bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study between Candida antarctica Lipase B and Pseudomonas floroscens as Catalyst for Polycaprolactone Production
Authors: Senthil Senthil Kumar , Uzir M.H. , Ahmad Z.
Published: December 2012

The Effects of temperature on ring-opening bulk polymerizations of ε-caprolactone was studied by using two different lipases Novozym 435 (immobilized form of lipase B from Candida antarctica), and Pseudomonas Floroscens as biocatalyst. The polymerization of ε-caprolactone was carried out at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C. For Novozym 435 the results showed that increasing the reaction time of the polymerization system resulted in an increased rate of monomer consumption and hence increased the molecular weight. For an increase in reaction time the conversion increases steadily and after a gradual increase there is a decrease which is found uniform for all the temperature showing a uniform trend. For a temperature of 70°C and 4 hours molecular weight was found to be 8.4 x 104 daltons which were the highest of all the readings that were obtained. In the copolymerizaton of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and δ-valerolactone using Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase at 60°C for 20 days a copolymer with molecular weight of 1.97 x 105 was obtained. Effects of the reaction time and temperature on the copolymerization have been examined.
Low Temperature Catalytic Steam Gasification of Waste Palm Trunk by Pottasium Carbonate Supported on Perovskite Oxide
Authors: Azizi Nor , Kim Young Kwang , Miyawaki Jin , Mochida Isao , Yoon Seong Ho
Published: December 2012

A waste palm trunk was used as raw materials of derived biochar in catalytic steam gasification experiments. Pre-treatment was done to enrich the carbon content and removed the heavy and light tar. Waste palm trunk has been added in pyrolysis reactor to produce biochar at temperature 550°C under N2 flow. The experimental ran in a bubbling fluidized reactor at atmospheric pressure by the steam as gasification agent and Nitrogen as a carrier gas with different catalysts such as K2CO3 / LaMn0.8Cu0.2, K2CO3 / Alumina, Alumina and K2CO3 respectively. The experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of gasification temperature, effect of catalyst and effect of catalyst ratio to biochar on the carbon conversion into syngas. The syngas compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography. K2CO3 / LaMn0.8Cu0.2 catalyst showed the better carbon conversion as compared to the other catalysts. Perovskite oxide was more effective as a support for the gasification catalyst. The results showed that the better carbon conversion ratio within short time gasification and removed heavy and light tar. K2CO3 / LaMn0.8Cu0.2 showed high activity for biochar gasification at low temperature and good recovery property near 750°C.
Experimental Investigation on the Shear Behaviour of Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Reinforcement Bars
Authors: Noor Azlina Abdul Hamid , Azmi Ibrahim , Rendy Thamrin , Hanizah Abdul Hamid
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the experimental results of shear behaviour on concrete beams longitudinally reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement bars. Totally sixteen concrete beams were tested under static load. Half of the tested beams were longitudinally reinforced with GFRP reinforcement bars, while, the other half were reinforced with conventional steel reinforcement bars. The beams were prepared with varying test variables, such as shear span-to-effective depth ratios (a/d), amount and types of longitudinal reinforcement bars and stirrup spacing. The experimental results show that the ratios of a/d and stirrup spacing significantly influence the ultimate capacities of the beams. Moreover, more closely spaced diagonal shear cracks were resulted in GFRP reinforced concrete (RC) beams compared to steel RC beams.
Quality Evaluation of Cold Embossed Hole Based on Profile Measurement Technique
Authors: Abdullah A.B. , Sapuan S.M. , Samad Z. , Aziz N.A.
Published: December 2012

The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of the cold forging hole by focusing the roundness of the hole. In this study, a cold forging process of blind hole of Aluminum Alloy AA6061 experimental rig was developed. In the experiment, two major design parameters i.e. the depth of embossing and diameter of the punch were studied and their influence to the roundness was measured based on the profile obtained from the surface measurement technique. The results will be validated using commercial roundtest machine.
Fabrication and Photoresponse of Self-Organized TiO2 Mesoporous by Alternative Voltage Condition
Authors: Krongkitsiri Pacharee , Tipparach Udom
Published: December 2012

Mesoporous of TiO2electrodes (MOTE) were fabricated on pure titanium sheets in aqueous based electrolytes that consist of NaSO4NH4F and Oxalic acid by an anodization method with alternative voltage condition. Morphology of MOTE was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The characteristic photoresponse in 0.1 M Na2SO4on the MOTE was investigated. The MOTE shows an excellent photoresponse property that is significant at low open-circuit potential.
A Study on the Rheological Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene/Palm Kernel Shell Composites
Authors: Lim B.Y. , Husseinsyah Salmah , Teh Pei Leng
Published: December 2012

