bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The nature and fatty acid composition of the oils from deep‐sea fish species from New Zealand waters
Authors: Body Denis R.
Published: October 2006

The oils from the edible flesh, frame, head, skin and viscera of seven deep‐sea fish namely, alfonsino (Beryx splendens), cardinal fish (Epigonus sp.) javelin fish (Lepidorphynchus denticulatus), lookdown dory (Cyttus traversi), rattail (Coelorynchus sp.), ribaldo (Mora pacifica) and sea perch (Helicolenus papillosus) were examined. The fatty acids analysed are present as glycerol‐based lipids and no marine wax esters were detected. The distribution of the major fatty acid moieties, i.e. 16:0, 18:1 and 22:6 resembled the pattern common to established commercial fish oils.
Composition of Ghanian fermented maize meal and the effect of soya fortification on sensory properties
Authors: Plahar W. A. , Leung H. K.
Published: October 2006

There were no significant differences in the composition of four fermented maize doughs used by different ethnic groups in Ghana. The average maize dough contained 49.6% moisture, 37.5% starch and had a titratable acidity of 4.3 mg NaOH g−1 and pH of 3.76. Fermented maize dough (48% m.c.) was fortified with defatted soya flour at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g kg−1 on a replacement basis and used in two traditional food products. Triangle taste tests indicated a significant difference between the control and samples fortified with 10% or more soya flour. Based on a preference test, maize dough products with up to 10% added soya flour were acceptable to Ghanaians.
Composition and nutritional evaluation of microbial biomass grown on whiskey distillery spent wash
Authors: Barker Trevor W. , Patton A. Marie , Marchant Roger
Published: October 2006

Microbial biomass produced from malt whiskey distillery spent wash, composed of a mixture of the filamentous fungus Geotrichum candidum and the yeasts Hansenula anomala and Candida krusei, had crude protein contents of 48 and 52 g 100 g−1 and ‘true protein’ contents of 38 and 42 g 100 g−1 when grown in batch and continuous culture respectively. Analyses of amino acid composition showed that the essential amino acid content was between 45 and 49 g 16 g−1 N and the essential amino acid index between 0.66 and 0.70. The sulphur‐containing amino acids were limiting, being between 49 and 59% deficient compared with the requirements of the growing rat. In rat feeding trials the biomass had a biological value of 0.53, a net protein utilisation value of 0.40 and a digestibility of 0.75 based on its crude protein content. Supplementation of the biomass with methionine and admixture in a ratio of 1:9 with distillers spent grains raised the NPU values to 0.49 and 0.55 respectively. Comparison of the composition and nutritional quality with that of distillers' dark grains demonstrated that the biomass was of a higher quality, and when either supplemented with methionine or mixed with distillers' spent grains was comparable with soya‐bean meal.
Slow triplet β‐gliadin from cappelle‐desprez
Authors: Ewart John A. D.
Published: October 2006

The third and slowest member of a triplet of β‐gliadins seen in the electrophoretic pattern of Cappelle‐Desprez gliadin has been isolated. It appears to be a single‐chain protein that is free from carbohydrate and SH groups and has a molecular weight of 41000. The amino acid analysis is typical of many gliadins, with high contents of Glx and Pro, 93% of the side‐chain COOH amidated, and 23 (Tyr + Phe) per molecule. Microheterogeneity may be present.
Changes in the nutritional composition of two varieties of orchard pear buds during the period of maximum bird damage
Authors: Wilson Michael F. , Blackford John H. , Blunden Christine A.
Published: October 2006

Damage to fruit buds by bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula L.) is a serious problem to the fruit‐growing industry in the UK. The nutrient composition of two varieties of pear buds, ‘Conference’ and ‘Doyenne du Comice’ has been determined at intervals between mid‐February and April 1981, the time of maximum bird damage. Bullfinches preferentially take buds from Conference pear trees while Doyenne du Comice is a less favoured variety. The chemical differences between these two varieties have been shown to be slight with reference to the total nitrogen, free amino acid, protein hydrolysate amino acid, glyceride glycerol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, phosphorus and cation contents. Thus the basis of the birds' preference may lie in the individual components of the groups of nutrients studied, secondary metabolites and/or the physical/developmental differences between bud varieties.
The effect of stage of maturity on the digestion of hemicelluloses of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Nandra K. S. , Gupta B. K. , Chopra A. K.
Published: October 2006

Sugar composition of hemicelluloses before and after in‐vitro digestion of sorghum at different stages of maturity have been determined. Xylose was the main mono‐saccharide residue and its content increased with maturity. It was also the least digestible sugar residue. Galactose and arabinose residue were highly digestible at all stages of maturity.
N‐nitrosamine content of New Zealand beer and malted barley
Authors: Weston Roderick J.
Published: October 2006

The nitrosamine content of 16 New Zealand beers and one Australian beer, all manufactured in 1980, was determined by chemiluminescence. The levels, calculated as N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) ranged from 0.2–1.8 μg dm−3 with a mean of 0.76 μg dm−3. Over a period of 2 years, the NDMA levels in New Zealand malt have been reduced as the result of changes in kilning technology, introduced to control the level of nitrogen oxides in kiln air. For example, the mean value for directly‐fired malt was 5.4 μg kg−1, that for malt dried in air heated by burners to which sulphur had been added was 2.4 μg kg−1 and that for malt dried in air to which SO2 had been released was 0.3 μg kg−1. For the purposes of quality control, screening beer or malt for nitrosamines can be accomplished adequately by the injection of CH2Cl2 extracts directly into a thermal energy analyser.
A comparison of temperatures reached after cooking stuffed chickens: Implications for preventing food poisoning
Authors: Beddows Carole L.
Published: October 2006

