bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parole Prediction
Authors: Lejins Peter P.
Published: March 2007

Parole prediction, an estimate of the probability of violation or nonviolation of parole by an offender on the basis of ex perience tables, was put into practical operation in 1933 in Illinois. Since the early days of prediction, many refinements of the technique have been suggested and many issues raised and discussed—for instance, the weighting of predictive factors, the comparative importance of dynamic versus static factors, evalua tion of the changing attitudes of the inmates in the course of the correctional process, inconsistency of predictions based on different populations of parolees, the need for continually ad justing the experience tables, attempts to develop an index of predictive efficiency, and the continued search for the most meaningful predictive factors. The perennial central problem is the comparative merit of experience tables versus the case study in deciding on the parole of an individual offender. The con clusion that parole cannot forgo the advantages to be gained from the development and judicious use of experience tables seems to be warranted.
Current Thinking on Parole Prediction Tables
Authors: Evjen Victor H.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the highlights of the author's survey of current thought in the United States on the use of prediction statistics in parole selection and the extent to which prediction tables are used or have been used by paroling authorities in each of the fifty states. Also presented are the views of leading criminologists, prison administrators, and parole board members about prediction devices and their place in parole selection.
It's Time to Start Counting
Authors: Grant J. Douglas
Published: March 2007

Six pieces of evidence are presented to advocate the use of prediction procedures as a means of studying the effectiveness of any correctional agency's decisions and operations. It is main tained that (1) experience is not enough, and systematic self- study is essential to correctional effectiveness; (2) correctional agencies are spending too much money for too little return; (3) prediction devices do hold up; (4) correctional programs help some offenders but probably harm others; (5) correctional agencies waste programs on "good risks"; and (6) subjective de cisions as well as statistical formulas need study. Prediction procedures are advocated as aids in making correctional evalua tions and in developing appropriate classification systems.
Waiver of Jurisdiction
Authors: Sargent Douglas A. , Gordon Donald H.
Published: March 2007

A critical evaluation of the waiver process identifies certain inconsistencies between the goals and methods of the juvenile court movement and points out the difficulties resulting from procedures that attempt to reconcile the goals of punishment and rehabilitation. Several popular explanations for the use of the waiver process are examined and found insufficient to justify removing children from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. Other motives for the waiver process are offered for considera tion. The juvenile court movement is seen as an experiment in criminal justice, and the waiver process as a safety valve for the release of community pressures which threaten the experiment. The juvenile who is waived becomes the target for the court's frustrations and the scapegoat upon whom the accumulated guilt of the community is piled. A dispassionate reconsideration of the waiver process in the light of the issues raised may lead to its abandonment.
Juvenile Court Intake— a Unique and Valuable Tool
Authors: Waalkes Wallace
Published: March 2007

Since the Michigan Juvenile Code grants intake discretion to the Juvenile Division of the Probate Court in only brief, broad terms, without spelling out the exact dimensions of this tool, intake in juvenile court can be as significant as the judge decrees. Whether or not formal intake procedures are set up in juvenile court, screening of cases does occur. The police screen, the prosecutors screen, and the judges' power to dismiss effectively screens out many cases.
A Fresh Look at Old Probation Standards
Authors: Wallace John A.
Published: March 2007

This article questions some probation standards which have, until now, been accepted largely without question and without an evaluation of how effective they actually are when applied. In examining some of the assumptions on which these standards and practices are based, the author suggests alternative ways of look ing at the selection of disposition, the presentence investigation, the concept of probation as treatment, caseload standards, and the educational qualifications of probation personnel.
Legal and Ethical Problems of Street Gang Work
Authors: Kobrin Solomon
Published: March 2007

As a new technique in the control of juvenile delinquency, street gang work raises a singularly knotty problem involving legal and ethical considerations. Since successful street work is based on the trust and confidence established between the worker and his gang boys, the worker often has knowledge of their of fenses. Disclosure of such information to the police impairs the relationship; nondisclosure creates the ethical problem of abet ting delinquency and the legal problem of accessory after the fact. Two proposed solutions to this dilemma are (1) accepting it as unavoidable and (2) extending the right of privileged com munication to the social work profession. However, a third solution is suggested, based on the fact that the ethical and legal dilemma encountered in street gang work stems from the worker's own ambiguity regarding observance of the law. On the assump tion that the younger, less criminally sophisticated groups are the more appropriate targets of street work, the worker's unquali fied commitment to observance of the law supports rather than impedes his work with gangs.
Custody and Treatment in Juvenile Institutions
Authors: Zald Mayer N. , Street David
Published: March 2007

