bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Differences in the Ability to Provide Temporal Information About Repeated Events
Authors: Roberts Kim P. , Brubacher Sonja P. , Drohan‐Jennings Donna , Glisic Una , Powell Martine B. , Friedman William J.
Published: March 2015

Children (n = 372) aged 4–8 years participated in one or four occurrences of a similar event and were interviewed 1 week later. Compared with 85% of children who participated once, less than 25% with repeated experience gave the exact number of times they participated, although all knew they participated more than once. Children with repeated experience were asked additional temporal questions, and there were clear developmental differences. Older children were more able than younger children to judge relative order and temporal position of the four occurrences. They also demonstrated improved temporal memory for the first and last relative to the middle occurrences, while younger children did so only for the first. This is the first systematic demonstration of children's memory for temporal information after a repeated event. We discuss implications for theories of temporal memory development and the practical implications of asking children to provide temporal information. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recency Tendency: Responses to Forced‐Choice Questions
Authors: Mehrani Mehdi B. , Peterson Carole
Published: March 2015

The present study was conducted to investigate whether forced‐choice questions would lead to any particular tendency in young children's responses. Two experiments were conducted in which 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds children were shown a short animation and then were asked a set of two‐option, forced‐choice questions. Consistent findings were obtained: (i) Forced‐choice questions influenced children's responses; (ii) Children displayed a consistent ‘recency tendency.’ That is, they tended to choose the second option in forced‐choice questions; (iii) This tendency grew weaker as children aged. The findings suggest that forced‐choice questions carry some suggestibility load and can bias children's responses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Iron Oxide Brown on Smoke‐Suppression Properties and Combustion Behavior of Intumescent Flame‐Retardant Epoxy Composites
Authors: Chen Xilei , Liu Lei , Jiao Chuanmei
Published: March 2015

This article mainly deals with smoke‐suppression properties and synergistic flame‐retardant effects of iron oxide brown ((Fe2O3 + FeO)·nH2O) on intumescent flame‐retardant epoxy resins (IFREP) using ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol as intumescent flame retardants. The smoke‐suppression properties and flame retardancy of iron oxide brown on IFREP compositions were investigated by the cone calorimeter test (CCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis‐infrared spectrometry. Remarkably, CCT data revealed that the incorporation of iron oxide brown into IFREP compositions can significantly reduce heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, and total smoke release, and so on. On the other hand, the SEM results showed that iron oxide brown can greatly improve the structure of char residue. The thermogravimetric data indicated that iron oxide brown had different effects on the process of thermal degradation of the IFREP compositions. The volatilized products formed on thermal degradation of IFREP compositions indicated that the volatilized products were H2O, CO2, CO, carboxylic acid, and aliphatic hydrocarbons according to the temperature of onset formation. Here, iron oxide brown is considered to be an effective smoke‐suppression agent and a good synergism with IFR in flame‐retardant epoxy resins, which can greatly enhance the char residue.
Prognostic value of surgical margins during endoscopic resection of paranasal sinus malignancy
Authors: Manjunath Lakshman , Derousseau Taylor , Batra Pete S.
Published: March 2015

Background

Complete tumor resection with intraoperative frozen section control remains a central tenet of head and neck surgical oncology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of margins in predicting recurrence and disease status following endoscopic resection of sinonasal malignancy.

Methods

This single‐institution observational cohort study was performed on 68 patients over a 5‐year period who underwent curative minimally invasive endoscopic resection (MIER) for sinonasal malignancies.

Results

The mean age was 58.8 years and 69.1% were male. The mean follow‐up after definitive MIER was 15.9 months. A mean of 10.8 margins were taken per surgery (range, 2 to 27). False‐negative frozen section analysis was 22.1% for the entire cohort, but slightly higher at 25.0% for T3 or T4 malignancies. At last follow‐up, no evidence of disease (NED) status was noted in 60.0% of those with positive margins vs 83.0% in those with negative margins, respectively (p = 0.0795). Regional or distant recurrences were observed in 39.9% of patients with positive margins and 13.2% of those with negative margins, respectively (p = 0.0299). Disease‐free survival (DFS) was 9.7 months for patients with positive margins, whereas it was 15.9 months for patients with negative margins.

Conclusion

Disease‐free status as a function of residual microscopic disease did not prove to be statistically significant. However, positive margins were correlated with a statistically significant increase in regional or distant recurrence. This suggests that complete resection with clear margins can impact oncologic outcomes in patients managed by MIER for sinonasal cancers.
Fibrillar Networks of Glycyrrhizic Acid for Hybrid Nanomaterials with Catalytic Features
Authors: Saha Abhijit , Adamcik Jozef , Bolisetty Sreenath , Handschin Stephan , Mezzenga Raffaele
Published: March 2015

