bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Augmented P2X response and immunolabeling in dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating skeletal muscle following femoral artery occlusion
Authors: Xing Jihong , Lu Jian , Li Jianhua
Published: January 2013

The responsiveness of sensory neurons to muscle metabolites is altered under the conditions of insufficient limb blood supply in some diseases, such as peripheral artery disease. The purpose of this study was to examine ATP-induced current with activation of purinergic P2X subtypes P2X3 and P2X2/3 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of control limbs and limbs with 24 h of femoral artery occlusion using whole cell patch-clamp methods. Also, dual-labeling immunohistochemistry was employed to determine existence of P2X3 expression in DRG neurons of thin-fiber afferents. DRG neurons from 4- to 6-wk-old rats were labeled by injecting the fluorescence tracer DiI into the hindlimb muscles 4–5 days before the recording experiments. Transient (P2X3), mixed (P2X3 and P2X2/3), and sustained (P2X2/3) current responses to α,β-methylene ATP (a P2X receptor agonist) are observed in small and medium DRG neurons, and size distribution of DRG neurons is similar in control and occluded limbs. However, the peak current amplitude of DRG neuron induced by stimulation of P2X3 and/or P2X2/3 is larger in occluded limbs than that in control limbs. Moreover, the percentage of DRG neurons with P2X3 transient currents is greater after arterial occlusion compared with control. In addition, a rapid desensitization was observed in DRG neurons with transient currents, but not with sustained currents in control and occluded groups. Furthermore, results from immunofluorescence experiments show that femoral artery occlusion primarily augments P2X3 expression within DRG neurons projecting C-fiber afferents. Overall, these findings suggest that 1) greater ATP-induced currents with activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 are developed when hindlimb arterial blood supply is deficient under ischemic conditions and 2) increased P2X3 expression is largely observed in C-fibers of DRG neurons after hindlimb vascular insufficiency.
Do open label blinded outcome studies of novel anticoagulants versus warfarin have equivalent validity to those carried out under double-blind conditions?
Authors: O’Neil William , Welner Sharon , Lip Gregory
Published: January 2013

Recent anticoagulants for stroke prevention in AF have been tested in active comparator controlled studies versus warfarin using two designs: double-blind, double-dummy and prospective randomised, open blinded endpoint (PROBE). The former requires elaborate procedures to maintain blinding, while PROBE does not. Outcomes of double-blind and PROBE designed studies of novel anticoagulants for AF, focusing on warfarin controls, were explored. Major, Phase III warfarin-controlled trials for stroke prevention in AF were identified. Odds ratios (ORs) of key outcomes for active comparators versus VKA and event rates for VKA arms were compared between designs, in context of baseline demographics and inclusion criteria. Identified trials studied five novel anticoagulants in three each of PROBE and double-blind design. For ORs of results across studies and outcomes, there was little pattern differentiating the two designs. Among VKA-control subjects, event rates for the primary outcome (stroke or systemic embolism) in PROBE trials at 1.74 %/year (95% confidence interval: 1.54–1.95) was not significantly different from that in double-blind trials, at 1.88 (1.73–2.03). Among other outcomes, VKA-treated subjects in both trial designs had similar event rates, apart from higher all-cause mortality in ROCKET AF, and lower myocardial infarction rates among the PROBE study patients. Although there are differences in outcome between PROBE and double blind trials, they do not appear to be design-related. The exacting requirements of double-blinding in AF trials may not be necessary.
The endothelial protein C receptor and activated protein C play a limited role in host defense during experimental tuberculosis
Authors: Roelofs Joris J. T. H. , de Vos Alex F. , Wieland Catharina W. , Schouten Marcel , Meijers Joost C. M. , Isermann Berend , van’t Veer Cornelis , Esmon Charles T. , van der Poll Tom , Kager Liesbeth M.
Published: January 2013

The protein C (PC) system is an important regulator of both coagulation and inflammation. Activated PC (APC), together with its receptor the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. During tuberculosis (TB), a devastating chronic pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis, both a local inflammatory reaction characterised by the recruitment of mainly mononuclear cells and the formation of pulmonary granulomas as well as activation of coagulation occurs as part of the host immune response. We investigated the role of EPCR and APC in a mouse model of TB using mice overexpressing EPCR (Tie2-EPCR), mice deficient for EPCR (EPCR−/−), mice treated with APC-inhibiting antibodies and mice overexpressing APC (APChigh) and compared them with wild-type (WT) mice. Blood and organs were harvested to quantify bacterial loads, cellular influxes, cytokines, histopathology and coagulation parameters. Additionally observation studies were performed. Lung EPCR expression was upregulated during experimental TB. No significant differences in bacterial growth were seen between WT and Tie2-EPCR mice. However, Tie2-EPCR mice had decreased pulmonary coagulation activation, displayed an increased influx of macro-phages 2 and 6 weeks after infection, but no increase in other proin-flammatory markers. On the other hand, in EPCR−/−-mice coagulation activation was decreased 6 weeks post-infection, with little impact on other inflammation markers. APC-overexpression or treatment with anti-(A)PC antibodies displayed minimal effects during experimental TB. In conclusion, EPCR and APC play a limited role in the host response during experimental pulmonary TB.
The Biblical Prohibition Against Tattooing
Authors: Huehnergard John , Liebowitz Harold
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a context of pagan mourning practices (Lev 19:27,28) it is assumed that the reason for the prohibition lay in its association with such mourning practices. In this paper we explore the broader context of the law in biblical times, and how it was understood in subsequent rabbinic times. We propose that in the biblical period the prohibition was associated with the marking of slaves, and that in the subsequent rabbinic period it was associated with paganism.
Plante Absalom eine Reform der Gerichtsordnung in Israel? (2 Sam 15:2-4)
Authors: Wagner Volker
Published: January 2013

