bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen contamination in liquid helium
Authors: Will J , Haberstroh C
Published: June 2020

For some years now, massive problems are often occurring when operating standard flow cryostats with pumped liquid helium. There are a large number of reports from various parts of the world, describing blockage problems arising typically within a few hours. Standard equipment for measuring material properties at temperatures below 4.2 K is massively affected. Hydrogen contamination within the used liquid helium could be identified as direct cause. With helium evaporating in the narrow throttling passages, hydrogen in solid state accumulates and is forming blockages. Usually internal capillaries or inlet valves are concerned. In consequence, the helium flow is reduced or ceasing completely, the operating temperature of the cryostat can’t be upheld, and the measurement run must be interrupted. Extremely low concentrations in the sub-ppm range are sufficient to block the helium flow within a few hours of operation. This contribution contains first quantifications regarding these contamination. A semi-quantitative analysis method using a narrow flow resistor, as well as gas chromatographic investigations led to new findings. Effects within the liquid helium supply that give rise to the problem were scrutinized. The collected results should lead to an understanding and to feasible solutions of the problem.
A New Superconducting Undulator Cryostat for the APS Upgrade
Authors: Anliker E , Fuerst J , Hasse Q , Ivanyushenkov Y , Kasa M , Shiroyanagi Y
Published: June 2020

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is in the midst of a major facility upgrade including both a new electron storage ring (SR) and many new insertion devices (IDs) providing x-ray photon beams to a new suite of experimental end stations. Included among the new IDs are four 4.8-meter superconducting undulator (SCU) cryostats, each containing two 1.8-meter planar undulator magnets operating at 4.2 K in either a phase shifted or canted configuration. We describe a new, compact cryocooler-based cryostat design which supports the magnets and associated subsystems and also fits the space constraints of the SR ID straight sections. The design is an evolution of earlier single-magnet 2-meter cryostats, retaining some subsystem commonality while incorporating lessons learned and several features unique to the challenge of supporting two independently operable undulator magnets in a single device.
Supercritical helium expansivity effects on magnet protection systems
Authors: Vanderlaan M H , Brumm T J
Published: June 2020

The recent commissioning of the 36 T Series-Connected Hybrid Magnet at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory has uncovered an undesirable consequence of using super critical helium for cooling of superconductors. This recent dry magnet cooling technology greatly reduces the LHe requirements of the magnet and may be utilized more frequently in the future. Because the supercritical helium does not complete a phase transition with the addition of heat, the fluid can quickly expand. The increased expansivity of supercritical helium over liquid helium for a given heat load is capable of creating larger pressure waves. The impact pressure for compressible helium gas flow is combined with the speed of sound for ideal gases to determine if a high-speed pressure wave is sufficient to explain the premature failure of the burst discs in the over-pressurization protection system. The addition of an impact pressure can explain, under the right conditions, a reduction of up to 40% in the burst disc pressure rating. The Grüneisen parameter is shown to relate to the expansivity and values for the parameter are given in the supercritical range. A proposal to reroute the pipe near the burst disc is made to mitigate the effects of the impact pressure.
Design and Commissioning of a 700 W@3 K Sub-cooled Helium Test Facility
Authors: Lu X F , Zhang Q Y , Chen A Y , Zhu P , Zhou Z W , Fu B , Li S S
Published: June 2020

In order to increase the magnetic field and temperature margin of superconducting magnets, a test facility for a 700 W@3 K sub-cooled helium refrigerator was proposed to decrease the operation temperature from 4.5 K down to 3 K. The process flow of the 3 K sub-cooled helium test facility has been designed with two cold compressors arranged in series to pump the vapour pressure from 120 kPa to 24 kPa. This 3 K sub-cooled unit has been constructed and operated successfully to decompress the 4.5 K saturated helium to 3 K sub-cooled helium. The preliminary commissioning results indicated that this 3K sub-cooled helium unit could achieve more than 700 W capacity at 3 K sub-cooled helium. Thermodynamic parameters and performances of this 3 K sub-cooled helium unit were introduced and compared with the designed values in good agreement. The rotation speeds, pressures and temperatures of cold compressors during the transient state and the steady state were also analysed.
Neutron irradiation effect on critical current of Nb3Sn wire under 8 T to 15.5 T
Authors: Nishimura A
Published: June 2020

