bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Buddy System
Authors: Guynn Jacqueline
Published: October 2009

The education for all Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94–142) is both an education and civil rights law. As a result of the civil rights perspective of the law, students with chronic illnesses and disabilities are demanding access to public education. These students often require multiple services designed to meet their special health needs. It has become the responsibility of school personnel to assess these students and determine the best type of school health plan for them. This article is about the creation of a Buddy System used in an urban, middle school in grades six‐eight for students ages 10–13.
Utilizing Tenets of Inoculation Theory to Develop and Evaluate a Preventive Alcohol Education Intervention
Authors: Duryea Elias J.
Published: October 2009

With the advent of the Surgeon General's Report, Healthy People, a renewed interest in and concern for the health‐risky practices of the school aged has emerged. Moreover, because the mortality rates for the 15 to 24 year age group continues to increase while the mortality rates for every other age group continues to decline, a school health education imperative has become peventionbased interventions. The experimental, prevention‐based alcohol education porgram reported here describes one such intervention directed at 9th grade students. The program was grounded on the principles of Inoculation Theory and evaluated using a Solomon Four‐Group Design. Results indicate that the formulation of preventive alcohol education programs utilizing Inoculation Theory in a school setting is both feasible and productive in achieving designated objectives. Longitudinal assessment of the subjects with regard to their alcohol‐related behavior is continuing throughout their high school careers.
Reading, Demographic, Social and Psychological Factors Related to Pre‐adolescent Smoking and Non‐smoking Behaviors and Attitudes
Authors: Sunseri Albert J. , Alberti Jean M. , Kent Nancie D. , Schoenberger James A. , Sunseri Joan K. , Amuwo Shaffdeen , Vickers Pamela
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine reading, demographic, social and psychological factors related to pre‐adolescent smoking and non‐smoking behaviors and attitudes. The school‐home humanistic education program was implemented in a large, urban public school system. It stressed responsible decisionmaking, increased self‐esteem and the inter‐relationships among the acquisition of knowledge of the consequences of smoking, personal feelings, family relationships and behavior.

The results showed that family involvement was necessary to affect smoking attitudes and behaviors. Of all the variables studied, reading had a most pervasive relationship. Peer influence and self‐esteem also were related to smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, future smoking intentions and the “purchase” of cigarettes.

Two of several conclusions drawn from the results are:

1. Family involvement is necessary to affect attitudes and behaviors.

2 Health education research that does not investigate the relationship between program outcomes and reading achievement may be misleading.
Using LISREL Analysis for Drug Research
Authors: Kennedy Patricia H. , Starrfield Susan L. , Baffi Charles
Published: October 2009

LISREL Analysis is suggested as a method of modeling relationships among variables to determine causality. LISREL is a computer program that uses a maximum‐likelihood procedure to analyze structural equations. The variables in the tested hypotheses can be both directly observed variables and latent variables. LISREL was applied to the findings of a study in drug education research in order to provide a model. The constructed LISREL model was contrasted with the ANOVA‐based model. The LISREL had greater explanatory value for dealing with antecedent variables present in complex human health behaviors.
The Response of Special Education Students to an Activity‐Centered Health Curriculum
Authors: Brooks Charles H. , Howard Daniel J.
Published: October 2009

The study's purpose was to assess the effectiveness of an activity‐centered health education curriculum designed for regular students on the general health beliefs of special education students. As part of an entire school system evaluation, 92 ***Learning Disability students and 142 Learning Limitation students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. All the students were pretested and subsequently posttested using a 28‐item questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model. The analysis of covariance indicated that the activity‐centered health education program apparently was effective among the Learning Disability students, but was not effective among students with IQ scores of 80 or below.
Implementing EPSDT Screening in the Public School: Resolving Some Issues
Authors: Maddox Mary , Edgar Eugene
Published: October 2009

The use of the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment Program (EPSDT) as an adjunct to school health and education services was investigated. In the process of developing systematic procedures for public schools to use in collaborating with EPSDT, critical procedural, cost and policy issues surfaced. Methods for determining and protecting student eligibility information, estimating the cost and feasibility of the procedures and the role of local and state school health policy are examined. Specific recommendations are made. Information is provided that will help others interested in involving the public schools in the EPSDT program.
Comparing the Self‐Image of Prepubescent Girls Before and After Four Sessions on Body Awareness
Authors: Kerrins Kathleen M.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this research was to determine whether increasing the knowledge of prepubescent girls concerning emotional and physiological changes would result in a more positive self‐image. Eleven Junior Girl Scouts comprised the sample. The procedure consisted of pretesting with the “How I See Myself Scale” and the “Sex Knowledge Test,” teaching a four‐session Body Awariness Course and posttesting with pretest instruments. Body awareness of the participants was significantly increased following the course. Self‐image was improved, although not significantly. Each participant indicated a strong interest in body awareness and her developing sexuality. This study demonstrates that prepubescent females need and desire factual information about their physical and emotional concerns.
Male Adolescent Sexual Behavior, The Forgotten Partner: A Review
Authors: Finkel Madelon Lubin , Finkel David J.
Published: October 2009

