bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori‐induced enlarged‐fold gastritis is associated with increased mutagenicity of gastric juice, increased oxidative DNA damage, and an increased risk of gastric carcinoma
Authors: NISHIBAYASHI HIROYUKI , KANAYAMA SHUJI , KIYOHARA TATSUYA , YAMAMOTO KATSUMI , MIYAZAKI YOSHIJI , YASUNAGA YUICHI , SHINOMURA YASUHISA , TAKESHITA TATSUYA , TAKEUCHI TORU , MORIMOTO KANEHISA , MATSUZAWA YUJI
Published: November 2003

Background and Aim:  The severe inflammation, increased cell proliferation and marked acid inhibition observed in subjects with Helicobacter pylori‐associated enlarged‐fold gastritis suggest that enlarged‐fold gastritis may be a risk factor for gastric carcinoma. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a relationship exists between enlarged‐fold gastritis and gastric carcinoma.

Methods:  One hundred and thirty‐five H. pylori‐positive patients with early gastric carcinoma and 141 age‐ and sex‐matched H. pylori‐positive controls without gastric carcinoma were involved in the study. The widths of gastric body folds were measured by double‐contrast radiographs. The mutagenicity of gastric juice was assayed using the Ames test and Salmonella typhimurium TA‐98 or TA‐100 with S9‐mix. Levels of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) in gastric mucosa were examined using high‐performance liquid chromatographic‐electrochemical detection.

Results:  An upward shift in the distribution of gastric fold widths in H. pylori‐positive patients with early gastric carcinoma was found. Enlarged‐fold gastritis (fold width ≥5 mm) was observed in 81% of the patients with gastric carcinoma, compared with 46% of H. pylori‐positive controls. The odds ratio for gastric carcinoma increased with increasing fold width to a maximum of 35.5 in persons with fold width ≥7 mm. The prevalence of diffuse‐type early gastric carcinoma in the body region increased with increasing fold width. The mutagenicity of gastric juice from the patients with enlarged‐fold gastritis was significantly higher than that in H. pylori‐negative controls and H. pylori‐positive patients without enlarged folds. Mucosal 8‐OHdG levels in the body region of patients with enlarged‐fold gastritis were significantly higher than in H. pylori‐negative controls and H. pylori‐positive patients without enlarged‐fold gastritis. Eradication of H. pylori significantly decreased the mutagenicity of gastric juice and 8‐OHdG levels in the gastric mucosa from patients with enlarged‐fold gastritis.

Conclusion:  A significant association is suggested between enlarged‐fold gastritis and gastric carcinoma.
Pathogenesis and management of alcoholic hepatitis
Authors: HABER PAUL S , WARNER ROSS , SETH DEVANSHI , GORRELL MARK D , MCCAUGHAN GEOFFREY W
Published: November 2003

Abstract  Alcoholic hepatitis is a potentially life‐threatening complication of alcoholic abuse, typically presenting with symptoms and signs of hepatitis in the presence of an alcohol use disorder. The definitive diagnosis requires liver biopsy, but this is not generally required. The pathogenesis is uncertain, but relevant factors include metabolism of alcohol to toxic products, oxidant stress, acetaldehyde adducts, the action of endotoxin on Kupffer cells, and impaired hepatic regeneration. Mild alcoholic hepatitis recovers with abstinence and the long‐term prognosis is determined by the underlying disorder of alcohol use. Severe alcoholic hepatitis is recognized by a Maddrey discriminant function >32 and is associated with a short‐term mortality rate of almost 50%. Primary therapy is abstinence from alcohol and supportive care. Corticosteroids have been shown to be beneficial in a subset of severely ill patients with concomitant hepatic encephalopathy, but their use remains controversial. Pentoxifylline has been shown in one study to improve short‐term survival rates. Other pharmacological interventions, including colchicine, propylthiouracil, calcium channel antagonists, and insulin with glucagon infusions, have not been proven to be beneficial. Nutritional supplementation with available high‐calorie, high‐protein diets is beneficial, but does not improve mortality. Orthotopic liver transplantation is not indicated for patients presenting with alcoholic hepatitis who have been drinking until the time of admission, but may be considered in those who achieve stable abstinence if liver function fails to recover.
Hassles and uplifts associated with caring for people with cognitive impairment in community settings
Authors: Elder Ruth , Wollin Judy , Härtel Charmine , Spencer Nancy , Sanderson Wayne
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT:  In this study we explored the hassles and uplifts (i.e. negative and positive emotional events) experienced by registered nurses, nursing assistants and personal carers working with people with cognitive impairment in community and residential healthcare settings in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The primary aim of the research was to explore what aspects of caring for cognitively impaired clients hassles nurses, what helps to relieve these hassles, what aspects of this work nurses find rewarding and what detracts from those rewards, as well as the intensity with which each of these aspects were felt. A questionnaire developed to explore hassles and uplifts at work was administered and 57 responses obtained. Results indicated that caring for the cognitively impaired client provides many uplifts for nurses and few hassles. However, the hassles that occurred were of high importance. This paper will be of interest to managers, nurses and carers in settings where there are people with cognitive impairment as well as scholars, who may find that assessing emotional hassles and uplifts provides additional insights into other areas of nursing.
A stress‐based method to predict lifetime under multiaxial fatigue loadings
Authors: LAZZARIN P. , SUSMEL L.
Published: November 2003

