bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhinovirus species and clinical features in children hospitalised with pneumonia from Mozambique
Authors: Annamalay Alicia A. , Lanaspa Miguel , Khoo Siew‐Kim , Madrid Lola , Acácio Sozinho , Zhang Guicheng , Laing Ingrid A. , Gern James , Goldblatt Jack , Bizzintino Joelene , Lehmann Deborah , Le Souëf Peter N. , Bassat Quique
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To describe the prevalence of human rhinovirus (RV) species in children hospitalised with pneumonia in Manhiça, Mozambique, and the associations between RV species and demographic, clinical and laboratory features.

Methods

Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children 0 to 10 years of age (n = 277) presenting to Manhiça District Hospital with clinical pneumonia. Blood samples were collected for HIV and malaria testing, blood culture and full blood counts, and a chest X‐ray was performed. A panel of common respiratory viruses was investigated using two independent multiplex RT‐PCR assays with primers specific for each virus and viral type. RV species and genotypes were identified by seminested PCR assays, sequencing and phylogenetic tree analyses.

Results

At least one respiratory virus was identified in 206 (74.4%) children hospitalised with clinical pneumonia. RV was the most common virus identified in both HIV‐infected (17 of 38, 44.7%) and HIV‐uninfected (74 of 237, 31.2%; P = 0.100) children. RV‐A was the most common RV species identified (47 of 275, 17.0%), followed by RV‐C (35/275, 12.6%) and RV‐B (8/275, 2.9%). Clinical presentation of the different RV species was similar and overlapping, with no particular species being associated with specific clinical features.

Conclusions

RV‐A and RV‐C were the most common respiratory viruses identified in children hospitalised with clinical pneumonia in Manhiça. Clinical presentation of RV‐A and RV‐C was similar and overlapping.
Advances in blood storage bags and preservative solutions
Authors: Tsoi W.‐C.
Published: June 2016

The design of storage systems for blood component focuses on preservation of the physical integrity of the blood components and their functions as well as maintaining their safety profile for clinical transfusion. The systems must be easily accessible and ready for use in hospitals, and they are affordable to those in need. There is consensus in the healthcare community that the use of di‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer commonly used in blood storage bags, should be minimized in light of the potential risks of endocrine disruption in high‐risk populations such as neonates, pregnant and nursing women. Candidate DEHP replacements in blood container systems have then become the objectives of research studies and commercial activities. Moreover, there were advancements in technology of the development of blood cell preservative solutions leading to improvement in the quality of blood component upon storage and logistic advantages of blood component preparation in the past decades.
How do we approach dilemmas in red cell testing?
Authors: Nadarajan V. S.
Published: June 2016

Despite the large number of serologically identified red cell antigens to date, it is reassuring to note that in the common clinical scenario, the transfusion laboratory would only likely deal with a narrow range of clinically significant antibodies to specific antigens of blood group systems. AccurateABOand RhD typing still remains the most crucial step in pretransfusion testing followed by the antibody screen. The correct identification of single antibodies or multiple antibodies and whether they are alloantibodies or autoantibodies is necessary so that corresponding antigen‐negative red cells can be supplied. Clinically insignificant antibodies or what some would denote as ‘nuisance’ antibodies would need to be differentiated from clinically significant antibodies.

When discrepancies occur between forward and reverseABOtyping, it is crucial that laboratories resolve the discrepancy before a specificABOblood group is assigned. The inclusion of O cells in reverse grouping, anti‐H and anti‐A1 lectins in the forward, performing the typing on a range of temperatures using washed red cells and careful interpretation of agglutination patterns, would usually provide an answer. On occasions, a saliva test may be necessary and rarely molecular typing. With regard to RhD typing, test systems should identify RhD‐negative and D‐variant individuals so that D‐negative units can be issued to them. Testing with antisera from different clones, the use of adsorption–elution techniques and RhD.CcEe typing aids in coming to a conclusion, before molecular testing becomes necessary. Extended red cell phenotyping is indicated if the patient is at risk for developing a red cell antibody.
The adaptor protein CIN85 assembles intracellular signaling clusters for B cell activation
Authors: Kühn Julius , Wong Leo E. , Pirkuliyeva Sona , Schulz Kathrin , Schwiegk Claudia , Fünfgeld Kevser Gencalp , Keppler Selina , Batista Facundo D. , Urlaub Henning , Habeck Michael , Becker Stefan , Griesinger Christian , Wienands Jürgen
Published: June 2016

CIN85 regulates the extent of B cell receptor signaling by controlling clustering of the adaptor protein SLP-65.
Lipocalin 2 from macrophages stimulated by tumor cell–derived sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis
Authors: Jung Michaela , Ören Bilge , Mora Javier , Mertens Christina , Dziumbla Sarah , Popp Rüdiger , Weigert Andreas , Grossmann Nina , Fleming Ingrid , Brüne Bernhard
Published: June 2016

