bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Stature from Foot Dimensions
Authors: Bhaargavi Siripurapu  , Magendran Chandran
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to establish reliability of estimating stature from the foot dimensions inSouth Indian population. Volunteers aged above 18 years were recruited for the study and measured usingstandard measuring using standardized measuring equipment. Anthropometric measurements taken includestature,foot length, foot breath, navicular height and malleolar heights. Correlations,regression formulaand linear regression equations derived for both male and female showed positive correlation coefficientbetween stature and foot dimensions. To conclude foot dimensions were correlated with stature and can bea better predictor of stature.
Derivation of Regression Equation for Estimation of Height from the Length of Clavicles
Authors: BipinchandraA. Khade  , Dr. Vaibhav P. Anjankar  , A.S. Mangalgiri  , Anil J. Anjankar  , Vilas K. Chimurkar
Published: March 2021

Background: The various features of clavicle help to decide the gender and height of the individual.Stature is an important biological parameter in medico-legal forensic examination. The length of clavicleis considered as an important anthropological parameter. The present study was undertaken with the aim ofderiving of regression equation for estimation of height from the lengths of clavicle.Methodology: This cross sectional, observational study was conducted from October 2019 to February2020 after getting approval from IEC. 489 healthy subjects (290 males and 199 females) were included inthe study after getting the informed consent. Length of clavicle and height of individual were measured andmean was calculated. Regression equations were derived after statistical analysis.Results: The values obtained by statistical analysis were found statistically significant. Equation werederived for estimation of height from right and left clavicles in males as well as females. The mean lengthsof right sided clavicles are more than that of left sided clavicles in both the genders.Discussion: Stature estimation is key parameter in the identification process of unknown individuals inwhich human remains are found in mutilated form or as skeletal remains. In the present study, we attemptedto correlate the lengths of clavicle with stature of individual. The present study also proved that lengths ofclavicles are more in males than in females which can be attributed to heavy built in males.
The Outcome of Endoscopic Assisted Underlay Tragal Cartilage Myringoplasty
Authors: Hameed Dikhil Hussein  , Rahman Agab Aljanabi  , Sajad Youns Fadhil  , Ula Fadhil Alabdali
Published: March 2021

Background: The use of Endoscope is increasing for otologic surgery because it is providing anewperspective on the intricate anatomy of the middle ear.Study Design: Cross sectional study.Objective Evaluation of outcomes of endoscopic aidedtranscanal underlay tragal cartilegeMyringoplasty.Patients and Method: This were aprospective clinical study included Fifteen patients who were operatedon for chronic otitis media (COM) and their data and findings. All operations and surgical procedures wereperformed only with the use of a tragal cartilage graft, lining, and total transcanal endoscopic access. Weassessed the postoperative graft up-taking rate and assessed hearing at 6-8 weeks.Results and Discussion: Out of the 15 patients (9 female and 6 male) the graft take rate was 86% and thecomparison of pre and postoperative mean AB gap revealed that the mean AB gap was 31 dB preoperativelywhile it changed (improved) to 16 dB at 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively, with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusions: Endoscopic Myringoplastyis minimally invasive, effective and safe procedure with goodsuccess rate and short duration.
Patent Granting on Marine DNA Discovery
Authors: Khoa Tran
Published: March 2021

In recent years, the world has experienced various medical treatments originates from the ocean, such ascytarabine, vidarabine, and ziconotide. Marine represents a great source of species with potential medicaltreatments due to these species’ unique properties; however, the research and discovery of this industrydemand high financial resources and time management. Hence, the international government has employedintellectual property rights and patent granting as a mechanism to promote innovative research. This paperexplores the benefits and disadvantages of patent granting on marine DNA discovery and application.
Risk of Violence among Nurses in Emergency Departments at Baghdad City Hospitals: The Mediating Role of the Work Environment
Authors: Mohammed Mahmood Hussein  , Raad Kareem Faraj
Published: March 2021

Background: Workplace violence is a problem of international healthcare among the workers in alldepartments of the healthcare systems, but more severe at the emergency departments.Nurses in theemergency departments are working on the front lines of violence. This study aims to examine risk ofviolence among nurses in the emergency departments and to find out the association between nurses’ age,years of working in nursing, years of working in emergency departments, work hours, violent events bypatients, violent events by coworkers, likelihood of exposure to violence in the future, work environment,intention to leave the job, and risk of violence.Method: A descriptive predictive study design has been carried out.A non-probability (convenience) sampleof (380) nurses from the emergency departments of (12) hospitals in Baghdad city center were selected toparticipate in the study.Data were collected through a self-report instrument that includesnurses socio-demographic data, theemployment data, general information about the violent events, Intention to Leave the Job Scale, Riskof Violence Scale, Violent Events by Patient Scale, Violent Events by co-workers Scale, Likelihood ofExposure to Violence in the Future Scale and the Nursing Work Environment Scale. The data were analyzedusing the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.The study results revealed thata half of the nurses described the risk of violence they can expose to in theworkplace as average. There is a statistically significant inverse correlation between nurses’ age, years ofexperience in nursing, years of experience in EDs and their exposure to violent event by the coworkers, andrisk of violence. The researcher concluded that the younger the nurses, the less the experience they have innursing, the less the experience they have in the EDs, the greater the exposure to violence by coworkers, andrisk of violence.
The Biunik of Isotonic Safety with the Addition of Arabic Gum
Authors: Thresia Dewi K.B  , Sitti Sahariah R.  , Sirajuddin
Published: March 2021