This paper extends to low/medium‐cycle fatigue a stress‐based method recently proposed by the same authors for high‐cycle multiaxial fatigue assessments. By considering the plane of maximum shear stress amplitude coincident with the microcrack initiation plane, the method requires the calculation both of the maximum shear stress amplitude and the maximum normal stress relative to the same plane. Multiaxial fatigue life estimates are made by means of bi‐parametric modified Wöhler curves, which take into account the mean stress effect, the influence of the out‐of‐phase angle and the presence of notches by using a generalization to multiaxial fatigue of the fatigue strength reduction factor Kf. Approximately 700 experimental data taken from the literature are used to demonstrate that the method is a useful tool to summarize fatigue strength data of both smooth and notched components, subjected to either in‐phase or out‐of‐phase loads. Finally, a simple practical rule for the calculation of the multiaxial fatigue strength reduction factor is proposed.
The formalization of family therapy training—issues and implications
Authors: Pilalis Jennie
Published: November 2003

This paper highlights the emerging debate, particularly evident in the U.K. and Australasia, regarding the desirability of more formalized training programmes for family therapy. The professionalization of family therapy is under way. The implications of this process for training structures, the role of the family therapist, the nature of family therapy associations and thus the ultimate goals of family therapy are summarized. Alternative models of training structures, their ideological bases and the implications of these alternatives for the nature of an association and the family therapy process are then briefly discussed. In summary, some priorities for a desired model of family therapy training are listed for discussion.
Clinical teams reflect family dysfunction
Authors: Berkowitz Ruth , Leff Julian
Published: November 2003

Therapists frequently have strong negative reactions to their patients. The view is put forward in this paper that such reactions may be harmful to patients if they are not acknowledged. However, when we, as therapists, are able to recognize our own reactions, they could prove to be a valuable source of information about those people we are trying to help. Three cases are described in which clinical teams behaved in negative ways towards families, who, as a result, did not receive the appropriate treatment. These descriptions are an attempt to show how the teams' behaviour mimicked that of the family. It is suggested, firstly, that these reactions should be recognized so they cannot hinder treatment and, secondly, that they be used as a source of information about the interaction within the family. This phenomenon of reflecting family dysfunction may, if properly approached, be of potential value to those who work in teams and deal with families.
The Butchers, an eclectic approach to family therapy
Authors: Waldegrave Charles
Published: November 2003

The thesis of this paper is that differing theoretical constructs offer a variety of rich approaches when responding to the problems families present. To work exclusively within one theoretical framework is to deny oneself the value latent in other models, and thus restrict one's therapeutic competence. It is suggested that various family therapy models can be worked together without contradiction if they are subsumed in an overriding systems approach. It is also pointed out that the various models have particular capabilities and limitations with differing therapeutic goals. Ten interviews with one family are used to illustrate an eclectic approach in therapy.
Family therapy training methods: minimal contact with an agency
Authors: Bishop D. , Byles J. , Horn D.
Published: November 2003

This paper describes the development, implementation and monitoring of a family therapy training programme with several special features. Training was given to staff of a large agency at a site distant from the trainers. Because input from trainers was limited, peer‐group self‐directed teaching approaches were used. Formal evaluation demonstrated that the programme was successful. This report describes the concepts, methods and techniques which were employed in this programme and which can be easily used in other settings.
Effective functioning in dual‐career families: an investigation
Authors: Cunningham Alexandra , Saayman Graham S.
Published: November 2003

