bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La séquence des boucliers dans les Phéniciennes d'Euripide (vers 1104-1140) : un bestiaire mythique au service de l'unité athénienne ?
Authors: Morin Bernadette
Published: September 2013

The differences noticed in the treatment of the description of the shields which differentiate the scene of the Seven against Thebes by Aeschylus from the sequence that echoes it in Euripides's Phoinissae are numerous. Indeed they reflect a difference in the dramatic utilization which is made of them, but they mostly reveal an essential difference in the status granted to speech in the two works. Besides, if the Euripidean sequence does not correspond to a structural necessity in the drama, it is however not devoid of meaning ; on the contrary, it possesses a very strong coherence and symbolism : the emblems of the shields — the Boar of Parthenopeus, the Argus of Hippomedon, the Titan of Tydeus, the Giant of Capaneus, the Horses of Polyneices and the Hydra associated with the Snakes and Vipers of Adrastus — are in fact presented within the frame of a perfectly well organized mythical bestiary which includes the founding events of the history of the Theban city while giving a sort of assessment of the troops in presence : facing Thebes's forces, stand around Polyneices the close alliances which he had forged as well as the relations pertaining to a more ancient kinship. The Thebans from inside are opposed to the relatives from outside, just like the Athenians of 411, divided between Athen's oligarchs and Samos's democrats.
Le serment du discours Sur la couronne (Dém., XVIII, 208) dans la critique littéraire et rhétorique de l'Antiquité
Authors: Pernot Laurent
Published: September 2013

The oath sworn by the fighters of Persian Wars (μὰ τοὺς Μαραθῶνι προκινδυνεύσαντας τῶν προγόνων κτλ.) is one of the most famous passages of Demosthenes' On the Crown speech (§ 208). It was often quoted and commentated upon in Antiquity ; however twentieth century scholars have been inclined to neglect the ancient celebrity of this text. The purpose of the present paper is to go back to the matter and to conduct a fresh examination of the available evidence.

Testimonies include forty-five quotations, allusions, or critical studies, in Greek and Latin, that happen to be instructive in several respects, (i) They offer some pieces of information — neglected by editors — about the history of Demosthenes' text (ancient uariae lectiones attested by the indirect tradition), (ii) They illustrate the methods of rhetorical analysis, because ancient rhetores on this passage are particularly expansive and revealing, (iii) They provide us with landmarks in the long history of Demosthenes' « reception », as they show how the problems raised by the text were subject to various interpretations according to changing historical contexts and gave occasion, during the imperial period, to some reflections on the relationship between Greeks and Romans and pagans and Christians.
Plasticity of nanocrystalline alloys with chemical order: on the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline Ni–Fe
Authors: Schäfer Jonathan , Albe Karsten
Published: September 2013

Plastic deformation and alloying of nanocrystalline Ni–Fe is studied by means of atomic scale computer simulations. By using a combination of Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamics methods we find that solutes have an ordering tendency even if grain sizes are in the nanometer regime, where the phase field of the ordered state is widened as compared to larger grain sizes. Tensile testing of disordered structures with various elemental distributions and the simultaneous analysis of intragranular defects reveal that solid solution strengthening is absent for the studied grain sizes. The composition and relaxation state of the grain boundary control the strength of the material, which is also found for ordered structures (L12), where dislocation activity is suppressed.
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of monocyclic 3-carboxamide tetramic acids
Authors: Jeong Yong-Chul , Moloney Mark G
Published: September 2013

A chemical library of carboxamide-substituted tetramates designed by analogy with antibacterial natural products, a method for their rapid construction, and the evaluation of their antibacterial activity is reported.
Multimodal Biometrics Recognition for Newborns
Authors: Tiwari Shrikant , Singh Sanjay Kumar
Published: September 2013

Identification of newborns at birth is a critical issue for hospitals, birthing centers, and other institutions where multiple births occur. With approximately 300,000 infants born worldwide each day, a large hospital may experience over one hundred new births every day. Correct identification of infants is essential to ensure that each mother travels home with her own child. Mixing, abduction, and illegal adoption of newborns is a global problem, and the research done to solve this problem is minimal. In this chapter, the authors present a multimodal biometric framework for the recognition of newborns.
Securing Biometrics Using Watermarking
Authors: Bedi Punam , Bansal Roli , Sehgal Priti
Published: September 2013