Background: Endurance sports greatly affect fluid requirements. The exercise that is too heavy will causea lot of body fluids to come out. Providing sports drinks with carbohydrate and electrolyte content has morebenefits for athletes. One of them is an isotonic drink formula with the addition of gum Arabic. The foodsafety factor in isotonic drink formulas is very important to prevent side effects due to the contamination offood or beverages that can endanger health.Objectives to determine the food safety of the isotonic drink formula with the addition of gum Arabic.Method: This study is the pre-experimental. Food safety, which includes microbial and metal contaminants,was analyzed at the Makassar Health Laboratory Center. The results showed that the isotonic beverageformula with the addition of gum Arabic was safe from metal contamination.Results of the microbial contamination test shows that Biunik (F1) is an isotonic drink formula with theaddition of safe Arabic gum, while other formulas still exceed the quality requirements of isotonic drinks inIndonesia based on ISN 01-4452-1998.
Assessment the Content of Methanil Yellow and Boraks at Traded Food Market in Makassar
Authors: Alfina Baharuddin  , Suharni A. Fachrin  , Nurbaety  , Salma
Published: March 2021

The market is one of the public places frequented by the public, thus allowing transmission of the diseaseboth directly and indirectly through vectors such as flies. Market cleanliness must be kept clean so that foodcontamination is less likely to occur so that the food to be consumed remains good, clean and safe to eat.This reseach to identification boraks and methanil yellow. The sample is a portion taken from the wholeobject under study and is considered to represent the population. Sampling in this study was conducted bytotal sampling for interviews with hawker food vendors. food samples to see the content of Borax and 3 foodand beverage samples to see the content of Rodamint B. The content of Borax and Rhodamin in street foodvendors in the Eggplant Market shows that 6 traders who tested the content of Borax on meatballs obtainednegative results, while for 3 traders tested the content of Rhodamin B in food sold obtained positive resultsor did not meet the requirements for consumption . Hygiene in serving food obtained that 20 (64.5%) hawkerfood vendors in the Eggplant Market did not meet the requirements. Hygiene and sanitation of sales locationsshows that 20 (64.5%) of traders are in sales locations that are not good or have not met the requirements.
Assessment of Nursing Care Provided to Hospitalized Children Burn Patients at Burn and Plastic Surgery Center at Kirkuk City
Authors: Aram Najat Abdulrazzaq  , Hewa Sattar Salih
Published: March 2021

Background: Burns are the foremost important causes of a child’s injury that lead to a considerable healthproblem; social, functional, and psychological weakness. They are the leading reason of hospitalization andare associated with significant morbidity and mortality.Objectives: This study aimedto assess the quality of nursing management and to find outassociation betweennurses’ sociodemofigureic data and quality of nursing management provided to admitted children AzadiTeaching Hospital in Kirkuk city-Iraq.Method: A descriptive design (quantitative approach) was carried out from January 1st to 20th of October2020. A non-probability (purposive sample) sampling technique utilized to collect data from (48) nursesworking in burn and plastic surgery center in Azadi teaching hospital in Kirkuk city. A questionnaire wasdesigned and constructed for the purpose of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using (SPSS)software (V.26). Comparison was carried out using Chi-square (X2) and T test for determination of the P.value.Results: The study sample revealed that the majority of the sample were in age group (21-30) years oldrepresent (47.9 %), and (60.4 %) of the participants were female. The most striking results emerged fromthe data is that the majority of the participants have a good level of the practices in relation to nursingmanagement of major burns at admission (54.17%). The results also show a significant association betweenthe nurses’ practices at admission and their age, gender, number of courses training.Conclusion:Training courses have significant effects on nurses’ practices at admission. Further studies arerequired to find the effectiveness of intervention that involve nurses’ practices for children with burn injuries.
Effect of General Anesthesia on Levels of Blood Sugar Values in Different Times of Operation
Authors: Anaam Khamis Abd  , Ghadeer Hussein Taha  , Qater Al-nada Kanaem Ali Al-Ibady  , Hussam Kareem Mughamis
Published: March 2021

