bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simultaneous-Equations Model of Migration and Economic Change in Rural Areas: The Case Of The South
Authors: Greenwood Michael J. , Anderson Eric J.
Published: March 2021

In the present study we follow Persky and Kain in specifying a simultaneous equations model of migration and economic change for nonurban areas of the South. However, our model differs from that of Persky and Kain in a number of respects. One difference is that our variables are not color-specific. Another is that our study relates to the decade of the 1960’s rather than to the 1950’s. As in several studies dealing with the determinants of migration, we distinguish between out- and in-immigration and specify separate structural equations for each variable. Moreover, in a vein similar to Persky and Kain, we distinguish a structural equation for nonbase employment growth, where base employment growth is assumed to be exogenously determined. Total employment growth is defined as being identically equal to the sum of component base and nonbase employment changes. We close the model by defining civilian labor force charige as being identically equal to the sum of component changes in employment and unemployment, and we specify a separate structural equation for unemployment change. Finally, unlike Persky and Kain, we include income growth as endogenous. The model therefore consists of seven equations, of which five are structural and two are identities, in seven jointly dependent (endogenous) variables.
External Economics and the Distribution of Industrial Wealth within the Metropolis
Authors: Struyk Raymond
Published: March 2021

This paper begins with the recent empirical observation that individual manufacturing industries were spatially clustered in three major metropolitan areas in 1965. In particular, it was found that the employment of every 2-digit SIC industry examined was spatially concentrated in a few areas within each metropolitan area and that the specific locations of these concentrations varied significantly among industries. This paper seeks to offer an argument to explain the observed distribution of industries in 1965 and then tests the hypothesis that the concentration of industries in given locations influenced the locational decisions of establishments in that and other industries for the sample SMSA’s over the period 1965-1968.
Employment, Population, and Income Growth in the South, 1960-1970
Authors: Haren Claude C.
Published: March 2021

The South made tremendous economic advances in the 1960s, with gains far transcending increases elsewhere in the U.S. About evenly metropolitan and nonmetropolitan prior to 1960, employment, population, and income became increasingly concentrated in the region’s metro areas in the next ten years. Nonmetro areas benefited greatly from major additions of manufacturing and other nonfarm jobs between 1960 and 1970. Nevertheless, the economic improvements wrought in many rural and other nonmetro communities failed to halt, merely slowed, outmigration of farm and other people to destinations outside the South, as well as to the region’s metropolitan centers.
Migration to and from State Economic Areas in the Interior Southeast: An Experiment Using Pooled Cross-Section data
Authors: Olsen Richard J.
Published: March 2021

The paucity of meaningful time-series data for small geographic regions has frequently confined analysis to cross-section data at one point in time. The purpose of this paper is to recommend the use of pooled cross-section analysis and to illustrate its application to one dynamic component of regional growth - migration. In addition, the problem of heteroscedastic distrubances is treated through the selective application of weighted regression analysis.
Is Out-Migration Affected by Economic Conditions: Comment
Authors: Renas Stephen
Published: March 2021

This comment discusses and analyzes Miller (1973)’s study.
Potential Economic Costs of Migration: A Case Study of a South Atlantic Metropolitan Area
Authors: Evans V.J. , Serow W.J.
Published: March 2021

Studies attempting to measure the economic impact of migration to or from a given area have typically concentrated on factors such as the strength of push-pull forces, migration as a function of interregional wage differentials, migration as an equalizer of wage and opportunity differentials, and so on. Different approaches have been used to address these issues. The approach taken in our research is quite different. We examine a single metropolitan area. We attempt to measure the portion of total population growth directly and indirectly attributable to migration and suggest the types of costs associated with providing services to these persons.
The Impact of Population Decline on County Government Finance: The West Virginia Case
Authors: Mikesell John L.
Published: March 2021

West Virginia lost 6.2 percent of its population from 1960 to 1970. This study analyzes in cross-section West Virginia county and school governments in 1967, the Census of Governments year, and examines the effect of population change over a ten-year period. The basic question examined is: in what fashion does population change (defined as the percentage change in county population from 1960 to 1970) influence per capita local expenditure and revenue?
Alternative Views On Development for the Coastal Plains Region
Authors: Malizia Emil , Richter Charles
Published: March 2021

