bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avian community characteristics and demographics reveal how conservation value of regenerating tropical dry forest changes with forest age
Authors: Latta Steven C. , Brouwer Nathan L. , Mejía Danilo A. , Paulino Maria M.
Published: July 2018

Expansion of secondary forests following the abandonment of agriculture may have important implications for bird conservation, but few studies have examined the dynamics of this process. We studied bird use of a chronosequence of differently-aged abandoned pastures regenerating to dry forest to better understand how the value of these habitats to birds changes over time. In a five year study on Hispaniola, we recorded 7,315 net captures of 60 species of landbirds in sites that began the study at two, five, 10, and 20 years post-abandonment, and in mature native dry forest. Twenty-five species made up 97% of all net captures. Highest capture rates were in the two youngest sites. These early-successional habitats had many over-wintering Neotropical migrants; among residents, granivores and frugivores predominated. In contrast, both the twenty-year-old and mature forest sites had few migrants, more resident insectivores and omnivorous species, and a greater proportion of endemics. Age and sex ratios, body condition and site persistence suggest early successional sites were sub-optimal for most over-wintering migrants, but habitat improved with age for three migratory species; results for permanent residents varied among species. Remnant trees and understory shrubs in the agroecological matrix likely contributed to avian diversity in regenerating dry forest sites, and proximity to mature forest also likely affected the diversity and abundance of birds in regenerating habitat. Our study shows that regenerating forests do not fully compensate for loss of mature dry forest habitat, even after 24 years of regeneration; natural restoration of complex microhabitats in dry forest sites converted to agriculture may take decades or longer. The highest value of regenerating forests may be as habitat for some over-wintering Neotropical migrants, and in creating a buffer zone that enhances biodiversity conservation by re-integrating these lands into the protected tracts of mature forest needed by the islands more unique and endemic bird species.
Linkages between soil carbon, soil fertility and nitrogen fixation inAcacia senegalplantations of varying age in Sudan
Authors: Abaker Wafa E. , Berninger Frank , Saiz Gustavo , Pumpanen Jukka , Starr Mike
Published: July 2018

Background

Over the last decades sub-Saharan Africa has experienced severe land degradation and food security challenges linked to loss of soil fertility and soil organic matter (SOM), recurrent drought and increasing population. Although primary production in drylands is strictly limited by water availability, nutrient deficiencies, particularly of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), are also considered limiting factors for plant growth. It is known that SOM (often measured as soil organic carbon (SOC)) is a key indicator of soil fertility, therefore, management practices that increase SOM contents, such as increasing tree cover, can be expected to improve soil fertility. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect ofAcacia senegal(Senegalia senegal) trees on soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (K) in relation to SOC, the potential ofA. senegalfor N2fixation, and to identify possible N and P ecosystem limitations.

Methods

Soil nutrient (total N, P, K and available P and exchangeable K) concentrations and stocks were determined for the 0–10, 10–20,20–30 and 30–50 cm layers ofA. senegalplantations of varying age (ranging from 7 to 24-years-old) and adjacent grasslands (reference) at two sites in semi-arid areas of Sudan. At both sites, three plots were established in each grassland and plantation. The potential ofA. senegalfor N2fixation in relation to plantations age was assessed using δ15N isotopic abundances and nutrient limitations assessed using C:N:P stoichiometry.

Results

Soil concentrations of all studied nutrients were relatively low but were significantly and directly correlated to SOC concentrations. SOC and nutrient concentrations were the highest in the topsoil (0–10 cm) and increased with plantations age. Acacia foliage δ15N values were >6‰ and varied little with plantations age. Soil C:N and C:P ratios did not differ between grassland and plantations and only 0–10 cm layer N:P ratios showed significant differences between grassland and plantations.

Discussion

The results indicated that soil fertility in the Sahel region is strongly related to SOM contents and therefore highlighting the importance of trees in the landscape. The higher mineral nutrient concentrations in the topsoil of the plantations may be an indication of ‘nutrient uplift’ by the deeper roots. The high foliar δ15N values indicated that N2fixation was not an important contributor to soil N contents in the plantations. The accretion of soil N cannot be explained by deposition but may be related to inputs of excreted N brought into the area annually by grazing and browsing animals. The soil C:N:P stoichiometry indicated that the plantations may be limited by P and the grasslands limited by N.
Identification and expression analysis of EDR1-like genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in response to Golovinomyces orontii
Authors: Wu Lei , Zhang Xiaoying , Xu Bingxin , Li Yueyue , Jia Ling , Wang Rengang , Ren Xueliang , Wang Genhong , Xia Qingyou
Published: July 2018

ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (EDR1) encodes a Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase, and it acts as a negative regulator of disease resistance and ethylene-induced senescence. Mutations in the EDR1 gene can enhance resistance to powdery mildew both in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. However, little is known about EDR1-like gene members from a genome-wide perspective in plants. In this study, the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) EDR1-like gene family was first systematically analyzed. We identified 19 EDR1-like genes in tobacco, and compared them to those from Arabidopsis, tomato and rice. Phylogenetic analyses divided the EDR1-like gene family into six clades, among them monocot and dicot plants were respectively divided into two sub-clades. NtEDR1-1A and NtEDR1-1B were classified into clade I in which the other members have been reported to negatively regulate plant resistance to powdery mildew. The expression patterns of tobacco EDR1-like genes were analyzed after plants were challenged by Golovinomyces orontii, and showed that several other EDR1-like genes were induced after infection, as well as NtEDR1-1A and NtEDR1-1B. Expression analysis showed that NtEDR1-13 and NtEDR1-16 had exclusively abundant expression patterns in roots and leaves, respectively, and the remaining NtEDR1-like members were actively expressed in most of the tissue/organ samples investigated. Our findings will contribute to further study of the physiological functions of EDR1-like genes in tobacco.
Taxonomic annotation errors incorrectly assign the family Pseudoalteromonadaceae to the order Vibrionales in Greengenes: implications for microbial community assessments
Authors: Lydon Keri Ann , Lipp Erin K.
Published: July 2018

Next-generation sequencing has provided powerful tools to conduct microbial ecology studies. Analysis of community composition relies on annotated databases of curated sequences to provide taxonomic assignments; however, these databases occasionally have errors with implications for downstream analyses. Systemic taxonomic errors were discovered in Greengenes database (v13_5 and 13_8) related to orders Vibrionales and Alteromonadales. These orders have family level annotations that were erroneous at least one taxonomic level, e.g., 100% of sequences assigned to the Pseudoalteromonadaceae family were placed improperly in Vibrionales (rather than Alteromonadales) and >20% of these sequences were indeedVibriospp. but were improperly assigned to the Pseudoalteromonadaceae family (rather than to Vibrionaceae). Use of this database is common; we identified 68 peer-reviewed papers since 2013 that likely included erroneous annotations specifically associated with Vibrionales and Pseudoalteromonadaceae, with 20 explicitly stating the incorrect taxonomy. Erroneous assignments using these specific versions of Greengenes can lead to incorrect conclusions, especially in marine systems where these taxa are commonly encountered as conditionally rare organisms and potential pathogens.
Interlayers Self‐Generated by Additive–Metal Interactions in Organic Electronic Devices
Authors: Vinokur Jane , Deckman Igal , Sarkar Tanmoy , Nouzman Liza , Shamieh Basel , Frey Gitti L.
Published: July 2018

The fundamental structure of all organic electronic devices is a stack of thin layers sandwiched between electrodes, with precise intralayer morphology and interlayer interactions. Solution processing multilayers with little to no intermixing is, however, technically challenging and often incompatible with continuous roll‐to‐roll, high‐speed manufacturing. Here, an overview of a recently developed methodology for self‐generation of interlayers positioned between the active layer and metal contact is presented. The interlayer material is blended as an additive in the active layer and migrates to the organic/metal interface during metal deposition. The driving force for this migration is additive–metal interactions. The generated interlayer positions an interfacial dipole that reduces barriers for charge transfer across the organic/metal interface. This methodology is generic and, as reported here, the self‐generated interlayers significantly improve the performance of many devices. Importantly, this approach is compatible with printing and reel‐to‐reel processing. Directives toward additive selection, processing conditions and integration in future applications are also discussed.
Tailor‐Made Functional Peptide Self‐Assembling Nanostructures
Authors: Amit Moran , Yuran Sivan , Gazit Ehud , Reches Meital , Ashkenasy Nurit
Published: July 2018

Noncovalent interactions are the main driving force in the folding of proteins into a 3D functional structure. Motivated by the wish to reveal the mechanisms of the associated self‐assembly processes, scientists are focusing on studying self‐assembly processes of short protein segments (peptides). While this research has led to major advances in the understanding of biological and pathological process, only in recent years has the applicative potential of the resulting self‐assembled peptide assemblies started to be explored. Here, major advances in the development of biomimetic supramolecular peptide assemblies as coatings, gels, and as electroactive materials, are highlighted. The guiding lines for the design of helical peptides, β strand peptides, as well as surface binding monolayer‐forming peptides that can be utilized for a specific function are highlighted. Examples of their applications in diverse immerging applications in, e.g., ecology, biomedicine, and electronics, are described. Taking into account that, in addition to extraordinary design flexibility, these materials are naturally biocompatible and ecologically friendly, and their production is cost effective, the emergence of devices incorporating these biomimetic materials in the market is envisioned in the near future.
Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels below Water Freezing Temperature
Authors: Morelle Xavier P. , Illeperuma Widusha R. , Tian Kevin , Bai Ruobing , Suo Zhigang , Vlassak Joost J.
Published: July 2018

