bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Significance of Pulmonary Microvascular Disease in Diabetes
Authors: Roberts Timothy J. , Burns Andrew T. , MacIsaac Richard J. , MacIsaac Andrew I. , Prior David L. , La Gerche André
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether pulmonary microvascular disease is detectable in subjects with diabetes and associated with diminished exercise capacity using a novel echocardiographic marker quantifying the pulmonary transit of agitated contrast bubbles (PTAC).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Sixty participants (40 with diabetes and 20 control subjects) performed cardiopulmonary (maximal oxygen consumption [VO2peak]) and semisupine bicycle echocardiography exercise tests within a 1-week period. Pulmonary microvascular disease was assessed using PTAC (the number of bubbles traversing the pulmonary circulation to reach the left ventricle, categorized as low PTAC or high PTAC). Echocardiographic measures of cardiac output, pulmonary artery pressures, and biventricular function were obtained during exercise.

RESULTS

Subjects with diabetes and control subjects were of similar age (44 ± 13 vs. 43 ± 13 years, P = 0.87) and sex composition (70% vs. 65% male, P = 0.7). At peak exercise, low PTAC was present in more participants with diabetes than control subjects (41% vs. 12.5%, χ2 P = 0.041) and, in particular, in more subjects with diabetes with microvascular complications compared with both those without complications and control subjects (55% vs. 26% vs. 13%, χ2 P = 0.02). When compared with high PTAC, low PTAC was associated with a 24% lower VO2peak (P = 0.006), reduced right ventricular function (P = 0.015), and greater pulmonary artery pressures during exercise (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

PTAC is reduced in diabetes, particularly in the presence of microvascular pathology in other vascular beds, suggesting that it may be a meaningful indicator of pulmonary microvascular disease with important consequences for cardiovascular function and exercise capacity.
The Impact of Diabetes on Breast Cancer Treatments and Outcomes: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Lega Iliana C. , Austin Peter C. , Fischer Hadas D. , Fung Kinwah , Krzyzanowska Monika K. , Amir Eitan , Lipscombe Lorraine L.
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE

Women with breast cancer and diabetes face worse outcomes than those with breast cancer without diabetes; however, the contribution of comorbidity to these disparities remains unclear. We evaluated the impact of diabetes on receipt of cancer treatments as well as mortality while accounting for other comorbidities.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Ontario administrative databases were used to compare the rate of receipt of breast cancer treatments between women with and without diabetes. We also performed adjusted cause-specific hazard models to account for comorbidities when evaluating differences in treatments received and mortality outcomes between the two groups.

RESULTS

Women with diabetes and stage III breast cancer were slightly less likely to receive chemotherapy (relative risk [RR] 0.93 [95% CI 0.89–0.97]), although this difference was not significant when we adjusted for comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.03 [95% CI 0.93–1.13]). We saw similar trends for receipt of guideline-adherent radiotherapy (RR 0.97 [0.95–0.99], aHR 0.98 [0.94–1.02]). All-cause mortality was increased in women with diabetes after adjusting for comorbidities (aHR 1.16 [1.06–1.27]), but breast cancer–specific mortality was not increased overall. Women with a longer duration of diabetes and those with preexisting cardiovascular disease had increased all-cause and cancer-specific mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Although cancer treatments received were similar between women with and without diabetes, breast cancer–specific mortality remains higher among women with diabetes who have longer diabetes duration or preexisting cardiovascular disease. This study uncovers new information about key risk factors for poorer prognosis in women with diabetes and breast cancer.
Analisis Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru dengan Penentuan Strategi Keunggulan Bersaing
Authors: Nurdin Shafiq , Dinnullah Riski Nur Istiqomah
Published: January 2018

