bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A role for SHPS‐1/SIRPα in Concanavalin A‐dependent production of MMP‐9
Authors: Ruhul Amin A.R.M. , Uddin Biswas M. Helal , Senga Takeshi , Feng Gen‐Sheng , Kannagi Reiji , Agarwal Munna L. , Hamaguchi Michinari
Published: September 2007

SHPS‐1/SIRPα1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) super family. In the present study, we show that SHPS‐1 strongly associates with Concanavalin A (Con A), a plant lectin obtained from jack beans. Further studies with SHPS‐1 mutants reveal that the extracellular domain of SHPS‐1 containing the Ig sequence is responsible for its association with Con A. Con A treatment induces cross‐linking and multimerization of the SHPS‐1 protein in the plasma membrane, accompanied by its tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP‐2. In contrast, Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), another lectin obtained from castor bean, does not bind or activate tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS‐1. Moreover, Con A activates Akt in a SHP‐2‐dependent manner. Treatment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with Con A induces secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, a phenomenon that is inhibited in cells expressing YF mutant of SHPS‐1, a dominant negative form of Akt or in cells pre‐treated with an Akt inhibitor, LY294002 or extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (Erk) inhibitor, U0126. In addition, expression of the YF mutant of SHPS‐1 inhibits Con A‐dependent activation of Akt and Erk kinases. Taken together, our results suggest that SHPS‐1 is a receptor for Con A that mediates Con A‐dependent MMP‐9 secretion through SHP‐2‐promoted activation of both Akt and Erk pathways.
Haemophilic synovitis: basic concepts
Authors: RODRIGUEZ‐MERCHAN E. C.
Published: September 2007

Summary.  Chronic synovitis is a serious complication of haemophilia that should be understood to avoid or minimize its consequences (articular damage and joint degeneration). Haematological prophylaxis and treatment are paramount during the life of people with haemophilia. However, as about 80% of bleedings in haemophilia affect the musculo‐skeletal system, the role of orthopaedic surgeons, rehabilitation physicians and physiotherapists is very important in the context of the multidisciplinary team. Synovitis can firstly be prevented and/or controlled with medical treatment and then be treated by synoviorthesis or surgical synovectomy. In this article, the author reviews some current basic principles on the prevention and treatment of haemophilic synovitis to avoid further development of joint destruction (haemophilic arthropathy).
Rehabilitation of synovitis in patients with haemophilia
Authors: SEUSER A. , BERDEL P. , OLDENBURG J.
Published: September 2007

Summary.  Monitoring the synovium is a central requirement in haemophilia. In cases of acute synovitis, a sufficiently high dosage of coagulation factor should be used immediately, and pain control and anti‐inflammatory treatment are essential. Severe effusion should be aspirated and persistent inflammation should be treated with steroid injections. In relation to physical therapy, cryotherapy with CO2, and CP current after Bernhard should be used, if appropriate in combination with ultrasound and phonophoresis with Voltaren [Voltarol] Emulgel. Early functional treatment is essential following a short individually variable period of immobilization, with the aim of restoring flexibility, coordination and strength (closed chain). If the treatment is insufficient and chronic synovitis develops, consideration must be given after 2–3 month of early synovectomy, by chemical, radio‐active, arthroscopic techniques, or by arthrotomy. The physical therapy following operations of this sort should be regarded as the same as for acute synovitis. The rehabilitation of synovitis is independent of co‐infections.
Prophylaxis and treatment of chronic synovitis in haemophilia patients with inhibitors
Authors: RODRIGUEZ‐MERCHAN E. C. , VALENTINO L. , QUINTANA M.
Published: September 2007

Summary.  Prophylaxis is paramount to try to avoid the development of haemophilic synovitis. The best treatment for synovitis in patients with inhibitors is radioactive synoviorthesis (rhenium for ankle and elbows, yttrium for knees). With both methods (prohylaxis and radioactive synoviorthesis), we can delay the development of severe haemophilic arthropathy, that eventually will require major orthopaedic surgery.
Eggshell pigmentation indicates pesticide contamination
Authors: Jagannath A. , Shore R. F. , Walker L. A. , Ferns P. N. , Gosler A. G.
Published: September 2007

Persistent pesticide residues remain a significant environmental pollutant, reducing breeding success of predatory birds even where such pesticides have been banned for many years. The ability to detect such residues inexpensively without destructive sampling would be a valuable tool for ecotoxicological monitoring. We suggest that assaying eggshell colour might provide such a tool.

Recent studies have revealed two mechanisms affecting eggshell pigmentation in, and believed to be specific to, passerine birds. In the great tit Parus major, reddish protoporphyrin speckles on their otherwise white eggs coincide precisely with thin shell and are related to calcium shortage. In the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, the intensity of the eggshell's blue‐green ground‐colour (pigment biliverdin) is related to the female's health (immunocompetence) at laying. We studied the effect of the insecticide DDT (notorious for reducing eggshell thickness in raptors by blocking calcium availability to the shell gland) on the eggshell pigmentation of Eurasian sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus (Falconiformes), whose eggshells show both protoporphyrin spotting and a blue‐green biliverdin‐based ground colour.

