bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crustal structure of the Mediterranean Sea Part II. Phase velocity and travel times
Authors: Payo Gonzalo
Published: July 2021

A large number of observations of phase velocity of Love and Rayleigh waves have been used in order to determine the crust-mantle structure of the Mediterranean Sea. These velocities have been measured by using records from the Standard Stations located in the Mediterranean borders. The empirical dispersion curves have been compared with those of several models computed for this purpose. Travel-time curves of body waves for paths crossing the Mediterranean region, making use of all possible coastal stations and local earthquakes, have been found to substantiate the results from the surface wave dispersion. Also the value of the Bouguer anomaly in different points of the region was considered in the determination of the crustal thickness, as well as some measurements of group velocity from clear observations of higher modes.

The crust-mantle structure under the Mediterranean Sea was found to be formed by two clearly distinct zones which correspond roughly to the areas to the west and east of Italy. The western zone, between Italy and Spain, is of oceanic type with a thin crust (about 14 km) and a low-velocity channel in the Upper Mantle. In the eastern zone, south of Greece, the crust (some 23 km thick) shows a great thickness of the uppermost sedimentary layers, which gives rise to very low velocities of short-period surface waves in that region. Love waves with group velocities smaller than those of Rayleigh have been clearly observed in a large number of earthquakes in this region. The surface wave dispersion as well as the travel-time curves of P and S waves of this zone indicate the existence of a low-velocity channel in the Upper Mantle.
Investigation of a method for determining stress accumulation at depth—II
Authors: Eisler Joseph D.
Published: July 2021

The second of two seismic field experiments designed to study the precision with which the arrival of compressional body waves could be timed over paths up to 42 km in length was performed seven months after the first at the same location in the Gabilan Range near Salinas, California. Results of the second experiment show that the timing of the compressional waves could be carried out to the same order of precision as in the first experiment, i.e., to ±1 msec. In addition, the travel times over certain path lengths increased by about 6 msec within the intervening period. This observation is discussed in terms of the possible release of stress at depth in the region adjacent to the San Andreas Fault.
Simultaneous determination of the seismic moment and attenuation of seismic surface waves
Authors: Tsai Yi-Ben , Aki Keiiti
Published: July 2021

A comprehensive spectral analysis of Love and Rayleigh waves was made on the Parkfield earthquake of June 28, 1966. Using tentative Q values obtained by the usual two-station method for continental and oceanic paths, the observed spectra were corrected for dissipation, and used for obtaining a tentative source model. The resultant model, having the fault length 37 km, the strike direction N43°W and the rupture velocity 2.2 km/sec, is consistent with various near field measurements.

Based on this tentative source model, a least-squares method is applied to separate source, dissipation and interference effects on the spectra. The logarithm of the ratio of the observed to the theoretical spectra was plotted against the epicentral distance for various frequencies. The slope and zero-crossing value of the fitted straight line were used for revising the attenuation coefficient and the seismic moment respectively. The variability of individual station spectra was attributed to the interference effect. The revised value of the seismic moment of the Parkfield earthquake is e (0.33±0.40) ×10 25 dyne-cm. The revised attenuation coefficients indicate that Love waves have consistently higher dissipation than Rayleigh waves at periods 15 to 40 seconds. Both show marked minimum of dissipation (Q over 800 for Love and over 1000 for Rayleigh waves) at periods between 20 and 25 seconds.

We found that our Q data are consistent with a model which has a high-Q zone in the lower crust and uppermost mantle, overlying a low-Q zone which correlates well with the Gutenberg low-velocity zone. There is an indication that the intrinsic Q is dependent on period at depths shallower than 90 kilometers in such a way that it increases with period up to 20 seconds. For periods beyond 20 seconds, the intrinsic Q may be constant for all periods and all depths above 90 kilometers.
A definition of travel-time anomalies
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna
Published: July 2021

Plotting the seismic travel time from a point as a function of azimuth and distance yields a surface called a “chronoid”. The chronoid for the standard earth is a surface of revolution, termed the “standard chronoid”. Local anomalies are defined as the set of coordinate transformations required to bring the local chronoid into least-square coincidence with the standard chronoid. In general this is accomplished by means of two mutually orthogonal translations, plus one rotation in an azimuthal plane.

