bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model Study of the Influence of Ambient Temperature and Installation Types on Surface Temperature Measurement by Using a Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Jun
Published: July 2016

Surface temperature is an important parameter in clinical diagnosis, equipment state control, and environmental monitoring fields. The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensor possesses numerous significant advantages over conventional electrical sensors, thus it is an ideal choice to achieve high-accuracy surface temperature measurements. However, the effects of the ambient temperature and installation types on the measurement of surface temperature are often overlooked. A theoretical analysis is implemented and a thermal transfer model of a surface FBG sensor is established. The theoretical and simulated analysis shows that both substrate strain and the temperature difference between the fiber core and hot surface are the most important factors which affect measurement accuracy. A surface-type temperature standard setup is proposed to study the measurement error of the FBG temperature sensor. Experimental results show that there are two effects influencing measurement results. One is the “gradient effect”. This results in a positive linear error with increasing surface temperature. Another is the “substrate effect”. This results in a negative non-linear error with increasing surface temperature. The measurement error of the FBG sensor with single-ended fixation are determined by the gradient effect and is a linear error. It is not influenced by substrate expansion. Thus, it can be compensated easily. The measurement errors of the FBG sensor with double-ended fixation are determined by the two effects and the substrate effect is dominant. The measurement error change trend of the FBG sensor with fully-adhered fixation is similar to that with double-ended fixation. The adhesive layer can reduce the two effects and measurement error. The fully-adhered fixation has lower error, however, it is easily affected by substrate strain. Due to its linear error and strain-resistant characteristics, the single-ended fixation will play an important role in the FBG sensor encapsulation design field in the near future.
Development of Torque Sensor with High Sensitivity for Joint of Robot Manipulator Using 4-Bar Linkage Shape
Authors: Zhang Hong-Xia , Ryoo Young-Jae , Byun Kyung-Seok
Published: July 2016

The torque sensor is used to measure the joint torque of a robot manipulator. Previous research showed that the sensitivity and the stiffness of torque sensors have trade-off characteristics. Stiffness has to be sacrificed to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. In this research, a new torque sensor with high sensitivity (TSHS) is proposed in order to resolve this problem. The key idea of the TSHS comes from its 4-bar linkage shape in which the angular displacement of a short link is larger than that of a long link. The sensitivity of the torque sensor with a 4-bar link shape is improved without decreasing stiffness. Optimization techniques are applied to maximize the sensitivity of the sensor. An actual TSHS is constructed to verify the validity of the proposed mechanism. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of TSHS can be increased 3.5 times without sacrificing stiffness.
Field Measurement-Based System Identification and Dynamic Response Prediction of a Unique MIT Building
Authors: Cha Young-Jin , Trocha Peter , Büyüköztürk Oral
Published: July 2016

Tall buildings are ubiquitous in major cities and house the homes and workplaces of many individuals. However, relatively few studies have been carried out to study the dynamic characteristics of tall buildings based on field measurements. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of the Green Building, a unique 21-story tall structure located on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA), was characterized and modeled as a simplified lumped-mass beam model (SLMM), using data from a network of accelerometers. The accelerometer network was used to record structural responses due to ambient vibrations, blast loading, and the October 16th 2012 earthquake near Hollis Center (ME, USA). Spectral and signal coherence analysis of the collected data was used to identify natural frequencies, modes, foundation rocking behavior, and structural asymmetries. A relation between foundation rocking and structural natural frequencies was also found. Natural frequencies and structural acceleration from the field measurements were compared with those predicted by the SLMM which was updated by inverse solving based on advanced multiobjective optimization methods using the measured structural responses and found to have good agreement.
Competitiveness of Small Farms and Innovative Food Supply Chains: The Role of Food Hubs in Creating Sustainable Regional and Local Food Systems
Authors: Berti Giaime , Mulligan Catherine
Published: July 2016

Over the last decades, the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the conventional agri-food system has and continues to be contested within both academic and public institutions. For small farms, the unsustainability of the food system is even more serious; farms’ declining share of profit and the cost-price squeeze of commodity production has increased barriers to market access with the inevitable effect of agricultural abandonment. One way forward to respond to the existing conventional agri-food systems and to create a competitive or survival strategy for small family farms is the re-construction of regional and local agri-food systems, aligning with Kramer and Porter’s concept of shared value strategy. Through a critical literature review, this paper presents “regional and local food hubs” as innovative organizational arrangements capable of bridging structural holes in the agri-food markets between small producers and the consumers—individuals and families as well as big buyers. Food hubs respond to a supply chain (or supply network) organizational strategy aiming at re-territorialising the agri-food systems through the construction of what in the economic literature are defined as values-based food supply chains.
Augmenting the Efficacy of Immunotoxins and Other Targeted Protein Toxins by Endosomal Escape Enhancers
Authors: Fuchs Hendrik , Weng Alexander , Gilabert-Oriol Roger
Published: July 2016