Methods of cooking were investigated to determine their ability to heat stuffing in the cavity of chickens: considerations are made as to whether such methods fulfil the requirements for adequate cooking, sufficient to destroy food poisoning bacteria and their toxins. Freedom from such bacteria cannot be assured if stuffed chickens are cooked in a pressure cooker or by microwaves. The cooking time recommended for an electric fry‐pan should be increased. Stuffed chickens cooked in an oven incorporating a meat thermometer or in a slow cooker were heated sufficiently to destroy bacteria. Furthermore, slow cooking is expected to make preformed staphylococcal toxin harmless.
The nutritional value of cassava root meal in laying hen diets
Authors: Stevenson Mary H.
Published: October 2006

Two hundred and eighty‐eight laying hens (144 Hisex white, 144 Hisex brown) were randomly allocated to one of twelve dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for ten 28 day periods. The diets, fed either as mash or pelleted, were a control diet and five other diets with increasing levels of added cassava root meal (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 g kg−1 diet). At the end of the experiment, four Hisex white birds from each treatment were taken for the measurement of water intake. The AME content of the diets was measured by the total collection method. The inclusion of high levels of cassava root meal had no detrimental effect on egg production or food intake. However, as the level of cassava increased, there was a tendency towards a decrease in food consumption in the meal‐fed birds. Water consumption was significantly greater in the birds given pelleted feed than in those given mash. Also, at the higher levels of cassava inclusion in the meal‐fed birds, water consumption was greater. The AME content of the cassava root meal was 14.1 MJ kg−1 dry matter.
Determination of unmodified methionine and methionine sulphoxide in food proteins by gas–liquid chromatography
Authors: Duncan Alexander , Ellinger Gabrielle M. , Glennie Robert T.
Published: October 2006

A method for the reduction of methionine sulphoxide to methionine using titanium trichloride is described. This method, coupled with the gas chromatographic determination of methionine after reaction with CNBr, measures methionine sulphoxide by the increase in methionine values after reduction with titanium trichloride. Results obtained for total methionine by gas chromatography after reduction and CNBr reaction, showed close agreement with those obtained by ion‐exchange chromatography after performic acid oxidation. This method was applied to pure proteins which had been subjected to hydrogen peroxide oxidation, and to a wide range of food proteins. An evaluation of other, but less effective, reducing agents is briefly discussed.
Effects of fertilisers on the contents of copper and molybdenum in herbage cut for conservation
Authors: Reith James W. S. , Burridge John C. , Berrow Michael L. , Caldwell Kynoch S.
Published: October 2006

The effects of the application of fertilisers, especially N, and trace elements on the contents of Cu and Mo in mixed grassland herbage and its main constituent species, have been studied. Results have been obtained from field experiments on three mineral soils and on a deep acid peat, the herbage having been cut at stages of growth considered suitable for conservation as silage three or four times per year for at least three successive years.

Applying N without Cu reduced the Cu content in herbage in three experiments. At these three sites, applied Cu produced slightly higher yields and a small increase in the Cu content in herbage, which was greater with than without applied N. In the fourth experiment, on a soil containing adequate Cu, applying N increased the Cu content in mixed herbage, ryegrass and cocksfoot, except with 56 kg ha−‐1 per cut, where the content in mixed herbage was reduced slightly by the elimination of clover. Where the soil was adequately supplied with Cu, either naturally or from additions of this element, clovers contained more Cu than grasses. The Cu content was higher in herbage from the October than the June cuts, the mid‐summer cuts having intermediate contents. Cu extracted by 0.05M EDTA from the soils agreed with the effects on herbage contents, but a higher level of extractable Cu may be required for intensive grass than for optimum cereal production.

Applying Mo had no effect on yield, but produced a large increase in the Mo content in herbage on a mineral soil; the increase was greater in clover than in ryegrass. On peat, applied Mo had much smaller effects on herbage contents, giving similar increases in both clover and ryegrass. Applying N reduced the Mo content in herbage, both in the absence and presence of added Mo. The effects of the latter decreased gradually in successive years. Applying P, especially at high rates, resulted in slightly lower Cu and Mo contents in herbage.
Characteristics of the proteins of the tubers of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC)
Authors: Kortt Alexander A. , Caldwell J. Bruce
Published: October 2006

The crude protein content (amino acid Nx6.25) of six varieties of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus tuber varied from 12.7 to 16.9%. Free amino acids and low molecular weight peptides account for about 40% of this crude protein value. The non‐dialysable protein content of winged bean tuber is therefore less than previously assumed, but is still relatively high for a tuber crop. The amino acid contents of the tuber varieties were similar and nutritionally acceptable, except for the sulphur containing amino acids. Fresh tubers showed trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity and haemagglutinin activity. The inhibitor levels showed little variation but differences in the levels of haemagglutinin activity were found. On SDS‐polyacrylamide gels the tuber proteins revealed a simple subunit pattern of two major polypeptides of Mr 30000 and 20000. Fractionation of the tuber proteins showed that the inhibitors and haemagglutinins comprise about 35% of the tuber protein. In addition, three acidic protein (about 12% of tuber protein), three basic proteins (ca. 34% of tuber protein) and a minor component (Mr∼10000) with a high cystine content (11 residue %) were identified.
Determination of methionine by gas‐liquid chromatography: Modifications in its application to legumes and cereals
Authors: Duncan Alexander , Ellinger Gabrielle M. , Glennie Robert T.
Published: October 2006

