bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Cao R. , Chen X. , Xing F. , Xie C. , Hu P. , Wang K.
Published: February 2020

Background and purpose

The aim was to investigate whether probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (pRBD) is associated with impulse control disorders (ICDs) in drug‐naïve patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and whether baseline pRBD is associated with a higher incidence of ICDs during follow‐up.

Methods

The Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative is an international, multicenter, prospective cohort study to identify biomarkers of PD progression. In all, 423 drug‐naïve patients with early‐stage PD were included in the cross‐sectional analysis, and 320 patients who screened negative for any ICDs or related behaviors at baseline were included in the longitudinal analysis.

Results

In the cross‐sectional analysis, a significant correlation was found between pRBD and ICDs in drug‐naïve patients whilst controlling for potential confounders [odds ratio 2.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–4.76, P = 0.003]. In the longitudinal analysis, baseline pRBD was an independent predictor of ICD development over time [hazard ratio (HR) 1.648, 95% CI 1.054–2.576; P = 0.028]. Other significant predictors of ICDs included younger age of onset (HR = 0.973, 95% CI = 0.950–0.997; P = 0.026) and greater State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory score (HR = 1.040, 95% CI = 1.020–1.061; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that identifying baseline pRBD in early‐stage PD may help clinicians to choose a better therapeutic strategy so as to prevent or limit neuropsychiatric complications.
Leaving uncut refuges during meadow harvesting increases the functional diversity of Orthoptera
Authors: Kaláb Oto , Šipoš Jan , Kočárek Petr
Published: February 2020

In the past, insect species richness was high in Central European seminatural grasslands, which were characterized by low‐intensity land use. Currently, however, the hay in most of these grasslands is mechanically harvested, which negatively impacts insect biodiversity. One way to reduce this negative effect is to leave unmown patches as refuges. In the current research we evaluated the short‐term effects of leaving an unmown patch on the taxonomic and functional diversity of the Orthoptera assemblage in a meadow. We found that orthopteran species richness and abundance were significantly reduced by mowing, whether or not a patch was left uncut. In contrast, functional evenness, indicating distribution of species abundances in a niche space, was reduced by mowing only if the plot lacked an uncut refuge. Functional richness, indicating the amount of niche space occupied by species, was elevated if the plot had an uncut refuge. Larger species were negatively affected by mowing, while habitat specialists, mobile species and soil‐ovipositing species benefitted from it. We infer that the presence of an uncut patch increased the diversity of habitats available to orthopterans and maintained even distribution of species among niche space. In summary, leaving an unmown refuge in grasslands could increase the functional diversity of orthopterans, even if it does not preserve taxonomic diversity.
Prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont‐protected pests
Authors: Rossbacher Silvan , Vorburger Christoph
Published: February 2020

There is increasing demand for sustainable pest management to reduce harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. For pest aphids, biological control with parasitoid wasps provides a welcome alternative, particularly in greenhouses. However, aphids are frequently infected with the heritable bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which increases resistance to parasitoids and thereby hampers biological control. Using the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and its main parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum, we tested whether prior adaptation of parasitoids can improve the control of symbiont‐protected pests. We had parasitoid lines adapted to two different strains of H. defensa by experimental evolution, as well as parasitoids evolved on H. defensa‐free aphids. We compared their ability to control caged aphid populations comprising 60% unprotected and 40% H. defensa‐protected aphids, with both H. defensa strains present in the populations. Parasitoids that were not adapted to H. defensa had virtually no effect on aphid population dynamics compared to parasitoid‐free controls, but one of the adapted lines and a mixture of both adapted lines controlled aphids successfully, strongly benefitting plant growth. Selection by parasitoids altered aphid population composition in a very specific manner. Aphid populations became dominated by H. defensa‐protected aphids in the presence of parasitoids, and each adapted parasitoid line selected for the H. defensa strain it was not adapted to. This study shows, for the first time, that prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont‐protected pests, but the high specificity of parasitoid counter‐resistance may represent a challenge for its implementation.
Efforts to Design, Implement, and Evaluate Community‐Based Education for Stepfamilies: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
Authors: Adler‐Baeder Francesca , Higginbotham Brian
Published: February 2020

Stepfamilies are prevalent and have increased in numbers over the past several decades in the United States. Indications are that these families may experience enhanced vulnerabilities and inequities related to relational, psychological, and physical health outcomes; thus, they represent an important target population for family life educators. Efforts have been made to develop detailed, research‐informed conceptual frameworks to guide best practices for stepfamily education and a small body of evaluation research has tested these guidelines. Studies of stepfamily education, particularly in the past decade and a half, provide some information on potential benefits of stepfamily education. In addition, information is provided by formative evaluations of program implementation processes that enhance recruitment and retention, particularly for Latinx stepfamilies. Suggestions for future work center on attention to the limited advancements in stepfamily research and program development and efforts to better meet the needs of diverse types of stepfamilies based on relationship type, social address, culture, and developmental context.
Glycosylation of hyperthermostable designer cellulosome components yields enhanced stability and cellulose hydrolysis
Authors: Kahn Amaranta , Moraïs Sarah , Chung Daehwan , Sarai Nicholas S. , Hengge Neal N. , Kahn Audrey , Himmel Michael E. , Bayer Edward A. , Bomble Yannick J.
Published: February 2020

