bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical spinal fracture in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis having a history of cervical laminoplasty
Authors: Sasagawa Takeshi
Published: September 2020

An 87-year-old male having a history of C3–7 open-door cervical laminoplasty 20 years ago fell and sustained neck pain and paralysis with complete motor and sensory deficits below C6 (Frankel A). Computed tomography (CT) revealed ankylosis from C2 to C7 due to diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and a C5/6 fracture with C5 posterior displacement. We performed surgery the day after injury using a posterior approach for stabilization of the spinal column from C3 to T1. Translaminar screws (LS) were placed to the right (hinge side) of C3–7, lateral mass screws (LMS) to the left (open side) of C3–6, and pedicle screws to the left of C7 and bilaterally in T1. Bony fusion was achieved as seen on CT images 6 months after surgery. We conclude that long posterior stabilization using LMS and LS is an effective treatment for cervical fracture in patients with DISH having a history of cervical laminoplasty.
Identification of prognostic factors in surgically treated patients with acute epidural hematoma
Authors: Onodera Koki , Kamide Tomoya , Kimura Tatsuki , Tabata Shinya , Ikeda Toshiki , Kikkawa Yuichiro , Kurita Hiroki
Published: September 2020

Context: Only few comprehensive studies have investigated acute epidural hematoma (AEDH), and a low incidence of the lesion has been observed in comparison with other types of traumatic brain injuries such as subdural hematoma, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and contusion. Aim: This study aims to identify the prognostic factors of surgically treated AEDH. Settings and Design: The medical records of 58 consecutive patients with surgically treated AEDH between September 2011 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects and Methods: All patients were diagnosed with AEDHs using 5-mm-slice computed tomography (CT). Information regarding the following demographic and clinical characteristics was collected: age, sex, antithrombotic drug use, mechanisms of injury, time from onset to operation, neurological examination, vital signs, blood examination, and CT findings. Statistical Analysis Used: We analyzed prognostic factors in patients with AEDH using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: Univariate and multivariate regression analyses revealed that age (P < 0.01) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS; P < 0.01) were independent predictive factors for good prognosis. In addition, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed that an age of <55 years and a GCS score of >12 were optimal cutoff values for predicting good prognoses, with the areas under the ROC curve of 0.827 and 0.810, respectively. Conclusions: Age and GCS are useful predictors of prognosis in patients with surgically treated AEDH. These findings are appropriate prognostic indicators for urgent surgery performed to treat AEDH and intended to help clinicians make a prompt diagnosis.
A rare case of hemorrhagic melanotic schwannoma in a 38-year-old female
Authors: Biju Rakesh , Duignan Maria , Maharaj Monish , Ziad Fouzia , Hussain Zakier
Published: September 2020

Melanotic schwannoma is a rare form of nerve sheath tumor composed of melanin-producing neoplastic Schwann cells. Less than 200 cases have been reported worldwide. The entity has been associated with Carney complex, a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple benign tumors. A 38-year-old female presented to our unit with sudden-onset lower back pain and radiculopathy triggered by a mechanical injury. Imaging demonstrated a lesion within the left L5/S1 neural exit foramen with remodeling of bony architecture typical of a chronic, benign process. She proceeded for resection and histology revealed a psammomatous melanotic schwannoma. The patient recovered well with improvement in symptomology. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, she remains under surveillance for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Clinicians should be aware of this malignant entity, despite its possible presentation with radiological features of a chronic, benign process. Unusual characteristics such as hemorrhage should be treated with a high index of suspicion.
Acute ischemic stroke due to internal carotid artery dissection in a 10-year-old child
Authors: Otake Saori , Tajima Yosuke , Hayasaka Michihiro , Sugiyama Tomohiro
Published: September 2020

A 10-year-old girl was transferred to our hospital with left hemiparesis. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a signal lesion in the right posterior limb of the internal capsule and magnetic resonance angiography showed poor visualization of the right internal carotid artery (ICA), and a defect area was present in a part of the supraclinoid portion of the right ICA. Based on the clinical and radiological findings, the patient was diagnosed with ischemic stroke due to right ICA dissection (ICAD). She received 5 days of intravenous argatroban followed by oral aspirin. A month later, her hemiparesis markedly improved. As early diagnosis of ICAD is crucial for prompt treatment in children with unexplained gross neurologic abnormalities, this disease should be suspected and MRI should be performed even without a history of blunt trauma to the head and neck.
The correlation between histopathology of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc and clinical findings
Authors: Ammar Ahmed , Alwadei Ali , Al Hayek Ali , Alabbas Faisal , Almatrafi Faisal , Elshawarby Mohammed
Published: September 2020

