bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The lens‐regenerating competence in the outer cornea and epidermis of larval Xenopus laevis is related to pax6 expression
Authors: Gargioli Cesare , Giambra Vincenzo , Santoni Sara , Bernardini Sergio , Frezza Domenico , Filoni Sergio , Cannata Stefano M.
Published: April 2008

After lentectomy, larval Xenopus laevis can regenerate a new lens by transdifferentiation of the outer cornea and pericorneal epidermis (lentogenic area). This process is promoted by retinal factor(s) accumulated into the vitreous chamber. To understand the molecular basis of the lens‐regenerating competence (i.e. the capacity to respond to the retinal factor forming a new lens) in the outer cornea and epidermis, we analysed the expression of otx2, pax6, sox3, pitx3, prox1, βB1‐cry (genes all involved in lens development) by Real‐time RT‐PCR in the cornea and epidermis fragments dissected from donor larvae. The same fragments were also implanted into the vitreous chamber of host larvae to ascertain their lens‐regenerating competence using specific anti‐lens antibodies. The results demonstrate that there is a tight correlation between lens‐regenerating competence and pax6 expression. In fact, (1) pax6 is the only one of the aforesaid genes to be expressed in the lentogenic area; (2) pax6 expression is absent in head epidermis outside the lentogenic area and in flank epidermis, both incapable of transdifferentiating into lens after implantation into the vitreous chamber; (3) in larvae that have undergone eye transplantation under the head or flank epidermis, pax6 re‐expression was observed only in the head epidermis covering the transplanted eye. This is consistent with the fact that only the head epidermis reacquires the lens‐regenerating competence after eye transplantation, forming a lens following implantation into the vitreous chamber; and (4) in larvae that have undergone removal of the eye, the epidermis covering the orbit maintained pax6 expression. This is consistent with the fact that after the eye enucleation the lentogenic area maintains the lens‐regenerating competence, giving rise to a lens after implantation into the vitreous chamber. Moreover, we observed that misexpression of pax6 is sufficient to promote the acquisition of the lens‐regenerating competence in flank epidermis. In fact, flank epidermis fragments dissected from pax6 RNA injected embryos could form lenses when implanted into the vitreous chamber. The data indicate for the first time that pax6 is a pivotal factor of lens‐regenerating competence in the outer cornea and epidermis of larval X. laevis.
Enhancing phytoremediation through the use of transgenics and endophytes
Authors: Doty Sharon Lafferty
Published: April 2008

In the last decade, there has been an increase in research on improving the ability of plants to remove environmental pollution. Genes from microbes, plants, and animals are being used successfully to enhance the ability of plants to tolerate, remove, and degrade pollutants. Through expression of specific bacterial genes in transgenic plants, the phytotoxic effects of nitroaromatic pollutants were overcome, resulting in increased removal of these chemicals. Overexpression of mammalian genes encoding cytochrome P450s led to increased metabolism and removal of a variety of organic pollutants and herbicides. Genes involved in the uptake or detoxification of metal pollutants were used to enhance phytoremediation of this important class of pollutants. Transgenic plants containing specific bacterial genes converted mercury and selenium to less toxic forms. In addition to these transgenic approaches, the use of microbes that live within plants, termed endophytes, also led to improved tolerance to normally phytotoxic chemicals and increased removal of the pollutants. Bacteria that degraded a herbicide imparted resistance to the herbicide when inoculated into plants. In another study, plants harboring bacteria capable of degrading toluene were more tolerant to normally phytotoxic concentrations of the chemical, and transpired less of it into the atmosphere. This review examines the recent advances in enhancing phytoremediation through transgenic plant research and through the use of symbiotic endophytic microorganisms within plant tissues.

ContentsSummary318I.Remediation of environmental contaminants via engineering and biological methods319II.Phytoremediation with transgenics322III.Endophyte‐assisted phytoremediation326IV.Concluding remarks329Acknowledgements329References329
Diverse cell signalling pathways regulate pollen‐stigma interactions: the search for consensus
Authors: Hiscock Simon J. , Allen Alexandra M.
Published: April 2008

Siphonogamy, the delivery of nonmotile sperm to the egg via a pollen tube, was a key innovation that allowed flowering plants (angiosperms) to carry out sexual reproduction on land without the need for water. This process begins with a pollen grain (male gametophyte) alighting on and adhering to the stigma of a flower. If conditions are right, the pollen grain germinates to produce a pollen tube. The pollen tube invades the stigma and grows through the style towards the ovary, where it enters an ovule, penetrates the embryo sac (female gametophyte) and releases two sperm cells, one of which fertilizes the egg, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to form the triploid endosperm. The events before fertilization (pollen–pistil interactions) comprise a series of complex cellular interactions involving a continuous exchange of signals between the haploid pollen and the diploid maternal tissue of the pistil (sporophyte). In recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular identity of these signals and the cellular interactions that they regulate. Here we review our current understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions that mediate the earliest of these interactions between the pollen and the pistil that occur on or within the stigma – the ‘pollen–stigma interaction’.