Eggshells showing protoporphyrin spots as an internalized pigment layer also showed a strong correlation between DDE levels (DDT metabolite) and shell thickness. The shells were also significantly thinner at these spots. Eggshell thickness was uncorrelated with DDE levels in eggs that lacked such spotting.

The green‐ness of the ground colour, related to biliverdin pigment, also increased with DDE levels but, unlike the protoporphyrins, this increase was independent of eggshell thickness.

We also noted that the colour of eggs collected before 1930 was consistent with the environmental absence of DDT.

Synthesis and applications. DDT occurrence in predatory birds indicates ecosystem‐wide contamination. Correlation between eggshell colour and DDT concentration indicates that pigmentation might be used as a non‐destructive assay for DDT (which is still in widespread use, particularly for combating malaria) in eggs. Further studies should allow our findings to be applied to other raptor species. Our results corroborate the associations of protoporphyrin pigmentation with shell thinning and biliverdin with female immunocompetence described for passerines, but their occurrence in a falconiform implies that these effects evolved long before the appearance of the order Passeriformes.
Adapting and personalizing the communication in a synchronous communication tool
Authors: Gogoulou A. , Gouli E. , Grigoriadou M.
Published: September 2007

Abstract  In this paper, we present a synchronous text‐based communication tool, referred to as Adaptive Communication Tool (ACT), which provides capabilities for adaptation and personalization. ACT supports both the free and the structured form of dialogue. The structured dialogue is implemented by two types of Scaffolding Sentence Templates (SST); i.e. sentence openers or communicative acts. The capability of adaptation is considered in the sense of making suggestions for the supported form of dialogue and SST type and providing the most meaningful and complete set of SST with respect to the learning outcomes addressed by the collaborative learning activity and the model of collaboration followed by the group members. Also, ACT enables learners to have control on the adaptation by selecting the form of dialogue and the SST type they prefer to use and enriching the provided SST set with their own ones in order to cover their communication needs. The results from the formative evaluation of the tool showed that (i) the proposed dialogue form, SST type and the provided set of SST cover students' communication needs, (ii) the capability of personalizing the communication by selecting the desired communication means as well as by enriching the provided SST set satisfied students, and (iii) students used adequately both types of SST resulting into on‐task and coherent dialogues.
Estimating causal parameters without target populations
Authors: Shahar Eyal
Published: September 2007

Rationale  In recent years, numerous research methodologists have argued forcefully that any estimated effect from an observational study or a randomized trial should apply to a ‘target population’– to a finite group of people. Some methods to adjust for confounders heavily draw upon this idea.

Aims and Objectives  I cite a recently published paper in The American Journal of Epidemiology that linked methods to adjust for confounders to the concept of a ‘target population’. I explain that the requirement to specify a finite population as the target of causal inference is rooted in two extreme models of causation: determinism and stochastic causation.

Conclusions  I argue that the ‘target population’ epistemology is scientifically irrelevant and so are methods to handle confounders that are founded on this paradigm, namely, standardization, inverse‐probability‐of‐treatment weighting and SMR‐weighting. Finally, I propose a simple alternative framework under an indeterministic model of causation. According to my proposed model, a causal parameter is not tied to any finite population and its estimate is a (fallible) scientific conjecture about a homogeneous, individual‐level effect.
An investigation of obese adults’ views of the outcomes of dietary treatment
Authors: Jones N. , Furlanetto D. L. C. , Jackson J. A. , Kinn S.
Published: September 2007

Background  Although recommendations about the treatment of obesity have been well documented, there is little research into how obese individuals view the outcomes of dietary treatment. It has been suggested that patient involvement in evaluating treatment outcomes may help target issues to assist with the ongoing improvement of dietetic services. The aim of this qualitative study was to collect patients’ views on the dietetic service, the treatment outcomes in terms of lifestyle change and the impact that attending the dietetic service had on their lives in order to improve dietetic treatment, and to assist in the selection of appropriate outcome measurements in the future.

Methods  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 24 obese patients attending dietetic clinics in Ayrshire, West of Scotland for weight management (advice on healthy eating and physical activity to achieve an energy deficit). Patients’ views were transcribed, grouped and coded using content analysis.

Results  Views included the importance of attending the dietitian for support to achieve weight management and a need to ‘feel accountable to someone’. Interviewees valued information provided regarding diet, physical activity, behavioural strategies and the risks of obesity. Patients described the impact of obesity on their lives and identified changes to their lifestyles and health since attending the dietitian. They also identified barriers to change, e.g. feeling frustrated and overwhelmed about the changes necessary.

