bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pluripropriété
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

Pluripropriété or multipropriété, as it is also known, is the description of ownership by more than one person of property on the basis that each owner has the right of occupation of that property during pre-determined periods in any one year. Its advantages lie in that such occupation is achieved by means of share holdings in a company which itself is the owner of the property. In this way, French inheritance rules do not apply whilst in addition, all the inconveniences of ownership en indivision are avoided. All that is needed is adherence to the Articles of the company, most of which are in a form required by statute and which cover comprehensively the management of the company.
La Réserve
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

The background to the institution of the reserve is recounted in Chapter 24. It may fairly be said that the French consider that the reserve serves two purposes. It protects members of the family against those who are not members of the family by ensuring that at least a proportion of the family assets are reserved for its closest members and also it ensures equality of benefit as between those members. The rules governing the reserve cannot be avoided by the French testa tor and if he tries to do so during his lifetime by one means or another, that which is missing from the masse de calcul de la reserve can be called back to complete its value and inequalities between those entitled to share in it can be ironed out.
Wills
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

French law tends to regard gifts inter vivos (donations) and gifts made by will (testaments) as two methods of achieving the same result, namely the provision of liberalites. What is strange for the English lawyer is that the document which evidences a donation requires a greater degree of solemnity than does the standard form of will. The former must be effected by a notarial document; the latter needs but the un witnessed handwriting of the testator. The reason is said to lie in the existence of the reserve or that part of a deceased’ s estate in respect of which certain members of the family have entrenched inheritance rights whether he died testate or intestate.
Legacies
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

As in English law, there is no particular formula requisite for the making of a valid legacy. All that is required is that the legatee can be fully identified. Legatees unborn at the time of the execution of a will become identifiable if they are born or at least conceived at the time of the ouverture de la succession. In general, the Courts are liberal in their interpretation in doubtful cases. Thus, a legacy to ‘one or more charities’ with no further description was held to apply to charities functioning in the place in which the deceased lived and as such to be valid (Cass.25.5.60). Similarly, a legacy to ‘the charity in the city of Nice for the purposes of the education of deprived children abandoned by their parents’ was also held valid (Cass.18.2.86) but a gift to ‘a welfare association for the care of unfortunate orphans’ was not acceptable to the Court of Appeal in Paris on 29 June 1990.
European Immigration Policy and the Selection of Immigrants
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry
Published: October 2023

Immigration policy is about the selection of migrants, and whether intended or not, affects the costs and benefits from international migration. In Europe, many regulations concerning the influx of foreigners have been delegated to the authority of the European Union. These regulations fit uneasily with the free movement of EU citizens that is a fundamental feature of the ‘Single Market’ in the 15 member Union. Although a comprehensive set of regulations has evolved at the EU level, which aim to protect EU households against discrimination in other member states, the mobility of the population among the present EU members is low: no more than l.5 per cent of the EU’s population reside in other member countries. Most foreigners living in the EU countries—at around 3.2 per cent of the community’s population—stem from non-EU’ countries.
Immigration and Immigration Policy in the United States
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry
Published: October 2023

Any policy that restricts immigration must establish a criterion for the admission of foreign nationals. The US policy gives explicit preference to family members of US citizens, with some consideration for an individual’s occupational background. Whether desired or not, this policy appears to have contributed to rising immigration of individuals with relatively low levels of discernible skill. Given ample opportunities for illegal immigration, the US government does not exercise full control over which individuals gain entry to the country. By choosing to concentrate enforcement efforts at the border, rather than at the place of employment, the US implicitly gives preference to illegal immigrants who are able and willing to evade border authorities. This may have further contributed to immigration of the less skilled.1 In this chapter, we briefly review US immigration policy and then discuss recent developments in immigration patterns and the economic performance of immigrants.
Illegal Immigration
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry
Published: October 2023

As we have seen, illegal aliens currently account for a large fraction (about one third) of new immigrants in the United States. This has not always been the case. Illegal immigration arose only after the US government began to restrict legal immigration in the 1920s. Except for a brief episode in the 1950s, it was small in scale until temporary immigration programmers ended in the 1960s (see Figs 11.1 and 11.2). While illegal immigrants come from many nations, Mexico is the single largest source country. From Table 9.4, in 1996 an estimated 54 per cent of US illegal immigrants were Mexican nationals. Over the period 1988–98, above 95 per cent of those apprehended by the Border Patrol attempting to enter the country illegally were individuals from Mexico (INS, 2000). Given large and persistent wage differences between the two countries, restrictive US legal immigration policies, and a long shared land border whose geography complicates enforcement, high levels of illegal immigration from Mexico are hardly surprising.
Long Memory in Continuous-time Stochastic Volatility Models
Authors: Comte Fabienne , Renault Eric
Published: October 2023

