bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Apparatus during Preload Manipulation in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chung Hyemoon , Yoon Ji Hyun , Yoon Young Won , Chung Ji Young , Cha Jung‐Joon , Kim Jong‐Youn , Min Pil‐Ki , Lee Byoung‐Kwon , Hong Bum‐Kee , Rim Se‐Joong , Kwon Hyuck Moon , Choi Eui‐Young
Published: November 2014

Background

The three‐dimensional (3D) dynamic change of mitral geometry during preload manipulation has not been fully investigated. We investigated how preload manipulation affected the mitral apparatus geometry in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients using 3D echocardiography.

Methods and Results

Twenty five HCM patients, thirteen with obstructive HCM (HOCM) and twelve with nonobstructive HCM (HNCM), and six healthy controls were studied. Subjects underwent 3D echocardiography during rest, leg raising, the Valsalva maneuver, and the Valsalva maneuver after nitroglycerin intake (NTG‐Valsalva). Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) pressure gradients, mitral annular area, annular circumference, and the tenting volume of the mitral leaflets were measured. Standardized annular area significantly decreased during the NTG‐Valsalva maneuver in all 3 groups (▵2.23 mm2/m2 in control, P = 0.031; ▵0.46 mm2/m2 in HNCM, P = 0.012; ▵1.3 mm2/m2 in HOCM, P = 0.013). Standardized annular area decrease during the Valsalva maneuver alone was more prominent in HNCM patients (▵0.57 mm2/m2, P = 0.009) than HOCM patients (▵0.3 mm2/m2, P = 0.094). Standardized mitral tenting volume during the NTG‐Valsalva maneuver significantly decreased only in HOCM patients (▵1.18 mm3/m2, P = 0.046).

Conclusion

Decreased mitral annular area and changes in leaflets tenting volume during preload reduction might affect the development of LVOT obstruction. Our data suggest the importance of preserving the saddle‐shaped of the mitral annulus in management of HCM with LVOT obstruction.
Habitat size influences food web structure in drying streams
Authors: McHugh Peter A. , Thompson Ross M. , Greig Hamish S. , Warburton Helen J. , McIntosh Angus R.
Published: November 2014

Biodiversity in running waters is threatened by an increased severity and incidence of low‐flow extremes resulting from global climate change and a growing human demand for freshwater resources. Although it is unknown how and to what extent riverine communities will change in the face of these threats, considerable insight will be gained from efforts aimed at quantifying habitat size‐related controls on the trophic relationships among taxa in streams experiencing extreme flow loss. Here we report on a detailed space‐for‐time survey of replicate stream food webs sampled along the perennial‐ to‐drying continuum in each of fourteen different intermittent South Island, New Zealand streams. We quantified several structural attributes of food webs at fifty‐eight sites, including two taxonomically‐based metrics (web size, predator:prey ratio) and three stable isotope‐based metrics (food chain length [FCL], trophic area, δ13C range); we also quantified habitat size‐, disturbance‐, and resource‐related covariates at each site. Food web structure varied widely across sample sites within and across study streams and much of this variation was explained by habitat size. Consistent with our predictions, we found that food webs became smaller (ca 30 to ca 15 taxa, ca 20‐fold reduction in stable isotope‐based trophic area) and shorter (maximum trophic position [FCL] from 4.1 to 2.0, 25% reduction in predator:prey ratio) as we moved from the largest to smaller habitats. These results, and a comparison of our findings with those from a similar assessment conducted in perennial streams, suggest that there are perturbation thresholds which may trigger food web collapse when exceeded, and further imply that food webs may ultimately be ‘sized’ to minimum flows rather than average flow conditions. Our work provides a basis for making general predictions about how habitat contraction, and flow loss in particular, may affect communities and additionally provides insight on mechanisms warranting further attention.
Regional‐scale patterns of soil microbes and nematodes across grasslands on the Mongolian plateau: relationships with climate, soil, and plants
Authors: Chen Dima , Cheng Junhui , Chu Pengfei , Hu Shuijin , Xie Yichun , Tuvshintogtokh Indree , Bai Yongfei
Published: November 2014

Belowground communities exert major controls over the carbon and nitrogen balances of terrestrial ecosystems by regulating decomposition and nutrient availability for plants. Yet little is known about the patterns of belowground communities and their relationships with environmental factors, particularly at the regional scale where multiple environmental gradients co‐vary. Here, we describe the patterns of belowground communities (microbes and nematodes) and their relationships with environmental factors based on two parallel studies: a field survey with two regional‐scale transects across the Mongolia plateau and a water‐addition experiment in a typical steppe. In the field survey, soils and plants were collected across two large‐scale transects (a 2000‐km east–west transect and a 900‐km south–north transect). At the regional‐scale, the variations in soil microbes (e.g. bacterial PLFA, fungal PLFA, and F/B ratio) were mainly explained by precipitation and soil factors. In contrast, the variation in soil nematodes (e.g. density of trophic groups and the bacterial‐feeding/fungal‐feeding nematode ratio) were primarily explained by precipitation. These variations of microbe or nematode variables explained by environmental factors at regional scale were derived from different vegetation types. Along the gradient from nutrient‐poor to nutrient‐rich vegetation types, the total variation in soil microbes explained by precipitation increased and that explained by plant and soil decreased, while the opposite was true for soil nematodes. Experimental water addition, which increased rainfall by 30% during the growing season, increased biomass or density of belowground communities, with the nematodes being more responsive than the microbes. The different responses of soil microbial and nematode communities to environmental gradients at the regional scale likely reflect their different adaptations to climate, soil nutrients, and plants. Our findings suggest that the soil nematode and microbial communities are strongly controlled by bottom‐up effects of precipitation alone or in combination with soil conditions.
Acute myeloid leukemia in the pregnant patient
Authors: Thomas Xavier
Published: November 2014