Self‐assembly of the naturally occurring sweetening agent, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in water is studied by small‐angle X‐ray scattering and microscopic techniques. Statistical analysis on atomic force microscopy images reveals the formation of ultralong GA fibrils with uniform thickness of 2.5 nm and right‐handed twist with a pitch of 9 nm, independently of GA concentration. Transparent nematic GA hydrogels are exploited to create functional hybrid materials. Two‐fold and three‐fold hybrids are developed by introducing graphene oxide (GO) and in situ‐synthesized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the hydrogel matrix for catalysis applications. In the presence of GO, the catalytic efficiency of Au NPs in the reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol is enhanced by 2.5 times. Gold microplate single crystals are further synthesized in the GA hydrogel, expanding the scope of these hybrids and demonstrating their versatility in materials design.
Platinum‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction with Benziodoxole Reagents for Accessing Benzene‐Alkynylated Indoles
Authors: Li Yifan , Waser Jerome
Published: March 2015

Indoles are omnipresent in natural products, bioactive molecules, and organic materials. Consequently, their synthesis or functionalization are important fields of research in organic chemistry. Most works focus on installation or modification of the pyrrole ring. To access benzene‐ring‐functionalized indoles with an unsubstituted pyrrole ring remains more challenging. Reported herein is a platinum‐catalyzed cyclization/alkynylation domino process to selectively obtain C5‐ or C6‐functionalized indoles starting from easily available pyrroles. The work combines, for the first time, a platinum catalyst with ethynylbenziodoxole hypervalent iodine reagents in a domino process for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized arene rings and gives access to important building blocks for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and organic materials.
Synthesis of Dibenzo[c,e]oxepin‐5(7H)‐ones from Benzyl Thioethers and Carboxylic Acids: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Double CH Activation Controlled by Different Directing Groups
Authors: Zhang Xi‐Sha , Zhang Yun‐Fei , Li Zhao‐Wei , Luo Fei‐Xian , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: March 2015

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of benzyl thioethers and aryl carboxylic acids through the two directing groups is reported. Useful structures with diverse substituents were efficiently synthesized in one step with the cleavage of four bonds (CH, CS, OH) and the formation of two bonds (CC, CO). The formed structure is the privileged core in natural products and bioactive molecules. This work highlights the power of using two different directing groups to enhance the selectivity of a double CH activation, the first of such examples in cross‐oxidative coupling.
Solvated Graphene Frameworks as High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Yuxi , Lin Zhaoyang , Zhong Xing , Papandrea Ben , Huang Yu , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: March 2015

A solvent‐exchange approach for the preparation of solvated graphene frameworks as high‐performance anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries is reported. The mechanically strong graphene frameworks exhibit unique hierarchical solvated porous networks and can be directly used as electrodes with a significantly improved electrochemical performance compared to unsolvated graphene frameworks, including very high reversible capacities, excellent rate capabilities, and superior cycling stabilities.
A FRET Probe for Cell‐Based Imaging of Ganglioside‐Processing Enzyme Activity and High‐Throughput Screening
Authors: Yang Guang‐Yu , Li Caishun , Fischer Michael , Cairo Christopher W. , Feng Yan , Withers Stephen G.
Published: March 2015

Gangliosides are important signaling molecules in the cell membrane and are processed by several enzymes. Deficiencies in these enzymes can cause human lysosomal storage diseases. Building an understanding of the pathways of glycosphingolipid catabolism requires methods for the analysis of these enzymatic activities A GM3‐derived FRET probe was synthesized chemoenzymatically for the detection and quantitation of a range of ganglioside‐degrading enzymes, both in cell lysates and in living cells. This is the first substrate that enables the ratiometric fluorogenic assay of sphingolipid ceramide N‐deacylase and endoglycoceramidase and can detect and localize neuraminidase activity in living cells. It is therefore a valuable tool for building a better understanding of membrane‐confined enzymology. It also enables the robust and reliable assay of ganglioside‐degrading enzymes in a microtiter plate, thus opening the door to screening for novel or engineered biocatalysts or for new inhibitors.
Planar N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Diarylborenium Ions: Synthesis by Cationic Borylation and Reactivity with Lewis Bases
Authors: Farrell Jeffrey M. , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: March 2015

The NHC–borane adduct (IBn)BH3 (1) (NHC= N‐heterocyclic carbene; IBn=1,3‐dibenzylimidazol‐2ylidene) reacts with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] through sequential hydride abstraction and dehydrogenative cationic borylation(s) to give singly or doubly ring closed NHC–borenium salts 2 and 3. The planar doubly ring closed product [C3H2(NCH2C6H4)2B][B(C6F5)4] is resistant to quaternization at boron by Et2O coordination, but forms classical Lewis acid–base adducts with the stronger donors Ph3P, Et3PO, or 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Treatment of 3 with tBu3P selectively yields the unusual oligomeric borenium salt trans‐[(C3H2(NCH2C6H4)2B)2(C3H2(NCHC6H4)2B)][B(C6F5)4] (7).
Construction of a Hemifullerene Skeleton: A Regioselective Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclization
Authors: Amaya Toru , Ito Takanori , Hirao Toshikazu
Published: March 2015

A two‐step synthesis of a strained π bowl, with hemifullerene skeleton from sumanene, was achieved in a high yield. The first step is a base‐promoted condensation reaction with a benzophenone compound, bis(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)methanone. The second step is the regioselective intramolecular oxidative cyclization, which is a key reaction for the hemifullerene skeleton synthesis. This regioselective cyclization is likely to be under thermodynamic control. This strategy will allow facile synthesis of various highly strained π bowls.
A regioregular polythiophene–fullerene for polymeric solar cells
Authors: Lanzi Massimiliano , Salatelli Elisabetta , Benelli Tiziana , Caretti Daniele , Giorgini Loris , Di‐Nicola Francesco Paolo
Published: March 2015

