bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iconic Campus of the Zayed University Abu Dhabi
Authors: Böttcher Christiane , Frenz Matthias , Kaufmann Henning
Published: May 2012

The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is planning for the post‐oil era, so education plays a central role in its Master Plan 2030. The new building complex of the Zayed University, intended for 6,000 students, is located in the future Capital District directly on the important connecting road between the Abu Dhabi international airport and the old town peninsular.

Hamburg architects BRT’s (Bothe Richter Teherani) symbolism‐rich design moulds the 100.000 m2 GFA ensemble of buildings in the central area into a huge sculpture. The linking element is a jointless free‐form roof of 8,000 tonnes of steel with aluminium cladding whose shape and lightness echoes the traditional Arabic chador.

A very short time for design and construction required close cooperation within the international team set up by a main contractor. The project required mastering of numerous engineering challenges, different design philosophies, difficult interfaces between design and construction works on a huge construction site with up to 8,000 workers running in parallel to the design works.
Gonadectomy differentially regulates steroid receptor coactivator‐1 and synaptic proteins in the hippocampus of adult female and male C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Bian Chen , Zhu Kongjiang , Yang Li , Lin Sen , Li Shurong , Su Bingyin , Zhang Jiqiang
Published: May 2012

Hippocampus is one of the most important structures that mediates learning and memory, cognition, and mental behaviors and profoundly regulated by sex hormones in a sex‐specific manner, but the mechanism of underlying sex differences regulation is still unclear. We have previously reported that in the male and female mice, steroid receptor coactivator‐1 (SRC‐1) and some key synaptic proteins share similar developmental profile in the hippocampus, but how circulating sex hormones affect hippocampal SRC‐1 as well as these synaptic proteins remain unclear. In this study, we examined how gonad sex hormones regulate hippocampal SRC‐1, synaptophysin, PSD‐95, and AMPA receptor subtype GluR1 by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that in the female mice, ovariectomy affected hippocampal SRC‐1 and GluR1 were only detected at 2 weeks post operation, then it recovered to sham level; synaptophysin was unaffected at any timepoint examined; significant decrease of PSD‐95 was only detected at 4 weeks post operation. However, in the male hippocampus, SRC‐1 and PSD‐95 were decreased from one week and lasted to 4 weeks after orchidectomy, GluR1 decreased from 2 weeks after orchidectomy, but synaptophysin remained unchanged as in the females. Correlation analysis showed the profiles of SRC‐1 were positively correlated with GluR1 of the females, PSD‐95 and GluR1 of the males, respectively. The above results suggested a distinct regulatory mode between female and male gonad hormones in the regulation of hippocampal SRC‐1 and synaptic proteins, which may be one of the mechanisms contributing to the dimorphism of hippocampus during development and ageing. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of the preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist S33138 on ethanol binge drinking in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Rice Onarae V. , Patrick Jay , Schonhar Charles D. , Ning Haoran , Ashby Charles R.
Published: May 2012

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway plays an integral role in the reinforcing properties of many drugs of abuse, including alcohol (ethanol/EtOH). It has been reported that selective and acute blockade of the DA D3 receptor by SB‐277011A will attenuate EtOH preference, intake, and lick responses in EtOH preferring rats. However, alcohol consumption that leads to abuse is often marked by binge drinking—which is characterized as bringing ones blood EtOH levels to ≥80 mg/dL within 2 hours of the initial drink. It is unclear if brain mechanisms implicated in EtOH reward are equally implicated in EtOH binge consumption and abuse. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of the preferential D3 receptor antagonist S33138 on ethanol (6% v/v) and water consumption in male C57BL/6J mice using a restricted‐access binge‐drinking model. Ethanol drinking was not significantly altered by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 0.16 mg/kg of S33138. In contrast, the i.p. administration of 0.64 or 2.5 mg/kg i.p. of S33138 produced a significant decrease in ethanol consumption on days 1 and 7 and days 7–14 compared to vehicle treated animals. However, the mean water consumption was significantly decreased by (1) 0.16 and 0.64 mg/kg i.p. of S33138 on Day 1 and (2) 2.5 mg/kg i.p. of S33138 at Days 1, 7, and 7–14. Our studies indicate that a low dose of S33138 significantly decreases binge drinking, and that it does not significantly alter the consumption of water. In addition, S33138 alone is not appetitive. Synapse 66:975–978, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Fermi scale as a focus point of high-scale gauge mediation
Authors: Brümmer F. , Buchmüller W.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

We consider the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model with large scalar and gaugino mass terms at the GUT scale, which are generated predominantly by gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. For certain ratios of GUT-scale masses, determined by the messenger indices, large radiative corrections lead to a small electroweak scale in a way which resembles the well-known focus point mechanism. The Fermi scale, the gravitino mass and the higgsino masses are of comparable size. For a Higgs mass of about 124 GeV all other superparticles have masses outside the reach of the LHC.
Enhanced Osteoblast Differentiation on Scaffolds Coated with TiO2 Compared to SiO2 and CaP Coatings
Authors: Verket Anders , Tiainen Hanna , Haugen Håvard J. , Lyngstadaas S. Petter , Nilsen Ola , Reseland Janne E.
Published: May 2012

