bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State Reconstruction, 1850–1877
Authors: Woodward-Burns Robinson
Published: January 2022

The chapter recounts Civil War and Reconstruction-era constitutional development in four chronological steps. It first describes how Congress and the federal courts deferred to the states on territorial slavery, fugitive slave, and Black citizenship questions, which entrenched conflicting constitutional orders, exacerbating national controversy. Second, the chapter shows how the 1850 Compromise, continuing this pattern of deference, yielded divergent state slave law and finally the Civil War. The chapter then describes early attempts at presidential Reconstruction. The last section shows that Congress, leading Reconstruction after President Lincoln’s assassination, required former Confederate states to draft new constitutions, leading states to converge on abolition and civil and voting rights protections, aiding and guiding the later ratification of matching federal amendments. These state clauses established immediate uncompensated emancipation, equal protection, and universal male enfranchisement, often prior to and in more detail than did the federal Reconstruction Amendments. State constitution-making defused controversy over the new post-War constitutional order.
Psalms, Prayers, and Odes
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: January 2022

Chapter five is concerned with the psalms, prayers, and odes of the Apocrypha. A number of extra psalms were known in the ancient period, some of which found their way into the various versions of the Old Testament. Treated here are Psalms 151–155 and Psalms of Solomon, and also Prayer of Manasseh. Psalm 151 presents the words and thoughts of a young David. Psalms 152–155 include typical forms of the biblical psalms, such as lament and pleas for rescue. Prayer of Manasseh was an addition to 2 Chronicles. King Manasseh, the last king of Judah before the exile, was blamed for its fall, but in 2 Chronicles he was said to have been rehabilitated, and in some Greek Bibles his penitential prayer is included. Psalms of Solomon may never have been present as a text in an Old Testament, but was placed in an appendix to Codex Alexandrinus along with 1 and 2 Clement. As a result, it is included here. It presents the perspective of a smaller, more sectarian group within Judaism, the “congregations of the pious,” perhaps the Pharisees.
Radical Democracy, Jewish Universalism, and Social Democracy
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: January 2022

The American democratic socialist tradition began with radical democrats of the early American Republic, acquired movement infrastructure with the founding of the Knights of Labor and the Socialist Party, and established a socialist flank in the American Federation of Labor. Scholarship on American socialism has been overdetermined by two contrasting ways of looking down on it represented by Ira Kipnis and Daniel Bell, and has persistently underestimated the importance of religious socialism, through which most of the early movement’s female and African American socialists came into the movement.
New Left, Old Left, and Michael Harrington
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: January 2022

The Shachtmanites who took over the Socialist Party in the late 1950s had a vision of a realigned Democratic Party that put trade unions at the center, supported the civil rights movement, and drove out the party’s Dixiecrat flank. They said the Democratic Party was becoming a labor party in disguise. Meanwhile the leaders of Students for a Democratic Society called for a New Left, lumping together communists and anticommunist socialists as the Old Left. The left broke apart in the 1960s over the exotic turmoil of the antiwar, wave two feminist, Black Power, and Third World revolutionary movements. Two new Socialist organizations arose in response: the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee and the New American Movement. In 1982 they merged to form Democratic Socialists of America (DSA).
Social Enterprise Design
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter cites the corporate reform proposal that develops social enterprises further and deeply explores emerging and enduring forms. It explains the third-party B Corp certification and design of a business as a benefit corporation, which directly challenges shareholder primacy and provides an alternative enterprise design for multi-stakeholder businesses. It also analyzes scholarship from a variety of disciplines, which brings out the strengths and weaknesses of alternative to investor-owned corporations. The chapter mentions the emerging and most enduring values-based business form: cooperatives. It provides a broad introduction to the history, theories, economic impact, and values and principles of cooperatives as a form of enterprise, which could be utilized to address the most pressing sustainable development issues of the twenty-first century.
Measuring and Reporting Sustainability
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains how businesses measure and report sustainability and critiques the limits of such a reporting system. It describes the gold standard in reporting that most major corporations use as voluntary initiatives to show their corporate social responsibility and appeal to investors. It also examines the new law in the European Union that mandates non-financial reporting for certain businesses, including what data shows from the first years of implementation. The chapter refers to sustainability reporting in cooperatives in order to discuss international guidelines and data on whether cooperatives are measuring and reporting sustainability. It delves into concerns about reporting that do not result in actual sustainability and the need for changes at a more fundamental level of the corporation's purpose and business models to animate the private sector.
Consensus and Defection
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

Tracing the course of a badly needed, initially quite promising, but ultimately aborted constitutional process in Sri Lanka, this chapter reveals several hazards of constitutional processes. A lengthy public participation exercise exposed divisions among the public and delayed the deliberative part of the process. A failure of political leadership to commit itself unequivocally to promoting constitutional change resulted in the vulnerability of the process and its proposals when defections began to appear. Delay in the process exacerbated that vulnerability when elections approached, and consensus proved to be reversible.
Shaping a Process
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

