bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controls of Al-Ehtesab in Matters of Belief - A Critical Comparative Study: ضوابط الاحتساب في مسائل الاعتقاد
"دراسة نقدية مقارنة"
Authors: QATAWNEH MOHAMMAD
Published: October 2020

Islamic faith being the theological core and reference of Islam was revealed by divine revelation- the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah. This revelation proposes fundamental rules to guide the process of Hisbah (accountability in respect of theological views). This study figures out the extent of serious danger that individuals and societies encounter when avoiding and neglecting the rules and guidance of Hisbah originated by divine revelation. Thus, this study investigates the rules and approaches of Hisbah in solving theological deviations of both individual and society. The study also discusses the role of Islamic theology in handling and managing these rules and approaches in respect of Islamic jurisprudence of Hisbah. This study uncovers the deviations of the approaches of some extremist sects i.e. al-Khawarij and al-Mutazilah. To come up with outstanding results, the study adopts a comparative descriptive research method.

Keywords: Hisbah, Aqidah, Rules and Guidance, Infidel, Al-Khawarij, Al-Mutazilah, Islamic Groups
فإنه لما كانت العقيدة الإسلامية هي بيضة الإسلام وحصنه ومرجعيته جاءت هذه العقيدة من خلال الوحي -القرآن والسنة- بجملة من الأُسس لضبط حركة الحسبة لتقف على الانحرافات في تطبيقاتها في مسائل العقيدة الإسلامية تحديدًا التي يتحقق بها أمن المجتمعات والدول. لذلك جاءت هذه الدراسة لتضع الأُسس والضوابط التي تقف عليها الحسبة في معالجتها للانحرافات العقدية لدى الأفراد والجماعات، وستكشف هذه الدراسة عن مدى خطورة تجنب هذه الأُسس المنطلقة من مرجعية الوحي وأثر ذلك في الأفراد والجماعات والمجتمعات، وعن دور العقيدة الإسلامية في تنظيم هذه الأسس ومراعاتها لفقه الأولويات في الحسبة. وكشفت هذه الدراسة عن الأسس المنحرفة لدى الفرق المتطرفة (كالخوارج، والمعتزلة) في فهمها لأسس الحسبة. ونهجت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي المقارن.

