bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is mepivacaine as effective as lidocaine during inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vieira W. A. , Paranhos L. R. , Cericato G. O. , Franco A. , Ribeiro M. A. G.
Published: March 2018

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mepivacaine and lidocaine for pulpal anaesthesia and pain control when administered via an inferior alveolar nerve block during the root canal treatment of mandibular molars in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. A research protocol was developed and registered in PROSPERO. The systematic search was conducted during May 2017 in eight databases. The studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two examiners analysed the sample independently, decided the eligibility for inclusion and classified the articles according to their quality. Statistical analysis was performed with Mantel‐Haenszel and I‐square (I2) tests considering a confidence interval of 95%. The initial sample consisted of 1130 articles, out of which four were eligible. The articles were published between 1993 and 2016. For both pulpal anaesthesia and pain control, there was no significant difference between mepivacaine and lidocaine (P = 0.843, I2 = 0%, and P = 0.183, I2 = 21.1%, respectively). Mepivacaine and lidocaine were similarly effective for pulpal anaesthesia and pain control after inferior alveolar nerve blocks for root canal treatment.
Exploration of high‐gravity fermentation to improve lactic acid bacteria performance and consumer's acceptance of malt wort‐fermented beverages
Authors: Dongmo Nsogning Sorelle , Kollmannsberger Hubert , Fischer Susann , Becker Thomas
Published: March 2018

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation performance is essential for aroma metabolites formation and product flavour quality. Hence, this study appraises high‐gravity malt wort fermentation (HGF) by three LAB strains to improve the fermentation performance and consumer's acceptance of lactic acid‐fermented malt‐based beverages (LAFMB). HGF at 20% (w/w) provided higher amino acid content and buffering capacity that allowed greater cell development, viable cell count and sugar utilisation. Moreover, the pH change was lesser although marked lactic acid accumulation. It is noteworthy that HGF significantly incremented the content of higher alcohols (+0 – 161%), 2‐phenylethanol (+11–147%), acetaldehyde (+27–44%) and β‐damascenone (+25 – 66%) comparing to low‐gravity malt wort at 12%. Thus, HG‐fermented beverages were significantly preferred with greater hedonic scores (4.6 ± 2.1). Our results indicate that HGF is a valuable strategy for improving LAB fermentation performance in malt wort, which in turn increases key aroma compound content resulting in enhanced acceptance of LAFMB.
Molecular insight into targeting the NK cell immune response to cancer
Authors: Rautela Jai , Souza‐Fonseca‐Guimaraes Fernando , Hediyeh‐Zadeh Soroor , Delconte Rebecca B , Davis Melissa J , Huntington Nicholas D
Published: March 2018

Natural Killer (NK) cells have long been considered an important part of the anti‐tumor immune response due to their potent cytolytic and cytokine‐secreting abilities. To date, a clear demonstration of the role NK cells play in human cancer is lacking, and there are still very few examples of therapies that efficiently exploit or enhance the spontaneous ability of NK cells to destroy the autologous cancer cells. Given the paradigm shift toward cancer immunotherapy over the past decade, there is a renewed push to understand how NK cell homeostasis and function are regulated in order to therapeutically harness these cells to treat cancer. This review will highlight recent advancements in our understanding of how growth factors impact on NK cell development, differentiation, survival and function with an emphasis on how these pathways may influence NK cell activity in the tumor microenvironment and control of cancer metastasis.
The Regulation of Infant Negative Emotions: The Role of Maternal Sensitivity and Infant‐Directed Speech Prosody
Authors: Spinelli Maria , Mesman Judi
Published: March 2018

This study explored the role of maternal sensitivity and infant‐directed speech (IDS) prosody in infants’ expression and regulation of negative emotion. Seventy mothers and their 3‐month‐old infants were observed during the Still‐Face Paradigm (SFP). Maternal sensitivity and IDS prosody were assessed at baseline and infant negative affect in the baseline, still‐face, and reunion episodes. Results showed that prototypical IDS prosody characterized by wider fundamental frequency (F0) variability was related to decreases in infant's negative affect, but only if accompanied by maternal sensitivity. Infants of sensitive mothers who spoke with more prototypical IDS prosody showed better abilities to regulate negative affect during the SFP. When prototypical IDS prosody was accompanied by low maternal sensitivity, infants showed lower regulation of negative emotions. In conclusion, infant negative affect regulation in a dyadic setting is facilitated by an optimal combination of both more prototypical maternal IDS prosody and maternal sensitive responsiveness. Implications for the study of mother–infant interaction are discussed.
‘It was riotous behaviour!’: Mothers’ experiences of adolescents’ conduct while abusing drugs
Authors: Groenewald Candice
Published: March 2018