Dying tumor cells trigger a macrophage response that stimulates lymphangiogenesis.
Tumor-derived circulating endothelial cell clusters in colorectal cancer
Authors: Cima Igor , Kong Say Li , Sengupta Debarka , Tan Iain B. , Phyo Wai Min , Lee Daniel , Hu Min , Iliescu Ciprian , Alexander Irina , Goh Wei Lin , Rahmani Mehran , Suhaimi Nur-Afidah Mohamed , Vo Jess H. , Tai Joyce A. , Tan Joanna H. , Chua Clarinda , Ten Rachel , Lim Wan Jun , Chew Min Hoe , Hauser Charlotte A. E. , van Dam Rob M. , Lim Wei-Yen , Prabhakar Shyam , Lim Bing , Koh Poh Koon , Robson Paul , Ying Jackie Y. , Hillmer Axel M. , Tan Min-Han
Published: June 2016

A population of cell clusters circulating in cancer patients consist of tumor-derived endothelial cells reflecting features of the tumor vasculature.
Multicriteria decision analysis and core values for enhancing vaccine-related decision-making
Authors: Barocchi Michèle A. , Black Steve , Rappuoli Rino
Published: June 2016

Prioritization of vaccine development requires multicriteria decision-making based on disease severity, vaccine safety, and economic benefits.
Clinical Resistance to Velpatasvir (GS-5816), a Novel Pan-Genotypic Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein
Authors: Lawitz Eric J. , Dvory-Sobol Hadas , Doehle Brian P. , Worth Angela S. , McNally John , Brainard Diana M. , Link John O. , Miller Michael D. , Mo Hongmei
Published: June 2016

Velpatasvir (VEL, GS-5816) is a novel pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor with activity against genotype 1 (GT1) to GT6 HCV replicons. In a phase 1b 3-day monotherapy study, patients treated with a 150-mg dose of GS-5816 had a mean maximal HCV RNA decline of ≥3.3 log
10
IU/ml in GT1a, -1b, -2, -3, and -4. This report characterizes virologic resistance to VEL in these patients. NS5A resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) were detected by deep sequencing (1% cutoff) pretreatment in 22/70 patients, i.e., 10/35 (29%) patients with GT1a, 1/8 (13%) with GT1b, 4/8 (50.0%) with GT2, 5/17 (29.4%) with GT3, and 2/2 (100.0%) with GT4. In GT1a and GT3 patients, pretreatment RASs were associated with a slightly reduced HCV RNA response compared to that of patients without pretreatment RASs; among patients with GT1b, GT2, and GT4, no significant difference in response was observed in those with or without pretreatment RASs. Following treatment, the pattern of emergent RASs was more complex for GT1a than for the other genotypes. In GT1a, substitutions emerged at positions M28, Q30, L31, P32, H58, E92, and Y93, with the most prevalent substitutions at positions Y93, M28, and L31. RASs were observed at two positions in GT1b and GT2 (Y93 and L31), three positions in GT3 (Y93, L31, and E92), and four positions in GT4 (L28, M31, P32L, and Y93). RASs that were present pretreatment persisted through the 48-week follow-up period; however, RASs emerging during treatment were more likely to decline both in prevalence and in frequency within the viral population during follow-up. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01740791.)
Identification of Signaling Pathways by Which CD40 Stimulates Autophagy and Antimicrobial Activity against Toxoplasma gondii in Macrophages
Authors: Liu Elizabeth , Lopez Corcino Yalitza , Portillo Jose-Andres C. , Miao Yanling , Subauste Carlos S.
Published: June 2016

CD40 is an important stimulator of autophagy and autophagic killing ofToxoplasma gondiiin host cells. In contrast to autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation or pattern recognition receptors, less is known about the effects of cell-mediated immunity on Beclin 1 and ULK1, key regulators of autophagy. Here we studied the molecular mechanisms by which CD40 stimulates autophagy in macrophages. CD40 ligation caused biphasic Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. The second phase of JNK phosphorylation was dependent on autocrine production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α and JNK signaling were required for the CD40-induced increase in autophagy. JNK signaling downstream of CD40 caused Ser-87 phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and dissociation between Bcl-2 and Beclin 1, an event known to stimulate the autophagic function of Beclin 1. However, TNF-α alone was unable to stimulate autophagy. CD40 also stimulated autophagy via a pathway that included calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and ULK1. CD40 caused AMPK phosphorylation at its activating site, Thr-172. This effect was mediated by CaMKKβ and was not impaired by neutralization of TNF-α. CD40 triggered AMPK-dependent Ser-555 phosphorylation of ULK1. CaMKKβ, AMPK, and ULK1 were required for CD40-induced increase in autophagy. CD40-mediated autophagic killing ofToxoplasma gondiiis known to require TNF-α. Knockdown of JNK, CaMKKβ, AMPK, or ULK1 preventedT. gondiikilling in CD40-activated macrophages. The second phase of JNK phosphorylation—Bcl-2 phosphorylation—Bcl-2–Beclin 1 dissociation and AMPK phosphorylation-ULK1 phosphorylation occurred simultaneously at ∼4 h post-CD40 stimulation. Thus, CaMKKβ and TNF-α are upstream molecules by which CD40 acts on ULK1 and Beclin 1 to stimulate autophagy and killing ofT. gondii.
A Commensal Bacterium Promotes Virulence of an Opportunistic Pathogen via Cross-Respiration
Authors: Stacy Apollo , Fleming Derek , Lamont Richard J. , Rumbaugh Kendra P. , Whiteley Marvin
Published: June 2016

