bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation in Cross‐Cultural Perspective
Authors: Umeasiegbu Veronica I. , Mpofu Jabulani , Mpofu Elias
Published: October 2013

Rehabilitation is about enabling others with needs associated with disability or disadvantage to access resources for health and wellbeing that are used by typical others. There is the presumption with rehabilitation services that functioning or participation is disrupted by some physical (or medical) and/or social event necessitating corrective intervention to enable activity and participation in typical or preferred environments by those affected. Unmet rehabilitation needs may lead to exclusion from the community, poor health, dependency, and decrease in life quality of those with disability or disadvantage.
Chromosomal Abnormalities in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorders From Taiwan
Authors: Liao Hsiao‐Mei , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Tsai Wen‐Che , Fang Jye‐Siung , Su Ying‐Cheng , Chou Miao‐Chun , Liu Shih‐Kai , Chou Wen‐Jiun , Wu Yu‐Yu , Chen Chia‐Hsiang
Published: October 2013

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are childhood‐onset neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by verbal communication impairments, social reciprocity deficits, and the presence of restricted interests and stereotyped behaviors. Genetic factors contribute to the incidence of ASD evidently. However, the genetic spectrum of ASD is highly heterogeneous. Chromosomal abnormalities contribute significantly to the genetic deficits of syndromic and non‐syndromic ASD. In this study, we conducted karyotyping analysis in a sample of 500 patients (447 males, 53 females) with ASD from Taiwan, the largest cohort in Asia, to the best of our knowledge. We found three patients having sex chromosome aneuploidy, including two cases of 47, XXY and one case of 47, XYY. In addition, we detected a novel reciprocal chromosomal translocation between long arms of chromosomes 4 and 14, designated t(4;14)(q31.3;q24.1), in a patient with Asperger's disorder. This translocation was inherited from his unaffected father, suggesting it might not be pathogenic or it needs further hits to become pathogenic. In line with other studies, our study revealed that subjects with sex chromosomal aneuploidy are liable to neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, and conventional karyotyping analysis is still a useful tool in detecting chromosomal translocation in patients with ASD, given that array‐based comparative genomic hybridization technology can provide better resolution in detecting copy number variations of genomic DNA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can sodium/hydrogen exchange inhibitors be repositioned for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? An in silico approach
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. , Zhang‐James Yanli
Published: October 2013

Medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are only partially effective. Ideally, new treatment targets would derive from a known pathophysiology. Such data are not available for ADHD. We combine evidence for new etiologic pathways with bioinformatics data to assess the possibility that existing drugs might be repositioning for treating ADHD. We use this approach to determine if prior data implicating the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 gene (SLC9A9) in ADHD implicate sodium/hydrogen exchange (NHE) inhibitors as potential treatments. We assessed the potential for repositioning by assessing the similarity of drug–protein binding profiles between NHE inhibitors and drugs known to treat ADHD using the Drug Repositioning and Adverse Reaction via Chemical–Protein Interactome server. NHE9 shows a high degree of amino acid similarity between NHE inhibitor sensitive NHEs in the region of the NHE inhibitor recognition site defined for NHE1. We found high correlations in drug–protein binding profiles among most ADHD drugs. The drug–protein binding profiles of some NHE inhibitors were highly correlated with ADHD drugs whereas the profiles for a control set of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were not. Further experimental work should evaluate if NHE inhibitors are suitable for treating ADHD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex‐specific association of a common variant of the XG gene with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Chang Shun‐Chiao , Pauls David L. , Lange Christoph , Sasanfar Roksana , Santangelo Susan L.
Published: October 2013

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are much more common in males than in females. Studies using both linkage and candidate gene association approaches have identified genetic variants specific to families in which all affected cases were male, suggesting that sex may interact with or otherwise influence the expression of specific genes in association with ASD. In this study, we specifically evaluated the sex‐specific genetic effects of ASD with a family‐based genome‐wide association study approach using the data from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange repository. We evaluated the male‐specific genetic effects of ASD in 374 multiplex families of European ancestry in which all affected were male (male‐only; MO) and identified a novel genome‐wide significant association in the pseudoautosomal boundary on chromosome Xp22.33/Yp11.31 in the MO families of predominantly paternal origin (rs2535443, p = 3.8 × 10−8). Five markers that reside within a 550 kb intergenic region on chromosome 13q33.3, between the MYO16 and IRS2 genes, also showed suggestive association with ASD in the MO families (p = 3.3 × 10−5 to 5.3 × 10−7). In contrast, none of these markers appeared to be associated with ASD in the families containing any affected females. Our results suggest that the pseudoautosomal boundary on Xp22.33/Yp11.31 may harbor male‐specific genetic variants for ASD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disorders and borders: Psychiatric genetics and nosology
Authors: Smoller Jordan W.
Published: October 2013