The toxic moiety of almost all protein-based targeted toxins must enter the cytosol of the target cell to mediate its fatal effect. Although more than 500 targeted toxins have been investigated in the past decades, no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date. Missing efficacy can be attributed in many cases to insufficient endosomal escape and therefore subsequent lysosomal degradation of the endocytosed toxins. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been described to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This comprises the use of lysosomotropic amines, carboxylic ionophores, calcium channel antagonists, various cell-penetrating peptides of viral, bacterial, plant, animal, human and synthetic origin, other organic molecules and light-induced techniques. Although the efficacy of the targeted toxins was typically augmented in cell culture hundred or thousand fold, in exceptional cases more than million fold, the combination of several substances harbors new problems including additional side effects, loss of target specificity, difficulties to determine the therapeutic window and cell type-dependent variations. This review critically scrutinizes the chances and challenges of endosomal escape enhancers and their potential role in future developments.
Botulinum Toxin A for Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis
Authors: Chiu Bin , Tai Huai-Ching , Chung Shiu-Dong , Birder Lori
Published: July 2016

Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A), derived from Clostridium botulinum, has been used clinically for several diseases or syndrome including chronic migraine, spasticity, focal dystonia and other neuropathic pain. Chronic pelvic or bladder pain is the one of the core symptoms of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). However, in the field of urology, chronic bladder or pelvic pain is often difficult to eradicate by oral medications or bladder instillation therapy. We are looking for new treatment modality to improve bladder pain or associated urinary symptoms such as frequency and urgency for patients with BPS/IC. Recent studies investigating the mechanism of the antinociceptive effects of BoNT A suggest that it can inhibit the release of peripheral neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators from sensory nerves. In this review, we will examine the evidence supporting the use of BoNTs in bladder pain from basic science models and review the clinical studies on therapeutic applications of BoNT for BPS/IC.
DEVELOPMENT OF A STEEL-GUIDE CONNECTION METHOD FOR COMPOSITE PRECAST CONCRETE COMPONENTS
Authors: HONG Won-Kee , KIM Gyeongju , LIM Chaeyeon , KIM Sunkuk
Published: July 2016

Green Frame is a column-beam structure formed by connecting a composite precast concrete beam with a steel connection on the column side. Similar to steel frame construction, the green columns cover 3 stories per unit, and generate vertical and horizontal eccentricities due to construction errors and the gravitational loads of beams. Such eccentricities make it difficult to install the upper floor beams and adjacent frames. This problem not only results in decreased productivity, but also in time delays and cost overrun. The objective of this study is to develop a new steel-guide connection method for composite precast concrete (CPC) components after analysing the erection process and structural mechanism to resolve eccentricity issues. The connection mechanism developed in this study resolves these eccentricities and promotes efficient, accurate, and safe construction.
AN ANALYSIS OF KEY FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A SMART CITY / PAGRINDINIŲ FAKTORIŲ KURIANT IŠMANŲ MIESTĄ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Šiurytė Aidana , Davidavičienė Vida
Published: July 2016

The concept Smart City is used widely but it is perceived differently as well. Literature review reveals key elements of the Smart City – Information and Communication Technologies and Smart Citizens. Nevertheless, raising public awareness is not a priority of local municipalities which are trying to develop cities. Focus group discussion aims to analyse citizens’ insights in regards to the Smart City and their contribution to creation of it. Case study of Vilnius examines a position of mu-nicipality in developing city as smart. Study contains suggestions for the improvement of communication in the city. Methods employed: comparative literature analysis, focus group investigation, case study. Išmanaus miesto sąvoka yra naudojama gana plačiai, tačiau suprantama skirtingai. Literatūros apžvalga atskleidžia, jog pagrindiniai išmanaus miesto elementai yra informacinės ir komunikacinės technologijos bei išmanūs miestiečiai. Nepaisant to, plėtojant miestus, visuomenės informuotumo gerinimas nėra savivaldybės prioritetas. Diskusija tikslinėje grupėje skirta išanalizuoti miestiečių įžvalgas apie išmanų miestą bei indėlį jį kuriant. Vilniaus atvejo analizė atskleidžia savivaldybės poziciją vystant išmanų miestą. Studija pateikia komunikacijos mieste gerinimo pasiūlymus. Naudoti metodai: literatūros palyginamoji analizė, diskusija tikslinėje grupėje, atvejo analizė.
AGRICULTURE SECTOR RISK MANAGEMENT / ŽEMĖS ŪKIO SEKTORIAUS RIZIKOS VALDYMAS
Authors: Stasytytė Viktorija , Dužinskytė Viktorija
Published: July 2016

Agriculture sector is characterized by a particular specificity that is not considered in other fields and because of that agriculture sector is defined as highly risky sector. Response to risk is still very im-portant and responsible activity in this field. According to this, the process and applied strategies of risk management make and ensure that the sector activity and operations are more stable and effective. The aim of the article reflects the need to distinguish the most appropriate agricultural risk management tools in order to manage agricultural risks as effectively as possible. In the article the agricultural risk management tools are distinguished and after that the advantages and disadvantages of it are presented and the possibilities of mentioned tools are analyzed. Using agricultural risk management tools, the important interactions between agri-cultural risks and risks management instruments are discovered. The aim of the article is reflected by studied conception of risk and agricultural risk types, explored risks sources and specificity of agriculture sector.
Žemės ūkio sektorius išsiskiria iš kitų sričių tam tikrais požymiais, dėl kurių yra laikomas padidintos rizikos sritimi. Atsakas į riziką išlieka gana svarbus ir atsakingas veiksmas, užtikrinantis stabilią bei efektyvią sektoriaus veiklą. Straipsnio tikslas – pateikus ir išanalizavus rizikos rūšis, su kuriomis žemės ūkio sektoriuje susiduriama dažniausiai ir kurių įtaka šiam sektoriui yra didžiausia, pateikti galimus rizikos valdymo būdus sektoriaus patiriamoms rizikoms mažinti. Norint pasiekti tikslą, yra analizuojamos žemės ūkio sektoriaus rizikos ir jų rūšys, kilmė, žemės ūkio sektoriaus ypatumai. Darbe yra pristatoma nemažai žemės ūkio sektoriaus rizikų valdymo instrumentų, įvardijami pagrindiniai jų privalumai ir trūkumai.
SOLAR RADIATION MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF SOLAR ENERGY SOURCES / SAULĖS SPINDULIAVIMO MODELIS FOTOVOLTINIŲ ELEKTRINIŲ PROJEKTAVIMUI IR VALDYMUI
Authors: Vasarevičius Dominykas , Pikutis Modestas
Published: July 2016

