bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific surgical tactics features for the prevention of unsatisfactory total knee arthroplasty outcomes
Authors: Eismont O. L.
Published: May 2021

The objective of the study was to improve the treatment results of patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by substantiating and developing differentiated surgical tactics. The study included 151 patients (212 cases) who underwent TKA without patella replacement. The patients were divided into two groups: the main group is 74 patients (110 cases) and the comparison group is 77 patients (112 cases). In the main group, surgery was performed by using the developed installing tactics. The comparison group included the patients after the traditional surgical technique described in the manuals. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.52). The treatment results were assessed in 3, 6, 12, 24 months and more after surgery. KSS (Knee Society Score) and Kujala scales were used. The tactics of surgical intervention was developed, consisting of the correct installation of femoral and tibial components and capsular-ligamentous balancing of the patellofemoral joint. After the components implantation, the capsular-ligamentous balancing of the patellofemoral joint was performed depending on the patella position relative to the block of the femoral component (tilt, subluxation or dislocation of the patella). 5 types of patellar tendon extension were used: release of the lateral patellofemoral ligament, mobilization of the lateral skin flap from the capsule, “grid” type release, iliotibial tract release. The developed surgical tactics for TKA allowed us to obtain the better immediate and long-term treatment results than the traditional surgical technique. During the femoral and tibial component implantation, it is especially important to take into account the points that are directly related to the biomechanics of the patellofemoral part of the knee joint.
Science of constitutional law as a basis for the development of the state legal system
Authors: Vasilevich G. A.
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes the influence of the science of constitutional law on the formation of constitutional legal relations in the state. The role of scientists in identifying trends in the development of the state and law is reflected. The role of the Constitution as a fundamental act, as an act integrating the entire national legal system, is emphasized. Suggestions are made to improve the system of checks and balances. It is emphasized that the development of constitutional law is influenced by the European legal space. European integration is the most important factor in the process of further development and improvement of national legal systems. A special threat to the stability of the state is created by the split of society, the lack of unity of the people in solving basic issues (property, political pluralism, the real provision of rights and freedoms regardless of political views). The coincidence of constitutional reality and constitutional norms is the most important condition and manifestation of the unity of the state and citizens.
«Mission Doable» is back
Authors: Leshkevich A. I.
Published: May 2021

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THE ONLINE MARKETING COMPLEX IN TOURISM
Authors: Malhotra IJ , Dehtjare J
Published: May 2021

The article discusses the online marketing complex of tourism and socioeconomics of the online-tourist industry. The analytical data will enable to understand the current business trends in the competitive market today. The key objective of this research is to examine the eTourism developments around the world and in Greece as a country that is gradually embracing eCommerce. The prospect of the online-tourism is presented on the example of Greece tourism website InThessaloniki.com. The research reveals the features of tourism business and discusses important milestones in its development. Although it is rapidly becoming a growing topic of research, the information on the websites seems to be the only rescue for the researchers. At the same time, it forewarns and forearms the marketers of tomorrow about its importance as future mode of acquiring information and purchase of tourism products and services. The analyse of the socioeconomics of the online-tourist industry will enable to understand the current business trends that are more competitive in the market than the exists today. It will provide an opportunity to attract new business customers and receive additional profit. The author assumes that the analyses of the online- tourism market technologies have been instrumental in increasing the domain of awareness and accessibility while reducing the uncertainty with respect to communication gaps. With future high projections in all the spheres of tourism, it’s not gainsaying that technology can help us manage tourism operations better through ensuring high efficiency in working with clients, increase their loyalty and the sales rates of the company. The author analyse the socioeconomics, entrepreneurial activity, internal and external environment of the tourist industry.
EVOLUTION OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS IN E-COMMERCE
Authors: Ilchenko Nataliia , Freiuk Olha
Published: May 2021

In modern conditions, taking into account the rapid development of Internet technologies, e-commerce increases sales worldwide and has already been formed as a separate sector of the economy. One of the most significant changes that trade is currently undergoing is the progressive development and introduction of a remote way of selling goods. The growing popularity of implementing of the latest sales methods by the trade enterprises requires new approaches to the organization of supply of goods, ensuring their timely delivery and achieving the appropriate level of quality of customer service. In developed countries, logistics is the driving force behind the changes in e-commerce enterprises that have developed significantly over the past 40 years. The precondition for the active development of logistics through the remote sale of goods was the emergence of electronic money in 1980-1990. At the same time, the first logistics companies appeared in the United States, the concept of "outsourcing" was introduced and distribution centers were formed. The change of the traditional paradigm in trade to customer orientation, "pull system", gave impetus to changes in the management system of logistics flows. Thus, in 1992, a new concept of ECR (Efficient Consumer Response - economic relations with customers), which focused primarily on optimizing distribution channels and reducing costs not related to the process of creating valu, appeared. So, as for now, the question about the study of the evolution of logistics management in e-commerce arises. The article investigates the formation of the conceptual foundations of logistics management of the enterprise taking into account the transformation of e-commerce.
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN UKRAINE: KEY CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Authors: Levchenko Anna , Nemchenko Tetiana
Published: May 2021

