bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drought characteristics and its elevation dependence in the Qinghai–Tibet plateau during the last half-century
Authors: Feng Wei , Lu Hongwei , Yao Tianci , Yu Qing
Published: August 2020

Associated with global warming, drought has destructive influences on agriculture and ecosystems, especially in the fragile Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). This study investigated spatial–temporal patterns of meteorological drought in the QTP and its surrounding areas and made an attempt to explore the relationship between drought conditions and elevation. Robust monitoring data from 274 meteorological stations during 1970–2017 were analyzed using the Sen’s slope method, Mann–Kendall trend test and rescaled range analysis. Results revealed that under the wetting trend in the QTP, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) increased of maximum 0.012/year in spring. Moreover, severe drought frequency in winter and future drought risk in summer also showed an increasing trend. Wetter trends were positively correlated with elevation, with a key point being 4,000 m where the change trend above 4,000 m was about 6.3 times of that below 4,000 m in study area. The difference of drought severities between SPEI in the QTP and its surrounding areas has increased from − 0.19 in 1970 to 0.38 in 2017 and kept growing in future.
Nitrogen availability and genotype affect major nutritional quality parameters of tef grain grown under irrigation
Authors: Tietel Zipora , Simhon Ella , Gashu Kelem , Ananth Devanesan Arul , Schwartz Betty , Saranga Yehoshua , Yermiyahu Uri
Published: August 2020

Worldwide demand for tef (Eragrostis tef) as a functional food for human consumption is increasing, thanks to its nutritional benefits and gluten-free properties. As a result, tef in now grown outside its native environment in Ethiopia and thus information is required regarding plant nutrition demands in these areas, as well as resulting grain health-related composition. In the current work, two tef genotypes were grown in Israel under irrigation in two platforms, plots in the field and pots in a greenhouse, with four and five nitrogen treatments, respectively. Nutritional and health-related quality traits were analyzed, including mineral content, fatty acid composition, hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidative capacity, total phenolic content and basic polyphenolic profile. Our results show that tef genotypes differ in their nutritional composition, e.g. higher phenolic contents in the brown compared to the white genotype. Additionally, nitrogen availability positively affected grain fatty acid composition and iron levels in both experiments, while negatively affecting total phenolics in the field trials. To conclude, nitrogen fertilization is crucial for crop growth and productivity, however it also implicates nutritional value of the grains as food. These effects should be considered when fertilizing tef with nitrogen, to optimize both crop productivity and nutritional effects.
New insights into the food web of an Australian tropical river to inform water resource management
Authors: Beesley Leah S. , Pusey Bradley J. , Douglas Michael M. , Gwinn Daniel C. , Canham Caroline A. , Keogh Chris S. , Pratt Oliver P. , Kennard Mark J. , Setterfield Samantha A.
Published: August 2020

Rivers around the world are threatened by altered flow due to water resource development. Altered flow can change food webs and impact riverine energetics. The Fitzroy River, in northern Australia, is targeted for development but uncertainty remains about the sources of carbon supporting the food web, particularly in the lowlands—the region most likely to be impacted by water extraction. This study used stable isotopes to investigate if algal biofilm is the main carbon source sustaining fish in lowland habitats. We also sought evidence that large-bodied migratory fish were transporting remote carbon around the system. Our results revealed that local algal biofilm carbon was the dominant source of energy sustaining fish in wet season floodplain habitats, but that fish in main-channel pools during the dry season were increasingly dependent on other carbon sources, such as leaf litter or phytoplankton. We found no evidence that large-bodied fish were transporting remote carbon from the floodplain or estuary into the lower main-channel of the river. We recommend that water planners take a precautionary approach to policy until sufficient food web evidence is amassed.
Immunoassays for rapid mycotoxin detection: state of the art
Authors: Zhou Shengyang , Xu Liguang , Kuang Hua , Xiao Jing , Xu Chuanlai
Published: August 2020

The widespread presence of mycotoxins in nature not only poses a huge health risk to people in terms of food but also causes incalculable losses to the agricultural economy.
Novel amphiphilic corannulene additive for moisture-resistant perovskite solar cells
Authors: Muhammad Bening Tirta , Barát Viktor , Koh Teck Ming , Wu Xihu , Surendran Abhijith , Yantara Natalia , Bruno Annalisa , Grimsdale Andrew C. , Stuparu Mihaiela C. , Leong Wei Lin
Published: August 2020

Novel triethyleneglycol-functionalized corannulene sulfone (Cor-TEG) with by-design functionalities leads to favourable perovskite morphology, enhanced carrier extraction and protection against moisture.
Pd-catalyzed arylation/aza-Michael addition cascade to C2-spiroindolines and azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanones
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Wen , Zhang Hui , Wang Hu-Chong , Zhu Ming-Hui , Cong Hengjiang , Liu Wen-Bo
Published: August 2020

Construction of spiro- and bridged heterocycles through a palladium-catalyzed arylation/aza-Michael cascade reaction.
Isomer-selected ion–molecule reactions of acetylene cations with propyne and allene
Authors: Schmid P. C. , Greenberg J. , Nguyen T. L. , Thorpe J. H. , Catani K. J. , Krohn O. A. , Miller M. I. , Stanton J. F. , Lewandowski H. J.
Published: August 2020

