bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three holy men get haircuts: The semiotic analysis of a joke
Authors: Berger Arthur Asa
Published: August 2016

This article deals with a typology of 45 techniques of humor that I found when doing research on the mechanisms that generate humor in texts, lists the techniques and applies them to a Jewish joke. It references the work of Vladimir Propp on folktales as analogous in that both are concerned with mechanisms in text that generate meaning. It also deals with four theories about why people find texts humorous, defines the joke as a short narrative with a punch line that is meant to generate mirthful laughter and defines Jewish humor as being about Jewish people and culture as told by Jewish people. It offers a paradigmatic analysis of the joke, and offers some insights into why Jewish people developed their distinctive kind of humor. This article is an enhanced and expanded version of an article which was published in a Chinese semiotics journal (doi:10.1515/css-2015-0022).
Children’s understanding of self-focused humor styles
Authors: James Lucy Amelia , Fox Claire Louise
Published: August 2016

It has been proposed that four main styles of humor exist, two which are thought to be adaptive (affiliative, self-enhancing) and two which are thought to be maladaptive (aggressive, self-defeating). Whilst the existence of these four humor styles has been supported in older children, it is suggested that for younger children, self-enhancing and self-defeating humor may develop at a later point. To investigate this further, the current research involved five semi-structured paired interviews with children aged eight to eleven years to explore the use and understanding of self-enhancing and self-defeating humor in this age group. Findings indicated that use of both self-enhancing and self-defeating humor were apparent in some children, but not all. It therefore seems appropriate that attempts to investigate humor in this age group should aim to include all four styles of humor. The current research also demonstrated the value of paired interviews when carrying out this sort of research with children.
Pseudorhabdosynochus sulamericanus(Monogenea, Diplectanidae), a parasite of deep-sea groupers (Serranidae) occurs transatlantically on three congeneric hosts (Hyporthodusspp.), one from the Mediterranean Sea and two from the western Atlantic
Authors: Chaabane Amira , Justine Jean-Lou , Gey Delphine , Bakenhaster Micah D. , Neifar Lassad
Published: August 2016

Little is known of the diversity of the monogenean parasites infesting deep-sea groupers, and there is even less information available about their geographic distributions within the ranges of their hosts. To improve our understanding of these host-parasite relationships we conducted parasitological evaluations of the deep-water Haifa grouperHyporthodus haifensisfrom the southern Mediterranean off Tunisia and Libya. We collected more than one species of diplectanid monogeneans from this host, but among these only one dominant species was abundant. This proved to be morphologically very similar toPseudorhabdosynochus sulamericanusSantos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000, a species originally described from the congeneric hostH. niveatusoff Brazil and also recorded fromH. niveatusandH. nigritusoff Florida. Here, we conducted a morphological comparison between newly collected specimens and those previously deposited in museum collections by other authors. Further, we used COI barcoding to ascertain the specific identity of the three host species to better elucidate the circumstances that might explain the unexpectedly broad distribution ofP. sulamericanus. We assigned our specimens fromH. haifensistoP. sulamericanusprimarily on the basis of morphological characteristics of the sclerotized vagina. We also noted morphological characteristics of eastern and western Atlantic specimens that are not clearly described or not given in previous descriptions and so prepared a redescription of the species. We confirmed, by COI barcoding, that no sister-species relationships were evident among the three hosts ofP. sulamericanus. Our observation thatP. sulamericanusinfects unrelated host species with putatively allopatric distributions was unexpected given the very limited dispersive capabilities and the high degree of host specificity common to members ofPseudorhabdosynochus.This transatlantic distribution raises questions with regard to phylogeography and assumptions about the allopatry of Atlantic grouper species from the Americas and Afro-Eurasia. Here, we propose some hypothetical explanations for our findings.
Temporal overlaps of feral cats with prey and competitors in primary and human-altered habitats on Bohol Island, Philippines
Authors: Bogdan Vlastimil , Jůnek Tomáš , Jůnková Vymyslická Pavla
Published: August 2016

The vertebrate fauna of the Philippines, known for its diversity and high proportion of endemic species, comprises mainly small- to medium-sized forms with a few large exceptions. As with other tropical ecosystems, the major threats to wildlife are habitat loss, hunting and invasive species, of which the feral cat (Felis catus) is considered the most damaging. Our camera-trapping study focused on a terrestrial vertebrate species inventory on Bohol Island and tempo-spatial co-occurrences of feral cats with their prey and competitors. The survey took place in the Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape, and we examined the primary rainforest, its border with agricultural land, and rural areas in the vicinity of villages. Altogether, over 2,885 trap days we captured 30 species of vertebrates–10 mammals (includingSus philippensis), 19 birds and one reptile,Varanus cumingi. We trapped 81.8% of expected vertebrates. Based on the number of events, the most frequent native species was the barred rail (Gallirallus torquatus). The highest overlap in diel activity between cats and potential prey was recorded with rodents in rural areas (Δ = 0.62); the lowest was in the same habitat with ground-dwelling birds (Δ = 0.40). Cat activity was not recorded inside the rainforest; in other habitats their diel activity pattern differed. The cats’ activity declined in daylight in the proximity of humans, while it peaked at the transition zone between rainforest and fields. Both rodents and ground-dwelling birds exhibited a shift in activity levels between sites where cats were present or absent. Rodents tend to become active by day in cat-free habitats. No cats’ temporal response to co-occurrences of civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditusandViverra tangalunga) was found but cats in diel activity avoided domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Our first insight into the ecology of this invasive predator in the Philippines revealed an avoidance of homogeneous primary rainforest and a tendency to forage close to human settlements in heterogeneous habitats. A detailed further investigation of the composition of the cat’s diet, as well as ranging pattern, is still needed.
On the diversity of the SE Indo-Pacific species ofTerebellides(Annelida; Trichobranchidae), with the description of a new species
Authors: Parapar Julio , Moreira Juan , Martin Daniel
Published: August 2016

