bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ray waves in a pit lake
Authors: Boehrer Bertram , Stevens Craig
Published: December 2005

The special basin shape of Island Copper mine pit‐lake and its sharp salinity stratification make it an ideal place to investigate ray waves, or internal wave beams, as the more recent oceanographic literature tends to name the observed phenomenon. A first‐mode internal seiche oscillates the deep water vertically over the regular bench structure of the sidewalls at a distinct frequency. Theoretical considerations show the disturbances result in internal wave beams traversing the stratified water body at a known angle. Steep sidewalls prevent the ray waves from being trapped in the beach zone. Instead the reflection at the extremely strong pycnocline creates a vertical interference pattern. Here we numerically derive the vertical length scale of this interference to be 0.43 m. This scale is in full agreement with the repeated turbulence pattern discovered underneath the pycnocline.
Potential global climatic impacts of the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wu Lixin , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Yun , Liu Qingyu , Liu Xiaodong
Published: December 2005

Global climatic impacts of the North Pacific Ocean are studied using both observations and a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. It is found that the coupled ocean‐atmosphere interaction over the western North Pacific may modulate global climate in the tropical Indian Ocean, the western subtropical south Pacific, and the tropical and North Atlantic through potential atmospheric teleconnections of the Asian winter monsoon and the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO). The study suggests that the North Pacific Ocean may be an important regulator of global decadal climate variability.
Climatology of F region zonal plasma drifts over Jicamarca
Authors: Fejer B. G. , Souza J. R. , Santos A. S. , Costa Pereira A. E.
Published: December 2005

We use extensive incoherent scatter radar observations made at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory between 1970 and 2003 to study and model empirically the equatorial zonal plasma drifts near the F region peak using Bernstein polynomials as base functions. Our quiet‐time model results confirm that the daytime drifts are westward and are nearly season and solar cycle independent. The nighttime drifts are eastward, have larger magnitudes, and increase strongly with solar flux, particularly near equinox and December solstice. Enhanced geomagnetic activity drives small eastward perturbation drifts during the day and much larger westward disturbance drifts at night. The nighttime drift perturbations are largest near midnight and increase strongly with solar flux near equinox and December solstice but are essentially absent near June solstice. The Jicamarca zonal disturbance drifts can be largely accounted for by disturbance dynamo electric fields with a dominant time delay of about 3–15 hours following enhanced geomagnetic activity. In the postmidnight sector, there are also smaller westward disturbance drifts associated with time delays of about 15–24 hours and perhaps even longer. Our results strongly suggest that the longitudinal dependence of both the quiet and disturbed equatorial nighttime zonal drifts varies with season.
The anatomy of the timbers of the south-west Pacific area. III. Myrtaceae
Authors: Ingle HD , Dadswell HE
Published: December 2005

The results reported form part of the series dealing with the timbers of the south-west Pacific area and cover 32 genera of the Myrtaceae. The timbers of this family are perhaps more important, from an economic standpoint, than those of any other in the area under consideration (with the possible exception of the Dipterocarpaceae). Based on the examination of all available species, the anatomical features of each genus have been summarized and the results set out in tabular form. From these a grouping of the genera of the family has been made, which reveals one or two inconsistencies with the botanical classification as proposed by Niedenzu. Particular mention has been made of the anatomical variation in Eugenia (sens, lat.). The affinities of the described genera with those of the New World, and the anatomical differences between the Myrtaceae and the closely alIied Lecythidaceae, are discussed. Anatomical features separating the Myrtaceae from four other families with some similar features have been pointed out.
Objective methods for the classification of vegetation. II. Fidelity and indicator value
Authors: Goodall DW
Published: December 2005

A new index of fidelity is described, based on the ratio of frequencies for the species in two communities. The importance of significance tests in determining characteristic species is emphasized.The value of a species as indicator of a particular community is taken as the ratio of the frequency in that community to the frequency elsewhere within the area studied. An index to express this is proposed.The value of discriminant functions in enabling vegetation samples of uncertain affinities to be allotted to one of several possible communities is demonstrated. An example is given in which this technique has been used to determine whether one community can be regarded as intermediate between two others, or has special features of its own.The paper is illustrated by data taken from publications of the Zurich-Montpellier school, and by original data collected in the Victorian Mallee.
Point Quadrat methods for the analysis of vegetation — the treatment of data for tussock grasses
Authors: Goodall DW
Published: December 2005

An improved estimate of the mean cover repetition in the centres of
tussocks may be obtained by fitting a negative binomial distribution by successive
approximation.
Autecology of some natural pasture species at Trangie, N.S.W.
Authors: Biddiscombe EF , Cuthbertson EG , Hutchings RJ
Published: December 2005

