bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact dermatitis from ethanol
Authors: van Ketel W. G. , Tan‐Lim K. N.
Published: April 2006

A case history of u female patient with allergic contact eczema to ethanol is described. By means of allerological examination, allergies were found to some lower aliphatic alcohols, acetone and some alcoholic drinks.
Careers advice to youths with a topic dermatitis
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: April 2006

Adolescents who have suffered from atopic dermatitis frequently start training or apprenticeship for unsuitable jobs. The School Medical Service and the Youth Employment Service have now been linked with the Employment Medical Advisory Service to afford help in such lining people. It is suggested that family doctors und parents he reminded of this with Guidance Notes.
Cosmetics, the consumer, the factory worker and the occupational physician
Authors: Malten K. E.
Published: April 2006

Methods for investigating contact eczematous patients and for measuring the sensitizing potential of various substances are well known and in general, sufficiently effective. This is not true for irritant dermatitis, or for possible (skin) irritant substances; moreover, cosmetics commonly do not contain acutely harmful ingredients. The use of various instrumental measurements (insensible H2O loss, CO2 release, electrical impedance, sweat rate) as indicators of the irritant potentials of substances is advocated. At the same time it is suggested that the factory physician actively investigate the workers in his factory, since these workers are exposed to known substances in known concentrations and combinations, possibly fur extensive periods. This may prove to be part of a new role for him. A cosmetic may be one of several factors increasing impairment and only beyond a certain limit may this result in overt disease. Below that limit the health reserve is only partially depleted. Whether this is harmful to a person depends on other stresses, such as medicaments, work materials, other cosmetics and environmental chemicals. The effect of these must also be quantified. A model of these cumulative stresses and reactions is presented and discussed.
Photodermatitis – study of the condition in Kuantan, Malaysia
Authors: Nagreh Daljit Singh
Published: April 2006

The high incidence of photodermatitis among dermatological patients prompted the study of the condition. In the 18 months from October 1972 to March 1974, 199 patients presented with light sensitive dermatitis, forming 9% of all new cases seen in the Dermatology Clinic at Kuantan. A detailed history, including that of the use of drugs, proprietary and commercial products, was taken in each patient to determine the aetiology. Where there was suspicion of contact sensitization, photo‐patch tests were done with the suspected agents using natural sunlight us a source of ultra‐violet light, the aetiology of photo‐dermatitis in these patients is discussed. The systemic and topical use of medicaments accounts for the largest number of cases. It is inferred that the ready availability to the public of medicaments containing known photosensitisers and the unawareness of light sensitive dermatitis are factors responsible for the large number of patients developing this condition in this tropical climate where there is an abundance of ultra‐violet light and where people wear light clothing.
Chamber test versus patch test for epicutaneous testing
Authors: Pirilä Veikko
Published: April 2006

A new modification of the chamber test for epicutaneous testing, and improved auxiliary equipment arc presented. Compared with the customary patch lest, the chamber lest in its present form has several remarkable advantages, which are described in detail.
Relative irritancy of free fatty acids of different chain length
Authors: Stillman Michael A. , Maibach Howrd I. , Shallita Alan R.
Published: April 2006

Free Putty acids of human skin surface Lipids have previously been implicated in The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris because of their apparent irritant and comedogenic properties. Prior studies on the relative irritancy of free fatty acids revealed the saturated C8 to C14 fatty acids and a C18 dienotic unsaturated fatty acid to he most irritating.

Saturated free fatty acids from C3 to C18, and unsaturated C18 free fatly acids were applied daily under occlusive patch tests to human skin until detectable erythema appeared. The most irritating fatty acids were C8 through C12. Of the unsaturated fatty acids tested, only linoleic acid produced irritation.
Sensitivity to cinnamic aldehyde in a toothpaste. 2. Further studies
Authors: Kirton V. , Wilkinson D. S.
Published: April 2006

The authors carried out further studies to assess the significance of the finding of patients sensitive to cinnamic aldehyde in a toothpaste. Selected groups of patients in whom sensitivity to this might have been overlooked were patch‐tested. With the exception of three patients, two with cosmetic sensitivity and one with hand eczema, the results were negative.

The frequency of use of the original toothpaste was assessed among patients attending the clinic and this was followed by a circular letter to general practitioners and dentists inviting referral of patients with oral symptoms. As a result, five further cases, four of whom gave positive patch test reactions to cinnamic aldehyde, were discovered.

The authors emphasize the importance of attempting to obtain accurate information as quickly as possible when ‘new’ or hitherto unsuspected allergens are implicated.
Cinnamic aldehyde allergy
Authors: Schorr William F.
Published: April 2006

Positive patch test reactions to 2 % cinnamic aldehyde were obtained from 2.8 % of 34 males and 9.1 % of 55 females. The 9.1 % female reactivity may be traceable to perfumed cosmetics. Simultaneous Jasmin allergy is documented us is the occurrence of alpha‐amyl cinnamic aldehyde in synthetic, Jasmin. The relevance of these reactions is discussed. In two of the patients a proper diagnosis was not made from the original contact history. Only after a screening tray demonstration of cinnamic aldehyde allergy could a relevant history be taken from these patients.
The patch test – who should and should not use it and why
Authors: Sulzberger Marion B.
Published: April 2006