Correctional institutions have two purposes—custody and rehabilitation. This paper attempts to analyze the organizational patterns and problems of juvenile correctional institutions in regard to their goals. The findings of a study of six juvenile institutions for boys indicate that (1) institutions which stress treatment are likely to have a greater delegation of authority and a more complex departmental structure; (2) treatment institu tions and organizations which place equal stress on custody and treatment are more likely to have higher levels of conflict among staff; (3) staff in treatment institutions are less distant and domineering with the inmates; and (4) inmates' attitudes and groupings are more positive in the treatment institutions.
The Police Scandal Syndrome
Authors: Ingersoll John E.
Published: March 2007

Police scandals have shocked public conscience, have produced public outcry, and have diminished public confidence in those to whom it looks for protection. But all the tumult has done nothing to relieve the same public from its share of the responsi bility. True, in those few communities visited by clouds of scan dal, police leadership must accept its responsibility for its lack of management ability, failure to control personnel, and failure to safeguard the public interest vested in their agencies. But the public also has failed in large measure to recognize and acquit its own responsibility in the process of obtaining justice. When police leadership does not select men on the basis of quality instead of quantity and does not educate neophytes and veterans in the ideals, philosophies, ethics, and techniques of police serv ice, the public has failed to demand high standards. Where vice, corruption, and scandals have prevailed, the public has failed to demonstrate its intolerance of conditions inimical to its safety. Where the police have failed to improve the law enforce ment image and articulate needs adequately, the public, con tent with the status quo, has usually failed to invite such action. The public and the police alike must be aware of their responsi bilities and together be intolerant of what ought not to be.
Probation and Due Process of Law
Authors: Rubin Sol
Published: March 2007

Not many years ago courts ruling on the law of sentencing and correctional treatment said or implied that a sentenced per son had few if any rights and was at the mercy of the courts and correctional administration. This image of the legal situation has changed and is changing. Persons who are being sentenced and even prisoners have many rights. Due process of law, both substantive and procedural, applies to them, derived from con stitutional and statutory provisions, as interpreted by the courts. Presentence and probation statutes play a significant role in this development.
Statistics Concerning Race and Crime
Authors: Geis Gilbert
Published: March 2007

Statistics purporting to show the amount of crime in a society possess serious shortcomings as accurate indicators of the item they are measuring. The breakdown of such figures into racial and ethnic categories not only compounds the statistical errors, but also introduces elements of general social concern. Such breakdowns should be eliminated in official reports since they contain, besides their inaccuracy, elements which are socially disruptive and disadvantageous.
A Work Therapy Program for Delinquent Boys
Authors: Silverstein Sam
Published: March 2007

This article describes a work therapy program for fourteen- and fifteen-year-old delinquent youngsters in a subcontract sheltered workshop operated cooperatively by the Milwaukee juvenile court and public schools and the Jewish Vocational Service. The youngsters participate in the workshop for half a day and go to school the other half..Atlempts are being made to utilize the workshop situation as a means to improve their be havior, motivation, and attitudes. Adolescents are referred to the project by the schools if they are making a very poor adjustment in school or if they have had two police involvements. The project will make follow-up studies to test and develop prog nostic indices for various types of problem boys.
An Experiment in Adult "Group-Parole" Supervision
Authors: Mandel Nathan Gary , Parsonage William H.
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Department of Corrections conducted an eighteen-month controlled experiment with male adult parolees, comparing the adjustment of those supervised in biweekly group meetings with the adjustment of those supervised individually. Parolees released from the State Prison were assigned to an ex perimental group and two control groups on a group frequency matching basis for variables of race, marital status, education, intelligence, occupational class, class of offense, previous felonies, previous paroles, and institutional privilege losses. Comparisons between groups were made on the basis of social adjustment ratings and months on parole without revocation. On overall parole adjustment, the experimental group was significantly more successful than either control group. Group parole supervision was found to be more effective and economical, showed no ad verse effects when parolees were permitted to associate under controlled conditions, reduced social distance between parolee and parole officer, and increased the self-esteem of parolees by allowing them intensive participation in determining their own goals while under supervision.
The Relationship of Correctional to Vocational Rehabilitation
Authors: Adams William T. , Grant Richard A. , Prigmore Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Correction has a history of inclusion of many academic dis ciplines, many points of view in its application of tasks, and many functions which frequently have been approached from narrow perspectives. A great need has developed to establish joint action among the interest groups. This paper suggests a tentative formulation for a cooperative approach to correctional rehabili tation through the vocational rehabilitation model. The current emphasis on the employment and job training of the offender allows modern means of treatment to be based on such a model. A close association between correctional and vocational rehabili tation programs is proposed.
The Nonprofessional in Correction
Authors: Terwilliger Carl
Published: March 2007