The subject of the paper reveals the prospects of adopting the foreign experience to regulate the social development of human resources in Ukraine. In the global economic crisis, according to researchers, human resources should become the basis of the country's competitiveness on the world stage. Human resources accumulate skills, as well as they are mobile and adaptable to new challenges. By the author the definition of social development of human resources as a driving factor in strengthening the social welfare is presented, the main factors, which influence on it are identified and the mechanism of social development of human resources is presented. In paper the comparative analysis of the level of human resources development in Ukraine and other countries is conducted by the author. The position of Ukraine in the world ranking of human resources development was studied. Along with this, the Ukraine's place in the world ranking was determined by such indicators as: Human Capital Index, Quality of Life Index and the Legatum Prosperity Index. The author also identified the main weaknesses that hinder the achievement of efficiency in human resource management in general. The main vectors to which the state policy on human resources regulation should be directed were found out, and possible consequences of the global pandemic impact on further development of the state economy were highlighted. The tendencies of the global labour market were clarified and it is emphasized that in the economic crisis for the forming and development of human resources, in addition to overcoming the above problems, the state needs to strengthen influence on domestic enterprises to save workplaces. The paper also states that an important factor in the social development of human resources in the opinion of the world community is the forming of professional skills that will increase workforce competitiveness.
Epidemiological study of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent & immunocompromised children, prepared parasitic antigen and used it in IFAT
Authors: H. Kawan M.
Published: May 2021

An epidemiological study was done on 2 groups of children infectedwith watery diarrhea in some hospitals of Baghdad (group 1: immunocompetentoutpatients, group 2: immunosuppressed inpatients).Modified cold Ziehl Neelsen stain was used in diagnosis. The wholeoocysts antigen prepared after conduction of experimental infection in 2 calvesby using isolated oocysts from children stool, and this prepared antigen wasused in Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique (IFAT).The percentage of infection in the 2 groups of outpatients and inpatientswere 21.2% and 32% respectively, and there was a difference in percentage ofinfection between the 3 groups of children, the highest was 36.4% in group withleukemia and received chemical and radiotherapy.There was no significant difference between the two sexes.The clinical signs of experimental infection began after 4 days and continued for10 days. The oocysts appeared in IFAT as spherical in shape with clear wallsand bright yellowish green color. There was no significant difference betweenthe 2 methods used for diagnosis (stain and immunological test).
Vaccination of pregnant guinea pigs with aromatic dependent Salmonella typhimurium to protect their newborns
Authors: A. Yousif A.
Published: May 2021

Genetically altered stable non reverting aromatic dependent (aro)Salmonella typhimurium,strain SL1479 was administrated intramuscularly tohealthy pregnant guinea pigs as alive vaccine. Twenty one pregnant guinea pigswere divided into two groups, the first group (15 animals) was vaccinated twicewith 1ml containing 17 C.f.U /ml approximately fourth and second week preparturitionand the second group (6 animals) injected with 1ml trypticase soybroth (TSB) as a control group.Adverse reaction to vaccination were not observed in the pregnant guineapigs, which parturated normally. The vaccine induced humoral and cellularimmune response as measured by tube agglutination test and delayed typehypersensitivity(DTH)-skin test in the immunized dams and transfer of thisresponse to the newborns, which revealed a high titers ofO(somatic)&H(flagller) agglutination titers and positive delayed typehypersensitivity(DTH)- skin test.The newborn overcome the challenge with virulent Salmonellatyphimurium at 3,6 &8 weeks of age, compared with the controlnewborn which died. These results revealed the efficacy of theprenatal vaccination with aro Salmonella typhimurium to transfer thepassive immunity to the newborn.
Effect of Glucose Specific lectins, Alkaloid and Volatile Oil Extracted From Nigella Sativa L Seeds in Blood Glucose Level In Normal Rabbits
Authors: Al-mzaien Kahtan A.
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the hypolycemic effect of the aqueousextract and some active ingredients of Nigella Sativa seeds in normal rabbits. Twentyfour male rabbits were divided into six equal groups. The first five groups were receivedby gavage needle 160,240,320,400 and 480 mg/kg B.W. of the aqueous extract, whilethe sixth group which served as control received normal saline solution. After two hoursof administration, the group which received 320 mg showed the lowest blood sugar levelas compared to control and other treated groups. This dose was considered for the nextstudies.Lectin was isolated from Nigella Sativa seeds by 0.2M phosphate buffer containing0.15M NaCl at pH 7.0, and the activity were measured by hemagglutination method.Glucose specific lectin , was purified by affinity chromatography on sephadex G-50,using 0.02M phosphate buffer containing 0.15M NaCl and 0.05M glucose,PH 7.0 aseluent. The obtained results was indicated the presence of 504 glucose specific lectinunits activity /320 mg extract which represented 12.9% of the total lectin units activity,with a time of purification of 69.8.A group of male rabbits (n=5) which was received orally after 12h of fasting504 glucose specific lectin units activity/Kg.B.W. showed a significant decline in bloodglucose level as compared with control one.Oral administration of Nigella Sativa seeds crude alkaloid to four groups (n=4) ofrandomly divided male rabbits after 12h of fasting and, at a level of 14,21,28 and 35 mg/kg B.W revealed a significant decline (p<0.01) in blood glucose concentration ascompared to the control and other treated groups.Also, the results of this study showed that, administration of Nigella Sativaseeds volatile oil to four equal groups (n=4) of randomly divided male rabbits at a levelof 5,8,11 and 14 mg\Kg B.W. caused a significant decline in blood glucoseconcentration as compared to the control and treated groups.
BACTERIOLOGICAL & SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN BUFFALO IN BAGHDAD
Authors: Al-Bayatti S. A.
Published: May 2021

