bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caring Neighborhoods
Authors: Bould Sally
Published: October 2003

This article examines the situation in 47 “caring neighborhoods,” which are defined as those in which the neighbors report working together in caring for the neighborhood children. These suburban neighborhoods are White and predominately middle class. Fictive kin are found in some of these neighborhoods, and in all of the neighborhoods a low value is placed on privacy. These neighborhoods challenge the stereotype of the isolated nuclear family of the suburbs but reinforce the model of the male-breadwinner family. In considering how families can connect over child-rearing tasks and move beyond the male-breadwinner family, it is seen that the problem lies not in the suburban housing structure but in the condition of neighborhood mothers, who have to stay at home with pre-school-age children. This research suggests that to have the appropriate neighborhoods available to families, intentional neighborhoods will have to be built with an emphasis on gender equity.
Psychological Control During Early Adolescence
Authors: Rogers Kelly N. , Buchanan Christy M. , Winchell Megan E.
Published: October 2003

The present study examined the association between adolescent perceptions of parental psychological control and adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms across four dyadic relationships (mother/daughter, mother/son, father/daughter, and father/eson) cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Participants were 306 sixth- and seventh-grade students,287 mothers, and 115 fathers, interviewed at two time points one year apart. Cross-sectionally, father psychological control predicted higher adolescent-reported internalizing both for boys and for girls only when mothers also were perceived as high in psychological control. Similarly, but only among girls, father psychological control predicted higher externalizing only when mothers also were perceived as high in psychological control. Longitudinal analyses indicated that adolescents with higher internalizing symptoms at one time are especially likely to perceive parents as using psychological control one year later; earlier psychological control did not predict later internalizing. For externalizing, longitudinal analyses indicated that higher psychological control at one time predicts higher externalizing one year later.
A Test of Beck's Cognitive Diathesis-Stress Theory of Depression in Early Adolescents
Authors: Abela John R. Z. , Sullivan Caroline
Published: October 2003

The current study tested the diathesis-stress component of Beck's cognitive theory of depression in a sample of early adolescents. The study also examined whether high levels of social support and self-esteem buffer against depressive reactions in children with high levels of dysfunctional attitudes. At Time 1, 184 seventh graders completed measures assessing dysfunctional attitudes, social support, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. Six weeks later, they completed measures assessing depressive symptoms and hassles. In support of Beck's theory, higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Contrary to hypotheses, however, dysfunctional attitudes served as a vulnerability to depressive reactions following negative events in children with high but not low levels of self-esteem. Similarly, contrary to hypotheses, dysfunctional attitudes served as a vulnerability to depressive reactions following negative events in children with high but not low levels of social support. Results are interpreted within a self-esteem lability framework.
Effective Strategies for Esteem-Enhancement:
Authors: DuBois David L. , Lockerd Erika M. , Reach Kelle , Parra Gilbert R.
Published: October 2003

Focus groups were conducted with young adolescents (N = 61) to obtain a consumer perspective on esteem-enhancement strategies for their age group. Overall, the input obtained supports a comprehensive, psychosocial/developmental approach. To address the views and preferences expressed by young adolescents, program content should (a) provide esteem-enhancing experiences in multiple domains of early adolescent development, (b) reduce reliance on “unhealthy” sources of self-esteem, and (c) be sensitive to diversity in participant backgrounds (e.g., race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status). Program designs should (a) be inclusive (i.e., include all youth) and involve multiple important persons in young adolescents'lives; (b) emphasize an experiential, individualized approach; (c) allow for participation over extended periods of time; and (d) incorporate strong linkages to the surrounding community. Based on current findings and related research, the need for esteem-enhancement strategies that are environmentally oriented and integrated within broader youth development initiatives is emphasized.
Exploratory Study of a Preventive Intervention with General Population African American Families
Authors: Spoth Richard , Guyll Max , Chao Wei , Molgaard Virginia
Published: October 2003

The authors report the intervention implementation and outcome evaluation of the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14),involving a sample of African American families with young adolescents. Implementation feasibility clearly was demonstrated. A sufficient number of families was recruited successfully, retention rates were strong, and observer ratings showed high adherence to the intervention protocol. Control group comparisons at posttest showed positive results for intervention-targeted child behaviors and for child participation in family meetings but not for other outcome measures. Findings of the investigation are discussed in terms of their relevance to ongoing intervention research with minority populations and considered in light of study limitations.
Rediscovering the Color Line within Work Organizations
Authors: Vallas Steven P.
Published: October 2003