It is encouraging that after years of focusing attention on the female's ability and responsibility to manage her reproductive behavior, the male is finally beginning to receive notice and attention. Ironically, before the widespread use of the Pill and the IUD, men and male birth control methods played an important role in family planning. Even today, reliance on vasectomies, the condom and withdrawal account for 25% of the contraceptive use among couples and trend statistics point to an increased interest among selected populations in the use of barrier methods that require partner cooperation for effective use.

Yet, most small scale and nationwide knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) studies focus on the female, particularly the teen‐age female. With the exception of fragmentary survey data, pertinent information about male adolescent sexual activity is virtually nonexistent. The growing consensus among researchers and planners is that it is now crucial to research the forgotten partner — the adolescent male.
School Nursing in the News
Authors: Kalisch Beatrice J. , Kalisch Philip A. , McHugh Mary
Published: October 2009

This study investigated the image of school nursing in the American press during 1978 and 1980. Content analysis of newspaper articles yielded specific measurements of the extent to which school nursing is visible via the press, the content of messages disseminated to the public about school nursing issues and two year changes in newspaper treatment of this topic. The mean number of articles published per state was 1.43 in 1978 and 6.30 in 1980. The typical school nurse article appeared in a daily newspaper circulated to less than 10,000 readers. Articles published in 1978 were significantly larger than those published in 1980 and were more likely to focus primarily on the school nursing program rather than on teachers, school boards, funding concerns or other issues. The majority of the articles (77%) devoted some space to describing the services provided by school nurses. Nearly 30% of the articles reported problems with funding for school nursing programs and 21% reported threatened or actual loss of funding for services.

Although reports of protests against budget cuts by school nurses, teachers, administrators and parents were found, parents were depicted as the only interest group to succeed in efforts to avert the loss of services. Criticism of school nursing services was found in only 2% of the articles. More than 80% of the articles praised school nursing as a vital force for improving the health of American school children. It was concluded that school nursing has not yet attained a position on the public agenda as an important community issue despite the fact that the quality and level of school health services are increasingly threatened in the current budget‐cutting climate.
Primary Prevention of Tobacco Smoking
Authors: Schinke Steven Paul , Gilchrist Lewayne D.
Published: October 2009

Sixth‐grade students (N = 56) were assigned randomly to one of four experimental conditions: pretest and primary prevention; primary prevention; pretest; and neither pretest nor primary prevention. In eight group sessions, primary prevention students learned facts, problem solving, decision making, self‐instructions and interpersonal skills to help keep them from using tobacco. All students completed posttests and a six‐month follow‐up. Compared with untrained controls, trained students had greater knowledge of smoking, more perspectives on tobacco problems, better linkages between problems and solutions, more insights on the consequences of nonsmoking decisions and greater nonverbal and verbal competence in tobacco use situations. Follow‐up data showed trained students with stronger commitments to tobacco abstinence, more frequent refusals of tobacco, and less smoking than controls. Midway through seventh grade, 8% of trained students and 37.5% of controls had smoked in the most recent month.
Evaluating a Nutrition Education Program for Pregnant Teen‐Agers: Cognitive vs. Behavioral Outcomes
Authors: Perkin Judy
Published: October 2009

A manual‐based program of nutrition education for pregnancy and lactation was developed. This program was evaluated in a classroom setting using two measures of effectiveness. A pretest and posttest format was used to assess cognitive outcomes and predietary and postdietary records were used to assess behavioral changes. The difference between cognitive test scores was significant. However, actual dietary improvements were slight and were within the range of normal intake variation. This study emphasizes the need to assess behavior in order to more fully evaluate educational effectiveness. Observations of the study also suggest the desirability of environmental support for the successful translation of classroom knowledge into appropriate behaviors.
A Controlled Trial of a Physical Fitness Program for Fifth Grade Students
Authors: Duncan Burris , Boyce W. Thomas , Itami Robert , Puffenbarger Nancy
Published: October 2009

