bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell junctions in squamous epithelium during wound healing in palatal mucosa of guinea pigs
Authors: ANDERSEN LIS
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The nature and distribution of cell junctions of the epithelium of wounded guinea pig palate were .studied. Biopsies, 32 in total, were taken 13, 48, 96, and 120 h after wounding. Desmosomes were present in the wound epithelium throughout the observation period. Primitive desmosomes, indicating de novo formation of desmosomes, were observed at the front of advanced migratory lips (48 h) and in the central region and the wound epithelium after bridging (96 and 120 h). Similarly, de novo formed hemidesmosomes were seen. They occurred along epithelial cell membranes exposed to the fibrinous wound exudate during the migratory lip stages (18 and 48 h) and after epithelial bridging. The observations .suggest that wounding induced changes in the mechanical properties of the tissue. Gap junctions were present in migrating epithelium preferably at the stem of the lips and in the epithelium after bridging, which suggests their participation in regulation of the epithelial cell differentiation. Tight junctions, capable of acting as seals, were absent or fragmentary at best. A relative decrease in the volume density of intercellular spaces in migrating epithelium as compared to intact epithelium, suggests an in vivo tissue reaction.
Diagnosis and treatment of pulp necrosis in permanent anterior teeth with root fracture
Authors: JACOBSEN INGEBORG , KEREKES KASMER
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

A follow‐up study was made of 20 traumatized permanent incisors with pulp necrosis observed as a sequel to root fracture. The material included 19 patients aged 8–17 years (mean 11.6 years) at the time of injury. Negative response to electric stimulation was noted in 16 teeth from the first examination. In four teeth an initial positive response changed to negative within 2–9 months. The negative response was supported by additional signs and symptoms of necrosis in 19 teeth. Radiolucencies adjacent to the fracture line or coronal discolorations were the most important diagnostic factors. Discolorations occurred within 2 months, whereas radiographic changes in the fracture area took from 3 to .5 months. to develop. Four teeth were extracted without attempting endodontic therapy. Endodontic treatment confined to the coronal fragment was performed in 16 teeth. In most cases the canal was filled temporarily with calcium hydroxide until a closure at the fracture site was observed. Two apical fragments showing radiographic changes were surgically removed in conjunction with the permanent filling of the coronal fragments. During the postoperative observation period one tooth was extracted due to communication between the fracture area and the oral cavity. The treatment of the remaining 15 teeth was judged as successful after a mean observation period of 4.2 years, ranging from 2 to 5 years.
Thiol groups and reduced acidogenicity of dental plaque in the presence of metal ions in vivo
Authors: OPPERMANN RUI VICENTE , RØLLA GUNNAR , JOHANSEN JAN ROLF , ASSEV SYNNØVE
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Metal ions are known to influence the cariogenicity of dental plaque. Inhibition of acid metabolism in plaque may be of importance in this respect. Metal ions inhibit the acidogenicity of dental plaque to a different extent and it has been suggested that an enzyme inhibition based on oxidation of thiol groups may explain this observation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of oxidation of thiol groups in the inhibition of acid production in plaque by silver, tin and zinc salts. Nine subjects with 3‐d sucrose induced plaque received topical applications of the metal ions. Cysteine or gilutathione, which are known to reverse thiol oxidations, were then applied in one side of the mouth. Plaque pH measurements, in the presence of sucrose, were performed prior to and up to 2 h after treatment. The results showed that the acid production inhibited by the metal ions was reactivated by cysteine or glutathione. Iodoacetamide and ρ‐chloromercuribenzoate were also shown to inhibit acid formation in dental plaque. The high affinity silver, tin and zinc have for SH groups, the observed inhibitory effect of these metals, the reactivation of the metabolism by monothiols and the fact that organic sulfhydryl reagents inhibit acid formation in plaque indicate that oxidation of thiol groups may be the mechanism by which these metals exert their effect.
Composition of human periodonal ligament cells in tissue culture
Authors: BLOMLÖF LIEF , OTTESKOG PER
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The cells in the PDL of momdeys have been demonstrated to have and unusual growth behavior in vitro since fibroblast‐like cells have been reported to grow on top of epithelial‐like cells. In this study growth of epithelial‐like cells along with fibroblast‐like cells was seen in human PDL from three out of 15 Permannent teeth when explantation technique was used whereas only fibroblast‐cells were seen after enzymatical degradation. Occasionally fibroblast‐like cells were seen growing on top of epithelial‐like cells.
Follow of permanent incisors with enamel cracks as a result of an acute trauma
Authors: RAVN J.J.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Enamel cracks or infractions occur in 10.5–12.5% of acute traumatized incisors. A detailed account of 1337 incisors‐suffering from pure infraction or infraction in conunction with some form of fracture and/or damage to the supportive tissue as a result of an acute trauma is given. The teeth were examinhed at regular intervals, and the observation time was more than2 years in the case of 70% of the material. The number of pulp deaths in teeth with pure infraction accounted for 3.5% of the total. There is a clear correlation to other coronal injuries and to damage to the supportive tissue. Complication in the form of pulpal damage may be expected in many cases involving damage to the supportive tissue.
