bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sciatic Neurapraxia As a Complication in 1000 Consecutive Canine Total Hip Replacements
Authors: ANDREWS CHAD M. , LISKA WILLIAM D. , ROBERTS DARRYL J.
Published: April 2008

Objectives—To report the frequency of sciatic neurapraxia (SN) associated with total hip replacement (THR), to determine outcome (recovery rate) after SN associated with THR, and to identify potential causes of THR‐associated SN in dogs.

Study Design—Prospective study.

Animals—Dogs (n=786; 1000 hips) that had THR.

Methods—Logistic regression was used to determine the association with post‐THR SN of the variables age, sex, breed, weight, body condition score, severity of presurgical pain, side (right, left), type of prosthesis fixation (cemented, cementless), duration of surgery, surgeon experience (chronologic order), traumatic presurgical luxation, and primary versus revision arthroplasty.

Results—The frequency of SN after THR was 19/1000 (1.9%). Two explanatory variables, age at surgery and duration of surgery, were significantly (P<.05) associated with increased probability of SN. Body weight (P=.09), traumatic presurgical luxation (P=.11), and revision versus primary surgery (P=.11) were marginally associated with increased probability of SN. All dogs with SN recovered fully.

Conclusions—SN after THR is not uncommon and complete recovery usually occurs although the recovery time is highly variable.

Clinical Relevance—Although SN associated with THR typically resolves, surgeons should avoid iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury during THR.
Clinical Evaluation of the Locking Compression Plate for Fetlock Arthrodesis in Six Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: CARPENTER RYAN S. , GALUPPO LARRY D. , SIMPSON EDWIN L. , DOWD JOSEPH P.
Published: April 2008

Objective— To report use of a locking compression plate (LCP) for fetlock arthrodesis in Thoroughbred racehorses after catastrophic disruption of the suspensory apparatus.

Study Design— Retrospective case study.

Animals— Racing Thoroughbreds (n=6) with a catastrophic breakdown injury of the suspensory apparatus.

Methods— Medical records (2004–2006) of horses that had fetlock arthrodesis using an LCP were reviewed. Preoperative recorded variables were: age, gender, affected limb, injury type and occurrence, limb support used and time to surgery. Recorded surgical variables were: implants used and cost, surgery time, and anesthetic recovery method. Postoperative recorded variables included: treatment, physical status, complications, and outcome.

Results— Of 6 Thoroughbred racehorses that had LCP arthrodesis, 4 were sound for breeding purposes the next year and 2 horses were euthanatized (1 at 16 days, 1 at 68 days) because of proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) luxation. No surgical complications were associated with implant application. Postoperative complications were similar to those reported for other arthrodesis techniques.

Conclusions— LCP is a viable option for fetlock arthrodesis in Thoroughbred racehorses after catastrophic suspensory apparatus disruption.

Clinical Relevance— Adequate fetlock stability can be achieved with an LCP, and although the repair is likely more stable it is ∼3 times more expensive than using a limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) with cortical screws.
The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma
Authors: BAR‐AM YOAV , POLLARD RACHEL E. , KASS PHILIP H. , VERSTRAETE FRANK J.M.
Published: April 2008

Objective— To compare the diagnostic yield of conventional radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images of the skulls of dogs and cats with maxillofacial trauma (MFT).

Study Design— Prospective study.

Animals— Dogs (n=9) and 15 cats with MFT.

Methods— CT‐scans and skull radiographs (4 standard projections) for each animal were evaluated using a semi‐quantitative scoring system for the ability to identify 26 predefined, clinically relevant anatomic features (Part 1), and 27 predetermined potential traumatic injuries (Part 2). For Part 1, mean scores for each anatomic feature were recorded for every view and imaging modality. For Part 2, studies were evaluated for the frequency of cases where each predetermined traumatic injury was identified.

Results— Part 1: On radiographs it was easy to identify 17 of 26 anatomic features whereas 6 features were very difficult or impossible to identify on any view. All structures were considered easy or very easy to identify on CT. Scores for CT were lower than radiographs for evaluating dental occlusion and the integrity of the mandibular body. Part 2: CT scans demonstrated 1.6 times more maxillofacial injuries for dogs and 2.0 times more for cats than conventional radiographs. The average number of MFT injuries per animal by radiographs and CT‐scan was 4.8 and 7.6 in dogs, and 3.8 and 7.7 in cats, respectively.

Conclusion— CT is superior to conventional skull radiography for identification of anatomic structures and traumatic injuries in dogs and cats. Skull radiography is useful for visualizing the mandibular body and dental occlusion.

