bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eucalyptus Digestibility and Digestible Energy Requirements of Adult Male Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia).
Authors: Ullrey DE , Robinson PT , Whetter PA
Published: June 2005

Three adult male koalas were individually fed on a diet of Eucalyptus melliodora, E. robusta and E. sideroxylon plus trace mineral salt and water to appetite. Fresh browse was offered daily for 14 days before and 7 days during quantitative collection of faeces. Samples of browse representing plant parts consumed were collected, and acid lignin ratio techniques were used to estimate nutrient digestibility. Apparent digestibility of DM was 54-70%, gross energy 47-64%, crude protein 32-50%, ether extract 37-50%, neutral detergent fibre 23-57% and acid detergent fibre 9-55%. Total faecal acid lignin excretion was used to estimate digestible energy (DE) intake. Since bodyweights (W) were maintained during the study, daily DE requirements for adult maintenance were estimated to range from 257 to 411 kJ/W0.75. If an 87% recovery in the faeces of dietary acid lignin was assumed, estimated DE requirements for adult maintenance ranged from 312 to 439 kJ/W0.75. These values are lower than commonly accepted interspecific values for eutherians but are consistent with evidence that the koala has a relatively low basal metabolic rate.
Gonadal Response to Testosterone Propionate during Breeding and Post-Breeding Phases in the Male Blossom-Headed Parakeet, Psittacula cyanocephala (Aves: Psittaciformes)
Authors: Maitra SK , Ghosh A
Published: June 2005

Testosterone propionate (1 mg per 100 g body weight per day) was administered for 15 days, by injection
into the pectoral muscles, to male blossomheaded parakeets during both the spermatogenetically active
(February-March) and resting (August) phases of the annual cycle. It caused marked testicular atrophy
when it was injected in the sexually active birds. In sexually regressed parakeets it resulted in spermatokinesis
and differentiation of Leydig cells. It is evident that the same amount of exogenous testosterone
may exert, possibly through pituitary gonadotrophic agent(s), either pro- or anti-gonadal
influences depending upon the sexual status of the bird.
Reproduction in the Female White-Striped Mastiff Bat, Tadarida australis (Gray) (Molossidae)
Authors: Kitchener DJ , Hudson CJ
Published: June 2005

The reproductive cycle of female T, australis is outlined from examination of reproductive organs in situ and from histological techniques on museum specimens collected in Australia, south of latitude 22�S., over the last 88 years. Features of the reproductive tract and ovaries during important repro- ductive phases are described. There is a marked asymmetry of the reproductive organs, only the right ovary and uterine horn being functional. T. australis is monoestrous; there is no indication of marked differences in the timing of reproductive phases between regional populations. A single, deeply embed- ded corpus luteum occupies up to 60% of the ovary and degenerates at about the time of parturition. Apparently, most females, including young of the year, become pregnant each year, and give birth to a single young, usually between mid-December and late January, although occasionally as late as the end of February. Most young are weaned by early May. There is a short anoestrus, which is probably restricted to early lactating females, followed by a relatively long pro-oestrus. Copulation, ovulation and fertilization occur around late August. There is no evidence of hibernation.
Effects of Habitat, Host Sex and Age on the Parasites of Trichosurus Caninus (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in North-Eastern New South Wales.
Authors: Presidente PJA , Barnett JL , How RA , Humphreys WF
Published: June 2005

The condition of 57 Trichosurus caninus (Ogilby), and their ectoparasites, endoparasites and associated pathology were examined; ages and habitat status of these animals were known. Condition scores for females were greater (P<0.005) than those for males. Seven ectoparasite species (two ticks, five mites), two protozoan and seven helminth (one cestode, six nematodes) species were identified in T. caninus from both preferred and peripheral habitats. Prevalence of Amplicaecum robertsi (Sprent & Mines) larvae and the oxyurid nematode Adelonema trichosuri (Johnston & Mawson) were greater (P<0.05) in T. caninus from peripheral habitat than in preferred-habitat animals. Greater burdens (P<0.05) of the tick Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, two mites Trichosurolaelaps dixoa Domrow and 7. crassipes Womersley, and the trichostrongylid nematode Paraustrostrongylus trichosuri Mawson were found in peripheral-habitat T. caninus. Subadult males harboured greater Paraustrostrongylus burdens (P<0.05) than did subadult females or adult animals. Three Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) sympatric with peripheral-habitat T. caninus were also examined. One tick I. trichosuri Roberts, one mite T. crassipes and four helminth species: Bertiella trichosuri Khalil, A. robertsi, Paraustrostrongylus trichosuri and Parastrongyloides trichosuri Mackerras, were identified. The cestode B. trichosuri was recovered from the three T. vulpecula and four peripheral-habitat T. caninus, but only from one T. caninus from preferred habitat.
Larval A. robertsi caused focal eosinophilic cholangiohepatitis with dilatation of affected bile ducts in livers of both Trichosurus spp. Eosinophilic vasculitis of hepatic portal veins was associated with ?Sprattia venacavincola (Spratt & Varughese) and focal granulomatous splenitis with sequestered microfilariae in T. caninus. Also, ?Marsupostrongylus minesi Spratt in dilated alveoli caused mild pulmonary inflammation. There were no pathological changes associated with intestinal tract parasites. Free corticosteroid levels in preferred-habitat female T. caninus were greater (P<0.05) than in those from peripheral habitat. This correlated with hyperplastic changes in adrenal glands of these females, but not with parasite burdens.
Seasonal Habitat Utilization and Food of the Ladybirds Scymnodes Lividigaster (Mulsant) and Leptothea Galbula (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Authors: Anderson JME
Published: June 2005

