bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining the diagenetic paths of archaeofaunal assemblages and their palaeoecology through artificial intelligence: an application to Oldowan sites from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)
Authors: Pizarro‐Monzo Marcos , Organista Elia , Cobo‐Sánchez Lucía , Baquedano Enrique , Domínguez‐Rodrigo Manuel
Published: October 2021

The implementation of deep‐learning methods to the taphonomic analysis of the microscopic modification of bone‐surface modifications exposed to different chemical diagenetic pathways can effectively discriminate between acidic and alkaline soil properties, indirectly reflecting different ecological conditions. Here we use this novel method to assess the sedimentary conditions of two of the oldest Oldowan archaeofaunal records (DS and PTK, Bed I) from Olduvai Gorge Bed I in Tanzania. We show how the results support different diagenetic conditions for both penecontemporaneous sites, which are appropriate for their respective locations on the palaeolandscape to which they belonged. We also show how geochemical analyses of the clay deposit that embedded both sites indicate a similar soil pH divergence. PTK was formed on an alluvial sloping surface affected by rills but draining efficiently, which resulted in alkaline soil conditions, that optimised bone‐surface preservation. DS occurred in a more depressed area that underwent intermittent flooding, affecting soil chemistry by creating more acidic conditions. This impacted on bone surfaces by dynamically modifying mark morphology. This deep‐learning approach has relevance for the interpretation of the local palaeoecological conditions of both assemblages and their respective depositional loci. The results presented here open a new window to the incremental information gain through the use of artificial intelligence methods in taphonomic and palaeoecological research.
Neuro‐controller for broadcast lighting light‐emitting diode to express white light with high color rendering index
Authors: Park Sung‐Chan , Hwang Kwang‐Bok , Park Jin‐Hyun
Published: October 2021

Technical characteristics analysis related to correlated color temperature (CCT), color rendering, and illuminance is required to use light‐emitting diode (LED) as broadcast lighting. In general, to realize a white light source with a high color rendering index (CRI), we selected the appropriate emission intensity of RGBW LED through trial and error. However, the characteristics of the LED light source and environmental conditions make it difficult to perform the procedure several times. The objective of this study was to design a system that could control illuminance, CCT, and ∆uv while having high CRI, as an LED control method for broadcasting lighting. The controller implements using a feed‐forward neural network with excellent nonlinear function approximation capability. We measure data directly from the red green blue white (RGBW) LED system for neural network training. We then select data with high CRI from the measured raw data and choose data for neural network learning by removing measurement noise using the quadratic polynomial interpolation method. The performance evaluation confirms that the proposed neural network controller shows excellent results as an RGBW LED controller for broadcast lighting in the Planckian locus and all regions of white light.
The impact and experience of debriefing for clinical staff following traumatic events in clinical settings: A systematic review
Authors: Scott Zoe , O'Curry Sara , Mastroyannopoulou Kiki
Published: October 2021

Health care professionals are more frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events than individuals in other professions. Repeated trauma exposure can significantly impact both physical and mental health. In clinical settings, the term “debriefing” refers to a group meeting during which clinical events and decision‐making are reviewed and discussed to improve clinical practice. The present review investigated the use of debriefing for clinical staff in clinical settings following exposure to direct and vicarious trauma. We examined whether the use of posttrauma debriefing impacts symptoms of distress and explored how clinical staff experience debriefing; we also investigated the factors that influence this experience. A systematic search of five electronic databases was conducted between August 31 and September 2, 2019. Included articles (N = 13) described the use of debriefing in clinical settings with clinical staff following a traumatic event. We assessed methodological quality and performed a narrative synthesis. Four studies found some evidence of the benefits of debriefing for reducing psychological sequelae to traumatic events. Seven studies commented on factors that clinical staff perceived to be important for the debriefing to feel helpful, including the being given the opportunity for reflection, gaining a shared experience, and having the right peer facilitator. Some evidence suggests that debriefing with staff working in clinical settings can reduce posttraumatic distress symptoms, and subjective evidence suggests that clinical staff members perceive debriefing to be useful. Due to the limited literature, no firm conclusions could be drawn, and further methodologically sound research is required.
The Utility of Comorbidity Indices in Assessing Head and Neck Surgery Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pai Kavya , Baaklini Carla , Cabrera Claudia I. , Tamaki Akina , Fowler Nicole , Maronian Nicole
Published: October 2021

Objective

To evaluate the utility of comorbidity index (CI) scores in predicting outcomes in head and neck surgery (HNS). The CIs evaluated were the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI), Kaplan‐Feinstein Index (KFI), American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA‐PS), Adult Comorbidity Evaluation‐27 (ACE‐27), National Cancer Institute Comorbidity Index (NCI‐CI), and the Washington University Head and Neck Comorbidity Index (WUHNCI).

Methods

We report a systematic review according to the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase) and manual search of bibliographies identified manuscripts addressing how CI scores related to HNS outcomes.

