bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opposition to enlargement as a symbolic defence of group position: multilevel analyses of attitudes toward candidates' entries in the EU‐25
Authors: Dixon Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2010

Despite the sociological and geopolitical significance of EU enlargement and opinion toward it, extant literature is lacking a theory of enlargement opinion and an examination of opinion in the wake of the 2004 enlargement. This paper fills these gaps by developing a symbolic defence of group position model to explain opposition to the entries of candidate states (as of 2005: Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Turkey) and to examine how these explanations differ for post‐Communist EU members. Results of hierarchical multinomial logistic models of Eurobarometer (European Commission 2005) data from the EU‐25 support the notion that the symbolic nature of enlargement shapes the effects of interests, threat, and other factors on opinion depending on candidates' position in a culturally and historically‐rooted hierarchy of ‘European‐ness’. Attitudes toward Turkey's entry are less shaped by material interests than attitudes toward other candidates' entries, which is explained by Turkey's position at the bottom – and post‐Communist countries' position in the middle – of this hierarchy in the post‐Cold War era. Attitudes toward Turkey's entry are rather a function of the perceived threat that it poses to the group position and identity of Europeans, which is defended by the politically knowledgeable. While the lower levels of threat in post‐socialist EU member countries help to account for their lower levels of opposition to candidates' entries, people in these countries to a greater extent use European identity as a way of symbolically distancing themselves from Turkey. Implications are discussed.
Research, policy and funding – academic treadmills and the squeeze on intellectual spaces1
Authors: Smith Katherine
Published: July 2010

In recent years, there has been a great deal of collective rumination about social scientists' role in society. In the post‐1997 UK context, public policy commitments to ‘evidence‐based policy’ and ‘knowledge transfer’ have further stimulated such reflections. More recently, Michael Burawoy's 2004 address to the American Sociological Association, which called for greater engagement with ‘public sociology’ has reverberated throughout the discipline, motivating a series of debates about the purpose of sociological research. To date, most such contributions have been based on personal experience and anecdotal evidence. In contrast, this paper responds directly to Burawoy's suggestion that we should ‘apply sociology to ourselves,’ in order that we ‘become more conscious of the global forces’ driving our research (Burawoy 2005: 285). Drawing on an empirical research project designed to explore of the relationship between health inequalities research and policy in Scotland and England, in the period from 1997 until 2007, this paper discusses data from interviews with academic researchers. The findings suggest that the growing pressure to produce ‘policy relevant’ research is diminishing the capacity of academia to provide a space in which innovative and transformative ideas can be developed, and is instead promoting the construction of institutionalized and vehicular (chameleon‐like) ideas. Such a claim supports Edward Said's (1994) insistence that creative, intellectual spaces within the social sciences are increasingly being squeezed. More specifically, the paper argues we ought to pay far greater attention to how the process of seeking research funding shapes academic research and mediates the interplay between research and policy.
Barcelona BC 569 and a Carolingian programme on the virtues
Authors: Chandler Cullen J.
Published: July 2010

The Frankish noblewoman Dhuoda composed the Liber manualis for her son, William. It survives in only one complete manuscript copy, found in Barcelona's Biblioteca de Catalunya, Ms 569. Pierre Riché argued that the Barcelona copy descended from William's own. This article points out evidence suggesting that the other texts in the manuscript (save one later addition) may derive from early medieval exemplars as well, providing the opportunity to see what kinds of texts made up a lay nobleman's library in the mid‐ninth century.
THE VALUE OF AIR PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE ANALYSIS OF DRAINAGE PATTERNS
Authors: Shaw S. H.
Published: July 2010

The object of this paper is to provoke discussion and not to present a finished study. It deals briefly with quantitative analysis of drainage patterns in geomorphological studies and refers to methods that have recently received some attention in the United States. It points to the value of aerial photographs in such studies and asks for discussion of two important points: firstly, whether the mathematical approach is soundly based; and, secondly, whether the analytical method is likely to give useful practical results.
AN APPLICATION OF ELECTRONICS TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Causley D. J.
Published: July 2010

Electronic aids to photogrammetry are growing in importance. The electronic printer is a big step towards meeting the need for obtaining the best possible prints from the best negatives obtainable. In the instrument the principle of negative feed‐back is applied to govern the intensity of the light spot on a cathode ray tube so as to produce on the face of the tube a positive picture of the negative but with reduced resolution. This can be made to act like the unsharp mask which has already been shown to combine with the original negative to give prints on which more consistent and easier measurements can be made. The general principles are described and the factors governing the degree of feed‐back, size of spot, edge effects, paper characteristics and exposure control are discussed. Finally, future developments are considered.
AN AUTOMATIC RECORDING STEREOCOMPARATOR
Authors: Anstis A. H.
Published: July 2010