Abstract

A detailed reexamination of the text of 2 Sam 15:2-4 and the inclusion of today’s knowledge of the legal system of pre-exilic Israel deprive the usual criticism of Absalom’s behavior of much of its justification. Absalom probably planned a judicial reform with the goal to extend the judicial authority of the king.
A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan
Authors: DAVIE PETER J.F. , NG PETER K.L.
Published: January 2013

The identity of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), previously considered widespread in the tropical West Pacific re-gion to the eastern Indian Ocean, is revised and found to be a species-complex. Chiromantes obtusifrons is now considered endemic to the Hawaiian Is., and four new species are described from Guam, Taiwan and Christmas Island. Two species live sympatrically in Taiwan. Species separation is based on carapace and frontal shape and granulation, leg proportions, abdominal somite proportions, and distinctive live colouration.
Two New Species of Salamanders, Genus Bolitoglossa (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), from the Eastern Colombian Andes
Authors: ACEVEDO ALDEMAR A. , WAKE DAVID B. , MÁRQUEZ ROBERTO , SILVA KAREN , FRANCO ROSMERY , AMÉZQUITA ADOLFO
Published: January 2013

The salamander fauna of Colombia is very poorly known, probably because most research efforts have been devoted to anurans during the last two decades. Here, we describe two new species of the genus Bolitoglossa (Eladinea) from the eastern flank of the Eastern Colombian Andes (Cordillera Oriental), near the border with Venezuela. Bolitoglossa tamaense sp. nov. is distributed between 2000 to 2700 m.a.s.l. and Bolitoglossa leandrae sp. nov. is distributed in the low-lands at about 600 m. The new species are diagnosed by a combination of molecular (16S rRNA sequences), coloration, body size, and morphometric (number of maxillary and vomerine teeth and differences in foot webbing) characters. Both species face threats such as chytridiomycosis infections and habitat fragmentation that have already affected other sala-manders in the country. Thus, intensive field and museum work is needed to better document and perhaps protect the local salamander diversity.
Description of a new phlebotomine species (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) and new records of sand flies from the State of Acre, northern Brazil
Authors: TELES CAROLINA BIONI GARCIA , FREITAS RUI ALVES , DE OLIVEIRA ARLEY FARIA JOSÉ , OGAWA GUILHERME MAERSCHNER , DE ARAÚJO EDICARLOS ANDRÉ CAVALCANTE , MEDEIROS JANSEN FERNANDES , PESSOA FELIPE ARLEY COSTA , CAMARGO LUÍS MARCELO ARANHA
Published: January 2013

Groundbreaking studies of phlebotomine sand fly populations in Assis Brasil, State of Acre, Brazil, resulted in the collec-tion of 13 new records of phlebotomine sand flies and one previously undescribed species. Lutzomyia naiffi sp. nov. is described here. The new species is similar to Lutzomyia columbiana (Ristorcelli & Van Ty) in measurements and other morphological characters.
Cretevania bechlyi sp. nov., from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae)
Authors: JENNINGS JOHN T. , KROGMANN LARS , MEW STEVEN L.
Published: January 2013

The fossil evaniid wasp Cretevania bechlyi sp. nov., is described based on a well preserved female specimen from Creta-ceous Burmese amber. The new species is placed in the genus Cretevania Rasnitsyn, 1975 based on the elongation of the mid and hind trochantellus, the fore wing venation (e.g. first marginal cell triangular and broad, 2m-cu absent, second sub-marginal cell separated from first discal cell), the shape of the petiole (subcylindrical with distal extension) and other dis-tinct morphological features. Cretevania bechlyi sp. nov. differs from all previously described species in having just 10 flagellomeres (11 in other members of the genus) and in the presence of notauli (absent in other species). The new species represents the first species of Cretevania from Burmese amber and significantly expands the known morphological diver-sity of Mesozoic Evaniidae.
The Impact of Assimilating Dropwindsonde Data Deployed at Different Sites on Typhoon Track Forecasts
Authors: Chen Boyu , Mu Mu , Xiaohao Qin
Published: January 2013

