bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case of gastric syphilis with neurosyphilis presented as epigastric pain
Authors: Jeong H W , Jeon W J , Sung R H
Published: October 2008

Gastric syphilis has non-specific symptoms and various endoscopic and radiographic findings. Spirochetes are seen infrequently in biopsy specimens and the pathological findings are often non-specific. So it is very difficult to make a definitive diagnosis of gastric syphilis based on clinical symptoms and biopsy findings. We report the case of a gastric syphilis with neurosyphilis presented with epigastric pain. This case reminds us that gastric syphilis is one possibility in ulcerative gastric lesions.
A very particular case of long-term non-progressor: nineteen consecutive years of follow-up in the absence of any detectable HIV-1 viraemia
Authors: Manfredi R , Sabbatani S , Fulgaro C , Fasulo G
Published: October 2008

A case of extremely prolonged non-progression of HIV-1 infection, characterized by 19 consecutive years of persistently undetectable viraemia (or no laboratory markers of HIV replication) is presented and discussed based on recent literature issues regarding virological and immunological outcome of the natural history of HIV-1 infection.
Diagnostic utility of urethral smears in predicting urethral chlamydia in HIV-infected men
Authors: Iwuji C C , Reeves I , Nambiar K , Richardson D
Published: October 2008

We collected data from 218 HIV-infected men to assess the usefulness of the urethral smear and symptoms in predicting Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Prevalence of urethral chlamydia was 9%. A polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) count ≥5 was 73% sensitive and 71% specific for C. trachomatis infection. Adjusted odds ratio for risk of chlamydial infection was significant for urethral irritation (7.48; 1.54–36.4), a PMNL count of 20 or more (9.83; 2.52–8.4) and a PMNL count of 5–19 (4.10; 1.34–12.5). We had to perform 50 urethral smears in HIV-positive men without symptoms to treat one case of C. trachomatis at the time of visit. Findings suggest that the presence of symptoms, in particular urethral irritation may be associated with chlamydial urethritis and that the higher the urethral PMNL count, the more likely it is for C. trachomatis to be detected. The findings in this study also lend further support to recent guidelines that urethral microscopy is not useful in asymptomatic men and hence should be abandoned.
Should men with asymptomatic non-specific urethritis be identified and treated?
Authors: Blume A , Main C , Patel R , Foley E
Published: October 2008

There is currently a debate as to whether microscopy is necessary in asymptomatic men presenting for a sexual health screen. Arguments favouring microscopy include finding chlamydia in a significant proportion of sexual partners of men with non-specific urethritis (NSU) in studies that included symptomatic men. We aimed to investigate the proportion of partners of men with asymptomatic NSU who were diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. A retrospective case-note review was carried out for all men diagnosed with asymptomatic pathogen-negative NSU, and their traced sexual contacts, during a nine-month period. As a result of contact-tracing, we identified 42 partners who attended the clinic. Only one partner (2.4%) tested positive for chlamydia. A further two partners were diagnosed with a viral sexually transmitted infection (STI). The low level of chlamydia and other STIs in partners of asymptomatic men with pathogen-negative NSU does not support the routine use of microscopy to identify these patients.
Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman S , Garland S , Currie M , Tabrizi S N , Rahman M , Nessa K , Bowden F J
Published: October 2008

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in a sample of health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge. A subsample of 399 vaginal and cervical swabs was randomly selected from 2579 samples collected during a study to determine the causes of vaginal discharge in women attending primary health-care clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cervical samples were tested for M. genitalium by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the samples were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and candida. M. genitalium was detected in three samples (0.8%; 95% confidence interval: 0.00–1.6). The prevalence of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae T. vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and candida was 1.3, 3.8, 8, 23.25 and 32.5%, respectively. Two women with M. genitalium were co-infected with T. vaginalis or candida. This is the first study to document the existence of M. genitalium in Bangladesh. Although the prevalence of this infection is low in the population tested, further research into this pathogen in other Bangladeshi populations is justified.
Improvements in sexual health testing among gay men in Sydney, Australia, 2003–2007
Authors: Zablotska I B , Imrie J , Bourne C , Grulich A E , Frankland A , Prestage G
Published: October 2008

In order to be effective, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing should be comprehensive based on the clients' sexuality and risk practices. Using data from the Sydney Gay Community Periodic Survey, we explored trends in and factors associated with STI testing among gay men during 2003–2007. Among men who were not HIV-positive, 68% were tested for HIV in 2007. HIV testing was more common than STI testing and remained stable during 2003–2007. Use of swabs and urine samples increased significantly ( P-trend < 0.001 for each). However, until 2007, 33% of men were not tested. Sexual behaviours (higher number of partners, having casual partners and engaging in unprotected anal intercourse with them) were associated with STI testing. HIV-negative men were tested for STI less often than HIV-positive men (prevalence ratio = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.47–0.68). STI testing among HIV-negative men has improved significantly but remains inadequate for STI control and HIV prevention. It should not be assumed that appropriate and comprehensive STI screening is always provided to clients.
A Batch-Type Testing Method for Determination of Adsorption of Gaseous Compounds on Partially Saturated Soils
Authors: Houston SL , Kreamer DK , Marwig R
Published: October 2008