A prototype instrument is described which is used to determine the plane rectangular coordinates of the same points of detail on two overlapping aerial photographs. It is designed for use with photography up to a maximum format of 9 inches by 9 inches, carrying a reseau graduated in 1‐cm intervals which has been superimposed from the camera register glass at the moment of exposure. Photography not bearing a reseau can also be accommodated by inserting engraved glass reseau plates in the instrument. The coordinates are determined relative to the nearest reseau intersection by micrometers in x and y. Coded scale digitisers are fitted to determine the micrometer readings to the nearest 0–001 mm and the reseau cross identification. Point identification data and coordinates are read out on punched cards or punched tape in suitable form for solution by high‐speed computing machines. A visual display of coordinates is provided.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The author deals first with the negative and suggests that an instrument might be devised to assist with the choice of a suitable film and its correct exposure and development. He next discusses the printing of the negative and the conditions for optimum examination and measurement of the prints. The paper continues with some observations on plotting machines for small‐ and large‐scale work and concludes with some remarks on control extension and the need for more research into pre‐marking techniques.
DIGITAL BLOCK ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Amer Fouad
Published: July 2010

Different methods of analytical block adjustment are outlined and classified. Results of some practical experiments are summarized. A simple solution for block adjustment is discussed, where strips are divided into space sections. Air‐station points are included in the solution to preserve, in the strips, their power of bridging. All sections are adjusted to the best fit with regard to each other as well as to ground control, by change of scale, rotations and shifts. To avoid the simultaneous solution of a very large number of equations in a corresponding number of unknowns, a simple iterative solution is used.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE RESTORATION OF CASTLE HOWARD
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes the application of photogrammetric techniques to the restoration of parts of Castle Ho ward in Yorkshire, damaged by fire in 1940. Although the photographs available were not taken for photogrammetric purposes, favourable circumstances allowed methods to be used that gave dimensions sufficiently accurate for a faithful restoration.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION TECHNIQUES IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Authors: Linkwitz K.
Published: July 2010

The author describes conventional methods of highway planning and explains at what points modern methods, involving photogrammetric and electronic computation techniques, can be applied with advantage. Detailed accounts are given of the photogrammetric measurement of cross‐sections and of programmes for the computation of masses.
IMPRESSIONS OF LISBON
Authors: Proctor D. W. , Ireland R. S. J. , Smith A. D. N. , Weightman J. A.
Published: July 2010

Four authors review the activities of the seven Commissions of the I.S.P. at the Xth International Congress, Lisbon, 1964.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WILD RECTIFIERS
Authors: Jones A. D.
Published: July 2010

The paper traces the history of the Wild series of rectifiers, paying particular attention to the mechanical solutions of the Newton and Scheimpflug conditions.
CORRECTIONS TO X‐PAR ALL AXES: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

The paper gives, for a large number of cases, numerical errors due to using approximate, first‐order, formulae for correcting x‐parallaxes for tilt. The figures show that the errors are considerably smaller than might be expected. It is also shown that the root mean square of the four tilts of a pair of pictures is a reliable measure from which the effect of tilt on heights can be estimated with some confidence.
SOME OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF AERIAL COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Tarling L. W.
Published: July 2010

The colour photograph requirements of the photogrammetrist and the photo‐interpreter are not always compatible. The author puts forward suggestions for improving the quality and reducing the cost of photography for interpretation purposes, based on the use of 70 mm film cameras. He found supporting evidence for this point of view during his visit to the United States as the result of the award of a Winston Churchill Fellowship in 1969.
THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO THE STABILITY OF EXCAVATED ROCK SLOPES
Authors: Wickens E. H. , Barton N. R.
Published: July 2010

The use of phototheodolite photography and the subsequent photogrammetric measurements as the basis for slope stability analysis in open pit mines is described together with the application of stereometric photography to the measurement of roughness profiles on real and model rock samples. A single camera technique for the measurement of displacements occurring during the excavation of a model rock slope is explained.
USES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE STUDY OF BUILDINGS
Authors: McDowall R. W.
Published: July 2010

The author describes the photogrammetric equipment in use by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), the methods used and the work that is being done in architectural recording. The difficulties and the possibilities of future architectural work in the United Kingdom are discussed and the achievements of some other countries in this field are reviewed.
THE MODIFICATION OF A TOPOGRAPHIC PLOTTER AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE THREE DIMENSIONAL PLOTTING OF STEREOMICROGRAPHS
Authors: Wood R.
Published: July 2010

A number of proposals have been put forward for the extraction of three dimensional data from a pair of electron microscope photographs taken from different angles. The methods used have, in general, been either point by point analyses or rather inconvenient. This paper shows that an existing photogrammetric plotter of topographic accuracy can, with very simple modification, be converted to give continuous plotting facilities from certain such micrographs.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS AT OPERATIONAL LEVEL
Authors: Wickens E. H.
Published: July 2010

Following a successful meeting in 1971, the Photogrammetric Society held a second symposium at the University of Birmingham on 31st March and 1 st April, 1973. Four papers were delivered. The first considered the problems of the instrument operator and the contribution which he was able to make to the development of techniques and instrumentation. The second paper examined the status of the optical transfer function in lens calibration. Participants were able to look back and appreciate the early use of air survey methods, particularly in India, during the third paper and then turn to consider the present position of photogrammetry during the final paper.
THE MEASUREMENT AND COMPARISON OF TOOTH SHAPE USING PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Clark C. E. , Flinn R. M. , Atkinson K. B. , Wickens E. H.
Published: July 2010

The current methods for describing and comparing shapes of teeth have a number of inadequacies which lead to inaccuracy and misinterpretation. A method is described which depends on co‐ordinate information. Stereoscopic microphotography of teeth crowns is used to take co‐ordinates of up to 600 points on the tooth surface. Mathematical surfaces are fitted to the co‐ordinates by the method of least squares and analysed by trend surface analysis. The results show that this is a useful method of describing a complex shape, although there are problems which render comparison more difficult.

