bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novela inglesa y censura inquisitorial durante el reinado de Fernando VII: un expediente de 1815-1816
Authors: Lasa Álvarez Begoña
Published: December 2015

La traducción al castellano de la novela Memoirs of Miss Sydney Bidulph (1761) de la escritora Frances Sheridan fue censurada por el Tribunal del Santo Oficio, ya en los últimos años de vida de esta institución. El proceso se recoge en un expediente que se prolongó entre 1815 y 1816, aunque también contiene calificaciones de otro anterior desaparecido. Se trata de un expediente que se describe y se analiza en este trabajo por sus aportaciones en cuanto a los elementos que se consideraban censurables en un texto, así como por sus valiosas observaciones sobre el género novelesco, sobre la labor del traductor y sus condicionantes y, finalmente, sobre el papel que se atribuían los censores de tutores y guías de los lectores españoles. Palabras clave: traducción; novela inglesa; censura; Inquisición; Frances Sheridan.
Censura 2.0 y Holocausto: el control de contenidos y su impacto en la imagen transnacional del genocidio nazi
Authors: Fernández Gil María Jesús
Published: December 2015

En los sistemas democráticos que imperan en occidente, la censura stricto sensu está prohibida. Sin embargo, la revolución digital ha impulsado la aprobación de normas para la supervisión, el filtrado y el bloqueo de contenido que restringen la difusión de información. El proceso es singularmente alarmante cuando opera por medio de la traducción, ya que es en ella en quien, en un mundo cada vez más globalizado, recae la responsabilidad de materializar el contacto entre culturas. Partiendo de los conflictos que crean las diferentes leyes que criminalizan la negación del Holocausto, analizaremos el impacto del control de contenidos en la imagen transnacional del hecho histórico, que varía en función de dónde se proyecte. Palabras clave: censura; traducción; Holocausto; memoria; negacionismo.
Musicales traducidos y censurados en los escenarios españoles (1955-1985)
Authors: Merino Álvarez Raquel
Published: December 2015

Esta contribución analiza, a partir del análisis del catálogo de espectáculos musicales traducidos (censurados) y representados en los escenarios españoles (TRACEmu, 1955-1985), recopilado en los archivos de censura, los casos más representativos del periodo: El hombre de la Mancha (1966), Godspell (1974), Hair y Jesucristo Superstar (1975). Palabras clave: Traducción; censura; musicales.
La censura de la corrección política: la traducción audiovisual a escena
Authors: Richart Marset Mabel
Published: December 2015

Un aspecto muy importante de la labor del traductor o traductora, está relacionado con aquellos factores que determinan su propuesta de traducción, y es, en esa propuesta, donde se puede apreciar de forma clara tanto el ideologema, como el destinatario al que va dirigido el producto. En el caso de la traducción audiovisual (TAV), tal destinatario, no puede ser identificado únicamente con la audiencia que asistirá a la proyección de la película, sino que engloba también el sistema moral de un momento histórico concreto. En la misma línea que Julia Kristeva, consideramos que la relación entre dos textos siempre se plantea en términos negativos, y es precisamente en la identificación de esa negación, y en la transformación que se origina a partir de la misma, donde encontramos el gesto ideológico por excelencia. Este estudio trata de identificar dicha transformación en el espacio de la TAV y revelar actos de censura y manipulación de realidades descritas en el texto origen, que provocan a su vez, una imagen falsa de la realidad. Palabras clave: Autocensura; corrección política; ideologema; análisis genético del doblaje.
Presentació
Authors: Colón Domenech Germà , Kremer Dieter , Casanova Herrero Emili
Published: December 2015

El presente volumen de Quaderns de Filologia: Estudis Lingüístics tiene como objetivo mostrar la importancia de la Onomástica para el estudio de la lengua, en especial del léxico y la etimología. Y lo hace con 15 trabajos: siete dedicados a estudiar el léxico antiguo conservado a través de la toponimia, tres de historia de la toponimia i la etimología, uno sobre teoría toponímica, dos sobre semántica y toponimia, uo sobre deonimia y otro sobre el pronombre personal en occitano.
Lat. rég. *solat(i)cu : un partenaire de lunaticus conservé dans la toponymie de la Gaule méridionale
Authors: Chambon Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2015

Le type Soulage est présent à une soixantaine d’exemplaires, tous dépourvus de l’article et tous situés dans le domaine linguistique occitan ou sur ses abords (première attestation en 938). Nous proposons de faire remonter cette série toponymique à un adjectif substantivé *sol?t(i)cu “(lieu) exposé au soleil”, formé en latin régional parallèlement à l?n?ticus. Mots clés: toponymie; occitan; latin régional; Soulage; *sol?t(i)cu.
Vieyos apellativos afayaos pela toponimia nel dominiu ástur
Authors: Garcia Arias Xosé Lluís
Published: December 2015

En el trabajo presente dedicamos una primera parte a la lectura de un documento medieval de interés por su preocupación etimológica hasta el punto de llegar a proponer una primera interpretación para el nombre de la ciudad de “Ouetum”. Señalaremos después cómo desde los topónimos actuales, opacos, se puede suponer una base apelativa explicatoria apoyada bien en la documentación medieval del topónimo, en la del apelativo que lo sustenta o en el parentesco que guarda con otros dominios románicos, especialmente con los más cercanos. Concluimos con una referencia a los detoponímicos. Palabras clave: toponimia asturiana; topónimos opacos.
Sobre la voz murciana merancho y los topónimos Belinchón (Cuenca) y Maranchón (Guadalajara)
Authors: Nieto Ballester Emilio
Published: December 2015