As part of this study, a laboratory batch-type testing method has been developed for determination of the adsorptive characteristics and equilibrium adsorption coefficients for gaseous chemical species on partially saturated soils. The testing procedure was originally developed in support of in-situ tests at radioactive waste disposal sites in which relatively inert tracer gases are injected into the soil as a means of characterizing and monitoring the diffusive migration of gaseous species from a disposal site. The adsorptive capacity of various soils for the tracer gases has been determined at different water contents. Studies show that the testing procedure is practical for the determination of adsorptive capacity of partially saturated soils for volatile organic pollutants. Adsorption coefficients for trichloroethylene (TCE) have also been determined. A wide range of grain-size distribution was investigated. The available adsorption data indicate that soil surface area available for adsorption was of primary importance in the amount of adsorption that occurred for the different soil types. The available surface area for adsorption was decreased by increasing the water content of the soil. The laboratory testing procedure provides a simple and rapid method of assessing the adsorption coefficients, and the results are very reproducible. The testing method can be used to determine the relative adsorptive characteristics of various soil types for essentially any gaseous chemical species whose concentration can be accurately measured.
Cohesive Soil Behavior Under Random Excitation Conditions
Authors: Aggour MS , Taha MR , Tawfiq KS , Amini F
Published: October 2008

A testing program was undertaken in which cohesive soil at different confining pressures was tested in a resonant column device using random torsional excitation in addition to conventional sinusoidal excitation. The damping and shear modulus from random loading testing were determined by both the power spectral density function and the transfer function method. Evaluation of the dynamic soil properties for sinusoidal vibration followed conventional procedures. The results indicated that during random loading, the damping values were higher and the shear moduli lower than the values obtained from sinusoidal loading at the same root mean square strain. For the cohesive soil tested, formulas were developed to correct the damping and shear moduli obtained from routine sinusoidal testing so that the values are more representative of actual field conditions during random dynamic loading.
Pore Size Distribution of Nonwoven Geotextiles
Authors: Prapaharan S , Holtz RD , Luna JD
Published: October 2008

The applicability of the mercury intrusion technique to determine the pore size distribution (PSD) of geotextiles was evaluated. The method was found to be simple and rapid, and an ASTM standard for soils and rocks already exists (ASTM Test Method for Determination of the Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry [D 4404]). The PSD determined from the mercury intrusion technique on nonwoven geotextiles was compared to that obtained from the Image Analyser, and the results are in good agreement. It was also found that the PSD of compressed fabrics, the case in most field installations, can be obtained by testing the specimen compressed to a known thickness between two perforated plates. Finally, the permeability of the fabric was predicted from PSD data, and the values agreed very well with those obtained experimentally.
Centrifuge Modeling for Projectile Penetration Studies
Authors: Fragaszy RJ , Taylor T
Published: October 2008

This paper describes the rationale for using centrifuge modeling for projectile penetration studies in granular soils and presents details of a projectile delivery system that has been used to conduct centrifuge penetration tests. Included in the rationale is a dimensional analysis that indicates that self-weight induced stresses in the prototype soil mass should be duplicated in the model. Details of the design and construction of a projectile delivery system using a modified pistol with interchangeable barrels are presented. Comparisons between 1 g and centrifuge tests and the results of modeling-of-models centrifuge tests are also presented. These tests confirm the hypothesis that centrifuge modeling is a valid experimental technique for this phenomenon. It is also shown that 1 g and centrifuge data both fit on a single power curve relating prototype penetration to prototype mass to area ratio of the projectile.
Measurements of Normal Deformations in Joints During Shear Using Inductance Devices
Authors: Fishman KL , Desai CS
Published: October 2008

The use of inductance coils for measuring normal deformations involving dilation or compression across a discontinuity is described. Discontinuities may be in the form of interfaces between dissimilar materials or rock joints. In contrast to the conventional schemes for measuring normal deformation that involve installation of measuring devices (linear variable differential transformers, LVDTs) away from the discontinuity, the proposed procedure allows measurements close to the discontinuity. Application is discussed with respect to a test program performed on idealized (rock) joints; the test program consists of slow and fast cyclic, large-scale direct shear tests.

The installation of the coils within specimens and special calibration procedures unique to the direct shear test configuration are described. Measurements obtained with inductance coils are verified by comparison with measurements taken by using other instruments, and by comparison with anticipated experimental results.

