bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEGAL POLITICAL OF WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARK PROTECTION REVIEWED FROM DEVELOPMENT OF TRADEMARK LAW IN INDONESIA TO AVOID FRAUDULENT COMPETITION
Authors: Muzakki Moch Alfi , Roisah Kholis , Prananda Rahandy Rizki
Published: November 2018

The achievement of a Trademark in order to become famous is not an easy job, the obstacle of building a Trademark into a well-known trademark is a factor that encourages the emergence of fraudulent competition that is detrimental to others. The Issuance  of Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications is deemed unable to accommodate fraudulent competition. This study aims to examine the law politics of famous Trademark protection in terms of the development of Trademark law in Indonesia and to compare the protection of famous Trademarks in Indonesia with other countries to avoid fraudulent competition in the use  Trademarks. This study is applied a normative juridical approach. The results of the study show that even though Indonesia has made  amendment toward Trademark Law (UUM) 5 times, there is no specific definition of a well-known brand within  Indonesia. Indonesia does not yet have arrangements regarding fraudulent competition in the brand, even though Indonesia has anti-competition laws, but fraudulent competition in Indonesia does not use it as a legal basis.Keywords: Trademark; Well-Known Trademark;  Fraudulent Competition.
Preventive effect of Juniperus procera extract on liver injury induced by lithocholic acid
Authors: Alkhedaide Adel Qlayel
Published: November 2018

Bile acids are strong cytotoxic endogenous compounds implicated in several diseases in various organs, such as the liver, gallbladder and small and large intestines. Lithocholic acid is one such acid, produced by flora, and causes liver injury, cholestasis, and colon cancer. The present study aimed to examine the preventive effects of Juniperus procera extract on lithocholic acid"‘induced liver injury in experimental mice. Forty adult male mice were divided equally into four groups. The negative control group gained free access to food and water. The second group was orally treated with 150 mg/kg of Juniperus procera extract alone, the third group was treated with 1% lithocholic acid alone and the fourth group was co-treated with 150 mg/kg of Juniperus procera extract and 1% lithocholic acid. Blood and hepatic tissues were collected and assayed for biochemical, molecular and histopathological changes. Lithocholic acid toxicity shows a significant increase in the serum levels of the liver function parameters, which were prevented via the Juniperus procera co-administration. Furthermore, lithocholic acid significantly downregulates the mRNA expression of ABCG8, OATP2, SULT2A, CAR, FXR, CYP2B10, MRP2 and UGT1A, and Juniperus procera prevented this effect. Histopathological investigations of the hepatic tissues showed that lithocholic acid exhibited severe hepatotoxicity, with areas of irregularly distributed necrosis with inflammatory infiltration. Juniperus procera co-treated group showed a slight change in the hepatic tissue, diminished necrotic areas, and inflammatory infiltration. In conclusion, this study clarified the preventive effect of Juniperus procera extract administration on hepatotoxicity induced by lithocholic acid exposure in experimental mice.
Predicting some quality factors of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum lam.) by means of spectral reflectance values
Authors: í–zyiğit Yaşar , Aydinoğlu Bilal
Published: November 2018

This study was conducted to predict some quality factors of the annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) with spectral reflectance values in the Forage Crops Laboratory in the Department of Field Crops at the Agriculture Faculty, Akdeniz University, Turkey. In the study, variations resulting from different implementations (moisture level, bale density, propionic acid application and storage period) made during haymaking were determined with reflectance values. For reflectance measurements, a portable spectroradiometer and a contact probe (plant probe) were used and predicting models were created. Results of this study showed that quality factors of dried Annual ryegrass could be predicted with reflectance values, and that reflectances had higher efficacy in the red region for, the red and green, and the NIR region for crude protein, crude ash and crude cellulose, respectively. The results reveal that in dried annual ryegrass, there are significant relationships between feed quality factors such as crude protein, crude ash and crude cellulose, and reflectance values, and that especially crude protein levels can be rapidly and cheaply predicted by using reflectance values.
Gene expression of ING4 gene in pancreatic cancers and splice forms of ING4 gene
Authors: Yıldırım ć°brahim Halil , í‡akmak Ecir Ali , Camcı Celaleddin
Published: November 2018

Pancreatic cancer is characterized by rapid metastasis and resistant to medical treatments. As the other cancers, mutations of tumor suppressor genes that involved in suppression of cell growth are observed in pancreatic cancers. ING4 protein is one of the proteins involved in the regulation of p53 tumor suppressor gene functions. ING4 involved in suppression of cell proliferation, chromosome rearrangement, cell migration, and angiogenesis. In this study, gene expressions and splicing variants of ING4 gene were investigated. Fresh tumor and normal specimens of the same pancreatic cancer patients were used. Gene expression study carried out by calculating the brightness of the bands on agarose gel and splicing variants were detected by direct sequencing.  According to the results, three splice forms of ING4 and a decrease in gene expression of ING4 were determined. Splicing type of ING4 affects the translocation of ING4 proteins into the nucleus. To determine the gene expression of each splicing variant, will further clarify the role of ING4 in pancreatic cancers.
Optimization of DNA isolation method from Formalin-Fixed-Paraffin-Embedded tissues (FFPE) and comparative performance of four different Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) kits
Authors: Zada Almira , Susanto Puspasari S. , Putri Raden L. , Sahiratmadja Edhyana K. , Hernowo Bethy S. , Rezano Andri , Sribudiani Yunia
Published: November 2018

