bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of TiB-Reinforced Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V Matrix Composites Obtained by Vacuum Arc Melting and Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Ozerov Maxim , Astakhov Ilya , Sokolovsky Vitaly , Klimenko Denis , Stepanov Nikita , Yurchenko Nikita , Zhao Shiyan , Huang Lujun , Zherebtsov Sergey
Published: November 2024

Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V/TiB metal matrix composites with 3 wt.% of TiB2 were obtained using vacuum arc melting and spark plasma sintering methods and compared with an unreinforced Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy. The microstructures of the unreinforced Ti6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy in the as-cast and as-sintered conditions were quite typical and consisted of colonies of α-lamellae embedded in the β matrix. The microstructure of the as-cast Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V/TiB composite composed of TiB fibers randomly distributed within the two-phase α/β matrix, while the as-sintered composite had a network-like microstructure, in which areas of the two-phase α/β matrix were delineated by walls of TiB fibers. At room temperature, the yield strength of the as-cast and as-sintered Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy were 800 and 915 MPa, respectively, with a plasticity of 18% in both conditions. The addition of TiB fibers contributed to a ~40 and 50% strength increment, with values of 1100 and 1370 MPa for the as-cast and as-sintered composites, respectively. In the as-sintered composite, the strengthening effect reduced at 400 °C and almost disappeared at elevated temperatures of 800–950 °C. The as-cast composite showed much higher strength during warm and hot deformation—at 800–950 °C, the yield strength of the as-cast composite was 50% higher compared to the Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V unreinforced alloy. A higher rate and degree of globularization were established for the as-cast composite compared to the unreinforced alloy. For the as-sintered composite, a noticeably lower rate and degree of globularization was shown. During hot compression of the as-cast composite, TiB fibers reoriented towards the metal flow direction, while the network microstructure formed in the as-sintered composite transformed into clusters of borides unevenly distributed within the matrix. Based on the obtained results, the apparent activation energy of plastic deformation was calculated, and the operating deformation mechanisms were discussed both for the as-cast and as-sintered composites. The Arrhenius flow stress model and the dynamic material model were used to evaluate the deformation behavior of composites beyond the experimentally studied temperatures and strain rates.
An Inherent Strain Method Using Progressive Element Activation for Fast Distortion Calculation in Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Seitz Georg , Bantle Patrick , Biegler Max , Elsner Beatrix A. M. , Rethmeier Michael
Published: November 2024

The finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of directed energy deposition (DED) processes offers many potential cost savings during the build job optimization process, through, e.g., distortion predictions. However, the biggest challenge is the long calculation time, frequently exceeding the actual build time. One way of simplifying the simulation with the aim of reducing the calculation times is the inherent strain method. While this method is already used commercially in the simulation of powder bed-based processes and conventional welding technologies, its use in DED is still the subject of research. In this work, an inverse determination of an inherent strain is carried out on a 20-layer-high, single-track-wide wall, common theories are reviewed, and an approach based on thermal strain is introduced. As a result, the calculation time could be reduced by 83% and the accuracy remained at 92%.
Application of Machine Learning for Generic Mill Liner Wear Prediction in Semi-Autogenous Grinding (SAG) Mills
Authors: Pural Yusuf Enes , Ledezma Tania , Hilden Marko , Forbes Gordon , Boylu Feridun , Yahyaei Mohsen
Published: November 2024

This study explores the application of machine learning techniques for predicting generic mill liner wear in semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mills used in mineral processing. Various models were developed and compared using data from 143 liner measurements across 36 liner cycles from ten different SAG mills. The research initially focused on individual mill modeling, employing simple linear regression, first-order kinetic approach, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), tree-based methods (Decision Trees, Random Forests, XGBoost), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). Results showed that simple linear regression provided sufficient accuracy, with other methods only slightly improving performance. This study then developed a combined model using data from multiple mills. MLR and advanced machine learning techniques were applied for this generic model, with XGBoost emerging as the most successful. In the interpolation scenario involving a mill similar to those in the training data, the XGBoost model achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.27%. For the extrapolation scenario, with a mill larger than those in the training set, the MAPE increased slightly to 6.12%. These results demonstrate the potential of machine learning approaches in creating effective generic models for mill liner wear prediction. However, this study also highlights the potential for improving predictive models by incorporating additional key parameters such as liner and ball material properties.
Structural Characteristics of E–W-Trending Shear Belts in the Northeastern Dabie Orogen, China: Evidence for Exhumation of High–Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks
Authors: Wang Yongsheng , Zhang Xu , Bai Qiao
Published: November 2024