To study the prevalence of brucellosis among buffalo in Baghdad, 144serum samples were collected and tested serologically using Rose Bengal PlateTest (RBPT) and Tube Agglutination Test (TAT), also 44 milk samples testedby Milk Ring Test (MRT). For isolation and identification of Brucella speciesand behavior, 15 buffalo aborted fetuses were used. And for evaluation of thehealth hazzard caused by the consumption of the locally manufactured creamfrom the milk of buffalo, 76 cream samples were used for cultivation.The results of the RBPT, TAT and MRT revealed the prevalence of thedisease in the percentages (38.19%, 29.86% and 20.45%) respectively.It was found that Brucella abortus was the main cause of abortion in thebuffalo (53.33%). There biotypes were the 8th and 3rd.The cream samples manufactured from the milk of buffalo doesn’t showhealth hazzard as a cause of brucellosis in human, because it didn’t revealed anyBrucella isolates in all samples used.
Preparing of saccharomyces cereviciae Synbiotic for Reducing Expermental Infection of salmonella typhimurium in Broiler 2–advanced age ( 16 -30 days)
Authors: Qatan Ghada A.
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to prepare a synbiotic of Sacch. cerevisiae and used as 0.1 and 0.2 % in feed (T2,T3) for reducing the experimental infection of Salmonella typhimurium to broiler chicks ( -6103days) by using 40 birds divided into four treatments , T1 was negative control with 0.1 % synbiotics and T4 was positive control with experimental infection only , production

and blood parameters were studied , and the results showed the following: A synbiotic of Sacch. cerevisiae was made which have 10 7 cfu of

Sacch. cerevisiae and 10 mg Mannan Oligosaccharide per gram .Using 0.1 and 0.2 % of Sacch. cerevisiae synbiotic reduced experimental infection of Salmonella typhimurium via increase body weight and feed conversion and

decrease mortality and physiological stress of experimental infection.
Avian Influenza (H9N2) Outbreak In Iraq
Authors: Khamas Emad J.
Published: May 2021

An outbreak of avian influenza (AI) (H9N2) occurred in broiler, layers andbreeder chicken farms in Iraq during 2004-2007. Mortality between 30% and70% in broilers and 5% and 10% in layers and breeders were commonlyobserved on the affected farms. Mixed infections of the influenza virus withother respiratory pathogens particularly Newcastle Disease (ND) virus andInfectious Bronchitis (IB) virus were thought to be responsible for such highmortality. ELISA test was used to detect ND, AI and IB antibodies. Clinicalsigns included , decrease feed consumption, swelling of the face and typicalsevere respiratory signs. Gross lesions included extensive hyperemia of therespiratory system, cheesy exudates in the tracheal bifurcation extending into thesecondary bronchi, hyperemia and hemorrhagic ulcers in the proventriculus andintestine.
Comparative study on specific H9N2 antibodies in broiler
Authors: Allawe Aida Bara
Published: May 2021

This study was concerned with conduction of experiment for this reason three groups of broiler chickswere used.First group (which is consisted of 15 chicks) was infected experimentally with H9N2(AMR.ANT/IRAQ/2005) (108.6 ELD50/0.1ml) at age (8) day. Second group (which is consisted of 15chicks) was infected experimentally with H9N2 (AMR.ANT/IRAQ/2005) (108.6 ELD50/0.1ml) at age(24) day. . The third group (which was consisted of 10 chicks) was considered as a control groupwithout infection. Immune response in all chicks groups was estimated at age (24, 44) days dependingon ELISA test.
Effect of adding Eruca Sativa Seeds and Vit.E.on the diet of mal Awassi lambs on same production traits
Authors: Al-Fityin Manhal Habib Salman
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to find out the effect of adding Eruca Sativa seed in concentrate diet alone orwith Vit.E administration on productivity of male Awassi lambs.This study was conducted onVeterinary College,Baghdad University.Fifteen Awassi ram lambs at age of 5-6 months ,were dividedequally in to three groups accordingly and treated as followed :The frist group A(G)was fed onconcentrate diet containing Eruca Sativa seeds (5%)at a rate of 400g/day /haed,The second groupB(G+E) was fed on the same ration mentioned above with Vit.E with a dose of 400mg/head was givenorally bimonthly ,The animals in the third group C (control)were fed on a concentrate diet free ofEruca Sativa at a rate of 400g/day.All animals offered 0.5kg alfalfa/day/head and freely grazing for 3-6h daily. The results revealed the followings:Body weight was increased in all animal progressively.Animals in group (G)and (G+E)were significantly (p<0.05) or mathematically increased comparedwith the control groups especially in late perieds.The absolute gains of the first and second groups weresignificantly (p<0.05) higher than the control group .Body skeletal measurements of all animalsincreased progressively .The first and second groups showed better values as compared with the controlgroup.Testes measurements progressively increased with age for all animals .Testes circumferencesrecorded significantly (p<0.05) hiyher in group G and G+E at the end period of the experimentcompared with the control group.By using Eruca Sativa seeds caused an improvement in wool yieldand its traits viz.;greasy and clean wool,staple length and fiber length and diameter.However,thesecond group recorded better values in some productivity traits such as body weight and woolproduction compared with the first group.There fore ,it was concluded that adding Eruca Sativa seeds in concentrate diet caused an improvementin productivity traits. Vit.E.administration with Eruca Sativa seeds caused more improvement in someproductive traits.
Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Raw and Imported UHT Milk in Baghdad
Authors: AL-Shamary Ali H.A.
Published: May 2021

