bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive bias in back pain patients attending osteopathy: testing the enmeshment model in reference to future thinking
Authors: Read Jessica , Pincus Tamar
Published: January 2004

Background: Depressive symptoms are common in chronic pain. Previous research has found differences in information‐processing biases in depressed pain patients and depressed people without pain. The schema enmeshment model of pain (SEMP) has been proposed to explain chronic pain patients' information‐processing biases. Negative future thinking is common in depression but has not been explored in relation to chronic pain and information‐processing models.

Objectives: The study aimed to test the SEMP with reference to future thinking.

Methods: An information‐processing paradigm compared endorsement and recall bias between depressed and non‐depressed chronic low back pain patients and control participants.

Twenty‐five depressed and 35 non‐depressed chronic low back pain patients and 25 control participants (student osteopaths) were recruited from an osteopathy practice. Participants were asked to endorse positive and negative ill‐health, depression‐related, and neutral (control) adjectives, encoded in reference to either current or future time‐frame. Incidental recall of the adjectives was then tested.

Results: While the expected hypothesis of a recall bias by depressed pain patients towards ill‐health stimuli in the current condition was confirmed, the recall bias was not present in the future condition. Additionally, patterns of endorsement and recall bias differed.

Discussion: Results extend understanding of future thinking in chronic pain within the context of the SEMP.
The influence of temperament and character on functioning and aspects of psychological health among people with schizophrenia
Authors: Eklund Mona , Hansson Lars , Bengtsson-Tops Anita
Published: January 2004

Research findings that link personality factors to functioning and symptoms in schizophrenia are inconsistent, and further studies are needed within the area. The purpose of this study was to investigate how personality, as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), was related to demographic factors, subtypes of diagnoses, level of functioning, and aspects of psychological health, including sense of coherence, perceived control, and self-esteem, among people with schizophrenia. Subjects were 104 individuals, aged 20–55 years, in psychiatric outpatient care. The results indicated that personality was not related to subtypes of diagnoses or demographic characteristics of the respondents, but to level of functioning and all aspects of psychological health. Especially self-directedness distinguished three groups of functioning and was highly correlated with the different aspects of psychological health. The article discusses how knowledge of schizophrenic patients’ personality structure might be used for tailoring psychiatric treatments.
Combination of amisulpride and olanzapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic psychoses
Authors: Zink Mathias , Henn Fritz A. , Thome Johannes
Published: January 2004

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia often leads to combined application of antipsychotic drugs. We report first experience with the combination of olanzapine and amisulpride. Improvement of psychopathological state and side effects could be achieved, and drug doses were lower than under monotherapy. We thus conclude that this approach represents a useful therapeutic option.
Inhibition of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity in rat striatum by the metabolites accumulated in Lesch–Nyhan disease
Authors: Bavaresco Caren S. , Zugno Alexandra I. , Tagliari Bárbara , Wannmacher Clóvis M.D. , Wajner Moacir , Wyse Angela T.S.
Published: January 2004

In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effect of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid, metabolites accumulating in tissue of patients with Lesch–Nyhan disease, on Na+, K+‐ATPase activity in striatum of neonate rats. Results showed that all compounds significantly inhibited Na+, K+‐ATPase activity. We also studied the kinetics of the inhibition of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity caused by hypoxanthine. The apparent Km and Vmax of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity for ATP as the substrate and hypoxanthine as the inhibitor were 0.97 mM and 0.69 nmol inorganic phosphate (Pi) released per min per mg of protein, respectively. Ki‐value was 1.9 μM, and the inhibition was of the non‐competitive type. We also observed that the inhibitory effects of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid probably occur through the same mechanism, suggesting a common binding site for these oxypurines on Na+, K+‐ATPase. Therefore, it is conceivable that inhibition of brain Na+, K+‐ATPase activity may be involved at least in part in the neuronal dysfunction characteristic of patients with Lesch–Nyhan disease.
Predicting shoulder strength using allometry: Implications for shoulder outcome assessments
Authors: Placzek Jeffrey D. , Freeman D. Carl , Lukens Steven C. , Badalamenti Sabrina , Roubal Paul J. , Wiater J. Michael
Published: January 2004

Introduction: Shoulder strength is an integral component of shoulder function. In assessing shoulder function many functional scales rely on direct or indirect measures of strength. Strength, and thus these scales, is often highly correlated with age. We propose an allometric method for assessing shoulder strength. Allometric modeling has provided accurate predictions of biologic growth and physiologic function in both human and animal studies. Allometry utilizes the relationship between the two homologous structures on the left and right sides of the body, providing in effect an internal control and thus eliminating many confounding effects, e.g. age and level of activity.

Methods: Twenty patients with unilateral shoulder dysfunction underwent strength testing of their affected and unaffected shoulder. Strength testing of the bilateral shoulders was also assessed in twenty people without shoulder pain in order to delineate the effect of hand dominance on strength in those without shoulder pain. Absolute and predicted strength deficits of the involved shoulder were calculated via regression analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficients were computed between age and strength.