Features of the autecology of four native perennial grasses (Stipa, Chloris, and Digitaria spp.) and an important group of winter annual species are reported from a 5-yr study of a naturaI pasture at Trangie, N.S.W. The investigation was mainly concerned with the response of the species to changes in seasonal climatic conditions. The study period (1948–52) was relatively moist (mean annual rainfall 25.6 in.) and the growing season (May–November) longer than average. Available moisture showed considerable variation in autumn and spring, and was the primary factor in the variable success of germination and seedling survival among the perennial grasses. Plant development in the perennial grasses is discussed for three study intervals, March 1948–50 (above average rainfall), March 1950–51 (recurrent flooding over 8 months), and March 1951–52 (including a long, dry summer) ; in all pkriods striking fluctuations were noted in persistency and basal area of established plants, particularly the small plants of each species. Available moisture is advanced as the principal factor controlling seasonal distribution of green forage production by the perennial grasses, temperature becoming limiting only at midwinter (June–July). All species conformed to a similar production pattern, showing a midsummer minimum (except in January 1951), late summer and spring peaks, and a midwinter trough. Flowering and maturation periods are listed for the perennial grasses, and infrequent but heavy seed production recorded for all species. Characteristic features of the root systems are discussed in relation to drought resistance and response to effective rainfall. Germination of Medicago spp. was most frequent in May and June (1-in. soil temperature 51–61°F), but was also successful in March, April, and July. Erodium cygnorum and Hordezcm leporinum favoured late February to early May (65–75°F) for germination. Among high populations percentage seedling survival was low, even in a very favourable season. Given adequate winter moisture (as in 1948 and 1949), Medicago spp. and E. cygnorum showed virtually an exponential increase in green forage production between May and September. The level of September production of these species is shown to be correlated with moisture availability in April. The principal factors ensuring regular recurrence of the winter annuals in pastures of the Trangie environment are outlined and discussed.
The ecology of the soil fungi of an Australian heathland
Authors: McLennan EI , Ducker SC
Published: December 2005

The distribution of microfungi in an Australian heathland soil has been investigated. Unlike the typical distribution for soil organisms, the numbers did not decrease progressively with depth, for the B horizon showed a comparable population both in numbers and types to that of the A1 layer even at depths of 60 in. or more. This distribution is correlated with the organic carbon content of the ortstein layer. The results obtained from the direct and indirect methods for determining the numbers of fungi per gram of soil were compared; from this comparison evidence was gained to support the statement that the suspension technique gives a fair picture of the soil population and does not reflect a high sporing capacity of a few fungi, as has been so often stated. One hundred and seven species of fungi have been isolated from this soil. Mortierella ramanniana is the commonest fungus and it occurs right through the profile. The genus Penicillium with its multiplicity of species is the dominant genus. Several species of Aspergillus appeared frequently on the plates and it is this genus which provides the forms that characterize this particular soil, including three new species of the genus. All the other fungi that were isolated have been recorded from northern hemisphere soils and are part of a cosmopolitan soil flora. Ascosporic and sclerotial types characterize the litter fungi and those forms associated with plant parts in the soil, rather than the general fungal soil flora.
The leaf anatomy of Australian members of the genus Atriplex. I. Atriplex vesicaria Heward and A. nummularia Lindl.
Authors: Black RF
Published: December 2005

These two species are shown to have a closely similar leaf anatomy, and this is fully described with relevant notes on all the minor points of difference. In discussion, the origin and development of the lamina are compared with other plant groups. The autecological significance of the vesicular hairs is also briefly considered from an anatomical point of view. Brief comments are made on the water-storage properties of the hypodermal layer. The widespread occurrence of the 'Kranz' type of assimilatory tissue (concentric to the xylem of the leaf veins) in the Australian species of Atriplex is noted. The need for further investigations on the thick-walled phloem elements and bundle sheath cells is stressed. A taxonomic significance is suggested for the peculiar ventral development of the midrib in both species.
New soil fungi from Australian heathland: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Spegazzinia
Authors: McLennan EI , Tucker SC , Thrower LB
Published: December 2005

Five new species of soil fungi are described and figured. These have been isolated from a sandy podzol supporting a characteristic heathland flora.
Histogenesis of the inflorescence and flower of Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Barnard C
Published: December 2005

In Triticum the apical meristem of the spike and spikelets is similar to that of the vegetative axis: a two-layered tunica encloses a central corpus. Leaf primordia arise by the periclinal division of cells of the tunica, the corpus contributing nothing to their development. Spikelet primordia are initiated in periclinal divisions of cells of the outer layer of the corpus (sub-hypodermis). Their mode of origin is comparable with that of vegetative buds. The glumes and lemmas arise in the same manner as the foliage leaf; the flower primordia by divisions in the sub-hypodermis like the spikelets. The early histogenesis of the palea, lodicules, and carpel is also essentially the same as that of the foliage leaf, whilst the stamens arise as cauline structures like the spikelets and flower primordia. The ovule is derived directly from the apex of the flower primordium and the integuments originate in the manner of foliar structures. The significance of these observations in the interpretation of the floral morphology of Triticum is discussed.
Distribution and ecology of the genus Kennedya Vent. in Western Australia
Authors: Silsbury JH , Brittan NH
Published: December 2005

A review of the taxonomy, ecology, and distribution pattern of 11 species of the genus Kennedya Vent. in relation to the soils and climate of Western Australia is presented. Within a single climatic zone the edaphic factor is shown to be the most important, but it is also shown that "growingperiod" calculated from P/Ew0.75 values can be useful in delineating the climatic requirements of some endemic species.