Although American sociology has long been concerned with racial and ethnic inequality within work organizations, this traditional strength has languished in recent years. Few ethnographic studies have managed to capture what E. C. Hughes once called “the knitting of racial groups” at work. This article critically reviews the literature on race and work organizations and offers a set of propositions that target neglected aspects of racial boundaries at work. These center on the spatial dimension of race and organizations, the relevance of racial boundaries for the acquisition of skill and expertise, the bearing of status hierarchies on the reproduction of racial boundaries, and the character of corporate and judicial responses to racial inequalities at work. This article offers a tentative strategy for research in the field that might reclaim the lost tradition of E. C. Hughes.
Growing Pains and Progress in the Study of Working Families
Authors: Estes Sarah Beth
Published: October 2003

Proliferate research on work and family has led to an ongoing concern about how best to conceptualize the complexity of the work-family nexus. This article focuses on how the volumes under review reflect three main themes designed to expand the boundaries of work-family research:(a) families house a diversity of interests, (b) families are culturally and economically variable, and (c) carework is inherently public work. The article suggests that attention to each of these themes—and to the third in particular—will contribute to a more complete conceptualization of how the institutions of work and families are interwoven.
AIDS Knowledge among Latinos: Findings from a Community and Agricultural Labor Camp Survey
Authors: Urizar Guido G. , Winkleby Marilyn A.
Published: October 2003

The authors assessed knowledge about AIDS and its modes of transmission in Latino adults from northern California via a survey administered in 2000 to 461 women and 356 men from a community sample and 188 men from a labor camp sample. The majority of respondents viewed AIDS as a serious problem in their community. Knowledge about how AIDS is transmitted varied from accurate beliefs about the virus being transmitted by biomedical modes to inaccurate beliefs about its transmittal through casual contact. A multiple regression analysis identified three groups with the highest misconceptions about AIDS transmission: Latinos with low educational attainment, particularly men from labor camps; Latinos who were the oldest in the sample (40 to 64 years of age); and Latinos with low educational attainment who had not visited a doctor recently. These findings identify groups with high misconceptions about AIDS who will benefit from special outreach and education.
Mexican American Youth of the Southwest Borderlands: Perceptions of Ethnicity, Acculturation, and Race
Authors: Holleran Lori K.
Published: October 2003

This article discusses the findings of a qualitative study of a group of young Mexican Americans in a barrio, fictitiously called “Las Montañas Bonitas,” located in a large Southwestern city. Young Mexican Americans’perception of ethnic identity is the focus of this study. The ethnographic techniques of participant observation, focus groups, and semistructured interviews were used. The most poignant finding is the respondents’use of racial terms to define and understand acculturation differences. Also, the intense negative feelings expressed by Mexican Americans about less acculturated, monolingual, Spanish-speaking individuals are noted. Other findings suggest that respondents have strong connections with both contemporary youth culture and traditional culture. The overarching themes of respondent narratives relate to boundaries and loyalty in the face of internal colonialization.
Prenatal and Postpartum Depression among Low-Income Dominican and Puerto Rican Women
Authors: Zayas Luis H. , Jankowski Katherine R. B. , McKee M. Diane
Published: October 2003

This longitudinal study examined depression symptoms among pregnant, low-income, urban Latinas, primarily Puerto Ricans and Dominicans, receiving obstetrical services in community health centers. In all, 106 women were interviewed in late pregnancy, 47 were interviewed again 2 to 3 weeks postpartum, and 42 three months postpartum. Elevated levels of depressive symptoms were evident in 53% of the original sample. Across time, depressive symptoms decreased significantly; however, a decreased score was strongly related to number of negative life events. Social support scores were minimally related to depressive symptomatology. Service recommendations based on these findings include conducting third-trimester assessments of life events experienced during the past year and screening for depression to better identify women at risk of late pregnancy to postpartum–persistent depressive symptoms. More research and clinical attention on dysphoric states in pregnant Latinas and understanding the consequences of impaired perinatal mental health on maternal well-being and infant outcomes are needed.
Correlates of Sexual Abuse and Subsequent Risk Taking
Authors: Brown Nancy L. , Wilson Sandra R. , Kao Ya-Min , Luna Verónica , Kuo Elena S. , Rodriguez Claudette , Lavori Philip W.
Published: October 2003

Correlates of sexual abuse among female participants in the California Latino Couples Study were examined in two sets of comparisons: (a) nonabused women versus women reporting any sexual abuse and (b) among sexually abused women, those reporting forced intercourse versus those with no forced intercourse. Women who reported any sexual abuse (n = 208) differed from women who reported no abuse (n = 363) in their age at first voluntary sexual intercourse, risk-taking scores, and sexually transmitted infection (STI) history. Among the abused women, those who experienced forced intercourse (n = 101) were more likely to report sexual intercourse with an injection drug user, a history of STIs, unhappy intimate relationships, depression, and elevated stress scores compared wth women who had been touched inappropriately but not forced to have sexual intercourse.
The Rehnquist Court and Criminal Justice
Authors: Smith Christopher E.
Published: October 2003