The problems of less developed regions have provided an important area of study for regional scientists and planners during the past decade. Theoretical and applied work, while not without differences and disagreements, constitutes a particular conception of the development process drawn from neo-classical economics. This research has influenced the goals, analyses, programs and projects of the Appalachian Regional Commission and the Regional Commissions of the Economics Development Administration. A detailed evaluation of these efforts is beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, we present an alternative concept of development and an alternative set of strategies for stimulating regional development. Both the conception and the strategies which follow from it diverge from traditional analyses and strategies sanctioned by government sponsorship. We use the Coastal Plains Region and its regional development plan to bring out the differences between our viewpoint and the traditional view.
State Development Policy and the Transitional Economy
Authors: Schultz Jr. Paul F.
Published: March 2021

The increasing complexity of our society has placed a burgeoning responsibility upon state and local governments for effective economic development planning decisions based upon timely, adequate information. Many times this goal is not attained. For many states, the lack of an adequate development plan has resulted in major decisions being made by default. The purpose of this paper is to examine such a situation in detail and to evaluate quantitatively some of the effects by age, color, and sex upon the work-eligible population and associated labor force participation rates. Based on these results, some comments will be made on appropriate state policy for transition periods. This objective is considerably different in scope and application from most national studies of labor force participation.
Alternative Views On Development for the Coastal Plains Region: Comment
Authors: Rasmussen David W.
Published: March 2021

This paper is a comment on Malizia and Richter (1973).
Two Capitalistic Rationales for Conservation
Authors: Doilney James A.
Published: March 2021

Current capital theory is grossly inadequate as a tool for considering future generations’ utility. This paper attempts to reconcile two concepts. First, MAXIM I, which the idea that natural phenomenon must be protected from destructive short-run gains. Second, MAXIM II, which is that capital theory discounting is the utility maximizing intertemporal allocation tool.
How does Big-box Retail Entry Affect Incumbents in the Hospitality Industry: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Mihaescu Oana , Rudholm Niklas
Published: March 2021

We use entry by IKEA in four Swedish municipalities as a natural experiment to measure the effects of big-box retail entry on the revenues of incumbent firms in the hospitality sector. We further investigate whether the effects depend on the size of the local market before entry. Our results show a negative impact on the revenues of incumbents in Haparanda, Kalmar, and Karlstad, but insignificant effects in the metropolitan region of Gothenburg. As most firms in the hospitality sector are restaurants, we expect that our results are due to increased competition since all IKEA stores come with large, popular, and reasonably-priced restaurants.
Patterns and Correlates of Dissatisfaction with Government Performance in the Gauteng City-Region, South Africa: A Comparison across Three Government Spheres
Authors: Cheruiyot Koech , Katumba Samy , Wray Chris
Published: March 2021

With an increasing focus on the need to enhance government performance across the world, this paper explores dissatisfaction with the performance of three spheres of government in the Gauteng City-Region (GCR), South Africa. This paper uses the 2013 Quality of Life (QoL) survey data to examine spatial patterns and correlates of dissatisfaction with government performance as well as whether significant correlates that explain dissatisfaction with government performance vary across the three spheres of government. Results show significant spatial clustering in the levels of dissatisfaction across all three spheres of government, with more significant clustering in the local sphere, followed by the provincial and national spheres. The central core of Gauteng exhibits the lowest levels of dissatisfaction, whilst a clustering of high levels of dissatisfaction occurs in the southern areas. While spatial analysis revealed variation in the correlates across the three spheres, common correlates were also discernible. These include: the percentage of respondents dissatisfied with their dwelling, average sense of safety, average score access to services, percentage of respondents who agree politics is a waste of time, and percentage of respondents who agree that the country is going in the wrong direction. The disjuncture between perceptions of government performance and satisfaction with services is evident in this paper’s results.
Regional Impact Analysis and Recreational Multipliers
Authors: Milon J. Walter , Mulkey W. David , Ellerbrock Michael J.
Published: March 2021

Water based recreational development projects are one of the most difficult areas for project analysis. Information on the impact of recreational projects is useful for planning but the economic researcher faces barriers to this estimation problem. This article evaluates the relative merits of alternative methods to the input-output model to estimate recreational impact multipliers and compares them to the multipliers obtained using standard methods.
Tourist Attraction Devevlopment Modeling: Public Sector Policy and Management Case
Authors: Stough Roger R. , Feldman Mary
Published: March 2021

The expanding role of leisure has produced a significant increase in tourist activity over the last decade. While tourism may have an immediate positive impact, the long-term effects are often viewed more negatively. This paper reviews and analyzes the evolutionary model of tourism development. We then explore the public policy and public management implications of the model. This is then applied directly to Charleston, South Carolina as a case study.
Factors Affecting the Location of Payday Lending and Traditional Banking Services in North Carolina
Authors: Burkey Mark L. , Simkins Scott P.
Published: March 2021