The impact of adolescent substance abuse is widespread and significantly compromises the psychosocial well‐being of those closest to the adolescent. This is evidentially so for parents who are required to cope with the adolescent's misconduct. Using an interpretative phenomenological methodology, this article describes mothers’ experiences of living with an adolescent who is dependent on drugs. Specifically, the article explores the mothers’ accounts of the pernicious behaviours that the adolescents engage(d) in during their drug abuse period. Qualitative 1:1 interviews revealed two common forms of adolescent misconduct that the mothers had to contend with which were ‘belligerent attitudes and conducts’ and ‘pilfering behaviours’. The mothers further reported that the adolescents’ behaviours negatively impacted on the mother–adolescent relationship, producing feelings of mistrust and a lack of trust. The findings contribute to the sparse literature on parents’ experiences and thus hold implications for research and practice. Understanding the challenges that mothers contend with when adolescents engage in problematic drug use is important for the development of support interventions to help parents cope effectively. Further implications are presented in the article.
Disparities exist between the dietary intake of Indigenous Australian women during pregnancy and the Australian dietary guidelines: the Gomeroi gaaynggal study
Authors: Lee Y. Q. , Collins C. E. , Schumacher T. L. , Weatherall L. J. , Keogh L. , Sutherland K. , Gordon A. , Rae K. M. , Pringle K. G.
Published: March 2018

Background

Little is known about the adequacy of nutrient intakes and the overall diet quality of Indigenous Australian pregnant women. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess nutrient sufficiency and diet quality, as measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS), in pregnant women from the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort (n = 58).

Methods

Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed using the Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire, which was self‐administered in the third trimester. Diet quality was determined using the ARFS. Food group servings and nutrient intakes were compared to the Australian Guide to Health Eating (AGHE) and Australian Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). The current analysis examined the adequacy of usual intakes from food sources only, excluding supplements.

Results

None of the women met all AGHE daily food group serving recommendations. The highest alignment rates were for dairy (33%), meat/alternatives (31%) and vegetables (29.3%). Almost 93% of participants exceeded the recommended intake of energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods and percentage energy from saturated fat was high (15%). Of the five key nutrients for optimal reproductive health (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre), the nutrients with the highest percentage of pregnant women achieving the NRVs were zinc (77.6%) and folate (68.9%), whereas iron was the lowest. Only one person achieved all NRVs (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre) important in pregnancy. The median ARFS was 28 points (maximum of 73).

Conclusions

Although the small cohort limits the generalisability of the findings of the present study, the data obtained indicate that the diets of these Indigenous pregnant women are inadequate. Therefore, strategies aiming to optimise nutrient intakes of Indigenous pregnant women are needed urgently.
Correlates of toenail selenium and its cross‐sectional association with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Jang H. , Morris J. S. , Park K.
Published: March 2018

Background

The present study aimed to identify independent correlates of toenail selenium levels and to examine the association between toenail selenium levels and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from the Trace Element Study of Korean Adults in the Yeungnam area, an ongoing cohort study of Korean adults over the age of 35 years. The baseline survey consisted of questionnaires on demographics, lifestyle characteristics and medical information. Dietary information was obtained through a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Toenail selenium levels were quantified using neutron activation analysis. Biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome were obtained from biennial medical check‐ups.

Results

In the multivariable‐adjusted analyses, independent lifestyle and dietary correlates of higher selenium levels were alcohol drinking (4.62% higher than nondrinking) and egg intake (0.43% higher per weekly serving), whereas current smoking (5.42% lower than nonsmoking) and vegetable consumption (0.05% lower per weekly serving) were associated with lower toenail selenium levels. In the multivariable adjusted logistic regression, no significant association was observed between toenail selenium levels and metabolic syndrome (odds ratio = 1.33, 95% confidence interval = 0.58–3.05).

Conclusions

Multiple lifestyle and dietary factors influenced toenail selenium levels, although no meaningful association was observed between toenail selenium levels and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Future prospective large‐scale cohort studies are required to determine whether there is a causal relationship between selenium levels and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.
Scaling‐Up of Industrial Symbiosis in the Korean National Eco‐Industrial Park Program: Examining Its Evolution over the 10 Years between 2005–2014
Authors: Park Jooyoung , Park Jun‐Mo , Park Hung‐Suck
Published: March 2018

In 2005, South Korea initiated the 15‐year National Eco‐Industrial Park Development Program in three stages to gradually transform aged industrial complexes into eco‐industrial parks (EIPs) by promoting industrial symbiosis (IS). Building upon the pilot experiences from the first 5 years, the second phase of the program focused on the scaling‐up of IS at a broader regional level. Key scaling‐up strategies included the expansion of target areas by connecting multiple industrial complexes, the standardization of processes and dissemination of learning, and the development of large‐scale projects that could contribute to the regional development. In this study, we examined the evolution of IS over the last 10 years between 2005 and 2014, primarily to understand the characteristics and impact of these scaling‐up strategies. Our findings showed that the scale of IS in the second phase had increased in various aspects in comparison to that in the first phase. The number of operating projects had increased from 52 to 159, the number of participating firms increased from 90 to 596, and the average distance of IS increased from 40 to 48 kilometers. The size of economic and environmental benefits also increased along with an increase in the private investment and government research funding. We further analyzed the role of the regional EIP centers as facilitators, how their activities influenced the scaling‐up of IS, and discussed the characteristics of the Korea's approach to IS.
High‐Resolution Insight into Materials Criticality: Quantifying Risk for By‐Product Metals from Primary Production
Authors: Fu Xinkai , Polli Adriano , Olivetti Elsa
Published: March 2018

