bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integral equations and model reduction for fast computation of nonlinear periodic response
Authors: Buza Gergely , Haller George , Jain Shobhit
Published: May 2021

We propose a reformulation for a recent integral equations approach to steady‐state response computation for periodically forced nonlinear mechanical systems. This reformulation results in additional speed‐up and better convergence. We show that the solutions of the reformulated equations are in one‐to‐one correspondence with those of the original integral equations and derive conditions under which a collocation‐type approximation converges to the exact solution in the reformulated setting. Furthermore, we observe that model reduction using a selected set of vibration modes of the linearized system substantially enhances the computational performance. Finally, we discuss an open‐source implementation of this approach and demonstrate the gains in computational performance using three examples that also include nonlinear finite‐element models.
Electrical resistivity tomographic detection of the hidden Thakek fault, Northeast Thailand
Authors: Arjwech Rungroj , Everett Mark E. , Chaisuriya Suriyachai , Youngme Winit , Rattanawannee Jetsadarat , Saengchomphu Sakhon , Thitimakorn Thanop , Somchat Kittipong
Published: May 2021

The Khorat plateau covers most of northeast Thailand along with parts of southern Laos. Recent earthquake hazard assessment and other studies of the regional Thakek fault have rarely appeared in publications and reports. The Thakek fault zone in the Laos region includes three main principal fault planes, but it rapidly fades out when the fault passes through Thailand. A geophysical hidden fault study in the Khorat plateau is herein performed in Bung Kan and Nakhon Phanom provinces, Thailand, where the surface expression is difficult to document through conventional geological surveys. Some fault traces have been identified by satellite image interpretation and digital elevation model analysis. Geological field investigation and electrical resistivity tomography surveys were carried out in order to determine an optimal site for trenching. The electrical resistivity tomography results show zones of high and low resistivity interpreted as coarse sediment layers and mudstone, respectively. The maximum vertical fault offset occurring along the fault trace interpreted from the three‐dimensional electrical resistivity tomographic slices is 40 ± 5 m. Based on the electrical resistivity tomography results, a trench was excavated to directly investigate patterns of faulting and deformation. Based on structural geological observations at the trench wall, indications of faulting have been tentatively identified. In particular, faulting appears to have displaced mudstone over Quaternary sediments with vertical offsets >3.5 m cutting the youngest unit. The result has implications for seismic hazard assessment in northeast Thailand.
Modeling the impact of calorie‐reduction interventions on population prevalence and inequalities in childhood obesity in the Southampton Women's Survey
Authors: Russell Simon J. , Hope Steven , Croker Helen , Crozier Sarah , Packer Jessica , Inskip Hazel , Viner Russell M.
Published: May 2021

Background

In the United Kingdom, rates of childhood obesity are high and inequalities in obesity have widened in recent years. Children with obesity face heightened risks of living with obesity as adults and suffering from associated morbidities. Addressing population prevalence and inequalities in childhood obesity is a key priority for public health policymakers in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Where randomized controlled trials are not possible, potential policy actions can be simulated using causal modeling techniques.

Objectives

Using data from the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS), a cohort with high quality dietary and lifestyle data, the potential impact of policy‐relevant calorie‐reduction interventions on population prevalence and inequalities of childhood obesity was investigated.

Methods

Predicted probabilities of obesity (using UK90 cut‐offs) at age 6–7 years were estimated from logistic marginal structural models adjusting for observed calorie consumption at age 3 years (using food diaries) and confounding. A series of policy‐relevant intervention scenarios were modeled to simulate reductions in energy intake (differing in effectiveness, the targeting mechanisms, and level of uptake).

Results

At age 6–7 years, 8.3% of children were living with obesity, after accounting for observed energy intake and confounding. A universal intervention to lower median energy intake to the estimated average requirement (a 13% decrease), with an uptake of 75%, reduced obesity prevalence by 1% but relative and absolute inequalities remained broadly unchanged.

Conclusions

Simulated interventions substantially reduced population prevalence of obesity, which may be useful in informing policymakers.
Curcumin‐loaded PHB/PLLA nanofibrous scaffold supports osteogenesis in adipose‐derived stem cells in vitro
Authors: Abazari Mohammad Foad , Zare Karizi Shohreh , Hajati‐Birgani Nazanin , Kohandani Mina , Torabinejad Sepehr , Nejati Fatemeh , Nasiri Navid , Maleki Mohammad Hossein , Mohajerani Hassan , Mansouri Vahid
Published: May 2021