Biomass deconstruction remains integral for enabling second‐generation biofuel production at scale. However, several steps necessary to achieve significant solubilization of biomass, notably harsh pretreatment conditions, impose economic barriers to commercialization. By employing hyperthermostable cellulase machinery, biomass deconstruction can be made more efficient, leading to milder pretreatment conditions and ultimately lower production costs. The hyperthermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii produces extremely active hyperthermostable cellulases, including the hyperactive multifunctional cellulase CbCel9A/Cel48A. Recombinant CbCel9A/Cel48A components have been previously produced in Escherichia coli and integrated into synthetic hyperthermophilic designer cellulosome complexes. Since then, glycosylation has been shown to be vital for the high activity and stability of CbCel9A/Cel48A. Here, we studied the impact of glycosylation on a hyperthermostable designer cellulosome system in which two of the cellulosomal components, the scaffoldin and the GH9 domain of CbCel9A/Cel48A, were glycosylated as a consequence of employing Ca. bescii as an expression host. Inclusion of the glycosylated components yielded an active cellulosome system that exhibited long‐term stability at 75 °C. The resulting glycosylated designer cellulosomes showed significantly greater synergistic activity compared to the enzymatic components alone, as well as higher thermostability than the analogous nonglycosylated designer cellulosomes. These results indicate that glycosylation can be used as an essential engineering tool to improve the properties of designer cellulosomes. Additionally, Ca. bescii was shown to be an attractive candidate for production of glycosylated designer cellulosome components, which may further promote the viability of this bacterium both as a cellulase expression host and as a potential consolidated bioprocessing platform organism.
Which are the best environmental conditions for catching the beach‐seine target species? A Portuguese case study
Authors: Teixeira Célia M. , Silva Priscila M. , Gamito Rita , Amoroso Sandra , Lopes Nuno , Freitas Catarina , Cabral Henrique N. , Costa José L.
Published: February 2020

The beach‐seine fishery is a commercial fishing activity on the Portuguese coast, with reports dating as far back as the early 15th century. The main target species of this fishery are small pelagic fish such as Atlantic chub mackerel, Atlantic horse mackerel and sardine. To identify the best conditions for fishing the target species, catches of beach seine (2007–2017) were used and generalized linear models were applied, using a binomial and gamma distributions. The logistic model explained between 36.3% and 45.7% of the catches variability; the gamma model explained 9.1% and 46.9% of the catches variability, being month and wind direction the best covariates for the occurrence and/or abundance of the three small pelagic fishes in analysis. If the effort is directed to the days that meet the conditions found for each species (sardine: between May and October, wind NW, daytime; Atlantic horse mackerel: May, NW/NE wind, 800 m from the coastline; Atlantic chub mackerel: from July to August, NW moderate wind), a reduction in bycatch and discards can be achieved. This approach can have a positive economic and social impact, since it provides information for turning fisheries more efficient.
Reliability and construct validity of a novel motor–cognitive dual‐task test: A Stepping Trail Making Test
Authors: Osuka Yosuke , Kojima Narumi , Sakurai Ryota , Watanabe Yutaka , Kim Hunkyung
Published: February 2020

Aim

This study aimed to examine the reliability and construct validity of the Stepping Trail Making Test (S‐TMT) in community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

This study comprised a cross‐sectional study based on a population sample. Participants comprised 1224 community‐dwelling older Japanese women aged 65–81 years without functional disability, dementia, depression, Parkinson's disease, or cognitive and visual impairments. The S‐TMT measured the time taken to step on a sequence of numbers (1–16) positioned on a mat (1 m2). Participants were instructed to step as quickly and accurately as possible. Motor functions were assessed by walking speed and knee extensor strength tests, while cognitive functions were assessed by the Symbol Digit Substitution Task (SDST) test, verbal and logical memory test, and TMT‐A and ‐B.

Results

As a result of test–retest reliability over 6 months, the intraclass correlation coefficients of the S‐TMT was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.68–0.90). An adjusted multiple regression model indicated that the S‐TMT was significantly associated with walking speed for motor function, and associated with the SDST, TMT‐A and TMT‐B for cognitive functions (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the S‐TMT is a reliable dual‐task test comprising mobility for motor function and a visual‐dependent execution function for cognitive function in older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 291–296.
Retracted: Effect of driving domain on driving attitude profiles in winter seasons of India
Authors: Adhikari Biranchi Narayan , Behera Ajay Kumar , Mahapatra Rabindra Narayan , Das Harish Chandra
Published: February 2020