Over the past century, the definition and classification of psychiatric disorders has evolved through a combination of historical trends, clinical observations, and empirical research. The current nosology, instantiated in the DSM‐5 and ICD‐10, rests on descriptive criteria agreed upon by a consensus of experts. While the development of explicit criteria has enhanced the reliability of diagnosis, the validity of the current diagnostic categories has been the subject of debate and controversy. Genetic studies have long been regarded as a key resource for validating the boundaries among diagnostic categories. Genetic epidemiologic studies have documented the familiality and heritability of clinically defined psychiatric disorders and molecular genetic studies have begun to identify specific susceptibility variants. At the same time, there is growing evidence from family, twin and genomic studies that genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend clinical boundaries. Here I review this evidence for cross‐disorder genetic effects and discuss the implications of these findings for psychiatric nosology. Psychiatric genetic research can inform a bottom‐up reappraisal of psychopathology that may help the field move beyond a purely descriptive classification and toward an etiology‐based nosology. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Green fabrication of porous chitosan/graphene oxide composite xerogels for drug delivery
Authors: Chen Yunping , Qi Yuanyuan , Yan Xingbin , Ma Haibing , Chen Jiangtao , Liu Bin , Xue Qunji
Published: October 2013

Porous chitosan (CS)/graphene oxide (GO) composite xerogels were prepared through a simple and “green” freeze‐drying method. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, powder X‐ray diffraction, and compressive strength measurements were performed to characterize the microstructures and mechanical properties of as‐prepared composite xerogels. The results show that the incorporation of GO resulted in an observable change in the porous structure and an obvious increase in the compressive strength. The abilities of the composite xerogels to absorb and slowly release an anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), in particular, the influence of different GO contents, were investigated systematically. The porous CS/GO composite xerogels exhibited efficient DOX‐delivery ability, and both the adsorption and slow‐release abilities increased obviously with increasing GO content. Additionally, the best adsorption concentration of DOX was 0.2 mg/mL, and the cumulative release percentage of DOX from the xerogels at pH4 much higher than that at pH 7.4. Therefore, such porous CS/GO composite xerogels could be promising materials as postoperation implanting stents for the design of new anticancer drug‐release carriers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40006.
Study of thermodegradation and thermostabilization of poly(lactide acid) using subsequent extrusion cycles
Authors: Amorin Nathalia S. Q. S. , Rosa Gabriela , Alves Jefferson Fernandes , Gonçalves Suely P. C. , Franchetti Sandra M. M. , Fechine Guilhermino J. M.
Published: October 2013

The thermomechanical degradation and thermostabilization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been studied using subsequent extrusion cycles under different temperature profiles. Primary and secondary antioxidants were used to avoid degradation process during extrusion. Melt flow index (MFI), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were used to evaluate the degradation and stabilization of PLA. The MFI and SEC analysis show that the main thermodegradation mechanism of PLA is governed by scission reactions. FTIR analysis confirmed the SEC results and showed that the synergetic effect between primary and secondary antioxidant is a suitable way to thermostabilize the PLA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40023.
Distribution and reproduction of Procambarus clarkii in relation to water management, salinity and habitat type in the Camargue
Authors: Meineri Eric , Rodriguez‐Perez Hector , Hilaire Samuel , Mesleard François
Published: October 2013

Procambarus clarkii, one of the most invasive aquatic species worldwide, is present in Mediterranean estuarine regions. Water management of these deltas involves massive freshwater inputs, reducing wetland salinity and altering natural flooding periods, two important factors for P. clarkii. The paper examines whether water management affects the distribution and reproduction success of P. clarkii in Mediterranean estuarine regions.

Procambarus clarkii was sampled in the Camargue every 6 weeks throughout a whole year. Forty‐eight stations were sampled to represent the available habitats and water management types in the study region: temporary ponds, semi‐permanent marshes, permanent marshes, canals and ricefields. Salinity and habitat effects on capture probability, abundance and proportion of juveniles were explored within each season to study species distribution, to identify suitable habitats for reproduction and its timing, and to assess how salinity affects these traits.

Only a few crayfish were found above 10 g L–1 salinity and a few juveniles were found above 5 g L–1. Procambarus clarkii was found in the five habitat types sampled but with lower capture probability and abundance in ricefields and canals. The proportion of juveniles was highest in temporary ponds during their seasonal peak.

These results suggest that low salinity increases the occurrence, the abundance and the reproduction success of P. clarkii but that hydroperiod length per se does not affect P. clarkii. Furthermore, the results suggest that temporary water bodies within the salinity range of the species are used as safe sites for reproduction.