The tissue sample may have important genetic information in diagnostic, prognostic and counselling issues. Formalin-Fixed-Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) is a routine method for preserving tissues. However, DNA isolated from FFPE tissue is often difficult to be amplified in PCR due to fragmentation and DNA-protein crosslinks. This study aimed to optimize the DNA isolation method from FFPE tissue and compare the performance of four different PCR ready-to-use kits. Genomic DNA was isolated from FFPE tissue colon of Short-segment Hirschsprung (S-HSCR) patients and prostate cancer tissue using Quick-DNAâ„¢ FFPE Kit (Zymo Research) with and without pre-heating treatment in KOH/NOH solution. Primers for Androgen Receptor (AR) gene and four different PCR kits: MyTaq HS Red Mix 2X (BioLine), FastStart Taq DNA Polymerase (Roche), KAPA2G fast PCR Kit 2X (KAPA Biosystem) and KOD FX Neo (Toyobo) were used for amplification. DNA electrophoresis was performed to compare the PCR results. BioLine and Toyobo kits gave better PCR results than those of Roche and KAPA Biosystem. Increasing amount of Taq polymerase and dNTPs of Roche kit by two-fold could increase the quality of PCR results. Toyobo could amplify DNA up to 417 bp, however, none of these PCR kits could amplify DNA above 450 bp. Pre-heated treatment of FFPE tissue in NaOH/KOH did not improve the DNA quality and PCR results. Toyobo PCR ready-to-use kit gave the best result among the other three PCR kits used in this study in amplifying DNA isolated from FFPE tissue. Designing the primers producing amplicon not more than 450 bp is suggested.
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Litchi chinensis and its dynamic biological impact on microbial cells and human cancer cell lines
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Javed , Ali Sikandar , Rashid Umer , Kamran Muhammad , Malik Muhammad Faheem , Sughra Kalsoom , Zeeshan Nadia , Afroz Amber , Saleem Javaria , Saghir Mariam
Published: November 2018

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted a great deal of attention from scientific community due to its biocompatibility and environment friendly nature. In the present study, silver nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using leave extracts of Litchi chinensis. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized and their applications were observed by different methodologies. Bio-reduction reaction was confirmed by the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles at 417 nm through UV-VIS spectrophotometer. FTIR analysis revealed that the amine groups present in the leaf extracts were responsible for the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles and their diameter was noted in the range of 41-55 nm by scanning electron microscopy. Antibacterial activity was observed against gram positive and gram negative strains of bacteria. Furthermore, human epithelial type 2 cancer cells (HEp-2) and Human breast adenocarcinoma cells lines (MCF-7) were treated with the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using MTT assay. The resulting cell death rate was noted up to 40.91+1.99%. This study concludes that plant mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles is the superior alternative compared to chemical and physical approaches, to utilize them as drug delivery tool and need to conjugate apoptosis inducing biological agents with silver nanoparticles to suppress the uncontrolled division of cancer cells.
Jára Cimrman, geniusz urojony? Kilka uwag o najwybitniejszym Czechu i czeskiej tożsamości narodowej
Authors: Gierowski Piotr
Published: November 2018

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja postaci Járy Cimrmana, zapomnianego i niedocenionego czeskiego geniusza, postaci literackiej bardzo popularnej w Czechach w drugiej połowy XX w. Tekst stanowi próbę rekonstrukcji genezy tej postaci oraz opisania jej miejsca i roli w czeskiej kulturze. Analizie poddane zostają między innymi czeskie tradycje literackie związane z Cimrmanem (takie jak twórczość Karela Havlíčka-Borovskiego oraz Jaroslava Haška, rozpatrywane zwłaszcza w kontekście anegdoty jako ich zasadniczego tworzywa literackiego), a także kontekst polityczny Czechosłowacji w drugiej połowie XX w. Autor opisuje wreszcie Cimrmana jako uosobienie i personifikację jednego z czeskich autostereotypów i zajmuje się jego związkami z mitami i narracjami czasów czeskiego odrodzenia narodowego.
Transgresja jako klucz do odczytania literackiego dialogu Egona Bondy'ego i Honzy Krejcarovej
Authors: Kijanka Justyna
Published: November 2018

Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy literackiego dialogu dwojga przedstawicieli czeskiego undergroundu: Egona Bondy'ego i Honzy Krejcarovej. Twórcy ci inspirowali się ideami oraz tematyką zakazaną w krajach Bloku Wschodniego. W centrum zainteresowania stawiali erotyzm oraz wyzwoloną seksualność, mieszając kicz i transcendencję i wykorzystując Bachtinowską estetykę „cielesnego dołu”. Właśnie w sztuce Bondy i Krejcarová odnajdywali swój azyl oraz wolność. Kluczem do odczytania poszczególnych utworów jest, moim zdaniem, transgresja – zwłaszcza ta, o której w swojej filozofii pisze Georges Bataille. Okazuje się, że „przekroczenie” stanowi dla twórców metodę wyzwolenia z okowów sztuki socrealistycznej. Literacki dialog prowadzony w tak zwanym samizdacie, a więc poza oficjalnym obiegiem, do dziś nie stracił swego skandalicznego wydźwięku.
Europa skończona?
Authors: Napieralski Jędrzej
Published: November 2018

