bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Containing Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Environmental Applications
Authors: Kharisov Boris I. , Dias H. V. Rasika , Kharissova Oxana V. , Jimenez‐Perez Victor Manuel , Olvera Perez Betsabee , Munoz Flores Blanca
Published: January 2013

Review: 322 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Commentary on Nanostructured Ferrite Materials: Synsthesis, Properties and Applications
Authors: Ghosh Narendra Nath
Published: January 2013

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Proton Conducting Electrolytes Based on LaScO3
Authors: Gorelov V. P. , Stroeva A. Yu.
Published: January 2013

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of “Controlled Atomic Defects”: Extension to the Ternary Systems
Authors: Rogacheva Elena
Published: January 2013

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Nanofibers as Macro‐Structured Catalytic Support
Authors: Vieira Ricardo
Published: January 2013

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coverage Dependent Adsorption Properties of Atomic Adsorbates on Late Transition Metal Surfaces
Authors: Miller Spencer , Dsilva Carmeline , Kitchin John R.
Published: January 2013

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transfer of Chirality from Ligands to Metal Centers: Recent Examples
Authors: Crassous Jeanne
Published: January 2013

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Reactions of Propargyl Esters, Propargyl Alcohols, and Related Compounds
Authors: Maulron Pablo , Toste F. Dean
Published: January 2013

Review: 198 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxyoxindole, a Potentially Bioactive Molecule
Authors: Kumar Akshay , Chimni Swapandeep Singh
Published: January 2013

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Reduction Reactions
Authors: Corma Avelino , Serna Pedro
Published: January 2013

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Du Yunfei , Mao Deng , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Zhao Kang
Published: January 2013

Review: 153 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized Ionic Liquids for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Application in Catalysis
Authors: Luska Kylie L. , Moores Audrey
Published: January 2013

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic Water Disinfection on Oxide Semiconductors. Part 2. Structure, Functional Properties and Reactivity of Microbial Agents
Authors: Sucher N. J. , Carles M. C. , Nowotny J. , Bak T.
Published: January 2013

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Resolution 1H NMR Spectroscopy of Solids
Authors: Hodgkinson Paul
Published: January 2013

Review: 186 refs.
A note from history: Landmarks in history of cancer, part 5
Authors: Hajdu Steven I. , Darvishian Farbod
Published: January 2013

In the 3 decades from 1910 to 1940, more progress took place in cancer research and the diagnosis and treatment of cancers than during the prior centuries combined. The discovery of several carcinogens, precancerous conditions, and hereditary cancers adduced new thoughts about the genesis of cancers. Even though diagnostic radiology and radiation therapy became apposite specialties, surgery retained its primacy in the treatment of cancer patients. The delineation of new and distinct neoplastic entities, several precancerous lesions, and noninvasive carcinomas as well as the introduction of histopathologic grading of cancers promulgated cogent changes in therapy. Yet, with all the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, very little betterment could be demonstrated in the overall survival of patients, and by the end of the 1930s, cancer became the second most common cause of death in the United States. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Unique inhibitory cascade pattern of molars in canids contributing to their potential to evolutionary plasticity of diet
Authors: Asahara Masakazu
Published: January 2013

Developmental origins that guide the evolution of dental morphology and dental formulae are fundamental subjects in mammalian evolution. In a previous study, a developmental model termed the inhibitory cascade model was established. This model could explain variations in relative molar sizes and loss of the lower third molars, which sometimes reflect diet, in murine rodents and other mammals. Here, I investigated the pattern of relative molar sizes (inhibitory cascade pattern) in canids, a taxon exhibiting a wide range of dietary habits. I found that interspecific variation in canid molars suggests a unique inhibitory cascade pattern that differs from that in murine rodents and other previously reported mammals, and that this variation reflects dietary habits. This unique variability in molars was also observed in individual variation in canid species. According to these observations, canid species have greater variability in the relative sizes of first molars (carnassials), which are functionally important for dietary adaptation in the Carnivora. In conclusion, an inhibitory cascade that differs from that in murine rodents and other mammals may have contributed to diverse dietary patterns and to their parallel evolution in canids.
Regioselective Double Organic Functionalization of Polyoxotungstates through Electrophilic Addition of Aromatic Isocyanates to [P2W17O61(SnR)]7–
Authors: Micoine Kévin , Malacria Max , Lacôte Emmanuel , Thorimbert Serge , Hasenknopf Bernold
Published: January 2013

The direct attachment of several different organic molecules to a single polyoxometalate remains a challenge in the field of functionalized polyoxometalates. In this paper, we show that an organotin‐functionalized Dawson‐type polyoxotungstate [P2W17O61(SnR)]7– reacts with aromatic isocyanates ArNCO to yield new doubly functionalized compounds [P2W17O61(SnR)(CONHAr)]6–. Both organic moieties, Ar and R, can be varied independently; we have tested nine Ar and three R groups. Therefore, this synthetic methodology represents a way to graft two distinct functional molecules directly onto a polyoxometalate.
Analysis of the Experimental Data for Pure and Diluted [FexZn1–x(bbtr)3](ClO4)2 Spin‐Crossover Solids in the Framework of a Mechanoelastic Model
Authors: Chakraborty Pradip , Enachescu Cristian , Hauser Andreas
Published: January 2013