The study of material collected during routine monitoring surveys dealing with oil extraction and aquaculture in waters off Myanmar (North Andaman Sea) and in the Gulf of Thailand, respectively, allowed us to analyse the taxonomy and diversity of the polychaete genusTerebellides(Annelida). Three species were found, namelyTerebellidescf.woolawa,Terebellides hutchingsaespec. nov.(a new species fully described and illustrated), andTerebellidessp. (likely a new species, but with only one available specimen). The new species is characterised by the combination of some branchial (number, fusion and relative length of lobes and papillation of lamellae), and thoracic (lateral lobes and relative length of notopodia) characters and is compared with all species described or reported in the SW Indo-Pacific area, as well as with those sharing similar morphological characteristics all around the world. The taxonomic relevance of the relative length of branchial lobes and different types of ciliature in branchial lamellae for species discrimination in the genus is discussed. A key to allTerebellidesspecies described in SE Indo-Pacific waters is presented.
A Collision of Principles? Free Expression, Racial Equality and the Prohibition of Racist Speech
Authors: GROSS KIMBERLY A. , KINDER DONALD R.
Published: July 2002

Freedom of expression is celebrated as one of the glories of the American political system. But does all speech deserve immunity? In particular, should speech designed to vilify or degrade on the basis of race be protected? Opinions on racist speech are complicated because they must accommodate two fundamental democratic principles that operate at cross purposes: freedom of expression, which implies support for racist speech, and racial equality, which implies the opposite. Using data from the 1990 General Social Survey, we examine how Americans resolve this conflict. Our major finding is that the principle of free expression dominates the principle of racial equality. What contemporary legal scholars regard as a hard case entailing a collision of democratic principles, ordinary Americans seem to interpret as a straightforward application of just a single principle. This result mirrors and perhaps reflects a nearly century-long and mostly lop-sided debate favouring free speech among American elites.
Mortgagees and receivers—a duty of care resurrected and extended
Authors: Sealy L.S.
Published: July 2002

WHEN a chargee (a term which we can take for present purposes to include a mortgagee) appoints a receiver or takes other steps to enforce his security, the general rule is that self-interest prevails, so that neither he nor his receiver is required by the law to have any great concern for the interests of the chargor or any other person interested in the equity of redemption (such as the holder of a junior-ranking security) or a guarantor of the chargor's obligations. This is well illustrated by Shamji v. Johnson Matthey Bankers Ltd. [1991] B.C.L.C. 36, C.A. (a chargee is under no duty towards the chargor in deciding whether to appoint a receiver), and Gomba Holdings U.K. Ltd. v. Homan [1986] 1 W.L.R. 1301 (a receiver's duty of confidentiality vis-à-vis the chargee prevails over his duty to give information to the chargor).
Redundant approaches to redundancy
Authors: Barnard Catherine
Published: July 2002

THE apparently straightforward definition of redundancy contained in section 139 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 has generated a disproportionate and confused body of case law. In essence, redundancy pay is payable in three situations: the business disappears (s. 139(1)(a)(i)); the workplace disappears (s. 139(1)(a)(ii)); the job disappears (s. 139(1)(b)). As far as the disappearing workplace is concerned, recent cases have shown the courts taking a more pragmatic approach. The old contractual test laid down in UK Atomic Energy Authority v. Claydon [1974] I.C.R. 128 (where, by my contract, can I be required to work?) has been replaced by the geographic approach (where, in practice, do I work?): Bass Leisure Ltd v. Thomas [1994] I.R.L.R. 104 (E.A.T.) and High Table v. Horst [1997] I.R.L.R. 513 (C.A.). A similar pragmatism can be detected in the House of Lords' ruling in Murray v. Foyle Meats Ltd. [1999] I.R.L.R. 562 concerning the third aspect of the definition of redundancy, the disappearing job (s. 139(1)(b)).
YIELD TRENDS AND APPARENT NUTRIENT BALANCES IN INTENSIFIED AND DIVERSIFIED RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS
Authors: PASCUA JR S. R. , VENTURA W. , AGUSTIN E. O. , PADRE A. T. , VALENCIA D. A. , MARCOS T. F. , STA. CRUZ P. C. , OBIEN S. R. , LADHA J. K.
Published: July 2002

