bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Registration Procedures In The Mechanism Of Water Bodies Transfer For Use Under Lease
Authors: Miskevych L.R.
Published: December 2021

The scientific article is devoted to the study of problematic issues of acquiring the right to use water facilities under lease. It is noted that in the field of land, water, environmental relations, the water body and the land under it are separate objects, but in the field of property relations, which are governed by civil law, such objects are one whole both in the spectrum of regulation of property rights and contractual relations. However, the different sectoral affiliation of the water body and the corresponding land plot of the water fund inevitably affect the content of civil legal relations, supplementing the civil rights and obligations of the subjects of these legal relations with statutory requirements for the use of these natural resources.

The significance of registration actions for the water body and the land plot of the water fund, which is transferred for use in the complex with the water body, is analyzed. The commission of such actions is aimed at establishing their identifying criteria and state recognition of these natural resources as objects of water and land relations, respectively. However, in the property turnover the public value is not the land plot of the water fund or the water object taken separately, but their tandem, which is perceived as an object of civil legal relations and, accordingly, the subject of the lease agreement. Given that the interests of the tenant are satisfied by the use of water space, the law states that the use of the contract provides a water body in a complex with a plot of land. However, such a legislative approach made it difficult to decide when the tenant acquired the right to use, as the law does not define a water body as property in respect of which the state registration of rights is carried out.

Based on the analysis of the normatively established identifying criteria of a water body, it is concluded that the water body can be considered in the status of real estate in view of its legislative definition. Thus, when determining the moment of acquisition of the right to use water facilities under lease, it will be justified to apply the provisions of civil law. The novelty of the legislation is the priority of the land plot in the complex with which the water body is transferred and the automatic extension of the right to lease the land plot under the water body to such water body.
General And Limited Partnerships: Features Of Legal Regulation In Ukraine And European States
Authors: Anatiichuk V.V.
Published: December 2021

The article focuses on one of the corporate forms of entrepreneurial activity - general and limited partnerships. Limited liability companies and joint stock companies are among the most popular legal forms of companies. However, the development of Ukrainian legislation moves in the direction of creating a system of different forms of entrepreneurship, which are aimed at different needs and interests of their founders. Such forms of entrepreneurship exist and operate successfully in Europe. Carrying out a comparative analysis in the article allows the author to confirm the existing thesis that there is no single vector in European countries concerning the legal status of these partnerships. Some states define these partnerships as legal entities, others - as a form of joint business activity.

It is emphasized in the article that the European legal space is characterized by the use of the concept of defective legal entity. The author perceives any of these European approaches, but points to the need for its consistent reflection in all legal acts that determine the status of general and limited partnerships. The article supports the assertion formed in the scientific literature about the criticism of domestic legislation on general and limited partnerships. Such criticism concerns to those norms of Ukrainian legislation, which use untypical provisions for legal entities. All existing researches are directed to one aim - to develop a single vector in the regulation of general and limited partnerships. They should be regulated either as legal entities or as forms of joint activity on the basis of an agreement.

The author states that the main attention in granting general and limited partnerships the status of a legal entity should be focused on clear boundaries between the liability of a legal entity and the subsidiary liability of its members.

The article supports leading scholars’ critical assessment of the legislative definition of general partnerships as an association of persons for joint business activities. Based on the analysis of the definitions of a general partnership in EU law (for example, France), it is proposed to define a general partnership as an association of persons engaged in business activities through joint contributions of all participants (full partners) and their subsidiary liability for the company’s obligations. This wording indicates that the partnership itself carries out business activities, and not its members.

The author also does not deny the possibility of introducing general and limited partnerships as associations of persons on the basis of an agreement on joint activities. At the same time, it is noted that all norms of national legislation should consistently adhere to such concept.
Еffectiveness Of Protection The Rights Of The Parties Of Lease Agreement
Authors: Polnyi D.A.
Published: December 2021

The paper deals with the concept of measures to protect the rights of the parties of lease agreement. It is stated that in case of violation, non-recognition or challenge of the rights of lease agreement, the person against whom the illegal act was committed has the right to defend his rights independently or seek protection from one of the authorized bodies. It is emphasized that protection consists of measures of various nature.

The author proved that the effectiveness of protection depends on the correctly chosen method of protection and proof of the circumstances to which the person points. It is proved that it is important to set the right goal of personal protection and choose measures aimed at achieving this goal. These arguments are confirmed by judicial practice and scientific doctrine.

It is argued that non-jurisdictional safety methods, in particular self-defense, measures of operational influence, may be applied if they are provided or prohibited by law and are sufficient. Also jurisdictional safety methods must be applied when enforcement is required, or safety methods must be applied only by an authorized body.