Conclusion  This study extends the current knowledge of patients’ views of their treatment outcomes, which may be important in helping dietitians devise appropriate patient‐centred outcome measures. However, as this is a small sample, further long term research into a wider range of current and discharged patients’ views is required.
A survey of provision of dietetic services for coeliac disease in the UK
Authors: Nelson M. , Mendoza N. , McGough N.
Published: September 2007

Background  Management guidelines for care of coeliac patients published by the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), 2002 recommend that patients should see a dietitian at diagnosis and at least at annual review. In the absence of information on dietetic provision in coeliac disease management in the UK and with surveys in other countries suggesting that patients with coeliac disease gain most information from coeliac support groups (Green et al., 2001), Coeliac UK set out to investigate dietetic services for coeliac patients in the UK.

Methods  Questionnaires were sent to dietetic departments in the UK via the Regional Managers Group of the British Dietetic Association (BDA) by email. The questionnaires were in two parts, the first was completed by the dietetic manager and the second by the dietitian with the main responsibility for the management of coeliac patients within the department.

Results  Over one‐quarter of departments reported allocating a maximum of 1 h of dietitians’ time per month per 100 000 population to seeing coeliac patients. More hours were allocated to coeliac patients in departments where dietitians had attended coeliac disease training, where dietitians were professional members of Coeliac UK or where coeliac patient care was undertaken by a multi‐disciplinary team.

Conclusion  There is wide variation in dietetic provision for diagnosed coeliac patients in the UK. The Coeliac UK survey suggests that the current level of dietetic provision is in the region of one‐third of what is required according to the BSG management guidelines (British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), 2002) to provide diagnosed coeliacs with only basic support and annual review.
Electron precession microdiffraction as a useful tool for the identification of the space group
Authors: MORNIROLI J.‐P. , REDJAIMIA A.
Published: September 2007

The possible space groups of a crystal can be identified from a few zone axis microdiffraction patterns provided the position (and not the intensity) of the reflections on the patterns is taken into account. The method is based on the observation of the shifts and the periodicity differences between the reflections located in the first‐order Laue zone (FOLZ) with respect to the ones located in the zero‐order Laue zone (ZOLZ).

Electron precession microdiffraction patterns display more reflections in the ZOLZ and in the FOLZ than in the conventional microdiffraction patterns and this number increases with the precession angle. It is shown, from the TiAl example given in the present study, that this interesting feature brings a strong beneficial effect for the identification of the possible space groups since it becomes very easy to identify unambiguously the FOLZ/ZOLZ shifts and periodicity differences. In addition, the diffracted intensity on the precession patterns is the integrated intensity and this intensity can also be used to identify the Laue class.
Removable prosthodontic services, including implant‐supported overdentures, provided by dentists and denturists
Authors: EGAN J. G. , PAYNE A. G. T. , THOMSON W. M.
Published: September 2007

Summary  The aim of this study was to evaluate the provision of removable prosthodontic services, including implant‐supported overdentures, by dentists and denturists. A structured questionnaire was mailed to 474 randomly chosen dentists and 156 denturists registered to practise in New Zealand. Information was sought on the range of removable prosthodontic services provided (including implant‐supported overdentures) and the professional fees charged for them. From 410 respondents, there was an overall response rate of 67.43%; 290 came from the dentists (males 78.6%, n = 228; females 21.48%, n = 62) and 120 from denturists (males 91.7%, n = 110; females 8.3%, n = 10). Most respondents were over 40 years of age, with one in three denturists (but only one in seven dentists) over 60 years of age. The extent of removable prosthodontic services varied. One‐third of dentists referred complete denture patients and denturists referred a similar number of immediate denture cases. Denturists’ complete denture, immediate denture and single reline prices were generally lower than those from dentists. Removable partial denture prices were similar. Implant‐supported overdentures were recommended for edentulous patients by one‐third of the dentists and three out of four denturists. Forty per cent of denturists (but only 10% of dentists) charged <NZ$1000 for complete dentures. (1NZ$ = US$ 0.75; 1NZ$ = € 0.56; 1NZ$ = GBP 0.38) Implant‐supported overdenture fees were predominantly in the range of NZ$1500–3000 for both groups, but one in four dentists and one in six denturists charged more than NZ$3000. Although both denturists and dentists both provide prosthodontic services, there is a professional fee differential between them. Denturists’ lower fees provide a more economic option. Denturists are likely to steadily develop further inroads into the implant‐supported overdenture market.
Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis type IIIb
Authors: Seckin Dilek , Yucelten Deniz , Aytug Ayse , Demirkesen Cuyan
Published: September 2007

Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is a group of syndromes comprising coexistent vascular and pigmentary nevi, which is first classified into five subtypes and then further categorized according to the absence or presence of associated systemic findings as type (a) and (b), respectively. This case report is of an 11‐year‐old Turkish girl with extensive vascular nevus and nevus spilus. Because of coexistent scoliosis, the patient represents an example of PPV type IIIb. Including the present case, a total of eight cases of PPV type IIIb have been reported to date. The case is discussed in view of the new classification proposed by Happle.7
A new cardiac manifestation associated with woolly hair: report of two cases of woolly hair, palmoplantar keratoderma, and mitral valve regurgitation
Authors: Zandi Soodabeh , Farajzadeh Saeedeh
Published: September 2007

Two siblings (a 24‐year‐old woman and a 14‐year‐old girl) with congenital woolly hair, epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, and mitral valve regurgitation are described. An interesting additional feature in one of the patients (the 14‐year‐old girl) was posterior subcapsular cataract.