The focus of this chapter is on identifying issues involved in structuring a constitutional process. Included are questions about the use of expert commissions or drafting committees consisting of members of the assembly, the structure of issue-based or functional committees, and the relation of any of these to the larger body. Several other procedural matters are also considered briefly, and there are caveats about the avoidance of a premature process, a rushed process, and loss of momentum in producing the constitution.
Introduction
Authors: Hutton Ronald
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter calls for a better contextualization of Oliver Cromwell in the surrounding events and pressures of his time. It suggests that there is an uneasy feeling among experts of this period that Cromwell is still somehow eluding them, and that nobody has as yet quite managed to fully understand him. Nonetheless, his recent biographers, while acknowledging the historical problems surrounding his life, have all resolved them in much the same way, which is why their portraits of the man are so similar. They have ended up by discounting the criticisms and condemnations of Cromwell made by contemporaries, and taking him essentially at his own evaluation. The chapter therefore attempts to reveal a man who was more pragmatic and more devious than the one represented by his own speeches and writings.
My Appointment as Governor of the Bank of Japan
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the appointment of the author as the deputy governor of the Bank of Japan on March 21, 2008, simultaneously becoming the acting governor. As executive director, the author had on many occasions seen the governor perform his duties in close quarters. But actually being the governor was a completely different experience. Given that the Bank of Japan is an organization that is expected to serve the public, in addition to the overarching responsibility of formulating policy it is essential that public trust in the bank be maintained. For that purpose, the bank has strict codes of conduct. In conducting monetary policy, it is important to obtain candid, firsthand information and a feel for current economic and financial developments from a diverse range of people. The chapter then looks at the author's experiences chairing the Policy Board and attending monetary policy meetings and the National Diet. In line with projections, the Japanese economy began to slow down. Accordingly, the monetary policy meeting successively downgraded its assessment of concurrent economic conditions.
The Collapse of Lehman Brothers
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September of 2008, which was a watershed event that pushed the global financial system and economy to the brink. The worst-case scenario was avoided, however, when governments and central banks around the world began to liquefy markets and stabilize financial asset prices as the magnitude of the crisis became evident. The turmoil of the months following the collapse of Lehman was one of the most unforgettable episodes during the author's tenure as governor of the Bank of Japan. The chapter begins by looking at the collapse of the US housing bubble. The bursting of the US housing bubble quickly became evident in sluggish housing investments, but it took some time before the overall economy began to suffer. The chapter then considers how the Bank of Japan did everything within its powers to maintain the stability of the financial system and the economy.
Between Realism and Camp Aesthetic: the Hollywood Spaces in the American Noir Narrative
Authors: Gutiérrez José Ismael
Published: January 2022

While delighting in the crude realism and urban violence, the American noir narrative that emerged in the mid-20’s of the last century folds into some aspects of the postmodern camp aesthetic in that it repeatedly incorporates elements that, coming from popular culture, have acquired a certain degree of prestige and recognition over time. As this article attempts to demonstrate, this amalgam of dichotomous ingredients harmonizes in those police novels and stories that choose Hollywood spaces to ironically contextualize its intrigues.
Способы создания каламбурных агиоантропонимов в испанском языке
Authors: Лаврентьева Анастасия
Published: January 2022

В данной статье автор представляет вниманию читателей особый вид религиозных онимов в испанском языке − каламбурные агиоантропонимы, или имена «квазисвятых». Выдуманным святым приписываются сферы покровительства, иногда даты почитания, поэтому каламбурные имена органично вписываются в контексты религиозной тематики. В статье подробно рассматриваются грамматические модели образования каламбурных агиоантропонимов, а также типы их лексических связей с опорным словом, которым чаще всего выступает созвучное имя реального святого. Испанские каламбурные агиоантропонимы являются ярким примером десакрализации христианских образов, столь характерной для испанской лингвокультуры.
Female post-copulatory behavior in a group of olive baboons (Papio anubis) infected by Treponema pallidum
Authors: Paciência Filipa M. D. , Chuma Idrissa S. , Lipende Iddi F. , Knauf Sascha , Zinner Dietmar
Published: January 2022