Bacteria rarely inhabit infection sites alone, instead residing in diverse, multispecies communities. Despite this fact, bacterial pathogenesis studies primarily focus on monoculture infections, overlooking how community interactions influence the course of disease. In this study, we used global mutant fitness profiling (transposon sequencing [Tn-seq]) to determine the genetic requirements for the pathogenic bacterium
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
to cause disease when coinfecting with the commensal bacterium
Streptococcus gordonii
. Our results show that
S. gordonii
extensively alters
A. actinomycetemcomitans
requirements for virulence factors and biosynthetic pathways during infection. In addition, we discovered that the presence of
S. gordonii
enhances the bioavailability of oxygen during infection, allowing
A. actinomycetemcomitans
to shift from a primarily fermentative to a respiratory metabolism that enhances its growth yields and persistence. Mechanistically, respiratory metabolism enhances the fitness of
A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo
by increasing ATP yields via central metabolism and creating a proton motive force. Our results reveal that, similar to cross-feeding, where one species provides another species with a nutrient, commensal bacteria can also provide electron acceptors that promote the respiratory growth and fitness of pathogens
in vivo
, an interaction that we term cross-respiration.

IMPORTANCE
Commensal bacteria can enhance the virulence of pathogens in mixed-species infections. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this clinically relevant phenomenon is lacking. To bridge this gap, we comprehensively determined the genes a pathogen needs to establish coinfection with a commensal. Our findings show that the metabolism of the pathogen is low-energy-yielding in monoinfection, but in coinfection, the commensal improves the fitness of the pathogen by increasing the bioavailability of oxygen, thereby shifting the pathogen toward a high-energy-yielding metabolism. Similar to cross-feeding, this interaction, which we term cross-respiration, illustrates that commensal bacteria can provide electron acceptors that enhance the virulence of pathogens during infection.
Avoiding Pandemic Fears in the Subway and Conquering the Platypus
Authors: Gonzalez A. , Vázquez-Baeza Y. , Pettengill J. B. , Ottesen A. , McDonald D. , Knight R.
Published: June 2016

Metagenomics is increasingly used not just to show patterns of microbial diversity but also as a culture-independent method to detect individual organisms of intense clinical, epidemiological, conservation, forensic, or regulatory interest. A widely reported metagenomic study of the New York subway suggested that the pathogens
Yersinia pestis
and
Bacillus anthracis
were part of the “normal subway microbiome.”
Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines for children and adolescents potentially exposed to HIV
Authors: Bamford Alasdair , Tudor-Williams Gareth , Foster Caroline
Published: June 2016

UK guidelines for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in adults have recently been updated. Indications for PEP have been modified and there has been a change in the recommended antiretroviral therapy for adults to a combination of raltegravir with tenofovir and emtricitabine (Truvada). Raltegravir and tenofovir are now available in paediatric formulations and offer improved safety and tolerability over previously recommended ritonavir-boosted lopinavir with zidovudine. This guideline provides recommendations for those caring for children potentially exposed to HIV and other bloodborne viruses in primary care, emergency departments, secondary care and specialist paediatric HIV centres.
Assessment and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Mairs Rebecca , Nicholls Dasha
Published: June 2016

Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are serious mental health disorders that cause impairments in physical health, development, cognition and psychosocial function and can go undetected for months or years. They are characterised by disturbed eating behaviour associated with concerns about weight and shape or by disinterest in food, phobic avoidance or avoidance due to sensory aspects of food. Restrictive forms of FEDs lead to significant weight loss requiring intervention. Without specific knowledge of these conditions, they can evade detection, delaying time to diagnosis and treatment and potentially influencing outcome. This review article focuses on the key factors involved in the psychiatric assessment and treatment of four feeding or eating disorders (EDs): anorexia nervosa, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. They have been chosen for discussion as they are most likely to be encountered in both a psychiatric and paediatric setting. It emphasises the importance of a family-focused, developmentally appropriate and multidisciplinary approach to care. It does not address aspects of medical assessment and treatment. Other feeding or EDs not included in this article are pica, rumination disorder, other specified feeding and eating disorder and unspecified feeding and eating disorder.
Skin necrosis after self-removal of an artificial penile nodule in a Surinamese man
Authors: Jalink Maarten , Kramp Kelvin Harvey , Baktawar Sarwan , Jewbali Anuska
Published: June 2016

