bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forgiveness
Authors: Norlock Kathryn J.
Published: February 2023

Forgiveness is a response to wrongdoing characterised by forswearing or overcoming the fullness of the blame that one could otherwise justifiably hold against a wrongdoer. Forgiveness is distinct from dropping, ignoring, forgetting, or excusing a wrong. Most philosophers take forgiveness to be compatible with punishment and therefore distinct from pardon or mercy as well.

Some philosophers describe forgiveness as primarily an internal process, characterized by a change of heart or a choice to revise one’s dispositions, beliefs, or attitudes towards an offender. Others describe forgiveness as primarily a social practice, characterised by effecting a morally significant consequence such as the release or relief of an offender.

Central debates concern what reasons justify forswearing the fullness of one’s blame, who is in a position to do so, whether forgiveness must be communicated to one’s wrongdoer, whether it is always an undeserved gift or may be obligatory, and how it works, that is, what processes are involved in forswearing or overcoming the fullness of blame.
Persons
Authors: Olson Eric
Published: February 2023

A person, as most philosophers use the term, is something with certain special mental properties. Locke, for example, defined ‘person’ as ‘a thinking intelligent being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places’. To be a person (at a time) is to be intelligent and self-conscious (at that time).

To say that something is a person is thus to say something about its mental properties. But we could know all about a thing’s mental properties without knowing the rest of its nature – what nonmental properties it has – just as we could know that something is a clock, or even know all about its timekeeping properties, without knowing its physical structure. The definition of ‘person’ as ‘intelligent, self-conscious being’ is like the definition of ‘clock’ as ‘device that measures time’: it specifies a role, but does not say what sort of thing fills the role.

Here are some things that persons – that is, people – have been taken to be:

Immaterial substances

Collections of mental states and events

Biological organisms

Parts of organisms

Nonorganisms constituted by organisms.

Some have even denied that there are any people at all: there are acts of thought, but no beings whose thoughts they are. There is no consensus on the matter, or even any dominant view.

It may be that different sorts of people belong to different metaphysical kinds, just as different sorts of clocks have different mechanisms. There are mechanical clocks made of springs and wheels, electronic digital clocks, atomic clocks and so on. Likewise, it may be that we human people are organisms, but some nonhuman people – gods, say, or the intelligent, self-conscious computers of the future – are not. This entry will consider only human people. It will discuss some of the main accounts of their nature, then briefly connect them to wider metaphysical themes.
Substance
Authors: Benovsky Jiri
Published: February 2023

To understand the notion of substance in a neo-Aristotelian way, one first needs to understand the notion of a kind since the core idea is that substances fall under kinds. You are a human being, so you fall under the kind ‘human being’. Your kind is what defines you as being the substance you are – in short, it is the answer to the question ‘What is this object?’. When a kind is instantiated, an object exists. In this way of understanding the nature of substances, they are not built from more fundamental components (for instance, they are not bundles of various properties), rather substances are understood as instantiations of kinds, which are fundamental. But not all substances are equally fundamental. Indeed, they form a hierarchical structure where each substance plays a role in the resulting hierarchical network of interrelated ontological categories. Thus the notion of a substance is to be understood as part of a sophisticated and rich system of ontological categories, such as Jonathan Lowe’s or Joshua Hoffman’s and Gary Rosenkrantz’s.

A different way to understand the notion of a substance is a one-category ontology such as monism. In this view, there exists only one entity – only one substance – the universe. Horgan and Potrč defend such a view. In this view, the universe (which is the one and only object that exists) has a complex structure and is locally varied, but it does not have parts. The monist can appeal to a paraphrase strategy to talk about ordinary objects: whenever a realist about ordinary objects says that there is a tree, the monist can say that the world is locally tree-ish. In general, when it comes to our ordinary experience of the world, the monist claims that our experiences are the same whether the world contains trees or whether it is locally tree-ish. A different type of monism, namely priority monism, defended by Jonathan Schaffer, also claims that there is exactly one object that exists (the universe), but the idea is that it is the one and only fundamental object. That is, there is only one fundamental object but, in this view, it has parts. These parts are not fundamentally existing, they exist only in a derivative sense. So, like the neo-Aristotelian theories of substance, priority monism is a hierarchical ontology where some entities (i.e. one entity) are fundamental, while other entities are derivative.
Panpsychism
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: February 2023

Panpsychism is the view that consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of the natural world. In a standard form of the view, the fundamental constituents of the physical world – perhaps electrons and quarks – have incredibly basic forms of conscious experience, and the consciousness of a human or animal brain is derived from the consciousness of its most basic parts.

The main attraction of panpsychism is its promise to provide a place for consciousness in our scientific story of the universe, and to do so in a way that avoids the deep difficulties associated with the more conventional options of physicalism and dualism. We know that consciousness is real – nothing is more evident than the reality of our feelings and experiences – and so we must find a way of fitting it into our overall theory of reality. The physicalist tries to account for consciousness in terms of purely physical processes in the brain, but there are powerful philosophical arguments against the coherence of this approach. The dualist posits consciousness as a non-physical feature of reality, outside of the physical workings of the body and brain, but this leads to challenges explaining how the non-physical mind causally impacts on the physical world given the common assumption that physical events form a causally closed system. The panpsychist hopes to avoid both of these problems by taking consciousness to be fundamental and yet part of physical world.

