bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Couplage photocatalyse-oxydation par le ferrate (VI) pour le traitement du colorant rhodamine 6G
Authors: Peings Vanessa , Andrin Albéric , Le Bechec Mickael , Lacombe Sylvie , Frayret Jérôme , Pigot Thierry
Published: June 2017

Un facteur limitant de l’oxydation photocatalytique du dioxyde de titane (TiO2) sous irradiation UV est la recombinaison des électrons de la bande de conduction (e-cb) avec les trous d’électron (h+vb) à la surface de TiO2. Le couplage du ferrate(VI), Fe(VI), connu comme un oxydant respectueux de l’environnement, avec la photocatalyse UV/TiO2 pourrait conduire à une synergie oxydative de par le piégeage de e-cb par Fe(VI) et la consécutive formation de l’espèce hautement réactive Fe(V). Cette étude décrit les résultats du couplage TiO2 commercial P25 avec Fe(VI) sous forme pure ou sous forme d’une matière synthétisée dans notre laboratoire (produit solide nommé Fe(VI) matter) pour l’abattement du colorant rhodamine 6G (R6G). Les cinétiques de transformation de R6G ([R6G]0 = 10‑5 M; pH = 8,00 ± 0,05), en présence de TiO2 ([P25] = 0,1 g∙L‑1) illuminé sous UV et/ou de Fe(VI) ([Fe(VI)]0 = 10‑4 M) sont suivies par spectrophotométrie. Une synergie est mise en évidence lors du traitement de R6G par UV/TiO2/Fe(VI) pur, conduisant à une accélération de la transformation de R6G et à une minéralisation plus importante. Cependant, cet abattement n’est pas atteint lors du couplage UV/TiO2/Fe(VI) matter. Une étude de l’impact de sels inorganiques présents dans Fe(VI) matter sur l’activité photocatalytique est présentée. Le sulfate, SO42‑, et le Fe(OH)3 en particulier mènent à une forte inhibition de l’activité de TiO2. Le suivi de la production des radicaux hydroxyles (OH•) montre une inhibition physique de leur production due à la formation d’une couche de sels inorganiques à la surface de TiO2 et au piégeage de radicaux OH• dans la solution.
Visual field map clusters in human frontoparietal cortex
Authors: Mackey Wayne E , Winawer Jonathan , Curtis Clayton E
Published: June 2017

The visual neurosciences have made enormous progress in recent decades, in part because of the ability to drive visual areas by their sensory inputs, allowing researchers to define visual areas reliably across individuals and across species. Similar strategies for parcellating higher-order cortex have proven elusive. Here, using a novel experimental task and nonlinear population receptive field modeling, we map and characterize the topographic organization of several regions in human frontoparietal cortex. We discover representations of both polar angle and eccentricity that are organized into clusters, similar to visual cortex, where multiple gradients of polar angle of the contralateral visual field share a confluent fovea. This is striking because neural activity in frontoparietal cortex is believed to reflect higher-order cognitive functions rather than external sensory processing. Perhaps the spatial topography in frontoparietal cortex parallels the retinotopic organization of sensory cortex to enable an efficient interface between perception and higher-order cognitive processes. Critically, these visual maps constitute well-defined anatomical units that future studies of frontoparietal cortex can reliably target.
Emergence of visually-evoked reward expectation signals in dopamine neurons via the superior colliculus in V1 lesioned monkeys
Authors: Takakuwa Norihiro , Kato Rikako , Redgrave Peter , Isa Tadashi
Published: June 2017

Responses of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons reflecting expected reward from sensory cues are critical for reward-based associative learning. However, critical pathways by which reward-related visual information is relayed to DA neurons remain unclear. To address this question, we investigated Pavlovian conditioning in macaque monkeys with unilateral primary visual cortex (V1) lesions (an animal model of ‘blindsight’). Anticipatory licking responses to obtain juice drops were elicited in response to visual conditioned stimuli (CS) in the affected visual field. Subsequent pharmacological inactivation of the superior colliculus (SC) suppressed the anticipatory licking. Concurrent single unit recordings indicated that DA responses reflecting the reward expectation could be recorded in the absence of V1, and that these responses were also suppressed by SC inactivation. These results indicate that the subcortical visual circuit can relay reward-predicting visual information to DA neurons and integrity of the SC is necessary for visually-elicited classically conditioned responses after V1 lesion.
The Effect of Balcony to Enhance Natural Ventilation in Local Houses in Mazandaran Province
Authors: Rood Posht Azadeh Mahmoudi Kohneh , Daneshjoo Khosro , Shemirani Seyed Majid Mofidi
Published: June 2017

Utilization of natural ventilation in buildings has a long history. Architecture has been trying to response to weather conditions all the time. Wind catcher, mashrabiya, portico and iwan are some examples of climate designs in vernacular architecture which have shown the importance of natural ventilation since a long time ago. The efficiency scope of natural ventilation when used with other cooling techniques will be more widespread. Today, designing desirable buildings using natural ventilation requires knowing theoretical foundations and a detailed study based on new knowledge regarding the feasibility of the use of components design and equipment related to natural ventilation. The present research aims to offer architects some design solutions in order to take advantage of natural ventilation in buildings using the vernacular architecture. Through matching features of functional spaces in local houses with climatic characteristics of regions around the Caspian sea (Mazandaran province) and determining the pattern used in these spaces in housing areas, the present study seeks to answer this question: “Are types of local houses in regions with moderate and humid climate in Iran (Mazandaran) consistent with regional climate in terms of patterns applied in internal functional spaces? How do regional climate features affect physical form of houses?”

