bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’autonomie des destinataires de l’action communautaire
Authors: Parazelli Michel , Campeau Audréanne , Gaudreau Louis
Published: March 2018

Si l’autonomie des organismes communautaires représente toujours un enjeu politique actuel, que savons-nous de l’autonomie à laquelle les destinataires de leurs actions peuvent accéder ? Afin de documenter et d’analyser les diverses représentations des pratiques d’autonomie qui circulent parmi les organismes communautaires québécois, une démarche de recherche collaborative a été mise en place depuis 2012 afin de mettre en discussions trois idéaltypes de pratiques d’autonomie auprès de huit responsables d’organismes et de huit destinataires fréquentant ces mêmes organismes dans la région de Montréal, de la Montérégie et du Centre-du-Québec. Ces idéaltypes (expertise, représentation et participation) représentent des positions occupées par les organismes sous forme de tensions entre ces trois idéaltypes d’une part, et entre les pratiques effectives, et celles idéalisées. Ainsi, diverses dynamiques positionnelles ont pu être documentées avec l’intention de favoriser un débat entre les acteurs communautaires sur les enjeux qui en découleraient pour la détermination des orientations de l’action communautaire et de sa contribution spécifique à la société.
Défis et conditions de réussite d’une pratique concertée en violence conjugale et maltraitance envers les enfants
Authors: Lessard Geneviève , Alvarez-Lizotte Pamela , Germain Anne-Sophie , Drouin Marie-Eve , Turcotte Pierre
Published: March 2018

Cet article expose les principaux défis et conditions de réussite qui ont été identifiés lors de l’expérimentation d’un modèle de concertation en violence conjugale et maltraitance envers les enfants à Québec. Les intervenants participant à cette expérimentation ont complété des questionnaires autoadministrés afin d’évaluer ce modèle. Les résultats indiquent que la présence de rapports de pouvoir, le manque de temps et l’absence de certaines expertises d’intervention durant la concertation entraînent des défis. L’attitude positive des intervenants, la présence d’un animateur neutre, la clarification des rôles et mandats et la présence de tous les intervenants concernés sont des conditions de réussite.
À l’école des « capés »
Authors: Kerivel Aude , Danteur Thibault
Published: March 2018

L’étude de la violence en Institut thérapeutique éducatif et pédagogique (ITEP) nous a amenés à croiser le regard sur ce phénomène des enfants ou jeunes accueillis, de leurs parents et des professionnels des établissements et à reconsidérer l’expérience subjective qui en est faite par chacun. Dès lors, apparaissent au fondement de cette violence ressentie, les processus de stigmatisation et d’enfermement dans une catégorie médicale subis par les usagers, et le défaut de pouvoir et l’impuissance où évoluent les professionnels.
La perception qu’ont les gestionnaires de CSSS des rapports entre les dimensions santé et services sociaux de leur établissement
Authors: Bolduc François
Published: March 2018

Dans le cadre de cet article, nous nous intéressons à la perception qu’ont les gestionnaires de CSSS des rapports de pouvoir qu’ils entretiennent avec leurs collègues. En nous appuyant sur les résultats d’une recherche empirique, nous montrons que les fusions d’établissements ayant des missions différentes imposent aux gestionnaires de prioriser les besoins de ces nouvelles organisations et qu’à ce jeu, ce sont bien souvent les besoins du centre hospitalier, et donc ceux associés à la dimension curative, qui l’emportent.
Marché scolaire, stratification des établissements et inégalités d’accès à l’université au québec
Authors: Maroy Christian , Casinius Kamanzi Pierre
Published: March 2018

Cet article examine dans quelle mesure la stratification de l’enseignement secondaire au Québec, favorisée par le marché scolaire, influe sur les inégalités sociales d’accès à l’université. À partir d’une enquête longitudinale – Enquête auprès des jeunes en transition (EJET) – nous montrons que les élèves ayant exclusivement fréquenté des classes « régulières » au public sont nettement moins susceptibles d’accéder à l’université que leurs pairs des établissements privés ou inscrits dans des classes enrichies d’établissements publics. Ces différences demeurent significatives en contrôlant les performances scolaires et l’origine sociale des élèves. Une double hypothèse est avancée pour interpréter ces résultats. D’une part, la stratification est porteuse d’inégalités de conditions de scolarisation entre les élèves, notamment en raison des différences qu’elle induit dans la composition des classes sur le plan social ou scolaire. D’autre part, elle favorise institutionnellement des cheminements scolaires différenciés entre les élèves.
L’avis des groupes dans l’analyse des politiques éducatives, une voie prometteuse : le cas de la Société des professeurs d’histoire du Québec
Authors: Lemieux Olivier , Anne Abdoulaye , Cardin Jean-François
Published: March 2018