Results

A total of 116 studies associated CI scores with HNS outcomes. CIs were represented in the literature as follows: ASA‐PS (70/116), CCI (39/116), ACE‐27 (24/116), KFI (7/116), NCI‐CI (3/116), ECI (2/116), and WUHNCI (1/116). The most frequently cited justification for calculating each CI (if provided) was: CCI for its validation in other studies, ACE‐27 for its utility in cancer patients, and ECI for its comprehensive design. In general, the CCI and ACE‐27 were predictive of mortality in HNS. The ECI was most consistent in predicting >1‐year mortality. The ACE‐27 and KFI were most consistent in predicting medical complications.

Conclusion

Despite inconsistencies in the literature, CIs provide insights into the impact of comorbidities on outcomes in HNS. These scores should be employed as an adjunct in the preoperative assessment of HNS patients. Comparative studies are needed to identify indices that are most reliable in predicting HNS outcomes.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 132:1388–1402, 2022
Evaluation of the current bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in chronic suppurative otitis media
Authors: Wan Draman Wan Nur Anis , Md Daud Mohd Khairi , Mohamad Hazama , Hassan Siti Asma , Abd Rahman Normastura
Published: October 2021

Objective

To determine the current microbiological profile of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), their antimicrobial sensitivity, their resistance pattern to locally available antibiotics and the appropriate antibiotic against isolated microorganisms causing CSOM.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved 91 ear swab specimens obtained from patients clinically diagnosed with active CSOM. Swabs were cultured for microbial identification according to a standard protocol. We performed antibiotic susceptibility testing, using the modified Kirby‐Bauer disc diffusion method, and the diameter of the inhibition zone was interpreted based Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.

Results

Microbial growth was seen in 85 (93.4%) samples, but 6 (6.6%) samples had no growth. Among the samples with growth, 63 (69.2%) were monomicrobial, 13 (14.3%) were polymicrobial, and 9 (9.9%) were of mixed growth with more than three microorganisms. The most common bacteria isolated was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.6%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.9%) and Klebsiella spp. (5.6%). The most sensitive antibiotics against P aeruginosa were ceftazidime, meropenem, piperacillin‐tazobactam, and cefepime. S aureus showed the highest sensitivity toward rifampin, cefoxitin, and fusidic acid.

Conclusions

The bacteriological profile of CSOM showed a high prevalence of P aeruginosa, followed by S aureus and Klebsiella spp. with different distributions in different age groups. We observed a declining pattern of their antibiotic sensitivity. It is important to be aware of the current trend of the bacteriological profiles and to revise the antibiotic regime according to both the sensitivity and age groups.

Level of Evidence: NA.
Hyperbaric phototherapy augments blood carbon monoxide removal
Authors: Fischbach Anna , Traeger Lisa , Farinelli William A. , Ezaka Mariko , Wanderley Hatus V. , Wiegand Steffen B. , Franco Walfre , Bagchi Arayna , Bloch Donald B. , Anderson R. Rox , Zapol Warren M.
Published: October 2021

Background and Objectives

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is responsible for nearly 50,000 emergency department visits and 1200 deaths per year. Compared to oxygen, CO has a 250‐fold higher affinity for hemoglobin (Hb), resulting in the displacement of oxygen from Hb and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Optimal treatment of CO‐poisoned patients involves the administration of hyperbaric 100% oxygen to remove CO from Hb and to restore oxygen delivery. However, hyperbaric chambers are not widely available and this treatment requires transporting a CO‐poisoned patient to a specialized center, which can result in delayed treatment.

Visible light is known to dissociate CO from carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). In a previous study, we showed that a system composed of six photo‐extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) devices efficiently removes CO from a large animal with CO poisoning. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the application of hyperbaric oxygen to the photo‐ECMO device would further increase the rate of CO elimination.

Study Design/Material and Methods

We developed a hyperbaric photo‐ECMO device and assessed the ability of the device to remove CO from CO‐poisoned human blood. We combined four devices into a “hyperbaric photo‐ECMO system” and compared its ability to remove CO to our previously described photo‐ECMO system, which was composed of six devices ventilated with normobaric oxygen.

Results

Under normobaric conditions, an increase in oxygen concentration from 21% to 100% significantly increased CO elimination from CO‐poisoned blood after a single pass through the device. Increased oxygen pressure within the photo‐ECMO device was associated with higher exiting blood PO2 levels and increased CO elimination. The system of four hyperbaric photo‐ECMO devices removed CO from 1 L of CO‐poisoned blood as quickly as the original, normobaric photo‐ECMO system composed of six devices.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of using a hyperbaric photo‐ECMO system to increase the rate of CO elimination from CO‐poisoned blood. This technology could provide a simple portable emergency device and facilitate immediate treatment of CO‐poisoned patients at or near the site of injury.
Dislocation cell walls with high dislocation density as effective hydrogen traps in Armco iron
Authors: Chen Lin , Antonov Stoichko , Su Yanjing , Qiao Lijie
Published: October 2021