The model of solar radiation, which takes into account direct, diffused and reflected components of solar energy, has been presented. Model is associated with geographical coordinates and local time of every day of the year. It is shown that using analytic equations for modelling the direct component, it is possible to adopt it for embedded systems with low computational power and use in solar tracking applications. Reflected and diffused components are especially useful in determining the performance of photovoltaic modules in certain location and surroundings. The statistical method for cloud layer simulation based on local meteorological data is offered. The presented method can’t be used for prediction of weather conditions but it provides patterns of solar radiation in time comparable to those measured with pyranometer. Cloud layer simulation together with total solar radiation model is a useful tool for development and analysis of maximum power point tracking controllers for PV modules. Pateikiamą saulės spinduliavimo modelį sudaro trys komponentai: tiesioginio spinduliavimo, sklaidos ir atspindžių. Modelyje numatyta galimybė jį susieti su fotovoltinės elektrinės vietovės geografinėmis koordinatėmis, metų diena ir vietos laiku. Modelio komponentuose panaudotos analitinės formulės nereikalauja didelių skaičiavimo resursų. Tai leidžia modelį taikyti didžiausios galios taško sekimui skirtose įterptinėse sistemose. Sklaidos ir atspindžių komponentai leidžia nustatyti fotovoltinių modulių efektyvumą elektrinės įrengimo vietovėje. Debesų modelis sudarytas remiantis gaunamais statistiniais meteorologiniais duomenimis. Pateiktas modelis negali būti naudojamas oro sąlygų prognozei. Modeliu imituojamas saulės spinduliavimas atkartoja rezultatus, gautus matuojant piranometru. Saulės spinduliavimo modelis, įvertinantis dangaus debesuotumą, yra naudingas įrankis kuriant fotovoltinių modulių didžiausios galios sekimo elektronines sistemas.
INTEGRATED ANALOGIC FILTER TUNING SYSTEM DESIGN / INTEGRINIŲ ANALOGINIŲ FILTRŲ SAVAIMINIO DERINIMO SISTEMOS PROJEKTAVIMAS
Authors: Kiela Karolis , Jurgo Marijan , Kladovščikov Leonid
Published: July 2016

Parameters of integrated analog filters can vary due to temperatu-re change, IC process variation and therefore they should have dedicated tuning circuits that compensate these imperfections. A method is proposed that speeds up switched resistor bank design while taking into account the required tuning range and step size. A novel counter structure is used in the tuning circuit that is ba-sed on successive approximation approach. The proposed swit-ched resistor design method and tuning circuit are designed in 0.18 μm CMOS technology and verified. Results are compared to existing tuning circuit designs.
Integrinių analoginių filtrų parametrai gali kisti dėl temperatūros, senėjimo ar integrinių grandynų gamybos procesų netolydumo. Todėl jiems būtina numatyti papildomus grandynus, kurie kompensuotų filtrų komponentų pokyčius. Darbe siūlomas naujas integrinių aktyviųjų RC filtrų perjungiamų rezistorių matricų projektavimo metodas, kuris leidžia kompensuoti pasyvių komponentų nuokrypius ir užtikrina filtro praleidžiamų dažnių juostos derinimą reikiamu žingsniu. Savaiminio derinimo sistemoje remiamasi nauja skaitiklio architektūra, kuri naudoja nuosekliosios aproksimacijos paieškos algoritmą. Darbe pasiūlytas projektavimo metodas tikrinamas projektuojant filtro derinimo sistemą, naudojant 0,18 μm KMOP integrinių grandynų gamybos technologiją ir Cadence Virtuoso programinę įrangą. Gauti rezultatai palyginami su literatūroje pateiktais derinimo sistemų skaičiavimų rezultatais.
SURVEY OBSERVATIONS OF A POSSIBLE GLYCINE PRECURSOR, METHANIMINE (CH2NH)
Authors: Suzuki Taiki , Ohishi Masatoshi , Hirota Tomoya , Saito Masao , Majumdar Liton , Wakelam Valentine
Published: July 2016