Variability and distribution are discussed in relation to the above factors, the occurrence of self-fertilization, and the influence of previous climates.
The anatomy of bark. V. Eucalyptus species with stringy bark
Authors: Chattaway MM
Published: December 2005

The term "stringybark" has been applied to certain rough-barked eucalypts in which the outer bark is persislent, loose, and fibrous. This texture arises through the expansion of the phloem parenchyma, which causes the bundles of fibres to become widely separated from one another in the rhytidome. This expansion, which may increase the cells to many times their original size, takes place after the periderm has formed, and immediately precedes the death of the cells and their transformation into rhytidome. This feature is not confined to the series Pachyphloiae (stringybarks) but also occurs in several related series, and in some of the rough-barked bloodwoods.
The nature of reaction wood. V. The distribution and formation of tension wood in some species of Eucalyptus
Authors: Wardrop AB
Published: December 2005

The development of tension wood has been studied in various species of the genus Eucalyptus under a number of natural and experimental conditions. It is considered that the distribution of tension wood in the cases observed is consistent with the view that this tissue is an anatomical manifestation of various regulatory processes associated with the maintenance of tree form and movements of orientation in response to environmental changes. Experiments were performed which demonstrate that the development of tension wood is associated with contraction in the stem or branches and that the resulting movements of orientation result from forces developed during differentiation of the fibres and not as a result of
differential osmotic effects in the cambium.
The relative abundance of Mortierella Coemans spp. in acid heath soils
Authors: McLennan EI , Ducker SC
Published: December 2005

The fungal population of two podzolized heath soils, one with and one without a hardpan, is characterized by a marked contrast in the species distribution of the genus Mortierella Linnemann.The dominant species in the hardpan soil is Mortierella ramanrniana (Möll) Linnemann, but when the pan is lacking it is replaced by Mortierella nana Linnemann. This is not a local effect, for an analysis of results from comparable English soils gives a parallel result. It can be stated that the dominance of one or other of these species is indicative of certain soil types.
Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). I. Definition of the ecosystem
Authors: Specht RL , Rayson P
Published: December 2005

A survey of the literature on the distribution of the sclerophyllous understorey in Australia leads to the conclusion that, although the climatic conditions under which it grows may vary considerably, the soils on which it flourishes are always acid and very low in available phosphorus and nitrogen and sometimes in potassium, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. The problem is how the sclerophyllous species are able to flourish on such deficient soils. To provide a background for the investigation of this problem, a detailed ecological study was initiated on an extensive stand of heath occurring on deep sand (the Makin sand) in the upper south-east of South Australia. This paper outlines the habitat and indicates the general characteristics of the heath vegetation of the area. The climate is typical of a meditsrranean region; the soil is a deep, acid sand, remarkably low in most mineral nutrients; the vegetation is scarcely influenced by grazing animals, but is regularly razed by fire. The vegetation is dominated by a number of nanophanerophytes, not more than 6 ft in height, with an understorey of chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes, and geophytes. The majority of the species possess dull green, small, sclerophyllous leaves (leptophylls). Growth occurs predominantly during the summer, from January to March, while many of the species flower during spring. Most of the dominant species, however, flower during late summer to midwinter. Leaf-fall is greatest towards the end of the dry summer period, while litter decomposition, which is only completed after 1 1/2– 2 1/2 years, reaches its maximum in the spring. It is shown that it is necessary to examine at least four random quadrats of at least 25 sq. yd to study satisfactorily the larger species. In each quadrat, a smaller random sub-quadrat of at least 22 sq. ft will enable the critical examination of the smaller species. The outstanding features of the southern Australian heath are (1) a summergrowth rhythm instead of the spring growth typical of similar vegetation in other mediterranean-type regions, and (2) its consistent occurrence on soils very low in fertility. It is suggested that these are connected with the evolutionary history of the heath which apparently flourished during the Pliocene period on widespread, infertile, lateritic podsols in equilibrium with a warm pluvial climate favouring summer growth.
The high mountain vegetation of Australia
Authors: Costin AB
Published: December 2005

An account is given of the high mountain vegetation of the Australian Alps.
This vegetation is naturally defined as that situated above the level of the winter snow-line (4500–5000 ft); it occupies an area in south-eastern Australia of about 2000 sq. miles. The high mountain environment can be divided into subalpine and alpine tracts, on the basis of average duration of the winter snow cover and related effects. Relevant climatic data are given, together with information on physiography, geology, flora, fauna, soils, and land use. The plant communities identified earlier in the Snowy Mountains area are found to provide a generalIy satisfactory basis for the rest of the high mountain areas. The various fjaeldmark, alpine herbfield, sod tussock grassland, heath, subalpine woodland, and bog and fen alliances are enumerated, with details of distribution and rariation in Australia and comparisons with homologous vegetation in Europe. Five broad ecological types of high mountain are recognized and the characteristic associations of communities are described. Almost all of the Australian high mountain vegetation has been modified by land use. Few of the existing communities are regarded as stable and the direction of change will depend largely on how they are henceforth managed by man.
Some anatomical factors relating to the penetration of water into xylem of gymnosperms
Authors: Wardrop AB , Davies GW
Published: December 2005