A combined experimental and quantum chemistry study between sympathetically cooled acetylene cations and propyne or allene explains the dramatically different reaction mechanisms.
Mechanistic insights into alkene chain growth reactions catalyzed by nickel active sites on ordered microporous and mesoporous supports
Authors: Joshi Ravi , Saxena Arunima , Gounder Rajamani
Published: August 2020

This mini-review discusses the mechanistic details underlying the activation and deactivation behavior, and the kinetics and selectivity among alkene isomer products, observed on Ni-based ordered porous materials during light alkene oligomerization.
Anti-fatigue property of the oyster polypeptide fraction and its effect on gut microbiota in mice
Authors: Xiao Meifang , Lin Luan , Chen Hongpei , Ge Xiaodong , Huang Ying , Zheng Zongping , Li Shiming , Pan Yuyang , Liu Bin , Zeng Feng
Published: August 2020

We aimed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of the oyster polypeptide (OP) fraction and its regulatory effect on the gut microbiota in mice.
Ultrafast and surfactant-free synthesis of Sub-3 nm nanoalloys by shear-assisted liquid-metal reduction
Authors: Zhang Mengjie , Zhu Wenchang , Yang Xingzhe , Chen Hao , Feng Hongbin
Published: August 2020

A general route for synthesizing sub-3 nm nanoalloys on a carbon support via a shear-assisted liquid-metal reduction strategy is reported.
Self-supporting hybrid silica membranes with controlled porous architectures
Authors: Lu Zhe-Xue , Liu Tianci , Li Huihui
Published: August 2020

Transferrable, self-supporting membranes with controlled and ordered pore architectures have been developed for potential applications in the fields of filtration, sensing, separation and catalysis.
Interesting photoluminescence behaviour in graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots attached to PbCrO4 colloidal nanostructures
Authors: Mondal Tapas Kumar , Saha Shyamal K.
Published: August 2020

Highly luminescent graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs) are synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal route and studied the photoluminescence behaviour during in situ formation of CNQD–PbCrO4 nano-composite.
Molecular docking reveals the potential of Cleome amblyocarpa isolated compounds to inhibit COVID-19 virus main protease
Authors: Zaki Ahmed A. , Al-Karmalawy Ahmed A. , El-Amier Yasser A. , Ashour Ahmed
Published: August 2020

The efficacy of nine flavonoid and one saponin compounds against COVID-19 protease was evaluated using molecular docking studies.
Development and comparison of two nanomaterial label-based lateral flow immunoassays for the detection of five antibacterial synergists
Authors: Wang Zhongxing , Guo Lingling , Liu Liqiang , Kuang Hua , Xiao Jing , Xu Chuanlai
Published: August 2020

Label is a significant factor when analyzing the performance of lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs). Thus, this study developed two nanomaterial label-based LFIA and compared their analytical performance in practical applications.
Visible to near-infrared photodetector with novel optoelectronic performance based on graphene/S-doped InSe heterostructure on h-BN substrate
Authors: Hao Qiaoyan , Liu Jidong , Dong Weilong , Yi Huan , Ke Yuxuan , Tang Sisi , Qi Dianyu , Zhang Wenjing
Published: August 2020

We demonstrate a graphene/S-doped InSe heterostructure with preeminent photoresponse performance and broadband photodetection. Remarkably, the devices exhibit uniformly positive photocurrent when the polarity of the gate voltage is adjusted.
X-ray-triggered NO-released Bi–SNO nanoparticles: all-in-one nano-radiosensitizer with photothermal/gas therapy for enhanced radiotherapy
Authors: Zhang Fangmei , Liu Shikai , Zhang Na , Kuang Ye , Li Wenting , Gai Shili , He Fei , Gulzar Arif , Yang Piaoping
Published: August 2020

An X-ray-triggered NO-released Bi–SNO nanoparticle was developed for combined treatment of photothermal-therapy, radiotherapy, and gas therapy.
Functional blockade of cancer-associated fibroblasts with ultrafine gold nanomaterials causes an unprecedented bystander antitumoral effect
Authors: Xia Chengwan , Pan Jiongru , Wang Jianquan , Pu Yumei , Zhang Qian , Hu Shiqi , Hu Qingang , Wang Yuxin
Published: August 2020

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) exhibited unprecedented size dependent anti-CAF potential, wherein the smallest GNPs outperformed their larger counterparts.
The formation and shape transformation mechanism of a triangular Au nanoplate revealed by liquid-cell TEM
Authors: Jin Biao , Wang Haifeng , Sushko Maria L. , Jin Chuanhong , Tang Ruikang
Published: August 2020

Direct liquid-cell TEM investigations highlight the significance of thermodynamics and kinetics during the formation and growth of a Au triangular nanoplate.
Immunogenic exosome-encapsulated black phosphorus nanoparticles as an effective anticancer photo-nanovaccine
Authors: Liu Quan , Fan Taojian , Zheng Yuanyuan , Yang Sheng-li , Yu Zhiqiang , Duo Yanhong , Zhang Yuhua , Adah Dickson , Shi Lulin , Sun Zhe , Wang Dou , Xie Jianlei , Wu Hong , Wu Zongze , Ge Chenchen , Qiao Lijun , Wei Chaoying , Huang Luodan , Yan Qiaoting , Yang Qinhe , Bao Shiyun , Liu Li-Ping , Zhang Han
Published: August 2020