Opponents of panpsychism, however, argue that these supposed advantages cannot be had. According to constitutive panpsychism, facts about human and animal consciousness are nothing over and above facts about consciousness at the fundamental level. Critics argue that this form of panpsychism faces many of the same challenges as physicalism in trying to construct animal consciousness from consciousness postulated at the fundamental level. According to emergentist panpsychism, in contrast, human and animal consciousness causally arises from consciousness at a more fundamental level, and hence the facts about human and animal conscious minds cannot be reduced to facts at a more fundamental level. Critics argue that this form of panpsychism faces similar challenges to the dualist in trying to explain how irreducible animal consciousness impacts on the physical world. Either way, it is claimed, panpsychism offers no theoretical advance. I will respond to these criticisms, arguing that, in either constitutive or emergentist form, panpsychism is to be preferred over its rivals.
Time, metaphysics of
Authors: Deng Natalja
Published: February 2023

Metaphysics is the part of philosophy that asks questions about the nature of reality – about what there is, and what it is like. The metaphysics of time is the part of the philosophy of time that asks questions about the nature of temporal reality. One central such question is that of whether time passes or flows, or whether it has a dynamic aspect. By this metaphysicians mean something very specific: is one time metaphysically privileged in some way, and does this metaphysical privilege move on from time to time? A-theorists answer in the affirmative, and different A-theorists offer different ways of thinking about the metaphysical privilege involved. Some say the privilege consists in being the only time that exists (presentism). On presentism, only the present exists, but which time that is changes as time passes. Other A-theorists, known as growing block theorists, say the metaphysical privilege consists in being the latest time that exists. On the growing block view, the past and the present exist, but the future does not. As time passes, new times comes into existence. Yet another version of the A-theory says that all times exist, but that one time is metaphysically privileged because it is present in an absolute sense. This version of the A-theory is known as the moving spotlight theory. Different times gain the privilege in turn by becoming the one time that is present in an absolute sense.

The A-theory is opposed by the B-theory. B-theorists take all times to exist (eternalism), but unlike moving spotlight theorists, they deny that any one time is metaphysically privileged in any way. Each time is present, but only relative to itself, not in an absolute sense. The B-theory is usefully understood by comparison with views about space. A natural view of space is that all spatial locations exist and that none is ‘here’ in an absolute sense, even though each one is ‘here’ relative to itself. The B-theory says the same about time. Thus, according to B-theorists, time is in a key respect much like space: what is past, present or future is just a matter of temporal perspective, just like what is here or over there is a matter of spatial perspective.

Modern physics is more hospitable to the B-theory than to the A-theory, while ordinary thought and experience arguably favour the A-theory. One reaction to this is to endorse the B-theory, but to ask why it is that time presents itself in ordinary thought and experience as being different from how it really is. There is a growing literature on this problem that draws on cognitive science work on time perception.
Social metaphysics
Authors: Mason Rebecca
Published: February 2023

Social metaphysics concerns the existence and nature of social entities. Social metaphysicians have focused primarily on the existence and nature of three ontological categories: social facts (e.g. the fact that pieces of paper are money), social kinds (e.g. races and genders) and social groups (e.g. the United Nations Security Council).

Social facts (e.g. the fact that bills issued by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing are money) are understood to be worldly rather than representational entities. According to one family of views, all social facts obtain in virtue of facts involving collective intentionality. There are a wide variety of theories of collective intentions; however, the basic idea is that social facts are such that their existence depends on the mental states of more than one individual.

A perennial question concerning the metaphysics of social kinds is whether they are natural kinds. Very roughly, natural kinds are those kinds that feature in scientific explanations of the world. Some philosophers deny that social kinds are natural kinds because the former are mind-dependent whereas the latter are not. Others deny that social kinds are natural, because they are susceptible to ‘looping effects’. Still others argue that social kinds can be natural kinds despite these apparently disqualifying features.

Another key question about social kinds concerns their existence or reality – in particular, the existence or reality of particular social kinds, like genders (e.g. women and men) and races (e.g. Black, white). Some philosophers argue that races are biological kinds, and that biological races exist. Others argue that races are biological kinds, but that biological races do not exist. Social constructionists about race argue that races exist but are social in nature. Another view is that races exist but are neither social nor biological.

Finally, although it is common ground that many social groups exist, philosophers disagree about their nature. One proposal is that social groups are sets of their members; another is that they are identical to sets of worlds, times and individuals. Others argue that social groups are sui generis entities, or that they are structured wholes.
Corporations and justice
Authors: Hughes Robert , Strudler Alan
Published: February 2023

For the past half century, there has been a large controversy within academic business ethics, in legal scholarship, and in the larger public about the role that corporations should have in addressing social injustices. Do corporations have a moral obligation to conduct business in a way that reduces poverty, racial inequality, other unjust economic and social inequalities, and unjust threats to the environment? Or should for-profit corporations focus on making money and leave solutions of these social problems to governments, nonprofit organizations, and private individuals?

