bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lightweight real-time vehicle collision warning based on deep learning multi-scale feature fusion
Authors: Qiu Chengqun , Tang Hao , Xu Xixi , Peng Yu , Liu Xin , Ji Jie , Meng Mingyu , Tang Yunqing
Published: November 2024

With the widespread application of deep learning technology in the field of intelligent driving, machine vision has become the preferred technology for vehicle detection tasks. However, high-precision object detection often involves a large number of parameters and significant computational complexity, making algorithm deployment challenging and hindering real-time system response. This study adopts the lightweight detection model YOLOv8n as the foundational framework, optimizing it to develop BiFCNet-YOLOv8, which aims to balance detection accuracy with computational efficiency for in-vehicle system deployment. In our research, the more efficient Bi-FPN replaces the traditional PANet, enhancing feature interactions across different scales through bidirectional pathways. Additionally, the CBAM attention mechanism is incorporated between the Neck and Head layers to further refine information and enhance local feature representation. Comparative experiments show that the improved model increases Precision by 1.71% and mAP0.5:0.95 by 3.23%, with a parameter growth of only 6.43M and a FLOPS increase of only 15.83B. The detection algorithm integrates TTC and DeepSORT to enhance the driving warning function. Road tests confirm that this algorithm can effectively and accurately detect the position of the vehicle ahead. In simulation tests, key parameters such as relative speed and longitudinal acceleration meet the requirements for collision warning systems. This study provides a lightweight and efficient detection algorithm solution for vehicle collision warning tasks.
Effects of self-expandable pedicle screws with shape memory alloy structures on spinal fixation strength: A finite element study
Authors: Mohammad Asghari Mahdi , Rassoli Aisa , Mehmanparast Hedayeh
Published: November 2024

In many spine surgeries, pedicle screws are commonly used to stabilize vertebrae, however, loosening can be a complication. Different designs have shown improvements in fixation strength, with self-expandable screws featuring shape memory alloy (SMA) structures being of particular interest. This study aimed to assess the fixation strength of self-expandable pedicle screws made with SMA (specifically Nickel-Titanium) sheets. Three types of screws were evaluated: self-expandable screws with a smooth SMA surface, self-expandable screws with a porous SMA surface, and standard design screws. Each screw underwent pullout tests for comparison. Following the tests, the self-expandable screw with a porous surface exhibited the highest pullout force (1141.83 N), compared to 1056.86 N for the smooth self-expandable screw and 1104.25 N for the standard screw. The dissipated plastic strain energy differed among the screws, with values of 0.073 J for the porous self-expandable screw, 0.065 J for the smooth self-expandable screw, and 0.089 J for the standard pedicle screw. Notably, the porous self-expandable screw showed reduced stress on the bone-screw interface. Improving the mechanical design of pedicle screws could significantly enhance screw-bone fixation strength. The utilization of self-expandable pedicle screws with porous surface SMA sheets demonstrates superior performance, potentially mitigating complications like loosening.
Understanding the sources of efficacy dilution in a trial of a monthly dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV-1 prevention
Authors: Peebles Kathryn , Matrajt Laura , Baeten Jared M , Palanee-Phillips Thesla , Brown Elizabeth R ,   for the MTN-020/ASPIRE Study Team
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Women-initiated HIV – 1 prevention products are key to reducing women’s HIV-1 risk. Clinical trials of vaginal microbicides have shown limited to no efficacy in intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. It is hypothesized that these negative results are partly due to efficacy dilution.

Methods

We developed a microsimulation model of MTN-020/ASPIRE, a phase 3 trial that evaluated monthly use of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV-1 prevention. We evaluated four sources of efficacy dilution: trial-level factors: (i) an imbalance in the number of monthly sex acts between study arms and (ii) heterogeneity in risk emergent over time; and individual-level factors: (iii) product non-adherence and (iv) receptive anal intercourse.

Results

Assuming 70% per-vaginal exposure efficacy (consistent with the ITT estimate of 27%), heterogeneity in risk accounted for the largest proportion of efficacy dilution, at 42% (90% CrI: 38, 45), followed by non-adherence (33%; 90% CrI: 27, 39), an imbalance in arms (18%; 90% CrI: 16, 21) and lastly, anal intercourse with less than 10% of efficacy dilution.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that heterogeneity in risk was the most important source of efficacy dilution in the ASPIRE trial. Future trials of HIV-1 prevention products for women should consider alternative trial designs and analytic approaches that minimize bias introduced by heterogeneity in risk.
Electroacupuncture alleviates acute myocardial ischemic injury in mice by regulating the β1 adrenergic receptor and post-receptor protein kinase A signaling pathway
Authors: Zuo Haiyan , Qu Qiaoyu , Tong Yan , Wang Lei , Wang Xiaoxiao , Wu Shengbing , Zhou Meiqi
Published: November 2024

Objective:

To determine the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) and post-receptor protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway after acute myocardial ischemia (MI).

