bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La commercialisation des fruits et légumes en Lot-et-Garonne
Authors: Charrié Jean-Paul
Published: January 2016

The wholesale trade of fruits and vegetables in Lot-et- Garonne (SW France). The département of Lot-et-Garonne ranks first in Aquitaine as far as the production of fruits and vegetables (prunes, apples, pears, tomates, melons, fresh French-beans, etc.) is concerned. The wholesalers-forwarders keep on buying and selling most of the production. But the farmers organized themselves since fifteen years in order to get a better command of the trade of these goods. This paper aims at pointing out their attempts and achievements in this field (co-operatives and guilds of patented producers). Few market-places only play an important part. Compared with trade centres of lesser importance such as Villeneuve-sur-Lot and Nérac, Agen and Marmande secure the trade and dispatching of 70 000 tons each yearly and they should be considered as the centres of large areas focussed on the Garonne and Lot Valleys which are the main districts of production. Most vegetables are sold in France, mainly in Paris and in its vicinity, on the other hand, fruit exports out of France are slowly increasing their share.
Tendances récentes dans l'agriculture de Midi-Pyrénées : vers une nouvelle géographie des revenus
Authors: Pilleboue Jean
Published: January 2016

Quels sont la nature, le sens, l'ampleur des transformations en cours dans l'agriculture alors que se développe, depuis 1974, dans l'ensemble de l'économie française, une crise globale ? L'étude de l'évolution des revenus agricoles dans la région Midi-Pyrénées depuis 1970 est une des voies d'analyse de ces transformations ; elle met en relief l'évolution régionale différentielle. Les particularités de la réalité agricole régionale y confièrent à la notion de revenu un contenu particulier qui en complique l'analyse. Deux tendances apparaissent clairement. D'une part, les revenus des actifs agricoles stagnent ou régressent mais cette évolution défavorable est plus tardive et moins accusée que dans la plupart des régions françaises. D'autre part, une nouvelle géographie des revenus, de plus en plus contrastée, se dessine à l'intérieur de la région : les agriculteurs pyrénéens et caussenards voient leur situation se dégrader régulièrement, ceux des plaines et des collines voient, au-delà d'une grande irrégularité interannuelle, leurs revenus stagner dans l'ensemble mais ceux des plateaux aveyronnais progressent avec une régularité qui paraît remarquable dans les circonstances actuelles aléas climatiques jouent à nouveau un rôle de premier plan dans la détermination des revenus agricoles parce que la politique agricole et les contraintes économiques fragilisent une agriculture de plus en plus spécialisée ; d'autre part, les interventions volontairement inégalitaires de l'État, régulièrement renouvelées, démultiplient les disparités existantes.
Croître ou disparaître... Histoire des agriculteurs de la Piège
Authors: Cohou Michel
Published: January 2016

To grow or to pass away : The recent fate of the peasantry in the piège area (Aude, Southern France) . The Piège is a small hilly district lying on the southern edge of the Lauragais, in the Aude department, east of Toulouse. This district lost 75 % of its population since 1875 ; and 80 % of its farms disappeared as well. The main features of this evolution are analysed by the author who stresses that it went together with a new shaping of the local economy and society. The trend of this evolution became swifter during the last fifteen years : the agricultural production was moulded into a new system when the numerous poor peasantry disappeared and a new class of agriculturist based upon medium sized farms appeared through the incorporation of smaller cultivation units and the purchase of land from larger estates ; nevertheless there remains a handful of efficient landowners who maintain firmly their command over some large agricultural estates, that are the last remnants of the past main pieces of the land holding structure.
Contribution à l'étude du milieu local : un exemple d'enquête de démographie historique en Narbonnais
Authors: Larguier Gilbert
Published: January 2016

On envisage, à partir d'enquêtes directes, mais non systématiques, l'évolution démographique différentielle de la plaine du Narbonnais et celle des collines qui la dominent depuis le XVIIIe siècle.
Le million des immigrés. Analyse de l'utilisation de l'aide au retour, par les travailleurs portugais en France.
Authors: Poinard Michel
Published: January 2016

A volta para o Portugal dos trabalhadores portugueses em Franca. Os trabalhadores portugueses estâo, ao mesmo tempo, entre os estrangeiros, os mais numerosos a tomar « a ajuda de regresso » promulgada pelo governo francés a fim de facilitar a saida dos imigrantes em direçâo à sua terra (40 % dos postulantes ao « milhâo Stoleru ») e os que sao menos vitimos dos desem- prego no momento da sua procura (13 %). A maior parte dos candidatos sao trabalhadores idosos, vivendo em Franca hà muito tempo mas cujas familias ficaram em Portugal e que nâo deixaram a construçào civil. Sem embargo do conjunto económico propicio ao regresso, pode se admitir que a maior parte nunca pensara em ficar com demora em Franca e que soube com pecto tirar partido duma accisâo tomada sem o seu acordó para concretizar algum projecto na sua terra.
Agen, quelques aspects de la croissance urbaine
Authors: Charrié Jean-Paul
Published: January 2016