Pathogens exert a profound and pervasive cost on various aspects of primate sociality and reproduction. In olive baboons (Papio anubis) at Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania, genital skin ulcers, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue, are associated with increased female mating avoidance and altered male mating patterns at a pre-copulatory and copulatory level. Beyond this, mating is also comprised of post-copulatory interactions among sexual partners (i.e., copulation calls, darting [post-copulatory sprint away from the male], and post-copulatory grooming). In baboons, female post-copulatory behavior is hypothesized to incite male-male competition, promote subsequent copulations, and/or strengthen the bonds between the mating pairs. Due to a higher reproductive burden (i.e. pregnancy, lactation, infant rearing), females should avoid proceptive behavior after mating to decrease further exposure to potential pathogens. To investigate whether the presence of genital skin ulcers has an impact at the post-copulatory level, we analyzed 517 copulation events of 33 cycling females and 29 males with and without genital skin ulcers. The occurrence of female post-copulatory behaviors was not altered by genital skin ulcerations in males. Similar to other baboon populations, females in our study group were more likely to utter copulation calls after an ejaculatory copulation. The likelihood of darting was higher after ejaculatory copulations and with the presence of copulation calls. Post-copulatory grooming (i.e., occurring within 15 seconds after a copulation) was not frequently observed. Our results indicate that despite the presence of conspicuous signs of disease, female post-copulatory behavior was not affected by the genital health status of the males. This indicates that in our study group, infection cues caused by T. pallidum subsp. pertenue play a major role before and during mating, but not after mating. The post-copulatory behavior of females is most likely affected by physiological or evolutionary constraints other than sexually transmitted infections.
Comparison of ready-to-eat “organic” antimicrobials, sodium bisulfate, and sodium lactate, on Listeria monocytogenes and the indigenous microbiome of organic uncured beef frankfurters stored under refrigeration for three weeks
Authors: Bodie Aaron R. , Dittoe Dana K. , Feye Kristina M. , Knueven Carl J. , Ovall Christina , Ricke Steven C.
Published: January 2022

Listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in several ready-to-eat (RTE) foodborne outbreaks, due in part to its ability to survive under refrigerated conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium bisulfate (SBS), sodium lactate (SL), and their combination as short-duration antimicrobial dips (10-s) on L. monocytogenes and the microbiome of inoculated organic frankfurters (8 Log10 CFU/g). Frankfurters were treated with tap water (TW), SBS0.39%, SBS0.78%, SL0.78%, SL1.56%, SBS+SL0.39%, SBS+SL0.78%. In addition, frankfurters were treated with frankfurter solution water (HDW)+SBS0.78%, HDW+SL1.56%, and HDW+SBS+SL0.78%. After treatment, frankfurters were vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C. Bacterial enumeration and 16S rDNA sequencing occurred on d 0, 7, 14, 21. Counts were Log10 transformed and calculated as growth potential from d 0 to d 7, 14, and 21. Data were analyzed in R using mixed-effects model and One-Way ANOVA (by day) with differences separated using Tukey’s HSD at P ≤ 0.05. The 16S rDNA was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq and analyzed in Qiime2-2018.8 with significance at P ≤ 0.05 and Q ≤ 0.05 for main and pairwise effects. An interaction of treatment and time was observed among the microbiological plate data with all experimental treatments reducing the growth potential of Listeria across time (P < 0.0001). Efficacy of treatments was inconsistent across time; however, on d 21, SBS0.39% treated franks had the lowest growth potential compared to the control. Among diversity metrics, time had no effect on the microbiota (P > 0.05), but treatment did (P < 0.05). Thus, the treatments potentially promoted a stable microbiota across time. Using ANCOM, Listeria was the only significantly different taxa at the genus level (P < 0.05, W = 52). Therefore, the results suggest incorporating SBS over SL as an alternative antimicrobial for the control of L. monocytogenes in organic frankfurters without negatively impacting the microbiota. However, further research using multiple L. monocytogenes strains will need to be utilized in order to determine the scope of SBS use in the production of RTE meat.
Shoe Reels: The History and Philosophy of Footwear in Film, Elizabeth Ezra and Catherine Wheatley (Eds) (2020)
Authors: Roberts Cheryl
Published: January 2022

Review of: Shoe Reels: The History and Philosophy of Footwear in Film, Elizabeth Ezra and Catherine Wheatley (Eds) (2020)

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 320 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-47445-140-6, h/bk, £85
A esfera pública também sente?
Authors: Ferreira Gil Baptista
Published: January 2022

O ponto de partida deste artigo é a crescente atenção hoje dada ao afeto e às emoções enquanto dimensões incontornáveis do ponto de vista da participação cívica, particularmente no contexto dos media online e sociais – e as consequências que esta atenção traz à noção de esfera pública. Parte da identificação de algumas das dificuldades intrínsecas à ideia clássica de esfera pública, sobretudo as que resultam da sua estruturação estrita a partir do racionalismo discursivo. Aprecia a estrutura dos media e o modo como essa estrutura acolhe formas de expressividade da conversação pública. Descreve a transformação do ethos associado às formas de discursividade, e a inclusão, com um estatuto renovado, de caraterísticas como o afeto ou as emoções. Enuncia algumas das ambivalências associadas à presença das emoções na esfera pública, e, de um modo mais específico, no jornalismo, e o modo como dessas ambivalências decorre um olhar renovado sobre as oportunidades de participação cívica e, igualmente, sobre os perigos que ameaçam a discursividade pública.
Bigi Poku and Kaseko
Authors: Weltak Marcel
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the features of the music and instrumentation of the two most popular forms of Afro-Surinamese music. It also gives portraits of key players up until 1990. Kaseko does not deviate all that much from such other African music styles such as highlife from Ghana and soukous from Congo, which in turn have been influenced by calypso, samba, and Cuban music.

