bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Special Challenges of Association Governance
Authors: Charney Bill
Published: September 2015

The US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) recognized 92,331 trade and professional associations in 2010, a 3.4 percent increase since 2001.1 Here, experienced consultant Bill Charney, who has helped a wide variety of associations implement governance improvements—often using the Policy Governance® system—highlights some of the particular challenges they face.
Effectively handle difficult decisions, announcements
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2015

JULIE SORIERO, DIRECTOR OF ATHLETICS, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dynamin function is important for chemokine receptor‐induced cell migration
Authors: Jacques Richard O. , Mills Shirley C. , Cazzonatto Zerwes Paula , Fagade Feyisope O. , Green John E. , Downham Scott , Sexton Darren W. , Mueller Anja
Published: September 2015

The HIV viral entry co‐receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 function physiologically as typical chemokine receptors. Activation leads to cytosolic signal transduction that results in a variety of cellular responses such as cytoskeletal rearrangement and chemotaxis (CTX). Our aim was to investigate the signalling pathways involved in CC and CXC receptor‐mediated cell migration. Inhibition of dynamin I and II GTPase with dynasore completely inhibited CCL3‐stimulated CTX in THP‐1 cells, whereas the dynasore analogue Dyngo‐4a, which is a more potent inhibitor, showed reduced ability to inhibit CC chemokine‐induced CTX. In contrast, dynasore was not able to block cell migration via CXCR4. The same activation/inhibition pattern was verified in activated T lymphocytes for different CC and CXC chemokines. Cell migration induced by CC and CXC receptors does not rely on active internalization processes driven by dynamin because the blockade of internalization does not affect migration, but it might rely on dynamin interaction with the cytoskeleton. We identify here a functional difference in how CC and CXC receptor migration is controlled, suggesting that specific signalling networks are being employed for different receptor classes and potentially specific therapeutic targets to prevent receptor migration can be identified. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution on a Platinum Electrode in Acetonitrile
Authors: Ledezma‐Yanez Isis , Díaz‐Morales Oscar , Figueiredo Marta C. , Koper Marc T. M.
Published: September 2015

This work discusses the kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on a polycrystalline platinum electrode in acetonitrile, in presence of two different electrolytes. Our findings indicate the sensitivity of the kinetics of these reactions to the presence of small amounts of water. In situ FTIR spectroscopy reveals the ion migration owing to the preferential solvation of protons by residual water, whereas surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy confirms that the water leaves the interface under hydrogen oxidation conditions. These observations imply that the kinetic sensitivity of this electrocatalytic reaction towards the preferential solvation processes presents a serious constraint in the establishment of a reference electrode for nonaqueous solvents based on HOR/HER on platinum, and on the comparison of its catalysis in various nonaqueous solvents.
Light‐Driven Bipolar Electrochemical Logic Gates with Electrical or Optical Outputs
Authors: Loget Gabriel , Fabre Bruno
Published: September 2015

We present the design of AND and OR logic gates made with silicon and carbon materials and operated by bipolar electrochemistry. Such devices require electrical and light inputs to function and generate an electrical output or, alternatively, an optical output that can be readily observed with the naked eye. These operators are stable over time and can work in a wide range of electrolyte concentrations. Finally, we show that the input electrical potential can be considerably lowered in the presence of the FeIII(CN)63−/FeII(CN)64− redox couple in solution.
Enantioselective Synthesis of D‐α‐(Uracil‐5‐yl)glycine Derivatives and Their Racemization‐Free Incorporation into a Model ­Peptide
Authors: Weckenmann Nicole M. , Nachtsheim Boris J.
Published: September 2015

An efficient asymmetric synthesis of D‐α‐(uracil‐5‐yl)glycine derivatives using an enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of D,L‐hydantoin intermediates with an immobilized D‐hydantoinase (D‐Hyd‐1) is described. In addition, mild conditions for a racemization‐free solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using the Fmoc strategy have been found.
Linking atomistic, kinetic Monte Carlo and crystal plasticity simulations of single‐crystal tungsten strength
Authors: Cereceda David , Diehl Martin , Roters Franz , Shanthraj Pratheek , Raabe Dierk , Perlado José Manuel , Marian Jaime
Published: September 2015