A long-term field trial was conducted to determine yield trends in relation to nutrient uptake and efficiency in different rice-based cropping systems. The cropping systems had a significant effect on wet season rice yield when residues were not recycled but had no effect otherwise. Rice yield decreased after the first year of crop residue incorporation but increased every year thereafter. Rice yield was significantly affected by residual nutrients applied to dry season crops. The highest residual effect was observed in tomato and sweet pepper to which the highest nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) rates were applied. Maize, sweet pepper, and tomato responded well to NPK application, garlic had a low response and mungbean had no response. A relay crop served as a catch crop for excess nutrients and as shade to minimize sunscald effects for tomato and sweet pepper fruits.
Gamma-ray spectroscopy in structural correlations:
an example from the Neoproterozoic Dalradian succession
of Donegal (NW Ireland)
Authors: HADLEY M. J. , RUFFELL A. , LESLIE A. G.
Published: July 2002

The Caledonian Horn Head Slide is a spectacular ductile shear zone transecting
Neoproterozoic Appin Group Dalradian metasediments in Donegal (NW Ireland). Two conflicting
stratigraphic interpretations exist for the inverted succession exposed in the hanging wall of the structure.
These are based on correlation with two quite separate exposed pelite formations elsewhere. The
two formations are lithologically indistinct and unfossiliferous. Here we document the novel use of
assayed and logged spectral gamma-ray measurements in comparing the contentious pelite in the
hanging wall of the Horn Head Slide to the two possible correlative pelite formations from a wide area
of their unequivocal outcrop. The data from the contentious pelite show a clear statistical and stratigraphical
affinity with one candidate unit only, thus providing the stratigraphical definition necessary
for refining previous cross-sections. A new model, based on our spectral gamma-ray correlation, is
proposed to account for the northwestwards directed emplacement of the Lower Falcarragh Pelite
Formation along the slide. This model requires pre-Caledonian normal faulting as a precursor to the
ensuing compressional event in which stratigraphically younger rocks were thrust over older, a common
instance in fold and thrust belt geometry. Our work suggests that spectral gamma-ray measurements
may provide a rapid, field-based method for differentiating unfossiliferous pelite or mudstone
units at outcrop and in geophysical well-logs, even in structurally complex areas.
Empire and information: intelligence gathering and social communication

in India, 1780–1870. By C. A. Bayly. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press,
1996. Pp. xiv+412. £40.00.
ISBN 0-521-57085-9.
Authors: LENNARD JOHN
Published: July 2002

For the interdisciplinarian, Anglo-Indian historiography can be
frustrating. In working
on Paul Scott's Raj quartet (four profoundly historical novels
about Anglo-India,
1942–7, better known as TV's The jewel in the crown)

I have faced such questions as: whether it
is reasonable to believe that in 1947 a senior British police officer who
owned Pathan
clothes and brown make-up used them professionally, passing as an Indian
to gather
intelligence; what credence the officer's probable homosexuality gives
an alternative
explanation, that cultural transvestism and Indian guise served private
sexual rather
than public professional ends; and whether the resonances with Thuggee
in the
costumed and made-up officer's murder by strangulation (in a Muslim-ruled,
Hindu-majority,
not-yet-acceded princely state in late July 1947) are of any historical
merit.
But the archetypes in which writers of fiction can combine scope and particularity
are
unavailable to the historian, too often confined to the dense and satisfying
footnotery of
the local study claimed as typical, or happily wandering the open generalizations
of the
all-India history claimed as exemplary; and for the critic wishing to test
the historical
probity of a fiction the result is Hobson's choice between easily-found
but tangential
treatments, and trawling memoirs for the reticent implications of conventional

Anglo-Indian understatement.
GERMAN UNIFICATION: BETWEEN OFFICIAL HISTORY, ACADEMIC SCHOLARSHIP, AND POLITICAL MEMOIRS
Authors: SPOHR KRISTINA
Published: July 2002

Ten years after German unification, this historiographical review discusses how the
cascade of published material reflects on two questions vital for contemporary history on this subject:
first, why and how did unification happen, and second, what kind of sources and evidence are used by
authors to justify their particular interpretation of events? In answering these questions, this review
will not only give an overview of published accounts – official, scholarly, and autobiographical – but
go beyond the immediate confines of the 1990s to shed light on the question of why Chancellor Helmut
Kohl was able to win a prize that had eluded all of his predecessors since Konrad Adenauer.
A. L. MACFIE, The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1923, Turning Points, vol. 1 (New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998). Pp. 258. $17.95 paper, $75 cloth.
Authors: Hickok Michael Robert
Published: July 2002