The notion of ‘Europe’ is commonly associated with the European Union. This tendency reflects the importance of the EU on the international political arena. However, despite being such a power, the European Union is not always able to tackle all difficulties it faces, including the so-called ‘four deficiencies’: economic, political management,sense of security and ideology. The main question this paper has attempted to answer was the way the word ‘finite’ should be understood: as ‘without future’ or rather ‘perfect’.
Czy Europa potrzebuje zmiany doktryny ekonomicznej?
Authors: Balcerek Marta
Published: November 2018

After World War II the Federal Republic of Germany was forced to decide about its economic system, choosing between liberalism and collectivism. However, neither of the two systems was suitable for German society, so German legal power sought an intermediate solution, a doctrine which would be located halfway on a scale between the two above-mentioned extremes. The resulting solution was the ordoliberal concept of the social market economy, a new economic doctrine implemented by Ludwig Erhard, Economics Minister, later elected Chancellor. The social market economy has since grown in importance, as it was adopted by The European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, and by The European Economic Community in 1957, finally becoming the leading economic doctrine in Europe.
Czy Europa umiera - nasz głos w dyskusji
Authors: Tomaszyk Mikołaj , Raubo Jacek
Published: November 2018

The authors of the article discuss selected shortcomings of European integration, concentrating on such problems as a future vision of Europe, its position in international and global relations, as well as the process of building common security structures. The article is based on the assumption that Europe needs to rethink and openly analyze its problems that have arisen in the 21st century
Perspektywy Członkowstwa Turcji w Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Reimisz Liliana
Published: November 2018

The paper, entitled The prospects of Turkish membership in EU, presents an international debate that has continued for many years, concerning the subject of Turkish EU candidature. The debate is an expression of European elites’ anxiety about the future shape of the organization. The study deals with such issues as a common European identity and Turkey’s Europeanization process, from Atatürk’s reforms up to the integration with European structures. This paper is based on the assumption that, in line with the rival opinions of supporters and opponents of Turkish admission to EU, two models of Europe can be identified: the exclusive model and the multicultural (open) model.
Multitasking medialny
Authors: Kuźmicka Kamala
Published: November 2018

Media multitasking, defined as audience behaviour when a person is using two or more media sources simultaneously, is a new phenomenon. Now, only 19% of young people are not multitasking. The way information from multiple media streams is processed is different from the normal information processing means. User’s attention is divided between tasks which makes processing of information shallow. The extent of users exposure to each media source creates problems for media research and advertisers as assessing of the exposure level of is very complicated. However, there has been very little research conducted to give a better understanding users’ interaction with each media source. Further research will identify the benefits of multitasking and allow advertisers to target users effectively.
Lider polityczny w totalitarnym i demokratycznym systemie politycznym. Pozorna opozycja?
Authors: Scheffs Łukasz
Published: November 2018

In traditional authority, the legitimacy of the authority comes from tradition, in charismatic authority from the personality and individual’s leadership qualities, and in rational-legal authority from powers that are bureaucraticly and legally attached to certain positions. Totalitarianism is a system of government. The leader has power without being restricted. Moreover, the leader is responsible for the monopolization of all human activities like artistic manifestations, political and communication systems. In democracy personalization exists. The personalization hypothesis states the individual has become more prominent at the expense of parties and collective identities. The question is: Are charismatic authority in totalitarianism and personalization in democracy identical?
Polityczny islam, świecka opozycja?
Authors: Zobeniak Marta
Published: November 2018

W artykule dokonana została analiza, w jaki sposób rządy partii zakorzenionej w umiarkowanym islamie mogą wpłynąć na świecką demokrację w Turcji, rozwój państwa i jego relacje zewnętrzne. Argumentując, że sekularyzm w rozwiniętych demokracjach może być produktem demokracji jako takiej, tak samo, jak dzieje się to odwrotnie, w artykule utrzymuje się, iż konsolidacja demokracji może zapewniać dalszą konsolidację tureckiego sekularyzmu i trwałe dążenie w kierunku umiarkowanego politycznego islamu. Poza demokratycznymi konserwatywno-islamistycznymi aktorami i innymi czynnikami, demokratyczna konsolidacja wymaga istnienia silnych partii politycznych, by laiccy i umiarkowanie islamistyczni aktorzy mogli się równoważyć. W artykule rozważa się także, czy istnieje w Turcji realna siła opozycyjna na poziomie ogólnopaństwowym lub systemowym, skupiając się głównie na politycznym islamie. Główną tezą jest stwierdzenie, że chociaż polityczny islam jest obecnie najwyraźniejszym głosem opozycyjnym, jest także wpisany w tradycję państwową.
Wpływ paranoi politycznej na dyskurs publiczny w Polsce
Authors: Jakubowski Jakub
Published: November 2018