ContentsSummary286I.Introduction287II.The pollen–stigma interaction289III.Pollen–stigma interactions in species with wet stigmas290IV.Pollen–stigma interactions in species with dry stigmas295V.Is there any consensus among cell signalling pathways regulating pollen–stigma interactions?299VI.Incompatibility and the pollen–stigma interaction300VII.New directions in pollen–stigma interaction research302VIII.Future prospects310Acknowledgements312References312
Ideological maps of consumer education
Authors: McGregor Sue L.T.
Published: April 2008

The case is made for the merit of discovering and owning the ideological and paradigmatic underpinnings of consumer‐related education initiatives. After briefly profiling two camps of dominant and contending/emergent world views (ideologies and attendant paradigms), two ideological maps of consumer education are developed and applied, providing a scaffold for future deliberations about the import of world views in consumer education.
Estimating differences in gasoline consumption among socio‐economic groups in Greece
Authors: Sardianou Eleni
Published: April 2008

This study presents insights into the determinants of gasoline consumption for transportation based on cross section data for Greece. Given that car ownership decisions and gasoline demand decisions are taken jointly, in the empirical analysis, we employ the two‐step Heckman approach. Quantile regression analysis is used to investigate disparities in behaviour among different levels of gasoline consumption. The empirical results report that demographic and economic characteristics specify the consumer's choices with respect to gasoline consumption. An energy conservation framework can improve upon the situation by facing consumers as socio‐economic subgroups with different transportation needs and different lifestyle aspects.
Pediatric Teledermatology—A Survey of Current Use
Authors: Fieleke David R. , Edison Karen , Dyer Jon A.
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Demand for pediatric dermatologic care far exceeds the supply of pediatric dermatologists. Teledermatology has been proposed as a solution to improve access to care, however, data regarding teledermatology use for pediatric patients are lacking. Surveys assessing use and experience with teledermatology were administered to pediatric dermatologists attending the 2006 Society for Pediatric Dermatology Annual Meeting and to programs offering teledermatology identified in the American Telemedicine Association’s 2003 Teledermatology Survey. Over half of the 76 pediatric dermatologists responding to the survey had previous experience with teledermatology and nearly half currently use some form of teledermatology. For most, this represents nonreimbursed, store‐and‐forward consultations. Respondents noted that teledermatology allows more accurate triage of dermatology patients, decreases travel and outpatient clinic visits, and provides an avenue for ongoing support and education for primary care physicians. While difficulties exist, overcoming obstacles to the use of pediatric teledermatology and reimbursement for such services could improve access to expert pediatric dermatologic care.
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus in Children—A Retrospective Study of 34 Patients
Authors: Sampaio Maria Carolina de Abreu , De Oliveira Zilda Najjar Prado , Machado Maria Cecília da Matta Rivitti , Dos Reis Vítor Manoel Silva , Vilela Maria Apparecida Constantino
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Discoid lupus erythematosus is much less frequent and studied in children. We undertook a retrospective study of 34 children less than 16 years of age with this disease, seen over a period of 9 years. A female predominance of 2:1 was found. An association between discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus was observed in 23.5% of patients, a higher proportion compared to adult discoid lupus erythematosus. Disseminated lesions were much more frequent in patients with criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (87.5% vs 34%), suggesting that it could be associated with a worse prognosis. Histologic findings were similar to those observed in adult discoid lupus erythematosus.
Systemic Methotrexate Treatment in Childhood Psoriasis: Further Experience in 24 Children from India
Authors: Kaur Inderjeet , Dogra Sunil , De Dipankar , Kanwar Amrinder Jit
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Well‐designed studies on systemic therapeutic modalities for severe psoriasis in children are rare. Children with severe disease are treated with the support of data extrapolated from that in adult, although management in them differs from adults in several important aspects. Like other systemic modalities, data regarding the use of methotrexate in the treatment of childhood psoriasis is meager. This study aims to analyze the efficacy and safety of methotrexate in severe or disabling childhood psoriasis. The records of all the patients <18 years of age treated with systemic methotrexate at the psoriasis clinic of our institute from January 1993 to December 2006 were retrieved. Information regarding demographic profile, disease characteristics, response to treatment, side effects, etc. was noted from predesigned clinic proforma. Indications of methotrexate use were baseline psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) >10, disease refractory to conventional therapies and disabling psoriasis even though the psoriasis area and severity index was <10. Clinical status of patients was assessed at weekly intervals for the first 2 weeks, fortnightly during next month and then monthly. Response to therapy was graded as good (50–75% decrease in PASI) and excellent (>75% decrease in PASI). Laboratory investigations to detect methotrexate induced toxicity were performed at regular intervals. Of the 29 patients treated with methotrexate, 24 were eligible for the final data analysis. Indication for the institution of methotrexate therapy was severe disease, viz., extensive recalcitrant plaque type psoriasis in 17 patients, erythroderma and generalized pustular psoriasis of von‐Zumbusch type in three patients each and severe disabling palmo‐plantar involvement along with chronic plaque lesions in one patient. Response to therapy was excellent (>75% decrease in PASI) in all but two patients. The mean time to control the disease, i.e., 50% reduction in PASI was 5.1 weeks. Mean total cumulative dose of methotrexate in the first episode was 215 mg. The duration of remission could be calculated in nine patients only, varying from 1.5 months to 3 years. Side effects were mild, observed in nine children, which included nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Methotrexate is an effective, cheap, easily available, and reasonably safe drug to be used in severe childhood psoriasis under an expert supervision and laboratory monitoring.