Superconducting magnets for fusion application will be irradiated by fast neutrons produced by fusion reaction, and it has been reported that the superconducting properties of the superconducting wires vary drastically by the irradiation. A bronze route Nb3Sn wire and an internal tin process wire were irradiated in a fission reactor up to 1.7 × 1023 n/m2 (> 0.1 MeV neutron), and the change in the critical current was measured by 15.5 T superconducting magnet and a variable temperature insert. The 4.9 × 1022 n/m2 irradiation for the bronze route wire increased the critical current by 1.75 times, but the 7.9 × 1022 n/m2 irradiation showed 1.03 times increase for the bronze route wire and 0.72 times decrease for the internal tin process wire. The 1.7 x 1023 n/m2 irradiation for the internal tin process wire decreased the critical current severely and the critical magnetic field down to around 16 T. This was the first result that the high fluence neutron irradiation caused the degradation of both the critical current and the critical magnetic field in this type of a Nb3Sn wire. Some irradiation defects will become the magnetic flux pining sites and strengthen the pining force. But the strong irradiation will damage the superconducting phase and degrade the properties.
Increased flux pinning force and critical current density in MgB2 by nano-La2O3 doping
Authors: Zhang Danlu , Wan Fang , Sumption Michael D. , Collings Edward W. , Thong CJ , Rindfleisch Matt , Tomsic Mike
Published: June 2020

MgB2 superconducting wires and bulks with nano-La2O3 addition have been studied. A series of MgB2 superconducting bulk samples with nano-La2O3 addition levels of 0, 5, 7, 18wt% were prepared. AC resistivity data showed slight increases of Bc2
and unchanged Birr
for the bulk samples with doping levels lower than 7 wt% and decreased critical fields for the heavily doped (18 wt%) bulk. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the presence of LaB6 in the nano-La2O3 doped MgB2 bulk samples and decreased MgB2 grain size in nano-La2O3 doped bulks. Monocore powder-in-tube (PIT) MgB2 wires without and with 5 wt% nano-La2O3 addition (P-05) were prepared for transport property measurement. 2mol%C-doped Specialty Materials Inc. (SMI) boron powder was used for wire P-05 and previously prepared control wires (control wires were made without the addition of nano-La2O3 powder, W-00 and P2). Low field magnetic properties were obtained from magnetization loop (M–H), transport critical current density (Jc) was measured at 4.2 K for the nano-La2O3 doped PIT wire (P-05) and the control samples (P2 and W-00). The transport critical current density Jc (B) of P-05 at 4.2 K and 8 T (6.0 ×104 A/cm2) was twice that of the control wire. The critical magnetic fields (Bc2
and Birr
) of P-05 and the control sample P2 were compared. The critical fields of P-05 were slightly less than those of P2. Kramer-Dew-Hughes plots indicated a change from surface pinning to a mixture of volume pinning and surface pinning. It is shown that enhancement of P-05’s transport properties is due to additional flux pinning by the fine-size rare-earth borides rather than enhanced Bc2
or Birr.
Flux Pinning Enhancements of YBa2Cu3O7-x with Nanosize Magnetic Additions
Authors: Sebastian M A , Pierce N A , Maartense I , Kozlowski G. , Haugan T J
Published: June 2020

Different methods of flux pinning are being tested world-wide to enhance critical currents (Ics) of high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) coated conductors exposed to high magnetic fields. Magnetic materials are interesting to consider as flux pinning additions because of their potential for very strong pinning strength. To our knowledge, there have been limited demonstrations of magnetic pinning additions to YBCO conductors. This paper describes the study of different M magnetic phase additions to YBCO including M = BaFe12O19, La0.67Ca0.33MnO3, and other oxide phases. Nanosize additions were incorporated by depositing multilayer (M/YBCO)N films to minimize degradation of Tc, and testing volume % additions of M phase from 0.5 % to 5%. Results indicate that Tc onsets are depressed with magnetic additions, however in some cases interestingly without degrading the transition width. With optimization of magnetic additions a 50% increase of critical current density has been obtained, for low magnetic fields of < 10,000 Oe at 65K to 77K. Microstructural and superconducting properties are summarized, including SEM analysis.
A fully superconducting air-core machine for aircraft propulsion
Authors: Balachandran T , Lee D , Salk N , Haran K S
Published: June 2020