The relative effectiveness of a structured physical fitness program was compared with that of the customary organized activities for fifth grade students. The level of fitness was compared at the beginning and end of the nine‐month academic year as well as after the three‐month summer recess during which time no structured program was offered. The experimental group showed significant improvement over the control group in flexibility, strength and endurance during the school year; part of that improvement was maintained over the summer months; the physical fitness program had a positive influence on the general activity level of the students and was adopted by nine of the other 10 classrooms in the experimental school.
School‐based Prenatal Services
Authors: Taylor Barbara , Berg Marjorie , Kapp Lucy , Edwards Laura E.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether enhancement of hospital‐based prenatal care of adolescents results in pregnancy outcomes comparable to those found in adolescents receiving care at school‐based clinics. An initial study comparing hospital clinic and school clinic programs administered by the St. Paul Maternal and Infant Care Project (MIC) from 1973–1976 indicated that delivered teens from the high school clinics had earlier and more frequent prenatal visits and fewer low birth weight babies than delivered adolescents who received care at hospital based clinics. After the initial study of 1976, MIC hospital based services for the adolescents were enhanced to include additional educational and support services.

A follow up study, (1976–1979) was subsequently conducted, using criteria similar to the previous study, to compare the results of hospital and school‐based programs for pregnant teens. The follow up data demonstrated that the School Group initiated care much earlier and had significantly more prenatal visits than the Comparison Group, but the Comparison Group demonstrated a dramatic improvement in both areas when compared to the first study.

Rates of obstetrical complications and infant outcomes were more similar for both groups than in the initial study, supporting the premise that while the school provides a superior setting for provision of prenatal services, similar services at nonschool sites can be greatly enhanced and can demonstrate significant improvement in obstetrical outcomes.
An Epidemic of Group A, Type 4 Streptococcal Carriers Among School Children and Their Desk Location at School
Authors: Fukuda Katsuhiro
Published: October 2009

During a follow‐up study of pharyngeal carrier of beta‐hemolytic streptococci among school children in three classes (ages 8–9) in Sapporo City, an epidemic of group A, T4 streptococcal carrier was observed. The epidemic started in February 1978 in class II (35 pupils) and spread to class I (36 pupils) in May. Class III developed only three carriers during the course. Information on the desk location of those children at school and those on some host factors or on several environmental factors were collected. Monthly sociometric tests were performed on those pupils and corresponding sociograms were constructed. New T4 carrier rate by month was calculated for class I and class II by pupil's desk location (adjacent vs. remote) or by degree of pupil's friendship (best friends vs. others, based on the sociogram).

More new carriers were detected from susceptibles adjacent to previous carriers than from those remote to them. There was no significant difference with carrier rate between best friends and others. The T4 carriers did not significantly differ from the remaining noncarriers in terms of status with host or environmental factors examined.
Student Directed Projects in Cancer Education: Eight Years Experience in California
Authors: Hilborne Lee H. , Wolf‐Greenberg Melanie J.
Published: October 2009

A student directed cancer education project was developed in conjunction with the California Division of the American Cancer Society. This program has shown to be cost effective in providing cancer information to the community from a university setting.
Boom or Bust: Future of Health Profession Education
Authors: Garza Diana , Evans Dale W.
Published: October 2009

The future of allied health education depends greatly on the nature of economic, social, political and health trends. It behooves educators and administrators to consider such trends as dramatic cutbacks in educational funding, revision of Medicare and Medicaid hospital reimbursement policies, establishment of diagnosis related groups (DRG), increasing technology, the wave of conservatism and the aging population. The effect on the health professions is speculative, however, knowing these trends and properly preparing, revising and reorganizing for them will keep allied health educational programs viable. This paper addresses the trends and their impact on education.
Effects Of Sibling Death On Teenagers
Authors: Balk David
Published: October 2009

This study reports the effects of sibling death on 33 adolescents from white, middle‐ to upper‐middle income families. Contact was made through mutual support groups for bereaved parents. A focused interview was used to gather data on bereavement reactions and on self‐concept. Bereavement reactions investigated included kinds of emotional responses, effects on sleeping and eating, frequency of thoughts about the deceased sibling, effects on school work, means of dealing with the death and interpersonal relationships. Self‐concept perceptions investigated were perceptions of personal maturity, lessons learned from the death and the importance of religious beliefs. Eleven further measures of self‐concept were obtained by means of the “Offer Self‐Image Questionnaire for Adolescents.” By grouping responses into two time frames (before or a few weeks after the death and at the time of the interview), significant differences in reactions and perceptions were found among the participants.
Anorexia Nervosa:
Authors: Chng Chwee Lye
Published: October 2009