Utilization of plant species by two ladybirds, the aphidophagous Scymnodes lividigaster (Mulsant) and mycophagous Leptothea galbula (Mulsant), was traced weekly for 3 y in a reserve near Sydney. S. lividigaster had a year-round association with Glochidion ferdinandi (J. Muell.) F. M. Bailey, the host plant of a prey species Aphis eugeniae van der Goot. The tree was utilized in dormant as well as breeding periods. In its breeding periods L. galbula utilized Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxt. when this was infested with Oidium sp., powdery mildew fungus, but in its dormant periods it most utilized Ficus rubiginosa Desf. Many other plant species were also utilized at particular times; these are outlined. Gut analysis complemented data on habitat utilization; essential aphid or fungal foods were found in guts in breeding periods and a range of alternative foods, pollen, trichomes and other fungal spores at other times. Greatest food range and plant diversity utilized were in pre- and post- dormancy feeding periods.
Observations on the Nests and Prey of Australian Bembix Sand Wasps (Hymenoptera:Sphecidae).
Authors: Evans HE , Evans MA , Hook AW
Published: June 2005

Observations are presented on the nests and prey of six species of Bembix that have not been studied previously: mareeba, promontorii, octosetosa, kamulla, allunga and kununurra. In general, these are predators on flies, but kamulla also uses Neuroptera, and allunga uses both Neuroptera and Odonata in addition to flies. Nest structures of unusual interest are reported for these two species and for octosetosa. Data are also presented on the three species of the group tuberculiventris, which are predators on bees.
Karyotypic Evolution in Gehyra (Gekkonidae: Reptilia) II.* A New Species from the Alligator Rivers Region in Northern Australia
Authors: King M
Published: June 2005

A chromosomal analysis of gekkos of the Gehyra australis complex from the Alligator Rivers region of the Northern Territory indicates that those animals living on trees or human habitation have 2n=40 chromosomes, whereas those living on the rock outliers and cliffs of the Arnhem Land escarpment have 2n=42. A morphological analysis of these specimens shows that two distinct species are present: Gehyra australis and a new species, which is described below as Gehyra pamela.
The Evolutionary Relationships of Three Forms of the Jarrah Leaf Miner, Perthida Glyphopa (Common) (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae).
Authors: Mahon RJ , Miethke PM , Mahon JA
Published: June 2005

Isoenzymes from larvae of Perthida glyphopa Common from 2 food-plants, Eucalyptus marginata and E. rudis, were examined in the laboratory in Australia. Significant differences in the frequencies of alleles at 4 gene loci were found in larvae collected from adjacent trees of the 2 species in Western Australia. The most reasonable explanation of the data is that there is little or no gene flow between populations on the 2 food-plants. Since P. glyphopa was described from E. marginata, the incurvariid that attacks E. rudis is a new species. Evidence is presented that suggests that the species from a 3rd food-plant, E. todtiana, may be conspecific with P. glyphopa.
Lepidoptera from Uromycladium Galls on Acacia
Authors: New TR
Published: June 2005

Lepidoptera were reared from Uromycladium tepperianum galls from Acacia decurrens at intervals over two years. Some 2500 individuals, representing seven species (families Tortricidae, Tineidae, Gracillariidae; Pyralidae. Stathmopodidae) are used to interpret the lepidopteran communities of these galls near Melbourne. The relative abundance of the species, their seasonality, and their attack pattern on the galls are outlined and discussed.
Resource Partitioning in Five Domestic Drosophila Species and Its Relationship to Ethanol Metabolism.
Authors: Oakeshott JG , May TW , Gibson JB , Willcocks DA
Published: June 2005

The distributions of 5 species of Drosophila living in the vicinity of a domestic compost heap in Canberra, Australia, were compared across traps baited with different fruits and vegetables. In both adults trapped directly on the baits and those derived from eggs laid on the baits, D. busckii Coq. made up about 2% of the sample, D. hydei Sturt. about 1% and D. immigrans Sturt. 7%. The overall frequency of D. simulans Sturt. was 80% in the trapped adults but 50% in emergences, while D. melanogaster Mg. represented 9% of trapped adults and 37% of emergences. In both types of collection, the frequency of D. busckii relative to the other species was highest on vegetables, the relative frequencies of D. hydei and D. immigrans were highest on melons and the relative frequencies of D. simulans and D. melanogaster were highest on fruits. Overall, the relationship between the frequency of each species and the ethanol contents of the baits was significant and negative for D. busckii and D. immigrans, non-significant and negative for D. hydei, non-significant and positive for D. simulans, and significant and positive for D. melanogaster. These differences were correlated with differences between the species in alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
Some Soical Postures of Five Species of Rattus
Authors: Barnett SA , Fox IA , Hocking WE
Published: June 2005

