bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
List of West Australian Birds, showing their Geographical Distribution throughout Australia, including Tasmania
Authors: Campbell A. J. , MacGregor James
Published: June 2016

“There were but few land fowls. We saw none but eagles of the larger sort of birds, but five or six sorts of small birds. The biggest sort of these were not bigger than larks, some no bigger than wrens, all singing with great variety of fine shrill notes; and we saw some of their nests with young ones in them. The water-fowls were ducks (which had young ones now, this being the beginning of the spring in these parts), curlews, galdens, crab-catchers, cormorants, gulls, pelicans, and some water-fowl such as I have not seen anywhere besides.”
The Interactions of Circular and Longitudinal Magnetisations
Authors: Knott C. Gr.
Published: June 2016

In the course of an extended series of investigations into the relations of magnetism and stress, part of which is already published in the Transactions (vol. xxxv.), I was led to consider the effect of a current passing along a wire upon its longitudinal magnetic intensity. Wiedermann, Buff, and Villari have discussed this problem in some of its aspects. It does not seem possible, however, to deduce from their results completely satisfactory conclusions as to the effect of the current upon the apparent longitudinal permeability. The question, as it presented itself to my mind, was not so much as to the effect of a varying current along the wire upon the apparent longitudinal moment, but rather as to the behaviour of the wire in various longitudinal fields according as it was carrying a current or not.
Chairman's Opening Address
Authors: Maclagan Douglas
Published: June 2016

My duty this evening is to give the usual Introductory Address at the opening of a new Session, this which commences this evening being the Society's 108th.

Before doing so, however, I must try to disburden myself of a weight which has hung heavy upon me for the last few days, and consists in the difficulty, which I find to be insuperable, how to select adequate terms in which to express my sense of the honour which you have conferred upon me, in placing me in the position of your President. In my wildest dreams it never occurred to me that such an event was possible, till a short while ago when certain members of the Council hinted to me that such a step was in contemplation; and I can assure you that it was not without considerable hesitation that I acceded to the request that I should allow myself to be put in nomination.
On the Occurrence of Sulphur in Marine Muds and Nodules, and its bearing on their Mode of Formation
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: June 2016

In the first section of the cruise of the “Challenger,” that from Tenerife to Sombrero, the existence was established of deep-sea muds, perfectly free from carbonate of lime, consisting mainly of silicates mixed with ochreous material, principally hydrated oxides of iron and manganese, and of local concentrations of these materials in the form of nodules and of coatings or incrustations on dead calcareous matter. The qualitative composition of these concentrations was carefully determined, and it was particularly noted that whether in the form of nodules or of incrustations they were aggregations of the general materials of the bottom, and not concretions or coatings of pure hydrous oxides.
On a Difference between the Diurnal Barometric Curves at Greenwich and at Kew
Authors: Buchan Alexander
Published: June 2016

In the “Challenger” Report on atmospherical circulation, the diurnal barometric curves at Gries and Klagenfurt in the Tyrol, and at Cordova in the Argentine Eepublic, are specially examined.

The most noticeable feature of these daily barometric oscillations is their very large amounts, those at Gries, for example, though in lat. 46° 30′ N., being quite tropical in amount; and the singular circumstance is that in no season does the morning minimum fall so low as the daily mean. Gries, Klagenfurt, and Cordova are each situated in a deep valley.
On the Soaring of Birds: being a Communication from Mr R. E. Froude in continuation of the Extract from a Letter by the late Mr William Feoude to Sir William Thomson, published in these “Proceedings,” March 19, 1888
Authors: Froude R. E. , Froude William , Thomson William
Published: June 2016

The object of the present communication is to give the purport of the remainder of the letter referred to in the title, as well as that of other letters bearing on the same subject written by the late Mr Froude shortly afterwards, which were not at hand at the time the extract referred to was printed.
On some hitherto unproved Theorems in Determinants
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

Most of the theorems in question occur at the outset of a paper by Professor Cayley, entitled, “Chapters on the Analytical Geometry of n Dimensions” they constitute, in fact, Chapter I. The first theorem I should prefer, for the present, to enunciate as follows:-

If m determinants of the nthorder all have the same n − 1 columns in common, and all vanish, then every determinant of the nthorder whose n columns are chosen from the m + n − 1 different columns must vanish likewise.
On Silica and the Siliceous Remains of Organisms in Modern Seas
Authors: Murray John , Irvine Robert
Published: June 2016

In a former jjaper to this Society, we pointed out the important role played by carbonic acid in modern seas, with special reference to the vast deposits of carbonate of lime now taking place in coral reefs and those other calcareous deposits known as Globigerina and Pteropod Oozes. It was pointed out that carbonic acid was the chief agent in the disintegration of felspars and other silicates of the earth's surface, that it was concerned in all the changes that result in the secretion of carbonate of lime by marine organisms from any of the lime salts in sea-water, that a vast amount of Carbonic acid was being locked up in the calcareous deposits now in process of formation on the sea-bed, and that there was an accumulation of these calcareous deposits chiefly towards the equatorial regions of the ocean basins. In the present paper we propose to deal with the great antagonistic power to carbonic acid, viz., silica, and with the siliceous organic remains in the ocean.
A New Method for the Estimating the Specific Gravity of the Blood
Authors: Haycraft John Berry
Published: June 2016