This paper has been written for the health professional in the school and community, and others who come into contact with the anorexic. Although hardly a rare disease today, misinformation and fear continue to surround anorexia nervosa. Few people, including health professionals, are well informed about the illness, and this ignorance sometimes impairs early detection and effective treatment of the problem. Perhaps, this paper will help make the disorder more comprehensible and less frightening for both sufferers and health professionals in the school and community. Among other things, it will draw implications for health education and attempt to answer the following questions: What is anorexia nervosa? How prevalent is it? What individuals are at high risk? How does a person become anorexic? What treatment programs work? Can the problem be prevented?
A National Study Of Fluoride Mouthrinse Adoption:
Authors: Coombs Jeanne A. , Silversin Jacob B. , Drolette Margaret E. , Bikofsky Carol G. , Ulrich Alison M.
Published: October 2009

The ongoing adoption of school‐based fluoride mouthrinse programs in the U.S. has provided the opportunity to study the issues surrounding the adoption and implementation of a health technology by public schools. Findings from a National Study on the Diffusion of Preventive Health Measures to Schools have been selected for analysis with regard to the role of school health personnel in the adoption and delivery of the service. A more visible role for school health personnel as on‐site health experts is discussed, as well as the potential ways for increasing their involvement through facilitating initial program adoption, relaying accurate and up‐to‐date implementation information to decisionmakers, developing a constituency for long‐term program support and ensuring program accuracy through monitoring and continuing education.
International Students At An American University: Health Problems And Status
Authors: Miller Dean F. , Harwell Deanna J.
Published: October 2009

Eighty‐eight international students enrolled at the University of Toledo were surveyed in order to ascertain their health care needs since arriving at the university. This study of the health status of international students indicated that the four leading problems experienced since arriving at the university were fatigue, homesickness, headaches and colds. Fatigue and colds were more commonly reported by students from Latin America than those from Asia or the Middle East.

Both community health services and the university health service are not used by a majority of international students. Friends and the telephone book yellow pages arc the most commonly used sources for finding a physician if one becomes sick. The drug store was indicated as being the place the international students would go for medicine if they became sick.

The findings of this study suggest that international students must be oriented to the health services available in the community and at the university health service. A health education program needs to be conducted to inform these students about personal health practices and available services.
School Nurse Demonstrates that Mini‐Grant Funding Can Improve Elementary Nutrition Education
Authors: O'Donnell Norma L. , Alles Wesley F.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this demonstration project was to determine whether the school nurse can facilitate changes in the health education curriculum. By making resources and a packaged curriculum available to teachers, and by offering in‐service education about these materials, teachers were willing to spend more classroom time on nutrition. The students in each grade level K‐6 experienced significant gains in knowledge because of the increased time allotment and the utilization of available materials. It appears that the school nurse can have a positive effect on the health education curriculum.
The School Nurse's Role in Vision Screening for the Difficult‐to‐Test Student
Authors: Johnson Janis L. , Spellman Charles R. , Cress Pamela J. , Sizemore Andrea C. , Shores Richard E.
Published: October 2009

This article discusses the importance of providing vision screening services to students who are difficult‐to‐test and describes strategies for providing such services. Included in the discussion is an overview of various instruments that may be used to assess visual acuity. One of the instruments, the Parsons Visual Acuity Test, is described in detail as a tool for assessing visual acuity of the difficult‐to‐test. In addition, a discussion is presented which emphasizes the importance of providing follow‐up services to those children who are referred for professional eye examinations. The authors delineate the vital role of the school nurse in assisting the difficult‐to‐test student to gain necessary vision care services through screening, referral, obtaining appropriate treatment and providing follow‐up services.
Teaching about Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self‐examination
Authors: Marty Phillip J. , McDermott Robert J.
Published: October 2009

Testicular cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in young men. Because some 5,300 new cases of this disorder may be diagnosed annually, with an accompanying 950 deaths from complications, it is important that young males become informed about this potentially dangerous condition. In an effort to meet the educational needs of school health personnel and secondary school pupils, the authors of this paper review the pathology and epidemiology of testicular cancer, the technique of testicular self‐examination, and some suggestions for teaching about this subject.
Demythologizing Sex Education in Oklahoma: An Attitudinal Study
Authors: Turner Norma Haston
Published: October 2009

A randomized study was conducted to determine the distribution of attitudes among Oklahomans of voting age toward sex education and to analyze the relationship of demographic, sociocultural, and attitudinal factors. The state was stratified into six regions. Forty‐five percent of the sample lived in urban areas, and 55% in rural areas. Random digit dialing and random selection within households were utilized to ensure a representative sample of the population.