Payday lending is a relatively new and fast growing segment of the “fringe banking” industry. This paper offers a comparative, descriptive analysis of the location patterns of traditional banks and payday lenders. Utilizing a dataset at the Zip Code Tabulation Area level in North Carolina, we perform negative binomial regressions and find evidence supporting some, but not all, common assertions about the location patterns of both types of institutions. A key finding is that after controlling for many covariates, race is still a powerful predictor of the locations of both banks and payday lenders.
The Distributional Effects of Water Quantity Management Strategies: A Spatial Analysis
Authors: Duke Joshua M. , Ehemann Robert W. , Mackenzie John
Published: March 2021

The distributional effects of three water policies are compared using spatial data from New Castle County, Delaware. The analysis reveals that a 591 percent increase in the marginal price of water achieves the same 25 percent reduction in consumption as rationing and mandatory restrictions. However, the distributional effects of pricing are distinct. Under rationing, households with low consumption must forgo essential uses. Mandatory restrictions are more equitable, shifting the conservation burden to residents living on larger parcels. With a threshold to protect essential consumption, the pricing policy places the burden of conservation on households with higher incomes and larger parcel sizes.
How Much Does Local Job Growth Improve Employment Outcomes of the Rural Working Poor?
Authors: Davis Elizabeth E. , Weber Bruce A.
Published: March 2021

Using administrative data from Oregon, the study analyzes the impact of local labor market conditions on the employment and earnings of low-income adults. The study finds that local job growth helps the working poor, resulting in higher earnings, more frequent employment, and more quarters with earnings above the poverty level. However, the evidence suggests that the effect of local job growth on employment outcomes may be weaker in rural areas than in urban areas. This finding raises concerns about the ability of low-income adults (including former welfare recipients) to achieve economic self-sufficiency in rural areas.
Endogenous Regional Development: Lessons from Languedoc-Roussillon and Montpellier
Authors: Hansen Niles
Published: March 2021

This article critically examines how the French Mediterranean region of Languedoc-Roussillon, and especially its capital, Montpellier, evolved from economic stagnation to a path of sustained economic development involving high-technology activities. The transformation is discussed in the context of the historical background of the region and of changes in French regional devel-opment policies. Attention is also devoted to such problems as the region’s high unemployment rate despite its being the leader among all French regions in terms of various measures of economic progress.
Are U.S. Farm Wages Really Depressing? Evidence from the Northeast and South
Authors: Temel Tugrul , Tavernier Edmund M.
Published: March 2021

This study examines movements in U.S. real farm wages and whether or not wages tend to converge during 1978-92. Results from the Markov chain analysis support convergence in both the Northeast and the South to a lower wage rate than their respective regional average rates in 1978. A comparison of the time-invariant and actual terminal period distributions indicates that such tendency signals future wages to depress. This further suggests that the over-supply of labor, which manifests itself in the form of lower wages, can be viewed as a symptom of a healthy labor market responding to market signals.
The Role of Local School Quality in Rural Employment and Population Growth
Authors: Barkley David L. , Henry Mark S. , Bao Shuming
Published: March 2021

This study investigates the influence of school quality (measured at the high school level) on 1980 to 1990 population and employment change for nonmetropolitan fringe and hinterland census tracts in South Carolina. A Boarnet variation of the Carlino-Mills model is used to examine the interdependence of population and employment change. Local school quality is estimated by scores on standardized tests and students-to-teacher ratios. The model’s equations also include variables for local area characteristics identified as determinants of population or employment growth in previous studies (e.g., public service availability and costs, quality of life, labor force characteristics, and access to metro areas). Results of the 2SLS estimation indicate that fringe tracts’ population growth was positively related to student test scores, and hinterland tracts population and employment growth were negatively related to student-teacher ratios. Empirical results suggest that local school quality provided a positive influence on rural growth, primarily in terms of residential growth. The role of school quality for employment growth was less clear.
Factors Influencing Trade Area Activity in the Great Basin Area
Authors: Ebai George , Harris Thomas R.
Published: March 2021

Proper assessment of rural retail sector activity would yield effective and targeted retail extension/outreach programs. Pull factors assess a local retail sector’s ability to meet local retail demands and to capture outside trade. If the local retail sector’s pull factor vaiue is above the threshold value of one, the local retail sector is capturing local and non-local retail demands. Tobit estimation procedures were used for eight retail sectors to determine factors which influence the capture of local and non-local retail demands. These significant factors were derived and discussed as elements to be implemented into future retail extension/outreach programs.
The Hedonic Price Structure of Faculty Compensation at U.S. Colleges and Universities
Authors: Clark David E. , Knapp Thomas A.
Published: March 2021

