bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorenone Synthesis by Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Sequential Reactions of 2‐Bromobenzaldehydes with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Liu Tao‐Ping , Liao Yuan‐Xi , Xing Chun‐Hui , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: August 2011

A wide range of substituted fluorenones is prepared with high regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenanthrene Synthesis by Iron‐Catalyzed [4 + 2] Benzannulation Between Alkyne and Biaryl or 2‐Alkenylphenyl Grignard Reagent.
Authors: Matsumoto Arimasa , Ilies Laurean , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: August 2011

Mild reaction conditions, and tolerance of a variety of functional groups feature the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (R)‐Glycidyl Butyrate from Racemic Glycidyl Butyrate or Epichlorohydrin via Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution.
Authors: Jiang Chengjun , Yan Jianbo
Published: August 2011

The differences of (R)‐glycidyl butyrate (V) synthesis via hydrolytic kinetic resolution of glycidyl butyrate directly or regioselective opening of epichlorohydrin as key steps by using Jacobsen′s hydrolytic kinetic resolution are compared.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Annulative Amination of ortho‐Alkynylphenols with Hydroxylamines: Synthesis of 3‐Aminobenzofurans by Umpolung Amination Strategy.
Authors: Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: August 2011

A variety of target compounds of biological and pharmaceutical interest is prepared with moderate yields, The process tolerates aromatic and aliphatic substituents at the alkyne moiety and a variety of amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Enantioenriched Cγ‐Tetrasubstituted α‐Amino Acid Derivatives via an Asymmetric Nucleophilic Addition/Protonation Cascade.
Authors: Duan Shu‐Wen , An Jing , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: August 2011

Both enantiomers of the target compounds [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Isatins Using C2‐Symmetric Cationic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) Pd2+ Diaqua Complexes as Catalysts.
Authors: Liu Zhen , Gu Peng , Shi Min , McDowell Patrick , Li Guigen
Published: August 2011

The novel catalytic system is developed for the arylation of a variety of isatins and aromatic boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of 3‐Isothiocyanato Oxindoles to Ketones: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Spirooxindoles Bearing Highly Congested Contiguous Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters.
Authors: Chen Wen‐Bing , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Hu Jing , Cun Lin‐Feng , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng
Published: August 2011

The reaction allows the preparation of various functionalized target compounds with good yields and enantioselectivities, albeit in many cases with moderate diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Access to Unusual Solid‐State Luminescent Merocyanines by a Novel One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis.
Authors: Muschelknautz Christian , Frank Walter , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: August 2011

The title compounds (IV), (VI), (VIII), and (IX) are intensely red or yellow emissive in the solid state and show large Stokes shifts.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Fischer Indole Synthesis of 2,3′‐Biindoles.
Authors: Alford Philip E. , Fu Liangfeng , Kubert Joseph K. , Wang Lingshan , Gribble Gordon W.
Published: August 2011

The effect of the p‐substituent in the starting hydrazines is investigated and moderate to excellent yields are obtained for (Ib)‐(Id).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective N‐(Hetero)arylation or N,N′‐Di(hetero)arylation of 1‐Aminoindoles.
Authors: Messaoudi Samir , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad
Published: August 2011

A convenient protocol using a Pd/Josiphos catalytic system is developed for the monoarylation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Indole Derivatives as New Fluorescent Dyes.
Authors: Hiyoshi Hidetaka , Do Jung‐Hee , Feng Xing , Matsumoto Taisuke , Yamato Takehiko
Published: August 2011

Two 2,5‐diaryl‐substituted indole derivatives (Va) and (Vb) are prepared and characterized.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino‐Indanol‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Additions of Oxindoles to Protected 2‐Amino‐1‐nitroethenes for the Synthesis of 3,3′‐Disubstituted Oxindoles Bearing α,β‐Diamino Functionality.
Authors: Liu Xiong‐Li , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Du Xi‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng
Published: August 2011

It allows a straightforward and highly stereoselective access to the title compounds which are of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Imino‐4‐methylene‐1,3‐dithiolanes.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Beheshti Saeideh
Published: August 2011

The products (IV) are synthesized in an environmentally benign one‐pot three‐component reaction with an easy work‐up procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Synthesis Using Nitrilimines. Part 16. Synthesis of Some New Pyrazole and Spiropyrazoline Derivatives.
Authors: Dalloul Hany M.
Published: August 2011

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrilimines with 2‐propylidene‐3‐coumaranone (II) or 3‐ethylidene‐1‐indanone (IV) gives new pyrazole derivatives (III) and spiropyrazolines (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Bromosuccinimide Initiated One‐Pot Synthesis of Imidazoline.
Authors: Zhou Ling , Zhou Jing , Tan Chong Kiat , Chen Jie , Yeung Ying‐Yeung
Published: August 2011

One‐pot reaction of alkenes nitriles, amines and NBS proceeds mostly stereoselectively leading to imidazolines from the (Z)‐alkenes and to the trans‐bromoamidines from (E)‐substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Acidic Ionic Liquids as Efficient and Environmetally Benign Medium for the Synthesis of 2‐Phenylbenzimidazole.
Authors: Gong Xinxin , Wang Yuanyuan , Wang Yu , Dai Liyi
Published: August 2011

