bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Datação absoluta por luminescência do Alogrupo Alto Rio Paraná (SP, PR e MS)
Authors: Sallun Alethea Ernandes Martins , Suguio Kenitiro
Published: November 2013

O Alogrupo Alto Rio Paraná é uma unidade estratigráfica de idade quaternária, que ocorre na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Rio Paraná (SP, PR e MS), constituída de depósitos sedimentares de origem coluvial da Aloformação Paranavaí e aluvial da Aloformação Paraná. Esses depósitos foram datados por Termoluminescência (TL) e Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE), que indicaram idades absolutas deposicionais entre 6.200±750 e 980.000±100.000 anos A.P. para a Alofomação Paranavaí, e 14.000±2.000 e 240.000±30.000 anos A.P. para a Aloformação Paraná. As idades obtidas mostram que o Alto Rio Paraná está ativo, no mínimo, desde cerca de 1 Ma até os dias atuais, atuando no afeiçoamento do relevo por processos construtivos (terraços) e destrutivos (dissecação). Os eventos que propiciaram essa sedimentação possivelmente testemunharam mudanças paleoclimáticas e/ou atividades neotectônicas, que causaram flutuações nos níveis de base com conseqüentes transformações do relevo.
O uso de sistema de informações geográficas na priorização de áreas para aproveitamento mineral de saibro em áreas degradadas, Ubatuba, SP
Authors: FERREIRA Cláudio José , FERNANDES DA SILVA Paulo César
Published: November 2013

No município de Ubatuba existem 116 áreas degradadas pela mineração, que foram avaliadas e classificadas por meio de um Índice de Aproveitamento Mineral desenvolvido no Sistema de Informações Geográficas SPRING. O referido índice leva em consideração variáveis topográficas e variáveis relativas a restrições de uso e ocupação do solo e legais. Os resultados mostram a classificação de seis áreas como sendo de muito alto potencial para aproveitamento e 35 com potenciais de alto a médio. Na primeira etapa de avaliação, o cálculo de volume de material disponível foi efetuado de forma semi-automática por meio de rotina computacional existente no programa SPRING. Em seguida foram aplicados critérios para correção do volume total calculado, que incluíram: a) correção da geometria das curvas de nível desatualizadas; b) índices numéricos atribuídos a restrições sociais e legais e obtidas por meio de operações topológicas. Os resultados foram divididos em cinco intervalos numéricos do Índice de Aproveitamento Mineral que indicam áreas prioritárias para a implantação de lavras de saibro, promovendo de um lado a elaboração e custeio de planos de recuperação de áreas já degradadas, e de outro, o atendimento da demanda local de saibro sem a necessidade de abertura de novas frentes de lavra em áreas melhor preservadas.
A Defence of Urban "Reform"
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: November 2013

In an article recently published in this journal, Jon Caulfield argued that "reform" is an inappropriate label to describe Toronto civic politics in the 1970s.1 He contends that the so-called reformers in fact represented very different social groups, with middle-class interests differing markedly from those of the working poor and welfare poor. These groups and their representatives came together on some issues, notably in their opposition to the Spadina Expressway. On many other issues, however, they found themselves divided rather than united, and in general the interests of the middle class prevailed.
Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto
Authors: Lemon James
Published: November 2013

On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.
The Reproduction of Labour and Capital
Authors: Morris Robert J.
Published: November 2013

Abrstract: Urbanization in both Britain and Canada during the 19th century was associated with that intensification of capitalist relationships called industrialization. In Britain however, there were nuances worth noting. Industry migrated in from a countryside which was already full of economic activity both agricultural and industrial. Canadian urban growth took place in relatively empty economic space stimulated by the economic activity created by settler migration and commodity trade. Two important differences resulted. First, the contrast between urban and rural economic structures was much greater in Canada than in Britain, where rural community structures influenced urban social patterns. Secondly, Canadian urban centres acted as units of entrepreneur ship, within which leaders used the urban power base to attract capital and ensure its reproduction. The municipalities were weak in relation to the agents of capital with which they dealt; city councils, therefore, conceded much to manufacturers and even more to railways,. The greater bargaining power of the established British urban centres showed in their relationship with the railway companies and urban utilities. British urban centres grew in a capital rich countryside. They used their urban power base to react to instabilities created by the accumulation of industrial capital, hence becoming predominantly agencies for the reproduction of labour.
The Effectiveness of a Pneumatic Compression Belt in Reducing Respiratory Motion of Abdominal Tumors in Patients Undergoing Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
Authors: Lovelock D. Michael , Zatcky Joan , Goodman Karyn , Yamada Yoshiya
Published: November 2013

Purpose:

Abdominal compression using a pneumatic abdominal compression belt developed in-house has been used to reduce respiratory motion of patients undergoing hypofractionated or single fraction stereotactic radio-ablative therapy for abdominal cancers. The clinical objective of belt usage was to reduce the cranial-caudal (CC) respiratory motion of the tumor to 5 mm or less during both CT simulation and treatment. A retrospective analysis was done to determine the effectiveness of the device and associated clinical procedures to reduce the CC respiratory motion of the tumor. Materials and Methods: 42 patients treated for tumors in the liver (30), adrenal glands (6), pancreas (3) and lymph nodes (3) using high dose hypofractionated radiotherapy between 2004 and the present were eligible for analysis. All patients had 2–3 radiopaque fiducial markers implanted near the tumor prior to simulation, or had clips from prior surgery. Integral to the belt is an inflatable air bladder that is positioned over the abdomen. The pneumatic pressure was set to a level in consultation with the patient. The CC motion was measured fluoroscopically with and without pneumatic pressure. Pneumatic pressure was used at all treatments to reduce to CC motion to that achieved at simulation. Results: The mean CC motion with the belt in place, but no additional air pressure was 11.4 mm with a range of 5–20 mm. With the pressure applied, the mean CC motion was reduced to 4.4 mm with a range of 1–8 mm ( P-value < 0.001). The clinical objective of reducing the CC motion of the tumor to a maximum excursion of 5 mm or less was achieved in 93% of cases. Conclusion: The use of a pneumatic compression belt and associated clinical procedures was found to result in a significant and frequently substantial reduction in the CC motion of the tumor.
Prediction of Survival in Thyroid Cancer Using Data Mining Technique
Authors: Jajroudi M. , Baniasadi T. , Kamkar L. , Arbabi F. , Sanei M. , Ahmadzade M.
Published: November 2013

Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases in the world. Health professionals are seeking ways for suitable treatment and quality of care in these groups of patients. Survival prediction is important for both physicians and patients in order to choose the best way of management. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the most efficient data mining methods. This technique is able to evaluate the relationship between different variables spontaneously without any prevalent data. In our study ANN and Logistic Regression were used to predict survival in thyroid cancer and compare these results. SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result) data were got from SEER site1. Effective features in thyroid cancer have been selected based on supervision by radiation oncologists and evidence. After data pruning 7706 samples were studied with 16 attributes. Multi Layer Prediction (MLP) was used as the chosen neural network and survival was predicted for 1-, 3- and 5-years. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were parameters to evaluate the model. The results of MLP and Logistic Regression models for one year are defined as for 1-year (92.9%, 92.8, 93%), (81.2%, 88.9%, 72.5%), for 3-year as (85.1%, 87.8%, 82.8%), (88.6%, 90.2%, 87.2%) and for 5-year as (86.8%, 96%, 74.3%), (90.7%, 95.9%, 83.7) respectively. According to our results ANN could efficiently represent a suitable method of survival prediction in thyroid cancer patients and the results were comparable with statistical models.
In Vivo Evidences of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields for Melanoma Malignancy Treatment on Tumor-Bearing BALB/c Nude Mice
Authors: Guo Fei , Yao Chenguo , Li Chengxiang , Mi Yan , Peng Qiao , Tang Junying
Published: November 2013

In order to get in vivo evidences of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) for skin tumor treatment, tumor models in 10 female BALB/c nude mice were established by inoculating them with human melanoma cells A375. These mice were randomly divided into treated group (exposed to nsPEF with intensity of 20 kV/cm and duration of 300 ns) and control group equally. Five days post-nsPEF treatment, tumor growth in the treated group was effectively inhibited ( P < 0.01 compared with that in control group), typical apoptotic characteristics (DNA damage and fragmentation) were observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and significant increases in Bax and decreases in Bcl-2, micro-vessel density (MVD), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were observed by immunohistochemistry ( P < 0.01). These experimental results indicate that in vivo tumor growth can be effectively inhibited by nsPEF, which activate two targets, apoptosis initiation and angiogenesis inhibition.
Commissioning and Quality Assurance of an Integrated System for Patient Positioning and Setup Verification in Particle Therapy
Authors: Pella A. , Riboldi M. , Tagaste B. , Bianculli D. , Desplanques M. , Fontana G. , Cerveri P. , Seregni M. , Fattori G. , Orecchia R. , Baroni G.
Published: November 2013