Correction can contribute to resolving the broad social prob lem of automation-induced unemployment as well as its own professional manpower problem by developing new roles for non professionals (including the offender group) in correctional pro grams. There are already solid bases in theory and experience for such roles in self-help, research and self-study, staff training, program planning, and various subprofessional tasks. These roles need to be given official status in personnel classification and com pensation structures, and career ladders need to be developed. Professionals need not be alarmed on either humanitarian or self-interest grounds, but they will need to adapt imaginatively to new training and supervisory functions in relation to non professionals incorporated into the professional structure. The War on Poverty provides special opportunities for developing and testing these new nonprofessional roles.
The Chronic Drunkenness Offender
Authors: Pinardi Norman J.
Published: March 2007

This article explains the workings of the City of Miami Alco holic Rehabilitation Program, a project in the Miami Municipal Courts geared to provide help and rehabilitation for the chronic drunkenness offender.
Varieties of Attack on the Death Penalty
Authors: Greenberg Jack , Himmelstein Jack
Published: March 2007

The latest execution in the United States occurred on June 2, 1967. Since then, death sentences have been stayed as courts across the country consider a legal challenge to the constitution ality of the death penalty. This paper describes the distorting effect that capital punishment has had on the legal system and the discriminations in the way it has been administered—for example, in rape cases it is applied almost exclusively to Negroes convicted of raping while women. The legal attack focuses on those procedural vices that reflect the arbitrariness and irration ality inherent in capital punishment. Courts are being called on to subject the death penalty to a reasoned examination and to test its validity against the commands of the Constitution, while the number of persons on the nation's death rows continues to grow past the 500 mark. This confrontation on the issue of capital punishment is part of the more general conflict taking place over how society may best cope with its problems without resort to violence.
Murderers on Parole
Authors: Stanton John M.
Published: March 2007

When the paroling of murderers is discussed, everyone in correction has heard many times the protest that "We can't have murderers loose in the streets." This attitude puzzles those of us with experience in dealing with different types of offenders, for we have information showing that, compared with other groups, murderers are actually the best parole risks.
Changing the Delinquent Changing the Delinquent Subculture: A Sociological Approach
Authors: Scott Joseph W. , Hissong Jerry B.
Published: March 2007

The limitations of individual therapy in residential institu tions are examined. The data analyzed indicate that delinquent subcultures in residential institutions neutralize and nullify the intended effects of individual therapy. The authors, recognizing the need for a method to supplement individual therapy, present a sociological method for changing the contra-culture to a sup portive culture.
Has Gault Changed the Juvenile Court Concept?
Authors: Noyes Alfred D.
Published: March 2007

The 1967 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Gault case, which extended certain constitutional rights to children appear ing in juvenile courts for alleged delinquency, has influenced some courts to adopt criminal court procedures, with prosecutors appearing in behalf of the state. The Supreme Court appears to have rejected the principle that the right of a child is not to liberty but to custody.
The Silent Observer
Authors: Allen James E.
Published: March 2007

Training schools throughout the country are handling more and more young offenders each year and must prepare them for re-entry to the community as quickly as possible. Thus, there is a constant search for more effective ways to do so. One method extensively used in juvenile institutions today is group therapy. However, at the Iowa Training School for Boys, conventional group therapy has been relatively unsuccessful; therefore, an approach was sought that produces more immediate results.
Ex-Addict Streetworkers in a Mexican-American Community
Authors: Munns John G. , Geis Gilbert , Bullington Bruce
Published: March 2007

The Boyle Heights Project, an attempt to reduce narcotic addiction in a Mexican-American area by employing thirty former addicts as field workers, produced the following results in its first year: a higher rate of return to addiction among the field workers than prediction tables might have anticipated, with none' of the women workers able to remain drug-free; a controversial employment program that blatantly manipulates employers in the service of clients; a well-functioning detoxifi cation center; and an emerging role as an agency bridging the gap between the addict and the forces of society before whom he feels—and often is—helpless.
Changing Concepts of Juvenile Justice
Authors: Macfaden William E.
Published: March 2007

The Gault decision and the report of the President's Commis sion on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice have called attention to the longstanding failure of the juvenile court to carry out its stated purpose and have initiated major changes. From a place where attorneys were unwelcome, where probation officers tried to combine the roles of prosecutor and friendly advocate, where judges read probation and social study reports before hearing any evidence—and sometimes sought to make examples of juveniles for publicity purposes—the juvenile court is being transformed into a forum for a fair and impartial hear ing. This article describes some of the changes that have taken place and discussès the roles and responsibilities of those involved in the juvenile court process.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Dangerousness
Authors: Kozol Harry L. , Boucher Richard J. , Garofalo Ralph F.
Published: March 2007

Dangerousness in criminal offenders can be reliably diagnosed and effectively treated with a recidivism rate of 6.1 per cent. We define dangerousness as a potential for inflicting serious bodily harm on another.