The transition of the Polish political system has had a significant influence on the shape of public discourse. Undoubtedly, politicians’ and society members’ disposition to paranoid behaviour is the reason of public debate`s exacerbation and deep conflict between conservatives and liberals. The abundance of political changes, breakthrough circumstances and crisis situations in the last few years have fuelled this trend. In fact, the influence of political paranoia on Polish discourse seems to be destabilised and it provokes a question: how to make debate more substantive and rational?
Język wypowiedzi publicznych Jarosława Kaczyńskiego w latach 2007-2010
Authors: Jakubowska Agnieszka
Published: November 2018

This paper discusses Jarosław Kaczyński’s public utterances from 2007 to 2010. It explains the typical features of a language, political language and the language of opposition. J. Kaczyński’s political language was the language of a leading oppositionist. Populism, performative speech, thematic persistence, labeling, verbosity, prolixity, rhetorical tricks, neologisms, sense of efficacy, arbitrary description of reality are all the examples of his public utterances. The statesman denied many elements of Polish political system However, the democratic foundations of the III RP as well as the legitimacy of PO-PSL coalition were not questioned.
Kreowanie dyskursu publicznego w Polsce – rola mediów krytycznych wobec Prawa i Sprawiedliwości
Authors: Panicz Urszula
Published: November 2018

The aim of the article is to solve the problem, whether the media is responsible for the decline in the quality of a public debate. The comparison of media transmission has led to the conclusion that media was especially critically oriented towards PiS what brought about its politicization. The idea of Marcin Król is used in order to describe the reasons of media manipulation. The measure that could lead to the end of such conflicts has been suggested. That is deliberative democracy.
Tożsamość homoseksualnych kobiet – dramat czy konstruktywna alternatywa?
Authors: Wierzba Paulina
Published: November 2018

The article Identity of Homosexual Women – Drama or a Constructive Alternative? presents the most important aspects of homosexual identity changes, which can be observed in modern society, especially as far as problems of homosexual women are concerned. The main goal of this article is to show the crash of modernism and postmodernism ideologies connected to cultural pluralism and axiological relativism and their consequences for the shape of lesbian’s identity. Reflections are illustrated by the statements from the homosexual women’s websites. As a result, main issues can be understood better
Społeczna recepcja realizacji idei gender mainstreamingu na szczeblu jednostki samorządu terytorialnego (Miasto i Gmina Olsztyn)
Authors: Kałużna Joanna
Published: November 2018

The article focuses on the social reception of gender mainstreaming (assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels to achieve gender equality) at the territorial self-government level. The author conducts the work study of a few cases in different cities – in Warszawa, Nysa, Giżycko and Olsztyn – where the local authorities tried to implement the idea of gender mainstreaming. Especially, the essay focuses on articles (published in local edition of „Gazeta Wyborcza” and „Debata”) and internauts’ comments related to those texts. The author describes the social reception of gender mainstreaming and estimates the possibility of introducing gender mainstreaming directives at the territorial self-government level in Poland.
Chińskie imperium ratuje euroland przed kryzysem
Authors: Cywoniuk Justyna
Published: November 2018

Since 2007 the world has been dealing with financial and economic crisis. From that moment a period of enormous loans for indebted countries, especially for PIGS countries, has started. It is also the period of budget savings within the social, pension and wage area. Workers’ enslavement and a high unemployment rate caused mass demonstrations spreading from one neighboring country to another. The only solution to stabilize the situation in many countries was the infusion of an enormous amount of money in order to deal with multibillion debt. That is why, the EU has decided to help the European economies and the Euro zone. There has also been a real need for a bigger bailout. China has turned out to be a country that helped and stimulated many EU economies. The Asian country has given the financial support to countries belonging to PIGS. What is more, thanks to some investments China has started an ‘economic invasion’ in Europe. However, Chinese help is not disinteresting as it wants to achieve some political goals
Wielka Gra” na Oceanie Indyjskim. Chiny, Indie i Stany Zjednoczone w regionalnej rywalizacji mocarstw
Authors: Karczewski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The Indian Ocean constitutes an area which is rich in resources and vital to shipping. In this region there are some strategic sealines that enable communication of China and India with this resourceful area. Due to the fact that the Indian Ocean region is rich in oil, China and India seek dominance in this part of the world. The article explains and describes the dynamic of greatpower rivalry in various aspects. It also analyzes the role of the Unites States as stabilizing power in the new political and economic environment in Asia.
Struktura i determinanty bezrobocia w krajach rozwijających się
Authors: Szcześniak Patrycja
Published: November 2018

Unemployment is a problem in present international reality that is common all over the world. However, developing countries are particularly exposed to the consequences of unemployment. The author explains why in developing areas, where drama of unemployment is measured not by an amount of the unemployed, but by the amount of people close to starvation, it is so difficult to combat. The article presents an attempt to analyze the situation of developing countries in the context of unemployment. What is more, a particular attention will be paid to the fact that some financial support and social and cultural changes are needed.
Gwinea – państwo po juncie
Authors: Zobeniak Marta
Published: November 2018