Ultrastructural estimation of the effect of sucrosc and glucose rinses on early dental plaque formed on plastic films
Authors: BRECX MICHEL , THEILADE ÖRGEN , ATTSTRÖM ROLF
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The influence of water, glucose and sucrose rinses on early plaque formation has been studied. The amount and structure of dental deposits formed on plastic films were determined on four occasion: no rinsing, water, glucose or sucrose rinses. Five subjects with healthy gingiva developed plaque in 4 h on plastic films applied to the buccal surfaces of premolars and canines, after which period the plastic films with adhering deposits were processed for electron microscopy. Sections were prepared for examination in the light and clcctron microscope. Some were stained for the demonstration of carbohydratcs according to the periodic acid thiocarbohydrazide osmium tetroxide technique, the number of cellular elements collected on the films during the four experiments was calculated and statistically compared. The results in the four grouop were identical. The plastic films were covered by a surface coating of acellular material in or on which bacteria, epithelial cells and leukocytes were observed. The microorgamsms were almost exclusively Gram‐positive cocci. Many bacteria exhibited intracellular polysaccharides. The results indicate that the rinsing procedure does not influence early plaque formation, and that frequent mouthrinses with glucose or sucrose have no detectable effect on plaque growth at this initial stage of bacterial adherence.
Evaluation of a fluoride‐containing varnish in children with low caries incidence
Authors: KOLEHMAINEN LEENA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The purspose of the present study was to investigate the caries‐preventive effect of four applications during 2 year of the fluoride‐containing varnish, Fluor Protector®. The final series examined during the 2‐year follow‐up period comprised 76 girls and 87 boys, whose average age at the onset of the experiment was 12.8±0.6 yars. The test was carried out as a blind study, using a half‐month technique. The fluoride content of the surface enamel was measured in 40 children. The results obtained by the conventional fluoride electrode technique were compared with those obtained by the sensitive physical technique based on proton beam bombarding using bovine primary teeth. The teeth were cut longitudinally into two halves; one half was treated with Fluor Protector® and the other half served as a control Clinical examintions of the children showed that the the number of carious lesions requiring active treatment was low on both the control and experimental sides of the mouth. Varnish treatment did not reduce caries in these children. The fluoride content of the surface enamel was relatively high on the untreated control side, but on increasing trend was observed during the 2‐year follow‐up period. The fluoride content of the treated teeth was markedly elevated throughout the follow‐up period. The in vitro experiments with the bovine teech showed that etching did not release all the fluoride present in the tooth enamel.
Focal vascular dilatations and petechiae in oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: BHONSLE R. B. , MURTI P. R. , PINDBORG J. J. , DAFTARY D. K. , MEHTA FALI S.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The occurrence in oral submucous fibrosis of small raised blue spots has not been reported. This feature was observed in nine (22%) of 40 submucous fibrosis cases diagnosed in the Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. None of the patients complained of bleeding from the spots or from elsewhere, nor was there any history of systemic disorders. Histologically, the lesions could be explained by juxtaepithelial, endorthelial‐lined luminae containing erythrocytes and the presence of juxta‐ and intraepithclial petechial homorrhages.
Fine structure of taste buds in te human fungiform papilla
Authors: ARVIDSON KRISTINA , COTTLER‐FOX MICHELE , FRIBERG ULF
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The fine structure of taste buds on fungiform papillae from man was examined with particular reference to different cell types and to cell‐nerve contactsw. Most of the elongated cells of the taste bud extended from the basal lamina to the apical pore, terminating in irregular microvilli. The cells contained clear apical vesicles, mitochondria, filament bundles and Golgi cisternae. Unmyelinated nerve fiberscontaining mitocliondria as both dense‐cored and clear synaptic‐type vesicles, were scartered throughout the whole taste bud but were most numerous at the base. The nervefibers were either in simple appositional contact or in mesaxonal contact with the taste bud cell. Typical synapses with the postsynaptic densities in the taste bud cell were sometimes seen. In addition, single taste bud cells were observed to have more than one type of contact with nerve fibers. As in the Old World monkey Cynomolgus it was not possible to distinguish different cell types described earlier in other species.
Increased bonding of a glass‐ionomer cement to dentin by means of FeC13
Authors: SHALABI HUSSEIN SIDKI , ASMUSSEN ERIK , JÖRGENSEN KNUD DREYER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – It was previously demonstrated by other authors that FeC13 is readily sorbed by dentin surfaces. The main purpose of the present work was to investigate the possibility of increasing the bonding of a glass‐ionomer cement to dentin by means of FeC13. It was found that the strength of the bond was approximately doubled when the dentin was treated with an acidic cleansing agent followed by an application of an aqueous solution of FeC13 of suitable concentration.