Adult male wild rats of the species Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus, R. villosissimus, R. fuscipes and R. lutreolus have been observed during encounters in large cages designed for observation and photography. In each encounter one male was a resident; the other an intruder of the same species. The postures and patterns of movement adopted during encounters are described and illustrated. Details of some interactions are given. Methods of maintenance are described. Behaviour patterns which are probably apotreptic (tend to cause withdrawal by a conspecific) include an arched back 'threat posture', and attack (leap occasionally accompanied by biting). Among probable epitreptic acts. (those that encourage approach or inhibit attack) are crawling under or over another rat. Allogrooming appears to be sometimes apotreptic, sometimes epitreptic. There is, however, little quantitative evidence on these apparent signals. A complete display, or pattern of social signals, probably includes sounds, odours, and tactile stimuli, as well as visible postures. Proposals are made on the names and classification of the postures. The actual or hypothetical roles of the various signals are reviewed.
A Comparison of the Mating Behaviour Between Populations of the Reptile Ticks Aponomma Hydrosauri and Amblyomma Albolimbatum.
Authors: Andrews RH , Bull CM
Published: June 2005

Tests were conducted in Australia to determine the levels of reproductive isolation between geographically separated populations of reptile ticks. Mating behaviour was observed both on and off hosts in the laboratory when males were placed with females of their own or different populations. There was no evidence for reproductive isolation between South Australian populations of Aponomma hydrosauri (Denny) collected from the host lizard Trachydosaurus rugosus, despite one area of geographical isolation. Males of Amblyomma albolimbatum Neum. showed no discrimination between females from populations more than 2000 km apart. This contrasts with earlier reports of reproductive isolation between reptile tick species and contradicts hypotheses of rapid speciation in parasitic taxa.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Cyclorana and the Litoria aurea Species-Group (Anura: Hylidae): A Molecular Perspective
Authors: Maxson LR , Tyler MJ , Maxson RD
Published: June 2005

Serum albumins were compared in 17 species of Australian frogs by the quantitative micro-complement
fixation technique. On the basis of albumin comparisons, all species of Cyclorana studied are
phylogenetically closer to the L. aurea species-group than are other non-L. aurea group Litoria.
Additionally, L. alboguttata is genetically closer to Cyclorana australis than any other frog tested (except
for C. novaehollandiae) and clusters with the Cyclorana species, not with Litoria. By use of albumin as a
molecular clock, it is estimated that the lineage leading to Cyclorana and the L. aurea species-group
diverged in the Late Eocene from lineages leading to other Litoria. The lineages leading to the L. aurea
group and to Cyclorana separated in the Oligocene. Eastern and western members of the L. aurea group
diverged from each other in the Early Pliocene to Late Miocene, and not in the Pleistocene as is generally
presumed.
Some Digeneans (Platyhelminthes) Parasitic in the Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta Caretta (L). In Australia.
Authors: Blair D , Limpus CJ
Published: June 2005

Digeneans parasitic in the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (L.) are reported for the first time from Australian waters. Six species, one of them new, are described or redescribed, figured, and their taxonomy discussed. They are: Plesiochorus cymbiformis (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1901 (fam. Gorgoderidae) from the urinary bladder and cloaca; Pachypsolus irroratus (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 (synonyms P. lunatus Looss, 1901; P. ovalis Linton, 1910; P. tertius Pratt, 1914; P. brachus Barker, 1922; P. puertoricensis Fischthal & Acholonu, 1976) (fam. Pachypsolidae) from the intestine; Enodiotrema carettae, sp. nov. (fam. Plagiorchiidae) from the liver; Orchidasma amphiorchis (Braun, 1899) Looss, 1900 (synonyms 0. indica Simha, Rao & Chattopadhyaya, 1971; 0, vitelloconfluens Rao, 1973) (farn. Telorchiidae) from the intestine; Cymatocarpus solearis (Braun, 1899) Braun, 1901 (synonym C. undulatus (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1902) (fam. Brachycoeliidae) from the intestine; Rhytidodes gelatinosus (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1901 (synonyms R. secundus Pratt, 1914; R. indicus Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1969) (fam. Rhytidodidae) from the intestine.
The Bibionidae (Diptera) of Australia.
Authors: Hardy DE
Published: June 2005

The Australian Bibionidae are revised and their taxonomy brought up to date. Ten species have been previously recorded. The present study recognizes 31 valid species arranged in four genera, the bulk of the species belonging in Dilophus. All species are keyed, described and figured and their seasonal and geographic distribution is given. Nineteen species are described as new.
The Female Reproductive System of the Australian Gastric Brooding Frog, Rheobatrachus silus (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Horton P , Tyler MJ
Published: June 2005

The digestive tract of females of the Australian frog Rheobatrachus silus is highly modified to permit the stomach to become a brood sac, but the reproductive tract retains the basic anuran pattern and lacks major modifications. Its only unique feature is a tendency towards asymmetry in the lobes and egg complements of the ovaries. The oocytes are unpigmented and when mature have a mean diameter of up to 4.7 mm. The oocyte complement occasionally far exceeds the number of tadpoles or frogs observed to be carried in the stomach. Comparison with the tree frog Litoria rothii and the fossorial Neobatrachus centralis indicates that R. silus has far fewer ovarian lobes. larger and many fewer oocytes, and a much less convoluted oviduct.
Sterological Analysis of the Epididymis of the Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, and Wistar Rat
Authors: Djakiew D , Jones RC
Published: June 2005

