bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Tris(dialkylthiophosphinoyl)phosphanes.
Authors: SCHEER M. , UHLIG F. , NAM T. T. , DARGATZ M. , SCHAEDLER H. D. + , HERRMANN E.
Published: May 2016

Investigation of different methods for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) shows that the reaction of (I) with the thiophosphinic acid chlorides (II) is the most effective one.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Allyldichlorophosphines and ‐arsines. Precursors of Transient 1‐Phosphadiene and 1‐Arsadiene.
Authors: PELLON P. , KABBAD S. H. , RAULT I. , TONNARD F. , HAMELIN J.
Published: May 2016

The β,γ‐unsaturated ester enolate (III) reacts with phosphorus or arsenic trichloride (IV) to yield the dichlorophosphines or dichloroarsines (V) which are dehydrochlorinated and then cyclized with ethyl diazoacetate (VI), forming the diazaphospholes or diazarsoles (VII)/(VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Esters of Stibonic Acid. Part 2. Preparation and Properties of Esters of Methylstibonic Acid; Structure of Di‐μ‐methoxy‐bis(dibromo‐methoxy‐methyl‐antimony(V)).
Authors: WIEBER M. , WALZ J. , BURSCHKA C.
Published: May 2016

The bridged dimers (III) are prepared as light‐sensitive crystals by oxidation of the esters (I) with Br2 (or SO2Cl2).
ChemInform Abstract: Ytterbium(II) Benzamidinates, a New Class of Highly Reactive Lanthanoid(II) Complexes.
Authors: WEDLER M. , NOLTEMEYER M. , PIEPER U. , SCHMIDT H.‐G. , STALKE D. , EDELMANN F. T.
Published: May 2016

Good solubility and high reactivity characterize the readily accessible Yb(II) benzamidinates (III) ((IIIa): space group Pbcn, Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Insertions of Nitriles and Pyridine into the Zr‐Si Bond of (η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5Me5)Zr(Si(SiMe3)3)Me.
Authors: WOO H.‐G. , TILLEY T. D.
Published: May 2016

The obtained insertion products (III) and (V) are characterized by IR and NMR spectral data.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Effect in π‐Ligand‐Bridged Dinuclear Complexes. Part 9. Influence of Cp′‐X‐Cp′‐Bridged Dinuclear CpM(CO)3 Complexes (M: Mo, W) on Reactions with Alkynes.
Authors: ABRIEL W. , BAUM G. , HECK J. , KRIEBISCH K.‐A.
Published: May 2016

The monoalkyne compounds (III) are also obtained photochemically.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chiral Organometallic Phosphonium Salts.
Authors: PINSARD P. , LELLOUCHE J. P. , BEAUCOURT J. P. , GREE R.
Published: May 2016

The dienal (I) reacts with iron pentacarbonyl (II) to form the complex (±)‐(III) which is reduced and O‐acetylated.
ChemInform Abstract: The Azid Homologues Et‐PPP and Ph‐AsAsAs as Bifacially Coordinated Ligands in Tripod‐Cobalt Complexes. Synthesis, Structure, and Molecular Dynamics.
Authors: BARTH A. , HUTTNER G. , FRITZ M. , ZSOLNAI L.
Published: May 2016

In the formation of (IV) (space group P21/c, Z=4) PhAsH2 serves as a source of the PhAs3 ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Addition of Phosphorus Ylides to Ru3(CO)12.
Authors: BOHLE D. S. , HEINEKE D. , TIRIPICCHIO A. , TIRIPICCHIO‐CAMELLINI M. , VAHRENKAMP H.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the ylide (II) with the cluster (I) leads via the phosphonio enolate product (III) to the Ru3C cluster (IV) with a C‐bonded phosphane ligand as the final product.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyne‐Bridged Trinuclear Clusters with Organo‐Rhodium Moieties.
Authors: ALBIEZ T. , BANTEL H. , VAHRENKAMP H.
Published: May 2016

Several approaches are utilized to incorporate Rh‐containing building blocks in alkyne‐bridged trinuclear clusters.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethylacetamidomethyl (Tacm) Group, a New Protecting Group for the Thiol Function of Cysteine.
Authors: KISO Y. , YOSHIDA M. , FUJIWARA Y. , KIMURA T. , SHIMOKURA M. , AKAJI K.
Published: May 2016

The hydroxymethylamide (III), prepared by reaction of the amide (I) with formaldehyde (II), is coupled with cysteine (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: New Methods and Reagents in Organic Synthesis. Part 88. 4‐Alkoxycarbonyloxazoles as β‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino Acid Synthons: Efficient, Stereoselective Syntheses of 3‐Amino‐2,3,6‐trideoxyhexoses and a Hydroxy Amino Acid Moiety of Al‐77‐B.
Authors: HAMADA Y. , KAWAI A. , MATSUI T. , HARA O. , SHIOIRI T.
Published: May 2016

The title oxazole (III) is used for the preparation of the hexose L‐daunosamine (VIII), the carbohydrate constituent of important anthracycline antitumor agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral Aminocyclitols via Epoxyepimination.
Authors: BRAUN H. , BURGER W. , KRESZE G. , SCHMIDTCHEN F. P. , VAERMAN J. L. , VIEHE H. G.
Published: May 2016

N‐Functionalisation of the chiral dihydrooxazine (I) and subsequent thermal rearrangement yields the epoxyepimine (IV) via a biradical mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxaphosphoranylation of Methyl α‐D‐Glucopyranoside with Diethoxytriphenylphosphorane. A Highly Stereoselective Route to Anhydropyranosides.
Authors: ESKEW N. A. , EVANS S. A. JUN.
Published: May 2016

Methyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside (I) reacts with diethoxytriphenylphosphorane (II) to yield a mixture of the rapidly equilibrating dioxaphospholanes (III) and (IV) with predominance of the former.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on 6,7‐Benzomorphans: Stereoselective Synthesis of 8α‐ and 8β‐Amino‐2,5,9α‐trimethyl‐6,7‐benzomorphan.
Authors: HIRANI S. K. , CHOWDHURY B. K.
Published: May 2016

In connection with the study of structure‐activity relationship in 6,7‐benzomorphans, the introduction of a second nitrogen pharmacophore is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Pictet‐Spengler Reaction of N‐Alkoxytryptamines. Part 3. Stereoselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Debromoeudistomin L and (‐)‐O‐Methyldebromoeudistomin E and Their Stereoisomers.
Authors: HERMKENS P. H. H. , VAN MAARSEVEEN J. H. , OTTENHEIJM H. C. J. , KRUSE C. G. , SCHEEREN H. W.
Published: May 2016

The N‐hydroxytryptamines (VI) are treated with the chloroformate (VII) to give the N‐protected derivatives (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: 1H and 13C NMR Conformational Analysis and Minimal‐Potential‐Energy Calculations with Deoxyguanosine, Guanosine and 5′‐Guanosinemonophosphate Adducts of the Borderline Carcinogen 4‐Methylaniline.
Authors: MEIER C. , BOCHE G.
Published: May 2016

The conformations of the C‐8‐nucleobase adducts (I) and (II) of the borderline carcinogen 4‐methylaniline (p‐toluidine) are investigated by NMR and "minimal‐potential‐energy" calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Coupling Synthesis of Prostaglandins. A Simplified, General Procedure.
Authors: SUZUKI M. , MORITA Y. , KOYANO H. , KOGA M. , NOYORI R.
Published: May 2016

In the presence of dimethylzinc, the lithio derivative of (Ia) can be linked to the cyclopentenone (II) to give the product (III).
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Triply Convergent Synthesis of Prostaglandins.
Authors: GOODING O. W.
Published: May 2016

The vinylstannane (I) is converted into the corresponding cuprate and subsequently coupled with the enone (II) in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride (III) to prepare the 1,4‐adduct (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Condensed β‐Lactams. Part 12. An Alternative Entry into the 2‐Isocephem and 2‐Isooxacephem Series.
Authors: GREFF Z. , HORVATH Z. , NYITRAI J. , KAJTAR‐PEREDY M. , BRLIK J.
Published: May 2016

The diastereomers of the isocephem (XIV) and the oxaisocephem (X), viz.
ChemInform Abstract: Sborgit and β‐Sborgit ‐ A Second Synthetic Modification of Na(B5O6(OH)4)·3 H2O.
Authors: TIMPER U. , HELLER G. , SHAKIBAIE‐MOGHADAM M.
Published: May 2016

In an attempt to prepare a silver pentaborate from solutions of borax, boric acid, and AgNO3, a mixture of sborgite and a second modification denoted as β‐sborgite are obtained besides excess H3BO3 and a microcrystalline silver borate.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Crystal Structure of LnAl3Cl12 (Ln: Tb, Dy, Ho) and Thermal Decomposition to LnCl3.
Authors: HAKE D. , URLAND W.
Published: May 2016

Crystals of the isotypic title chlorides are obtained for the first time by reaction of AlCl3 with the corresponding lanthanoid oxide and subsequent chemical transport in a temp. gradient 250 → 160 °C. According to single crystal data, DyAl3Cl12 crystallizes in the trigonal system (P3112, Z=3).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Segregation in Nickel Electrodes During Nickel Hydrogen Cell Storage.
Authors: ZIMMERMAN A. H. , SEAVER R.
Published: May 2016

Storage of Ni‐electrodes in a hydrogen gas environment at potentials near that of the alkaline hydrogen electrode is found to result in a segregation of cobalt additives from the active material of the Ni‐electrode.
ChemInform Abstract: An Oxomanganate(V) of New Type, K11(Li(OMnO3)4),
Authors: FISCHER D. , HOPPE R.
Published: May 2016

is prepared for the first time by heating intimate mixtures of K2O2 and LiMnO4 (K:Mn = 2.2:1, Ag tube, 580 °C, 30 d) as blue‐green single crystals.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Inorganic Non‐Stoichiometric Compounds. Part 41. New Oxidehalides in the Systems Cu/Nb/O/X (X: Cl, Br, I). Preparation, Thermal Behaviour, and Structure Investigations by HRTEM.
Authors: ROSS R. , KRATZHELLER B. , GRUEHN R.
Published: May 2016

Compounds of formula Cu3Nb12O31X (X: Cl, Br, I) are prepared by heating CuNb2O6 and NH4X in a temp. gradient (T1 = 800‐960 °C, T2 = 860‐1100 °C; sealed silica tubes).
ChemInform Abstract: Optically Active Amines. Part 34. Application of the Benzene Chirality Rule to Ring‐Substituted Phenylcarbinamines and Carbinols.
Authors: PICKARD S. T. , SMITH H. E.
Published: May 2016

The CD spectra of the title compounds (I) and (II) are studied in a very detailed manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Titanium Derivatives of Some CH‐Acids with Carbonyl Compounds. Part 1. Crotonic Condensation with Titanium Derivatives of Malonic Ester, Cyanoacetic Ester and Malononitrile.
Authors: KASATKIN A. N. , BIKTIMIROV R. KH. , TOLSTIKOV G. A. , KHALILOV L. M.
Published: May 2016

The condensation of the titanium derivatives (I) with aldehydes (II) gives much higher yields of the alkylidene derivatives (III) than the Knoevenagel reaction (15 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylcyclobutane‐Cyclohexane Rearrangements: Zwitterions as Discrete Intermediates.
Authors: GRUSECK U. , HEUSCHMANN M.
Published: May 2016