The aim was to compare the protein release from normal human osteoblasts (NHO) cultured on scaffolds with similar morphology but different coatings. Different ceramic coatings; TiO2, SiO2 and calcium phosphate (CaP); Ca9HPO4(PO4)5OH, were applied to porous TiO2 scaffolds prepared by polymer sponge replication. NHO were cultured on scaffolds in triplicates. The concentration of cytokines and Ca2+, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the cell media was quantified. The secretion of osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 was higher from NHO on TiO2 compared to SiO2 and CaP. The secretion from cells on the three scaffolds was, however, either similar or lower than the control cells cultured on plastic. The Ca2+ concentration was higher in cell media on CaP the first week, and no difference in ALP activity was observed. TiO2 coating induced a higher secretion of factors indicating enhanced osteoblast differentiation as compared to CaP and SiO2.
4′‐Hydroxyflavanone suppresses activation of sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins and de novo lipid synthesis
Authors: Miyata Shingo , Inoue Jun , Shimizu Makoto , Sato Ryuichiro
Published: May 2012

Sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins (SREBPs) are major transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Here we show that 4′‐hydroxyflavanone (4′‐HF) impairs the fatty acid synthase promoter activity and reduces the activation of SREBPs and their target gene expression in human hepatoma Huh‐7 cells. Moreover, 4′‐HF suppresses de novo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. This study identifies 4′‐HF as an inhibitor of SREBP maturation and lipid synthesis, and provides evidence that 4′‐HF may have major potential as a pharmaceutical preparation against hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia.
Incidence of postpartum anal incontinence among Indians and black Africans in a resource‐constrained country
Authors: Naidoo Thinagrin D. , Moodley Jagidesa , Esterhuizen Tonya E.
Published: May 2012

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of postpartum anal incontinence (AI) in a low‐resource setting and to highlight any interracial variation in the incidence.

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study was conducted amongst the Indian and black African populations of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. A group of 1331 women who delivered at term completed a questionnaire on the symptoms of AI in both the prenatal and postpartum periods. The prevalence, incidence and persistence of AI were compared by race, age, parity, and mode of delivery.

Results

The prenatal prevalence of incontinence of flatus was 26.3%, with a 6‐week postpartum incidence of 61.1% and a 6‐month persistence of 6.4%. Interracial variation in the incidence of AI was evident. Prenatal incontinence of flatus was more frequent among Indians than black Africans (34.1% versus 24.5%; P = 0.002). By contrast, the 6‐week postpartum incidence of incontinence of flatus was higher among black Africans than Indians (63.2% versus 53.1%; P = 0.018). The incidence of AI was significantly lower among women who underwent cesarean delivery; parity and age did not show significant associations.

Conclusion

Postpartum AI in a low‐resource setting is problematic, with interracial variation in incidence. The mode of delivery possibly influences subsequent development of AI.
Predictors of oral contraceptive use among teenaged girls in southeastern Hungary
Authors: Kozinszky Zoltan , Sikovanyecz János , Pál Zoltán , Szabó Dávid , Lehotzky Helga , Pál Attila
Published: May 2012

Objective

To assess the main determinants of oral contraceptive (OC) use among teenaged girls in southeastern Hungary.

Methods

A questionnaire was self‐administered by 332 participants aged 14 to 19 years seen at the Contraception Outpatient Clinic for Teenagers located in the Department of the Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Szeged from May 1, 2005, to March 31, 2006.

Results

Approximately half of the respondents (48.2%) used OCs, and only 21.9% of the OC users considered OC cost unimportant (vs 59% of the non‐OC users). A considerable proportion in each group knew little about the fertile period of a menstrual cycle (43.1% vs 46.5%) and had an insufficient knowledge of the recommendations regarding pill use (66.6% vs 77.9%). Most (76.2%) of the participants intended to use OCs in the future. Intending to use OCs was strongly associated with the prevention of menstrual disorders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4–10.5) and the opinion that OCs did not interfere with sex life (AOR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.3–5.1).

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that the knowledge of teenaged girls concerning the correct use of OCs and the differences in fertility during the menstrual cycle is often inadequate and should be improved.
Osteoarthritis in the Disabled Population: A Mechanical Perspective
Authors: Morgenroth David C. , Gellhorn Alfred C. , Suri Pradeep
Published: May 2012

Primary disabling conditions, such as amputation, not only limit mobility, but also predispose individuals to secondary musculoskeletal impairments, such as osteoarthritis (OA) of the intact limb joints, that can result in additive disability. Altered gait biomechanics that cause increased loading of the intact limb have been suggested as a cause of the increased prevalence of intact limb knee and hip osteoarthritis in this population. Optimizing socket fit and prosthetic alignment, as well as developing and prescribing prosthetic feet with improved push‐off characteristics, can lead to reduced asymmetric loading of the intact limb and therefore are potential strategies to prevent and treat osteoarthritis in the amputee population. Research on disabled populations associated with altered biomechanics offers an opportunity to focus on the mechanical risk factors associated with this condition. Continued research into the causes of secondary disability and the development of preventive strategies are critical to enable optimal rehabilitation practices to maximize function and quality of life in patients with disabilities.
Regenerative Injection Therapy for Osteoarthritis: Fundamental Concepts and Evidence‐Based Review
Authors: Vora Ariana , Borg‐Stein Joanne , Nguyen Rosalyn T.
Published: May 2012