The gonadal index of the echidna (0.5) is smaller than that in the rat (O.95), although the former value varies considerably with body condition. Mean values (�SE) are given for the following parameters determined for each zone or segment of the epididymis of the echidna and rat: direct measurements of duct diameter and height of the lining epithelium; stereologically determined estimates of duct length, surface area of luminal border. and volumes of the various components of parenchyma and stroma. When only cylindrical ducts are considered, estimates such as volumes and surface areas of components of the ducts may be satisfactorily calculated from the direct measurements of duct dimensions and stereological estimates of duct length. Further, when direct measurements are made on suitably orientated profiles they provide the more precise and expedient method of determining the values. In both species, spermatozoa become concentrated in the ductuli efferentes, which are packed less densely in their supporting stroma (mainly adipose tissue) than in the ductus epididymidis (supported by a loose connective tissue). The structure and dimension of the initial segment of the ductus epididymidis of the echidna (initial segment proper) is homogeneous along its length and much longer (11.04 m) than all the initial segments in the rat (1.34 m) even when the lengths are scaled for body or testis weights. However, the post-initial segment (terminal segment) in the echidna (0.5 m) is much shorter than that in the rat (2.07 m). Villi within the terminal segment of the echidna epididymis increase the surface area of the luminal border to 2.3 times the area of a similar duct without villi.
Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River Area, N.T. I. Variation in the Diet, and a New Method of Assessing the Relative Importance of Prey.
Authors: Webb GJW , Manolis SC , Buckworth R
Published: June 2005

The stomach contents of 153 C. johnstoni were examined by a modification of the method for stomach contents removal described by Taylor et al. (1978). Prey are analysed on the basis of taxonomy, although more emphasis is placed on prey equivalents, using a concept termed 'target size'. The relative importance of different taxa and prey equivalents is determined by a number of methods, and a ranking method is preferred. The most important prey are aquatic and terrestrial insects, fish and crustaceans. The most important sized organisms are target size 5, animals presenting a maximum area of 1.0-4.0 cm2. With regard to size of prey eaten, three size groups of C. johnstoni (16-25, 26-55 and 56-129 cm snout-vent length) were homogeneous within themselves but were significantly different from each other. With increased body size there was a significant increase in the proportion of aquatic prey eaten. Secondary ingestion did not appear a major bias. C. johnstoni ate appreciably more during the wet season than during the dry season, although seasonal comparisons were restricted due to the samples not coming from the same pools. Vegetation was found in 39.9% of crocodile stomachs, and its presence varied with season but not with crocodile size. Stomach parasites were present in 43.8% of animals, and the number of infected crocodiles varied with season and site. Stones were present in 88.2% of crocodiles; however, when compared with those of C. niloticus the stone loads were relatively small. Most data indicate that C. johnstoni is very much an opportunistic predator at the water's edge, which feeds primarily on small aquatic prey, although it may also take substantial numbers of terrestrial prey organisms. During the wet season there is a major shift in the importance of different prey taxa eaten, although the importance of prey equivalents remains largely unchanged.
An Ultrastructural Study of Spermiogenesis in Neochasmus Sp. (Cryptogonimidae: Digenea: Trematoda).
Authors: Daddow LYM , Jamieson BGM
Published: June 2005

Spermiogenesis in Neochasmus sp. is shown to be representative of a pattern general for the investigated digenetic trematodes with the exception of the superficially primitive spermatozoon of Schistosoma mansoni. Thirty-two spermatids, interconnected via a cytophore, develop synchronously. Stages in spermiogenesis include: (1) development of a distal protuberance, the zone of differentiation; (2) growth of the nucleus into this zone and into the cytophore; (3) appearance in the zone of a central body flanked by two centrioles from each of which a free axoneme grows out at right angles; (4) distalwards rotation of the two flagella to fuse with an outgrowth of the zone of differentiation, the median cytoplasmic process; (5) concomitant extension of nucleus and fusing mitochondria into the median process; (6) release of the spermatid from the cytophore as the very elongate filiform spermatozoon, which has two wholly incorporated, though superficial axonemes, with loss of the centrioles and flagellar rootlets to the residual body. A spinose region of the spermatid and spermatozoon and a dense cisterna capping the median cytoplasmic process are described for the first time.
Geographic Variation in an Australian Species of Chaoborus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Colless DH
Published: June 2005

Populations of an unnamed species of Chaoborus vary geographically in south-eastern Australia, along what appears to be a north-south cline. At least five characters are involved: in the adult, wing length and the colour of the style of the male coxite; in the larva, overall size, a complex character that includes relative breadth of the head, and degree of development of oesophageal molars. The dimensional characters of the larva were synthesized by means of principal component analysis; they show significant regressions on temperature. Latitudinal variation in size also occurs in the mosquitoes Anopheles annulipes and Culex vigilax, illustrating the occurrence in Culicidae of something analogous to 'Bergman's Rule' (of homoiotherms).
The Biology of Mopsus mormon, a Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) from Queensland: Intraspecific Interactions
Authors: Jackson RR
Published: June 2005

The display repertoire of Mopsus mormon is unusually large and complex for a salticid spider. Each individual has three different mating tactics, the one used depending on the female's maturity and location. With adult females outside nests males use type 1 courtship, which seems to be a form of visual communication and includes specialized movements and postures of the legs, palps, and body. With adult females inside nests, males use type 2 courtship, which seems to be a form of non-visual communication and consists of abdomen twitching and probing with the legs on the silk; males mate with receptive females inside the nests. With subadult females, males first use type 2 courtship, then spin an adjacent silken chamber and cohabit; after the female moults and matures, they mate inside the nest. Postmount courtship is an apparently non-visual phase that precedes copulation and occurs as a component of each tactic. Females and subadults also display; the displays used in interactions depend on the sex-age classes of the spiders involved.
A Seasonal Study of Body Condition and Water Turnover in a Free-Living Population of Platypuses, Ornithorhynchus Anatinus (Monotremata).
Authors: Hulbert AJ , Grant TR
Published: June 2005

