bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the influence of gaseous products of explosive detonation on the processes of crack treatment while rock blasting
Authors: Kulynych Viktoriia , Chebenko Valerii , Puzyr Ruslan , Pieieva Iryna
Published: September 2021

Purpose is mathematical modeling of fracturing as well as influence of gaseous products of explosive detonation on the changes in rock strength. Methods. Mathematical model, using foundations of Griffith theory, has been developed. To explain conditions of bridge formation while exploding lead azide charges, a two-stage description of solid particle condensation at a crack surface and inside it has been applied using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics. The analysis, involved electronic microscope, has helped verified the results experimentally. Findings. The effect of rock mass disturbance, resulting from explosive destruction, is manifested maximally right after the action. Subsequently, it decreases owing to the gradual relaxation of the formed defects. Therefore, an urgent problem is to develop ways slowing down strength restore of the blasted rock mass fragments. The process of rock fragment strength restoring may be prevented by microparticles getting into the microcrack cavities together with the detonation products. The research simulates their action. The data correlate to the simulation results confirming potential influence of the blasted rock on the dynamics of changes in the strength characteristics of the rock mass. Various compositions of charges with shells made of inert solid additions have been applied which solid particles can avoid the process of microcrack closure. Originality. For the first time, the possibility of deposition formation within rock micro- and macrocracks has been proposed and supported mathematically. Practical implications. Strength properties of the finished product and the energy consumption during impulse loading as well as subsequent mechanical processing of nonmetallic building materials depend on the strength properties of rock mass fragments. Hence, the ability to control the strength restore has a great practical value. Moreover, it can be implemented during the blasting operations.
Analyzing mechanics of rock breaking under conditions of hydromechanical drilling
Authors: Ihnatov Andrii
Published: September 2021

Purpose is to substantiate design factors and technological parameters of next-generation facilities of hydromechanical drilling basing upon the determined features of interaction between breaking pellets and rock mass. Methods. The studies of directionality features and bottomhole processes for rock mass breaking have been carried out using the current analytical methods and laboratory experiments. Among other things, certain mathematical and physical simulation techniques, methods of theoretical processing and interpretation of the research results under SolidWorks, Statgraphics, and Маthсаd environments, and a number of relevant instruments and materials have been applied. Following their technological sequence, the well bottomhole rock-breaking processes were simulated using a special laboratory stand equipped with a control-and-measuring unit (inclusive of a flowmeter, manometer, tachometer, and coordinate spacer among other things). Findings. Application perspectiveness of the combined techniques for rock breaking has been proved. Structural designs of the next-generation facilities for well drilling have been proposed. The pellet-impact drilling features have been analyzed from the viewpoint of its significant dynamic component during the rock mass breaking. Nature of the effect of breaking load rate on the results of bottomhole deformation processes has been identified. Efficiency of the proposed scheme to improve pellet-impact drilling based upon maximum use of a well bottomhole deformed by pellets has been proved. Measures to increase technical and technological indicators of pellet drilling have been considered. Requirements for the conditions stabilizing operation of a collar of the pellet-impact device have been outlined. Further research tendencies have been specified. Originality. It has been determined that compliance with specific geometrical and hydromechanical ratios, corresponding to the stable mode of a well sinking, is the factor required for reliable operation of hydromechanical drilling facilities. Practical implications. The results of stand-based tests as well as analytical studies may become the foundations to develop efficient engineering decision for hydromechanical well drilling with high technical and economic indicators. The data, concerning bottomhole rock breaking processes, are the basic ones to work out rational standard parameters of well sinking processes.
Association of Father's Smoking and Neonatal Respiratory Morbidities
Authors: Habib Rahat Bin , Kabir ARM Luthful , Roy Sunirmal , Khan Md Kamrul Ahsan , Rahman Muzibur , Nila Taslim Ara , Wahab Mohammad Abdul , Shaheen Md Mahbubur Rahman , Das Sujit
Published: September 2021