One of the most important goals of bone tissue engineering is to regenerate damaged tissue and improve its function by making three‐dimensional scaffolds. This role becomes more important and efficient when it can release a biologically active factor at the site of the lesion. In the present study, poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/poly(l‐lactic acid) nanofibers (PHB/PLLA) and curcumin‐incorporated PHB/PLLA nanofibers (cur‐PHB/PLLA) were fabricated using electrospinning. After morphological and biological characterization, and Curcumin release assessment, the osteogenic differentiation potential of the human adipose–derived stem cells (ADSCs) was investigated with the evaluation of the common osteogenic markers. Fabricated nanofibers were smooth, bead free, and with continuous release of curcumin. The biocompatibility of the fabricated nanofibers was improved while incorporated with curcumin compared to the empty nanofibers. Besides, evaluation of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium content, and osteogenic‐related gene expression revealed that the PHB/PLLA mat can support osteogenic differentiation of the ADSCs more efficiently while incorporated with curcumin. Based on the results, it can be concluded that cur‐PHB/PLLA has promising potential for use in the treatment of the bone lesions and/or bone tissue engineering.
A precorrection intervention to teach behavioral expectations to young children
Authors: Wahman Charis L. , Anderson Eric J.
Published: May 2021

This study examined the effectiveness of a precorrection intervention on teacher and student behavior. Children and teachers were recruited from an early childhood center in a Midwestern city to participate in this study focused on explicitly teaching behavioral expectations. Using a multiple probe design across three children, the impact of scripted stories, roleplays, and social praise was examined. Teachers were trained on how to implement the intervention through a simple technical assistance meeting, including on‐going performance feedback. Although teachers did not implement all intervention components with high fidelity, a modest change in behavior was observed for all child participants which indicates an established functional relation between the intervention package and child adherence to behavioral expectations.
Nurses' perception, knowledge, and use of neonatal pain assessment
Authors: Carlsen Misic Martina , Andersen Randi Dovland , Strand Sofia , Eriksson Mats , Olsson Emma
Published: May 2021

Preterm and sick newborn infants undergo several painful procedures during their hospital stay, potentially leading to short‐ and long‐term negative consequences. Pain assessment should be performed regularly to provide optimal pain management. Nurses' knowledge of and attitude toward neonatal pain assessment affect how pain is assessed and managed in the clinical situation. The aim of this study was to explore Swedish nurses' perception, knowledge, and use of neonatal pain assessment. This descriptive, cross‐sectional questionnaire study was conducted across all Swedish neonatal units (n = 38). Respondents were chosen through convenience sampling by the head nurses at each unit. Ten nurses from each unit were asked to complete the survey, which contained both closed and open questions. A majority of the units (30/38; 79%) participated and 232 surveys were returned, a response rate of 61%. Of the nurses, 91% thought that neonatal pain assessment was important. Many nurses mentioned various difficulties with pain assessment and concerns that the scales used might not assess pain correctly. About half of the nurses considered themselves to have enough knowledge of neonatal pain assessment. Those who reported having enough knowledge of pain assessment viewed the pain scales used at their units more positively. Of the nurses, 74% reported using a pain assessment scale several times per work shift. Pain management guidelines were available according to 75% of nurses, but only 53% reported that the guidelines were followed. Although nurses in general expressed a positive attitude toward pain assessment scales, this was not necessarily evident in their clinical practice. Lack of knowledge, available or accessible guidelines, or concerns regarding the validity of available pain scales seemed to limit their use.
Asymmetric layer‐by‐layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes with tunable retention
Authors: Scheepers Daniëlle , Chatillon Benjamin , Nijmeijer Kitty , Borneman Zandrie
Published: May 2021

Nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes are attractive to remove multivalent ions. As ion retention in NF membranes is determined by both size and charge exclusion, negatively charged membranes are required to reject negatively charged ions. Layer‐by‐layer assembly of alternating polycation (PC) and polyanion layers on top of a support is a versatile method to produce membranes. Especially the polyelectrolyte (PE) couple polydiallyldimethylammoniumchloride and poly(sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate) (PDADMAC/PSS) is extensively investigated. This PE couple cannot form highly negatively charged membrane surfaces, due to interdiffusion and charge overcompensation of PDADMAC into the PSS layers, which limits the operational window to tailor membrane properties. We propose the use of asymmetric layer formation and show how combining two charge densities of one PC can produce negatively charged NF membranes. Starting from hollow fiber ultrafiltration supports coated with base layers of PDADMAC/PSS, they are coated with PDADMAC/PSS or poly(acrylamide‐co‐diallyldimethylammoniumchloride), P(AM‐co‐DADMAC)/PSS layers. P(AM‐co‐DADMAC) has a charge density of only 32% compared to 100% for PDADMAC. The particular novel membranes coated with P(AM‐co‐DADMAC) have a highly negatively charged surface and high permeabilities (7–19 L/[m2hbar]), with high retentions for Na2SO4of up to 95%. These values position the developed membranes in the top range compared to commercial and other layer‐by‐layer membranes.
Impact of Built‐In Electric Field on the Emission Characteristics of InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Laser Structure
Authors: Gupta Nitika , Mudi Priyabrata , Yelashetty Arvind , Sharma Tarun K. , Dhirhe Devnath
Published: May 2021