The results show that there is a direct and consistent relationship between vernacular architectural features of Mazandaran province and climate classification and regional climate. It also enhances home comfort in summer and finally, it can be concluded that local houses are built based on the climate classification and environment context, and natural ventilation is the most important factor affecting the conditions which improve environmental comfort. The present research provides some guidelines for the architectural design of residential buildings in regions with moderate and humid climate with the aim of achieving maximum level of natural ventilation.  Also, in order to exploit the potential of natural ventilation, the results of the research will help architect select optimal designing parameters in harmony with the regional climate. 
How are topics born? Understanding the research dynamics preceding the emergence of new areas
Authors: Salatino Angelo A. , Osborne Francesco , Motta Enrico
Published: June 2017

The ability to promptly recognise new research trends is strategic for many stakeholders, including universities, institutional funding bodies, academic publishers and companies. While the literature describes several approaches which aim to identify the emergence of new research topics early in their lifecycle, these rely on the assumption that the topic in question is already associated with a number of publications and consistently referred to by a community of researchers. Hence, detecting the emergence of a new research area at anembryonic stage, i.e., before the topic has been consistently labelled by a community of researchers and associated with a number of publications, is still an open challenge. In this paper, we begin to address this challenge by performing a study of the dynamics preceding the creation of new topics. This study indicates that the emergence of a new topic is anticipated by a significant increase in the pace of collaboration between relevant research areas, which can be seen as the ‘parents’ of the new topic. These initial findings (i) confirm our hypothesis that it is possible in principle to detect the emergence of a new topic at the embryonic stage, (ii) provide new empirical evidence supporting relevant theories in Philosophy of Science, and also (iii) suggest that new topics tend to emerge in an environment in which weakly interconnected research areas begin to cross-fertilise.
Synchronous Primary Anorectal Melanoma, Sigmoid Multiple Early Cancers and Descending Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Ge Ruiyin , Gong Aixia , Sun Kang , Zhang Jingwen , Ma Jing
Published: June 2017

Multiple colorectal cancers are extremely rare, few cases can be searched in the literature. Our group only found 6 cases published. We report a case where 3 diseases coexisted summarize the currently available literature. A 75-year-old man presented with changes in his bowel habits and hematochezia. After a colonoscopy with biopsies in a community hospital, he was diagnosed with a descending adenocarcinoma patient. To get further treatment, he came to our hospital. Colonoscopy revealed ulcerative lesions in the descending colon, 2 polypoid lesions in the sigmoid colon, and a protruded lesions in the anorectal. The ulcerative lesions were already diagnosed as adenocarcinoma at the descending colon. So biopsies were taken in the anorectal region, which revealed poorly differentiated melanoma of the anorectal. Computed tomography did not find distant metastases and regional lymphadenopathy. A laparoscopic resection was undertaken to relieve his symptoms and improve the quality of life. The mass showed descending adenocarcinoma, sigmoid multiple early cancers, and poorly differentiated melanoma of the anorectal region. What we can learn is that endoscopy doctors should always be aware of the possibilities of multiple primary cancers for this is important to the treatment and prognosis of patients, standard colonoscopy examination is necessary and returning a enteroscope from cecum should be more than 8 minutes.
An advanced stochastic weather generator for simulating 2‐D high‐resolution climate variables
Authors: Peleg Nadav , Fatichi Simone , Paschalis Athanasios , Molnar Peter , Burlando Paolo
Published: June 2017

A new stochastic weather generator, Advanced WEather GENerator for a two‐dimensional grid (AWE‐GEN‐2d) is presented. The model combines physical and stochastic approaches to simulate key meteorological variables at high spatial and temporal resolution: 2 km × 2 km and 5 min for precipitation and cloud cover and 100 m × 100 m and 1 h for near‐surface air temperature, solar radiation, vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, and near‐surface wind. The model requires spatially distributed data for the calibration process, which can nowadays be obtained by remote sensing devices (weather radar and satellites), reanalysis data sets and ground stations. AWE‐GEN‐2d is parsimonious in terms of computational demand and therefore is particularly suitable for studies where exploring internal climatic variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales is fundamental. Applications of the model include models of environmental systems, such as hydrological and geomorphological models, where high‐resolution spatial and temporal meteorological forcing is crucial. The weather generator was calibrated and validated for the Engelberg region, an area with complex topography in the Swiss Alps. Model test shows that the climate variables are generated by AWE‐GEN‐2d with a level of accuracy that is sufficient for many practical applications.
Quantifying the distribution of tracer discharge from boreal catchments under transient flow using the kinematic pathway approach
Authors: Soltani S. S. , Cvetkovic V.
Published: June 2017

