bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on tensile strain of carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric/thermoplastic polyurethane flexible textile composites
Authors: Li Zhe , Li Wei
Published: December 2023

In order to study the possibility of flexible textile composites as space deployable devices, carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric and thermoplastic polyurethane were compounded by hot‐pressing. The section shape of the carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric flexible textile composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy. After hot‐pressing at 120°C for 45 min, the thermoplastic polyurethane is best combined with carbon fiber bundle, and fully melted to form a protective layer, which also ensured the deformability of carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric/thermoplastic polyurethane flexible textile composites. The tensile strains of flexible textile composites in the directions of 0°, 15° and 30° were analyzed by digital image correlation. The analysis was carried out from the macroscopic scale, the single cell scale, and the fiber bundle scale, combined with the strain distribution of digital image correlation in the tensile process. From the axial and radial deformation of the bundle and the force analysis of single cell, the phenomena such as strain change, trellising phenomenon, and fabric deformation during tensile were explained. When carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric is added to glass‐fiber composite, the electromagnetic reflection efficiency can be increased by 9%. The research on strain and electromagnetic reflection provided the possibility for the flexible textile composites as a space deployment device.

Highlights

Through the use of SEM and hot‐pressing, carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric/TPU flexible textile composites with high coverage were produced.

The differences in strain distribution and deformation process throughout the CTFC tensile process at 0°, 15°, and 30° are investigated by DIC and stress analysis.

Carbon fiber triaxial woven fabric (TWF) can reflect electromagnetic radiation. TWF can increase the efficacy of reflection in composites. Space deployment is a possible application of TWF.
Effects of heat treatment on the dielectric and energy storage properties of BT‐PVDF nanocomposite films
Authors: Li Hongwei , Ye Lu , Zhang Yue , Ran Changning , Yan Tiantian , Liao Huimin , Zhang Jianjun , Ma Sude
Published: December 2023

Ceramic‐polymer nanocomposites exhibit good dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and excellent storage capacity for energy. A spin‐coating method was used to create 30 vol% BaTiO3 (BT) nanoparticles and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite films with a homogeneous thickness of around 7 μm. The findings indicated that, with increasing the quenching temperature, the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite films decreased at 100 Hz. The dielectric constant of the BT‐PVDF nanocomposite film was 75.4 after quenched in air at 100°C, which was 21.4% greater than the that of the unquenched film. The breakdown strength of the films increased with increasing quenching temperature and reached the maximum values of 1400 kV/cm and 1600 kV/cm at 160°C, respectively. The breakdown strength of the film quenched in liquid nitrogen reached a maximum of 1600 kV/cm at 140°C. With increasing of quenching temperature, the charging density of BT‐PVDF nanocomposite film increased first and then decreases, reaching the maximum value of 11.165 J/cm3 at 140°C, which was 146% higher than that of the unquenched film. Heat treatment will be an innovative method for improving the dielectric and energy‐storage capabilities of ceramic‐polymer nanocomposite films.

Highlights

The uniform thickness of the film prepared by spin‐coating was about 7 μm.

The dielectric properties of the composite film after quenching processes were improved.

The breakdown voltage and charging density were vastly enhanced after quenching processes.
Prediction of pseudo‐ductility and structural optimization of nacre‐inspired carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer laminate
Authors: Xiao Lin , Li Xiaodan , Han Runlin , Lu Chunrui , Wang Guanhui , Chen Lei , Zhang Dongxing
Published: December 2023

To enhance the ductility of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, a variety of nacre‐inspired structures with discontinuities were constructed based on the ratio of overlapping length to CFRP laminate thickness. The damage mechanisms and tensile characteristics of discontinuous laminates were elucidated using finite element analysis and experimental investigation. To anticipate the mechanical behavior of the CFRP laminate, an improved Chang‐Chang failure criteria was devised. Moreover, a model adopts the Benzeggagh‐Kenane criterion on cohesive surfaces for delamination initiation and propagation. The predicted stress–strain values are validated using experimental data under tensile stress. Furthermore, a mathematical model accurately predicted the relationship between the tensile performance of nacre‐inspired laminate and overlapping length. According to the findings, the longer the overlapping length (more than 19.5 mm) is, the lower the pseudo‐ductility. Meanwhile, the shorter the overlapping length (less than 17.5 mm) is, the lower the tensile strength. Furthermore, the laminate exhibits some pseudo‐ductility as well as little decrease in tensile strength when the overlapping length is approximately 18.5 mm.

Highlights

A mathematical model for predicting the tensile properties of various nacre‐inspired laminates was established.

The relationship between the discontinuous structure and the pseudo‐ductility of the nacre‐inspired laminate was revealed. Compared with other similar structural laminates, the laminate with an overlapping length of 17.5 mm has better overall performance.