There are related but distinct controversies about corporations’ moral duties of transactional and relational justice. One important question is whether financial agreements or employment contracts can be wrongfully exploitative despite being fully consensual and beneficial to all parties. This question is distinct from the question whether corporations have a duty to promote distributive justice. Transactional unfairness is arguably possible in society with a just economic system, and fair transactions are presumably possible in a society with an unjust distribution. There are also important questions about the extent of firms’ moral obligation to avoid pollution, to refrain from discrimination, to treat employees fairly, and to respect the democratic process. These moral obligations may require more than obeying the relevant law.

Much of the literature on business and justice is framed in terms of the responsibilities of for-profit corporations in particular. Many but not all of the claims business ethicists defend about corporations also apply to for-profit businesses that are not corporations, such as partnerships. The philosophical literature on business and justice focuses on normative questions. There is an important literature in psychology on the empirical question when people are most likely to perceive a corporate practice as unjust.
Embodied cognition
Authors: Rupert Rob
Published: February 2023

The embodied view of cognition emphasizes the contribution of nonneural factors to the production of intelligent behaviour and to the shaping of conscious experience. Such factors include (a) the body’s physical form (both gross and specific), (b) the body’s particular dynamics (the characteristic ways in which it moves), (c) the neural representation of the body and of its dynamics, and (d) the kinds of interaction with the environment (including other agents) afforded by all of the preceding factors. Thus, the embodied-cognition movement provides a broad umbrella, covering a multiplicity of hypotheses and research programs. A core idea binds them together, however: that the material bases of cognition, particularly those beyond the brain, determine the nature of a creature’s cognitive processing, in a way that renders the result highly contingent on what bodily materials a creature happens to be made of, how that material happens to be organized, what goals and drives a creature happens to have, and on the structure of the environment in which that creature happens to function.

In order to appreciate the import of the embodied-cognition movement, it may prove fruitful to contrast it with an influential alternative: the computer-based approach to cognition and the research programs to which it gave rise. During the early decades of cognitive science, much research was dominated by the idea that cognition is computation. In this vein, computational solutions to problems were often explored independent of data on human performance, driven instead by mathematical and logical considerations alone. It may well be an interesting question in its own right how, for example, to search optimally through a given data base with the goal of solving a certain sort of problem as quickly as possible. According to embodiment theorists, though, this kind of research yields little of interest concerning actual cognition. On their view, considerations of optimal search or maximal problem-solving efficiency (say, identifying the best move in a game of chess) are largely a distraction to cognitive science. Instead, embodiment theorists insist that, if one hopes to model the cognitive activity of members of a given species, one must treat cognition as a solution to a problem for that kind of creature, with its body, in its environment, with its particular set of resources that can be assembled in more or less ad hoc and task-specific ways.
Bivariate and Partial Wavelet Coherence analysis of aerosols impact on Global Horizontal Irradiation in Far-North and Littoral regions of Cameroon
Authors: Alotse Yaulande Douanla , Ossénatou Mamadou , André Dembele , André Lenouo
Published: February 2023

This study investigated the time-frequency variability of Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) under clear sky conditions in Cameroon in relation to aerosol types using the wavelet transform method. For this purpose, we focused on two climatically different zones (Far North and Littoral) in Cameroon chosen because of the large difference in term of proportion in type of aerosols. From the Bivariate Wavelet Coherence (BWC) analysis, it was found in the Littoral zone (Dust DU, Organic Matter OM, Black Carbon BC, Sulfates SU) aerosols are negatively correlated with GHI at all frequencies, whereas Sea Salt (SS) aerosols are positively correlated with GHI. In the Far North zone, all aerosols are negatively correlated with GHI in the 0-8 month band but the dynamic has changed in the 8-16 month band. However, with the Partial Wavelet Coherence (PWC) analysis, we found that the correlations between GHI and each analyzed variable decreased after removing the effects of the remaining variables. Only the correlations between GHI and DU are still significant, with an average wavelet coherence (AWC) and percentage of significant coherence (PASC) values of 0.60 and 24.36% respectively. It is noteworthy with PWC analysis that the area with significant correlation between GHI and the other aerosol types except DU is very limited. This shows that their influences on GHI have already been covered by DU. The study also showed the combined effect of the analyzing variables (SS, BC, SU and OM) on GHI, since, independently as shown by the PWC, each of them is weakly correlated to GHI. However, with the BWC, the combined effect of other aerosols on BC and SU makes their influences on GHI important. The PWC and BWC implementations have been compiled by Matlab and can be accessed freely following this link (https://figshare.com/s/bc97956f43fe5734c784).
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Dydrov Artur A. , Tikhonova Sophia V. , Baturina Irina V.
Published: February 2023

The article forms a matrix of the main propositions and markers of artificial intelligence in non-professional (philistine) discourses. The study is implemented on the Internet using special tools. The subject of the analysis is the search queries in the main ‘Google’ and ‘Yandex’ services, thematic communities, social networks and users’ comments. The definition of the matrix of non-professional stereotypical labeling of artificial intelligence as an actual developing technology allows us to see a picture of a new metaphysics. “Technological” metaphysics is inextricably linked with mythological thinking and significantly affects the absorption of scientific and technological developments. It also influences the constructive critical attitude towards the physical condition. The article substantiates that this modern technical mythology, which includes many speculative assumptions, has a double meaning: on the one hand, it “domesticates” technology, and on the other hand, it creates an insurmountable barrier for the convergence of spiritual and religious scope and the scientific worldview. The definition and subsequent refinement of the mythological matrix is necessary for the effective implementation of innovative programs, adjustment of those to the education system, constructive dialogue between the state, scientists, and users.
An Apology of Contemporary American Horror Remakes
Authors: Pavlov Alexander V.
Published: February 2023