The rheological properties of the low density polyethylene (LDPE)/palm kernel shell (PKS) composites were studied by using a melt flow indexer. The silane treated and untreated composites were investigated. Both of the composites were further varied by amount of filler loading from 10 to 40 php. The testing temperature of composites varied from 180 to 210 °. It was found out that the MFI values of the composites increased with temperature but decreased with a rise of filler loading. The treated LDPE/PKS composites exhibited lower MFI values compared to untreated composites, which indicated the increase of viscosity. Thus, a better adhesion between the LDPE matrix and PKS was established. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of LDPE/PKS composites was found to obey the Arrhenius equation. The results showed that the activation energy of the composites increased with the increase of filler loading. However, at similar filler loading, the silane treated composites showed lower activation energy compared to untreated composites, leading to the reduction of their temperature sensitivity.
Morphological and Structural Study of Nanostructured Tin Dioxide (SnO2) Thin Films by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Ong Boon Hoong , Lee Heng Choy , Hamid Sharifah Bee Abdul
Published: December 2012

Nanostructured SnO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrate using chemical spray pyrolysis technique. Three influent synthesis parameters, namely (i) the precursor concentration (0.2M and 0.5M), (ii) the substrate temperature (250°C and 350°C) and (iii) doping with zinc (Zn) were investigated in term of their effects on the morphology and structure of SnO2 thin films. These films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) techniques. The grain size of the films was observed to increase as the concentration of the precursors is increased. Substrate temperature is proved to be crucial in determining the crystallinity of the films as the films are reported to grow at temperature above 270°C. Besides, the addition of dopant was found to reduce the grain size of the film.
Moisture Absorption and Shock Cushioning Behavior of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Filled with Saw Dust
Authors: Rum Syahidah M. , Azlan Mohd , David N.V.
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the moisture absorption and shock cushioning properties of flexible polyurethane foams (PU) filled with saw dust fibers at 10, 15 and 20wt%. The compositeswere fabricated using open molded method from a two-part liquid foamsystem consisting of part-A (Isocyanate) and part-B (Polyol).The diffusion rates from the moisture absorption test is calculated using Ficks second law equation. Thesample with 10 wt% filler shows the highest diffusion ratewhile the lowest rateis sample with15wt% filler. The shock cushioning properties was determined via drop test where an 11.48-kg weight is dropped, from a height of 610 cm on the composites. The average Gvalue that represents product fragility was found to be 55.45.
Effect of Partial Replacements of Sand by Waste Rubber on the Low Impact Resistance of Concrete
Authors: Al-Tayeb Mustafa Maher , Bakar B.H. Abu , Md Akil Hazizan , Ismail Hanafi
Published: December 2012

Effects of partial replacements of sand by waste fine rubber on the long term performance of concrete under low impact three-point bending loading were investigated. Specimens were prepared for 5% and 10% replacements by volume of sand. For each case, three beams of 50 mm ×75 mm × 350mm were loaded to failure in a drop-weight impact machine by subjected it to 20 N weight from 400mm height. In general the experiment appeared that the impact strength increases with increase the percentage of sand replacement by waste fine crumb rubber.
Studies on Dissimilar Welding of AA5083 and AA6061 Alloys by Laser Beam Welding
Authors: Srinivas B. , Sivaprasad K. , Babu N. Kishore , Muthupandi V. , Susila P.
Published: December 2012

Dissimilar welds were prepared between 4 mm thick AA5083 and AA6061 sheets using Nd-YAG laser welding with different laser power, beam spot sizes and welding speeds. The results show that the temperature gradient and cooling rates play a major role in resultant microstructures of the weldments. Room temperature hardness and tensile properties of the weldments in the as-welded condition were studied and correlated with the microstructure. The microhardness examination showed that there was significant variation in hardness values at AA6061 side when compared with AA5083 side due to steeper temperature gradient. It has been observed that welds prepared with 3.5kW laser power, 3.5 m/min welding speed and 180 µm beam spot size exhibited highest tensile strength of 241 MPa.
Structures and Properties of Isotactic-Polypropylene/Synthesized Micro Cellulose Tray: Effects of Micro Cellulose Loading
Authors: Sukhavattanakul Pongpat , Jarupan Lerpong , Pechyen Chiravoot
Published: December 2012

Cellulose was derived from cotton fabric waste. Composites of microcellulose fibers (MC) and isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) was prepared by melting and mixing, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA-g-PP) was used as compatibilizer. The MC was blended in different ratios up to 20 phr with i-PP using corotating twin-screw compounder and then a forming of trays was done by injection molding. Effects of MC on mechanical properties of i-PP were investigated. Changes in mechanical and morphological properties with different MC loading were discussed. The composite of i-PP/MA-g-PP/MC rendered better results in comparison with the i-PP/MC composite. The compressive strength and modulus of i-PP/MC composites increased with the addition of 20 phr MC. The i-PP/MA-g-PP/MC-20phr composites showed higher compressive strength and modulus than the i-PP/MC-20 phr without MA-g-PP due to increased interfacial interaction between MC and i-PP matrix. Thermal properties of i-PP/MC composites with and without MA-g-PP were not significantly different from pure i-PP. In conclusion, MC derived from cotton fabric waste could be used as a reinforcing agent for manufacturing thermoplastic.
Study on Renewable Resource-Based Composites from Agro Waste Alpinia galanga Natural Fibers
Authors: Mustapha Rohani , Chik Mohd Syahrizul , Awang Mohamad
Published: December 2012

Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as alternative to replace traditional synthetic fibers. This is due to the increased environmental and sustainability awareness. In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with untreated and treated agro-waste natural fibersAlpinia galanga. Alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide was used to improve the interface adhesion between fibers and polyethylene matrix. Polyethylene-Alpinia galangacomposites were prepared using an injection molding machine at various fiber contents of 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% and characterized. Experimental studies have shown that in general fibers function as filler in polyethylene composites and exhibited tensile strength relatively close to the strength of the unfilled composites. The increasing ofAlpinia galangacontent decreased elongation at break and increased the Youngs modulus of Polyethylene-Alpinia galangacomposites. It was also observed that treated fiber composites showed higher thermal stability than that of untreated fiber composites.
Contribution of Polypropylene Fibre in Improving Strength of Foamed Concrete
Authors: Hadipramana Josef , Samad Abdul Aziz Abdul , Zaidi Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad , Mohammad Noridah , Ali Noorwirdawati
Published: December 2012

Foamed concrete as favorable substitution conventional concrete can be used in wide range of constructions. Usage the Polypropylene Fibre (denoted as PF) in this investigation examined contribution of PF on strength of foamed concrete. Mechanical test were performed to measure effect of PF on improving compressive and splitting tensile strength. Results indicate that PF significantly improving compressive and splitting tensile strength. Behavior of PF where drawn into foamed concrete similarly with normal concrete. The fibrillation and interfacial bonding between PF and matrix has been occurred and reduced the micro crack of matrix and prevented propagation crack growth. However influence of porous of foamed concrete is considered. Process of curing continuation 60 and 90 days indicate that interfacial adhesion is wider when cement hydration process is running. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) exhibits condition microstructure of foamed concrete added by PF alter the microstructure, especially interfacial bonding between PF and matrix.
Research Advances of Composite Solder Material Fabricated via Powder Metallurgy Route
Authors: Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar , Hazizi Muhammad Hafiz , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Noriman N.Z. , Mayapan Ramani , Ahmad Zainal A.
Published: December 2012

Researches and studies on composite solder have been done by many researchers in an effort to develop viable lead-free solders which can replace the conventional lead-based solders as lead is considered as toxic. Solder materials developed by composite approach showed improvement in their properties and importantly it improved their service performance when compared with solder materials developed by other methods. This paper reviews the solder properties of various types of composite lead-free solder that were fabricated via powder metallurgy route. The fabrication processes of the composite solder material by using powder metallurgy route which involved mixing the powder homogeneously, compaction of the mixed powder and sintering the green body were discussed in detail. The types of reinforcements used in order to enhance its properties and the roles of the reinforcement used were also discussed in detail. Properties of a desirable composite solder and the effects of the reinforcement addition to the composite solder microstructure, changes in its wettability and improvement of its mechanical properties were later discussed in this paper. In conclusion, by reviewing various research advances in composite solder material, a solder material with high solder joint reliability at elevated temperature have yet to be found. Thus, a novel composite solder material with higher solder joint reliability at room and elevated temperature was proposed.
Bacillus megaterium sp. as Degradation Agent for Biodegradable Natural Rubber Latex Films
Authors: Tajuddin Z.M.F , Azura A. Rashid
Published: December 2012

Degradation for biodegradable natural rubber (NRL) films by Bacillus megaterium sp. is investigated. A common soil bacterium, Bacillus megaterium sp. is one of the largest eubacteria. This bacterium has large potential in degradation process for biodegradable natural rubber latex film. Specified method is used to cultivate the bacteria using suitable media. The growth of bacteria is studied through optical density and dry weight as a function of time. The optical density at specific wavelength with different stages of bacterial growth is used to determine their mid-log growth phase of the cell. The optimum time achieved to insert NRL films is between 17 to 20 hours of incubation period. Growth curve of Bacillus megaterium sp. gives an equation of Y=2.3401X. The biodegradation behaviour of Bacillus megaterium sp. is further investigated to access the viability as accelerating media for biodegradation of NRL films.
Effect of Curing Regime on Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Malaysian Laterite Aggregate
Authors: Kamaruzaman Norul Wahida , Muthusamy Khairunisa
Published: December 2012

Concrete subjected to improper curing process would exhibit poor strength performance due to incomplete hydration process. This research investigate the effect of curing regime towards compressive strength of concrete containing Malaysian laterite aggregate (MLA) as partial coarse aggregate replacement. Concrete specimens produced using a range of laterite aggregate replacement from 0 to 50% were placed in different curing regime namely water curing, natural weather curing and air curing until the testing date. Specimens were subjected to compressive strength test in accordance to BS EN 12390 at 60 days. The results show strength of all specimens except the air cured samples increase as the curing age become longer. It was found that water curing is the most suitable for better performance of laterite concrete. The presence of water throughout the curing process is very much crucial for laterite concrete strength developement compared to normal concrete.
Post-Growth Annealing Effects on the Photoluminescence of ZnO Nanoparticle-Based Discs
Authors: Sendi Rabab Khalid , Mahmud Shahrom
Published: December 2012