Se estudia el origen de la palabra murciana merancho, “acequia o azarbe secundario”. La explicación se fundamenta en su comparación con otros muchos topónimos procedentes de Castilla-La Mancha, como Maranchón (Guadalajara), Meranchas (El Recuenco), Arroyos de Maranchel (Yunque de Henares). A continuación se compara todo el material léxico-toponímico citado con otra serie de topónimos que muestran un sustantivo merdancho o formas derivadas, del tipo Mierdanchel (Canalejas del Arroyo, Cuenca), Arroyo de Merdancho (Talavera de la Reina, Toledo), etc. La presencia en todos los casos del lexema *merd- nos sirve para comprender el origen y significado de todos ellos. Se trata de derivados de la palabra mierda, merda a la que se ha añadido el sufijo -ancho. La viabilidad de la propuesta se ratifica por la existencia de otros derivados de lat. merda indudables, como Arroyo Merdero (Higuera de la Serena, Badajoz), Río Merdero (Albornos, Ávila), etc. Se ha alterado merdancho en merancho para romper la asociación con un vocablo malsonante. Estos procesos son frecuentes en toponimia. Palabras clave: toponimia española; dialectología española; léxico; sufijación; eufemismo.
“Osito”, “Bajo la Ciudad” y demás lúbricas toponímicas de más
Authors: Ballester Xaverio
Published: December 2015

El noble objetivo de rescatar para el caudal románico aquel léxico latino hasta ahora no reconocido y supuestamente oculto en la toponimia románica puede –de modo provechoso, creemos– complementarse con la operación inversa de rescatar el léxico prelatino soterrado en la toponimia románica. El análisis etimológico de topónimos cuales Ascó, Ejea, Estepa, Iniesta, Niebla, Osseto, Segarra o Segorbe sin ponderar debidamente el material prerromano, puede comportar graves errores interpretativos. Palabras clave: Toponimia; latín; románico; prerromano; Lingüística.
El terme pretopònim en el DECat de Joan Coromines
Authors: Bastardas i Rufat Maria-Reina
Published: December 2015

En este artículo se traza brevemente la historia de la introducción del término pretopónimo en los estudios sobre la historia del léxico catalán y la onomástica catalana. También, de su difusión a la terminología de otras lenguas vecinas. Se intenta analizar el uso que hace Corominas en el DECat con el fin de intentar una definición del término.Palabras clave: lexicografía; metalexicografía; historia de la terminología; DECat; GMLC.
L’opposizione alto/basso nella toponomastica dell’area subalpina
Authors: Rossebastiano Alda , Papa Elena
Published: December 2015

Il contributo proposto esamina la presenza e la distribuzione di alcune serie toponimiche correlate ai concetti ‘alto’ e ‘basso’ sul territorio piemontese, cercando di evidenziare le possibili valenze a livello denotativo e connotativo. Le risorse offerte dal sistema ToP-GIS, elaborato all’interno del Centro Studi di Onomastica dell’Università di Torino, permettono un sistematico rilevamento dei dati e una lettura del territorio su più piani; nell’interpretazione del sistema si è adottata una prospettiva diacronica, illustrando le forme toponomastiche riconducibili a realtà linguistiche prelatine e a varietà romanze diverse dall’italiano. Insistendo sulle tracce medievali, si evidenzia inoltre la conservazione di elementi del lessico dialettale che possono contribuire a illuminare la complessità delle valenze semantiche delle singole voci toponimiche. Parole chiave: toponomastica; Piemonte; GIS; alto/basso; monte/valle.
Fluïdesa semàntica i variació regional en hidrònims de les comarques valencianes de parla xurra
Authors: Garcia i Osuna Antonio
Published: December 2015

Con el presente artículo pretendemos ejemplificar mediante el estudio de los hidrónimos naturales y artificiales, tanto de los genéricos toponímicos como de los pretopónimos, de dos de los rasgos que caracterizan el léxico hidronímico: la fluidez semántica –un significado es realizado mediante más de un significante y, a la vez, un significante, por más de un significado. Estos dos rasgos ya han sido señalados por el investigador norteamericano Thomas Glick refiriéndose al estudio del léxico valenciano del riego.Estos rasgos  son referidos dentro del contexto del habla xurra de las comarcas valencianas lingüísticamente de base castellanoaragonesa. En el seno de estas comarcas, se estudia el disparo de la variación regional, no solamente con varios resultados léxicos, sino también formales, fruto del contacto de lenguas y del adstrato árabe hispánico. A guisa de ejemplo de estos cambios formales, ofrecemos los cuatro resultados –hocino/hochino/hogina/fuchino– correspondientes al étimo latino F?CE+ *INU, ‘garganta, desfiladero’.Palabras clave: habla xurra; hidrónimos; variación regional; fluidez semántica; adstrato.
Straturi etimologice reflectate în hidronimia româneasca
Authors: Felecan Oliviu , Felecan Nicolae
Published: December 2015