The mystery of the Ottoman Empire is not that it ended but that it lasted as long as it did. The End of the Ottoman Empire is the first book in a new Longman series under the editorial direction of Keith Robbins to examine key “turning points” in the history of the emergence of the modern world. Positioning the Ottomans' final moments within the context of a world-history approach is a worthy goal. Moreover, scholars in the discipline have recently been discussing the need to develop texts to expose the Ottoman experience to a broader audience. Macfie attempts to make this connection by relating the end of the Ottomans to the contemporary world. He argues that the destruction of the Ottoman state marked “a tectonic shift in the political and social structure of the area” (p. 234), leading to the emergence of the successor states and the modern organization of the Middle East and southeastern Europe. It is also, according to him, “the end of the Eastern Question” (p. 234) and the beginning of new relations among the modern European states.
ROBERT TIGNOR, Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria and Kenya, 1945–1963 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998). Pp. 426. $60.00.
Authors: Davis Eric
Published: July 2002

The Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War have been accompanied by a declining interest in Marxian-inspired theories of political economy in the study of core–periphery relations. Concepts such as dependency and imperialism have been replaced by market forces and structural adjustment. Similarly, post-modernism's impact has been to erode interest in historical theories, especially those with a teleological bent. Thus, Robert Tignor's study, Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire, is refreshing in raising issues that have not been central to the recent intellectual agenda in the study of non-Western societies.
EAST AFRICAN COASTAL HISTORY
Authors: POUWELS RANDALL L.
Published: July 2002

Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History.
By DEREK NURSE and THOMAS J.
HINNEBUSCH. Edited by THOMAS J. HINNEBUSCH,
with a special addendum by GERARD PHILIPPSON.
(University of California Publications in Linguistics, 121).
Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1993. Pp. xxxii+780.
$80 (ISBN 0-520-09775-0).

Shanga. The Archaeology of a Muslim Trading Community on the Coast of East
Africa. By MARK HORTON. (Memoirs of the
British Institute of East Africa, 14).
London: The British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1996. Pp. xvi+458. £75 (ISBN
1-872-56609-x).

Nurse's and Hinnebusch's Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History is the most
comprehensive study yet done of Swahili history through linguistic analysis. It is
an encyclopedic work representing many years of research by the authors and other
scholars, and it focuses particularly on the emergence and evolution of the Swahili
language. The massive and diverse evidence they marshal is, of course, almost
entirely linguistic: as such they discuss four basal parameters of language
relationship and change, namely lexis, morphology, phonology and tone. (The last
two are treated together, and G. Philippson reviews the latter.)
Trojan square and incomplete Trojan square designs for crop research
Authors: EDMONDSON R. N.
Published: July 2002

Latin square and near-Latin square designs are valuable
row-and-column designs for crop research
but the practical size range of such designs is severely limited.
Semi-Latin square designs extend this
range but not all semi-Latin squares are suitable for experimental
designs. Trojan square designs are
a special class of optimal semi-Latin squares that generalizes the
class of Latin square designs. The
construction of Trojan squares both for unstructured and for
factorial treatment sets is discussed and
the utility of Trojan square designs for practical crop research
is demonstrated. The corpus of
available designs is further extended by a discussion of
incomplete Trojan square designs obtained
by omitting one main row or one main column from a complete Trojan square
design. Some
advantages of Trojan square and incomplete Trojan square designs
for crop research are discussed
and some suggestions for further design research are made.
DONOR INSEMINATION IN ISRAEL: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS
Authors: CARMELI YORAM S. , CARMELI DAPHNA BIRENBAUM , SOFFER YIGAL , MATILSKY MOSHE , KALDERON ILAN , YAVETZ HAIM
Published: July 2002

The paper describes the sociodemography of donor insemination recipients in Israel. Arab recipients are very few. Among the Jews, married recipients are generally younger than their single counterparts, and they are somewhat less educated and more religious. Ethnically, the percentage of Orientals among the married recipients is relatively higher; among the single women, Orientals are under-represented. On the whole, however, donor insemination seems to have reached Jewish Israelis of all segments of society.
The constant-V vortex
Authors: FALLER ALAN J.
Published: July 2002

It has been found that the generation of swirl by a continuous rotary oscillation of
a right-circular cylinder partially filled with water can leave a vortex with a radially
constant tangential velocity, V, i.e. ∂V/∂r = 0, excepting a small central core and the
sidewall boundary layer. This vortex maintains ∂V/∂r = 0 during viscous decay by
the turbulent bottom boundary layer, a fact that suggests that ∂V/∂r = 0 is a stable
condition for a decaying vortex.