الكلمات المفتاحية: الحسبة، العقيدة، الضوابط، التكفير، الخوارج، المعتزلة، الجماعات الإسلامية.
Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on air pollution at regional and urban background sites in northern Italy
Authors: Putaud Jean-Philippe , Pozzoli Luca , Pisoni Enrico , Martins Dos Santos Sebastiao , Lagler Friedrich , Lanzani Guido , Dal Santo Umberto , Colette Augustin
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The COVID-19 lockdown measures gradually implemented in Lombardy (northern Italy) from 23 February 2020 led to a downturn in several economic sectors with possible impacts on air quality. Several communications claimed in the first weeks of March 2020 that the mitigation in air pollution observed at that time was actually related to these lockdown measures, without considering that seasonal variations in emissions and meteorology also influence air quality. To determine the specific impact of lockdown measures on air quality in northern Italy, we compared observations from the European Commission atmospheric observatory of Ispra (regional background) and from the regional environmental protection agency (ARPA) air monitoring stations in the Milan conurbation (urban background) with expected values for these observations using two different approaches. On the one hand, intensive aerosol variables determined from specific aerosol characterisation observations performed in Ispra were compared to their 3-year averages. On the other hand, measured concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (NO2, PM10, O3, NO, SO2) were compared to expected concentrations derived from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Regional (CAMS) ensemble model forecasts, which did not account for lockdown measures. From these comparisons, we show that NO2 concentrations decreased as a consequence of the lockdown by −30 % and −40 % on average at the urban and regional background sites, respectively. Unlike NO2, PM10 concentrations were not significantly affected by lockdown measures. This could be due to any decreases in PM10 (and PM10 precursors) emissions from traffic being compensated for by increases in emissions from domestic heating and/or from changes in the secondary aerosol formation regime resulting from the lockdown measures. The implementation of the lockdown measures also led to an increase in the highest O3 concentrations at both the urban and regional background sites resulting from reduced titration of O3 by NO. The relaxation of the lockdown measures beginning in May resulted in close to expected NO2 concentrations in the urban background, and to significant increases in PM10 in comparison to expected concentrations at both regional and urban background sites.
Quasi-coincident Observations of Polar Stratospheric Clouds by Ground-based Lidar and CALIOP at Concordia (Dome C, Antarctica) from 2014 to 2018
Authors: Snels Marcel , Colao Francesco , Shuli Ilir , Scoccione Andrea , De Muro Mauro , Pitts Michael , Poole Lamont , di Liberto Luca
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) have been observed from 2014 to 2018 from the lidar observatory at the Antarctic Concordia station (Dome C), included as a primary station in the NDACC (Network for Detection of Atmospheric Climate Change). Many of these measurements have been performed in coincidence with overpasses of the satellite-borne CALIOP (Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) lidar, in order to perform a comparison in terms of PSC detection and 5 composition classification. Good agreement has been obtained, despite of intrinsic differences in observation geometry and data sampling. This study reports, up to our knowledge, the most extensive comparison of PSC observations by ground-based and satellite-borne lidars. The PSCs observed by the ground-based lidar and CALIOP form a complementary and congruent dataset, and allow to study the seasonal and interannual variations of PSC occurrences at Dome C. Moreover a strong correlation with the formation temperature of NAT (Nitricacidtrihydrate), TNAT, calculated from local temperature, pressure and H2O and HNO3 concentrations is shown. PSCs appear at Dome C at the beginning of June up to 26 km, and start to disappear at the second half of August, when the local temperatures start to rise above TNAT. Rare PSC observations in September coincide with colder air masses below 18 km.
Heterogeneous Interactions between SO2 and Organic Peroxides in Submicron Aerosol
Authors: Wang Shunyao , Liu Tengyu , Jang Jinmyung , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Chan Arthur W. H.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric models often underestimate particulate sulfate, a major component in ambient aerosol, suggesting missing sulfate formation mechanisms in the models. Heterogeneous reactions between SO2 and aerosol play an important role in particulate sulfate formation and its physicochemical evolution. Here we study the reactive uptake kinetics of SO2 onto aerosol containing organic peroxides. We present chamber studies of SO2 reactive uptake performed under different relative humidities (RH), particulate peroxide contents, peroxide types, and aerosol acidities. Using different model organic peroxides mixed with ammonium sulfate particles, SO2 uptake coefficient (γSO2) was found to be exponentially dependent on RH. γSO2 increases from 10−3 at RH 25 % to 10−2 at RH 71 % as measured for a multifunctional organic peroxide. Under similar conditions, the kinetics were found to be structurally dependent: multifunctional organic peroxides have a higher γSO2 than those with only one peroxide group, consistent with the reactivity trend observed previously in the aqueous phase. In addition, γSO2 is linearly related to particle-phase peroxide content, which in turn depends on gas-particle partitioning of organic peroxides. Aerosol acidity plays a complex role in determining SO2 uptake rate, influenced by the effective Henry's Law constant of SO2 and the condensed phase kinetics of the peroxide-SO2 reaction in the highly concentrated aerosol phase. These uptake coefficients are consistently higher than those calculated from the reaction kinetics in the bulk aqueous phase, and we show experimental evidence suggesting that other factors, such as particle-phase ionic strength, can play an essential role in determining the uptake kinetics. γSO2 for different types of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were measured to be on the order of 10−4. Overall, this study provides quantitative evidence of the multiphase reactions between SO2 and organic peroxides, highlighting the important factors that govern the uptake kinetics.
Development and application of a mass closure PM2.5 composition online monitoring system
Authors: Su Cui-Ping , Peng Xing , Huang Xiao-Feng , Zeng Li-Wu , Cao Li-Ming , Tang Meng-Xue , Chen Yao , Zhu Bo , Wang Yishi , He Ling-Yan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Online instruments have been widely applied for the measurement of PM2.5 and its chemical components; however, these instruments have a
major shortcoming in terms of the lack or limited number of species in field measurements. To this end, a new mass closure PM2.5 online integrated system was developed and applied in this work to develop more comprehensive information on chemical species in PM2.5. For the
new system, one isokinetic sampling system for PM2.5 was coupled with an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Aerodyne, ACSM), an
aethalometer (Magee, AE-31), an automated multi-metals monitor (Cooper Corporation, Xact-625) and a hybrid synchronized ambient particulate
real-time analyzer monitor (Thermo Scientific, SHARP-5030i) to enable high-resolution temporal (1 h) measurements of organic matter,
SO42-, NO3-, Cl−, NH4+, black carbon, important elements and PM2.5 mass
concentrations. The new online integrated system was first deployed in Shenzhen, China, to measure the PM2.5 composition from 25 September
to 30 October 2019. Our results showed that the average PM2.5 concentration in this work was 33 µg m−3, and the measured
species reconstructed the PM2.5 well and almost formed a mass closure (94 %). The multi-linear engine (ME-2) model was employed for the
comprehensive online PM2.5 chemical dataset to apportion the sources with predetermined constraints, in which the organic ion fragment
m/z 44 in ACSM data was used as the tracer for secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Nine sources were determined and obtained reasonable time
series and diurnal variations in this study, including identified SOA (23 %), secondary sulfate (22 %), vehicle emissions (18 %),
biomass burning (11 %), coal burning (8.0 %), secondary nitrate (5.3 %), fugitive dust (3.8 %), ship emissions (3.7 %) and
industrial emissions (2.1 %). The potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis indicated that the major source area could be the
region north of the sampling site. This is the first system in the world that can perform online measurements of PM2.5 components with a
mass closure, thus providing a new powerful tool for PM2.5 long-term daily measurement and source apportionment.
Destruction and reinstatement of coastal hypoxia in the South China
Sea off the Pearl River Estuary
Authors: Zhao Yangyang , Uthaipan Khanittha , Lu Zhongming , Li Yan , Liu Jing , Liu Hongbin , Gan Jianping , Meng Feifei , Dai Minhan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We examined the evolution of intermittent hypoxia off the Pearl River Estuary during three cruise legs conducted in July 2018: one during severe hypoxic conditions before the passage of a typhoon and two post-typhoon legs showing destruction of the hypoxia and its reinstatement. The lowest ever regional dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 3.5 μmol kg−1 (~ 0.1 mg L−1) was observed in bottom waters during Leg 1, with a ~ 660 km2 area experiencing hypoxic conditions (DO
Satellite soil moisture data assimilation for improved operational continental water balance prediction
Authors: Tian Siyuan , Renzullo Luigi J. , Pipunic Robert C. , Lerat Julien , Sharples Wendy , Donnelly Chantal
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A simple and effective two-step data assimilation framework was developed to improve soil moisture representation in an operational large-scale water balance model. The first step is the sequential state updating process that exploits temporal covariance statistics between modelled and satellite-derived soil moisture to produce analysed estimates. The second step is to use analysed surface moisture estimates to impart mass conservation constraints (mass redistribution) on related states and fluxes of the model in a post-analysis adjustment after the state updating at each time step. In this study, we apply the data assimilation framework to the Australian Water Resources Assessment Landscape model (AWRA-L) and evaluate its impact on the model's accuracy against in-situ observations across water balance components. We show that the correlation between simulated surface soil moisture and in-situ observation increases from 0.54 (open-loop) to 0.77 (data assimilation). Furthermore, indirect verification of root-zone soil moisture using remotely sensed vegetation time series across cropland areas results in significant improvements of 0.11 correlation units. The improvements gained from data assimilation can persist for more than one week in surface soil moisture estimates and one month in root-zone soil moisture estimates, thus demonstrating the efficacy of this data assimilation framework.
Zonal Current Characteristics in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO)
Authors: Ningsih Nining Sari , Sakina Sholihati Lathifa , Susanto Raden Dwi , Hanifah Farrah
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Zonal current characteristics in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) adjacent to the southern Sumatra-Java coasts have been studied using 64 years (1950–2013) data derived from simulated results of a 1/8° global version of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). This study has revealed distinctive features of zonal currents in the South Java Current (SJC) region, the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF)/South Equatorial Current (SEC) region, and the transition zone between the SJC and ITF/SEC regions. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to investigate explained variance of the current data and give results for almost 95–98 % of total variance. The first temporal mode of EOF is then investigated by using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) for distinguishing the signals. The EEMD analysis shows that zonal currents in the SETIO vary considerably from intraseasonal to interannual timescales. In the SJC region, the zonal currents are consecutively dominated by semiannual (0.140 power/year), intraseasonal (0.070 power/year), and annual (0.038 power/year) signals, while semiannual (0.135 power/year) and intraseasonal (0.033 power/year) signals with pronounced interannual variations (0.012 power/year) of current appear consecutively to be dominant modes of variability in the transition zone between the SJC and ITF/SEC regions. In contrast, there exist dominant interannual signal (0.017 power/year) with prominent intraseasonal variability (0.012 power/year) of the current in the ITF/SEC region. In response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, El Niño (La Niña) events are favourable for an eastward (westward) zonal current. Meanwhile, an eastward (westward) anomaly of the current exists during negative (positive) Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which is associated with the presence of anomalous surface winds over the study area during those events. This work may contribute to further understanding of the variability of zonal current characteristics in the SETIO both in space and time as well as identification of its dominant time scales.
Observed snow depth trends in the European Alps 1971 to 2019
Authors: Matiu Michael , Crespi Alice , Bertoldi Giacomo , Carmagnola Carlo Maria , Marty Christoph , Morin Samuel , Schöner Wolfgang , Cat Berro Daniele , Chiogna Gabriele , De Gregorio Ludovica , Kotlarski Sven , Majone Bruno , Resch Gernot , Terzago Silvia , Valt Mauro , Beozzo Walter , Cianfarra Paola , Gouttevin Isabelle , Marcolini Giorgia , Notarnicola Claudia , Petitta Marcello , Scherrer Simon C. , Strasser Ulrich , Winkler Michael , Zebisch Marc , Cicogna Andrea , Cremonini Roberto , Debernardi Andrea , Faletto Mattia , Gaddo Mauro , Giovannini Lorenzo , Mercalli Luca , Soubeyroux Jean-Michel , Sušnik Andrea , Trenti Alberto , Urbani Stefano , Weilguni Viktor
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The European Alps stretch over a range of climate zones, which affect the spatial distribution of snow. Previous analyses of station observations of snow were confined to regional analyses. Here, we present an Alpine wide analysis of snow depth from six Alpine countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, and Switzerland; including altogether more than 2000 stations. Using a principal component analysis and k-means clustering, we identified five main modes of variability and five regions, which match the climatic forcing zones: north and high Alpine, northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest. Linear trends of mean monthly snow depth between 1971 to 2019 showed decreases in snow depth for 87 % of the stations. December to February trends were on average −1.1 cm decade−1 (min, max: −10.8, 4.4; elevation range 0–1000 m), −2.5 (−25.1, 4.4; 1000–2000 m) and −0.1 (−23.3, 9.9; 2000–3000 m), with stronger trends in March to May: −0.6 (−10.9, 1.0; 0–1000 m), −4.6 (−28.1, 4.1; 1000–2000 m) and −7.6 (−28.3, 10.5; 2000–3000 m). However, regional trends differed substantially, which challenges the notion of generalizing results from one Alpine region to another or to the whole Alps. This study presents an analysis of station snow depth series with the most comprehensive spatial coverage in the European Alps to date.
Behavioral Responses of Tabanidae and Stomoxys calcitrans to Unbaited and Baited Nzi and Horse Pal Traps in Southern Sweden
Authors: Vaduva Gabriela
Published: October 2020

