bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibroblast-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Show No Common Retroviral Vector Insertions
Authors: Varas Florencio , Stadtfeld Matthias , de Andres-Aguayo Luisa , Maherali Nimet , di Tullio Alessandro , Pantano Lorena , Notredame Cedric , Hochedlinger Konrad , Graf Thomas
Published: November 2008

Several laboratories have reported the reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts into pluripotent cells, using retroviruses carrying the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc transcription factor genes. In these experiments the frequency of reprogramming was lower than 0.1% of the infected cells, raising the possibility that additional events are required to induce reprogramming, such as activation of genes triggered by retroviral insertions. We have therefore determined by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR) the retroviral insertion sites in six induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell clones derived from mouse fibroblasts. Seventy-nine insertion sites were assigned to a single mouse genome location. Thirty-five of these mapped to gene transcription units, whereas 29 insertions landed within 10 kilobases of transcription start sites. No common insertion site was detected among the iPS clones studied. Moreover, bioinformatics analyses revealed no enrichment of a specific gene function, network, or pathway among genes targeted by retroviral insertions. We conclude that Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc are sufficient to promote fibroblast-to-iPS cell reprogramming and propose that the observed low reprogramming frequencies may have alternative explanations.
Wireless structural health monitoring at the Humber Bridge UK
Authors: Hoult N. A. , Fidler P. R. A. , Wassell I. J. , Hill P. G. , Middleton C. R.
Published: November 2008

Deterioration due to corrosion of the main cables on long-span suspension bridges is a worldwide concern. As part of an ongoing project, wireless sensors have been installed in the north anchorage of the Humber Bridge, which is the UK’s longest suspension bridge with a total length of approximately 2 km. The wireless sensor network (WSN), which consists of ten relative humidity and temperature sensors, allows the environmental conditions in the north cable anchorage to be assessed in real-time from anywhere via an internet portal. The sensors were deployed in a variety of locations including next to the main cable strands, providing an improvement over the existing wired system. The installation was not flawless, however, as difficulties with radio transmission meant that the full system was not operational until these problems were overcome. When developing a WSN, careful consideration needs to be given to the choice of software and hardware so that the deployment is efficient and robust in terms of communication and battery life. The network has demonstrated it is capable of capturing the environmental conditions both in terms of daily variations and critical events. These data can be analysed and presented in a concise and customisable fashion, allowing for future savings on energy, maintenance and inspection costs.
Out Yonder: Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Rural Communities in British Columbia
Authors: Poon Colleen S. , Saewyc Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We compared sexual-minority adolescents living in rural communities with their peers in urban areas in British Columbia, exploring differences in emotional health, victimization experiences, sexual behaviors, and substance use.

Methods. We analyzed a population-based sample of self-identified lesbian, gay, or bisexual respondents from the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey of 2003 (weighted n = 6905). We tested rural–urban differences separately by gender with the χ2 test and logistic regressions.

Results. We found many similarities and several differences. Rural sexual-minority adolescent boys were more likely than were their urban peers to report suicidal behaviors and pregnancy involvement. Rural sexual-minority adolescents, especially girls, were more likely to report various types of substance use. Rural status was associated with a lower risk of dating violence and higher risk of early sexual debut for sexual-minority girls and a higher risk of dating violence and lower risk of early sexual debut for sexual-minority boys.

Conclusions. Location should be a demographic consideration in monitoring the health of sexual-minority adolescents. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents in rural communities may need additional support and services as they navigate adolescence.
Hand Washing Among School Children in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Lopez-Quintero Catalina , Freeman Paul , Neumark Yehuda
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We assessed hand-washing behaviors and intentions among school children in Bogotá, Colombia, to help identify and overcome barriers to proper hygiene practices.

Methods. Data on hand-washing behavior and intentions and individual and contextual factors were collected from 2042 sixth- through eighth-grade students in 25 schools in Bogotá via anonymous questionnaires. A member of the school administration or teaching staff completed a questionnaire about the school environment. Site inspections of bathroom facilities were conducted.

Results. Only 33.6% of the sample reported always or very often washing hands with soap and clean water before eating and after using the toilet. About 7% of students reported regular access to soap and clean water at school. A high level of perceived control was the strongest predictor of positive hand-washing intentions (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.8, 7.5). Students with proper hand-washing behavior were less likely to report previous-month gastrointestinal symptoms (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6, 0.9) or previous-year school absenteeism (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.6, 0.9).

Conclusions. Scarcity of adequate facilities in most schools in Bogotá prevents children from adopting proper hygienic behavior and thwarts health promotion efforts. The current renovation program of public schools in Bogotá provides a unique opportunity to meet the challenges of providing a supportive environment for adoption of healthy behaviors.
Reductions in Disability Prevalence Among the Highest Income Groups of Older Brazilians
Authors: Parahyba Maria Isabel , Stevens Kara , Henley William , Lang Iain A. , Melzer David
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We sought to identify the income–disability prevalence relationship among older Brazilians.

Methods. Data were from 63 985 individuals 60 years and older from the 1998 and 2003 Brazilian National Household Surveys. Generalized additive logistic models with cubic regression splines were used to estimate the disability–income relationships.