The impact of the built‐in electric field on the emission characteristics of an InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) laser structure is investigated by performing systematic spectroscopic measurements. Photoluminescence (PL) features related to the ground state (GS) and excited state (ES) transitions of a QD ensemble are clearly observed in the temperature range of 8–300 K. The cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy image and a systematic analysis of temperature‐dependent PL data confirm the excellent crystalline and optical quality of the QD laser structure. It is found that the values of the activation energy associated with GS and ES transitions of the QD sample reasonably match with the energy splitting of PL features. This successfully explains the trends observed in temperature‐dependent PL spectra, where thermal transfer of carriers to the wetting/barrier layer via QD excited states is proposed to be a major decay channel. An interesting observation is made where the integrated intensity of PL features increases up to 75 K and falls thereafter during the heating cycle. Such a peak‐like behavior of the integrated intensity is explained by invoking the temperature dependence of the built‐in electric field, which is estimated from the analysis of Franz–Keldysh oscillations observed in photoreflectance spectra and is important in the design of QD lasers.
Refrigeration through Barocaloric Effect Using the Spin Crossover Complex {Fe[H2B(pz)2]2(bipy)}
Authors: von Ranke Pedro J. , Alho Bruno P. , da Silva Pedro H. S. , Ribas Rafael M. , Nobrega Eduardo P. , de Sousa Vínicius S. R. , Carvalho Alexandre M. G. , Ribeiro Paula O.
Published: May 2021

Spin crossover complexes have a very striking signature of a huge volume change coupled with low–high spin conversion around a critical temperature, which can be pressure tuned in a large temperature interval. Herein, the barocaloric effect is reported in the spin crossover complex {Fe[H2B(pz)2]2(bipy)} (bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) from theoretical and applied points of view. The experimental data reveal a giant barocaloric effect, through the isothermal entropy change (ΔST = 83 J kg−1 K−1) around T = 273 K, upon moderated hydrostatic pressure variation (ΔP = 2 kbar). The high and linear behavior in the pressure dependence of the phase transition temperature (19 K kbar−1) leads to a huge relative cooling power (RCP = 7296 J kg−1) upon ΔP = 3 kbar, which is discussed using Ericsson's cooling cycle. Theoretical results, obtained from a microscopic model, updated with the vibration modes from density functional theory (DFT) calculation, show remarkable agreement with the experimental data.
Laser‐Assisted Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Gallium Nitride
Authors: Zhang Yuxuan , Chen Zhaoying , Zhang Kaitian , Feng Zixuan , Zhao Hongping
Published: May 2021

Ammonia (NH3) is commonly used as group‐V precursor in gallium nitride (GaN) metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The high background carbon (C) impurity in MOCVD GaN is related to the low decomposition efficiency of NH3, which represents one of the fundamental challenges hindering the development of high‐purity thick GaN for vertical high‐power device applications. This work uses a laser‐assisted MOCVD (LA‐MOCVD) growth technique to address the high‐C issue in MOCVD GaN. A carbon dioxide (CO2) laser with a wavelength of 9.219 μm is utilized to facilitate NH3 decomposition via resonant vibrational excitation. The LA‐MOCVD GaN growth rate (GR; as high as 10 μm h−1) shows a strong linear relationship with the trimethylgallium (TMGa) flow rate, indicating high effective V/III ratios and, hence, efficient NH3 decomposition. [C] in LA‐MOCVD GaN films decreases monotonically, as the laser power increases. A low [C] at 5.5 × 1015 cm−3 is achieved in the LA‐MOCVD GaN film grown with GR of 4 μm h−1. LA‐MOCVD GaN films reveal high crystalline quality with room‐temperature mobility of >1000 cm2 V−1 s−1. LA‐MOCVD provides an enabling route to achieve high‐quality GaN epitaxy with low‐C and fast GR simultaneously. This technique can be extended for epitaxy of other nitride‐based semiconductors.
Voriconazole treatment of pulmonary mycosis caused by Chrysosporium zonatum after treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Matsuzaki Takuya , Kasai Hajime , Ikeda Hideki , Tajiri Yuki , Suzuki Kenichi , Watanabe Akira , Kamei Katsuhiko , Urushibara Takashi
Published: May 2021

Chrysosporium zonatum is a soil‐dwelling fungus that rarely causes pulmonary infections, and a small number of cases have been reported to date. A 74‐year‐old man, who had previously been treated for tuberculosis, presented with symptoms of low‐grade fever, anorexia, cough, and bloody sputum. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed a thick‐walled cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe, in which there was a suspected mycotic mass. Initially, the patient was suspected to have chronic aspergillosis due to positive serum anti‐Aspergillus antibodies. However, bronchoscopic culture revealed the growth of C. zonatum. Symptoms and imaging findings improved with administration of voriconazole for 18 months. Infection by C. zonatum is very rare and is difficult to differentiate from aspergillosis by clinical features. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of coinfection with C. zonatum and Aspergillus sp. Voriconazole may be an effective treatment option.
Novel application of a discrete time‐to‐event model for randomized oral immunotherapy clinical trials with repeat food challenges
Authors: Purington Natasha , Andorf Sandra , Bunning Bryan , Chinthrajah Sharon , Nadeau Kari , Desai Manisha
Published: May 2021