Theory shows that such a profile of V and its steady decay is possible only
if the radial transport per unit length in the turbulent Bödewadt boundary layer is TB,t = AVr/2 where A ≈
0.072 is a dimensionless constant found from the experiment.
This model of turbulent transport is extended to a case with ∂V/∂r ≠ 0 by an
analysis of vortex decay in an experiment started from solid rotation. For this case
an additional term proportional to ∂V/∂r is added to the transport equation.
Local isotropy in complex turbulent boundary
layers at high Reynolds number
Authors: SADDOUGHI SEYED G.
Published: July 2002

To continue our (Saddoughi & Veeravalli 1994) tests of
the local-isotropy predictions
of Kolmogorov's (1941) universal equilibrium theory in shear
flows, we have taken
hot-wire measurements of the velocity fluctuations in complex turbulent
boundary
layers at several Reynolds numbers. We have studied the plane-of-symmetry
flow
upstream of a 4 ft diameter, 6 ft long circular cylinder placed
with its axis vertical in
the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer of the test-section
ceiling in the 80 ft x 120 ft Full-Scale Aerodynamics
Facility at NASA Ames Research Center.
The effect of boundary properties on controlled Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: HOWLE LAURENS E.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the effect of the finite horizontal boundary properties on the critical
Rayleigh and wave numbers for controlled Rayleigh–Bénard convection in an infinite
horizontal domain. Specifically, we examine boundary thickness, thermal diffusivity
and thermal conductivity. Our control method is through perturbation of the lower-boundary heat flux. A linear proportional-differential control method uses the local
amplitude of a shadowgraph to actively redistribute the lower-boundary heat flux.
Realistic boundary conditions for laboratory experiments are selected. Through linear
stability analysis we examine, in turn, the important boundary properties and make
predictions of the properties necessary for successful control experiments. A surprising
finding of this work is that for certain realistic parameter ranges, one may find an
isola to time-dependent convection as the primary bifurcation.
Disentanglements
Authors: Oksen Peter
Published: July 2002

This comment is a reaction to an article dealing with farmer–herder
relationships in Burkina Faso. It was argued that the relationship
between Mossi and Fulbe is not deteriorating as has often been described in
the so-called mainstream literature, and that the apparent open animosity
between the two ethnic groups can partly be explained as a frontstage discourse
with the aim of concealing personal wealth. The comment questions
the use of historical data and the extent of secrecy in relation to personal
wealth, and criticises the way in which the authors use terms like orthodoxy
and mainstream to portray a broad set of ideas and theories.
The large-Larmor-radius Rayleigh–Taylor instability
Authors: FAGHIHI M. , EBRAHIMI F.
Published: July 2002

The effect of a large ion Larmor radius on the Rayleigh–Taylor
instability is
investigated using the Vlasov fluid model. The results are compared with
an
ideal magnetohydrodynamic model. It is found that this effect reduces the

growth rate of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability with respect to the
ideal
magnetohydrodynamic growth rate.
Spatial structure of a nonlinear wave of stratification
Authors: ROTTMANN M. , SPATSCHEK K. H.
Published: July 2002

The positive column of a gas discharge is investigated in the subcritical
regime
when no self-excited nonlinear ionization wave exists. We derive a model
equation
for the so-called wave of stratification, which is an externally excited
envelope wave.
The main point of this work is that, in contrast to previous papers, we
take into
account the radial structure of the homogeneous column. The mathematical
description
of the wave of stratification in the form of a complex Ginzburg–Landau

equation follows by a systematic reductive perturbation method. The coefficients

in the Ginzburg–Landau equation are first calculated in general and
are then
evaluated explicitly for a low-pressure argon discharge. The results are
compared with
those obtained from a frequently used simpler model that neglects any radial
structure.
Finally, the dynamics of the nonlinear wave of stratification is demonstrated

via numerical simulations.
Higher-order contributions to ion-acoustic
solitary waves in a warm multicomponent
plasma with an electron beam
Authors: MOSLEM W. M.
Published: July 2002

Higher-order contributions in reductive perturbation theory are
studied for small- but finite-amplitude ion-acoustic solitary waves in a warm
plasma with negative-ion, positron and electron constituents traversed by a
warm electron beam (with different temperatures and pressures). The basic set
of fluid equations are reduced to a Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation for the
first-order perturbed potential and a linear inhomogeneous KdV-type equation
for the second-order perturbed potential. At the critical negative-ion density,
the coefficient of the nonlinear term in the KdV equation vanishes. A new set
of stretched coordinates is then used to derive a modified KdV equation and a
linear inhomogeneous modified KdV-type equation at the critical density of
negative ions for the second-order perturbed potential. Stationary solutions of
the coupled equations, for both cases, are obtained using a renormalization
method.
The Welfare State and its Effect on Municipal Government in Japan: A Case Study
Authors: Takao Yasuo
Published: July 2002

Since the end of World War II, the ever-increasing role of government in advanced democratic nations has resulted in a massive organizational growth in the public sector. The impact of the welfare state provides an explanation for changes in traditional patterns of central–local government relations. The era of the welfare state has witnessed the rapid emergence of an intermeshed system of making and implementing policies, which necessitates integration between central and local government.
The importance of reverse genetics in determining gene
function in apicomplexan parasites
Authors: SOETE M. , HETTMAN C. , SOLDATI D.
Published: July 2002