Economic theory suggests that the variation in academic salaries across institutions in part reflects compensating differences associated with variation in the levels of local “quality of life” factors such as environmental quality and the provision of local public services. This paper presents an econometric analysis of the hedonic, or implicit price structure, of faculty compensation at U.S. colleges and universities using data from AAUP merged with data on a host of location-specific characteristics. Quality of life factors are found to be important, accounting for between 7 percent and 12.8 percent of total compensation.
The Effect of Relative Group Size on the Employment Prospects of African-American and White Males
Authors: Hoffnar Emily , Greene Michael
Published: March 2021

A bivariate probit model is employed to assess the impact of relative group size on employment and labor force participation probabilities of white and African-American males. The model allows for correlated error structures between labor force participation and employment equations. Increases in the relative size of the African-American population are found to have a significant negative impact on African-American male labor force participation and, after controlling for labor force participation, the probability of employment. No corresponding negative impact on white males is found.
The Value of Beach Nourishment to Property Owners: Storm Damage Reduction Benefits
Authors: Pompe Jeffrey J. , Rinehart James R.
Published: March 2021

This study offers a method for estimating the storm damage reduction benefits accruing to property owners from beach nourishment. We use a hedonic pricing model to estimate the increased protection value that wider beaches provide for single-family homes in two South Carolina oceanfront communities. These storm damage reduction benefits accrue not only to oceanfront property that suffers the most damage, but also to properties farther back. We find that a proposed Army Corps of Engineers’ nourishment project will produce approximately $63.8 million of cumulative benefits to owners of single-family homes, which translates into a benefit/cost ratio of 1.96.
Fiscal Determinants of Migration to a Fast-Growing State: How the Aged Differ from the General Population
Authors: Assadian Afsaneh
Published: March 2021

This paper utilizes 1980-89 data on Florida’ s metropolitan areas to test the hypothesis that fiscal variables have differing influences on the in-migration of the aged as compared to the general population. The model, which is based on the Tiebout hypothesis, tests the role of variables which represent public school-related finances and public assistance. With the application of a pooled cross-section time series approach, several versions of two equations are estimated using the general linear model. Consistent with the Tiebout theory, the general population is found to prefer high public school-related spending and low taxes. The elderly, in contrast, choose locations where school spending and taxes are low. Nonschool-related taxes positively impact the migration of both groups. Contrary to previous studies, there is evidence of a role, albeit a mostly negative one, for the economic determinants of elderly migration. The possible importance of quality of life influences is also suggested by the findings.
Development Problems and Opportunities in the U.S.-Mexico Border Area
Authors: Hansen Niles
Published: March 2021

1be Mexico-United States border area is unusual because it is a region where one of the world’s richest nations comes into direct contact with a newly develop-ing country. The international boundary is a barrier in many respects, but it is also permeable to many social, cultural, and economic influences that flow in both directions. Despite the numerous political and economic asymmetries that exist between the United States and Mexico, many people in both countries have gained some advantage by moving freely to the border area that extends for 2,000 miles from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico-an area that was scarcely in-habited at the beginning of this century. In part, this has resulted from the fact that the two sides of the boundary are not always typical of their respective countries. Mexico’s northern border cities are poor by U.S. standards, but they are relatively prosperous by Mexican standards; in some cases, the per capita income is 50 per-cent above the Mexican national average (Peach 1984). On the U.S. side, the San Diego and Tucson metropolitan areas have per capita income levels that do not differ greatly from the U.S. average. Yet most U.S. border cities and towns are among the poorest in the nation, especially in the largely Hispanic Texas border-lands.
The Impact of Infrastructure Spending on New Business Formation: The Importance of State Economic Development Spending
Authors: Goss Ernest Preston
Published: March 2021

Results from this study suggest that states, in order to encourage new business formation and to compensate for unfavorable economic conditions, have budgeted more funds to support economic development agency activities. It is concluded that past studies, by failing to control for state economic development agency spending in estimated regression equations, have underestimated the impact of infrastructure spending and taxes on the formation of new businesses. Findings indicate that only after controlling for economic development agency spending do infrastructure spending and taxes enter the estimated regression equation with statistically significant coefficients and with the expected signs.
Behavior of Industrial Sectors Earnings Growth Rates in the United States
Authors: Nissan Edward , Carter George
Published: March 2021