The effect of cold rolling (CR) deformation on the hydrogen permeation and trapping behavior of pure iron was systematically investigated. Increased deformation resulted in a decreased effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient, an extended effective lattice interstitial hydrogen diffusion path length, and increased hydrogen trap densities. However, the proportion of irreversible hydrogen traps to all traps was constant irrespective of the deformation level in the range of 30%–70% CR and increased when the deformation reached 80%. This is because the dislocation cell wall is composed of a central layer with high trap‐binding capacity and an outer layer with low trap‐binding capacity. More importantly, once the dislocation density in the center layer of the dislocation cell walls reached a relatively high value due to the severe plastic deformation, these regions become effective irreversible hydrogen traps.
Effect of anodic potential on the characteristics of passive films grown on a brass alloy in a soil environment
Authors: Liang Zhi‐Peng , Jiang Kai‐Xi , Feng Bai‐Ao , Li Lin , Zhang Ting‐An
Published: October 2021

The effect of the anode potential on the electrochemical performance and protective ability of the passive film formed on the brass alloy in the soil solution of the Zhouyuan site was investigated by electrochemical measurements, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of brass alloy in a corrosion soil environment decreases with the increase of applied anodic potential. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the passive film is mainly composed of metal oxide. Mott–Schottky results revealed that the passive films behave as p‐type semiconductors at passive potentials and the acceptor density is in the range of 1021 cm−3 and increased with an increase in the film‐forming potential.
Extraction and Physicochemical Properties Assessment of Chitin and Chitosan from Fish Scales
Authors: Kumar Manish , Agrawal Richa , Pareek Nidhi
Published: October 2021

Chitin and chitosan (CHS) are extensively explored due to their remarkable biomedical applications. In the present study, chitin has been extracted from fish scales employing chemical process and further converted to the more valuable CHS. The obtained chitin and CHS are analyzed for their physicochemical properties. FTIR spectra verify the pattern of β‐chitin. The thermal analysis advocates the effectiveness of the process to obtain considerable yields of stable chitin and CHS. Approximately 0.26 g of CHS is obtained using 1 g of fish scales. Hence, fish scales can be explored as a potential source for production of chitin and CHS that could further be exploited for biomedical or agricultural applications.
Structural and Morphological Modifications Induced by Fe Ion Implantation in Sb2Te3 Thin Films
Authors: Yadav Jyoti , M. Divakaran Anoop , Yadav Nisha , Singh Rini , Rao N. Srinivasa , Singh Fouran , Ichikawa Takayuki , Jain Ankur , Awasthi Kamlendra , Kumar Manoj
Published: October 2021

Recently, considerable interest has been initiated by the influence of magnetic dopants as well as the generation of internal strain on the transport properties of topological insulators. The controlled bulk charge carriers in topological insulators help in removing barriers for surface‐dominated transport. In this work, the impact of Fe‐ion implantation on the structural and optical properties of Sb2Te3 thin films is presented. The implantation is done with low energy Fe4– ions at three different fluences (1 × 1013, 1 × 1014, and 5 × 1014 ions cm−2). The structural studies carried out using X‐ray diffraction measurements show that the thin films exhibit rhombohedral structures with an R‐3m space group. A monotonic decrease in the lattice parameter “c” is also observed with increasing ion fluence confirms the contraction in lattice after implantation with ions of smaller radii. The optical studies indicate the structural strain induces by implantation. The incorporated Fe ion affects the grain size, as studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements. The suppression of grain boundaries towards the highest fluence point is towards a possibility of surface reconstruction.
Predictors of empowerment in parents of children with autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders who are undergoing genetic testing
Authors: Peltekova Iskra , Yusuf Afiqah , Frei Jennifer , Savion‐Lemieux Tal , Joober Ridha , Howe Jennifer , Scherer Stephen W. , Elsabbagh Mayada
Published: October 2021

Background

There is limited empirical data quantifying the utility of genetic testing for families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or related neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). We assessed the utility of clinical chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), defined by diagnostic yield and parental empowerment, in population‐based sample of parents of affected children; and explored child, family, and health services factors predictive of empowerment.

Methods

Participants were families of children undergoing diagnostic assessments, between 2016 and 2019. Diagnostic yield of CMA in affected children was determined. Parental empowerment was measured through adapted version of the Genetics Counseling Outcome Scale‐24. Parents completed questionnaires to capture child, family, and health service factors.

Results

The diagnostic yield of CMA was 2.8% for pathogenic variants. Parental empowerment was significantly correlated with family functioning and aspects of perceived family‐centeredness of care. The model accounted for 49.8% of the variation in parental empowerment, F (10,37) = 3.67, p = 0.002. After accounting for other predictors, parental perception of the provision of general information remained significantly associated with empowerment.

