bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of: Forensic DNA Typing, 2nd edition
Authors: Gaensslen RE
Published: August 2005

This second edition of Dr. Butler's Forensic DNA Typing, the first edition of which appeared in 2001, is more than twice the size of the original—reflecting the astonishing rate at which new information is accumulating in this field. If developments in forensic DNA typing continue at this pace, a hypothetical third edition, appearing around 2009, will be more than 900 pages long.
Data Supporting ASTM Method D 7049-04, for Determination of Metalworking Fluids
Authors: Glaser R , Kurimo R , Neumeister C , Shulman S
Published: August 2005

Data are presented to support a modified ASTM sampling and analytical method—D 7049-04—for metal working fluids (MWFs). The modified method replaces ASTM method PS42-97, a gravimetric procedure that employs a ternary blend of methanol, dichloromethane, and toluene to separate the MWF from cosampled particulate. The revised method is also a gravimetric procedure that employs the ternary blend as well as a binary blend of methanol and water to remove MWF from insoluble particulate collected on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters. The method has been evaluated at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) by spiking known aliquots of five MWFs—one straight, one soluble, one semisynthetic, and two synthetic—onto PTFE filters, and extracting them after 24 h of storage with the ternary and binary blends. Samples were spiked at the following levels: straight: 230–940 μg; soluble: 260–1130 μg; semisynthetic: 64–260 μg; synthetic I: 110–480 μg; and synthetic II: 90–372 μg. Limits of quantitation, computed from blanks carried through the analysis, were determined to be 73 μg and 80 μg, respectively, for the total-weight and extracted-weight procedures. On average, fractions extracted (weight recovered/weight spiked) for all fluids for all levels tested exceeded 0.94. Pooled estimates of the coefficients of variation of analysis over all samples tested were 0.043 for the total weight samples and 0.046 for the extracted weights. The extraction efficiencies for all five fluids were also tested by analysis of the binary blend extracts for characteristic marker elements in each fluid. Only for the lone ternary blend insoluble fluid were definitive marker element results obtained, with between 60 % (potassium) and 100 % (phosphorus) of two marker elements extracted. The extractability of tobacco smoke particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the PTFE filters is also addressed.
Thermal Control of the Test Liquid in Vibratory Cavitation Erosion Tests
Authors: Meged Y
Published: August 2005

Implosion of vaporous cavities is exothermal, thereby heating the cavitating liquid. In vibratory cavitation erosion (VCE) tests the erosion rate increases with test liquid temperature. In order to obtain the erosive properties of a given material at a given temperature, it is necessary to control the test liquid temperature. The prevailing ASTM standard specifies cooling of the test liquid, and allows a maximal temperature rise of 4°C during the VCE test. However, cooling alone does not ensure the required uniformity of test liquid temperature near the specimen.

In order to obtain a uniform test liquid temperature near the specimen during VCE tests, a thermal control system is recommended. This system consists of three subsystems for cooling, heating, and mixing the test liquid. Correct location of the temperature sensor and operation of the thermal control system improve the thermal control appreciably. This control method was used during 24 VCE tests with water as a test liquid. The average temperature rise in these tests was 1.5°C during the transient stage and 0.2°C during steady state operation.
Tephra Influence on Spokane‐Flood Terraces, Bonner County, Idaho
Authors: Brownfield S. H. , Nettleton W. D. , Weisel C. J. , Peterson N. , McGrath C.
Published: August 2005

In a previous study, our team described five Pleistocene Spokane‐flood terraces with a ridge‐and‐trough surface topography in very gravelly outwash deposits we thought differed in age by <2000 years, but others later found to differ by about 6000 years (19000 and 13000 14C yr BP). Given the possibility of a longer time difference for soil development before deposition of any tephra, we obtained analytical data and reexamined the study thinking that an age difference of 6000 yr would have implications for soil classification and possibly suggest new series. Holocene tephra in the very fine sand (vfs) fraction (0.05–0.10 mm) ranges from 1% in the ridges to 93% in the troughs. The mean of the vfs fraction tephra content of soils on ridges of the higher, and presumably older, terraces (11%) is significantly less than that of soils on ridges of the lower and younger terraces (45%). The mean tephra content in the troughs (77%) does not vary by terrace level. The maximum fine‐earth (<2 mm) allophane content of the youngest ridge is 96.3 g kg−1 and that of the youngest trough is 95.4 g kg−1 These amounts are greater than five times those of ridge soils on the older terraces. Only about 20 to 50% of the estimated Mount Mazama tephra fall remains on the older Bonner and Kootenai soils, whereas the older Rathdrum soil retains about 400% of the estimated Mount Mazama tephra fall. Minor amounts occur in the Histosol on the flood plain. Isotic 50‐ to 100‐μm thick coatings on some A and B horizon sands indicate that weathering has been minor. Low spodic‐horizon indicators (Alo and Feo in subsurface horizons), and high ammonium oxalate extract optical densities of surface horizons, also suggest no fulvic acid leaching. Below the tephra influence, however, the outwash grains have anisotropic clay minerals showing that some weathering may have occurred before deposition of the tephra. The higher allophane content, higher NaF pH, and higher P‐retention of lower terrace ridge soils, as compared with higher terrace ridge soils, results mostly from variation in the amount of their tephra and now justifies classifying ridge soils on higher and lower terraces into different taxa and opens the possibility of differentiating soil series by terrace level.
Evaluation of Platinum Electrodes and Three Electrode Potential Standards to Determine Electrode Quality
Authors: Owens P. R. , Wilding L. P. , Lee L. M. , Herbert B. E.
Published: August 2005