A significant reduction of freshwater inputs into estuarine ecosystems is needed to restore a higher salinity level and to reduce the reproductive success and expansion of P. clarkii.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decadal‐scale variability in hazardous winds in northern Switzerland since end of the 19th century
Authors: Welker Christoph , Martius Olivia
Published: October 2013

The decadal‐scale variability in winter hazardous winds in northern Switzerland from 1871 to present is investigated in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR). Independent wind speed measurements taken at Zurich climate station show that the interannual and decadal variability in hazardous winds in northern Switzerland is realistically represented in the 20CR. Both time series exhibit pronounced decadal‐scale variability with periods between approximately 36 and 47 years. At these periodicities, the hazardous wind variability in northern Switzerland is positively correlated with the variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation, however the strength and statistical significance of their co‐variability varies over time.
Inter‐annual variations in natural and anthropogenic aerosol loadings over the seas adjoining India using a hybrid approach
Authors: Das Sushant , Dey Sagnik , Dash S. K.
Published: October 2013

We report the inter‐annual variations of natural and anthropogenic aerosol loading over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB) for the period 2001–2010 using a hybrid approach. Mean (±1 standard deviation) decadal contributions of maritime, dust and anthropogenic aerosols to aerosol optical depth, τ are 16.6 ± 4.2 and 17.5 ± 4.6%, 44.3 ± 22.6 and 37.4 ± 20% and 39 ± 23.4 and 45 ± 20.5%, respectively, over the AS and BoB. Significant increase in τ (>0.007 or 2.3% per year) is mainly driven by anthropogenic aerosols. The results can be used for improved estimates of aerosol radiative forcing in these regions.
‘Building Schools for the Future’: ‘transformation’ for social justice or expensive blunder?
Authors: Mahony Pat , Hextall Ian
Published: October 2013

This article is based on research undertaken between 2009 and 2012 into the former Labour government's extremely ambitious ‘Building Schools for the Future’ (BSF) Programme and its withdrawal by the Coalition government. The project, which utilises analysis of policy documents, case studies in six local authorities (LA) and semi‐structured interviews with national and local policy actors, is being funded by Roehampton's Centre for Educational Research in Equalities, Policy and Pedagogy and the British Academy (SG100363). The focus of this article is the implications for social justice of BSF and its subsequent withdrawal. The structure of the article comprises an introduction to BSF and a summary of some of the main issues arising from it. We then move on to explore the social justice dimension of BSF as it is expressed in LA documents and in relation to the social policy aspirations of the former Labour government. In July 2010 the Coalition government discontinued the BSF programme and we track events and policy from that time, particularly focussing on the radical shift away from Labour's transformational and communitarian agenda in favour of criteria based on efficiency and value‐for‐money. We present data from our interviews with local actors on the equality and social justice impacts of this re‐orientation of policy. We conclude by arguing against the view that Labour abandoned social justice suggesting that BSF was one of a number of policies through which equality was pursued, albeit by stealth.
Thickness Uniformity Adjustment of Inkjet Printed Light‐emitting Polymer Films by Solvent Mixture
Authors: Xing Rubo , Ye Tengling , Ding Yan , Ding Zicheng , Ma Dongge , Han Yanchun
Published: October 2013

In this paper, thickness uniformity of poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene) films patterned by inkjet printing was improved by the use of solvent mixtures (a solvent with higher volatility, higher surface energy and lower viscosity, with another solvent with lower volatility, lower surface energy and higher viscosity). The average thickness of inkjet printed poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene) films was increased from ca. 30 nm to ca. 100 nm when solvent mixtures were used instead of pure chlorobenzene. More flat PFO films were formed instead of the original films with concave‐lens like cross‐section formed by coffee ring effect. This improvement was explained by combination of intense Marangoni flow at early drying process and weak complementary flow at the later drying process formed in the solvent mixture. Patterned poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene) films were used for fabrication of electroluminescence devices with improved electronic property. Array of pixels with about 80% effective light‐emitting area was obtained.
One‐pot Sequential Reaction for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3‐(3‐Nitro‐2‐phenylchroman‐4‐yl)‐3‐arylaminoacrylates
Authors: Zhang Lili , Sun Jing , Yan Chaoguo
Published: October 2013

The one‐pot sequential reaction of arylamines, methyl propiolate and 2‐aryl‐3‐nitrochromenes without any catalyst in refluxing ethanol afforded the polysubstituted 3‐(3‐nitro‐2‐phenylchroman‐4‐yl)‐3‐arylaminoacrylates in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Reaction mechanism was believed involving the initial formation of β‐enamino ester and sequential Michael addition.
Response to Reduced Diurnal Variation of Heart Rate Is Associated With Increased Plasma B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide Level in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yalcinkaya Emre , Celik Murat , Yildirim Erkan , Yasar Salim , Bugan Baris
Published: October 2013

Kamikawa S et al. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36:394–400
Biodegradation of the Antituberculosis Drug Isoniazid in the Aquatic Environment
Authors: Sasu Samuel , Metzger Jörg , Kranert Martin , Kümmerer Klaus
Published: October 2013