Results. There was a strong linear relationship between increased income and reduced disability prevalence for most of the income distribution. Benefits were still present above the 90th percentile of income but were more modest. Because incomes among the wealthiest few are disproportionately large, odds ratios of disability nevertheless showed marked improvements, even across the very highest income groups.

Conclusions. Among older Brazilians, reduced disability is associated with higher income, and these associations are present even above the 90th percentile of income. In addition to understanding mechanisms of disability reduction among impoverished individuals, work is needed to understand these mechanisms in middle- and high-income groups.
Cancer Screening in US Workers
Authors: Vidal Liat , LeBlanc William G. , McCollister Kathryn E. , Arheart Kristopher L. , Chung-Bridges Katherine , Christ Sharon , Caban-Martinez Alberto J. , Lewis John E. , Lee David J. , Clark John , Davila Evelyn P. , Fleming Lora E.
Published: November 2008

Regular cancer screening can prevent the development of some cancers and increase patient survival for other cancers. We evaluated the reported cancer screening prevalence among a nationally representative sample of all US workers with data from the 2000 and 2005 Cancer Screening Supplements of the National Health Interview Survey. Overall, workers with the lowest rates of health insurance coverage (in particular, Hispanic workers, agricultural workers, and construction workers) reported the lowest cancer screening. There was no significant improvement from 2000 to 2005.
Criteria for determining alternative plants to improve the resource recovery efficiency in constructed wetlands
Authors: Chiarawatchai N. , Heers M. , Otterpohl R.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study is to find the macrophytes that possess high resource recovery efficiency in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) while not pose any negative effects to the treatment performance. Five criteria were included in this analysis. The suitable alternative plants were proposed according to their availabilities in each climate zone. For their potentials as an energy sources, they are related to plants' productivity as well as growth rate. Concerning the utilization options, plants that possess high economical value and/or versatilities were encouraged. Among the options are handicrafts, fertilizers, animal feeds, construction materials, paper making, and pharmaceutical products. In term of nutrient uptakes, in most cases they were relatively minor comparing to other removal mechanisms in SFCWs. No significant differences in term of treatment efficiency could be found. The proposed species have to be able to tolerate the municipal wastewater. The cost differences of plant propagules between each species are marginal, hence they should not be considered as the main selection criteria. Based on an investigation of 45 species worldwide, the recommendation table is developed with 13 suitable species that fit all the criteria. It appears that there are more than one “most appropriate plant species” in each climatic region. To perform the selection, the operators should weight their preferences on each criteria and the availability of plants in the area.
Development of a water state index to assess the severity of impacts on and changes in natural water resources
Authors: Suridge A. K. J. , Brent A. C.
Published: November 2008

Lifecycle assessment (LCA) is a standardised methodology that is used to assess the impact of techno-economic systems on the natural environment. By compiling an inventory of energy and material inputs and environmental releases or outputs of a system, and evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with the inventory, one can make an informed decision regarding the sustainability of a techno-economic system in question. However, the current lifecycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodologies that form part of LCA studies do not effectively consider the impacts of techno-economic systems on ground and surface water resources in South Africa (and elsewhere). It is proposed that a microbiology based index method, similar to methods proposed for terrestrial resources, can establish the states of water resources for six classes of current economic exploitation: protected, moderate use, degraded, cultivated, plantation, and urban. It is further suggested that changes in these classes (and states) can be used meaningfully in LCIA methodologies to quantify the extent to which techno-economic interventions may alter natural water resources. Research is recommended to further improve the accuracy and reliability of the water state index.
Macrophage Content in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Authors: Ortega Martinez de Victoria Emilio , Xu Xiaoyuan , Koska Juraj , Francisco Ann Marie , Scalise Michael , Ferrante Anthony W. , Krakoff Jonathan
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE— In severely obese individuals and patients with diabetes, accumulation and activation of macrophages in adipose tissue has been implicated in the development of obesity-associated complications, including insulin resistance. We sought to determine whether in a healthy population, adiposity, sex, age, or insulin action is associated with adipose tissue macrophage content (ATMc) and/or markers of macrophage activation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Subcutaneous ATMc from young adult Pima Indians with a wide range of adiposity (13–46% body fat, by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and insulin action (glucose disposal rate 1.6–9 mg/kg estimated metabolic body size/min, by glucose clamp) were measured. We also measured expression in adipose tissue of factors implicated in macrophage recruitment and activation to determine any association with ATMc and insulin action.