The trademark of motor vehicle use and driving attitude profiles explores new safety upgrades and energy redemption because of the role of driving attitude profiles and driving domains on road mishaps and traffic intensities. Thus, the goal of this research was to identify driving attitude profiles for multiple driving domains (on the basis of speed limits and winter conditions) from real‐world driving information and to investigate how these driving environments have an impact on driving attitude profiles. The study for this research was located in Bhubaneswar, India, where driving information from 64 motorists was collected with Fog Monitor (FM‐120) for at least 12 months. The outcomes indicate that both speed limits and winter states influence driving attitude profiles significantly. Specifically, for winter states, the outcomes provide authentication that motorists drive more quietly (normal speed is 21% lower for zero visibility (visibility < 100 m) than under haze conditions (visibility: 2–5 km), while positive and negative accelerations decrease by 7% and 9%, respectively), when deliberating the effect of speed limit more local streets (limits II, III, and IV streets) are the ones that present more reckless driving profiles in terms of acceleration (30%–40% increase from limit I to limit IV streets). The contribution of this study regards the quantification of the impacts of driving domains on driving attitude profiles, providing evidence that winter conditions significantly affect driving attitude profiles, leading motorists to adjust their driving attitude profiles to the driving domains. However, regarding the speed limit, the differences found in driving attitude profiles seem to be more a consequence of the infrastructure characteristics than an adjustment of driving attitude profiles.
Association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with elevated homocysteine level and disease development in vitiligo
Authors: Bagheri Hamidi Arash , Namazi Nastaran , Mohammad Amoli Mahsa , Amani Maliheh , Gholami Morteza , Youssefian Leila , Vahidnezhad Hassan , Abdollahimajd Fahimeh , Uitto Jouni
Published: February 2020

Increasing evidence on the association of MTHFR gene polymorphism and serum homocysteine levels with autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo has made the MTHFR gene a very interesting candidate to be evaluated in different ethnicities and populations. We aimed to evaluate the levels of serum homocysteine and vitamin B12 and their associations with MTHFR C677T polymorphism in the Iranian population. This case–control study included 104 patients with vitiligo and 100 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects. Serum vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels were measured by a chemiluminescence assay. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) analysis was used for genotyping the polymorphism. The mean serum homocysteine levels were significantly higher in cases than controls and associated with disease activity (p < .001). Furthermore, the homozygous MTHFR C677T variant genotype was associated with vitiligo development (adjusted OR: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.09–11.32, p = .02) and elevated homocysteine level (p < .001). There was no association between serum vitamin B12 levels and the MTHFR C677T genotype. The homozygous variant MTHFR C677T may be considered as a risk factor for both elevated homocysteine levels and the development of vitiligo in the Iranian population. Although these results are not conclusive, they could elucidate the contribution of genetic and immune‐mediated inflammatory factors to the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
CpG‐ODN‐mediated TLR9 innate immune signalling and calcium dyshomeostasis converge on the NFκB inhibitory protein IκBβ to drive IL1α and IL1β expression
Authors: De Dios Robyn , Nguyen Leanna , Ghosh Sankar , McKenna Sarah , Wright Clyde J.
Published: February 2020

Sterile inflammation contributes to many pathological states associated with mitochondrial injury. Mitochondrial injury disrupts calcium homeostasis and results in the release of CpG‐rich mitochondrial DNA. The role of CpG‐stimulated TLR9 innate immune signalling and sterile inflammation is well studied; however, how calcium dyshomeostasis affects this signalling is unknown. Therefore, we interrogated the relationship beτween intracellular calcium and CpG‐induced TLR9 signalling in murine macrophages. We found that CpG‐ODN‐induced NFκB‐dependent IL1α and IL1β expression was significantly attenuated by both calcium chelation and calcineurin inhibition, a finding mediated by inhibition of degradation of the NFκB inhibitory protein IκBβ. In contrast, calcium ionophore exposure increased CpG‐induced IκBβ degradation and IL1α and IL1β expression. These results demonstrate that through its effect on IκBβ degradation, increased intracellular Ca2+ drives a pro‐inflammatory TLR9‐mediated innate immune response. These results have implications for the study of innate immune signalling downstream of mitochondrial stress and injury.
Tests of Normality of Functional Data
Authors: Górecki Tomasz , Horváth Lajos , Kokoszka Piotr
Published: February 2020

The paper is concerned with testing normality in samples of curves and error curves estimated from functional regression models. We propose a general paradigm based on the application of multivariate normality tests to vectors of functional principal components scores. We examine finite sample performance of a number of such tests and select the best performing tests. We apply them to several extensively used functional data sets and determine which can be treated as normal, possibly after a suitable transformation. We also offer practical guidance on software implementations of all tests we study and develop large sample justification for tests based on sample skewness and kurtosis of functional principal component scores.
Risk factors for hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus disease and its severe outcomes
Authors: Cai Wei , Buda Silke , Schuler Ekkehard , Hirve Siddhivinayak , Zhang Wenqing , Haas Walter
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospital admission for acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children.