Methods:

An MI model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery of wild-type (WT) C57/BL and β1-AR+/– mice (heterozygous for β1-AR gene deletion). EA treatment was administered at HT5-HT7 or LU9-LU8. We evaluated cardiac function by measuring ST segment displacement, ischemic area and serum levels of creatine kinase (CK)-MB and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Pathological morphology/apoptosis of myocardial tissue were examined using hematoxylin–eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. Norepinephrine (NE) levels in myocardial tissue were detected by ELISA. Levels of β1 and post-receptor PKA signaling components were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting.

Results:

EA stimulation at HT7-HT5 could better regulate the level of β1-AR in myocardial tissue than that at LU9-LU8. Following EA, the ST segment, serum CK-MB/ LDH and area of myocardial infarction were decreased in WT mice, and the degree of myocardial pathology/apoptosis and expression of cleaved caspase-3 were decreased. Myocardial levels of Gs protein (Gs), adenylate cyclase (AC), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), phosphorylated protein kinase A (p-PKA), L-type voltage-gated calcium channel α1C (Cav1.2), serine phosphate 16-phospholamban (p-PLBs16) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase 2a (SERCA2a) increased after EA. However, these effects of EA were not replicated in β1-AR+/– mice. Interestingly, myocardial NE content decreased after EA in WT and β1-AR+/– mice.

Conclusion:

EA may enhance cardiac function and reduced MI area/apoptosis by restoring the activity of β1-AR and post-receptor PKA signaling.
High-intensity electroacupuncture is superior to low-intensity electroacupuncture for knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Yuan Shi-Guo , Chen Jung , Chen Mei-Xiong , Zheng Nan-Sheng , Zhang Zhi-Wei , Wang Hua-Jun , Li Jia , Li Ling , Gao Yan-Ping
Published: November 2024

Background:

Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated to be efficacious and safe in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), yet the optimal current intensity for pain control in KOA remains unspecified. The present meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity and low-intensity EA in terms of pain relief and functional improvement in KOA.

Methods:

A thorough and comprehensive literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), all looking at the intensity of EA for KOA, was carried out in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science Journal Citation Report (VIP) and Wanfang database, as well as ClinicalTrials.gov. All databases were searched from their inception until April 2022. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB)2 tool. Finally, a meta-analysis of all eligible RCTs was performed using Review Manager 5.3.

Results:

Three studies with 472 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. The pain intensity reductions were significantly different between the high-intensity EA group and low-intensity EA group (mean difference (MD) = −0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.26 to −0.18, p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores (MD = −3.62, 95% CI = −12.22 to 4.98, p = 0.41). High-intensity EA significantly improved emotional scale (ES) scores compared to low-intensity EA (MD = −0.72, 95% CI = −0.76 to −0.67, p < 0.00001).

Conclusion:

The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that high-intensity EA provides superior pain relief and has a bigger impact on emotional scale scores in patients with KOA.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Discrimination Scale: Identification of a Unidimensional 11-Item Scale
Authors: Broshek C. E. , Kurtz A. J. , Udupa N. S. , Chang C. J. , Rogers M. L. , Feinstein B. A. , Selby E. A. , Gratz K. L. , Tull M. T. , Joiner T. E. , Jeon M. E.
Published: November 2024

Despite the Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Discrimination Scale (HHRDS) being a routinely used measure of discrimination, there is no current consensus regarding its fundamental psychometric properties. This study sought to: (a) test the dimensionality of the scale using a classical test theory approach, and (b), if lacking a clear multidimensional structure, use an item response theory approach to develop a concise unidimensional measure and examine differential item and test functioning across various identity factors. In a sample of sexual minority adults ( N = 1,243), evaluation of the HHRDS supported a reduced 11-item unidimensional measure. Assessment of differential item functioning suggested differences for some items between cisgender men and cisgender women, cisgender men and gender-diverse individuals, gay/lesbian and bi+ individuals, and white/non-Latine individuals and people of color. However, differential item functioning had minimal impact on total test scores, supporting the use of the revised 11-item HHRDS across groups.
Anti-Tumor Effect and Mechanism Study of Caloric Restriction, Achieved by Time-Restricted Feeding, in Mice
Authors: Lu Weisheng , Wang Jue , Wang Chengji , Wang Haijie , Gao Wenhao , Ye Shouchong , Shen Ruling
Published: November 2024

Objective

To evaluate the therapeutic effects and explore the mechanisms behind caloric restriction achieved through time-restricted feeding (CR) in inhibiting mouse tumors, providing a theoretical basis and data support for future CR diet-assisted anticancer treatment protocols.

