bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for mental disorders in police custody settings
Authors: McKinnon Iain , Moore John , Lyall Alicia , Forrester Andrew
Published: May 2022

Mental disorders are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, and this applies equally to police custody. These environments are complex and often pressured, and the acuity of the situation, combined with underlying mental disorders, comorbid medical problems and substance misuse, can lead to behavioural disturbance and increased psychiatric risk. Police custody may also present an opportunity to identify and signpost people with mental disorders and vulnerabilities who are ordinarily hard to reach by standard health services. This article considers the purposes of mental health screening of detainees in police custody. It gives an overview of research into screening for a range of psychiatric disorders and vulnerabilities (including substance misuse and traumatic brain injury) and summarises data on deaths in and immediately following release from custody. Given the inadequacy of statutory screening procedures in some jurisdictions, the authors offer a pragmatic evidence-based protocol to guide screening for mental disorders in custody detainees.
Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of a Fully Mobile Radiation Oncology System Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Price Alex T. , Canfield Casey , Hugo Geoffrey D. , Kavanaugh James A. , Henke Lauren E. , Laugeman Eric , Samson Pamela , Reynolds-Kueny Clair , Cudney Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE

Disparities in radiation oncology (RO) can be attributed to geographic location, socioeconomic status, race, sex, and other societal factors. One potential solution is to implement a fully mobile (FM) RO system to bring radiotherapy to rural areas and reduce barriers to access. We use Monte Carlo simulation to quantify techno-economic feasibility with uncertainty, using two rural Missouri scenarios.

METHODS

Recently, a semimobile RO system has been developed by building an o-ring linear accelerator (linac) into a mobile coach that is used for temporary care, months at a time. Transitioning to a more FM-RO system, which changes location within a given day, presents technical challenges including logistics and quality assurance. This simulation includes cancer census in both northern and southeastern Missouri, multiple treatment locations within a given day, and associated expenditures and revenues. A subset of patients with lung, breast, and rectal diseases, treated with five fractions, was simulated in the FM-RO system.

RESULTS

The FM-RO can perform all necessary quality assurance tests as suggested in national medical physics guidelines within 1.5 hours, thus demonstrating technological feasibility. In northern and southeastern Missouri, five-fraction simulations' net incomes were, in US dollars (USD), $1.55 ± 0.17 million (approximately 74 patients/year) and $3.65 USD ± 0.25 million (approximately 98 patients/year), respectively. The number of patients seen had the highest correlation with net income as well as the ability to break-even within the simulation. The model does not account for disruptions in care or other commonly used treatment paradigms, which may lead to differences in estimated economic return. Overall, the mobile system achieved a net benefit, even for the most negative simulation scenarios.

CONCLUSION

Our simulations suggest technologic success and economic viability for a FM-RO system within rural Missouri and present an interesting solution to address other geographic disparities in access to radiotherapy.
Configuration entropy for N-Dirac fermions with dissipation and external field: An effective-mass phase transition
Authors: Flores J. C.
Published: May 2022

Dirac fermions in solid state are defined through a homogeneous dispersion relation of degree one. Consequently, the group velocity, having a superior bound, becomes invariant under spatial scaling. This fact allows considering the dynamics of a family or set of Dirac fermions at different spatial dimensions and subjected to an external field and dissipation. From the degeneration of the stationary states, the non-Hermitian dynamics allows defining the configuration entropy. With the applied external field being the control parameter, an inflection point becomes associated with entropy. Consequently, an effective-mass phase transition is conjectured including the usual Dirac fermions in a graphene sheet. The critical field and the critical angle are analytically calculated.
Birth Spacing and Health and Socioeconomic Outcomes Across the Life Course: Evidence From the Utah Population Database
Authors: Barclay Kieron , Smith Ken R.
Published: May 2022

The relationship between birth interval length and child outcomes has received increased attention in recent years, but few studies have examined offspring outcomes across the life course in North America. We use data from the Utah Population Database to examine the relationship between birth intervals and short- and long-term outcomes: preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), infant mortality, college degree attainment, occupational status, and adult mortality. Using linear regression, linear probability models, and survival analysis, we compare results from models with and without sibling comparisons. Children born after a birth interval of 9–12 months have a higher probability of LBW, preterm birth, and infant mortality both with and without sibling comparisons; longer intervals are associated with a lower probability of these outcomes. Short intervals before the birth of the next youngest sibling are also associated with LBW, preterm birth, and infant mortality both with and without sibling comparisons. This pattern raises concerns that the sibling comparison models do not fully adjust for within-family factors predicting both spacing and perinatal outcomes. In sibling comparison analyses considering long-term outcomes, not even the very shortest birth intervals are negatively associated with educational or occupational outcomes or with long-term mortality. These findings suggest that extremely short birth intervals may increase the probability of poor perinatal outcomes but that any such disadvantages disappear over the extended life course.
Hidden Debt
Authors: Guler Bulent , Önder Yasin Kürşat , Taskin Temel
Published: May 2022

We study the role of transparency in debt and default dynamics in a quantitative sovereign default model augmented with asymmetric information. We assume that the sovereign debt portfolio is not transparent and part of the debt is not observable to lenders. The quantitative model is calibrated to the Bolivian economy and matches its long-term and business cycle properties. The quantitative results show that when the government moves to a transparent reporting regime, bond prices improve and the sovereign debt portfolio shifts toward noncontingent debt with an increase in overall debt level. However, higher debt increases default frequency and reduces welfare.
Estimating the Disparate Cumulative Impact of the Pandemic in Administrative Unemployment Insurance Data
Authors: Bell Alex , Hedin T. J. , Mannino Peter , Moghadam Roozbeh , Romer Carl , Schnorr Geoffrey C. , von Wachter Till
Published: May 2022