This study has shown that inductance coils are useful for improved and reliable measurements of normal deformations across a discontinuity.
Application of Subsize Specimens for Re-Irradiation Embrittlement Monitoring of the First Generation of VVER-440 RPV Steels
Authors: Shtrombakh Ya. I. , Nikolaev Yu. A. , Nikolaeva A. V.
Published: October 2008

The first generation of VVER-440 Units were not supplied with RPV steel surveillance programs. Therefore, cutting out of samples (templetes) from the inner side of RPV wall is the only possibility for re-irradiation embrittlement monitoring of the first generation of VVER-440 RPV steels. Calculations showed that it is possible to cut out a sample of 7×60×95 mm (with consequent repair) from a RPV core weld. Thus, it is impossible to machine the standard 10×10×55 mm Charpy V-notch specimens to determine RPV steel radiation embrittlement. Therefore it is necessary to use subsize specimens (5×5×27.5 mm and 3×4×27 mm) for ductile-to-brittle transition temperature evaluation of templet material. The small samples were cut out from the inner surface of the all old Russian VVER-440 RPVs to assess the actual condition of the RPV material before and after post-irradiation annealing and after re-irradiation. Special monitoring programs of periodic sampling of RPVs and re-irradiation of the templet material in surveillance channels of VVER-440/213 RPVs were developed. The state of the art of application of subsize specimens for re-irradiation embrittlement monitoring of the first generation of VVER-440 RPV steels is discussed.
Investigation of Structural and Chemical Uniformity of Zr2.5% Nb and E635 Alloy by Radioactive Indicators
Authors: Arzhakova Valentine , Shikov Alexander , Kabanov Alexander , Belov Vladimir , Shtutsa Mikhail , Ziganshin Alexander , Kurapov Valeriy , Kurapova Liya
Published: October 2008

The performance and structure of final nuclear zirconium alloy components is formed at all processing steps, from ingot melting and subsequent forging, quenching, pilgering, and heat treatment. The subject of this investigation was the structure of zirconium alloy ingots made by double melting in a vacuum arc furnace, and investigated by the use of radioactive indicators (RAIs). The isotopes that were used were W185 and C14, which were added in very small quantities to the charge before melting the ingot. The RAI isotopes decorate the ingot structure, and provide an opportunity to investigate the behavior of impurity levels during solidification of the molten pool, and the structure in the various types of solidification zones within the ingot. The forged material and other products were investigated using the C14 isotope. Carbon distribution data were obtained for both Zr2.5Nb and for E635 structures on both macroscopic and microscopic levels. The structures and phases in which the carbon isotope was concentrated were discovered.
Influence of Structure Changes in E110 Alloy Claddings on Ductility Loss Under LOCA Conditions
Authors: Nikulin S. A. , Rozhnov A. B. , Belov V. A. , Lyaschenko N. V. , Nikulina A. V. , Mal‘gin A. G.
Published: October 2008

Microstructural changes are analyzed in specimens of E110 cladding tubes that have varying total impurity contents and differing residual ductility after interaction with steam at 1100 and 1200°C to 10–18 % ECR. It is shown that characteristics of the microstructure and the fracture behavior of tube specimens substantially depend on attendant impurities (C, Si, Ni, P, Cl, etc.). The total content of impurities available in the E110 alloy tubes varied from 35 to 140 ppm. With an increase in steam temperature from 1100 to 1200°C the influence of impurities on ductility of the tubes becomes weaker. The results of X-ray spectral examinations of niobium and oxygen distributions and microhardness measurements within the cladding wall after high temperature oxidation are presented. Methods of optical and electron microscopy were used to quantitatively analyze the interrelation between microstructural changes and fractures characteristics as a result of interaction with the high temperature steam environment. This work has suggested the likely reason for the losses of ductility in the studied specimens is the different contents of impurities that govern the types of microstructures formed as a result of the β →α transformation in the prior-β region of the specimens. The primary microstructural characteristics that govern the residual ductility of the E110 specimens is the morphology of the α phase platelets in the prior-β region (parallel plate or basket weave), and the quantity and brittleness of a second “dark” phase precipitate in the prior-β region.
Determination of Transferable Lower-Bound Fracture Toughness from Small Specimens
Authors: Schindler Hans-Jakob , Kalkhof Dietmar , Tipping Philip
Published: October 2008

The master-curve (MC) enables fracture toughness to be measured in the ductile-to-brittle temperature (DBT) regime of ferritic steels using small specimens. However, MC application to structural components remains unclear in some areas. Vital issues of regulatory concern are the differences in the reference temperature T0 obtained from specimens of different sizes and shapes, the extension of the MC into the upper transition range, and the acceptability, or not, of a given level of failure probability to be used in the analysis of safety-relevant components [e.g., nuclear power reactor pressure vessel (RPV)]. Based on general theoretical considerations, the existence of a deterministic temperature-dependent lower bound of KIc or KJc is postulated. It can serve to provide conservative fracture toughness values as required in a screening analysis, which is usually the first step of a fracture mechanics analysis of a structural component. A simple method to determine this lower bound from the reference temperature T0 is presented. Furthermore, since testing of small specimens, like in precracked Charpy (PCC) tests, often leads to E1921-invalid data, an alternative procedure to estimate the MC is suggested that can use the invalid data. The practicability of the method is shown by a few examples. Based on the same method, a lower-bound of dynamic fracture toughness can be estimated from Charpy data sets. Combined with an empirical temperature shift, the lower bound of static fracture toughness can be estimated as well.
Determination of the Water Diffusivity of Concrete Using Drying/Absorption Test Results
Authors: Samson Eric , Maleki Keyvan , Marchand Jacques , Zhang Tiewei
Published: October 2008