Understanding and improving the mechanical properties of tungsten is a critical task for the materials fusion energy program. The plastic behavior in body‐centered cubic (bcc) metals like tungsten is governed primarily by screw dislocations on the atomic scale and by ensembles and interactions of dislocations at larger scales. Modeling this behavior requires the application of methods capable of resolving each relevant scale. At the small scale, atomistic methods are used to study single dislocation properties, while at the coarse‐scale, continuum models are used to cover the interactions between dislocations. In this work we present a multiscale model that comprises atomistic, kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) and continuum‐level crystal plasticity (CP) calculations. The function relating dislocation velocity to applied stress and temperature is obtained from the kMC model and it is used as the main source of constitutive information into a dislocation‐based CP framework. The complete model is used to perform material point simulations of single‐crystal tungsten strength. We explore the entire crystallographic orientation space of the standard triangle. Non‐Schmid effects are inlcuded in the model by considering the twinning‐antitwinning (T/AT) asymmetry in the kMC calculations. We consider the importance of 〈111〉{110} and 〈111〉{112} slip systems in the homologous temperature range from 0.08Tm to 0.33Tm, where Tm =3680 K is the melting point in tungsten. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructural model for the time‐dependent thermomechanical analysis of cast irons
Authors: Pina J.C. , Kouznetsova V.G. , van Maris M.P.F.H.L. , Geers M.G.D.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, a multiscale modelling approach is followed for the modelling of time and temperature dependent behaviour of compacted graphite cast iron (CGI) material. Cast irons are often used in heavy duty machinery parts subjected to elevated temperatures for prolonged periods of time. This, in combination with its complex heterogeneous microstructure, plays the crucial role in determining the life time of the material. In this work a 2D microstructural model of CGI is developed. The geometry is based on the micrographs of the material. The pearlitic matrix is modelled with the temperature dependent elasto‐visco‐plastic model calibrated on the pearlitic steel experiments. The graphite particles are modelled as anisotropic elastic. The results of the simulations of tensile and stress relaxation tests at different temperatures between 20 °C and 500 °C show that the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of the ma‐terial deteriorates rapidly above 350 °C. At the microstructural scale, the anisotropic graphite particles act as stress concentrators promoting the formation of strain percolation paths, that become more critical at higher temperatures. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cherry‐stones‐based activated carbons as potential adsorbents for CO2/CH4 separation: effect of the activation parameters
Authors: Álvarez‐Gutiérrez Noelia , Victoria Gil M. , Rubiera Fernando , Pevida Covadonga
Published: September 2015

A low‐cost biomass, cherry stones (CS), was used as a carbon precursor to synthesize two activated carbons to be used for CO2/CH4 separation. Single‐step activation with two activating agents, carbon dioxide and steam, was used. The activation conditions that maximize the CO2 adsorption capacity by the adsorbents at 25 ºC and atmospheric pressure were determined by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum values were 885 ºC and 12% of solid yield when activating with carbon dioxide, but 850 ºC and 15.3% of solid yield when activating with steam. Heating rate did not show a significant effect on the CO2 uptake. CO2 adsorption capacity values up to 11.45 and 10.56 wt.% were achieved under such conditions using carbon dioxide and steam as activating agents, respectively. Carbon dioxide activation promoted the development of microporosity, whereas both micropores and mesopores were developed during steam activation. The CO2/CH4 separation performance at 3 bar of the optimum adsorbents indicated that both cherry‐stones‐based activated carbons could have great potential as CO2 adsorbents for CO2/CH4 separation. The adsorbent activated with carbon dioxide, CS‐CO2, showed a slightly higher adsorption capacity, but the steam‐activated sample, CS‐H2O, had an enhanced selectivity to separate CO2 from CO2/CH4 binary mixtures. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Investigation of vibration‐induced artifact in clinical diffusion‐weighted imaging of pediatric subjects
Authors: Berl Madison M. , Walker Lindsay , Modi Pooja , Irfanoglu M. Okan , Sarlls Joelle E. , Nayak Amritha , Pierpaoli Carlo
Published: September 2015

It has been reported that mechanical vibrations of the magnetic resonance imaging scanner could produce spurious signal dropouts in diffusion‐weighted images resulting in artifactual anisotropy in certain regions of the brain with red appearance in the Directionally Encoded Color maps. We performed a review of the frequency of this artifact across pediatric studies, noting differences by scanner manufacturer, acquisition protocol, as well as weight and position of the subject. We also evaluated the ability of automated and quantitative methods to detect this artifact. We found that the artifact may be present in over 50% of data in certain protocols and is not limited to one scanner manufacturer. While a specific scanner had the highest incidence, low body weight and positioning were also associated with appearance of the artifact for both scanner types evaluated, making children potentially more susceptible than adults. Visual inspection remains the best method for artifact identification. Software for automated detection showed very low sensitivity (10%). The artifact may present inconsistently in longitudinal studies. We discuss a published case report that has been widely cited and used as evidence to set policy about diagnostic criteria for determining vegetative state. That report attributed longitudinal changes in anisotropy to white matter plasticity without considering the possibility that the changes were caused by this artifact. Our study underscores the need to check for the presence of this artifact in clinical studies, analyzes circumstances for when it may be more likely to occur, and suggests simple strategies to identify and potentially avoid its effects. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4745–4757, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct evidence from intraoperative electrocortical stimulation indicates shared and distinct speech production center between Chinese and English languages
Authors: Wu Jinsong , Lu Junfeng , Zhang Han , Zhang Jie , Yao Chengjun , Zhuang Dongxiao , Qiu Tianming , Guo Qihao , Hu Xiaobing , Mao Ying , Zhou Liangfu
Published: September 2015