This focuses on solute discharge from boreal catchments with relatively shallow groundwater table and topography‐driven groundwater flow. We explore whether a simplified semianalytical approach can be used for predictive modeling of the statistical distribution of tracer discharge. The approach is referred to as the “kinematic pathways approach” (KPA). This approach uses hydrological and tracer inputs and topographical and hydrogeological information; the latter regards average aquifer depth to the less permeable bedrock. A characteristic velocity of water flow through the catchment is further obtained from the overall water balance in the catchment. For the waterborne tracer transport through the catchment, morphological dispersion is accounted for by topographical analysis of the distribution of pathway lengths to the catchment outlet. Macrodispersion is accounted for heuristically by assuming an effective Péclet number. Distribution of water travel times through the catchment reflect the dispersion on both levels and are derived in both a forward mode (transit time from input to outlet) and a backward mode (water age when arriving at outlet arrival). The forward distribution of water travel times is further used for the tracer discharge modeling by convolution. The approach is applied to modeling of a 23 year long chloride data series for a specific catchment Kringlan (Sweden), and for generic modeling to better understand the dependence of the tracer discharge distribution on different dispersion aspects. The KPA is found to provide reasonable estimates of tracer discharge distribution, and particularly of extreme values, depending on method for determining the pathway length distribution. As a possible alternative analytical model of tracer transport through a catchment, the reservoir approach generally results in large tracer dispersion. This implies that tracer discharge distributions obtained from a mixed reservoir approach and from KPA are only compatible under large dispersion conditions.
Using sea‐ice deformation fields to constrain the mechanical strength parameters of geophysical sea ice
Authors: Bouchat Amélie , Tremblay Bruno
Published: June 2017

We investigate the ability of viscous‐plastic (VP) sea‐ice models with an elliptical yield curve and normal flow rule to reproduce the shear and divergence distributions derived from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS). In particular, we reformulate the VP elliptical rheology to allow independent changes in the ice compressive, shear and isotropic tensile strength parameters (
, respectively) in order to study the sensitivity of the deformation distributions to changes in the ice mechanical strength parameters. Our 10 km VP simulation with standard ice mechanical strength parameters
 = 27.5 kN m−2,
 = 6.9 kN m−2, and
 = 0 kN m−2 (ellipse aspect ratio of e = 2) does not reproduce the large shear and divergence deformations observed in the RGPS deformation fields, and specifically lacks well‐defined, active linear kinematic features (LKFs). Probability density functions (PDFs) for the shear and divergence of are nonetheless not Gaussian. Reducing the ice compressive strength (with constant S∗ and T∗) or increasing the ice shear strength (with constant P∗ and T∗) both results in shear and divergence PDFs in better agreement with RGPS distributions. The isotropic tensile strength of sea ice does not significantly affect the shear and divergence distributions. When considering additional metrics such as the ice drift error, mean ice thickness fields, and spatial scaling of the total deformations, our results suggest that reducing the ice compressive strength P∗ (while keeping S∗ constant, i.e. reducing the ellipse aspect ratio) is a better solution than increasing the shear strength to improve simulations of the Arctic sea‐ice cover with the VP elliptical rheology.
Thermodynamic and dynamic influences in the Far East‐Okhotsk region on stagnant Meiyu‐Baiu
Authors: Wu Chi‐Hua
Published: June 2017

Westerly perturbation is enlarged over the Far East‐Okhotsk region in late June and early July and is associated with the largest land‐sea heating contrast surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. The corresponding characteristics in the lower troposphere are southward deepening of the cold low over northeastern China, and intensification of the Okhotsk high. Coincidentally, the Meiyu‐Baiu coupled with the western North Pacific (WNP) subtropical high is nearly stagnant during this period. By simulations using a global climate model with an intensified Okhotsk surface high in response to cooling Sea of Okhotsk, it is suggested that the enhanced thermal contrast over the Far East‐Okhotsk region can generate an obstacle to Meiyu‐Baiu poleward migration. Corresponding to the intensified Okhotsk high, the WNP subtropical high is strengthened by the high ridge over Taiwan. The East Asian midlatitude westerly jet stream in the northern flank of the WNP subtropical high also strengthens; the consequently enhanced midtropospheric warm temperature advection can regulate the latitude position of the Meiyu‐Baiu. The wave source generated in the upper troposphere is located over the midlatitude WNP (anomalous cyclone) bordering the Sea of Okhotsk, whereas that in the lower troposphere is related to the strengthened westerly in the northern WNP subtropical high. The wave activity propagation consistently indicates the strengthening and equatorward confinement of the westerly jet. Therefore, the intensified Okhotsk high and enlarged westerly perturbation beginning in late June are suggested as an inherently geographic limit of the Far East‐Okhotsk region in regard to Meiyu‐Baiu migration.
Recent Advances and Applications of Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging
Authors: Unger Miriam , Marcott Curtis
Published: June 2017

