bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types of Mental Deficiency and Their Social Significance
Authors: Lewis E. O.
Published: August 2008

In recent years there has been an increasing tendency for the papers presented at the meetings of this Association to deal with the application of science to industrial and social problems. The norms of science have been applied to the art of living. The rapprochement on this platform between the scientist and the man of practical affairs has gone even further. Valuable contributions have been made by administrators and leaders of industry which have indicated the scientific implications of the practical problems in their respective spheres; and by no means the least function served by these contributions has been that of propounding problems to the scientists.
The Mongol: A New Explanation
Authors: Clark R. M.
Published: August 2008

It is now recognized that mongolism results from defects inherent in the germ-plasm. This has been proved by numerous observers, including Bauer, Orel, Halbertsma, Brousseau and others, who have investigated the occurrence of mongolism in uniovular and biovular twins.
Cholesterol: Its Relation to Mental Disorder
Authors: Duncan A. Glen
Published: August 2008

During the last ten or twelve years a great deal of study has been devoted to cholesterol, its metabolism and variation in disease, and its rôle in mental disorder. Since 1926, investigations on this line, laboratory and clinical, have been carried out at Severalls Mental Hospital, and the object of the present paper is to summarize this research, especially in the light of other work, and to indicate what conclusions might be formed.
Studies in Perseveration
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen , Caunt T. G. B.
Published: August 2008

This study was undertaken in the furtherance of a project outlined in an earlier paper (I), namely, the development of objective means of estimating the progress of psycho-biological reactions. Perseveration has been touched upon in an earlier investigation, and it was determined to examine more closely what seemed to offer the possibility of a valuable mode of measurement.
The Genesis of Mind
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

It might seem unaccountable that, notwithstanding the common sense of mankind has in all ages recognised the existence of intellect in animals, certain philosophers should always have been found to repudiate the vulgar opinion; were it not that experience proves there is much truth in the description which Condillac gives of the philosophers, as “men who love much better an absurdity that they imagine than a truth which all the world adopts.” Though Plato tells us that in the golden age men derived all their knowledge from communication with beasts, and though the little understood and much misunderstood Egyptians of old paid divine honours to certain animals—not, as is sometimes superficially concluded, on account of their brute wisdom, but really as living symbols of Divine intelligence, which they embodied and instinctively displayed—yet the Cartesian philosophy actually denied sensibility to animals, and designated them living machines. For such unmerited ignominy they have, however, been more than compensated by writers who, like M. Charles Bonnet, maintain the existence of immortal souls in them, and predict for them a future world and a happier destiny. The ancients would appear generally to have entertained a somewhat similar opinion; for, without referring to the doctrine of metempsychosis, we have the authority of Homer, who represents Orion as chasing the souls of stags over the plains of hell. And modem instinct, when not perverted by the prejudices and conceit of learning, never fails to acknowledge the rationality of brutes. According to a Scandinavian aphorism, the bear has the strength of ten men and the sense of twelve; and the Red Indians are so impressed with the intellectual powers of this animal that, whenever they have killed one, they scrupulously strive to appease its manes with various important ceremonies. They deck out its head with various trinkets, and make a long speech in which the courage of the departed is praised, its living relatives profusely complimented, and a hope expressed that the conduct of its slayer has been satisfactory both to itself and them. The intelligence of civilisation may dismiss with a smile of pity or contempt such barbarous displays; but the most advanced intelligence will not forget that there is some substratum of truth beneath every superstition, by virtue of which it lives. As no nation ever yet worshipped a piece of carved wood or chiselled stone otherwise than as a symbol of the Great Incomprehensible, by which both barbarous and civilised men are surrounded; so we may rest satisfied that the Red Indian only labours to propitiate the ghost of the bear because he has at times found, to his cost, that its intelligence has surpassed his own. The extremes of attributing too much and too little intelligence to animals will, however, be alike avoided by that sincere and unbiassed observation which, while discrediting all exaggerated theories, willingly recognises the undoubted existence in them of intelligence in its rudimentary form, and strives to point out the evidences of its gradual development through them.
Middle-Class Hospitals for the Insane
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

A little more than a year ago a public meeting was announced as having taken place in this metropolis for the purpose of establishing a “Benevolent Asylum for the Middle Classes.” Though many were without doubt pleased with the project of so useful an undertaking, it appears that the vast majority of the public regarded it with great indifference. For, from time to time, an advertisement in the papers—a doleful and undignified document—has complained of the want of support, begged for further aid, and reminded lately the public that the amount subscribed for the Hartley Colliery Fund over and above what was wanted, would have been more than sufficient to have started the benevolent asylum. The public indifference must be the result of public ignorance; for we well know that when the heart of the country is touched, its sympathy and help are given in a profuse and practical manner. To elicit such aid, however, there must be a reasonable and well understood end in view; and the question is, whether the promoters of this proposed asylum have given a clear idea of what they want, of what they propose to do, and of the way they propose to do it.
Considerations with regard to Hereditary Influence
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