An empirical analysis of decisions by the Rehnquist Court can illuminate the trends that shape the contemporary Supreme Court’s impact on criminal justice. By recognizing the small number and mixed content of criminal justice cases decided by the Court each year, the importance of other appellate courts becomes apparent. The Court’s decisions and the voting patterns of its justices confirm the Rehnquist Court’s generally conservative reputation with respect to criminal justice issues. However, the Court produces more decisions, including unanimous opinions, supporting individuals’ claims than is generally recognized. In addition, the liberal 5-to-4 decisions of the Court are not primarily attributable to decisive votes of the so-called swing justices, Justices O’Connor and Kennedy; conservative Justices Scalia and Thomas also contribute to those liberal outcomes.
A Roadblock Too Far?
Authors: Zalman Marvin , Shartsis Elsa
Published: October 2003

This first study of Justice O’Connor’s Fourth Amendment jurisprudence notes the shift in her decision pattern from a very conservative position from 1982 to 1986 to a more moderate position in subsequent years. Prior scholarship characterizes Justice O’Connor’s judicial opinions as contextual and fact driven, her style of judging as “behavioral accommodationism,” or the seeking of consensus, and her judicial policy preferences as moderately conservative. The authors explore these categories by a close examination of five recent cases: City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, Ferguson v. City of Charleston, Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, Illinois v. McArthur, and Kyllo v. United States. The authors conclude that her decisions in these cases, liberal and conservative, reflect both the earlier explanations of her decisions and an unstated set of complex personal predilections reflecting political sensitivity to middle-American views that demands an adherence to basic liberties in a crime-control context.
Technological Innovation and the Application of the Fourth Amendment
Authors: Woessner Matthew C. , Sims Barbara
Published: October 2003

In Kyllo vs. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of sensory-enhancing technology to see through traditional privacy barriers constituted an illegal search in violation of the Constitution’s Fourth Amendment protections. This article examines the history of Fourth Amendment applications involving the use of technology by government officials. The authors discuss the implications of Kyllo in light of emerging technologies available to the government as a means of gathering incriminating evidence against persons either engaging or conspiring to engage in criminal behavior. Ultimately, they argue that the Kyllo standard for the application of sensory-enhancing technology has important implications for the future of law enforcement and the ongoing fight against international terrorism.
Juvenile Justice in Spain
Authors: Alberola Cristina Rechea , Molina Esther FernÁndez
Published: October 2003

Although the juvenile justice system in Spain emerged at the beginning of the 20th century, in accordance with the general movement at that moment in the Western world, the distinctive circumstance of the Franco dictatorship (1939 to 1975) meant that Spain maintained a tutelary approach while things were changing in the rest of the Western world. Spain presently has a criminal responsibility law for juveniles, Organic Law 5/2000 of January 12, which came into effect January 13, 2001 at a moment when criminal justice policy in general and juvenile justice policy in particular were in crisis. Although the law initially was conceived as a progressive law, the end result, after some criminal justice policy decisions, was the minimizing of some of the fundamental principles of law. Spain, in this sense, has embraced a much more repressive approach, paralleling new trends elsewhere in the Western world.
Sentencing Juvenile Offenders in Canada
Authors: Roberts Julian V.
Published: October 2003

Statutory reforms of the juvenile justice system came to Canada in 2003 when the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) became law. This article reviews the principal sentencing provisions and, in particular, the purposes and principles that are now codified as a result of the new legislation. The legislation attempts to reduce the number of young offenders sent to prison while facilitating the imposition of harsher sentences on a small number of juveniles convicted of the most serious offenses. The YCJA moves youth court sentencing closer to sentencing as it is conducted in adult court but also maintains some important differences between the two levels. These reforms are likely to reduce the number of young persons sent to prison in Canada and change the composition of the juvenile prison population by reducing the number of young offenders incarcerated for minor crimes or property crimes.
Juvenile Crime and Sanctions in the Netherlands
Authors: Wittebrood Karin
Published: October 2003

Trends in juvenile crime in the Netherlands are described using police statistics and self-report studies. A sharp rise in juvenile crime is suggested by the police statistics, while the self-report studies reveal a more stable picture. Attention has been paid to explanations of this discrepancy. Furthermore, an overview is given of the penal interventions applied in the Netherlands and the number of young people affected by them. The article ends by looking at how juvenile crime is tackled in practice.
Validity of Parallel Measures of Vocational Interests and Confidence
Authors: Rottinghaus Patrick J. , Betz Nancy E. , Borgen Fred H.
Published: October 2003