Le présent article interroge le potentiel de l’analyse des groupes d’intérêt (AGI) pour la compréhension de situations du domaine de l’analyse des politiques éducatives (APÉ). Nous y prenons pour point de départ l’article que PRUD’HOMME (2007) a consacré à la controverse de 2006 entourant la réforme du programme d’Histoire et éducation à la citoyenneté de deuxième cycle du secondaire au Québec. Prud’homme avance et démontre dans son texte que cette controverse est née d’une redistribution du pouvoir entourant l’élaboration des programmes d’histoire, principalement entre les enseignants d’histoire, les historiens et les spécialistes appartenant aux sciences de l’éducation, par exemple les didacticiens et les psychopédagogues. Pour valider cette proposition, nous nous sommes penchés sur la trajectoire d’un des plus importants et des plus anciens de ces groupes, soit la Société des professeurs d’histoire du Québec. Nous avons utilisé, pour ce faire, des outils de l’AGI pour comprendre la dynamique du jeu de pouvoir entre les acteurs de la réforme. L’exercice nous amène finalement à défendre la pertinence de ces outils pour l’analyse des politiques éducatives.
Do you speak English? Traitement sociopolitique de l’accessibilité aux services en santé mentale pour les anglophones du Québec
Authors: Kirouac Laurie , Perreault Isabelle
Published: March 2018

À la fin des années 1970, le Québec se dote de la Charte de la langue française (Loi 101), qui modifie l’encadrement de la question de la langue de prestation des services de santé et de services sociaux. Parallèlement, de nombreux rapports, comités d’étude et politiques modifient en profondeur les pratiques institutionnelles et communautaires à l’endroit des personnes aux prises avec des problèmes de santé mentale. Depuis ce contexte de grandes transformations, où certaines réponses politiques ont été apportées aux préoccupations linguistiques, qu’en est-il de l’accès aux soins de santé mentale pour les anglophones du Québec ? Nous proposons de retracer dans ses grandes lignes l’évolution du traitement sociopolitique qui a été fait de la question de l’accessibilité des services en santé mentale pour les personnes anglophones en accordant une attention particulière à la situation montréalaise.
Identité ethnolinguistique, continuité cultuelle et santé mentale chez les jeunes Franco-Manitobains
Authors: Levesque Annabel , de Moissac Danielle
Published: March 2018

L’objectif de cette étude était d’explorer divers profils identitaires collectifs auprès des étudiants universitaires franco-manitobains, et ce, à partir du sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté franco-manitobaine et de la perception de continuité ethnolinguistique. Quinze répondantes et répondants ont participé à une entrevue individuelle. Quatre profils identitaires collectifs ont émergé : optimiste, en changement, inquiet et indifférent-désengagé. La mise en relation des catégories thématiques a permis d’émettre certaines hypothèses : a) Le profil identitaire des répondants serait fonction des rapports qu’ils entretiennent avec les exogroupes majoritaires ainsi que des structures et rapports sociaux au sein de l’endogroupe. b) Ces profils seraient, en retour, liés à la santé mentale des répondants ; ceux au profil inquiet semblent démontrer un bienêtre psychologique moindre comparativement aux autres répondants. c) Les profils identitaires collectifs orienteraient le recours aux services de soutien formels et informels ; la majorité des répondants, à l’exception de ceux au profil indifférent-désengagé, dit préférer recevoir de l’aide en français.
De la littératie à la bilittératie chez les élèves bi/plurilingues au Québec
Authors: Touhmou Abdel Hakim
Published: March 2018

Cet article porte sur la bilittératie chez les élèves bi/plurilingues en contexte québécois, en particulier ceux qui sont issus de groupes linguistiques minoritaires ou minorisés. Nous y soulignons l’importance de prendre en compte les habiletés bilittéraciques des élèves allophones dans la pratique enseignante, notamment au regard de leurs effets sur l’enseignement-apprentissage de la langue. L’intérêt est d’apporter un éclairage dans la compréhension que les acteurs de l’éducation peuvent avoir de la bilittératie, particulièrement ceux qui travaillent dans un milieu bi/plurilingue, et de faire émerger des lignes de questionnement nouvelles. Il est d’abord question de la littératie, un concept complexe et variable qui connaît de nos jours un important élargissement conceptuel traduisant une diversité de positions chez les chercheurs. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la bilittératie, que nous considérons sous l’angle d’une conception non dichotomique au regard des habiletés bi/plurilittéraciques. Ce concept on ne peut plus complexe semble très peu mobilisé au Québec. Pourtant, il soulève des enjeux didactiques importants, en particulier le transfert des connaissances et des habiletés littéraciques d’une langue à l’autre, de même que la place qu’occupent les ressources linguistico-culturelles des élèves bi/plurilingues en salle de classe. En perspective, nous abordons sommairement un cadre opérationnel pour étudier la bilittératie en milieu scolaire.
Plurilinguisme au musée : les langues au coeur du développement plurilittératié et des apprentissages en sciences
Authors: Moore Danièle
Published: March 2018

Une étude menée en collaboration avec des institutions muséales comme sites éducatifs dans un milieu hautement plurilingue et multiculturel sert de toile de réflexion pour mieux comprendre comment de jeunes locuteurs plurilingues font sens de leurs langues et des pratiques d’écrit et mobilisent, en situation, des ressources plurilingues pour comprendre et apprendre. Nous présentons quelques réflexions à partir d’exemples tirés d’une étude pilote menée avec de jeunes enfants de 5 ans ayant participé à des ateliers de science organisés au musée. Au cours de ces ateliers, il leur a été demandé de documenter et d’illustrer leurs apprentissages au sujet des animaux et de leurs traces, au moyen du dessin et de la photo (Molinié, 2009 et 2014) et de la création collaborative d’un livre digital à l’aide d’une tablette tactile (Sandvik, Smørdal et Østerud, 2009). La contribution est l’occasion de poser quelques questions sur le rôle du français dans le développement littératié au sein d’un environnement essentiellement anglophone où les langues chinoises sont largement dominantes par rapport à l’autre langue officielle du Canada.
L’usage des technologies numériques pour le développement de compétences multimodales en littératie au 21e siècle
Authors: Pellerin Martine
Published: March 2018