Lucrarea de fata isia propune sa ilustreze pe baza materialului hidronimic contactele lingvistice pe care românii le-au avut cu diversele populatii, începând din cele mai vechi timpuri si pâna în prezent. Înfatisarea si elementele constitutive ale hidronimelor dovedesc existenta mai multor niveluri: autohton (traco-dac), mostenit din latina, slav, de alte origini, creatii interne. În comparatie cu situatia din celelalte limbi romanice – franceza, spaniola, italiana –, nu am remarcat deosebiri majore, ceea ce dovedeste statornicia limbii române într-un areal izolat de restul romanitatiii. Pastrarea unor nume de râuri din Antichitate pâna astazi constituie unul din cele mai puternice argumente în demonstrarea continuitatii dacoromânilor pe teritoriul vechii Dacii. Cuvinte-cheie: hidronimie româneasca; hidronime majore; hidronime minore; etimologie; istoria limbii.
Contribució de la literatura popularista dels segles XVIII, XIX i XX a la història toponímica valenciana
Authors: Martí Mestre Joaquim
Published: December 2015

Los autores populistas generalmente pretendían elaborar un modelo lingüiistico que no se alejara de la lengua viva, y esto los impulsaba a reproducir en sus textos los topónimos y antropónimos en su forma más popular, de forma que estos escritos son una fuente nada despreciable en el estudio de la onomástica de los últimos siglos. En este artículo nos centraremos especialmente en los topónimos que hacen posible la aportación de nuevos datos por relación al On-Cat de Joan Coromines y a los diccionarios históricos y etimológicos, y, a veces, permiten matizar o complementar hipótesis e interpretaciones precedentes.Palabras clave: Toponimia histórica; Literatura populista; Historia del léxico.
A formação acadêmica do fisioterapeuta para sua atuação na gestão em saúde
Authors: Costa Carla Regina Soares , Montagna Erik
Published: December 2015

Introdução: A formação do profissional fisioterapeuta declara em suas diretrizes a necessidade de preparar o egresso para desempenhar funções de gestor. Entretanto, não define com clareza qual a natureza dessa atuação, tampouco prescreve ou recomenda componentes curriculares para tanto. Objetivo: Verificar nos cursos de fisioterapia mais bem colocados segundo índices oficiais de desempenho quais abordagens eram utilizadas para essa demanda. Métodos: Por meio da análise de ementas e currículos dos dez melhores cursos de fisioterapia segundo o Índice Geral de Cursos (IGC), foi feito um levantamento das iniciativas declaradas em documentos oficiais que atendessem às demandas das Diretrizes Curriculares para fisioterapia. Resultados: Mostraram que apesar da clara indicação nas diretrizes, não existe de forma organizada e sistematizada o assunto “gestão” em disciplinas, módulos ou unidades didáticas. Conclusão: Tal fato revela o descompasso entre o declarado em documentos oficiais e o que é praticado em cursos considerados modelo segundo o IGC.
ZnO/(Hf,Zr)O2/ZnO-trilayered nanowire capacitor structure fabricated solely by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Fujisawa Hironori , Kuwamoto Kei , Nakashima Seiji , Shimizu Masaru
Published: December 2015

HfO2-based thin films are one of the key dielectric and ferroelectric materials in Si-CMOS LSIs as well as in oxide electronic nanodevices. In this study, we demonstrated the fabrication of a ZnO/(Hf,Zr)O2/ZnO-trilayered nanowire (NW) capacitor structure solely by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). 15-nm-thick dielectric (Hf,Zr)O2 and 40-nm-thick top ZnO electrode layers were uniformly grown by MOCVD on a ZnO NW template with average diameter, length, and aspect ratio of 110 nm, 10 µm, and ∼90, respectively. The diameter and aspect ratio of the resultant trilayerd NWs are 200–300 nm and above 30, respectively. The crystalline phase of HfO2 and stacked the structure are also discussed.
“Do the next thing”: an interview with Elizabeth Adams St. Pierre on post-qualitative methodology
Authors: Guttorm Hanna , Hohti Riikka , Paakkari Antti
Published: December 2015

Professor Elizabeth Adams St. Pierre’s work focuses on critical and poststructural theories of language and the subject and what she has called post qualitative inquiry or post inquiry. She asks what might come after conventional humanist qualitative research methodology. She’s especially interested in the new empiricisms/new materialisms as well as new research practices enabled by the ontological turn. During St. Pierre's visit to the Finnish Educational Research Association (FERA) Conference in Oulu in November 2014, we had the opportunity to talk with her about post qualitative research around some questions we had sent her beforehand. We then transcribed, edited, and translated the interview, and published it in the Finnish journal Kasvatus (Education) in spring 2015. In this interview St. Pierre talks in the US context, where qualitative methodology is turning—or being pushed to turn—back to positivism with normalized and formalized practices, St. Pierre encourages researchers to constantly question the prevailing truths and the traditions they have learnt too well.
Comparative analyses of olfactory systems in terrestrial crabs (Brachyura): evidence for aerial olfaction?
Authors: Krieger Jakob , Braun Philipp , Rivera Nicole T. , Schubart Christoph D. , Müller Carsten H.G. , Harzsch Steffen
Published: December 2015