These operations give rise to three distinct components of the local anomaly; a geophysical interpretation of each of the anomaly components is provided.
A computer program for focal mechanism determination combining P and S wave data
Authors: Udias Agustin , Baumann Dieter
Published: July 2021

abstract

A computer program has been developed to find the orientation of a double couple source model for the mechanism of an earthquake which best satisfies the data from P and S waves. The relationship between the two axes of the solution given by the equations for the polarization angle of S is used in order to rapidly find the orientation of the source model for which a total error value involving the error of S and P data is a minimum. The program gives best results for data from homogeneous instruments of similar period range. Solutions for three earthquakes, selected because of the orientation of the source, are presented and the reliability of their solutions under ideal conditions is discussed.
The Mudurnu Valley, West Anatolia, Turkey, earthquake of 22 July 1967
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. , Zatopek A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A severe earthquake in the west-central part of the Anatolian fault zone occurred on 22 July 1967, causing loss of life and widespread damage. The earthquake was associated with 80 kilometers of fresh faulting, part of which occurred in a zone ruptured ten years earlier. The sense of movement along the fault break is right lateral with the north side downthrown. Maximum relative displacements of 190 centimeters lateral and 120 centimeters vertical were measured. Damage caused by shaking in the immediate vicinity of the fault-break was equal to or smaller than that caused at some distance from the fault. Thus, proximity to the fault-break was found to be an unjustified criterion for higher intensities. The instrumental epicenter of the main shock had been located near the east end of the fault break. The bulk of the aftershocks is concentrated at the other end of the break, in the extreme west.
Damage to reinforced concrete buildings caused by the July 22, 1967 earthquake in Turkey
Authors: Uzsoy Safak Z. , Ersoy Uğur
Published: July 2021

abstract

An attempt is made to analyze the damage caused to reinforced concrete-framed structures in the towns of İzmit and Adapazarı by the Mudurnu Valley earthquake of July 22, 1967. The observed damage shows that elaborate calculations for the design of structures to withstand earthquake forces are of little use unless they are based upon sound concepts, proper details, and are carried out by construction practice of good quality.
Distribution of earthquake risk in Canada
Authors: Milne W. G. , Davenport A. G.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Statistical analyses are performed upon the earthquakes in existing catalogues of earthquakes in Canada. A relationship is presented between acceleration amplitude, magnitude, and distance for both eastern and western Canada. It is shown that the same relationship does not hold for each area. An ordered set of acceleration amplitudes is computed for several sites using this relationship. The first analysis makes use of the amplitude distribution from this list. By this method, certain parameters, and the return periods of accelerations of specific amplitudes are computed for a number of points which form a grid on a map. Contour maps are presented for these parameters and return periods. The second analysis makes use of the distribution of annual extremes of acceleration amplitudes to derive a similar and related set of parameters. This method produces an estimation of the acceleration amplitudes with certain return periods for a number of sites. Contour maps are presented showing these data. For both approaches, data are presented for specific sites of interest, and in the case of eastern Canada, a comparison is made with historical records.
Structural response results during the June 27, 1966 earthquake in Nepal-India border region
Authors: Agrawal P. N.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Six earthquakes with magnitudes 5 and more occurred approximately with the same focus in the Nepal-India border region on June 27 and 28, 1966. The structural response recorders or a set of seismoscopes installed at Bageshwar and Banbassa yielded records. The successive earthquake records have been super-imposed. The two separately identifiable peak accelerations, i.e., in most cases longitudinal and transverse components, recorded by each recorder have been determined.
Short-term seismic activity in the central Aleutian region
Authors: Murdock James N.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Epicenters of small-magnitude earthquakes, occurring in the central Aleution region during the 1964 Aleutian Experiment, were located by an S minus P method. Shallow earthquakes, occurring mainly just south of the islands, seem to delineate a shallow earthquake belt approximately 20 to 40 km wide. Deeper earthquakes occurred north of the shallow earthquake belt, and they seem to indicate a zone of faulting which dips toward the island arc from the oceanic side of the arc.
Focal mechanism of the Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake of March 28, 1964
Authors: Harding Samuel T. , Algermissen S. T.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Two nodal planes for P were determined using a combination of P-wave first motion and S-wave polarization data and from S-wave data alone. The S-wave polarization error, δ∈, is slightly lower for a type Il than for a type I mechanism. The type I mechanism solution indicates a predominately dip-slip faulting on a steeply dipping plane. The preferred solution is a type II mechanism with the following P nodal planes: strike N62°E, dip 82°S, (a plane); strike N22°W, dip 52°W, (b plane). Two solutions are possible: right lateral faulting which strikes northeast; or, left lateral faulting which strikes northwest. Both possible fault planes dip steeply.
Elastic displacements in the near-field of a propagating fault
Authors: Haskell N. A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Displacement, particle velocity, and acceleration wave forms in the near field of a propagating fault have been computed by numerical integration of the Green's function integrals for an infinite medium. The displacement discontinuity (dislocation) on the fault plane is assumed to have the form of a unilaterally propagating finite ramp function in time. The calculated wave forms in the vicinity of the fault plane are quite similar to those observed at the strong motion station nearest the fault plane at the Parkfield earthquake. The comparison suggests that the propagating ramp time function is roughly representative of the main features of the dislocation motion on the fault plane, but that the actual motion has somewhat more high frequency complexity. Calculated amplitudes indicate that the average final dislocation on the fault at the Parkfield earthquake was more than an order of magnitude greater than the offsets observed on the visible surface trace. Computer generated wave form plots are presented for a variety of locations with respect to the fault plane and for two different assumptions on the relation between fault length and ramp function duration.
Calculation of response spectra from strong-motion earthquake records
Authors: Nigam Navin C. , Jennings Paul C.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A numerical method for computing response spectra from strong-motion earthquake records is developed, based on the exact solution to the governing differential equation. The method gives a three to four-fold saving in computing time compared to a third order Runge-Kutta method of comparable accuracy. An analysis also is made of the errors introduced at various stages in the calculation of spectra so that allowable errors can be prescribed for the numerical integration. Using the proposed method of computing or other methods of comparable accuracy, example calculations show that the errors introduced by the numerical procedures are much less than the errors inherent in the digitization of the acceleration record.
Travel times and amplitudes of the Salmon nuclear explosion
Authors: Lehmann I.
Published: July 2021