Body condition was assessed in a population of free-living platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the Upper Shoalhaven River in summer (February) and winter (September). Total body fat was estimated by measurement of tritiated water space and tail volume was also measured. Carcass analysis of dead platypuses verified a negative correlation between percentage body fat and percentage body water. The major store of body fat is located in the tail. In the live polulation, adult platypuses showed little seasonal change in body fat. Juveniles are relatively fat in February (soon after their emergence from their burrows) but at the end of their first winter they have lost a considerable amount of body fat. Juvenile males seem to possess negligible body fat stores in September. Changes in relative tail volume showed similar changes to those of estimated body fat. Some platypuses were recaught, and for these water turnover was calculated to be very high, at about 480 ml daily.
The Accumulation of Age Pigment by the Fleshfly, Sarcophaga Bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).
Authors: Ettershank G , Macdonnell I , Croft R
Published: June 2005

A technique is described for extracting, characterizing and quantifying the age pigment lipofuscin in the fleshfly Sarcophaga bullata. Accumulation of this pigment in the larvae is a linear function of time, some is disposed of at the pupal stage, then linear-function accumulation resumes in adults. Assay of this pigment may yield a technique for aging insects if it can be applied to field populations.
The Biology and Herbivory Rates of Novacastria Nothofagi Selman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a New Genus and Species on Nothofagus Moorei in Australian Temperate Rain Forests.
Authors: Selman BJ , Lowman MD
Published: June 2005

Novacastria nothofagi Selman, a new species and genus, is described and illustrated. A new key is produced to the genera related to Calomela Hope, incorporating Novacastria, gen. nov. The larvae feed exclusively on the young leaves of Antarctic beech, Nothofagus moorei, in Australian cool temperate rainforests. Larval emergence is synchronous with the simultaneous leaf flush of beech that occurs during spring (September-October). The larvae annually ate up to 50% of the new leaf flush over three years, and ignored old leaf material also present in the canopy. Despite this high rate of herbivory, beech canopies appear to tolerate what appears to be a pest outbreak.
The Litoria ewingi Complex (Anura: Hylidae) in South-Eastern Australia VII.* Mating Call Structure and Gentic Compatibility across a Narrow Hybrid Zone between L. ewingi and L. parawingi
Authors: Littlejohn MJ , Watson GF
Published: June 2005

On the basis of the number of pulses per repeated note and of repeated notes per call for individual males, the interaction between Litoria ewingi and L. paraewingi in the region of the Tallarook (northern) transect is interpreted as a transitional hybrid zone, with populations consisting of hybrids and individuals of only one or other parental species. The Tallarook transect thus differs from the Glenburn (southern) transect, which is considered to be an overlap of both parental species together with recombination products. The minimum width of the zone in the area of the Tallarook transect is estimated to be 25 km, compared with 5 km for the Glenburn transect. Levels of partial and total anophthalmia were assessed in progeny from in vitro crosses involving a total of 27 males from both transects whose calls had been recorded and analysed, and females of L. ewingi from adjacent allopatry (a measure of the genetic representation of L. paraewingi). The results are, with one exception, consistent with the mating-call structure of these males. As was found with the Glenburn transect, calls of males of L. paraewingi from an allopatric population on the Tallarook transect close to the zone of interaction are more distinctive from calls of L. ewingi in pulses per repeated note than are those of distant allopatric populations of L. paraewingi. This finding is consistent with the suggestion that the products of reinforcing selection may be accumulating near the zone of interaction.
An Electrophoretic and Morphological Examination of Bothriembyron kendricki (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae), a New Species previously Considered Conspecific with B. bulla (Menke)
Authors: Hill A , Johnson MS , Merrifield H
Published: June 2005

Bothriembryon bulla (Menke) has previously been thought to include pale and melanic morphs. Studies of morphology and allozymes reveal that the two forms are reproductively isolated. The melanic is herein referred to as B. kendricki, sp. nov. Both species show large amounts of variation among populations for both shell morphology and allozymes, emphasizing the need for comprehensive geographic sampling in studies of the genus Bothriembryon.
A Taxonomic Revision of the Trichostrongyloid Nematode Parasites of the Echidna, Tachyglossus Aculeatus (Monotremata).
Authors: Durette-Desset MC , Cassone J
Published: June 2005

The trichostrongyloid nematodes of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Shaw), are revised and
redescribed. Species formerly placed in the genus Nicollina Baylis are redistributed among three genera
Nicollina, Tachynema, gen. nov., and Tasmanema, gen. nov., distinguished by the arrangement of
the bursal rays, presence of lips and presence of a corona radiata. Species admitted to Nicollina are:
N. tachyglossi (Baylis) (type-species); N. cameroni Thomas; N. echidnae (Baylis); N. patriciae, sp. nov.;
N. queenslandensis, sp. nov.; N. ridei Inglis; N, spearei, sp. nov. Two species are placed in the genus
Tachynema: T. baylisi (Mawson), comb. nov. (type-species); T. spratti, sp. nov. The genus Tasmanema
contains one species: T mundayi (Mawson), comb. nov. (type-species). Evidence is presented that
nematode species occur in restricted areas of the small intestine of the host and that the dominant
nematode species varies from host to host. Vicariant species of nematode occur in the different
geographic regions of the continent.
Ecology and Taxonomy of Fossorial, Granivorous Gryllacridids (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) from Arid Central Australia
Authors: Morton SR , Rentz DCF
Published: June 2005