One‐Year Experience with Candida Antigen Immunotherapy for Warts and Molluscum
Authors: Maronn Mandi , Salm Cindy , Lyon Valerie , Galbraith Shelia
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Molluscum contagiosum and warts are two very common viral‐induced diseases of childhood. We report our 1‐year experience with intralesional candida antigen therapy for both warts and molluscum contagiosum. A retrospective chart review was performed and a total of 217 patients were identified. Follow‐up was obtained either through clinic visits or telephone interviews for 25/47 molluscum patients and 55/170 wart patients. Of the molluscum patients with follow‐up, 14/25 (56%) had complete resolution, 7/25 (28%) had partial clearing, and 4/25 (16%) had no improvement. For the wart patients with follow‐up, 48/55 (87%) had complete resolution, 3/55 (6%) had partial clearing, and 4/55 (7%) had no improvement. It is important to note that our clearance rate may be overestimated, as many patients were also treated concurrently with liquid nitrogen or other therapies. All wart and molluscum patients experienced some discomfort at the time of injection, but no serious side effects were reported. Our experience suggests intralesional candida antigen may represent a treatment option for warts and molluscum contagiosum that is safe and effective.
Zoonotic Deep Cutaneous Filariasis—Three Pediatric Cases from Québec, Canada
Authors: Kokta Victor
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Three rare cases of pediatric Québec‐based zoonotic filarial nematode deep skin infections were reviewed. These rare cases were processed at our pediatric hospital within the last 6‐year period. Patient age, travel information, lesional characteristics, systemic findings, serology, histopathology, treatment, and follow‐up were gathered from the submitting specimen and the treating physicians. Species identification was performed by the Parasitic Disease Branch, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Pathology, AFIP, Washington, DC.
Superimposed Mongolian Spots
Authors: Leung Alexander K.C. , Robson William Lane M.
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  We report four Chinese infants with a darker pigmented Mongolian spot superimposed on another Mongolian spot. The presence of a superimposed Mongolian spot has not been previously reported. Mongolian spots can look similar to a bruise and awareness of these lesions is important to avoid unjustified consideration of injury or child abuse.
Two Cases of Spontaneous Stellate Scars
Authors: Van Montfrans Catherine , Lagendijk Jaap , Hayes Donal , Bousema Mente
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Scar formation is a physiologic reaction to dermal injury. We describe a 11‐year‐old girl and her 15‐year‐old cousin, who both presented with stellate scarlike lesions primarily located on the hands. Histopathologic examination confirmed scar tissue formation. There was no history of initiating trauma or other possible triggering factors. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spontaneous stellate scars in two young, second‐degree family members, the exact pathogenesis of which remains to be elucidated.
A Rare Presentation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Patient with PIBIDS‐type Trichothiodystrophy
Authors: CHARLES CARLOS A. , CONNELLY ELIZABETH ALVAREZ , ABER CHERYL G. , HERMAN ALYSA R. , SCHACHNER LAWRENCE A.
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  The clinical presentation of trichothiodystrophy type F includes photosensitivity, ichthyosis, brittle hair, intellectual impairment, decreased fertility, and short stature, often referred to as the PIBIDS syndrome. While many of these patients demonstrate features also found in xeroderma pigmentosum patients, including similar nucleotide excision repair gene defects and photosensitivity, PIBIDS patients rarely demonstrate cutaneous malignancies. This case report demonstrates the rare presentation of squamous cell carcinoma developing in a PIBIDS patient.
Successful Treatment of Recalcitrant Warts with Topical Squaric Acid in Immunosuppressed Child
Authors: HUANG WILLIAM , MORRELL DEAN
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Although spontaneous resolution of verrucous vulgaris is the norm, many treatment modalities are available including local destruction, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and sensitizing agents. The choice of treatment will vary with patient's age and desire for treatment, prior treatments, potential side effects, location of lesions, and patient's immune status. Treatment of verruca vulgaris in immunosuppressed patients presents therapeutic challenges as lesions in this population are often refractory to conventional modalities. Here we present a case of successful treatment of recalcitrant warts with topical squaric acid in an immunosuppressed child.
Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma Associated with Hypocalcemic Vitamin D‐Resistant Rickets
Authors: EL‐KHATEEB EKRAMY A.
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  There are several reports of an association between ichthyosis and rickets based mainly on a causative relationship through the impaired ability of ichthyotic skin to synthesize vitamin D. Hypocalcemic vitamin D‐resistant rickets represents a specific type of rickets that is attributed to vitamin D receptor defect rather than to vitamin D deficiency. Nevertheless, an extremely rare association between bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and hypocalcemic vitamin D‐resistant rickets is presented.
Anticonvulsant profile and teratogenicity of 3,3‐dimethylbutanoylurea: A potential for a second generation drug to valproic acid
Authors: Shimshoni Jakob Avi , Yagen Boris , Pessah Neta , Wlodarczyk Bogdan , Finnell Richard H. , Bialer Meir
Published: April 2008

Summary

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity and teratogenic potential of branched aliphatic acylureas represented by isovaleroylurea (IVU), pivaloylurea (PVU) and 3,3‐dimethylbutanoylurea (DBU), as potential second‐generation drugs to valproic acid (VPA).