The basic confidence scales of the Expanded Skills Confidence Inventory were evaluated using 715 college students. The scales were correlated as predicted with confidence for Holland's six vocational themes and with the basic interest scales of the Strong Interest Inventory. Discriminant analyses using educational aspirations and major and career preferences job families as dependent variables indicated that using both interests and confidence measures led to additional predictive power over either one alone. The more specific sets of scales accounted for the most variance. Data supported the hypothesis of more frequent occurrence of score patterns of higher interest but lower confidence relative to gender-nonstereotypic domains (e.g., mechanical for women and helping for men), thus suggesting the utility of efficacy theory-based interventions to broaden the range of career options. It is hoped that these findings will facilitate the use of parallel measures of interests and self-efficacy in research and career counseling.
The Measurement of Career Interests among At-Risk Inner-City and Middle-Class Suburban Adolescents
Authors: Turner Sherri L. , Lapan Richard T.
Published: October 2003

This article examines the factor structure and underlying dimensions of Holland's occupational themes with inner-city, at-risk middle school adolescents and middle-class, suburban middle school adolescents. Both groups constructed the occupational world across the Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Social Holland themes similarly. However, there were differences in their construals of the relationships between occupations in the Enterprising and Social Themes. Subsequent means analyses indicated significant ethnic differences in medical science careers and within-group ethnic differences in working with hands, working outdoors, professional and fashion arts, social service, and medical service careers.
College Career Courses: Design and Accountability
Authors: Folsom Byron , Reardon Robert
Published: October 2003

This article examines 46 reports of career courses offered in colleges since the 1920s. The authors located approximately 80 references regarding the design, development, management, and evaluation of such courses in colleges and universities. There were 38 reports of studies indicating positive changes in output variables, for example, career decision making. There were 15 reporting a positive impact in outcomes, for example, retention.
Predicting the Willingness to Disclose Childhood Sexual Abuse from Measures of Repressive Coping and Dissociative Tendencies
Authors: Bonanno George A. , Noll Jennie G. , Putnam Frank W. , O'Neill Michelle , Trickett Penelope K.
Published: October 2003

Although it is generally agreed that the verbal disclosure of past childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences can be beneficial, CSA survivors are often reluctant to reveal such experiences. Bonanno et al. found that women with documented CSA histories who did not disclose abuse when provided an opportunity to do so were more likely to show nonverbal expressions of shame and polite smiling, relative to disclosing CSA survivors or nonabused controls. Disclosing CSA survivors, in contrast, showed greater facial expressions of disgust. The current study extended this paradigm by showing that among the same participants, CSA disclosure was associated with chronic dissociative experiences, whereas nondisclosure was associated with repressive coping. Further, repressive coping and dissociative experiences were inversely related and showed opposite patterns of facial expressions and adjustment. Repressors expressed greater negative and positive emotion and were relatively better adjusted, whereas dissociators expressed little emotion and had relatively poorer adjustment.
Child Abuse Victims' Involvement in Community Agency Treatment: Service Correlates, Short-Term Outcomes, and Relationship to Reabuse
Authors: Kolko David J. , Baumann Barbara L. , Caldwell Nicola
Published: October 2003

This study examines the correlates and impacts of child treatment in 68 cases referred to community agency providers after reports of child physical or sexual abuse. Standardized clinical assessments were conducted with child victims and their caregivers at intake and short-term follow-up (FUP-1), supplemented by official record reviews at a long-term follow-up (FUP-2). Child treatment was received by 19% and 50% of the children at FUP-1 and FUP-2, respectively. There were few correlates of initial child treatment involvement (sexual abuse or parent and family services received concurrently). Initial child treatment was not associated with significant gains in child outcomes. Child improvement in abuse-related outcomes was associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and lower adjustment at intake. Initial child treatment was unrelated to reabuse or out-of-home placement by FUP-2. Additional studies are needed to more fully evaluate the process and outcome of referral of child abuse victims to community-based services.
Substantiation and Recidivism
Authors: Drake Brett , Jonson-Reid Melissa , Way Ineke , Chung Sulki
Published: October 2003

This article reports rates of recidivism among initially substantiated and initially unsubstantiated child maltreatment events to determine if substantiation status is associated with higher risk of recidivism. This is an important question given recent concerns that unsubstantiated cases may have as high or almost as high a risk of recidivism as do substantiated cases. The data are analyzed at both the victim level and the case level, divided by type of maltreatment, and followed for 4.5 years. The data used are administrative and combine a series of state databases with census data. Analyses are performed at the bivariate and multivariate (Cox proportional hazards model) levels. The main finding is that unsubstantiated cases are at high risk for recidivism, in many cases as high a risk as substantiated cases. Implications for practice, policy, and research are presented with a focus on the importance of providing preventative services to unsubstantiated cases.
Offenders’ Family Members’ Responses to Capital Crimes
Authors: Eschholz Sarah , Reed Mark D. , Beck Elizabeth , Leonard Pamela Blume
Published: October 2003