This study investigates the impacts on typhoon track forecasting by the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system of assimilating dropwindsonde observational data acquired from different sites. All of the sonde data were obtained between 2004 and 2009 in the typhoon surveillance program Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region (DOTSTAR). Experiments were conducted to test the model's response to five scenarios involving differing dropwindsonde data inputs: 1) no dropwindsonde data, 2) all available dropwindsonde data, 3) data gathered in sensitive regions identified by the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) approach, 4) data gathered in sensitive regions identified by the first singular vector (FSV) approach, and 5) several sondes selected at random. The results show that using dropwindsonde data based on CNOP sensitivity can lead to improvements in typhoon track forecasting similar to, and occasionally better than, those achieved by assimilating all of the available data. Both approaches offered greater benefits than the other three alternatives averagely. It is proposed that CNOP provides a suitable approach to determining sensitive regions during adaptive observation of typhoons. Similar results may be obtained if the sensitivity products developed using MM5 are employed in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), suggesting that it is applicable to utilize sensitivity produced by MM5 in WRF.
Statistical analysis of monotonic mechanical properties for unidirectional glass fiber (U)/random glass fiber (R)/epoxy hybrid and non-hybrid polymeric composites
Authors: Selmy AI , Azab NA , El-baky MA Abd
Published: January 2013

The aim of this article is to study the variability in tensile, flexural, in-plane shear, and interlaminar shear properties of unidirectional glass fiber (U)/random glass fiber (R)/epoxy hybrid and non-hybrid composite laminates. Six kinds of laminated composites of average thickness 5.5 ± 0.2 mm and total fiber volume fraction ( VfT) = 37% were manufactured using hand lay-up technique and tested under tensile, bending, in-plane shear, and interlaminar shear loading conditions. The failure modes of all test specimens have been recorded and discussed. Two-parameter Weibull distribution function was used to statistically analyze the composite samples experimental results. Weibull graphics were plotted for each sample using experimental monotonic mechanical properties results. The Weibull distribution has also been employed to show both the failure probabilities as well as the scatter in the experimental results for the above mentioned composites. The obtained failure probability graphs for the manufactured composites under different static loading conditions are important tools for helping the designers to understand and choice the suitable material for the required design and development.
Home Sites: The Location(s) of ‘Home’ for Young Men
Authors: Ahmet Akile
Published: January 2013

‘Home’ is a space which occupies multiple sites, with which come multiple sensory experiences. The geographies of ‘home’ as defined beyond the dwelling and fixed notions of home are what has been called ‘stretched’. This paper investigates ‘home’ for 15 young men of mixed race aged 16 to 19 in East London. Through the use of written electronic diaries, interviews and photo-voice it explores how city spaces became mobile sites of belonging and various ‘public’ urban spaces become ‘homelike’ for young men of mixed race.
Visual Impairment in the City: Young People’s Social Strategies for Independent Mobility
Authors: Worth Nancy
Published: January 2013

This article examines the mobility strategies that visually impaired (VI) young people employ as they negotiate their daily lives in the city. In contrast to research which foregrounds difficulties navigating the built environment, the article provides new insights into how VI young people engage with the city as a social space, arguing that VI young people’s goal of achieving ‘unremarkable’ mobility is constrained by an ableist society that constantly marks them out, frustrating goals of independent mobility which are important to young people’s transitions to adulthood. Drawing on young people’s narratives, three mobility strategies of young people are examined: concealing VI with friends, performing VI with white canes and travelling with guide dogs. Each is evaluated for its potential to help VI young people achieve identities as ‘competent spatial actors'.
Providing CEOs With Opportunities to Cheat
Authors: Ndofor Hermann Achidi , Wesley Curtis , Priem Richard L.
Published: January 2013

Opportunities for financial reporting fraud arise because of information asymmetries—often labeled “lack of transparency”—between top managers and their diverse shareholders. We evaluate the relative contributions of information asymmetries arising from industry-level and firm-level complexities to the likelihood of top managers committing financial reporting fraud. Using a sample of 453 matched pairs of firms that have and have not been identified as having committed financial reporting fraud, we found that information asymmetries arising from industry- and firm-level complexities increase the likelihood of financial fraud. Moreover, more CEO stock options increase the likelihood of fraud when industry complexity is high, while aggressive monitoring by the audit committee reduces the likelihood of reporting fraud when firm-level complexity is high.
Emergency Department Visits and Resulting Hospitalizations by Elderly Nursing Home Residents, 2001–2008
Authors: Hsiao Chun-Ju , Hing Esther
Published: January 2013