The mechanoelastic model is applied to reproduce the experimental relaxation and thermal transition curves as determined for crystals of pure and diluted {[FexZn1–x(bbtr)3](ClO4)2}∞ [bbtr = 1,4‐di(1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)butane] spin‐crossover systems. In the mechanoelastic model, the spin‐crossover complexes are situated in a hexagonal planar lattice, which is similar to the 2D coordination polymer with (3,6) network topology of [Fe(bbtr)3](ClO4)2. These complexes are linked by springs, which simulate the elastic interactions between them. Owing to the change in volume of the complexes during the spin transition, an elastic force accompanies the switch of every complex. This force propagates through the entire lattice and causes a shift of all molecules in the system and thus results in a new nuclear configuration. First, the ability of the model to reproduce various shapes of thermal transition and relaxation curves in pure compounds is analyzed; these range from gradual to very steep and include hysteresis behavior for the former and from single exponential to sigmoidal or with several steps for the latter. A structural phase transition can also be accounted for by changing the shape of the sample at a fixed temperature from a regular to an elongated hexagon. Furthermore, the effect of adding Zn as a dopant in a mixed crystal series is discussed. The role of dopants on the cluster evolution is also analyzed directly and by using the correlation factor.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines Through an Imino‐Ene Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Bondalapati Somasekhar , Indukuri Kiran , Ghosh Priya , Saikia Anil K.
Published: January 2013

Tetrahydroquinolines have been efficiently synthesized in good yields with excellent stereoselectivity. The reaction between α‐allylic anilines and aldehydes proceeds through an imino‐ene cyclization that is mediated by boron trifluoride–diethyl ether.
Sodium‐dependent transport of ascorbic acid in U937 cell mitochondria
Authors: Azzolini Catia , Fiorani Mara , Cerioni Liana , Guidarelli Andrea , Cantoni Orazio
Published: January 2013

U937 cells exposed to physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) accumulate the reduced form of the vitamin in the cytosol and even further in their mitochondria. In both circumstances, uptake was dependent on Na+‐AA‐cotransport, with hardly any contribution of hexose transporters, which might be recruited to transport the oxidized form of the vitamin. There was an identical linear relationship between the mitochondrial accumulation of the vitamin and the extramitochondrial AA concentration, regardless of whether detected in experiments using intact cells or isolated mitochondria. Western blot experiments revealed expression of both SVCT1 and 2 in plasma membranes, whereas SVCT2 was the only form of the transporter expressed at appreciable amounts in mitochondria. These results therefore provide the novel demonstration of SVCT2‐dependent mitochondrial transport of AA and hence challenge the present view that mitochondria only take up the oxidized form of the vitamin. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(2)149–153, 2013
Calculation of wave‐functions with frozen orbitals in mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. II. Application of the local basis equation
Authors: Ferenczy György G.
Published: January 2013

The application of the local basis equation (Ferenczy and Adams, J. Chem. Phys. 2009, 130, 134108) in mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and quantum mechanics/quantum mechanics (QM/QM) methods is investigated. This equation is suitable to derive local basis nonorthogonal orbitals that minimize the energy of the system and it exhibits good convergence properties in a self‐consistent field solution. These features make the equation appropriate to be used in mixed QM/MM and QM/QM methods to optimize orbitals in the field of frozen localized orbitals connecting the subsystems. Calculations performed for several properties in divers systems show that the method is robust with various choices of the frozen orbitals and frontier atom properties. With appropriate basis set assignment, it gives results equivalent with those of a related approach [G. G. Ferenczy previous paper in this issue] using the Huzinaga equation. Thus, the local basis equation can be used in mixed QM/MM methods with small size quantum subsystems to calculate properties in good agreement with reference Hartree–Fock–Roothaan results. It is shown that bond charges are not necessary when the local basis equation is applied, although they are required for the self‐consistent field solution of the Huzinaga equation based method. Conversely, the deformation of the wave‐function near to the boundary is observed without bond charges and this has a significant effect on deprotonation energies but a less pronounced effect when the total charge of the system is conserved. The local basis equation can also be used to define a two layer quantum system with nonorthogonal localized orbitals surrounding the central delocalized quantum subsystem. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanorods by the Controlling Precipitation Reaction: Application for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on a WO3 Nanorods/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Film Modified Electrode
Authors: Chekin Fereshteh , Bagheri Samira , Bee Abd Hamid Sharifah
Published: January 2013

Tungsten trioxide nanorods (WO3) were prepared by controlling the precipitation reaction of sodium tungstate dehydrates solution and hydrothermal process. The synthesized tungsten trioxide nanorods have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Electrochemical activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on WO3 nanorods / carbon nanotube (WO3/CNT) composite electrocatalyst was first studied in acid solution (0.1 M H2SO4) at room temperature. The overall experimental results revealed that the electrocatalytic activity for HER on WO3/CNT is two order magnitude higher than those obtained with WO3 nanorods and is four times than in the case of commercial WO3 in 0.1 M H2SO4. On the other hand, the kinetic reaction mechanisms were discussed on WO3/CNT electrocatalysts in acid solution for HER. However, the rate‐determining step carries through Tafel reaction on commercial WO3, CNT, WO3 nanorods and WO3/CNT electrocatalysts in acidic solution was introduced.
Decomposition of Sparse Graphs into Forests and a Graph with Bounded Degree
Authors: Kim Seog‐Jin , Kostochka Alexandr V. , West Douglas B. , Wu Hehui , Zhu Xuding
Published: January 2013