The present study was carried out on a period between December 2019 to February 2020 on 50 healthypatients, their ages ranged from eighteen to fifty years. They were 26 males and 24 females. These healthypatients were attending Baghdad Educational Hospital, Al-Harriri Hospital, and Al-Diwaniyah GeneralHospital in order to perform various surgeries. And after all tests are done. Then they were admitted to theoperating theater. In this study used the general anesthesia method. And they were given drugs of anesthesia,during each step; the values of blood sugar levels (Mg\dl) were measured. Such as pre induction, postinduction, after incision, after fluid, and recovery. To know the effect of general anesthesia method on bloodsugar levels in different times of operation on gender and age groups.This study showed that total numbers of patients were 50 including males about 26 (52.0%) and femalesabout 24(48.0%), their age of all individuals ranged from less than 20 years old (<20-29) which numberand percentage 22,44.0% to 50 years old 7 (14.0%). Also there are no significant difference was observedin the blood sugar levels changes (Mg\dl) in both males and females (gender) before and after the operationor surgery, also no found any differences between blood sugar levels changes (Mg\dl) at the age groups andthe general anesthesia method, after and before the operation in different times of surgery. So in this studysummarized the mean and stander deviation values according to the levels of blood sugar (Mg\dl) amongdifferent times of surgery, and then show the mean of pre induction period about 83.84, While mean ofvalues of blood sugar at post induction time at general anesthesia method about 104.94.Aims and Objectives: This study was investigated the influence of general anesthetic drugs that effect onthe blood sugar level changes of patients with surgery. This was done with the following objectives:• To administer general anesthesia by using a different combination of drugs.• To assess and compare the blood sugar level changes of the patients at different time intervals.• Complications, if any were observed and noted on patients at different time intervals.
Effect of Eruca Sativa in Broiler Diet on Productivity
Authors: Ibrheem Eryan Ibrhim  , Mahdi. A. Al-Shuwaili  , Bushra M.W. AL-Obaidi  , Hayder R. Abed
Published: March 2021

This experiment was conducted on 120 unsexed Cobb chicks of one day old for 28 days. Chicks wererandomly divided into 4 groups (30 chicks each) and each group consists of two replicates (15 chicks each).All groups was fed using a basal diet, but the first group drunk water from the tap as a control, while the otherdrunk water with extract of Eruca Sativa leaves (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75ml/Liter) respectively. This study aimedto determine the effect of extraction of Eruca Sativa leaves on broiler performance, some blood parametersand immune response to Newcastle virus. The result showed that the supplementation of the broiler dietwith extraction of Eruca sativa especially of levels (0.25 and 0.50ml/L) significantly improve the final bodyweight (P?0.05). The weight gain also significantly improved (P?0.05) but, there were no significantlychanges in the weight of internal organs and blood pictures (WBCs, RBCs, Hb and PCV respectively). Theantibody titer against the Newcastle virus found to be significantly increased (P?0.05)
Correlation of Chemerin with Lipid Profile in Blood Women Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Tikrit City
Authors: Lolawh J. Falah  , Asra, a I. Yaseen
Published: March 2021

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women ofreproductive age, affecting 6%–10% of women worldwide. Objective: The study aimed to assess the relationof serum chemerin level with lipid profile in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.Materials and Method: A cross?sectional study was carried out in Salah Al-din City from 10th of October2019, to 20th of December 2019. The number of polycystic ovary syndrome women under study was 60women whose ages were between 15 and 36 years old. These women admitted to obstetrics and gynecologyunit at Salah Al-din Teaching Hospital. The control group who were matched to the patients studied included30 women.Results: The study showed that there is the significant difference between PCOS women and the controlgroup concerning serum chemerin level and lipid profile in PCOS women. This study demonstrates thatthere was a weak positive correlation between levels of chemerin and cholesterol in PCOS women (r =0.02) which is mean that cholesterol level is slightly increased with the elevation of chemerin hormone inwomen with PCOS, There was a positive correlation between levels of chemerin and Triglyceride in PCOSwomen (r = 0.16) which is mean that level is slightly Triglyceride increased with the elevation of chemerinhormone in women with PCOS, There was a positive correlation between serum levels of chemerin andVLDL in PCOS women, slightly VLDL increased with the elevation of chemerin hormone in women withPCOS. There was a positive correlation between levels of chemerin and LDL in PCOS women, slightlyLDL increased with elevation of chemerin hormone in women with PCOS. This study showed negativecorrelation between Chemerin and, HDL in PCOS women, slightly HDL decreased with the elevation ofchemerin hormone in women with PCOS.Conclusion: Highly significant relation of Chemerin and Cholesterol,Triglyceride,LDLandVLDL inPCOS,While negative correlation between Chemerin and HDL
Building the Politics of the Law of Protection of Well-Known Drug Brands in Indonesia
Authors: Doddy Kridasaksana  , Budi Santoso  , Kholis Roisah
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Utilization of well-known drug brands in bad faith at this time is increasingly rampant andleads to losses to both consumers and owners of such well-known brands.Research Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze and find the political formulation of the law ofprotection of well-known drug brands from the act of passing off in Indonesia.Research Method: This research uses a normative juridical research approach because it seeks to examinethe legal politics related to Law Number 20 of 2016 on Brand and Geographical Indications.Research Results: Protection of well-known drug brands in Indonesia based on Law Number 20 of 2016 onBrand and Geographical Indications, consisting of brand scope, actual use, nature of goods, announcements,rights granted, application requirements to obtain brand certificates, transfer and licenses, and brandregistration. The politics of the protection of well-known drug brands in the future, that in accommodatingthe passing off of well-known drug brands in Indonesia, it is necessary to protect holders of well-knownbrand rights in Indonesia.
Loss of Value Bundo Kanduang in the Attention of Parents Who Affect Stress in Young Stunting
Authors: Eravianti  , Delmi Sulastri  , Adang Bachtiar  , Yantri Maputra
Published: March 2021