Many advanced energy and environmentally relevant technologies rely on metals that have been identified as critical, or whose availability may be limited. Several of these elements are produced mostly as by‐products of mining other base metals (carriers). This by‐product dependence has been proposed as a significant supply‐risk indicator by the materials criticality community. This article provides new quantitative evidence that, in several cases, by‐product metals’ availability may not be directly limited by carrier supply. We perform an assessment based on characteristics essential to by‐product metals, including physical concentration, market value of metals, and extraction technology efficiency. We analyze 40 carrier/by‐product pairs and identify five ‘high‐by‐product’ pairs. We assess the supply responsiveness of these metals. Our analysis suggests that rather than limited primary production of carrier, lack of incentive for improving recovery efficiency may limit availability of the by‐product. This behavior is found in the zinc‐indium and copper‐selenium systems. For germanium, on the other hand, we instead propose influence from the by‐product market itself leading to price inelasticity of supply. As a complement to other quantitative methods developed for material systems, such as material flow analysis, we provide an essential technoeconomic analysis of the by‐product metals problem by employing cluster analysis and econometric modeling. This approach provides insight into supply‐risk mitigation strategies related to extraction efficiency and supply‐chain structure.
Two Tertiary metamorphic events recognized in high‐pressure metapelites of the Nevado‐Filábride Complex (Betic Cordillera, S Spain)
Authors: Li Botao , Massonne Hans‐Joachim
Published: March 2018

Two phengite–garnet‐bearing metapelites from the Nevado‐Filábride Complex, Betic Cordillera, one from the Ragua unit (sample 23085) and the other (sample 23098) from the Calar Alto unit, were studied in detail to elucidate their metamorphic evolution. We calculated various P–T pseudosections for different O2 and H2O‐CO2 contents and Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios with PERPLE_X . On the basis of the compositions of the garnet core and the highest Si content in potassic white mica, different peak pressures of 12.7 ± 0.7 kbar at 525 ± 10°C (23085) and 17.4 ± 1.2 kbar at 526 ± 17°C (23098) resulted (errors refer to an estimated 1σ range). The suggested clockwise P–T loop was followed in both cases by another loop caused by a reheating process. On the basis of garnet rim compositions, peak temperatures of 596 ± 10°C at 10.7 ± 1.4 kbar (23085) and 629 ± 11°C at 8.5 ± 0.7 kbar (23098) resulted, supported by Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry (23085: 591 ± 11°C; 23098: 607 ± 10°C). In situ dating of monazite (23085) with the electron microprobe yielded ages between c. 48 and 14 Ma. On the basis of the monazite composition and histogram analysis, two age populations with mean ages of 40.2 ± 1.7 (1σ) and 24.1 ± 0.8 Ma could be defined. Low Y2O3 contents (<0.6 wt%) in monazite point to its formation after initial growth of garnet. The older generation was therefore assigned to the formation of the garnet core and the early P–T loop. The younger monazite population was related to the late P–T loop. A geodynamic scenario is hypothesized that assigns the Eocene metamorphism to subduction of a continental margin to depths of 50–65 km, followed by exhumation in an exhumation channel accompanied by mixing of slices of different rock types including mantle rocks. This process ended with stacking of such slices causing reheating of the studied rocks in the Early Miocene. The noted time gap of c. 15 Ma between subduction and nappe stacking is similar to the continent–continent collisional orogeny of the Himalaya.
In vivo efficacy and properties of semisolid formulations containing panthenol
Authors: Pavlačková Jana , Egner Pavlína , Sedláček Tomáš , Mokrejš Pavel , Sedlaříková Jana , Polášková Jana
Published: March 2018

Background

Panthenol is an active substance used in dermatology to protect the health of the skin, to treat defects in the morphology of the stratum corneum. In cosmetology, hydrating, softening, and barrier function of panthenol are utilized. Detailed studies evaluating the efficacy of panthenol in cosmetic and pharmaceutical semisolid formulations and establishing its optimum concentration are needed.

Objectives

To investigate whether an addition of 5‐13 wt% panthenol in o/w and w/o emulsions increases hydration and supports the barrier properties of the skin. Rheological properties and sensory analysis of prepared formulations are supplemented.

Methods

Noninvasive instrumental methods in vivo were used. The hydration and barrier effect of semisolid formulations on the skin were observed for 48 hour; testing was conducted on 40 women. The effect was compared with formulations without any content of panthenol. The rheological and organoleptic properties of the formulations were evaluated.

Results

After applying either form of the formulations containing 7‐11 wt% of panthenol hydration of the skin increased, transepidermal water loss decreased. pH of the skin shifted toward neutral after application of tested formulations. The rheological properties of the formulations were influenced by the type of vehicle, the amount of panthenol, and temperature. Sensory evaluation of both semisolid forms revealed statistically significant differences in o/w formulations with regard to spreadability.