The luminescence of ZnO exhibits a band-edge UV emission peak and a broad emission in the blue-green-red regions associated with the deep level defects as well as the oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitials in the discs. The mechanism of the defect is attributed to the electronic transitions from near conduction band-edge to the deep level acceptors and transitions from the deep donor levels to the valence band. In this study, post-growth annealing was conducted to investigate the mechanism involved in the visible luminescence of ZnO nanoparticle discs prepared. Post-growth thermal annealing can be applied as a new technique in controlling the optical properties of ZnO discs.
Ultra Compact 1×11 Power Splitter Using Polydiacetylene Multimode Interference Coupler
Authors: Tajaldini Mehdi , Mat Jafri Mohd Zubir
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this study is to propose an ultra compact 1×11 power splitter using a Polydiacetylene multimode interference coupler to improve its performance and decrease the dimension based on a contribution of Kerr nonlinear effect on modes propagation and interference. The power splitting is done with 11 outputs and small dimension. In fact, this is the first time that a power splitter is demonstrated at the length of less than 100µm with a large number of outputs. The device efficiency is studied in terms of insertion loss and uniformity. The simulation result shows extremely low uniformity and insertion loss due to the great small length.
Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Shell and Seed
Authors: Mokhtar Mohd Fikri , Latib Erny Haslina Abd , Sufian Suriati , Ku Shaari Ku Zilati
Published: December 2012

This study presents the preparation of activated carbon from durian shell (DShAC) and durian seed (DSeAC) based by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent under the nitrogen flow. In order to find the optimum physical characteristics, variation in concentration of KOH, carbonization temperature and duration time was employed. The result shows that activated carbon from durian waste is a promising activated carbon as the highest yield was obtained from the carbonization process that occurs at 400C for four hours with the KOH concentration is 0.6 M.
Reviews on the Properties of Aggregates Made with or without Geopolymerisation Method
Authors: Abd Razak Rafiza , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Hussin Kamarudin , Khairul Nizar I. , Hardjito D. , Zarina Yahya
Published: December 2012

Aggregates are popular for use in concrete and lightweight concrete applications. Recent research shows that the by-product materials such as fly ash can be used as raw material in producing aggregates and lightweight aggregates. The usage of this material can improve the quality of the aggregates produced compared to conventional in term of structurally strong, physically stable, durable, and environmentally inert. This paper summarized the process and mechanical testing on the fly ash aggregates and lightweight aggregates to be used in concrete.
Development of Bioreactor System for Generating Three-Dimensional (3D) Tissue Engineering
Authors: Rad S. , Normahira M. , Anas M.N.
Published: December 2012

In this study, perfusion bioreactor has been employed for generating a three dimensional (3D) tissue engineering. In flow perfusion culture, the culture medium is forced through the internal porous network of the scaffold. This can mitigate internal diffusional limitations present in 3D scaffold to enhance nutrient delivery and waste removal from the cultured cells. In order to validate this design, a fluid flow analysis has been conducted to show that it has a uniform flow distribution value for cell cultured conditions. This bioreactor system also equip with the temperature controller system to ensure the bioreactor temperature is always at 37°C in order to mimic human body temperature.
Synthesis of Eu2+, Dy3+ Co-Doped Mal2O4 Phosphor (M = Ba, Sr) by In Situ Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis
Authors: Sathaporn Taschaporn , Niyomwas Sutham
Published: December 2012

Eu2+, Dy3+ co-doped alkaline earth aluminates MAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ (M = Ba, Sr) have been prepared by in situ self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) method. The influence of co-doping rare earth ions (Eu2+, Dy3+) on the luminescence of MAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ were described in this study. The particles morphology, photoluminescence and afterglow properties of the phosphors were studied. Broad band UV excited luminescence was observed for BaAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ and SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ in the green region peak at max = 503 nm and 523 nm, respectively. The dopant (Eu2+) and co-dopant (Dy3+) concentrations affect the crystallinity and luminescence properties of the materials.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Studies of Mechanically Milled Cobalt
Authors: Yeo W.S. , Nur Amirah Z. , Metselaar H.S.C. , Ong T.H.
Published: December 2012

The allotropic phase transformation of cobalt powder prepared by high-energy ball milling was investigated as a function of milling time. Measurement of crystallite size and micro-strain in the powder systems milled for different times were conducted by X-ray diffractometry. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks were analyzed using the Pearson VII profile function in conjunction with Rietveld method. X-ray diffraction line broadening revealed that allotropic transformation between face-centred-cubic phase (fcc) and hexagonal close-packed phase (hcp) in cobalt is grain size dependent and also on the accumulation of structure defects. The results showed that the phase formation of cobalt depends on the mill intensity that influences of both the grain size and the accumulation of structure defects. However, this theory alone is not adequate to explain the effects in this work. It was found that the total surface energy (Ω) theory satisfactorily explains the phase transformation behavior of cobalt. The smaller value of surface energy (Ω) of the fcc crystal than the hcp phase when size decreases may alter the qualitative aspects of the phase formation.
Effect of Curing Regimes on Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes Produced from Geopolymer Powder
Authors: Yun Ming Liew , Hussin Kamarudin , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Binhussain Mohammed , Musa Luqman , Khairul Nizar Ismail , Ghazali Che Mohd Ruzaidi , Heah C.Y.
Published: December 2012