L’omniprésence du numérique dans toutes les sphères de nos activités quotidiennes suscite de nouveaux enjeux éducatifs qui exigent une réflexion critique sur l’émergence de nouvelles compétences en littératie adaptées aux besoins des citoyens qui travaillent dans cette ère numérique (Romero, Lille et Patiño, 2017). À la lumière de ces nouveaux défis éducationnels, cet article présente une étude sur l’apport de l’usage des technologies numériques dans le développement de compétences multimodales en littératie au 21e siècle. Plus précisément, il traite d’une étude réalisée en salles de classe primaire et secondaire en contexte d’immersion française dans l’une des provinces anglophones du Canada et portant sur l’apport de l’usage des technologies numériques (par exemple, les iPod et les tablettes) dans le développement de compétences multimodales en littératie. L’analyse de données numériques, comme des vidéos et des artefacts multimodaux créés à l’aide d’applis (apps) par les élèves, dévoile l’apport des possibilités (affordances, terme anglais) offertes par les nouveaux outils numériques dans le développement de compétences multimodales en littératie. Les résultats indiquent particulièrement la contribution des possibilités offertes par ces outils dans la création de nouveaux modes d’expression, de représentation de la pensée, d’action et d’engagement qui, à leur tour, favorisent le développement de compétences multimodales nécessaires au 21e siècle. Ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière des théories d’apprentissage documentées par la recherche dans le domaine des neurosciences cognitives et par des études antérieures sur le concept de multimodalités.
Réussite en littératie et capital culturel
Authors: de Varennes Hélène
Published: March 2018

Tous les parents veulent que leur enfant réussisse à l’école, et cette réussite inclut l’acquisition d’habiletés solides en littératie. Quel contexte familial favorise le succès en littératie ? Existe-t-il un lien entre les différents milieux sociétaux et le succès en littératie ? C’est sous l’angle de la reproduction sociale et du capital culturel que ces questions sont abordées dans l’article. En d’autres mots, au lieu d’examiner les rapports de groupes entre les francophones en milieu minoritaire et le groupe anglodominant, on s’intéresse aux rapports de groupes à l’intérieur de la francophonie en milieu minoritaire. L’environnement anglodominant exerce une influence incontestable sur la minorité francophone. Cela dit, plusieurs élèves en milieu minoritaire francophone réussissent à développer des habiletés solides en littératie. En encadrant les principes de la pédagogie en milieu minoritaire par la théorie de reproduction sociale, il est possible d’expliquer, en partie du moins, comment le fait de développer des habiletés en littératie exige aussi l’apprentissage d’un environnement social pour certains enfants, et ce, dès la période de la petite enfance.
Testing hypotheses of diversification in Panamanian frogs and freshwater fishes using hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation with model averaging
Authors: Bagley Justin C , Hickerson Michael J , Johnson Jerald B
Published: March 2018

Most Neotropical frog and freshwater fish species sampled to date show phylogeographic breaks along the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Panama, with lineages in Costa Rica and western Panama isolated from central Panama. We examine temporal patterns of diversification of taxa across this ‘western Panama isthmus’ (WPI) break to test hypotheses about the origin of species geographical distributions and genetic structuring in this region. We tested for synchronous diversification of four codistributed frog taxon-pairs and three fish taxon-pairs sharing the WPI break using hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation with model averaging based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. We also estimated lineage divergence times using full-Bayesian models. Several of our results supported synchronous divergences within the frog and freshwater fish assemblages; however, Bayes factor support was equivocal for or against synchronous or asynchronous diversification. Nevertheless, we infer that frog populations were likely isolated by one or multiple Pliocene–Pleistocene events more recently than predicted by previous models, while fish genetic diversity was structured by Pleistocene events. By integrating our results with external information from geology and elevational sea level modeling, we discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the biogeographical scenario of the diversification of Panamanian frogs and fishes. Consistent with the ‘Bermingham/Martin model’ (Mol. Ecol. 1998, 7: 499-517), we conclude that the regional fish assemblage was fractured by processes shaping isthmian landscapes during the Pleistocene glaciations, including drainage basin isolation during lowered sea levels.
Surface charge characteristics of Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 cells
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: March 2018