Although the axiom ex nihilo nihil fit may unquestionably in strict logic be pronounced to be a pure assumption, for as much as it is not impossible that an enlarged experience may sometime furnish us with an instantia contradictoria, yet it is plainly necessary within the compass of human knowledge to consider it an established truth. Within human ken there is, indeed, no beginning, no end; the past is developed in the present, and the present in the prediction of the future; cause produces effect, and effect in its turn becomes cause. Dust is man, and to dust he returns; the individual passes away, but that out of which he is created does not pass away. The decomposition of one compound is the production of another, and death is an entrance into a new being. This is no new truth, although modern science is now for the first time making good use of it; the earlier Grecian philosophers distinctly recognised it, and it has many times been plainly enunciated since their time. “All things,” said Empedocles, “are but a mingling and a separation of the mingled, which are called birth and death by ignorant mortals.” Plato expressed himself in like manner; and the plain statement of the truth was one of the heresies of the unfortunate Giordano Bruno. The imagination of Shakspeare, faithful to the scientific fact, traces the noble dust of Alexander till it is found stopping a bung-hole, and follows imperious Caesar till he patches a hole to keep the wind away. The immortality of matter and of force is an evident necessity of human thought.
Cranial Nerve Palsies As a Manifestation of Peripheral Neuritis in Alcoholic Insanity
Authors: O'Connell D. J. , McLeman J. , Stern Ruby O.
Published: August 2008

In the literature on neurological complications of alcoholism but scant reference has been made to the occurrence of cranial nerve palsies in alcoholic peripheral neuritis. Although Russell Brain (1) states that there is no form of polyneuritis in which the cranial nerves may not suffer, he refers to the rarity with which they are affected in the alcoholic form, and mentions only the vagus and the facial nerves as being occasionally involved. Collier and Adie (2) in Price's Text-book of Medicine state that facial palsies, ptosis, nystagmus and weakness of the extra-ocular muscles have been observed, whilst Feiling (3) writes in the Oxford Medicine that with the exception of nystagmus, involvement of the cranial nerves is very rare in alcoholic neuritis.
Female Homicides
Authors: Morton J. H.
Published: August 2008

Female homicides can be conveniently considered under three headings: (i) Those who kill their children, (2) those who kill adults, and (3) abortionists. The last group has not been included in the 126 cases under review, because the mental condition of the abortionists is of little interest for our present purpose. I have never known a prisoner charged with this offence raise the subject in mitigation of punishment. The 126 cases are not in any way selected, but are the total number of murder charges I have had under my care at Holloway prison during the years 1923 to 1932, excluding cases of abortion. I have selected the year 1923 because the Legislature introduced the Infanticide Act in the previous year; this Act effected certain changes in practice to which I shall refer again in some detail.
The Bi-Coloured Guaiac Reaction in Mental Hospital Practice
Authors: Hardwick S. W.
Published: August 2008

The object of this investigation was to ascertain the value of the bicoloured guaiac reaction on the cerebro-spinal fluid in mental hospital practice. The reaction, which was first described by de Thurzo (i), is similar in principle to the Lange gold sol test, in that under certain conditions precipitation occurs from a colloidal system. Its originality depends on the fact that two dyes, naphthol green and brilliant fuchsin are contained in the system, one of which attaches itself to the precipitating colloid (brilliant fuchsin), whilst the other (naphthol green) remains in the supernatant fluid. It is claimed that it is not so susceptible to possible fallacies as the gold sol test (such as chemical uncleanliness), that it is possibly more selective in its action, and that it has the same practical value in the laboratory diagnosis of neuro-syphilis. Results have been reported on hospital cases (2) showing fair agreement with the Lange and Wassermann tests, but so far no records are available showing the value of this test in a series of neuro-syphilitic cases from mental hospitals, with the exception of a brief report on 10 cases (3). The present report deals with 325 fluids obtained from cases in L.C.C. mental hospitals, and these included 125 cases of general paralysis treated by malaria and other pyrexial therapies.
A Follow-Up Study of One Hundred Cases Made for the Department of Psychological Medicine, Guy's Hospital
Authors: Hardcastle Dorothy H.
Published: August 2008

The following study was made for the Department of Psychological Medicine at Guy's Hospital in London in May, 1933. The purpose of the study was to investigate the present condition of the first hundred patients who attended the Department in 1931. Some of the findings will be compared with those from a similar study made in New York.
The Fifteenth Maudsley Lecture: The Professional Mind
Authors: Macmillan Lord
Published: August 2008