The method of Roy for determining the specific gravity of the blood is a very excellent one, and is capable of yielding sufficiently accurate results. Over thirty bottles containing mixtures of glycerine and water of different specific gravity, ranging from 1·030 to 1·070, are used for the estimation, and a drop of blood to be tested is placed in a sample of one of these fluids. If the drop sinks it is heavier, if it floats it has a lower specific gravity, and then another drop of the same blood is tested until by a few experiments the exact specific gravity is determined.
A Case of Defective Endochondral Ossification in a Human Foetus (so-called Cretinoid)
Authors: Symington Johnson , Thomson Henry Alexis
Published: June 2016

We have ventured to bring our examination of this specimen under the notice of the Society, not so much for its pathological interest, as for the light which it throws upon the normal mode of growth of the skeleton. There has been a tendency of late to regard endochondral ossification as quite secondary in importance to that of membranous ossification, but we believe that the case illustrates in a very striking manner the important part played by ossification in cartilage in the growth of the greater part of the skeleton.
Note on Dr Sang's Paper
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

At the very urgent request of the late Dr Sang, who regarded the above paper as one of his chief contributions to science, I brought before the Council of the Society the question of its publication. From the Minute-Book of the Ordinary Meetings, I find that it was read on the 20th February 1837, though it is not mentioned in the published Proceedings of that date. On 21st July 1891 the Council finally resolved that the paper should be printed in the Proceedings “if otherwise found desirable.” The reasons in favour of printing it seem to outweigh those which may, readily enough, be raised against such a course.
Note on the Mathematical Theory of Miller's Trisector, and its Relation to other Solutions of the Problem of Trisection
Authors: Chrystal
Published: June 2016

The problem of the trisection of an angle, analytically considered, depends on the solution of a cubic equation, say 4x3−3x−cos a = 0, which is in general irreducible, and therefore not soluble by means of quadratic radicals. It follows that the trisection of an angle cannot be effected by means of the ruler and compass alone. This, in fact if not in theory, appears to have been known to the early Greek geometers, and they proposed the use of various curves, the continuous mechanical construction of which must, of course, be postulated, for the solution of the problem. The Quadratrix and the Spiral of Archimedes, both transcendental curves, may be mentioned. It was early discovered that the conic sections could be used for the purpose, and in modern times various solutions have been suggested involving their use.
A Theoretical Representation leading to General Suggestions bearing on the Ultimate Constitution of Matter and Ether
Authors: Fraser John
Published: June 2016

The idea has long been floating around in thoughtful minds that all the different varieties of matter in the world are formed out of one primordial substance or stuff, and that the different qualities they exhibit are caused by a mere difference of number, arrangement, and motion of the primordial units forming the atoms of our so-called elementary substances. For instance, the atom of oxygen would contain sixteen times as many of these units as the atom of hydrogen, which would account for the difference of their atomic weights; and besides, the motions of the units forming each atom would be different for the different atoms, thus accounting for their other different qualities. Nitrogen would contain fourteen times as many of these units, carbon twelve times, and so on according to their atomic weights.
On the Existence within the Liver Cells of Channels which can be directly injected from the Blood-Vessels
Authors: Schäfer E. A.
Published: June 2016

In a series of papers dating from 1897, resumés of winch are given in the Bulletin international de I'académie des Sciences de Cracovie, Professor Browicz gives the results of observations on the liver cells, both in the normal state and in a pathologically altered condition, and draws from these observations certain important deductions. The most prominent fact which is recorded is the appearance (under normal conditions in the liver of the newborn child, and under pathological conditions in the adult human liver; under normal conditions, and after the intravenous injection of hæmoglobin some hours prior to death, in the liver of the dog) of erythrocytes, singly and in groups, and of free hæmoglobin and hæmoglobin crystals, as well as brown pigment, in the form both of granules and crystalline clumps, within the hepatic cells, both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. After affirming the undoubted existence of intracellular biliary passages communicating with intercellular bile ducts,—which intracellular passages he regards, not as accidental and temporary vacuoles, but as preformed channels within the cells, — Professor Browicz states that his observations, especially the presence within the liver cells of erythrocytes, demonstrate that the cells must be in communication with the hepatic capillaries.
Note on Selected Combinations
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

(1) Having formed from n things all possible sets of r, we may subject each of the Cn,r sets to the test of fulfilling one or more conditions, and so obtain a reduced number possessing a special characterisation. The present note deals with a few instances of this in which the reduced number is of the same algebraical form as the full number, that is to say, is a combinatorial Ca,b.
Observations on the Amount of Dissolved Oxygen in Water required by young Salmonidæ
Authors: Paton D. Noel
Published: June 2016