RESULTS— ATMc, as assessed by immunohistochemistry (Mphi) and by macrophage-specific gene expression (CD68, CD11b, and CSF1R), were correlated with percent body fat, age, and female sex. Gene expression of CD68, CD11b, and CSF1R but not Mphi was correlated negatively with glucose disposal rate but not after adjustment for percent body fat, age, and sex. However, adipose tissue expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and CD11 antigen-like family member C (CD11c), markers produced by macrophages, were negatively correlated with adjusted glucose disposal rate (r = −0.28, P = 0.05 and r = −0.31, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS— ATMc is correlated with age and adiposity but not with insulin action independent of adiposity in healthy human subjects. However, PAI-1 and CD11c expression are independent predictors of insulin action, indicating a possible role for adipose tissue macrophage activation.
Continuous Intravenous Insulin: Ready for Prime Time
Authors: D'Hondt Nancy J.
Published: November 2008

In Brief

Hyperglycemia in the inpatient setting has been linked to poor outcomes. There is evidence that careful management of hyperglycemia in the acute care setting can decrease lengths of stay, morbidity, and mortality. In unstable,critically ill patients, blood glucose excursions are most effectively controlled through the use of continuous intravenous insulin infusion protocols. However, barriers remain to the acceptance and successful implementation of protocol-driven initiatives to achieve normoglycemia. A multidisciplinary team approach can help overcome staff misconceptions and fears regarding tight glycemic management in hospitalized patients.
A Look at System-Wide Data Collection Processes to Improve Patient Outcomes
Authors: Malaskovitz Joyce , Hodge Charlotte
Published: November 2008

In Brief

Inpatient diabetes programs have an opportunity to influence system-wide changes that can lead to improved quality and safety outcomes for patients. Data collection and analysis can lead to these improved outcomes through practice changes, development of protocols and order sets, and staff education. Tools and resources are available to assist diabetes professionals with their efforts toward continuous quality improvement.
Diabetes Education in the Hospital: Establishing Professional Competency
Authors: Manchester Carol S.
Published: November 2008

In Brief

Establishing and maintaining professional competency is essential for the successful delivery of diabetes care and education. An interdisciplinary approach to education is effective for facilitating the delivery of knowledge and supporting glycemic control efforts in the hospital. Educational programs should be designed to promote and develop critical thinking skills and clinical judgment using a variety of media and resources targeted to adult learners. A competent professional staff will provide care that is evidence-based, safe, effective, and appropriate for the population served. These efforts have the potential to improve quality outcome measures and enhance patient satisfaction.
Syntheses and mesomorphic properties of laterally fluorinatedphenyl isothiocyanatotolanes and their high birefringent mixtures
Authors: Dziaduszek J. , Dąbrowski R. , Ziółek A. , Gauza S. , Wu S.T.
Published: November 2008

Syntheses and mesomorphic properties of di-, tri- and tetrafluorosubstituted 4′-(4-alkylphenyl)-4-isothiocyanatotolanes are described. Four fluorine substituted compounds in the position 2′, 3′, 3, and 5 show stronger nematic character than difluorosubstituted ones in the position 3, 5 or 2′, 3′. Example of high birefringence nematic mixture and its properties are given.
A Novel Mutation of the ABCD1 Gene in Serbian X-Adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Grkovic S , Nikolic R , Djordjevic M , Puzigaca Z , Vujic D , Ilic P
Published: November 2008

A Novel Mutation of the ABCD1 Gene in Serbian X-Adrenoleukodystrophy

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD), the most common inherited peroxisomal disorder, is characterized by central nervous system demyelination, primary adrenal failure and the systemic accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). We describe a novel mutation of the ABCD1 gene in a Serbian patient with this disorder. The affected boy developed Addison's disease and neurological symptoms at 6 years of age and had a bone marrow transplant 2 years later. His plasma level of saturated VLCFAs, ratios of C24:0/C22:0 and C26:0/ C22:0, were all significantly elevated. Direct sequencing of the ABCD1 gene detected the point mutation 1519 (G>A) in exon 6, which changes a glycine at position 507 into serine (G507S). This is the first report of genetically confirmed X-adrenoleukodystrophy in Serbia.
Advancements in Contemporary Physical Therapy Research: Use of Mixed Methods Designs
Authors: Rauscher Lauren , Greenfield Bruce H
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this article is to advocate for the use of mixed methods designs in contemporary physical therapist research. Mixed methods designs are used for collecting, analyzing, and mixing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies to both explain and explore specific research problems, thereby enriching the breadth and depth of understanding phenomena. These designs are particularly well suited for physical therapist researchers to reveal the complexity of disablement, rehabilitation, and recovery processes. Although contextual factors influence a person's health condition and recovery, they remain empirically less understood and underexplored by physical therapist researchers. To address this gap, the authors describe various combinations of quantitative and qualitative methods and data within a single study or set of related studies and the decisions that underlie the uses of these combinations. They include examples from current physical therapist research and applications from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model. They argue that the rigorous application of quantitative and qualitative methods and data can propel physical therapist research and practice forward by stimulating new research questions, creating a holistic understanding of patient injury and rehabilitation, and contributing to innovative, complex treatment interventions.
Multiple myeloma manifesting as an intraventricular brain tumor
Authors: Eum Joo-Hun David , Jeibmann Astrid , Wiesmann Werner , Paulus Werner , Ebel Heinrich
Published: November 2008