In devoting to the foundation of a memorial lectureship a portion of Dr. Maudsley's bequest, the learned Society which I have this afternoon the honour to address made an indulgent concession to the laity in prescribing that the lecture to be delivered should in alternate years be of a scientific and of a popular character. This year it is the turn of the popular lecturer—a rôle which I have assumed with some trepidation. The distinction drawn is an ominous one. It seems to suggest that to be scientific you must be unpopular, and to be popular you must be unscientific. But is there necessarily so absolute a dividing line between the two domains? I hazard the view that it is possible to be at once both popular and scientific. No doubt there is still a tendency in learned circles to deride what is known as popular science, but that is an inheritance from the days of the cheap and inaccurate manuals which used to be written by imperfectly informed persons, pretentiously professing to enlighten the masses on the truths of science. Nowadays, science has become more condescending, indeed almost affable, to democracy. The approach has come from both sides, for democracy is now better educated, and science is now more expert in the art of exposition. The advent of the internal combustion engine, of wireless telegraphy and of many other practical applications of science to daily life has created a new and widespread interest and aptitude on the part of the general public in the acquisition of accurate scientific knowledge, particularly among the younger generation. At the same time the physicist, the chemist and the biologist have found it possible and worth while to impart much of their learning to wider audiences. Science is daily entering more and more into the lives of the people, with the consequence that its social, economic and political implications are being more and more realized by its professors. The President of the Royal Society has reminded us that we live in an age when the advance and development of scientific knowledge are continually creating new social and economic problems of the utmost importance, and has emphasized the necessity of bridging the gap between the scientist and the layman by every possible means. The British Science Guild, now doing such excellent work, was founded some thirty years ago by Sir Norman Lockyer for the express purpose of promoting the application of scientific method and results to social problems and public affairs. The market-place can doubtless never supersede the laboratory, but the scientist no longer disdains to take his wares to market.
The Objective Measurement of Mental Stability
Authors: Line W. , Griffin J. D. M. , Anderson G. W.
Published: August 2008

The studies here reported are concerned with the application of some of the techniques of measurement to problems of mental health. They constitute the preliminary steps in a programme of research that envisages: (i) the possibility of assisting mental diagnosis by means of objective experimentation, the purpose of which is to isolate variables in personality that are significant in their relationships to degrees of mental stability; (ii) the functional interpretation of these variables; (iii) the employment of any quantitative criteria that can be thus established, in demonstrating the influence of therapeutic and positive mental hygiene programmes.
A Suggested Approach to the Problems of Neuro-Psychiatry
Authors: Hardcastle D. Noel
Published: August 2008

In considering the structure of the central nervous system as the vehicle for the mind, due regard must be paid to the vast amount of psychological knowledge which has been accumulated, and any new theories advanced must at least to some extent be able to explain accepted psychological material in neurological terms.
The Inter-Relationships of Mental Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Menninger William C.
Published: August 2008

The relationship between mental disorders and diabetes is studied as shown by 30 cases of mental disorder associated with diabetes, 93 cases of uncomplicated diabetes and 400 uncomplicated cases of mental disorder. This study covers, first, the psychological picture in diabetes; second, the types and courses of mental disorder associated with diabetes; and third, the mental symptoms with hypoglycæmia.
Modern Endocrinology and Mental Disorder
Authors: Power Thomas D.
Published: August 2008

There are in the wards of every mental hospital numbers of persons who for long periods of time exhibit profound disorders of emotion. Thus, we note the fixed depression of the melancholic, the boisterous exuberance of the manic, and the mechanical indifference of the primary dement.
Some Clinical Aspects of General Paralysis
Authors: Nicol W. D. , Hutton E. L.
Published: August 2008

The employment of malaria as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of general paralysis has focused attention on the latter disease and has provided much material for thought. A discussion on the prognosis and treatment of general paralysis was sponsored by the Association at the quarterly meetings in November, 1928, and February, 1929. The Sections of Psychiatry and Neurology of the Royal Society of Medicine had a similar discussion at the same time, and quite recently the Neurological Section of the Royal Society of Medicine debated the unsettled problems of neuro-syphilis, when the President, in summing up, remarked, “Our problems still remain unsettled”.
Artificial Psychoses Produced by Mescaline
Authors: Guttmann Erich
Published: August 2008

Progress in general medicine is brought about by clinical observation or carefully controlled experimental research. In psychiatry there is little opportunity for the latter approach. One of the few methods available at the present time is the use of intoxicating drugs. It was Kraepelin who first emphasized the importance of studying psychological changes produced by drugs. Following his lead many observers have tested their action on various psychic faculties. Copious data have been collected about such agents as alcohol, caffeine, hyoscine and cocaine. But the value of these observations in bringing about an understanding of the psycho-pathology of the major psychoses is limited, since it is rarely possible to produce the picture of a true psychosis without giving the drug in amounts sufficient to bring about dangerous or chronic intoxication.
The Value of Cholecystectomy in the Treatment of Enteric Carriers in Mental Hospitals
Authors: Golla F. , McGrath M. J. , Ashby W. R.
Published: August 2008