In an increasing number of clinical indications, radiotherapy with accelerated particles shows relevant advantages when compared with high energy X-ray irradiation. However, due to the finite range of ions, particle therapy can be severely compromised by setup errors and geometric uncertainties. The purpose of this work is to describe the commissioning and the design of the quality assurance procedures for patient positioning and setup verification systems at the Italian National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO). The accuracy of systems installed in CNAO and devoted to patient positioning and setup verification have been assessed using a laser tracking device. The accuracy in calibration and image based setup verification relying on in room X-ray imaging system was also quantified. Quality assurance tests to check the integration among all patient setup systems were designed, and records of daily QA tests since the start of clinical operation (2011) are presented. The overall accuracy of the patient positioning system and the patient verification system motion was proved to be below 0.5 mm under all the examined conditions, with median values below the 0.3 mm threshold. Image based registration in phantom studies exhibited sub-millimetric accuracy in setup verification at both cranial and extra-cranial sites. The calibration residuals of the OTS were found consistent with the expectations, with peak values below 0.3 mm. Quality assurance tests, daily performed before clinical operation, confirm adequate integration and sub-millimetric setup accuracy. Robotic patient positioning was successfully integrated with optical tracking and stereoscopic X-ray verification for patient setup in particle therapy. Sub-millimetric setup accuracy was achieved and consistently verified in daily clinical operation.
Extreme Arctic cyclones in CMIP5 historical simulations
Authors: Vavrus Stephen J.
Published: November 2013

Increasing attention is being paid to extreme weather, including recent high‐profile events involving very destructive cyclones. In summer 2012, a historically powerful cyclone traversed the Arctic, a region experiencing rapid warming and dramatic loss of ice and snow cover. This study addresses whether such powerful storms are an emerging expression of anthropogenic climate change by investigating simulated extreme Arctic cyclones during the historical period (1850–2005) among global climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) archive. These general circulation models are able to simulate extreme pressures associated with strong polar storms without a significant dependence on model resolution. The models display realism by generating extreme Arctic storms primarily around subpolar cyclone regions (Aleutian and Icelandic) and preferentially during winter. Simulated secular trends in Arctic mean sea level pressure and extreme cyclones are equivocal; both indicate increasing storminess in some regions, but the magnitude of changes to date are modest compared with future projections.
The detailed spatial structure of field‐aligned currents comprising the substorm current wedge
Authors: Murphy Kyle R. , Mann Ian R. , Rae I. Jonathan , Waters Colin L. , Frey Harald U. , Kale Andy , Singer Howard J. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje
Published: November 2013

We present a comprehensive two‐dimensional view of the field‐aligned currents (FACs) during the late growth and expansion phases for three isolated substorms utilizing in situ observations from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment and from ground‐based magnetometer and optical instrumentation from the Canadian Array for Realtime Investigations of Magnetic Activity and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms ground‐based arrays. We demonstrate that the structure of FACs formed during the expansion phase and associated with the substorm current wedge is significantly more complex than a simple equivalent line current model comprising a downward FAC in the east and upward FAC in the west. This two‐dimensional view demonstrates that azimuthal bands of upward and downward FACs with periodic structuring in latitude form across midnight and can span up to 8 h of magnetic local time. However, when averaged over latitude, the overall longitudinal structure of the net FACs resembles the simpler equivalent line current description of the substorm current wedge (SCW). In addition, we demonstrate that the upward FAC elements of the structured SCW are spatially very well correlated with discrete aurora during the substorm expansion phase and that discrete changes in the FAC topology are observed in the late growth phase prior to auroral substorm expansion phase onset. These observations have important implications for determining how the magnetosphere and ionosphere couple during the late growth phase and expansion phase, as well as providing important constraints on the magnetospheric generator of the FACs comprising the SCW.
On the generation of magnetosheath high‒speed jets by bow shock ripples
Authors: Hietala H. , Plaschke F.
Published: November 2013

The terrestrial magnetosheath is embedded with coherent high‒speed jets of about 1RE in scale, predominantly during quasi‒radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). When these high dynamic pressure (Pdyn) jets hit the magnetopause, they cause large indentations and further magnetospheric effects. The source of these jets has remained controversial. One of the proposed mechanisms is based on ripples of the quasi‒parallel bow shock. In this paper, we combine for the first time, 4 years of subsolar magnetosheath observations from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission and corresponding NASA/OMNI solar wind conditions with model calculations of a rippled bow shock. Concentrating on the magnetosheath close to the shock during intervals when the angle between the IMF and the Sun‒Earth line was small, we find that (1) 97% of the observed jets can be produced by local ripples of the shock under the observed upstream conditions; (2) the coherent jets form a significant fraction of the high Pdyn tail of the magnetosheath flow distribution; (3) the magnetosheath Pdyn distribution matches the flow from a bow shock with ripples that have a dominant amplitude to wavelength ratio of about 9% (∼0.1RE/1RE) and are present ∼12% of the time at any given location.
Equatorial westward electrojet impacting equatorial ionization anomaly development during the 6 April 2000 superstorm
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: November 2013