Bacterial cell surface carries an electrical charge due to the myriad functional groups present, as well as assortment of ions and molecules nonspecifically adsorbed to the cell surface. Thus, solution in contact with the bacterial cell surface play a critical role in influencing the overall surface charge characteristics through conferring nonspecifically adsorbed ions and molecules. Various wash buffers are commonly used in removing nonspecifically adsorbed ions and molecules for revealing the real surface charge of the bacterium. Using electrophoretic mobility measurement of zeta potential, this study attempted to understand the surface charge characteristics of Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 (ATCC 8473) with the help of three wash buffers: deionized (DI) water, 0.1M sodium nitrate, and 9 g/L sodium chloride. Experiment results revealed that B. subtilis NRS-762 was negatively charged over the entire pH range from 1.5 to 12. Specifically, with deionized water as wash buffer, the point-of-zero-charge (pHzpc) was at pH 1.5, which indicated that large amount of negatively charged functional groups were present on the cell surface. Comparison between the zeta potential-pH profiles of B. subtilis NRS-762 cultivated at 30 oC and 37 oC revealed that the profile for growth at 37 oC was more negatively charged over the entire pH range compared to that for growth at 30 oC. This highlighted that physiological adaptation might had occurred on the cell surface for coping with growth at a higher temperature. Zeta potential-pH profiles obtained revealed that DI water could not remove significant quantities of the nonspecifically adsorbed ions and molecules. On the other hand, the zeta potential-pH profiles of cells washed with 0.1M sodium nitrate and 9 g/L sodium chloride overlapped each other substantially, and were more negatively charged over the pH range from 2 to 11, compared to that of cells washed with DI water. This revealed substantial removal of nonspecifically adsorbed ions and molecules with the use of 0.1M sodium nitrate (0.1M ionic strength) and 9 g/L sodium chloride (0.15M ionic strength), which helped reveal the actual surface charge of B. subtilis NRS-762 cells. Collectively, actual surface charge of B. subtilis NRS-762 was masked by nonspecifically adsorbed ions and molecules, which could be removed by 0.1M sodium nitrate and 9 g/L sodium chloride wash buffer. Thus, in the case of B. subtilis NRS-762, 0.1M ionic strength wash buffer was the threshold at which there was complete removal of nonspecifically adsorbed ions and molecules from the cell surface.
Individual crop loads provide local control for collective food intake in ant colonies
Authors: Greenwald Efrat Esther , Baltiansky Lior , Feinerman Ofer
Published: March 2018

Nutritional regulation by ants emerges from a distributed process: food is collected by a small fraction of workers, stored within the crops of individuals, and spread via local ant-to-ant interactions. The precise individual-level underpinnings of this collective regulation have remained unclear mainly due to difficulties in measuring food within ants’ crops. Here we image fluorescent liquid food in individually tagged Camponotus sanctus ants and track the real-time food flow from foragers to their gradually satiating colonies. We show how the feedback between colony satiation level and food inflow is mediated by individual crop loads; specifically, the crop loads of recipient ants control food flow rates, while those of foragers regulate the frequency of foraging-trips. Interestingly, these effects do not rise from pure physical limitations of crop capacity. Our findings suggest that the emergence of food intake regulation does not require individual foragers to assess the global state of the colony.
Neutrophil-generated HOCl leads to non-specific thiol oxidation in phagocytized bacteria
Authors: Degrossoli Adriana , Müller Alexandra , Xie Kaibo , Schneider Jannis F , Bader Verian , Winklhofer Konstanze F , Meyer Andreas J , Leichert Lars I
Published: March 2018

Phagocytic immune cells kill pathogens in the phagolysosomal compartment with a cocktail of antimicrobial agents. Chief among them are reactive species produced in the so-called oxidative burst. Here, we show that bacteria exposed to a neutrophil-like cell line experience a rapid and massive oxidation of cytosolic thiols. Using roGFP2-based fusion probes, we could show that this massive breakdown of the thiol redox homeostasis was dependent on phagocytosis, presence of NADPH oxidase and ultimately myeloperoxidase. Interestingly, the redox-mediated fluorescence change in bacteria expressing a glutathione-specific Grx1-roGFP2 fusion protein or an unfused roGFP2 showed highly similar reaction kinetics to the ones observed with roGFP2-Orp1, under all conditions tested. We recently observed such an indiscriminate oxidation of roGFP2-based fusion probes by HOCl with fast kinetics in vitro. In line with these observations, abating HOCl production in immune cells with a myeloperoxidase inhibitor significantly attenuated the oxidation of all three probes in bacteria.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of Dof transcription factors in eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.)
Authors: Wei Qingzhen , Wang Wuhong , Hu Tianhua , Hu Haijiao , Mao Weihai , Zhu Qinmei , Bao Chonglai
Published: March 2018

Eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) is an important vegetable cultivated in Asia, Africa and southern Europe and, following tomato and pepper, ranks as the third most important solanaceous vegetable crop. TheDof(DNA-binding with one finger) family is a group of plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The genes in the Dof family have been identified and analysed in many plant species, but the information remains lacking for eggplant. In the present study, we identified 29SmeDofmembers from the eggplant genome database, which were classifed into nine subgroups. The phylogeny, gene structure, conserved motifs and homologous genes ofSmeDofgenes were comprehensively investigated. Subsequently, we analysed the expression patterns ofSmeDofgenes in six different eggplant subspecies. The results provide novel insights into the family ofSmeDofgenes and will promote the understanding of the structure and function ofDofgenes in eggplant, and the role ofDofexpression during stress.
Voltage‐To‐Frequency Converters
Authors: Vidal‐Verdú Fernando , Navas‐González Rafael , Delgado‐Restituto Manuel , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Ángel
Published: March 2018

Voltage‐to‐frequency converters (VFCs) do typically use relaxation oscillators to generate an output signal whose frequency depends linearly on an input voltage. VFCs are data converters, that is, they are designed to codify the input voltage by means of the output frequency. Hence, they have strong requirements regarding linearity, dynamic range, and stability. On the other hand, compared with other converters, they have the advantage of low cost, particularly for large resolutions; 13‐bit resolution is typical, and more than 20 bits are feasible. However, in such a case several milliseconds may be necessary to complete the conversion – the smaller the resolution, the shorter the conversion time.