The applied ionic liquid can be recycled several times.
ChemInform Abstract: Xanthones in Heterocyclic Synthesis. An Efficient Route for the Synthesis of C‐3 o‐Hydroxyaryl Substituted 1,2‐Benzoisoxazoles and Their N‐Oxides, Potential Scaffolds for Angiotensin(II) Antagonist Hybrid Peptides.
Authors: Gardikis Yiannis , Tsoungas Petros G. , Potamitis Constantinos , Zervou Maria , Cordopatis Paul
Published: August 2011

Cyclodehydration or oxidative cyclization of ketoximes leads to the title compounds of type (II) or (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Theoretical Study, and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Polysubstituted Thiazoles.
Authors: Metwally Nadia Hanafy , El‐Taher Sabry
Published: August 2011

Four compounds of type (VI) and analogues of type (VII) are prepared by the route described in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel One‐Pot Process for the Synthesis of 1,3‐Thiazoles via Organocatalyzed Epoxidation of Nitroolefins.
Authors: Weiss Katharina M. , Wei Shengwei , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: August 2011

A novel one‐pot two‐step synthesis of thiazoles (III) and (V) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of 4‐Amino‐5‐aryl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiols.
Authors: Shklyarenko A. A. , Moskvin A. V. , Fedorova E. V.
Published: August 2011

A simple and efficient method for the preparation of triazolesulfonic acids (II) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Herbicidal Activities of 2‐Cyanoacrylates Containing 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Moieties.
Authors: Wang Tingting , Miao Wenke , Wu Shanshan , Bing Guifang , Zhang Xin , Qin Zhenfang , Yu Haibo , Qin Xue , Fang Jianxin
Published: August 2011

The highest herbicidal activities are found for compounds (IIIc) and (IIId).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Energetic Compounds Derived from 3‐Amino‐4‐(tetrazol‐5‐yl)furazan.
Authors: Wang Bozhou , Zhang Guofang , Huo Huan , Fan Yanjie , Fan Xuezhong
Published: August 2011

Compound (II) can be easily converted into its respective triaminoguanidinium or guanylureaium salt.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Transfer‐Catalyzed Cyclization Reaction of Nucleophilic Addition to Electron‐Deficient 1,3‐Conjugated Enynes for the Synthesis of Functionalized 4H‐Pyrans.
Authors: Hu Jie , Liu Lei , Yang Shangdong , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: August 2011

Phase‐transfer‐catalyzed nucleophilic addition—cyclization of electron‐deficient 1,3‐conjugated enynes towards 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds provides access to a wide range of 4H‐pyrans such as (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization Reactions of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldehydes under Aerobic Conditions: Synthesis of O‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Park Jong Hyub , Bhilare Sachin V. , Youn So Won
Published: August 2011

Two C—O bonds are formed in one step leading to mixtures of phthalides and isocoumarins.
ChemInform Abstract: Hafnium Triflate as an Efficient Catalyst for Direct Friedel—Crafts Reactions of Chromene Hemiacetals.
Authors: Wu Yan‐Chao , Li Hui‐Jing , Liu Li , Demoulin Nicolas , Liu Zhe , Wang Dong , Chen Yong‐Jun
Published: August 2011

The process tolerates some sensitive functional groups and is applied to the reaction of substituted chromene hemiacetals with indoles, furans and sterically hindered anilines.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Transformations of Some 2‐(5‐Methylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐3‐ [(naphthalen‐2‐yl)methoxy]‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones Involving Type‐II Process.
Authors: Kamboj Ramesh C. , Kumar Dinesh , Sharma Geeta , Arora Rita
Published: August 2011

Photoirradiation of thiophen‐2‐yl substituted chromen‐4‐ones (I) leads to tetracyclic products (II) via a Norrish type‐II process involving both the 2‐thienyl and the naphthylmethoxy moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolocoumarins and Pyrroloquinolones by Acid‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Acetylenic Amines in Water.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ponra Sudipta , Hazra Somjit , Roy B.
Published: August 2011

Acid‐catalyzed cyclization of previously reported acetylenic coumarins and quinolones (I) is optimized to give pyrrolocoumarins and pyrroloquinolones, resp., in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclohydrocarbonylation‐Based Strategy Toward Poly‐Substituted Piperidines.
Authors: Arena Giada , Zill Nicolas , Salvadori Jessica , Girard Nicolas , Mann Andre , Taddei Maurizio
Published: August 2011

A variety of substituted piperidines and 1,4‐substituted indolizine (XVII) are prepared using the indium‐mediated aminoallylation and ‐crotylation of aldehydes with 1‐amino‐2‐indanol (I), Rh(I)‐catalyzed hydroformylative cyclohydrocarbonylation, opening of the oxazolidines with Grignard reagents and removal of the chiral auxiliaries.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7‐(3‐Alkoxyimino‐4‐amino‐4‐methylpiperidine‐1‐yl)fluoroquinolone Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Ju‐Xian , Zhang Yi‐Bin , Liu Ming‐Liang , Wang Bo , Chai Yun , Li Su‐Jie , Guo Hui‐Yuan
Published: August 2011