The pre‐installation evaluation of Pt electrodes in electrode potential (EH) standards is crucial for reliable field interpretations. During a routine check of electrode quality in three different EH standards before field installation, inconsistent and variable results were recorded. Due to the preliminary observational results, the objectives of this study were to: (i) elucidate why EH readings in the same buffer were different before and after soaking in water, (ii) identify the most rigorous standard for detecting poor electrode function, and (iii) determine causation for disparity in the electrode performance in EH standards when using constructed EH electrodes. Electrodes were evaluated in quinhydrone in pH 4 and pH 7 buffers and ferrous–ferric sulfate solutions. Additionally, an experiment was developed to intentionally expose Cu in EH electrodes with decreasing area of the metal exposed. Finally, aqueous macroscopic electrochemical and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic evaluations of Cu in the three standards were conducted to characterize and quantify the reduction–oxidation reactions of Cu. This study found that quinhydrone in pH 7 buffer was not a rigorous standard for determining improper function of Pt electrodes constructed utilizing Cu wire. Due to the interrelationship between the reduction–oxidation potential of Cu and pH, standards with low pH proved to be a more rigorous standard.
Quantification of Pollutant Lead in Forest Soils
Authors: Steinnes Eiliv , Sjøbakk Torill Eidhammer , Donisa Carmen , Brännvall Maja-Lena
Published: August 2005

Fifteen podzolic forest soils in Norway covering sites with a wide range of atmospheric deposition rates were assayed for their contents of pollutant Pb. Samples from the Of, Oh, E, B, and C horizons were studied. Nitric acid soluble contents of Pb and the corresponding stable Pb isotope ratios were determined by sector field inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). On the basis of existing knowledge on 206Pb/207Pb ratios in atmospheric deposition over Norway across time, the percentage of the Pb supplied by air pollution was calculated for the various samples and soil horizons, assuming that the C horizon was undisturbed. More than 90% of O horizon Pb was from pollution, even at remote sites in the far north. Significant fractions of Pb were pollution‐derived also in the E and B horizons at most sites. In the south, more than half of the Pb derived from air pollution has now moved to the upper mineral horizons. Stable Pb isotope ratios are a very precise tool for revealing Pb pollution in terrestrial ecosystems. The present work suggests that similar studies should be done in other parts of the world to objectively assess the anthropogenic contribution to surface soil Pb.
Bermudagrass Management in the Southern Piedmont USA
Authors: Franzluebbers A. J. , Stuedemann J. A.
Published: August 2005

Estimates of potential soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) sequestration at depths below the traditional plow layer (i.e., 0–0.3 m) in agricultural systems are needed to improve our understanding of management influences on nutrient cycling and potential greenhouse gas mitigation. We evaluated the factorial combination of nutrient source (inorganic, inorganic + cover crop, and broiler litter) and forage utilization (unharvested, hayed monthly, and low and high grazing pressure) on profile distribution of and changes in SOC and TN during the first 5 yr of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] management. Nutrient source did not affect SOC and TN in the soil profile. Contents of SOC and TN under haying were lower than under other management systems throughout the soil profile. Averaged across nutrient sources, SOC sequestration to a depth of 0.9 m was 3.6 Mg ha−1 (P = 0.06) under low grazing pressure and 2.4 Mg ha−1 (P = 0.19) under high grazing pressure. Sequestration of TN was 0.49 Mg ha−1 (P = 0.03) under low grazing pressure and 0.56 Mg ha−1 (P = 0.02) under high grazing pressure. The minimum change in SOC and TN needed to detect significant (P = 0.1) sequestration increased an average of 0.6 and 0.10 Mg ha−1, respectively, for each additional 0.3‐m layer of soil. This study demonstrated that plow‐layer accumulation of SOC and TN occurred, but that increased variability with depth and small loss of SOC and TN with an additional 0.3 m below the plow layer erased the significance of surface effects.
Mineralogy in Relation to Phosphorus Sorption and Dissolved Phosphorus Losses in Runoff
Authors: Penn C. J. , Mullins G. L. , Zelazny L. W.
Published: August 2005