This study examines emergency department (ED) visits by nursing home (NH) residents aged 65 and over, and factors associated with hospital admission from the ED visit using data from the 2001–2008 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on patient characteristics, diagnosis, procedures received, and triage status. On average, elderly NH residents visited EDs at a rate of 123 visits per 100 institutionalized persons. Nearly 15% of all ED visits had ambulatory care sensitive condition diagnoses. Nearly half of these visits resulted in hospital admission; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, kidney/urinary tract infection, and dehydration were associated with higher odds of admission. Previous studies suggested that adequate medical staffing and appropriate care in the NH could reduce ED visits and hospital admissions. Recent initiatives seek to reduce ED visits and hospitalizations by providing financial incentives to spur better coordination between NH and hospital.
Demystifying Research
Authors: Bair Mary Antony , Enomoto Ernestine K.
Published: January 2013

Despite the need to adopt evidence-based school reform practices, administrators are often stymied by the proliferation of instructional strategies not supported by research data. In this article, misconceptions about research terms are clarified, and sources for reliable studies are suggested. We offer practical guidelines for determining whether findings are credible and relevant for a particular context. By demystifying research, it is hoped school administrators will be encouraged to be critical consumers of research studies when making administrative decisions.
Gender Differences in Diabetes Self-Management Among African American Adults
Authors: Chlebowy Diane Orr , Hood Sula , LaJoie A. Scott
Published: January 2013

The rising incidence of diabetes complications among African Americans is a major health concern. Few studies have addressed gender differences in diabetes self-management in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether gender differences in facilitators and barriers to self-management exist among African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-eight participants were recruited from community agencies and each participated in one of seven audio-recorded focus group sessions. Regular health care visits, positive outlook, prioritization of health, and independence facilitated self-management behaviors in men, whereas acceptance of diabetes was a facilitator for women. Lack of time at work, lack of family support, and lack of knowledge were barriers for men, whereas lack of finances, embarrassment, negative outlook, perceived lack of disease control, and adverse effects of medications were barriers for women. Further research is necessary to design and test gender-specific tailored interventions to improve diabetes self-management in this population.
Pelvic floor muscle exercise for chronic low back pain
Authors: Bi Xia , Zhao Jiangxia , Zhao Lei , Liu Zhihao , Zhang Jinming , Sun Dan , Song Lei , Xia Yun
Published: January 2013

Objective

To assess the effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise in patients with chronic low back pain.

Methods

Adults (aged ≥18 years) with chronic low back pain (with or without radiculopathy) were randomized to undergo either routine treatment (ultrasonography, short wave diathermy and lumbar strengthening exercises; control group) or routine treatment with pelvic floor exercises (intervention group) for 24 weeks. Pain, disability (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] score) and trunk muscle function were assessed at baseline and after completion of treatment.

Results

The study included 47 patients (control group n = 24; intervention group n = 23). Pain severity and ODI scores were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group after 24 weeks. There were no significant between-group differences in trunk muscle function.

Conclusion

Pelvic floor exercise in combination with routine treatment provides significant benefits in terms of pain relief and disability over routine treatment alone.
Clinical significance of protocadherin-8 (PCDH8) promoter methylation in bladder cancer
Authors: Lin Ying-Li , Ma Jian-Hua , Luo Xiang-Li , Guan Tong-Yu , Li Zhi-Gang
Published: January 2013

Objective

To investigate the clinical significance of protocadherin-8 ( PCDH8) promoter methylation in bladder cancer.

Methods

Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the promoter methylation status of PCDH8 in tumour tissue samples obtained from patients with bladder cancer, and in normal bladder epithelial tissue samples obtained from age- and sex-matched control subjects. Methylation status was correlated with demographic, clinical and pathological parameters and disease outcome.

Results

PCDH8 promoter methylation was detected in 76/135 (56.3%) patients with bladder cancer and none of 34 (0%) control subjects. Methylation was significantly associated with advanced stage (T2–T4), high grade (G3), tumour recurrence, larger tumour diameter (>3 cm) and nonpapillary morphology. In addition, methylation was associated with significantly shorter survival time and was an independent predictor of overall survival.

Conclusions

PCDH8 promoter methylation is a common occurrence in bladder cancer, and is associated with malignant behaviour and poor prognosis. Determination of PCDH8 promoter methylation status in tumour tissue may assist in the identification of patients who require aggressive postoperative intervention in order to improve prognosis.
Identification of neutrophil extracellular traps in the blood of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Authors: Hamaguchi Shigeto , Hirose Tomoya , Akeda Yukihiro , Matsumoto Naoya , Irisawa Taro , Seki Masafumi , Hosotsubo Hideo , Tasaki Osamu , Oishi Kazunori , Shimazu Takeshi , Tomono Kazunori
Published: January 2013

Objective

Neutrophils are able to form ‘neutrophil extracellular traps’ (NETs), which they use to trap and kill pathogens such as bacteria and fungi at the foci of infection. This observational study investigated the presence of NETs in the blood from critically ill patients and healthy volunteers.

