bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hinglaj Devi
Authors: Schaflechner Jürgen
Published: January 2018

The shrine of the Goddess Hinglaj is located in the desert of Balochistan, Pakistan, about 215 kilometers west of the city of Karachi. Notwithstanding its ancient Hindu and Muslim history, the establishment of an annual festival at Hinglaj took place only recently, “invented” in the mid-1980s. Only after the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway (MCH), a road that now—coincidentally—connects the formerly distant desert shrine with urban Pakistan, was the increasingly confident minority Hindu community able to claim Hinglaj as their main religious center, a site for undisturbed religious performance and expression. This book describes the dynamics that emerged after this dislocation, examining the political and cultural influences at work at the Hinglaj temple, and tracks this remote desert shrine’s rapid ascent to its current status as the most influential Hindu pilgrimage site in Pakistan. Primary among these dynamics is the influence that the temple organization, the Hinglaj Sheva Mandali (HSM), has exerted and continues to exert on the holy site’s ascent to prominence. The book demonstrates how the HSM’s members from the Lohana community (a Sindhi merchant caste) utilize discourses of rationality and enlightenment to propagate and solidify their own parochial beliefs and rituals at the shrine, holding them out as the only “proper” interpretation of the tradition for the Goddess’s worship. The book deals with the overarching theme of the Pakistani-Hindu community’s beliefs and practices at their largest place of worship in the Islamic Republic today.
Conclusion
Authors: Schaflechner Jürgen
Published: January 2018

The conclusion harmonizes the overarching themes of the book, providing a final look at the dramatic relationship between identity, change, and solidification for Pakistan’s largest religious minority at its most important place of worship today. The conclusion first sketches the site’s and the residing Devi’s history as well as the pilgrimage’s ancient origin. In a second step, the author summarizes how recent infrastructural and organizational developments caused the ritual journey to undergo significant changes resulting in novel practices performed on the way to and at the shrine. Finally he sums up how these alterations lead to a solidification of the Hinglaj tradition, which is directed toward establishing some kind of unity among the various narratives and practices occurring in the valley.
Eradicate Social Isolation
Authors: Lubben James , Tracy Elizabeth M. , Crewe Sandra Edmonds , Sabbath Erika L. , Gironda Melanie , Johnson Carrie , Kong Jooyoung , Munson Michelle R. , Brown Suzanne
Published: January 2018

Social isolation is a silent killer -- as dangerous to health as smoking. National and global health organizations have underscored the hidden, deadly, and pervasive hazards stemming from feeling alone and abandoned. Our challenge is to educate the public on this health hazard, encourage health and human service professionals to address social isolation, and promote effective ways to deepen social connections and community for people of all ages.
End Homelessness
Authors: Padgett Deborah K. , Henwood Benjamin F.
Published: January 2018

During the course of a year, nearly 1.5 million Americans will experience homelessness for at least one night. Periods of homelessness often have serious and lasting effects on personal development, health, and well-being. Our challenge is to expand proven approaches that have worked in communities across the country, develop new service innovations and technologies, and adopt policies that promote affordable housing and basic income security.
Reduce Extreme Economic Inequality
Authors: Henly Julia , Jones Raven , Lein Laura , Romich Jennifer , Shanks Trina , Sherraden Michael , Tillotson Amanda
Published: January 2018

The top 1% owns nearly half of the total wealth in the U.S, while one in five children live in poverty. The consequences for health and well-being are immeasurable. We can correct the broad inequality of wealth and income through a variety of innovative means related to wages and tax benefits associated with capital gains, retirement accounts, and home ownership. Greater lifelong access to education will also provide broader economic opportunities.
Self and Subjectivity
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the concept of yati, the wandering ascetic of the Mānavadharmaśāstra. It highlights the phenomenology of the yati’s experience in relation to the overall architecture of the Manu cosmology. The wandering ascetic, having paid three debts, has his mind set on renunciation. The yati’s aim is to avoid being brought down by the collapse of the body as one nears death, but not to avoid death. Manu notes two spiritual exercises. One of imagined disembodiment: that is, one imagines the collapse and the fall into the alligator’s jaws, being brought down by old age and disease, how the very nature of embodiment is to be in pain. Manu’s second technique of the self aims to engender a sense of disgust in and alienation from the body.
Vernacularization
Authors: Novetzke Christian Lee
Published: January 2018

How were abstract and pan-Indian concepts of dharma rerouted in the idioms of place and the peculiarities of region? This chapter answers the question by diving into the earliest layers of Marathi literature, and in particular the Līḷācaritra (c. 1278 CE), to uncover some key engagements with dharma embedded in Maharashtrian spheres of culture, religion, and politics in the thirteenth century. The chapter argues that vernacularization involves a reassessment of social relations because it, perforce, enlarges the scope of intelligible discourse to the widest sphere, isolated to a region with a shared language. This necessity adapts pan-Indian theories of social and cosmic order to the vicissitudes of regional idiosyncrasy and quotidian social life.
Flow through axial-flow-turbomachinery blading
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