Experimental procedures such as ASTM C1585, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes,” and ISO12572 have been recently developed to determine the rate of moisture transmission through hydrated cement systems. However, these methods do not provide an actual transport parameter that can be used in chloride ingress models to predict the service-life of concrete structures. This study focused on the development a reliable method to measure the nonlinear moisture diffusivity of concrete. The approach is based on the analysis of drying and wetting experiments performed with concrete samples of different thicknesses. The transport parameter is obtained by using Richards’ water transport model to analyze the mass variations measured during the tests. The method was tested over a wide range of different concrete mixtures produced with different water/cement ratios. Results indicate that the nonlinear function used to reproduce the mass variation curves must exhibit a strong increase for high water content values. The water diffusivity equation derived from this analysis allows reproducing the behavior of concrete during both the drying and absorption experiments using the same water transport model.
The Importance of an Objective Assessment to Identify Functional Constraints of Young Skier Athletes
Authors: Stradijot Fulvio , Vieira Taian de Mello Martins
Published: October 2008

In general, athletes and trainers overlook the need for periodical monitoring of functional abilities. Altered abilities may lead to the development of acute and chronic injuries. This study provides evidence supporting the inclusion of functional assessment as an essential branch of a training program applied to young skiers. Healthy and recently injured athletes engaged in a ski team were functionally evaluated prior to start of the next winter season. Force production and balance abilities were measured, respectively, by means of isokinetic contractions at three speeds (240°s−1, 120°s−1, and 60°s−1) of knee joint movement and of forceplate sway frequency on the frontal plane. In addition, muscle power was indirectly assessed by measuring jump height with an optic device. Subjects were compared according to their right and left leg performance. Although no sign of physical disability was reported by subjects within the injured group, the functional assessment revealed a diminished ability to produce force and to balance similarly with both legs, exhibiting a statistically significant increase in sway frequency (p<0.05) and decrease in jump height (p<0.05) when performing the task with the injured leg. An interesting outcome of this survey was the identification of two distinct groups by using an objective assessment of functional abilities. The applied quantitative approaches are preferred to be unaffected by potentially misleading subjective interpretations of the experimenter and to provide reliable and useful information to monitor injured and healthy people.
Novel Delivery Systems for Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Hutchins Scott H. , Swayze Karen M.
Published: October 2008

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has long been a concept embraced by biologists in academia and government, but often the theory of IPM has outpaced the reality of private-sector technology development. Times have now changed and the private sector has developed the vision and products to enable IPM using biological, chemical, and cultural practices. In this paper, we explore the success and continued challenges of developing delivery systems (including formulations) that improve the regulatory profile, expand the performance, minimize off-target effects, and create positive supply-side economics for the manufacturer. Indeed, the changing face of agricultural production, regulation, and competition has created the perfect opportunity—right now—to reinvent our product profiles and raise the bar. The regulatory paradigm that only actives will be of concern has changed in most parts of the world and now must be a consideration with the composition of most products. Precision delivery of actives, irrespective of their formulation, also may enable the utility of older molecules to be rejuvenated and expanded. All of these uncertainties provide risks, but for the wise, also present opportunities to extend the value of older technology with proprietary approaches and to ensure newer technologies see a long life in IPM systems.
Investigating the Use of Hydrocarbon Fluids in Seed Treatment Formulations
Authors: Krevalis Martin A. , Beestman George B.
Published: October 2008

Currently, available seed treatments are most often applied as aqueous dispersions or water-based flowable formulations of the active ingredients. Historically, alternatives to aqueous-based treatment methods have been disfavored because alternative solvents, mainly organic solvents, were believed to be toxic toward seeds (phytotoxic). Prior work has shown that seeds such as corn, cotton, wheat, and soybean may be treated with certain nonaqueous solvents, such as hydrocarbon fluids (e.g., normal paraffinic, isoparaffinic, dearomatized mixed aliphatics, and aromatics), with little or no negative effects observed to the seed. In the study reported here, further investigation into the use of fluids for seed treatments has been carried out, and more intensive testing of the phytotoxicity of fluids to seeds, utilizing harsher conditions over longer periods of time (cold germination, saturated cold germination, accelerated aging tests), has been completed. Results have confirmed the importance of fluid volatility (higher volatility fluids result in less phytotoxic response by seeds) and of treatment rates (lower treatment rates minimize negative effects). Seed sensitivity is also important. Cotton and soybean seeds are essentially unaffected by fluids, while wheat and corn seeds show relatively large effects, mitigated to some extent by high volatility and low treatment rates. Although the underlying reasons are not known, fluid treatment of seeds resulted in improvements in germination rates in the saturated cold test, to a small extent for cotton, and to a much greater extent for wheat. Overall, these results indicate that fluids can play a role in seed treatments. The use of fluids requires a balance of factors around fluid structure, volatility, treatment rate, and seed sensitivity. The goal of this work is to take the learnings from these studies, apply them to a full seed treatment formulation, and identify advantages of a fluid-based seed treatment formulation over an aqueous-based formulation.
Impact of Residual Stress and Elastic Follow-Up on Fracture
Authors: Aird C. J. , Hadidi-Moud S. , Truman C. E. , Smith D. J.
Published: October 2008