Conclusions

The presence of panthenol in an o/w and w/o semisolid formulations significantly enhances skin barrier repair and hydration of the stratum corneum. Better vehicle for the active substance as regards hydration proved o/w formulations.
Family Characteristics and Mate Selection: Evidence From Computer‐Assisted Dating in Japan
Authors: Yu Wei‐hsin , Hertog Ekaterina
Published: March 2018

Research on mate selection rarely considers singles' preferences for their future partners' family configurations and experiences. Using online dating records from a matchmaking agency in Japan, a society with a strong emphasis on family and kinship, we examine how singles' responses to date requests correspond to potential mates' family circumstances. Results showed that singles' preferences for potential partners' family characteristics stem from a concern about future obligations toward the partner's family and stereotypes associated with certain family traits. Singles are less likely to accept requests from those from large families, which are seen as traditional. Being from a large family, however, hampers individuals' dating chances more if they are firstborn and have no brothers, two conditions that make them the designated child to care for elderly parents. We also find that Japanese singles seek partners with more of the universally valued family traits rather than traits similar to their own.
Efficacy of biofeedback therapy on sleep bruxism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jokubauskas L. , Baltrušaitytė A.
Published: March 2018

This study updates the review published by Wang et al in 2014 (Sleep Breath 2014;18(2):235‐242). The review focuses on the most recent literature on management of sleep bruxism (SB) with biofeedback. An electronic search was conducted in five databases searching for articles published later than the date of Wang et al's search, viz., October 2012. Six articles of 2320 identified citations involving 86 adult participants were included in the qualitative synthesis. Of them, 4 were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 2 were uncontrolled before‐after studies. Different feedback modalities (electrical, auditory and vibratory stimulus) were investigated. The overall quality of the selected studies was assessed using the GRADE criteria. Due to heterogeneity between studies, the quantitative synthesis was performed out of three RCTs, of which two were retrieved from the previous review. The meta‐analysis indicated a non‐significant difference in electromyographic‐measured SB episodes per hour after one night of contingent electrical stimulation (CES) compared with placebo control, yet a significant difference was shown after five nights of CES. The quality of evidence identified through GRADEpro was from low to moderate, due to imprecision and inconsistency between studies. Qualitative synthesis did not present a reliable reduction in clinical pain levels; however, no substantial sleep disturbances were indicated following the intervention. In conclusion, one of the biofeedback modalities, CES, is effective in reducing SB‐related motor activities after a short‐term treatment period. However, evidence of long‐term effects is lacking. Further longitudinal studies with larger samples are necessary to acknowledge the clinical application of biofeedback.
Is podoplanin expression associated with transforming growth factor‐β signaling in odontogenic cysts and tumors?
Authors: Etemad‐Moghadam Shahroo , Alaeddini Mojgan
Published: March 2018

Background

Induction of podoplanin by transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) has been shown in a number of lesions but not in odontogenic tumors (OTs). We evaluated the association between these markers in OTs for the first time and compared their expression among the different neoplasms.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody against podoplanin and TGF‐β was performed on 76 odontogenic cysts and tumors. Spearman's correlation coefficient, Kruskal‐Wallis, and Mann‐Whitney U tests followed by adjustment with Bonferroni were used for statistical analysis (P < .05).

Results

A significant difference in podoplanin expression was found among the lesions consisting of solid ameloblastomas, adenomatoid odontogenic tumors, ameloblastic fibromas, odontogenic myxomas (OMs), odontogenic keratocysts, and calcifying odontogenic cysts. Significant differences were observed only between OMs and each of the other neoplasms. Podoplanin immunostaining in the connective tissue was absent in most lesions. TGF‐β was significantly different among the study sample but not between the lesions in paired comparisons. None of the studied OTs showed significant correlations between podoplanin‐TGF‐β, in either the epithelium or the stroma. These markers were also descriptively reported in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors.

Conclusions

The inductive effect of TGF‐β on podoplanin seems to be limited, if any, in odontogenic lesions. Podoplanin appears to play a role in some aspects of OTs with epithelial or mixed origins. Despite the possible participation of podoplanin in tumorigenesis, it may not necessarily be involved in the aggressive behavior of OTs.
Individual self > relational self > collective self—But why? Processes driving the self‐hierarchy in self‐ and person perception
Authors: Nehrlich Andreas D. , Gebauer Jochen E. , Sedikides Constantine , Abele Andrea E.
Published: March 2018

Objective

The self has three parts: individual, relational, and collective. Typically, people personally value their individual self most, their relational self less, and their collective self least. This self‐hierarchy is consequential, but underlying processes have remained unknown. Here, we propose two process accounts. The content account draws upon selves' agentic–communal content, explaining why the individual self is preferred most. The teleology account draws upon selves' instrumentality for becoming one's personal ideal, explaining why the collective self is preferred least.