Chinese processing has been suggested involving distinct brain areas from English. However, current functional localization studies on Chinese speech processing use mostly “indirect” techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography, lacking direct evidence by means of electrocortical recording. In this study, awake craniotomies in 66 Chinese‐speaking glioma patients provide a unique opportunity to directly map eloquent language areas. Intraoperative electrocortical stimulation was conducted and the positive sites for speech arrest, anomia, and alexia were identified separately. With help of stereotaxic neuronavigation system and computational modeling, all positive sites elicited by stimulation were integrated and a series of two‐ and three‐dimension Chinese language probability maps were built. We performed statistical comparisons between the Chinese maps and previously derived English maps. While most Chinese speech arrest areas located at typical language production sites (i.e., 50% positive sites in ventral precentral gyrus, 28% in pars opercularis and pars triangularis), which also serve English production, an additional brain area, the left middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann's areas 6/9), was found to be unique in Chinese production (P < 0.05). Moreover, Chinese speakers’ inferior ventral precentral gyrus (Brodmann's area 6) was used more than that in English speakers. Our finding suggests that Chinese involves more perisylvian region (extending to left middle frontal gyrus) than English. This is the first time that direct evidence supports cross‐cultural neurolinguistics differences in human beings. The Chinese language atlas will also helpful in brain surgery planning for Chinese‐speakers. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4972–4985, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of forward and backward Second Harmonic Generation images to probe the nanoscale structure of collagen within bone and cartilage
Authors: Houle Marie‐Andrée , Couture Charles‐André , Bancelin Stéphane , Van der Kolk Jarno , Auger Etienne , Brown Cameron , Popov Konstantin , Ramunno Lora , Légaré François
Published: September 2015

Collagen ultrastructure plays a central role in the function of a wide range of connective tissues. Studying collagen structure at the microscopic scale is therefore of considerable interest to understand the mechanisms of tissue pathologies. Here, we use second harmonic generation microscopy to characterize collagen structure within bone and articular cartilage in human knees. We analyze the intensity dependence on polarization and discuss the differences between Forward and Backward images in both tissues. Focusing on articular cartilage, we observe an increase in Forward/Backward ratio from the cartilage surface to the bone. Coupling these results to numerical simulations reveals the evolution of collagen fibril diameter and spatial organization as a function of depth within cartilage.

magnified image
Nutrient digestibility and colonic fermentation processes in species of the families Mustelidae and Canidae fed the same diet
Authors: Gugołek Andrzej , Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Strychalski Janusz , Konstantynowicz Małgorzata , Zwoliński Cezary
Published: September 2015

Nutrient digestibility was compared and the influence of colonic fermentation processes on nutrient digestibility was determined in the American mink (Neovison vison) and the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). It was hypothesized that gut microbiota exert varied effects on digestion processes in the analyzed species. The experiment was performed in December, on a group of 10 male mink and 10 male foxes. All animals were fed identical diets for fur‐bearing carnivores, with the following chemical composition (%): dry matter (DM)—33.12, total protein (TP)—12.01, ether extract (EE)—8.64, crude fiber (CF)—12.01, N‐free extracts (N‐FE)—9.32, and gross energy (GE)—7.313 MJ/kg−1. The coefficients of DM, OM, TP and EE digestibility were significantly higher in foxes than in mink. Mink were characterized by significantly higher utilization of N‐FE. In foxes, as compared with mink, fermentation rates were higher in the final section of the gastrointestinal tract, which improved nutrient digestibility. In mink, characterized by lower fermentation rates in the colon, increased enzyme secretion by bacterial cells is one of the physiological mechanisms that enable to optimize nutrient absorption in the large intestine. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 637–644, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex steroid hormone secretion in the wall lizard Podarcis sicula testis: The involvement of VIP
Authors: Rosati Luigi , Prisco Marina , Di Fiore Maria Maddalena , Santillo Alessandra , Sciarrillo Rosaria , Valiante Salvatore , Laforgia Vincenza , Coraggio Francesca , Andreuccetti Piero , Agnese Marisa
Published: September 2015

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide involved in different functions, including testosterone synthesis. Recently, we reported the presence of VIP in the testis of Podarcis sicula, throughout the reproductive cycle. Now, we investigated the effects of the VIP on steroidogenesis in significant periods of the Podarcis reproductive cycle: winter stasis, reproductive period, and summer stasis. Using VIP treatments in testis culture in absence or presence of receptors antagonists, we demonstrated for the first time that in P. sicula, VIP is involved not only in testosterone synthesis, as in mammals, but in 17β‐estradiol synthesis too. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 714–721, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modern methods for vancomycin determination in biological fluids by methods based on high‐performance liquid chromatography – A review
Authors: Javorska Lenka , Krcmova Lenka Kujovska , Solichova Dagmar , Solich Petr , Kaska Milan
Published: September 2015

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the therapy of severe bacterial infection. The monitoring of vancomycin levels is recommended because of its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity. This measurement is especially appropriate in patients with unstable renal functions, who receive high doses of vancomycin or present serious bacterial infections accompanied by important sequestration of liquids when it could be difficult to achieve the optimal therapeutic dose. Most of the methods for vancomycin determination in routine practice are immunoassays. However, chromatography‐based techniques in combination with UV or mass spectrometry detection provide results with greater accuracy and precision also in complicated biological matrices. This review provides a detailed overview of modern approaches for the chromatographic separation of vancomycin in various biological samples and useful sample preparation procedures for vancomycin determination in various biological fluids.
Opening the doors of memory: is declarative memory a natural kind?
Authors: Michaelian Kourken
Published: September 2015