Regenerative therapy involves the injection of a small volume of solution into multiple sites of painful ligament and tendon insertions (entheses) and adjacent joint spaces, with the goal of reducing pain and ostensibly promoting tissue repair and growth. Dextrose and platelet‐rich plasma solutions have been shown to increase expression of growth factors in vivo and have shown promising clinical results in the treatment of tendinosus. In the treatment of osteoarthritis, small clinical trials and case series to date suggest safety, symptomatic improvement, and functional improvement at up to a year of follow‐up; however, most of these studies are uncontrolled. Given the methodological limitations of clinical research on regenerative injections for osteoarthritis to date, this treatment should be considered only after execution of a comprehensive assessment and treatment plan, including optimization of biomechanics, weight loss, cardiovascular exercise, resistance training, and judicious use of more established topical, oral, and injectable medications.
Use of Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Persons With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Sherman Andrew L. , Ojeda‐Correal German , Mena Jose
Published: May 2012

Glucosamine and chondroitin are members of a group of dietary supplements often termed “complementary agents,” “disease‐modifying agents,” or “disease‐modifying osteoarthritis drugs” (DMOADs). They are among the best‐selling dietary supplements in the United States. DMOADs are thought to act by affecting cytokine‐mediated pathways regulating inflammation, cartilage degradation, and immune responses. Given the results of recent studies, investigators have begun to question whether the popular combination of glucosamine and chondroitin alleviates disease progression or pain in people with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. Reasons proposed for the lack of benefit include incorrect dosing, suboptimal compound manufacture, and a lack of complete understanding of when and how to apply the compounds. In addition, adjuvant medications also could augment the therapeutic potential of these agents. Although these agents are considered safe, some uncommon and minor adverse effects have been reported, including epigastric pain or tenderness (3.5%), heartburn (2.7%), diarrhea (2.5%), and nausea (1%). In conclusion, although some questions have arisen about whether DMOADs are as effective as has been claimed, a trial should be considered in in selected patients with sustained refractory cases of osteoarthritis.
Spine Osteoarthritis
Authors: Laplante Ben L. , DePalma Michael J.
Published: May 2012

Osteoarthritis of the spine develops as a consequence of the natural aging process and is associated with significant morbidity and health care expenditures. Effective diagnosis and treatment of the resultant pathologic conditions can be clinically challenging. Recent evidence has emerged to aid the investigating clinician in formulating an accurate diagnosis and in implementing a successful treatment algorithm. This article details the degenerative cascade that results in the osteoarthritic spine, reviews prevalence data for common painful spinal disorders, and discusses evidence‐based treatment options for management of zygapophysial and sacroiliac joint arthrosis.
Mathematical model of zinc absorption: effects of dietary calcium, protein and iron on zinc absorption
Authors: Miller Leland V. , Krebs Nancy F. , Hambidge K. Michael
Published: May 2012

A previously described mathematical model of Zn absorption as a function of total daily dietary Zn and phytate was fitted to data from studies in which dietary Ca, Fe and protein were also measured. An analysis of regression residuals indicated statistically significant positive relationships between the residuals and Ca, Fe and protein, suggesting that the presence of any of these dietary components enhances Zn absorption. Based on the hypotheses that (1) Ca and Fe both promote Zn absorption by binding with phytate and thereby making it unavailable for binding Zn and (2) protein enhances the availability of Zn for transporter binding, the model was modified to incorporate these effects. The new model of Zn absorption as a function of dietary Zn, phytate, Ca, Fe and protein was then fitted to the data. The proportion of variation in absorbed Zn explained by the new model was 0·88, an increase from 0·82 with the original model. A reduced version of the model without Fe produced an equally good fit to the data and an improved value for the model selection criterion, demonstrating that when dietary Ca and protein are controlled for, there is no evidence that dietary Fe influences Zn absorption. Regression residuals and testing with additional data supported the validity of the new model. It was concluded that dietary Ca and protein modestly enhanced Zn absorption and Fe had no statistically discernable effect. Furthermore, the model provides a meaningful foundation for efforts to model nutrient interactions in mineral absorption.
Evaluation of food and nutrient intake assessment using concentration biomarkers in European adolescents from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study
Authors: Vandevijvere S. , Geelen A. , Gonzalez-Gross M. , van't Veer P. , Dallongeville J. , Mouratidou T. , Dekkers A. , Börnhorst C. , Breidenassel C. , Crispim S. P. , Moreno L. A. , Cuenca-García M. , Vyncke K. , Beghin L. , Grammatikaki E. , De Henauw S. , Catasta G. , Hallström L. , Sjöström M. , Wärnberg J. , Esperanza L. , Slimani N. , Manios Y. , Molnár D. , Gilbert C. C. , Kafatos A. , Stehle P. , Huybrechts I.
Published: May 2012