Carriers of the enteric group of organisms are apt to be a source of some administrative difficulty in mental hospitals. The Infectious Diseases Sub-Committee have therefore attempted to estimate the value of cholecystectomy in this condition.
The Bodily Complaint: A Study of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Brown Felix
Published: August 2008

Adolf Meyer writes, “In the end our task is the amplification and specification of the complaint, expressed in the most factual objective and potent terms”. Robert Hutchison also emphasizes the importance of the complaint when he stresses the presenting symptom in his treatment of medicine. A patient always comes to his physician with some complaint, which it is the duty of the physician to investigate and treat. In the majority of cases the complaint is a bodily one; the patient goes to his physician complaining of an ache or pain or some other bodily discomfort. This bodily complaint may or may not be due to some physical illness. In Sir Walter Langdon Brown's words, “Some are unhappy through illness, some are ill through unhappiness”. This paper deals with those patients who have bodily complaints for which no adequate physical basis can be found. This condition is now known as hypochondriasis.
Chronaximetric Studies in Catatonia
Authors: Last S. L. , Ström-Olsen Rolf
Published: August 2008

One of the greatest problems facing the psychiatrist of to-day is the ætiology of schizophrenia, particularly that of the catatonic variety. Our ignorance in this respect is reflected by the number of hypotheses which have been put forward by the various schools of thought. It would be a task beyond the scope of this paper to attempt to summarize or criticize these theories, but for the sake of clarity a brief survey may here be made. The ætiological hypotheses fall into three main groups:
Endocrinopathies and Psychoses
Authors: Hutton James H. , Steinberg D. L.
Published: August 2008

The problem of the relationship of the endocrine system to personality and its disorders has long been an intriguing one. The literature abounds with the views of the psychiatrist, physiologist, pathologist and endocrinologist, and still there remains a multitude of challenging questions unanswered. The ætiology of personality disorders, that of the psychoses, and the true function of the endocrines and their working mechanism have never been satisfactorily determined. To establish scientifically any ætiological factor in medicine one must make a definite diagnosis of the entity, identify the ætiological factor, the specific pathological picture, and the influence of specific therapy.
Therapeutic Narcosis with Soneryl
Authors: Horsley J. Stephen
Published: August 2008

Barbital therapy has aroused more interest than any other method of narcotic treatment. The reason is that barbital narcosis offers a new means of establishing contact with hitherto suspicious, seclusive and inaccessible patients. It is the quickest and most effective method of inducing sleep and rest in various maniacal states. Furthermore it is a potent agent in terminating the course of many acute psychoses. Barbital therapy, being empirical, and to some extent experimental, is difficult to define. It denotes more than the mere induction of continuous deep sleep. In fact, it denotes an organized scheme whereby physical and psychic rest, increased suggestibility and alteration of affect are used together to restore normality.
A Note on the Use of Diathermy in Idiopathic Epilepsy
Authors: Clegg J. L.
Published: August 2008

IN 1935 V. V. Issahyev reported very favourable results from the treatment of a number of cases of idiopathic epilepsy by diathermy to the head, stating that although the method could not be held to cure the complaint, nevertheless it produced considerable relief in the majority of cases. The object of the present investigation has been to repeat this form of treatment in a further series of cases in order to see how far these results could be confirmed.
“Temporary” Treatment: An Analysis of Thirty Cases
Authors: Wootton L. H. , Minski Louis
Published: August 2008

Since the passing of the Mental Treatment Act, 1930, 30 patients have been admitted to St. Ebba's Hospital under Section 5, and it is proposed to analyse the type of case admitted, and to mention some of the difficulties encountered in treating patients on a temporary basis.
Schema for the Examination of Organic Cases
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. , Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper on general and focal symptoms localization in the brain was discussed as to its principles and limitations. In the subsequent investigations a method of examination has been worked out and is here presented. It is meant to serve a threefold purpose, which should be kept in mind when the scheme is applied.
Syphilis in Mental Hospital Practice
Authors: Prentice David
Published: August 2008

Dr. Prentice said that syphilis, in its incidence, diagnosis and treatment, presented, in mental hospital practice, problems which differed from those met with in dealing with the disease in general practice and in V.D. clinics. In the former its incidence was higher than in the general population, and that was largely because many of those whose nervous system had become affected by the later stages of the infection ultimately developed a psychosis. Drugs which were efficacious in somatic syphilis showed but little therapeutic effect in the treatment of the nervous system when affected by syphilis. There was a wide variation in the syphilis occurrence-rate among new admissions to mental hospitals, namely, from 5% to 31%; there was no doubt that incidence varied in different parts of the country; for instance, at Whittingham Mental Hospital, Lancashire, the male admissions in one year showed 21–9% with syphilis, and females 8–9%. At Narborough in the past two years—using the same methods of diagnosis—the positive males were only 7–7%, the females 4–6%. It was difficult to estimate reliably what proportion of the general population suffer from syphilis, but comparison of the figures of the Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases with those given by numerous workers in mental hospitals—excluding cases of general paresis and meningo-vascular syphilis—showed that the part played by syphilis in the ætiology of ordinary mental diseases must be a very small one. Bearing in mind the body-mind relationship, any toxic or infective process which could be a factor in the ætiology of mental illness should be dealt with. Even if the disease were predominantly psychogenic, all possible physiogenic factors should be eliminated or dealt with.
A Fatal Case of Status Epilepticus, with Post Mortem Findings.∗
Authors: Wyllie A. M.
Published: August 2008