This is a report of a ten-year study involving 592 male convict ed offenders. Most of the crimes that brought these offenders to our notice were sex offenses. Several were compounded by ex treme violence including murder, manslaughier, assault with intent to kill, and assault with a dangerous weapon. The staff's initial diagnosis indicated that 304 of these persons were not dangerous, and they were released into the community after completing their sentences. Twenty-six (8.6 per cent) subse quently committed serious assaultive (dangerous) crimes.

The courts concurred in our diagnosis of dangerous in 226 cases and committed these offenders to our special "treatment" facility for an indeterminate period of one day to life. Following treatment for an average period of forty-three months, eighty- two patients were discharged on recommendation of the clinical staff. Of these, five (6.1 per cent) subsequently committed serious assaultive crimes, including one murder.

Forty-nine of the originally committed patients were released by court order against the advice of the clinical staff. Of these, seventeen (34.7 per cent) subsequently committed serious assaul tive crimes, including two murders.

Criteria of dangerousness and guidelines for its prediction were elaborated. No tests or psychiatric examinations can depend ably predict a probability of dangerous behavior in the absence of an actual history of a seriously violent assault on another person. The potential for dangerous behavior is relative and covers a wide spectrum, from the mildly dangerous to the ex tremely dangerous. We postulate that those elements of the personality which cause dangerous behavior are common to all classes of assaultive behavior and that there is no basic difference between the man who kills to rape and the one who kills to rob. Treatment is primarily psychiatric. We consider claims for the efficacy of pharmacological and physiological measures to be unproven and even specious. Treatment involves individualiza tion and socialization: the identification and dissipation of an tisocial predatory elements of the personality and the mobiliza tion and reinforcement of socially conformative elements of the personality.
An Inquest on the Cook County Coroner
Authors: Fahey Richard P. , Palmer Deborah J.
Published: March 2007

The office of coroner is one of the oldest law enforcement posi tions in the common law system of justice, antedating the office of sheriff and the expanded role of the judiciary. Carried into modern law, it is considered a corrupt office by some, while others see it as an effective check and balance on public officials in vestigating deaths.
An Interdisciplinary Study of Crime
Authors: Feldman Roger , Weisfeld Glenn
Published: March 2007

A taped interview with a former street-gang leader in Chicago is interpreted as supporting the economic theory of crime. This theory predicts that participation in crime varies directly with net benefits and inversely with the attractiveness of legitimate occupations. The alternative sociological explanation—that crime is caused by deviant personality or exceptional environment— is ambiguous. Parts of that theory are open to more than one interpretation, while its prediction that individuals do not respond to punishments or incentives is deficient.
Plans and Programs
Authors: Sweet David W.
Published: March 2007

The debate between two bands of professionals in the cor rectional system, the healers and the keepers, serves to perpetuate the failures of the past and to frustrate innovative, effective analysis and reform. Given the present context, reforms inevit ably become tools for further punishment and control. The old questions are irrelevant; the old verities, insufficient. The data collected are inadequate, supplying poor answers to insignificant questions. What is urged here is that new frames of reference, borrowed from the methods of policy analysis, be applied to correctional systems. Professional bias constrains the vision of those now working in the system and forces them to divide into factions; therefore, a new band of analysts, cynical and gen eralist in outlook and background, is required to formulate and clarify the system's assumptions, values, goals, program structures, and evaluation. Otherwise, correction will remain transfixed in its hypnotic obsession with failure and obscurity.
Is the YSB All It's Cracked Up to Be?
Authors: Howlett Frederick W.
Published: March 2007

The 1966 study of the President's Commission on Law En forcement and Administration of Justice, recognizing the myriad problems facing America's juvenile courts, suggested the creation of youth service bureaus. Throughout the history of children- centered services in America, promising ideas have been altered in practice with disastrous results for the child. Because of this, and because of the mushroom-like growth of youth service bu reaus without due consideration of either philosophical under pinnings or probable consequences to the community, the YSB concept and strategy of "noncoercive intervention" must be questioned.
Criminal or Delinquent?
Authors: Keiter Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Illinois statutes grant the state's attorney discretionary author ity to decide whether a case should be removed from the juvenile court. In exercising his authority the state's attorney has estab lished evaluation standards based on the seriousness of the of fense, the youth's prior record, and the strength of the state's case.
The Indeterminate Sentence at Patuxent
Authors: Carney Francis L.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a review of Maryland's Defective Delinquency Law, which identifies a group of chronic criminals who are dangerous to society and provides for their treatment along with, perhaps, their indeterminate detention in Patuxent Institution. Several sections of the law have come under legal attack; among them, the indeterminate sentence provision has been most se verely and most frequently attacked, although it is, from the therapist's point of view, the single most effective tool in the treatment of these men. In recent decisions, all the way up to the United States Court of Appeals, the law has been held to be constitutional, and treatment practices under it have led to one of the lowest recidivism rates in the United States.
White-Collar Crime and Employee Theft
Authors: Robin Gerald D.
Published: March 2007