The implantation of objects in the penis for aesthetic reasons or sexual pleasure is becoming more popular among specific socioethnic groups within both, non-Western and Western countries. The implantation and removal of penile implants is currently often performed unanaesthetised, and in unsterile conditions, putting men who undergo the practice at risk of complications. This paper describes a patient with an infection of the penis after self-removal of a penile implant, requiring urgent medical treatment.
Painful knees and hearing-loss: a rare presentation of meningococcal disease
Authors: Kahlmann Vivienne , Alves Celina , Coleman Johannes , Korswagen Lindy-Anne
Published: June 2016

A 49-year-old woman with a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis presented to the emergency room, with high fever and painful knees. In addition, she had had a mild headache for several days and some hearing loss over several months. We saw an ill patient with arthritis of both knees, from which purulent fluid was aspirated. Antibiotics were started for septic arthritis of both knees and her condition improved rapidly. However, the headache persisted and the hearing loss worsened. At the time, meningitis was suspected. Initial knee aspiration culture was positive forNeisseria meningitidis. PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid sample also was positive forN. meningitidis. The patient was finally diagnosed with bilateral septic gonarthritis secondary to a bacterial meningitis caused byN. meningitidis.
Thermal dysregulation in Prader-Willi syndrome: a potentially fatal complication in adolescence, not just in infancy
Authors: McVea Steven , Thompson Andrew James , Abid Noina , Richardson Julie
Published: June 2016

A 13-year-old boy with a background of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) was admitted to the regional paediatric intensive care unit, with community-acquired pneumonia. Despite a week of intravenous antibiotics, resolution of inflammatory markers and resolving consolidation on radiograph, he remained feverish. Fever of unknown origin investigations were negative and he was diagnosed with central thermal dysregulation secondary to hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS. Following a hyperpyrexia period, secondary rhabdomyolysis and renal failure developed. This was successfully managed with active cooling, ventilation and haemofiltration. After weaning from haemofiltration, the patient was successfully extubated to non-invasive respiratory support.
Improving the accuracy of sports medicine surveillance: when is a subsequent event a new injury?
Authors: Shrier Ian , Clarsen Ben , Verhagen Evert , Gordon Kerry , Mellette Jay
Published: June 2016

The recent increased use of injury and illness surveillance programmes has the potential to greatly advance our knowledge about risk factors and treatment effectiveness. Maximising this potential requires that data be entered in a format that can be interpreted and analysed. One remaining challenge concerns whether and when an increase in symptoms should be documented within an existing injury record (eg, exacerbation) versus a new injury record. In this review, we address this challenge using the principles of the multistate framework for the analysis of subsequent injury in sport (M-FASIS). In brief, we argue that a new injury record should be documented whenever there is an increase in symptoms due to activity-related exposures that is beyond the normal day-to-day symptom fluctuations, regardless of whether the athlete was in a ‘healthy state’ immediately before the event. We illustrate the concepts with concrete examples of shoulder osteoarthritis, ankle sprains and ACL tears.
Minority ethnicity patient satisfaction and experience: results of the National Cancer Patient Experience Survey in England
Authors: Pinder Richard J , Ferguson Jamie , Møller Henrik
Published: June 2016

Objectives

This study sought to explore the differential patient satisfaction reported by patients with cancer who are from ethnic minority backgrounds, examining patient-reported experience of interacting with medical and nursing staff.

Setting

As a secondary analysis, we collated data collected over two consecutive annual rounds of the National Cancer Patient Experience Survey (NCPES) from September 2012 to November 2013.

Participants

There were 138 878 responses from 155 hospital trusts across the National Health Service in England, representing a response rate of 63.9% based on the total identified cohort of patients receiving cancer care over those 2 years.

Outcomes

We used the results of the annual survey, which sought to assess overall patient satisfaction along with patient experience of interacting with clinical nurse specialists, hospital doctors and ward nurses.

Results

Ethnic minority patients reported lower satisfaction and less positive experiences of care overall. While some of this difference appeared related to demographic and socioeconomic variation, ethnic minority patients remained less positive than those in the White British group, after statistical adjustment. Ethnic minority patients also reported lower confidence in, and less understanding of, healthcare professionals, including clinical nurse specialists, doctors and ward nurses.

Conclusions

Given the diversity of the British population, as well as the clustering of ethnic minority patients in certain urban areas, a better understanding of the expectations and additional needs of ethnic minority patients is required to improve their experience of and satisfaction with cancer care.
An economic evaluation of the costs of training a medical scribe to work in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Walker Katherine J , Dunlop Will , Liew Danny , Staples Margaret P , Johnson Matt , Ben-Meir Michael , Rodda Hamish Gordon , Turner Ian , Phillips David
Published: June 2016

Objective

To undertake a cost analysis of training medical scribes in an ED.