A study has been made of some sapwood specimens of Pinus radiata D. Don and Pinus muricata D. Don known to resist penetration by aqueous preservatives but
readily penetrated by creosote oil. A few pits only in these specimens showed aspiration. An arbitrary sinkage time has been used as an indication of the penetrability of the wood and it has been shown that pre-extraction with alcohol and ether greatly reduces the sinkage time in water. In Pinus radiata and Picea spp. the sinkage time was greatly increased by drying but this increase did not take place if the specimens were pre-extracted with alcohol and ether. Extraction after drying at 102°C did not reduce the sinkage time. A study of staining reactions of the wood with sudan black and sudan IV indicated the presence of fatty material, removable by successive extractions with alcohol and with ether, lining the lumen of pit chambers of the tracheids. This fatty material appeared to be part of a thicker membrane which stained strongly with osmic acid, and could be removed only by extraction with urea. Isolation of this osmiophilic membrane and subsequent electron microscopic examination showed it to have a structure similar to the membrane with "wart-like" texture described by other workers.
Heteroploid twins and apomixis in Casuarina nana Sieb.
Authors: Barlow BA
Published: December 2005

Casuarina nana Sieb. occurs in some localities as a diploid, with a somatic chromosome number of 22, and in others as a tetraploid (2n = 44), and there is evidence of hybridization between these two chromosome forms. In one population of this species diploid, triploid, and tetraploid plants occur together. Heteroploid twins, with 33 and 44 chromosomes respectively, are regularly produced in seeds from the triploids. A reproductive system involving apomixis is suggested, and supported by embryological evidence. A similar situation apparently exists at other localities. These populations may have resulted from hybridization between the diploid and tetraploid forms, and illustrate a stage in the development of obligatory apomixis.
The organization of the primary wall in differentiating conifer tracheids
Authors: Wardrop AB
Published: December 2005

In a study of differentiating tracheids of Pinus radiata evidence has been obtained which suggests that, in those cells with localized apical growth, surface enlargement takes place by the multi-net mechanism of wall growth. Features described, such as the difference in microfibril orientation on the inner and outer surfaces of the cell wall and the existence of well-developed corner thickenings, closely resemble similar features in elongating coleoptile parenchyma. It is argued that growth is not limited to the extreme tips of the cells as in root hairs, but that the growth zone extends some distance back from the cell ends.
The gametophytes on the Victorian Blechnaceae. I. Blechnum nudum (Labill.) Luerss
Authors: Stone IG
Published: December 2005

An account is given of the spore, germination, vegetative features, and reproductive organs of the gametophyte of Blechnum nudum. The species is unlike other Blechnum spp. so far described in having a green spore, a prothallus without hairs, and an early formation of cells in a third dimension. The apical cell develops from the terminal cell of the short filament, chloroplasts are present in the rhizoids, and the mature prothallus is cordate with a slightly depressed sinus and an irregular margin. At one year the prothallus becomes
elongated with a thick midrib and slightly ruffled wings. The antheridium is elongated and has a disk or occasionally columnar shaped basal cell, a ring cell, and an asymmetrical cap cell. Some antheridia on the cushion region become very large. Nuclear divisions in the development of the antheridium are described in detail. The archegonium has a squat appearance, develops in the usual manner, and has a short, rather straight neck.
The Tasmanian Endemic Shrub Acacia axillaris: Conservation Ecology Applied to the Question of Rarity or Vulnerability
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. B. , Lynch A. J. J. , Gilfedder L.
Published: December 2005

Acacia axillaris Benth. had been recommended for
downgrading from a conservation status of vulnerable to one of rare in
response to changed knowledge of its distribution. Ecological investigations
of its phytosociology, stand structure, germination requirements, soil seed
store and response to fire and disturbance indicate, however, that it is
susceptible to elimination by fire regimes that allow the survival of most of
its co-occurring species and most other Australian species of
Acacia. The species is also vulnerable to land clearance
and weed competition in the lowland part of its range, which is largely on
private land.A. axillaris may be a refugial species,
better suited to glacial Tasmania than to interglacial Tasmania. On ecological
evidence, the species should retain its conservation status of vulnerable to
extinction.
The anatomy of the barks of Leptospermoideae
Authors: Bamber RK
Published: December 2005