In conventional infrared (IR) microspectroscopy, the rule of thumb is that you cannot obtain IR spectra of objects smaller than 5–10 m in size. This is based on the diffraction of radiation, and therefore, the spatial resolution is limited to be on the order of the wavelength of light used to make the measurement. Recently, researchers have developed new techniques that can overcome this limit, where the spatial resolution is not limited by diffraction. In this context, this article will focus on the combination of atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy (AFM‐IR) as well as scattering scanning nearfield optical microscopy (s‐SNOM). Both techniques, AFM‐IR and s‐SNOM, are complementary with different strengths and weaknesses. AFM‐IR directly detects IR radiation absorbed by the sample using the AFM (atomic force microscope) probe tip to sense thermal expansion. This thermal expansion depends primarily on the absorption coefficient of the sample and is largely independent of other optical properties of the AFM tip and the sample. Thus, the AFM‐IR technique is preferred to measure absorption spectra with correlation to conventional IR spectroscopy and, furthermore, can be widely used for studies of soft materials such as polymers and life science samples. On the other hand, s‐SNOM detects radiation scattered by nanometer‐scale regions directly under the AFM probe tip. The scattered field depends on the complex optical constants of both the tip and the sample and contains rich information about nano‐optical phenomena. s‐SNOM is an advanced technique for imaging nanoscale contrast based on optical properties, with diverse applications in advanced materials, devices, and fundamental light/matter interactions. In this article, both the AFM‐IR and s‐SNOM approaches will be described with example applications of how they can be used to chemically characterize materials at the nanoscale.
Process‐Based Laboratory Design
Authors: Schubert Henriette , Kjaergaard Nielsen Flemming
Published: June 2017

The new pharma reality is characterized by fast change and unknown future demands. Often, the laboratories are established before the processes, facility use, and technologies are finalized. Hence, flexible, modular, and changeable laboratory facilities that can be adapted to new research needs or process design are needed. However, planning and designing biopharmaceutical laboratories for research, development, and quality control require understanding of challenges and business drivers to ensure compliant and long‐term laboratory operations.

The purpose of this article is to provide guidance and a methodology that is based on a process and operational driven design approach. The methodology can be used for
QC
laboratory projects, R&D laboratory facilities,
in vivo
animal research, trial facilities, and facilities for development or small‐scale manufacturing of tailored therapies. The focus is on guidance on design development and basis for management decision rather than detailed design and construction guideline. The methodology and principles described can be used globally regardless of local requirements.
S
olomon and
S
aturn
Authors: Dumitrescu Irina A.
Published: June 2017

The four Old English Solomon and Saturn texts are part of a long tradition of Solomonic wisdom dialogues.
Solomon and Saturn I
describes the powers of the Lord's Prayer, showing how its letters attack the devil. It is a testament both to Anglo‐Saxon charm lore and to interest in learning and literacy. The little‐studied
Prose Pater Noster Dialogue
paints a fantastic battle between the devil and prayer, and may have been a source for
Solomon and Saturn I
.
Solomon and Saturn II
moves from riddles to lyrical meditations on fate. It is variously seen as unusual wisdom literature or an anxious treatment of oriental learning. The
Prose Solomon and Saturn
demonstrates the interest among Anglo‐Saxon intellectuals in apocryphal lore, scientific knowledge, and riddles based on literal readings of scripture.
L
ondon
Authors: Hsy Jonathan
Published: June 2017

London was an important center of trade and power, and its prominence from the Anglo‐Saxon period through the Dissolution is attested in a wide variety of literary genres including chronicles (history writing), lyrics, narrative genres (religious and secular), and drama (mummers' plays, pageants, and civic processions). Literary scholarship on London has traced the city's narrative function from its legendary founding by Brutus after the Trojan War to late medieval explorations of urban community and political conflict. Scholars have also examined the historical background of textual production in the city including its manuscript networks and (in the later medieval period) its print cultures. Other scholars have examined the city through the phenomenology of urban life (including the area's topography and architecture), and most recently multicultural and postcolonial studies have attended to the city's polyglot contexts and the material traces of its layered past.
TheArabidopsis ThalianaGenome: Towards a Complete Physical Map
Authors: Schmidt Renate
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

TheArabidopsisGenome

Genetic Maps

Physical Mapping

Map‐Based Cloning

Chromosome Organisation

Comparative Mapping

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
Systems Biology: Principles and Applications in Plant Research
Authors: Coruzzi Gloria M. , Burga Alejandro R. , Katari Manpreet S. , Gutiérrez Rodrigo A.
Published: June 2017