Exosome-encapsulated black phosphorus nanoparticles as an innovative photo-nanovaccine against cancers.
Synthesis and effective catalytic performance in cycloaddition reactions with CO2 of boronate esters versus N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilized boronate esters
Authors: Kilic Ahmet , Sobay Bayram , Aytar Emine , Söylemez Rahime
Published: August 2020

New boronate esters were prepared and used as catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides without solvent.
Adhesion of flat-ended pillars with non-circular contacts
Authors: Luo Aoyi , Mohammadi Nasab Amir , Tatari Milad , Chen Shuai , Shan Wanliang , Turner Kevin T.
Published: August 2020

Adhesion of composite square and rectangular pillars are studied, and the highest adhesion is comparable to that of circular pillars.
Multifunctional properties and multi-energy storage in the [(CH3)3S][FeCl4] plastic crystal
Authors: Salgado-Beceiro Jorge , Bermúdez-García Juan Manuel , Llamas-Saiz Antonio Luis , Castro-García Socorro , Señarís-Rodríguez María Antonia , Rivadulla Francisco , Sánchez-Andújar Manuel
Published: August 2020

In this work, we report a new halometallate [(CH3)3S][FeCl4] with plastic crystal behaviour as a new material for multi-energy storage.
Pterygoid hamulus syndrome: a case report
Authors: Galvez Paul , Moreau Nathan , Fenelon Mathilde , Marteau Jean-Marie , Catros Sylvain , Fricain Jean-Christophe
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Pterygoid hamulus syndrome (PHS) is a little-known differential diagnosis of orofacial pain. It is characterized by oropharyngeal pain, secondary to inflammatory bursitis of the tensor veli muscle of post-traumatic origin, frequently fostered by an associated hypertrophy of the hamular process. Observation: A 64-year-old female patient, type 2 diabetic, consulted for constant posterior palatal pain located near to 17, lasting for 10 years. The inspection did not reveal any mucosal lesions. Right hamulus palpation increased the pain and revealed hamulus hypertrophy. A diagnosis of PHS was evoked. Comment: A review of the literature is proposed. The treatment of PHS is initially conservative, but a surgical treatment can be proposed in case of morphological anomalies. Conclusion: PHS is a little-known syndrome whose diagnosis must be mentioned by the oral surgeon faced with chronic oropharyngeal pain. The diagnosis is clinical and radiological, the treatment is medical and/or surgical.
Autismus und Schule
Authors: Theunissen Georg
Published: August 2020

Selbstvertretungsbewegungen autistischer Personen führen zu einem innovativen Verständnis von Autismus, woraus Konsequenzen für die Schulpädagogik gezogen werden können: Empfohlen werden eine funktionale Betrachtung autistischen Verhaltens sowie eine Beachtung und Würdigung spezieller Interessen und Stärken. Der Beitrag diskutiert zudem Fragen der schulischen und unterrichtlichen Inklusion, geeignete schulische Rahmenbedingungen sowie eine unterstützende Pädagogik.
Dermatoskopie, sequenzielle Videodermatoskopie, Ganzkörperfotografie, künstliche Intelligenz – was bringt uns die Zukunft?
Authors: Deinlein T. , Hofmann-Wellenhof R. , Hänßle H. A. , Blum A.
Published: August 2020

Die Dermatoskopie ist mittlerweile ein fester Bestandteil einer jeden dermatologischen Untersuchung. Mit dieser Technik konnten die Früherkennung von Malignomen der Haut und deren Vorstufen deutlich verbessert und unnötige Exzisionen benigner Hautläsionen reduziert werden. Der Einsatz der Dermatoskopie umfasst mittlerweile auch die Beurteilung von entzündlichen und parasitären Dermatosen sowie Haarerkrankungen. Bei definierten Risikogruppen für ein Melanom sollte der 2-Schritte-Algorithmus, bestehend aus Ganzkörperfotografie und Videodermatoskopie, in entsprechenden Zeitintervallen zur Anwendung kommen. Mit dieser Methode können Melanome meist in einem sehr frühen Stadium entdeckt werden, da Veränderungen bestehender Muttermale sowie neu entstandene Läsionen früher festgestellt werden. In den letzten Jahren konnten mehrere Studien nachweisen, dass speziell geschulte neuronale Netzwerke Malignome der Haut, insbesondere Melanome, mit einer sehr hohen Treffsicherheit diagnostizieren können. Wie diese computergestützte Diagnostik mithilfe einer künstlichen Intelligenz in den klinischen Alltag integriert werden kann und welche Vorteile sich hiervon ableiten lassen, ist derzeit noch nicht geklärt.
Durch malignes Melanom ein zum damaligen Zeitpunkt lebensbedrohliches Phäochromozytom entdeckt – Glück im Unglück: 14 Jahre Rezidivfreiheit
Authors: Vavouli Maria , Shab Catharina
Published: August 2020