To better measure the full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on workers and the labor market, this paper estimates three measures of the cumulative impact of the pandemic on workers across intensive and extensive margins using longitudinal administrative unemployment insurance (UI) data from California. During the first year of the crisis, 30 percent of the labor force filed a UI claim, over 50 percent of recipients spent more than 6 months on the program, and the mean work time lost was 13 weeks. Less advantaged workers and counties saw much higher rates of claiming and long-term unemployment.
Public School Access or Stay-at-Home Partner: Factors Mitigating the Adverse Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Parents
Authors: Deryugina Tatyana , Shurchkov Olga , Stearns Jenna
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic created unexpected and prolonged disruptions to childcare access. Using survey evidence on time use by academic researchers before and after the pandemic, we analyze the extent to which greater access to either school-based or partner-provided childcare mitigated the severe disruptions to research observed among parents during COVID-19. We find that access to public schools offsets the research time loss to a greater extent among mothers of young children relative to fathers, narrowing the emerging post-pandemic gender gap. Having a stay-at-home partner reduced the disruptions to research time equally for both genders.
Is Remote Sensing Data Useful for Studying the Association between Pandemic-Related Changes in Economic Activity and Intimate Partner Violence?
Authors: Agüero Jorge M. , Field Erica , Rodriguez Hurtado Ignacio , Romero Javier
Published: May 2022

Using a survey conducted in Peru, we explore the use of remote sensing data in predicting income and intimate partner violence (IPV). We find that remote sensing measures correctly predict short-run changes in income during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the remote sensing data fail to explain any corresponding change in IPV. In contrast, using individualized information from our survey, we find that negative economic shocks result in higher levels of IPV. We conclude that remote sensing data may be useful when studying changes in income during the pandemic, but may be inappropriate when studying behavioral responses like IPV.
Present Bias Causes and Then Dissipates Auto-Enrollment Savings Effects
Authors: Beshears John , Choi James , Laibson David , Maxted Peter
Published: May 2022

Present bias causes procrastination, which leads households to stick with auto-enrollment defaults. However, present bias also engenders overconsumption. Separation from each employer generates a rollover of 401(k) balances to an individual retirement account (IRA) that is more liquid than the 401(k) account. Households with sufficient present bias will partially or fully deplete these rollover IRAs before retirement. Present-biased agents may be whipsawed by auto-enrollment. They follow their employer's default while still employed and then spend some or all of the new savings shortly after they separate from each employer.
Black-Owned Firms, Financial Constraints, and the Firm Size Gap
Authors: Brown J. David , Earle John S. , Kim Mee Jung , Lee Kyung Min , Wold Jared
Published: May 2022

We document the smaller average employment size and lower financial access of Black-owned businesses compared to White-owned businesses. Controlling for other characteristics, we find that observed differences in finance account for 60 percent of the 11.3 percent racial gap in number of employees; differences in returns account for 103 percent. The results imply that if both the levels and returns on finance were equalized across races, then Black-owned firms would be 18.4 percent larger than their actual size. Equalizing financial factors alone would reverse the firm size gap so that Black-owned firms would be larger than White-owned firms by 7.1 percent.
The 2021 Paycheck Protection Program Reboot: Loan Disbursement to Employer and Nonemployer Businesses in Minority Communities
Authors: Fairlie Robert , Fossen Frank M.
Published: May 2022

We analyze how Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) funds were disbursed to minority communities in the $278 billion rebooted program in January 2021. Using administrative microdata covering all PPP loans, we find strong positive relationships between PPP loan flows to both employer and nonemployer businesses and the minority share of the population. In contrast, the relationships were negative in the 2020 first round and less positive in the 2020 second round. For employer businesses, the positive relationship was also stronger for first-draw loans than for second-draw loans. The PPP reboot appears to have been disbursed to minority communities as intended.
The Effect of Teaching Economics with Classroom Experiments: Estimates from a Within-Subject Experiment
Authors: Gelfer Sacha , Livingston Jeffrey A. , Roy Sutanuka
Published: May 2022

Classroom experiments are a popular tool among economics instructors. A rich experimental literature studies their impact on student learning with between-subject designs that randomize classroom experiment use across course sections. Such designs are difficult to set up and conduct in a way that achieves adequate statistical power. We complement this literature with a within-subject experiment where classroom experiments are randomized across topics within a section, which enhances power and is easier to implement. We find little impact of our classroom experiments on student achievement for either male or female students, but these null results may mask heterogeneous effects across topics.
Fixing Errors in a SNAP: Addressing SNAP Underreporting to Evaluate Poverty
Authors: Fox Liana , Rothbaum Jonathan , Shantz Kathryn
Published: May 2022

Since 1969, the official poverty measure has remained largely unchanged, despite substantial changes in the social safety net. This paper proposes a methodology for creating a buildable replacement to the official poverty measure, starting with market-based income, incorporating social insurance income, and building toward the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). While all components would not be available for the full time series, this approach would keep the unit of analysis constant, allow thresholds to vary by geography, and allow full understanding of the role of government taxes and transfers on poverty rates over time.
Building a Consumption Poverty Measure: Initial Results Following Recommendations of a Federal Interagency Working Group
Authors: Armstrong Grayson , Cho Caleb , Garner Thesia I. , Matsumoto Brett , Munoz Juan , Schild Jake
Published: May 2022