Research goals to know the stress and stress risk factors of a parent’s attention to the loss of value BundoKanduang. Sampling techniques by purposive sampling. Data collection is conducted in the in-depthinterview, observation of participation, and secondary data. The Number of subjects 5 people. The researchwas conducted in March 2020. The subject of youth research stunting Padang. The attention of parents isthe dominant factor in causing stress. Based on the results of qualitative research of 5 informants. If parents’attention is good then low child stress levels For example children can control emotions, control themselves,be calmer when facing problems, easily socialize with the surrounding environment as well as vice versa.The loss of the value of Bundo Kanduang in the attention of parents greatly affects the stress experienced byteenagers. From qualitative analysis, 5 informants say the parents ‘ attention to risk factors related to stress.
Perceptions and Attitudes of Men towards their Wives’ Menopausal Transition Period
Authors: Hanan J. Alzein  , Samira Habashneh  , Husam Al Khatib  , Rabia S. Allari
Published: March 2021

Background: Menopause is a natural process that occurs in women’s life as a part of normal aging.Recognition of women’s needs during menopause is considered important and required to maintain goodquality of life.Objective: This study aims at exploring the perceptions and attitudes of men towards their wives duringmenopause in Jordan.Method: This study used the descriptive approach. 104 men were randomly chosen, for data collection, theAttitude towards Menopause was adopted in this study.Results: Study results concluded that the men’s perceptions and attitudes toward their wives experiencingmenopause in Jordan, ranged from (1.83– 1.30), where the whole dimension scored a total mean of (1.55),which is of a medium level. The study also concluded that there is no relationship at level of (0.05) betweenmen’s perceptions and attitudes toward their wives experiencing menopause in Jordan and age, nationality,educational level and marry year. And the results showed that there are no statistically significant differencesin the men’s perceptions and attitudes according to the age, and nationality in Jordan. While, there arestatistically significant differences in theirperceptions and attitudes with the Marry year in favor of 1-10-yearcategory.Conclusion: Advising men to engage in various activities with his wife during menopause can positivelyaffect their attitudes, improve their body image.
The Relationship of Some Immediate Chemo-Chemical Variables after the Aerobic Physical Increasing Effort for Football Players
Authors: Hatem Abdulkareem Mohammed  , Firas Abdulhameed Khalid
Published: March 2021

In order to study some biochemical variables on the increasing aerobic physical stress-test, the researchersselected a sample of individuals represented by the Anbar University football team of 16 players who underwentthis study. The researchers used the descriptive approach in their research. The research experiment includedtaking blood samples before and after the escalating physical exertion on the Treadmill device in order toknow the effect of this effort on some biochemical variables (cholesterol, white blood cells, lactic acid).Theyconducted aerobic increasing physical effort stress-test on a Treadmill device which has an impact on thetargeted Chemo-chemical variables and the existence of correlative relationships between those variables.The researchers concluded that there are significant changes in these variables in favor of the post-testmeasurements, as well as obtaining significant correlation coefficients between these three biochemicalvariables. Then the researchers recommended the necessity of conducting studies in the same regard tothe rest of the other difference games and the need to study other variables and recognize the correlationsbetween those variables. To design curricula Modern training according to scientific foundations to enhancethe positive correlation between the variables that were discussed and reduce the relative difference betweenthe variables whose relations have gone in the negative direction and that negatively affects the physicalachievement.
Effect of Child-to-Child Approachon Practices of Primary School Children Regarding Epileptic Seizures First Aids
Authors: Heba Al-kotb Mohamed  , Mohammed Saad Abo Elsoud
Published: March 2021

