bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of first and second generation immigrants: residential and occupational mobility in Metropolitan Sydney
Authors: BURNLEY I. H.
Published: March 2008

The residential settlement of the second generation of the major European immigrant groups in Metropolitan Sydney in 1981 is compared with that of the first generation, and the occupational composition and mobility of the second generation is related to those of the first generation and the host society. This is the first large data set intergenerational analysis to have been conducted in Australia, and hypotheses as to the relationship between social and spatial distance, and between first and second generation segregation are tested. A theory of intergenerational convergence, and thus integration, is found to be applicable to the Australian urban situation, rather than labour market segmentation or structural pluralist theories.
Local government perceptions of water related issues in rural Australia
Authors: DAVIS J.R. , PARVEY C.A.
Published: March 2008

Water supply has long been regarded as a limiting resource in the further development of Australia. Active management has been necessary in both more densely settled areas and in areas of moderate settlement density but low rainfall such as the Murray‐Darling system. The recently released Water 2000 Report details current knowledge about the quality and distribution of these resources. Following on from this Report this article presents perceived problems with water quantity and quality (in particular, salinisation) obtained from a survey sent to rural local governments in late 1982. The survey requested information on the relevance of twenty‐two land use issues, known from earlier work to be representative of common concerns throughout Australia. Public perceptions were remarkably similar to the results of the Water 2000 Report. Water quantity/quality and salinisation issues were the sixth and seventh most commonly cited issues throughout Australia, but were of much greater concern in specific areas. Tasmanian local governments reported major problems of water supply, those in southwest Western Australia exhibited a very high level of concern with dry land salinisation, local governments in the Murray‐Darling Drainage Division reported concern with salinisation, droughts, floods and general water quality, while local governments in the Gulf of Carpentaria Drainage Division consistently cited flooding as being a major problem. Information from surveys such as this, and others where the respondents are the end‐users, need to be combined with expert opinion in order to increase the effectiveness of the management of our water resources.
Rural and Urban Crime Rates Amongst Aboriginal Youth: Patterns of Different Locational Opportunity
Authors: GALE FAY , WUNDERSITZ JOY
Published: March 2008

In the 1960s the crime rates of Aboriginal juveniles in Adelaide were substantially lower than those of their rural counterparts. By the 1980s, this pattern has been reversed. Moreover, appearances by city‐dwelling Aborigines are now more likely to take place by way of arrest rather than summons, are more likely to come before a Children's Court rather than an Aid Panel, and are more likely to involve youths with a previous record than is the case for country youths. This is despite the fact that Aboriginal youths in the city and country commit broadly similar offences. These factors may be contributing to the virtual cessation of Aboriginal migration into Adelaide in recent years.
Tin Mining and Sediment Supply to the Ringarooma River, Tasmania, 1875–1979
Authors: KNIGHTON A. D.
Published: March 2008

Tin mining, based largely on alluvial tin deposited along the line of the ancestral Ringarooma, began in 1875 and reached a peak in the period 1905‐9. Output declined thereafter and, following a brief recovery during the Second World War, had virtually ceased by 1981. Neither the methods, location nor level of production remained constant during the mining era. The widespread use of hydraulic sluicing and the proximity of many mines to the main river were major factors contributing to the high rate of sediment supply, with the Briseis mine at Derby being the dominant source. Based on data from published and unpublished papers, and mine records, the variable nature of that supply was estimated using a procedure which takes account of the effects of storage and changing practices. Many input points supplied material but the overall pattern is one in which downstream reaches made later starts and reached later peaks, suggesting that they will continue to experience the effects of an increased sediment load for some time.
Bank Erosion in the Bellinger Valley, New South Wales: Definition and Management
Authors: WARNER R. F. , PATERSON K. W.
Published: March 2008

Lateral channel migration is normal or autogenic, with bank erosion often on concave and accretion on convex banks. Where bank erosion occurs, particularly at an accelerated rate through land abuse and an increase in flood magnitude and frequency or allogenic, it threatens human use of the flood plain. There is a demand for protection, often with very little understanding of the erosion hazard. Measurements based on photogrammetry were used to define bank erosion and accretion, as well as width changes, in eight meander arcs (11 sections in each) over 41 years. It was concluded that, if this rate continued over the next century, 82 ha of alluvial land, 6.2 km of roads, two bridges, 9 homes and 51 home sites could be lost. Various management options, costs and benefits are given in order to show how future planning and protection can be more rational.
Multiple Glaciation of the Upper Franklin Valley, Western Tasmania Wilderness World Heritage Area
Authors: KIERNAN KEVIN
Published: March 2008