Clinical Relevance— CT allows for accurate assessment, diagnosis and treatment planning of MFT in dogs and cats.
Bruner's Search for Meaning: A Conversation between Psychology and Anthropology
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl , Lutkehaus Nancy C. , Throop C. Jason
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe introduce a special issue of Ethos devoted to the work of Jerome Bruner and his careerlong attempts to seek innovative ways to foster a dialogue between psychology and anthropology. The articles in this special issue situate Bruner's meaning‐centered approach to psychology and his groundbreaking work on narrative in the broader context of the developmental trajectory of both of fields of inquiry. Bruner's work has been enormously influential in the subfields of cultural psychology and psychological anthropology, especially because of his important contributions to our understanding of the intimate relationship between culture and mind. We examine Bruner's past and ongoing engagement with such luminary figures as Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, Alfred Kroeber, Claude Lévi‐Strauss, and Clifford Geertz to highlight points of convergence and tension between his version of cultural psychology and contemporary theorizing and practice in psychological anthropology. We also review his practical and theoretical contributions to the fields of medicine, law, and education. [Jerome Bruner, cultural psychology, psychological anthropology, meaning, narrative, mind, culture]
The Cultural Psychology of Suffering: The Many Meanings of Health in Orissa, India (and Elsewhere)
Authors: Shweder Richard A.
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article, I honor Jerome Bruner's meaning‐centered and person‐centered approach to the study of cultural psychology by describing aspects of the cultural psychology of suffering in and around a Hindu temple town in Orissa, India. I also outline the “big three” explanations of illness (biomedical, interpersonal, and moral) on a worldwide scale and recount some of the many meanings associated with the wordhealth, as in the English language survey question “How would you rate your overall health?” [cultural psychology; explanations of illness; meanings of health; Orissa, India]
Spiritual Work, Memory Work: Revival and Recollection at Salem Camp Meeting
Authors: Shore Bradd
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor over 175 years, Salem Campground, in north–central Georgia, has been the site of one of the oldest camp meetings in the United States. Camp meetings were originated by Methodist circuit riders on the Kentucky and Tennessee frontier at the end of the 18th century as religious revival meetings. Today, camp meeting remains one of the oldest distinctly American religious traditions. Camp meetings have become a mix of spiritual revival and family reunion, partly in response to the frequent dislocation of middle‐class families. In the 19th century, much of this mobility was because of the settlement of the western states. Today, it is because of job‐related relocations. In this article I look at camp meeting as a theater of family memory, and examine how social memory and identity updating for campers is enabled by the way camp meeting organizes time and space making possible a constant flow of family narrative. This ethnographically rich approach to camp meting offers a general framework for exploring conjunctures of individual and collective memory processes in other settings. [family, memory, religion, identity, revivalism]
The Cultural Organizing of Youth Ethnographers: Formalizing a Praxis‐Based Pedagogy
Authors: Cammarota Julio
Published: April 2008

This article illustrates how elements of praxis within George Spindler's cultural therapy and Paul Willis's cultural production are useful precedents for a praxis‐based pedagogy. I argue that combining the praxis elements within cultural therapy and cultural production engenders a third mode of ethnographic praxis that I call “cultural organizing.” The article provides an example of cultural organizing among Latina/o high school students in Tucson, Arizona. [cultural organizing, ethnography, Latina/o students, praxis, pedagogy]
Community Writing, Participatory Research, and an Anthropological Sensibility
Authors: Hurtig Janise
Published: April 2008

Participatory research is a radical praxis through which marginalized people acquire research capabilities that they use to transform their own lives. In this article, I examine how parent writers incorporated facets of community writing into their research practice as they developed their practices and identities as researchers. I also consider how anthropology, as both research practice and sensibility, contributed to the ways I engaged as an outside collaborator with these parent researchers. [community writing, participatory research, praxis, anthropological sensibility]
Reproduction of landlocked Aplochiton zebra Jenyns (Pisces, Galaxiidae)
Authors: Lattuca M. E. , Brown D. , Castiñeira L. , Renzi M. , Luizon C. , Urbanski J. , Cussac V.
Published: April 2008

Abstract –  Life‐history studies comparing landlocked versus diadromous populations reveal factors associated with life‐history evolution under different scenarios. We describe several aspects of spawning and development of landlocked Aplochiton zebra in Patagonia (Argentina) based on the presence of eggs, the gonadal development, the analysis of otolith daily growth increments validated by tetracycline marking experiments, and the analysis of standard length frequencies. Among Patagonian galaxiids, A. zebra showed intermediate size and age at first maturity and high fecundity, with vitellogenic oocytes covered with short chorionic filaments. Free embryos of A. zebra were larger than those of Galaxias maculatus and Galaxias platei. This information is particularly significant for conservational purposes when we consider the reduced distribution of landlocked populations of the species and the risks imposed by salmonid introduction.
Maternity care options influence readmission of newborns
Authors: Ellberg Lotta , Högberg Ulf , Lundman Berit , Källén Karin , Håkansson Stellan , Lindh Viveca
Published: April 2008

Aim: To analyse morbidity and mortality in healthy newborn infants in relation to various routines of post‐natal follow‐up. Design: cross‐sectional study. Setting: maternity care in Sweden. Population: healthy infants born at term between 1999 and 2002 (n = 197 898).

Methods: Assessment of post‐natal follow‐up routines after uncomplicated childbirth in 48 hospitals and data collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, Hospital Discharge Register and Cause‐of‐Death Register. Main outcome measure: neonatal mortality and readmission as proxy for morbidity.

Results: During the first 28 days, 2.1% of the infants were readmitted generally because of infections, jaundice and feeding‐related problems. Infants born in hospitals with a routine neonatal examination before 48 h and a home care programme had a readmission rate [OR, 1.3 (95% CI, 1.16–1.48)] higher than infants born in hospitals with routine neonatal examination after 48 h and 24‐h care. There were 26 neonatal deaths.