The phylum Apixomplexa includes obligate intracellular parasites that are of enormous medical and veterinary significance,
as they are responsible for a wide variety of diseases including malaria, toxoplasmosis, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis,
theileriosis and babesiosis. The EST sequencing projects in Toxoplasma gondii and the Plasmodium falciparum genome
sequencing project have greatly accelerated gene discovery, revealing for example novel coding sequences restricted to the
Apicomplexa. However, easy acquisition of sequence is almost useless if the function of any given gene cannot be tested.
The establishment of transfection systems in Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora and in several Plasmodium species has provided
us with the reverse genetics methods appropriate to the functional analysis of genes. Over the past few years, the discovery
of novel genes coupled to the ability to introduce or modify genes has already contributed to a better understanding of
cell biology and pathogenesis of these obligate intracellular parasites. Some insights into the complex processes of parasite
invasion, differentiation, regulation of gene expression and protein trafficking are emerging although identification of the
exact functional roles for many molecules is still awaiting more investigation. This review summarizes progress in this
area. It also emphasises the tight link and synergy between Toxoplasma and malaria research. The use of reverse genetics
does not guarantee the answer to gene function, so we can learn from both failed and successful experiments about how
better and more efficiently to use ‘genomics’ to accelerate discoveries relevant to the understanding of parasitism by
Apicomplexa.
Schistosoma mansoni phosphofructokinase:
immunolocalization in the tegument and immunogenicity
Authors: MANSOUR J. M. , McCROSSAN M. V. , BICKLE Q. D. , MANSOUR T. E.
Published: July 2002

Schistosoma mansoni depends for its survival on glycolysis. Two glycolytic enzymes, glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase
and triose-phosphate dehydrogenase, found in both the adult and schistosomular tegument, have been reported to confer
partial protection against cercarial infection. This paper describes the immunogenic properties of phosphofructokinase
(PFK), a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, and its localization in the tegument and adjacent tissues. Recombinant
schistosome PFK was used as antigen. A polyclonal antibody against purified PFK from Fasciola hepatica was affinity
purified using recombinant PFK and used in combination with immunogold labelling to identify PFK by transmission
electron microscopy in cryosections. In both adult worms and in schistosomula most immunogold label localized in the
cytoplasmic syncytial region with less being found in the tegument. There was no significant PFK localization within or
external to the outer membrane. Sera from mice immunized with recombinant S. mansoni PFK with Freund's adjuvant
or alum plus rIL-12 demonstrated high titres of anti-PFK IgG, but no protection against cercarial infection. Sera from
mice that were acutely or chronically infected or multiply exposed to irradiated cercariae did not recognize recombinant
schistosome PFK in either Western blotting or ELISA. Similarly, sera from humans infected with S. mansoni did not
recognize PFK. We conclude that in spite of the high immunogenicity of rPFK in mice, it is not a significant immunogen
during the course of infection and does not confer protection from schistosomiasis. One main difference between PFK and
the other 2 glycolytic enzymes seems to be the inaccessibility of PFK to the outside surface of the tegument.
Gerry Knowles, A cultural history of the English
language. London: Arnold, 1997. Pp. x, 180. Hb $59.95,
pb $20.00.
Authors: Bailey Richard W.
Published: July 2002

In his preface, Knowles makes clear what his book
is not. It is not a history of literary English, and it
is not an account of changes in linguistic form; it is
a “cultural history.” In the introductory chapter,
he declares: “In view of the close connection between
language and power, it is impossible to treat the history
of the language without reference to politics” (9).
Of course, books that purport to be histories of English
have often “treated” the subject without apparent
politics. Knowles is right in alleging that the politics
of such books has often been implicit, since most of them
provide information about the ascent of one variety of
the language to the elevated status of a standard –
as if that were an inevitable and desirable result of the
spirit of goodness working itself out through speech.
Isabella Paoletti, Being an older woman: A
study in the social production of identity. Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xiv, 94. Hb $36.00, pb $19.95.
Authors: Giles Howard
Published: July 2002

In the past fifteen years, there has been an upsurge
of interest in matters social-gerontological within both
sociolinguistics and communication science. This is manifest
in an abundance of books, and particularly special journal
issues, in an international series of conferences (at its
fifth venue in Vancouver, 2001), and in a handbook on the
topic (Nussbaum & Coupland 1995). Paoletti's concise
paperback – the eighth in a series, “Everyday
communication: Case studies of behavior in context,”
edited by Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz and Stuart J. Sigman –
contributes to this growing literature in important ways,
not least of which are its focus on the active
elderly and its recourse to Italian data.
“The dream of reason creates monsters” . . . especially when we neglect the role of emotions in REM-states
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: July 2002

As highlighted by Solms, and to a lesser extent by Hobson et al. and Nielsen, dreaming and REM sleep can be dissociated. Meanwhile Vertes & Eastman and Revonsuo provide distinct views on the functions of REM sleep and dreaming. A resolution of such divergent views may clarify the fundamental nature of these processes. As dream commentators have long noted, with Revonsuo taking the lead among the present authors, emotionality is a central and consistent aspect of REM dreams. A deeper consideration of emotions in REM dreams may serve as the conceptual salve to help heal the emerging rifts in this field of inquiry.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Four-sight in hindsight: The existence of magical numbers in vision
Authors: Rensink Ronald A.
Published: July 2002