Part of an extensive ice cap that developed in the Tasmanian Central Highlands during the late Cainozoic discharged southwards into the valley of the Franklin River and its upper tributaries where it merged with smaller glaciers that accumulated behind local snowfences. Glacial landforms and sediments in the now heavily forested valleys indicate that at least three and possibly as many as six glaciations took place. The earliest and most extensive glaciation occurred during the Pliocene or earliest Pleistocene. At this time ice extended at least 27km down the Franklin Valley and covered at least 326km2of the study area. This ice was confluent with glaciers in the West Coast Range to the west and in the Derwent Valley to the east Such confluence offers the possibility of better correlation of glacial events between western Tasmania and the Central Highlands. The smallest and most recent glaciation occurred during the late Last Glacial Stage when the Franklin Glacier did not exceed 12km in length. The glaciers were characterised by high rates of mass throughput and were of temperate maritime type.
Early postwar Sydney: a comparison of its portrayal in fiction and in official documents
Authors: TEATHER ELIZABETH KENWORTHY
Published: March 2008

Literature is a valid source for geographers. In particular, it can offer the humanistic geographer a source of information about the experience of living in certain environments and about the way people thought about their lives. When writers are dealing with their firsthand experience, literature can also be a source of factual data Two novels by Ruth Park and one by Dorothy Hewett, set in early postwar inner Sydney, are analysed on the basis of Ley's (1983) humanistic parameters of security and stress, stimulus and ennui, and stigma and status. The fictional picture is then compared with an official planning document published in 1948. It is concluded that not only literature, but also non‐fiction should be approached sceptically.
New Courses For A Gendered Geography: Teaching Feminist Geography At The University Of Waikato
Authors: JOHNSON LOUISE
Published: March 2008

An argument for a transformativefeminist geographyrather than a less radicalgender geographyanchors a discussion of two undergraduate courses developed at the University of Waikato. It is suggested that a consideration of gender in geography marginalises feminist scholarship, fosters a goal of androgyny and a politics of equality. As a result, putting gender into geography could well just add ‘women's concerns’ into an unaltered discipline and deflect the feminist focus on women's oppression and patriarchal power. The challenge then, is to create a geography which has feminism at its centre, to formulate an alternative discourse which critiques but also reconstructs the theories, concepts, subjects, politics and pedagogy of the discipline The second year course ‘Women in Australasia: Gendering Space’ and the third year course ‘Feminist Geography: Critique and Construct’ are attempts at creating such a feminist geography.
Women In The City: Feminist Analyses of Urban Geography
Authors: FINCHER RUTH
Published: March 2008

Four different sites of gendered social practice are identified as major concerns of socialist feminist urban geography: the home or domestic sphere; the paid workplace; the city's built environment; and localities. Literature about each is described and reviewed Theoretical implications of the feminist reading of urban geography are then considered in particular the feminist criticisms of traditional models of urban spatial structure, and challenges to existing forms of feminist geography from debates in social theory.
Nearest Neighbour Analysis and Wedge‐Tailed Shearwater Burrow Patterns on Heron and Masthead Islands, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: DYER P. K. , HILL G. J. E.
Published: March 2008

Heron and Masthead Islands in the Capricorn Group of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park support major nesting colonies of the wedge‐tailed shearwater. The distribution pattern of shearwater nesting burrows was established for particular habitats on both islands by means of a nearest neighbour analysis. Areas ofPisonia grandisforest had the highest burrow density and near‐random distribution patterns for burrows while the island fringes had the lowest densities and higher degrees of aggregation. These results may reflect the importance of social communication within a wedge‐tailed shearwater colony. Burrows are distributed in patches around the margins of the colony where clear and fringe habitats are represented, but randomly near the centre inPisoniaareas, where sheer numbers may negate the need for further aggregation.
Fire, Humans and Denudation at Wangrah Creek, Southern Tablelands, N.S.W.
Authors: PROSSER IAN
Published: March 2008

The influence of altered fire regimes on the denudation of a catchment is determined from alluvial deposits of the last 10,000 yrs and by monitoring runoff and erosion before and after a wildfire. An increase in fire frequency beginning at 3,000–4,000 yrs BP, as a result of intensified Aboriginal burning, did not change the mechanisms or rates of denudation nor did it cause widespread alluviation as suggested by others. The results of monitoring show that before and after mild fires there is insufficient runoff on most slopes to entrain sediment. Only after intense fires are runoff and erodibility increased enough to significantly accelerate erosion. Conditions are then identified which are most likely to lead to accelerated erosion from altered fire regimes in other catchments.
The impact of centralisation upon geographical variations in the provision of aged care services: a comparison of outcomes in Melbourne and Adelaide
Authors: Pinch Steven
Published: March 2008

This paper examines the extent to which centralisation affects service delivery through a comparison of geographical variations in community‐based services for the aged in the cities of Melbourne and Adelaide. The first part outlines the administrative structures in the two cities. This is followed by a comparison of geographical variations in the provision of meals‐on‐wheels services and residential accommodation within the cities. The final part considers the implications of the results for our understanding of the influence of centralisation upon service provision in Australian cities.
Regional Weil‐Being in Australia Revisited
Authors: Sorensen Tony , Weinand Herb
Published: March 2008