A series of novel fluoroquinolone derivatives are designed and synthesized, which all display potent antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: An Easy Entry to Optically Active Spiroindolinones: Chiral Broensted Acid Catalyzed Pictet—Spengler Reactions of Isatins.
Authors: Duce Sara , Pesciaioli Fabio , Gramigna Lucia , Bernardi Luca , Mazzanti Andrea , Ricci Alfredo , Bartoli Giuseppe , Bencivenni Giorgio
Published: August 2011

Both enantiomers of the catalyst are applied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of 2,8‐Diazaperylene‐1,3,7,9‐tetraone, a New Anthracene Diimide Containing Six‐Membered Imide Rings.
Authors: Mohebbi Ali Reza , Munoz Cedric , Wudl Fred
Published: August 2011

The novel title diimides (VII) show good electron‐accepting properties and are promising candidates for air‐stable n‐channel semiconductor.
ChemInform Abstract: “One‐Pot” Multicomponent Approach to Indolizines and Pyrido[1,2‐a]indoles.
Authors: Zhu Huajian , Stoeckigt Joachim , Yu Yongping , Zou Hongbin
Published: August 2011

A new, efficient, and regioselective method to prepare indolizines like (IV) and (VI) as well as pyridoindoles such as (IX) and (XI) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Feasible Synthesis of the GPR40 Antagonist by Constructing 2‐Thiouracil Ring via Acid Mediated Cyclization.
Authors: Zhao Yongfeng , Liao Jiayu
Published: August 2011

A synthesis is presented for GW1100 (IX) which is an antagonist of GPR40.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acids as the Nitrogen‐Containing Motifs in Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Xu Wei , Fu Hua
Published: August 2011

The new, simple, and efficient method affords biologically important quinazolinone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Quinoxaline, Quinazoline, and Phenazine Ring Systems Using Fischer Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Mukherjee Soumita , Roy Priyabrata , Ghorai Binay K.
Published: August 2011

Coupling of heteroaromatic vicinal alkynylcarbonyl derivatives (I), (VIII) and (XI) with Fischer carbene complexes and an external or internal dienophile offers an interesting route to different annulated nitrogen heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Antibacterial Evaluation of N‐Substituted Perhydro‐1,3‐oxazin‐2‐ones Containing N‐Phenylsulfonamide.
Authors: Nessaib Mounir , Djahoudi Abdelghani , Seridi Achour , Akkari Hocine , Aouf Nour‐Eddine , Daran Jean‐Claude , Abdaoui Mohamed
Published: August 2011

Compounds of type (IV) are screened for their antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Conjugate Addition of Haloalkanes to Enones to Form Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: Shrestha Ruja , Weix Daniel J.
Published: August 2011

The title reaction provides a new method to prepare silyl enol ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Geranyllinaloisocyanide: Assignment of Absolute Stereochemistry.
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Matsuda Yasunori , Okumura Ken , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Masuda Toshiya , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Nakano Keiji
Published: August 2011

Based on the asymmetric synthesis of (+)‐geranyllinaloisocyanide (V) and spectroscopic comparison, it is found that natural geranyllinaloisocyanide has (S) configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Modification of Rupestonic Acid and Preliminarily in vitro Antiviral Activity Against Influenza A3 and B Viruses.
Authors: Yong Jian‐ping , Aisa Haji Akber
Published: August 2011

New ester derivatives of rupestonic acid are synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activities against the strains of influenza A3 and B in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Lupane‐Type Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Heteropanax fragrans
Authors: Zhao Sanjun , Huang Zunxi , Gao Jing
Published: August 2011

isolation, structure determination and cytotoxicity of the new lupane‐type triterpenoid (I) and four known lupane‐type derivatives
ChemInform Abstract: A New Tetracyclic Diterpene from Jatropha curcas.
Authors: Xu Jun‐Ju , Fan Jun‐Ting , Zeng Guang‐Zhi , Tan Ning‐Hua
Published: August 2011

The new diterpene jatrophodione A (I) is isolated together with nine known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Cladielloides C and D: Novel Eunicellin‐Based Diterpenoids from an Indonesian Octocoral Cladiella sp.
Authors: Tai Chia‐Ying , Chen Yung‐Husan , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Fang Lee‐Shing , Wang Wei‐Hsien , Liu Ming‐Chin , Su Jui‐Hsin , Wu Yang‐Chang , Sung Ping‐Jyun
Published: August 2011

New compounds, cladielloides C (I) and D (II), display moderate inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Hydrolytic Stability of Novel 3‐[[18F]Fluoroethoxybis(1‐methylethyl)silyl]propanamine‐Based Prosthetic Groups.
Authors: Balentova Eva , Collet Charlotte , Lamande‐Langle Sandrine , Chretien Francoise , Thonon David , Aerts Joel , Lemaire Christian , Luxen Andre , Chapleur Yves
Published: August 2011

Radiolabeled analogues of peptides (II) and (VI) are prepared by direct 18F‐ fluorination of the precursors, e.g. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Annulations of Isoquinoline and β‐Carboline Ring Systems: Synthesis of 8‐Oxoprotoberberine Derivatives.
Authors: Husinec Suren , Savic Vladimir , Simic Milena , Tesevic Vele , Vidovic Dragoslav
Published: August 2011