Comparative study of two evaluation methods on radiographic bone loss at the mandibular canines and incisors
Authors: EGGEN SVEIN , NATVIG BENT
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The approximat bone loss of the mandibuLar canines and incisors was scored with two different units of measurement on 30 sets of standardized paralleling radiographs: 1) with absolute values (“true” millimeter) unrelated to casual variables and 2) with relative values (i.e. percentage of the root length). Absolute bone loss scores revealed that the space between the canines and the lateral incisors of the present material seemed to be more susceptible to bone loss than the spaces between the incisors, with a tendency towards the mesiai bone loss of the canines being still greater than the distal bone loss of the laterals. There was a high degree of correspondence between absolute bone loss scores at different teeth and corresponding gingival pocket depths of a previous analysis by the present authors. Relative bone loss scores led to divergent and partly direct‐opposite results compared with the absolute scores. The correspondence between percentage bone loss scores and gingival pocket depths at corresponding tooth surfaces was poor. When investigating the susceptibility of different teeth to periodontal breakdown it seerns as if bone loss should be expressed in absolute values in the same way as are gingival pocket depths and loss of attachment. If a common standard is being used the results of different investigations may be compared. However, when studying the inception and advancement of the disease at the same tooth over a period of time, or when evaluating the remaining bone support the percentage bone loss method may be of clinical importance.
Extrinsic dental stain caused by stannous fluoride
Authors: ELLINGSEN JAN EIRIK , ERIKSEN HARALD M. , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Experiments in a standardized rabbit model indicate that the yello‐golden stain formed on tooth surfaces during the use of SnF2 may consist of stannic sulfide. The nature of the stain, the presence of sulfur in the samples and the effect of an oxidizing agent on the stain support this view. It is suggested that the low pH of SnF2 caused denaturation of pellicle protein with exposure of sulfhydryl groups, which later form stannic sulfides through reactions with the stannous ions present in the preparations.
Postural and maximal activity in elevators of mandible before and after treatment of functional disorders
Authors: SHEIKHOLESLAM AKBAR , MÖLLER EIGILD , LOUS INGER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – In a longitudinal study we compared clinical data on pain and tenderness and electromyographic recordings of postural and maximal activity from 37 patients before and after treatment of functional disorders of the masticatory system. Forty‐three dental students served as controls. Treatment was followed by a concomitant decrease of pain, tenderness and postural activity. Muscle strength in terms of the activity during maximal bite in the intercuspal position was not altered by treatment, but activiation of the night and left anterior temporal muscle became more uniform. The relative postural loading of the elevators was assessed as their activity in percent of full effort. Following treatment, loading in patients decreased significantly and became more symmetrical in the anterior temporal muscles. Loading also tended to decrease in the posterior temporal and masseter muscles. However, it still significally exceeded postural activity in percent of full effort in the controls. Since treatment involved correction of the occlusion we conclude that the intermaxillary conditions of tooth contact during function play a role in the etiology of functional disorders and that the reduction of the relative postural loading of the elevators of the patients due to this treatment contributed to thier relief. The relatively high percentage of full effort displayed as postural activity by the patients even after treatment may explain flucturation of symptoms and signs of functional disorders of the masticatory system. It also emphasizes the need for improved of treatment to reduce the probality of recurrence.
Fatigue strength of some resinous materials
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERIK , JORGENSEN KNUTJ DREYER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The fatigue properties of resinous materials may be interesting from several points of view. A good resistance to fatigue failure is desirable in a denture base material. The possible relationship between fatigue strength and wear constitutes another aspect of interest. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the fatigue strength of various types of resinous materials used in dentistry. It was found that heat‐cured denture base materials do not necessarily have higher fatigue strength than cold‐cured materials. At low levels of stress a tendency was demonstrated for microfilled resins to show higher fatigue strength than other types of resinous materials. On this basis a connection between wear and fatigue properties may be surmised.
Skeletal development and dental fluorosis in 12–14‐year‐old Danish girls from a fluoride and a non‐fluoride community
Authors: WENZEL ANN , THYLSTRUP ANDERS , MELSEN BIRTE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The present study has examined the relationship between waterborne fluoride, dental fluorosis and skeletal maturity in two danish areas containing <0.2 and 2.4 parts/106F−in the drinking water. 12–14‐year‐old girls, 113 from the non‐F−area and 122 from the F− area, born and raised in the areas, were examined. No relationship could be found between skeletal maturity and fluoride content of the drinking water. the association between the severity of dental fluorosis and skeletal maturnity in the girls from the F−area was not satistically significant, but the tendency followed the same pattern as observed in tropical high and low fluoride areas.
Corrosion of gold alloys and titanium in artificial saliva
Authors: BRUNE DAG , EVJE DAG , MELSOM SIGURD
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Two types of gold alloys and one type of pure titanium have been submitted to corrosion in artificial saliva for periods of up to about 2 months. The release of copper, gold or silver from the golod alloys as well as titanium from the titanium matrix was measured with nuclear tracer technique. The physical/chemical state of the corrosion products of gold alloys referring to the ionic state or presence in particulate form has been examined retaining the particulate matter on a glass filter. Copper wad observed to be mainly present in the ionic state. Considerable amounts of gold were observed to be retained on the glass filter explained by the presence of gold in particulate form or as a component of a dispresed colloidal phase. The estimation of the relase of titanium was registered by the tracer nuclide 46Sc assumining particulate matter to be deteriorated from the titanium surface.