First 28 days are the most vulnerable period for every neonate. Children usually suffered from respiratory illness. Therefore it is important to observe the prevalence of neonatal respiratory sickness.  However, the disease profile among the neonates in rural areas is not exactly known. Many fathers in the rural area used smoke-producing tobacco. Therefore it is important to identify any relation of passive smoking with neonatal respiratory morbidities at the grass-root level.This study was conducted to estimate the frequency and to determine the pattern of respiratory illness of neonate and also to assess the impact of fathers smoking on the magnitude of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) of newborns. This was a descriptive type of cross sectional study. It carried out on 62 neonates for 180 days, who attended the Tungipara UHC, Gopalganj in Bangladesh between January  to June 2018. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, physical examination, relevant investigations, and data were collected by semi structured questionnaire for respiratory illness. In this observational study, out of 62 neonates, from 1st day to 28 days of age. Diseases of the respiratory system topped the list (32%).  Upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTI) were 22.5% as against only 9.5% of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI). Most (47%) newborns were 28 days aged and 2nd most common (17.5%) was 15 days. The cumulative frequency was 37 percent up to 15 days of age. In the case of the father's occupation, most (19%) were in the private service. About one third (29%) fathers were engaged in business, whereas 18% done small business among them. However, it is a village area their cultivator was only 05 fathers. Consequently parent's education more than half (51.5%, 59.5%) were up to class 8. Nearly one-fifth of the fathers studied more than 12 classes. One-tenth of the fathers had no history of schooling and it was 1.5% of mothers. Most (32%) came in the OPD due to RTI and other than the respiratory problem was 26%. Among them, 42% did not require any treatment. In the inferential statistics fathers, smoking was responsible for neonatal respiratory illness. (Fisher's exact test 21.87  df  4  P 001). The respiratory illness affected more by second hand smoking whose fathers smoked tobacco. There need more grass-root level, multicentric, control-based study to find out the real picture of neonate respiratory morbidity, and other illness.
Bangladesh Med J. 2020 May; 49(2) : 30-33
Sports Injury: Rehabilitation Updates
Authors: Emran Md Ali , Khandaker Md Nuruzzaman , Ahmed Syed Mozaffar , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Khasru Moshiur Rahman , Salek AKM
Published: September 2021

Sports injuries occur as a result of physical activities carried out either for general recreational purposes or with more professional goals in mind. Sports injury can be defined as a pathologic process that adjourns training or competition and leads the athlete to seek medical treatment. Athletes of all levels suffer from injuries and experience a variety of acute and overuse syndrome that may range from minor to carrier-ending. The ever changing pattern of sports relevant injury, as well as limited available resource for rehabilitation in many areas of Bangladesh, is a matter of concern. Few sports clubs have some facilities; most of the athletes is often left to fend for himself. Key determinants of a successful sports injury rehabilitation program include the application of modern rehabilitation protocol under pertinent supervision, judicious application of  appropriate pharmaceutical agents and prompt surgical interventions when required. A Physiatrist would be the most logical choice to lead the rehabilitation team, holistic approach to injuries with conservative manner, proper guidance of physiotherapist and referring complicated injuries to the most appropriate specialist in a timely manner. Worldwide practiced rehabilitation protocols are sports injury based but this need to be developed according to the nature of injuries as well as available resources. The main focus are safe return to sports and minimizing re-injury on return to sport; this involves application of rehabilitation intervention in acute and chronic phases of injury. A key factor in all sports injury rehabilitation protocols is injury prevention; this involves data maintenance by teams or trainers, which is still not yet developed completely in Bangladesh. This review is an endeavor to elucidate some issues that are important and routinely practiced world-wide, with the aim to improve sports injury rehabilitation protocol for the developing world.
Bangladesh Med J. 2020 May; 49(2) : 34-40
Influences of genotype, phenotypes, and size characteristics on lesion recovery in Caribbean staghorn coral
Authors: Kaufman ML , D’Alessandro M , Langdon C , Lirman D
Published: September 2021

Severe declines of coral cover in the Caribbean and throughout the world have led scientists and managers to invest in restoring coral reefs and determining which coral phenotypes and genotypes will maximize restoration success. Acropora cervicornis is the species most commonly used by restoration programs in the Caribbean, but only a handful of studies have documented its capacity for wound healing, a phenotype identified as essential for predicting genotype performance. Here, we examined the influence of genotype, lesion area, colony size, and growth, along with tissue, chlorophyll a, lipid, and symbiont densities, on the recovery capacity of staghorn corals in a field experiment. Colonies with smaller lesion areas, lower tissue densities, and greater chlorophyll a densities healed more efficiently 9 d after wound infliction. At 16 d, initial colony size was the only significant predictor variable, with smaller colonies healing more quickly. Healing rate varied significantly by genotype, ranging from 50 to 100% of fragments healed by genotype 16 d after wounding. Colony growth was not predictive of recovery rate, but wounded corals grew more slowly than non-wounded corals, providing evidence for a tradeoff between these 2 phenotypes. We encourage restoration practitioners to fragment smaller colonies and generate smaller lesions in the interest of rapid wound recovery. We also recommend that practitioners identify rapidly healing genets not from tissue assays but through lesion recovery tracking and outplant these genotypes in higher abundance at restoration sites, particularly in high-energy environments where colonies are vulnerable to fragmentation.
E-Government, Governance and Corruption in Asian countries
Authors: Suardi Imelda
Published: September 2021