Book review: Mee, L. (2022). Reanimated: The Contemporary American Horror Remake. Edinburgh University Press.
BuddhistRoad Paper 1.6 "On the Margins: Between Beliefs and Doctrines within Tibetan-Ruled Dunhuang Scribal Culture"
Authors: Doney Lewis
Published: February 2023

This article explores the disparity between the Central Tibetan Buddhist doctrines espoused and spread by the Tibetan Empire (Tib. Bod chen po, ca. 7th c. to 842) and those of the multi-ethnic inhabitants of Dunhuang (敦煌) during the same period. It begins with the multi-ethnic background of the Tibetans themselves and how the Tibetan Empire maintained complex relations with those on its borders, as well as their Buddhism(s). It then unpacks the ‘self-presentation’ of Tri Songdétsen’s (742–ca. 800, Tib. Khri Srong lde brtsan) royal discourse (Tib. bka’ mchid) of doctrine and its spread throughout the Tibetan Empire by means of imperial machinery of state administration. The second half of the paper focuses on Tibetan-ruled Dunhuang (perhaps late 750s/early 760s, or 787, to 848) and evidence of the many different beliefs there not contained in Tri Songdétsen’s royal discourse. It looks at the Aparimitāyurnāmasūtra from the perspective not only of content but also of the evidence of scribal practice spread over its many copies from Mogao Cave 17, also known as the Library Cave (Chin. Cangjing dong 藏經洞). This view from the periphery suggests the variety of Buddhist beliefs not explicitly included in the royal discourse, as well as the varying perspectives on how the Tibetan emperors connect with them and some of the ways in which these influenced the margins of the Tibetan Empire after it fell in the mid-ninth century.
Financiranje hrvatskih sportaša kroz olimpijski program i ostvareni uspjeh na Olimpijskim igrama Rio 2016.
Authors: Obadić Evica , Škorić Sanela
Published: February 2023

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja utvrditi povezanost između dvanaest stavki olimpijskog programa (pripreme natjecanja, stipendije i drugo) i ostvarenog uspjeha sportaša na XXXI. Olimpijskim igrama u Riju de Janeiru 2016. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni sportaši u 20 ljetnih olimpijskih sportova (17 individualnih i trima ekipnim sportovima), čije su sportske aktivnosti i nastupi u promatranom razdoblju ciljano financirani kroz četverogodišnji olimpijski ciklus Rio 2013. – 2016. Rezultati jednostavne regresijske analize ukazuju na postojanje statistički značajne povezanosti između pojedinih stavki olimpijskog programa i ostvarenog uspjeha za deset varijabli (stavki), dok za dvije varijable nije utvrđena statistički značajna povezanost. Pet varijabli ukazuje na linearan tip povezanosti, četiri kvadratni, a jedna logaritamski. Na temelju dobivenog tipa povezanosti i koeficijenta determinacije (R2) može se preporučiti Hrvatskome olimpijskome odboru, radi postizanja što boljih rezultata na OI-ju, da znatno poveća vrijednosti varijabli koje imaju linearni odnos, umjereno poveća vrijednosti varijable koja ima logaritamski odnos i do određenog iznosa poveća vrijednosti varijablama koje imaju kvadratnu povezanost.
Vrijednosni papiri u bilancama Hrvatske narodne banke i Banke slovenije
Authors: Samodol Ante , Radoš Rafaela
Published: February 2023

Hrvatska narodna banka (HNB) postaje članica Eurosustava usvajanjem eura kao nacionalne valute, čime njezina bilanca postaje podložna očekivanim promjenama u strukturi imovine i obveza. Banka Slovenije (BS) članica je Eurosustava od 2007. kad je u Sloveniji usvojen euro kao nacionalna valuta. Bilanca BS-a već petnaest godina zrcali ukupnu monetarnu politiku Europske središnje banke (ECB-a). S druge strane, HNB je u istom razdoblju provodio vlastitu monetarnu politiku drugačijim mjerama i instrumentima koji su određivali strukturu bilance HNB-a. Prvi cilj rada je analiza dijela aktive HNB-a, BSa i ECB-a s obzirom na iznose i dinamiku ulaganja u vrijednosne papire u razdoblju od 2015. do 2021. Drugi je cilj rada povezivanje ulaganja u vrijednosne papire s neformalnim ciljevima monetarne politike HNB-a (ciljanje tečaja) i formalnim ciljem BS-a i ECB-a (ciljanje inflacije). Dok su središnje banke članice Eurosustava odgovorile na gospodarsku krizu nakon 2009. i COVID-19 pandemiju 2020. tzv. nestandardnim mjerama koje su u pravilu uključivale kupnju vrijednosnih papira rezidenata europodručja u svrhu održavanja gospodarskog rasta, dotle je HNB redovito izbjegavao nestandardne mjere (izuzev prve polovice 2020.) i politiku otvorenog tržišta te je prioritetno ciljao stabilan tečaj gdje je gospodarski rast bio podredni cilj. Rezultati analize pokazuju da HNB-u tek slijedi usklađivanje strukture imovine pa i ulaganje u vrijednosne papire, dok je u slučaju BSa i ECB-a na pojedinačnim razinama teško dovesti u vezu ulaganje u vrijednosne papire kao dio programskog ulaganja sa stopama inflacije ili rastom BDP-a. Očito je kako mali pojedinačni udjeli BS-a i ECB-a u velikom konsolidiranom Eurosustavu gdje dominiraju središnje banke Njemačke, Francuske, Španjolske i Italije, nemaju podjednaku statističku vezu s proklamiranim ciljevima otkupa vrijednosnih papira kao što su gospodraski rast, zaposlenost ili inflacija.
Testing the reliability of the Downton Fall Risk Index for predicting incident falls in community-dwelling older adults. A prospective population-based study.
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Mera Robertino M. , Rumbea Denisse A. , Recalde Bettsy Y. , Sedler Mark J.
Published: February 2023

