bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Economy of Agrarian Sector and Status of Farmers post Independence
Authors: Joseph Sophy K.
Published: August 2020

This chapter tries to understand how macro-level political and economic policies are closely related with agrarian sector and farmers in the country. Reading together plan policies from the post-Independence period and policies and laws on agrarian developments helps in understanding the international influence on Indian policy formulations. This chapter argues that lack of vision about status of Indian farmers and pursuing monopoly regime attributed by developed countries diluted the Indian policy regime in envisioning sustainable agrarian development. The hybrid seeds after repeated uses suffer yield failure, which requires the farmers to purchase the new ones at regular intervals. This regular sale of seeds provides the private sector with a significant share as the varieties can be purchased only from them. The Intellectual Property regime has only resulted in helping the private seed sector in making more profits while contributing to the increase in prices of seeds, thereby increasing the costs of cultivation. This chapter also discusses the reasons behind farmers’ suicides.
A Taxonomy of Sin in the New Testament Worlds
Authors: Siker Jeffrey
Published: August 2020

Understanding the contextual worlds within which the New Testament perceptions of sin arose is crucial. The immediate context for early Christianity was the Jewish world out of which Jesus also operated, which included Jewish understandings of sin especially as delineated in the Jewish Scriptures and as addressed within the sacrificial cult of the Jerusalem Temple. But in turning to the Apostle Paul and other later New Testament writers, it is equally important to understand the moral worlds envisioned in Greco-Roman religiosity and philosophy. In this realm, sin as moral failure was much less prominent than sin as ignorance or error in judgment. As Christianity moved into the second century and beyond we find understandings of sin that retain both Jewish and Greco-Roman sensibilities regarding human sin.
Sin in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Siker Jeffrey
Published: August 2020

Matthew’s Gospel builds on the portrait of Jesus and sin found in Mark, but adds a birth story to make it clear that Jesus will save his people from their sins. Matthew thus invokes the significance of Jesus’ death already in the birth story. Although Joseph seeks to divorce Mary because she is scandalously pregnant with Jesus before they are married, Matthew goes out of his way to assure the reader that God has worked in similar fashion before with other women heroes of the faith: Tamar, Rahab, Ruth, the wife of Uriah (Bathsheba) each of whom gave birth in seemingly scandalous circumstances. But like these women, Mary is righteous in the eyes of God and she faithfully bears Jesus regardless of outward appearances. This motif of righteousness continues in Matthew’s Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7), where we find a Jesus who stresses the moral disposition of one’s heart rather than mere outward observance of the Jewish law. Sin originates from within. Like Mark, Matthew’s Jesus will die a sacrificial death for the forgiveness of sins.
Sin in Hebrews, James, and 1 and 2 Peter
Authors: Siker Jeffrey
Published: August 2020

Hebrews presents Jesus as God’s perfect sinless savior, through whom forgiveness of sins may be obtained by those who maintain their steadfast faith and do not fall away amidst persecution and suffering. Hebrews presents Jesus as the ultimate high priest who alone makes the necessary once-for-all atoning sacrifice of himself as the perfect victim in the heavenly temple, thus replacing temporal sacrifice. 1 Peter also presents Jesus as the sinless sacrificial victim, through whom salvation is attained, drawing heavily on Isaiah 53. Both 1 and 2 Peter warn against giving in to sinful human desires, especially sins of the flesh. If Christians should suffer, they should suffer for their faith and not because of any sinfulness that warrants punishment. James also warns of the dangers of human desires as the seat of human sinfulness, which can only be held in check by demonstrating one’s faith through righteous works.
Eubie Blake
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