The long-run equilibrium of the competitive model of the economy predicts that per capita income across industries and regions becomes equalized over time. Since earnings constitute a substantial part of income, that model predicts that earnings per person also equalizes over time. During the 1980s, state and regional income in the United States diverged. thereby contradicting the competitive model hypothesis as well as Simon Kuznets’s hypothesis of income equality varying directly with economic development. This paper examines earnings growth rates of 10 industrial sectors by using actual state data for 1969-88 and projected state data for 1988-2000. Even though the findings indicate overall convergence in growth rates based on state data, continued average inequality between regions persists.
Reevaluating Alternative Measures of Industrial Diversity as Indicators of Regional Cyclical Variations
Authors: Wundt Bruce D.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the relationship between industrial diversity and regional cyclical instability in a new setting by focusing on detailed information of one region over time. It compares the ability of various measures of regional diversification to explain historical employment variations in manufacturing employment in the state of Connecticut between 1964 and 1983 at both the 2-digit and 3-digit SIC levels. This study demonstrates that the portfolio variance is an effective yardstick for tracking cyclical instability and provides policymakers with a tool to feasibly approach the problem of instability in regions.
Congratulating Shirley Friedlander Weiss
Authors: Editorial RRS
Published: March 2021

This editoral honors Shirly Weiss upon her retirement.
Modelling Regional Economic Change with the Aid of Geographic Information Systems: Authentic Regional Science?
Authors: Henry Mark S.
Published: March 2021

I suggest that GIS will help regional scientists address several important problems. First, better definitions and delineation of regions are possible. Second, better measures of spatial relationships are possible. Third, improved procedures for developing estimators in spatial econometrics are possible. Each of these issues in regional science has a focus on space or the region as the critical element in problem definition and problem solving.
Regional Income Inequality in a Developed Nation: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Sub-State Regions
Authors: McGillivray Mark , Peter Matthew
Published: March 2021

This paper focuses on patterns of income inequality among Australian sub-state regions for the census years 1976, 1981, and 1986. Using single-equation econometric techniques, its principal objective is to explain these patterns. Like a number of previous studies, we hypothesize that the level of sub-state regional inequality is a function of the level of regional development We also consider the importance of a number of other factors to regional income inequality, including: labor market and demographic and geographic characteristics. Our results indicate that these factors do impact the level of Australian sub-state regional inequality of incomes.
Integrating Money into Regional Models of Leading Indicators
Authors: Kozlowski Paul J.
Published: March 2021

Given the role of monetary changes in explaining business cycles, a challenge for regional analysts is to integrate monetary processes into leading indicator models. This paper examines economic processes imbedded in regional models and analyzes changes in forecasting performance when a national monetary indicator is integrated into these models. Performance of the models, with and without the monetary variable, is examined with respect to turning points, volatility, false signals, and quantitative forecasts. The results show that integrating a national monetary indicator into the regional models of leading indicators is conceptually sound as well as empirically promising, and may contribute to the information content imbedded in this class of models.
Growth Pole Cycles: A Synthesis of Growth Pole and Long Wave Theories
Authors: Amos, Jr. Orley M.
Published: March 2021

The objective of this paper is to present a more general theory of spatio-temporal development that encompasses the prominent features of the growth pole paradigm, but has a broader scope, more fundamental structure, and more powerful explanatory capability. The enhanced nature of this theory is possible by synthesizing the spatial features of the growth pole paradigm, with temporal features of a similar, but distinct, theory of endogenous economic cycles. This objective is pursued in three steps. First, the key components of the growth pole and long wave theories are highlighted, with pre-acknowledgement that neither contain the formal details of other discussions. Second, a preliminary synthesis of the growth pole and long wave theories is examined, providing an improved, but also incomplete, theory of spatio-temporal development. Third, a general theory of socio-economic development is presented by integrating the growth pole paradigm with a utility-based behavioral explanation of long waves.
The Impact of Space on the Application Of Discrete Choice Models
Authors: Haynes Kingsley E. , Fotheringham A. Stewart
Published: March 2021

In spatial analysis, the 1980’s could be characterized as the decade of discrete choice modeling and, more generally, categorized data analysis. Subsequent to the pioneering work undertaken in economics, marketing and transportation, it was quickly recognized that most spatial decisions are discrete (for example, the selection of a city in which to live or a store at which to shop) and the discrete choice framework was adopted enthusiastically. One of the most popular statistical models for the analysis of discrete choices has been the multinomial logit model (MNL). In this paper we describe the added complexities space introduces into Discrete Choice Modeling and then discuss how they can be incorporated into the framework to produce more realistic spatial choice models. Our discussion is centered around the MNL model, because of its popularity, and on the role of the Independence from Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) assumption which is shown to be a key factor in highlighting the differences between aspatial and spatial choice. We also demonstrate that in certain models where IIA is relaxed the subtleties of space are not captured sufficiently and that these subtleties can only be captured by developing models from spatial theory. Some promising beginnings in this direction are reported.
Employment Linkages from a Modified Shift-Share Analysis: An Illinois Example
Authors: Beck Roger J. , McD. Herr William
Published: March 2021

