bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Integration and Cointegration *
Authors: Hylleberg S , Engle R F , Granger, C W J , Yoo B S
Published: October 2023

Abstract. This paper develops tests for roots in linear time series which have a modulus of one but which correspond to seasonal frequencies. Critical values for the tests are generated by Monte Carlo methods or are shown to be available from Dickey-Fuller or Dickey-Hasza-Fuller critical values. Representations for multivariate processes with combinations of seasonal and zero-frequency unit roots are developed leading to a variety of autoregressive and error-correction representations. The techniques are used to examine cointegration at different frequencies between consumption and income in the UK.
General Models and Tools for Analysis
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers two important topics–the form of some general models that have been proposed for nonlinear relationships and a discussion of some of the statistical tools that may be helpful in determining what model to use. The general models include a generalization of a linear moving average–called the Volterra representation–and a form of autoregressive model with time-varying coefficients, known as the ‘state-space model’. In a sense all of the other, specific models considered later are special cases of these general models. However, the general models are often too general for practical use. The chapter also discusses frequency domain analysis, which generalizes the spectrum of linear processes. The resulting functions are interesting theoretically but of limited practical use.
Linearity Testing
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: October 2023

Many parametric nonlinear models discussed in this book have a linear model nested in the nonlinear structure. Before building a nonlinear model it is advisable to find out if indeed a linear model would adequately characterize the economic relationships under analysis. If this were the case, there would be more statistical theory available for building a reasonable model than if a nonlinear model were appropriate. Furthermore, obtaining optimal forecasts for more than one period ahead would be much simpler if the model were linear. It may happen, at least when the time-series are short, that the investigator successfully estimates a nonlinear model although the true relationship between the variables in question is linear. The danger of unnecessarily complicating the model-building is therefore real, but can be diminished by linearity testing. Sometimes linearity tests are also useful in specifying a nonlinear model, but this may be the case only if the set of conceivable nonlinear families of models can be assumed to be rather small. Examples of this will be discussed later. Another occasion in which linearity testing may be useful is after specifying and estimating a nonlinear model. The residuals of the model may be subjected to linearity tests to see if the nonlinear features in the original data have been adequately captured by the estimated nonlinear specification. If linearity is still rejected, the model obviously has to be respecified and re-estimated.
Building Nonlinear Models
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: October 2023

If a test suggests that a series is nonlinear or is part of a nonlinear relationship, the question naturally arises-how can the relationship be modelled? This chapter surveys a variety of approaches that can be considered, both parametric and nonparametric. Particular attention is paid to the specification and estimation of smooth transition regression models, including how to decide which variety of these models to use. These models were shown in Chapter 3 to arise naturally in economic theory and can also be shown to provide adequate approximations of some of the alternative models in simple cases.
Strategies for Nonlinear Modelling
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: October 2023

The large number of techniques and models available for investigating nonlinear relationships imply that a strategy is required to approach the modelling question. In this final, brief chapter we discuss the various problems that arise and make some suggestions about an appropriate strategy. However, as currently there is little experience with the use of the various methods and models, the proposed strategy is introduced with some hesitation, and it is believed that a better strategy will become available in the future, as more experience is accumulated. It is clear that the strategy to be discussed is not guaranteed to arrive at the best model or even a satisfactory one.
Bayes models and forecasts of Australian macroeconomic time series
Authors: Phillips Peter CB
Published: October 2023

This paper provides an empirical implementation of some recent work by the author and Werner Ploberger on the development of Bayes models for time series. The methods offer a new data-based approach to model selection, to hypothesis testing and to forecast evaluation in the analysis of time series. A particular advantage of the approach is that modelling issues such as lag order, parameter constancy, and the presence of deterministic and stochastic trends all come within the compass of the same statistical methodology, as do the evaluation of forecasts from competing models. The paper shows how to build parsimonious empirical Bayes models using the new approach and applies the methodology to some Australian macroeconomic data. Bayes models are constructed for thirteen quarterly Australian macroeconomic time series over the period 1959(3}-1987(4). These models are compared with certain fixed format models (like an AR(4) + linear trend) in terms of their forecasting performance over the period 1988(1}-1991(4). The Bayes models are found to be superior to these forecasting exercises for two of the thirteen series, while at the same time being more parsimonious in form.
Testing Exogeneity: An Introduction
Authors: Ericsson Neil R
Published: October 2023