The concept of white-collar crime has perhaps generated more controversy than any other since the introduction of the theory of differential association. Sutherland himself was at least par tially responsible for the confusion over the meaning of the term because he did not clearly specify the behavior that con stituted white-collar crime or those who could engage in such misconduct; the loose usage of the concept by both academic and popular writers has further complicated the issue.
Politics and Measures of Success in the War on Crime
Authors: Milakovich Michael E. , Weis Kurt
Published: March 2007

Evaluation techniques used to measure the success of federal anti crime programs are controlled exclusively by local police, who submit unaudited crime reports to the FBI. Numerous studies have criticized the FBI Uniform Crime Reports as a biased source of information on the extent of the crime problem, and government surveys have shown that FBI figures mirror only a portion of the total number of crimes committed. Notwithstanding these serious deficiencies, the FBI index is still used by politicians, police offi cials, and the mass media as the primary indicator of effectiveness of federal, state, and local anticrime programs. In 1972 the Nixon Administration used crime rates to support the claim that it was winning the war on crime. Evidence submitted in support of this claim included the assertion that the rate of increase in crime had decreased, partly as a result of the millions of federal dollars allo cated to the states by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administra tion. This article assesses the weight of that evidence and addresses four related questions: How are attitudes toward the problem of crime formulated? Who controls the techniques for measuring progress in the war on crime? How does the absence of multiple measures of crime influence the distribution of federal anticrime funds? Who benefits from the results of crime evaluation?
A System of Services for the Mentally Retarded Offender
Authors: Menolascino Frank J.
Published: March 2007

Throughout the United States and Canada, community-based programs for the retarded are being expanded, as are alternative correctional programs for the young offender. But for the men tally retarded offender no such new approaches have been de vised ; he is still relegated to, and unwanted by, both the tradition al correctional system and the institutions for the retarded.
Court Intervention in Correction
Authors: Sullivan Dennis C. , Tifft Larry L.
Published: March 2007

A historical analysis of court intervention in the correctional sys tem reveals that courts generally refused to intervene in correction al administration, preferring to maintain a "hands-off" posture when petitioned to review correctional decision-making. Conse quently, issues related to organizational compliance with court directives received relatively little attention. Recently, however, the courts began to reverse their prior stance and increasingly are intervening in correctional matters.
Dimensions of the Dark Figure of Unreported Crime
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: March 2007

A great deal of criminal activity in America goes unrecorded, largely because it is not reported to the police. This pool of unrecorded crime has several consequences: it limits the deterrent capability of the criminal justice system, it contributes to the misallocation of police resources, it renders victims ineligible for public and private benefits, it affects insurance costs, and it helps shape the police role in society. This report examines these problems in light of new crime-victim data gathered in a national sample of the general population. The data suggest that, compared with those incidents which were reported to the police, the reservoir of unreported crime contains a disproportionate number of less serious incidents involving small financial loss, little serious injury, and less use of weapons. Race, in particular, was unrelated to the reporting of crime in the United States in 1973.
Organizing the Convicted Self-Help for Prisoners and Ex-Prisoners
Authors: Mcanany Patrick D. , Tromanhauser Edward
Published: March 2007

A group of researchers studied Chicago area ex-offender and prisoner groups. Although the groups asserted and pursued a wide array of goals, some patterns did emerge. Some common objectives were (1) identity of self and group, (2) self-help, (3) self-change, (4) survival, (5) change of public attitudes, and (6) system change. One primary focus of all groups is the survival needs of the parolee immediately on release.
Delinquency, Corporal Punishment, and the Schools
Authors: Welsh Ralph S.
Published: March 2007

There is a growing trend in this country to blame youth crime on parental overpermissiveness. Available data fail to support this and show that all types of crime, including school crime, develop within families and school systems emphasizing aversive and authoritarian discipline techniques. Also, racism and personal injustice are more common in an authoritarian atmosphere. Of all types of aversive behavioral control, corporal punishment appears most apt to induce aggression. A theory relating delinquent aggression to the severity of parental discipline is sketched out, and it is suggested that a national effort be made to discourage the use of corporal punishment as a socially acceptable child-rearing technique. Since corporal punishment tends to produce both fear and anger, its continued use in the schools can only be counterproductive to the learning process. Forunately, many who strongly advocate corporal punishment in the classroom have expressed a willingness to forgo its use if more teachers and staff could be trained in alternative methods of effectively handling the troublesome pupil. Therefore, a joint effort should be made to train teachers thoroughly in nonaversive but effective techniques of pupil control. In addition, individual teachers need the support of well- trained guidance personnel who are willing to enter homes and work with the behavioral problems at their source.
Criminal Justice from East to West
Authors: Ross Ruth A. , Benson George C. S.
Published: March 2007