The association of woolly hair and mitral valve regurgitation has not been reported previously. The occurrence of cataract in one of our patients is also a new ophthalmologic finding in this hair shaft anomaly.
Melanonychia striata in Chinese children and adults
Authors: Leung Alexander K. C. , Robson Wm. Lane M. , Liu Edmond K. H. , Kao C. Pion , Fong Justine H. S. , Leong Alexander G. , Cheung Benny C. L. , Wong Alex H. C. , Chen Sophie Y.
Published: September 2007

Background  There is considerable racial variation in the occurrence of melanonychia striata. The prevalence of melanonychia striata in the Chinese population is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of melanonychia striata in a Chinese population of patients.

Methods  Two thousand, four hundred and fifty‐seven Chinese patients attending an Asian medical clinic were examined for the presence of melanonychia striata in a cross‐sectional prevalence survey. The examinations were carried out as part of the routine medical care provided to these patients. Patients of mixed racial background were excluded. The fingernails and toenails of each patient were examined, and the presence or absence of melanonychia striata, the anatomic distribution of the lesion, and the age and sex of the patient were recorded.

Results  Melanonychia striata was not detected in patients aged less than 20 years. The condition was present in 0.6% of patients aged between 20 and 29 years. Thereafter, the prevalence increased gradually to 1.7% in patients aged 50 years and over. There was a significant relationship between age and the presence of melanonychia striata (χ2 = 141, P < 0.01). There was no significant sex‐related difference in the age‐specific prevalence (P > 0.05). The thumbs were most frequently affected, followed by the index fingers (P < 0.001). The condition was bilateral in 40% of cases. None of the patients had involvement of more than two digits.

Conclusion  Melanonychia striata is uncommon in Chinese individuals, especially in those aged under 20 years. The male to female ratio is approximately equal. The thumbs are most frequently affected and the condition is often bilateral.
Mycophenolate mofetil vs. sirolimus in kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus‐based immunosuppressive regimen
Authors: Sampaio Edison L , Pinheiro‐Machado Paula G , Garcia Riberto , Felipe Claudia R , Park Sung I , Casarini Dulce E , Moreira Silvia , Franco Marcello F , Tedesco‐Silva Jr Helio , Medina‐Pestana Jose O
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and sirolimus (SRL) are effective immunosuppressive drugs with distinct safety profile.

Methods:  Kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus (TAC)‐based immunosuppressive regimen were randomized to receive fixed daily doses of MMF (2 g/d, n = 50) or SRL (one loading dose of 15 mg, 5 mg/d till day 7 and 2 mg/d thereafter, n = 50) without induction therapy.

Results:  No differences were observed in the incidence of the composite (biopsy‐confirmed acute rejection, graft loss or death) end‐point (18% vs. 16%, p = 1.000), biopsy confirmed acute rejection (12% vs. 14%, p = 1.000), one‐yr patient (94% vs. 98%, p = 0.308), graft (92% vs. 98%, p = 0.168), and death‐censored graft survival (98% vs. 100%, p = 0.317) comparing patients receiving MMF or SRL respectively. Patients receiving SRL showed worse safety outcomes, higher mean creatinine (1.6 ± 0.5 mg/dL vs. 1.4 ± 0.3 mg/dL, p = 0.007), higher proportion of patients with proteinuria (52.0% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.041), higher mean urinary protein concentrations (0.3 ± 0.5 g/L vs. 0.1 ± 0.2 g/L, p = 0.012), higher mean cholesterol concentration (217 mg/dL vs. 190 mg/dL, p = 0.030), and higher proportion of patients prematurely discontinued from randomized therapy (26% vs. 8%, p = 0.031).

Conclusion:  In patients receiving TAC, MMF produced similar efficacy but superior safety profile compared with SRL.
A framework for power and sensitivity analyses for quantitative genetic studies of natural populations, and case studies in Soay sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: MORRISSEY M. B. , WILSON A. J. , PEMBERTON J. M. , FERGUSON M. M.
Published: September 2007