This chapter focuses on the role of watermarking techniques in biometric systems. Biometric systems are automated systems of verifying or recognizing the identity of a living person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. While biometric-based techniques have inherent advantages over other authentication techniques, ensuring the security and integrity of data is a major concern. Data hiding techniques are thus used in biometric systems for securing biometric data itself. Amongst all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest and the most well established method used in numerous applications because fingerprints are unique and they remain unchanged during the human life span. However, fingerprint images should be watermarked without affecting their quality and their minutia matching ability. Moreover, if the watermark embedded in the fingerprint image is the face image of the same individual, the watermarking scheme will have two levels of security such that it will not only protect the cover fingerprint but also provides a more secure system of personal recognition and authentication at the receiver’s end. This work finds application in a number of security implementations based on multimodal biometric authentication. Computationally intelligent techniques can be employed to develop efficient watermarking algorithms in terms of watermarked image quality and distortion tolerance ability.
IL-12–Based Vaccination Therapy Reverses Liver-Induced Systemic Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Hepatitis B Virus Carrier
Authors: Zeng Zhutian , Kong Xiaohui , Li Fenglei , Wei Haiming , Sun Rui , Tian Zhigang
Published: September 2013

Liver-induced systemic immune tolerance that occurs during chronic hepadnavirus infection is the biggest obstacle for effective viral clearance. Immunotherapeutic reversal of this tolerance is a promising strategy in the clinic but remains to be explored. In this study, using a hepatitis B virus (HBV)-carrier mouse model, we report that IL-12–based vaccination therapy can efficiently reverse systemic tolerance toward HBV. HBV-carrier mice lost responsiveness to hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) vaccination, and IL-12 alone could not reverse this liver-induced immune tolerance. However, after IL-12–based vaccination therapy, the majority of treated mice became HBsAg− in serum; hepatitis B core Ag was also undetectable in hepatocytes. HBV clearance was dependent on HBsAg vaccine-induced anti-HBV immunity. Further results showed that IL-12–based vaccination therapy strongly enhanced hepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, including proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Systemic HBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were also restored in HBV-carrier mice, leading to the arousal of HBsAg-specific follicular Th–germinal center B cell responses and anti–hepatitis B surface Ag Ab production. Recovery of HBsAg-specific responses also correlated with both reduced CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell frequency and an enhanced capacity of effector T cells to overcome inhibition by regulatory T cells. In conclusion, IL-12–based vaccination therapy may reverse liver-induced immune tolerance toward HBV by restoring systemic HBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, eliciting robust hepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, and facilitating the generation of HBsAg-specific humoral immunity; thus, this therapy may become a viable approach to treating patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Perceptions of traditional health practitioners on violence in the Helderberg Municipal Area, Western Cape
Authors: Gibson Diana
Published: September 2013

This study on perceptions of violence was conducted with 56 traditional health practitioners (diviners: amagrirha) in the Helderberg Municipal Area of Cape Town Metro. It forms a subsection of a larger study on African medicine. This particular research focuses on how traditional health practitioners perceive violence, including gender-related violence. Individual, in-depth interviews were done with 21 traditional health practitioners and focus group discussions were held with 35 participants. The paper reports on their understanding of, as well as the meanings attached to, community and gender-based violence in an urban setting. The traditional health practitioners related violence to a range of disconnections in society, ranging from not adhering to traditional norms and practices, to breaks in relations between parents and children, within families and in marital- and sexual relations. They referred to a general sense of disjuncture between the living and the ancestral worlds. The accumulative effect of this sense of not being connected was seen as damaging and a precursor to violence. In two sites where there were high concentrations of violence, ceremonies were held to purify the areas by ritual. In addition to attending to the physical manifestations of illness, distress and violence, these traditional health practitioners attempted to enhance and restore proper social relationships between the living, as well as between the living and the dead.Hierdie studie oor persepsies van geweld is gedoen met 56 tradisionele gesondheidspraktisyns (waarsêers: amagrirha) in die Helderberg Munisipale gebied van Kaapstad Metro. Dit vorm deel van ’n groter studie gerig op Afrika-medisyne. Hierdie spesifieke navorsing fokus op hoe tradisionele gesondheidspraktisyns geweld beskou, insluitende geslags-gebaseerde geweld. individuele, in-diepte onderhoude is gevoer met 21 tradisionele gesondheidspraktisyns en fokusgroepbesprekings is gehou met 35 deelnemers. Die artikel doen verslag oor hoe tradisionele gesondheidspraktisyns gemeenskaps- en geslags-gebaseerde geweld verstaan en daaran betekenis heg in ’n stedelike opset. Die tradisionele gesondheidspraktisyns verbind geweld met ’n reeks diskonneksies in die gemeenskap, wat wissel van ’n gebrek aan gehoor ten opsigte van tradisionale norme en praktyke tot verbrokkeling van verhoudings tussen ouers en kinders, binne families en in huweliks- en geslagsverhoudings. Hulle het verwys na ’n algemene persepsie van ontwrigting tussen die lewendes en die wêreld van die voorouers. Die akkumulatiewe effek van hierdie gevoel van verbrokkeling word gesien as afbrekend en ’n voorspel tot geweld. In twee plekke waar daar hoë konsentrasies van geweld was, is seremonies gehou om die areas ritueel te reining. Bykomend tot die aandag aan fisiese manifestasies van siekte, nood en geweld, het hierdie tradisionale gesondheidspraktisyns gepoog om behoorlike sosiale verhoudings tussen die lewendes te verbeter en te herstel, sowel as tussen die lewendes en die gestorwenes.
Hodge Theory of Cyclic Covers Branched
over a Union of Hyperplanes
Authors: Arapura Donu
Published: September 2013