Miss H. R. N—. Date of birth, November 11, 1889.
The Eighteenth Maudsley Lecture: Science and Psychiatry
Authors: Golla F.
Published: August 2008

When you did me the very great honour of calling on me to deliver the Maudsley Lecture, I was told that it had been decided that these lectures should be devoted alternately to scientific psychiatry and to subjects of general popular interest, and that the subject of my lecture was to be scientific. I decided that with a year's notice the active preparation of the lecture might well be postponed for eleven months, and that during this gestation period I might hope to fix on one of the many aspects of pathological or physiological science of sufficient interest to justify a not too technical exposition to a mainly clinical audience.
On Some Problems of Histological Diagnosis and Interpretation of Circulatory Disturbances in the Brain
Authors: Meyer A.
Published: August 2008

Originally the conception of disturbances of the cerebral circulation was closely associated with that of gross arterial and venous disease, and it was in these conditions that the typical pictures of hæmorrhages, hæmorrhagic and anæmic infarctions (softenings), scars and cysts as their sequelæ were first studied. These sequelæ are in all essentials the same in the brain as in other organs with similar vascular arrangements, such as the kidney and the spleen, with the exception of some peculiarities due to special structure or special staining reactions. Recent ischæmic necrosis of the grey matter appears in Nissl-stained specimens as areas of pallor, and examination under high magnification often reveals a special type of ganglion-cell change called ischæmic by Spielmeyer (16), which so far has maintained its reputation as being highly specific. A further peculiarity is provided by the activity of the glia in all processes of breakdown and repair. In vascular disease especially, a type of mobile glial-mesodermal activity is met with (Spielmeyer (16)), that is to say, the glia acts jointly with the mesenchymal tissue in the production of scavenger-cells and of fibres.
The Takata Reaction on the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid in Syphilis of the Nervous System
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H.
Published: August 2008

The Takata reaction (1) consists in the production of a flocculation or opacity in fluids on the addition of alkaline mercuric chloride solution. It has been modified and applied to the cerebro-spinal fluid (Takata-Ara (2)), and found to be positive mainly in cases of syphilis of the nervous system. Various modifications in the technique have been described, e.g., Jezler (3) and Ginkel (4), but in the following investigations on 177 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid Ucko's (5) modification of the reaction on serum, whereby the reaction time is reduced from 24 hours to 90 minutes, has been further modified by the author to permit of its application to the cerebro-spinal fluid.
Psychological Aspects of Insulin Shock Therapy: A Psychosomatic Study
Authors: Larkin E.
Published: August 2008

All those who have worked with insulin will have been impressed by the great freeing of behaviour that the patients exhibit. It is seen in the hypoglycæmic state, before coma sets in, and as the patient returns to consciousness after interruption of the coma. The degree of this freeing varies directly with the prognosis. In this uninhibited state the anatomy, the very bones of the personality, can be studied, and the physician's observations should be able to establish the main outlines of the pathology of the total personality—the psycho-pathology.
The Electro-Encephalogram in Schizophrenia
Authors: MacMahon J. F. , Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

This preliminary survey of a group of schizophrenics at Friern Hospital was undertaken in order to find out whether such cases presented any electroencephalographic deviation from normal. In the event of positive results being obtained it was hoped that, in addition to further lines for research being indicated, some light might be thrown on the issues raised by Hoagland, Cameron and Rubin (1), (2), (3), and Lemere (4) regarding electro-encephalograms in treated and untreated psychotics.
Home-Sickness and Immigrant Psychoses. Austrian and German Domestic Servants the Basis of Study
Authors: Frost Isaac
Published: August 2008

Home-sickness springs from the conflict between family ties and herd or group feelings, and among immigrants, such as those Austrian and German domestic servants working in London, the nostalgic reaction may lead to certifiable mental disorder. The present study concerns forty cases of this kind who, between 1931 and 1937, came under my care at Friern Hospital.
The Theory and use of Play in the Psychotherapy of Childhood
Authors: Lowenfeld Margaret
Published: August 2008

Theories have been put forward concerning children's play which relate it to phylogeny and to an impulse towards preparation for life.
The Importance of Diagnosis and Treatment of the Disorders of Adolescence
Authors: Miller Emanuel
Published: August 2008