Methods

C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were divided into four cell line groups. Each group was further split into normal diet (ND) and a CR diet groups. The ND groups had free access to water and a normal diet, while the CR diet groups had access to water but were only fed from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m., fasting for the remaining 22 h. Food intake was recorded daily starting on day 1 of the experiment. Tumor models were established and assessed every 2 days. Blood biochemical indicators, serum pyruvic acid levels, and cytokine expression were measured.

Results

The CR diet inhibited tumor growth in mice. Colorimetric assays and ELISAs showed a reduction in pyruvic acid levels and in key upstream and downstream rate-limiting enzymes in the sera of CR mice. Routine blood and blood biochemistry tests suggested minor effects of the CR diet on these parameters. Western blotting revealed that the CR diet suppressed mTOR and AKT protein expression in tumor tissues. ELISA showed that various mTOR-related signaling pathways were downregulated. Immunohistochemistry staining indicated reduced expression of P53, P-AKT, EGFR, and IGF-1 in tumor tissues. TUNEL staining confirmed that the CR diet promoted tumor apoptosis.

Conclusion

The CR diet inhibited tumor growth by suppressing mTOR and its related upstream and downstream gene signaling pathways, reducing tumor glycolysis, and accelerating tumor cell apoptosis.
Evaluation of Risk Factors, and Development and Validation of Prognostic Prediction Models for Distant Metastasis in Patients With Rectal Cancer: A Study Based on the SEER Database and a Chinese Population
Authors: Zhang Huiru , Wang Haojun , Yao Yan , Liu Lijuan , Feng Fubin , Li Huayao , Sun Changgang
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to construct a prediction model regarding risk factors and prognostic factors for distant metastasis of T1-T3 stage rectal cancer. For this purpose, a population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted.

Methods

Data on 7872 patients diagnosed with rectal cancer between 2004 and 2020 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, of whom 746 had distant metastases at diagnosis. Independent risk factors for distant metastasis of rectal cancer were determined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses clarified the independent prognostic factors for distant metastases of rectal cancer. A 7:3 randomization process was used to place all patients into the training and internal validation groups. Furthermore, we retrospectively collected clinical data from 226 patients who had both rectal cancer and distant metastases between 2012 and 2024 at the Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. We used the calibration curve, DCA curve, C-index, and area under the curve (AUC) to assess the discriminatory and pre-precision qualities of the models.

Results

The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified race, tumor grade, T stage, N stage, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, tumor size, and histological subtype as risk factors for distant metastases in rectal cancer, with AUC values for both training and validation sets exceeding 0.8. Using Cox regression analysis, we determined that the age, sex, tumor size, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were independent predictors of distant metastasis of rectal cancer. In the prognostic model, the C-index of the training cohort was 0.687 (95% CI: 0.6615-0.7125), that of the internal validation cohort was 0.692 (95% CI: 0.6508-0.7332), and that of the external validation cohort was 0.704 (0.6785-0.7295).

Conclusion

Our nomogram can predict risk factors and analyze the 1-, 2-, and 3 year prognosis of distant metastases in patients with rectal cancer, providing valuable guidance for future clinical work.
Dissemination Versus Dialogic Science Communication: How Do the Deeply Involved Wish to Engage?
Authors: Zimmerman Ifat , Baram-Tsabari Ayelet , Tal Tali
Published: November 2024

This study explores whether the emphasis of science news websites on dissemination over dialogue corresponds to the actual preferences of their science-oriented audiences. Based on interviews with science news website administrators ( n = 8) and readers ( n = 20) and two reader questionnaires ( n = 89; n = 55), we found that readers favor dissemination, yet certain readers may also desire interactive discussions. Readers perceive the ability to comment as beneficial for readers and administrators; however, they do not expect administrators to engage in dialogue. Younger audiences showed a somewhat greater preference for online dialogic communication than their older counterparts.
Enhancing carbon fiber thermoplastic sandwich structures with springback effect
Authors: Zhang Yunqian , Xiao Bing , Wei Haowen , Wang Yue , Wan Yi , Takahashi Jun
Published: November 2024

In this research, a sandwich structure is manufactured using a thermally deformed (springback) core. Non-woven carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (NW-CFRTP) was used for the core, and uni-directional carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (UD CFRTP) and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics sheet molding compound (CFRTP-SMC) were used for the skin. Statistical flexural properties were investigated by conducting three-point bending experiments. Specimens with different springback ratios were assessed, and the critical springback ratios of the individual core and whole sandwich structure indicated the peak points of mechanical properties in the corresponding tests. Diverse results were acquired and a springback ratio of approximately 1.7 was found to give optimal static mechanical properties during various scenarios. Different fracture models that appeared during the research were also studied, and improvements were made based on the findings. To improve the properties along the thickness direction, the molding method and material set were improved, and the enhancement of interlaminar properties also contributed to better mechanical properties. Specifically, the energy absorption capacity of the structure more than doubled. Stable and ductile sandwich structures were achieved with a density lower than water, and the excellent specific mechanical properties could open up new avenues for the application of recycled carbon fibers.
Direct selective laser trabeculoplasty: A retrospective study
Authors: Fossati Giovanni , Trevisi Marco , Sarodia Usman , Malick Huzaifa , Abdou Hamza , Sodeinde Modupe , Romano Mario R , Osman Lina
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To investigate the effectiveness and safety profiles of Direct Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (DSLT).