Peptide‐bound methionine when reacted with CNBr releases methyl thiocyanate which is quantitatively measured by gas–liquid chromatography. Seeds of varieties of legume contain γ‐glutamyl‐S‐methylcysteine, which also reacts with CNBr to give methyl thiocyanate, which results in elevated apparent methionine values. An extraction procedure for its removal was developed and applied to many legume varieties. Methionine values agreed with those obtained by ion‐exchange chromatography after performic acid oxidation; an exception was Phaseolus mungo (black gram). Samples of Ph. mungo from several sources all contained substantial amounts of free methionine but, as no γ‐glutamyl‐S‐methylcysteine was‐present, the need for extraction was eliminated. For the determination of methionine in cereals, conditions were adapted to decrease gel formation in the presence of formic acid and CNBr, and to eliminate interference at the gas chromatography stage. This was achieved by a mild acid hydrolysis prior to CNBr reaction, conditions for which are described.
Composition and aerobic stability of silages made from whole wheat or from ears or stems of wheat at two growth stages
Authors: Ashbell Gilad , Theune Hans H. , Sklan David
Published: October 2006

Silages were made from whole crop wheat and from separated ears and stems at two stages of growth. The stability of the silage during exposure to air was also studied. Fresh material, ears and stems harvested at the milk and dough stage, and silage and aerobic post‐silage exposure material of whole wheat plants were examined. Large differences were recorded in composition between the different parts in the fresh crop; material with 11% crude fibre and 81% digestibility in vitro was obtained from ears at the dough stage compared to 14.5% crude fibre and 75% digestibility at the milk stage. Material harvested at the dough stage was the most stable during silage and in the aerobic post‐silage exposure. The composition and amino acid content of silages is reported together with microfloral counts in crop, silages and after exposure to air.
The conditioning of wheat. A comparison of UK wheats milled at natural moisture content and after drying and conditioning to the same moisture content
Authors: Hook Simon C. W. , Bone Geoffrey T. , Fearn Thomas
Published: October 2006

Four UK wheat varieties were milled at natural (as received) moisture content (range 15–15.5%) and after drying, storing and conditioning back to the original ‘as received’ level. The milling performance of the wheats was assessed in terms of extraction rate, flour colour and flour moisture content. Wheats that had been conditioned gave higher extraction rates, lower grade colour figures and lower flour moisture contents when compared with the same wheats milled at natural moisture content.
Protein–protein interactions: Their importance in the foaming of heterogeneous protein systems
Authors: Poole Stephen , West Stuart I. , Walters Clifford L.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of egg albumen foams by electrophoresis showed that the basic protein lysozyme (pI 10.7) was strongly retained. Addition of low concentrations (0.01–0.10% w/v) of the basic proteins clupeine (pI 12) and lysozyme to solutions (0.50% w/v) of several acidic proteins (pI 4.7–6.0) greatly improved their foaming properties at pH values between the isoelectric points. Sucrose strongly enhanced the action of the basic proteins, while not significantly affecting the foaming of the acidic proteins alone. Basic proteins did not enhance the foaming of ovalbumin and egg albumen in the absence of sucrose. Clupeine enhanced foaming more effectively than lysozyme under all conditions studied. Lysozyme was least effective near the isoelectric point of the acidic protein, where electrostatic interactions were weakest. Sodium chloride (0.1M) had a detrimental effect on the action of lysozyme.
Effectiveness of antioxidants on the stability of banana chips
Authors: Noor Napisah , Augustin M. A.
Published: October 2006

The effectiveness of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in improving the stability of banana chips stored at 65°C were compared. Criteria used in the assessment of the stability of the chips included the determinations of peroxide, p‐anisidine, acid and iodine values, E1cm 1% at 232 amd 268 nm and the C18:2/C16:0 ratio of oil extracted from banana chips. It was found that chips fried in refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) olein containing BHA or BHT were more stable than chips fried in RBD olein without antioxidants. BHT was more effective than BHA in prolonging the shelf‐life of of banana chips. The same order of effectiveness of the antioxidants was observed at 65°C and at room temperature (25°C).
Autoxidation of methyl linolenate. The effect of antioxidants on product distribution
Authors: Peers Kenneth E. , Coxon David T. , Chan Henry W.‐S.
Published: October 2006