In order to investigate the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw and imported Ultra Heat Treatment(UHT) milk, this study was done by random collection of samples from different areas in Baghdad province andits surroundings from different animals (small and large ruminants) as 68 total samples (53 raw milk samples and15 imported UHT samples)collected weekly from October 2007 till January 2008, and processed according tostandard protocols of Listeria monocytogenes .The results showed reisolation of 10 isolates from 68 samples (14.7%) as 6 isolated from raw milk samples(11.3%) and 4 isolated from UHT milk samples (26.7%) ,these revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) inisolated percentage of Listeria monocytogenes from raw milk of Cows, Buffalos , Ewes and Does especiallyfrom Al-Fadhyllea region , the highest isolation percentage was in November (2007) as 16.7%(3 isolates from 18samples ) especially from ewes as 1 isolate from 3 samples (33.4%) followed by cows and buffaloes with nonisolatesfrom Does .The percentage of isolation from UHT milk samples was 26.7% as 2 isolates from white UHT milk samples(40%) and 2 isolates from 10 chocolate UHT milk samples (20%).We concluded from this study by contamination of raw and imported UHT milk samples by Listeriamonocytogenes in Baghdad.
EFFECT OF FEED WITHDRAWAL AND ADDING DRIED BAKERY YEAST IN THE DIET ON DRESSING PERCENTAGES AND MEAT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BROILERS
Authors: Al-Shadeedi Shahrazad M.
Published: May 2021

This study has been conducted to study the effect of feed withdrawal (8 hours after slaughter) andadding dried bakery yeast on dressing percentage and meat chemical 45 marketed broiler chickens at 8weeks of age .The birds randomly distributed into three treatments (5 birds ) and each treatment tothree replicates (5 birds per replicate ) which were: un-treated control (T1) , broiler chickens subjectedto feed withdrawal 8 hrs. before slautered (T2) , broiler chickens fed a diet contained 1% of driedbakery yeast three days before subjected to feed withdrawal 8 hrs. before slaughtered (T3) . The dataobtained revealed the following :-Adding dried bakery yeast three days before subjected to feed withdrawal 8 hrs. beforeslaughtered (T3) significantly (p<0.01) decreased live body weight in the same time increased (p<0.01)carcass weight , dressing percentage with or without gibletts and gibletts percentage , also T3significantly (p<0.01) increased protein and decreased lipid and cholesterol of breast and legs meatcompaired with Feed withdrawal (T2) which significantly (p<0.01) predominent compaired with T1 .
تاثير اصابة دجاج البيض تجريبيا بجرثومة LLiisstteerriiaa mmoonnooccyyttooggeenneess في بعض مكونات الدم
Authors: الربيعي ميثاق غالب
Published: May 2021

ىدف البحث د ا را رسة جرعة اثر إصابة دجاج البيض تجريبيا بجرثومة LLiisstteerriiaa mmoonnooccyyttooggeenneessعن طريق الفم في بعض الصفات الدموية . وزعت 4545 دجاجة بياضة عمى ثلالاث معاملالات وكل معاممة الىثلالاث مكرا را رت ) 1515 طير // 33مكرا را رت ( حيث شممت TT11 : مجموعة سيطرة سالبة وخالية من الالاصابة ، اماالمعاممتين TT22 و TT33 فقد اصيب الدجاج فييما بالجرثومة الضارية فمويا وبالجرعتين 11xx110055 و 11xx11001100 خمية /مل / دجاجة عمى التوالي . اشارت نتائج الفحوصات الدموية الى تفوق دجاج TT11 عمى TT22 و TT33 معنو ا يا ي فيتركيز PP..CC..VV.. والىيموكموبين وأعداد خلالايا الدم الحمر بعد 66 أيام من الألأصابة التجريبية لتختفي ىذه الفروق بعد3535 يوم ، في حين ظيرت الفروق المعنوية في اعداد خلالايا الدم البيض بعد 99 ا ا يم من الألأصابة التجريبية ولمت تغير قيم تركيز البروتين الكمي الالا بعد 2121 يوما من الألأصابة ل ن تت توي بعد 4242 يوم من الألأصابة مع عدم ظيورفروق معنوية أحصائيا في تركيز حامض اليوريك.
The study of relationship between effect of some environmental condition in some physiological haematological in cross bread Holstein Friesian Dairy
Authors: Al-Baiti H. Y.
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to conduct the effect of environmental conditions(temperature degree and relative humidity) for three seasons ( winter , springand summer) on some physiological, productive and functional parameters ofFriesain dairy cow and their relation with two different lactational stages (Second and third lactational stages). This study was carried out in Al-TathaminDairy plan, Al-Dijyla'a ( Iraqi – Jordan Company) at Waist province. Thirtydairy cows were selected and divided in two groups, each group contains fifteencows depended on lactation stage. Blood sample were collected at monthlyintervals for hematological examination viz; packed cell volume haemoglobin,milk yield and milk traits such as fat percentage, total solid material, and nonfattysolid material was measured. The period of study lasted from 1-January2006 up to 1-september 2006. The result revealed following:1. Significant decreased in the haemoglobin concentration and packed cellvolume were decreased in the two lactation stages (second and thirdlactation stage).2. Milk yield was non significant decreased during summer as a result inincreased environmental temperature about 14.1co to 36.1co and decreaserelative humidity about 62.2% to 20%.3. Milk percentage decrease and reach it's minimum level during summer forthe third lactation stage to reach 2.6%.4. Total solid and total solid non-fatty material of milk percentage increased forthe two lactation stages during spring to reach (12.59%, 9.3%) fore the thirdlactation stage and (12.22%, 9.6%) fore the second lactation stage.
General survey on the epidemic hydatidosis in Equidae
Authors: Younis Khalida Hussain
Published: May 2021