Materials and Methods

Retrospective study of 15 eyes of 10 patients diagnosed with open angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) who underwent DSLT in June 2023 at University Hospitals of Leicester, UK. We defined success as IOP reduced ≥20% from baseline with no additional medications needed or as a decrease in the number of anti-glaucoma medications while maintaining target IOP. We also considered secondary outcomes such as final BCVA and final number of anti-glaucoma medications.

Results

At the fourth month visit, success was reached in 11 eyes (73.3%). We registered 4 failures (26.7%). Mean IOP at baseline was 22.7 ± 4.4 mmHg and was reduced to 18.7 ± 4.2 mmHg ( p = 0.008). The absolute mean reduction of IOP in the group of eyes that maintained unchanged the number of medications was 5.4 ± 2.7 mmHg, as baseline IOP was 21.4 ± 4.3 mmHg, and final IOP was 15.9 ± 2.3 mmHg, with a 25.7% reduction ( p = 0.003). Mean BCVA remained unchanged (0.1 ± 0.1 logMAR, p = 1.00). No significant adverse events requiring surgical or clinical intervention were observed.

Conclusion

DSLT showed profiles of effectiveness and safety comparable with those of SLT in the literature and consistent with the results obtained in previous studies on DSLT itself. DSLT may represent a valid alternative to traditional SLT.
Health Professionals’ Ethical, Security, and Patient Safety Concerns Using Digital Health Technologies: A Mixed Method Research Study
Authors: Mensah Nathan Kumasenu , Adzakpah Godwin , Kissi Jonathan , Taylor-Abdulai Hannah , Johnson Stephen Benyi , Agbeshie Princilla Awudu , Opoku Christabell , Abakah Jessica , Osei Emmanuel , Agyekum Ama Yeboaa , Boadu Richard Okyere
Published: November 2024

Background:

Digital Health Technologies (DHTs) offer numerous health benefits but raise ethical and security concerns about patient health data among health professionals due to potential security breaches. This study explores the ethical, patient safety, and security issues concerning healthcare professionals using DHTs in hospitals in Ghana.

Methods:

The study used a mixed method design, including a descriptive survey and in-depth interviews with health professionals in 3 tertiary hospitals, between July and September 2022, with thematic content analysis using QSR NVivo 12 software. The descriptive survey was analyzed using Stata 15 to produce percentages, means, and standard deviations.

Results:

A total of 369 health professionals participated in the study. Disclosure of health data on DHTs without consent from patients 299 (81.03%) was the most frequently mentioned concern. The most often raised concern was the disclosure of the patient. Overall, 298(80.76%) health professionals worried about safety issues relating to the use of the DHTs. On occasion, staff members neglect to log out of the system, which compromises all the security measures in place. Other factors such as system unavailable due to unplanned shutdown affected patient safety.

Conclusion:

Health professionals are concerned about patient information confidentiality and security. They believe staff access to patient information should be on a “need-to-know basis,” and safety policies be periodically updated to prevent human behavior from compromising security measures.
Neoliberal healthism and women’s entrepreneurial subjectivities in yoga
Authors: Peticca-Harris Amanda , Elias Sara R. S. T. A , Navazhylava Kseniya , Ravishankar M. N.
Published: November 2024

Women entrepreneurs have long encountered the neoliberal expectation to perform as ideal subjects by exhibiting an enterprising femininity. However, existing critical literature on women’s entrepreneurship has largely overlooked how health and wellbeing discourses permeate enterprising ideals and impact one’s subjectivity. This qualitative study explores how 41 women entrepreneurs construct an enterprising subjectivity through neoliberal healthism. Our findings detail who they understand themselves to be by internalizing and at times challenging neoliberal ideals through themes of self-responsibilization, self-optimization, and reflective health. Our main contribution to the critical literature on women’s entrepreneurship is that we conceptualize how an enterprising subjectivity is constructed through the personal optimization of health and wellbeing, fueled by shared-self-care rather than only the logic of market enterprise.
Challenging (platformisation) invisibilities through humour: The Paralympics, TikTok and social change?
Authors: Petersen-Wagner Renan , Lee Ludvigsen Jan Andre
Published: November 2024