A simple synthetic procedure is developed involving Diels—Alder reaction of appropriate dienes followed by oxidative aromatization and carbonyl formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction to Construct Benzo[c]phenanthridine: Application to the Total Synthesis of Benzo[c]phenanthridine Alkaloids.
Authors: Lv Pei , Huang Kanglun , Xie Longguan , Xu Xiaohua
Published: August 2011

A Pd‐catalyzed tandem ring opening—cross coupling—cyclization reaction of o‐iodobenzoates (I) with azabicycle (II) is the key step in the synthesis of benzophenanthridine alkaloids like avicine (IVa), chelerythrine (IVb) or nitidine (IVc).
ChemInform Abstract: On the Melt Processing of Bi‐2223 High‐Tc Superconductor Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Polasek A. , Serra E. T. , Rizzo F. C.
Published: August 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Novel Structured Gold Nanocatalysts
Authors: Ma Zhen , Dai Sheng
Published: August 2011

Review: 198 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Properties and Applications of Zeolites
Authors: Rhodes Christopher J.
Published: August 2011

Review: 207 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium Nitride and Oxonitrides
Authors: Kinski Isabel , McMillan Paul F.
Published: August 2011

Review: 242 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Elementary Kinetic Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrode Reactions
Authors: Adler S. B. , Bessler W. G.
Published: August 2011

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanide‐Bridged Molecular Squares — The Building Units of Prussian Blue
Authors: Newton Graham N. , Nihei Masayuki , Oshio Hiroki
Published: August 2011

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanum‐Containing Catalytic Materials and Their Applications in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zhao Zhongkui , Lin Xiaoli , Dai Yitao
Published: August 2011

Review: 253 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of Agelastatins
Authors: Dong Guangbin
Published: August 2011

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzylgermanes
Authors: Spivey A. C. , Tseng C.‐C.
Published: August 2011

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl‐ and Heteroarylgermanes
Authors: Spivey A. C. , Tseng C.‐C.
Published: August 2011

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Application of Chiral Phosphine Ligands in Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Guerrero Rios Itzel , Rosas‐Hernandez Alonso , Martin Erika
Published: August 2011

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Development of Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Wu Xian , Tamm Matthias
Published: August 2011

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “Frustrated Lewis Pairs”: A Metal‐Free Strategy for Hydrogenation Catalysis
Authors: Stephan Douglas W.
Published: August 2011

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Couplings and Cyclizations
Authors: Malik Hasnain A. , Baxter Ryan D. , Montgomery John
Published: August 2011

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Recyclable Nanocatalyst Systems for the Organic Reactions
Authors: Lim Choon Woo , Lee In Su
Published: August 2011

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments on Task Specific Ionic Liquids
Authors: Chaturvedi Devdutt
Published: August 2011

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids: Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis. Part 2.
Authors: Hallett Jason P. , Welton Tom
Published: August 2011

Review: 847 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Vinylogous Aldol and Related Addition Reactions: Ten Years of Progress
Authors: Casiraghi Giovanni , Battistini Lucia , Curti Claudio , Rassu Gloria , Zanardi Franca
Published: August 2011

Review: 400 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Power Ultrasound in Metal‐Assisted Synthesis: From Classical Barbier‐like Reactions to Click Chemistry
Authors: Cintas Pedro , Palmisano Giovanni , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: August 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Recoverable Nanocatalysts
Authors: Polshettiwar Vivek , Luque Rafael , Fihri Aziz , Zhu Haibo , Bouhrara Mohamed , Basset Jean‐Marie
Published: August 2011

Review: 209 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Formal Lewis Acidic Character of Gold Nanocluster Catalyst
Authors: Sakurai Hidehiro , Kamiya Ikuyo , Kitahara Hiroaki
Published: August 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bigger, Better, Faster: Molecular Shuttles with Sterically Non‐Hindering Biisoquinoline Chelates
Authors: Durola Fabien , Lux Jacques , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: August 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversions Between Metal—Ligand Multiple Bond (MLMB) Types: Carbonyl Olefination and Other Applications
Authors: Odom Aaron L.
Published: August 2011

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Key Routes to the Best‐Selling 5‐Membered Ring Heterocyclic Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Baumann Marcus , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V. , Nikbin Nikzad
Published: August 2011

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbolines. Part 1. Comparison of Some Methods for the Synthesis of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐Carbolines
Authors: Smirnova O. B. , Golovko T. V. , Granik V. G.
Published: August 2011

Review: 199 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tele‐Substitutions in Heterocyclic Chemistry
Authors: Tisler Miha
Published: August 2011

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aziridination
Authors: Muchalski H. , Johnston J. N.
Published: August 2011

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Epoxidation of Enones by Nucleophilic Oxidation
Authors: Colonna S. , Perdicchia D.
Published: August 2011

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Calixarenes
Authors: Sirit Abdulkadir , Yilmaz Mustafa , Bartsch Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Discrimination Behavior, Discrimination Level and Discrimination Factor of Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives to Guest Molecules
Authors: Song Le Xin , Guo Xue Qing , Dang Zheng , Wang Mang
Published: August 2011

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenge and Progress. Palladium‐Catalyzed sp3 C—H Activation
Authors: Li Hu , Li Bi‐Jie , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: August 2011