Hydrogels consist of hydrophilic polymer networks dispersed in water. Many applications of hydrogels rely on their unique combination of solid‐like mechanical behavior and water‐like transport properties. If the temperature is lowered below 0 °C, however, hydrogels freeze and become rigid, brittle, and non‐conductive. Here, a general class of hydrogels that do not freeze at temperatures far below 0 °C, while retaining high stretchability and fracture toughness, is demonstrated. These hydrogels are synthesized by adding a suitable amount of an ionic compound to the hydrogel. The present study focuses on tough polyacrylamide‐alginate double network hydrogels equilibrated with aqueous solutions of calcium chloride. The resulting hydrogels can be cooled to temperatures as low as −57 °C without freezing. In this temperature range, the hydrogels can still be stretched more than four times their initial length and have a fracture toughness of 5000 J m−2. It is anticipated that this new class of hydrogels will prove useful in developing new applications operating under a broad range of environmental and atmospheric conditions.
A Highly Efficient Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cell with a Fill Factor over 0.80 Enabled by a Fine‐Tuned Hole‐Transporting Layer
Authors: Zheng Zhong , Hu Qin , Zhang Shaoqing , Zhang Dongyang , Wang Jianqiu , Xie Shenkun , Wang Rong , Qin Yunpeng , Li Wanning , Hong Ling , Liang Ningning , Liu Feng , Zhang Yuan , Wei Zhixiang , Tang Zhiyong , Russell Thomas P. , Hou Jianhui , Zhou Huiqiong
Published: July 2018

With rapid development for tens of years, organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted much attention for their potential in practical applications. As an important photovoltaic parameter, the fill factor (FF) of OSCs stands for the effectiveness of charge generation and collection, which significantly depends on the properties of the interlayer and active layer. Here, a facile and effective strategy to improve the FF through hole‐transporting layer (HTL) modification is demonstrated. By mixing WOx nanoparticles with a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) emulsion, the surface free energy of the HTL is improved and the morphology of the active layer is optimized. Benefiting from increased carrier lifetime, a device based on WOx:PEDOT:PSS HTL exhibits a boosted performance with an FF of 80.79% and power conversion efficiency of 14.57% PCE. The results are certified by the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), which, to date, are the highest values in this field with certification. This work offers a simple and viable option of HTL modification to realize highly efficient OSCs.
Allocating patients to geriatric medicine wards in a tertiary university hospital in England: A service evaluation of the Specialist Advice for the Frail Elderly (SAFE) team
Authors: Alabaf Sabbaghi Setareh , De Souza Darryl , Sarikonda Premchand , Keevil Victoria L. , Wallis Stephen J. , Romero‐Ortuno Roman
Published: July 2018

The number of older patients admitted to acute hospitals has increased; however, their needs are heterogeneous and there is no gold‐standard method of triaging them towards practicing comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). In our hospital, theSAFE(Specialist Advice for the Frail Elderly) team provide an initial geriatric assessment of all emergency admissions of patients aged ≥75 years (with some assessments also occurring in those aged 65 to 74 years) and recommend as to whetherCGAin a dedicated Department of Medicine for the Elderly (DME) ward may be required.SAFEassessments include routine screening for geriatric syndromes using validated tools. Our aim was to compare the characteristics (age, gender, acute illness severity on admission as per modified early warning score (MEWS), Charlson Comorbidity Index, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), presence of dementia and delirium) and outcomes (length of stay, delayed discharge, inpatient mortality, discharge to usual place of residence, and new institutionalization) of patients listed to aDMEward, to those not listed. We analyzed allSAFEteam assessments of patients admitted nonelectively between February 2015 and November 2016. Of 6192 admissions, 16% were listed for aDMEward. Those were older, had higherMEWSandCFSscore, were more often affected by cognitive impairment, had longer hospital stay, higher inpatient mortality, and more often required new institutionalization. HigherCFSand presence of dementia and delirium were the strongest predictors ofDMEward recommendation. Routine measurement of markers of geriatric complexity may help maximize access to finite inpatientCGAresources.
Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms
Authors: Svensson Magdalena S. , Nekaris K.A.I. , Bearder Simon K. , Bettridge Caroline M. , Butynski Thomas M. , Cheyne Susan M. , Das Nabajit , de Jong Yvonne A. , Luhrs Averee M. , Luncz Lydia V. , Maddock Simon T. , Perkin Andrew , Pimley Elizabeth , Poindexter Stephanie A. , Reinhardt Kathleen D. , Spaan Denise , Stark Danica J. , Starr Carly R. , Nijman Vincent
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Synthesize information on sleep patterns, sleep site use, and daytime predation at sleep sites in lorisiforms of Asia and Africa (10 genera, 36 species), and infer patterns of evolution of sleep site selection.

Materials and methods

We conducted fieldwork in 12 African and six Asian countries, collecting data on sleep sites, timing of sleep and predation during daytime. We obtained additional information from literature and through correspondence. Using a phylogenetic approach, we established ancestral states of sleep site selection in lorisiforms and traced their evolution.

Results

The ancestral lorisiform was a fur‐clinger and used dense tangles and branches/forks as sleep sites. Use of tree holes and nests as sleep sites emerged ∼22 Mya (range 17–26 Mya) in Africa, and use of bamboo emerged ∼11 (7–14) Mya in Asia and later in Africa. Fur clinging and some sleep sites (e.g., tree holes, nests, but not bamboo or dense tangles) show strong phylogenetic signal. Nests are used by Galagoides, Paragalago, Galago and Otolemur; tree holes by Galago, Paragalago, Sciurocheirus and Perodicticus; tangles by Nycticebus, Loris, Galagoides, Galago, Euoticus, Otolemur, Perodicticus and Arctocebus; all but Sciurocheirus and Otolemur additionally sleep on branches/forks. Daytime predation may affect sleep site selection and sleep patterns in some species of Nycticebus, Galago, Galagoides, Otolemur and Perodicticus. Most lorisiforms enter their sleep sites around sunrise and leave around sunset; several are active during twilight or, briefly, during daytime.