This chapter is concerned primarily with the flow of a compressible fluid through stationary and moving blading, for the most part using the analysis introduced in Chapter 11. The principles of dimensional analysis are applied to determine the appropriate non-dimensional parameters to characterise the performance of a turbomachine. The analysis of incompressible flow through a linear cascade of aerofoil-like blades is followed by the analysis of compressible flow. Velocity triangles for flow relative to blades, and Euler’s turbomachinery equation, are introduced to analyse flow through a rotor. The concepts introduced are applied to the analysis of an axial-turbomachine stage comprising a stator and a rotor, which applies to either a compressor or a turbine.
Reflections on Reading the Bible
Authors: Jasper Alison
Published: January 2018

Looking back over two decades, the author recalls her appropriation of theoretical tools from the French poststructuralist philosopher, Julia Kristeva: first to read women and the feminine-identified flesh back into biblical texts and to resist older readings that viewed these presences as inferior agents or contaminants. Secondly Kristeva’s idea of female genius gives theoretical support to the case that women continually challenge orthodox biblical readings in inauspicious male-normative circumstances by reading the Bible for themselves. Illustrating the concept of female genius, the chapter returns to Jane Leade, a seventeenth-century visionary. She exemplifies the capacity of women to bring something singular and authentic—such as her descriptions of the biblical figure of Wisdom as female and her dream-visions of bodily restorations—to their readings of the Bible. The author continues to pose the question as to whether or not women (and other genders) can continue to profit from reading the Bible.
Reading ‘The Revelations of the Book / Whose Genesis was June’
Authors: Leader Jennifer
Published: January 2018

Emily Dickinson had a passionate relationship with the Bible. Her poetry and letters are replete with biblical allusions and references, and her early, rigorous religious training exposed her to hermeneutical methodologies, such as typology, that she freely modified when she deployed Scripture in her poems. As a woman artist, Dickinson constructed feminist tactics not only to subvert gender expectations about women, language, and poetry, but also to address directly what she found offensive or unfair in the Bible. She considered herself to be in an unmediated, egalitarian relationship with the Protestant Scriptures, and her primary interpretive lens was relational. For Dickinson, the Word’s dynamism pulls readers into mysterious interconnection with supernatural power; this power communicates to the heart, above and beyond what the text’s objective words alone might say.
Moses, Feminism, and The Male Subject
Authors: Koosed Jennifer L.
Published: January 2018

When women began reading the Bible as feminists, they focused on the ‘great women’ of the Bible, uncovered marginalized voices, critiqued patriarchal ideologies, sometimes rejected the text, and sometimes rehabilitated it. This mirrored the political and social movement of feminism. Even though feminists are committed to gender equality, the beginnings of the movement focused on what gender equality would mean for women. As society really begins to take the promise of feminism seriously for men, feminist reading strategies also shift and feminist readers turn to other texts, not just those that are about women. This chapter explores the expansion of feminist interpretation of scripture to include texts that do not obviously lend themselves to feminist analysis by focusing on feminist readings of Moses. Moving beyond questions of how Moses relates to women, feminist readings of Moses look at constructions of masculinity and also attend to the body, language, and relationship.
Sexual Politics and Surveillance
Authors: Runions Erin
Published: January 2018

Psalm 139 has been used by pro-lifers and gay rights activists to argue for foetal rights and LGBT rights, respectively. The poet speaks of God’s surveillance from the womb, but why is God’s surveillance so valued by interpreters, rather than dreaded (as in the book of Job)? This essay explores why this Psalm is so politically potent, using a metonymic feminist reading strategy to interrogate the ways in which scripture is used to confer rights. Spinoza’s comment on Psalm 139 leads to a consideration of scripture in relation to bodies and affect. The Psalm’s surveillance produces bodily experiences of threat and bodily fragmentation, while also ameliorating that threat by providing a sense of security through time. The results are the positive emotions of allegiance to God and appreciation of surveillance. Identifying readers gain a feeling of agency, a model for rights-bearing political subjectivity as interior, fixed, and known by God.
Miriam ben Amram, or,
Authors: Löwisch Ingeborg
Published: January 2018

1 Chronicles 1–9 presents an archive of genealogies that performs memory and identities of Israel in a highly nuanced manner. Numerous references to women fulfil structural functions at the core of the genealogy performance, first and foremost in the genealogies of Judah. In contrast, the central genealogies of Levi only provide a single gendered fragment: they list Miriam as one of the ‘sons’ of Amram (5:29). Other Levite women, for example those listed in Exodus 6:16–25, are missing. Miriam herself is not formally linked to the many sisters that are mentioned in 1 Chronicles 1–9, nor are her capacities as musician, dancer, prophet, and leader brought into play. Embarking from this striking gap, the chapter addresses the question of how Bible texts that are predominantly male-centred can be read from a gender perspective, specifically in view of submitting them to a critical post-secular discourse on the Hebrew Bible and beyond.
Does the bonobo have a (chimpanzee-like) theory of mind?
Authors: Krupenye Christopher , MacLean Evan L. , Hare Brian
Published: January 2018