Travel times and amplitudes of the Pn and P waves generated by the nuclear explosion Salmon fired in the State of Mississippi are studied. To the west the Pn waves are found to be cut off at a distance of about 1800 km, where they are about to enter the mountainous region. An increase of P amplitude with distance goes to confirm that the P velocity increases with depth and to indicate that the time-curve is a continuous, bending curve.
Earthquake locations and seismic wave propagation in the upper 250 km of the Tonga island arc
Authors: Mitronovas Walter , Isacks Bryan , Seeber Leonardo
Published: July 2021

abstract

This paper reports results of a series of short-term seismic observations made on nearly all the major island groups of the Tonga island arc. These data extend the mapping of anomalous propagation of seismic waves from earthquakes beneath the island arc reported by Oliver and Isacks (1967), and significantly increase the number of accurately located earthquakes beneath the Tonga Islands.

The data of this paper, combined with those of Sykes et al (1969), indicate that the inclined seismic zone of the Tonga island arc is very thin even at shallow depths. Most of the hypocenters are confined to a slab of about 25 km thickness. This thickness probably still reflects the precision of locations and may only be a measure of the upper limit of the thickness of the seismic zone. The inclined seismic zone, which has a dip of about 45° at intermediate depths in the mantle, appears to decrease in dip or bend over at depths less than about 50 km and appears to intersect the surface at or near the axis of the trench. The wedge-shaped region above the inclined seismic zone appears to be relatively aseismic, although some minor seismic activity has been located at shallow depths beneath the line of active volcanoes.

P and S phases with anomalously large amplitudes and frequencies from deep earthquakes (> 400 km) were observed at all sites occupied in Tonga, including sites on two volcanoes. These observations and observations from shallower events include ray paths that emerge nearly vertically beneath the volcanoes. Thus, any region of high attenuation (low Q) below the volcanoes, such as magma chambers, must be limited in extent. These data, in conjunction with regional observations of Sn, indicate that a broad zone of low Q material in the uppermost mantle exists west of the volcanoes on the concave side of the arc. However, the P and S phases recorded on the volcanic ridge exhibit an emergent and drawn-out character that contrasts with the sharp and impulsive character of phases recorded on the non-volcanic ridge. These observations are interpreted to indicate considerable heterogeneity beneath the volcanoes.
On locating local earthquakes using small networks
Authors: James David E. , Selwyn Sacks I. , L. Eduardo Lazo , G. Pablo Aparicio
Published: July 2021

abstract

Mathematical instability in four-parameter least squares hypocenter solutions arises primarily from the fact that the four computed variables—origin time (T0), focal depth (h), latitude (θ), and longitude (λ)—are not strictly independent. Specifically, T0 exhibits a non-independent relationship with the geometric parameters. For small networks (< 10–15 stations), the lack of independence between T0 and the other variables results in unstable least-squares solutions. This instability is manifest most clearly by the fact that different station subsets of the observational network produce significantly different solutions for the same earthquake. The instability can be eliminated by computing T0 independently for each station using the formula

( T 0 ) i = ( T p ) i − V k ( T s − p ) i V p ,

where Tp = P-wave arrival time, Vk = S-P velocity, Vp = P-wave velocity, and Ts-p = time interval between P and S arrivals. An average value of T0 can be obtained from the individually calculated origin times and the P-wave travel times calculated. The variables ϕ, λ and z are then computed by the usual least-squares procedure using P-wave travel times only. The method is iterative and an average T0 is recalculated in the course of each iteration.