Background:Many studies showed that epileptic seizures occur more commonly in childhood stage. Mostchildren epileptic seizures occur, during the school day. During this seizure, the child requires immediatefirst aid for an epileptic seizure. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Child-to-Child Approach ofPrimary School Children Regarding Epileptic Seizures First Aids. Design: A quasi – experimental design(one group pre and posttest) was used in this study. Setting: This study was conducted at six governmentalprimary schools at Ismailia city. Sample: A multi-stage random sample was used in this study,the totalnumber of children was180 (both male & female)divided into two groups. Trained children group (12 child)and intervention group (168 child). Tools: Two tools were used. First tool: Interviewing questionnaire wasdeveloped by the researcher and included three parts: Socio demographic data, knowledge about epilepticseizure and its first aid measures,Students’ attitudes toward epileptic seizures. Second tool: PracticalChecklist: it was used to assess the practice of student’s in relation of first aids of epileptic seizures basedon the Camfield et al., (2019).The Results: Showed that there were statistically significant increases in mean scores ofknowledgesofstudying sample about epileptic seizure.And showed that there were highly statistically significant increasesin mean scores ofpractices. The results showed that there were statistically significant increases in meanscores of positive attitudes as well as the total score.Conclusion: The knowledge,practice, and attitude of primary school children about first aid of epilepticseizure were improved post implementation of the program compared to pre implementation of the program.Recommendation: Continuous Child-to-Child Approach for Primary School Children about first aid ofepileptic seizure.
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Development in a Sample of Iraqi Patients
Authors: Huda Mohammed Hasan  , Dunya Fareed Salloom
Published: March 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus which abbreviate as T2DM is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder arisingfrom genetic and environmental factors interaction which in turn induce various degrees of insulin functionalalteration on peripheral tissues. Globally, T2DM has develop into a public health problem. Therefore, Thestudy included (75) patients(37 female and 38 males) suffering from T2DM who visit al-kadhimiya teachinghospital with age range 20-80 years and (70) as healthy controls with age range 20-70 years. All studiedgroups were evaluated CMV IgG by ELISA,B. urea, S. Creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride the resultsshowed that B.urea, S.creatinine and serum cholesterol showed a non-significant differences between studiedgroup, While there was significant differences in concentration of triglyceride between both studied group.The seropositivity of CMV IgG was 62(82.87%) in T2DM patients with significant differences in compareto control.
Physical Activity and Emotional Status of College Students and Working Sector on 1 Month Lockdown
Authors: Isha Garg  , Shahiduz Zafar  , Sajjad Alam  , Rituraj Verma  , Yamini Sharma  , Megha Yadav  , Anchal Bisht
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Due to COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, a lot of countries are under lockdown for more than30 days. The study is about the physical activity and emotional status of college students and the workingsector for 1 month lockdown.Aim: To check the physical and emotional status of college students and in the working sector, while theresponse is either positive or negative towards the health concern.Method: A web survey was used which is based on IPAQ and PERS scales by 150 candidates.Result: IPAQ show the physical activity perform by the 150 candidates where the maximum candidate wasof low activity and PERS shows the positive and negative reactivity of the candidates where the negativereactivity was high than positive reactivity.Conclusion: The low physical activity stimulates the negative reactivity
Formulation Policy of Euthanasia Criminal Action in the Indonesian Criminal Law System
Authors: Jane Margaretha Handayani  , Edy Lisdiyono  , Bambang Joyo Supeno  , Wahyu SatriaWana Putra Wijaya
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Euthanasia is considered to be contradictory to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic ofIndonesia, which is contained in Chapter XA, second amendment about human rights which are concerningabout the right to live and the right to be protected. There are no specific laws and regulations which regulateEuthanasia in Indonesia; therefore, it is important to research the laws and regulations that have to possibilityto regulate Euthanasia, especially in the Indonesian criminal law system at present time.Purpose of Research: This research aims to acknowledge and analyze the Euthanasia criminal actionformulation policy in the criminal law system at present time.Research Methodology: This research is a normative juridical legal research with a statute approach.Discussion: The practice of Euthanasia is prohibited by Article 344 of the Criminal Code; therefore, theregulations must be based on the court order, either the active Euthanasia which is stated real and sincere bythe victim or the passive Euthanasia which is stated by other parties other than the victim.
The Influence of Telenursingagainst Adherence to Anti TB Treatment toward Tuberculosis Patient in BIMA City
Authors: Julhana  , Awan Dramawan  , A. Haris  , Syaiful
Published: March 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which attacksvarious organs, especially lungs. This disease must be treated immediately before it causes complicationseven death. The number of TB cases in Indonesia was 420,994 cases in 2017. Lack of adherence against TBtreatment still becomes an obstacle of global health, and mobile phone-based interventions have potentialto solve this problem. Furthermore, this research aimed at investigating the influence of telenursing againstadherence to anti-TB treatment toward patient with tuberculosis. This research was conducted in Bima City,West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia which consisted of 3 (three) Public Health Centers. Method of thisresearch was experimental anddesign in this research used quasi experimental design (One group PretestPosttest Design). Moreover, results of this research showed that TB respondents before being treatedbytelenursing who were in category of moderate adherence were 14 respondents (23.3%), meanwhile, incategory of poor adherence were 46 respondents (76.7%). After being treatedby telenursing, TB respondentswho were in category of high adherence were 60 respondents (100%). Test through SPSS was obtained asignificant result which was 0.001 for intervention with a significance level of 0.05. Because p value was<0.05, then Ho was rejected, which meant that there was a significant difference in results between beforeand after being treated by telenursing.
Descriptive Study of Septicemia among Children Under Five Years in Wasit Province, Iraq in 2019
Authors: Rana H. Raheema  , Ban H. Qaddoori
Published: March 2021