This paper studies a classical extension of the Black and Scholes model for option pricing, often known as the Hull and White model. Our specification is that the volatility process is assumed not only to be stochastic, but also to have long-memory features and properties. We study here the implications of this continuous-time long-memory model, both for the volatility process itself as well as for the global asset price process. We also compare our model with some discrete time approximations. Then the issue of option pricing is addressed by looking at theoretical formulas and properties of the implicit volatilities as well as statistical inference tractability. Lastly, we provide a few simulation experiments to illustrate our results. Keywords: continuous-time option pricing model, stochastic volatility, volatility smile, volatility persistence, long memory
Pricing Foreign Currency Options with Stochastic Volatility
Authors: Melino Angelo , Turnbull Stuart M
Published: October 2023

This paper investigates the consequences of stochastic volatility for pricing spot foreign currency options. A diffusion model for exchange rates with stochastic volatility is proposed and estimated. The parameter estimates are then used to price foreign currency options and the predictions are compared to observed market prices. We find that allowing volatility to be stochastic results in a much better fit to the empirical distribution of the Canada–U.S. exchange rate, and that this improvement in fit results in more accurate predictions of observed option prices. Recent attempts to use option models to price foreign currency options have been relatively disappointing. Although observed foreign currency option prices satisfy the boundary conditions that are implied by all option pricing models (Bodurtha and Courtadon (1986) ), attempts to specify models that lead to accurate point forecasts of option prices have not been very successful.
A Study Towards a Unified Approach to the Joint Estimation of Objective and Risk Neutral Measures for the Purpose of Options Valuation
Authors: Chernov Mikhail , Ghysels Eric
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this paper is to bridge two strands of the literature, one pertaining to the objective or physical measure used to model an underlying asset and the other pertaining to the risk-neutral measure used to price derivatives. We propose a generic procedure using simultaneously the fundamental price, St, and a set of as an example, and appraise univariate and multivariate estimation of the model in terms of pricing and hedging performance. Our results, based on the S&P 500 index contract, show dominance of univariate approach, which relies solely on options data. A by-product of this finding is that we uncover a remarkably simple volatility extraction filter based on a polynomial lag structure of implied volatilities. The bivariate approach, involving both the fundamental security and an option contract, appears useful when the information from the cash market reflected in the conditional kurtosis provides support to price long term.
The Archaeological Economy
Authors: Woolf Daniel
Published: October 2023

Much Of The discussion in the previous two chapters has turned on the activity of collection. Werner Muensterburger has proposed a plausible psychological explanation for the instinct to collect, linking it to a deeply felt wish to be able to use objects as substitutes for absent people, and sometimes to have the col lection of objects supplant human contact. Collectibles, he suggests, are ‘strictly speaking, implements that are meant to enhance or restore a narcissistically injured person’s sense of self’. The standard contemporary characterization of the early modern antiquary or the virtuoso lends support to this notion; the satires of Earle, Marmion, and Shadwell represent the seventeenth-century collector as an obsessive, disengaged from his own social world, and seeking refuge from an alienating present in rare or exotic man-made and natural objects.
The Working Self
Authors: Herbert W N
Published: October 2023

Images of the self exist in every memory. The analogy between memories and a hologram is a good one, although what is seen through the shards of mental glass that are memories is not only something from the past but also something from the present. The rememberer exists now and the memory is constructed from different fragments glued together by more abstract knowledge of one’s life, reflecting a self that is past and a self that you may or may not like to meet again. Discrepancies between what we were then, what we are now, and what we may become drive our use of memory, a use that often lies outside conscious control’ which is why a poem can surprise us with what it makes us feel and what memories those feelings may be based on. But poetry, other types of art, and, indeed, everyday experiences, can only be emotionally responded to and brought together with our past when memory and the self are not too discrepant. Consider a young man with the narcissistic delusion that he is a famous rock guitarist. A belief he holds even though he knows he cannot play a guitar.
The Organ Bath
Authors: Kinloch David
Published: October 2023