Based on the analysis of judicial practice, the criteria for the effectiveness of safety methods are established and the limits of application of safety methods are determined. Measures of judicial protection of the rights of the parties of the lease agreement has been studied.

It is concluded that the limits of application of the method of protection are reflected in the legality, objectivity of application, depend on the existence of appropriate grounds and conditions, the nature of the violation, non-recognition, challenge.
The Subject Of A Land Lease Agreement In Conjunction With A Water Facility Located On It
Authors: Miskevych L.R.
Published: December 2021

The publication is devoted to the study of legal and doctrinal trends in solving the issue of the subject of a land lease agreement in complex with a water object located on it.

The author makes a reservation that the difficulty of clearly defining the subject of the studied treaty is due not only to the absence in the civil doctrine of a unanimous approach to understanding the essence of the subject of the treaty, but also to the natural inseparability of the water body with the land located on it.

In the article, the author found that the legislative modelling of the contract, which mediates modern relations of use of the water body, was preceded by scientific studies of the features of ownership and use of this natural resource in conjunction with the land on which it is located.

The author established the practical and doctrinal significance of using one contractual design for the lease of a water body and a land plot located under it. Such a legislative approach positively solves the problematic issues of the moment of acquisition of the right to lease a water object and the moment of transfer of the use object to the tenant, since the legislator connects these points with the time of state registration of the right to lease a land plot.

The doctrinal effect of the application of this treaty model is manifested in the possibility of defining this contract in the system of civil law contracts, and affects the scope of application of civil, land and water legislation to the lease relations of a water body.

In the publication, the author established that both natural resources - a land plot and a water object, together constitute the subject of a land lease agreement in conjunction with a water object located on it, formally correspond to the qualifying criteria of the thing as the subject of a hire (lease) agreement.

The author concludes that the name of the contract model, simultaneously with the time of occurrence of the right to lease a land plot and a water object located on it, and the mandatory inclusion of a water body passport in such an agreement, make it possible to conclude that in the lease agreement of a land plot in complex with the water object located on it, it is not necessary to indicate technical data (volume and area) of the water body, since they are presented in its passport.
Asymptotic properties of Urysohn type generalized sampling operators
Authors: Karsli H.
Published: December 2021

The concern of this study is to continue the investigation of convergence properties of Urysohn type generalized sampling operators, which are defined by the author in [Dolomites Res. Notes Approx. 2021, 14 (2), 58-67]. In details, the paper centers around to investigation of the asymptotic properties together with some Voronovskaya-type theorems for the linear and nonlinear counterpart of Urysohn type generalized sampling operators.
“He’s Adorable”: Representations of People with Dwarfism in Family Guy
Authors: Pritchard Erin
Published: December 2021

This paper examines how people with dwarfism1 are represented in the American animated sitcom Family Guy. Using autocritical discourse analysis, this paper reflects on my own response, as a person with dwarfism, to scenes featuring characters with dwarfism. Whilst the show has been criticised for its controversial humour, this paper argues that the show actually exposes negative social attitudes that people with dwarfism encounter from other members of the public while refraining from encouraging stereotypes of dwarfism. The paper builds upon Fink’s (2013) suggestion that animated comedies are a source of both humour and social commentary. This paper suggests that Family Guy has the potential to challenge social attitudes towards people with dwarfism and the way they are perceived in society through directing the humour towards those who mock them as opposed to those with dwarfism. However, how the scenes are interpreted depends on the audience, which can be related to Hall’s (1993) reception theory.
Disability on Film: An Exploration of Film Codes’ Obstructiveness in City Lights and Children of a Lesser God
Authors: Smith Michael T.
Published: December 2021

Looking at two films that center upon a sensory disability (Chaplin’s City Lights and Randa Haines’ Children of a Lesser God), I propose that despite many gestures of sensitivity, these films reinforce an othering of the non-normative subject through conventional film codes and conventions. For example, in Haines’ film, the protagonist James Leeds (William Hurt) delivers a lecture on facing his deaf students so that they can read his lips. However, this scene is shot with his back turned away from us (the viewer). Rather than presenting an instance of irony, moments like this reinforce notions of normativity. Specifically, it’s the mechanism(s) behind and within film production that reinforce problematic notions of “normality” while trying to trump them.
Challenges Encountered by Newcomers with Disabilities in Canada
Authors: Tam Dora M. Y. , Smith-Carrier Tracy , Kwok Siu Ming , Kerr Don , Wang Juyan
Published: December 2021