The distribution and species diversity of tabanids and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus, 1758, in the research area, Hästhult (wood pasture) in Sweden, as well as the behavioral responses of biting flies to visual and olfactory cues were highlighted by this study. Beyond the control of tabanids and stable flies through the Nzi and Horse Pal traps that act as a surrogate host, this study sought to demonstrate the attractiveness of biting flies to these traps by comparing the results of the two periods in which the traps were unbaited and baited. The odor attractants, such as urine (a mixture of more than phenol) and acetone used to increase trap yields, made the difference to the Horse Pal and Nzi traps for S. calcitrans (L) because the number of flies caught was significantly higher. Through this study, Nzi trap with bait and Horse Pal trap with and without bait were tested for the first time as regards the tabanids and S. calcitrans (L) in Scandinavia. Surprisingly, the number of tabanids caught in the Nzi trap was equal in both situations with or without bait. The result underlined the idea that the Nzi trap manages to catch a large number of tabanids even in the absence of attractants. It turns out that the Horse Pal trap was just as effective with and without bait in capturing tabanids. Furthermore, the number of tabanids caught in both traps depended on the type of weather, and the number of stable flies depended on the weather and also the type of trap. The results of this study showed that both the visual and olfactory aspects of the Nzi and Horse Pal traps are always essential, being used successfully in the control of biting flies and optimized for various research purposes.
Do the Stripes on Three-Dimensional Models Overcome the Odor Signals in Tabanids Landing Choice?
Authors: Vaduva Gabriela
Published: October 2020