Objective: Prolapsed lumbar disc is one of the most frequent diseases, which is usually presented by motor and sensory deficits. Consistency of herniated disc may play a significant role in surgical treatment and postoperative improvement. The objective of this study is to assess whether the histopathological degeneration in the sample of lumbar discs operated on is correlated to clinical variables and surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A randomized double-blind prospective study of lumbar disc prolapse cases over a period of 24 months was done. Forty cases were initially included in the study. All the included cases with a scheduled lumbar discectomy in the Department of Neurosurgery, King Fahd University Hospital, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, during this period were examined histologically. Results: Finally, 21 patients were only considered in this study due to loss of follow-up of the other 19 patients; of these 21 patients, 18 were male and 3 were female. The youngest patient was 32 years old, and the oldest was 72 years old. There is no significant correlation between the major histopathological changes of the prolapsed discs and the clinical findings of low back pain (correlation coefficient = 0.058, P < 0.8), duration of sciatica (correlation coefficient = −0.337, P < 0.1), paresthesia (correlation coefficient = 0.111, P < 0.6), motor weakness (correlation coefficient = 0.274, P < 0.2), and reflex (correlation coefficient = 0.081, P < 0.7). Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient between numbness and histopathological degeneration score (HPDS) is not defined because all reported cases were presented with numbness. Conclusions: There is no significant correlation between the histopathological changes of the prolapsed discs and some clinical findings. Moreover, the different types of prolapsed discs' histopathological changes have no impact on the outcome of the surgery. We also concluded that the disc material undergoes certain degenerative processes with age.
Evaluation of cerebellopontine angle epidermoid presenting with cranial nerve deficit: A surgical perspective
Authors: Singh Rahul , Prasad Ravi , Singh Ashvamedh
Published: September 2020

Context: Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) epidermoids are essentially benign tumors, and treatment is complete surgical excision. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical perspective and outcome analysis of CPA epidermoids. Settings and Design: This was a retrospective cohort study. Subjects and Methods: This study includes a cohort of 15 patients operated for CPA epidermoid in the Department of Neurosurgery of Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, between August 1, 2016, and January 31, 2020. Each patient was evaluated in terms of demographic profile, clinical presentation, surgical management, and postoperative outcome characteristics. Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t-test and Chi-square test were used for analysis. Values with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical tests were done using GraphPad Prism version 8.3.0 software. Results: The mean age was 43 years, with the majority of patients being female (56.5%). The most common cranial nerve (CN) involved was CN VIII (67.7%), followed by CN VII (60%). Persisting CN deficit (P = 0.0118) was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with subtotal resection (STR). Gross-total resection was significantly associated (P < 0.05) to CN VII (P = 0.0233) and VIII (P = 0.0157) recovery. Conclusions: The extent of the tumor excision had no effect on the postoperative morbidity and the risk of recurrence. STR can be considered when there is dense adherence to blood vessels, nerves, or the brain stem to prevent the risk of serious neurological deficits. STR is significantly associated with persisting CN deficit postoperatively. During long-term follow-up, resolution or improvement of neurological deficits may be expected in most patients.
Translamina terminalis approach to the hypothalamus using supraorbital craniotomy: Technical note and comparison with other surgical corridors
Authors: Alhoobi Mohammed , Khan Adnan , Abu-Qadous Fatma , Kockro Ralf , Hammadi Firas , Jarir Raed , Belkhair Sirajeddin , Ayyad Ali
Published: September 2020

Objectives: Approaches to the hypothalamus and anterior third ventricle are variable. We present a technical note on access of the hypothalamus using the trans-lamina terminalis approach by supraorbital craniotomy in a patient who had a hypothalamic cavernoma and presented to us with recurrent hemorrhage. Patients and methods: The trans-lamina terminalis approach, including anatomical landmarks and surgical steps through a supra-orbital craniotomy, is described and a comparison with other surgical corridors is discussed. Results: The supraorbital trans lamina terminalis approach allowed an effective access to the hypothalamic lesions. This approach provided a safe and minimally invasive corridor for gross total resection of the lesion since trespass of viable brain tissue is avoided. One clinical case illustrates the feasibility of the approach allowing complete removal of a cavernoma without surgery related neurological of endocrinological deficits. Conclusions: The supra-orbital craniotomy for trans-lamina terminalis approach is a valid surgical choice for hypothalamic lesions. The major strengths of this approach include minimal brain retraction and direct end-on view; however, the long and narrow surgical corridor requires some technical familiarization. The clinical outcomes are comparable to other surgical corridors.
Artery of percheron and endoscopic endonasal surgery: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Pereira Marta , Hernández Fernando , Cortés Carlos
Published: September 2020