The book tells the story of one of the key composers of 20th-century American popular song. Through his music, Eubie Blake rose from the slums of Baltimore to the heights of Broadway success. His show Shuffle Along was the first African American show to win a major white audience, becoming the tenth most popular show of the 1920s. The show introduced future black stars—including Josephine Baker, Paul Robeson, and Florence Mills—and the syncopated chorus line, and introduced jazz-styled music to Broadway. Blake’s composing skills were matched by his piano mastery. Even in the Depression, Eubie continued composing innovative new works. At 61, he studied the Schillinger Method to expand his harmonic knowledge and ability to compose beyond the confines of traditional popular song. Blake’s persistence in maintaining his ties to ragtime and Broadway paid off in the late 1960s, when he was rediscovered due to new recordings and personal appearances. In the last decade of his life he influenced an entirely new generation of pianists and composers from the jazz and classical worlds. This is the first biography to explore the wealth of personal records, interviews, and deep research to illuminate Blake’s life and impact on over 100 years of American culture. It tells the true story of African American performers struggling to achieve recognition and success in the popular music world at a time of deep racism. Blake’s career blazed a path for countless others to rise above the limitations previously faced by blacks in the popular music world.
Becoming an Established Musician
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter relates Blake’s first trip to New York and his professional work there. Blake initially did not enjoy life in the big city, so returned to Baltimore for work at a series of social clubs. He finally found a good-paying job working for boxer Joe Gans at his hotel, The Goldfield, where he met the best elements of black society. A lifelong learner, Eubie took lessons from local musician/teacher Llewelyn Wilson, who taught him to compose without sitting at the piano. He courted Avis Lee, who came from a distinguished Baltimore family, eventually marrying here. He also found work in the booming entertainment capital of Atlantic City, NJ, where he met other pianists, including James P. Johnson and Luckey Roberts, and entertainers like Irving Berlin. Through Roberts, Eubie had his first two publications, the rags “Fizz Water” and “Chevy Chase.”
Vaudeville
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes Sissle and Blake’s career performing on white vaudeville. Unlike other black acts of the day, when appearing on stage, they insisted on performing without blackface and in formal clothing. Their act, including Sissle’s dramatic performance of songs like “On Patrol in No Man’s Land,” successfully drew on Sissle’s experiences in World War I. As black performers, however, they faced difficulties on the road and had to deal with the systematic racism of the day. The chapter also discusses the making of their first sound film for Lee De Forest; Eubie’s work making piano rolls; and initial recordings for Pathé. The chapter concludes with the foundations of their partnership with comedians Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles, including their first meeting and their decision to collaborate on a Broadway show.
Historical Truth and the Truthfulness of Historians
Authors: Jay Martin
Published: August 2020

Although philosophers and theologians have speculated on the ability of timeless, ontological truth to manifest itself in the flux of history, most working historians have focused on epistemological questions concerning the relationship between history as what actually happened and history as its present representation. Two extreme positions—naïve positivism and radical constructivism—have proven equally untenable. This chapter examines three alternatives: falsificationism, the new experientialism, and institutional justificationism. It defends the last of these, which posits a self-reflective community of competence, morally obliged to be truthful and engaged in an endless quest for plausible narratives and compelling explanations of past occurrences, as the most persuasive answer to skepticism about historical truth.
Adaptation under Fire
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora
Published: August 2020

Adaptation under Fire looks at the essential importance of military adaptation in winning wars. Every military must prepare for future wars despite inevitably having little confidence about the precise shape that those wars will take. As former US secretary of defense Robert Gates once noted, the United States has a perfect record in predicting the next war: “We have never once gotten it right.” Despite this uncertainty, military organizations still must make choices. They must determine the nature of doctrine they will need to fight effectively, the type of weaponry and equipment they must procure to defeat their potential foe, and the kind of leaders they must select and develop to guide the force to victory. Since the US military has global security responsibilities, it will have to make these choices without knowing when, where, or how the next war will unfold, or even who the enemy may be. It will need to adapt quickly and successfully in the face of the unexpected in order to prevail. The book starts by providing a framework for understanding adaptation and includes several historical examples of success and failure. The second part examines US military adaptation during the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and explains why certain forms of adaptation have proven so problematic. The final part argues that the US military must become more adaptable in order to successfully address the fast-changing security challenges of the 21st century, and concludes with some recommendations on how it should do so.
The Role of Technology
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the role of technology in military adaptation, and the markedly different challenges of technological adaptability at the tactical and institutional levels. At the tactical level, technological adaptability requires leaders and soldiers to approach problems with creativity, manufacture solutions on the battlefield, and disseminate solutions rapidly across the force. At the institutional level, technological adaptability requires effective communication with soldiers on the battlefield, and overcoming bureaucratic hurdles within established acquisition processes. The chapter includes case studies of French tank development during World War I and US Army tank development and battlefield modifications during World War II in Europe.
Doctrinal Adaptation in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the role of doctrinal adaptability during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The US Army’s conventional doctrine of AirLand Battle developed after the Vietnam War rejected counterinsurgency as a mission, which made the army poorly prepared for the recent wars. In Afghanistan, the army rapidly adapted its civil affairs doctrine to address the challenges of security and reconstruction, and ultimately established new provincial reconstruction teams. But the broader processes of adapting army doctrine for counterinsurgency took more than four years and a remarkable confluence of events and determined individuals—including General David Petraeus—in order to circumvent the army’s normal processes for developing doctrine and produce an entirely new manual in the midst of a failing war.
Theater Leadership Adaptation in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the role of leadership adaptability at the theater level during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. It focuses on two stark cases of failure that had severe strategic consequences. In Iraq, General George Casey proved unable to adapt to the reality of an ever-worsening war, despite clear evidence that the trajectory of the war was veering sharply downward, and never questioned the fundamental assumptions of his strategy. In Afghanistan, General David McKiernan did not understand the changing character of the Afghan war or the shifting political dynamics among his superiors in Washington, and became the first US senior commander relieved for unsatisfactory performance since the Korean War.
Anti-System Politics
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