Primary intracerebral manifestation of multiple myeloma is rare and usually arises from the meninges or brain parenchyma. The authors present a case of multiple myeloma primarily manifesting within the lateral ventricle. A 67-year-old man was admitted with headache accompanied by slowly progressing right hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large homogeneous contrast-enhancing intraventricular midline mass and hydrocephalus. The tumor was completely resected, and histopathological examination revealed plasmacytoma. After postoperative radio- and chemotherapy, vertebral osteolysis was detected as a secondary manifestation of multiple myeloma.
Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak as a cause of coma after craniotomy for clipping of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm
Authors: Schievink Wouter I. , Palestrant David , Maya M. Marcel , Rappard George
Published: November 2008

Spontaneous spinal CSF leaks are best known as a cause of orthostatic headache, but may also be the cause of coma. The authors encountered a unique case of a spontaneous spinal CSF leak causing coma 2 days after craniotomy for clipping of an unruptured aneurysm. This 44-year-old woman with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease underwent an uneventful craniotomy for an incidental anterior choroidal artery aneurysm. No intraoperative spinal CSF drainage was used. Two days after surgery the patient became comatose with a left oculomotor nerve palsy. Computed tomography scanning revealed a right extraceberal hematoma and loss of gray–white matter differentiation. The hematoma was evacuated and a diagnosis of hemodialysis disequilibrium syndrome was made. Continuous hemodialysis and hyperosmolar therapy were instituted without any improvement. The CT scans were then reinterpreted as showing sagging of the brain, and the patient was placed in the Trendelenburg position which resulted in prompt improvement in her level of consciousness. A CT myelogram demonstrated an upper thoracic CSF leak that eventually required surgical correction. The patient made a complete neurological recovery. Neurological deterioration after craniotomy may be caused by brain sagging caused by a spontaneous spinal CSF leak, similar to intracranial hypotension due to intraoperative lumbar CSF drainage.
Investigating the collocational behaviour ofmanandwomanin the BNC using Sketch Engine
Authors: Pearce Michael
Published: November 2008

In this paper, I examine the representation of men and women in the British National Corpus (BNC) by focussing on the collocational and grammatical behaviour of the noun lemmas man and woman (i.e., the nouns man/men and woman/women ). Using Sketch Engine (a powerful corpus query tool, which is described) I explore the functional distribution of the target lemmas, and reveal the structured and systematic nature of the differences in the way these terms for adult male and female human beings pattern with other word forms in different grammatical relations.
Relaxed Plasma Equilibria and Entropy-Related Plasma Self-Organization Principles
Authors: Dewar Robert L. , Hole Matthew J. , McGann Mathew , Mills Ruth , Hudson Stuart R.
Published: November 2008

The concept of plasma relaxation as a constrained energy minimization is reviewed. Recent work by the authors on generalizing this approach to partially relaxed threedimensional plasma systems in a way consistent with chaos theory is discussed, with a view to clarifying the thermodynamic aspects of the variational approach used. Other entropy-related approaches to finding long-time steady states of turbulent or chaotic plasma systems are also briefly reviewed.
Effect of Several New and Currently Available Oxime Cholinesterase Reactivators on Tabun-intoxicated Rats
Authors: Karasova Jana  Zdarova , Kassa Jiri , Jung Young-Sik , Musilek Kamil , Pohanka Miroslav , Kuca Kamil
Published: November 2008

The therapeutical efficacies of eleven oxime-based acetylcholinesterase reactivators were compared in an in vivo (rat model) study of treatment of intoxication caused by tabun. In this group there were some currently available oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime and HI-6) and the rest were newly synthesized compounds. The best reactivation efficacy for acetylcholinesterase in blood (expressed as percent of reactivation) among the currently available oximes was observed after administration of trimedoxime (16%) and of the newly synthesized K127 (22432) (25%). The reactivation of butyrylcholinesterase in plasma was also studied; the best reactivators were trimedoxime, K117 (22435), and K127 (22432), with overall reactivation efficacies of approximately 30%. Partial protection of brain ChE against tabun inhibition was observed after administration of trimedoxime (acetylcholinesterase 20%; butyrylcholinesterase 30%) and obidoxime (acetylcholinesterase 12%; butyrylcholinesterase 16%).
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Multiethnic US Cohort (LUMINA): LXI. Value of C-Reactive Protein as a Marker of Disease Activity and Damage
Authors: BERTOLI ANAM. , VILÁ LUIS M. , REVEILLE JOHN D. , ALARCÓN GRACIELA S.
Published: November 2008

Objective

To determine whether C-reactive protein (CRP) measured by a high sensitivity (hs) assay is a surrogate marker of disease activity and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Five hundred eighty-eight patients with SLE participating in a multiethnic cohort (Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian) were studied. Disease activity was measured with the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure-Revised (SLAM-R) and damage with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Damage Index (SDI). hs-CRP was measured by immunometric assay. Disease activity and hs-CRP were measured at enrollment and damage accrual at last visit. The association of hs-CRP with the SLAM-R and SDI was examined by univariable (Pearson’s correlation) and multivariable (linear regression) analyses. The association of hs-CRP and each individual domain of the SLAM-R and SDI was examined by Spearman’s correlation.