Suppose that Y is a cyclic cover of projective space branched over a hyperplane arrangement D and that U is the complement of the ramification locus in Y. The first theorem in this paper implies that the Beilinson-Hodge conjecture holds for U if certain multiplicities of D are coprime to the degree of the cover. For instance, this applies when D is reduced with normal crossings. The second theorem shows that when D has normal crossings and the degree of the cover is a prime number, the generalized Hodge conjecture holds for any toroidal resolution of Y. The last section contains some partial extensions to more general nonabelian covers.
Section 1920 and E-Discovery
Authors: Haft Joshua A.
Published: September 2013

None
Conductive Adhesives
Authors: Lu Daniel , Sun Yangyang , Wong C. P.
Published: September 2013

Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) provide a lead‐free alternative to soldering in the semiconductor and microelectronic packaging technologies. In general, ECAs consist of a polymer blend and a conductive filler. This article overviews the two classes of ECAs: anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs) and isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs). For each class of conductive adhesives, representative applications as well as material‐processing‐properties relationships of the adhesive matrix and conductive fillers are discussed.
Near‐infrared Spectroscopy, In Vivo Tissue Analysis by
Authors: Sowa Michael G. , Friesen Jeri R.
Published: September 2013

Applications of in vivo near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have emerged in various segments of clinical medicine and medical research. Developments in photonics, wireless connectivity, and smart devices that have been spurred on by the communication revolution have set the stage for even more rapid advancement of noninvasive or minimally invasive medical applications of NIR spectroscopy. The goal of this article is to review the current capabilities and limitations of in vivo NIR spectroscopy and highlight the impact of these capabilities and limitations in selected areas where NIR spectroscopy is being used to address clinical problems. The optical properties of tissues are briefly reviewed as these properties largely dictate the feasibility of an in vivo spectroscopic diagnostic approach and constrain the scope of problems that can be tackled using NIR spectroscopy. Some of the more successful applications of NIR spectroscopy in medicine are described. The number and magnitude of confounding factors that confuse in vivo spectroscopy can be daunting to the experimentalist and may represent the largest barrier in transforming in vivo spectroscopic measurements into clinically meaningful and reliable information. In vivo NIR spectroscopy abounds with opportunity and challenge.
Absolute Quantification of Proteins by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Shuford Christopher M. , Muddiman David C.
Published: September 2013

Mass spectrometry (MS) provides unambiguous molecular specificity relative to all other analytical and immunological techniques and, consequently, has great potential to provide unambiguous estimates of absolute protein quantities within complex biological systems. Here, we provide a critical review and discussion of the predominantMS‐based technology used for absolute protein quantification, referred to as protein cleavage‐isotope dilution mass spectrometry (PC‐IDMS). This technique requires proteolytic conversion of the analyte protein into its quantitative surrogate peptide, which is subsequently quantified using a stable isotope‐labeled (SIL) peptide analog as an internal standard (IS). All phases of thePC‐IDMSworkflow, from theSILpeptide production platforms to data analysis, are described and characterized in detail. An emphasis is placed on the practical quantitative aspects for each step of the workflow and their implication on quantitative accuracy.
Apoptosis (Programed Cell Death) Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Quiroz Michelle M. , Khanal Grishma , Pappas Dimitri
Published: September 2013

Several analytical methods, many of which rely on fluorescence processes, have been developed to study apoptosis (programmed cell death). Apoptosis is a highly regulated biological event and is a vital process that helps regulate tissue growth, normal cell turnover, immune response, and tissue development. However, diseases such as cancer and heart disease are associated with malfunctions in the apoptosis machinery. There is therefore a need to elucidate the processes of apoptosis induction and inhibition. Fluorescence assays continue to play a major role in apoptosis assays, and developments in probe and fluorescent methods for assaying apoptosis are ongoing. There are several standard techniques, such as flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, for apoptosis study in cells. In addition, new techniques such as superresolution microscopy, multiphoton excitation, and single‐cell−single‐molecule spectroscopy are quickly emerging. This article explores several fluorescence approaches used in apoptosis studies as well as describes the mechanisms and hallmarks of the apoptotic cascade. As apoptosis plays a very important role in both healthy and diseased organism functions, the need to develop and apply sensitive analytical methods continues to be of the utmost importance.
Structure and Physiological Role of Ion Channels Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Corry Ben , Cranfield Charles G. , Martinac Boris
Published: September 2013