Antecedentes: Las caídas accidentales son una de las causas principales de discapacidad y muerte en adultos mayores. Sin embargo, la confiabilidad de los instrumentos diseñados para estimar el riesgo de futuras caídas no se ha establecido adecuadamente a nivel comunitario. Métodos: Partiendo de un estudio transversal previo realizado en adultos mayores residentes en zonas rurales de Ecuador que estimó el riesgo potencial de caídas futuras, realizamos un estudio longitudinal prospectivo para evaluar la confiabilidad del Índice Downton de Riesgo de Caídas de (IDRC) como predictor de caídas incidentes durante tres años de seguimiento. Resultados: De 254 individuos, 158 (62%) experimentaron caídas incidentes. La puntuación media del IDRC inicial fue de 1,6 ± 1,3 puntos. De éstos, 54 (21 %) presentaron mayor riesgo de caídas futuras (puntuación IDRC ≥3 puntos). Cuarenta y siete de los 54 individuos con IDRC positivo tuvieron caídas incidentes en comparación con 111/200 individuos con IDRC negativo (p<0,001). Un modelo de regresión logística ajustado encontró que las personas con un IDRC positivo tenían un aumento cinco veces mayor de caídas incidentes en comparación con aquellos que tuvieron un IDRC negativo (OR: 4,91; 95% I.C.: 1,94 – 12,4). El análisis ROC mostró un área bajo la curva de 0,612 (95% C.I.: 0,568 – 0,657) para un IDRC positivo para predecir caídas incidentes. Sin embargo, el área bajo la curva para el valor predictivo de caídas incidentes dado un historial de caídas previas (como variable única) fue de 0,908 (95% I.C.: 0,875 – 0,942). Conclusiones: El IDRC tiene solamente un valor predictivo moderado para la ocurrencia de caídas futuras y es superado por el valor predictivo de caídas previas.
Memoria episódica evaluada a partir de estímulos neutros y emocionales en pacientes con antecedentes de trauma craneoencefálico y grupo control.
Authors: Escorsa-Realpe Edison Alexander , Maquilón-Moreno Alida Vanessa
Published: February 2023

Objetivo: Comparar el desempeño en memoria episódica evaluada con estímulos neutros y emocionales en pacientes con antecedente de trauma craneoencefálico y un grupo control. Método: Esta investigación contó con una metodología cuantitativa no experimental, se trató de un estudio cuasi-experimental de alcance descriptivo de comparación entre grupos; el grupo con antecedentes estuvo compuesto por 15 pacientes del Hospital Universitario del Valle de la ciudad de Cali, de los cuales 8 fueron hombres y 7 mujeres; el grupo control estuvo compuesto por 15 participantes: 5 hombres y 10 mujeres. Se evaluó la memoria episódica con estímulos emocionales y neutros con la Prueba de Memoria Emocional Auditivo Visual y el Test de California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) respectivamente. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mayoría de subpruebas de memoria episódica evaluada con estímulos neutros, a nivel de almacenamiento, interferencia, memoria a corto y largo plazo, y falsos positivos semánticos; en cuanto a la memoria evaluada con estímulos emocionales se identificaron diferencias significativas en codificación y evocación. Conclusión: Se evidencia un menor rendimiento de los pacientes con TCE en almacenamiento en memoria, con estímulos neutros, lo que influye en su bajo puntaje en evocación. Con relación a lo emocional presentan un desempeño inferior en la capacidad para estimar el valor o peso emocional general de la historia, lo que parece influir en una adecuada codificación.
Perfiles cognitivos-lingüísticos en personas mayores con Deterioro Cognitivo Leve, Demencia Vascular, Demencia con Cuerpos de Lewy y Enfermedad de Parkinson.
Authors: Malpu–Wiederhold Caterine , Farías–Ulloa Camila , Cigarroa Igor , Martella Diana , Foncea–González Camila , Julio–Ramos Teresa , Méndez–Orellana Carolina , Tollos–Ramírez David
Published: February 2023