Les méthodes qu'on utilise généralement pour décrire et comparer les formes des dents sont de par leur nature imprécises et peu sûres. On décrit une méthode basée sur l'utilisation de coordonnées tridimensionnelles. A partir de micro‐stéréogrammes de couronnes dentaires, on relève les coordonnées de près de 600 points de la surface de la dent. Ce semis est ensuite lissé par des surfaces mathématiques et étudié par les méthodes de l'analyse des surfaces. On conclut qu'il s'agit d'une utile méthode de description d'une forme complexe, quoique les comparaisons de dent à dent restent difficiles.

Die gegenwärtigen Methoden zur Beschreibung und zum Vergleich von Zahnformen weisen eine Reihe von Unzulänglichkeiten auf, die zu Ungenauig‐keiten und Fehlinterpretationen führen. Es wird ein auf der Koordinatenin‐formation beruhendes Verfahren beschrieben. Dabei wird die Stereomikro‐photographie von Zahnkronen zur Ermittlung der Koordinaten von bis zu 600 Punkten auf der Zahnoberfläche angewendet. Die mathematische Oberfläche wird mit Hilfe der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate bestmöglich den gegebenen Koordinaten angepasst und durch Oberflächentrendanalyse überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es sich um ein brauchbares Verfahren zur Beschreibung komplexer Formen handelt, obwohl es einige Probleme gibt, die den Vergleich erschweren.
THE EFFECT OF GLASS COVER PLATES OVER CAMERA PORTS IN AIRCRAFT ON THE DISTORTION CHARACTERISTICS OF AERIAL SURVEY CAMERAS†
Authors: Meier H.‐K.
Published: July 2010

The effect of glass cover plates on the distortion characteristics of aerial survey cameras is shown to be relatively small. This fact supports the use of glass cover plates at high altitudes, as does the possibility of estimating and determining with sufficient certainty the systematic effect to be expected. If a decision is made against the use of glass cover plates, the effect of a variety of factors such as turbulence and temperature differences within the lens and the camera can hardly be estimated.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Boyde A. , Ross H. F.
Published: July 2010

The scanning electron microscope forms images of the surfaces of objects located in a vacuum specimen chamber. A fine beam of electrons scans the surface in synchronism with a cathode ray tube whose spot brightness is modulated by the secondary electron signal emanating from the specimen. The system is capable of giving a large depth of focus and thus allows different projections of the specimen to be photographed by tilting the specimen between successive exposures. From a knowledge of the geometry of the projection (which is central or perspective, but may be justifiably treated as a parallel or orthogonal case for high magnification images), it is therefore possible to proceed to three dimensional analyses from the measurement of parallaxes. Part I of this paper deals with the practical problems resulting from mechanical design limitations of specimen stages and plotting instruments, as well as the nature and sources of image distortions. Part II deals with the practical features of the successful plotting instruments designed especially for the solution of a standardised scanning electron microscope problem in which the magnification of the two members of a stereoscopic pair of images is held constant, the angle of divergence of the peripheral “rays” of the projection from the central “ray” is assumed to be negligible (which is the case for high magnification images) and the tilt angle difference between the two specimen attitudes is constant.
ERRORS IN PARALLAX MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT EXERCISES
Authors: Goff R. F. D. Porter
Published: July 2010

A plot of relative parallax measurements in a student exercise is proposed for revealing errors in parallax bar readings taken from a stereo‐pair of aerial photographs. The sensitivity of the computed heights to measurement error is also evaluated.

On propose un tracé graphique des mesures de parallaxe pour mettre en évidence des erreurs de lecture à la barre de parallaxe.

Es wird eine Auswertung relativer Parallaxenmessungen bei einer studentischen Übung vorgeschlagen, um Fehler der an einem Stereomikrometer vorgenommenen Ablesungen aufzudecken, die an Hand eines Luftbildpaars erfolgten. Der Einfluss des Messfehiers auf den Höhenfehler wird ebenfalls abgeschätzt.
THE SERVICE FOR ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN POLAND: ORGANISATION AND EXPERIENCE
Authors: Kolataj W. A.
Published: July 2010

The author is one of the members of the International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry (CIPA) which met in London during European Architectural Heritage Year. He describes architectural applications of photogrammetry in Poland.

L'auteur est membre du Comité International de Photogrammétrie Architecturale (C/PA) réuni à Londres à l'occasion de l'Année du Patrimoine Architectural Européen. Il donne des exemples d'applications de la photogrammétrie à l'architecture en Pologne.