The relationship between soil test P (STP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff has been shown to vary with soil type due to differences in soil properties. This study was conducted to determine the effect of mineralogy on P sorption behavior and DRP losses in runoff using simulated rainfall. Nine different soil types were sampled from four different fields to provide a range in STP. Unamended soils were packed into runoff boxes for use in a rainfall simulation study (7.5 cm h−1 for 30 min). A mineralogical analysis and adsorption‐desorption isotherm was conducted on one representative sample from each soil type. Results indicated that P retention for adsorption and desorption in separated clay fractions and whole soils was well correlated to Al bearing minerals such as hydroxy‐interlayered‐vermiculite (HIV), gibbsite, and amorphous Al. However, P retention was negatively related to kaolinite content, which was also confirmed by isotherms conducted on pure clay minerals. Based on the isotherm results, all soils were split into two groups based on the ratio of HIV/kaolinite. Soils with a HIV/kaolinite ratio >0.5 had a significantly lower concentration of DRP in runoff for a given soil water soluble P level compared with soils with a ratio <0.5.
Change in Physical Properties of “Terra Rossa” Soils in Paraguay under No‐tillage
Authors: Kubota Aki , Bordon Jorge , Hoshiba Kent , Horita Toshiyuki , Ogawa Kazuo
Published: August 2005

The introduction of no‐tillage farming stabilized soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields on “Terra Rossa” soils of eastern Paraguay at a yield level that is among the highest in the world. The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of long‐term no‐tillage in a soybean‐based farming system on physical properties of “Terra Rossa” soils with different texture. Four farmers' fields of different soil texture were studied in 1990 and 2000. Two fields had fine‐textured soil and other two had coarse‐textured soil. A 1‐m deep pit was prepared at each site at the exact same location in 1990 and 2000, and clay contents, bulk density, cone index, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), aggregate‐size distribution, and Ap horizon thickness were investigated. To evaluate changes in Ap horizon thickness over time, data from several additional pits were included. Effects of long‐term no‐tillage on physical soil properties differed with soil texture. High erosion rates were associated with coarser soil texture, low Ksat, poor aggregate stability, and high compaction. Coarse‐textured soils lost 34% (about 7 cm) of their Ap horizon in 10 yr compared with 11% in fine‐textured soils. Cone index readings in the subsoil of a coarse‐textured soil became extremely high (4.72 MPa). Soil compaction was furthermore associated with rapid soil drying and on the sixth day after rain reached a level that could restrict vertical root development of germinating seedlings. These results suggest that the no‐tillage system as currently practiced in eastern Paraguay may not be suitable for coarse‐textured “Terra Rossa” soils.
Validation of WEPP Sediment Feedback Relationships using Spatially Distributed Rill Erosion Data
Authors: Zhang X.-C. , Li Z.-B. , Ding W.-F.
Published: August 2005

Process‐based soil erosion models have not been thoroughly evaluated due to the lack of spatially distributed, instantaneous rill erosion data. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the sediment feedback relationships of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model using distributed instantaneous rill erosion data derived with rare earth element (REE) tracers. Four REE oxide powders (Ce2O3, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, and Dy2O3) were separately mixed with a loessial silt loam soil, and each mix was packed in a 1‐m segment of a 4‐m flume. Each packed flume was subjected to flow scouring at a selected slope and inflow rate for 13 to 17 min, depending on slope and discharge. Three slopes (10.5, 15.8, and 20.2%) and five inflow rates (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 L min−1) were used, and two replicates were made for each combination. Runoff and sediment samples were collected at 1‐ or 2‐min intervals. Flow velocity and width were monitored. Sediment samples were analyzed for the REE composition by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The REE concentrations in each sample were used to estimate sediment deliveries from each 1‐m tagged segment. Net rill detachment rates tended to decrease linearly as sediment loads increased in the downslope direction. The negative slope of linear regression (or rate of the decrease), which became more negative with inflow rates at the 10.5% slope but less negative at the 20.2% slope, substantiated the sediment feedback relationships assumed in the WEPP model. The WEPP‐calculated and REE‐measured rill detachment rates agreed reasonably well, with the model efficiency being 0.511. Overall, the results show that the assumed sediment feedback relationships used in the WEPP model are reasonable for simulating rill detachment.
Suitability of the Plant Root Simulator Probe for Use in the Mojave Desert
Authors: Drohan P. J. , Merkler D. J. , Buck B. J.
Published: August 2005

To find a quick, relatively inexpensive measure for soil chemistry in the Mojave Desert (MD), we evaluated the use of the ion‐exchange resin membrane (IEM) plant root simulator (PRS) probe. Tests were conducted along a floodplain of the Virgin River in Nevada. Probes were buried at 15 and 40 cm. Probes were left in place for three time intervals (30, 60, and 90 d) in two seasonal periods (wetter [WP] and drier [DP], 2004), which were delineated according to the amount of precipitation and soil temperature and moisture. The sampling design was replicated in three pits during the WP and DP. Soil moisture and soil temperature were monitored at 25, 50, 75, and 100 cm. The probes were able to detect differences in ion sorption between the two burial depths, although differences were not always statistically significant. Ion sorption onto the probes generally increased from Month 1 to 3, but the result was not linear. The sorption of some ions fluctuated during the three‐month period, with ions desorbing and readsorbing or ion chemistry decreasing over the course of the study. Soil moisture and temperature did not appear to affect the probe's ability to detect differences across depths or season. Based on results from this experiment, we conclude that the burial time required for assessing relative differences in ion chemistries at our sites is one month or less and that the PRS probe may be useful for detecting relative differences in ion chemistries among other soils in the MD.
Slope Shape Effects on Erosion
Authors: Rieke-Zapp D. H. , Nearing M. A.
Published: August 2005

