bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of electromyographic activity during Nordic hamstring exercise and exercises in lengthened position
Authors: Marušič Jan , Šarabon Nejc
Published: June 2020

Hamstring strain injuries remain among the most problematic and most frequent sport injuries. Two of the most effective methods for prevention and rehabilitation of the hamstring strain injuries are: classic eccentric training using the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) and eccentric training in a lengthened position using the glider exercise. Both exercises have disadvantages that could be fixed by adding hip flexion during the NHE. Thus, the purpose of the study was to compare peak hamstring activity (measured by electromyography) between three eccentric exercises: the standard NHE, the modified NHE and the glider. Differences were statistically tested with the analysis of the variance for repeated measurements and the paired 2-tailed post-hoc t-test. Hamstring activity during the modified NHE was significantly lower compared to the NHE and significantly higher compared to the glider. The results indicate that implementing the modified NHE could increase the effectiveness of already established rehabilitation protocols and help reduce the risk of hamstring (re-)injury.
Comparison of different prognostic scores for risk stratification in septic patients arriving to the Emergency Department
Authors: Caramello Valeria , Beux Valentina , De Salve Alessandro Vincenzo , Macciotta Alessandra , Ricceri Fulvio , Boccuzzi Adriana
Published: June 2020

We evaluated the prognostic performance of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), quick-SOFA (qSOFA), modified early warning score (MEWS), lactates and procalcitonin in septic patients. Prospective study on adults with sepsis in the Emergency Department (ED). Area under the Receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess how scores predict mortality at 30 and 60 days (d) and upon admission to Intensive care unit (ICU). Among 469 patients, mortality was associated with higher SOFA, qSOFA, MEWS and lactates level. ICU admission was associated with higher SOFA, procalcitonin and MEWS. Prognostic performance for mortality were: SOFA AUC 30 d 0.76 (0.69-0.81); 60 d 0.74 (0.68-0.79); qSOFA AUC 30 d 0.72 (0.66-0.79); 60 d 0.73 (0.67-0.78) and lactates AUC 30 d 0.71 (0.60-0.82); 60d 0.65 (0.54- 0.73). For the outcome ICU admission, procalcitonin had the highest AUC [0.66 (0.56-0.64], followed by SOFA [0.61 (0.54-0.69)] and MEWS [0.60 (0.53-0.67)]. SOFA, qSOFA and lactates assessment after arrival in the ED have a good performance in detecting patients at risk of mortality for sepsis. Procalcitonin is useful to select patients that will need ICU admission.
Primary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Kidney: Report of a Rare Case
Authors: Bhaskar Sandeep , Rastogi Kartick , Gupta Shivani , Jindal Arpita
Published: June 2020

Primary neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of kidney is extremely rare, with <100 cases reported so far. The aim of the present case study is to discuss the clinical and pathological findings of renal NET and review of the available literature. We herein report the case of a 42-year-old female patient, who presented with pain abdomen and hematuria. Immunohistochemistry of her nephrectomy specimen was positive for chromogranin A and CD56 and negative for uroplakin II, P40, and CD10. KI index was 60%. Due to rarity of the tumor, there are no established guidelines available for its treatment. She was treated with combination chemotherapy of cisplatin and etoposide.
The Utility of DNA Barcoding for the Species Identification of Larval Fish in the Lower Ing River, Thailand
Authors: Panprommin Dutrudi , Soontornprasit Kanyanat , Tuncharoen Siriluck , Iamchuen Niti
Published: June 2020

The species identification of larval fish is very important for sustainable fishery resource management. However, identification based on morphological characters is very difficult, complex and error-prone. DNA barcoding with the sequence of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was used to identify larval fish species from 10 stations in the tributaries of the lower Ing River. One hundred and six samples were collected between May 2016 and April 2017. The average length of the COI nucleotide sequences was approximately 640 bp. A total of 99 nucleotide sequences were identified in 35 species, 31 genera, 19 families and 9 orders, with 97-100% identity with entries in both the GenBank and BOLD databases. The genetic distance within species ranged from 0.000 to 0.004. However, seven samples were identified at only the genus level because their sequences had not been reported in any databases. Based on IUCN conservation status, most species were classified as least concern (77.14%). Approximately 69.23% of all species were related to human uses in fisheries, aquaculture or aquariums, whereas 30.77% of species were not assessed. Trichopsis vittata (family Osphronemidae) (90%) had the most frequency of occurrence, followed by Oryzias minutillus (family Adrianichthyidae) (70%) and Trichopodus trichopterus (family Osphronemidae) (70%).
Sülemî’nin Mihanu’s-Sûfiyye’si: İnceleme ve Tercüme
Authors: KONUR Himmet
Published: June 2020