The Dabie–Sulu Orogen hosts the largest area of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks in the world. There is still significant divergence regarding the exhumation process and mechanism of UHP rocks in the Dabie Orogen, which mainly resulted from the erosion of large volumes of rocks in the Orogen during the post-collisional stage. Based on detailed field investigations, this study discovered the occurrence of E–W-trending sinistral shear belts that developed on the northeastern Dabie Orogen. These shear belts formed under greenschist facies conditions and are characterized by steep foliation and gentle mineral lineation. E–W-trending shear belts developed in HP rocks with metamorphic ages ranging from 227 to 219 Ma and were cut by the older phase of ductile shear belts of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone, indicating that they were formed around 219–197 Ma. Based on a comprehensive analysis of existing data, it can be concluded that E–W-trending shear belts were formed during the exhumation process of HP–UHP rocks. When HP rocks returned to the shallow crust and the lower UHP rocks continued to move, stress concentration occurred in the HP rocks and further resulted in the formation of E–W-trending shear belts. The development of E–W-trending shear belts indicates that HP–UHP rocks had essentially returned to the shallow crust by the Late Triassic, marking the near completion of the exhumation process.
Evaluation of Socioeconomic Dynamics and Their Impact on Life Expectancy in Coal Mining Communities in Colombia
Authors: Pimiento Nayive Nieves , Rivas Trujillo Edwin , Menéndez Aguado Juan M.
Published: November 2024

The study evaluates the socioeconomic dynamics and their impact on life expectancy in coal mining communities in Colombia, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), assessing the relationship between production, occupation, accident rates, mortality and royalties. Univariate, bivariate, path analysis and ARIMA models were used to identify patterns and projections. The results show a positive constraint between coal production and royalties, which is negative with the occupation, accident, and mortality rates. Despite the revenues generated, no improvements in the quality of life of mining communities are observed; the poor use of royalties reflects a lack of effective strategies to convert mining revenues into sustainable enhancements for local communities. It highlights the rush for more effective public policies to ensure that economic benefits are aligned with improvements in communities’ health, safety and quality of life. In the future, greater alignment with the SDGs, particularly SDG 3 (Health and Well-being) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), will depend on a sustainable approach that prioritises investment in social infrastructure and the equitable distribution of resources derived from mining, thereby addressing current disparities.
Surface-Functionalised Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Pathway to Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen Control in Medical Devices
Authors: Hall James , Mekapothula Subbareddy , Coxhill Rebecca , Craske Dominic , Varney Adam M. , Cave Gareth W. V. , McLean Samantha
Published: November 2024

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) offer promising antimicrobial properties against a range of pathogens, addressing the urgent issue of antibiotic resistance. This study details the synthesis of glutamic acid-coated CuONPs (GA-CuONPs) and their functionalisation on medical-grade silicone tubing, using an oxysilane bonding agent. The resulting coating shows significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains, while remaining non-toxic to human cells and exhibiting stable adherence, without leaching. This versatile coating method can be applied during manufacturing, or for ad hoc modifications, enhancing the antimicrobial properties of medical devices.
Detection of miR-133a-5p Using a Molecular Beacon Probe for Investigating Postmortem Intervals
Authors: Lee Eun Hye , Jeong Mingyoung , Park Kwangmin , Lee Dong Geon , Lee Eun Ju , Lee Haneul , Kim Ah Yeoung , Ahn Jae Won , Woo Hyun Jun , Kim Sunghyun , Lim Jaewon , Kim Jungho
Published: November 2024

Background: When a body is discovered at a crime or murder scene, it is crucial to examine the body and estimate its postmortem interval (PMI). Accurate estimation of PMI is vital for identifying suspects and providing clues to resolve the case. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that remain relatively stable in the cell nucleus even after death-related changes occur. Objective: This study developed a molecular beacon probe for mmu-miR-133a-5p and assessed its use in mouse muscle tissue at temperatures of 4 °C and 21 °C to estimate the PMI. Methods: A total of 36 healthy adult male BALB/c mice were divided into 9 PMI time points (0, 2, 6, 8, and 10 days) with 3 mice per time point, and they were exposed to 4 °C and 21 °C. Next, the expression pattern of mmu-miR-133a in the skeletal muscle tissue over a 10-day PMI period was analyzed using the developed molecular beacon probe. Results: The molecular beacon (MB) probe was designed for optimal thermodynamic stability with a hairpin structure that opened in the presence of mmu-miR-133a-5p, thus separating the fluorophore from the quencher and resulting in a strong fluorescence signal at 495 nm. Fluorescence intensity increased with mmu-miR-133a-5p concentration from 1 ng/μL to 1000 ng/μL and exhibited a strong correlation (R2 = 0.9966) and a detection limit of 1 ng/μL. Subsequently, the expression level of mmu-miR-133a-5p was observed to be stable in mouse skeletal muscle tissue at both 4 °C and 21 °C. Conclusions: This user-friendly assay can complete measurements in just 30 min after RNA extraction and is suitable for point-of-care testing, and it possesses the potential to improve existing complex and time-consuming methods for PMI estimation.
Magic Number N = 350 Predicted by the Deformed Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov Theory in Continuum: Z = 136 Isotopes as an Example
Authors: Liu Wei-Jian , Lv Chen-Jun , Guo Peng , Pan Cong , Wang Sibo , Wu Xin-Hui
Published: November 2024

