bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sale of American Stocks Constitutes the Chief Business at the Bourse
Authors: Thomson David K.
Published: May 2023

While more than eighty percent of bond sales occurred domestically, the marketing of such securities crossed the Atlantic to critical markets in England, France, Ireland, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland, the German and Italian states, and the Netherlands. Chapter four focuses on how—and to whom—U.S. debt was sold abroad. Of particular importance in this chapter is the emergence of Frankfurt as a financial center with regards to American debt. Furthermore, it looks at how the growth of Frankfurt and the German market more broadly into areas such as Hamburg and Berlin redefined the European nature of financial capitalism. This chapter ends by showing how the American capitalist gospel was spread abroad, how confidence in, and the marketing of America grew and changed over the period.
A Permanent National Debt Is Not an American Institution
Authors: Thomson David K.
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at questions surrounding Civil War debt once the war ended. Domestically, the challenges of the Civil War debt would prove a political football in the immediate post-war period as Democrats and Republicans jostled for control within Congress. The issue eventually made its way into debates over the Fourteenth Amendment. At the core of the argument was a debate over who benefitted from the bonds. After the debate over honoring the debt was settled by Ulysses Grant, there remained a heavily partisan and increasingly sectional divide over the bonds that still remained.
In addition, the explosion of international investment would prove a lasting legacy of the conflict. Partnerships built during the war, either silent or formalized, carried over into the Reconstruction era as elaborate financial networks continued to sell American debt abroad. By 1870, more than half of the US debt was held abroad. The opening of European branches for American firms in the post-war period marked the beginning of a new chapter in American investment banking and the opening of a US Treasury office in London further revealed the expanding fiscal presence of America on the international stage.
Rude Citizenship
Authors: Mann Larisa Kingston
Published: May 2023

In this deep dive into the Jamaican music world filled with the voices of creators, producers, and consumers, Larisa Kingston Mann—DJ, media law expert, and ethnographer—identifies the culture of collaboration at the heart of Jamaican creative practices and legal personhood. In street dances, recording sessions, and globally circulating musical practices such as the riddim, notions of originality include reliance on shared knowledge and authorship as an interactive practice. In this context, musicians, music producers, and audiences often clash with conventional copyright. This clash, Mann shows, goes beyond cultural concerns. Because many people are cut off from the full benefits of citizenship on the basis of race, class, and geography, Jamaican music spaces are an important site of social commentary and political action in the face of the state’s limited reach and neglect of social services and infrastructure. Music makers organize performance and commerce in ways that defy, though not without danger, state ordinances and intellectual property law and provide poor Jamaicans avenues for self-expression and self-definition that are closed off to them in the wider society. The book analyzes creators’ relationship to copyright in a world shaped by coloniality. It reveals various ways in which law, technology, history, and culture shape how much people can play outside, within, and through the limits of their marginalization, and points to ways that play can be made more liberatory.
Introduction
Authors: Mann Larisa Kingston
Published: May 2023

Laying out the key theoretical themes of the book from ethnomusicology: phonographic orality and the riddim method, sociology: exilic spaces, and critical copyright scholarship – providing a culturally and historically grounded critique of the fundamental features of a colonial copyright system. This chapter also discusses ethnographic methods and the feminist and intersectional approach that informed how the author as a white middle-class US woman approached Jamaicans and their culture.
Voice of the People
Authors: Mann Larisa Kingston
Published: May 2023

This chapter outlines a history of Jamaican popular musical practices and situates them in Jamaica’s particular class and race politics, attending to the role of copyright law in various eras. Specific musical traditions, institutions, and practices spring from the material and social conditions of poor Jamaicans. Those conditions precluded their ability or desire to participate in colonial notions of propriety or property. Resistance to these colonial notions takes shape against and outside the boundaries of legality and respectability, in interactive and participatory creative practices.
2
Authors: Mann Larisa Kingston
Published: May 2023

This ethnographic heart of the book is rooted in accounts from street dances, a central creative practice of Jamaican popular music. These events occur at night, usually on the sidewalks and streets in a poor neighborhood, with people gathered around a sound system—turntables or CD players and speakers and a DJ. Framed and grounded in thick descriptions of street dances attended by the author, this chapter illustrates the conditions that allow street dance participants to generate social, economic, political, and cultural power on their own terms in popular music. It identifies how musical circulation feeds participants reputation in ways that copyright doesn't track and its enforcement can, in fact, limit. The chapter also describes how most of the economic, as well as cultural benefits of the street dances necessarily occur outside of the law (including zoning law and food/liquor licensing), which is not designed to accommodate the needs of the community.
Counteractions
Authors: Mann Larisa Kingston
Published: May 2023