In this article, we present the synthesis and characterization of a new thiophenic copolymer bearing the C60 fullerene directly linked to the end of a hexamethylenic side chain. This copolymer was prepared with good yield using a simple and straightforward post‐polymerization functionalization procedure applied on a soluble regioregular polymeric precursor obtained by regiospecific organometallic coupling. Copolymer structural and photophysical properties were investigated by gel permeation chromatography, thermal analysis (DSC and TGA), NMR, IR, UV–Vis, and atomic force spectroscopy. The double‐cable copolymer possesses good solubility in common organic solvents, high filmability, thermal stability, and low segmental aggregation tendency. It was tested as a photoactive layer in a polymeric solar cell showing a power conversion efficiency under 100 mW cm−2 AM 1.5 illumination higher than 4%, more than that of the reference cell made with the conventionally used P3HT/PCBM blend. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42121.
2‐Oxazoline Formation for Selective Chemical Labeling of 5‐Hydroxylysine
Authors: Hayashi Gosuke , Sakamoto Ryosuke , Okamoto Akimitsu
Published: March 2015

Hydroxylation of lysine, one of posttranslational modifications of proteins, generates 5‐hydroxylysine (Koh) and plays a crucial role in regulating protein functions in cellular activity. We have developed a chemical labeling method of Koh. The 1,2‐aminoalcohol moiety of Koh in synthetic peptide sequences was trapped by an alkyne‐containing benzimidate to form a 2‐oxazoline ring. An additional ammonia treatment process removed the undesirable amidine residue formed between benzimidate and lysine. During the ammonia treatment, the oxazoline residue formed at Koh mainly remained intact, and the ring opening to the amide form was observed for only part of oxazoline, indicating that the chemical labeling is amino acid selective. Azide‐substituted biotin or fluorescent dye was attached to the peptide through Huisgen cycloaddition at Koh and converted into an alkyne‐labeled oxazoline form. The Koh‐labeling assay could provide a platform to enhance proteomic research of lysine hydroxylation.
Testing a reanalysis‐based infilling method for areas with sparse discontinuous air temperature data in northeastern Canada
Authors: Way Robert G. , Bonnaventure Philip P.
Published: March 2015

This study tests various applications of a new technique for infilling sparse monthly climate data which combines temperature anomalies from gridded observational and reanalysis data sets with baseline climatologies from short‐instrumental records. Out‐of‐sample comparisons between infilled and observed climate data for 53 stations in northeastern Canada suggests that mean absolute errors using the proposed method are ±1 and ±0.5 °C on monthly and annual timescales, respectively. Evaluation of several gridded data sets used to guide infilling suggests that ERA‐Interim (ERAI) and modern‐era retrospective reanalysis (MERRA) reanalyses are the most suitable for this purpose in the Labrador‐Ungava region.
A model for the Lin‐Shu type density‐wave structure of our Galaxy: Line‐of‐sight and transverse‐longitudinal velocities of 242 optically visible open clusters
Authors: Griv E. , Jiang I.‐G.
Published: March 2015

In this paper, the fourth in a series, we examine again one of the implications of the Lin‐Shu density‐wave theory, specifically, the noncircular systematic motion of the Galactic objects. Our previous investigation is extended by analyzing simultaneously both the line‐of‐sight and transversal velocities of a sample of open clusters for which velocities, distances and ages are available. The ordinary equations of the Oort‐Lindblad theory of galactic differential rotation are used. The minor effects caused by the two‐dimensional tightly‐wound density waves are also taken into account. The published data of 242 currently known optically visible clusters having distances r < 3 kpc from the Sun and ‐200 < z < 200 pc from the Galactic plane, and ages 2 × 108 < t < 2 × 109 yr are collected from Dias et al. (2014), excluding extremely far, high‐velocity, young and old objects in our fitting. The most noteworthy result is the fact that the parameters of Lin–Shu type density waves estimated from two independent line‐of‐sight and transversal along the Galactic longitude velocities are nearly equal. We argue that the resemblance of these Galactic wave structures is so remarkable that no doubt is felt as to the theory's truth with respect to these data. The results obtained allow us to conclude that several low‐m trailing density‐wave patterns with different number of spiral arms m (say, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4), pitch angles (about 5°, 8°, 11°, and 14°, respectively) and amplitudes of the perturbed gravitational potential may coexist in the Galaxy. The latter suggests the asymmetric multiarm, not well‐organized (“flocculent”) spiral structure of the system. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Difference between the optical flickering colours of cataclysmic variables and symbiotic recurrent novae
Authors: Zamanov R. , Boeva S. , Latev G. , Stoyanov K. A. , Tsvetkova S. V.
Published: March 2015