Conclusion

The informational needs of families play an important role in their empowerment during genetic testing. Meeting these needs and monitoring empowerment can aid genomic technologies integration in personalized healthcare for ASD/NDD.
Identification of novel variations in the NTRK1 gene causing congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
Authors: Li Shang , Hu Hua‐ying , Xu Jun‐Jun , Feng Zhan‐ke , Sun Yong‐qing , Chen Xu , Yang Kai , Li Ya‐zhou , Zhang Dong‐liang
Published: October 2021

Background

Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) conditions are a group of Mendelian disorders with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. CIP with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a distinct subtype caused by biallelic variants in the NTRK1 gene.

Methods

In this study, six families with CIPA were recruited and submitted to a series of clinical and genetic examinations. Whole‐exome sequencing and whole‐genome sequencing were applied to perform a comprehensive genetic analysis. Sanger sequencing was used as a validation method.

Results

These patients exhibited phenotypic variability. All probands in the six families were positive for biallelic pathogenic variants in NTRK1. Five individual variants, namely NTRK1: (NM_002529.3) c.851‐33T>A, c.717+2T>C, c.1806‐2A>G, c.1251+1G>A, and c.851‐794C>G, including three novel ones, were identified, which were carried by the six patients in a homozygous or compound heterozygous way. The validation results indicated that all the parents of the six probands, except for one father and one mother, were monoallelic carriers of a single variant.

Conclusions

The findings in our study extended the variation spectrum of the NTRK1 gene and highlighted the advantage of the integrated application of multiplatform genetic technologies.
Workflow for automatic renal perfusion quantification using ASL‐MRI and machine learning
Authors: Bones Isabell K. , Bos Clemens , Moonen Chrit , Hendrikse Jeroen , van Stralen Marijn
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Clinical applicability of renal arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI is hampered because of time consuming and observer dependent post‐processing, including manual segmentation of the cortex to obtain cortical renal blood flow (RBF). Machine learning has proven its value in medical image segmentation, including the kidneys. This study presents a fully automatic workflow for renal cortex perfusion quantification by including machine learning‐based segmentation.

Methods

Fully automatic workflow was achieved by construction of a cascade of 3 U‐nets to replace manual segmentation in ASL quantification. All 1.5T ASL‐MRI data, including M0, T1, and ASL label‐control images, from 10 healthy volunteers was used for training (dataset 1). Trained cascade performance was validated on 4 additional volunteers (dataset 2). Manual segmentations were generated by 2 observers, yielding reference and second observer segmentations. To validate the intended use of the automatic segmentations, manual and automatic RBF values in mL/min/100 g were compared.

Results

Good agreement was found between automatic and manual segmentations on dataset 1 (dice score = 0.78 ± 0.04), which was in line with inter‐observer variability (dice score = 0.77 ± 0.02). Good agreement was confirmed on dataset 2 (dice score = 0.75 ± 0.03). Moreover, similar cortical RBF was obtained with automatic or manual segmentations, on average and at subject level; with 211 ± 31 mL/min/100 g and 208 ± 31 mL/min/100 g (P < .05), respectively, with narrow limits of agreement at −11 and 4.6 mL/min/100 g. RBF accuracy with automated segmentations was confirmed on dataset 2.

Conclusion

Our proposed method automates ASL quantification without compromising RBF accuracy. With quick processing and without observer dependence, renal ASL‐MRI is more attractive for clinical application as well as for longitudinal and multi‐center studies.
Assessing Minnesota’s Changing Yellow Perch Populations Using Length-Based Metrics
Authors: Holbrook Beth V. , Bethke Bethany J. , Bacigalupi Marc D. , Staples David F.
Published: October 2021

Catch rates of Yellow Perch Perca flavescens in standard gill-net surveys conducted by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources have declined since 1970, but it is unclear whether this trend was due to reduced abundance or to changes in size structure affecting catchability. Because the minimum capture length of standard gill nets may limit effective sampling of some populations, the objectives of this study were to determine if length-based metrics could be used to characterize populations and their susceptibility to standard gill nets, if these metrics were correlated with a suite of abiotic and biotic variables, and if temporal trends in these metrics were evident. Data were collected from a broad size distribution of Yellow Perch sampled with standard gill nets, boat electrofishing, and small-mesh gill nets in 17 lakes. Estimated length at 50% maturity (L50) for females varied up to 100 mm across lakes, with values as small as 70 mm documented in some populations. Female L50 from supplemental gears was significantly positively correlated with the average length of the 15 largest fish (Lmax) from all gears, and both of these metrics were positively correlated with standard gill-net catch. Exploratory analysis of female L50 indicated that this metric was positively correlated with latitude and lake size and negatively correlated with water clarity. Additionally, a statewide analysis of Lmax conducted with standard gill-net data from over 1,000 lakes found significant declines during the past 25 years, indicating that populations in Minnesota have likely shifted towards a smaller size structure, reducing catchability in standard gill nets. These results indicate that standard gill nets were ineffective for sampling some Yellow Perch populations and that length-based metrics such as L50 and Lmax can be used to infer catchability in standard gear and to monitor populations through time.
Comparison of Two Fish Sampling Techniques for Low-Conductivity, Lowland Headwater Streams
Authors: Herigan Garrett M. , Crane Derek P. , Scott Mark C. , Rohde Fred C. , Smith Dustin W.
Published: October 2021