That the absence of dissolved oxygen from water is fatal to fish is well shown by an observation of Wilh. Thörner (Forschungsberichte über Lebensmittel, 1897, 4, 172), on the condition of the water of the Hase at Osnabrück, where a great destruction of fish had occurred. Besides a complete absence of free oxygen in the water, nothing hurtful to fish could be detected.
The Dissociation of the Compound of Iodine and Thio-urea
Authors: Marshall Hugh
Published: June 2016

When thio-urea is treated with suitable oxidising agents in presence of acids, salts are formed corresponding to the general formula (CSN2H4)2X2:—

Of these salts the di-nitrate is very sparingly soluble, and is precipitated on the addition of nitric acid or a nitrate to solutions of the other salts. The salts, as a class, are not very stable, and their solutions decompose, especially on warming, with formation of sulphur, thio-urea, cyanamide, and free acid. A corresponding decomposition results immediately on the addition of alkali, and this constitutes a very characteristic reaction for these salts.
On the Use of Quaternions in the Theory of Screws
Authors: Peddie W.
Published: June 2016

1. A quaternion r = Sr + Vr denotes the sum of a scalar and a vector, the former being an essentially undirected quantity. In many cases, however, and specially in the theory of screws, we have to deal with two co-directed quantities. In the usual notation, the components of a translation, λ, which are parallel to, and perpendicular to, a rotation, μ are represented respectively by the first and second terms in the identity λ = (Sλμ−1 + Vλμ−1)μ. The axis of the corresponding screw of pitch Sλμ−1 has the direction of μ., and Vλμ−1 is the perpendicular upon it from the origin. A certain advantage in point of unity would arise from taking Sr and TVr to represent respectively the magnitudes of the translation and the rotation in a screw whose axis passes through the origin, and has the direction of Vr. When such a use is made of a quaternion, it is necessary to attach a special symbol. Thus, Mr may be taken to denote the motor Sr·UVr + TVr·UVr whose axis passes through the origin and whose pitch is Sr/TVr.
Some Observations on Cyanosis
Authors: Gibson G. A.
Published: June 2016

The one constant factor in the production of cyanosis is diminution of oxygenation. This may be the result of respiratory affections which hinder the access of air or diminish the area of the aerating surface, or it may, on the other hand, be due to circulatory disorders lessening the amount of the blood flowing to the lungs. These latter affections furnish the most conspicuous examples of cyanosis, and in them the symptom is entirely produced by hindrance to the blood flow. Such is in reality the original conception advanced by Morgagni and supported by numerous observers. The other view, apparently suggested by Corvisart, that the condition is due to admixture of arterial and venous blood, is absolutely untenable, as in the vast majority of cases there is no possibility of such intermingling. In general terms the blood in cyanosis may be said to be of high specific gravity—from 1070 to 1080. The amount of hæmoglobin rises considerably—often reaching above 100 per cent. The erythrocytes increase in number so as frequently to exceed 7,500,000 per cubic millimetre, while the leucocytes, although not so commonly altered in number, often reach such a figure as 12,000 per cubic millimetre. The increase of these constituents of the blood was first observed by Toeniessen. Malassez showed that there are more red corpuscles in the blood of the superficial than of the deeper parts of the body. Toeniessen and Penzoldt suggested that this might be due to loss of fluid from the surface, while the interior receives a constant supply of fluid from the alimentary tract.
On the Isoclinal Lines of a Differential Equation of the First Order
Authors: Maclagan-Wedderburn J. H.
Published: June 2016

A differential equation may be regarded from two points of view, one purely analytical, the other geometrical. From the analytical point of view, a differential equation of the first order is merely a functional relation between x, y, and p (where p = dy/dx), and the problem of solving the equation is to find a function of x, say f(x), such that if f (x) and df(x)/dx are substituted for y and p in the equation, the result is an identity in x. In the geometrical method, on the other hand, x and y are treated as the co-ordinates of a point in a plane and p as a direction. The differential equation then attaches to every point in the plane a certain direction, which may be conveniently represented by an arrow drawn through the point. The problem of integration then resolves itself into finding a family of curves, such that, at every point (x′, y′), the direction of the curve at that point is the direction obtained by substituting x′ and y′ in the differential equation and solving for p. These curves are called the integral curves of the equation. This method owes its development chiefly to Lie.
On the Series and its Differential Equation
Authors: Jackson F. H.
Published: June 2016

F([α] [β] [γ] denotes the convergent infinite product

which may be expanded in an infinite series
A Direct Electrical Method of Determining Latent Heat of Evaporation at the Boiling Point
Authors: Smith A. Cameron
Published: June 2016