Der Autor ist eines der Mitglieder des Internationalen Komitees für Architekturphotogrammetrie (CIPA), das während des Europäischen Jahres für Denkmalpflege in London tagte. Er beschreibt Anwendungen der Photogrammetrie in der Architektur in Polen.
SOME REMARKS ON THE CALCULATION OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

A great many papers have been written on aerial triangulation but in recent years they have tended to deal with the purely technical details of the methods of solution of large sets of equations. This paper is concerned with a review of the problem that has to be solved and gives an outline of some current methods. The author's views, which do not always agree with generally accepted notions, are an important part of the text.

Presque tous les papiers publiés en aérotriangulation analytique depuis quelques années traitent de détails purement techniques des méthodes de résolution des grands systèmes linéaires. Dans ce papier au contraire on passe en revue les problèmes non resolus et on donne le principe de quelques méthodes courantes. L'auteur expose également un certain nombre d'idées parfois anti conformistes.

Uber die Aerotriangulation wurde ausserordentlich viel geschrieben, aber die in den letzten Jahren veröffentlichten Arbeiten tendierten dazu, die rein technischen Details der Verfahren zur Lösung grosser Gleichungssysteme zu behandeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit einer Übersicht des zu lösenden Problems und gibt einen Überblick über einige gegenwärtig praktizierte Verfahren. Die Ansichten des Verfassers, die nicht immer mit den allgemein existierenden Vorstellungen übereinstimmen, sind ein wichtiger Teil des Artikels.
AN URBAN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SERVICE USING LANDSAT IMAGERY
Authors: Carter P. , Gardner W. E. , Smith T. F. , Jackson M. J.
Published: July 2010

The American Landsat earth resource series of satellites is continuously collecting large quantities of data. The extraction of urban growth information in the United Kingdom from these data could be of benefit to planners. This paper is an attempt to describe the current situation in this area of interest. After an introduction to remote sensing and Landsat, the type of equipment needed to extract this information by automation is described. The value of such information and the present potential of Landsat data are discussed. Finally, the importance of incorporating this information into an efficient data base is emphasised.

Les satellites américains Landsat, consacrés à l'inventaire des ressources terrestres, emmagasinent en continu de grandes masses de données. Les planificateurs du royaume‐uni pourraient certainement tirer bénéfice de la partie des données relatives à la croissance urbaine: on décrit ici les possibilités en ce domaine.

Après une introduction à la télédétection et au Landsat, on présente le type d'équipement permettant d'extraire ces informations; on soupèse leur fiabilité en l'état present de la technique; enfin on souligne la nécessité de les intégrer à une banque de données bien conçue.

Die Reihe der amerikanischen Landsat‐Erderkundungssatelliten sammelt kontinuierlich grosse Datenmengen. Ein Auszug der Informationen über das Wachstum der Städte im Vereinigten Königreich könnte für die Planungsbehörden von Nutzen sein. Im Artikel wird der Versuch unternommen, die gegenwärtige Situation auf diesem Interessengebiet zu beschreiben. Nach einer Einführung über Fernerkundung und Landsat wird die Ausrüstung beschrieben, die zur automatischen Informationsentnahme benötigt wird. Der Wert solcher Information und die gegenwärtigen Möglichkeiten von Landsat‐Daten werden diskutiert. Schliesslich wird die Bedeutung der Integration dieser Informationen in ein Datenbanksystem hervorgehoben.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE XIIIth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Gates J. W. C. , Petrie G. , Farrow J. E. , Woodrow H. C. , Atkinson K. B. , Burnside C. D.
Published: July 2010

The International Society for Photogrammetry held the XIIIth International Congress at Helsinki Technical University during July 1976. The contributors to this report spoke about the work of the technical commissions and the content of the commercial exhibit at a meeting of The Photogrammetric Society on 19th October, 1976.

Compte rendu des activités des commissions du XIIIeme Congrès de photogrammétrie (Helsinki) et de l'exposition.

Die Internationale Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie veranstaltete im Juli 1976 an der Technischen Universität Helsinki den XIII. Internationalen Kongress. Die Berichterstatter sprachen über die Arbeit der Technischen Kommissionen und die Exponate der Firmenausstellung anlässlich eines Kolloquiums der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft am 19.10.1976.
AN ALGORITHM FOR THE ON LINE PROCESSING OF X PARALLAX MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Greig A. F. , Methley B. D. F.
Published: July 2010

An algorithm for the generation of digital ground models is described. The algorithm is based on an approximate solution and uses data obtained with simple measuring equipment. Processing of the observations is carried out by an on line desk top computer and the results of some tests are given.

On décrit un algorithme pour la génération de modèles de terrain digitaux. L'algorithme est basé sur une solution approximative et utilise des résultats obtenus avec un appareil de mesure simple. Les observations sont etudiées par une ordinateur de bureau lié directement et on donne les resultats de certains travaux.

