bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Career challenges for female managers in Egyptian hotels
Authors: Kattara Hanan
Published: April 2005

Purpose

This paper aims at providing a profile of female managers in Egypt, determining their positions in hotel departments, and investigating the challenges preventing them from reaching the top management positions.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of female managers in five star hotels was randomly selected, followed by an in‐depth interview conducted with 56 female managers. This sample represented 37.6 percent of the total population.

Findings

The results of the study depicted that the majority of female managers were not in situations that would lead them to the positions of general managers. The study detected several factors preventing female managers from reaching the glass ceiling. The stepwise multiple regression showed that 35.5 percent of the variance in the existence of challenges could be explained by four factors; gender discrimination, relationships at work, mentor support and lack of network access.

Research limitations/implications

This study might be considered as a first step in understanding the situation of females in the hospitality industry in the Middle East region. Future studies concerned with different female issues in the industry should be diagnosed.

Originality/value

It is hoped that the results of the study would help alleviate the challenges that female managers face by increasing awareness, and illustrating the predominance of several factors prohibiting females’ advancement within the hospitality industry. It is prospected that the study findings will not only be of academic concern, but will also be beneficial for industry leaders and practitioners in practical application.
Modeling the influence of multiple expiration dates on revenue generation in the supply chain
Authors: Huq Faizul , Asnani Sanjay , Jones Vernon , Cutright Ken
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Inventory control models for perishable products have primarily used a FIFO issuing policy with the objective of minimizing the number of outdated units. This paper aims to develop a model to evaluate an issuing policy for a single product with a fixed shelf life in single echelon inventory system. The issuing policy considers the remaining shelf life of the in‐stock inventory and the expected time that the product will spend in inventory as the decision driver.

Design/methodology/approach

The model developed has an objective of maximizing expected revenue over time with a budget constraint. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to iteratively arrive at the best solution to the formulation. The heuristic is tested by employing a simulation model of the system.

Findings

The proposed heuristic is tested against both the FIFO and the random allocation approaches and found to be superior for all the in‐stock with remaining shelf life distribution means of above 40 percent. No significant performance differences were found for the three approaches for remaining shelf life distribution.

Research limitations/implications

The research is focused on a single product with multiple expiration dates and further research is necessary to determine the best policies for the multi‐product multi‐expiration date environment where the items are substitutable..

Practical implications

Retailers stock items with multiple expiration dates. The customer, for obvious reasons, is more likely to choose the item with the longer remaining shelf life. Therefore, the supply to the retailer's shelves and issuing policies for making available the particular items to the customers affect product outdating and related costs. Revenues will be affected by the extent to which more can be charged for items with a longer remaining shelf life or by the impact of the remaining shelf life on demand. This paper provides for a practical approach to that end.

Originality/value

The proposed issuing policy has not been tested before and thus makes a contribution to the body of knowledge. The flexibility of using different values for acquisition costs, selling prices, salvage value and penalty functions is a particular strength of the proposed model. Moreover, its potential application to inventory control problems for a wide range of perishable products is substantial.
Purchasing social responsibility and firm performance
Authors: Carter Craig R.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how socially responsible supply management activities, a term labeled purchasing social responsibility (PSR) in the extant literature, affect a firm's costs. There has been much debate, and mixed empirical findings, regarding whether socially responsible behavior on the part of companies improves or reduces firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey methodology and structural equation modeling are used to assess the relationship between PSR and supplier performance, including the mediating role of organizational learning. The theoretical scope is developed through an integration of literature from logistics, corporate social responsibility, the resource‐based view of the firm, and organizational learning.

Findings

No direct relationship is found between PSR and costs; however, organizational learning and supplier performance act as key, mediating variables between PSR and costs, with PSR leading to organizational learning, improved supplier performance, and ultimately reduced costs.

Research limitations/implications

The significant mediating roles of organizational learning and supplier performance provide one possible explanation for the past, conflicting findings of studies that have investigated the direct relationship between corporate social responsibility and firm performance.

Practical implications

The findings suggest that PSR not only is the “right thing to do”, but also can lead to significant improvements in supplier performance and costs.