We performed simultaneous observations in 3 bands (U BV) of the flickering variability of the recurrent novae RS Oph and T CrB at quiescence. Using new and published data, we compare the colours of the flickering in cataclysmic variables and symbiotic recurrent novae. We find a difference between the colours of the flickering source in these two types of accreting white dwarfs. The detected difference is highly significant with p ‐values ≈2 x 10–6 for the distributions of (U – B)0 colour and p ≈ 3 x 10–5 on an (U – B) versus (B – V) diagram. The possible physical reasons are briefly discussed. The data are available upon request from the authors. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Composite spectra: XX. 45 Cancri
Authors: Griffin R.E. M. , Griffin R. F.
Published: March 2015

From accurate radial‐velocity measurements covering 11 circuits of the orbit of the composite‐spectrum binary 45 Cnc, together with high‐resolution spectroscopy spanning nearly 3 circuits, we have (i) isolated cleanly the spectrum of the early‐type secondary, (ii) classified the component spectra as G8 III and A3 III, (iii) derived the first double‐lined orbit for the system and a mass ratio (M1/M2) of 1.035 ± 0.01, and (iv) extracted physical parameters for the component stars, deriving the masses and (log) luminosities of the G star and A star as 3.11 and 3.00 M⊙, and 2.34 and 2.28 L⊙, respectively, with corresponding uncertainties of ±0.10 M⊙ and ±0.09 L⊙. Since the mass ratio is close to unity, we argue that the more evolved component is unlikely to have been a red giant long enough to have made multiple ascents of the RGB, an argument that is supported somewhat by the rather high eccentricity of the orbit (e = 0.46) and the evolutionary time‐scales of the two components, but chiefly by the presence of significant Li I in the spectrum of the cool giant. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New spectroscopic and polarimetric observations of the A0 supergiant HD 92207
Authors: Hubrig S. , Kholtygin A. F. , Schöller M. , Anderson R. I. , Saesen S. , González J. F. , Ilyin I. , Briquet M.
Published: March 2015

Our recent search for the presence of a magnetic field in the bright early A‐type supergiant HD 92207 using FORS 2 in spectropolarimetric mode revealed the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field of the order of a few hundred Gauss. However, the definite confirmation of the magnetic nature of this object remained pending due to the detection of shortterm spectral variability probably affecting the position of line profiles in left‐ and right‐hand polarized spectra. We present new magnetic field measurements of HD 92207 obtained on three different epochs in 2013 and 2014 using FORS 2 in spectropolarimetric mode. A 3σ detection of the mean longitudinal magnetic field using the entire spectrum, 〈Bz〉all = 104 ± 34 G, was achieved in observations obtained in 2014 January. At this epoch, the position of the spectral lines appeared stable. Our analysis of spectral line shapes recorded in opposite circularly polarized light, i.e. in light with opposite sense of rotation, reveals that line profiles in the light polarized in a certain direction appear slightly split. The mechanism causing such a behaviour in the circularly polarized light is currently unknown. Trying to settle the issue of short‐term variability, we searched for changes in the spectral line profiles on a time scale of 8–10 min using HARPS polarimetric spectra and on a time scale of 3–4 min using time series obtained with the CORALIE spectrograph. No significant variability was detected on these time scales during the epochs studied. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐epoch time‐resolved photometry of the eclipsing polar CSS081231:071126+440405
Authors: Schwope A. D. , Mackebrandt F. , Thinius B. D. , Littlefield C. , Garnavich P. , Oksanen A. , Granzer T.
Published: March 2015

The eclipsing polar CSS081231:071126+440405 turned bright (Vmax ∼ 14.5) in late 2008 and was subsequently observed intensively with small and medium‐sized telescopes. A homogeneous analysis of this comprehensive dataset comprising 109 eclipse epochs is presented and a linear ephemeris covering the five years of observations, about 24000 orbital cycles, is derived. Formally this sets rather tight constraints on the mass of a hypothetical circumbinary planet, Mpl ≤ 2 MJup. This preliminary result needs consolidation by long‐term monitoring of the source. The eclipse lasts 433.08 ± 0.65 s, and the orbital inclination is found to be i = 79.3°–83.7°. The centre of the bright phase displays accretion‐rate dependent azimuthal shifts. No accretion geometry is found that explains all observational constraints, suggesting a complex accretion geometry with possible pole switches and a likely non‐dipolar field geometry. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The power of low‐resolution spectroscopy: On the spectral classification of planet candidates in the ground‐based CoRoT follow‐up
Authors: Ammler‐von Eiff M. , Sebastian D. , Guenther E. W. , Stecklum B. , Cabrera J.
Published: March 2015