Beschreibung eines Algorithmus zur Erzeugung digitaler Geländemodelle. Dieser basiert auf einer Näherungslösung und verwendet Daten, die mit einfachen Messgeräten gewonnen wurden. Die Datenverarbeitung wird mit Hilfe eines Tischrechners ausgeführt, und es werden einige Testergebnisse mitgeteilt.
GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RECONNAISSANCE FRAME PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: El Hassan I. M.
Published: July 2010

The wide availability of reconnaissance frame photography, together with the advantage of high image resolution that such photography provides and the extreme flight conditions under which it can be taken, means that it is of great interest to photogrammetrists. However, the geometry of the image is invariably distorted due to the mode of operation of the camera. In this paper, the effects of the focal plane shutter and apparent image motion compensation on the geometry of the photographs are considered.

Le fait que la photographic de reconnaissance soil très répandue, conjointe‐ment aux avantages que présente la grande résolution des images fournies par ces systèmes et les conditions extrêmes de vol dans lesquelles on peut les prendre, milite pour une prise en compte de lew intérêt par les photogrammètres. Toutefois la géométrie de ces images est systématiquement déformée par suite du mode de fonctionnement de la chambre. On traite dans cet article des effets de l'obturateur focal et de la compensation du filé de l'image sur la géométrie des photographies.

Die grosse Verbreitung von Erkundungsfotos zusammen mit der grossen Auflösung solcher Fotos und den extremen Bedingungen unter denen sie auf‐genommen wurden, lassen diese auch für den Photogrammeter interessant erscheinen. Die Geometrie dieser Bilder ist jedoch infolge der speziellen Kamera‐funktion verzerrt. Im Artikel werden die Einflüsse des Schlitzverschlusses und des Bildwanderungsausgleichs auf die Bildgeometrie untersucht.
REVISION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS: PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC METHODS OF THE FRIBOURG TEST
Authors: Spiess E.
Published: July 2010

The Fribourg test consisted of a comparative study of the entire map revision process at a scale of 1: 25000, with the same topographic map extract being used by the seven participating centres. A description of the test site is given, followed by details of the photography, ground control and map bases which were supplied to the participants. The wide range of photogrammetric and cartographic production procedures adopted by the various organisations is summarised and the results are analysed for completeness, accuracy and quality. Time and cost factors are also evaluated. Full details of all aspects of the test will be published in the final report on the experiment, which was carried out under the auspices of Commission D of OEEPE.

L'essai de Fribourg a comporté une étude comparative du processus complet de révision cartographique à l'échelle du 1: 25000, avec la participation de sept centres travaillant sur le même extrait d'une carte topographique. On décrit dans cet article le site de l'essai, et l'on donne divers détails sur les photographies, les points d'appui au sol et les documents cartographiques qui ont été fournis aux participants. On y résume toute la gamme des procédés de production photogrammétrique et cartographique en usage dans les divers établissements tandis que l'on analyse les résultats obtenus en ce qui concerne leur plénitude, leur précision et leur qualité. Les paramètres de temps et de cost ont étéégalement estimés. Cette expérience, qui a été menée sous les auspices de la Commission D de l'OEEPE, fera l'objet d'un rapport final dans lequel seront publiés de manière détaillée tous les aspects relatifs à cet essai.

Der Fribourg‐Test bestand aus einer vergleichenden Studie des gesamten Laufendhaltungsprozesses für den Massstab 1: 25 000, wobei dieselbe Kartenunterlage von 7 teilnehmenden Ländern verwendet wurde. Es erfolgt eine Beschreibung des Testgehietes, und es werden Angaben zu den Luftbildern, Passpunktanordnungen und Kartengrundlagen gemacht, die den Teilnehmern am Versuch übergeben wurden. Der grosse Bereich photogrammetrischer und kartographischer Produktionsverfahren, der von den verschiedenen Organisationen angewandt wurde, wird zusammengefasst und die Ergebnisse werden bzgl. Vollständigkeit, Genauigkeit und Qualität analysiert. Zeit‐ und Kostenfaktoren werden ehenfalls bewertet. Vollständige Details aller Gesichtspunkte des Tests werden im Abschlussbericht des Versuches veröffentlicht werden, der unter Aufsicht der Kommission D der OEEPE durchgefürt wurde.
MAPPING WITH AIRCRAFT AND SATELLITE RADAR IMAGES
Authors: Leberl F. W. , Kobrick M. , Domik G.
Published: July 2010

The history of radargrammetry spans about 35 years. It has moved from early plan position indicator (PPI) radar records of 1948 to the current (1984) space shuttle imaging radar SIR‐B. We can look forward to the future 1989 European and Japanese remote sensing satellites ERS‐1 and NASA's 1988 Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) mission. The mapping application requires that methods be available to deal with single images, stereoscopic pairs or blocks of image strips. The predominantly digital data format suggests that radargrammetric methods should be implemented in digital image processing systems for rectification, digital terrain elevation extraction and multi‐image registration for change monitoring. This paper presents a review of current radargrammetric understanding, applications and expected developments.
THE SUCCESS OF THE METRIC CAMERA AS A DATA SOURCE FOR LAND RESOURCE EVALUATION
Authors: Keech M. A.
Published: July 2010