This chapter uses the idea of musical conversation to outline the motivating factors and sociopolitical significance of different forms of phonographic orality in Jamaican popular music. The concept of conversing musically encompasses practices of symbolic and textual interaction in which participants engage with each other and with ideas and issues in cultural life by means of music. Closely examining the logic of Jamaican interactive musical forms, such as “answer tunes,” reveals an attitude toward time, space, and identity rooted in less-colonial approaches to culture.
A for Amoy, Z for Zanesville
Authors: Mayar Mahshid
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes the geographical puzzles that children sent to the juvenile periodical Harper’s Young People: An Illustrated Weekly during the 1890s. The chapter’s focus is on what a more-or-less privileged (well-off, most probably white and urban) demographic slice of American children “knew” about the world (e.g. short adventure stories they wrote or alphabetically ordered place names they asked about in their puzzles) and how they showcased this knowledge as puzzle-makers and finger-tip world travelers (navigating the globe on maps and table globes). Looking past these puzzles’ literary aspirations and entertaining façades, the chapter argues that accounting for the scalar tension that characterizes children’s playful relationship to the fundaments of cartography is key to understanding how they produced geographic knowledge of the empire and the world. Furthermore, by delving into the subjective, elusive, and playful nature of children’s geographical competencies, this chapter queries American children’s diverse range of geo-spatial practices of their own devising. To make sense of these practices, the chapter proposes the term “cartography in progress” that entails a set of meaningful cognitive, visual, tactile, and emotional practices that outstripped the borders of factual geography and troubled existing geographical definitions of the world as a homogenous, unitary space.
Conclusion
Authors: Mayar Mahshid
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that turn-of-the-century American children took their knowledge of world geography out of schoolbooks and appropriated it in strikingly diverse and subversive ways. As the chapter discusses, as letter writers and puzzle-makers (but also as diarists and poets, among others), as students and playmates, as reinscriptive cartographers and world travelers, children authored and narrated a world that was not only intimately out of scale and variously impressionistic but also categorically unplottable. The chapter further studies the proliferation of schooling and teaching methods, policies, and practices in the Philippines at the start of the twentieth century, asking whether the proliferation of educational discourses that (a) exposed Filipino children to a US-authored version of global geography, and (b) taught American children to view far-flung parts of the world, such as the Philippines, as “belonging to them,” convinced children to engage in the material processes of sustaining and celebrating the American empire? As the book’s conclusion, the chapter re-visits Huckleberry Finn in a short story about world travel, arguing that, while adults produced the idea and image of empire, it was children who inherited these narratives and acted as more than mere performers of the empire’s scripts of fate and fiasco.
Like Pharaoh I Harden My Heart
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

Unable to wait for cattle from New England or flour from magazines in Lancaster, Gen. George Washington’s faced a dilemma: let the army starve and risk mutiny and dissolution, disperse it to locations closer to food sources and surrender southeast Pennsylvania to the British, or send out a large foraging expedition to impress food and supplies. On 12 February 1778, Washington ordered Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene to execute a grand forage with 1200 soldiers. Greene’s second-in-command was Brig Gen. Anthony Wayne, from nearby Chester County. The expedition, which marched on 13 February, risked the encampment’s security by dispatching so many of the army’s few combat-ready soldiers and created an opportunity for Gen. Sir William Howe to attack the cantonment or the foragers. Washington considered his options, necessity outweighed security. Greene’s column marched into Chester County and began searching for livestock, flour, wagons, horses, and other supplies. En route, the foragers skirmished against German troops (“Hessians”) from Ansbach. Foraging was difficult; many people hid their goods. Still, Greene expressed pride in what his soldiers gathered. Before returning to camp at February’s close, he ordered Wayne to cross the Delaware River into New Jersey.
General Wayne Will Cross over into the Jerseys
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

Having scoured Chester County, Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene decided to expand the foraging area and decrease the demands on the population. This would enable farmers to rebuild and replant. Greene ordered Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne to cross the Delaware River, enter New Jersey, and forage there for the army. On 17 February Wayne’s column set off for Wilmington, Delaware. Wayne met with Capt. John Barry of the Continental Navy who ferried Wayne’s 300 or so soldiers across the river on 19 February. New Jersey militia under Brig. Gen. Joseph Ellis provided intelligence to Wayne and assisted in gathering supplies for Wayne’s command. Barry’s crews then set fire to marsh hay to distract British forces and attacked British transports sailing upriver to Philadelphia. Gen. Sir William Howe finally acted and sent forces to New Jersey. Capt. Andrew Snape Hamond’s Royal Navy squadron transported the Light Infantry Brigade under Lt. Col. Robert Abercromby to Salem and the Forty-second Regiment of Foot to Cooper’s Ferry (Camden), to attack Wayne’s command. In combats initiated by Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski, Wayne’s column twice skirmished with British forces. Wayne returned to camp by late March, having gathered an undetermined but useful number of livestock and supplies.
The Zealous Activity of Captain Lee
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