Having failed to think of an appropriate object that could safely be taken from my laboratory to lunch, I took along a sheet of images of blood vessel preparations labelled with fluorescent markers when I met with David Kinloch. The images were representative of my main research interest, which is the mechanisms controlling the diameter of blood vessels in the lung and thereby regulating pulmonary blood pressure. David had read my web page in advance of the meeting and had a number of questions about its content. In conjunction with the images, these questions led the initial discussion, mainly about the nature of my research. After lunch I gave David a brief tour of my laboratories, where he saw a range of technologies used to investigate various aspects of blood vessel function. It is interesting that he chose to write about the organ bath, which is a double-walled, glass chamber through which warm water circulates to maintain isolated, intact organs (e.g., blood vessels) in an environment close to that found in the body.
Afterword
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: October 2023

How do we avoid collapsing the difference between science and poetry in our eagerness to explore their interactions? Questions of the diversity between such forms of experience, of the distance between them in approach, scope, and truth-telling, are mooted in the present collection; sometimes these questions are set aside, sometimes sides are taken. But the questions continue to come back, to be answered anew. Even the anxiety about kinship shows that all the contributors have moved a loxng way from the common assumption that science and poetry have little to say to each other, because their uses of language are inimical. That is a position that continues to be sustained even among the most radical thinkers about science.
A Treatise of Equivocation, c.1598
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

And we may say with the logicians that there be four kinds of propositions. The Wrst is a mental position, only conceived in the mind, and not uttered by any exterior signiWcation, as when I think with myself these words, ‘God is not unjust.’ The second is a vocal proposition, as when I utter those words with my mouth. The third is a written proposition, as if I should set the same down in writing. The last of all is a mixed proposition, when we mingle some of these positions (or parts of them) together, as in our purpose, when being demanded whether John at Style be in such a place, I, knowing that he is there indeed, do say nevertheless ‘I know not’—reserving or understanding within myself these other words ‘to th’ end for to tell you.
Jane Owen
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Jane Owen of Oxfordshire (d. c.1625) published posthumously An Antidote against Purgatory (1634), which includes partial translation of Cardinal Bellarmine’s De gemitu columbae (1617). The Council of Trent (Session 25, 1563) deWned purgatory as the place or state of purgation where souls after death render the temporal satisfaction due to sin. The Council also aYrmed that the living too can make purgatorial satisfaction for their sins or the sins of others through good works. Dante’s Commedia bequeathed to the world the fullest, most evocative depiction of purgatory (see Fig. 5). Protestants uniformly and vehemently rejected the doctrine of purgatory.
Alexander Rawlins and Henry Walpole
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Reprinted below is an anonymous letter from the archives of the Venerable English College, Rome, an important seminary since 1579. The letter describes the execution of two priests, Alexander Rawlins (1555?–95) and Henry Walpole, SJ (1558–95). Rawlins worked as an English missionary, suVered imprisonment, and consoled himself and others with the thought of God’s justice and mercy, ‘Deus iustusest, iudex, patiens, Master King said, ‘Master Walpole, will you accept of the prince’s laws and you may have favour.
Toby Matthew
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Son of the archbishop of York, a Protestant divine noted for severe anti-Catholicism, Toby Matthew (1577–1655) deWed his father’s wishes and travelled to Italy in 1604, where he converted to Catholicism. Upon returning home, he endured interrogation, disputation, and imprisonment in 1607. Matthew gained release from prison through the intercession of Francis Bacon and Robert Cecil, and eventually took orders in 1614. After several years of exile (1619–22), Matthew found himself in favour with James I, who employed him to promote the marriage of Prince Charles and the Spanish Infanta. After being knighted by James, Matthew attained a position of respect in the court of Charles I as well, where he worked for the Catholic cause until the civil war of 1640.
A Lament and Some Ballads
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

These poems are of uncertain origin and authorship but express popular Catholic sentiments in the Tudor and Stuart periods. The ‘Lament ‘ mourns the 1538 destruction of the priory at Walsingham in Norfolk, site of a beloved shrine of Mary for generations of pilgrims. (Compare the contrary, cynical account of Erasmus, fiction). ‘Winter Cold into Summer Hot ‘ humorously and indignantly chronicles the deterioration of religious life in England under Protestantism.
Francis Tregian
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