Klein's target article argues that autonoetic consciousness is a necessary condition for memory; this unusually narrow view of the scope of memory implies that only episodic memory is, strictly speaking, memory. The narrow view is opposed to the standard broad view, on which causal connection with past experience is sufficient for memory; on the broad view, both declarative (i.e., episodic and semantic) and procedural memory count as genuine forms of memory. Klein mounts a convincing attack on the broad view, arguing that it opens the ‘doors of memory’ too far, but this commentary contends that the narrow view does not open them far enough. It may be preferable to adopt an intermediate view of the scope of memory, on which causal connection is sufficient for memory only when it involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of content. More demanding than the simple causal condition but less demanding than the autonoesis condition, the encoding‐storage‐retrieval condition implies that both episodic and semantic memory count as genuine forms of memory but that procedural memory does not.WIREs Cogn Sci2015, 6:475–482. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1364

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Household Food Insecurity is Associated with Heterogeneous Patterns of Diet Quality Across Urban and Rural Regions of Malawi
Authors: Jones Andrew D.
Published: September 2015

The nutritional consequences of food insecurity in rural as compared to urban regions of low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) have not been well differentiated. We aimed to determine the region‐specific associations of food security with diet diversity, consumption of foods associated with the nutrition transition, and child stunting and overweight. We used data on 12,271 households from the 2010–2011 Malawi Third Integrated Household Survey (IHS3). We used multiple logistic regression analyses to assess the relation between household food security, measured using an adapted version of the Coping Strategies Index (CSI), and consumption of specific food groups and beverages as well as height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) and weight‐for‐height Z‐score (WHZ) of preschool‐aged children. Analyses were stratified by urban and rural region. Food insecurity was associated with less diverse diets (p < 0.001), and among urban residents, higher odds of consumption of refined grains and processed vendor foods, and lower odds of consumption of millets (p < 0.05). In adjusted analyses, food security was not strongly associated with child anthropometry. Food insecure urban residents may be especially vulnerable to poor health outcomes associated with both poor access to nutrient‐dense foods and diets high in refined and processed foods.
Food Security, Obesity, and the Politics of Resource Strain in Kuwait
Authors: Wheeler Deborah L.
Published: September 2015

This study considers Kuwait's food security strategies in light of the country's environmental challenges. It examines the case of a country that relies on food imports, which are increasingly subject to supply and price shocks, and has one of the world's highest obesity rates, highest water use rates per capita, and one of the largest per capita waste footprints globally. The explanations for this curious situation include cultural, political, economic, and environmental variables supported by data collected between 2009 and 2014 using ethnographic research methods and participant observation in Kuwait. This article contributes to an emerging body of scholarship on new security challenges in the Arabian Gulf, and is one of the first to consider the national security implications of public health and resource strain in Kuwait, using ethnographic research methods.
Reflexiones sobre adivinar en preguntas de opción múltiple y cómo afecta el resultado del examen
Authors: Jurado-Núñez Alma , Leenen Iwin
Published: September 2015

Los exámenes de opción múltiple (EOM) son la herramienta más difundida en educación médica, pero su utilidad está supeditada a la confiabilidad del instrumento y la validez de las inferencias que emanan de la medición. La posibilidad de adivinar, inherente al formato de evaluación, puede introducir varianza irrelevante a la medición y reducir la representación del rasgo latente en la calificación del examen por diferencias individuales respecto a educated guessing, testwiseness y la tendencia a adivinar. En este artículo se presentan brevemente las características generales de la Teoría Clásica de los Tests (TCT) y la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI) y su abordaje al problema de adivinar. Asimismo, se propone un modelo teórico dentro de la TCT que integra los mecanismos que afectan la adivinación y se determina la variación de la probabilidad de aprobar un EOM, en función de ciertos supuestos respecto a adivinar a través de un análisis teórico dentro de un modelo TRI. Es posible concluir que algunas características de los ítems propician la adivinación, y cuando ésta ocurre se encuentran inmersas diversas variables, relacionadas o independientes, del rasgo que se pretende medir, que determinan la magnitud de su efecto.
Médicos residentes: rasgos de personalidad, salud mental e ideación suicida
Authors: Vargas-Terrez Blanca E. , Moheno-Klee Vanessa , Cortés-Sotres José F. , Heinze-Martin Gerhard
Published: September 2015