Partial and fully superconducting (SC) machines promise high power density capabilities required for electric propulsion. These machines need to achieve high power densities while reducing electrical heat losses to minimize the required cryogenic power and subsequent additional weight. Hydrogen powered all-electric planes provide a design space where ac losses are manageable. However, the high electrical frequencies in high-speed fully superconducting machines pose a significant challenge to reducing armature ac losses. In high-speed applications, coupling loss in the SC armature coils dominates and becomes a barrier for practical application of these machines. In this paper a fully superconducting machine is proposed for a hydrogen powered regional all-electric plane. An air core design is considered utilizing low ac loss MgB2 wires. The design is targeted to achieve 50 kW/kg specific power while requiring ac losses to be less than 3 kW. This study explores the possibility of replacing a passive iron shield with active shielding coils to contain the magnetic flux inside the machine while reducing weight and increasing power density. The study focuses on minimizing weight as well as ac losses in the armature coils. An optimization algorithm is used to determine the trade-offs between iron shield and active shield coil designs. Results show that optimal designs for electric propulsion eliminate the passive shield in favor of active shielding coils - increasing the power density of the machine while maintaining the outside flux density below standard safety limits.
Offshore oil exploitation in the Caribbean Sea: Challenges for Colombia
Authors: Grimaldo-Guerrero J.W. , Contreras-Rueda Y.F.
Published: June 2020

Colombia began an expansion plan for oil exploration in the Caribbean Sea, this industry is recognized for the high impact it can generate, being necessary to identify mechanisms to improve management. This research presents a review of the experiences in the offshore oil industry, describes the case of oil exploration in the Arctic, a fragile ecosystem; methodologies and indicators used to strengthen the industry in order to achieve sustainability are identified. The results allow to conclude that it is necessary to strengthen the development plan from the institutional and political frameworks using a Strategic Environmental Assessment, also they indicate how this can improve the instruments and achieve improvement in the social, economic and environmental dimensions.
Influence of thermal-varying material properties on stress calculation for creep life assessment of seamless medium-carbon steel boiler tubes
Authors: Castellanos-González L M , Hernández Herrera H , Goytisolo Espinosa R , Castellanos Molina L M , Vergara Verbel E E , Alcalá Ballestero J A
Published: June 2020

Seamless medium-carbon steel boiler tubes from a thermoelectric plant are studied to predict their remanent life. An alternative for stresses calculation in creep life-assessment method is presented. The proposed stress calculation incorporates not only material dimensions and working pressure but also thermal-varying properties of the material and the radial temperature gradient in the tube wall. The methodology for creep life prediction established by ISO / TR 7468-1981 is used. It is compared with the API std 530 to show that the predicted creep rupture times can result longer when thermal-varying properties and the radial temperature gradient in the tube wall are considered. This enhanced creep failure prediction method may favour a cost reduction avoiding premature maintenance and unnecessary plant shutdowns.
Automatic Classification System by Color of Plastic Bottle Caps (SISAC)
Authors: Rodriguez-Arias H. A. , Mendoza-González A.
Published: June 2020

The following project presents an autonomous system of classification of objects by colors which it is applied to the caps of plastic bottles, emulating an automated work cell, which serves to students to know the operation of industrial processes, from construction, programming and even maintenance point of view. The entire project consists of the design of a conveyor system which has a sensor to identify colors, and actuators which allow the caps are correctly classified in the containers according to its color. The work cell was built in a modular way in such a way that in the future it can be adapted to other work cells and simulate flexible manufacturing cells, since it can be reprogrammed not only to identify by colors but also by sizes. Besides, the pieces were built using the 3D printer and the laser cutter in order to use the tools of the laboratories of our institution in the construction of elements for future laboratory equipment which will strengthen the electromechanical program.
Evaluation methodology for Speech To Text Services similarity and speed characteristics focused on small size computers
Authors: Aguilar-Chacon J.E. , Segura-Torres D.A.
Published: June 2020

The currently small size computers use and the high tendency to use human – voice interfaces to interact with any systems lead to merge these technologies. But implements strong Speech To Text algorithms on a small micro controlled system will reduce its computational capacity getting lower the system performance to execute other tasks. This work presents some selection criteria and a methodology to evaluate the Speech To Text services, using similarity and speed as metrics and the results obtained from an experiment deployed on a Raspberry Pi 3 using the proposed methodology with Spanish speakers. The application of the proposed methodology helped to detect the Google’s STT system as a best option over IBM and Microsoft STT systems because shows a faster conversion and better similarity measures.
Characterization of the mechanical vibration signals associated with unbalance and misalignment in rotating machines, using the cepstrum transformation and the principal component analysis
Authors: Sandoval-Rodriguez C L , Ascanio Villabona J G , Cárdenas-Arias C G , Rincon-Quintero A D , Tarazona-Romero B E
Published: June 2020