Originality/value

This is the first study to suggest and test the possibility of mediation between social responsibility and firm performance. The research also extends the integration of organizational learning and supply chain management.
Improving supply chain disaster preparedness
Authors: Hale Trevor , Moberg Christopher R.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and regional power outages from the past several years have all highlighted the low levels of disaster preparedness that exist at many firms. Supply chain disruptions caused by external events can have a significant financial and operational impact on firms not properly prepared. Therefore, improving disaster preparedness in supply chains is critical. One critical component of disaster management planning in supply chains is the storage of emergency supplies, equipment, and vital documents that will be needed in times of crisis. The goal of this paper is propose a decision process for establishing an efficient network of secure storage facilities that can effectively support multiple supply chain facilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use the five‐stage disaster management process for supply chains as the framework for a proposed decision process for secure site locations. The decision process combines recommendations from FEMA's Disaster Management Guide with a set cover location model from the location sciences field to help establish a network of secure site locations.

Findings

Storing emergency supplies at every supply chain facility can be cost‐prohibitive. In addition, gaining access to emergency supplies that are stored at each facility may be prevented by some external events, such as fires or hurricanes, because items stored on‐site are destroyed or are inaccessible. Therefore, the proposed secure site selection process can balance operational effectiveness and cost‐efficiency by identifying the minimum number and possible locations of off‐site storage facilities.

Originality/value

One important contribution of the paper is that it combines recent recommendations for disaster preparedness in supply chains with established models in location sciences research to create an interdisciplinary solution to an important supply chain issue. Even though the storage of important documents, equipment, and materials is only one small part of disaster management planning, it is hoped that this model will do its share in helping supply chains become better prepared for the next emergency.
Evaluation of interventions to prevent gender‐based violence among young female apprentices in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Fawole Olufunmilayo I. , Ajuwon Ademola J. , Osungbade Kayode O.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

This intervention project targeted one vulnerable group, female apprentices in Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple interventions aimed at preventing voilence against women (VAW).

Design/methodology/approach

A baseline survey was conducted through face‐to‐face interviews with 350 young women recruited from apprenticeship workshops in Ibadan. The interventions consisted of skills training workshops for apprentices (323), sensitization training for the instructors of apprentices (54), police (30) and judicial officers (25) and the development/distribution of educational materials to reduce the incidence of violence. A follow‐up survey was conducted with 203 apprentices after five months of interventions.

Findings

Improvements were found at follow‐up with respect to knowledge of types of violence and sexual forms of violence (up from 89.4 to 97 percent) (p<0.05), and appreciation of vulnerability to VAW increased (from 77 to 95 percent) (p<0.05). The prevalence of beating dropped from 65.4 to 23 percent. A significantly greater proportion (p<0.05) of the apprentices reported payment for vocation‐related work (8.9 percent compared with 16.4 percent). Only a slight decline was reported in rape (5.7 to 5.4 percent) and sexual harassment (22.9 and 22.7 percent). The proportion of victims of violence who sought redress increased from 40.2 to 72.7 percent.

Research limitations/implications

There is a need for more research into interventions that can reduce violence towards women.

Practical implications

Interventions targeted at female apprentices were effective in reducing the prevalence of forms of violence. The data generated may be useful for practitioners and in guiding policymakers on the regulation of activities in the informal sector. There is a need for more intervention programs for this population.

Originality/value

This paper addresses the needs of a marginalized group about a public health problem which is often denied or covered up.
E‐enterprise security management life cycle
Authors: Shih Stephen C. , Wen H. Joseph
Published: April 2005

Purpose

One of the purposes of this paper is to discuss special security concerns and new challenges at front‐end e‐business and back‐end supply chain operations. An e‐enterprise security management life cycle (eSMLC) is then proposed to ensure the unification and congruity of e‐enterprise security management.

Design/methodology/approach

To demonstrate the practicality of the eSMLC, a case study is presented to depict the application and implementation of the methodology at a leading US heating, ventilating, and air‐conditioning manufacturing company.

Findings

The case study substantiates that the eSMLC methodology can be employed as a unified mechanism to provide central, cohesive control and global visibility. It helps security professionals in the company develop practical steps and sustainable solutions for tackling the unique security challenges arising in an open, unbounded e‐enterprise environment.

Practical implications

Implementing eSMLC can help the security specialists focus on different critical security management jobs in a sequential but interrelated and logical manner. Through the use of eSMLC, in‐depth understanding of the potential environmental risks can be properly acquired. The methodology also helps managers perform a proactive analysis of the consequences of security breaches in relation to risks.

Originality/value

The proposed eSMLC methodology provides a viable foundation for building a secure and manageable computing environment using a recommended set of solutions, processes, procedures, and technologies. eSMLC methodology renders a unified, structured framework which helps develop an actual security plan and solutions and/or improve currently used security standards, practices, and configurations in response to special security requirements and long‐term e‐business needs.
A conceptual model for enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Authors: Marnewick Carl , Labuschagne Lessing
Published: April 2005

Purpose

This article seeks to provide a conceptual model that explains the complexity of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to general and project managers in a non‐technical manner that is easily understood.