A general survey was implemented on the hydatid cyst disease in Equidae duing the period from 1\11\2001 till 31\10\2002. The results showed that the infection rate was 7.8% by examining 242 animals, 156 males and 86 females. The rate of hydatid cysts infection reached 8.3% in males and6.97%in females. The livers were the most infected organ by parasitic rate of 68.42% ,in livers and lungs together was 26.31% while in lung was 5.26%.A198 hydatid cysts were isolate from donkeys livers with rate of 59.59%, from livers and lungs with rate of 38.33% while the isolation rate from lung was 1.5% .The fertility rate of hydatid cysts in livers reached 50% , most of them were in the examined infected organs reached 11.86% . Fertile hydatid cysts where found near sterile or calcified or caseated cysts in the same infected organ.
Investigation of the Phytochemicals Present in the Local Datura stramonium Seeds by Using Two Extraction Methods
Authors: Merza Ala'a H.
Published: May 2021

In order to investigate the phytochemicals presence in the seeds of local plant of Datura stramonium rather than alkaloids. For this purpose two types of Datura stramonium extract were prepared. The first was precipitated by acetone and the other was destructed by ether then precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The first extract yielded 2.5gram/ 5 gram of seeds weight; while, the second extract yielded 1.23 gram/ 5 gram of seed weight. Biochemical tests exhibited that lectin and trace amounts of glycosides were presented in the acetone precipitated extract. Whereas, the ether extract contained lectin, tannin, flavonoids, and trace amounts of alkaloids
Isolate two Crustaceans which infect Cyprinus carpio L. from Bab Al-Muatham fish markets, Baghdad City
Authors: Al-Shaikh Sadiq M. Jawad
Published: May 2021

During the period from November 2007 till October 2008, a total of 255 specimens of the cyprinid fish, from freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, were collected from fish markets east of Baghdad city. Microscopic examination of these fishes revealed that they were infected with two species of the crustaceans ]Argulus foliaceus (0.8%) and Ergasilus sieboldi (20%)[.The present study included the following: The clinical signs which were caused by the crustaceans, which included redness and an opacity of the skin, increase of mucus secretion and rapid movements of the operculum. The percentage incidence of the infection with these parasites were also found to be related to different length groups of the host, the larger fishes were more infected (95.2%) while the smaller fishes were less infected (0.8%).
Toxicopathological study on the effect of different toxic doses of Euphorbia granulata F. crude extract in albino mice
Authors: AL-Naimi Rajiha A.
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different toxic doseswith regard to toxicopathological changes in mice injected with ethanolic crudeextract of Euphorbia granulata F. The experiment was done on (24) mice of(6-8weeks age and 20-25g weight ) divided equally into (4) groups as follows:-First group injected distilled water subcutaneously for 45 days and consideredas control ,second group injected subcutaneously (600 mg/kg B.W/day)ethanolic extract of E. granulata for 45 days, Third group injectedsubcutaneously (800 mg/kg B.W/day) ethanolic extract of E. granulata for 45days. Fourth group injected subcutaneously (1000 mg/kg B.W/day) ethanolicextract of E. granulata for 45 days.The microscopic findings of internal targetorgans revealed that the severity of the lesion increased with the dose of theplant extract. Animals injected with (1000 mg/kg B.W) showed fibrosis in liver,kidney, myocardium with encephalomalacia and aggregation of astrocytes andmicroglial cells.Furthermore the study showed mononuclear infiltrations insome internal organs, with multiple granulomatous reaction and perivascularlymphocytic cuffings. Amyloid deposition in spleen with nodular hyperplasia ofliver and hyperplasia of epithelial lining of endometrium.In conclusion, toxicdoses of ethanolic crude extract of Euphorbia granulata F cause severetoxicopathological changes in important organs and tissues in addition theactive compound of plant may act as immune stimulant, with formation ofprecancerous lesions in liver and uterus.
Histopathological Changes in Some Internal Organs Of White Mice Due To Treatment With Pentoxifylline
Authors: Hassan Salema L .
Published: May 2021