Methods

Fluorescent triple-colour immunocytochemical analysis of blood smears collected from patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS; associated with various clinical conditions) who had been hospitalized in the intensive care unit, and healthy volunteers, was undertaken to identify NETs in the blood. Blood smears were stained for DNA, histone H1 and neutrophil elastase.

Results

NETs were identified in 10 of 21 (47.6%) blood samples from the study group compared with none of the blood samples from eight healthy volunteers.

Conclusion

These data suggest that fluorescent triple-colour immunocytochemical staining of NETs in the blood could be used to simplify the early identification of critically ill patients with SIRS. Larger studies are required to clarify the pathophysiological role of NETs in this specific patient population.
Interleukin-10 involvement in exposure to low dose of benzene
Authors: Spatari Giovanna , Saitta Salvatore , Giorgianni Concetto , Cristani Maria Teresa , Quattrocchi Paolina , Abbate Adriana , Carrieri Mariella , Ferraro Giorgia , Saija Antonella , Gangemi Sebastiano
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To establish if serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in subjects exposed to benzene are connected with age, working years, and employment age.

Methods:

We evaluated serum levels of IL-10 in 51 employees working in oil refinery (group A) and in 16 office workers who resided in the same area (group B).

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference between serum concentrations of IL-10 in groups A and B. There was a statistically significant dependent relationship in group A between age, working years, and serum concentration of IL-10. There was a statistically significant and positive dependent relationship in group A between serum concentration of IL-10 and employment age.

Conclusions:

The role played by IL-10 in benzene immune suppression may be relevant and attention should be directed toward assessment of age, working years, and employment age in benzene-exposed populations.
Sexual Identity Group Differences in Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Alvy Lisa M. , Hughes Tonda L. , Kristjanson Arlinda F. , Wilsnack Sharon C.
Published: January 2013

Childhood abuse and neglect are pervasive problems among girls and young women that have numerous health consequences. Research suggests that sexual minority women are more likely than heterosexual women to report childhood abuse and neglect, but little is known about which sexual minority women are at greatest risk for these early adverse experiences. Using data from a pooled sample of women in a national probability study and in a large community-based study of sexual minority women designed to replicate the national study’s methodology (pooled n = 953), we investigated rates and characteristics of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect among women from five sexual identity groups. As predicted, heterosexual women reported significantly less childhood abuse and neglect than did women who identified as mostly heterosexual, bisexual, mostly lesbian, or lesbian. We found considerable variability across the sexual minority subgroups, including severity of abuse, highlighting the need for research that distinguishes among these groups. To the extent that differences reported by women in the sample reflect the actual prevalence and severity of abuse experiences, sexual identity group differences in childhood abuse have important clinical and public health implications.
What’s Age Got to Do With It? Partner Age Difference, Power, Intimate Partner Violence, and Sexual Risk in Urban Adolescents
Authors: Volpe Ellen M. , Hardie Thomas L. , Cerulli Catherine , Sommers Marilyn S. , Morrison-Beedy Dianne
Published: January 2013

Adolescent girls with older male main partners are at greater risk for adverse sexual health outcomes than other adolescent girls. One explanation for this finding is that low relationship power occurs with partner age difference. Using a cross-sectional, descriptive design, we investigated the effect of partner age difference between an adolescent girl and her male partner on sexual risk behavior through the mediators of sexual relationship power, and physical intimate partner violence (IPV), and psychological IPV severity. We chose Blanc’s framework to guide this study as it depicts the links among demographic, social, economic, relationship, family and community characteristics, and reproductive health outcomes with gender-based relationship power and violence. Urban adolescent girls ( N = 155) completed an anonymous computer-assisted self-interview survey to examine partner and relationship factors’ effect on consistent condom use. Our sample had an average age of 16.1 years with a mean partner age of 17.8 years. Partners were predominantly African American (75%), non-Hispanic (74%), and low-income (81%); 24% of participants reported consistent condom use in the last 3 months. Descriptive, correlation, and multiple mediation analyses were conducted. Partner age difference was negatively associated with consistent condom use (−.4292, p < .01); however, the indirect effects through three proposed mediators (relationship power, physical IPV, or psychological IPV severity) were not statistically significant. Further studies are needed to explore alternative rationale explaining the relationship between partner age differences and sexual risk factors within adolescent sexual relationships. Nonetheless, for clinicians and researchers, these findings underscore the heightened risk associated with partner age differences and impact of relationship dynamics on sexual risk behavior.
Computational aspects in mechanical modeling of the articular cartilage tissue
Authors: Mohammadi Hadi , Mequanint Kibret , Herzog Walter
Published: January 2013