Recent elections in the advanced Western democracies have undermined the basic foundations of political systems that had previously beaten back all challenges—from both the Left and the Right. The election of Donald Trump to the US presidency, only months after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, signaled a dramatic shift in the politics of the rich democracies. This book traces the evolution of this shift and argues that it is a long-term result of abandoning the postwar model of egalitarian capitalism in the 1970s. That shift entailed weakening the democratic process in favor of an opaque, technocratic form of governance that allows voters little opportunity to influence policy. With the financial crisis of the late 2000s, these arrangements became unsustainable, as incumbent politicians were unable to provide solutions to economic hardship. Electorates demanded change, and it had to come from outside the system. Using a comparative approach, the text explains why different kinds of anti-system politics emerge in different countries and how political and economic factors impact the degree of electoral instability that emerges. Finally, it discusses the implications of these changes, arguing that the only way for mainstream political forces to survive is for them to embrace a more activist role for government in protecting societies from economic turbulence.
Explaining the Rise of Anti-System Parties: Inequality, Debt, and the Crisis
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This chapter analyzes the electoral successes of anti-system forces, looking at how differences in the social, economic, and political institutions in rich democracies determine the extent and nature of anti-system support. Anti-system politics is stronger in countries that are structurally prone to run trade deficits, have weak or badly designed welfare states, and have electoral rules that artificially suppress the range of political options voters can choose from. The chapter also shows that the ways in which welfare systems distribute exposure to economic risks predict whether anti-system politics takes a predominantly left-wing or right-wing direction. Right-wing anti-system politics is successful in creditor countries with very inclusive welfare states. Meanwhile, left-wing anti-system politics is stronger in debtor countries with “dualistic” welfare states.
American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that the 2016 election in the United States is best understood in terms of the long-run consequences of the neoliberal turn in the 1970s, and the way in which the financial crisis of the late 2000s was addressed. In 2016 the electorate of the United States delivered probably the biggest political shock in their modern history, electing the unlikely figure of Donald Trump to the presidency. Trump’s rise is deeply intertwined with the financial crisis and with the longer-term political shifts resulting from the market liberal turn of the 1980s. If Trump is the most spectacular example of anti-system politics, the United States is the most extreme case of the subjection of society to the brute force of the market. The destabilization of US politics shows how an obsessive drive for marketization, high levels of income inequality, an unstable financial system, and constraints on political choice provoke political revolt.
Conclusions
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This concluding chapter addresses the implications of anti-system politics for the future of capitalism and democracy in the advanced countries. It argues that the current wave of anti-system support reflects the ultimate failure of the project of “market liberalism,” in that the limitations of the market logic have been laid bare by the financial crisis and the inability of the free market model to deliver prosperity and security. The answer to this crisis is likely to involve a reassertion of political authority over the market: either a revival of social democracy, the guiding ideology of the inclusive capitalism of the second half of the twentieth century, or a return to the nationalism and mercantilism of the interwar period.
Preliminaries
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

The central thesis of this book is that relevance theory, pioneered by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, can be developed into an all-encompassing theory for modeling communication, including its visual and multimodal mass-communicative varieties. The first chapter paves the way for this claim by discussing a series of studies from different disciplines that together paint a picture of the basic assumptions underlying communication. Ultimately relevance theory is rooted in the Darwinian drive to survive and to reproduce. Aspects of this are the crucial importance of intentionality; the close link between perception and cognition; the need for group members to cooperate to achieve shared goals; the connection between information and attitudes, emotions, and beliefs pertaining to that information; and agreement about what is “fair” behavior. To support these claims, key insights are discussed and summarized in studies of two psycholinguists (Gibbs 1999; Clark 1996), two film scholars (Bordwell 1989; Grodal 2009), two art historians (Gombrich 1999; Arnheim 1969), two scholars working on communication with apes (Tomasello 2008, 2019; De Waal 2009, 2016), and several humanities and social science scholars inspired by Darwin’s evolution theory (Boyd et al. 2010).
Relevance Theory—Basics
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