Conclusion

Variations in sleep behavior, sleep patterns and vulnerability to daytime predation provide a window into the variation that was present in sleep in early primates. Overall, lorisiforms use the daytime for sleeping and no species can be classified as cathemeral or polycyclic.
Sleep variability and nighttime activity among Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists
Authors: Yetish Gandhi , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael
Published: July 2018

Objectives

A common presumption in sleep research is that “normal” human sleep should show high night‐to‐night consistency. Yet, intra‐individual sleep variation in small‐scale subsistence societies has never been studied to test this idea. In this study, we assessed the degree of nightly variation in sleep patterns among Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists in Bolivia, and explored possible drivers of the intra‐individual variability.

Methods

We actigraphically recorded sleep among 120 Tsimane adults (67 female), aged 18–91, for an average of 4.9 nights per person using the Actigraph GT3X and Philips Respironics Actiwatch 2. We assessed intra‐individual variation using intra‐class correlations and average deviation from each individual's average sleep duration, onset, and offset times ().

Results

Only 31% of total variation in sleep duration was due to differences among different individuals, with the remaining 69% due to nightly differences within the same individuals. We found no statistically significant differences in Tsimane sleep duration by day‐of‐the‐week. Nightly variation in sleep duration was driven by highly variable sleep onset, especially for men. Nighttime activities associated with later sleep onset included hunting, fishing, housework, and watching TV.

Conclusions

In contrast to nightly sleep variation in the United States being driven primarily by “sleeping‐in” on weekends, Tsimane sleep variation, while comparable to that observed in the United States, was driven by changing “bedtimes,” independent of day‐of‐the‐week. We propose that this variation may reflect adaptive responses to changing opportunity costs to sleep/nighttime activity.
The cost of deep sleep: Environmental influences on sleep regulation are greater for diurnal lemurs
Authors: Samson David R. , Bray Joel , Nunn Charles L.
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Primates spend almost half their lives asleep, yet we know little about how evolution has shaped variation in the duration or intensity of sleep (i.e., sleep regulation) across primate species. Our objective was to test hypotheses related to how sleeping site security influences sleep intensity in different lemur species.

Methods

We used actigraphy and infrared videography to generate sleep measures in 100 individuals (males = 51, females = 49) of seven lemur species (genera: Eulemur, Lemur, Propithecus, and Varecia) at the Duke Lemur Center in Durham, NC. We also generated experimental data using sleep deprivation for 16 individuals. This experiment used a pair‐wise design for two sets of paired lemurs from each genus, where the experimental pair experienced a sleep deprivation protocol while the control experienced normal sleeping conditions. We calculated a sleep depth composite metric from weighted z scores of three sleep intensity variables.

Results

We found that, relative to cathemeral lemurs, diurnal Propithecus was characterized by the deepest sleep and exhibited the most disruptions to normal sleep‐wake regulation when sleep deprived. In contrast, Eulemur mongoz was characterized by significantly lighter sleep than Propithecus, and E. mongoz showed the fewest disruptions to normal sleep‐wake regulation when sleep deprived. Security of the sleeping site led to greater sleep depth, with access to outdoor housing linked to lighter sleep in all lemurs that were studied.

Conclusions

We propose that sleeping site security was an essential component of sleep regulation throughout primate evolution. This work suggests that sleeping site security may have been an important factor associated with the evolution of sleep in early and later hominins.
Savanna chimpanzees adjust sleeping nest architecture in response to local weather conditions
Authors: Stewart Fiona A. , Piel Alexander K. , Azkarate Jurgi C. , Pruetz Jill D.
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Great ape nests are hypothesized to aid safe, secure sleep via providing thermoregulation or protection from predators and vectors. We aimed to describe and investigate variation in chimpanzee nest architecture across two populations in response to local weather conditions.

Materials and Methods

We experimentally tested whether nests provide insulation by measuring heat loss within and outside nests, and took detailed measurements of the number, size, and type of materials used in nest building across two dry‐habitat research sites (Fongoli, Senegal, and Issa, Tanzania). We tested application of principal components analysis (PCA) to extract composite quantitative measures of the key components of shape and architecture, before testing how PCs vary across populations with overnight weather conditions that reflect hypothesized thermoregulatory function.

Results

Heat loss is greater and occurs faster outside of nests. PCA allowed meaningful comparison of nests within and between sites. Nest variation at both sites revealed chimpanzees built thicker nests in cooler conditions and used more broken branches and support in moister conditions. Chimpanzees in Fongoli used more lining and mattress material in colder conditions, whilst in Issa nest depth and support branch size were larger in windier conditions.