Results: Utilizing the contralateral extremity as an internal control eliminates age as a confounding variable in predicting strength outcomes (r = 0.093).

Conclusion: Allometric concepts, applied to shoulder strength assessment, eliminates age as a confounding variable. Strength testing of both shoulders should be considered in the development of future shoulder outcome scales in order to eliminate the strong influence of age. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mutual fund characteristics, managerial attributes, and fund performance
Authors: Prather Laurie , Bertin William J. , Henker Thomas
Published: January 2004

This study provides a comprehensive examination of recent mutual fund performance by analyzing a large set of both mutual funds and fund attributes in an effort to link performance to fund‐specific characteristics. The results indicate that the hypothesized relationships between performance and the explanatory variables are generally upheld. After taking into consideration general market conditions and fund investment objective, the characteristic variables that relate to fund popularity, growth, cost, and management also explain performance. Finally, after controlling for survivorship and benchmark error as well as fund‐specific factors, the results refute the performance persistence phenomenon.
Identification of a novel protein complex containing annexin A4, rabphilin and synaptotagmin
Authors: Willshaw Angela , Grant Karen , Yan Jun , Rockliffe Nichola , Ambavarapu Sailaja , Burdyga Galina , Varro Andrea , Fukuoka Shin-Ichi , Gawler Debra
Published: January 2004

Rabphilin is a synaptic vesicle‐associated protein proposed to play a role in regulating neurotransmitter release. Here we report the isolation and identification of a novel protein complex containing rabphilin, annexin A4 and synaptotagmin 1. We show that the rabphilin C2B domain interacts directly with the N‐terminus of annexin A4 and mediates the co‐complexing of these two proteins in PC12 cells. Analyzing the cellular localisation of these co‐complexing proteins we find that annexin A4 is located on synaptic membranes and co‐localises with rabphilin at the plasma membrane in PC12 cells. Given that rabphilin and synaptotagmin are synaptic vesicle proteins involved in neurotransmitter release, the identification of this complex suggests that annexin A4 may play a role in synaptic exocytosis.
Robust global sensitivity in multiple enzyme cascade system explains how the downstream cascade structure may remain unaffected by cross‐talk
Authors: Mutalik Vivek K. , Singh Aditya P. , Edwards Jeremy S. , Venkatesh K.V.
Published: January 2004

A steady‐state framework was applied to the ubiquitous tricyclic enzyme cascade structure, as seen in the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase system, to analyze the effect of upstream kinase concentrations on final output response. The results suggest that signal amplification achieved by the cascade structure ensured that the modifying enzymes at various steps of the cascade were nearly saturated. Thus, there was no change in the response sensitivity with increasing upstream kinase concentration. Analysis was also extended to branching of a signaling pathway as an example of cross‐talk. It was observed that the cascade structure confers a larger share of the signal transduction properties to its last kinase. This phenomenon in enzyme cascades may explain how the response of the terminal MAP kinase is unaffected by cross‐talk of upstream kinases.
vAL‐1, a novel polysaccharide lyase encoded by chlorovirus CVK2
Authors: Sugimoto Ichiro , Onimatsu Hideki , Fujie Makoto , Usami Shoji , Yamada Takashi
Published: January 2004

Cell wall materials isolated from Chlorella cells were degraded by the polysaccharide‐degrading enzyme vAL‐1 encoded by chlorovirus CVK2. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric analyses of the degradation products (oligosaccharides) revealed major oligosaccharides contain unsaturated GlcA at the reducing terminus, and a side chain attached at C2 or C3 of GlcA(C4=C5), which mainly consisted of Ara, GlcNAc and Gal. The results indicated that vAL‐1 is a novel polysaccharide lyase, cleaving chains of β‐ or α‐1,4‐linked GlcAs. The unique structures of Chlorella cell wall were also revealed. Studies on the complicated structures of naturally occurring polysaccharides will be greatly facilitated by using vAL‐1 as a tool in structural analysis.
Foreigners Within and Innocents Abroad: Discourse of the Self in the Internationalization of American Studies
Authors: SHAMIR MILETTE
Published: January 2004

In November 2000, I was sitting in my study in Jaffa, a mixed Arab-Jewish town just south of Tel Aviv, leafing through the latest issue of Critical Inquiry. This was a few weeks into the renewed outbreak of violence in Israel/Palestine, an outbreak that with a single stroke cancelled out the laboriously earned achievements of the Oslo peace accords, claimed the lives of thousands, and all but shattered the hopes of peace activists on both sides. Jaffa itself was transformed overnight, its delicate tissue of Jewish-Arab coexistence torn by Arab riots, Jewish vigilantes, and brutal police intervention. I was therefore looking forward to the momentary escape offered by the American journal that had just arrived in the mail.
Saying Obligation: George Oppen's Poetry and Levinasian Ethics
Authors: JENKINS G. MATTHEW
Published: January 2004