Sülemî müellif sûfîlerden biridir. Ona yüzden fazla eser nispet edilmiştir. Hadis, tefsir ve tasavvuf alanında birçok eser kaleme almıştır. Tasavvufa dair eserlerinden biri de Mihanu’s-Sûfiyye’dir. Aslında onun bu eseri günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Kaynaklarda bu eserden yapılan alıntılar bir araya getirilmek suretiyle bir nüsha oluşturulmuş ve basılmıştır. Bu eserde mihneye maruz kalan sufilerden bahsedilmektedir. Mihan, mihne kelimesinin çoğuludur. Bir kavram olarak, yöneticilerin, yapmadıkları bir şeyi yaptığını veya söylemek istemedikleri bir şey söyleyene kadar bazı önemli kişilikleri tutuklamaları ve cezalandırmaları anlamına gelir. Mihne isminden bahsedildiğinde çoğunlukla Mutezile mensupları akla gelir. Abbasi döneminde kısa bir süre yöneticileri ikna ederek herkesi Kuran'ın lafız ve mana olarak yaratılmış olduğunu kabul etmeye zorladılar ve kabul etmeyenleri cezalandırma yoluna gittiler. Daha sonra Selefiler kendileri gibi düşünmeyenlere mihne uyguladılar. Son zamanlarda, Mutezile ve Selefilerin kendileri gibi düşünmeyenlere baskıları ve bu baskı sürecinin İslam ilimleri üzerindeki etkisi üzerine bilimsel toplantı ve yayınlar yapıldı. Ancak, Sufilere uygulanan mihne ve bu mihne sürecinin bir İslam ilmi olarak tasavvuf üzerindeki etkisi konusunda neredeyse hiçbir faaliyet yapılmamıştır. Sülemî'nin bu eseri, bu konuda yapılacak çalışmalar için önemli bir kaynak niteliğindedir. Bu makalede, mihneye maruz kalan 12 sufinin yer aldığı Sülemî'nin eserinin inceleme ve tercümesini sunacağız.
El Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas en sus primeros años (1912-1930)
Authors: Cabrera Lafuente Ana
Published: June 2020

El artículo presenta la historia de la fundación del Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas en 1912, como Museo Nacional de Artes Industriales y su desarrollo en los primeros años de vida. Se intenta dar una visión de las razones de su fundación, antecedentes y fines, presentando el Real Decreto de fundación y el Reglamento de Museo, y de los trabajos desarrollados hasta los años 30 del siglo pasado. Entre sus fines destaca el especial interés en la enseñanza y didáctica de las artes industriales y decorativas, y su relación con los museos europeos como el Victoria and Albert Museum, por ejemplo.
Estuches de libro. Análisis funcional de pequeños contenedores
Authors: De la Fuente Andrés Félix
Published: June 2020

Estudio sobre una serie de contenedores de pequeño formato con características homogéneas. A partir del análisis estructural y funcional, y del contraste con los paralelos, y con los datos de las fuentes primarias e iconográficas, hemos podido definir una tipología específica, interpretar su función y denominación original, y establecer su cronología y procedencia.
Salas de época y recreación de ambientes. Análisis de una práctica museográfica de ida y vuelta
Authors: Rodríguez Marco Isabel María
Published: June 2020

Este trabajo hace una síntesis de la evolución de la tipología museográfica de las salas de época, con la intención de mostrar la variedad de puntos de vista existentes en torno a esta práctica y subrayar el interés que tiene su estudio en relación a la situación actual de la museografía en Europa y en España en particular.
Óleo sobre naipe. Dos pequeños retratos de Carlos II (según Van Kessel II) y Mariana de Neoburgo del Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas
Authors: Simal López Mercedes
Published: June 2020

En este trabajo se estudian dos interesantes pequeños retratos realizados al óleo sobre naipe que han ingresado en los últimos años en el Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas y que destacan por su calidad artística y su significado histórico: uno del Carlos II fechado hacia 1690 obra de Jan van Kessel II y otro de su segunda esposa, Mariana de Neoburgo, ya viuda, que aún conserva su montura original de oro y esmeraldas.
El terno de san Eufrasio de la catedral de Jaén y otras piezas del taller de Molero en la diócesis giennense
Authors: Amaro Martos Ismael
Published: June 2020

