bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH OF GEOCORIS PUNCTIPES (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) ON ATTACHED AND DETACHED LEAVES OF PEST-RESISTANT SOYBEANS
Authors: Rogers D. J. , Sullivan M. J.
Published: September 2017

A field experiment using attached soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, leaves showed that fresh weight gain of Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) nymphs between days 14 and 21 was greater on ‘Govan’ and ‘Bragg’ leaves than on leaves of PI229358. Weight gain on ‘Govan’ leaves was greater than on PI171451 leaves. In the same experiment, there were no differences in fresh weight growth of G. punctipes nymphs on detached leaves of the four genotypes.
IMPACT OF HUSK TYPE AND SPECIES OF INFESTING INSECTS ON AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PREHARVEST CORN AT TIFTON, GEORGIA
Authors: McMillian W. W. , Widstrom N. W. , Wilson D. M.
Published: September 2017

The use of plants that resist insects has been suggested as a potential means of reducing aflatoxin contamination in some crops. Dent corn, Zea mays L., germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively tight, complete husk cover and germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively loose, incomplete husk cover on the ear were evaluated for 3 years at Tifton, GA, for aflatoxin contamination.

In two of the three test years, corn ears with tight, complete husk cover sustained significantly lower mean amounts of aflatoxin than ears with loose, incomplete husk cover following artificial inoculation with Aspergillus flavus Link spores. Ears hand-infested with maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), sustained significantly higher amounts of aflatoxin (329 ng·g−1) than ears infested with fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (80 ng·g−1), European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), (71 ng·g−1), or corn earworms Heliothis zea (Boddie) (60 ng·g−1). Overall, ears in the check (inoculated with A. flavus only) sustained significantly lower aflatoxin (37 ng·g−1) amounts than ears from plots supplemented with insects. Although insects were not applied in the check plots, some damage was observed on the ears.
THE SCORPIONS OF DOMINICA (WEST INDIES)
Authors: Santiago-Blay Jorge A.
Published: September 2017

Oiclus purvesii (Becker 1880) (Diplocentridae) and Centruroides pococki Sissom and Francke 1983 (Buthidae: Scorpiones) are recorded for Dominica Is., West Indies. Each species is diagnosed and illustrated.
REARING OF TRICHOSIROCALUS HORRIDUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) LARVAE IN ARTIFICIAL DIETS
Authors: McAvoy Thomas J. , Kok Loke-Tuck
Published: September 2017

Diet components of an initially acceptable diet for larvae of Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer), an introduced weevil for thistle control, Carduus thoermeri Weinmann and C. acanthoides L., were systematically varied to determine if the yield of adult weevils could be improved. A total of 56 new diets were prepared and tested. Survival to the late third instar was slightly improved up to 39%, while larval development improved with additions of Vandersant Vitamin Supplement (8 g per 425 ml batch of diet), lyophilized thistle roots, ergosterol, or by transferring larvae to identical fresh diets after 4 weeks. However, larval survival decreased when excessive casein hydrolysate or 7-dehydrocholesterol was used. Sucrose did not improve larval growth. Of the six new diets that supported complete larval development, one diet yielded two adults, while the other five yielded one adult each. Only one of the diet-reared females oviposited eggs, and longevity of diet-reared adults was shorter than adults reared from its natural host, musk thistle.
THE ATTRACTION OF THE GRAPE ROOT BORER, VITACEA POLISTIFORMIS (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) TO (E,Z)-2,13 OCTADECADIENYL ACETATE AND THE EFFECTS OF RELATED ISOMERS ON ATTRACTION1
Authors: Snow J. Wendell , Schwarz Meyer , Klun J. A.
Published: September 2017

The addition of one (1) percent (Z,Z)-3,13 octadecadienyl acetate to the grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), pheromone, (E,Z)-2,13 octadecadienyl acetate greatly increases capture of males in sticky traps. The numbers collected increased from 3 to 7 times depending on the test, location and time of year. The new blend is sufficiently attractive to provide an effect monitoring system for the species.
PHENOLOGY OF THE HOMOPTERAN COMPLEX ON ORNAMENTAL HONEYLOCUST IN OHIO, WITH NOTES ON HOST IMPACT1
Authors: Herms Daniel A. , Nielsen David G. , Sydnor T. Davis
Published: September 2017

Phenology and relative abundance of the homopteran complex, including Macropsis fumipennis (Gillete and Baker), Stragania alabamensis (Baker), Empoasca fabae (Harris), Erythroneura clavata DeLong (Cicadellidae), and Micrutalis calva (Say) (Membracidae), were monitored on ornamental honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., near Wooster, Ohio. M. fumipennis, the most abundant species, completed its life cycle by late July. S. alabamensis was present from just after budbreak until frost, with collection data suggesting it is bivoltine. E. fabae and E. clavata adults were present from mid-June to early October. M. calva nymphs emerged in the spring and adults disappeared by mid-July, returning to honeylocust in early September. A second generation may develop on alternate hosts in summer. Observed foliar injury is attributed to the sympatric honeylocust plant bug, Diaphnocoris chlorionis (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae), and not the homopterans reported here.
INORGANIC NUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF LEAF TISSUE FROM SOYBEAN LINES SCREENED FOR MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE RESISTANCE1
Authors: Mebrahtu T. , Kenworthy W. J. , Elden T. C.
Published: September 2017