For a loopless multigraph G, the fractional arboricity Arb(G) is the maximum of over all subgraphs H with at least two vertices. Generalizing the Nash‐Williams Arboricity Theorem, the Nine Dragon Tree Conjecture asserts that if , then G decomposes into forests with one having maximum degree at most d. The conjecture was previously proved for ; we prove it for and when and . For , we can further restrict one forest to have at most two edges in each component.

For general , we prove weaker conclusions. If , then implies that G decomposes into k forests plus a multigraph (not necessarily a forest) with maximum degree at most d. If , then implies that G decomposes into forests, one having maximum degree at most d. Our results generalize earlier results about decomposition of sparse planar graphs.
Hospitalist Staffing and Patient Satisfaction in the National Medicare Population
Authors: Chen Lena M. , Birkmeyer John D. , Saint Sanjay , Jha Ashish K.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Payers are increasingly holding hospitals accountable for patients' experiences with their care. This may conflict with another trend among US hospitals—greater hospitalist care—as hospitalists may have less familiarity with the history and preferences of their patients compared with primary‐care physicians.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to better understand the relationship between hospitalist care and patients' experiences with their care.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

The setting was 2843 US acute‐care hospitals (bottom tertile or “non‐hospitalist” hospitals: median of 0% of general‐medicine patients cared for by hospitalists; middle tertile or “mixed” hospitals: median of 39.5%; top tertile or “hospitalist” hospitals: median of 76.5%).

PATIENTS

The patients were 132,814 hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries cared for by a general medicine physician in 2009.

MEASUREMENTS

The measurements were hospitalist use, based on Medicare claims data, and patient satisfaction, as measured by the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey.

RESULTS

“Hospitalist” hospitals had better performance on global measures of patient satisfaction than “mixed” or “non‐hospitalist” hospitals (overall satisfaction: 65.6% vs 63.9% vs 63.9%, respectively, P value for difference < 0.001). Hospitalist hospitals performed better in 6 specific domains of care, with the largest difference in satisfaction with discharge compared with mixed or non‐hospitalist hospitals (80.3% vs 79.1% vs 78.1%, P < 0.001). Hospitalist care was not associated with patient satisfaction in 2 domains of care: cleanliness of room and communication with physician.

CONCLUSION

For most measures of patient satisfaction, greater hospitalist care was associated with modestly better patient‐centered care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:126–131. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
A longitudinal examination of role overload and work–family conflict: The mediating role of interdomain transitions
Authors: Matthews Russell A. , Winkel Doan E. , Wayne Julie Holliday
Published: January 2013

Through the lens of boundary theory, we examine whether the relationship between role overload and work–family conflict is explained by the use of interdomain transitions. With a sample of 250 working adults, we examined whether individuals respond to role overload by engaging in interdomain transitions and how the frequency of these transitions influences work–family conflict both concurrently and over time. Results support our expectation that at a given time, interdomain transitions function as an episodic coping mechanism with short‐term costs (greater work–family conflict) and benefits (less role overload). Also, engaging in interdomain transitions was an explanatory variable linking role overload and work–family conflict. We expected that, over time, engaging in interdomain transitions would function as a preventive coping mechanism, serving to reduce role overload. Interestingly though, several of the longitudinal hypotheses were counter to prediction. Our findings provide further evidence for the use of boundary theory in examinations of the work–family interface. Insights on areas within the literature that require further theoretical development are discussed, along with a consideration of the application of emerging methodologies within our empirical designs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of rural household food security: a comparative analysis of African and Asian studies
Authors: Bashir Muhammad Khalid , Schilizzi Steven
Published: January 2013

This paper reviews the determinants of rural household food security in Africa and Asia where more than 88% of the world's undernourished people live. A conceptual model is proposed on the basis of the three widely known components of food security: food availability, accessibility and utilisation. This model is used to select a total of 40 peer‐reviewed studies carried out over the last decade (20 each from Africa and Asia). A meta‐analysis technique is then used to identify which determinants of food security have been highlighted and how well the causality is demonstrated. Food availability is the most studied component in both regions, followed by food accessibility, while food utilisation is the most neglected component in these studies. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of new synthetic PEGylated ferulic acids in comparison with ferulic acid and commercial surfactants on the properties of wheat flour dough and bread
Authors: Nicks François , Richel Aurore , Dubrowski Thomas , Wathelet Bernard , Wathelet Jean‐Paul , Blecker Christophe , Paquot Michel
Published: January 2013

Background

Ferulic acid esterified with poly(ethylene glycol) with three different average molecular weights (200, 400 and 1000 g mol−1) was studied in bread‐making. The effects of these antioxidants on the properties of wheat flour dough and bread were analysed and compared with those obtained with ferulic acid and two commercial surfactants, the diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono‐ and diglycerides and sodium stearoyl lactylate. Farinographic and alveographic methods as well as weight, volume and bread firmness measurements were used for this purpose.