Eighty percent of the sample was found to be favorable toward sex education in the public schools, while 20% was unfavorable. A majority of respondents in all religious groups including “fundamentalists” were favorable. Seventeen variables were found to be significant in the univariate analysis of the data; eight were not significant. In a multivariate analysis, three variables, age, Protestant denominational type and female employment, were shown to have predictive ability in determining favorability and unfavorability. Implications for building community support for sex education also are discussed.
Objectivity In The Assessment Of Preschool Hearing Impaired Bilingual‐Hispanic Children
Authors: Ferullo Robert J.
Published: October 2009

Public Law 94–142, Education of Handicapped Children, mandates the development of an Individualized Education Plan for school‐age children with special needs. The development of such a plan requires a team meeting of various specialists who have conducted a variety of assessments of the children being “cored”. Often such meetings become an arena for the enunciation of favored philosophical and methodological positions that tend to obstruct the development of scientifically‐based goals and objectives.

This article stresses the importance of avoiding one's favored philosophy in the evaluation and assessment of preschool hearing impaired Hispanic bilingual children. A case illustration is presented to demonstrate the need for objectivity in the team evaluation process. Finally, some guidelines are presented for use in working with Hispanic families.
Communicating Nutrition to High School Students in Kenya
Authors: Feldman Robert H. L.
Published: October 2009

The success of school health programs depends upon effective communication. The characteristics of the communicator is an important component in the communication process. Research indicates that the expertise of the communicator and communicator‐audience similarity are both characteristics that influence the acceptance of health information. The goal of this study was to determine which combination of expertise and similarity is most effective in improving the nutrition knowledge and attitudes of high school students in Kenya, East Africa. To examine this problem, Gusii students from Kenya received communications advocating improved nutrition from sources varying in expertise and similarity. Results of the investigation indicated that a communicator similar to his or her audience (low expert/high similar communicator) was effective in persuading the students as an expert (high expert/low similar communicator). The implications for school health programs, especially in developing countries, is that in utilizing a culturally similar, locally‐trained person (low expert/high similar communicator) as a communicator source, the school is obtaining an effective communicator as well as utilizing limited resources in the most effective manner. If a culturally dissimilar person is the source of the information, then this individual would be effective only if he or she is an expert.
Health Education in the Department of Defense Dependents Schools: An Internationalizing Experience
Authors: Sponberg Janalee L. , Nevarez Hector O. , Evans Dale W.
Published: October 2009

The Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) system provides a unique educational experience for thousands of military and civilian dependents living in foreign countries. The blend of military life with a host nation culture creates a challenge for both students and educators. Health education in the international setting provides a social and cultural experience which is not readily found at home in the U.S.
Southeast Asian Refugees And School Health Personnel
Authors: Cohon J. Donald
Published: October 2009

This paper describes methodological and demographic limitations of attempts to generalize how traditional Southeast Asian cultural beliefs may affect attitudes of refugee children to the health services and style of education in American schools. It presents brief overviews of the diverse cultural influences upon Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos and then discusses some of the psychological consequents of cultural change observed with uprooted children. Finally, it describes the role of school health personnel as a cultural bridge carrying out three functions: (1) Direct Services; (2) Indirect Services; and (3) Research.
Administration of Medication by School Personnel
Authors: Gadow Kenneth D. , Kane Kevin M.
Published: October 2009

Many students who receive drug therapy for a seizure or a behavior disorder must take medication during the school day. In order to determine how school personnel manage this situation, teachers were asked to complete individual questionnaires for 461 trainable mentally retarded students who were receiving pharmacotherapy for one or both of these disorders. The return rate was 86%. The results showed that: (a) more than one‐half of the children took medication in school; (b) teachers were responsible for supervising this activity in 48% of these cases; and (c) the school had obtained written instructions from the doctor and a permission letter from the parents regarding medication in all but a small minority of instances. However, there was no daily record of drug administration for 55% of the students. Issues related to school involvement in the administration of medication are discussed.
Nursing Management Of The School‐Age Child With Bowel Incontinence: Utilizing Erikson's Theory Of Psychosocial Development
Authors: Thackaberry Joan M.
Published: October 2009

Fecal incontinence due to physical and emotional factors can be devastating to the self‐esteem of a child in the school setting. Approaches to the nursing management of a child with this condition are evaluated. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is used to analyze compensatory behaviors in the child, and to plan a system of nursing care that will foster autonomy. Dorothea E. Orem's conceptual framework of nursing, a self‐care model, is the base for developing a comprehensive plan of care for the child to normalize mastery of psychosocial tasks.
Health Education As A Component Of An Epidemiologic Survey
Authors: Calkins Beverly , Williams Phyllis M.
Published: October 2009