Data on soil erosion at the slope scale is essentially limited to experiments on uniform slopes. The objective of this research was to measure the rates and patterns of erosion on complex shaped slope elements under controlled laboratory conditions where surface morphology changes could be carefully quantified. Artificial rainfall was applied for 90 min to a silt loam soil in a 4 by 4 m box. Five slope shapes were formed: uniform, concave‐linear, convex‐linear, nose slope, and head slope. Digital elevations models (DEMs) of the surface were measured using photogrammetry after 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min. Slope shape had a significant impact on rill patterns, sediment yield, and runoff production. The uniform, nose, and convex‐linear slopes yielded more sediment than the concave‐linear and head slopes, where sediment deposited on toeslopes. Soil topography led to flow convergence and divergence, resulting in a nonuniform distribution of rill spacing and efficiency. The degree of rill incision was related to slope steepness and length, and rill success was related to the contribution area of the rill. Drainage density approached a similar value for all networks during the experiments. Development of the drainage system was similar to the development of optimum channel networks, in that during the evolution of the rill network energy expenditure was reduced. This indicated that energy expenditure was a quantifiable measure of network development and self‐organization.
Particle Density of Aspen, Spruce, and Pine Forest Floors in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Redding T. E. , Hannam K. D. , Quideau S. A. , Devito K. J.
Published: August 2005

Soil particle density (ρs), the ratio of the mass of soil solids to the volume of solids, is used to derive such properties as soil porosity and heat capacity, which are critical to understanding and modeling water, energy, and nutrient fluxes through forested landscapes. Values of forest floor ρs and organic matter particle density (ρo) vary widely in the literature, so it is difficult to know which values are appropriate under different circumstances. We measured ρs, ρo, bulk density (ρb), loss‐on‐ignition (LOI), and total C for a range of forest types in northern Alberta, Canada. Although samples were obtained from a diverse range of forest types, our measured values of forest floor ρs (1.52–1.60 Mg m−3) and calculated values of ρo (1.41–1.44 Mg m−3) showed no statistically significant differences among stand types. The measured values of ρs and ρo were greater than many values in the literature, potentially due to differences in measurement methods. Measurements of ρs should be performed across a range of forest floor and organic soil types to refine our understanding of the variation in this fundamental soil property.
Three‐bed PVSA process for high‐purity O2 generation from ambient air
Authors: Jee Jeong‐Geun , Lee Sang‐Jin , Kim Min‐Bae , Lee Chang‐Ha
Published: August 2005

A three‐bed PVSA (pressure vacuum swing adsorption) process, combining equilibrium separation with kinetic separation, was developed to overcome the 94% O2 purity restriction inherent to air separation in the adsorption process. To produce 97+% and/or 99+% purity O2 directly from air, the PVSA process with two zeolite 10X beds and one CMS bed was executed at 33.44–45.60 to 253.31 kPa. In addition, the effluent gas from the CMS bed to be used for O2 purification was backfilled to the zeolite 10X bed to improve its purity, recovery, and productivity in bulk separation of the air. PVSA I, which made use of a single blowdown/backfill step, produced an O2 product with a purity of 95.4–97.4% and a recovery of 43.4–84.8%, whereas PVSA II, which used two consecutive blowdown/backfill steps, produced O2 with a purity of 98.2–99.2% and a recovery of 47.2–63.6%. Because the primary impurity in the O2 product was Ar, the amounts of N2 contained in the product were in the range of 4000–5000 ppm at PVSA I and several tens of ppm at PVSA II. A nonisothermal dynamic model incorporating mass, energy, and momentum balances was applied to predict the process dynamics. Using the linear driving force (LDF) model with constant diffusivity for the equilibrium separation bed and a modified LDF model with concentration dependency of the diffusion rate for the kinetic separation bed, the dynamic model was able to accurately predict the results of the experiment. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Ring chromosome 4 in a patient with early onset type 2 diabetes, deafness, and developmental delay
Authors: Blackett Piers R. , Li Shibo , Mulvihill John J.
Published: August 2005

To date, most ring formations of chromosome 4 lose distal 4p and usually include the Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome region [WHS]. We describe a case with r(4) in a girl who presented without features of WHS; she had mild developmental delay, deafness, short stature, obesity, and the onset of type 2 diabetes in adolescence, a distinctive phenotype. Although 4p was significantly deleted on Giemsa banding, the 4p junction was distal to the WHS and FGFR3 but proximal to the D4S3360 marker. The 4q breakpoint was close to the telomere. The phenotype appears different from previous patients with 4p‐ or r(4), which have had more extensive 4p deletion. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA pooling analysis of ADHD and genes regulating vesicle release of neurotransmitters
Authors: Brookes K.J. , Knight J. , Xu X. , Asherson P.
Published: August 2005