This study is concerned with the commonalities inherent in diverse psychotherapeutic strategies, despite seemingly discontinuous theoretical stances. Two approaches were evaluated with respect to effective family functioning, viz. Analytical Psychology and Systems Theory. Analytical Psychology posits the growth of conscious awareness in the individual as the source of therapeutic change. Problem centred systems therapy of the family emphasizes the importance of teaching clinically presenting families to negotiate collectively family rules and expectations and thus to allocate and monitor roles via clear and direct verbal communication. Both positions thus stress the reflective mode as a pivotal factor in effective problem solving. Analytical psychology maintains that conscious awareness expands to the extent that the individual integrates the contrasexual aspect of the personality, that is, the affective, expressive mode or ‘feminine principle’ in the male, or the instrumental, assertive ‘masculine principle’ in the female. Such individuals are said to be ‘androgenous’. It was therefore hypothesized that such individuals would more readily be able to negotiate family rules and expectations in a manner consistent with a major therapeutic thrust of family therapy. These clinically derived hypotheses were subjected to an empirical test by assessing twenty, non‐clinical, dual‐career families where both parents pursued careers and were therefore presumably both required to share instrumental and affective roles on the basis of mutual agreement. Results indicated that negotiation contributed significantly to successful role fulfilment and effective family functioning, thus substantiating the focus of family therapy strategies upon clear and direct communication and role allocation.
Environmental Values and Water Policy
Authors: Bennett Jeff
Published: November 2003

The emergence of water markets has heralded the prospect of increased efficiency in the use of the resource for extractive purposes. However, water markets have not encompassed all elements of demand for the resource. Notably, demands for the environmental public goods provided by river flows have not been revealed in markets. State Governments have instituted regulations requiring ‘environmental flows’ to be quarantined from the market allocation process. This policy has triggered negative responses from irrigators and conservationists. Lobby groups have found that the process of determining environmental flows is a prospective site for rent seeking. To avoid policy being driven by rent seeking, information on the costs and benefits of environmental flows is useful. Whereas the costs of environmental flows are readily assessed through reference to market data on irrigators’ surpluses foregone, the benefits must be estimated through the use of non‐market, stated preference valuation techniques. These techniques — including contingent valuation and choice modelling — remain controversial. Some argue that they should not be used on ethical grounds. Others argue that they cannot be used on technical grounds. These arguments are discussed in this paper, using the context of the water policy debate. The evidence is that stated preference techniques are being used, and applications have been performed in Australia in the context of riverine health. However their use remains restricted relative to the scale of the Australian natural resource management task. Some possible explanations for this limited up‐take are provided along with some suggested ways forward.
Prospects for the Rural‐Urban Fringe in Australia: Observations from a Brief History of the Landscapes around Sydney and Adelaide
Authors: Bunker Raymond , Houston Peter
Published: November 2003

Despite being a major site of recent population growth and, arguably, a key arena for sustainability concerns, the rural‐urban fringe has received relatively little attention in the literature concerning Australian cities and urban policy. To address this shortcoming the authors review post‐World War II efforts to plan the rural‐urban fringes of Sydney and Adelaide and find a number of issues for contemporary policy‐makers. First, the fringe is becoming increasingly complex due to multi‐faceted demographic change, a broadening economic base and demands for better environmental management, all within the context of an evolving understanding of sustainability. Second, water resource management, partly under the auspices of integrated natural resource management, is assuming a much higher priority than in early fringe planning endeavours, which emphasised urban containment, agricultural land protection and landscape conservation. Third, and partly as a consequence of this shift of priorities, there is also evidence of changes to the nature and focus of policy tools used in the fringe, with land management concerns now cutting across traditional land use planning. Finally, and fundamentally, these observations raise questions about how future governance of the fringe should be organised. Together these four themes pose an enthralling series of challenges for policy‐makers for which much more research and discussion are needed.
The Functions of Teacher Emotions: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Winograd Ken
Published: November 2003

This is a self-study of an elementary teacher's emotions during the year he took a sabbatical from a position as an education professor. He worked as an elementary classroom teacher, and he kept a journal of his daily experience as a teacher of a nongraded primary class. With the journal as a data source, the study examined the feeling “rules” for teachers, the functional and dysfunctional dimensions of teacher emotions, and the strategies teachers use to engage in emotional labor. The findings show both functional and dysfunctional dimensions of the teacher's emotional experience. The article suggests that the self-accusatory stance of teachers diverts teachers’ attention from structural problems in their working conditions and, instead, focuses attention on the inadequacies of teachers as individuals. Furthermore, the paper suggests that it is from the collective naming and examination of emotions that teachers may be able to learn to accept and understand the darker emotions of teaching, to understand the relationship between emotions and social structure, as well as learn to use emotions such as anger and disgust as catalysts for social activism and change.
Telling Tales over Time: Constructing and Deconstructing the School Calendar
Authors: Weiss Joel , Brown Robert S.
Published: November 2003