Consumption is a well-being measure that is determined by a combination of resources (e.g., income, in-kind benefits, assets, debt, time) available to households, their circumstances, and their preferences. In this study, we derive consumption poverty statistics using a consumption measure that includes the flow of services from owner-occupied housing and vehicles and in-kind transfers. The base data are from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey Interview from 2015 through 2020. The consumption poverty rate (using an absolute threshold anchored to the 2015 relative consumption poverty rate) declines from 16.8 percent in 2015 to 11.5 percent in 2020.
The Trade Reform Wave of 1985–1995
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: May 2022

The decade from 1985 to 1995 will go down in history as an unprecedented period in which global trade barriers were reduced. Some trade agreements (the North American Free Trade Agreement, the European Single Market, the Uruguay Round) were prominent late in this period, but the reform wave was led by developing countries in Latin America and Asia and formerly communist countries in Eastern Europe undertaking unilateral reforms. What accounts for this remarkable shift in policy? This paper highlights the declining use of trade restrictions for balance of payments purposes and the rise in exchange rate flexibility as important factors driving the policy change.
Measuring Women's Empowerment in Collective Households
Authors: Calvi Rossella , Penglase Jacob , Tommasi Denni
Published: May 2022

Measuring women's empowerment within families is challenging. Social scientists often rely on close-ended survey questions on women's participation in household decisions, domestic abuse, and autonomy to measure women's power and agency. Recent advances in family economics have allowed researchers to identify and estimate structural measures of women's power and resource control based on the collective household model. We provide a brief overview of this literature. We then apply machine learning techniques to answer the following questions: How do such measures compare to women's responses to close-ended survey questions? Which survey questions are most predictive of model-based estimates of women's empowerment?
1918 Every Year: Racial Inequality in Infectious Mortality, 1906–1942
Authors: Feigenbaum James J. , Hoehn-Velasco Lauren , Muller Christopher , Wrigley-Field Elizabeth
Published: May 2022

In the first half of the twentieth century, racial inequality in the rate of death from infectious disease was immense. In every year from 1906 to 1920, Black Americans in cities died from infectious diseases at a rate higher than that of urban White Americans during the 1918 influenza pandemic. We decompose mortality into three broad causes of death to determine which causes were most influential. Our results suggest that racial inequality in infectious mortality was primarily driven by TB and flu--the two major respiratory causes of death. Waterborne causes, by contrast, played a minor role in explaining the disparity.
Preventing Bottlenecks in Organizations
Authors: Moriya Fumitoshi , Yamashita Takuro
Published: May 2022

Organizations may suffer from unforeseen negative shocks, potentially leading to severe bottlenecks. This paper studies an optimal incentive scheme robust to those shocks in the effort induction problem in team production. The optimal scheme under the no-shock assumption is typically vulnerable in that a single shock can lead to shirking of sizable non-shocked members. We show that an optimal scheme is associated with a uniform order of worker subsets; and identify relative complementarity as a novel source of the determinant of the optimal organization structure.
Robustness of Rank Independence in Risky Choice
Authors: Bernheim B. Douglas , Royer Rebecca , Sprenger Charles
Published: May 2022

Bernheim and Sprenger (2020) devise and implement a novel test of rank-dependent probability weighting both in general and as formulated in cumulative prospect theory. They reject both hypotheses decisively. Cumulative prospect theory cannot simultaneously account for the rank independence of “equalizing reductions” for three-outcome lotteries, which it construes as indicating linear probability weighting, and the relationship between equalizing reductions and probabilities, which it interprets as indicating highly nonlinear probability weighting. In the current paper, we explore the robustness of the first finding, rank independence of equalizing reductions (and hence of decision weights), with respect to alternative experimental procedures.
Simplicity and Probability Weighting in Choice under Risk
Authors: Fudenberg Drew , Puri Indira
Published: May 2022

We present a speculative application of model estimates from Fudenberg and Puri (2021) to prize-linked savings in South Africa. The models used include one combining simplicity theory (Puri 2018, 2022), a preference for lotteries with fewer possible outcomes, with cumulative prospect theory. The results and those of prior literature indicate that both simplicity and probability weighting have a role to play in understanding behavior in choice under risk. We discuss the properties of these models and their implications for behavior.
Law Enforcement Officers’ Bills of Rights and Police Violence
Authors: Cunningham Jamein P. , Feir D. L. , Gillezeau Rob , Harvey Matthew , Rad Abdul Nasser
Published: May 2022

There is widespread concern among activists and legal scholars that Law Enforcement Officers' Bills of Rights (LEOBRs) limit police accountability and potentially impact the use of force. We exploit variation in the timing of the adoption of LEOBRs across states to examine their impact on police-related fatalities using a stacked event study approach. We find no evidence that the introduction of LEOBRs impacted police-related fatalities for either White or non-White civilians. It is important to note that police killings result from the most extreme use of force and our results do not rule out changes in the use of nonlethal force.
Identity during a Crisis: COVID-19 and Ethnic Divisions in the United States
Authors: Debnam Guzman Jakina , Mabeu Marie Christelle , Pongou Roland
Published: May 2022

During a crisis, does ethnic composition influence policy efficiency? How do the effects of ethnic divisions differ from those of ethnic diversity? Using the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic, we show that ethnic divisions, rather than diversity, significantly reduce the efficacy of crisis response. United States counties with higher levels of ethnic divisions fared worse after lockdowns in COVID-19 cases and deaths. Diversity had little effect, except in highly segregated areas. Results are not driven by differences in politics, public goods, socioeconomics, or levels of high-risk populations.
Gender Differences in Economics Course-Taking and Majoring: Findings from an RCT
Authors: Halim Daniel , Powers Elizabeth T. , Thornton Rebecca
Published: May 2022