For sheltering Cuthbert Mayne, future martyr, and for his Catholicism, Francis Tregian (1548–1608) was the Wrst Catholic under Elizabeth to lose all his lands and goods for his faith; he also lost his freedom, suVering over twenty years in prison. In 1625 English Catholics in Lisbon exhumed Tregian’s body and reburied it standing up in honour of his long resistance to Elizabeth and her government. While in prison from 1579 to 1601 Tregian composed verses with a pin and candle snuV. The ‘Letter from Prison ‘ voices his anguish and his hope for salvation.
Henry Constable
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Born into a noble family and educated at Cambridge, Henry Constable (1562–1613) served the government in Europe, numbering among his acquaintances kings, statesmen, and intellectuals. A committed Protestant early on, he wrote against Cardinal William Allen, defended Protestant doctrine, attacked papal authority, and condemned rebellion. In 1589 Constable’s Examen paciWque de la Doctrine des Huguenots defended French Protestants but adopted the viewpoint of a moderate Catholic.
Anthony Copley
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Born into a Catholic family, Robert Southwell’s kinsman, Anthony Copley (1567–1609?), studied at the English College in Rome (1584–6) and then entered the service of the king of Spain. After returning to England in 1590, he suVered several imprisonments. Later protesting the appointment of pro-Jesuit George Blackwell as Archpriest of England, he published letters (1601, 1602) supporting the seminary priests against the Jesuits, whom he considered to be dangerous and immoral interlopers. Upon the accession of James I, Copley became involved in the Bye plot to seize King James and force him to grant toleration to Catholics. After making a full confession and giving damning evidence against other conspirators, Copley received a full pardon.
Richard Verstegan
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Educated at Oxford, Richard Verstegan (1548–1636) had a varied career in England and on the Continent as a Catholic writer, translator, and publisher. His Wrst important work, Theatrum crudelitatum, haereticorum nostri temporis (1587), depicted the martyrdoms of English Catholics in graphic copperplate engravings (see Figs. 6, 9). From Antwerp Verstegan served as writer, publisher, and coordinator of news for Catholics in England. He published the principal Catholic prayer-book for the next century, The Primer, or OYce of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1599), and wrote a pioneering historical work, A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities (1605) (see instructions and devotions and histories).
John Beaumont
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Born to a Catholic family at Grace-Dieu, a former priory, John Beaumont (1584–1627), brother of the more famous playwright Francis Beaumont, married Elizabeth Fortescue, also a Catholic, and suVered Wnancial penalties for recusancy. Beaumont wrote a clever mock-epic panegyric, The Metamorphosis of Tobacco (1602), a court entertainment, The Theatre of Apollo (1625), and poetry. In 1629 his son published a collection of Beaumont’s poetry, Bosworth Field (1629), which shows a Xair for drama and metaphysical conceit as well as a facility with rhyming couplets. The verses below on the Assumption and on the accident in Blackfriars, censored from all extant copies of Bosworth Field, display Beaumont respectively as Catholic lyricist and apologist. Beaumont’s greatest work, The Crown of Thorns (wr. 1620–5), is extant only in manuscript.
Henry VIII, 1613
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

queen Sir, I desire you do me right and justice, And to bestow your pity on me; for I am a most poor woman, and a stranger Born out of your dominions, having here No judge indiVerent, nor no more assurance 5 Of equal friendship and proceeding. Alas, sir, In what have I oVended you? What cause Hath my behaviour given to your displeasure That thus you should proceed to put me oV And take your good grace from me? Heaven witness 10 I have been to you a true and humble wife, At all times to your will conformable, Ever in fear to kindle your dislike, Yea, subject to your countenance—glad or sorry As I saw it inclined. When was the hour 15 I ever contradicted your desire, Or made it not mine too? Or which of your friends Have I not strove to love, although I knew He were mine enemy? What friend of mine That had to him derived your anger did I 20 Continue in my liking, nay, gave notice He was from thence discharged? Sir, call to mind That I have been your wife in this obedience Upward of twenty years, and have been blessed With many children by you.
Philip Massinger
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Successor to William Shakespeare and John Fletcher as principal dramatist of the King’s Men, Philip Massinger (1583–1640) wrote or collaborated on some Wfty-Wve plays. Massinger may or may not have been a Catholic but at times he wrote like one. The Maid of Honour presents in the title-role Camiola, who climactically rejects her unworthy but hard-won paramour, Bertoldo, and chooses instead to enter a convent. The Renegado, excerpted below, defends the importance of good works as Satisfaction in Penance, the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and the validity of lay baptism. Moreover, after decades of Werce anti-Jesuit legislation and polemic, as well as recent satires such as Donne’s Ignatius his Conclave (1611) and John Barclay’s Argenis (1621, see fiction), Massinger remarkably presents a Jesuit as his hero, Father Francisco, who kindly reclaims the sinners and devises a plot to rescue Christian captives from the cruel Turk.
The Inquisition (Ille humani generis), 1231
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Gregory, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his beloved sons . . . Prior Burchard and Theoderic, brothers of the Order of Preachers in Regensburg, greetings and apostolic benediction. That inveterate enemy of the human race, the instigator of all evils, whom his own pride drew down from the highest to the lowest state, not content that by his wicked 5 deceptions he led mankind to the Fall and to the labours of wretchedness, craftily tries to ensnare mankind in his pestilential nets, artfully contriving against them that they may not reascend to obtain once again that height from which they once fell. In these recent times, perWdiously attempting to deprave the faith by his ministers, the workers of iniquity, he has spread deadly poison, scheming seditiously that enemies who appeared 10 familiar might be eYcacious at doing mankind injury. Exuding pleasant appearances, these sting with their tails like scorpions, and they would infuse their pestilential poison even into the golden chalice of Babylon.
A Brief History of Finance Theory
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