Although acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mostly occurs in older patients, it could be seen in women of childbearing age. It is therefore not surprising that in some patients, the management of AML will be complicated by a coexistent pregnancy. However, the association of leukemia and pregnancy is uncommon. Its incidence is estimated to be 1 in 75 000–100 000 pregnancies. During pregnancy, most leukemias are acute: two‐thirds are myeloid and one‐third are lymphoblastic. There is no standard approach for this clinical dilemma, in part because of variables such as the type of AML, the seriousness of the symptoms, and the patient's personal beliefs. In many cases, the diagnostic workup has to be altered because of the pregnancy, and often available treatments have varying risks to the fetus. While chemotherapy is reported to have some risks during the first trimester, it is admitted that it can be administered safely during the second and the third trimesters.
Role of microorganisms in oceanic anoxic events (OAEs)
Authors: Pacton Muriel , Gorin Georges E.
Published: November 2014

The accumulation of organic matter (OM) during oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) that took place in the Mesozoic may reflect different biogeochemical pathways and feedbacks related to palaeoenvironmental changes. It originates from a combination of nutrient cycling, metal concentrations and position of the chemocline and/or pycnocline controlling biological production. Because ocean stagnation cannot induce euxinia, an expanded oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) associated with upwelling and improved hydrological cycles is more commonly accepted. In some depositional settings, it permitted the evolution of anoxia/dysoxia to euxinia (sulphidic waters). The latter is recorded by the presence of anoxygenic phototrophs and involved denitrification, anaerobic oxidation of methane and sulphate reduction. In order to better constrain different OAE palaeoenvironments, models are suggested here that show the evolution from main microbial communities thriving through the water column to bacterial and more complex microbial mats. Therefore, microbial processes have a key role in OM production and metabolization. They directly influence the position of the chemocline. Detailed study of the OM preserved in black shales will be key to understanding OAEs.
Adolf Seilacher's fossil record
Authors: Briggs Derek E.G.
Published: November 2014

Adolf (Dolf) Seilacher, who died earlier this year at the age of 89, was a major figure in palaeontology on both sides of the Atlantic. His interests were diverse, including trace fossils, the processes involved in exceptional preservation, and the evolution of invertebrate morphology. But it is for his views on the nature of the extraordinary fossils of the Ediacaran that he is perhaps best known. His ideas—compelling and provocative—will continue to stimulate research for years to come, not least through the wide use of his terminology (e.g. Lagerstätten, morphodynamics, constructional morphology, vendobiont).
Estimation of crispness and consumer acceptance of fried potato chips by mechanical and acoustic measurements
Authors: Kwak Han Sub , Chang Yoon Hyuk , Lee Youngseung
Published: November 2014

Fried potato chips retaining various moisture contents (MCs) (2.21–9.20%) were analysed to estimate the intensity of crispness and consumer acceptance by texture and acoustic measurements. The MC of the chips was highly correlated with the mechanical maximum force (MMF) in the texture measurement, total area (MTA) and number of sound peaks (NSP) in the acoustic measurement. The intensities of crispness and consumer acceptance decreased as the MC of potato chips increased. For the predictive models established, the combined use of mechanical and acoustic parameters was shown to better predict sensory crispness intensity [R2 = 0.975, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.138] and consumer overall liking (R2 = 0.966, RMSEP = 0.111) than either parameter alone. Based on the instrumental‐sensory crispness equivalent table established, the estimated values of the MTA were below 71.24, while the NSP should be above 22.81 to meet ‘slightly like’ category of consumer acceptance.
Perspectives on global nursing leadership: international experiences from the field
Authors: Buckner E.B. , Anderson D.J. , Garzon N. , Hafsteinsdóttir T.B. , Lai C.K.Y. , Roshan R.
Published: November 2014

Aim

Nursing leaders from six countries engaged in a year‐long discussion on global leadership development. The purpose of these dialogues was to strengthen individual and collective capacity as nursing leaders in a global society. Field experiences in practice and education were shared. Perspectives on global leadership can strengthen nurses' contributions to practice, workplace and policy issues worldwide.

Background

Transformational leadership empowers nurses' increasing confidence. Mentoring is needed to stimulate leadership development but this is lacking in many settings where nurses practice, teach and influence policy. Organizations with global mission provide opportunity for nurses' professional growth in leadership through international dialogues.