Ville moyenne de 55 000 habitants, à mi-distance des deux métropoles régionales, Bordeaux et Toulouse, Agen présente une évolution démographique et spatiale comparable à celle des autres villes de cette taille dans le Sud-Ouest. Si la croissance démographique reposait surtout sur un bilan migratoire très favorable jusqu'à ces dernières années, le solde naturel devient l'élément moteur, la croissance étant de ce fait très ralentie. Le centre perd sa population et les communes périphériques grossissent. En même temps les activités commerciales et industrielles choisissent de nouvelles localisations à l'est et au sud de l'ensemble urbain.
L'évolution récente du secteur sauvegardé de Bordeaux
Authors: Barrère Pierre , Cassou-Mounat Micheline
Published: January 2016

Le secteur sauvegardé de Bordeaux, l'un des plus grands de France, a perdu depuis le début du siècle près de la moitié de sa population. Les quartiers du Vieux-Bordeaux, qui représentent la partie la plus ancienne et la plus dégradée, font l'objet d'une opération de réhabilitation de l'habitat, plus particulièrement dans l'îlot opérationnel de la Tour de Gassies, mais aussi dans une grande partie du quartier Saint Pierre. Ces opérations, qui provoquent des mutations fonctionnelles spontanées, s'accompagnent d'actions de réanimation menées par les pouvoirs publics ; mais elles posent de nombreux problèmes en raison du coût élevé des travaux qui conduit à des substitutions sociales imparfaitement contrôlées.
Urbanisation, vie associative et action municipale : le cas de Bouliac, Gironde
Authors: Garraud Philippe
Published: January 2016

L'urbanisation a entraîné à Bouliac l'accroissement de sa population et une mutation de sa composition socio-professionnelle, deux phénomènes qui expliquent l'accroissement des effectifs des associations déjà existantes, le développement de leurs activités et l'apparition de nouvelles activités associatives liées aux caractéristiques socio-culturelles de la nouvelle population. Ces deux effets de l'urbanisation sur la vie associative appellent de nouveaux équipements, nécessaires au développement de la vie associative. Par ailleurs, l'accroissement rapide de la population engendre une certaine anomie, alors que les mutations sociales que la commune a enregistrées tendent à produire une évolution non conforme aux intérêts du maire (socialiste) de Bouliac. Ces deux faits, liés à l'urbanisation de la commune, appellent une réponse municipale qui prend la forme d'une politique d'animation et d'intégration qui ne peut se faire qu'avec le concours des associations. Enfin, l'exercice de responsabilités au sein d'associations contribue à la constitution d'une « élite » locale qui recoupe largement le cercle des conseillers municipaux et entretient avec lui des relations privilégiées.
La crue de décembre 1981 dans le bassin de la Garonne
Authors: Gazelle Francois
Published: January 2016

A partir du 5 décembre 1981, le Sud-Ouest reçoit d'abondantes précipitations liées à des perturbations atlantiques. A la phase de saturation des sols succède le paroxysme pluvieux (12-14 décembre) qui engendre, sur les cours d'eau du bassin garonnais, une réaction presque aussi vive que celle de février 1952. La conjonction des affluents majeurs amplifie l'onde vers l'aval, où les digues protectrices s'avèrent dérisoires dans la basse terrasse alluviale. L'ampleur des dégâts et l'impossibilité de réaliser des ouvrages écrêteurs efficaces mettent en évidence la fragilité des installations humaines avancées dans la zone inondable.
DISTANCE AND EVOLUTIONARY STATE OF THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT 3C 397 (G41.1-0.3)
Authors: Leahy D. A. , Ranasinghe S.
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we analyze 1420 MHz continuum and H i observations of the supernova remnant (SNR) 3C 397 (G41.1-0.3). The H i absorption spectra show clear absorption up to the tangent point velocity and also the absence of absorption at 50–60 km s−1. This yields lower and upper limits to the distances of 6.3 ± 0.1 and 9.7 ± 0.3 kpc, which are better and more robust than previous estimates. We apply generalized SNR models to 3C 397, including the ejecta-dominated phase and the transition-to-Sedov phase. Using emission measures from the X-ray and mean gas density from the infrared, we show that the hard X-ray component has the dominant filling factor and the soft X-ray component has a very small filling factor. The models are required to be consistent with 3C 397's measured properties, including the observed shock temperatures and shock radii. Consistent models are found if 3C 397 has a distance in the range of ≃8–9.7 kpc. For an 8 kpc distance, the estimated age is ≃1350 years and the explosion energy is 1.0 × 1051 erg, while for 9.7 kpc, the the most probable age is ≃1750 years and the energy 1.5 × 1051 erg.
HST EMISSION LINE GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2: COMPARING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LYMAN ALPHA AND OPTICAL EMISSION LINE SELECTED GALAXIES
Authors: Hagen Alex , Zeimann Gregory R. , Behrens Christoph , Ciardullo Robin , Gebhardt Henry S. Grasshorn , Gronwall Caryl , Bridge Joanna S. , Fox Derek B. , Schneider Donald P. , Trump Jonathan R. , Blanc Guillermo A. , Chiang Yi-Kuan , Chonis Taylor S. , Finkelstein Steven L. , Hill Gary J. , Jogee Shardha , Gawiser Eric
Published: January 2016

We compare the physical and morphological properties of z ∼ 2 Lyα emitting galaxies (LAEs) identified in the HETDEX Pilot Survey and narrow band studies with those of z ∼ 2 optical emission line selected galaxies (oELGs) identified via HST WFC3 infrared grism spectroscopy. Both sets of galaxies extend over the same range in stellar mass (