Theory of mind—the ability to reason about the thoughts and emotions of others—is central to what makes us human. Chimpanzees too appear to understand some psychological states. While less is known about bonobos, several lines of evidence suggest that the social-cognitive abilities of the two sister taxa may differ in key respects. This chapter outlines a framework to guide future research on bonobo social cognition based on the predictions of two potentially complementary hypotheses. The self-domestication hypothesis suggests that selection against aggression and for prosociality in bonobos may have impacted the ontogeny of their social-cognitive skills relative to chimpanzees. The empathizing–systemizing hypothesis links degree of prenatal brain masculinization, a potential result of self-domestication, to adult cognition. Specifically, relative feminization may yield more flexible theory of mind skills in bonobos than chimpanzees. Finally, directions for future study, including development of new paradigms that maximize ecological validity for bonobos, are discussed. La théorie de l’esprit—le pouvoir de raisonner les pensées et émotions des autres—est centrale à notre nature humaine. Il parait que les chimpanzés peuvent comprendre quelques états psychologiques. Tandis que nous savons moins des bonobos, plusieurs témoignages suggèrent que les capacités socio-cognitives des deux taxons soeur peuvent différer dans des aspects clefs. Nous traçons un cadre pour guider les prochaines recherches sur la cognition sociale des bonobos, basé sur les prédictions de deux hypothèses potentiellement complémentaires. L’hypothèse d’auto-domestication suggère que l’anti-agression et la prosocialité des bonobos a influé leur ontogenèse et leur capacités socio-cognitives relativement aux chimpanzés. L’hypothèse d’empathie systématique (Empathizing–Systemizing) forme un lien entre le degré de masculinisation prénatale du cerveau, le résultat potentiel d’auto-domestication, et la cognition adulte. Spécifiquement, la féminisation relative génère des théories de l’esprit plus flexibles chez les bonobos que chez les chimpanzés. Enfin, nous discutons le directions pour les prochaines études, inclut le développement de nouveaux paradigmes qui maximisent la validité écologique des bonobos.
Bonobo personality: Age and sex effects and links with behavior and dominance
Authors: Staes Nicky , Eens Marcel , Weiss Alexander , Stevens Jeroen M.G.
Published: January 2018

The study described in this chapter examines whether individual differences in six rating-based bonobo personality dimensions—assertiveness, conscientiousness, openness, attentiveness, agreeableness and extroversion—are related to sex, age, behaviours and dominance. To these ends, the study tested predictions based on previous studies of human and chimpanzee personality, and bonobo behaviour and socio-ecology. Sex and age differences in assertiveness, openness and extroversion, and correlations between these personality dimensions and behaviour were consistent with predictions. Conscientiousness showed associations with observed behaviours but requires further investigation as sex and age effects differed from those reported in humans and chimpanzees. Agreeableness and attentiveness showed few associations with age, sex and behaviours, indicating the need to further investigate validity of these factors. This chapter shows that personality dimensions in bonobos are correlated with sex, age and behaviours in ways that are consistent with what is known for bonobos and their socio-ecology. L’étude décrite dans ce chapitre examine si les différences individuelles dans six dimensions de personnalité bonobos basées sur évaluation—Affirmation de soi, Conscience, Ouverture, Attention, Agréabilité, et l’Extroversion—sont liées au sexe et l’âge et les comportements et la dominance. L’étude a testé les prédictions basées sur des études précédentes de la personnalité humaine et chimpanzé, et le comportement bonobo et la socioécologie. Les différences de sexe et d’âge dans l’Affirmation de soi, l’Ouverture et l’Extroversion et les corrélations entre ces dimensions de personnalité et de comportement étaient cohérents avec nos prédictions. La Conscience montre des associations avec les comportements observés mais a besoin plus de recherche vu que les effets du sexe et de l’âge diffèrent des effets rapportés chez les humains et les chimpanzés. L’Agréabilité et l’Attention n’avaient pas autant d’associations avec l’âge, le sexe et les comportements. Cela montre qu’il faut plus rechercher la validité de ces facteurs. Cette étude montre que les dimensions de personnalité chez les bonobos sont corrélé à l’âge, au sexe et aux comportements de manières qui sont cohérentes avec notre connaissance des bonobos et de leur socioécologie.
Bonobo population dynamics: Past patterns and future predictions for the Lola ya Bonobo population using demographic modelling
Authors: Faust Lisa J. , André Claudine , Belais Raphaël , Minesi Fanny , Pereboom Zjef , Rodriguez Kerri , Hare Brian
Published: January 2018