Planetary transits detected by the CoRoT mission can be mimicked by a low‐mass star in orbit around a giant star. Spectral classification helps to identify the giant stars and also early‐type stars which are often excluded from further follow‐up. We study the potential and the limitations of low‐resolution spectroscopy to improve the photometric spectral types of CoRoT candidates. In particular, we want to study the influence of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the target spectrum in a quantitative way. We built an own template library and investigate whether a template library from the literature is able to reproduce the classifications. Including previous photometric estimates, we show how the additional spectroscopic information improves the constraints on spectral type. Low‐resolution spectroscopy (R ≈ 1000) of 42 CoRoT targets covering a wide range in SNR (1–437) and of 149 templates was obtained in 2012–2013 with the Nasmyth spectrograph at the Tautenburg 2 m telescope. Spectral types have been derived automatically by comparing with the observed template spectra. The classification has been repeated with the external CFLIB library. The spectral class obtained with the external library agrees within a few sub‐classes when the target spectrum has a SNR of about 100 at least. While the photometric spectral type can deviate by an entire spectral class, the photometric luminosity classification is as close as a spectroscopic classification with the external library. A low SNR of the target spectrum limits the attainable accuracy of classification more strongly than the use of external templates or photometry. Furthermore we found that low‐resolution reconnaissance spectroscopy ensures that good planet candidates are kept that would otherwise be discarded based on photometric spectral type alone. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Einsatz von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren im Straßenbeton zur Selbstüberwachung
Authors: Ge Zhi , Wang Dawei , Sun Renjuan , Oeser Markus
Published: March 2015

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden selbstüberwachende Probekörper aus Zement mit mehrlagigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (multiwall carbon nanotubes MWCNT) hergestellt und einer zyklischen Belastung unterzogen. Der elastische Widerstand und die Piezoresistivität der Probekörper wurden bei unterschiedlicher Temperatur und verschiedenen Wassergehalten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit steigender Temperatur der elektrische Widerstand und die Piezoresistivität sinken. Mit erhöhtem Wassergehalt verringert sich der elektrische Widerstand, während die Piezoresistivität erst zu‐ und dann abnimmt. Die Hauptursache für die Änderung des spezifischen Widerstandes und der Piezoresistivität ist die Veränderung der Tunnelleitung unter verschiedenen Bedingungen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Wassergehalt, Temperatur und der Resistivitätsänderung konnte mit einer Regressionsfunktion bei einem korrigierten Bestimmtheitsmaß R2 von 0,92 dargestellt werden.

Carbon nanotube‐cement composite for self‐sensing concrete pavement

Self‐sensing materials could sense their own strain and damages without sensors. Smart concrete pavement made with cement based self‐sensing materials could achieve in‐situ monitoring for both structural integrity and traffic characteristics. This paper studied the electrical resistivity and piezoresistivity of cement with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under cyclic loading. Effects of temperature and water content on both resistivity and piezoresistivity were investigated. Test results show that the resistivity decreased as the water content increased. Differently, the piezoresistivity and change in resistance first increased and then decreased. Temperature had significant effect on resistivity and piezoresistivity. As the temperature increased, resistivity decreased but the piezoresistivity increased. The major cause of the change in resistivity and piezoresistivity was the change of tunneling conduction under different conditions. The relationship between water content, temperature and the resistivity could be accurately represented with a regression function with an R2 of 0.92. Therefore, the data collected by self‐sensing materials must be calibrated for the water content and temperature before interpretation.
Dosimetry for infant exposures to electronic article surveillance system: Posture, physical dimension and anatomy
Authors: Li Congsheng , Wu Tongning
Published: March 2015

The use of electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems has become popular in many public sites. As a consequence, concern has risen about infant exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) from this kind of device. To evaluate infant exposure to MFs of an EAS system (operating at 125 kHz and 13.56 MHz), we numerically compared dosimetric results among adult, child and infant models. Results revealed that postures insignificantly influenced dosimetric results if there was a similar cross‐sectional area under exposure. Although safety limits are unlikely to be exceeded, the infant has higher SAR values for brain and central nervous system tissues compared with adult (1.5x at 125 kHz and 112x at 13.56 MHz), which deserve further investigation. Infant's specific anatomy (e.g., non‐proportionally large head and high fat content) did not induce higher SAR values. The numerical models developed in the study (stroller and postured infant models) could be freely used for nonprofit academic research. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:319–324, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sample size determination for testing nonequality under a three‐treatment two‐period incomplete block crossover trial
Authors: Lui Kung‐Jong , Chang Kuang‐Chao
Published: March 2015

To reduce the lengthy duration of a crossover trial for comparing three treatments, the incomplete block design has been often considered. A sample size calculation procedure for testing nonequality between either of the two experimental treatments and a placebo under such a design is developed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed sample size calculation procedure, Monte Carlo simulation is employed. The accuracy of the sample size calculation procedure developed here is demonstrated in a variety of situations. As compared with the parallel groups design, a substantial proportional reduction in the total minimum required sample size in use of the incomplete block crossover design is found. A crossover trial comparing two different doses of formoterol with a placebo on the forced expiratory volume is applied to illustrate the use of the sample size calculation procedure.
Single nucleotide polymorphism detection using gold nanoprobes and bio‐microfluidic platform with embedded microlenses
Authors: Bernacka‐Wojcik Iwona , Águas Hugo , Carlos Fabio Ferreira , Lopes Paulo , Wojcik Pawel Jerzy , Costa Mafalda Nascimento , Veigas Bruno , Igreja Rui , Fortunato Elvira , Baptista Pedro Viana , Martins Rodrigo
Published: March 2015