The anatomy of the barks of 61 species of the tribe Leptospermoideae of the
family Myrtaceae, principally from Australia, has been studied. The following
anatomical features in particular have been described: type and arrangement of
sclerenchyma, type and distribution of crystals, silica, oil glands, sieve tube type,
fibre dimensions, periderm, and rhytidome.
A key for the identification of the species and/or groups of species described
has been derived from the bark anatomy. The bark anatomy would appear to be
superior to the wood anatomy for the separation of the species of the tribe.
The relationship between the bark anatomy and the taxonomy of the tribe
is discussed. Support for the separation of Choricarpia subargentea and C. leptopetala
from both Syncarpia and Tristania is given. Tristania neriifolia appears to be
distinctly different from other Tristania spp. and re-examination of the species is
suggested. Samples of Metrosideros sp. from Indonesia have been found to have
the characteristics of Xanthostemon and re-examination of the genus of this species
is also suggested.
Oil glands have been found to be restricted to the genera Eucalyptus, Syncarpia,
and Xanthostemon. Resorption of crystals has been found in the outer
phloem of a number of species. Casparian thickening of the cell walls of the suberized
phellem in Callistemon and Melaleuca has been confirmed.
An investigation of the effect of the dehydroangustione present in the leaf litter of Backhousia angustifolia on the germination of Araucaria cunninghamii - An experimental approach to a problem in rain-forest ecology
Authors: Cannon JR , Corbett NH , Haydock KP , Tracey JG , Webb LJ
Published: December 2005

Failure of Araucaria cunninghamii to regenerate in secondary rain forest
containing a high proportion of Backhousia angustifolia has been observed at Good
Night Scrub, near Maryborough, Qld. The possibility that this failure is due primarily
to the presence of toxic compounds in the leaf litter of Backhousia has been investigated.
In laboratory tests, substrates containing between 1 % and 5% by weight of free
dehydroangustione (in this case the major constituent of the leaf oil of Backhousia)
have been found to hinder germination of Arazccaria. However, the hypothesis is
not supported by experiments carried out in the field; germination of Araucaria
was significantly higher on a litter enriched with freshly gathered Backhousia leaves
(and found to contain 1.3-1.6% by weight of dehydroangustione) than on the
natural litter. Moreover, a watering treatment resulted in a further significant
increase in germination of Araucaria on an enriched litter containing 1.9-2.2% by
weight of dehydroangustione.
Evidence has been obtained that substrates prepared from milled leaves or
from extracts of plants (which are frequently used to demonstrate "antibiotic effects"
in this type of investigation) are not comparable with substrates of intact leaves.
Presumably all of the toxic compound present in the substrate has access to the
test species in the former cases, but this does not appear to be so when substrates
of intact leaves are used.
It is concluded that further experimentation in the field is essential before
the "antibiotic effects" revealed in laboratory experiments can be considered to be
of probable ecological significance in a natural plant community.
It is suggested that the failure of Araucaria to regenerate in the environment
studied is more likely to be due to the early death of seedlings than to inhibition of
germination.
The morphology and taxonomy of Cystophora and related genera (Phaeophyta)
Authors: Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

A study of the morphology and taxonomy of the species previously placed in
Cystophora (Cystoseiraceae) results in the recognition of three genera: Cystophora J.
Agardh, Acrocarpia Areschoug, and Caulocystis Areschoug. These genera are largely
confined to the southern region of Austraiia, with six species of Cystophora occurring in
New Zealand. Two eastern Pacific species previously placed in Cystophora (or Blossevillea)
are now referred to other genera.
Cystophora is characterized by bilateral and sympodial axes which are often
flexuous, and monopodial laterals branched in various ways with terminal receptacles
with conceptacles in rows; later axes arise in the axils of the laterals. The degree of axis
flattening, branching of the laterals, form of receptacles and arrangement of conceptacles,
and presence and form of vesicles are key morphological characters in distinguishing
the species. Acrocarpia and Caulocystis have both radially and monopodially branched
axes, Acrocarpia being tristichously branched without vesicles and Caulocystis radially
branched with vesicles borne on the axes.
The relationships of these genera with other genera of the Cystoseiraceae is given
in a key to the genera, and keys are given for the species of the three genera. Evolution
in Cystophora is considered to have been from species with unbranched laterals, through
those with laterals branched in one plane to those with profusely and radially branched
laterals.
Asynapsis in a Tetraploid Forage sorghum
Authors: Pritchard AJ
Published: December 2005

Asynapsis was found to be associated with a recessive dwarf character in
progeny derived from hybrids between Sorghum almum Parodi and perennial sweet
Sudan grass. The average number of univalents at first metaphase varied from 1.5 to
38.4 per cell in the 10 plants examined. Lagging univalents usually divided or misdivided
at first anaphase or telophase. In plants with a very small average number of
bivalents at first metaphase, the second division of meiosis rarely occurred and the
pollen grains were formed from the products of the first division. All pollen grains
degenerated and the asynaptic plants were sterile.
Airborne pollens in Brisbane
Authors: Moss JE
Published: December 2005