There have been many studies of regional well‐being in Australia, but few match the range of variables and spatial detail employed in this paper. Twenty two socio‐economic variables were drawn from the 1986 census and used to classify all 148 Commonwealth electorates. Two procedures were adopted, both based on a principal components analysis, and compared to test the robustness of the classifications generated The first approach summed factor scores to provide a status index, and the second employed Ward's clustering algorithm. The resultant groupings are seen to both complement and reinforce each other and indicate the complex and often subtle variations in well‐being across the country.
Glaciation of the Upper Forth River Catchment, Tasmania
Authors: Kiernan Kevin , Hannan David
Published: March 2008

The Upper Forth Valley was glaciated on at least four occasions during the late Cainozoic. The two most extensive glaciations were no younger than early Pleistocene in age. During the last glaciation the limited ice catchment at the head of the valley nourished only a short valley glacier with separate glaciers forming in the tributary valleys to the west During earlier glaciations the Forth catchment was invaded by ice from the Mersey Valley to the east.
Capital, Labour and State Relations in the Analysis of Enterprises and Restructuring: An Australasian Debate
Authors: BRITTON STEPHEN , HERON RICHARD LE
Published: March 2008

The paper arises out of the debate of a group of Australian and New Zealand geographers who attended a workshop in ‘Enterprises and Restructuring’ held in Canberra in September 1988. The paper outlines a framework for a political economy analysis of processes at the heart of economic restructuring and examines the units of analysis, concepts and approaches used by geographers bringing different philosophic positions to the investigation of economic restructuring. It explores how the three threads of production, accumulation and social relations are intertwined in the study of enterprise and restructuring and how an understanding of these dimensions provides a basis for reinterpreting the utility of many analytical categories. The discussion of the meaning, relevance and content of terms such as enterprise, industry, capital and the state confirms the validity and value of concepts derived from different theoretical positions and goes some way towards demonstrating that researchers from opposing positions can meaningfully communicate and cooperate.
Organic Thought in Urban Geography: ‘The ’Evolution‘ of towns
Authors: LARKHAM P.J.
Published: March 2008

This paper is a brief cautionary tale on the problem of the usage of the term ‘evolution’ by urban geographers. Most geographers. and other social scientists, have used a Darwinian interpretation of the term. without facing its logical developments. and seem unaware of recent changes in evolutionary thought. In this light the relevance of the continued use of The term is questioned.
Developments in Russia's Far East and their implications for the Pacific Basin
Authors: LINGE G.J.R.
Published: March 2008

The Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality in December 1991 with the declaration of a new Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). For the present the territory formerly known as the Soviet Far East remains part of the Russian Republic controlled from Moscow, but its political and economic destiny remains uncertain. In 1986 Mikhail Gorbachev asserted that the USSR was an Asian‐Pacific country and that the development of the Far East region was to be reinvigorated. This coincided with. and was closely related to, efforts designed to improve relations with several countries in the Pacific Basin, including Australia. This paper outlines some of the infrastructural, social and other obstacles to development that can only be overcome by financial and technological assistance from abroad. Lingering international tensions (such as the Kurile Islands dispute with Japan) and political, economic and administrative uncertainties within the Russian Republic and the CIS more generally have led private companies — including several in Australia — to defer their investment plans. It seems likely that it will be many years before the Russian Far East will have much impact on the economy of the Pacific Basin.
Synoptic weather patterns and wave conditions, Surfers Paradise Beach, south‐eastern Queensland, 1988
Authors: PHINN STUART R.
Published: March 2008

Wave conditions experienced along the beaches of south‐eastern Australia are controlled by winds generated by synoptic scale weather systems over the Tasman and Coral Seas. A synoptic climatological approach provides a framework to establish relationships between these synoptic weather map patterns and daily wave conditions recorded at Surfers Paradise beach. This establishes frequently recurring synoptic weather map patterns (synoptic types) and wave conditions at Surfers Paradise associated with each type. Eight synoptic types, differentiated by isobar orientation and pressure gradient, are identified for a 12 month period. Moderate wave power conditions occurred most frequently and were produced by two anticyclonic types. Less frequent, low wave power conditions were produced by synoptic types with offshore, south‐west to westerly surface airflow over the southern Coral and northern Tasman Seas. Synoptic situations dominated by a tropical cyclone or extra‐tropical cyclone produced the highest, but least frequent wave power conditions. The results indicated that the synoptic climatological approach provides a viable framework to establish and examine links between weather systems and wave conditions.
Revegetated Sand Mining Areas, Swamp Wallabies and Remote Sensing: North Stradbroke Island, Queensland
Authors: HILL G.J.E. , PHINN S.R.
Published: March 2008

Mining of mineral sands has taken place on North Stradbroke Island for over 40 years. Revegetation of mined areas creates a mosaic of seral classes. For a mine site in the northwest of the island, Landsat Thematic Mapper data were used successfully to map the distribution of seven seral classes resulting from mining rehabilitation. Faecal pellet counts were used to assess usage of these areas and surrounding natural forest by swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor. Results indicated that revegetated sites from 2 to 4 years in age were heavily used by wallabies. Older revegetated sites, dominated by senile Acacia cunninghamii, and offering little or no forage, were avoided. Swamp wallabies used revegetated sites for night‐time feeding sessions and rested, during the day, in surrounding eucalypt forest.
The View from the Verandah: Prospect, Refuge and Leisure
Authors: HUDSON BRIAN
Published: March 2008