This review focuses on the modeling of articular cartilage (at the tissue level), chondrocyte mechanobiology (at the cell level) and a combination of both in a multiscale computation scheme. The primary objective is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of conventional models implemented to study the mechanics of the articular cartilage tissue and chondrocytes. From monophasic material models as the simplest form to more complicated multiscale theories, these approaches have been frequently used to model articular cartilage and have contributed significantly to modeling joint mechanics, addressing and resolving numerous issues regarding cartilage mechanics and function. It should be noted that attentiveness is important when using different modeling approaches, as the choice of the model limits the applications available. In this review, we discuss the conventional models applicable to some of the mechanical aspects of articular cartilage such as lubrication, swelling pressure and chondrocyte mechanics and address some of the issues associated with the current modeling approaches. We then suggest future pathways for a more realistic modeling strategy as applied for the simulation of the mechanics of the cartilage tissue using multiscale and parallelized finite element method.
Relation of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio With the Presence and Severity of Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Kaya Ahmet , Kurt Mustafa , Tanboga Ibrahim Halil , Işık Turgay , Günaydın Zeki Yüksel , Kaya Yasemin , Topçu Selim , Sevimli Serdar
Published: January 2013

Objectives:

We examined the association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the complexity of coronary artery disease assessed by SYNTAX score (SS).

Methods:

The study population included patients with chest pain who had undergone coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris. Patients were classified depending on whether the SS was 0 or SS > 0.

Results:

Left ventricular ejection fraction, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and NLR were found to be the independent predictors of high SS in multivariate analysis. The area under the receiver–operating curve of NLR was 0.72 (0.65-0.80, P < .001) for predicting high SS. The optimal cutoff value of NLR to predict high SS was 2.7 (sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 61%). There was a significant correlation between NLR ratio and continuous SS ( r = .552, P < .001).

Conclusion:

The NLR is a readily measurable systemic inflammatory marker and is associated with both the presence and the complexity of coronary artery disease.
Family Health History Communication Networks of Older Adults
Authors: Ashida Sato , Kaphingst Kimberly A. , Goodman Melody , Schafer Ellen J.
Published: January 2013

Older individuals play a critical role in disseminating family health history (FHH) information that can facilitate disease prevention among younger family members. This study evaluated the characteristics of older adults and their familial networks associated with two types of communication ( have shared and intend to share new FHH information with family members) to inform public health efforts to facilitate FHH dissemination. Information on 970 social network members enumerated by 99 seniors (aged 57 years and older) at 3 senior centers in Memphis, Tennessee, through face-to-face interviews was analyzed. Participants shared FHH information with 27.5% of the network members; 54.7% of children and 24.4% of siblings. Two-level logistic regression models showed that participants had shared FHH with those to whom they provided emotional support (odds ratio [OR] = 1.836) and felt close to (OR = 1.757). Network-members were more likely to have received FHH from participants with a cancer diagnosis (OR = 2.617) and higher familiarity with (OR = 1.380) and importance of sharing FHH with family (OR = 1.474). Participants intended to share new FHH with those who provide tangible support to (OR = 1.804) and were very close to them (OR = 2.112). Members with whom participants intend to share new FHH were more likely to belong to the network of participants with higher perceived severity if family members encountered heart disease (OR = 1.329). Many first-degree relatives were not informed of FHH. Perceptions about FHH and disease risk as well as quality of social relationships may play roles in whether seniors communicate FHH with their families. Future studies may consider influencing these perceptions and relationships.
The Days Are Long and the Years Are Short
Authors: Gold Robert S.
Published: January 2013

Among the most memorable lessons I learned from my father was based on a comment he often made when I was young: “The days are long and the years are short.” During a year as President of the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE), there were many days that seemed to go on forever; but in retrospect, the entire year seems to have flown by in the blink of an eye. During this year, SOPHE has accomplished much for its members through its annual meetings, publications, and social media presence. Perhaps as important, SOPHE has continued to make an indelible mark on the profession of health education. Whether by launching new initiatives through its cooperative agreements with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ensuring ongoing training for in-service health educators or by continuing to work on unification of the profession in negotiations with the American Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, SOPHE continues to innovate. There remains much to be done; the challenges continue; and the opportunities are rich for the future of health education.
Do all individuals with sleep apnea suffer from daytime sleepiness? A preliminary investigation
Authors: Fichten Catherine S , Creti Laura , Rizzo Dorrie , Bailes Sally , Baltzan Marc , Amsel Rhonda , Libman Eva
Published: January 2013

We derived descriptive characteristics related to habitual sleep duration and insomnia for individuals newly diagnosed with sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and evaluated how sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, insomnia, depression, and sleep duration relate to sleepiness and fatigue. In total, 100 participants were divided into three sleep groups: short (<7 hours), long (≥8 hours), and midrange (7–7.9 hours). Polysomnography, insomnia, sleepiness, fatigue, depression, and gender were assessed. Half of the participants were short sleepers. They were more likely to have insomnia than midrange or long sleepers and they were more likely to be sleepy than midrange or long sleepers, regardless of insomnia.
‘A lockdown facility … with the feel of a small, private college’: Liberal politics, jail expansion, and the carceral habitus
Authors: Schept Judah
Published: January 2013