Weak economic conditions in rural areas are reflected in labor markets. In rural Illinois counties the labor force,defined as those employed plus those looking for work, declined by an average of one percent per year from 1980 to 1987, and the average annual loss of the employed labor force was even greater (1.4 percent). The urban counties of Illinois had growth in both the labor force and the employed labor force of 0.6 percent per year over the same time period! The purposes of this study are: (l) to demonstrate the applicability of using a modification of shift -share analysis to examine the recent economic performance of Illinois counties heavily dependent on production agriculture, (2) to determine whether any specific sectors in farm dependent counties exhibit competitive advantages, and (3) to examine the effect of growth in base sectors on the performance of nonbase sectors.
Reflections on Human Resources in the Strategy of Rural Economic Development
Authors: Smith Eldon D.
Published: March 2021

The general hypothesis that is developed in the following pages is founded on very elementary economic concepts. Underlying it is a methodological assumption that these concepts and those of sister disciplines have as a primary function the directing of attention to relevant general categories of relationships. In the main, they have been effective in doing so or they would not be maintained as the conceptual core of the several disciplines. However, if used uncritically, they can direct inquiry away from relationships of strategic significance as readily as toward them. Disciplinary researchers with their specialized conceptual constructs have operated mainly in splendid isolation. In so doing, these constructs have been allowed to direct attention away from, rather than toward, potentially important relationships. These relationships, if understood, quite possibly could enlighten regional economic and human resource development policy. No more stones should be cast at one discipline than at another.
The Effect of Government Employment on Income Inequality Overall and in the South: Evidence from Congressional District Data
Authors: Brem Natalie , Durden Garey , Gaynor Patricia
Published: March 2021

The major purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that government employment and family income inequality are inversely related. A secondary purpose is to determine whether influences discovered in earlier studies retain their power to explain inequality. Unlike most previous work but following Farbman (1973), the data for the empirical tests reported were were stratified into southern and non-southern regions.
Differential Cyclic Employment Response in a Subregion
Authors: Campbell Charles A.
Published: March 2021

Differences in employment responses in a substate area of Mississippi were examined between two recessionary periods using a shift-share procedure. The method allows separation of effects based upon both the nature of the particular recession and the nature of structural change between recessions. The method permits identification of effects that may be influenced by local or state policy makers. The need for additional analysis is shown using a dynamic shift-share procedure which indicates that the first method should not be used in isolation.
Entity-Relationship Approach to Regional Economic Data Analysis
Authors: Beck Roger J. , Medsker Larry R.
Published: March 2021

Conceptual and empirical models of economic development are necessary to better understand the role of the resource mix and market conditions that can influence community economic growth. Secondly, public officials and agencies interested in implications of alternative policies need ready access to public data sources that provide information about the economic performance of the local economy. The present study focuses on an important source of data for economic development studies made available by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis Regional Information System (REIS)). That data source has utility for both research and public service needs, and we are giving particular attention to the latter.
A Social Welfare Approach to Regional Convergence
Authors: Tam Mo-Yin , Persky Joseph , Schlaf Eric
Published: March 2021

The discussion of regional convergence has been carried out without attention to the question of regional income distributions. To a large extent this has reflected the importance attached to per capita income in models of national and regional growth. From such a vantage point, distribution is of secondary importance. We wish to broaden the discussion of regional comparisons to include the entire regional income distribution.
Determining the Strength of Industrial Grouping Methods
Authors: Loviscek Anthony L. , Yang Chin-Wei
Published: March 2021

The reason for using grouping methods is to expose structural characteristics (industrial groups) that are neither obvious nor detectable by visual examination of input-output transactions. Specifically, industrial groups are thought to play a pivotal role in Hirschman-type development strategies, in the formation of agglomeration economies, and in monitoring changes in economic bases.
Regional Industrial Change, Industrial Restructuring, and U.S. Industrial Policy
Authors: Moriarty Barry M.
Published: March 2021

This paper briefly describes the location and investment trends of manufacturing over the past few decades and some of the factors responsible for the trends. It then discusses a set of proposals that should be rejected as national policy components and outlines one that aids in stabilizing manufacturing employment.
Explaining Adoption of Conservation Programs by Local Governments
Authors: Bowman Ann O M. , Franke James L.
Published: March 2021