Artery of Percheron (AOP) is a rare anatomical variant in which a single perforating artery arising from the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery supplies paramedian thalami and rostral midbrain. The occlusion of AOP produces bilateral thalamic ischemia and may be a rare complication in relation to an extended endoscopic endonasal approach. We report the case of a patient who developed AOP damage during endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES); to our knowledge, this complication has been previously reported only in one case, in relation to a second surgery. We also review the anatomical variants in thalamic vascularization and the factors that may be involved in this complication. A 52-year-old female underwent an extended endoscopic endonasal approach with intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. In the postoperative period, she presented with a decreased level of consciousness and bilateral mydriasis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed rostral midbrain and paramedian thalami ischemia congruent with AOP infarction. AOP infarction may be associated with extended EES when treating lesions with retrosellar extension. Every effort should be made to preserve the small perforating arteries. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the motor and sensory pathways may not detect damage to the AOP.
Varicella-zoster radiculitis mimicking sciatica: A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Mallepally Abhinandan , Mahajan Rajat , Rustagi Tarush , Marathe Nandan , Chhabra Harvinder
Published: September 2020

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) presenting as a radicular pain in the thoracic region is not uncommon, but the presentation in the lumbar and thigh region is not frequently seen. Characteristic segmental vesicular–bullous rash in a dermatomal distribution associated with pain and allodynia is a prominent feature. The pain appears before rash. It is not uncommon for clinicians to misdiagnose radicular pain caused by VZV due to prolapsed disc. We report two patients who presented to us with complaints of back pain with leg radiculopathy that were initially treated for discogenic radiculopathy and rash was wrongly attributed to hot fomentation. This case report emphasizes the importance of including varicella-zoster radiculitis in the differential diagnosis of radicular pain and clinical examination of every rash. Physical examination is must if the patient complains of rash. Appropriate and timely diagnosis can prevent unnecessary investigations.
Oral Hygiene Status of Patients with Tonsillitis and Tonsilar Hyperplasia in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Adetayo Adekunle Moses , Akinola Ayodele Moses , Taiwo Abdurazzak Olanrewaju , Adetayo Modupe Olusola
Published: September 2020

Background:

The number of recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hyperplasia requiring tonsillectomies annually is huge. Poor oral hygiene has been linked with the occurrence of these tonsillar diseases. The main objective of the present study is to determine the oral hygiene status of patients treated for tonsillitis and/or tonsillar hyperplasia at our hospital.

Methods:

This was a prospective case series of participants with tonsillitis or tonsillar hyperplasia at our hospital from 2018 to 2020.

Results:

A total of 80 participants with tonsillitis/or tonsillar hyperplasia were recruited into the study within August 2016 and March 2017 comprising 49 (61.3%) females and 31 (38.7%) males, with age ranging from 16 to 32 years (18.27 ± 4.21).

Conclusions:

The present study demonstrated a high proportion of less than optimal oral hygiene status in participants with tonsillitis/or tonsilar hyperplasia. This suggests that there might be an association between oral hygiene and tonsillitis/or tonsilar hyperplasia. Further research is, however, needed to prove this.
Identification of Autophagy-related Protein 3 in the Ancient Protist Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Tsao Chang-Huei , Lin Hsin-An , Lin Hsin-Chung , Chen Ruei-Min , F. Chen Chien-Fu , Lin Yu-Chun , Huang Kuo-Yang
Published: September 2020

Background:

Autophagy has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of protists. While the molecular mechanisms of autophagy are mainly studied in model organisms, functional characterization of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins is poorly understood in deep-branching protists. Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Bioinformatics analysis of the T. vaginalis genome reveals that the parasite possesses the genes encoding proteins of the Atg8 conjugation system. Herein, we sought to characterize whether the T. vaginalis Atg3 ortholog (TVAG_447140), a putative component of the TvAtg8 conjugation system, regulates autophagy in this parasite.

Methods:

The recombinant protein of T. vaginalis Atg3 ortholog (TvAtg3) (rTvAtg3) and the polyclonal antibody against rTvAtg3 were generated. The expression and localization was monitored upon autophagy induction by glucose restriction (GR) compared with glucose-rich cultivation. The role of TvAtg3 in autophagy was clarified using small interfering RNA targeting TvAtg3 gene.

Results:

Phylogenic analysis of Atg3 proteins from different organisms showed that T. vaginalis was not in a close evolutionary relationship with any other protozoan. The expression of TvAtg3 was upregulated in the late-stationary phase of GR culture, implying its involvement in autophagy. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a much higher TvAtg3 fluorescent intensity located on the round and/or linear structures close to the nucleus. Silencing Tvatg3 expression suppressed GR-induced TvAtg8 expression and autophagic vacuoles formation.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest the potential role of TvAtg3 in T. vaginalis autophagy and enhance our understanding of the autophagy regulatory network in the deep-branching eukaryotes.
Relation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Obesity Indices with Diastolic Dysfunction in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Patil Virendra Chandrashekhar , Avhad Aniket Bhaskar
Published: September 2020

Background:

Diabetes is an important risk factor of cardiomyopathy which can eventually lead to acute or chronic heart failure. Many factors such as obesity, hyperglycemia, suboptimal glycemic control, and hyperlipidemia predispose as well as aggravate long-term complications in diabetes mellitus (DM).

Aim:

The present study was conducted to assess the relation of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and obesity indices (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC]) with diastolic dysfunction in participants with type 2 DM (T2DM).