Studies on autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the presence of antioxidants have shown that there can be significant differences in the proportions and types of products produced in ‘inhibited’ autoxidations, as compared with control autoxidations, in the absence of an antioxidant. The autoxidation of methyl linolenate has been used as a model system with which to study the effects of different concentrations of both natural and synthetic antioxidants on the proportions of the various types of oxidation product formed. The antioxidants studied included α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol, α‐tocotrienol, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethylhydroxychroman (PMHC), 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT), 3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (BHA), and mono‐tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). In order to investigate the effect of the antioxidants, the oxidation products were analysed for the proportions of diperoxides and monohy‐droperoxides present, and the monohydroperoxide class was further analysed for the proportions of cis, trans and trans, trans dienes and ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ hydroperoxides. In all cases where any significant oxidation occurred the extent of the change in product distribution caused by the antioxidant increased as the antioxidant concentration increased. In many cases the extent of methyl linolenate oxidation occurring under standard conditions (after 100 h at 40°C) also increased as the antioxidant concentration increased, but this was not so for δ‐tocopherol, BHT and TBHQ. The importance of these findings in relation to food systems and to the understanding of antioxidant behaviour is discussed.
The in‐vitro digestibility of feedstuffs–a century of ferment
Authors: Faithfull Nigel T.
Published: October 2006

The origins and development of in‐vitro techniques for the determination of the apparent digestibility of ruminant feedstuffs are critically reviewed. Special attention is given to the effect of the pH used for the pepsin digestion stage, its optimum value, and its solubilising effect upon various mineral compounds and protein‐ and mineral‐tannin complexes formed in the ruminant digestive system. New experimental evidence is presented concerning the latter effect. Comparisons are made with the Tilley and Terry method in widespread use at the present time.
Evaluation of detergent extraction procedures for characterising carbohydrate components in ruminant feeds and digesta
Authors: McAllan Alexander B. , Griffith Elvin S.
Published: October 2006

Steers fitted with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given isoenergetic diets of approximately equal amounts of untreated (UT) barley straw and concentrates (flaked maize + tapioca) alone (BS) or with urea (BSU) or fishmeal (BSF). Similar diets were also given in which the barley straw had been treated (AT) with NaOH (BSA, BSAU and BSAF respectively). The diets were given in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Feed components and abomasal digesta samples were analysed for neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibres and for monosaccharide constituents of structural polysaccharides. Hemicellulose contents were estimated as the sum of xylose + arabinose (X + A) and by the difference between ash‐free NDF and ash‐free ADF (NDF‐ADF). Cellulose was estimated as β‐linked glucose (C) and by the difference between ash‐free ADF and lignin (ADF–L).103 Ruthenium and PEG were given as flow markers and flows (g24h−1) at the abomasum of carbohydrate components estimated in these ways were calculated. Approximately 98% (by wt.) of the cellulose (C) found in original feed and digesta samples was recovered in both NDF and ADF. Recoveries of hemicellulose (X + A) in NDF from UT straw, AT straw and abomasal digesta were approximately 92, 48 and 50%, respectively. The ADF fraction of feeds and digesta contained 3–6 and 10–17% of the nitrogen and xylose, respectively, present in the original samples. Mouth to abomasum digestibilities of hemicellulose (NDF– ADF) for diets BS, BSU, BSF, BSA, BSAU and BSAF were 39, 62, 67, 29, 61 and 76%, respectively. Corresponding values for cellulose (ADF–L) were 37, 34, 50, 45, 48, and 63%, respectively. The use of NDF–ADF and ADF–L as measures of hemicellulose and cellulose contents, respectively, of feeds and digesta, and the digestibility of these carbohydrate fractions between mouth and abomasum of steers are discussed.
Simultaneous determination of proline and betaines by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ford Clive W.
Published: October 2006

A method is described for the simultaneous determination by reversed‐phase h.p.l.c. of proline, glycinebetaine, trigonelline and stachydrine. The mobile phase was water containing 0.02M dibutylamine phosphate at pH 3.0. The compounds were separated in a Dextropak Radial‐PAK Cartridge and were detected by a differential refractometer. Total time of elution was 8 min. The method was applied to the analysis of leaves of two tropical grasses and a tropical legume which had been subjected to water stress.
Amino acid composition of the seed albumins from chickpea
Authors: Murray David R. , McC. Roxburgh Charles
Published: October 2006

Amino acid analyses are reported for the albumin (water‐soluble) fractions of embryo proteins obtained from cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and two wild forms, C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum. The sulphur amino acid contents of these fractions were 4.51, 5.50 and 5.75% respectively (molar basis). In each case, the cysteine content (2.51, 3.13 and 3.45%) was higher than the methionine content (2.00, 2.37 and 2.30% respectively). In other respects the albumin fractions from all three species were similar and represent balanced sources of all the essential amino acids except possibly tryptophane (not determined).
Assessment of root activity of perennial ryegrass and white clover measured using 32phosphorus as influenced by method of isotope placement, irrigation and method of defoliation
Authors: Keith Syers J. , Ryden John C. , Garwood Edward A.
Published: October 2006

Two methods of placement of 32P in soil were used to investigate the root activity in perennial ryegrass and mixed ryegrass–white clover swards. The placement of isotope by either horizontal or vertical insertion in the mixed sward had no significant effect on the distribution of root activity with depth, the total dry‐matter yield of herbage or its distribution between ryegrass and clover. At least 90% of the root activity to a depth of 35 cm for both grass and clover occurred within the upper 12.5 cm of the soil profile. Irrigation resulted in a more even distribution of root activity with depth and increased the lateral exploitation of soil P. In the irrigated plot, the root activity of both grass and clover above the line of isotope placement accounted for 40–50% of the total activity at depths to 18.8 cm in contrast to 70–100% in the absence of irrigation. The method of defoliation (cutting versus grazing) had no significant effect on the vertical or lateral distribution of root activity. In unirrigated mixed swards, the root activity of grass in the upper 12.5 cm of the soil profile was greater by a factor of 1.5 to 2 than the contribution of grass to the yield of herbage. With irrigation, however, the distribution of root activity between grass and clover was similar to the contribution of each to the yield of herbage.
The effect of overwintering on the chemical composition of nine varieties of swede
Authors: Millard Peter , Bain Sandra D. , Chesson Andrew
Published: October 2006