The September-to-june school calendar has been a fixture of North America for almost a century. Its origins have usually been told as an unexamined tale attributed to features of nineteenth century rural society. We challenge this interpretation by suggesting that multiple pressures arising from increasing urbanization influenced its roots. We present information on the importance of the summer holiday in the development of compulsory schooling in several North American jurisdictions, with the main evidence from Ontario, the most populous province in Canada. We suggest, along with Gold (2002), that this development had wider applicability in several Northeastern and Midwestern American states. Beyond the issue of having an accurate story line, we examine why there has been such resistance in recent times to changing the school year. The school calendar may be another example of an enduring institutional form referred to by Tyack and Tobin as a “grammar of schooling” that resisted fundamental change in the twentieth century. Viewing the school calendar's ties with changes over time in the construction of other clocks of society may enable us to rethink the format of the contemporary school calendar. Finally, we consider the school calendar as part of a larger, ongoing discussion of what constitutes effectiveness of schools.
Experimental Effects of Manipulating Attributional Information about Challenging Behaviour
Authors: Noone Stephen J. , Jones Robert S. P. , Hastings Richard P.
Published: November 2003

Background  The informal staff culture in intellectual disability services has been proposed as a significant factor determining staff perceptions of, and responses towards, challenging behaviours. However, research to date has been exclusively descriptive.

Methods  An experimental analogue of one potentially salient aspect of staff informal culture, the causal language used to describe challenging behaviours, was developed. Naïve participants (N = 84 students) rated attributional dimensions and optimism after viewing a video of aggressive behaviour. Participants were exposed to vignettes in which information about the behaviour's controllability and stability was manipulated prior to viewing the video.

Results  Controllability and stability manipulations affected later perception of dimensions of causal attributions (e.g. behaviour presented as controllable was rated as caused by factors more likely to be internal to the depicted client), and optimism (e.g. behaviour presented as stable was associated with a less positive perception of potential for change).

Conclusion  Staff talk in intellectual disability services, especially language communicating causal information, is likely to affect perceptions of subsequent incidents of challenging behaviours. This may have important implications for the treatment and assessment of challenging behaviour. Further research is needed to replicate and extend the findings of this study and also to contribute to the development of external validity.
Power and Wisdom: Toward a History of Social Behavior
Authors: Nazaretyan Akop P.
Published: November 2003

Cross‐disciplinary studies carried out lately by Russian scholars discovered a causal relationship between the three variables: technological potential, cultural regulation quality, and social sustainability. The patterns called techno‐humanitarian balance law, states that the higher production and war technologies' power, the more refined the behaviorregulation means (consolidated values and norms, etc.) that are required for self‐preservation of the society. The article shows that the law has controlled social selection for all of human history and prehistory, discarding unbalanced social organisms, as far as they could not cope with ecological and (or) geopolitical crises, which had been caused by their own activities. It also shows how successive growth of instrumental opportunities in long‐term retrospection has dramatically led to the consecutive perfection of cultural and psychological regulation mechanisms. Relevant calculations, comparative‐anthropological evidence, and historical illustrations are provided. Regularities in mental processes are described that precede and accompany crisis‐causing behavior, to certain extent regardless of population's historical and cultural peculiarities.
Gary Dorrien, The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805–2000 and The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity, 2000–1950
Authors: Ahlberg Ralph
Published: November 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Gary Dorrien, The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805–2000

Gary Dorrien, The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity, 2000–1950
Book Notes
Authors: Markham Ian S.
Published: November 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

William J. Richardson and Richardson, S. J., Heidegger Through Phenomenology to Thought
The DAL10 gene from Norway spruce (Picea abies) belongs to a potentially gymnosperm‐specific subclass of MADS‐box genes and is specifically active in seed cones and pollen cones
Authors: Carlsbecker Annelie , Sundström Jens , Tandre Karolina , Englund Marie , Kvarnheden Anders , Johanson Urban , Engström Peter
Published: November 2003

Transcription factors encoded by different members of the MADS‐box gene family have evolved central roles in the regulation of reproductive organ development in the flowering plants, the angiosperms. Development of the stamens and carpels, the pollen‐ and seed‐bearing organs, involves the B‐ and C‐organ‐identity MADS‐box genes. B‐ and C‐type gene orthologs with activities specifically in developing pollen‐ and seed‐bearing organs are also present in the distantly related gymnosperms: the conifers and the gneto‐phytes. We now report on the characterization of DAL10, a novel MADS‐box gene from the conifer Norway spruce, which unlike the B‐ and C‐type conifer genes shows no distinct orthology relationship to any angiosperm gene or clade in phylogenetic analyses. Like the B‐ and C‐type genes, it is active specifically in developing pollen cones and seed cones. In situ RNA localization experiments show DAL10 to be expressed in the cone axis, which carry the microsporophylls of the young pollen cone. In contrast, in the seed cone it is expressed both in the cone axis and in the bracts, which subtend the ovuliferous scales. Expression data and the phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing DAL10 suggest that the gene may act upstream to or in concert with the B‐ and C‐type genes in the establishment of reproductive identity of developing cones.
The cusp of evolution and development: a model of cichlid tooth shape diversity
Authors: Streelman J. T. , Webb J. F. , Albertson R. C. , Kocher T. D.
Published: November 2003