The author is a staff economist in the Division of International Finance, Federal Reserve Board. The views expressed in this article are solely the responsibility of the author and should not be interpreted as reflecting those of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or other members of its staff. Helpful discussions with and comments from Lisa Barrow, Jim Boughton, Julia Campos, Jonathan Eaton, Jon Faust, David Hendry, SØren Johansen, Katarina Juselius, Ed Leamer, Jaime Marquez, Will Melick, George Tavlas, Hong-Anh Tran, and Ken Wallis are gratefully acknowledged. I am indebted to Lisa Barrow for invaluable resear.ch assistance.
Tests of Cointegrating Exogeneity for PPP and Uncovered Interest Rate Parity in the United Kingdom
Authors: hunter John
Published: October 2023

In this article we try to determine whether the purchasing power parity and uncovered interest rate arbitrage conditions are satisfied by data on the U.K. exchange rate. This study compares the notions of cointegrating exogeneity and weak exogeneity, and then tests these hypotheses.
Domestic and Foreign Effects on Prices in an Open Economy: The Case of Denmark
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Domestic price determination in Denmark is investigated using three kinds of macro-economic explanations: (1) internal labor market theories describing the relation between price and wage inflation, on the inflation rate, and (3) external theories describing the foreign transmission effects on a small open economy. The empirical analysis makes use of the multivariate cointegration model, which is based on the joint analysis of long- and short-run behavior. The deviations from derived underlying steady states in each sector were found to be the main determinants of the inflation rate. Among these, the domestic effects were small compared to the foreign effects. The empirical results strongly favored a backward-looking behavioral model in terms of structurally stable parameters as opposed to a forward looking expectations model. The results stand up as quite strong evidence against the Lucas critique.
An Econometric Analysis of TV Advertising Expenditure in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hendry David F
Published: October 2023

Previous econometric studies of the supply of and demand for TV advertising time in the United Kingdom using annual data found negative price elasticities of demand of less than unity in absolute value. Here, a dynamic, constant-parameter, econometric system for both the real price of TV advertising time and the number of commercial home minutes broadcast is estimated from quarterly data and finds a long-run price elasticity of about -2. The model explains the previous findings as due to the high degree of contemporaneous interdependence between price and quantity on annual data, which arises from within-year feedbacks.
Parameter Constancy, Mean Square Forecast Errors, and Measuring Forecast Performance: An Exposition, Extensions, and Illustration
Authors: Ericsson Neil R
Published: October 2023

Parameter constancy and a model’s mean square forecast error are two commonly used measures of forecast performance. By explicit consideration of the information sets involved, this paper clarifies the roles that each plays in analyzing a model’s forecast accuracy. Both criteria are necessary for “good” forecast performance, but neither (nor both) is sufficient. Further, these criteria fit into a general
Systems of Financial Markets
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian R
Published: October 2023

The central theme of this chapter is the structure of financial markets. The first section reminds us why efficiency of trade fails if there are no financial markets. We then consider two extreme forms of financial assets: (i) financial assets where each asset specifies the delivery of one particular good under well-specified conditions; and (ii) financial assets where each asset specifies the delivery of a numeraire good (money) in just one spot market. Both systems of financial markets can provide trading opportunities that allow agents to achieve a Pareto-optimal allocation in competitive markets. An important insight of the analysis is the observation that a minimum number of sufficiently distinct securities is necessary for efficiency of trade.
Introduction
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: October 2023

This monograph deals with econometric models for seasonally observed eco nomic time series. A typical approach to modelling seasonal time series is to remove the seasonal fluctuations using some seasonal adjustment method. Recently, however, there have appeared several econometric studies that indicate that it may be worthwhile to study seasonal fluctuations in their own right. The main reason for this is that such seasonal variation can also shed some light on the behaviour of economic agents. A further reason is that, in some how detrended time series, the seasonal flwtuations dominate the remaining variation in the series to a large extent.
An Introduction to Seasonal Time Series
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I give an introduction to seasonal time series by discussing typical aspects of such time series. This discussion centres around graphs of some quarterly observed time series which serve as running examples throughout the chapter, around several auxiliary regressions, and around the estimated auto correlation functions of (transformations) of the data. The sample series considered are the industrial production index for the USA, the number of unemployed in Canada, real GNP in Germany, and real total investment in the UK. To save space, I consider only quarterly observed time series. In forth coming chapters I include additional time series; they display roughly similar characteristics to those considered here. The sources of the data used in this chapter are given in the Data Appendix. The data analysed here are all season ally unadjusted. Furthermore, all are analysed after the log transformation has been applied, except for the unemployment in Canada series.
Are Seasons, Trends, and Cycles always Independent?
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: October 2023