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Polymer to Small Organic Molecules: A Tight Relationship Between Radical Chemistry and Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis
Authors: Mirizzi Danilo , Pulici Maurizio
Published: August 2011

Review: 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Free Radicals to Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds
Authors: Hata S. , Sibi M. P.
Published: August 2011

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition Reactions
Authors: Nguyen B. N. , Hii K. K. , Szymanski W. , Janssen D. B.
Published: August 2011

Review: 301 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Coupling and Cyclization of Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds
Authors: Schleicher K. D. , Jamison T. F.
Published: August 2011

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrovinylation and Hydroarylation of Carbon—Carbon Double Bonds
Authors: Francio G. , Leitner W. , Alsters P. L.
Published: August 2011

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Carbon—Carbon Double Bonds
Authors: Ager D.
Published: August 2011

Review: 196 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Creation of Organic—Metallic Hybrid Polymers with Electrochromic Properties and the Device Application to Displays
Authors: Higuchi Masayoshi
Published: August 2011

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Syntheses of Natural Products and Their Analogues Using Laboratory Automation Technology
Authors: Takahashi Takashi
Published: August 2011

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Setups for Automated Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Breitling Frank , Loeffler Felix , Schirwitz Christopher , Cheng Yun‐Chien , Maerkle Frieder , Koenig Kai , Felgenhauer Thomas , Doersam Edgar , Bischoff F. Ralf , Nesterov‐Mueller Alexander
Published: August 2011

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of SPOT Synthesis for the Preparation of Peptide Macroarrays on Cellulose Membranes
Authors: Winkler Dirk F. H.
Published: August 2011

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cholesterol‐Based Anchors and Tethers for Phospholipid Bilayers and for Model Biological Membranes
Authors: Achalkumar Ammathnadu S. , Bushby Richard J. , Evans Stephen D.
Published: August 2011

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: DART Mass Spectrometry and Its Applications in Chemical Analysis
Authors: Chernetsova E. S. , Morlock G. E. , Revelsky I. A.
Published: August 2011

Review: 120 refs.
Solids distribution in tall tanks
Authors: Cope Richard F. , Somasi Madan , Kar Kishore K.
Published: August 2011

Uniformly distributing slurry solids in “tall” (≥2:1 aspect ratio) process vessels is a significant challenge in the chemical industry. This work determined the performance of various multi‐tier agitation systems in uniformly distributing a settling solid throughout water in a “tall” laboratory vessel. It used a 0.445 m ID Plexiglas® tank, with a slurry height of 0.889 m, to determine how solids distribution changes with solids loading (wt.%), impeller speed, and impeller type. Some impeller types uniformly distributed the solids even before energy input exceeded 1.00 W/kg. Significantly higher energy improved solids distribution little because flow within the vessel eventually became choked.
Prediction of liquid height for onset of slug flow
Authors: Vaze Mahesh J. , Banerjee Jyotirmay
Published: August 2011

An experimental investigation is carried out to study the transition from stratified to slug flow and the development of slug flow. The variation of Lockhart–Martinelli parameter with the non‐dimensional liquid height is established based on the experimental data. A correlation is developed for the liquid height as a function of superficial gas and liquid Reynolds number. The liquid height is observed to increase up to some level depending on the mass flow rate, beyond which there is a sudden jump in the height leading to the formation of slug. This critical liquid height is the limiting condition for the evolution of slug. Below the critical height a stable stratified flow is observed. The critical height for stability limit of stratified flow is established experimentally for various combinations of mass flow rates of the primary and secondary phases. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Deregulated microRNAs in multiple myeloma
Authors: Benetatos Leonidas , Vartholomatos George
Published: August 2011

MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAS involved in gene expression regulation under physiological and pathological situations. They bind to mRNA of target genes and are potential regulators of gene expression at a post‐transcription level through the RNA interference pathway. They are estimated to represent 1% to 2% of the known eukaryotic genome, and it has been demonstrated that they are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, metabolism disorders, and heart disease. MicroRNAs are known to act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer biology. The authors describe the current knowledge on microRNA involvement in regulatory pathways that characterize multiple myeloma pathogenesis gained from in vitro and in vivo studies. These small molecules interact with important factors such as p53, SOCS1, IGF‐1, IGF‐1R, vascular endothelial growth factor, NF‐κB, and others. As such, microRNAs represent an attractive therapeutic target in the context of multiple myeloma interfering with the myeloma regulatory networks. Further studies are needed to better understand their role in myelomagenesis and their therapeutic potential. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
New developments in mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors for the treatment of sarcoma
Authors: Agulnik Mark
Published: August 2011

Although sarcomas account for a small portion of solid malignancies, currently, there are few treatment options for sarcomas, particularly for advanced disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine‐threonine protein kinase in the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase Akt signaling pathway, has an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Alterations of the mTOR signaling pathway are common in malignancies, including several types of sarcoma. Therefore, mTOR is a potentially important therapeutic target in these diseases. Rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs) are effective anticancer agents in a broad range of preclinical models. Clinical trials with these agents alone and in combination with other anticancer agents, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies, have demonstrated potential clinical benefit in several types of sarcoma. The evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies supports further study of mTOR‐targeting rapalogs in the treatment of various subtypes of sarcoma. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Relative survival of childhood and adult medulloblastomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs)
Authors: Smoll Nicolas R.
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Medulloblastomas are 1 of the most common brain tumors in children but can affect individuals of all ages. For this report, the author investigated the impact of medulloblastomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) on the US population with a focus on age differences.