Objectives

We aimed to identify risk factors for hospitalized RSV disease and its severe outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study analyzing data of a ICD‐10‐code‐based hospital surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI). Using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis, we assessed age‐group, gender, season, and underlying medical conditions as possible risk factors for RSV and its severe outcomes including ICU admission, application of ventilator support, and death, respectively.

Results

Of the 413 552 patients hospitalized with SARI in the database, 8761 were diagnosed with RSV from week 01/2009 to 20/2018 with 97% (8521) aged <5 years. Among children aged <5 years, age‐groups 0‐5 months (OR: 20.29, 95% CI: 18.37‐22.41) and 6 months‐1 year (OR: 4.59, 95% CI: 4.16‐5.06), and underlying respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11‐1.57) were risk factors for being diagnosed with RSV. Age‐group 0‐5 months (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.45‐3.94), low birth weight (OR: 6.77, 95% CI: 1.28‐35.71), preterm newborn (OR: 6.71, 95% CI: 2.19‐20.61), underlying respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period (OR: 4.97, 95% CI: 3.36‐7.34), congenital malformation of the heart (OR: 3.65, 95% CI: 1.90‐7.02), congenital malformation of the great vessels (OR: 3.50, 95% CI: 1.10‐11.18), congenital defect originating in perinatal period (OR: 4.07, 95% CI: 1.71‐9.70), cardiovascular disease (OR: 5.19, 95% CI: 2.77‐9.72), neurological disorders (OR: 6.48, 95% CI: 3.76‐11.18), blood disease (OR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.98‐6.79), and liver disease (OR: 14.99, 95% CI: 1.49‐150.82) contributed to ICU admission in RSV cases.

Conclusions

Using ICD‐10‐based surveillance data allows to identify risk factors for hospitalized RSV disease and its severe outcomes, and quantify the risk in different age‐groups.
The disproportionately high prevalence of learning disabilities amongst adults attending Saint Marys Sexual Assault Referral Centre
Authors: Majeed‐Ariss Rabiya , Rodriguez Pablo M. , White Catherine
Published: February 2020

Background

There is a dearth of reliable data on sexual assault prevalence amongst people with learning disabilities. This work aims to identify the prevalence of learning disabilities amongst adult clients attending Saint Marys Sexual Assault Referral Centre and ascertain the similarities/differences amongst clients with learning disabilities as compared to clients without.

Method

A short validated Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire was completed by adult clients attending Saint Marys for a forensic medical examination during a twelve‐month period.

Results

Amongst 679 clients who attended for an FME and completed the LDSQ, 8.2% were likely to have a learning disability and the presence of self‐reported: mental health issues (X2 = 11.24, p = .001), self‐harm (X2 = 5.63, p = .017) and substance misuse (X2 = 13.15906, p = .001).

Conclusions

Consistent with the broader literature, people with learning disability were over‐represented in the sexually assaulted population emphasizing the importance of timely, accessible and appropriate patient‐centred care for this vulnerable group.
Commentary: Broadening the research remit of participatory methods in autism science – a commentary on Happé and Frith (2020)
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth
Published: February 2020

Autism science has transformed beyond recognition in the last two decades. International investment has grown extensively and the number of papers published on autism has increased 10‐fold (Pellicano et al., 2014), far surpassing publications on related topics. The sheer amount of scientific research on autism has no doubt been instrumental in many of the discoveries and insights so eloquently described by Happé and Frith (2020). But, as autistic scientist Michelle Dawson reminds us, quality matters too and, for that reason, it is a delight to recognise the contribution that both Happé and Frith have made, dramatically changing our understanding of autism in a host of ways.
Editorial: Something new – what's next for child and adolescent psychiatry?
Authors: Jaffee Sara R.
Published: February 2020

The start of a new decade is often the moment when people pause to reflect on what they have accomplished in the past 10–20 years and where they would like to be at the start of the next decade. Although not designed as such, the 2020 Annual Review issue engages in exactly this sort of a backwards and forwards look at the field of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology. In doing so, it covers topics that are at the core of the field and have preoccupied researchers and clinicians for decades. It also covers research endeavors that have only more recently captured the attention of the field and that build bridges to disciplines that have not historically been involved in the study of neurodevelopment. In every case, the authors who have contributed to the 2020 Annual Research Review highlight exciting new directions for research and make novel recommendations for how to advance the state of our science.
Autotransplantation of third molars with completely formed roots to replace compromised molars with the computer‐aided rapid prototyping
Authors: Xia Jia‐jia , Ge Zi‐yu , Fu Xiao‐hui , Zhang Yan‐zhen
Published: February 2020

Objective

To describe a method to fabricate donor tooth replica to assist surgeons in preparation of recipient socket during tooth autotransplantation.

Materials and Methods

A total of 28 compromised molars in 27 patients were transplanted with third molars using computer‐aided rapid prototyping (CARP) technique. Surgery time and extra‐alveolar time were documented. Postoperatively, the distance between cervix of transplanted tooth and the alveolar wall was measured. The degree of postoperative pain experienced was assessed with visual analog scale at day 1, 3, and 7.