Results

hs-CRP was associated with the SLAM-R in the univariable (r = 0.35, p < 0.001) and multivariable (t = 7.11, coefficient β = 0.27, p < 0.001) analyses. It also correlated with the constitutional, eye, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, neuromotor, and laboratory domains of the SLAM-R. hs-CRP was associated with the SDI (r = 0.12, p = 0.004) in the univariable analysis but not in the multivariable analysis. When the individual domains of the SDI were analyzed, hs-CRP correlated with the renal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and diabetes domains.

Conclusion

hs-CRP was associated with disease activity but not with overall damage accrual; however, it correlated with specific domains of the damage index. hs-CRP may be useful to monitor the course of the disease and predict its intermediate outcome, but longitudinal studies with serial hs-CRPmeasurements are necessary to define its clinical value.
Association Between Interleukin 1 Polymorphisms and Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility: A Metaanalysis
Authors: LEE YOUNG HO , JI JONG DAE , SONG GWAN GYU
Published: November 2008

Objective.

To determine whether interleukin 1 (IL-1) polymorphisms confer susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

We conducted metaanalyses on associations between IL-1 polymorphisms and RA susceptibility, using fixed or random effects models.

Results.

A total of 18 separate comparisons were made using 10 European, 7 Asian, and 1 Latin American population samples. Metaanalysis of the IL-1B+3954 CC genotype revealed an association with RA in all subjects (odds ratio = 0.776, 95% confidence interval = 0.609–0.988, p = 0.040). In Asians, an association between IL-1B+3954 and RA was identified. In contrast, no association was found between the IL-1B+3954 polymorphism and RA susceptibility in European populations. Metaanalyses of the IL-1B-511 and IL-1RN VNTR polymorphisms identified no association between these polymorphisms and RA.

Conclusion.

Our metaanalysis shows that the IL-1B+3954 polymorphism was associated with the development of RA, but only in Asians.
A Comparison of Calcium, Calcitriol, and Alendronate in Corticosteroid-Treated Premenopausal Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: YEAP SWAN S. , FAUZI AHMAD R. , KONG NORELLA C.T. , HALIM ABDUL G. , SOEHARDY ZAINUDIN , RAHIMAH ISMAIL , CHOW SOOK K. , GOH EMILY M.L.
Published: November 2008

Objective

To assess bone mineral density (BMD) changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) undergoing longterm therapy with corticosteroids (CS) while taking calcium, calcitriol, or alendronate. The primary endpoint was BMD changes at 2 years.

Methods

Premenopausal SLE patients were randomized into 3 groups according to medication: calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (calcium alone), calcitriol 0.25 μg bd plus calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (calcitriol + calcium), and alendronate 70 mg/week plus calcium carbonate 500 mg bd (alendronate + calcium). BMD was measured at baseline and at the end of the first and second years.

Results

Ninety-eight patients were recruited. There were 33 patients taking calcium alone, 33 calcitriol + calcium, and 32 alendronate + calcium. On randomization, median duration of CS use was 2.5 years (range 0–20 yrs). Seventy-seven patients (78.6%) completed the study (23 taking calcium alone, 27 calcitriol + calcium, 27 alendronate + calcium). There were no significant differences in mean CS dosages among the 3 groups at the time of BMD measurements. After 2 years, there were no significant changes in BMD in the calcium-alone and calcitriol + calcium groups, apart from a 0.93% (p < 0.001) reduction in total hip BMD in the calcium-alone group. In contrast, the alendronate + calcium group showed significant increases in BMD of 2.69% (p < 0.001) in the lumbar spine and 1.41% (p < 0.001) in total hip.

Conclusion

Both calcium alone and calcitriol + calcium preserved lumbar spine BMD in premenopausal patients with SLE taking longterm CS at 2 years, whereas alendronate + calcium led to increases in BMD in lumbar spine and total hip. Premenopausal women taking CS should be considered for osteoporosis prophylaxis.
Serum Uric Acid Is Associated with Carotid Plaques: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
Authors: NEOGI TUHINA , ELLISON R. CURTIS , HUNT STEVEN , TERKELTAUB ROBERT , FELSON DAVID T. , ZHANG YUQING
Published: November 2008

Objective.

To examine the association of serum uric acid (SUA) with a marker of preclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), carotid atherosclerotic plaques (PLQ), where early evidence of risk may be evident, focusing on individuals without CV risk factors.

Methods.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study is a multicenter study designed to assess risk factors for heart disease. PLQ were assessed with carotid ultrasound. We conducted sex-specific logistic regression to assess the association of SUA with presence of PLQ, including analyses among persons without risk factors related to both CVD and hyperuricemia.

Results

In total, 4866 participants had both SUA and carotid ultrasound assessed (54% women, mean age 52 yrs, mean body mass index 27.6). The association of SUA with PLQ increased with increasing SUA levels, demonstrating a dose-response relation for men [OR 1.0, 1.29, 1.61, 1.75, for SUA categories < 5 (reference), 5 to < 6, 6 to < 6.8, ≥ 6.8 mg/dl, respectively; p = 0.002]. Similar associations were found in men without CV risk factors. We found no relation of SUA with PLQ in women.