Das Phäochromozytom ist ein seltener Tumor, der in den meisten Fällen zu spät entdeckt wird. Oft handelt es sich hierbei um einen Zufallsbefund. Wir berichten über einen Fall eines malignen Melanoms, das durch sein Staging geholfen hat, ein Phäochromozytom rechtzeitig zu entdecken. In diesem Fall führte das maligne Melanom glücklicherweise zur frühzeitigen Phäochromozytom-Diagnose mit 14 Jahren Überleben ohne Rückfall.
Adjunctive Procedures in Facelifting
Authors: Winslow Catherine P.
Published: August 2020

Rhytidectomy, or facelift in layman's terms, is performed to reverse the appearance of facial aging. A lift can improve volume shifts with age, reposition sagging tissues, and eliminate skin redundancy. There are limitations to what can be accomplished with a facelift alone. Commonly performed adjuncts including surgery to the eyelids or brows, liposuction, and even rhinoplasty can be combined to improve the result. Further options exist that are more commonly overlooked or rarely offered to patients but can greatly enhance the surgeon's ability to remove years from the face. This article will cover some additional options that every facial plastic surgeon should be familiar with and experienced to both describe and perform.
Complications in Lower Face Rejuvenation: Avoiding, Minimizing, Recognizing, Dealing with Them, and Helping the Patient through the Process of Fixing the Problems
Authors: Truswell William H.
Published: August 2020

All surgical and minimally invasive procedures carry a risk of complications. It is imperative that the facial plastic surgeon and his/her staff are well educated in recognizing and managing all the possible problems that could arise. They must also be ready and able to deal with and correct any problem. The patient undergoing surgery or a procedure also needs to be informed of all possible sequelae and complications. Sequelae will happen after almost all procedures. These include soreness, swelling, bruising, and so on. If the patients understand that these are to be expected, they will be less likely to be overly concerned about them. They also must be educated about all the possible complications. They should be told that while complications are very rare, they could nevertheless happen. If a problem should arise, the surgeon and his/her staff should correct it and see that the patient receives the best care possible. This article examines the complications that could occur after rejuvenation surgery and minimally invasive procedures of the lower face and neck, what measures can be undertaken to reduce the risks, and how to recognize and manage them.
The Facelift in South American Patients
Authors: Patrocinio Lucas Gomes , Naves Marcell Melo , Patrocinio Jose Antonio
Published: August 2020

South America is a vast territory; its people were made from all parts of the world. The miscegenation made a unique population comprised of Indian, Asian, Caucasian, African, Mestizo, Mulatto, and Zambo. The South American patients tend to have a wider face with a skin-soft tissue envelope (S-STE) that is thicker, heavier, and has less elasticity than the Caucasian patient. Upper eyelids may hood easily. In the same way, malar eminences and round face look are more prominent. The chin can be a little retracted. With aging, the S-STE tends to sag more, making nasolabial folds and jowl area more prominent, and redundant neck skin will appear loose and heavy. Facelift is popular in South American patients. They have peculiar characteristics like heavy dark sebaceous skin which lead to peculiarities in face lifting. It is usually a procedure designed to rejuvenate all thirds of the face. In the forehead, skin excision in temporal incisions is usually necessary. Midface subperiosteal lift is a possibility for heavy skin patients who need great improvement in the center of the face. The neck lift is almost indispensable to the rejuvenation of the lower third. Extended superficial muscular aponeurotic system or deep plane dissection is commonly performed so the soft tissues of the midface, the jowls, and the neck can be lifted to reestablish their youthful relationship with the underlying skeleton.
Short or Minimum Incision Deep Plane/Extended Deep Plane Facelift/Rhytidectomy
Authors: Van Pham Tuan , Truong Kristy Huyen Tran Ngoc
Published: August 2020

The mini facelift, often referred to as short scar or minimum incision facelift or rhytidectomy, is a facial rejuvenation procedure with limited incisions. It aims to lift and tighten the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system to restore the lower midface and the mandibular contour, thus eliminating undesirable jowls. By performing the deep plane or extended deep plane facelift with short incisions, the midface and upper neck can also be improved without the full face and neck incisions as in the typical rhytidectomy. With its decreased operative time and expense, rapid recovery, less complications, as well as more limited incisions with resultant less evidence of scars, mini facelift techniques have boomed over a decade for younger patients who seek facial rejuvenation. We describe our concept of the short or minimum incision deep plane/extended deep plane facelift or rhytidectomy and address what results can be expected.
Demystifying the Deep Plane Facelift: What It Means Anatomically and Why It Works
Authors: Sykes Jonathan , Dilger Amanda , Cotofana Sebastian
Published: August 2020

Rhytidectomy is a common procedure performed by facial plastic surgeons. On well-selected patients, rhytidectomy rejuvenates the aging face by repositioning soft tissues and improving facial shape. The fundamental goal of rhytidectomy, or facelift surgery, is to provide a more youthful facial appearance by elevating soft tissues that often descend with aging. The success and longevity of any rhytidectomy procedure are based on the individual patient's anatomy and aging and on the mobilization, elevation, and fixation of the soft tissues during the facelift procedure. Although surgeons often use many terms to describe a given facelift technique, anatomical terms are best used to name the facelift procedure, as the plane of dissection and the vector of elevation are what determines the end result. This paper attempts to simplify and demystify the deep plane facelift procedure and to describe the anatomy that makes this technique successful.
Jurisdiction shopping and foreign location choice: The role of market and nonmarket experience in the European solar energy industry
Authors: Georgallis Panikos , Albino-Pimentel João , Kondratenko Nina
Published: August 2020