The strategy will determine the competitive advantage of the organization, including the college. The right strategy in the admission of new students needs to be formulated. Faculty of Engineering Universitas Merdeka Malang need to formulate strategy in acceptance of new student. The data used is taken in 2015. The data collected is then analyzed using Value Chain analysis. Five attributes of competitive advantage are majors, physical facilities, tuition fees, location, and promotion. The strategy is consolidation that is defensive, avoiding market loss by strengthening the loyalist network, horizontal integration with more effort to expand the market that has not been absorbed maximally, to penetrate the market and develop the department. The appropriate strategy developed in increasing the competitive advantage of Unmer Faculty of Engineering Malang is a focus strategy. This focus strategy is directed to differentiation, where the Faculty of Engineering seeks to achieve differentiation within its target segment.
Introduction and Background
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book focuses on a class of general models, quantal response equilibrium (QRE) models, and its applications to economics, political science, and pure game theory. It aims to lay out for an informed reader the broad array of theoretical and experimental results based on QRE. It contains some genuinely new material, offering new directions and open issues that have not been explored in depth yet, as well as delving into a range of peripheral issues, tangencies, and more detailed data analysis than the typical journal-article format allows for. There is also a “how-to” aspect to the book, as it provides details and sample programs to show readers how to compute QRE and how to take it to the data.
Applications to Game Theory
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores several applications of quantal response equilibrium (QRE) to specific games in order to illustrate and expand on the wide range of game-theoretic principles and phenomena associated with QRE that have been highlighted in the previous chapters. The first application considered belongs to the class of continuous games. With a continuum of decisions, QRE predicts a choice distribution that is not merely a (possibly asymmetric) spread to each side of a Nash equilibrium, since “feedback effects” from deviations by one player alter others' expected payoff profiles, which would induce further changes. The second application is a symmetric game with binary actions where players have continuously distributed private information about an unknown state of the world that affects both players' payoffs. The remainder of the chapter looks at three applications to extensive-form games, all of which are games of incomplete information.
Political Theory as a Vocation
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter sketches some of the implications, prospective and retrospective, of the primacy of method in the present study of politics. It does so by way of a contrast, which is deliberately heightened between the vocation of the “methodist” and the vocation of the theorist. The discussion will be centered around the kinds of activity involved in the two vocations. The chapter first seeks to locate the idea of method in the context of the “behavioral revolution,” and, second, to examine the idea itself in terms of some historical and analytical considerations. Then, proceeding on the assumption that the idea of method, like all-important intellectual choices, carries a price, it concentrates on some of the personal, educational, vocational, and political consequences of this particular choice. Finally, it attempts to relate the idea of the vocation of political theory to these same matters.
Fugitive Democracy
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter attempts to retrieve aspects of democracy that suggest a tension with the organizational impulses of ancient and modern constitutionism. Today, democracy is universally acclaimed as the only true criterion of legitimacy for political systems and its real presence is said to consist of free elections, free political parties, free press, and the free market. The specifications are so precise that the United States periodically dispatches experts to Central America to determine whether those requirements have been met. However, hardly anyone questions whether the self-styled “advanced industrialized democracies” really are democracies, and fewer still care to argue that “the people” actually rules in any one of them, or that it would be a good idea if it did.
Constitutional Order, Revolutionary Violence, and Modern Power
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