The serial frequency‐modulated output provided byVFCsis particularly well suited for telemetry, to send the outcome of a measurement by wire, radio, or fiber optic links. After the frequency‐modulated signal is received, it can be easily codified into a digital word, or converted back into a voltage by a frequency‐to‐voltage converter. This type of output simplifies galvanic isolation through the use of either an optocoupler or a magnetic coupler.

This article deals first with the concepts behind voltage‐to‐frequency conversion, and then describes the main types ofVFCson the market, their limitations, and main applications. Frequency‐to‐voltage converters are also briefly described in this article.
Circulating long noncoding RNA act as potential novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Xie Yujiao , Zhang Yi , Du Lutao , Jiang Xiumei , Yan Suzhen , Duan Weili , Li Juan , Zhan Yao , Wang Lili , Zhang Shujun , Li Shuhai , Wang Lishui , Xu Shuo , Wang Chuanxin
Published: March 2018

Lung cancer is the first leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. Increasing evidence shows that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) are capable of modulating tumor initiation, proliferation and metastasis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether circulating lncRNA could be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC. Expression profiles of 14 lncRNA selected from other studies were validated in 20 pairs of tissues by quantitative real‐time PCR, and the dysregulated lncRNA thus identified were further validated in serum samples from two independent cohorts along with three tumor makers (CEA, CYFRA21‐1, and SCCA). Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis was utilized to estimate the diagnostic efficiency of the candidate lncRNA and tumor markers. Importantly, we observed an association between lncRNA expression and overall survival (OS) rate of NSCLC. The expressions of SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2OT) and ANRIL were obviously upregulated in NSCLC tissues and serum samples compared with normal controls (P < 0.01). Based on the data from the training set, we next used a logistic regression model to construct an NSCLC diagnostic panel consisting of two lncRNA and three tumor markers. The area under the curve of this panel was 0.853 (95% confidence interval = 0.804–0.894, sensitivity = 77.1%, specificity = 79.2%), and this was distinctly superior to any biomarker alone (all at P < 0.05). Similar results were observed in the validation set. Intriguingly, Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that low expressions of SOX2OT and ANRIL were both associated with higher OS rate (P = 0.008 and 0.017, respectively), and SOX2OT could be used as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.036). Taken together, our study demonstrated that the newly developed diagnostic panel consisting of SOX2OT, ANRIL, CEA, CYFRA21‐1, and SCCA could be valuable in NSCLC diagnosis. LncRNA SOX2OT and ANRIL might be ideal biomarkers for NSCLC prognosis.
Long‐Term and Seasonal Trends in Estuarine and Coastal Carbonate Systems
Authors: Carstensen Jacob , Chierici Melissa , Gustafsson Bo G. , Gustafsson Erik
Published: March 2018

Coastal pH and total alkalinity are regulated by a diverse range of local processes superimposed on global trends of warming and ocean acidification, yet few studies have investigated the relative importance of different processes for coastal acidification. We describe long‐term (1972–2016) and seasonal trends in the carbonate system of three Danish coastal systems demonstrating that hydrological modification, changes in nutrient inputs from land, and presence/absence of calcifiers can drastically alter carbonate chemistry. Total alkalinity was mainly governed by conservative mixing of freshwater (0.73–5.17 mmol kg−1) with outer boundary concentrations (~2–2.4 mmol kg−1), modulated seasonally and spatially (~0.1–0.2 mmol kg−1) by calcifiers. Nitrate assimilation by primary production, denitrification, and sulfate reduction increased total alkalinity by almost 0.6 mmol kg−1 in the most eutrophic system during a period without calcifiers. Trends in pH ranged from −0.0088 year−1 to 0.021 year−1, the more extreme of these mainly driven by salinity changes in a sluice‐controlled lagoon. Temperature increased 0.05°C yr−1 across all three systems, which directly accounted for a pH decrease of 0.0008 year−1. Accounting for mixing, salinity, and temperature effects on dissociation and solubility constants, the resulting pH decline (0.0040 year−1) was about twice the ocean trend, emphasizing the effect of nutrient management on primary production and coastal acidification. Coastal pCO2 increased ~4 times more rapidly than ocean rates, enhancing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Indeed, coastal systems undergo more drastic changes than the ocean and coastal acidification trends are substantially enhanced from nutrient reductions to address coastal eutrophication.
Understanding the Dynamics of Future Changes in Extreme Precipitation Intensity
Authors: Tandon Neil F. , Zhang Xuebin , Sobel Adam H.
Published: March 2018

Climate model projections of extreme precipitation intensity depend heavily on the region: some regions will experience exceptionally strong increases in extreme precipitation intensity, while other regions will experience decreases in extreme precipitation intensity. These regional variations are closely related to regional changes in large‐scale ascent during extreme precipitation events—that is, “extreme ascent”—but the drivers of extreme ascent changes remain poorly understood. Using output from a large ensemble of the Canadian Earth System Model version 2, we show that subtropical changes in extreme ascent likely result from changes in the horizontal scale of ascending anomalies, which are in turn associated with changes in vertical stability. Near the equator, changes in the seasonal mean circulation may be an important factor influencing extreme ascent, but this finding is model dependent.
Coastal Freshening Prevents Fjord Bottom Water Renewal in Northeast Greenland: A Mooring Study From 2003 to 2015
Authors: Boone Wieter , Rysgaard Søren , Carlson Daniel F. , Meire Lorenz , Kirillov Sergei , Mortensen John , Dmitrenko Igor , Vergeynst Leendert , Sejr Mikael K.
Published: March 2018

The freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean and its bordering seas has recently increased. Observing freshening events is an important step toward identifying the drivers and understanding the effects of freshening on ocean circulation and marine ecosystems. Here we present a 13 year (2003–2015) record of temperature and salinity in Young Sound‐Tyrolerfjord (74°N) in Northeast Greenland. Our observations show that strong freshening occurred from August 2005 to August 2007 (−0.92 psu or −0.46 psu yr−1) and from August 2009 to August 2013 (−0.66 psu or −0.17 psu yr−1). Furthermore, temperature‐salinity analysis from 2004 to 2014 shows that freshening of the coastal water (~range at sill depth: 33.3 psu in 2005 to 31.4 psu in 2007) prevented renewal of the fjord's bottom water. These data provide critical observations of interannual freshening rates in a remote fjord in Greenland and in the adjacent coastal waters and show that coastal freshening impacts the fjord hydrography, which may impact the ecosystem dynamics in the long term.
A First Look at Decadal Hydrological Predictability by Land Surface Ensemble Simulations
Authors: Yuan Xing , Zhu Enda
Published: March 2018

The prediction of terrestrial hydrology at the decadal scale is critical for managing water resources in the face of climate change. Here we conducted an assessment by global land model simulations following the design of the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) decadal hindcast experiments, specifically testing for the sensitivity to perfect initial or boundary conditions. The memory for terrestrial water storage (TWS) is longer than 6 years over 11% of global land areas where the deep soil moisture and aquifer water have a long memory and a nonnegligible variability. Ensemble decadal predictions based on realistic initial conditions are skillful over 31%, 43%, and 59% of global land areas for TWS, deep soil moisture, and aquifer water, respectively. The fraction of skillful predictions for TWS increases by 10%–16% when conditioned on Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation indices. This study provides a first look at decadal hydrological predictability, with an improved skill when incorporating low‐frequency climate information.
An improved adaptive backstepping approach on static var compensator controller of nonlinear power systems
Authors: Su Qingyu , Quan Wanzhen , Cai Guowei , Li Jian
Published: March 2018

The transient stability problem of a single‐machine infinite‐bus system with static var compensator is solved in this paper, where the static var compensator controller is designed by an improved backstepping method combining error compensation, adaptive backstepping control, and sliding mode variable structure control. Crucially, the error compensation term, which chooses in the step of virtual control by the adaptive backstepping method, is introduced to ensure that the system states are bounded, maintaining the nonlinearity of the power systems while also improving the speed of parameter identification. Meanwhile, the Lyapunov function is constituted step by step to achieve stability of the subsystem. In addition, a parameter updating law and a nonlinear control law are explicitly given to asymptotically stabilize the closed‐loop system. Finally, a simulation is used to illustrate the effectiveness and the practicality of the proposed control approach.
iRGD Modified Chemo‐immunotherapeutic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Immunotherapy against Glioblastoma
Authors: Kuang Jing , Song Wen , Yin Jun , Zeng Xuan , Han Song , Zhao Yi‐Peng , Tao Jun , Liu Chuan‐Jun , He Xiao‐Hua , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: March 2018

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and still remains incurable, due to the limited accumulation of drugs in the tumor area. Herein, iRGD‐modified nanoparticles, DOX@MSN‐SS‐iRGD&1MT, are developed for simultaneous delivery of chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, DOX) and immune checkpoint inhibitor (1‐methyltryptophan, 1MT) into orthotopic glioma. The nanoparticles are comprised of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with DOX, combined with Asp‐Glu‐Val‐Asp (DEVD) connected 1MT, and finally modified by iRGD. These nanoparticles show the capability of penetrating through blood brain barrier into the tumor area, and significantly improve accumulation of drugs in orthotopic brain tumors with minimal side effects. The nanoparticles also activate cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and inhibit CD4+ T cells in both GL261 cells cocultured with splenocytes in vitro and GL261‐luc orthotopic tumors in vivo. Moreover, the expression of antitumor cytokines IFNα/β, IFN‐γ, TNF, IL‐17, STING, and GrzB is upregulated while protumor proteins p‐STAT3 and IL‐10 are downregulated in the brain tumor area. This study demonstrates the advantages of chemo‐immunotherapeutic nanoparticles accumulated in the brain tumor area and their effectively inhibiting tumor proliferation, which establishes a delivery platform to promote antitumor immunity against glioblastoma.
Advanced Materials through Assembly of Nanocelluloses
Authors: Kontturi Eero , Laaksonen Päivi , Linder Markus B. , Nonappa  , Gröschel André H. , Rojas Orlando J. , Ikkala Olli
Published: March 2018