While scholarship has identified neoliberalism, punitive and racialized public policy, and a supportive culture of punishment as giving rise to mass incarceration in the United States, little work has examined how communities come to participate in the production of the carceral state. Using an ethnographic case study of a proposed ‘justice campus’, a carceral expansion project in a politically progressive Midwestern city, this article illuminates the capacity of mass incarceration to structure individual and community dispositions and, in doing so, to imbue even oppositional politics. At the same time, communities may adopt, reformulate, and rearticulate the symbolic work and material manifestations of mass incarceration in order to fit specific political-cultural contexts. As such, this article argues that mass incarceration is both more forceful and more subject to diverse and context-specific formulations than has been previously argued. The corporal and discursive inscription of carcerality into individual and community bodies suggests the presence of a carceral habitus and offers one way to comprehend not only mass incarceration’s pervasive presence, but also its hegemonic operations even among and through people and communities who purport to reject it.
Victim–offender mediation in areas characterized by high levels of organized crime
Authors: Mannozzi Grazia
Published: January 2013

Little criminological research exists on the implementation of victim–offender mediation (VOM) in geographical areas characterized by a ‘crisis of legality’ owing to the massive presence of organized crime. The current paper examines why Italy can be seen as a case study, given that VOM has been successfully implemented in Northern Italy whereas it is still struggling in Southern Italy, a regional context deeply affected by organized crime and the Mafia subculture. It hypothesizes that the difficulties and the delays in implementing restorative justice and VOM in Southern Italy may be related to the pre-existing mediatory role played historically by Mafia leaders, which runs parallel to the ‘official’ VOM system. This paper also proposes some working hypotheses concerning the improvement of VOM in areas where criminality is strongly linked to Mafia-type organizations.
Journalism in a state of flux
Authors: Spyridou Lia-Paschalia , Matsiola Maria , Veglis Andreas , Kalliris George , Dimoulas Charalambos
Published: January 2013

The move to a networked media environment presents a range of challenges for journalistic roles, norms and daily practices. This article employs actor network theory to investigate how different actors negotiate and ultimately shape the manner in which the internet and related digital technologies are embedded in the newsroom. Findings suggest that professional culture – articulated in skills, ideas and practices – acts as a network that weakens the potential impact of technology towards innovation and audience-oriented models of journalism. The results point to the conclusion that the internet and related tools are seen as empowering journalists to do their (traditional) jobs better instead of moving on to the next stage built around a stronger commitment to capitalize on the growing sociotechnical potential.
The complexities of convergence
Authors: Wallace Sue
Published: January 2013

This article examines the spread of multiskilling in newsrooms, and whether such practices are enskilling or deskilling journalists. It argues that rather than a simple oppositional definition it would be more fruitful to acknowledge journalists’ varying skill sets according to degree and emphasis. It draws on an ongoing longitudinal study including interviews conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011 with journalists, editors and their managers at three BBC regional newsrooms, where multiskilled work practices have been introduced more rapidly and systematically than in national newsrooms. The study finds that a variety of organizational strategies have been adopted to enable journalists to work across platforms including radio, television and online. Both training and experience are seen as important in upholding skill levels, as well as the need to avoid the ‘decay curve’. Nevertheless, innate ability can be considered crucial too, and may dictate whether a journalist remains grounded in one discipline. Despite a reduction in numbers, the heralded demise of the ‘craftsman specialist’ has not completely come about. However, the spread of multiskilling in combination with a reduction in workforce can add to stresses on journalists, and affect quality of output.
Contribution of vitamin D insufficiency to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Pierrot-Deseilligny Charles , Souberbielle Jean-Claude
Published: January 2013

The contribution of vitamin D insufficiency to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is reviewed. Among the multiple recently discovered actions of vitamin D, an immunomodulatory role has been documented in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in humans. This action in the peripheral immune system is currently the main known mechanism through which vitamin D might influence MS, but other types of actions could be involved within the central nervous system. Furthermore, vitamin D insufficiency is widespread in temperate countries and in patients with MS at the earliest stages of the disease, suggesting that the deleterious effects related to vitamin D insufficiency may be exerted in these patients. In fact, many genetic and environmental risk factors appear to interact and contribute to MS. In genetics, several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (more particularly HLA-DRB1*1501) could favour the disease whereas some others could be protective. Some of the genes involved in vitamin D metabolism (e.g. CYP27B1) also play a significant role. Furthermore, three environmental risk factors have been identified: past Epstein–Barr virus infection, vitamin D insufficiency and cigarette smoking. Interactions between genetic and environmental risk or protective factors may occur during the mother’s pregnancy and could continue during childhood and adolescence and until the disease is triggered in adulthood, therefore possibly modulating the MS risk throughout the first decades of life. Furthermore, some clinical findings already strongly suggest that vitamin D status influences the relapse rate and radiological lesions in patients with MS, although the results of adequately powered randomized clinical trials using vitamin D supplementation have not yet been reported. While awaiting these incontrovertible results, which might be long in coming, patients with MS who are currently in vitamin D insufficiency should be supplemented, at least for their general health status, using moderate doses of the vitamin.
The kinase inhibitor tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: latest findings and clinical potential
Authors: Cutolo Maurizio
Published: January 2013