Procedures

Dialogues among participants were held monthly by conference calls or videoconferences. Example stories from each participant illustrated nursing leadership in action. From these exemplars, concepts were chosen to create a framework. Emerging perspectives and leadership themes represented all contexts of practice, education, research and policy. The cultural context of each country was reflected in the examples.

Results

Themes emerged that crossed global regions and countries. Themes were creativity, change, collaboration, community, context and courage.

Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

Relationships initially formed in professional organizations can be extended to intentionally facilitate global nursing leadership development. Exemplars from the dialogues demonstrated nursing leadership in health policy development within each cultural context. Recommendations are given for infrastructure development in organizations to enhance future collaborations.
Contrasting reproductive strategies of triploid hybrid males in vertebrate mating systems
Authors: Pruvost N. B. M. , Mikulíček P. , Choleva L. , Reyer H.‐U.
Published: November 2014

The scarcity of parthenogenetic vertebrates is often attributed to their ‘inferior’ mode of clonal reproduction, which restricts them to self‐reproduce their own genotype lineage and leaves little evolutionary potential with regard to speciation and evolution of sexual reproduction. Here, we show that for some taxa, such uniformity does not hold. Using hybridogenetic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus) as a model system, we demonstrate that triploid hybrid males from two geographic regions exhibit very different reproductive modes. With an integrative data set combining field studies, crossing experiments, flow cytometry and microsatellite analyses, we found that triploid hybrids from Central Europe are rare, occur in male sex only and form diploid gametes of a single clonal lineage. In contrast, triploid hybrids from north‐western Europe are widespread, occur in both sexes and produce recombined haploid gametes. These differences translate into contrasting reproductive roles between regions. In Central Europe, triploid hybrid males sexually parasitize diploid hybrids and just perpetuate their own genotype – which is the usual pattern in parthenogens. In north‐western Europe, on the other hand, the triploid males are gamete donors for diploid hybrids, thereby stabilizing the mixed 2n‐3n hybrid populations. By demonstrating these contrasting roles in male reproduction, we draw attention to a new significant evolutionary potential for animals with nonsexual reproduction, namely reproductive plasticity.
Pilot Testing an Internet‐Based STI and HIV Prevention Intervention With Chilean Women
Authors: Villegas Natalia , Santisteban Daniel , Cianelli Rosina , Ferrer Lilian , Ambrosia Todd , Peragallo Nilda , Lara Loreto
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is high among young Chilean women, and there are no STI or HIV prevention interventions available to them that incorporate technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preliminary efficacy of an Internet‐based STI and HIV prevention intervention (I‐STIPI) for Chilean young women on measures of STI‐ and HIV‐related information, motivation, behavioral skills, and preventive behaviors.

Design

This is a pretest‐posttest study. Forty young Chilean women between 18 and 24 years of age participated in an investigation of the I‐STIPI's preliminary efficacy on STI and HIV prevention‐related outcomes between baseline and a postintervention assessment. The intervention consisted of four online modules. Data collection was conducted in Santiago, Chile. Paired‐samples t test analysis was used to determine whether there were significant differences in each of the outcome variables.

Findings

After receiving I‐STIPI, women reported a significant increase in levels of STI‐ and HIV‐related knowledge, attitudes toward the use of condoms and perceived self‐efficacy, and a reduction of risky sexual behaviors with uncommitted partners.

Conclusions

The I‐STIPI showed promise as an Internet‐based intervention that can reduce barriers to accessing preventive interventions and increase STI and HIV preventive behaviors in young Chilean women.

Clinical Relevance

The study provided important information about the ability of an Internet‐based intervention to reduce young women's risk factors and to provide positive preliminary efficacy on STI‐ and HIV‐related outcomes. Internet‐based interventions can eliminate many barriers to receiving prevention interventions and may prove to be cost effective.
Advances in 3D cell culture technologies enabling tissue‐like structures to be created in vitro
Authors: Knight Eleanor , Przyborski Stefan
Published: November 2014

Research in mammalian cell biology often relies on developing in vitro models to enable the growth of cells in the laboratory to investigate a specific biological mechanism or process under different test conditions. The quality of such models and how they represent the behavior of cells in real tissues plays a critical role in the value of the data produced and how it is used. It is particularly important to recognize how the structure of a cell influences its function and how co‐culture models can be used to more closely represent the structure of real tissue. In recent years, technologies have been developed to enhance the way in which researchers can grow cells and more readily create tissue‐like structures. Here we identify the limitations of culturing mammalian cells by conventional methods on two‐dimensional (2D) substrates and review the popular approaches currently available that enable the development of three‐dimensional (3D) tissue models in vitro. There are now many ways in which the growth environment for cultured cells can be altered to encourage 3D cell growth. Approaches to 3D culture can be broadly categorized into scaffold‐free or scaffold‐based culture systems, with scaffolds made from either natural or synthetic materials. There is no one particular solution that currently satisfies all requirements and researchers must select the appropriate method in line with their needs. Using such technology in conjunction with other modern resources in cell biology (e.g. human stem cells) will provide new opportunities to create robust human tissue mimetics for use in basic research and drug discovery. Application of such models will contribute to advancing basic research, increasing the predictive accuracy of compounds, and reducing animal usage in biomedical science.
Keep on brushing: a longitudinal study of motivational text messaging in young adults aged 18–24 years receiving Work and Income Support
Authors: Schluter Philip , Lee Martin , Hamilton Greg , Coe Gill , Messer‐Perkins Heather , Smith Belinda
Published: November 2014

Objectives

Using text messaging, underpinned by the Health Belief Model, this study aimed to improve tooth brushing frequencies among unemployed young adults aged 18–24 years.