Proposed an improved Chang‐Chang progressive failure criterion that was utilized to simulate and analyze the mechanical response and damage of the nacre‐inspired laminates under tension.
Optical neurons to interconnect sensors and artificial brains in autonomous vehicles
Authors: Pérez‐Aranda Rubén , Pankert Joseph
Published: December 2023

With the ever‐increasing need for faster data communication in cars, electrical interconnects are beginning to show bandwidth and electromagnetic compatibility limitations. The new IEEE 802.3cz ethernet physical layer has been developed specifically to meet these needs, based on a long‐wavelength multimode VCSEL (vertical cavity surface‐emitting laser) and mature bend‐insensitive multimode fibers. A major innovation is taking place that will make automotive‐grade, multigigabit optical transceivers possible.
Addressing challenges in electric vehicle production
Authors: Pallier Gwenn
Published: December 2023

The electric mobility (e‐mobility) revolution is upon us, driven by the imperative need to reduce carbon emissions, navigate evolving political landscapes, and meet societal expectations.
Venous thromboembolism management in people with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Abbinanti Alan , Witt Daniel M. , Saunders John , Jones Aubrey E. , Young David C.
Published: December 2023

Background

Rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are increasing in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). Providers treating VTE in PwCF have reported low confidence concerning anticoagulant drug selection, dose, duration, and drug–drug interactions. As there are currently no published reports regarding management of VTE in PwCF, our objective was to describe the management of VTE in PwCF.

Methods

PwCF and VTE at the University of Utah Health were identified through electronic medical record searches. Patients were categorized into one of three treatment groups: warfarin, direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The primary outcome was episodes of major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included clinically relevant nonmajor (CRNM) bleeding.

Results

Nine PwCF with a total of 12 unique VTE episodes were included in the study, with all but one episode associated with a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). Of the 12 VTE cases, 25% were treated with warfarin, 50% with a DOAC, and 25% with LMWH. There were no episodes of major bleeding and only one episode of CRNM bleeding (Hemoptysis) in the LMWH group. All anticoagulant doses and durations generally followed guidelines for persons without CF. DOACs were the most common VTE treatment, at doses and duration consistent with guidelines for persons without CF, with no major or CRNM bleeding.

Conclusion

VTE treatment in PwCF is generally consistent with guidelines for persons without CF with low rates of bleeding. DOACs are a potential option for treatment of VTE in PwCF, but more research is needed.
Lah Number Mediated Analytical Two‐center Two‐electron Integrals of Coulomb Green Function of H‐like Orbitals for 1Σ States
Authors: Kapil Bharti , Sharma Shivalika , Aggarwal Priyanka , Hazra Ram Kuntal
Published: December 2023

Energetics of two‐center two‐electron (2c–2e) systems carry challenges in theoretical understanding of Schrödinger equation (SE) for well‐known divergence of Coulomb interactions and nuclear separation (R) in modified H‐like AOs, Slater type orbitals (STOs), Gaussian type orbitals (GTOs), B‐spline, Sturmian function and etc. employed to VBT and MOT. Certain elegant computational and analytical techniques were developed for STO, GTO and other square integrable basis set within Born‐Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. STOs and GTOs have an essential limitation of absence of radial nodes. Thus, analytical treatment has become an urge for H‐like AOs. We have considered the diatomic molecules only for the sake of simplicity. Employing Sheffer identity in associated Laguerre polynomial/Whittaker‐M function forms of H‐like AOs and transforming integrals into elliptic coordinates with two nuclei on two foci furnishes exact, analytical and simple Coulomb integrals (Js) in terms of R. Lah number originated from
for nuclear coordinates only due to Sheffer identity shows that energetics of diatomic molecules can be anticipated as extremum function of R. Therefore, the optimization of potential energy surface (PES) of electrons as gradient of R may lead to σ‐bond formation. In this paper, we have developed diagonal Js for bound states of H2 molecule.
Finely Dispersed Fe3O4 and Ag Nanoparticles Adhered by Starch Nano‐layers: an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐d]Pyrimidines
Authors: Azad Poshtmakhi Sedigheh , Rad‐Moghadam Kurosh , Hosseinzadeh Hedyeh , Toorchi‐Roudsari Saeedeh
Published: December 2023

Hot‐water‐soluble starch (HWSS) was employed as binder for fabrication of a composite from magnetite and Ag nanoparticles (NPs). Electron microscopy images showed a good dispersion of magnetite NPs in the matrix of HWSS. This observation indicates that HWSS tends to coat the maximum surface of magnetite by encapsulation of individual magnetite NPs, leading to disassembly of their aggregates. The HWSS‐coated magnetite NPs were employed as nano‐support for immobilization of fine Ag NPs generated in situ via reduction of Ag+ cations by glucose. Monitoring of the formation and growth of Ag NPs by UV–Vis spectroscopy made it possible to set up an optimal condition for fabrication of the nano‐composite and to verify the supremacy of HWSS‐coated magnetite NPs over bare magnetite NPs as support in this new protocol. Valuable insights into the texture of the nano‐composite were obtained by VSM, FT‐IR and XRD studies. The bio‐derived nano‐composite displayed an interesting magnetic property and an efficient catalytic activity in the three‐component synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines. It is a robust heterogeneous catalyst and can be simply retrieved from reaction mixtures by magnetic separation method.
Exploring the Fluorescence Quenching of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Doped Polyaniline by Energetic Nitrocompounds
Authors: Ture Satish Ashok , Pattathil Shruthy D. , Yelamaggad Channabasaveshwar V. , Venkataraman Abbaraju
Published: December 2023