The history of finance theory is an interesting example of the interaction between abstract theorizing and practical application. Many of the original contributions in finance theory began as theoretical abstractions that appeared to be of limited or no practical use. But with additional assumptions and restrictions, these same theories have become commonplace in the major financial markets as standard frames of reference in analysing financial decisions and the functioning of markets. In addition, what had once been seen as a group of related theories, can now be unified within a general framework. These developments have taken place in a relatively short space of time: the original ideas were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and culminated in the general theoretical structures published in the 1980s and 1990s.
Representative Consumers
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

An alternative route to asset pricing can be obtained when spanning is not feasible. This subclass of models has evolved in parallel with the arbitrage models, and in many cases the same pricing formulae can be derived.
Diversification and Asset Pricing
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

So far, we have concentrated on two major methods for asset pricing: arbitrage and consumer aggregation. In both discussions we have not mentioned one of the important traditional topics in finance theory-diversification. In this chapter, we will explore the idea of portfolio diversification and its implications for asset pricing. The analysis will be at a fairly abstract level; but it will become apparent that traditional arguments can be included as special cases of the more general framework. The abstract discussion focuses on the essential issues without the distracting clutter of more restrictive assumptions, that hide the simple logic that drives the central results. (For a more detailed discussion, see Milne, 1988.)
Transaction Costs, American and Real Options
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

In this last chapter we consider two extensions to our model to illustrate its flexibility. The first extension allows for transaction costs. The idea was first introduced in general equilibrium theory in the 1970s, but was largely ignored by the finance literature until comparatively recently. By considering bought and sold assets as different assets, doubling the asset and price space, it is fairly easy in principle to discuss transaction costs and their implications for asset prices and trades. Because the model is much richer, results are currently appearing in the literature.
Introduction: Livestock Farming and Environmental Regulation at the Cape
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

The expansion of European economic and political power, as well as settlement, has been one of the overwhelmingly important features of world history over the last 500 years. To speak of the rise of an increasingly inter-connected global capitalist system over this long period, however, begs as many questions as it answers. Succeeding phases of European economic growth prompted strikingly different imperatives for expansion, for natural-resource exploitation, and for the social organization of extra-European production. In the eighteenth century, for example, sugar, African slaves, and shipping in the Atlantic world provided one major dynamic of empire. But in the nineteenth century antipodean settlement and trade, especially that resulting from expanding settler pastoral frontiers, was responsible for some of the most dramatic social and environmental transformations.
Vets, Viruses, and Environmentalism in the 1870s and 1880s
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Kraaling of cattle and sheep at night in order to safeguard them from predators and theft was central to livestock farming in South Africa. Millions of animals had to be driven, often long distances, to and from the pastures every day. By the 1870s there were increasingly frequent comments about the environmental problems caused by this practice. Those with botanical and geological interests had played the major role in elaborating and defining environmental ills at the Cape. In the late nineteenth century veterinary scientists became the key protagonists of reform in livestock management. Vets left behind them a large volume of literature, often in government publications—a testament to the importance of animal disease to the state. The first two Colonial Veterinary Surgeons made close links between the health of animals, agricultural productivity, and environmental conditions.
From Local to Global Peace and War
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

There have been many older anthropologies which have assumed competition and combativeness, even aggression, in human beings as a part of our evolutionary inheritance, but as natural tendencies which we have learned to control better as civilization has matured. There was a common view in the nineteenth century that warfare was a means whereby societies and nations had created human history itself in their struggles with each other. The original museum collections made by General Pitt Rivers consisted of weapons assembled for this reason, to illustrate the long fights for survival and the role that military technology had played in history. This endeavour matched Herbert Spencer’s vision of the principles of social evolution as a story of healthy competition between nations.
The Satirical Gaze
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