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the teaching hospital during a 1-year period. All 100 consecutive T2DM participants were investigated for HbA1c, blood sugars and lipid profile parameters, and echocardiography. Standardized transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed (American Society of Echocardiography) using Vivid S6 ultrasound machine with 4–5 MHz probe. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was labeled if 3 or more of these variables were abnormal: “Septal e <7 cm/s, lateral e <10 cm/s, E/e' >14, LA volume index >34 mL/m2, and Peak TR velocity >2.8 m/s.”

Results:

Out of the total 100 diabetics, 37% had diastolic dysfunction (Grade I: 30 [81.08%] and Grade II: 7 [18.91%]). The peak early transmitral filling wave velocity (E) in diabetics with obesity was low as compared to diabetics with normal weight (44 ± 11 cm/s vs. 52 ± 7.5 cm/s). Higher BMI was associated with higher peak late transmitral velocity (A) (61 ± 14 cm/s vs. 38 ± 6.24 cm/s). The mean of E/A ratio was significantly lower in diabetics with obesity. The E/e' ratio was higher in diabetics with obesity (14.8 ± 2.8 vs. 12.86 ± 2.14). The mean of WC was 90.18 ± 6.82 cm in participants of diastolic dysfunction, whereas it was 86.46 ± 6.42 cm in those without dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction was present in participants with a suboptimal glycemic control, HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (40%), with longer duration of diabetes (62.16%) (P = 0.003). Thus, a higher BMI was associated with higher diastolic dysfunction (P = 0.027).

Conclusions:

The present study reveals burden of LVDD in asymptomatic T2DM participants with its significant association with age, obesity indices (WC and BMI), HbA1c levels, and longer duration of diabetes. This highlights the magnitude of obesity and suboptimal glycemic control that should be considered in the management of cardiac complications in the form of development of diastolic dysfunction. It will benefit in triage for the optimal management of diabetes.
Möbius automorphisms of surfaces with many circles
Authors: Lubbes Niels
Published: September 2020

We classify real two-dimensional orbits of conformal subgroups such that the orbits contain two circular arcs through a point. Such surfaces must be toric and admit a Möbius automorphism group of dimension at least two. Our theorem generalizes the classical classification of Dupin cyclides.
PAH Quantification and Estimated Carcinogenic Risks at Selected Fuel Stations in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana
Authors: Ofori S. A. , Cobbina S. J. , Imoro A. Z.
Published: September 2020

The research aim was to quantify PAHs levels and assess their associated carcinogenic health risks in fuel filling stations located in both high and low vehicular traffic areas in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. Dust particles were collected from ten fuel filling stations and extracted using an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE). PAH analysis was conducted using a GC-MS system. Cancer risk assessment was done using the Incremental Life-time Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. The average PAH concentration recorded in the high and low vehicular traffic areas were 158,080±102,650 μg/kg and 370,220±218,140 μg/kg respectively. Benzo(a)Anthra­cene was the most occurring PAH congener recorded in both traffic areas. Dermal contact as a route of PAH exposure recorded the highest potential cancer risk for both adults and children. Amongst the fuel filling stations, Gab Energy recorded the highest carcinogenic risks of 2.50 (adults) and 2.67 (children). In all, the average cancer risk values for adults (1.02) was slightly higher than that of the children (9.26E-01) with no significant difference. The mean ƩILCR val­ues for both populations indicated a high to very high potential carcinogenic risk to the people living or working in and around the study areas.
Student Attitudes Towards Online Education during the COVID-19 Viral Outbreak of 2020: Distance Learning in a Time of Social Distance
Authors: Unger Shem , Meiran William
Published: September 2020

In this paper, undergraduate student attitudes towards rapidly shifting to an entirely online learning environment were assessed due to COVID-19. In addition, surveys on perceptions about misinformation in media, overall anxiety towards distance learning, knowledge of disease outbreak, and level of preparedness during the onset of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) 2020 outbreak were analyzed. Students surveyed (N = 82) consisted of Wingate undergraduate students from across majors and academic years as part of an animal behavior course covering psychology and human behavior during the COVID-19 2020 crisis during the first two weeks when students returned to school entirely online from off-campus. The majority of students responded that online learning would not be the same as in-class learning (91.5%), indicating a significant difference in responses. Many students indicated they had witnessed some misinformation on COVID-19 in media (98.8%), and there was a significant difference for student perception on being well informed from standard news media (e.g., TV, newspapers) versus social media (t-test = 3.78, p <0.001). Many students (75.6%) responded they held some level of anxiety towards rapidly shifting to finishing a semester online, with 84.2% having discussed disease transmission actively and yet only 64.6% felt well prepared for emergency situations. The majority of students felt preventative measures (university requiring students to move off campus and remainder of semester moving to online distance learning) were based on good science and medical knowledge. Of the students that freely commented in the survey, overall students displayed a wide range of responses, with most expressing anxiety toward online learning, disappointment regarding graduation ceremony, and online learning being different than standard in-class learning. A follow up survey consisting of one question, revealed improvement in students that stated they felt less anxiety towards online learning after 3 weeks (51.4% Yes: 48.6% No), but still many students exhibiting anxiety towards distance education.
Are We Ready for the Post-COVID-19 Educational Practice? An Investigation into What Educators Think as to Online Learning
Authors: Korkmaz Güneş , Toraman Çetin
Published: September 2020

Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has brought a great challenge to our society worldwide, which has resulted in the need for mandatory change in almost every aspect of our lives. Undoubtedly, educational practice is one of the most affected issues by this pandemic. At all levels of education, educators have forced themselves to adapt to online learning systems and platforms in a very short time. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the problems educators experienced in online learning practices during COVID-19 pandemic, the changes they expect in educational practices in the post-COVID-19 world and the measures to be taken in education against a potential outbreak in the future. The study was conducted with 1016 educators who teach at different levels. Data were collected through an online questionnaire developed by the researchers and analyzed using descriptive statistics. As a result of this study, it was found that most of the educators experienced some problems during their online learning practices, they expect certain changes in the educational practices in the post-COVID-19 world and they think essential measures must be taken in education against a potential outbreak in the future. At the end of the study, some recommendations were given for educational policy makers, practitioners and researchers about the post-COVID world in education.
Distance Education in Higher Education in the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: A Case of Isparta Applied Sciences University
Authors: Yılmaz İnce Ebru , Kabul Ahmet , Diler İbrahim
Published: September 2020

Distance education is an education model where individuals are free from learning resources and have no time constraints. During the pandemic period, Isparta University of Applied Sciences continued its 2019-2020 Academic Year Spring semester with distance education with asynchronous lecture notes and synchronous live courses. The purpose of this research is to determine the knowledge and views of students about distance education in the Pandemic Process. Survey method was used in the research; the participants of the research were 1011 students are students at Isparta University of Applied Sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic process. In order to collect the data, a 5-point Likert questionnaire with 21 items was applied. The average, standard deviation and t-Test analysis of the data were done in the SPSS program. According to the results of this research, it was determined that the opportunities of the participants as having computer and internet affect their views on distance education.
High in the sky: the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) inhabiting the forest canopy in the central Amazon, state of Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Soares Matheus Mickael Mota , Barros Luana Machado , Ale-Rocha Rosaly
Published: September 2020

Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), the black soldier fly, has been recorded for the first time inhabiting the canopy in a primary forest area in the central Amazon, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. This record shows that the species is able to colonize environments up to 40 meters high and that the larvae are able to decompose organic matter at different stratification levels.
Suscetibilidade das áreas protegidas da Amazônia Legal ao desflorestamento
Authors: Pereira Jorge Luis Gavina , Ferreira Leandro Valle
Published: September 2020

O estabelecimento de uma rede de áreas protegidas é fundamental para a conservação das áreas naturais da Amazônia. Buscou-se avaliar quais tipos de áreas protegidas estão sendo mais susceptíveis ao desflorestamento, utilizando análise fatorial aplicada a uma série de variáveis espaciais. O grupo de Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável (UCUS) que incluía categorias de domínio público e/ou privado (UC-US2) foi o que apresentou o menor valor médio de síntese fatorial interpolada, indicando que UCUS pertencentes a este grupo sejam mais susceptíveis ao desflorestamento. Os valores mais baixos de síntese fatorial interpolada foram observados preferencialmente nas áreas de maior ocupação. A categoria ‘alta suscetibilidade ao desflorestamento’ foi predominante apenas no grupo UC-US2, representando mais de dois terços das áreas (69,6%). Na região de maior pressão por ocupação, foi observado maior percentual de categorias de UCUS que possuem as menores restrições de uso (APA, Arie e RPPN), possivelmente com a intenção de explorar ao máximo essas áreas.
Morphometric Study of Hyoid Bone and its forensic implication
Authors: Journals Europasian
Published: September 2020

Background: Hyoid bone, the bone of anterior neck is significant in forensic medicine as it presents the sexual dimorphism. Also, the measurement can be quick and easy. This study was conducted with the aim of finding the exact morphometry of hyoid bone and its relationship with sex and height of individual via cadaveric study so that it can aid in forensic investigation as well as archaeological studies.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on 60 hyoid bones (36 male and 24 female) in the Department of Anatomy from 2013 to 2016. Fine dissection was done to get the hyoid bone during the practical of Neck for MBBS and BDS students. The damaged, abnormal and unfused hyoid bones were excluded. Before the dissection, sex and approximate age of the cadaver was recorded. The ethical approval was taken from the department. The 12 major anthropometric measurements were taken on each hyoid bone using digital Vernier Calipers, and electronic weighing machine. The mean, standard deviation were calculated, and t-test was used as a statistical tool to compare the mean, and Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to see the association. The p-value <.05 was considered significant.