Wildlife sanctuaries rescue, rehabilitate, reintroduce and provide life-long care for orphaned and injured animals. Understanding a sanctuary’s population dynamics—patterns in arrival, mortality and projected changes in population size—allows careful planning for future needs. Building on previous work on the population dynamics of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in sanctuaries of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA; Faust et al. 2011), this chapter extends analyses to the only PASA bonobo sanctuary. Its authors analysed historic demographic patterns and projected future population dynamics using an individual-based demographic model. The population has been growing at 6.7 per cent per year, driven by arrivals of new individuals (mean = 5.5 arrivals per year). Several model scenarios projecting varying arrival rates, releases and breeding scenarios clarify potential future growth trajectories for the sanctuary. This research illustrates how data on historic dynamics can be modelled to inform future sanctuary capacity and management needs. Les sanctuaires de faune secourent, réhabilitent, réintroduisent, et fournissent des soins pour toute la vie aux animaux orphelins et blessés. Comprendre les dynamiques de la population d’un sanctuaire—les motifs d’arrivée, mortalité, et de changements projetés de la taille de la population—permet une planification prudente pour les nécessités du futur. En se basant sur le travail déjà fait sur les dynamiques de la population chimpanzé (Pan troglodytes) dans les sanctuaires du Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA; Faust et al. 2011), nous étendons notre analyse au seul sanctuaire bonobo par PASA. Nous avons analysé les motifs démographiques historiques et avons projeté les futures dynamiques de la population en utilisant un modèle démographique basé sur l’individu. La population augmente de 6.7 per cent par an, poussée par l’arrivée de nouveaux individus (moyenne = 5.5 arrivées par an). Plusieurs scénarios modèles montrent une trajectoire de potentielle croissance pour le sanctuaire. Cette recherche illustre comment modeler les données sur les dynamiques historiques pour informer la capacité future du sanctuaire et les besoins gestionnaires.
The measures and forms of heaven
Authors: Cullen Christopher
Published: January 2018

We start by listening to the first voice from ancient China that speaks to us directly about the experience of observing the sky to make measurements, and of using a clepsydra to measure time. The speaker is Huan Tan, who lived through the time of Wang Mang and into the early Eastern Han. We examine what it was he measured, and then move into an explanation of the nature and purpose of the system of 28 ‘lodges’ into which the circuit of the sky was divided. Next is an account of the author’s personal experiences of observations designed to re-enact and test what Huan Tan tells us he did. We then discuss how changing ideas about the heavens were linked with the introduction of new instruments and new ways of measurement. Finally we return to Huan Tan and his arguments with his friend Yang Xiong on the shape of the cosmos.
Contested Commemoration
Authors: Whatley Christopher A.
Published: January 2018

Focusing on the wave of statues of Scotland’s national poet Robert Burns that were erected in Victorian and Edwardian Scotland, the chapter explores the contests there were to ‘own’ and mould Burns’s legacy. Why did Burns matter so much to his countrymen in the century after his death? Revealed too are the various factors that led town councils and their allies to campaign in competition with one another for a Burns statue: these included finance (by attracting visitors), emulation, and civic standing, and the didactic role that public statuary could play in influencing the behaviour of working people. Critical too was the role of Burns statues in arousing Scottish patriotism and perhaps even popular nationalism, albeit within the Union context. Far from being ‘meaningless’, Burns statues mattered intensely to Scotland’s sculptors,to the bodies that commissioned them, and to the public at large.
Unspeakable Scots
Authors: Goldie David
Published: January 2018

Starting with T. W. H. Crosland’s description in The Unspeakable Scot (1902) of the rather unwelcome ubiquity of Scots in the world of British letters, the chapter explores the impact of Scottish men of letters in British publications and journalism in last decades of the nineteenth and first decades of the twentieth centuries. Drawing on key ideas in Scottish literary-critical history, among them Robert Crawford’s notion of the ‘Scottish invention of English literature’, Leith Davis’s description of the dialogic nature of English/Scottish literary exchanges, and Graeme Morton’s conception of a Victorian ‘unionist nationalism’, the chapter will examine the complexities of English–Scottish literary exchange in the period and argue that it should properly be seen as dialectical: an exchange that constructs a synthetic British literature, but that also has a profound effect in reconfiguring English and Scottish literatures and cultural identities.
Introduction
Authors: Hurley Michael D. , Waithe Marcus
Published: January 2018