Methods: The anticonvulsant activity of IVU, PVU, and DBU was determined in mice and rats utilizing the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and the pentylenetetrazole (scMet) tests. The ability of DBU to block electrical‐, or chemical‐induced seizures was further examined in three acute seizure models: the psychomotor 6 Hz model, the bicuculline and picrotoxin models and one model of chronic epilepsy (i.e., the hippocampal kindled rat model). The induction of neural tube defects (NTDs) by IVU, PVU, and DBU was evaluated after i.p. administration at day 8.5 of gestation to a mouse strain highly susceptible to VPA‐induced teratogenicity. The pharmacokinetics of DBU was studied following i.v. administration to rats.

Results: DBU emerged as the most potent compound having an MES‐ED
50
of 186 mg/kg (mice) and 64 mg/kg (rats) and an scMet‐ED
50
of 66 mg/kg (mice) and 26 mg/kg (rats). DBU underwent further evaluation in the hippocampal kindled rat (ED
50
= 35 mg/kg), the psychomotor 6 Hz mouse model (ED
50
= 80 mg/kg at 32 mA and ED
50
= 133 mg/kg at 44 mA), the bicuculline‐ and picrotoxin‐induced seizure mouse model (ED
50
= 205 mg/kg and 167 mg/kg, respectively). In contrast to VPA, DBU, IVU, and PVU did not induce a significant increase in NTDs as compared to control. DBU was eliminated by metabolism with a half‐life of 4.5 h.

Conclusions: DBU's broad spectrum and potent anticonvulsant activity, along with its high safety margin and favorable pharmacokinetic profile, make it an attractive candidate to become a new, potent, and safe AED.
Gene expression analysis in absence epilepsy using a monozygotic twin design
Authors: Helbig Ingo , Matigian Nicholas A. , Vadlamudi Lata , Lawrence Kate M. , Bayly Marta A. , Bain Sharon M. , Diyagama Dileepa , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Mulley John C. , Holloway Andrew J. , Dibbens Leanne M. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Hayward Nicholas K.
Published: April 2008

Summary

Purpose: To identify genes involved in idiopathic absence epilepsies by analyzing gene expression using a monozygotic (MZ) twin design.

Methods: Genome‐wide gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) was determined using microarrays derived from five discordant and four concordant MZ twin pairs with idiopathic absence epilepsies and five unaffected MZ twin pairs. Gene expression was analyzed using three strategies: discordant MZ twins were compared as matched pairs, MZ twins concordant for epilepsy were compared to control MZ twins, and a singleton design of affected versus unaffected MZ twin individuals was used irrespective of twin pairing. An overlapping gene list was generated from these analyses. Dysregulation of genes recognized from the microarray experiment was validated using quantitative real time PCR (qRT‐PCR) in the twin sample and in an independent sample of 18 sporadic absence cases and 24 healthy controls.

Results: Sixty‐five probe sets were identified from the three combined microarray analysis strategies. Sixteen genes were chosen for validation and nine of these genes confirmed by qRT‐PCR in the twin sample. Differential expression for EGR1 (an immediate early gene) and RCN2 (coding for the calcium‐binding protein Reticulocalbin 2) were reconfirmed by qRT‐PCR in the independent sample.

Discussion: Using a unique sample of discordant MZ twins, our study identified genes with altered expression, which suggests novel mechanisms in idiopathic absence epilepsy. Dysregulation of EGR1 and RCN2 is implicated in idiopathic absence epilepsy.
Where Are the Left Ventricular Leads Really Implanted? A Study of 90 Consecutive Patients
Authors: D'IVERNOIS CHRISTOPHE , LESAGE JÉRÔME , BLANC PATRICK
Published: April 2008

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a recognized treatment for severe heart failure. The recommended left ventricular (LV) lead position is at the lateral or posterolateral wall. However, LV leads cannot always be implanted at the expected site. The aim of our study was to describe in a large series of patients the anatomical position really achieved by LV leads at implant.

Method: In consecutive patients referred for CRT, we determined the LV lead implantation success rate, the success rate for the initial target vein, and the final position achieved by the tip of the LV lead in the left and right anterior oblique projections.

Results: Ninety patients (66 men, 71 ± 9 years, 20% New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV) were referred for an LV lead implantation between September 2003 and March 2006. A LV lead could be implanted in 92% of patients. In 70%, LV leads were implanted in the initial target vein. The final location was lateral or posterolateral in 68% and anterior or anterolateral in 32% of patients. The mean procedural time was 117 ± 42 minutes.

Conclusions: LV lead implantation was achieved in 92% of patients with mean procedure duration of less than 2 hours. Nevertheless, 30% of LV leads were implanted outside of the initial target vein and 32% at the anterior or anterolateral wall. Further studies are warranted to compare the responder rate to CRT when the LV lead is at the lateral or posterolateral wall or when the LV lead is at an alternative site.
The Impact of the Components of Metabolic Syndrome on Heart Rate Variability: Using the NCEP‐ATP III and IDF Definitions
Authors: MIN KYOUNG‐BOK , MIN JIN‐YOUNG , PAEK DOMYUNG , CHO SUNG‐IL
Published: April 2008

Background: This study examined the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and heart rate variability (HRV) in Korean adults.

Methods: Data were collected from family health examinations performed from December 2003 through January 2004, and 1,041 subjects consisting of males and females aged 20–87 years were included in this study. Measurement of the 5‐minute HRV and several examinations for MetS were completed. The HRV was analyzed in both the time domain with the standard deviation of NN (SDNN) intervals and the frequency domain with the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components. MetS was defined by the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP‐ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).