Method

In Study 1 (N = 200, 45% female, Mage = 32.9 years, 79% Caucasian), participants listed characteristics of their three selves (individual, relational, collective) and evaluated those characteristics in seven preference tasks. Additionally, we analyzed the characteristics' agentic–communal content, and participants rated their characteristics' teleological instrumentality. Study 2 (N = 396, 55% female, Mage = 34.5 years, 76% Caucasian) used identical methodology and featured an additional condition, where participants evaluated the selves of a friend.

Results

Study 1 reconfirmed the self‐hierarchy and supported both process accounts. Study 2 replicated and extended findings. As hypothesized, when people evaluate others' selves, a different self‐hierarchy emerges (relational > individual > collective).

Conclusions

This research pioneers process‐driven explanations for the self‐hierarchy, establishing why people prefer different self‐parts in themselves than in others.
Penetrating head injuries in children presenting to the emergency department in Australia and New Zealand: A PREDICT prospective study
Authors: Babl Franz E , Lyttle Mark D , Bressan Silvia , Borland Meredith L , Phillips Natalie , Kochar Amit , Dalton Sarah , Cheek John A , Gilhotra Yuri , Furyk Jeremy , Neutze Jocelyn , Donath Susan , Hearps Stephen , Arpone Marta , Crowe Louise , Dalziel Stuart R , Barker Ruth , Oakley Ed
Published: March 2018

Aim

Penetrating head injuries (pHIs) are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Data on pHIs in children outside North America are limited. We describe the mechanism of injuries, neuroimaging findings, neurosurgery and mortality for pHIs in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods

This was a planned secondary analysis of a prospective observational study of children <18 years who presented with a head injury of any severity at any of 10 predominantly paediatric Australian/New Zealand emergency departments (EDs) between 2011 and 2014. We reviewed all cases where clinicians had clinically suspected pHI as well as all cases of clinically important traumatic brain injuries (death, neurosurgery, intubation >24 h, admission >2 days and abnormal computed tomography).

Results

Of 20 137 evaluable patients with a head injury, 21 (0.1%) were identified to have sustained a pHI. All injuries were of non‐intentional nature, and there were no gunshot wounds. The mechanisms of injuries varied from falls, animal attack, motor vehicle crashes and impact with objects. Mean Glasgow Coma Scale on ED arrival was 10; 10 (48%) had a history of loss of consciousness, and 7 (33%) children were intubated pre‐hospital or in the ED. Fourteen (67%) children underwent neurosurgery, two (10%) craniofacial surgery, and five (24%) were treated conservatively; four (19%) patients died.

Conclusions

Paediatric pHIs are very rare in EDs in Australia and New Zealand but are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The absence of firearm‐related injuries compared to North America is striking and may reflect Australian and New Zealand firearm regulations.
Zoosporangial root infection of tomato by Spongospora subterranea in hydroponic and glasshouse culture results in diminished plant growth
Authors: Balendres Mark A. , Tegg Robert S. , Amponsah Jonathan , Wilson Calum R.
Published: March 2018

Tomato plants are highly susceptible to root infection by Spongospora subterranea and are commonly used as bioassay hosts. The impacts of root infection with S. subterranea on plant productivity and yield have been debated. Recent experiments with potato, the major economic host of S. subterranea, have indicated significantly reduced plant growth and potato yield following heavy infection. However, there have been very few similar studies that have examined the possible impacts of S. subterranea infection on tomato plant growth. Three tomato cultivars, “Grape,” “Roma” and “Truss,” were challenged with S. subterranea inoculum in hydroponic culture. Moderate to severe zoosporangial infections were observed with minor but statistically significant differences in susceptibility among the three tomato cultivars. Zoosporangial root infection in the absence of root gall formation resulted in significantly diminished shoot lengths and plant fresh weights in pathogen challenge tests conducted both in hydroponic culture and glasshouse‐grown plants in potting mix. Root lengths were reduced, but the differences were statistically significant in a single trial only. The findings from this study demonstrate that, as with potato, root infection by S. subterranea can result in reduced tomato plant growth and that root gall production associated with root infection was not necessary for this retardation of growth response. This further suggests that possible yield impacts in other crop species that are hosts for S. subterranea root infection are worthy of examination.
Impact of previous hepatitis B infection on the clinical outcomes from chronic hepatitis C? A population‐level analysis
Authors: Wang H. , Swann R. , Thomas E. , Innes H. A. , Valerio H. , Hayes P. C. , Allen S. , Barclay S. T. , Wilks D. , Fox R. , Bhattacharyya D. , Kennedy N. , Morris J. , Fraser A. , Stanley A. J. , Gunson R. , Mclntyre P. G. , Hunt A. , Hutchinson S. J. , Mills P. R. , Dillon J. F.
Published: March 2018