We investigate the forward plasma fountain and the equatorial ionosphere in the topside region during the 6 April 2000 superstorm in the Australian sector at ~0900 LT. Space‐ and ground‐based multi‐instrument measurements, Coupled Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Plasmasphere Electrodynamics (CTIPe) simulations, and field‐aligned observations comprise our results. These reveal an unusual storm development during which the eastward prompt penetration electric (E) field (PPEF) developed and operated under the continuous effects of the westward disturbance dynamo E‐field (DDEF) while large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) traveled equatorward and generated strong equatorward wind surges. We have identified the eastward PPEF by the superfountain effect causing the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA)'s development with crests situated at ~±28°N (geomagnetic) in the topside ionosphere at ~840 km altitude. The westward DDEF's occurrence is confirmed by mapping the “anti‐Sq” current system wherein the equatorial westward current created a weak long‐lasting westward electrojet event. Line plots of vertical drift data tracked large‐scale TIDs. Four scenarios, covering ~3.5 h in universal time, demonstrate that the westward DDEF became superimposed on the eastward PPEF. As these E‐fields of different origins became mapped into the F region, they could interact. Consequently, the eastward PPEF‐related equatorial upward E × B drift became locally reduced by up to 75 m/s near the dip equator by the westward DDEF‐related equatorial downward E × B drift. Meanwhile, the EIA displayed a better development as equatorial wind surges, reproduced by CTIPe, increased from 501 to 629 m/s, demonstrating the crucial role of mechanical wind effects keeping plasma density high.
Numerical modeling of temperature and species distributions in hydrocarbon reservoirs
Authors: Bolton Edward W. , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: November 2013

We examine bulk fluid motion and diffusion of multicomponent hydrocarbon species in porous media in the context of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, with particular focus on the phenomenology induced by horizontal thermal gradients at the upper and lower horizontal boundaries. The problem is formulated with respect to the barycentric (mass‐averaged) frame of reference. Thermally induced convection, with fully time‐dependent temperature distributions, can lead to nearly constant hydrocarbon composition, with minor unmixing due to thermal gradients near the horizontal boundaries. Alternately, the composition can be vertically segregated due to gravitational effects. Independent and essentially steady solutions have been found to depend on how the compositions are initialized in space and may have implications for reservoir history. We also examine injection (to represent filling) and extraction (to represent leakage) of hydrocarbons at independent points and find a large distortion of the gas‐oil contact for low permeability.
Effect of fault heterogeneity on rupture dynamics: An experimental approach using ultrafast ultrasonic imaging
Authors: Latour S. , Voisin C. , Renard F. , Larose E. , Catheline S. , Campillo M.
Published: November 2013

This study is devoted to the experimental investigation of the interaction of a propagating rupture with one or several mechanical heterogeneities. We developed a friction laboratory experiment where a soft elastic solid slides past a rigid flat plate. The system is coupled to an original medical imaging technique, ultrasound speckle interferometry, that allows observing the rupture dynamics as well as the emitted elastic shear wavefield into the solid body. We compare the dynamics of propagating rupture for a homogeneous flat interface and for three cases of heterogeneous sliding surfaces: (1) an interface with a single point‐like barrier made of a small rock pebble, (2) an interface with a single linear barrier that joins the edges of the faults in a direction perpendicular to slip, and (3) an interface with multiple barriers disposed on half of its surface area, creating a heterogeneous zone. We obtain experimental observations of dynamic effects that have been predicted by numerical dynamic rupture simulations and provide experimental observations of the following phenomena: a barrier can stop or delay the rupture propagation; a linear single barrier can change the rupture velocity, increasing or decreasing it; we observe transition from subshear to supershear propagation due to the linear barrier; a large heterogeneous area slows down the rupture propagation. We observe a strong variability of the rupture dynamics occurring for identical frictional conditions, which we impute to heterogeneity of the stress field due to both the loading conditions and memory of the stress field due to previous rupture events.
Lithospheric deformation induced by loading of the Hawaiian Islands and its implications for mantle rheology
Authors: Zhong Shijie , Watts A. B.
Published: November 2013

The long‐term rheological properties of the lithosphere are fundamental for understanding both surface tectonics and mantle dynamics on Earth. In this study, we have developed 3‐D finite element models for computing the load‐induced surface deformation and stress for lithosphere and mantle with realistic nonlinear viscoelastic rheology including the frictional sliding, low‐temperature plasticity, and high‐temperature creep. We have determined the lithospheric deformation and stress due to volcano loading in the Hawaiian Islands region for the last few million years. By comparing model predictions with seismic observations of the depth to the top of oceanic crust and depth dependence of seismicity in the Hawaiian Islands region, we have sought to constrain lithospheric rheology. Our calculations show that the load‐induced surface deformation is controlled by low‐temperature plasticity and frictional sliding but is insensitive to high‐temperature creep. Lithospheric strength predicted from laboratory‐derived low‐temperature plasticity needs to be reduced significantly, and a frictional coefficient μf ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 is required in order to account for the observations. However, μf = 0.1 weakens the shallow part of the lithosphere so much that it causes the minima in strain rate and stress to occur at too large depths to be consistent with the observed depth distribution of seismicity. Our results therefore suggest a value for μf between 0.25 and 0.7. Finally, the maximum stress that accumulates in the deformed lithosphere beneath the Hawaiian Islands is about 100–200 MPa for models that match the observations, and this stress may be viewed as the largest lithospheric stress on Earth.
Ambient seismic noise tomography of Canada and adjacent regions: Part I. Crustal structures
Authors: Kao Honn , Behr Yannik , Currie Claire A. , Hyndman Roy , Townend John , Lin Fan‐Chi , Ritzwoller Michael H. , Shan Shao‐Ju , He Jiangheng
Published: November 2013