Results: There were significant differences in the MetS components and HRV indices between the two groups (with vs without MetS). The adjusted means of the HRV indices in the group with MetS were significantly lower than those in the group without MetS (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was found between all components of MetS and the HRV indices; additionally, as the number of MetS components increased, the HRV indices gradually decreased.

Conclusions: Decreased cardiac autonomic tone was strongly associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, and HRV measurement could become an indispensable part of evaluating one's risk of cardiovascular disease, though we currently do not have sufficient information to identify the cutoff values for the HRV indices.
Initial Clinical Experience with a Remote Magnetic Catheter Navigation System for Ablation of Cavotricuspid Isthmus‐Dependent Right Atrial Flutter
Authors: ARYA ARASH , KOTTKAMP HANS , PIORKOWSKI CHRISTOPHER , BOLLMANN ANDREAS , GERDES‐LI JIN‐HONG , RIAHI SAM , ESATO MASAHIRO , HINDRICKS GERHARD
Published: April 2008

Background: A remote magnetic navigation system (MNS) is available and has been used with a 4‐mm‐tip magnetic catheter for radiofrequency (RF) ablation of some supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias; however, it has not been evaluated for the ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus‐dependent right atrial flutter (AFL). The present study evaluates the feasibility and efficiency of this system and the newly available 8‐mm‐tip magnetic catheter to perform RF ablation in patients with AFL.

Methods: Twenty‐six consecutive patients (23 men, mean age 64.6 ± 9.6 years) underwent RF ablation using a remote MNS. RF ablation was performed with an 8‐mm‐tip magnetic catheter (70°C, maximum power 70 W, 90 seconds). The endpoint of ablation was complete bidirectional isthmus block. To assess a possible learning curve, procedural data were compared between the first 14 (group 1) and the rest (group 2) of the patients.

Results: The initial rhythm during ablation was AFL in 20 (19 counterclockwise and 1 clockwise) and sinus rhythm in six patients. Due to technical issues, the ablation in the 18th patient could not be done with the MNS, and so we switched to conventional ablation. The remote magnetic navigation and ablation procedure was successful in 24 of the 25 (96%) remaining patients with AFL. In one patient (patient 2), conventional catheter was used to complete the isthmus block after termination of AFL. The procedure, preparation, ablation, and fluoroscopy times (median [range]) were 53 (30–130) minutes, 28 (10–65) minutes, 25 (12–78) minutes, and 7.5 (3.2–20.8) minutes, respectively. Patients in group 2 had shorter procedure (45 [30–70] min vs 80 [57–130] min, P = 0.0001), preparation (25 [10–30] min vs 42 [30–65] min, P = 0.0001), ablation (20 [12–40] min vs 31 [20–78] min, P = 0.002), and fluoroscopy (7.2 [3.2–12.2] min vs 11.0 [5.4–20.8] min, P = 0.014) times. No complication occurred during the procedure.

Conclusion: Using a remote MNS and an 8‐mm‐tip magnetic catheter, ablation of AFL is feasible, safe, and effective. Our data suggest that there is a short learning curve for this procedure.
Mechanism of Alumina‐Enhanced Sintering of Fine Zirconia Powder: Influence of Alumina Concentration on the Initial Stage Sintering
Authors: Matsui Koji , Yamakawa Takanori , Uehara Masato , Enomoto Naoya , Hojo Junichi
Published: April 2008

The isothermal shrinkage behavior of 2.9 mol% Y2O3‐doped ZrO2 powders with 0–1 mass% Al2O3 was investigated to clarify the effect of Al2O3 concentration on the initial sintering stage. The shrinkage of the powder compact was measured at constant temperatures in the range of 950°–1050°C. The Al2O3 addition increased the densification rate with increasing temperature. The values of apparent activation energy (nQ) and apparent frequency‐factor term (β0n), where n is the order depending on the diffusion mechanism, were estimated at the initial sintering stage by applying a sintering‐rate equation to the isothermal shrinkage data. The diffusion mechanism changed from grain‐boundary diffusion (GBD) to volume diffusion (VD) by Al2O3 addition and both nQ and β0n increased with increasing Al2O3 concentration. The kinetic analysis of the sintering mechanism suggested that the increase of densification rate by Al2O3 addition largely depends on the increase of β0n, that is, the increases of n with GBD→VD change and β0 with an increase in Al2O3 content, although the nQ also increases with Al2O3 addition. This enhanced sintering mechanism is reasonably interpreted by the segregated dissolution of Al2O3 at ZrO2 grain boundaries.
Properties of (1−x)PZT–xSKN Ceramics Sintered at Low Temperature Using Li2CO3
Authors: Donnelly Niall J. , Shrout Thomas R. , Randall Clive A.
Published: April 2008

The densification of a Sr, K, Nb (SKN)‐doped PZT ceramic has been modified using different flux chemistries. The most successful flux is Li2CO3of which a 0.9 mol% addition promotes almost complete densification at 900°C. Structure property relationships in the Li2CO3flux‐sintered (1−x)PZT–xSKN system (0.01<x<0.05) are compared with conventionally sintered material. Consequences of flux interactions include increased conductivity and a shift in the optimum (1−x)PZT–xSKN composition. The flux sintered PZT–0.03SKN composition exhibits a high fieldd33piezoelectric coefficient of 640 pm/V and a Curie temperature of ∼350°C. The unipolar polarization hysteresis loss is ∼23 kJ/m3and varies little with temperature up to 150°C. Finally, we demonstrate successful cofiring of a multilayer structure at 900°C using Li2CO3‐fluxed PZT–SKN and pure silver electrodes.
The deacon and the dove: on some early Christian (?) grave stelae from al‐Maqsha and Shakhura (Bahrain)
Authors: Potts D.T.
Published: April 2008