Results

Similar to ferulic acid, when the PEGylated derivatives were implemented in the dough (5000 ppm), it accelerated the breakdown of the dough and decreased its rheological properties. However, the important diminution of loaf volume, observed when dough supplemented with ferulic acid was baked, was avoided. That decrease in volume was related to the inhibition of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) by the unesterified ferulic acid. Moreover, two of the PEGylated ferulic acids even contributed to an increase of loaf volumes (5–6%) and demonstrated crumb softener properties.

Conclusion

The addition of ferulic acid to wheat flour dough caused the inhibition of the yeast, which resulted in decreased bread volume. That effect could be avoid by the esterification of ferulic acid with poly(ethylene glycol). © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Obstructive sleep apnea in children
Authors: Tripuraneni Manasa , Paruthi Shalini , Armbrecht Eric S. , Mitchell Ron B.
Published: January 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To study the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), obesity, behavior, and quality of life.

Study Design

Case‐control study of pediatric OSA documented by polysomnography at a tertiary‐care hospital.

Methods

Caregivers signed a consent document and completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC‐2) and the 18‐item OSA Quality‐of‐Life Survey (OSA‐18) questionnaires. Demographic and polysomnographic data were collected. Children were classified as obese with OSA, normal weight with OSA, or primary snoring ([PS] normal weight, sleep‐disordered breathing, no OSA). The correlation between OSA severity and the degree of obesity as well as behavior and quality of life were compared among the three groups. A P value ≤.05 was considered significant.

Results

Seventy‐three patients were included in the study. Thirty‐five children were obese with OSA (48%), 21 were of normal weight with OSA (29%), and 17 were considered PS (23%). There was no linear correlation between the degree of obesity and OSA severity. Apnea/hypopnea index was significantly higher for OSA‐obese versus OSA‐normal weight children (20.0 vs. 9.0, P = .02). The OSA‐18 total score and BASC‐2 mean score was worse for the OSA‐obese than the OSA‐normal group (P = .01 for both). There was no difference in quality‐of‐life scores or behavioral scores between the OSA‐normal and PS groups.

Conclusions

The degree of obesity does not linearly predict OSA severity in children. Obese children have worse OSA, behavioral problems, and quality of life than normal‐weight children. In normal‐weight children with OSA or PS, behavior and quality‐of‐life scores are similar regardless of the severity of the sleep disorder.

Level of Evidence

3b.
Prospective cohort study of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bastiaens Jesse , Dorfman Benjamin J. , Christos Paul J. , Nirenberg Melissa J.
Published: January 2013

Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are potentially serious side effects of dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD), but prospective data are lacking about their incidence, time course, and risk factors. This work was a 4‐year, prospective cohort study of outpatients with PD and no previous ICDs (N = 164). All subjects treated with a dopamine agonist during the study were followed longitudinally for new‐onset ICDs. Baseline characteristics were compared in groups with (ICD+) and without (ICD−) subsequent ICDs. Forty‐six subjects were treated with a dopamine agonist, including 25 who were newly treated and 21 who received ongoing dopamine agonist therapy. Of these 46 subjects, 18 (39.1%) developed new‐onset ICDs. The timing of ICD onset varied from 3.0 to 114.0 months (median, 23.0) after initiation of dopamine agonist therapy. Baseline demographic characteristics were similar in ICD+ and ICD− groups. At baseline, ICD+ subjects had a greater prevalence of motor complications (61.1% versus 25.0%; P = 0.01) than ICD− subjects, despite comparable total dopaminergic medication usage in both groups (median, 150.0 versus 150.0 levodopa equivalents; P = 0.61). Compared with ICD− subjects, ICD+ subjects had a greater baseline prevalence of caffeine use (100% versus 66.7%; P = 0.007) and higher lifetime prevalence of cigarette smoking (44.4% versus 14.3%; P = 0.04). Peak dopamine agonist doses were higher in ICD+ than ICD− subjects (median 300.0 versus 165.0 L‐dopa equivalents; P = 0.03), but cumulative dopamine agonist exposure was similar in both groups. In summary, the timing of new‐onset ICDs in PD is highly variable. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, caffeine use, motor complications, and higher peak dopamine agonist dosage. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
1,2,3‐Triazole: Multifunktionswerkzeuge für die Peptidchemie
Authors: Empting Martin
Published: January 2013

1,2,3‐Triazole sind nichtnatürliche Bausteine mit bioisosteren Eigenschaften. Sie dienen in der Peptidchemie als effektive Kopplungsschnittstellen für Biomoleküle, um multifunktionale Strukturen aufzubauen.
Und die richtige Antwort ist …
Authors: Schuhen Katrin , Schuhen Michael , Kollmann Fritjof
Published: January 2013

Den Dialog zwischen Dozenten und Studenten zu etablieren, ist schwierig. Eine Software macht nun internetfähige Smartphones oder Netbooks zu bedienerfreundlichen hochschuldidaktischen Werkzeugen.
Struktur stärkt Strategie
Authors: Kühne Andreas
Published: January 2013

Die Art, wie sich technische Abteilungen eines Unternehmens auf das Tagesgeschäft sowie auf mittel‐ und langfristige Projekte ausrichten, muss sich stets der Unternehmensstrategie anpassen. Dabei sind die Erfolgsfaktoren in chemischen Märkten zu beachten.
Longitudinal dynamics of body weight change in the development of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hansen Barbara C. , Newcomb Jennifer D. , Chen Ren , Linden Ellen H.
Published: January 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to test the obesity–type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) link in the context of longitudinal changes in body weight during the progression to diabetes in mature adult nonhuman primates (NHP).