The investigation of magic numbers for nuclei in the hyperheavy region (Z>120) is an interesting topic. The neutron magic number N=350 is carefully validated by the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc), via analysing even-even nuclei around N=350 of the Z=136 isotopes in detail. Nuclei with Z=136 and 340≤N≤360 are all found to be spherical in their ground states. A big drop of the two-neutron separation energy S2n is observed from N=350 to N=352 in the isotopic chain of Z=136, and a peak of the two-neutron gap δ2n appears at N=350. There exists a big shell gap above N=350 around the spherical regions of single-neutron levels for nucleus with (Z=136,N=350). These evidences from the DRHBc theory support N=350 to be a neutron magic number in the hyperheavy region.
Combined Genome-Wide Association Study and Linkage Analysis for Mining Candidate Genes for the Kernel Row Number in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Kong Jiao , Jiang Fuyan , Shaw Ranjan K. , Bi Yaqi , Yin Xingfu , Pan Yanhui , Gong Xiaodong , Zong Haiyang , Ijaz Babar , Fan Xingming
Published: November 2024

Kernel row number (KRN) is one of the key traits that significantly affect maize yield and productivity. Therefore, investigating the candidate genes and their functions in regulating KRN provides a theoretical basis and practical direction for genetic improvement in maize breeding, which is vital for increasing maize yield and understanding domestication. In this study, three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were developed using the parental lines AN20, YML1218, CM395, and Ye107, resulting in a multiparent population comprising a total of 490 F9 RILs. Phenotypic evaluation of the RILs for KRN was performed in three distinct environments. The heritability estimates of the RILs ranged from 81.40% to 84.16%. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) of RILs identified 569,529 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage analyses revealed 120 SNPs and 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which were significantly associated with KRN in maize. Furthermore, two novel candidate genes, Zm00001d042733 and Zm00001d042735, regulating KRN in maize were identified, which were located in close proximity to the significant SNP3-178,487,003 and overlapping the interval of QTL qKRN3-1. Zm00001d042733 encodes ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase and Zm00001d042735 encodes the Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura family of proteins. This study identified novel candidate loci and established a theoretical foundation for further functional validation of candidate genes. These findings deepen our comprehension of the genetic mechanisms that underpin KRN and offer potential applications of KRN-related strategies in developing maize varieties with higher yield.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Lettuce Metabolome: A Framework for Targeted Nutritional Quality Improvement
Authors: Simko Ivan
Published: November 2024

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a popular leafy vegetable valued for its dietary fiber, antioxidants, and beneficial vitamins. This study presents a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of the lettuce metabolome, revealing complex dynamics in metabolite accumulation influenced by plant age, leaf position, proximodistal distribution within a leaf, and head closure. Samples were collected from plants at five maturity stages (ranging from baby leaf to full commercial maturity and eventually to bolting) and from five leaf positions (from the apex to the base of each plant). A widely targeted metabolomics approach identified 1905 compounds, with flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lipids as the largest classes. Younger plants exhibited higher levels of flavonoids, while older plants accumulated more saccharides and amino acids. Metabolites showed distinct proximodistal distributions, with flavonoids and vitamins concentrated at leaf tips and terpenoids declining from base to tip. Head closure significantly reduced levels of flavonoids, retinol (vitamin A1), and riboflavin (vitamin B2), while it was associated with increased content of other beneficial vitamins, such as thiamine (B1), pantothenate (B5), and pyridoxine (B6). Broad-sense heritability (H2) estimates for metabolites yielded mean H2 values of 0.648 and 0.743 for plants at baby-leaf and commercial maturity stages, respectively. The overall highest heritability was observed in tannins (H2 = 0.909) in younger plants and chalcones (H2 = 0.894) in older plants, suggesting strong genetic control over specific metabolite classes and subclasses. These findings offer a robust framework for optimizing lettuce’s nutritional profile by linking metabolite distributions to developmental processes, plant architecture, and genetic regulation. By leveraging these insights, breeders and producers can develop targeted strategies to enhance metabolite content through optimized breeding and harvesting strategies.
Molecular Regulation of Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation in Oat Leaves Under Drought Stress
Authors: Xu Yiqun , Jiang Liling , Gao Jia , Zhang Wei , Zhang Meijun , Liu Changlai , Jia Juqing
Published: November 2024