Airborne pollens were studied daily by gravity slides from February 1962 to
June 1963.
There were two main pollen periods: a minor one in early spring due mainly to
conifers, and a major one in summer due mainly to grasses.
Grasses were responsible for 65 % of the pollen grains counted. They were
present from September to May and most abundant in December and January.
The commonest grasses observed in flower were: Chloris gayana, November-
March; Cynodon dactylon, September-April; Paspalum dilatatum, October-March;
P. urvillei, October-February; Panicum maximum, October-April; Rhynchelytrum
repens, October-April; Eragrostis tenuifolia, October-March; Digitaria didactyla,
December-March; Themeda australis, September-December.
Because of their prevalence, high pollen yield, and allergenicity, Chloris gayana
and Cynodon dactylon probably constitute the greatest risk of pollinosis in Brisbane.
The commonest tree pollens found were those of the Cupressaceae, Eucalyptus,
and Casuarina; among the plants and weeds those of Compositae and Plantago.
It is likely that pollen, although important in causing hay fever, is an uncommon
cause of asthma because: (a) being mostly over 20μ in diameter, it would rarely
penetrate to the bronchioles; (b) there is no clear correspondence between the seasonal
distributions of pollens and asthma.
Morphological and embryological studies in Nymphaeaceae. II. Brasenia schreberei Gmel. and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn
Authors: Khanna P
Published: December 2005

The stamens are whorled in Brasenia schreberei and spirally arranged in Nelumbo
nucifera. The anther is tetrasporangiate. Parietal layers are five-celled in thickness in
B. schreberei and six-celled in N. nucifera. Endothecial cells contain a tannin-like
substance and develop fibrous thickenings in N. nucifera. The middle layers are
persistent in N. nucifera and ephemeral in B. schreberei. The tapetal cells become
multinucleate and the layer develops cutinization on its inner walls in N. nucifera. It is
secretory. Micronuclei are formed at the meiosis in the microspore mother cells. These
degenerate in B. schreberei and form micropollen grains in N. nucifera. Polysporads
and compound pollen grains occur frequently in the latter. Pollen sterility is common.
In B. schreberei the carpel is horseshoe-shaped, unites with its margins, and bears
two to three pendulous ovules with lamina1 placentation. The carpel in N. nucifera,
however, remains open in its early development, unites by the growth of the interlocking
hairs, and contains a single ovule. A single parietal layer is present in B. schreberei,
and four to five such layers in N. nucifera. A hypostase is formed in B. schreberei. The
nucellus functions as perisperm in the latter and is consumed early in N. nucifera.
A linear megaspore tetrad is formed in which the chalazal megaspore is functional.
The embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. The antipodal cells are ephemeral in B.
Schreberei and persistent with secondary multiplication in N. nucifera.
In post-fertilized ovules one of the synergids is persistent. Fertilization is
non-synchronous in N. nucifera and simultaneous in B. schreberei. In N. nucifera the
antipodal cells become enlarged and multinucleate, and occupy the elongated tube
formed by the downward penetration of the embryo sac. They degenerate at the early
globular stage of the embryo and are not persistent when the embryo is pear-shaped.
In B. schreberei a transverse cytokinesis follows division of the primary endosperm
nucleus and two unequal cells are formed. The small chalazal endosperm cell
penetrates the nucellus below and forms a long tube-like haustorium occupying
three-quarters of the length of the nucellus. Its nucleus subsequently hypertrophies
and degenerates completely at the globular stage of the embryo. Endosperm is ab initio
cellular in B. schreberei and free nuclear in N. nucifera.
Multidimensional group analysis
Authors: Jancey RC
Published: December 2005

A quantitative taxonomic method is described. The method is based on the
calculation of distance functions in multidimensional space, and provides objective
discrimination and characterization of taxa.
The application of numerical methods of data analysis to the genus Phyllota Benth. in New South Wales
Authors: Jancey RC
Published: December 2005

The results of the application of two methods of data analysis are given, and a
technique for combining these results in a pictorial model of the taxonomic relationships
is described.
A topophysic relation between regrowth and pruning in Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell
Authors: Maggs DH , Alexander DM
Published: December 2005

Stems of Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell. 60 ft high were cut back to 30,15, or 7ft.
Some stems were in addition notched at 24, 15, and 7 ft. After 1 year the lengths of
the longest shoots at the cut ends could be correlated with the distance between the
shoot and the base of the trunk and with the initial height of the tree. Similar relations
were found for the oxygen uptake of bark below the cut ends, and for the number of
shoots arising below the notches.
Since these attributes were acquired by virtue of the situation of the shoot, they
represent an extreme form of topophysis.
The length of shoots arising spontaneously down the stem was curvilinearly
related to position, with a maximum length at 15 ft. The length of shoots arising below
notches exhibited a similar trend; these shoots were longer.
Attributes which could not be associated with position were shoot number, both
at the cut ends and arising spontaneously down the stems, and leaf shape.
There were no interactions between the several stems arising from a single trunk.
The composition of several arid spinifex grasslands of central Australia in relation to rainfall, soil water relations, and nutrients
Authors: Winkworth RE
Published: December 2005