Design/methodology/approach

The 4Ps business model serves as a starting‐point to derive the ERP model because most managers are familiar with it and can therefore relate to it with ease. An ERP system is divided into four major components, namely, the software, the customer mindset, change management, and the flow of processes within it. A fifth component, methodology, encircles these four components to ensure that they are integrated and implemented in an organised manner.

Findings

ERP is more than just software. Unless a clear understanding exists of the different components and their integration, ERP projects will continue to be plagued by failure. This model is applicable to any ERP system as it is generic and vendor‐independent and helps in determining the scope of an ERP project.

Research limitations/implications

The suggested model is conceptual in nature and provides a holistic view of ERP. It does not attempt to provide a detailed, step‐by‐step approach for implementing an ERP system.

Originality/value

The conceptual model enables general and project managers to understand ERP systems better without becoming overwhelmed by product or technical detail. This will facilitate the successful implementation of ERP systems, thus ensuring project success and, ultimately, organisational success.
Dimensions of wine region equity and their impact on consumer preferences
Authors: Orth Ulrich R. , McGarry Wolf Marianne , Dodd Tim H.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to identify dimensions of wine equity in terms of benefits sought by consumers in wine.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines dimensions of wine region equity, measured in terms of benefits sought by consumers in wine. A survey was conducted in several US states to identify drivers of preferences and to determine relationships that may exist between those drivers, preferences for wine from a number of origins, and consumer lifestyles.

Findings

The findings suggest that wine region equity originates in six consumer motivational factors. Quality, price, social acceptance, emotional, environmental value, and humane value were found to be strong and significant predictors of consumer preferences for wine from three US states (California, Oregon, Washington) and six countries (Australia, Chile, France, Italy, New Zealand, Spain). Linking those dimensions of region equity to consumer lifestyle, demographic and behavioral variables allows for tailoring marketing communications strategies closely to markets.

Originality/value

Practical applications of this study extend beyond the wine industry and include generalizations for the identification of markets and market segments that react more favorably to specific origins, the identification of equity dimensions to be included in regional umbrella brands, and the identification of lifestyle‐based persuasive communication means and executional cues for specifically targeting selected audiences.
From market entry to new product development in China: Environmental Systems Controls
Authors: Pitta Dennis
Published: April 2005

Purpose

The paper plans to explore the global environment and its implications for new product developers.

Design/methodology/approach

The case was written after in‐depth interviews with company managers.

Findings

The paper provides information and action approaches to new product developers engaged in global marketing.

Research limitations/implications

As with most case studies, the situation, industry response and results are pertinent to this particular company. There may be limitations in generalizing to other industries or other countries.

Practical implications

The paper demonstrates a competitive approach to new product development and marketing strategy. It serves as an example of one technique to compete in industrial marketing.

Originality/value

The case reflects an innovative attempt to increase customer service, decrease cost and increase competitiveness in an industrial setting. The specific techniques and decisions represent a potentially valuable response to global competitiveness.
Learning from collaborative new product development projects
Authors: Kleinsmann Maaike , Valkenburg Rianne
Published: April 2005

Purpose

In an empirical study learning opportunities were identified. Learning opportunities are enablers or disablers for the achievement of shared understanding.

Design/methodology/approach

Actors were interviewed about their communication process. The learning history method was used to analyze and structure the data. From the learning histories learning opportunities were derived. Finally, the learning opportunities were categorized.

Findings

Learning opportunities were found on three levels: the actor, project and company level. They were also joined in six themes. Combining these two patterns showed that learning opportunities are interrelated.

Research limitations/implications

The case study done was retrospective for the actors involved. Therefore, only conclusions could be drawn on the achievement of shared understanding. To be able to say more about the creation of shared understanding, following a NPD project real time would be desirable, in future research.

Practical implications

This study shows the importance for managers of looking across boundaries. Only solving problems integrally within the organization will help to solve problems successfully. Knowing the learning opportunities of a NPD project finished, will help them to improve future projects. The explicit use of storytelling during a NPD project may help to create a learning organization with shared understanding between the actors.

Originality/value

Previous research showed, shared understanding is important, to be able to manage the integration of different knowledge domains. However, these studies do not describe learning opportunities for the achievement of shared understanding, which was done in this study.
Between policy and practice
Authors: Lindell Mats , Stenström Marja‐Leena
Published: April 2005

Purpose

This study considers the recently established higher vocational education reforms with Swedish advanced vocational education (AVE) and Finnish polytechnics in terms of organisational structure, the design of workplace learning, and furthermore, what kind of practical implications these new models of learning at work have resulted in.