Design and Methods

A colony of 245 adult rhesus monkeys aged 8‐41 years with 179 males were used to define overweight in males as a body weight: ≥13.5 kg or body fat (BF) ≥18% and obesity as ≥16.5 kg or BF ≥27%, and overweight in nonpregnant females was identified as a body weight >8.5 kg or BF >21% and obesity as ≥10.5 kg or BF ≥30%. A subgroup of 48 males (24 T2DM and 24 age‐matched non‐T2DM) males were studied before and following the onset of overt T2DM for the effects of changes in body weight and obesity in inducing this conversion to overt T2DM.

Results

Three years before overt T2DM, mean body weight was 18.4 ± 3.3 kg. The DM‐destined group body weight was 3.2 ± 1.1 kg greater and had a longer duration and greater severity of obesity, with peak body weight reached at 3.2 ± 1.8 years before overt T2DM. At DM onset the two groups did not differ significantly in body weight or adiposity.

Conclusions

The natural progression from pre‐DM to overt T2DM is caused neither by the amount of excess body weight at DM onset nor by the proximate increases in body weight/adiposity during the pre‐DM period of impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity was, however, essential preceding all NHP cases that developed T2DM.
Are our actions aligned With our evidence? The skinny on changing the landscape of obesity
Authors: Dubowitz Tamara , Ghosh‐Dastidar Madhumita (Bonnie) , Steiner Elizabeth , Escarce José J. , Collins Rebecca L.
Published: January 2013

Recent debate about the role of food deserts in the United States (i.e., places that lack access to healthy foods) has prompted discussion on policies being enacted, including efforts that encourage the placement of full‐service supermarkets into food deserts. Other initiatives to address obesogenic neighborhood features include land use zoning and parks renovations. Yet, there is little evidence to demonstrate that such policies effect change. While we suspect most researchers and policymakers would agree that effective neighborhood change could be a powerful tool in combating obesity, we desperately need strong and sound evidence to guide decisions about where and how to invest.
Chemical functionalization strategies for carbon dioxide capture in microporous organic polymers
Authors: Dawson Robert , Cooper Andrew I , Adams Dave J
Published: January 2013

We review the design and use of microporous polymers for pre‐ and post‐combustion capture of CO2. Microporous organic polymers are promising candidates for CO2 capture materials. They have good physicochemical stabilities and high surface areas. Ultrahigh‐surface‐area microporous organic polymers could find use in pre‐combustion capture, while networks with lower surface areas but higher heats of sorption for CO2 might be more relevant for lower pressure, post‐combustion capture. We discuss strategies for enhancing CO2 uptakes including increasing surface area, chemical functionalization to provide high‐enthalpy binding sites and the potential for pore size tuning. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Adaptive back‐stepping sliding mode attitude control of missile systems
Authors: Xia Yuanqing , Lu Kunfeng , Zhu Zheng , Fu Mengyin
Published: January 2013

This paper is devoted to the attitude control of a quaternion missile model, which is nonlinear in aerodynamics with atmospheric moment uncertainties, inertia uncertainties, bounded disturbances and actuator failures. By employing the back‐stepping technique, the corresponding sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the state variables of the closed loop system to converge to a small region of the reference states with the help of the adaptive law by estimating the total uncertainties, and be chatter‐free. Also, simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the control strategy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defense against Sybil attack in the initial deployment stage of vehicular ad hoc network based on roadside unit support
Authors: Park Soyoung , Aslam Baber , Turgut Damla , Zou Cliff C.
Published: January 2013