The verandah, a characteristic feature of Australia architecture, is commonly found in many parts of the world. Introduced into Australia by the British at a time when verandahs were popular both in England and the colonies, these structures were not merely practical responses to climatic conditions. It is argued that beyond the functional considerations of comfort and convenience, verandahs and similar structures are a response to and an expression of landscape aesthetic preferences for which Appleton has offered an explanation in terms of prospect‐refuge theory. The overlapping prospect‐refuge and information processing theories are discussed in relation to the survival value of leisure to provide a possible explanation of the widespread popularity of verandahs.
Recreational Fishing in Australia: Review and Policy Issues
Authors: DOVERS STEPHEN
Published: March 2008

Recreational fishing, otherwise known as angling, is both a significant resource use and a leisure activity in Australia. It has not received much scientific or policy attention, having been perceived as unimportant relative to commercial fishing and characterised by poor social, biological and economic data. Attention is increasing, however, as the ecological, economic and social significance of the activity is realised. The article briefly reviews recreational fishing and discusses the reasons why the activity has traditionally been ignored by policy‐makers and researchers. Current policy issues are identified, and a generalised framework suggested for policy and research.
Reef, Range and Red Dust: Behind the Atlas of Queensland
Authors: WADLEY DAVID
Published: March 2008

Reef, range and red dust are the ‘three Rs’ which sum up the geography of Queensland. The recently‐completed state atlas, a joint venture of the Premier's and Lands Departments, was charged with capturing the physical and human aspects of this vast area. This paper recounts the background, decisions, controversies and some technicalities inherent in its production. No human hands, save those of graphic artists, touched the paper of the atlas: it was completely computer drawn and composed. Over 80 external authors were involved. The project took four and a half years and follows a series of other Australian state atlases. In a departure from their tradition, it adopts a ‘popular’ format using techniques more commonly associated with business magazines.
The Republic of Korea's Foreign Direct Investments in Australia: The Chaebols Down Under
Authors: WAITT GORDON
Published: March 2008

The objective is to explain why the total value of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the Republic of Korea (hereafter ‘Korea’) remains small in Australia. Internationalisation of Korean production has proceeded rapidly since 1987 following changes in both the domestic and international business environments. Total outgoing FDI increased from US$ 356 million in 1987 to US$ 1,600 million in 1990. Australia, in comparison, received a cumulative FDI of only US$ 128 million in 1990. In terms of Korean FDI, Australia is a marginal location. Low FDI from Korea occurred despite being given priority status by Austrade in 1990 as a source for overseas capital and both countries being in each others top ten export destinations since 1989. Australia as a host nation for Korean corporations (chaebols) is discussed within Edgington's (1988) and Porters (1985) theoretical frameworks which consider overseas investment strategies.
Recent Hydrological Changes in the Avoca River Catchment, Victoria
Authors: SMITH NICOLA
Published: March 2008

Since the early 1970s the Avoca River catchment has experienced a marked increase in all discharges, particularly high magnitude ones. This results from a change in the rainfall/runoff relationship, which is probably due to rising groundwater tables. Since 1973 the frequency of flooding in the lower Avoca, Loddon and Avon‐Richardson catchments has increased markedly, placing pressure on downstream flood mitigation and irrigation works, as well as contributing to the degradation of environmentally sensitive wetlands. It also has the potential to exacerbate rising groundwater/salinity problems of the lower catchments. Human interference and changes in the rainfall regime are assessed to explain the nature of the apparent change in streamflows of the Avoca River catchment.
Impacts of River Regulation on the Terminal Lakes and Mouth of the River Murray, South Australia
Authors: BOURMAN ROBERT P. , BARNETT ELIZABETH J.
Published: March 2008

The River Murray is a highly regulated, low gradient stream. Prior to barrage construction near the Murray Mouth saline water was present sporadically far upstream. Barrage completion by 1940 has had geo‐morphic and ecological impacts. Estuarine Lakes Albert and Alexandrina became permanent freshwater bodies with elevated water levels. Exposed lake margins have eroded by up to 10 m yr', whereas along sheltered shorelines, sedimentation has accompanied reed growth. Upstream weirs have inhibited coarse sediment from reaching the lakes. In the Goolwa Channel, sedimentation changed from bioclas‐tic sands to muds, accumulating at up to 4.5 mm yr' over the past 50 years. Regulation has also transformed a migrating flood tidal delta at the Murray Mouth into a permanently vegetated island.
State Boundaries and Agricultural Change in the South Eastern Australian Wheat Belt: Counterfactual Analyses, 1891–1911
Authors: NORTON WILLIAM
Published: March 2008