Results

From 28 clinical cases, the average extra‐alveolar time and surgery time were 2.5 minutes (±1.3) and 44 minutes (±6.8), respectively. Postoperatively, the average distance between cervix of transplanted tooth and the alveolar wall was 0.87 mm (±0.15) at the mesial‐cervix, 0.95 mm (±0.17) at the distal‐cervix, 0.88 mm (±0.18) at the buccal‐cervix, and 0.95 mm (±0.13) at the lingual‐cervix. The value of visual analog scale score significantly decreased from day 1 to day 3.

Conclusions

CARP is a reliable technique for fabrication of tooth like surgical replicas in conventional autotransplantation.

Clinical Significance

CARP technique minimized extra‐oral time, reduced iatrogenic damage, and consequently increased the survival rate of tooth autotransplantation.
Influence of fermentation followed by ultrasonication on functional properties of sorghum extrudates
Authors: Lohani Umesh C. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan
Published: February 2020

Extrusion process deals with a compromise between better texture and less nutrition. In the present study, sorghum flour was subjected to fermentation followed by ultrasonication prior to extrusion to increase the antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) in the flour. AA and TPC of the sorghum flour were increased when fermented for 12 hr and further decreased significantly with an increase in the fermentation time. During the ultrasonication, a significant diminution in AA and TPC of the flour was reported with an increment in the ultrasonication intensity and fermented flour to water ratio. No significant impact of the ultrasonication time was found on AA and TPC of the sorghum flour. Optimum AA and TPC were obtained as 178.8 μmol TE/100 g dry weight (DW) and 77.8 mg GAE/100 g DW, respectively. Extrudates obtained from the pretreated sorghum flour under optimum conditions had improved nutritional and textural qualities. Also, the pretreated sorghum flour showed low stability of starch crystallites and crystalline fraction.

Practical Applications

Millets and sorghum possess high amounts of phenolics, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds. It was explicated from the results that the fermentation followed by the ultrasonication could improve the antioxidant activities and phenolics in the sorghum flour. Furthermore, sorghum extrudates with remarkable retention of antioxidant activity, phenolic content, functional, and textural properties were obtained. This technology may help the food industries to develop gluten‐free and healthy snacks by incorporating sorghum (underutilized cereal) into human diet.
First evidence of a functional spiracle in stem chondrichthyan acanthodians, with the oldest known elastic cartilage
Authors: Burrow Carole J. , Newman Michael J. , den Blaauwen Jan L.
Published: February 2020

Spiracles are a general character of gnathostomes (jawed fishes), being present in antiarch placoderms, commonly regarded as the most basal gnathostome group. The presence of spiracular tubes in acanthodians has been deduced from grooves on the neurocranium of the derived acanthodiformAcanthodes bronnifrom the Permian of Germany, but until now these tubes were presumed to lack an external opening, rendering them non‐functional. Here we describe the external spiracular elements in specimens of the Middle Devonian acanthodiformsCheiracanthus murchisoni, Cheiracanthus latusandMesacanthus pusillusfrom northern Scotland, and the internal structure of these elements inC. murchisoni, demonstrating that the spiracle in acanthodiforms differed from all known extant and extinct fishes in having paired cartilage‐pseudobranch structures. This arrangement represents a transitional state between the presumed basal gnathostome condition with an unconstricted first gill slit (as yet not identified in any fossil) and the derived condition with a spiracle and a single pseudobranch derived from the posterior hemibranch of the mandibular arch. We identify the main tissue forming the pseudobranch as elastic cartilage, a tissue previously unrecorded in fossils.
Three‐dimensional morphogenesis of the omental bursa from four recesses in staged human embryos
Authors: Nakamura Tatsuro , Yamada Shigehito , Funatomi Takuya , Takakuwa Tetsuya , Shinohara Hisashi , Sakai Yoshiharu
Published: February 2020

The omental bursa (OB) is a complex upper abdominal structure in adults. Its morphological complexity stems from embryonic development. Approximately 200 years ago, the first theory regarding OB development was reported, describing that the OB developed from changes in the position of the stomach and its dorsal mesentery. Thereafter, the second theory reported that the OB originated from three recesses: the right pneumato‐enteric recess (rPER), hepato‐enteric recess (HER), and pancreatico‐enteric recess (PaER). However, the first theory, focusing on the rotation of the stomach, is still described in certain modern embryology textbooks. These two coexisting embryological theories deter the understanding of the anatomical complexity of the OB. This study aimed to unify these two theories into realistic illustrations. Approximately 10 samples per stage among Carnegie stage (CS) 13 and CS21 were microscopically observed and histological serial sections of the representative samples were aligned using the new automatic alignment method. The aligned images were segmented computationally and reconstructed into 3D models. The rPER and the HER encompassed the right half circumference of the esophagus and the stomach at CS13 and CS14, the PaER spread dorsal to the stomach and formed a discoid shape at CS15 and CS16, the infracardiac bursa (ICB) was separated by the diaphragm at CS17 and CS18, and the fourth recess, which we called the greater omental recess (GOR), extended caudally from the PaER among CS19 and CS21. The present results indicate that the fourth recess is also the origin of the OB. These two theories over 200 years can be generally unified into one embryological description indicating a new recess as the origin of the OB.
A systematic review of the views of healthcare professionals on the provision of long‐acting reversible contraception
Authors: Welsby Carri , Shipman Jessica , Roe Pen
Published: February 2020

Research question

What are the views of healthcare professionals outside of the general practice setting on long‐acting reversible contraception?