The penetration of social media platforms in the cultural production and consumption circuits of sport mega-events means that organisations like the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) are afforded new and alternative channels to engage with their audiences. TikTok, one of the largest platforms, is characterised by a higher degree of playfulness and humorous content and has been used to mobilise audiences for prosocial political aims. Using TikTok’s Research API access, this article relies on automatically collected metadata from all IPC posts between May 2023 and May 2024. After consolidating and manipulating the data through Python, statistical analyses were performed on SPSS to understand how certain content becomes more visible on the platform. In a second stage, videos with most virality underwent visual discourse analysis. We hold that the IPC, to challenge invisibilities, arguably one of the biggest obstacles for disability sport, engages in the circulation of humorous content with the aim of promoting inclusion and social change for persons with disabilities. While TikTok and the circulation of humorous content afford the IPC wider visibility to new audiences, it might provoke unintended consequences through further stigmatisation of disability sport as non-serious activity.
Contributions of internal and external factors to bilingual development: Evidence from Kurdish-English adolescents
Authors: Faraj Ismael
Published: November 2024

Aims:

This study examined the role of internal and external factors in bilingual language outcomes in a societal/first language (L1) and minority/foreign language (FL) context.

Methodology:

Participants were 98 Kurdish-English adolescents, living in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The data collected through a detailed questionnaire and a battery of standardized and researcher-developed measures.

Data and analysis:

Data were analyzed using backward regression and hierarchical regression models.

Findings:

Richness of the Kurdish and English environment contributed to language outcomes, of which parental Kurdish proficiency, Kurdish input from media, and paternal English proficiency were the best predictors of greater Kurdish morphosyntactic knowledge and faster lexical access ability in Kurdish and English. Cognitive and age factors predicted language outcomes, of which nonverbal analytic reasoning and older age of English exposure were the best predictors of greater English morphosyntactic knowledge and larger vocabulary size in both languages. As two different sets, external factors outweighed internal factors in terms of vocabulary size and lexical access abilities in both languages as well as Kurdish morphosyntax. The contribution of two sets was alike for English morphosyntax.

Conclusions:

Sensitivity to variation in individual difference factors varies depending on the linguistic domains. External factors are more essential for bilingual development, but at the same time, the role of internal factors in dual language learning should not be underestimated.

Originality:

With valuable insights offered by previous research, this study contributes to the field of bilingual development through examining a large number of individual difference factors in one of the most under-studied bilingual populations.
The diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative near-infrared spectroscopy in carotid artery endarterectomy under general anesthesia: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Duarte-Gamas Luís , Fragão-Marques Mariana , Zlatanovic Petar , Andrade José P. , Rocha-Neves João
Published: November 2024

Background:

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) carries a risk of perioperative stroke, particularly during carotid cross-clamping. While neurological monitoring is reliable for patients under regional anesthesia, alternative options are needed for those unsuitable for regional anesthesia. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is commonly used during CEA, but its diagnostic accuracy varies, particularly under general anesthesia.

Methods:

A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative NIRS in detecting clamp-associated hemodynamic cerebral ischemia in patients under general anesthesia. MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched for studies that compared NIRS with the occurrence of immediate or early postoperative neurological deficits in patients undergoing CEA under GA. Meta-regression was performed to explore causes of heterogeneity.

Results:

A total of 28 studies involving 5729 patients were included. The results show that NIRS has a summary sensitivity of 47.5% and a summary specificity of 90.3% in diagnosing clamp-associated cerebral ischemia under general anesthesia, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.85. The presence of a contralateral carotid occlusion (CCO) increased summary sensitivity while smoking history the presence of CCO and smoking history decreased summary specificity. For postoperative stroke prediction, NIRS has a summary sensitivity of 49.5% and summary specificity of 88.5%, with an AUC-ROC of 0.85.

Conclusions:

NIRS is a specific but not highly sensitive tool for detecting cerebral ischemia during CEA, and its use in combination with more sensitive neuromonitoring methods is recommended, in order to guide intraoperative neuroprotective strategies.
Steering a path to cultural change: Emerging and enduring characteristics of policing cultures in the UK
Authors: Charman Sarah
Published: November 2024

In the 25 years since the first issue of the International Journal of Police Science & Management was published, policing has undergone significant change as a result of economic, political and social change. Yet this period has unfortunately been bookended by the Macpherson Report in 1999 and the Casey Review in 2023, both highly critical of the occupational cultures within policing. This article takes the issue of policing cultures and examines the extent to which early ethnographic writings on the everyday realities of policing reflect the cultures of today and examines the potential and the desire for both continued research in this area and for cultural change itself. An understanding of cultural characteristics as individual layers contributing to the overall sedimentation of policing practices enables us to see how change, albeit slowly, can potentially happen. The article also suggests, however, that the tendency towards conformity within policing – in terms of both conforming to organisational working practices and norms and conforming to informal occupational cultures – puts pressure on everyone within the policing organisation to ‘fit in’, restricting difference, challenge and ultimately, significant change. A better understanding of the deep roots of occupational cultures within policing and an appreciation of both its benefits and appeal is necessary for a whole organisation approach to reform.
Mission profile oriented energy efficiency and CO2 footprint assessment of naval vessels at conceptual design phase: A comparative case study of conventional and hybrid energy systems
Authors: Cin Selçuk , Çelebi Uğur Buğra
Published: November 2024