We use an RCT at an elite public university to evaluate whether undergraduate students in introductory economics courses could be nudged to pursue economics further. Two treatment arms provided information and framed the economics major as either having wide applicability or high financial returns. Both treatments nudged men to take more courses similarly, with no effects on women. Women with a lower-than-expected introductory course grade reduced course-taking in response to either treatment; men in this position were nudged to take more courses. Men with female TAs were also nudged to take more courses, while women were not.
Convincing the Mummy-ji: Improving Mother-in-Law Approval of Family Planning in India
Authors: Anukriti S , Herrera-Almanza Catalina , Karra Mahesh , Valdebenito Rocío
Published: May 2022

Mothers-in-law, especially those in South Asia, can exert significant influence over women, often even more so than women's husbands or other household members. Using data from rural India, we first show that mothers-in-law are more likely than husbands to (i) disapprove of women's family planning use and (ii) want women to have more children, particularly sons, than women themselves want. Next, using a field experiment, we show that providing women with vouchers for subsidized family planning services not only enabled them to initiate discussions about family planning with their mothers-in-law but also increased their mothers-in-law's approval of family planning.
On the Dynamics of Human Behavior: The Past, Present, and Future of Culture, Conflict, and Cooperation
Authors: Nunn Nathan
Published: May 2022

I provide a theoretically informed discussion of the dynamics of human behavior, focusing on the importance of culture (socially learned information) and tradition (transmission of culture across generations). Decision-making that relies on tradition can be an effective strategy and arises in equilibrium. While dynamically optimal, it generates static “mismatch.” When the world changes, since traits evolve slowly, they may not be beneficial in their new environment. I discuss how mismatch helps explain the world around us, presents special challenges and opportunities for policy, and provides important lessons for our future as a human species.
Prediction of atrial fibrillation in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source
Authors: Περλεπέ Καλλιόπη
Published: May 2022

Τα εμβολικά εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια απροσδιόριστης προέλευσης (ESUS) αποτελούν μια νέα κλινική οντότητα που απασχολεί την επιστημονική κοινότητα, κυρίως εξαιτίας της υψηλής επίπτωσής τους και του υψηλού ποσοστού υποτροπής εγκεφαλικού επεισοδίου. Μεταξύ των πιθανών εμβολικών πηγών στα ESUS, η προσοχή έχει επικεντρωθεί στην λανθάνουσα κολπική μαρμαρυγή (ΚΜ) λόγω της αυξημένης συχνότητας ανίχνευσής της κατά τη διάρκεια του follow-up, η οποία φαίνεται να βαίνει ανάλογα με το συνολικό χρόνο παρακολούθησης του καρδιακού ρυθμού. Με βάση τα παραπάνω, δημιουργήθηκε η υπόθεση ότι τα ESUS είναι απλώς ‘συγκεκαλυμμένα’ καρδιοεμβολικά εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια λόγω ανεπαρκούς καρδιακής παρακολούθησης, αλλά η υπόθεση αυτή δοκιμάστηκε πρόσφατα μέσω 2 μεγάλων, τυχαιοποιημένων κλινικών μελετών που αξιολόγησαν την υπεροχή της αντιπηκτικής έναντι της αντιαιμοπεταλιακής αγωγής στους ασθενείς αυτούς και το αποτέλεσμα ήταν αρνητικό. Κατά συνέπεια, ο έλεγχος του καρδιακού ρυθμού πέραν των 24 ωρών εξακολουθεί να συνιστάται από τις οδηγίες, αλλά τα κριτήρια για την επιλογή των ασθενών για παρατεταμένη παρακολούθηση παραμένουν αμφίβολα, ιδίως λόγω του υψηλού κόστους και της χαμηλής διαθεσιμότητας ορισμένων από τις μεθόδους ανίχνευσης. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, στόχος της παρούσας έρευνας ήταν η δημιουργία ενός εργαλείου που θα μπορούσε να βοηθήσει στην αναγνώριση ασθενών με μικρότερη ή μεγαλύτερη πιθανότητα εμφάνισης κολπικής μαρμαρυγής επιτρέποντας έτσι μια στρατηγική πιο εξατομικευμένης κατανομής των διαθέσιμων πόρων. Για να επιτευχθεί αυτό, συλλέξαμε ένα μεγάλο εύρος πληροφοριών από διαδοχικούς ασθενείς με ESUS σε 3 βάσεις καταγραφής εγκεφαλικών επεισοδίων (Αθήνα, Λάρισα και Λωζάνη) και έχοντας ως κύριο αποτέλεσμα την εμφάνιση κολπικής μαρμαρυγής, πραγματοποιήσαμε πολυμεταβλητή ανάλυση παλινδρόμησης. Το αποτέλεσμα ήταν η δημιουργία ενός πολυπαραγοντικού μοντέλου και εν συνεχεία ενός σκορ, αποτελούμενου από 8, εύκολα υπολογίσιμους συντελεστές, που συνδυάζουν κλινικά, ηχοκαρδιογραφικά, ηλεκτροκαρδιογραφικά και απεικονιστικά δεδομένα. Το προτεινόμενο σκορ έχει υψηλή ευαισθησία και υψηλή αρνητική προγνωστική αξία για τον εντοπισμό ενός μεγάλου ποσοστού ασθενών με ESUS στη μελέτη μας που έχουν χαμηλή πιθανότητα εμφάνισης ΚΜ σύμφωνα με την προγνωστική ικανότητα του μοντέλου. Έχοντας επικυρωθεί εσωτερικά αλλά και εξωτερικά σε ένα ανεξάρτητο πληθυσμό ESUS ασθενών υπό μακροχρόνια καρδιακή παρακολούθηση, το προτεινόμενο προγνωστικό σκορ, θα μπορούσε ενδεχομένως να βοηθήσει στην λήψη κλινικών αποφάσεων σχετικά με την επιλογή ασθενών για παρατεταμένη παρακολούθηση καρδιακού ρυθμού, ή και να βοηθήσει στο σχεδιασμό μελετών με στόχο την ανάδειξη της βέλτιστης αντιθρομβωτικής αγωγής σε υποπληθυσμούς ESUS ασθενών. Εκτός από τη δημιουργία ενός προγνωστικού μοντέλου για την ανίχνευση ΚΜ, στα πλαίσια ανάλυσης της πληθώρας των δεδομένων που συλλέχθηκαν, από την παρούσα έρευνα προέκυψαν διάφορα άλλα ενδιαφέροντα ευρήματα σχετικά με τα χαρακτηριστικά, τις πιθανές εμβολικές πηγές καθώς και τον κίνδυνο για υποτροπή του εγκεφαλικού επεισοδίου των ασθενών με ESUS.
Αποτελεσματικές υπολογιστικές μέθοδοι για την επίλυση ηλεκτρομαγνητικών προβλημάτων με αβεβαιότητες
Authors: Σαλής Χρήστος
Published: May 2022