There is an emerging quest for lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties and economic production, while still being sustainable and functionalizable. They could form the basis of the future bioeconomy for energy and material efficiency. Cellulose has long been recognized as an abundant polymer. Modified celluloses were, in fact, among the first polymers used in technical applications; however, they were later replaced by petroleum‐based synthetic polymers. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest to utilize renewable resources, where cellulose is foreseen to make again a major impact, this time in the development of advanced materials. This is because of its availability and properties, as well as economic and sustainable production. Among cellulose‐based structures, cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals display nanoscale lateral dimensions and lengths ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Their excellent mechanical properties are, in part, due to their crystalline assembly via hydrogen bonds. Owing to their abundant surface hydroxyl groups, they can be easily modified with nanoparticles, (bio)polymers, inorganics, or nanocarbons to form functional fibers, films, bulk matter, and porous aerogels and foams. Here, some of the recent progress in the development of advanced materials within this rapidly growing field is reviewed.
Chemical and Morphological Control of Interfacial Self‐Doping for Efficient Organic Electronics
Authors: Liu Yao , Cole Marcus D. , Jiang Yufeng , Kim Paul Y. , Nordlund Dennis , Emrick Todd , Russell Thomas P.
Published: March 2018

Solution‐based processing of materials for electrical doping of organic semiconductor interfaces is attractive for boosting the efficiency of organic electronic devices with multilayer structures. To simplify this process, self‐doping perylene diimide (PDI)‐based ionene polymers are synthesized, in which the semiconductor PDI components are embedded together with electrolyte dopants in the polymer backbone. Functionality contained within the PDI monomers suppresses their aggregation, affording self‐doping interlayers with controllable thickness when processed from solution into organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). Optimal results for interfacial self‐doping lead to increased power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the fullerene‐based OPVs, from 2.62% to 10.64%, and of the nonfullerene‐based OPVs, from 3.34% to 10.59%. These PDI–ionene interlayers enable chemical and morphological control of interfacial doping and conductivity, demonstrating that the conductive channels are crucial for charge transport in doped organic semiconductor films. Using these novel interlayers with efficient doping and high conductivity, both fullerene‐ and nonfullerene‐based OPVs are achieved with PCEs exceeding 9% over interlayer thicknesses ranging from ≈3 to 40 nm.
Electroconductive Biohybrid Collagen/Pristine Graphene Composite Biomaterials with Enhanced Biological Activity
Authors: Ryan Alan J. , Kearney Cathal J. , Shen Nian , Khan Umar , Kelly Adam G. , Probst Christopher , Brauchle Eva , Biccai Sonia , Garciarena Carolina D. , Vega‐Mayoral Victor , Loskill Peter , Kerrigan Steve W. , Kelly Daniel J. , Schenke‐Layland Katja , Coleman Jonathan N. , O'Brien Fergal J.
Published: March 2018

Electroconductive substrates are emerging as promising functional materials for biomedical applications. Here, the development of biohybrids of collagen and pristine graphene that effectively harness both the biofunctionality of the protein component and the increased stiffness and enhanced electrical conductivity (matching native cardiac tissue) obtainable with pristine graphene is reported. As well as improving substrate physical properties, the addition of pristine graphene also enhances human cardiac fibroblast growth while simultaneously inhibiting bacterial attachment (Staphylococcus aureus). When embryonic‐stem‐cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (ESC‐CMs) are cultured on the substrates, biohybrids containing 32 wt% graphene significantly increase metabolic activity and cross‐striated sarcomeric structures, indicative of the improved substrate suitability. By then applying electrical stimulation to these conductive biohybrid substrates, an enhancement of the alignment and maturation of the ESC‐CMs is achieved. While this in vitro work has clearly shown the potential of these materials to be translated for cardiac applications, it is proposed that these graphene‐based biohybrid platforms have potential for a myriad of other applications—particularly in electrically sensitive tissues, such as neural and neural and musculoskeletal tissues.
The “Rust” Challenge: On the Correlations between Electronic Structure, Excited State Dynamics, and Photoelectrochemical Performance of Hematite Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Grave Daniel A. , Yatom Natav , Ellis David S. , Toroker Maytal Caspary , Rothschild Avner
Published: March 2018

In recent years, hematite's potential as a photoanode material for solar hydrogen production has ignited a renewed interest in its physical and interfacial properties, which continues to be an active field of research. Research on hematite photoanodes provides new insights on the correlations between electronic structure, transport properties, excited state dynamics, and charge transfer phenomena, and expands our knowledge on solar cell materials into correlated electron systems. This research news article presents a snapshot of selected theoretical and experimental developments linking the electronic structure to the photoelectrochemical performance, with particular focus on optoelectronic properties and charge carrier dynamics.
Highly Emissive Fused Heterocyclic Alkynylgold(III) Complexes for Multiple Color Emission Spanning from Green to Red for Solution‐Processable Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Tang Man‐Chung , Lee Chin‐Ho , Ng Maggie , Wong Yi‐Chun , Chan Mei‐Yee , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: March 2018

A new class of fused heterocyclic tridentate ligand‐containing alkynylgold(III) complexes with tunable emission color has been successfully designed and synthesized. Structural modification of the σ‐donating fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligands, including substituted fluorene, carbazole, and triphenylamine, enables a large spectral shift of about 110 nm (ca. 3310 cm−1) that covers the green to red region to be realized with the same tridentate ligand‐containing alkynylgold(III) complexes in solid‐state thin films. Interestingly, the energy of the excimeric emission can be controlled by the rational design of the fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligands. Superior solution‐processable organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) with high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 12.2, 13.5, 9.3, and 5.2 % were obtained with green, yellow, orange, and red emission. These high EQE values are comparable to those of the vacuum‐deposited OLEDs based on structurally related alkynylgold(III) complexes.
Carbo‐biphenyls and Carbo‐terphenyls: Oligo(phenylene ethynylene) Ring Carbo‐mers
Authors: Zhu Chongwei , Poater Albert , Duhayon Carine , Kauffmann Brice , Saquet Alix , Maraval Valérie , Chauvin Remi
Published: March 2018