Since its introduction into medicine by Joseph Jadassohn in 1985, the patch test has proven its supreme value in lens of thousands of cases and in research. But emphasis must be placed on the grave errors which can occur when the test is used improperly. Errors are common in the direction of both false positives and false negatives. Common causes of errors are described in detail. The conclusion is drawn that this valuable test had best be used only by those who have been adequately trained and who can apply it regularly on a sufficiently large number of selected patients.
Nickel allergy and hand eczema
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

A clinical study was performed in 66 female patients with hand eczema and contact allergy to nickel. They were drawn from a basic material of 165 patients with nickel allergy in which hand eczema occurred in 86 cases (52 %). The hand eczema started at an average age of 32 years and ii had been preceded by a metal hypersensitivity for an average of 6 years. The eczema was found to the chronic with a mean duration up to the time of examination of 8 years. It was associated with secondary eruptions in half of the cases. The hand eczema showed a low degree of relevance with regard to dependance of occupation or vacation, as well as to exacerbation of the dermatitis after a direct contact with nickel‐coated objects. The clinical examination disclosed in 77 % a pompholyx, i.e. a symmetric vesicular eruption mainly located on the palms and volar aspects of fingers, and sides of fingers. The eczema often showed a periodic activity, with about 15 annual eruptions in the pompholyx cases. It is concluded that simple external contact with the metal can hardly explain the most common clinical pattern of the hand eczema in nickel allergy.
Nickel allergy and atopy in hairdressers
Authors: Wahliberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

A study of 35 hairdressers with hand eczema was made daring an 18‐month period. A total of 29 were test‐positive to one or more substances in I lit standard series and/or to products from their working environment. 40% were allergic to nickel. The prevalence of personal atopy was higher in the nickel‐negative than in the nickel‐positive. Immunoglobulin E determination was not of assistance in attempts to differentiate between nickel‐positive and nickel‐negative hairdressers. In 72 % the eczema had started before the age of 25 and in 23 % after less than 1 year in the profession. The desire is expressed that all hair‐dressing products shall be labelled in respect of allergen contents, since 46 % of The hairdressers reacted to one or more such agents.
Patch testing with perfume ingredients
Authors: Fisher A. A.
Published: April 2006

From the large number of substances used in perfumes it is difficult and tedious to identify the allergen in a specific case of dermatitis. Many substances are both irritants and sensitizers. Based on personal experience, a list has been prepared of potential sensitizers, their concentrations and diluents suitable for patch testing.
Allergic contact dermatitis from cardamom
Authors: Mobacken H. , Fregert S.
Published: April 2006

A case is presented of a confectioner with a chronic hand dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to cardamom and certain terpenoid compounds present in the dried ripe seeds of cardamom. Cardamom is a popular traditional flavouring agent for baked goods and confectionery. Dermatitis from skin exposure to cardamom has to the best of our knowledge not been reported. We report one case of allergic contact dermatitis to cardamom elicited by terpenes present in the seeds.
A patch test closet
Authors: Epstein Ernst
Published: April 2006

A way of adapting a treatment room for patch lest purposes is described.
Epidemiology of contact dermatitis in Geneva (1000 cases)
Authors: Brun Robert
Published: April 2006

Results concerning 1,000 cases of contact dermatitis with positive patch tests are presented. The allergens which are responsible for about 50 % of our cases are: turpentine, nickel, hexavalent chromium and organic mercurial compounds. These results are compared with those of other countries. As in the industrial world there should be information given to the general public to reduce the incidence of contact dermatitis.
Contact allergy to Frullania and LaurusNobilis: cross‐sensitization and chemical structure of the allergens
Authors: Fousserau Jean , Claude Meller Jean , Benezra Claude
Published: April 2006

Cross‐sensitization between two plant allergens, Frullania and Laurus Nobilis (L.), has been demonstrated in Strasbourg. A review of the haptens isolated from Frullania outlines the importance of the purification of allergen to ascertain the nature of the causative agent. New results on laurel oil point to the possibility of a common denominator (the α methylene γ‐butyrolactone moiety) between this plant and Frullania; former results are re‐interpreted and analyzed. In conclusion, the importance of physicochemical methods used to purify and isolate haptens, and help in their definition, is stressed.
Effect of some irritants on human epidermal mitosis
Authors: Fisher Louis B. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Studies on how irritant materials might induce epidermal hyperplasia were initiated by investigating their influence on epidermal mitosis. 5 % hydrochloric acid, neat dimethyl acetamide and 1 % benzalkonium chloride had no effect. 5 % benzalkonium chloride, however, produced a 10‐fold increase in mitotic activity, while a dose response curve was seen with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) peaking at 1 %, 1 % SLS produced a remarkably uniform response for this type of assay and it is suggested that it might provide a useful model for situations of increased epidermal cell turnover such as psoriasis. It is also noted that there was apparently no direct relationship between gross inflammation and the mitotic response.
The frequency of contact sensitivity in North America 1972–74 North American Contact Dermatitis Group
Authors: Rudner Earl. J. , Clendenning William E. , Epstein Ernst , Fisher Alexander A. , Jillson Otis F. , Jordan William P. , Kanof Norman , Larsen Walter , Maibach Howard , Mitchell John C. , O'Quinn Silas E. , Schorr William F. , Sulzberger Marion B.
Published: April 2006