Fundamental properties of travel times within the Earth impose definite limitations upon the accuracy of the locations. Low values of the derivative dTp/dh at epicentral distances of a few degrees introduce a large uncertainty in focal depth, particularly for shallow (0–60 km) earthquakes. There is normally little error in epicenter, however, even for solutions in which depth is poorly determined. The dimensions and geometric configuration of the network in relation to the epicenter and the proximity of the epicenter to any one station are controlling factors in predicting the minimum uncertainty for any given hypocenter solution.
Amplitude variations of Rayleigh waves—horizontal refraction
Authors: McGarr Arthur
Published: July 2021

abstract

Amplitudes of the vertical component of ground motion caused by Rayleigh waves with periods of about 20 sec were measured over an array consisting of the 25 stations of the WWSSN in the United States; the Rayleigh waves were produced by shocks in selected regions of the Pacific and one area along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Amplitudes were plotted as a function of azimuth from epicenter to station and on outline maps centered on the epicenters. Patterns of amplitude measured by the array are highly sensitive to epicentral location; a pattern appears to change continuously with change in epicenter. The amplitudes generally show variations of a factor of 10 or more within the array. These striking fluctuations of amplitude appear to be caused by focusing due to lateral variations in phase velocity; they cannot be explained by other factors such as an asymmetrical radiation pattern at the source. Analysis based on a simple model of a horizontal variation in phase velocity yields theoretical amplitude patterns that explain the size and character of the most prominent variations in amplitude. The most marked fluctuations in amplitude here presented can be explained as the effect of regions of horizontally varying phase velocity that coincide with obvious features in the Pacific, notably, the island of Hawaii.

Amplitudes of long-period P waves appear to vary about one-fourth as much as those of Rayleigh waves in the array.
Two-dimensional scattering of a plane compressional wave by surface imperfections
Authors: McIvor Ivor K.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A perturbation method for treating the scattering of plane waves by small surface imperfections on an elastic half space is presented. The solution to the first order approximation is given as convolution integrals of the surface imperfection with kernel functions defined by Fourier inversion integrals. The evaluation of these integrals is discussed and their asymptotic representations determined. The far field scattered displacements are explicitly obtained for arbitrary imperfections. The scattered field consists of a Rayleigh surface wave and four body phases which at the free surface travel with the speed of dilational or distortional waves. Numerical examples are given. In particular the error in the apparent angle of emergence due to the scattered waves is obtained. The body phases exhibit the familiar 3/2 geometric attenuation, but still may make a significant contribution at moderately long distances. A strong dependence of the magnitude of the error on the angle of incidence is demonstrated.
Accelerometer correction for the dynamic analysis of damped multi-degree of freedom systems
Authors: McLennan G. A.
Published: July 2021

An exact method is developed to eliminate the accelerometer error in dynamic response calculations for damped multi-degree of freedom systems. It is shown that the exact responses of a system can be obtained from the approximate responses which are conventionally calculated from an accelerogram.

Response calculations were performed for two typical systems with three degrees of freedom for an assumed pseudo-earthquake. The results showed that the approximate responses may contain large errors, and that the correction developed effectively eliminates these errors.
Analysis of Koyna accelerogram of December 11, 1967
Authors: Krishna Jai , Chandrasekaran A. R. , Saini S. S.
Published: July 2021

This accelerogram is so far the strongest recorded near an epicenter of a shock with a peak-ground acceleration of 63 per cent of gravity. Displacement and velocity spectra as well as ground displacements and velocities have been obtained. Spectral intensities of this shock indicate that the vertical component of ground motion is as intense as the horizontal components supporting such general conjectures of motion near an epicenter.
The Dasht-e Bayāz (Iran) earthquake of August 31, 1968: A field report
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. , Tchalenko J. S.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The Dasht-e Bayāz earthquake of August 31, 1968 occurred in the east-central part of Iran, not far from where earlier shocks had caused damage at least as far back as the 9th Century A.D. The magnitude of the shock was 7.2. It was associated with an 80 km east-west fault-break which indicated maximum left-lateral displacement of 450 cm and maximum downthrow of 250 cm. The fault trace followed old faults with many topographical features of recent activity.

The shock was felt over an area of about 400,000 km 2, and killed between 7,000 and 12,000 people. Over 12,000 housing units were destroyed. Damage to structures in the immediate vicinity of the fault-break was similar to that produced ten to twenty kilometers away.
Array data processing techniques applied to long-period shear waves at Fennoscandian seismograph stations
Authors: Whitcomb James H.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Array data processing is applied to long-period records of S waves at a network of five Fennoscandian seismograph stations (Uppsala, Umeå, Nurmijärvi, Kongsberg, Copenhagen) with a maximum separation of 1300 km. Records of five earthquakes and one underground explosion are included in the study. The S motion is resolved into SH and SV, and after appropriate time shifts the individual traces are summed, both directly and after weighting.