Chronic coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with adverse liver outcomes. The clinical impact of previous HBV infection on liver disease in HCV infection is unknown. We aimed at determining any association of previous HBV infection with liver outcomes using antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAb) positivity as a marker of exposure. The Scottish Hepatitis C Clinical Database containing data for all patients attending HCV clinics in participating health boards was linked to the HBV diagnostic registry and mortality data from Information Services Division, Scotland. Survival analyses with competing risks were constructed for time from the first appointment to decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver‐related mortality. Records of 8513 chronic HCV patients were included in the analyses (87 HBcAb positive and HBV surface antigen [HBsAg] positive, 1577 HBcAb positive and HBsAg negative, and 6849 HBcAb negative). Multivariate cause‐specific proportional hazards models showed previous HBV infection (HBcAb positive and HBsAg negative) significantly increased the risks of decompensated cirrhosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.65) and HCC (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.09‐2.49), but not liver‐related death (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.80‐1.30). This is the largest study to date showing an association between previous HBV infection and certain adverse liver outcomes in HCV infection. Our analyses add significantly to evidence which suggests that HBV infection adversely affects liver health despite apparent clearance. This has important implications for HBV vaccination policy and indications for prioritization of HCV therapy.
Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses of hepatitis C virus subtype 1a in Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Hoshino K. , Sugiyama M. , Date T. , Maruwaka S. , Arakaki S. , Shibata D. , Maeshiro T. , Hokama A. , Sakugawa H. , Kanto T. , Fujita J. , Mizokami M.
Published: March 2018

Okinawa Island, located in Southern Japan, has a higher prevalence rate of hepatitis C virus subtype 1a (HCV‐1a) infection than that in mainland Japan. Okinawa has a history of US military occupation after World War II. To elucidate the transmission history of HCV‐1a in Okinawa, 26 whole‐genome sequences were obtained from 29 patients during 2011‐2016. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed to identify the origin and characteristics of HCV‐1a in Okinawa with epidemiological information. A phylogenetic tree based on whole‐genome sequencing revealed that all of the samples were located below the US branches. Additionally, we identified one cluster comprised of 17 strains (Okinawa, n = 16; United States, n = 1). The majority of the patients in this cluster were people who inject drugs (PWID), indicating the presence of a people who inject drugs (PWID) cluster. Subsequently, Bayesian analyses were employed to reveal viral population dynamics. Intriguingly, a phylodynamic analysis uncovered a substantial increase in effective population size of HCV‐1a from 1965 to 1980 and a slight increase in mid‐2000, which were associated with an increase in illicit drug use in Okinawa. The estimated divergence time of the PWID cluster was 1967.6 (1964.2‐1971.1). These findings suggest that HCV‐1a was introduced into Okinawa from the United States in the late 1960s, coincident with the Vietnam War. Subsequently, HCV‐1a might have spread among the Japanese population with the spread of injecting drug use. Our study provides an understanding of HCV transmission dynamics in Okinawa, as well as the key role of PWID in HCV transmission.
Are All (Neo‐)Victorians Murderers? Serials, Killers and Other Historicidal Maniacs
Authors: Llewellyn Mark
Published: March 2018

What role do the acts of murder and dis(re)membering play in contemporary culture's use of the Victorian? This article makes a deliberately provocative intervention in questioning the way in which the genre of neo‐Victorianism raises ethical issues about real lives, the reading and writing of “true crime” and the position of the critic/historian. Beginning with a factual 21st century murder case and the role of Victorian reading matter as a marker of suspicion, even a sign of guilt, in the public consciousness and press reporting of the case, the article moves on to explore the tensions in revisioning reality as quasi‐fiction in a case study of the work of Kate Summerscale, focussing on the slippage between the figures of the writer, the detective and the historian inThe Suspicions of Mr Whicher() andThe Wicked Boy(). In broadening the definition of “neo‐Victorianism” to include acts of genre‐blurring across the lines between creative non‐fiction and historical fiction, I argue that an approach to the past that destabilises genres and forms without sufficiently self‐reflective or critically engaged perspectives on authorial motives presents a troublingly unresolved ethical dilemma in these works. Invoking the dangers of criminal reading and reading criminally, the article considers what rights the dead have to be redeemed or protected from our contemporary historicidal enquiry, which in its attempt to resurrect the past often itself kills off narratives of redemption and reform.
Gene expression profiles of ion channels and receptors in mouse resistance arteries: Effects of cell type, vascular bed, and age
Authors: Boerman Erika M. , Sen Sidharth , Shaw Rebecca L. , Joshi Trupti , Segal Steven S.
Published: March 2018

Objective

Receptors and ion channels of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) are integral to the regulation of vessel diameter and tissue blood flow. Physiological roles of ion channels and receptors in skeletal muscle and mesenteric arteries have been identified; however, their gene expression profiles are undefined. We tested the hypothesis that expression profiles for ion channels and receptors governing vascular reactivity vary with cell type, vascular bed, and age.

Methods

Mesenteric and superior epigastric arteries were dissected from Old (24‐26 months) and Young (3‐6 months) C57BL/6J mice.ECs andSMCs were collected for analysis with customqRT‐PCRarrays to determine expression profiles of 80 ion channel and receptor genes. Bioinformatics analyses were applied to gain insight into functional interactions.