Design/methodology/approach

The research strategy includes three main steps. First, a number of domestic research studies, government reports and other policy documents were examined. Secondly, this study brings the most recent national data available. Thirdly, a conceptual framework for cross‐national analysis was developed.

Findings

The results suggest that despite differences which stem from the nations' political, economical and socio‐cultural background, the formal methods engaging educators and representatives of working life are rather similar. However, the general implications are different. While the Swedish AVE has focused more on a principally demand‐led system with de‐centralised planning and design of programmes to fit the specific needs of regional labour markets, the Finnish polytechnics have instead maintained a strong institutional framework, focusing more on research and development issues.

Research limitations/implications

This study has some methodological considerations that need to be addressed. First, there are differences on the curricular level between the two systems. Secondly, although Swedish and Finnish labour markets have developed along similar patterns in terms of industrial sectors and the emergence of labour unions, and employer associations, differences do exist on how these various representatives view the role of training, as well as their requirements for granting work licences and certificates.

Originality/value

Provides evidence that workplace learning can be decided by the complex relationship among the state, labour and capital.
Regions facing their futures
Authors: Godet Michel
Published: April 2005

Purpose

This article aims to treat contemporary economic development from a regional and European perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

The article applies a French prospective (foresight) approach to the issues of employment, decentralization, and privatization as an antidote to the usual discussions of governance and globalization.

Findings

The article stresses the need for simple, appropriable methods and questions designed to help groups start futures exercises. It contrasts key concepts such as corporation and region, governance and its popular definitions to show how collective futures exercises are a vector in regional development and a form of participatory democracy. The focus is on the human factor, i.e. local initiatives, which improve regional dynamics and create strong ties. An appendix outlines current French priorities.

Originality/value

The article appeals to local “actors” to look toward the future together in a participatory, proactive process within regional and broader European frameworks.
The use of ICT in rural firms: a policy‐orientated literature review
Authors: Galloway Laura , Mochrie Robbie
Published: April 2005

Purpose

There is much evidence that information and communication technologies (ICTs) are drivers of economic growth. As a result, government is keen to promote ICT take‐up, particularly where there is economic development need. The rural economy in most countries is regarded as that which requires intervention in order to foster sustainability and development, and there have been many empirical studies of both the value and the use of ICTs in rural areas. These are, however, highly disparate, often being industry‐, country‐ and, indeed, type‐of‐technology‐specific. Aims to draw together the highly eclectic literature on the use of ICTs in rural small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in order to provide an overview of generic issues, relevant to policy.

Design/methodology/approach

Comprises a literature review, based on academic, government and agency publications, and provides commentary on emergent issues, particularly those relating to policy recommendations.

Findings

Finds that there is a lag in rural uptake of ICTs and that the reasons for this include both supply and demand failures. From a policy perspective the review notes that intervention is best directed via a multi‐channel approach.

Originality/value

The value of the paper lies in the provision, for the first time, of a coherent review of findings and implications of the many research studies and informed commentaries on ICT up‐take by SMEs, particularly in rural areas, thus providing a more sound basis for understanding the implications for, and informing, those involved in policy intervention and support.
Why Do Some Democratic Countries Join More Intergovernmental Organizations Than Others?*
Authors: Rey Denis , Barkdull John
Published: April 2005

Objective. This study investigates whether variations in democratic institutions influence foreign policy outcomes. Specifically, it examines whether democracies differ systematically in their inclination to join international organizations.

Methods. The study performs negative binomial estimation analysis of the relationship between IGO membership and variations in democratic structure.

Results. It finds that a more competitive party system and multiple legislative chambers, especially for wealthy and stable Western democracies, contribute to more IGO memberships.

Conclusions. From our findings we infer that consensus democracies adopt a kinder, gentler foreign policy that includes more willingness to participate in multilateral, cooperative international institutions, relying on negotiation and compromise to reach mutually acceptable arrangements for dealing with common problems. This assertion fits with a fundamental Kantian thesis: that the more representative and accountable a society's political institutions are, the more peaceful that society is likely to be.
Black Homeownership: The Role of Temporal Changes and Residential Segregation at the End of the 20th Century*
Authors: Freeman Lance
Published: April 2005

Objective. This study examines how the odds of a black renter becoming a homeowner changed during the 1990s, considering significant policy changes aimed at dismantling discriminatory barriers to nonwhite homeownership during that time period and various housing‐market characteristics, including the level of residential segregation.