Gen. George Washington expanded the scope of the army’s foraging on 16 February 1778, when he ordered Capt. Henry Lee and his troop of light dragoons into Delaware and Maryland. Col. Henry Hollingsworth, deputy quartermaster general, accompanied Lee. Washington ordered Brig. Gen. William Smallwood, commander at Wilmington, Delaware, to assist Lee and to forward the supplies in his magazines to Valley Forge. Lee entered an area rife with the “disaffected,” who wanted nothing to do with the war or the armies, loyalists, and deserters. Lee sent detailed accounts to Washington reporting on the people’s loyalties, the quality of the livestock, and included suggestions for possible locations to collect cattle before sending them to the army. Assisted by Delaware militiamen, Lee’s soldiers gathered supplies, livestock, and foodstuffs for the army. Lee and his troop departed the area in late February or early March. Militiamen, impressed and enslaved waggoneers drove the wagons to collection points for distribution and transportation to Valley Forge.
Making a Grand Forage
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

When compared to the size of the battles of Brandywine (September 1777) and Monmouth Courthouse (June 1778) that bookended it, the Grand Forage of 1778 was a small operation, but its results were significant. It contributed to the Continental Army’s continued survival until the spring, the army’s continued support of Continental and state authority, and its continued challenge to British authority. Moreover, the planning and execution intimated greater developments within the army’s leadership, even as it struggled with a ramshackle logistical system that threatened the army’s ruin on a regular basis. The Grand Forage was as much an act of desperation as it was a demonstration of Gen. George Washington’s fortitude and strategic prescience. It also shined a light on the strengths, weaknesses, and development of the leading officers involved in the foraging and those acting against it.
Introduction
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This book is a summary of the author’s thirty years of research and findings. The most important result is not only a so far little-known history of the Soviet Bloc’s international relations, but his investigations also led to numerous theoretical innovations. Therefore, this unusual introduction does not provide a general overview of the content of the book, rather, it focuses on briefly presenting some twenty theoretical innovations and the same number of novel interpretations and discoveries the author has developed in the field of Cold War history.
The most important ones are: the quasi-Sovietized and pre-Sovietized East-Central European states in 1945–1946, the new model of East-West compelled coexistence, long détente from 1953 to 1991, the doctrine of active foreign policy, the Mikoyan doctrine, real and pseudo Cold War crises, tripartite determinism, constructive loyalty, the economy-oriented and security-concerned sub-blocs in the Warsaw Pact, virtual coalitions, the concept of gradual emancipation of the Soviet bloc states, the Brest-Litovsk syndrome, and the floating of the Brezhnev doctrine.
A significant part of these has already been established in Hungary and partly also in international literature based on the author's previous works.
Crisis Year, 1956
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the dramatic events of the Polish October, the Hungarian revolution, and the Suez crisis, unfolding in October–November 1956. It analyses the foreign policy of the Imre Nagy government, including the withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact and the declaration of neutrality as well as the reactions of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Bloc, the Western World, and the United Nations. It argues that the first Soviet intervention on 24 October was a mistaken move, since at that moment Moscow could have applied the Polish scenario by restraining from Soviet military intervention, by applying the Mikoyan Doctrine (dubbed by the author) i.e., trying to find a political solution to restore order (if need be, coupled with using armed forces) executed by local forces only. By sending their troops to Budapest, however, they achieved exactly the opposite of what they had wanted: not rapid pacification, but escalation of the sporadic armed actions into an extensive anti-Soviet war of liberation of a kind unparalleled in the history of the Soviet bloc. The second Soviet intervention on 4 November, however, was an unavoidable consequence of the first one.
Standby Détente
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the impact of the Helsinki process in the Eastern Bloc and on the development of East-West relations, the internal crisis in the Soviet Bloc following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, as well as the main features of international politics in the period called standby détente by the author (1979–1985).
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan caused a crisis not only in Soviet-American relations but it also triggered a serious conflict within the Soviet Bloc. The chapter presents the story of this hitherto mostly unknown crisis which reveals that by that time there was a clash of interest between Moscow and its East European allies increasingly interested in developing their relations with Western Europe.
The chapter argues that from 1980 to the rise of Gorbachev in 1985 Hungary served as a model case by showing how a small state, driven by its economic interests – while being a “closely cooperating” member of the Warsaw Pact – could maintain and intensify the policy of détente as if nothing had happened between the US and the Soviet Union. These years brought a dynamic and prosperous era in developing the country’s economic and political relations with the West.
The Soviet Union and East Central Europe, 1985–1990
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the changing relations between Moscow and its allies in East-Central Europe as well as Western reactions to the political changes in the region.
It argues that the turning point in Gorbachev's policy in the superpower relationship as well as towards East-Central Europe came in the summer of 1988. From that time on, driven by the dire economic situation of the country, Moscow gave up the idea of parity in its negotiations with the US and was determined to radically reduce military costs even by introducing unilateral cuts.
Towards East-Central Europe Gorbachev introduced the floating of the Brezhnev Doctrine. This meant that from this time on he wanted to enjoy the positive international impact of his publicly and repeatedly declared promise that the Brezhnev Doctrine was not valid anymore. At the same time, however, he wanted to do everything via secret channels to mislead the East-Central European Communist leaders into believing that this offer was valid only in case they could keep the reforms within the limits of the socialist system.
The International Context of the Political Transition in Hungary
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the international aspects of the political transition in Hungary in 1988–1990. It analyses the changes in the conduct of Hungarian foreign policy, arguing that the publicly announced “bridge role” between East and West can be interpreted as the policy of quasi neutrality. It covers the international conflicts, emerging between Hungary and three countries of the Soviet Bloc, Czechoslovakia, Romania and the GDR, the latter resulting in the opening of the border between Hungary and Austria for the tens of thousands of East German refugees in September 1989. It also presents the attempts at reforming the Warsaw Pact and the Comecon as well as the story of the reduction of armaments and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary. Based on the relations developed in the 1980s, Hungarian diplomacy also made intensive attempts to play a mediating role in promoting East-West rapprochement in 1988–1989.
Clarendon County
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