After showing how relevance theory is rooted in Grice’s “communicative principles,” the chapter explains the most important dimensions of “classic,” spoken language-oriented relevance theory and introduces the terminology used to label these dimensions, defining them for an audience of non-experts. Examples are used throughout to facilitate readers’ comprehension. The terms and concepts discussed are the Cognitive Principle of Relevance (generally referred to as the First, Cognitive Principle of Relevance) and the Communicative Principle of Relevance (generally referred to as the Second, Communicative Principle of Relevance); the communicative and the informative intention; recognizing and fulfilling intentions; positive cognitive effects/rewards and mental effort; decoding and inferring; the logical form; reference assignment, disambiguation, and enrichment; explicatures and implicatures; strong and weak communication; relevance to an individual; descriptive and interpretive utterances; symptomatic communication; loose talk; babbling and lying; optimal stimuli; relevance and trust; relevance and altruism; and the falsifiability of relevance theory. The chapter ends with a paragraph in which relevance theory’s fundamental tenets are summarized in non-technical terms.
Relevance Theory and Mediated Mass-Communication
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

The examples analyzed in classic RT pertain to face-to-face communication, that is, a situation in which one communicator speaks to a single addressee standing next to her. The shift from this situation to mass-communication affects several dimensions of RT. In this chapter, the central RT tenet that relevance is always relevance to an individual is discussed in light of the fact that mass-communicative audiences consist of (very) many individuals. Concepts affected pertain to the recognition and fulfillment of the communicative and informative intention and to the cognitive environment (≈ background knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, etc.) of the numerous individuals in the envisaged audience, who after all may not share the ideological assumptions of the communicator. Moreover, mass-communication is usually mediated. Some of the technical, financial, institutional, and ideological consequences of mediated mass-communication for RT are sketched.
Genre
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

How is it that mass audiences often understand messages in remarkably similar ways, even though these audiences consist of many individuals, all of whom have to process these messages in their own unique cognitive environments? The answer is that just as people are very good in assessing what activity-type (Goffman) they are about to be involved in (visiting a museum, having a meeting with colleagues, going for dinner, attending a wedding), they are usually well aware of the genre of a discourse they are confronted with. Thanks to various genre-markers, they come to this awareness often even before they encounter the discourse itself. This awareness enormously steers and constrains people’s search for relevance in a discourse. Therefore, genre serves as an “interface” that greatly narrows down the infinitely large storehouse of knowledge, emotions, and attitudes that could theoretically be evoked by a discourse to the small subset of these that are directly relevant. Discourse genre, which in this chapter is taken to be equivalent to discourse type, is thereby the single most important pragmatic principle governing the interpretation of mass-communicative messages. This chapter discusses several sources on genre to support this view, discusses the importance of prototype theory for the notion of genre, and demonstrates how the importance of genre can be accommodated in classic RT.
Case Studies
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

Classic RT states that only purely verbal information can cue the derivation of explicatures, that is, completely explicit information, since explicatures find their source in coded information. This first case-study chapter argues that at least some visuals are completely coded and therefore allow for explicatures. Visual genres that enable explicatures include pictograms in public space; Michelin Guide pictograms; logos of brands and organizations; and traffic signs. The central claim is that such visuals, combined with the location where they appear, enable explicatures. Examples of these various types of coded visuals are discussed, and a tentative connection is proposed with art historical symbols in Vanitas paintings.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

The final chapter first recaptures the most important claims made in the book and outlines issues and dimensions within RT that deserve further thought in the service of improving the theory. Next, suggestions are presented for how an RT analysis of modes, media, and genres not addressed in this book might be developed. The book ends with a recapitulation of why it is useful to adopt RT as the overall model for the analysis of visual, multimodal, and other forms of communication—although it will always have to be complemented by insights from other theories and models. Given that the relevance principle inextricably links communication to perception and cognition in all living species, RT’s insights may feed into experiments both with humans and with other primates, and even non-primates, and may help theorize robotic communication.
Seeing Faces in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Donougho Martin
Published: August 2020