In this method the liquid of which the latent heat is to be determined is contained in a glass vessel which is suspended by a fine wire from the hook of a balance, and the amount of electrical energy is measured which is required for the evaporation of an observed mass. The electrical energy is supplied by a large current passing through a small resistance in the liquid itself. In order to reduce heat losses as much as possible, the vessel carrying the liquid and the resistance is completely surrounded by a doublewalled shield, which is filled by the saturated vapour of the liquid itself. The estimation of the electrical energy supplied necessitates tne measurement of the current, C (amperes), the resistance R (ohms), of the heating coil, and the time in seconds, T, during which the current flows. It is expressed by C2RT joules, and if M be the mass evaporated in gms., the latent heat expressed in joules per gm. becomes C2RT/M.
The Wild Horse (Equus prjevalskii, Poliakoff)
Authors: Ewart J. C.
Published: June 2016

In the time of Pallas and Pennant, as in the days of Oppian and Pliny, it was commonly believed true wild horses were to be met with not only in Central Asia, but also in Europe and Africa. But ere the middle of the nineteenth century was reached, naturalists were beginning to question the existence of genuine wild horses; and somewhat later, the conclusion was arrived at that the horse had long “ceased to exist in a state of nature.”
October Salmon in the Sea
Authors: Paton D. Noël
Published: June 2016

While, as a result of recent investigation, a good deal is now known of the life history of salmon in fresh water, we possess little knowledge of their mode of existence in the sea.
A Special Circulant considered by Catalan
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

(1) In his “Recherches sur les déterminants,” published in the Bulletin of the Royal Academy of Belgium in 1846, Catalan gives a proposition in regard to circulants of the type

which deserves some special attention, as there can be little doubt that it is seriously misleading. Unfortunately, too, it has actually already misled to a considerable extent, the proposition having been reproduced by quite a number of writers without any care being taken to verify it. Even the very latest text-book, that written by Professor Pascal of Pavia and translated into German by H. Leitzmann, gives importance to the proposition, and by omitting the so-called proof diminishes the chance of detection of error.
The Theory of Axisymmetric Determinants in the Historical Order of Development up to 1841
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

Attention has already been drawn in Part I. of this history to certain identities of Lagrange's which might possibly be viewed as contributions to the theory of determinants. Among these were the following published in 1773:—
The People of the Faroes
Authors: Annandale Nelson
Published: June 2016

The physical anthropology of the Faroes has recently been described in a very elaborate manner, as far as the island of Suderoe is concerned, by Dr F. Jørgensen (1), who was resident there as a medical man for some years. While pointing out, however, that the people of Suderoe differ considerably from those of the ‘northern islands,’ he only gives a comparatively small series of data regarding the latter, nor does he state to which of the northern islands the men he examined belonged, or even whether they came from one island or from several. Apart from Suderoe, there are sixteen inhabited islands (fig. 1) in the group, and between some of them very little communication exists even at the present day. In historical accounts of the Faroes the six following islands are usually called the ‘northern isles,’—viz., Kalsoe, Kunoe, Boroe, Wideroe, Fugloe, and Svinoe,—but I take it that Dr Jørgensen would include at least Osteroe, Stromoe, and “Waagoe also. His elaborate, laborious, and presumably accurate tables serve so well to point the moral that until a uniform method, a uniform standard, and a uniform set of anthropometrical instruments are adopted by anthropometrists of all nationalities final work in this branch of science will be impossible, that I have thought it well to put on record a small series of measurements taken by myself in the Faroes recently, and at the same time to point out wherein some of the data pretty generally adopted fail in accuracy, differing with the observer as well as the observed.
The Relative Efficiency of certain Methods of performing Artificial Respiration in Man
Authors: Schäfer E. A.
Published: June 2016

Preliminary observations upon this subject, which were made by the author on behalf of a committee of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, are published in a report presented by the committee and read on May 26th of this year before that Society.
Physico-Chemical Investigations in the Amide Group
Authors: Fawsitt Charles E.
Published: June 2016

Some time ago, while studying the chemical dynamics of the changes which occur in solutions of urea or carbamide, I came upon some rather unexpected results which led me to hope that investigations conducted on somewhat the same lines with other substances of the amide group might prove to yield results of some interest. The amides referred to are those derived from carboxylic acids. While proceeding to this investigation I noticed some measurements, obtained in connection with the viscosity of aqueous solutions of carbamide, which appeared of sufficient interest to demand an inquiry into the nature of solutions of this class of substances before proceeding further with the subject of inquiry in the manner at first intended.
Man as Artist and Sportsman in the Palæolithic Period
Authors: Munro Robert
Published: June 2016

So long as Homo sapiens was believed to occupy a higher platform in the organic world than other animals by virtue of his special endowments, no one, apparently, thought of looking for evidence of his origin and history in the obscure vista of prehistoric times. The long cherished traditions and myths which had gathered around the inquiry left little room for any other hypothesis than that his apparition on the field of life was the last and crowning achievement of a long series of creative fiats which brought the present world-drama into existence. In the cosmogony thus conjured up, the multitudinous phenomena of the material world—animals and plants, the distribution of land and water, the recurrence of seasons, etc.—were regarded as having been specially designed and arranged to administer to the life-functions of this new being.
The Complete Solution of the Differential Equation of J[n]
Authors: Jackson F. H.
Published: June 2016