After decades of inefficient governance and misuse of authority, the Guinean armed forces are a potential source of instability which could still throw the state (and the region) into chaos. If not reformed thoroughly, they will continue to pose a threat to a democratic civilian rule. The establishment of a transitional government and the ongoing electoral process are a significant opportunity. The objective of the reform process is to establish a much smaller force, accountable to civilians and capable of meeting the country’s security needs. The suspension of the second round of the presidential elections has heightened tension. Fears remained that if the election is not completed successfully, it may seize the opportunity to intervene again. This would be a major setback to any prospect of medium-term reform, which requires respect for civilian rule and oversight.
Tolerancja jako fundament europejskiej tożsamości
Authors: Jasiński Arkadiusz Mirosław
Published: November 2018

Muslim culture in Europe (mainly in the European Union) and the issue of tolerance, which plays a major role in the relationship between different cultures. The main point of this article is to isolate and describe the types of tolerance (and their incentive substrate). What is more an indication of their use in solving problems arising in multicultural societies, as well as outline the substance of the European cultural identity (its advantages and disadvantages, the ratio of “their” and “foreign” to her - consequences resulting from this). An important aspect of this paper is the influx of immigrants from Africa and Near East countries - related problems, conflicts, threats and the perspective of coexistence. The whole discussion is conducted in relation to the position on the “Other” occupied by modern liberal democracy.
Obraz Polaka-imigranta przedstawiony na łamach Dialy Mail i The Sun podczas kampanii wyborczej w Wielkiej Brytanii w 2015 roku
Authors: Rożewska Agnieszka
Published: November 2018

Polish mass immigration to the United Kingdom after 2004 according to the British media, has had a big impact on changing the look of the contemporary Britain. Polish immigrants apear in a public debate but more often are not presented in a good light. The purpose of this paper is to examine the image of the Polish immigrants presented mainly by Daily Mail, one of the most popular newspapers in the UK, which has got a big impact on forming a negative attitude towards Eastern Europeans. The paper doesn’t describe the the scale of the Polish immigration in the UK but it tries to show the way of perception of Poles by British tabloids.
Prawne uwarunkowania kampanii wyborczych
Authors: Korycki Krzysztof
Published: November 2018

The article concerns the legal conditions relating to the election campaign. It discussed issues concern in particular the concept and timing of the election campaign, elec-tioneering, election material, dissemination of false information and campaign programs radio and television broadcasters. The text takes into account all the relevant amendments to the Election Code and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court.
Wpływ jednomandatowych okręgów wyborczych na wyniki wyborów do rad gmin w gminach powyżej 20 tys. mieszkańców
Authors: Mielewczyk Jakub
Published: November 2018

The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of changes in the electoral formula on the results of local elections in municipalities with more than 20,000 inhabitants. In this municipalities, existing proportional formula was replaced by FPTP system with single member districts. In this study, author makes a comparative analysis of the results of the municipal councils elections since 2002. Empirical analysis is based on quantitative data of the National Electoral Commission. The research proves that the change of the electoral formula was important factor which affected the results of the elections in the municipalities with more than 20,000 inhabitants.
Wpływ indywidualnych cech wyborców na ich aktywność polityczną – wyniki badań sondażowych przeprowadzonych na terenie Gniezna przed wyborami samorządowymi w 2014 roku
Authors: Szkudlarek Katarzyna
Published: November 2018

Studies on electoral behavior systematically confirm the influence of individual characteristics and the characteristics of the citizens on the level of political activity. For the variables most commonly examined include: level of education, professional status, age, gender and place of residence. Studies conducted just before the local elections in Gniezno, in 2014, allow us to analyze the impact of these characteristics on the political activity of voters. The objective of the article reflection will attempt to determine whether and to what extent, those characteristics determine political attitudes of Gniezno electorate.
Analiza kampanii wyborczej oraz wyników wyborów czerwcowych z 1989 roku z uwzględnieniem ich percepcji przez dzisiejszą młodzież
Authors: Mielewczyk Margaretta
Published: November 2018

The elections of June 1989 is considered as the symbol of Polish political transformation. It was the first partially independent elections after the period of Polish People’s Republic. It was characterized by the possibility of participation of the opposition and by the real competitiveness to which the coalition-governmental party of that time was not used to. Therefore, the party had no experience in conducting a competitive campaign. Despite the agreement during the Round Table meeting and agreed distribution of seats, the Solidarity [‘Solidarność’] group gained a resounding victory expressed in the high public support and winning almost all seats contested in the first round of elections. The objective of this article is to analyze the course of the campaign and the results of the elections of June 1989.
Transformacja ustrojowa a zjawisko globalizacji na przykładzie Polski
Authors: Rozmiarek Mateusz
Published: November 2018

The systemic transformation in Poland was part of globalization. Although this process has many positive virtues, Polish transformation was happening sort of besides the globalization, because it often didn’t include its crucial requirements and mechanisms. Poland didn’t work out a consistent, properly functioning model of economy. Systemic transformation of the economy enabled to reduce the civilization gap in relation to The West. On the other hand, it also caused a lot of problems. It led to ineffective privatization, monopolies in the economy and problems regarding a working institutional infrastructure in the country.
Ewolucja samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce w latach 1989-1998
Authors: Teclaw Dominika
Published: November 2018