This paper presents the first continental‐scale study of the crust and upper mantle shear velocity (Vs) structure of Canada and adjacent regions using ambient noise tomography. Continuous waveform data recorded between 2003 and 2009 with 788 broadband seismograph stations in Canada and adjacent regions were used in the analysis. The higher primary frequency band of the ambient noise provides better resolution of crustal structures than previous tomographic models based on earthquake waveforms. Prominent low velocity anomalies are observed at shallow depths (<20 km) beneath the Gulf of St. Lawrence in east Canada, the sedimentary basins of west Canada, and the Cordillera. In contrast, the Canadian Shield exhibits high crustal velocities. We characterize the crust‐mantle transition in terms of not only its depth and velocity but also its sharpness, defined by its thickness and the amount of velocity increase. Considerable variations in the physical properties of the crust‐mantle transition are observed across Canada. Positive correlations between the crustal thickness, Moho velocity, and the thickness of the transition are evident throughout most of the craton except near Hudson Bay where the uppermost mantle Vs is relatively low. Prominent vertical Vs gradients are observed in the midcrust beneath the Cordillera and beneath most of the Canadian Shield. The midcrust velocity contrast beneath the Cordillera may correspond to a detachment zone associated with high temperatures immediately beneath, whereas the large midcrust velocity gradient beneath the Canadian Shield probably represents an ancient rheological boundary between the upper and lower crust.
Numerical study on tidal mixing along the shelf break in the Green Belt in the southeastern Bering Sea
Authors: Tanaka T. , Yasuda I. , Tanaka Y. , Carter G. S.
Published: November 2013

Tidal mixing and its associated iron and nutrients flux from a subsurface layer along the shelf break has been considered as one of the key processes to maintain the high summertime biological productivity in the Green Belt in the southeastern Bering Sea. In the present study, tidal mixing near the shelf break is examined with a three‐dimensional high‐resolution numerical model to quantify the enhanced mixing and to reveal the underlying physical mechanisms based on the different characteristics of diurnal and semidiurnal internal waves. Strong turbulent mixing with energy dissipation rates of over 1 × 10−8 W/kg is reproduced along the Green Belt in the numerical model forced by barotropic diurnal and/or semidiurnal tides at open boundaries. The energy dissipation off the shelf break near the sea surface is enhanced due to the semidiurnal internal waves, whereas the dissipation near the bottom of the shelf break is enhanced by the diurnal topographically trapped waves. An additional experiment with stratification representative of winter conditions shows a significant influence of stratification on the energy dissipation off the shelf break due to the change in features of both diurnal and semidiurnal internal waves. Low‐mode semidiurnal baroclinic energy flux from the Aleutian Passes is shown to increase the energy dissipation along the shelf slope between Pribilof and Zhemchug Canyons. These results suggest that the strong vertical mixing along the shelf break induced by the diurnal and semidiurnal tides both play important roles in maintaining the iron and nutrients supply along the Green Belt.
Radiative effect of aerosols above the northern and southern Atlantic Ocean as determined from shipborne lidar observations
Authors: Kanitz T. , Ansmann A. , Seifert P. , Engelmann R. , Kalisch J. , Althausen D.
Published: November 2013

The direct solar radiative effect of aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean was investigated on the basis of aerosol Raman/polarization lidar observations aboard the research vessel Polarsternbetween Germany (50°N) and either South America (50°S) or South Africa (40°S) in 2009 and 2010. First, a case study of complex aerosol conditions with marine aerosol, dust, and smoke particles in the boundary layer and free troposphere is presented to demonstrate that detailed knowledge of aerosol layering (boundary layer, free troposphere) and aerosol mixing state is required for an accurate determination of the resulting radiative effects. A statistical analysis based on all lidar observations revealed the highest daily mean radiative effect (−43±59 W m−2at the surface, −14±18 W m−2at top of atmosphere) in the latitudinal belt from 0°N–15°N in the Saharan dust outflow region. Mean aerosol radiative effects of the polluted northern and clean southern midlatitudes were contrasted. In the northern midlatitudes, the averaged aerosol radiative effect of all simulations was −24±33 W m−2at the surface which is a factor of 1.6 higher than at similar southern hemispheric latitudes. The simulations based on the lidar observations are in good agreement with colocated pyranometer measurements.
Northern Hemispheric cryosphere response to volcanic eruptions in the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 last millennium simulations
Authors: Berdahl Mira , Robock Alan
Published: November 2013