In developing countries, the implementation of e-government is at greater risk of failure when the corruption is still high. This paper examines the effect of e-government on the level of corruption in 47 developing countries in Asia using E-Government Development Index which is divided into components of online service, human capital, telecommunication infrastructure and e-participation. This paper also places the role of governance in government to moderate the relationship between e-government and perceptions of corruption. The result shows that implementation of e-government and governance has increased the perception of corruption with telecommunications infrastructure has the most significant effect.
The Relationship Between Service Quality and Consumer Satisfaction Link: Does Perceived Value Have a Mediating Effect? : An Evidence from Mutual Fund Company in Jakarta
Authors: Hutagaol Ronald Marthin , Basbeth Firdaus
Published: September 2021

Despite the growing number of millennials and fintech having been present for some years now in mutual funds in Jakarta, the market share of PT PAM Indonesia has not increased. The number of unhappy customers reflected by the number of inactive customers has been increased to 43% of its total customers. due to the disappointment with the company’s services. This study is investigating the influence of service quality on consumer satisfaction and consumer perceived value as a mediating variable in mutual funds in Jakarta. This study contributes to the customer's perceived value literature by providing evidence in the mutual fund industry. To gather the primary data, in this study using a quantitative approach by sending a questionnaire to 100 millennials customers. SPSS software was used to analyze the satisfaction level in different locations and demographic factors, whilst SmartPLS3 was used to analyze the relationship between variables and to test hypotheses. The result showed that consumer perceived value mediates the relationship between service quality on consumer satisfaction. The findings suggest to retrieve customer satisfaction, the company must improve its service quality to meet consumer perceived value especially for the millennials in the mutual fund industry.
Literature as a Ruthless Excavator of Culture: From the Literary Mode of Being to Lituratterre
Authors: Bou Ali Nadia
Published: September 2021

This chapter substantiates the book’s psychoanalytic approach to modern Arabic thought. It argues that the framework of theoretical psychoanalysis is an alternative to post-colonial, post-structuralist, and deconstructionist approaches. The chapter discusses the psychoanalytic topology of the symbolic, imaginary, and Real and its relevance to the study of literary sources. It then explicates how fantasy produces and canalizes desire in the context of symbolic crisis in modernity. The chapter addresses the anxieties around language and culture in modern Arabic sources as anxieties underlined by the modern contestation between reason and the unconscious. Diagnosing this contestation between reason and irrationality is crucial for overcoming the antinomy of culturalism/ liberalism that over-determines the study of modern Arabic sources. Anxieties over habits and culture expose early on the limits of liberal tolerance and force us to consider how the compulsion for freedom in modernity is experienced as a split in particularity rather than an affirmation of it. The chapter pits Lacan-Freud against Wendy Brown’s liberal critique of psychoanalysis through Shidyaq and Bustani.
Why is There Lalangue Rather than Nothing? Love of Lugha and Lalangue
Authors: Bou Ali Nadia
Published: September 2021

The chapter argues that the work on lugha in the late nineteenth-century was driven by the need to hold laghuw at bay. Lugha in its etymology carries the meaning of laghuw: incoherent speech, babble and error.6 In Bustānī’s nineteenth-century Arabic dictionary, it also has the meaning of annulment, erasure and deletion. To be in a state of laghuw is ‘to drink endlessly without being able to quench thirst’.7  In other words, lugha oscillates between pleasure and beyond pleasure, an identifiable object of desire that it constantly addresses and makes present through speech. This would mean that lalangue would represent an adequate translation of lugha – not language as a medium for communication, but the language of the unconscious, in which there is no simple transformation of words into images (or signifier into signified). The chapter analyzes Shidyaq’s linguisteriks through a Lacanian understanding of signification which departs from both socio-linguistics and structural linguistics. Lacan’s account of language as a divisive force implies that there is something that demands to be realised in speech, which appears as intentional, of course, but has a strange temporality and does not have the form of propositional statements. The chapter argues that Bustani’s encyclopedic work and Shidyaq’s literary puns are connected by a prolepsis that characterizes modernity and collapses the distance between science and literature.
A Liberal Psycho-theology
Authors: Bou Ali Nadia
Published: September 2021