Methods. This study uses geocoded data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and from the 1990 and 2000 Censuses to estimate an event‐history model of transition into homeownership for black Americans.

Results. The results of this study suggest that blacks benefited from the changing home‐lending environment and were more likely to become homeowners during the 1990s. These improvements appear to be both absolute and relative to whites. This implies that the policy changes had some success. Nevertheless, blacks were significantly less likely to become homeowners during the study period—even after controlling for a variety of factors known to be associated with homeownership—suggesting that further reforms may be necessary to eradicate disparities in access to homeownership between whites and blacks. The analysis also shows that blacks residing in metro areas with the highest levels of racial isolation were significantly more likely to become homeowners than blacks residing in metro areas with the lowest levels of isolation.

Conclusion. The study results show that the policy reforms of the 1990s likely had a salutary effect on black homeownership. The results also suggest that residential segregation matters to black homeownership in complex ways.
Household Composition, Family Migration, and Community Context: Migrant Remittances in Four Countries*
Authors: Sana Mariano , Massey Douglas S.
Published: April 2005

Objectives. We study migrant remittances among households surveyed in Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, testing expectations derived from the new economics of labor migration (NELM) and from the historic‐structural approach.

Methods. We applied logistic regression analyses to survey data collected by the Mexican Migration Project and the Latin American Migration Project, focusing on the contrast between Mexico and the Dominican Republic.

Results. In Mexico, remittances seem to be associated with the patriarchal traditional family, but in the Dominican Republic we verified the opposite. Receipt of remittances is positively associated with degree of development among Mexican households, but the association is negative in the Dominican Republic. In addition, Mexican remittances are negatively associated with the number of businesses in the local community.

Conclusions. In Mexico, as predicted by NELM, the cohesive patriarchal family ensures the flow of remittances as part of a household strategy of risk diversification. Dominican remittances, however, seem to be mostly determined by lack of opportunities and household need.
Horizontal and vertical prism adaptation are different mechanisms
Authors: Brautaset R. L. , Jennings J. A. M.
Published: April 2005

As part of a study on subjects with convergence insufficiency (CI), their vertical and horizontal vergence adaptation was assessed and compared with age matched controls in order to investigate whether the horizontal adaptation system can be regarded as being independent of the vertical adaptation system. Using a flashed Maddox rod technique horizontal vergence adaptation was found to be reduced in CI subjects whereas no difference could be found in vertical adaptation. These results confirm that the vertical and horizontal adaptation systems can be treated as independent mechanisms.
White lesion in the corneal pigmented ring associated with orthokeratology
Authors: Cheung Sin Wan , Cho Pauline , Cheung Andy
Published: April 2005

The development of the pigmented corneal arc and a white lesion near the inner margin of the arc in a girl wearing overnight orthokeratology (ortho‐k) lenses for myopic control is reported. The girl was examined before and followed up every 6 months after the treatment over a 3‐year period. The initial spherical equivalent refractive error and keratometric readings (flattest/steepest meridians) were −2.37 D and 45.00 D/46.75 D respectively in the right eye and −3.12 D and 45.25 D/46.00 D respectively in the left eye. She was wearing ortho‐k lenses of a four‐zone design made of Boston XO material on a nightly basis. The same lens design was used throughout the monitoring period. Corneal topography showed a rather well‐centred treatment zone but vision varied between visits because of fluctuations in residual refractive error. The corneal condition of each eye was unremarkable except for the presence of the pigmented corneal arc first observed 6 months after the commencement of the treatment. The intensity of the arc did not change over the years in the right eye but increased in the left eye. A faint white lesion within the inner border of the left pigmented arc was first observed at the end of the second year and it became more obvious at the end of the third year. This lesion appears to be similar to those reported in intense Fleischer's rings associated with keratoconus. Although the presence of the arc may have no clinical ramification, the change in the intensity and the development of the white lesion may reflect an increased stress exerted on the cornea with continued ortho‐k lens wear.
Frequency Doubling Technology perimetry and standard automated perimetry in migraine
Authors: Harle Deacon E. , Evans Bruce J. W.
Published: April 2005