Conclusion: Post‐delivery care options and routines influence neonatal morbidity as measured by hospital readmission rate. A final infant examination at 49–72 h and an active follow‐up programme may reduce the risk of readmission.
Short‐term outcome predictors in infants born at 23–24 gestational weeks
Authors: Forsblad Kristina , Källén Karin , Maršál Karel , Hellström‐Westas Lena
Published: April 2008

Aim: Outcome is uncertain in infants born at 23–24 gestational weeks. The aim of the present study was to identify possible early predictors of outcome in these infants.

Materials and Methods: Data from the Swedish medical birth register (MBR) for live‐born infants with gestational ages (GAs) 23 and 24 weeks, born during the time‐period 2000–2002, were analysed in relation to short‐term outcomes, that is survival and survival without severe brain damage (intraventricular haemorrhage [IVH] grades 3 and 4 and/or periventricular leukomalacia [PVL]).

Results: In 57 infants born at 23 gestational weeks, survival was associated with birthweight (BW) (p = 0.018) and 5‐min Apgar score (p = 0.020) on univariate analyses. In 99 infants born at 24 weeks of gestation, survival without severe brain damage correlated with BW (p = 0.039), birth type (singleton/multiple) (p = 0.017) and Apgar score at 1, 5 and 10 min (p = 0.028, 0.014 and 0.030, respectively). The best model for predicting survival without severe brain damage in infants born at 24 gestational weeks was based on 5‐min Apgar score and birth type. The small number of live‐born infants at 23 weeks of gestation did not allow for multiple logistic regression analyses.

Conclusion: The 5‐min Apgar score is associated with short‐term outcome in live‐born infants at 23–24 gestational weeks. The association is stronger for infants born at 24 weeks of gestation.
Child care practice in the United Arab Emirates: the ESACCIPS study
Authors: Abdulrazzaq Yousef Mohamed , Kendi Asma Al , Nagelkerke Nicolaas
Published: April 2008

Aims: This study was undertaken to monitor infant care practice associated with SIDS and establish the incidence of SIDS in the UAE.

Methods: A total of 996 families were recruited for the study. One questionnaire was completed during the first 7 days after delivery, and was used to collect information about the socio‐demographic features, mother's medical history, delivery status and infant's medical history, and another questionnaire was completed after 12 weeks through telephone interviews of the mothers. 716 completed both questionnaires. Registers at the two hospitals, and at the Preventive Medicine Department were studied and all infant deaths in a 5‐year period were recorded.

Results: In all 18.9% of infants were placed in the prone position. Mothers preferred supine position (49.3%) to other positions when putting their babies to bed. Ninety eight percent preferred that their infant slept in the same room as the parents. On the whole, 40% occasionally shared their beds with their infants. Swaddling the babies was quite common (83.2%) and 91.9% of their mothers were also swaddled when they were babies. More than 80% of all infants used bedding duvets for their infants both in the summer and in the winter. SIDS mortality rate was 0.66 per thousand live births and contributed 7.25% to the infant mortality rate.

Conclusion: These data provide useful baseline information on child care practice and should be of immense benefit to the understanding of the risks and causal mechanisms of SIDS and to the UAE health authorities should they wish to develop strategies to reduce the risk of SIDS.
Assessment of foetal exposure to cigarette smoke after recent implementations of smoke‐free policy in Italy
Authors: Franchini Mario , Caruso Clementina , Perico Andrea , Pacifici Roberta , Monleon Toni , Garcia‐Algar Oscar , Rossi Silvia , Pichini Simona
Published: April 2008

Aim: We investigated foetal exposure to cigarette smoke following maternal active and passive smoking at the end of the pregnancy in a cohort of mother–infant dyads after recent implementation of the Italian smoke‐free legislation and information campaigns against smoking.

Methods: Study subjects were 979 mothers and their newborns attended at one of the major Florence hospitals between the end of 2004 and during 2005, when smoking banning legislation in all the enclosed places of employment was completely enforced. A structured questionnaire was completed by mothers and cord serum cotinine was used as a biomarker of foetal exposure to maternal smoke at the end of the pregnancy.

Results: Women (53.9%) declared to be non‐smokers not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 33.5% to be exposed non‐smokers, while 12.6% reported daily smoking during pregnancy. Based on the levels of cord serum cotinine, 78.9% newborns were not exposed to ETS, 13.5% were exposed to ETS and 7.7% were exposed to active maternal smoke.

Conclusions: Smoke‐free policies can be an effective strategy for reducing both first‐hand and second‐hand exposure to cigarette smoke in pregnant women and their newborns. Due to the implementation of smoke‐free legislation and information campaigns against smoking, a significant trend towards less active smoking during pregnancy was observed in our study cohort, as well as a minimal exposure to ETS in non‐smoking pregnant women and their newborns.
‘No Vain Speculation’: Samuel Johnson's Rambler and Eighteenth‐Century Attitudes to Orality
Authors: Davies Laura
Published: April 2008

This essay won the 2007

Literature Compass

Graduate Essay Prize, Eighteenth Century Section.