The chapter discusses Butrus al-Bustani’s Nafır Surriya (The Clarion of Syria) pamphlets and his translation of DeFoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Throughout these pamphlets, and using Crusoe’s story as an allegory for civil society in a post-war temporality, Bustani formulated a form of liberal nationalism in defence of  the ‘true religion’ (diyana haqiqiya), Protestant in spirit and corresponding with a political economic logic that ties it to the history of capitalism. This wedding of religion and political economy is most strikingly evident in the way the concepts of guilt and debt were used to separate out a universalistic conception of religion from sectarian political identities. The political theology that underlies Bustani’s liberal logic, and which is the focus of the analysis throughout this chapter, raises the question of the nature of the rule of law in relation to violence; in other words, it exposes the fine line between law-making violence and law-preserving violence. Furthermore, Bustani’s worldview provides us with an understanding of the kinds of symbolic investiture that iterate the performative nature of rites of initiation into community in fin de siècle Beirut, ones that restrict the potentialities of politics from within a ‘psycho-theological’ framework.
Crossing Boundaries: Families, Audiences and the Mainstream Aesthetic
Authors: Brown Noel
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores two overarching and interrelated themes. The first is the narrative centrality of family and friendship in post-1990s Hollywood animation, and how this relates to broader social practices in contemporary America. The second is the intended universalism of the films, which are exemplary instances of Hollywood family entertainment in their simultaneous embodiment of quintessential US mythologies and their recapitulation of more universalistic norms, values, fantasies and fears. It is central to the commercial logic of Hollywood animation that it possesses a broad, cross-demographic, transnational appeal. Consequently, in order to mobilise a pluralistic, global mass audience, it must utilise a range of textual strategies to ensure that films are able to cross boundaries of age, gender, class, race, religion, language and culture.
On the Borders: Children’s Horror and Indiewood Animation
Authors: Brown Noel
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on a recent tradition of Hollywood animated films which mine the intersection between the ‘mainstream’ and ‘cult’ firmaments. While there is a long history of experimental or leftfield animation in the United States, the films discussed here are characterised by a duality specific to post-1990s Hollywood cinema: they target a mass market while simultaneously addressing audiences that may reject mainstream animation in its more conventional iterations. The first half of this chapter examines the ‘children’s horror film’, a cycle that presents grotesque imagery with sufficient wit to appeal to leftfield sensibilities while still delivering the pleasing emotive content associated with mainstream family entertainment. The second half discusses ‘indiewood animation’ films, which often exhibit a comparatively cerebral patented kookiness and trippy, offbeat humour. Collectively, the ‘children’s horror’ and ‘indiewood’ animated films represent a compromise between the perceived requirements of mass audiences and the promise of additional credibility and cachet associated with cult cinema.
Radcliffe lectures, fall semester 1925
Authors: Henning Brian G. , Petek Joseph , Lucas George
Published: September 2021

Notes taken by Louise R. Heath during Whitehead’s class ‘Philosophy 3b: Philosophy of Science’. These notes parallel those of the Harvard men, which are given in the next section. The topics covered in these twenty-eight lectures are wide-ranging, but the focus is largely on metaphysics and the intersection of philosophy and science.
Harvard lectures, fall semester 1925
Authors: Henning Brian G. , Petek Joseph , Lucas George
Published: September 2021

Notes taken by Fritz Jules Roethlisberger and Charles Hartshorne during Whitehead’s class ‘Philosophy 3b: Philosophy of Science’. These notes parallel those of the Radcliffe women, which are given in the previous section. The topics covered in these forty-one lectures are wide-ranging, but the focus is largely on metaphysics and the intersection of philosophy and science.
Harvard lectures, spring semester 1926
Authors: Henning Brian G. , Petek Joseph , Lucas George
Published: September 2021

Notes taken by Fritz Jules Roethlisberger, Edward Schouten Robinson, and Charles Hartshorne during Whitehead’s class ‘Philosophy 3b: Philosophy of Science’. The topics covered in these thirty-seven lectures are wide-ranging, but the focus is largely on metaphysics and the intersection of philosophy and science.
Philosophy 20h: Seminary in Metaphysics, fall semester 1926
Authors: Henning Brian G. , Petek Joseph , Lucas George
Published: September 2021

Notes taken by George Perrigo Conger and Sinclair Kerby-Miller during Whitehead’s seminary (an older word for ‘seminar’) on metaphysics. These sessions were fundamentally different from his lecture course in that they were discussion based – with much time given over to presentations by students – and took place in the intimate setting of Whitehead’s home on Friday evenings, rather than a lecture hall. It covers roughly the same topics as Whitehead’s lecture course, namely metaphysics and the intersection of philosophy and science.
Weighing Down the Landscape: The Quarry as a Site of Rural Modernity
Authors: Shaw Samuel
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artists seem to have been especially attracted by quarries, treating them as a means of exploring modernity through the lens of rural romanticism. Quarries regularly appear in paintings in many of the artists associated with rural modernity: William Rothenstein, Edward Wadsworth, Walter Bell, Roger Fry, and J. D. Fergusson, among them. Appreciating that there is no single way of categorising and representing quarries, this chapter (the first ever study of this important subject) explores many of the common themes to be found in paintings of quarries in the first half of the twentieth century. It considers a wide range of artists and art-works — the majority of which are owned by rural art galleries — in close relation to the history of rural industries in such regions as Cornwall, West Yorkshire, and Edinburgh.
The ‘Uncertainty of Our Climate’: Mary Kelly and the Rural Theatre
Authors: Walker Andrew
Published: September 2021