Despite being common, low-conductivity (<70 µS/cm), headwater streams are often understudied compared with larger waters that support recreational and commercial fisheries. However, recent conservation efforts that have focused on native, nongame species have created the need to develop and test sampling methods in these habitats. We compared a novel combination of gears (electrofishing coupled with kick-seining) to three-pass electrofishing for sampling fish assemblages in low-conductivity streams. At each site, each method was used to sample separate reaches equal to 35-fold the mean stream width. We compared CPUE and species richness between the two methods and used logistic regression to estimate the probability of capturing a new species on the second and third passes when electrofishing. We calculated the capture probabilities for the most common species encountered using the Carle–Strub depletion method, with the three-pass electrofishing data. When compared with the combination method, three-pass electrofishing resulted in significantly greater CPUE and species richness (0.21 vs. 0.13 fish/m2 and 7.24 vs. 5.00 species, respectively). There was a 67% probability of capturing a new species on the second pass and 30% probability of capturing a new species on the third pass when using three-pass electrofishing. The capture probabilities ranged from 0.50 to 0.87 for the 13 species examined. The use of kick-seining after a single electrofishing pass provided no benefit compared with additional electrofishing passes. We recommend making at least three passes while electrofishing when estimating relative abundance and species richness in low-conductivity wadeable streams.
Longitudinal patterns of urinary incontinence and associated predictors in women with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Bakre Shivani , Holt Sarah K. , Oerline Mary , Braffett Barbara H. , Pop‐Busui Rodica , Wessells Hunter , Sarma Aruna V. ,   the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group
Published: October 2021

Aims

Urinary incontinence (UI) in women is a dynamic condition with numerous risk factors yet most studies have focused on examining its prevalence at a single time. The objective of this study was to describe the long‐term time course of UI in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods

Longitudinal data in women with T1D were collected from 568 women in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, the observational follow‐up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) cohort. Over a 12‐year period, participants annually responded to whether they had experienced UI in the past year.

Results

We identified four categories of UI in this population over time: 205 (36.1%) women never reported UI (no UI), 70 (12.3%) reported it one or two consecutive years only (isolated UI), 247 (43.5%) periodically changed status between UI and no UI (intermittent UI), and 46 (8.1%) reported UI continuously after the first report (persistent UI). Compared to women reporting no/isolated UI, women displaying the intermittent phenotype were significantly more likely to be obese (OR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.15, 3.00) and report prior hysterectomy (OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.39, 4.77); whereas women with persistent UI were significantly more likely to have abnormal autonomic function (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.16–4.80).

Conclusions

UI is a dynamic condition in women with T1D. Varying risk factors observed for the different phenotypes of UI suggest distinctive pathophysiological mechanisms. These findings have the potential to be used to guide individualized interventions for UI in women with diabetes.
Effect of anti‐attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication on clinical seizures and sleep EEG: A retrospective study of Japanese children with ADHD
Authors: Yamamoto Hisako , Nakagawa Eiji , Kita Yousuke , Kaga Yoshimi , Inagaki Masumi
Published: October 2021

Aims

Patients with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit basic or paroxysmal wave abnormalities on electroencephalography (EEG). Methylphenidate (MPH), an anti‐ADHD stimulant, has been reported to lower the seizure threshold. However, there have been no reports comparing EEG changes before and after administration of the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant MPH, or atomoxetine (ATX) hydrochloride, a non‐CNS stimulant. In this study, we investigated changes in sleep EEG before and after the administration of ADHD treatment drugs.

Method

With the approval of the ethics committee, the medical records of 28 children with ADHD (23 men and 5 women) who gave consent were retrospectively investigated. The appearance of sudden abnormal waves during a 10‐minute sleep EEG recording was measured in 0.1‐second units, and the duration of these waves was calculated as the paroxysmal index (PI).

Results

Paroxysmal index did not differ significantly between patients who received MPH and those who received ATX. In addition, there were no exacerbations of clinical seizures.

Conclusion

It was concluded that ADHD medications do not have an adverse effect on epileptic seizures or abnormal sleep EEGs.
Proper background checks reduce risks for everyone involved in hiring process
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: October 2021

When you need to fill an opening, you're likely focused on getting that seemingly ideal new candidate on board as quickly as possible to lighten the load for your overworked staff. But in your rush to speed up the process, don't even think about taking shortcuts when it comes to the background check process.
CIDEA expression in SAT from adolescent girls with obesity and unfavorable patterns of abdominal fat distribution
Authors: Tarabra Elena , Nouws Jessica , Vash‐Margita Alla , Hellerstein Marc , Shabanova Veronika , McCollum Sarah , Pierpont Bridget , Zhao Dejian , Shulman Gerald I. , Caprio Sonia
Published: October 2021

Objective

This study investigated whether variations in cell death‐inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha subunit‐like effector A (CIDEA) mRNA expression and protein levels are modulated by the pattern of abdominal fat distribution in adolescent girls with obesity.