Methods

This was a pilot, observational, single-centre study at Cabrini ED, Melbourne, Australia, studying the costs of initiating a scribe programme from the perspective of the hospital and Australian Health sector. Recruitment and training occurred between August 2015 and February 2016 and comprised of a prework course (1 month), prework training sessions and clinical training shifts for scribe trainees (2–4 months, one shift per week) who were trained by emergency physicians. Costs of start-up, recruitment, administration, preclinical training, clinical training shifts and productivity changes for trainers were calculated.

Results

10 trainees were recruited to the prework course, 9 finished, 6 were offered clinical training after simulation assessment, 5 achieved competency. Scribes required clinical training ranging from 68 to 118 hours to become competent after initial classroom training. Medical students (2) required 7 shifts to become competent, premedical students (3) 8–16 shifts, while a trainee from an alternative background did not achieve competency. Based on a scribe salary of US$15.91/hour (including 25% on-costs) plus shift loadings, costs were: recruitment and start-up US$3111, education US$1257, administration US$866 and clinical shift costs US$1137 (overall cost US$6317 per competent scribe). Physicians who trained the clinical trainee scribes during shifts did not lose productivity.

Conclusions

Training scribes outside the USA is feasible using an on-line training course and local physicians. It makes economic sense to hire individuals who can work over a long period of time to recoup training costs.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12615000607572.
Applied ecology in Canada’s boreal: a holistic view of the mitigation hierarchy and resilience theory
Authors: Fenton Nicole J.
Published: June 2016

Canada’s boreal biome is a mosaic of forests and peatlands. These ecosystems have developed dynamically, periodically affected by disturbance events of significant spatial extent and variable severity, reducing ecosystem biomass. The same ecosystem types typically regenerate from biological legacies. However, concern is growing about the impact of these different anthropogenic disturbances, particularly compound disturbances including climate change, which open the door to shifts to alternate stable states. One strategy promoted to regulate anthropogenic disturbance is the “mitigation hierarchy” for development projects, where impacts on ecosystems are avoided, mitigated, restored, or compensated. This practical approach is not yet integrated into disturbance and resilience theory. Here, I develop an integrated view of the mitigation hierarchy, as well as resilience and disturbance theory, in a boreal context using ecosystem services to measure ecosystem state in a two-step process that first models loss of ecosystem function and then integrates the mitigation hierarchy and resilience theory. The application of this model is discussed in the context of restoration studies after different types of catastrophic anthropogenic disturbance. These studies, some of which are published in this special issue, highlight the important role of bryophytes and understory plants in setting restoration targets and developing criteria and indicators of success.
Asymptotic freedom and quarks confinement treated through Thompson’s approach
Authors: Nassif Cláudio , de Faria A.C. Amaro , Silva P.R.
Published: June 2016

In this work, we first use Thompson’s renormalization group method to treat QCD–vacuum behavior close to the regime of asymptotic freedom. The QCD–vacuum behaves effectively like a “paramagnetic system” of a classical theory in the sense that virtual color charges (gluons) emerge in it as a spin effect of a paramagnetic material when a magnetic field aligns their microscopic magnetic dipoles. Making a classical analogy with the paramagnetism of Landau’s theory, we are able to introduce a kind of Landau effective action without temperature and phase transition for just representing QCD–vacuum behavior at higher energies as being magnetization of a paramagnetic material in the presence of a magnetic field H. This reasoning allows us to use Thompson’s heuristic approach to obtain an “effective susceptibility” (χ > 0) of the QCD–vacuum. It depends on the logarithm of the energy scale u to investigate hadronic matter. Consequently, we are able to get an “effective magnetic permeability” (μ > 1) of such a “paramagnetic vacuum”. As the QCD–vacuum must obey Lorentz invariance, the attainment of μ > 1 must simply require that the “effective electrical permittivity” is ϵ < 1 in such a way that μϵ = 1 (c2 = 1). This leads to the anti-screening effect, where the asymptotic freedom takes place. On the other hand, quarks confinement, a subject which is not treatable by perturbative calculations, is worked by the present approach. We apply the method to study this issue for obtaining the string constant, which is in agreement with the experiments.
Uncertainty analysis of fission fraction for reactor antineutrino experiments
Authors: Ma X. B. , Lu F. , Wang L. Z. , Chen Y. X. , Zhong W. L. , An F. P.
Published: June 2016

Reactor simulation is an important source of uncertainties for a reactor neutrino experiment. Therefore, how to evaluate the antineutrino flux uncertainty results from reactor simulation is an important question. In this study, a method of the antineutrino flux uncertainty result from reactor simulation was proposed by considering the correlation coefficient. In order to use this method in the Daya Bay antineutrino experiment, the open source code DRAGON was improved and used for obtaining the fission fraction and correlation coefficient. The average fission fraction between DRAGON and SCIENCE code was compared and the difference was less than 5% for all the four isotopes. The uncertainty of fission fraction was evaluated by comparing simulation atomic density of four main isotopes with Takahama-3 experiment measurement. After that, the uncertainty of the antineutrino flux results from reactor simulation was evaluated as 0.6% per core for Daya Bay antineutrino experiment.
Remarks on the Woods–Saxon potential
Authors: Çapak M. , Gönül B.
Published: June 2016