Leaf tissue of 49 F5 soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.] lines derived from a cross between an experimental line, MBB 80-115, and the cultivar ‘Ware’ were fed to Mexican bean beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, larvae in laboratory studies. The parents, Ware and MBB 80-115, and PI 171451 which was the original source of MBB resistance were included as checks in all studies. Laboratory tests suggested the presence of non-preference (antixenosis) and/or antibiosis in the resistant soybean genotypes and were efficient in identifying most resistant lines and mechanisms of resistance. The larvae reared on leaves of lines 119-2 and 119-11 took longer to pupate and reach the adult stage and had fewer numbers of emerging adults. Leaf tissue of selected lines was analyzed for the elements phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and silicon to determine if any of these elements are associated with the feeding response and might serve as a quick index of selection for plant resistance. Calcium, phosphorus, and potassium content was each negatively correlated with pupal weight (r = −0.23**, −0.26**, −0.20*, respectively). No significant correlations were observed between silicon and magnesium content and pupal weight. The progeny line 119-2 which demonstrated a high level of antibiosis had a higher calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium content than either parent or the resistant PI 171451 and also had a potassium content that was similar to that of the resistant PI. PI 171451 had the lowest silicon content of all lines tested.
WATER CONTENT OF STERILE AND NON-STERILE BOLL WEEVILS AS INFLUENCED BY FEEDING INCREASED LEVELS OF SUCROSE OR COTTON SQUARES
Authors: Haynes Jack W.
Published: September 2017

Boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman were fed an artificial diet containing 100 ppm of diflubenzuron and either 2.5 or 10% sucrose for five days prior to an irradiation dose of 10 krads on day six. After the feeding plus irradiation treatment, the weevils were given cotton squares or artificial diet posttreatment. Treated weevils contained significantly higher levels of water than the control samples for five days posttreatment. In comparisons between the four treatments, feeding squares for the first two days posttreatment resulted in significantly higher water content in half the treatments. Similarly, when comparisons were made between the four controls it was also found that feeding squares resulted in more water in two groups tested. Sugar concentration did not influence water content in boll weevils.
TRANSMISSION OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF COTTON, XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. MALVACEARUM, BY FEEDING OF THE COTTON FLEAHOPPER: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS ETHYLENE-INDUCED SQUARE LOSS IN COTTON
Authors: Martin W. R. , Sterling W. L. , Kenerley C. M. , Morgan P. W.
Published: September 2017

Using a model system of cotton and the causative agent of bacterial blight, Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Smith) Dye (XCM), microbial transmission by feeding of the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter) (CFH), was studied. In controlled feeding tests, artificially infested CFH infected 51% of the plants they attacked. Of these infected plants, 81% exhibited symptoms of the disease, while 19% did not exhibit symptoms, but contained the bacterium. After feeding to acquire XCM, salivary glands and alimentary tracts were dissected and assayed for the presence of XCM. The bacterium was reisolated from 60% of the salivary gland pairs examined, and 95% of the alimentary tracts that were analyzed. In addition, viable bacteria were isolated from 76% of CFH fecal spots which were collected within a 24 h period after insects fed on the bacterium. XCM was present in 73% of the aliquots taken from a solution which was used to surface sterilize CFH after feeding on the bacterium. The implications of CFH as vectors of microorganisms to cotton and the resulting increase in stress ethylene production by the plant are discussed.
AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN SELECTED CORN GERMPLASM CLASSIFIED FOR RESISTANCE TO EUROPEAN CORN BORER1 (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: McMillian W. W. , Widstrom N. W. , Barry Dean , Lillehoj E. B.
Published: September 2017

Insect damage and associated alfatoxin formation are serious threats to corn, Zea mays L., production in some areas of the United States. Plant resistance has been suggested as a potential control. In this study, dent corn genotypes varying in resistance to second-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), damage were evaluated at two locations for insect tunneling and alfatoxin formation in kernels of preharvest ears. To insure uniform exposure, plants were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus (Link) spores applied to the ear node and silk and were infested with ECB eggs applied to either the ear node or ear tip. Corn germplasm classified as resistant to second-generation ECB damage sustained significantly less ear damage than susceptible genotypes. Corn resistant to ECB also sustained less alfatoxin formation (29 and 295 ng g−1) than susceptible germplasm (592 and 1129 ng g−1). Ear tip infestation resulted in more aflatoxin formation (523 ng g−1) than ear node infestation (372 ng g−1). Overall, insect damaged was significantly higher at Tifton, GA, (5.3 cm tunneling/ear) than at Columbia, MO. (4.2 cm tunneling/ear).
INFLUENCE OF SOIL SURFACE CONDITIONS AND HOST PLANT ON SOYBEAN NODULE FLY RIVELLIA QUARDIFASCIATA (MACQUART) (DIPTERA: PLATYSTOMATIDAE) OVIPOSITION1
Authors: Koethe R. W. , Van Duyn J. W.
Published: September 2017