We conducted survey observations of a glycine precursor, methanimine, or methylenimine (CH2NH), with the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 m telescope and the Sub-Millimeter Radio telescope toward 12 high-mass and two low-mass star-forming regions in order to increase the number of known CH2NH sources and to better understand the characteristics of CH2NH sources. As a result of our survey, CH2NH was detected in eight sources, including four new sources. The estimated fractional abundances were ∼10−8 in Orion KL and G10.47+0.03, while they were ∼10−9 toward the other sources. Our hydrogen recombination line and past studies suggest that CH2NH-rich sources have less (this mean not so evolved) evolved H ii regions. The lower destruction rates from UV flux from the central star would contribute to the high CH2NH abundances toward CH2NH-rich sources. Our gas-grain chemical simulations suggest that CH2NH is mostly formed in the gas phase by neutral–neutral reactions, rather than being the product of thermal evaporation from dust surfaces.
Epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility among carbapenem-resistant non-fermenting bacteria in Brazil
Authors: Dias Vanessa Cordeiro , Diniz Claudio Galuppo , Peter Ana Claudia de Oliveira , Bastos Andre Netto , Bastos Victor Quinnet de Andrade , Bastos Lucas Quinnet de Andrade , Da Silva Vania Lucia
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are widespread in the environment and are increasingly associated with nosocomial infections. Extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in hospitals has contributed to an increased number of infections caused by these microorganisms, that are resistant to a wide variety of antimicrobials, including β-lactams. This study aimed to isolate and identify carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa from hospitalized patients, to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to screen for blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-58, and blaOXA-143 genes among the isolated bacteria. Methodology: Antimicrobial resistance patterns were performed using the disk-diffusion method. Genetic markers related to carbapenem resistance were screened by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (n = 44) and P. aeruginosa (n = 28) samples were isolated from patients admitted to a tertiary hospital. Polymyxin B was the only effective drug for all isolates. Considering the oxacillinase gene screening, genetic markers were observed only in Acinetobacter isolates. The most frequent genotype observed was blaOXA-23+/blaOXA-51+ (45.5%), followed by blaOXA-51+/blaOXA-143+ (41%). The oxacillinase genes blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 were not detected. High mortality rates (> 70%) were observed. Conclusions: The data suggest the need for rational use of antimicrobials associated with early diagnosis of multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially considering non-fermenting Gram-negative rods, which are widespread in hospitals. The findings of blaoxa-51‑ strains suggest the occurrence and spread of non-A. baumannii species throughout our hospitals. Effective implementation of surveillance programs in hospitals is needed to reduce infectious and resistant intra- and inter-species bacteria.
Distribution of ESBLs among Escherichia coli isolates from outpatients with recurrent UTIs and their antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Al-Mayahie Sareaa , Al Kuriashy Jaafar JH
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae are considered to be emerging pathogens. They are a major problem in hospitalized as well as community-based patients. Major outbreaks involving ESBL strains have been reported from all over the world. Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the risk factors for infection with ESBL-producing E. coli in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Methodology: Ninety-one E. coli isolates from outpatients with recurrent UTIs were surveyed phenotypically and genotypically for ESBL production and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: Of 91 E. coli isolates, 75.8% were resistant to each of cefotaxime and ceftazidime and 74.7% produced ESBLs. CTX-M-type was the most frequent ESBL (accounting for 70.3%), with CTX-M-1 being the only subtype possessed by these isolates. The prevalence of OXA- and SHV-type was 32.9% and 10.9%, respectively. None of the isolates produced TEM β-lactamase. All OXA-type ESBL were produced concomitantly with CTX-M1. Both ESBL producers and non-producers had high resistance to ampicillin followed by trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, third-generation cephalosporins, and tetracycline. No isolate showed resistance to imipenem and meropenem. In total, resistance rates of ESBL producers were higher than those of ESBL non-producers, as was multidrug resistance (52.7% versus 8.7%, respectively). Conclusions: Our study documented high distribution of ESBLs among E. coli isolates from outpatients with recurrent UTIs, with CTX-M as the predominant ESBL. In the current situation, it is important that antibiotic treatment is be started only after a proper sensitivity report is obtained from the laboratory.
Prevalence of serological markers and nucleic acid for blood-borne viral infections in blood donors in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlMutairi Hatem H , AlAhmari Mohammad M , Al-Zahran Badr H , Abbas Ibrahim S , Al Ghamdi Juma`an S , Raja`a Yahia A , Sallam Talal A
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Data on blood-borne viral infections in some regions in Saudi Arabia remain scarce. This study investigates the prevalence of serological markers and nucleic acid for blood-borne viruses among blood donors in Al-Baha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 2,807 donors who donated blood between January 2009 and November 2011 were investigated for blood-borne viral serological markers including HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, anti-HCV, anti-HIV, and anti-HTLVI/III in addition to viral nucleic acid. Results: All donors were males between 16 to 66 years of age (mean: 31.5 ± 9.3 years). Viral nucleic acid and/or serological markers were detected in a total of 36 (1.3%) donors; of them, 26 (72.2%) had nucleic acid concomitant with serological markers, 6 (16.7%) had only viral nucleic acid, while 4 (11.1%) had only serological markers. Of all donors, 22 (0.8%) had HBsAg, 227 (8.0%) had anti-HBc, 157 (5.0%) had anti-HBs, 2,577 (91.8%) had no HBV markers, 2 (0.07%) had anti-HIV, 1 (0.04%) had anti-HCV, and 1 (0.04%) had anti-HTLVI/II. The donors who were born during HBV vaccination era showed no HBsAg (0.0%; p = 0.052), lower rates of anti-HBc (1.5%; p < 0.001) and anti-HBs (0.7%; p < 0.001), while the majority had no HBV markers (98.5%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Combined viral nucleic acid and serological testing of donated blood enhances blood safety. The absence of HBV markers among donors suggests susceptibility or declined anti-HBs levels. Thus, HBV revaccination or a vaccine boost among adolescents and adults might be indispensable.
Clonal persistence of Salmonella enterica serovars Montevideo, Tennessee, and Infantis in feed factories
Authors: Prunić Bojana , Milanov Dubravka , Velhner Maja , Pajić Marko , Pavlović Ljiljana , Mišić Dušan
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Novel molecular techniques applied in biotechnology research have provided sound evidence on clonal persistence of distinct serovars of Salmonella in feed factory environments, over long periods of time (months, even years), which can be responsible for repeated in-house contamination of final products. In this study, we examined the possibility of clonal persistence of isolates of three Salmonella serovars that have been repeatedly identified in animal feed samples from three feed factories throughout a two-year period. Methodology: The isolates Salmonella enterica serovars Tennessee (n = 7), Montevideo (n = 8), and Infantis (n = 4) were tested for genetic diversity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multicellular behavior patterns by applying the Congo red agar test. Results: SpeI and XbaI macro-restriction profiles indicated that isolates S. Montevideo and S. Infantis were identical, whereas isolates of S. Tennessee demonstrated greater genetic diversity, although the genetic differences did not exceed 10%. All Salmonella serovars demonstrated the ability to produce predominant matrix compounds essential for biofilm formation, curli fimbriae and cellulose. Conclusions: The identification of identical clones of S. Montevideo and S. Infantis, as well as the minor genetic diversity of S. Tennessee, which have been repeatedly isolated from animal feed in three production plants throughout a two-year period, indirectly suggests the possibility of their persistence in feed factory environments. Their ability to express the key biofilm matrix components further supports this hypothesis.
Effectiveness of etravirine-based therapy for treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients
Authors: Huerta García Gloria , Mata-Marín José Antonio , Domínguez-Hermosillo Juan Carlos , Chavez-García Marcelino , Banda-Lara Marco Issac , Nuñez-Rodríguez Nohemi , Cruz-Herrera Javier Enrique , Sandoval-Ramírez Jorge Luis , Villagómez-Ruiz Alfredo , Manjarrez-Tellez Bulmaro , Gaytan-Martínez Jesús Enrique
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Treatment options are limited for HIV-1-infected individuals who have received extensive previous antiretroviral therapy. ETV has shown significant clinical benefits in treatment-experienced HIV-1+ patients with antiretroviral resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ETV plus optimized background regimen in real-life conditions in a cohort of highly HIV-1 antiretroviral-experienced patients. Methodology: Retrospective cohort of treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected adults with virological failure who started therapy with an ETV-containing regimen. The effectiveness was evaluated using HIV-1 RNA viral load and changes in CD4+ cell count after 48 weeks of treatment. Results: Forty-two patients ≥ 16 years of age were included; 74% were men, and the median age was 45 years (IQR 41–53). All participants had prior non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor use (55% nevirapine, 83%, efavirenz, and 28% both). Baseline median HIV-1 RNA viral load was 15,598 copies/mL (IQR 2651–84,175) and CD4+ cell count was 276 cells/mL (IQR 155–436). After 48 weeks of treatment, 90.5% (95% CI 78–96) of patients had HIV-1 RNA viral load < 200 copies/mL and 76% (95% CI 61–86) had < 50 copies/mL. CD4+ cell counts increased from baseline to 48 weeks of treatment to a median of 407 cells/mL (IQR 242–579); p < 0.001. Virological outcome was associated with virological failure at baseline HIV-1 RNA viral load ≥100,000 copies/mL (OR 7.6; 95% CI 1.2–44.80; p = 0.025). Conclusions: Our study provides clinically important evidence of the effectiveness and safety of ETV in highly antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1-infected patients.
An additional observation of Plasmodium vivax malaria infection in Duffy-negative individuals from Cameroon
Authors: Ngassa Mbenda Huguette Gaelle , Gouado Inocent , Das Aparup
Published: July 2016