This study reviews Metric Camera photography as a data source for land resource evaluation. It concludes that the system is a major move forward in the field of remote sensing and draws particular attention to the value of the stereoscopic image as an aid to interpretation of the data.
FOURCADE'S 1904 MAP OF DEVIL'S PEAK ACCURACY TESTED
Authors: Adams L. P.
Published: July 2010

In 1904, Dr. H. G. Fourcade compiled the first recorded topographic map made using analytical stereophotogrammetric methods. This paper describes how, in 1985, the stereophotography was repeated in very close proximity to Fourcade's original camera base using a modern metric camera. A new topographic map was compiled by computer graphics from stereoscopic observations made on a modern stereocomparator. A direct comparison of the two sets of interpolated contour lines demonstrates that Fourcade produced a highly accurate map covering part of Devil's Peak which is adjacent to Table Mountain near the city of Cape Town.
EVALUATING IMAGE QUALITY OF SMALL FORMAT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY SYSTEMS
Authors: Thomson G. H.
Published: July 2010

The use of small format systems for aerial photography as an alternative to employing the more customary larger 230×230 mm format cameras continues to gain acceptance in a number of applications on the basis of the lower operating costs involved. The reduced costs and relative ease of operation with small format systems can attract unskilled operators who, by producing inferior photographic coverage, may delay the more widespread introduction of smaller systems for photo‐interpretation and photogrammetric surveys of local sites. Anticipating the need for a flying and photography specification that would serve the needs of all interested parties, a series of laboratory trials were undertaken in conjunction with a literature review to quantify the comparative image quality performance of both large and small format systems. The spatial resolution of a typical small format system was assessed by photographing a low contrast resolution target using a collimator‐based system and also by directly recording the target at a predetermined reduction scale. Comparative results between the two methods of evaluation are assessed and a comparison is made with the performance of larger format cameras.
THE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVES BY CONSULTING ENGINEERS
Authors: Henry C. J.
Published: July 2010

Post‐war survey photography provides a detailed record of the great changes which have occurred in this period. Pictures of urban expansion, land reclamation, quarrying and infilling and industrial decline can be seen in three dimensions and be measured and analysed. The record of change is of great practical significance to engineers.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Bethel D. J.
Published: July 2010

This review of digital image processing refers to the pioneer work of Helava and Hobrough which has influenced the most recent trends in photogrammetry. The author goes on to discuss aspects of digital image acquisition, storage and display, as well as digital photogrammetric procedures and systems.
COASTAL AIR SURVEY: CHANGING TIDES OF FORTUNE?
Authors: Chisholm N. W. T.
Published: July 2010

This study of coastal air survey draws together the main characteristics of the coastal zone, scientific sites of interest, statutory spheres of responsibility, existing coastal photography and survey, and evidence of survey practices by many with responsibilities in these environments. In contrast to the surveyor/photogrammetrist steeped in survey techniques and map use, the majority of people who commission and use air photographs and photogrammetric mapping have very different backgrounds and interests and have widely differing objectives. They come largely from the disciplines of economics, planning, engineering, geography, biological sciences and accountancy. They, too, have their own view of the value of air survey and the analysis here of the trends in demand and use for such material suggests that these sources of information play only a minor and occasional part in their everyday work.
THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITALPHOTOGRAMMETRYFROM ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Wrobel B. P.
Published: July 2010

The evolution of digital photogrammetry from analytical photogrammetry is outlined, partly by considering the methods employed, but with the main emphasis on mathematical and physical principles. A fundamental distinction is obvious from the nature of the primary information measurement data: the image co‐ordinates with analytical photogrammetry and the digital image grey values with digital photogrammetry. For both techniques, appropriate Gauss‐Markov evaluation procedures are compared. The relevant relationships between image space data and object space models are presented; radiometric considerations play a more important role than before. The evaluation of digital image grey value data is no longer based on digital image correlation. Instead, a new principle of image inversion has been introduced by directly back‐projecting grey values of an image on to object space models. The numerical procedures of digital photogrammetry need some stabilisation by appropriate regularisation elements. The new concept of digital photogrammetry may be applied to imagery from almost any sensor.
THE NEW DECADE: DIGITS AND DIVERSITY
Authors: Newton I. , Leatherdale J. D. , Muller J.‐P. , Sowton M. , Walker A. S.
Published: July 2010

The President of the Photogrammetric Society, Mr. I Newton, chaired a panel discussion concerned with those developments in photogrammetry which may take place during the 1990s.
Effects of the intervals of tie points used in co‐registration on the accuracy of digital elevation models generated by INSAR
Authors: Zou Weibao , Li Zhilin , Ding Xiaoli
Published: July 2010