Three grave stelae in the Bahrain National Museum are discussed. Their iconography and possible Christian affinities are explored, as well as the earlier, non‐Christian background of several symbols attested. Comparisons are made with the situation at Hatra where a broadly Parthian style is encountered on statuary.
Evaluation of a generic quality of life instrument for early childhood caries‐related pain
Authors: Easton Jill A. , Landgraf Jeanne M. , Casamassimo Paul S. , Wilson Stephen , Ganzberg Steven
Published: April 2008

Abstract –  Objective:  This prospective study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Infant and Toddler Child Quality of Life Questionnaire (ITQOL) by comparing quality of life (QOL) of two groups of children afflicted with early childhood dental caries with a caries‐free group.

Methods:  A convenience sample of 150 children divided into three groups (mean age [months] 51 ± 15) was studied. Group I (OR) had extensive dental caries and were waiting for several months for treatment under general anesthesia. Group II were children who sought emergency services for acute odontogenic pain/abscess, and group III were children who were caries‐free new patients. Parents/caretakers were administered the ITQOL, which assesses a child’s physical, emotional and social well being from the parent/guardian’s perspective.

Results:  The ITQOL had high success in item validity with good reliability. Significant differences in QOL were noted for scales of pain and discomfort, behavior and moods, global behavior, and impact on parental time (P ≤ 0.05) among the three groups. No significant differences were noted for scales of growth and development, general health and impact on parents’ emotional and mental health.

Conclusions:  The ITQOL proved to be a useful instrument for characterizing QOL in this dental caries‐afflicted sample. Overall, children with chronic and acute dental caries had a poorer QOL than caries‐free children in areas of behavior, mood, pain and parental impact.
Relationship of adhesion molecules expression with epithelial differentiation markers during fetal skin development
Authors: Lourenço Silvia Vanessa , Kamibeppu Leonardo , Fernandes Juliana Dumêt , Sotto Mirian Nacagami , Nico Marcello Menta S.
Published: April 2008

Background:  Cadherins and integrins are important for maintenance of tissue integrity and in signal transduction during skin development. Distribution of these molecules in human skin development was investigated and associated with markers of differentiation, cytokeratins (CK) and involucrin (INV).

Methods:  Using immunohistochemistry expression of E‐ and P‐cadherins, integrins beta‐1 and ‐4, CK10, CK14 and INV was assessed in skin fragments of 10 human fetuses (gestational weeks ranged from 4 to 24, all weighing up to 500 g).

Results:  At initial phases of development, integrins beta‐1 and ‐4 and E‐ and P‐cadherins were present on epithelial cell membranes in all layers. CK14 and CK10 were expressed in all epithelial layers and INV weakly detected in the superficial layer. In more advanced stages, integrins were detected in all layers, but a marked polarized expression was seen in basal layer. E‐cadherin was detected in all layers, but the cornified stratum and P‐cadherin were observed in the lower layers. CK14 was expressed in basal layer, CK10 in suprabasal stratum and INV was observed in cornified layer.

Conclusions:  Cadherins and integrins are essential for skin development, being spatially and temporally regulated. Their expression is related with the expression of maturation markers of the epidermis.
Prominent eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in melanocytes of a melanocytic nevus: the aftermath of an infection with molluscum contagiosum? A case report
Authors: Schaefer Jochen T. , Nuovo Gerard J. , Yen Benedict T.S. , Werner Betina
Published: April 2008

A 65‐year‐old Latino man presented to his dermatologist for the removal of two melanocytic nevi from the back. The first nevus was removed from the right scapula and contained melanocytes with prominent eosinophilic nuclear inclusion bodies. The second nevus was removed from the paravertebral region, without evidence of inclusion bodies. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions in the first nevus contained dispersed finely granular, homogenous bodies without a limiting membrane. Immunohistochemistry characterized them as ubiquitin‐positive material. Reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction analysis was positive for molluscum‐specific primers, suggesting that the inclusions encountered in the first nevus were secondary to a remote, local molluscum viral infection of melanocytes.
Clathrin‐Dependent and Independent Endocytosis of Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) in Myoblasts: Regulation by Mitochondrial Uncoupling
Authors: Antonescu Costin N. , Díaz Mònica , Femia Guiseppe , Planas Josep V. , Klip Amira
Published: April 2008