The oral culture of pre‐literate peoples received unprecedented critical attention during the eighteenth century. The bard and the noble savage, oral tradition and original genius all rose to prominence and, despite the tenacity of a model of progress which equated orality and the primitive and literacy with civilisation, many writers were nevertheless captivated by the idea of an ancient world uncorrupted by literate civilisation. Samuel Johnson's Rambler essays, along with his later Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland demonstrate that he was not one of those for whom illiteracy could ever be celebrated. Indeed, his intense hostility to the proposition has led many to conclude that he rejects every aspect of it. The engagement of these texts with the ideas of literacy and orality, however, is more complex than this. Beneath the antagonism of his tone, there are elements of the ancient worldview that Johnson finds appealing and much of his thinking about oral savagery is in fact a vehicle for reflection upon the broader predicament of human nature. Issues of stability and memory, we discover, preoccupy him, and erode any simple opposition of voice and text.
War, Empire, Slavery: Radicalism in the Work of Robert Tannahill
Authors: Ferguson Jim
Published: April 2008

This essay was runner‐up in the 2007

Literature Compass

Graduate Essay Prize, Romanticism Section.

This essay surveys the political content of the poetry and song of Paisley weaver‐poet Robert Tannahill (1774–1810). The argument is that most nineteenth‐century commentators ignored the political content of Tannahill's work by presenting him primarily as a poet of nature. It looks at Tannahill's view of the war with France; his expression of anti‐imperialist and anti‐slavery outlooks in his poem, ‘Lines on The Pleasures of Hope’, dedicated to Glasgow‐born Whig poet, Thomas Campbell. The broad democratic‐humanism of Tannahill's song lyric, ‘Why Unite to Banish Care’ is also analysed to reveal a poet who felt deeply about political and social justice during the early Romantic period.
Rapid Inactivation of Chloroplastic Ascorbate Peroxidase is Responsible for Oxidative Modification to Rubisco in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) under Cadmium Stress
Authors: Liu Kai‐Lang , Shen Lin , Wang Jia‐Qi , Sheng Ji‐Ping
Published: April 2008

To investigate the sensitive site of antioxidant systems in chloroplast under cadmium stress and its consequence on reactive oxygen species production and action, the sub‐organellar localization of chloroplast superoxide dismutases (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and ascorbic peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) isoenzymes and changes of enzymes activities under cadmium stress were investigated in tomato seedlings. Two APX isoforms, one thylakoid‐bound and one stromal, were detected. Cd at 50 μM induced a moderate increase of SOD activities but a rapid inactivation of both APX isoenzymes. APX inactivation was mainly related to the decrease of ascorbate concentration, as supported by in vitro treatment of exogenous ascorbate and APX kinetic properties under Cd stress. H2O2 accumulation in chloroplast, as a consequence of APX inactivation, was associated with a 60% loss of Rubisco (EC 4.1.1.39) activity, which could be partially accounted for by a 10% loss of Rubisco content. Protein oxidation assay found that the Rubisco large subunit was the most prominent carbonylated protein; the level of carbonylated Rubisco large subunit increased fivefold after Cd exposure. Thiol groups in the Rubisco large subunit were oxidized, as indicated by non‐reducing electrophoresis. Treating crude extract with H2O2 resulted in a similar pattern of protein oxidation and thiols oxidation with that observed in Cd‐treated plants. Our study indicates that APXs in the chloroplast is a highly sensitive site of antioxidant systems under Cd stress, and the inactivation of APX could be mainly responsible for oxidative modification to Rubisco and subsequent decrease in its activity.
Genetic differentiation of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype Q based on mitochondrial DNA markers
Authors: Chu Dong , Wan Fang‐Hao , Tao Yun‐Li , Liu Guo‐Xia , Fan Zhong‐Xue , Bi Yu‐Ping
Published: April 2008

In the present study, genetic differentiation of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype Q was analyzed based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mt COI) gene sequence. The results showed that B. tabaci biotype Q could be separated into two subclades, which were labeled as subclades Q1 and Q2. Subclade Q1 was probably indigenous to the regions around the Mediterranean area and subclade Q2 to Israel or Cyprus. It was because B. tabaci was composed of several genetically distinct groups with a strong geographical association between more closely related biotypes. Not all of the B. tabaci biotype Q in the non‐Mediterranean countries come from the same regions. Until now, all B. tabaci biotype Q in China were grouped into subclade Q1. The B. tabaci biotype Q introduced into the US included both subclades Q1 and Q2. The genetic structure analysis showed higher genetic variation of subclade Q1 than that of subclade Q2.
Resistance in hybrid derivatives of Lycopersicon accessions against leaf caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab.
Authors: Muthukumaran N. , Selvanarayanan V.
Published: April 2008