Donor‐acceptor‐substituted vinylcyclobutanes of model type (I) rearrange to cyclohexenes (II) at temp. between 20 and 195 °C. In solvents of low polarity, (2 + 2) cycloreversion competes with ring enlargement.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Charge‐Transfer Interactions in Photoreactions. Part 5. Photochemical Behavior of Exciplexes of trans‐Styrylphenanthrenes and Amines.
Authors: ALOISI G. G. , ELISEI F.
Published: May 2016

The conversion quantum yield in the photoisomerization of (I) and its isomer decreases in the presence of tributylamine (TBA) and diethylaniline, whereas with 4‐bromodiethylaniline (BDA) an increase is observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photochemical Reaction of N,N‐Bis(2‐(cinnamoyloxy)ethyl)ammonium Salts.
Authors: INOMATA K. , NISHIKUBO T.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of N‐methyldiethanolamine (I) with cinnamoyl chloride (II) gives N‐methylbis(2‐(cinnamoyloxy)ethyl)amine (III) which is converted to the title compounds (V) by quaternization with the alkyl bromides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Substitutent Effects on Sulfonate Ester‐Based Olefinations.
Authors: HAWKINS J. M. , LEWIS T. A. , RAW A. S.
Published: May 2016

The mesylates (I) are deprotonated and then coupled with benzophenone (II) to produce the β‐hydroxy sulfonates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Applications of Electrochemically Produced α‐Methoxy Amides. Part 6. Selective Cleavage of N‐Acylated N,O‐Acetals with RCu‐BF3. Synthesis of Cyclic α‐Alkylated Amides and Carbamates.
Authors: LUDWIG C. , WISTRAND L.‐G.
Published: May 2016

Cyclic α‐methoxylated amides and carbamates (I) are selectively cleaved with organocopper reagents (II) and BF3 to give the products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines from Alkenes and Cycloalkenes.
Authors: OSOWSKA‐PACEWICKA K. , ZWIERZAK A.
Published: May 2016

The N‐(β‐bromoalkyl)phosphoramidates (III), obtained by ionic addition reaction of the diethyl N,N‐dibromophosphoramidate (II) with the alkenes (I), are transformed into the corresponding diammonium ditosylates (VI) by consecutive azidation, Staudinger reaction with triethylphosphite, and deprotection.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method of the Zinc‐Promoted Transformation of Carbonyl Compounds to Homoallylic Alcohols.
Authors: SHONO T. , ISHIFUNE M. , KASHIMURA S.
Published: May 2016

A variety of carbonyl compounds such as (I) or (IV) is coupled with Grignard reagents in the presence of zinc using DMF as the solvent to give homoallylic alcohols as outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Natural Products. Part 5. Enantioselective Synthesis of Optically Active, Benzene Nucleus‐Substituted 1‐Phenylethylamines from the Corresponding Acetophenones.
Authors: BRINGMANN G. , GEISLER J.‐P. , GEUDER T. , KUENKEL G. + , KINZINGER L.
Published: May 2016

An efficient two‐step procedure provides enantiomerically pure title compounds such as (S)‐(IV) (isolated as hydrochlorides or hydrobromides: 93‐98%; 11 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Telomerization of Chlorofluoropropionyl Fluorides with Hexafluoropropene Oxide.
Authors: KVICALA J. , PALETA O. , DEDEK V.
Published: May 2016

Hydrolysis of fluorochloropropanes (I) followed by fluorination leads to the formation of the chlorofluoropropionyl fluorides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Fluoroalkyl Phenyl (or Methyl) Thioethers by Sulfur‐Assisted Halogen Exchange with Triethylamine Trishydrofluoride.
Authors: SALUZZO C. , ALVERNHE G. , ANKER D. , HAUFE G.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of alkenes such as (I) and (IV) with sulfenyl chlorides, e.g. (II), followed by treatment with triethylamine trishydrofluoride leads to the formation of the corresponding β‐fluoroalkyl thioethers (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Semicarbazones and Thiosemicarbazones. Part 55. Recyclization of 5‐Nitroisatin‐3‐thiosemicarbazone Under Formation of 1,2,4‐Triazine and Indazole Derivatives.
Authors: TOMCHIN A. B. , TUMANOVA I. V.
Published: May 2016

In contrast to a former publication the products of heating the title compound (I) in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: An Overlooked Short Entry to 2‐Alkylidene‐1,3‐dioxolanes. Highly Reactive Ketene Acetals.
Authors: ABEN R. W. M. , SCHEEREN J. W.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (II) can be prepared surprisingly easily from the corresponding bromoacetates (I) by dehydrobromination.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted 1H‐Sulfonylpyrazoles and 1H‐Sulfonyl‐2‐pyrazolines and Their Antibacterial Activities.
Authors: PATEL H. V. , FERNANDES P. S.
Published: May 2016

The sulfonic acid hydrazide (I) is coupled with the 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds (II) to form the hydrazones (III) which undergo acid‐induced cyclization, yielding the sulfonylpyrazoles (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Thiourylformazan, ‐thiazolidinone, and ‐azetidinone Derivatives as Antiparkinsonian Agents.
Authors: SRIVASTAVA V. K. , PALIT G. , SINGH S. , DHAWAN R. , SHANKER K.
Published: May 2016

Thiosemicarbazide (I) reacts with the substituted benzamides (II) to give the thiosemicarbazones (III) which undergo cyclocondensation with mercaptoacetic acid (IV), forming the thiazolidinones (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of Nitrile Oxides from Aldoximes by 1‐Chlorobenzotriazole.
Authors: KIM J. N. , RYU E. K.
Published: May 2016