When an economic time series displays seasonal variation that seems to in crease with an increasing trend, we usually analyse the data after a natural log arithm transformation. An alternative strategy is to construct an explicit model for the increasing seasonal variation using, for example, seasonal dummy variables which interact with linear trends. (See Bowerman et al. (1990) for a comparison of the two approaches.) The use of logarithmic data seems particularly useful when an untransformed series y1can be decomposed There are however economic variables for which seasonal and nonseasonal variation may not be separated just by taking logs. (See Wisniewski (1934) for an early reference to the interdependence of cyclical and seasonal variation and Hylleberg (1994) for a recent discussion.) This may be caused by, say, eco nomic agents who can behave differently in recessions than in expansions, thereby establishing different seasonal patterns across these regimes. For ex ample, some retail sales variables may show peaks in the clearance sales sea sons, where the start and length of those seasons can depend on the current state of the economy. As another example, the growth in disposable income in several industrialized countries has created the possibility of people having more than one holiday per year, and this can have an effect on the seasonal pat tern in nondurables consumption. For some economic time series, therefore, it may not be easy (or even possible) strictly to isolate seasonal and nonseasonal components since the nonseasonal and seasonal fluctuations can interact.
Periodic Integration
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: October 2023

The focus in this chapter is on unit roots in periodic autoregressions. Tests for such unit roots are proposed and evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and several sample series. Since a periodic autoregression allows the AR para meters to take different values in different seasons, it seems natural to allow for the possibility of a periodically varying differencing filter which can be used to remove the stochastic trend. A specific periodic differencing filter corresponds to the notion of periodic integration (PI). In the empirical analysis in this chapter, I find that all 11 of the sample series appear to be somehow periodically integrated. The implication of periodic integration is that the stochastic trend and the seasonal fluctuations are not independent, in the sense that accumulations of shocks can change the seasonal pattern and that the time series cannot be decomposed in two strictly separate trend and seasonal components. The empirical analysis in Chapter 6, for example, indicated the need for models that allow for correspondence between seasonal and nonseasonal fluctuations. The conjecture to be made in this chapter is that a periodically integrated model for a univariate time series can yield a useful description of some economic time series, and that it allows for this correspondence.
GMM Estimation in Correctly Specified Models
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter has provided an introduction to the GMM framework and the types of inference issues which arise within it. Although many of the details reﬂected the static, linear nature of the model, the underlying intuition did not. The essential feature of the estimation is the minimization of a quadratic form in the sample analog to a population moment condition are postponed until Chapter 5 when a variety of hypothesis testing procedures are reviewed. The level of the discussion is more rigorous than the previous chapter, and the main results are formally
Moment Selection in Theory and in Practice
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

A researcher is typically faced with a large set of alternatives from which to choose the q elements of the population moment condition. This choice can be made in an ad hoc fashion, condition is the score vector because the resulting GMM estimator is the MLE and the latter is known to be to the literature on moment selection within the GMM framework. From the mid-1980s until the mid-1990s, attention focused on the use of theoretical arguments to characterize the optimal choice of moment condition within the class of GMM estimators known as Generalized Instrumental Variables. More recently, attention has focused on data-based methods for moment selection using information criteria. Both phases of the literature are reviewed in this chapter.
Empirical Examples
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

Section 9.1 implements the mutual fund evaluation measure proposed by Chen and Knez (1996). This discussion illustrates the potential sensitivity of inferences based on the overidentifying restrictions test to choice of the restrictions on the derivative imposed by Assumption 3.5 because the derivative of the minimand is not defined at all values of the parameter space. This non-existence causes problems for gradient methods of optimization and so necessitates the use of an alternative algorithm. inference is based on the Wald, LM or D tests discussed in Section 5.4. One possible explanation is that the LM and D tests use the full sample GMM estimator instead of the restricted GMM
Introduction
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

The exercises presented with solutions in this Workbook treat the theory of cointegration in the framework of the vector autoregressive model. As an introduction we give a brief summary of the most important results from the theory as presented in SJ. The vector autoregressive model is a simple and useful econometric model for analyzing the stochastic variation of economic time series. We use the model in the error correction form where the error term et is i.i.d. and the deterministic terms Dt can be a constant, a linear term, seasonal dummies or other deterministic terms; see (4.1).
Basic Definitions and Concepts
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

A multivariate linear process is defined by where the coefficient matrices Ci decrease to zero exponentially fast, so that the function i is convergent for the complex argument satisfying Jzl < 1 + 6 for some 6 > O; see SJ, Definition 3.1. The basic idea is to define an J(O) process as a multivariate linear process where the sum of the matrix coefficients is non-zero, that is, class of J(l) processes is defined as those that become J(O) after taking the difference, and similarly a process is 1(2) if the difference is J(l).
Cointegration and Representation of Integrated Variables
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