This work provides an analysis of how foreign law should be pleaded and dealt with in the litigation process of another country. What weight should the trial court give to the relevant foreign law, and how should it decide what the foreign law actually is? The way foreign law is procedurally treated in court indicates to a certain extent the degree of tolerance of a legal system towards foreign ideas. The book compares how these issues are handled in different national systems, with particular focus upon civil litigation rules in the US, UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium.
Women in Male Roles Literary Ladies and Masculine Politicians
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

Literary ladies will, I am afraid, be losers in love as well as in friendship, by their superiority. — Cupid is a timid, playful child, and is frightened at the helmet of Minerva. It has been observed, that gentlemen are not apt to admire a prodigious quantity of learning and masculine acquirements in the fair sex— we usually consider a certain degree of weakness, both of mind and body, as friendly to female grace. While late eighteenth-century satirical prints devoted considerable attention to prostitutes, courtesans, and actresses, they also discussed other prominent women. Of particular importance were women who engaged in artistic, scholarly, and political
Promoting a National School
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

The Academy pursued its patriotic and national m1ss10n of grooming an indigenous artistic tradition in a variety of ways. In the schools, students from across the British Isles were educated in academic precepts. The exhibitions provided the most important showcase for native artists. And with presidential addresses, lectures, and symbolic gestures the Academy sought to shape the dis course on the English School. However, the Academy’s educational provision, the format and composition of exhibitions, its internal structures, and its perceived monopolistic conduct provoked a variety of critiques. By 1800, a number of critics aimed at discrediting academies tout court. Increasing diversification and specialization of metropolitan art institutions-in part a response to the perceived deficiencies of the Academy-as well as new aesthetic thinking diminished the Academy’s formerly dominant influence in the institutional landscape and in the debate on native art.
A Year In The Life Of Joseph Farington, R.A.
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

The year 1798 was a tremendously busy one for landscape painter Joseph Farington. His painting practice and active social life apart, he was central to many Academy projects. Though he did not hold any office, as a natural and astute administrator and chief adviser to President West, Farington pulled the strings behind the scenes at Somerset House. The year started with celebrations: Farington, West, and Robert Smirke had successfully lobbied Parliament to grant Academicians an exemption from Pitt’s dramatic trebling of assessed taxes. Throughout the spring, Farington then kept an eye on a copyright bill to protect British sculptors from plagiarism, which was being steered smoothly through Parliament with the President’s support. Over the summer, West consulted Farington on the best ways of advising the Privy Council on designs for a new coinage, and later Farington was a contact for colleagues who were sub mitting drawings and models. At the same time, negotiations which he had been conducting with Treasury officials since the annual dinner in 1796 began to bear fruit, as the government commissioned Academicians to submit designs for national military monuments in St Paul’s Cathedral.
Hopes and Dreams: Creating a Men’s Politics
Authors: Collective Men’S Free Press
Published: October 2023

This journal [Achilles Heel] has been produced by a working collective of socialist men who have been involved in men’s groups and men’s politics for some time. For all of us it is a process of making public a very private and very important experience—that of consciously redefining and changing the nature of our relationships with women and with each other as men. In making this experience public and in beginning to develop an analysis around it, we are in a sense ‘coming out’ politically as men and realigning ourselves with the women’s and gay movements in the struggle against sexual oppression.
Tripartite Advisory Committees: the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work1
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

In the preceding chapter, the EESC has been analysed first as an institutionalized form of functional participation. This chapter will focus on a second model of functional participation in social regulation, namely tripartite advisory committees, using the example of the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work (AC). In the first section I will explain what tripartite advisory committees are and will indicate to what extent findings on the AC can be generalized to other (tripartite) advisory committees. The subsequent analysis, however, will con centrate on the sector of OH&S and thus on the AC. The second section gives a descriptive picture of the status and role of the AC.
Strategic export controls and the private sector
Authors: Berlack Evan R
Published: October 2023

Since 11 September 2001 there has been a fresh surge of interest in international mechanisms for cutting off at the source supplies of weapon-related items and finances to dangerous actors. Strategic export controls, and the groups of states which enforce them, are among the relatively few instruments which in principle could serve a policy of denial aimed at both non-state actors, such as terrorists, and states. What exactly do such controls entail? First, they include controls on the export of all items designed for military use, including not only lethal weapons but also items with potential military use, such as electronics, avionics, metals and telecommunications.
Defending against cyber terrorism: preserving the legitimate economy
Authors: Bosch Olivia
Published: October 2023