Plants have played a major role in the geochemical and climatic evolution of our planet. Today, in addition to their fundamental ecological importance plants are essential for humans as the main source of food, provide raw materials for many types of industry and chemicals for medical applications. It is thus daunting to realize how little we understand about plant systems. To date, only approximately 15% of the genes ofArabidopsis thaliana, the most explored model system for plant biologists, have been characterized experimentally. Systems biology offers the opportunity to increase our understanding of plants as living organisms, by generating a holistic view of the organism grounded at the molecular level. In this chapter, we discuss the basics of systems biology, the data and tools we need for systems research and how it can be used to produce an integrated view of plant biology. We finish with a discussion of case studies, published examples of plant systems biology research and their impact on our knowledge of plants as integrated systems.
An Overview of Systems Biology
Authors: Albert Réka , Assmann Sarah M.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of three crucial aspects of systems biology: constructing biological networks, analyzing and modelling the structure of biological networks and modelling the dynamics of biological networks. We describe the types of intracellular networks most often studied, and the ‘omic’ information available to synthesize these networks, with a special focus on plant biology. We review the computational methods used to construct or infer (reverse engineer) intracellular networks. We present the graph‐theoretical measures most useful for understanding the organization of biological networks, from the single node level to the global properties of the whole network. A representative sample of biological network models is provided, ranging from static models to dynamic models that incorporate how the status of the nodes changes in time. Throughout the chapter we focus on the biological predictions possible by combining experimental, theoretical and computational methods.
Proteomics: Setting the Stage for Systems Biology
Authors: Peck Scott C.
Published: June 2017

Proteomics is a broadly defined discipline. Loosely, the early definition referred to the goal of studying ‘all proteins produced by a genome’. The reality is that this goal has never been achieved because of the complexity of the proteome, and most studies actually deal with sub‐proteomes – for example, proteins from a particular organelle or with a specific modification. This distinction, however, does not detract from the increasing importance of proteomics in systems biology. Rather, the study of sub‐proteomes merely emphasizes the combinatorial complexity that can be achieved by the variety of protein forms produced by the genome. The underlying paradigm is that each form of a protein may be functionally distinct, meaning that a more detailed understanding of how a protein changes in form, location or activity during development or a response is required to understand its role in a biological process. This level of understanding is the current goal of proteomic studies.
From the Ionome to the Genome: Identifying the Gene Networks that Control the Mineral Content Of Plants
Authors: Guerinot Mary Lou , Baxter Ivan , Salt David E.
Published: June 2017

Here we describe ionomics, the quantitative and simultaneous measurement of the elemental composition of living organisms, and its application to the study of plant mineral nutrition. We detail the analytical and bioinformatic approaches that allow for high‐throughput screening of the ionome and how they have been applied to the model plantArabidopsis thalianato elucidate genetic and biochemical pathways necessary for proper ion homeostasis. Ionomics should help us understand which genes are responsible for the ability of plants to adapt to environments that vary widely in mineral content and how these genes ultimately control the ionome of the plant.
Development and Systems Biology: Riding the Genomics Wave towards a Systems Understanding of Root Development
Authors: Brady Siobhan M. , Benfey Philip N.
Published: June 2017

Systems biology approaches have recently garnered much interest in plant biology, primarily due to the massive increase of data obtained using genomic approaches. One advantage of using these approaches is the elucidation of emergent behaviour, or a complex pattern, which results from the interaction of simple components. The use of systems biology approaches to understand root development at various scales, including transcriptional networks that regulate cell identity, dynamic cellular behaviour that contributes to root growth and physical root architecture will be explored.
Vascular Morphogenesis During Root Development
Authors: Campilho Ana , Lindgren Ove , Helariutta Ykä
Published: June 2017

The root vascular cylinder consists of two conductive tissues, phloem and xylem. The vascular pattern, the way these two tissues are arranged, is often dynamic during ontogeny. In this chapter, we will first describe the current knowledge on how the vascular pattern is established anatomically. Then we review the most recent advances on understanding the gene functions behind the patterning, cell proliferation and differentiation related to the establishment of the vascular tissue types. It seems that during these processes the hormonal and genetic controls are tightly integrated. Finally, we discuss the power of some genome‐wide approaches for further understanding of the integrated view on vascular development.
Adventitious Root Formation: New Insights and Perspectives
Authors: Geiss Gaia , Gutierrez Laurent , Bellini Catherine
Published: June 2017

The root system of a plant consists of the primary, lateral and adventitious roots. Lateral roots always develop from roots whereas adventitious roots form from stem or leaf‐derived cells. Adventitious rooting is an essential step in the vegetative propagation of economically important horticultural and woody species. It allows clonal propagation and rapid fixation of superior genotypes prior to their introduction into production or breeding programs. Problems associated with rooting of cuttings frequently result in significant economic losses. Development of adventitious roots is a complex process that is affected by multiple factors including phytohormones, light, nutritional status, associated stress responses such as wounding, and genetic characteristics. How endogenous and environmental factors interact to control adventitious root formation is still poorly understood, although significant progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular control of root and lateral root development. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the physiological aspects of AR formation and highlight the recent progress made in the identification of putative molecular players involved in the control of adventitious rooting.
Root Gravitropism
Authors: Swarup Ranjan , Bennett Malcolm J.
Published: June 2017