In connection with the function J[n], it may be of interest to give briefly the complete solution of the differential equation satisfied by the function J[n]. The method of Frobenius will be employed. Consider the differential equation

in which
A Differentiating Machine
Authors: Murray J. Erskine
Published: June 2016

It was pointed out to me a few months ago, by my friend Professor W. H. Heaton, that our knowledge of the laws of physical variations might be greatly increased if their study were facilitated by the invention of a machine which would automatically deduce the rate of change of a function from the curve representing that function. In cases where the physical law is already known, and is expressible in terms of known mathematical quantities, such a machine is not essential, though it provides an excellent illustration of mathematical laws; there is, however, a vast and ever-increasing mass of numerical results awaiting discussion and co-ordination, and it is in reducing these to law and order that the differentiator should prove a useful tool.
Observations on Some Aged Specimens of Sagartia Troglodytes, and on the Duration of Life in Cœlenterates
Authors: Ashworth J. H. , Annandale Nelson
Published: June 2016

We have, during the last two years, made a series of observations upon specimens of Sagartia troglodytes which are at least fifty years old, and have thought it worth while to give a somewhat detailed account of these, as, so far as we can ascertain, there is only one other recorded case of longevity in Coelenterates (see p. 302), and very few in the whole of the Invertebrata.
Note on the Molecular Condition of Nickel (and Iron) demagnetised by decreasing Reversals
Authors: Russell James
Published: June 2016

In a former communication it has been shown that iron demagnetised by decreasing reversals of a directional force ab, develops an induction component at right angles to the subsequent magnetising force H, when the angle θ between these two forces is other than 0° and 90°. This component after reaching a maximum tends to disappear as saturation values are reached.
On the Front and Rear of a Free Procession of Waves in Deep Water
Authors: Kelvin Lord
Published: June 2016

§ 11. The present communication is substituted for another bearing the same title, which was read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh on January 7th, 1887, because the result of that paper was rendered imperfect and unsatisfactory by omission of the exponential factor referred to in § 10 of my paper of February 1st, 1904. I shall refer henceforth to the last-mentioned paper as §1 …. 10 above.
A New Form of Spectrophotometer
Authors: Milne J. R.
Published: June 2016

The present paper is the continuation of a note sent to the Society in July of last year, and is for the purpose of describing the developed form of the spectrophotometer whose principle was indicated in that communication.
The Three-line Determinants of a Six-by-Three Array
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

(1) If the array in question be

its score of three-line determinants |a1b2c3|, |a1b2f3|,.… may be viewed as consisting of two complementary sets of ten, each of the first set containing at least two columns taken from |a1b2c3|, and each of the second set at least two columns taken from |f1g2h3|. Further, either set of ten may be viewed as consisting of one unique member and three sub-sets of three members each, the members of a sub-set being derivable from one another by performing the cyclical substitutions
Crystallographical Notes
Authors: Marshall Hugh
Published: June 2016

I. Axes of Compound Symmetry of the Second Order.

In recent years, since the more or less general adoption of the systematic classification of crystals under the thirty-two possible types of symmetry, it has become usual to dispense with the ‘centre of symmetry’ as one of the elements of crystal symmetry, and to adopt in its place the ‘axis of compound symmetry of the second order.’
A Specimen of the Salmon in Transition from the Smolt to the Grilse Stage
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: June 2016

In October of this year (1904) there came into my hands a very interesting specimen of a young salmon. In round terms, the fish is 1 pound in weight and nearly 14 inches long.
A Comparative Study of the Lakes of Scotland and Denmark
Authors: Wesenberg-Lund C.
Published: June 2016

In June 1904 I received an invitation from Sir John Murray to visit Scotland and spend three or four weeks in exploring the Scottish lakes, in order to make a comparison between them and the Danish lakes : he was of opinion that such a comparison of the lakes of a highland and a lowland country, which had hitherto not been attempted, would lead to some interesting results. The admirable bathymetrical and physical explorations carried on by Sir John Murray in Scotland, and more especially in Loch Ness, being far advanced, the question as to the scope of the biological observations called for consideration ; so he desired me to indicate, from the impressions derived during my visit, my views as to the most useful lines of investigation that might be taken up with reference to the biology of the Scottish lakes. I was much interested in the task imposed upon me, and at the same time gratified at the prospect of assisting in the design of the biological explorations in the lakes of a foreign country ; and as it was of the greatest significance to me to learn the nature of alpine lakes, I immediately accepted the invitation. I spent three weeks in Scotland,—the first two at, Fort Augustus, on Loch Ness, and the third in Edinburgh. From Fort Augustus I explored the lakes of the Caledonian Canal, and thus became acquainted with alpine lakes; from Edinburgh I explored a few lowland lakes, especially Loch Leven. The steamer Mermaid, belonging to the Marine Biological Station at Millport, fully equipped for deep-sea work, under the direction of Dr Gemmill, was sent into the Caledonian Canal, and many hauls were taken with the dredge and trawl, as well as with different kinds of tow-nets, in Lochs Lochy, Oich, and Ness, down to the greatest depths (500 and 750 feet).
On the Graptolite-bearing Bocks of the South Orkneys
Authors: Pirie J. H. Harvey
Published: June 2016

The South Orkneys are a small group of islands situated in the Southern Ocean, in about 62° S. lat. and 45° W. long., roughly 800 miles S.E. of Cape Horn. A single landing was made from the “Scotia “on Saddle Island, a small island on the north side of the group, and another on Coronation Island, the largest and most westerly. With these two exceptions all the rock specimens were obtained on Laurie Island, the most easterly of the group.
Deep Water Ship-Waves
Authors: Kelvin Lord
Published: June 2016

§§ 32–64. Canal Ship-Waves.

