bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cecilia Valdés
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

Cecilia Valdés is arguably the most important novel of 19th century Cuba. Written in 1882 by Cirilo Villaverde in exile in New York City, but set in the Havana of the 1830s, the novel recounts a story of the moral, political, and sexual depravity caused by slavery and colonialism. The heroine of the novel, the beautiful light-skinned mulatta named Cecilia, is being pursued by Leonardo, the son of a Spanish slave trader. Unbeknownst to the two, they are the children of the same father. Eventually Cecilia gives in to Leonardo’s advances; she becomes pregnant and gives birth to a baby girl. When Leonardo, who is getting bored with his mistress, agrees to marry a white upper class woman, Cecilia vows revenge. A mulatto friend and suitor of hers kills Leonardo, and Cecilia is thrown into prison as an accessory to the crime. Rich in social and historical detail, Cecilia Valdés opens a window into the intricate problems of race relations in the Caribbean, the interactions between sexual, social, and racial oppression, and the lived experience of colonialism.
Gabriel García Márquez Cienanos de soledad
Authors: Higgins James
Published: October 2023

Because of the unusual circumstances of his upbringing, García Márquez was to experience solitude from an early age. His mother, Luisa, the daughter of one of the region’s long-established families, had married a humble telegraphist, Gabriel Eligio Garcfa, against her parents’ wishes, but to placate them she returned home for the birth of her first child and left the boy behind to be brought up by them. In his grandparents’ large, rambling house, shared by three aunts, he grew up as a solitary little boy among elderly adults. Later experiences were to reinforce the deep-rooted sense of solitude that runs through all his writing.
The Sacred Harlots of One Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: Roses Lorraine Elena
Published: October 2023

Literary Crrtrque s o F Gabriel García Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude frequently describe a dynamic between visionary male and industrious female characters, highlighting an interplay in which men and women pursue distinct objectives within their separate realms: the former live by futuristic dreams, and the latter struggle to keep body and soul together. Mario Vargas Llosa painted a picture early on (1971) of the [Buendia) man as “lord and master of the world” and the woman as “lady and mistress of the hearth,” subservient to her husband and exerting “limited authority over the children” (Vargas Llosa, 505).
Streams Out of Control: The Latin American Plot
Authors: Rincon Carlos
Published: October 2023

Books Ellers in front of the University of Teheran hawk their wares heaped on tables in a bazaar-like atmosphere: “One Hundred Years of Solitude one hundred pages for one hundred tuman.” In the vast spaces of what used to be the Soviet Union, in Samarkanda and in Yerivan, in Tiblisi and in Alma Ata, Gabriel Garcfa Marquez’s novel circulated in magnitisdat, clandestine recorded cassettes that were the oral version of the written samisdat, unofficial, counterofficial.
Military Fantasies
Authors: Prokopowicz Gerald J
Published: October 2023

I n July 1863, at the Pennsylvania crossroads town of Gettysburg, the Union Army of the Potomac under George Gordon Meade won a momentous victory over Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. In three days of intense fighting, Meade’s army inflicted 28,000 Confederate losses, while suffering 23,000 killed or wounded of its own, including three of its seven corps commanders. On the fourth day of the confrontation between the two forces, the battlefield was comparatively quiet. Lee sent a seventeen-mile-long wagon train of wounded men back toward Virginia, but defiantly kept the rest of his troops in place on Seminary Ridge, daring Meade to attack him.
The Bolivian Constitution
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Legislators! As I offer you this draft of a constitution for Bolivia, I am overwhelmed by confusion and trepidation, knowing that I have no talent for making laws. When I consider that the wisdom of all the ages is insufficient to compose a fundamental code of law that is perfect, and that the most enlightened legislator can be the direct cause of human wretchedness and the parody, so to speak, of his own divine ministry, what can I say of the soldier, born among slaves and entombed in the deserts of his country, whose political experience is limited to the sight of captives in chains and their fellow soldiers taking up arms to set them free? I, a legislator? It would be hard to say which is more foolish, your delusion or my acquiescence. I don’t know who will suffer more in this horrible con?ict: you, for the harm you should fear concerning the laws you requested of me, or I, for the opprobrium to which your trust condemns me.
Address to the “Congreso Admirable”: Message to the Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Allow me to congratulate you for this meeting of Congress, which now undertakes the sublime duties of lawgiver for the nation. This is a grand and arduous project, to constitute as a nation a people recently emerged from oppression via anarchy and civil war, and who are ill prepared to receive the healthy reforms to which they have aspired. But the lessons of history, the examples of both the old and the new world, and the experience of twenty years of revolution must serve you as so many beacons placed to guide you through the darkness of the future. I ?atter myself that your wisdom will rise to the task of controlling with a firm hand the passions of the few and the ignorance of the multitudes, consulting when need be the enlightened judgment of sensible men whose good wishes are a precious resource for resolving questions of high policy. Beyond this, you will also discover important guides to action in the very nature of our country, which includes the lofty regions of the Andes and the burning shores of the Orinoco.
Oath Taken in Rome
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