Quantitative relationship between yeasts and bacteria in denture‐induced stomatitis
Authors: BUDTZ‐JÖRGENSEN EJVIND , THEILADE ELSE , THEILADE JÖRGEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract –Quantitative cultural studies of yeasts and bacteria were made from 7‐day‐old denture plaque accumulated on pieces of self‐adhesive tape stuck on the fitting surface of the maxillary denture in 17 edentulous subjects with healthy oral mucosa and in 27 patients affected with denture‐induced stomatitis. Significantly higher numbers of yeasts and bacteria were cultured in the stomatitis patients than in the controls. This indicates that the rate of plaque formation is increased in patients with denture‐induced stomatitis. Yeasts usually constituted less than 1% of the anaerobic bacterial counts, but the percentage of yeasts was significantly higher in the stomatitis patients than in the controls. There was a significant correlation between initially high yeast counts and improvement of the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa following antimycotic treatment. In some patients only bacteria were grown and antimycotic treatment had no effect. The study supported the contention that yeast antigens and toxins of denture plaque are significant factors in initiation and maintenance of denture‐induced stomatitis. However, bacteria may also be involved as pathogens.
Alkali soluble and alkali insoluble fluoride retention in demineralized enamel in vivo
Authors: ÖGAARD BJÖRN , RÖLLA GUNNAR , HELGELAND KRISTEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Demineralization of enamel was induced by applying orthodontic bands in 15 patients having two of their premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons. After a 4‐wk caries induction period, eight patients were instructed to rinse their teeth once daily with a neutral 0.05% NaF solution, whereas seven patients received a single treatment with a neutral 2% NaF solution. The bands were reattached to the teeth during the fluoride treatment period and the teeth were extracted after two more weeks. Three consecutive enamel layers were etched off, and a significant uptake of fluoride in all three layers were found in both treatment groups. A larger part of the deposited fluoride was retained in an alkali insoluble form (i.e. fluorapatite) compared with previous studies of sound enamel. It is suggested that the chemical conditions in the cariogenic milieu were favorable for transformation of the fluoride into a stable apatite structure.
Porosity of restorative resins
Authors: GOTFREDSEN PETER , HÖRSTED PREBEN , KRAGSTRUP JAKOB
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Polyethylene tubes were filled with different types of composite resins using either the bulk‐packing technique or the syringe injection technique. The porosity of the specimens was studied. Specimens made by light‐activated systems were less porous compared to specimens made by two‐paste systems. Use of the injection technique was followed by a reduction in porosity in both groups compared to use of the bulk‐packing technique.
Cellular enzyme activity associated with tissue degradation following orthodontic tooth movement in man
Authors: LILJA EVA , BJÖRNESTEDT THOMAS , LINDSKOG SVEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Enzyme histochemical techniques were used as markers of macrophage activity and differentiation in the periodontal tissues following orthodontic tooth movement in man. The enzymes studies included lactate dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and its tartrate resistant isoenzyme, arylsulfatase, aminopeptidase M and prostaglandin synthetase. Chloroacetyl esterase activity was studied in order to detect possible neutrophilic degrading activity. Intense activities of arylsulfatase and prostaglandin synthetase and a moderate activity of aminopeptidase M were found in cells degrading the hyaline zone. However, no activity of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase was found in these cells. Giant cells in contact with bone surfaces adjacent to the hyaline zone exhibited an intense activity of succinic dehydrogenase, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and aminopeptidase M. Chloroacetyl esterase activity did not change following orthodontic treatment. The results indicate that macrophages in various stages of differentiation were responsible for the degradation of the hyaline zone and alveolar bone during orthodontic tooth movement. The enzymatic differences were probably due to the influence of the immediate cellular environment. Prostaglandin synthetase activity, which may be interpreted as a sign of prostaglandin secretion, was associated with the degradation of the hyaline zone in man.
Increased IgA levels in saliva during pregnancy
Authors: WIDERSTRÖM LENA , BRATTHALL DOUGLAS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The level of IgA in saliva of pregnant and non‐pregnant women was measured. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from pregnant women. Also included was a group of menstruating women from whom saliva was collected in springtime as well as in autumn in each phase of the menstrual cycle. There was a marked increase in the IgA level in saliva of the pregnant women. The IgA level was especially high during late pregnancy and postpartum. No significant differences in IgA were found between the three phases of the menstrual cycle.