Four tomato accessions, namely Ac 238, Roma, Seijima Jeisei and Varushanadu Local selected from preliminary screening of 321 accessions and their hybrid derivatives, namely HY1F1 (Varushanadu Local × Ac 238), HY2F1 (Varushanadu Local × Roma), HY3F1 (Ac 238 × Roma) (first generation), HY1F2, HY2F2 and HY3F2 (second generation) were evaluated for their resistance in comparison with a susceptible check, 1979 against the leaf caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab. both under field and laboratory conditions at Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India. In the field evaluation, accession Seijima Jeisei and hybrid HY3F1 recorded the minimum larval population. In glasshouse and laboratory studies, Seijima Jeisei was the least preferred by S. litura for both feeding and oviposition. The hybrid HY3F1 exerted pronounced antibiosis effect on S. litura. Among the various biophysical and biochemical bases of resistance, contents of reducing sugar and phenol were found negatively correlated with S. litura larval feeding. Among the hybrids, HY3F1 and HY3F2 and the parent Seijima Jeisei recorded higher fruit yield per plant in both seasons. Considerable variation in the resistance traits of the hybrids was observed when compared with the parents.
Effects of environmental humidity on the survival and development of pine caterpillars, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Han Rui‐Dong , Parajulee Megha , He Zhong , Ge Feng
Published: April 2008

The pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis is one of the most important pests on Pinus tabulaeformis and other pine species in North China. In the present study, effects of relative humidity (RH) on the development and survival of pine caterpillars and soil moisture (SM) on their diapausing larvae were investigated. Low RH (20%) deferred the development of eggs and larvae, reduced egg hatching and larval surviving compared to 40%, 60% and 80% RH. Both low (20%) and high (100%) RH reduced egg hatching, but only 20% RH deferred the development of larvae, prolonged developmental duration and reduced the body mass and body length of larvae. The SM influenced the survival of diapausing larvae significantly. The dry treatment significantly reduced the supercooling points (SCPs), whereas increased the mortality and reduced body mass from 56.9 to 36.5 mg and body water content from 78% to 63% after 2 weeks' exposure. Therefore, higher RH is more favorable for the development of early instars and survival of diapausing larvae of the pine caterpillars.
New fossil mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Huang Jian‐Dong , Ren Dong , Sinitshenkova Nina D. , Shih Chung‐Kun
Published: April 2008

Jurassonurus amoenus, a new genus and species of Siphlonuridae s. l. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of the Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. The new species is established by more than 20 imago and subimago specimens in relatively good condition. Detailed description and illustration of the specimens along with a review of fossil Siphlonuridae s. l. are given. Comparing with two known dominant nymph species Fuyous gregarious Zhang and Kluge, 2007 and Shantous lacustri Zhang and Kluge, 2007 from the same locality, we could not find any relationship among them. The new species is another dominant species in Daohugou beds.
WASP-5b: a dense, very hot Jupiter transiting a 12th-mag Southern-hemisphere star
Authors: Anderson D. R. , Gillon M. , Hellier C. , Maxted P. F. L. , Pepe F. , Queloz D. , Wilson D. M. , Collier Cameron A. , Smalley B. , Lister T. A. , Bentley S. J. , Blecha A. , Christian D. J. , Enoch B. , Hebb L. , Horne K. , Irwin J. , Joshi Y. C. , Kane S. R. , Marmier M. , Mayor M. , Parley N. R. , Pollacco D. L. , Pont F. , Ryans R. , Ségransan D. , Skillen I. , Street R. A. , Udry S. , West R. G. , Wheatley P. J.
Published: April 2008

We report the discovery of WASP-5b, a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting a 12th-mag G-type star in the Southern hemisphere. The 1.6-d orbital period places WASP-5b in the class of very hot Jupiters and leads to a predicted equilibrium temperature of 1750 K. WASP-5b is the densest of any known Jovian-mass planet, being a factor of 7 denser than TrES-4, which is subject to similar stellar insolation, and a factor of 3 denser than WASP-4b, which has a similar orbital period. We present transit photometry and radial velocity measurements of WASP-5 (= USNO-B1 0487-0799749), from which we derive the mass, radius and density of the planet: MP= 1.58+0.13−0.08MJ, RP= 1.090+0.094−0.058RJ and ρP= 1.22+0.19−0.24 ρJ. The orbital period is P= 1.6284296+0.0000048−0.0000037 d and the mid-transit epoch is TC (HJD) = 245 4375.62466+0.00026−0.00025.
Ground Water Recharge and Flow Characterization Using Multiple Isotopes
Authors: Chowdhury Ali H. , Uliana Matthew , Wade Shirley
Published: April 2008

Stable isotopes of δ18O, δ2H, and 13C, radiogenic isotopes of 14C and 3H, and ground water chemical compositions were used to distinguish ground water, recharge areas, and possible recharge processes in an arid zone, fault‐bounded alluvial aquifer. Recharge mainly occurs through exposed stream channel beds as opposed to subsurface inflow along mountain fronts. This recharge distribution pattern may also occur in other fault‐bounded aquifers, with important implications for conceptualization of ground water flow systems, development of ground water models, and ground water resource management. Ground water along the mountain front near the basin margins contains low δ18O, 14C (percent modern carbon [pmC]), and 3H (tritium units [TU]), suggesting older recharge. In addition, water levels lie at greater depths, and basin‐bounding faults that locally act as a flow barrier may further reduce subsurface inflow into the aquifer along the mountain front. Chemical differences in ground water composition, attributed to varying aquifer mineralogy and recharge processes, further discriminate the basin‐margin and the basin‐center water. Direct recharge through the indurated sandstones and mudstones in the basin center is minimal. Modern recharge in the aquifer is mainly through the broad, exposed stream channel beds containing coarse sand and gravels where ground water contains higher δ18O, 14C (pmC), and 3H (TU). Spatial differences in δ18O, 14C (pmC), and 3H (TU) and occurrences of extensive mudstones in the basin center suggest sluggish ground water movement, including local compartmentalization of the flow system.
Adenosine increases calcium sensitivity via receptor‐independent activation of the p38/MK2 pathway in mesenteric arteries
Authors: Martinka P. , Lai E. Y. , Fähling M. , Jankowski V. , Jankowski J. , Schubert R. , Gaestel M. , Persson A. E. G. , Persson P. B. , Patzak A.
Published: April 2008