This essay explores Goethe’s use of physiognomic description in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, arguing that the novel exhibits a general shift from such use—in the theater, for instance—to the model of self-development (Bildung) promoted by the Society of the Tower. In the 1770s, Goethe had fallen under the influence of J. C. Lavater, although his attitude toward the supposed “science” of physiognomics tended to waver, and he rejected Lavater’s appeal to transcendent fate. Many passages in Meister call on characters, narrator, and reader alike to make sense of physical appearance, with no interpretive rules available. Faces and situations seem radically individual, which makes for realistic effects yet also leaves an impression of uncertainty. Goethe’s motto “Individuum est ineffabile” harbors the problem of how to discern or describe difference. With Bildung, Wilhelm tries another way to square individuality with the larger whole. But in Goethe’s telling, Wilhelm experiences disillusionment there, too.
Hegel and Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Houlgate Stephen
Published: August 2020

This essay examines Hegel’s interpretation of Goethe’s Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. It argues that, for Hegel, the archetypal modern novel depicts the struggles of idealistic youth as an “apprenticeship” that ends with the young man concerned becoming reconciled to the social order around him. The essay then looks closely at Goethe’s novel and assesses to what extent Hegel’s interpretation does justice to it. The conclusion is that it does, even though it overlooks many significant details. The essay then briefly compares Goethe’s novel with Hegel’s Phenomenology, which is itself often regarded as a “novel of education,” and notes that in both cases a self-absorbed consciousness is gradually transformed into one that finds satisfaction in mutual recognition. The essay concludes by comparing the accounts given by Hegel and Goethe of Hamlet and the beautiful soul.
Playing and Reality
Authors: Mücke Dorothea von
Published: August 2020

Analyzing Wilhelm’s love affair with the theater and the beautiful soul’s particular kind of piety, this article shows how Goethe’s novel supports a growing person’s narcissistic infatuations and illusions by way of assigning to them a propaedeutic function, as it also affirms the nexus between those illusions and their external, material support in such transitional objects as toys, visual artifacts, or—in the case of the beautiful soul—devotional guides and prayer books. This kind of illusion is not to be terminated by way of disillusionment, by way of a confrontation with reality. Instead, it is to be supplanted through the encounter with a distinct model of art. It is when faced with Shakespeare’s oeuvre and with the uncle’s art collection that Wilhelm and the beautiful soul acquire a larger perspective on the self and the world, for it is then that the work of art as an autonomous whole comes into play.
Excess in Print
Authors: Maree Claire
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 examines the entextualization of queerqueen Japanese into multimodal texts that endeavor to (re)create sonic qualities through visual means. It examines five books published in 1979–1980 by twin brothers Osugi (Sugiura Takaaki, cinema critic; 1945–) and Peeco (Sugiura Katsuaki, fashion critic; 1945–) that employ the taidan (conversational dialogue) format and incorporate illustrations from leading graphic artists. In a “boom” of popularity, Osugi and Peeco were renowned for their playful banter and were labeled the okama (pejorative slang for “fag/faggot/poofter”) twins. The rich textual fields of the books combine layout and graphic design with metalinguistic annotation and nonconventional orthography provided via stenography, transcription, and editing. Through visual mimesis and orthographic stylization, the “excessive” nature of the talk is visually highlighted. Censorship tropes visually mark that which must be contained. Spoken interactions emergent in “actual” conversations are thus entextualized and function as precursor for later articulations of queerqueen booms.
Introduction
Authors: Liu Jun
Published: August 2020

The introduction assesses and identifies lacunae and challenges in the existing literature on ICTs and contentious collective action. Through a survey of relevant scholarship on social movement and contentious politics, this chapter proposes to explicitly make communication a key element in a tripartite framework of contentious politics and social movements and, further, to regard communication as an intermediary between ICTs and contentious collective action. The introductory chapter further elucidates the embeddedness of mobile communication technologies within Chinese society and, thus, it has become a context for (political) action as well and can therefore have an impact on contentious politics.
More Than Words
Authors: Liu Jun
Published: August 2020