The evaluation of double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) generally focuses on a participant passing a challenge at a predetermined dose, and does not consider the dose of reaction for those who fail or are censored due to study discontinuation. Further, a number of food allergy trials have incorporated multiple DBPCFCs throughout the duration of the study in order to evaluate changes in reaction over time including sustained unresponsiveness from treatment. Outcomes arising from these trials are commonly modeled using Chi‐squared or Fisher's exact tests at each time point. We propose applying time‐to‐event methodology to food allergy trials in order to exploit the inherent granularity of challenge outcomes that additionally accommodates repeated DBPCFCs. Specifically, we consider dose‐to‐failure for each study challenge and extend the cumulative tolerated dose across challenges to result in a dose‐time axis. A discrete time‐to‐event framework is applied to the dose‐time outcome to assess the efficacy of treatment across the entire study period. We illustrate ideas with data from the Peanut Oral Immunotherapy Study: Safety, Efficacy and Discovery (POISED) trial, conducted at Stanford University, which evaluated the efficacy of oral immunotherapy on desensitization and sustained unresponsiveness in peanut allergic children and adults. We demonstrate the advantages of time‐to‐event approaches for assessing the efficacy of treatment over time and incorporating information for those who failed or were lost to follow up. Further, we introduce a dose‐time outcome that is interpretable to clinicians and allows for examination of such outcomes over time.
Bayesian adaptive design for clinical trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Lake Stephen L. , Quintana Melanie A. , Broglio Kristine , Panagoulias Jennifer , Berry Scott M. , Panzara Michael A.
Published: May 2021

A Bayesian adaptive design is proposed for a clinical trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The trial was designed to demonstrate treatment efficacy on an ambulatory‐based clinical endpoint and to identify early success on a biomarker (dystrophin protein levels) that can serve as a basis for accelerated approval in the United States. The trial incorporates placebo augmentation using placebo data from past clinical trials. A thorough simulation study was conducted to understand the operating characteristics of the trial. This trial design was selected for the US FDA Complex Innovative Trial Design Pilot Meeting Program and the experience in that program is summarized.
Cesium Carbonate Catalyzed Oxa‐Michael Addition of Oximes to Acrylonitrile
Authors: Stahl Jessica , Yatham Veera Reddy , Crespi Stefano , König Burkhard
Published: May 2021

We report the O‐alkylation of oximes with Michael acceptors using Cs2CO3 as the catalyst. The transformation proceeds stereospecifically with retention of the oxime configuration. Irradiation with visible light in the presence of diphenyl anthracene and cerium complexes affects the E to Z configuration ratio of the oxime ether products, but a complete stereocontrol was not achieved. The operationally simple protocol allows the synthesis of various O‐alkylated oxime products that are useful precursors for further chemical transformations.
Structural Changes of Intermetallic Catalysts under Reaction Conditions
Authors: Li Xiao , Zhao Jianxiong , Su Dong
Published: May 2021

Intermetallics or ordered intermetallic alloys have received more and more attention for the applications of catalysis. Under practical reaction conditions, their atomic arrangements as well as chemical compositions can undergo diverse changes, including reshaping, segregation, disordering, sintering, oxidation, and leaching. These changes directly related to their stability are of great importance for their performances. Herein, the research advances of the structure–performance correlations of intermetallic catalysts, especially on how the structural changes modify their catalytic activity, are reviewed. First, the crystal and electronic structure as well as characterization techniques are introduced. Afterward, the changes of structures under typical reaction conditions by highlighting the underlying mechanisms are discussed. Then, strategies for optimizing the structures are surveyed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives by highlighting the importance of the utilization of in situ techniques are presented.
Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Organosulfur Compounds
Authors: Amri Nasser , Wirth Thomas
Published: May 2021

Organosulfur compounds are being widely used in medicinal chemistry, as well as in organic transformations and in synthetic applications. Because of their interest in many areas, the development of sustainable and green synthetic methods to access various organosulfur compounds has a high influence on the chemistry community. Electroorganic synthesis has become a very valuable methodology for the synthesis of organosulfur compounds during the last decade. The use of electrochemical technology offers a green, sustainable and safe alternative to prepare and modify such compounds. This review summarises recent developments in the preparation of organosulfur compounds such as sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfinic esters, sulfonamides, thiosulfonates, sulfonyl fluorides and sulfoximines under electrochemical reaction conditions.
Do risk management strategies prevent economic and non‐economic loss and damages? Empirical evidence from drought affected households in western India
Authors: Bahinipati Chandra Sekhar
Published: May 2021