The fluorescence quenching studies using conducting polymers (CPs) have greatly contributed in the trace detection of high energy materials (HEMs) with nitro functional groups. Polyaniline doped with the anion surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acts as a fluorophore and is used in fluorescence quenching studies to detect HEMs at trace levels. A mechanistic approach to understanding electron transfer during the interaction of fluorophore with HEMs were studied by using spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The presence of conjugation in conducting polymer shows a molecular wire effect during fluorescence quenching by trace level of HEMs by quenching several emissions in polymer chains. The Stern‐Volmer(S‐V) and limit of detection(LOD) plots give quenching mechanism and the efficiency of quenching. These values indicate that TNT had good sensitivity compared to other HEMs such as RDX, PETN, CL‐20 and CRCC. The FTIR and Raman studies were used to understand the interaction between nitro groups of HEMs with the benzenoid, polaronic and semi‐quinoid units of doped polyaniline. The cyclic voltammetry studies revealed shift in potential and current during the interaction of the fluorophore with HEMs, and these results were combined with fluorescence studies for better understanding of the possible mechanism of quenching.
Synthesis and Mechanism of p53‐MDM2 Inhibitors with Heterocyclic Structures: A Focused Review
Authors: Ji Li‐Tao , Zhang Wenjing , Zhang Yi , Zhao Su , Long Hai‐Tao , Qin Li‐Qing , Tian Jia‐Cheng , Li Hong‐Zhang , Zhu Dan‐Xue , Zhou Yan , Lu Yi‐Duo , Wang Zhen‐Chao , Li Cheng‐Peng
Published: December 2023

P53 gene mutation is one of the important causes in tumors. p53‐MDM2 (murine double minute 2) inhibitors can interrupt p53‐dependent gene transcription activity, and inhibit p53‐mediated apoptosis, block p53‐MDM2/MDMx interaction, and significantly reduce DNA formation. In this article, we focused on the synthesis methods about nutlins and other p53 small molecule inhibitors, in order to find potential new structure for novel p53 small molecule inhibitor synthesizing.
Synthesis and Characterization of pH Triggered Imine Functional Low Molecular Weight Hydrogel
Authors: Deka Poonam , Chakraborty Amrita , Sarma Kashyap Kumar , Das Rituraj , Mahanta Sanjeev Pran , Althubeiti Khaled , Sarma Tridib Kumar , Thakuria Ranjit
Published: December 2023

A C‐3 symmetric imine functional nonpolymeric low molecular weight gelator is prepared using microwave assisted Schiff base reaction. The synthesized molecule forms a hydrogel at 5 wt% under slightly acidic pH. The material was characterized using an inversion tube test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) and FT‐IR spectroscopy. Rheological studies show the material forms a strong hydrogel with formation of nanofibrils supported by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). To the best of our knowledge this is the first example of imine based trigonal low molecular weight hydrogelator reported.
Design and Synthesis of Oxazole‐Linked Pyrazole Chalcone Derivatives: In‐Vitro Anticancer Evaluation and In‐Silico Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Rangaswamy Singamsetty , Sreenivasulu Reddymasu , Bhuvan Tej Mandava , Ramesh Babu Vankayala , Kumar Kapavarapu Ravi , Kumar Abbaraju V. D. N.
Published: December 2023

A new series of oxazole linked pyrazole chalcone derivatives (9 a–j) has been developed, prepared and tested for in vitro anticancer activity against SiHa, A549, MCF‐7, and Colo‐205 cancer cell lines with etoposide employed as a positive control. The IC50 values of the synthesized compounds vary from 0.01±0.0081 μM to 11.6±6.10 μM, while the IC50 values of the positive control range from 0.14±0.017 μM to 3.11±0.11 μM, respectively. Six compounds such as 9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 9 d, 9 i, and 9 j have showed more potent activity than the others. Based on the docking simulations conducted on Human Topoisomerase II, it is evident that compounds 9 a, 9 b, 9 c, and 9 d exhibited superior binding affinity and interaction profiles compared to other compounds analyzed in this in silico study.
Structural Characterization, DFT Analysis and Catalysis by Highly Active Cationic Fe(II)‐Cu(I) Complexes in the Green Synthesis of Triazoles in Water
Authors: Neshat Abdollah , Kakavand Meysam , Cheraghi Mahdi , Balmohammadi Yaser
Published: December 2023

Two bimetallic Fe(II)‐Cu(I) complexes, with tetrahedral Cu(I) center stabilized in a S2P2 environment, were synthesized and fully characterized using single crystal X‐ray diffraction, multinuclear NMR, IR and UV‐Visible spectroscopy techniques. Density functional theory with PBE0‐D3(BJ) functional was employed to elucidate the electronic features of these novel metal complexes. The computational analysis revealed that while all Cu(I) complexes adopted a tetrahedral geometry in the gas phase with shorter P−Cu(I) bonds than the S−Cu(I) bonds. These cationic complexes were highly active in the catalytic cycloaddition reaction of azides onto terminal alkynes. The CuAAC reaction were carried out at room temperature with as low as 1 mg (0.1 mol %) of catalyst loading to deliver high yields of the corresponding 1,4 adducts of 1,2,3‐triazoles in water under aerobic conditions.
Ferrocenes and Porphyrins as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Growth Activators under Ultrasound Irradiation
Authors: Rogatkina Elena Yu. , Mazina Svetlana E. , Rodionov Alexey N. , Simenel Alexander A.
Published: December 2023