We analyzed last millennium simulations (circa 850–1850 Common Era) from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 (PMIP3) project to determine whether current state‐of‐the‐art models produce sudden changes and persistence of cold conditions after large volcanic eruptions as inferred from geological records and previous climate modeling. Snow cover over Baffin Island in the eastern Canadian Arctic shows large‐scale expansion (as seen in proxy records) in two of the five models with snow cover information available, although it is not sustained beyond a decade. Sea ice expansion in the North Atlantic is seen in some PMIP3 models after large eruptions, although none of these models produce significant centennial‐scale effects. Warm Baffin Island summer climates stunt snow expansion in some models completely, and model topography tends to miss the critical plateau elevations that could sustain snow on the island. Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent is lower in six of the eight models than in reconstructions over the past millennium. Annual average Northern Hemisphere mean climates have a range of 3 K across models, while Arctic summer land‐only climates span more than 6 K. This has critical consequences on ice and snow formation and persistence in regions such as the Arctic where temperatures are near the freezing point and small temperature changes affect ice and snow feedback that could induce further climate changes. Thus, it is critical that models accurately represent absolute temperature.
Changing spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation extremes in China during 2071–2100 based on Earth System Models
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Zhang Qiang , Chen Yongqin David , Xu Chong‐Yu , Singh Vijay P.
Published: November 2013

Outputs of five Earth System Models (ESMs) under historical and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 multimodel data set, as well as daily precipitation from 527 rain gauge stations in China for the period of 1960–2005 are used to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of precipitation extremes over China for 2071–2100. After the evaluation of the indices by the Mann‐Whitney U test and the quantile‐quantile plot, the weather generator model (WGEN) is used to downscale precipitation extremes. The average of precipitation extremes and values of the 5 and 20 year return periods under RCP26 and RCP85 scenarios are analyzed. Results showed the following: (1) WGEN works well in downscaling extreme heavy precipitation indices and consecutive dry days. (2) The risks of meteorological droughts and floods resulting from extreme long‐duration precipitation would decrease in southwest China, but the risks of floods due to extreme heavy precipitation would increase. In north and southeast China, the risks of droughts would decrease, but floods might occur with higher frequencies; (3) The spatiotemporal variations of averages and values of 5 year return period extreme precipitation would be similar, but those of 20 year return period would be a little different: The 20 year consecutive dry days would decrease faster, and the 20 year values of other indices would increase relatively slower. (4) The spatial patterns of changes in precipitation extremes under RCP26 and RCP85 would be similar, but the changes in RCP85 would be intensifying.
Comparison of terrestrial evapotranspiration estimates using the mass transfer and Penman‐Monteith equations in land surface models
Authors: Chen Jing , Chen Baozhang , Black T. Andrew , Innes John L. , Wang Guangyu , Kiely Gerard , Hirano Takashi , Wohlfahrt Georg
Published: November 2013

The mass transfer (MT) equation and the Penman‐Monteith (PM) equation are two common approaches used in various land surface models for simulating evapotranspiration (ET). Yet assessments are rarely conducted to determine how well these structurally differing equations simulate ET across various biomes and climatic environments with different canopy upscaling strategies. We evaluated the capacity of models to estimate ET using the MT equation with the one‐leaf strategy in the Community Land Model version 4 and the PM equation in the Dynamic Land Model using the one‐leaf and two‐leaf upscaling approaches for 22 selected eddy covariance flux towers representing 10 typical plant functional types. Overall, across half‐hourly, daily, monthly, and seasonal scales, the MT equation performed less robust than the PM equation in forests. The former had 8–15% higher root‐mean‐square error and 1–4% lower index of agreement and a large uncertainty in warm and wet seasons for several sites. It leaves a doubt about its application of estimating ET across regional to global scales. Considering the net radiation available on the surface of leaf/soil and adopting the two‐leaf approach made the PM equation closer to the EC measurements on average but still could not capture the variation during the cold season. We suggest that further improvements in simulation of ET require seasonal variation of some key parameters and quantification of spatial heterogeneity.
Multi‐Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Chiral β‐Hydroxy Nitriles through Co‐Expression of Oxidoreductase and Halohydrin Dehalogenase
Authors: Chen Shao‐Yun , Yang Chen‐Xi , Wu Jian‐Ping , Xu Gang , Yang Li‐Rong
Published: November 2013

To establish a system for the efficient one bacterial multi‐enzymatic biosynthesis of both (R)‐ and (S)‐β‐hydroxy nitriles, we co‐expressed alcohol dehydrogenases with opposite stereoselectivities, cofactor regeneration enzymes, and a halohydrin dehalogenase in Escherichia coli. By researching cofactor recycling and various co‐expression strategies and by selecting and engineering the halohydrin dehalogenase, we engineered two E. coli strains, which were subsequently used in a cascade of reactions to produce chiral β‐hydroxy nitriles with high enantiomeric excess directly from prochiral α‐halo ketones. Three valuable pharmaceutical intermediates were prepared by means of this catalytic system, and substrate conversion reached about >99%. More importantly, the system is of low cost because there is no need for expensive cofactors or for expression and purification of the component enzymes.