Andrew Walker examines playwright Mary Kelly’s writings on village theatre and her production of agrarian pageantry for purposes of expanding notions of the genres and cultural impacts of rural modernity. Kelly, best known as the model for Miss La Trobe in Virginia Woolf’s Between the Acts, enjoyed success as a director of rural theatre in the 1920s and 1930s. This led to two influential books on rural arts, How to Make a Pageant (1936) and Village Theatre (1939). Envisioning the theatre as an outgrowth of folk religion and mythology grounded in agricultural and fertility ritual—a vision taken up to great effect by T. S. Eliot—Kelly advocated a theatre run by and on behalf of rural performers, producers, and audience. This chapter looks at her development of these ideas in print and practice as a way of examining interwar rural dramatic production writ large.
Transformative Pastoral: Lewis Grassic Gibbon’s A Scots Quair
Authors: Hubble Nick
Published: September 2021

Beginning in the rural community of the first volume of the Scots Quair trilogy and progressing to the city setting of the third, Nick Hubble traces the entire arc of how modernization is experienced from a rural perspective. He challenges postwar criticism of Gibbon as being insufficiently aligned with the British Welfare State’s valuation of the urban and the industrial by arguing that Gibbon equates such values with the negative experience of war and patriarchal subjectivity. Focusing on the central female character, Chris Guthrie, and drawing on the work of feminist critics and William Empson’s concept of pastoral, the chapter investigates how Gibbon relates modern subjectivity and intersubjectivity to the ‘land’ in its broadest conception. Hubble argues that Gibbon moves beyond an oppositional account of rural and urban modernity to ‘compass and express’ the life of the Scottish nation in a way that had hitherto been impossible.
Borderlands: Visual and Material Culture in the Interwar Anglo-Scottish Borders
Authors: Holt Ysanne
Published: September 2021

In the early 1920s the artist Ben Nicholson and his first wife Winifred Dacre moved to the edge of the English-Scottish border. Within a rugged terrain traditionally imagined as primitive, elemental, and romantic, a culture of crafts and especially of textile production emerged to which artists such as the Nicholsons were to contribute, but which was dependent on increasingly modernising traditions and the skills of resident makers and designers from each side of the border. Ysanne Holt concentrates in this chapter upon the specificity of this place in the 1920s and 1930s, exploring diverse connections between artists, crafts-people, designers, and manufacturers, the training and experience of workforces and the developing networks that crossed from rural to urban contexts within the region and beyond. She discovers a ‘borderland’ aesthetic that brought traditional skills into line with new technologies and combined national and international sources with local histories and heritage.
Celebrating England: ‘Heritage’ Writing and the Rural Novelist
Authors: Head Dominic
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, Dominic Head focusses on the relationship between nonfiction English heritage writing by popular rural novelists and the same writers’ rural/regional visions explored through their novels of the 1930s and Second World War. Rather than discovering a uniform and distasteful indulgence in easy sentiment or idealizing fantasy, Head’s careful analysis of rural novelists’ nonfiction about rural places and people reveals a richness of approach, from the unexpectedly radical (Henry Williamson’s The Village Book (1930)) to predictably conservative (Francis Brett Young’s Portrait of a Village (1938)), to something in between (Doreen Wallace’s novels, ‘Face of Britain’ books, and ‘Batsford Home Front Handbook’, How to Grow Food (1940)). The chapter summarizes and periodizes the heritage writing of the 1930s-1940s, arguing that it is a genre that may generate a self-consciousness about nation and identity that is inseparable from a pervasive anxiety about modernity.
‘Manuelzinho’, Brazil and Identity Politics
Authors: Ravinthiran Vidyan
Published: September 2021

Analysing ‘Manuelzinho’ with an eye and an ear for its ambiguous or ironic word-choices, rhythms, and line-endings, this chapter situate its political consciousness as inextricably that of a dramatic monologue—a form in which, as Robert Langbaum tells us, there is always a tension between ‘sympathy’ and ‘moral judgement’. Events in contemporary Brazil have a previously unexamined relevance: the ‘tapping’ of telephone connections, endemic in the favelas; peasant uprisings elsewhere in the country. A historical close reading discovers a poem ultimately critical of injustice, rather than collusive with oppression; a text which challenges, perhaps, modern identity politics.
‘Thinking with one’s feelings’: Elizabeth Bishop’s Literary Criticism
Authors: O’Neill Michael
Published: September 2021

This chapter will focus on Bishop’s comments about poetry in her letters and what the Library of America edition of her work classifies as ‘Literary Statements and Reviews’ as well as implicitly metapoetic moments in her poetry. Her dislike of 'making poetry monstrous or boring' though ‘pretentious’ analysis (‘It All Depends’) does not prevent her from seeing that ‘Writing poetry is an unnatural act’ (see essay with the same title), albeit one that seeks a natural effect. The criteria she develops in this essay—Accuracy, Spontaneity, Mystery—allow her to admire a very wide range of poets as her choice of touchstones (a technique at once Arnoldian and Jarrellesque) reveals: from Herbert to Auden and Lowell. The paper will discuss the acuteness of her insights, local and broader, into poetry. This chapter also explores how her ways of discussing poetry bear on her practice and have influenced her reception.
Transatlantic Transformations of Romanticism
Authors: Sandy Mark
Published: September 2021