Discussions of punishment for homicide usually focus on either retributive justice or deterrence. This article attempts to broaden these discussions to include using restorative justice to supplement the traditional judicial process in capital cases. Qualitative interviews with 19 family members of offenders tried in capital cases in the South are used to explore the need for restorative justice in capital cases. Results indicate that offenders’ family members often experience trauma; express empathy for victims and their families, as well as a desire to connect with them; and the community plays a critical role in their ability to cope with the homicide and its aftermath. The authors conclude that restorative justice practices should be explored to help victims’ and offenders’ family members cope with homicide and the trial that follows.
Recognizing Homicide as a Public Health Threat
Authors: Pridemore William Alex
Published: October 2003

This article establishes the burden of violent mortality worldwide and discusses the possibility of integrating public health and sociological criminology in the study of violence. First, vital statistics data are employed to outline the worldwide burden of violent mortality and reveal nations and population subgroups that exhibit high rates of homicide victimization. Second, the contributions of sociological criminology and public health to the study of violence are described. In general, the sociological approach provides a theoretically driven understanding of the causal structure of the social processes that generate variation in homicide rates. The public health perspective, on the other hand, employs a wide variety of methods to present concrete intervention strategies to reduce and prevent harm. Integration of these two approaches should result in theoretical advancement in our comprehension of the causes of lethal violence and in practical applications that will reduce the excess morbidity and mortality due to violence and the public health burden it presents.
Neurasthenic Subjects and the Bourgeois Interior
Authors: Bresnahan Keith
Published: October 2003

This article examines neurasthenia (or “nervous exhaustion”) as a signifier for cultural practices and formations embedded in, and shaping, late 19th-century discursive and material spaces. Neurasthenia and its putative “cure”—in the production of a domestic interior protecting its inhabitants from the shocks of modernity—were linked to late 19th-century concerns and fears over the impact of economic and social transformations on the new subjects of urban life. The bourgeois interior relied on the construction of a (male) subject, privatized and turned inward; reading the domestic discourse of neurasthenia through Walter Benjamin’s analyses of the bourgeois interior, this article explores the ways in which this space served to construct its subjects at the same moment that it represented them to themselves, producing and affirming a myth of home at the very moment of its disappearance from the stage of history.
Airport Technology, Travel, and Consumption
Authors: Lloyd Justine
Published: October 2003

This essay speculates on the changing forms through which “traveler’s space” is materially constituted within the fabric of everyday life. The author first provides a history of traveler’s space as a non-place, via the writings of Le Corbusier, Boorstin, and Augé. Second, through an examination of the recent public work of celebrity architects such as Norman Foster, the author suggests that rather than displaying a tendency to an overarching “supermodernity” dictating flow and movement, contemporary technospaces work toward a new experience of waiting as pleasurable. This hybrid and remixed modernity invites a different kind of engagement between technology and travel that affects our ways of being in place. Finally, in a case study of the recent renovation of Sydney Airport, the author draws some distinctions between the scales of travel (local, regional, global), which affect such spatial performances.
Defamiliarizing the Mundane Roadscape
Authors: Edensor Tim
Published: October 2003

It is a popular and academic notion that routine driving along motorways signifies contemporary alienation through a kind of serial “non-space.”The author counters these dystopian assumptions about the character of this everyday pursuit by exploring his own experience of driving along England’s M6 motorway, showing how roads are enmeshed within unpredictable, multiple flows of ideas, sensations, other spaces and times, narratives, and socialities. By critiquing notions that autospace is inherently linear and featureless, that driving is asocial and desensitizing, and that the quotidian is a realm of unthinking and automatic behavior, he shows how it is precisely in the realm of mundane space-time that both homely familiarities and imaginative connections can be fostered.
Revisioning Sydney
Authors: Butcher Melissa
Published: October 2003

This article began out of many train journeys from the author’s home in Eastern Sydney to various parts of the Western suburbs where she was working with young people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. These young people are redefining what it means to be Australian, negotiating their sense of self in the friction of boundary clashes with sites of power such as family, peers, local authorities, and the state itself. There is a realization in their construction of popular culture that even where social constraint is strong, there are still possibilities, still interstitial spaces in the city where they can create their own sense of place and maybe even reinvigorate wider cultural institutions in Australia.
Landscaping Desire
Authors: Sandlos John
Published: October 2003

There is a long tradition in the Canadian North of outsiders imagining the region in accordance with their own cultural assumptions. At the turn of the century, naturalists, hunters, and explorers such as Ernest Thompson Seton, Caspar Whitney, and G. H. Blanchet began to describe the North as a last wilderness frontier that was teeming with vast herds of caribou. Many of their narratives also described native hunters as “wanton” killers of wildlife who threatened the sanctity of the Northern wilderness; they argued for increased government legislative controls and, paradoxically, the controlled exploitation of caribou in ranches or organized hunts. This article argues that all of these images of the Northern caribou had a profound influence on the federal government's wildlife policy in the region through the early part of the 20th century. Indeed, the federal government's restriction of native hunting rights through legislative reform and their tentative efforts to establish reindeer and caribou ranches can be traced directly to the cultural representations of the Northern landscape that appeared in the earliest natural history surveys of the Canadian North.
The Trope of the Organic City
Authors: Gibson Timothy A.
Published: October 2003