CO2 is the main green house gas (GHG) produced in fossil fuel burning engines on ships. The growth of activities of sea-going vessels, have been increasing interest and concerns over ship-born CO2 emissions. Consequently, numerous studies have been introduced for emission estimation. Each estimation approach has its own assumptions, thus uncertainty with data of vessel activities, vessel attributes, and calculating methods. The conceptual design phase is the first phase of ship design. One of the issues addressed at this phase is the assessment of energy system alternatives of relevant ship. A ship energy system provides propulsion and electrical power. The assessment of energy system alternatives for a naval vessel is a very complicated business that has a significant impact and interaction on overall vessel integration. Naval vessels and their energy systems constitute a noteworthy part of the total world ship fleet. The present study aims to present a realistic methodology for estimating efficiency, hence CO2 emissions, for candidate energy systems of surface vessels at conceptual design phase. A frigate is selected as the case (baseline) vessel. Three energy systems, namely CODAD, CODOG, and CODLOG-CC, are proposed as alternatives for the case vessel. Instead of general emission estimation approaches, the present study proposes a mission profile-oriented estimation methodology which provides more precise and accurate results. The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) defines efficiency and sets limitation during design and construction of specific merchant vessels, but since this index does not comply with unique characteristics of mission profile of surface vessels, the novel efficiency design index defined as integral warship EEDI (IWEEDI) is implemented for the case vessel. According to the analysis, CODAD is found to be the most efficient alternative, followed by CODLOG-CC and CODOG, respectively.
Embark on the adventure! Advancing inclusive secondary education through narrative game learning for students with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Rodríguez-Ferrer José Miguel , Manzano-León Ana , García-Roca Anastasio , Soler-Delgado Raquel
Published: November 2024

This study explores Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and Game-Based Learning (GBL) to promote the inclusion of secondary school students with intellectual disabilities. Through qualitative methods, including participant observation and post-workshop interviews, the impact of these methodologies was assessed on 31 students, including 5 with intellectual disabilities. The findings highlight how these methodologies enhance accessibility, motivation, and learning outcomes, developing narrative skills and fostering creativity. Challenges in curriculum integration and active student participation are also addressed. This study underscores the transformative potential of UDL and GBL in inclusive education, significantly improving the educational experience for students of varying abilities.
Exploring the role of irisin as a potential biomarker in adolescents and young adults with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Majeed Sadaf , Moin Hira , Shafi Riffat , Fatima Sampana , Zahra Tatheer , Zafar Sarim
Published: November 2024

Background:

Irisin is a myokine potentially linked to insulin sensitivity. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal condition defined by insulin resistance. Previous studies have reported elevated circulating irisin levels in adult females with PCOS.

Objective:

To examine the differences in serum irisin levels between lean and obese adolescents and young adults with PCOS and their respective lean and obese controls and to explore the relationship between irisin levels and the metabolic and reproductive characteristics of the participants.

Design:

Cross-sectional study design.

Methods:

The study included 60 cases of PCOS and 60 controls. These participants were categorized based on their body mass index (BMI) into lean and obese. Fasting serum irisin levels, physical, metabolic, hormonal, and reproductive characteristics of the participants were measured.

Results:

Lean cases of PCOS had significantly elevated levels of fasting serum irisin (PCOS = 17.07 ± 5.61 ng/ml vs lean controls = 11.04 ± 7.51 ng/ml; p = 0.002), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and testosterone and significantly lower levels of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) compared to the lean controls. Obese cases of PCOS had significantly higher levels of fasting serum irisin (PCOS = 22.06 ± 3.83 ng/ml vs obese controls = 16.86 ± 6.74 ng/ml; p = 0.011), glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, LH, estradiol, and testosterone and significantly lower levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and QUICKI compared to obese controls. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation of serum irisin levels with BMI, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, LH, estradiol, and testosterone(all p-values < 0.001). There was also a significant positive correlation with triglycerides (TAGs) ( p = 0.001), total cholesterol ( p = 0.005), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( p = 0.024). Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( p = 0.001) and QUICKI ( p < 0.001) in the entire study cohort. Fasting serum glucose (β = 0.337, p = 0.029), TAGs (β = 0.249, p = 0.006), and LH (β = 0.382, p = 0.004) were positive predictors of serum irisin concentrations in the overall sample.