Several countries provide policy support to specific sectors in order to facilitate industry transitions. While industry-support policies stimulate the growth of their target sectors, little is known about how such policies engender heterogeneous international strategies. In this article, we investigate how industry-support policies influence foreign location choices. We argue that firms engage in jurisdiction shopping, choosing to invest in countries with more generous policy support, but that this tendency varies markedly across firms. Specifically, we suggest that firms’ nonmarket experience exacerbates the effect of policy support on location choice, whereas market experience has less of an impact. Further, we propose that some firms view generous policies more skeptically than others, depending on the nature of their nonmarket experience. We test and find support for our predictions using a longitudinal dataset of foreign investments of firms entering the solar energy industry in the European Union. Our findings indicate that supportive policies stimulate the energy transition, attracting in particular foreign entrants diversifying into renewables or having more policy experience. At the same time, they suggest that adverse policy changes in one country affect how firms assess policies in other countries, highlighting the need for policy coordination at a supranational level.
Anisotropic dielectric properties and ensemble inhomogeneity of cesium-doped tungsten oxide nanoparticles studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Machida Keisuke , Adachi Kenji , Sato Yohei K. , Terauchi Masami
Published: August 2020

Cs-doped hexagonal tungsten bronze (CsxWO3–y) nanoparticles (NPs) constitute an infrared-absorbing material with high visible transparency. In this study, anisotropic dielectric responses of individual NPs were evaluated by employing high-energy-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) operated in the aloof-beam mode. EELS data were obtained by setting an electron nanoprobe just aside NP edges either parallel or perpendicular to the c-axis to realize an anisotropic interaction condition with NPs. In the EELS spectra, peaks were observed at around 1.3 or 0.9 eV, respectively, depending on beam conditions parallel (∥c) or perpendicular (⊥c) to the c-axis. Those peaks dominantly reflected the dielectric tensor components of either ɛzz or ɛxx and evidenced the anisotropic responses of individual NPs. The peak energy in the ∥c condition was larger than that in the ⊥c condition; this finding qualitatively agrees with optical reflection measurements using polarized light. The experimental values of peak energies and widths were, respectively, smaller and larger than the theoretically evaluated values. These differences could be attributed to a damping of dipole oscillation by electronic excitations owing to oxygen vacancies. In addition, the peak energies of ⊥c and ∥c interaction conditions varied in ranges of 0.7–1.0 eV and 1.1–1.6 eV, respectively. Those variation ranges are larger than the measurement error of about 0.1 eV. Such variation in peak energies supports the presence of ensemble inhomogeneity in dielectric responses of NPs. Those results indicate that the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of dielectric response are important factors for understanding the optical properties of nanoparticulate dispersions.
Fluctuations and correlations in Kerr optical frequency combs with additive Gaussian noise
Authors: Chembo Yanne K. , Coillet Aurélien , Lin Guoping , Colet Pere , Gomila Damià
Published: August 2020

We investigate the effects of environmental stochastic fluctuations on Kerr optical frequency combs. This spatially extended dynamical system can be accurately studied using the Lugiato–Lefever equation, and we show that when additive noise is accounted for, the correlations of the modal field fluctuations can be determined theoretically. We propose a general theory for the computation of these field fluctuations and correlations, which is successfully compared to numerical simulations.
Applications of a neural network to detect the percolating transitions in a system with variable radius of defects
Authors: Burlak Gennadiy , Medina-Ángel Gustavo
Published: August 2020

We systematically study the percolation phase transition at the change of concentration of the chaotic defects (pores) in an extended system where the disordered defects additionally have a variable random radius, using the methods of a neural network (NN). Two important parameters appear in such a material: the average value and the variance of the random pore radius, which leads to significant change in the properties of the phase transition compared with conventional percolation. To train a network, we use the spatial structure of a disordered environment (feature class), and the output (label class) indicates the state of the percolation transition. We found high accuracy of the transition prediction (except the narrow threshold area) by the trained network already in the two-dimensional case. We have also employed such a technique for the extended three-dimensional (3D) percolation system. Our simulations showed the high accuracy of prediction in the percolation transition in 3D case too. The considered approach opens up interesting perspectives for using NN to identify the phase transitions in real percolating nanomaterials with a complex cluster structure.
Observation of carrier concentration dependent spintronic terahertz emission from n-GaN/NiFe heterostructures
Authors: Vetter Eric , Biliroglu Melike , Seyitliyev Dovletgeldi , Reddy Pramod , Kirste Ronny , Sitar Zlatko , Collazo Ramón , Gundogdu Kenan , Sun Dali
Published: August 2020