In this paper, we propose two certificate mechanisms for preventing the Sybil attack in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET): the timestamp series approach and the temporary certificate approach. We focus on an early‐stage VANET when the number of smart vehicles is only a small fraction of the vehicles on the road and the only infrastructure components available are the roadside units (RSUs). Our approach does not require a dedicated vehicular public key infrastructure to certify individual vehicles but RSUs are the only components issuing certificates. The vehicles can obtain certificates by simply driving by RSUs, without the need to pre‐register at a certificate authority. The timestamp series approach exploits the fact that because of the variance of the movement patterns of the vehicles, it is extremely rare that the two vehicles pass by a series of RSUs at exactly the same time points. The vehicles obtain a series of certificates signed by the RSUs, which certify their passing by at the RSU at a certain time point. By exploiting the spatial and temporal correlation between vehicles and RSUs, we can detect the Sybil attack by checking the similarity of timestamp series. In the temporary certificate‐based approach, an RSU issues temporary certificates valid only in a particular area for a limited time. To guarantee that each vehicle is assigned only a single certificate, at the issuance of the first certificate, it is required that the RSU physically authenticate the vehicle. When driving by the subsequent RSUs, however, the certificate can be updated in a chained manner. By guaranteeing that each vehicle is issued a single certificate in a single area, the Sybil attack is prevented. We provide mathematical analysis and simulation for the timestamp series approach. The simulation shows that it works with a small false‐positive rate in simple roadway architecture. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound evaluation of Cesarean scar after single‐ and double‐layer uterotomy closure: a cohort study
Authors: Glavind J. , Madsen L. D. , Uldbjerg N. , Dueholm M.
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To compare residual myometrial thickness (RMT) and size of the Cesarean scar defect after single‐ and double‐layer uterotomy closure following first elective Cesarean section.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 149 women at least 6 months after an uncomplicated, elective Cesarean delivery. Two‐dimensional transvaginal ultrasonographic measures of RMT, scar defect depth, width and length and myometrial thickness adjacent to the scar were compared in 68 women with single‐layer and 81 women with double‐layer closure delivered before and after, respectively, a change in the surgical procedure. Outcomes between the two groups were compared.

Results

Median RMT was 5.8 (interquartile range (IQR), 4.1–7.8) mm in women with double‐layer closure vs 4.6 (IQR, 3.4–6.5) mm in those with single‐layer closure (P = 0.04). Scar defect length was greater in women with single‐layer closure (median, 6.8 (IQR, 4.4–8.5) mm) than in those with double‐layer closure (median, 5.6 (IQR, 3.9–6.8) mm) (P = 0.01). Measurements of defect depth and width, and the proportion of scars with RMT < 2.3 mm were similar in the two groups.

Conclusions

RMT was greater and defect length, but not defect depth and width, was smaller following double‐layer compared with single‐layer closure, which may indicate some limited benefit of double‐layer closure following first elective Cesarean section. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Risk of cytomegalovirus‐associated sequelae in relation to time of infection and findings on prenatal imaging
Authors: Lipitz S. , Yinon Y. , Malinger G. , Yagel S. , Levit L. , Hoffman C. , Rantzer R. , Weisz B.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To determine the outcome of pregnancies with documented fetal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with and without abnormal findings on ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

In this prospective cohort study of pregnant women with documented fetal CMV infection, vertical CMV transmission occurred during the first and second trimesters following primary maternal infection. Patients underwent serial prenatal ultrasound scans and fetal MRI. All neonates underwent ocular fundus examination, ultrasound brain scan and hearing evaluation, and were then followed periodically by a pediatrician.

Results

Primary CMV infection occurred during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy in 71 and 74 patients, respectively. Seven patients (4.8%) decided to terminate pregnancy because of prenatal findings and one neonate died because of CMV complications. Patients with first‐trimester infection had infants with significantly more associated sequelae (either auditory damage or neurodevelopmental disabilities) than did patients with second‐trimester infection (19.7% vs 5.6%, respectively; P = 0.01). Abnormal prenatal findings on ultrasound examination were associated with increased risk of sequelae. When both ultrasound and MRI findings were normal, the rate of sequelae was decreased to 15.6% for first‐trimester infections and to 2.0% for second‐trimester infections, partial hearing loss being the sequela in most cases. In the presence of abnormal ultrasound and/or MRI findings the risk was 25% and 16%, respectively, and in most cases the sequelae were deafness and neurodevelopmental delay. The rate of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in the study group was 11.7% and was not affected by the time of onset of maternal infection. Isolated IUGR was not associated with increased risk of sequelae.

Conclusion

The risk of sequelae is higher following first‐than second‐trimester CMV infection. However, the risk of severe sequelae is significantly reduced in the presence of normal prenatal ultrasound and MRI findings. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrapartum transperineal ultrasound assessment of fetal head progression in active second stage of labor and mode of delivery
Authors: Ghi T. , Youssef A. , Maroni E. , Arcangeli T. , De Musso F. , Bellussi F. , Nanni M. , Giorgetta F. , Morselli‐Labate A. M. , Iammarino M. T. , Paccapelo A. , Cariello L. , Rizzo N. , Pilu G.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To compare longitudinal changes in angle of progression (AoP) and midline angle (MLA) during the active second stage of labor according to the mode of delivery.

Methods

A three‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound volume was acquired in a series of nulliparous women at the beginning of the active second stage (T1) and every 20 min thereafter (T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6). Following delivery, all ultrasound volumes were analyzed and AoP and MLA were measured.

Results

Among 71 women included in the study, 58 underwent spontaneous vaginal delivery (Group A) and 13 underwent operative delivery (Group B) (eight by vacuum extraction and five by Cesarean section). When compared with Group B, Group A had a wider AoP only at T1 (140.0 ± 20.2° vs 122.9 ± 16.7°; P = 0.010) and T2 (149.7 ± 20.7° vs 126.9 ± 17.5°; P = 0.006). MLA was narrower in Group A only at T3 (21.2 ± 11.7° vs 40.8 ± 27.9°; P = 0.043), T4 (18.2 ± 15.0° vs 47.4 ± 29.6°; P = 0.020) and T5 (18.3 ± 6.0° vs 34.7 ± 4.2°; P = 0.034). On stepwise forward multiple logistic regression analysis, both AoP and MLA were independently associated with operative delivery (OR = 0.955 and OR = 1.018, respectively).