This book presents innovative readings of literary works of British Romanticism and its influence on twentieth- and twenty-first-century American literary culture and thought. It traverses the traditional critical boundaries of prose and poetry in American and Romantic and post-Romantic writing. Analysing significant works by nineteenth-century writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Emily Dickinson, as well as the later writings of William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Saul Bellow, Toni Morrison and Wallace Stevens, the book reasserts the significance of second-generation Romantic writers for American literary culture. Sandy reassesses our understanding of Romantic inheritance and influence on post-Romantic aesthetics, subjectivity and the natural world in the American imagination.
Transatlantic Exchanges
Authors: Hampton Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter will treat transatlantic journalism as a product of multi-directional borrowing (even if not always symmetrical), within the context of a wider ‘Anglo-world’ that was marked by migrations and tours, as well as within a multi-media environment. Rather than an “Americanized” British press, what emerges is a shared journalistic culture that retains important pockets of difference. The chapter will begin by tracing the transatlantic emergence of a mass circulation press, and the bifurcation of journalistic styles along lines of status. Beginning with the emergence of Britain’s ‘new journalism’ in the 1880s, it will show that while certain popular forms (interviews, informal tone, brevity) made their way from the United States to London, others, such as crusades and the demotic voice, had significant British roots. Furthermore, transformations associated with the new journalism quickly made their way to Ireland, where they blended with nationalist politics. American elite political journalism in this era was often explicitly influenced by British models e.g. the New Republic (1914) and various suffrage periodicals. Conversely, British journalistic norms never embraced the American concept of ‘objectivity’, continuing deep into the twentieth century to emphasize an idea of ‘independence’ that was fully compatible with partisanship.
The Financial Press
Authors: Schifferes Steve , Kynaston David , Arrese Angel
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how national newspapers have reported on business and the economy, particularly during economic crises and its relation to the Treasury orthodoxy. It focuses on the dramatic expansion of financial reporting in the latter part of the 20th Century to move beyond the City beat to encompass personal finance, the economy and labour reporting. The scale and scope of financial reporting has always been closely tied to Britain’s economic position, with coverage shrinking in the interwar years as Britain lost its international dominance and expanding in the era of globalisation when deregulation of the City revived London as an international financial centre. This boosted the profitability and circulation of the leading financial publications, The Economist and the Financial Times, which also gained a large global audience. The nature of financial reporting also changed with the rise of financial PR firms which sought to influence the coverage of companies, especially during take-overs.
Shared Media Histories in the British Isles: Irish-Language Media, 1900–2018
Authors: Uí Chollatáin Regina
Published: September 2021

This analysis of content, forums, and writing styles in the Irish language press spans the creation of an Irish reading public in the Irish Revival and Revolutionary period to the literary advances in the mid-twentieth century and the challenges of journalism in a minority language in twenty-first century Ireland. The first Irish language newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis (1899-1932) created a forum for public discourse and literature. Professional recognition aided high standard journalistic practices while provincial periodicals, An Lóchrann (1907), An Crann (1916), An Stoc (1917) and An Branar (1919) also brought new vision to an embryonic Irish language press. Despite a minority reading public, the Irish language print press carved its niche during the twentieth century and the English language press was a valuable ally in creating a modern Irish literature. Transnational journalism re-emerged in the 1980s with Domhnall Mac Amhlaigh’s columns from Liverpool published in the Irish Times. Foinse (1996) and Lá (1980) demonstrate that professional and community journalism had come of age by the end of the twentieth century. A necessary change of direction ensured that online journals, Beo.ie, Nósmag and Gaelscéal flagged a new era in twenty-first century Irish language journalism providing international dimensions.
The Black British and Irish Press
Authors: Vassell Olive
Published: September 2021