As part of our study on pharmaceutical waste management in Ghana, we investigated the biodegradability of the most widely used antituberculosis drug isoniazid in the aquatic environment. The experiment was conducted using three tests from the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development guidelines (close bottle test (CBT) 301D, low bacterial density i.e. <1000 colony forming units (CFU) mL−1, manometric respiratory test (MRT) 301 F, i.e. <1000 CFU mL−1 and the Zahn‐Wellens test (ZWT) 302B, i.e. <1000 CFU mL−1) employing different concentrations. At the end of the study, the results showed that isoniazid at concentrations of 4.29 mg L−1 for the CBT and 25.7 mg L−1 for the MRT were found not to be readily biodegradable in accordance with the test guidelines. In the ZWT, at a concentration of 142.92 mg L−1 which allows evaluation of aerobic degradation at high bacterial density, the results provided evidence for biological degradation of isoniazid. Finally, the test samples after 28 days analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detector showed a complete primary elimination of the test substance in MRT and ZWT. The difference of the results obtained by HPLC and oxygen consumption in the MRT indicated the formation of stable transformation products, i.e. incomplete biodegradation, whilst there was no biodegradation at all in CBT.
Fractionation, Mobility, and Sources of Selected Heavy Metals in Topsoils from the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey
Authors: Özkaraova Güngör Emre Burcu , Orkun Merve Oya
Published: October 2013

An investigation into spatial distribution, pollution sources, and mobility of heavy metals was conducted on 19 topsoil samples from the Samsun, Sinop, Merzifon, and Ilgaz Provinces of the Middle Black Sea Region, Turkey. Metal concentration, chemical fractionation, enrichment, and mobility factors were determined for Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Concentrations varied from 29 to 328 mg kg−1 for Zn, 3.35 to 130.80 mg kg−1 for Cu, 3.45 to 217.70 mg kg−1 for Pb, and 0 to 5.8 mg kg−1 for Cd. Enrichment factors decreased in the order Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd. Significant enrichments were found for some Samsun and Sinop soils. Sequential extraction revealed that Zn is associated with Fe/Mn oxide and organic fractions, Cu with residual and organic fractions and Pb with residual fraction. The abundances of heavy metals in the mobile phases were evaluated with a mobility factor, which increased with metal concentration. Generally, the mobility of Zn poses a higher risk, but the most mobile metal varied between soils.
Impacts of Different Membrane Module Designs in Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactors
Authors: Aslan Mustafa , Saatçı Yusuf
Published: October 2013

In this study, the anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactors (AnSMBR) was designed to use in different membrane modules. Furthermore, their treatment performance was investigated. Water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids, alkalinity, and volatile fatty acids were analyzed. Total system performance was examined by determining biogas generation and composition. The permeate flux and membrane total fouling resistances were measured and efficiencies in AnSMBR system were identified. TOC and COD removal efficiencies did not change in the different membrane modules. However, in sulfate removal rate the cylinder module was more effective compared to other modules. The biogas production is higher in AnSMBRs compared to conventional anaerobic systems. Methane production was determined as 0.35–0.38 L CH4/g CODremoved. When trans‐membrane pressure was set at 170 ± 3 mbar, the flux of permeates decreased through the whole operation of the AnSMBR system. The efficiency rank is a cylinder, funnel‐shaped and U‐shaped module, as membrane modules were compared in terms of providing high permeates fluxes.
Electrokinetic Remediation of Fluorine‐Contaminated Soil Using Approaching Cathodes
Authors: Zhou Ming , Zhu Shufa , Liu Yana , Wang Hui
Published: October 2013

The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of approaching cathodes (AC) on electrokinetic remediation of fluorine‐contaminated soil, compared to one fixed cathode. Important electrokinetic parameters such as soil pH, electrical current, the remediation efficiency of fluorine, and energy consumption were investigated to evaluate electrokinetic remediation with AC (AC‐electrokinetic remediation). It was proved that AC‐electrokinetic remediation could increase the removal efficiency of fluorine from contaminated soil, because it could increase soil pH and enhance electrical current. Experimental results showed that it could improve 5.2% of removal efficiency of fluorine, and save nearly 16% of energy and 20% of time than the conventional electrokinetic remediation. After electrokinetic remediation, the fractions of fluorine had been changed and fluorine in the soil was mainly found in residual fraction. Experimental results indicated that AC‐electrokinetic remediation was a considerable technology to eliminate fluorine in contaminated soils.
JI.FI: Visual test and debug queries for hard real‐time
Authors: Blanton Ethan , Lessa Demian , Arora Puneet , Ziarek Lukasz , Jayaraman Bharat
Published: October 2013

Hard real‐time systems have stringent timing and resource requirements. As such, debugging and tracing such systems often requires low‐level hardware support, and online debugging is usually precluded entirely. In other areas, however, visual debugging has greatly improved program understanding and late cycle development times for nonreal‐time applications. In this paper, we introduce a visual test and debug framework for hard real‐time Java applications built around the JIVE platform and realized in the Fiji virtual machine.