Ο σκοπός αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η βελτίωση υπάρχοντων αλγόριθμων, όπως επίσης και η ανάπτυξη καινούριων, οι οποίοι είναι κατάλληλοι για την επίλυση ηλεκτρομαγνητικών προβλημάτων με αβεβαιότητες. Αρχικά, εισάγουμε νέες τεχνικές, βασισμένες στην προσέγγιση S-FDTD, που κατορθώνουν να βελτιώσουν την επίδοση της για συγκεκριμένου τύπου προβλήματα. Ειδικότερα, παρουσιάζονται δύο απόλυτα ευσταθείς εκδόσεις της τεχνικής S-FDTD. Επιπροσθέτως, μία μέθοδος S-FDTD κατασκευάζεται, η οποία είναι κατάλληλη για την ποσοτικοποίηση της αβεβαιότητας σε κυλινδρικά διηλεκτρικά. Επιπλέον, το σχήμα S-FDTD γενικοποίειται για να συλλάβει τις γεωμετρικές αβεβαιότητες σε ορθογώνια πλέγματα. Δεύτερον, μειώνουμε το υπολογιστικό κόστος της επέκτασης του υπολογιστή εκτελώντας μείωση διαστάσεων σε ένα δεδομένο πρόβλημα. Πέραν αυτού, το σφάλμα που εισάγεται από την ελάττωση των τυχαίων εισόδων μειώνεται εφαρμόζοντας τη MoM. Η αποτελεσματικότητα της ανισοτροπικής επέκτασης PC ενισχύεται με την εισαγωγή νέων κανόνων για τον υπολογισμό των βαρών στη σταθμισμένη q-νόρμα. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, οι στατιστικές ροπές της εξόδου ενδιαφέροντος μπορούν να παρθούν με μικρότερο υπολογιστικό φόρτο. Τέλος, παρουσιάζουμε έναν νέο προσαρμοστικό αλγόριθμο, ο οποίος επιλέγει τη βέλτιστη τάξη του αναπτύγματος PC μέσω του σφάλματος leave-one-out. Ειδικότερα, αυτό το προσαρμοστικό σχήμα χρησιμοποιεί τους προαναφερθέντες κανόνες και επιτυγχάνει να εξάγει αξιόπιστα αποτελέσματα με πιο αποδοτικό τρόπο σε σχέση με τη μέθοδο MC ή άλλα σχήματα PC.
THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY IN HIV-INFECTED WOMEN
Authors: Chernova A. , Gadzhiumarova E. , Makstmova M.
Published: May 2022

The article presents the peculiarities of pregnancy in HIV-infected women. Prevention of HIV transmission from the pregnant woman to the fetus can reduce the level of perinatal infection by more than 8%. An important aspect in preventing fetal infection is the timely registration of an HIV-infected pregnant woman in a women's clinic, the rejection of invasive prenatal diagnosis, the choice of the optimal antiviral treatment regimen and method of delivery, the prohibition of breastfeeding. The tactics of managing pregnant women with HIV infection is an urgent problem of obstetrics.
EBOLA FEVER (lecture)
Authors: Hadarcev Aleksandr
Published: May 2022

The lecture is devoted to a particularly dangerous infection – Ebola fever, which can be used as a bacteriological weapon. The definition of the disease, historical background, epidemiological characteristics are given, etiopathogenesis, clinical picture (main syndromes of the disease), methods of treatment and prevention of Ebola fever are briefly described.
Lithology of oil and gas
Authors: Serebryakov Andrey , Smirnova Tat'yana , Bystrova Inna
Published: May 2022