The properties of metakaolin geopolymer paste are affected by the alkali concentration, the initial raw materials, solidification process, and amount of mixing water as well as the curing conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of curing temperature (room temperature, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C and 100°C) and curing time (6h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h) on the geopolymer pastes produced from geopolymer powder. The results showed that curing at room temperature was unfeasible. Heat was required for the geopolymerization process, where strength increased as the curing temperature was increased. Moderate elevated curing temperature favored the strength development of geopolymer pastes in comparison with those treated with extreme elevated curing temperature. When geopolymer paste was subjected to extreme elevated curing temperature, shorter curing time should be used to avoid deterioration in strength gain. Similarly, longer curing time was recommended for moderate elevated curing temperature. The microstructure of geopolymer paste cured at moderate curing temperature showed obvious densification of structure. In contrast, the structure formed was weak and less compact at very high elevated curing temperature.
Material Characterization of Al-Si/SiCpp Composite via Pressureless Infiltration Using Polystyrene as External Binder
Authors: Anasyida A.S. , Manaf Norani Abdul , Dhindaw B.K. , Yusoff Mahani
Published: December 2012

In this study, SiC-reinforced Al-Si matrix composite was prepared by pressureless infiltration using polystyrene as a binder. The molten Al-Si alloy was infiltrated into preform that previously pre-mixed with different volume percentage (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol%) of SiCpand polystyrene. The result showed that the infiltration of Al-Si/SiC composite was possible using polystyrene beads as a binder. The distribution of SiC particles was uniformly distributed within the Al-Si matrix. At lower SiC content, as a result of Si deficiency, Al4C3was favorable to be formed. The presence of Al4C3demonstrated poor properties of Al-Si/SiC composite. But, the hardness and density was improved with increasing SiC content.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Bioreduction of Silver Nanoparticles by Pycnoporus sanguineus
Authors: Chan Yen San , Mat Don Mashitah
Published: December 2012

Controlling the size of nanomaterials are attracting great interest in the research on scientific and technological applications because of their unit properties for achieving specific processes especially in biological and medical applications. Microbial assisted biosynthesis of nanoparticles is of growing potential in the area of bionanotechnology compared to chemical synthesis when dealing with medical and pharmaceutical applications. A simple and effective approach for AgNPs synthesis by Pycnoporus sanguineus was demonstrated and the effect of production mode on controlling size of AgNPs produced was studied. Culture supernatant of Pycnoporus sanguineus was used to synthesis AgNPs of nanosize. One factor at a time (OFAT) method was employed to perform optimization on process parameter such as inoculum size and AgNO3 concentration. The morphology, uniformity and concentration of AgNPs were investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) zetasizer and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was observed that increase in inoculum size leads to decrease in size of AgNPs and increase of AgNPs concentration. Hence, it can be deduced that optimizing the bioprocess parameters led to superior control of AgNPs size.
Effects of Annealing Treatment on Structural, Optical and Morphology Characteristics of ZnO Nanostructures
Authors: Mohd Bakhori Siti Khadijah , Ling Chuo Ann , Mahmud Shahrom
Published: December 2012

The ZnO nanostructure produced by CFCO or French process were undergone annealing treatment at 700°C in oxygen and nitrogen ambient. Subsequently, the characteristics of structural, optical and morphology of ZnO nanostructures were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. The crystallite size of the nanostructures were calculated from full width half maximum (FWHM) of (101) peak in XRD patterns and the size is around 42 nm. PL measuremment were carried out and the near band edge emission (NBE) is increase in wavelength or namely redshifted. Moreover, deep band emission (DBE) is observed at 520 nm for ZnO annealed in nitrogen, which commonly regarded as the defect level of oxygen vacancies. The investigation continues with conducting transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to demonstrate the mophology of as grown nanostructures and annealed in both nitrogen and oxygen ambient.
Effect of Soil Type in Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) with Uncontrolled Burnt Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
Authors: Riza Fetra Venny , Rahman Ismail Abdul , Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi , Loo Lee Yee
Published: December 2012

Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) as building material has many advantages compared to conventional fired clay brick in the view of sustainability, moreover if incorporated uncontrolled burnt RHA waste that usually dumped off since it has no commercial value. This paper tried to assess the effect of soil types of clay and laterite in CEB properties which abundantly available in Malaysia. The result showed that the compressive strength of CEB with 20% RHA using clay at 5.5 MPa is better than that of laterite 4.9 MPa, and both exceed that of commercial unfired clay brick from UK.
Critical Size Structure Parameters for Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Omar M.S.
Published: December 2012