Methods

Set within Work and Income's Linwood Community Link office (one Christchurch branch of the New Zealand Government's employment and beneficiary services), unemployed young adults aged 18–24 years with access to a mobile phone were recruited using either a purpose‐built computer kiosk or Work and Income's Facebook site. Participants completed a baseline survey and then received and responded to a series of motivational text messages over 10 weeks. Self‐reported tooth brushing frequency was the primary outcome variable. Important socio‐demographic (age, gender, ethnicity, employment status) and method‐specific (level of attrition, distribution of successful text messages deliveries, active withdrawal) variables were also collected. Longitudinal analyses of these responses employed generalized estimating equation (GEE) models.

Results

Four hundred and three registered for the trial, of whom 171 (42%) were eligible. Self‐reported tooth brushing twice or more per day increased from 51% at baseline to 70% at week 3, 74% at week 6, and 73% at week 9 – an increase significant in crude (P < 0.001) and adjusted (P < 0.001) GEE analyses. No important differences were noted between age, gender, or ethnic groups, although attrition was relatively high with only 26% participating by week 9. However, no evidence of differential attrition was observed.

Conclusions

Invention through motivational text messaging improved the measured oral health self‐care behavior in a hard‐to‐reach group carrying a disproportionately heavy oral health burden. This intervention warrants further investigation.
Relationship of Body Size to Metabolic Markers and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Cats
Authors: Freeman L.M. , Rush J.E. , Feugier A. , van Hoek I.
Published: November 2014

Background

Cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are larger and have higher insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentrations than cats withoutHCM.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess echocardiographic findings in a colony of adult cats to determine the relationship between early growth and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).

Animals

Twenty‐eight neutered adult cats (20 males, 8 females) from a colony ≥3 years of age for which growth curves were available.

Methods

Case–control study. Physical examination and echocardiography were performed, and body weight, body condition score (BCS), and head length and width were measured. Circulating glucose, insulin, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), andIGF‐1 concentrations were measured and growth data were collected. Stepwise multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

Mean age was 5.2 ± 1.1 years. CurrentBCSs ranged from 4 to 9 (median, 6) and mean body weight was 4.88 ± 1.29 kg. Variation in body weight was apparent by 6 (mean = 3.26 ± 0.80 kg) and 12 months of age (mean = 4.02 ± 1.02 kg). Cardiac abnormalities included a cardiac murmur (n = 7; 24%), gallop (n = 3; 10%), and arrhythmia (n = 1; 4%). Fourteen of 28 cats (50%) had echocardiographic evidence ofLVH. Head width (P = .017), body weight (P < .001),NT‐proBNP(P = .023), andIGF‐1 (P = .013–.022) were significantly associated with selected measures ofLVH.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Potential associations between body size,IGF‐1,LVH, andHCMwarrant future prospective studies.
A Comparison of L2–L2 and L2–Heritage Learner Interactions in Spanish Language Classrooms
Authors: Bowles Melissa A. , Adams Rebecca J. , Toth Paul D.
Published: November 2014

Conversational interaction studies have typically focused either on second language (L2) learners participating in native speaker–nonnative speaker (NS–NNS) dyads or in NNS–NNS dyads. This study analyzes the task‐based interactions of 26 naturally occurring learner dyads in an intermediate‐level, university Spanish language classroom, 13 of which were matched L2 learner dyads and 13 of which were mixed L2 learner–heritage learner (HL) dyads. Specifically, the study compared the two dyad types to determine whether they differed in their focus on form or in the amount of talk produced during interaction. Results revealed that the two types of dyads were largely similar, although instances of focus on form were more likely to be resolved in a target‐like way by mixed L2–HL pairs than by matched L2–L2 pairs, and there was significantly more target language talk in mixed pairs. Interestingly, L2 learners used the target language significantly more with HL learners than they did with other L2 learners, suggesting that different conversational norms may be at play in the two pair types. Furthermore, posttask questionnaire data indicated that L2 and HL learners alike saw the interaction as a greater opportunity for the L2 learner's development than for the HL learner's, calling into question whether classroom contexts like this one meet the needs of HL learners.
From High School to theNoviciado: An Adolescent Linguistic Minority Student's Multilingual Journey in Writing
Authors: Kibler Amanda K.
Published: November 2014