The aim of the study was to make knowledge on the histopathological changes in some internal organs ( liver, kidney and spleen) of albino mice after treatment with therapeutic dose(16mg/kg BW/day) of pentoxifylline (PTX). Thirty albino mice which are approximately at same age (8week) and body weight were, randomly divided into three equal groups, group 1:Received tape water along the period of experiment and considered as a control group, Group 2:Treated with Pentoxifylline ( 16 mg /kgBW/day)for 30 days Group 3:Treated with Pentoxifylline ( 16 mg/kgBW/days)for 60 day. The histopathological findings of liver, kidney and spleen, showed infiltration of mononuclear cells within the liver parenchyma and portal areas and in the interstitial tissue of the kidney with perivascular lymphocytic cuffing and mild degenerative changes represented by acute cellular swelling of hepatocytes and epithelial cells lining the cortical renal tubules in addition to congestion of blood vessels Spleen showed lymphoid hyperplasia of white pulp with congestion and infiltration of lymphocytes in red pulp.
Isolation and Identification of Sensor and Resistance Bacteria to Lead and Mercury and Assess an Activity in Sensor and Removal
Authors: Turki Ahmad M.
Published: May 2021

Study was conducted to isolate and diagnosis of bacterial which sensitiveand resistance for components of Hg and Pb, and the ability of these isolatefor resistance to remove high concentrations of Pb and Hg from componentsderived soil extract. Personalize Enterobacter cloacae 2w isolated filenameas isolated from soil extract wetthass to a concentration of 5 mg Pb/L and0.25 mg Hg/l. It also found that isolation resistance and treatable withordinary two Pseudomonas putida1N resisted concentration was 150 mg Pb/Land 3.5 mg Hg/l. And isolation resistance added massively vaccine Center6.2 Log cfu/ml of growth density 6.5 Log cfu/ml with a shot in the Center tofocus 90 mg Pb/L and remove 60% of It also has the same isolation ofgrowth-intensive 4.5 Log cfu/ml a concentration 3.5 mg Hg/L and remove68.9 percent during a incubation of 48 hours.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in Calves and Efficiency of ELISA in Detection of The Infection Compared with Some Traditional Methods
Authors: Khalil Muna M.
Published: May 2021

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the main causes of economical losses in calf breeding farms due to the diarrhea which results from the infection with this parasite. Diagnostic methods for detection of this infection vary in their efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidial infection in Al-Nasr station and compare the efficiency of ELISA in detection of cryptosporidial oocysts with some traditional laboratory methods. A total of 422 faecal samples were collected from three groups of 1-30 day-old calves of both sexes during the period from November 2009 to April 2010. The first group was suffering from watery diarrhea , the second group had pasty faeces, while the third group was normal calves. The first 92 samples were examined with three laboratory methods : Modified Zeihl -Neelsen stain, Floatation with saturated sugar solution, and ELISA, whereas the remained samples were examined with the two first methods only . The overall infection rate with Cryptosporidium in young calves was 34.83 %. The oocysts stained with Modified Zeihl-Neelsen appeared spherical or oval in shape and had red colour. The average oocysts measurement was 4.45.2μm. Calves 6-10 day-old had the highest rate of infection (61.25%), while the lowest infection rate was among calves 26-30 days – old 13.33% (P<0.05). Male and female had very close rate of infection (34 % and 35.09% respectively). Regarding faeces consistency, 48.29 % of calves with diarrhea was infected compared with 36.36 % of calves with pasty faeces and 19.58 % of normal calves. The highest rate of infection was recorded in April (41.25%) while the lowest rate was in November 27.14% (P0.01). The study revealed no significant differences in the efficiency of ELISA in detecting cryptosporidial oocysts in faecal samples when compared with traditional laboratory methods. Among 92 examined samples ELISA gave 35 positive results (38.04%) compared with 34 positive samples (36.95%) for each of MZN and floatation with saturated sugar solution.
The Inhibitory Effect of Leaves and Stems of Nerium oleander Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts on Some Fungi In Vitro
Authors: AL-RazaqJameel Fadwa Abdul
Published: May 2021

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of alcoholic and aqueous extract for leaves and stems of Nerium oleander on Trichophyton mentogrophytes and Cryptococcus neoformens in vitro. The effect of alcoholic extract for Nerium oleander leaves and stems on the tested fungi was showed inhibitory effect specialy on Trichophyton mentogrophytes compared with aqueous extract of leaves and stems of plant which showed less or no inhibition against the tested fungiA high inhibition rate of alcoholic extract of leaves and stems of plant aginst Trichophyton mentogrophytes were 83.3% and 67% respectively in concentration 20mg/ml. But the inhibition rate of aqueous extract of leaves and stems of plant on the same fungus were 30% and 0%respectively, in concentration 20mg/ml. The other aspect of the current study for the effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts leaves and stems against Cryptococcus neoformens was done by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone of alcoholic extract of leaves and stems of the plant were 30mm and 22mm respectively in aconcentralion 200mg/ml where no inhibition zone for the aqueous extracts of leaves and stems of the plant against Cryptococcus neoformens. The conclusion of this study revealed that the Nerium oleander plant ( Toxic plant ) can be used as antifungal particulary the alcoholic extract of leaves and stems agairst Trichophyton mentogrophytes and Cryptococcus neoformens.
Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk of cows at Salah Al -Din province and evaluation of their susceptibility to antibiotic
Authors: جعفر نهاد عبدالحسين
Published: May 2021