Common oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the important minor grain crops in China, and drought stress severely affects its yield and quality. To investigate the drought resistance characteristics of oat seedlings, this study used Baiyan 2, an oat cultivar at the three-leaf stage, as the experimental material. Drought stress was simulated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) to treat the seedlings. The photosynthetic parameters and physicochemical indices of the treatment groups at 6 h and 12 h were measured and compared with the control group at 0 h. The results showed that drought stress did not significantly change chlorophyll content, but it significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate and other photosynthetic parameters while significantly increasing proline content. Transcriptome analysis was conducted using seedlings from both the control and treatment groups, comparing the two treatment groups with the control group using Tbtool software (v2.136). This analysis identified 344 differentially expressed genes. Enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes revealed significant enrichment in physiological pathways such as photosynthesis and ion transport. Ten differentially expressed genes related to the physiological process of photosynthetic carbon assimilation were identified, all of which were downregulated. Additionally, seven differentially expressed genes were related to ion transport. Through gene co-expression analysis combined with promoter region structure analysis, 11 transcription factors (from MYB, AP2/ERF, C2C2-dof) were found to regulate the expression of 10 genes related to photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Additionally, five transcription factors regulate the expression of two malate transporter protein-related genes (from LOB, zf-HD, C2C2-Dof, etc.), five transcription factors regulate the expression of two metal ion transporter protein-related genes (from MYB, zf-HD, C2C2-Dof), five transcription factors regulate the expression of two chloride channel protein-related genes (from MYB, bZIP, AP2/ERF), and two transcription factors regulate the expression of one Annexin-related gene (from NAC, MYB). This study provides a theoretical foundation for further research on the molecular regulation of guard cells and offers a molecular basis for enhancing drought resistance in oats.
Flavonoids Derived from the Roots of Lespedeza bicolor Inhibit the Activity of SARS-CoV Papain-like Protease
Authors: Woo Hyun Sim , Lee Kon Ho , Park Ki Hun , Kim Dae Wook
Published: November 2024

Despite the now infamous coronavirus disease outbreaks caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), this virus continues to be a threat to the global population. Although a huge research effort has targeted SARS-CoV, no report exists regarding natural small molecules targeting one of its key enzymes, papain-like protease (PLpro). In this study, nine flavonoids displaying SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitory activity were isolated from the root bark of Lespedeza bicolor. The compounds were identified as erythrabyssin II (1), lespebuergine G4 (2), 1-methoxyerythrabyssin II (3), bicolosin A (4), bicolosin B (5), bicolosin (6), xanthoangelol (7), (±)-lespeol (8), and parvisoflavanone (9). Most compounds (1–4 and 6–8) inhibited SARS-CoV PLpro activity in a dose-dependent manner, with their Kis ranging from 5.56 to 75.37 μM. The structure–activity analysis of pterocarpans (1–6) showed that activity was enhanced by C1-OCH3, but it was reduced by C8-CH3. A mechanistic analysis revealed that all inhibitors were noncompetitive. Some of the key compounds isolated in this study are pterocarpans, which are abundantly present in the Leguminosae family. Overall, a rich source of SARS-CoV papain-like protease inhibitors was identified in this study.
Warming Diminishes the Day–Night Discrepancy in the Apparent Temperature Sensitivity of Ecosystem Respiration
Authors: Li Nan , Zhou Guiyao , Krishna Mayank , Zhai Kaiyan , Shao Junjiong , Liu Ruiqiang , Zhou Xuhui
Published: November 2024

Understanding the sensitivity of ecosystem respiration (ER) to increasing temperature is crucial to predict how the terrestrial carbon sink responds to a warming climate. The temperature sensitivity of ER may vary on a diurnal basis but is poorly understood due to the paucity of observational sites documenting real ER during daytime at a global scale. Here, we used an improved flux partitioning approach to estimate the apparent temperature sensitivity of ER during the daytime (E0,day) and nighttime (E0,night) derived from multiyear observations of 189 FLUXNET sites. Our results demonstrated that E0,night is significantly higher than E0,day across all biomes, with significant seasonal variations in the day–night discrepancy in the temperature sensitivity of ER (ΔE0 = E0,night/E0,day) except for evergreen broadleaf forest and savannas. Such seasonal variations in ΔE0 mainly result from the effect of temperature and the seasonal amplitude of NDVI. We predict that future warming will decrease ΔE0 due to the reduced E0,night by the end of the century in most regions. Moreover, we further find that disregarding the ΔE0 leads to an overestimation of annual ER by 10~80% globally. Thus, our study highlights that the divergent temperature dependencies between day- and nighttime ER should be incorporated into Earth system models to improve predictions of carbon–climate change feedback under future warming scenarios.
An Experimental Investigation of the Hydrate Formation Mechanism in the Throttling of Carbon Dioxide-Containing Trace Moisture
Authors: Xu Zhen , Xu Wenlei , Dai Zeli , Cao Rong , Meng Lina , Liu Zengqi , Wang Yiwei , Sun Qiang , Chen Jianyi , Guo Xuqiang
Published: November 2024