This five‐year longitudinal case study explores a linguistic minority student's experiences learning to write during high school and in a postsecondarynoviciado(novitiate) program in a bilingual Catholic institute to understand how features of an English‐medium high school experience supported and/or hindered writing development and transitions to a bilingual postsecondary setting. Writing samples, interviews, and observations were analyzed using Ivaniĉ's (2004) multilayered view of language, insights from sociocultural (Moje & Lewis, 2007; Lantolf, 2000) and biliterate (Hornberger, 2002, 2003) theories of language and literacy, and Schleppegrell's (2004) genre classification of written texts. Findings suggest that the student's English‐medium high school encompassed a range of oral and informal bilingual practices in support of writing, and her development and transition from secondary to postsecondary schooling was facilitated not by a match in written genres, languages, or expectations found in the two settings but by the development of L2 literacy skills during high school (facilitated by interactions with bilingual and monolingual texts and individuals) that she drew upon to cope with the new demands of her novitiate program.
Bradycardia in perspective—not all reductions in heart rate need immediate intervention
Authors: Mason Keira P. , Lönnqvist Per‐Arne
Published: November 2014

According to Wikipedia, the word ‘bradycardia’ stems from the Greek βραδύς, bradys, ‘slow’, and καρδία, kardia, ‘heart’. Thus, the meaning of bradycardia is slow heart rate but not necessarily too slow heart rate. If looking at top endurance athletes they may have a resting heart rate in the very low thirties without needing emergent intervention with anticholinergics, isoprenaline, epinephrine, chest compressions or the insertion of an emergency pacemaker (Figure 1). In fact, they withstand these episodes without incident, accommodating with a compensatory increase in stroke volume to preserve and maintain cardiac output. With this in mind, it is difficult for the authors to fully understand and agree with the general sentiment amongst many pediatric anesthesiologists that all isolated bradycardia portends impending doom and must be immediately treated with resuscitative measures.
The relationship between patient object relations and the therapeutic alliance in a naturalistic psychotherapy sample
Authors: Errázuriz Paula , Constantino Michael J. , Calvo Esteban
Published: November 2014

Objectives

This study examined the relationship between patients' object relations and interpersonal process in psychotherapy. Namely, we tested the hypothesis that the quality of patients' object relations is positively associated with both patient‐ and therapist‐rated alliance quality.

Design

Psychotherapy was administered naturalistically, with quantitative data collection before and during treatment.

Methods

Participants included 73 adult outpatients and 23 therapists at two mental health clinics. Using the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, we measured four dimensions of patients' object relations at baseline—alienation, insecure attachment, egocentricity, and social incompetence. Using the Working Alliance Inventory, we measured alliance from patient and therapist perspectives. Control variables included time, patient demographics, symptom severity, and clinic. We employed hierarchical linear modelling to analyse data with a nested structure, with 138 sessions at Level 1, 73 patients at Level 2, and 23 therapists at Level 3.

Results

Patient alienation and insecure attachment were associated with lower patient‐rated alliance, while egocentricity was associated with higher patient‐rated alliance. Patients' object relations were not significantly associated with therapist‐rated alliance. On average, patients perceived the alliance more positively than their therapists, with a weak positive correlation between the alliance perspectives.

Conclusions

The results suggest that object relation dimensions may be important patient characteristics for forecasting therapeutic relationship quality. They also call for more attention to differences between alliance rating perspectives.

Practitioner points

Treatment may benefit from more attention to the quality of patients' object relations.

If patients present with high levels of alienation and insecure attachment, therapists may need to pay especially close attention to the therapeutic alliance, and prudently address any ruptures in its quality.

When monitoring the alliance quality, it is important to consider that patients and therapists may have different perspectives. Therapists relying solely on their own perceptions are at risk of missing alliance difficulties, and patients' object relations may be uniquely predictive of their own sense of the alliance. Therefore, it may be helpful to ask patients in session and through standardized measures for feedback on how they perceive the goals and tasks of treatment and the emotional bond with their therapist. Again, any alliance tensions could then be addressed directly as a means to maintaining engagement in the service of better outcome.
The suppression of AtPrx52 affects fibers but not xylem lignification in Arabidopsis by altering the proportion of syringyl units
Authors: Fernández‐Pérez Francisco , Pomar Federico , Pedreño María A. , Novo‐Uzal Esther
Published: November 2014

Lignins result from the oxidative polymerization of three hydroxycinnamyl (p‐coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl) alcohols in a reaction mediated by peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) and laccases (EC 1.10.3.2), yielding H, G and S units, respectively. Although both acidic and basic peroxidases can oxidize p‐coumaryl and coniferyl alcohol, only basic peroxidases are able to oxidize sinapyl alcohol. The AtPrx52 from Arabidopsis is a basic peroxidase that has been reported to be highly homologous to the basic peroxidase of Zinnia elegans, the only peroxidase which has been unequivocally linked to lignin formation. Here, we show how the suppression of AtPrx52 causes a change in lignin composition, mainly at the level of stem interfascicular fibers. Quantification of lignins in two different atprx52 knock‐out mutants revealed a decrease of lignin amount compared with wild type. The S/G ratio, obtained by both nitrobenzene oxidation and thioacidolysis, indicated a decrease in S units in the atprx52 mutants. As deduced from Wiesner and mainly Mäule staining, this reduction in S unit content appears to be restricted to the interfascicular fibers. Moreover, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in atprx52 plants showed a general downregulation of genes involved in lignin biosynthetic pathway, as well as genes related to secondary cell wall. On the other hand, other routes from phenylpropanoid metabolism were induced. Taken together, our results indicate that AtPrx52 is involved in the synthesis of S units in interfascicular fibers at late stages of the lignification process.
Belief System Continuity and Change in Policy Advocacy Coalitions: Using Cultural Theory to Specify Belief Systems, Coalitions, and Sources of Change
Authors: Jenkins‐Smith Hank , Silva Carol L. , Gupta Kuhika , Ripberger Joseph T.
Published: November 2014