Background

Despite global sexual health organisations advocating for widespread prescription of long‐acting reversible contraception, uptake in developed countries remains relatively low. The role of healthcare professionals outside of the general practice setting in long‐acting reversible contraception provision requires further attention.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

Five electronic databases were searched for existing qualitative findings using terms related to long‐acting reversible contraception and healthcare professional views for the period 2013–2018. A rigorous protocol was applied following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Meta‐Analyses checklist and flow diagram. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was used to assess the quality of studies. A total of six studies were included for thematic analysis.

Results

Three key themes emerged through analysis that had significant impact on healthcare professional views of long‐acting reversible contraception: (a) contraceptive counselling practices and constraints; (b) knowledge and training about long‐acting reversible contraception; and (c) concerns and personal beliefs about long‐acting reversible contraception.

Conclusions

Healthcare professional views on long‐acting reversible contraception are shaped by practical time constraints, levels of knowledge and training, and personal beliefs and concerns. Further research is required to address these issues in order to improve clinical training and guidelines for all settings, not just general practice.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Settings outside of general practice need to be included within the scope of initiatives that aim to improve clinical practice around access to new and emerging contraceptive methods. Further research could inform models of clinical practice that enable healthcare professionals to take enough time to talk through all contraceptive options with patients in a way that both focuses on their individual needs and is fully informed by up‐to‐date evidence and training.
ANOTHER LOOK AT ‘BANK COMPETITION AND FINANCIAL STABILITY: MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING’?
Authors: Bandaranayake Samangi , Das Kuntal K. , Reed Robert W.
Published: February 2020

This study replicates Zigraiova and Havranek's (2016) meta‐analysis of banking competition and financial stability. It performs multiple types of replications: a ‘Reproduction’ replication where Z&H's data and code are verified to reproduce the results of their study; a ‘Repetition’ replication where the studies used by Z&H are independently recoded and then re‐analysed; an ‘Extension’ replication where additional studies on banking competition and stability are analysed; and a ‘Robustness Analysis’ where we check Z&H's results using an alternative empirical procedure. Our analysis strongly confirms Z&H's main finding that competition in the banking sector has an economically negligible effect on financial stability. This result is consistently confirmed across a variety of replication analyses. Most impressively, we confirm their finding even when we analyse a completely independent set of 35 studies not included in Z&H's meta‐analysis. Our results for Z&H's other findings are less supportive. As the first comprehensive replication of a meta‐analysis, this study also provides insights into the robustness of meta‐analysis. We find that meta‐regression analysis, where estimated effects are related to data, estimation, and study characteristics, is sensitive to how data are coded and to the choice of estimation procedure; and that this sensitivity extends to ‘best practice’ estimates.
Effects of intra‐oesophageal acid infusion and a stress task on masseter muscle activity and autonomic nervous activity in wakefulness
Authors: Maeda‐Iino Aya , Fukushima Mika , Sakoguchi Yoko , Omure Haruhito , Oishi Akihito , Oga Yasuhiko , Furukawa‐Sainoki Minami , Kanmura Shuji , Ido Akio , Miyawaki Shouichi
Published: February 2020

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease may be an important risk factor for awake bruxism. Additionally, it has been known that a psychological stress task affects masseter muscle activity, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity modulation induces masseter muscle activity.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate whether task‐induced stress and experimental oesophageal acid infusion increase masseter muscle activity and alter ANS activity, compared to rest task and oesophageal saline infusion, respectively.

Methods

Polygraphic monitoring, consisting of electromyography of the masseter muscle and electrocardiography, was performed in 12 healthy adult men during 30‐min interventions with intra‐oesophageal saline or acid infusion, while reading a book quietly, as rest, and while performing calculation, as a stress task.

Results

At rest, masseter muscle activity and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity during acid infusion were significantly higher (P = .019) and lower (P = .021) than during saline infusion, respectively. During saline infusion, both masseter muscle activity and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity or PNS activity while performing the calculation task were higher (P = .022 and .012, respectively) or lower (P = .007) than those during the reading task, respectively. In two‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA, intra‐oesophageal infusion (saline or acid) significantly affected masseter muscle activity (P = .008) and PNS activity (P = .021). However, performing tasks (reading or calculation) significantly affected only PNS activity (P = .028).

Conclusion

Intra‐oesophageal acid infusion significantly increased masseter muscle activity and decreased PNS activity. In contrast, stress task not only significantly decreased PNS activity, but only modestly increased masseter muscle activity and SNS activity.
Mouse to man, a mental health recovery journey
Authors: Hickmott Jarrad , Raeburn Toby
Published: February 2020

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

The need for recovery narratives written by people with lived experience of mental illness is widely acknowledged in mental health research.