Because of his work in the 1930s with tenant and labour organizations and his lyrical critique of the consequences of modern technological progress, George Oppen and his poetry have always been labelled as uniquely “moral” or “ethical” by his closest readers and critics. Poems such as The Materials (1962) and the Pulitzer Prize-winning Of Being Numerous (1968) minimalistically present us with the social and material reality of markedly twentieth-century issues: urban experience, nuclear apocalypse, and the persistence of poverty amid wide-spread wealth, just to name a few. And this thematic concern with ethical issues has been one of the main impetuses behind many of the studies of Oppen's ethics.
From Madness to Dysentery: Mad's Other New York Intellectuals
Authors: ABRAMS NATHAN
Published: January 2004

One of the most curiously overlooked publishing phenomena of the 1950s was the appearance of the comic book Mad in October 1952 which “burst forth full blown from nowhere on an unsuspecting comic book reading public” into the midst of the domestic Cold War. In 1959 Newsweek observed that “Mad each month sticks a sharp-pronged fork into some part of the social anatomy” while Gloria Steinem recalled: “There was a spirit of satire and irreverence in Mad that was very important, and it was the only place you could find it in the '50s.” And even Marshall McLuhan considered Mad worthy of mention in his influential study, Understanding Media. Noting its “sudden eminence,” he attributed this to its “ludicrous and cool replay of the forms of the hot media of photo, radio, and film.” Surprisingly, very little attention has been paid towards Mad beyond its own retrospective publications, one book, and several short articles. This is unfortunate since the comic provides a sharply satiric, yet extremely perceptive insight into many aspects of Cold War America during the 1950s. Furthermore, as I shall argue, those who wrote and drew for Mad formed an alternative New York intellectual circle to that which is commonly written about. Mad's critique of America was far more effective and devastating than their better-known counterparts and consequently, Mad deserves credit as one of the sources of the counterculture of the 1960s.
Detection of high levels of congenital transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in natural urban populations of Mus domesticus
Authors: MARSHALL P. A. , HUGHES J. M. , WILLIAMS R. H. , SMITH J. E. , MURPHY R. G. , HIDE G.
Published: January 2004

The relative importance of different transmission routes of Toxoplasma gondii has been a matter for debate. This ubiquitous parasite is generally thought to be transmitted by infective oocysts excreted by the definitive host, the cat. Ingestion of undercooked meat has also been considered an important route of transmission in many mammals while congenital transmission has generally been considered relatively rare. Experimental studies demonstrate the ability of T. gondii to be transmitted congenitally, but few studies have investigated the frequency of this transmission route in natural populations. We use PCR amplification of the SAG1 gene to investigate the frequency of congenital transmission in a wild population of mice (Mus domesticus) and show that congenital transmission is occurring in 75% of pregnancies in this population. Furthermore, for infected pregnant mice, transmission occurs to at least one foetus in 100% of cases while variable penetrance of congenital infection is observed. These high levels of congenital transmission in this wild population of mice, taken together with other recent data on congenital transmission in sheep, suggests that this phenomenon might be more widespread than previously thought.
Gametocyte sex ratio of a malaria parasite: response to experimental manipulation of parasite clonal diversity
Authors: OSGOOD S. M. , SCHALL J. J.
Published: January 2004

Sex ratio theory posits that the adaptive proportion of male to female gametocytes of a malaria parasite within the vertebrate host depends on the degree of inbreeding within the vector. Gametocyte sex ratio could be phenotypically flexible, being altered based on the infection's clonal diversity, and thus likely inbreeding. This idea was tested by manipulating the clonal diversity of infections of Plasmodium mexicanum in its lizard host, Sceloporus occidentalis. Naive lizards were inoculated with infected blood from a single donor or 3 pooled donors. Donors varied in their gametocyte sex ratios (17–46% male), and sex ratio theory allowed estimation of the clonal diversity within donor and recipient infections. Phenotypic plasticity would produce a correlation between donor and recipient infections for infections initiated from a single donor, and a less female-biased gametocyte sex ratio in recipients that received a mixed blood inoculum (with predicted higher clonal diversity) than recipients receiving blood from a single donor. Neither pattern was observed. Gametocyte sex ratio of most infections ranged from 35 to 42% male, expected if clonal diversity was high for all infections. Alternative explanations are suggested for the observed variation of gametocyte sex ratio among P. mexicanum infections.
Mathematical and statistical analysis of theTrypanosoma bruceislender to stumpy transition
Authors: SAVILL N. J. , SEED J. R.
Published: January 2004

