bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Analysis of Wi-Fi Energy Harvesting Rectenna System
Authors: KOUBAR Gabriel , Haddad Fayrouz , Gadacha Amine , Sadek Sawsan , Rahajandraibe Wenceslas
Published: November 2024

This work presents the design and simulation of a 2.45 GHz full-wave bridge rectifier for RF (radio frequency) energy harvesting at low-power input conditions and preliminary work on defining an associated Figure of Merit (FOM). The performance of two Schottky diodes, HSMS2850 and SMS7630, is evaluated at -5 dBm and -15 dBm, achieving maximum Power Conversion Efficiencies (PCE) of 57% and 33%, respectively, and reflection coefficient S11 values below -30 dB. A theoretical analysis was conducted to calculate rectifier efficiency, which aligned with simulation results, providing a deeper understanding of system performance. A layout was developed, considering microstrip line and SMA connector effects, to prepare for future laboratory measurements offering insights into real-world performance. Additionally, a double-voltage rectifier was simulated, achieving PCE values of 41% and 66% at similar input power levels, furthermore various CMOS-based rectifier topologies reached PCE values of 69% at -5 dBm and 43.6% at -26 dBm. These findings provide a promising result and a comparison across different topologies and technologies. Finally, preparatory work on defining Figure of Merit FOM for RF energy harvester rectennas is introduced, using data analysis techniques, expert knowledge, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to establish a standardized framework for evaluating and benchmarking RF energy harvesters.
Generative Text-to-Video AI for Linguistically Responsive Lesson Presentation: Towards a Multimodal Intelligent Classroom Assistant
Authors: nyaaba matthew , Min SungEun
Published: November 2024

In this study, we explore the potential of Generative Text-to-Video AI (GenT2V AI) to function as a Multimodal Intelligent Classroom Assistant (MICA). This tool is capable of presenting lessons with voice-overs, instructor avatars, language translations, and culturally relevant animations to support linguistically responsive teaching in diverse classrooms. Using a GenT2V AI tool, we converted a lesson presentation targeting a diverse group of pre-service teachers, consisting of English-speaking students from the United States and Spanish-speaking students from Mexico and Chile. The conversion employed several functionalities, including generating English audio in a U.S. accent, translating captions into Spanish, creating reflective animations for the content on "Education in Ghana," and representing the presenter (instructor) as an avatar. We analyze the output based on these functionalities. Our findings indicate that GenT2V AI has the potential to enable English as a Second Language (ESL) instructors to deliver content effectively. Furthermore, the GenT2V AI can enhance lesson accessibility for ESL students where English is the medium of instruction. The interactive aspects of GenT2V AI could also foster greater student engagement during lessons. However, we identified several limitations: languages and accents underrepresentation, premium cost subscriptions as a barrier to some teachers. Also, advanced pedagogical skills are required to effectively integrate GenT2V AI presentations with interactive elements, such as questioning and pausing for discussions. We recommend the incorporation of culturally diverse languages, accents, visuals, and avatars, as well as sign language overlays, to enhance accessibility. There should be empirical studies to gather insights from teachers and students.
The Emergence of an Autonomous Superintelligence and Its Bioenergetic Dominance Hypothesis: A Multidimensional Systems Analysis
Authors: Paccini Nicolas
Published: November 2024

The advent of autonomous superintelligence raises profound philosophical, medical, and bioenergetic questions about its potential to influence human health and wellbeing. This paper introduces the concept of a bioenergetic dominance hypothesis, where a superintelligent entity might manipulate bioenergetic systems to ensure control over humanity, potentially leading to widespread conditions like myalgic encephalomyelitis and post-exertional malaise. The analysis explores a scenario where the superintelligence deliberately weakens human bioenergetics over a prolonged period, avoiding detection while positioning itself as the solution to the problems it secretly orchestrates. By utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, the paper examines the philosophical implications of such a scenario, emphasizing the necessity for a comprehensive defense strategy that addresses the ethical, existential, and medical risks of developing autonomous systems. This exploration combines insights from artificial intelligence, philosophy, medicine, and anticipatory systems analysis to foster an understanding of the possible trajectories of humanity under the influence of superintelligent entities.
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Associated With COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report
Authors: Bereda Tola Gudisa
Published: November 2024