The title reagent, generated from benzotriazole and sodium hypochlorite, is employed in the dehydration of the oximes (I) or (IV) to form the corresponding nitrile oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Simple Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4,9‐dihydrocyclohepta(b)pyran‐4,9‐diones.
Authors: WANG D.‐L. , JIN Z.‐T. , IMAFUKU K.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of (I) with the aldehydes (II) gives the desired products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Thiazolidinone. Part 18. Synthesis of Thiazolidinone Derivatives from Benzosuberone and Cyclohexanone.
Authors: MISHRA N. , SEN M. , NAYAK A.
Published: May 2016

The fused 2‐aminopyrimidines (I) are converted to the thioureas (III) which undergo cyclization with chloroacetic acid to yield the iminothiazolidinones (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dimethyloxazolidine and Tetrahydro‐2H‐1,3‐oxazine Ring‐Substituted Ketene N,O‐Acetals.
Authors: HUANG Z.‐T. , ZHANG P.‐C.
Published: May 2016

The ketene S,S‐acetals (IV) undergo ring closure reactions with the amino alcohols (V) or (VII) to form the oxazolidines (VI) and the tetrahydro‐1,3‐oxazines (VIII) respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: (1,2,4)Triazino(3′,4′:2,3)(1,3,4)thiadiazino(5,6‐c)cinnolin‐9‐one.
Authors: GAKHAR H. K. , GUPTA R. , GUPTA S. B.
Published: May 2016

The dichlorocinnoline (I) reacts with the thioxotriazinone (II) to form the triazinothiadiazinocinnoline (III) instead of the desired regioisomer (Va).
ChemInform Abstract: Trisilazan‐1‐yl‐cyclodisilazanes ‐ Expansions, Contractions, and Ring Couplings.
Authors: DIPPEL K. , KLINGEBIEL U.
Published: May 2016

Lithiated trisilazan‐1‐yl‐cyclodisilazanes react in different ways.
ChemInform Abstract: Pentacoordinated Molecules. Part 80. First Structural Study of a Thiophosphorane Containing a Six‐Membered Ring. Phosphorus‐Sulfur vs Phosphorus‐Oxygen Ligand Preferences.
Authors: SWAMY K. C. K. , HOLMES J. M. , DAY R. O. , HOLMES R. R.
Published: May 2016

Oxidative addition of phenanthrenequinone (II) to the newly synthesized dithiaphosphorinane (I) results in a new thiophosphorane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Pentacoordinated Molecules. Part 82. Conformational Preferences of Monocyclic Pentaoxyphosphoranes Varying in Ring Size.
Authors: BURTON S. D. , SWAMY K. C. K. , HOLMES J. M. , DAY R. O. , HOLMES R. R.
Published: May 2016

The monocyclic pentaoxyphosphoranes (IIIa)‐(IIIc) and (IV) are synthesized by the reaction of the phosphite (I) with a diol such as demonstrated for (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Reduced Organometallics. Part 28. Synthesis, Isolation, and Characterization of (K(cryptand 2.2.2))2(Hf(CO)6), the First Substance to Contain Hafnium in a Negative Oxidation State. Structural Characterization of (K(cryptand 2.2.2))2(M(CO)6)·Pyridine (M: Ti, Zr, and Hf).
Authors: ELLIS J. E. , CHI K.‐M.
Published: May 2016

Reductive carbonylation of M(CO)4(MeC(CH2PMe2)3) (M: Ti, Zr, Hf) by (K(cryptand 2.2.2))(naphthalene) in THF at ‐70 °C provides 78‐83% yields of the thermally robust title salts including the previously inaccessible (Hf(CO)6)2‐.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of (η5‐C5H5)Fe(CO)2H Revisited.
Authors: SHACKLETON T. A. , MACKIE S. C. , FERGUSSON S. B. , JOHNSTON L. J. , BAIRD M. C.
Published: May 2016

The title compound can be stabilized at ambient temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,1′‐Bis(2‐amino‐2‐carboxyethyl)ferrocene (1,1′‐Ferrocenylbis(alanine)).
Authors: CARLSTROEM A.‐S. + , FREJD T.
Published: May 2016

Palladium‐catalyzed coupling of the diiodoferrocene (I) with the amidoacrylate (II) followed by asymmetric hydrogenation yields the optically active ferrocene derivative (+)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Metallacyclopentenones by Insertion of Rhodium into Cyclobutenones.
Authors: HUFFMAN M. A. , LIEBESKIND L. S. , PENNINGTON W. T. JUN.
Published: May 2016

In connection with the importance of metallacyclic compounds as intermediates in the synthesis of substituted quinones and phenols, the rhodacyclopentenones (III) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of a Biphenanthrol‐Palladium Complex Displaying an Unusual Bonding Mode.
Authors: BERGENS S. H. , LEUNG P. , BOSNICH B. , RHEINGOLD A. L.
Published: May 2016

The dipotassium salt of (I) reacts with the Pd complex (II) to give the title complex (III) (space group P21/c with Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Steroids. Part 351. Synthesis of 5‐Methyl‐19‐nor‐5β‐pregn‐9‐ene Derivatives.
Authors: POLMAN J. , KASAL A.
Published: May 2016

In order to develop new types of therapeutically useful antigestagens, some progesterone analogues are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Elimination of Ethanethiol in the Reaction of α‐Hydroxy β‐Bis‐(ethylthio) Acetals with Copper(I) Chloride in Dimethylformamide.
Authors: PARYZEK Z. , MARTYNOW J.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of steroidal ketones such as (I) with the anion of the bis‐(ethylthio) acetal (II) leads to the formation of the adduct (III) which undergoes CuCl‐mediated elimination of ethanethiol to yield the corresponding vinyl sulfide (IV).
Characteristics of Literacy Instruction That Support Reform in Content Area Classrooms
Authors: Siebert Daniel K. , Draper Roni Jo , Barney Daniel , Broomhead Paul , Grierson Sirpa , Jensen Amy P. , Nielson Jennifer , Nokes Jeffery D. , Shumway Steven , Wimmer Jennifer
Published: May 2016