Adaptations to a terrestrial lifestyle occurred convergently multiple times during the evolution of the arthropods. This holds also true for the “true crabs” (Brachyura), a taxon that includes several lineages that invaded land independently. During an evolutionary transition from sea to land, animals have to develop a variety of physiological and anatomical adaptations to a terrestrial life style related to respiration, reproduction, development, circulation, ion and water balance. In addition, sensory systems that function in air instead of in water are essential for an animal’s life on land. Besides vision and mechanosensory systems, on land, the chemical senses have to be modified substantially in comparison to their function in water. Among arthropods, insects are the most successful ones to evolve aerial olfaction. Various aspects of terrestrial adaptation have also been analyzed in those crustacean lineages that evolved terrestrial representatives including the taxa Anomala, Brachyura, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. We are interested in how the chemical senses of terrestrial crustaceans are modified to function in air. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the brains and more specifically the structure of the olfactory system of representatives of brachyuran crabs that display different degrees of terrestriality, from exclusively marine to mainly terrestrial. The methods we used included immunohistochemistry, detection of autofluorescence- and confocal microscopy, as well as three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometry. Our comparative approach shows that both the peripheral and central olfactory pathways are reduced in terrestrial members in comparison to their marine relatives, suggesting a limited function of their olfactory system on land. We conclude that for arthropod lineages that invaded land, evolving aerial olfaction is no trivial task.
Artificial neural network cascade identifies multi-P450 inhibitors in natural compounds
Authors: Li Zhangming , Li Yan , Sun Lu , Tang Yun , Liu Lanru , Zhu Wenliang
Published: December 2015

Substantial evidence has shown that most exogenous substances are metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes instead of by merely one P450 isoform. Thus, multi-P450 inhibition leads to greater drug-drug interaction risk than specific P450 inhibition. Herein, we innovatively established an artificial neural network cascade (NNC) model composed of 23 cascaded networks in a ladder-like framework to identify potential multi-P450 inhibitors among natural compounds by integrating 12 molecular descriptors into a P450 inhibition score (PIS). Experimental data reportingin vitroinhibition of five P450 isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) were obtained for 8,148 compounds from the Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors Database (CPID). The results indicate significant positive correlation between the PIS values and the number of inhibited P450 isoforms (Spearman’sρ= 0.684,p< 0.0001). Thus, a higher PIS indicates a greater possibility for a chemical to inhibit the enzyme activity of at least three P450 isoforms. Ten-fold cross-validation of the NNC model suggested an accuracy of 78.7% for identifying whether a compound is a multi-P450 inhibitor or not. Using our NNC model, 22.2% of the approximately 160,000 natural compounds in TCM Database@Taiwan were identified as potential multi-P450 inhibitors. Furthermore, chemical similarity calculations suggested that the prevailing parent structures of natural multi-P450 inhibitors were alkaloids. Our findings show that dissection of chemical structure contributes to confident identification of natural multi-P450 inhibitors and provides a feasible method for virtually evaluating multi-P450 inhibition risk for a known structure.
Genome-wide identification of hypoxia-induced enhancer regions
Authors: Kamps-Hughes Nick , Preston Jessica L. , Randel Melissa A. , Johnson Eric A.
Published: December 2015

Here we present a genome-wide method forde novoidentification of enhancer regions. This approach enables massively parallel empirical investigation of DNA sequences that mediate transcriptional activation and provides a platform for discovery of regulatory modules capable of driving context-specific gene expression. The method links fragmented genomic DNA to the transcription of randomer molecule identifiers and measures the functional enhancer activity of the library by massively parallel sequencing. We transfected aDrosophila melanogasterlibrary into S2 cells in normoxia and hypoxia, and assayed 4,599,881 genomic DNA fragments in parallel. The locations of the enhancer regions strongly correlate with genes up-regulated after hypoxia and previously described enhancers. Novel enhancer regions were identified and integrated with RNAseq data and transcription factor motifs to describe the hypoxic response on a genome-wide basis as a complex regulatory network involving multiple stress-response pathways. This work provides a novel method for high-throughput assay of enhancer activity and the genome-scale identification of 31 hypoxia-activated enhancers inDrosophila.
The case of (per) addietro in Old Florentine. When before was (apparently) based on back
Authors:   Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Portugal), Franco Ludovico
Published: December 2015

The aim of this paper is to describe what prima facie seems to be a typological rarum in Old Florentine (i.e. Old Italian). Specifically, we address here the morphosyntax of the temporal adverbial (per) addietro (lit. for at-back), which was commonly used in Old Florentine texts to encode a meaning roughly corresponding to [BEFORE]. Thus, it seems to go against the accepted generalization that spatial relations of front and back regularly express, respectively, anteriority and posteriority across languages when they are ‘shifted’ from space to time (Haspelmath, 1997). We will provide a simple morphosyntactic explanation of the seemingly ‘exceptionality’ of (per) addietro based on a finer-grained representation of temporal expressions and a locality constraint on hierarchical structure triggering kinda-suppletive patterns (Bobaljik, 2012; Moskal, 2013).
Algunas causas que podrían estar incidiendo en el eventual debilitamiento de la vitalidad y posible desplazamiento de la lengua mapuche por el castellano en Chile
Authors:   Universidad de Concepción (Chile), Painequeo Paillán Juan , Quintrileo Llancao Elizabeth ,   Universidad de Concepción (Chile)
Published: December 2015

Es común escuchar que hoy por hoy existe una interrupción en el uso y la transmisión de la lengua mapuche en las generaciones jóvenes mapuche. Este hecho se torna más grave aún por cuanto algunos estudiosos observan una disminución del número de sus hablantes y, en consecuencia, vaticinan que la dinámica de la lengua mapuche es de una transformación tendiente a su desaparición y completo reemplazo por el castellano. En este trabajo, sugerimos que es posible dar otra lectura al problema y, al mismo tiempo, observamos la conveniencia de revisar algunos de los supuestos factores, ya sean lingüístico, educacional, social, etc., que se han esgrimido como factores que pudieran estar incidiendo. Finalmente, a manera de conclusión, señalamos algunas consideraciones que debieran tenerse presente para enfrentar el eventual riesgo de debilitamiento de la vitalidad y/o desaparición en que podría verse afectada la lengua mapuche.
Raïssa Kordi´c Riquelme y Mario Ferreccio Podestá: Topónimos y gentilicios de Chile
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Arévalo María José
Published: December 2015