We propose a new model for the Stumpy Induction Factor-induced slender to stumpy transformation ofTrypanosoma brucei gambiensecells in immunosuppressed mice. The model is a set of delay differential equations that describe the time-course of the infection. We fit the model, using a maximum-likelihood method, to previously published data on parasitaemia in four mice. The model is shown to be a good fit and parameter estimates and confidence intervals are derived. Our estimated parameter values are consistent with estimates from previous experimental studies. The model predicts the following. Slender cells can be classified as uncommitted, committed and dividing, and committed and non-dividing. A committed slender cell undergoes about 5 divisions before exiting the cell-cycle. Committed slender cells must produce SIF, and stumpy cells must not produce SIF. There are two mechanisms for differentiation, a background differentiation rate, and a SIF-concentration-dependent differentiation rate, which is proportional to SIF concentration. SIF has a half-life of about 1·4 h in mice. We also show, with suitable changes in the parameter values, that the model reflects behaviours seen in other host species and trypanosome strains.
Individual variation and effect of priming dose level on establishment, growth and fecundity ofCooperia oncophorain re-infected calves
Authors: KANOBANA K. , PLOEGER H. W. , EYSKER M. , VERVELDE L.
Published: January 2004

We investigated the effect of bovine anamnestic immunity on a range of parasitological variables. To this end, calves were primed with a single oral dose of 30 000 or 100 000 infective larvae (L3) ofCooperia oncophora, drenched with anthelmintic, maintained worm free in the following 2·5 months and subsequently re-infected with 100 000 L3. Parasitological profiles of low, intermediate, and high responders were compared. The reduction in establishment of the worms was shown by a lower worm burden and increased percentage of fourth-stage (L4) larvae. Worm length and fecundity were similarly reduced by both priming doses but, the speed by which the effect occurred differed between animals primed with 30 000 or 100 000 L3. The difference in establishment between the responder types demonstrates that the ability of intermediate responders to mount a more effective and faster immune response compared to low responders is sustained after secondary infection.
The occurrence and significance of triploidy in the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica
Authors: FLETCHER H. L. , HOEY E. M. , ORR N. , TRUDGETT A. , FAIRWEATHER I. , ROBINSON M. W.
Published: January 2004

Karyotyping ofFasciola hepaticasamples from Britain and Ireland has identified a triploid isolate which is effectively aspermic, rendering it necessarily asexually reproducing. Considering the extensive presence of asexually reproducing diploid and triploidFasciolain Asia it is suggested that facultative gynogenesis is widespread in this parasite. This has important implications for the population genetics and evolution ofFasciola, especially in relation to the development and spread of drug resistance, and must be considered in the mathematical modelling of this process.
Comparative assessment of the access of albendazole, fenbendazole and triclabendazole toFasciola hepatica: effect of bile in the incubation medium
Authors: ALVAREZ L. I. , MOTTIER M. L. , LANUSSE C. E.
Published: January 2004

The work reported here describes the comparative ability of albendazole (ABZ), fenbendazole (FBZ) and triclabendazole (TCBZ) to penetrate through the tegument of matureFasciola hepatica, and the influence of the physicochemical composition of the incubation medium on the drug diffusion process. The data obtained from the trans-tegumental diffusion kinetic studies were complemented with the determination of lipid-to-water partition coefficients (octanol-water) for the benzimidazole (BZD) anthelmintic drugs assayed. Sixteen-week-oldF. hepaticawere obtained from untreated artificially infected sheep. The flukes were incubated (37 °C) over 60 and 90 min in incubation media (pH 7·4) prepared with different proportions of ovine bile and Krebs' Ringer Tris (KRT) buffer (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of bile) containing either ABZ, FBZ or TCBZ at a final concentration of 5 nmol/ml. After the incubation time expired, the liver fluke material was chemically processed and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure drug concentrations within the parasite. Additionally, the octanol-water partition coefficients (PC) for each molecule were calculated (as an indicator of drug lipophilicity) using reversed phase HPLC. The 3 BZD molecules were recovered fromF. hepaticaat both incubation times in all incubation media assayed. The trans-tegumental diffusion of the most lipophilic molecules ABZ and FBZ (higher PC values) tended to be greater than that observed for TCBZ. Interestingly, the uptake of ABZ by the liver flukes was significantly greater than that measured for TCBZ, the most widely used flukicidal BZD compound. This differential uptake pattern may be a relevant issue to be considered to deal with TCBZ-resistant flukes. Drug concentrations measured within the parasite were lower in the incubations containing the highest bile proportions. The highest total availabilities of the 3 compounds were obtained in liver flukes incubated in the absence of bile. Altogether, these findings demonstrated that the entry of the drug into a target parasite may not only depend on a concentration gradient, the lipophilicity of the molecule and absorption surface, but also on the physicochemical composition of the parasite's surrounding environment.
Chukchi Sea, Southern Ocean, Kara Sea: the polar voyages of Captain Eduard Dallmann, whaler, trader, explorer 1830–96
Authors: Barr William , Krause Reinhard , Pawlik Peter-Michael
Published: January 2004