The textbook examines sedimentary rocks as possible reservoirs of oil and gas and their impervious tires. The features of lithology and structural changes of reservoir and tire rocks, the features of their formation in accordance with the theory of organic origin and the doctrine of the stages of oil formation, as well as the lithogenesis of rocks are described. The main factors influencing the formation of reservoir properties of rocks and their change in the process of lithogenesis are revealed. The lithological bases of forecasting reservoir and screening properties of natural oil and gas reservoirs are given.
Each chapter is accompanied by control questions. All descriptions and studies are based on modern lithological theory and contain the latest materials obtained in recent decades.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the direction 05.03.01 "Geology", teachers, employees of the oil and gas industry and the fuel and energy complex.
Specificity of quality of life assessment in people with mental disorders
Authors: Ostrzyżek Artur Jerzy , Gałecki Piotr , Wolniak Sławomir , Orzechowska Agata
Published: May 2022

Nieodłącznym elementem nowej perspektywy zdrowia jest jakość życia.Pomimo,że wciąż trwają dyskusje co do definicji i struktury konceptu jakości życia, badacze przedmiotu są zgodni,że ma ona swój obiektywny i subiektywny wymiar. Gdy badamy jakość życia chorych somatycznie, formułowane w procedurze badawczej cele są zwykle łatwo osiągane, w szczególności gdy podstawowa hipoteza zakłada, że dobre zdrowie fizyczne generuje wysoką jakość życia. W odniesieniu do chorób i dysfunkcji psychicznych, gdy analizowana jest duża liczba zmiennych konstytuujących jakość życia, zależność taka nie jest już tak oczywista, a samo badanie wymaga od badacza, oprócz poprawności metodologicznej, dużego skupienia się na chorym i manifestowanych przez niego problemach.Teza o braku możliwości pomiaru jakości życia w tej populacji, lub co gorsza braku takiej potrzeby, jest nie do obrony, biorąc pod uwagę, że prawo do dobrego życia osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi jest takie samo jak osób zdrowych, a poprawa ich jakości życia staje się coraz powszechniej kryterium docelowym planowanych korzyści terapeutycznych.Z perspektywy wyników wielu badań wyraźnie widać, że pomiar ten nie należy do łatwych, ale próba jego przeprowadzenia zakończona sukcesem, może stać się dla badacza źródłem wielu cennych danych pozaklinicznych, a nawet powodem do jego osobistej satysfakcji.
Relationships between Academic Engagement and Personality Factors in Nursing Students.
Authors: Villafañe Ana , Espín López Laura , Salmerón Martínez Diego , del Pino Sánchez López María
Published: May 2022

Academic Engagement is defined as a psychological state of accomplishment and commitment to the task performed. Personality factors can help to understand why, some students show a positive mental state related to their studies and others show a lack of engagement. The aim of this study was to determine the personality characteristics of a sample of nursing students based on the Big Five model and to analyze the differences in engagement. The sample consisted of 90 nursing students. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated, and a multivariate analysis of variance was performed. The results showed that the existence of engagement is positively associated with Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness, and negatively associated with the Neuroticism personality trait. The students classified in the first cluster, which was defined by a profile with high neuroticism and low scores on the rest of the personality traits, had a lower presence of engagement. In the second cluster, defined by low Neuroticism and high Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness and Conscientiousness, the presence of engagement was higher. In conclusion, assessments of personality and engagement can be useful measurement tools to find out about students’ academic performance and be able to carry out strategies aimed at preventing the consequences of academic stress in the most vulnerable students.
El desarrollo profesional a través de las prácticas externas desde la visión del profesorado en formación inicial.
Authors: García-Lázaro Irene , Conde-Jiménez Jesús , Colás-Bravo María Pilar
Published: May 2022

El desarrollo profesional del futuro profesorado se presenta a través de experiencias de prácticas externas como parte de la formación inicial docente. Éstas se han visto influidas por el surgimiento de la pandemia recientemente, así, poco es sabido acerca de cómo el desempeño profesional y la tutorización de prácticas se han visto afectados. Por ello, este estudio analiza las percepciones de nueve docentes en formación inicial de la Universidad Loyola Andalucía sobre su desarrollo profesional en prácticas ante la pandemia. Se aplica un diseño cualitativo de casos múltiple que explora el desempeño profesional y las relaciones de tutorización sucedidos en prácticas siendo dimensiones moduladoras del proceso formativo. La recogida de información se realiza mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas (antes y después de las prácticas) y un grupo focal (durante las prácticas). Se utiliza el software cualitativo Atlas.ti para analizar la información desde un enfoque inductivo-deductivo. Los hallazgos muestran que los participantes esperaban fortalecer el desempeño mediante la mejora de estrategias docentes y de su identidad profesional. Asimismo, esperaban una relación de tutorización debilitada por la COVID-19. Tras las prácticas, el impacto de la pandemia no parece significativo ni en el desempeño ni en la tutorización, siendo ésta considerada un eje reflexivo. Las conclusiones del estudio proponen, primero, reflexionar sobre aspectos verdaderamente afectados por situaciones impredecibles e inestables durante las prácticas, como la pandemia y, segundo, repensar los pilares del desarrollo profesional en estos contextos, como el desempeño y las relaciones de tutorización.
Tendencias investigativas sobre liderazgo y dirección escolar. Revisión sistemática de la producción científica.
Authors: Meza Mejía Mónica del Carmen , Ortega Barba, Claudia Fabiola , Cobela Vargas José Francisco
Published: May 2022