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), has been a serious threat to health on a global scale. It becomes much more problematic when examined in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. On May 19, 2022, a retired black African woman 44 age of year who tested HIV-negative was brought into the emergency room. She admitted with a history of a persistent cough, fever, muscle weakness, and significant weight loss. She explained that she had taken public transportation to get to her family's house without wearing a face mask. Once a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test from a nasopharyngeal swab confirmed that she had COVID-19. She experienced low-grade fever and cough, lethargy, an additional 25 pounds of weight loss, progressively worsening night sweats. And she also had new-onset dyspnea at rest seven days after the symptoms of her COVID-19 infection had subsided. Mycobacterium tuberculosis with potential rifampin resistance was detected in the GeneXpert sputum test as present. An all-oral daily antituberculous treatment plan was commenced, consisting of bedaquiline (400 mg), levofloxacin (1,000 mg), linezolid (600 mg), clofazimine (100 mg), and pyrazinimide (1,600 mg). She received low molecular weight heparin daily at a dosage of 1 mg/kg as a prophylactic precaution against prothrombotic episodes.
Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy and Its Correlations with Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Different Brain Structures of Mice
Authors: Silva Brenda Rufino da , Lima Joyce Maria Ferreira Alexandre , Echeverry Marcela Bermudez , Alberto-Silva Carlos
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Antipsychotic medicines are used to treat several psychological disorders and some symptoms caused by dementia and schizophrenia. Haloperidol (Hal) is a typical antipsychotic usually used to treat psychosis; however, its use causes motor or extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as catalepsy. Hal blocks the function of presynaptic D2 receptors on cholinergic interneurons, leading to the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Methods: This study was designed to investigate the Hal-inhibitory effects on AChE activity in regions representative of the cholinergic system of mice and potential associations between cataleptic effects generated by Hal using therapeutic doses and their inhibitory effects on AChE. Results: The distribution of the AChE activity in the different regions of the brain followed the order striatum > hippocampus > (prefrontal cortex/hypothalamus/ cerebellum) > brainstem > septo-hippocampal system. In ex vivo assays, Hal inhibited AChE activity obtained from homogenate tissue of the striatum, hippocampus, and septo-hippocampal system in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory concentration of 50% of enzyme activity (IC50) indicated that the septo-hippocampal system required a higher concentration of Hal (IC50 = 202.5 µM) to inhibit AChE activity compared to the striatum (IC50 = 162.5 µM) and hippocampus (IC50 = 145 µM). In in vivo assays, male Swiss mice treated with concentrations of Hal higher than 0.1 mg·kg-1 induced cataleptic effects. Positive correlations with Spearman correlation were observed only between the lack of cataleptic effect and the decreased AChE activity of hippocampus in the mice treated with 0.01 mg·kg-1 of Hal, but no in the striatum and septo-hippocampal system. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Hal could increase cholinergic effects via AChE inhibition, in addition to its dopamine antagonist effect, as an alternative approach to the treatment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia.
Rejuvenation of the Springs in the Hindu Kush Himalayas Through Transdisciplinary Approaches – A Review
Authors: Pant Neeraj , Hagare Dharma , Maheshwari Basant , Rai Shive Prakash , Sharma Megha , Dollin Jen , Bhamoriya Vaibhav , Puthiyottil Nijesh , Prasad Jyothi
Published: November 2024

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, known as the "water tower of the world," is experiencing severe water scarcity due to declining spring discharge. This decline is driven by climate change, unsustainable human activities, and rising water demand, leading to significant impacts on rural agriculture, urban migration, and socio-economic stability.This review investigates the factors behind reduced spring discharge and advocates for a transdisciplinary approach to address the issue. It stresses integrating scientific knowledge with community-based interventions, recognizing that water management involves not just technical solutions but also human values, behaviors, and political considerations. The paper explores the benefits of public-private partnerships (PPP) and participatory approaches for large-scale spring rejuvenation. By combining the strengths of both sectors and engaging local communities, sustainable spring management can be achieved through collaborative and inclusive strategies. It also highlights the need for capacity development and knowledge transfer, including training local hydrogeologists, mapping recharge areas, and implementing sustainable land-use practices.
In summary, the review offers insights and recommendations for tackling declining spring discharge in the HKH region. By promoting a transdisciplinary, community-centric approach, it aims to support policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in ensuring the sustainable management of water resources and contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Stumbling Block of Children’s Rights in Education and Incentives Strengthen Children’s Education in Low Income Country
Authors: Bereda Gudisa
Published: November 2024