The main thesis of this chapter is that the means used to defend against the many commonly occurring cyber incidents can provide a strong foundation for dealing with the effects of the less frequent acts of cyber terrorism. Daily cyber security ‘housekeeping’ by businesses, government departments and individuals will not prevent cyber incidents, but good information security policies and business continuity plans (BCPs) for disaster recovery can mitigate the effects when such incidents do occur. Further research is required to determine how much the state, which has both the responsibility and the tools to address national security issues, can protect information assets beyond those that are owned directly by government.
Water Concessions and Protection of Foreign Investments under International Law
Authors: Pannatier Serge , Ducrey Olivier
Published: October 2023

Water is life. The multiple uses of water contribute to the satisfaction of many human basic needs: consumption, sanitation, irrigation, source of energy, means of communication, etc. This explains why the poisoning and spoilage of water have always been feared. Fresh water is a rather abundant natural resource. A rough estimation shows that there are approximately 7,000 m3 of water per person living on planet Earth. Its distribution, however, is extremely uneven. Today, forty countries do not have enough stocks to satisfy the basic needs of their population.1 Due to its characteristics, water cannot be considered as an ordinary com modity. The economic, environmental, and social roles played by water resources explain why it is difficult to develop a regulatory system that is able to cope with all these realities.
Participatory Democracy: The Meaning of ‘1968 ‘
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2023

The preceding pages were designed to concentrate on process rather than outcome, for social movements generally leave their mark on the societies they aim to affect regardless of the measure of success in obtaining their goals. It is in the struggle to change their world that activists leave their imprint on their environment, and the learning curve of activists, sympathizers, and onlookers alike is dependent on any number of factors, only one of which is the relative degree of success in reaching stated objectives. Indeed, quick and easy achievements of ambitions and hopes may very well contribute to the rapid demise of a fledgling campaign before it can begin to affect substantial numbers of people.
Keeping it Clean-Safeguarding the Environmental Integrity of the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Meijer Ernestine , Werksman Jacob
Published: October 2023

The Kyoto Protocol1 to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),2 when in force, will create legally binding caps on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of developed (Annex I) Parties.3 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol was included in the Protocol to accommodate Annex I governments‘ demands for flexibility in the implementation of these commitments.
Managing Adverse Selection in Recruiting
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Throughout the hiring process, as long as a worker is not fully involved in the firm’s activities, the firm is likely to have imperfect information about the worker’s productivity. Such information is more likely to be known to the worker. This implies that the hiring process is characterized by an asymmetric information problem, since workers know more about their own ability than the firm does. In the hiring process, the uninformed party is the firm, while the informed party is the worker. This chapter analyses this asymmetric information problem in detail, and studies which personnel policies can partly overcome it. The firm has a vacant job, and offers the possibility of applying for such a job to a variety of workers. We are in a situation in which the uninformed party (the firm) offers an option to the informed party (the worker). In the economics of imperfect information, each time an uninformed party offers an option to the informed party, the problem of adverse selection may arise.
Job Destruction
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Sooner or later, every firm experiences bad times. And in bad times, management often needs to reduce the size of the workforce. The choice of downsizing is obviously a key concern for personnel managers and for personnel economics. The firm needs not only to choose which workers should be targeted for lay-off, but also to realize that reducing the workforce will have an impact on the remaining workers. Job destruction is a subtle business, even in labour markets in which employment protection legislation is not particularly stringent, and employer-initiated legislation is largely admissible. The first key concept that the chapter high- lights is the difference between consensual and non-consensual separation, where the former refers to those separations that, at a given wage, are agreed by both parties, while the latter refers to those separation decisions that are not shared by both parties. Over the job destruction decision, each party (i.e. the firm and the worker) looks at his or her surplus from the job, and wants to preserve a job as long as the difference between the value of the job net of his or her outside option is positive. When the surplus of each party is negative there is obviously no point in continuing the job, and job destruction should take place without particular difficulties.
Teams and Group Incentives
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Team-organized production is a key feature of many organizations. Most job advertisements explicitly look for workers that possess team-specific skills, and are motivated to work in teams. Indeed, team production and group-based incentives pose a great challenge to personnel economics. As it turns out, a simple approach to the problem would argue that organized team production is likely to lead to a reduction in productivity. This is the so-called 1/Nth problem, whereby effort put forward by workers under team production is likely to be less than what would be exerted under individual-based incentives. If this is indeed the case, all we can do under team production is to find ways to preserve the right incentives, even though it appears that overall productivity will hardly be larger than what it would have been if individual-based incentives were in place. Yet, to fully understand team production, and all the emphasis that real life organizations do place on teams, we have to move forward and explicitly recognize that there exist benefits and costs linked to team production. After all, if so many firms are interested in workers able to work in teams, it has to be the case that team-specific skills (such as communication skills) and the possibility of mutual learning among team members may increase the total surplus generated by the workforce.
Prologue: The Bismarck Myth in Wilhelmine Germany (1890-1918)
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