Ring carbo‐mers of oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s (OPEn, n=0–2), made of C2‐catenated C18 carbo‐benzene rings, have been synthesized and characterized by NMR and UV‐vis spectroscopy, crystallography and voltammetry. Analyses of crystal and DFT‐optimized structures show that the C18 rings preserve their individual aromatic character according to structural and magnetic criteria (NICS indices). Carbo‐terphenyls (n=2) are reversibly reduced at ca. −0.42 V/SCE, i.e. 0.41 V more readily than the corresponding carbo‐benzene (−0.83 V/SCE), thus revealing efficient inter‐ring π‐conjugation. An accurate linear fit of E1/2red1 vs. the DFT LUMO energy suggests a notably higher value (−0.30 V/SCE) for a carbo‐quaterphenyl congener (n=3). Increase with n of the effective π‐conjugation is also evidenced by a red shift of two of the three main visible light absorption bands, all being assigned to TDDFT‐calculated excited states, one of them restricting to a HOMO→LUMO main one‐electron transition.
Site‐Directed Dimerization of Bowl‐Shaped Radical Anions to Form a σ‐Bonded Dibenzocorannulene Dimer
Authors: Spisak Sarah N. , Zabula Alexander V. , Alkan Melisa , Filatov Alexander S. , Rogachev Andrey Yu. , Petrukhina Marina A.
Published: March 2018

Designed site‐directed dimerization of the monoanion radicals of a π‐bowl in the solid state is reported. Dibenzo[a,g]corannulene (C28H14) was selected based on the asymmetry of the charge/spin localization in the C28H14.− anion. Controlled one‐electron reduction of C28H14 with Cs metal in diglyme resulted in crystallization of a new dimer, [{Cs+(diglyme)}2(C28H14−C28H14)2−] (1), as revealed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction study performed in a broad range of temperatures. The C−C bond length between two C28H14.− bowls (1.560(8) Å) measured at −143 °C does not significantly change upon heating of the crystal to +67 °C. The single σ‐bond character of the C−C linker is confirmed by calculations. The trans‐disposition of two bowls in 1 is observed with the torsion angles around the central C−C bond of 172.3(5)° and 173.5(5)°. A systematic theoretical evaluation of dimerization pathways of C28H14.− radicals confirmed that the trans‐isomer found in 1 is energetically favored.
The Curious Case of a Parasitic Twin of the Corroles
Authors: Basumatary Biju , Ramana Reddy R. V. , Rahul  , Sankar Jeyaraman
Published: March 2018

An expanded porphyrinoid has been obtained by a simple ring expansion from a contracted porphyrinoid, namely corrole. Spectroscopic, structural, and computational investigations reveal peculiar π‐conjugation and geometry. The effect of extended π‐conjugation is evident from perturbed redox behavior and photophysical properties. Owing to the strong diatropic ring current of the corrole and cross‐conjugation, the molecule exhibits a non‐aromatic nature for the expanded π‐circuit, as evident from NMR studies.
Carbon Nanozymes: Enzymatic Properties, Catalytic Mechanism, and Applications
Authors: Sun Hanjun , Zhou Ya , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: March 2018

Nanozymes have advantages over natural enzymes, such as facile production on large scale, long storage time, low costs, and high stability in harsh environments. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon quantum dots, and graphene quantum dots, have become a star family in materials science. As a new class of nanozymes, the catalytic activity of CNMs and their hybrids has been extensively reported. In this Minireview, recent progress of CNMs based artificial enzymes, focusing on those with peroxidase‐like activity, has been summarized. The enzymatic properties, catalytic mechanisms, and novel applications of CNM nanozymes in sensing, therapy, and environmental engineering are discussed in detail. Additionally, we also highlight the remaining challenges and unsolved problems. With the fast development of bionanotechnology, the unique enzymatic properties and advantages of CNM nanozymes have received much attention and will continue to be an active and challenging field for the years to come.
One‐Pot Sequence‐Controlled Synthesis of Oligosiloxanes
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuhiro , Oba Yuki , Nakajima Yumiko , Shimada Shigeru , Sato Kazuhiko
Published: March 2018

Silicones (organopolysiloxanes) have found applications in a wide range of research areas, and their unique and valuable properties have rendered these materials virtually irreplaceable. Despite the fact that silicones have been employed industrially for more than 70 years, synthetic routes to generate silicones remain limited, and the sequence‐controlled synthesis of oligo‐ and polysiloxanes still represents a major challenge in silicone chemistry. Described here is a highly selective sequence‐controlled synthesis of linear, branched, and cyclic oligosiloxanes by simple iteration of two reactions, specifically, a B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed dehydrocarbonative cross‐coupling of alkoxysilanes with hydrosilanes and a B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds, in a single flask. The sequence of the resulting oligosiloxanes can be controlled precisely by the order of addition of the hydrosilane monomers.