The study was designed for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk of cows at different regions of salah al-din province. A total number of 109 samples were collected form October (2010) to May (2011). The result of study showed that the number of isolates were (14) from (60) positive samples (82.22%). Antibiotic susceptibility test showed different results for susceptibility according to types of antibiotics that used in this study which include the followings: Amoxycillin, Ampicillin, Cefoxetine, Methcillin, Ciprofloxacin, Clavulinic acid and Erythromycin. The results showed that 50% of the isolates were susceptible for Methecillin, Cefoxetine, and Clavulanic acid-Amoxycillin), While Erythromycin was active against (79%) of the isolates, and Ampicillin was active against (57%), on the other hand, all isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin which considered the most effective antibiotic against the bacteria in this study (100%).
Growth and pathogenesis of Enteropathogenic E.coli as affected by bacteriocin produced and purified from Lactobacillus isolates with or without Quercus infectoria
Authors: Abdul-Ratha Hassan A.
Published: May 2021

The antimicrobial activity of Lactobacilli has been widely exploited for prevention offood –borne pathogens e.g.: Escherichia coli being the major cause of diarrhea especially inchildren, because of bacteriocin activity and the importance of herbal drugs, hence this studywas designed to evaluate the synergistic effect of plant extract and bacteriocin produced byLactobacillus on the growth and pathogenesis of Enteropathogenic Ecoli.1. The Plantaricin production was induced by adding the mutagenic agent Mitomycin C.2. Purification of Plantaricin was made by heating crude plantaricin at 80ºC for 10min andthen purified by two steps method including extraction with n-butanol followed by gelfiltration chromatography on Sepharose 6B column. The results showed that the specificactivity was 1600 AU/mg protein with 8 purification folds and 12% recovery yield.3. The antibacterial activity of Quercus infectoria with concentration 300 mg/ml wasshowed highly antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo.4. The result showed synergistic effect of Plantaricin with Quercus infectoria extract afterexperimental infection that induced by orally dosing with Escherichia coli in vivo. A result ofhistopathological study was recorded recovery of tissue.
Detection of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus in Iraq
Authors: Allawe Aida Bara
Published: May 2021

This study is considered the first study in our country to isolate bovine parainfluenzatype 3 virus (BPIV-3) from naturally infected calves. BPIV-3 virus was isolated from nasalswabs collected from calves with respiratory disease. The virus was isolated and titrated insecondary embryonic bovine kidney (SEBK) cell culture; other cell cultures (secondary sheeptestis and chicken embryos fibroblast cell cultures) were used for propagation of isolatedvirus. Examination of infected cell culture revealed giant cell formation and intracytoplasmicinclusions. The isolated virus agglutinated guinea pig’s erythrocytes and produces clearheamadsorption of guinea pig’s erythrocyte in infected SEBK cell culture. Virus titer was2×102TCID50/0.1ml in the sixth passage and became 2×104.5TCID 50/0.1ml in the ninthpassage. The new isolated virus was identified as BPIV-3 by heamagglutination inhibitiontest, serum neutralization test and indirect immunoflurescent technique, by using specificmonoclonal and polyclonal antibody. The virus was sensitive to ether. High titer of BPIV-3antibodies was detected in sera of infected animals during convalescent period by ELISA test
Treatment of Bovine Papilloma
Authors: Hamad Mohammed A.
Published: May 2021

In this study (35) cows suffering from bovine papilloma were subjected for three differenttypes of treatments; The First group involved 15 animals treated with autogenous vaccine.The Second group involved 10 animals treated with prepared cell culture vaccine .While thethird group involved 10 cows treated with virulent local Newcastle disease virus. In the Firsttwo groups the warts were surgically removed from cows showing lump lesions on skin ofabdomen, neck and udder, and transferred aseptically to laboratory by using transport media.Treatment of cows in the first group involved preparation of autogenous formalin (0.5%)in activated vaccine. Vaccination of these animals result in regression of the warts startedafter 2 or 3 weeks and complete disappearance of the warts after 30-60 days with a meanduration of 44.9 days.Treatment of the second group involved preparation of papilloma cell culture inactivatedvaccine 0.5% formalin from 3 papilloma cases. The response of these vaccinated cows resultin regression of the warts lesions started after 2 or 3 weeks post the first vaccinal dose andcomplete disappearance of the warts after 30-60 days, with mean 43.8 days.Treatment of the third group involved using of virulent NDV by subcutaneous injectionand infiltration around the warts. Results showed successful regression of warts within ashorter period with mean of 30.1 days compared to treatment with autogenous and cell culturevaccine, with complete regression of the warts within 15-28 days.
Study the Immunomodulatory effects of Beta - Glucan in broiler chickens
Authors: Mahdi Nidhal Raoof
Published: May 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the immunomodulating activity of β-glucanwhich extracted from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.β-glucan of 225µg/ml wassupplemented in drinking water of broiler chicken vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus(NDV) vaccine. The parameters of the immunomodulating activity employed were the bodyweight, Phagocytic activity and determination of antibody titer to NDV vaccine. Chicks oneday old (120), were divided into four equal groups, G1 treated with β-glucan for six weeksand vaccinated with NDV vaccine; G2 treated with β-glucan for three weeks and vaccinatedwith NDV vaccine; G3 not given β-glucan but vaccinated with NDV vaccine (control group);while G4 was not treated with β-glucan and not vaccinated with NDV vaccine (secondcontrol). The results of the body weight indicated that; there were significant differences (P<0.05) between treated groups (G1 and G2) compared to the control groups (G3 and G4) at21,28 and 35 day of age. The results of phagocytic activity showed that treated group hadsignificantly (P< 0.05) higher clearance of carbon particles from blood circulation than did thecontrol groups; and the antibody titer to NDV showed significant differences (P<0.05)between treated and non treated groups at 14d and 28d. The data presented in this studycontribute for the first time in Iraq; that β –glucan given via drinking water to chicks from dayone for 35 days improves the immune responses and body weight.
The Differences in Bioactivity between Crude and Purified Cholera Toxin from Local Isolate of Vibrio cholera
Authors: Al- Thwani1 Amina N.
Published: May 2021