Soybean nodule fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart) eggs were oviposition in the soil and crop residue around the bases of potential larval host plants. Approximately 75% of the egg clutches observed being oviposited in cracks and crevices, in the field, were within 2 cm of the host plant stem (Phaseolus limensis Macf. L.). Most eggs were oviposited within 2 mm of the soil surface but eggs were sometimes deeper when females entered soil cracks and crevices. Oviposition from laboratory colony adults was not observed in the absence of host plants in no-chioce situations. When given a choice between closely arranged pots of soil with and without soybean plants, little oviposition occurred in soil without plants. Significantly (p = > 0.05) more oviposition occurred in pots containing soybean plants with loose soil than with compacted soil surfaces. The short-term responses of females to the absence of appropriate oviposition sites included egg retention and apparent increased flight activity.
EVALUATION OF TRIMETHACARB AS A PROTECTANT OF STORED PEANUTS
Authors: Arthur Frank
Published: September 2017

Farmers stock peanuts were treated with either distilled water, 52 ppm malathion, or 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppm trimethacarb and infested with several insect species commonly found in stored peanuts. At 4 and 6 months post-application, loose-shell kernel (LSK) damage in peanuts treated with 30 ppm trimethacarb (26.9 and 28.7%, respectively) was significantly less than LSK damage in untreated controls (47.2 and 45.8%, respectively). At 4 months LSK damage in peanuts treated with malathion (29.1%) was also less than control damage. At 2 months post-application, cracked pod kernel damage (6.5%) was significantly lower than control damage (9.3%). However, significant differences in either LSK or cracked pod kernel damage between treatments and controls did not occur at any other time. Only the 30 ppm trimethacarb treatment was as effective as malathion.
TOXICITY OF HOST MONOTERPENES TO DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS AND IPS CALLIGRAPHUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Cook Stephen P. , Hain Fred P.
Published: September 2017

The toxicity of four monoterpenes present in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pine to Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann and Ips calligraphus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was examined in the laboratory. The descending order of toxicity of the monoterpenes to D. frontalis was: limonene, β - pinene, α - pinene, camphene. No clearcut ordering in toxicity to I. calligraphus was observed.
A NEW SPECIES OF BLABEROLAELAPS (ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA, LAELAPIDAE) FROM BRAZIL
Authors: Hunter Preston E. , Rosario Rose Marie T. , Flechtmann Carlos H. W.
Published: September 2017

Blaberolaelaps beckeri n. sp. collected from a cockroach, Hieroblatta cassidea, in Brazil is described and illustrated. Comments on the genus and corrections on the generic description are included.
SPECIES IDENTIFICATION IN THE EASTERN CREMATOGASTER (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: September 2017

New data and reviews of previous taxonomic treatments of eastern Crematogaster species confirm the synonymy of C. clara, in the Buren sense, with C. pilosa Emery, and C. punctulata Emery with C. lineolata (Say). Six eastern species are now recognized, C. ashmeadi Mayr, C. atkinsoni Wheeler, C. cerasi (Fitch), C. lineolata, C. pilosa and C. vermiculata Emery. Diagnostic characters, geographic distributions and habitats are discussed for each species, including an illustrated key to workers.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS AND IPS SPP. ENGRAVER BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN FELLED LOBLOLLY AND SLASH PINES IN LOUISIANA1
Authors: Riley M. A. , Goyer R. A.
Published: September 2017

Felled loblolly and slash pine trees were infested with Ips calligraphus (Germar) (80.2% of Ips population), I. avulsus (Eichhoff) (11.2%), and I. grandicollis (Eichhoff) (8.2%). A complex of beneficials associated with the Ips spp. broods consisted of 27 known or suspected insect predator species and 10 species of parasites. Predators comprised 98.8% and parasites 1.2% of the total beneficial insects collected. The predators Lonchaea sp. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), Aulordum spp. (Coleoptera: Colydiidae), staphylinids and histerids (Coleoptera), and Scoloposcelis mississippensis (Drake and Harris) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) comprised 44.7, 6.8, 6.0, and 4.3%, respectively, of the total beneficial insect complex. The most abundant parasite was Roptrocerus eccoptogastri Ratzeburg, which accounted for 37.3% of all parasites but only 0.5% of the total beneficial insect complex.

Abundance of both the beneficial insect complex and their Ips hosts was highest in trees felled in May and lowest in trees felled during August, suggesting a possible densitydependent relationship between the beneficials and the Ips spp. populations. Plegaderus sp. was the only species to show consistent preference for host tree, being more abundant in slash pine than on loblolly.
NONSEXUAL INTERACTIONS IN THE BIG-HEADED GRASSHOPPER AULOCARA ELLIOTTI (THOMAS) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2017

Nonsexual interactions of the big-headed grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti (Thomas), were examined under natural conditions in context of intrinsic (age and conspecificity of grasshoppers, speed and direction of movement and duration of interaction) and extrinsic (date, time of day, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunlight) factors. With respect of intrinsic factors, the developmental stage and conspecificity of interacting grasshoppers and the direction of approach by the individual initiating an interaction significantly affected interactive behaviors, including kicking, shifting, approaching, contact and pursuit. These three factors also influenced the outcome of interaction, especially the frequency of avoidance by residents. Among the extrinsic factors, time of day, soil temperature and relative humidity had the greatest affects on the aforementioned interactive behaviors. The time of year, relative humidity and wind speed significantly affected the outcome of interactions. Physical contact and pursuit were the only behaviors to significantly affect the outcome of interactions. Inferential evidence indicates that aggressive interactions may be the result of defense of territories based on limited, suitable microhabitats.
NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS TRANSMISSION IN MULTIPLE GENERATIONS OF ANTICARSIA GEMMATALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) CAGED ON SOYBEAN
Authors: Young S. Y. , Yearian W. C.
Published: September 2017

Transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsis gemmatalis Hübner, in multiple generations on caged soybeans was examined. Introduction of primary infected larvae into larval populations on soybean resulted in low levels of mortality in the initially uninfected population in generation one. Larval mortality levels increased in succeeding generations and were higher in treatments with greater larval population density. The increase in epizootic development was much less, however, when the plants were not infested for one larval generation. AgNPV concentrations on foliage and in soil generally reflected the mortality levels from AgNPV in the respective treatments.
INCIDENCE OF SPIREA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN VIRGINIA, WEST VIRGINIA, AND MARYLAND
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Brown M. W. , Varn M. W.
Published: September 2017

Spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch, greatly outnumbered [87% A. spiraecola (S.D. ± 3.4)] apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, in apple orchards sampled in spring of 1986 in Virginia, West Virginia and Maryland. Apple as a primary host of A. spiraecola was shown for the first time by the presence of oviparae in the fall and fundatrices in the spring. Based on this survey, we suggest future research with “apple aphids” include species determination and preservation of voucher specimens.
PROGENY PRODUCTION AND DURATION OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSTY GRAIN BEETLES, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (STEPHENS) (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE), ON CRACKED AND WHOLE CORN1
Authors: Throne James E. , Culik Mark P.
Published: September 2017

Progeny production and duration of development of rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), maintained at 43 and 75% RH were determined on whole and cracked corn. Number of progeny produced per female per day of oviposition ranged from 0 on whole corn maintained at 43% RH to 2.2 on coarsely cracked corn maintained at 75% RH. Duration of development ranged from 6.1 weeks on coarsely cracked corn maintained at 75% RH to 12.0 weeks on whole corn maintained at 43% RH. Progeny production was generally greatest and duration of development was generally shortest at 75% RH. Progeny production increased and duration of development decreased as particle size of cracked corn increased at 75% RH. Few progeny were produced on whole kernels.
PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), POPULATIONS1
Authors: Pair S. D. , Raulston J. R. , Sparks A. N. , Sims S. R. , Sprenkel R. K. , Douce G. K. , Carpenter J. E.
Published: September 2017

Comparisons of traps for capturing fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda, baited with virgin females or synthetic pheromone were conducted at Dade County and Quincy, FL, Brownsville, TX, and Tifton, GA. Significantly higher numbers of fall armyworm males were captured in traps, irrespective of design, that were baited with a four - component lure, Terochem, than in identical traps baited with virgin females or a standard bait containing a 10 : 1 ratio of (Z) - 9 - dodecenol - 1 - ol acetate and (Z) - 9 - tetradecen - 1 - ol acetate. Wire - cone Hartstack traps baited with Terochem captured significantly more males than a plastic funnel - type Unitrap in two of three locations at Tifton, GA, during 1984 - 85, and at Quincy, FL, 1984. At Brownsville, TX, and Dade County, FL, the Unitrap baited with Terochem lures captured ca. as many or more fall armyworm males, respectively, than the Hartstack design. Standard green, yellow, and white Unitraps captured 2× more fall armyworm males than solid green Unitraps, suggesting that the color may influence rates of capture.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF DASYMUTILLA PYRRHUS (FOX) (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE)1
Authors: Manley Donald G. , Deyrup Mark A.
Published: September 2017

Dasymutilla pyrrhus (Fox) is a common species of Mutillidae at the Archbold Biological Station (Highlands Co., Florida). It is most active in the late morning (1100 - 1200) and late afternoon (1700 - 1900), especially the latter. Male activity occurs from May through July; female activity from late April through early October. Its probable hosts at this location are bembicine wasps, especially Bembix sayi Cresson and B. texana Cresson. An apparent mating was observed and is described; the entire sequence lasted about two minutes.
GROWTH, FOOD CONSUMPTION, AND NITROGEN AND LIPID COMPOSITIONS OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA, (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), AS A FUNCTION OF THE NITROGEN SUPPLY OF ITS HOST PLANT
Authors: Zitzman Albert , May Michael L.
Published: September 2017

Experiments were designed to investigate effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer supplied to potato plants on growth and food utilization of larval Colorado potato beetles (CPB). Dry mass gain, dry mass consumption, and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI = dry mass gain/dry mass consumption) were determined for the entire larval stage and nitrogen and lipid compositions for larvae just prior to pupation. Dry mass gain and N composition were measured in both laboratory and greenhouse reared larvae, dry mass consumption and ECI in laboratory reared larvae, and lipid composition in greenhouse reared larvae.