"Agustín Rubín de Ceballos, obispo de Jaén entre 1780 y 1793, fue un importante promotor de las artes en la catedral giennense, así como del resto de iglesias de la provincia. Su devoción por san Eufrasio, patrón de la diócesis, le llevó a mandar algunas obras en su honor, entre las que cabe destacar una capilla bajo su advocación y un terno para la celebración de la festividad del santo. Este conjunto, realizado por la manufactura toledana de Miguel Gregorio Molero en 1789, ha sido estudiado por primera vez en esta investigación, basándonos en una importante aportación documental que relata el origen del mismo. A su vez, lo hemos comparado con otros ternos conservados en Villacarrillo, Baeza y Jaén, con el fin de contextualizar estilísticamente los ornamentos litúrgicos que centran nuestro estudio.
KERAGAMAN JENIS KADAL SUB-ORDO SAURIA (FAMILI SCINCIDAE) DI HUTAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG MEJA
Authors: Muhammad Agus Sukardi  , Anton Silas Sinery
Published: June 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kadal dan keragamannya pada Hutan Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Meja. Studi ini menggunakan teknik observasi dan teknik pengambilan data secara langsung melalui penjelajahan dengan parameter utama meliputi jenis, jumlah individu kadal sedangkan variabel pendukung meliputi kondisi umum lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat six jenis kadal yakni: Sphenomophus sp., Sphenomorphus variegatus (Peters, 1867), Carlia fusca (Dumeril &Bibron, 1836), Laprolepis smaragdina (Lesson, 1830) Emoia sp dan Emoia caeruleocouda (Des, 1892) dengan jumlah total individu 133. Tingkat keanekaragaman jenis kadal sebesar 1,76 (kriteria sedang) yang menunjukkan kemantapan populasi kadal yang cukup baik dan tingkat kemerataan jenis tinggi (0,98) yang menunjukkan adanya distribusi individu yang merata. Jenis-jenis kadal tersebut ada yang bersifat arboreal, teresterial dan dibawah tanah  dan umumnya beradaptasi pada tumpukan serasah, pohon-pohon tumbang dan daerah terbuka serta memiliki jenis pakan berupa jenis serangga dan beberapa jenis organism berukura kecil.
KARAKTERISTIK STOMATA DAN KANDUNGAN KLOROFIL DAUN ANAKAN KAYU CINA (Sundacarpus amarus (Blume) C.N.Page) PADA BEBERAPA INTENSITAS NAUNGAN
Authors: Claudia N. S. Karubuy  , Aditya Rahmadaniarti  , Jacobus Wanggai
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi intensitas naungan terhadap karakteristik stomata dan kandungan klorofil daun anakan kayu cina (Sundacarpus amarus (Blume) C.N.Page). Penelitina ini menggunakan desain rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat tingkat perlakuan intensitas naungan paranet, yaitu kontrol (tanpa naungan), intensitas naungan 40%, intensitas naungan 55% ,dan intensitas naungan 75%. Data uji dengan menggunakan analisis variance (ANOVA) dengan selang kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan perlakuan intensitas naungan tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap karakteristik stomata (jumlah dan kerapatan stomata), dan kandungan klorofil dari jenis Sundacarpus amarus. Ketidakhadiran secara signifikan dari perlakuan yang diberikan ini meperlihatkan bahwa ada pengaruh iklim dan cuaca harian seperti intensitas cahaya (43,5%), suhu  (27,5 oC), curah hujan (233,6 mm), and dan kelembaban (83.2%) yang mana tidak terlalu ekstrim sehingga anakan tumbuhan mampu beradaptasi dengan baik pada kondisi tersebut.
PENDEKATAN MAKROSASTRA DALAM KONSEP INIMITABILITAS AL-QUR’AN: TELAAH PEMIKIRAN NASR HAMID ABU ZAID
Authors: Hidayah Nuril
Published: June 2020

This study is aimed at identifying Abu>-Zayd’s position with his theory of i’ja>z al-Qur’an among another theoretician of i’ja>z lugawi> and his contribution toward i’ja>z discourse and qur’anic studies. To achieve that goal, it will explore some elements underlying his theory, namely the basic element, the mode of thought, the essential element, the aim and the end of his i’ja>z thought.
KONSEP POLIGAMI MENURUT NASHR HAMID ABU ZAYD DALAM KARYA DAWAIRUL KHAUF: QIRA’ATUN FI KHITABIL MAR’AH: ANALISIS HERMENEUTIK
Authors: Faizah Nur
Published: June 2020

Berbicara poligami selalu menarik perhatian dan diperbincangkan. Perdebatan wacana poligami di kalangan muslim selalu berakhir tanpa pernah melahirkan kesepakatan, karena perbedaan penafsiran. Artikel ini memaparkan model pendekatan dalam konteks penafsiran al-Qur’an tentang poligami yang ditawarkan Abū Zayd dengan kerangka berfikir berbeda dalam mendekati poligami, yang pada akhirnya berimplikasi pada perbedaan tingkat pemahaman. Hal ini diharapkan mampu memberikan alternatif pemahaman kritis terhadap berbagai implikasi yang biasa tampil dalam setiap pendekatan penafsiran al-Qur’an tentang poligami. Karena itu dimanfaatkan teori hermeneutik dengan metode pendekatan sosio-historis dan fenomenologis. Sehingga dapat diungkapkan bahwa penafsiran Abū Zayd dengan hermeneutika Qur’annya melarang poligami karena tidak memenuhi prinsip keadilan
PERDEBATAN TAQLID DALAM ‘AQIDAH DAN SHARI‘AH
Authors: Fida Imanuddin Abil
Published: June 2020

The debates on the subject of imitation (taqlid) does not exist in the field of fiqih, but also in ushuluddin. Moreover, regarding permissibility of taqlid has been discussed by scholars since the second century. The debate has been more intense after the fall of Baghdad. Some argues that Baghdad’s fall was due to the rise of taqlid among Muslims. Therefore, various books have been written to encourage for ijtihad in order to grow the spirit of knowledge. While others wrote concerning the reason for rejection taqlid based on al-Qur’an, hadist and logic. This article will explain the views of scholars around taqlid both in ‘aqidah and syari’ah
MAKNA ISLAM SEBAGAI AGAMA RAHMATAN LIL ALAMIN PERSPEKTIF PARTAI-PARTAI ISLAM PERIODE 2014-2019 (Studi terhadap Pernyataan Petinggi Partai Islam dalam Menanggapi Isu SARA)
Authors: Adawiyah Robiatul
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to re-understand the concept of Islam as a religion that rahmatan lil alamin in the perspective of Islamic parties in Indonesia, especially in the period 2014 - 2019. some a priori towards Islam then afraid to study Islam. In the midst of such conditions the term rahmata lil alamin can be an alternative model of Islam that is complained of by many groups. Ironically, this term is interpreted without sufficient scientific basis, it can even be said to have been a meaning bias. By using a socio-anthropolinguistic approach from online-based data, in this paper the authors use a literature study, which is looking for sources of written data that have relevance to the problem being studied. While the data sources that are used both in the form of books, journal articles, magazines and online newspapers are trusted. Based on the study of literature, the data collection techniques both primary and secondary authors use literature techniques and related literature. With this writing the authors hope the concept of Islam rahmatan lil alamin in the perspective of Islamic parties in Indonesia get clarity so that the meaning of Islam rahmatan lil alamin can truly reflect the universal nature and uphold the value of humanity that is fair and civilized and justice for all Indonesian people in particular and all humanity in general
KEISTIMEWAAN ISTIQAMAH DALAM PERSFEKTIF AL-QUR’AN
Authors: Mulyono Mulyono
Published: June 2020