Through a secondary data analysis of administrative data of the Ontario Disability Support Program (ODSP) between 2003 and 2013, we aim to understand the interlocking challenges encountered by newcomers with disabilities in Canada that contribute to this population’s financial hardship. Our findings show that newcomers with disabilities on ODSP were more likely to have post-secondary education, to be older adults, to be married, common-law, and to be female who were divorced, separated, or widowed as compared to Canadian-born recipients, who were more likely to be less educated, younger, single and male. The ratio of Canadian-born to newcomer recipients on the ODSP was high between 2003 and 2013, indicating that the latter were under-represented on the program. Implications for this under-representation support future research to examine the full integration and participation of newcomers with disabilities in Canada.
Reviews of The New Political Economy of Disability by van Toorn & Disability and Neoliberal State Formations, by Soldatic
Authors: Malhotra Ravi
Published: December 2021

Two recent disability studies monographs from Routledge devoted in part to the Australian state and its policies with respect to disabled people break exciting new ground in analyzing the economic marginalization of disabled people and how to empower them. Both volumes are creative, well-researched, and thoughtful contributions to disability studies because of the questions they pose and the insightful, novel ways they encourage us to think about the questions.
Effect of Photoconductivity Precursor Volume on Structural, Physical, Electrical and Optical Properties of Thin Layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanostructures Produced Using Spray Pyrolysis Technique
Authors: Alireza Heidari
Published: December 2021

Thin layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) are produced over glassy substrate by spray pyrolysis technique with precursor volumes of 50, 75 and 100 (ml). FESEM images of samples show the formation of nanometric structures and structural characterization of them resulted from XRD spectroscopy indicate the formation of cubic polycrystalline structure in growing layers with preferred direction of (111). Evaluating the optical properties of samples show that optical band gap of layers is reduced from 3.6 to 3.4 (eV) by increasing the precursor volume and the optical absorption coefficient of samples is in UV region at about 105 (cm-1). Data analysis indicates that the produced sample in volume of 100 mL has the smallest penetration depth (smaller than 200 nm) in UV region. On the other hand, thin layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) with various volumes of Cadmium acetate solution (40, 50 and 70 ml) were deposited using spray pyrolysis technique over a glassy substrate. Samples were investigated using FESEM images, XRD and UV-Vis spectra as well as I-V characteristic. It was found that all samples were grew up with polycrystalline nanostructures along the preferred direction of (002). In addition, it was found that grew up sample in the volume of 50 (ml) are of optimum photoconductivity condition in visible range regarding optimum structural (largest crystallite size and lowest crystallite defect density) and optical (smallest band gap and highest light absorption) conditions.
Outcome Measures in Childhood Asthma
Authors: Skoner David P.
Published: December 2021

Although evidence suggests that asthma onset occurs early in childhood, many standard asthma outcome measures are either impractical or unreliable in preschool-aged children. In this population, for instance, patient history and symptom reports rely on the observations of caregivers, who tend to underreport their child’s asthma symptoms. Furthermore, the use of conventional measures of pulmonary function such as spirometry may be impractical in very young children. Recent clinical studies have used a variety of techniques to measure symptoms, pulmonary function, and cellular mediators of inflammation. Outcomes such as discontinuation and exacerbation rates, frequency of daytime and nocturnal symptoms, and caregiver assessments of quality of life can be useful measures in evaluating outcomes in young children with asthma. Some measures, such as plethysmography and inflammatory marker analysis, may be suitable options for assessing pulmonary function and predicting asthma susceptibility in preschool-aged children. Indeed, altered levels of inflammatory markers, including immunoglobulin E, interleukin-10, and exhaled nitric oxide, may be useful tools in diagnosing asthma, evaluating interventions, and assessing future risks for asthma symptomatology in very young children. Whether 1 or more of these outcome measures will prove useful clinically in improving the diagnosis and management of childhood asthma remains uncertain, although early research results are encouraging.
Nutritional Management of Pediatric Food Hypersensitivity
Authors: Mofidi Shideh
Published: December 2021

The diagnosis and management of food allergy requires attention to several important dietary issues. Successful exclusion of identified dietary allergens requires extensive education regarding the interpretation of ingredient labels of commercial products and an appreciation for issues of cross-contact in settings such as restaurants and commercial manufacturing. Once a food or food group is eliminated, attention must be focused on potential dietary insufficiencies resulting from these exclusions. These dietary issues are also central to the successful use of diagnostic elimination diets and physician-supervised oral food challenges. This review provides a framework for the dietary management of food hypersensitivity in infants and children both for short-term diagnostic and long-term therapeutic purposes. In addition, approaches for maternal dietary restriction for breastfed infants with food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to atopic infants are reviewed.
Equity in Access to Child Health Insurance in the United States
Authors: Alpert Joel J.
Published: December 2021