Sin resumen.
Beatriz Gallardo Paúls y Carlos Hernández Sacristán: Lingüística clínica. Un enfoque funcional sobre las alteraciones del lenguaje
Authors:   Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (España), Cortiñas Ansoar Soraya
Published: December 2015

Sin resumen.
¿Qué es escribir para estudiantes ingresantes a la carrera de Ingeniería Civil? Un acercamiento a través de las representaciones sociales
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (Chile), Córdova Alejandro
Published: December 2015

La escritura, a pesar de ser una de las habilidades más importantes para la producción y divulgación de conocimiento, representa uno de los problemas más grandes que deben sortear los estudiantes que ingresan al sistema educativo superior. Por ello, en el último tiempo han emergido en las Universidades distintos programas institucionales o cursos en primer año que buscan llenar el supuesto vacío que traen los estudiantes desde la enseñanza secundaria (Carlino, 2013). Es en el contexto de la reorientación de uno de estos cursos remediales en que se centra la presente investigación. Uno de los principales métodos para plantear un programa de escritura que sea significativo para los usuarios objetivo es por medio de la indagación de sus representaciones acerca del tema (González y Rivera, 2009). Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es describir las representaciones sociales en torno a la escritura que se relevaron del discurso escrito de 51 estudiantes de primer año de un programa de Ingeniería Civil de una Universidad del H. Consejo de Rectores de Chile. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo siguiendo los procedimientos de la Teoría Empíricamente Fundada. Los resultados hacen ver, por un lado, que los estudiantes perciben de distinta manera la escritura según sea el soporte en que se realice (papel o digital) y, por el otro, que no poseen un conocimiento sistematizado acerca de los procedimientos que se deben seguir al escribir.
Estudio comparativo de los primeros tratados de puntuación en lengua inglesa (1672-1704): terminología y función de la puntuación
Authors:   Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (España), Medina-Sánchez Beatriz , Rodríguez-Álvarez Alicia ,   Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (España)
Published: December 2015

Después de dos siglos de incluir breves capítulos sobre puntuación en gramáticas y manuales escolares ingleses de los siglos XVI y XVII, en el último cuarto del siglo XVII la puntuación parece adquirir entidad suficiente como para ser el centro de interés de un volumen y en 1672 sale a la luz la primera obra cuyo título anuncia aportar reglas sobre el uso de la puntuación. En las gramáticas y manuales en los que se habían gestado estas reglas de uso, los distintos signos se explicaban, principalmente, desde un punto de vista gramatical o sintáctico; sin embargo, a mediados del siglo XVII y principios del XVIII, se les atribuye una función que siempre ha estado vinculada a la lectura oral: la función retórica. Esta dualidad en la forma de entender la puntuación ha sido y continúa siendo tema de discusión entre muchos estudiosos que intentan dilucidar cuál es realmente su función primaria. Este trabajo pretende aportar algo de luz en este sentido a partir del estudio, el primero hasta el momento, de los tres primeros tratados sobre el uso de la puntuación publicados en Inglaterra alrededor del último cuarto del siglo XVII y principios del XVIII. El análisis de estos volúmenes permitirá, en primer lugar, determinar la importancia otorgada a la puntuación y su finalidad; en segundo lugar, hacer un estudio comparativo de los distintos signos de puntuación empleados en los tres tratados y los distintos términos utilizados para denominarlos, y, finalmente, identificar las fuentes de los ejemplos que los autores utilizaban para ilustrar el uso de los signos de puntuación.
Acid–base chemistry of frustrated water at protein interfaces
Authors: Fernández Ariel
Published: December 2015

Water molecules at a protein interface are often frustrated in hydrogen‐bonding opportunities due to subnanoscale confinement. As shown, this condition makes them behave as a general base that may titrate side‐chain ammonium and guanidinium cations. Frustration‐based chemistry is captured by a quantum mechanical treatment of proton transference and shown to remove same‐charge uncompensated anticontacts at the interface found in the crystallographic record and in other spectroscopic information on the aqueous interface. Such observations are untenable within classical arguments, as hydronium is a stronger acid than ammonium or guanidinium. Frustration enables a directed Grotthuss mechanism for proton transference stabilizing same‐charge anticontacts.
Smart Homes
Authors: Demiris George
Published: December 2015

The emerging concept of smart homes, namely residential settings with embedded technology features that support passive monitoring of residents, is receiving increased attention because of its potential to support aging in place and promote independence and quality of life for older adults. Such monitoring can lead to proactive interventions and detection of patterns or trajectories in one's well‐being well ahead of the occurrence of adverse events. While there are several promising smart home applications already available, ethical, practical, and other concerns and challenges remain.
Distributed Kalman filters with adaptive strategy for linear time‐varying interconnected systems
Authors: Heydari Mahdi , Demetriou Michael A.
Published: December 2015