Results

We identified 68 differences in gene expression with respect to cell type, vessel type, and age. Heat maps illustrate differential expression, and distance matrices predict patterns of coexpression. Gene networks based upon protein‐protein interaction datasets andKEGGpathways illustrate biological processes affected by specific differences in gene expression.

Conclusions

Differences in gene expression profiles are most pronounced between microvascularECs andSMCs with subtle variations between vascular beds and age groups.
High terbinafine resistance in Trichophyton interdigitale isolates in Delhi, India harbouring mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene
Authors: Singh Ashutosh , Masih Aradhana , Khurana Ananta , Singh Pradeep Kumar , Gupta Meenakshi , Hagen Ferry , Meis Jacques F. , Chowdhary Anuradha
Published: March 2018

In the last few years, infections caused by dermatophytes along with a concomitant increase in the number of difficult to treat cases have increasingly been recognised, indicating that dermatophytosis remains a challenging public health problem. The majority of infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. Terbinafine, an allylamine antifungal used orally and topically is considered to be a first‐line drug in the therapy of dermatophyte infections. Terbinafine resistance has been predominately attributed to point mutations in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) target gene a key enzyme in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway leading to single amino acid substitutions. Here, we report the largest series of 20 terbinafine‐resistant Trichophyton interdigitale isolates obtained predominately from cases of tinea corporis/cruris in three hospitals in Delhi, India exhibiting elevated MICs (4 to ≥32 μg/mL) to terbinafine and all harbouring single‐point mutations Leu393Phe or Phe397Leu in the SQLE gene. In 12 (60%) T. interdigitale isolates, the Phe397Leu substitution was observed, whereas in the remaining 8 (40%) isolates the substitution Leu393Phe was reported for the first time in T. interdigitale. Furthermore, 10 susceptible T. interdigitale isolates (0.125‐2 μg/mL) had a wild‐type genotype. Remarkably, considerably high terbinafine resistance rate of 32% was observed among 63 T. interdigitale isolates identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. This high level of terbinafine resistance of Indian dermatophyte isolates is worrisome warranting antifungal susceptibility testing and mutation analysis for monitoring this emerging resistance.
Prospective evaluation of a combination of fungal biomarkers for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high‐risk haematology patients
Authors: Hammarström Helena , Stjärne Aspelund Anna , Christensson Bertil , Heußel Claus Peter , Isaksson Jenny , Kondori Nahid , Larsson Lennart , Markowicz Pawel , Richter Johan , Wennerås Christine , Friman Vanda
Published: March 2018

We prospectively evaluated a combination of fungal biomarkers in adult haematology patients with focus on their clinical utility at different time points during the course of infection. In total, 135 patients were monitored once to twice weekly for serum (1‐3)‐ß‐d‐glucan (BG), galactomannan (GM), bis‐methyl‐gliotoxin and urinary d‐arabinitol/l‐arabinitol ratio. In all, 13 cases with proven or probable invasive fungal disease (IFD) were identified. The sensitivity of BG and GM at the time of diagnosis (TOD) was low, but within 2 weeks from the TOD the sensitivity of BG was 92%. BG >800 pg/mL was highly specific for IFD. At a pre‐test probability of 12%, both BG and GM had negative predictive values (NPV) >0.9 but low positive predictive values (PPV). In a subgroup analysis of patients with clinically suspected IFD (pre‐test probability of 35%), the NPV was lower, but the PPV for BG was 0.86 at cut‐off 160 pg/mL. Among IFD patients, 91% had patterns of consecutively positive and increasing BG levels. Bis‐methyl‐gliotoxin was undetectable in 15 patients with proven, probable and possible IA. To conclude, BG was the superior fungal marker for IFD diagnosis. Quantification above the limit of detection and graphical evaluation of the pattern of dynamics are warranted in the interpretation of BG results.
Curriculum for neurogastroenterology and motility training: A report from the joint ANMS‐ESNM task force
Authors: Gyawali C. P. , Savarino E. , Lazarescu A. , Bor S. , Patel A. , Dickman R. , Pressman A. , Drewes A. M. , Rosen J. , Drug V. , Saps M. , Novais L. , Vazquez‐Roque M. , Pohl D. , van Tilburg M. A. L. , Smout A. , Yoon S. , Pandolfino J. , Farrugia G. , Barbara G. , Roman S.
Published: March 2018