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a new measurement technology, making use of the phase information contained in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. InSAR has been recognised as a potential tool for the generation of digital elevation models (DEMs) and the measurement of ground surface deformation. In InSAR data processing for the generation of DEMs, the first step is image co‐registration, which brings both images into the same coordinate system for the generation of an interferogram for further processing. The accuracy of the resultant DEM will certainly be affected by the quality of the co‐registration, which is in turn affected by the set of tie points used and some other factors. In this study, only the interval of tie points is considered. This means that other factors are kept unchanged. Four pairs of SAR images with size of 1760 × 400 pixels were used for testing. The effects are assessed by a relative measure for the quality of the resultant interferogram and an absolute measure for the accuracy of the resultant DEM. Results show that the effect of tie point interval on the accuracy of the final DEM is not linear. When the tie point interval is smaller than 273 × 44 pixels (273 pixels in row and 44 pixels in column), the variation in the resultant DEM accuracy is not significant. It is also noticeable that an interval of 205 × 34 pixels always results in the best or very good results. Therefore, it seems that an interval of around 200 × 30 pixels (200 pixels in row and 30 pixels in column) is an appropriate choice for the selection of tie points for image co‐registration in hilly areas.
The relationship of present shore platforms to past sea levels
Authors: GILL EDMUND D.
Published: July 2010

Extant shore platforms are in process of being graded to LWL, just as the whole terrain is being so graded. Thus platforms occur at all possible heights. Other things being equal, lithology determines height. Ecology is important. On macrotidal stormy coasts (e. g. U. K.) the sea is a dominant factor. In hot humid tropics (e. g. Hawaii) intense weathering is a dominant factor (e. g. water layer weathering). Soft rocks graded to LWL have two profiles of equilibrium: (1) Ramp‐type in non‐soluble rocks. (2) Horizontal‐type in soluble rocks. Platforms exist because the sea is more erosive above LWL than below. Endless variation exists in height of tides and waves, so the sea cannot cut at particular levels. ‘Storm wave’ platforms are hard rocks in exposed sites. They are flat because cut by planar swash (not waves) that returns by channels. Criteria for separating tectonic and eustatic factors are proposed.
Ice‐lake types and deglaciation pattern along the Scandinavian mountain range
Authors: LUNDQVIST JAN
Published: July 2010

Different types of ice‐dammed lakes occur along the Swedish part of the Scandinavian mountain range. Traces of wide open lakes are found mainly in the north and south. In the main part of the area the ice‐dammed basins were more or less filled by dead ice. The ice‐lake distribution indicates that the ice recession in the north and south proceeded towards active centres east of the mountains. In the middle part the corresponding centres were gradually more controlled by the mountain relief.
Insolation and glacials
Authors: KUKLA GEORGE JIR̊I
Published: July 2010

Climatic changes result from variables in planetary orbits which modulate solar energy emission and change seasonal and latitudinal distribution of heat received by the Earth. Small insolation changes are multiplied by the albedo effect of the winter snow fields of the Northern Hemisphere, by ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks, and, probably, by the stratospheric ozone layer. The role of volcanic explosions and other aperiodic phenomena is secondary. The immediate climate response to insolation trends permits astronomic dating of Pleistocene events. A new glacial insolation regime, expected to last 8000 years, began just recently. Mean global temperatures may eventually drop about 1oC in the next hundred years. A refinement of the Milankovitch theory in terms of the lunar orbit and more data on solar periodicities are needed for reliable long range predictions.
Radiocarbon dating of marine shells, including a discussion of apparent age of Recent shells from Norway
Authors: MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

General problems in determining and interpreting shell C14 dates are discussed: calculation methods, factors influencing primary activity (apparent age), and determination of contamination. It is concluded that shell dates are reliable when handled carefully. Measurements on ten shells, collected between 1898 and 1923 on the Norwegian coast, gave apparent ages from 340±75 to 550±80 years, indicating that apparent age is not a significant problem in dating of Norwegian shells.
Climatic changes during the last 35,000 years as indicated by land, sea, and air data
Authors: MöRNER NILS‐AXEL
Published: July 2010

Detailed climatic records from land (glaciation curves, fossil records, etc.), sea (eustatic changes, deep‐ses date), and air (Greenland 018 curve) are almost identical for the last 35,000 years. This cannot be a mere coincidence: it indicates that even minor fluctuations are caused by global climatic changes. The various records seem to be easily correlated with each other. The Last Ice Age is characterized by drastic changes between colder and warmer periods. The Present (Flandrian) Interglacial (Holocene Epoch) is also characterized by climatic fluctuations, although of minor amplitude. Analysis of peaks and bottoms in six Atlantic deep‐sea cores gives a climatic sequence identical to the eustatic transgression/regression sequence, indicating the recording of global short‐term warm/cold fluctuations. From these fluctuations, the climatic cyclicity was calculated. Two drastically frequency‐changing cycles were found, one varying from 230 to 1,000 years and one from 1,000 to 3,600 years. A third cycle of 21,000 years was also estabished. The transition from the Last Ice Age to the Present Interglacial is marked by three major steps towards interglacial conditions; viz. at 12,7000, 10,000 and 9,300 radiocarbon years B. P. The 10,000 boundary has earler been suggested as the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary.
Stratigraphy of a Neoglacial end moraine in Norway
Authors: ALEXANDER MICHAEL J. , WORSLEY PETER
Published: July 2010