Introduccion: El estrés es una condición presente en la formación médica de posgrado; sin embargo, la manera de reaccionar ante los estresores depende de los rasgos particulares de personalidad. Ambos aspectos, así como otras características sociodemográficas y el tipo de especialidad, son factores que intervienen en el desarrollo de sintomatología psiquiátrica en los residentes de diferentes especialidades.
Objetivo: Explorar la influencia de la personalidad y los factores sociodemográficos, en la salud mental y la ideación suicida en médicos residentes.
Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlativo. La muestra fue de 981 residentes de 1er y 2o año, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se utilizó el Inventario NEO FFI-R (60 ítems) para medir rasgos de personalidad, Symptom Check List 90 R (SCL-90-R) para las variables clínicas, y 3 preguntas sobre ideación suicida.
Resultados: El perfil de personalidad para la muestra total fue de bajo neuroticismo y alta diligencia; en el análisis de clusters las especialidades que presentaron mayores  porcentajes en el perfil de personalidad en riesgo (19.6%) fueron: urología (38.9%), psiquiatría (34.1%), medicina legal (27.8%), medicina familiar (27.4%), medicina crítica (25.9%) y anestesiología (25.0%). El 20.2% presentó una puntuación ≥T65 en al menos una escala del SCL-90-R; los residentes de cirugía oncológica presentaron la media más alta del Índice Global de Severidad (IGS), seguido de psiquiatría y anestesiología. Sólo un 8.0% fueron casos positivos en las preguntas de ideación  suicida. De los 78 casos de psicopatología, el 50.1% pertenece al cluster de perfil en riesgo de psicopatología.
Conclusiones: En los residentes que presentaron psicopatología global e ideación suicida predominan los rasgos de personalidad de tipo neurótico. En especialidades  consideradas de alto estrés existe un mayor porcentaje de individuos con personalidad neurótica. Los hombres presentanprevalencias mayores globales de psicopatología al igual que los residentes sin pareja.
Low-Reynolds-number flow past a cylinder with uniform blowing or sucking
Authors: Klettner C. A. , Eames I.
Published: September 2015

We analyse the low-Reynolds-number flow generated by a cylinder (of radius $a$) in a stream (of velocity $U_{\infty }$) which has a uniform through-surface blowing component (of velocity $U_{b}$). The flow is characterized in terms of the Reynolds number $Re$ ($=2aU_{\infty }/{\it\nu}$, where ${\it\nu}$ is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid) and the dimensionless blow velocity ${\it\Lambda}$ ($=U_{b}/U_{\infty }$). We seek the leading-order symmetric solution of the vorticity field which satisfies the near- and far-field boundary conditions. The drag coefficient is then determined from the vorticity field. For the no-blow case Lamb’s (Phil. Mag., vol. 21, 1911, pp. 112–121) expression is retrieved for $Re\rightarrow 0$. For the strong-sucking case, the asymptotic limit, $C_{D}\approx -2{\rm\pi}{\it\Lambda}$, is confirmed. The blowing solution is valid for ${\it\Lambda}<4/Re$, after which the flow is unsymmetrical about ${\it\theta}={\rm\pi}/2$. The analytical results are compared with full numerical solutions for the drag coefficient $C_{D}$ and the fraction of drag due to viscous stresses. The predictions show good agreement for $Re=0.1$ and ${\it\Lambda}=-5,0,5$.
The Medicines of Katherine, Duchess of Norfolk, 1463–71
Authors: Kleineke Hannes
Published: September 2015

This article discusses the medicinal remedies consumed at the court of the Yorkist kings of England in the light of a lawsuit in the court of common pleas (edited in an appendix) between John Clerk, king’s apothecary to Edward IV, and Katherine Neville, Duchess of Norfolk, over the partial non-payment of the apothecary’s bills. It argues that the consumption of apothecaries’ wares in large quantities was not merely a direct result of the excessive diet of the late medieval aristocracy, but in itself represented a facet of the conspicuous consumption inherent in the lifestyle of this particular social class. The remedies supplied by Clerk over a period of several years and listed in the legal record are set in the context of contemporary collections of medical recipes, particularly a ‘dispensary’ in the British Library’s Harleian collection generally attributed to the king’s apothecary.
A TRANSLATION THEOREM FOR THE GENERALISED ANALYTIC FEYNMAN INTEGRAL ASSOCIATED WITH GAUSSIAN PATHS
Authors: CHANG SEUNG JUN , CHOI JAE GIL , KO AE YOUNG
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we establish a translation theorem for the generalised analytic Feynman integral of functionals that belong to the Banach algebra ${\mathcal{F}}(C_{a,b}[0,T])$.
The phenotypic features used for distinguishing species within theCladonia furcatacomplex are highly homoplasious
Authors: Pino-Bodas Raquel , Burgaz Ana R. , Martín María P. , Ahti Teuvo , Stenroos Soili , Wedin Mats , Lumbsch H. Thorsten
Published: September 2015

TheCladonia furcatacomplex treated here comprisesC. farinacea,C. furcata,C. multiformis,C. scabriuscula,C. stereoclada, andC. subrangiformis. The well-known taxonomic complexity of this group is caused by wide phenotypic variation and high morphological similarity among the species, for which reason we investigated the distribution in the phylogeny of the phenotypic characters traditionally used to distinguish the species in this complex. A phylogenetic analysis of theC. furcatacomplex is presented here, based on three loci (ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA andRPB2), representing specimens from a broad geographical range (Europe, North America and New Zealand). The phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In addition, 14 features traditionally used for species delimitation within this complex were mapped onto the Bayesian phylogeny. All the species currently accepted, with the exception ofC. stereoclada, turned out to be polyphyletic. Most of the phenotypic characters studied are highly homoplasious with the exception of the podetium type. The solid podetia represent a diagnostic character ofC. stereoclada.
Status assessment of the Endangered snow leopardPanthera unciaand other large mammals in the Kyrgyz Alay, using community knowledge corrected for imperfect detection
Authors: Taubmann Julia , Sharma Koustubh , Uulu Kubanychbek Zhumabai , Hines James E. , Mishra Charudutt
Published: September 2015