So then, this is the nation of Romulus and Numa, of the Gracchi and the Horaces, of Augustus and Nero, of Caesar and Brutus, of Tiberius and Trajan?1 Here every manner of grandeur has had its type, all miseries their cradle. Octavian masks himself in the cloak of public piety to con- ceal his untrusting character and his bloody outbursts; Brutus thrusts his dagger into the heart of his patron so as to replace Caesar’s tyranny with his own; Antony renounces his claim to glory to set sail on the galleys of a whore; with no projects of reform, Sulla beheads his fellow country- men, and Tiberius, dark as night and depraved as crime itself, divides his time between lust and slaughter. For every Cincinnatus there were a hundred Caracallas, a hundred Caligulas for every Trajan, a hundred Claudiuses for every Vespasian.
Manifesto to the Nations of the World
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

The people of these provinces, after having proclaimed their independence and freedom, were subjugated by an adventurer who—seizing power through usurpation and taking advantage of the consternation caused by an earthquake rendered frightening more through the ignorance and superstition of its victims than through the devastation it produced—invaded the territory, shedding American blood, robbing its inhabitants, and committing horrific atrocities that will appall and move you to sympathy once they have been sufficiently documented and presented for your consideration. Meanwhile, for the purpose of avoiding calumny by our enemies, it is urgent and obligatory to provide you with a preliminary account, succinctly expressed since there is no other way of proceeding given the cur- rent situation to explain our present conduct, in the expectation that it will persuade you to condemn and abhor the conduct of our oppressors and to turn on them as enemies of the human species, authors of the most vicious crimes against justice and human rights, perpetrated shamelessly, and whose wickedness has yet to be punished by the nation in whose name they have shed our blood, savaged our citizens, and desolated our state.
Declaration of Angostura
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Considering that when the Spanish government requests the mediation of the major powers in its effort to reconcile and reestablish its authority over the free and independent people of America, it is urgent that we convey to the world Venezuela’s feelings and decision. That even though these feelings and that decision were embodied in the establishment of the Republic on 5 July 1811 and more specifically since the very first announcements of the proposition of the government of Madrid, it is the obligation of those representing the national government to reiterate them, giving them formal expression in solemn and legal terms. That we are obliged to make this frank and clear declaration not only out of respect and consideration for the major powers but even more urgently to calm the spirits of the citizens of Venezuela.
My Delirium on Chimborazo
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

I was coming along, cloaked in the mantle of Iris, from the place where the torrential Orinoco pays tribute to the God of waters. I had visited the enchanted springs of Amazonia, straining to climb up to the watch- tower of the universe. I sought the tracks of La Condamine and Hum- boldt,11 following them boldly. Nothing could stop me. I reached the glacial heights, and the atmosphere took my breath away. No human foot had ever blemished the diamond crown placed by Eternity’s hands on the sublime temples of this lofty Andean peak. I said to myself: Iris’s rainbow cloak has served as my banner. I’ve carried it through the infernal regions. It has ploughed rivers and seas and risen to the gigantic shoulders of the Andes. The terrain had leveled off at the feet of Colombia, and not even time could hold back freedom’s march.
Manifesto Concerning the Installation of the Constituent Congress, the End of the Dictatorship, and Announcing the End of His Political Career (20 January 1830)
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Colombians! Today I cease to govern you. I have served you for twenty years as soldier and leader.During this long period we have taken back our country, liberated three republics, fomented many civil wars, and four times I have returned to the people their omnipotence, convening personally four constitutional congresses. These services were inspired by your virtues, your courage, and your patriotism; mine is the great privilege of having governed you.
Letter to Sir Richard Wellesley: An Appeal for Support
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

When I had the honor of making your acquaintance in that capital [London], I vowed to satisfy the request you kindly made, to write to you about what I believed worthy of communicating to you. At first I did not wish to abuse your indulgence, and I only took the liberty of intruding on your attention when I judged that the time had come to share with you the most important of the terrible and glorious events that had befallen us. After many victories had been won by the forces under my command, I made so bold as to enter into confidential communication with you. I did that then, but have not presumed a second time to take advantage of a privilege so ?attering to me. Now, for the second time, I take the liberty of addressing my thoughts to you, not to recount fortuitous events but to draw forth the sublime sentiments characteristic of an enlightened and liberal man. I write to you, esteemed friend and gentleman, in the hope that you will use your in?uence on behalf of a world as worthy of compassion for its innocence as it is cruelly persecuted by its enemies.
Thoughts on the Congress to Be Held in Panama
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