), size (0.5 < R < 3.0 kpc), and star formation rate (

yr−1). Remarkably, a comparison of the most commonly used physical and morphological parameters—stellar mass, half-light radius, UV slope, SFR, ellipticity, nearest neighbor distance, star formation surface density, specific SFR, [O iii] luminosity, and [O iii] equivalent width—reveals no statistically significant differences between the populations. This suggests that the processes and conditions which regulate the escape of Lyα from a z ∼ 2 star-forming galaxy do not depend on these quantities. In particular, the lack of dependence on the UV slope suggests that Lyα emission is not being significantly modulated by diffuse dust in the interstellar medium. We develop a simple model of Lyα emission that connects LAEs to all high-redshift star-forming galaxies where the escape of Lyα depends on the sightline through the galaxy. Using this model, we find that mean solid angle for Lyα escape is

steradians; this value is consistent with those calculated from other studies.
Late Diagnosis of Takayasu Arteritis with Cardiac Involvement: Case Report
Authors: Stojanović Maja , Perić-Popadić Aleksandra , Rašković Sanvila , Bolpaćić Jasna , Vućković Maja , Tomić Spirić Vesna , Bogić Mirjana
Published: January 2016

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an idiopathic chronic granulomatous vasculitis that affects aorta, its main branches and occasionally pulmonary arteries. It is more common in Asian persons, affecting predominantly young women. Clinical presentation is nonspecific at the beginning of the disease, while in the ischemic disease's stage it depends on the territories affected. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman who was diagnosed as having TA. Multiple vascular abnormalities of aorta and its branches and severely reduced left ventricular function were present at the time of diagnosis. Immunosuppressive treatment consisting of prednisone and azathyoprine along with conventional heart failure therapy significantly improved her cardiac function.
Mauvaises mains, sinistres sires. La matrice du sceau équestre de Nicolas de Malesmains
Authors: Dorandeu-Bureu Guilhem
Published: January 2016

Mise au jour en 2011, la matrice du sceau équestre du chevalier Nicolas de Malesmains est un élément sigillographique inédit de la Normandie médiévale. Datant de la première moitié du xiv e siècle, cet objet est ici identifié et attribué grâce à des éléments formels et des sources écrites. La matrice illustre les relations entre nom et image héraldique ainsi qu’entre orfèvre et commanditaire à la fin du Moyen Âge.
Comment la « norme halal » travaille le Paysage Islamique Français
Authors: Bergeaud-Blackler Florence
Published: January 2016

Qu’en est-il des relations d’influence entre « marché halal » et « offre islamique » aujourd’hui en Europe ? Peut-on établir un lien entre contrôle de la garantie halal et composition et recomposition du paysage religieux ? Cet article montre que la question du contrôle de la norme halal marchande a émergé récemment dans l’espace public et joue un rôle croissant dans la structuration de l’offre religieuse islamique française. Après avoir mis en lumière le contexte d’émergence d’une bataille mondiale autour d’une « norme halal » opposant pays musulmans et non-musulmans, l’article retrace le cheminement par lequel un projet de norme halal est arrivé dans les instances de normalisation européenne (le CEN) et l’impact que ce projet, toujours en cours, a d’ores et déjà sur le paysage islamique français.
La technologie est le meilleur garant de la gestion des risques sur les marchés financiers
Authors: Hartsink Gerard
Published: January 2016

Le trading , la compensation et le règlement d’instruments financiers ne sont aujourd’hui plus envisageables sans l’intervention de la technologie. Toutefois, la technologie seule ne suffit pas à créer une infrastructure de marché financier solide, conforme aux attentes des autorités de réglementation et des intervenants du marché, facilitant la gestion des risques et garantissant de faibles coûts opérationnels. Cet article décrit deux programmes axés sur la technologie, créés par les autorités publiques et placés sous leur surveillance (le CLS et la GLEIF) en vue de limiter les risques pour les intervenants sur les marchés financiers. Il explique en quoi ces programmes aident les autorités à éviter et atténuer des risques systémiques dans leurs économies respectives. Les objectifs de chacun de ces programmes ne pourront toutefois être atteints que si les autorités publiques et les intervenants du marché coopèrent et mènent une action concertée. Classification JEL : G10, G23, G24, G28.
L’école, vers quelle fin ?
Authors: Debray Régis
Published: January 2016

L’école ne peut pas ignorer la société mais ne doit pas la décalquer. Il est temps qu’elle prenne ses distances. Non pas en marge mais au-dessus. Non pas dépendante, mais autonome.
Au comptoir du Panthéon
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Yves
Published: January 2016

Dans un café du Quartier Latin, deux amis, la cinquantaine...
Camus, l’instituteur
Authors: Dumas Robert
Published: January 2016

L’école vécue par Camus : elle brisait la fatalité de la misère sociale, élevait la figure de l’instituteur, ouvrait le mystère des livres.
Cours en ligne ouverts à tous
Authors: Chabin Marie-Anne
Published: January 2016

Quels que soient les jugements (ici très favorables) portés sur ces « cours en ligne ouverts à tous », l’Éducation nationale doit se pencher sur le sujet, faute de quoi le secteur public se priverait d’un nouvel outil de développement pédagogique.
Le philosophe et l’ordinateur
Authors: Landou Pierre
Published: January 2016