Carbon capture, utilization and storage are facilitated through carbon dioxide (CO2) transport. Pipe transportation is the main method for transporting CO2. However, hydrate blockages reduce transport efficiency in the pipelines, and the throttling devices are the main location of hydrate blockages. In this paper, the mechanism of hydrate formation in the throttling of CO2-containing trace moisture was investigated. The throttling device in a pipe was mimicked using a cylindrical orifice plate. The work also studied the effects of moisture content, upstream pressure and upstream temperature on hydrate formation. The results indicate that the Joule–Thomson cooling effect is a key contributor, and promotes the condensation of trace moisture, resulting in the free water necessary for hydrate nucleation. Under the effect of gas flow back-mixing, it is easy for the hydrate to adhere to the inner surface of the pipe behind the orifice plate. When the moisture content in the gas increases from 123 μmol/mol to 1024 μmol/mol, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 792 s. However, the moisture content has no effect on the adhesion strength of the hydrate to the inner surface of the pipe. When the initial upstream pressure increases from 2.0 MPa to 3.5 MPa, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 306 s. When the upstream temperature decreases from 291.15 K to 285.15 K, the hydrate induction time decreases from infinity to 330 s. With the decrease in the initial upstream temperature, the adhesion of hydrate particles to the inner surface of the pipe is promoted. This study provides experimental evidence for the characteristics of hydrate formation in the process of CO2 throttling.
Experimental and Numerical Simulation Studies on the Synergistic Design of Gas Injection and Extraction Reservoirs of Condensate Gas Reservoir-Based Underground Gas Storage
Authors: Geng Jie , Zhang Hu , Yue Ping , Qu Simin , Wang Mutong , Chen Baoxin
Published: November 2024

The natural gas industry has developed rapidly in recent years, with gas storage playing an important role in regulating winter and summer gas consumption and ensuring energy security. The Ke7010 sand body is a typical edge water condensate gas reservoir with an oil ring, and the construction of gas storage has been started. In order to clarify the feasibility of synergistic storage building for gas injection and production, the fluid characteristics during the synergistic reservoir building process were investigated through several rounds of drive-by experiments. The results show that the oil-phase flow capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil–water interdrives, and the injection and recovery capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil–gas interdrives; the reservoir capacities of the high-permeability and low-permeability rock samples increase by about 4.84% and 7.26%, respectively, after multiple rounds of driving. Meanwhile, a numerical model of the study area was established to simulate the synergistic storage construction scheme of gas injection and extraction, and the reservoir capacity was increased by 7.02% at the end of the simulation period, which was in line with the experimental results. This study may provide a reference for gas storage construction in the study area.
An Empirical Implementation of the Shadow Riskless Rate
Authors: Lauria Davide , Park Jiho , Hu Yuan , Lindquist W. Brent , Rachev Svetlozar T. , Fabozzi Frank J.
Published: November 2024

We address the problem of asset pricing in a market where there are no risky assets. Previous work developed a theoretical model for a shadow riskless rate (SRR) for such a market, based on the drift component of the state-price deflator for that asset universe. Assuming that asset prices are modeled by correlated geometric Brownian motion, in this work, we develop a computational approach to estimate the SRR from empirical datasets. The approach employs principal component analysis to model the effects of individual Brownian motions, singular value decomposition to capture abrupt changes in the condition number of the linear system whose solution provides the SRR values, and regularization to control the rate of change of the condition number. Among other uses such as option pricing and developing a term structure of interest rates, the SRR can be used as an investment discriminator between different asset classes. We apply this computational procedure to markets consisting of various groups of stocks, encompassing different asset types and numbers. The theoretical and computational analysis provides the drift as well as the total volatility of the state-price deflator. We investigate the time trajectory of these two descriptive components of the state-price deflator for the empirical datasets.
Enhancing Smart City Energy Efficiency with Ground Source Heat Pump Systems and Integrated Energy Piles
Authors: Chanchayanon Thiti , Chaiprakaikeow Susit , Jotisankasa Apiniti , Inazumi Shinya
Published: November 2024

This review examines the integration of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems with energy piles as a sustainable approach to improving energy efficiency in smart cities. Energy piles, which combine structural support with geothermal heat exchange, offer significant advantages over conventional air source heat pumps (ASHPs) by using stable ground temperatures for more efficient heating and cooling. System efficiency can be improved by integrating hybrid systems, cooling towers, and solar thermal systems. While the initial investment for GSHP systems is higher, their integration with energy piles significantly reduces electricity consumption and operating costs, providing a compelling solution for regions with high energy demand and escalating energy prices. Government financial incentives, including subsidies, loans, and tax rebates, can reduce payback periods to less than 10 years, encouraging the adoption of energy piles and GSHP systems. The paper analyzes heat transfer mechanisms in energy piles, particularly the role of groundwater circulation in improving heat dissipation and overall system performance. It also discusses optimized design considerations, performance metrics, and economics, highlighting the critical role of site-specific conditions from thorough site surveys and strategic planning of adaptive management to adjust system operations based on real-time demand in optimizing the benefits of geothermal energy systems. This review serves as a comprehensive guide for engineers and researchers in the effective application of energy piles within urban infrastructure, thereby supporting sustainable urban development and mitigating the urban heat island effect.
Stochastic Scheduling of Grid-Connected Smart Energy Hubs Participating in the Day-Ahead Energy, Reactive Power and Reserve Markets
Authors: Parhoudeh Sina , Eguía López Pablo , Kavousi Fard Abdollah
Published: November 2024