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Regioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Isocoumarins and Phthalides from 2‐Iodobenzoic Acids and Alkynes by Temperature Control
Authors: Kumar Manian Rajesh , Irudayanathan Francis Mariaraj , Moon Joong Ho , Lee Sunwoo
Published: November 2013

Copper‐catalyzed coupling reaction of 2‐iodobenzoic acids and alkynes such as terminal acetylenes, alkynyl carboxylic acids, and trimethylsilylacetylene selectively afforded isocoumarins and phthalides in the presence of cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Among the regioselective products, only the 6‐endo‐dig product, isocoumarin, was formed at 100 °C, and the 5‐exo‐dig product, phthalide, was formed as a major product at 25 °C. A variety of alkynes produced the corresponding isocoumarins and phthalides in good yields. A mechanism is suggested in which the formation of 2‐alkynylbenzoic acid as an intermediate via Sonogashira‐type coupling was ruled out in the reaction pathway.

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Asymmetric [4+2] Annulations of Isatins with But‐3‐yn‐2‐one
Authors: Wang Qiang , Lian Zhong , Xu Qin , Shi Min
Published: November 2013

The catalytic asymmetric [4+2] annulations of isatins with but‐3‐yn‐2‐one catalyzed by the Cinchona alkaloids‐derived oragnocatalyst (DHQD)2PHAL have been developed in the presence of 3.0 equivalents of D‐diethyl tartrate in the mixed solvent (diphenyl ether/diethyl ether=1/1) or a slightly modified one, affording the corresponding substituted spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyran]‐2,4′(3′H)‐diones in good to excellent yields with high enantioselectivities under mild conditions.

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Sunlight Induced Oxidative Photoactivation of N‐Hydroxyphthalimide Mediated by Naphthalene Imides
Authors: Melone Lucio , Franchi Paola , Lucarini Marco , Punta Carlo
Published: November 2013

We report the aerobic photoactivation of N‐hydroxyphthlimide (NHPI) to the phthalimido‐N‐oxyl (PINO) radical mediated by naphthalene monoimides (NI) for promoting the selective oxidation of alkylaromatics and allylic compounds to the corresponding hydroperoxides. In the absence of either NI or NHPI no oxidation was observed, meaning that the two molecules operate in a synergistic way. Sunlight as well as artificial UV‐light irradiation was necessary in order to perform the process at low temperature (30–35 °C). EPR spectroscopy confirmed the role of NI and oxygen in promoting the formation of the superoxide radicals O2.− which, in turn, increased the concentration of PINO radicals during the UV light irradiation of NI/NHPI mixtures in MeCN. The investigation was extended to NI bearing different substituents on the naphthalene moiety. Finally, the synthesis and application of a unique photocatalyst including the NI and NHPI moieties linked by a suitable spacer was also considered. In this case the photocatalyst showed a substrate‐dependent behaviour with some peculiarities in comparison to the system where NI and NHPI are independent units in the same reacting system. This photocatalytic system paves the way to a non‐thermal, metal‐free approach for CH bond activation towards aerobic oxidation under very mild conditions.

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Enhanced Device Efficiency of Bilayered Inverted Organic Solar Cells Based on Photocurable P3HTs with a Light‐Harvesting ZnO Nanorod Array
Authors: Kim Sehwan , Koh Joo Hwan , Yang Xu , Chi Won Seok , Park Chihyun , Leem Jung Woo , Kim Byeonggwan , Seo Seogjae , Kim Yuna , Yu Jae Su , Kim Jong Hak , Kim Eunkyoung
Published: November 2013

Periodically patterned zinc oxide nanorod (P‐ZnO NR) layers are directly prepared from a pre‐patterned ZnO seed layer using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomeric stamp and then applied in inverted organic photovoltaic devices (IOPVs). The IOPV is assembled with a hydrothermally grown zinc oxide nanorod patterns with a (100) preferential crystal orientation as an electron transport buffer layer (ETBL) and photoactive bilayer consisting of methacylate end‐functionalized poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT‐MA), phenyl‐C60‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and indene‐C60 bis‐adduct (IC60BA). In te IOPVs, the P‐ZnO NR is found to induce efficient light harvesting and the photocrosslinkable P3HTs afford solution‐processed bilayer architecture in IOPVs to show improved device stability and performance (PCEmax= 5.95%), as the bilayered structure allowed direct exciton splitting, thus reducing the charge recombination.
An ionic liquid reaction and separation process for production of hydroxymethylfurfural from sugars
Authors: Liu Wei , (Richard) Zheng Feng , Li Joanne , Cooper Alan
Published: November 2013