The use of microfluidics platforms combined with the optimal optical properties of gold nanoparticles has found plenty of application in molecular biosensing. This paper describes a bio‐microfluidic platform coupled to a non‐cross‐linking colorimetric gold nanoprobe assay to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with increased risk of obesity fat‐mass and obesity‐associated (FTO) rs9939609 (Carlos et al., 2014). The system enabled significant discrimination between positive and negative assays using a target DNA concentration of 5 ng/µL below the limit of detection of the conventionally used microplate reader (i.e., 15 ng/µL) with 10 times lower solution volume (i.e., 3 µL). A set of optimization of our previously reported bio‐microfluidic platform (Bernacka‐Wojcik et al., 2013) resulted in a 160% improvement of colorimetric analysis results. Incorporation of planar microlenses increased 6 times signal‐to‐loss ratio reaching the output optical fiber improving by 34% the colorimetric analysis of gold nanoparticles, while the implementation of an optoelectronic acquisition system yielded increased accuracy and reduced noise. The microfluidic chip was also integrated with a miniature fiber spectrometer to analyze the assays’ colorimetric changes and also the LEDs transmission spectra when illuminating through various solutions. Furthermore, by coupling an optical microscope to a digital camera with a long exposure time (30 s), we could visualise the different scatter intensities of gold nanoparticles within channels following salt addition. These intensities correlate well to the expected difference in aggregation between FTO positive (none to small aggregates) and negative samples (large aggregates). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1210–1219. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tendon and neurovascular injuries of the distal radius after pinning with Kirschner Wires: A meta‐analysis of cadaveric studies
Authors: Yammine Kaissar , Rafi Sidiqa M. , Furhad Sadia
Published: March 2015

Tendon and nerve structures are at risk when displaced fractures of the distal radius are pinned using K‐wires. The aim of this meta‐analysis (MA) is to examine the published evidence of such complications in cadavers. Eight studies met our inclusion criteria. The meta‐analytical results were as follows: (a) 2.87% and 30.5% tendon involvement at the radial styloid process (RSP) and the dorso‐radial area of the distal radius, respectively; (b) 3.5% and 1.1% tendon involvement when the percutaneous pinning (PP) and the limited open pinning (LOP) techniques were used, respectively; (c) 16.1% and 3.4% nerve involvement at the RSP and the dorso‐radial area of the distal radius, respectively; (d) in 35.7% the nerve was speared and in 64.3% it touched the K‐wire at the styloid area; (e) 61.3% cephalic vein involvement in the styloid area; (f) the second branch of the sensitive branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) was the closest to a wire inserted into the RSP; (g) the mean (±SD) distance between a branch of the SBRN and a styloid wire was 2.17 ± 0.82 mm. Our results for nerve and tendon injury frequencies in the RSP were close to those in clinical meta‐analytical studies, offering an excellent statistical model of evidence synthesis based on cadaveric studies to assess the frequency of such injuries in clinical practice. However, this cadaveric MA yielded more accurate data than the previously reported clinical MA in assessing the real risk of injury of such structures in the distal radius in terms of their proximity to the inserted K‐wires. Clin. Anat. 28:545–550, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging for studying female sexual function: A review
Authors: Vaccaro Christine M.
Published: March 2015

Many would agree that there are two quintessential sexual organs in the female: the clitoris and the brain. Using non‐invasive techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), investigators have gained insight into the mental and physical factors involved in female sexual function. Since only the external clitoral glans is easily accessible for direct measurement, the complete anatomy of the clitoris (including the internal components—paired corpora, crura, and bulbs) has only recently been described, with MRI providing the most sensitive way of distinguishing among the various soft tissue planes. Average sizes of clitoral structures and average distances between the clitoral complex and other pelvic landmarks have been measured. These measurements have been correlated with female sexual function: a longer distance between the clitoral complex and the vaginal lumen correlates with poorer sexual function, consistent with prior imaging studies. However, whether clitoral size influences function is debatable, so further studies are needed. Physiological investigations have demonstrated that female arousal disorder is unlikely to be due to inadequate genital engorgement. Some consider the brain to be the ultimate sexual organ, and several recent studies have used functional MRI (fMRI) to reveal sexual excitability in the brain. The normal sexual response requires deactivation of the frontal lobe and activation of the instinctual limbic system of the midbrain. As MR technology continues to improve, the mysteries of female sexuality will be further unraveled. Clin. Anat. 28:324–330, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perioperative neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and postoperative NSAID use as predictors of survival after lung cancer surgery: a retrospective study
Authors: Choi Jae Eun , Villarreal John , Lasala Javier , Gottumukkala Vijaya , Mehran Reza J. , Rice David , Yu Jun , Feng Lei , Cata Juan P.
Published: March 2015