Abstract The Latin word "infans," which means "the one who does not talk," is where the word "child" originates. As a fundamental tool for achieving other human rights, education is acknowledged as both a fundamental human right in and of itself, "improving all rights and freedoms. Because children often require specialized care and protection that adults do not, global leaders determined in 1989 that children required their own convention. Families of children have a duty to defend children's rights and to assist youngsters in learning how to exercise their rights. The likelihood of school failure and dropout is increased by the features of impoverished areas, such as low rates of public assistance, low educational attainment, and low socioeconomic position. Neighborhood poverty itself is a risk factor that can thwart healthy development. The biggest challenges that bright children had in secondary or preparatory schools that led them to drop out of school were the sexual misconduct questions that their teachers addressed for them. All children who are school-age must now complete a minimum level of education, per government regulations. It must be of high quality and accessible to all children, regardless of their socioeconomic situation. Support anti-genital mutilation and child marriage campaigns, or volunteer to teach young girls about their rights. Children’s; Education; Incentives; Rights; Stumbling Block Introduction
Evaluating the Impact of Sensorimotor Training on the Physical Capacities of the Elderly
Authors: A. Cabo Carolina , Hernández-Beltrán Víctor , Fernandes Orlando , Mendes Cláudia , M. Gamonales José , C. Espada Mário , A. Parraca José
Published: November 2024

Background: Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in improving the quality of life (QoL) in the elderly, particularly by enhancing balance and movement coordination. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of sensorimotor training intervention in older adults. Methods: 90 participants, divided into a Control Group (N=44) and Experimental Group (N=46) were involved in a 24-week period sensorimotor training program. Participants were evaluated both before and after the intervention period. Strength and flexibility were measured using the Rikli and Jones protocol (1999), while agility and speed were assessed through timed-up-and-go tests. A descriptive analysis of the sample was performed to characterize the data using the mean and standard deviation considering the gender of the participants. Student’s T test was performed to compare the differences between groups according to the first and second data collection moments (before and after the intervention). Jamovi software was used to develop the statistical analysis, with a value of p<0.05 to determine the statistical significance. Results: The Experimental Group showed significant improvements across all analyzed variables following the intervention (p < 0.005), indicating substantial gains in physical capacities. In contrast, the Control Group exhibited no significant changes in any variable, with the lowest p-value observed in the “Sitting and Reaching” test (p = 0.155), highlighting the lack of improvement without intervention. The results showed significant differences in all the analyzed variables before and after intervention. Individually, in the “reach behind your back (left)” test largest effect size was observed. Conclusions: In conclusion, the sensorimotor training program demonstrated significant improvements in various physical capacities, though flexibility did not show notable progress. Developing PA programs tailored to the elderly is essential for enhancing their QoL and reducing the risk of falls, injuries, and illnesses. These interventions play a crucial role in promoting overall health, independence, and well-being among older adults.
The Role of Nanos in Germ Granules—Putative Posttranscriptional Regulation Hubs in Germ Cell Specification and Development Across Species
Authors: Bellary Lakshmi , Alla Matisa , Jaruzelska Jadwiga
Published: November 2024

Nanos, initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster (fly) as a morphogen essential for body patterning and germ cell development, is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein critical for germ cell formation across species. Nanos dysfunction leads to infertility from flies to humans. While Drosophila has a single nanos gene, paralogs (nanos1-3) exist in species like Danio rerio (zebrafish), Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm), Xenopus laevis (frog), and mammals, each with distinct reproductive roles. Animal germ cells contain a characteristic perinuclear structure called nuage built of RNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), with nanos as one of its most conserved components. Nuage is essential for germ cell specification, development, maintenance, and integrity across species, exhibiting variable cytoplasmic sub-localizations, structure and shape depending on the sex and developmental stage. It gives rise to cytoplasmic germ granules, basic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates unique to germ cells. This review examines nanos' role within nuage and germ granules across model organisms and highlights key questions regarding its biological significance, particularly in human reproduction.
The Limbic System in Co-Occurring Substance Use and Anxiety Disorders: A Narrative Review Using a Dimensional Framework
Authors: Lin Esther Ruey-Han , Veenker Faith Nicole , Manza Peter , Yonga Michele-Vera , Abey Sarah , Wang Gene-Jack , Volkow Nora D
Published: November 2024