§ 32. To avoid the somewhat cumbrous title “Two-dimensional,” I now use the designation “Canal † Waves” to denote waves in a canal with horizontal bottom and vertical sides, which, if not two-dimensional in their source, become more and more approximately two-dimensional at greater and greater distances from the source. In the present communication the source is such as to render the motion two-dimensional throughout; the two dimensions being respectively perpendicular to the bottom, and parallel to the length of the canal: the canal being straight.
The Nature of Amorphous Sulphur, and Contributions to the Study of the Influence of Foreign Bodies on the Phenomena of Supercooling observed when Melted Sulphur is suddenly Chilled
Authors: Smith Alexander
Published: June 2016

The hardening of plastic sulphur was investigated, and it was found that partial reversion to soluble sulphur prevents the securing in quasi-solid form of the whole of the amorphous sulphur present. It was discovered, however, that sulphur formed by precipitation in presence of concentrated acids does yield 100 per cent, of insoluble sulphur, and that only the impossibility of realising the requisite condition of very fine subdivision is therefore responsible for the smaller yields from melted sulphur which has reached the highest temperatures previous to being chilled.
III.—On the Recalescence Temperatures of Nickel
Authors: Lindsay T. A.
Published: June 2016

The object of the experiments described in this paper was to study the cooling of nickel, and to endeavour to get recorded any recalescence which might occur. A specimen of pure nickel could not be obtained, but the nickel worked with, supplied by Messrs Johnston & Sons, contained less than 2 per cent, of impurities.
VII.—Preliminary Note on the Action of Nitric Anhydride on Mucic Acid
Authors: Brown A. Crum , Gibson G. E.
Published: June 2016

In the course of his researches on mucic acid, Professor Crum Brown found that this acid could not readily be nitrated in the ordinary way.
IX.—On the Conditions for the Reversibility of the Order of Partial Differentiation
Authors: Young W. H.
Published: June 2016

§ 1. In the case of a function of two variables f(x, y) there is, in general, no connection between the results of proceeding to the various limits, upper, lower, and intermediate, first with respect to x and then with respect to y, and first with respect to y and then with respect to x. We cannot even assert that the repeated upper limit obtained in one way is not less than the repeated lower limit obtained in the other way.
XII.—On an Improved Form of Magnetometer and Accessories for the Testing of Magnetic Materials at Different Temperatures
Authors: Gray James G. , Ross Alexander D.
Published: June 2016

In the usual form of magnetometer the magnetising solenoid is placed with its axis in the magnetic east and west line passing through the magnetometer needle. The effect of the current is balanced at the needle by means of a compensating coil connected up in the circuit. This latter coil has its axis coincident, or nearly so, with that of the solenoid. When a feebly magnetic specimen is under examination the solenoid, and consequently the compensating coil, must of necessity be brought up close to the needle. If large magnetising currents are employed, any small shift of the coils from their correct positions may be sufficient to seriously impair the balance. In consequence of this the operation of adjusting the position of the compensating coil (the solenoid is usually clamped once for all in a convenient position) is a difficult one, especially as the slight inevitable movement of the coil which results from clamping it in position generally results in the balance being interfered with.
XIII.—Life and Chemical Work of Archibald Scott Couper
Authors: Anschütz Richard
Published: June 2016

Archibald Scott Couper is one of the most singular appearances in the history of the development of Organic Chemistry in the nineteenth century. He comes on the scene at the time—the end of the ‘fifties—when the valency theory began its victorious entrance into our science.
XXII.—Flexural Vibrations of Thin Rods
Authors: Green George
Published: June 2016

§1. The main object of this paper is to point out a method of applying hydrodynamic solutions already obtained to the solution of problems relating to flexural vibrations of thin elastic rods.
XXIII.—A Negative Attempt to detect Fluorescence Absorption
Authors: Houstoun Robert A.
Published: June 2016