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are beneficial bacteria for bioleaching in the mining industry to extract useful fractions from tons of waste. These bacteria are able to oxidize ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+) and use the released energy to assimilate carbon from carbon dioxide or carbonates, and can be used in the desulfurization of coal and gas. In this regard, activators of the growth of these bacteria may be useful. During the experiments on these bacterial strains, an unexpected effect of growth activation was revealed. This gives rise to further research in this direction and the identification of patterns of “structure‐activity” derivatives of ferrocene and porphyrins in relation to A. ferrooxidans.
Hydroformylation of 1‐butene to N‐pentanal on Co‐based Materials Derived from ZIF‐67: Optimization of Pyrolysis Conditions and DFT Study
Authors: Hu Sida , Dong Xiuqin , Tian Jianhang , Wang Lingtao , Chen Yifei , Jiang Haoxi
Published: December 2023

We prepared the Co‐based materials via the pyrolysis of ZIF‐67 at low temperature (250 °C~350 °C), and obtained the optimum catalyst ZIF‐67‐Sg‐350‐10 with the conversion of 1‐butene, aldehyde selectivity and n/i ratio of 94.9 %, 77.1 % and 2.2, respectively. The conversion of 1‐butene and aldehyde selectivity obviously increased with the increasing pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time. It was found that the interaction between the Co cluster and N‐doped carbon composites could improve the hydroformylation activity. Different catalyst models were built to investigate the active centers (Co) in the derived materials. The Co‐N4 surface was the best catalyst model with the lowest hydrogen insertion reaction energy barrier (0.37 eV).
C‐Doped g‐C3N4 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes under Visible Light
Authors: Wang Shiyu , Yang Jiali , Cong Hongjin , Li Xinyi , Wang Rui , Yang Meiyu , Qin Mian , Jin Kejie , Zhao Yang , Wang Huan
Published: December 2023

A type of photocatalytic agent graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has been formed by the thermal polymerization of urea with citric acid, with various contents of C in its material (CN‐x). Through the characterization of its morphology, structure, chemical composition, and photoelectric properties, it is found that the introduction of C dopant enhances sunlight absorption and facilitates electron‐hole separation and charge transfer within the g‐C3N4 structure. By further optimizing the doping amount of C, the photocatalytic degradation rates of CN‐10 on Rh B, methylene blue and amaranth reached 97.2 %, 94.2 %, and 91.2 % within 40 min, which were 1.1 times, 1.3 times, and 2 times of the unmodified g‐C3N4, respectively. Sacrifice experiments showed that ⋅O2− and ⋅OH were the main active substances in the photocatalytic degradation of Rh B and amaranth. In the degradation of methylene blue, ⋅O2− and h+ were then the main active substances.
Unsymmetrical pyrenyl‐thiophene‐benzothiazole iridium complexes supported on reduced graphene oxide as an efficient catalyst for N‐alkylation of amides with alcohols
Authors: Zhu Haiyan , Yang Chen , Wang Likui , Wang Dawei , Duan Zheng‐Chao
Published: December 2023

An iridium complex based on the unsymmetrical pyrenyl‐thiophene‐benzothiazole ligand was synthesized, and the iridium complex was supported on reduced graphene oxide successfully. The developed iridium catalyst PTB‐Ir@rGO was characterized through SEM, TEM, XPS, EDS. Meanwhile, we found that this heterogeneous iridium catalyst had high catalytic activity in N‐alkylation of benzamide with alcohols via borrowing hydrogen strategy. Moreover, several control reactions and preliminary mechanism explorations were carried out to study this transformation. Finally, the recycling experiment showed that the catalyst could be reused at least five times without a significant decrease in catalytic activity.
Enhanced catalytic performance for methane dehydro‐aromatization on Mo/HMCM‐49 prepared with citric acid
Authors: Hu Jing , Yang Chunxue , Wang Dawei , Liu Bing , Guan Qingxu , Dong Peijun , Wang Shengyan , Liu Jinglin
Published: December 2023

A simple citric acid (CA)‐ammonium molybdate co‐impregnation method was applied to prepare the Mo‐based MCM‐49 catalyst to ameliorate the dispersion of metallic Mo for methane dehydro‐aromatization reaction (MDA). The newly prepared catalyst has higher crystallinity and maintains the original morphology of zeolite, which proves that the addition of citric acid will not destroy the basic structure of the catalyst. Based on H2‐TPR, UV‐vis, NH3‐TPD and XPS characterization results, it can be corroborated that the introduction of citric acid changes the coordination state of Mo element. Brønsted acid sites can stabilize the monomeric Mo oxide species by increasing MoOx migration into the MCM‐49 zeolite pores channel after calcination, which may affect the distribution of active sites MoCx and thus improve MDA catalytic activity. The experimental results show that the Mo‐based MCM‐49 catalyst with nCA : nMo ratios of 1.0 has higher methane conversion (14.5 %) and aromatics yield (9.8 %). The combination of XPS, TG and Raman tests of the spent catalyst confirms that the newly synthesized catalysts produce less carbon deposition, thus improving the catalytic durability during the MDA reaction.
Performance and Mechanism of Modified Orange Peel as a Highly Efficient Adsorbent for Lead(II) and Mercury(II) Removal from an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Altunkaynak Yalçın , Canpolat Mutlu
Published: December 2023

