Identifying Barriers and Enablers for Nurse‐Initiated Care for Designing Implementation at Scale in Australian Emergency Departments: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Kourouche Sarah , Considine Julie , Li Ling , Murphy Margaret , Shaban Ramon Z. , Lam Mary K. , Berendsen Russell Saartje , Fry Margaret , Aggar Christina , Dinh Michael M. , Shetty Amith , Shaw Timothy , Seimon Radhika V. , Aryal Nanda R. , Hughes James A. , Varndell Wayne , Curtis Kate 
Published: February 2025

Aim

The aim of this study was to (i) identify barriers and enablers and (ii) inform mitigating or strengthening strategies for implementing nurse‐initiated care protocols at scale in emergency departments (EDs).

Design

Embedded mixed methods.

Methods

The study included four clusters with a total 29 EDs in NSW, Australia. Concurrent quantitative and qualitative data were collected via electronic nursing and medical staff surveys and analysed. Barriers and enablers to implementation were identified and mapped to the domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Selection of intervention functions and behaviour change techniques (BCTs) enabled development of implementation strategies.

Results

In total, 847 responses from nursing and medical staff (43%) reported four enablers for use and implementation: (i) knowing or being able to learn to use simple nurse‐initiated care; (ii) protocols help staff remember care; (iii) carefully considered education programme with protected time to attend training; and (iv) benefits of nurse‐initiated care. Nine barriers were identified: (i) lack of knowledge; (ii) lack of skills to initiate complex care (paediatric patients, high‐risk medications and imaging); (iii) risk for inappropriate care from influence of cognitive bias on decision‐making; (iv) punitive re‐enforcement; (v) protocols that are too limited, complex or lack clarity; (vi) perceived lack of support from medical or management; (vii) perception that tasks are outside nursing role; (viii) concern nurse‐initiated care may increase the already high workload of medical and nursing staff; and (ix) context. The barriers and enablers were mapped to nine TDF domains, five intervention functions and 18 BCTs informing implementation using strategies, including an education programme, pre‐existing videos, audit and feedback, clinical champions and an implementation plan.

Conclusion

A rigorous, systematic process generated a multifaceted implementation strategy for optimising nurse‐initiated care in rural, regional and metropolitan EDs.

Implications

Staff wanted safe interventions that did not lead to increased workload. Staff also wanted support from management and medical teams. Common barriers included a lack of knowledge and skill in advanced practice. Clinicians and policymakers can consider these barriers and enablers globally when implementing in the ED and other high‐acuity areas. Successful strategies targeting barriers to advanced practice by emergency nurses can be addressed at the local, state and national levels.

Impact

Implementation of new clinical practices in the ED is complex and presents challenges. Key barriers and enablers, including those related to initiating care and workloads in the ED were identified in this study. This research broadly impacts ED staff and policymakers globally.

Reporting Method

Mixed Methods Reporting in Rehabilitation & Health Sciences (MMR‐RHS).

Patient or Public Contribution

Site senior nurse researchers for each cluster worked closely with site stakeholders, including local consumer groups. Consumer councils were engaged at all the sites. Site visits by the research nurses have been an important strategy for discussing the study with key stakeholders.

Trial Registration

Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial: ACTRN12622001480774p