This item has no abstract. Follow the links belo to access the full text.
First molecular evidence of intrauterine and surgical-site infections caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
Authors: Lu Binghuai , Diao Baowei , Fang Yujie , Shi Yanli , Zhu Fengxia , Li Dong , Zhang Shuchen , Cui Yanchao , Wang Duochun
Published: July 2016

S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) is infrequently associated with maternal infections during delivery in pregnant women. A rare case is presented of a woman with intrauterine infection and surgical-site infection due to SDSE after cesarean section, which had colonized her genital tract and, via the ascending pathway, reached her intact fetal membrane. All isolates were identified as Streptococcus Lancefield group G, and their emm genes that coded M protein belonged to stG6.1. The isolates tested negative for a series of streptococcal superantigen virulence genes but positive for nonsuperantigenic virulence genes. In particular, molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis disclosed that the three isolates from the different infection sites had identical profiles. Furthermore, multilocus sequence typing indicated that the three isolates belonged to a new sequence typing. Our results indicated that SDSE is potentially pathogenic for pregnant women and newborns if colonized.
Relaciones ocultas a fines del siglo XVIII: la Specimen Florae Americae Meridionalis (1780) del Real Jardim Botânico da Ajuda y los diseños científicos de la Real Expedición Botánica al Virreinato Peruano
Authors: Rodríguez García Margarita Eva , Costa Ana Maria
Published: July 2016