The development of terahertz (THz) spintronics has created a paradigm shift in the generation of THz radiation through the combination of ultrafast magnetism and spin-based electronics. However, research in this area has primarily focused on all-metallic devices comprising a ferromagnetic thin film adjacent to a non-magnetic heavy metal. Here, we report the experimental observation of spintronic THz emission from an n-doped wide bandgap semiconductor, n-GaN. We found that the amplitude of THz emission strongly depends on the carrier concentration of the semiconductor layer, which could be attributed to the tunable Rashba state occurring at the n-GaN/ferromagnet interface. Our work offers exciting prospects for pursuing wide bandgap semiconductor-based spintronic THz devices and demonstrating their intriguing spin Hall physics at the ultrafast timescale.
Aspect ratio-dependent nanoindentation behavior of Cu64Zr36 metallic glass nanopillars investigated by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Wu Wen-Ping , Şopu D. , Yuan X. , Eckert J.
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we study nanoindentation in Cu64Zr36 metallic glass (MG) nanopillars with different aspect ratios by molecular dynamics simulations. The activation of shear transformation zones (STZs) and the deformation behavior of MG pillars are discussed during nanoindentation loading and unloading processes. Buckling and serrated flow are the two types of deformation behaviors observed during nanoindentation. For large aspect ratio pillars, a sudden stress drop in the load–displacement curve is found that relates to the buckling process, while smaller aspect ratio pillars exhibit large stress fluctuations. The serrated flow is associated with STZ activation. STZs are locally activated, and their number gradually increases with increasing indentation depth during loading, whereas their number decreases during unloading. For pillars with a large aspect ratio, no new STZs are activated and their number decreases rapidly once the indenter has left the sample because of the buckling deformation. In contrast, new STZs are activated for pillars with smaller aspect ratio during the unloading process. Analysis of STZ activation and shear localization reveals an inhomogeneous deformation process and an increase in the degree of structural heterogeneity as the aspect ratio of the pillars increases for both loading and unloading stages. The present work provides an insight into the atomic-scale plastic deformation behavior of MG nanopillars during nanoindentation loading and unloading processes.
Electroluminescence from band-edge-emitting AgInS2/GaSx core/shell quantum dots
Authors: Motomura Genichi , Ogura Kei , Iwasaki Yukiko , Uematsu Taro , Kuwabata Susumu , Kameyama Tatsuya , Torimoto Tsukasa , Tsuzuki Toshimitsu
Published: August 2020

Quantum dots (QDs) are expected to be used as an emitting material in wide-color-gamut displays. However, the development of low-toxicity alternatives is necessary because QDs that exhibit high color purity and highly efficient emission contain toxic materials such as Cd. Here, QD light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) fabricated using AgInS2/GaSx core/shell QDs (AIS core/shell QDs) as low-toxicity QDs were investigated. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of an AIS core/shell QD dispersion showed a band edge emission with a peak wavelength of 560 nm and a full-width at half-maximum of 45 nm because the GaSx shell suppressed the surface defects. Electroluminescence (EL) emission, which mainly comprises the band edge emission, was realized in the AIS-based QD-LED. However, the EL spectra included a large defect emission component, together with the band edge emission. The defect emission was attributed to electrons flowing in the emitting layer (EML) being easily trapped at defect levels in the QDs. The addition of tris(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)borane (3TPYMB) as an electron transporting material to the EML effectively suppressed the defect emission. The radiation-energy ratio of the band edge emission to the total emission was 50% in the QD-LED without 3TPYMB and was improved to 64% in the QD-LED with 3TPYMB; this ratio was comparable to that in the PL spectrum of the AIS core/shell QD film. The addition of 3TPYMB improved electron injection into the QDs and the carrier balance in the EML. As a result, the defect emission was suppressed and the EL characteristics were improved.
Accuracy of 1H–1H distances measured using frequency selective recoupling and fast magic-angle spinning
Authors: Potnuru Lokeswara Rao , Duong Nghia Tuan , Ahlawat Sahil , Raran-Kurussi Sreejith , Ernst Matthias , Nishiyama Yusuke , Agarwal Vipin
Published: August 2020

Selective recoupling of protons (SERP) is a method to selectively and quantitatively measure magnetic dipole–dipole interaction between protons and, in turn, the proton–proton distance in solid-state samples at fast magic-angle spinning. We present a bimodal operator-based Floquet approach to describe the numerically optimized SERP recoupling sequence. The description calculates the allowed terms in the first-order effective Hamiltonian, explains the origin of selectivity during recoupling, and shows how different terms are modulated as a function of the radio frequency amplitude and the phase of the sequence. Analytical and numerical simulations have been used to evaluate the effect of higher-order terms and offsets on the polarization transfer efficiency and quantitative distance measurement. The experimentally measured 1H–1H distances on a fully protonated thymol sample are ∼10%–15% shorter than those reported from diffraction studies. A semi-quantitative model combined with extensive numerical simulations is used to rationalize the effect of the third-spin and the role of different parameters in the experimentally observed shorter distances. Measurements at high magnetic fields improve the match between experimental and diffraction distances. The measurement of 1H–1H couplings at offsets different from the SERP-offset has also been explored. Experiments were also performed on a perdeuterated ubiquitin sample to demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously measuring multiple quantitative distances and to evaluate the accuracy of the measured distance in the absence of multispin effects. The estimation of proton–proton distances provides a boost to structural characterization of small pharmaceuticals and biomolecules, given that the positions of protons are generally not well defined in x-ray structures.
Direct confirmation of structural differences in single Shockley stacking faults expanding from different origins in 4H-SiC PiN diodes
Authors: Nishio J. , Okada A. , Ota C. , Iijima R.
Published: August 2020