Three thousand subjects in North America were patch‐tested with 19 allergens. The most frequent sensitizers observed include nickel sulfate, caine mixture, potassium dichromate, balsam of Peru, thimerosal, ethylenediamine hydrochloride, paraphenylenediamine and thiram. The prevalence data compared with an earlier study indicates that the initial allergens reported warrant their continued inclusion in a routine patch test screening series in North America.
Allergic paraben and benzyl alcohol hypersensitivity relationship of the “delayed” and “immediate” varieties
Authors: Fisher Alexander A.
Published: April 2006

From a review of the literature, and the results of scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of patients with parabens and benzyl alcohol sensitivity of the delayed type characterised by allergic contact dermatitis and strongly positive patch tests, it would appear that such sensitivity is not usually accompanied by the immediate urticarial type of allergic sensitivity. This communication concerns itself with results of testing patients with clinical sensitivity and positive patch test reactions to the parabens or benzyl alcohol with scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of these preservatives in order to determine the relationship of the “delayed” type of allergic hypersensitivity to the parabens and benzyl alcohol with the “immediate” variety of hypersensitivity.

The parabens and benzyl alcohol are widely employed as preservatives for many allergenic extracts used in scratch and intracutaneous testing. In addition, these preservatives are used in injectable corticosteroid medicaments and in local anesthetic solutions. In order to determine whether the presence of these preservatives in allergenic extracts would produce false positive scratch or intracutaneous tests or might produce an immediate, urticarial or anaphylactic reaction in patients with allergic contact dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to these preservatives, two patients with positive patch test reactions and allergic contact dermatitis to the parabens and two with similar benzyl alcohol sensitivity were tested in the manner detailed in the following case reports.
Contact sensitivity in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Rudzki E. , Grzywa Z.
Published: April 2006

With the exception of certain drugs, some contactants give positive patch test reactions less frequently in patients with atopic dermatitis than in all patients with dermatitis. Both among atopics, and other dermatitis patients, women reacted positively to most drugs more frequently than men did. In Poland, positive patch tests to balsams are rare in atopics.
Is the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene a depigmenting agent in man?
Authors: Maibach Howard I. , Gellin Gerald , Ring Marcia
Published: April 2006

Because of the allegation that butylated hydroxytoluene produced depigmentation in man, a prospective study was performed. Sixteen adult darkly pigmented males received daily occlusive applications for 60 days. Depigmentation was not observed.
Elastotic and citrine skin following an allergic photo‐contact dermatitis in a child *
Authors: Meneghini C. L. , Angelini G.
Published: April 2006

A case of Phenergan‐induced allergic photo‐contact dermatitis in a boy aged 11 years is described. The condition produced a dermatological picture of senile‐looking elastosis and citrine skin in exposed areas.
Allergic contact dermatitis to All‐trans‐retinoic acid; epicutaneous and leukocyte migration inhibition testing
Authors: Jordan William P. , Higgins Michael , Dvorak June
Published: April 2006

Two male prison volunteers had severe cutaneous reactions to the initial patch testing of All‐trans‐retinoic acid containing products being evaluated for irritancy. Multiple patch testing procedures performed throughout one year, along with leukocyte migration inhibition studies, speak strongly for delayed hypersensitivity reactions in these subjects. The failure to document a previous exposure in subjects living in a controlled environment suggests that these responses were cross‐reactions to a prior sensitizer, perhaps unique to this environment.
Ethylenediamine sensitivity from exposure to epoxy resin hardeners and Mycolog cream
Authors: Van Hecke Eric
Published: April 2006

Sensitivity to ethylenediamine and to epoxy resin hardeners was found in three patients with long standing contact dermatitis. In one patient, a young man, the sensitivity was elicited by occupational contact with epoxy resin hardeners and subsequently sustained by use of Mycolog cream. In two patients, both elderly women, the condition was only due to use of Mycolog cream. These case histories and test results indicate that use of Mycolog cream can result in occupational disease viz. contact dermatitis from epoxy hardeners.
Lauryl ether sulphate dermatitis in Denmark
Authors: Sylvest Bent , Hjorth Niels , Magnusson Bertil
Published: April 2006

Lauryl ether sulphate (LES), a synthetic detergent, may sometimes, contain an allergenic impurity, which has given rise to several outbreaks of contact dermatitis. Such an outbreak occurred in Denmark in 1971. All cases diagnosed were confined to one household, while other cases may have passed unnoticed.
Occupational koilonychia from organic solvents
Authors: Ancona‐Alayón A.
Published: April 2006