This is the most substantial chapter devoted to understanding the behaviour of the type of non-stationary processes that are discussed here, namely J{l) and 1(2). The equations are formulated in the error correction form The main result is Granger’s representation theorem, Theorem 4.2, which gives the probability properties of the solution of the autoregressive equations (1) provided Assumption 1 (SJ, p. 14) is satisfied.
Hypothesis Testing for a
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 8 a partial system is defined and a result is proved which gives conditions for the conditioning variable to be weakly exogenous for the parameter of interest β, such that inference can be conducted in the partial system; see Theorem 8.1. The situation is the following. We decompose the process into X1t and X2t-The equations are then given by and it is seen that if 0.2 = 0, then the parameter β can be estimated efficiently from this partial model as long as no further restrictions are imposed on the parameters. The test for weak exogeneity, 0.2 = 0, is thus a linear restriction on the adjustment coefficients It is shown in Theorem 8.2 that a suitable reduced rank regression again provides the maximum likelihood estimator such that the test statistic can be calculated. Theorem 8.4 gives the results for hypotheses where some a are known.
The I(2) Model and a Test for 1(2)
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

Chapter 9 is a brief introduction to the analysis of the /(2) model. The chapter contains the definition of the !{2) model as a submode! of the error correction model. We reformulate the error correction model as where and r, are (p-r) x s; see Definition 9.1. By deriving a marginal model for a Ll2 Xt and a conditional model for a’ Ll 2 Xt given a Ll2 Xt and the past, we can construct a test statistic for the hypothesis that the process is /(2) against the hypothesis that it is /(1). We give two exercises. The first suggests a different parametrization of the /(2) model, which leads to an iterative algorithm for estimating the model by maximum likelihood.
Probability Properties of I (1) Processes
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 10 we discuss properties of J(l) processes given by the auto regressive equations allowing for a constant term. The basic limit results we need are discussed in Appendix B: where W (u) is a Brownian motion and denotes weak convergence of the processes. The process Xt is given by Granger’s representation theorem as the sum of a trend, a random walk and a stationary process: where C = .B1.(a rth)-1a , and where A depends on initial conditions and ,8’ A = 0. We give in Lemma 10.1 some finite sample results on the variances and covariances of the stationary processes ll.Xt and ,8’ Xti see also exercises 4.10, 4.11 and 4.12.
Itô Calculus
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce
Published: October 2023

Most processes used in continuous-time finance to represent prices or portfolio values are Itô processes, essentially for three reasons. First, the class Itô processes is sufficiently rich to describe a large number of interesting and important phenomena. Secondly, a smooth transformation of an Ito process is again an Itô process, according to Itô’s lemma. Thirdly, when securities prices follow Ito processes, markets will often be dynamically complete, which implies that virtually every derivative security can be priced by replication.
Rape, Racism and the Myth of the Black Rapist
Authors: Davis Angela Y
Published: October 2023

Some of the most flagrant symptoms of social deterioration are acknowledged as serious problems only when they have assumed such epidemic proportions that they appear to defy solution. Rape is a case in point. In the United States today, it is one of the fastest-growing violent crimes.
Moving the Mountains, Making the Links
Authors: -Leslie Molara Ogundipe
Published: October 2023

I theorize that African women have six mountains on their back, over and above the four mountains proposed by Chairman Mao for Chinese women. From this concept of mountains, I have drawn the title of my introduction which proposes to show which mountains African women need to move and are moving. I also attempt to link their struggles in the various topographies where the mountains are being assailed.
Bold Omissions and Minute Depictions
Authors: Minh-ha Trinh T
Published: October 2023

Recently, in a casual conversation, two visiting writers from Martinique and Guadeloupe remarked with a certain bewilderment that the question of migration was again enjoying a great vogue in the States and that ‘they all talk about identity and marginality’. Finding myself deeply implied in this ‘they’ despite the fact that my friends tacitly included me on their side while talking, I was suddenly hit by a brief but sharp feeling of confusion as to where my identity lay. Since they, in this context, pointed both to the trendy Euro-American intellectuals eager to recycle strands of subversion and to those for whom the migrant’s condition continued to be an everyday reality and an ongoing border struggle, it was difficult to react quickly without speaking simply for or against.
‘Race’, identity and cultural criticism
Authors: Young Lola
Published: October 2023

Here, I will elucidate the potential of black feminist cultural analyses and examine the absence of black women and the ways in which they may be considered as Other for both black men and white people. I go on to summarize why I have felt it necessary to embark on this project through an examination of how ‘whiteness’ is under elaborated in cultural analysis. I then argue that white film-makers have continually constructed black women and men as Other and attempt to account for this using psychoanalytic theory.
Women, Migration and the State
Authors: Phizacklea Annie
Published: October 2023