An Energy Hub (EH) is able to manage several types of energy at the same time by aggregating resources, storage devices, and responsive loads. Therefore, it is expected that energy efficiency is high. Hence, the optimal operation for smart EHs in energy (gas, electrical, and thermal) networks is discussed in this study based on their contribution to reactive power, the energy market, and day-ahead reservations. This scheme is presented in a smart bi-level optimization. In the upper level, the equations of linearized optimal power flow are used to minimize energy losses in the presented energy networks. The lower level considers the maximization of profits of smart EHs in the mentioned markets; it is based on the EH operational model of resource, responsive load, and storage devices, as well as the formulation of the reserve and flexible constraints. This paper uses the “Karush–Kuhn–Tucker” method for single-level model extraction. An “unscented transformation technique” is then applied in order to model the uncertainties associated with energy price, renewable energy, load, and energy consumed in mobile storage. The participation of hubs in the mentioned markets to improve their economic status and the technical status of the networks, modeling of the flexibility of the hubs, and using the unscented transformation method to model uncertainties are the innovations of this article. Finally, the extracted numerical results indicate the proposed model’s potential to improve EHs’ economic and flexibility status and the energy network’s performance compared to their load flow studies. As a result, energy loss, voltage, and temperature drop as operation indices are improved by 14.5%, 48.2%, and 46.2% compared to the load flow studies, in the case of 100% EH flexibility and their optimal economic situation extraction.
Characterization of the External Load of Soccer Goalkeepers Depending on the Category and Sports Context
Authors: Hernández-Beltrán Víctor , Becerra-Patiño Boryi A. , Perdomo-Alonso Abian , Barguerias-Martínez Jesús , Gómez-Carrero Sergio , Espada Mário C. , Gamonales José M.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Studies focused on the soccer goalkeeper position in training and official matches are scarce. The present study aimed to analyze the external load during training sessions and official matches in semi-professional goalkeepers. Methods: Data from goalkeepers (n = 6) from the youth ranks of a professional team belonging to the first Spanish soccer league have been used. The sample is made up of a total of 758 data collected during all the training and competitions carried out by the analyzed teams that made up the squad during the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 seasons. A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out based on the category (Youth B or Youth C) and the sports context (training or competition). Results: The results showed significant differences depending on the category (average time to feet left, average time to feet right, total jumps, total dives, total left dives, total right dives, high metabolic load distance (HMLD), and high metabolic power efforts (HMPE)), and the sport context (average time to feet right, total jumps, total dives, total left dives, total right dives, total distance, distance 18–21 km/h, distance 21–24 km/h, Dec 2–3, efforts, and HMLD). Conclusions: The EL of the GKs shows differences regarding the category and the context. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and determine the threshold of each player considering different variables related to the external and internal load to individualize the training tasks and prevent injuries due to overload.
Formal Verification of Code Conversion: A Comprehensive Survey
Authors: Mahmoud Amira T. , Mohammed Ahmad A. , Ayman Mahitap , Medhat  Walaa , Selim  Sahar , Zayed Hala , Yousef Ahmed H. , Elaraby  Nahla
Published: November 2024

Code conversion, encompassing translation, optimization, and generation, is becoming increasingly critical in information systems and the software industry. Traditional validation methods, such as test cases and code coverage metrics, often fail to ensure the correctness, completeness, and equivalence of converted code to its original form. Formal verification emerges as a crucial methodology to address these limitations. Although numerous surveys have explored formal verification in various contexts, a significant research gap exists in pinpointing appropriate formal verification approaches to code conversion tasks. This paper provides a detailed survey of formal verification techniques applicable to code conversion. This survey identifies the strengths and limitations of contemporary adopted approaches while outlining a trajectory for future research, emphasizing the need for automated and scalable verification tools. The novel categorization of formal verification methods provided in this paper serves as a foundational guide for researchers seeking to enhance the reliability of code conversion processes.
Innovative Teaching of AI-Based Text Mining and ChatGPT Applications for Trend Recognition in Tourism and Hospitality
Authors: Gau Li-Shiue , Chu Hsiu-Tan , Pham Duong Thuy , Huang Chung-Hsing
Published: November 2024