A model for calculating size dependent lattice volume of nanoparticles with that of the model for calculating size dependence melting point are applied to calculate nanoparticles structure parameters for Au in its critical size range smaller than 3 nm. From the method of trial and error for the melting temperature Tm, size dependence curve fitting to the experimental data is obtained. From this fitting curve, and both dependence of dmean versus Tm, and h versus dmean diagrams, the structure dependent parameters of bulk surface layer inter-planer distance h, vibrational entropy Svib, Tm and mean bond length dmean where found to have values of 0.2918 nm, 47 J. K-1.mol-1, 2500K and 0.2025 nm respectively. These parameters are the values for the expected bulk structure of the molecule like morphology for nanoparticles smaller than 3 nm diameter.
Generic Framework for Conceptual Design Using Concurrent Engineering Strategy. A Case Study: Advanced Material Application Product Development of Metal Matrix Composite Component
Authors: Fatchurrohman Nanang , Sulaiman Shamsuddin , Sapuan S.M. , Ariffin Mohd Khairol Anuar , Baharuddin B.T.H.T.
Published: December 2012

One of the keys to success for product competition in the market depends on the effectiveness of its product development. This article presents a generic framework of product development which focuses on the conceptual design. The framework is developed with concurrent engineering strategy where it takes into account the product life cycle considerations within the early phases of the conceptual design. The proposed framework starts from product investigation, product specification and conceptual design. Implementation of the framework is illustrated on a case study of metal matrix composite brake disc rotor design, where there is an avenue for conceptual research since the progress of metal matrix composite utilisation in the automotive industry is limited due to their high cost in comparison with conventional alloy. The possible outcome for product investigation, product specification and conceptual design of metal matrix composite brake disc rotor are presented as part of the selection of best conceptual design. Moreover, the proposed framework is an aid to help engineers and designers to make an effective and systematic product development through a sound conceptual design decision from possible product concept alternatives.
The Crystallinity and Orientation Structure and Crimp Properties of PET/PTT Bicomponent Filament
Authors: Xiao Hong , Shi Mei Wu , Liu Li Li , Dai Guo Liang
Published: December 2012

In order to develop PET/PTT bicomponent filament, the structure informations of PET/PTT fibers with different spinning parameters were got by density method, Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), sonic orientation and Differiential Scanning Calority (DSC). Their mechanical and crimp properties were got from Instron 5566. On the spinning line, the PET component will crystal firstly and has higher draw inducing orientation and crystallinity than the PET fiber under the same spinning parameters, and those of PTT component are lower than those of PTT fiber. The crimp shrinkage and the elongation, the sonic orientation factor and the crystallinity of each component will improve with the increasing difference of the viscousity of two polymers. The crimp shrinkage and the elongation of the PET/PTT fiber are the highest when the content of the two components is equal. The crystallinity of each component decreases and the sonic orientation factor increases with the increasing difference of the content of two polymer.
The Exploitation of Household Knitting Goods Made of Linen
Authors: Qiu Li , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: December 2012

Household textile is developing gradually from the practical function to multi-function, such as adornment, beautify and the healthy. It is becoming a kind of cultural. The linen fiber has various advantages. It is "green fiber" and its special took function catering the consumer’s environmental protection and health mental state. Today, mostly flaxen house products are woven by weaving machine. Because of knitting difficulty, it exist a lot of problem to product the flaxen knit fabric. However, the special style of knitting fabric product is deferent from the weaving flaxen fabric. This text overviews the present situation of the household textile and introduces the characteristics of linen fiber and constitutes. The most impotent is we studied the handling process of linen yarn before knitting flaxen knit household fabric and the soft processing of flaxen textile. The last we prospected the vast foreground of flaxen household-use textile product.
The Study of Bursting Property of Tetr-Axial Fabric
Authors: Chen Pei Wei , Li Yu Ling , Chen Xu Wei
Published: December 2012

By weaving four sets of yarn ends at 45° angles, formed a “米” sharp in the interlacing point, a tetr-axial Fabric is fabricated. Because of the existence of the bias yarns, the tetr-axial fabric has the similar tensile property in almost all directions of fabric plane, excellent impact resistance, good stability of fabric structure, and so on. This paper, the bursting property and thicknesses of tetr-axial fabric, laminated quadri-directional fabric and conventional woven fabrics are compared, with which they have the same areal density. The results showed that, the thickness of tetr-axial fabric is more than conventional woven fabrics and less than that of laminated quadri-directional fabric; the bursting property is obviously better than that of laminated quadri-directional fabric and conventional woven fabrics.
The Study of Moisture Absorption and Release Properties of Tencel Fiber
Authors: Zhang Qiao Ling , Zhou Rong
Published: December 2012

Tencel fiber is an environmental friendly regenerated cellulose fiber generated using solvent spinning method, which has been widely used in recent years for its good wearability. The experiment of moisture absorption and release properties was carried out in standard atmospheric conditions for different kinds of tencel fiber in this research, and then moisture absorption, moisture release, moisture absorption rate and moisture release rate regression curves were established and compared with those of ordinary viscose fiber. The results showed that the moisture absorption and release properties of different tencel fiber were different for their different processing processes. The moisture absorption equilibrium regain of tencel LF is 8.89%, tencel A100 is 11.44%, and tencel G100 is 10.33%. The moisture absorption ability of tencel A100 is the best, tencel G100 is the second, and tencel LF is the third. The moisture release equilibrium regain of tencel LF is 10.66%, tencel A100 14.12%, and tencel G100 11.47%. Moisture absorption, moisture release, and their rate regression curves are all close to exponential curves.
Thermal Properties of the Polyolefin Based Elastic Filament DOW XLATM
Authors: Wang Ni , Liu Zhao Lin , Chen Xi Ting
Published: December 2012