In 1988 and 1989, centenary celebrations were held in the United States, Great Britain, and France that linked together constitutions and revolutions. Americans observed the two hundredth anniversary of the ratification of their constitution; Britons the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and of the constitutional settlement that followed; and for the French the bicentennial of their revolution of 1789. This chapter asks, is it an accident of centennial celebrations, themselves an accident of calendars, that found 1988–1989 a moment for celebrating the anniversaries of two conceptual opposites, the ratification of the American Constitution and the outbreak of the French Revolution? It suggests that unless revolutions produce “genuine” constitutions there is no reason to celebrate them and perhaps good reasons not to.
Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter discusses how when studying eco-evolutionary dynamics, one might focus on genotypes or phenotypes. Selection acts directly on phenotypes rather than on genotypes. Genotypes are affected by selection only indirectly through their association with phenotypes that influence fitness. Understanding the role of ecology in shaping evolution therefore requires a phenotypic perspective. Furthermore, the ecological effects of organisms are driven by their phenotypes rather than by their genotypes. In some cases, eco-evolutionary dynamics might be similar at the genetic and phenotypic levels, most obviously so when a key functional trait is mainly determined by a single gene. The chapter also explains how eco-evolutionary dynamics can be studied in theory or in real organisms.
Adaptation
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter outlines how to conceptualize and predict adaptive evolution based on information about selection and genetic variation. It introduces and explains adaptive landscapes, a concept that has proven useful in guiding the understanding of evolution. The chapter also reviews empirical data to answer fundamental questions about adaptation in nature, including to what extent short- and long-term evolution is predictable, how fast is phenotypic change, to what extent is adaptation constrained by genetic variation, and how well adapted natural populations are to their local environments. Moving beyond selection and adaptation within populations, the chapter shows how eco-evolutionary dynamics will be shaped by biological diversity: that is, different populations and species have different effects on their environment.
Adaptive Divergence
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how the adaptive landscape concept can be extended from a single population in a single environment to multiple populations in multiple environments. Specifically, different environments produce different fitness peaks and divergent selection then drives different populations toward those different peaks. The chapter outlines methods for inferring adaptive divergence with respect to both phenotypes and fitness. It then turns to a review of empirical data informing several key questions about adaptive divergence in nature, including how prevalent and strong it is, how many peaks adaptive landscapes have, how predictable it is (parallel and convergent evolution), and what the role of sexual selection is in modifying adaptive divergence.
Population Dynamics
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter evaluates various methods for inferring how phenotypes/genotypes influence population dynamics, including extensions of the year-by-year tracking approach used in analyzing the eco-to-evo side of eco-evolutionary dynamics. It provides a detailed outline of the various possibilities, including complexities that move beyond population dynamics. The chapter examines how maladaptation resulting from environmental change might decrease individual fitness and contribute to population declines, range contractions, and extirpations. It considers the extent to which contemporary evolution helps to recover individual fitness and population size, which might then make the difference between persistence versus extirpation and range expansion versus contraction. A final analysis asks how phenotypic variation within populations and species influences population dynamics.
What We Do and Don’t Know
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the scope and limitation of what people know about eco-evolutionary dynamics. What they are striving to explain is the relationship between ecology and evolution, seeking to elucidate these relationships for a specific taxonomic group in a specific environment, such as Darwin's finches in Galapagos. In such cases, scholars need detailed studies of that particular group in that particular environment, ideally supplemented with theoretical models and laboratory studies that help to elucidate mechanisms. Alternatively, one might seek to discover generalities of relationships between ecology and evolution that transcend specific groups and environments. Ultimately, the chapter argues that no matter the goal, scholars need detailed studies of specific taxonomic groups in specific environments.
Skilled and Unskilled Labor
Authors: Caselli Francesco
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how skilled and unskilled labor vary across countries by taking into account the wage rate for skilled labor and the wage rate for unskilled labor, based on the assumption that labor markets approximate conditions of perfect competition. The equation to be used implies that the relative wage of a skilled worker is decreasing with the relative supply of skills. However, for a given supply of skills the relative wage also depends on the relative efficiency with which skills are used. The chapter first estimates the skill bias, the relative supply of skills, and the skill premium before deriving a calibrated value for the elasticity of substitution. It then presents the key empirical results for the skill bias in technology across countries and goes on to discuss alternative skill thresholds. It also considers the implications of differences in school quality and the implications of capital–skill complementarity.
Vive le Foie Gras!
Authors: DeSoucey Michaela
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how foie gras had come to be thought of as French food, and discusses the consequences of this development. It argues that foie gras overflowed its original regional borders and came to denote French national culture at least in part because it is contentious elsewhere—a significant version of gastropolitics called “gastronationalism.” Yet how foie gras is marketed to the French public today, including by the French state, conveniently obscures the industry's capital-intensive expansion and transformations over the last few decades. Foie gras's success should be understood as a social and cultural achievement, one made possible through the work of interdependent players and processes. While culture indubitably plays a pivotal role in the construction and reification of national symbols, the story of foie gras makes clear what can happen when markets and politics bolster explanations typically construed as cultural ones.
Conclusion
Authors: DeSoucey Michaela
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter considers the implications of the book's analysis for thinking about identities, cultural change, and how symbols energize people in new ways in today's world. After all, food is undeniably political. Beliefs about foods and cuisines—and the people who make and consume them, the resources they use, the tastes they signify, or the markets that move them—are far from innocuous. Just like other types of politics, food politics are about power, control, and conflict. The chapter also predicts foie gras politics' ongoing relevance, not because people cannot live without foie gras but because of the nerves it has hit for everyone with a stake in the worlds of food and consumer culture.
Phylogenies in Ecology
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This is the first book to critically review the application of phylogenetic methods in ecology, and it serves as a primer to working ecologists and students of ecology wishing to understand these methods. The book demonstrates how phylogenetic information is transforming ecology by offering fresh ways to estimate the similarities and differences among species, and by providing deeper, evolutionary-based insights on species distributions, coexistence, and niche partitioning. It examines this emerging area's explosive growth, allowing for this new body of hypotheses testing. It systematically looks at all the main areas of current ecophylogenetic methodology, testing, and inference. Each chapter covers a unique topic, emphasizes key assumptions, and introduces the appropriate statistical methods and null models required for testing phylogenetically informed hypotheses. The applications presented throughout are supported and connected by examples relying on real-world data that have been analyzed using the open-source programming language, R. Showing how phylogenetic methods are shedding light on fundamental ecological questions related to species coexistence, conservation, and global change, the book will interest anyone who thinks that evolution might be important in their data.
Randomizations, Null Distributions, and Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the logic of null modeling for phylogenetic tests. Developing null expectations for community phylogenetic patterns from randomization procedures is the cornerstone for many ecophylogenetic analysis. The chapter advocates an approach that explicitly considers multiple randomizations to better understand what aspects of community and phylogenetic structure determine observed patterns. It first provides a brief historical overview of randomization tests in ecology, focusing on two important academic conflicts that highlight the need for using randomizations in ecological analysis: the first relates to species–genus ratios and competition between close relatives, and the second deals with co-occurrence patterns and competitive coexistence. It then explains how community data and phylogenetic data can be randomized, taking into account randomizations to test trait data, altering the phylogenetic tree, and other randomizations and inference issues. It also discusses some important considerations for constructing the species pool to be used in the randomization tests.
On British Islam
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: January 2018