Our framework, called JI.FI [" dZIfi], provides high‐level debugging support over low‐level execution traces. JI.FI provides both powerful visualizations and real‐time centric temporal query support. To ensure preservation of the real‐time characteristics of the application being tested and debugged, JI.FI leverages a real‐time event log infrastructure that logs only relevant application and virtual machine level events, such as synchronization and modifications to priorities or thread state. Our performance results indicate that our logging infrastructure is suitable for hard real‐time systems, as the performance impact is both uniform and quantifiable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relativistic red‐black trees
Authors: Howard Philip W. , Walpole Jonathan
Published: October 2013

This paper presents algorithms for concurrently reading and modifying a red‐black tree (RBTree). The algorithms allow wait‐free, linearly scalable lookups in the presence of concurrent inserts and deletes. They have deterministic response times for a given tree size and uncontended read performance that is at least 60% faster than other known approaches. The techniques used to derive these algorithms arise from a concurrent programming methodology called relativistic programming. Relativistic programming introduces write‐side delay primitives that allow the writer to pay most of the cost of synchronization between readers and writers. Only minimal synchronization overhead is placed on readers. Relativistic programming avoids unnecessarily strict ordering of read and write operations while still providing the capability to enforce linearizability. This paper shows how relativistic programming can be used to build a concurrent RBTree with synchronization‐free readers and both lock‐based and transactional memory‐based writers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topological structures of complex belief systems (II): Textual materialization
Authors: Nescolarde‐Selva J. , USÓ‐Doménech J. L.
Published: October 2013

Mythical and religious belief systems in a social context can be regarded as a conglomeration of sacrosanct rites, which revolve around substantive values that involve an element of faith. Moreover, we can conclude that ideologies, myths and beliefs can all be analyzed in terms of systems within a cultural context. The significance of being able to define ideologies, myths and beliefs as systems is that they can figure in cultural explanations. This, in turn, means that such systems can figure in logic‐mathematical analyses. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 19: 50–62, 2013
Electronic Structure of 1,2‐Dihydro[1,3,2]diazaborolo[1,5‐a]pyridine in Comparison with the Parent Isoindole
Authors: Chrostowska Anna , Mazière Audrey , Dargelos Alain , Graciaa Alain , Darrigan Clovis , Weber Lothar , Halama Johannes
Published: October 2013

Gas‐phase He‐I photoelectron spectra of N‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐dihydro[1,3,2]diazaborolo[1,5‐a]pyridine (3) and its thermolysis product, the parent compound 1, have been recorded and assessed by density functional theory calculations. Similarly, N‐tert‐butylisoindole (4) and the parent isoindole (2) were also studied. The first ionization energies of these compounds increase in the series 3 (6.75 eV) < 1 (6.85 eV) < 4 (6.9 eV) < 2 (7.3 eV). Interestingly, the HOMOs of 1 and 3 are destabilized with respect to the first ionization energy of the isomeric 1,3,2‐benzodiazaboroles (ca. 7.3 eV). The dipole moment of the ground state of isoindole derivative 4 (3.48 D) is significantly greater than that of 1,2‐dihydro[1,3,2]diazaborolo[1,5‐a]pyridine (3; 0.996 D). Upon electronic excitation, the dipole moments increased to 5.945 and 4.735 D for 4 and 3, respectively.
Modular Hemisyntheses of Boronato‐ and Trifluoroborato‐Substituted L‐NHBoc Amino Acid and Peptide Derivatives
Authors: Audi Hassib , Rémond Emmanuelle , Eymin Marie‐Joëlle , Tessier Arnaud , Malacea‐Kabbara Raluca , Jugé Sylvain
Published: October 2013

Modular hemisyntheses of boronato‐ and trifluoroborato‐substituted amino acid and peptide derivatives by using Wittig and C–H iridium‐catalyzed borylation as key reactions, are described. Amino ester precursors bearing an aromatic moiety on a lateral chain were prepared by reaction of a new L‐NHBoc‐amino acid Wittig reagent with the corresponding aromatic aldehydes. After esterification and hydrogenation, the borylation of amino esters was achieved with yields up to 82 % by using the catalysed reaction of bis(pinacolato) diborane reagent (B2Pin2) in the presence of an iridium complex. Interestingly, this iridium‐catalyzed borylation was also performed with a dipeptide in 78 % yield. Finally, reaction of the boronato amino acids with KHF2 or NaI in the presence of chloramine led to the corresponding trifluoroborato or iodo derivatives in good to excellent yields. A study of the hydrolysis of the trifluoroborates in buffer solution by using 19F NMR monitoring, showed an excellent stability for the 3‐methylthien‐2‐yl amino acid derivative. Consequently, this hemisynthesis offers an efficient route for the modular preparation of boron amino acid derivatives that are useful for the synthesis of modified peptides and the fluoride labelling of peptides.
New approaches in sensitive chiral CE
Authors: Sánchez‐Hernández Laura , Guijarro‐Diez Miguel , Marina María Luisa , Crego Antonio L.
Published: October 2013