Discussion

Shape and architectural measures reflected insulation and stability of nest structure. Chimpanzees in Fongoli and Issa may achieve the same functional goals by adjusting nest shape and architecture in different ways. These results suggest that wild chimpanzees show flexible building techniques in response to local, overnight weather conditions in making an insulating and stable, supportive platform for sleep.
Nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for flexible sleeping patterns and insights into human evolution
Authors: Tagg Nikki , McCarthy Maureen , Dieguez Paula , Bocksberger Gaëlle , Willie Jacob , Mundry Roger , Stewart Fiona , Arandjelovic Mimi , Widness Jane , Landsmann Anja , Agbor Anthony , Angedakin Samuel , Ayimisin Ayuk Emmanuel , Bessone Mattia , Brazzola Gregory , Corogenes Katherine , Deschner Tobias , Dilambaka Emmanuel , Eno‐Nku Manasseh , Eshuis Henk , Goedmakers Annemarie , Granjon Anne‐Céline , Head Josephine , Hermans Veerle , Jones Sorrel , Kadam Parag , Kambi Mohamed , Langergraber Kevin E. , Lapeyre Vincent , Lapuente Juan , Lee Kevin , Leinert Vera , Maretti Giovanna , Marrocoli Sergio , Meier Amelia , Nicholl Sonia , Normand Emmanuelle , Ormsby Lucy Jayne , Piel Alex , Robinson Orume , Sommer Volker , ter Heegde Martijn , Tickle Alexander , Ton Els , van Schijndel Joost , Vanleeuwe Hilde , Vergnes Virginie , Wessling Erin , Wittig Roman M. , Zuberbuehler Klaus , Kuehl Hjalmar , Boesch Christophe
Published: July 2018

Objectives

We investigated occurrences and patterns of terrestrial nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and modelled the influence of various ecological predictors on nocturnal activity.

Methods

Data were extracted from terrestrial camera‐trap footage and ecological surveys from 22 chimpanzee study sites participating in the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. We described videos demonstrating nocturnal activity, and we tested the effects of the percentage of forest, abundance of predators (lions, leopards and hyenas), abundance of large mammals (buffalos and elephants), average daily temperature, rainfall, human activity, and percent illumination on the probability of nocturnal activity.

Results

We found terrestrial nocturnal activity to occur at 18 of the 22 study sites, at an overall average proportion of 1.80% of total chimpanzee activity, and to occur during all hours of the night, but more frequently during twilight hours. We found a higher probability of nocturnal activity with lower levels of human activity, higher average daily temperature, and at sites with a larger percentage of forest. We found no effect of the abundance of predators and large mammals, rainfall, or moon illumination.

Discussion

Chimpanzee terrestrial nocturnal activity appears widespread yet infrequent, which suggests a consolidated sleeping pattern. Nocturnal activity may be driven by the stress of high daily temperatures and may be enabled at low levels of human activity. Human activity may exert a relatively greater influence on chimpanzee nocturnal behavior than predator presence. We suggest that chimpanzee nocturnal activity is flexible, enabling them to respond to changing environmental factors.
Lord of The Crowns: A New Precious in the Kingdom of Clustomesogens
Authors: Guy Kevin , Ehni Philipp , Paofai Serge , Forschner Robert , Roiland Claire , Amela‐Cortes Maria , Cordier Stéphane , Laschat Sabine , Molard Yann
Published: July 2018

Replacing pure inorganic materials by functional organic–inorganic hybrid ones to lower production costs has become a major challenge, in particular for the optoelectronic industry. Adding nanostructuration abilities meanwhile preserving homogeneity is even more challenging for this class of new materials. Here we show that red‐NIR emissive ternary molybdenum cluster salts can be assembled to liquid crystalline 15C5 crown ethers. The resulting hybrids are homogeneous and stable up to high temperature despite the weakness of the supramolecular interactions binding both components. These are illustrated by 133Cs MAS NMR. All hybrids show hexagonal columnar arrangements and strong red‐NIR emission. Surprisingly, when chlorinated clusters are used instead of brominated ones, the mesophase stability is largely enhanced.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem Cycloisomerization of 1,5‐Enyne Ethers by Hydride Transfer
Authors: Lu Xiao‐Lin , Lyu Mao‐Yun , Peng Xiao‐Shui , Wong Henry N. C.
Published: July 2018

A novel gold‐catalyzed tandem protocol, initiated by hydride transfer in the presence of catalytic (C6F5)3PAuCl/AgSbF6, for the formation of fused polycyclic ring systems has been achieved. This tandem reaction provides rapid access to various fused polycyclic species in a single chemical operation, leading to stereospecific formation of two carbon–carbon bonds and three rings.
Electrostatic‐Driven Dynamic Jamming of 2D Nanoparticles at Interfaces for Controlled Molecular Diffusion
Authors: Luo Jianhui , Zeng Minxiang , Peng Baoliang , Tang Yijie , Zhang Lecheng , Wang Pingmei , He Lipeng , Huang Dali , Wang Ling , Wang Xuezhen , Chen Mingfeng , Lei Shijun , Lin Pengcheng , Chen Ying , Cheng Zhengdong
Published: July 2018