In general, high signal correlation exists among the different stations involved resulting in more accurate time readings, especially for records which have amplitudes that are too small to be read normally. S-wave station residuals correlate with the general crustal type under each station. In addition, the Fennoscandian shield may have a higher SH/SV velocity ratio than the adjacent tectonic area to the northwest.SV-to-P conversion at the base of the crust can seriously interfere with picking the onset of Sin normal record reading.

The study demonstrates that, for epicentral distances beyond about 30°, existing networks of seismograph stations can be successfully used for array processing of long-period arrivals, especially the S arrivals.
Upper Mantle velocity structure in the Hindukush region from travel time studies of deep earthquakes using a new analytical method
Authors: Kaila K. L. , Krishna V. G. , Narain Hari
Published: July 2021

abstract

Upper Mantle velocity structure in the Hindukush region has been determined from the P- and S-wave travel times of 28 deep earthquakes making use of a new analytical method given by Kaila (1969). From a depth of 45 to 230 kms, the present analysis reveals a continuous linear increase of P-wave velocity from 8.21 to 8.52 km/sec. For S waves, however, the velocity increases linearly from 4.58 km/sec at a depth of 85 kms to 4.77 km/sec at 230 kms depth. Upper mantle velocities in the Hindukush region are found to be considerably higher in comparison to those for other regions of the Earth. Within the accuracy of the velocity determination from the present method, no inferences can be drawn regarding the existence or otherwise of the low-velocity channel in this region.

Calibration curves for focal depth determination in the Hindukush region are also drawn. The accuracy of focal depth determination from these calibration curves is of the same order as that obtained in the focal depths determined by making use of pP, sS and other reflected phases.
Ground effects from the Boxcar and Benham nuclear explosions
Authors: Cloud William K. , Carder D. S.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Formulas were developed by the authors in 1957 for the purpose of estimating maximum ground accelerations and transitory displacements resulting from the 1.7 kt Rainier shot and subsequent underground nuclear detonations. These formulas when extrapolated more than 4 orders of magnitude upward came within a half order of magnitude of predicting ground motion data resulting from the Boxcar and Benham underground detonations. Velocity response spectra from these shots made in the distance range of 20 km, more or less, closely resembled the velocity response spectra from a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in the same distance range.
Evolución de las estrategias de planificación y revisión textual y su relación con el producto escrito
Authors: Robledo Ramón Patricia , García Gutiérrez Vanesa
Published: July 2021

La escritura es fundamental en el ámbito escolar, siendo necesario conocer el proceso de adquisición de las habilidades de planificación y revisión textual que posibilitan su dominio. En este artículo se analizan comparativamente las habilidades y estrategias de escritura relativas a proceso de planificación y revisión textual que presentan estudiantes de 4º, 5º y 6º curso de Educación Primaria, así como la calidad de sus productos escritos, con la finalidad de identificar el patrón evolutivo de la adquisición de las habilidades cognitivas superiores implicadas en la competencia escrita y su posible relación con el producto escrito. El estudio se basa en un diseño de enfoque cuantitativo y carácter comparativo llevado a cabo con una muestra de 289 estudiantes (9-12 años), escolarizados en un mismo centro educativo en la provincia de León, España. Los estudiantes debieron elaborar varios textos escritos, evaluados con base a diferentes medidas de estructura, coherencia y calidad del producto textual. Los resultados destacan que la planificación textual es mínima, si bien los educandos de 6º son los que más ideas generan en sus borradores. En relación a la revisión, los alumnos menores son los que detectan más errores mecánicos. No hay diferencias en la detección de errores sustantivos ni en el tipo de estrategias de corrección de errores mecánicos desplegadas, pero sí en las activadas para corregir errores sustantivos. Como conclusión se evidencia una maduración mínima pero progresiva de las habilidades de planificación y revisión textual de los alumnos a medida que aumentan de curso, así como una mejoría en sus productos escritos.
Soft palate morphology in OSMF patients: Radiographic evaluation
Authors: Shah Himali A , Shah Jigna S
Published: July 2021

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive, scarring disorder of oral cavity, which includes buccal mucosa, tongue, lips, anterior faucial pillars, soft palate, and oropharynx. Changes in soft palate morphology will start even before the OSMF, present itself clinically. These changes can lead to sleep apnea, difficulty in speech, swallowing & respiration. Various radiographs are good diagnostic aid to assess the soft palate and its morphology or any changes in morphology.

To evaluate and compare soft palate morphology and dimensions in various stages of OSMF with control by radiographic evaluation.