Macrophages, T and B cells, and neutrophils concentrate mainly into the synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and produce several inflammatory mediators including cytokines. More recently, small molecule inhibitors of signalling mediators which have intracellular targets (mainly in T and B cells) such as the Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases have been introduced in RA treatment. The JAK family consist of four types: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TyK2. In particular, JAK3 is the only JAK family member that associates with just one cytokine receptor, the common gamma chain, which is exclusively used by the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21 critically involved in T and natural killer (NK)-cell development, and B-cell function and proliferation. Tofacitinib is one of the first JAK inhibitors tested and mainly interacts with JAK1 and JAK3. Four phase II (one A and three B dose-ranging) trials in RA patients, lasting from 6 to 24 weeks, achieved significant improvements of American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C-reactive protein level (DAS28-CRP) or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS-ESR; in one study that analysed this), as early as week 2 and sustained at week 24 in two studies. Doses ranged from 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 up to 30 mg and were administered orally twice a day. ACR20 response rates for dosages ≥3 mg were found to be significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) greater than those for placebo in all phase II studies. In general, the major adverse effects included liver test elevation, neutropenia, lipid and creatinine elevation and increased incidence of infections. More recently, RA patients randomly assigned to 5 or 10 mg of tofacitinib twice daily, in both 6- and 12-month phase III trials, achieved a significantly higher ACR20 than those receiving placebo. Adverse events occurred more frequently with tofacitinib than with placebo, and included pulmonary tuberculosis and other serious infections. The balance of efficacy and safety of tofacitinib compared with standard of care therapy is bringing this first orally available biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) a step closer for RA patients.
Carolingian Culture in the North Sea World: Rethinking the Cultural Dynamics of Personal Adornment in Viking-Age England
Authors: Thomas Gabor
Published: January 2013

Boosted by a proliferation in metal-detected finds, categories of personal adornment now constitute a vital archaeological source for interpreting Viking-age cultural interaction in the North Sea region. Previous research in England has explored the potential of this metalwork in relation to the formation of ‘Anglo-Scandinavian’ identity, but without due consideration of a wider spectrum of cultural influences. This article redresses the balance by shifting attention to twenty-eight belt fittings derived from richly embellished baldrics, equestrian equipment, and waist belts manufactured on the Frankish continent during the period of Carolingian hegemony in the later eighth and ninth centuries AD. The metalwork is classified and then contextualized in order to track import mechanisms and to assess the impact of Carolingian culture on the northern peripheries of the Frankish empire. The main conclusion is that the adoption, adaptation, and strategic manipulation of Carolingian/northern Frankish identity formed an embedded component of cultural dynamics in Viking-age England, scrutiny of which sheds new light on patterns of interconnectivity linking peoples of the North Sea world.
A mixed exercise training programme is feasible and safe and may improve quality of life and muscle strength in multiple myeloma survivors
Authors: Groeneveldt Lara , Mein Gill , Garrod Rachel , Jewell Andrew P , Someren Ken Van , Stephens Richard , D’Sa Shirley P , Yong Kwee L
Published: January 2013

Background

Exercise programmes are beneficial for cancer patients however evidence is limited in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer that is characterised by osteolytic bone disease, giving rise to high levels of bone morbidity including fractures and bone pain.

Methods

We conducted a single arm phase 2 study of an exercise programme (EP) as rehabilitation for treated MM patients, to evaluate feasibility, effects on QOL and physiological parameters. Patients were given individualised programmes, comprising stretching, aerobic and resistance exercises, carried out under supervision for 3 months then at home for a further 3 months.

Results

Study uptake was high, 60 of 75 (80%) patients approached consented to the study. Screen failures (11, due to fracture risk and disease relapse) and patient withdrawals (12) resulted in a final 37 patients enrolling on the programme. These 37 patients demonstrated high attendance rates in the supervised classes (87%), and high levels of adherence in home exercising (73%). Patients reported better QOL following the EP, with improvement in FACT-G and Fatigue scores over time from baseline (p<0.01 for both, one-way repeated measures ANOVA) to 6 months. Upper and lower limb strength also improved on the EP, from baseline to 6 months (p<0.01 for both). There were no adverse reactions.

Conclusions

An EP in MM patients is feasible and safe, with high attendance and adherence. Benefits in QOL, fatigue and muscle strength await confirmation in randomized studies, prompting urgent evaluation of the benefits of EP in the rehabilitation of MM patients.