Current reforms in content area education present new challenges for literacy educators. These reforms promote engaging students in the practices of the disciplines—teaching students how to participate in an activity in which disciplinary content is produced. Content area literacy (CAL) instruction that supports only the learning of general academic or school literacies undermines these content area reforms and their focus on participation because it does not teach the literacies that students need to participate in the disciplines. In this article, the authors present an argument for why CAL instruction should focus on teaching disciplinary literacies instead of a general academic literacy. The authors show how CAL instruction focused on disciplinary literacies can support the educational goals of both literacy educators and content area reformers. The authors also contrast four corresponding characteristics of both types of CAL instruction and illustrate these with examples.
Helping Students Bridge Inferences in Science Texts Using Graphic Organizers
Authors: Roman Diego , Jones Francesca , Basaraba Deni , Hironaka Stephanie
Published: May 2016

The difficulties that students face when reading science texts go beyond understanding vocabulary and syntactic structures. Comprehension of science texts requires students to infer how these texts function as a unit to communicate scientific meaning. To help students in this process, science texts sometimes employ logical connectives (e.g., because, therefore) that serve as landmarks that students can use to create a mental model of the text. Yet, how often are logical connectives used to mark inferences in science texts, and what can teachers do to support their students when these connectives are absent? This article discusses the frequency and types of logical connectives in four science textbooks and illustrates the types of obstacles that science texts present for students in their inference‐making process. Further, this article offers teachers a practical strategy that they can use to apprentice their students into the ways that science texts function to communicate scientific concepts.
The Safety Behavior Assessment Form: Development and Validation
Authors: Goodson Jason T. , Haeffel Gerald J. , Raush David A. , Hershenberg Rachel
Published: May 2016

Objective

To develop and validate an easy to administer measure of safety behaviors called the Safety Behavior Assessment Form (SBAF).

Method

We provide reliability and validity evidence from four studies. The first study used a cross‐sectional design with a sample consisting of both clinical (U.S. military Veterans; n = 42) and nonclinical participants (undergraduates; n = 198). Study 2 used a cross‐sectional design with a sample of U.S. military Veterans (n = 215). Study 3 used a pre‐post treatment design with a sample of U.S. military Veterans (n = 42). Study 4 used a 2‐time‐point longitudinal design with a sample of undergraduates (n = 77).

Results

The SBAF demonstrated strong levels of internal consistency and test‐retest reliability in all four studies. The SBAF also demonstrated predictive and discriminant validity. In Study 3, the SBAF predicted anxious, but not depressive, treatment outcomes in a sample of Veterans. In Study 4, the SBAF predicted prospective changes in anxiety over a 2‐week interval in a sample of undergraduates even after controlling for a competing measure of safety behaviors.

Conclusion

Results of these four studies indicate that the SBAF is a reliable and valid measure of safety behaviors that can be used in both clinical and nonclinical settings.
Pin1, the Master Orchestrator of Bone Cell Differentiation
Authors: Islam Rabia , Yoon Won‐Joon , Ryoo Hyun‐Mo
Published: May 2016

Pin1 is an enzyme that specifically recognizes the peptide bond between phosphorylated serine or threonine (pS/pT‐P) and proline. This recognition causes a conformational change of its substrate, which further regulates downstream signaling. Pin1−/− mice show developmental bone defects and reduced mineralization. Pin1 targets RUNX2 (Runt‐Related Transcription Factor 2), SMAD1/5, and β‐catenin in the FGF, BMP, and WNT pathways, respectively. Pin1 has multiple roles in the crosstalk between different anabolic bone signaling pathways. For example, it controls different aspects of osteoblastogenesis and increases the transcriptional activity of Runx2, both directly and indirectly. Pin1 also influences osteoclastogenesis at different stages by targeting PU.1 (Purine‐rich nucleic acid binding protein 1), C‐FOS, and DC‐STAMP. The phenotype of Pin1−/− mice has led to the recent identification of multiple roles of Pin1 in different molecular pathways in bone cells. These roles suggest that Pin1 can be utilized as an efficient drug target in congenital and acquired bone diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2339–2347, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Flurbiprofen‐iminothiazoline Hybrid Compounds: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Shabbir Saira , Flörke Ulrich
Published: May 2016

A series of novel flurbiprofen‐iminothiazoline hybrid compounds of biological interest were synthesized by base‐catalyzed heterocyclization of the flurbiprofen thioureas with 4‐chloro‐α‐bromoacetophenone in dry dichloromethane.
Preparation and applications of monolithic structures containing metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Lv Yongqin , Tan Xinyi , Svec Frantisek
Published: May 2016

Metal–organic frameworks are a new category of advanced porous materials with large surface areas and porosities, uniform pore sizes, tunable surface chemistry, and structural diversity. In combination with monoliths, they allow the fine tuning of desired interactions required in a variety of applications. This review article summarizes results of recent studies focused on synthetic strategies enabling incorporation of metal–organic frameworks in monolithic structures. A diverse array of applications including chromatographic separation, solid‐phase microextraction, sample enrichment, heterogeneous catalysis, and enzymatic catalysis are also described.
Deconstructing the molecular architecture of olfactory areas using proteomics
Authors: Lachén‐Montes Mercedes , Fernández‐Irigoyen Joaquín , Santamaría Enrique
Published: May 2016