Bothriogryllacris Rentz, gen. nov., comprising at least three macropterous species from arid central Australia, constructs vertical cylindrical burrows in the ground. B. turris Rentz, sp. nov., projects its burrows slightly above the surface of the ground and provides them with a cap composed of soil particles. The burrows and cap are strengthened internally by silken strands presumed to be oral secretions. B. brevicauda Rentz, sp. nov., constructs burrows which open level with the surface of the ground, and uses a pebble to cover its entrance, sewing it tightly in place with silk. A wingless, unrelated gryllacridid (ANIC number Gen. Nov. 13, sp. 2) from south-west Queensland was also observed to build a cap for its burrow. B. turris has one generation per year; individuals hatch in late summer or autumn and die late in the following summer. The species are granivorous, subsisting almost entirely on seeds of ephemeral grasses. We speculate that sealed caps may: (I) reduce moisture loss from the burrow, which is important given that the diet is low in free water; (2) aid in avoidance of parasites or predators.
A Revision of the Genus Stenozygum Fieber (Pentatomidae: Strachini) From the Oriental and Australian Regions, With Reference to Zoogeography and Phylogeny.
Authors: Ahmad I , Khan NA
Published: June 2005

Three new species of the genus Stenozygum Fieber, viz. pakistanensis and woodwardi in the subgenus Stenozygum Fieber and constrictus in Setozygum Ghauri, are described from the Oriental (Pakistan) and the Australian-Melanesian (Fiji) regions, with special reference to their male and female genitalia. The new species are compared with the type-species S.(S.) coloratum (Klug), a Palaearctic and Ethiopian species, and S.(S.) gemmeum (Walker), S.(S.) lepida (Walker) [previously treated as a synonym of gemmeum (Walker) (Kirkaldy, 1909)], S.(S.) pseudospeciosum Ghauri and S.(S.) speciosum (Dallas) from the Oriental region, and S.(S.) meridionale Gross and S.(S.) miniatulum Distant from the Australian region. The last six are redescribed, a key to all these species is given, and their relationships briefly discussed.
The Structure and Operation of the Obliquely Striated Supercontractile Somatic Muscles in Nematodes.
Authors: Inglis WG
Published: June 2005

The structure of nematode somatic muscles is reviewed. They are obliquely striated and, therefore, supercontractile because they change in length to an exceptional extent by both myofilament interdigitation and shearing. A model is developed which shows that shearing is generated by interdigitation under specified structural conditions. It is concluded that the ability to supercontract is functionally associated with a hydrostatic skeleton, because obliquely striated muscles occur in a wide range of unrelated Phyla and a functionally identical muscle has evolved from cross-striated muscle in other animals with a hydrostatic skeleton, particularly certain insect larvae. Two, possibly 3, morphologically distinct groups of muscles exist in the Nematoda which correspond to the Classes Enoplea, Rhabditea and Chromadorea. Parallel sequences of change occur in the first 2, in which the contractile layer increases in area, the sarcomeres become smaller, and the Z-system more regular. Descriptive terms are redefined, thus: platymyarian, quasi-platymyarian, shallow coelomyarian, and coelomyarian occur in Rhabditea; cubomyarian, regular cubomyarian, and stratimyarian occur in Enoplea; and a characteristic chromadorid-circomyarian is known from 2 Chromadorea. The structure of the muscles corresponds well to the higher nematode classification, except in the Order Spirurida which may have arisen from the Enoplea and not the Rhabditea as generally accepted.
Confirmation of a New Species of Small Dasyurid Marsupial by Electrophoretic Analysis of Enzymes and Proteins
Authors: Cooper DW , Woolley A
Published: June 2005

Eight species of dasyurid marsupials have been typed for the electrophoretic mobility of 18 of their enzymes and proteins. The species were the Ningbing antechinus (Pseudantechinus sp.), Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis (formerly Antechinus macdonnellensis), Parantechinus apicalis (formerly Antechinus apicalis), Parantechinus bilarni (formerly Antechinus bilarni), Antechinus stuartii, Dasykaluta rosamondae (formerly Antechinus rosamondae), Dasycercus cristicauda and Planigale maculata. The results show that the Ningbing antechinus is a probable new species. The data suggest that its nearest relative is Dasycercus cristicauda. Analysis of the results by calculation of a modified x2 and an approximation to Nei's genetic distance indicates that all species have been the product of one radiation, possibly in the late Miocene or early Pliocene. Two races of P. macdonnellensis probably exist, separable by their transferrin types.
Paramphistomes (Digenea; Paramphistomidae) Parasitic in Marine Turtles (Reptilia: Chelonia).
Authors: Blair D
Published: June 2005