Polysaccharide production by cell free transferases in saliva in relation to salivary microflora
Authors: SCHEIE ANNE AAMDAL , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The supernatant of centrifuged whole saliva was incubated with radiolabeled sucrose to measure polysaccharide production by cell free transferases and to examine whether water‐insoluble polysaccharides were produced. Amounts of polysaccharides were considered to reflect the level of cell free transferases in saliva. Plating samples on blood agar, MS and MSB plates gave salivary counts of total CFU, total streptococci, S. salivarius and S. mutans. The capability of the cell free portion of saliva to produce polymers was confirmed and it appeared that the cell free transferases were able to produce water‐insoluble polysaccharides. Significant correlations were found between the total and the insoluble polysaccharides from 14C‐G’‐sucrose and total CFU, total streptococci, S. salivarius and S. mutans, respectively. Heavily S. mutans infected subjects seemed to produce particularly large amounts of water‐insoluble polysaccharides from 14C‐G’‐sucrose. The apparently water‐insoluble 14C‐F’‐polysaccharides correlated significantly to the number of S. salivarius. It was thus concluded that the constitution of the oral microflora and particularly the levels of S. mutans and S. salivarius were of importance for the level of cell free transferase activity.
Microbial invasion and subsurface colonization of rat enamel in early fissure caries observed by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: LUOMA ANJA‐RIITTA , LUOMA HEIKKI , PELTTARI ALPO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – In order to find out whether microbes can be detected in the incipient rat caries lesions underneath the visibly intact enamel surface, the maxilla of OM‐rats, fed a cariogenic diet, were fixed and partially bisected sagittally with a thin saw. The individual teeth were finally split with a knife to get a crack surface from the fissure region. Selected tooth halves showing slight carious changes at the dentin‐enamel junction were prepared for SEM and examined. In many preparations, colonies of organisms were found firmly attached to the crack surface. Single, predominantly coccus‐like organisms and a few rods could be seen mostly located in the interprismatic furrows at varying depth throughout the enamel. Somc lacuna‐like hollows, with or without the occupant organisms, could be seen carved in the prism structure. The enamel side of the DEJ in the lesion area could be completely covered by the microbes. In samples representing arrested caries, amorphous precipitates were found at the interprismatic substance of the DEJ region.
In vivo antibacterial effect of tin on the oral microflora
Authors: ATTRAMADAL AUDUN , SVATUN BJARNE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The antibacterial effect of oral rinses with stannous fluoride and stannous chloride solutions, and of the use of a toothpaste containing stannous fluoride and stannous pyrophosphate was tested by recording the bacterial viable counts on the oral mucous membrane. Stannous chloride had no antibacterial effect, while stannous fluoride drastically reduced the viable counts up to 4 h. Calculations demonstrated that 25% of the tin content in 10 ml rinsing solutions was retained in the mouth, and analyses showed a raised tin level in saliva up to 4 h after rinsing or toothbrushing. It is suggested that most of the retained tin is bound to the oral mucosa.
Scanning electron and incident light microscopy of giant tubules in red deer dentin
Authors: HALS EINAR , OLSEN HUGO CATO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Incisal and cuspal teeth from red deers 2½–6½ yr of age were used in this study. Incident light microscopy was used for screening of the specimens with respect to presence of orifices and exposures of giant tubules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for study of structural details. For SEM the specimens were pretreated with a 1% solution of NaCIO for 2 or 20 h. One specimen was in addition exposed to a 35% solution of phosphoric acid for 30 s. Two teeth received no pretreatment. Many incisal/occlusal exposures of giant tubules were more or less blocked by a dense, probably mineralized, substance, whereas others were filled with spherical bodies, probably microorganisms. The walls of the pulpal chambers and root canals revealed an abundance of orifices of giant tubules. They were funnel‐shaped with circular or oblong pulpal outlines, the diameters of which in untreated specimens ranged from 15 to 100 μm.
Short term fasting and lactovegetarian diet does not affect human saliva
Authors: BIRKHED DOWEN , HEINTZE ULF , EDWARDSSON STIG , ALY KARL‐OTTO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Forty‐two adults, visiting a Swedish health home, participated in the investigation, which included a 6‐day period of fasting, followed by a 6‐day period with a lactovegetarian diet. The results obtained indicated only a minor and mostly not significant influence on secretion rate, buffer effect, concentration of various electrolytes, and number of lactobacilli and S. mutans of whole saliva.
Role of sucrose in plaque formation
Authors: RÖLLA GUNNAR , SCHEIE ANNE AAMDAL , CIARDI JOSEPH E.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Results are presented which support the concept that the bacterial enzyme glucosyltransferase (GTF) plays a crucial role in sucrose induced plaque formation. GTF was shown to adhere strongly to anionic, hydrophobic and polysaccharide solid materials, and to be able to produce glucans in the adsorbed state. It appears conceivable that GTF adsorb to teeth and produce glucans. Glucan chains on (he surface of the bacteria and glucans on the tooth surfaces interact (pack) and form a strong binding mechanism. The rigid α1,3 linked glucans produced by Streptococcus mutans are particularly suited for interaction of this kind. This mechanism could account for sucrose‐induced binding of bacteria to enamel, pellicle covered enamel and preformed plaque. S. mutans would adhere particularly strongly to tooth surfaces in the presence of sucrose, according to this model.