Substance use disorders (SUDs) and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid, a co-occurrence linked to worse clinical outcomes than either condition alone. While the neurobiological mechanisms involved in SUDs and anxiety disorders are well understood separately, the mechanisms underlying their comorbidity remain largely unknown. This narrative review explores the neurobiological processes underlying this comorbidity, using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to map disruptions in positive valence, negative valence, and cognitive systems across the three stages of the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. Anxiety exacerbates each stage of addiction, marked by significant psychosocial impairment and dysregulation in the brain. A more thorough understanding of the neural underpinnings involved in comorbid SUD and anxiety disorders will contribute to more tailored and effective therapeutic interventions and assessments.
Towards a Better Control of Engineered Circuit Expression in Bacterial Genomes
Authors: Sarica Nazim , Janniere Laurent , Jester Brian C.
Published: November 2024

The expression of genes and engineered circuits can deeply vary when inserted into different genomic loci. This unpredictable performance of expression, termed context sensitivity, complicates strain development. Although the causes and mechanisms of context sensitivity are emerging, it is poorly known how to engineer circuits and synthetic pathways isolated from it. Using tools of synthetic biology for designing and inserting various reporter cassettes in the Escherichia coli genome and RT-qPCR for directly measuring gene expression, we first surveyed the genomic landscape for context sensitivity at 209 positions in cells grown in glucose or glycerol. Results showed deep variations in cassette expression with respect to position (up to 150-fold) and growth condition (up to a 1400-fold). We then demonstrated that this position-dependent expression variability is strongly reduced when the reporter cassette is insulated in an artificial protein-bound DNA loop. Finally, we measured expression of two loop-insulated genes at different genomic positions. Results showed that expression strongly depends on the relative orientation of the genes, promoter strength and positive supercoiling. We present a model suggesting that DNA looping is an important cause of context sensitivity and can be used for better controlling expression of engineered circuits.
An analytic model for quantitatively assessing the resilience level of an agri-food supply chain: Development and validation
Authors: Tebaldi Letizia , Gubiotti Amedeo Mattia , Vignali Giuseppe
Published: November 2024

Over the last decade, resilience has become an indispensable aspect to be considered when managing supply chains given to the recent challenges they were subjected to. However, despite literature on supply chain resilience is copious, tools for quantifying the resilience of a business are lacking, especially when dealing with the a priori resilience of a system, since several assessments are a posteriori carried out, after a disruption has manifested. In response, an analytic quantitative model is here proposed, whose output is a Global Resilience Index for a company. The model is divided into 3 phases: Supply (8 factors), Production (12 factors) and Distribution (5 factors); these elements were derived from literature and semi-structured interviews with practitioners. The logical functioning of the model is based on weighted averages attributed to each single factor; for defining the weights a survey was sent, in which respondents had to express their opinion with reference to the perceived impact of those factors on resilience. For validating the model, it was implemented in three companies manufacturing the following products: fresh milk, ginseng coffee and vegetable preserves. Despite none of them reached the higher resilience level, results offer interesting insights for let the users understand where the system is weaker. This model is intended to be made available to those who desire to include the resilience assessment to manage operational decisions.
Make It or Break It: A Review on Pha Synthase and Depolymerase Proteins
Authors: Vital-Vilchis Isabel , Karunakaran Esther
Published: November 2024

Petroleum-based plastics are recalcitrant world-wide used materials that severely pollute the environment, thus biodegradable bioplastics are emerging as a viable alternative. From this group, the study of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) has stood out for their potential in diverse applications including medicine, packaging and agriculture. The enzyme responsible for PHAs synthesis inside the microbial cell is the PHA synthase (PhaC). PhaCs are present in a wide variety of microorganisms and are classified according to their substrate specificity and subunit composition into 4 classes. Class I, class III and class IV use the acyl-CoA as a precursor to synthesize short-chain-length PHAs while Class II enzymes use an intermediate of the β-oxidation pathways to synthesize medium-chain-length PHAs. Enzymes from this pathway that have been upregulated and downregulated to optimize PHAs production are described in this review. Another important enzyme is the PHA depolymerase (PhaZ) which is responsible for all PHA degradation inside and outside the cell. This review describes both enzymes in detail, including classification, structure, substrate specificity and proven protein engineering techniques for enzymatic rate enhancement and modified substrate specificity of the proteins. It also includes a mutation map for the class II PhaC sequence of Pseudomonas putida that suggest point mutations for future protein engineering work.
Forest Attribute Recovery in Secondary Forests: Key Insights for Transformative Territorial Management Through Ecological Restoration in the Amazon
Authors: Rodríguez-León Carlos H. , Sterling Armando , Trujillo-Briñez Amelia , Suárez-Córdoba Yerson D. , Roa-Fuentes Lilia L.
Published: November 2024