Quand les technologies se font oublier pour se montrer naturelles, il devient encore plus nécessaire de faire advenir, en classe de philosophie, une forme de réflexivité à l’égard du numérique.
L’expulsé oublié
Authors: Kanstroom Daniel , Chicco Jessica
Published: January 2016

Cet article * introduit une « Déclaration sur les droits des personnes renvoyées et expulsées » 1 . Rédigée par les auteurs de cet article, avec l’apport significatif de nombreux autres, cette déclaration 2 , répond à un phénomène qui a pris une ampleur mondiale considérable : l’expulsion (quelle que soit la dénomination retenue) des étrangers en grand nombre. Selon les auteurs, concevoir l’expulsé comme une catégorie juridique définissable, dotée de droits spécifiques reconnus, n’est pas impossible, ce n’est pas non plus un oxymore 3 . C’est pensable, c’est nécessaire, et ce pourrait être la meilleure façon de répondre à une série de problèmes qui, trop souvent, n’ont pas reçu l’attention qu’ils méritent.
Minute Men, à la frontière de la légalité
Authors: Lamotte Martin
Published: January 2016

Depuis plus de vingt ans, la « sécurisation », voire la militarisation de la frontière sud des États-Unis constitue un axe fort des politiques migratoires américaines. Mais visiblement pas assez poussé pour les descendants des groupes suprémacistes blancs qui, en se réclamant de la tradition, arpentent la frontière à la recherche de passages clandestins. Mais de quelle tradition parle-t-on ? De celle de la (re)conquête de la frontière, des justiciers hors-la-loi, des violences envers les étrangers ? Et de quelle frontière : géographique, étatique ou raciale ?
Temporal Macular Atrophy as a Predictor of Neovascularization in Sickle Cell Retinopathy
Authors: Hood Michael P. , Diaz Rocio I. , Sigler Eric J. , Calzada Jorge I.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the association between temporal macular atrophy and the presence of neovascularization in eyes with sickle cell disease (SCD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective, case-controlled study identifying 64 eyes from 38 consecutive patients with SCD. Dilated funduscopic examination and wide-field fluorescein angiography were used to identify the Goldberg stage of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images were analyzed for the presence of temporal macular atrophy. The association between temporal macular atrophy and neovascularization was then evaluated.

RESULTS:

Temporal macular atrophy had a sensitivity of 27%, a specificity of 67%, a positive predictive value of 83%, and a negative predictive value of 13% for identifying neovascularization.

CONCLUSION:

Although the presence of temporal macular atrophy is not sensitive enough to be used as a screening test, if seen in a patient with SCD, the physician should be alerted to the strong possibility that peripheral neovascularization may be present.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:27–34.]
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Detecting Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Choroidal Osteoma
Authors: Szelog Jason T. , Bonini Filho Marco A. , Lally David R. , de Carlo Talisa E , Duker Jay S.
Published: January 2016

Choroidal osteoma is an ossifying tumor that is found predominantly in the peripapillary and macular areas. It typically affects otherwise healthy females. Vision loss may occur secondary to the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Fluorescein angiography (FA) remains the gold standard for diagnosing CNV; however, the use of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) as an adjunct to FA is growing. In this report, a 16-year-old female with a large, unilateral peripapillary choroidal osteoma presented with blurred vision. Exam revealed scattered intraretinal hemorrhage, but FA was unable to detect CNV overlying the tumor. OCTA detected abnormal flow in the outer retina corresponding to a type 2 CNV. Following intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, the CNV regressed, the hemorrhage resolved, and there was less fluid. OCTA may be helpful in detecting CNV noninvasively in eyes in which FA is equivocal, such as those with choroidal osteoma.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:69–72.]
Long-Term Evaluation of MEK Inhibitor Retinal Toxicity With Multimodal Imaging
Authors: Sheyman Alan T. , Scarinci Fabio , Fawzi Amani A. , Gill Manjot K.
Published: January 2016

MEK inhibitor chemotherapy, used in various malignancies, has been reported to be associated with serous retinal detachments. This study reports serial multimodal imaging focused primarily on infrared reflectance and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in the monitoring of MEK inhibitor retinal toxicity. The benefit of OCT angiography in understanding the pathophysiology of MEK inhibitor toxicity is also shown.

[
Ocular Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:76–77.]
Possibility of Müller Cell Dysfunction as the Pathogenesis of Paclitaxel Maculopathy
Authors: Nakao Shintaro , Ikeda Yasuhiro , Emi Yasunori , Ishibashi Tatsuro
Published: January 2016

Cystoid macular edema (CME) without leakage is an adverse complication of paclitaxel administration in patients with cancer. However, the mechanism of non-leaking CME has been unclear. The authors report the case of a 66-year-old man who developed non-leaking CME during treatment with paclitaxel for gastric cancer. This case report suggests possible pathogenesis of paclitaxel-induced CME without evidence of leakage at angiography from the data of electroretinogram.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Imaging Lasers Retina
. 2016;47:81–84.]
Crescent-Shaped Retinal Defects Associated With Membrane Peeling With a Diamond-Dusted Membrane Scraper
Authors: Leung Ella H. , Flynn Harry W. , Rosenfeld Philip J.
Published: January 2016