Oligosaccharides obtained by partial hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharides from Leptotrichia buccalis
Authors: BIRKELAND NILS KARE , HOFSTAD TOR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Leptotrichia buccalis, strains LI 1, ATCG 14201 and ATCG 19616 were partially degraded with 1 % acetic acid. The acid soluble polysaccharides were subjected to gel filtration. These experiments showed that the carbohydrate moiety of LPS from ATGC 14201 and ATCG 19616 were similar, consisting ofa core oligosaccharide unsubstituted by 0‐side chains containing galactose, glucose and D‐glycero‐D‐manno‐heptose as neutral sugars. The core analogous fraction isolated from LI 1 LPS contained the same three neutral sugars, but in different ratios.
Galvanic currents between dental alloys in vitro
Authors: ARVIDSON KRISTINA , JOHANSSON E. GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The galvanic current densities between gold, amalgam and cobalt‐chromium, three different classes of dental alloys, were determined in vitro in artificial saliva kept at 35°C. The maximum current density of 200 μA/drn2was obtained between the conventional amalgam and a type III gold alloy. Galvanic currents of lesser magnitude could also be measured between amalgams high in copper and the other alloys. No measurable current densities were obtained between gold alloys and between gold and cobalt‐chromium alloy with the exception of a casting and a solder gold alloy commonly used in combination.
Replica techniques for in vivo studies of tooth surfaces and prosthetic materials
Authors: EKFELDT ANDERS , FLÖYSTRAND FINN , ÖILO GUDBRAND
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

In order to obtain a replica technique suitable for a complete or segments of a dental arch two different impression materials were combined with two epoxy resin model materials. The models were examined and photographed in an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. No systematic differences were found between the used combinations of materials except a tendency towards greater contraction of one of the model materials. The A‐silicone impression materials combined with one of the epoxy resin material seemed to be the easiest to handle and to give the best models.
Composite wall‐to‐wall polymerization contraction in dentin cavities treated with various bonding agents
Authors: JÖRGENSEN KNUD DREYER , ITOH KAZUO , MUNKSGAARD ERIK CHRISTIAN , ASMUSSEN ERIK
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Extracted human teeth are frequently used in studies on bonding of composites to dentin. However, little is known about the effect of storing conditions on the results recorded. The purpose of the present work was to measure the wall‐to‐wall polymerization contraction of a light‐cured composite material with and without the use of five different dentin bonding agents in cylindrical dentin cavities prepared in extracted human teeth, either fresh or after storing for up to 4 wk in four different media. No effect of the storing conditions on the width of contraction gaps could be demonstrated when the teeth were stored either in tap water or in a 1.0% aqueous chloramine solution. Aqueous solutions of either 0.1% benzalkonium chloride or 0.9% sodium chloride did occasionally affect the size of the contraction gap.
Effect of three dentin adhesives on marginal adaptation of two light‐cured composites
Authors: HANSEN ERIK KEITH
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The marginal adaptation of two light‐cured composites, Silux and P‐30, was tested in butt‐joint dentin cavities prepared in extracted human teeth. The cavity diameter ranged from 1.8 mm to 6.3 mm. Only minor differences were found between the marginal contraction gap of Silux and P‐30 when used without previous application of a dentin adhesive. The lightcured Scotchbond proved to be as effective as GLUMA in reducing the contraction gaps of Silux providing the smear‐layer was partly removed, the adhesive polymerized for 50 s and finally wetted with Silux Enamel Bond prior to application of Silux. Both adhesives had markedly less effect on the contraction gaps of the highly filled P‐30.
Active root surface caries converted into inactive caries as a response to oral hygiene
Authors: NYVAD BENTE , FEJERSKOV OLE
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The clinical characteristics of 24 active root surface lesions on buccal surfaces were recorded through 18 months after implementation of meticulous toothbrushing with a fluoride toothpaste (F∼0.1%). Within a period of 2–6 months all lesions had changed from soft, greasy and yellowish to leathery or hard, darkly discoloured tissue, indicating a gradual transition from active into inactive stages of caries. The observations stress the dynamic nature of the root caries process. It is concluded 1) that when dealing with root surface caries it is essential to distinguish between active and inactive lesions and 2) that classical operative treatment to a great extent can be avoided.
Macrophage colonization of infected and noninfected dental tissues in vitro
Authors: WEDENBERG CECILIA , LINDSKOG SVEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Attachment and spreading of phagocytes on a mineralized tissue surface is crucial for their proper resorptive function. In other studies, attachment and spreading have been shown to be highly dependent on the nature and composition of the surface. In the present study, peritoneal macrophages were cultured on infected and non‐infected mineralized and non‐mineralized dental tissues, which were examined with scanning electron microscopy at different observation periods. Although some cells had attached to non‐infected predentin, only a few showed signs of spreading, even after long incubation times. This contrasted with the behavior of macrophages cultivated on enamel, mineralized dentin and infected predentin. Most of these cells showed spreading and the characteristics of active, phagocytosing cells. The reluctance of macrophages to spread on non‐infected predentin was suggested to be due to the non‐mineralized nature of this tissue, although an influence of endogenous resorption inhibitors cannot be excluded.