ADHD is one of the most prevalent, and heritable behavioural disorders in childhood. Genetic associations have been reported with polymorphic variants within or near to dopamine pathway genes. Recently snap‐25 has also shown association with ADHD in several datasets. We therefore investigated other genes that produce proteins that interact with SNAP‐25 in the mechanism of vesicular release of neurotransmitters at the synapse. A total of 106 SNPs were screened for minor allele frequency greater than 5% and 61 SNPs selected for analysis in DNA pools made up from an ADHD clinical sample of DSM‐IV combined type probands (n = 180) and a control sample of 90 males and 90 females. Initial screening identified several SNPs that showed allele frequency differences of 5% or more. One SNP in the synaptophysin gene showed suggestive evidence of association following case‐control and TDT analysis and warrants further investigation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure to confirm association between RGS4 haplotypes and schizophrenia in Caucasians
Authors: Sobell Janet L. , Richard Christian , Wirshing Donna A. , Heston Leonard L.
Published: August 2005

The regulator of G‐protein signaling (RGS) and RGS‐like proteins are a diverse family of over 30 molecules that function as GTPase activating proteins for Gα subunits of the Gq and Gi families of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide‐binding proteins (G proteins). By accelerating GTPase activity, RGS proteins drive G proteins into their inactive GDP‐bound forms. G‐protein coupled dopamine, metabotropic glutamate, and other neurotransmitter receptors can be modulated by RGS4, the predominant form in brain. The recent finding of decreased RGS4 mRNA expression in post‐mortem brains from schizophrenic patients, coupled with the map position of RGS4 to a region previously linked to schizophrenia, as well as other biological data, prompted the investigation of the gene as a disease candidate. Multiple family‐based and case‐control association studies have been conducted, with modest and conflicting support for particular single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and SNP marker haplotypes. The present case‐control analysis of 568 patients and 689 controls, one of the largest single studies to date, failed to confirm support for association of particular RGS4 SNP alleles, or for association of any particular four, three, or two SNP haplotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of temperature and pH values on aggregation behavior of polymeric surfactants in aqueous solution
Authors: Cao Ya , Li Huilin
Published: August 2005

A novel kind of polymeric surfactant based on carboxymethyl cellulose and poly(ethylene oxide) dodecyl ether acrylate (CMC‐AR12EO9) was synthesized through ultrasonic irradiation. Aggregation behavior in aqueous solution at different temperatures and pH values was investigated by dynamic laser scattering and fluorescence probe. The results show that, with the increase of temperature, polymeric surfactants are favorable to form multimolecular micelles with narrower polydispersity of size distribution. At a higher temperature, the multimolecular micelles tend to aggregate bigger sized particles that are unstable and would be disaggregated at higher shear rate. At the elevated pH values, the size of micelles reduces drastically because of strong damage of alkali to aggregates, whereas nonpolar and insoluble domains formed by the hydrophobic blocks of polymeric surfactants are insensitive to pH changes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 945–949, 2005
Fracture behavior and deformation mechanism of polypropylene/ethylene–octene copolymer/magnesium hydroxide ternary phase composites
Authors: Yin Jun , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi
Published: August 2005

The fracture behavior and deformation mechanism of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene–octene copolymer (POE)/magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] ternary composites were investigated. The fracture behavior of the PP/POE/Mg(OH)2 ternary composites was strongly influenced by the POE content. In the case of brittle fracture, the debonding of filler particles dominated the deformation process. Strong shear yielding of the matrix ligaments between microvoids took place after the brittle–ductile transition. The existence of POE could improve the deformability of the PP matrix and change the debonding manner of the filler particles. The fracture behavior of the PP/POE composites was investigated by the single‐edge notch tensile test at 1 mm/s (a low test speed). The introduction of POE led to a decrease in the crack initiation energy and an increase in the crack propagation energy. The improvement in the fracture energy with increasing POE content was dominated by the increase in the crack propagation energy. A morphology analysis of the PP/POE composites demonstrated that a mixture of separation and encapsulation microstructures existed in the matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 957–967, 2005
Transient effects in dynamic modulus measurement of silicone elastomers 1. Zero mean strain measurements
Authors: Warley R. L. , Feke D. L. , Manas‐Zloczower I.
Published: August 2005

The strain‐dependent dynamic storage modulus of a poly(dimethyl‐siloxane‐co‐methylvinyl‐siloxane‐co‐methylphenyl‐siloxane) based silicone elastomer, which is reinforced with fumed silica and crosslinked with peroxide, is investigated. The dependence of the resulting dynamic storage modulus on the duration of cycling at a particular test condition is investigated and compared to static stress relaxation measurements in the same strain range. The dynamic modulus results are shown to depend on the time of cycling at the current test conditions as well as the time of cycling at prior conditions of lower strains. The relaxation is shown to be related to the time of cycling rather than the number of cycles performed. The pattern of behavior of the relaxation of the dynamic modulus with respect to peak strain amplitude is different than that observed in a static stress relaxation test, both of which show significant nonlinear effects in strain. The observed phenomena are interpreted in terms of the role of the polymer phase on the dynamic behavior of the elastomer material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1001–1009, 2005
Silane functionalization of perfluoroether oligomers for reaction management and morphology control of two‐phase epoxy networks
Authors: Mascia Leno , Ng Vincent S. Y. , Heath Richard H. , Messori Massimo
Published: August 2005