In the present document, the Cepstrum transform and the analysis of principal components were used to differentiate amplitudes in the mechanical vibrations produced by unbalance and misalignment with respect to a reference group. This document requires three stages. It begins with levelling in order to establish the control group. The unbalancing was carried out with a known mass located in the two radial distances of the first and second flywheels. The misalignment was made by running the sliding supports back 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 degrees. In the second stage, Matlab algorithms were created for both cepsctrum and main component analysis. In the last stage the obtained data were analyzed identifying the differences that may exist in the analyzed records. The project focused on the use of Matlab to find differences at a frequency of 30 Hz. The results obtained made it possible to determine that it is possible to find differences with the proposed methodology.
Effects of the implementation of a self-assessment model in the accreditation of programs in Higher Education
Authors: Delgado-Florez E , Batista-Ayola O , Blanco-Jimenez Y
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to present the success of the Antonio de Arevalo University Foundation – Unitecnar, in the self-assessment process for undergraduate programs at the Faculty of Engineering Sciences, specifically the Technology in Systems program, describing the self-assessment model and the methodology applied in the program accreditation processes, which has resulted in three consecutive accreditation for the mentioned program. At present, the applied model has allowed the identification of strengths and aspects to be improved and the implementation of self-assessment and self-regulation processes in the different functional areas, from the generation of reflection spaces for a better contribution to the quality of the Administrative services and Academics, these excellent accreditation results have been obtained for nine (9) programs at the Unitecnar Faculty of Economics and Engineering Sciences.
The challenges of socio-legal research in law schools in Colombia and the use of new information and communication technologies
Authors: Ramírez Llerena E , Chico Ruiz M , Blanco Jiménez Y , Luna Marzola J , Delgado Florez E , Calderon Hernandez A
Published: June 2020

A correlational statistical analysis was carried out in two university institutions of Cartagena of India’s, which allowed us to infer whether the educational entities envision the curricula of the Law program, the inquiry as a daily activity of students and professors and if they have socio-legal research center, with lines of research that place the development of investigative processes, with identity of managerial criteria, since it is the entity that designs and arranges the curriculum of this training program so that the lawyer who graduates, orients his daily legal practice in the investigative with the support of ICT. Surveys were applied to teachers of the law program, which allowed us to determine the strength of association or correlation between variables A and B through a population sample, to make inference to the formation of a lawyer, as well as a humanist, whose discipline be the socio-legal research so that, being a lawyer, you can devote yourself to observe, collect, select, describe, classify and analyse the elements that are in a social environment or space to frame it in the legal system with the support of legal computer systems. It was obtained as a result that (ICT) have evolved in a very fast way the daily life of teachers in the surveyed universities, since young teachers are not traumatized by the use of new technologies because they are daily familiar with computers, the internet and its communication tools, while teachers at the end of the century are considered digital illiterates.
Predicting excited states from ground state wavefunction by supervised quantum machine learning
Authors: Kawai Hiroki , Nakagawa Yuya O.
Published: June 2020

Excited states of molecules lie in the heart of photochemistry and chemical reactions. The recent development in quantum computational chemistry leads to inventions of a variety of algorithms that calculate the excited states of molecules on near-term quantum computers, but they require more computational burdens than the algorithms for calculating the ground states. In this study, we propose a scheme of supervised quantum machine learning which predicts the excited-state properties of molecules only from their ground state wavefunction resulting in reducing the computational cost for calculating the excited states. Our model is comprised of a quantum reservoir and a classical machine learning unit which processes the measurement results of single-qubit Pauli operators with the output state from the reservoir. The quantum reservoir effectively transforms the single-qubit operators into complicated multi-qubit ones which contain essential information of the system, so that the classical machine learning unit may decode them appropriately. The number of runs for quantum computers is saved by training only the classical machine learning unit, and the whole model requires modest resources of quantum hardware that may be implemented in current experiments. We illustrate the predictive ability of our model by numerical simulations for small molecules with and without noise inevitable in near-term quantum computers. The results show that our scheme reproduces well the first and second excitation energies as well as the transition dipole moment between the ground states and excited states only from the ground states as inputs. We expect our contribution will enhance the applications of quantum computers in the study of quantum chemistry and quantum materials.
Hybridity
Authors: Huddart David
Published: June 2020