According to Kirchhoffs law every body in a state of pure temperature radiation absorbs those rays which it emits, and the ratio of the coefficient of absorption to the coefficient of emission is constant for all bodies. In many cases which do not come under the category of temperature radiation —for example, a sodium flame—the wave-lengths emitted are also absorbed. It is thus possible that a fluorescing substance, in addition to its ordinary absorption, may absorb while fluorescing those wave - lengths that it fluoresces. From a photometric study of fluorescent uranium glass Burke stated he had discovered such an effect. A cube the edges of which measured 1 cm., transmitted while fluorescing only 57 per cent, of the light it transmitted when not fluorescing, the measurements being made, of course, on light of the wave-length emitted during fluorescence. Nichols and Merritt investigated the subject in detail, obtained a similar result for fluorescein, using a Lummer-Brodhun spectrophotometer, and found that the additional absorption produced during fluorescence—or, to give it its usual name, fluorescence absorption—possessed many strange properties; for example, it did not follow the exponential law. Camichel repeated Burke's work with two different experimental arrangements, and found no effect; he also obtained no effect with fluorescein. Miss Wick, using the same apparatus and working in the same laboratory as Nichols and Merritt, confirmed their results for resorufin. For a full description of the work of these observers and an account of the present state of the question, together with the necessary references, the fourth volume of Kayser's Spectroscopie (1908), pp. 963–973, should be consulted.
XXVI.—On the Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidney after Chloroform administered by Different Channels
Authors: Clark G. Herbert
Published: June 2016

1. When kidney or liver tissue is immersed in a saline solution containing chloroform, degenerative changes take place similar to the normal necrobiotic changes but very much more rapid. In the case of the kidney the glomeruli are not affected for a very considerable time.

2. When chloroform is administered through the respiratory passages a considerable degree of degeneration is only occasionally found in the kidney and liver cells. It is more marked in some cases than in others where a similar amount of chloroform was given to animals of a similar size. This may be associated with the very varying rate at which the drug is eliminated, as shown by Miss Lindsay (loc. cit.). The degree of change in the liver was never great. In the kidney there is frequently cloudy swelling, and occasionally desquamation of the epithelium of the ascending and descending tubules.

3. Where the drug is given by the stomach the mortality is great and the changes observed in the organs are marked. In all cases there is evidence of the toxic action of the drug. In the animals most affected, the structure of the liver is almost entirely lost, nothing remaining of the lobules but a shell of liver cells enclosing a cheesy debris.

In the kidney the drug acts in a similar way, the degree of degeneration being somewhat less than in the liver.

The glomeruli are but little affected even in the worst cases.

4. When the drug is given hypodermically the changes are similar to those observed when the drug is given by the stomach. The liver is again more affected than the kidney.

On the whole, however, chloroform does not appear to be quite so destructive to the liver tissue when administered in this form.

5. The marked action of the drug upon the liver, whether administered by the stomach or hypodermically, is probably accounted for by the “anchoring” action referred to by D. Noël Paton (1). It would be interesting to know if there is evidence of a similar action on the part of the kidney cells to account for the extensive degenerative change frequently observed there.

6. The result of these observations helps to explain the different effects of chloroform on hepatic metabolism. When given by the respiratory passages it is rapidly eliminated, produces no marked histological changes, and the metabolic disturbances are slight; but when given by the mouth and hypodermically it is more slowly eliminated, has more time to produce its toxic action, and the metabolic disturbances are pronounced.

In a future paper the action of chloroform upon the blood corpuscles will be dealt with.
XXX.—On a Simple Radioscope and a Radiometer for showing and measuring Radioactivity
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

While working at another subject I evolved a very simple piece of apparatus which on trial was found to be very sensitive to the penetrating rays of radioactive substances, so I have recently diverted my work from its original direction to study and improve this piece of apparatus. The principle of the action of the instrument is not new, as it depends on the fact discovered by Professor C. T. R. Wilson, that ions in air supersaturated with water vapour become centres of condensation when the supersaturation is sufficiently great.
XXXIII.—Motion of Neptune's Satellite
Authors: Gibb David
Published: June 2016

Neptune's satellite was discovered by Mr Lassel of Liverpool in 1846. This satellite differs from the other planets and satellites, except those of Uranus, in the direction of its motion, which is from east to west. After the satellite had been observed for a few years, it was pointed out by Mr Marth that the node and the inclination of its orbit were slowly changing. These changes were explained by Tisserand and Newcomb as arising from the spheroidal shape of Neptune. The observations prior to 1892 have been discussed by Dr Struve in the Mémoires de l'Académie Impérials des Sciences de St Pétersbourg, viie série, tome xlii. No. 4. Since then a large number of valuable observations have been made at American observatories, especially by Prof. Barnard, and at Greenwich Observatory.
XXXIV.—The Pathogenesis of Micrococcus melitensis
Authors: Eyre J.
Published: June 2016

M. Melitensis is virulent to a greater or less degree for all the usual laboratory animals — guinea-pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, dogs, and monkeys — and by means of suitable passages its virulence for any particular species can be considerably exalted.
XXXIX.—Hydrolysis of Salts of Amphoteric Electrolytes
Authors: Beveridge Heather Henderson
Published: June 2016

Different experimenters on the degree of hydrolysis of amphoteric electrolytes in acid solution have obtained very discordant results, according to the method they employed.
XLII.—The Atomic Weight of Platinum
Authors: Archibald E. H.
Published: June 2016

Twenty-two years have passed since the atomic weight of platinum was studied by Dittmar and M'Arthur. This is the last investigation recorded which has been concerned with the value of this constant.