Gravity represents a critical environmental signal for land plants that profoundly influences their growth and development. Plants correct changes in their orientation employing a differential growth response, termed gravitropism. Root gravitropism can be divided into several successive phases:
gravity perception
,
gravitropic signal transmission
,
gravitropic response
and a fourth phase that we term
gravitropic signal attenuation
which serves to prevent further root bending. Gravity perception induces the formation of a lateral auxin gradient. A large number of the auxin‐related components that make up the gravitropic signalling and response machinery have been identified in the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
highlighting the central importance of this signal. The past 5 years have also seen several important breakthroughs which have led to the identification of the root cells and tissues that transport, and respond to, the lateral auxin gradient. The review will focus on these recent advances in our understanding about the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate root gravitropism.
Molecular and Genetic Dissection of Cereal Root System Development
Authors: Hochholdinger Frank , Zimmermann Roman
Published: June 2017

Monocotyledonous cereal root systems have a complex organization and are composed of primary and seminal roots that are preformed during embryogenesis and roots that emerge postembryonically either from other roots (lateral roots) or from nodal structures of the shoot (shoot‐borne roots). In recent years, a number of specific mutants affected in cereal root system development, mainly in maize, rice and barley, have been identified. These mutants are impaired in root formation during embryogenesis, in primary root elongation, in root hair formation, in shoot‐borne root initiation and in lateral root initiation and elongation. Recently, for some of these mutants the corresponding genes have been cloned and functionally characterized. In addition, these mutants have also been deployed for comparative proteome and transcriptome analyses to dissect the molecular networks involved in cereal root formation.
When Plants Socialize: Symbioses and Root Development
Authors: Péret Benjamin , Svistoonoff Sergio , Laplaze Laurent
Published: June 2017

Plant roots encounter a large variety of living organisms in the soil. Some soil microorganisms associate with plant roots to form symbiotic interactions. In this chapter, we describe the establishment of two widespread and important symbiotic associations: mycorrhizae and actinorhizae; and the developmental changes that they induce both at the site of interaction and on the whole root system.
Legume Root Architecture: A Peculiar Root System
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rizzo Silvina , Laporte Philippe , Crespi Martin , Frugier Florian
Published: June 2017

The soil environmental conditions and symbiotic interactions are the major determinants of legume root architecture. Investigating cues that affect root developmental adaptations to the environment as well as understanding the mechanisms underlying the control of the root architecture are crucial to improve agronomical traits, notably in the legume family. Indeed, legumes are one of the most widespread crops, in terms of number and diversity of cultivated species.

Legume roots can develop two types of secondary root organs: lateral roots and nitrogen‐fixing nodules. Lateral root formation is common to all higher plants; however, nodules are present only on legume roots as a result of the symbiotic interaction with nitrogen‐fixing soil bacteria, collectively known as rhizobia. The only nonlegume plants described to be able to interact with rhizobia to form nitrogen‐fixing nodules areParasponiaspp.

What makes the legume root system so peculiar? The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the current knowledge of the development of secondary root organs in legumes. A comparative analysis of their structure and ontogeny will be presented, and the specific and common regulatory mechanisms involved will be described.
Glycosyltransferases of theGT8Family
Authors: Yin Yanbin , Mohnen Debra , Gelineo‐Albersheim Ivana , Xu Ying , Hahn Michael G.
Published: June 2017

The higher plant genomes sequenced to date include numerous genes encoding proteins classified as belonging to CAZy family GT8. The large number and diversity of GT8 proteins in higher plants, which currently constitute more than 65% of the identified eukaryotic GT8 genes, highlight the importance of these proteins in plants. Here we summarize a detailed phylogenetic study of GT8 proteins from three monocot and four dicot plant genomes that clearly divides higher plant GT8 proteins into two distantly related sets of clades, many of which are further divided into statistically well‐supported subclades. One set, the GAUT1 (GAlactUronosylTransferase1)‐related family, includes the GAUT andGAUT‐Like (GATL) proteins, comprising one proven galacturonsyltransferase and multiple additional members strongly implicated in the synthesis of pectins and xylan, two major types of polysaccharides present in plant cell walls. The second set, which includesPlantGlycogenin‐likeStarchInitiationProteins(PGSIPs) andGalactinolSynthases(GolSs), appears not to be directly involved in plant cell wall synthesis. The PGSIPs have been suggested to play a role in priming starch biosynthesis, while the GolSs are key enzymes in the synthesis of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides that play important roles in plant responses to environmental stress. This chapter also summarizes data from biochemical, transcriptional, and mutational studies that provide additional insights into possible functions of higher plant GT8 proteins. However, much work is needed to fully define the roles of GT8 proteins in plants, particularly with respect to their enzymatic function in plant cell wall biosynthesis.
Transport Systems forNO3−andNH4+
Authors: Orsel Mathilde , Miller Anthony J.
Published: June 2017

Arabidopsistransporter families for both nitrate and ammonium have been identified and characterized in some detail. Gene knockout studies have been very useful for identifying the physiological function of specific genes inArabidopsis. In the post‐genomic era, the identification of genes with orthologous transport functions in other plant species is now relatively easy. However, several key areas of nitrogen transport still require a much better understanding in the model plantArabidopsis, and some of these are described in this chapter.
Plant Metabolomics in a Nutshell: Potential and Future Challenges
Authors: Hall Robert D.
Published: June 2017