We consider the problem of distributed state estimation over a sensor network in which a set of nodes collaboratively estimates the state of a continuous‐time linear time‐varying system. In particular, our work focuses on the benefits of weight adaptation of the interconnection gains in distributed Kalman filters. To this end, an adaptation strategy is proposed with the adaptive laws derived via a Lyapunov‐redesign approach. The justification for the gain adaptation stems from a desire to adapt the pairwise difference of state estimates as a function of their agreement, thereby enforcing an interconnection‐dependent gain. In the proposed scheme, an adaptive gain for each pairwise difference of the interconnection terms is used in order to address edge‐dependent differences in the state estimates. Accounting for node‐specific differences, a special case of the scheme is also presented, where it uses a single adaptive gain in each node estimate and which uniformly penalizes all pairwise differences of state estimates in the interconnection term. The filter gains can be designed either by standard Kalman filter or Luenberger observer to construct the adaptive distributed Kalman filter or adaptive distributed Luenberger observer. Stability of the schemes has been shown, and it is not restricted by the graph topology and therefore the schemes are applicable to both directed and undirected graphs. The proposed algorithms offer a significant reduction in communication costs associated with information flow by the nodes. Finally, numerical studies are presented to illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed adaptive distributed Kalman filters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A decentralized adaptive algorithm for fair allocation of a shared resource
Authors: Bhaya Amit , Kaszkurewicz Eugenius
Published: December 2015

This paper views the classical Chiu–Jain algorithm, originally proposed for congestion control of network links, as a decentralized algorithm for the fair allocation of a total of c units of a shared resource among n users. A new analysis is given of the general case of additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) dynamics, from the perspective of virtual equilibria and variable structure systems, leading to a better understanding of the Chiu–Jain algorithm, which is one example of AIMD dynamics. It is shown that the variable structure discrete dynamical system that describes the evolution of the share of each individual, starting from an arbitrary initial allocation, always attains a neighbourhood of the fair share (c/n) for each user, under the assumption that the latter is known. Subsequently, a new adaptive version of the algorithm, called adaptive AIMD, is described, with the same property of converging to the fair share, without assuming that it is known. Simulations that show the behaviour and advantages of the proposed adaptive AIMD adaptive algorithm are given. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive findings in a boy with Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
Authors: Halayem Soumeyya , Hamza Mariem , Maazoul Faouzi , Ben Turkia Hadhemi , Touati Maissa , Tebib Neji , Mrad Ridha , Bouden Asma
Published: December 2015

Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an X‐linked condition characterized by pre and post natal overgrowth, facial malformations, and visceral, skeletal, and neurological anomalies. The physical characteristics of SGBS have been well documented; however there is a lack of description regarding the behavioral phenotype. We report the case of a 6‐year‐old boy, with confirmed deletion of 6–8 exons of the glypican‐3 gene (GPC3) who presents three distinctive findings: the persistence of the craniopharyngeal canal, an immune‐allergic specificity, and a scarcely behavioral phenotype consisting in the association of Austim Spectrum Disorder with accompanying mild intellectual disability and language impairments. He also fulfilled the criteria of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder according to DSM 5 criteria. The specificities of the case are discussed in the light of recent pathophysiological data. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genotype–phenotype characterization in 13 individuals with chromosome Xp11.22 duplications
Authors: Grams Sarah E. , Argiropoulos Bob , Lines Matthew , Chakraborty Pranesh , Mcgowan‐Jordan Jean , Geraghty Michael T. , Tsang Marilyn , Eswara Marthand , Tezcan Kamer , Adams Kelly L. , Linck Leesa , Himes Patricia , Kostiner Dana , Zand Dina J. , Stalker Heather , Driscoll Daniel J. , Huang Taosheng , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Li Xu , Chen Emily
Published: December 2015

We report 13 new individuals with duplications in Xp11.22‐p11.23. The index family has one male and two female members in three generations with mild‐severe intellectual disability (ID), speech delay, dysmorphic features, early puberty, constipation, and/or hand and foot abnormalities. Affected individuals were found to have two small duplications in Xp11.22 at nucleotide position (hg19) 50,112,063–50,456,458 bp (distal) and 53,160,114–53,713,154 bp (proximal). Collectively, these two regions include 14 RefSeq genes, prompting collection of a larger cohort of patients, in an attempt to delineate critical genes associated with the observed phenotype. In total, we have collected data on nine individuals with duplications overlapping the distal duplication region containing SHROOM4 and DGKK and eight individuals overlapping the proximal region including HUWE1. Duplications of HUWE1 have been previously associated with non‐syndromic ID. Our data, with previously published reports, suggest that duplications involving SHROOM4 and DGKK may represent a new syndromic X‐linked ID critical region associated with mild to severe ID, speech delay +/− dysarthria, attention deficit disorder, precocious puberty, constipation, and motor delay. We frequently observed foot abnormalities, 5th finger clinodactyly, tapering fingers, constipation, and exercise intolerance in patients with duplications of these two genes. Regarding duplications including the proximal region, our observations agree with previous studies, which have found associations with intellectual disability. In addition, expressive language delay, failure to thrive, motor delay, and 5th finger clinodactyly were also frequently observed in patients with the proximal duplication. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Use of a Phosphonate Amidine to Generate an Anti‐Phosphoarginine‐Specific Antibody
Authors: Fuhrmann Jakob , Subramanian Venkataraman , Thompson Paul R.
Published: December 2015