Methods

This study recruited 35 adolescent girls with obesity and characterized their abdominal fat distribution by magnetic resonance imaging. Participants had only a periumbilical/abdominal (n = 14) or a paired abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsy (n = 21). CIDEA expression was determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, CIDEA protein level by Western blot, and the turnover of adipose lipids and adipocytes by 2H2O labeling. In six girls, a second abdominal SAT biopsy was performed (after ~34.2 months) to explore the weight gain effect on CIDEA expression in abdominal SAT.

Results

CIDEA expression decreased in abdominal SAT from participants with high visceral adipose tissue (VAT)/(VAT+SAT); CIDEA inversely correlated with number of small adipocytes, with the increase in preadipocyte proliferation, and with adipogenesis. A strong inverse correlation was found between CIDEA protein level with the newly synthetized glycerol (r = −0.839, p = 0.0047). Following weight gain, an increase in adipocytes’ cell diameter with a decrease in CIDEA expression and RNA‐sequencing transcriptomic profile typical of adipocyte dysfunction was observed.

Conclusions

Reduced expression of CIDEA in girls with high VAT/(VAT+SAT) is associated with adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance.
Preparation of (Fe)MIL‐101 on short carbon fibers to improve the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical of epoxy resin
Authors: Zou Zehua , Wang Kangqi , Zhang Zhendong , Cao Xi , Lin Jian , Yang Dangsha , Li Jiangen , Zhu Yanyan , Wang Xinlong
Published: October 2021

Nano (Fe)MIL‐101 particles were grafted on the short carbon fibers (SCFs) by in situ growth method to prepare (Fe)MIL‐101@SCFs. The flame‐retarded composites of epoxy resin (EP) were fabricated with combination of (Fe)MIL‐101@SCFs and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The composites showed good flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties simultaneously. The main heat release rate peak of the flame‐retarded composites was reduced and delayed evidently in comparison with pristine EP. The high amount of residual char with coherent and dense structure was formed owing to the catalytic char formation of (Fe)MIL‐101 as well as the strengthening action of SCF. The improvement in mechanical properties of the flame‐retarded composite was due to the reinforcement effects of (Fe)MIL‐101@SCFs and its action of interfacial adjustment. This research solved the contradiction between the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EP, and proposed a new method to prepare the mechanically reinforced and flame retardant EP.
Multilevel barriers and facilitators of communication in pediatric oncology: A systematic review
Authors: Sisk Bryan A. , Harvey Kieandra , Friedrich Annie B. , Antes Alison L. , Yaeger Lauren H. , Mack Jennifer W. , DuBois James M.
Published: October 2021

Multiple factors can facilitate or impede the fulfillment of communication functions in pediatric cancer. In this systematic review, we evaluated 109 studies from the preceding 20 years that presented qualitative or quantitative evidence of barriers or facilitators to communication in pediatric cancer. Using a multilevel framework developed in our prior study, we then analyzed and categorized the levels of barriers and facilitators identified in included studies. The vast majority of studies focused on individual‐level barriers, rather than team, organization/system, collaborating hospital, community, or policy‐level barriers. Future studies should explore the full range of factors that affect communication.
Energy absorption performance and optimization of combination modes for carbon fiber reinforced plastics/aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels
Authors: Gao Guowen , Tang Enling , Yang Guolai , Han Yafei , Chen Chuang , Chang Mengzhou , Guo Kai , He Liping
Published: October 2021

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP)/aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel, as a composite structure with lightweight, energy absorption, shock absorption and strong impact resistance, has been widely used in practical protective engineering. In this paper, CFRP/aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels are taken as the target. Firstly, the accuracy of the simulation is determined by comparing the numerical simulation with the experimental results. Secondly, numerical simulation is carried out by combining front and rear panels with different thicknesses, multi‐layer and different honeycomb apertures. The analysis shows that the thicker the rear panel is, the stronger the impact resistance of the sandwich panel is. The energy absorption effect of the sandwich panel was increased by 21.75% when the rear panel was 5.5 mm compared with that of the front panel. At the same thickness, the impact resistance of multi‐layer sandwich panels is enhanced with the increase of layers, and the energy consumption of eight‐layer sandwich panels is increased by 21.22% compared with that of single‐layer sandwich panels. When the thickness of the rear panel is unchanged, the increase of the aperture of aluminum honeycomb has an exponential relationship with the energy absorption of the sandwich panel. Finally, the energy absorption value of the sandwich panels is fitted with the thickness of each layer, the relationship between the energy absorption value of the sandwich panels ΔE (Y) and the thickness of each part of the sandwich panels (A, B, C) is obtained. The optimal solution is obtained under specific constraint conditions and the combination modes of sandwich panels.
Advances in the quality control of fenugreek seeds using chromatographic, spectroscopic and DNA‐based techniques: A comprehensive review
Authors: Kandil Nariman H. , Ayoub Iriny M. , El‐Ahmady Sherweit H. , El‐Moghazy Safaa A.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Fenugreek has been used in traditional remedies since ancient times. It has a long history of use against medical ailments as an antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, gastric stimulant, and anti‐anorexia agent. The major active constituents include alkaloids, fibres, saponins, proteins, and amino acids.