The association between neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and poor long‐term outcomes in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been demonstrated in numerous studies. The benefit of perioperative administration of anti‐inflammatory drugs on these outcomes has not been well established. Our aim in this retrospective study was to investigate the effects of postoperative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration and NLR on tumor recurrence and survival in patients' undergoing surgical resection for NSCLC. This retrospective study included perioperative data from 1139 patients who underwent surgical resection for stages I–III NSCLC. Perioperative data such as baseline characteristics, adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy, pre‐ and postoperative NLR, and NSAID use (ketorolac, ibuprofen, celecoxib, or in combination) were included. We evaluated the association between preoperative NLR and NSAID use on recurrence‐free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). In all, 563 patients received an NSAID as a part of their postoperative management. The majority of patients received ketorolac (n = 374, 67.16%). Ketorolac administration was marginally associated with better OS (P = 0.05) but not with RFS (P = 0.38). Multivariate analysis (n = 1139) showed that preoperative NLR >5 was associated with a reduction in RFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.78; P = 0.02) and OS (HR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.27–2.23; P = 0.0003). However, after accounting for tumor stage, NLR ≥5 was a predictor of RFS and OS only in patients with stage I NSCLC. To conclude, preoperative NLR was demonstrated to be an independent predictor of RFS and OS in a subset of patients with early stage NSCLC. Ketorolac administration was not found to be an independent predictor of survival.
Can Self‐Determination Theory Explain the Self‐Perpetuation of Social Innovations? A Case Study of Slow Food at the University of Wisconsin—Madison
Authors: Reznickova Anna , Zepeda Lydia
Published: March 2015

This case study of Slow Food at the University of Wisconsin—Madison (SFUW) examines the success of a volunteer social innovation that promotes sustainable food access. Using inductive thematic analysis of 19 in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews of past and current members, advisors, and collaborators, we find that the success of SFUW is consistent with Self‐Determination Theory. We find that among the participants, the organization satisfies the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which in turn support intrinsic motivation. In this way, volunteering tasks become interesting, fun, and are more likely to be performed over time. The findings suggest that needs fulfillment and intrinsic motivation are linked to creating a self‐propagating social innovation where volunteers generate new ideas and successfully transfer skills to others. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐examine intern programs to ensure compliance with FLSA
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: March 2015

The demand for collegiate sports internships has increased substantially during the past 10 years, along with the growth in sports management degree programs. More than 460 U.S. colleges and universities offer such programs.
Did contract give university permission to fire coach without cause?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: March 2015

Daniel Sparks began working for Vincennes University as the men's basketball coach in 1997. He became a tenured employee in 1982.
Heat‐ and Alkaline‐Stable Xylanases: Application, Protein Structure and Engineering
Authors: Chen Chun‐Chi , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Huang Jian‐Wen , Guo Rey‐Ting
Published: March 2015

Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulosic component, and its degradation is the major step in a wide variety of industrial processes. Xylanases, which are capable of randomly hydrolyzing the β‐1,4‐xylosidic linkages, constitute the key enzymes in xylan decomposition. As xylanases hold a high economic potential in the marketplace, great efforts have been made in search of suitable candidates for the development into commercial products with better performances such as higher specific activity, better thermostability, higher operating temperatures, and a better pH profile. To achieve these goals, the three‐dimensional structural information of xylanases with the extremophilic properties is of pivotal importance. In this review, the current knowledge about heat‐ and alkaline‐stable xylanase structures is summarized, including protein engineering studies and focusing on the glycoside hydrolase families 10 and 11 enzymes. These structures pave the way to understanding the catalytic mechanisms of xylanases and provide an important engineering basis for their industrial applications.
Advanced Mutasynthesis Studies on the Natural α‐Pyrone Antibiotic Myxopyronin from Myxococcus fulvus
Authors: Sahner J. Henning , Sucipto Hilda , Wenzel Silke C. , Groh Matthias , Hartmann Rolf W. , Müller Rolf
Published: March 2015

Myxopyronin is a natural α‐pyrone antibiotic from the soil bacterium Myxococcus fulvus Mx f50. Myxopyronin inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) by binding to a part of the enzyme not targeted by the clinically used rifamycins. This mode of action makes myxopyronins promising molecules for the development of novel broad‐spectrum antibacterials. We describe the derivatization of myxopyronins by an advanced mutasynthesis approach as a first step towards this goal. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the biosynthetic machinery was used to block myxopyronin biosynthesis at different stages. The resulting mutants were fed with diverse precursors that mimic the biosynthetic intermediates to restore production. Mutasynthon incorporation and production of novel myxopyronin derivatives were analyzed by HPLC‐MS/MS. This work sets the stage for accessing numerous myxopyronin derivatives, thus significantly expanding the chemical space of f α‐pyrone antibiotics.
Novel and Selective Fluorescent σ2‐Receptor Ligand with a 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolin‐1‐one Scaffold: A Tool to Study σ2 Receptors in Living Cells
Authors: Niso Mauro , Riganti Chiara , Pati Maria Laura , Ghigo Dario , Berardi Francesco , Abate Carmen
Published: March 2015

Although sigma‐2 (σ2) receptors are still enigmatic proteins, they are promising targets for tumor treatment and diagnosis. With the aim of clarifying their role in oncology, we developed a σ2‐selective fluorescent tracer (compound 5) as a specific tool to study σ2 receptors. By using flow cytometry with 5, we performed competition binding studies on three different cell lines where we also detected the content of the σ2 receptors, avoiding the inconvenient use of radioligands. Comparison with a previously developed mixed σ1/σ2 fluorescent tracer (1) also allowed for the detection of σ1 receptors within these cells. Results obtained by flow cytometry with tracers 1 and 5 were confirmed by standard methods (western blot for σ1, and Scatchard analysis for σ2 receptors). Thus, we have produced powerful new tools for research on the σ whose reliability and adaptability to a number of fluorescence techniques will be useful to elucidate the roles of σ receptors in oncology.
Using signal detection theory in the analysis of emotional sensitivity of male recidivist offenders
Authors: Barbosa Fernando , Almeida Pedro R. , Ferreira‐Santos Fernando , Marques‐Teixeira João
Published: March 2015

Background

Study of emotional responses of antisocial individuals has produced inconsistent findings. Some studies report emotional deficits, while others find no differences between people with and without antisocial behaviours.