Fluorescence spectroscopy has, over the last two decades, been frequently used for studies of biological cells and their molecular components. In combination with molecular biological methods that allow introduction of fluorescent labelingin vivoandin vitro, fluorescence spectroscopy methods, such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), have made membrane proteins accessible to studies of their molecular structure and dynamics. In this article, we describe a variety of fluorescence spectroscopy techniques and focus on their use in the studies of the physiological role ion channels play, and the conformational rearrangements involved in the gating of ion channels, whose function as gated membrane pores underlies numerous cellular processes essential for the survival of living cells and organisms.
THE SEARCH FOR A MODEL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM IN HONG KONG: WEBERIAN BUREAUCRACY, New PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OR SOMETHING ELSE?
Authors: Wong Wilson
Published: September 2013

This article examines the limits of Western public administration models and the importance of a contextually embedded and empirically based approach of knowledge building in Asian public administration. It is attainted through a case study of the post‐1997 public administration reform in Hong Kong to illustrate the mismatching between major models of Western public administration and the Asian domestic contexts. There are questions and doubts about both the goals and results of the public management reforms in Hong Kong. This article argues that post‐handover reforms in Hong Kong cannot be fully explained by the normative and efficiency‐oriented model of new public management self‐claimed by the government. They are driven more by the political elite that emerged in the new political order after Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997. Using administrative solutions to resolve political problems and address concerns on the domestic agenda has been a character of Hong Kong's administration, which is generalizable to other Asian countries. The article also sheds light on the bigger underlying questions raised in comparative public administration about the inadequate explanatory power of generalized Western public administration models and how the national context of Asian countries is more diverse and complicated from a so‐called global model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on the effect of cover and vaccination on the survival of juvenile European rabbits
Authors: Ferreira Catarina , Villafuerte Rafael , Villar Nacho , Castro Francisca , Ferreras Pablo , Rouco Carlos , Alves Paulo C. , de Reyna Luis Arias , Redpath Steve
Published: September 2013

In Mediterranean ecosystems, the European rabbit is a keystone species that has declined dramatically, with profound implications for conservation and management. Predation and disease acting on juveniles are considered the likely causes. In the field, these processes are managed by removing predators, increasing cover to reduce predation risk and by vaccinating against myxomatosis. These manipulations can be costly and, when protected predators are killed, they can also be damaging to conservation interests. Our goal was to test the effectiveness of cover and vaccination on juvenile survival in two large enclosures, free of mammalian predators, by adding cover and vaccinating juveniles. Rabbit warrens were our experimental unit, with nine replicates of four treatments: control, cover, vaccination, and cover and vaccination combined. Our results showed that improved cover systematically increased juvenile rabbit survival, whereas vaccination had no clear effect and the interactive effect was negligible. Our experimental data suggest that improved cover around warrens is an effective way of increasing rabbit abundance in Mediterranean ecosystems, at least when generalist mammalian predators are scarce. In contrast the vaccination programme was of limited benefit, raising questions about its efficacy as a management tool.
Stage‐ and weather‐dependent dispersal in the brown garden snailCornu aspersum
Authors: Dahirel Maxime , Ansart Armelle , Madec Luc
Published: September 2013

Dispersal decisions are often condition‐dependent, influenced by the interaction of individual phenotype and environmental conditions. Terrestrial Gastropods are simultaneous hermaphrodites, a reproductive system rarely studied in the context of dispersal. Moreover, the energetic cost of their movement is one of the highest among animals. Despite these features, which make them valuable models to understand the trade‐offs between dispersal and other life‐history traits, their dispersal strategies have been barely explored. We studied the movements of subadults and adults of the brown garden snailCornu aspersumin a semi‐natural 4‐patch network, for 2 months in 2011 (a dry year) and 1 month in 2012 (a wet year). We assessed the effects of life‐history stage (subadult/adult) and weather conditions on dispersal propensity and dispersal speed. Snails were more mobile under humid and warm weather, but nearly all individuals left patches when the relative humidity was close to 100 % in 2012. Because such humidity levels are potentially lethal toC. aspersum, we argue these extreme emigration rates might be an emergency escape response to harmful conditions. Despite a theoretically higher cost of movement, we found that subadults emigrated more, and dispersed faster and further, than adults. Thus, and contrary to what was expected, direct costs of movement do not play the main role in shaping dispersal inC. aspersum. Observed differences between subadults and adults in dispersal behaviour are discussed in the context of intraspecific competition, inbreeding avoidance and relative costs of male and female reproduction.
From High Accuracy to High Efficiency in Simulations of Processing of Dual-Phase Steels
Authors: Rauch L. , Kuziak R. , Pietrzyk M.
Published: September 2013

Searching for a compromise between computing costs and predictive capabilities of metal processing models is the objective of this work. The justification of using multiscale and simplified models in simulations of manufacturing of DP steel products is discussed. Multiscale techniques are described and their applications to modeling annealing and stamping are shown. This approach is costly and should be used in specific applications only. Models based on the JMAK equation are an alternative. Physical simulations of the continuous annealing were conducted for validation of the models. An analysis of the computing time and predictive capabilities of the models allowed to conclude that the modified JMAK equation gives good results as far as prediction of volume fractions after annealing is needed. Contrary, a multiscale model is needed to analyze the distributions of strains in the ferritic-martensitic microstructure. The idea of simplification of multiscale models is presented, as well.
Medial Foot Pain in a Runner: A Case Presentation
Authors: Miller Levi K. , Harrast Mark A.
Published: September 2013