Over the last fifteen years or so there has been an increased recognition, amongst women researchers at least, of the need to provide a gendered account of migratory processes. Nevertheless, despite a recognition of the importance of women’s role in migration, many accounts of contemporary migratory processes continue to fail to take on board what this means at an analytical level. [⃛ ]
People or Population: Towards a New Ecology of Reproduction
Authors: Mies Maria , Shiva Vandana
Published: October 2023

Some years ago the continuing and increasing poverty in the countries of the South was attributed to the population explosion and population growth is seen increasingly as the main cause of environmental deterioration on a global scale. This assumed causal connection between the rising numbers of people and the destruction of the earth’s ecological foundations was strongly emphasized in the political discourse around the June 1992 Earth Summit (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. Arguments supporting this view were propagated worldwide by the media, and more and more outright cynical and inhuman population control policies were proposed, including coercive contraceptive technologies for women and denial of basic health care for children, for example in a proposal by Maurice King in 1990.
Jewish Fundamentalism and Women’s Empowerment
Authors: Yuval-Davis Nira
Published: October 2023

Owing to the specific history of the Jewish people, Jewish fundamentalist movements (and the position of women inside them) embrace forms of religious fundamentalism common among both majorities and minorities both in the West and in post-colonial countries.
I’m a Feminist But ⃛‘Other’ Women and Postnational Feminism
Authors: Ang Ien
Published: October 2023

For some time now, the problematic of race and ethnicity has thrown feminism into crisis. I am implicated in this crisis. As a woman of Chinese descent, I suddenly find myself in a position in which I can turn my ‘difference’ into intellectual and political capital, where ‘white’ feminists invite me to raise my ‘voice’, qua a non-white woman, and make myself heard. Anna Yeatman suggests that voices such as mine are needed to contest and correct the old exclusions of the established feminist order, and that they will win non-white women authorship and authority within a renewed, less exclusionary feminism.
The Notion of Woman in Medicine, Anatomy, and Physiology
Authors: Maclean Ian
Published: October 2023

3.0.l What fol1ows is extracted from an interdisciplinary study of the notion of woman in scholarly texts of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The various disciplines-theology, law, medicine, practical philosophy-all possess authoritative texts which attract commentary; the fact that nearly all of these are written in Latin and widely diffused through the mechanism of the book fairs makes them a coherent and accessible body of doctrine not only to scholars working within the individual disciplines but also those beyond them.
The ‘Cruel Mother’: Maternity, Widowhood, and Dowry in Florence in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Klapisch-Zuber Christiane
Published: October 2023

In Florence, men were and made the”houses:’The word casa designates, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the material house, the lodging of a domestic unit, and it is in this sense that many documents of a fiscal, legal, or private nature use the term. But it also stands for an entire agnatic kinship group. The casa in this case designates all ancestors and living members of a lineage, all those in whose veins the same blood ran, who bore the same name, and who claimed a common ancestor-aneponymic hero whose identity the group had inherited.
Diana Described: Scattered Woman and Scattered Rhyme
Authors: Vickers Nancy J
Published: October 2023

The import of Petrarch’s description of Laura extends well beyond the confines of his own poetic age; in subsequent times, his portrayal of feminine beauty became authoritative. As a primary canonical text, the Rime sparse consolidated and disseminated a Renaissance mode. Petrarch absorbed a complex network of descriptive strategies and then presented a single, transformed model.
Literary Fat Ladies and the Generation of the Text
Authors: Parker Patricia
Published: October 2023

Much of this essay will have to do with walls or partitions; so we begin with a rhetorical partition, a division of the subject into parts. The first, which might be called (‘The Body in Question;’ comes in several sections and is perhaps appropriately by far the largest. The concluding will be a kind of appendage under the rubric of “The Genitive, or Jinny’s Case” and ‘(The Vocative, or the Story of O.,, The Postscript—which goes beyond the Renaissance instances primarily foregrounded here—takes this story into the subsequent history of linkages between female copia, of body and of word, and the copiousness of texts.
Margaret Cavendish and the Romance of Contract
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: October 2023

In histories of early modern political thought, the rise of theories of contractual obligation has always played an important role; and yet the usual histories construe contract in an overly narrow way, focusing on the canonical works of writers such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau in which contract is imagined as a social and political agreement between equal parties to set up a sovereign.
Surprising Fame: Renaissance Gender Ideologies and Women’s Lyric
Authors: Jones Ann Rosalind
Published: October 2023