Occupational koilonychia of the finger‐nails among cabinet makers is reported. Six cases occurred in workers in close contact with the mixture of organic solvents (thinners). The deformity involved particularly the thumb, index and middle finger‐nails, due to a particular way of cleaning metal accessories in finished furniture. The possible mechanism is discussed.
Contact allergy: Predictive testing in man
Authors: Marzulli Francis N. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Predictive tests are of value in forecasting the response of a population to a sensitizer; diagnostic testing is used to determine what substances may actually be producing dermatologic problems. Skin sensitization predictive and diagnostic data for the eleven most frequently encountered skin sensitizers in Western Europe, Canada and the United States are reviewed. These compounds include two drugs (benzocaine and neomycin), two cosmetic ingredients (p‐phenylenediamine and balsam of Peru), four preservatives (formaldehyde, ethylenediamine, parabens and mercurials) and three ingredients of wearing apparel (nickel, chromium and thiram). Many of the data were collected by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group and the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group on tests with 1,200 and 4,825 dermatologic patients, respectively; the remainder were obtained by individual investigators with smaller groups of subjects. The data obtained by various investigators are discussed in relation 10 the factors which affect the extent and degree of sensitization which they can cause.
Rejection of metal to metal prosthesis and skin sensitivity to cobalt
Authors: Munro‐Ashman D. , Miller A. J.
Published: April 2006

Metal to metal prostheses give satisfactory results in 90 % of patients. About half of the failure rate may be due to allergic reaction to the metals involved, particularly cobalt. A total of 35 patients in this unsatisfactory group have been patch‐tested; 16 were positive to metals, 13 to cobalt, 4 to nickel and 2 to chromate. Only two patients showed any skin lesions – one a localized dermatitis round the knee joint from nickel sensitivity, and one to cobalt who had a widespread scattered circular erythematous lesion suggestive of a generalized allergic vasculitis. Patients requiring a metal/metal prosthesis should have a careful history taken for metal sensitivity and be patch‐tested with the metals. All the patients in this investigation had metal/metal prostheses and no reaction was seen after metal/high density polyethylene implants. Titanium 318 may be a satisfactory substitute for cobalt chrome alloy if reactions are encountered.
Phytophotodermatitis fromHeracleum mantegazzianum
Authors: Camm Edith , Buck H. W. L. , Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Five individuals developed striate bullous dermatitis two days after exposure on a clear day to Heracleum mantegazzianum, Umbelliferae (Parsnip) family. Photopatch testing confirmed phototoxicity from the plant. This and 28 other Heracleum species yield linear furanocoumarins.
Cement burns
Authors: Vickers H. R. , Edwards D. H.
Published: April 2006

Four cases are presented of men who sustained burns after contact with premised concrete. The pathogenesis of the condition is discussed.
Sensitization to propantheline bromide, trichlorocarbanilide and propylene glycol in an antiperspirant
Authors: ÅGren‐Jonsson Siv , Magnusson Bertil
Published: April 2006

Out of 14 patients with axillary dermatitis due to an antiperspirant, and with positive patch test reactions to the product, the sensitizer could be demonstrated in 12. Of these, 11 were positive to propantheline bromide, 3 to trichlorocarbanilide and one to propylene glycol. The antiperspirant contains 90 % propylene glycol, which is an irritant under occlusion. When applied in the axillae, where occlusive conditions usually prevail, an irritant effect of propylene glycol may have promoted sensitization to the ingredients of the antiperspirant.
Contact hypersensitivity to sesquiterpene lactones inChrysanthemumdermatitis
Authors: Bleumink E. , Mitchell J. C. , Geissman T. A. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: April 2006

In six persons with contact allergy to chrysanthemum of florists, patch tests were performed with 25 sesquiterpene hurt ones. Positive responses were observed to 15 lactones. The most frequently encountered positive responses were to alantolactone (positive in all cases) and to arbusculin A, 8‐deoxycumambrin, ambrosin, damsin and psilostachynin. The findings corroborate the assumption that an α‐methylene group attached to the γ‐lactone ring is an essential prerequisite for allergenic activity of sesquiterpene lactones. Pyrethrum produced a positive reaction in one of the patients, pyrethrins gave negative reactions in all. Some of the chrysanthemum patients were also hypersensitive to turpentine and colophony and to garlic, primin and tars.
Hexahydro, 1, 3, 5, tris (2‐hydroxyethyl) triazine, a new bacteriocidal agent as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Keczkes Kalman , Brown Peter M.
Published: April 2006

During the investigation of an outbreak of dermatitis in a medium‐sized engineering works, the authors discovered four patients with allergic contact sensitivity to hexahydro, 1,3,5, tris (2‐hydroxyethyl) triazine, (Grotan), a new bacteriocidal agent used in coolant liquids. The authors failed to find any published report on this subject and would like to draw attention to Grotan as a new potential sensitizer.
Allergy to ingredients of vehicles
Authors: Hannuksela Matti , Kousa Merja , Pirilä Veikko
Published: April 2006

Common ingredients of vehicles such as perfumes, antibacterial agents, emulsifiers and other surface active agents, propytene glycol, lanolin and wool alcohols were tested in eczema patients over a three‐year period. Perfume allergy was detected in 3.6 % of the cases, sensitivity to thiomersal in 2 %, to sorbic acid in 0.8 %, to parabens in only 0.3 %, and to wool alcohols in 1.2%. Reactions to emulsifiers were seen in over 1 % of those tested.
Sensitivity to epoxy resins and triethylenetetramine
Authors: Krajkwska Danuta , Rudzki Edward
Published: April 2006