Various transformative and curative measures have been undertaken as part of the disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation program to mitigate risks from extreme events in India. Studies have so far explored the causal relationship between these options and economic loss and damage; however, there is a gap in the context of non‐economic loss and damage in general, and drought in particular. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the role of risk management options in preventing economic and non‐economic risks from droughts in western India. Irrigation and crop insurance are found to be the most frequently used adaptive measures among the sample households. Overall, this study reveals that irrigation mitigates damage risks, whereas crop insurance fails to smoothen consumption, particularly the non‐economic risks, which is in contrast to expectation. From the policy perspective, the study recommends expansion of irrigated command area with a large‐scale adoption of resource efficient technologies, and revisiting the existing insurance mechanism for effective risk management and large‐scale adoption.
Chemical attributes of percolate from degraded sand soil irrigated with treated industrial wastewater
Authors: Carlos Filipe Selau , Schaffer Naihana , Tedesco Marino José , Weinert Cristiano , Reginato Julia Lima , de Sousa Rogério Oliveira , Boechat Cacio Luiz , Andreazza Robson , de Oliveira Camargo Flávio Anastácio
Published: May 2021

Applying treated industrial tannery wastewater to soil can be an important practice for its disposal and aid in the recovery of degraded soils. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical attributes of the percolate of degraded soil irrigated with treated industrial wastewater (TIW). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using soil‐filled polyvinyl chloride columns. The treatments consisted of TIW at increasing rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and organomineral and organic fertilization. Irrigation with treated wastewater on soil degraded by clay extraction increased mineral nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity, sodium, and sodium adsorption ratio in percolate under maize cultivation. Irrigation with TIW increased mineral nitrogen and BOD in the percolate by 34% and 25%, respectively, relative to the control treatment (plain water). Concentrations of total nitrogen and BOD must be less than 100 and 65 mg L–1, respectively, to minimize the potential contamination of water bodies. The degraded soil and maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation reduced the total mineral nitrogen and BOD in the percolate by 96% and 84%, respectively. The sodium adsorption ratio had a high removal efficiency of 79% of the percolate when compared to TIW.
Kratom: A systematic review of toxicological issues
Authors: Kerrigan Sarah , Basiliere Stephanie
Published: May 2021

Kratom is a botanical substance derived from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa. Although kratom has been used traditionally in Southeast Asia for over a century, recreational use and non‐medically supervised use of the drug in the West has escalated considerably over the past decade. Viewed as a legal, “safe” or “natural” alternative to opioids, kratom has gained widespread use for the non‐medically supervised treatment of chronic pain, anxiety, and opioid withdrawal. Kratom consists of a complex mixture of more than 50 alkaloids, of which mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine are the principal compounds of interest due to their abundance and heightened affinity for the mu opioid receptor, respectively. Mitragynine, which is structurally and pharmacologically distinct from traditional opioids, exhibits a multimodal mechanism of action which accounts for its complex adrenergic, serotonergic, and opioid‐like effects. Adverse effects including fatalities have been associated with kratom's use, often in combination with other drugs. While users report numerous benefits associated with its use, lack of regulatory control and escalating use among individuals with opioid use disorder has attracted widespread concern. In this review the origins, pharmacology, uses, effects, and analysis of the drug are reviewed from a toxicological standpoint.

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology > New Psychoactive Substances

Toxicology > Opioids

Toxicology > Plants and Poisons
Investigation on the photophysical properties of Cu(I) complexes supported by N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands with electron‐donating/withdrawing groups on imidazolylidene unit
Authors: Cai Xingwei , Ma Teng , Ding Danli , Wang Zhiqiang , Li Mingzhu , Chen Shanshan , Ma Zhongren , Teng Sen , Du Yibo , Zhang Tianci , Xu Chen
Published: May 2021

Two new four‐coordinate Cu(I) complexes consisted of bidentate NHC ligand and diphosphine ligand were successfully synthesized and characterized. The electron‐donating methyl and electron‐withdrawing chlorine groups were introduced into the imidazolylidene unit of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands to investigate their influences on the photophysical properties of complexes. The red‐shifted low‐energy absorption bands indicate that both methyl and chlorine decreased the band gaps between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Theoretical calculation results show the methyl group raised the energy level of HOMO more than that of LUMO, while the chlorine substituent lowered the energy level of LUMO more than that of HOMO. Both these Cu(I) complexes show high emission efficiencies and microsecond‐scale emission lifetimes. The photophysical data at 77 K show that emissions of these complexes are the mixture of phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF).
General Assessment of Industry 4.0 Awareness in South India—A Precondition for Efficient Organization Models?
Authors: Tippayawong Korrakot , Šafár Leoš , Sopko Jakub , Dancaková Darya , Woschank Manuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a questionnaire-based survey on individuals, with an attempt to examine general awareness about I4.0, in the South India region. Results show inadequate future expectations regarding effects on several aspects of respondents’ lives, which mostly stem from a rather poor informational level of I4.0. Conversely, rather positive opinions and expectations of possible future trends come from respondents with prior information about I4.0. Thus, from a broader discussion we generalize, that for sustainable and successful development leading towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution, sufficient information and knowledge base within the potential labour force, especially in a particular region with promising demography, should be achieved. We find obtained information not negligible from SMEs management perspective and successful development of organization and network models.
Computational Intelligence in the Context of Industry 4.0
Authors: Hošovský Alexander , Piteľ Ján , Trojanová Monika , Židek Kamil
Published: May 2021