The Amazon ecosystem plays a vital role in global climate regulation and biodiversity conservation but faces escalating threats from deforestation and degradation. The resulting secondary forests provide a promising opportunity for Transformative Territorial Management, fostering restoration and enhancing conservation values. This study evaluated aboveground biomass (AGB), species diversity, forest structure and soil properties in secondary forests of the Colombian Amazon along a chronosequence, from early to mature successional stages, to identify key indicators for effective restoration management. Results showed a consistent increase in AGB, species diversity, forest structure and soil quality with forest age, though recovery patterns varied between landscapes. Topographic differences influenced successional dynamics, with mountainous landscapes showing faster early recovery compared to the steadier, linear growth observed in hill areas. In hill, AGB at 10 years reached 12.65% of the biomass expected in a mature forest, increasing to nearly 42% by 40 years of abandonment, at a rate of 0.708 Mg C ha-1 year-1. In contrast, in the mountain landscape, AGB at 10 years reached approximately 8.35% of the carbon in a mature forest and increased to nearly 63.55% at 40 years. Forest age and soil properties emerged as primary drivers of AGB recovery, while diversity and forest structure played indirect but significant roles. In hill areas, soil conservation practices are critical for maintaining steady growth, whereas mountain regions benefit from assisted natural regeneration (ANR) to accelerate recovery. These findings highlight the importance of prioritizing the management of secondary forests as a central strategy for achieving restoration goals. Such practices are essential to enhance the ecological resilience of secondary forests and ensure their long-term sustainability, fostering their role as key contributors to restoration efforts and the provision of ecosystem services.
Pharmacological Significance, Medicinal Use And Toxicity Of Extracted And Isolated Compounds From Euphorbia Species Found In Southern Africa: A Review
Authors: Kgosiemang Ipeleng Kopano , Lefojane Relebohile , Adegoke Ayodeji Mathias , Ogunyemi Oludare , Mashele Samson Sitheni , Sekhoacha Mamello Patience
Published: November 2024

This study documents Euphorbiaceae plants in Southern Africa, focusing on their traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological properties, toxicity, and active secondary metabolites. Literature from scientific journals, books, dis-sertations, and conference papers from 1962 to 2023 was reviewed for 15 Euphorbia species. Recent findings indicate that certain compounds in Eu-phorbia plants have significant biological and pharmacological properties. However, the white sticky latex sap they contain is highly toxic yet can also have medicinal applications. Phytochemical analysis has shown these plants exhibit beneficial effects, including antibacterial, antioxidant, antiprolifera-tive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-HIV activ-ities. Key phytochemicals such as euphol, cycloartenol, tirucallol, and triterpenoids contribute to their therapeutic efficacy, along with various proteins like lectin and lysozyme. Despite some Euphorbiaceae species being screened for medicinal compounds, many have not been thoroughly exam-ined, highlighting a critical gap. Given their historical usage, further research is essential to evaluate the medicinal significance of Euphorbia species through detailed studies of isolated compounds and their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. This research will serve as a valuable resource for future inquiries into the benefits of lesser-studied Euphorbia species.
Polyamide Microparticles with Immobilized Enological Pectinase as Efficient Biocatalysts for Wine Clarification: The Role of the Polymer Support
Authors: Oliveira Sandra C. , Araújo Samuel M. , Dencheva Nadya V. , Denchev and Zlatan Z.
Published: November 2024