METHODS:

Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were used to describe cumulative relative survival (CRS) using crude, period, and longitudinal period approaches for patients diagnosed with all medulloblastoma subtypes and PNETs. CRS estimates were obtained using SEER expected mortality data and the Ederer II method for expected survival estimation. These data were applied to the construction of rational follow‐up scheduling protocols.

RESULTS:

The 5‐year period CRS for all patients who were followed between 2001 and 2006 was 69%. Adults had a worse overall prognosis, but this difference in excess hazard rates appeared only after 4 years of follow‐up. Furthermore, the 5‐year and 10‐year CRS has improved a minimum of 11% in children, adolescents, and adults over the past 25 years.

CONCLUSIONS:

The survival difference between children, adolescents, and adults with medulloblastomas and PNETs depended on the length of follow‐up, which was described in this report as an age‐by‐follow‐up interaction and observed as a “fork” on Kaplan‐Meier curves. Differences in survival between children and adults emerged only 4 years after diagnosis, and adults fared worse. There has been significant improvement in survival from medulloblastomas/PNETs since the late 1970s and early 1980s. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Sarcomas in TP53 germline mutation carriers
Authors: Ognjanovic Simona , Olivier Magali , Bergemann Tracy L. , Hainaut Pierre
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Sarcoma is the index diagnosis of Li‐Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), a familial predisposition to cancer that also includes brain cancer, breast cancer, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Germline mutations in the TP53 gene are detected in approximately 80% of families that fulfill LFS criteria and in 15% to 25% of families that fulfill criteria for Li‐Fraumeni‐like syndrome (LFS), a group of related syndromes with broader clinical criteria.

METHODS:

The authors of this report used the International Agency for Research on Cancer TP53 database to analyze the types, age at onset and mutation patterns of sarcoma in TP53 mutation carriers. Those data were compared with sarcoma types in the general population of Caucasians using data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.

RESULTS:

Overall, sarcomas represented 25% of tumors in TP53 mutation carriers, and 95.6% occurred before age 50 years compared with 38.3% before age 50 years in the SEER data set. Sarcomas were more likely to be rhabdomyosarcoma in carriers aged <5 years (odds ratio [OR], 11.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1‐21.9) and osteosarcoma in carriers at any age (aged <20 years: OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.94; age >20 years: OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 2.72‐7.83). Early sarcoma (at age <20 years) was associated with missense mutations in exons encoding the DNA‐binding domain of p53 protein. Conversely, p53 null mutations (frameshift, splice sites, nonsense) and mutations outside the DNA‐binding domain were associated with leiomyosarcoma (OR, 10.1; 95% CI, 3.4‐29.9), a type of sarcoma that occurred after age 20 years.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results further demonstrated genotype‐phenotype correlations and age‐dependent variations in sarcoma types in carriers of germline TP53 mutations. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Intracranial hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Rutkowski Martin J. , Jian Brian J. , Bloch Orin , Chen Cheng , Sughrue Michael E. , Tihan Tarik , Barani Igor J. , Berger Mitchel S. , McDermott Michael W. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: August 2011

INTRODUCTION:

Intracranial hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a malignant meningothelial tumor. Because of its rarity, few guidelines exist for optimal management.

METHODS:

University of California at San Francisco patients managed for intracranial HPC were compiled into a single database based on a retrospective review of patient records. Univariate and multivariate regression was performed to determine factors that independently predicted treatment outcomes.

RESULTS:

A total of 40 patients with intracranial HPC were treated from 1989 to 2010. Treatment and follow‐up information was available for analysis on 35 patients. The median survival for all patients was 16.2 years after date of diagnosis, with 1‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year survival rates of 100%, 92%, and 68%, respectively. Nineteen patients (54%) had HPC recurrence. The median time until recurrence was 5 years, with 1‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year progression‐free survival rates of 96%, 49%, and 28%, respectively. Seven patients (20%) developed extracranial metastasis. Tumor characteristics associated with earlier recurrence included size ≥6 cm (log‐rank, P < .05) and nonskull base location (log‐rank, P < .05). Strategies combining adjuvant radiation with tumor resection appeared to hinder tumor progression, but had no effect on overall survival or the development of metastasis. Greater extent of resection was associated with increased overall survival (log‐rank, P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Adjuvant radiation may show promise in preventing tumor progression, but recurrence remains a common treatment outcome regardless of initial strategy. When safe and feasible, gross total resection should be pursued as an initial surgical strategy to maximize overall survival. The propensity of these tumors to metastasize makes detailed staging imaging necessary. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Systemic therapy for advanced soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Riedel Richard F.
Published: August 2011