A health education component was an integral part of the screening phase of a large epidemiological blood pressure study. Slide‐tape programs, printed material and models appropriate to the age levels (6–16) of the children were used. As the children entered the room set aside by the school for the study, they were assigned to one of three stations: height and weight, blood pressure measurement or health education. The children then rotated to the remaining stations as a group; the printed material was handed out as they left. These activities and material served the three‐fold purpose of: (1) meeting the school administration's concern that the school day be used for education; (2) educating thousands of children and their parents about blood pressure; and (3) keeping the children constructively occupied and quiet while their classmates were having their blood pressure measured.
The Male Role In Contraception: Implications For Health Education
Authors: Chng Chwee Lye
Published: October 2009

Today most contraceptive efforts are focused on the female. The resultant diminished male role may have inadvertently undermined the many societal efforts at birth control. Many men, young and old, still perceive contraception as primarily a woman's responsibility, for after all, she suffers most directly from contraceptive failure. This attitude is unfortunate. Since decisions about pregnancy affect both partners, both should share the contraceptive burden equitably. More specifically, the two‐fold purpose of the paper is: (1) to examine the available male contraceptives; and (2) to draw implications of the changing male role in contraception for health professionals in the school and community. The paper argues that while the involvement of men in contraception will not automatically solve the problem of unwanted pregnancy among the young, it can certainly make a difference — an important difference.
Use of Small Group With Chronically Ill Children
Authors: Williams Kay , Baeker Marilyn
Published: October 2009

The authors describe the use of small groups with chronically ill elementary students as a way to facilitate acceptance of their diseases. Specific techniques that proved helpful are described.
A Neurological Disorders Workshop for School Nurses
Authors: Reid Shirley M. , Taboskey‐Wade Elaine , Williams Barbara J. , Wimmer Janice
Published: October 2009

The Neurological Disorders Workshop was a continuing education experience for school nurses in central Vermont. It examined neurologically‐related clinical problems commonly encountered by school nurses such as neurological screening, mental retardation, seizure disorders, motor system disorders, attention and behavior disorders, diagnostic screening tools, and referral sources. The six‐day workshop (five consecutive days plus a follow up four months later) used didactic presentations, demonstrations, and practicum experiences. After the workshop, written evaluations were conducted.
Michigan School Health Association Celebrates Golden Anniversary
Authors: Jubb Wanda H. , Valone Maria T.
Published: October 2009

The Michigan School Health Association celebrated its Golden Anniversary Nov. 10, 1983. As a group dedicated to the promotion of comprehensive school health programs, MSHA has provided members with publications and conferences, and it has encouraged American School Health Association membership. Its members are health educators, college professors, school nurses, affiliated organizations, and voluntary health agency representatives. With 50 years of experience, the Michigan School Health Association is continuing in its leadership role of promoting comprehensive school health programs.
Modifying the Eating Behavior of Young Children
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Mullis Rebecca M. , Maile Marla C.
Published: October 2009

A nutrition education curriculum was developed, based on a social learning model, that emphasized the importance of a low‐salt, low‐fat, and increased complex carbohydrate diet for cardiovascular health. The curriculum was pilot‐tested in eight third and fourth grade classrooms. Students were exposed to cartoon character role models, were reinforced for dietary changes, and practiced relevant behavioral skills. Students in eight other third and fourth grade classrooms served as controls. At posttest, students participating in the nutrition education program reported a significant reduction in consumption of foods high in fat and salt and an increase in consumption of complex carbohydrates. These assessments were confirmed by food selection measures and by 24‐hour food recalls. Students in the control classrooms did not report these eating pattern changes.
Health and Wellness: A Conceptual Differentiation
Authors: Greenberg Jerrold S.
Published: October 2009

Confusion exists regarding the terms health and wellness. This article presents a conceptualization of health as consisting of social, mental, emotional, spiritual, and physical components; a conceptualization of wellness as the integration of these components; and a conceptualization of high‐level wellness as the balance of these components. Implications of these conceptualizations for health education are presented. Iatrogenic health education disease is discussed and a distinction is made between health education and health indoctrination.
Health Problems of Migrant Children
Authors: Michael Robert J. , Salend Spencer J.
Published: October 2009

This investigation examined the incidence and types of health‐related problems of migrant children as identified by school health medical personnel. Results indicated 615 of 1,000 (61.5%) children in the sample has health‐related problems. The incidence rates were physical (22%), visual (10.8%), dental (10.4%), auditory (7.5%), immunization (5.5%), and nutritional problems (5.5%). Implications of the findings for school health personnel are discussed.
A Comparison of Two HRAs for Use in the University Classroom
Authors: Neutens James J. , Pursley R. J.
Published: October 2009