Mixtures of an epoxy resin, hardener, and acid functionalized perfluoroether oligomers will readily undergo phase separation during curing. However, the conditions to bring about the growth of nuclei into microscopic particles have hitherto been found only for systems cured with anhydrides. In the present study perfluoroether oligomers were functionalized by established procedures to introduce both carboxylic acid groups and alkoxysilane groups in sites within the chain extended segments. The presence of alkoxysilane groups together with the prereaction step with an excess epoxy resin, prior to the addition of the aromatic amine hardener, induced phase separation by a nucleation‐and‐growth mechanism. The dual functionality in the perfluoroether oligomer was even more beneficial when the alkoxysilane groups were hydrolyzed prior to the addition of the amine hardener. Under such circumstances the precipitation of the perfluoroether oligomer occurred quantitatively, as indicated by the complete absence of any plasticization effects in the epoxy matrix. From electron microscopy examinations, thermal analysis, and measurements of mechanical properties it was possible to deduce a plausible mechanism for the formation of the typical core‐shell aggregates within the precipitated particles for these systems, which could also be applied to other systems, such as those using carboxylic‐acid‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile oligomers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1036–1049, 2005
Ranking the research productivity of library and information science faculty and schools: An evaluation of data sources and research methods
Authors: Meho Lokman I. , Spurgin Kristina M.
Published: August 2005

This study evaluates the data sources and research methods used in earlier studies to rank the research productivity of Library and Information Science (LIS) faculty and schools. In doing so, the study identifies both tools and methods that generate more accurate publication count rankings as well as databases that should be taken into consideration when conducting comprehensive searches in the literature for research and curricular needs. With a list of 2,625 items published between 1982 and 2002 by 68 faculty members of 18 American Library Association– (ALA‐) accredited LIS schools, hundreds of databases were searched. Results show that there are only 10 databases that provide significant coverage of the LIS indexed literature. Results also show that restricting the data sources to one, two, or even three databases leads to inaccurate rankings and erroneous conclusions. Because no database provides comprehensive coverage of the LIS literature, researchers must rely on a wide range of disciplinary and multidisciplinary databases for ranking and other research purposes. The study answers such questions as the following: Is the Association of Library and Information Science Education's (ALISE's) directory of members a reliable tool to identify a complete list of faculty members at LIS schools? How many and which databases are needed in a multifile search to arrive at accurate publication count rankings? What coverage will be achieved using a certain number of databases? Which research areas are well covered by which databases? What alternative methods and tools are available to supplement gaps among databases? Did coverage performance of databases change over time? What counting method should be used when determining what and how many items each LIS faculty and school has published? The authors recommend advanced analysis of research productivity to provide a more detailed assessment of research productivity of authors and programs.
Information behavior in the context of improving patient safety
Authors: MacIntosh‐Murray Anu , Choo Chun Wei
Published: August 2005

Although it is assumed that information about patient safety and adverse events will be used for improvement and organizational learning, we know little about how this actually happens in patient care settings. This study examines how organizational and professional practices and beliefs related to patient safety influence (1) how health care providers and managers make sense of patient safety risks and adverse events, and (2) the flow and use of information for making improvements. The research is based on an ethnographic case study of a medical unit in a large tertiary care hospital in Canada. The study found that front‐line staff are task driven, coping with heavy workloads that limit their attention to and recognition of potential information needs and knowledge gaps. However, a surrogate in an information‐related role—an “information/change agent”—may intervene successfully with staff and engage in preventive maintenance and repair of routines. The article discusses four key functions of the information/change agent (i.e., boundary spanner, information seeker, knowledge translator, and change champion) in the context of situated practice and learning. All four functions are important for facilitating changes to practice, routines, and the work environment to improve patient safety.
Comment on the paper: On the design of practicable numerical experiments to investigate stratospheric temperature change, by S. Hare et al. (2005)
Authors: Austin John
Published: August 2005

If stratospheric temperature trends are to be understood, coupled chemistry climate models will need to be run. Simulations with fixed ozone trends might provide a misleading indication of future temperature trends. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
The diffusion of marketing science in the practitioners' community: opening the black box
Authors: Bemmaor Albert C. , Hans Franses Philip
Published: August 2005