During the intervening period, as the result of many investigations carried on by Professor T. W. Richards and his students, the accuracy with which many of the’ manipulations incident to atomic weight investigations can be executed has been greatly increased. Perhaps of still greater importance, methods for the preparation of many compounds of undoubted purity have been devised, and the principles underlying the preparation of pure substances have been clearly set forth.
I.—Notices of Fellows, Honorary and Ordinary, recently deceased
Authors:   The General Secretary
Published: June 2016

Emil Fischer—the distinguished chemist—was born at Euskirchen on October 9, 1852. He was educated at the Bonn Gymnasium and afterwards at the Universities of Bonn and Strassburg. After occupying the Chairs of Chemistry at Munich, Erlangen, and Würzburg, he finally settled in Berlin where the greater part of his far-reaching work in chemistry was done. He received the Davy Medal in 1890 from the Royal Society of London, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902.
V.—The Absorption of X-Rays
Authors: Houstoun R. A.
Published: June 2016

§ 1. Let us suppose that a light wave is being propagated and absorbed in a homogeneous medium. Take OY as the direction of propagation, and consider a slice of the medium bounded by two planes at right angles to the direction of propagation and distant dy apart; dy is small in comparison with the wave-length. Let x=f(t) denote the mean displacement of the electrons, and let X = A cos gt denote the electric intensity of the light wave in the slice, measured in electrostatic units. Then the average rate at which work is being done on an electron is
X.—Note on Pfaffians with Polynomial Elements
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

So far back as March 1855 Brioschi in effect formulated the theorem that any even-ordered determinant is expressible as a Pfaffian; for example in the case of the fourth order he gave the equality

where (h, k) stands for

this expression being obtained by multiplying the hth column

of the given determinant by the kth column

of an equivalent determinant.
XIV.—An Identical Relation connecting Seven Vectors
Authors: Hitchcock F. L.
Published: June 2016

Among the most useful results of quaternion or vectorial algebra we may count the identities and transformations worked out by Hamilton and Tait and their all too few followers. It is not merely that a vector identity is equivalent to three scalar identities—a fact which aids us greatly to condense our calculations in respect to bulk. Yet more important is the greater fruitfulness of a vectorial relation in giving rise to derived relations which we would be less likely to perceive from a purely scalar analysis.
XIX.—Thermometer Screens
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

It is now thirty-two years since I last brought this subject before the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Since then nothing has been done to remedy the imperfections which were then shown to characterise the thermometer screens used throughout the country. In some respects these imperfections may seem to be of small importance. Yet in these days when accuracy of measurement is being more and more insisted on, and particularly now when reconstruction is everywhere in vogue, it does seem desirable that apparatus largely used by thousands of observers should be as perfect as it is possible to make it.
I.—Size, A Neglected Factor in Stelar Morphology
Authors: Bower F. O.
Published: June 2016

The principle of similar structures was first enunciated by Galileo. Applying it mechanically, it appears that the strength of a structure varies as the square of the linear dimensions, and the weight as the cube. This principle and its mechanical applications have been widely illustrated by reference to the bodies of animals, and many of their peculiarities are necessary consequences of its effect in the course of their evolution. For instance, the columnar legs of the elephant or of the moa are held to be the inevitable sequel to the large size and consequent weight of those animals, while the thin arched legs of insects are only possible where the body itself is small and light.
IV.—On The Transverse Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Effects in several Metals
Authors: Unwin F.
Published: June 2016

The four transverse galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects were determined in the case of iron, nickel, cobalt, silver, copper, zinc, cadmium, aluminium.

The results were considered in the light of the electron theory of conduction in metals as formulated by G. H. Livens, and were found to be in fair accord with the theory as regards the ratios of the effects, but they could not be reconciled with the expressions given for the effects themselves.
VI.—On Fechner's Law and the Self-Luminosity of the Eye
Authors: Peddie William
Published: June 2016

Fechner's law states that change of visual perceptivity is proportional to the fractional change in the intensity of the light. At weak intensities a term, regarded as constant, has to be added to the intensity of the external light on account of the self-luminosity of the eye. By integration over the whole stimulated part of the retina, Helmholtz obtained an expression for the perceptivity which agreed with observation in so far as the general nature of the relation between perceptivity and external stimulus is concerned. Close correspondence can be obtained by assuming that the self-luminosity term in Fechner's expression is itself a simple function of the external stimulus, rising rapidly to a maximum and thereafter slowly falling to a steady value.
VIII.—On a Graphical Method of determining Shear Influence Lines and Diagrams of Maximum Shearing Force for a Beam subjected to a Series of Concentrated Rolling Loads
Authors: Horne Alex. R.
Published: June 2016

The shear influence line is a line the ordinates of which give the values of the shearing forces at any one point in a beam or bridge as a load, or a series of loads, pass over it. There is thus, for any one beam, an influence line for every point in it.