An analysis of the Australian wheat belt, 1891–1911, develops and tests a model of wheat belt expansion and evaluates the consequences of two counterfactuals involving revised state boundaries. Results show that percentage county wheat acreage is related to land availability, soil quality, rainfall, markets, and railroads, and demonstrates the role played by state land laws and railroad construction policies. The use of counterfactuals is of value to create historical‐geographic ‘might have beens’.
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll in Hyde Park: Fear, Media and the Conduct of an Emancipatory Geography
Authors: HAY IAIN
Published: March 2008

This paper recounts the transformation of a student study on fear of violence and the use of urban space into a public instrument of oppression. Although the students' survey was conducted with emancipatory intent, media handling of the study's results is likely to have heightened levels of fear in the local population and to have caused some members of the public to imprison themselves in their own homes.
Media Representation of Forestry and Soil Issues in the Australian Urban Press, 1990–1991
Authors: WAITT GORDON
Published: March 2008

Newspaper content analysis is used to identify the relative priorities given to forestry and soil degradation in four ‘quality’ Australian newspapers; The Australian, The Sydney Morning Herald, The Financial Review and The Melbourne Age, from September 1990 to August 1991. The difference in priorities given to deforestation and soil degradation is discussed as an outcome from the process of news production. News production is argued to be the outcome of a socialisation process in which journalists learn from their employing organisation what items are regarded as newsworthy material as well as their relative priorities.
Disadvantage and ‘Otherness' in Western Sydney
Authors: HODGE STEPHEN
Published: March 2008

The construction of western Sydney as Sydney's ‘other’ has played a role in its historic underprovision of human services compared to the Sydney region as a whole. Issues of difference, disadvantage, identity and the representations of western Sydney are analysed for their contribution to its provision of services, with planning for higher education given as an example. Some service provision decisions seem to based on a notion of innate disadvantage rather than disadvantage brought about by structural inequities. These structural inequities include the historical underprovision of human services. An understanding of the ‘othering’ of western Sydney is necessary in order to prevent a vicious cycle of underprovision and disadvantage arising in the future.
History, Geomorphological Problems and Effects of Dredging in Cleveland Bay, Queensland
Authors: PRINGLE ADA W.
Published: March 2008

The history of dredging is examined for Cleveland Bay, 1883–1988, as the port of Townsville developed. Between 1883 and 1964 only intermittent data exist on localities, depths and quantities dredged but later much more detailed records are available for analysis. Geomorphological problems emerged and are considered with particular reference to material forming the seabed, the sediment yield from the coastal catchments and its seasonally and annually irregular delivery to the coast by the rivers, and sediment movement within the bay in response to wind, wave and tidal processes. Analysis of aerial photographs, 1941–1988, has enabled some dredging effects to be studied, especially relating to localised land reclamation and more widespread probable effects on seagrass beds and mangroves.
Notes on Coral‐Trees (Erythrina) in Australia with Particular Reference to E. crista‐galli L. in New South Wales
Authors: SMITH J.M.B.
Published: March 2008

Erythrina variegata, E. insularis and E. vespertilio (the last two possibly conspecific) are native in Australia, and E. fusca occurs as viable seeds in sea drift on Queensland beaches. Higher diversity elsewhere suggests an extra‐Australian origin, with dispersal to Australia by sea drift or birds. At least two introduced ornamental species, E. crista‐galli (native to South America) and E. X sykesii (a sterile hybrid), have become naturalised. Erythrina crista‐galli has become abundant on the Wilson‐Richmond floodplain, NSW. Its seeds germinate progressively over three years, and may be dispersed by floodwaters. As well as being perceived locally as invasive weeds, naturalised Coral‐trees also have conservational value, particularly with regard to nectarivorous birds.
Environmental Damage: Pricing and Public Perception
Authors: BARNETT JONATHON
Published: March 2008

An alternative technique is proposed for estimating the annual value of environmental damage in Australia. Such estimates are rarely made and an alternative approach is proposed to ‘hypothetical’, ‘willingness to pay’ studies. Such studies tend towards overestimation from respondents who are aware of the ‘hypothetical’ nature of the study and are hence ‘willing to pay’ more than they can realistically afford. In order to minimise this, the study has confined responses to the Federal budget, an amount that actually could be spent. Results also reveal the extent of awareness of environmental problems in Australia. Politically these results indicate the high priority areas for environmental action.
Numerical Investigation of a Variable Damping Semiactive Device for the Mitigation of the Seismic Response of Adjacent Structures
Authors: Cundumi Orlando , Suárez Luis E.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  When two structures in close proximity and with different properties (heights, structural systems, materials) are subjected to a strong seismic ground motion there is the possibility that pounding between them may occur. The large impact loads induced by this phenomenon usually lead to catastrophic results. One way to overcome this effect is to couple the structures through elastic or damping elements. This article examines the use of a new variable damping device as a coupling element. The system, which is termed a variable damping semiactive (VDSA) device, consists of two dampers with constant parameters whose lower ends are attached to a common vertical rod whereas the upper ends are attached to the two structures. As the structures vibrate due to the ground motion, the lower end is moved up and down by means of an actuator. By changing the orientation of the dampers, the effective damping in the two structures can be changed in time in an appropriate manner to minimize the response. A new control law is used to calculate the optimal position of the dampers. The algorithm, referred to as Qv, is a variation of the Instantaneous Optimal Control and it is based on the minimization of a performance index J quadratic in the state vector, the control force vector, and a vector of absolute velocities measured at selected points. The algorithm includes a generalized LQR scheme where penalties are imposed on the state vector, on the control vector, and on the absolute velocity vector through three predefined matrices. A numerical simulation is used to verify the performance of the proposed protective system in reducing the seismic response to a series of historic earthquakes. The results show that the proposed device is able not only to eliminate the pounding effects but also to significantly reduce the response of the individual adjacent structures.
Can learning potential in schizophrenia be assessed with the standard CVLT‐II? An exploratory study
Authors: VASKINN ANJA , SUNDET KJETIL , FRIIS SVEIN , UELAND TORILL , SIMONSEN CARMEN , BIRKENAES ASTRID B. , ENGH JOHN A. , OPJORDSMOEN STEIN , ANDREASSEN OLE A.
Published: March 2008