The Panama Congress will assemble all the representatives of America and a diplomatic agent of the government of His Britannic Majesty. This Congress seems destined to form the largest, most extraordinary, and most powerful league ever seen on the face of the earth. The Holy Alliance will be inferior in power to this confederation, provided Great Britain chooses to take part in it. The well-being of the human race would benefit immensely from such an alliance, and America and Great Britain would reap extraordinary benefits. Relationships between political entities would be given a code of public law to govern international conduct.
“Plague America with Miseries”
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

I must begin by thanking you for the many kind sentiments you have expressed toward Colombia and toward me throughout your letter. Is there any limit to the debt of gratitude we owe you? I am overwhelmed by all that you have thought and done to sustain the country and the glo-ry of her leader since your arrival among us. The British minister resident in the United States23 honors me excessively when he says that he has hope only for Colombia, because only in Colombia is there a Bolívar. What he does not know is that his physical existence and health are much debilitated and that Bolívar is at death’s door. What you have seen fit to tell me regarding the new plan to name a European prince as successor to my authority does not catch me entire- ly by surprise, because some inkling of this had been communicated to me, though quite mysteriously and somewhat timidly, since my way of thinking is well known.
Method to Be Employed in the Education of My Nephew Fernando Bolívar
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

The education of children should always be appropriate to their age, inclinations, spirit, and temperament. As my nephew is above twelve years of age, he should apply himself to learning modern languages, without neglecting his own. The dead languages should be studied after he has learned the living languages. Geography and cosmography should be the earliest knowledge acquired by a young man. The study of history, like languages, should begin with the contemporary period and then gradually move back in time to the dark ages of fable. It is never too early to begin the study of natural sciences, because they teach us the technique of analysis in everything, moving from the known to the unknown, and in that way we learn to think and reason with logic. But the student’s ability to perform calculation should be kept in mind, for not all are equal in their aptitude for mathematics.
Letters to José Joaquín de Olmedo: Critique of the “Victoria de Junín”
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

A few short days ago I received on the road two of your letters and a poem: The letters are from a politician and a poet, but the poem is from an Apollo. Neither the heat of the tropics, all the fires of Junín and Ayacucho, nor all the lightning bolts sent down by the Father of Manco Capac have ever produced a more intense conflagration in the mind of a mortal. You open fire . .. where no shot has ever been fired before; you scorch the earth with the sparks from the axle and wheels of a chariot of Achilles that never passed through Junín; you take possession of all the characters: you turn me into a Jupiter, Sucre into a Mars, La Mar into an Agamemnon or a Menelaus, Córdova into an Achilles, Necochea into a Patrocles or an Ajax, Miller into a Diomedes, and Lara into a Ulysses.
Brave New Brain Confronting The Burden of Mental Illness
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

Human beings are wondrous, goodly, and beautiful creatures, as Miranda observed in Shakespeare’s magical final play, The Tempest. This play was his farewell to London theater. Shakespeare wrote it in his late forties and then walked away forever, retiring to a quiet life in Stratford-on-Avon.We do not know why. In this last play that he would ever write, he must have wanted to give the world a message that he considered very important. Just as Romeo and Juliet is a great play for teenagers, The Tempest is a great play for grown-ups. It is about lofty and fundamental themes, such as conquering evil with goodness and ignorance with wisdom. It is about love and hope. Because it is both wise and affirmative, it is my favorite play.

Miranda speaks these lines when she sees other human beings for the first time, after a tempest wrecks a ship and the survivors struggle ashore. She has grown up on an isolated island, surrounded only by nonhuman creatures such as the ethereal spirit Ariel and the primal Caliban. Her father, Prospero, is the only human being she has ever seen. By a twist of fate, the survivors include Prospero’s brother,Antonio, who betrayed him and banished him from Milan many years ago. Also among them is a handsome young man, Ferdinand, with whom Miranda falls in love. (Even at almost fifty, Shakespeare still understood the nature of being in love.) Miranda suddenly envisions a brave new world, filled with beautiful and goodly people. The play is about the reconciliation between the estranged brothers and the love that develops between Miranda and Ferdinand.
Mood Disorders Riding The Emotional Roller Coaster
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

Marcia was puzzled. Hal was really acting strange. He was doing things that were completely out of character for him.

Marcia and Hal were getting ready to celebrate their fifteenth wedding anniversary. It had been a great fifteen years.True, Marcia had given birth to two kids and no longer weighed 105 with a 22-inch waist, but she still was a pretty good-looking 112. Hal was the one who should be able to use the pregnancy excuse! On Marcia’s cooking he had ballooned from 140 to 175 and acquired a loveable paunch.