Oral health of patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: TENOVUO JORMA , ALANEN PENTTI , LARJAVA HANNU , VIIKARI JORMA , LEHTONEN OLLI‐PEKKA
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Oral health, the amount of salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, and the flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of paraffin‐stimulated whole saliva were analyzed in 35 adult diabetic patients and their age‐ and sex‐matched non‐diabetic, clinically healthy controls. All patients had insulin‐dependent diabetes (IDDM) with a mean (± SD) duration of 14.0 ± 9.1 yr. The prevalence of dental caries was as high in the diabetic group as in the controls but the past caries experience was remarkably lower in those individuals whose diabetes had started at a very early age (= 7 yr). In agreement with the clinical data, the salivary levels of cariogenic microorganisms were of the same order of magnitude in both study groups. However, the relative proportion of S. mutans from the total cultivable aerobic microflora was significantly higher (P<0.01) in diabetics compared to the controls. The other studied salivary parameters did not differ between the groups. Remarkable individual differences were observed in the correlation between glucose levels of blood and whole saliva among diabetics. In spite of the noncariogenic dietary habits, the adult diabetic patients seem to be at least as susceptible to dental caries as non‐diabetics, probably due to the leakage of glucose from blood into the oral cavity.
Clinical registration of charge transfer between dental metallic materials in patients with disorders and/or discomfort allegedly caused by corrosion
Authors: JOHANSSON BERIT I. , STENMAN EVERT , BERGMAN MAUD
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Thirty referred patients and 15 control subjects were investigated with reference to the occurrence of bimetallic corrosion in the oral cavity. No differences between patients and controls could be found regarding the registered charge transfer between dissimilar short‐circuited dental metallic restorations and/or appliances. However, a relatively large number of periodontal and mucous membrane affections, carious lesions and stomatognathic and/or temporomandibular joint disturbances were found within the patient group.
Flexure strength of repaired dental composites
Authors: SÖDERHOLM K‐J. M.
Published: October 2007

Abstract — A study was conducted to determine differences in flexure strength between unrepaired and repaired dental composite bars. Four groups, each consisting of 10 samples, were investigated. Group A consisted of unrepaired samples, while groups B‐D consisted of samples which had been cut to lengths of 17.5 mm and repaired to a total length of 35.0 mm. The cut surfaces of these samples were washed with water (group B), treated with phosphoric acid, water and bonding agent (group C), or treated with a silane‐toluene solution (group D) before new material was added. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C, and after 3 and 6 months the flexure strength of samples from each group was determined by “four‐point” bending. The results showed that repaired composites were weaker than unrepaired samples. The mean strength of the silane‐toluene treated group was superior in strength to that of the other two groups. This group was also least affected by exposure to water. Of the other two groups, specimens treated with the acid etch technique were superior in strength to the other group.
Laser‐induced alterations in rat oral mucosa
Authors: LUOMANEN MARITA , MEURMAN J. H.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The alterations during healing in laser and scalpel incised palate and tongue mucosa were studied in 37 Spraque‐Dawley rats by taking specimens for light and electron microscopic inspection immediately and 4, 7, H and 21 days after the treatments. The laser incision differed from the conventional incision: it was horizontally broader, more superficial, not bleeding and contained some charred and necrotic tissue particles; there were more inflammatory cells during healing, and the healing was slightly retarded. The damaged area around the laser incision was very narrow. In EM, the lasered areas showed total cell disruption with no morphologic details seen at the treated site. Adjacent to those sites, charred‐appearing particles were seen scattered and embedded also in the connective tissue. The most resistant cell organelles against lasercaused disruption were desmosomes and nuclear membranes. After 21 days' observation the ultrastructural study still revealed cell damage even though the reepithelialization as such seemed to be complete.
Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva and distribution of serotypes among 9‐year‐old Icelandic children
Authors: HOLBROOK W. P. , BEIGHTON D.
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva were determined in 9‐yr‐old children from five towns in Iceland. In four towns the mean counts were > 105/ml. Serotype c was predominant but types e and d/g were also found. The proportion of children harbouring serotype d/g alone or in combination with other sercqxpes was higher than that reported in most other studies.
Plaque inhibition by hexetidine and zinc
Authors: GIERTSEN ELIN , SVATUN BJARNE , SAXTON ALLAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Rinsing experiments with mouthwashes containing zinc ions, hexetidine and a combination of hexetidine and zinc ions were performed with a group of 10 vohmtcers. The amount of plaque was assessed after rinsing with the test solutions for 4 days during which mechanical toothcleaning was discontinued. Significantly improved inhibition was observed by the combination of hexetidine and zinc ions compared with the two agents used separately. In vitro bacteriaal tests showed that hexetidine and zinc ions had a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans.