The compositions of the roots of nine varieties of swede of high, medium or low dry matter content and winter‐hardiness have been compared in samples harvested in November 1982 or March 1983. There was between 52 and 63% of root dry matter as soluble glucose, fructose and sucrose, 18 to 22% as cell wall polymers, 10 to 12% as soluble phenolic material and 3 to 5% inorganic nutrients. The chemical composition and so, presumably, nutritive value of the low and medium winterhardiness varieties were unchanged over the sampling period, whereas the high winter‐hardiness varieties increased their soluble sugar levels (particularly glucose) by 20% over the winter.
Aroma components as discriminating parameters in the chemometric classification of venetian white wines
Authors: Moret Ivo , Scarponi Giuseppe , Cescon Paolo
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐two volatile aroma components of three Venetian white wines (vintage of 1981) were determined by capillary gas chromatography, after liquid‐liquid extraction and concentration in a Vigreux column. Multiple discriminant analysis and the k‐nearest neighbour rule were applied to data in order to differentiate and classify the wines according to origin. Using 11 selected parameters (alcoholic and acidic fractions), the correctly classified cases were 94.9% by the multiple discriminant analysis, and 71.8% by the 3‐nearest neighbour rule.
Protein quality measures determined in two allegedly poor quality fish meals and in two commercial capelin meals
Authors: Aksnes Anders , Njaa Leif R.
Published: October 2006

Protein quality indices (PER, nitrogen balance, digestibilities of protein, methionine and lysine) were obtained for two allegedly poor quality fish meals of unknown origin and for two Norwegian capelin meals. The former two contained 40 and 50%, the latter two, 6 and 12% of their methionine in the form of methionine sulphoxide. A high sulphoxide content was associated with poor protein quality. Thus, autoxidation during production or storage may affect fish meal protein differently from oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the laboratory. Methionine supplementation did not improve the PER‐values of any of the meals. This indicates that methionine was probably not the first limiting amino acid for protein utilisation in these meals for the young rat.
A comparison of the lipid compositions of the lipoproteins of the intestinal and popliteal lymph and plasma of sheep
Authors: Noble Raymond C. , Shand John H. , Calvert David T. , Clegg Roger A. , Christie William W.
Published: October 2006

The lipids and lipoproteins of intestinal lymph in the sheep make a contribution to the corresponding fractions in plasma and thence affect lipid compositions in other tissues. As a first step towards assessing this contribution, the lipoproteins of intestinal lymph, peripheral (popliteal lymph) and plasma have been isolated for compositional studies. Popliteal lymph and the plasma were similar in the distributions of lipids among the major lipoprotein fractions with high‐density lipoproteins accounting for just over half of the total lipid present. In intestinal lymph, 80 per cent of the total lipid was associated with the very low‐density lipoprotein fraction. Whereas triacylglycerols comprised the principal lipid component of the very low‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein fractions of the intestinal lymph and were present in the high‐density lipoprotein fraction, they were present in essence only in the very low‐density lipoprotein fraction of popliteal lymph and plasma, where high concentrations of cholesteryl esters and phospholipids were found in all the lipoprotein fractions. The fatty acid compositions of each lipid class were also determined. The most distinctive feature of the results was the distribution of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, among the lipid components. In all lipid classes in each of the body fluids, the concentration of this component was highest in the high‐density lipoproteins and lowest in the very low‐density lipoproteins. Higher concentrations tended to be present in the triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholine fractions of intestinal lymph than of plasma and popliteal lymph, but the opposite was true of the cholesteryl esters. The results are discussed in terms of the sources of the linoleic acid in the lipids of intestinal lymph of ruminant animals.
The responses of two genotypes of white clover to addition of lime to an acid permanent grassland soil
Authors: Jarvis Stephen C.
Published: October 2006

The response of white clover to addition of lime was studied in pots with an acid permanent grassland soil (pH 4.1), and a comparison made between a commercial cultivar (Blanca) and a white clover indigenous to the acid soil. The yield of both plants increased markedly with addition of lime, but the native genotype reached maximum yield at a lower pH. In both cases, however, only relatively small adjustments of pH were required to produce considerable increases in yield. The addition of lime reduced the amounts of Al and Mn extracted by 1M ammonium acetate and 0.01M CaCl2, and increased exchangeable Ca. It was suggested that, although plant contents of Mn were high and those of Ca low, the effect of lime was not on the clover plant per se but on nodulation and the supply of N through symbiotic fixation. When no lime was added, both plants contained concentrations of N below that suggested as critical, and had only limited numbers of nodules on their roots. Excess Al and/or Mn, or insufficient Ca may have been responsible for inhibition of nodulation at the low pH of the unlimed soil. Although the indigenous plant also grew poorly when no lime was added, it displayed a number of characteristics which may assist its performance and persistence under acid conditions in the field.
The labile pool of manganese in soil: Comparison of E and L value measurements with extraction methods
Authors: Goldberg Steven P. , Smith Keith A.
Published: October 2006