This chapter evaluates the competing ways that ‘style’ has been said to operate in language. Rather than figure thought as primary and pre-verbal, and language as a secondary delivery system, this chapter recommends a messier relationship, whereby writing is not a simple act of translating but also a means of clarifying or generating ideas. The twenty subsequent chapters of this book exemplify this account of style as a mode of thinking through. Outlines of these individual essays are given, and correspondences drawn. The value of the book as a whole is addressed, as it contributes to scholarship on style and on the essay, and to nineteenth-century studies in particular: by revaluating some of the most influential figures of that age, providing a literary context for those celebrated ‘minds’ and ‘moralists’, while also re-imagining the possible alliances, interplays, and generative tensions between thinking, thinkers, style, and stylists.
‘Pictures’ and ‘Signs’
Authors: O’Neill Michael
Published: January 2018

The chapter’s starting point is Shelley’s conviction that poetry ‘marks the before unapprehended relations of things’ and his consequent way of using ‘words’ in his prose as ‘pictures of integral thoughts’, even as he worries that they may turn out to be merely ‘signs for portions and classes of thoughts’ (A Defence of Poetry). The chapter shows how Shelley’s prose thinks through its style in multiple ways: section 2 examines the ironies at work in ‘An Address to the People on the Death of the Princess Charlotte’; section 3 turns its attention to A Philosophical View of Reform and that work’s enactment of complicated rhetorical strategies; section 4 examines Shelley’s essays on religious matters, such as his essay ‘On Christianity’, and brings out their concern to dramatize and allow for tensions; and section 5 explores Shelley’s metaphysical prose before returning to questions of poetics with which the essay began.
John Henry Newman
Authors: Hurley Michael D.
Published: January 2018

Newman has been much vaunted as a ‘master’ of non-fiction prose style, and justly so. His felicity of phrasing is astonishing: so precise, so elegant, so vivid. This chapter admires Newman’s stylistic achievements too, but with a view to explaining why Newman himself baulked at such praise, by insisting instead on the importance of veracity over verbalism. While a number of different writings by Newman are surveyed in the course of the chapter, the argument comes to focus in particular on his seminal work of faith, Grammar of Assent, a book that took him some twenty years to write, which almost killed him, and which best exemplifies his suggestive but enigmatic definition of ‘style’ as ‘a thinking out into language’.
‘Just Proportions’
Authors: Birch Dinah
Published: January 2018

George Eliot’s style developed during her early years as an exceptionally cultured journalist, translator, and editor, building a relation with her readers that rested on the authority of her wide-ranging scholarly and scientific references. But she also cautioned her readers about the limits of learning, and the need to locate knowledge in the context of sympathy. When she turned to fiction with the publication of Scenes of Clerical Life in 1857, she continued to build on these principles. An analysis of Middlemarch demonstrates that the flexible style of her mature writing continues to rest on a dazzling breadth of knowledge, coupled with an acknowledgement of the authority of feeling, and the moral responsibilities that are inseparable from our shared humanity.
Christmas and the Superman
Authors: Jarvis Simon
Published: January 2018

The chapter considers what the truth content of Chesterton’s essays, especially of his many short columns for the Illustrated London News, might be today. It looks both at Chesterton’s principal ideas, and at some of his principal rhythms of writing. An opposition between modern routine and Christian ritual is central to Chesterton’s thought. It is connected to the contrast between two conceptions of personhood: (1) a ‘modern’ conception of personhood as constituted by limitless self-transformation, and (2) a Christian conception of the person as a constrained living individual. Ritual necessarily contains elements of freedom, of play, and of delight without which it cannot be felicitously performed. It is, rather, modern routine and the outbursts of false spontaneity attempting in vain to break out from it which more really exhibit the unfreedom attributed by secularists to ritual.
The Socially Shared Nature of Memory: From Joint Encoding to Communication
Authors: Echterhoff Gerald , Kopietz René
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores incidental, indirect ways in which memory is shaped by interpersonal interaction and communication, that is, without collaboration of several individuals on an explicit memory task. The first section discusses research showing that encoding stimuli together with another person improves memory for the experience. Some studies examine memory effects from task sharing and joint action, while others explore effects of the mere joint experience of stimuli. The second section turns to effects of social sharing in communication on memory, specifically, the effects of conversational retellings and the audience-tuning effect on memory. Regarding explanations for the audience-tuning effect, the chapter focuses on shared reality theory and review evidence for the motives and goals underlying shared-reality creation.
Memories and Identities in Conversation with Dementia
Authors: Müller Nicole , Mok Zaneta
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses tools from Systemic Functional Linguistics to analyze how two women with dementia share autobiographical memories in conversation. Dialogic interaction is fundamental to human experience, and the sharing of memories is in essence a process of dialogic sense-making. Shared autobiographical stories are part of the dialogic construction and projection of public identities. Autobiographical talk in the conversation analyzed here is sketchy in terms of experiential detail, but rich in appraisal; it is used to construct positive past identities that reflect on present selves. In addition, identity projection and evaluative stances are dynamically adjusted in light of the conversation partner’s reactions, which points to intact dialogic sense-making skills in the presence of moderate dementia.
Multimodal Processes of Joint Remembering in Complex Collaborative Activities
Authors: Bietti Lucas M. , Baker Michael J.
Published: January 2018