Membrane peeling is a common procedure for treating diseases of the vitreoretinal interface, such as macular holes and epiretinal membranes; however, potential complications include inner retinal dimples and inner retinal optic neuropathy. The current case series describes five patients who developed large, crescentic inner retinal defects after membrane peeling with diamond-dusted membrane scrapers. The changes visualized by en face optical coherence tomography were outside the fovea and followed the expected contours of membrane scrapers being used intraoperatively. The visual acuities at the last follow-up were 20/40 or better in all five patients.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Imaging Lasers Retina
. 2016;47:90–93.]
Mass-Spectrometric Analysis of Water Desorption upon Polyurethane Wear in Vacuum
Authors: Pozdnyakov A.O. , Voznyakovskii A.P. , Ginzburg B.M.
Published: January 2016

We describe the mass-spectrometric approach to the analysis of the water release in the course of wear experiments in vacuum conditions. The approach is tested in wear experiments with polyurethanes and their composites.
Characterization of Different Hydroxyapatite Particles for Tooth Enamel Remineralization
Authors: Zalite Vita , Locs Janis
Published: January 2016

In current research three different prepared calcium deficient hydroxyapatite samples were evaluated for dental application. Lyophilized (lyoCDHAp), spray dried (spCDHAp) powders and wet precipitates (pCDHAp) were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and BET analysis. Results showed, that various drying processes did not affect initial crystallinity, phase and chemical composition of samples. Small agglomerates (up to 2 μm) beside separated particles for lyoCDHAp and spCDHAp were observed in SEM analysis. LyoCDHAp and spCDHAp powders could be used as desensitizing component in the dentifrice, while pCDHAp could be more resorbable due to smaller particle size and induce remineralization of caries sites in the enamel.
Features of Wear of Abrasive Grains Depending on Microcuttings Speed of Steels
Authors: Skotnikova Margarita A. , Tsvetkova Galina V. , Krylov Nikolay A. , Ivanov Evgeniy K. , Medvedeva Viktoriy V. , Bezenkin Nikolay V.
Published: January 2016

In this article by the example of two abrasive materials from oxide of aluminum and nitride of boron, the processes developing in a thin surface layer between a grain of abrasive and the material, processed by microcutting with speeds of 40 and 160 m/s, the preforms from armko-iron, steels R18, 45, H18N10T and alloy titanium VT6 are investigated, using the scanning electron microscopy method.
Tribological Behaviour of Copper-Graphene Composite Materials
Authors: Chmielewski Marcin , Michalczewski Remigiusz , Piekoszewski Witold , Kalbarczyk Marek
Published: January 2016

In the present study, the influence of the volume fraction of graphene on the tribological properties of copper matrix composites was examined. The composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering technique in a vacuum. The designed sintering conditions (temperature 950°C, pressing pressure 50 MPa, time 15 min) allowed obtaining almost fully dense materials. The tribological behaviour of copper-graphene composite materials was analysed. The tests were conducted using a CSM Nano Tribometer employing ball-on-plate tribosystem. The friction and wear behaviour of copper-graphene composite materials were investigated. An optical microscope, interferometer, and scanning electron microscope were used to analyse the worn surfaces. In friction zone, the graphene acts as a solid lubricant, which results in the increase in the content in the composites positively influencing the tribological characteristics of the steel- Cu-graphene composite.
Influence of Wear Performance of PTA Processed High Speed Steel Hardfacing by Solidification Kinetics
Authors: Katsich Christian , Kirchgassner Martin , Badisch Ewald
Published: January 2016

Fe-based hardfacings with high vanadium content become more important for industrial applications because of low production and material costs, combined with high abrasion resistance. The aim of this work is to gain a deeper fundamental understanding of heat management impact of a Fe-based hardfacing alloy on resulting wear properties related to real field conditions. In this work a FeVCrC alloy was deposited by plasma transferred arc welding technology varying solidification kinetics due to active heat management. In-situ thermal couple measurements during processing were performed to determine t8/5 cooling-off time relevant for precipitation formation. Microstructural investigation was done by microscopy (e.g. OM, SEM), X-ray diffraction as well as macroscopic hardness, respectively. Wear performance was characterized by using the ASTM G65 dry-sand rubber-wheel procedure A for 3-body abrasion under low-stress. In addition 2-body impact/abrasion behavior was evaluated utilizing continuous impact abrasion test (CIAT). For quantitative wear description 3D microscopy and mass loss determination were done after the test. Additional SEM investigations on the worn surface and on the tribologically stressed near-surface region were applied to deepen the fundamental wear understanding.Results showed that the t8/5 cooling-off time is strongly influenced by solidification conditions due to thermal substrate properties. Nevertheless t8/5 cooling-off time is not necessarily correlated to wear behavior. Significant variations of micro-and macro structural parameters were obtained for dilution with substrate, precipitation content and distribution, whereas macro hardness was obtained on a relatively constant level. Two-body impact/abrasion wear behavior showed plastically deformed zones where the fine precipitations act in a ductile way. Under 3-body abrasion conditions precipitations of hard phases play a dominant role for providing high wear resistance related to microstructural features like amount, distribution and size of precipitations. It can be claimed that no direct correlation of 2-body and 3-body wear rates with deposition hardness of hardfacing has been observed.
Wood-Based Biocomposites: Mechanical Processing, Physical and Biological Properties
Authors: Vecbiskena Linda , Vikele Laura , Rozenberga Linda , Sable Inese
Published: January 2016