Este artículo muestra que en las décadas finales del siglo XVIII, más allá de las relaciones diplomáticas y los conflictos militares entre Portugal y España, existieron importantes conexiones científicas, que han sido poco estudiadas. Teniendo como punto de partida la casi desconocida Specimen Florae Americae Meridionalis (1780), una obra botánica compuesta de cuatro volúmenes, producida en el Real Museu da Ajuda (Lisboa), exploraremos el interés que suscitó en los círculos de estudiosos y aficionados a la botánica en Lisboa la llegada de más de doscientos dibujos de plantas procedentes de la Real Expedición Botánica al Virreinato del Perú (1777-1788). Considerando las personalidades portuguesas, españolas e inglesas que estuvieron implicadas en la presencia de estos diseños en Portugal, recuperaremos algunas de las prácticas que posibilitaban en este período la circulación de conocimientos científicos y el adelanto de la botánica. En este sentido, este estudio pretende realizar una aportación novedosa a la Historia de la Botánica en Portugal y España y apuntar caminos para futuras investigaciones.
Reforma sanitaria, salud pública y bienestar biológico durante la industrialización española: el caso de Alcoy, 1840-1915
Authors: García-Gómez José Joaquín , Puche Javier
Published: July 2016

En este artículo analizamos los efectos que la reforma sanitaria tuvo sobre el bienestar biológico y la salud de las poblaciones españolas durante el proceso de industrialización. Examinamos el caso de Alcoy, una de las ciudades pioneras de la industrialización española. Los presupuestos municipales en salud pública y los datos de estatura de los reemplazos militares constituyen las principales fuentes para su estudio. Los resultados muestran que los comienzos de la reforma sanitaria, a finales del siglo XIX, supusieron una mejora no sólo de las condiciones ambientales y de salubridad de la ciudad, sino también del estado de salud de su población residente. Hasta que los políticos liberales no incrementaron las dotaciones presupuestarias en el campo de la salud pública y las infraestructuras urbanas, Alcoy sufrió los lastres iniciales del urban penalty con secuelas negativas que se manifestaron directamente en el aumento de la morbi-mortalidad y la caída de la estatura. Los datos sugieren una relación positiva entre políticas activas de salud pública y bienestar biológico.
La socialización de los practicantes a través de los manuales del Dr. Felipe Sáenz de Cenzano 1907-1942
Authors: Blázquez Ornat Isabel
Published: July 2016

Desde la creación en España del título de practicante en 1857, su enseñanza fue regulada por varios planes de estudio hasta la unificación en 1953 de las tres titulaciones auxiliares de la medicina (practicante, matrona y enfermera), en la de Ayudante Técnico Sanitario (ATS). Este trabajo analiza la socialización de los practicantes a través de las distintas ediciones de El Manual del Practicante (1907, 1922, 1934 y 1942), elaborado por el médico encargado de su enseñanza oficial en Zaragoza, Felipe Sáenz de Cenzano. Tras el análisis de su estructura y su contenido, en especial los fundamentos de su saber y las competencias técnicas o de cuidados al enfermo, resaltamos las diferencias que se observan en los manuales y las legalmente establecidas, que fueron siempre más restrictivas. En conjunto se perfila la configuración de dos escenarios laborales distintos para el practicante, la ciudad y la zona rural, que proyectaron dos imágenes profesionales distintas.
Los primeros pasos en la organización de la lucha contra el cáncer en la Argentina: el papel del Instituto de Medicina Experimental, 1922-1947
Authors: Buschini José
Published: July 2016

El artículo analiza iniciativas para organizar la lucha contra el cáncer en la Argentina entre comienzos de la década de 1920 y mediados de la década de 1940. En particular, hace eje en las acciones del Instituto de Medicina Experimental, un hospital-instituto de investigación dependiente de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires que tuvo un papel central en este proceso. Se presta atención a la organización de la atención médica en el establecimiento, a las campañas de difusión de conocimiento a la población, a los intentos por incorporar esta cuestión a la formación profesional, a la articulación de las actividades con organismos estatales para dar mayor alcance territorial a la lucha contra el cáncer y a las investigaciones científicas que apuntaron a vincular el desarrollo del cáncer con estilos de vida.
Nuevo paradigma normativo sobre la ciudad: Retornando a la ciudad tradicional
Authors: Tejedor J.
Published: July 2016

El urbanismo español ha primado siempre el ensanche y la nueva edificación. La atención al tejido urbano y la edificación existentes ha sido marginal en la legislación y poco sistemática en la práctica. Tras la explosión de la burbuja inmobiliaria, pero no solo por esa razón, la realidad económica y financiera del país ha convertido en prioridad lo que era una necesidad, abordar con nuevos planteamientos el tratamiento de la ciudad y la edificación, promoviendo su regeneración integrada y energéticamente eficiente, impulsando un nuevo paradigma normativo mediante la Ley 8/2013, de 26 de junio, de rehabilitación, regeneración y renovación urbana.
Rehabilitación integral de barriadas con dificultades sociales en Andalucía. La experiencia de San Martín de Porres en Córdoba
Authors: Morón Serna E. , Rodríguez Galadí J. I.
Published: July 2016