The rediscovery of the Cape Fear River is discussed throughout this chapter and what eventually led to permanent settlements in the Carolinas. During a voyage intended to explore the southern parts of Florida, rough winds and sand bars led to the ship Adventure to take a detour up the Cape Fear. The explorers made note of Native Americans and the surrounding environment, but a lasting settlement was never established until the grandchildren of Sir John Yeamans passed through the region. The two grandchildren acquired land from local Native Americans, built their homes, and eventually an influx of colonists from both Carolinas arrived.
Unrest, Upheaval, and Rebellion
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

Political turmoil and change within the Albemarle council is covered in this chapter. After the death of Albemarle governor Samuel Stephens, Sir William Berkeley insisted that the council should not elect anyone that had offered “violence and indignityes to the late worthy Governor.” Many changes in how the council ran and who was governing said council had occurred. By the late 1600’s, the land North and South of the Cape Fear was appointed by Colonel Philip Ludwell. This land marked the beginning of the division of the proprietors’ domain into North and South Carolina.
Making a Living
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses farming, trading and merchants throughout the colonization of the New World. Starting with trouble in Roanoke, crops were unable to thrive due to the people being sick and a lack of care towards the plants. The daily struggle of merchants travelling through storm after storm is also discussed in this chapter. The difficulties of planting while traveling to new lands and establishing new laws is also mentioned.
A Pirate Haven
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

The arrival of infamous pirates such as Blackbeard into North Carolina is discussed throughout this chapter. The economic impact pirates had on the colonies is mentioned. The ways in which colony leaders dealt with the issue of pirates is also discussed.
Leading and Facilitating Spiritual Reflection
Authors: Gabriel Victor , Bidwell Duane R.
Published: May 2023

Spiritual reflection helps people order, structure, and create meaning from their experiences. It uses any and all sources—religious and nonreligious—that give meaning to people's lives. As chaplains provide care, they reflect spiritually on what they see and hear to shape their responses and interventions; they also lead and facilitate spiritual reflection with individuals, families, communities, and institutions. The ability of chaplains to identify, access, engage, and evaluate life-giving spiritual resources—stories, songs, symbols, rituals, sacred texts, spiritual practices, and more—sets them apart from other helping professionals; in most settings, spiritual reflection is a role and responsibility that belongs uniquely to chaplains. This chapter illustrates how chaplains lead and facilitate spiritual reflection as experts at identifying, exploring, and responding to the spiritual dimensions of experience.
Facilitating Resilience: Chaplaincy as a Catalyst for Organizational Well-Being
Authors: White Nathan H.
Published: May 2023