In Renaissance iconography, fame is a woman: a winged figure heralding present and future reknown. Ronsard, in his 1555 Hymne to Henri II, writes of «La Fame qui vole et parle librement,/ et qui sujette n’est à nul commandement” (11. 341-42). But in Renaissance gender ideology, fame was not for women. Ronsard’s figure of free-speaking liberty is diametrically opposed to the social ideal of woman as it was constructed by early modern writers on feminine conduct. In the discourses of humanism and bourgeois family theory, the proper woman is an absence: legally, she vanishes under the name and authority of her father and her husband; as daughter and wife, she is enclosed in the private household. She is silent and invisible: she does not speak, and she is not spoken about.
La Donnesca Mano
Authors: Jacobs Fredrika
Published: October 2023

Is an image reflective of its maker and does it reveal something about the individual who produced it? Leonard da Vinci’s well-known aphorism, “Every artist paints himself [ ogni dipintore dipinge se] ,, suggests it does. In fact, examples of the reflexivity of art are not hard to find in early critical writings. Giorgio Vasari’s description of frescoes in the church of Santa Maria Nuovo, Florence, illustrates the point. Accepting as fact the story of Andrea del Castagnds purported murder of a rival painter, Vasari claims the “malignant”
Guilds, Male Bonding and Women’s Work in Early Modern Germany
Authors: Wiesner Merry
Published: October 2023

Though they are featured prominently in studies of medieval urban life, craft guilds have received less attention from early modern historians, who often view them as institutions in decline which were trying unsuccessfully to prevent economic change. This view of the guilds’ decay has been successfully challenged in the case of Germany by Mack Walker, who demonstrates that in most medium-sized German cities the time after the Thirty Years War was ‘the period probably of their greatest power to impress their values and goals upon the society of which they were components’.
Selection from The Red Tent
Authors: Diamant Anita
Published: October 2023

A central task of feminist Bible scholars is to raise the profile of biblical women, but few can compete in this regard with Anita Diamant. The Red Tent, Genesis according to Jacob’s silent daughter Dinah, has been translated into dozens of languages and has inspired hundreds of websites. As my mother-in-law dis covered when she read her copy in a New York City hospital waiting room, to read The Red Tent is to join a community whose membership, though primarily female, spans all ages and backgrounds. It is no surprise that this community played a major role in the book’s commercial success. Faced with a pile of remainders, Diamant, by then a well-known author of books on conversion to Judaism and Jewish lifecyde events, sent free copies of her novel to every Reform rabbi in the USA Word of mouth and the internet did the rest. The eponymous red tent is a menstrual tent, and the excerpt reproduced here is an account of Dinah’s first period. DL
Judges, or Disasters of War
Authors: Ostriker Alicia
Published: October 2023

This powerful modern midrash (interpretation) on war in the book of Judges touches on several important themes in feminist literature, most obviously the subject of violence against women. The scene is a crisis centre for abused women run by a descendant of the judge and warrior Deborah. As we shall see, however, some victims are less equal than others. Just as liberation theology has been criticized for its failure to address feminist concerns, so feminism here is warned against creating its own insiders and outsiders. To avoid anticipating the chilling denouement of this short story, I shall observe merely that Ostriker, a distinguished poet and author of works of feminist Bible criticism, brings psycho logical depth and complexity to a figure who, in the Hebrew Bible itself, is little more than a cartoon.
Female Martyrs
Authors: Castelli Elizabeth A
Published: October 2023

While enjoining women to ‘become male’ seems, at this historical distance, a supreme example of bad faith, Elizabeth Castelli in this excerpt directs us to its subversive possibilities, especially when deployed by early Christian women. The lives of early Christian women, she says, were shaped by ‘paradoxical ideological conditions’. Christianity offered new freedoms, but women had access to holiness ‘only through the manipulation of conventional gender categories’. Castelli analyses here an astonishing document, the martyr diary of Perpetua. This account of the imprisonment of a group of North African Christians.
Life on the Fringes
Authors: Ner-David Haviva
Published: October 2023

I first put on tefillin ten years after my bat mitzvah. I was married and living in Washington, DC, worlds away from the close-knit Orthodox community in which I had grown up. One evening on the phone, I told my mother that I planned to have a second bat mitzvah at Fabrangen, an informal and completely egalitarian prayer community, the havurah in which I had become active. It would be on Shabbat, and I would read from the Torah. I had not yet confessed to my mother that I had been regularly participating in egalitarian services. The geographic distance between us made me brave.
The Hebrew God and His Female Complements
Authors: Brenner Athalya
Published: October 2023

What do feminist Bible exegetes and archaeologists have in common? Both uncover remains and reconstruct whole worlds from fragments. Jewish and Christian commentators have spent two thousand years burying biblical women. Through her own scholarship and the widely read Feminist Bible commentaries she edits, Athalya Brenner has been a pioneer in the tasks of recovery and reconstruction. Here she takes on the challenging subject of God’s gender.
The Secret of Redemption
Authors: Zomberg Avivah Gottlieb
Published: October 2023