Schizamphistomum scleroporum (Creplin, 1844) Groschaft, Otero & Tenora, 1977 nec Looss, 1912, and S. erratum, sp. nov. [=S. scleroporum sensu Looss, 1912 (nec Creplin, 1844)], are described from the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (L.), from Australia. One specimen of the former species was also recovered from an Australian specimen of the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (L.). Paramphistomum papillostomum MacCallum, 1916 and Schizamphistomoides chelonei Gupta, 1961, are regarded as synonyms of Schizamphistomum scleroporum (Creplin). S. taiwanense Fischthal & Kunz, 1975 is regarded as a species inquirenda. The remaining species known from sea turtles, Schizamphistomoides spinulosum (Looss, 1901) Stunkard, 1925, is redescribed, mostly from original material collected by Looss. This species has not yet been found in the Australian region. The relationships between Schizamphistomum scleroporum, S. erratum and Schizamphntomoides spinulosum are discussed.
One New Genus and Four New Species of Terrestrial Mesoveliidae (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha) from Australia and New Caledonia
Authors: Malipatil MB , Monteith GB
Published: June 2005

Austrovelia, gen. nov. (type-species A. queenslandica, sp. nov., from North Queensland), A. caledonica, sp. nov. (from New Caledonia), and Phrynovelia caledonica, sp. nov., and P. bimaculata, sp. nov. (both from New Caledonia) are described and compared with related known genera and species. Altitudinal distribution of A, queenslandica and biogeographic affinities between New Caledonia and the Mount Sorrow tableland in North Queensland are discussed, and a generalized distribution of terrestrial Mesoveliidae in the south-west Pacific is given.
The Chromosomes of Six Species of the Drosophila lativittata Complex
Authors: Bock IR
Published: June 2005

Metaphase and polytene karyotypes were investigated in six Australian species of the Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) coracina species-group: lativittata, enigma, specensis, howensis, nitidithorax and novamaculosa. The male metaphase karyotype of each species consists of three pairs of telocentric; one pair of metacentric and one pair of small heterochromatic chromosomes, plus a large acrocentric X-chromosome and a smaller acrocentric Y-chromosome. The polytene karyotype of each species consists of six arms and a small chromocentre. No inversion polymorphisms were found in the two species (lativittata and enigma) investigated for this phenomenon. Interspecific crosses obtained between enigma and howensis and between lativittata and nitidithorax revealed that the former species (between which sexual isolation is incomplete) are entirely homosequential, and differences in polytene banding patterns between the latter species are very slight. Photographic comparisons otherwise revealed that the banding sequences of all six species are substantially identical.
The Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Western Australia
Authors: Hynes HBN , Bunn SE
Published: June 2005

Four species of stoneflies, all Gripopterygidae, are now known from Western Australia. Riekoperla occidentalis, sp. nov., is described, together with its nymph. The nymphs of Leptoperla australica and Newmanoperla exigua are described for the first time, and sufficient descriptions and figures are given of the adults to provide for their ready identification. The adults of a poorly known species of Dinotoperla from Mingenew are also described and compared with D. bassae from Victoria, which it resembles. It is possible that this is the only species that is not endemic to Western Australia.
Drosophilidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the Cooktown Area of North Queensland.
Authors: Bock IR
Published: June 2005

An analysis of drosophilid collections made by the Division of Entomology, CSIRO, during 1980 and 1981 in the Cooktown area of north Queensland yielded the following: Amiota (three species); Balara (one); Cacoxenus (one); Chymomyza (one); Crincosia (two species, one new); Dettopsomyia (one, new record); Drosophila (Drosophila) (three); Drosophila (Sophophora) (eight); Drosophila (Hirtodrosophila) (five species, one new); Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) (23 species, six new); Hypselothyrea (one); Leucophenga (13 species, two new); Liodrosophila (one); Lissocephala (one); Luzonimyia (one); Microdrosophila (six); Mycodrosophila (one); Nesiodrosophila (two species, one new); Paramycodrosophila (two); Phorticella (one, new record); Sphaerogastrella (one); Stegana (one); and Zaprionus (one). The new species and records bring the Australian drosophilid total to 247 described species.
Parasitization of Larvae of Paropsis Atomaria Ol. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Australian Capital Territory.
Authors: Tanton MT , Epila JSO
Published: June 2005

Parasites of the larvae of the eucalypt-defoliating chrysomelid Paropsis atomaria Ol. in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia, in 1975-77 included the hymenopteran primary parasite Eadya paropsidis Huddleston & Short, the hyperparasites Perilampus tasmanicus Cam. and Mesochorus sp., and the tachinids Anagonia anguliventris (Mall.) (Froggattimyia anguliventris), F. tillyardi Mall. and Paropsivora sp. For the December-January 1st-generation larvae of Paropsis atomaria in 1976-77, E. paropsidis achieved an average 49% parasitism, and the tachinids 19%; the two kinds of parasites occurred together in 18% of parasitised larvae. Planidia of Perilampus tasmanicus attacked an average of 68% of the tachinid larvae and 70% of the larvae of E. paropsidis. Mesochorus occurred only in tachinid larvae, with a mean parasitism of 35% over the season, but it was not found after early January; multiparasitism with P. tasmanicus was found in 24% of parasitised tachinids. The number of progeny of the primary parasites deposited in one chrysomelid larva rarely exceeded 5 for tachinids and 6 for E. paropsidis. This occurred whether the parasites were intra- or interspecifically competing. The exceptionally high reproductive capacity of P. tasmanicus was related to poor survival: up to 50 planidia were found inside a single chrysomelid larva, in a phoretic relationship awaiting primary parasite larvae.
Reproduction in the Male Dasyurid Antechinus minimus maritimus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)
Authors: Wilson BA , Bourne AR
Published: June 2005