Ibnu Rajab dalam bukunya yang berjudul Jamiul Ulum Wal Hikam mengatakan, bahwa “istiqamah adalah prilaku jalan yang lurus dan agama yang lurus dengan tidak melenceng kekanan atau kekiri, istiqamah mencakup semua perbuatan taat yang dhohir maupun bathin dan istiqamah meninggalkan semua yang dilarang, wasiat ini bersifat menyeluruh untuk semua urusan agama.“  Merujuk dari statement yang telah disampaikan oleh Ibnu Rajab di atas, penyusun bertambah yakin bahwa betapa pentingnya materi istiqamah ini dibahas. Istiqamah merupakan bagian dari ciri pribadi yang mulia, karakter orang-orang sholeh, sikap yang menjiwai orang-orang sukses dunia akherat. Istiqamah juga merupakan bagian dari ciri-ciri ahli surga.Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research) yang dikemas dalam sebuah tesis yang menggunakan metode penelitian tafsir yang kita kenal dengan metode tafsir maudhu’i. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, yang bersifat deskriptif-analisis. Dengan pendekatan yang digunakan adalah keimanan spiritual.Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa pribadi yang istiqamah harus dimiliki oleh setiap muslim, karena istiqamah sangat erat kaitannya dengan kualitas ibadah dan keiamanan seorang mukmin, tanpa istiqamah hidupnya terasa asal-asalan dan hampa tak bermakna.
TRADISI ZIARAH WALI DALAM MEMBANGUN DIMENSI SPIRITUAL MASYARAKAT
Authors: Khosiah Nur
Published: June 2020

Masyarakat modern adalah masyarakat yang haus dengan pengetahuan dan lebih banyak bersandar pada logika. Apalagi Era berkemajuan saat ini banyak dari mereka yang  berlomba- lomba mendapatkan kekayaan, mengejar pangkat, populalitas agar mereka mendapat penghormatan dari orang lain dan masyarakat. Akan tetapi masih banyak juga dari mereka masih memikirkan bagaimana mendapat ketenangan bathin, ibadah yang semakin menungkat, sehingga banyak dari mereka yang meneruskan tradisi ziarah wali sebagai salah satu cara dan media untuk mendekatkan diri kepada Sang Pencipta. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui jamaah ziarah wali di desa Tambakrejo Kecamatan Tongas Kabupaten Probolinggo dalam membangun dimensi spiritual masyarakatnya. Dalam tulisan ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian terdiri dari tehnik pengumpulan data dan tehnik analisis data. Tehnik pengumpulan data peneliti menggunakan metode observasi,wawancara yang  melalui observasi, wawancara dan analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Tambakrejo sanagat antusias dalam melaksanakan tradisi ziarah wali, dan membangun spiritualnya dalam beribadah semakin meningkat dalam mengikuti shalat berjamaah, mengikuti pengajian, berperilaku semakin baik, menjenguk orang sakit, memberikan bantuan pada orang yan butuh, silaturahmi meningkat, tutur katanya lembut dan tidak bergunjing dan lain sebagainya.
FEN BİLGİSİ ÖĞRETMENLİĞİ VE PEDAGOJİK FORMASYON FEN GRUBU ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN FEN ÖĞRETİMİ ÖZYETERLİK İNANÇLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: ASLAN Oktay , ULUÇINAR SAĞIR Şafak , ELMAS Cennet
Published: June 2020