In the present article focuses on showing the transformation of local government in Poland after 1989. The writing discussed the issues related to the evolution of local government on the ground in the context of the changing political and social reality. Shown are the determinants of the transformation of local government, were also presented new legal conditions and their impact on the evolution of the local administration. Particular attention was paid to the reform of the administration in 1998 and its impact on the shape of the current administration.
Działania Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych na rzecz dekolonizacji i pokoju w Saharze Zachodniej
Authors: Skuczyński Maciej
Published: November 2018

The author examines the role of the United Nations in process of decolonisation of the Western Sahara. The article describes a modern history of Western Sahara focusing on the UN’s policies and activities related to this basing on resolutions, reports and other documents of the organization.The aim of the article is to present UN’s decolonisation and conflict resolution activities in Western Sahara. The text shows that the UN has remarkable achievements concerning the people of Sahara, although the main aim – self-determination of Sahrawi people by referendum – currently is unattainable because of idleness of great powers and firm stance of occupying state – the Kingdom of Morocco.
Stimulation of Pressure on Liquid Concept in Stad Learning Model to Improve Rational Thinking Skills and Learning Outcomes of Students
Authors: Nuayi A. W. , Supartin S. , Buhungo T. J.
Published: November 2018

The research aims to determine the effect of using cooperative learning model type STAD on learning science to students’ performance in rational thinking skills and learning outcome. The point of view of this influence is seen from the presence or absence of improvement rational thinking skills activity of cognitive learning outcomes after treatment. The research used experimental method with the design One Shot Case Study and took place in SMPN 3 Gorontalo. The data obtained were students’ performance in rational thinking skill and learning outcome gathered by observation sheet of students’ activity and test sheet. The result show that increase in average score of students’ performance in rational thinking in the third meeting compared to the first meeting by indicators of information digging, information processing, problem solving, and conclusion formulating. The overall result shows that the students’ performance in rational thinking skills achieves good criteria; additionally, the students’ learning outcomes achieve average score of 83.81, categorized as B (good).Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh penggunaan model kooperatif tipe STAD pada pembelajaran IPA terhadap kecakapan berfikir rasional dan hasil belajar kognitif siswa. Pengaruh ini dilihat dari ada atau tidaknya peningkatan aktivitas kecakapan berfikir rasional dan hasil belajar kognitif siswa setelah diberikan perlakuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain One Shot Case Study yang dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 3 Gorontalo. Data yang diperoleh berupa aktivitas kecakapan berfikir rasional siswa dan hasil belajar kognitif yang dijaring dengan menggunakan lembar pengamatan aktivitas siswa dan lembar tes. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan rerata skor aktivitas siswa untuk kecakapan berfikir rasional pada pertemuan ketiga bila dibandingkan dengan pertemuan pertama untuk masing-masing indikator menggali informasi, mengolah informasi, memecahkan masalah dan membuat kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian secara keseluruhan menunjukkan perolehan dengan kriteria sangat baik untuk kecakapan berfikir rasional siswa, dan untuk hasil belajar kognitif siswa diperoleh rerata skor sebesar 83.81 dengan predikat B (baik).
Vitamin D stimulates multiple microRNAs to inhibit CRH and other pro-labor genes in human placenta
Authors: Wang Bingbing , Cruz Ithier Mayra , Parobchak Nataliya , Yadava Stacy M , Schulkin Jay , Rosen Todd
Published: November 2018

Maternal vitamin D deficiency is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes including spontaneous preterm birth (SPB). Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been proposed to be part of a clock that governs the length of gestation in humans, with elevated maternal serum levels predicting early delivery. In this study, we test the hypothesis that vitamin D could contribute to the prevention of preterm labor by inhibiting CRH and other pro-labor mediators. The biological activity of vitamin D occurs via two pathways: non-genomic and genomic responses, both of which involve binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the active metabolite of vitamin D binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). By using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq), we found that 1,25(OH)2D stimulates association of VDR with a number of miRNA genes including MIR181B2 and MIR26B, and their mature products miR-181b-5p and miR-26b-5p are predicted to target CRH and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA at 3′-untranslated region (UTR), respectively. We performed RT-qPCR analysis to validate that expression of mature miR-181b-5p and miR-26b-5p in term human syncytiotrophoblast increased in response to treatment with 1,25(OH)2D. miR-181b-5p- or miR-26b-5p-mediated inhibition of CRH or COX-2 was further assessed by the use of miRNA mimics/inhibitors and a luciferase reporter assay. Taken together, this study has identified novel mechanisms by which vitamin D downregulates pro-labor genes and could lower the risk of preterm delivery.
Ade Novo EDA-Variant in a Litter of Shorthaired Standard Dachshunds with X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
Authors: Vasiliadis Danae , Hewicker-Trautwein Marion , Klotz Daniela , Fehr Michael , Ruseva Stefka , Arndt Jennifer , Metzger Julia , Distl Ottmar
Published: November 2018