Significant linear increases with N supply were found for dry mass gain of greenhouse reared larvae, but not laboratory reared larvae, and for N composition of laboratory reared larvae, but not greenhouse reared larvae. No significant effects were demonstrable for consumption and ECI of laboratory reared larvae, or lipid composition of greenhouse reared larvae. These results suggest that N supply can affect performance of CPB larvae but that the effects vary with small differences in rearing conditions.
PREDATORS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE): LABORATORY EVALUATIONS
Authors: Young Orrey P.
Published: September 2017

Twenty-five arthropod species, field-collected from habitats adjacent to cotton in Mississippi, were evaluated in laboratory arenas for their potential as late-season predators of the tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot). Seventeen species were demonstrated to be predators of the TPB, including 1 orthopteran, 6 hemipterans, and ten spider species. Five species were documented for the first time as predators on TPB: Jalyssus wickami Van Duzee (Heteroptera: Berytidae), Stiretrus anchorago (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), Phymata pennsylvanica Hand. (Heteroptera: Phymatidae), Pisaurina mira (Walck.) (Araneae: Pisauridae), and Thiodina puerpera (Hentz) (Araneae: Salticidae).
IMPACT OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ON THE COTTONWOOD BORER, PLECTRODERA SCALATOR (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE), IN A COMMERCIAL COTTONWOOD NURSERY.
Authors: Forschler B. T. , Nordin G. L.
Published: September 2017

A commercial Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidial formulation, AGB 6178, was applied as a soil drench against the cottonwood borer, Plectrodera scalator (F.), in a commercial eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides, nursery. Doses of 0, 2 × 109, 2 × 1010 and 1 × 1011 conidia/m2 were applied in June 1986. The adult population was monitored throughout its flight period (June–August) for B. bassiana infection. Greater than 60% of the adults collected in the treatment area post-treatment were infected with B. bassiana. The impact of the fungal application on the larval population was assessed 8 months later by the removal and dissection of the treated rootstocks. Though no differences were detected in the number of second-year larvae recovered, the mean number of first-year larvae found at the high dose (1 × 1011 CFU's/m2) was significantly less (LSD, alpha 0.05) than the mean number of larvae found in the control treatment (0 CFU's/m2), 5.0 and 9.4 larvae/10 rootstocks, respectively.
FALL BROCCOLI PESTS AND THEIR PARASITES IN VIRGINIA
Authors: Kok Loke-Tuck , McAvoy Thomas J.
Published: September 2017

The major pests of fall broccoli in south-central Virginia between 1985/87 were Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), Hellula rogatalis (Hulst), Plutella xylostella (L.), and Heliothis zea (Boddie); minor pests included Pieris rapae (L.), Evergestis rimosalis (Gueneé), Spodoptera ornithogalli (Gueneé), Pieris protodice Boisduval and LaConte and Plathypena scabra F. Seven species of parasites were recovered, the most abundant being Diadegma insularis (Cresson) which parasitized up to 37% of the diamondback moth larvae and Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) which parasitized up to 20% of the corn earworms. The other parasites were found in very low numbers.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF PREDATION BY PHIDIPPUS AUDAX (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE) ON ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH COTTON
Authors: Young Orrey P.
Published: September 2017

Evidence of 58 predation events by Phidippus audax (Hentz) was obtained during 17–31 October 1986 from a 0.1 ha old field site that included cotton in the Delta of Mississippi. Three crop pest species accounted for 60% of the prey records: tarnished plant bug (TPB) (22%), spotted cucumber beetle (SCB) (22%), and three-cornered alfalfa hopper (TAH) (16%). Censuses (35) of cotton at this site indicated that the most abundant potential prey, SCB, had one of the lowest capture rates by P. audax, 1.9%. Other spiders as a group were captured at a rate of 11.4%, TAH at a rate of 10.2%, and TPB at a rate of 4.3%. Considering the total potential arthropod prey population, P. audax consumed approximately 3.3% during a 2-week period. Predation by P. audax usually occurred between 1030 and 1500 hours, with 7.6% of the P. audax population expected to be consuming prey at any one time. It is estimated that in late-season habitats P. audax may remove ca. 10% of the TPB population every 1–2 weeks.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA LARVAE ON CERTAIN HOST PLANTS IN LOUISIANA1
Authors: Fuxa J. R.
Published: September 2017

The seasonal occurrence of fall army worm (FAW) larvae, [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], was monitored weekly in corn [Zea mays L.], sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)], signalgrass [Brachiaria decumbens Staph.], and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.)] in southeastern Louisiana during 1980–84. The earliest and latest dates of detection of FAW during the study were, respectively, April 19 and August 4 for corn, June 9 and August 18 for sorghum, June 2 and September 21 for signalgrass, and June 8 and October 6 for bermudagrass. FAW generations overlapped in 1980, but in the other years generations were distinguishable and often coincided on the various host plants. The results indicated that there could be at least six generations in one year. In each year there was one major, and usually one or more minor, population peaks on each host plant. The range of dates for the greatest population peak density was June 24 - July 18 in corn, June 17 - July 7 in sorghum, June 30 - August 23 in signalgrass, and July 7 - August 18 in bermudagrass. The highest observed population density was ca. 3 × 105 larvae/ha in corn and 3 × 106 larvae/ha in bermudagrass.
THE EFFECT OF FENOXYCARB ON ALATES OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT
Authors: Glancey B. Michael , Banks W. A. , Obin M. S.
Published: September 2017