The black British press has since its inception in 1900 been rooted in several connected struggles. They are: the push for African and Caribbean independence, and the creation of a collective cultural and political black identity based in African roots; the formation of community and belonging for largely Caribbean immigrants following the post-World War II mass migration, and the reflection and reinforcement of identity for black British-born citizens outside of white political, social, economic and cultural hegemony. However, it has not only played a pivotal role in addressing issues of liberation and community building, but also in helping to define the public discourse surrounding the definition of what it means to be both black and British, not just for blacks, but for the entire British society. This chapter examines the history of black British newspapers and periodicals through these three distinct periods of social change and the critical role they have played in each of them.
The Press and the Labour Movement
Authors: Dowling Thomas , Bingham Adrian
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the dynamic relationship between the labour movement and the press. It argues that recognition of the need to negotiate or counter the growing pre-eminence of the press and other forms of mass-communications media compelled some of the twentieth-century labour movement’s most original intellectual and strategic advances. Equally, at other moments, a tendency on the part of beleaguered labour leaders to overestimate the hegemonic reach of the ‘right-wing’ or ‘capitalist’ press served to mask shortcomings and lacunae in the movement’s own ideological and strategic perspectives. Rather than approaching the relationship between labour and the press as one of essential conflict and antagonism, the chapter seeks to understand them as two aspects of the same ongoing historical process.
The Provincial Press
Authors: Matthews Rachel
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the impact of the dominance of the corporate-owned local newspaper in the United Kingdom during the ‘long’ twentieth century (around 1880 to 2008). It draws on newspaper business records relating to the Western Mail and Echo and the Norfolk News Company to demonstrate the process by which profitability displaced notions of public service in conglomerate newspaper enterprises and the consequences of this for editorial structures and output.   In doing so, it argues that it is this structure which presaged the financial predicament experienced by the post-digital, post-banking crisis, and now post-Covid, local newspaper business, and suggests that hope for the future of this media form can be found outside of this dominant pattern of ownership
The CIA and the USSR: The Challenge of Understanding the Soviet Threat
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines how countering the perceived threat from the USSR became the central mission of the CIA. It also details just how little information the CIA had to work with, and how central judgements and analysis came to be in shaping policy direction about possible USSR actions. Developing analytical capabilities was key to this, and it was institutionalised in CIA as early as 1946 with the creation of the Office of Reports and Estimates. Meanwhile, the CIA continued to evolve. Particularly significant in this regard was Walter Bedell Smith. Document: Intelligence on the Soviet Bloc
The CIA in Vietnam
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

The chapter begins with a survey of the various declassified volumes from numerous strands of the US Government that detail events from the mid-1950s onwards in relation to South East Asia. It then moves on to consider the role that CIA officer, Ed Lansdale had in the late 1950s and 1960s in establishing intelligence networks and paramilitary activities in South Vietnam. As the war developed, however, it became increasingly difficult to gain any kind of meaningful strategic intelligence from Hanoi. And despite notable advances, the US was prone to being surprised. This chapter discusses these issues in the context of the Tet Offensive. Document: Intelligence Warning of the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam.
The CIA and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

The chapter provides a background to the proxy conflict between the US and the USSR in Afghanistan, where the CIA supplied the Afghan Mujahedin with resources and weapons. It offers an insight into the Soviet’s decision to invade, charting Brezhnev’s initial reluctance to mobilise a full scale military assault on the Communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and their brutal regime, and how this changed on Christmas Day 1979. The CIA monitored the situation closely, and assessed the likelihood that the Soviet army had walked into a quagmire.
Documents: Strategic Warning Staff’s Performance; USSR-Afghanistan Memoranda from Strategic Warning Staff; The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan.
The CIA and the (First) Persian Gulf War
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

Spying on secretive dictatorships is difficult. Saddam Hussein’s Iraq was, in the run up to the first Gulf War, a very hard target. This chapter examines how the CIA tried to overcome this problem. It examines the US’s engagement with Saddam Hussain and Iraq from the 1970s, and considers how the CIA understood Saddam following his rise to power in 1979. It culminates with Desert Storm, and how a mix of technical intelligence collection and analysis changed opinions about the likelihood Iraq invading neighbouring Kuwait. Document: Iraq’s Saddam Husayn: The Next Six Weeks
‘The System was Blinking Red’: The Peace Dividend and the Road to 9/11
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter is concerned with how the CIA tried to adjust to the new political and strategic realities of the 1990s. During the Clinton and Bush years, the very existence of the agency was challenged by many in congress and the commentariat. But there were no shortage of threats to manage. How did the CIA adapt to the different threat landscape where non-state actors, and terrorists were becoming increasingly dangerous. Primary among these was al Qaeda. The chapter examines how the CIA monitored this group. It focuses on the Bin Ladin Station, also known as ‘Alec station’, detailing its place within the CIA, and its methods of collection and analysis, and finally its outputs in the form of the President’s Daily Brief. The final part of the chapter focuses on how the Daily Brief is collated and presented. Document: Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US.
Innovation at the CIA: From Sputnik to Silicon Valley and Venona to Vault 7
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter concentrates on technological innovation lead by the CIA, particularly those of the digital era. Key here is the relationship between the CIA and industry. It examines how the CIA started a venture capital firm in Silicon Valley, In-Q-Tel, to learn from the centre of technological development. The chapter then discusses internal changes as a result of technological change: the renaming of the Information Operations Center to the Center for Cyber Intelligence and the creation of the Directorate for Digital Innovation. The chapter then considers the work of this new Directorate, and the challenges CIA has faced in adapting to the age of the internet, including, notably, the challenge of preserving security and preventing leaks.
Document: CIA Statement on Claims by Wikileaks.
Entering the Electoral Fray: The CIA and Russian Meddling in the 2016 Election
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