Tooth shape is a hallmark of repeated evolutionary radiations among cichlid fishes from East Africa. Cusp shape and number vary both within populations and among closely related species with different feeding behaviors and ecologies. Here, we use histology and scanning electron microscopy to chart the developmental trajectory of tooth shape differences in fishes from Lake Malawi. We demonstrate that species with bi‐ or tricuspid adult (replacement) teeth initially possess a first‐generation unicuspid dentition. Notably, the timing of turnover from first‐generation to replacement teeth differs among species and is correlated with feeding ecology. Next, we use field data for cichlid species with adult unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid teeth to demonstrate a strong and positive relationship between the number of teeth in a row and tooth shape. We discuss cichlid tooth ontogeny in the context of morphogenetic models designed to explain the developmental basis of tooth shape variation in mammals. We suggest that the dramatic differences in cichlid dentitions can be explained by variation in the expression of common activators and inhibitors acting at multiple stages of odontogenesis.
Function and Back Symptoms in Older Adults
Authors: Edmond Susan L. , Felson David T.
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To determine the relationship between back symptoms and limitations in nine specific functional activities.

Design: A cross‐sectional study.

Setting: This study was conducted as part of the Framingham Heart Study, a population‐based study performed on a representative sample of community‐living residents of Framingham, Massachusetts.

Participants: Subjects consisted of 1,007 surviving members of the original cohort who participated in the 22nd Biennial Examination in 1992–93. Ages ranged from 70 to 100.

Measurements: Subjects were asked whether they experienced pain, aching, or stiffness in their back on most days and whether they had difficulty performing nine specific functional skills. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals are reported for the entire sample and within categories of sex. The proportion of functional limitations attributable to back symptoms and the proportion of limitations ascribed by subjects to back symptoms among subjects with these limitations are also reported.

Results: The results provide evidence of a relationship between back symptoms and functional limitations. ORs were highest for difficulty standing in one place for about 15 minutes, pushing or pulling a large object, and walking half a mile. Of those with back symptoms, 43% to 63% of limitations in activities were due to back symptoms. Among all subjects, back symptoms were so prevalent that 18% to 34% of all functional limitations were attributable to back symptoms. The association between back symptoms and functional limitations was especially strong in women.

Conclusion: Back symptoms account for a large percentage of functional limitations in older adults, especially in women.
Depressive Symptoms as a Risk Factor for Disabling Back Pain in Community‐Dwelling Older Persons
Authors: Reid M. Carrington , Williams Christianna S. , Concato John , Tinetti Mary E. , Gill Thomas M.
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To determine whether the presence of depressive symptoms is an independent risk factor for disabling back pain in community‐dwelling older persons.

Design: Prospective cohort study with a 12‐month follow‐up period.

Setting: General community.

Participants: Seven hundred forty‐four members of a large health plan who were aged 70 and older and independent in bathing, walking, dressing, and transferring at baseline.

Measurements: The presence of depressive symptoms, defined as a score of 16 or greater on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale, was documented during a comprehensive baseline assessment that also included information regarding participants' demographic, medical, and physical/cognitive status. The occurrence of disabling back pain was ascertained during monthly telephone interviews.

Results: Depressive symptoms were present in 153 (20.6%) participants at baseline. Over the 12‐month follow‐up period, 186 participants (25.0%) reported disabling back pain during 1 to 2 months and 91 (12.2%) during 3 or more months. After adjustment for potential confounders, the presence of depressive symptoms was independently associated with the occurrence of disabling back pain (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.3 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2–4.4) for 1 to 2 months with disabling back pain; AOR=7.8 (95% CI=3.7–16.4) for 3 or more months with disabling back pain).

Conclusion: The presence of depressive symptoms is a strong, independent, and highly prevalent risk factor for the occurrence of disabling back pain in community‐dwelling older persons.
Psychiatric Morbidity in a Neurology‐Based Memory Clinic: The Effect of Systematic Psychiatric Evaluation
Authors: Hejl Anne‐Mette , Hørding Merete , Hasselbalch Ellen , Dam Henrik , Hemmingsen Ralf , Waldemar Gunhild
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and the effect of systematic psychiatric evaluation in patients referred to a memory clinic in a neurological setting.

Design: Descriptive case‐series study in consecutive referrals to a memory clinic.

Setting: An outpatient multidisciplinary memory clinic in a neurological setting.

Participants: An index group of 100 consecutive patients (aged 60–89) referred for diagnostic evaluation of cognitive symptoms during a period of 8 months and a reference group of 686 consecutive patients (aged 60–98) referred during a previous period of 54 months. In the index group, a systematic psychiatric evaluation was performed in addition to the neurological evaluation and routine investigations. In the reference group, patients had the same basic evaluation, but psychiatric evaluation was optional and was performed in 21% of the patients.