Their fortunes had ballooned as well. Hal was a developer in Santa Fe, and he had a real knack for it. Although the market had leveled a bit during the late 1980s and early 1990s, things had been booming for the last five years. Hal himself had really done well, even during the “soft” times. Hal knew what he was doing and cared about doing it exactly right. People respected his meticulousness. Hal could anticipate better than most, and he worried about all the right details. He could look at 120 acres of land, and where other people saw a wasteland, he could envision roads that took interesting turns to well-sited houses looking at the Jemez or Sangre de Cristo mountains. He wasn’t one of those shoddy developers. He also worried about the community and the environment. People trusted him. They knew he was honest, that he wouldn’t compromise quality or standards to make an extra buck or two. In the wild whirlwind of Santa Fe real estate, a guy like Hal was a community treasure. Lots of locals were selling out to the Almighty Dollar, and carpetbaggers were also coming in from both coasts ... quite literally to capitalize on what could be done in the still unspoiled Southwest.
An Interview with Ernest Hemingway
Authors: Plimpton George
Published: October 2023

The bedroom is on the ground floor and connects with the main room of the house. The door between the two is kept ajar by a heavy volume listing and describing “The World’s Aircraft Engines.” The bedroom is large, sunny, the windows facing east and south letting in the day’s light on white walls and a yellow-tinged tile floor.
Writing History
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

In large, complex societies, like those of ancient Mesoamerica, mythology is a prelude to the story of rulers and their nation’s greatness. The complete account, which may take hours to recite (or read), becomes a history of the world as seen through the eyes of a particular people.

Unfortunately, the screen-fold books that have been preserved from pre-Conquest times do not record any of these extended histories. What remain of the old libraries are mostly almanacs, or ritual calendars-though Mixtec examples do preserve the stories of certain kings, embellished with details borrowed from myth.

The accompanying illustration (see page 177) is of the opening page from one of the Mixtec books, the Codex Nuttall, showing the ruler 8 Wind emerging from the earth at lower right, helped by a companion. The reader moves from this lower right-hand corner straight to the top of the page, then to the left and down to the bottom, and so on, the eye winding across the book from right to left in a snakelike fashion.
Athapascan Variations
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Athapascan territory stretches from the Alaskan interior to within striking distance of the Columbia Basin and the northern Plains. The crest displays, masked dances, and potlatches of the west, with distance, change to the Plains-style vision quests of the south and east. In mythology, too, there is a gradual shift from Eskimo and Northwest Coast influences, as Raven, the trickster-hero of the far west, becomes a villain, then virtually disappears east of the Rockies.
The Dying God
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The idea of a myth age, when people were animals, is taken for granted by storytellers in the Southwest, just as it is along the Northwest Coast and in other regions. For the Pueblos and their immediate neighbors the prehuman condition existed in the underworld before the emergence. In some Zuni versions, for example, the people are said to have crawled like toads when they reached the earth’s surface. The twin war gods made them human by cutting off their tails and horns and slitting their webbed hands to give them fingers.
Culture Heroes and Their Deeds
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Seen from the air as an apparently limitless expanse of green, the Amazon forest, despite inroads, still lives up to its reputation as the world’s last wilderness. The carpet of treetops stretches mile after mile, seemingly broken by nothing but an occasional river. The air is clean. No cities are visible on the horizon, only variations in the weather or perhaps a flock of birds.
This World and Its Beginnings
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

It is told that the Carib of Guyana, when they first arrived on earth from the sky world, could find no food. At that time, manioc, plantains, and all the other crops were growing on a single tree. But only the tapir knew its location. As the people watched the tapir getting fat, they wondered where he was eating. To find out, they sent a woodpecker to spy on him. But the noisy woodpecker could not resist stopping to tap on trees. Aware that he was being followed, the tapir changed direction and slipped away.
Tricksters of the Chaco
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Called Chaco or Gran Chaco, the flat low-lying region centering on western Paraguay takes its name from the old Argentine Quechua word chacu, meaning “hunting ground.” In fact deer, peccary, ostrich, and lesser game were once fairly common in the arid scrubland of the western Chaco. Toward the east, where rivers spread out and form swamps, ducks and other water birds are still plentiful.
When Myths Die
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Indian tribes are not equally rich in myths. Some, such as the Yamana of southern Tierra del Fuego, may have been so far from the mainstream that few myths reached them. Others, such as the Cayapa and the Colorado in the well-connected Northwest region of the continent, evidently have forgotten the myths they once had.
Receptors: Locks for the Addictive Keys
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

As in chapter 2, the reader who is not deeply interested in the basic molecular neuroscience may skip some of the technical matters covered here. It should, nevertheless, prove useful to return to this chapter for technical explanations of some aspects of addiction covered in later chapters.
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