The present studies concerned 31 work sites in eight factories at which 422 persons were employed. In the course of seven years there were 126 cases of dermatitis, 99 of whom were patch‐tested. Positive reactions to epoxy resin and/or to triethylenetetramine were found in 65.7 % of the subjects. The aetiology of the other cases is discussed. Some of the patients who were positive to epoxy resin were tested with Bisphenol A and modified resins with blocked epoxy groups. The latency period of dermatitis and the localization were recorded, as well as the influence of the season and of certain working conditions on the occurrence of sensitization. Of the 80 patients who changed their occupation, there were relapses in 50 within one year. Relapses were more frequent in persons who continued to work with epoxy resins for more than three months after the appearance of dermatitis and in those simultaneously sensitive to allergens in the standard series.
The effect of perfume “ageing” on the allergenicity of individual perfume ingredients
Authors: Fisher Alexander A. , Dooms‐Goossens Anne
Published: April 2006

An ingredient of a perfume which is a sensitizer may become hypoallergenic by interacting with other ingredients during the ageing process of the perfume. Thus, a patient with an exquisite allergic sensitivity to cinnamic aldehyde tolerates two perfumes containing cinnamic aldehyde without acquiring a dermatitis.

There are several theories of why cinnamic aldehyde can become a non‐sensitizer in a perfume mixture. Testing with a mature perfume may be much more significant than testing with individual ingredients.
Quinazoline Yellow SS in cosmetics
Authors: Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

Five cases of allergic contact dermatitis from Quinazoline Yellow SS (D and C Yellow 11) in cosmetics are described, three from a lipstick and two from a rouge stick. Four of them showed marked oedema spreading to the eyelids and down to the neck. Two of them required systemic steroids. All four had strongly positive patch tests to the dye and to the cosmetic used.
Occupational dermatosis due to a soil fumigant
Authors: Nater J. P. , Gooskens V. H. J.
Published: April 2006

D‐D® mixture is a preplant soil fumigant. It contains dichloropropanes and dichloropropenes. epichlorohydrin and is known as a primary irritant.

Three cases of untoward reaction to D‐D are reported. By patch testing, the existence of a contact allergic sensitivity to D‐D could be proved in one patient. The other two cases reacted negativoly; they were probably of a primary irritant origin.

Patch tests with compounds related to D‐D suggest that the cause of contact allergy must be sought in the propene(s) fraction of D‐D. In future cases of untoward reactions to D‐D, patch testing appears to be necessary in order to differentiate between a contact allergic and a primary irritant reaction.
Contact dermatitis from radiata pine
Authors: Burry John N.
Published: April 2006

Sawdust from radiata pine trees which are grown extensively throughout South Australia causes various forms of contact dermatitis. The various forms are described in nine cases which illustrate that the early diagnosis of industrial dermatitis is necessary to prevent the condition from becoming chronic. A chance association between colophony in radiata pine sawdust and colophony in adhesive plaster, which caused contact dermatitis when used in patch testing, led to the discovery of these cases.
Phototoxicity of methoxsalen in various vehicles
Authors: Suhonen Raimo
Published: April 2006

Methoxsalen (8‐methoxypsoralen) was used as the phototoxic substance in the study of the properties of various vehicles in photoepicutaneous testing. Macrogols as such were relatively poor bases, and positive reactions were seen only occasionally at a concentration of 0.05 % methoxsalen.

Increasing amounts of water in macrogols brought forth more numerous and stronger reactions. The phototoxicity also increased when ethanol was added. The reactions were, however, weaker thantothose with aqueous bases.

Wool fat and glycerol as vehicles usually reacted in the same way as polyethylene glycols when water was added. An explanation of the mechanism of the changes in the properties of vehicles due to the addition of water/ethanol requires further investigation.
Contact dermatitis from tromantadine hydrochloride
Authors: Fanta Doris , Mischer Paul
Published: April 2006

Of 240 patients treated with 1 % tromantadine hydrochloride ointment, 20 showed local irritation, of which 12 were due to contact allergy as demonstrated by patch testing.
Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis to corticosteroids
Authors: Alani Safwat D. , Alani Milhim D.
Published: April 2006

This is a report of two patients suspected of having allergic dermato‐conjunctivitis due to corticosteroids. Both were tested with (he constituents of the ointments they were using, that is, corticosteroids, antibacterial agents, preservatives, and other active ingredients of the ointment bases. Both patients showed positive allergic patch test reactions to the respective corticosteroid betamethasonc valerate, and one to hydrocortisone, neomycin, and a rubber additive.

The importance of routine patch testing in ophthalmic practice to detect sensitizers in cases of allergy is mentioned. Hydrocortisone (25) in petrolatum is recommended for patch testing.
Effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing I. Experimental contact sensitization in humans
Authors: Marzulli Francis N. , Maibach Howard J.
Published: April 2006

A study was made to evaluate the effects of vehicle and challenge concentration on response of human subjects to potential allergens. In the vehicle studies the modified Draize test was used to test the response of subjects to cinnamic aldehyde and to costus oil, administered at two skin sites, in petrolatum and in 95 % ethyl alcohol. In two tests of costus oil, alcohol proved to be more effective in eliciting a response than petrolatum; on the other hand, in one les< with cinnamic aldehyde, no difference in results was obtained with these two vehicles. In the concentration studies, subjects known to he sensitive lo the test substance were tested by the Al® test with costus oil (three concentrations), chloracetamide (four concentrations), or thimerosal (three concentrations): petrolatum was used as the vehicle in each case. Results of the vehicle test showed no compelling reason for the selection of one vehicle rather than another. Results of the concentration tests indicated that concentration does have an effect on the intensity and frequency of reactions to potential allergens.
The development of allergic contact dermatitis in females during the comparison of two predictive patch tests
Authors: Jordan William P. , King Sarah E.
Published: April 2006