Wood-based nanoparticles fabricated by different optimized methods – acid hydrolysis, thermocatalytic destruction and TEMPO catalysed oxidation – show the potential to improve the physical-mechanical and biological properties of polymer-matrix biocomposites. In this work, the influence of obtained nanoparticles on physical-mechanical and biological properties of chitosan-matrix biocomposite was investigated. The results showed that wood-based nanoparticles are promising constituents of polymer-matrix biocomposites.
Influence of Steel Surface Preparation Method on Topography and Tribological Behaviour in Dry Sliding Conditions
Authors: Dzierwa Andrzej
Published: January 2016

Tribological tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tester. In the experiment, a steel disc of hardness 40 HRC was put in contact with a steel ball of hardness 62 HRC. Disc samples were prepared in order to obtain very similar values of the Sa parameter, smaller than 0.5 μm. Different methods of preparing smooth surfaces were used. Dry tests using similar contact conditions were carried out. During tests, the friction force was monitored as a function of time. Wear of discs and balls was measured after the test using white light interferometer. In order to decrease variation of the experimental results, during tests the wear debris was continuously removed from the disc surface. It was shown that type of treatment play a role on tribological behavior of sliding pairs.
Influence of Cr, Ti and Zr Oxides Formation on High Temperature Sliding of NiAl-Based Plasma Spray Coatings
Authors: Poliarus Olena , Umanskyi Oleksandr , Ukrainets Maksym , Kostenko Oleksii , Antonov Maksim , Hussainova Irina
Published: January 2016

In this study, the tribological characteristics of plasma thermal spray coatings are studied with particular interest on formation and performance of Cr, Ti and Zr oxides under dry sliding at 500 °С with Pin-On-Disc configuration against NiAl. Plain Cr2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2 coatings were tested to trace the difference between performance of original and in-situ formed oxides. Friction surfaces were examined using SEM and X-ray spectral analyses. The highest wear resistance of NiAl-CrB2 composite coatings can be related to the formation of Cr2O3 during the tribosynthesis process.
Fabrication of NiO/NiAl2O4 Nanofibers by Combustion Method
Authors: Aghayan Marina , Hussainova Irina
Published: January 2016

Nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4) has received attention as a catalyst solid support due to its stability, strong resistance to acids and alkalis and high melting point. The properties and quality of the catalysts are heavily affected by crystal size, morphology, phase homogeneity and surface characteristics of the materials, which themselves are dependent on method and parameters of processing rout. In this work, we report on the fabrication of novel NiAl2O4 nanofibers covered by NiO nanolayer by combustion method.The XRD patterns show that the combustion technique was excellent to prepare NiO/NiAl2O4 nanofibers. The crystallite sizes of NiAl2O4 and NiO were found to be around 27 and 19 nm correspondingly. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed that the NiO/NiAl2O4 nanofibers with more than 20 nm in diameter were consist of NiAl2O4 core and NiO outer layer.
Influence of Load and Temperature on Abrasion of Carbidic Cast Steel and Complex Alloyed Hardfacing
Authors: Varga Markus , Azhaarudeen Anifa Mohamed Faruck , Adam Karl , Badisch Ewald
Published: January 2016

Steel and cement industries frequently experience from the failure of its core components due to high temperature (HT) operation at heavy loads causing high stress abrasive wear. In this work the effect of load and temperature on the abrasive wear behaviour is investigated for two Fe-based materials (a ferritic cast iron with Cr-carbide network and a carbide-rich complex alloyed hardfacing) in order to select materials for plant specific demands. Thereby the role of the carbide content and its distribution is of interest. A modified ASTM G65 setup was used for HT abrasive wear testing. The applied loads were 10, 45 and 80 N, and temperatures were room temperature (RT), 500 and 700°C. During testing coefficient of friction was measured and abrasive was collect­ed to characterise the wear behaviour (low stress/high stress condition).High stress abrasion was found to be the dominant mechanism at higher loads for all temperatures. A nearly linear increase of wear rate with raising normal loads was found for both the materials. Wear rates at RT were found to be similar for the two alloys, however the complex alloy showed increased wear at HT. The cast steel formed protective mechanically mixed layers (MML) by abra­sive embedding at HT. The hardfacing on the other hand showed brittle behaviour, which worsened with temperature. Based on these results it was concluded that very hard carbide-rich hardfacings performed unbeneficial at high stress conditions and MML-forming materials should be preferred for HT operation under these conditions.
ZnFe Coated 22MnB5 Steels in Direct Press Hardening: The Relationships between Coating Structure and Process Parameters
Authors: Järvinen Henri , Järn Sanna , Lepikko Emmi , Järvenpää Martti , Peura Pasi
Published: January 2016