Government activity (or, more specifically, given the decentralized nature of energy conservation, local government activity) is the focus of this research. How has local government marshaled its legal, technical, and financial resources to pursue energy conservation? To answer this question, new empirical information from communities in an energy producing state, Texas, is presented.
The Rent Control Paradox: Explanations and Prescriptions
Authors: Luger Michael I.
Published: March 2021

This paper offers three explanations for the pervasiveness of rent controls: (1) people do not act rationally when they support rent control legislation, (2) a minority of individuals, who feel they will benefit from rent controls, have captured the political process, and (3) the standard economic analysis is flawed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sloboda Brian W.
Published: March 2021

“The Rise and Fall of Urban Economies: Lessons From San Francisco and Los Angeles” is reviewed by Alexander J. Cardazzi. “The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class - And What We Can Do About It” is reviewed by Amanda Ross. “Promises of the Political: Insurgent Cities in a Post-Political Environment” is reviewed by Kerianne Lawson. “Taming the Tide of Capital Flows: A Policy Guide” is reviewed by Sara Harper.
Differential Assessment and Agricultural Land Use in the South
Authors: Ziemer Rod F. , Stoll John R. , Kao Robert , Bergstrom John C.
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we develop an econometric model of agricultural land use similar to that used by White and Fleming. The model is predicated on the theory of land rents, to evaluate the impact of differential assessment on conversion of eligible land.
Regional Trends in U.S. Food Consumption: Population Scale, Composition, and Income Effects
Authors: Guseman Patricia K. , Sapp Stephen G.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to identify regional differentials that assist in explaining the structure of demand for foods. Trends in regional consumption patterns are reviewed and projections of future food utilization on a regional basis are provided.
Living Costs, the Quality of Life, and the Sunbelt vs. Frostbelt Battle in the United States
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: March 2021

Given the economic, financial, political, quality-of-life, and social aspects of the “North-South” conflict, this paper pursues two simple objectives. First, it focuses upon some of the key factors which, during the 1970s, led to significantly different North-South growth rates. Second, this paper examines the apparent resurgence of the Northeast during the early 1980s and the apparent moderation of sharply divergent growth rates as between the Northeast and the South.
New Directions for Economic Development Strategies in the South: Introduction
Authors: Lanham W. Joe
Published: March 2021

New directions for economic development strategies in the South must include putting together a stronger knowledge base which analyzes the basic economic trends that are occurring in the region and their relationship to the total economy. We need to look at the present and the long term vitality of our basic industries, particularly those with aging physical plants or that adversely affect our resource base or environment.
New Directions in Development: Cases of High, Medium and Low Technologies
Authors: Hobbs Daryl
Published: March 2021

This paper emphasizes that the South will probably continue to enjoy a comparative advantage regarding those factors that have contributed most to past growth. But we will also emphasize that some of the factors contributing to Southern regional growth in the 1960s and 70s will not likely be sustained to the same degree in the 1980s and 90s-anywhere in the nation. Thus, even though the South may retain a comparative advantage with regard to some growth factors, those factors will not likely translate into a continuation of the same rate of associated population and job growth.
The United States Virgin Islands and Decolonization of the Eastern Caribbean
Authors: Boyer William W.
Published: March 2021

To address the question whether self-determination is a myth or reality in the U.S. Virgin Islands, it is instructive to reach back into the history of the U.S. Virgin Islands, for in order to understand the present, let alone to project to the future, it is first necessary to understand the past. The uses of history, therefore, are practical. Have the people of the U.S. Virgin Islands in the past enjoyed this right? Do they enjoy this right now? Will they enjoy self-determination in the future? These are the questions addressed in this article.
A Model of Preserving the Built Environment
Authors: Fritz Richard G. , McHone Warren
Published: March 2021

This paper reviews the arguments that have been presented by both supporters and critics of the historic preservation movement. The paper also attempts to lay the foundation for a more systematic study of the historic preservation process by presenting an econometric model which relates the decision to preserve or demolish a historic site to the major economic and noneconomic factors that are expected to influence the decision.
An Evaluation of Non-Survey Estimation Techniques for Regional Input-Output Models
Authors: Brucker Sharon M. , Hastings Steven E.
Published: March 2021

This paper compares the coefficients in a survey- based input-output model to coefficients determined by regionalizing the 1972 United States input-output table at its most disaggregated level (496 sectors).
The Stability of Economic Base Multipliers: Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: Martin Randolph C. , Miley, Jr. Harry W.
Published: March 2021