The aim of this chapter is to expand research on joint remembering into real-world complex collaborative activities at the workplace. The text illustrates how the interweaving of verbal, corporal, social, and material resources supports joint remembering of relevant aspects of work projects during group interactions. As joint remembering does not represent a ubiquitous joint action in complex collaborative activities in the workplace, but rather a localized and goal-oriented interactional mechanism, here we focus on those interactional sequences concerning past actions and events, in relation to work projects, that are triggered by questions acting as reminders. Such sequences are called “multimodal remembering sequences.” The group interactions that are presented as illustrative examples to support our theoretical standpoint were taken from a corpus collected on the basis of two naturalistic studies on joint remembering collaborative design conducted with architects and animation designers at their workplaces.
Remembering Good and Bad Times Together: Functions of Collaborative Remembering
Authors: Pasupathi Monisha , Wainryb Cecilia
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, we consider how collaborative remembering informs our understanding of the functions of autobiographical remembering. After a brief overview of the literature on functions of autobiographical remembering, we consider how the nature of collaborative remembering supports existing frameworks for thinking about function, and suggest additional functions that are important to examine. We then ask whether collaborative remembering has a special significance for fulfilling functions of autobiographical remembering. Finally, we note that experiences of conflict and harm pose particular challenges for collaborative remembering that underscore potential future directions for this research, including the potential importance of collaborative remembering for helping to resolve past instances of conflict and harm.
Collective Memory: How Groups Remember Their Past
Authors: Abel Magdalena , Umanath Sharda , Wertsch James V. , Roediger Henry L.
Published: January 2018

Studies of collective memory address how people create and maintain a shared representation of their group’s past and group identity. In particular, we conside how knowledge representations and schematic narrative templates (recurring stories of the past) contribute to collective remembering. Diverging memories between groups can cause conflict, so examining how different group’s varying memories of “the same event” can cause misunderstandings is critical. We consider whether (and how) groups can mediate their differences to attempt to reach consensus about the past, using narratives of World War II as a case study. The study of collective memory comprises many different senses of the term remembering, and this chapter emphasizes the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration to examine the issues from multiple perspectives.
Applications of Collaborative Memory: Patterns of Success and Failure in Individuals with Hippocampal Amnesia
Authors: Gordon Rupa Gupta , Duff Melissa C. , Cohen Neal J.
Published: January 2018

A growing body of work suggests that collaboration can benefit memory. In our work on the neural substrates of collaborative learning, we find that many of these benefits extend even to individuals with profound memory impairment. We review this line of work highlighting the benefits and limits of collaborative learning in memory impaired populations. Understanding the contexts and circumstances of success and failure in collaborative learning in individuals with memory impairment advances scientific knowledge of how distinct forms of memory contribute to specific aspects of collaborative learning. Our discovery that memory-impaired individuals can benefit from collaborative learning under some conditions points to the promise of collaborative learning situations in the rehabilitation of memory and learning impairments.
Collaborative Memory Interventions for Age-Related and Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Memory Decline
Authors: Blumen Helena M.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the potential for using collaboration as a tool to compensate for age-related and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related memory decline. Recent research suggest that collaborating with others during recall improves later individual memory, but such post-collaborative recall benefits must be confirmed in AD, and transitional stages of AD such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Identifying the neural systems that operate during collaboration is also essential for determining the therapeutic value of collaborative recall in these populations. Examining post-collaborative recall benefits, and identifying the neural systems associated with collaborative recall, in healthy aging, AD, and aMCI will be methodologically challenging and necessitate interdisciplinary expertise—but is vital for determining the therapeutic potential of collaborative recall in these populations.
Peirce and Ramsey
Authors: Misak Cheryl
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that two of the great pragmatists, C.S. Peirce and Frank Ramsey, had important things to say about the status of inferences to the best explanation. The entities we infer by an appeal to the best explanation cannot be inferred to exist with certainty. Nor can the principles we infer be inferred to be true with certainty. Rather, Peirce and Ramsey argue that we are justified in believing that the entities and principles in our best theory exist and are true. The difference here is important. It is the difference between being a pragmatist (of the objective sort) and a realist who reaches for too much.
Inference to the Best Explanation and Epistemic Circularity
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Pritchard Duncan
Published: January 2018

