Polyoxometalate‐Based Metal—Organic Framework Materials
Authors: Du Dong‐Ying , Qin Jun‐Sheng , Li Shun‐Li , Su Zhong‐Min , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: August 2014

Review: classification, synthesis strategies, and applications, especially in the field of catalysis; 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Group 13 Metal (Al, Ga, In, Tl) Complexes Supported by Heteroatom‐Bonded Carbene Ligands
Authors: Fliedel Christophe , Schnee Gilles , Aviles Teresa , Dagorne Samuel
Published: August 2014

Review: synthesis, structural characterization and current applications; 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrafast Solvation Dynamics and Charge Transfer Reactions in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Nagasawa Yutaka , Miyasaka Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

Review: 209 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Carbon Materials Modified with Heteroatoms as Metal‐Free Catalyst and Metal Catalyst Support
Authors: Garcia‐Bordeje Enrique , Pereira Manuel Fernando R. , Roenning Magnus , Chen De
Published: August 2014

Review: recent catalytic applications of heteroatom modified novel carbon materials boh as catalyst and catalyst support
ChemInform Abstract: Beirut Reaction and Its Application in the Synthesis of Quinoxaline‐N,N′‐dioxides Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Lima L. M. , do Amaral D. N.
Published: August 2014

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosphingolipid Ligands for Invariant Natural Killer T Cells as Immunostimulants
Authors: Tashiro Takuya , Mori Kenji
Published: August 2014

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Micro‐Emulsion Based Emulgel: A Novel Topical Drug Delivery System
Authors: Ashara Kalpesh Chhotalal , Paun Jalpa S. , Soniwala Moinuddin M. , Chavada Jayant R. , Mori Nitin Merubhai
Published: August 2014

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Atomistic Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Nanoelectronic Devices
Authors: Luisier Mathieu
Published: August 2014

Review: 50 refs.
Heat‐ and mass‐transfer induced hysteresis effects during catalyst light‐off testing
Authors: Koutoufaris Ioannis , Koltsakis Grigorios
Published: August 2014

The physical and chemical phenomena responsible for hysteresis effects met in lab testing of automotive catalysts under transient temperature conditions are investigated. The hysteresis, which is identified by the difference in light‐off temperatures between temperature increase/decrease modes, could be important for model calibration purposes and revealing for some of the processes occurring within the reactor. With the help of mathematical modelling, we investigate the main parameters affecting the magnitude of the hysteresis and attempt to derive conclusions of practical relevance. We demonstrate that the hysteresis effect is closely linked to the active reaction zone length. The importance of internal species diffusion resistance in the washcoat, which is sometimes neglected for simplicity, is highlighted as an important factor in this context. On the basis of a sensitivity analysis, we identify the potential pitfalls that may occur during practical model calibration procedures on the basis of light‐off tests.
Modelling of local aging effects of commercial three‐way catalysts: Spatial temperature and CO conversion profiles
Authors: Hauck Christian , Tischer Steffen , Maier Lubow , Deutschmann Olaf
Published: August 2014

The correlation between thermal aging effects of three‐way catalysts (TWC) and their spatial temperature profiles and CO conversion was studied. The study is based on temperature profiles within fresh and aged catalysts, as well as CO concentrations at the outlet of the samples. The highest deactivation was always observed at the catalyst inlet area. The modelling approach with separated reaction mechanisms for palladium and rhodium used here assumes a direct correlation between the temperature profiles resulting from the exothermal chemical reactions and the catalytically active surface area. The noble metal dispersion is determined by low temperature CO chemisorption measurements. It is used in simulation as the relevant parameter for quantitative prediction of the catalyst performance.
Challenges in investigating the association between Agent Orange and cancer: Site‐specific cancer risk and accuracy of exposure assessment
Authors: Sinks Thomas H.
Published: August 2014