A professional airplane pilot sits in a simulator, the kind used to check the abilities of the men and women who fly for the military and the airlines. The task is to bring an aircraft safely down onto a runway through clouds or fog without being able to see anything outside. As the aircraft descends, the pilot has to watch for the smallest deviations of instruments on the panel, and correct for them quickly with more or less power or with slight movements of the control yoke. A continuous scan of instruments is required to make sure that all aircraft systems are operating correctly. The pilot must consult an approach chart continuously without interrupting the other tasks to which he or she is attending. And while all this is going on, the pilot has to communicate by radio with a controller on the ground and must be prepared to carry out unexpected instructions. Furthermore, if in the pilot’s judgment anything at all seems wrong, an immediate climb must be initiated, rather than gamble on reaching the runway safely.
Three Lessons from the Street
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

The stereotyped drug addict whose image fills the newspapers, magazines, TV screens, and politicians’ speeches is only part—and a small part at that—of ouraddiction problem, as I have pointed out throughout this book. Drug addiction afflicts all economic classes, all educational levels, and all ethnic groups. But although nicotine and alcohol, rather than cocaine and heroin, affect society on the largest scale, it must be acknowledged that the street addict (the ‘‘.junkie”) is a conspicuous reality, one whose very existence frightens and disgusts many citizens. This chapter focuses on some of the problems street addicts present to the larger society. These include the addicts’ criminal activities, difficulties encountered by health professionals in establishing treatment facilities, and intravenous drug use as a major factor in the epidemic spread of AIDS.
New Strategies for Rational Drug Policy
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

What should be the purpose of government policy on addictive drugs? What should we be trying to accomplish, and why? It is certainly in the interest of society as a whole to reduce the amount of damage done by drug addiction. This means preventing youngsters from being drawn into using addictive drugs in the first place. It means cutting down the amount of drug use by people already addicted, improving their physical and mental health, and trying to free them of their addiction. It also means reducing the harm caused to others as a result of drug use by addicts. At the same time, we have to take care that implementing drug policy does not cause more harm to individuals and society than do the drugs themselves. To strike the right balance requires careful, thoughtful analysis, with a recognition that changes come slowly, that there are no quick fixes.
Economics Education
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

We have already discussed in broad terms the differences between economics education and management training. Western Ph.D. programs in economics attempt to turn out graduates who are capable of independent research and who will become faculty members at other institutions, or researchers or executives at consulting firms or government agencies such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, or at international agencies such as the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank—people who will formulate new problems on a conceptual level, who are able to abstract from idiosyncratic elements of problems and concentrate on the essential characteristics, and who will invent new methods of measurement and quantitative analysis. And while I hasten to say that there are many distinguished professors in business schools who do exactly the same, the bulk of the thrust of MBA programs is towards individuals who will occupy positions in business enterprises, where they will have to solve problems in their gory complexity, without abstracting from the details.

The differences in orientation are reflected in notable differences in the required training. To get an MBA usually takes two years, while a Ph.D. normally takes a minimum of four, and more usually five or six years. The requirements for a Ph.D. include a dissertation, which is a substantial piece of independent research, while the MBA degree has no such requirement. It is highly desirable for the faculty that teaches Ph.D. students to have—in addition to a specialty—a general understanding of the economy as a whole, and this desideratum is expressed by the common requirement that Ph.D. candidates qualify in microtheory, macrotheory, econometrics, and usually two additional fields. It seems less important for teachers of MBA students to have as broad a command, and one could have very adequate teachers of, say, finance who do not know much about marketing or accounting; although in western MBA programs broad command over material is common.
Management Training at Universities and Colleges
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

It was clear from the beginning that training efforts directed toward entrepreneurs in small business enterprises would not be sufficient to create an adequate human resource base for the economic transformation that needed to take place in Eastern Europe. Those efforts, discussed in chapter 4, were and are continuing to be important for developing a small business sector, but they did not address the deficiencies in managerial knowledge in large or even medium-sized enterprises. The demands on managers in these are generally more complex than in small ones, and larger size also permits functional specialization, which in turn usually requires greater depth of knowledge. All this seemed to point toward establishing management training programs at universities that would provide in-depth knowledge in a number of specialized areas through programs lasting one to two years. Such programs are the focus of the present chapter.