El campo de la dirección y el liderazgo en la escuela, además de generar nuevo conocimiento, crea nuevos espacios de reflexión en torno a estos temas y al contexto educativo. Por ello, el trabajo que se presenta busca responder a esta pregunta de investigación: ¿Cuáles son las tendencias en la producción científica en torno al liderazgo y la dirección escolar? Los objetivos del estudio son describir la producción científica sobre estos temas y analizar las tendencias de los mismos. Se siguió una metodología cuantitativa sistematizando el proceso a partir de los lineamientos de verificación de la declaración PRISMA 2020 para el trabajo con el material bibliográfico identificado en la base de datos Scopus; y otra cualitativa para un posterior análisis documental descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos. En cuanto a los hallazgos, en un primer plano arrojan que los países de mayor productividad científica de habla hispana en torno a estos temas son, en primer lugar, España y, en segundo, Chile. También, la tendencia investigativa en torno al liderazgo y la dirección escolar está fundamentalmente orientada a registrar la experiencia, el significado y la percepción de los actores. Por lo cual, caracteriza primordialmente a este tipo de estudios el enfoque cualitativo. Asimismo, se subraya la necesidad de continuar avanzando en la construcción del campo del liderazgo y de la dirección escolar a partir de constructos teóricos que conecten con la experiencia de la realidad.
Estrutura, perfil dos frequentadores e padrão de utilizaçã o de Academias a Céu Aberto em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
Authors: Fernandes Amanda Paula , Martins-Costa Hugo César , Vidigal José Mauro Silva , Fermino Rogério César
Published: May 2022

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a estrutura, o perfil dos frequentadores e o padrão de utilização de Academias a Céu Aberto (ACA) localizadas em áreas de vulnerabilidade distintas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Estudo com delineamento transversal e análises exploratórias, realizado em duas ACA no ano de 2016. Foram utilizadas três abordagens in loco para mensurar as variáveis de interesse: das estruturas das ACA (PARA), entrevistas face-a-face com os usuários presentes e observação sistemática dos frequentadores (SOPARC). Os dados foram analisados com a estatística descritiva e testes de qui-quadrado e Fisher no software R (p < 0,05). ACA-médio risco apresentou melhores estruturas para exercícios, conforto para usuários e condições de limpeza, estética e segurança comparadas à ACA-baixo risco. Foram entrevistados 49 adultos (51,2% mulheres) e observados 294 frequentadores (59,9% homens). Entre os usuários entrevistados, a maioria tinha mais de 50 anos, apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade (65,2%). Ademais, 51,0% dos entrevistados realizavam 150 minutos ou mais de atividade física moderada ou vigorosa, sendo que 24,5% deles atingiram esse tempo utilizando apenas as ACA (p = 0,016). Por meio do SOPARC, foi observado proporcionalmente maior presença de adultos (62,0%), de frequentadores em atividades sedentárias (58,4%), seguido de exercícios nos aparelhos das ACA (34,7%), e em dias de semana (64,0%). Proporção significativa de frequentadores em atividades sedentárias foi observada na ACA-baixo risco (p < 0,001). Este estudo contribui para orientação de políticas públicas de promoção de atividade física nas ACA, reforçando a relevância dos aspectos do ambiente físico e social no planejamento, monitoramento e avaliação dessas intervenções.
Atividades Físicas e Esportivas: desenvolvimento do modelo lógico do Projeto Vida Ativa Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Leite Giulia Salaberry , Berni Katia Denise Costa , Ribeiro José Antônio Bicca , Crochemore-Silva Inacio
Published: May 2022

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver o modelo lógico do Projeto Vida Ativa (PVA), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. O modelo foi realizado com uma abordagem prospectiva e optou-se por delimitar como marco temporal o ano de 2019, refletindo um período pré-pandemia de Covid-19 e um momento de consolidação recente do programa. Foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas com a coordenação do projeto, além da análise de documentos. O projeto é uma política de governo, desenvolvida desde 2013, financiado e executado pela prefeitura municipal. O PVA tem como objetivo melhorar a qualidade de vida de crianças, jovens, adultos e idosos, em situação de vulnerabilidade social promovendo Atividades Físicas e Esportivas recreativas, aeróbicas, de resistência entre outros, além de eventos aos finais de semana e feriados. O modelo lógico possibilitou a sistematização de informações, demarcando objetivos, insumos, atividades desenvolvidas, produtos e resultados à curto e a longo prazo. Futuros estudos podem utilizar estas informações para avaliar os componentes do projeto.
Impact of Health Information Exchange Adoption on Referral Patterns
Authors: Eftekhari Saeede , Yaraghi Niam , Gopal Ram D. , Ramesh Ram
Published: May 2022

Efforts to promote Health Information Exchanges (HIEs) on a nationwide scale are beset with major challenges, and one of them is its meaningful use for both physicians and patients. Referrals potentially provide a context for the meaningful use of HIE, and we are yet to understand how HIEs affect referrals. This research studies the impact of HIE on referral patterns. We establish that participation in an HIE network increases the referrals sent to and received from other HIE participants. We investigate this relationship using both econometric and network-analytic methods. Whereas the econometric analysis focuses on the underlying associations between HIE adoption and referral patterns, the network analysis addresses the transformation process by which HIE adoption and referrals coevolve over time. This study has significant implications for healthcare policy making, development of innovative HIE business models, and management of healthcare organizations.

This paper was accepted by Anindya Ghose, information systems.