This research involves evaluating the use of modified orange peel (MOP) in the removal of Pb2+ and Hg2+ from wastewater. For the modification process, certain concentrations of ethanol, NaOH, and CaCl2 solution were added to the washed and dried orange peel and kept at room temperature for 24 hours. The mixture was then subjected to filtration and rinsed with distilled water until the pH level reached 7. For this reason, the effects of Pb2+ and Hg2+ on the adsorption efficiency were examined by performing batch experiments. The surface properties of MOP were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) techniques. The results revealed that, among the various models, the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit to the isotherm data for Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions. Based on the kinetic data of adsorption, the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model provided a more accurate description of the adsorption process for Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions. According to thermodynamic analyses, both metal ions bind to MOP spontaneously and endothermally. MOP was determined to be a reliable and valid alternative material for the removal of Pb2+ and Hg2+ from aqueous environments based on its qualities such as high adsorption capacity, ease of availability, low cost, use of agricultural waste, recycling potential, and no environmental impact.
First Order Derivative of Differential Pulse Voltammetry for the Selective and Sensitive 4‐Nitrophenol Determination in the Presence of 2‐Nitrophenol at a Bare Graphite Electrode
Authors: Stoytcheva Margarita , Velkova Zdravka , Gochev Velizar , Toscano‐Palomar Lydia , Valdez Benjamin , Curiel Mario
Published: December 2023

Derivative processing of the signal obtained by differential pulse voltammetry was applied in this work as a simple strategy to achieve the sensitive and selective 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) determination in the presence of the interfering compound 2‐nitrophenol (2‐NP). The derivative voltammogram displayed a well‐defined and fully separated 4‐nitrophenol anodic peak, which was used for its quantification in two linear concentration ranges extended up to 10 μmol L−1 and up to 100 μmol L−1. A LOD as low as 0.1 μmol L−1 (S/N=3) was achieved using spectroscopic graphite electrode without any modification. The accuracy of the 4‐NP determination in the presence of 2‐NP, assessed by spike‐and‐recovery experiments was found to be satisfactory. 4‐NP determination was not affected by the presence of a range of structurally similar phenolic compounds.
Novel Catalysis Systems for the Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhu Yifan , Zhang Jiahui
Published: December 2023

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of crystalline polymers, are meticulously constructed through covalent bonds, resulting in well‐defined structures and crystalline characteristics. Precise control over their architecture, permeability, and functionality can be easily achieved simply via selection of precursor monomers. The tailored architecture and functionality make COFs versatile for various applications including gas storage, pollutant removal, catalysis, and energy storage. Efficient synthesis of COFs with high crystallinity and high yield significantly improves their performance. However, conventional synthetic methods often involve complex setups and costs. Innovations in catalysis have emerged as solutions, including refined activation procedures, novel catalysts, and alternative synthesis conditions. This review comprehensively explores current catalysis systems for COF synthesis, detailing catalysts for various linkages, elucidating mechanisms, and addressing challenges. Future directions and extensions of COF synthesis and applications are also highlighted.
Synthesis and Application of Encapsulating Metal/Sulfonic Dual‐Acid Based Phosphotungstic Acid Ionic Liquids
Authors: Shi Hong , Wang Tiantian , Zhao Qian
Published: December 2023

In recent years, ionic liquids have been widely used for industrial acid‐catalysis. The enhancements of the acidity and immobilization of ionic liquids have been drawing increasing attention from researchers. In this study, dual‐acid based phosphotungstic acid ionic liquids (PWILs) modified by a variety of metal ions (Fe3+, Cu2+, Al3+) and sulfonic acid group (−SO3) were synthesized. They were subsequently embeded into B‐SBA‐16 mesoporous molecular sieves with acidic sites to produce a plurality of encapsulating metal/sulfonic dual‐acid based phosphotungstic acid ionic liquids (MnPWIL/B‐SBA‐16s) composite catalysts. The structural properties, thermal stability, and encapsulation of the as‐fabricated composite catalysts were systematically investigated by FT‐IR, BET, SAXD, TEM, TG‐DSC and XPS. Moreover, the catalytic performances of the composite catalysts were evaluated using the ketalization of cyclohexanone with ethylene glycol as a model reaction. Among the different composite catalysts, Al0.50PWIL/B‐SBA‐16 showed the highest cyclohexanone conversion of 94.05 % and the maximum cyclohexanone glycol ketal yield of 83.45 %. Meanwhile, this catalyst still exhibited superior catalytic properties after five cycles of the catalytic reaction. These results demonstrate the high activity and durability of the novel ionic liquid composite catalyst.
Identification of the Chemical Components Derived from the Two‐Phase Electrocoagulation of Diesel Fuel
Authors: Lawal Nafisat , Thaveesangsakulthai Isaya , Nhujak Thumnoon , Kulsing Chadin
Published: December 2023