Dynamically engineering the interfacial interaction of nanoparticles has emerged as a new approach for bottom‐up fabrication of smart systems to tailor molecular diffusion and controlled release. Janus zwitterionic nanoplates are reported that can be switched between a locked and unlocked state at interfaces upon changing surface charge, allowing manipulation of interfacial properties in a fast, flexible, and switchable manner. Combining experimental and modeling studies, an unambiguous correlation is established among the electrostatic energy, the interface geometry, and the interfacial jamming states. As a proof‐of‐concept, the well‐controlled interfacial jamming of nanoplates enabled the switchable molecular diffusion through liquid–liquid interfaces, confirming the feasibility of using nanoparticle‐based surfactants for advanced controlled release.
Exploration into the Syntheses of Gallium‐ and Indiumborates under Extreme Conditions: M5B12O25(OH): Structure, Luminescence, and Surprising Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Vitzthum Daniela , Wurst Klaus , Pann Johann M. , Brüggeller Peter , Seibald Markus , Huppertz Hubert
Published: July 2018

Explorative solid‐state chemistry led to the discovery of the two new compounds Ga5B12O25(OH) and In5B12O25(OH). Extreme synthetic conditions within the range of 12 GPa and a temperature of 1450 °C realized in a Walker‐type multianvil apparatus resulted in the formation of an unprecedented tetragonal structure with the exclusive presence of condensed BO4 tetrahedra, forming cuboctahedral cavities. Doping of these cavities with Eu3+ in In5B12O25(OH) yielded in an orange–red luminescence. Photocatalytic tests of In5B12O25(OH) revealed a hydrogen production rate comparable to TiO2 but completely co‐catalyst free.
Rethinking the Role of the Nervous System: Lessons From the Hydra Holobiont
Authors: Klimovich Alexander V. , Bosch Thomas C.G.
Published: July 2018

Here we evaluate our current understanding of the function of the nervous system in Hydra, a non‐bilaterian animal which is among the first metazoans that contain neurons. We highlight growing evidence that the nervous system, with its rich repertoire of neuropeptides, is involved in controlling resident beneficial microbes. We also review observations that indicate that microbes affect the animal's behavior by directly interfering with neuronal receptors. These findings provide new insight into the original role of the nervous system, and suggest that it emerged to orchestrate multiple functions including host‐microbiome interactions. The excitement of future research in the Hydra model now relies on uncovering the common rules and principles that govern the interaction between neurons and microbes and the extent to which such laws might apply to other and more complex organisms.
Limited progress in sustainable development: Factors influencing the environmental management and reporting of South African JSE‐listed companies
Authors: Kitsikopoulos Claudia , Schwaibold Ute , Taylor Douglas
Published: July 2018

Although public, governmental, international and stakeholder pressure have led to corporations conforming to better sustainability performance, there has been an insignificant reduction in environmental degradation levels, and progress in sustainable development is limited. This study examines which factors influencing environmental management and reporting in South Africa could potentially contribute to this limited progress. The study was based on a series of interviews with sustainability managers of JSE‐listed firms. Results suggest that stock exchange listing requirements, internal processes and structures, experienced staff and the sustainability committee positively influence environmental and overall corporate sustainability, yet that resource and time constraints, as well as reporting fatigue, potentially limit the advancement of sustainable development. This restricts the further reduction of environmental degradation, which is urgently necessary in light of the harmful impacts that for example climate change has on the environment, societies and economies.
Iron overloaded polarizes macrophage to proinflammation phenotype through ROS/acetyl‐p53 pathway
Authors: Zhou Yun , Que Ke‐Ting , Zhang Zhen , Yi Zu J. , Zhao Ping X. , You Yu , Gong Jian‐Ping , Liu Zuo‐Jin
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Macrophages play critical roles in inflammation and wound healing and can be divided into two subtypes: classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. Macrophages also play important roles in regulating iron homeostasis, and intracellular iron accumulation induces M1‐type macrophage polarization which provides a potential approach to tumor immunotherapy through M2 tumor‐associated macrophage repolarization. However, the mechanisms underlying iron‐induced M1 polarization remain unclear.

Methods

Western blotting, qRT‐PCR, and flow cytometry were used to detect the polarization indexes in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages treated with iron, and Western bloting and qRT‐PCR were used to detect p21 expression. The compound 2,7‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate was used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in macrophages after iron or N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) treatment. The p300/CREB‐binding protein (CBP) inhibitor C646 was used to inhibit p53 acetylation, and Western bloting, qRT‐PCR, and immunofluorescence were used to detect p53 expression and acetylation. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously injected with H22 hepatoma cells, and macrophage polarization status was investigated after tail intravenous injection of iron. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate the protein expression of cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) and EGF‐like module‐containing mucin‐like hormone receptor‐like 1 (F4/80) in the subcutaneous tumors.