The presence of tensile residual stress in cracked structures combined with external loading leads to circumstances where a structure may fail at a lower applied load than when residual stresses are not present. This is taken into consideration in the fracture assessment codes which are usually invoked to determine whether a cracked structure is fit-for-purpose. These codes typically attempt to decompose the stresses present in the structure under consideration into either “secondary” or “primary” components, in order to simplify the assessment and avoid the need for detailed numerical modeling. It is acknowledged that whether a given residual stress field should be classified as “secondary” or as “primary” is dependent on the level of associated elastic follow-up (EFU). However, although there is a significant body of work related to the influence of EFU on the high temperature creep behavior of uncracked structures, the EFU concept has not yet been rigorously applied to the fracture assessment of cracked structures. This paper represents a first step towards a more rigorous application of the EFU concept to the fracture assessment of cracked structures containing residual stresses. Insight is provided into the influence of residual stress and EFU on fracture by considering the behavior of a simple three-bar assembly. Having introduced the concept, a three-bar type test rig capable of generating fit-up residual stresses with varying levels of EFU in a compact-tension fracture-specimen is presented. Results, produced using this test rig, from two cases with identical levels of initial residual stress but different levels of associated EFU are considered. It is concluded that EFU is important in determining how the residual force in the specimen changes (and therefore how the component of crack driving force associated with the residual force changes) as damage accumulates in the specimen subsequent to fracture initiation.
Heat Treatment and Interface Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of SiC-Particle Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites
Authors: Myriounis D. P. , Hasan S. T. , Matikas T. E.
Published: October 2008

The interface plays a vital role in composites. Strengthening behavior of SiC-particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites relies on load transfer behavior across the interface, whereas toughness is influenced by crack deflection at the boundary between matrix and reinforcement and ductility is affected by relaxation of peak stresses near the interface. In general, metal matrix composites often behave asymmetrically in tension and in compression and have higher ultimate tensile strength, yet lower proportional limits, than monolithic alloys. Such behavior of composites lies with the factors governing matrix plasticity, which can be divided into two areas: those affecting the stress rate of the matrix, and those which alter the flow properties of the matrix through changes in microstructure induced by inclusion of the reinforcement. This work focuses on the characterization of the mechanical response of the interface to stresses arising from an applied load in SiC-particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites. The composites have been studied in the as-received (T1) and in the T6 and modified T6 (HT1) conditions. In the nonequilibrium heat treatment processing of the composites, nonequilibrium segregation arises due to imbalances in point defect concentrations set up around interfaces. Mechanical properties, including microhardness and stress-strain behavior, of aluminum matrix composites containing various percentages of SiC particulate reinforcement have been investigated. The elastic modulus, the yield/tensile strengths, and ductility of the composites were controlled primarily by the volume percentage of SiC reinforcement, the temper condition, and the precipitation hardening.
Concentrations of Selected Chemical Species in the Airliner Cabin Environment
Authors: MacGregor Ian C. , Spicer Chester W. , Buehler Stephanie S.
Published: October 2008

Reported here are the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) measured in the cabin and bleed air, and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) measured in only the cabin air, on four different commercial airliners in revenue service within the continental United States. Sampling was conducted over various time intervals including boarding, takeoff, cruise, and descent. Bleed air CO was never measured above the instrument detection limit of 2 ppm, and cabin CO only exceeded the detection limit briefly on one flight. The concentration of CO2 in bleed air was at ambient background levels for all flights, and cabin concentrations of CO2 were always well below the 5000 ppm Federal Aviation Administration standard. PM2.5 concentrations were well below levels of concern, with the exception of boarding and deplaning during one flight only. Ozone was present at elevated levels in bleed air compared to cabin air, and was higher in the cabin during cruise than during boarding or deplaning for all four flights. Ozone cabin air/bleed air concentration ratios ranged from 0.37 to 0.80, and on one flight the cabin ozone concentration exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 0.12 ppm for over one hour, and nearly exceeded the FAA standard of 0.1 ppm for a three-hour average. Ethanol and acetone were the dominant VOCs observed on all flights; other VOCs, such as toluene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene were found, but at significantly lower concentrations. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene, acenaphthene, and phenanthrene were found in the cabin air on all flights. Other SVOCs, such as the pesticide permethrin, were detected, but isomers of tricresyl phosphate were not. Concentrations reported here are compared to applicable regulatory standards and to similar measurements performed during previous cabin air quality studies.
Fatigue Response of Aluminum Aircraft Structure under Engineered Residual Stress Processing
Authors: Langer Kristina , VanHoogen Scott , Hoover Jeffery
Published: October 2008