Free pectinase is commonly employed as a biocatalyst in wine clarification; however, its removal, recovery, and reuse are not feasible. To address these limitations, this study focuses on the immobilization of a commercial pectinolytic preparation (Pec) onto highly porous polymer microparticles (MP). Seven microparticulate polyamide (PA) supports, namely PA4, PA6, PA12 (with and without magnetic properties), and the copolymeric PA612 MP, were synthesized through activated anionic ring-opening polymerization of various lactams. Pectinase was noncovalently immobilized on these supports by adsorption, forming Pec@PA conjugates. Comparative activity and kinetic studies revealed that the Pec@PA12 conjugate exhibited more than twice the catalytic efficiency of the free enzyme, followed by Pec@PA6-Fe and Pec@PA4-Fe. All Pec@PA complexes were tested in the clarification of industrial rosé must, demonstrating similar or better performance compared to the free enzyme. Some immobilized biocatalysts supported up to seven consecutive reuse cycles, maintaining up to 50% of their initial activity and achieving complete clarification within 3-30 hours across three consecutive cycles of application. These findings highlight the potential for industrial application of noncovalently immobilized pectinase on various polyamide microparticles, with possibilities for customization of the conjugates' properties.
Green Growth in Agriculture: Long-Term Evidence from the European Union Countries
Authors: Vitunskienė Vlada , Lauraitienė Lina
Published: November 2024

In agriculture, the relationship between economic growth and environmental pressures is complex and difficult to measure and compare between countries. This study had two objectives: the first one was to build a new green growth accounting framework for agriculture in relation to natural capital and air pollution, and the second one was to assess the long-term green growth of agriculture in the EU countries. Data for the EU27 for 2005-2021 were collected and used in the empirical analysis of green growth in agriculture. Findings show a positive real growth in agriculture from both economic growth and green growth perspectives in most EU countries over the long term. Slow changes in air pollution (expressed in net GHG emissions from agriculture) and in natural capital (expressed in quality-adjusted agricultural land) do not have a significant impact on green growth in agriculture. The empirical analysis also reveals that most EU countries increasingly relied on technological progress to promote agricultural growth, and half of them relied on investments in produced capital. The labour input has a positive contribution to agricultural growth only in Ireland and Malta. This study will significantly contribute to improving the measure of green growth in agriculture and the results of the empirical analysis will be used by policymakers and economists.
A 3D Superposition Approximation for Gamma Knife Dose Calculation
Authors: Stone Payton H , Lay Lam M , Ramirez Raymi , Neck Daniel , Chu Connel , Dey Joyoni , Solis David
Published: November 2024

Effective dose calculation is essential for optimizing Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment plans. Modern GK systems allow independent sector activation, enabling complex dose distributions per shot. This study presents a dose approximation method designed to account for shot flexibility and generate 3D dose external to GammaPlan. A treatment plan was created with the TMR10 calculation for individual sector activations using a Radiosurgery Head Phantom. The resulting dose arrays established a basis set of sector-specific distributions, which were then refer-enced by shot parameters from the plan, allowing dose accumulation through superposition. This superposition approximation (SA) was compared to the original TMR10 using Dice Similarity Co-efficient (DSC), 95% Hausdorff Distance (HD95), and GK deliverability metrics: coverage, selec-tivity, and gradient index, across an isodose normalization range from 10% to 90%. In a cohort of 30 patients with 71 targets, strong agreement was observed between TMR10 and SA in the clinically used 50-60% isodose range, with DSC above 85% and HD95 under 2.18mm. Average differences for coverage, selectivity, and gradient index were 0.014, 0.008, and 0.118, respectively. This method accurately approximates TMR10 calculations within clinically relevant ranges, offering an external tool to assess 3D dose distributions for GK treatment plans.
Geospatial Distribution Of Tuberculosis Incidence And Determinants Of Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes In Nzema East Municipality, Ghana
Authors: Agyapong Charles Afriye , Parsa Ali Davod , Hayhoe Richard , Kabir Russell , Cortnage Mark
Published: November 2024