A 27‐year‐old runner presented to our sports medicine clinic with 4 months of medial foot pain after an eversion ankle sprain. Initial radiographs were negative for fracture. Her symptoms improved but plateaued after 1 month. She was unable to continue running and noticed a new prominence at her right medial foot. Results of a physical examination showed pes planus, a prominent navicular in her right foot and mild weakness of inversion at the right ankle. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bone edema adjacent to a navicular synchondrosis, which confirmed a diagnosis of type 2 accessory navicular with synchondrosis injury. The patient was treated conservatively with a progressive rehabilitation course.
Exploring What the Austin Maze Measures: A Comparison Across Conventional and Computer Versions
Authors: Stolwyk Renerus John , Lee Shuzi , McKay Adam , Ponsford Jennie Louise
Published: September 2013

The Austin Maze is a neuropsychological assessment tool used to measure cognitive function. A computerised version of the tool has recently been developed and shown to be equivalent to the conventional version in terms of performance. However, controversy remains regarding which specific cognitive constructs the conventional and computer versions of the Austin Maze purport to measure. The aim of this study was to investigate which cognitive constructs are associated with Austin Maze performance and whether these constructs remain equivalent across conventional and computer versions. Sixty-three healthy people completed both conventional and computerised versions of the Austin Maze in addition to a number of established measures of planning, error utilisation, working memory, visuospatial ability and visuospatial memory. Results from a series of regression analyses demonstrated that both versions of the Austin Maze were predominantly associated with visuospatial ability and visuospatial memory. No executive measures, including those of planning, error utilisation or working memory, significantly contributed to any Austin Maze performances. This study complements previous research and supports equivalency of the conventional and computer versions of the Austin Maze.
The Cambridge History of Science
Authors: Lindberg David C. , Shank Michael H.
Published: September 2013

This volume in the highly respected Cambridge History of Science series is devoted to the history of science in the Middle Ages from the North Atlantic to the Indus Valley. Medieval science was once universally dismissed as non-existent - and sometimes it still is. This volume reveals the diversity of goals, contexts and accomplishments in the study of nature during the Middle Ages. Organized by topic and culture, its essays by distinguished scholars offer the most comprehensive and up-to-date history of medieval science currently available. Intended to provide a balanced and inclusive treatment of the medieval world, contributors consider scientific learning and advancement in the cultures associated with the Arabic, Greek, Latin and Hebrew languages. Scientists, historians and other curious readers will all gain a new appreciation for the study of nature during an era that is often misunderstood.
On the strength of the nonlinearity in isotropic turbulence
Authors: Bos W. J. T. , Rubinstein R.
Published: September 2013

Turbulence governed by the Navier–Stokes equations shows a tendency to evolve towards a state in which the nonlinearity is diminished. In fully developed turbulence, this tendency can be measured by comparing the variance of the nonlinear term to the variance of the same quantity measured in a Gaussian field with the same energy distribution. In order to study this phenomenon at high Reynolds numbers, a version of the direct interaction approximation is used to obtain a closed expression for the statistical average of the mean-square nonlinearity. The wavenumber spectrum of the mean-square nonlinear term is evaluated and its scaling in the inertial range is investigated as a function of the Reynolds number. Its scaling is dominated by the sweeping by the energetic scales, but this sweeping is weaker than predicted by a random sweeping estimate. At inertial range scales, the depletion of nonlinearity as a function of the wavenumber is observed to be constant. At large scales it is observed that the mean-square nonlinearity is larger than its Gaussian estimate, which is shown to be related to the non-Gaussianity of the Reynolds-stress fluctuations at these scales.
Evaluations of Actiheart, IDEEA® and RT3 monitors for estimating activity energy expenditure in free-living women
Authors: Löf Marie , Henriksson Hanna , Forsum Elisabet
Published: September 2013