Accurate food and nutrient intake assessment is essential for investigating diet–disease relationships. In the present study, food and nutrient intake assessment among European adolescents using 24 h recalls (mean of two recalls) and a FFQ (separately and the combination of both) were evaluated using concentration biomarkers. Biomarkers included were vitamin C, β-carotene, DHA+EPA, vitamin B12(cobalamin and holo-transcobalamin) and folate (erythrocyte folate and plasma folate). For the evaluation of the food intake assessment 390 adolescents were included, while 697 were included for the nutrient intake assessment evaluation. Spearman rank and Pearson correlations, and validity coefficients, which are correlations between intake estimated and habitual true intake, were calculated. Correlations were higher between frequency of food consumption (from the FFQ) and concentration biomarkers than between mean food intake (from the recalls) and concentration biomarkers, especially for DHA+EPA (r0·35v.r0·27). Most correlations were higher among girls than boys. For boys, the highest validity coefficients were found for frequency of fruit consumption (0·88) and for DHA+EPA biomarker (0·71). In girls, the highest validity coefficients were found for fruit consumption frequency (0·76), vegetable consumption frequency (0·74), mean fruit intake (0·90) and DHA+EPA biomarker (0·69). After exclusion of underreporters, correlations slightly improved. Correlations between usual food intakes, adjusted for food consumption frequency, and concentration biomarkers were higher than correlations between mean food intakes and concentration biomarkers. In conclusion, two non-consecutive 24 h recalls in combination with a FFQ seem to be appropriate to rank subjects according to their usual food intake.
‘The risks of playing it safe’: a prospective longitudinal study of response to reward in the adolescent offspring of depressed parents
Authors: Rawal A. , Collishaw S. , Thapar A. , Rice F.
Published: May 2012

Background

Alterations in reward processing may represent an early vulnerability factor for the development of depressive disorder. Depression in adults is associated with reward hyposensitivity and diminished reward seeking may also be a feature of depression in children and adolescents. We examined the role of reward responding in predicting depressive symptoms, functional impairment and new-onset depressive disorder over time in the adolescent offspring of depressed parents. In addition, we examined group differences in reward responding between currently depressed adolescents, psychiatric and healthy controls, and also cross-sectional associations between reward responding and measures of positive social/environmental functioning.

Method

We conducted a 1-year longitudinal study of adolescents at familial risk for depression (n = 197; age range 10–18 years). Reward responding and self-reported social/environmental functioning were assessed at baseline. Clinical interviews determined diagnostic status at baseline and at follow-up. Reports of depressive symptoms and functional impairment were also obtained.

Results

Low reward seeking predicted depressive symptoms and new-onset depressive disorder at the 1-year follow-up in individuals free from depressive disorder at baseline, independently of baseline depressive symptoms. Reduced reward seeking also predicted functional impairment. Adolescents with current depressive disorder were less reward seeking (i.e. bet less at favourable odds) than adolescents free from psychopathology and those with externalizing disorders. Reward seeking showed positive associations with social and environmental functioning (extra-curricular activities, humour, friendships) and was negatively associated with anhedonia. There were no group differences in impulsivity, decision making or psychomotor slowing.

Conclusions

Reward seeking predicts depression severity and onset in adolescents at elevated risk of depression. Adaptive reward responses may be amenable to change through modification of existing preventive psychological interventions.
The urban and the urbane: Identities, language ideologies, and Arabic dialects in Morocco
Authors: Hachimi Atiqa
Published: May 2012

The migration of old-urban elites to new-urban areas has been given scant attention in the sociolinguistics of mobility. This article examines language ideologies of differentiation that emerged from the migration of Morocco's bona fide old-urban elite from the city of Fez (the Fessis) to the new metropolis of Casablanca. This understudied sociolinguistic encounter brings into sharp focus two quintessential old-urban and new-urban varieties of Arabic along with their complex indexical system that links linguistic forms to identities, lifestyles, and moralities. Based on ethnography and discourse analysis of interviews with two women of Fessi extraction in Casablanca (a migrant and a local-born), I provide an in-depth account of what sounding Fessi means and accomplishes—and fails to accomplish—for these women, showing in the process the (re)production and change of language ideologies. The article demonstrates how changes in indexicalities relate to ongoing group boundary reconfiguration and to processes of linguistic (non)accommodation. (Arabic, North Africa, language ideologies, indexicality, gender, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics of mobility, historical prestige, social reallocation)*
Gesture's community: Social organization in multimodal conduct
Authors: Matoesian Gregory
Published: May 2012

This article analyzes the multimodal integration of gesture, talk, and sociocultural context. More specifically, I investigate how forms of Gemeinschaft/Gesellshaft community are embodied in the concrete details of multimodal form—in the iconic interplay of multimodal practice and symbolic forms of social organization. Using a focus group interview of community policing training, I show how criss-crossing laminations of participation emerge through novel gestural configurations like multimodal quotation and pragmatic beats to not only pace the rhythm of speech but simultaneously plot the spatial coordinates of social organization. In the course of events, we see how speakers integrate gesture, gaze, and postural orientation into the stream of their utterances to project rhythmically infused meanings of communal identity, social solidarity, and cultural opposition. (Multimodality, community, legal discourse)*
Emotional participation in musical and non-musical behaviors
Authors: Gardiner Martin Frederick
Published: May 2012