Across the nation, the desire to reverse histories of urban decline has led city officials to plow public subsidies into big-ticket, privately controlled downtown redevelopment projects. But what determines the scope of public involvement in downtown redevelopment? Drawing on a larger study of Seattle development politics, this article argues that impersonal economic pressures alone do not determine the scope of public subsidies to downtown developers and retailers. Instead, the discursive context surrounding the decision to subsidize downtown redevelopment is equally as important. In Seattle, a coalition of retailers and city officials framed the debate over publicly subsidized downtown redevelopment within the confines of an organic trope, where the issue of subsidies was cast as a decision between the “life” and “death” of downtown. This article assesses the political implications of the organic city trope and offers recommendations on how the language of the “living city” can be rearticulated to help create and preserve urban civic space.
A Stroll Through la Boca
Authors: Guano Emanuela
Published: October 2003

Celebrated in local folklore as Buenos Aires' Italian barrio , la Boca is in fact a contested neighborhood where a number of middle-class residents of European origin denounce the presence of a large mestizo underclass as a threat to la Boca's Italianness—especially the passion for the arts, the work ethics, and the family values that allegedly characterized the old, southern European immigrant community. Drawing on de Certeau's theorization of the “stories of the street,” this article explores the discourse and practice through which nostalgic middle-class boquenses spatialize their definition of local heritage, thus seeking to foster consensus over who belongs in the neighborhood and who does not.
Decision-Making Expertise at the Core of Human Resource Development
Authors: Chermack Thomas J.
Published: October 2003

The problem and the solution. Preliminary discussions with human resource development (HRD) professionals revealed opinions that decision making was not within the domain of HRD. On the contrary, this article provides the argument that decision making is a fundamental component of any HRD activity. Furthermore, decision-making expertise is at the core of HRD activity. This article clarifies the connection between decision making and HRD. More specifically, this article outlines the responsibility of HRD professionals to improve their own decision making, to develop decision-making expertise in organizations, and to facilitate good decision making in organizations. Finally, this article outlines the core challenges to effective decision making that constitute the focus of this issue of Advances in Developing Human Resources.
Exogenous and Endogenous Variables in Decision Making and the Implications for HRD Research and Practice
Authors: Torraco Richard J.
Published: October 2003

The problem and the solution. The tendency for decision makers to treat all decision-making variables as external to the decision system-that is, as exogenous variables-overlooks important inputs to the system from sources internal to the decision, endogenous variables. This article distinguishes between these two types of decision-making variables and discusses the need for decision makers to consider both exogenous and endogenous variables in decision making.
Biases in Decision Making and Implications for Human Resource Development
Authors: Korte Russell F.
Published: October 2003

The problem and the solution. Effectively solving problems is a common goal for individuals and organizations, and successful problem solving is dependent on the quality of decisions made along the way. Making decisions to diagnose and direct organizational performance improvement efforts is a continual task throughout the human resource development (HRD) process. However, evidence shows that there is a large gap between theory and practice in effective decision making. In practice, the decision-making process is heavily influenced by the assumptions and biases of the decision makers. This article describes decision-making processes and the many sources of bias that confound decision makers in their attempts to solve problems. Furthermore, it describes the implications of these biases for HRD professionals and suggests ways to minimize the influence of biases in the decision-making process. Attending to the pitfalls of decision-making biases is crucial to improving the success of decisions that drive HRD professionals' efforts.
Report on the Conditions of Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Padovani Cinzia , Tracey Michael
Published: October 2003

In this article, the authors explore the relationship between the philosophical principles on which the institutions of public broadcasting rest and their contemporary conditions. The questions are, In what ways is public service broadcasting (PSB) changing in the contemporary audiovisual environment? How is the contradiction between commercial needs and the public service mission being articulated? Which paradigms are shaping the practices surrounding PSB institutions? To answer these questions, the authors analyzed the trends toward digitalization and funding in selected broadcasters: the British Broadcasting Corporation, Radiotelevisione Italiana, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. After discussing claims that PSB organizations have been enjoying a period of relative stability, the authors conclude that the broadcasters' resilience is mainly due to their readiness to embrace competition and commercialism; as a result, public broadcasters are losing their distinctiveness and purpose. The sidebar details the exemplary conditions of the Italian public service broadcaster.
Bringing Diversity and Activism to Media Education through African American-Centered Pedagogical Cases
Authors: Coleman Robin R. Means
Published: October 2003