Sepsis is a common illness; however, it strikes aged people and very young people in more tendency. Themost susceptible age group of sepsis is children, and more specifically newborns and young infants. Inaddition, underlying health problems increase the risk of illness. The aim of this study is to determineprevalence of septicemia in children under five years in Al-Kut hospital for Gynecology obstetrics andpediatrics, numbers of cases are 135 patients. A descriptive analysis study design was used for the purpose isconducted at Al-Kut hospital for Gynecology obstetrics and pediatrics. There was significant differences inthe prevalence of septicemia among children with different ages. The prevalence of septicemia was higher inthe 1st month of age .Generally, prevalence of septicemia did not significantly affected by gender, howeverage is the most influencer since the infection was higher in children samples which were collected fromstool isolates. At end, to reduce the complication and mortality of septicemia and to prevent sepsis formationinfection including antibiotic-resistant pathogens related infection, research recommend a rapid diagnosisand effective treatment.
Cortical Thickness in Pre Central and Post Central Human Brain Cortex of Patient with Headache: MRI finding
Authors: Mohammed Ubaid Hamza  , Fadhil Husam Ahmed
Published: March 2021

It is new clear that the brain of the headache sufferers are different from those of people without headache, theimaging study showed thickening in specific area of brain related to communication of sensory processingcalled somatosensory cortex (post central region) in this study we examine 36 patient, 28 of them haveheadache of variable duration, 8 healthy patient used as control (i.e. has no headache). The result has foundthat the cortex area of brain is thicker in pre central and post central cortex, especially predominant in postcentral cortex and this thickening isincreasing with duration of headache and not related to the age of patient,the explanation of these structural changes will be discussed in this study
Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract on Oxidative Stress and Theca Cell in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model with Insulin Resistance
Authors: Lisa Purbawaning Wulandari  , Budi Santoso  , Bambang Purwanto  , Muhammad Miftahussurur  , Jimmy Yanuar Annas  , Budiono
Published: March 2021

Background: The use of Moringa oleifera as an antioxidant should be investigated as an alternativetreatment of oxidative stress and follicular refinement in PCOS with insulin resistance.Purpose: We aimed to prove the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in various dosages to decrease themalondialdehyde levels and theca cell thickness of PCOS female rat with insulin resistance.Method: Three month old Rattus norvegicus stran wistar rat weighing 100-130 grams were divided into 5groups (n = 8). PCOS model obtained by giving injection of testosterone propionate for 28 days, followedby metformin therapy and Moringa oleifera leaf extract at 250 and 500 mg/KgBW for 14 days. Then, weanalyzed levels of malondialdehyde in the blood and the thickness of theca cell.Results: Malondialdehyde levels in the PCOS control group (5.694±1.464) increased significantly (p <0.05)compared to the normal controls (1.939 ±0.341). Leaf extract Moringa oleifera 500 mg/KgBW (1.982±0.383)showed a significant decrease (p <0.05) to malondialdehyde levels compared to the PCOS control group.Examination of ovarium histology showed that leaf extract Moringa oleifera 500 mg/KgBW (0.931±0.457)significantly decreased the thickness of theca cells (p <0.05) compared to the PCOS control group.Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaf extract as an antioxidant proven to decrease the malondialdehyde levelsand the thickness of theca cell of the female rat model of PCOS.
Sonority and syllable structure: The case of Burmese tone
Authors: Mooney Kate , Repetti-Ludlow Chiara
Published: March 2021

The relationship between tone and sonority has been a recurrent theme in the literature over recent years, raising questions of how supraseg- mental features like tone interact with segmental or prosodic qualities, such as vowel quality, sonority, and duration (de Lacy 2006; Gordon 2001). In this paper, we present an original phonetic study that investigates the relationship between tone, vowel quality, and sonority in Burmese. These are not simple to disentangle in Burmese, since the language has a unique vowel alternation system where certain vowels can only combine with certain tones or codas. While some researchers have analyzed these alternations as directly stemming from tone itself (Kelly 2012), we argue that the vowel alternations are tone-independent. We propose that the Burmese vowel alternations follow from general preferences on sonority sequencing (cf. Clements 1990), and so there is no need for tone and segmental quality to interact directly. Not only does this explain the complex vowel system of Burmese, but this proposal casts a new view on recurrent issues in Burmese phonology, such as the representation of underlying tonal contrasts and minor syllables.
Two ways to form a portmanteau: Evidence from ellipsis
Authors: Banerjee Neil
Published: March 2021

Bengali negation forms a portmanteau in two cases: with present tense existential copulas and with all perfects. However, ellipsis of the complement of negation treats these two portmanteaux differently. While the negative perfect can be separated by ellipsis into sentential negation and a silenced perfect, the negative present existential cannot be likewise split, even though ellipsis of copulas is generally permitted. This project proposes the existence of two different ways to form portmanteaux and shows that ellipsis deletion is derivationally timed differently with respect to each in order to capture the patterns of elliptical divisibility.
Bisexuality and /s/ production
Authors: Willis Chloe
Published: March 2021