Industry 4.0 is affecting almost every area of the industry, and as a result of its effects, systems, technologies, and the way information is processed are being transformed. Its typical feature is transmission of information in the system environment provided by the Internet of Things. All information should be stored and shared through cloud computing. As a result, access to information should be unrestricted. This chapter is focused on Computational Intelligence (CI) in the context of Industry 4.0. Each subchapter provides fundamentals of some paradigms, followed by the use of CI in the concrete paradigm. The ending part of the chapter is focused on connecting theory and practice in a case study, which lists industrial parts recognition by convolutional neural networks for assisted assembly.
Industrial Assistance Systems to Enhance Human–Machine Interaction and Operator’s Capabilities in Assembly
Authors: Mark Benedikt G. , Rauch Erwin , Matt Dominik T.
Published: May 2021

In the context of digitalization and Industry 4.0, the world of work is changing comprehensively. Smaller lot sizes and increasing variability of products in the modern industrial production present new challenges for operators working in manual assembly. Industrial assistance systems help the worker during these production tasks to enhance their capabilities. The development of these systems is not only characterized by questions of the potential feasibility of new technical systems but also by the possibilities of a closer cooperation between humans and machines with the aim to synergize the outstanding abilities of humans with the special features of machines to bring together the best from both worlds. This chapter presents solutions for human–machine interaction and automation and delivers insight into different possibilities to enhance the various types of operator’s skills in industrial assembly. With this knowledge, each worker can be individually equipped with suitable supporting systems in order to be best prepared for future challenges in the daily production.
Investigation of the Potential to Use Real-Time Data in Production Planning and Control of Make to Order (MTO) Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Woschank Manuel , Dallasega Patrick , Kapeller Johannes A.
Published: May 2021

The integrated planning and control of logistics processes can be seen as one of the basic prerequisites for the successful implementation of smart production systems and smart and lean supply chains, as well. Therefore, modern Industry 4.0 approaches are mainly focusing on (1) the principles of decentralization and (2) the usage of real-time data to improve the overall logistics performance in terms of promised delivery dates, work in progress, capacity utilization, and lead-times. In this context, this chapter systematically evaluates the application of decentralized production planning and control strategies, e.g., KANBAN and CONWIP, in comparison with traditional approaches, like MRP. Moreover, the impact of real-time data usage in production planning and control systems on lead-times and work in progress is investigated using a discrete event simulation based on primary data from a make to order manufacturer. The results of this industrial case study research confirm the significant potential that lies in smart production systems and smart and lean supply chains and, therefore, in the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies and technological concepts in production and logistics systems.
Automated Performance Measurement in Internal Logistics Systems
Authors: Raith Chiara , Woschank Manuel , Zsifkovits Helmut
Published: May 2021

In addition to economic and on-time order fulfillment, the monitoring of the plant performance and its related key performance indicators is a central task of logistics management and control systems. Currently, the determination and calculation of performance figures within the framework of site acceptance tests of automated logistics systems are plant-specific and, therefore, require a lot of manual effort. In this chapter, the authors develop a concept for the automated determination of performance indicators for storage and conveying systems. Based on a comprehensive literature review, structured expert interviews and including various perspectives from industrial applications the approach is designed. Further, the impact of the proposed concept on the logistics performance of the plant and the adequate selection of a maintenance strategy is discussed.
Coaction and double-copy properties of configuration-space integrals at genus zero
Authors: Britto Ruth , Mizera Sebastian , Rodriguez Carlos , Schlotterer Oliver
Published: May 2021

Abstract

We investigate configuration-space integrals over punctured Riemann spheres from the viewpoint of the motivic Galois coaction and double-copy structures generalizing the Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) relations in string theory. For this purpose, explicit bases of twisted cycles and cocycles are worked out whose orthonormality simplifies the coaction. We present methods to efficiently perform and organize the expansions of configuration-space integrals in the inverse string tensionα′ or the dimensional-regularization parameterϵof Feynman integrals. Generating-function techniques open up a new perspective on the coaction of multiple polylogarithms in any number of variables and analytic continuations in the unintegrated punctures. We present a compact recursion for a generalized KLT kernel and discuss its origin from intersection numbers of Stasheff polytopes and its implications for correlation functions of two-dimensional conformal field theories. We find a non-trivial example of correlation functions in ($$ \mathfrak{p} $$p,2) minimal models, which can be normalized to become uniformly transcendental in the$$ \mathfrak{p} $$p→ ∞ limit.
Neutrino non-standard interactions meet precision measurements of Neff
Authors: Du Yong , Yu Jiang-Hao
Published: May 2021