The findings of the study by Yi and Ohrr in the current issue of Cancer add to our overall understanding of the health risks from exposures to Agent Orange. Large numbers of individuals were potentially exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War, and this report reminds us of the critical importance of accurate exposure assessment and the desire for epidemiologic studies to provide scientific clarity, even in the most difficult of circumstances.
Phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study of everolimus in combination with cetuximab and carboplatin for recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Saba Nabil F. , Hurwitz Selwyn J. , Magliocca Kelly , Kim Sungjin , Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Harvey Donald , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Chen Zhengjia , Rogerio Jackie , Mendel Jennifer , Kono Scott A. , Lewis Colleen , Chen Amy Y. , Higgins Kristin , El‐Deiry Mark , Wadsworth Trad , Beitler Jonathan J. , Shin Dong M. , Sun Shi‐Yong , Khuri Fadlo R.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Platinum‐based therapy combined with cetuximab is standard first‐line therapy for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (RMSCCHN). Preclinical studies have suggested that mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors may overcome resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor blockers and may augment cetuximab antitumor activity. We conducted a phase 1b trial of carboplatin, cetuximab, and everolimus for untreated RMSCCHN.

METHODS

Patients received carboplatin (area under the curve = 2 mg/ml/min; 3 weeks on, 1 week off), cetuximab (with a loading dose of 400 mg/m2and then 250 mg/m2weekly), and dose‐escalating everolimus (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mg/day) with a 3+3 design. After 4 cycles, patients without progression continued cetuximab/everolimus until progression or intolerable toxicity. Patients (age ≥ 18 years) had previously untreated, unresectable RMSCCHN not amenable to radiotherapy and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2.

RESULTS

The study enrolled 20 patients (male/female = 18/2) with RMSCCHN; the median age was 65 years (44‐75 years). Thirteen patients received everolimus (male/female = 92%). Two of 6 patients receiving 2.5 mg/day experienced dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) with grade 3 hyponatremia and nausea. In 7 patients receiving de‐escalated everolimus (2.5 mg every other day), grade 3 hyperglycemia produced DLT in 1 of 6 patients. The objective response rate (RR) was 61.5% (all partial responses). Progression‐free survival (PFS) was 8.15 months. The pharmacokinetics of everolimus was described with a 2‐compartment mixed‐effects model. There was a significant correlation between tumor p‐p44/42 staining and response (P = .044) and a marginally significant correlation between phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin and overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The maximum tolerated dose of everolimus with cetuximab and carboplatin was 2.5 mg every other day. The regimen was associated with an encouraging RR and PFS, and this suggested possible clinical efficacy in a select group of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Cancer2014;120:3940–3951.©2014 American Cancer Society.
Changes of ventricular and peripheral performance in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction: insights from ergometry stress echocardiography
Authors: Wang Jing , Fang Fang , Wai‐Kwok Yip Gabriel , Sanderson John E , Lee Pui‐Wai , Feng Wei , Xie Jun‐Min , Luo Xiu‐Xia , Lam Yat‐Yin
Published: August 2014

Aims

We assessed the left ventricular (LV) and peripheral performance at rest and during exercise in healthy and heart failure subjects with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) or with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF).

Methods

All subjects received echocardiography at rest and with bicycle Ergometer exercise. The exercise images for two‐dimensional speckle tracking were acquired with submaximal heart rate of 90–100 beats/min, while images for M‐mode and tissue Doppler imaging were stored with attainment of >85% of predicted heart rate.

Results

A total of 80 HFNEF, 50 HFREF and 50 controls were studied. There was progressive decrease of two‐dimensional global circumferential, radial and longitudinal strains (GCS, GRS and GLS), M‐mode and tissue Doppler imaging long‐axis parameters from controls, HFNEF to HFREF patients (all P < 0.05) at rest and on exercise. The degree of exercise‐induced, long‐axis augmentation (GLS and M‐mode long axis excursion) decreased progressively from controls, HFNEF to HFREF subjects (all P < 0.05), while the increase in GCS and GRS was similar in all groups. The ventricular–arterial coupling ratio did not change in HFREF but reduced in HFNEF and controls during exercise (P < 0.01). All subjects had a similar resting heart rate, but patients exhibited chronotropic non‐competence during exercise (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Ventricular and peripheral dysfunction was evident in HFNEF at rest and deteriorated during exercise. The HFNEF patients had significantly impaired long‐axis augmentation at stress that was intermediate between HFREF patients and controls. These findings have relevance to generation of symptoms on exercise in both HFNEF and HFREF.