Objectives

To provide a comprehensive overview of the application of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, in addition to DNA‐profiling methods to assess the quality of fenugreek. Also, to highlight the recent application of chemometrics combined with quality control methods during the last two decades.

Methodology

A literature search conducted from January 2000 up to December 2020 using various scientific databases (e.g., Scopus, Medline, PubMed, EBSCO, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Egyptian Knowledge Bank, Academic Journals, and Springer Link); general web searches were also undertaken using Google applying some related search terms. Studies involving the application of quality control analyses were classified into three categories according to the conducted analysis method including chromatographic [high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC), and gas chromatography (GC)], spectroscopic [ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)], and DNA‐based markers.

Results

This review shed the light on relevant studies covering the past two decades, presenting the application of spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and DNA profiling in the quality control of fenugreek.

Conclusion

The reviewed chromatographic and spectroscopic methods combined with chemometrics provide a powerful tool that could be applied widely for the quality control of fenugreek.
Mitigating secondary traumatic stress in preservice educators: A pilot study on the role of trauma‐informed practice seminars
Authors: Castro Schepers Ofelia , Young Kathryn S.
Published: October 2021

In this study, explore secondary traumatic stress (STS) in preservice teachers (PSTs) and if trauma‐informed practices (TIPs) have the potential to mitigate STS. We hypothesize that PST who have had consistent and extensive exposure to TIP will experience lower levels of STS in their student teaching or residency than students who have not had this exposure. Thirty‐four PST participated in the study. Twenty‐one were women, 12 men, and 1 identified as nonbinary. Their average age was 31 years. Participants were 73.1% Caucasian. A survey design was used. Surveys went out to all Metropolitan State University of Denver School of Education Students. Early results demonstrate a positive causal relationship between an increase of TIP seminars and decreased STS. By integrating TIP seminars and principles into teacher preparation programs, new teachers will enter the workforce better equipped to address their own needs and the needs of the children and families they serve.
Amphiphilic micro‐ and nanogels: Combining properties from internal hydrogel networks, solid particles, and micellar aggregates
Authors: Biglione Catalina , Neumann‐Tran Thi Mai Phuong , Kanwal Sidra , Klinger Daniel
Published: October 2021

Polymeric micro‐ and nanogels are defined by their water‐swollen hydrophilic networks that can often impart outstanding biocompatibility and high‐colloidal stability. Unfortunately, this highly hydrophilic nature limits their potential in areas where hydrophobic or amphiphilic interactions are required, for example, the delivery of hydrophobic cargoes or tailored interactions with amphipathic (bio‐)surfaces. To overcome this limitation, amphiphilic micro−/nanogels are emerging as new colloidal materials that combine properties from hydrogel networks with hydrophobic segments, known from solid hydrophobic polymer particles or micellar cores. The ability to accurately adjust the balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components in such amphiphilic colloidal systems enables new tailored properties. This opens up new applications ranging from the controlled and sustained delivery of hydrophobic drugs, over carriers for catalytic moieties, to their assembly at hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces, for example, as advanced stabilizers in Pickering emulsions. While promising, the synthetic realization of such amphiphilic materials remains challenging since hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties need to be combined in a single colloidal system. As a result, adjusting the micro−/nanogel amphiphilicity often changes the colloidal features too. To overcome these limitations, various strategies have been reported. The aim of this review is to give a brief overview of important synthetic tools, considering both advantages and disadvantages, thus critically evaluating their potential in different research fields.
Single‐chain polymers as homogeneous oxidative photoredox catalysts
Authors: Piane Jacob J. , Huss Steven , Alameda Lucas T. , Koehler Stephen J. , Chamberlain Lauren E. , Schubach Matthew J. , Hoover Ashley C. , Elacqua Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