Interference in US elections by foreign powers did not start in 2016. The chapter begins with a history of CIA analyses examining Russian propaganda involvement in US Presidential elections from the 1960s. It then moves on to discuss the Russian operation to influence the 2016 election. Specifically, it examines the review, commissioned by President Obama, to examine and explain Russian interference. The report illustrated that propaganda was not confined to the internet; the Russians were operating on a broad spectrum: television and social media were being utilised relentlessly. Inevitably, the report became a political football, subject to attack by Trump and his supporters.
Document: Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections.
Flying Blind? The CIA and the Trump Administration
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

The chapter details the CIA’s relationship with Trump during his Presidency. One of Trump’s first actions as President was to visit the CIA where he proclaimed ‘backing’ for the organisation, but the CIA and the President often viewed the world, and, indeed, the mission of the CIA, very differently. This led to serious questions over the Trump administrations’ respect for the independence of the CIA’s analytical judgements, and the potential for politicisation of intelligence, particularly on issues like Iran’s nuclear programme. How did the CIA adapt to this new situation.?
Document: Donal J. Trump Tweet.
En Route to Fortress Europe: Migration and Exilic Life in Roadblocks
Authors: Phillis Philip E. , Phillis Philip E.
Published: September 2021

Following a discussion on what happens at the Greek-Albanian border, the author examines issues of transnational mobility in the seminal Roadblocks/Kleistoi Dromoi (2000) considering the routes of migration that the film’s Kurdish refugees tread on their way to Greece and Italy. The author here is interested in the notion of mobility impeded by borders that transform a journey of hope into nightmare and how this is actualized through the director’s original blend of documentary, fiction, conventional and experimental filmmaking. In order to further comprehend the contours of the migrant journey in Roadblocks, one needs to examine the push and pull factors of Kurdish migration. We take under consideration then the concept of the migrant imagination and how it fuels the journey and figures in the tragedy of hope turned dystopia. It is finally argued that, despite an original depiction of migration and refugee lives in limbo, Roadblocks screens explosive violence and imminent tragedy maintaining refugee lives in a perpetual state of crisis.
Neither ‘Good’ nor ‘Bad’: Reinventing Albanian Identities in Eduart and Mirupafshim
Authors: Phillis Philip E. , Phillis Philip E.
Published: September 2021

Taking Eduart as its departure point, this chapter looks into discourses of criminality and exclusion that targeted almost exclusively Albanian immigrants in the early 1990s and 2000s. The chapter thus addresses the historical rivalry between Greece and Albania which underlies Albanian-targeted racism. Alongside Eduart, Mirupafshim is also included for an original evocation of Albanian identities as indeed both films move beyond clichés of either ‘bad’ (illegal immigrants and presumably criminals) or ‘good’ Albanians (submissive victims of racist violence) which featured strongly in the media. Eduart and Mirupafshim screen unfavorable Albanian identities, confronting directly public fears and media discourse. Rather than a discussion on form, this chapter launches a broad cultural debate on identity and how Greek immigration cinema offers an alternative to xenophobic media discourse.
Our Own People? Repatriation, Citizenship, Belonging
Authors: Phillis Philip E. , Phillis Philip E.
Published: September 2021

Amongst the diverse populations migrating to Greece in the 1990s were also thousands of so-called ‘co-ethnic’ Orthodox Greeks from Southern Albania and the Black Sea Region (also known as the Pontic region) who were summoned back to their alleged homeland. Three films have dealt with the agenda of repatriation and its problematic ideological background: From the Snow/Ap to Hioni (1993), From the Edge of the City/Ap tin Akri tis Polis (1998) and Xenia (2014) expose the essentialisms of national identity, evoking simultaneously the bewilderment of co-ethnics, who were ultimately welcomed as strangers, and their struggles to assimilate. Despite many differences in form, all three films put the very notion of repatriation to the test and tackle head-on patriarchal discourses that figured prominently in the country’s nationalist program. The author thus maintains a focus on the potential of Greek immigration films to radically screen repatriation and to forge an inclusive definition of Greekness.
Migration Without a Face
Authors: Phillis Philip E. , Phillis Philip E.
Published: September 2021

The author addresses three major case studies which articulate the notion of a refugee crisis in thought-provoking ways. Indeed, The Suspended Step of the Stork (1991), Ephemeral Town/Efimeri Poli (2000) and The Way to the West/O Dromos Pros ti Dysi (2003) merge conventions of art cinema and documentary in order to challenge discourses of charity and the very concept of a ‘crisis’. In their venture, filmmakers convey mass migration as a tragedy of displacement and homelessness. They expose the reluctance of Greece in its role as host, the new world order of globalization and the hardships of refugees, trapped in prostitution rings and in perpetual search for a home away from home. The debate on representation is extended in order to critically engage with problematic notions of anonymity that stereotypically adorns representations of refugees and it is argued that, in their attempt to screen mass migration as a tragedy, filmmakers reinforce the silence and victimhood of refugees.