More recently, comprehensive applications of approximate analytical solutions of the Woods–Saxon (WS) potential in closed form for the five-dimensional Bohr Hamiltonian have appeared [M. Çapak, D. Petrellis, B. Gönül and D. Bonatsos, J. Phys. G 42, 95102 (2015)] and its comparison to the data for many different nuclei has clearly revealed the domains for the success and failure in case of using such potential forms to analyze the data related to the nuclear structure within the frame of the collective model. Gaining confidence from this work, the exact solvability of the WS type potentials in lower dimensions for the bound states having zero angular momentum is carefully reviewed to finalize an ongoing discussion in the related literature which clearly shows that such kind of potentials have no analytical solutions even for [Formula: see text] case.
Effects of internal inductance on the energy confinement time by using the solution of equilibrium problem
Authors: Asif M.
Published: June 2016

In this work, dependence of energy confinement time on plasma internal inductance has been studied by using the solution of Grad–Shafranov equation (GSE) for circular cross-section HT-7 tokamak. For this, the Shafranov parameter (asymmetry factor) and poloidal beta were obtained from solution of GSE. Then we can find the dependence of energy confinement time, on plasma internal inductance. It is observed that the maximum energy confinement time is related to the low values of internal inductance [Formula: see text].
Periodic and Chaotic Dynamics of the Ehrhard–Müller System
Authors: Park Junho , Lee Hyunho , Baik Jong-Jin
Published: June 2016

This paper investigates nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the Ehrhard–Müller system which describes natural convection in a single-phase loop in the presence of nonsymmetric heating. Stability and dynamics of periodic and chaotic behaviors of the equations are investigated and the periodicity diagram is obtained in wide ranges of parameters. Regimes of both periodic and chaotic solutions are observed with complex behaviors such that the periodic regimes enclose the chaotic regime while they are also immersed inside the chaotic regime with various shapes. An asymptotic analysis is performed for sufficiently large parameters to understand the enclosure by the periodic regimes and asymptotic limit cycles are obtained to compare with limit cycles obtained from numerical results.
Limit Cycle Bifurcations by Perturbing a Piecewise Hamiltonian System with a Double Homoclinic Loop
Authors: Xiong Yanqin
Published: June 2016

This paper is concerned with the bifurcation problem of limit cycles by perturbing a piecewise Hamiltonian system with a double homoclinic loop. First, the derivative of the first Melnikov function is provided. Then, we use it, together with the analytic method, to derive the asymptotic expansion of the first Melnikov function near the loop. Meanwhile, we present the first coefficients in the expansion, which can be applied to study the limit cycle bifurcation near the loop. We give sufficient conditions for this system to have [Formula: see text] limit cycles in the neighborhood of the loop. As an application, a piecewise polynomial Liénard system is investigated, finding six limit cycles with the help of the obtained method.
Bifurcation Analysis of Planar Piecewise Smooth Systems with a Line of Discontinuity
Authors: Pi Dingheng , Xu Shihong
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we consider bifurcations of a class of planar piecewise smooth differential systems constituted by a general linear system and a quadratic Hamiltonian system. The linear system has four parameters. When the parameters vary in different regions, the left linear system can have a saddle, a node or a focus. For each case, we provide a completely qualitative analysis of the dynamical behavior for this piecewise smooth system. Our results generalize and improve the results in this direction.
Bifurcation Analysis and Chaos Control in a Modified Finance System with Delayed Feedback
Authors: Yang Jihua , Zhang Erli , Liu Mei
Published: June 2016

We investigate the effect of delayed feedback on the finance system, which describes the time variation of the interest rate, for establishing the fiscal policy. By local stability analysis, we theoretically prove the existences of Hopf bifurcation and Hopf-zero bifurcation. By using the normal form method and center manifold theory, we determine the stability and direction of a bifurcating periodic solution. Finally, we give some numerical solutions, which indicate that when the delay passes through certain critical values, chaotic oscillation is converted into a stable equilibrium or periodic orbit.
Bifurcations and Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of a Modified Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Kou KitIan , Li Jibin
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we consider two singular nonlinear planar dynamical systems created from the studies of one-dimensional bright and dark spatial solitons for one-dimensional beams in a nonlocal Kerr-like media. On the basis of the investigation of the dynamical behavior and bifurcations of solutions of the planar dynamical systems, we obtain all possible explicit exact parametric representations of solutions (including solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, peakon and periodic peakons, compacton solutions, etc.) under different parameter conditions.
Diagenesis, plagioclase dissolution and preservation of porosity in Eocene and Oligocene sandstones at the Greeley oil field, southern San Joaquin basin, California, USA
Authors: Nguyen D. T. , Horton R. A. , Kaess A. B.
Published: June 2016

The Vedder (Oligocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) sandstones at the Greeley oil field consist of arkosic to subarkosic arenites and wackes deposited in shallow marine environments. Burial depths of the Vedder sandstones exceed 3150 m and the reservoir temperature is 124°C. The Kreyenhagen sandstones are buried to greater than 3920 m and the reservoir temperature is estimated to be
c.
135°C. These sandstones are currently at or very near their deepest burial depths.