Female alates of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren did not develop ovaries when exposed to dosages as low as 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg per colony of the insect growth regulator, fenoxycarb [ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethyl] carbamate. Development of the bursa, spermatheca, and oviducts was normal. Alate females from treated colonies were about three-fourths to one-half the size of those from control colonies, but were capable of histolyzing their wing muscles and forming an esophageal crop. A large number of intercastes were produced at 8–12 weeks after treatment. Males were not affected by the fenoxycarb treatment.
INFLUENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF SOYBEAN LINES ISOGENIC FOR PUBESCENCE TYPE ON OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE AND EGG DISTRIBUTION BY CORN EARWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Lambert Lavone , Kilen Thomas C.
Published: September 2017

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., lines isogenic for dense (DE), normal (NL), and no (NO) pubescence developed from the cultivar ‘Tracy-M’ were used in free choice tests to determine their influence on corn earworm (CEW) Heliothis zea (Boddie) oviposition preference and distribution of eggs within plant canopy. Post oviposition performance of the isolines was determined. Of the total eggs deposited by CEW on excised leaves in a greenhouse oviposition arena, 64.5, 29.0, and 6.5% were on the DE, NL, and NO isolines, respectively. In a 614.2 m2 field cage study, 57.0, 30.9, and 12.1% of eggs deposited were on the DE, NL, and NO isolines, respectively. Within plant egg distribution was proportionally the same for the DE and NL isolines with 83.7, 13.5, and 3.8% of eggs deposited on leaves, stems, and fruiting structures, respectively. However, the within plant egg distribution on the NO isoline was 90.0, 0.9, and 9.3% deposited on leaves, stems, and fruiting structures, respectively. Isolines with the greater number of eggs senesced later, produced fewer pods and fewer seeds per pod than isolines with fewer eggs. However, isolines with the greater number of eggs produced larger seeds, which resulted in ca. the same total seed weight per plant as isolines with fewer eggs. There were no differences among isolines grown without oviposition for pod number, seed number, or seed weight. The strong ovipositional preference among the isolines, if properly developed and used, has potential for use in insect management programs.
SUPERCOOLING STUDIES ON THE IMPORTED FIRE ANTS: SOLENOPSIS INVICTA AND SOLENOPSIS RICHTERI (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) AND THEIR HYBRID
Authors: Diffie Stan K. , Sheppard D. Craig
Published: September 2017

The discovery of hybrid fire ants, Solenopsis invicta × S. richteri, in northwest Georgia at a more northern latitude than S. invicta led to an investigation into the hybrid's ability to withstand cold temperatures. This study was undertaken to determine if the hybrid would supercool at a lower temperature than either parental species. Major workers, male alates, and female alates of the three ant types were collected, and supercooling points were determined. Of the three castes tested, only male alates of the hybrid and S. richteri had lower supercooling points than did S. invicta. The inhabitance of north Georgia by the hybrid fire ant and not S. invicta does not seem to be determined by supercooling.
ROLE OF BURSA COPULATRIX IN OOSORPTION IN CADRA CAUTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Lum P. T. M. , Baker J. E.
Published: September 2017

Calco Red incorporated into the diet of the almond moth larvae, Cadra cautella Walker, stained developing oocytes in virgin females. During oocyte degeneration stained contents from oocytes were traced to the bursa copulatrix. Females of different ages showed a direct correlation between the intensity of stain in the bursa copulatrix and the number of oocytes that were digested. The results indicate that, in some Lepidoptera, the bursa copulatrix is involved in the storage and distribution of metabolites during oosorption.
COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENT OF PARATRECHINA LONGICORNIS (LATREILLE) (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) FROM BAITS BY FIRE ANTS IN MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
Authors: Banks W. A. , Williams D. F.
Published: September 2017

Studies of competitive foraging for three baits by Paratrechina longicornis Latreille, and Solenopsis invicta Buren were conducted in Brazil. Paratrechina longicornis discovered the foods, honey, meat, and cookie, first and recruited large numbers of foragers, dominating the baits for the first 20–30 min of the tests. Solenopsis invicta was slower to discover the baits but their ability to recruit additional foragers and their aggressive behavior resulted in displacement within 45–60 min of most P. longicornis and other ants from the baits and foraging arena. Four other species of ants observed in the study site: a Mycocepurus sp., an Acromyrmex sp., and two Conomyrma spp. occasionally fed on the baits but were not effective competitors for the former two species.
OCONNORIIDAE, A NEW FAMILY OF FEATHER MITES (ACARINA, PTEROLICHOIDEA)
Authors: Gaud J. , Atyeo W. T. , Klompten J. S. H.
Published: September 2017

Oconnoriidae, Oconnoria, Oconnoria inexpectata, n. fam., n. gen., n. sp., are established and assigned to the astigmatid superfamily Pterolichoidea. These quill inhabiting mites were collected from a Philippine boobook owl, Ninox philippinensis Bonaparate (Aves, Strigidae).
VIPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PARASITOID PALEXORISTA LAXA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) ON HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE
Authors: Martin W. R. , Nordlund Donald A. , Nettles William C.
Published: September 2017

The distribution and number of eggs deposited by the tachinid parasitoid Palexorista laxa (Curran) on instars of Heliothis zea (Boddie) were studied. Significantly more eggs were deposited on the thoracic segments of instars 2–5 than on the head or abdominal segments. This may be an adaptation by the parasitoid to avoid removal of the eggs by the host's mandibles. This selectivity of egg placement was not observed on first instars or prepupae. Significantly more eggs were deposited on fourth instars than on any other host developmental stage, suggesting that this may be the preferred host stage for parasitization.
PHENOLOGY AND PHEROMONE TRAP MONITORING OF THE GRAPE BERRY MOTH, ENDOPIZA VITEANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN MISSOURI
Authors: Biever K. D. , Hostetter D. L.
Published: September 2017