Result: Total of 60 hyoid bones were studied in this study, out of which 36(60%) were male. The average length of all 12 major parameters of the hyoid bone were found to be significantly greater in male than in female. Moreover, the length of the cadaver (height) had significantly correlated with the

Conclusion: All the anthropometric measurements of hyoid bone were significantly greater in males than in females. Moreover, the height of the person had strong positive correlation with the vertical breadth and transverse length of the body of hyoid bone. The anthropometrical parameters of hyoid bone can be used for forensic investigation as well as archeological studies.
Yes We Can, But How? Women’s Representation in Global Business
Authors: Budde-Song Amanda , Bullough Amanda , Kalafatoglu Tugba , Moore Fiona
Published: September 2020

Prior research has shown that improving gender equality in the workplace would provide multiple benefits for organizations across sectors and borders. However, despite much work on this goal, women remain woefully underrepresented in the upper echelons of organizations around the world. The problem is that organizations want the benefits that greater gender diversity brings; many are actively trying to achieve those benefits; but they are falling short. This paper investigates this issue and provides several policy suggestions to help organizations better harness the benefits that women can bring across the globe.
Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish? Inertia in Female Entrepreneurship across Countries
Authors: Franzke Sonja , Froese Fabian Jintae
Published: September 2020

Relying on a comparison of China, Germany, and the United Kingdom, this article discusses gender diversity in the area of entrepreneurship. It examines cross-country differences of female entrepreneurs, arriving at the counterintuitive conclusion that a more challenging business environment and stricter role expectations fosters rather than hinders female entrepreneurship.
Contemporary Perspectives on Internationalization: Subnational, Regional, Digital
Authors: Stallkamp Maximilian
Published: September 2020

The internationalization patterns of firms are changing in response to evolving institutional frameworks and rapid advances in digital technologies. Despite a long tradition of academic research on internationalization, there is much we do not know about how today’s firms expand internationally. My dissertation research addresses three important aspects of contemporary internationalization. First, the impact of foreign investment location choices at the subnational level. Second, the role of regional offices in managing regional operations. Third, the unique international opportunities and challenges faced by firms selling fully digital products.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on Trade and Economic Diplomacy
Authors: Mezias John , Newburry William
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces the new AIB Insights Editorial Team of John Mezias and William Newburry along with the special issue of AIB Insights focused on Trade and Economic Diplomacy.
Blue Ocean Shift to Adjust the Pendulum in IB Publications: Why Our Field Needs to Nurture a New Breed of Journals
Authors: Rottig Daniel
Published: September 2020

In its early years after splitting off from the business policy discipline and becoming its own discipline about 50 years ago, international business started to take off by conducting phenomenon-based research in an interdisciplinary and engaging way. Yet, some scholars have recently noted that IB research, while grown in quantity ever since, has become characterized by debatable quality and fading impact and relevance. With the launch of AIB Insights around the turn of the century, the Academy of International Business has developed a new breed of IB journals that may contribute to making our field of IB more relevant again.
Innovation in Emerging Markets: The Case of Latin America
Authors: Casanova Lourdes , Cahen Fernanda , Miroux Anne , Finchelstein Diego , Davila Anabella , García Juana , Andonova Veneta , de Oliveira Moacir Miranda
Published: September 2020

In this AIB-Insights article, we discuss the drivers, types and outcomes of innovation management and delineate the elements of an innovation framework for emerging markets focusing on Latin America. Drawing on examples from Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia and some others countries, the piece explores how innovation contributes to the region’s economic growth, job creation, increase in both Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) outward direct investment (OFDI) and exports of more tech-intensive products and services. The paper presents new types and mechanisms for fostering innovation, emphasizes the importance of the institutional environment and describes the innovation “catch-up” dynamics in the region.
Firms’ Economic Reliance to National Markets and the Corporate Provision of Public Goods: Evidence from Corporate Disaster Philanthropy
Authors: Ballesteros Luis
Published: September 2020

The central goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the understanding of the determinants of nonmarket strategy by multinational enterprises and its consequences for the firm and its stakeholders. I follow an integrative theoretical framework whose cornerstone is the strength of a firm’s economic connection with a country or economic reliance—i.e., the extent to which firms sell, buy, or rent raw materials, final products, or services, or hire human capital to/from a given national market.
Should We be Concerned about IB Research?
Authors: Casson Mark
Published: September 2020

This article is part of the interactive lead article series. It raises the question of should we be concerned about IB research? It briefly discusses contemporary problems in IB research, the most worrying one being the lack of a gold standard for IB scholarship. The article discusses the current state of IB research as a direct result of this lack of a gold standard in our field, and lays out ways to raise the standards of IB research. It concludes with a set of questions to our highly valued colleagues and readership.
Africa–China Cooperation: Potential Shared Interests and Strategic Partnerships?
Authors: Ado Abdoulkadre , Osabutey Ellis L.C.
Published: September 2020