The textural relationships of the diagenetic minerals suggest syndepositional formation of glauconite, phosphate and pyrite, followed by early precipitation of pore-lining clay coatings and carbonate cements along with framework-grain fracturing and possibly dissolution. With increasing burial, dissolution of the framework grains continued, accompanied by the albitization of feldspars, the formation of K-feldspar and quartz overgrowths, the precipitation of kaolinite and other clays and possibly the precipitation of late carbonate cements. Finally, hydrocarbon migration and the formation of pyrite occurred during late diagenesis.

Porosity preservation and reservoir quality are primarily the result of plagioclase dissolution occurring as the strata approached their current burial depths. Mass balance calculations indicate the significant export of aluminium out of the sands. Thus secondary porosity produced by plagioclase dissolution has replaced the primary porosity destroyed by compaction, and now accounts for the majority of the porosity in these rocks.
Improved Indexing & Searching Throughput
Authors: Crane Matt
Published: June 2016

Information retrieval is the process of finding relevant information in large corpora of documents based on user queries. Within the discipline there are a number of open research questions and areas. This thesis presents a systematic study into improving the speed of all aspects of an information retrieval system, without such improvements having an adverse effect on the effectiveness of that system.

Several key areas of the indexing process were investigated: the effect of removing spam and correcting encoding errors at indexing time; the amount of parallelism and further improvements to the indexing process; the methods of vocabulary accumulation and collision resolution within a hash table; and as part of the indexing process, a new family of hash functions for information retrieval which exploit the properties of natural language was proposed.

Search performance was also investigated by examining the effects of the spam removal on search quality. A relationship between the size of a collection and the pre-calculation of retrieval scores was discovered.

Overall results indicate a 30% improvement of indexing throughput. This is accompanied by a 15% increase in search quality, whilst its speed could be increased by 25% without degrading quality. The pre-calculation of retrieval scores further improves retrieval speed by up to 3--.

These results were compared against other open-source indexing systems by ATIRE when participating in the SIGIR 2015 RIGOR Workshop Reproducibility Challenge. The results of this challenge show that ATIRE is the fastest indexing system (taking half the time of the next best system), and the second fastest search system using the discovered relationship.
Engaged or Frustrated?
Authors: Edwards Ashlee
Published: June 2016

One of the primary ways researchers have characterized engagement is by an increase in search actions. Another possibility is that instead of experiencing increased engagement, people who click and query frequently are actually frustrated; several studies have shown that frustration is also characterized by increases in clicking and querying behaviors. This research seeks to illuminate the differences in search behavior between participants who are engaged and frustrated, as well as investigate the effect of task interest on engagement and frustration. To accomplish this, a laboratory experiment was conducted with 40 participants. Participants completed four tasks, and responded to questionnaires that measured their engagement, frustration, and stress. Participants were asked to rank eight topics based on interest, and were given their two most interesting and two least interesting tasks. Poor search result quality was introduced to induce frustration during their most interesting and least interesting tasks.

This study found that physiological signals hold some promise for disambiguating engagement and frustration, but this depends on the time frame and manner in which they are examined. Frustrated participants had significantly more skin conductance responses during the task, while engaged participants had greater increases in skin conductance during the first 60 seconds of the task. Significant main and interaction effects for interest and frustration were found for heart rate in the window analysis, indicating that heart rate fluctuations over time can be most effective in distinguishing engagement from frustration. The multilevel modeling of engagement and frustration confirmed this, showing that interest contributed significantly to the model of skin conductance, while frustration contributed significantly to the model of heart rate.

This study also found that interest had a significant effect on engagement, while the frustrator effectively created frustration. Frustration also had a significant effect on selfreported stress. Participants exhibited increases in search actions such as clicks and scrolls during periods of both engagement and frustration, but a regression analyses showed that scrolls, clicks on documents, and SERP clicks were most predictive of a frustrating episode. A significant main effect for interest was found for time between queries, indicating that this could be a useful signal of engagement. A model including the physiological signals and search behaviors showed that physiological signals aided in the prediction of engagement and frustration.

Findings of this research have provided insight into the utility of physiological signals in distinguishing emotional states as well as provided evidence about the relationship among search actions, engagement and frustration. These findings have also increased our understanding of the role emotions play in search behavior and how information about a searcher's emotional state can be used to improve the search experience.
Extending Faceted Search to the Open-Domain Web
Authors: Kong Weize
Published: June 2016

Faceted search enables users to navigate a multi-dimensional information space by combining keyword search with drill-down options in each facets. For example, when searching "computer monitor" in an e-commerce site, users can select brands and monitor types from the the provided facets {"Samsung", "Dell", "Acer", ...} and {"LET-Lit", "LCD", "OLED",...}. It has been used successfully for many vertical applications, including e-commerce and digital libraries. However, this idea is not well explored for general web search in an opendomain setting, even though it holds great potential for assisting multi-faceted queries and exploratory search.