Organizations possess great potential for good and for ill. On the one hand, they serve a necessary function within human society in the promotion of great good, such as preserving cultural memory and enabling positive collaborative efforts. On the other hand, organizations tend to resist change, acting as monolithic powers that can silence dissenting voices and exploit those without power. Yet no matter their most obvious effects, organizations are dynamic rather than static entities, and organizational change is possible. Those within organizations are responsible to shape them for their betterment, using the inherent power and stability of the organization to help and protect, rather than to marginalize or exploit vulnerable and diverse populations. Chaplains can and should play a vital role in this effort by becoming catalysts for beneficial change. Such transformation will not occur, however, without deliberate effort to facilitate competencies of organizational understanding and assessment, effective collaboration within and across organizations, and advisement of organizational leadership.
Be My Wife
Authors: Elder Angela Esco
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines love and loss in the antebellum South, 1820–1860, to reveal the power of emotional expression and allow a fuller understanding how the Civil War affected courtship, engagement, marriage, and widowhood. Even as women increasingly sought the love match of a companionate marriage, the South remained a patriarchy dominated by men, defined by relationships and customs. Relational labels such as daughter, fiancée, wife, mother, and widow came with a set of behavioral prescriptions. In this social contract, a white woman who behaved appropriately could expect certain comportment from those with whom she interacted, based on her age, stage, and financial situation. But even as custom influenced experiences such as courtship, emotional expression, like in love letters, played a major role in guiding (and sometimes misguiding) actions. To be sure, sermons, literature, and gossip affected those searching for love, but so did sentiment. Emotions history, cultural history, and social history come together in this chapter.
The Horrors of War
Authors: Elder Angela Esco
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates the emotional transition from wife to widow, during the American Civil War. First, how did he die (and how did she know)? Second, what did she feel? And finally, how should she behave? Nineteenth century families and communities watched to see if a widow reacted with too much feeling, or too little. Did she selflessly accept that soldiers died for a deathless cause, that this was a Good Death, in some way? Or was the Confederacy unworthy of her great sacrifice? Analyzing the initial reactions of widows, which the widows recorded in diaries and letters, reveals responses that sometimes met expectations. It also reveals reactions that challenged etiquette and gender norms. Unwilling or unable to accept the news that their husbands had died, a surprising number of women dug up graves, collapsed on floors, lamented bitterly, clutched bodies, and demanded proof.
A Dead Weight on My Heart
Authors: Elder Angela Esco
Published: May 2023

Throughout the Civil War, tears fell as wives received the news that their husbands were dead. It did not matter if the soldier died of disease or battle wound, a collection of societal expectations immediately dropped upon the new widows of the Confederacy. While the previous chapter explored the socially imposed and prescriptive dimensions of widowhood, this chapter cuts through the platitudes around mourning. These pages follow the voices of the widows themselves, how they bore and buried their grief, experienced motherhood, how religion helped (or did not), how condolence letters helped (or did not). Despite the pervasive guidance they received, not all widows experienced mourning as society expected. Some mourned too much, some too little, and some could not afford the luxury of mourning. The reality of wartime widowhood deviated from the prescribed rituals and left many family members and friends without a template for behavior nor a guide for correction.
Conclusion
Authors: Elder Angela Esco
Published: May 2023

Though most widows died by the early twentieth century, long before the Oldest Living Confederate Widow, Alberta Martin, died in 2004, Confederate widowhood never disappeared from the American cultural scene. Stories such as Scarlett O’Hara in Gone with the Wind, more than materials in archives and libraries, shaped the way thousands of Americans imagined Confederate widowhood and the late Confederacy. When the Civil War finally came to a close, widows did not seamlessly work together to create a Lost Cause ideology. The dynamic and diverse ways white Southern women mourned reveal a complicated relationship between emotional expressions and politics. Studying these experiences amplifies our understanding of how the white Southern household functioned during the crisis of war. Grief, and grieving rituals, could be simultaneously compliant and oppositional. And grief caused many to behave in unpredictable ways, not always in complete alignment with the dominant culture. Even so, widows gained social power through their loss and through their grief, which stood as valuable currencies in a stubbornly patriarchal society.
Dawn Patrol
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

The author describes interviewing one of the first narrators after they surfed together at Folly Beach, near Charleston, South Carolina. The introduction maps out the author’s journey and the goal of the book to chronicle the history of southern surfing.
Have Boards, Will Travel
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the global travel of surfers for competition and exploration. It also analyzes the role of tourism in Florida and Disneyworld’s in pioneering mechanical wave pool.
Whitewater
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on race relations, beach segregation, civil rights, and African American surfers in the South. It also covers the roles of lifeguards in protecting beachgoers and enforcing racial restrictions on southern beaches through the 1960s.
The Shape of the Past
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the history of surfboard shaping and construction in the American South and the rise of mass-produced surfboards in the 21st century. It also deals with municipal restrictions to surfing related to tourism.
The Edge of America
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at changing fortunes of surf shops in the Outer Banks to analyze the tension between coastal economic development that comes with increased tourism and environmental conservation that seeks to protect coastal ecosystems. A subtheme of the chapter relates to surf forecasting and its impact on tourism to remote coastal areas.
Epilogue
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