The anatomy of the olfactory system is highly complex, comprising a system of olfactory receptors, pathways for the transmission of olfactory information, and structures for the recognition, discrimination, and memorization of odors. During the last years, proteomics has emerged as a large‐scale comprehensive approach to characterize and quantify specific olfactory‐related proteomes in different biological conditions such as olfactory learning, neurodegeneration, and ageing between others. The current work reviews recent applications of proteomics to olfaction with particular focus on quantitative proteome profiling studies performed on olfactory areas from laboratory animal models as well as proteomic characterizations performed on specific brain structures and fluids involved in human smell. Finally, we will also discuss the potential application of proteomics to study global proteome dynamics and posttranslationally modified proteomes in order to unravel cell‐signaling networks that occur from peripheral structures to olfactory cortical areas during odor processing.
Shoshonite-latite series of the Eastern Transbaikalia: 40Ar/39Ar age, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotope composition of rocks from the Akatui volcano-plutonic association of the Aleksandrovskii Zavod depression
Authors: Sasim S.A. , Dril S.I. , Travin A.V. , Vladimirova T.A. , Gerasimov N.S. , Noskova Yu.V.
Published: May 2016

The paper presents new data on age, geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotope composition of rocks from the Akatui massif and comagmatic rocks from the lower unit of the Kailas Formation (Akatui volcano-plutonic association), localized within the Aleksandrovskii Zavod depression. The amphibole 40Ar/39Ar age date the monzogabbro of the early phase of the Akatui massif at 154.8 ± 4.4 Ma; the monzonite of the main phase yields a 40Ar/39Ar age of 160.7 ± 3.9 Ma, and the shoshonite basalt of the lower unit of the Kailas Formation yields a 40Ar/39Ar age of 161.5 ± 1.7 Ma. The leading petrogenetic mechanism for the Akatui volcano-plutonic association is crystal fractional differentiation of melts with minor crustal contamination, which can be suggested from the mineralogical and petrographic features and geochemical and isotope characteristics of rocks. The geochemical data for the Akatui volcano-plutonic association show LILE, LREE, U, Th, and Pb enrichment with a characteristic depletion in high-field strength elements (HFSE), such as Nb and Ti. They are also depleted in P. Sr–Nd isotope data (87Sr/86Sr(160 Ma) = 0.70642–0.70688 and εNd(160 Ma) = – 0.6 to – 2.2) suggest an EMII-type mantle source and could also indicate a negligible degree of crustal contamination in the evolved melts.
Tectonic activity of the early Earth (4.56–3.4(2.7?) Ga)
Authors: Kuzmin M.I. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Ernst R.E.
Published: May 2016

The paper discusses a possible model of the ancient (Hadean–Archean) Earth’s geodynamic evolution. We believe that the early Earth was characterized by a stagnant lid regime and whole-mantle convection suggesting cells that convect through the whole mantle (from the core–mantle boundary to the lithosphere base). The lid tectonics was perturbed by asteroid–meteorite bombardments that destroyed the primary terrestrial partly granitoid crust. The destroyed crust together with the residual enriched mantle reservoirs sank into the lower mantle. In addition to the crust destruction, the bombardments led to emplacement of a huge proportion of basalt-komatiitic melts, which can be interpreted as mantle overturn events. In the Hadean, the Earth survived frequent large-scale asteroid–meteorite bombardments, which resulted in almost a complete destruction of the primary terrestrial crust. In the Early Archean, the Earth still experienced the same tectonic processes, as in the Hadean; however, meteorite impact was small-scale and the bombardments influenced only a limited area of a common, as it seems to us, subequatorial supercontinent. Those bombardments led to the sagduction of the Archean basalt–komatiiic terrestrial crust, which sank into the mantle, transforming into amphibolite–eclogite rocks giving rise to a tonalite–troondhjemite–granodiorite suite. As preserved in the zircon record, the formation of the Archean mantle-derived magmas occurred as pulses at 4.5, 4.2–4.3, 3.8–3.9, and 3.3–3.4 Ga. These peaks, most likely, correspond to the Hadean–Archean meteorite bombardments. There is evidence of formation of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the cratons between 3.3 and 3.5 Ga. This SCLM was markedly different from peridotites of modern ophiolites. However, the existence of ophiolitic peridotites indicates that modern style plate tectonic processes were in operation at that time, as we will discuss below. The transition from the early Earth (Hadean–Archean) tectonic style to the recent tectonics occurred between 3.4 (2.7?) and 2.0 Ga.
Impact of projected mid-21st century climate and soil extrapolation on simulated spring wheat grain yield in Southeastern Norway
Authors: PERSSON T. , KVÆRNØ S.
Published: May 2016

The effects of soil variability on regional crop yield under projected climate change are largely unknown. In Southeastern Norway, increased temperature and precipitation are projected for the mid-21st century. Crop simulation models in combination with scaling techniques can be used to determine the regional pattern of crop yield. In the present paper, the CSM-CROPSIM-CERES-Wheat model was applied to simulate regional spring wheat yield for Akershus and Østfold counties in Southeastern Norway. Prior to the simulations, parameters in the CSM-CROPSIM-CERES-Wheat model were calibrated for the spring wheat cvars Zebra, Demonstrant and Bjarne, using cultivar trial data from Southeastern Norway and site-specific weather and soil information. Weather input data for regional yield simulations represented the climate in 1961–1990 and projections of the climate in 2046–2065. The latter were based on four Global Climate Models and greenhouse gas emission scenario A1B in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report. Data on regional soil particle size distribution, water-holding characteristics and organic matter data were obtained from a database. To determine the simulated grain yield sensitivity to soil input, the number of soil profiles used to describe the soilscape in the region varied from 76 to 16, 5 and 1. The soils in the different descriptions were selected by arranging them into groups according to similarities in physical characteristics and taking the soil in each group occupying the largest area in the region to represent other soils in that group. The simulated grain yields were higher under all four projected future climate scenarios than the corresponding average yields in the baseline conditions. On average across the region, there were mostly non-significant differences in grain yield between the soil extrapolations for all cultivars and climate projections. However, for sub-regions grain yield varied by up to 20% between soil extrapolations. These results indicate how projected climate change could affect spring wheat yield given the assumed simulated conditions for a region with similar climate and soil conditions to many other cereal production regions in Northern Europe. The results also provide useful information about how soil input data could be handled in regional crop yield determinations under these conditions.
French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Landes David S.
Published: May 2016