Aim:  Adenosine (Ado) restores desensitized angiotensin II‐induced contractions in the renal arterioles via an intracellular, receptor‐independent mechanisms including the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). In the present study we test the hypothesis that MAPK‐activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) mediates the Ado effect downstream from p38 MAPK resulting in an increased phosphorylation of the reglatory unit of the myosin light chain (MLC20).

Methods and results:  Contraction experiments were performed in rings of mesenteric arteries under isometric conditions in C57BL6 and MK2 knock out mice (MK2−/−). Ado pretreatment (10−5 mol L−1) strongly increased Ang II sensitivity, calcium sensitivity and the phosphorylation of MLC20. Treatment with Ado (3 × 10−6 or 10−5 mol L−1 in between successive Ang II applications) enhanced the desensitized Ang II responses (second to fifth application). Ca2+ transients were not effected by Ado. Further, blockade of type 1 and type 2 Ado receptors during treatment did not influence the effect. Type 3 receptor activation by inosine instead of Ado had no effect. Conversely, inhibition of nitrobenzylthioinosine‐sensitive Ado transporters prevented the effects of Ado. Inhibition of p38 MAPK as well as use of MK2−/− mice prevented contractile Ado effects on the mesenteric arteries and the phosphorylation of MLC20.

Conclusion:  The study shows that Ado activates the p38 MAPK/MK2 pathway in vascular smooth muscle via an intracellular action, which results in an increased MLC20 phosphorylation in concert with increased calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. This mechanism can significantly contribute to the regulation of vascular tone, e.g. under post‐ischaemic conditions.
Nitric oxide depresses connexin 43 after myocardial infarction in mice
Authors: Jackson P. E. M. , Feng Q. P. , Jones D. L.
Published: April 2008

Aims:  Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of death and morbidity. Connexin 43 (Cx43) content is reduced in the failing myocardium, but regulating factors have not been identified. In HF, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)‐induced high levels of nitric oxide (NO) cause apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction. However, a direct iNOS–Cx43 link has not been demonstrated. We investigated this relationship in mice after myocardial infarction.

Methods:  Effects of myocardial infarction were evaluated 2 weeks after coronary artery ligation in wild‐type C57BL/6 (WT) and iNOS−/− knockout mice. Myocardial Cx43 and Cx45 content were assessed by immunofluorescence confocal imaging and western blotting. Cardiac function was evaluated in anaesthetized mice using a micro pressure‐tipped catheter inserted into the left ventricle.

Results:  Despite similar infarct size, deficiency in iNOS resulted in significantly lower plasma nitrate/nitrite levels, better haemodynamic performance and lower mortality 2 weeks after coronary ligation. Myocardial Cx43, but not Cx45, content was lower in WT mice following ligation. The reduction in Cx43 was less in iNOS−/− compared with WT mice. To assess the direct effect of NO on Cx43 expression, cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were employed. Incubation with the NO donor, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine, elicited a dose‐dependent decrease in Cx43 content in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes.

Conclusions:  Increased NO production from iNOS depressed cardiac performance and contributed to the decreased myocardial Cx43 content 2 weeks after myocardial infarction.
Foreign subsidiary perspectives on the mechanisms of global HRM integration
Authors: Smale Adam
Published: April 2008

Often in connection with the integration‐responsiveness dilemma, research on HRM in multinational corporations (MNCs) speaks more to explaining the appearance of HRM practices in foreign subsidiaries than to the mechanisms through which such practices are globally integrated. Accordingly, and adopting a subsidiary perspective, the present study has two main aims. The first is to identify the key mechanisms of global HRM integration, how they are used and by whom, and the second is to investigate the factors that explain their usage. The study uses qualitative data from 40 personal interviews conducted with general managers and the most senior HR personnel across 20 Finnish‐owned subsidiaries in China. Based on the contingency view of organisations, explanations for mechanism usage are attributed to certain internal characteristics of the subsidiaries and to the Chinese institutional environment.
What is Sino‐Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux
Authors: Handel Zev
Published: April 2008

Sino‐Tibetan is one of the great language families of the world, containing hundreds of languages spoken by over 1 billion people, from Northeast India to the Southeast Asian peninsula. The best‐known languages in the family are Chinese, Tibetan, and Burmese. Although the existence of the family has been recognized for nearly 200 years, significant progress in reconstructing the history of the family was not achieved until the latter half of the twentieth century. In recent decades, this progress has accelerated, thanks to an explosion of new data and new approaches. At the same time, a number of interesting controversies have emerged in the field, centered on such issues as subgrouping and reconstruction methodology.
Towards Lefebvrian Socio‐Nature? A Film about Rhythm, Nature and Science
Authors: Evans James , Jones Phil
Published: April 2008