Abstract

The number of relativistic species, Neff, has been precisely calculated in the standard model, and would be measured to the percent level by CMB-S4 in future. Neutral-current non-standard interactions would affect neutrino decoupling in the early Universe, thus modifying Neff. We parameterize those operators up to dimension-7 in the effective field theory framework, and then provide a complete, generic and analytical dictionary for the collision term integrals. From precision measurements of Neff, the most stringent constraint is obtained for the dimension-6 vector-type neutrino-electron operator, whose scale is constrained to be above about 195 (331) GeV from Planck (CMB-S4). We find our results complementary to other experiments like neutrino coherent scattering, neutrino oscillation, collider, and neutrino deep inelastic scattering experiments.
Flows on measurable spaces
Authors: Lovász László
Published: May 2021

The theory of graph limits is only understood to a somewhat satisfactory degree in the cases of dense graphs and of bounded degree graphs. There is, however, a lot of interest in the intermediate cases. It appears that one of the most important constituents of graph limits in the general case will be Markov spaces (Markov chains on measurable spaces with a stationary distribution). This motivates our goal to extend some important theorems from finite graphs to Markov spaces or, more generally, to measurable spaces. In this paper, we show that much of flow theory, one of the most important areas in graph theory, can be extended to measurable spaces. Surprisingly, even the Markov space structure is not fully needed to get these results: all we need a standard Borel space with a measure on its square (generalizing the finite node set and the counting measure on the edge set). Our results may be considered as extensions of flow theory for directed graphs to the measurable case.
GPU accelerated voxel-based machining simulation
Authors: Schnös Florian , Hartmann Dirk , Obst Birgit , Glashagen Glenn
Published: May 2021

The simulation of subtractive manufacturing processes has a long history in engineering. Corresponding predictions are utilized for planning, validation and optimization, e.g., of CNC-machining processes. With the up-rise of flexible robotic machining and the advancements of computational and algorithmic capability, the simulation of the coupled machine-process behaviour for complex machining processes and large workpieces is within reach. These simulations require fast material removal predictions and analysis with high spatial resolution for multi-axis operations. Within this contribution, we propose to leverage voxel-based concepts introduced in the computer graphics industry to accelerate material removal simulations. Corresponding schemes are well suited for massive parallelization. By leveraging the computational power offered by modern graphics hardware, the computational performance of high spatial accuracy volumetric voxel-based algorithms is further improved. They now allow for very fast and accurate volume removal simulation and analysis of machining processes. Within this paper, a detailed description of the data structures and algorithms is provided along a detailed benchmark for common machining operations.
Testing for the rationality of central bank interest rate forecasts
Authors: Frenkel Michael , Jung Jin-Kyu , Rülke Jan-Christoph
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we study the bias in interest rate projections of five central banks, namely the central banks of the Czech Republic, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the USA. We examine whether central bank projections are based on an asymmetric loss function and report evidence that central banks perceive an overprojection of their longer-term interest rate forecasts as twice as costly as an underprojection of the same size. We find that forecast rationality is consistent with biased interest rate projections under the assumption of an asymmetric loss function, which contributes to explaining the behavior of the examined central banks and their forecasts.
The cognitive and behavioral effects of D-amphetamine and nicotine sensitization in adult zebrafish
Authors: Cleal Madeleine , Fontana Barbara D. , Parker Matthew O.
Published: May 2021

Background

Zebrafish are growing in use as a model for understanding drug dependence and addiction. Sensitization paradigms have been a useful tool in identifying mechanisms involved in drug-induced behavioral and neurological changes, but in zebrafish have tended to focus on locomotor, rather than cognitive, endpoints.

Methods

Here, we used a novel method, the FMP Y-maze, which measures continuous performance through a series of repeated binary choices (L vs R), to establish a model for assessing parameters associated with psychostimulant-induced behavioral and cognitive sensitization in adult zebrafish.

Results

Repeat, intermittent exposure to d-amphetamine (AMPH) for 14 days increased alternations (LRLR) in the maze, suggesting improved working memory, which was enhanced further following drug challenge after a short withdrawal period, suggesting behavioral sensitization. However, this cognitive enhancement coincided with a reduction in the use of other exploration strategies, hypolocomotion, and inhibition of cognitive flexibility. Like AMPH, exposure to nicotine (NIC) increased alternations following drug challenge after chronic treatment. Repeat NIC exposure appeared to induce both cognitive and psychomotor sensitization, as evidenced by increased working memory performance (alternations) and locomotor activity, without negatively impacting other search strategies or cognitive flexibility.