Eduard Dallmann, of Blumenthal on the lower Weser, went to sea at the age of 15 in 1845. He took command of his first ship, the whaling vessel Planet, in 1859 on a whaling voyage to the sperm whaling grounds in the Pacific and to the Sea of Okhotsk. Over the period 1864–66 he commanded the Hawaiian vessel W.C. Talbot on trading voyages to the Alaskan and Chukotka shores of the Bering and Chukchi seas. On 17 August 1866 he sighted and landed on Ostrov Vrangelya (Wrangel Island), a year prior to its sighting by Thomas Long, credited by many with the first sighting. For the following three years he commanded the whaling ship Count Bismarck on a whaling cruise to the tropics, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Bering and Chukchi seas. In 1873–74 he made the first Antarctic whaling voyage aboard Groenland, and discovered and charted the west coasts of Anvers, Brabant, and Liège islands, as well as many smaller islands and straits including Bismarck Strait. He spent the 1875 whaling season as expert consultant, still aboard Groenland, on the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay whaling grounds. Then, to complete his career in polar waters, from 1877 to 1883 he made annual attempts to haul freight to the mouth of the Yenisey River, to be exchanged for grain cargoes brought down that river by barge. Of the seven attempts, only four were successful, the rest being foiled by ice conditions in the Kara Sea, and on the basis of this record, Baron von Knoop, the Russian entrepreneur who was financing the operation, decided to cut his losses. This ended Dallmann's career in polar waters.
Bungled publicity: Little America, big America, and the rationale for non-claimancy, 1946–61
Authors: Moore Jason Kendall
Published: January 2004

Although indispensable for hastening the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, United States policy entailed contradictions that jeopardised its domestic ratification. Many senators opposed their government's adherence to the Hughes Doctrine of 1924, requiring sovereignty claims to be based on occupation rather than exploration. US exploration, they knew, had covered more territory than the combined total of the seven nation-states that already had declared their rights based on criteria other than occupation. The Department of State appreciated that public opinion, whether related to Antarctica, the Cold War, or both, might generate congressional pressure to reverse the non-claimant stance and thereby derail the 12-power negotiations even before they reached the conference stage. This article presents evident and hypothetical consequences of policymakers' refusal to address this dilemma, the likelihood of which accompanied an increasingly pro-claimant stance among journalists, as well as the personal exasperation of Admiral Richard E. Byrd.
The Arctic ship Danmark
Authors: Kjaer Kjell-G. , Foxworthy Hilary
Published: January 2004

The steam barque Danmark, used on Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen's expedition to northeast Greenland (1906–08), was originally a Scottish whaler named Sir Colin Campbell, built in 1855 in Sunderland. After nine years of whaling out of Peterhead, in 1865 Sir Colin Campbell started the transportation of cryolite from the mines of Ivigtut in southwest Greenland to the United States and several European ports. This trade lasted for 103 years, until 1968. In the early 1870s, the ship was sold to Norwegian owners, renamed Magdalena, fitted with a steam-engine, and used as part of the Tønsberg sealing fleet. In 1894 she was the ship in which Roald Amundsen made his first voyage to the Arctic. In 1905 Magdalena was chartered by the estate of William Ziegler for a relief expedition to Bass Rock, northeast Greenland, to search for members of the Fiala-Ziegler expedition. The next year she was sold to the Danmark-Expedition and renamed Danmark. The main task for the expedition was to survey the coast from 77°N to Independence Bay, an area that was completely unknown. In addition to geographical exploration, much ethnographical, ornithological, zoological, hydrographical, meteorological, and botanical work was carried out on the expedition. In 1909, Danmark was sold to the mining company Grønlandske Minedrifts Aktieselskab of Copenhagen. She made voyages every year to Greenland, returning with copper and graphite. In 1916 she was chartered by the American Museum of Natural History to bring home the members of the Crocker Land Expedition. When in December 1917 she returned to Denmark, her captain did not know that, in their two years' absence, the coastal signals had been changed due to conditions in World War I. Danmark grounded off Høganes, Sweden; condemned, she was sold to a breaker's yard, and her masts, sails, engine, and other fittings were sold at auction the following year.
Whaler's cross on Deception Island
Authors: Barr Susan , Downie Rod , Sánchez Rodolfo
Published: January 2004

The cemetery at Whalers Bay, Deception Island, was the largest in the Antarctic prior to being partially buried and partially washed away during a volcanic eruption in 1969. In 2002 a wooden cross at Argentina's Decepción Station was identified as being that of the Norwegian whaler Peder Knapstad. It was removed, secured in a base, and re-erected at Whalers Bay.
Relationship between morphometric and genetic variation in pure and hybrid populations of the smooth and Montandon's newt (Triturus vulgaris and T. montandoni)
Authors: Babik W. , Rafiński J.
Published: January 2004