This paper evaluates the prospects for application of the “grid/group” cultural theory (CT), as advanced by Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky, to the Advocacy Coalition Theory (ACF). CT would seem to be relevant to several key aspects of the ACF: the content of the core beliefs that provide the “glue” that binds coalitions; the resilience of core beliefs and associated implications for belief change and learning; and the structure of coalitions and the mechanisms for coordination and control within them. The paper considers the compatibility of the ACF's account of deep core beliefs and coalition structure with that of CT; surveys an array of empirical studies based on variations of CT; and extends accounts of change in cultural identities from CT to the ACF. In addition, we highlight some of the ways in which the ACF may offer important theoretical insights for scholars of CT, potentially clarifying hypotheses concerning the relationships among basic worldviews, more specific beliefs, and behaviors.
Exploring the Contributions of Cultural Theory for Improving Public Deliberation about Complex Policy Problems
Authors: Ney Steven , Verweij Marco
Published: November 2014

In this article, we argue that theCulturalTheory pioneered byMaryDouglas can help resolve two pressing issues in the study and practice of public deliberation. The first of these issues concerns how best to structure deliberative processes (or “minipublics”) that have increasingly been implemented around the world. We useCulturalTheory's analysis of social relations to derive a hypothesis concerning the ideal design of minipublics, and outline research strategies to test the hypothesis. The second issue pertains to scaling out minipublics. We describeJohnDryzek's andSimonNiemeyer's influential proposal for deploying discourses to make public deliberation more representative, and discuss the limits of their proposal. Furthermore, we show howCulturalTheory's analysis of people's cultural biases (i.e., collectively shared perceptions, beliefs and norms) may help overcome these limits and how the design of minipublics can generate trust in and legitimacy of public deliberation.
Stress following extinction learning leads to a context‐dependent return of fear
Authors: Hamacher‐Dang Tanja C. , Merz Christian J. , Wolf Oliver T.
Published: November 2014

It has been suggested that extinction‐based therapy benefits from administration of the stress hormone cortisol. However, it is unclear whether similar effects can be obtained by inducing stress instead of administering cortisol, and whether the effects also persist if memory is tested in a different context (renewal test) or after exposure to an aversive stimulus (reinstatement). The present study therefore applied a fear conditioning (context A, day 1) and extinction (context B, day 2) paradigm in healthy men. After fear extinction, participants were exposed to a stress or control procedure (n = 20 each). Fear retrieval was tested in contexts A and B on day 3. Postextinction stress increased skin conductance responses to the extinguished stimulus in the retrieval and reinstatement test especially in the acquisition context. The context‐dependent return of fear may reflect enhancing effects of stress on the consolidation of contextual cues.
Simultaneous acquisition of functional magnetic resonance images and impedance cardiography
Authors: Cieslak Matthew , Ryan William S. , Macy Alan , Kelsey Robert M. , Cornick Jessica E. , Verket Marlo , Blascovich Jim , Grafton Scott
Published: November 2014

While simultaneous acquisition of electrocardiography (ECG) data during MRI is a widely used clinical technique, the effects of the MRI environment on impedance cardiography (ICG) data have not been characterized. We collected echo planar MRI scans while simultaneously recording ECG and thoracic impedance using carbon fiber electrodes and customized amplifiers. Here, we show that the key changes in impedance (dZ/dt) and features of the ECG waveforms are not obstructed during MRI. We present a method for ensemble averaging ICG/ECG signals collected during MRI and show that it performs comparably with signals collected outside the MRI environment. These results indicate that ICG can be used during MRI to measure stroke volume, cardiac output, preejection period, and left ventricular ejection time.
Immune‐ and Ribosome‐Related Genes were Associated with Systemic Vasculitis
Authors: Gan S. J. , Ye B. , Qian S. X. , Zhang C. , Mao J. Q. , Li K. , Tang J. D.
Published: November 2014