Information about the important factors in tabanid flies visual orientation to hosts has been largely derived from experimental modifications of visual traps and decoys. In the present study performed in wood pasture (Hästhult), southern Sweden, three-dimensional striped models resembling the shape of Zebra, Bongo, Kudu and four control models of different homogenous colors (black, white, reddish-brown and brown) were baited with acetone and aged cow urine in order to test the behavioral preferences in terms of visual and olfactory stimuli in host-seeking tabanids. Attraction of tabanid flies to these models (3D) was high, possibly due to the greater visibility from several directions and also from a greater distance. Vision is important in activating, orienting tabanid flies to the host, as well as for their decision whether and where to land. This research revealed that the visual cues such as stripes on striped models became increasingly important in directing tabanids landing and searching behavior at close range. Likewise, the tabanids approach to attractants sources was overridden by visual cues (stripes) at greater extent compared with the more attractiveness to homogenous colors on control models. Moreover, the visual stimuli (stripes) played also a supplementary role, modifying the selection of landing area on striped model (land on homogenous color part in Bongo and Kudu) once alighting responses were initiated by odor. Tabanid species, especially Haematopota pluvialis and Tabanus bromius exhibited a preference for landing mostly on reddish-brown control model when given the choice of other colors. However, the complex interaction of attractants and visual cues (stripes, color, shape) in the later stages of resource location, remains relatively little studied in all species of tabanids.
From Sousaphones to Superman: Narrative, Rhetoric, and Memory as Equipment for Living
Authors: Lewis Camille Kaminski
Published: October 2020