The Endangered snow leopardPanthera unciaoccurs in the Central Asian Mountains, which cover c. 2 million km2. Little is known about its status in the Kyrgyz Alay Mountains, a relatively narrow stretch of habitat connecting the southern and northern global ranges of the species. In 2010 we gathered information on current and past (1990, the last year of the Soviet Union) distributions of snow leopards and five sympatric large mammals across 14,000 km2of the Kyrgyz Alay. We interviewed 95 key informants from local communities. Across 49 400-km2grid cells we obtained 1,606 and 962 records of species occurrence (site use) in 1990 and 2010, respectively. The data were analysed using the multi-season site occupancy framework to incorporate uncertainty in detection across interviewees and time periods. High probability of use by snow leopards in the past was recorded in > 70% of the Kyrgyz Alay. Between the two sampling periods 39% of sites showed a high probability of local extinction of snow leopard. We also recorded high probability of local extinction of brown bearUrsus arctos(84% of sites) and Marco Polo sheepOvis ammon polii(47% of sites), mainly in regions used intensively by people. Data indicated a high probability of local colonization by lynxLynx lynxin 41% of the sites. Although wildlife has declined in areas of central and eastern Alay, regions in the north-west, and the northern and southern fringes appear to retain high conservation value.
The psychology of psychology: A thought experiment
Authors: Ceci Stephen J. , Williams Wendy M.
Published: September 2015

In the target article, Duarte et al. allege that the lack of political diversity reduces research efficacy. We pose a thought experiment that could provide an empirical test by examining whether institutional review board (IRB) members, granting agencies, and journal reviewers filter scientific products based on political values, invoking scientific criteria (rigor, etc.) as their justification. When these same products are cast in terms highlighting opposite values, do these people shift their decisions?
Political homogeneity can nurture threats to research validity
Authors: Chambers John R. , Schlenker Barry R.
Published: September 2015

Political homogeneity within a scientific field nurtures threats to the validity of many research conclusions by allowing ideologically compatible values to influence interpretations, by minimizing skepticism, and by creating premature consensus. Although validity threats can crop in any research, the usual corrective activities in science are more likely to be minimized and delayed.
Political diversity versus stimuli diversity: Alternative ways to improve social psychological science
Authors: Kessler Thomas , Proch Jutta , Hechler Stefanie , Nägler Larissa A.
Published: September 2015

Instead of enhancing diversity in research groups, we suggest that in order to reduce biases in social psychological research a more basic formulation and systematic testing of theories is required. Following the important but often neglected ecological research approach would lead to systematic variation of stimuli and sometimes representative sampling of stimuli for specific environments.
Mischaracterizing social psychology to support the laudable goal of increasing its political diversity
Authors: Eagly Alice H.
Published: September 2015

Duarte et al.'s arguments for increasing political diversity in social psychology are based on mischaracterizations of social psychology as fundamentally flawed in understanding stereotype accuracy and the effects of attitudes on information processing. I correct their misunderstandings while agreeing with their view that political diversity, along with other forms of diversity, stands to benefit social psychology.
Editorial: Farewell
Authors: CANNING CHARLOTTE M.
Published: September 2015

This editorial is a bittersweet one for me. I am incredibly proud of the six articles in this issue. They are provocative and compelling, and offer new knowledge of performance. Taken together, along with the other articles in this year's volume, they offer us innovative and exciting understandings of how live performance travels and matters, and what it means. This issue also is perhaps one of the most global I have ever edited – the authors look at performance in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America – demonstrating that as a field we are increasingly aware of the limitations of the national study. Each article illustrates the pleasures, risks and rewards when different cultures intersect through the medium of live performance.
A More Humane Mikado: Re-envisioning the Nation through Occupation-Era Productions of The Mikado in Japan
Authors: RODMAN TARA
Published: September 2015

The first authorized productions in Japan of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado took place in the early years of the post-war American occupation. A group of Japanese theatre-makers whose international engagement had been circumscribed by the war were involved in these productions – first a 1946 American-led version for occupation personnel, and then an ‘all-Japanese’ version in 1947 and 1948. For these artists, The Mikado, a foreign operetta that was simultaneously ‘about Japan’ and not, offered a way of rebuilding post-war Japanese theatre, and, in doing so, imagining new possibilities for the nation. Through The Mikado they performed a ‘cosmopolitanism at home’, a mode of engagement with the international from within the borders of one's own nation.
Dispossession and Solidarity in Athol Fugard and Juan Radrigán
Authors: KRUGER LOREN
Published: September 2015

This article compares the two major figures of Chilean and South African theatre, in particular two intimate realist dramas onstage and onscreen in the 1970s and 1980s, when both countries were ruled by tyrannies tolerated by governments in the so-called free world. InBoesman and LenaandHechos consumadosthe depiction of solidarity against the dispossession caused by ‘capitalist revolution’ in Pinochet's Chile or Afrikaner capitalism in apartheid South Africa still resonates today when the rhetoric of struggle appears compromised by the culture of consumption and when post-apartheid and post-dictatorship governments retreat from ‘suspended revolution’ in a world shaped not only in the global South but also in the affluent North by neo-liberal axioms of shrunken government and free markets for the rich against austerity for the poor.
Determiner-noun code-switching in Spanish heritage speakers
Authors: FAIRCHILD SARAH , VAN HELL JANET G.
Published: September 2015