Conclusion.

In this large study, SUA was associated with carotid atherosclerotic plaques in men. Results were similar in the absence of CV risk factors. These results suggest that SUA may have a pathophysiologic role in atherosclerosis in men.
Carbon Coated Fe3O4 Nanospindles as a Superior Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Ming , Wu Xing‐Long , Hu Jin‐Song , Guo Yu‐Guo , Wan Li‐Jun
Published: November 2008

Carbon‐coated Fe3O4 nanospindles are synthesized by partial reduction of monodispersed hematite nanospindles with carbon coatings, and investigated with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and electrochemical experiments. The Fe3O4C nanospindles show high reversible capacity (∼745 mA h g−1 at C/5 and ∼600 mA h g−1 at C/2), high coulombic efficiency in the first cycle, as well as significantly enhanced cycling performance and high rate capability compared with bare hematite spindles and commercial magnetite particles. The improvements can be attributed to the uniform and continuous carbon coating layers, which have several functions, including: i) maintaining the integrity of particles, ii) increasing the electronic conductivity of electrodes leading to the formation of uniform and thin solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films on the surface, and iii) stabilizing the as‐formed SEI films. The results give clear evidence of the utility of carbon coatings to improve the electrochemical performance of nanostructured transition metal oxides as superior anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
Johanson–Blizzard syndrome caused by identicalUBR1mutations in two unrelated girls, one with a cardiomyopathy
Authors: Elting Mariet , Kariminejad Ariana , de Sonnaville Marie‐Louise , Ottenkamp Jaap , Bauhuber Susanne , Bozorgmehr Bita , Zenker Martin , Cobben Jan M.
Published: November 2008

We report on two apparently unrelated girls with Johanson–Blizzard syndrome (JBS), in both children caused by a homozygous IVS26 + 5G>A mutation in theUBR1gene. In both cases the parents are consanguineous and more sibs are affected. The somewhat mild phenotype (with no or slight mental retardation) in these two JBS families might be explained by residual UBR1 activity. One case has a dilated cardiomyopathy, a symptom only rarely reported in JBS, but of important clinical significance. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A report of an apparent new genetic syndrome consisting of joint contractures, keloids, large optic cup‐to‐disc ratio and renal stones
Authors: Heyen Candy A. , Delk Paula R. , Bull Marilyn J. , Weaver David D.
Published: November 2008

We report on a family with an apparently undescribed syndrome involving joint contractures, keloids, an increased optic cup‐to‐disc ratio, and renal stones. The propositus presented at 9 years of age with congenital contractures of his distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints, progressive stiffness of the shoulders and neck, a large optic cup‐to‐disc ratio, and mildly dysmorphic facies. He otherwise has been normal. The propositus's brother, uncle, great‐uncle, a half great‐uncle, and six male half‐cousins once removed also have DIP joint stiffness. The propositus' mother and brother also have an increased optic cup‐to‐disc ratio. In addition, the great‐grandfather, the uncle, the same six male half‐cousins once removed, and an affected daughter of a half‐cousin have keloids with the earliest age of onset of the keloids being 12 years. Further, three of the above affected males have had uric acid renal stones. Dupuytren contractures and subcutaneous nodules were also present in some affected males. Given the family history, the pattern of inheritance appears to be X‐linked. An extensive literature search failed to reveal any previous reports associating these manifestations and this inheritance pattern. Therefore, we think the condition in this family comprises a new genetic syndrome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stochastic simulation for morphological development during the isothermal crystallization of semicrystalline polymers: A case study of syndiotactic polypropylene
Authors: Anantawaraskul Siripon , Ketdee Saraporn , Supaphol Pitt
Published: November 2008

A stochastic simulation scheme for predicting morphological development during nucleation and subsequent crystal growth based on predetermined crystallization kinetic data of a semicrystalline polymer under quiescent isothermal conditions is proposed. Based on previously obtained crystallization kinetic data for syndiotactic polypropylene (s‐PP) used as the input information, the simulation scheme was successful in predicting the morphological development of s‐PP during isothermal crystallization from the melt state. The predicted development of crystallinity during crystallization was reanalyzed with the Avrami macrokinetic model, and good agreement between the predicted and theoretical values for s‐PP was observed. On the basis of this simulation scheme, both the spherulite size and its distribution during the course of crystallization could also be predicted. Although the spherulitic growth rate influenced both the spherulite size and its distribution during the course of crystallization, it had no effect on the final spherulitic morphology or the resulting average spherulitic size. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Leishmanicidal Evaluation of Novel Synthetic Chromenes
Authors: Alizadeh Babak Heidary , Foroumadi Alireza , Ardestani Susan K. , Poorrajab Fatemeh , Shafiee Abass
Published: November 2008