This book examines the history and everyday workings of Islamic institutions in Britain, with a focus on shariʻa councils. These councils concern themselves with religious matters, especially divorce. They have a higher profile in Britain than in other Western nations. Why? Taking a historical and ethnographic look at British Islam, this book examines how Muslims have created distinctive religious institutions in Britain and how shariʻa councils interpret and apply Islamic law in a secular British context. The book focuses on three specific shariʻa councils: the oldest and most developed, in London; a Midlands community led by a Sufi saint and barrister; and a Birmingham-based council in which women play a leading role. The book shows that each of these councils represents a prolonged, unique experiment in meeting Muslims' needs in a Western country. It also discusses how the councils have become a flash point in British public debates even as they adapt to the English legal environment. The book highlights British Muslims' efforts to create institutions that make sense in both Islamic and British terms. This balancing act is rarely acknowledged in Britain—or elsewhere—but it is urgent that we understand it if we are to build new ways of living together.
Valuing Species and Ecosystems
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers some of the ecological scientific inroads that support a more complete valuation of species and ecosystems. It describes a very utilitarian, purely economic way of valuing nature, driven by a narrow focus on one small part of it. Such a narrow focus can disassociate humans from the larger ecological context in which they live. A major effort of the New Ecology has already broadened the scope of what is valued and how it is valued. Species are integral functional components of nature's economy. By producing, consuming, and decomposing materials, they sustain nature's economy. The chapter argues that focusing on biodiversity and its conservation is key to maintaining the sustainability of an interdependent nature and society.
The Ecologist and the New Ecology
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the efforts of ecologists—with the help of the New Ecology—to better understand nature in ecosystems created and heavily populated by humans. Ecology has developed into a science in support of sustaining nature for people. This fresh scientific role is certainly helping to overcome the human–nature divide by promoting the view that biodiversity and ecosystem functions must be protected to provide the suite of environmental services, inside as well as outside of protected areas, in support of humanity. Ecologists are now realizing that understanding and predicting global trends in biodiversity has important implications for sustainability, ethics, and environmental policy in the interest of both humans and nature. An important challenge is to devise new experimental approaches that can speak to issues playing out at the large spatial extents and long time periods that are commensurate with the scales of human engagement with nature.
Introduction
Authors: Garip Filiz
Published: January 2018