Advanced surface treatment methods for imparting beneficial residual compressive stresses into fatigue-prone metallic components such as laser shock processing (LSP) and low plasticity burnishing (LPB) have proven highly effective in prolonging the life of titanium turbine engine blades. The objective of the current effort was to experimentally evaluate whether similar life enhancement benefits are possible for metallic aircraft structures. Under this initiative, aluminum test specimens were processed using three engineered residual stress techniques, referred to as LSP 1, LSP 2, and LPB, and subsequently fatigue tested under uniaxial, constant amplitude loading conditions. Evaluation of the test results indicated that both the LSP and LPB processes, if carefully designed and applied, have the potential to increase the fatigue life of aircraft structural components.
Comparison of Thermal Expansion Behavior of Phosphoric Irons with Conventional Concrete Reinforcement Steel
Authors: Sahoo Gadadhar , Balasubramaniam R. , Mungole M. N.
Published: October 2008

Phase transformations using dilatometry and microstructures in two phosphoric irons (Fe-0.11P-0.028C, Fe-0.49P-0.022C) and a low carbon steel (Fe-0.148C-0.542Mn–0.128Si), all in weight percent, were studied. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of phosphoric irons was comparable to that of carbon steel. The phase transformation temperatures were not well defined in the case of phosphoric irons. While low-phosphorus steel exhibited single-phase microstructure, high-phosphorus steel exhibited dual-phase ferritic microstructure consisting of prior ferrite and prior austenite. The low carbon steel revealed a ferrite-pearlite microstructure at the center of the cross section and tempered martensite at the rim.
Vietnamese-Chinese Relations in Southern Vietnam during the First Indochina Conflict
Authors: Engelbert Thomas
Published: October 2008

During the First Indochina War, the Chinese population of southern Vietnam played an important role in trade between the zones occupied by French and rival military forces, and with the wider region. So flourishing did this illicit trade become that it forced the main contenders in the war to change their economic policies. Chinese Nationalist and communist organizations were implicated in this trade along with individual merchants. Exploring this chapter in the history of the Chinese in Vietnam complicates depictions of the Chinese as profiteers of questionable loyalty, or as inevitably in conflict with the dominant power of the day.
Contesting Marginality: Consumption, Networks, and Everyday Practice among Hmong Girls in Sa Pa, Northwestern Vietnam
Authors: Hạnh Duương Bích
Published: October 2008

Using ethnographic data collected between 2000 and 2008, this article analyzes changes that have occurred in the lives of Hmong girls in Sa Pa, northwestern Vietnam, since they first came to Sa Pa Town to sell handicrafts and to work as tour guides close to a decade ago. Through in-depth analysis of living conditions and daily activities, the article shows how the girls use new forms of everyday practice, consumption patterns, and social networks to challenge the stereotypes imposed on them by Vietnamese society at large as marginalized yet romanticized Others.
Embodying the Nation: Mediumship, Ritual, and the National Imagination
Authors: Salemink Oscar
Published: October 2008

Among lowlander Vietnamese, spirit possession is a growing phenomenon that reserves a prominent ritual place for deities and practices that refer to ethnic groups imagined to have preceded the Việt in their habitats, or to be living in remote places. In this way, ethnic boundaries are simultaneously constructed and transgressed in ways that both spatialize and temporalize cultural difference in embodied ritual practice and the national imagination. The ritual ways in which the boundaries of the ethnic group or nation are imagined and delineated produce ambiguity over ethnic minorities as "imagined predecessors" who must be domesticated—both ritually and politically.
The new aspects of the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the importance of bacterial resistance
Authors: Hagymási Krisztina , Tulassay Zsolt
Published: October 2008

A
Helicobacter pylori
-fertőzés első vonalbeli kezelését a hétnapos protonpumpagátló-alapú (PPI+clarythromycin+amoxycillin vagy metronidazol) kombinált terápia jelenti. A kezelés sikeressége a nemzetközi adatok alapján 80-90%, hazánkban 75%. Az esetek 10-25%-ában ismételt kezelés szükséges. A hazai gyakorlatban a második eradikációs kezelés 36%-ban, a harmadik csak 20%-ban sikeres. A
Helicobacter pylori
-ellenes kezelés sikeressége világszerte csökken, aminek a hátterében a bakteriális, főleg a clarythromycinrezisztencia gyakoribbá válása áll. Fontos tényező még a betegek nem megfelelő együttműködése és a gyógyszerhatóanyag farmakogenetikai, -kinetikai tulajdonságai. A gyakori metronidazol- és clarythromycinrezisztenciájú területeken az eredmények elfogadhatatlanul alacsonyak, új gyógyszerek, gyógyszer-kombinációk alkalmazása lenne kívánatos. Lehetséges megoldás a szekvenciális kezelés, illetve az újabb antibiotikumok (például levofloxacin) használata. Más természetes hatóanyagok alkalmazása (laktoferrin, probiotikumok, növényi kivonatok) további vizsgálatokat igényel.
Lack of Laminin γ1 in Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Causes Inhomogeneous Electrical Spreading Despite Intact Differentiation and Function
Authors: Malan Daniela , Reppel Michael , Dobrowolski Radoslaw , Roell Wilhelm , Smyth Neil , Hescheler Juergen , Paulsson Mats , Bloch Wilhelm , Fleischmann Bernd K.
Published: October 2008