In the present paper, twelve chromenes were synthesized by coupling of 2,2,8,8‐tetramethyl‐8H‐pyrano[2,3‐f]chroman‐4‐one 1 with various aryl and benzylmagnesium chlorides. The synthetic compounds were examined for in‐vitro activity against Leishmania major, and some of them displayed efficient anti‐leishmanial activity. Among the compounds tested, compounds 9 (4‐(2‐chloro‐benzylidene)‐2,2,8,8‐tetramethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H,8H‐pyrano[2,3‐f]chromene 9a and 4‐(2‐chloro‐benzyl)‐2,2,8,8‐tetramethyl‐2H,8H‐pyrano[2,3‐f]chromene 9b) were the most active with an inhibitory activity of 73.4%.
“Half‐Bonds” in an Unusual Coordinated S42− Rectangle
Authors: Poduska Anne , Hoffmann Roald , Ienco Andrea , Mealli Carlo
Published: November 2008

Don′t be square! A rare S42− rectangle bridging two M2Cp2(μ2‐CH2)2 (M=Rh, Ir) fragments is found to contain two “half‐bonds” with SS distances of 2.70 or 2.90 Å. Computational studies explore the connection between these “half‐bonds” and a Jahn–Teller distortion, as well as possible intermediates that form M4S42+ clusters having the S42− rectangle rotated by 90°.

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The bonding of a rare S42− rectangle coordinated to four transition metals (synthesized by Isobe, Nishioka, and co‐workers), [{M2(η5‐C5Me5)2(μ‐CH2)2}2(μ‐S4)]2+ (MRh, Ir) is analyzed. DFT calculations indicate that, while experiment gives the rectangle coordinated with its long edge parallel to RhRh bonds and perpendicular to the IrIr bonds, either orientation is feasible for both metals. Although rotation of the S4 rectangle is likely a multi‐step process, a calculated barrier of 46 kcal mol−1 for a simple interconversion pathway goes through a trapezoidal, not a square, transition state. An argument is presented, based on molecular orbital (MO) calculations, that the long SS contacts (2.70 and 2.90 Å) in the rectangle are in fact two‐center, three‐electron bonds (or “half‐bonds”). Moreover, the 2− charge on the S4 rectangle is related to a Jahn–Teller distortion from a square to a rectangle. Finally, DFT is used to explore possible stable intermediates in the oxidative process giving these M4S42+ compounds: for Ir, the coupling of two Ir2S2+ molecules appears feasible, as opposed to a possible two‐electron oxidation of a neutral Rh4S4 molecule.
Time dependent vascular and myocardial responses of a second generation, small vessel, paclitaxel‐eluting stent platform
Authors: Thompson Craig A. , Huibregtse Barbara , Poff Bradley , Wilson Gregory J.
Published: November 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time‐dependent vascular and myocardial responses to a second‐generation, small vessel (≤2.5 mm) paclitaxel‐eluting stent (PES) platform. Background: Small caliber coronary vessels present complex challenges for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and are associated with lower technical success and inferior long‐term efficacy. A next‐generation, highly deliverable PES may improve clinical outcomes in small vessels. Methods: Sixty single stents were implanted in noninjured coronary arteries in 30 domestic swine (one TAXUS® Liberté™ small vessel PES (svPES) and one Liberté small vessel bare metal stent (svBMS) in each animal). Ten animals each were allocated to 30‐, 90‐, and 180‐day follow‐up groups; final quantitative angiography and necropsy were performed. Samples of myocardium, liver, and kidney were processed and evaluated for pathology. Radiography and either histopathology or scanning electron microscopy were performed on all the explanted stented vessels. Results: There were no stent‐related deaths or downstream myocardial pathology. Both the svPES stent and its svBMS control demonstrated complete strut tissue coverage and complete endothelialization at all timepoints, and there was no evidence of macro‐ or microscopic thrombus or stent fracture. Medial smooth muscle cell content was markedly reduced in all the svPES groups compared with that in the svBMS controls. Conclusions: The small diameter paclitaxel‐eluting TAXUS Liberté stent has a safe and predictable biologic vascular response in the noninjured swine model. This device warrants further investigation targeting the currently poorly met clinical need for small vessel PCI. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paclitaxel‐eluting balloon: From bench to bed
Authors: De Labriolle Axel , Pakala Rajbabu , Bonello Laurent , Lemesle Gilles , Scheinowitz Mickey , Waksman Ron
Published: November 2008

Since the first clinical angioplasty by Gruntzig in 1977, restenosis has been the primary drawback of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In the balloon era. restenosis was correlated with elastic recoil and negative remodeling of the arterial wall. Later, introduction of stents proved to be a significant advance in reducing the elastic recoil and negative remodeling at the treatment site but stimulated proliferation, migration of smooth muscle cells, and neointimal hyperplasia, thereby generating a new type of restenosis, in‐stent restenosis. Brachytherapy and drug‐eluting stents (DES) may be considered the two breakthroughs against neointimal hyperplasia. However, concerns about stent thrombosis and incomplete elimination of in‐stent restenosis with DES in complex lesions and patients justify the pursuit of research in this field. Non‐stent based local drug delivery and particularly the use of paclitaxel‐eluting balloons could be one of these strategies. We aimed to review the concept, preclinical‐, and clinical data available with non‐stent based local drug delivery and, in particular, with paclitaxel‐eluting balloons. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orbital atherectomy for infrapopliteal disease: Device concept and outcome data for the OASIS trial
Authors: Safian Robert D. , Niazi Khusrow , Runyon John P. , Dulas Dan , Weinstock Barry , Ramaiah Venkatesh , Heuser Richard ,   For the OASIS Investigators
Published: November 2008

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and short‐term efficacy of orbital atherectomy for chronic infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease.