In this study, two‐phase electrocoagulation (EC) approach was developed and used to investigate blend of bio‐diesel and petro‐diesel (B10) stability under the electrochemical treatment. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used to analyze the aliquots before and after the reaction. The major compounds were alkanes and aromatic compounds with the minor contents of aldehydes, ketones, esters, alkenes, alkynes, halogens, oxygenated compounds, and heterocyclic compounds. The selected condition for the reaction was 10 V and 60 min which resulted in 9.9×109 counts per s total peak area of compounds containing from nine to seventeen carbon atoms (C9 to C17) compared with 6.8×108 counts per s for the control. The peak areas of the straight chain alkanes increased from 12 % to 33 % of the total peak areas observed after the experiment. Compounds with higher peak areas were found between C12 to C14 with the retention indices range of 1155–1678. The EC treatment mainly increased the straight and branched alkane and alcohol contents with the decreasing contents of branched cyclic alkanes. The developed system could be adapted to study the stability of other types of fuels. This is cost effective and can be performed within an hour at room temperature under atmospheric pressure.
Spinning an entrepreneurial career: Motivation, attribution, and the development of organizational capabilities
Authors: Lee Hyeonsuh , Shah Sonali K. , Agarwal Rajshree
Published: December 2023

Research Summary

We inductively examine how the careers of employee entrepreneurs unfold, uncovering the role of motives and attribution for failure. Founders expressing organizational misalignment motives for leaving established organizations engaged in “venture crafting” whereby they actively sought to build well‐functioning organizations. They built successful initial ventures and careers. Founders lacking organizational misalignment motives generally founded initial ventures that failed: however, those making internal attributions altered their behaviors and built successful careers; in contrast, founders making external attributions continued founding unsuccessful ventures. These findings suggest that building organizational capabilities—and not merely inheriting capabilities from existing organizations—is a cornerstone of building successful entrepreneurial careers. Our findings are based on detailed career history and archival data on employee entrepreneurs in the disk‐drive industry.

Managerial Summary

Our study follows careers of individuals leaving employment to create ventures, providing insights for entrepreneurs and managers. Though entrepreneurs often choose to focus solely on building a stellar product, our study underscores the importance of crafting well‐functioning organizations for career and venture success. Moreover, in case where initial ventures fail, founders who make internal attribution generate a “second chance” at success, whether as serial entrepreneurs or by returning to paid employment. Those who attribute failure to external factors, however, repeat their mistakes. For managers, our study reveals that the genesis of successful entrepreneurial careers is rooted in organizational deficiencies that prevent talented employees from thriving as intrapreneurs. The venture crafters typically left their jobs only after attempts to amend these issues were unsuccessful.
Interfacial Assembly of Bacterial Microcompartment Shell Proteins in Aqueous Multiphase Systems
Authors: Abeysinghe A. A. Dharani T. , Young Eric J. , Rowland Andrew T. , Dunshee Lucas C. , Urandur Sandeep , Sullivan Millicent O. , Kerfeld Cheryl A. , Keating Christine D.
Published: December 2023

Compartments are a fundamental feature of life, based variously on lipid membranes, protein shells, or biopolymer phase separation. Here, this combines self‐assembling bacterial microcompartment (BMC) shell proteins and liquid‐liquid phase separation (LLPS) to develop new forms of compartmentalization. It is found that BMC shell proteins assemble at the liquid‐liquid interfaces between either 1) the dextran‐rich droplets and PEG‐rich continuous phase of a poly(ethyleneglycol)(PEG)/dextran aqueous two‐phase system, or 2) the polypeptide‐rich coacervate droplets and continuous dilute phase of a polylysine/polyaspartate complex coacervate system. Interfacial protein assemblies in the coacervate system are sensitive to the ratio of cationic to anionic polypeptides, consistent with electrostatically‐driven assembly. In both systems, interfacial protein assembly competes with aggregation, with protein concentration and polycation availability impacting coating. These two LLPS systems are then combined to form a three‐phase system wherein coacervate droplets are contained within dextran‐rich phase droplets. Interfacial localization of BMC hexameric shell proteins is tunable in a three‐phase system by changing the polyelectrolyte charge ratio. The tens‐of‐micron scale BMC shell protein‐coated droplets introduced here can accommodate bioactive cargo such as enzymes or RNA and represent a new synthetic cell strategy for organizing biomimetic functionality.
Photomodulation of the Mechanical Properties and Photo‐Actuation of Chitosan‐Based Thin Films Modified with an Azobenzene‐Derivative
Authors: von Seggern Nils , Oehlsen Nina , Moudrakovski Igor , Stegbauer Linus
Published: December 2023

A sophisticated comprehension of the impacts of photoisomerization and photothermal phenomena on biogenic and responsive materials can provide a guiding framework for future applications. Herein, the procedure to manufacture homogeneous chitosan‐based smart thin films are reported by incorporating the light‐responsive azobenzene‐derivative Sodium‐4‐[(4‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)diazen‐yl]‐benzenesulfonate (TEGABS) in the biopolymer through electrostatic interactions. When irradiated with UV‐light the TEGABS/chitosan films show a biresponse, comprising the E→Z photoisomerization with a half‐life of 13 – 20 h and the light‐induced evaporation of residual moisture leading to an increase in the reduced indentation modulus (up to 49%) and hardness. Freestanding films of TEGABS/chitosan show actuation up to 13° while irradiated with UV‐light. This work shows the potential of biogenic polysaccharides in the design of biresponsive materials with photomodulated mechanical properties and unveils the link between the humidity of the environment, residual moisture, and the photomodulation of the mechanical properties.
Effect of Majoon‐e‐Nisyan (a traditional polyherbal Unani formulation) in animal models of learning and memory
Authors: Shaikh Masud , Urooj Mohd , Viquar Uzma , Javed Ghazala , Kazmi Munawwar Husain , Husain Gulam Mohammed
Published: December 2023

Aim

According to classical Unani literature, the multicomponent traditional Unani formulation majoon‐e‐nisyan is used to treat amnesia and cognitive impairment. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate majoon‐e‐nisyan's effectiveness in improving cognitive function.