Conclusion:

Lean and obese adolescent and young adult cases of PCOS had significantly higher fasting serum irisin levels than their respective controls. Metabolic and reproductive traits of the participants also correlated with irisin.
Comprehensive consent in urology using decision aids, leaflets, videos and newer technologies: empowering patient choice and shared decision-making
Authors: Nedbal Carlotta , Naik Nithesh , Davis Niall , Madaan Sanjeev , Tokas Theodoros , Cacciamani Giovanni , Ventimiglia Eugenio , Geraghty Robert M. , Enikeev Dmitry , Somani Bhaskar K.
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we explore the usage of decision aids, patient information leaflets (PILs), videos, social media and modern technology to empower patients and enable shared decision-making (SDM). It explores the role of enhanced consent processes in urology. A re-evaluation of the conventional consent process is required towards more patient-centred care and SDM, which prioritises patient education and understanding of their medical conditions and treatment pathways. The use of decision aids, such as multimedia resources and PILs, is crucial in enhancing patients’ understanding, level of satisfaction, quality of life and healthcare utilisation. New tools are opening exciting possibilities for patient education and information distribution, such as Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT). The effectiveness of ChatGPT in comparison to well-established PILs is still up for debate, despite the fact that it makes information easily accessible. Improving patients’ involvement, understanding and engagement in SDM procedures relies heavily on decision aids, PILs and current technological integration. Patients and healthcare practitioners should work together in accordance with the principles of SDM, which include considering patients’ values, backgrounds, priorities and preferences when making treatment decisions. The emphasis on patient-centred care has prompted a re-evaluation of traditional consent processes in urology, with more emphasis on the shared decision-making process. Several informative aids are currently available as reported in the literature, ranging from 3D models, multimedia presentations and virtual reality (VR) devices. While the costs of these tools might be substantial, the advantages of adopting such informative resources are unmistakable. Social media and platforms such as patient–physician blogs are increasingly popular sources of medical information. Urologists should embrace these platforms to enhance patient engagement and the quality of information provided. Despite recent progress, there remains significant room for improvement in patient education and engagement which is achievable via concerted efforts of a wider medical community.
Demographic and lifestyle factors associated with perception about risk of passive smoking in the Malaysian adolescent population
Authors: Cheah Yong Kang , Lim Kuang Kuay , Kee Chee Cheong , Tan Lay Kim
Published: November 2024

Aims:

Exposure to passive smoking among adolescents is a public health concern. This study aims to explore demographic and lifestyle factors associated with perception of passive smoking risk and the mediating effects of exposure to anti-smoking advertisements and education about the dangers of smoking on the relationship between grade levels and the perception.

Method:

Data from the Tobacco and E-Cigarette Survey among Malaysian Adolescents ( n = 13,117) were analysed. Ordered probit models were used to assess factors associated with passive smoking risk perception (i.e. not harmful, probably not harmful, probably harmful, harmful).

Results:

About one-third of adolescents did not perceive that passive smoking was harmful (30.4%). Adolescents with the perception that passive smoking was not harmful were more likely to be students at low grade levels, be males, be non-Malays and be low-pocket-money recipients and those who used e-cigarettes and who smoked. Being aware of anti-smoking advertisements (direct effect = 0.174; indirect effect = 0.012) and taught on the dangers of smoking (direct effect = 0.179; indirect effect = 0.003) partially mediated the positive relationship between grade levels and perceived risk of passive smoking.

Conclusion:

Policies implemented to reduce exposure to passive smoking should highlight the important role of demographic factors, lifestyle profiles, anti-smoking advertisements and education about the dangers of smoking in improving passive smoking risk perception among adolescents.
From data collection to downstream data use: Malaysia’s experience with ICD-11
Authors: Ooi Erwyn Chin Wei , Md Isa Zaleha , Abdul Manaf Mohd Rizal , Ahmad Fuad Ahmad Soufi , Sidek Hammad Fahli , Mustapa Mimi Nurakmal , Ahmad Azman , Ali Fawzi Zaidan , Kharie Mohamad Fadli , Shith Shahidah Adilah , Mohd Marzuki Nuraidah
Published: November 2024

Background:

The transition of systems to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases 11th Version (ICD-11) allows access to comprehensive data that accurately portray the complexity of morbidity and mortality data in Malaysia.

Objective:

To demonstrate Malaysia’s experience in implementing ICD-11, from data collection to downstream data use applications.

Method and implementation:

We describe improvements to existing data source systems and downstream data applications. For non-HIS and HIS (ICD-10) systems, data were manually entered into the health management information system equipped with ICD-11 or automatically mapped from ICD-10 to ICD-11. Following these system improvements, we collected and reported ICD-11 data from all hospitals nationwide, regardless of the individual systems’ status in ICD-11 use.