The literature suggests that visual field defects may be more common in people who experience migraine. The Humphrey frequency doubling (FDT) visual field instrument selectively examines the magnocellular visual pathway, but has not previously been used to investigate visual function in migraine. In a masked controlled study we compared Humphrey FDT and Humphrey Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm fields of 25 migraine sufferers with 25 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. Although both mean deviation and pattern standard deviation were a little worse in the migraine group, these differences did not reach statistical significance. There were no inter‐eye visual field differences in the migraine group compared with controls. Comparing the mean of all the contrast thresholds in each hemisphere, there were no more inter‐hemifield visual field differences in the migraine group compared with controls. There was no significant difference between the migraine and control groups in intra‐ocular pressures. The visual field parameters were not correlated with the interval since the last migraine headache, the severity of migraine headache, the duration of migraine headache or the number of migraine headaches per annum. In our data, there was no evidence of visual field deficits, a magnocellular deficit, or indications of glaucomatous pathology.
Systemic associations of retinal microvascular signs: a review of recent population‐based studies
Authors: Wong Tien Yin , McIntosh Rachel
Published: April 2005

Retinal microvascular signs, such as generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing, focal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking and retinal haemorrhages, microaneurysms and cotton wool spots, are common fundus findings in the general population, even in individuals without hypertension or diabetes. Recent population‐based studies have provided new insights into the systemic associations and clinical significance of these retinal signs. Studies show that these retinal microvascular signs are strongly associated with elevated blood pressure (BP). Generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing may be associated with markers of inflammation and risk of diabetes and hypertension. Retinal haemorrhages, microaneurysms and cotton wool spots are associated with risk of subclinical and clinical stroke, cognitive impairment, renal dysfunction and cardiovascular mortality, independent of BP and cardiovascular risk factors. A consistent pattern of association between retinal microvascular signs and ischaemic heart disease has not been demonstrated. This suggests that patients with some retinopathy signs (retinal haemorrhages, microaneurysms and cotton wool spots) may benefit from a careful systemic evaluation and, if supported by further research, appropriate risk reduction therapy.
QUALITY OF MEAT PRODUCTS DURING REFRIGERATED AND ULTRA‐CHILLED STORAGE
Authors: SUN SPRING , SINGH R. PAUL , O'MAHONY MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

Standard domestic refrigerators store food between 1 and 5C (33.8–41F). A manufacturer recently developed a refrigerator capable of storing food in the “ultra‐chilled region” (−3 to −7C) and claimed that storage of fresh meat in this region better maintains quality. To understand quality in terms of chemical reaction rates, microbial growth and texture and flavor changes, three common consumer meat products – steak, ground beef patty and salmon – were stored for a selected period of time, as determined by microbial testing, in five refrigerator models with different environmental conditions (constant temperature and temperature fluctuation). At the end of the storage period, consumer panelists assessed the quality of the cooked samples by ranking them according to preference. In addition, instruments were used to measure the color and shear cutting force (for steak only) of each sample. Results from the consumer Ranking R‐Index Test indicate that panelists preferred samples stored under or near ultra‐chilled conditions rather than samples stored under standard refrigerated conditions. The ultra‐chilled samples not only had higher panelist rankings and more favorable comments, but also had lower microbial aerobic plate counts. The instrument readings, however, highly varied and did not correlate well with sensory data.
CULTIVAR AND HARVEST DATE EFFECTS ON FLAVOR AND OTHER QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRIES
Authors: PELAYO‐ZALDÍVAR CLARA , EBELER SUSAN E. , KADER ADEL A.
Published: April 2005

“Aromas,”“Diamante” and “Selva” strawberries were harvested in early and mid‐season and evaluated for quality attributes, flavor components, fermentative metabolites and physiological characteristics. Preference and flavor tests by consumer panels were also conducted. Cultivar variation was greater than harvest date variation as were differences in color, concentrations of anthocyanins, firmness, total soluble solids, sugars, pH, titratable acidity (TA), organic acids and aroma compounds. “Diamante” and “Selva” had higher aroma quality than “Aromas” fruits. The levels of fermentative metabolites were too low to have an impact on the aroma quality. “Diamante” and “Selva” strawberries had better overall flavor quality and were more preferred by consumers than “Aromas.” These differences were consistent over two harvest dates.
DETERMINATION OF SYNTHETIC COLORANTS IN CONFECTIONERY AND INSTANT DRINK POWDERS CONSUMED IN TURKEY USING UV/VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: GÜLER ZEHRA
Published: April 2005