Single‐chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) are emerging as versatile catalytic platforms that provide excellent control over solubility. The confined nature of SCNPs can improve the rate of catalysis. While significant headway has been made in thermally‐induced transition‐metal catalysis with SCNPs, light‐activated SCNP catalysts have received little attention. We are developing triarylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPT)‐functionalized SCNPs as oxidative photocatalysts. Herein, we comprehensively study the impact of light source on both SCNP compaction and TPT absorbance through gel‐permeation chromatography and UV/Vis spectroscopy. We observe that compaction is expedited using light sources that excite the photocatalyst (e.g., blue LEDs), which is attributed to the ability of TPT to dimerize sytrenics under similar photoredox conditions. The resultant metal‐free SCNP photocatalysts enable the oxidation of benzyl alcohols in good yields. The SCNP is further investigated for the amidation of 4‐bromobenzaldehyde, wherein it affords higher yields of the benzamide product compared to both small‐molecule and unfolded polymer controls. We attribute the combined results to the colocalization of the TPT photoredox catalyst and pyrene electron relay within the SCNP, which likely aids in single‐electron transfer processes. The scope of amidation reactions was also extended to other aryl aldehydes, wherein deactivated substrates afforded the highest yield of the desired amide.
Exploring polymer solubility with thermally‐responsive Diels‐Alder monomers: Revisiting the monkey's fist
Authors: Bisbjerg Greg , Brown Ginger W. , Pham Kimberly S. , de Kock Ryan A. , Ramos William , Patierno Jordan A. , Bautista Aleyda , Zawalick Natalie M. , Vigil Viviana , Padrnos John D. , Mathers Robert T. , Heying Michael D. , Costanzo Philip J.
Published: October 2021

Thermo‐responsive monomers were designed to contain a Diels‐Alder (DA) adduct such that cyclo‐reversion would yield either the maleimide or the furan unit attached to the polymer chain. These thermally responsive monomers were then copolymerized with N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization to yield linear gradient‐copolymer structures as a comparison to existing nanogel/starlike systems to understand how polymer topology and composition influence solution‐state properties. Using UV–Vis spectroscopy, it was determined that solution‐state properties were thermally dependent and influenced by a number of variables such as comonomer feed ratio, polymer chain end functionality, and polymer backbone length and composition. Manipulation of the feed ratio allowed for control over the cloud point, including the breadth and location of phase separation. Thermal treatment of these copolymers revealed tunable and predictable variations in previously observed transitions, directly correlated to cleavage of the DA adducts and change in polymer backbone composition. Finally, on cooling cycles, a double sigmoid was sometimes observed, indicating a complex globule to random coil transition correlated to polymer chain end composition. These studies help understand how to untie the “monkey's fist.”
Partnered decision support: Parental perspectives of completing a pre‐visit pediatric asthma questionnaire via the patient portal
Authors: Ross Mindy K. , Friedman Sarah , Radparvar Ilana , Ryan Gery
Published: October 2021

Background

Collection of patient‐reported data has been demonstrated to improve asthma outcomes. One method to collect information is through the electronic patient portal. In practice, patient portal use in pediatrics and, specifically for asthma management, has had low uptake.

Objective

To understand parental/caregiver experience of pediatric asthma care management, and perceptions of the use of patient portal questionnaires before the clinic visit.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with caregivers of children 5–11 years old with asthma in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Health System. We included patient portal “users” (n = 20) and “non‐users” (n = 5). Interview questions were developed based on clinic visit workflow with a focus on perceived usefulness and ease of use to complete pediatric asthma questionnaires in the patient portal before the visit. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and codes were generated from themes using constant comparative analysis.

Results

We identified eight themes related to caregiver‐physician communication, perception of portal questionnaires, facilitators, and barriers to portal questionnaire use. A salient finding was that caregivers considered the portal questionnaire as a tool to be integrated into the visit to facilitate a conversation about their child's asthma. Caregiver portal‐based questionnaire use was more likely if the ongoing data entered was accessible to caregivers to track and update, and if caregivers were reassured the clinicians would use questionnaire responses during the visit.

Conclusion

Caregivers of children with asthma are more likely to complete a patient portal intake questionnaire before the visit if they trust their responses will be used during the visit to inform care.
Study on Properties of Energetic Plasticizer Modified Double‐Base Propellant
Authors: Zou Xiaobin , Zhang Wenguo , Zhang Zehao , Gu Yongjun , Fu Xiuchong , Ge Zhen , Luo Yunjun
Published: October 2021

To improve the low‐temperature mechanical properties of double‐base propellants, the effects of three energetic plasticizers (geminal dinitro aldehyde acetal plasticizer, azido‐terminated glycidyl azide polymer, and ester‐terminated glycidyl azide polymer) on the low‐temperature mechanical properties of nitrocellulose (NC)/nitroglycerin (NG) propellant were studied firstly in this article. It was found that azido‐terminated glycidyl azide polymer (GAPA) was the most effective plasticizer to improve the low‐temperature mechanical properties of NC/NG propellant. Then the effects of GAPA on the low‐temperature static tensile mechanical properties, thermal stability, dynamic thermomechanical properties, density, and heat of detonation of fully‐formulated double‐base propellant with ETPE were studied. It was found that the double‐base propellant with 1 % GAPA had the best comprehensive performance, and its maximum tensile strength and elongation at break at low temperature (−40 °C) were 56.16 MPa and 10.63 %, respectively. The elongation at break was increased by 10.2 % compared to the double‐base propellant without an energetic plasticizer. Meanwhile, the correlation between dynamic and static mechanical properties of the double‐base propellant with 1 % GAPA was also studied, and the relationship between the dynamic storage modulus and the static tensile strength was obtained.