Bu çalışmada fen bilgisi öğretmenliği son sınıf öğrencileri ile pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan fen grubu öğrencilerinin fen öğretimi özyeterlik inançlarının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma betimsel yaklaşımlardan olan ilişkisel tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Lisans grubu fen bilgisi öğretmenliği öğrencileri ve fen bilimleri formasyon grubu öğrencilerinden oluşan 263 kişi çalışma grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Veriler iki alt boyuttan oluşan beşli likert tipinde fen öğretimine yönelik özyeterlik inancı ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde istatistik paket programı kullanılarak t- testi ve ANOVA uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak eğitim fakültesi fen bilgisi öğretmenliği öğrencilerinin pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan fen edebiyat fakültesi öğrencilerine kıyasla fen öğretimi özyeterlik inançlarının yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca fen öğretimi özyeterlik inançlarının cinsiyet, branş ve deneyim değişkenlerine göre farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda öğretmen yetiştirmeye dair çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.
Ice nucleating particle concentrations of the past: Insights from a 600 year old Greenland ice core
Authors: Schrod Jann , Kleinhenz Dominik , Hörhold Maria , Erhardt Tobias , Richter Sarah , Wilhelms Frank , Fischer Hubertus , Ebert Martin , Twarloh Birthe , Della Lunga Damiano , Jensen Camilla Marie , Curtius Joachim , Bingemer Heinz G.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) affect the microphysics in cloud and precipitation processes. Hence, they modulate the radiative properties of clouds. However, atmospheric INP concentrations of the past are basically unknown. Here, we present INP measurements from an ice core in Greenland, which dates back to the year 1370. In total 135 samples were analyzed with the FRIDGE droplet freezing assay in the temperature range from −14 °C to −35 °C. The sampling frequency was set to 1 in 10 years from 1370 to 1960. From 1960 to 1990 the frequency was increased to 1 sample per year. Additionally, a number of special events were probed, including volcanic episodes. The typical time coverage of a sample was on the order of a few months. Historical atmospheric INP concentrations were estimated with a conversion factor, which depends on the snow accumulation rate of the ice core, particle dry deposition velocity and the wet scavenging ratio. Typical atmospheric INP concentrations were on the order of 0.1 L−1 at −25 °C. The INP variability was found to be about 1–2 orders of magnitude. Yet, the short-term variability from samples over a seasonal cycle was considerably lower. INP concentrations were significantly correlated to chemical tracers derived from continuous flow analysis (CFA) and ion chromatography (IC) over a broad range of nucleation temperatures. The highest correlation coefficients were found for the particle concentration (dp > 1.2 μm). The correlation is higher for the seasonal samples, where INP concentrations follow a clear annual pattern, highlighting the importance of the annual dust input in Greenland from East Asian deserts during spring. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of single particles retrieved from selected samples found particles of soil origin to be the dominant fraction, verifying the significance of mineral dust particles as INPs. Overall, the concentrations compare reasonably well to present day INP concentrations, albeit they are on the lower side. However, we found that the INP concentration at medium supercooled temperatures differed before and after 1960. Average INP concentrations at −23 °C, −24 °C, −25 °C, −26 °C and −28 °C were significantly higher (and more variable) in the modern day period, which could indicate a potential anthropogenic impact or some post-coring contamination of the topmost, very porous firn.
Estimating real driving emissions from MAX-DOAS measurements at the A60 motorway near Mainz, Germany
Authors: Lauster Bianca , Dörner Steffen , Beirle Steffen , Donner Sebastian , Gromov Sergey , Uhlmannsiek Katharina , Wagner Thomas
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In urban areas, road traffic is a dominant source of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2). Although the emissions from individual vehicles are regulated by the European emission standards, real driving emissions often exceed these limits. In this study, two MAX-DOAS instruments on opposite sides of the motorway were used to measure the NO2 absorption caused by road traffic at the A60 motorway close to Mainz, Germany. In combination with wind data, the total NOx emissions for the occurring traffic volume can be estimated. We show that the measured emissions exceed the maximum expected emissions calculated from the European emission standards by a factor of 11 ± 7. One major advantage of the method used here is that from MAX-DOAS measurements the integrated NO2 concentration over the lowermost 2 to 3 km is determined. Thus, all emitted NO2 molecules are detected independent from their altitude and therefore the whole emission plume originating from the nearby motorway is captured by these measurements which is a key advantage compared to other approaches such as in-situ measurements.
Vegetation, ground cover, soil, rainfall simulation, and overland-flow experiments before and after tree removal in woodland-encroached sagebrush steppe: the hydrology component of the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP)
Authors: Williams C. Jason , Pierson Frederick B. , Kormos Patrick R. , Al-Hamdan Osama Z. , Johnson Justin C.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Rainfall simulation and overland-flow experiments enhance
understanding of surface hydrology and erosion processes, quantify runoff
and erosion rates, and provide valuable data for developing and testing
predictive models. We present a unique dataset (1021 experimental plots) of
rainfall simulation (1300 plot runs) and overland-flow (838 plot runs)
experimental plot data paired with measures of vegetation, ground cover, and
surface soil physical properties spanning point to hillslope scales. The
experimental data were collected at three sloping sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) sites in
the Great Basin, USA, each subjected to woodland encroachment and with
conditions representative of intact wooded shrublands and 1–9 years following
wildfire, prescribed fire, and/or tree cutting and shredding tree-removal
treatments. The methodologies applied in data collection and the cross-scale
experimental design uniquely provide scale-dependent, separate measures of
interrill (rain splash and sheet flow processes, 0.5 m2 plots) and
concentrated overland-flow runoff and erosion rates (∼9 m2 plots), along with collective rates for these same processes
combined over the patch scale (13 m2 plots). The dataset provides a
valuable source for developing, assessing, and calibrating/validating runoff
and erosion models applicable to diverse plant community dynamics with
varying vegetation, ground cover, and surface soil conditions. The
experimental data advance understanding and quantification of surface
hydrologic and erosion processes for the research domain and potentially for
other patchy-vegetated rangeland landscapes elsewhere. Lastly, the unique
nature of repeated measures spanning numerous treatments and timescales
delivers a valuable dataset for examining long-term landscape vegetation,
soil, hydrology, and erosion responses to various management actions, land
use, and natural disturbances. The dataset is available from the US
Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library at
https://data.nal.usda.gov/search/type/dataset (last access: 7 May 2020) (doi: https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1504518; Pierson et al., 2019).
A revised dry deposition scheme for land-atmosphere exchange of trace gases in ECHAM/MESSy v2.54
Authors: Emmerichs Tamara , Kerkweg Astrid , Ouwersloot Huug , Fares Silvano , Mammarella Ivan , Taraborrelli Domenico