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of systemic vasculitis via bioinformatics analysis. Gene express profile of E‐GEOD‐16945 (13 Takayasu arteritis samples and 13 control samples) was downloaded from European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between Takayasu arteritis and normal controls (|log FC| > 1). Basic local alignment search tool (BLASTX) was used for the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) classification of DEGs. Gene ontology analysis was performed for the DEGs (P < 0.05). A gene expression network was built with DEGs. Mcode in Cytoscape software was used to extract modules from the network (degree ≥ 2, K‐core ≥ 2 and adjusted P‐value < 0.05) followed by pathway analysis using GenMAPP (false discovery rate < 0.05). A total of 747 DEGs were identified. There were 16 significant GO function terms enriched with DEGs, of which immune and defence response was the most significant GO term. Totally, three modules were extracted from gene expression network, including one module constituted with upregulated genes and two modules constituted with downregulated genes. Furthermore, human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DRB1, HLA‐DPA1, HLA‐DPB1, HLA‐DOA and HLA‐DRA in the downregulated modules were significantly linked to immune‐related pathways (intestinal immune network for IgA production and systemic lupus erythematosus pathways), while ribosomal protein L 31 (RPL31), RPS3A and RPL9 in the upregulated module were enriched in ribosome pathway. The immune‐related pathways, ribosome pathway, immune‐related genes including (HLA‐DRB1, HLA‐DPA1, HLA‐DPB1, HLA‐DOA and HLA‐DRA) and ribosome‐related genes (RPL31, RPS3A and RPL9) might be involved in systemic vasculitis.
Characterization of Complementary Determinant Region 3δ in Human MutS Homologue 2‐Specific γδ T Cells
Authors: Chen H. , Ji X. , Cui L. , Zhang J. , He W.
Published: November 2014

γδT cells function as sentinels in early host responses to infections and malignancies. Previously, we found ectopically expressed human MutS homologue 2 (hMSH2), recognized by γδT cells, triggered a γδT cell‐mediated cytolysis to tumor cells. However, the characteristics of hMSH2‐specific γδ Τ cells are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the complementary determinant region (CDR) 3δ diversity of hMSH2‐specific γδ T cells. We found that the CDR3δ sequences of hMSH2‐specific γδ T cells displayed limited diversity, while the length and germline gene usage showed no differences compared with whole CDR3δ immune repertoire. There are more hydrophilic amino acids in P/N insert of hMSH2‐specific γδ T cells including the more conserved amino acid at the position 97. Our results offer clues to understanding antigen recognition pattern of γδ T cells to stress‐induced hMSH2 of tumor cells and also the mechanism of γδT cell‐mediated tumor immune surveillance.
Argument Ellipsis in Javanese and Voice Agreement
Authors: Sato Yosuke
Published: November 2014

Argument ellipsis in Javanese exhibits a subject‐object asymmetry with respect to sloppy/quantificational interpretations. Adopting the LF‐Copy theory of null arguments developed in Japanese and Turkish (Oku 1998, Takahashi 2008a, b, Şener and Takahashi 2010), I argue that this asymmetry falls out from the dyadic voice agreement system in Javanese where a single DP is specifically picked up by voice prefixes on v to mark the Actor‐Topic or Theme‐Topic alignments. I show that this agreement blocks the LF‐Copy process from targeting empty subject positions. This result suggests that voice agreement is to be included in the general theory of agreement, together with φ‐agreement.
Formulation of Influence of Machine Geometric Errors on Five-Axis On-Machine Scanning Measurement by Using a Laser Displacement Sensor
Authors: Ibaraki Soichi , Kimura Yoshihiro , Nagai Yu , Nishikawa Shizuo
Published: November 2014

For on-machine measurement of workpiece position, orientation, and geometry on machine tools, five-axis continuous (scanning) measurement by using a laser displacement sensor has a strong advantage in its efficiency, compared to conventional discrete measurement using a touch-triggered contact probe. In any on-machine measurement schemes, major contributors to their measurement uncertainty are error motions of the machine tool itself. This paper formulates the influence of geometric errors of rotary axis average lines on the measurement uncertainty of the five-axis on-machine measurement by using a laser displacement sensor. To validate the present simulator, experimental comparison of measured and simulated trajectories is conducted on five-axis on-machine measurement of a precision sphere of the precalibrated geometry. For total 28 paths measured on the spherical surface, an error in the simulated trajectories from measured trajectories (properly low-pass filtered) was at maximum 5 μm. Uncertainty assessment demonstration for more practical application example of a turbine blade measurement is also presented.
Toward the Control of the EP3D Printed Surface
Authors: Rojas Arciniegas Alvaro J. , Esterman Marcos , Cockburn Juan C.
Published: November 2014

The extension of electrophotographic (EP) printing into the additive manufacturing space has been seen as a natural step for this technology; however, the self-insulating nature of the process has prevented the creation of structures beyond a limited number of layers where surface defects are evident. This paper examines two control strategies for EP-based three-dimensional (EP3D) printing that minimize the surface defects to obtain the accurate reproduction of the intended 3D geometry. The strategies rely not on material deposition control but rather on progressively compensating layer after layer for irregularities forming on the surface. This represents an important step toward the development and future commercialization of EP3D printing.
Equivalent Linkages and Dead Center Positions of Planar Single-Degree-of-Freedom Complex Linkages
Authors: Wang Jun , Ting Kwun-Lon , Zhao Daxing
Published: November 2014