The first thing you will notice about this article is that it is actually a film. We did not set out to make a film, it just ended up that way. We started out making music out of environmental data, wondering why we only ever look at scientific data, why we do not listen to it. Wandering around the city passing through the transformed landscapes of channelised rivers and broken industrial spaces, we wanted to reveal the socio‐natural rhythms of this hybrid city. The text you see below represents the shooting script for a film that explores Lefebvre's notion of rhythmanalysis in the context of socio‐natural rhythms. The video accompanying it is far more interesting, including the environmental music that we produced by feeding scientific data through samplers and drum machines. The video questions the nature of scientific representation and whether the notion of rhythmanalysis can be stretched to explore rhythms beyond the human. Furthermore, the process of actually making the video, submitting it to this journal, and responding to the referees’ comments made us question the very nature of what constitutes an academic paper in the twenty‐first century. The accompanying commentary is our attempt to deal with these issues.

To link to the film please go to

Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQg86oSlVm4

Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xx1Ya3TA24

There are also ‘directors commentary’ which can be fount at:

Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul8Grc_iDQA

Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LUaZuN58XU
Urban Lightning: Current Research, Methods, and the Geographical Perspective
Authors: Stallins J. Anthony , Rose L. Shea
Published: April 2008

This review of urban lightning research begins with a description of cloud‐to‐ground flash data and some of the conditioning practices related to their use. Urban lightning studies from the United States and internationally are then examined to distill findings as well as to compare and contrast the modes of inquiry among the meteorologists, climatologists, engineers, and geographers who study lightning. In summary, these investigations convey how urban heating, building‐induced surface friction, aerosols, and specificities such as local physiography and synoptic setting are intertwined causal mechanisms underlying urban flash modification. A tension among methodological approaches in these studies circumscribes how questions are posed, and how findings are valued and ultimately synthesized. Flash research tends to follow either a descriptive phenomenological approach or a foundational approach in which prediction and mechanism are paramount. Selecting the spatial extent of an urban lightning study and the methods to assess the statistical embeddedness of flash counts within thunderstorms events are two other methodological points of contention. City‐to‐city comparisons and integrated analysis of aerosols, precipitation, and flashes over multiple scales are important directions for future research.
Untangling the Links between Narcissism and Self‐esteem: A Theoretical and Empirical Review
Authors: Bosson Jennifer K. , Lakey Chad E. , Campbell W. Keith , Zeigler‐Hill Virgil , Jordan Christian H. , Kernis Michael H.
Published: April 2008

The links among narcissism, explicit (deliberate, controllable) self‐esteem, and implicit (automatic, uncontrollable) self‐esteem are unclear despite numerous attempts to illuminate these links. Some investigations suggest that narcissism reflects high explicit self‐esteem that masks low implicit self‐esteem, but other investigations fail to replicate this pattern. Here, we place the ‘mask’ model of narcissism in historical context and review the existing empirical evidence for this model. We then discuss three possible issues that might shed light on the inconsistent findings that have emerged from tests of the mask model. These issues include the unreliability of implicit attitude measures, narcissism's different associations with agentic versus communal self‐views, and distinctions between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism subtypes. We also summarize several alternatives to the mask model of narcissism. Throughout, we offer suggestions for improving the study of narcissism and self‐esteem and point to directions for future research on this topic.
Interlaminar Crack Growth Resistances of Various Ceramic Matrix Composites in Mode I and Mode II Loading
Authors: Choi Sung R. , Kowalik Robert W.
Published: April 2008

Interlaminar crack growth resistances were evaluated for five different SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) including three gas-turbine grade melt-infiltrated SiC∕SiC composites. Modes I and II crack growth resistances, GI and GII, were determined at ambient temperature using double cantilever beam and end notched flexure methods, respectively. The CMCs exhibited GI=200–500J∕m2 and GII=200–900J∕m2. All the composites (except for one SiC/CAS composite) showed a rising R-curve behavior either in mode I or in mode II, presumably attributed to fiber bridging (in modes I and II) and frictional constraint (mode II) in the wake region of a propagating crack. A glass fiber-reinforced epoxy polymer matrix composite showed typically two to three times greater GI and eight times greater GII, compared to the CMCs. An experimental error analysis regarding the effect of the off-the-center of a crack plane on GI and GII was also made.
Testing of a Small Turbocharger/Turbojet Sized Simulator Rotor Supported on Foil Bearings
Authors: Walton James F. , Heshmat Hooshang , Tomaszewski Michael J.
Published: April 2008