: 60 patients were evaluated and compared for soft palate morphology, its length, width and angle by using lateral cephalogram and Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Most common type of soft palate was found to be type 1 (leaf shaped) in both groups as well as by both radiographic techniques. Significant decrease in length and increase in width with increasing grades of OSMF group. As per p value CBCT gave more precise result.

As the OSMF progresses soft palate becomes stout and bulky and significant changes occur in soft palate dimensions and are better evaluated by CBCT. As involvement of the soft palate is the earliest change to be noticed, radiographs should be used as one of the diagnostic aids in OSMF patients.
Mental health implications of COVID-19 outbreak on children
Authors: Borah Anamita
Published: July 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is equally effecting the adult population and the children’s in terms of mental health. Children’s are more susceptible to develop mental health problems as they are in the developmental stage of life. Anxiety, frustrations, impairment of sleep, feeling of helplessness is the common presentations of children during this pandemic outbreak. The health related quality of life has also been deteriorated owing to home confinement and less physical activities. The ongoing situation is quite incongruent with their developmental stage. Children’s are unable to go to school, isolated from their peer group, affecting their healthy development of the brain. It is also evident that the screen time is also gradually increasing which also contributes the brain development in a negative way. It is an important task to monitor the children’s mental and emotional health in this crucial period. Parents and care takers should understand this challenging environmental situation, which may have a devastating effect on their children’s mental health if not handled with utmost care.
Fifth’s disease in children and role of community health officer
Authors: Sangali Chetan Ramesh
Published: July 2021

Fifth’s disease it is more common condition in children’s age group of 5 to 15 years old and some time it will be sever in pregnant women and individual with compromised immune system. It is also named as erythema infectiosum, slapped cheek disease and most common cause is par virus B19. This is airborne virus leads to spread through saliva and respiratory secretions among children who are in elementary school period. This condition is more common during winter, spring early summer but it may spread at any time have been happens at any age group. The most common clinical symptoms are like distinctive red rash on the face that makes a child appear to have a slapped cheek and a few days later, the rash spreads down to the trunk, arms, and legs and it usually lasts 1 to 3 weeks and along with we can see head ache, fatigue, low-grade fever, sore throat, nausea, runny nose. In this kind of conditions at community level the community health officer who is in-charge of health and wellness center must diagnose the disease by clinical examination of the child and send for the specific clinical antibody test. To have relieve from those clinical symptoms must use acetaminophen that is Tylenol and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) can be administered. This treatment is usually reserved for severe, life-threatening cases. The community health officer must advice non pharmacological methods like tacking adequate rest, drinking plenty of water and adequate nutrition, supplementary fluids.
Two years one month old child with meningitis: A case study
Authors: Rohilla Nupur
Published: July 2021

Meningitis is the inflammation of meninges, the covering membrane of the brain and spinal cord. It is the cause of major hospitalization of children with high mortality rate. The term meningitis to be considered as a misnomer because it is virtually impossible that inflammation is limited to meninges only. This study was done to detect the risk factors and contributing factors that can lead a child to develop meningitis and whether the child condition improved or not. The child develop one episode of seizure before admission in the hospital.The child had fever,neck rigidity and irritability.With diagnosis it came out as signs of meningitis. The child got treatment of meningitis and with the time the child condition starts improving.The child condition improved day by day with appropriate care and no any other episode of seizure noticed during my duration of care.
Utilitarismo: Países desarrollados relegando el cambio climático
Authors: Pesántez Ariana
Published: July 2021

Dimanante del período industrial durante el cual los países desarrollados de hoy en día empezaron a enriquecerse mediante la emisión de gases nocivos para la atmósfera, el cambio climático es sin duda uno de los temas presentes más urgentes por resolver en la agenda internacional. Este artículo busca responder a la pregunta: ¿por qué no se toman acciones estatales concretas y efectivas para vencer el mayor desafío contemporáneo a nivel global? Para responderla se utilizará el utilitarismo de John Stuart Mill a través de la evaluación del accionar de los países desarrollados en la mitigación de los efectos del cambio climático y su adherencia a instrumentos internacionales entorno al mismo fin.
Paro Nacional: Agendas partidistas durante la crisis social en Ecuador
Authors: Andrade Guillermo
Published: July 2021