The introductory chapter provides an overview of the book’s main themes. This book is about Mexico–U.S. migration flows between 1965 and 2010. It seeks to characterize and explain the diversity in the Mexican migrant stream, which, in this period, changed remarkably not only in its composition and origins in Mexico, but also in its destinations and settlement patterns in the United States. The book has three central theses. First, Mexicans may be on the move to the United States for a variety of reasons. Second, the different reasons underlying migration depend on individual interests, but these interests are shaped by the structural or cultural contexts these individuals inhabit, or seek to inhabit, by migrating. Third, different theories may be more or less relevant to explain migration behavior to the extent that the conditions they deem essential to the process are at work in a given place or period or for a specific group of individuals.
Shared Free Time
Authors: Rose Julie L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on citizens' requirements for shared free time for the exercise of freedom of association. It shows that, on the basis of the effective freedoms principle, citizens are also entitled to periods of shared free time because such time is generally required to have effective freedom of association. It also considers the temporal coordination problem and three possible solutions to it: a universal basic income, mandated work hours flexibility, and a common period of free time. Drawing on the arguments of the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court in McGowan v. Maryland (1961), the chapter argues that Sunday closing laws, in a modified form consistent with economic and religious freedom, are a means of realizing effective freedom of association.
New Socialist Realisms
Authors: Chumley Lily
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the legacies of socialism in realist genres and political visions. It explores the relationships between official and unofficial visual cultures by tracing the links between three contemporary genres of realism—art test prep realism, avant-garde realism, and official/academic realism. Following on from the work of scholars who have argued for the persistence of socialist ethics in postreform China, this chapter shows how all three genres represent icons of the working classes and express a postsocialist form of class recognition and an ethics of inequality. Here, the transition from moving bodies to passive faces reveals a shift in models of history, from Marxism–Leninism–Maoism to Deng–Jiang–Hu's developmentalist socialism—models of history in which labor and the role of the worker have profound (and profoundly different) significance.
The Country That Prays upon the Prophet the Most
Authors: Salomon Noah
Published: January 2018

The Inqadh regime sought to make not just religious Sudanese, but Sudan religious, by attending to the unique qualities of the physical space into which it intervened, and not just to the people who populated it. While in rural areas the regime often used blunt force to establish its Islamic state, at the urban center it engaged in a much more nuanced project, one increasingly tuned to the challenges and opportunities that such a space posed to the project of Islamic state-building. Recognizing that national belonging on an Islamic basis could not be cultivated by law and education alone, the regime turned to artistic forms in order to develop the affective qualities it deemed necessary to the foundation of its state. This chapter discusses one such project, a poetry revival program that the government encouraged and funded. It traces its itinerary as it intervened into the existing poetic and religious landscapes extant in Sudan.
The Econometric Analysis of Recurrent Events in Macroeconomics and Finance
Authors: Harding Don , Pagan Adrian
Published: January 2018

The global financial crisis highlighted the impact on macroeconomic outcomes of recurrent events like business and financial cycles, highs and lows in volatility, and crashes and recessions. At the most basic level, such recurrent events can be summarized using binary indicators showing if the event will occur or not. These indicators are constructed either directly from data or indirectly through models. Because they are constructed, they have different properties than those arising in microeconometrics, and how one is to use them depends a lot on the method of construction. This book presents the econometric methods necessary for the successful modeling of recurrent events, providing valuable insights for policymakers, empirical researchers, and theorists. It explains why it is inherently difficult to forecast the onset of a recession in a way that provides useful guidance for active stabilization policy, with the consequence that policymakers should place more emphasis on making the economy robust to recessions. The book offers a range of econometric tools and techniques that researchers can use to measure recurrent events, summarize their properties, and evaluate how effectively economic and statistical models capture them. These methods also offer insights for developing models that are consistent with observed financial and real cycles.
The German Ethical Revolution: Immanuel Kant
Authors: Hösle Vittorio
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Kant made the study of the German language, in which he wrote all his important works, almost obligatory for philosophers in every country for a century and a half. He remained connected with the university almost his whole adult life, with the exception of the six years he spent as a private tutor; and the university, in consequence, acquired national and international prestige as a place in which not only guild interests but also intellectual innovations had their place. Kant published his first epoch-making philosophical work, the Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Critique of Pure Reason) in 1781, when he was fifty-seven; up to that point, the greatest recognition for his work in philosophy came for the Untersuchung über die Deutlichkeit der Grundsätze der natürlichen Theologie und der Moral (Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality, 1764), which received a (second) prize from the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
Introduction
Authors: Sanders Mark
Published: January 2018