Ten chemically different compounds were applied to the skin of the backs of male and female volunteers to induce delayed hypersensitivity responses. The 10 compounds had a low, moderate, high or unknown allergenic potential and were divided among five test panels (modified Draize) consisting of 150 subjects each. In each panel, 75 subjects (mean age 31 years) were always male prisoners (50 % Caucasians) and the remaining 75 subjects (> 90 % Caucasians) were divided, age‐matched free males and females (mean age 24 years). Three compounds, each on different panels, had a significantly higher sensitization rate in females than in free males or total males. The remaining compounds produced sensitization, usually in lower numbers, but females dominated in sensitization rates. Viewed as absolute rates of sensitization for the 10 compounds, females were higher on eight test compounds and lied on two when compared to all males. These studies show that females develop significantly more cell‐mediated immune responses to some chemical haptenes than men and the data also points to an overall higher rate of haptene recognition. Seven of these 10 compounds were simultaneously tested for their sensitization potential by the modified Maximization method (all mules) in order to compare the two tests' ability to disclose potential sensitizers. Female sensitizations on the modified Drake accounted for this test's superiority.
Simultaneous occurrence of immediate and delayed allergy as a cause of contact dermatitis
Authors: Krook Gösta
Published: April 2006

Four patients with occupational contact dermatitis to Lactuca sativa had cross‐sensitivity to Cichorium endivia. One of the patients also had contact urticaria to Lactuca and Cichorium, and another reacted positively to scratch tests with these plants as a sign of immediate allergy. In two cases such immediate allergy was considered the cause of a vesicular, intense itching eruption within a few minutes of contact with fresh leaves of Lactuca on previously eczematous skin. The severe chronic dermatitis of the hands of these patients is ascribed to combined delayed and immediate allergy.
Temperature dependent primary irritant dermatitis from lemon perfume
Authors: Rothenborg Hans W. , Memenné Torkil , Sjølin Knud‐Erik
Published: April 2006

In a recent outbreak of hand eczema amongst cleaning personnel after the introduction of a new, lemon‐scented detergent, it was noted that the patients complained of a burning, stinging sensation when their hands were submerged in hot detergent solutions. Since routine patch testing with the Standard Series and perfume components was of no help in pinpointing the responsible agent, testing with selected perfume components was repeated at higher temperatures. Identical tests were placed on both forearms for 20 min, one arm being exposed to 43°C. the other to 23–25 °C. Little or no reaction was seen on the “cold” arm, whereas the lemon perfume component Citral proved to be a strong primary irritant at higher temperatures.

Histological examination of the test sites showed the reaction to be of a toxic (primary irritant) nature. Surprisingly, the toxic character could still be recognized in biopsies taken as late as 48 h after exposure.

It is suggested that:

1. Heat plays an important part in the outbreak of primary irritant (toxic) dermatitis and can be used as an accelerating factor when testing for primary irritants.

2. It is important to be sure that detergents and detergent perfumes do not contain substances which act as irritants at the temperatures at which they are habitually used (45–50°C).

3. We probably ought to use lukewarm rather than hot water for manual dishwashing and cleaning whenever it is possible.
Lanolin with reduced sensitizing potential A preliminary note
Authors: Clark E. W. , Cronin E. , Wilkinson D. S.
Published: April 2006

The allergens of lanolin appear to lie in the content of natural free fatty alcohols rather than in the total alcohols as hitherto supposed. The delectable incidence of allergy is increased by the simultaneous presence of detergent. Amongst selected lanolin‐sensitive skin patients, removal of both free fatty alcohols and detergent from lanolin reduces the incidence of detectable hypersensitivity by 96 %. Methods are described for determining free fatty alcohols and detergent in lanolin, and for removing them.
Immediate reactions to fruits and vegetables
Authors: Hannuksela Matti , Lahti Arto
Published: April 2006

Common fruits and vegetables were tested as such with the “scratch‐chamber” method in 388 patients with various atopic disorders. Of the patients with hypersensitivity to birch pollen, 36% showed immediate positive responses to these natural, fresh materials. Apple, carrot, parsnip and potato elicited reactions more often than, e.g. swede, tomato, onion and parsley. On the basis of clinical data, the relevancy of the results of the skin tests was 80–90%. Both “false positive” and “false negative” responses were seen.

Itching and tingling with or without oedema of the lips, mouth and tongue were the most common complaints after eating raw fruits and vegetables. In addition, laryngeal and abdominal disturbances, rhinitis and hand dermatitis were recorded.

Among patients without allergy to birch pollen, reactions to fruits and vegetables were rare.

The nature of the allergens could not be determined.
United States cosmetic ingredient labeling
Authors: Greif Martin , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

United states federal regulations require ingredient listing on cosmetics labeled after November 30, 1976. Standardized ingredient nomenclature from a reference text will be utilized to minimize confusion which might arise if various synonyms for chemical names were used.