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is viewed as a potential platform material to make a variety of chemicals and products out of renewable resources. In this work, a complete ionic liquid reaction and separation process is presented for nearly stoichiometric conversion of fructose into HMF. The silicalite adsorbent material is demonstrated for separation of 99% pure HMF out of ionic liquid reaction mixtures through a packed column and for recovery of the unconverted sugars and reaction intermediates along with the ionic liquid. Membrane‐coated silicalite particles are prepared and studied for a practical adsorption process with separation performances comparable to or better than the powder material. It is discovered that nearly all the fresh fructose feed could be converted into HMF with the recycled ionic liquid under suitable reaction conditions. These research results lead to a new HMF production process much simpler than the current paraxylene manufacturing process from petroleum oil. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 300–314, 2014
Dynamic pH model for autotrophic growth of microalgae in photobioreactor: A tool for monitoring and control purposes
Authors: Ifrim George A. , Titica Mariana , Cogne Guillaume , Boillereaux Lionel , Legrand Jack , Caraman Sergiu
Published: November 2013

A dynamic model for the photoautotrophic growth of microalgae in photobioreactor that describes the main variables of the system and allows the precise prediction of the pH in the culture was proposed and validated. The dynamic behavior of the biological system was expressed through a multistate model in continuous‐time formulation, based on mass‐balance equations and local photosynthetic responses of the anisotropic medium, further associated with a set of algebraic equations that describes the thermodynamic properties of the ammonia—carbon dioxide—water ternary solute system. The global photoautotrophic growth model was validated on experimental data acquired from a torus reactor inoculated with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. The model response was studied in simulation for all identified input variables (dilution rate, incident light intensity, temperature, and flow rates of input gases). © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 585–599, 2014
Recent trends in published occupational cancer epidemiology research: Results from a comprehensive review of the literature
Authors: Raj Priyanka , Hohenadel Karin , Demers Paul A. , Zahm Shelia Hoar , Blair Aaron
Published: November 2013

Objective

To assess trends in occupational cancer epidemiology research through a literature review of occupational health and epidemiology journals.

Methods

Fifteen journals were reviewed from 1991 to 2009, and characteristics of articles that assessed the risk of cancer associated with an occupation, industry, or occupational exposure, were incorporated into a database.

Results

The number of occupational cancer epidemiology articles published annually declined in recent years (2003 onwards) in the journals reviewed. The number of articles presenting dose–response analyses increased over the review period, from 29% in the first 4 years of review to 49% in the last 4 years.

Conclusion

There has been a decrease in the number of occupational cancer epidemiology articles published annually during the review period. The results of these articles help determine the carcinogenicity of workplace exposures and permissible exposure limits, both of which may be hindered with a decline in research. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:259–264, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.
Giant breast tumors in a patient with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Cappuccio Gerarda , De Crescenzo Agostina , Ciancia Giuseppe , Canta Luigi , Moio Marzia , Mataro Ilaria , Varone Valeria , Pettinato Guido , Palumbo Orazio , Carella Massimo , Riccio Andrea , Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola
Published: November 2013

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder with increased risk of embryonal tumors, such as Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. We report on a patient with BWS that developed a giant fibroadenoma of the breast that was surgically removed. The tumor relapsed 8 months after the surgery and the patient underwent partial mastectomy. Although the patient presented several clinical features of BWS, a molecular diagnosis was not achieved despite extensive molecular investigations on both blood and tumor tissue. A SNP array revealed a de novo 7p22.1 loss in both blood and breast tumor involving the mismatch repair gene PMS2 gene that may be potentially associated with the breast tumor. In conclusion, it remains unclear whether BWS patients have an increased risk of breast lesions or a yet unknown molecular defect is responsible for the rare occurrence of this tumor in BWS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hemiconvulsion–hemiplegia–epilepsy syndrome with 1q44 microdeletion: Causal or chance association
Authors: Gupta Rekha , Agarwal Meenal , Boqqula Vijay R. , Phadke Rajendra V. , Phadke Shubha R.
Published: November 2013

Hemiconvulsion–hemiplegia–epilepsy (HHE) syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by childhood onset partial motor convulsions, hemiplegia, and epilepsy in sequence. Exact pathogenesis is not clear. Here we are describing a 3‐year‐old girl with HHE syndrome with cytogenetic microarray (CMA) showing deletion of 1.8 Mb in 1q44 region. Along with HHE syndrome, the patient also had global developmental delay, subtle facial dysmorphism, and preaxial polydactyly. Clinical phenotype of 1q44 microdeletion syndrome is quite variable. Main clinical features are microcephaly, seizures, and abnormality of corpus callosum. We compared the patient's phenotype with other patients in 10 previously published papers of 1q44 microdeletion syndrome. HNRNPU and FAM36A are two important genes in the deleted region. HNRNPU gene mediate long range control of SHH gene which is likely explanation of preaxial polydactyly in the present patient. HHE may be a chance co‐occurrence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.