In England and Japan—two other industrialized democracies—the rates of violent crime are much lower than are those in the United States. A com parison of the rates of crime against persons committed in New York, London, and Tokyo reveals a similar situation: Violent crime in our largest city far exceeds that committed in London or Tokyo.
Accelerated Family Intervention in Juvenile Justice
Authors: Blomberg Thomas G. , Caraballo Sherry L.
Published: March 2007

Family intervention is shifting from an informal alternative in the treat ment of juvenile offenders to a formal adjudicatory option, a trend il lustrated by legislation recently passed by the state of Florida. The politi cally expedient move of making family participation in treatment man datory in some cases was not based on conclusive empirical data indicat ing the family's crucial role in causing and resolving delinquent behavior. It appears that state intervention in family matters is likely to increase. Without evaluation of family intervention strategies, such strategies are likely to proliferate with little control over possible unfortunate consequences.
Victimological Aspects of Bystander Involvement
Authors: Sheleff Leon Shaskolsky , Shichor David
Published: March 2007

Concepts derived from victimology may be useful in analyzing the role of the bystander who witnesses a criminal offense. The bystander may be perceived as harmed by the direct, physical effects of the offense, by the psychological consequences, and by his involvement in the criminal process. All three areas merit further analysis and research.
Mental Health Treatment of Violent Juveniles: An Assessment of Need
Authors: Cocozza Joseph J. , Hartstone Eliot , Braff Jeraldine
Published: March 2007

An assumption held by the general population, policy makers, and many mental health and juvenile justice professionals is that most youths who commit violent acts are severely mentally disordered and, therefore, require intensive psychiatric services. This assumption is examined in light of the experiences of a specialized program estab lished within New York State that diverted juveniles adjudicated for a violent crime into a mental health setting.
Female Exoffenders and Community Programs: Barriers to Service
Authors: Lewis Diane K.
Published: March 2007

Women released from a local jail in a western city encountered for midable barriers when they attempted to learn about and make use of resources in the community for the economically disadvantaged. This seven-month study examined structural and programmatic factors im peding delivery of the services and suggests that high recidivism rates among women released from jail may be, in part, a consequence of discriminatory policies and the general unresponsiveness of com munity agencies.
On Theory and Action for Corporate Crime Control
Authors: Braithwaite John , Geis Gilbert
Published: March 2007

The recent surge of governmental and scholarly interest in corporate crime seems likely to end or to slow down considerably under the Reagan administration. This paper examines six propositions jointly suggesting that corporate crime represents a more feasible and signifi cant crime control target than traditional crime. It is argued that the discredited doctrines of crime control by public disgrace, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation can be successfully applied to cor porate crime. This would be particularly true if the implications of our propositions were to form the basis for alterations in criminal law and criminal procedure.
The Unmet Promise of Alternatives to Incarceration
Authors: Austin James , Krisberg Barry
Published: March 2007

A careful review of the research literature on alternatives to incarcera tion suggests that their promise of reducing the prison population has remained largely unmet. For each of the reform strategies reviewed, the nonincarcerative options were transformed, serving criminal jus tice system values and goals other than reducing imprisonment. Sen tencing alternatives, such as restitution and community service, were found to enhance the sanctions of probation and fines instead of re placing incarceration. Similarly, postincarceration release programs, such as work release and work furlough, often escalated the level of control over clients and served primarily to control populations within prison systems. Increasing the availability of community correctional facilities has not reduced populations in secure confinement. Com munity correction legislation appears less likely to reduce incarcera tion than to change the location of imprisonment from the state in stitutions to county jails. Moreover, initial declines in state prison commitments can be neutralized by modifying over time other sen tencing or release policies that increase prison populations. Although community correction legislation may have redistributed correctional costs and shifted decision making from state to local levels, it is ques tionable whether it has made a long-term contribution to reduced im prisonment. Progress in alternatives will remain frustrated until re forms are more carefully implemented and until proponents of alter natives are willing to test their ideologies through rigorous research. Furthermore, a new political consensus must emerge outside the crim inal justice system in which the values of punishment and public safe ty are rationally balanced with fiscal constraints and competing claims for public revenue.
Gender Issues in Juvenile Justice
Authors: Sarri Rosemary C.
Published: March 2007