Hybridity captures various ways in which identities are characterized by complexity or mixed-ness rather than simplicity or purity. It is a term that functions as a description of how things simply are, but it frequently appears to take on the characteristics of a prescription. It is not only that identities on various scales are hybrid, but also that they ought to be hybrid, or should become more hybrid. This prescriptive sense prompts reflection on the processes that drive mixed identities, shifting attention away from a static hybridity toward a dynamic and unending hybridization. The idea’s use in many different disciplinary formations typically implies that, while all identities are minimally hybrid, specific historical shifts have exaggerated and accelerated hybridity. Those shifts are associated with European colonialism, the Atlantic slave trade, neocolonial echoes, globalization, and the rise of the cyborg. Such associations raise the question of resistance to the prescriptive recommendation of hybridity to the extent that hybrid cultures are so frequently an outcome of violent domination. Formerly colonized cultures strive to re-establish more fundamental identities, casting the hybridizing colonial period as a brief if damaging and disruptive interlude. Resistance is also found in former imperial centers, with multiculturalism perceived as a hybridizing threat to the core integrity of a melancholic post-imperialism. And commentators continue to warn that automation and related AI will make unexpectedly diverse jobs obsolete in the very near future, a hybrid cyborg future that occasionally begins to feel more machine than human. Ultimately, it may seem that hybridity is opposed to various forms of indigeneity, purity, or in the most general case, humanity in general. However, such oppositions would be misleading, principally because hybridity as a cultural fact and as a concept implies nothing of necessity. Each context demands specific attention to the ways it is hybrid, the processes of hybridization, and the stabilities that follow.
Geo-locations
Authors: Mitchell Peta
Published: June 2020

Since around 1970, and across a broad spectrum of humanities and social sciences disciplines, there has been an ongoing and critical reassessment of the role played by space, place, and geography in the formation and unfolding of human knowledge, subjectivity, and social relations. Starting with the identification of a distinctive “spatial turn” within critical and social theory in the second half of the 20th century, it has become a commonplace to recognize space as being political and as having a particular affective and effective power.

A distinctive constellation of socio-technological changes at the start of the 20th century brought the question of space to the critical foreground, and, by the end of the 20th century, a loosely defined and interdisciplinary “spatial theory” had emerged, while a number of fields across the humanities and social sciences had avowedly undergone their own “spatial turns.” More recently, new critical approaches have emerged that foreground the geo- as both a starting point and method for critical analysis as well as new inter-disciplines—namely the geohumanities and spatial humanities—that provide a focus for the range of work being done at the interstices of geography and the humanities.

With the rise to ubiquity of geospatial and geolocative technologies since around 2005—and their almost wholesale penetration into everyday life in the global North in the form of the GPS-enabled smartphone—the question of the geo- and its role in locating and mediating human experience, knowledge, and social relations has become ever more salient. In an era where the geo- becomes geolocation, and is increasingly defined by networked relations among humans, digital media, and their locational data traces, new approaches and schools of thought that transect geography, digital media, and critical and cultural theory have once more emerged, constituting what may be thought of as a new, digital spatial turn. Charting the trajectory of the geo- as a key site and mode of critique across and through these often overlapping “spatial turns”—across time, space, and disciplinary boundaries—is itself a work of geolocation.
International and Comparative Legal Perspectives on Victim Participation in Criminal Justice
Authors: Manikis Marie
Published: June 2020

Victim participation in common law has evolved across history and jurisdictions. Historical developments within conceptions of crime, harms, and victims in common law as well as the different victims’ movements provide an understanding of the ways that victim participation has been shaped in more-recent common law criminal justice systems. Victim participation in the criminal legal process has also given rise to various debates, which suggests that providing active forms of engagement to victims remains controversial. The forms of victim participation are also diverse, and the literature has provided typologies of victim participation. Forms of participation also vary across jurisdictions and the different stages of the criminal justice process, including prosecutorial decisions, pretrial and trial proceedings, sentencing, parole, and clemency. Finally, research that focuses on victim participation in legal traditions beyond the common law would provide an additional and important contribution to the field.
Proactive Policing and Terrorism
Authors: Hasisi Badi , Perry Simon , Wolfowicz Michael
Published: June 2020

Over the last few decades, one of the most pressing issues for governments, societies, and the law enforcement agencies that serve and protect them has been the threat of terrorism. Given that these changes represent a relatively new area for police, it is important to understand how terrorism is best policed and what approaches, strategies, and tactics are most effective. While the evidence base is still in its developmental stages, the evidence that does exist suggests that proactive policing strategies already employed against other forms of crime are the most useful and effective for policing terrorism. Policing efforts that focus on high concentrations of crimes at places (“hotspots”), or among the high-risk offenders, and employ problem-solving perspectives and use community-based strategies show consistent evidence of effectiveness and improving relations between the police and the public. Based on this evidence, policing agencies that undertake proven, proactive strategies toward policing terrorism are better able to incorporate their new role and focus within their broader law enforcement functions. By doing so, policing agencies can expand their role and function in a way that draws on their experience and strengths, rather than “reinventing the wheel” and overstretching resources. Additionally, policing agencies from different countries can draw on their own experience and local knowledge in dealing with other forms of crime, as well as the experience of other agencies and countries, in order to develop a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to policing terrorism.
Global Research on Principal Leadership
Authors: Gurr David , Drysdale Lawrie , Goode Helen
Published: June 2020