One explanation of the world kaseko is that it is a corruption of ‘kase le corp’, Patois for ‘break the body’ (Patois is the creolized French spoken in neighboring French Guiana). In general, dance music in that country—and in the Lawa region of eastern Suriname—is also referred to as kaseko. A third possibility is that the word derives from the African language (presumably Ashanti) ‘kaiso’, which means both ‘shake’ and ‘bravo’. In that case, kaseko would then share the same root of the name with calypso.
Contemporary Surinamese Jazz
Authors: Weltak Marcel
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the position of jazz musicians in the Netherlands from the 1970s onward and discusses important musical developments and reactions in the Dutch press. It also provides information on the key players.

In 1973, ten years after the death of Kid Dynamite, social worker and bass guitarist Vincent Henar began organizing jazz concerts in the club Kwakoe-Bijlmermeer. By Surinamese standards quite avant-garde music resounded among the tall blocks of apartment buildings. Surinamese jazz musicians had discovered the music of Charlie Parker and Miles Davis. Ten years later, two groups, Surinam Music Ensemble (SME) and Fra Fra Sound, took over the torch from Kid Dynamite. They developed a new music form in which Afro-Surinamese, Caribbean, and Afro-American traditions all flowed together. These were the most important steps towards the creation of Paramaribop.
Surinamese Women in Music
Authors: Weltak Marcel
Published: January 2022

This chapter charts the key women figures in Surinamese music since the 1930s up to 1990. It includes women who sang jazz and popular forms of light music.
Safety for White People Only through Nationalism
Authors: Anderson Wendy K. Z.
Published: January 2022

Through a comparative analysis of white nationalist women’s websites and spaces in 2007 with Donald Trump’s campaign rhetoric and past articulations of his daughter, Ivanka, this chapter identifies how white nationalist women’s rhetorical refinement of survival, social, and independence values mirror coded values rhetoric Trump used in the 2016 election cycle. White nationalist women and Trump vocalize and prioritize safety and security and social values over independence values to create a foundation for the conservative platform. Economic hardship, desires for a postracial community, immigration-focused efforts, and historic and legal racism (slavery and the prison system) sharpen a cultural zeitgeist of insecurity for people in the United States to become target audience members for a unifying frame of whiteness. By rhetorically refining American independence values into narrowly defined [white] survival and social values, white nationalism women construct a palatable white identity foundationally similar to the populist rhetoric used by Trump.
Reckoning with White Fragility by Alt-Right Shield Maidens
Authors: Anderson Wendy K. Z.
Published: January 2022

Chapter five disassembles rhetoric of the alt-right women as they validate their white privilege through a motherhood-based rhetoric of “contained agency” to justify their attack on independent, feminist women. DiAngelo notes that multiple factors “inculcate” white fragility to preserve white privilege: segregation, universalism and individualism, racial arrogance, entitlement to racial comfort, racial belonging, psychic freedom, and hierarchical value. An analysis of the rhetoric of four alt-right women’s rhetoric connected with the “identitarian movement” illustrates the severity of a rhetoric of classification and apologia of white fragility. Alt-right women create barriers between groups of people who are similarly oppressed by trying to center white women’s concerns. Through their vlogs and twitter accounts, alt-right women illustrate a loss of agency due to the lack of “im-mediate” relationship between white audiences and speakers. Yet, their lack of epistemological agency, or altering how they or others understand how they produce knowledge, contains their frameset.
Am I Mixed Enough?: Dougla and the Complications of Phenotype
Authors: Barratt Sue Ann , Ranjitsingh Aleah N.
Published: January 2022

This chapter signals the first detailed point of entry into the empirical exploration and interrogation of Dougla ontology—the questioning of whether one is indeed enough. It elaborates the tensions the Dougla individual faces as self and other engage in attempts to evaluate the legitimacy of the variable ways an individual may claim and live a mixed racialized ethnic identity.
Maneuvering Mixedness: Interpreting Dougla in the Caribbean Diaspora
Authors: Barratt Sue Ann , Ranjitsingh Aleah N.
Published: January 2022

This chapter theorizes the experiences of the Dougla in the diaspora, a set of experiences not yet elaborated in discussions of Dougla racialized ethnicity. It asserts the concept of maneuvering as a performative act, deploying the concept as a descriptive and explanatory tool that summarizes how Douglas contemplate their experience of mixedness outside of Caribbean homeland spaces.
Crumb and Abstraction
Authors: Davies Paul Fisher
Published: January 2022