Thermal properties of the elastic filament DOW XLATMwere analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TG). Besides, the elastic recovery characteristics after heat treatment were also discussed. The DSC scan shows typical endotherms and its melting temperature (Tm) ranges from 28 °C- 65 °C. TG analysis indicates that the thermal degradation begins at 285 °C and the highest weight loss rate occurs at 461.9 oC. When the filaments are heat treated under relaxation or at constant elongatiSuperscript texton, their elastic recovery ratios all decrease with the increase of the heat treatment temperature except for 50 °C.
Research and Development of Multi-Functional Woven Fabric
Authors: Shi Li Min , Li Xiao , Wang Yue Ping , Li Qiu Yu
Published: December 2012

The materials structures from the regenerated bamboo fiber (namely bamboo pulp fiber), the functional polyester fiber (UV-resistance polyester) and the profiled polyester were analyzed. 28 pieces of fabrics through blending, mixing and matching were designed and woven. The properties including thermal-wet comfort (such as air permeability, moisture permeability and water absorbance etc.) and other functions (such as UV-resistance and anti-bacteria) on those fabrics were tested, discussed and analyzed. The result is that when the radio of the functional polyester reach 45～50 %, the radio of regenerated bamboo fiber in 50 %, the structure is 3/1 or 2/1 twill weave，the double-layer-like tightness woven fabrics avoiding finished and bad hand feel will perform cool , UV-resistance, anti-bacteria multi-function. It will be a good choice to use these fabrics in summer shirts. It will give some references to the development of summer new functional products.
Air Duct Modeling and Simulation of Air-Laid Machine Based Automotive Interior Materials of Hemp Fiber
Authors: Du Bing , Wang Yi Qun , Zhao Yan Yan , Qian Yong Fang , Song Ruo Yuan , Gao Shi Hui , Zheng Lai Jiu
Published: December 2012

Hemp fiber automotive interior materials had been developed for innovative design of the duct of air-laid machine. Gambit software was adopted to form a network of two-dimensional modeling and meshing to the air duct. At the same time, Fluent software was used for simulation and numerical analysis, then we received the pressure contours of the internal flow field, the speed of cloud images and the velocity vector. By analyzing the simulation results, the flow parameters and force and movement of fiber were displayed intuitively. In addition, the focus was that the reasonableness of the design of the duct cross-section shape and the parameters were verified. Providing a certain foundation to further enhance the clutter distribution of hemp fiber in an air duct, and the development of mechanical properties of the stability of automotive interior materials.
Crystallization and Melting Behaviors of Polylactic Acid/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends
Authors: Shyr Tien Wei , Yang Jung , Hu Chun Chieh , Wang Jian Ren , Tung Chia Hsin
Published: December 2012

A series of blends were prepared by different ratios of polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with a crosslinking agent of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). This study focused on the crystal structure, morphology, crystallization, and melting behaviors of PLA/TPU blends using a wide angle x-ray diffractometer (WAXD), a polarizing optical microscope (POM) and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). A Modified Avrami equation was applied to analyze non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of PLA/TPU blends. Results show that the nucleation of PLA was enhanced by the added TPU. The spherulitic growth rate, crystallization rate, and crystallinity of the PLA/TPU blends increased with an increase of TPU content. WAXD results show that all of the crystal reflections of PLA/TPU blends related to those of PLA.
Thermal Comfort Characteristics of Knitted Fabrics for Abaya
Authors: Tashkandi Salwa , Wang Li Jing , Kanesalingam Sinnappoo , Jadhav Amit
Published: December 2012

Fabric material plays an important role in the thermal comfort of Abaya because it is the outer garment of Muslim women. Abaya is black in colour and covers the whole body except the hands, feet and face. It is mandatory to wear Abaya in the Saudi Arabia and certain parts of Middle East countries irrespective of the outside environmental temperature which could be up to 45°C. Therefore, the thermal transmission characteristics of the abaya are extremely important as human body responds to the external thermal environment through clothing. In a hot environment, it is extremely uncomfortable to wear several layers of clothing under the Abaya. Hence it is essential to enhance the thermal comfort of fabrics used for Abaya. This study investigated five selected knitted fabrics that could be used as Abaya fabrics for thermal resistance, air permeability, thermal comfort and vapour resistance. The results indicated that the fabrics with different knit structures, fibre composition and fabric weight have greater influence on thermal comfort performance.
A Further Study on Bamboo-Cage Loom in Guangxi Province of China
Authors: Li Qiang , Li Bin , Li Jian Qiang
Published: December 2012

The bamboo-cage loom in Guangxi province in China is a great invention in the textile history of the Chinese minorities. However, the previous studies on the bamboo-cage loom were not very clear, and led to much misunderstanding. Based on our investigation on the spot of some ethnic villages in Guangxi province and in Guangxi Museum of Nationalities, at first, the structure of bamboo-cage loom was introduced in detail. Secondly the characters of Zhuang brocade on the bamboo-cage loom were presented. At last, the operational processes on the bamboo-cage loom were explained.
Coloration of Cotton Fabrics with Waterborne Carbon Black Dispersions
Authors: Yuan Xia , Fang Kuan Jun
Published: December 2012