The federal JJDP legislation has had a differential impact on the pattern of admission of females and males to detention facilities and training schools, and also on the rate of admission relative to the total available youth population. These findings suggest a differential societal response, and also variable incidence of delinquency among females and males. Data from a self-report survey of high school youth corroborate the latter assumption and also findings that have been noted by others. Attachment to parents and normative institutions is an important constraint on delinquent behavior, but this bonding interacts differently for females and males. Thus, both explanatory and intervention theories of delinquency need to consider gender as a critical variable.
Aztec Psychotherapy: a Study of Help-Giving in Ancient Mexico
Authors: Wasserman Martin
Published: March 2007

Utilizing Jerome Frank's sociocultural definition of psychotherapy, it is argued that, more than four centuries ago, the supposedly "barbaric" Aztecs of Mexico were practising a genuine form of psychotherapy. Furthermore, it is suggested that structural and "process" components of Aztec psychotherapy seemed to be highly effective in restoring the hope of demoralized individuals.
An Approach to Lower Cost Urethane Foams
Authors: Coglianese Fred A.
Published: March 2007

The incorporation of certain low cost wood resins as extenders in urethane foam systems is discussed. Significant cost reductions can be realized from these systems while still maintaining those physical properties which make urethane foams unique as a low-tem perature thermal insulation.

Formulation studies, processing details, and foam properties are discussed along with the present and potential value of such sys tems in expanding and stabilizing the mar kets for rigid urethane foams.
Novel Foams From Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers
Authors: Ingram Alvin R.
Published: March 2007

Styrene copolymer foams were prepared from expandable beads of various acrylo nitrile contents and the resistance of these foams to gasolines was evaluated. Minimum acrylonitrile content for resistance to pre mium gasoline was about 28.5%, whereas foams containing 18.5% acrylonitrile resisted regular grade gasolines. Conventional meth ods of preparing the high acrylonitrile-con taining foams gave unsatisfactory products, but an effective process was developed from studies of the kinetics of suspension copoly merization.

Differential thermal and thermogravi metric analyses served to compare expand able 29%-acrylonitrile copolymer with ex pandable polystyrene. Although these poly mers are dissimilar in many characteristics, their copolymer foams exhibit no significant differences in physical properties.
Kinetics and Catalysis of Urethane Foam Reactions
Authors: Willeboordse F.G. , Critchfield F.E. , Meeker R.L.
Published: March 2007

Since the rates of chemical reactions in volved in cellular urethane formation are decisive for product quality, model reactions were kinetically investigated and the mech anism of catalysis was studied. A simple rela tionship found between the specific rate con stant and the molar ratio of alcohol/catalyst for an alcohol/isocyanate reaction catalyzed by stannous octoate suggests the formation of an activated intermediate complex.

The balance between the alcohol/isocyan ate and water/isocyanate reaction rates is important. Organotin compounds promote the former rate more than the latter whereas the reverse holds for amine catalysts. The rates of both reactions, catalyzed by amines with and without stannous octoate as co catal yst, demonstrate a synergistic effect ex plained by the extra stability imparted to the activated intermediate complex by attach ment of the amine.
Microcellular Urethane— Processing and Applications
Authors: Reuter G.
Published: March 2007

The basic chemical and physical proper ties of microcellular urethane are described. The methods of processing and the produc tion sequence are outlined. The ability of microcellular urethane to replace rubber and other materials in auxiliary springs, damping devices, and seals is discussed. A number of examples of current applications, particularly in the automotive industry, are given.

A direct comparison between the compres sion, shear, cold flow, permanent set, fatigue strength, and effect of temperature on natural rubber and microcellular urethane is given.
Some Correlations Between Raw Materials, Formalation, and Flame-Retardant Properties of Rigid Urethane Foams
Authors: Piechota Helmut
Published: March 2007

As part of a study of various types of flame retardants, an effort was made to determine the phosphorus, chlorine, and bromine concentrations which give optimum flame retardancy in rigid foams. The effects of individual compounds containing these elements, as well as the effect of combining phosphorus and chloride, and phophorus and bromine compounds have been examined. Several fomulating principles have been derived. In addition, the acting mechanisms and the dependence of the effect on the compostion and structure of the various types of flame retardants are considered. Interestingly, elementary red phosphorus is an excellent flame retardant.
Multi-Magnetrons and Phenolic Moulds—A New Concept in Flexible Foam Moulding
Authors: Blackwell J.B. , Killen D.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the previous history of difficulties with the original mould con struction based on epoxy fiber glass construc tion with a filled lossy layer. It will then trace the investigation work for a material with a suitable permittivity and loss angle, preferably obtainable in composite form, it should be economical, simple to form and manipulate and should permit to a large de gree transparency to micro-wave energy. This resulted in a mould material, known as a felt, manufactured from phenolic resin and asbestos, which is manufactured in pre-im pregnated sheets. The techniques of manu facture of moulds will be discussed, together with the necessary safeguards in obtaining a mould with long life which is reasonably in expensive.
Evaluation of Variables Pertinent to The Preparation of Vinyl Foam
Authors: Harris E.B.
Published: March 2007