This new information on cosmetics labeling will assist physicians in the diagnosis of cosmetic‐related dermatoses. It should facilitate the patch testing procedure by enabling the dermatologist to focus attention on suspect ingredients early in the evaluation. Once the identify of offending ingredients in a cosmetic has been determined for a particular patient, the individual will have the opportunity to avoid those ingredients and related ingredients in future purchases of cosmetics.
Contact sensitization to Letterflex urethane photoprepolymer mixture used in printing
Authors: Malten K. E.
Published: April 2006

Three printers showed a contact sensitization to the Letterflex® urethane photoprepolymer mixture. The technical chemistry of this new printing procedure is described.
Phytophotodermatitis An experimental study using the chamber method
Authors: Suhonen Raimo
Published: April 2006

Experimental phytophotodermatitis was produced using crushed leaves from the gas plant, Dictamnus albus. The tests were made using the chamber method and irradiated with ordinary black light tubes.

An occlusion time of not less than 30 min was needed to give a phototoxic reaction in all test subjects. An occlusion time 30–120 min gave the optimal results, but contact for 24 h produced only weak and inconsistent reactions.

The phototoxic substance was readily absorbed into the skin within 10–15 min. The phototoxic tendency already began to disappear within 30 min after the tests were removed.

UVA energy of 0.3 J/cm2 was enough to evoke a phytophotoreaction in all of the test subjects when other conditions were optimal.

The reactions were enhanced by adding water to the test sites.

Deep‐freezing of the plant material did not destroy the phototoxicity within a 4‐month period.
Behaviour of contact allergy and new sensitivities on subsequent patch tests*
Authors: Meneghini C. L. , Angelini G.
Published: April 2006

Patch tests repeated one or more times over periods of up to 3 years in 208 subjects with allergic contact dermatitis produced evidence of persistent specific sensitivities in almost 50% of cases. In about 25% the reactivity disappeared and over 25 % developed new sensitivities. No new sensitivities appeared in 253 patients with non‐allergic contact dermatitis or with other types of dermatitis in whom the same patch tests were carried out.

The history and follow‐up of patients with new sensitivities brought into focus the presumed actiopathogenetic role of further contacts, especially occupational or after topical applications. Patch tests themselves, provided the correct technique is employed especially as regards the concentration of allergens, do not seem to be responsible for new sensitizations to any significant extent.
The role of sesquiterpene lactones in contact hypersensitivity to some North and South American species of feverfew (Parthenium ‐ Compositae)
Authors: Rodríguez Eloy , Epstein W. L. , Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Sixteen taxa of the genus Parthenium from North and South America and 20 sesquiterpene lactones derived from plants of the Compositae family were used for patch testing six volunteers who were known to be contact sensitive to plants and lactones of this family. The patterns of cross‐sensitivity and structure‐activity relationships of the allergenic lactones are evaluated and the clinical and ecological relevance is discussed.
Relapse of chromate dermatitis from sheet metal
Authors: Rycroft R. J. G. , Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

Galvanised sheet metal has previously been described us a source of chromate dermatitis (Fregert et al. 1970). We report a patient who appears to have been sensitised many years previously by an entirely different source of chromate, but whose resulting hand eczema has relapsed while handling galvanised sheet metal at work.
Histological aspects of skin reactions to propylene glycol
Authors: Nater J. P. , Baar A. J. M. , Hoedemaeker Ph. J.
Published: April 2006

In view of the increased use of dermatological preparations containing a high concentration of propylene glycol (PG) for use under occlusive dressings, patch tests were performed with pure PG in a group of 98 out‐patients at a skin clinic. No indication of a possible allergic contact dermatitis to PG could be found in the history of any of these patients. In 11 of them, the patch test reactions after a 48‐h application were positive. In eight cases the reaction was scored as one plus, in two cases as two plus, and in the remaining case a three plus reaction was observed. In view of the negative history of all patients, the observed reactions were considered to be of a primary irritant nature.

Histological examination of the positive patch tests revealed some definite quantitive differences between one and two plus reactions on the one hand and a three plus reaction on the other. The findings suggest that the application of high concentrations of PG under occlusive dressings may give rise to skin reactions of a primary irritant character which may closely simulate an allergic reaction.
Sensitivity to 2‐chlorocyclohexanone and its derivatives*
Authors: Rudzki Edward
Published: April 2006

Three workers developed dermatitis when sythesizing lysine from cyclohexanone; they showed positive patch tests to 2‐chlorocyclohexanone and some of its derivatives. Two of them became sensitive to at least two different compounds.
Chromate dermatitis from a boiler lining
Authors: Rycroft R. J. R. , Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

Chromate dermatitis is described in a mechanical fitter working inside boiler combustion chambers. A source of hexavalent chromate is traced to the action of the heat and alkaline fuel ash on trivalent chrome ore in pans of the refractory lining. Removal of the patient from this contact has resulted in almost complete clearing of his dermatitis, without any relapse, during a 9‐month follow‐up period.
Sensitivity to isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Ludwig Erich , Hausen Bjöurn M.
Published: April 2006