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Dry deposition to vegetation is a major sink of ground-level ozone and is responsible for about 20 % of the total tropospheric ozone loss. Its parametrisation in atmospheric chemistry models represent a significant source of uncertainty for the global tropospheric ozone budget and might account for the mismatch with observations. The model used in this study, the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy2) linked to ECHAM5 as an atmospheric circulation model (EMAC), is no exception. Like many global models, EMAC employs a “resistance in series” scheme with the major surface deposition via plant stomata which is hardly sensitive to meteorology, depending only on solar radiation. Unlike many global models, however, EMAC uses a simplified high resistance for non-stomatal deposition which makes this pathway negligible in the model. However, several studies have shown this process to be comparable in magnitude to the stomatal uptake, especially during the night over moist surfaces. Hence, we present here a revised dry deposition in EMAC. The default dry deposition scheme has been extended with adjustment factors to predict stomatal responses to temperature and vapour pressure deficit. Furthermore, an explicit formulation of the non-stomatal deposition to the leaf surface (cuticle) dependent on humidity has been implemented based on established schemes. Finally, the soil moisture availability function for plants has been revised to be consistent with the simple hydrological model available in EMAC. This revision was necessary in order to avoid unrealistic stomatal closure where the model shows a strong soil dry bias, e.g. in the Amazon basin in the dry season. These modifications for the three stomatal stress functions have been included in the newly developed MESSy submodel VERTEX, i.e. a process model describing the vertical exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer, which will be evaluated for the first time here. The MESSy submodel describing the dry deposition of trace gases and aerosols (DDEP) has been revised accordingly. The comparison of the simulation results with measurement data at four sites shows that the new scheme enables a more realistic representation of dry deposition. However, the representation is strongly limited by the local meteorology. In total, the changes increase the dry deposition velocity of ozone up to a factor of 2 globally, whereby the highest impact arises from the inclusion of cuticular uptake, especially over moist surfaces. This corresponds to a 6 % increase of global annual dry deposition loss of ozone resulting globally in a slight decrease of ground-level ozone but a regional decrease of up to 25 %. Thus, the revision of the process parameterisation as documented here has the potential to significantly reduce the overestimation of tropospheric ozone in global models.
The Whole Antarctic Ocean Model (WAOM v1.0): Development and Evaluation
Authors: Richter Ole , Gwyther David E. , Galton-Fenzi Benjamin K. , Naughten Kaitlin A.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), including an ice shelf component, has been applied on a circum-Antarctic domain to derive estimates of ice shelf basal melting. Significant improvements made compared to previous models of this scale are the inclusion of tides and a horizontal spatial resolution of 2 km, which is sufficient to resolve onshelf heat transport by bathymetric troughs and eddy scale circulation. We run the model with ocean-atmosphere-sea ice conditions from the year 2007, to represent nominal present day climate. We force the ocean surface with buoyancy fluxes derived from sea ice concentration observations and wind stress from ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis. At the northern boundaries ocean conditions are derived from the ECCO2 reanalysis and tides are incorporated as sea surface height and barotropic currents. The accuracy of tidal height signals close to the coast is comparable to those simulated from widely-used barotropic tide models, while off-shelf hydrography agrees well with the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) model. On the shelf, most details of ice shelf-ocean interaction are consistent with results from regional modelling and observational studies, although a paucity of observational data (particularly taken during 2007) prohibits a full verification. We conclude that our improved model is well suited to derive a new estimate of present day Antarctic ice shelf melting at high resolution and is able to quantify its sensitivity to tides.
Necessary conditions for algorithmic tuning of weather prediction
models using OpenIFS as an example
Authors: Tuppi Lauri , Ollinaho Pirkka , Ekblom Madeleine , Shemyakin Vladimir , Järvinen Heikki
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Algorithmic model tuning is a promising approach to yield the best possible forecast performance of multi-scale multi-phase atmospheric models once the model structure is fixed. The problem is to what degree we can trust algorithmic model tuning. We approach the problem by studying the convergence of this process in a semi-realistic case. Let M (x, θ) denote the time evolution model, where x and θ are the initial state and the default model parameter vectors, respectively. A necessary condition for an algorithmic tuning process to converge is that θ is recovered when the tuning process is initialised with perturbed model parameters θ′ and the default model forecasts are used as pseudo-observations. The aim here is to gauge which conditions are sufficient in semi-realistic test setting to obtain reliable results, and thus building confidence on the tuning in fully-realistic cases. A large set of convergence tests is carried in semi-realistic cases applying two different ensemble-based parameter estimation methods and the OpenIFS model. The results are interpreted as general guidance for algorithmic model tuning, which we successfully tested in a more demanding case of simultaneous estimation of eight OpenIFS model parameters.
Calibrating soybean parameters in JULES5.0 from the US-Ne2/3 FLUXNET sites and the SoyFACE-O3 experiment
Authors: Leung Felix , Williams Karina , Sitch Stephen , Tai Amos P.K. , Wiltshire Andy , Gornall Jemma , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. , Arkebauer Timiothy , Scoby David
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. O3 is detrimental to plant productivity, and it has a significant impact on crop yield. Currently, the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model includes a representation of global crops (JULES-crop), but does not have crop-specific O3 damage parameters, and applies default C3 grass O3 parameters for soybean that underestimates O3 damage. Physiological parameters for O3 damage in soybean in JULES-crop were calibrated against leaf gas-exchange measurements from the Soybean Free-Air-Concentration-Enrichment (SoyFACE) with O3 experiment in Illinois, USA. Other plant parameters were calibrated using an extensive array of soybean observations such as crop height, leaf carbon, etc. and meteorological data from FLUXNET sites near Mead, Nebraska, USA. The yield, aboveground carbon and leaf area index (LAI) of soybean from the SoyFACE experiment were used to evaluate the newly calibrated parameters. The result shows good performance for yield, with the modelled yield being within the spread of the SoyFACE observations. Although JULES-crop is able to reproduce observed LAI seasonality, its magnitude is underestimated. The newly calibrated version of JULES will be applied regionally and globally in future JULES simulations. This study helps to build a state-of-the-art impact assessment model and contribute to a more complete understanding of the impacts of climate change on food production.
Assessing the capabilities of the SWOT mission for large lake water surface elevation monitoring under different wind conditions
Authors: Bergeron Jean , Siles Gabriela , Leconte Robert , Trudel Mélanie , Desroches Damien , Peters Daniel L.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Lakes are important sources of freshwater and provide essential ecosystem services. Monitoring their spatial and temporal variability, as well as of their functions, is an important task within the development of sustainable water management strategies. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will provide continuous information on the dynamics of continental (rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs) and ocean water bodies. This work aims to contribute to the international effort evaluating the SWOT satellite (2022 launch) performance for water balance assessment over large lakes (e.g., > 100 km2). For this purpose, a hydrodynamic model was set up over Mamawi Lake, Canada, and different wind scenarios on lake hydrodynamics were simulated. The derived water surface elevations (WSE) were compared to synthetic elevations produced by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) SWOT high resolution (SWOT-HR) simulator. Moreover, water storages and net flows were retrieved from different possible SWOT orbital configurations, as well as synthetic gauge measurements. In general, a good agreement was found between the WSE simulated from the model and those mimicked by the SWOT-HR simulator. Depending on the wind scenario, errors ranged between approximately −2 and 5 cm for mean error, and 30 to 70 cm root mean square error. Low spatial coverage of the lake was found to generate important biases in the retrievals of water volume or net flow between two satellite passes in the presence of local heterogeneities in WSE. However, the precision of retrievals was found to increase as spatial coverage increases, becoming more reliable than the retrievals from 3 synthetic gauges when spatial coverage approaches 100 %, demonstrating the capabilities of the future SWOT mission in monitoring dynamic WSE for large lakes across Canada.
Invited Perspective: What Lies Beneath a Changing Arctic?
Authors: McKenzie Jeffrey M. , Kurylyk Barret L. , Walvoord Michelle A. , Bense Victor F. , Fortier Daniel , Spence Chris , Grenier Christophe
Published: June 2020