This study examined the potential of using the regular administration of a common neuropsychological test, the CVLT‐II, to assess learning potential in schizophrenia. Based on List A trial 1 performance and the learning slope, a schizophrenia sample was divided into three learning potential groups (non‐learners, learners and high‐achievers) that differed in the use of learning strategies. High‐achievers utilized more semantic clustering than learners and non‐learners, and non‐learners were less consistent in words recalled than the other two groups. This standard administration approach is a promising, time‐saving alternative to the modified tests of learning potential used so far.
A validation and short form of the Basic Character Inventory
Authors: NEILANDS TORSTEN B. , SILVERA DAVID H. , PERRY JUDITH A. , RICHARDSEN ASTRID , HOLTE ARNE
Published: March 2008

The Basic Character Inventory (BCI) contains 136 items, 17 lower‐order personality factors and three higher‐order personality factors derived from psychoanalytic theory: Oral, Obsessive Compulsion, and Hysteria. Previous research that investigated the BCI's psychometric properties examined small, special populations and did not use modern statistical methods to validate the BCI. The present study validates the BCI via confirmatory factor analyses using a large sample of 6,285 Norwegian nursing and teaching students. Reliability, convergent validity, and divergent validity of the BCI were also assessed. Results indicated general support for the original BCI factor structure in a reduced form of the BCI that possesses strong reliability and validity, and is suitable for use in time‐limited measurement settings.
ASPECTS OF THE RURAL AND URBAN
Authors: ANDERSON NELS
Published: March 2008

ASPECTS OF THE RURAL AND URBAN

Sociologists are tending to regard rural and urban as interdependent spheres, agricultural and industrial, an occupational distinction between rural and urban. On the basis of this occupational interdependence some bias is normal. But while bias may continue many of the differences are being replaced by similarities as the result of an ongoing process of urbanization. Of the various means by which urbanization is carried forward four are discussed in this article:

LAND UND STADT, ZWEI ASPEKTE

Soziologen haben die Neigung, Land und Stadt als interdependente Spharen, Landwirtschaft und Industrie als reine berufliche Unter‐scheidung zwischen Land und Stadt zu betrachten. Soweit es die berufliche Interdependenz angeht, ist ein gewisses Ungleichgewicht normal. Wenn dieses auch fortdauern mag, so gehen doch die Unter‐schiede als Resultat eines fortlaufenden Urbanisierungsprozesses zurück. Von den verschiedenen Wegen, durch die die Urbanisierung vorangetrieben wird, werden vier in diesem Artikel diskutiert: Arbeitsorganisation, Zwangsgewöhnung an die Uhrzeit, wachsende Freizeit, Zunahme der Nebenerwerbslandwirtschaft.

Der Artikel schließt mit einigen Bemerkungen darüber, daß die Landwirtschaft möglicherweise eine Art ‘Public Service’ wird.
RESEARCH ON THE DIFFUSION OF AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: ROGERS EVERETT M. , BAN ANNE W. VAN DEN
Published: March 2008

The introduction to this article serves as English summary.

FORSCHUNGEN UBER DIE VERBREITUNG VON NEUERUNGEN IN DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT IN DEN VEREINIGTEN STAATEN UND DEN NIEDERLANDEN

Bei der Analyse von sechs sogenannten ‘Forschungstraditionen’ die Verbreitung von Neuerungen betreffend (Anthropologic, frühe Soziologie, ländliche Soziologie, Erziehungs‐, Industrie‐ und Medizin‐Soziologie) ergab sich, daß die ländliche Soziologie die größte Zahl von Publikationen und Studien über die Verbreitung neuer Ideen vorgelegt hat. Unter Torschungstradition wird eine Serie von Studien über denselben Gegenstand verstanden, wobei nachfolgende Untersuchungen von den vorher gegangenen beeinflußt worden sind. Ziel des vorliegenden Berichtes ist eine vergleichbare Analyse von zwei ‘Subtraditionen’ innerhalb der ländlichen Soziologie, nämlich der Forschung über die Verbreitung von Neuerungen (1) in den Vereinigten Staaten und (2) in den Niederlanden. Besondere Betonung wird auf die historische Entwicklung dieses Gebietes in beiden Ländern und auf die Unterschiede in den Forschungsmethoden gelegt. Die Forschung in den Niederlanden wird etwas eingehender behandelt. Sie ist infolge der Sprachschranken außerhalb dieses Landes wenig bekannt.
RECENT STUDIES OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN ITALY
Authors: ITALIANA SOCIETÀ , RURALE SOCIOLOGIA
Published: March 2008