Rafe McGregor’s Narrative Justice comprehensively unravels exactly how a white-nationalist narrative subverts justice and how a counter-narrative might lead to more ethical action. In his exhaustive argument, McGregor addresses the continuing conversation within aesthetic education overlapping narrative representation with his unique contribution, criminology. As a rhetorician with an interdisciplinary focus on religion in the American public sphere, I currently research how white supremacy intersects with conservative politics and revivalism. Mixing evangelical religion and white supremacist politics is like dropping Mentos into Diet Coke, and I am exploring that rhetorical reaction and how we can dilute the political geyser. McGregor’s analysis and prescription speak directly to my project. Since, as McGregor proves, narratives teach ethical understanding and similar narratives permeate unjust political ideologies, our creating ethical counter-narratives will promote social justice. Intersecting McGregor’s theory on narrative justice with rhetorical studies and American religion complements and complicates his conclusions. If exemplary narratives can improve our ethical action, then a fictional superhero can inspire us to stand up against intolerance, a Bob Jones College alumnus can help us visualize alternatives to hate, and even a thirty-foot-tall everyman-of-color can stretch our imagination toward change.
Introductory Computer Programming Courses in Mathematics Curriculum
Authors: Jones Leslie , Smith Tim
Published: October 2020

We present the results of surveys and curricular research on introductory computer programming courses that are required or recommended for mathematics degrees at U.S. colleges and universities. Our target schools were those with populations between 5,000 and 20,000 undergraduate students. A key result is a synopsis of programming languages in use in these introductory courses with Java, Python and C + + holding the top three spots. We found that 85% of the 340 schools in our pool require or recommend an introductory programming course as a component of a mathematics degree. Furthermore, most of these introductory programming courses are taught by faculty outside of the mathematics department. These results indicate that mathematics faculty value computer programming and should be actively involved in setting learning outcomes, incorporating skills and concepts learned in introductory programming courses into subsequent mathematics courses, and determining programming languages in use.

Subject Classification: 97D30, 97P20, 97P40
Assessment of Students Support Services Centre Approach to Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment of Substance Abuse Management in a Private Institution of Higher Learning
Authors: Emmanuel Okondu Ogechukwu , Victoria Lazarus Phebe , Confidence Okondu Emmanuel , Abubakar Khadija , Opeyemi Banjo Oluwafikayomi , Peter C Ikonta , Florence Chigeru Chinyere , Richard Iloma Unwobuesor , Gladys Okafor Ukamaka
Published: October 2020

Substance abuse among young adults is a major public health issue which can cause significant damage to their mental health. The screening, brief, interventions and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is a public health prevention tool used in identifying persons at risk of substance use and abuse. This study assessed the approach to screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment of substance abuse management in a higher institution of learning. The study adopted a qualitative key informant’s interviewer assessment method. Key informants from the Student Support Service (SSS) Centre were interviewed to assess the SBIRT management approach of substance abuse in a university setting. The interview guide had a total of 5 themes with 8 questions and 14 follow-up questions. Interviews and observation of key informants was used to obtain research information. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. This study revealed that the study population utilized reliable drug tests, students’ performance, behavior and appearance of the students as an approach to screening students for substance abuse. Management was dependent on level of risk of the student determined from the screening process. Substance use disorders varying from moderate to high risk were given counselling therapy; patients with severe risk dependency were referred to specialty treatment (rehabilitation) for further treatment. The SBIRT approach in the treatment of students at risk of substance abuse have been found to be useful. There are however challenges with students complying to treatment which needs to be addressed.
De kwetsbare legitimaris, de langstlevende partner en de kantonrechter
Authors: ter Haar J.H.M. , Tuinstra G.A.
Published: October 2020

De kwetsbare legitimaris, de langstlevende partner en de kantonrechter

De kantonrechter heeft als toezichthouder op het beheer over het vermogen van kwetsbare legitimarissen een belangrijke taak. Dit geldt in het bijzonder als hun belang botst met dat van de langstlevende partner van de overledene. Hoe gaat de kantonrechter dan om met een schending van de legitieme portie? Maakt het verschil of de schending terloops blijkt of dat de schending aanleiding is voor het machtigingsverzoek? Schrijvers gaan in op uiteenlopende uitspraken en doen een handreiking aan de rechterlijke praktijk.
Determinants of lung health across the life course in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Rylance S. , Masekela R. , Banda N. P. K. , Mortimer K.
Published: October 2020

LUNG HEALTH ACROSS THE life course is influenced by factors affecting airway and alveolar development and growth during antenatal and perinatal periods, throughout childhood and adolescence, and into adulthood. Lung function trajectories are set in early life and childhood deficits
may predispose to non-communicable respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in later years. Potential risk factors are common in many sub-Saharan African (sSA) countries; adverse antenatal environments cause in utero growth restriction and prematurity;
HIV and respiratory infections, including TB are common; exposure to air pollution is widespread, including household air pollution from biomass fuel use, traffic-related pollution in rapidly expanding cities, and tobacco smoke exposure. Multiple disadvantages experienced in early life require
an integrated approach that addresses reproductive, maternal and child health. Public health strategies need to tackle multiple risk factors, emphasising Universal Health Coverage, to maximise lung health in the world´s poorest, most vulnerable populations. This review explores potential
determinants of lung health across the life course. Due to the extensive topic and wide range of related literature, we prioritised more recent citations, especially those from sSA, focusing on risk factors for which there is most information, and which are most prevalent in the region.
Balancing in the role of a professional family assistant – from a distanced concern to an institutional trap
Authors: Szpunar Małgorzata
Published: October 2020