Abstract. As permafrost thaws in the Arctic, new subsurface pathways open for the movement of groundwater, energy, and solutes. We identify different ways that these subsurface changes are driving observed surface phenomena, including the potential for increased contaminant transport, modification to water resources, and enhanced rates of infrastructure (e.g. buildings and roads) damage. Further, as permafrost thaws it allows groundwater to transport carbon, nutrients, and other dissolved constituents from terrestrial to aquatic environments via progressively deeper subsurface flow paths. Cryohydrogeology, the study of groundwater in cold regions, must be included in Northern research initiatives to account for this hidden catalyst of environmental and societal change.
Proglacial icings as records of winter hydrological processes
Authors: Chesnokova Anna , Baraër Michel , Bouchard Émilie
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The ongoing warming of cold regions is affecting hydrological processes, causing deep changes such as a ubiquitous increase in river winter discharges. The drivers of this increase are not yet fully identified, mainly due to the lack of observations and field measurements in cold and remote environments. In order to provide new insights into the sources generating winter runoff, the present study explores the possibility to extract information from icings that form over the winter and are often still present early in the summer. Primary sources detection is performed using time lapse camera (TLC) images of icings found in both proglacial fields and upper alpine meadows in June 2016 in two subarctic glacierized catchments in the upper part of the Duke watershed, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon. As TLC alone are not sufficient to entirely cover a large and hydrologically complex area, we explore the possibility to compensate that limit by four supplementary methods based on natural tracers: (a) stable water isotopes, (b) water ionic content, (c) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and (d) cryogenic precipitates. Interpretation of the combined results shows a complex hydrological system where multiple sources contribute to icings growth over the studied winter. Glaciers of all sizes, directly or through the aquifer, represent the major parent water source for icings formation in the studied proglacial areas. Groundwater-fed hillslope tributaries, possibly connected to suprapermafrost layers, make up the other detectable sources in icing remnants. If confirmed in other cold regions, those results will suggest orienting winter flow trend studies toward a multi-causal hypothesis in glacierized catchments. More generally, this study shows the potential of using icing formations as a new, barely explored source of information on cold regions’ winter hydrological processes that can contribute to overcoming the paucity of observations in these regions.
Characterization of the Chemical and Phytochemical Profiles during Fruit Development and Ripening in Selected Cultivars of African Nightshade (Solanum Nigrum Complex) Edible Berries
Authors: Kamau Elijah Heka , Mathara Julius Maina , Kenji Glaston Mwangi
Published: June 2020