In an interview published in The R. Crumb Handbook, Crumb notes his disinterest in abstraction in postwar art: “You lose me with post-war abstract expressionism. The “fine” art after World War II doesn’t do it for me.… I don’t get what it’s about. You’re supposed to express yourself, but you’re not supposed to say anything?” On the surface, Crumb’s claim makes sense, since his work is representational. Yet, building on Andrei Molotiu’s interest in defining “abstract comics” as a distinct variety of experimental comics, this chapter analyzes how abstraction functions in Crumb’s work, in a way that is distinct from abstract expressionism but that is abstract in other ways. In this chapter, Paul Fisher Davies focuses on Crumb’s deliberate explorations, and scornful pastiches, of abstraction and cubism in his comics and sketchbooks, as well as those formal aspects of Crumb’s work that attract readers and fans: his crosshatching work, the expressiveness of his line, and other elements of design. In so doing, the chapter offers a reflection on what it is to be abstract, what abstraction is opposed to, and how non-representational, non-diegetic, non-specific, and non-narrative devices play important roles in Crumb’s work.
Postracial Futures and Colorblind Ideology
Authors: Hale Sierra
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Sierra Hale considers the series' use of colorblind ideology, arguing that the use of literary colorblindness and technology as a metaphor for race perpetuates racist discourse. The essay specifically demonstrates how “the use of post-racial spaces that espouse a colorblind ideology” elides experiences of difference in a genre that purports to deal with difference directly.
Eugenics and the “Purity” of Memory Erasure
Authors: Polish Alex
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Alex Polish examines how disability is constructed as a form of racialized otherness. The essay contends that the series creates a colorblind world, which they define as an ableist term and a privileged world, enabling characters to believe that race no longer exists.
Fore-fronting Race and Law
Authors: Rix Zara
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Zara Rix argues that Ambelin Kwaymullina, an indigenous Australian author, imagines a dystopian Australia as a way to teach readers about Australia’s history of indigeneity. The indigenous futurism Kwaymullina employs allows her to envision a path forward for Australia—one that respects and honors indigenous tradition while also leaning on indigenous notions of law to move the nation toward a more ethical social order. In The Interrogation of Ashala Wolf, Kwaymullina combines the genres of YA and Indigenous Futurism to address issues of Indigenous land use, ownership, and access to citizenship. Kwaymullina demonstrates the importance of Aboriginal peoples and concepts of nationhood to the contemporary world order, suggesting that a just and ecologically balanced world can come only from reincorporating Indigenous practices into governmental policy. In making these moves, The Interrogation of Ashala Wolf becomes a utopian vision in the most politically active sense.
Bringing Winnie Home
Authors: De Roover Megan
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Megan De Roover examines the Canadian context of the Winnie-the-Pooh stories, including the narrative of Harry Colebourn’s relationship with the black bear Winnie. It situates this history in the context of Canadian nationalism. It also situates both the Pooh stories and the Winnie story within the wider context of bear conservation in Canada.
Reading Winnie-the-Pooh in Croatian Primary Schools
Authors: Kujundžić Nada , Milković Ivana
Published: January 2022

While its inclusion on required and recommended reading lists for Croatian primary schools points to a recognition and confirmation of its canonical status, the Croatian translation of Winnie-the-Pooh met with a fairly lukewarm reception on the part of Croatian audiences. In this chapter, Nada Kujundžić and Ivana Milković examine this issue from two angles. First, they explore the possible reasons for the lack of success of Winnie-the-Pooh among Croatian readers, and then they examine the status and presentation of Milneʼs book within the framework of Croatian primary education.
Blue Ecology and Resistance
Authors: Wardi Anissa Janine
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses water and its indelible relationship to life forms. Earth is a blue planet: water comprises more than two thirds of the earth’s surface, and our body mass. Blue, for all its water and life-giving associations, is a melancholy color, a hue of sadness. Reading Blue, then, in terms of a blues ecology provides a nuanced framework for considering an African diasporic perspective. In that way, a blue/blues ecology is employed as a framework for theorizing survival and trauma, and physical and psychological dislocations. Specific attention will be paid to islands, swamps, and shorelines as sites of resistance in Tar Baby and Love. These ecotones are liminal spaces where aquatic and terrestrial frontiers meet, and where past and present and human and nonhuman ecosystems encounter and integrate.
The Fall of the Towers and the Rise of Political Comics Journalism
Authors: Knopf Christina M.
Published: January 2022

The intermedia phenomenon of the 9/11 terrorist attacks provides the basis for this chapter, which examines graphic novel adaptations of government reports, including the so-called 9/11 Report, Torture Report, Mueller Report, Trump-Russia Memos, and Warren Commission Report, as well as other examples of comics journalism that have focused on campaigns and presidential politics. Building on studies of comics journalism, the chapter argues that graphic reportage offers readers context to aid in the consumption and comprehension of complex and emotionally challenging material and that the medium is particularly adept at enabling under-represented voices and gaining recognition for narrative as a mode of knowing.
The Difference Between a Superhero and a Female Politician is a Cape
Authors: Knopf Christina M.
Published: January 2022

Women took center stage during the 2008 presidential election with the campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin, sparking a cottage industry of comic books which are the focus of this chapter. Drawing on metaphoric clusters used by the media to frame female politicians, the chapter provides a historical look at real and imagined political women of comics and cartoons, from Victoria Woodhull to Betty Boop, and from Wonder Woman to Michelle Obama. Recognizing that both American comic book culture and American political culture have historically been male-dominated spaces, these females are doubly disadvantaged.
The Very Stable Evil Genius of Luthor, Loki, Doom, and Donald
Authors: Knopf Christina M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter opens on election night 2016 with a look at the “supervillain origin story” of Donald Trump’s campaign and the many comparisons in popular media made between Trump and comic book supervillains. This chapter critiques the allure of toxic leaders and the conditions of fascism through the many successful attempts by villains, such as Lex Luthor, Red Skull, and Loki, to assume the mantel of president. The chapter suggests that villains and other toxic leaders are appealing because of their ambition and because right and wrong, good and bad, are often matters of perspective and context.
Ex-Presidents and Days of Futuristic Pasts
Authors: Knopf Christina M.
Published: January 2022