Methods

Majoon‐e‐Nisyan was prepared as per traditional method. The cognitive function was evaluated using the passive avoidance test and the water maze experiment in mice. The effectiveness of the test drug was compared to that of the positive control drug, piracetam.

Results

Passive avoidance data recorded during the memory retention trial showed that transfer latency was significantly increased by majoon‐e‐nisyan at 1000 mg/kg bw (body weight) (p < 0.05) and at 1500 mg/kg bw (p < 0.001) as well as by the positive control (p < 0.001) compared to scopolamine control (negative control). Data of the water maze experiment showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in time spent near the platform quadrant following treatment with the test drug at mid‐dose (1000 mg/kg bw) and high dose (1500 mg/kg bw) in comparison with vehicle control. A significant increase in time spent in the platform quadrant was also observed in the piracetam group (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The study indicated that majoon‐e‐nisyan had a beneficial effect on cognitive functions at tested dose levels of 1000 and 1500 mg/kg bw in both models. However, the dose of 500 mg/kg bw was ineffective. The current study was successful in demonstrating the effectiveness of majoon‐e‐nisyan using two validated mouse models. Our findings provide more evidence in favor of the concept of hot‐tempered medications used in traditional Unani medicine to treat dementia. This formulation may be used as an alternative to conventional dementia medications.
Chlamydia psittaci: an emerging cause of equine abortion and fatal neonatal illness in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: El‐Hage Charles , Gilkerson James
Published: December 2023

While well known as a zoonotic pathogen of birds, Chlamydia psittaci is less well recognised as a cause of abortion in mares and severe infection in foals. However, in the past decade it has been causing epizootics of both in south‐eastern Australia, as Charles El‐Hage and James Gilkerson explain.
Case report of canine discoid lupus erythematosus in Guatemala
Authors: De León‐Robles Estefany , Colmenares Mariana , Calderón Gylari Mhelanya
Published: December 2023

An 11‐year‐old male Golden Retriever was presented for consultation due to a chronic progressive lesion on the nose that had started a year before. The majority of the nasal mucosa was affected, with the disruption of the normal architecture, pigment atrophy and abundant peeling on the rostral plane. Histopathology revealed a band of lichenoid infiltrate at the interface and vacuolation of the cells in the basal layer consistent with a diagnosis of canine discoid lupus erythematosus.
Using Physical and Virtual Labs for Experimentation in STEM+ Education: From Theory and Research to Practice
Authors: Pavlou Yvoni , Zacharia Zacharias C.
Published: December 2023

The focus of this paper is tο inform the research about and practice of laboratory experimentation in STEM+ education, which can be enacted with the use of physical laboratories (PL) and/or virtual laboratories (VL). Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence are discussed. The theoretical perspectives were drawn from embodied cognition theories and haptic perspectives on learning, and the empirical evidence was drawn from studies focusing on the comparison and combination/blending of VL and PL during experimentation. Both perspectives support the idea that both PL and VL are viable means of experimentation for students. Considerations, such as the affordances of PL (e.g., availability of haptic sensory feedback) and VL (e.g., ability to visualize abstract concepts) and students’ background (e.g., misconceptions, relevant prior embodied experiences), in conjunction with the learning objectives of each experiment, are essential when selecting/combining VL and PL. Research is still needed to develop a comprehensive framework for the optimal integration of the two modes of experimentation in STEM+ education.
Factors Influencing the Intention of Students in Regard to Stem Cell Donation for Leukemia Patients: A Comparison of Non-intenders and Intenders
Authors: Holzer Julia , Elster Doris
Published: December 2023

This study investigates factors influencing students’ intention to donate stem cells to leukemia patients. As a theoretical framework, an extended model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is used, the TPB+ model. TPB+ model includes motivational internal factors of TPB (behavioral, normative and control beliefs), and selected external factors, such as knowledge, moral obligation, moral reasoning, self-identity as a helper, and empathy, which were identified as influencing factors, especially in studies about blood donation.