Here, the author discusses the influence of the trip on his understanding of surfing and southern identity. This chapter also considers the trip’s impact on the author’s San Francisco-born daughter, who came along on the journey and participated in many of the surf sessions and oral history interviews.
Fighting to Desegregate the American Calendar (1968–1983)
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

This chapter documents the fight for the King Holiday from 1968-1983. The campaign for the holiday was an act of resistance, in part against Richard Nixon’s Southern Strategy, and an attempt to keep Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream alive after his assassination. Despite fierce opposition from Senator Jesse Helms, the US Congress designated a King holiday in 1983. Congress and the American people had decided that King deserved recognition on the US calendar, thinking that he best represented African American life and history, appealed to whites, was a contemporary hero, and both liberals and moderates perceived him as having transcended political partisanship. King had a memorial hybridity that meant his legacy held great appeal to a wide spectrum of US society, even as the so-called Reagan Revolution and its neoliberal tax cuts, spending cuts, and economic downsizing starved civil rights agencies and programs of necessary funding. In this context, the holiday demonstrated that the civil rights movement could still wield influence in national politics.
Let Freedom Ring
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the King Holiday in Ronald Reagan’s second term. In 1986, Americans celebrated the first King holiday with concerts, parades, prayers, and protest marches. In Atlanta, South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu attended an ecumenical prayer service, implicitly connecting the holiday to the Free South Africa Movement. Yet some Southern states, such as Mississippi, merged the King Holiday with birthday celebrations of Confederate Robert E. Lee, creating a dual heritage King-Lee Holiday. Virginia added Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson to create a King-Lee-Jackson Day. In 1987, the Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Commission linked the holiday to the Bicentennial of the US Constitution and depicted King as a voice of moderation. Despite its accommodating attitude, the commission struggled for funding as promised businesses donations failed to materialize.
Introduction
Authors: Hernández Bernadine Marie
Published: May 2023

The Introduction to this book examines how poor Mexicanas in the region are and have historically been racialized through their gender, sex, and sexuality and their bodies utilized for capital gain. The Introduction focuses on the formation of racialized gender and sexuality in the nineteenth-century borderlands, and how they became inextricably linked to capital during the rise of U.S. empire into the early twentieth century as they contributed to the American Southwest’s economic development. A history of violence against poor Mexicanas during this time remains largely absent from the archive, but, as the Introduction reveals, some Californio, Tejana, and Hispana women do appear. Sex, sexuality, and sexual pairing have always been naturalized as noneconomic, but this Introduction argues that these “identity categories” have material consequences on the economy. This Introduction argues that women’s bodies in the borderlands are lynchpins in the capitalist transformation of the West and Southwest.
Circuits of Brown, Black, and Red
Authors: Hernández Bernadine Marie
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 relies on the 1872 novel Who Would Have Thought It? by María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, the first Mexican American author to write in English, to examine constructions of and lay the groundwork for racialized gender and sexuality on the U.S.–Mexico border. Because Ruiz de Burton defines whiteness and femininity in opposition to U.S. imperialism (blaming the United States for the problems facing Mexico at the time), her perspective crosses national boundaries and discourses. Ruiz de Burton merges U.S. and Mexican racial hierarchies by relying on racist feminine tropes circulating in the Americas during the colonial period, including la mulata, los indios, and la cautiva, all of which speak to notions of colorism, Blackness, and Indigeneity. Considering Ruiz de Burton’s novel in conversation with Mexican newspaper accounts of these same tropes at the time, this chapter provides an ideological foundation for problematic perceptions of utopian white femininity and the sexualization of racialized Mexicana, Indigenous, and Black female bodies in Mexico and how these notions circulated across the border in the United States.
Coda
Authors: Hernández Bernadine Marie
Published: May 2023

The Coda offers a personal meditation on the West Mesa Murders in Albuquerque, NM and muses on what the next steps are to ensure that brown women and women of color can live safe lives. The violent systems and constructions of racialized sex, sexuality, and gender that inform sexual capital that this book examined present us with an opportunity to enter the fissures of that violence. These fissures can offer us new possibilities of collective action, mutual aid, and alternative worlds. Because as the saying goes: Another world is possible.
Dreaming the Present
Authors: Hunt Irvin J.
Published: May 2023