Each of the Visegrad countries had some institutions devoted to university-level managerial training during the Communist period. The preeminent institution of this type in Poland was the Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie), established in 1906. A number of university-level “academies” of economics also provided training in economics and management in provincial cities (for example, Kraków, Poznań, Wrocław, Katowice). In the Czech Republic, economics and management training were offered by the Prague School of Economics (Vysoká škola ekonomická, now University of Economics), while in Slovakia, the corresponding institution was the Bratislava School of Economics (later promoted to university status). In Hungary, the Budapest University of Economic Sciences (formerly Karl Marx University) was created as an independent institution in 1948 and was the intellectual successor to earlier efforts to teach economics and management at the Budapest Technical University (Müegyetem). In 1999, as a consequence of the policy of consolidating institutions of higher learning, it absorbed the College of Public Administration and became the Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration.
Rembrandt and a Brief History of Connoisseurship
Authors: Sutton Peter C
Published: October 2023

Even if you take only a passing interest in the world of art, you will probably have heard of the recent commotion over Rembrandt. The authorship of some of his best-loved paintings, such as Man in a Golden Helmet in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin and The Polish Rider in the Frick Collection in New York, have been questioned, and the body of his accepted work seems to be shrinking. In point of fact, Rembrandt’s accepted oeuvre has often swelled and contracted, burgeoning to more than 600 paintings in W. R. Valentiner’s revision of Adolf Rosenberg’s catalogue of the paintings (1908) and shriveling to only forty-five works in the eccentric book by John C. van Dyck (1923). However, since the 1970s, the systematic investigations of the Rembrandt Research Project, a team of Dutch scholars, have led to dramatic reassessments of the parameters of Rembrandt’s production; in three volumes surveying his career chronologically to 1642, the team has winnowed the accepted canon. In recent decades, the invaluable work of authors such as Werner Sumowski on Rembrandt’s pupils and associates has also helped bring the master’s production into sharper focus.
“The Authentic Will Win Out”
Authors: Thaw Eugene V , Spencer Ronald D
Published: October 2023

RDS: It’s been said that almost every major picture in the Metropolitan Museum has at least one negative opinion concerning its attribution, but that, nevertheless, there is in the art market a “moving consensus” of recent scholarship about attribution of a given work. Please comment on the idea of consensus in the art market.
The International Foundation for Art Research
Authors: Flescher Sharon
Published: October 2023

The International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR) was established in the late 1960s in the wake of several major art frauds that shook public confidence in the art market. Hearings organized by the attorney general of New York led to landmark legislation, incorporated into the state’s 1968 Arts and Cultural Affairs Law, which offered protection to collectors when purchasing from dealers. But another component of the proposed legislation did not pass: protection of experts from liability when rendering opinions. Then, as now, scholars were reluctant to speak out on issues of authenticity and attribution for fear of litigation. What was needed was an authoritative, objective, notfor-profit organization to serve as a bridge between the public and the specialists. IFAR was created to fill that void. It was set up initially to be a legal and administrative framework wherein the world’s greatest scholars could render opinions on authenticity without fear of liability: opinions would not be presented in the name of the scholar but in that of IFAR.
Museums and Authenticity Issues
Authors: Sachs Samuel , Spencer Ronald D
Published: October 2023

RDS: Would you describe the kinds of authenticity issues that come up in public museums? SS, II: To set a standard of comparison, let me begin with a work at the Frick that poses no authenticity issues whatsoever. Its authenticity cannot possibly be in doubt because its provenance can be tracked from the moment it left the artist’s hand to the moment it came into The Frick Collection: the panels by Fragonard in what is known as the Fragonard Room. These were commissioned from the artist at a known date, delivered to the buyer (who immediately rejected them), and they went back into Fragonard’s own hands. They hung in his house until he died, whence every owner thereafter can be traced minute by minute until Mr. Frick bought them from J. P. Morgan, who had owned and installed them in his house in London. There cannot be any serious doubt about this unbroken provenance. In legal terminology, it would be called a trail of evidence.
Examining the Techniques and Materials of Paintings
Authors: Levenson Rustin S
Published: October 2023

Rustin Levenson is a painting conservator with private studios in New York and Miami. She has been on the painting conservation staff at the National Gallery of Canada and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and has written numerous articles for conservation publications. In 2000, she co-authored Seeing Through Paintings: Physical Examination in Art Historical Studies,a comprehensive study of conservation issues directed to art historians.
Authentication in Court
Authors: Spencer Ronald D
Published: October 2023

Art authentication issues arise initially in the context of numerous private decisions by experts, scholars, dealers, and buyers and sellers. Predominantly relied on, in this context, are connoisseurship, a work’s provenance, and, less frequently, scientific testing. At times, such private decisions are disputed, and the dispute may end up in court. Here, by definition, the ultimate question of authenticity will be determined by judges who are neither experts nor scholars, and who may find other factors persuasive. The Calder case, discussed below, is a dramatic example of this. This case involved a claim (for breach of contract) by buyers (who happened to be art dealers)of a Calder mobile, Rio Nero, that the mobile they purchased was a forgery. Despite the opinion of Klaus Perls, Calder’s American dealer for over twenty years, that the mobile purporting to be Rio Nero was a forgery, a federal judge disagreed, concluding that it was “more likely than not”1 that Rio Nero was “not a forgery” “but the original
The African Writer and the English Language
Authors: Achebe Chinua
Published: October 2023

In June 1962, there was a writers’ gathering at Makerere, impressively styled: “A Conference of African Writers of English Expression.” Despite this sonorous and rather solemn title, it turned out to be a very lively affair and a very exciting and useful experience for many of us. But there was something which we tried to do and failed—that was to define “African literature” satisfactorily.