The Issue. In an article that appeared in the New York Times on September 10, 2000, David E. Rosenbaum explicated the paradox that continues to define US medicine.1 “In an era of unrivalled prosperity, Americans express confidence in their ability to handle most, if not all, economic concerns.” He goes on to say, “The authorities and the public have begun to doubt whether costs for medical care can ever be contained, or that a practical way exists to provide insurance for all citizens. The only economic indicator that worsened in recent years is the number of Americans without health insurance. In the United States, we can make a case that what is economically rational is politically unacceptable.” As the US and global economy vacillates in and out of recession, the opportunity to alter the course of US politics to effect significant change in access to health care for all Americans seems to be sliding further and further from our grasp.
Advocacy Training for Pediatricians: The Experience of Running a Course in Leeds, United Kingdom
Authors: Rudolf Mary
Published: December 2021

The Issue. Given the critical role of pediatricians in child advocacy, it is important to understand how to train pediatricians to speak out to improve the health and well-being of children. This article describes the experience of developing and implementing a 5-day child advocacy course at the University of Leeds, which formed part of a master’s program. Eight community pediatricians and pediatric registrars participated in the initial course. The material from the course has been published in Archives of Disease in Childhood.1 This exercise was about the only time as a teacher that I also started at the same level as the students in the course. We started off by defining what we meant by advocacy. The definition that we chose was “the active support of a cause or course of action,” and we applied this to any child problem for which the system was at fault and use of action was required. What is needed to be an effective advocate? One must have an awareness of issues confronting children, in particular on the local level and not only on the national and international levels. One then needs to gain an understanding of the political framework of the issue, how change can occur, and how one can contribute to bringing about the necessary change. Then follows the identification and acquisition of the practical skills and competencies related to effecting these changes. Finally, one needs to have a successful experience tackling a particular issue to realize that one can be effective.
Community Pediatrics Research
Authors: Greenberg Robert E.
Published: December 2021

The Issue. Increasing recognition of the complexity and importance of social determinants of child health has changed dramatically the scope, direction, and purpose of pediatric research. Considered in the context of the evolving research on the role of the human genome in determining the functional status of children and adults, the increasing focus on the social determinants of health emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary collaboration in research endeavors. The changing roles of children and youths in developed societies will require an understanding of the complexity and impact of their social, economic, political, and cultural roles in society on health status and outcomes. Globalization, the shrinking scope of national governments, the growing irrelevance of national borders, and our inexorable march toward a more integrated and interdependent world will have health consequences that as yet are not understood. These factors set the stage for the coming century and form the backdrop against which the formulation of research priorities must be staged.
Cognitive and Behavioral Development in Maternal Phenylketonuria Offspring
Authors: Waisbren Susan E. , Azen Colleen
Published: December 2021

Objective. To assess cognitive and behavioral outcome in treated maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) offspring.

Methods. In this prospective, longitudinal study, 228 children who were born to mothers with treated PKU or untreated mild hyperphenylalaninemia were compared with 70 control subjects at 7 years of age.

Results. Offspring cognitive outcome negatively correlated with the number of gestational weeks that elapsed until maternal metabolic control was achieved (r = −0.61). Behavioral outcome was similarly affected. Postnatal measurement of stimulation in the home was also related to offspring IQ.

Conclusions. Children who are born to mothers who have PKU and attain metabolic control before or very early in pregnancy seem to begin life with undiminished potential. Delay in attainment of maternal metabolic control is associated with declines in offspring developmental outcome. The postnatal environment also significantly affects outcome. Interventions to improve dietary compliance before and throughout pregnancy as well as interventions to improve the postnatal home environment may reduce the risks associated with maternal PKU.
Brain Phenylalanine Concentrations in Phenylketonuria: Research and Treatment of Adults
Authors: Moats Rex A. , Moseley Kathryn D. , Koch Richard , Nelson Marvin
Published: December 2021

Objective. To assess the effects of 2 pharmacologic interventions (amino acid supplements) on the brain levels of phenylalanine (Phe) in adults with phenylketonuria (PKU).

Methods. A prospective study was conducted in an outpatient treatment and follow-up setting. The volunteers who were recruited for the first intervention included 4 subjects with classic PKU. The second intervention included 3 adults with classic PKU. The first intervention consisted of dietary supplementation during 1 day with Phlexy 10. Two individuals were given a dose of 0.5 g/kg/d, and 2 were given 1.0 g/kg/d. The second intervention consisted of dietary supplementation with PreKUnil at 0.4 g kg/d over a period of 6 months. Brain Phe was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The number of the patients involved precluded analysis for significance.

Results. The first, shorter intervention resulted in a decrease in brain Phe. The second intervention resulted in a 20% decrease in brain Phe, which was maintained after 6 months of treatment.