Conclusion

Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal head descent in the second stage of labor may play a role in the prediction of the mode of delivery. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Added value of umbilical vein flow as a predictor of perinatal outcome in term small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses
Authors: Parra‐Saavedra M. , Crovetto F. , Triunfo S. , Savchev S. , Parra G. , Sanz M. , Gratacos E. , Figueras F.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To compare umbilical vein (UV) flow with standard Doppler parameters in prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in late‐onset small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) fetuses.

Methods

Umbilical, uterine and middle cerebral arteries, and UV blood flow were evaluated by Doppler before delivery in a cohort of 193 term SGA fetuses. The value of the Doppler parameters to predict risk of emergency delivery for non‐reassuring fetal status and neonatal metabolic acidosis was analyzed.

Results

Fifty‐three (27%) fetuses had non‐reassuring fetal status requiring emergency delivery, whereas 21 (11%) newborns developed neonatal metabolic acidosis. Multivariable analysis showed that significant contributions to prediction of emergency delivery for non‐reassuring fetal status and neonatal metabolic acidosis were provided by middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI) and UV blood flow normalized by fetal weight. Decision tree analysis defined three groups with increasing risk of need for emergency delivery for non‐reassuring fetal status: MCA‐PI > 1.46 (risk 15.6%); MCA‐PI ≤ 1.46 and UV blood flow > 68 mL/min/kg (risk 25%); and MCA‐PI ≤ 1.46 and UV flow ≤ 68 mL/min/kg (risk 53.1%); and two groups with different risks of neonatal metabolic acidosis: UV flow > 68 mL/min/kg or UV flow ≤ 68 mL/min/kg and MCA‐PI > 1.23 (risk ≤ 10%); and UV flow ≤ 68 mL/min/kg and MCA‐PI ≤ 1.23 (risk 39.1%).

Conclusion

The evaluation of UV blood flow with spectral brain Doppler allows better identification of SGA fetuses with late‐onset intrauterine growth restriction at risk of adverse perinatal outcome. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Diaphragmatic hernia: a postnatal complication of anomalous drainage of the umbilical vein
Authors: Jowett V. , Paramasivam G. , Seale A. , Choudhry M. , Yates R. , Gardiner H.
Published: January 2013

The ductus venosus (DV) connects the portal venous system to the inferior vena cava. Rarely, the umbilical venous drainage is anomalous, either connecting to the portal sinus within the liver or having an extrahepatic connection, bypassing the liver and draining to one of a variety of sites, including to the heart directly. Prenatally, there is a recognized association of anomalous umbilical venous drainage with aneuploidy and other structural malformations. The fetus may also develop right heart failure because of unregulated volume loading. We report the postnatal development of diaphragmatic hernia in three fetuses with absent DV and umbilical venous drainage to the right atrium directly in two cases and to the coronary sinus in the third. In all fetuses, the abnormality was well‐tolerated in pregnancy, with only a modest degree of right heart dilatation. All three neonates underwent repair of the diaphragmatic hernia and made a good recovery. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Impact of introducing a national policy for prenatal Down syndrome screening on the diagnostic invasive procedure rate in England
Authors: Morgan S. , Delbarre A. , Ward P.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To evaluate the impact of the introduction of a Down syndrome screening policy in England, including implementation of the first‐trimester combined screening test, on reducing prenatal invasive diagnostic procedure rates.

Methods

All English cytogenetic laboratories were asked to submit data from the fiscal years 2003/2004 until 2011/2012 on all samples received from prenatal invasive procedures, including those that were undertaken following a higher‐risk Down syndrome screening result.

Results

There was a gradual decline in the number of invasive procedures undertaken subsequent to a positive Down syndrome screening result in England, from 36 968 in 2003/2004 to 11 446 in 2008/2009, with only a relatively small subsequent decrease, to 10 215, in 2011/2012. This corresponds to a 72% reduction in the number of referrals received by the cytogenetic laboratories over a 9‐year period and correlates with the national policy of implementing the combined screening test in place of second‐trimester screening, which has reduced the overall screen‐positive rate to 3.1% from an initial level of 6.0%.

Conclusions

Implementation of a national Down syndrome screening policy based on the combined screening test has significantly reduced the number of invasive tests performed. However, as the combined screening test has become the replacement for second‐trimester testing and has been almost completely implemented it appears that improvements in screening using current approaches may have reached their limits. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morbidly adherent placenta: evaluation of ultrasound diagnostic criteria and differentiation of placenta accreta from percreta
Authors: Calì G. , Giambanco L. , Puccio G. , Forlani F.
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of two‐dimensional (2D) gray‐scale and color Doppler and three‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler sonographic criteria for morbidly adherent placenta (MAP), and to identify criteria to help distinguish placenta accreta from placenta percreta.