The size of the manganese labile pools of three sandy soils from south east Scotland with a history of Mn deficiency was investigated by four methods: extraction with CaCl2; extraction with DTPA; E‐value determination by exchange with 54Mn; and L‐value determination using barley as the test crop. There was little agreement between the methods. The L‐values varied with the period of plant growth and with soil bulk density but greatly exceeded the E‐values, which in turn were about twice the quantities obtained by prolonged extraction with CaCl2 and an order of magnitude greater than the quantities extracted after 1 h with CaCl2‐DTPA extraction gave values three to six times those obtained with CaCl2. Extractable Mn increased dramatically after prolonged air drying, indicating the need for standardisation of both pre‐extraction conditions and extraction times when comparing the Mn availability of different soils.
Effect of soil conditioners on the permeability and stability of soils
Authors: Desmet J. , Gabriels D. , Dierickx W.
Published: October 2006

Permeability and wet sieving tests were carried out to study the effect of soil conditioner treatments on aggregate stability of a loam, clay loam and silty clay soil, and to evaluate possible applications in drainage, such as treating the trench backfill in soils of low permeability. The permeability test and prolonged wet sieving test were considered to be valid methods for determining the behaviour of soil aggregates. The permeability and stability of a soil are strongly affected by soil texture and soil moisture conditions after treatment. Treatments with polymer solutions are effective with regard to both stability and permeability, even in situations where the soil remains moist after treatment. Treatments with emulsions were effective for loam soil when the samples were dried out, and for the silty clay soil at higher moisture contents. For the clay loam soil the highest permeability was found at higher moisture contents although a high instability index was obtained after prolonged wet sieving. Treatment with soil conditioners, especially polymer solutions, results in highly permeable and stable aggregates under a wide range of moisture conditions after treatment.
Hydroxycinnamic esters and browning potential in mature berries of some grape varieties
Authors: Romeyer Franccoise M. , Sapis Jean‐C. , Macheix Jean‐J.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of caffeoyl‐, p‐coumaroyl‐ and feruloyl‐tartaric acid esters in 28 mature grape varieties were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Caffeoyl tartrate concentrations were generally found to be the highest (average amount 0.12 μmol g−1 of fresh weight). p‐Coumaroyl tartrate concentrations were lower (average amount 0.05ümolg−1 of fresh weight). Feruloyl tartrate concentrations were very low and often non‐existent. The differences between varieties were very large for all the esters. In connection with previously‐determined polyphenol oxidase activities and according to the results of multiple linear regression and principal component analysis, no correlation was found between browning potential and hydroxycinnamic ester contents when such a correlation occurred in red grape browning with polyphenol oxidase activity levels.
Determination of ascorbic acid in vegetables and fruits by differential pulse polarography
Authors: Lau Oi‐Wah , Shiu Kwok‐Keung , Chang Shu‐Ting
Published: October 2006

A method for the determination of ascorbic acid in vegetables and fruits using differential pulse polarography has been developed. The extraction medium recommended is a mixture of oxalic acid (1%), trichloroacetic acid (2%) and sodium sulphate (1%), and simple filtration is used to remove the residue. An acetate buffer (2M) is recommended to keep the pH at 4.5. The polarograms were recorded using a modulation amplitude of 50mV, a scan rate of 2mVs−1, and a drop time of 1 s. The precision of the procedure was found to be 1.4% at the 1 mg litre−1 level of ascorbic acid. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0–20 mg litre −1 of ascorbic acid with a slope of 0.48μA mg litre−1. Most common anions and cations did not interfere, however, Fe3+ and EDTA interfered, and Br− and I− seriously interfered with the determination. The method was applied to determine the ascorbic acid content of a number of vegetables and fruits using the standard‐addition calibration.
Volatile flavour components of grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen)
Authors: Núnez Alberto J. , Maarse Henk , Bemelmans Jo M. H.
Published: October 2006

The qualitative analysis of volatile flavour components in grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) was performed using a gas chromatography/mass spectro‐metry/computer system which allowed the identification of 58 components, 25 of them being reported for the first time. The aroma concentrates were obtained by an efficient simultaneous steam distillation/solvent extraction method which made it possible to identify many trace aroma components. Only quantitative differences were found in the aroma composition of fresh grapefruit juice extracted from different fruit batches of the same geographic origin during one season.
Effects of nitrification inhibitors on uptakes of mineralised nitrogen and on yields of winter cereals grown on sandy soil after ploughing old grassland
Authors: Rodgers G. Alan , Penny Alexander , Hewitt Michael V.
Published: October 2006