The goal of this work is to explore this potential by extending faceted search into the opendomain web setting, which we call Faceted Web Search. We address three fundamental issues in Faceted Web Search, namely: how to automatically generate facets (facet generation); how to re-organize search results with users' selections on facets (facet feedback); and how to evaluate generated facets and entire Faceted Web Search systems.

In conventional faceted search, facets are generated in advance for an entire corpus either manually or semi-automatically, and then recommended for particular queries in most of the previous work. However, this approach is difficult to extend to the entire web due to the web's large and heterogeneous nature. We instead propose a query-dependent approach, which extracts facets for queries from their web search results. We further improve our facet generation model under a more practical scenario, where users care more about precision of presented facets than recall.

The dominant facet feedback method in conventional faceted search is Boolean filtering, which filters search results by users' selections on facets. However, our investigation shows Boolean filtering is too strict when extended to the open-domain setting. Thus, we propose soft ranking models for Faceted Web Search, which expand original queries with users' selections on facets to re-rank search results. Our experiments show that the soft ranking models are more effective than Boolean filtering models for Faceted Web Search.

To evaluate Faceted Web Search, we propose both intrinsic evaluation, which evaluates facet generation on its own, and extrinsic evaluation, which evaluates an entire Faceted Web Search system by its utility in assisting search clarification. We also design a method for building reusable test collections for such evaluations. Our experiments show that using the Faceted Web Search interface can significantly improve the original ranking if allowed sufficient time for user feedback on facets.
Reduced frontal theta oscillations indicate altered crossmodal prediction error processing in schizophrenia
Authors: Roa Romero Yadira , Keil Julian , Balz Johanna , Gallinat Jürgen , Senkowski Daniel
Published: June 2016

Our brain generates predictions about forthcoming stimuli and compares predicted with incoming input. Failures in predicting events might contribute to hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia (SZ). When a stimulus violates prediction, neural activity that reflects prediction error (PE) processing is found. While PE processing deficits have been reported in unisensory paradigms, it is unknown whether SZ patients (SZP) show altered crossmodal PE processing. We measured high-density electroencephalography and applied source estimation approaches to investigate crossmodal PE processing generated by audiovisual speech. In SZP and healthy control participants (HC), we used an established paradigm in which high- and low-predictive visual syllables were paired with congruent or incongruent auditory syllables. We examined crossmodal PE processing in SZP and HC by comparing differences in event-related potentials and neural oscillations between incongruent and congruent high- and low-predictive audiovisual syllables. In both groups event-related potentials between 206 and 250 ms were larger in high- compared with low-predictive syllables, suggesting intact audiovisual incongruence detection in the auditory cortex of SZP. The analysis of oscillatory responses revealed theta-band (4–7 Hz) power enhancement in high- compared with low-predictive syllables between 230 and 370 ms in the frontal cortex of HC but not SZP. Thus aberrant frontal theta-band oscillations reflect crossmodal PE processing deficits in SZ. The present study suggests a top-down multisensory processing deficit and highlights the role of dysfunctional frontal oscillations for the SZ psychopathology.
Pain anticipatory phenomena in patients with central poststroke pain: a magnetoencephalography study
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Raghavan , Burgess Richard C. , Lempka Scott F. , Gale John T. , Floden Darlene P. , Machado Andre G.
Published: June 2016

Central poststroke pain (CPSP) is characterized by hemianesthesia associated with unrelenting chronic pain. The final pain experience stems from interactions between sensory, affective, and cognitive components of chronic pain. Hence, managing CPSP will require integrated approaches aimed not only at the sensory but also the affective-cognitive spheres. A better understanding of the brain's processing of pain anticipation is critical for the development of novel therapeutic approaches that target affective-cognitive networks and alleviate pain-related disability. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize the neural substrates of pain anticipation in patients suffering from intractable CPSP. Simple visual cues evoked anticipation while patients awaited impending painful (PS), nonpainful (NPS), or no stimulus (NOS) to their nonaffected and affected extremities. MEG responses were studied at gradiometer level using event-related fields analysis and time-frequency oscillatory analysis upon source localization. On the nonaffected side, significantly greater responses were recorded during PS. PS (vs. NPS and NOS) exhibited significant parietal and frontal cortical activations in the beta and gamma bands, respectively, whereas NPS (vs. NOS) displayed greater activation in the orbitofrontal cortex. On the affected extremity, PS (vs. NPS) did not show significantly greater responses. These data suggest that anticipatory phenomena can modulate neural activity when painful stimuli are applied to the nonaffected extremity but not the affected extremity in CPSP patients. This dichotomy may stem from the chronic effects of pain on neural networks leading to habituation or saturation. Future clinically effective therapies will likely be associated with partial normalization of the neurophysiological correlates of pain anticipation.