This editorial discusses an illustration of the potential hindrances to the diffusion of modern methodologies in the practitioners' (i.e. the buyers of research, not the consultants) community. Taking the example of classical regression analysis based on store‐level scanner data, the authors discuss the potential limitations of the classical regression model, with the example of the occurrence of ‘wrong’ signs and of coefficients with unexpected magnitudes. In an interview with one of the authors, a (randomly picked) Senior Marketing Research Manager at a leading firm of packaged goods reports his/her experience with econometric models. To him/her, econometric models are presented as a ‘black box’ (his/her written words). In his/her experience, they provided results that were ‘quite good’ in a ‘much focused’ context only. There were experimental data obtained with a Latin square design and the analysis included a single brand with only four stock‐keeping units (SKUs). The company ‘dropped’ the more ‘ambitious’ studies, which analysed the effect of the retail promotions run by all the actors in a market because of a lack of predictive accuracy (his/her written words are in quotes). The authors suggest that Bayesian methodology can help open the black box and obtain more acceptable results than those obtained at present. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advertising response models with managerial impact: an agenda for the future
Authors: Vakratsas Demetrios
Published: August 2005

This paper discusses recent advances in advertising response models and identifies new opportunities for managerially relevant research. First, it establishes that recent research has shifted attention from topics such as duration of advertising effects in mature markets and short‐term advertising elasticities to issues such as combined effects of ad content and weight and effectiveness in evolving markets. Then, motivated from recent trends in advertising practice, it presents a research agenda consisting of four main topics: (1) new media and forms of advertising (e.g. product placement), (2) media synergies, (3) advertising productivity and (4) advertising effects on performance stability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The implementation challenge of pricing decision support systems for retail managers
Authors: Montgomery Alan L.
Published: August 2005

There has been an explosion in the availability of data and computing ability in retail management that has led to a new desire on the part of managers to implement demand based management. Demand based management uses statistical models to predict consumer price response using historical information. These models can be used to construct pricing decision support systems for retail managers. Currently, many firms have begun offering software to perform price optimization. This article considers how recent advances in academic research can contribute to the implementation of these systems, and in turn consider the new questions likely to be posed by the developers and users of these new systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retail assortment, shelf and stockout management: issues, interplay and future challenges
Authors: Campo Katia , Gijsbrechts Els
Published: August 2005

Starting from a brief literature review, this paper identifies key issues for future research in three related category management (CM) decision areas: assortment, shelf and stockout management. It elaborates on the interdependencies between the three CM issues, underscoring the need for a more integrated research approach. A common framework is presented of factors mediating and moderating consumer reactions to CM changes, which may provide guidelines for future research on reaction heterogeneity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the methodological challenges to be faced, ranging from advanced data collection procedures, over the development of more ingenious model structures, to the design of more powerful estimation and optimization routines. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical Bayesian Estimation of the Disease Transmission Probability in Multiple‐Vector‐Transfer Designs
Authors: Bilder Christopher R. , Tebbs Joshua M.
Published: August 2005

Plant disease is responsible for major losses in agriculture throughout the world. Diseases are often spread by insect organisms that transmit a bacterium, virus, or other pathogen. To assess disease epidemics, plant pathologists often use multiple‐vector‐transfers . In such contexts, groups of insect vectors are moved from an infected source to each of n test plants that will then be observed for developing symptoms of infection. The purpose of this paper is to present new estimators for p , the probability of pathogen transmission for an individual vector, motivated from an empirical Bayesian approach. We specifically investigate four such estimators, characterize their small‐sample properties, and propose new credible intervals for p . These estimators remove the need to specify hyperparameters a priori and are shown to be easier to compute than the classical Bayes estimators proposed by Chaubey and Li (1995, Journal of Official Statistics 11, 1035–1046) and Chick (1996, Biometrics 52, 1055–1062). Furthermore, some of these estimators are shown to have better frequentist properties than the commonly used maximum likelihood estimator and to provide a smaller Bayes risk than the estimator proposed by Burrows (1987, Phytopathology 77, 363–365). (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement Error and Confidence Intervals for ROC Curves
Authors: Tosteson Tor D. , Buonaccorsi John P. , Demidenko Eugene , Wells Wendy A.
Published: August 2005

Measurement error in a continuous test variable may bias estimates of the summary properties of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Typically, unbiased measurement error will reduce the diagnostic potential of a continuous test variable. This paper explores the effects of possibly heterogenous measurement error on estimated ROC curves for binormal test variables. Corrected estimators for specific points on the curve are derived under the assumption of known or estimated measurement variances for individual test results. These estimators and associated confidence intervals do not depend on normal assumptions for the distribution of the measurement error and are shown to be approximately unbiased for moderate size samples in a simulation study. An application from a study of emerging imaging modalities in breast cancer is used to demonstrate the new techniques. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental and Computational Studies of Intracomplex Reactions in Mg+(Primary, Secondary Alkylamine) Complexes Induced by Photoexcitation of Mg+
Authors: Liu Haichuan , Hu Yihua , Yang Shihe , Guo Wenyue , Lu Xiaoqing , Zhao Lianming
Published: August 2005