Background:

Infrapopliteal occlusive disease is a common cause of critical limb ischemia and claudication. There are no American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for infrapopliteal revascularization for chronic limb ischemia.

Methods:

One hundred twenty four patients (201 stenoses) were enrolled in a prospective non‐randomized multicenter registry of orbital atherectomy for severe infrapopliteal disease. Data were collected as part of an investigational device exemption from the Food and Drug Administration.

Results:

The primary safety endpoint of major adverse events (MAE) at 30‐days (death, myocardial infarction, amputation, or repeat revascularization) was observed in four patients (3.2%). The primary efficacy endpoint (final diameter stenosis) was 17.8 ± 13.5%. The secondary endpoints of procedural success (final diameter stenosis ≤30%) and 6 month MAE (death, amputation, or target vessel revascularization) were observed in 90.1 and 10.4% of patients, respectively. Stand‐alone atherectomy was performed in 116 lesions (57.4%). At 6‐months, no patients required surgical bypass or unplanned amputation, and improvement in Rutherford ordinal scale was observed in 78.2% of patients.

Conclusions:

Orbital atherectomy is a unique approach to infrapopliteal disease, and provides predictable and safe lumen enlargement. Short‐term data demonstrate substantial symptomatic improvement and infrequent need for further revascularization or amputation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catheter‐based treatment with the Amplatzer® devices in alien positions
Authors: Fischer Gunther , Smevik Bjarne , Novoa Juan Carlo Ramiro , Suáres Francisco Javier Ozores , Kramer Hans Heiner , Bjørnstad Per G.
Published: November 2008

Objective: Case reports of patients with Amplatzer® devices used in positions they have not been designed for have repeatedly been published. Background: We pooled our results to review the array of such interventions. Methods: Retrospective study of twelve patients presented with eleven different problems: Two patients had hepatoatrial communication after Fontan's operation, two had different types of fistulae, two had surgical shunts, two had different anomalous systemic venous drainage, and two had an open arterial duct, one huge and hypertensive, the other with a very shallow ampulla. Finally, in one, a pulmonary artery was closed as a preparation for a bidirectional cavo‐pulmonary anastomosis. Results: All communications were completely closed. As only complication a lesion of the anonymous vein causing haematothorax was noted when trying to access through a Gore‐Tex® membrane after puncture. Conclusions: Such applications of Amplatzer devices in alien positions are estimated to be needed in 1 in 5–700 catheterizations. The results are good and the complications few. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrast administration in pediatric cardiac catheterization: Dose and adverse events
Authors: Senthilnathan Selvi , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Marshall Audrey C. , Lock James E , Bergersen Lisa
Published: November 2008

Background: In pediatrics, contrast‐related AE such as allergic reactions, seizures, and nephropathy have been reported to occur after cardiac catheterization, but their incidence remains unknown. Objective: We sought to report adverse event (AE) rates attributed to contrast administration in a pediatric cardiac catheterization lab and identify characteristics related to higher doses. Methods: A single institution prospective cardiac catheterization AE database identified AE in children <18 years old exposed to contrast. All AE were reviewed and classified by relationship to contrast. Medical records for the 50 cases who received highest contrast doses were retrospectively reviewed for AE. Patient and procedural characteristics were compared in the top quartile of contrast dose versus remaining cases. Results: Over 3 years, 2,321 consecutive cases required median 3.9 cm3/kg [IQR: 2.0, 6.0] of contrast. Patients receiving high dose contrast (top quartile) were more likely to be <1 year (51% vs. 24%), weigh <10 kg (66% vs. 29%), have complex 2 ventricle disease (56% vs. 35%), be in a high procedure type risk group (57% vs. 26%), and undergo procedures >2 h (67% vs. 28%), all P < 0.001. Only 2 of 2,321 cases (0.09%, 95% CI 0.01–0.31%) had AE possibly related to contrast. These events were an acute neurological change and transient nephropathy. In 50 cases receiving the most contrast, no AE were attributed to contrast. Conclusion: A large volume pediatric cardiac catheterization lab administered ≥ 6 cm3/kg of contrast in a quarter of cases; however, AE related to contrast exposure were exceedingly rare. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A General Approach to Aza‐Heterocycles by Means of Domino Sequences Driven by Hydroformylation
Authors: Airiau Etienne , Spangenberg Thomas , Girard Nicolas , Schoenfelder Angèle , Salvadori Jessica , Taddei Maurizio , Mann André
Published: November 2008

The development of hydroformylative domino reactions of easily accessible vinyl acetamides is described. Extremely regioselective hydroformylation of terminal double bounds provides a transient N‐acyliminium that can be trapped by various nucleophiles to give several aza‐heterocylic scaffolds in a diastereoselective manner.