Conclusion

Chronic treatment with AMPH or NIC boosts cognitive performance in adult zebrafish. Cognitive sensitization occurred with both drugs, resulting in enhanced working memory; however, repeat AMPH exposure, following a withdrawal period, resulted in inhibited cognitive flexibility, an effect not evident with repeat NIC exposure. Cognitive and behavioral sensitization paradigms in zebrafish could serve as a useful tool for assessing cognitive states which result in cognitive enhancing or impairing effects of drugs.
Rapeseed protein as a novel ingredient of gluten-free bread
Authors: Korus J. , Chmielewska A. , Witczak M. , Ziobro R. , Juszczak L.
Published: May 2021

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of rapeseed protein isolate on physico-chemical properties, sensory attributes and storage of gluten-free bread prepared on the basis of corn and potato starch mixture with the addition of pectin and guar gum. Starches used in bread formulation were replaced with rapeseed protein isolate in the amounts 6–15%. The bread was characterized in terms of physical properties, including volume, crumb structure and color, which was accompanied with sensory assessment. Texture and thermal properties were determined during 3 days of storage. It was observed that the presence of rapeseed protein, especially at higher levels, caused an increase in bread volume and density of pores and a decrease in crumb porosity, as compared to the control. Partial replacement of starch with rapeseed protein caused a significant increase of b* parameter, reflecting rising yellowness, which positively influenced bread acceptance. Rapeseed protein limited bread staling during storage in comparison to control sample. The results demonstrate that rapeseed protein could become a valuable component of gluten-free bread, as it provides valuable amino acids, but also beneficially influences quality characteristics.
Surgical repair techniques, functional outcome, and return to sports after apophyseal avulsion fractures of the ischial tuberosity in adolescents
Authors: Best Raymond , Meister Anorte , Huth Jochen , Becker Ulrich , Meier Malin
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Among juvenile apophyseal avulsion injuries of the pelvis in adolescents, fractures of the ischial tuberosity are rare but sustainably debilitating. Also because informations on surgical repair options are very sparse and so far limited to general reviews, reports of individual cases or heterogeous small case series, practitioners, patients and their parental environment still feel a comprehensible hesitation regarding operative treatment. Therefore we intended to investigate patient related outcome measurements and return to sports rates after different types of surgical intervention in an own case series, so far unprecendented in its size.

Methods

Patient data of adolescents that underwent surgical intervention for a displaced apophyseal avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity between 01/2015 and 12/2019 in our institution were gathered. Patients were then evaluated using the hamstring injury specific Perth Hamstring Assessment Tool (PHAT). Furthermore the return to sports level in comparison to the particular pre-injury level was rated.

Results

Eleven adolescents with an acute or chronic mean fragment dislocation of 3.3 cm (SD ± 1.7) underwent surgical intervention in the assigned period. The mean post-operative PHAT score was 86.9 (0–100, SD ± 11.9) and thus good to excellent. The majority of adolescents (10/11) was able to return to their pre-injury sports, whereas 63.6% achieved full or nearly full level.

Conclusions

Surgical refixation or restoration of aphoyseal avulsion fractures of the ischial tuberosity result in good to excellent outcomes and return to sport rates, irrespective of the type of intervention. Here prompt diagnosis with a timely intervention seems more promising than delayed interventions in chronic cases. Beyond 1.5 cm of fragment displacement affected patients should be counselled for surgical intervention.
Validation of a German translation of the CARE questionnaire and its implementation as electronic PROM to assess patient-reported postoperative convalescence and recovery after major urological surgery
Authors: Wessels Frederik , Lenhart Maximilian , Neuberger Manuel , Mühlbauer Julia , Huber Johannes , Breyer Johannes , Nuhn Philipp , Michel Maurice S. , Koenig Julian , Kriegmair Maximilian C.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To validate a German translation of the convalescence and recovery evaluation (CARE) as an electronic patient-reported outcome measure (ePROM) and use it to assess recovery after major urological surgery.

Methods

The CARE questionnaire was provided to patients scheduled for major urological surgery preoperatively, at discharge and 6 weeks postoperatively, using an ePROM system. Cronbach’s alpha, inter-scale correlations and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to validate the translation. Mixed linear regression models were used to identify factors influencing CARE results, and a multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to determine the predictive value of CARE results on quality of life (QoL).

Results

A total of 283 patients undergoing prostatectomy (n = 146, 51%), partial/radical nephrectomy (n = 70, 25%) or cystectomy (n = 67, 24%) responded to the survey. Internal consistency was high (α = 0.649–0.920) and the CFA showed a factor loading > 0.5 in 17/27 items. Significant main effects were found for the time of survey and type of surgery, while a time by type interaction was only found for the gastrointestinal subscale ($$\chi_{(4)}^{2}$$

χ

(
4
)

2

 = 30.37, p < 0.0001) and the total CARE score (TCS) ($$\chi_{(4)}^{2}$$

χ

(
4
)

2

 = 13.47, p = 0.009) for cystectomy patients, meaning a greater score decrease at discharge and lower level of recovery at follow-up. Complications demonstrated a significant negative effect on the TCS ($$\chi_{(2)}^{2}$$

χ

(
2
)

2

 = 8.61, p = 0.014). A high TCS at discharge was an independent predictor of a high QLQ-C30 QoL score at follow-up (OR = 5.26, 95%-CI 1.42–19.37, p = 0.013).

Conclusion

This German translation of the CARE can serve as a valid ePROM to measure recovery and predict QoL after major urological surgery.