Existence of similarities of overall brain activation, specifically during emotional and other common psychological operations (discussed by Lindquist et al.), supports a proposal that emotion participates continuously in dynamic adjustment of behavior. The proposed participation can clarify the relationship of emotion to musical experience. Music, in turn, can help explore such participation.
Further routes to psychological constructionism
Authors: Humeny Courtney , Kelly Deirdre , Brook Andrew
Published: May 2012

In this commentary, we do two things. First, we sketch two further routes to psychological constructionism. They are complementary to Lindquist et al.'s meta-analyses and have potential to add new evidence. Second, we look at a challenging kind of case for constructionism, namely, emotional anomalies where there are correlated, and probably relevant, brain anomalies. Psychopaths are our example.
Emotions of “higher” cognition
Authors: Perlovsky Leonid
Published: May 2012

The target article by Lindquist et al. considers discrete emotions. This commentary argues that these are but a minor part of human emotional abilities, unifying us with animals. Uniquely human emotions are aesthetic emotions related to the need for the knowledge of “high” cognition, including emotions of the beautiful, cognitive dissonances, and musical emotions. This commentary touches on their cognitive functions and origins.
Emotions as mind organs
Authors: de Gelder Beatrice , Vandenbulcke Mathieu
Published: May 2012

In matters of the mind, the opposition between what is mind-made or inside and natural or outside the mind is bound to misfire. Lindquist et al. build their analysis on a strong contrast between naturalism, which they reject, and psychologism, which they endorse. We challenge this opposition and indicate how adopting psychologism to combat a naturalistic view of emotional mind/brain areas is self-defeating. We briefly develop the alternative view of emotions as mental organs.
Emotion and personality factors influence the neural response to emotional stimuli
Authors: Murphy Fionnuala C. , Ewbank Michael P. , Calder Andrew J.
Published: May 2012

Lindquist et al. assess the neural evidence for locationist versus psychological construction accounts of human emotion. A wealth of experimental and clinical investigations show that individual differences in emotion and personality influence emotion processing. These factors may also influence the brain's response to emotional stimuli. A synthesis of the relevant neuroimaging data must therefore take these factors into consideration.
What's in a baby-cry? Locationist and constructionist frameworks in parental brain responses
Authors: Swain James E. , Ho S. Shaun
Published: May 2012

Parental brain responses to baby stimuli constitute a unique model to study brain-basis frameworks of emotion. Results for baby-cry and picture stimuli may fit with both locationist and psychological constructionist hypotheses. Furthermore, the utility of either model may depend on postpartum timing and relationship. Endocrine effects may also be critical for accurate models to assess mental health risk and treatment.
What are emotions and how are they created in the brain?
Authors: Lindquist Kristen A. , Wager Tor D. , Bliss-Moreau Eliza , Kober Hedy , Barrett Lisa Feldman
Published: May 2012

In our response, we clarify important theoretical differences between basic emotion and psychological construction approaches. We evaluate the empirical status of the basic emotion approach, addressing whether it requires brain localization, whether localization can be observed with better analytic tools, and whether evidence for basic emotions exists in other types of measures. We then revisit the issue of whether the key hypotheses of psychological construction are supported by our meta-analytic findings. We close by elaborating on commentator suggestions for future research.
A COMPARISON OF TWO SEARCH METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE SCOPE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Forsetlund Louise , Kirkehei Ingvild , Harboe Ingrid , Odgaard-Jensen Jan
Published: May 2012

Objectives:This study aims to compare two different search methods for determining the scope of a requested systematic review or health technology assessment. The first method (called the Direct Search Method) included performing direct searches in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and the Health Technology Assessments (HTA). Using the comparison method (called the NHS Search Engine) we performed searches by means of the search engine of the British National Health Service, NHS Evidence.

Methods:We used an adapted cross-over design with a random allocation of fifty-five requests for systematic reviews. The main analyses were based on repeated measurements adjusted for the order in which the searches were conducted.

Results:The Direct Search Method generated on average fewer hits (48 percent [95 percent confidence interval {CI} 6 percent to 72 percent], had a higher precision (0.22 [95 percent CI, 0.13 to 0.30]) and more unique hits than when searching by means of the NHS Search Engine (50 percent [95 percent CI, 7 percent to 110 percent]). On the other hand, the Direct Search Method took longer (14.58 minutes [95 percent CI, 7.20 to 21.97]) and was perceived as somewhat less user-friendly than the NHS Search Engine (−0.60 [95 percent CI, −1.11 to −0.09]).