Laminins form a large family of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and their expression is a prerequisite for normal embryonic development. Herein we investigated the role of the laminin γ1 chain for cardiac muscle differentiation and function using cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells deficient in the LAMC1 gene. Laminin γ1 (−/−) cardiomyocytes lacked basement membranes (BM), whereas their sarcomeric organization was unaffected. Accordingly, electrical activity and hormonal regulation were found to be intact. However, the inadequate BM formation led to an increase of ECM deposits between adjacent cardiomyocytes, and this resulted in defects of the electrical signal propagation. Furthermore, we also found an increase in the number of pacemaker areas. Thus, although laminin and intact BM are not essential for cardiomyocyte development and differentiation per se, they are required for the normal deposition of matrix molecules and critical for intact electrical signal propagation.
Lessons learned from catastrophic fires in tunnels
Authors: Carvel Richard
Published: October 2008

Following the spate of tunnel fires which occurred in Europe at the turn of the century, the safety of European tunnels was assessed and found to be generally poor. Tunnel safety can only be improved if the lessons of past incidents are learned properly. This paper looks at some of the lessons learned from the Kaprun funicular tunnel fire of 2000; the King's Cross underground station fire of 1987; the Baku subway fire of 1995 and the Channel Tunnel fire of 1996. Some recent advances in technology, specifically state-of-the-art ventilation and water suppression systems, are also discussed. The 2007 fire in the Burnley tunnel in Australia is highlighted as an example of an incident where technology prevented the initial fire growing into a catastrophe.
Potassic late orogenic Stephanian volcanism in the Southwest French Massif central (Decazeville, Figeac, Lacapelle-Marival basins): an example for mantle metasomatism along strike-slip faults?
Authors: Lapierre Henriette , Basile Christophe , Berly Thomas , Canard Emmanuel
Published: October 2008

In the southwestern part of the French Massif central (Decazeville basin, at the Sillon Houiller fault termination; Figeac and Lacapelle-Marival basins along the Argentat fault), Stephanian volcanism exhibits shoshonitic affinities. Their chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are enriched in light REE, but almost flat for heavy REE, with marked negative Eu anomalies. Primitive mantle-normalized element spectra show negative Nb, Ta, P, Sm, Ti, and positive Th, U, Pb anomalies, respectively. εNd values are negative and homogeneous (−6 to −4). This volcanism shares the same geochemical patterns as the late-orogenic Stephanian-Permian magmatism from the southern part of the Variscan belt (Pyrénées, Alps, Sardinia). We explain these geochemical characteristics as resulting from the partial melting of a metasomatised mantle. We propose a new mechanism to explain this melting process: horizontal displacement along the main late-orogenic strike-slip faults might bring into contact a hydrated lower crust with the lithospheric mantle. Mantle metasomatism within the strike-slip fault zone may then induce partial melting.
Dual Roles of the Care Provider at the End of Life: An Autoethnography
Authors: Klugman Craig M.
Published: October 2008

In early 2006, my father called saying that my 96-year-old Aunt Rose had a stroke. This event placed me in the dual role of being both an ethics consultant and a family member of someone who had begun the process of dying. The literature shows that health care providers who find themselves in the position of being a care provider for a dying family member often feel that: no one else can provide as high a quality of care; families depend on them for advocacy and education; a professional role allows one to escape personal grieving; and the encounter can be motivation for professional action. This experience of consulting for a family member has taught me four lessons: (a) ethics consultations ideally should be continuing conversations; (b) case narratives are richer than case studies; (c) ethics consultants should be patient advocates; (d) health professionals need a process of grief assistance.
Loss and Grief between and Among Cultures: The Experience of Third Culture Kids
Authors: Gilbert Kathleen R.
Published: October 2008

This study explored the loss and grief experiences of third culture kids (TCKs), persons who accompanied their parents to live all or part of their childhood outside the country for which they hold a passport. The study used a qualitative, naturalistic design, incorporating interview and e-mail data collection. Forty-three TCKs participated in the study. Among the findings of the study are: losses that TCKs experience are often ambiguous and the grief of TCKs is frequently disenfranchised. Many of the losses (both hidden and recognized) were categorized as related to persons, places, pets, and possessions. In addition, existential losses, particularly the loss of meaning related to various aspects of themselves, were identified. More specifically, these existential losses focused on safety and trust, the loss personal identity, and the loss of home.
American Indians: Working with American Indians and Historical Trauma
Authors: Grant Herb
Published: October 2008