An announcement for a lecture by Avivah Zomberg (standing room only, as all her talks are) billed her as possibly the greatest living female Torah scholar. I felt mildly irritated: which male Torah scholar is greater? And what is distinctively female about Zornberg’s creative way with biblical and rabbinic texts? With regard to the second point. though not the first. I have reconsidered. On the one hand, Zornberg’s appeal to rabbinic commentaries to elucidate biblical texts is highly traditional which, in her Orthodox Jewish circles, usually means male.
Women in the Pauline Churches
Authors: Fiorenza Elisabeth Schussler
Published: October 2023

In his letter to the Corinthian church, Paul explicitly refers twice to the behavior of women in the worship service of the community. However both references, l Cor 11:2-16 and 14:33-36, present for the exegete and historian great difficulties of interpretation. It is very doubtful whether we will be able to reconstruct the correct meaning of these passages at all. Not only is the logic of the argument in l Cor 11:2-16 difficult to trace, but it is also debated whether Paul demands the veiling of women or pleads for a special form of hairstyle. Since both passages seem to contradict Gal 3:28 and Paul’s own theology of free dom from the Law, some scholars attribute l Cor 11:2-16 and most scholars 14:33b-36 to the early catholic theology of the post-Pauline school.
Jesus and Mary Magdalene
Authors: Okure Teresa
Published: October 2023

The appearance of the risen Jesus to Mary Magdalene in John 20:11- 18 constitutes his first recorded appearance in John’s gospel. It would seem that Jesus interrupted his journey of ascent to the Father (cf. 20:17a) in order to make this appearance before her. On this proto resurrection appearance, Jesus gave Mary a special commission: “Go and tell my brethren: I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God” (v. 17b).
Blood and Defilement
Authors: Soskice Janet Martin
Published: October 2023

In her book In the Beginning Was Love, Julia Kristeva gives an account of her understanding of the psychoanalytic task and uses overtly theological language to do so. Noting Freud’s insistence that the foundation of his cure is “Our God Logos,,, she describes psychoanalysis as about making word and flesh meet-making the word become flesh in a discourse of love directed to an “impossible other.,, These comments are developed by means of a discussion of the Apostles’ Creed. Kristeva, writing as an analyst, not a theologian, notes that in the Genesis narratives God creates by separating. Separation is the mark of God’s presence: the separation of light and dark, heavens and earth, sea and dry land, male and female.
Prostitution in Latin America and in the Caribbean: Economist Zoraida Ramirez Rodriguez for the Coalition Against the Trafficking of Women
Authors: Rodriguez Zoraida Ramirez
Published: October 2023

It’s necessary to define the Patriarchal System and Ideology as the origin of prostitution in the world. By dedicating ourselves to the works of investigation and action inside prostitution, we will achieve easily the short, medium, and long-term objectives, if we begin with patriarchy’s identification with the area that insists in perpetuating the slavery of women.

The causes that we may find might be structural, based upon patriarchy and conjectures founded on some observed characteristics in some cross-sections of the population: the level of education, the breakdown of the family, the deterioration and/or inversion of moral values, destitution, hunger, the many levels of poverty, and ignorance about Human Rights. In a brief historical analysis about prostitution and the women therein we saw that a high number were illiterate.
The Phillips curve, the IS curve, and Monetary Transmission
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

In its simplest form, the New Keynesian model, which has recently been the most popular model for the analysis of monetary transmission and monetary policy, reduces the economy to a two-equation system: an aggregate supply or Phillips curve, which links the price inflation rate to expected future inflation, lagged inflation and the output gap; and an aggregate demand or IS curve, which links the output gap to the expected future output gap, the lagged output gap, and the short-term real interest rate.1 From a monetary-policy perspective, the central parameters in this baseline New Keynesian model are (1) the strength and significance of the links in the monetary transmission process, i.e. (a) the link between the output gap and inflation in the Phillips curve and (b) the link between the short-term real interest rate and the output gap in the IS curve, and (2) the relative importance of forward-looking and backward-looking terms in the Phillips and IS curves.
Introduction
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

The title of this work indicates both the breadth of the field which it explores, and also some particular points of focus within that field. The first word of the title, Trade, pinpoints the starting point of the analysis. International trade is of growing importance in the contemporary world, just as it has been important ever since the Second World War. It has been a major topic of interest to economists since the beginning of the subject in its modern form, in the late eighteenth century. Also it has always been a strongly contested area. At the present time anti-trade positions are growing in impact, both in the arena of journalism and political debate, and again on the streets of any city where a major intergovernmental conference concerned with trade or finance is taking place—and now in every city where a major international conference takes place. Many of the ‘anti-trade’ parties define themselves as opposed to ‘globalization’. Globalization represents free trade, certainly, but much more besides.
Competitive Trade Theory
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