Studies of the quantitative genetics of natural populations have contributed greatly to evolutionary biology in recent years. However, while pedigree data required are often uncertain (i.e. incomplete and partly erroneous) and limited, means to evaluate the effects of such uncertainties have not been developed. We have therefore developed a general framework for power and sensitivity analyses of such studies. We propose that researchers first generate a set of pedigree data that they wish to use in a quantitative genetic study, as well as data regarding errors that occur in that pedigree. This pedigree is then permuted using the data regarding errors to generate hypothetical ‘true’ and ‘assumed’ pedigrees that differ so as to mimic pedigree errors that might occur in the study system under consideration. Phenotypic data are then simulated across the true pedigree (according to user‐defined genetic and environmental covariance structures), before being analysed with standard quantitative genetic techniques in conjunction with the ‘assumed’ pedigree data. To illustrate this approach, we conducted power and sensitivity analyses in a well‐known study of Soay sheep (Ovis aries). We found that, although the estimation of simple genetic (co)variance structures is fairly robust to pedigree errors, some potentially serious biases were detected under more complex scenarios involving maternal effects. Power analyses also showed that this study system provides high power to detect heritabilities as low as about 0.09. Given this range of results, we suggest that such power and sensitivity analyses could greatly complement empirical studies, and we provide the computer program pedantics to aid in their application.
The Technological Gap for Maize Cultivation and Soil Properties in a Watershed of Guatemala
Authors: Fournier J. M. , Stamp P. , Bolaños J.
Published: September 2007

The technological gap is wide between potential and actual maize yields in the tropics. An estimation and explanation of the existing yield gap in a model region of Guatemala were attempted. Experiments were carried out on the hypothesis that soil constraints like lack of nutrients exist on 74 farms in four seasons from 1996 to 1998. The hybrid HB‐83 was compared with local varieties. Treatments included no fertilizer or the application of recommended and supra optimum amounts of fertilizers. The P and K availability was low. At the site with the lowest yield potential, HB‐83 yielded 65 % more than the local varieties, while at the site with the highest yield potential, this relative yield advantage was only 28 %. However, the absolute yield difference between HB‐83 and the local varieties was 70 % higher at the site with the highest yield potential compared with the site with the lowest yield potential, with grain yields ranging from 5.21 to 0.29 t ha−1for local varieties. There were few significant correlations between soil parameters and plant traits. Plant nutrient constraints besides NPK and liming did not seem to limit the yield potential in the Polochic watershed. A combination of soil management practices, liming in association with corrected levels of P, and use of crop cultivars developed for these low pH conditions could lead to sustainable and productive maize production.
Feasibility of using interpolated contours of targets and organs at risk in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy treatment planning for advanced‐stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chau MC , Leung SF , Kam KM , Cheung KY , Kwan WH , Yu KH , Chiu KW , Chan TC
Published: September 2007

To assess the dosimetric effect of using interpolated contours in planning intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for advanced T‐stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The present study focused on T3–T4 tumours where the proximity of targets to neurological organs poses a stringent test on the feasibility of such an approach. Contours of targets and organs were delineated on CT images of 2.5‐mm interval and a reference IMRT plan was generated. An investigative (INV) IMRT plan was then generated with the same planning protocol, but based on interpolated contours that replaced deleted contours on alternate slices. The reference and INV plans were compared. Regarding target coverage, all targets in the INV plans met the acceptance criteria except for the PTV in one case. Regarding organs, the mean dose to 1% volume of the brainstem and spinal cord in the INV plans were kept below their dose limits. No significant differences in the mean doses to others organs were found. Satisfactory target coverage and protection of critical organs to a degree similar to full‐scale contouring could be achieved with use of interpolated contours. The saving in manpower time for contouring is expected to significantly improve the throughput of the IMRT planning process.
Identifying and implementing prevention programmes for childhood mental health problems
Authors: Giesen Femke , Searle Amelia , Sawyer Michael
Published: September 2007