Was it literature produced in Africa or about Africa? Could African literature be on any subject, or must it have an African theme? Should it embrace the whole continent or south of the Sahara, or just black Africa? And then the question of language. Should it be in indigenous African languages or should it include Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Afrikaans, and so on?
Capital Controls and the World Financial Authority: What Can We Learn from the Indian Experience?
Authors: Nayyar* Deepak
Published: October 2023

At the outset, it is essential to contextualize this exercise in a historical perspective. The reason is simple. India is a special case. For one, less than a decade after independence, India introduced a complex web of controls on trade flows and on other current account transactions. And even if the capital account was a negligible residual, controls were widespread. For another, private capital inflows into, or outflows from, India were no more than a trickle for almost three decades thereafter. Until 1980, concessional development assistance was almost the only form of foreign capital inflows. During the 1980s, India resorted to commercial borrowing in international capital markets and borrowing on commercial terms from nonresident Indians. Other forms of private foreign capital flows came only in the 1990s. Yet, there are several lessons that can be drawn from the Indian experience, particularly because there were extensive capital controls until not so long ago. And, even if private capital flows to some developing countries became significant earlier, such flows to the developing world have witnessed a phenomenal growth beginning in the early 1990s.
Financial Market Liberalization and the Changing Character of Corporate Governance
Authors: Block* Thorsten H
Published: October 2023

We will start by providing different definitions of the nature and scope of corporate governance. Governance issues are conventionally discussed in the con text of principal-agent (PA) models, which presuppose a distinction between ownership (shareholders) and control (managers) (Berle and Means 1932). The agency problem exists because managers might misuse their position, and there are costs associated with prevention of abuse. According to this view of governance, the crucial problem is to subordinate managers’ interest to that of shareholders.
The Influence of the Financial Media over International Economic Policy
Authors: Madrick Jeff
Published: October 2023

In a recent review of books about the Whitewater and Monica Lewinsky allegations, the writer Joan Didion concluded that the Washington political press had become insiders who were now part of the nation’s “permanent professional political class.” The members of the press claimed that they “did not think ideologically,” but Didion shows how they essentially formed a single “narrative” that was antagonistic towards the president, sympathetic towards the special prosecutor, and failed to convey the questionable motives of their news sources. “I had relied on the elves for information at critical junctures-even while they concealed from me their role in bringing the Lewinsky allegations to the Jones lawyers and later to Ken Starr,” wrote the journalist who broke the story. How ever one feels about President Clinton’s transgressions, the inability of prosecutor Kenneth Starr to come up with even a single criminal charge makes the press’s one-sidedness hard to justify.
The Magical Realism of Brazilian Economics How to Create a Financial Crisis by Trying to Avoid One
Authors: Palma* Gabriel
Published: October 2023

In the last two decades there have been four major financial crises in the Third World: the 1982 debt crisis (affecting particularly Latin America, with the Chilean economy the worst hit in the region); the 1994 Mexican crisis (and its repercussions throughout Latin America, especially Argentina, commonly known as the “Tequila effect”); the 1997 East Asian crisis, and lately the Brazilian one (in 1999). The main common characteristic of these financial crises is that the economies most affected were those that had previously undertaken radical processes of financial liberalization. Furthermore, these countries had not only liberalized their capital accounts and domestic financial sectors, but had done so at times of both high liquidity in international financial markets, and slow growth in most OECD economies; i.e., at times when a rapidly growing, highly volatile, and largely under-regulated international financial market was anxiously seeking new high-yield investment opportunities.
Histoplasmosis
Authors: Kauffman Carol A
Published: October 2023