Aims

Our aim was to apply signal detection theory methods to compare the sensitivity of antisocial and control participants to emotional stimuli. We hypothesised that offenders would show lower ability to discriminate changes in the level of arousal and valence of emotional stimuli relative to the controls.

Methods

Signal detection theory was applied to study the sensitivity of recidivist offenders in prison to emotional arousal and valence induced by pictures. This approach, novel in this context, provides a departure from the usual reliance on self‐report.

Results

Offenders reported higher arousal than controls but showed lower sensitivity to changes between different levels of arousal (whereas no differences were found for valence). Also, offenders showed increased response bias for changes in the levels of arousal, as well as in the higher levels of valence.

Conclusions

Our findings show that direct observations of emotional arousal, but not valence, discriminate between recidivist offenders with antisocial personality disorder and non‐offending controls. Use of such approaches is likely to provide more valid data than self‐reports and may prove particularly useful in studies of intervention for recidivists or in assessment of their readiness for release. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Reductive Deoxygenation of Aryl Ketones Catalyzed by Oxo‐Rhenium Complexes
Authors: Fernandes Tiago A. , Bernardo Joana R. , Fernandes Ana C.
Published: March 2015

The first methodology for the direct reductive deoxygenation of ketones catalyzed by high‐valent oxo‐rhenium complexes by using a silane as reducing agent is described. The systems PhSiH3/[ReOCl3(SMe2)(OPPh3)] (2 mmol/5 mol %) and PhSiH3/[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] (2 mmol/5 mol %) proved to be efficient for the deoxygenation of aryl ketones, producing selectively the corresponding alkane, or a mixture of alkane and alkene derivatives with the alkane as the major product.
In Situ Spectroscopic Investigation of the Rhenium‐Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Vicinal Diols
Authors: Dethlefsen Johannes R. , Fristrup Peter
Published: March 2015

The mechanism of the CH3ReO3‐catalyzed deoxydehydration of a vicinal diol to an alkene driven by oxidation of a secondary alcohol was investigated by time‐resolved, in situ IR spectroscopy and was found to occur in three steps: 1) reduction of the catalytically active methyltrioxorhenium(VII) to a rhenium(V) complex (the rate‐limiting step), 2) condensation of the diol and the rhenium(V) complex to a rhenium(V) diolate, and 3) extrusion of the alkene accompanied by oxidation of the Re center and thus regeneration of CH3ReO3. The reaction follows zero‐order kinetics initially but, unexpectedly, accelerates towards the end, which is explained in terms of a deactivating pre‐equilibrium, in which the catalytically active CH3ReO3 condenses reversibly with the diol to form an inactive rhenium(VII) diolate. This conclusion is supported by the direct observation of a catalytically inactive species as well as DFT calculations of the IR spectra of the relevant compounds.
Catalytic Asymmetric Arylation of 3‐Indolylmethanols: Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,3′‐Bis(indolyl)oxindoles with High Atom Economy
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Xue , Du Bai‐Xiang , Zhang Hong‐Hao , Ji Lei , Shi Feng
Published: March 2015

The catalytic enantioselective arylation of 3‐indolylmethanols has been established in an atom‐economic fashion, which assembles isatin‐derived 3‐indolylmethanols and 3‐methylindoles into biologically important 3,3′‐bis(indolyl)oxindoles bearing a quaternary stereogenic center in high yields and good enantioselectivities (≈99 % yield and 91:9 enantiomeric ratio). This reaction also represents the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 3,3′‐bis(indolyl)oxindoles, which is applicable to a wide range of substrates, yielding a series of chiral 3,3′‐bis‐ (indolyl)oxindoles with structural diversity. Control experiments demonstrated that the NH group in the indole moiety of 3‐indolylmethanol is important in obtaining good enantioselectivity, whereas the NH group of 3‐methylindole plays a crucial role in the reactivity via the hydrogen bonding interaction with the catalyst.
Nafion‐H‐Catalyzed High‐Temperature/High‐Pressure Synthesis of a Triarylmethane in Continuous‐Flow Mode
Authors: Hayden Stephan , Glasnov Toma , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: March 2015

The synthesis of (p‐chlorophenyl)diphenylmethane from p‐chlorobenzaldehyde and benzene catalyzed by the super acid Nafion‐H is investigated in a high‐temperature/high‐pressure process window using both batch and continuous‐flow conditions. The reaction is initially studied under sealed‐vessel batch environments using both microwave and conventional heating. The optimized conditions are then translated to a continuous‐flow approach applying Nafion‐H in a packed‐bed reactor. Under both sets of conditions, the triarylmethane is obtained within a few minutes in high yields.