Replica patterns on composite restorations performed in vitro with different acid‐etch procedures and dentin adhesives
Authors: QVIST VIBEKE , QVIST JÖRGEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract — 160 experimental Class V restorations using two chemically cured composite resins were inserted in extracted human teeth wjth conventional and modified acid‐etch restorative procedures. The modifications included cavity treatment with non‐composite resin, ethanol, or four different dentin adhesives. Following deemineralization of the teeth the fillings were examined in the SEM cuncerning their replica patterns 01 the etched cavity walls. In vitro conditions favored resin penetration into pretreated cnarnel and dentin; but resulted in minor variations between diltrerent acid‐etch procedures compared with those previously seen on resin restorations plawd in viva in teeth with vital pulps.
Effect of disease severity and pharmacotherapy of asthma on oral health in asthmatic children
Authors: BJERKEBORN KARIN , DAHLLOF GÖRAN , HEDLIN GUNILLA , LINDELL MARGARET , MODÉER THOMAS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Oral health was studied in a group of asthmatic children (n = 61). The children were divided in two groups, 5–10 and 11–18 yr of age. The individuals with asthma were further sub grouped with respect to the disease severity. Severe asthma was defined as more than 10 asthmatic attacks per year. This patient group had daily medication compared to children with moderate asthma (<10 asthmatic attacks/yr) who medicated temporarily. 55 age matched children from the same area made up the control group. Ail children were examined clinically and two bitewing radiographs were taken. The results showed no statistically significant differences concerning caries prevalence and gingival condition in asthmatic children compared to a healthy control group. The study shows that neither the asthma per se nor the disease severity affected the caries prevalence and gingival condition in asthmatic children.
Dissolution of calcium fluoride tablets in vitro and bioavailability in man
Authors: AFSETH JOHN , EKSTRAND JAN , HAGELID PER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The dissolution rate of CaF2 tablets in vitro and the degree of F absorption in vivo after tablet intake in man were investigated. 50% of total F was released in 0.1 N HCl after 45 min whereas virtually no release was seen in H2O or in 0.2 M PO4‐buffer pH 6.8. In spite of the modest release of F in simulated gastric juice in vitro no F absorption as judged from the plasma fluoride concentration curve was seen within 6 h after intake of 4 mg F as CaF2 tablets.
EMG versus force relationship in painful masseter muscles before and after intramuscular anesthetics and saline injections
Authors: HAGBERG CATHARINA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Electromyographic (EMG) activity of masseter and anterior temporal muscles, and bite force were analyzed in 28 young, fully dentate women with painful and tender masseter muscles before and after intramuscular injection of either lidocaine or saline in superficial masseter muscle. EMG‐activity of the descending part of the trapezius muscle during increased bite force was also analyzed. As regards the mandibular elevators, the intraindividual relationship between slopes for EMG‐force regression at low and high contraction levels before injection were the same as for healthy women investigated previously. Intramuscular injection of lidocaine reduced postural EMG‐activity of the masseter muscles and EMG‐force regression curve became less steep at low contraction levels. After saline injections no changes in EMG‐activity were found. The EMG‐activity of the descending part of the trapezius muscle was increased significantly for the total group during the strongest bite.
Influence of temporary filling materials on effect of dentin‐bonding agents
Authors: HANSEN ERIK KEITH , ASMUSSEN ERIK
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Dentin cavities, prepared in extracted human teeth, were filled with a dry mixture of zinc oxide‐eugenol (ZOE) or a commercial temporary filling cement without eugenol (Cavit). The ZOE was removed 3 h later while the Cavit was removed after 7 days. The cavity wall and the surrounding dentin were then treated with a dentin‐bonding agent before application of a restorative resin. The width and the extent of the marginal contraction gap were measured, using a light microscope, approximately 0.1 mm below the original free surface of the filling. It was found that the contraction gap was markedly increased in cavities previously filled with ZOE while the non‐eugenol cement had no influence on the effect of the two dentin‐bonding agents tested. The short‐term test applied in the present study indicates that ZOE should not be used in cavities later to be restored with dentin‐bonding agent and resin.
Influence of cigarette smoking on vascular reaction during experimental gingivitis
Authors: BERGSTRöM JAN , PERSSON LENA , PREBER HANS
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The influence of cigarette smoking on the vascular reaction during plaque induced gingivitis was studied in humans for 28 days. Sixteen healthy dental students, 8 smokers and 8 non‐smokers, aged 19–42 yr, volunteered for the experiment. A numerical method was used for the evaluation of the vascular reaction. With the aid of stereophotographs changes in the number of gingival vessels were followed during the experiment. It was found that the number of vessels identified increased over time during the experiment in both smokers and non‐smokers. However, in spite of the fact that the plaque accumulation rate was equal, the vascular reaction was less pronounced in smokers. At the end of the experiment after 28 days the intensity of the vascular reaction in smokers was only 50% of that observed in non‐smokers. The difference was statistically significant at the P‐level of 0.05. One week after termination of the experiment and reinstitution of oral hygiene the number of gingival vessels equaled the pre‐experimental values in both groups. The results indicate that the vascular reaction associated with plaque induced gingivitis is suppressed in smokers.