Conclusions:Although the Direct Search Method had some drawbacks such as being more time-consuming and less user-friendly, it generated more unique hits than the NHS Search Engine, retrieved on average fewer references and fewer irrelevant results.
Observational and checklist measures of vocabulary composition: what do they mean?
Authors: Pine Julian M. , Lieven Elena V. M. , Rowland Caroline
Published: May 2012

Observational and checklist measures of vocabulary composition have both recently been used to look at the absolute proportion of nouns in children's early vocabularies. However, they have tended to generate rather different results. The present study is an attempt to investigate the relationship between such measures in a sample of 26 children between 1;1 and 2;1 at approximately 50 and 100 words. The results show that although observational and checklist measures are significantly correlated, there are also systematic quantitative differences between them which seem to reflect a combination of checklist, maternal-report and observational sampling biases. This suggests that, although both kinds of measure may represent good indices of differences in vocabulary size and composition across children and hence be useful as dependent variables in correlational research, neither may be ideal for estimating the absolute proportion of nouns in children's vocabularies. The implication is that questions which rely on information about the absolute proportion of particular kinds of words in children's vocabularies can only be properly addressed by detailed longitudinal studies in which an attempt is made to collect more comprehensive vocabulary records for individual children.
Mide Rock-paintings: Archaeology by Formal and Informed Methods
Authors: Weeks Rex
Published: May 2012

Rock-art research offers to archaeology a problem-oriented approach. A case study is presented on the interpretation of rock-art from informed ethnographic and formal archaeological perspectives regarding the origins of the Midewiwin, or ‘Grand Medicine Society’. The evidence is twofold. First, some of the rock-paintings that are found over a wide range of the southern Canadian Shield appear to be representative of the Midewiwin. Second, the most probable age estimation of those rock-paintings indicates that the antiquity of Midewiwin is greater than generally presumed by the key anthropological reference literature of the region. Rather than a relatively recent ‘revitalization movement’, the origins of the Midewiwin began in remote antiquity. Broad theoretical and methodological issues of cognitive archaeology and the crisis of representation are addressed, particularly classification, colonialism and cultural linguistics.
A Nudge in the Right Direction? Towards a Sociological Engagement with Libertarian Paternalism
Authors: Brown Patrick
Published: May 2012

Interventions framed through a behavioural lens, particularly ‘Nudge’, are gaining credence in US and UK policy circles, not least around healthcare. Key tenets of this ‘libertarian paternalist’ approach are discussed and related to sociological theory. The influential position of nudge begs sociological engagement, indeed its recognition of ‘choice architecture’ is partially congruent with sociological conceptions of structure-embedded agency. Though recognising the significance of norms, the analysis of nudge fails to appreciate their depth in terms of time, materiality and the socio-cultural. The potency and variable consequences of these social factors are emphasised through Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and field. This framework alongside various sociological approaches to risk and uncertainty are proposed as potentially fruitful paths of critical engagement.
Conceptualising the Contexts, Mechanisms and Outcomes of Intensive Family Intervention Projects
Authors: Batty Elaine , Flint John
Published: May 2012

Intensive family intervention projects have become an increasingly prominent mechanism within anti-social behaviour and social policy programmes in the UK and are supported, in principle, by the new coalition government. They have also been the subject of considerable academic controversy within the evaluative and critical literature. This article attempts to inform continuing debates about the purpose and effects of these projects by conceptualising the contexts within which interactions between projects and families occur; classifying the component aspects of roles and support provided; and presenting a three-part typology of potential outcomes from project interventions.
The Global Decline of Intercountry Adoption: What Lies Ahead?
Authors: Selman Peter
Published: May 2012

This article examines the latest trends in intercountry adoption worldwide, based on data from twenty-three receiving countries. Trends in the number of children sent by states of origin are based on their returns to the Hague Special Commission or on estimates derived from country data provided by the receiving states. The analysis concentrates on the period from 2004 to 2010 when estimated annual global numbers declined from 45,000 to 29,000, fewer than those recorded in 1998. The article will also look at changes in the age – and other characteristics – of children sent. Discussion centres on changes in sending countries, exploring the declines in China, Russia and Guatemala, the rise in adoptions from Haiti after the earthquake of 2010 and the emergence of Africa – and in particular Ethiopia – as a significant source of children for adoption. The article concludes with a consideration of the implications of a continuing high demand from childless couples in developed countries on the intercountry adoption ‘market’; and the prediction of David Smolin that, unless truly reformed, intercountry adoption will eventually be abolished and labeled as a ‘neo-colonial mistake’.
Some Useful Sources
Authors: Cuthbert Denise
Published: May 2012

In addition to the literature surveyed in the review article and the references provided by each of the authors, further sources are provided here. This selection might appear idiosyncratic for international readers given its Australian focus but it has been made because the sources (not likely to be widely known outside Australia) provide current, rich and unique ethnographic data on the complex politics of intercountry adoption in a receiving country and of past practices in domestic adoption, both of which have implications for current policy and practice.
Elementary theory of bed‐sediment entrainment by debris flows and avalanches
Authors: Iverson Richard M.
Published: May 2012