Large, sustained, multinational, and collaborative research networks are becoming more popular because of their power to produce findings that generalize across contexts as well as to provide contextually nuanced views of a phenomenon. In educational leadership, four major projects have been initiated since the beginning of the 21st century: The International Successful School Principalship Project; the International Study of the Preparation of Principals; Leadership for Learning; and the International School Leadership Development. These projects cover from seven to more than 20 countries and have run for 5 or more years. The discussion of these projects provides insight into principal effectiveness research and some guidance to those who seek to collaborate with colleagues nationally and internationally. International projects like these bring the interplay of leadership and context into focus and show that context is important in terms of educational success and how leadership is enacted. Despite the complexity in considering leadership and context, a standout feature of the projects is that across different contexts, there are general findings that emerge, either confirming contemporary understandings or proposing new views through the construction of leadership models, and recommendations emerge that can transcend contexts (such as the need for high-quality but contextually relevant leadership preparation programs). These international comparative projects are important works, as they endeavor to counter the blancmange view of education that comes through the pervasiveness of things like international testing programs and the reliance on meta-analyses.
Tsunesaburo Makiguchi and School Leadership in Action
Authors: Takahashi Tomoko
Published: June 2020

Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871–1944) was a geographer, elementary school teacher and principal, and educational reformer, who was active in the early-to-mid 1900s in Japan. As a school leader and scholar-practitioner guided by a passion for supporting teachers and improving education for the happiness of children, Makiguchi scrutinized pedagogy as a science and proposed a number of reforms of the Japanese education system, key elements of which, he believed, were failing teachers and students alike. His proposals included, among many: the establishment of standards of competency expected of school principals as well as a system of examination to uphold these standards; the abolition of a government-led school inspection system that pressured and restricted teachers from freely conducting teaching activities; and the establishment of an “education research institute” and an organization for the training of teachers.

The growing number of modern educational scholars and practitioners paying attention to Makiguchi’s work and philosophy find his ideas not only valid and applicable to education in the 21st century but also remarkably innovative and insightful. His proposal for school leadership was still but a voice in the wilderness in the 1930s. It was also a bold and audacious attempt for him, especially at the time of the militarist regime. Makiguchi is often compared with his contemporary John Dewey (1859–1952). Evidently, Makiguchi and Dewey were both visionaries, passionate school leaders, and fearless reformers. Bearing this in mind, Makiguchi deserves much more attention than he has received thus far—at least as much as Dewey, if we are to balance the historical account of progressive education as a transnational phenomenon.
Educational Attainment and Integration of Foreign Students in Spain
Authors: Andres Cabello Sergio , Giró Miranda Joaquín
Published: June 2020

Education is one of the pillars of the welfare state in Spain, and one of the main ways of reducing inequalities and, potentially, integrating members of the immigrant population. Schools serve to promote social and cultural integration of foreign students and their families. Spain, although its history as a country of immigration has been short, has been quite efficient in integrating the emigrant population, especially at school. It is important to bear in mind that schools and the school environment are the main point of encounter between families of different cultures. There were significant difficulties incorporating foreign students in schools in the first decade of this century. The importance of integration in the process of normalizing relations between immigrant families and schools has been indisputable. However, one of the main difficulties with this integration has been the poorer performance and academic achievement of foreign students in the Spanish education system. Foreign students’ performance is significantly different. For example, they achieve significantly lower grades in the different standardized tests (Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)), e.g., and higher rates of dropout, academic failure, and grade repetition. However, it is also true that these differences are significantly smaller for second-generation students born in Spain of immigrant parents. Faced with these facts, there have been numerous theoretical analyses and research projects that have tried to determine which variables affect this situation and which of them can be attributed to immigration, excluding any other socioeconomic factors.

The results and the academic attainment of foreign- and immigrant-origin students in the Spanish education system are associated with some factors attributed to immigration. One of the most important is school segregation processes and their consequences for the educational and social integration of this group. Likewise, the financial crisis that has affected public policy and the Spanish welfare system, with the resulting budget cuts in education, has conditioned compensatory measures and attention to diversity.
Attribution Theories
Authors: Graham Sandra , Chen Xiaochen
Published: June 2020