This paper explores the nuances of Africa–China relations, focusing on Chinese presence in Africa and its impact and potential for African development. Combining the perspectives of international relations, knowledge and technology transfer, and global value chains with FDI and institutional views, we analyze China-Africa cooperation’s current outcomes and suggest the path(s) forward toward Africa’s industrialization. The paper reconciles China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Africa’s Agenda 2063, and FOCAC consultations to build a common ground for improving Africa-China cooperation, especially regarding knowledge transfer toward African countries and the realization of the African continental free trade area, integration, and infrastructure development.
Responses to Subpar Performance in Foreign Subsidiaries
Authors: Hasse Vanessa C.
Published: September 2020

A finalist for the 2017 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award, this dissertation (summarized in the article) investigates the phenomenon of responses to subpar performance in foreign subsidiaries. Using the resource-based view, resource orchestration, and related lenses, a three-pronged framework is proposed and tested which combines the notions of “Identifying” (detection of response determinants), “Responding” (assessment of response effectiveness for recovery and survival prospects), and “Synchronizing” (exploration of the predictors and outcomes of response timing). Implications for practitioners and avenues for future research are discussed.
Phenomenon-Based Research in International Business: Making IB Relevant Again
Authors: Doh Jonathan
Published: September 2020

International business scholars have often reflected on the field’s contributions and its shortcomings. Some of these critiques center around the legitimacy of IB as a field separate and apart from management, economics, and other disciplines, as well as the issue of what questions IB scholars should focus on. In this article, I make the case that a return to more phenomenon-based research is a potentially fruitful response to many of these criticisms, and one that could help re-establish the field as a leading contributor to scholarly research but also of a practical impact on both public policy and corporate strategy.
LEAD Mexico: Insights from Insider and Outsider Interviews
Authors: Lituchy Terri R. , Díaz Eduardo R. , Velez-Torres Francisco
Published: September 2020

This research was designed to examine the experiences of Mexican and expatriate leaders working in Mexico. The Mexican leaders were labeled “insiders” because they were born into the culture in question. The expatriates were labelled “outsiders” because they had to adapt to the culture, which is different from their own. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews for data collection. The results suggest that insiders use transformational behaviors to develop and motivate subordinates. The outsider group engaged in relationship-based behaviors with their followers, but noted that it was important to set clear expectations and hold people accountable, suggesting a transactional approach.
Is Your" IB" Research Truly" International"?
Authors: Boddewyn Jean J.
Published: September 2020

The article raises the question of whether your international business research is truly “international.” It attempts to stimulate IB scholars to actively think about whether their individual research is truly international, and share their thoughts.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on International Trade and Investment Agreements: Sovereignty at Bay in the 21st Century?
Authors: Rottig Daniel , Meyer Klaus
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces to the special issue of AIB Insights focused on international trade and investment agreements. The issue includes “International Trade and Investment Agreements: Sovereignty at Bay in the 21st Century?” by Klaus Meyer and Daniel Rottig; “Why Do Countries Commit to ISDS for Disputes with Foreign Investors?” by Srividya Jandhyala; “The Outsized Costs of Investor–State Dispute Settlement” by Lise Johnson and Lisa Sachs; “Is It Chilly Out There? International Investment Agreements and Government Regulatory Autonomy” by Christine Côté; and “Once BITten, Forever Shy: Explaining India’s Rethink of Its Bilateral Investment Treaty Provisions” by Premila Nazareth Satyanand.
From Offshoring to Rightshoring: Focus on the Backshoring Phenomenon
Authors: Bals Lydia , Daum Anika , Tate Wendy
Published: September 2020

Backshoring has been on the rise, as companies revisit their previous location and governance (make or buy) decisions, relocating business processes, manufacturing and services, which previously had been moved to an offshore or nearshore location, back to the country of origin. This article explores the drivers of this phenomenon and discussed a number of trends such as technological advances (e.g. industry 4.0) as well as closed-loop supply chains. It closes with an outlook on factors influencing the backshoring trend in the near future.
Offshore Sourcing and Reshoring: The Impact of Governance on Cost and Incentives
Authors: Hikmet Taghreed K. A. , Enderwick Peter
Published: September 2020

This paper reports a pilot study of three New Zealand based high-tech SMEs sourcing from China. While respondents were motivated by cost savings and quality improvements, they faced challenges of intellectual property protection and variation between anticipated and landed cost savings. The choice of governance mode was critical to the achievement of competitive benefits. Governance structures reflected institutional weaknesses in China and firms reported a high rate of mode switching. Mode switching could be an alternative to reshoring where it enables outsourcers to respond to changing cost and regulatory conditions or to correct locally suboptimal arrangement.
Reflections on Managing a Multinational Corporation in China: Business Model Innovations of the Internet Era
Authors: Ruimin Zhang
Published: September 2020