The study was restricted to communities of Triodia basedowii (hard spinifex) and
Plectrachne schinzii (feathertop spinifex), which occur on extensive tracts of featureless
sand plains. Measurements of plant cover, size, and weight were made at four sites
at the northern, southern, eastern, and western extremities of their distribution as well
as centrally. Soil profiles were examined and samples taken for laboratory analyses and
nutrition trials in pots.
P. schinzii communities are dominant north of lat. 22°S. and T. basedowii
communities south of this latitude. The communities are dominated by the spinifex
species, which make up 96 to 98% of the standing crop. The tussocks cover about
one-third of the soil surface, the remainder being bare. A sparse layer of small trees,
shrubs, and subshrubs is always present.
The soils are uniformly red, deep, and sandy with clay contents exceeding 13 %
only in a few northern and eastern soils. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents are very
low and did not exceed 0.022% and 0.015 % respectively. Growth of oats and sorghum
in pots was markedly affected by lack of phosphorus (nitrogen was not tested). The
small range of available water is offset by deep penetration of moisture in the soils.
The uniformity of vegetation and soils was the outstanding feature. Significant
differences between areas were found for plant height (due to P. schinzii) and weight
per unit area of stand. The latter could not be related to the climatic differences between
areas, and may be an historical feature related to fire. The vegetation is a stable edaphic
climax subject to and adapted to repeated burning.
Effects of Gibberellic acid, Kinetin, and light on the germination of dormant seeds of some Eucalypt species
Authors: Bachelard EP
Published: December 2005

The stratification and/or light treatments required for germinating dormant seeds
of some eucalypt species were replaced by treatment with gibberellic acid. For light sensitive
seeds, the effects of gibberellic acid and light were additive.
Generally, kinetin had no effect on the germination of E. pauciflora seeds but
sometimes inhibited germination. No evidence was obtained that red and far-red
light affected germination. Possible mechanisms of dormancy in eucalypt seeds are
discussed.
Relationships between subtropical, semiarid forest of Acacia harpophylla (Brigalow), microrelief, and chemical properties of associated gilgai soil
Authors: Russell JS , Moore AW , Coaldrake JE
Published: December 2005

In a study of a brigalow (Acacia harpophylla F. Muell.) ecosystem the underlying
soil material (0-90 cm) was intensively sampled in addition to complete harvesting of
vegetative material. Microrelief contours were plotted and random sampling of soils
within each of three microtopographic classes carried out.
There was a tendency for larger trees to be confined to the higher portions of the
microrelief. Differences in soil properties in various microtopographic positions appear to
be related to canopy interception and leaf drip of these larger trees. Thus the apparent
uniformity of soil salinity isopleths in corresponding layers at different topographic
positions, in spite of run-off from higher portions of the microrelief, was attributed to
the counteracting effect of canopy interception resulting in the concentration of incident
rainfall on the higher parts. This effect was also considered to contribute to the higher
soil exchangeable potassium values found on the upper portions of the microrelief.
The higher values for soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper portions of the
microrelief were attributed to the greater concentration of roots in these areas.
Relationships between the chemical content of the various components of the
ecosystem were examined. The relatively low phosphorus content of the soils and of the
forest suggests the adaptation of brigalow to soils of low phosphorus status. The high
uptake of calcium is of especial interest in view of the acidity and salinity of the soil.
It seems probable that the trend of increasing acidity with depth in these soils is
associated with the accumulation of calcium by brigalow and its release during litter
decomposition, the low buffering capacity of the soil, and the increasing salinity of the
soil with depth.
The factors involved in the persistence of brigalow and its high dry matter production
under the hot, dry climatic and saline soil conditions in this area are worthy of
further study.
Some distinctive types of Eucalypt Mycorrhiza
Authors: Chilvers GA
Published: December 2005

The method of characterizing mycorrhizal fungi according to mantle structure
and hyphal features is briefly discussed in relation to other methods of identifying
tree-fungus combinations and is shown to be complementary to them. The need to
search for and apply as many criteria as possible when making distinctions, and
conversely to refrain from erecting categories where there are insufficient data, is stressed.
Comprehensive descriptions, adequately illustrated, are necessary.
Eight distinctive types of eucalypt mycorrhiza are selected and described. Two
features which do not appear to have been used elsewhere are shown to be valuable in
making distinctions: the anatomy of fungal rhizomorphs, and the tissue structure of the
mantle as revealed in plan view by cleared whole mounts.
Studies of Cintractia axicola. I. Development of the sorus
Authors: Tommerup IC , Langdon RFN
Published: December 2005