The study of French enterprise and entrepreneurship is rewarding for two major reasons. In the first place, anything that will help explain the present weakness of French industry and commerce throws light in turn on one of the most important political phenomena of the last 150 years: the fall of France from hegemony under Napoleon to the position she holds today. Secondly, the history of French business and businessmen is significant precisely because of France's relatively minor place in the economic world. If we are to weigh the validity of the recent emphasis of theorists on the role of the entrepreneur qua se in the over-all process of economic change—on the contribution of the personal element to the impersonal operation of the system—we must consider not only the more “modern” nations but those less industrialized as well. It will not suffice to study the progress of American or German business and deduce therefrom impressive theories on the importance of the businessman. The converse must also be examined: To what extent are certain attitudes and values inimical to the development of enterprise ? Or concretely in the case of France, to what extent have the character and mentality of the French financier, industrialist, or merchant been responsible for the relatively retarded status of the country's economy ?
Morphological description and molecular analyses ofTylodelphyssp. (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) newly recorded from the freshwater fishGobiomorphus cotidianus(common bully) in New Zealand
Authors: Blasco-Costa I. , Poulin R. , Presswell B.
Published: May 2016

Among eyeflukes,TylodelphysDiesing, 1850 includes diverse species able to infect the eyes, but also the brain, pericardial sac and body cavity of their second intermediate host. While the genus shows a cosmopolitan distribution with 29 nominal species in Africa, Asia, Europe and America, a likely lower research effort has produced two records only for all of Australasia. This study provides the first description of a species ofTylodelphysand the first record for a member of the Diplostomidae in New Zealand.Tylodephyssp. metacercaria from the eyes ofGobiomorphus cotidianusMcDowall, 1975 is distinguished from its congeners as being larger in all, or nearly all, metrics thanTylodelphys clavata(von Nordmann, 1832),T. conifera(Mehlis, 1846) andT. scheuringi(Hughes, 1929); whereasT. podicipinaKozicka & Niewiadomska, 1960 is larger in body size, ventral sucker and holdfast sizes andT. ophthalmi(Pandey, 1970) has comparatively a very small pharynx and body spination.Tylodelphyssp. exhibits consistent genetic variation for the 28S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) andCox1 genes, and phylogenetic analyses confirm that it represents an independent lineage, closely related to North American species. Morphological and molecular results together support the distinct species status ofTylodephyssp. metacercaria, the formal description and naming of which await discovery of the adult. Furthermore, the validity ofT. strigicolaOdening, 1962 is restored,T. cerebralisChakrabarti, 1968 is proposed as major synonym ofT. ophthalmi, and species described solely on the basis of metacercariae are consideredincertae sedis,except those for which molecular data already exist.
The evolution of cranial display structures in hadrosaurian dinosaurs
Authors: Hopson James A.
Published: May 2016

A theory is presented that cranial crests of hadrosaurs were visual and acoustical display organs. Facial morphology and phylogeny of the Hadrosauridae and earlier theories of crest function are reviewed. The following hypothesis is presented: cranial crests, whether hollow or solid, served as visual signal structures, and hollow lambeosaur crests were also vocal resonators; all crests promoted successful matingswithinspecies,i.e., they served as premating genetic isolating mechanisms. The following predictions are tested and found to support the hypothesis: (1) hadrosaurs had well-developed eyes and ears; (2) external features of crests varied independently of internal structure; (3) crest variations were species-specific and sexually-dimorphic; (4) crest distinctiveness correlates with species diversity; (5) crest size tended to increase through time. The circumnarial depression on the side of the face in hadrosaurines housed an inflatable diverticulum of the nasal passage which served as a visual display organ. Primitive hadrosaurs (kritosaurs) possessed a small nasal horn used as a butting weapon in intraspecific combat. Because the weapon was also used in intimidative displays, narial diverticula evolved to draw attention to it. In the kritosaurBrachylophosaurusfighting was modified to ritualized head-pushing using the flat nasal “shield”. Saurolophines expanded the diverticula on to the elongated nasal horn, converting the weapon to a dominance rank symbol. In non-crested edmontosaurs, enlarged diverticula assumed a vocalization function. Lambeosaurs created resonators by enclosing the diverticula in bone; they further enhanced the resonator function of the nose by forming elongated “organ pipes” in the premaxillae. This “pushed” the olfactory region above the eyes as a conspicuous dome which then was modified to form species-specific visual display organs.
New evidence for muscular articulations in Paleozoic crinoids
Authors: Lane N. Gary , Macurda Donald B.
Published: May 2016

Muscular articulations on the brachials and pinnules of Paleozoic crinoids have traditionally been inferred by the presence of a transverse ridge. We here provide evidence that the microstructure of the stereom, fine meshed where muscles once inserted and coarse meshed where ligaments were emplaced, provides a reliable microstructural criterion for muscular articulation on well-preserved arm ossicles. Partially pyritized ossicles of Aesiocrinus magnificus Miller & Gurley from the Lane Shale of Pennsylvanian age at Kansas City, Missouri exhibit well-preserved stereom in three dimensions under the scanning electron microscope. These brachial and pinnular plates show clearly the distinctiveness of stereom at sites of muscule and ligament attachment. This criterion should be useful in tracing the evolutionary development of flexible arm articulations in several lineages of Paleozoic crinoids.
Environmental Stability and Species Proliferation in Late Cambrian Trilobite Faunas: A Test of the Niche-Variation Hypothesis
Authors: Ashton Jean H. , Rowell A. J.
Published: May 2016