This article works to illustrate the manner in which two principal goals of media education can be fulfilled in media instruction. These goals are to create savvy media consumers who are empowered to demystify their mediated worlds and to foster recognition in media consumers that they possess agency to inform their mediated worlds. Toward these ends, the author provides media educators with two case studies—the mediation of Ebonics and the NAACP television boycott—as curricular models. Each case study concludes with suggestions for further inquiry, discussion, and debate. These African American-centered cases also work to evidence how diversity can be brought to media education lessons.
Beyond Boxes and Wires
Authors: Tyner Kathleen
Published: October 2003

Students have high levels of access to digital multimedia tools, yet classroom routines barely tap the potential of digital media for learning. Current uses of nonprint literacy resources employ routine alphabetic literacy practices and fail to fully use some unique characteristics of digital media such as immediacy, archival breadth and depth, interactivity, and the implosion of multiple media texts. Hands-on production is marginalized in elementary and secondary school settings—even when digital literacy tools are abundant. Practices that extend the concept of reading and writing to include the viewing and representing of multimedia texts are necessary if digital literacy is to be integrated across the curriculum. The article presents educational design strategies that can be customized to support the uses of digital literacy tools for learning.
Video Culture
Authors: Niesyto Horst , Buckingham David , Fisherkeller JoEllen
Published: October 2003

This article presents findings from an international research project on the use of video for interculutral youth communication, “VideoCulture.” Young people from different locales of five Western countries produced and exchanged short videotapes on a range of themes, and their responses to each other's productions were recorded and analyzed. A review of the rationale and methodology for the project frames the presentation of two case studies. One study focuses specifically on how young people as media producers learn the “languages” of video production and how they conceptualize their audience. Another study examines issues of reception, in which ideas about a shared sense of “youth experience” and young people's conceptions of their counterparts in other cultures are both playing key roles. A concluding discussion reviews the multiple and interrelated findings of the entire study and the implications they hold for cross-cultural communication, youth media production, audience interpretation, and media education.
Separate Opinion Writing On The United States Courts Of Appeals
Authors: Hettinger Virginia A. , Lindquist Stefanie A. , Martinek Wendy L.
Published: October 2003

In this article, we set ourselves to the task of identifying the determinants of separate opinion writing on the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Utilizing a new institutional theoretical framework, we evaluate a series of hypotheses concerning the connection between separate opinion writing behavior and attitudinal, institutional, and legal factors. Within this broad theoretical framework, we are particularly sensitive to the manner in which judges may advance certain goals through authorship of separate opinions. We find that judges’ policy preferences, case salience, and collegiality norms all affect the likelihood that a judge will write a separate opinion. Our research provides additional support for integrated models of judicial decision-making that take into account institutional, attitudinal, and legal influences on judicial behavior.
Power Shift
Authors: Bowman Ann O’ M. , Krause George A.
Published: October 2003

Much extant research on the distribution of power in the American federal system is drawn from qualitative case studies of particular acts of government. This often limits the empirical testing of generalizable hypotheses. To address this shortcoming, we develop an aggregate time series measure of policy centralization by the U.S. federal government for the 1947-1998 annual period utilizing relevant public laws and executive orders. On a substantive level, the data provide quantitative information regarding the willingness of the national government to delegate policymaking responsibility to state governments. This, in turn, can be used to assess the distribution of powers between governmental levels—a subject that has received little systematic inquiry to date. These measures indicate that although U.S. national government policymaking authority has risen in an overall sense during the postwar period vis-à-vis subnational counterparts, it has not grown monotonically over time. Contrary to existing descriptive accounts, the data also show that neither Nixon nor Reagan’s New Federalism initiatives intended to delegate or decentralize policymaking authority to subnational governments have succeeded in igniting systemic, persistent devolution in American federalism.
Dynamic regulation of Src-family kinases by CD45 in B cells
Authors: Shrivastava Punya , Katagiri Tatsuo , Ogimoto Mami , Mizuno Kazuya , Yakura Hidetaka
Published: October 2003

CD45 is a key protein tyrosine phosphatase regulating Src-family protein tyrosine kinases (Src-PTKs) in lymphocytes; precisely how it exerts its effect remains controversial, however. We previously demonstrated that CD45 negatively regulates Lyn in the WEHI-231 B-cell line. Here we show that negative regulation by CD45 is physiologically significant in B cells and that some CD45 is constitutively associated with glycolipid-enriched microdomains (GEMs), where it inhibits Src-PTKs by dephosphorylating both the negative and the positive regulatory sites. Upon B-cell receptor (BCR) ligation, however, CD45 dissociates from GEMs within 30 seconds, inducing phosphorylation of 2 regulatory sites and activation of Src-PTKs, but subsequently reassociates with the GEMs within 15 minutes. Disruption of GEMs with methyl-β-cyclodextrin results in abrogation of BCR-induced apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells, suggesting GEMs are critical to signals leading to the fate determination. We propose that the primary function of CD45 is inhibition of Src-PTKs and that the level of Src-PTK activation and the B-cell fate are determined in part by dynamic behavior of CD45 with respect to GEMs.
Platelet receptor interplay regulates collagen-induced thrombus formation in flowing human blood
Authors: Siljander Pia R.-M. , Munnix Imke C. A. , Smethurst Peter A. , Deckmyn Hans , Lindhout Theo , Ouwehand Willem H. , Farndale Richard W. , Heemskerk Johan W. M.
Published: October 2003