An old grass sward on a sandy loam soil (Cottenham series) was ploughed‐down in summer 1981 and winter wheat, winter oats and winter wheat respectively were grown on the site for the next 3 years. Nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide (DCD), nitrapyrin or etridiazole) were applied to the seedbed in all 3 years. In spring, the cereals were given 0, 35 or 70kg N ha−1 as “Nitro‐Chalk”. Inhibitors had little effect on the amounts or distribution of mineralised nitrogen in the soil profile or on the uptake of mineralised nitrogen during autumn and winter. Much mineralised nitrogen was leached during the autumn and winter 1981/82 and 1982/83, but amounts of available mineralised nitrogen were sufficient to meet the crop requirements. In these 2 years nitrogen fertiliser decreased yields and inhibitors had no consistent effect on yields or nitrogen uptakes. In 1984, winter wheat responded to spring‐applied nitrogen fertiliser, while DCD or nitrapyrin increased yields and nitrogen uptakes. There was no evidence that yield increases were due solely to the increased availability of mineralised nitrogen caused by the inhibition of nitrification.
Degradation of mimosine during ensiling of leucaena
Authors: Lyon Cameron K
Published: October 2006

The causes of the degradation of the toxic component, mimosine, during ensiling of leucaena leaves were investigated in small‐scale laboratory preparations. Degradation of mimosine to 3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐pyridone was shown to be caused almost entirely by endogenous enzymes in the leaf and not by fermentation during ensiling.
Constituents of the essential oil of Sideritis cretica boiss
Authors: Komaitis Michael E. , Falirea Ageliki , Voudouris Emmanuel C.
Published: October 2006

The essential oil constituents of Sideritis cretica Boiss have been investigated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Over 30 compounds were identified or partially identified in the oil which was obtained by steam distillation. The compounds reported in this work are: limonene, β‐phellandrene, γ‐terpinene, p‐cymene, hexanol, nonanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, a‐copaene, linalool, octanol, 1‐terpinen‐4‐ol, caryophyllene, pulegone, β‐farnesene, terpineole, borneol, carvone, naphthalene, zingiberene, trimethyl‐dihydro‐naphthalene, β‐cadinene, ar‐curcumene, anethol, damascenone, calamene, colacorene, hexenyl benzoate, γ‐decalactone, drimenol, thymol, carvacrol, diterpenes, diethyl phthalate and benzyl benzoate.
Cation‐exchange capacity of plant cell walls at neutral pH
Authors: Allen Michael S. , McBurney Michael I. , Van Soest Peter J.
Published: October 2006

A new method of measuring the cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) of plant materials was developed utilising the tripositive rare earth (RE) elements praseodymium (Pr) or neodymium (Nd). Unlike monovalent cations, the trivalent rare earths become tightly bound to fibre thus decreasing the variability involved with washing. Since the acetate complexes of the rare earths are soluble and relatively stable to hydroxide formation up to pH 7.0, this method can be used to measure CEC of plant materials over the pH range of the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, background levels of the RE elements are low in plant tissue. Trivalent Pr and Nd absorb in the visible region of the light spectrum and have the greatest absorptivity of the RE elements. Pr was selected over Nd for this method based upon the binding characteristics of the element. However, Nd may be used if interferences are encountered using Pr. The conditions chosen for optimal binding of Pr to plant materials are as follows: 0.5g samples soaked in 10ml of 0.10M RE acetate, at pH 7.0, for 24h, at 39°C. Coefficients of variation were less than 3.6% for each RE‐feedstuff combination examined.
Effect of cardiac arrest at slaughter on residual blood content of hide
Authors: Gregory Neville G. , Wilkins Lindsay J. , Wotton Stephen B.
Published: October 2006

Inducing a cardiac arrest between stunning and sticking in cattle had no effect on the residual blood content of the hide. Skin from animals which had been dead for about 15 min, but not bled, contained twice as much blood as skin from animals slaughtered in a normal manner. It is concluded, therefore, that the fellmongering problems which are associated with excessive amounts of blood in the hide should not be a problem when stunning methods which simultaneously induce a cardiac arrest are used. This should hold true provided the animal is stuck promptly after it has undergone heart failure.
Effect of water deficit on yield and protein content in pearl millet grains
Authors: Mahalakshmi Viswanathan , Subramanian Vaidyanathan , Bidinger Francis R. , Jambunathan Ramamurthi
Published: October 2006

Seventy‐two pearl millet genotypes were water stressed at panicle development and grain filling stages. Neither grain yields, yield components, protein percent nor total protein per unit area were affected by water deficit during panicle development but protein content per grain was increased. When plants were water stressed during grain filling, grain yield, grains per unit area and 1000 grain weight were reduced, but grain protein percentage increased. Total protein per unit area was reduced primarily due to lower grain yield. The protein content per grain was unaffected by stress, suggesting that the apparent increase in protein percentage is due to reduced carbohydrate accumulation under stress.
Nutritional evaluation of some commercial baby foods consumed in Pakistan
Authors: Khans M. Akmal , Kissana Abdus Sattar
Published: October 2006

The nutritive value of some commercial baby foods commonly consumed in Pakistan was evaluated by means of chemical and biological assays. The protein content of milk based formulas and cereal‐milk blends ranged from 13.3–26.0 and 11.1–13.2%, respectively. The fat content was highest (27%) in P‐7f and was lowest (3%) in Robinson Baby Food. The available carbohydrates in milk based formulas were lower (44.1–59.9%) than cereal‐milk blends (71.5–77.7%). The highest content of ash (5.6%) was found in Ostermilk. The metabolisable energy (ME) values ranged from 428–473 and 349–391 kcal, respectively, in milk based formulas and cereal‐milk blends. The net protein utilisation (NPU) values of milk based formulas varied between 0.68 and 0.75 and NPU values of cereal‐milk blends ranged from 0.69 to 0.71. The protein quality of baby foods was compared with the standards and the low NPU values reflected the influence of the processing technique.
The distribution and content of anthocyanins in young port wines as determined by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Bakker Johanna , Timberlake Colin F.
Published: October 2006