Protein arginine phosphorylation is a post‐translational modification (PTM) that is important for bacterial growth and virulence. Despite its biological relevance, the intrinsic acid lability of phosphoarginine (pArg) has impaired studies of this novel PTM. Herein, we report for the first time the development of phosphonate amidines and sulfonate amidines as isosteres of pArg and then use these mimics as haptens to develop the first high‐affinity sequence independent anti‐pArg specific antibody. Employing this anti‐pArg antibody, we further showed that arginine phosphorylation is induced in Bacillus subtilis during oxidative stress. Overall, we expect this antibody to see widespread use in analyzing the biological significance of arginine phosphorylation. Additionally, the chemistry reported here will facilitate the generation of pArg mimetics as highly potent inhibitors of the enzymes that catalyze arginine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
Optimization of TRPV6 Calcium Channel Inhibitors Using a 3D Ligand‐Based Virtual Screening Method
Authors: Simonin Céline , Awale Mahendra , Brand Michael , van Deursen Ruud , Schwartz Julian , Fine Michael , Kovacs Gergely , Häfliger Pascal , Gyimesi Gergely , Sithampari Abilashan , Charles Roch‐Philippe , Hediger Matthias A. , Reymond Jean‐Louis
Published: December 2015

Herein, we report the discovery of the first potent and selective inhibitor of TRPV6, a calcium channel overexpressed in breast and prostate cancer, and its use to test the effect of blocking TRPV6‐mediated Ca2+‐influx on cell growth. The inhibitor was discovered through a computational method, xLOS, a 3D‐shape and pharmacophore similarity algorithm, a type of ligand‐based virtual screening (LBVS) method described briefly here. Starting with a single weakly active seed molecule, two successive rounds of LBVS followed by optimization by chemical synthesis led to a selective molecule with 0.3 μM inhibition of TRPV6. The ability of xLOS to identify different scaffolds early in LBVS was essential to success. The xLOS method may be generally useful to develop tool compounds for poorly characterized targets.
Carcinogenic Chromium(VI) Compounds Formed by Intracellular Oxidation of Chromium(III) Dietary Supplements by Adipocytes
Authors: Wu Lindsay E. , Levina Aviva , Harris Hugh H. , Cai Zhonghou , Lai Barry , Vogt Stefan , James David E. , Lay Peter A.
Published: December 2015

Chromium(III) nutritional supplements are widely consumed for their purported antidiabetic activities. X‐ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) studies have now shown that non‐toxic doses of [Cr3O(OCOEt)6(OH2)3]+ (A), a prospective antidiabetic drug that undergoes similar H2O2 induced oxidation reactions in the blood as other Cr supplements, was also oxidized to carcinogenic CrVI and CrV in living cells. Single adipocytes treated with A had approximately 1 μm large Cr hotspots containing CrIII, CrV, and CrVI (primarily CrVI thiolates) species. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the antidiabetic activity of CrIII and the carcinogenicity of CrVI compounds arise from similar mechanisms involving highly reactive CrVI and CrV intermediates, and highlight concerns over the safety of CrIII nutritional supplements.
Enzyme‐Responsive Polymeric Vesicles for Bacterial‐Strain‐Selective Delivery of Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Li Yamin , Liu Guhuan , Wang Xiaorui , Hu Jinming , Liu Shiyong
Published: December 2015

Antimicrobial resistance poses serious public health concerns and antibiotic misuse/abuse further complicates the situation; thus, it remains a considerable challenge to optimize/improve the usage of currently available drugs. We report a general strategy to construct a bacterial strain‐selective delivery system for antibiotics based on responsive polymeric vesicles. In response to enzymes including penicillin G amidase (PGA) and β‐lactamase (Bla), which are closely associated with drug‐resistant bacterial strains, antibiotic‐loaded polymeric vesicles undergo self‐immolative structural rearrangement and morphological transitions, leading to sustained release of antibiotics. Enhanced stability, reduced side effects, and bacterial strain‐selective drug release were achieved. Considering that Bla is the main cause of bacterial resistance to β‐lactam antibiotic drugs, as a further validation, we demonstrate methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA)‐triggered release of antibiotics from Bla‐degradable polymeric vesicles, in vitro inhibition of MRSA growth, and enhanced wound healing in an in vivo murine model.
Catalytic Molecular Imaging of MicroRNA in Living Cells by DNA‐Programmed Nanoparticle Disassembly
Authors: He Xuewen , Zeng Tao , Li Zhi , Wang Ganglin , Ma Nan
Published: December 2015

Molecular imaging is an essential tool for disease diagnostics and treatment. Direct imaging of low‐abundance nucleic acids in living cells remains challenging because of the relatively low sensitivity and insufficient signal‐to‐background ratio of conventional molecular imaging probes. Herein, we report a class of DNA‐templated gold nanoparticle (GNP)–quantum dot (QD) assembly‐based probes for catalytic imaging of cancer‐related microRNAs (miRNA) in living cells with signal amplification capacity. We show that a single miRNA molecule could catalyze the disassembly of multiple QDs with the GNP through a DNA‐programmed thermodynamically driven entropy gain process, yielding significantly amplified QD photoluminescence (PL) for miRNA imaging. By combining the robust PL of QDs with the catalytic amplification strategy, three orders of magnitude improvement in detection sensitivity is achieved in comparison with non‐catalytic imaging probe, which enables facile and accurate differentiation between cancer cells and normal cells by miRNA imaging in living cells.
Moisture Battery Formed by Direct Contact of Magnesium with Foamed Polyaniline
Authors: Xie Pu , Rong Min Zhi , Zhang Ming Qiu
Published: December 2015