Analyses of mass and momentum exchange between a debris flow or avalanche and an underlying sediment layer aid interpretations and predictions of bed‐sediment entrainment rates. A preliminary analysis assesses the behavior of a Coulomb slide block that entrains bed material as it descends a uniform slope. The analysis demonstrates that the block's momentum can grow unstably, even in the presence of limited entrainment efficiency. A more‐detailed, depth‐integrated continuum analysis of interacting, deformable bodies identifies mechanical controls on entrainment efficiency, and shows that entrainment rates satisfy a jump condition that involves shear‐traction and velocity discontinuities at the flow‐bed boundary. Explicit predictions of the entrainment rateEresult from making reasonable assumptions about flow velocity profiles and boundary shear tractions. For Coulomb‐friction tractions, predicted entrainment rates are sensitive to pore fluid pressures that develop in bed sediment as it is overridden. In the simplest scenario the bed sediment liquefies completely, and the entrainment‐rate equation reduces toE = 2μ1gh1 cos θ(1 − λ1)/
, where θ is the slope angle, μ1 is the flow's Coulomb friction coefficient, h1 is its thickness, λ1 is its degree of liquefaction, and
is its depth‐averaged velocity. For values ofλ1ranging from 0.5 to 0.8, this equation predicts entrainment rates consistent with rates of 0.05 to 0.1 m/s measured in large‐scale debris‐flow experiments in which wet sediment beds liquefied almost completely. The propensity for bed liquefaction depends on several factors, including sediment porosity, permeability, and thickness, and rates of compression and shear deformation that occur when beds are overridden.
Dacite formation at Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador: U‐series disequilibrium and implications for petrogenetic processes and magma storage time
Authors: Garrison Jennifer M. , Reagan Mark K. , Sims Kenneth W. W.
Published: May 2012

Ilopango Caldera was formed ∼1810 years ago by eruption of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) dacite (70 km3) in central El Salvador. A subsequent eruption in 1880 produced a cluster of dacite domes in the center of Lago Ilopango that contain olive‐bearing enclaves of basaltic andesite. The purpose of this study is to use trace element, isotope, and U‐series data from the TBJ and 1880 eruptions to assess petrogenesis and the timescale of magma storage. We find that although the range of trace element data in the TBJ dacite can be reproduced by simple crystal fractionation of a plagioclase‐ and amphibole‐rich mineral assemblage, the87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pb data suggest that the 1880 basaltic andesite enclave has a different source than the dacites. This is consistent with U‐series data that show the TBJ dacites have lower (230Th/232Th) than the 1880 basaltic andesite enclave (1.5 versus 1.6, respectively). All Ilopango rocks have 230Th excesses, and the range in (238U/232Th) of the TBJ dacites can be modeled by crystal fractionation of a mineral assemblage including accessory zircon and allanite from a magma that is similar in composition to the enclave. Mineral isochrons yield crystallization ages of <10,000 years, and disequilibrium (226Ra/230Th) values suggest a similarly short residence time. Our data suggest that the large volumes of erupted dacite at Ilopango Caldera are generated very rapidly.
SuperDARN observations of high‐m ULF waves with curved phase fronts and their interpretation in terms of transverse resonator theory
Authors: Yeoman T. K. , James M. , Mager P. N. , Klimushkin D. Y.
Published: May 2012

The Hankasalmi SuperDARN radar in Finland, while operating in a high spatial and temporal resolution mode, has measured the ionospheric signature of a naturally occurring ULF wave in scatter artificially induced by the Tromsø Heater. The wave had a period of 100 s and exhibited curved phase fronts across the heated volume (about 180 km along a single radar beam). Spatial information provided by the radar has enabled an m‐number for the wave of about 38 to be determined. It is demonstrated here that the curved phase fronts are a generic feature of nonstationary poloidal waves in a transverse resonator, caused by the common action of the field line curvature, the plasma pressure, and the equilibrium current. Some features of the observed event agree with the resonator in the vicinity of the ring current, where it is proposed that the wave is excited by a moving source in the form of a proton cloud drifting in the magnetosphere in the azimuthal direction.
Nitrogenated and aliphatic organic vapors as possible drivers for marine secondary organic aerosol growth
Authors: Dall'Osto Manuel , Ceburnis Darius , Monahan Ciaran , Worsnop Douglas R. , Bialek Jakub , Kulmala Markku , Kurtén Theo , Ehn Mikael , Wenger John , Sodeau John , Healy Robert , O'Dowd Colin
Published: May 2012

Measurements of marine aerosol chemistry, using state‐of‐the‐art mass spectrometry, as well as aerosol microphysics, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity were undertaken during new particle growth events. The events were detected in air advecting over North East (NE) Atlantic waters during the EUCAARI Intensive Observation Period in June 2008 at Mace Head, Ireland. During these growth events, the aerosol mass spectrometers illustrated increases in accumulation mode aerosol phase nitrogenated and aliphatic compounds thought to condense from the gas phase. Since the composition changes observed in the accumulation mode occurred simultaneously to the growth of the accumulation, Aitken and nucleation modes, the growth of both the nucleation mode and the Aitken mode is attributed to the condensation of these species. Nitrogenated compounds like amines are also plausible candidates in the nucleation process, as suggested by quantum mechanic calculations. It is also plausible that amides and organic nitrites, also identified by the mass spectrometers, are possible candidate chemical compounds, suggesting that multiple types of chemical species may be contributing. Given that these open ocean aerosol formation and growth events occur in very clean polar marine air masses, we suggest that the organic compounds responsible for particle formation and growth are mainly of biogenic origin. Despite increasing the particle number concentration, the initial effect is to suppress hygroscopicity and CCN activity.
High circular polarization ratios in radar scattering from geologic targets
Authors: Campbell Bruce A.
Published: May 2012