Acorde pasan los años, las palabras “desarrollo”, “agenda nacional” e “integración” en el Ecuador empiezan a poseer menos sentido material, más aún cuando los líderes políticos, futuros y vigentes, manejan discursos públicos y agendas ideológicas de separación y culpabilidad frente a otros actores. El Paro Nacional fue la expresión más clara de la fragmentación social que vive el país ecuatoriano, siendo este el indicador más cercano frente a las próximas elecciones presidenciales del 2021, donde los intereses partidistas alejan cada vez más la posibilidad de llegar a acuerdos nacionales debido a los incentivos por poseer más ventajas y beneficios. Lastimosamente, estos discursos refuerzan ciertas acciones populares, llegando así a comportamientos sociales negativos en todas las esferas legitimadas por autoridades, aparentemente encargadas de llegar a una inalcanzable unidad.
Methodological support for the training of UAV designers and operators
Authors: Lukyanov O. E. , Zolotov D. V.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we presented the developed concept for end-to-end training of designers and operators of UAVs on the basis of the use of specialized aircraft-type trainers. The educational possibilities of the concept in terms of various training programs are discussed. A methodology for the selection of the main parameters of UAV taking into account the mutual effect of aerodynamics and weight was developed. It provided a wide range of specific requirements for UAVs for acquiring initial control skills in manual and automatic modes. The developed methodology is based on the takeoff-weight buildup equation modified with regard to the specific requirements for small-sized vehicles. This methodology also includes the process of choosing the most advantageous combination of geometric and kinematic parameters of an aircraft propeller using the isolated blade element theory. The methodology is implemented in PascalABC.NET language. A demonstrative example of selecting the main parameters of a training UAV for specific requirements is presented. The obtained basic technical characteristics of the UAV are given. A three-dimensional geometric model of the UAV was developed on the basis of the calculated data, and a prototype was manufactured. The flight parameters recorded through a series of test flights of the prototype are presented. The ways of using the described methodology for the development of training-and-research UAVs are discussed.
Professor A.P. Merkulov’ role in the process of research and development of the vortex effect
Authors: Biryuk V. V. , Lukachev S. V. , Volov V. T. , Pirallishvili Sh. A.
Published: July 2021

The article is prepared for the centenary of the birth of Alexander Petrovich Merkulov. The stages of creating the theoretical basis of the vortex effect of energy separation of gases (the hypothesis of vortex interaction), and the creation and implementation of vortex devices based on the use of the vortex effect for aviation and medicine are considered. The role of Professor A.P. Merkulov in the study of characteristic features of the energy separation process in vortex tubes and practical application of the vortex effect in the USSR is shown. The works of ONIL-9 (KuAI-SGAU) headed by Alexander Petrovich Merkulov ensured the leading position of the Soviet school of thought in the field of vortex effect. These works contributed to the formation of modern understanding of the vortex effect and the successful beginning of industrial application of vortex apparatuses.
Calculation of flow characteristics of liquid fuel supplied through pressure jet atomizers of small-sized gas turbine engines
Authors: Gurakov N. I. , Zubrilin I. A. , Hernandez Morales M. , Yakushkin D. V. , Didenko A. A. , Matveev S. G. , Komisar Yu. V.
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of studying the flow characteristics of liquid fuel in pressure jet atomizers of small-sized gas turbine engines with nozzle diameters of 0.4-0.6 mm for various operating and design parameters. The study was carried out using experimental measurements, semi-empirical correlations and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods. The Euler approach, the volume- of- fluid (VOF) method, was used to model multiphase flows in CFD simulations. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and predicted data on the fuel coefficient and the primary spray cone angle at the nozzle outlet. Besides, the assessment of the applicability of semi-empirical techniques for the nozzle configurations under consideration is given. In the future, the flow characteristics in question (the nozzle flow rate, the fuel film thickness, and the primary spray cone angle) can be used to determine the mean diameter of the droplets (SMD) required to fully determine the boundary conditions of fuel injection when modeling combustion processes in combustion chambers of small-sized gas turbine engines.
Realization of «Victory» and «Defeat» frames in sports Internet-discourse: problem of focusing
Authors: Pisareva A. G.
Published: July 2021

The relevance of the problem of realization of the frames Victory and Defeat that are linguistically represented in the sports Internet-discourse is due to the fact that in the recent decades scholars both in Russia and abroad develop the theoretical grounds of discourse analysis and pay special attention to different kinds of institutional and professional discourses, and sports discourse possesses two important features aims and participants; thus, sports discourse belongs to the group of institutional discourses and is of great interest for researchers. The aim of the research became the identification of methods that are applied in order to change the focus of the frame; in the course of the study the author solves the following tasks: description of the constituents of the cognitive event model, carrying out linguistic research of sports Internet-discourse fragments and defining the pragmatic goals of the author that in turn influence the frame as a whole. The match reports which are found in the news sections of sport teams` websites were used as the research materials. The study is devoted to the headings of the reports and introductions to them. It is these parts of the articles that contain information about the match outcome that is the basis for the frames under analysis. In the article the following methods were applied: critical discourse analysis as well as quantitative and qualitative methods in the framework of content analysis. Lexical units that were singled out were analyzed from both morphological and semantic perspectives. The study of modern sports Internet-discourse has demonstrated that the authors of match reports tend not only to convey the information about the match results to the readers of the web-site but also to influence their opinion by forming a particular interpretation. The conducted analysis makes it possible to conclude that an intentional shift of focus frame is achieved with the help of various lexical units, word combinations and, especially, evaluative adjectives.
Functioning of the author's terms of the social sciences in professional discourse
Authors: Anisimova A. G. , Kosarina A. A. , Fedotova A. E.
Published: July 2021