A small rotor designed to simulate a miniature turbojet engine or turbocharger rotor mounted on compliant foil bearings was tested at speeds in excess of 150,000rpm and temperatures above 260°C(500°F). The simulator rotor-bearing system was operated while positioned in various orientations and was subjected to transient shock impacts exceeding 35g. Subsequent testing was completed to demonstrate the capabilities of miniature thrust foil bearings as well. The tested rotor weighed approximately 400g and used 15mm diameter foil journal bearings and a multipad 25mm diameter double acting thrust foil bearing. Results of the rotor-bearing system dynamics are presented along with experimentally measured natural frequencies, rotor displacements, and thrust load carrying ability. A good correlation between measurement and analysis is observed. Very short rotor acceleration times from rest to maximum speed were also measured. A parallel test simulator has been used to accumulate over 1000 start-stop cycles to demonstrate the life of the bearing and coating. Based on this successful testing, it is expected that the goal of developing oil-free turbochargers and small turbojet engines that operate at high speeds with long life will be achieved.
Study of Diesel Jet Variability Using Single-Shot X-Ray Radiography
Authors: Kastengren A. L. , Powell C. F. , Wang Y.-J. , Wang J.
Published: April 2008

The variability of diesel jet structure, both as a function of time and between individual injection events, has important implications on the breakup and mixing of the jet. It is accepted that diesel jets become unstable due to interactions with the ambient gas, leading to breakup of the jet. This concept is the principle behind the Kelvin–Helmholtz and Rayleigh–Taylor models of diesel atomization. Very little information regarding diesel jet variability is available, however, in the near-nozzle region of the diesel jet, where primary breakup of the jet occurs. This is due to the presence of many small droplets, which strongly scatter visible light and render the spray opaque. X-ray radiography has been successfully used in recent years to probe the structure of diesel sprays with high spatial and temporal resolutions. All of these previous measurements, however, were ensemble averaged, measuring only persistent features of the spray. In the current study, measurements are performed at individual measurement points of single diesel injection events. These measurements are taken at several points near the injector exit for a nonhydroground nozzle with a single axial hole at two injection pressures (500bars and 1000bars). The variability of the start of injection, end of injection, and the time history of the spray density during the injection event are examined, as well as how these quantities change for different transverse positions across the jet.
Cold Engine Transient Fuel Control Experiments in a Port Fuel Injected CFR Engine
Authors: Hamilton Leonard J. , Cowart Jim S.
Published: April 2008

Air-fuel mixture preparation is particularly challenging during cold engine throttle transients due to poor fuel vaporization and transport delays in port fuel injected (PFI) engines. In this study, a PFI cooperative fuels research engine is used to evaluate torque and to measure in-cylinder and exhaust CO, CO2, and unburned hydrocarbons during throttle transients at various early stages of engine warmup. Fast flame ionization detectors and nondispersive infrared fast CO and CO2 detectors are used to provide a detailed cycle-by-cycle analysis. Ttorque after cold throttle transients is found to be comparable to steady-state torque due to allowable spark advance. However, cold transients produce up to four times the unburned hydrocarbons when compared to steady-state operation. Finally, the x-tau fuel control model is evaluated in this challenging operating regime and is found to provide poor transient fuel control due to excessive fueling.
A Way to Deal With Model-Plant Mismatch for a Reliable Diagnosis in Transient Operation
Authors: Borguet S. , Dewallef P. , Léonard O.
Published: April 2008

Least-squares health parameter identification techniques, such as the Kalman filter, have been extensively used to solve diagnosis problems. Indeed, such methods give a good estimate provided that the discrepancies between the model prediction and the measurements are zero-mean, white, Gaussian random variables. In a turbine engine diagnosis, however, this assumption does not always hold due to the presence of biases in the model. This is especially true for a transient operation. As a result, the estimated parameters tend to diverge from their actual values, which strongly degrades the diagnosis. The purpose of this contribution is to present a Kalman filter diagnosis tool where the model biases are treated as an additional random measurement error. The new methodology is tested on simulated transient data representative of a current turbofan engine configuration. While relatively simple to implement, the newly developed diagnosis tool exhibits a much better accuracy than the original Kalman filter in the presence of model biases.
Modeling the Performance of a Turbo-Charged Spark Ignition Natural Gas Engine With Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Authors: Li Hailin , Karim Ghazi A.
Published: April 2008

A variety of gaseous fuels and a wide range of cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used in turbo-charged spark ignition (S.I.) gas engines. This makes the experimental investigation of the knocking behavior both unwieldy and uneconomical. Accordingly, it would be attractive to develop suitable effective predictive models that can be used to improve the understanding of the roles of various design and operating parameters and achieve a more optimized turbo-charged engine operation, particularly when EGR is employed. This paper presents the simulated performance of a turbo-charged S.I. natural gas engine when employing partially cooled EGR. A two-zone predictive model developed mainly for naturally aspirated S.I. engine applications of natural gas, described and validated earlier, was extended to consider applications employing turbo-chargers, intake charge after-coolers, and cooled EGR. A suitably detailed kinetic scheme involving 155 reaction steps and 39 species for the oxidation of natural gas is employed to examine the pre-ignition reactions of the unburned mixtures that can lead to knock prior to being fully consumed by the propagating flame. The model predicts the onset of knock and its intensity once end gas auto-ignition occurs. The effects of turbo-charging and cooled EGR on the total energy to be released through auto-ignition and its effect on the intensity of the resulting knock are considered. The consequences of changes in the effectiveness of after and EGR-coolers, lean operation and reductions in the compression ratio on engine performance parameters, especially the incidence of knock are examined. The benefits, limitations, and possible penalties of the application of fuel lean operation combined with cooled EGR are also examined and discussed.