Two types of press hardening experiments were carried out to investigate the behavior of ZnFe coated 22MnB5 steel in direct press hardening process. The coating properties were studied using variable process temperatures and times with a flat-die and a forming tool. Coatings were analyzed with optical and scanning electron microscopes. The results indicated that steels that have low coating weights may be processed successfully with short dwell times. For high coating weights a significantly longer dwell time is needed. The behavior of ZnFe coating in hot press forming experiments was in line with literature and the findings of the flat-die experiments. Thus, the feasibility of the experimental press hardening equipment was confirmed.
Screen Elements Made of Perforated Steel Tape and their Application for Shielding Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Mironov Viktor , Koppel Tarmo , Lisicins Mihails , Boiko Irina
Published: January 2016

In the present work the methods for producing flat and three-dimensional shielding screens from the perforated steel tape are proposed. The possible application variants of mentioned screens are offered and analyzed. Main attention is given for producing one-layer and multi-layer screens with cellular structure due to its relatively low weight and technological elasticity – complex three-dimensional structures could be done successfully.Examples of produced shielding screens from the perforated steel tape for protection from electromagnetic fields in different frequency range are offered and tested. The efficiency of a shielding material was determined by measuring the magnetic field before and after applying the shielding material. Distribution of the magnetic field behind the shielding screen was determined by software vector mapping. Shielding efficiency was measured for 1) a three-layer perforated steel screen; 2) an one-layer perforated steel screen - shielding screen was placed in between the magnetic field source and the measurement point forming a two dimensional screen; 3) copper composite sprayed screen. During experimental investigation it was established, that a three-layer perforated steel screen application allowed the 27% reduction in the magnetic field, while one-layer perforated steel screen gave only 12% reduction. Copper composite sprayed screen reduced magnetic field by 15%.Recommendations for producing the multi-layer perforated steel screen accordingly to shielding efficiency are elaborated and laid down. The discussed material carries also ecological significance, since the material is produced by waste products (after stumping etc.). Therefore the production of such materials comes with reduced cost both in light of capital expenditures and ecological footprint.
Processing of ZrC-TiC Composites by SPS
Authors: Yung Der Liang , Hussainova Irina , Rodriguez M.A. , Traksmaa Rainer
Published: January 2016

ZrC – TiC composites containing 20 wt.% TiC, along with and without 0.2 wt.% graphite were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at temperatures between 1600 - 1900 °C for 10 min under pressure up to 100 MPa. The addition of free carbon tends to reduce the appearance of tertiary phases in the microstructure according to scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. However, free carbon also reduced the mechanical properties of Vickers’ hardness and fracture toughness of the composites. SPS data showed when pressure was increased to 100 MPa, evident grain growth started to occur at a temperature as low as 1600 °C resulting in relative density > 100%. Samples produced at 1600 °C, but with maximum allowable pressure according to the SPS machine, yielded samples with greater hardness and fracture toughness compared to samples produced at 1900 °C.
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Technical Imperatives
Authors: McQuillan Karen A.
Published: January 2016

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring provides extremely important information that is helpful in detecting intracranial hypertension and guiding therapeutic interventions that attempt to control this pathologic condition. This article reviews the purpose and rationale for monitoring ICP. Commonly used ICP monitoring systems are described, including their advantages, limitations, and nursing implications. This article also explains how to interpret ICP, ICP waveforms, and cerebral perfusion pressure. In addition, it addresses the application of data retrieved from ICP monitoring to clinical nursing practice and implications for nursing research
Cerebral Circulation Demystified
Authors: Hickey Joanne V.
Published: January 2016

Basic anatomic and physiologic concepts related to cerebral circulation are summarized. The arterial blood supply is traced from its origins to the major divisions of anterior and posterior circulation. The circle of Willis, the major arterial vessels and territories, and the peculiarities of the cerebral venous circulation are discussed. Finally, concepts of cerebral circulations are applied to clinical practice to assist the nurse in accurately assessing, monitoring, and predicting human responses to alterations in cerebral blood supply
Issues Regarding the Use of Analgesia and Sedation in Critically Ill Neonates
Authors: Franck Linda Sturla
Published: January 2016

Attitudes and beliefs of physicians and nurses have shifted during the past decade, resulting in more frequent administration of analgesics and sedatives to neonates. However, nurses caring for critically ill newborns have difficulty in determining appropriate interventions because of the lack of clear and complete knowledge related to the use of analgesia and sedation in this patient population. This chapter presents current information on six key issues related to the use of analgesia and sedation in neonates. An algorithm for determining appropriate intervention for neonates with pain, distress, or agitation is proposed to provide a more systematic approach to the use of analgesics and sedatives
Efficacy of Epidural Analgesia for Pain Management of Critically Ill Patients and the Implications for Nursing Care
Authors: Slack Jeanne F. , Faut-Callahan Margaret
Published: January 2016

Management of pain for critically ill patients has been shown to be inadequately controlled and can have serious deleterious effects on a patient’s recovery. Continuous epidural analgesia can be used to control pain in critical care patients. This mode of analgesia administration provides pain relief without the delays inherent in the as-needed administration of analgesics. Fifteen critical care unit patients were part of a multidisciplinary, prospective, randomized, double-blind study of various epidural analgesic agents in 43 thoracic and 66 abdominal surgery patients. The purpose of the study was to identify the benefits and problems associated with continuous epidural analgesia administration and the implications for the nursing care of critically ill patients. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the analgesia was based on the following measures: 1) pain measured at regular intervals in the 72-hour period with a visual analog; 2) pain as measured after 72 hours with the word descriptor section of the McGill pain questionnaire; 3) amount of supplemental systemic narcotic analgesic needed; 4) recovery of ambulatory and respiratory function, including ability to perform coughing and deep-breathing exercises; 5) occurrence of adverse effects, and 6) the type and distribution of nursing care problems associated with continuous epidural infusions. The results of this study showed that the level of pain relief and recovery of postoperative function was superior to that provided by the more widely used as-needed systemic administration of narcotics. Although some nursing care problems were identified, continuous epidural analgesia can be used for pain relief in critical care patients, if the analgesia is administered by accurate reliable infusion systems and carefully monitored by nursing staff who are knowledgeable about the pharmacologic considerations of epidural analgesic agents and the management of patient care
Benzodiazepine Sedation in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Doherty Margaret H.
Published: January 2016