There exposures in an outer end moraine ridge at Autre Okstindbredal, north Norway, are described and interpreted. The presence of perennially frozen ground is attributed to the present or very recent climate of the area and suggest the occurence of true sporadic permafrost. Several buried soil horizons including podzols are recognised within the moraine ridge sections. These are considered to be derived. It is thought that their occurance as imbricate stress is best explained by a basal freeze‐in mechanism associated with marginal thrusting when the local glacier possessed a sub‐polar thermal régime. This freeze‐in phase is of late Neoglacial age but not necessarily associated with the widespread eighteenth century advance in Scandinavia. The soils in part date from the postglacial climatic optimum.
The deglaciation history of eastern Fennoscandia ‐ recent data from Finland
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU
Published: July 2010

Recent stratigraphical, morphological, and radiocarbon data indicate that most of eastern Finland north of North Karelia was deglaciated in early Flandrian times between about 9500 and 9000 B.P. The Younger Dryas ice margin, represented by the Salpausselka ridges in southern Finland, continued through the North Karelian end‐moraines across the eastern border of the country. In Soviet Karelia it is possibly represented by the so‐called East Karelian end‐moraines known from earlier studies.
Younger Dryas end moraines between Hardangerfjorden and Sognefjorden, Western Norway
Authors: AARSETH INGE , MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

End moraines (called the Herdla Moraines) from the Younger Dryas Stadial arc morphologically mapped along the western coast of Norway, from Hardangerfjorden to north of Sognefjorden. The submarine position of the moraines are found by means of a conventional echo sounder. Stratigraphieal studies with many C14 datings are used for age determination, giving Late Younger Dryas (10,000–10,500 C14 years B.P.) for the Herdla Moraines. The moraines are correlated with the Ra‐Salpausselkä Moraines. Isobases for the Younger Dryas are obtained from marine terraces formed contemporaneously with the moraines.
Pollen and fragments of plant tissue in core samples from the Greenland Ice Cap
Authors: FREDSKILD BENT , WAGNER PETER
Published: July 2010

Investigation of two Late‐Wisconsin and two sub‐recent core samples from the Greenland Ice Cap has shown the presence ol determinable pollen, wood fragments and other plant remains in the ice.
Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification
Authors: MANGERUD JAN , ANDERSEN SVEND T. , BERGLUND BJÖRN E. , DONNER JOAKIM J.
Published: July 2010

Principles and terminology for classification of the Quaternary are discussed, including lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy. morphostratigraphy, climatostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. The main conclusion is a proposal for a common chronostratigraphical classification of the Quaternary in Norden (and partly continental NW Europe). The Quaternary is subdivided into the Pleistocene and the Holocene Series. The Pleistocene is further subdivided into several provisional stages (Weichselian, Eemian, etc.), based on the sequence of glacials/interglacials. but with the boundaries preferably defined by stratotypes. The Late Weichselian and the Flandrian (Holocene) are subdivided into chronozoncs (Bolling, Older Dryas, Allerød, Younger Dryas, Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subboreal, Subatlantic) with the boundaries dcfined in conventional radiocarbon years.
Crop‐marks revealing large‐scale patterned ground structures in cultivated areas, southwestern Jutland, Denmark
Authors: CHRISTENSEN LEIF
Published: July 2010

Subsurface large‐scale patterned ground structures, observed as crop‐marks in cereal fields with spring‐barley and oats have been detected in southwestern Jutland. It is assumed that the structures revealed are fossil ice‐wedge polygons. Mode of origin, time of formation and palneoclimatic significance of ice‐wedge casts are discussed. Texture of poorly layered wedge‐fill materials can be distinguished from that of the stratified materials transected by the wedges, causing stress conditions in crop, in dry summers, seen as differential growth and cereal ripening. The water‐holding capacity is highest in wedge‐fill materials. Plants growing above the ice‐wedge casts arc able to withstand a certain deficiency in precipitation during spring and early summer. Cereals growing outside ice‐wedge casts suffer owing to lack of available moisture, and growth may be restricted, even to the extent that the plants can wither. Consequently, crop‐marks of variable growth appear in the fields. A growth season with high precipitation makes it difficult to trace crop marks.
Chronology of Holocene marine transgression and regression in south‐western Scotland
Authors: JAKDINE W. GRAHAM
Published: July 2010

Marine transgression and regression, i.c. movements of the sea relative to the land, occurred in south‐western Scotland during the Holocene epoch. Wigtown Bay may have been more extensive than now, and the (now abandoned) Lochar Gulf may have been in existence at the beginning of the Epoch. Holocene marine transgression in S. Ayrshire began after 8400 B.P. Commencement of marine transgression from place to place along the northern shore of the Solway Firth was diachronous: between 9400 and 7200 B.P. Culmination also was diachionous; the Lochar Gulf was abandoned by the sea by 6600 B.P., but transgression continued in the eastern Solway Firth until about 5600 B.P., and near the head of Wigtown Bay until 5000 B.P. or later. A pause in regression of the sea from its maximum occurred about 2000 B.P. Comparison of curves for relative movements of sea level suggests that land uplift in S.W. Scotland between 9200 and 6000 B.P. was rapid compared with contemporaneous land uplift in N.W. England, Sweden, and the Netherlands.