RECENT STUDIES OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN ITALY

In different countries an increasing interest in subjects connected with rural sociology in Italy is noticeable. The article presents, therefore, a survey of the development and character of rural sociology in Italy. Socio‐economic research has been carried out from the 19th century onwards, but rural sociology as an independent science is fairly recent. Conditions in Italy have determined that the majority of sociological studies should be focussed on (1) agrarian reform and (2) changing relations between town and country. Because of this, other areas have been relatively neglected, especially the field of community studies. The article ends with a list of studies undertaken by the Italian Society for Rural Sociology (1959–60).

NEUERE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AUF DEM GEBIET DER LÄNDLICHEN SOZIOLOGIE IN ITALIEN

In verschiedenen Ländern läßt sich ein wachsendes Interesse an Pro‐blemen der ländlichen Soziologie in Italien feststellen. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und den Charakter der ländlichen Soziologie in Italien. Die Tradition der sozial‐ökono‐mischen Forschung geht bis auf das 19. Jahrhundert zurück. Länd‐liche Soziologie als unabhängige Wissenschaft ist jedoch noch ziem‐lich jung. Infolge der italienischen Situation liegt der Schwerpunkt der Mehrzahl der soziologischen Studien (1) auf der Agrarreform, (2) auf dem Wandel der Stadt‐Land‐Beziehungen. Aus diesem Grunde sind andere Gebiete, besonders das der Gemeindestudien, vergleichsweise vernachlässigt worden. Der Artikel endet mit einer Liste von Untersuchungen, die durch die italienische Gesellschaft für ländliche Soziologie durchgefiihrt worden sind (1959–60).
PORTRAIT OF A DISAPPEARING ENGLISH VILLAGE
Authors: KENDALL DIANA
Published: March 2008

PORTRAIT OF A DISAPPEARING VILLAGE

The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the social and economic conditions of an English village that has been steadily declining in population since 1870. Some comments are made on the more obvious reasons for its decline and some suggestions are offered as to the use such tiny communities can still have in a densely‐populated country like England.

DAS BILD EINES VERSCHWINDENDEN DORFES

Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, einige soziale und ökonomische Be‐dingungen eines englischen Dorfes zu beschreiben, dessen Bevölke‐rung seit 1870 stetig abgenommen hat. Die offensichtlichen Gründe für diese Abnahme werden angeführt; außerdem werden einige Vor‐schläge dazu gemacht, welchen Nutzen solche kleinen Gemeinden heute noch in einem dichtbesiedelten Lande wie England haben.
A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CZECHOSLOVAK BRIGADES OF SOCIALIST LABOUR IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: TAUBER JAN , HORÁKOVÁ EVA
Published: March 2008

Czechoslovak Brigades of Socialist Labour in Agriculture

The authors report about an investigation concerning the advanced form of working collectives in agricultural co‐operatives in Czechoslovakia, called Brigades of Socialist Labour. They explain their character, orientation and role in the changes of the society. It appears that the development of such Brigades meets in agriculture greater difficulties than in industry. They propose a research scheme concerning working collectives in agriculture from a sociological point of view.

Les Brigades Tchécoslovaques De Travail Socialiste En Agriculture

Les auteurs exposent les résultats d'une enquête ayant pour objet les formes poussées de collectivité du travail dans les coopératives agricoles tchécoslovaques appelées Brigades de travail socialiste. Ils expliquent le caractére, l'orientation et le rôle de ces brigades dans les transformations de la Société.

Il apparait que le développement de telles brigades rencontre, en agriculture, de plus grandes difficultés, que dans l'industrie.

Les auteurs proposent un schéma de recherches concernant les aspects sociologiques des collectivités de travail en agriculture.

Sozialistische Arbeitsbrigaden in Der Landwirtschaft Der Tschechoslowakei

Die Autoren berichten über eine Untersuchung, die sich mit der fortgeschrittenen Form von Arbeitskollektiven, sog. sozialistischen Arbeitsbrigaden, in landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften der Tschechoslowakei befasst. Wesen, Standort und Rolle dieser Arbeitsbrigaden leiten sie aus den Veränderungen der Gesellschaft ab. Ihre Entwicklung scheint in der Landwirtschaft auf grössere Schwierigkeiten zu stossen als in der Industrie. Es wird ein Plan zu einer Untersuchung der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeitskollektive aus soziologischer Sicht vorgelegt.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY RESEARCH AND EVALUATION TO EXTENSION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: LARSON OLAF F.
Published: March 2008

Contributions of Rural Sociology Research and Evaluation to Extension Development in the United States

The development of rural sociology in the United States as a scientific discipline corresponds in time to the development of extension work (advisory services). An understanding of the characteristics of the extension services among the states and of changes made over time facilitates understanding the contributions of rural sociology to extension development in the United States. The institutional setting in which rural sociology has developed also helps to explain the contributions which the discipline has made to extension.