Introducción: Existe una amplia heterogeneidad de síntomas neuropsicológicos reportados en el envejecimiento patológico. La investigación actual se ha enfocado en la enfermedad de Alzheimer y demencia Frontotemporal; sin embargo, aún no se ha profundizado en los perfiles cognitivos-lingüísticos del Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (DCL) y otras formas de demencia. Objetivo: Caracterizar los perfiles cognitivos-lingüísticos en personas mayores con DCL, demencia vascular, demencia por cuerpos de Lewy, y Enfermedad de Parkinson. Metodología: La revisión de literatura se realizó bajo los criterios y diagrama de flujo establecidos en la declaración PRISMA, considerando estudios de las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, entre los años 2000 y 2020. Resultados: La búsqueda dio como resultado 49 artículos finales. Los hallazgos sugieren declives significativos en personas mayores con DCL, demencia vascular, demencia con cuerpos de Lewy y enfermedad de Parkinson a nivel de memoria, función ejecutiva, atención, y habilidades visuoespaciales/visuoconstructivas. Sin embargo, también se reportan declives lingüísticos a nivel de fluidez verbal (semántica y fonológica) y en habilidades tanto sintáctico-gramaticales como discursivas. Conclusión: Estos perfiles cognitivos-lingüísticos podrían ser una herramienta de utilidad en la práctica clínica para mejorar los procesos de evaluación neuropsicológica precoz e incluso, determinar diagnósticos diferenciales entre estos cuadros clínicos.
Infarto cerebeloso bilateral simultáneo en un paciente con fibrilación auricular paroxística no valvular: una presentación atípica.
Authors: Peñarete-Nader Rafael , Barrios-Herrera Jennifer , Terroba-Chambi Cinthia , Salcedo-Pérez Luis , Duque-Guidales Laura
Published: February 2023

Introducción: Los infartos cerebelosos ocurren habitualmente en el territorio de la arteria cerebelosa posteroinferior (PICA) y suelen ser predominantemente unilaterales. El compromiso simultáneo bilateral de la arteria PICA es considerado raro. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 67 años de edad que desarrolló un síndrome cerebeloso agudo secundario a un infarto cerebral en el territorio de ambas PICA, confirmado por medio de resonancia magnética nuclear cerebral. La fibrilación auricular paroxística no valvular fue la etiología más plausible después de que la angiografía cerebral digital descartó anomalías vasculares. Conclusión: este caso demuestra que el infarto bilateral en el territorio de ambas PICA puede ocurrir en el contexto de la embolia cardíaca, incluso en ausencia de una anomalía anatóm ica como es el origen de ambas PICA en un tronco común.
The THE SUGGESTOPEDIA METHOD TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL OF NARRATIVE TEXT
Authors: Rodifah Rodifah , Rohiyatussakinah Ina , Nuraida Ida , Oktaviana Fadilla
Published: February 2023

The background of the researcher to analyze students' ability in writing narrative texts by analyzing several aspects of writing skills in the form of content, organizational ideas, grammar, vocabulary and mechanical punctuation. The aims of the research are to find out suggestopedia method able to increase students’ writing of narrative text and to find out studensts’ interest using suggestopedia method. The method used in this research was classroom action research. The research procedure includes cycle I and cycle II using research instruments in the form of observations and tests. This research was conducted at SMAN 1 BINUANG class XI MIA 1. Minimum completeness criteria (KKM) value is 70. The results of research on student pre-test got the average score of 41 and cycle 1 got average score of 68 and have not reached KKM. Therefore, treatment was carried out to be able to increase the students score by doing learning used suggestopedia method in cycle 2 obtained  average score of 79 has reached KKM. Then, the action hyphotesis could be said that the suggestopedia method improve students’ writing narrative text and make students interested in learning. Futhermore, it could be concluded that the results of these scores prove that one of the supporting factors to improve the student learning outcomes is the used of appropriate learning methods and can be well received by students such as the suggestopedia method.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENGLISH CROSS INTEREST IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Rohmawati Cucum , Fajri Dede Rohadi , Rukmayadi Yazid
Published: February 2023

Cross interest in 2013 curriculum is a new program and government’s policy. Its purpose is giving opportunities for students to select and study the cross-interest subjects. Due to the important of English and needed by the students, it’s supposed that an analysis of English Cross Interest is crucial to be implemented to know the effectiveness of English Cross Interest in helping the students to meet their real needs and improve their English mastery. In doing this research, literature study, observation and interview with the teachers of English Cross Interest and students of senior high school in Kota Serang were carried out to obtain the data needed. Based on research and analysis conducted, it can be concluded that education was really needed in human life. But through the changing of curriculum, it arose several new things which were problems for several teachers. This case was happened in changing the previous curriculum to the new one, that was Education Unit Level Curriculum to be 2013 Curriculum.
Factors associated with deep infiltrating endometriosis, adenomyosis and ovarian endometrioma
Authors: Yuan Xi , Wong Beverly WX , Randhawa Nau’shil Kaur , Win Thu PP , Chan Yiong Huak , Ma Li , Yong Eu-Leong
Published: February 2023