Measurements: Prevalence of primary psychiatric morbidity in the index and reference groups according to international clinical criteria and multidisciplinary consensus report and three key psychiatric symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, and affective symptoms in the index group.

Results: Twenty‐three percent of patients in the index group had a primary psychiatric disease. A primary psychiatric disease was diagnosed in 8% of patients in the reference group (P<.001). One or more psychiatric symptoms were identified in 72% of all patients in the index group.

Conclusion:  Psychiatric conditions and symptoms are frequent in elderly patients with cognitive symptoms, including those referred to a neurological memory clinic. The data provide evidence for a multispecialty and multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with possible dementia.
A Veteran's View of Science Education Today
Authors: MARSHALL J. STANLEY
Published: November 2003

Science education in our schools is fundamentally the same today as it was fifty years ago and the scientific method has not really changed. Good science teaching is defined as the never‐ending search for evidence, for objective data, which leads to truth, and the search for truth should be at the heart of education in all subjects at all levels, and teacher training should address this objective view point. Science in our schools is watered down with derivatives such as environmental education. Steps should be taken to increase the level of science content knowledge in schools and science teacher education. Additionally, the rules of the open market should be invoked to give science teachers the latitude to offer their services as other providers of professional services do, and receive compensation greater than they would as regular full‐time teachers. These issues are discussed with implications for policy.
US Science Education: The View from a Practicing Scientist
Authors: ALTSCHULD RUTH A.
Published: November 2003

Science and mathematics education in the US is failing to produce an adequate number of American scientists. Foreign postdoctoral fellows and students who typically remain in the US and become permanent residents and citizens increasingly populate US research laboratories. Were these foreign scientists to return home upon completion of their training, we would be facing a severe shortage of well‐trained research personnel in US laboratories. The contributions of foreign scientists to US scientific research have been important and impressive, but as noted above, there are dangers in relying on other countries to provide the basic education of scientists to fill our US laboratories.
National Government Policy Options for Contributing to Regional Economic Stability: The US Department of Energy's Major Nuclear Weapons Sites
Authors: GREENBERG MICHAEL , LOWRIE KAREN , FRISCH MICHAEL , LEWIS DAVID
Published: November 2003

We have conducted economic simulation, historical, and survey research that considers the national government's obligation to the regions that surround the places where it developed and tested nuclear weapons. The research shows that the strongest case for an obligation is at four site regions: Hanford (Washington), Idaho, Oak Ridge (Tennessee), and Savannah River (Georgia, South Carolina). These four are dependent on the Department of Energy (DOE), have relatively low incomes, are expected to grow less economically than their counterparts and the nation as a whole, and suffer from environmental stigma. We reviewed and simulated the impacts of a variety of tools, including severance packages, onsite projects, and offsite economic investments. In essence, investments in severance packages, education, and recreation are more effective per dollar invested than high technology, but all investments are less effective in these dependent regions than in larger metropolitan areas because of the economic leakage out of these dependent regions. The national government needs to begin a process of working with these regions to help them deal with the shock of shrinking their dependency on the DOE.
Legislative Victory, Electoral Uncertainty: Explaining Outcomes in the Battles over Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights
Authors: HAIDER‐MARKEL DONALD P. , MEIER KENNETH J.
Published: November 2003

Previous studies indicate that in cases of relatively low issue salience, the interest group model best explains lesbian and gay antidiscrimination policy in the American states. The analysis of state and local public policy prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation concludes that for cases of high issue salience, the morality politics model best describes outcomes. The interest group politics model is used here in a case study of Wisconsin's passage of a comprehensive antidiscrimination policy, while the morality politics model is used to investigate the electoral outcomes of anti‐gay ballot initiatives in several states. The results of this analysis conform with prior research—when lesbian and gay issues are not salient, the interest group politics model best explains resulting policy, however, under salient conditions, the morality politics model best describes outcomes. Finally, the implications of this research for social scientists and activists are discussed.
The Georgia Lottery: Assessing Its Administrative, Economic, and Political Effects
Authors: MCCRARY JOSEPH , CONDREY STEPHEN E.
Published: November 2003

This article examines the Georgia lottery as a “policy laboratory” and its potential effect on state‐level policy diffusion. The authors summarize an extensive research project they directed that included a survey of every state that offers a lottery, a general population survey of Georgia citizen attitudes toward the lottery, and results from an economic model summarizing the economic effects of the lottery. The analysis reveals that the Georgia lottery has been a significant source of revenue for the state's budget and operates in an administratively cost‐effective manner. The analysis also confirms the conventional wisdom that lower‐income households spend a greater proportionate share of their income on the lottery and that African Americans are more frequent players than whites. Furthermore, the Georgia lottery enjoys broad public support, the key to which appears to be the earmarking of lottery funds to specific, new, popular education programs. However, the data reveal that those educational programs promulgated by the Georgia lottery benefit citizens from both high and low socioeconomic status. Finally, the article suggests that lottery‐generated funds may reach a plateau or peak during the first decade of implementation and that state policymakers should design lottery‐funded programs accordingly.
On solving singular interface problems using the enriched partition‐of‐unity finite element methods
Authors: Lee C.K. , Liu X. , Fan S.C.
Published: November 2003