The capacity of visual attention/STM can be determined by change-detection experiments. Detecting the presence of change leads to an estimate of 4 items, while detecting the absence of change leads to an estimate of 1 item. Thus, there are two magical numbers in vision: 4 and 1. The underlying limits, however, are not necessarily those of central STM.
Do the biological details matter?
Authors: Bower James M.
Published: July 2002

Phillips & Singer (P&S) extend ideas derived from
the observation eight years ago that the coherence (synchronization)
of cortical oscillations can be modulated by the structure of visual
stimuli. As described in the target article, a large part of the
continued interest in this finding is related to independent
theoretical work suggesting that synchronized cell firing could
help solve the problem of binding together within cortex neuronal
activity associated with different attributes of visual stimuli. The
authors present an abstract “proof of concept” model
describing how their cortical processing scheme could work, but our
biologically realistic models of cortical relationships suggest that
the proposal is biologically implausible. Our realistic models lead
to a very different interpretation of the significance of cortical oscillations.
Connecting perception to cognition
Authors: Damper R. I.
Published: July 2002

Following the “modularity” orthodoxy of some years
ago, it has traditionally been assumed that there is a clear and
obvious separation between perception and cognition. Close examination
of this concept, however, fails to reveal the join. Ballard et
al.'s contention that the two “cannot be easily
separated” is consistent with nonmodular views of the way
that symbol grounding might be achieved in situated systems. Indeed,
the traditional separation is viewed as unhelpful.
Chaotic dimensionality of hand movements define processing capacity by relational complexity
Authors: Nikolic Danko
Published: July 2002

Measurements of the dimensionality of chaotic attractors
obtained on behavioral data represent the task complexity and also
could be hypothesized to reflect the number of synchronized neural
groups involved in the generation of the data. The changes in
dimensionality for different experimental conditions suggest
that limited processing capacity, task complexity, demand, and
synchrony in neural firing might be closely related.
How do we see what is not there?
Authors: Spillmann Lothar , Werner John S.
Published: July 2002

Pessoa et al. provide a valuable taxonomy of perceptual
completion phenomena, but it is not yet clear whether these phenomena
are mediated by one kind of neural mechanism or more. We suggest three
possible neural mechanisms of long-range interaction to stimulate
further perceptual and neurophysiological investigation of perceptual
completion and filling-in.
The non-significance of straw man arguments
Authors: Waller Niels G. , Johnson Wesley O.
Published: July 2002

We demonstrate that Statistical significance (Chow
1996) includes straw man arguments against (1) effect size, (2)
meta-analysis, and (3) Bayesianism. We agree with the author that
in experimental designs, H0 “is the effect of chance
influences on the data-collection procedure . . . it says nothing
about the substantive hypothesis or its logical complement”
(Chow 1996, p. 41).
The gap between episodic memory and experiment: Can c-fos expression replace recognition testing?
Authors: Bures Jan , Fenton Andre A.
Published: July 2002

The effort to identify the neural substrate of episodic
recall, though ambitious, lacks experimental support. By considering
the data on c-fos activation by novel and familiar stimuli in
recognition studies, we illustrate how inadequate experimental designs
permit alternative interpretations. We stress that interpretation of
c-fos expression changes should be supported by adequate
recognition tests.
Jack and Jill have shifted spectra
Authors: Block Ned
Published: July 2002

There is reason to believe that people of different gender, race or age differ in spectra that are shifted relative to one another. Shifted spectra are not as dramatic as inverted spectra, but they can be used to make some of the same philosophical points.
Social and psychiatric implications of sex-differentials in aggression
Authors: Charlton Bruce G.
Published: July 2002

The same aggressive act will – all else being equal
– have a different behavioral significance according to whether
it is performed by a man or a woman. Such a perspective should have
profound implications for legal and psychiatric practice, and for
social policy in general.
Defending the young: Female aggression, resources, dominance, and the emptiness of patriarchy
Authors: Fox Robin
Published: July 2002

Points of criticism of the target include: the extreme
violence of females in defence of young despite high potential
cost, the reality of female dominance striving, differences in
male and female ritualization of aggression, the real existence
of institutionalized female instrumental aggression, and the
uselessness of “patriarchy” as defined as a category
for differential analysis. It is concluded that it may in fact be the
decline of patriarchy in the strict sense that leads to the female
use of exculpatory explanations for aggression, thus reversing
Campbell's proposed causal sequence.
Disorder of colour consciousness: The view from neuropsychology
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W. , Riddoch M. Jane
Published: July 2002

We discuss the difficulty of measuring the perceptual experience of colour, supporting Palmer's assertion that neuropsychological disorders of colour processing can be informative in this respect. We point out that some disorders seem to affect the perceptual experience of colour over and above the perceptual processing of colour, providing direct insights into the neural mechanisms supporting perceptual experience.
On the conjugacy and isomorphism problems for stabilizers of Lie group actions
Authors: GOLODETS VALENTIN YA. , SINEL'SHCHIKOV SERGEY D.
Published: July 2002