The variation in 10 morphometric characters and the degree of sexual dimorphism in size and shape was studied in pure and hybrid populations of smooth Triturus vulgaris and Montandon's T. montandoni newts. Multivariate analyses showed pronounced interspecific differences in both sexes. Females differed mainly in traits related to general size, whereas males differed mainly in body proportions. Triturus vulgaris males possessed a relatively longer trunk and tail. Sexual size dimorphism was much stronger in T. montandoni, the females being the larger sex. In hybrid zone populations a general correlation between morphometric traits and nuclear genotypes was found. This does not, however, fully explain the variation in size and shape. Whereas the majority of genetically identified hybrids fell into the range of morphologically pure species, many genetically pure individuals were classified as morphometric intermediates. The linear relationship between the morphometric and genetic variation suggested no strong differential selection on the molecular markers and loci responsible for morphometric differences between species. The differences in the level of sexual size and shape dimorphism, however, suggest that females of both species show dissimilar mate preferences, and thus hybrid males may experience reduced fitness resulting from lower mating success.
The reproductive ecology of the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus)
Authors: Smith Carl , Reichard Martin , Jurajda Pavel , Przybylski Mirosław
Published: January 2004

The European bitterling Rhodeus sericeus Pallas is a freshwater fish belonging to the Acheilognathinae, a subfamily that has an unusual spawning symbiosis with freshwater mussels. Female bitterling possess long ovipositors that they use to place their eggs onto the gills of a mussel through the mussels' exhalant siphon. Males fertilize the eggs by releasing sperm into the inhalant siphon of the mussel. The embryos develop inside the mussel for approximately a month, eventually leaving the mussel as actively swimming larvae. Because they use a discrete spawning site that can be readily manipulated they have recently been used in studies to understand oviposition choice with respect to mate and spawning site quality, host–parasite coevolution, alternative male mating tactics, and linking behavioural decisions with population dynamics. The current state of knowledge of bitterling reproductive ecology is reviewed and synthesized, and future directions for research on this species are proposed.
Nocturnal activity of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis)
Authors: Murray S. W. , Kurta A.
Published: January 2004

Acoustic monitoring and radio‐tracking were used to study the nocturnal activity of adult female Indiana bats Myotis sodalis at a maternity site in Michigan, U.S.A. Pregnant bats did not use the day roost at night, but lactating females returned 2–4 times/night for 32±7 (se) min/visit, presumably to feed their young. Both pregnant and lactating females night roosted as solitary individuals in trees within their foraging areas; night roosting occurred 0–6 times/night for 14±1 min each time. Bats foraged for most of the night, with the total duration of flight equalling 375±16 min/night. The bats used 13 different foraging areas that were located 0.5–4.2 km from the day roost. Bats did not fly over open fields but travelled along wooded corridors, even though such behaviour increased commuting distance by 55±11%. Current models of habitat suitability for this endangered species should be modified, taking into account the use of wooded commuting corridors and the large home range of these bats.
Guild structure, foraging space use, and distribution in a community of insectivorous bats in the Negev Desert
Authors: Korine Carmi , Pinshow Berry
Published: January 2004

Large‐scale anthropogenic habitat degradation is taking place in the Negev Desert and such degradation is considered to be the primary cause of population decline in many bat species. A study of bat community structure in the central Negev Desert Highlands was undertaken to examine habitat associations, activity patterns and the distribution of bats in relation to landscape structure. During 1999 and 2000, mist‐nets and bat detectors were used to capture bats and to monitor their presence in natural and artificial sites. In total, 12 species of insectivorous bats were found. Communities of insectivorous bats were divided into three guilds based on foraging space: open space foragers, background‐cluttered space foragers, and highly cluttered space foragers. Bats of the background‐cluttered space guild foraged over a variety of habitats while bats from the other guilds were more restricted with regard to their foraging spaces. In both years, season had a significant effect on bat activity. Despite there being significantly more bat activity in artificial sites than in natural sites, bat species richness was least in the artificial sites. For most species of desert‐dwelling bats, areas that are typified by dense vegetation cover and have a perennial water source are of primary importance.
Prey selection by African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in southern Zimbabwe
Authors: Pole Alistair , Gordon Iain J. , Gorman Martyn L. , MacAskill Mairi
Published: January 2004

This study was an investigation of the diet and of prey selection by a population of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in the Savé Valley Conservancy (SVC) in the south‐east lowveld of Zimbabwe. The diet of the dogs, based on the number of kills for each species located, consisted almost entirely of impala Aepyceras melampus (74%) and kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (22%), the two most abundant medium‐sized antelope in the area. The level of selection for different prey classes killed by the wild dogs was investigated and it was found that the wild dogs: (1) exhibited strong selection for a number of prey classes on a seasonal basis; (2) selected kudu throughout the year but showed little selection between the other prey species; (3) selected the young of both impala and kudu and selected males at times of the rut. Bone marrow analysis showed that prey killed by the wild dogs on SVC were in poorer condition than unselectively culled individuals suggesting the selection of the weaker individuals in the prey populations.
Cost–benefit analysis of cleaning the Ganges: some emerging environment and development issues
Authors: MARKANDYA A. , MURTY M.N.
Published: January 2004