Although neurogastroenterology and motility (NGM) disorders are some of the most frequent disorders encountered by practicing gastroenterologists, a structured competency‐based training curriculum developed by NGM experts is lacking. The American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society (ANMS) and the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) jointly evaluated the components of NGM training in North America and Europe. Eleven training domains were identified within NGM, consisting of functional gastrointestinal disorders, visceral hypersensitivity and pain pathways, motor disorders within anatomic areas (esophagus, stomach, small bowel and colon, anorectum), mucosal disorders (gastro‐esophageal reflux disease, other mucosal disorders), consequences of systemic disease, consequences of therapy (surgery, endoscopic intervention, medications, other therapy), and transition of pediatric patients into adult practice. A 3‐tiered training curriculum covering these domains is proposed here and endorsed by all NGM societies. Tier 1 NGM knowledge and training is expected of all gastroenterology trainees and practicing gastroenterologists. Tier 2 knowledge and training is appropriate for trainees who anticipate NGM disorder management and NGM function test interpretation being an important part of their careers, which may require competency assessment and credentialing of test interpretation skills. Tier 3 knowledge and training is undertaken by trainees interested in a dedicated NGM career and may be restricted to specific domains within the broad NGM field. The joint ANMS and ESNM task force anticipates that the NGM curriculum will streamline NGM training in North America and Europe and will lead to better identification of centers of excellence where Tier 2 and Tier 3 training can be accomplished.
Amplification and adaptation of centromeric repeats in polyploid switchgrass species
Authors: Yang Xueming , Zhao Hainan , Zhang Tao , Zeng Zixian , Zhang Pingdong , Zhu Bo , Han Yonghua , Braz Guilherme T. , Casler Michael D. , Schmutz Jeremy , Jiang Jiming
Published: March 2018

Centromeres in most higher eukaryotes are composed of long arrays of satellite repeats from a single satellite repeat family. Why centromeres are dominated by a single satellite repeat and how the satellite repeats originate and evolve are among the most intriguing and long‐standing questions in centromere biology.

We identified eight satellite repeats in the centromeres of tetraploid switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Seven repeats showed characteristics associated with classical centromeric repeats with monomeric lengths ranging from 166 to 187 bp. Interestingly, these repeats share an 80‐bp DNA motif. We demonstrate that this 80‐bp motif may dictate translational and rotational phasing of the centromeric repeats with the cenH3 nucleosomes.

The sequence of the last centromeric repeat, Pv156, is identical to the 5S ribosomal RNA genes. We demonstrate that a 5S ribosomal RNA gene array was recruited to be the functional centromere for one of the switchgrass chromosomes.

Our findings reveal that certain types of satellite repeats, which are associated with unique sequence features and are composed of monomers in mono‐nucleosomal length, are favorable for centromeres. Centromeric repeats may undergo dynamic amplification and adaptation before the centromeres in the same species become dominated by the best adapted satellite repeat.
Arabidopsis thaliana SOBER1 (SUPPRESSOR OF AVRBST‐ELICITED RESISTANCE 1) suppresses plant immunity triggered by multiple bacterial acetyltransferase effectors
Authors: Choi Sera , Jayaraman Jay , Sohn Kee Hoon
Published: March 2018

Plants evolved disease resistance (R) proteins that recognize corresponding pathogen effectors and activate effector‐triggered immunity (ETI). However, it is largely unknown why, in some cases, a suppressor of ETI exists in plants.

Arabidopsis SOBER1 (Suppressor of AvrBsT‐elicited Resistance 1) was identified previously as a suppressor of Xanthomonas acetyltransferase effector AvrBsT‐triggered immunity. Nevertheless, the extent to which SOBER1 suppresses ETI is unclear.

Here, we identified SOBER1 as a suppressor of Pseudomonas acetyltransferase effector HopZ5‐triggered immunity in Arabidopsis using recombinant inbred lines. Further analysis showed that SOBER1 suppresses immunity triggered by multiple bacterial acetyltransferases.

Interestingly, SOBER1 interferes with the immunity signalling activated by some but not all tested acetyltransferase effectors, indicating that SOBER1 might target components that are shared between several ETI pathways.
The impact of thromboelastography on resuscitation in pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Sujka Joseph , Gonzalez Katherine W. , Curiel Kayla L. , Daniel James , Fischer Ryan T. , Andrews Walter S. , Wicklund Brian M. , Hendrickson Richard J.
Published: March 2018

Although TEG directs effective resuscitation in adult surgical patients, pediatric data are lacking. We performed a retrospective comparative review of the effect of TEG on blood product utilization and outcomes following pediatric liver transplantation in 38 patients between 2008 and 2014. Diagnoses, laboratory values, fluid and blood product use, and outcomes were examined. Nineteen patients underwent liver transplantation prior to the implementation of TEG, and 19 had perioperative TEG. The most common indications for transplant were BA (n = 14), HB (n = 7), and metabolic disorders (n = 7). Intraoperative blood loss, urine output, fluid and blood product use were similar between groups. However, the use of fresh frozen plasma decreased significantly in TEG patients within the first 24 hours (29 vs 0 mL/kg, P < .01), and between 24 and 48 hours (12 vs 0 mL/kg, P = .01) post‐operatively. The total use of fresh frozen plasma during hospitalization was markedly reduced (111 vs 17 mL/kg, P < .01). Four patients in the TEG group had thromboembolic graft complications, including portal vein or hepatic artery thrombosis, and underwent retransplantation. The decreased use of fresh frozen plasma since implementation of TEG is an important finding for resource utilization and patient safety. However, the increased incidence of thromboembolic complications requires further investigation.