La recuperación de barriadas construidas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, especialmente aquellas con mayores dificultades sociales, constituye una alternativa sostenible al fracaso del continuo crecimiento urbano. Es necesario promover actuaciones integrales que corrijan el deterioro y carencias de edificios residenciales, mejoren las relaciones de estos ámbitos con sus entornos urbanos, los doten de equipamientos y espacios públicos de calidad e impulsen la participación vecinal y su desarrollo social y económico. A partir de experiencias e instrumentos desarrollados en la última década en Andalucía, se analiza la rehabilitación integral de la barriada de San Martín de Porres en Córdoba. Se aborda su desarrollo urbanístico y arquitectónico –donde sobresale la figura de Rafael de La-Hoz– y las transformaciones sociales de su población. Del diseño, gestión y ejecución de la experiencia analizada se destacan los aspectos más relevantes, con el objetivo de facilitar su consideración en las futuras políticas de rehabilitación.
Les politiques de mobilité durable à Amman : vecteurs de promotion urbaine et outils de gouvernement contestés
Authors: Ducharme Eliott
Published: July 2016

Cet article étudie les conditions de la mise en place à Amman de politiques de transport et de mobilité se réclamant des principes du développement durable depuis la deuxième moitié des années 2000. Il entend apporter des éléments de réponse au débat portant sur la manière dont les villes dites du Sud sont affectées par les phénomènes de mondialisation et de néolibéralisation en mettant en lumière le rôle actif et stratégique de la municipalité d’Amman dans la mobilisation de modèles issus de « bonnes pratiques » internationales de gestion urbaine et des réseaux qui les promeuvent. Il insiste également sur la pluralité des échelles impliquées dans ces transferts de modèles, entre les enjeux de promotion urbaine à l’échelle régionale voire internationale et d’affirmation du territoire et des compétences municipales au niveau national. Il fait enfin état des fortes contestations qui ont ébranlé la mise en place de ces politiques devenues le terrain de luttes de pouvoirs territoriales.
La stratégie de la « smart city » au Japon : expérimentations nationales et circulations globales
Authors: Languillon-Aussel Raphaël , Leprêtre Nicolas , Granier Benoit
Published: July 2016

Les « smart » cities constituent un nouvel imaginaire qui se répand à travers le monde, en particulier en Asie orientale, en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. Est-on pour autant face à un nouveau modèle urbain et, si tel était le cas, à un modèle unique globalisé ? La présente contribution prend pour cas d’étude les « smart » communities, déclinaisons japonaise des « smart » cities. Plutôt que d’un modèle, les « smart » communities relèveraient de ce que la sociologie pragmatique appelle une grammaire de l’urbain. Si modèle il y a, le cas japonais nous enseigne qu’il se situerait plutôt dans la gouvernance de ce nouvel objet aux expérimentations assez variées et hétérogènes, en particulier dans le cadre du régime développementaliste, caractéristique du capitalisme japonais. L’exportabilité des « smart » communities ne relève dans ce cas pas d’une globalisation des modèles, mais plutôt d’une stratégie d’entreprise aux enjeux complexes, que l’article analyse avec le cas de Toshiba.
La ville fonctionnelle et les modèles urbains qui lui ont succédé
Authors: van der Wusten Herman
Published: July 2016

Dans le discours public et les pratiques de la gestion urbaine, plusieurs modèles apportent des réponses à la question de savoir comment faire évoluer la/notre ville. Cet article présente une typologie d’une douzaine de ces modèles selon leur portée et leur approche du phénomène urbain. L’origine et la diffusion des modèles sont décrits depuis la ville fonctionnelle de Le Corbusier/CIAM.
Charge Trap Mechanism in Hybrid Nanostructured (YMnO3) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Devices
Authors: Markna J.H. , Dhruv Davit , Rathod K.N. , Savaliya Chirag , Shiyani T.M. , Pandya Dhiren , Joshi Ashvini D. , Shah N.A.
Published: July 2016

Hybrid nanostructured Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor was fabricated on silicon substrates (n-type) using chemical solution deposition with YMnO3 as an oxide layer. Electrical properties of MOS capacitor have been investigated with frequency dependence capacitance-voltage (C-V) characterization. The surface morphology of deposited layer was studied using the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Hysteresis in the C-V loop and change in the values of Cminimum were described by a charge trap mechanism in the multiferroic oxide layer of MOS devices. While anomalous behavior in saturation capacitance in the inversion as well as in accumulation region and a shift in threshold voltage (VT) were explained in the vicinity of frequency depended Debye length (LDebye).
Family Presence During Resuscitation: Impact of Online Learning on Nurses’ Perception and Self-confidence
Authors: Powers Kelly A. , Candela Lori
Published: July 2016

Background

Family presence during resuscitation (FPDR) is supported by patients and their family members. Nurses, however, including critical care nurses who frequently implement resuscitative care, have mixed views.

Objectives

To determine the impact of online learning on critical care nurses’ perception of and self-confidence with FPDR.

Methods

A 2-group, random assignment, pretest and posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted with critical care nurses recruited nationally. An online learning module on FPDR was developed and administered to the intervention group. Perceptions and self-confidence for FPDR were measured by using the Family Presence Risk- Benefit Scale (FPR-BS) and the Family Presence Self-confidence Scale (FPS-CS). Two-factor, mixed-model factorial analysis of variance was used to compare mean scores.