This paper proposes a simple and general approach for the identification of the dead center positions of single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) complex planar linkages. This approach is implemented through the first order equivalent four-bar linkages. The first order kinematic properties of a complex planar linkage can be represented by their instant centers. The condition for the occurrence of a dead center position of a single-DOF planar linkage can be designated as when the three passive instantaneous joints of any equivalent four-bar linkage become collinear. By this way, the condition for the complex linkage at the dead center positions can be easily obtained. The proposed method is a general concept and can be systematically applied to analyze the dead center positions for more complex single-DOF planar linkages regardless of the number of kinematic loops or the type of the kinematic pairs involved. The velocity method for the dead center analysis is also used to verify the results. The proposed method extends the application of equivalent linkage and is presented for the first time. It paves a novel and straightforward way to analyze the dead center positions for single-DOF complex planar linkages. Examples of some complex planar linkages are employed to illustrate this method in this paper.
Optical properties of pseudomorphic Ge1−xSnx (x = 0 to 0.11) alloys on Ge(001)
Authors: Medikonda Manasa , Muthinti Gangadhara R. , Vasić Relja , Adam Thomas N. , Reznicek Alexander , Wormington Matthew , Malladi Girish , Kim Yihwan , Huang Yi-Chiau , Diebold Alain C.
Published: November 2014

The characterization of the optical properties of pseudomorphic Ge1−xSnx/Ge/Si (x = 0 to 0.11) alloys from the IR to UV is presented. The Ge1−xSnx alloys were epitaxially grown on relaxed Ge grown on Si. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and RBS ion channeling methods were used to confirm the Sn composition and substitutional nature of the Sn into the Ge lattice. The pseudomorphic nature of the Ge1−xSnx on Ge is confirmed using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and transmission electron microscopy. Although HRXRD reciprocal space maps indicated that the Ge1−xSnx was pseudomorphic to Ge, the shape of the Bragg peaks indicated that the sample surface was rough. The rough surface morphology is confirmed using atomic force microscopy. The complex dielectric function is reported in the IR, visible, and UV spectrum in the wavelength range of 0.2–5.06 eV. The E1, E1 + Δ1, E2, and E0 critical points are extracted using second and third derivative line shape fitting and are compared with the elastic theory calculations of strained Ge1−xSnx (x = 0 to 0.11) alloys and fully relaxed Ge1−xSnx (x = 0 to 0.11) alloys. The E0 critical point energies are observed to have slightly larger values than those calculated for completely relaxed Ge1−xSnx alloys due to the presence of compressive strain.
Experimental measurements of telecentricity errors in high-numerical-aperture extreme ultraviolet mask images
Authors: Raghunathan Sudharshanan , Wood Obert R. , Mangat Pawitter , Verduijn Erik , Philipsen Vicky , Hendrickx Eric , Jonckheere Rik , Goldberg Kenneth A. , Benk Markus P. , Kearney Patrick , Levinson Zachary , Smith Bruce W.
Published: November 2014

Nontelecentric illumination in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography leads to pattern shifts through focus called telecentricity errors. As the industry moves toward finer pitch structures and higher numerical apertures (NA) to improve resolution, the effects of telecentricity errors become more significant. These telecentricity errors are dependent on pattern pitch, pattern type, lens aberrations, mask stack, to name a few. In this paper, a novel technique to measure telecentricity errors using EUV mask images from an actinic mask inspection tool, called the SEMATECH High NA Actinic Reticle Review Project (SHARP) is presented. SHARP is SEMATECH's second generation actinic mask imaging tool developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The SHARP can image masks at different numerical aperture settings, even beyond the currently available scanner NA of 0.33 (high-NA EUV) and also has a set of programmable illuminator choices. A tuned multilayer EUV mask blank was fabricated with test structures optimized for imaging on SHARP. The test structures were designed to cover a variety of critical dimensions and pitches. The mask design was fabricated on a tuned multilayer blank optimized for NA > 0.4. The mask was fabricated at Advanced Mask Technology Center and imaged on the SHARP. SHARP images were analyzed in software customized for edge position extraction of features. Pattern shifts through focus were calculated for a variety of pitches under different NA and illumination settings. The results show a monotonic increase in pattern shifts as NA increases. Also, at a given NA, the pattern shift is dependent on pattern pitch. The paper provides a detailed discussion on the experiment setup, analysis of the results and applicability of these results to high volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices using production EUV scanners.
Isolated Hamstrings Fatigue Alters Hip and Knee Joint Coordination during a Cutting Maneuver
Authors: Samaan Michael A. , Hoch Matthew C. , Ringleb Stacie I. , Bawab Sebastian , Weinhandl Joshua T.
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hamstrings fatigue on lower extremity joint coordination variability during a sidestep cutting maneuver. Twenty female recreational athletes performed five successful trials of a sidestep cutting task preand postfatigue. Each participant completed an isolated hamstrings fatigue protocol consisting of isokinetic maximum effort knee flexion and passive extension contractions. Vector coding was used to examine hip and knee joint couplings (consisting of various planar motions) during the impact and weight acceptance phases of the sidestep cut stance phase. Paired t tests were used to analyze differences of each phase as an effect of fatigue, where alpha was set a priori at .05. The hip rotation/knee rotation coupling exhibited a significant decrease in coordination variability as a function of fatigue in both the impact (P = .015) and weight acceptance phases (P = .043). Similarly, the hip adduction-abduction/knee rotation coupling exhibited a significant decrease in coordination variability in the weight acceptance phase (P = .038). Hamstrings fatigue significantly decreased coordination variability within specific lower extremity joint couplings that included knee rotation. Future studies should be conducted to determine if this decrease in coordination variability is related to lower extremity injury mechanisms.