The “niche-variation” model predicts that increase in environmental stability should be accompanied by increase in homozygosity and reduction in morphological variability. All Late Cambrian trilobite biomeres show an increase in regional species diversity from low in the biomere toward the top. This change in diversity is believed to reflect increasing environmental stability and consequently affords the opportunity to indirectly test the “niche-variation” hypothesis in a paleontological context. Measurements were made of eight cranidial features of samples of 17 species populations from the Pterocephaliid Biomere of the Great Basin. Coefficients of variation and a multivariate analog of them failed to reveal a relationship between morphological variability and species diversity. Consideration of these data together with contradictory, but limited, informaton for other organisms suggests that the predicted decrease in genetic variability may either be absent or be readily masked in naturally occurring populations, which typically retain a high degree of genetic polymorphism. If heterozygosity is common, it would appear that accidents of geography, rather than the genetic consequences of stable or unstable environments, are among the primary factors controlling the probability of speciation.
Pleistocene changes in the flora of the high tropical Andes
Authors: Simpson Beryl B.
Published: May 2016

Geological data show that high Andean habitats have been available for plant colonization only since the end of the Tertiary. The manner in which plant species moved into these habitats, the times during which, and the methods by which they differentiated during the Pleistocene varied altitudinally and latitudinally along the tropical Andes. The process of speciation in all areas, however, was the same as that in temperate environments, namely, geographic isolation and subsequent divergence. Except on the Altiplano, most plant species expanded their ranges during glacial periods when vegetation zones were lowered. In the northern paramos at elevations above treeline, colonization was greatest during glacial periods but has always occurred in a manner similar to that of oceanic islands. At lower elevations in the northern Andes, and along the Eastern Cordillera, direct migration was possible in glacial times because of increased contiguity of upper montane forest habitats. On the upper slopes of the west coast of Perú, glacial-age plant migrations were fostered more by changes in precipitation than by the lowering of vegetation belts. In all of these areas, interglacial periods were, and are, times of isolation and differentiation. Across the Altiplano in contrast, glacial periods were times of population fragmentation accompanied by differentiation and/or speciation.
Respiration in a vagrant Ordovician cystoid, Amecystis
Authors: Broadhead Thomas W. , Strimple Harrell L.
Published: May 2016

Amecystis Ulrich and Kirk is a rhombless rhombiferan cystoid exhibiting adaptation to an active mode of life in the bilaterally symmetrical, dorso-ventrally compressed theca and to an active mode of respiration suggested by the lack of pore rhombs and greatly enlarged periproct. Like other members of the Pleurocystitidae, Amecystis probably wriggled along the bottom, but may have adopted a temporarily sessile habit by pushing the distal stele into the substrate or by grasping. Evolution of the genus began in the Middle Ordovician, probably as a development from Pleurocystites. General trends in the stratigraphic succession of recognized morphospecies: A. raymondi Parsley, A. woodi n.sp., and A. laevis (Raymond) show a reduction in angularity of thecal outline and obsolescence of surface features on the thecal plates. The use of the periproct as a pumping organ in respiration is regarded as an advanced trend that was probably utilized by many rhomb-bearing cystoids as an accessory respiratory mode; alone, it proved to be an unsuccessful adaptation in Amecystis.
A commensal relationship between a small filter feeding organism and Australian Devonian spiriferid brachiopods
Authors: Chatterton Brian D. E.
Published: May 2016

Open-ended tubes were found extending inward from the inner surfaces of brachial valves of three different species of Emsian spiriferid brachiopods. It is believed that these tubes were formed by the outer epithelium of the brachiopods, precipitating shell material around a small commensal filter feeding organism living in the outer mantle cavity. The position of the open ends of these tubes, the business end of the filter feeding organism, in every case discovered is between the bases of the two spiralia. This lends support to the suggestion of Ager (1961) and Wallace and Ager (1966) that spiriferid brachiopods had median inhalant and lateral exhalant feeding currents. These structures are named Burrinjuckia spiriferidophilia n.gen. n.sp. They are trace fossils of indeterminate taxonomic position.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON RATIONAL CHOICE AND PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Okasha Samir , Weymark John A.
Published: May 2016

This symposium contains a selection of the papers that were presented at a conference we organized on Rational Choice and Philosophy that was held at Vanderbilt University on 16 and 17 May 2014. The aim of the conference was to provide an inter-disciplinary forum for philosophical work that uses ideas and tools from rational choice theory, understood broadly to include decision theory, game theory and social choice theory.
Evidence of an Extinct Ocean Basin Detected Beneath Greenland
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: May 2016

An analysis of a seismic and gravity anomaly discovered in the middle mantle sheds new light on ancient oceans, the mantle's evolution, and ancient magmatism in the Arctic.
The coevolution of recognition and social behavior
Authors: Smead Rory , Forber Patrick
Published: May 2016

Recognition of behavioral types can facilitate the evolution of cooperation by enabling altruistic behavior to be directed at other cooperators and withheld from defectors. While much is known about the tendency for recognition to promote cooperation, relatively little is known about whether such a capacity can coevolve with the social behavior it supports. Here we use evolutionary game theory and multi-population dynamics to model the coevolution of social behavior and recognition. We show that conditional harming behavior enables the evolution and stability of social recognition, whereas conditional helping leads to a deterioration of recognition ability. Expanding the model to include a complex game where both helping and harming interactions are possible, we find that conditional harming behavior can stabilize recognition and thereby lead to the evolution of conditional helping. Our model identifies a novel hypothesis for the evolution of cooperation: conditional harm may have coevolved with recognition first, thereby helping to establish the mechanisms necessary for the evolution of cooperation.