In just 10 years, plant metabolomics has been transformed from a purely theoretical concept into a highly valued and widely exploited technology. Moving on from the many and wide‐ranging hopes, enthused upon in a multitude of early reviews, metabolomics for plant research has already proved itself despite the technology still experiencing certain limitations. We have a long road to travel before we reach our desired destination – a very happy place where large‐scale, (semi‐)automated, unbiased multiplex analyses of plant materials, leading to exhaustive lists of named metabolites become possible. This biochemical Holy Grail will, by definition, never be reached. Nevertheless, continued advances in hardware, software and biostatistics are enabling us to generate ever‐advancing, detailed insights into the chemical composition of plants and how this is influenced by genetical and environmental perturbation. There continues to be a major driving force behind further developments, spurred on by myriad existing and potentially new applications in both applied and fundamental plant science. It is no longer so much a case of
hope springs eternal
but rather,
who dares wins
!
Sphingolipid α‐Hydroxylase (
Scs7p
)
Authors: Malkowski Michael G
Published: June 2017

Sphingolipid α‐hydroxylase (Scs7p) is a membrane‐bound protein belonging to the hydroxylase/desaturase family of enzymes that utilize a dimetal center to hydroxylate or desaturate lipid‐based substrates. Scs7p specifically hydroxylates the α‐carbon of the very‐long‐chain fatty acid moiety of sphingolipid precursor molecules that are prevalent in the myelin sheath and epidermis, where they play a stabilizing role. The core structure of Scs7p consists of a helical catalytic cap domain that sits atop four transmembrane helices that anchor the enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum. Ten highly conserved histidine residues are responsible for coordinating the metal atoms within the core of the enzyme. Comparison of Scs7p structure and substrate‐binding model to the structure of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase reveals significant differences in the architecture of the enzymes within the catalytic cap domain. These differences provide insight into the different mechanisms of substrate binding and recognition of substrates by hydroxylase and desaturase enzymes.
In Situ Electrochemistry of Rechargeable Battery Materials: Status Report and Perspectives
Authors: Yang Yijun , Liu Xizheng , Dai Zhonghua , Yuan Fangli , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri , Wang Xi
Published: June 2017

The development of rechargeable batteries with high performance is considered to be a feasible way to satisfy the increasing needs of electric vehicles and portable devices. It is of vital importance to design electrodes with high electrochemical performance and to understand the nature of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces during battery operation, which allows a direct observation of the complicated chemical and physical processes within the electrodes and electrolyte, and thus provides real‐time information for further design and optimization of the battery performance. Here, the recent progress in in situ techniques employed for the investigations of material structural evolutions is described, including characterization using neutrons, X‐ray diffraction, and nuclear magnetic resonance. In situ techniques utilized for in‐depth uncovering the electrode/electrolyte phase/interface change mechanisms are then highlighted, including transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The real‐time monitoring of lithium dendrite growth and in situ detection of gas evolution during charge/discharge processes are also discussed. Finally, the major challenges and opportunities of in situ characterization techniques are outlined toward new developments of rechargeable batteries, including innovation in the design of compatible in situ cells, applications of dynamic analysis, and in situ electrochemistry under multi‐stimuli. A clear and in‐depth understanding of in situ technique applications and the mechanisms of structural evolutions, surface/interface changes, and gas generations within rechargeable batteries is given here.
Emergent Low‐Symmetry Phases and Large Property Enhancements in Ferroelectric KNbO3 Bulk Crystals
Authors: Lummen Tom T. A. , Leung J. , Kumar Amit , Wu X. , Ren Y. , VanLeeuwen Brian K. , Haislmaier Ryan C. , Holt Martin , Lai Keji , Kalinin Sergei V. , Gopalan Venkatraman
Published: June 2017

The design of new or enhanced functionality in materials is traditionally viewed as requiring the discovery of new chemical compositions through synthesis. Large property enhancements may however also be hidden within already well‐known materials, when their structural symmetry is deviated from equilibrium through a small local strain or field. Here, the discovery of enhanced material properties associated with a new metastable phase of monoclinic symmetry within bulk KNbO3 is reported. This phase is found to coexist with the nominal orthorhombic phase at room temperature, and is both induced by and stabilized with local strains generated by a network of ferroelectric domain walls. While the local microstructural shear strain involved is only ≈0.017%, the concurrent symmetry reduction results in an optical second harmonic generation response that is over 550% higher at room temperature. Moreover, the meandering walls of the low‐symmetry domains also exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity on the order of 1 S m−1. This discovery reveals a potential new route to local engineering of significant property enhancements and conductivity through symmetry lowering in ferroelectric crystals.
Psychiatric and cognitive characteristics of individuals with Danon disease (LAMP2 gene mutation)
Authors: Yardeni Maya , Weisman Omri , Mandel Hanna , Weinberger Ronnie , Quarta Giovanni , Salazar‐Mendiguchía Joel , Garcia‐Pavia Pablo , Lobato‐Rodríguez Maria José , Simon Lourdes Fajardo , Dov Freimark , Arad Michael , Gothelf Doron
Published: June 2017