This research applies a model-based teaching approach aimed at scrutinizing trends in the leisure, tourism, hospitality, recreation, and sport (LTHRS) field by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with ChatGPT, project-based learning (PBL), systems thinking, and industrial analysis tools to foster trend recognition skills. The study employs a quasi-experimental design to compare the efficacy of two instructional approaches (exploratory vs. confirmatory) concerning AI literacy and learning outcomes. Notably, the exploratory group exhibits marked improvements in AI knowledge, while the confirmatory group demonstrates enhanced trend recognition ability. Additionally, the research delves into the application effects of AI-based text mining and ChatGPT (AITM) as content analysis tools through four distinct projects (5G’s impact on tourism industries, travel trends caused by metaverse, daylily tour in Huatan Township, and Taiwanese elements in spectator sports), underscoring the substantial efficacy of AITM in capturing diverse themes, albeit with challenges in discerning subtle and subjective labels. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the model-based teaching approach and the multifaceted utility of AI and automated text mining in augmenting trend recognition skills.
Microplastic Particles Detected in Fetal Cord Blood, Placenta, and Meconium: A Pilot Study of Nine Mother–Infant Pairs in South China
Authors: Zhu Minting , Li Xiaotian , Lin Wei , Zeng Dan , Yang Pan , Ni Weigui , Chen Zhijian , Lin Bingyi , Lai Lijuan , Ouyang Zhongai , Fan Jingjie
Published: November 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental pollutants. Pregnancy and infancy are sensitive windows for environmental exposure. However, few studies have investigated the presence of MPs in mother–infant pairs, or the exposure source. In this study, nine mother–infant pairs were recruited, and samples of placenta, cord blood, and meconium were collected. Information about the living environment and dietary habits were collected to determine the source of exposure during pregnancy. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was applied to identify MPs. In total, 9, 4, and 14 types of MPs were identified in the placenta, cord blood, and meconium samples, with particle counts of 34, 14, and 80, respectively. More than 80.47% of MPs detected in samples had a size of 100–400 μm. The abundance of MPs exhibited the order of meconium > placenta > cord blood (Hc = 14.959, p < 0.01). We found that the abundance of MPs in meconium from women who drank tea ≥ 3 times/week during pregnancy was lower than in those who drank less (p = 0.048). Our study presents evidence of MPs transfer via the placenta–cord blood–meconium pathway. We also found that the habit of drinking tea among pregnant women might be related to the abundance of MPs in meconium.
The Relationship Between PM2.5 and Eight Common Lung Diseases: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Authors: Jiang Yuhang , Si Jingwen , Wang Yuhang , Zhang Han , Zhou Fang , Lu Xike , Li Xin , Sun Daqiang , Wang Zheng
Published: November 2024

Air pollutants have both acute and chronic impacts on human health, affecting multiple systems and organs. While PM2.5 exposure is commonly assumed to be strongly associated with all respiratory diseases, this relationship has not been systematically analyzed. This study employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach to investigate the effects of PM2.5 on eight common lung diseases, using data from GWAS. Additionally, multivariable Mendelian randomization was applied to assess the direct effects of various air pollutants and the mediating roles of common factors such as BMI and smoking. At a significance threshold of 5×10−8, PM2.5 showed a significant causal relationship with both asthma and COPD. When the screening threshold was relaxed to 5× 10−6, this exposure continued to demonstrate significant associations not only with asthma and COPD, but also with other respiratory diseases, including pneumonia, emphysema/chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer. In the multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis, which controlled for smoking and bacterial infections, the association with pneumonia became non-significant, while the relationships with the other four diseases persisted. This study provides a systematic exploration of the relationship between PM2.5 and eight pulmonary diseases from a new perspective, deepening our understanding of the impact of air pollution on health and laying the foundation for future efforts to mitigate these effects.
The Association Between Brominated Flame Retardants Exposure and Liver-Related Biomarkers in US Adults
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Cheng Yulan , Ruan Jialing , Huang Donglei , Xiao Jing , Zhao Xinyuan , Li Jinlong , Qu Jianhua , Wang Xiaoke
Published: November 2024

Background: Emerging studies demonstrate that exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) can have harmful effects on human health. Our study focused on the relationship between exposure to various BFRs and markers of liver function. Methods: To further explore the association between BFR exposure and liver function impairment, we used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) for three cycles from 2009 to 2014, leaving 4206 participants (≥20 years of age) after screening. Nine BFRs and eight liver function tests (LFTs) were measured in the participants’ serum to represent BFRs and liver function impairment in vivo. To investigate whether there is a relationship between BFRs and health outcome, statistical research methods such as the weighted linear regression model, restricted cubic spline (RCS), weighted quantile sum (WQS), quantile-based g computing (QGC), and the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were used to evaluate the correlation between serum BFRs and LFTs. Results: The studies reveals that exposure to BFRs is associated with liver function biomarkers. In a weighted linear regression model, we found that PBB153, PBDE99, PBDE154, PBDE209, PBDE85 exposure was positively correlated with AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, TP, and SL risk. In RCS model, the nonlinear relationships between PBB153 and AST, ALT, and GGT and PBDE209 and ALT and TP are the most significant. The exposure to combined BFRs was positively correlated with AST, ALT, and GGT in WQS and QGC models. BKMR analysis showed that BFR exposure was positively correlated with AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT. Conclusions: Exposure to BFRs is associated with liver function impairment, suggesting that BFR exposure is potentially toxic to the human liver, but more in-depth studies are needed to explore this correlation.
Toxicity of Polystyrene Microplastics with Cadmium on the Digestive System of Rana zhenhaiensis Tadpoles
Authors: Tang Ye , Wu Xueyi , Pang Yuting , Xiao Shimin , Xie Lei , Zhang Yongpu
Published: November 2024