Activity energy expenditure (AEE) during free-living conditions can be assessed using devices based on different principles. To make proper comparisons of different devices' capacities to assess AEE, they should be evaluated in the same population. Thus, in the present study we evaluated, in the same group of subjects, the ability of three devices to assess AEE in groups and individuals during free-living conditions. In twenty women, AEE was assessed using RT3 (three-axial accelerometry) (AEERT3), Actiheart (a combination of heart rate and accelerometry) (AEEActi) and IDEEA (a multi-accelerometer system) (AEEIDEEA). Reference AEE (AEEref) was assessed using the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry. Average AEEActi was 5760 kJ per 24 h and not significantly different from AEEref (5020 kJ per 24 h). On average, AEERT3 and AEEIDEEA were 2010 and 1750 kJ per 24 h lower than AEEref, respectively (P < 0·001). The limits of agreement (± 2 sd) were 2940 (Actiheart), 1820 (RT3) and 2650 (IDEEA) kJ per 24 h. The variance for AEERT3 was lower than for AEEActi (P = 0·006). The RT3 classified 60 % of the women in the correct activity category while the corresponding value for IDEEA and Actiheart was 30 %. In conclusion, the Actiheart may be useful for groups and the RT3 for individuals while the IDEEA requires further development. The results are likely to be relevant for a large proportion of Western women of reproductive age and demonstrate that the procedure selected to assess physical activity can greatly influence the possibilities to uncover important aspects regarding interactions between physical activity, diet and health.
Screening the ability of natural feed ingredients to interfere with the adherence of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) K88 to the porcine intestinal mucus
Authors: González-Ortiz Gemma , Pérez José Francisco , Hermes Rafael Gustavo , Molist Francesc , Jiménez-Díaz Rufino , Martín-Orúe Susana María
Published: September 2013

The inhibition of the attachment of bacteria to the intestine by receptor analogues could be a novel approach to prevent enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) K88-induced diarrhoea in piglets. The objective of the present study was to screen the ability of different feed ingredients (FI) to bind to ETEC K88 (adhesion test, AT) and to block its attachment to the porcine intestinal mucus (blocking test, BT) usingin vitromicrotitration-based models. In the AT, wheat bran (WB), casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) and exopolysaccharides exhibited the highest adhesion to ETEC K88 (P< 0·001). In the BT, WB, CGMP and locust bean (LB) reduced the number of ETEC K88 attached to the intestinal mucus (P< 0·001). For WB and LB, fractionation based on their carbohydrate components was subsequently carried out, and each fraction was evaluated individually. None of the WB fractions reduced the adhesion of ETEC K88 to the mucus as did the original extract, suggesting that a protein or glycoprotein could be involved in the recognition process. With regard to the LB fractions, the water-extractable material reduced the adhesion of ETEC K88 (P< 0·001) to the mucus similar to the original extract (P< 0·001), indicating, in this case, that galactomannans or phenolic compounds could be responsible for the recognition process. In conclusion, among the FI screened, the soluble extracts obtained from WB, LB and CGMP exhibited the highest anti-adhesive properties against ETEC K88 in the BT. These results suggest that they may be good candidates to be included in diets of weaned piglets for the prevention of ETEC K88-induced diarrhoea.
A “Brutology” of Bozal: Tracing a Discourse Genealogy from Nineteenth-Century Blackface Theater to Twenty-First-Century Spirit Possession in Cuba
Authors: Wirtz Kristina
Published: September 2013

In tracing a discourse history for the emergence and enregisterment of Bozal, a Cuban speech style that robustly indexes the historical persona of the African slave, this paper proposes that such discourse “genealogies” are more accurately reconstructed not through a linear, teleological metaphor of “speech chains” but through a more reticulated, multiply stranded web of interdiscursive connections. Bozal, in contemporary Cuba, characterizes the voices of African deities and spirits of the dead who possess their devotees to speak during folk religious ceremonies. I consider a deeper history of theatrical “blackface” influences on religious performances of spirit possession, a discourse history that destabilizes facile notions of “authentic, African” cultural sources in Cuba. I argue that rather than reflecting direct memories ofactualspeech by African-born slaves, once upon a time, Bozal's enregisterment began with, and always involved, double-voiced representations of imagined social types—what recent scholarship has described as “mock” forms disparaging the speech of racialized Others. The “Bozal slave” was a figure caricatured for comedic effect, proliferating into a whole set of stock theatrical characters, some of which became focal points for building nationalist sentiment in mid-nineteenth-century Cuba. The lesson for understanding the role of Bozal or any “Africanizing” voice in performance today is clear: we must always consider the mediating effects of metacultural practices in shaping our understanding of the social meaning of speech styles.
“Population Politics” at the End of Empire: Migration and Sovereignty in Ottoman Eastern Rumelia, 1877–1886
Authors: Mirkova Anna M.
Published: September 2013

This article explores the migrations of Turkish Muslims after the 1878 Peace Treaty of Berlin, which severed much of the Balkans from the Ottoman Empire as fully independent nation-states or as nominally dependent polities in the borderlands of the empire. I focus on one such polity—the administratively autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia—which, in wrestling to reconcile liberal principles of equality and political representation understood in ethno-religious terms, prompted emigration of Turkish Muslims while enabling Bulgarian Christian hegemony. Scholars have studied Muslim emigration from the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire gradually lost hold of the region, emphasizing deleterious effects of nationalism and aggressive state-building in the region. Here I look at migration at empire's end, and more specifically at the management of migration as constitutive of sovereignty. The Ottoman government asserted its suzerainty by claiming to protect the rights of Eastern Rumelia's Muslims. The Bulgarian dominated administration of Eastern Rumelia claimed not only administrative but also political autonomy by trying to contain the grievances of Turkish Muslims as a domestic issue abused by ill-meaning outsiders, all the while insisting that the province protected the rights of all subjects. Ultimately, a “corporatist” model of subjecthood obtained in Eastern Rumelia, which fused the traditional religious categorization of Ottoman subjects with an ethnic one under the umbrella of representative government. The tension between group belonging and individual politicization that began unfolding in Eastern Rumelia became a major dilemma of the post-Ottoman world and other post-imperial societies after World War I.
Taphonomy of diploporite (Echinodermata) holdfasts from a Silurian hardground, southeastern Indiana, United States: palaeoecologic and stratigraphic significance
Authors: THOMKA JAMES R. , BRETT CARLTON E.
Published: September 2013