Abstract: A substantial number of children and adolescents in Australia have mental health problems. This review provides guidance to service providers for selecting prevention programmes designed to reduce mental health problems experienced by children. It addresses three issues. First, it highlights the importance of utilising programmes that focus on risk and protective factors which have a causal relationship with mental health problems. Second, it describes approaches that can be used to assess the quality of programme evaluations, and identifies common characteristics of more effective programmes. Finally, it identifies general factors which influence the uptake of innovations, such as new prevention programmes, in health services. These features include, for example, compatibility with potential providers’ values, norms and perceived needs, and some flexibility which allows potential providers to adapt programmes to suit their specific needs and context. Addressing these general issues is important to maximise the uptake of effective new prevention programmes.
Fluctuations in haemoglobin levels in haemodialysis patients receiving intravenous epoetin alfa or intravenous darbepoetin alfa
Authors: WALKER ROWAN , PUSSELL BRUCE A ,   THE AUSTRALIAN RENAL ANAEMIA GROUP
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY:  This study aimed to compare the within‐patient variability in haemoglobin levels in haemodialysis patients receiving intravenous epoetin alfa or intravenous darbepoetin alfa. Data on haemodialysis patients were extracted from the Renal Anaemia Management database from 2003 to 2004. The variance in haemoglobin was calculated for each patient with more than five haemoglobin observations (n = 3619). A mixed model was fitted to the within‐patient variances and weighting was based on the number of observations minus 1 for each patient. The model took into account the situation where patients had data on both agents and could therefore act as their own control. The mean within‐patient variance in haemoglobin levels for patients receiving darbepoetin alfa was 24% (95% CI: 18%, 31%) greater than that for patients receiving epoetin alfa (P < 0.0001). The mean haemoglobin level for patients receiving darbepoetin alfa was 11.33 g/dL (95% CI: 11.27, 11.40) compared with 11.43 g/dL (95% CI: 11.39, 11.46) for patients receiving epoetin alfa (P < 0.01). There was greater within‐patient fluctuation in haemoglobin levels in patients receiving darbepoetin alfa compared with epoetin alfa. The implications of haemoglobin fluctuations on patient outcomes and resource use require further study.
Measuring protein excretion in pregnancy
Authors: HOLT JANE L , MANGOS GEORGE J , BROWN MARK A
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY:  The recognition and detection of proteinuria has been acknowledged as an important clinical marker of renal disease since 1827 when Richard Bright published his landmark medical case reports. In more recent times, the broader community of clinicians has come to share the enthusiasm of nephrologists in recognizing the importance of protein excretion, not only as a marker of current renal disease but also as a predictor of long‐term renal and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is important that methods for detecting and measuring proteinuria are accurate, and this is particularly relevant to diseases that are defined by the detection of proteinuria, such as pre‐eclampsia. This review will first discuss current knowledge of protein handling by the normal kidney, then the changes in normal and hypertensive pregnancy, and finally, how recent advances in our understanding of proteinuria may affect our future management of hypertensive pregnancies.
Effects of latanoprost, timolol and GLC756, a novel dopamine D2 agonist and D1 antagonist on LTC4 release after rat mast cell activation
Authors: Laengle Ulrich W , Markstein Rudolf , Pralet Dominique , Seewald Wolfgang , Roman Danielle
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Purpose:  Mast cells participate in ocular allergic inflammation by releasing biologically active mediators. Leukotrienes are released from activated mast cells via an IgE‐dependent mechanism, and play a crucial role in ocular allergic inflammation. In this study, the effect of three topical antiglaucoma drugs, that is, latanoprost, timolol and GLC756, a novel dopamine D2 agonist and D1 antagonist, on leukotriene C4 (LTC4) release after rat mast cell activation was examined.

Methods:  A rat basophilic leukaemia RBL‐2H3 mast cell line was activated via IgE/anti‐IgE. Rat mast cells were incubated with latanoprost, timolol, or GLC756 at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10 and 30 μM. LTC4 concentration in supernatant was assessed 5 h post activation by EIA.

Results:  Compared with controls, timolol showed no relevant effect on LTC4 release, 5 h after mast cell activation. Latanoprost and GLC756, in contrast, revealed an inhibitory effect on LTC4 release, which was dose‐related and statistically significant at the concentrations of 10 and 30 μM.

Conclusion:  The results of this study suggest that timolol has no significant influence on LTC4 release from activated mast cells. By contrast, latanoprost and GLC756 inhibited LTC4 release, suggesting a possible anti‐inflammatory effect on ocular allergic inflammatory processes in topical glaucoma medication.
Surgical load and long‐term outcome for patients with Kock continent ileostomy
Authors: Wasmuth H. H. , Svinsås M. , Tranø G. , Rydning A. , Endreseth B. H. , Wibe A. , Myrvold H. E.
Published: September 2007

Objective  The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of Kock continent ileostomy (CI) during the same period when ileal pouch–anal anastomosis was the preferred operation for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

Method  During the period 1983–2002, 50 patients underwent CI. The surgical technique was unchanged during the period. Follow‐up included all patients. Forty‐eight patients had UC, two of these had the diagnosis later changed to Crohn's disease and two had FAP.

Results  Twenty‐two patients had 38 reoperations, four (8%) of whom had the pouch removed. The main causes for reoperation included leakage and difficulty in intubation due to sliding of the nipple valve (42%), fistula formation (29%) and stenosis (21%). Seventeen (45%) underwent a revision of the nipple valve and the pouch and nine (24%) a local procedure. The reoperation rate was higher among patients having a conventional ileostomy converted to CI than among those having CI. As a primary procedure (P = 0.016). The risk of a second reoperation was higher for those reoperated within the first year after having a CI, than for those reoperated later (P = 0.007).

Conclusions  The reoperation rate of patients with CI is high but the removal rate of the pouch is low and is not associated with a high rate of revision. CI is a good alternative to conventional ileostomy in patients not suitable for restorative proctocolectomy or where this procedure has failed.
Notothrix halsei gen. n., sp. n., representative of a new family of freshwater cladocerans (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) from SW Australia, with a discussion of ancestral traits and a preliminary molecular phylogeny of the order
Authors: Van Damme Kay , Shiel Russell J. , Dumont H. J.
Published: September 2007