When, on 20 March 1890, Prince Otto von Bismarck was dismissed as Chancellor of the German Reich and Minister President of Prussia, the German public reacted with surprising indifference to the end of his almost fifty-yearlong career.1 To be sure, Bismarck’s departure from Berlin on 29 March was accompanied by cheering crowds; but neither the Prussian parliament nor the Reichstag voiced any immediate response to the dismissal of one of the most pre-eminent figures in nineteenth-century European politics.2 The daily newspapers, which at first uncritically reported the rumour leaked from government circles that Bismarck’s request to resign had been accepted on grounds of his ill-health, did not express any grief over the Chancellor’s dismissal either.
The Colonial Code: the ILO and ‘Native Labour’ (1919–56)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

Why did a body such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) enter into the regulation of the rights of indigenous peoples? The organization’s official answer reflexively points to history. According to the collective memory transmitted generation after generation within the organization: Since its creation in 1919, the ILO has been concerned with the situation of indigenous and tribal populations. It undertook studies as early as 1921 on the situation of indigenous workers, and in 1926 the Governing Body established a Committee of Experts on Native Labour to for- mulate international standards for the protection of indigenous workers.
Top Incomes in Germany Throughout the Twentieth Century: 1891–1998
Authors: Dell1 F
Published: October 2023

This chapter aims at providing for the first time homogenous top income shares for Germany over the whole twentieth century. Using income tax data, we are able to trace top income shares back into the past as far off as 1891, when the first modern income tax was put into effect in Prussia. We can thus study top income shares series for a period longer than a century, beginning at a time when Germany was still in a phase of late industrialization. Being very similar to France (and indeed all continental European countries documented in this volume), Germany constitutes an appropriate comparison point to deepen our understanding of how top incomes distribution changes. Like France, Germany was deeply shaken by the two World Wars. Like France (and the Netherlands), Germany built a comprehensive Welfare State after the Second World War. Like France, Germany did not experience sharp tax cuts in the 1980s.
Work, Family, and the Discipline of Labour Law
Authors: Conaghan Joanne
Published: October 2023

Of what does the subject of labour law comprise? How do we identify its boundaries? What constitutes its rationale? Who is properly subject to its governance? These are questions that are fundamental to labour law, questions which seek to delineate its scope, content, and purpose(s). They are also questions which, in current times, seem increasingly difficult to address in light of the declining explanatory power of those dominant conceptual and ideological frameworks within which such enquiries have traditionally been located.
Equity or Efficiency: International Institutions and the Work/Family Nexus
Authors: Rittich Kerry
Published: October 2023

A variety of international institutions have discovered that women are a focal point in the transformation of the economy, and one of the keys to enhanced growth. The result is a burgeoning series of investigations into the question of women’ s economic activity and labour market participation, and a range of different analyses of the factors—institutional, cultural, economic, legal—that enhance or impede it. In most, if not all of these analyses, managing the relationship between work and the family, and coming to grips in a comprehensive way with the problem of care, tum out to be central concerns.
Recommodifying Time: Working Hours of ‘Live-in’ Domestic Workers
Authors: Mundlak Guy
Published: October 2023

Overtime regulation typically does two things. First, it sets limits to the length of the working day and working week. This is usually done by establishing what a standard working day /week is, as well as the maximum number of hours the employer can employ the worker over and above the standard. Secondly, it requires the payment of higher wages for these overtime hours. The core of this regulatory arrangement exists in most countries, with variations from one country to another. One type of variation concerns the extent to which these regulations apply to all workers. While coverage is often universal, in all countries there are various exceptions. They may be for certain types of occupations, for various sectors, in situations of derogation by collective agreement, and more. Most of these exemptions indicate that a uniform arrangement of time is difficult to prescribe.
Work and Family Issues in the Transitional Countries of Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Lehoczky Csilla Kollonay
Published: October 2023

The euphoria over the fall of the communist regimes and the economic and political shift from an authoritarian party-state and centralized economy to parliamentary democracy and a privatized market economy in the Central and East European (CEE) countries (including the Eastern states of the reunified Germany) very soon gave way to disillusionment and a bitter soberness amongst the many who felt themselves to be losers in the changes. Although the overall gains have never been questioned and a reversal of the transformation has never seriously been raised, the sweep of the ‘new freedoms’ desired and celebrated so much on the eve of the shift raised the question of the balance of the gains and losses brought about by privatization and the various economic freedoms, particularly in the field of labour and social law.