In this study, we present a detailed phenotype description and genetic elucidation of the first case of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in the shorthaired standard Dachshund. This condition is characterized by partial congenital hypotrichosis, missing and malformed teeth and a lack of eccrine sweat glands. Clinical signs including dental radiographs and histopathological findings were consistent with ectodermal dysplasia. Pedigree analysis supported an X-recessive mode of inheritance. Whole-genome sequencing of one affected puppy and his dam identified a 1-basepair deletion within the ectodysplasin-A (EDA) gene (CM000039.3:g.54509504delT, c.458delT). Sanger sequencing of further family members confirmed the EDA:c.458delT-variant. Validation in all available family members, 37 unrelated shorthaired standard Dachshunds, 128 further Dachshunds from all other coat and size varieties and samples from 34 dog breeds revealed the EDA:c.458delT-variant to be private for this family. Two heterozygous females showed very mild congenital hypotrichosis but normal dentition. Since the dam is demonstrably the only heterozygous animal in the ancestry of the affected animals, we assume that the EDA:c.458delT-variant arose in the germline of the granddam or in an early embryonic stage of the dam. In conclusion, we detected a very recent de-novo EDA mutation causing X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in the shorthaired standard Dachshund.
Evaluating serum C-reactive protein level in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its correlation with disease severity
Authors: Moayyedkazemi Alireza , Rahimirad Mohammad Hossein
Published: November 2018

Background: It has been proven that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at risk for increased atherothrombotic events. Studies have demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP) and COPD are risk factors for heart disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the serum level of CRP in patients with COPD and compare it with those of the control group.

Method: The present case-control study was conducted on 40 patients with COPD and 51 asymptomatic individuals (control subjects). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), blood gases, and spirometry were evaluated in patients with COPD and compared with those of the control group.

Results: Patients with COPD had a higher hsCRP than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (7.6 mg/L compared to 4.2 mg/L, P<0.001). A negative correlation was found between hsCRP and the predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) (P=0.03; r=0.32). There was also a positive correlation between hsCRP and the severity of COPD based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria (P=0.04; r=0.3).

Conclusion: Serum hsCRP is higher in the COPD group than the control group matched based on age, and hsCRP is correlated with the severity of COPD. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required for evaluating this correlation in patients with COPD.
Tobacco Product Harm Perceptions and New Use
Authors: Parker Maria A. , Villanti Andrea C. , Quisenberry Amanda J. , Stanton Cassandra A. , Doogan Nathan J. , Redner Ryan , Gaalema Diann E. , Kurti Allison N. , Nighbor Tyler , Roberts Megan E. , Cepeda-Benito Antonio , Higgins Stephen T.
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND:

Researchers in several studies have examined correlations between tobacco harm perceptions and tobacco use in youth, but none have prospectively addressed the association between harm perceptions and subsequent new use across multiple noncigarette products.

METHODS:

Product-specific absolute and relative harm perceptions for cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), cigars, pipes, hookah, and smokeless tobacco were collected at wave 1 (W1) (2013–2014) among youth in the nationally representative US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (12–17 years of age; n = 10 081). At wave 2 (W2) (2014–2015), product-specific new use was calculated. Adjusted relative risks were used to estimate if harm perceptions at W1 predicted W2 new tobacco use.

RESULTS:

The proportion of youth who endorsed “a lot of harm” was highest for cigarettes (84.8%) and lowest for e-cigarettes (26.6%); the proportion of youth who thought products were “more harmful” than cigarettes was highest for cigars (30.6%) and lowest for e-cigarettes (5.1%). Among youth who had not used those products at W1, product-specific new use at W2 ranged from 9.1% (e-cigarettes) to 0.6% (pipes). Youth who believed that noncombustible tobacco products posed “no or little harm” at W1 were more likely to have tried those products at W2 (P < .05). Youth who viewed e-cigarettes, hookah, and smokeless tobacco as “less harmful” than cigarettes at W1 were more likely to try those tobacco products at W2 (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Low harm perceptions of noncigarette tobacco products predict new use of these products by youth within the next year. Targeting product-specific harm perceptions may prevent new tobacco use among youth.
The Effects of Armed Conflict on Children
Authors: Kadir Ayesha , Shenoda Sherry , Goldhagen Jeffrey , Pitterman Shelly ,   SECTION ON INTERNATIONAL CHILD HEALTH, Suchdev Parminder S. , Chan Kevin J. , Howard Cynthia R. , McGann Patrick , St Clair Nicole E. , Yun Katherine , Arnold Linda D.
Published: November 2018