The parthenogenetic female of a new anomopod crustacean, Notothrix halsei gen. n. et sp. n., is described from Lake Angove and found in five other sites in SW Australia. Although macrotrichid‐like at first glance, a detailed morphological study including thoracic appendages revealed a set of primitive characters and similarities with primitive families, in particular with the Eurycercidae and Acantholeberidae. Ancestral traits of Notothrix gen. n. comprise: (i) a single large head pore; (ii) second maxilla; (iii) incomplete dorsal merger of valves; (iv) second antenna with a three‐ and a four‐segmented branch; (v) six trunk limbs; (vi) two setae on a sixth endite in the first limb, vs. complete row of posterior setae on the second limb; (vii) large number of setae on exopodites III–V; (viii) well‐developed gnathobase V; and (ix) massive postabdomen with wide, telson‐like terminus between end‐claws that show complex spinulation but no basal spine. Analysis of the complete 18S (SSU) rRNA gene sequence including taxa from all but four anomopod families and using Ctenopoda as an outgroup, confirms our separation of the new taxon, the Nototrichidae fam. n. Although different alignments resulted in different trees, the analyses confirm an isolated position of Notothrix, which has the shortest SSU rRNA gene length known for anomopods. However, the phylogenies derived from a comparison of 18S rRNA gene sequences between families of the order Anomopoda, does not resolve the descent of the various family groups.
A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes
Authors: Taylor John D. , Williams Suzanne T. , Glover Emily A. , Dyal Patricia
Published: September 2007

A new molecular phylogeny is presented for the highly diverse, bivalve molluscan subclass Heterodonta. The study, the most comprehensive for heterodonts to date, used new sequences of 18S and 28S rRNA genes for 103 species from 49 family groups with species of Palaeoheterodonta (Trigoniidae, Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) as outgroups. Results confirm previous analyses that the Carditidae/Astartidae/Crassatellidae clade is basal to all other heterodonts including Anomalodesmata (often classified as a separate subclass or order). Thyasiroidea occupy a near basal position between the Crassatelloidea and Anomalodesmata. Lucinidae form a well‐supported monophyletic group distinct from Thyasiridae and Ungulinidae. The Solenoidea and Hiatelloidea link as sister groups distant from the Tellinoidea and Myoidea, respectively, where they had been previously associated. The position of the Gastrochaenidae is unstable but does not group with myoidean taxa. Species of four families of Galeommatoidea form a clade that also includes Sportellidae of the Cyamioidea. The Cardioidea and Tellinoidea form highly supported, long branched, individual clades but group as sister taxa. A major clade including Veneroidea, Mactroidea, Myoidea and other families is given the unranked name Neoheterodontei. There is no support for a separate order Myoida (Myoidea and Pholadoidea). Dreissenidae group within the clade including Myidae, Corbulidae, Pholadidae and Teredinidae. The Corbiculoidea is confirmed as polyphyletic with the Sphaeriidae and Corbiculidae forming separate clades within the Neoheterodontei; Corbiculidae grouping with the Glauconomidae. Hemidonacidae are unrelated to the Cardiidae, as previously proposed, but nest within the Neoheterodontei. The Gaimardiidae group near to the Ungulinidae and not with Cyamioidea where most recently classified. The family Ungulinidae, previously classified in the Lucinoidea, forms a well‐supported clade within the Neoheterodontei and is elevated to superfamily rank — Ungulinoidea. The monophyletic status of Glossoidea, Arcticoidea and Veneroidea is unconfirmed. A brief review of the fossil record of the heterodonts indicates that the basal clades of Crassatelloidea, Anomalodesmata and Lucinoidea diverged very early in the Lower Palaeozoic. Other groups such as the Hiatelloidea, Solenoidea, Gastrochaenidae probably were of late Palaeozoic origins. The Cardioidea and Tellinoidea originated in the Triassic while major groups of Neoheterodontei radiated in the Late Mesozoic. The phylogenetic position of the Thyasiroidea and Galeommatoidea suggests a longer fossil history than has so far been recognized.
Phylogenetic analyses of the genera Pipra, Lepidothrix and Dixiphia (Pipridae, Passeriformes) using partial cytochrome b and 16S mtDNA genes
Authors: Rêgo Péricles S. , Araripe Juliana , Marceliano Maria L. V. , Sampaio Iracilda , Schneider Horacio
Published: September 2007

The piprids (manakins) are small‐bodied Neotropical birds characterized by sexual dimorphism of the plumage and elaborate courtship rituals. The phylogenetic relationships of some of piprid genera, in particular Pipra, are not well defined. Recently, Pipra was divided into three distinct groups, and the recognition of two new genera — Lepidothrix and Dixiphia— was suggested, based on the characteristic of the syringial morphology. In the present study, we analyse the phylogenetic relationships among these genera on the basis of data from the mitochondrial genes rRNA 16S and cytochrome b. Bayesian Inference (BI), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods of analyses produced phylogenetic trees with very similar topologies with regard to the groupings formed by the species representing the three genera. These results indicate that the genera Pipra, Lepidothrix and Dixiphia do not constitute a single monophyletic clade, and support the current hypothesis of polyphyletism for the former representatives of the genus Pipra. However, the topologies presented do not coincide exactly with the phylogeny suggested by the morphological data with regard to the relationship between these three groups and the remaining piprid genera analysed here, emphasizing the need for further studies of this group of birds. The agreement between the molecular data presented here and the biogeographical information available for some of the species analysed appears to confirm the potential of using segments of the mitochondrial genome for the study of phylogeographical patterns in this group of organisms.
Prostatic involvement by urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: clinicopathological features and outcome after radical cystectomy
Authors: Ayyathurai Rajinikanth , Gomez Pablo , Luongo Tony , Soloway Mark S. , Manoharan Murugesan
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVES

To review the long‐term outcome of prostatic involvement in patients with bladder cancer (BC) treated with radical cystectomy (RC), as urothelial carcinoma (UC) involving the prostate occurs in such patients, and prostatic invasion by UC is by transmural invasion (contiguous), or when UC develops from the epithelium of the prostatic urethra (not contiguous).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1992 and 2006, 351 men had RC for BC by one surgeon at our centre; they were stratified into those with contiguous or non‐contiguous disease, based on prostatic stromal involvement. Relevant clinical and pathological data were collected and the survival analysed.

RESULTS

In all, 24% (78/320) of the patients who had RC had prostatic involvement; 29 (9%) and 49 (15%) had contiguous and non‐contiguous involvement, respectively. In the non‐contiguous group, there was stromal and non‐stromal UC involvement in 18 (37%) and 31 (63%), respectively. The overall 5‐year survival of contiguous, non‐contiguous and no prostatic involvement was 6%, 57% and 66% (P < 0.001). The 5‐year overall survival of stromal and non‐stromal UC was 26% and 74% (P = 0.008). There was no statistical difference in survival between contiguous and non‐contiguous stromal involvement (P = 0.58).

CONCLUSIONS

Prostatic UC with no stromal involvement did not alter the survival predicted by the primary bladder stage. Stromal involvement of the prostate has a poor prognosis regardless of the mode of invasion.
NONLINEAR PRICING IN ASYMMETRIC DUOPOLY
Authors: ALDERIGHI MARCO
Published: September 2007

We characterise, for both separate and interdependent markets, the local pure‐strategies Nash equilibrium of a spatial duopoly game, where consumers are horizontally and vertically heterogeneous, and firms have different cost structures and ranges of product lines. We show that standard results which emerged in the monopoly context can not be generalised to strategic contexts where firms retain market power and there is sufficient competitive pressure. We prove that in the asymmetric duopoly case, when markets are interdependent, the incentive compatibility constraints are slack, and there is no quality distortion.
STRATEGIC DEBT AND RJV COMPETITION: ERRATUM
Authors: SHIEH SHIOU , CHEN PEI‐LING , CHEN HO‐CHYUAN
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this note is to point out that there is a computing error made in the derivation of the t value in Chen (2005). The erratum presents the correct expression of t and the ensuing changes in the results of Chen (2005).
AN EMPIRICAL NOTE ON CRITICAL COMMENTARY IN AUSTRALIAN ECONOMICS JOURNALS
Authors: DOLLERY BRIAN , BYRNES JOEL , AKIMOVA GALIA
Published: September 2007

A substantial empirical literature exists on ranking the published research output of individual academic economists and individual university Economics departments, including Australian work in Economics. However, very little corresponding effort has been directed at examining trends in the nature of published articles, and this embryonic literature is exclusively focused on a handful of top‐ranked journals to the exclusion of Australian Economics journals. This note seeks to fill this gap by adopting the methodology developed by Coelho et al. (2005) in their analysis of the decline in critical commentary and applying it to Australian Economics journals for the period 1962 to 2005.
Research Note: Identifying the Invisible Colleges of the British Journal of Industrial Relations: A Bibliometric and Social Network Approach
Authors: McMillan G. Steven , Casey Debra L.
Published: September 2007

The academic field of industrial relations has gone through much change in the last 20 years. On account of the rapid decline in union membership in the USA and the UK, industrial relations, which historically has focused on the employment relationship, has been searching for a new intellectual base. By conducting a bibliometric analysis of the journal British Journal of Industrial Relations (BJIR), we uncover the intellectual bases for that publication outlet for two time periods, 1986–1995 and 1996–2005. From the late 1980s to the mid‐1990s, BJIR's articles relied on the economics literature, while in the later period, it moved to the human resource and management journals, authors and articles. The possible explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.
The Division of Labor, Capital, Communication Technology and Economic Growth: The Case of China 1952–99
Authors: Narayan Paresh Kumar , Sun Guang‐Zhen
Published: September 2007

The implications of the division of labor, capital, and technology for economic growth have long been a fundamental issue in development economics. This paper employs the bounds testing approach to cointegration to examine the relationship between the division of labor, capital accumulation, communication technology, and economic growth for China over the period 1952–99. We find that in the long run, capital stock and the division of labor both have statistically significant positive effects on growth, while in the short run the effects are not significantly positive. Telecommunication technology, rather surprisingly, has a statistically insignificant impact on growth both in the long run and in the short run. Our findings indicate that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship between capital and the division of labor on the one hand, and economic growth on the other, thereby lending support to the division of labor theory of growth.