Discussion:

Lessons learnt related to legacy systems; ICD-11 releases and system updates; mapping; reporting; human resources and related applications.

Conclusion:

With careful planning, standardisation of the collection and use of ICD-11 data can be accomplished with limited resources and in a complex environment with heterogeneous systems.

Implications:

Use of ICD-11 data in downstream data applications improves data quality to answer specific business or research questions.
System-wide analysis of qualitative hospital incident data: Feasibility of semi-automated content analysis to uncover insights
Authors: Engstrom Teyl , Kenny Danelle , Grimmett Wallace , Ramis Mary-Anne , Foley Chris , Sullivan Clair , Pole Jason D.
Published: November 2024

Background:

Advances in technology have increased the ease of reporting hospital incidents, resulting in large amounts of qualitative descriptive data. Health services have little experience analysing these data at scale to incorporate into routine reporting.

Objective:

We aimed to explore the feasibility of applying a semi-automated content analysis (SACA) tool (Leximancer™) to qualitative descriptions of system-wide hospital incidents to provide insights into safety issues at all health service levels.

Method:

Data from 1245 incidents reported across a network of hospitals in Australia were analysed using the SACA tool. Summaries were generated using a variety of techniques, including inductive and deductive approaches to extract key concepts in the data.

Results:

The analysis was feasible and provided an actionable summary of the types of incidents reported in the data; the visual interface allowed users to explore the underlying text for a deeper understanding. Deductive analysis was utilised to explore specific areas of interest, and stratified analysis revealed more detailed concepts. The SACA tool was more efficient than manual processes; however, due to the context present in the incident descriptions, significant time, reading and subject matter expertise is still required to refine the analysis.

Conclusion:

Semi-automated tools provide an opportunity for improving patient safety culture and practices by providing rapid content analysis of vast datasets that can be customised for specific organisational contexts and deployed at scale. Further research is required to assess usefulness with system users.

Implications:

Qualitative data abound and system-wide analysis is essential to creating actionable insights.
Artificial Intelligence to Diagnose Complications of Diabetes
Authors: Ayers Alessandra T. , Ho Cindy N. , Kerr David , Cichosz Simon Lebech , Mathioudakis Nestoras , Wang Michelle , Najafi Bijan , Moon Sun-Joon , Pandey Ambarish , Klonoff David C.
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used to diagnose complications of diabetes. Artificial intelligence is technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human intelligence and solve complicated problems. In this article, we address current and likely future applications for AI to be applied to diabetes and its complications, including pharmacoadherence to therapy, diagnosis of hypoglycemia, diabetic eye disease, diabetic kidney diseases, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot ulcers, and heart failure in diabetes.

Artificial intelligence is advantageous because it can handle large and complex datasets from a variety of sources. With each additional type of data incorporated into a clinical picture of a patient, the calculation becomes increasingly complex and specific. Artificial intelligence is the foundation of emerging medical technologies; it will power the future of diagnosing diabetes complications.
Knowledge, Local Uses, and Vulnerability of the African Ebony Tree (Diospyros crassiflora Hiern, Ebenaceae) Among Communities Around the Campo-Ma'an National Park (Southern Cameroon)
Authors: Yves Komo Mbarga , Moksia Froumsia , Mongombe Aaron Manga , François Malan Djah , Bruno Jacques Ngotta Biyon , Éric-Moïse Bakwo Fils
Published: November 2024

Background

The African ebony tree is a multipurpose tree native to the Guinea-Congolese forest. Its long-term viability and sustainability are threatened by the conversion of primary forest to agricultural land. To conserve the species, it is necessary to evaluate the local community's understanding of its usage and conservation strategies to identify the factors that could potentially influence the species' long-term viability in the study area.

Methods

Data was collected between June and August 2022. The random sampling method was used to administer structured and semi-structured interview questionnaires to 301 villages living within three to nine kilometers of the Campo-Ma'an National Park's boundaries.

Results

Several parts of the plant are used by the locals, notably the wood and bark, with a citation frequency of 49% and 20.4%, respectively. Cutting is the most important collection method, with a relative frequency of citation of 49.1%. These parts are valued in six categories of uses; timber was the most cited (UV = 38.9%), followed by traditional medicine (UV = 36.9%). Wood was the only part of the plant that generated considerable annual income for the local communities (52.537 USD). The vulnerability index showed that the ebony tree is highly vulnerable (IV = 2.5) in the study area.

Conclusion

The results obtained show strong pressure from local populations on D. crassiflora, leading to a decrease in the tree population.

Conservation Implications

Given the ongoing threat to D. crassiflora in the study area, this research will assist in valorising the species usage in traditional medicine and as a commercial wood. In addition, we have proposed conservation strategies like assisted regeneration and community-led planting projects to promote long-term plantation-based D. crassiflora production to mitigate the effects of deforestation.