This book examines how the idea of learning Zulu became intertwined with issues of property, proprietorship, and appropriation. Drawing on the author's experience in trying to learn Zulu, the book explains how, in South Africa, the signifier “Zulu” had come to have a unique and privileged status. In this introduction, the author reflects on the play Ngicela uxolo, by Nkosinathi I. Ngwane, and how he began to understand the secret history of language, and language learning more specifically. He shares how some black African migrants were forced, under threat of violence, to pronounce shibboleths in Zulu. He also narrates the colonial- and apartheid-era elevation of “Zulu” involving intensive white appropriation and translation and shows that when missionaries in mid-nineteenth-century Natal standardized the Zulu language by writing grammars and compiling dictionaries, they also made Zulu—in its “pure” or correct form—a yardstick for being good, both morally and politically.
100% Zulu Boy
Authors: Sanders Mark
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the trial of Jacob Zuma, former deputy president of South Africa. spawned questions of “Zulu” as a pure language and Zuma as “100% Zulu Boy.” After Zuma was implicated in corruption, he was dismissed by President Thabo Mbeki. In November 2005, he was indicted for rape. His supporters, demonstrating outside the Johannesburg High Court, wore t-shirts with the slogan “100% Zulu Boy,” and Zuma himself explained his actions in terms of Zulu culture. Judge Willem van der Merwe, who opened his address in Zulu. acquitted Zuma. The chapter considers how, during Zuma's trial, the codes of ilobolo (bridewealth) and inhlawulo (forfeit, fine) reduce everything to a set of heterosexual assumptions, functioning within a patriarchy, but more importantly—like the idea that if one is raped one must be a lesbian—they tend in practice to leave aside, or negotiate away, the matter of consent.
The Market Mirage
Authors: Grewal David Singh
Published: January 2018

Viviana Zelizer has helped to prompt a turn in economic sociology away from models that take a simple, naturalized conception of the market economy for granted. Through in-depth explorations of the monetary dimensions of contemporary social life, she has argued that money has necessarily different meanings in different contexts. This chapter turns to a question that Zelizer's work raises for the history of economic thought. For present purposes, it takes it as uncontested that money is diverse in the ways that Zelizer and her students and allies have argued: a social institution whose richness and complexity is belied by simple economic accounts. The chapter examines the origin of those accounts themselves. How should we understand their meaning in the broader project of meaning-making through money? It is with these questions in mind that it offers a condensed genealogy of what Zelizer calls the “mirage” that economic theory projects onto society.
The Macro-Social Meaning of Money
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores ways in which nationalist values helped to shape the emergence of modern territorial currencies in the United States and elsewhere during the nineteenth century. Turning to international monetary systems, it shows how more cosmopolitan nonpecuniary values helped to inspire a failed initiative to create a world monetary union in the 1850s and 1860s. It also examines the international gold standard of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, offering a critique of what many have seen as Karl Polanyi's well-known argument about the economy's socially disembedded nature. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the creation of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1940s, the gold standard's successor, as a clear example of an international monetary system invested from the start with social meaning.
Paid to Donate
Authors: Almeling Rene
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the controversial market of eggs and sperm. It examines how egg and sperm donors respond to variation in the organizational framing of paid donation—as either gift or job—and finds that it does have consequences for how individuals experience bodily commodification. Despite the fact that egg and sperm donors are alike in being motivated by the compensation, and they spend the money on similar things, they end up adopting gendered conceptualizations of what it is they are being paid to do. Women speak with pride about the huge gift they have given, while men consider donation to be a job, and some sperm donors even reference feelings of alienation and objectification.
Catholicism, Pluralism, and Global Democracy
Authors: Rosenboim Or
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the interplay of moral universalism and political pluralism as the foundation of a new global democracy by focusing on the arguments put forward by Jacques Maritain and Luigi Sturzo, who claimed that Christianity—and especially Catholicism—provided the theoretical toolkit for constructing a peaceful and prosperous post-war order for individuals and communities. Charting their interactions with other protagonists of the book, including Raymond Aron, Giuseppe Antonio Borgese, and Reinhold Niebuhr, the chapter considers Maritain and Sturzo’s support of federalism as a shape-giving principle for the new world order and shows that their visions differed on a crucial point: the place of democracy in the globalist agenda. It suggests that Sturzo’s attachment to social Catholicism led his vision of global order away from the conservative stance that characterized Maritain’s proposals, towards a dialectical interpretation of politics.
The Price of Deregulation
Authors: Baics Gergely
Published: January 2018