Attribution theory is concerned with the perceived causes of success and failure. It is one of the most prominent theories of motivation in the field of education research. The starting point for the theory is an outcome perceived as a success or failure and the search to determine why that outcome occurred. Ability and effort are among the most prominent perceived causes of success and failure. Attribution theory focuses on both antecedents and consequences of perceived causality. Antecedents or determinants of attributions may be beneficial or harmful, and they include teacher behaviors such as communicated sympathy, offering praise, and unsolicited help that indirectly function as low-ability cues. Seemingly positive teacher behaviors can therefore have unintended negative consequences if they lead students to question their ability. Attributional consequences are grounded in three properties or dimensions of causes: locus, stability, and controllability. Each dimension is uniquely linked to particular psychological and behavioral outcomes. The locus dimension is related to self-esteem, the stability dimension is linked to expectancy for success or failure, and the controllability dimension is related to interpersonal evaluation. Research on self-handicapping is illustrative of the locus-esteem relation because that literature depicts how dysfunctional causal thinking about the self can undermine achievement. Attribution retraining programs focus on the stability-expectancy link to strengthen individuals’ awareness of how they can alter their causal thoughts and behavior. Changing maladaptive beliefs about the causes of achievement failure (e.g., from low ability to lack of effort) can result in more persistence and improved performance. And, stereotypes about stigmatized groups are grounded in the controllability-interpersonal evaluation attributional lens. Unlike other motivational theories, attribution theory addresses the antecedents and consequences of both intrapersonal attributions (how one perceives the self) and interpersonal attributions (how one perceives other people) with one set of interrelated principles Future research should devote more attention to identifying moderators of attributional effects, multipronged intervention approaches that include an attributional component, and stronger depictions of how race/ethnicity alters attributional thinking.
Learning in History
Authors: Maggioni Liliana , Fox Emily
Published: June 2020

At first glance, learning in history might be characterized as committing to memory sanctioned stories about the past. Yet a deeper consideration of this process opens up several questions about the specific features that make the generation of shared knowledge about the past possible and meaningful. Some of these questions regard the very object of such learning: What makes specific aspects of the past historically significant? What relations among people, events, and phenomena are especially salient in fostering understanding of the past? Another set of questions regards the affective and cognitive traits and abilities that characterize a successful learner in history. Researchers from different countries have worked at the intersection between history, history education, and educational psychology, and have investigated how experts and novices address historical questions on the basis of sources provided to them, identifying certain differences in their strategy use, their ability to contextualize information gleaned from the sources, their use of prior knowledge, and their ideas about the nature of historical knowledge and historical evidence. Researchers have also studied the influence that learners’ epistemic beliefs, school curricula, pedagogical practices, testing, and classroom discourse may have on student learning in history. By their variety, these studies have illustrated the complex nature of learning in history and evidenced several tensions among educational goals and between these goals and educational practices in the 21st century.
Women in Madagascar
Authors: Rajaonah Faranirina V.
Published: June 2020

Lineage and rootedness in ancestral lands shape the course of women’s lives in Madagascar. Women certainly benefit from this situation, but it also constrains them. Despite the diversity of situations within the social spaces inherited from former kingdoms, women across the island play an essential role in their lineage. Some women have influenced the course of history, at times in ways that extend beyond their social sphere, in the capacity of queens, while others have voiced their disapproval of sovereigns’ decisions. Madagascar has witnessed accelerated change since the 19th century, brought about by the island’s increased integration into global markets dominated by the West, and represented by traders, missionaries, and colonial administrators. Upper-class women and their families have been able to choose from among the novelties offered them in the form of material goods, careers, education, and religion. Women of lesser means have likewise tried to find their way within an enlarged horizon, including through emigration, while their country, since independence, has been confronted by increasing challenges.
The Archaeology of Metal Production in Southern Africa
Authors: Moffett Abigail
Published: June 2020

Metal production in southern Africa dates to the early first millennium ce when the technology of working iron and copper was brought into the region by incoming “Iron Age” farming communities. The mining and production of copper, iron, and later, tin and gold were important activities in the lives of communities in southern Africa throughout the past two millennia. Not only were metals central to livelihoods, like the iron hoe in farming, but metal objects were also enmeshed in the social and political fabric of society, with the transaction and display of them creating social identities and cementing relationships.

The production of different metals varied in space and time, from household production of iron for domestic consumption to more specialized production of iron, copper, and tin or seasonal production of gold. Metals produced in southern Africa were traded over long distances and fed into regional trade networks that expanded to the wider Indian Ocean rim. Copper ingots and iron gongs from central Africa and brass from Europe have also been recovered in southern Africa, indicating the complex directionality with which metals, and the ideas and technological innovations associated with them, flowed. Analyzing patterns in the production and exchange of metals can reveal both micro-shifts in political economy, such as changes in the gendered division of labor, to macro-shifts, such as changing regional political powers. As a result, the archaeology of metal production exposes many aspects of the lives of Iron Age farming communities in southern Africa through time.
Anthropology and Implementation Science
Authors: Faro Elissa Z. , Heurtin-Roberts Suzanne , Reisinger Heather Schacht
Published: June 2020

Basic science and health services research has produced a substantial body of knowledge that has the significant possibility of improving human health and well-being. Much of that knowledge is published, yet read only by other researchers. Alternatively, this research becomes “evidence-based practice” (EBP), that is, knowledge obtained under specific controlled conditions. The world where humans live their everyday lives tends to be complex and “messy.” Thus, these EBPs are frequently ineffective when employed in the scientifically uncontrolled world.