Conclusion. Dietary supplementation of large neutral amino acids seems to lower the brain Phe in adults who have PKU and have difficulty following their diet.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: WEGMAN MYRON E.
Published: December 2021

THROUGH the sampling procedure developed by the National Office of Vital Statistics, preliminary estimates were made early in 1954 of the most important statistical indices for 1953. These estimates have been shown to be quite accurate and when the final actual figures are available there is only slight variation. Presented below are the graphs and figures illustrating the data for 1953 and 1952 on Birth Rate, Marriage License Rate, Death Rate, and Infant Mortality Rate, as shown in Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Volume 2, No. 12, Feb. 17, 1954.

Little change is to be seen between the two years, although it is gratifying to note continuation, even though slight, of the decline in Infant Mortality Rate.

Births continue at a supnisingly high level with the rate showing no signs of the long predicted fall. The figure of over 3.9 million births refers to registered births and is the highest ever recorded. Furthermore, if we take into account those which occurred but for which birth certificates were not filed, the total number of births in the U.S.A. in 1953 probably exceeded 3,970,000. [SEE GRAPH 1 IN SOURCE PDF.] Marriages also continued at a high rate, but in the last two months of the year there was a suggestion of a slight turndown, with the December 1953 rate being 7.5% under the December 1952 rate. Reports in 1954 will determine whether this trend remains in evidence. Seasonal variations, both in marriages and births, show the same pattern as in previous years.

While the total Death Rate shows no change, this is due to a rather sharp increase in the first two months of the year with 1953 showing better rates than 1952 for most of the year.
Signs of the Health Times, National Health Council, 1790 Broadway, New York 19, New York
Authors: HARPER PAUL
Published: December 2021

Signs of the Health Times is a condensation of the papers and discussion at the 1955 National Health Forum which was held in New York on March 23 and 24, 1955.

The National Health Council comprises 50 national organizations interested in promoting the public health. Its Annual Forum is, in effect, a meeting place where these organizations may explore new problems, analyze needs and plan for the years ahead. These Forums were first organized in 1921; the 1955 meeting took as its subject "Forecasting America's Health."
THE POSSIBILITY OF TOTAL ELIMINATION OF RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA BY OXYGEN RESTRICTION
Authors: Guy Loren P. , Lanman Jonathan T. , Dancis Joseph
Published: December 2021

No cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia has occurred in any of the 148 infants who have received severely limited oxygen therapy in the Bellevue Hospital Premature Infant Nursery during the past 2½ years. We believe that retrolental fibroplasia can be either completely or almost completely eliminated by administering oxygen only at times of clinical need, and then for as brief periods as possible and at concentrations less than 40 per cent.

Mortality rose slightly during the period of oxygen limitation; the rise was not statistically significant. The possibility of a relationship to oxygen limitation is discussed; the writers believe that such a relationship is not likely.
A Textbook of Medicine
Authors: FOMON SAMUEL J.
Published: December 2021

The new edition is similar to previous editions in providing a ready source of reference concerning a wide range of illnesses. The organization is along customary lines: infectious diseases, allergy, collagen diseases, diseases due to physical and chemical agents, deficiency diseases, diseases of metabolism and diseases of the various systems. The references listed at the end of each topic are well chosen and emphasize the more recent contributions. The index is complete, the format pleasing, figures of satisfactory clarity and the few colored reproductions excellent.
Counseling in Medical Genetics
Authors: CHILDS BARTON
Published: December 2021

Questions concerning subsequent pregnancies invariably arise in the minds of parents who have produced a malformed child, or one suffering the effects of a familial disease. The obvious source of information and advice in such situations is the physician, and he is required to discuss among many other things, the probabilities of repetition of the same event. This calls for a wide knowledge of genetics and teratology, in fact for a body of information which is not yet available to us, except in relatively few instances.
The Only Child
Authors: SENN MILTON J. E.
Published: December 2021

The only child in a family has often been considered to have personality traits peculiar to him. There are children who have found loneliness to be advantageous, others who have felt discriminated against by their parents because there were no siblings. This book is aimed at persons who, like the latter, view an only child as being especially unique. At first glance it seems to be devoted to an appraisal of the child, his development, behavior, peculiarities and problems.
CLINICAL INVESTIGATION IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Authors: Wilcox John C.
Published: December 2021

WHILE recognizing that the common purpose of all clinical investigation is the benefit of the patient through the advancement of medical knowledge, there are other justifications and sources of inspiration which may be more immediately gained objectives. This is true whether the investigator is a professor of pediatrics or his country cousin. It is the purpose of this paper to compare the natures of those immediate objectives as they apply to clinical investigation carried on in a teaching center with clinical investigation performed in pediatric practice. In making this comparison, I do not intend to imply that the professor of pediatrics or a member of his staff has at his beck and call large crews of laboratory technicians, roomtuis of pretty secretaries and efficient stenographers, tabulators and computers in frightening array, scads of money neatly tagged for research and all the time in the world—and that none of these is possessed by the practitioner. Instead, I will point out that in spite of a seemingly vast gulf of separation in facilities and resources, there are similarities of purpose which serve to give reflected dignity to any reasonable and seriously pursued clinical study even though it be attempted under primitive conditions by academic standards.