Chapter Eleven discusses comics that look back at American political history through presidential allohistories—fictionalized, reimagined, or reinterpreted versions of historical record in forms that can be considered speculative fiction. The chapter primarily focuses on several “punk” histories: steampunk, dieselpunk, and biopunk accounts of wartime presidents and eras: Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and the Cold War of Franklin Roosevelt through Lyndon Johnson. It argues that nostalgia plays a large role in the shape of these accounts, and in current political debates, continuing to reinforce the American presidency as an inherently White, masculine, institution.
“Some of These Days”
Authors: Garber Michael G.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on “Some of These Days” (1910), an American songwriting landmark. Its accepted origin story is refuted. In an example of collective innovation, performer-composer-lyricist Shelton Brooks (a Canadian Native American and African American) borrowed his initial motif and words from “Some o’ Dese Days” (1905), by Frank Williams.The lifelong theme of Sophie Tucker, the song is a jazz standard, notably revived by Bobby Darin. It contributed to the evolution of the genre by depicting internal conflict. Analysis of its elements reveals the piece’s complexity; this is also explored in a reception study. Print and performance tradition variants are detailed. Both in Jean-Paul Sartre’s novel Nausea and in movies (Rose-Marie; Only Angels Have Wings; All That Jazz; Beyond the Sea), it is imbued with symbolic importance, explored further in a conclusion drawing on poetry and philosophy.
Slave Capitalism in Faulkner
Authors: Matthews John T.
Published: January 2022

A central achievement of recent scholarship on capitalism has been the detailed case it makes for how extensively Atlantic capitalism relied on a global system of enslaved labor. Besides the direct profits European investors extracted from colonial agricultural enterprises, establishing dominance over the production, manufacturing, and trade in commodities like cotton, gains also came from instruments of financialization in speculative investment, credit banking, and insurance—developing industries that fed on slave capitalism. Faulkner’s chronicle of the plantation regime exposes its dependence on financialized forms of slave capitalism, however much its participants deny them.  The particulars of financialized slaveholding in Absalom, Absalom! retain legibility under their attempted expungement by not-narration.  After considering capitalist derangements of personhood and time in the novel, contributor John T. Matthews turns to how its aesthetic responds to slave capitalism’s infliction of such violence.  Faulkner’s fiction formalizes the distortions of slave capitalism, but he redeploys such distortion in narrative and stylistic forms that resist capitalism’s demands.
Playing Monopoly with William Faulkner
Authors: Armstrong Tim
Published: January 2022

In this essay, Tim Armstrong begins with forms of capital relation that derive from slavery: the question of the slave’s debt; the question of the slave being “without recourse” in law; the question of slaves being conceptually linked to land (or “predial”). Its framing device is topological.  Looking at the “oblong of earth set forever in the middle of the two-thousand-acre plantation like a postage stamp” which is Lucas Beauchamp’s estate in Intruder in the Dust, it explores the aftercourses of slavery’s relations. Invoking the square of the Monopoly board, and the thinking of Henry George that inspired it, it considers the critique of land ownership in Go Down Moses before moving to another topological frame: the oval of the racetrack, and associated horses and gambling in A Fable and other texts, which is linked ultimately in Faulkner to a loosening of financial relations. In his late work The Reivers, gambling has a more utopian element in which debt is readjusted.
Diary 3 2008–2012
Authors: Willson Brian
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines the annual festivals for Egúngún worship. It describes a participants first ritual obligation—the obrigaçao—towards becoming an Egúngún priest, or Ojé. It is shown that a three-day involvement is necessary, including periods of seclusion. This chapter presents the idea that the communal worship, work ethic, and camaraderie are essential elements of a well-functioning terreiro. This chapter elucidates the nature of the mystical experiences the participant goes through. It presents an overview of a complete Egúngún festival, describing it in detail and argues that the terreiro is a microcosm of the world; recreating Africa within its walled boundaries.
Timeline
Authors: Willson Brian
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines the history of Egúngún as it exists in Brazil since slave times. It argues that it was kept alive by a very small group of families’ particularly the Daniel de Paula family. This chapter presents an overview of the slave trade and examines the proportion of slaves that ended up in Bahia from the slave coast. It suggests that the Nàgó–Yorùbá nation had the biggest cultural impact in Bahia, and it is from there that we get Egúngún. Reconstituted on Itaparica in the early 1800s by two different leaders who were both slaves, the history on the island is documented up until the late 20th century. At one point during the 1980s it was reported that only two houses remained; this chapter argues that it is a miracle of memory and retention through oral tradition that this society remained alive and is now flourishing.
“And Then There Was the Letter”
Authors: Willson Brian
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents a formal interview with Babá Carlos Ojé Dúdú, the authors godfather and one of the most important elder Egúngún priests in Brazil. This chapter presents the history of Babá Carlos’ initiation into Egúngún and the receipt of a prophetic letter from his grandfather many years after his death. In this letter he is told what he must do from that point onward. It also reveals how he was given some secrets of the Gelede society—a woman’s society, and he related that he was able to call the author’s godmother because of those instructions, remarking how he found the situation between the author and himself of particular interest because of her presence. The chapter also presents an overview of the planting of the patron Egúngún at his terreiro in Rio: Babá Ọ̀lojadé.
Women and Asian Comic Art
Authors: Lent John A.
Published: January 2022