The article unveils the complexity of the professional role of a family assistant as well as areas close to other social professions. In addition, it shows the character of social work, which has its roots in the assumptions of social pedagogy of the 60s of the 20th century, as well as, in a similar scope, in the current expectations for social workers. The statutory requirements of family assistance, practiced and desirable work styles of assistants in Poland are described. The article presents the situations and activities of an assistant when working with families. Emphasis is placed on the multidimensionality of assistants’ work. A family assistant, like a social worker or social educator, balances his/her professional role from an empathic attitude through a distanced care to the institutional trap. These dilemmas and paradoxes together with their types and areas are described. Moreover, the article shows examples of moral dilemmas and paradoxes of family assistants’ professional actions.
The state of family assistance profession in Poland. Conclusions from own research
Authors: Lubińska-Tomczak Mirela
Published: October 2020

This article is about the profession of the family assistant and complexity of their work environment. In the framework of the empirical research attempts were made to answer questions regarding cooperation of family assistants with the supported families and with the employees of aid institutions, such as police officers, coordinators of family foster care, educational and judiciary professionals and social workers. They also sought to identify and depict the mutual relationships among the social groups, to define the socio-occupational position of family assistants and how they perceive their work. The empirical research carried out within the qualitative methodological framework in the Province of Opole. The research sample included 111 respondents. The applied technique was the in-dept interview, relying on three different interview questionnaires, one per each group: family assistants, assistance services, and supported families.
The collected empirical material was subjected to content analysis and numerous conclusions were drawn.
A sense of support felt by families raising children with disabilities
Authors: Czerw Monika , Muchacka-Cymerman Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

Families raising children with disabilities face many everyday problems. They are or accepted, or sometimes rejected by the society or the society is indifferent to them. The presented research attempts to identify how families raising children with various disabilities cope in everyday life and how they perceive their problems and how their children are treated by other people. Research results indicate that apart from psychological and emotional support for the surveyed families, material support is important because maintaining the family at additional costs related to rehabilitation, specialist medical care, buying medicines and appropriate medical equipment hinders their daily existence.
The phenomenon of the filter bubble as a threat to freedom on the Web
Authors: Czopek Jakub
Published: October 2020

The internet is usually presented as a medium that gives unlimited freedom to the user. The main purpose of the article is to characterize the concept of the filter bubble. It describes the mechanism that can significantly affect the type of content that Internet users encounter on the Web. By limiting content to those that are compatible with the worldview of the person seeking information, the filter bubble can significantly limit the freedom of seeking information. The article also presents several ways that can limit the negative impact of this phenomenon.
Trends of Modernization of professional training in the system of special education
Authors: Sheremet Maria , Suprun Mykola , Suprun Daria
Published: October 2020

The conceptual foundations of the theory and practice of the professional formation of the personality in the system of special education are substantiated. The essence of the given training is considered in various ways, on the basis of which its qualitative and classification characteristics, levels and systemic and structural components are determined; the content, organizational and pedagogical conditions and criteria for assessing the levels of formation of these components aredefined.The following components of professional training are defined: professional and motivational, cognitive and competence, operational and active, productive and reflexive. It is indicated that the given structural components are interrelated, interdependent and complementary to each other. Theoretical paradigm is scientifically substantiated, the structural-functional, organizational-didactic model of the system of professional training in the field of special education is developed and tested and the dynamics of the formation of its components according to the results of the implementation of this system is highlighted. Particular attention is paid to finding and developing of the optimal set of methods of its providing, developing programs and definition of developed program’s efficiency. The practical results of scientists’ work in defining spheres are analyzed. The results of the experimental study of the components of the professional readiness to work on a specialty are highlighted. The prospects for further research in the context of improving professional training in the field of special education are outlined.
The peculiarities of emotional state of children with speech disorders
Authors: Belova Olena
Published: October 2020

The state of the aggression problem in the junior schoolchildren with typical psychophysical development and disordered speech in the scientific psychological-pedagogical literature of our and foreign countries is analyzed in this paper. The topicality of this problem in remedial pedagogy and special psychology is found out.
The evaluation criteria by types and subtypes of aggression are determined (the self-regulated type includes controlled and competitive subtypes; the latent type of aggression is divided into protective and depressive; the behavioral type includes demonstrative and physical subtypes of aggression). The peculiarities of manifestation (by types and subtypes) of the aggression state, modelling in minds of different types of behavior, the awareness of the internal and external mechanisms of aggression and manifestation of aggression in actions are considered. The aggression manifestation in the junior schoolchildren with typical psychophysical development and disordered speech are studied (henceforth we use the abbreviation: a disorder of speech development – DSD) in the different research fields, specifically, “I am an individual”, “I am in a family”, “I am in the society”. The comparison of the aggression levels among junior pupils with normal physical and psychological development and also in kids with phonetic underdeveloped speech (henceforth we use the abbreviation: phonetic underdeveloped speech – PhUS), phonetic-phonemic underdeveloped speech (henceforth we use the abbreviation: phonetic-phonemic underdeveloped speech – Ph-PhUS) and slovenly manifested general speech underdevelopment (henceforth we use the abbreviation: slovenly manifested general speech underdevelopment – UGSU) is considered.
Coping with Covid-19 in Argentina: earliest impact on everyday life and work
Authors: Zsögön Cecilia
Published: October 2020