Solanum nigrum complex is a green, indigenous leafy vegetable that grows in many parts of the world and its utilization can deliver more nutrients and phytochemicals into the diet. Even though it can help in alleviating the burden of hidden hunger, only the leafy part is utilized whereas the plant has edible berries. This study sought to address the problem of underutilization by looking at the benefits that can be derived from the berries. Four varieties of the plant were harvested through four stages; green, colour break, ripe and at senescence. Chemical analyses of the berries were done to determine the content and changes in macro and micro-nutrients and the phytochemical content of the berries as they ripened. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant difference between nutrient and phytochemical composition of the different S. nigrum varieties at different ripening stages. The results show that fibre, ash and protein increased at senescence while carbohydrates decreased. Magnesium was the most abundant mineral. As berries ripened, oxalates, total phenols, flavonoids and phytates decreased while Vitamin C, tannins and total carotenoids increased. Conclusively, the berries in this study have comparable nutritional value with other commonly consumed fruits and could, therefore, be incorporated into the family pot.
Diagnosing the Organizational Culture of Rural Community Banks in Ghana and Its Effects on Their Financial Performance
Authors: Asaah Jenkins A. , Asaah Beatrice L. , Luguterah Austin W.
Published: June 2020

Rural Community Banks (RCBs) are important rural development partners in Ghana. They are the lifeline of credit to small businesses and individuals who do not have the necessary collateral and capacity to borrow from the traditional commercial banks. However, the RCBs are confronted with increasing customers’ demands, keen competition, and poor financial performance which has led to 26% of the country’s RCBs earmarked for liquidation. This is a serious threat to the sustainability of the country’s RCBs prompting serious concern among stakeholders of rural banking. Previous studies have looked at the issue from the perspective of regulations, corporate governance, and ownership structure. This paper seeks to look at the problem from the organizational culture and product innovation point of views.Based on the Competing Values Framework and empirical studies, hypotheses were stated and tested using data collected from 92 RCBs.The data were analyzed using the Smart PLS of SEM.The findings are that RCBs in Ghana exhibit four different cultural types but the dominant culture is control-oriented. Product innovation has a strong impact on financial performance. Cultural orientations such as compete-oriented and innovate-oriented can support RCBs to introduce innovative financial products (product innovation) while control-oriented cannot.Based on the findings, the RCBs are encouraged to create a Research and Product Development (RPD) unit. This unit should develop a cultural orientation that values and encourages freedom of thought, and experimentation of innovative ideas. The bank as an institution should value customer and competitor interactions which serve as a feedback platform for the development of innovative financial products and services.The theoretical contribution of this paper is that organizational cultural orientations that value and focus on customer satisfaction, and interaction with competitors nurture product innovation.
A Neglected Allusion to Leviticus 4–5 in Jesus’s Words Concerning His Blood in Matthew 26:28
Authors: Hoskins Paul M.
Published: June 2020

Previous treatments of the allusions to the OT in Matt 26:28 have overlooked or neglected its allusion to Lev 4:1–5:13, which describes the sacrifice of the sin offering. In comparison to the parallels in Mark and Luke, Matt 26:28 contains the clearest allusion to Lev 4:1–5:13. The allusion is based on both verbal and thematic connections. In terms of verbal connections, Matt 26:28’s combination of blood, poured out, for (περί) the sinner, and the forgiveness of sins is found in only one passage in the OT, namely, Lev 4:1–5:13.
An evaluation of the role of tumor load in cytoreductive nephrectomy
Authors: Silagy Andrew W. , Duzgol Cihan , Marcon Julian , DiNatale Renzo G. , Mano Roy , Blum Kyle A. , Reznik Ed , Voss Martin H. , Motzer Robert J. , Coleman Jonathan A. , Russo Paul , Akin Oguz , Hakimi A. Ari
Published: June 2020

Introduction: New radiological tools can accurately provide preoperative three-dimensional spatial assessment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) We aimed to determine whether the distribution, volume, shape, and fraction of RCC resected in a cytoreductive nephrectomy associates with survival.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 560 patients undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy performing a comprehensive volumetric analysis in eligible patients of all detectable primary and metastatic RCC prior to surgery. We used Cox regression analysis to determine the association between the volume, shape, fraction resected, and distribution of RCC and overall survival (OS).

Results: There were 62 patients eligible for volumetric analysis, with similar baseline characteristics to the entire cohort, and median survivor followup was 34 months. Larger primary tumors were less spherical, but not associated with different metastatic patterns. Increased primary tumor volume and tumor size, but not the fraction of tumor resected, were associated with inferior survival. The rank of tumors based on unidimensional size did not completely correspond to the rank by primary tumor volume, however, both measurements yielded similar concordance for predicted OS. Larger tumor volume was not associated with a longer postoperative time off treatment.

Conclusions: Primary tumor volume was significant for predicting OS, while the fraction of disease resected did not appear to impact upon patient outcomes. Although rich in detail, our study is potentially limited by selection bias. Future temporal studies may help elucidate whether the primary tumor shape is associated with tumor growth kinetics.