Five categories of sociological contributions to extension may be identified. In the broadest sense, sociology contributes ‘understanding’ to extension about problems, situations requiring policy decisions, and about extension itself. In the narrowest sense, sociology may contribute a single item of data or a specific methodological technique which may be utilized for extension purposes.

The five categories of contributions are: (i) understanding of basic concepts relevant to extension, such as adoption and diffusion of new farm ideas and practices, social action, leadership, locality groups, and informal groups; (2) techniques ‐ developed by sociological research ‐ which may be applied by extension, such as locality group identification and delineation techniques and the sociometric technique for locating informal groups and their leaders; (3) understanding of general problem situations about which broad policy decisions must be made for the extension system; (4) understanding of specific problem situations about which operating or procedural decisions must be made; and (5) research on the extension system itself, along with evaluation of the extension organization, program, methods, and results. Included in the last category is sociological research and evaluation of basic experimental approaches or programs undertaken by extension. Illustrations of these contributions are cited.

The direction of changes made by extension has created increased need for sociological knowledge.
TOWARDS THE INTER‐DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIC THEORY AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY1
Authors: RÖLING N. G.
Published: March 2008

Towards the Inter‐Disciplinary Integration of Economic Theory and Rural Sociology

Introduction: Rural sociology is, to a large extent, economic sociology. Need for integration of economic theory and rural sociology.

Section 1: The nature of economics, the assumptions underlying economic generalizations. ‘Economic man’ an ideal type.

Section 2: Rural sociology, for as far as it is economic sociology, also accepts ‘economic man’ as an ideal type and studies the institutionalization of economic man, while economics starts from his being there.

Section 3 gives a conceptual scheme of the institutionalization of ‘economic man’ and thus provides a link between economic theory and rural sociology.

Conclusion: Economics is concerned with the order of civilization (in the sense of McIver and Page, 1950), rural sociology with cultural conditions necessary for development and spread of civilization. Some of these conditions. Rural sociological research has neglected several of them, which have special relevance for the economic development of peasant economics.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ‘GOOD FARMER’
Authors: MAREK JADWIGA
Published: March 2008

The Significance of the ‘Good Farmer’

As a part of a research project on the communication of new farm practices, carried out in 79 rural communities in east and central Poland, 8543 farmers were asked to select those farmers that were in their opinion ‘good farmers’ in their own communities. In 45 communities one or more farmers collected 20 per cent or more of the votes. In the other communities no ‘good farmers’ were mentioned or the votes were too dispersed. The results of this enquiry were compared with findings concerning progressive farmers in the same communities, measured according to objective economic criteria. In the more developed communities, nearer to towns and industries, the subjective evaluation of the ‘good farmer’ correspond more closely than in the more traditionalistic communities with the judgment based on economic criteria. Most usually, no ‘good farmer’ was chosen in the traditionalistic communities, and where one was chosen he was generally not the most progressive farmer. The conclusion is that in the less advanced regions of Poland non‐economic and nonprofessional criteria play a greater part in evaluating leaders. Although innovators rank high in all regions, the innovators chosen in the less‐developed regions are usually not good producers.
THE RURAL‐URBAN CONTINUUM1
Authors: PAHL R. E.
Published: March 2008

The Rural‐Urban Continuum

Recent powerful criticisms of the rural‐urban continuum make clear the need for new conceptual orientations. Detailed studies of central areas of cities demonstrate the existence of urban villages in which the pattern of social relationships does not support notions of urban‐ism as a way of life. Settlement types appear in general to be less important than class and life‐cycle characteristics in determining ways of life, yet an ideal‐type metropolitan village, reached as a result of empirical research in S. E. England, demonstrates that this particular settlement type may be an important element in the life‐style of a specific cosmopolitan middle‐class group. Thus, some people are in the city but not of it, whereas others are of the city and not in it. Both gemeinschaftlich and gesellschaftlich relationships are found in different groups in the same place.

In an attempt to assess whether the continuum should perhaps be better conceived as a process rather than a typology, empirical studies from various parts of the world are reviewed. The common theme appears to be the confrontation between the local and the national and this is as likely to occur in the urban as in the rural physical setting. This confrontation is seen as a process of crucial importance for the rural sociologist who is primarily interested in small‐scale societies. Future research might fruitfully use the concept of role and social network, or study patron‐client relationships and community power structures when attempting to illuminate or understand the process.

There are a whole series of continua, which together form a process, acting not so much on communities as on groups and individuals at particular places in the social structure. Rather than a continuum it would be better to imagine a whole series of meshes of different textures superimposed on each other, together forming a process which is creating a much more complex pattern.