Seasonal phenology studies were conducted for the grape berry moth (GBM), Endopiza viteana Clemens, by collecting and evaluating larval populations and by monitoring adults with pheromone traps. Three full generations and at least a partial fourth generation of the GBM occur in Missouri. Field testing established that the GBM pheromone incorporated into rubber septa was quite stable. The following treatments did not change effectiveness of such septa for collecting GBM: (1) aging in the field for 10 weeks, (2) refrigerating for 2 years and (3) fresh. Most moths were caught in traps located around the periphery of the vineyard. GBM population dynamics were asynchronous among locations suggesting monitoring programs should be tailored to specific vineyards when implementing pest management programs.
Field Evaluation of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Feeding on Yield and Quality of ‘Alicia’ Bermudagrass
Authors: Jamjanya T. , Quisenberry S. S.
Published: September 2017

Field evaluation of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) feeding on yield and quality of bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., var. ‘Alicia’, was studied during the 1983–1984 growing season. Yield losses of ‘Alicia’ ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 metric ton per ha when plots were infested with population densities of 1.1 to 9.9 larvae/0.1 m2, respectively. ‘Alicia’ was more tolerant to fall armyworm than ‘Coastal’ as indicated by lower damage ratings and losses in forage quality.
Monitoring Adult Emergence, Ovary Maturation, and Control of the Black Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Hanula James L.
Published: September 2017

Pitfall traps captured 8–10 black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), per trap, while trap-boards and cardboard wafers averaged less than 2 adults per trap. In addition, the trapboards and cardboard wafers were not effective for determining the onset of adult emergence. In 1988, pitfall traps captured 16.6 adults per trap while deep-pan traps captured 5.7 adults per trap. However, deep-pan traps, constructed from dog food dishes, were as effective as pitfall traps in capturing the first adults to emerge, and they captured adults throughout the summer. Their simple design and easy installation may make them more useful for detecting infestations. Emergence traps, consisting of pitfall traps surrounded by a circular barrier, did not result in accurate estimates of density. The number of females with mature ovaries peaked in late July and early August, 1988, about 30 days after the peak in trap captures. Removal of overwintered females and those that emerged early, by applying a short residual insecticide (acephate), had no impact on subsequent larval infestation. However, single applications of Evercide Concentrate 2357 (fenvalerate plus d-cis, trans allethrin and N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide), Asana (esfenvalerate) and Mavrik (fluvalinate), to control adults, significantly reduced the infestation.
Oviposition Response of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) to Direct Treatment and Residue of Pyrethroids on Soybean
Authors: Donahue D. J. , McPherson R. M.
Published: September 2017

The oviposition response of the twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, to direct treatment and residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on soybean was examined in the laboratory. Contact with pyrethroid residues (120 ppm) reduced eggs per mite-day for 72 h, then oviposition rates returned to normal. Most eggs (99%) on the control leaflets were oviposited directly on the leaf surface, while 83% and 78% of the eggs in the fenvalerate and permethrin treatments were suspended off the leaf surface onto trichomes, cage walls or in the silk webbing. Oviposition rate on untreated soybean foliage following five days on pyrethroid residues was essentially the same for all TSSM; however, the mites previously exposed to fenvalerate or permethrin residue still oviposited 85% and 37% of their eggs off the untreated leaf surface, respectively. A 120 ppm concentration of fenvalerate directly applied to TSSM resulted in 83% and 100% mortality after 24 h and 48 h and no oviposition. A similar direct exposure to permethrin (120 ppm) resulted in 54% mortality after 48 h, and a 58.5% reduction in eggs per mite-day. Direct exposure to a lower dosage rate (12 ppm) caused little mortality but significantly reduced the number of eggs produced in both fenvalerate and permethrin treatments for 48 h. Oviposition returned to normal after 72 h.
A Simple, Effective, and Low-Cost Method For Mass Marking Adult Western Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Levine Eli
Published: September 2017

The feasibility of mass marking western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, beetles with fluorescent powder was studied in field cages and with release-recapture. In field cage studies, no significant (P > 0.05) relationship was found between beetles marked with red or green fluorescent powder and beetle mortality. Red marks on beetles were visible with the unaided eye for at least 10 days after marking; however, a binocular microscope was needed to detect green marks on 50% of the individuals after only 4 days. Marking females with flourescent powder did not significantly affect ovarian development. From two releases of red-marked beetles made in the center of a 16 × 40.5-m cornfield, 6.5% of 3,909 and 8.4% of 1,873 adults were recaptured during trapping periods of 10 to 13 days by semiochemical-treated and blank sticky traps placed around the perimeter or within the field. Ovarian development of the marked females recaptured with the traps was not significantly different from that of unmarked beetles caught on the same traps during the same time period.
Reproductive Biology of the Bronze Birch Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Selected Trees2
Authors: Akers Rodney C. , Nielsen David G.
Published: September 2017