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare, heterogeneous group of solid tumors in need of improved therapeutic options. First‐line chemotherapy is considered the current standard of care for patients with advanced, symptomatic STS, but the median survival is only 8 to 12 months. Efforts to increase response rates by using combination or dose‐dense regimens have largely failed to improve patient outcomes. However, increasing evidence supports the use of specific treatments for certain histological subtypes of STS, and novel therapies, including tyrosine kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, are currently under active investigation. In addition, novel treatment approaches (such as maintenance therapy) designed to prolong the duration of response to chemotherapy and delay disease progression are being explored. This article provides an overview of current systemic therapies for patients with advanced STS and discusses ongoing efforts designed to improve patient outcomes through the use of novel therapeutic agents and treatment strategies. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Human mu‐opioid receptor gene A118G polymorphism predicts the efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets (ultracet) in oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy
Authors: Liu Yu‐Chang , Wang Wei‐Shu
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

The A118G polymorphism of the mu‐opioid receptor gene (OPRM1), resulting in the substitution of an amino acid, has been found to be associated with functional effects and response to opioid treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess whether this polymorphism contributes to the variability in response to tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets (Ultracet) for treating oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy.

METHODS:

A total of 96 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (n = 84), or stomach (n = 12) who had developed oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy were enrolled. Ultracet was administered at 1 tablet every 6 hours, and pain was assessed and scored using a visual analog scale (VAS). The OPRM1 A118G polymorphism was examined with a polymerase chain reaction‐direct sequencing method.

RESULTS:

The allelic frequency of variant (118G) allele was 39.6%, and the prevalence of OPRM1‐118 AA, AG, and GG genotypes was 31.3% (n = 30), 58.3% (n = 56), and 10.4% (n = 10), respectively. For all patients, the mean pre‐treatment and post‐treatment VAS scores were 3.1 and 2.1, respectively (P < .001). Patients with AA genotype had a better analgesic effect than those with G allele variants (AG or GG genotypes). Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment VAS scores for patients with G allele variants were 3.1 and 2.6, respectively; however, for patients with AA genotype, pre‐treatment and post‐treatment VAS scores were 3.0 and 0.9, respectively (P < .001). The requirement for rescue analgesia was also higher for patients with G allele variants (P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

These data suggest that Ultracet is effective in the management of oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy. A118G polymorphism of OPRM1, by altered function of the mu‐opioid receptor and consequential analgesic effect on opioid agents, could be a key determinant for decreased response to Ultracet. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is a novel prognostic biomarker in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Huqun  , Ishikawa Rinako , Zhang Jialing , Miyazawa Hitoshi , Goto Yoshiya , Shimizu Yoshihiko , Hagiwara Koichi , Koyama Nobuyuki
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) epigenetically silences many genes through the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 and is implicated in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. However, its role in lung cancer has not been well characterized. The objective of the current study was to elucidate the role of EZH2 in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by investigating both clinical samples and cell lines.

METHODS:

An immunohistochemical analysis of EZH2 expression was performed in samples from patients with stage I NSCLC to investigate the association of EZH2 expression levels with clinicopathologic variables. An in vitro cell growth assay and a Matrigel invasion assay also were conducted in the EZH2‐expressing NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 after knocking down EZH2 expression by using an EZH2‐specific short‐hairpin RNA.

RESULTS:

The immunohistochemical analysis classified stage I NSCLC samples (n = 106) into a negative EZH2 expression group (n = 40; 37.7%) and a positive EZH2 expression group (n = 66; 62.3%). Positive EZH2 expression was associated significantly with larger tumor size (P = .014). Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses and log‐rank tests demonstrated that patients whose samples were classified into the positive EZH2 expression group had a significantly shorter overall survival (P = .015). Experiments in the NSCLC cell lines revealed that the knockdown of EZH2 expression reduced the tumor growth rate and invasive activity.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that EZH2 promotes progression and invasion of NSCLC, and its expression is a novel prognostic biomarker in NSCLC. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
11C‐methionine uptake and intraoperative 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced fluorescence as separate index markers of cell density in glioma
Authors: Arita Hideyuki , Kinoshita Manabu , Kagawa Naoki , Fujimoto Yasunori , Kishima Haruhiko , Hashimoto Naoya , Yoshimine Toshiki
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

The extent of tumor resection is acknowledged as 1 of the prognostic factors for glioma. 5‐Aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA)‐induced fluorescence guidance and neuronavigation integrated with 11C‐methionine positron emission tomography (PET) are widely utilized under the expectation of improving the extent of resection. These 2 novel approaches are beneficial for glioma resections, and the combination of these approaches appears rational. However, biological characteristics reflecting 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence and 11C‐methionine uptake have not been clearly elucidated, and studies about the relationship between 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence and 11C‐methionine uptake have been limited. The present study aimed to clarify this issue.

METHODS:

Data from 11 consecutive patients harboring astrocytic tumors were analyzed: 2 grade II and 2 grade III, and 7 grade IV tumors were included. Thirty samples from these patients were obtained from the relative periphery of each tumor. Relationships among histology, 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence and 11C‐methionine uptake were analyzed by stereotactic sampling and image analysis.