We report herein a comprehensive study of photoinduced reactions in complexes of Mg+ with primary (n‐propyl‐ and isopropylamine) and secondary amines (dipropyl‐ and diisopropylamine) in the spectral range of 230–440 nm. Similar to the methyl‐ and ethylamine complexes studied previously, NH bond activation of these complexes is very unfavorable. Instead, the CαC, CN, and CαH bond‐cleavage photoproducts are observed after photoexcitation of the Mg+ complexes (32P←32S). For Mg+(primary amine) complexes, for example, Mg+NH2CH2CH2CH3, and Mg+NH2CH(CH3)2, the photoproducts resulting from CαC rupture prevail after Pz and charge‐transfer excitations, whereas the Mg+ photofragment is predominant upon Px,y excitation. However, with further N‐alkyl substitution, as in Mg+(secondary amine) complexes, for example, Mg+NH(CH2CH2CH3)2 and Mg+NH[CH(CH3)2]2, a novel intracomplex CC coupling photoreaction dominates on Px,y excitation of Mg+, which is believed to arise from Mg+* insertion into the CN bond. With Pz and charge‐transfer excitation, the MgR elimination photoproducts, arising from CαC bond cleavage, predominate. The energetics and possible mechanisms of the intracomplex photoreactions are analyzed in detail with the help of extensive quantum mechanics calculations.
Bifunctional Organometallic Catalysts Involving Proton Transfer or Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Grotjahn Douglas B.
Published: August 2005

Inspired by the cooperativity displayed by metalloenzymes, bifunctional organometallic complexes featuring pendant basic functional groups are designed and evaluated as catalysts in reactions for which enzymes are not suited. Anti‐Markovnikov hydration of terminal alkynes is the focus, as are hydrogen bonding and proton transfer facilitated by the pendant groups.
Investigation of texture effect on visual colour difference evaluation
Authors: Xin John H. , Shen Hui‐Liang , Chuen Lam Chuen
Published: August 2005

The texture effect on visual colour difference evaluation was investigated in this study. Five colour centers were selected and textured colour pairs were generated using scanned textile woven fabrics and colour‐mapping technique. The textured and solid colour pairs were then displayed on a characterized cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor for colour difference evaluation. The colour difference values for the pairs with texture patterns are equal to 5.0 CIELAB units in lightness direction. The texture level was represented by the half‐width of histogram, which is called texture strength in this study. High correlation was found between texture strength and visual colour difference for textured colour pairs, which indicates that an increasing of 10 units of texture strength in luminance would cause a decreasing of 0.25 units visual difference for the five colour centers. The ratio of visual difference between textured and solid colour pairs also indicates a high parametric effect of texture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 341–347, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Generalized Hybrid‐Orbital Method for Combining Density Functional Theory with Molecular Mechanicals
Authors: Pu Jingzhi , Gao Jiali , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: August 2005

The generalized hybrid orbital (GHO) method has previously been formulated for combining molecular mechanics with various levels of quantum mechanics, in particular semiempirical neglect of diatomic differential overlap theory, ab initio Hartree–Fock theory, and self‐consistent charge density functional tight‐binding theory. To include electron‐correlation effects accurately and efficiently in GHO calculations, we extend the GHO method to density functional theory in the generalized‐gradient approximation and hybrid density functional theory (denoted by GHO‐DFT and GHO‐HDFT, respectively) using Gaussian‐type orbitals as basis functions. In the proposed GHO‐(H)DFT formalism, charge densities in auxiliary hybrid orbitals are included to calculate the total electron density. The orthonormality constraints involving the auxiliary Kohn–Sham orbitals are satisfied by carrying out the hybridization in terms of a set of Löwdin symmetrically orthogonalized atomic basis functions. Analytical gradients are formulated for GHO‐(H)DFT by incorporating additional forces associated with GHO basis transformations. Scaling parameters are introduced for some of the one‐electron integrals and are optimized to obtain the correct charges and geometry near the QM/MM boundary region. The GHO‐(H)DFT method based on the generalized gradient approach (GGA) (BLYP and mPWPW91) and HDFT methods (B3 LYP, mPW1PW91, and MPW1 K) is tested—for geometries and atomic charges—against a set of small molecules. The following quantities are tested: 1) the CC stretch potential in ethane, 2) the torsional barrier for internal rotation around the central CC bond in n‐butane, 3) proton affinities for a set of alcohols, amines, thiols, and acids, 4) the conformational energies of alanine dipeptide, and 5) the barrier height of the hydrogen‐atom transfer between n‐C4H10 and n‐C4H9, where the reaction center is described at the MPW1 K/6–31G(d) level of theory.
The Structure and Conformations of 2‐Thiophenecarboxaldehyde Obtained from Partially Averaged Dipolar Couplings
Authors: Concistrè Maria , De Luca Giuseppina , Longeri Marcello , Pileio Giuseppe , Emsley James W.
Published: August 2005

The proton NMR spectra of samples of 2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde dissolved in a nematic liquid crystalline solvent, including those from all five singly labelled 13C isotopomers, have been obtained. These have been analysed to yield sets of partially averaged dipolar couplings which have been used to determine the structure and the relative amounts of the cis and trans forms, which are the two minimum‐energy structures generated by rotation about the ring–aldehyde bond. A procedure for applying vibrational corrections to the dipolar couplings in the presence of large amplitude motions is discussed.