The platelet glycoproteins (GPs) Ib, integrin α2β1, and GPVI are considered central to thrombus formation. Recently, their relative importance has been re-evaluated based on data from murine knockout models. To examine their relationship during human thrombus formation on collagen type I fibers at high shear (1000 s–1), we tested a novel antibody against GPVI, an immunoglobulin single-chain variable fragment, 10B12, together with specific antagonists for GPIbα (12G1 Fab2) and α2β1 (6F1 mAb or GFOGER-GPP peptide). GPVI was found to be crucial for aggregate formation, Ca2+ signaling, and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, but not for primary adhesion, even with more than 97% receptor blockade. Inhibiting α2β1 revealed its involvement in regulating Ca2+ signaling, PS exposure, and aggregate size. Both GPIbα and α2β1 contributed to primary adhesion, showing overlapping function. The coinhibition of receptors revealed synergism in thrombus formation: the coinhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors with collagen receptors further decreased adhesion and aggregation, and, crucially, the complete eradication of thrombus formation required the coinhibition of GPVI with either GPIbα or α2β1. In summary, human platelet deposition on collagen depends on the concerted interplay of several receptors: GPIb in synergy with α2β1 mediating primary adhesion, reinforced by activation through GPVI, which further regulates the thrombus formation.
LPAM (α4β7 integrin) is an important homing integrin on alloreactive T cells in the development of intestinal graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Petrovic Aleksandra , Alpdogan Onder , Willis Lucy M. , Eng Jeffrey M. , Greenberg Andrew S. , Kappel Barry J. , Liu Chen , Murphy George J. , Heller Glenn , van den Brink Marcel R. M.
Published: October 2003

Lymphocyte Peyer patch adhesion molecule (LPAM) or α4β7 integrin is expressed on lymphocytes and is responsible for T-cell homing into gut-associated lymphoid tissues through its binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM), which is present on high endothelial venules of mucosal lymphoid organs. We found in murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models that recipients of α4β7– donor T cells had significantly less graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) morbidity and mortality compared with recipients of α4β7+ donor T cells. A kinetic posttransplantation analysis of lymphocytes in the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes demonstrated a delayed invasion of lower numbers of α4β7+ T cells in recipients of α4β7– T cells compared with recipients of α4β7+ T cells. Histopathologic analysis of GVHD target organs revealed that recipients of α4β7– T cells developed less GVHD of the intestines and liver, whereas there was no difference in cutaneous and thymic GVHD between recipients of α4β7– or α4β7+ T cells. Finally, we found that in vivo GVT activity of α4β7– donor T cells was preserved. We conclude that the α4β7 integrin is important for the invasion of alloreactive donor T cells into the gut and the subsequent development of intestinal GVHD and overall GVHD morbidity and mortality.
Regulation of MHC class II expression in human T-cell malignancies
Authors: Holling Tjadine M. , Schooten Erik , Langerak Anton W. , van den Elsen Peter J.
Published: October 2003

Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in human activated T cells is under normal circumstances regulated exclusively by the CIITA-PIII subtype of the class II transactivator (CIITA). In this study, we show that the absence of MHC class II expression in leukemic T cells was due to a lack of expression of CIITA, whereas in T-lymphoma cells, expression of CIITA correlated with expression of MHC class II. Interestingly, activation of a CIITA-promoter (P)III–reporter construct was not affected in leukemic T cells. This revealed that the absence of endogenous CIITA expression was not caused by a lack of transcription factors critical for CIITA-PIII activation but suggests the involvement of an epigenetic silencing mechanism. Subsequent analysis showed that the lack of human leukocyte antigen–DR (HLA-DR) expression correlated with hypermethylation of CIITA-PIII in leukemic T-cell lines and in primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and a T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL). Treatment of leukemic T-cell lines with a demethylation agent showed re-expression of CIITA-PIII and HLA-DRA. Furthermore, in vitro methylation of CIITA-PIII and subsequent assessment of CIITA-PIII activity in Jurkat leukemic T cells resulted in reduction of constitutive and CREB-1 (cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP]–response element binding protein 1)–induced promoter activity. Together, these results argue for an important role of DNA hyper-methylation in the control of CIITA expression in leukemic T cells.