CE has shown to have a big potential for chiral separations, with advantages such as high efficiency, high resolution, and low sample and reagents consumption. Nevertheless, when UV detection is employed, CE has some drawbacks, especially the low sensitivity obtained due to the short optical path length. Notwithstanding, sensitivity improvements can be achieved when different approaches are employed, such as sample treatment strategies (off‐line or on‐line), in‐capillary sample preconcentration techniques, and/or alternative detection systems to UV–Vis (such as fluorescence, conductimetry, electrochemiluminiscence, MS, etc.). This article reviews the most recent methodological and instrumental advances reported from June 2011 to May 2013 for enhancing the sensitivity in chiral analysis by CE. The sensitivity achieved for the enantioseparated analytes and the applications carried out using the developed methodologies are also summarized.
Separation of total lipids on human lipoproteins using surfactant‐coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as pseudostationary phase in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Su Mei‐Yu , Chen Yen‐Yi , Yang Jian‐Ying , Lin You‐Sian , Lin Yang‐Wei , Liu Mine‐Yine
Published: October 2013

Surfactant‐coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were used as pseudostationary phase (PSP) in CE to investigate the total lipids of high‐density lipoproteins and low‐density lipoproteins. To optimize the CE conditions, several experimental factors including carbon nanotube concentration, bile salt concentration, sodium phosphate (PB) concentration, organic modifier concentration and buffer pH value have been examined. In addition, the CE capillary temperature and applied voltage have also been examined. The optimal separation buffer selected was a mixture of 3.2 mg/L MWNT, 50 mM bile salt, 10 mM PB, 20% 1‐propanol, pH 9.5. The optimal capillary temperature and applied voltage selected were 50°C and 20 kV, respectively. Phosphatidyl choline (PC) has been used as a model analyte and investigated by the optimal CE method. The linear range for PC was 0.1–3 mg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9934, and the concentration LOD was 0.055 mg/mL. The optimal CE method has been used to characterize the total lipids of high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein. At absorbance 200 nm, one major peak and two or three minor peaks showed for the total lipids of lipoproteins within 13 minutes. Resolutions of the total lipids were enhanced using surfactant‐coated MWNTs as PSPs in the CE separation buffer. However, resolutions of the total lipids were not enhanced using surfactant‐coated single‐walled carbon nanotubes as PSPs in the CE separation buffer.
Comparison of microfabricated hexagonal and lamellar post arrays for DNA electrophoresis
Authors: Chen Zhen , Dorfman Kevin D.
Published: October 2013

We used Brownian dynamics simulations to compare DNA separations in microfabricated post arrays containing either hexagonal or lamellar lattices. Contrary to intuition, dense hexagonal arrays with frequent DNA post collisions do not yield the optimal separation. Rather, hexagonal arrays with pore sizes commensurate with the radius of gyration of the DNA lead to increased separation resolution due to a molecular weight dependent collision probability that increases with molecular weight. However, when the hexagonal array is too sparse, this advantage is lost due to the low number of collisions. Lamellar lattices, such as the DNA nanofence, appear to be superior to a hexagonal array at the same post density, since the lamellar lattice combines regions for DNA relaxation with locally dense post regions for collisions. The relative advantages of different post arrays designs are explained in terms of the statistics for the number of collisions and the holdup time, providing guidelines for designing post arrays for separating long DNA.
Reversible jump MCMC for inference in a deterministic individual–based model of tree growth for studying forest dynamics
Authors: Gemoets D. , Barber Jarrett , Ogle Kiona
Published: October 2013

Scientists use deterministic models to study and forecast the behavior of complex environmental processes, with increasing emphasis on incorporating data to inform model input parameters and accounting for parameter uncertainty. We work with a deterministic, individual‐based model (IBM) of tree growth and mortality, which is under development to explore forest dynamics. Some values of IBM input parameters cause premature virtual tree mortality relative to the actual mortality status of an observed tree. This discordance in mortality causes dimension changes in the state of a stochastic implementation of IBM outputs and leads us to address trans‐dimensional moves among states with a novel formulation of reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC). In particular, we present an RJMCMC algorithm that uses a continuously supported, multidimensional index—the IBM input parameter—instead of a discrete index typical of model determination applications. We use both synthetic data and data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis database representing two tree species. We compare results for each dataset and species between our reversible jump (RJ) specification and an alternative, non‐RJ specification. The RJ formulation compares favorably to the non‐RJ formulation with regard to achieving convergence and yielding biologically realistic IBM input parameter estimates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of the Jurassic Changboshan‐Xieniqishan highly fractionated I‐type granites, northeastern China: implication for the partial melting of juvenile crust induced by asthenospheric mantle upwelling
Authors: Zhang Daohan , Wei Junhao , Fu Lebing , Chen Huayong , Tan Jun , Li Yanjun , Shi Wenjie , Tian Ning
Published: October 2013