This is a story of art and movement building at the limits of imagination. In their darkest hours, W. E. B. Du Bois, Ella Baker, George Schuyler, and Fannie Lou Hamer gathered hundreds across the United States and beyond to build vast, but forgotten, networks of mutual aid: farms, shops, schools, banks, daycares, homes, health clinics, and burial grounds. They called these spaces “cooperatives,” local challenges to global capital, where people pooled all they had to meet their needs. By reading their activism as an artistic practice, this book argues that their primary need was to free their movement from the logic of progress. From a remarkably diverse archive, the book extrapolates three new ways to describe the time of a movement: a continual beginning, a deliberate falling apart, and a simultaneity, a kind of all-at-once-ness. These temporalities reflect how a people maneuvered the law, reappropriated property, built autonomous communities, and fundamentally reimagined what a movement can be. Their movement was not the dream of a brighter day; it was the making of today out of the stuff of dreams. The book offers both an original account of Black mutual aid and, in a world of diminishing futures, a moving meditation on the possibilities of the present.
Introduction
Authors: Hunt Irvin J.
Published: May 2023

The introduction lays out the definition of co-operation for this book. Co-operation means here not only a way of gathering and redistributing resources, but also a form of movement building in which two kinds of operations are always at play: one moving toward a utopian goal, the other moving against it. This dual operation produces a multiplicity of present-centered activisms, three of which the book theorizes: sustained incipience, planned failure, and pluripresence. The introduction also establishes the stakes of the book for social movement theory and black studies by offering two overarching arguments. First, these alternative temporalities provide new ways to think about the present. In Black studies the present has been underexplored, for it has come to stand in for a tragic past or an alternative future, thus becoming less a category of time than a container for it. Second, the black cooperative movement stretching from 1890s to the 1970s offers a unique lens into when movements happen, a focus on time largely overlooked by the prevailing spatial focus on where movements happen.
Sustained Incipience
Authors: Hunt Irvin J.
Published: May 2023

﻿This chapter explores W. E. B. Du Bois’s lifelong fight to launch domestic and transnational economic cooperatives. ﻿Examining meeting notes, editorial columns, photographs of cooperative grocery stores, and letters, it argues that Du Bois practiced an activism of “sustained incipience”: a nondialectical embodiment of time in which continuously beginning a movement is the end goal. Sustained incipience escaped two dilemmas still hobbling social movement theory: the binary choice between spontaneous and organized action and hierarchies between the leadership and the social base. Then through a reading of Du Bois’s romantic novel Quest of the Silver Fleece and his reflections on the discipline of sociology, it extrapolates a concept of “necromance.” The affective space of cooperative life, necromance ﻿is not a process of reviving the dead but of bringing subjects in ever closer proximity to the dead. ﻿ ﻿Necromance attends to the ways the popular configuration of love as life-giving often overlooks how in the history of slavery and liberal empire love operates as life-taking. Finally, the concept contests the common conception that in order for grievances to become social movements they must be framed to create feelings of anger or outrage, not melancholic grief.
Planned Failure
Authors: Hunt Irvin J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter uncovers George Schuyler and Ella Baker’s Young Negroes’ Cooperative League, founded in Harlem in 1930, reaching the West Indies by 1931 with over three hundred members. It reveals Baker and Schuyler to be far more radical than thought. They were anarchic, both interrogating the basic legitimacy of the state. ﻿Reading manifestos, pamphlets, conference brochures, Schuyler’s serial novel, letters, Baker’s unpublished essays, and more, the chapter theorizes a practice of activism it calls “planned failure.” Reversing the notion that black social movements have been failed plans, planned failure designates the intended demise of the original plan under the assumption that to maintain the form of the organization ﻿is necessarily to reinforce intersecting hierarchies of gender, race, and class one sought to escape. ﻿Planned failure registers Baker’s and Schuyler’s anarchic suspicion of centralized planning and their wish to redefine the Black public sphere around self-governing enclaves, instead of charismatic leaders. Finally, by illuminating the roles comedy and the ecstatics played in Baker’s and Schuyler’s activism, the chapter contests tragedy as the dominant frame through which to read black social movements.
Afterword
Authors: Hunt Irvin J.
Published: May 2023

The epilogue is a reflection on an interview the author conducted with Stephanie Morningstar, co-director of Northeast Farmers of Color Land Trust (NEFOC), an organization working to reclaim stolen indigenous land. The epilogue considers Morningstar’s metaphor of “bending the system on its back.” It describes how she is using conservation easements and title holding land trusts to nullify the notion of land ownership, and by extension, property. Finding resonance with Fannie Lou Hamer’s navigation of property law, Morningstar is bending the system toward ends it was not made to meet. The epilogue also discusses Morningstar’s rapacious concept of the present.
Moving Screens
Authors: Khor Denise
Published: May 2023