Few techniques of regional analysis have received as much criticism while being used as frequently as economic base analysis. There is little doubt that the high costs of more comprehensive techniques such as survey based inputoutput studies contribute to the popularity of this approach. One of the major criticisms of economic base as a technique of impact analysis and regional forecasting is that the related base multiplier varies over time.
Note on Non-Survey Input-Output Models for Multicounty Regions: Reply
Authors: Henry Mark
Published: March 2021

The comment by Bernat on my pragmatic solution to a problem that occurs in using the simple location quotient (SLQ) technique to estimate input-output multipliers raises an interesting estimation issue not addressed in the comment or my paper (1980). My purposes in this reply are to assert that there still is a multicounty problem in interpretation of SLQ based I-0 multipliers and to identify potential downward bias in SLQ based multipliers associated with neglect of within region specialization.
Variation of Productivity, Wages, and Profitability with Location
Authors: Miller Edward M.
Published: March 2021

Little attention has been paid thus far to key economic variables such as productivity or profitability, specifically differences in profitability. In theory, industrialists pick locations based on anticipated profitability and the areas with the highest profits would be the fastest growing. In spite of this, regional scientists have made little effort to determine how it varies with location. This paper will argue that gross profit margins can be measured from existing data and that there are significant regional differences in productivity. Finally, comparisons of wages will be made and new indices of wage rates will be computed with industry mix controlled for.
Urban-Regional Development Diffusion and Personal Income Inequality
Authors: Amos, Jr. Orley M.
Published: March 2021

Previous research has proposed an inverted U-shaped of income inequality in the development process. The argument is that income inequality follows an increasing, decreasing, then increasing again pattern during the development process. The objective of this paper is to investigate the inverted U-shaped hypothesis within the context of growth poles. Growth pole theory, which emphasizes the importance of urban areas in regional development, offers one explanation for this phenomenon.
A Reconsideration of the Physical Laws for Transforming Environmental Resources in Post-Keynesian Production Theory
Authors: Christensen Paul P , Fritz Richard G.
Published: March 2021

Despite considerable progress in mathematical technique and empirical rigor, economic science does not yet possess a consistent and logically acceptable theory of production, value, and distribution. The post-Keynesian debate over capital theory has demonstrated the rather special assumptions on which neoclassical theory has been constructed. Recent work in environmental economics has focused on the absence of satisfactory formulation of the physical-technique requirements of production process in neoclassical theory. This paper synthesizes the contribution of the environmental economists within a post-Keynsian framework.
Probabilistic Income-Maximizing Behavior in Regional Migration: An Empirical Test
Authors: Weinstein Robert I. , Evans Richard D.
Published: March 2021

An extensive empirical and theoretical literature exists on the determinants of migration behavior. A limitation of these studies, however, is their failure to completely consider the effects of risk on the migration decision. This paper provides an empirical test of the hypothesis that migrants consider income risk in their evaluation of the returns to migration.
The Role of Long Distance Migration in the Rural Renaissance, in Gentrification, and in Growth of the Sunbelt
Authors: Serow William J.
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to decompose national trends in two ways. First, by distance moved in the migration process. Second, by region of origin and of destination. Thus, we seek to find out whether any apparent nationwide trend is the result of short versus long distance moves and whether these national trends are, in fact, trends evident only in one or two portions of the country.
Industrial Development and Race in the Nonmetropolitan South
Authors: Walker James L.
Published: March 2021

During the 1960’s an unprecedented effort was made by the federal government to promote economic development in depressed areas of the nation. Most of this effort was focused on the nonmetropolitan South, where the high rates of poverty, underemployment, and outmigration (especially of blacks to the major metropolitan ghettoes) has been seen as a national problem. While this federally subsidized rural renaissance has had considerable impact upon whites, there is increasing evidence that blacks have not shared equitably in the employment growth and the resultant reductions in poverty, underemployment, and outmigration. A significant part of the failure of blacks to share equitably in the economic gains can be explained by the tendency for employment growth within the nonmetropolitan South to locate outside of heavily black areas. The purpose of this study is to analyze this phenomenon, i.e., the extent to which it has been happening and some of the more important explanatory factors.
Basic and Nonbasic Employment Linkages
Authors: Miller Stephen E. , Henry Mark S.
Published: March 2021

The simple economic base multiplier is a widely used tool of regional economic analysis. Its popularity may be largely attributed to its low cost and ease of interpretation. However, recent theoretical and empirical work has cast doubt upon the use of simple economic base multipliers for short-run impact analysis. In the present study, we utilize time series techniques to test for the existence and structure of basic-nonbasic employment linkages. Our use of monthly data should allow detection of shorter lags than those observable in earlier studies which made use of quarterly and/or annual data.