Introduction: To compare epidemiological features and clinical presentations of deep infiltrating endometriosis with endometrioma and adenomyosis, as well as to identify risk factors for the respective histologically confirmed conditions.
Method: Patients undergoing index surgery at the National University Hospital, Singapore for endometriosis or adenomyosis over a 7-year period—from 2015 to 2021—were identified from hospital databases using the Table of Surgical Procedures coding. Social and epidemiological features of cases with histologically confirmed diagnoses of endometrioma only, adenomyosis only, and deep infiltrating endometriosis were compared. Significant variables from univariate analysis were entered into 3 binary multivariate logistic regression models to obtain independent risk factors for: deep infiltrating endometriosis versus endometrioma only, deep infiltrating endometriosis versus adenomyosis only, and adenomyosis only versus endometrioma only.
Results: A total of 258 patients were included with 59 ovarian endometrioma only, 47 adenomyosis only, and 152 deep infiltrating endometrioses. Compared to endometrioma only, deep infiltrating endometriosis was associated with higher rates of severe dysmenorrhoea (odds ratio [OR] 2.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–7.70) and out-of-pocket private surgical care (OR 4.72, 95% CI 1.85–12.04). Compared to adenomyosis only, deep infiltrating endometriosis was associated with a higher fertility desire (OR 13.47, 95% CI 1.01–180.59) and a lower body mass index (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79–0.99). In contrast, heavy menstrual bleeding was the hallmark of adenomyosis, being less common in patients with endometriosis.
Conclusion: Deep infiltrating endometriosis is associated with severe dysmenorrhoea, pain related to urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, higher fertility desire and infertility rate. Patients with pain symptomatology and subfertility should be referred early to a tertiary centre with the capability to diagnose and manage deep infiltrating endometriosis.

Keywords: Adenomyosis, deep infiltrating endometriosis, obstetrics and gynaecology, ovarian endometrioma, public health
Approach to bradyarrhythmias: A proposed algorithm
Authors: Yeo Tiong-Cheng , Goh Fang Qin , Teo Yao Neng , Sia Ching-Hui
Published: February 2023

Bradyarrhythmias are commonly encountered in clinical practice. While there are several electrocardiographic criteria and algorithms for tachyarrhythmias, there is no algorithm for bradyarrhythmias to the best of our knowledge. In this article, we propose a diagnostic algorithm that uses simple concepts: (1) the presence or absence of P waves, (2) the relationship between the number of P waves and QRS complexes, and (3) the regularity of time intervals (PP, PR and RR intervals). We believe this straightforward, stepwise method provides a structured and thorough approach to the wide differential diagnosis of bradyarrhythmias, and in doing so, reduces misdiagnosis and mismanagement.

Keywords: Arrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia, bradycardia, cardiology, electrocardiography
Methodological aspects of drug development and preclinical research in the interests of Artic medicine
Authors: Volkova MV , Biryukov SA
Published: February 2023

There is an inextricable link between exploration and development of the Arctic territories and emergence of associated problems of medical and biological nature. It is necessary to design and develop emergency care and prevention drugs and medical devices for use in the Arctic. This review presents an analysis of additional requirements for drugs intended for the Far North and compares methods of modeling extreme conditions in animals. We outline medical and biological problems of the region highlight key areas of Arctic pharmacology: choice of pharmaceutical form, use of cryoprotectants and design of adaptogens. The study mainly revolves around the search for information on modeling extreme environmental factors in animal experiments, as this is a key stage in preclinical studies of drugs for the Arctic medicine. We present the relevant directions of further work promoting the subject: development of the hypoxia and hypothermia assessment criteria, development of modeling methods employing large laboratory animals, improvement of the equipment used.
Evaluation of organic amendment in corn production in Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Aguilar Carlos , Martínez Franklin , Zapata Isidro , Aguilar José , Zamora Juan
Published: February 2023

The use of organic fertilizers contributes to the improvement of the fertility of agricultural soils. The objective was to evaluate three doses of organic fertilizer incorporated into the soil (10, 20 and 30 t.ha-1) and a control, in corn production. The management of the crop was conventional, after the preparation of the soil with agricultural machinery, the doses of compost were incorporated. Planting was manual with a density of 66,500 plants.ha-1. A completely randomized design and three replicates per treatment were used. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, tests of means, correlation analysis, and economic evaluation. The results indicated that the incorporation of organic fertilizer to the soil benefited the height of the plant and ear, leaf area, stem diameter, number and yield of ears.ha-1. A direct and positive relationship was found between the dose of amendment incorporated into the soil and the production of ears in the milky-dough state. The application of 30 t.ha-1 of organic fertilizer showed the best results for the indicated agronomic variables and presented the best economic benefits.
Efeitos da coexposição ao arsênio e níquel sobre parâmetros hepáticos em ratos Wistar adultos
Authors:   , Lima Thainá Iasbik
Published: February 2023