In myocytes and adipocytes, insulin increases glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) exocytosis by promoting GLUT4 vesicle docking/fusion with the membrane. Less is known about the mechanism and regulation of GLUT4 endocytosis, particularly in myocytes. Here, we show that GLUT4 internalization in L6 myoblasts was inhibited in part by hypertonicity or clathrin heavy chain knockdown and in part by cholesterol depletion. Both strategies had additive effects, abolishing GLUT4 endocytosis. GLUT4 internalization was abrogated by expressing dominant‐negative dynamin‐2 but unaffected by inhibiting caveolar‐dependent endocytosis through syntaxin‐6 knockdown or caveolin mutants (which reduced lactosylceramide endocytosis). Insulin did not affect GLUT4 internalization rate or sensitivity to clathrin or cholesterol depletion. In contrast, the mitochondrial uncoupler dinitrophenol (DNP), which like insulin increases surface GLUT4, reduced GLUT4 (but not transferrin) internalization, an effect additive to that of depleting clathrin but not cholesterol. Trout GLUT4 (a natural variant of GLUT4 bearing different endocytic motifs) exogenously expressed in mammalian L6 cells internalized only through the cholesterol‐dependent route that also included the non‐clathrin‐dependent cargo interleukin‐2 receptor β, and DNP reduced internalization of both proteins. These results suggest that in muscle cells, GLUT4 internalizes simultaneously through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and a caveolae‐independent but cholesterol‐ and dynamin‐dependent route. Manipulating GLUT4 endocytosis to maintain surface GLUT4 may bypass insulin resistance.
DEFECTIVE NEUTROPHIL MOTILITY IN HYPOVITAMINOSIS D RICKETS
Authors: LORENTE F. , FONTAN G. , JARA P. , CASAS C. , GARCIA‐RODRIGUEZ M. c. , OJEDA J. A.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The chemotactic activity and random motility of neutrophils, was studied in 38 patients with hypovitaminosis D rickets, and compared with 29 healthy controls of matched age. The chemotactic activity derived from the activated rickets serum as well as the amounts of the complement components C4, C3 and C5 was normal, but the cell motility was clearly defective (p<0.001). A possible relationship between defective neutrophil movement and the recurrent infections seen in these patients is suggested. The possible mechanisms responsible for the defect could be the alteration in Ca/P metabolism or a defective action of the vitamin D on the neutrophils.
INTERNAL REFLUX
Authors: ULDALL P. , FROØKJÆR O. , IBSEN K. KAAS
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Seventysix children with a total of 123 ureters showing vesico‐ureteric reflux were reviewed in order to detect intrarenal reflux (pyelotubular backflow) occuring during micturating cystourethrography. This was found in 7 patients (9.2%). Five patients had unilateral and two bilateral intrarenal reflux. In only 7 out of the 9 kidneys with intrarenal reflux was it possible to outline the kidney contour precisely on excretion urography. In 3 cases renal damage corresponded exactly to the areas with intrarenal reflux. One kidney showed damage which did not correspond to the location of intrarenal reflux and 3 were without signs of damage. Renal damage of varying localization was found in 54 of the 123 kidneys with vesico‐ureteric reflux and intrarenal reflux was present in 6 of these (11%). The significance of intrarenal reflux as a cause of renal damage and whether intrarenal reflux might be primary or secondary to the renal damage are discussed, and it is concluded that presence of intrarenal reflux is a definite indication for operation.
REFRACTORY COAGULOPATHY IN AN INFANT WITH LOSS OF CLOTTING PROTEINS INTO ASCITIC FLUID
Authors: JOHNSON CHRISTINE A. , SOBRINHO TITO C. M. , AZIZ EZZAT M. , ROGERS SARA B.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Report of a newborn with massive ascites who developed a severe coagulopathy due to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic clotting factor deficiencies. All deficient coagulation factors were present in measurable quantities in the infant's ascitic fluid. It is postulated that she sustained loss of coagulant proteins by transudation into her peritoneal cavity. A similarly acquired coagulopathy should be suspected in all patients with a known increase in extravascular fluid compartments.
Breast‐Milk IgA and Lactoferrin Survival in the Gastrointestinal Tract–a Study in Rural Gambian Children
Authors: PRENTICE A. , MacCARTHY A. , STIRLING D. M. , VASQUEZ‐VELASQUEZ L. , CEESAY S. M.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The survival of breast‐milk secretory‐IgA and lactoferrin has been investigated in 23 Gambian children aged 1.5, 3 and 17 months. Endogenous excretion of these immune proteins was measured in 7 weaned 34‐month‐old children. Defaecation rate was the prime determinant of faecal secretory‐IgA and lactoferrin outputs, indicating that partial degradation occurs in the large intestine. Calculations showed that at least 30 % of IgA and 2 % of lactoferrin ingested from breast‐milk must survive in the small intestine. Variations in faecal immune protein outputs were related to differences in intake and defaecation rate and were not affected by age or solid food consumption. The raised faecal outputs of 5 children with diarrhoea were a consequence of their high stool frequencies. IgA disappearance in the large intestine proceeded twice as fast in Gambian breast‐fed children as in comparable Cambridge infants, suggesting that differences in gut flora may influence IgA survival. Thus breast‐feeding, irrespective of age or additional food, can deliver significant quantities of these antimicrobial proteins to the small intestine but differences in defaecation rate and gut flora may affect their protective potential in the large intestine.
Macromolecular Absorption in Preterm and Term Infants