This paper reports on the ongoing impact of Covid-19 pandemic in daily life in Argentina, highlighting the initial consequences of the quarantine established on March 20th in an attempt to control the outbreak. We focus on the perception of the role of political authorities, the media and the impact on habits in everyday life, which are being re-shaped in this new context. Online interviews were conducted in different cities of the North, Center and South of Argentina, including the capital, Buenos Aires. This is an exploratory analysis of an ongoing public health event whose consequences are presently far from clear, but its current contours have forced people to modify their daily routines, if not their lives. We highlight extreme reactions, ranging from “indifference” to “panic” or “selfishness” with “solidarity” emerging as the desirable and adequate response to the situation of “mandatory social isolation” or quarantine. Amid the uncertainty regarding the present and the future, novel contours emerge that account for the specificity of a South American country marked by recurrent economic and social crises throughout almost its entire history. Argentina was already struggling with financial difficulties, rising poverty and a fragile labour market characterized by high rates of unemployment and informality. This already delicate scenario was worsened by the sudden irruption of the first cases of Covid-19.
Parents in education and democracy. Ontologies of engagement
Authors: Mendel Maria
Published: October 2020

In this text I will briefly consider the issues which form its framework. I will explain the choice of the tag: Parents-Education-Democracy, and present the circumstances in which this particular network of concepts seems to have current relevance. First, I will describe the chosen approach to the issue of the relationship between education, democracy, and the school as positioned within this interdependence. This issue has been extensively studied in social pedagogy, both in the past (see, e.g., the works by Radlińska or Wroczyński) as well as currently (see, e.g., the works by Tadeusz Plich, Mikołaj Winiarski, and many others). Next, following the lines of the aforementioned relationships and viewing parents as important for their shaping, I will show three ontologies of parent engagement which can frame the discourse on this volume’s subject matter - the parent-education-democracy triad - from multiple perspectives.
Beeinflussen Klima-Schulstreiks die politische Agenda? Eine Analyse der Twitterkommunikation von Bundestagsabgeordneten
Authors: Raisch Judith , Zohlnhöfer Reimut
Published: October 2020

Have the school strikes for the climate (Fridays for Future (FFF) movement) affected political agenda setting in Germany? And does a MP’s party affiliation matter for how often and in what ways he or she mentions the FFF movement? These questions are answered by analyzing 78,000 Twitter tweets of 89 Members of the German Bundestag from all seven parties represented in parliament between November 2017 und April 2019 . MPs of all parties paid more attention to climate issues after the school strikes began . Moreover, and in line with the expectations of the issue ownership literature, it turns out that MPs for the Greens and the Left Party referred more often to the FFF movement in their tweets than members of the AfD, FDP, CDU, and CSU . Similarly, Green and Left MPs’ tweets about the FFF movement were more positive, encouraged followers to support the movement more often, and linked comments on the FFF movement that critiqued the government’s climate policy more frequently than members of the latter parties . The tweets of SPD MPs resembled those of Green and Left MPs .
Masse oder Qualität? Über das Neben- und Gegeneinander von parlamentarischen und privaten Petitionsplattformen
Authors: Linden Markus
Published: October 2020

The article outlines the recent development of the petitioning system in Germany and discusses the most important private and state platforms for public, digitally signable petitions . Connecting private platforms with the parliamentary petitioning system, which is sometimes demanded, would be counterproductive . The observable possibilities of influencing the course of petitions as well as the economic connections between the various private campaign and petitioning platforms speak against this . Instead, a plea is made for an upgrading of the parliamentary petitioning system . Two concrete measures appear promising here: the introduction of a petitioning hour in the plenary session of the German Bundestag and the establishment of public petitions that can be digitally signed in all federal states . Processes of fragmentation, economization, and devaluation of parliamentarism can thus be countered .
Les implications du principe de la souveraineté permanente de l’Etat sur les ressources naturelles sous l’empire de la Constitution du 18 février 2006 en République Démocratique du Congo
Authors: Hengelela Joseph Cihunda , Ekila Nicole Djangi
Published: October 2020