This chapter aims to write food access in an unregulated environment back into our understanding of mid-nineteenth-century urban living standards. Fieldwork and social geography were the approaches pursued by public health experts. The method here is to exploit new resources with digital mapping. The central question is how did food access shape living standards in a metropolis experiencing rapid growth, rising inequalities, and intensifying segregation? Further, how did unequal access to provisions map onto the more familiar inequalities of housing, sanitation, and disease conditions? The subject is complex, and at each intersection, from issues of quantity to distribution and quality, the historical record is patchy. But posing a new set of questions and proposing new answers is a step in the right direction.
Bessie’s Eclogue
Authors: Parrish Susan Scott
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Bessie Smith and the song she wrote that was soon to become the anthem of the Great Mississippi Flood. According to music historian David Evans, “Back-Water Blues” ultimately “took on a life of its own, becoming the flood blues, an all-purpose generic blues on the flood theme.” Covered by multiple artists throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and after, it became over time “one of the best known of all blues songs.” Given its release early on in the 1927 super-flood cycle and its nationwide distribution while the disaster was still unfolding, this song was a key vehicle for communicating ideas and attitudes about the flood while it was occurring to a large multiracial, multiregional public.
Catastrophe Comes to Vaudeville
Authors: Parrish Susan Scott
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the impact of the Great Mississippi Flood on Vaudeville. It asks: How did actual, brick-and-mortar theaters and people professionally trained to entertain act within this larger realm and moment of theatricality? What was the special function of live theater in a world symbolically saturated by expiating ritual? And what was the role of entertainers who brought their training out of doors into the muck and mire, or who brought their experience of that muck—and its human costs—back onstage? In the spring of 1927, Vaudeville awakened its considerable network to raise money for the Mississippi flood victims. Its powerful but doomed circuit and its intrinsic form represented the public's signature rite of live response to the social and environmental collapse occurring in the Delta.
Making Mestizajes
Authors: Paschel Tianna S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the historical context of the domestic fields in which black movements emerged. It aims to highlight the magnitude of this shift from mestizaje to black rights, and to explain why different conceptions of blackness became institutionalized in each case. It also situates the race-making ideologies of Colombia and Brazil within a broader political field. It shows that in both Colombia and Brazil, mestizaje ideologies brought with them the idea that the prevalence of race mixture at once produced, and evinced, a society in which race was not a problem. Even while dominant nationalist discourse was full of contradictions, the political fields of both Colombia and Brazil came to stigmatize critique of the ethno-racial order as irrelevant and as inherently unpatriotic. This ideological constraint, however, did not mean that discourses of race mixture were completely hegemonic or static over time.
Black Movements in Colorblind Fields
Authors: Paschel Tianna S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the ways in which black activists navigated the ideological terrain of the political fields of Colombia and Brazil. It considers the trajectories of black movements by drawing on secondary literature as well as the oral histories of black activists, focusing primarily on the two decades before recent ethno-racial reforms. In so doing, it gives texture to the many theoretical accounts of black consciousness in these political and ideological contexts. It also seeks to underscore the unlikelihood that, only a decade later, the Colombian and Brazilian states would adopt a host of ethno-racial policies. In so doing, it makes the analytic distinction between two different kinds of politics that might otherwise be conflated: mobilizing while black and mobilizing as blacks. This distinction is important for understanding not only the articulation of black movements but also the subsequent institutionalization of black political subjects in each case.
The Multicultural Alignment
Authors: Paschel Tianna S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how black activists in both Colombia and Brazil lodged a robust set of demands with their respective states during the period of political instability and reform. On the one hand, urban-based movements in both countries made claims to inclusion and equality and fought for inclusionary affirmative action-type policies. On the other hand, rural black movements came to articulate their demands in the discourse of difference and autonomy in ways that mirrored the emergent requirements of global multicultural citizenship; at the same time, their discourse reflected the similarities between their material realities and those of indigenous communities. Indeed, both groups were concerned with territory and the imminent threat of dispossession posed by a number of actors, including domestic and foreign capital. Yet in both countries, the process of constitutional reform systematically narrowed these demands, such that black rights took on a much more specific character of cultural protection and geographic concentration.
Aristotle on Foresight through Dreams
Authors: Struck Peter T.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Aristotle's thoughts on divination. As with Plato, his most detailed thinking on divination centres on dreams. He positions noncoincidental prescient dreams as examples of surplus knowledge that are provocative, and he sets out to attempt to explain them. The cognitive event underlying them is nondiscursive, happens in a lower region of the soul, and emerges from the cusp of physiology and psychology. Unlike with Plato, we do not have a range of references to the phenomenon across the corpus, which we might aggregate and use to discern facets of his views. Instead, we have a concentrated treatment in one treatise, On Divination during Sleep. The text is the shortest among his surviving corpus, and it is entirely justified to take this as a rough index of its importance to him, relative to such larger issues as ethics, the structure of animal bodies, or causation.