Zircon U–Pb ages, major and trace elements, and Sr, Nd and Hf isotope compositions of the Changboshan‐Xieniqishan (CX) intrusion from the Great Xing'an Range (GXAR), northeastern China, were studied to investigate its derivation, evolution and geodynamic significance. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb dating yields an emplacement age of 161 ± 2 Ma for the CX intrusion. Bulk‐rock analyses show that this intrusion is characterized by high SiO2, Na2O and K2O, but low MgO, CaO and P2O5. They are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements, with marked Eu anomalies (mostly from 0.36 to 0.65), and depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements. Most samples have relatively low (87Sr/86Sr)i values (0.70423–0.70457), with εNd(t) fluctuating between −0.4 and 2.3. The εHf(t) for zircons varies from 5.4 to 8.7. Sr–Nd isotope modelling results, in combination with young Nd and Hf model ages (760–986 and 549–728 Ma, respectively) and the presence of relict zircons, indicate that the CX intrusion may originate from the partial melting of juvenile crust, with minor contamination of recycled crustal components, and then underwent extensive fractional crystallization of K‐feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, sphene, apatite, zircon and allanite. Considering the widespread presence of granitoids with coeval volcanic rocks, we contend that the CX intrusion formed in an extensional environment related to the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle induced by the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific plate, rather than a lithospheric delamination model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS IN FULL‐TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS AND DEPRESSIVE SYMTOMS IN MOTHERS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: Braarud Hanne C. , Slinning Kari , Moe Vibeke , Smith Lars , Vannebo Unni Tranaas , Guedeney Antoine , Heimann Mikael
Published: October 2013

The objective of this longitudinal study was to investigate the prevalence of infants' social withdrawal and mothers’ depressive symptoms in a cohort of full‐term infants and their mothers and in a cohort of moderately premature infants and their mothers at 3, 6, and 9 months’ postpartum. The Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) was used to assess social withdrawal; the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to ascertain postpartum depressive symptoms. The results revealed a higher proportion of premature infants with social withdrawal at 6 months’ postpartum and significantly higher ADBB composite scores at 3 and 6 months of age, as compared with the full‐term infants. A higher proportion of mothers in the premature cohort had symptoms of postpartum depression at the 3‐month assessment, and they reported a significantly higher EPDS composite score at 3 months’ postpartum. There was a significant relation between maternal depressive symptoms at 3 and 6 months and infants’ social withdrawal at 9 months, and a significant concurrent relation between the two variables at 6 and 9 months in the full‐term cohort. The findings suggest a need to screen for both infant social withdrawal and maternal depressive symptoms in moderately prematurely born infants and their caregivers.
SCREENING FOR SUSTAINED SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIORS IN SIX‐MONTH‐OLD INFANTS DURING PEDIATRIC PRIMARY CARE VISITS: RESULTS FROM AN AT‐RISK LATINO IMMIGRANT SAMPLE WITH HIGH RATES OF MATERNAL MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Authors: Burtchen Nina , Alvarez‐Segura Mar , Mendelsohn Alan L. , Dreyer Benard P. , Castellanos Francisco X. , Catapano Peter , Guedeney Antoine
Published: October 2013

To examine relations between infant social withdrawal behavior and maternal major depression (MDD), 155 mother–infant dyads were evaluated at the 6‐month primary care visit. Maternal depression was determined based on a psychiatric interview. Infant social withdrawal behavior was assessed with the Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB; A. Guedeney & J. Fermanian, 2001) based on videotaped mother–infant interactions. Of the sample, 18.7% of mothers were diagnosed with MDD, and 39.4% of infants scored above the clinical ADBB cutoff. Infants of depressed mothers were more likely to score positive on the ADBB (75.8 vs. 31.0%, p < .001) and showed distinct patterns of withdrawal behavior. Within the group of withdrawn infants, however, no differential patterns of behavior could be identified for infants of depressed mothers as compared to infants of mothers with no depression. These findings confirm the validity of the ADBB for detection of infant social withdrawal in the context of MDD. At the same time, they support evidence that the ADBB identifies nonspecific infant distress behaviors. Future studies will need to determine if and how positive ADBB screening results in the absence of maternal MDD might be associated with other maternal psychiatric disorders such as anxiety or borderline personality disorder. These results have important implications for screening guidelines in primary care.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in neuromyelitis optica: A case series
Authors: Morgan Shanna M. , Zantek Nicole D. , Carpenter Adam F.
Published: October 2013

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a relapsing inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that predominantly affects the spinal cord and optic nerves. The clinical hallmark of the disease is a step‐wise deterioration of visual and spinal cord function. This study reviews patients with steroid resistant relapsing NMO presenting for therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) at our institution from December 2005 to December 2012. A total of five patients were treated with single volume TPE. Both subjective and objective clinical response to TPE was estimated by three different sources (the patient, a Transfusion Medicine physician, and the treating Neurologist) with the patient and Transfusion Medicine physician's final assessment of response made at the time of the last TPE in the series and the treating neurologist's assessment of response made at the time of the next neurological exam after the last TPE. A total of 17 TPE series were performed with the average course of therapy being three series (ranged 1–5) with five TPE (ranged 3–7) per series. All patients demonstrated improvement with each series of TPE and all procedures were well tolerated with only transient and well‐described reactions all of which were successfully resolved with minor or no sequelae. J. Clin. Apheresis 29:171–177, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absolute free energies of biomolecules from unperturbed ensembles
Authors: Grigoryan Gevorg
Published: October 2013