Structural differences are investigated in partial dislocations that have considerably different threshold current densities for single Shockley-type stacking fault (1SSF) expansions in PiN diodes using transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy as direct observation techniques. It has been found that when the threshold current density is relatively low, a triangular 1SSF, whose oblique and base sides were formed with a pair of Shockley partials, was found. On the other hand, when the threshold current density is relatively high, a similar-shaped triangular 1SSF, whose three sides were almost formed by a single dislocation of one of the Shockley partials, was found. In the latter case, a conversion point from a basal plane dislocation to a threading edge dislocation was also observed around the deepest part of the epilayer. The realistic model for the formation of the triangular 1SSFs has been proposed.
Description of the effect of patient flow, junior doctor supervision and pandemic preparation on the ability of emergency physicians to provide direct patient care
Authors: Lim Andy , Gupta Namankit , Lim Alvin , Hong Wei , Walker Katie
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveA pilot study to: (1) describe the ability of emergency physicians to provide primary consults at an Australian, major metropolitan, adult emergency department (ED) during the COVID-19 pandemic when compared with historical performance; and (2) to identify the effect of system and process factors on productivity. MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional description of shifts worked between 1 and 29 February 2020, while physicians were carrying out their usual supervision, flow and problem-solving duties, as well as undertaking additional COVID-19 preparation, was documented. Effect of supervisory load, years of Australian registration and departmental flow factors were evaluated. Descriptive statistical methods were used and regression analyses were performed. ResultsA total of 188 shifts were analysed. Productivity was 4.07 patients per 9.5-h shift (95% CI 3.56–4.58) or 0.43 patients per h, representing a 48.5% reduction from previously published data (P<0.0001). Working in a shift outside of the resuscitation area or working a day shift was associated with a reduction in individual patient load. There was a 2.2% (95% CI: 1.1–3.4, P<0.001) decrease in productivity with each year after obtaining Australian medical registration. There was a 10.6% (95% CI: 5.4–15.6, P<0.001) decrease in productivity for each junior physician supervised. Bed access had no statistically significant effect on productivity. ConclusionsEmergency physicians undertake multiple duties. Their ability to manage their own patients varies depending on multiple ED operational factors, particularly their supervisory load. COVID-19 preparations reduced their ability to see their own patients by half. What is known about the topic?An understanding of emergency physician productivity is essential in planning clinical operations. Medical productivity, however, is challenging to define, and is controversial to measure. Although baseline data exist, few studies examine the effect of patient flow and supervision requirements on the emergency physician’s ability to perform primary consults. No studies describe these metrics during COVID-19. What does this paper add?This pilot study provides a novel cross-sectional description of the effect of COVID-19 preparations on the ability of emergency physicians to provide direct patient care. It also examines the effect of selected system and process factors in a physician’s ability to complete primary consults. What are the implications for practitioners?When managing an emergency medical workforce, the contribution of emergency physicians to the number of patients requiring consults should take into account the high volume of alternative duties required. Increasing alternative duties can decrease primary provider tasks that can be completed. COVID-19 pandemic preparation has significantly reduced the ability of emergency physicians to manage their own patients.
Slow movement of alkali from surface-applied lime warrants the introduction of strategic tillage for rapid amelioration of subsurface acidity in south-western Australia
Authors: Azam G. , Gazey C.
Published: August 2020

Conventional surface-application of agricultural lime takes many years to increase pH deeper in the soil profile, which is a barrier to increased adoption of liming. We conducted a series of experiments to measure the rate of vertical movement of alkali and identify the factors that determine this movement into the subsurface, to evaluate the feasibility of ameliorating acidic subsurface soil using residual (undissolved) lime (CaCO3) at Wongan Hills (30.85°S, 116.74°E) and Merredin (31.48°S, 118.21°E) and to test whether deep tillage and lime incorporation can significantly speed up the amelioration of subsurface soil acidity at Kalannie (30.42°S, 117.29°E). Multiple applications of lime to the surface of the soil at higher rates (total 6–8.5 Mg ha–1) significantly increased subsurface soil pH but only in the 0.10–0.20 m depth by 0.049 pH units per year over 10–24 years. A large proportion of the surface-applied lime was stratified in the top few centimetres of the soil and incorporation of this undissolved lime with a rotary hoe to a depth of 0.25 m significantly increased soil pH (by 0.63 units) within a year in the Wongan Hills field experiment. Deep incorporation of 6 Mg ha–1 lime to a depth of 0.45 m through excavation and spading with a small rotary hoe also increased soil pH by more than a unit and decreased Al concentration to below the toxic level within two months in the Kalannie experiment, allowing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants to produce root systems up to 0.59 m deep compared with 0.26 m for the control. Our soil column leaching experiment indicated that surface incorporation of lime in higher rainfall regions can be useful to treat subsurface soil acidity but that the rate of improvement in subsurface pH was slow. Therefore, deeper incorporation of lime using cost-effective strategic deep tillage is likely to be necessary.
How do we adapt ourselves in performing an illocutionary act?
Authors: Oishi Etsuko
Published: August 2020