Positive patch test reactions to isopropyl alcohol in connection with proved allergy to ethyl alcohol have already been published. A case of allergy to isopropyl alcohol with positive reactions to isopropanol (unpurified test material) and negative reactions to ethonol) and methanol has also been reported. We report a case of a occupationally acquired sensitivity to isopropyl alcohol in which, or testing with gas chromatographically purified material, positive patch test reactions were found to 1‐propanol, 1‐butanol, 2‐propanol, 2‐butanol and methanal (formaldehyde) but not to the primary alcohols methanol, ethanol and amyl alcohol; not to the aldehydes acetal (acetaldehyde) and butanal; nor to the ketones acetone, butanon and isobutyl ketone, nor to methanoic (formic) acid. A tentative explanation for this peculiar pattern of reactions is given.
Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis and coal tar dyes*
Authors: Sugai Tetsuro , Takahasmi Yohko , Takagi Takashi
Published: April 2006

Patch tests and photopatch tests with Various cosmetics, coal tar dyes, perfumes, lanolin preparations and parabens‐mix were performed in 53 patients with pigmented cosmetic dermatitis similar in clinical appearance to Riehl's melanosis. The results showed that coal tar dyes, particularly brilliant lake red R, were closely related to the cause of the disease. In patch testing and photopatch testing with coal tar dyes, the incidence of positive responses to the brilliant lake red R was found to be significantly higher than that to the other coal tar colors (22/38 = 57.9 %). The relevance of ultraviolet light to the disease was found to be much less than the ratio expected (14/47 = 29.8%). A high incidence of positive responses to fragrances was also found, but it is considered to play a secondary role in the etiology of the disease.
Sodium lauryl sulfate irritant patch tests: Degree of inflammation at various times
Authors: Dahl Mark V. , Trancik Ronald J.
Published: April 2006

Irritant reactions were induced on the forearms of 10 normal subjects with 10% aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate under patch test occlusion for 24 h. Test sites were observed at 24, 26, 28, 30, 48, 72 and 96 h and the degree of inflammation recorded. Inflammation was must prominent at 28 h and decreased in intensity over the time course of the study. Inflammation at 48 and 72 h was similar to when patches were removed. This suggests that inflammatory responses in skin for at least certain irritants like sodium lauryl sulfate do slowly decrease in intensity after 48 h. However, the inflammatory response may initially accelerate after patch test removal and remain intense for at least 48 h. Fading of irritant reactions by 48 or 72 h may not reliably distinguish irritant from allergic patch test, reactions. This does not refute the usefulness of a delayed (96 h) reading since inflammation from sodium lauryl sulfate had decreased significantly by this time.
Contact sensitization to benzoyl peroxide
Authors: Leyden James J. , Kligman Albert M.
Published: April 2006

Four formulations of benzoyl peroxide, two 5 % and two 10 % gels, were assayed for contact sensitizing capability by the human maximization test. Seventy‐six per cent became sensitized. Sensitized subjects reacted to all four formulations. Benzoic acid and related compounds failed to elicit an allergic reaction.
Sensitivity to a flame retardant, Tris(2,3‐dibromopropyl)phosphate (Firemaster LVT 23 P)
Authors: Andersen Klaus E.
Published: April 2006

Tris(2,3‐dibronioprophyl) phosphate (TDB P) is marketed under many different trade names as a flame retardant, used in clothing and home furnishings. DTB P is chemically related to tricresylphosphate (TCP) and triphenylphosphate (TPP) used as plasticizers in plastics and lacquers.

The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) in 1976 examined the incidence of sensitization to TDB P and found two positives among 1103 patients. One of these two cases is reported here in detail. It concerns a woman, aged 56, with spectacle frame dermatitis. The spectacle frame did not contain TDB P and sensitization with another phosphate ester is assumed.
Contact dermatitis in the West of Scotland
Authors: Husajn S. Latafat
Published: April 2006

Since 1970, more than 4,500 patients have been patch tested at the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit in Glasgow. The results of 1,312 patients patch tested to the 20 test substances as described by the ICDRG (Fregert et al. 1969) are presented. The data on frequency of the most common allergens observed are presented. The most common allergens observed are nickel, chromium, cobalt, neomycin, colophony, wool alcohols, balsam of Peru and rubber. The less common allergens are benzocaine, parabens, formaldehyde and turpentine.
Allergic contact dermatitis from fluocortolone, fluocortolone pivalate and fluocortolone caproate
Authors: Menne T. , Andersen Klaus E.
Published: April 2006

Two patients with contact allergy to Ultralan® preparations are reported. Each Ultralan preparation contains two of three related fluocortolone derivatives. The first patient reacted to all three derivatives. The second patient reacted to fluocortolone and when retested 4 months later also to fluocortolone pivalate but not to fluocortolone caproate. The negative reaction to fluocortolone pivalate at the first examination was probably false negative due to a too low test concentration. In order to avoid false negative patch test reactions the fluorinated steroids should possibly be applied in concentrations higher than 1%. No cross sensitivity to the other steroids for topical use was found.
Allergic contact dermatitis to radiotherapy dye
Authors: Marks James G. , West Gary W.
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis to resorcin in Castellani's paint used to mark radiotherapy ports is reported.