The effect of the rheology of a foam plas tisol during fusion on the resultant properties of the foam produced have been studied. The catalytic effect of eight compounds on the decomposition temperature of azodicarbona mide were studied and correlated to the plas tisol rheology as determined by the Fusion- Viscosity test. Data indicate that decomposi tion of the blowing agent should occur at a temperature greater than the fusion tempera ture to insure uniform cell formation.
Parole Guidelines and the Red uction of Sentenci ng Disparity
Authors: Gottfredson Michael R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the arguments and supporting research bearing on the question of the reduction of sentencing disparity by parole boards. Some new data are then offered as a preliminary examination of whether parole boards, operating under explicit decision guidelines, achieve a substantial sentence equalization function. The data strongly suggest a considerable reduction in disparity and, when read in light of previous research, imply a guidelines ef fect. These results are then discussed in the context of alternative methods that have been proposed to achieve more equitable sanctions.
Social Inequalities, Schooling, and Mark B. Ginsburg Katherine K. Newman Teacher Education
Authors: Ginsburg Mark b. , Newman Katherine k.
Published: March 2007

This article draws upon interview and participant-observation data to discuss how issues concerning political and economic inequalities and the role of schooling were evidenced in the context of a teacher education program. Certain preservice teachers' conceptions of existing inequalities and the role of schooling are shown to represent three "ideal type" positions: (a) free choice in a neutral system, (b) individual attitudes and prejudices, and (c) institutional and societal structure. The paper also analyzes how the prospective teachers' viewpoints interact with the diverse messages in the formal and hidden curriculum of the teacher education program.
Fiscal Policy, 1974/5 -1980/1: Description and Measurement
Authors: Savage David
Published: March 2007

This article examines the conduct of fiscal policy since 1974. It is in two parts. The first contains a chronological narrative of what policy-makers did during the period. It describes, in rapid summary, the major policy developments and the setting within which policy formation evolved. The style of part I is more journalistic than scientific, the intention being to convey some sort of impression of what things were like at the time—of the pressure of immediate problems and the unexpectedness of many economic developments—an impression which would perhaps be lost in a more analytical and abstract treatment. The second part is concerned with the more technical task of measuring the effects of policy changes. It emphasizes the leverage of fiscal instruments—the first impact' of policy upon the level of demand—rather than the more indirect effects on the balance of payments and inflation, important though these may have been as target variables.
The Roles of Output Expectations and Liquidity in Explaining Recent Productivity Movements
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon
Published: March 2007

The behaviour of labour productivity (output per head) in recent years has received considerable comment. Growth rates in manufacturing of 5.7 per cent and 6.0 per cent in 1982 and 1983 have been interpreted by some as heralding a new era in industrial relations and technological innovation. One systematic analysis identifies an upward shift in productivity in 1980, followed by more normal behaviour thereafter (see Mendis and Muellbauer (1983), and also the article by John Muellbauer in the Financial Times, 20 April 1983). The improvement has taken place in most manufacturing industries, and remains however carefully we try to measure labour's input into production (National Institute Economic Review, no. 106, pp. 42-46).
Oil Prices and the Economy
Authors: Hall Stephen , Henry Brian , Herbert Rhys
Published: March 2007

Although there is some uncertainty about the prices at which trading takes place on the oil market, there is no doubt that the falls in oil prices since the early part of this year amount to one of the most significant economic events of the 1980s. If falls of such magnitude are maintained, investment plans in the oil sector, and depletion policy, could be affected. Furthermore, other supply-side changes may be set in train, due to the relative price (of oil to other fuels) change, and switches in profitability from the oil sector to other sectors of the economy. There are other, more immediate and quantifiable effects of oil price changes however: on demand, on the exchange rate and on prices. In this note we will offer estimates of the second set of effects, abstracting from effects on North Sea oil investment, and from any effects that improved profitability of the non-oil sectors of the economy may exert on investment apart from those associated with the increase in macroeconomic activity. A ‘no change’ assumption for oil investment is made for convenience, and to ease comparison with other simulations reported subsequently in Section 3. As for investment in the non-oil sector, our econometric work has failed to detect an influence for company profits once full allowance is made for expected future sales by this sector.