Today studying author terms in different fields of knowledge remains a highly topical issue since they form the basis of every LSP (Language for Specific Purposes). Though many terminological issues have already been studied, the status of author's terms remains ambiguous as well as their functioning within the professional discourse, i.e. professional communication in a particular field of knowledge. Having chosen the terminology of social sciences as the material for the given research, the authors of the article single out author's terms within its framework and make an attempt to describe the main functions of author's terms in different contexts. The methods of the research include the following: information analysis and synthesis, contextual and contrastive analysis, comparative analysis of definitions. Theoretical significance of the article lies in the fact that it allows to get a better understanding of what the author's term is and to distinguish between the term and the author's term. The described functions of author's terms in professional discourse are a step forward towards studying general terminological issues. The research has revealed that author's terms perform three main functions: the nominative one, the emotive one and the expressing polemics with the author, who coined or popularized a particular term.
Translatological perspective of the concept of terminological doublet reflection in the context of teaching specialized translation
Authors: Shamilov R. M.
Published: July 2021

The article attempts to ground the importance of developing by the future translators/interpreters dealing in specialized translation the skill of consideration of peculiarities of a communicative situation of specialized translation. The necessity of developing this important translation skill seems natural since it is dictated by the circumstances of realizability of translation activity which is always carried out in a certain communicative situation. The particularity of each communicative situation of specialized translation conditions the linguistic composition of a target text which may vary from one communicative situation to another from either the formal and structural or contextual and conceptual point of view. To prove the fairness of his assertions the author, in particular, appeals to the concept of terminological synonymy/terminological doublet reflection and studies it through the prism of theoretical principles of communicative and functional approach to translation. Such a translatological view of the synonymy/doublet reflection helps the author to find a balance between opposite ways of understanding of this concept by various terminologists and offer a general translatological definition of doublet terms. This definition is fully responsive to a whole variety of communicative situations of specialized translation the particularity of which in each single case instead of a source standardized term may condition in a target language the use of its doublet represented by a professionalism, substandard language unit, conversation vocabulary unit, jargonism, dialectism, slang. Such real life examples of fulfilling professional translation activity as well as others worth becoming subjects of separate researches which contribute to the confirmation of the fact that the translators/interpreters behavior, the progress of a translation process and its result depend on the peculiarities of a certain communicative situation of specialized translation, should be taken into account when teaching students translation from the very first practical studies of specialized translation. Securing the achievement of the goal of acquiring by the students the ability of analyzing and considering the particularity of the given communicative situation in which he/she is supposed to make a translation of a specialized text should be listed among the competencies of a translator trainer.
Cooperation of small rural commodity producers in post-reform Russia:
factors and conditions
Authors: Kabytov P. S. , Bezgina O. A.
Published: July 2021

In this article, the authors, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, using the statistical method and a systematic approach, analyzed the first steps in the development of cooperative societies in the rural environment using the example of the Volga region provinces. The factors and conditions were identified, the totality of which influenced the rate of spread and development of cooperative forms of management in the peasant environment during the post-reform period. This is, firstly, the urgent economic need for the peasant in inexpensive credit: the lack of financial resources forced them to borrow from usurers at a high interest rate; secondly, the efforts of representatives of the aristocracy, intelligentsia and zemstvos to draw attention to this problem, to promote and demonstrate the first experiences of cooperative work; thirdly, the actions of the state to create and develop cooperative legislation. The authors analyze examples of cooperative endeavors that were initiated by the most enlightened people of their time; trace the activities of the zemstvo in the dissemination of cooperative ideas in the peasant environment, the promotion of cooperative knowledge, assistance in opening cooperative partnerships and the provision of initial loans to peasants by rural credit and savings and loan associations; state measures at the legislative level to activate peasant self-help. The analysis of all the above factors in the development of cooperative societies in the peasant environment allowed the authors, following the ups and downs of the processes described, to draw a conclusion about their interaction and influence on the development of the cooperative movement in Russia. In zemstvo and state circles, an understanding has been formed that without the inclusion of peasants in a market economy, it is impossible to develop the infrastructure of the agricultural sector. At the same time, the authors are convinced that without the gradually emerging objective conditions, all these efforts would hardly have been justified.