Ingrained into everyday life, mobile communication has woven itself into contemporary social relationships and networking, shaping the structure of society. Yet, what kinds of change are made possible with the introduction of mobile communication into political contention? This chapter advances this topic by probing the mobilization dynamics of mobile communication. I argue that the concept of reciprocity deserves a central place in the study of mobile-mediated micromobilization in light of the mobile phone as “a reciprocal technology” (Ling, 2013, p. 160) that functions most crucially as a mediator (or facilitator) of reciprocity. By taking guanxi-embedded, mobile-mediated mobilization in China in a series of case studies, this chapter sheds greater empirical and theoretical light on the influence of mobile communication on the process of mobilization and recruitment, as well as its broader political and social implications.
“To Retweet Each and Every Rumor”
Authors: Liu Jun
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses the practice of rumor diffusion via mobile communication, or what I call “mobile rumoring,” against the hegemonic discourse of the authorities. What drives easy diffusion and proliferation of rumor via mobile phones and other ICTs, even in the face of intensified rumor control, surveillance, and punishment from the regime? As the answer unfolds, the Chinese state’s strategies to suppress communication in the guise of so-called rumor unwittingly establishes the socio-cultural foundation for rumor proliferation, while the official denunciation of rumor becomes a political opportunity that triggers the collective practice of rumor diffusion against the authorities. The call for rumor dissemination thus becomes both an action—a type of tactic, or covert resistance—and a frame to contest communication control and political manipulation by the authorities. Both contested identity and dissenting emotion join as counter-authority initiatives that represent the dynamic behind mobile rumoring in China today.
Rock Star/Movie Star
Authors: Palmer Landon
Published: August 2020

When midcentury Hollywood found itself struggling to compete within an expanding entertainment media landscape, certain producers and studios saw an opportunity in making films that showcased performances by rock ’n’ roll stars. Such stars eventually found cinema to be a useful space to extend their creative practices, and the motion picture and recording industries increasingly saw cinematic rock stardom as a profitable means to connect multiple media properties. This book examines how casting rock stars for film provided a tool for bridging new relationships across media industries and practices. Rock Star/Movie Star offers a new perspective on the role of stardom within the convergence of media industries. While hardly the first popular music culture to see its stars making the transition to screen, the timing of rock’s emergence and its staying power within popular culture proved fortuitous for a motion picture business searching for its place in the face of continuous technological and cultural change. At the same time, a post-star-system film industry provided a welcoming context for rock stars who have valued authenticity, creative autonomy, and personal expression. Examining stars from Elvis Presley to Madonna, this book uses illuminating archival resources to demonstrate how rock stars have often proven themselves to be prominent film workers exploring this terrain of platforms old and new—ideal media laborers whose power lies in the fact that they are rarely recognized as such.
Who’s That Girl?
Authors: Palmer Landon
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 examines Madonna’s film career from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Inspired by the star images of Marlene Dietrich, Marilyn Monroe, and Mae West, Madonna performed an interpretation of “Classical Hollywood” female glamour, attitude, and sexuality throughout the rise and peak of her music career. She sought to extend this image into distinct commercial film cycles of the 1980s and 1990s, including the downtown indie, the synergistic blockbuster, the sex thriller, and the prestige Oscar film. Madonna offers an illustrative case for the history of cinematic rock stardom at the end of the twentieth century. She pursued a screen career within arguably the final period in which stardom served as a central driving force in Hollywood’s economic logic, and this pursuit was manifested via her cinephilic interpretation of Hollywood’s legacy of platinum blonde sex symbols. At the same time, Madonna aspired to a cinematic star image during the apex of the music video’s economic and cultural power, seeking to translate her anti-censorship and pro-sex efforts established within the media realm into Hollywood filmmaking in the midst of the 1980s–1990s culture wars. Madonna’s film career epitomizes the issues driving this book, as it speaks to the discordance between older (studio-era Hollywood) and newer (the era of MTV and beyond) models of stardom.
Introduction
Authors: Cruz Gabriela
Published: August 2020