The present chapter examines the idea that language users adapt to linguistic/societal conventions to communicate with each other by describing the mechanism in which they perform an illocutionary act and engage in a communicative exchange. Austin’s ([1962]1975) felicity conditions are scrutinized to show how a speaker executes her/his own illocutionary act by utilizing and adapting to linguistic/societal conventions that specify illocutionary acts, their effects, the addressers, the addressees, and the contexts. There are linguistic/societal conventions which allow/force a speaker to specify the social relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and/or (in)formality of the speech situation. This is illustrated by examining the act of apologizing in Japanese, in which honorific marking is grammaticalized. There are also linguistic/societal conventions which specify illocutionary effects in discourse, which are analyzed as effects of expositive-type illocutionary acts (Austin ([1962]1975).
Ad-appting children’s stories
Authors: van Leeuwen Theo
Published: August 2020

This chapter studies the multimedia adaptation of a classic children’s story, Dr Seuss’ The Cat in the Hat. Mixing story-telling with instructional instrumentality and lacking an interactive relationship with the story-teller, the story loses the ‘enchantment’ which, Bettelheim has argued, makes story-telling fundamental in the child’s development.
Self-containment and contamination
Authors: Silva Daniel N. , Fabrício Branca Falabella
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores two competing models of adaptation of discourses: self-containment and contamination. The first model is contradictorily a non-adaptable framework that scales the social circulation of text and talk as expandable, i.e. scalable, yet seemingly un-modifiable in its expansion. The second is embedded in the singularity of encounters, and does not aim to be valid everywhere in the same way. To investigate the circulation of these models of adaptation in contemporary Brazil, we tackle some of the narratives forging the 2016 Olympic sporting event and the 2014 World Cup. The established connections produce a provisional panorama in which the friction of scalable and nonscalable narratives produces collaborative trans-contextual plots which are the outcome of relations of mutuality.
Face, conflict, and adaptability in mediated intercultural invitations
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles , Bunning Lucy , Cabral Bastos Liliana
Published: August 2020

In a world of increasing national and international mobility, people are progressively more engaged in communication over multiple types of media. This paper discusses the question of adaptability in mediated intercultural communication, considering the perspectives of a group of international graduate students and their peers in a graduate program in a North American university. The paper explores the relational aspects of technologically mediated “invitations” as potential face threatening acts made more complex by the unequal social positions of the participants regarding ethnicity, gender, nationality, and age. It also problematizes the nature of mediated communication and choices of communicative tools, the contradictory assessments by users as to the value of specific semiotic information, and the chronotopes of mediated invitations that intensify facework.
Apprenticeship in microbiology
Authors: Mey Inger
Published: August 2020

Based on participant observation of work in a big US university’s molecular biology department, I discuss how students are guided towards becoming competent scientists. On joining a closely knit community of research and practice, the student has to adapt to an overwhelming environment of techniques, parlance, habits and social mores, while absorbing a massive scientific and practical input. In the apprentice system’s,‘learning by doing’, the mentor-mentee relation and the students’ interactions between themselves and with their studied objects (here, highly contagious bacteria) are more important than verbal teaching; but they also add pressure to the learning process. By adapting to this environment (which includes many smaller adaptive interactions), the apprentices create a solid foundation for their future teaching, research, and practice.
Grammar of Spoken and Written English
Authors: Biber Douglas , Johansson Stig , Leech Geoffrey N. , Conrad Susan , Finegan Edward
Published: August 2020

The completely redesigned Grammar of Spoken and Written English is a comprehensive corpus-based reference grammar. GSWE describes the structural characteristics of grammatical constructions in English, as do other reference grammars. But GSWE is unique in that it gives equal attention to describing the patterns of language use for each grammatical feature, based on empirical analyses of grammatical patterns in a 40-million-word corpus of spoken and written registers.
Grammar-in-use is characterized by three inter-related kinds of information: frequency of grammatical features in spoken and written registers, frequencies of the most common lexico-grammatical patterns, and analysis of the discourse factors influencing choices among related grammatical features. GSWE includes over 350 tables and figures highlighting the results of corpus-based investigations. Throughout the book, authentic examples illustrate all research findings.
The empirical descriptions document the lexico-grammatical features that are especially common in face-to-face-conversation compared to those that are especially common in academic writing. Analyses of fiction and newspaper articles are included as further benchmarks of language use. GSWE contains over 6,000 authentic examples from these four registers, illustrating the range of lexico-grammatical features in real-world speech and writing. In addition, comparisons between British and American English reveal specific regional differences.
Now completely redesigned and available in an electronic edition, the Grammar of Spoken and Written English remains a unique and indispensable reference work for researchers, language teachers, and students alike.
The New Transformation of Europe: Arcana Imperii
Authors: Niglia Leone
Published: August 2020

The European Union is undergoing a structural transformation—a regression from integration through law as an anti-hegemonic project of equal membership to a condition in which member state orders, under a transformed European Union law, gravitate around unequal relations of subordination. Alongside the surveillance mechanisms that constrain the member states to conform to the requirements of the Economic and Monetary Union are private law arrangements (the “memoranda of understanding” qua “contracts”) that equally, and with greater force, produce subordination. Adopting a critical comparative-historical approach, this Article delves into Europe’s collective legal memory, and the past of colonial relations, to make intelligible the deployment of the memoranda contracts whose harsh terms have been dramatically changing the condition of the “debtor countries” for the worse; in the arcana of private law lies the truth about the changing condition of sovereign power in contemporary Europe and about the potential to change direction and counter the “jurisdomination” turn.