Code-switching is prevalent in bilingual speech, and follows specific syntactic constraints. Several theories have been proposed to explain these constraints, and in this paper we focus on the Minimalist Program and the Matrix Language Frame model. Using a determiner-noun picture naming paradigm, we tested the ability of these theories to explain determiner-noun code-switches in Spanish–English bilinguals. The Minimalist Program predicts that speakers will use the determiner from the gendered language, whereas the Matrix Language Frame model predicts that the determiner will come from the language that dominates the syntactic structure in a code-switched utterance. We observed that the bilinguals had slowest naming times and decreased accuracy in Spanish determiner - English noun conditions (‘el dog’), and that adding a Matrix Language did not modulate this pattern. Although our results do not align with either theory, we conclude that they can be explained by the WEAVER++ model of speech production.
An Efficient and Cost-Effective Method for Preparing Transmission Electron Microscopy Samples from Powders
Authors: Wen Haiming , Lin Yaojun , Seidman David N. , Schoenung Julie M. , van Rooyen Isabella J. , Lavernia Enrique J.
Published: September 2015

The preparation of transmission electron microcopy (TEM) samples from powders with particle sizes larger than ~100 nm poses a challenge. The existing methods are complicated and expensive, or have a low probability of success. Herein, we report a modified methodology for preparation of TEM samples from powders, which is efficient, cost-effective, and easy to perform. This method involves mixing powders with an epoxy on a piece of weighing paper, curing the powder–epoxy mixture to form a bulk material, grinding the bulk to obtain a thin foil, punching TEM discs from the foil, dimpling the discs, and ion milling the dimpled discs to electron transparency. Compared with the well established and robust grinding–dimpling–ion-milling method for TEM sample preparation for bulk materials, our modified approach for preparing TEM samples from powders only requires two additional simple steps. In this article, step-by-step procedures for our methodology are described in detail, and important strategies to ensure success are elucidated. Our methodology has been applied successfully for preparing TEM samples with large thin areas and high quality for many different mechanically milled metallic powders.
Nanoleakage in Hybrid Layer and Acid–Base Resistant Zone at the Adhesive/Dentin Interface
Authors: Nikaido Toru , Nurrohman Hamid , Takagaki Tomohiro , Sadr Alireza , Ichinose Shizuko , Tagami Junji
Published: September 2015

The aim of interfacial nanoleakage evaluation is to gain a better understanding of degradation of the adhesive–dentin interface. The acid–base resistant zone (ABRZ) is recognized at the bonded interface under the hybrid layer (HL) in self-etch adhesive systems after an acid–base challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nanoleakage in HL and ABRZ using three self-etch adhesives; Clearfil SE Bond (SEB), Clearfil SE One (SEO), and G-Bond Plus (GBP). One of the three adhesives was applied on the ground dentin surface and light cured. The specimens were longitudinally divided into two halves. One half remained as the control group. The others were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, followed by photo developing solution under fluorescent light. Following this, the specimens were subjected to acid–base challenges with an artificial demineralization solution (pH4.5) and sodium hypochlorite, and prepared in accordance with common procedures for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination. The TEM images revealed silver depositions in HL and ABRZ due to nanoleakage in all the adhesives; however, the extent of nanoleakage was material dependent. Funnel-shaped erosion beneath the ABRZ was observed only in the all-in-one adhesive systems; SEO and GBP, but not in the two-step self-etch adhesive system; SEB.
Pregnancy outcomes and the use of two standards to assess adequacy of maternal body mass index in early gestation
Authors: Mardones F. , Rosso P. , Villarroel L. , Bacallao J. , Dominguez A. , Passi A. , Rojas I. , Farias M. , Margozzini P.
Published: September 2015

The maternal weight gain chart proposed by Rosso and Mardones (RM) was subsequently modified by Atalah et al. (AEA). Both charts are widely used in Latin America. The purpose of this study was to compare birth length (BL) and birth weight (BW) outcomes of both charts. A prospective study of pregnant women and their offspring’s was performed in Santiago, Chile. From a total sample of 27,613 pregnant women a sub-sample of 11,465 term healthy singleton pregnant women was selected for additional analyses. κ statistics was used to study the degree of agreement of both charts in the diagnosis of maternal nutritional status. Obese and underweight women were classified using both standards at the beginning of pregnancy and compared in terms of BL<50 cm, BW<3000 g and BW>4250 g proportions. Sensitivity and specificity values of at risk newborns, whose categories were considered as gold standard, were obtained for obese and underweight women of each chart. There was a moderate agreement in the nutritional classification of these charts. Proportions of BL<50 cm and both BW<3000 g and>4250 g were similar at each nutritional category; however, absolute figures for at risk newborns were much higher in the RM underweight and obese women. The RM chart showed higher sensitivity values than the AEA chart. The higher sensitivity of the RM chart would support its use for prevention purposes. This chart is advisable for Latin American countries and also for most developing countries.
A synthetic hydrogel for the high-throughput study of cell–ECM interactions
Authors: Rape Andrew D. , Zibinsky Mikhail , Murthy Niren , Kumar Sanjay
Published: September 2015