The distribution and content of anthocyanins in young port wines made in three successive years (1981–1983) from up to sixteen grape cultivars grown at five different sites in the Douro Valley in Northern Portugal has been assessed by high performance liquid chromatography. Distributions are confined to the seven most readily separated and identified anthocyanins and expressed as percentages of their sum (78–97% of the total integrated area). Anthocyanins based on malvidin (Mv) predominated (57–94%). Of these Mv 3‐glucoside was the major pigment (43‐76%), followed usually by Mv 3‐p‐coumarylglucoside (1–38%) and then Mv 3‐acetylglucoside (2–18%). Peonidin 3‐glucoside (2–39%) was prominent in a few cultivars but delphinidin 3‐glucoside (1–13%), petunidin 3‐glucoside (2–12%) and cyanidin 3‐glucoside (trac‐4%) were of low proportions throughout. The ratio Mv 3‐acetylglucoside/total Mv glucosides appeared characteristic of cultivar, independent of site and a useful aid to identification. The percentages of Mv 3‐p‐coumarylglucoside were usually lower in ports than in grape skin extracts of the same cultivars. The contents of total anthocyanins in the ports ranged from 143–1080 mg 1−1 (expressed as malvidin 3‐glucoside chloride) and varied according to site and season.
Isolation of conglutin δ, a sulphur‐rich protein from the seeds of Lupinus angustifolius L.
Authors: Lilley Glenn G.
Published: October 2006

Although a 2S globulin class has been observed in salt extracts from seeds of several lupin species, there have been conflicting reports regarding the importance of this class in Lupinus angustifolius. Conglutin δ, a major sulphur‐rich protein extracted from mature seeds of L. angustifolius cv. Uniwhite, was separated by gel‐filtration into two oligomeric forms. The sedimentation coefficients of conglutin δ1 (20%) and conglutin δ2 (80%), were 3.2S and 2.0S respectively. The amino acid compositions of both oligomeric forms of conglutin δ were identical and similar to the compositions published for the 2S globulins in other lupin species. Because of the low level of tyrosine and the absence of tryptophan, conglutins δ1 and δ2 showed little absorbance at 280nm (E1%/1 cm−23). They were characterised by unusually high levels of glutamic acid and 1/2 cysteine (38.5 and 8.5 residues percent respectively) while methionine was absent. Gradient SDS‐PAGE showed that conglutins δ1 and δ2 were homogeneous single‐subunit species. On reduction, with or without S‐carboxymethylation, both the conglutin δ1 and δ2 subunits yielded similar pairs of large and small polypeptide chains. Since conglutin δ rarely resolves from conglutin a during electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes in phosphate buffer at neutral pH, this method is not as useful for screening lupin cultivars as has been claimed previously.
Nutrients in selected foods from the orkney Islands©
Authors: Cameron Arleen M. , Barber Sigrid A. , Agater Irene B.
Published: October 2006

Fifty‐seven samples of 10 vegetables and cereal products from the Orkney Islands were analysed for iron, copper and zinc. Twenty‐seven samples of all foods except beremeal were also assayed for thiamin, pyridoxine, vitamin C and total folate. Copper was found to be low in comparison to published values and the levels of iron and zinc were marginally lower for some vegetables. Thiamin levels in most vegetables and in the local speciality bread, ‘bannocks’, were also lower than published figures. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Fungal pretreatment of wheat straw: Effects on the biodegradability of cell walls, structural polysaccharides, lignin and phenolic acids by rumen microorganisms
Authors: Agosin Eduardo , Tollier Marie Therese , Brillouet Jean Marc , Thivend Pierre , Odier Etienne
Published: October 2006

Disappearance of cell wall components of untreated straw and straw treated with the ligninolytic white‐rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Dichomitus squalens and Cyathus stercoreus were determined during the course of rumen digestion of samples in nylon bags. The first fungus degraded hemicelluloses and cellulose non‐selectively, adversely affecting the digestion rate of crude cell walls. Dichomitus squalens and C. stercoreus preferentially degraded hemicelluloses and lignin, affording cell wall degradation rates 1.5 times higher than in native straw. Furthermore, the extent of cell wall digestion was also significantly enhanced. Both strains improved the extent of cellulose digestion, whereas the potentially degradable xylan fraction remained unchanged. Polysaccharide digestion rates were influenced in different ways depending on the strain tested: straw degraded by C. stercoreus showed an increase in cellulose digestion rate by 50%, whereas residual arabinose units were slowly degraded. Xylan was degraded 1.8 times faster in straw decayed' by D. squalens, while cellulose digestion remained unchanged. Phanerochaete chrysosporium depressed both xylan and cellulose digestion rates. Fungal‐treated lignins were solubilised in the rumen faster than in untreated straw, whereas only treatment by C. stercoreus resulted in higher lignin losses. Esterified phenolic acids were extensively degraded by all three fungi. Residual ferulic and p‐coumaric acids accumulated during rumen digestion, although only the former decreased in the original straw.