The belief that there are systematic differences in speech production as a function of sexual orientation has inspired a vast body of linguistic research investigating the acoustic correlates of sounding queer. Although gay-sounding voices and to a lesser extent lesbian-sounding voices are well represented in this literature, bisexuality is conspicuously absent. The current study addresses this gap through an acoustic analysis of bisexual English speakers’ read speech vis-à-vis lesbian, gay, and straight speakers, specifically attending to three measures of the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/: center of gravity, skew, and duration. A qualitative analysis of post-test participant information surveys contextualizes the statistical results. The study finds that bisexual women and men do not pattern consistently with lesbian, gay, or straight speakers, or even with each other. The results call into question the common methodological practice of grouping bisexual speakers with lesbian and gay speakers a priori and underscore the importance of intersectionality, gender normativity, and ideology in sociophonetic studies of sexuality and the voice.
Identity construction through gendered terms of addresses in Korean
Authors: Jeong Sunwoo , Yu Seong-hyun
Published: March 2021

How should a speaker call a hearer? In this paper, we present an experimental study which probes the social and interactional meaning of Korean gendered terms of addresses (GTAs: unnie, oppa, noona, hyung). GTAs prescriptively index genders of both interlocutors, but are beginning to be used in ‘gender- mismatch’ patterns. Based on the experimental results, we argue that both the prescription conforming and the ‘mismatching’ uses of GTAs are each associated with unique, complex webs of meanings which track the shifting gender ideologies in Korea. In particular, mismatching uses of GTAs are shown to often function as speakers’ strategy to break away from established gender norms, including traditional gender roles and the sexualization of female-male relations.
Assessing merged status with Pillai scores based on dynamic formant contours
Authors: Jibson Jonathan
Published: March 2021

When Pillai scores are used to study vowel mergers, formants are typically sampled from the midpoint. This study compares alternative methods for calculating Pillai scores: methods that incorporate dynamic spectral information. Eighteen speakers produced 20 tokens of Hodd and hawed. Formants were sampled at 20–35–50–65–80% duration. Seven Pillai scores were calculated, each based on a different subset of those samples with temporal pooling: (i) onsets, (ii) heads, (iii) midpoints, (iv) onsets + offsets, (v) heads + tails, (vi) onsets + midpoints + offsets, and (vii) all five. Subjects also completed a vowel identification task, and the rate of identifying one low-back vowel as the other was calculated. The results of the identification task were regressed on each Pillai score separately to identify the one with the highest correlation, through model selection. Dynamic formant contours performed better than static formant values, with midpoint sampling performing worst of all. Directions are discussed for basic research on Pillai scores in phonetics.
Human-AI interactions through a Gricean lens
Authors: Panfili Laura , Duman Steve , Nave Andrew , Ridgeway Katherine Phelps , Eversole Nathan , Sarikaya Ruhi
Published: March 2021

Grice’s Cooperative Principle (1975), which describes the implicit maxims that guide effective conversation, has long been applied to conversations between humans. However, as humans begin to interact with non-human dialogue systems more frequently and in a broader scope, an important question emerges: what principles govern those interactions? In the present study, this question is addressed, as human-AI interactions are categorized using Grice’s four maxims. In doing so, it demonstrates the advantages and shortcomings of such an approach, ultimately demonstrating that humans do, indeed, apply these maxims to interactions with AI, even making explicit references to the AI’s performance through a Gricean lens. Twenty-three participants interacted with an American English-speaking Alexa and rated and discussed their experience with an in-lab researcher. Researchers then reviewed each exchange, identifying those that might relate to Grice’s maxims: Quantity, Quality, Manner, and Relevance. Many instances of explicit user frustration stemmed from violations of Grice’s maxims. Quantity violations were noted for too little but not too much information, while Quality violations were rare, indicating high trust in Alexa’s responses. Manner violations focused on speed and humanness. Relevance violations were the most frequent of all violations, and they appear to be the most frustrating. While the maxims help describe many of the issues participants encountered with Alexa’s responses, other issues do not fit neatly into Grice’s framework. For example, participants were particularly averse to Alexa initiating exchanges or making unsolicited suggestions. To address this gap, we propose the addition of human Priority to describe human-AI interaction. Humans and AIs are not (yet?) conversational equals, and human initiative takes priority. Moreover, we find that Relevance is of particular importance in human-AI interactions and suggest that the application of Grice’s Cooperative Principles to human-AI interactions is beneficial both from an AI development perspective as well as a tool for describing an emerging form of interaction.
Automatic phonetic classification of vocalic allophones in Tol
Authors: Bissell Marie
Published: March 2021

The aim of the present study involving automatic phonetic classification of /e/ and /u/ tokens in Tol is two-fold: first, I test existing claims about allophonic variation within these vowel classes, and second, I investigate allophonic variation within these vowel classes that has yet to be documented. The acoustic phonetic classifications derived in the present study contribute to a more detailed understanding of the allophonic systems operating within the Tol language. Operationalizing machine learning algorithms to investigate under-resourced, indigenous languages has the potential to provide detailed insights into the acoustic phonetic dynamics of a diverse range of vocalic systems.
Please remind me: A history of the Japanese particle of recollection kke
Authors: Bundschuh John
Published: March 2021