The spaces of subgroups and Lie subalgebras with the group actions by conjugations are considered for real Lie groups. Our approach allows one to apply the properties of algebraically regular transformation groups to finding the conditions when those actions turn out to be type I. It follows, in particular, that in this case the stability groups for all the ergodic actions of such groups are conjugate (for example when the stability groups are compact). The isomorphism of the stability groups for ergodic actions is also established under some assumptions. A number of examples of non-conjugate and non-isomorphic stability groups are presented.
Propriétés locales de l'espace des homéomorphismes de Brouwer
Authors: BONINO MARC
Published: July 2002

We consider in this paper the space of all orientation preserving and fixed point free homeomorphisms of the plane, endowed with the compact-open topology. Our main theorem asserts that this space is locally contractible. Then we give a new proof of the path connectedness. Finally, it is shown that the inclusion of this space into the space of all orientation preserving planar homeomorphisms induces the trivial map on the fundamental groups.
A genetic path planning algorithm for redundant articulated robots
Authors: Nearchou Andreas C. , Aspragathos Nikos A.
Published: July 2002

In some daily tasks, such as pick and place, the robot is requested to reach with its hand tip a desired target location while it is operating in its environment. Such tasks become more complex in environments cluttered with obstacles, since the constraint for collision-free movement must be also taken into account. This paper presents a new technique based on genetic algorithms (GAs) to solve the path planning problem of articulated redundant robot manipulators. The efficiency of the proposed GA is demonstrated through multiple experiments carried out on several robots with redundant degrees-of-freedom. Finally, the computational complexity of the proposed solution is estimated, in the worst case.
Debate:
Fiction in the archives: the York cause
papers as a source for later medieval social history
Authors: GOLDBERG P. J. P.
Published: July 2002

In a recent article Frederik Pedersen used the records of matrimonial

litigation from the York consistory, the principal Church court of the

province, during the fourteenth century to make a number of observations

concerning the relationship of these records to the society from which
they
were generated. He argued that ‘the medieval court documents do not

present a random sample illustrating trends in the surrounding society’

and that litigants tended to be disproportionately drawn on the one hand

from the upper echelons of society and on the other hand from locations

close to York itself. He has further suggested that the age structures
of
male and female deponents found within the surviving cause papers do
not fit the same model life tables and that this raises ‘further
doubts about
the representativeness of court documents as evidence of changing
patterns of lay behaviour’. In this article, I shall show that his
analysis is
based upon a flawed methodology, is marred by error, and is ultimately

mistaken. Pedersen's essential point in ‘Demography in the archives’,
as
outlined in the Abstract to the article, is that the people who appear
in the
court records are unrepresentative of society as a whole, and hence ‘that

the court records tell us more about the people who used the courts than

about trends in the society in which litigation arose’. My argument
is that
it is the very unrepresentativeness of the people and their cases that

provides us with a window into the society from which the cases arise.
I
shall suggest ways in which the York cause paper evidence can indeed be

used to illuminate broader social trends, but also suggest caveats as to
the
reading of individual causes.
ECAI-96 workshop on validation, verification and refinement of KBS: A
short report
Authors: ROUSSET MARIE-CHRISTINE , CRAW SUSAN
Published: July 2002

Ensuring reliability and enhancing quality of Knowledge Based Systems (KBS) are critical factors for their successful deployment in real-world applications. This is a broad task involving both methodological and formal approaches for designing rigorous Validation, Verification and Testing (VVT) methods and tools. Some of these can be adapted from conventional software engineering, while others rely on specific aspects of KBS.
BREAKING TRADITION: AN EXPLORATION OF THE HISTORICAL
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE IN SECOND LANGUAGE
TEACHING.Diane Musumeci. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. Pp. xiii + 142.
$24.07 paper.
Authors: Devine Joanne
Published: July 2002

In her engrossing account of the historical relationship between theory and practice in second
language teaching, Diane Musumeci observes that in the often contentious discussions about this
relationship “the one point on which almost everyone agrees is that scant evidence exists
to support any single, unified theory of language learning” (p. 3). In Breaking
Tradition: An Exploration of the Historical Relationship Between Theory and Practice in Second
Language Teaching, Musumeci convincingly argues that the claim that there has been no
consistent theory of second language teaching is not only ahistorical but has also discouraged
critical investigation of the ideas of tradition and innovation in the field.
The application of fuzzy neural network techniques in constructing
an adaptive car-following indicator
Authors: LU PAI-CHUAN
Published: July 2002

This paper proposes a fuzzy neural network (FNN)
based approach to construct an individual-oriented car-following
system. The feature of this system is firstly to incorporate
a personal risk-taking factor in addition to other mechanical
factors as the input parameters. Through the learning capability
of artificial network, the complex membership functions
between the input factors and the output (i.e., the appropriate
car-following headway) can be efficiently established,
and then the fuzzy logic rules can be properly constructed.
The performance of the FNN system is finally assessed against
the field data. The results are inspiring that the system
is proven capable of providing highly accurate predictions
of the required car-following headways from person to person
at various speeds. The success of this study provides some
clues of utilizing FNN techniques in exploring some individual-oriented
machines.