It remains extremely challenging to dissect the cooperative influence of multiple extracellular matrix (ECM) parameters on cell behaviour. This stems in part from a lack of easily deployable strategies for the combinatorial variation of matrix biochemical and biophysical properties. Here we describe a simple, high-throughput platform based on light-modulated hyaluronic acid hydrogels that enables imposition of mutually independent and spatially continuous gradients of ligand density and substrate stiffness. We validate this system by showing that it can support mechanosensitive differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We also use it to show that the oncogenic microRNA, miR18a, is nonlinearly regulated by matrix stiffness and fibronectin density in glioma cells. The parallelization of experiments enabled by this platform allows condensation of studies that would normally require hundreds of independent hydrogels to a single substrate. This system is a highly accessible, high-throughput technique to study the combinatorial variation of biophysical and biochemical signals in a single experimental paradigm.
DNA methyltransferase 3A promotes cell proliferation by silencing CDK inhibitor p18INK4C in gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Cui He , Zhao Chengcheng , Gong Pihai , Wang Ling , Wu Huazhang , Zhang Kun , Zhou Rongping , Wang Li , Zhang Ting , Zhong Sheng , Fan Hong
Published: September 2015

Little is known about the roles of DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) in gastric carcinogenesis. Here, we reported that the exogenous expression of DNMT3A promoted gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation by accelerating the G1/S transition. Subsequently, p18INK4C was identified as a downstream target of DNMT3A. The elevated expression of DNMT3A suppressed p18INK4C at least at the transcriptional level. Depletion of p18INK4C expression in GC cells induced cell cycle progression, whereas its re-expression alleviated the effect of DNMT3A overexpression on G1/S transition. Furthermore, we found that DNMT3A modulated p18INK4C by directly binding to and silencing the p18INK4C gene via promoter hypermethylation. In clinical GC tissue specimens analyzed, the level of methylation of p18INK4C detected in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in paired non-tumor tissues. Moreover, elevated level of DNMT3A expression was associated with the differentiation of GC tissues and was negatively correlated with the p18INK4C expression level. Taken together, our results found that DNMT3A contributes to the dysregulation of the cell cycle by repressing p18INK4C in a DNA methylation-dependent manner, suggesting that DNMT3A-p18INK4C axis involved in GC. These findings provide new insights into gastric carcinogenesis and a potential therapeutic target for GC that may be further investigated in the future.
Microarray Profiling and Co-Expression Network Analysis of LncRNAs and mRNAs in Neonatal Rats Following Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Damage
Authors: Zhao Fengyan , Qu Yi , Liu Junyan , Liu Haiting , Zhang Li , Feng Yi , Wang Huiqing , Gan Jing , Lu Ruifeng , Mu Dezhi
Published: September 2015

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in cellular homeostasis. However, little is known about their effect in developing rat brains with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). To explore the expression and function of lncRNA in HIBD, we analyzed the expression profiles of lncRNAs in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brains and sham control using microarray analysis. The results showed a remarkable difference in lncRNA between HI and sham brains. A total of 322 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in HI brains, compared to sham control. Among these, BC088414 was one of the most significantly urpregulated lncRNAs. In addition, 375 coding genes were differentially expressed between HI brains and sham control. Pathway and gene ontology analysis indicated that the upregulated coding genes mostly involved in wounding, inflammation and defense, whereas the downregulated transcripts were largely associated with neurogenesis and repair. Moreover, coding non-coding co-expression network analysis showed that the BC088414 lncRNA expression was correlated with apoptosis-related genes, including Casp6 and Adrb2. Silencing of lncRNA BC088414 in PC12 cells caused reduced mRNA level of Casp6 and Adrb2, decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. These results suggested lncRNA might participate in the pathogenesis of HIBD via regulating coding genes.
Square Kilometre Array Telescope—Precision Reference Frequency Synchronisation via 1f-2f Dissemination
Authors: Wang B. , Zhu X. , Gao C. , Bai Y. , Dong J. W. , Wang L. J.
Published: September 2015

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project is an international effort to build the world’s largest radio telescope, with a one-square-kilometre collecting area. In addition to its ambitious scientific objectives, such as probing cosmic dawn and the cradle of life, the SKA demands several revolutionary technological breakthroughs, such as ultra-high precision synchronisation of the frequency references for thousands of antennas. In this report, with the purpose of application to the SKA, we demonstrate a frequency reference dissemination and synchronisation scheme in which the phase-noise compensation function is applied at the client site. Hence, one central hub can be linked to a large number of client sites, thus forming a star-shaped topology. As a performance test, a 100-MHz reference frequency signal from a hydrogen maser (H-maser) clock is disseminated and recovered at two remote sites. The phase-noise characteristics of the recovered reference frequency signal coincide with those of the H-maser source and satisfy the SKA requirements.