Computing the absolute free energy of a macromolecule's structural state,F, is a challenging problem of high relevance. This study presents a method that computesFusing only information from an unperturbed simulation of the macromolecule in the relevant conformational state, ensemble, and environment. Absolute free energies produced by this method, dubbedValuation ofLocalConfigurationIntegral withDynamics (VALOCIDY), enable comparison of alternative states. For example, comparing explicitly solvated and vaporous states of amino acid side‐chain analogs produces solvation free energies in good agreement with experiments. Also, comparisons between alternative conformational states of model heptapeptides (including the unfolded state) produce free energy differences in agreement with data from μs molecular‐dynamics simulations and experimental propensities. The potential of using VALOCIDY in computational protein design is explored via a small design problem of stabilizing a β‐turn structure. When VALOCIDY‐based estimation of folding free energy is used as the design metric, the resulting sequence folds into the desired structure within the atomistic force field used in design. The VALOCIDY‐based approach also recognizes the distinct status of the native sequence regardless of minor details of the starting template structure, in stark contrast with a traditional fixed‐backbone approach. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phage therapy and phage control: to be revisited urgently!!
Authors: Vandamme Erick J.
Published: October 2013

Phage therapy has been a valuable asset since the 1920s to deal with pathogenic bacterial infections, and has been practised ever since, especially in the former Soviet Union and in eastern Europe. The western world remained sceptical and resorted to the widespread use of antibiotics as soon as they became available. Now that antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has spread alarmingly and no really new antibiotic compounds are in the pipeline, renewed attention should be directed to the use of phages as antimicrobials in medicine as well as in the health and the agro‐food sector. The history of early phage use, its successes and problems and the current developments in phage research, production and applications in phage control and therapy are critically reviewed in this context. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Validation of a Survey for Graduate Teaching Assistants: Translating Theory to Practice
Authors: Zhu Jiabin , Li Yi , Cox Monica F. , London Jeremi , Hahn Jeeyeon , Ahn Benjamin
Published: October 2013

Background

Graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) play important roles in undergraduate education. The improvement of GTAs' teaching skills relies on effective formative and summative feedback about their teaching. An absence of robust, theory‐driven feedback tools can limit the scope and the usefulness of feedback to GTAs.

Purpose

This article focuses on the validation of a student survey that provides pedagogical feedback to GTAs. This survey's development was guided by the How People Learn (HPL) framework. Consisting of four dimensions (knowledge‐centeredness, learner‐centeredness, assessment‐centeredness, and community‐centeredness), this framework has been used to empirically assess GTA teaching and student learning, especially in engineering.

Method

The survey was validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with prior external content validity checks. We used EFA to identify distinct factors in the survey. The analyses informed item development on the final survey that operationalized the dimensions of the HPL framework.

Results

We produced a 29‐item survey informed by the HPL framework. Three distinct factors were identified in the survey structure after two rounds of EFA. These factors represent an individual dimension or a hybrid of dimensions of the HPL framework.

Conclusion

This article describes the development of a survey that is ready for use by engineering GTAs to solicit feedback from students. From survey results, GTAs may obtain HPL‐based teaching profiles that translate theory to practice. Implications for practice are also provided to facilitate the implementation of the survey, to improve the effectiveness of GTA teaching, and to enhance engineering student learning.
Multiple echo multi‐shot diffusion sequence
Authors: Chabert Steren , Galindo César , Tejos Cristian , Uribe Sergio A.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To measure both transversal relaxation time (T2) and diffusion coefficients within a single scan using a multi‐shot approach. Both measurements have drawn interest in many applications, especially in skeletal muscle studies, which have short T2 values. Multiple echo single‐shot schemes have been proposed to obtain those variables simultaneously within a single scan, resulting in a reduction of the scanning time. However, one problem with those approaches is the associated long echo read‐out. Consequently, the minimum achievable echo time tends to be long, limiting the application of these sequences to tissues with relatively long T2.

Materials and Methods

To address this problem, we propose to extend the multi‐echo sequences using a multi‐shot approach, so that to allow shorter echo times. A multi‐shot dual‐echo EPI sequence with diffusion gradients and echo navigators was modified to include independent diffusion gradients in any of the two echoes.

Results

The multi‐shot approach allows us to drastically reduce echo times. Results showed a good agreement for the T2 and mean diffusivity measurements with gold standard sequences in phantoms and in vivo data of calf muscles from healthy volunteers.

Conclusion

A fast and accurate method is proposed to measure T2 and diffusion coefficients simultaneously, tested in vitro and in healthy volunteers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:1027–1032. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.