Penetration of the host and development of the sorus of the smut Cintractia axicola on plants of Fimbristylis dichotoma and Cyperus rotundus was studied. Following germination of the teleutospores dikaryotic hyphae of promycelial origin penetrate the epidermis of the peduncle directly. From the point of penetration mycelium spreads mostly intracellularly through the tissues of the host. The cells of the epidermis become filled with monokaryotic mycelium which constitutes the fungal sheath. Internal to the epidermis, mycelium which is dikaryotic accumulates first in the subepidermal cells and then progressively occupies tissues of the peduncle. A stroma, pockets of sporogenous tissue, and a columella form. Nuclear fusion occurs in developing spores at the time they are differentiated from the parent hyphae. Sori may form in florets, groups of florets, or whole spikelets. The mode of differentiation of hyphae giving rise to sheath, stroma, spores, and columella is the same as described for sori which form at the bases of peduncles.
Studies in the ecology of the Riverine Plain. V. Plant density response of species in a Danthonia caespitosa grassland to 16 years of grazing by Merino sheep
Authors: Williams OB
Published: December 2005

The species density of 252 permanent quadrats set in plots which were ungrazed
and lightly, moderately, and heavily grazed, in a Danthonia caespitosa Gaudich. grassland,
was measured on seven occasions between October 1949 and October 1965.
The field data were analysed by means of a Response Index and a Grazing Pressure
Index to give the grazing responses of 41 individual species. Those species favoured
either by grazing or by non-grazing are listed, and their performance examined in relation
to published data on the dietary selection exercised by Merino sheep.
The present D. caespitosa grassland is a disclimax one resulting from the grazing
of domestic and feral animals, and most species have already come into equilibrium
with the total environment. It is suggested that the observed reductions in plant density,
size, and the seed crop of annual species in the grazed plots was not followed by the
elimination of any species because stocking rates applied in the experiment were no
more severe than those which brought about the development of the grassland.
The possible unique nature of long-term exclosures in a disclimax grassland is
noted.
A comparison of the sclerophyllous vegetation characteristic of Mediterranean type climates in France, California, and Southern Australia. I. Structure, morphology, and succession
Authors: Specht RL
Published: December 2005

A comparison was made of the plant communities characteristic of the Mediterranean type climatic regions of France, California, and southern Australia. Infertile and relatively fertile soils support two distinctive groups of plant communities. In their natural state, the climax vegetations on both soils are dominated by evergreen, sclerophyllous trees in a woodland formation. Grass and herbs form a characteristic understorey on the more fertile soils; evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs are common in the understorey on infertile soils. In drier habitats, the climax woodlands may be replaced by shrub communities such as the garrigue-maquis in France, the chaparral in California, and the heath and mallee-broombush (open scrub) vegetations in southern Australia. In a preliminary study, the characters which Schimper and others had expounded were used to compare the communities of drier habitats. Characteristics such as the presence of evergreen sclerophyllous leaves, lignotubers, and similar life-form spectra pointed to comparable vegetation. In further support of this conclusion, phenological data showed that spring was the season of maximum flowering and shoot growth of the various plant communities; the dry summer conditions reduced growth to zero except in southern Australia where growth extends through much of summer.
A comparison of the sclerophyllous vegetation characteristic of Mediterranean type climates in France, California, and Southern Australia. II. Dry matter, energy, and nutrient accumulation
Authors: Specht RL
Published: December 2005

The annual rates of growth (on the basis of dry weight and of solar energy fixed)
and nutrient uptakes of garrigue, chaparral, heath, and mallee-broombush growing in
the Mediterranean type homoclime of southern France, California, and southern
Australia were compared during the first 10 years of succession following fire.
The Australian and Californian communities have an essentially similar growth
rate of 640-2000 kg/ha/yr. The growth rate of the chaparral may be slightly greater
than that of the Australian cominunities owing to greater availability of the nutrients
phosphorus and potassium. The application of phosphorus fertilizer will increase the
growth rate of Australian heath to that of the chaparral.
Observations of Long et al. (1967) made on garrigue 10 km north of Montpellier,
France indicate a growth rate of c. 1500 kg/ha/yr, essentially similar to that of the
Australian and Californian communities. The author's data for a dense, vigorous stand
of garrigue growing on relatively fertile calcareous soil 13 km north-west of Montpellier
reveal an annual growth rate of 4000-4200 kg/ha/yr.
The growth rates of these distinctive plant communities, composed of entirely
different species, are largely controlled by the major factors - solar radiation and
available water. In similar homocIimes essentially the same growth rate results. Within
limits, soil fertility will play a minor role in controlling the growth rate and consequently
the nature of the resultant plant community.
Studies on structure in plant communities. VI. The significance of pattern evaluation in some Australian dry-land vegetation types
Authors: Anderson DJ , Jacobs SWL , Malik AR
Published: December 2005

The analysis of density data from a variety of Australian dry-land vegetation
types provides evidence of widespread randomness when the component distributions
are compared with a Poissonian model. While such randomness may be reflecting
traditionally held beliefs concerning structure in colonizing and "relict" populations,
randomness may develop as a result of a differential elimination of individuals between
high and low density phases in an originally patterned population. It is suggested that
structure in vegetation cannot be estimated reliably by simple observation alone, and
this statement is evidenced by the ubiquity of random (and to a lesser extent contagious)
distributions which are found in Australian dry-land communities, in contradistinction
to the widely held view that such distributions are necessarily essentially regular in
their character.