Insights from lived experience narratives can assist nurses to reflect on practice in new ways.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

By describing the lived experience of one man's journey through adolescence crippled by anxiety to become one of the Australia's leading consumer advocates, this paper emphasizes the importance of retaining hope no matter how difficult challenges become.

What are the implications for practice?

Flexibility regarding service age limits for young people who experience mental illness is important, particularly if therapeutic relationships have been established.

Services should provide longer‐term treatment options for youth who experience mental illness.

Mental health nurses need to guard against too much focus on getting rid of symptoms. Nursing should seek to develop the whole of a person's life as they move along their recovery journey.
The use of thermometer protective sheets provides reliable measurement of rectal temperature: a prospective study in 500 dogs
Authors: Jolivet F. , Pic M. , Rishniw M. , Concordet D. , Dossin O.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To measure and compare rectal temperature measurement with and without thermometer protective sheaths. To survey veterinary practices regarding thermometer use and disinfection.

Materials and Methods

Thermometers were validated with and without protective sheaths for accuracy and repeatability in a water bath with a high precision thermometer as reference. Then, the rectal temperature of 500 dogs was measured with and without protective sheaths in randomised order. The difference in temperature measured by the two methods was analysed with a generalised linear model with order of temperature measurement, life stage, dog size, body condition, level of consciousness, class of temperature and operator as explanatory variables. Practical thermometer use and disinfection was surveyed by online questionnaire.

Results

In the pre‐clinical phase, study thermometers recorded average temperature differences of −0.05 ± 0.07°C (mean ± SD) and −0.03 ± 0.08°C with and without sheath, respectively and the coefficients of variation ranged from 0.1 to 0.5% with and without sheath. In the clinical study, temperatures measured with and without sheaths differed by less than ±0.2°C for 92% of the measurements. None of the explanatory variables were associated with the observed differences. Twenty‐five percent of survey respondents were aware of the guidelines for disinfection of thermometers.

Clinical Significance

Thermometer protective sheaths do not affect the measurement of canine rectal temperature in the clinic.
Oxidative status of erythrocytes, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia in diabetic cats
Authors: Zini Eric , Gabai Gianfranco , Salesov Elena , Gerardi Gabriele , Da Dalt Laura , Lutz Thomas A. , Reusch Claudia E.
Published: February 2020

Background

Erythrocytes of diabetic cats have decreased superoxide dismutase activity, possibly indicative of oxidative stress.

Hypothesis

Erythrocytes of diabetic cats undergo oxidative stress, which is caused by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and improves with treatment.

Animals

Twenty‐seven client‐owned cats with diabetes mellitus, 11 matched healthy cats, and 21 purpose‐bred healthy cats.

Methods

Prospective study. Advanced oxidized protein products, carbonyls (protein oxidation by‐products), and thiols (antioxidants) were quantified in erythrocyte membrane, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBAR, lipid peroxidation by‐products), and thiols in erythrocyte cytoplasm of all cats. Comparison were performed between diabetic and matched healthy cats, between diabetic cats achieving remission or not, and among purpose‐bred cats after 10 days of hyperglycemia (n = 5) or hyperlipidemia (n = 6) versus controls treated with saline (n = 5) or untreated (n = 5).

Results

Compared with controls, erythrocytes of diabetic cats initially had higher median membrane carbonyls (4.6 nmol/mg total protein [range: 0.1‐37.7] versus 0.7 [0.1‐4.7],P< .001) and lower cytoplasmic TBAR (1.9 nmol/mg [0.5‐2.4] versus 2.4 [1.4‐3.5]P< .001), and thiols (419 nmol/mg [165‐621] versus 633 [353‐824],P< 0.001). After 12‐16 weeks of treatment in diabetic cats, carbonyls decreased by 13% (P< .001), but remained higher (P< .001) and TBAR and thiols lower (P= .02,P< .001) than those in controls. No differences were observed between diabetic cats achieving remission or not, and among purpose‐bred cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased protein oxidation and reduced antioxidant defenses, which persist during treatment and remission, although mild improvement in protein oxidation occurs. Short‐term hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia does not cause oxidative stress. The reason for decreased TBAR remains unknown.
The systemic microcirculation in dialysis populations
Authors: Williams Jennifer , Gilchrist Mark , Strain David , Fraser Donald , Shore Angela
Published: February 2020