Upending the oft cited claim that Japanese cinema first appeared in the United States via the art house circuit of the 1950s, this chapter argues for Japanese cinema’s American encounter in an earlier moment and across an expansive circuit of exchange by and for Japanese Americans. Whereas Japanese proprietors operated film theaters from the first start of the nickelodeon era and beyond, Japanese films were also often projected in non-theatrical exhibition venues. Across the United States, agricultural fields, abandoned warehouses, Buddhist temples, community halls, churches, and even people’s backyards were converted into makeshift theatres to project and view Japanese films. By highlighting these nontheatrical contexts, the chapter locates Japanese film exhibition as a useful cinema extending beyond commercially or entertainment-oriented purposes. This chapter also highlights the central role of the benshi in both performing alongside the film as well as serving as a film’s distributor and exhibitor. Working independently or in partnership with Nichibei Kogyo Kaisha in Los Angeles, the benshi retained significant control in promoting and exhibiting film. These dynamics in Japanese film exhibition ensured an irreproducibility of the filmic experience even as industries increasingly moved towards standardization.
Epilogue
Authors: Khor Denise
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the eventual collapse of these multiple film publics. Many of the promoters and exhibitors of Japanese film were incarcerated in concentration camps during World War II. The film culture itself emerged as a target of federal scrutiny and investigation. Confiscating film reels as perceived propaganda material, US authorities viewed the film cultures of Japanese in the United States as a part of the wartime Pacific Theatre.
Coda
Authors: Khor Denise
Published: May 2023

This chapter concludes the book with a discussion of our contemporary media era and the implications of new histories of media pasts.
Let Us Begin
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

The Kennedy administration proposed an Alliance for Progress. It needed allies to help implement socioeconomic reform. But it also supported more military aid and counterinsurgency training and covert action against Castro’s government.
The Many Fronts of John F. Kennedy’s Latin American Cold War, Part II
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

The Alliance for Progress meant different things in Central American, Caribbean, and South American countries. The Kennedy administration hoped that military coups would not necessarily lead to long-term military rule. Action against Castro’s government, including Operation Mongoose, continued.
Kennedy’s Unfinished Legacy and Intended and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

The Kennedy administration worried about the future of democracy in Latin America, which was threatened by the left and the right. The Alliance for Progress was beginning to falter, and liberal Democrats feared that the administration was losing interest in the region. The Kennedy assassination left much uncertain.
The Carter Administration in Central America and the Caribbean
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

The Carter administration sought to implement new policies toward Cuba, but ultimately affirmed the status quo. Conflicts between the ideals of nonintervention and human rights exacerbated conditions in Central America, leading to a successful revolution in Nicaragua and increased conflict in El Salvador.
Liberal Democratic Resistance and Accommodation in the Reagan/Bush Years
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

The Reagan administration sought to improve relations with military dictatorships in South America and to defeat revolution in Central America. It was unable to reverse an emphasis on human rights and had mixed results in its support for a counterrevolutionary insurgency. The end of the Cold War created opportunities for the re-creation of bi-partisan consensus under George Herbert Walker Bush.
The Road to the Massachusetts State House
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores Butler’s fifth and final term in the U.S. House of Representatives, during which the Radicals’ agenda largely—and, to Butler, disappointingly--gave way to White reconciliationism and the Lost Cause. Subsequently, Butler refocused his energy on Massachusetts state politics, in the context of which he struggled to find (and/or forge) a political party “home” that matched his political vision. During these years, Butler suffered the heartbreaking loss of his beloved wife, Sarah, and his younger son, Ben-Israel. The chapter also considers the ongoing reverberations of Butler’s wartime career in his postwar life, work, and reputation, and his growing commitment not just to Black rights, but also the rights of labor and women, and ends with his long-sought election to the governorship of the state.
The Slave Sublime
Authors: Lettman Stacy J.
Published: May 2023

The spectacular violence of the Jamaican plantation, involving displays of the master’s power to invoke terror through the slave’s Imagination, suggests the importance of the slave sublime and its departures from Eurocentric notions of the sublime. This codification of slave sublime points to the high magnitude of psychic violence stemming from the realization that plantation structures continue as the changing same in which the power from the slave plantation remakes its itself, yet remains the same, maintaining a transhistorical presence. Overall, this introduction provides an in-depth definition of the slave sublime concept and traces its origins and departures from thinkers such as Paul Gilroy, Immanuel Kant, René Descartes, and Edmund Burke in relation to the terrors of (post)colonial Caribbean violence, its affect, and its mediation. The introduction also traces theoretical formulations of violence as power from Frantz Fanon, Slavoj Žižek, René Girard and provides an understanding of power as mimetic, metaphoric, and metamorphic by drawing upon Achille Mbembe’s idea of power. Central to the understanding of the slave sublime and its relation to violence, is the notion that violence can be read as linguistic, having structural elements that are linked to the vertical, paradigmatic axis of language that privileges substitution.