Inference to the best explanation (IBE) tells us to infer from the available evidence to the hypothesis which would, if correct, best explain that evidence. As Peter Lipton puts it, the core idea driving IBE is that explanatory considerations are a guide to inference. But what is the epistemic status of IBE itself? One issue of contemporary interest is whether it is possible to provide a justification for IBE itself which is non-objectionably circular. We aim to carve out some new space in this debate. In particular, we suggest that the matter of whether a given rule-circular argument is objectionably circular itself depends crucially on some subtle distinctions which have been made in the recent literature on perceptual warrant. By bringing these debates together, a principled reason emerges for why some kinds of rule-circular justifications for IBE are considerably less objectionable than others.
Explanation, Confirmation, and Hempel’s Paradox
Authors: Roche William
Published: January 2018

Hempel’s Converse Consequence Condition (CCC), Entailment Condition (EC), and Special Consequence Condition (SCC) have some prima facie plausibility when taken individually. Hempel, though, shows that they have no plausibility when taken together, for together they entail that E confirms H for any propositions E and H. This is “Hempel’s paradox.” It turns out that Hempel’s argument would fail if one or more of CCC, EC, and SCC were modified in terms of explanation. This opens up the possibility that Hempel’s paradox can be solved by modifying one or more of CCC, EC, and SCC in terms of explanation. This chapter explores this possibility by modifying CCC and SCC in terms of explanation and considering whether CCC and SCC so modified are correct. It also relates that possibility to Inference to the Best Explanation.
Parrying Parity
Authors: Buras Todd , Dougherty Trent
Published: January 2018

One Berkeleyan case for idealism, recently developed by Robert M. Adams, relies on a seeming disparity between our concepts of matter and mind. Thomas Reid’s critique of idealism directly challenges the alleged disparity. After highlighting the role of the disparity thesis in Adams’s updated Berkeleyan argument for idealism, this chapter offers an updated version of Reid’s challenge, and assesses its strength. What emerges from this historico-philosophical investigation is that a contemporary Reidian has much work to do to transpose her objections to Berkeley into good objections to Adams’s argument.
Signaling Systems and the Transcendental Deduction
Authors: Ahmed Arif
Published: January 2018

The central claim of Kant’s Transcendental Deduction is that unity of consciousness entails objectivity of experience. This chapter defends an interpretation of that claim that has nothing especially to do with imagination, thought, language, or ‘categories.’ It is a general truth about signaling systems. More specifically, there is a precise sense in which (i) a signaling system may detect properties of objects as opposed to merely reflecting how it is being affected by external reality taken as a lump. And there is a precise sense in which (ii) a signaling system may exhibit a unity as opposed to being equivalent to a mere bundle of more specialized signaling systems. The chapter argues that (i) is a consequence of (ii): any signaling system that exhibits unity in this sense has experience of objects in that one. That truth, and the argument for it, cast light on (a) Kant and (b) idealism.
Mereological Idealism
Authors: Pearce Kenneth L.
Published: January 2018

According to common sense, some but not all collections of objects are unified into larger wholes. For instance, a certain collection of pieces composes a person’s desk, but there is no object composed of that person’s left ear and the Eiffel Tower. Mereological idealism is the view that our conceptualizing activity is responsible for this unification: a collection of objects composes a whole if and only if those objects are co-apprehended by some mind under some concept. This chapter develops this view in detail and defends it against objections. Additionally, the chapter argues that mereological idealism is able to solve certain well-known problems faced by other theories of composition: the vagueness problem, the causal exclusion problem, and the problem of alternative conceptual schemes.
Categorical Logic and Model Theory
Authors: Bell John L.
Published: January 2018

The chapter begins with an introduction describing the development of categorical logic from the 1960s. The next section, `Categories and Deductive Systems’, describes the relationship between categories and propositional logic, while the ensuing section, `Functorial Semantics’, is devoted to Lawvere’s provision of the first-order theory of models with a categorical formulation. In the section `Local Set Theories and Toposes’ the categorical counterparts—toposes—to higher-order logic are introduced, along with their associated theories—local set theories. In the section `Models of First-Order Languages in Categories’ the idea of an interpretation of a many-sorted first-order language is introduced, along with the concept of generic model of a theory formulated in such a language. The chapter concludes with the section `Models in Toposes’, wherein is introduced the concept of a first-order geometric theory and its associated classifying topos containing a generic model of the theory.
Unfolding FOLDS: A Foundational Framework for Abstract Mathematical Concepts
Authors: Marquis Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2018

FOLDS, first-order logic with dependent sorts, has been introduced by the logician Michael Makkai as a foundational framework to capture the abstract nature of contemporary mathematical concepts. In this chapter, we present the underlying philosophical motivation of FOLDS as well as some of the salient technical features of the framework. We end by discussing what we take to be philosophically meaningful aspects of FOLDS and the accompanying framework.
Proof Theory of the Cut Rule
Authors: Cockett J. R. B. , Seely R. A. G.
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the categorical proof theory of the cut rule, a very basic component of any sequent-style presentation of a logic, assuming a minimum of structural rules and connectives, in fact, starting with none. It is shown how logical features can be added to this basic logic in a modular fashion, at each stage showing the appropriate corresponding categorical semantics of the proof theory, starting with multicategories, and moving to linearly distributive categories and *-autonomous categories. A key tool is the use of graphical representations of proofs (“proof circuits”) to represent formal derivations in these logics. This is a powerful symbolism, which on the one hand is a formal mathematical language, but crucially, at the same time, has an intuitive graphical representation.
Categories as Mathematical Models
Authors: Spivak David I.
Published: January 2018