It has been well recognized that interface problems often contain strong singularities which make conventional numerical approaches such as uniform h‐ or p‐version of finite element methods (FEMs) inefficient. In this paper, the partition‐of‐unity finite element method (PUFEM) is applied to obtain solution for interface problems with severe singularities. In the present approach, asymptotical expansions of the analytical solutions near the interface singularities are employed to enhance the accuracy of the solution. Three different enrichment schemes for interface problems are presented, and their performances are studied. Compared to other numerical approaches such as h‐p version of FEM, the main advantages of the present method include: easy and simple formulation; highly flexible enrichment configurations; no special treatment needed for numerical integration and boundary conditions; and highly effective in terms of computational efficiency. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the robustness and performance of the three schemes in conjunction with uniform h‐ or p‐refinements. It shows that the present PUFEM formulations can significantly improve the accuracy of solution. Very often, improved convergence rate is obtained through enrichment in conjunction with p‐refinement.
Refinement of the convective boundedness criterion of Gaskell and Lau
Authors: Ping‐Li Hou , Wen‐Quan Tao , Mao‐Zheng Yu
Published: November 2003

Based on the normalized variable diagram, the weakness of the Gaskell and Lau's convective boundedness criterion (GL‐CBC) is revealed by numerical example. By careful consideration of the smoothness of the normalized variable variation pattern, more rigorous constraints on the interface value interpolation are found. A new CBC is thus proposed, whose feasibility and correctness are demonstrated by the inspection of ten existing bounded schemes and a numerical example.
Layout optimization of large‐scale pin‐jointed frames
Authors: Gilbert Matthew , Tyas Andrew
Published: November 2003

Computerized layout (or “topology”) optimization was pioneered almost four decades back. However, despite dramatic increases in available computer power and the application of increasingly efficient optimization algorithms, even now only relatively modest sized problems can be tackled using the traditional “ground structure” approach. This is because of the need, in general, for the latter to contain every conceivable member connecting together the nodes in a problem. A simple, but effective solution method capable of tackling problems with large numbers of potential members (e.g. >100,000,000) is presented. Though the method draws on the linear programming technique of “column generation”, since layout optimization specific heuristics are employed it is presented as an iterative “member adding” method. The method requires a ground structure with minimal connectivity to be used in the first iteration; members are then added as required in subsequent iterations until the (provably) optimal solution is found.
Interprocessor communication schemes in parallel finite‐discrete element analysis on PC clusters
Authors: Wang F. , Feng Y.T. , Owen D.R.J.
Published: November 2003

Some issues related to effective parallel implementation of the combined finite‐discrete element approach on PC clusters are discussed. Attention is focused on the interprocessor communications. Three communication schemes suitable for different problems are presented. The worker‐to‐manager scheme is simple to implement. The neighbour‐to‐neighbour scheme is sophisticated with regard to programming, and requires extra memory space, but has good overall performance for larger problems. The mixed worker‐manager scheme can balance the difficulty in programming and the overall communication performance. The effects of subdomain buffer zone on communications are also demonstrated by numerical examples.
Nutritional Risk Factors for Older Refugees
Authors: Pieterse Simone , Ismail Suraiya
Published: November 2003

This study describes risk factors for poor nutrition among older Rwandan refugees. The most important areas of nutritional risk for older refugees are: physical ability and mobility; income and access to land; access to appropriate food rations; meeting basic needs such as water, fuel, shelter; equal access to essential services (food distribution, health services, mills, feeding programmes); and psycho‐social trauma.