Microplastics pollution in freshwater systems is attracting increasing attention. However, our knowledge of its combined toxicity with heavy metals is scarce. In this study, Rana zhenhaiensis was used as the model animal to study the combined poisoning mechanism of cadmium or microplastics on the digestive systems of tadpoles in freshwater. Results showed that the exposure to cadmium and polystyrene increased the mortality and metamorphosis rate of R. zhenhaiensis tadpoles, and delayed their growth and development. Cadmium was detected in the livers and intestines, while polystyrene mainly accumulated in the gills and intestines of tadpoles. The individual exposure of cadmium or polystyrene can cause pathological damage to liver tissue, induce oxidative stress in liver, and change gene expression. Cadmium co-exposure with polystyrene can reduce the cadmium accumulation in the liver. While polystyrene can slightly increase cadmium accumulation in the intestine. Exposure to cadmium and polystyrene altered the abundance and community structure of intestinal microbiota, and polystyrene increased the dysregulation of the gut microbiome. In this study, the combined exposure of microplastics and cadmium had a negative impact on R. zhenhaiensis tadpoles, but the introduction of microplastics on the toxicity of cadmium on the tadpoles needs further investigation, due to the different characteristics of microplastics.
Recombinant Live-Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine for Veterinary Use
Authors: Chagas Domitila Brzoskowski , Santos Francisco Denis Souza , de Oliveira Natasha Rodrigues , Bohn Thaís Larré Oliveira , Dellagostin Odir Antônio
Published: November 2024

Vaccination is essential for maintaining animal health, with priority placed on safety and cost effectiveness in veterinary use. The development of recombinant live-attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASVs) has enabled the construction of balanced lethal systems, ensuring the stability of plasmid vectors encoding protective antigens post-immunization. These vaccines are particularly suitable for production animals, providing long-term immunity against a range of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. This review summarizes the progress made in this field, with a focus on clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy and commercial potential of RASVs in veterinary medicine.
European EHBP1L1 Genotyping Survey of Dyserythropoietic Anemia and Myopathy Syndrome in English Springer Spaniels
Authors: Østergård Jensen Sarah , Kehl Alexandra , Giger Urs
Published: November 2024

Dyserythropoietic anemia and myopathy syndrome (DAMS) with neonatal losses was recently characterized as an autosomal recessive disorder caused by an EHBP1L1 frameshift variant in English Springer Spaniels (ESSPs). The frequency and dissemination of the mutation remained unknown. The EHBP1L1 protein is essential for muscle function, and the Rab8/10-EHBP1L1-Bin1-dynamin axis participates in nuclear polarization during the enucleation of erythroblasts. Lack of EHBP1L1 function decreases enucleation, leading to increased numbers of nucleated erythrocytes, which are characteristic of DAMS. A genotyping survey for the EHBP1L1 variant was conducted based upon submitted samples of ESSPs from Europe. DNA was extracted, and a real-time PCR assay, with allele-specific TaqMan probes for EHBP1L1 wild-type and frameshift deletion, was applied. Between September 2022 and August 2024, 803 samples were received from 18 European countries. The EHBP1L1 mutant allele frequency was 9.7%, including 4 homozygous dogs and 148 heterozygotes. The mutant EHBP1L1 allele was found in 13 countries. A total of 6 homozygous and 73 heterozygous ESSPs reported on an open database could be tracked to an original common ancestor. Although the survey is biased, it indicates that the mutant EHBP1L1 variant is disseminated in the breed and across Europe. The genotyping of ESSPs is recommended to diagnose DAMS and guide breeders.
Transitioning to Electric UTVs: Implications for Assembly Tooling
Authors: Hjorth Jonatan , Hirdman Carl , Kristav Per
Published: November 2024

This case report explores the UTVs (utility terrain vehicles) transition from internal combustion engines to electric drive and how the shift will impact the assembly tooling industry. A multiple-case study at manufacturing plants was complemented by an exploratory survey with key stakeholders in the industry. The findings showed that the transition to electric drive is still in its infancy and is likely to accelerate soon. Electric vehicles were generally found to contain fewer components and thus have fewer applications for tightening tools in their assembly. Much of the difference comes from the fact that electric engines require far fewer tightening operations compared to internal combustion engines. However, the assembly of electric components and battery packs requires new advanced tooling solutions. When transitioning to electric drives, manufacturers were found to source their battery packs and electric engines most commonly from external suppliers. This can displace the tooling industry’s business within the segment. Several opportunities and challenges for assembly tool suppliers were identified. Firstly, the transition to electric drive will likely generate significant tooling needs on the manufacturers side. Electric vehicles tend to require more advanced tools and solutions, which likely will benefit premium tool suppliers with Industry 4.0 solutions. There are, however, long-term challenges as electric UTVs have fewer components and fewer tightenings in their assembly process. One long-term opportunity that could potentially offset the decline in tightenings within final assembly is battery pack assembly. This process does not only require a lot of advanced tightenings, but there are also opportunities for other joining techniques. Thus, the assembly tooling business’ biggest opportunities within the UTV industry are likely to shift from the vehicle’s final- to battery pack assembly.