Through its entrepreneurial and innovative spirit, Haier has transformed itself from an insolvent collectively-owned factory on the brink of bankruptcy into the number one global home appliance brand. This article reflects on “Business Model Innovations of the Internet Era” in the context of Haier Group. Those who fail to innovate with respect to the Internet will be left behind. The article describes how successful companies move with the changing times, and talks about the innovation efforts Haier has undertaken in the Internet era.
Letter from the Editors: Volume 15 Issue 2
Authors: Littrell Romie Frederick , Rottig Daniel
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces an AIB Insights issue containing a selection of eclectic articles. The issue includes “Reflections on Managing a Multi national Corporation in China: Business Model Innovations of the Internet Era” by Zhang Ruimin; “A Changing Industry: Academic Business Education in Israel” by Tamar Almor and Diana Bank; and “Technology-Driven FDI by Emerging Multinationals in Europe” by Cristina Chaminade and Roberta Rabellotti.
A Changing Industry: Academic Business Education in Israel
Authors: Almor Tamar , Bank Diana
Published: September 2020

In 1990/91, Israel had eight universities that provided higher education for about 81,000 students and had a very good international reputation. Four of these universities were ranked among the 500 best in the world. Using the industry life cycle, this paper analyzes the development of higher ed and business schools specifically, in Israel since the early 1990s. The paper shows how the business schools grew during the 1990s, matured during the early 21st century and are looking for additional engines of growth during the second decade of this century, by focusing on niches within the Israeli society and by internationalizing.
Technology-Driven FDI by Emerging Multinationals In Europe
Authors: Chaminade Cristina , Rabellotti Roberta
Published: September 2020

The article is aimed at understanding the dynamics and consequences of technology-driven foreign direct investments, undertaken predominantly with the aim of accessing and learning to master technologies by Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs) in Europe, with a particular focus on India and China. The results are grounded on a database, which contains all the investment deals by EMNEs in the EU between 2003 and 2011. It shows that agglomeration economies play a key role in attracting investments from emerging economies, which tend to concentrate in areas with a massive presence of firms in the same industries.
Should Birds of a Feather Flock Together? Agglomeration by Nationality as a Constraint in International Expansion
Authors: Kim Heeyon
Published: September 2020

This article provides an overview of the author’s doctoral dissertation, which discusses the consequences of agglomeration by nationality in an international setting in which firms expand to a foreign market to obtain new knowledge and enhance their innovation capabilities. It examines how these firms may face a trade-off concerning exploitative and explorative innovation by agglomerating with other same-nationality pharmaceutical firms. To further explore the mechanisms by which agglomeration by nationality impacts innovation outcomes, it examines the nationality of the employees, the nationality of the alliance partners and the imitation of technological trajectories of same-nationality firms in the focal foreign location.
Letter from the Editors:Special Issue on Emerging Markets
Authors: Littrell Romie Frederick , Rottig Daniel
Published: September 2020

This editorial article introduces a special issue of AIB Insights focused on Emerging Markets. The issue includes “AIB Initiatives in Emerging Markets” by Robert Grosse; “Investment for Development” by Jeremy Clegg and Ram Mudambi; “International Business and the Post-2015 Agenda” by Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez; and “The Elephant That Didn’t Get a Visa to Be in the Room” by Helena Barnard.
Note on a Gallup-Purdue University Study and Related Articles: Useful Internships Improve University Graduates Chances of Full-Time Work
Authors: Littrell Romie Frederick
Published: September 2020

This article summarizes and reviews several articles by Sean Seymour and Julie Ray from Gallup-Purdue University (Gallup, Inc., 2014), based upon the Gallup-Purdue Index, a joint-research effort with Purdue University and Lumina Foundation, to study the relationship between the university experience and graduates’ lives. The Gallup-Purdue Index is a comprehensive, nationally representative study of U.S. college graduates with Internet access, conducted February 4–March 7, 2014.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the 2014 Peter J. Buckley and Mark Casson AIB Dissertation Award
Authors: Buckley Peter
Published: September 2020

The Buckley and Casson Academy of International Business Dissertation Award is given for original research that ventures into new areas of creativity. The dissertations are proof that IB remains a vibrant field for enterprising researchers. Its scope is widening and has encompassed emerging economies and doctoral researchers feel able to challenge old theories and to provide exciting new data. Research methods are becoming more diverse with the use of mixed qualitative and quantitative methods. Through this award, AIB recognises pioneering research.
AIB Dissertation Awards: The Early Years (1968-1985)
Authors: Daniels John D. , de la Torre José R.
Published: September 2020

We describe the first 18 years of AIB’s dissertation awards since 1968 along with the evolution of selection processes and presentation procedures. Over this time, the profiles of winners and their degree granting institutions grew increasingly diverse, as did the topics of dissertations in terms of functions, operating modes, and locations. We were disappointed that AIB maintained few award records and that only about one-third of living winners are currently members. Thus, we recommend AIB establish searchable data bases for all award competitors as well as stronger efforts to engage former winners, such as by inviting them for special panels.