RESULTS:

Uptake of 11C‐methionine correlated with cell density (R2 = 0.322, P = .0059). Cell density was higher in fluorescence‐positive areas than in negative areas (2760 ± 1080 vs 1450 ± 1380/mm2, P = .0132). Although both 11C‐methionine uptake and fluorescence seemed to correlate with cell density, no significant difference in 11C‐methionine uptake was seen between fluorescence‐positive and ‐negative areas (P = .367). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed 11C‐methionine uptake and 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence as independent indices for tumor cell density.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results indicate that 5‐ALA fluorescence and 11C‐methionine PET image are separate index markers for cytoreduction surgery of gliomas. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is activated and associated with adverse prognosis in soft tissue leiomyosarcomas
Authors: Setsu Nokitaka , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Kohashi Kenichi , Endo Makoto , Matsuda Shuichi , Yokoyama Ryohei , Nishiyama Kenichi , Iwamoto Yukihide , Dobashi Yoh , Oda Yoshinao
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway mediates cell survival and proliferation and contributes to tumor progression. Soft tissue leiomyosarcoma continues to show poor prognosis, and little is known about its mechanisms of tumor progression. Here the authors investigated the significance of activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in soft tissue leiomyosarcomas.

METHODS:

The phosphorylation status of Akt, mTOR, S6, and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein (4E‐BP1) and the protein expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 145 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples of soft tissue leiomyosarcoma including 129 primary tumors. The expression of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR in comparison with their total forms was assessed by Western blot analysis in 13 frozen samples, which were paired with normal tissue samples. Moreover, 39 frozen tumor samples were analyzed for PIK3CA and AKT1 gene mutation.

RESULTS:

Immunohistochemically, phosphorylated forms of Akt, mTOR, S6, and 4E‐BP1 were positive in 78.3%, 72.6%, 74.5%, and 70.5% of the samples, respectively. These results were correlated with each other, and associated with higher mitotic activity and adverse prognosis. Decreased expression of PTEN was recognized in only 19.7% and had no statistically significant correlation with Akt or other molecules. Immunoblotting showed a high degree of Akt and mTOR phosphorylation in tumor samples compared with that in non‐neoplastic tissue. Mutational analysis failed to reveal any PIK3CA or AKT1 mutations around the hot spots.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Akt/mTOR pathway was activated in most cases of soft tissue leiomyosarcoma and associated with worse clinical behavior and aggressive pathological findings. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Clinical behavior and treatment outcome of primary nasal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Lu Ning‐Ning , Li Ye‐Xiong , Wang Wei‐Hu , Jin Jing , Song Yong‐Wen , Zhou Li‐Qiang , Wang Shu‐Lian , Liu Yue‐Ping , Liu Xin‐Fan , Yu Zi‐Hao
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Nasal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with nasal DLBCL.

METHODS:

Twenty‐five patients were included in the study. All patients received combination chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy.

RESULTS:

Patients with nasal DLBCL usually were older and were predominantly men with early stage disease, low frequency of B symptoms and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), good performance status, and a low‐risk international prognostic index (IPI) score. The overall response rate after initial treatment was 76%, the 3‐year overall survival (OS) rate for the whole group was 44%, and the median OS was 35 months. Performance status and IPI were significant prognostic factors for OS. For patients with IPI scores of 0 or 1, the 3‐year OS rate was 54%, and the median OS was 52 months compared with 17% and 11 months, respectively, for patients with IPI scores of 2 or 3 (P = .033). The prognosis for patients who achieved a complete response (CR) was significantly better than that for patients who did not achieve a CR. Extranodal spread was the primary pattern of failure.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that primary nasal DLBCL appears to have distinct clinical features; its poor outcome and propensity for extranodal failure illustrate the need for innovative therapies. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Color–emotion associations in the pharmaceutical industry: Understanding Universal and local themes
Authors: Lechner Anat , Simonoff Jeffrey S. , Harrington Leslie
Published: August 2011

The strong shift toward operating in global markets has posed enormous adaptation challenges for product marketing especially with regard to universality and consistency of brand design decisions. The color‐in‐product design decision is also susceptible to this global–local tension. A pharmaceutical film coating formulator supplier to leading local and global pharmaceutical companies was interested in developing a solid validated global color preference database to enable informed brand decision making for its customers. The following study reports results from a global survey that examined the color–brand attribute associations within the global pharmaceutical industry. Data were collected from a multigeography gender and age balanced sample of 2021 subjects, revealing a strikingly powerful color language comprised of universally consistent associations and local contextual patterns that are each critical to global brand decision makers within this industry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012;
Life‐history traits maintain the genomic integrity of sympatric species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) group on an isolated forest island
Authors: Lumley Lisa M. , Sperling Felix A.H.
Published: August 2011

Identification of widespread species collected from islands can be challenging due to the potential for local ecological and phenotypic divergence in isolated populations. We sought to determine how many species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) complex reside in Cypress Hills, an isolated remnant coniferous forest in western Canada. We integrated data on behavior, ecology, morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and simple sequence repeats, comparing Cypress Hills populations to those from other regions of North America to determine which species they resembled most. We identifiedC. fumiferana,C. occidentalis,C. lambertiana, and hybrid forms in Cypress Hills. Adult flight phenology and pheromone attraction were identified as key life‐history traits involved in maintaining the genomic integrity of species. Our study highlights the importance of extensive sampling of both specimens and a variety of characters for understanding species boundaries in biodiversity research.