Results

A total of 74 critical care nurses participated in the study. Mean FPR-BS and FPS-CS scores were significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group. For the intervention group, mean scores on the FPR-BS increased from 3.63 to 4.07 (P < .001) and on the FPS-CS increased from 4.24 to 4.57 (P < .001), signifying improved perception and self-confidence. Scores did not change significantly in the control group: mean FPR-BS score increased from 3.82 to 3.88 (P = .23) and the mean FPS-CS score of 4.40 did not change (P > .99).

Conclusions

Online learning is a feasible and effective method for educating large numbers of critical care nurses about FPDR. Online learning can improve perceptions and self-confidence related to FPDR, which may promote more widespread adoption of FPDR into practice.
First observations of anthropogenic underwater noise in a large multi-use lake
Authors: Bolgan Marta , Chorazyczewska Emilia , Winfield Ian J. , Codarin Antonio , O'Brien Joanne , Gammell Martin
Published: July 2016

Over the last fifty years, anthropogenic noise has increased dramatically in aquatic environments and is now recognised as a chronic form of pollution in coastal waters. However, this form of pollution has been largely neglected in inland water bodies. To date, very few studies have investigated the noise spectra in freshwater environments and at present no legislation exists to protect freshwater organisms from anthropogenic noise. The present study represents the first assessment of anthropogenic noise pollution in a large multi-use lake by characterising noise levels of the main ferry landings of the lake of Windermere, UK using Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM). During November 2014, acoustic samples (10 min long) were collected from such areas using a calibrated omni-directional hydrophone and their spectral content was analysed in 1/3 octave bands (dB re 1 µPa). Results indicate that the current noise levels in Windermere warrant further investigation as a potential threat to the fish community which occurs in this already delicate and pressured habitat. Based on results obtained, it is recommended that further studies focus on a wider geographical and temporal range in order to start to fill the knowledge and legislative gaps regarding anthropogenic noise monitoring in fresh waters. 
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in south-central Sicily, Italy: a comparative study between 2000/2001 and 2010/2014
Authors: Bellomo Liborio , Collodoro Rosalba , Di Forti Giuseppina , Mancuso Salvatrice , Russo Alessandra D.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of various genotypes in the population of south-central Sicily (Italy) and to compare recent data with those of 2000/2001. In 2000, the patients tested were 202, all hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA and anti-HCV positive. From 2010 to 2014 the patients examined are in total 535, all anti-HCV positive, but 111 with genotype negative and therefore likely HCV-RNA negative. The study showed a clear predominance of genotype 1b for both men and women, however, with a much greater prevalence in the older cohort. In both groups, then, the 3a genotype follows for men, while the 2a/2c follows for women. 1a genotype prevalence rate falls in the most recent group of women. The cases of co-infection of more genotypes remain very content in 2014 as it happened in 2000.
Computational models as predictors of HIV treatment outcomes for the Phidisa cohort in South Africa
Authors: Revell Andrew , Khabo Paul , Ledwaba Lotty , Emery Sean , Wang Dechao , Wood Robin , Morrow Carl , Tempelman Hugo , Hamers Raph L. , Reiss Peter , Van Sighem Ard , Pozniak Anton , Montaner Julio , Lane H. Clifford , Larder Brendan
Published: July 2016

Background: Selecting the optimal combination of HIV drugs for an individual in resourcelimited settings is challenging because of the limited availability of drugs and genotyping.Objective: The evaluation as a potential treatment support tool of computational models that predict response to therapy without a genotype, using cases from the Phidisa cohort in South Africa.Methods: Cases from Phidisa of treatment change following failure were identified that had the following data available: baseline CD4 count and viral load, details of failing and previous antiretroviral drugs, drugs in new regimen and time to follow-up. The HIV Resistance Response Database Initiative’s (RDI’s) models used these data to predict the probability of a viral load < 50 copies/mL at follow-up. The models were also used to identify effective alternative combinations of three locally available drugs.Results: The models achieved accuracy (area under the receiver–operator characteristic curve) of 0.72 when predicting response to therapy, which is less accurate than for an independent global test set (0.80) but at least comparable to that of genotyping with rules-based interpretation. The models were able to identify alternative locally available three-drug regimens that were predicted to be effective in 69% of all cases and 62% of those whose new treatment failed in the clinic.Conclusion: The predictive accuracy of the models for these South African patients together with the results of previous studies suggest that the RDI’s models have the potential to optimise treatment selection and reduce virological failure in different patient populations, without the use of a genotype.Keywords: HIV therapy; mathematical modelling; treatment; genotype
Преобразование Радона-Киприянова обобщенного сферического среднего значения функции
Authors: Lyakhov Lev Nikolaevich
Published: July 2016

Приведена формула, связывающая преобразование Радона
функций от сферических симметрий с преобразованием Радона-Киприянова
$K_\gamma$ при натуральном мультииндексе $\gamma$.
Для произвольного мультииндекса $\gamma$ доказана формула представления
$K_\gamma$-преобразования радиальной функции в виде
интеграла дробного порядка типа интеграла Эрдейи-Кобера
и интеграла Римана-Лиувилля. Получены соответствующие
формулы обращения. Эти результаты используются для
исследования обращения преобразования Радона-Киприянова
обобщенных (порожденных обобщенным сдвигом) сферических
средних значений функций, принадлежащих весовому пространству
Лебега, четных по каждой из весовых переменных.
Библиография: 17 названий.