Supplemental Material: Data and the online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4435 .
Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with BRCA2 Mutation: The Challenge Incorporating PARP Inhibitors and Platinum in Treatment Sequencing
Authors: Costa Inês , Reis Joana , Meireles Sara , Ribeiro Maria João , Augusto Isabel , Barbosa Miguel
Published: May 2022

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent malignancy in men worldwide. Despite the improvement in survival achieved by increasingly early diagnosis and advances in treatment, it is still associated with high mortality. Because of its molecular heterogeneity, there is a need to identify genetic alterations in order to apply targeted therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that the PARP inhibitor olaparib could have a significant synthetic lethal effect in prostate cancer with homologous recombination defects, such as BRCA1/2 mutations. It is not yet known if, under these circumstances, platinum-based chemotherapy induces higher response rates in prostate cancer. We present the case of a patient with BRCA2-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer whose treatment sequence included carboplatin and olaparib.
Effects of Natural and Home-Made Bio-Inoculants on Containerized Okra Plants (Abelmoschus Esculentus)
Authors: Sanchez Domenic T. , Peconcillo Jr Larry B. , De Vera John V.
Published: May 2022

The study focused on growing containerized okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus), one of the most popular vegetables that can be grown in containers, with composted chicken manure, vermicompost, and home-made liquid bio-inoculants such as fish amino acid (FAA), fermented fruit juice (FFJ), and calcium phosphate (CALPHOS). The scope was to determine which of these natural amendments could improve the growth performance of containerized okra plants during the vegetative stage, as well as to reveal the significant difference in the mean height of the containerized okra plants at two-time points, Week 1 and Week 8, as well as the significant difference in the mean growth rate among the three treatments. Composted chicken manure and vermicompost were applied directly to the soil, whereas bio-inoculants were used as a foliar or direct fertilizer application to the leaves. To compare the mean difference between groups, the Paired Samples t-test, and One-way Variance Analysis were used concurrently to compare height differences and weekly growth rates. The experiment revealed that okra fertilized with liquid bio-inoculant outperformed significantly those fertilized with composted chicken manure and vermicompost. Furthermore, the disparity in mean growth rates in containerized okra plants is most likely the result of experimental manipulation rather than random occurrence. The efficacy of vermicompost is related to the nutrient content of substrates, which in this study had a low growth effect on the specific okra plants. Bio-inoculants, on the other hand, have a greater impact on containerized okra plants as a foliar fertilizer.
ESTUDO DO DESEMPENHO DA LEVEDURA NA FERMENTAÇÃO PRIMÁRIA E SECUNDÁRIA DA CERVEJA AROMATIZADA COM CAFÉ PROVENIENTE DA CHAPADA DIAMANTINA
Authors: Do Nascimento de Oliveira Roquelí Gabriela
Published: May 2022

A partir do movimento das cervejas artesanais, o consumo e o acesso do consumidor a diferentes estilos de cerveja aumentaram consideravelmente, com isso a demanda de novas tecnologias (KIRIN, 2014). Dessas novas tecnologias, destaca-se o crescimento na elaboração de cervejas com adjuntos especiais, que podem, ou não, ter a capacidade de aromatizar as mesmas (CARVALHO, 2009). Segundo a Resolução n° 104, de 14 de maio de 1999 da ANVISA, aromatizantes são substâncias com propriedades odoríferas e/ou sápidas, capazes de conferir ou intensificar o aroma e/ou sabor dos alimentos (BRASIL, 1999). E o café pode ser este aromatizante.
Wavelength-tunable noise-like fiber laser based on PbS quantum dot saturable absorber film
Authors: Gao Chenyu , Dai Lilong , Huang Qianqian , Li Kai , Fan Meiduan , Song Qingguo , Yan Zhijun , You Fen , Sun Xiaolan , Mou Chengbo
Published: May 2022

A wavelength-tunable noise-like pulse (NLP) erbium-doped fiber laser incorporating PbS quantum dot (QD) polystyrene (PS) composite film as a saturable absorber (SA) is experimentally demonstrated. The wavelength tuning is implemented via a Lyot filter consisting of a segment of polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) and a 45° tilted fiber grating. By adjusting the polarization state of the ring cavity, the laser can deliver NLP with a continuous wavelength-tunable range from 1550.21 to 1560.64 nm. During continuous wavelength tuning, the output power varies between a range of 30.88–48.8 mW. Worthwhile noting is that the output power of 48.8 mW is the reported highest output power for wavelength-tunable NLP operation in an erbium-doped fiber laser using composite film as a saturable absorber.
Multi-perspective label based deep learning framework for cerebral vasculature segmentation in whole-brain fluorescence images
Authors: Li Yuxin , Ren Tong , Li Junhuai , Li Xiangning , Li Anan
Published: May 2022

The popularity of fluorescent labelling and mesoscopic optical imaging techniques enable the acquisition of whole mammalian brain vasculature images at capillary resolution. Segmentation of the cerebrovascular network is essential for analyzing the cerebrovascular structure and revealing the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Existing deep learning methods use a single type of annotated labels with the same pixel weight to train the neural network and segment vessels. Due to the variation in the shape, density and brightness of vessels in whole-brain fluorescence images, it is difficult for a neural network trained with a single type of label to segment all vessels accurately. To address this problem, we proposed a deep learning cerebral vasculature segmentation framework based on multi-perspective labels. First, the pixels in the central region of thick vessels and the skeleton region of vessels were extracted separately using morphological operations based on the binary annotated labels to generate two different labels. Then, we designed a three-stage 3D convolutional neural network containing three sub-networks, namely thick-vessel enhancement network, vessel skeleton enhancement network and multi-channel fusion segmentation network. The first two sub-networks were trained by the two labels generated in the previous step, respectively, and pre-segmented the vessels. The third sub-network was responsible for fusing the pre-segmented results to precisely segment the vessels. We validated our method on two mouse cerebral vascular datasets generated by different fluorescence imaging modalities. The results showed that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, and the proposed method can be applied to segment the vasculature on large-scale volumes.