The professor, gazing from the porticoed façade of a teaching hospital and contemplating his next venture into publication [SEE FIG. 1., FIG. 2. IN SOURCE PDF] (Fig. 1), looks in 1 of 3 possible directions for stimulation. Each of these corresponds with 1 of 3 responsibilities: (1) instruction of students; (2) scientific stimulation of pediatric confreres; (3) the recognition of academic superiors.
Childhood in Contemporary Cultures
Authors: MAY C. D.
Published: December 2021

The current concepts of development of personality in childhood have been derived to a considerable extent from longitudinal studies of individuals by which an attempt is made to reconstruct and interpret the sequence of events by psychoanalytic technique and theory. Too few are acquainted with the wealth of material which has been accumulating from studies conducted by anthropologists and sociologists with an interest in development of personality.

This volume, edited by persons whose competency needs no elaboration, provides a survey of practices in child rearing of different cultures which pediatricians will find refreshing and broadening.
AMERICAN BOARD OF PEDIATRICS
Authors:   THE EXAMINATIONS COMMITTEE
Published: December 2021

THE WRITTEN examination of January 12, 1956, was taken by 480 candidates, exactly the same number as took the test of January, 1955. The examination proved to be more difficult than previous tests; the reasons for this may well be multiple. Nevertheless, the fact stands out that the vast majority of candidates needed the full 3 hours to complete the test and that most felt the pressure of time and were unable to review questions they had answered hurriedly. Because the grades averaged considerably lower than those of previous years, a formula was devised for adjusting the grades in such a way that the percentage of failures would be approximately the same as in 1955, that the passing grade would remain at 52, and that the mean grade would remain essentially the same for both years. It should be stressed that this process of adjusting grades in no way alters the rank order standing of the candidates. On this basis there were 41 candidates, or 8.5% who failed and were therefore ineligible for oral examination.

The adjusted marks earned by the candidates varied from a lowest grade of 29.3 to a highest grade of 94.2 and therefore covered a range satisfactory for differentiation. However, the increased hardness of the test and the necessity for adjusting the grades were associated with a significant loss in the inherent reliability of the examination, that is to say, the "probable error of estimate" (P.E.m) was larger than it has been in recent years. The data on this statistic since the time of adoption of objective methods of testing are indicated in the following table: [SEE TABLE IN SOURCE PDF].
THE MEDICAL ASPECTS OF WATER FLUORIDATION
Authors: Schlesinger Edward R.
Published: December 2021

Fluoridation of water is the process of adjusting the concentration of fluoride ion in fluoride-deficient water supplies to a level of about 1 ppm. Groups of children drinking fluoridated water have only about one-third as much dental caries as otherwise comparable groups receiving water deficient in flouride. These benefits should carry over into adult life, on the basis of evidence from communities in which the fluoride ion is found naturally in the water supply.

Water fluoridation is universally accepted among reputable professional groups. Extensive American studies, made in areas with fluoridated water or with natural fluoride-bearing water having the same content of fluoride, have disclosed no harmful systemic effects to any individuals or groups in the population. No disfiguring dental fluorosis has been encountered among individuals drinking such water. On the contrary, the prevalence of nonspecific enamel hypoplasias has been reduced in such groups.

No well-documented evidence or valid arguments have been presented by the vociferous groups opposed to fluoridation of water. Much confusion has been engendered by the failure of these groups to differentiate between the trace quantities of fluoride used in fluoridation and the vastly greater toxic quantities encountered in some mining and industrial operations and in laboratory investigations.
Technique of Replacement Transfusion
Authors: MCGOVERN JOSEPH J.
Published: December 2021

This letter describes a way of simplifying one of the technical aspects of the replacement transfusion procedure, and thereby avoiding errors in the tabulation of the volumes of blood withdrawn and infused during the transfusion.