The Japanese sentence-final particle kke is a marker of epistemic modality with evidential and mirative overtones. Its most common application is indexing the uncertainty of one’s recollection in interrogative sentences, but in declarative sentences it indexes a reaffirmation of the certainty of the utterance. This study traces the grammatical development of kke from the older Japanese perfect auxiliary -kyeri, citing examples from 8th-century Japanese through today. Through examining kke’s diachrony, it provides evidence that modal sentence-final particles can develop from auxiliaries when the contexts in which they are used become restricted over time.
Evidence from Oromo on the typology of complementation strategies
Authors: Bryant Shannon
Published: March 2021

This paper explores the clausal complementation strategies found in Oromo (Cushitic). Recent work by Wurmbrand and Lohninger (2019) suggests that languages distinguish three broad semantic categories of complement clauses, which are hierarchically ordered with respect to their syntactic complexity. Based on newly elicited data and examples from the literature, I propose that Oromo complement clauses also show this three-way split, lending support to Wurmbrand and Lohninger’s (2019) proposal. However, the distribution of clausal complement categories appears to diverge somewhat from what has been reported for other languages, suggesting some flexibility in the way certain states and events can be linguistically encoded. Situating Oromo within the typology of clausal complementation thus sheds light on the diversity of ways in which basic semantic building blocks may be incorporated into the expression of complex meanings and speaks to the import of understudied languages to typological research.
Presupposition projection from disjunction is symmetric
Authors: Kalomoiros Alexandros , Schwarz Florian
Published: March 2021

The role of linear order for presupposition projection is a key theoretical question, but the empirical status of (a-)symmetries in projection from various connectives remains controversial. We present experimental evidence that presupposition projection from disjunction is symmetric. 'Bathroom disjunctions', where either disjunct seems able to support a presupposition in the other if its negation entails it, have been argued to be evidence for symmetric projection; but there are alternative theoretical options. Adapting the paradigm of Mandelkern et al. (2020) for projection from conjunction, our experimental data supports the view that we are dealing with genuinely symmetric projection from disjunction. This contrasts with Mandelkern et al.'s findings for asymmetric projection from conjunction, and thus provides evidence for variation in projection (a-)symmetry across connectives, contra accounts proposing general accounts predicting uniform asymmetry effects due to left-to-right processing (e.g. Schlenker 2009).
Cross-linguistic scope ambiguity: An investigation of English, Spanish, and Mandarin
Authors: Song Yongjia , Hernandez Jimenez Abimael , Scontras Gregory
Published: March 2021

Faced with a sentence like Every horse didn't jump over the fence as a description of a scenario in which one out of two horses jumped, adults readily endorse the utterance as a good description, while children overwhelmingly reject it. However, systematic changes to the task setup lead to marked increases in children's endorsement rates (Musolino & Lidz 2006; Viau et al. 2010). Savinelli et al.(2017) use a computational cognitive model of utterance endorsement in truth-value judgment tasks to analytically demonstrate that both children and adults' interpretation behavior is affected by pragmatic manipulations. We test a clear prediction of these models: manipulating the conversational goal (or Question Under Discussion) should lead to clear effects on utterance endorsement. In addition to investigating the predictions for English, we also investigate Spanish and Mandarin, where the status of the relevant ambiguity may be less clear.
Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme
Authors: Crosby Drew , Dalola Amanda
Published: March 2021

Most discussions of the Korean liquid phoneme /l/ identify two allophones: a flap, [ɾ], in the onset of syllables, and an alveolar lateral approximant syllable-finally and in geminates. However, some research paints a more complex picture indicating a wide range of interspeaker variation for the precise articulatory realization of these allophones. The present research finds that in regards to the tap and laterals realizations previous descriptions are largely correct. It also affirms through analysis of F2 values that previous findings showing that the Korean lateral is palatalized before high front vocoids are correct. Most importantly, it analyzes F3 values to show that the retroflex variant is particularly prevalent near pauses, suggesting that retroflexion may be a secondary cue to prosodic boundaries.
Correlations between island (in)sensitivity and base positions of (non-)standard wh-in-situ
Authors: Kim Okgi , Park Seulkee
Published: March 2021

It has been well-accepted in the literature that the island (in)sensitivity of wh-in-situ falls under the so-called Noun versus Adverb Generalization (NAG), which states that an in-situ wh-phrase is island-free iff it is (or contains) a wh-nominal (Tsai 1994a,b; Stepanov & Tsai 2008; Fujii et al. 2014). However, we show that the NAG is not sufficient to explain the island behaviors of some (non-)standard in-situ wh-phrases in Korean. Alternatively, we suggest that the island (in)sensitivity of in-situ wh-phrases may correlate not with their categorial status but with their base-generated positions: specifically, we assume that an in-situ wh-phrase that is base-generated in the CP domain (Spec-CP) is island-sensitive, while an in-situ wh-phrase that is base-generated below CP/TP is island-insensitive.