The Ritual Activities of the Vestal Virgins
Authors: DiLuzio Meghan J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the ritual obligations of the Vestal Virgins. The extensive ritual program assigned to the Vestal order further emphasizes the connection between these priestesses and the wellbeing of the community. They participated in various rites designed to cleanse the city of ritual impurity. At the Fordicidia, the October Horse, and the December rites of Bona Dea, they played a role in guaranteeing the fertility of the fields and flocks. They were also involved in rites concerned with the preservation of the food supply, on which the security of the city depended, and with the transformation of raw grain into a substance suitable for consumption. Perhaps most significantly, the Vestals prepared mola salsa, the salted grain used to consecrate sacrificial victims and thereby to maintain Rome's relationship with the gods.
The Reformers’ Commonwealth
Authors: Dauber Noah
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the story of state and commonwealth during the Kett's Rebellion of 1549. For many writers, the rebellion marked a moment of crisis not only for traditional tenurial arrangements in the countryside, but also for the popular commonwealth policies of Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who was governing during Edward VI's minority. The chapter examines the attempt to respond to the desire for distinction and the impulse to reform manners within the context of the commonwealth, a classical ideal of society. It argues that the Kett's Rebellion was not a crisis for the overarching goal of commonwealth, which was shared broadly, but for a specific version of commonwealth as championed by John Hales, Martin Bucer, and Somerset himself, in which it was attempted to give the state a larger role through the active use of magistrates, who were imagined as custodians of the divine law.
The Penal State and the Commonwealth of Conscience
Authors: Dauber Noah
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Thomas Hobbes' views on the tradition of commonwealth and its relationship to the state by offering a reading of his book The Elements of Law. It argues that Hobbes, by drawing on his understanding of the theory of sanctification and the doctrine of justification, developed a political theory that split the difference between two rival groups: the supporters of the personal rule, who insisted that the law was binding in conscience, and the puritan opposition, who believed that conscience provided a reason for noncompliance. The chapter first considers the most controversial aspects of state building during Charles I's personal rule, the forced loan and the collection of ship money, before discussing Hobbes's ideas on the issue of taxation, his critique of the claims of distributive justice, and his understanding of the persistence of sovereignty as a dynamic relationship between the state and society.
Harper’s Hearts: “Home Is Never Natural or Safe”
Authors: Lootens Tricia
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, from her early invocation of the specter of the Poetess on the auction block to her late replacement of earlier “heart” tropes with the figure of Harriet Tubman's bruised hands, deploys Poetess performance as a powerful, if ultimately insufficient, resource for articulating poetic visions of globally aware, politically ambitious African American intellectual culture. Building on Harper's own self-depiction as “our most celebrated poetess and oratrix,” the chapter considers the strenuousness and virtuosity of her engagements with “separate spheres.” It also explores how, through the “click of the cliché,” Harper corporealizes her narrator Chloe Fleet's well-known challenges to slaveholding domesticity. Finally, it analyzes two poems that seek to break the bounds of haunted, suspended spheres: “Do Not Cheer, Men are Dying” and “The Vision of the Czar of Russia.”
Experimental Microfoundations for Resolve: II
Authors: Kertzer Joshua D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates individual-level microfoundations of resolve in the context of public opinion about military interventions by conducting a national survey of American adults. The survey consisted of three parts: a factorial experiment manipulating the human and reputational costs of a hypothetical military intervention; a dispositional questionnaire measuring time preferences, risk preferences, and honor orientations; and a concluding questionnaire measuring general demographic characteristics. The results suggest that the costs of fighting have relatively little effect on the amount of resolve displayed by participants, while the reputational costs of backing down play a relatively significant one. The largest effects are dispositional: time and risk preferences are strongly correlated with resolve, as is a behavioral measure of trait self-control.
The Analysis of Competition in Banking: Theory and Empirics
Authors: Vives Xavier
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the core analysis of competition in the banking sector based on the industrial organization (IO) approach. It examines both theoretical and empirical aspects as well as at the special problems in analyzing the sector. This includes studying pricing, product differentiation, frictions, network externalities and two-sided markets, market structure, and mergers. The validity of the Structure–Conduct–Performance paradigm for banking is tested and the contributions of the new empirical IO is explained. The effects of asymmetric information and deregulation are also discussed. The chapter concludes with an assessment of behavioral biases of consumers and investors, along with their effects on the strategies of banks, competition, and welfare.