Histoplasmosis, the most common endemic mycosis in the United States, is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii causes African histoplasmosis, which has different clinical manifestations. Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic fungus; in the environment and at temperatures below 35°C, it exists as a mould, and in tissues and at 35°–37°C, as a yeast. In the endemic area, along the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys in the United States, most persons are infected in childhood. The primary site of infection is the lungs following inhalation of the conidia from the environment. The severity of disease is related to the number of conidia inhaled and the immune response of the host; the primary host defense mechanism against H. capsulatum is cell-mediated immunity. Pulmonary infection is asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic in most persons who have been infected; acute severe pneumonia and chronic progressive pulmonary infection also can occur. Asymptomatic dissemination of H. capsulatum to the organs of the reticuloendothelial system occurs in most infected individuals; however, symptomatic acute or chronic disseminated histoplasmosis, which is a life-threatening infection, occurs almost entirely in persons who have deficient cell-mediated immunity. Antifungal therapy is highly effective. For most patients with histoplasmosis, itraconazole, a triazole drug, is the treatment of choice. Histoplasmosis was first described and the organism given its name in 1904 by Samuel Darling, a physician working at the Canal Zone Hospital in Panama. He erroneously thought the organism, which in tissues resembled Leishmania, was a parasite. Within a few years it became clear that this organism was indeed a fungus. Several decades later it was shown that H. capsulatum was a thermally dimorphic fungus, and by 1949, an environmental reservoir for H. capsulatum had been proved by Emmons.
Blastomycosis
Authors: Bradsher Robert W
Published: October 2023

Blastomycosis, one of the endemic mycoses in the United States, is caused by the dimorphic fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis. The organism exists in nature in the mould or mycelial phase and converts to the parasitic or yeast phase at body temperature. The fungus may either produce epidemics of infection after a point-source exposure or cause disease in a sporadic manner in the endemic areas. Blastomyces dermatitidis can cause an infection with a subclinical illness and subsequent protection against progressive infection afforded by cellular immune mechanisms. By contrast, a patient may present with pneumonia or with extrapulmonary disease or both. Lung involvement in blastomycosis may mimic acute bacterial pneumonia, while chronic pulmonary presentations mimic lung cancer or tuberculosis. Skin disease, usually presenting as either verrucous or ulcerative lesions, is the most common extrapulmonary site followed by bone, prostate, and CNS disease. Diagnosis is often easily made by visualization of the yeast in smears, or in tissue specimens or by culture; recognition of B. dermatitidis by smear or culture provides a definitive diagnosis. Itraconazole has been shown to be the drug of choice for either pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection, except in cases of life-threatening infection when amphotericin B should be used. Gilchrist first described blastomycosis in Baltimore in the 1890s as a skin infection caused by a protozoan organism (Gilchrist, 1894) and the illness was known for a time as Gilchrist’s disease. There were some errors in the initial description. For example, blastomycosis is not common in the areas surrounding Balti-more, and infection of the skin occurs secondarily rather than primarily. Moreover, the organism is not a protozoan but a fungus. Gilchrist was the first to refute portions of his own descriptions when he isolated and named the fungus B. dermatitidis (Gilchrist et al, 1898). Because skin manifestations of blastomycosis are often very striking, the initial cases were perceived as mainly dermatologic in nature (Sarosi and Davies, 1979). The concept of primary pulmonary blastomy- cosis was not recognized until pathologic descriptions allowed the pathophysiologic mechanisms to be delineated (Witorsch and Utz, 1968). There are rare cases of cutaneous inoculation of B. dermatitidis in laboratory workers and veterinarians, but almost all cases of blastomycosis are considered to originate from a pulmonary portal of entry (Sarosi and Davis, 1979).
Chromoblastomycosis
Authors: Baddley John W , Dismukes William E
Published: October 2023

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues characterized by the presence of nodular, verrucous lesions often of the lower extremities. Upon histopathologic examination of infected tissues, the characteristic finding is single or multiple sclerotic bodies, which are dark brown septate fungal cells that resemble yeast forms (See Color Fig. 26–1 in separate color insert). Sclerotic bodies often are referred to as muriform cells, with the term muriform designating the presence of vertical and horizontal septa of the cells. While chromoblastomycosis is caused by several species of dematiaceous, or pigmented, fungi, the most common causative organism is Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The disease is usually chronic, localized, and is rarely life-threatening. Surgical resection and cryotherapy are effective for small lesions, while antifungal agents, including itraconazole and flucytosine, are sometimes effective in more extensive disease. For the purposes of this chapter, chromoblastomycosis is defined as a chronic infection of the skin or subcutaneous tissues caused by dematiaceous fungi and characterized by the presence of sclerotic bodies on histopathologic examination. Chromoblastomycosis is often referred to as chromomycosis, although these terms are not synonymous. The term chromomycosis has come to represent not only the classic definition of chromoblastomycosis, but also additional nonskin and subcutaneous infections due to dematiaceous fungi (Fader and McGinnis, 1988; Kwon-Chung and Bennett, 1992). Phaeohyphomycoses represent the broad group of fungal infections caused by dematiaceous fungi and are defined by the presence of yeast-like cells, hyphal forms, or pseudohyphae-like elements in tissue, but without the presence of sclerotic bodies as seen in chromoblastomycosis (Fader and McGinnis, 1988). Phaeohyphomycoses are distinct from chromoblastomycosis and are addressed in a separate chapter (See Chapter 17.).