A microbioherm-bearing hardground within the middle Silurian (Wenlock) Massie Formation near Napoleon, southeastern Indiana, United States is encrusted by the attachment structures of numerous pelmatozoan echinoderms. Among the most common of these holdfasts are multi-plated discoidal structures representing the thecal attachments of diploporite ‘cystoids’. This large population of holdfasts permits the first detailed taphonomic and palaeoecologic study of hardground diploporite attachments, allowing for increased morphological understanding of these rarely studied structures and facilitating identification of holdfasts in deposits where they might have been overlooked or misidentified. The biostratinomic sequence commences with detachment of thecae, followed by weathering of isolated discoidal holdfasts to bring out radiating canal structures and plate sutures, eventually leading to removal of the interior floor to expose the underlying substrate. Continued exposure can result in separation of component holdfast plates, though cementation to the substrate prevents scattering of plates. Diagenetic precipitation of pyrite occurred after burial; the large size of crystals suggests late diagenesis, perhaps seeded by early diagenetic pyrite crystallites produced by decay of ligamentary tissue. Extrinsic taphonomic factors include overgrowth of holdfasts by laminar stenolaemate bryozoans and other echinoderm attachment structures. Diploporite holdfasts are not bored and are absent on microbioherms. Taphonomic data indicate the time-averaged nature of this hardground and its diploporite assemblage and permit prediction of similar occurrences at major flooding surfaces.
Mixed grazing systems of sheep and cattle to improve liveweight gain: a quantitative review
Authors: d'ALEXIS S. , SAUVANT D. , BOVAL M.
Published: September 2013

Mixed grazing is an alternative pasture management which can be used to increase ruminant performance and reduce gastro-intestinal nematodes. A meta-analysis was performed on the results of previous studies from the literature to quantify the benefit of mixed grazing with sheep and cattle and identify determinants and enhancing factors. The analysis focused on papers reporting measurements of average daily weight gain (ADG) of sheep and cattle, carried out simultaneously in mixed grazing and in mono-grazing. The meta-analysis used 179 observations from 16 experiments published in nine carefully selected papers. The benefits of mixed grazing were appraised using the individual ADG of sheep (ADGisheep), cattle (ADGicattle) and the overall performances (ADG per hectare (ADGha), g/day/ha). A theoretical production value (ADGha-Theo) was calculated from the ADGha in mixed and mono-grazing at similar stocking rates (SRs)/ha. The ADGisheepwas greater in mixed treatments compared with control treatments (+14·5 g/day,P<0·001) and varied with physiological status and SR (P<0·001). The ADGicattlewas similar in mixed and mono-grazing. At a global level ADGha in mixed treatments (ADGha-Mtrt) was higher by 28·6% compared with sheep alone and by 25·1% compared with cattle alone; also, ADGha-Mtrt was 8% higher than ADGha-Theo. The ADGha varied with physiological status and decreased with the proportion of sheep in association (P<0·01). The contribution of ADGha in mixed grazing due to each species was lower compared with gains for each species reared alone (1438v.2423 g/day/ha for sheep and 1687v.2491 g/day/ha for cattle,P<0·001).
A True Sino-Japanese Amity? Collaborationism and the Yokohama Chinese (1937–1945)
Authors: Han Eric
Published: September 2013

Taking the Yokohama Chinese community as an exemplary case, this article delves into linkages between Chinese diasporic identities and collaborationism during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Using published memoirs, Japanese government and police records, and local newspapers, it examines the wartime experiences of a community struggling to maintain both its Chinese identity and its position in local society. Japanese authorities did not categorically assimilate, intern, or deport this population. Instead, they enforced displays of support for collaborationist regimes in occupied China in order to manufacture what they termed “Sino-Japanese amity.” Public expressions by the Yokohama Chinese contributed to this narrative, but these Chinese were not merely puppets. They actively negotiated the meanings and practices of collaborationism to fulfill local needs. By examining their engagement with Chinese and Japanese national imperatives, this article reflects on the nature of Sino-Japanese friendship, hidden resistance, and local integration.
Relationship between clinical features and therapeutic approach for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo outcomes
Authors: Otsuka K , Ogawa Y , Inagaki T , Shimizu S , Konomi U , Kondo T , Suzuki M
Published: September 2013

Objective:

To examine the clinical features, age and gender distribution of patients, treatment methods, and outcomes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Methods:

This paper reports a review of 357 patients treated for this condition at a single institution over a duration of 5 years. Patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo were divided into two groups: one group underwent the Epley manoeuvre and the other received medication. The lateral canal canalolithiasis patients were also divided into two groups: one underwent the Lempert manoeuvre and the other received medication. Lastly, the lateral canal cupulolithiasis patients were treated with medication and non-specific physical techniques.