We examine and model the occurrence of circular polarization ratio (CPR or μc) values greater than unity in terrestrial and planetary radar observations as a guide to the range of associated surface morphology. Lunar crater deposits exhibit maximum μc values at 12.6 and 70‐cm wavelength of 2 to 3. CPR values for Maxwell Montes on Venus range up to about 1.5 at 12.6‐cm wavelength. Echoes from SP Flow in Arizona exhibit μc up to 2 at 24‐cm wavelength. Scattering from rock edges and cracks (dipole‐like) produces μc of unity for single scattering and up to about 2 for multiple reflections. Scattering from natural corner reflectors (dihedrals) formed by pairs of rock facets can yield an average μc of 3–4, but likely requires non‐random or scale‐limited surface roughness properties in order to dominate the observed echo. The dihedral mechanism is required to satisfy the highest lunar μc observations, while echoes from SP Flow and Maxwell Montes could be explained by just the dipole mechanism. The dihedral scenario requires rocky facets on scales many times the radar wavelength, which the blocks at SP Flow (and the unknown surface texture of Maxwell) may not provide. The random dipole model is less demanding in terms of structures and scales, and likely increases the CPR of lunar or asteroid regoliths through scattering from and between rocks.
Reproducibility of Cerebral Blood Flow Assessment using a Quantitative SPECT Reconstruction Program and Split-Dose 123I-Iodoamphetamine in Institutions with Different γ-Cameras and Collimators
Authors: Yoneda Hiroshi , Shirao Satoshi , Koizumi Hiroyasu , Oka Fumiaki , Ishihara Hideyuki , Ichiro Kunitsugu , Kitahara Tetsuhiro , Iida Hidehiro , Suzuki Michiyasu
Published: May 2012

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is used widely in clinical studies. However, the technique requires image reconstruction and the methods for correcting scattered radiation and absorption are not standardized among SPECT procedures. Therefore, quantitation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) may not be constant across SPECT models. The quantitative SPECT (QSPECT) software package has been developed for standardization of CBF. Using the QSPECT/dual-table autoradiographic (DTARG) method, CBF and cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR) at rest and after acetazolamide challenge can be evaluated using 123I-iodoamphetamine in a single SPECT session. In this study, we examined the reproducibility of quantitative regional CBF and CVR in QSPECT/DTARG using different SPECT models at two facilities. The subjects were nine patients with chronic cerebral ischemic disease who underwent QSPECT/DTARG at both facilities with use of different γ-cameras and collimators. There were significant correlations for CBF at rest and after acetazolamide challenge measured at the two facilities. The consistency of the CBFs of the patients measured at the two facilities were good in all cases. Our results show that CBF measured by QSPECT/DTARG in the same patients is reproducible in different SPECT models. This indicates that standardized evaluation of CBF can be performed in large multicenter studies.
A subset of group A-like
var
genes encodes the malaria parasite ligands for binding to human brain endothelial cells
Authors: Claessens Antoine , Adams Yvonne , Ghumra Ashfaq , Lindergard Gabriella , Buchan Caitlin C. , Andisi Cheryl , Bull Peter C. , Mok Sachel , Gupta Archna P. , Wang Christian W. , Turner Louise , Arman Mònica , Raza Ahmed , Bozdech Zbynek , Rowe J. Alexandra
Published: May 2012

Cerebral malaria is the most deadly manifestation of infection with
Plasmodium falciparum
. The pathology of cerebral malaria is characterized by the accumulation of infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the microvasculature of the brain caused by parasite adhesins on the surface of IEs binding to human receptors on microvascular endothelial cells. The parasite and host molecules involved in this interaction are unknown. We selected three
P. falciparum
strains (HB3, 3D7, and IT/FCR3) for binding to a human brain endothelial cell line (HBEC-5i). The whole transcriptome of isogenic pairs of selected and unselected parasites was analyzed using a variant surface antigen-supplemented microarray chip. After selection, the most highly and consistently up-regulated genes were a subset of group A-like
var
genes (
HB3var3
,
3D7_PFD0020c
,
ITvar7
, and
ITvar19
) that showed 11- to >100-fold increased transcription levels. These
var
genes encode
P. falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein (PfEMP)1 variants with distinct N-terminal domain types (domain cassette 8 or domain cassette 13). Antibodies to HB3var3 and PFD0020c recognized the surface of live IEs and blocked binding to HBEC-5i, thereby confirming the adhesive function of these variants. The clinical in vivo relevance of the HBEC-selected parasites was supported by significantly higher surface recognition of HBEC-selected parasites compared with unselected parasites by antibodies from young African children suffering cerebral malaria (Mann–Whitney test,
P
= 0.029) but not by antibodies from controls with uncomplicated malaria (Mann–Whitney test,
P
= 0.58). This work describes a binding phenotype for virulence-associated group A
P. falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein 1 variants and identifies targets for interventions to treat or prevent cerebral malaria.