Implementation Science (IS) is a fast-growing field intended to remedy this situation. IS was established to study the most effective strategies to integrate EBPs into public and community health and healthcare delivery. IS asks whether an intervention can be effective in a specific local context; that is, under what conditions and in what contexts can any change-oriented action be effective in the real-world? IS will continue to grow in visibility and significance as governments and funding agencies seek to ensure their investments in research are reaching their intended audiences and having demonstrable impact.

Anthropology has contributed significantly to IS, yet it can contribute so much more. Well-equipped to answer many of the questions posed by IS, anthropology’s theory and methods allow researchers to understand and broker both emic and etic perspectives, as well as represent the richness, fluidity, and complexity of context. Both anthropology and IS recognize the importance of context and locality, are real-world-oriented (vs. controlled research environments), and embrace complexity and nonlinearity. They are both comfortable with the emergent nature of research-produced knowledge and use both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Beyond these congruencies in perspectives and approaches, the rationale for having more anthropology in IS is not only because it is a good fit. Anthropology emphasizes critical analysis of power and unequal power structures; while such phenomena are sometimes included in IS, they are not frequently critiqued. Anthropology can furnish a questioning, critical perspective of the object of study and how it is studied, a perspective that is lacking in much IS work. Indeed, this approach is something that anthropology does best, and is integral to anthropology’s conceptual orientation. IS is one of the many spaces in which anthropologists are demonstrating relevance and having an impact.
Critical Phenomenology
Authors: Dyring Rasmus
Published: June 2020

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Please check back later for the full article.

Since the turn of the millennium, critical phenomenology has developed in a parallel fashion in both philosophy and anthropology, with considerable cross-pollination between the two movements. Where philosophical phenomenology traditionally has focused on disclosing the transcendental structures of subjectivity that condition the possibility of concrete lived experience, critical phenomenology combines a phenomenological sensitivity toward lived experience with a critical view as to how subjectivity is fashioned also under quasi-transcendental—experientially accessible and ethico-politically mutable—sociocultural and economic conditions. In both philosophy and anthropology, critical phenomenology has been inspired and instigated by feminist thinking and queer theory, and it most often takes its point of departure in the lifeworlds of those living somehow on the margins of society: for example, people of color, queer people, drug users, homeless people, and people living with dementia or other mental illnesses.

In anthropology, this combination of the phenomenological and the critical has been understood roughly in two different ways, according to where the critical impulse is located. One kind of critical phenomenology undertakes a third-person critique of societal structures, inspired by critical theory or poststructuralism, and combines it with a phenomenological analysis of the first-person experience of what it feels like to live under such conditions. Another approach to critical phenomenology finds the critical impulse in first-person experience itself. Here, the excessive limit experiences of breakdowns, perplexing particulars, and interruptions endured by people in their ordinary lives are explored phenomenologically as the loci of an indigenous critique of the prevailing societal orders and of the potentiality for things becoming otherwise. Critical phenomenology is closely related to the phenomenological and critical hermeneutical branches of the anthropology of ethics and, to some extent and critically so, to the ontological turn in anthropology.
Literary and Cultural Magazines in Brazil in the First Half of the 20th Century
Authors: Luca Tania Regina de
Published: June 2020

Printed periodicals constitute sources increasingly used by researchers in the human sciences, as the catalogues of publishers, dossiers of academic journals, and research carried out in graduate programs show. The enormous variety of titles, many of which are easily available thanks to the digitalization programs of the institutions that hold them, seems capable of meeting a wide variety of interests. While heterogeneity is one of the attractions of this type of documentation, it also raises significant challenges for those who use this material as a source, since methodological procedures are subordinated to the specific nature of the selected printed material. Not by chance, wide-ranging works, which propose to cover the history of the press as a whole, have ceded space to monographic works dedicated to in-depth analysis of a single periodical or a restricted number of titles. Cultural and literary periodicals have attracted particular attention from specialists, since they included in their editorial teams combative intellectuals committed to disseminating aesthetic, social, and political postures, which makes these publications privileged vehicles to investigate sensibilities, tastes, themes, and ideas, in short shared readings that help us to understand the dynamics of cultural life at a given moment.