One hundred and forty samples of Turkish confectionery and 96 instant drink powders marketed in Turkey, colored with a single colorant, were analyzed for colorants using both quantitative and qualitative UV/VIS spectrophotometer determinations. Six and five synthetic food colorants were determined in confectionery and instant drink powders, respectively. All the synthetic colorants determined in confectionery, except for Erythrosine, are permitted for use by the Turkish Food Codex and European Community (EC). The permitted colorant levels in 63 (43.7%) of 135 confectionery and in 35 (36.45%) of 96 instant drink powder samples were determined to be higher than the maximum tolerable limit in the Turkish Regulations. Continuous surveillance programs may be warranted to monitor regularly the level of colorant in confectionery and instant drink powder consumed, especially by children.
Topology of Spade Drills for Wood Drilling Operations, Part 1: Spade Drill Point Geometry Definition
Authors: Zhao Hanxin , Ehmann Kornel F.
Published: April 2005

Spade bits, widely and routinely used in the construction industry, have not received any attention in the technical literature, yet there is a pressing need to improve the performance of these bits whose basic design has not changed for decades. To facilitate such improvements, a thorough understanding of the geometric, manufacturing, and cutting mechanics aspects of these tools is necessary. In this two-part paper, the point geometry and manufacturing issues will be discussed. To fundamentally understand the spade drill bit’s behavior, a complete mathematical model of its principal topological elements will be established. In conjunction with this model, the corresponding analytical formulations of the geometry and kinematics of the appropriate manufacturing procedures will also be formulated. In unison, these models will lay the foundation for a methodology and a software package for a detailed geometric analysis of all relevant cutting angle distributions and edge profiles of the spade bit. This will facilitate, at a later point, new point developments rooted in rigorous analytical models.
Parameterized Geometric Design for Complex Helical Drill Point
Authors: Zhang Wei , He Fengbao , Xiong Dilin
Published: April 2005

This paper presents the design method for complex helical drill point. Different from the conventional helical drill point generated by simultaneous rotation and translation of the drill blank, the complex helical drill point is ground by a supplementary swinging. Associated with these movements a series of grinding parameters are defined. There is another set of structural parameters, characteristic values (chisel angle, point angle, and clearance angle) manifesting the behavioral requirements of a drill. Relationships between these two sets of parameters are shown in curves. In accordance with drilling requirements, appropriate grinding parameters can be selected. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by drill point grinding experiment and measurement.
Deformation Analysis of Side-Wall Curl in the Sheet-Metal Forming of Flanged Channels
Authors: Chen Fuh-Kuo , Tseng Pao-Ching
Published: April 2005

The side-wall curl occurring in the sheet-metal forming process of a flanged channel was examined by a proposed theoretical model in the present study. Since the side-wall curl results from the elastic recovery of the plastically deformed sheet metal, the stress distribution produced in the forming process is examined. In the theoretical model, the deformation of the sheet metal drawn over the die shoulder is assumed to be subjected to bending, sliding, and unbending processes, in which only the sliding process contributes to the frictional force. The governing equations derived from the theoretical model were solved by a numerical procedure, and the stress distribution through the sheet thickness was obtained to calculate the side-wall curl. The proposed model was validated by the finite element simulations both quantitatively and qualitatively, and by the experimental data obtained from the published literature qualitatively. By using the proposed model, the effects of the process parameters on the side-wall curl were investigated.
Characterization of the Quasi-static Deformation of LAAG Joints Adhering Machined Steel Surfaces
Authors: De Meter Edward C.
Published: April 2005

Light Activated Adhesive Gripper (LAAG) workholding technology is a means by which a workpiece is held by adhesive joints that can be instantaneously cured or destroyed, on demand. A LAAG joint is the adhesive bond between the gripper pin and workpiece. Due to the novelty of this concept, no knowledge exists with regard to how LAAG joints deform and fail during quasi-static loading. This paper describes an investigation that was carried out to characterize the strength, ductility, and failure modes of a LAAG joint adhering a machined, steel surface subject to axial loading and shear loading.
Quintic Spline Interpolation With Minimal Feed Fluctuation
Authors: Erkorkmaz Kaan , Altintas Yusuf
Published: April 2005