Results

Iron overload induced M1 polarization by increasing ROS production and inducing p53 acetylation in RAW cells, and reduction in ROS levels by NAC repressed M1 polarization and p53 acetylation. Inhibition of acetyl‐p53 by a p300/CBP inhibitor prevented M1 polarization and inhibited p21 expression. These results showed that high ROS levels induced by iron overload polarized macrophages to the M1 subtype by enhancing p300/CBP acetyltransferase activity and promoting p53 acetylation.
Synergistic Production of Methyl Lactate from Carbohydrates Using an Ionic Liquid Functionalized Sn‐Containing Catalyst
Authors: Wang Fenfen , Wen Yi , Fang Yanxiong , Ji Hongbing
Published: July 2018

Considerable progress has been made recently in the catalytic conversion of renewable biomass resources to methyl lactate (MLA). However, conceiving eco‐friendly and effective catalytic systems for the production of MLA from biomass carbohydrates remains a key challenge. Herein, we report a multifunctional catalyst Sn(salen)/IL, consisting of a Sn(salen) complex and an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid (IL), which acts via an intramolecular synergistic effect to convert carbohydrates to MLA in methanol. The versatile properties of the resultant catalyst were revealed to be responsible for the conversion of fructose to MLA and the efficient suppression of undesired side reactions. This catalyst displayed outstanding catalytic activity, high selectivity, and excellent recyclability, giving an MLA yield of up to 68.9 % at 160 °C after 2 h. The results of this study will contribute to new approaches for designing synergistic catalysts for producing liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass resources.
Quantitative Real‐Time Monitoring of Antibody‐Induced Internalization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor on Single Living Mammalian Cells Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Matsumae Yoshiharu , Takahashi Yasufumi , Shiku Hitoshi , Matsue Tomokazu
Published: July 2018

An antibody‐induced internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was quantitatively monitored using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) at the single‐cell level. The antibody Cetuximab is used for cancer treatment because of its capability to bind and internalize EGFR, which is one of the key membrane proteins associated with many cancers. To monitor antibody‐induced EGFR internalization, Cetuximab was simply labelled with enzymes and the resulting enzymatic products were then electrochemically detected by using a microelectrode. By optimizing experimental parameters, such as immunostaining condition, enzyme type, and buffer solution, we were able to successfully monitor the EGFR internalization by using SECM, from which we found a decrease in current responses from a single living cell by 20 % in the first 60 min, suggesting different internalization pathways from inherent ligand‐induced internalization.
Chemical Synthesis of Bioactive Naturally Derived Cyclic Peptides Containing Ene‐Like Rigidifying Motifs
Authors: De Leon Rodriguez Luis M. , Williams Elyse T. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: July 2018

The development of synthetic methods to prepare conformationally constrained peptides and peptide–polyketide hybrids remain an important chemical challenge. It is known that structural rigidity correlates with the specificity, bioactivity, and stability of these peptide systems, thus rigid systems are particularly attractive leads for development of potent biopharmaceuticals. Herein we provide an overview of recent developments in the syntheses of naturally derived constrained peptides and peptide–polyketide hybrids, with a particular emphasis on those systems containing an ene‐like bond.
Triazoles as T2‐Exchange Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents for the Detection of Nitrilase Activity
Authors: Zhang Jia , Han Zheng , Lu Jiaqi , Li Yuguo , Liao Xuhe , van Zijl Peter C. , Yang Xing , Liu Guanshu
Published: July 2018

We characterized the T2‐exchange (T2ex) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast of azole protons that have large chemical shifts from the water proton resonance as a function of pH, temperature, and chemical modification. Our results showed that 1,2,4‐triazoles could be tuned into excellent diamagnetic T2ex contrast agents, with an optimal exchange‐based relaxivity r2ex of 0.10 s−1 mm−1 at physiological pH and B0=9.4 T. A fit of r2ex data to the Swift–Connick equation indicated that imino proton exchange of triazoles is dominated by a base‐catalyzed process at higher pH values and an acid‐catalyzed process at lower pH. The magnitude of r2ex was also found to be heavily dependent on chemical modifications, that is, enhanced by electron‐donating groups, such as amines and methyls, or by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the imino proton and the carboxyl, and weakened by electron‐withdrawing groups like bromo, cyano, and nitro. In light of these findings, we applied T2ex MRI to assess the activity of nitrilase, an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐carbonitrile to 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐carboxylic acid, resulting in the enhancement of R2ex. Our findings suggest that 1,2,4‐triazoles have potential to provide sensitive and tunable diagnostic probes for MRI.
Recent Advances in Aromatic Antimony Clusters
Authors: Li Lei‐Jiao , Ali Basharat , Chen Zhongfang , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: July 2018

This paper highlights the compounds containing Sb cluster fragments, either synthesized in the solid‐state, discovered from the gas phase, or only theoretically predicted. These Sbn clusters feature unique chemical bonding, fascinating structures, and special stabilities that can be well rationalized by aromaticity or antiaromaticity. A deep understanding to their electronic structures is essential and will greatly facilitate the experimental synthesis of new Sbn cluster‐based materials.
Reconceptualization innovative moments as a predictor of symptomatology improvement in treatment for depression
Authors: Fernández‐Navarro Pablo , Rosa Catarina , Sousa Inês , Moutinho Vanessa , Antunes Ana , Magalhães Carina , Ribeiro António P. , Gonçalves Miguel M.
Published: July 2018

Objectives

In previous studies, reconceptualization innovative moments were associated with successful psychotherapy. Reconceptualization has two components—(a) a positive temporal contrast between the past self and the present self (contrasting self [CS]) and (b) a description of how and/or why this change has occurred (change process [CP])—from the perspective of the client. The aim of this study is to analyse if CS and CP have the same association with outcomes as reconceptualization.