This article briefly explores how American Indians can have different experiences of cultural identification as well as loss of culture. This article provides a brief overview of historical trauma, its effects and possible outcomes in different families. Concepts from social construction and life course theory are utilized to help mark how different pathways result from seemingly common experiences of cultural oppression.
Aboriginal Spiritual Perspectives: Research Findings Relevant to End-of-Life Care
Authors: McGrath Pam , Phillips Emma
Published: October 2008

The cultural differences between the dominant Anglo-Australian and the Aboriginal Australian groups are significant, particularly in the way death is dealt with. It is thus extremely important for health care professionals caring for Aboriginal people with a terminal illness to be informed as fully as possible on Indigenous spiritual beliefs associated with death and dying. This article shares findings on Aboriginal spiritual perspectives relevant to the care of individuals coping with a terminal illness from a study in the Northern Territory. The findings emphasize the multiplicity of Aboriginal spiritual perspectives on serious illness and dying, which can juxtapose both Christian and traditional beliefs, as well as the importance for the well-being of Aboriginal persons of respecting these beliefs. The role and importance of traditional healing, the medicine man, and the preferred place of death are also discussed.
Analysis of End-of-Life Content in Selected Introductory Health Education Textbooks
Authors: McDermott Sarah , Demmer Craig
Published: October 2008

The quantity and quality of end of life (EOL) information in commonly used introductory health textbooks was studied. A total of 12 textbooks were identified and rated for the presence of helpful information in eight EOL domains. Content for each domain was rated as absent, minimally present, or helpful. Prior reviews of medical, nursing, pharmacy, psychology, and social work texts have revealed inadequate coverage of EOL care. EOL material contained in introductory health education textbooks seemed to modestly surpass that which has been reported in these comparable reviews. A more comprehensive and broader review of EOL in health education texts needs to be undertaken. For those employed in the health education profession, there needs to be some discussion about what role the health educator can play with respect to EOL care.
Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Liraglutide, Glimepiride, and Placebo, All in Combination With Metformin, in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nauck Michael , Frid Anders , Hermansen Kjeld , Shah Nalini S. , Tankova Tsvetalina , Mitha Ismail H. , Zdravkovic Milan , Düring Maria , Matthews David R. ,   for the LEAD-2 Study Group
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—The efficacy and safety of adding liraglutide (a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist) to metformin were compared with addition of placebo or glimepiride to metformin in subjects previously treated with oral antidiabetes (OAD) therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this 26-week, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group trial, 1,091 subjects were randomly assigned (2:2:2:1:2) to once-daily liraglutide (either 0.6, 1.2, or 1.8 mg/day injected subcutaneously), to placebo, or to glimepiride (4 mg once daily). All treatments were in combination therapy with metformin (1g twice daily). Enrolled subjects (aged 25–79 years) had type 2 diabetes, A1C of 7–11% (previous OAD monotherapy for ≥3 months) or 7–10% (previous OAD combination therapy for ≥3 months), and BMI ≤40 kg/m2.

RESULTS—A1C values were significantly reduced in all liraglutide groups versus the placebo group (P < 0.0001) with mean decreases of 1.0% for 1.8 mg liraglutide, 1.2 mg liraglutide, and glimepiride and 0.7% for 0.6 mg liraglutide and an increase of 0.1% for placebo. Body weight decreased in all liraglutide groups (1.8–2.8 kg) compared with an increase in the glimepiride group (1.0 kg; P < 0.0001). The incidence of minor hypoglycemia with liraglutide (∼3%) was comparable to that with placebo but less than that with glimepiride (17%; P < 0.001). Nausea was reported by 11–19% of the liraglutide-treated subjects versus 3–4% in the placebo and glimepiride groups. The incidence of nausea declined over time.

CONCLUSIONS—In subjects with type 2 diabetes, once-daily liraglutide induced similar glycemic control, reduced body weight, and lowered the occurrence of hypoglycemia compared with glimepiride, when both had background therapy of metformin.
The Pattern of Migration in Zambia.
Authors: Heisler Helmuth
Published: October 2008

H. Heisler — Structure des mouvements migratoires en Zambie. Analyse démographique et sociologique des déplacements temporaires ou définitifs de population, de l'urbani-nisation et de ses conséquences sur le milieu rural. Discussion de l'applicabilité de l'hypothèse générale de D. J. Bogue, fondée sur des matériaux américains.
Quelques aspects de la Côte d'Ivoire en 1919.
Authors: Picciola André
Published: October 2008

A. Picciola — Some Aspects of Ivory Coast in 1919. A study of the effects of French war policy during W.W.I. The pacification stage was just neaving its end by I914 and a number of incidents occurred up to 1916. A decree of 1914 on war economy allowed the use of compulsory labour recruitment for private as well as public employers. The authoritarian policy of Governor Angoulvant, despite a number of failures, did resuit in a real development of the economy which benefited mainly but not solely the White settlers. By the end of the war there was a distinct feeling of resentment among the African populace.