Current interest in health and wellness combined with the proliferation of Health Risk Appraisals (HRAs) has made classroom use of such instruments increase rapidly in recent years. This study compred two HRAs in terms of appraised age, attainable age, the list of positive lifestyle factors for reinforcement, the list of lifestyle factors to be changed, and the variables of desirable weight and blood pressure as well as observed differences in display and unique comment characteristics. One hundred and thirty‐three students at a large southeastern university comprised the sample. Though no significant differences were found in appraised age or attainable age, significant differences existed in the number of positive lifestyle changes listed, number of suggested lifestyle changes to be made by students, and several observable differences in display including graphics and tables. Implications for health educators are noted.
Cross‐cultural Validation of a Three Component Alcohol Attitude Scale
Authors: Torabi Mohammad R. , Seffrin John R.
Published: October 2009

Attitudes and their measurement constitute important aspects of the study of human behavior regarding the use and abuse of alcoholic beverages. A Three Component Alcohol Attitude Scale was developed to measure three attitude components separately and in total. This study validated the scale utilizing a cross‐cultural approach. Hypotheses were formulated on the assumption that, if the scale was valid, all 54 items in each of the instrument's three components, as well as the total scale, would discriminate significantly between a sample of US university students and their Egyptian counterparts in terms of their attitudes toward alcohol use and abuse. The scale was translated into Arabic, the English and Arabic scales then were administered to a sample of 400 university students at two comparable major universities in the US and Egypt. The data were subjected to Pearson's correlation, t‐test, stepwise discriminate analysis, split‐half, and Cronbach (alpha) reliability. Forty‐nine of 54 items, each of the three components, and the total instrument discriminated significantly between US students and their Egyptian counterparts, confirming the previous validation of the scale.
Parental Evaluations of a Sex Education Course for Young Adolescents
Authors: Parcel Guy S. , Coreil Jeannine
Published: October 2009

Parental evaluations of their children's participation in a school‐based sex education program for young adolescents were conducted by interview using a structured questionnaire. Parents were asked questions concerning: course objectives, course content, instructional materials, expectations, perceived effectiveness, and important outcomes of the instruction. The sex education course was six weeks in length, meeting for 50 minutes daily. The program was comprehensive and did not avoid areas typically thought of as controversial. The results indicated parental support for the sex education program and the evaluation provided useful information for program revision. An examination of the findings suggest a paradox in that parents want their children to be informed about sexuality and to be able to make decisions that would avoid problems, but they are uneasy about dealing directly with sexual behavior.
Project SCAN: Counseling Teen‐Age Parents in a School Setting
Authors: Delatte Joseph G. , Orgeron Kathleen , Preis Jill
Published: October 2009

A three‐year interdisciplinary intervention program with adolescent parents and expectant parents was implemented within a public school system. The program combined educational and counseling efforts within a regular school to provide information, support, and the opportunity for personal growth. Program organization and implementation are discussed as well as implications for health professionals. There was evidence that the program was effective with respect to an important goal: keeping the students in school. For the three years of the project, significantly more program participants remained in school than control group members.
Correlates of Temperate and Intemperate Attitudes Toward Alcohol Use
Authors: Carter Jo A. , Denson Dan R. , Randow Holley
Published: October 2009

The relationship between alcohol attitudes and the personality variables of locus of control and authoritarianism was investigated for a sample of 791 high school students. Authoritarianism was negatively related to indiscriminate attitudes and positively related to responsible attitudes toward alcohol use for both males and females. The locus of control dimension correlated with alcohol attitudes for females only. The findings provide information useful in the identification of adolescents at risk for problematic drinking.
The Impact of Aging on Human Sexuality
Authors: Rienzo Barbara A.
Published: October 2009

Review of gerontological and medical literature reveals the need for education for lay persons and professionals about the effects of the aging process on human sexuality. Primary prevention of psychosocial problems and sexual dysfunction could be abated by including accurate information about sexuality and aging and effective communication techniques in sexuality education programs, including those with young adults. In addition, professional preparation of health educators must include the skills and knowledge needed in this area.
A Pilot Study of the Impact of Stress Management Techniques on the Classroom Behavior of Elementary School Students
Authors: Petosa Richard , Oldfield Dick
Published: October 2009

Intervention studies have demonstrated the benefit of stress management techniques on health‐related variables among school‐age children. It was hypothesized that teaching elementary school children stress management skills would promote appropriate classroom study behavior by enhancing student ability to attend to teacher assigned tasks. This pilot study supports the contention that stress management skills can increase classroom “on‐task” behavior.
Cancer Prevention in the Schools
Authors: Iammarino Nicholas K. , Weinberg Armin D.
Published: October 2009