Method

Sixteen cases of clients with major depression (305 sessions) were analysed. Longitudinal regression models were used to explore if proportions of CS, CP, and reconceptualization predicted outcome measures and if outcome measures predicted CS, CP, and reconceptualization.

Results

Reconceptualization is less frequent than CS and CP taken separately, but reconceptualization was a better predictor of treatment outcomes than were its separate components. Moreover, symptom improvement did not predict reconceptualization.

Conclusion

The construction of new meanings is important in improving depressive symptomatology. Psychotherapists can elicit these new meanings in their regular practice by posing questions that may help clients to conceptualize what is changing in themselves (CS) and questions of how this change is occurring (CP). The construction of an integrative account of these new meanings is associated with psychotherapeutic gains, and thus, reconceptualizing change could improve symptoms of depression.
Evaluation of oral pharmacokinetics, in vitro metabolism, blood partitioning and plasma protein binding of novel antidiabetic agent, S009‐0629 in rats
Authors: Valicherla Guru Raghavendra , Italiya Kishan Shamjibhai , Gupta Chandra Prakash , Mishra Shachi , Riyazuddin Mohammed , Syed Anees Ahmed , Singh Sandeep Kumar , Shahi Sudhir , Taneja Gaurav , Wahajuddin Mohammad , Goel Atul , Gayen Jiaur Rahaman
Published: July 2018

S009‐0629 [methyl‐8‐(methylthio)‐2‐phenyl‐6‐p‐tolyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e]indazole‐9‐carboxylate] is a novel antidiabetic agent with PTP1B inhibitory activity. In this study, we have investigated the in vitro metabolic stability, plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, and oral pharmacokinetic study of S009‐0629 in rats. The plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, and metabolic stability were determined by HPLC method. The oral pharmacokinetic study was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method. The plasma protein binding of S009‐0629 using modified charcoal adsorption method at 5 and 10 µg/mL was 80.58 ± 1.04% and 81.95 ± 1.15%, respectively. The KRBC/PL of S009‐0629 was independent of concentration and time. The in‐vitro half‐life of S009‐0629 at 5 and 10 µM using rat liver microsomes was determined as 273 ± 24.46 and 281.67 ± 26.53 min, respectively. After oral administration, S009‐0629 exhibited Cmax 55.51 ± 1.18 ng/mL was observed at 18 hr (tmax). S009‐0629 was found to have the large apparent volume of distribution (1,894.93 ± 363.67 L/kg). Oral in‐vivo t1/2 of S009‐0629 was found to be 41.23 ± 5.96 hr. A rapid and highly sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was validated for S009‐0629 in rat plasma. S009‐0629 has high plasma protein binding and low hepatic extraction. S009‐0629 has no affinity with human P‐gp and BCRP in ATPase assay. After oral dosing, S009‐0629 has slow absorption and elimination in rats.
Landscape influence on the local distribution of western pond turtles
Authors: Horn Robert B. , Gervais Jennifer A.
Published: July 2018

Spatial and temporal scales are important for understanding habitat associations because organisms have neither unbounded mobility nor perfect knowledge of their environment, but still must make decisions on where to seek food, shelter, and mates. Semi‐aquatic turtles exemplify the need to evaluate potential habitat characteristics at a range of scales, because their ectothermy makes these animals particularly sensitive to local environmental conditions, yet their limited mobility spatially constrains selection of microsites. Microsite choice may also be sensitive to larger geographic context. We explored site occupancy and abundance of western pond turtles (Actinemys [Emys] marmorata) as a function of environmental variables over a range of spatial scales up to that of the entire watershed. We modeled occupancy at ponds and abundance at river sites using data from surveys conducted at 50 ponds and 58 river locations throughout the South Umpqua, Umpqua, and North Umpqua watersheds in western Oregon, USA in 1999–2000. The South Umpqua supported the greatest abundance of western pond turtles in rivers and the highest rates of occupancy in ponds. No turtles were detected in rivers of the North Umpqua, and only low numbers were detected in ponds in that watershed. Increasing amount of potential relative solar radiation was associated with increased probability of pond occupancy, particularly in the North Umpqua watershed. Pond turtle abundance in rivers increased with increasing distance to nearest pond, decreasing area of nearby ponds, and increasing area of nearby wetland habitat of all types, particularly in the Klamath Mountain and Coast Range physiographic provinces, which dominate the South Umpqua and Umpqua watersheds, respectively. Western pond‐turtle occupancy and abundance varied with both broad‐scale and fine‐scale habitat features, not solely to the fine‐scale features that are most often measured.