This paper while attempting to estimate the social benefits of cleaning the Ganges river in India highlights some of the emerging environmental and development issues in the river cleaning programmes. Methods involving the market and non-market valuation of environmental goods are used to estimate the benefits. The benefits estimated include user and non-user benefits, health benefits to the poor households living along the river, and agricultural benefits to farmers among other benefits. However, the benefits from fisheries, one of the important components of benefits from the river cleaning, could not be quantified in this paper. With the benefits that could be quantified, the program of cleaning the Ganges has positive net present social benefits at a 10 per cent social rate of discount and an internal rate of return as high as 15 per cent. Furthermore the estimates of benefits of river cleaning obtained in this paper provide guidance for designing the policy instruments to raise revenue for sustaining the river cleaning processes in India. A number of different mechanisms are considered to raise the resources for sustaining the cleaning of Ganges. They are a polluter-pays principle, a user-pays principle (with government involvement), a user-pays principle (without government involvement), and funding from the general tax system.
Environment development linkages: modelling a wetland system for ecological and economic value
Authors: CHOPRA KANCHAN , ADHIKARI SAROJ KUMAR
Published: January 2004

Modeling the factors determining ecological and economic value gives rise to conceptual and methodological problems. Economic valuation typically focuses on use value in the short run, whether within or outside the market. Ecologists, however, are more concerned with ecological values, which provide an underlying long-run notion of value interpreted in a more general sense. This paper investigates the nature of the link between these two aspects of value in the context of a wetland in Northern India, which is also designated as a Ramsar site and a national park. A dynamic simulation model in a ‘STELLA’ environment is set up to understand the linkages between underlying ecological relationships and economic value emerging from them. The simulations point towards a critical dependence of economic value (direct and indirect income derived from the park) on ecological health indices. A non-linearity is to be seen in the impact of an increase in ecological health indices on tourist traffic. This responsive or elasticity with respect to ecological health is more at higher values of the indices, indicating thereby that once efforts at conservation increase the attractiveness of the park above a certain level, the impact may be cumulative and returns in terms of income may rise more than proportionately.
Project Arbol:Deer-B-Gone: journal of a guerrilla sound installation
Authors: WRIGHT MARY , COOK PERRY
Published: January 2004

Project Arbol:Deer-B-Gone is a an outdoor sound installation of indefinite duration for twenty-three speakers. It takes on a guerrilla approach to sound installation art. Low-tech concepts and supplies, such as car amplifiers, aircraft cable, inexpensive cassette players, coupled with an overall irreverence for mainstream consumerism, created something like a Disney World theme park gone awry. The installation, which was site-specific, took place in a backyard in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Yards and yards of cable were woven through the trees. Speakers were later mounted on the cable. Once in place, the speakers moved slowly along the cable. Each speaker played its own sound track. While there were some technical difficulties that plagued the project throughout its development and performance, overall Project Arbol proved to be a resilient installation.
Reeds: a responsive environmental sound installation
Authors: PAINE GARTH
Published: January 2004

This article discusses the responsive sound installation Reeds. The Reeds project was commissioned by the Melbourne International Festival of the Arts in 2000, and first exhibited in November and December of that year on the Ornamental Lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. It consists of twenty-one large floating sculptures, modelled to represent clusters of river reeds in immaculate man-made plantings. Each reed pod contains a collection of electronics for either the gathering of weather information or the reception and dispersion of sound. The sound installation gathered data from two real-time weather stations, and produced eight channels of musical output by interpreting the machine unit pulses of the weather data as pulse inputs to Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) algorithms. The Reeds project focused on a consideration of multiple streams of chaotic and constantly varying sound. I was interested in exploring whether the sonic environment would remain homogenous even though, unlike a musical ensemble, the control inputs varied randomly and independently of each other. The sound installation was site specific, reflecting directly upon the environment it inhabited, both in terms of its visual quality, and aesthetic of the sound.
Norge – et lydrike, Norway remixed: a sound installation
Authors: RUDI JØRAN
Published: January 2004

This paper describes a large, interactive sound installation that was presented in Oslo during October 2002. The installation, in broad terms, brought the presence of the whole country into the one location through sound, and made the sound available for the public as material to play with or explore in a more structured fashion. The sonic results were streamed to the Internet, together with images from the exterior of the installation. The installation was located at the central train station in an area where thousands of people pass through every day. The curatorial idea was developed by two institutions, as an answer to their missions of providing interesting sonic material and events for the whole country. The idea was given concrete form by three composers, and brought up on a national level through co-arrangement with a large festival of contemporary music. Funding for the installation was provided by both private and public organisations. The installation serves as an example on how a large and complex work of art can be developed through institutional curatorial effort, artistic intentions and activity, and commercial interests. The installation maintained a high degree of artistic integrity while being accessible and attractive for large audiences.
Electroacoustic music in a multi-perspective architectural context: a sound installation for Renzo Piano's Auditorium in Rome
Authors: GIOMI FRANCESCO , MEACCI DAMIANO , SCHWOON KILIAN
Published: January 2004