In this investigate Cholera toxin was purified from the local clinical isolatedesignated as V. cholerae S . Few steps were employed for purification of CTincluding concentration of the protein, back extraction, and gel filtration. Thebioactivity of CT reflected that crude and purified toxin had lethal activity on Balb/cmice in which a dose of 2.5µg/ ml of purified toxin caused mice death withsymptoms such as muscle cramps and tachycardia while erythematous andinduration was seen at intradermal I. d injection of skin of Guinea pig.Histopathological examination for liver, intestine, adrenal gland and spleen of whitemice showed that liver tissue was more affected compared with spleen, intestine andadrenal gland tissues.
Effect of Magnetic Water on Some Physiological Aspects of Adult Male Rabbits
Authors: Khudiar Khalisa Kadim
Published: May 2021

The present study was undertaken to search out thebeneficial effect of magnetized water on serumantioxidant, lipid profile and total protein of adult male rabbits. Twenty adult male rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups and were treated daily for 60 days as follows:Group C:Rabbits of this group were allowed to ad libitumsupplyofdrinking water (control group),Group MG:Rabbits of this group were allowed to ad libitum supply of magnetic water.Fasting blood (for 8-12 hrs) samples were drawn by cardiac puncture technique at different times 0, 30 and 60 days of experiment for measuring the following parameters. Serum glutathione concentration (GSH), lipid profile including serum triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol - (TC), high density lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol - (VLDL-C), total serum protein concentrations (TSP). The result revealed that drinking of magnetic water had beneficial effect on some physiological aspects manifested by a significant elevation in serum GSH, HDL-C and total serum proteins concentration. In addition to significant suppression in serums TC, TAG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C concentrations .In conclusion the results of this study pointed to the prevalence of magnetic water upon normal drinking water in all measures issued.
Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in calves and children in Mosul, Iraq
Authors: Al-alousi Tawfiq I.
Published: May 2021

This study was carried out during May-October 2010 to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves and children in rural areas around Mosul, north of Iraq. A total of 78 faecal samples were taken from calves which were no more than one year old. Information about age, consistency of faeces (as diarrheic or normal) and contact with human were recorded. At the same time, 95 stool samples were taken from children aged one month to 12 years old suffering from diarrhea and living in the same farms where the samples of calves have been collected. All samples were stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain and Auramine O techniques to detect the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Results revealed that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves and children were 43.56% and 18.9%, respectively. Comparison of results obtained with the two stain techniques showed no significant difference and being sensitive.
Pathological and molecular diagnostic study of theileriosis in cattle in Sulaimaniyah province, Iraq
Authors: Hassan Ali Hussain
Published: May 2021

This study was undertaken with the aims of evaluating the efficiency of the PCR assay in investigation of the epidemiological status of tropical theileriosis in comparison with the classical microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smear and detecting the gross and microscopic pathological changes in some organs of the infected animals. Blood and tissue samples were collected from 50 apparently healthy, tick-infested cattle during the period extended from the 1st of July to the 31st of August, 2008 in the modern slaughterhouse in Sulaimaniyah province. Blood smears were prepared from the blood samples and stained with Giemsa dye. The tissue samples were obtained from normal and lesion-presenting tissues of the lymph nodes, lungs and kidneys were investigated by the naked eye for the presence of any pathological changes. Following gross examination, the tissue samples, of the cattle that showed positive results for Theileria annulata parasites by PCR and Giemsa-stained blood smears, have processed for histopathological preparations.When compared with microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained smears, the PCR assay detected a positive results in 8 (16%) of blood samples that revealed negative microscopy indicating that the PCR is more sensitive in diagnosis of tropical theileriosis. The gross pathological examination revealed lymph nodes enlargement, pulmonary congestion and edema and multiple pale areas in the kidneys. Microscopically, the principle pathological lesion was represented by a marked lymphoproliferative reaction within these organs.