The problem of puberty can be regarded as the problem of functional psycho-somatic disharmony. The solution cannot lie exclusively in the field of mind or of body, because we are dealing not solely with psychic structures which are undergoing reshaping in their own right, but with the processes of maturation in the somatic field. The vector of normal growth lies somewhere within the parallelogram of these two forces. On this analogy, the presence of negative agencies must be stressed when we consider the repressive forces of the mind, and the return to primitive physiological responses as in schizophrenic reactions.
Comments on Hysteria
Authors: Pollack F.
Published: August 2008

A cerebral-pathological approach to the hysterical syndrome is presented in contrast to the biological and psychological approach. Hysterical motor and sensory disturbances are discussed, and the great group of the so-called organ hysterias are considered in the light of a typical case of hysterical visual disorders.
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
Authors: Lloyd J. S. , Jacobson J. N.
Published: August 2008

Agenesis of the corpus callosum is not as rare as might be expected and over a hundred cases are on record. It is, however, remarkable for the diversity of the clinical signs that are associated with it, and no doubt these are dependent on other anomalies of the brain, some of which apparently always accompany this condition.
The Nineteenth Maudsley Lecture: A Revaluation of Psychiatry
Authors: Henderson D. K.
Published: August 2008

I am deeply conscious of the high honour which has been bestowed on me in having been granted the privilege of delivering this year's Maudsley Lecture. It is an honour which I value very highly, and I trust that the subject I have chosen for your consideration may prove in some degree worthy of the occasion.
Insulin Therapy; Unusual Hypoglycæmic Sequels in Two Psychotic Patients, with Observations on Glycæmic Levels
Authors: Robertson W. M. Ford , Ashford G. L.
Published: August 2008

From the use of insulin in the treatment of schizophrenia much has been learned about hypoglycæmia, but nevertheless the physiopathology of the subject remains obscure. The intricacies of the ætiology of hypoglycæmia are well illustrated by Martin and Hellmuth's (1) study of 404 patients uninfluenced by insulin. The blood sugar in the majority of these cases was found at some time to be below 70 mgrm. %, and only in about one-third was an organic basis ascertained. Only 9% had definite symptoms of hypoglycæmia, 71% were asymptomatic and 20% were suggestive. The blood-sugar levels at which symptoms occurred differed in different individuals. Those showing symptoms at comparatively high levels belonged mainly to a group described as “symptomatic functional hypoglycæmia “, and those showing symptoms at lower levels were mostly suffering from psychoneurotic disorders. Martin and Hellmuth consider that few of these cases should be diagnosed as suffering from “hyperinsulinism” as described by Seal Harris (2) and Ross and Josephs (3).
Some Considerations of the Physical Factor in Delusional States
Authors: Hemphill R. E.
Published: August 2008

On the subject of the correlation of neurological lesions with psycho-pathological phenomena, two eminent neuro-histologists, the Werthams, have recently written: “It must be pointed out that in proportion to the extraordinary complexity and differentiation of the finer functions mediated by the central nervous system, histological lesions are very gross. However we may conceive of the functional processes going on in the central nervous system—physiological, physico-chemical, metabolic, electrical, etc.—it should be obvious that only the grossest miscarriages and defects would become morphologically visible. Structural lesions are the effect of functional reactions that are not histologically demonstrable. Physico-chemical changes, metabolic processes, functional changes of blood-vessels, and similar biological phenomena that cannot be micro-histologically demonstrated, precede the anatomically visible lesions which occur only where the processes have attained a certain intensity. What we can demonstrate histologically in the nervous parenchyma is not by any means an adequate basis for the understanding of the quality, intensity or normality of nervous functions. In a patient who dies in the convulsions of tetanus, the anterior horn-cells may reveal nothing abnormal. Even the most minute and complete histological examination of the central nervous system in a case may fail to reveal any evidence of an existing profound disorder of brain function. There are cases of idiocy of the severest type in which no significant histological changes may be demonstrable in the brain.”
Truancy
Authors: Partridge J. M.
Published: August 2008

Truant is an old French word meaning “vagrant”, and the term “truancy” means “unlawful absence”. The study of truancy in children is chiefly concerned with wandering, staying out from home, and staying away from, and refusing to go to school.
On the Mechanism of the Cardiazol Convulsion
Authors: Watterson D. J. , Macdonald R.
Published: August 2008

Experiments were performed to answer the elementary question whether cardiazol, after intravenous injection, has time to reach the central nervous system before the fit occurs. The question is not entirely superfluous for two reasons: first because several workers have reported convulsions occurring immediately after the injection, or even before the injection is completed, whereas in normal persons the average time taken for blood to circulate from the antecubital veins to the carotid sinus under resting conditions is 15·6 seconds (East and Bain (1936)), and from the carotid artery to the brain probably 1 second (Wolff and Blumgart (1929)); second, because it is important to decide whether the carotid sinus plays a part in the mechanism of the fit, since it is known that stimulation (by digital pressure) of the hypersensitive human carotid sinus will cause unconsciousness and convulsions (Weiss and Baker (1933)).
A Psycho-Pharmacological Study of Schizophrenia, with Particular Reference to the Mode of Action of Cardiazol, Sodium Amytal and Alcohol in Schizophrenic Stupor
Authors: Berrington W. P.
Published: August 2008