Reproductive biology of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, was examined by measuring the influence of host on maturation feeding period, fecundity, incubation period, egg viability, and longevity. Initially, females fed Betula pendula Roth leaves had the highest fecundity and egg hatchability. However, when large numbers of beetles were caged on an individual B. pendula in 1982, females did not oviposit. Fecundity and egg hatch varied on Populus deltoides Bartr. ex March between years but was consistently high, and the percentage of females ovipositing when fed this host was usually highest. Some beetles fed Quercus palustris Muenchh. or Salix elaeagnos Scop, produced eggs; no reproduction occurred on Acer saccharinum L. Host species and environmental variables influenced the beetle's reproductive biology, but some of the observed differences may be explained by reduced foliage quality resulting from inducible plant defense or spacing pheromones produced by beetles at high densities.
Flight Patterns and White Grub Population Densities of Three Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the Mountains of Northwestern North Carolina
Authors: Kard Bradford M. R. , Hain Fred P.
Published: September 2017

Light-trap and soil-sampling studies were conducted at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains of northwestern North Carolina to determine adult flight patterns and white grub population densities and instar ratios of three scarab species: Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Glasgow, P. fusca (Froelich) Glasgow, and Polyphylla comes Casey. Flights of the two Phyllophaga species overlapped (May–June), preceding Polyphlla flights (July–August). Multiple flights of Phyllophaga anxia and P. fusca occurred over periods of 10 and 12 weeks, respectively. Multiple flights of Polyphylla comes lasted for 6 weeks. For all three species, peak flight densities occurred 3 to 4 weeks after initial flights. Phyllophaga males and females were captured in large numbers, but very few female Polyphylla were caught. Most Phyllophaga were caught before midnight, most Polyphylla between midnight and 0400 h. White grubs were found in the root zone from early May to late September. The mean (±SEM) and maximum grub densities observed were 14.6 ± 1.7 and 34.0 grubs per m2, respectively.
Effect of Reduced Rates of Ethephon on Late-Season Insect Oviposition and Feeding Sites in Cotton2
Authors: Jones R. G. , Bauer P. J. , Roof M. E. , Langston M. A.
Published: September 2017

Studies to evaluate the effectiveness of low rates of ethephon in removing late-season squares and small bolls from cotton was conducted at Little Rock and Florence, SC in 1988. Ethephon at 0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, and 0.84 kg/ha was applied to cotton with terminal regrowth following cutout. Rates of 0.56 and 0.84 kg/ha caused significant abscission of fruiting forms within three days of application. Yield was not affected.
Comparison of the Control of Monogynous and Polygynous Forms of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a Chlorpyrifos Mound Drench2
Authors: Drees Bastiaan M. , Vinson S. Bradleigh
Published: September 2017

Single (monogynous) and multiple (polygynous) queen mounds of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, were treated according to label directions with individual mound drenches containing chlorpyrifos. Reduction of marked 30 mound sets and mound densities per unit area were monitored. Treated polygynous mounds were rendered inactive as easily as monogynous mounds. Percent reduction of polygynous mound densities was initially greater but mound reinfestation after approximately 10 weeks occurred at a higher rate for the polygynous ant. The higher mound density may be due to the survival of satelite mounds. Further, the density of polygynous mounds remained numerically higher than that of the monogynous mounds throughout the study period. In effect, more labor and insecticide was required to treat polygynous populations, because of higher initial mound densities.
Relationships Among Potassium, Calcium and Trace Elements in Tree Leaves and Associated Canopy Arthropods
Authors: Risley Lance S.
Published: September 2017

There is a paucity of information that describes the relationship between the suite of nutrient elements in tree foliage and associated arthropod assemblages. Foliage from chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), hickories (Carya spp.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and associated canopy arthropods were collected in an undisturbed and a 15 yr-old successional forested watershed and analyzed for K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr. Foliar Mn and Sr were found in higher concentrations in the undisturbed watershed. Foliage from hickories was generally higher in concentrations of metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) compared with other tree species. Dogwood foliage had significantly higher concentrations of Ca and significantly lower concentrations of Mn than other tree species (P < 0.05). Concentrations of foliar elements in herbivore-damaged and undamaged leaves did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Concentrations of elements in and among arthropod feeding categories varied substantially such that no trends were apparent among tree species and between watersheds. The most apparent trend among arthropod feeding categories was the relatively large accumulation of K in chewing herbivores (primarily caterpillars). In general, there appeared to be increases in K, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations from primary producers to consumers. This study contributes to arthropod nutritional ecology and to defining the role of canopy arthropods in forest ecosystem nutrient cycles.
Pre-Oviposition Period, Egg Production and Mortality of Six Species of Hibernating Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Authors: Peng C. , Williams R. N.
Published: September 2017

Egg production and mortality of six spp. of hibernating sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), Glischrochilus fasciatus (Olivier), G. quadrisignatus (Say), G. sanguinolentus (Olivier), Lobiopa undulata (Say), (Carpophilus brachypterus (Say), and Phenolia grossa (F.), were studied. Hibernating beetles captured in October oviposited under laboratory conditions without cold treatment. Pre-oviposition periods ranged from 0–14 weeks from date of capture. Five of six spp. maintained on apple laid eggs; the exception was G. sanguinolentus, which laid eggs when maintained on tomato. G. fasciatus and G. quadrisignatus exhibited significantly increased egg production on tomato, but also demonstrated significantly higher adult mortality than on apple.