Results and conclusion:

For patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, resolution time was significantly shorter in the Epley manoeuvre group than in the medication group. For the lateral canal canalolithiasis patients, resolution time was significantly shorter in the Lempert manoeuvre group than in the medication group. Resolution time was significantly longer in the lateral canal cupulolithiasis patients than in the other patients. The average age of patients increased with the number of recurrences, as did predominance in females. Average age and rate of sensorineural hearing loss were significantly higher in patients with intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo compared with those in the curable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo group.
Disruption, control and coping: responses of and to the person with dementia in hospital
Authors: POROCK DAVINA , CLISSETT PHILIP , HARWOOD ROWAN H. , GLADMAN JOHN R. F.
Published: September 2013

This qualitative study aimed to gain insight into the experience of hospitalisation from the perspectives of the older person with dementia, their family care-giver and other patients sharing the ward (co-patients). Non-participant observation of care on 11 acute hospital wards was supplemented by 39 semi-structured interviews with 35 family care-givers and four co-patients following discharge. Constant comparative analysis produced the core problem facing all those involved: disruption from normal routine meaning that the experience of hospitalisation was disrupted by the presence and behaviour of the person with dementia. Disruption adversely affected the person with dementia, triggering constructive, disengaged, distressed and neutral behaviours. Using Kitwood's model of person-centred care, these behaviours were interpreted as attempts by the person with dementia at gaining a sense of control over the unfamiliar environment and experience. Family care-givers' lives and experiences both inside and outside the hospital were disrupted by the hospitalisation. They too attempted to gain a sense of control over the experience and to give a sense of control to the patient, co-patients and staff. Co-patients experienced disruption from sharing space with the person with dementia and were left feeling vulnerable and sometimes afraid. They too attempted to gain a sense of control over their situation and give some control by helping the person with dementia, the family care-giver and the staff.
Generation of beating wave by multi-coaxial relativistic backward wave oscillator
Authors: Teng Y. , Liang T.Z. , Sun J.
Published: September 2013

Multi-coaxial relativistic backward wave oscillator that generates the beating wave of high power microwave pulse driven by a single accelerator and a single guiding magnet system is presented. Making use of the coaxial annular cathodes that can synchronously produce three annular beams at one shot, the average power of 5.88 GW consisting of two frequency components 9.0 and 9.7 GHz is obtained under the diode voltage and current 724 and 19.57 kA, corresponding to the conversion efficiency 41.5%. The conversion efficiency and the beating frequency are considerably stable with the diode voltage. The coaxial transmission supporter developed from our previous experimental research is employed to conductively connect the coaxial structure and to incoherently combine the microwave pulse of two frequencies with little reflection. It is found that the equipotential connection of the coaxial structure modifies the field distribution in the diode structure to facilitate the operation of the coaxial annular cathodes. The coaxial cathodes of different lengths are proved to be efficient at depressing the space charge effect in order to prevent the explosive emission of the inner cathode from being shielded by the outer annular beams.
EXPLORING LEARNER PERCEPTION AND USE OF TASK-BASED INTERACTIONAL FEEDBACK IN FTF AND CMC MODES
Authors: Gurzynski-Weiss Laura , Baralt Melissa
Published: September 2013

Theoretical claims about the benefits of corrective feedback have been largely premised on learners’ noticing of feedback (e.g., Gass & Mackey, 2006; Long, 1996; Schmidt, 1990, 1995; Swain, 1995), and findings have demonstrated that both the feedback target (Mackey, Gass, & McDonough, 2000) and the mode of provision (Lai & Zhao, 2006) can affect learners’ accurate perception of feedback. The current study extended this research by investigating learners’ perception and use of feedback provided in task-based interaction in both computer-mediated (CMC) and face-to-face (FTF) modes. Utilizing stimulated recall, the study examined if 24 intermediate-level learners of Spanish as a foreign language accurately noticed feedback as feedback, if they noticed the feedback target, and if the environment in which they interacted (CMC vs. FTF) made a difference in their accuracy. The study also investigated if modality affected opportunities for modified output immediately following feedback and if learners used those opportunities differently according to mode. Results demonstrated that, overall, learners did notice feedback as feedback in both modes. Contrary to expectations, there were no statistical differences between modes in feedback perception accuracy. Significant differences were found, however, in learners’ opportunities for and use of feedback depending on the interaction environment and the type of error being addressed.