Women and older elderly (>70 years) are significantly more often in disadvantaged positions, such as having poor socio‐economic status, poor health, poor mobility, lower food intake, diminished social status, respect and social network. Older refugees are at higher risk than younger refugees and at higher risk than older people in stable situations. They should remain in good nutritional and general health for their own well‐being and that of their dependants. In addition to an adequate diet, a support network seems to be an important preventive aspect.
Post–earnings–announcement Drift in the UK
Authors: Liu Weimin , Strong Norman , Xu Xinzhong
Published: November 2003

This paper fills a void in the market efficiency literature by testing for the presence of post–earnings–announcement drift in a non–US market. We test for drift using alternative earnings surprise measures based on: (i) the time–series of earnings; (ii) market prices; and (iii) analyst forecasts. Using each of the measures we find evidence of significant post–earnings–announcement drift, robust to alternative controls for risk and market microstructure effects. Using a one–dimensional analysis, the price–based measure of earnings surprise gives the strongest drift, and using a two–dimensional analysis the drift associated with the price–based measure almost subsumes drift associated with the other two measures. Our conclusion is that the UK stock market is inefficient with respect to publicly available corporate earnings information. This evidence provides out–of–sample confirmation of the post–earnings–announcement drift documented in the USA.
Particularism, Generalism and the Counting Argument
Authors: Kirchin Simon
Published: November 2003

In a recent collection of papers –Moral Particularism (hereafter MP)1– some writers argue against a particularist explanation of thick ethical features, particularist in the sense developed by Jonathan Dancy. In this piece I argue that particularists can tackle what I regard as the most interesting argument put forward by these writers, an argument I call the Counting Argument. My aim is twofold. First, I wish to make clear exactly what the debate between particularists and their opponents about the thick rests on. Secondly, I do not wish to provide a ‘knock‐down’ argument to show particularism as true, but merely to push the onus back onto particularism's opponents and show that far more needs to be said.

One last introductory comment. After some necessary scene‐setting in the first section, where I explain how the philosophical ground is carved up and introduce some terminology, I indicate why this debate is fundamental in ethical theory although I don’t pursue the idea here.
Content Externalism and the Internalism/Externalism Debate in Justification Theory
Authors: Vahid Hamid
Published: November 2003

While recent debates over content externalism have been mainly concerned with whether it undermines the traditional thesis of privileged self‐knowledge, little attention has been paid to what bearing content externalism has on such important controversies as the internalism/externalism debate in epistemology. With a few exceptions, the question has either been treated as a side issue in discussions concerning the implications of content externalism, or has been dealt with in a cursory way in debates over the internalism/externalism distinction in justification theory. In this paper, I begin by considering some of the arguments that have sought to address the question, focusing mainly on Boghossian's pioneering attempt in bringing the issue to the fore.1 It will be argued that Boghossian's attempt to exploit the alleged non‐inferentiality of self‐knowledge to show that content externalism and justification internalism are incompatible fails.

In the course of this examination, I consider and reject as inadequate some recent responses to Boghossian's argument (due to James Chase2). I then turn to evaluating Chase's own proposed argument to show how content externalism can be brought to bear on the internalism/externalism debate in epistemology, and find it wanting. Finally, having discussed BonJour's terse remarks in this connection,3 I set out to present, what I take to be, the strongest argument for the incompatibility of content externalism and justification internalism while highlighting the controversial character of one of its main premises. Let us, however, begin by drawing the contours of the debate.
Providing Websites with capabilities of one–to–one marketing
Authors: Mussi Silvano
Published: November 2003

A formidable synergy can be obtained by putting expert system technology into the Internet. The modern trend of embedding expert systems into Websites turns out to be very promising, in particular for the field of marketing via the Web. The last two years have seen a growing interest in providing Websites with suitable embedded expert systems for one–to–one marketing. One–to– one marketing means marketing in a personalized way, i.e. marketing in a way that is adaptive to the personal needs of the user. A basic feature of this marketing framework consists in personalized prioritizing of news, i.e. presenting information in an order that is relevant to the specific needs of the current user. If the personalized prioritizing of news is a very useful feature in wired Web, it becomes essential in wireless Web, the promising next generation of the Web.

The paper presents a general methodology for personalized prioritizing of news. The methodology integrates decision theory with a deep–knowledge–based user model (i.e. causal knowledge linking user preferences to user goals). The deep–knowledge model of the user is a source of power of the methodology because it allows the system to know (and possibly explain) why the user acts the way he/she acts. Another relevant aspect of the methodology is that the burden of personalization is not placed on the user, and in fact the user does not have to declare his/her needs or interests or goals: they are automatically inferred from his/her profile data. In order to investigate the ideas underlying the proposal, a methodology example has been implemented in a prototype and then tested on real cases in the context of a supercomputing portal.
Orthoconic cephalopods and associated fauna from the late Ordovician Soom Shale Lagersta¨tte, South Africa
Authors: Gabbott Sarah E.
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT. Orthoconic cephalopods from the Soom Shale Member (Ashgill) are exceptionally preserved and are colonized by lingulate brachiopods and cornulitids. Other fossils commonly associated with orthocones include myodocopid ostracodes and chitinozoans. Size distribution analysis of the brachiopods on one orthocone indicates that it was colonized in vivo. Four orthocone radulae are preserved extending the record of these structures 50 My back to the late Ordovician. Orthocone radula configuration is more similar to that of ammonoids and coleoids than to that of nautiloids.