Methods

We enrolled 187 patients with placenta previa and history of uterine surgery and performed transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound examination for early detection of MAP. With 2D gray‐scale transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography, we investigated loss/irregularity of the echolucent area between the uterus and the placenta (‘clear space’), thinning or interruption of the hyperechoic interface between the uterine serosa and the bladder wall and the presence of turbulent placental lacunae with high‐velocity flow (>15 cm/s). Using transabdominal 3D power Doppler, we evaluated the hypervascularity of the uterine serosa–bladder wall interface and irregular intraplacental vascularization. Ultrasound findings were reviewed against the final diagnosis made during Cesarean section (CS).

Results

MAP was detected on CS in 41 patients. All of them had an anterior placenta previa (34 major and seven minor) and had undergone at least one previous CS. The evaluated sonographic criteria showed good diagnostic performance; in MAP patients at least two out of five criteria were detected, with at most one of the criteria present in patients without MAP. Loss/irregularity of clear space used as a single criterion was responsible for the most false positives, demonstrating a low positive predictive value. Irregular intraplacental vascularization with tortuous confluent vessels affecting the entire width of the placenta, and hypervascularity of the entire uterine serosa–bladder wall interface, were only detected, on 3D power Doppler, in cases of placenta percreta.

Conclusions

The reviewed ultrasound criteria may be useful for the prenatal diagnosis of MAP and to differentiate between placenta accreta and placenta percreta; 3D power Doppler techniques were an important aid in the diagnosis. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placental hyperinflation and the risk of adverse perinatal outcome
Authors: Porat S. , Fitzgerald B. , Wright E. , Keating S. , Kingdom J. C. P.
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To determine the pathological basis and clinical associations of excessively thick placentae observed at second‐trimester ultrasound examination.

Methods

In a retrospective cohort of 19 singleton high‐risk second‐trimester pregnancies noted to have a placental length‐to‐maximum thickness ratio ≤ 2.0, maximum sonographic placental thickness was correlated with clinical outcome, maximum placental thickness after delivery and placental pathological findings. Results were compared with those of an intermediate group of 21 high‐risk pregnancies with normal placental dimensions and a control group of 18 low‐risk pregnancies also with normal placental dimensions. Increased maximum placental thickness (> 28 mm) and abnormal placental deflation following delivery (pathology − sonography difference in maximum placental thickness < −2 mm) were defined by the upper and lower quartile values, respectively, in the control group.

Results

The study group exhibited significantly more adverse outcomes and gross pathological placental features compared with both intermediate and control groups. Despite increased sonographic maximum placental thickness in the study group (median, 55 (range, 40–75) mm compared with both the intermediate group (median, 27 (range, 22–41) mm, P < 0.0001) and the control group (median 26 (range, 23–36) mm, P < 0.0001)), all three groups had similar maximal placental thickness following delivery (study group: median, 24 (range, 10–50) mm vs intermediate group: median, 27 (range, 15–40) mm, P = 0.82 and vs control group: median, 28.5 (range, 18–44), P = 0.42). Pathology − sonography difference in maximum placental thickness in the study group (median, –30 (range, –42 to 0) mm) was significantly greater than that in either the intermediate (median, –2 (range, –11 to 9) mm, P < 0.0001) or the control (median, 1.5 (range, –10 to 18) mm, P < 0.0001) group and was significantly associated with abnormal development of the gas‐exchanging placental villi (distal villous hypoplasia) (P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

Increased second‐trimester sonographic maximum placental thickness represents a pathological finding associated with severe adverse perinatal outcome. This observation is due to overinflation of the intervillous space by maternal blood rather than to adaptive formation of functional placental tissue. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Childhood cognitive development after fetal growth restriction
Authors: Llurba E. , Baschat A. A. , Turan O. M. , Harding J. , McCowan L. M.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To examine the relationship between prenatal umbilical artery (UA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) Doppler findings and cognitive development at 3 and 6 years in low‐birth‐weight children.

Methods

This was a study of 209 low‐birth‐weight (< 10th centile) children born after 28 gestational weeks with UA resistance index (RI) measured within 2 weeks before delivery. Children with normal UA‐ and ICA‐RI were defined as small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) and those with abnormal UA or ICA Doppler findings as having fetal growth restriction (FGR). Cognitive ability at 3 and 6 years' corrected age was assessed using the fourth edition of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS) and compared between SGA and FGR groups. An SBIS score < 85 was considered to indicate delayed development.

Results

The median gestational age at diagnosis of abnormal fetal growth was 36.6 (range, 28–41) weeks. There were 87 (41.6%) children classified as having FGR and 122 (58.4%) as SGA. The mean global SBIS score at 3 years was 109.4 (SD, 22.8) and at 6 years it was 110.5 (SD, 13.9). Overall, 22 (10.5%) children had delayed development at 3 years. Total SBIS scores and individual domain scores did not differ between FGR and SGA groups at 3 or 6 years and similar proportions in each group had delayed development.

Conclusion

Abnormal prenatal UA and ICA Doppler findings are not associated with lower developmental scores in low‐birth‐weight children delivered in the third trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.