Using ultrafine carbon black (CB) dispersions to dye cotton fabrics back is feasible through an exhaustion procedure. The effects of CB particle size, the type of dispersants, electrolyte concentration and cationic modification of cotton on the colour yields of CB dyed cotton fabrics have been investigated. CB particle size ranging from 130nm to 200nm is appropriate to achieve a deep black shade in cotton fabrics. Cationic dispersant improves the K/S values and wash fastness of the CB dyed cotton fabrics. However, caution should be exercised in adding electrolytes to CB dispersions. Cationic modification of cotton is an effective method to achieve higher K/S values of CB dyed fabrics. It is desirable to dye cotton fabrics with ultrafine CB particles instead of with sulfur dyes and reactive dyes.
Dyeing and Functional Finishing of Silk, Nylon 6 and Polyester Fabrics with Baicalin
Authors: Cao Ji Liang , Li Xiao Chun
Published: December 2012

Natural dye baicalin was applied to dye silk, nylon 6 and polyester fabrics. The dosages of baicalin on K/S value and UV protection properties of silk, nylon 6 and polyester fabrics were analyzed. The washing number on K/S value and UV protection properties of dyed fabrics also investigated. It was found that, the K/S value and UV protection properties of dyed fabrics increased with the increasing of dosage of baicalin. The K/S value and UV protection properties of dyed fabrics decreased with the increasing of washing number, but after 50 times of washing the dyeings also have good UV protection properties.
Effects of Potassium Permanganate Decoloration on Denim Shade
Authors: Yao Ji Ming , Wei Sai Nan
Published: December 2012

Three kinds of denims were treated by the use of KMnO4/H3PO4 solutions. The decoloration processes were controlled by processing time, KMnO4 and H3PO4 concentrations. The denim color shades before and after treatment were measured and compared. The results showed that the brightness of denim generally was enhanced by increasing processing time、KMnO4 and H3PO4 concentrations. Color shade changed depending on denim types.
Evaluation and Model of Woven Fabric Color
Authors: Zhang Sha Sha , Liu Xiao Yan , Yu Wei Dong
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the subjective and objective methods of color evaluation were briefly presented and compared. At the same time, one model of woven fabric color was introduced. Based on this model, the plain fabric and 3/1 twill fabric were then taken as samples, the color of woven fabric can be respectively evaluated, which can give reference for further manufacture.
Modification of Hemp Fabric with Endoglucanase and Acrylamide for Efficient Enhancing Dyeability of Natural Dyes
Authors: Li Hong , Liu Rui , Ji Ying Chao , Wang Ying , Wang Qiu Hong
Published: December 2012

This paper describes a method for enhancing the dyeability of hemp fabric modified with acrylamide, by pre-treating the fabric surface with endoglucanase. The enzymatic pre-treatment resulted in an increasing number of graft copolymer of hemp-acrylamide on hemp fabric. By pre-treating hemp fabric with cellulose enzyme followed modification with acrylamide and dyeing of acrylamide modified pre-mordanted substrate with various natural dyes produced much improved depth of shade and all-round color fastness properties.
Sulfuric Acid Treatment of Aramid Fiber for Improving the Cationic Dyeing Performance
Authors: Xia Dong , Wang Li Jing
Published: December 2012

In order to improve the cationic dyeing performance of para-aramid fiber, the optimal conditions of fiber pretreatment were determined through the orthogonal test with three-factor (sulfuric acid dosage, temperature and time) and four-level array using the tensile strength and apparent color depth of modified fabrics as the main evaluation criteria. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared analyses were used to study the changes in the morphological structure and chemical groups of fibers due to modification. The results showed that the modified para-aramid fiber displayed a smoother surface, and the acid hydrolysis of polymer molecules occurred. The treatment increased the number of reactive dyeing sites on fiber surface and consequently improved the dyeing performance of para-aramid fabric. The optimal process for the modification of para-aramid fiber with sulfuric acid treatment was 2% dosage of sulfuric acid at 40°C for 1 hour. The modified and dyed fabrics showed obviously increased color depth and color fastness to rubbing and washing.
Synthesis and Application of a Reactive Water-Soluble Antibacterial
Authors: Sun Zhi Min , Kong De Jia , Li Yan Li , Dong Hao , Liu Zhen Dong
Published: December 2012

A new reactive water-soluble isothiazolinone antibacterial was synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR and ESI-MS. Through the orthogonal experiments, the optimal finishing process for cotton fabric was got, that was the bath ratio 1:20, Na2SO4 20 g/L, NaHCO3 15 g/L, t1: 30 min, t2: 50 min, T1: 50oC, T2: 95oC. The antibacterial evaluations of treated cotton fabrics showed that the antibacterial rate for S. aureus was 92.92%, and 86.04% after 50 washing cycles. The results indicated that the treated fabric had excellent antibacterial performance and washing durability.