This paper presents a parameterization and an interpolation method for quintic splines, which result in a smooth and consistent feed rate profile. The discrepancy between the spline parameter and the actual arc length leads to undesirable feed fluctuations and discontinuity, which elicit themselves as high frequency acceleration and jerk harmonics, causing unwanted structural vibrations and excessive tracking error. Two different approaches are presented that alleviate this problem. The first approach is based on modifying the spline tool path so that it is optimally parameterized with respect to its arc length, which allows it to be accurately interpolated in real-time with minimal complexity. The second approach is based on scheduling the spline parameter to accurately yield the desired arc displacement (hence feed rate), either by approximation of the relationship between the arc length and the spline parameter with a feed correction polynomial, or by solving the spline parameter iteratively in real-time at each interpolation step. This approach is particularly suited for predetermined spline tool paths, which are not arc-length parameterized and cannot be modified. The proposed methods have been compared to approximately arc-length C3 quintic spline parameterization (Wang, F.-C., Wright, P. K., Barsky, B. A., and Yang, D. C. H., 1999, “Approximately Arc-Length Parameterized C3 Quintic Interpolatory Splines,” ASME J. Mech. Des, 121, No. 3., pp. 430–439) and first- and second-order Taylor series interpolation techniques (Huang, J.-T., and Yang, D. C. H., 1992, “Precision Command Generation for Computer Controlled Machines,” Precision Machining: Technology and Machine Development and Improvement, ASME-PED 58, pp. 89–104; Lin, R.-S. 2000, “Real-Time Surface Interpolator for 3-D Parametric Surface Machining on 3-Axis Machine Tools,” Intl. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 40, No.10, pp. 1513–1526) in terms of feed rate consistency, computational efficiency, and experimental contouring accuracy.
Development of In Situ Fan Curve Measurement for VAV AHU Systems
Authors: Liu M. , Liu G. , Joo I. , Song L. , Wang G.
Published: April 2005

Currently there is no reliable and accurate method available for building pressure control due to the difficulties of accurate airflow measurement. Recently, a fan airflow station was developed that measures the fan airflow using the fan head, fan speed, and fan curve. Both the fan speed and the fan head can be measured accurately using existing sensors and transducers. Therefore, the accuracy of the fan airflow station depends on the accuracy of the fan curve. An experimental method has been developed to determine the in situ fan curve without interrupting the normal system operations. This paper presents the theoretical background, experimental methodology, implementation procedures, and verification results in the laboratory as well as existing buildings.
Rotor Condition Monitoring for Improved Operational Safety of Offshore Wind Energy Converters
Authors: Caselitz Peter , Giebhardt Jochen
Published: April 2005

Background: Due to cost effectiveness and operational safety online monitoring of rotor blades is recommended, especially for offshore wind energy converters. Method of Approach: Statistic evaluation of wind speed and power output of a wind energy converter is used to monitor the overall rotor performance including increased blade surface roughness. Nacelle oscillation spectral analysis methods are applied to monitor the rotor faults mass imbalance and aerodynamic asymmetry. Results: Results of ISET’s research work related to online rotor condition monitoring are presented. A description of the fault effects on the rotor, the sensor and data acquisition equipment and a description of the developed signal processing and fault prediction algorithms are given. The paper also presents results from experiments and field tests. Conclusions: The developed algorithms have been verified due to their monitoring capabilities and suitability in commercial online condition monitoring systems.
Dynamics of Initial Penetration in Drilling: Part 2—Motion Models for Drill Skidding and Wandering With Experimental Verification
Authors: Gong Yongping , Lin Cheng , Ehmann Kornel F.
Published: April 2005

This part of the paper is aimed at the development of models for the drill tip’s transverse and angular motions, the definition of models for establishing the drilled hole’s profile and, by combining these results with the dynamic force models of Part 1, the formulation of the complete model for drill skidding and wandering. An experimental verification of the models concludes the paper. For the development of the drill motion models the drill is simplified as a pretwisted beam subjected to a compressive axial load and radial forces acting on its tip. The governing equations are developed using Hamilton’s principle. Subsequently, the weak form of the governing equation is formulated to facilitate their solution by the finite element method. The corresponding boundary conditions for the motion model are also defined for three drilling phase, i.e., drill skidding, drill wandering and stabilized drilling. Based on the drill tip’s wandering locus and drill rotation, a mathematical model for describing the drilled hole’s profile is developed.
Assembly Fixture Fault Diagnosis Using Designated Component Analysis
Authors: Liu Y. G. , Hu S. J.
Published: April 2005

A new approach to fixture fault diagnosis, designated component analysis (DCA), is proposed for automotive body assembly systems using multivariate statistical analysis. Instead of estimating the fault patterns solely from the process data as in principal component analysis (PCA), DCA defines a set of mutually orthogonal vectors identified from known product/process knowledge to represent fault patterns, estimates their significance from data, and analyzes the correlation among the designated components. Hence, the sheet metal dimensional variation is mathematically decomposed into a series of mutually orthogonal rigid body motions with known patterns. Remaining deflections can be estimated by PCA after rigid body motions have been removed from the data. As a result, the designated components, along with their correlations, facilitate the diagnosis of multiple fixture faults that exist simultaneously and isolate deflections from other variation components. An application example is used to illustrate DCA’s effectiveness and potentials.