When people argue that they don’t know any significant women cartoonists, it often turns out that they simply haven’t been looking. In this chapter, John A. Lent demonstrates the rich history of women creating and promoting comics in many Asian countries. It attempts to grapple with the marginalization of women in comics, taking women cartoonists in Asia as its focus. Examining the gendering of periodicals and genres, stereotyped portrayals of women in cartoons and comics, and the careers and attitudes of female cartoonists, the chapter attempts not only to redress the false perception that no or few women have had significant careers as comic artists but also to explain how their careers have been rendered invisible.
Learning to “Speak without Shame”
Authors: Wieskamp Valerie
Published: January 2022

Though sexual violence is often cloaked in silence, the “Delhi bus rape” that led to the death of 23-year-old medical student Jyoti Singh Pandey in 2012 incited an abundance of public discourse. One response was Priya’s Shakti, a comic created by Indian American documentarian Ram Devineni and a transnational team of producers and gender-based violence experts to expose and address gender discrimination and violence. Through a rhetorical analysis of Priya’s Shakti, contributor Valerie Wieskamp argues that the comic book models important feminist and postcolonial interventions in rape culture. Even as the international public depicts sexual violence as a consequence of Indian culture, the comic reverses the neocolonial tendency to privilege Western-centered responses by showcasing elements of Indian heritage as a solution to rape culture. Further, Priya’s Shakti begins to address publics excluded from international and Indian discourses by representing rural, lower class, and disadvantaged women.
The Tribes of Comic-Con
Authors: Salkowitz Rob
Published: January 2022

Conventions occupy a unique space within fan culture and the creative enterprises of comics, gaming, and genre-based work. Yet, what began as niche gatherings have become sprawling spectacles, mirroring the mainstreaming of fandom from subculture to mass culture. Many changes to the structure and character of fan conventions, and thus fan culture, derive from the massive popularity of the San Diego Comic-Con, the largest and most prominent pop culture convention in North America. In this chapter, Rob Salkowitz analyzes how San Diego Comic-Con has retained its position at the top of convention industry and fandom, balancing the powerful forces of commercialization against its original mission to champion comics and fandom. It draws on interviews, economic research, convention demographics, and social media analysis to show how various subsegments—or “tribes”—use the Con as a platform for their own interests while simultaneously helping maintain the show’s integrity.
Religijność mieszkańców Śląska Cieszyńskiego w ujęciu statystycznym
Authors: Żebrok Przemysław
Published: January 2022

In recent years Poland has been undergoing rapid socio-cultural changes. Along with these changes one can observe a systematic decline in the importance of religious life. This leads to reflection on the direction and depth of transformations, and consequently on the place of religion in the life of future generations. The study attempts to statistically present the religious situation of the inhabitants of Cieszyn Silesia. This is a very specific region mainly due to the diversity of confessions. Historical conditions, as well as the current religious structure make this subject difficult to study, but at the same time very interesting. For a more complete picture, the data from the beginning of the 20th century, as well as from the present day, were used.
Akademickie batalie. Tradycje i współczesność
Authors: Drozdowicz Zbigniew
Published: January 2022

In these remarks I make the attempt to sketch a battle which in the time span of many centuries had been led by the academic community with the internal and external threats. The first ones included (and still do in large extent) among others interfering in the conducted scientific research by the Church authorities. The latter ones on the other hand included crossing the boundary of science and stepping into the territory infested by all sorts of pseudoscience. Although I recall here just the example of such pseudoscience such as alchemy, but nevertheless it shows well how hard it was and still is for scholars to set these boundaries and not to cross them. In the end of the paper I formulate certain general remarks and suggestions related to the issues tackled in the text.
Patología dental y dieta de la población de Yuthu (400 - 100 A. C) en el periodo formativo del cusco, Perú
Authors: Ricalde Pino Angela Silvia
Published: January 2022