Replacement transfusions are frequently done by a physician and a nurse. The nurse's duties include recording the heart rate, giving oxygen, suctioning the baby and keeping a written record of the volumes of blood being exchanged as the transfusion proceeds. The physician in carrying out this procedure, states to the nurse the amount of blood being exchanged.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: ABT ARTHUR F.
Published: December 2021

In the recent article which I prepared which appeared in Pediatrics (18:327, 1956), I stated that my father had originally introduced Dextri-Maltose to Mead Johnson and Company. I find this statement to be in error and I quote the article by Dr. Jerome S. Leopold (26 East 63rd Street, New York 21, New York), "Sugars in Infant Feeding with Special Reference to the Maltose-Dextrin Preparations," which appeared in Archives of Pediatrics (28: No. 10, 1911), from which article the following quotation is made:
SALMONELLA OSTEOMYELITIS COMPLICATING SICKLE CELL DISEASE
Authors: Hughes James G. , Carroll David S.
Published: December 2021

Our observations and those of other authors support the opinion that children with sickle cell disease have a predisposition to osteomyelitis and that there is a tendency for Salmonella organisms to be the infecting agents.

Of the eight cases of Salmonella osteomyelitis complicating sickle cell disease now fully described, six were in children 1 to 4 years of age and two were in children 14 years old. This suggests that this combination of diseases occurs chiefly in young children.

There is a marked disposition to multiple bony involvement in this syndrome.

Roentgenograms of affected bones have a characteristic appearance. Changes include irregular destructive areas, periosteal proliferation, cortical fissuring and in some instances pathologic fractures.

Although chloramphenicol is generally the most effective antibiotic in Salmonella osteomyelitis, it is difficult to eradicate completely the offending agent. Perhaps this is partly due to the extensiveness of the pathologic process with involvement of many bones. Perhaps it is related to local abnormalities in the bones of these patients with sickle cell disease. Owing to repeated thrombosis of vessels in bones, an inherent aspect of sickle cell disease, it may be more difficult to achieve high concentrations of antibiotic in the infected areas.

Osteomyelitis should be considered as a possibility in children with sickle cell disease who have pain or swelling in one or more extremities, or who seem unusually irritable when moved. The fact that these manifestations are usually due to vascular thromboses should not blind the clinician to the possibility of bone infection. Cultures of the blood and stool should be obtained. If pathogenic bacteria are isolated their antibiotic vulnerability should be determined. As Salmonella organisms and hemolytic staphylococcus aureus are the chief organisms so far reported to cause osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease, when bone infection is present but results of cultures and sensitivity tests are not yet known chloramphenicol and erythromycin would appear to be the logical combination of antibiotics.
PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI
Authors: Moore Ralph Bryan
Published: December 2021

The case records of three patients with the diagnosis pseudotumor cerebri are presented.

In addition, data from the records of three other children are included to give a series of six patients.

The clinical picture and the laboratory data are summarized and compared with other reports.

A review of the literature is given, with emphasis on the nomenclature, etiology, clinical findings and prognosis.
CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MILK: A TRIBUTE TO GAIL BORDEN
Authors: Weech A. A.
Published: December 2021

[In presenting the Borden Award to Dr. Weech, Dr. Harry Bakwin, President of the Academy read the following citation : "for his fundamental contributions in major fields of pediatric investigation. His studies in rickets, nutritional edema and physiologic hyperbilirubinemia stimulated newer lines of thought of the pathogenesis of these conditions. He characterized nutritional edema as a disturbance resulting from inadequate dietary protein. As the concentration of albumin in serum represents a practical means of recognizing protein deprivation in the pre-edema stages, he undertook studies of the effect of many basic dietary substances on the synthesis of this blood component. His comprehensive investigation of the causation of jaundice of the newborn established its relationship to liver immaturity. Dr. Weech is also being honored for his inspirational qualities as a teacher and a leader of research in numerous aspects of child health and welfare."]

ON THE ANNUAL occasion of the presentation of the Borden Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics it is precedent that the recipient review those aspects of his personal investigations as have been cited by the Awards Committee in justification of its decision. In the face of such tradition I was at first perplexed. The citation begins by averring that selection has rested on "fundamental contributions in major fields of pediatric investigation." The statement is broad, too broad to serve the purpose of concise review. The citation goes on to mention studies in rickets, bilirubinemia, nutritional edema and basic dietary substances essential for the synthesis of serum albumin. The broad range of investigations still defies terse retrospective survey. Some other bond is needed to tie together the component parts of a speech of acceptance.

The occasion itself will furnish the bond for which I seek.
ASSOCIATION OF TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS AND RUDIMENTARY RIGHT VENTRICLE, WITH AND WITHOUT TRICUSPID ATRESIA
Authors: Kessler Althea , Adams Paul
Published: December 2021

A group of eight cases with three different combinations of congenital cardiac defects but similar clinical findings has been presented. The differential diagnosis from other types of congenital heart disease has been discussed. All had transposition of the great vessels and same obstruction to aortic outflow, either subaortic stenosis or a rudimentary right ventricle from which the aorta arose. Six cases had tricuspid atresia and two had rudimentary right ventricle without tricuspid atresia.