Danon disease (DD) is a rare X‐linked disorder caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in the LAMP2 gene, which encodes lysosome‐associated membrane protein. It is characterized by the triad of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myopathy, and intellectual disability. Whereas the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disorder have been previously reported and continue to be explored, the cognitive deficits and psychiatric comorbidities manifested in DD remain an understudied topic. We systematically assessed cognitive abilities and psychiatric comorbidities in 13 males and females. Most of the participants in our cohort (n = 9; 75%) had an IQ score within the normal range, while only one participant had intellectual disability. Participants’ performance on the Cognitive Neuropsychiatric Battery (CNB) showed only mildly impaired cognitive abilities in most modules, except in the executive functioning test, which was low compared to healthy controls. Of note, 69% of the participants met criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder, mainly mood and anxiety disorders, occurring alone or in combination in the same patient. The results of the present study challenge earlier reports suggesting that mental retardation is a core constituent in DD. Of importance, it underscores the need to refer Danon patients to psychiatric assessment.
Structural plasticity of the ventral stream and aphasia recovery
Authors: McKinnon Emilie T. , Fridriksson Julius , Glenn G. Russell , Jensen Jens H. , Helpern Joseph A. , Basilakos Alexandra , Rorden Chris , Shih Andy Y. , Spampinato M. Vittoria , Bonilha Leonardo
Published: June 2017

Restrengthening of the residual language network is likely to be crucial for speech recovery in poststroke aphasia. Eight participants with chronic aphasia received intensive speech therapy for 3 weeks, with standardized naming tests and brain magnetic resonance imaging before and after therapy. Kurtosis‐based diffusion tensor tractography was used to measure mean kurtosis (MK) along a segment of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). Therapy‐related reduction in the number of semantic but not phonemic errors was associated with strengthening (renormalization) of ILF MK (r = −0.90, p < 0.05 corrected), suggesting that speech recovery is related to structural plasticity of language‐specific components of the residual language network. Ann Neurol 2017;82:147–151
Bestimmung des Radikal‐Radikal‐Abstands in lichtaktiven Proteinen im angeregten Zustand und dessen Bedeutung für die biologische Magnetorezeption
Authors: Nohr Daniel , Paulus Bernd , Rodriguez Ryan , Okafuji Asako , Bittl Robert , Schleicher Erik , Weber Stefan
Published: June 2017

Durch Licht erzeugte, kurzlebige Radikalpaare sind Reaktionsintermediate in Photolyasen und Cryptochromen. Cryptochrome spielen wahrscheinlich bei der Magnetfeldwahrnehmung durch Zugvögel und beim magnetfeldabhängigen Verhalten von Insekten eine Rolle. Wir haben transiente Zustände im Cryptochrom aus Drosophila melanogaster und im strukturverwandten DNA‐Reparaturenzym DNA‐Photolyase aus Escherichia coli untersucht. Mithilfe eines Puls‐EPR‐Verfahrens konnten die beiden Beiträge zur Spin‐Spin‐Wechselwirkung, die Austauschwechselwirkung und die magnetische Dipol‐Dipol‐Kopplung, direkt bestimmt werden. Anhand dieser Größen wurden in beiden Proteinen die Radikalpaarpartner identifiziert, und es konnten Aussagen über die potenzielle Effizienz des Radikalpaars im Drosophila‐Cryptochrom als Magnetorezeptor getroffen werden. Weiterhin wurden Beweise für eine erweiterte Elektrontransferkaskade in diesem Protein erbracht: Der Tryptophanrest W394 ist ein essentieller Bestandteil für die Photoreduktion des Flavin‐Kofaktors und für die Bildung eines Radikalpaars mit einer für eine Magnetfeldsensibilität ausreichend langen Lebenszeit.
Narrative Therapy with Pre‐schoolers – Unfolding the Story
Authors: Stiefel Ingeborg , Anson Jenny , Hinchcliffe Davida
Published: June 2017

This paper describes an application of Narrative Therapy to working with pre‐school aged children in the family setting. Techniques have been specifically tailored and adapted to meet the developmental needs of this age group and assist with therapeutic engagement through all phases of therapy. We focus on three components: theme‐development, externalising the problem or helper, and multi‐sensory communication. Two cases are presented, which illustrate the therapeutic work with 4 year old children.
The Conversational Model and Child and Family Counselling: Treating Chronic Complex Trauma in a Systemic Framework
Authors: Skinner Lynda , McLean Loyola
Published: June 2017

Child and Family Counselling Teams inNSWCommunity Health Services are expected to provide therapeutic services to children who have experienced complex trauma. However, parental trauma is often overlooked or referred elsewhere. A systemic perspective informed by attachment theory and trauma theory provides the basis for addressing parental trauma in Child and Family Counselling Teams, thereby improving parenting. The Conversational Model is an evidence‐based intervention for chronic complex trauma. The foundations of the Conversational Model and its brief component, Short Term Intensive Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, are outlined and a case study is given to illustrate the usefulness of the intervention in Child and Family Counselling. Highlighted is the importance of addressing systemic trauma through parenting to improve attachment quality, family relationships, and children's function.