More than 1 in 10 children worldwide are affected by armed conflict. The effects are both direct and indirect and are associated with immediate and long-term harm. The direct effects of conflict include death, physical and psychological trauma, and displacement. Indirect effects are related to a large number of factors, including inadequate and unsafe living conditions, environmental hazards, caregiver mental health, separation from family, displacement-related health risks, and the destruction of health, public health, education, and economic infrastructure. Children and health workers are targeted by combatants during attacks, and children are recruited or forced to take part in combat in a variety of ways. Armed conflict is both a toxic stress and a significant social determinant of child health. In this Technical Report, we review the available knowledge on the effects of armed conflict on children and support the recommendations in the accompanying Policy Statement on children and armed conflict.
Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children
Authors: Sege Robert D. , Siegel Benjamin S. ,   COUNCIL ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT,   COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, Flaherty Emalee G. , Gavril Amy R. , Idzerda Sheila M. , Laskey Antoinette “Toni” , Legano Lori Anne , Leventhal John M. , Lukefahr James Louis , Yogman Michael W. , Baum Rebecca , Gambon Thresia B. , Lavin Arthur , Mattson Gerri , Montiel-Esparza Raul , Wissow Lawrence Sagin
Published: November 2018

Pediatricians are a source of advice for parents and guardians concerning the management of child behavior, including discipline strategies that are used to teach appropriate behavior and protect their children and others from the adverse effects of challenging behavior. Aversive disciplinary strategies, including all forms of corporal punishment and yelling at or shaming children, are minimally effective in the short-term and not effective in the long-term. With new evidence, researchers link corporal punishment to an increased risk of negative behavioral, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional outcomes for children. In this Policy Statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics provides guidance for pediatricians and other child health care providers on educating parents about positive and effective parenting strategies of discipline for children at each stage of development as well as references to educational materials. This statement supports the need for adults to avoid physical punishment and verbal abuse of children.
Changes in erythrocytopoesis indices in dogs with babesiosis
Authors: Holovakha V. I. , Piddubnуak О. V. , Bakhur T. I. , Vovkotrub N. V. , Antipov A. A. , Anfiorova M. V. , Gutyj B. V. , Slivinska L. G. , Kurdeko O. P. , Macynovich A. O.
Published: November 2018

Babesiosis is a common disease in dogs. Babesia canis (Piana & Galli-Valerio, 1895) (Sporozoa, Babesiidae) causes the destruction of erythrocytes, resulting in hypotensive shock and total tissue damage due to lack of oxygen. Because of babesiosis, anemia develops in dogs, and in the first hours of the disease it is normocytic, normochromic and nonregenerative, and on the 2–3rd day of the course, macrocytic, hypochromic anemia with reticulocytosis develops. Scientists have studied the most common indicators of evaluation of erythrocytopoesis during babesiosis (the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit index, indices of “red” blood MCH and MCV), but the age structure of erythrocytes, their acid resistance and the ferrum-transferrin complex for this parasitic pathology have not been sufficiently studied. We carried out research on dogs of service breeds, which were divided into two groups: the first (6–18 months old, n = 10) and the second (2–8 years, n = 15). According to the conducted studies, in dogs of different age groups with babesiosis revealed oligocythemia with anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, oligochromia, decreased hematocrit index and macrocytosis. Significant changes in the morpho-functional state of erythrocytes in dogs of both groups have been revealed, in particular, changes in the population (age) composition of red blood cells: the number of “old” erythrocytes increases (they are rapidly destroyed), the “young” forms of red blood cells decrease and the time for their hemolysis is reduced. As a result of the study of the ferrum-transferrin complex in dogs with babesiosis in both groups, an increase in the level of free ferrum (UIBC) and a decrease in the saturation of transferrin with the trace element was found, which makes it impossible to form a hemoglobin molecule in the bone marrow.
Az ICON® elektromos kardiometrián alapuló nem invazív hemodinamikai monitor használata a klinikumban
Authors: Zakariás Dávid , Marics Gábor , Kovács Kata , Jermendy Ágnes , Vatai Barbara , Schuster György , Tóth-Heyn Péter , Szabó J. Attila , Lódi Csaba
Published: November 2018

Abstract:

Establishment of a proper hemodynamic monitoring system in order to achieve optimal care among critically ill patients is fundamental. In contrast to invasive patient-checking systems, which were introduced decades ago and used in both adult and pediatric intensive care, the non-invasive methods have become more popular in recent years due to technical advancements in intensive care and patient monitoring. This increase in popularity can be attributed to the higher degree of safety and reduced complication rates as well as to its being more economical. Our summary focuses on the ICON® patient monitoring system. This newly engineered, non-invasive tool is based on electrical cardiometry, and uses hemodynamic parameters in both neonatal and pediatric care as well as in adults. The operating principle is simple: the conductivity of the blood in the aorta shows time-dependent changes. Prior to the opening of the aortic valve, the orientation of the red blood cells (RBCs) is random, and it is not until the contraction of the aorta that the RBCs and the opening of the aortic valve achieve a parallel position. The tool senses the conductivity between four placed electrodes, and measures the stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO), before calculating other additional parameters (eg.: systemic vascular resistance) by tracing the variation of bioimpedance according to changes in the heart cycle. The most important advantages of ICON® are the measurements that are made available immediately as well as continuously, and the low complication rate that originates from its non-invasive operation. ICON® is a new, promising hemodynamic device in the tool belt of intensive care. Due to the nature of the device, it is possible to evaluate the status of the patient on a continuous basis, allowing for optimal care. To identify the more accurate clinical indications further measures will be necessary. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(44): 1775–1781.