Arsênio e níquel são elementos químicos amplamente encontrados na natureza. A exposição a altas concentrações desses agentes tóxicos na água de beber pode causar disfunções orgânicas que levam a sérios problemas de saúde. O efeito negativo da intoxicação por arsênio ou níquel está bem documentado na literatura. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre as consequências da ingestão simultânea desses metais no indivíduo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da coexposição ao arsênio e níquel sobre parâmetros hepáticos de ratos Wistar adultos, uma vez que o fígado é o principal órgão detoxificador do organismo. Ratos Wistar machos (70 dias de idade) foram distribuídos em quatro grupos (n = 10 animais/grupo): grupo controle (solução salina), grupo arsênio (1mg L -1 de arsênio), grupo níquel (7mg L -1 de níquel) e grupo da coexposição (1mg L -1 de arsênio + 7mg L -1 de níquel). Os animais tiveram acesso às soluções por meio da água de beber ad libitum por 70 dias, sendo eutanasiados 24 h após a último dia de exposição (CEUA 45/2021). O sangue foi coletado para obtenção de soro e determinação da concentração de transaminases. O fígado foi removido e dissecado para realização de análises histológicas, bioquímicas e enzimáticas. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes One-way ANOVA e Tukey ao nível de significância p = 0,05. Nossos resultados mostraram, que os animais foram expostos ao arsênio e níquel apresentaram níveis aumentados destes metais no fígado. Animais coexpostos aos dois metais apresentaram redução de hepatócitos e de seu citoplasma, aumento na proporção de capilares sinusoides e vasos sanguíneos, além de aumento no percentual de colágeno, glicogênio e mastócitos. Congestão, infiltrado inflamatório e degeneração hidrópica foram as patologias observadas em animais do grupo arsênio+níquel. Estes animais também apresentaram redução na atividade de catalase e aumento nas concentrações de proteínas carboniladas e óxido nítrico. A atividade de ATPase total reduziu em animais do grupo arsênio+níquel. Não foram observadas alterações nas concentrações séricas de transaminases e biometria corporal e hepática. Pode-se concluir que a coexposição ao arsênio e níquel por 70 dias pode ter desencadeado um processo inicial de dano que, em exposições crônicas, pode haver uma intensificação nas alterações com consequente prejuízo à funcionalidade hepática. Palavras-chave: Arsenito. Cloreto de níquel. Hepatócitos. Exposição subcrônica. Estresse oxidativo. Histomorfometria. Inflamação. Degeneração.
Asas Praduga Tidak Bersalah dan Sistem Hukum Pembuktian di Indonesia
Authors: Syauket Amalia , Eleanora Fransiska Novita
Published: February 2023

Asas Praduga Tidak Bersalah yaitu setiap orang dalam proses dari suatu perkara pidana tidak dapat dinyatakan bersalah yang menganggap bahwa seseorang yang menjalani suatu proses dari pemidanaan tetap tidak dinyatakan bersalah sehingga harus dihormati akan hak-haknya sebagai warga negara sebagaimana atau selayaknya orang yang tidak bersalah sebelum ada putusan dari pengadilan yang berkekuatan hukum tetap (inkracht), yang menyatakan bersalah. Dan dalam menyatakan seseorang bersalah atau sebagai terdakwa harus adanya minimal 2 (dua) alat bukti yang didapatkan ditambah dengan adanya keyakinan hakim yang menjadikan dasar dari suatu pertimbangan dalam memutuskan adanya perkara. Pelaksanaan dalam penerapan adanya alat bukti dikarenakan sesuai dengan adanya sistem pembuktian yang dianut di Indonesia yaitu yang didasarkan pada undang-undang secara negatif (negatief wettelijk bewijstheorie) sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 184 ayat 1 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP) yang terdiri dari keterangan saksi, keterangan ahli, surat, petunjuk dan keterangan terdakwa. Metode yang digunakan yaitu yuridis normatif dengan menelaah teori-teori, konsep-konsep, serta asas hukum dan juga peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang akan diteliti.
Analisis Kepastian Hukum Pengetahuan Tradisional Dan Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional Sebagai Bagian Hak Kekayaan Intelektual
Authors: Winatha I Gede Mahatma Yogiswara , Prathama Anak Agung Gede Agung Indra , Setianingtyas Putu Pradnyamita , Cita Ni Putu Wulan Cintana
Published: February 2023

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh kajian dan pemahaman komperhensif terhadap kepastian hukum pengetahuan dan ekspresi budaya tradisional, baik pengakuan dan perlindungannya dalam hukum nasional maupun dalam hukum internasional yang berfokus sebagai bagian dari hak kekayaan intelektual. Adapun metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif, dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan perbandingan. Adapun hasil dan simpulan yang ditemukan bahwa dimensi HKI atas pengetahuan tradisional merujuk pada karya teknologi lokal dan pribumi, sedangkan ekspresi budaya tradisional berhubungan tentang karya tradisional dalam bidang musik, tari, sastra atau cerita, ritual, lencana, seni, kerajinan tangan, bentuk ukiran, bentuk arsitektur, dan sebagainya. Jaminan atas kepastian hukum pengetahuan tradisional dan ekspresi budaya tradisional diakui secara implisit dan eksplisit dalam hukum internasional dan nasional. Ius constitutum Indonesia merujuk pada perspektif hukum Hak Cipta, Hukum Paten, Hukum Merek, UUPK dan Permenkumham tentang Data Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal. Ditemukan adanya ketidaksempurnaan pengaturan terkait jaminan hak atas subjek hukum komunal dari pengetahuan dan ekspresi budaya tradisional sebagai bagian dari HKI yang perlu dilindungi.