Beginning in the 1820s, grand opera developed into a new artistic medium for the delivery of historical spectacles which, in turn, afforded audiences a new way of seeing and hearing the past. Afterwards, grand operatic spectacles fetischized the past while obfuscating the crisis of memory brought about by the 1789 revolution. They became vehicles for remembrance, relying on which Charles Baudelaire would later describe as a mnemotechnics. Jacques Fromental Halévy’s Derniers mémoirs et souvenirs (1863) provides us with a roadmap for reading opera as a medium of memory. Pursing a memnotechnical sense of grand opera, I investigate the introduction of new visual and musical technologies (gaslight illumination, the diorama, orchestration and singing) at the Opéra, and consider the role played by these technologies in shoring up the central concern with memory in grand opera.
The Metropolis in “Old World” Constitutional Law
Authors: Hirschl Ran
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the constitutional subjugation of the metropolis throughout much of the Global North in constitutional orders adopted over a two-century span between the late eighteenth century and the 1970s, from the United States and Canada to the United Kingdom, Western Europe, and Australia. It illustrates how constitutional stalemate has emerged in these countries as a result of hardwired city-subverting constitutional frameworks, rigid amendment rules, a lack of political incentives to empower cities, and oftentimes proactive resistance to city power. At least two lessons may be drawn from this chapter. First, in contrast to North America, where litigation is the main channel for debating the constitutional status of urban centers, the megacity discussion in Europe is largely taking place in central government planning and policy-making circles. Second, when it comes to urban agglomeration, the Global North has witnessed a great constitutional silence.
Attempts at City Self-Empowerment
Authors: Hirschl Ran
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines efforts by constitutionally voiceless cities and mayors to expand cities’ quasi-constitutional powers through urban citizenship schemes or, more frequently, through international networking and collaboration based on notions such as “the right to the city,” “sustainable cities,” “solidarity cities,” and “human rights cities.” For the most part, such initiatives have a socially progressive undercurrent to them. They address policy areas such as air quality and energy efficient construction, “smart cities,” affordable housing, enhanced community representation, or accommodating policies toward refugees and asylum seekers. Such experimentation with city self-emancipation is increasing in popularity and possesses significant potential in policy areas not directly addressed or hermetically foreclosed by statist constitutional law.
Discourse and Democracy
Authors: Heffer Chris
Published: August 2020

This chapter summarizes the main analytical moves in the TRUST heuristic for analyzing untruthfulness. It then applies the heuristic to three short texts that have been widely called out as lies: Trump’s tweet about large-scale voter fraud just before the 2016 presidential elections; the “Brexit Battle Bus” claim that the United Kingdom sent £350 million per week to the European Union; and Tony Blair’s 2002 statement to Parliament about Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction. The cases share a common theme: the capacity of untruthful public discourse to undermine democratic legitimacy by, respectively, questioning the integrity of electoral procedures, harming the capacity of voters to make a rational choice, and undermining faith in the rational and responsible deliberation of one’s leaders. The chapter troubles the simple attribution of lying in these cases and shows how a TRUST analysis can lead to a deeper understanding of the types and ethical value of untruthfulness.
Conclusion
Authors: Heffer Chris
Published: August 2020

The TRUST framework represents a radical challenge both to existing notions of untruthfulness and to the relevance of this topic to language research. This conclusion to the book All Bullshit and Lies? returns to the three central propositions of the TRUST framework concerning the scope, ethical import, and discursive analysis of untruthfulness, and teases out some of their implications, limitations, and possible future directions. It then takes up the challenge of the relevance of this topic to language research and considers the possibility of an interdisciplinary Ethical Discourse Analysis. Finally, the potential impact of the framework is discussed in terms of the fight-back against epistemic partisanship, the judgment of knowledge on purely partisan grounds. It focuses particularly on applications to education, fostering a greater awareness of the economy of truthfulness, the training of journalists, fact-checkers, and advocates, and the regulation of political advertising and social media.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Leslie Dorrough
Published: August 2020

The introduction provides an overview of the larger argument that sex scandals are moments of cultural theater wherein Americans punish some politicians in the name of moral correctness while ignoring the sexual indiscretions of others, all to promote a certain collective fantasy about who represents the American ideal. This contradiction depends on a double standard of masculinity promoted in evangelical rhetoric and popularized throughout American culture, one that lauds white heterosexual monogamy, on the one hand, and expects male sexual conquest and dominance, on the other. In preparation for the rest of the book, this chapter provides a discussion of technical terms such as “liberal,” “conservative,” and “evangelical,” and explains the rhetorical, feminist, and critical methods that underpin the analysis. It also discusses issues of historical context, such as the “Me Too” movement and the 2016 election. Noteworthy politicians included in this chapter are Donald Trump and Robert Bentley.
Media
Authors: Smith Leslie Dorrough
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 shows how the media’s portrayal of sex scandals may appear to hold wayward politicians responsible, but ends up reinforcing a white heterosexual double standard influenced by evangelical thinking. This occurs when white male politicians are portrayed as shameful but relatively benign while the women around them (including their wives) are often equally shamed. The chapter examines the conditions behind today’s sex scandal reporting, including the 1980s televangelist sex scandals and other Reagan-era events that heightened public interest in journalism on sex. It examines multiples media frames used to portray white politicians as silly, their lovers as immoral, and their wives as unattractive and power-hungry or silent and weak. A case study compares the media coverage of Anthony Weiner with that of Arnold Schwarzenegger to show that stereotypes about Weiner’s Jewish identity and his virtual sexting habit rendered him a much weaker figure than Schwarzenegger, whose sex scandals were almost non-events.
Physiological Bases of Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography
Authors: Okada Yoshio
Published: August 2020