About 145,000 people with cancer will die this year who might have been saved by earlier diagnosis and treatment. Many of these deaths could be prevented through smoking cessation programs, reduction of occupational health hazards, and school and community health education programs. To gain insight into the problem, a literature review was conducted to examine the major curricula and instructional materials developed during the past decade. Due to the magnitude of information available concerning the etiology and prevention of cancer, the review was limited to literature with specific relevance to children and adolescents. The review provides information concerning the background of cancer prevention; knowledge and attitudes of adolescents concerning cancer; cancer curricula, programs, and educational materials for adolescents; and a justification for cancer education in schools. Conclusions are drawn, and recommendations for action are offered.
The Resolution of Health Problems in School Children
Authors: Oda Dorothy S. , DeAngelis Catherine , Berman Barbara , Meeker Robert
Published: October 2009

The resolution rates of health problems identified in school children by primary care, physical examination, or screenings were examined during a two‐year period. The evaluation component of the National School Health Program involved a range of school health services provided in four states to more than 13,000 children. A school nurse practitioner‐health aide team worked in collaboration with a community physician consultant to manage the resolution of identified problems. More than 95% of the problems were resolved or in process of resolution at the end of each school year. Resolution patterns were relatively consistent across problem severity levels. Factors contributing to the timely resolutions of health problems by nurse practitioners included their ability to manage and resolve more than 90% of the problems within the school‐based practice with physician backup and their access to a medical support network for external referrals.
Sex Chromosome Variations in School‐Age Children
Authors: Cohen Felissa L. , Durham Jerry Dean
Published: October 2009

Current evidence suggests that some school‐age children are born with a sex chromosome variation. Large chromosome surveys of newborns indicate that 0.5% to 0.6% have chromosome errors, with sex chromosome variations accounting for 35% of them. The four most frequently occurring sex chromosome variations are Turner Syndrome (45, X), Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY), Polysomy X or Triple X (47, XXX), and Polysomy Y or XYY (47, XYY). Though many individuals with sex chromosome variations can live functionally normal lives, others may experience developmental, physical, psychological, behavioral, and learning impairments. New information has dispelled myths and biases previously associated with these disorders. By becoming knowledgeable about sex chromosome variations and their effects upon children, school health personnel can assist affected children, their families, and teachers.
High School Students' Perceptions and Misperceptions of AIDS
Authors: Price James H. , Desmond Sharon , Kukulka Gary
Published: October 2009

This study examines the knowledge, beliefs, and sources of information of junior and senior high school students concerning AIDS. The students were found to have a very limited knowledge of AIDS. Males were more knowledgeable about AIDS than were females, but the majority of students were not personally worried about contracting AIDS. The primary sources of AIDS information were TV, newspapers, magazines, and radio. Schools were one of the least often mentioned sources of information.
A Nutrition Curriculum for Families with High Blood Pressure
Authors: Farris Rosanne P. , Frank Gail C. , Webber Larry S. , Berenson Gerald S.
Published: October 2009

A nutrition curriculum for 48 students age eight‐18 years with high blood pressure was implemented in Franklinton, La., as part of A Dietary/Exercise Alteration Program Trial (ADAPT), a model promoting reduced sodium (Na+) and energy intake and increased potassium (K+) intake. A teacher guide listed basic concepts, teacher and student activities, materials, behavioral outcomes, and evaluation for 12 lessons at three age levels. Games were used to present new information and increase student involvement. Taste‐tests promoted attitude change regarding acceptable snacks. Decision‐making and assertiveness topics facilitated independent food choices and coping with peers. Self‐monitoring of intakes encouraged personal responsibility for eating behavior. Results of paired t‐tests showed knowledge increased 8.7% in the spring (p < 0.01), 4.9% in the summer (N.S.), and 7.3% in the fall (p < 0.0001). No significant differences in increase in posttest scores by age were found. Comparisons of curriculum compliance with medication use and blood pressure change showed no relationship. A multiple regression analysis of sodium‐creatinine (Na+/Cr) ratios on class attendance and posttest scores showed that children with the highest test scores had lower Na+/Cr ratios. This program increased information and skills for those motivated to change lifestyle to control obesity and blood pressure.
Starting a Peer Counseling Program in the High School
Authors: Blain Gerald H. , Brusko Marlene
Published: October 2009

Peer counseling has become more prevalent in high schools and junior high schools across the country. When reviewing the various programs, it was discovered that they fall into two general categories based on the program's purpose and group composition. The two basic models can be described as students trained to help troubled students in their school (open), and troubled students trained to help themselves (closed). The terms open and closed were chosen to distinguish the two models because these terms describe whether or not the group's focus and objectives are closed or open to students outside the group. The purpose of this article is to give a practical, working description of the open model as implemented in a large, suburban high school.