There is already a comprehensive literature on the convulsion treatment of schizophrenia, and it is not the purpose of this paper either to attempt to assess these results, or to claim therapeutic success, or failure, in the cases mentioned here.
Undesirable Mental Sequelæ to Convulsant Drug Therapy
Authors: Dynes John B.
Published: August 2008

The published reports on convulsant drug therapy of the psychoses have stressed the favourable results of such treatment, with only an occasional reference to the undesirable or unfavourable sequelæ other than such complications as fractures, dislocations, cardiac arrhythmias, etc. It seems worth while to survey the results of a series of patients so treated, and point out that psychotic patients receiving convulsant drug therapy may show undesirable mental sequelæ.
A Case of Jakob's Disease
Authors: Brown George , Buckle Donald
Published: August 2008

It is generally agreed that the occurrence of marked clinical dementia and accompanying cortical pathological lesions is rare in cases of idiopathic paralysis agitans. Cases which show this association have been described by Jakob (1923), and by Critchley and Greenfield (1937.). The name “Jakob's disease “has been assigned to this clinico-anatomical syndrome by the latter authors. Our case is clinically a typical one of this syndrome, and possesses some unusual pathological features which make it worthy of record.
Schizophrenic Thinking in a Problem-Solving Situation
Authors: Cameron Norman
Published: August 2008

The difficulties inherent in reducing schizophrenic thinking to the conditions of an experiment have led to a variety of attacks upon the problem. Of these, the attempts to subject thinking disorders to methods of quantification have so far yielded little of value. That this has been the case can be readily understood when one considers what heterogeneity of psychopathology is included under the term “schizophrenia”. Moreover, the thought of schizophrenics is apparently of the same order of complexity as the thought of normal persons, and its qualitative characteristics are even less well known. Under present conditions the qualitative approach seems to promise a greater and more useful field. Where tests have been employed with advantage in studying schizophrenia it has been chiefly their by-products that have deserved attention.
Autonomic Therapy in the Psychoneuroses
Authors: Macmillan Duncan , Fischgold H.
Published: August 2008

Though detailed knowledge of the autonomic nervous system is comparatively recent, the initial conceptions of its nature have undergone very important modifications during the time it has been known. This is mainly due to the fact that originally the anatomical discovery was taken up by investigators in various branches of clinical medicine, physiology and pharmacology, and made a special subject for detailed research. Especially did the dualism which is so remarkable a feature of the autonomic nervous system give rise to a number of theories about the relationship of the two components.
The Value of Mental Hospital Participation in Early Treatment
Authors: Kimber W. J. T.
Published: August 2008

More than a thousand years ago a Japanese writer, we are told, came to the conclusion that specialism was the curse of every subject in connection with which it had been developed.
Studies of Water Metabolism in Essential Epilepsy
Authors: Greville G. D. , Jones Tudor S. G.
Published: August 2008

(1) The diurnal water exchange has been studied in two patients for approximately four months, and in a third patient for one month. Similar measurements were made on two non-epileptic patients as controls. No certain evidence was obtained that the urinary excretion was decreased before a fit and increased afterwards, as has been often claimed. The water balance has been determined daily as completely as is practicable and the method for this is described. The daily excretion of chloride in the urine under constant salt intake at two levels has also failed to show any relation to the incidence of fits.

(2) Serial investigations have been made of the concentration of constituents of the blood which might be affected by changes in the water content of the organism, viz., protein and non-protein nitrogen in the plasma, hlemoglobin and total solids in the whole blood. Here again the variations are apparently unconnected with the incidence of fits, contrary to the findings of other authors.
The Problem of the Epileptic in Industry
Authors: Peirce G. E. Graves
Published: August 2008

In this short paper I hope to present to you some of the problems attendant on the employment of the epileptic. In so doing I shall rely as far as possible on my personal experience of the problem as it has presented itself in my routine work as medical officer for the London district of the L.M.S. Railway, which covers a large area of our system, with some 44,000 workers employed on a wide variety of occupations.
Sodium Diphenyl Hydantoinate (Dilantin) and its Combination with Phenobarbital in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Pratt C. H.
Published: August 2008

Within the last few years advances have been made in research in epilepsy which have resulted in new hope for the sufferer and physician alike.
Maternal Age, Order of Birth and Developmental Abnormalities
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