Cet article démontre que le principe constitutionnel de la souveraineté permanente de l’Etat sur les ressources naturelles a été inscrit dans le système juridique congolais comme un antidote au modèle économique hérité de la colonisation. Les auteurs soutiennent qu’au regard de sa portée, il peut offrir une protection efficace aux ressources naturelles en République Démocratique du Congo à condition que certains préalables soient remplis. Il s’agit notamment de l’effectivité de l’application des lois, de l’efficacité du contrôle des activités d’exploitations des ressources naturelles, de la transparence dans la collecte et la redistribution équitable des revenus des industries extractives ainsi que de l’exercice du droit à l’indemnisation en cas de spoliation.
Analysis of Cardiac Injury Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Abdeladim Salma , Oualim Sara , Elouarradi Amal , Bensahi Ilham , Aniq Filali Rita , EL Harras Mahassine , Scadi Soukaina , Bouaiti El Arbi , Abdelhamid Naitlho , Sabry Mohamed
Published: October 2020

Background: Infection with the novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), producing a clinical syndrome known as COVID-19, is a budding infectious disease that first manifested in December 2019 in China and subsequently spread worldwide. Objectives: We performed an analysis of cardiac injury markers to determine their usefulness as predictors of severity and mortality Methods: In a retrospective study, we enrolled 73 patients with confirmed diagnoses of COVID-19, from March 21, 2020, to April 24, 2020. Serial tests of cardiac injury markers, including cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were considered for the analysis of potential cardiac damage. Results: Among 149 patients with confirmed COVID-19, data from 73 patients were studied. Of them, 58 (79.46%) patients were discharged, and 15 (20.54 %) patients died. The mean age was 58.50 (14.66) years. Patients were classified into mild (39 cases), severe (17 cases), and critical (17 cases) groups. The peak cardiac troponin I level (0.11 ng/mL [IQR: 0.33–0.20]), peak NT-pro BNP level (5840.35 pg/mL [IQR: 1609.39 – 10071.32]), and peak LDH level (578.65 UI/l[IQR: 313.40 – 843.90]) were significantly higher in the critical group, and the three cardiac injury parameters were significantly higher in the death group, suggesting that they are significantly associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: The understanding of cardiovascular system injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its underlying mechanisms is of great importance for the early clinical management of these patients and mortality reduction.
Anti-Escherichia coli Activity of Herbal Medicines: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Saravani Khadijeh , Malayeri Fardin Ali
Published: October 2020

Context: Infectious diseases are the cause of death worldwide. As antibiotic resistance is rising, researchers are looking for new therapies. The Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, causes acquired hospital infections and results in intestinal infections and many infections out of the intestine, like urinary tract infections (UTI), cholecystitis, wound infections, meningitis, septicemia, pulmonary infections, etc. Plants are a good source of bioactive compounds; hence, they can be effective in treating several illnesses. The purpose of this research was to peruse the antibacterial activity of various herbal extracts on E. coli. Evidence Acquisition: This research was obtained from various articles published from 2000 to 2017 from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Islamic Science Citation, and Magiran databases. The keywords used were E. coli, herbs, natural antibiotics, and antimicrobial activity. Results: The results showed that the ethanolic extracts of medicinal plants showed better inhibitory function against E. coli than other solvents. Conclusions: The obtained results showed that medicinal herbs can be considered as the main medicinal agents capable of affecting infections caused by E. coli.
Exploring the links between out-migration and social development in Romania. A Development Region-based approach
Authors: Mitrică Bianca , Damian Nicoleta , Mocanu Irena , Grigorescu Ines
Published: October 2020

In-migration into the EU has become an important issue in recent decades, as an important component accounting for population changes in Europe. In contrast, it was after the fall of communism that out-migration grew into a major – but also relatively new – phenomenon affecting Romania. Especially after 2002, in which year Schengen visa requirements were waived, rapid growth in circular migration was encouraged; with a further migratory wave ensuing after 2007, due to free access to the European labour market. Against that background, work detailed in this paper has sought to provide insights into specific features of the process of out-migration, as this relates to social development. Use was made of statistical data available at NUTS 2 (Development Regions) level, as provided by the National Institute of Statistics; as well as various further data and information from both the World Bank and EUROSTAT. To achieve the objective specified above, efforts have been made to select indicators shown to offer a broad and accurate picture of both out-migration (via an out-migration rate indicator) and levels of social developmental (via a Socially Disadvantaged Index). The effects of what mainly proves to be temporary out-migration are very important, as they drive temporary loss of human capital, with Romania appearing in statistics among the main sources of labour-migration flows.
Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship
Authors: Kerpaci Kalie
Published: October 2020

In this paper, I deal with the phenomenon of Albanian return migration. I focus on the category of returned migrants from Greece, who own a small business in Tirana, the capital of Albania. The aim of the research is to explore the circumstances under which the migrants decided to return and set up a business. I try to analyze the reasons they engaged in entrepreneurial activities through the necessity-opportunity entrepreneurship approach. Some became entrepreneurs out of necessity to avoid unemployment; others because of business opportunities. Within this last group of opportunity-seizing returned migrants, there are some who planned their return and intended to set up a business before migrating. Their objectives in Greece were to save money and gain the know-how enabling them to start and run a business back in Albania.