Understanding the physiological bases of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) provides the foundation for developing these techniques as tools for studying human brain functions because this information can serve as a guide for planning experimental studies and for interpreting the data. During the past 50 years, the concept of electrophysiology of neurons has been profoundly modified as new types of active conductance have been discovered in the dendrites and soma. The biophysical models of individual neurons and neuronal networks developed within the framework of modern electrophysiology have provided quantitatively accurate accounts of evoked magnetic fields, extracellular potentials, and intracellular potentials in principal neurons in the tissues within a single theoretical framework. These results are consistent with the conclusion that intracellular currents in active tissues produce both MEG and EEG signals in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. We now know that the calcium and potassium currents are the major currents shaping the waveforms of MEG and EEG and that the sodium and potassium currents generate the spikes and high-frequency signals detectable outside the brain. The current dipole moment density, defined as current dipole moment per unit surface area of the active cortex, is governed by the intracellular volume fraction and basic kinetics of the active conductances. This quantity, which is conserved across the evolutionary scale ranging from reptiles to humans, may serve as a useful physiological constraint in interpreting MEG and EEG signals. It is hoped that this foundation will help advance the research on human brain functions.
Beyond the Irritative Zone
Authors: Castillo Eduardo M. , Kleineschay Tara , Korostenskaja Milena , Baumgartner James , Lee Ki Hyeong
Published: August 2020

In this chapter, the authors reflect on the uses of MEG to better characterize different cortical zones within the epileptic network. First, they review the role of MEG in the presurgical workout under the classical model of epileptic zones. Under this model, MEG had been incorporated as a noninvasive tool to define the irritative zones based on recordings of interictal events. Then, they review evidence that support, in certain situations, the use of MEG to make valid predictions about other zones: the functional deficit zone and the ictal onset zone. Finally, a workflow that integrates MEG findings with findings from other noninvasive procedures is proposed.
Epileptic Slow Wave Activity
Authors: Rampp Stefan , Kaltenhäuser Martin
Published: August 2020

In recent years, novel markers for the epileptic network beyond interictal spikes and ictal seizure correlates have been described. Slow activity in theta, delta, and lower frequency ranges have been detected using invasive electroencephalography (EEG) and noninvasive magnetoencephalography (MEG)/EEG. While such activity also occurs that is associated, for example, with large lesions and after intracranial surgery, certain subtypes may be used to localize the epileptic network. This chapter provides an overview of MEG slow frequency markers in patients with focal epilepsy. It covers the application of slow activity–based focus localization in patients undergoing workup for epilepsy surgery and discusses the relation to conventional spike-based analysis as well as the potential value of slow activity analysis in patients with previous surgery and persisting or recurring seizures.
Clinical Motor Mapping with Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Gaetz William , Papadelis Christos , Wilson Tony W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines clinical motor mapping with magnetoencephalography (MEG). Motor cortex functional mapping procedures were first conducted by neurosurgeons who famously stimulated their patient’s exposed brain during surgery and then systematically documented the responses observed from the activated muscles of the body. Numerous neuroimaging-based functional mapping techniques followed, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), high-density electroencephalography (HD-EEG), and MEG, which are currently used to map the motor areas in relation to isolated volitional movements. The use of MEG for presurgical functional mapping has become a standard component of clinical MEG practice. Indeed, knowledge regarding the location of eloquent MEG motor representations is valuable for presurgical planning and can improve outcomes by limiting the production of postsurgical deficits of motor function. Meanwhile, source localization challenges using equivalent current dipole (ECD) models have given way to newer methods, such as beamformer spatial filters, which have been validated clinically using electrical stimulation. It should also be noted that it is becoming increasingly evident that motor cortical oscillations are changing consistently over the life span, and thus consideration of the patient’s age will likely aid the interpretation of results.
How Brain Rhythms Reflect Cognitive Processes
Authors: Gross Joachim
Published: August 2020

There is increasing interest in the functional role of brain rhythms. This chapter introduces brain rhythms and then provides an overview of specific spectral signatures that can be consistently observed in rest and during tasks. The best-studied task in this context is attention, which forms the basis of section 4. Finally, the chapter presents some recent approaches that allow more detailed decoding of these spectral signatures or fingerprints.