Competitive trade theory is the application of the competitive general- equilibrium model (the GE model), sometimes called the Arrow-Debreu model, to an international economy. That definition fails to note that the GE model is so general as to incorporate only those assumptions essential to prove the existence of an equilibrium, and as such is to a great extent devoid of specific results. For instance, outside of special cases there are no general GE comparative static results. Those that can be derived depend upon particular restrictive assumptions, such as gross substitutability. Trade theory has followed a very different course. Its leading competitive equilibrium models are so special as to make a GE theorist laugh. Yet such mockery might disguise some envy, for the particular lends to trade theory numerous definite results. Then a critical question is whether special models—they will be called ‘toy models’ later—can give insights concerning a world which in its complexity and elaborate structure resembles more the GE model than a simple classroom trade model.
Participation and Comparative Advantage
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

A simple account of globalization would have it that international trade in today’s world is a club to which all are welcome. True there are numerous, and scandalous, restrictions on access to rich country markets, particularly where agriculture and clothing are concerned. Yet, over a large range of goods, trade is feasible even on a large scale, as is indicated by the exporting successes of the Asian Tiger countries, and now by China and India. Why then are there countries and regions that barely participate in merchandise trade, particularly when primary production is excluded? This question is particularly pointed in two instances:
Two Models of Growth and the Resource Curse
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

An influential study, Sachs and Warner (1997a), examines the relation between resource richness and economic growth. The authors use a wide cross-section of countries for the period 1970-89 and claim that resource richness is negatively correlated with economic growth. In this connection see also Auty (1990) and (2001), Gelb (1988), and Hausmann and Rigobon (2002). Sachs and Warner assert that the negative association between resource abundance and economic growth survives the inclusion of additional standard variables in the growth regression, in particular measures of trade openness and of the quality of bureaucratic administration. Several oil-rich Arab states are not included in the sample for lack of data, but their growth performance is even worse than included resource-rich nations.
Conclusions and Unresolved Issues
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

Gossen’s law says that the bad money drives out the good. This means that if silver and gold coinage circulate together, and the metallic value of one, say silver, is lower, then gold coinage will disappear from circulation. No-one owning a gold coin will spend it for less than its underlying value. Goldsmiths will be offering more than face value in terms of silver to buy gold coins, to melt them down. There should be a name for a Gossen-like law of arguments. The good arguments are subtle and solid, and they need hard work to appreciate. The bad arguments are simplistic and slogan-like, but they satisfy the lazy or preoccupied listener. The bad arguments drive out the good.
Historical development of International Copyright Law
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

Long before the first treaties addressed the international protection of authors’ rights in their works, legal experts and other individuals had advocated the introduction of such protection. One of the earliest examples was the proposal for an international treaty on the protection of authors’ rights by the law professor Johann Rudolf Thurneysen of the University of Basel who published his book De recursione librorum fortiva in 1738. This was only twenty-eight years after the adoption of the first copyright act ever enacted, the English Statute of Anne of 1709. Soon after, the Dutch lawyer and librarian Elie Luzac presented a legislative proposal against piracy to the Peace Conference of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1745 for approval by all present states and inclusion into the peace treaty as an agreement. This proposal was apparently ahead of its time. Diplomats considered it ‘one of these nice dreams based on the unachieved ideal of general fraternity of the Abbot of St.-Pierre’, as reported by the German lawyer Johannes Stephan Pütter in his book on piracy of books. Nevertheless, Pütter considered Luzac’s proposal as important and advocated for equal protection of foreigners and nationals.
The Rome Convention of 1961
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

As compared to the Berne Convention, the Rome Convention provides for a much easier system for the application of national treatment and minimum rights: it defines national treatment2 and determines the criteria of eligibility for protection, supplemented by definitions,3 but does not employ the concept of country of origin.4 The criteria of eligibility are listed separately5 for performers, phonogram producers, and broadcasting organizations. The indicated criteria apply alternatively; accordingly, it is sufficient for the application of the Convention to a performer, for example, if one of the three conditions (a), (b), or (c) under Article 4 of the Rome Convention is fulfilled. All criteria of eligibility show that the intention of the drafters was to make the Rome Convention applic able only to international situations, as is the case of the Berne Convention.6 At the same time, also as under the Berne Convention, Contracting States regularly have decided to grant the minimum standards of the Convention not only in international situations but also in domestic ones, in order to avoid any discrimination of their own right holders.