Authors: AXELSSON I. , JAKOBSSON I. , LINDBERG T. , POLBERGER S. , BENEDIKTSSON B. , Räihä N.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Human o‐lactalbumin (α‐LA) has been used as a marker for measuring macromolecular absorption. The serum concentration of human α‐LA after a human milk feed has been studied in 32 healthy very low birthweight infants (VLBW), fed human milk (gestational age 26–32 weeks) and in 56 term, breast‐fed infants, age 3–140 days. At 31 weeks of gestation the serum concentration of human α‐LA was more than 10 times higher (mean value 3000 and median value 2101 μg/1 serum/1 human milk/kg body weight, n= 11) than in the term infants aged 3–30 days (mean value 257 and median value 152, n= 29). The serum concentration of o‐LA decreased with increasing maturity in the VLBW‐infants. At a postconceptional age of 37 weeks the values were similar (mean value 200 and median value 99, n= 8) to those found for term infants during the first month. In the term infants a decreasing absorption of α‐LA was found with increasing postnatal age.
Rapidly Developing Overweight in School Children as an Indicator of Psychosocial Stress
Authors: MELLBIN T. , VUILLE J.‐C.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. From a cohort of 971 Swedish children followed up from birth through 15 years of age, all the children who had shown an increment in relative weight of more than 15 % (measured weight in % of standard weight for height) between the ages of 7 and 10 years (group A, n= 25), 10 and 13 years (group B, n= 23), and 7 and 13 years (group C, n= 22) were selected for the present study. For each case a control matched for sex and relative weight at 7 (groups A and C) or 10 years (group B) was selected. The degree of psychosocial stress was estimated by two raters on the basis of all the accumulated data in the school health records and of the personal knowledge of the school nurses. There was good agreement between the raters. A significant difference in the degree of psychosocial stress was found between cases and controls. An analysis of specific items revealed differences with respect not only to soft data, but also to objective facts (continuation of school after completion of the nine years of compulsory school). It is concluded that a rapid weight gain during school years may be an indicator of psychosocial problems.
Changing Pattern of Cerebral Palsy in the Southwest Region of Finland
Authors: RIIKONEN R. , RAUMAVIRTA S. , SINIVUORI E. , SEPPÄLÄ T.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) increased significantly from 1968–72 to 1978–82 in the region of the University Central Hospital of Turku, Finland, from 1.6/1000 live births during the first five‐year period to 2.5/1000 live births during the second. The increase was due to an increase of CP in low birthweight children (p= 0.0002). The distribution of CP patterns did not change significantly. During the second period the diagnosis was made earlier in all groups (except that of spastic tetraplegia), though it reached statistical significance only in the hemi‐ and diplegic groups. While the perinatal mortality rate declined greatly during this period (especially in low birthweight groups), the increase in CP prevalence was due to increased survival rather than to a real change in prevalence. As a net gain, the decline resulted in an increased absolute figure in non‐CP children, in spite of the rising prevalence of the disease.
Evaluation of Renal Function and Morphology in Children by 99mTc‐DTPA Gamma Camera Renography
Authors: REHLING M. , JENSEN J. J. , SCHERLING B. , EGEBLAD M. , LØNBORG‐JENSEN H. , KANSTRUP I. , DIGE‐PETERSEN H.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the use of 99mTc‐DTPA (diethylene‐triaminepenta‐acetate) gamma camera renography for the study of kidney function as well as morphology. Sixty‐nine children with urinary tract infection or congenital hydronephrosis aged 6 days to 13.6 years were studied. A method for determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from the recorded curves without use of blood or urine samples was tested in 65 consecutive children. From each renogram an uptake index was determined. After a weight/height correction the sum of right and left kidney uptake index correlated with total GFR determined from plasma clearance of 51Cr‐EDTA (ethylenediaminetetra‐acetate) measured on the same day (r= 0.96). The relative standard error of estimating GFR from the renograms was 10.7 % at GFR = 100 ml/min and 14.6 % at GFR = 50 ml/min. In a subgroup including 20 children no difference was found in kidney morphology and length studied by renography and intravenous urography, the latter providing more details concerning the urinary tract. Relative kidney length did not correlate with relative renal function determined by renography, emphasizing the difficulty in determination of relative renal function by urography. In conclusion, not only relative but also absolute renal function (GFR) can be determined in children by 99mTc‐DTPA renography; at the same time kidney and urinary tract morphology are evaluated. In our hands, 99mTc‐DTPA renography has become a useful diagnostic tool, lowering the need for the more cumbersome intravenous urography and 51Cr‐EDTA plasma clearance. However, intravenous urography is mandatory for the detailed study of the urinary tract, and use of the 51Cr‐EDTA plasma clearance technique is necessary when a very reliable determination of GFR is wanted.
Maternal endocrine adaptations to placental hormones in houmans
Authors: Evain‐Brion D
Published: April 2008

Evain‐Brion D. Maternal endocrine adaptations to placental hormones in humans. Acta Pzdiatr 1999; Suppl 428: 12‐16. Stockholm. ISSN 0803‐5326

The remarkable endocrine alterations that are characteristic of human pregnancy are attributable to the placenta. In this tissue, steroid and peptide hormones are produced in extraordinary amounts. In addition, the haemomonochorioendothelial placentation of human pregnancy contributes to the unique distribution of products formed in trophoblasts into maternal and fetal compartments. In this review, the partial control exerted by the trophoblast on maternal metabolism is illustrated by the replacement in the maternal compartment of pituitary growth hormone (GH) with the trophoblast's own product, human placental GH. Placental GH differs from pituitary GH by 13 amino acids, has high somatogenic and low lactogenic activities and is secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast in a non‐pulsatile manner. This continuous secretion appears to have important implications for the control of maternal levels of insulin‐like growth factor I. Placental GH secretion is inhibited by glucose in vitro and in vivo, and is significantly decreased in the maternal circulation in cases of pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation. U Fetal growth, growth hormone, human placenta, intrauterine growth retardation