Agitation is a common phenomenon in critically ill patients. This multidimensional challenge can prolong illness, interfere with treatment, and harm the patient. The nurse must assess the cause of the agitation and provide effective, timely intervention. Agitation is defined as motor restlessness secondary to possible physiologic, psychologic, environmental, and pharmacologic causes. The nurse has many effective assessment tools to systematically determine the cause of the agitation, including an agitation algorithm and sedation scale. With astute assessment and intervention, agitation can be prevented and treated to enhance recovery from critical illness. Benzodiazepines are an effective treatment intervention for agitation. With thorough knowledge of the actions and potential effects of these drugs, the nurse can provide the best pharmacologic intervention to treat agitation in the critically ill patient
Intravenous Haloperidol for Tranquilization in Critical Care Patients: A Review and Critique
Authors: Ziehm Scott R.
Published: January 2016

The management of agitated, combative, fearful critically ill patients is a significant challenge for critical care nurses. Intravenously administered haloperidol can be effective in treating these patients. Because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved the use of haloperidol intravenously, there are no widely accepted guidelines for intravenous use of this drug. This chapter reviews the literature and provides information to critical care nurses in the use of intravenous haloperidol. Haloperidol’s pharmacologic properties are described; several published case studies are reviewed; and potential adverse effects associated with haloperidol’s use are presented
Risking Infection: An Issue of Control for Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Thomas Debera Jane
Published: January 2016

Liver transplantation is a technologic advancment that prolongs and improves the quality of life for people with liver disease. Loss of control over one’s body and life is a feeling that begins with the diagnosis of liver disease. This study used a hermeneutic phenomenologie approach to investigate a liver transplant recipient’s experience. A dimension of control was revealed within the description of the transplant experience. In an effort to maintain some control, the recipients adjusted the times of their immunosuppressive medications and continued to expose themselves to situations that could increase their risk of infection. Understanding the individual’s experience and the implications for nursing are described
High-Dose Steroid Therapy Offers Improvement in Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Ellis Myra F.
Published: January 2016

A spinal-cord injury can alter every aspect of a victim’s life. Despite continued improvements in mortality associated with a spinal-cord injury, until recently little progress had been made in improving neurologic function. This paper reviews the development of steroid therapy for spinal cord injuries, the mechanisms of action, and the nursing care associated with its use
Perioperative Management of Pulmonary Circulation in Children With Congenital Cardiac Defects
Authors: Norris M. K. Gaedeke , Roland Jean-Michel A.
Published: January 2016

Congenital cardiac defects and the clinical symptoms they exhibit are affected intimately by the relation they have with pulmonary circulation. Cardiac lesions that increase pulmonary blood flow often occur clinically with signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure, including hepatomegaly, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and feeding difficulties. However, in the neonatal period, pulmonary vascular resistance often remains elevated, decreasing the pulmonary blood flow and, therefore, severity of symptoms. Cardiac lesions that reduce pulmonary blood flow often manifest early in life with clinical signs and symptoms of cyanosis, tachypnea, and acidosis. Finally, cardiac lesions that result in isolated pulmonary blood flow manifest immediately in the neonatal period, with profound cyanosis and acidosis. In all three groups of cardiac anomalies, critical care nurses play a key role in the control of pulmonary vascular resistance and blood flow by collaborating in therapies designed to increase, decrease, or promote mixing to reduce morbidity and mortality
Meningococcemia: Recognizing and Reducing Complications in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Carno Margaret-Ann
Published: January 2016

Meningococcemia is a true infectious emergency that requires tremendous skill and collaboration among health-care professionals to reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Complications and sequelae may effect virtually every body system with meningococcal disease. The critical care nurse plays a crucial role in preventing and recognizing complications to reduce serious consequences, including respiratory distress syndrome, myocarditis, cardiovascular collapse, coagulopathies, major skin loss, and limb amputations
Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Bridges Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2016

The integration of data from a pulmonary artery catheter when used as part of a goal-directed plan of care may benefit certain groups of critically ill patients. Integral to the successful use of the pulmonary artery catheter is to accurately obtain and interpret invasive pressure monitoring data. This article addresses commonly asked clinical questions and considerations for decision making under complex care conditions, such as obtaining hemodynamic measurements when the patient is prone or has marked respiratory pressure variations or increased intraabdominal pressure. Recommendations to optimize the invasive pressure monitoring system are presented. Finally, functional hemodynamic indices, which are more sensitive and specific indices than static indices (pulmonary artery and right artrial pressure) of the ability to respond to a fluid bolus, will be introduced.