In a rapidly expanding population of patients with chronic kidney disease, including 2 million people requiring renal replacement therapy, cardiovascular mortality is 15 times greater than the general population. In addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, more poorly defined risks related to uremia and its treatments appear to contribute to this exaggerated risk. In this context, the microcirculation may play an important early role in cardiovascular disease associated with chronic kidney disease. Experimentally, the uremic environment and dialysis have been linked to multiple pathways causing microvascular dysfunction. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is reflected in remote and more easily studied vascular beds such as the skin. There is increasing evidence for a correlation between systemic microvascular dysfunction and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Systemic microcirculatory changes have not been extensively investigated across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease. Recent advances in non‐invasive techniques studying the microcirculation in vivo in man are increasing the data available particularly in patients on hemodialysis. Here, we review current knowledge of the systemic microcirculation in dialysis populations, explore whether non‐invasive techniques to study its function could be used to detect early stage cardiovascular disease, address challenges faced in studying this patient cohort and identify potential future avenues for research.
Sublingual microcirculation in prehospital critical care medicine: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Bruno Raphael Romano , Reed Markus , Bimpong‐Buta Nana‐Yaw , Muessig Johanna M. , Masyuk Maryna , Binneboessel Stephan , Franz Marcus , Kelm Malte , Jung Christian
Published: February 2020

Objective

Diagnostic and risk stratification are limited in emergencies. The measurement of microcirculation might identify patients with poor perfusion but compensated macrocirculation such as in beginning shock. This proof‐of‐concept study examines whether sublingual prehospital sidestream dark‐field microscopy is feasible.

Methods

This prospective observational study included patients receiving medical aid by an emergency ambulance who had a spontaneous circulation and offered access to the sublingual mucosa. Sublingual measurement of microcirculation was performed using a sidestream dark field camera. Video quality was evaluated with microcirculation image quality score (microcirculation image quality score). AVA 4.3C software calculated microcirculatory parameters.

Results

Thirty patients (47% male) were included. The average age was 63 years (±20 years SD), the severity of the disease (quantified by National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics) was 3.4 (±0.7 SD). Macrocirculation presented within the normal range. The most frequent cause preventing the measurement was a time‐critical disease (64%). In 17 patients (57%), the videos could be analyzed immediately. The average quality of the video was 2.2 ± 0.45 points (‘acceptable’). There were minor restrictions of microcirculation. Microcirculation correlated with National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics, but not with the macrocirculation. No complications occurred.

Conclusion

The prehospital sublingual measurement is safe and valid. Despite normal macrocirculation, microcirculation was impaired and correlated with National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.
How nurses’ use of language creates meaning about healthcare users and nursing practice
Authors: Dahlke Sherry , Hunter Kathleen F.
Published: February 2020

Nursing practice occurs in the context of conversations with healthcare users, other healthcare professionals, and healthcare institutions. This discussion paper draws on symbolic interactionism and Fairclough's method of critical discourse analysis to examine language that nurses use to describe the people in their care and their practice. We discuss how nurses’ use of language constructs meaning about healthcare users and their own work. Through language, nurses are articulating what they believe about healthcare users and nursing practice. We argue that the language nurses use can contribute to viewing their practice as tasks on bodies that must be accomplished efficiently and objectively within the biomedical model, rather than relational and person‐centered. Moreover, the language nurses use can perpetuate a sense of powerlessness within healthcare systems yet paradoxically they are in a position of power over healthcare users. Nurses’ compliance with the efficiency and biomedical model results in a lack of emphasis on the full breadth of nursing work, which could be enacted in relational rather than power‐laden practices. We conclude by positing that careful use of language among nurses in all settings is essential, if we are to begin to articulate what nursing is to ourselves and to others.
A cell surface arabinogalactan‐peptide influences root hair cell fate
Authors: Borassi Cecilia , Gloazzo Dorosz Javier , Ricardi Martiniano M. , Carignani Sardoy Mariana , Pol Fachin Laercio , Marzol Eliana , Mangano Silvina , Rodríguez Garcia Diana Rosa , Martínez Pacheco Javier , Rondón Guerrero Yossmayer del Carmen , Velasquez Silvia M. , Villavicencio Bianca , Ciancia Marina , Seifert Georg , Verli Hugo , Estevez José M.
Published: February 2020

Root hairs (RHs) develop from specialized epidermal trichoblast cells, whereas epidermal cells that lack RHs are known as atrichoblasts. The mechanism controlling RH cell fate is only partially understood.

RH cell fate is regulated by a transcription factor complex that promotes the expression of the homeodomain protein GLABRA 2 (GL2), which blocks RH development by inhibiting ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 (RHD6). Suppression of GL2 expression activates RHD6, a series of downstream TFs including ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 LIKE‐4 (RSL4) and their target genes, and causes epidermal cells to develop into RHs. Brassinosteroids (BRs) influence RH cell fate. In the absence of BRs, phosphorylated BIN2 (a Type‐II GSK3‐like kinase) inhibits a protein complex that regulates GL2 expression.

Perturbation of the arabinogalactan peptide (AGP21) in Arabidopsis thaliana triggers aberrant RH development, similar to that observed in plants with defective BR signaling. We reveal that an O‐glycosylated AGP21 peptide, which is positively regulated by BZR1, a transcription factor activated by BR signaling, affects RH cell fate by altering GL2 expression in a BIN2‐dependent manner.

Changes in cell surface AGP disrupts BR responses and inhibits the downstream effect of BIN2 on the RH repressor GL2 in root epidermis.