Reproduction in male Antechinus minimus maritimus was investigated in the field and laboratory by morphological, histological and endocrinological techniques. All males died in late July or early August immediately after mating. Testicular weight was maximal in May and then declined abruptly in June. Spermatogenesis lasted from February to May. The germinal epithelia of some tubules at the time of testicular regression consisted of only Sertoli cells, while in others some spermatogonia were also present. Prostate and Cowper's glands were maximally enlarged in June and July, which coincided with the maximal concentration (5 ng ml-�) of androgens in the blood. During the rest of the year concentrhtions were less than l ng ml-�. It is concluded that reproduction in male A. m. maritimus is essentially the same as in other Antechinus which exhibit male 'die-off'. The low concentrations of plasma androgens during spermatogenesis in Antechinus indicate that if these steroids are important for spermatogenesis, only relatively small amounts are required.
Chromosome Homologies in Potorous tridactylus and P. longipes (Marsupialia: Macropodiae) Based on G_Banding Patterns
Authors: Johnston PG , Davey RJ , Seebeck JH
Published: June 2005

The diploid chromosome number of P. tridactylus is 2n = 12 boys, 13 girls, whereas P. longipes is 2n = 24. G-banding analysis revealed that the P. tridactylus karyotype can be artificially constructed from P. longipes chromosomes by assuming one tandem fusion, five centric fusions and one pericentric inversion. It is concluded that the ancestral Potorous karyotype was similar to P. longipes (2n = 24) and that fusion events have been important in the evolution of the P. tridactylus karyotype.
Effects of Ddt and Fenitrothion on Field-Collected Larvae of a Eucalypt-Defoliating Beetle, Paropsis Atomaria Ol. I. Mortality, Relative Toxicity, Development of Treated Larvae, and Effect of the Primary Parasitoids.
Authors: Tanton MT , Epila JSO
Published: June 2005

Insecticide concentrations within the range 0.025-0.1% (DDT) or 0.002-0.02% (fenitrothion) were applied to populations of third- and fourth- instar larvae of Paropsis atomaria Ol. collected from the field. The susceptibility of larvae varied with insecticide and its concentration, larval age, generation, and with the level of parasitization in the batches of larvae tested. Fenitrothion was 10-14 times more toxic than DDT. Third-instar larvae were more susceptible than fourth instars to both insecticides. LC*50 for DDT at 48 h was about 0.02% w:v for third-instar, and 0.06% w:v for fourth-instar larvae; for fenitrothion it was about 0.004% w:v for both instars. For both insecticides, more than half of the batches of larvae showed significant heterogeneity of response. This was caused mainly by parasitization of some of the larvae, and in large part depended on which species of parasitoid was present. LC*50 for DDT applied to fourth instars was 0.066% for non-parasitized, 0.047% for parasitized larvae: 0.043% for those parasitized by the braconid Eadya paropsldis Huddleston & Short, and 0.06% for those parasitized by the tachinid flies. For fenitrothion, LC*50 for fourth-instar larvae was 0.0045% for non-parasitized, 0.0033% for total parasitized, 0.0031% for those containing Eadya, and 0.0038% for those containing tachinids. Non-parasitized prepupae and the adults from larvae which survived insecticide treatments showed a general decrease in body weight with increase in concentration: prepupal weight decreased further when parasitoids were present. Larval and pupal developmental periods were not significantly altered by treatments. The insecticides applied to the larvae stimulated egg production in the adults and speeded up embryogenesis, but did not affect the reproductive system and fecundity.
The Macropodid Oesophagus I. Gross Anatomical, Light Microscopic, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Observations of its Mucosa
Authors: Obendorf DL
Published: June 2005

The results of examinations on the oesophagus of 248 animals of 36 species of macropodid marsupials are presented in this paper. Four distinct morphological types of oesophageal lining are described and the species examined classified accordingly. The oesophagus of Aepyprymnus: Bettongia, Dendrolagus, Hypsiprymnodon, Onychogalea; Petrogale; Peradorcas, Setonix and Thylogale has a smooth lining with small and simple longitudinal folds (type 1). The large kangaroos of the genus Macropus (M. antilopinus. M. bernardus, M. fuliginosus, M. giganteus. M. robustus, and M. rufus) have smooth oesophageal linings with extensively pleated longitudinal folds (type 11). The so-called brush wallabies of the genus Macropus (M. agilis, M. dorsalis, M. eugenii, M. irma; M. parma and M. parryi) and Wallabia bicolor have papillated oesophageal linings (type 111). In the red-necked wallaby M. rufogriseus banksianus and the Bennett's wallaby M. r. rufogriseus the oesophagus proximal to the diaphragm is lined with longitudinal leaf-like, laminar plates. and distal to the diaphragm the lining consists of finger-like papillae (type IV). The morphology of the oesophagus in the various macropodid species is discussed in relation to dietary preferences, habitat. and phylogenetic associations between species.
The Zoogeography and Phylogenetic Relationships of Three Genera of Australian Scolopendrid Centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae)
Authors: Koch LE , Burgman MA
Published: June 2005

Phylogenetic relationships of the Australian species of the genera Scolopendra, Cormocephalus and Ethmostigmus are considered on the basis of morphological characters. A simple assessment involving the plesiomorphy of three outstanding characters is followed by numerical phenetic and cladistic analyses performed on 31 characters of the 25 scolopendrid species and a cryptopid for outgroup comparison. The species cluster in accordance with the current generic groupings. The robust groups and subgroups that are obtained are discussed in terms of thegeographic distributions of the species and their derivation from probable ancestral groups,