Since early times interest has centred round the problem of whether special virtue or taint is attached to the first-born child. Some recent workers, like Pearson (1914), have believed the first-born child to be liable to physical and mental handicaps. Still (1927) focuses attention on certain diseases which appeared to be more frequently manifested in the first child in a family than in children born later in that family. He also realized that maternal age might be a significant factor in other conditions. A summary of a good deal of the work done on these problems was published by Thurstone and Jenkins (1931). These writers drew attention also to parallel studies in animal genetics. Wright (1926 and 1936), by his analysis of Polydactyly and coat colour in guinea-pigs, laid a foundation for genetical work on maternal age. The effects he observed were due to alterations of characters in early offspring. Unfortunately, experimental animals rarely live long enough to make possible the corresponding study of maternal age effects at the end of the reproductive period. Evidence that birth order of itself is of significance in animal genetics has been scanty. Recently, however, Goetsch (1937) reported that the first eggs of the queen ant (Pheidole pallidula) give rise to small and physically feeble workers. In the present communication the results of some of the writer's recent researches on the effects of maternal age and birth order in human genetics are discussed. A multitude of human malformations are relevant to this study. Investigations of their respective ætiologies is of interest from the point of view of elucidating the effects of natural selection in man as well as from the standpoint of preventive medicine.
The Interrelations of Mental Defect and Mental Disorder
Authors: Hayman Max
Published: August 2008

The development of the concepts underlying the terms mental deficiency and psychosis with mental deficiency, may be arbitrarily divided into four periods, which to a considerable degree, overlap. The first period is concerned with the separation of the two principal groups, mental deficiency and mental disorder. Even before the time of Hippocrates some differentiation had been made between the idiot, who was feeble-minded from birth and the dement, who had deteriorated from a previously normal status. Pinel (1), however, as late as 1806 used the term idiocy loosely, and included many cases of terminal dementia and other deteriorated states. The end of the first period is marked by the definitive separation by Esquirol (2), in 1828, of mental defect and mental disorder, but it was not till 1886, in England, that a legal differentiation was made been insanity and feeble-mindedness.
Observations on the Symptoms of Hyperinsulinism in Relation to Blood Sugar and Keto-Bodies of the Blood
Authors: Freudenberg Rudolf , Fine Joseph
Published: August 2008

The investigation described below has as its object the determination of the influence of massive doses of insulin, such as are used in treatment of schizophrenia, on the concentration of the sugar and the ketone bodies of the blood with a view to analysing some of the causative factors of the symptoms of hyperinsulinism.
The Psychology of Convulsion Therapy
Authors: Abse David Wilfred
Published: August 2008

Much has been written about the possible somatic modifications that cardiazol, triazol and other convulsive agents bring about, and many investigations directed towards the elucidation of physical changes have been attempted. Such work in the materialist tradition of medicine is, no doubt, valuable. It would be unfortunate if it were to obscure other considerations.
Millon's Reaction in the Urine of Mentally Defective Patients
Authors: Pugh Caecilia E. M.
Published: August 2008

Unhydrolysed urine does not usually give a strong Millon's reaction in healthy people, but various workers have reported a strongly positive Millon's reaction in the unhydrolysed urine of mentally defective patients. Schemer (1927, 1928) worked up such urines for tyrosine with negative result, and also showed that the reaction was not due to free phenol or oxy-acid. He claimed (1929) to have isolated the substance responsible, but did not identify it. Lieb and Schadendorff (1929) showed that the substance isolated was impure sodium acetate formed in the method of isolation. The mystery of the substance giving the Milon's reaction was thus left unsolved.
Adaptiveness and Equilibrium
Authors: Ashby W. R.
Published: August 2008

The behaviour of animals and man may be approached from many points of view, but there is one feature of their behaviour which is outstanding in its importance and in its difficulty. I refer to the peculiar “adaptiveness” of animals' behaviour. The concept is vague, but everyone knows, roughly at least, what is meant by it. It is certainly one of the most remarkable features of animal behaviour. In psychiatry its importance is central, for it is precisely the loss of this “adaptiveness” which is the reason for certification.
Vitamin C in Senile Psychoses
Authors: Berkenau P.
Published: August 2008

The senile psychoses are in regard to their origin an unsolved problem. Much valid work has been done in the field of anatomy and histology in approaching this problem, but as the mental diseases of old age cannot be separated from the growing old of body and mind generally, this problem is more or less a biological one. The borderline between old age and senile dementia is not a sharp one. In brains of old people without clinical symptoms of dementia there have been found histological changes, such as are usually found in cases of senile dementia. This makes it probable that the extent of degeneration of brain cells alone is not decisive for the appearance of senile psychoses. The finding of the characteristic plaques in the brain of senile psychoses may give evidence of the extent of the process and the severity of clinical symptoms, but it does not tell us anything about their nature and origin. Whether a constitutional factor is decisive or whether the histological changes are a reaction to an unknown noxa is undecided. Heredity may have its share too.