Category theory is presented as a mathematical modelling framework that highlights the relationships between objects, rather than the objects in themselves. A working definition of model is given, and several examples of mathematical objects, such as vector spaces, groups, and dynamical systems, are considered as categorical models.
Structural Realism and Category Mistakes
Authors: Landry Elaine
Published: January 2018

Structural realists have made use of category theory in three ways. The first is as a meta-level formal framework for a structural realist account of the structure of scientific theories, either syntactic or semantic. The second is an appeal to the category-theoretic structure of some successful, successive or fundamental, physical theory to argue that this is the structure we should be physically committed to, either epistemically or ontically. The third is to use category theory as a conceptual tool to argue that it makes conceptual sense to talk of relations without relata and structures without objects. After a brief overview of structural realism, I consider how each appeal to the use of category theory stands up against the aims of the structural realist.
The Art of Love Poetry
Authors: Gray Erik
Published: January 2018

Love begets poetry; poetry begets love. These two propositions have seemed evident to thinkers and poets across the Western literary tradition. Plato writes that “anyone that love touches instantly becomes a poet.” And even today, when poetry has largely disappeared from the mainstream of popular culture, it retains its romantic associations. But why should this be so—what are the connections between poetry and erotic love that lead us to associate them so strongly with one another? An examination of different theories of both love and poetry across the centuries reveals that the connection between them is not merely an accident of cultural history—the result of our having grown up hearing, or hearing about, love poetry—but something more intrinsic. Even as definitions of them have changed, the two phenomena have consistently been described in parallel terms. Love is characterized by paradox. Above all, it is both necessarily public, because interpersonal, and intensely private; hence it both requires expression and resists it. In poetry, especially lyric poetry, which features its own characteristic paradoxes and silences, love finds a natural outlet. This study considers both the theories and the love poems themselves, bringing together a wide range of examples from different eras in order to examine the major structures that love and poetry share. It does not aim to be a comprehensive history of Western love poetry, but an investigation into the meaning and function of recurrent tropes, forms, and images employed by poets to express and describe erotic love.
Kissing
Authors: Gray Erik
Published: January 2018

This chapter concerns kissing, which has figured prominently in the love poetry tradition. A poem is the natural correlative to a kiss. Both are oral pleasures; both are simultaneously sensual and spiritual, providing satisfaction in themselves while also sublimating or substituting for more intimate forms of erotic contact. Above all, both reflect the many contradictions that cluster around love. Like a poem, a kiss both communicates and interferes with communication; it is both discrete and unbounded; it represents both union and separation. Beginning with Catullus and taking as its central figure the Renaissance poet Joannes Secundus, whose neoclassical Basia (Kisses) exerted a lasting influence, the chapter considers the structures that poets have consistently deployed to communicate the experience of a kiss, including not only rhyme but such tropes as chiasmus, parataxis, and polyptoton, all of which help figure forth the erotic tensions inherent in the act of kissing.
The Content of Perceptual Experience
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

Attention performs two constitutive roles in perceptual experience. This chapter argues that this claim is motivated by a need to respect two apparently competing insights about experience, one having to do with its epistemic role in supplying reasons for our beliefs about the world around us, the other to do with the phenomenology of openness to the world. Attention is the glue that binds our sensate, active, and rational natures, that in virtue of which we both find ourselves absorbed by a world of solicitations and also what enables us to access objective features of the entities whose presence solicits us.
Quantifying loss and degradation of former American marten habitat due to the impacts of forestry operations and associated road networks in northern Idaho, USA
Authors: Cushman Samuel A. , Wasserman Tzeidle N.
Published: January 2018

American marten are associated with extensive and unfragmented late seral forest habitats, and are often considered to be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation. This chapter evaluates the impact of road building and timber harvest on habitat suitability for marten in northern Idaho, USA, using an empirically derived, multi-scale habitat suitability model, reconstructing key predictor variables (elevation, forest type, road density, canopy cover, landscape fragmentation and the extensiveness of late seral forest in the landscape) as they appear to have existed prior to harvest, and applying the model to both current and pre-harvest conditions. Calculating changes in the extent and pattern of habitat in the landscape indicate that timber harvest and road construction together reduced marten habitat quality considerably across the study area, which is likely responsible for current patterns of reduced detection rates and lower genetic diversity in areas that have experienced the largest amounts of habitat loss.