This paper describes the musical and technical design and the realisation of a large-scale sound installation produced and realised by Centro Tempo Reale for the inauguration of Renzo Piano's new Auditorium in Rome. The installation, conceived by Luciano Berio, was mainly dedicated to electroacoustic music: the complex technological set-up offered a new instrument for which electroacoustic pieces were transcribed. The techniques and the aesthetic implications of this transcription process within the context of an installation are discussed.
From the sound installation to the sound situation: on my work transition – berlin junction eine klangsituation
Authors: KLEIN GEORG
Published: January 2004

Since mid-1999 I have been working on an expanded concept of musical space not only incorporating space according to its spatial characteristics in the narrow sense (acoustic, architectonic, sculptural, perspective and ambient). Beyond this my installation works conceive of space in its site-specificity, usually existing in several layers: a social layer, a historical-political layer and a situational layer. This concept of space is thus not limited to interior spaces and architectonic-formal relationships, a position which naturally also defines my working methods: only subjective, on-site research yields the theme and concept of an installation. I call such installations sound situations, following the ‘conscious creation of situations’ conceived by Guy Debord (International Situationists) in the 1950s. This means first that I open myself up to situations – usually in public spaces – in order to sense their site-specific tensions and to draw them out in all their possible relationships. Secondly, I alter these situations in order to make them more dense through intensification. The concept can be defined as articulating the space, the site; for this reason I prefer to work with site-specific acoustic and visual material found at the site, but also introduce foreign material when it serves to reinforce communication with the site and its occupants and visitors.
Taming the wind: Aeolian sound practices in Australasia
Authors: BANDT ROS
Published: January 2004

The movement of air is a powerful sound generator. Its presence has been perceived and encoded for over 40,000 years in Australia. It is present in natural and humanly organised environments. This paper traces various wind paths, from natural casuarinas to telegraph wires. Artists such as Peggy West-Moreland, Joan Brassil, Alan Lamb, Jon Rose, Chris Cree Brown, Jodi Rose, the present author and many others have devised their own Aeolian works that interpret, tame or represent the wind for acoustic purposes. Their attitudes to wind-powered sound installations are compared and contrasted against a variety of installation genres, found, permanent, semi-permanent, and ephemeral.
Editorial
Authors: Landy Leigh
Published: January 2004

Preparing Organised Sound's thematic issue on ‘gender in music technology’ has been exciting and challenging. Exciting, because this field is young with only a few publications around. Such a thematic issue offers an opportunity to bring people together who are active in this field, and thus works towards the creation of a ‘critical mass’. Hopefully it will stimulate others to think and write about these gender issues as well. But the area itself also posed a challenge. Would we receive enough submissions? Would we be able to publish a sufficiently interesting issue on gender?
Bodies of evidence, singing cyborgs and other gender
issues in electrovocal music
Authors: Bosma Hannah
Published: January 2004

This article is part of PhD research dealing with gender issues in electroacoustic music, focusing on the voice. The first part of the article begins with a discussion of the musical material under research. Thereafter follows an elaborate overview of the number of male and female composers, vocalists and recorded voices in several series of CDs of electroacoustic and computer music. The gendered roles of the live, pre-recorded and synthesised voices are discussed and the musical couple of the male composer and the female vocalist emerges. The second part touches upon several issues raised by the results of part one: the roles of the performer and the composer, (dis)embodiment, femininity and technology. This is a preview into some of the remaining research. In section 2, other music than the CD series of section 1 is discussed as well. The gender patterns are interpreted in a broader context. The role of the female vocalist is many sided. Cyborg voices relate to old patterns as well as new possibilities.
On gender in new music interface technology
Authors: Essl Georg
Published: January 2004

Gender is a category that is mostly unexplored in the field of new music interface technology. This paper explores some aspects of gender within the field. First, it studies the academic literature of the last five years with regard to the gender of the participants and the gender awareness of its content. Men are found to outnumber women in the field. The inspection of the literature shows a marked absence of documented gender awareness in the field. Then, the paper explores gender in new music interface technology performances of the last five years: two by male and two by female performers. It is discussed how they individually and in their cross-relationship speak to gender constructions. The analysis suggests that female performances seem to speak to gender issues whereas male performances seem to show an absence of gender as category. Finally, a further device is contrasted with these performances. I suggest that this technology is of particular interest for the artistic exploration of gender by making the body the recipient of performance.