Based on the theoretical frame, the teaching unit “Wake up – sensitization for stem cell donation” was developed and conducted with 94 10th to 12th graders from German high schools. The research question was: To what extent do the measured constructs of TPB+ change among non-intenders and intenders (students with high or low levels of intention for a stem cell donation) after participation in the “Wake up” teaching unit? The participants completed a questionnaire before and after the teaching unit. The data were analyzed with t-tests. The findings demonstrate that the teaching unit significantly influences some factors (e.g. negative attitude-related beliefs, control beliefs, moral obligation and subject knowledge), as well as the intention of non-intenders and intenders for stem cell donation.
Learning Biology in the Early Years Through Nature Play in the Forest: An Exploratory Study from Slovenia
Authors: Kos Marjanca , Tunnicliffe Sue Dale , Praprotnik Luka , Torkar Gregor
Published: December 2023

Nature play is defined as freely chosen, unstructured interactions with and in nature. The aim of this study was to find out how nature play provides preschool children with play episodes where they experienced biological phenomena and living organisms. 21 four-to-six-year-old children from a preschool in Slovenia participated in the study. They were told to play in the forest. Their play was observed over four consecutive days, with each session lasting 1 h and a half. Three randomly selected children were equipped each time with small video cameras attached to their heads to automatically record sound and images from their perspective. The recordings were transcribed and edited, independently reviewed and analysed. 12 recordings were analysed, a total of 1167 min. 14.9% of the time was identified as play episodes in which the children experienced biological phenomena. The children paid more attention to animals than plants and fungi. Experiences with observed animals were more emotionally engaging and led to deeper learning about them. Many of the play episodes in which the teachers were invited to join were longer and led to deeper learning. This study has shown the importance of nature play for learning biology in early years.
Museum Guides’ Views on the Integration of the Nature of Science While Addressing Visitors’ Experiences: The Context of Ecological and Evolutionary Issues
Authors: Pshenichny-Mamo Anna , Tsybulsky Dina
Published: December 2023

A major goal of natural history museums (NHMs) is to shape visitors’ worldviews about science allowing them to learn about the research process, its characteristics, and the people behind it. In this context, developing visitors’ understanding of the nature of science (NOS) is an underlying educational objective. To date, little is known about how, if at all, museum guides integrate NOS during guided tours while addressing visitor expriences. The current research attempted to fill this lacuna by studying the views of NHM guides with a focus on tours about ecological and evolutionary topics. The research participants were museum guides (n = 15) working in four NHMs in Israel. The study used a qualitative approach. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews in which the guides were asked to reflect retrospectively on their practices during guided tours. Utilizing the content analysis method, the data were analyzed through the lens of the family resemblance approach to NOS and visitors’ satisfying experiences in museums. The study’s findings revealed that museum guides refer primarily to the visitors’ cognitive experiences while integrating mainly epistemic-cognitive aspects of NOS.
The Power of Procedural Justice in the Planning of Energy Projects
Authors: Anku Nerissa Edem Lawrencia
Published: December 2023

An imbalance in power relations between energy sector stakeholders and society fuels the uneven distribution of energy services, evident in the record lower electricity access rates attributed to geographically disadvantaged rural communities globally. The article alludes to the tenet of procedural energy justice, which is concerned with including all social constituencies at all energy decision-making levels and their meaningful engagements to achieve universal energy access. The need for integrating a social component into the present techno-economic approach to electrification planning and the meaningful participation of all stakeholders is emphasised. Furthermore, the article explores the relevance of due process, a social contract for transitioning to renewable energy power, and its potential to bridge the electricity access gap between urban dwellers and rural communities. Also, the paper reinforces calls to deepen the democracy of energy decision-making by establishing a social contract with end-users of energy and frontline communities, considering the unique features of energy technologies and their associated nuances.
International Investor-State Disputes Arbitration Through Energy Justice Lenses: Opening the Case for “Greening Through Free Trade” Narratives
Authors: Santoire Emmanuelle
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on international investment arbitration through the lens of energy justice. It unfolds against the backdrop of a growing intersection between international trade, investments, and the urgent need for climate action. Recently, trade and investment agreements have included environmental provisions, but their effectiveness remains controversial. Concurrently, the energy and mining sectors account for a significant 40–50% of the disputes brought before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes each year. In this context, investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) is a particularly controversial instrument and raises strong questions related to its influence on energy governance. The chapter underscores how energy justice can offer a powerful vantage point for evaluating the functioning of ISDS. Then, it argues for the urgent need to reform the architecture of ISDS to bring it into line with the principles of energy justice, in view of considering international investments as an appropriate lever for global energy-climate transitions. This includes a call for improved transparency and active engagement with local actors to redress the procedural, distributive, and restorative imbalances that currently characterise ISDS awards.
Righting the Injustices Within the Nigerian Energy Industry
Authors: Morocco-Clarke Ayodele
Published: December 2023

The Niger-Delta of Nigeria is the predominant base for Nigeria’s thriving petroleum industry and provides the bulk of the country’s foreign earnings. Due to the relevance of the petroleum industry to the Nigerian economy, the Nigerian government, in a continuous show of weak political will, fails to adequately regulate the industry. The lax enforcement of laws and regulations has resulted in a situation in which there are numerous oil spills yearly, and the flaring of gas is routinely carried out. Consequently, the Niger-Delta region is one of the most polluted areas globally, and the people living within the region bear a disproportionate burden from petroleum production when compared to other areas in the country. On the other hand, the oil-producing areas of the Niger-Delta suffer from energy poverty generally. The thrust of this work is the application and practice of principles of energy justice to the inequitable burdens borne by the Niger-Delta region. This is done by utilising the recognition justice tenet of energy justice to ensure that the plight of those living within close proximity of exploration and production operations are recognised, addressed and injustices rectified.