The present communication reports a concept battery made by direct contact of magnesium foil with ultralight polyaniline (PANI) foam in the absence of additional electrolyte. Electrical current is allowed to be steadily released from the junction with a specific energy of 646 mWh g−1 and specific capacity of 1247 mAh g−1. Additionally, the battery offers an environmentally friendly route of hydrogen production along with discharging. Mechanistic studies indicated that the ubiquitous galvanic corrosion combined with decomposition of adsorbed trace water in the semi‐conducting polymer foam enabled the generation of electricity, which overturns the traditional view. The higher moisture level is conducive to the discharge. This work is believed to open up new possibilities for the design of electrochemical batteries.
Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine‐Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc‐Based Solid‐Phase Strategy
Authors: Chen Wentao , Dong Jiajia , Li Suhua , Liu Yu , Wang Yujia , Yoon Leonard , Wu Peng , Sharpless K. Barry , Kelly Jeffery W.
Published: December 2015

Tyrosine O‐sulfation is a common protein post‐translational modification that regulates many biological processes, including leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. Many peptides with therapeutic potential contain one or more sulfotyrosine residues. We report a one‐step synthesis for Fmoc‐fluorosulfated tyrosine. An efficient Fmoc‐based solid‐phase peptide synthetic strategy is then introduced for incorporating the fluorosulfated tyrosine residue into peptides of interest. Standard simultaneous peptide‐resin cleavage and removal of the acid‐labile side‐chain protecting groups affords the crude peptides containing fluorosulfated tyrosine. Basic ethylene glycol, serving both as solvent and reactant, transforms the fluorosulfated tyrosine peptides into sulfotyrosine peptides in high yield.
Nitrous Oxide as a Hydrogen Acceptor for the Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alcohols
Authors: Gianetti Thomas L. , Annen Samuel P. , Santiso‐Quinones Gustavo , Reiher Markus , Driess Matthias , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: December 2015

The oxidation of alcohols with N2O as the hydrogen acceptor was achieved with low catalyst loadings of a rhodium complex that features a cooperative bis(olefin)amido ligand under mild conditions. Two different methods enable the formation of either the corresponding carboxylic acid or the ester. N2 and water are the only by‐products. Mechanistic studies supported by DFT calculations suggest that the oxygen atom of N2O is transferred to the metal center by insertion into the Rh−H bond of a rhodium amino hydride species, generating a rhodium hydroxy complex as a key intermediate.
Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction of β,β‐Disubstituted Enones: An Enantioselective Organocatalytic Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclopenta[b]annulated Arenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Satpathi Bishnupada , Ramasastry S. S. V.
Published: December 2015

The first enantioselective organocatalytic intramolecular Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction of sterically highly demanding β,β‐disubstituted enones is presented. The MBH reaction of β,β‐disubstituted‐α,β‐unsaturated electron‐withdrawing systems was previously considered to be unfeasible. Towards this end, designer substrates, which under simple and practical reaction conditions generate a variety of cyclopenta[b]annulated arenes and heteroarenes in excellent enantiopurities and near‐quantitative yields in remarkably short reaction times, are described. The reason for the unusually facile nature of this reaction is attributed to the synergy guided and entropically favored intramolecular reaction. Further, this strategy provides easy access to a substantial number of bioactive natural products and pharmaceutically significant compounds.
One‐step facile fabrication and photocatalytic activities of ZnS@g‐C3N4 nanocomposites from sulfatotris(thiourea)zinc(II) complex
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wen Rongying , Guo Di , Guo Hongxu , Chen Jianhua , Zheng Zishan
Published: December 2015

ZnS@g‐C3N4 composite photocatalyst containing g‐C3N4 nanoplates and ZnS nanoparticles was facilely fabricated by one‐step calcination from the complex sulfatotris(thiourea)zinc(II) for the first time. Thiourea serves not only as the sulfur source of ZnS, but also as the precursor of g‐C3N4. The as‐prepared composite photocatalyst was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared, diffuse reflectance and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements. It displays a higher visible‐light photocatalytic activity, including an ability to photodecompose water to produce hydrogen and organic dye photodegradation, than ZnS alone. The photocatalytic mechanism is also discussed in detail. Photoluminescence spectra and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Nyquist plots indicate that the formation of the ZnS@g‐C3N4 composite contributes to the separation of photoinduced charge carriers which enhances its photocatalytic activity. This study presents a new method for the fabrication of novel sulfide/g‐C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of coal pyrolysis with Tar and Gas products prediction
Authors: Sasongko Dwiwahju , Arifpin Nugraha Yohannes , Rasrendra Carolus Borromeus , Indarto Antonius
Published: December 2015

Coal pyrolysis products can vary both in species and composition that are influenced by internal coal properties and process parameters, including temperature and heating rate during the pyrolysis process. In order to accurately predict the composition of the pyrolysis products, a mathematical model with correct formulation of heat transfer inside the coal particle is necessary to be developed. In this report, the inclusion of heat transfer term to the recent development of fragmentation and diffusion (FD) model is discussed and used to determine the coal pyrolysis products in various operating conditions. Derived from the model result, it concludes that the increment of reaction temperature led to higher rate of secondary reactions and suppress the production of tar. Taking the lignite‐type coal pyrolysis of Zap North Dakota (average particle radius of 30 µm) as the sample, at temperature of 600 °C, 96.4% of primary tar was produced by the primary reaction and diffused outward, while at temperature of 950 °C, 49.9% of primary tar undergo secondary reactions. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.