The salient features were:

1) Early congestive failure.

2) Absent or minimal cyanosis.

3) Large heart and pulmonary congestion roentgenographically.

4) Electrocardiographic findings of peaked P waves and a pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy.

5) Angiocardiographic findings of a right to left atrial shunt, failure to visualize the right ventricle, early opacification of the left ventricle and pulmonary artery, and late and inadequate opacification of a small aorta.
ISOLATION OF TYPE I POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS FROM HUMAN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: McCrea Mary Godenne
Published: December 2021

A Type I poliomyelitis virus was isolated in monkey kidney tissue culture from the cerebrospinal fluid obtained 7 days after onset of symptoms in a 9-year-old boy with paralytic disease. The patient's throat and rectal swabs and stool specimen yielded also a Type I poliomyelitis virus. No virus was isolated from the blood. Neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody tests performed on paired samples of sera offered a pattern of diagnostic significance in poliomyelitic infection. It is believed that the isolation of poliomyelitis virus from human spinal fluid is a rare occurrence.
FACIAL PARALYSIS IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Winter S. T.
Published: December 2021

Fifty-eight children showing facial palsy during the acute phase of poliomyelitis were re-examined from 23 to 43 months after the onset. Twenty-six children showed complete recovery, but appreciable residual weakness was noted in 21 patients. Complaints referable to the eye and a tendency to chew on the unaffected side were the main effects of the deformity, but some children began to react emotionally to their disfigurement at about 4 years of age.

Unfavorable prognostic signs included the presence of bulbar lesions, involvement of the upper facial muscles, especially the frontalis, and failure to improve after about 18 months.

Physiotherapy appeared to have no definite value in this condition.
EDUCATION
Authors: Gallagher J. Roswell
Published: December 2021

IT HAS been frequently said that adolescence is the neglected age group; perhaps it is more sound to say that it is physicians' training in the care of adolescents which has been given relatively little attention. That this has been so may be due to two facts: as the mortality rate from illness is lower in this age group than in any other, less urgency to develop training in their care was felt than in the case of little children and adults; and because the care of this age group has fallen between two specialties, pediatrics and internal medicine, it did not become an absorbing interest of either.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Kretchmer Norman
Published: December 2021

Dr. Kretchmer: For many years pediatricians have known a group of inherited diseases associated with specific biochemical defects. Actually, these diseases were first compiled and demonstrated by Sir Archibald Garrod approximately 50 years ago. The case we would like to present, one of cystinosis or cystine storage disease, is an example of one of the so-called inborn errors of metabolism.

Patient B.F. was admitted to the New York Hospital with a chief complaint of growth retardation. She was the product of a normal, full-term, spontaneous delivery, and developed well until 2 years of age when growth retardation was noted.

The child has photophobia and has always demonstrated polyuria. There has been no history of convulsions. The patient has been followed by a private physician for the past 2 years.

The members of the family are indicated in Figure 1. There were three deaths, the maternal father who died of diabetes mellitus complicated with arteriosclerosis; and two siblings of the father, one who died of poliomyelitis and the other of pneumonia.

The father and mother of the present patient are living and well, one sibling died last year at the age of 7 years of cystine storage disease, and an elder male sibling of 11 years is alive and well.

The physical examination indicated a temperature of 37.7°C, a pulse of 100, respirations of 20, and a normal blood pressure. The patient is 92 cm tall and weighs 13.2 kg, and is a small, doll-like, pale, co-operative, bright girl. Also noted were the diminutive stature, haziness of the corneas, photophobia and polyuria.
IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: DEGARA PAUL F. , GOLDBERG HENRY P.
Published: December 2021

Complement titers of 128 sera from 107 healthy children ranging in age from three days to 15 years are presented. The 50% hemolysis method was used. In 107 instances (83.5%), the complement titer ranged between 0.0040 Ml. and 0.0069 Ml., while eight sera (6.3%) had higher titers, and in 13 instances (10.2%), the complement activity was low. The mean titer for the entire group was 0.0053 ± 0.00115 Ml.

Repeated determinations on the same individuals showed that complement activity usually remained constant over prolonged periods.

Complement activity did not vary with age, sex or season of the year in which the specimens were obtained.
IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: DEGARA PAUL F. , GOLDBERG HENRY P.
Published: December 2021

Complement activity of 421 sera from 330 children was determined.

Complement activity was not influenced by antecedent illness.

Low complement titers were found in approximately 25% of 75 normal children during intercurrent illness.

Approximately 25% of 29 patients with active rheumatic fever had low complement titers.

No evidence was obtained to indicate that complement activity is a factor in hereditary susceptibility to rheumatic fever.