En un contexto funerario, los restos humanos que mejor estado de conservación presentan al paso del tiempo y de los que más información se puede obtener relacionado al modo de vida, procesos patológicos, hábitos alimenticios, perfiles de salud bucal, inmunidad y prácticas culturales, de un individuo, son los restos óseos y las piezas dentales. El presente análisis interdisciplinario realizado en 17 individuos, procedentes de las excavaciones realizadas en el sitio arqueológico de Yuthu, revela el precario perfil de salud bucodental y paleopatologías dentales que afectaban a estos individuos. Llegando a identificar, para esta región del Perú, los primeros reportes y evolución de paleopatologías dentales que hasta la actualidad vienen afectando a la humanidad.
Cerro Conde: estudio preliminar de un sitio arqueológico situado en la margen derecha del valle medio del río Chillón
Authors: Villalta Tello Anthony Ulises
Published: January 2022

El presente estudio es producto de las investigaciones que realizamos durante el curso de Prácticas pre-profesionales en Arqueología III, dictado por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, abarca los estudios realizados a nivel superficial del sitio arqueológico Cerro Conde que se ubica en el Centro Poblado Huarangal (Ex–Hacienda Huarangal), distrito de Carabayllo, Lima. El pionero en hacer estudios de los asentamientos arqueológicos del valle del río Chillón fue el padre Villar Córdova (1935), posteriormente investigadores como Dillehay (1976), Rostorowski (1977), Silva (1996), Farfán (2000), y Aranguren (2002), han puesto los bases para el futuro estudio de esta zona. Luego de la revisión bibliográfica en general del valle del Chillón, decidí investigar los asentamientos arqueológicos que están en el límite del valle bajo y medio del río Chillón, específicamente los asentamientos que se posicionaron en las laderas y las cumbres de los cerros que están próximos al río Chillón. Luego de delimitar el área de estudio, plantear la problemática e identificar el objeto de estudio, decidí investigar el sitio arqueológico Cerro Conde, ya que es un sitio que cumple con las características mencionadas líneas arriba.
El racismo científico peruano en su contexto. Javier Prado y el “Estado Social” (1894)
Authors: Montoya Paul
Published: January 2022

El artículo propone un análisis al discurso racista académico en el Perú de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primeros lustros del XX, enfocado en la obra escrita y labor académico-política de Javier Prado y Ugarteche (1871-1921). Haciendo particular énfasis en su texto de 1894: Estado Social del Perú durante la dominación española, nuestra hipótesis es que se puede rastrear y exponer a partir de este famoso texto, una red de intertextualidad, puesto que, como discurso-texto tuvo una recepción «exitosa» en su momento, ya que produjo un efecto discursivo, es decir, generó debate. Así, es posible articular alrededor del mismo, otros discursos que funcionaron como antecedentes explícitos, textos contemporáneos y también posteriores que hicieron referencias directas e indirectas al texto de 1894. A partir de él se pretende exponer, de forma más amplia, el fenómeno del racismo académico peruano, el cual, más allá de haber sido parte de discursos ‘señeros y soberbios’, se consolidó en su momento como parte de una «cultura académica». Se pretende entonces comprender el racismo científico peruano en su contexto de producción.
Basadre entre el Sesquicentenario y el Bicentenario de la independencia del Perú. A propósito de la reedición de El azar en la historia y sus límites
Authors: Loayza Pérez Alex
Published: January 2022

Después de 48 años, Taurus reedita el clásico libro de Jorge Basadre El azar en la historia y sus límites (2021) ¿Por qué reeditar este libro en particular dentro de la vasta obra de Basadre? Además de que la primera edición estaba agotada hace décadas, la actual coyuntura del bicentenario de la independencia del Perú parece la razón más atendible dado el tema de este libro. Tras casi medio siglo de producción historiográfica sobre la independencia, no obstante, mucho (nuevo o repetido) se ha dicho y los debates, al parecer, han cambiado. En tal sentido, en esta edición hubiera sido importante añadir un prólogo que explique el contexto de publicación de este libro, además de su vigencia e importancia. Las siguientes líneas son un intento de cubrir ese vacío.
A key to excellence: patience and patient in the early Sufis
Authors: AKTULGA GÜRBÜZ Sevda
Published: January 2022

Patience is one of the basic principles of Sufism, which is widely included in the Quran and hadiths. In Sufi understanding, it is accepted that the basis of patience is to abandon the complaint and complaint to the divine appreciation. Patience is one of the basic levels that must be reached by the Sufis on the way to becoming a perfect human. The early Sufis defined patience according to their spiritual state and graded it as the patience of ones who obey the god and lover of the god. Patience is one of the basic levels that must be reached by the Sufis on the way to becoming a perfect human. The early Sufis defined patience according to their spiritual state and graded it as the patience of the abids and the minstrels. Terms that are important in Sufism such as submission, zuhd, poor, consent, which are related to patience; They are regarded as facilitators of patience. These levels are elements that complement each other in combating the nafs. For Sufis, the reward of patience is forgiveness and eternal happiness. Therefore, it is seen as an element of psychological treatment, as it requires patience, tolerance against obstacles and preserving hope for the difficulties of worshiping. Patience, a transformation and educational activity in terms of achieving positive personality traits is one of the important points in Sufi terminology.
Key words: The early Sufis Patience, Quran, Hadith, Levels, Achievements.