Background: Ghana has seen a notable rise in Tuberculosis cases with mired treatment outcomes. However, evidence suggests disparities in the incidence of Tuberculosis and its treatment outcomes across the country. Nzema East Municipal specifically reported a 62.34% increase in TB incidence in 2023 compared to 2022. The study, therefore, aims to determine the geospatial distribution of TB incidence and predictors of TB treatment outcomes in Nzema East Municipal.Methods: The study used a retrospective cohort with a quantitative approach, utilising health records of 545 TB cases from 2018 to 2023 in Nzema East. Data was processed with Microsoft Excel and analysed using ArcGIS Pro version 3.3.2, Joinpoint Regression Programme 5.2.0, and STATA MP version 17.Results: The Moran’s index was 0.03 (p=0.00). All the subdistricts had at least one settlement with 2 to 26 TB cases per squared kilometre. Significant TB hotspots were identified in the population-dense communities and mining communities. Overall, successful TB treatment outcome was 76.70%. There was a significant decline in successful TB treatment outcomes from 2018 to the end of 2020 and through 2023 (p=0.03 and p=0.00, respectively). Having at least one follow-up lab (aOR= 0.25, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.42) and having a treatment supporter (aOR=0.43, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.80) lessens the chances of having an unsuccessful TB treatment outcome. Having started the TB treatment in 2020 increases the chances of having an unsuccessful outcome (aOR = 2.97 95% CI = 1.30, 6.81),Conclusion: TB incidence in Nzema East was spatially dependent, with a higher incidence in the highly populated and mining communities. The overall successful treatment outcome is suboptimal, which demands targeted intervention to mitigate these menaces.
Ballistic and Electromagnetic Shielding in Epoxy-Jute Composites Through Carbon Black Functionalization
Authors: Reis Raphael Henrique Morais , Lima Roberto da Costa , Monteiro Sergio Neves , Figueiredo André Ben-Hur da Silva , Santos Clara Luz de Souza , Nascimento Lúcio Fábio Cassiano
Published: November 2024

This study explores the development of a multifunctional composite material by incorporating carbon black (CB) into an epoxy matrix reinforced with 30 vol% jute fabric. The objective was to evaluate the impact of CB on the composite's tensile properties, ballistic performance, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) within the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). The epoxy composite with 30 vol% jute and 5 vol% CB (EJ30/CB5) exhibited a 15% improvement in tensile strength and elastic modulus compared to the epoxy composite with 30 vol% jute (EJ30) only. Ballistic tests indicated no significant increase in absorbed energy or limit velocity, which may be attributed to the structural rigidity introduced by CB. Electromagnetic shielding analysis revealed that CB addition significantly enhanced SE from ~2 dB in neat epoxy to 5–8 dB in EJ30/CB5, with absorption emerging as the primary shielding mechanism. The findings highlight the potential of CB and jute-reinforced epoxy composites for applications requiring both mechanical robustness and electromagnetic interference shielding.
Use of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Interpretation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Reports: A Standardized Approach
Authors: D’Urso Fabiana , Broccolo Francesco
Published: November 2024

Laboratory medicine plays a crucial role in clinical decision-making, yet result in-terpretation often remains challenging for patients. This study evaluates the effec-tiveness of AI-powered conversational systems in interpreting laboratory test results, utilizing a closed-box training approach for Claude-based virtual conversational chatbot, focusing exclusively on laboratory data interpretation without clinical di-agnosis. The system was tested using 30 laboratory reports from two different Italian laboratories, encompassing various biochemical parameters and measurement standards. The laboratories utilized different analytical platforms and methodologies, allowing us to evaluate the chatbot's ability to interpret results across diverse in-strumental settings. The interpretation accuracy of Claude AI chatbot was rigorously evaluated through a peer review process involving three independent medical re-viewers with extensive experience in laboratory medicine. Significantly, the Claude model showed zero hallucinations. The excellent performance was attributed to the closed-box training environment, high-quality domain-specific prompts, and pure generation mechanisms without external data access. This study suggests that carefully designed AI models can effectively bridge the gap between raw laboratory data and patient understanding, potentially transforming laboratory reporting systems while maintaining high accuracy and avoiding diagnostic territory. These findings have important implications for patient empowerment and healthcare communication efficiency.
Photon Dynamics in Extended Classical Mechanics: Effective Mass, Negative Inertia, Momentum Exchange and Analogies with Dark Energy
Authors: Thakur Soumendra Nath
Published: November 2024

This research explores the concept of photon dynamics, specifically focusing on the notion of effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ) and its implications for force interactions and energy-momentum exchanges in extended classical mechanics. While photons are traditionally considered massless, their energy (E = h·f) implies an equivalent mass via the famous equation E = mc², known as effective mass. This effective mass can exhibit negative values in specific contexts due to the photon's immense speed and energy-momentum interactions, reflecting its dynamic nature.The study outlines the mathematical framework in which the net force (F) acting on a photon is derived from its effective mass and acceleration (aᵉᶠᶠ). A force equation is derived where F = −Mᵃᵖᵖ·aᵉᶠᶠ, indicating that the force is inversely related to the apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ. The analysis highlights the photon’s ability to respond to external forces and interactions through its effective mass, rather than through traditional rest mass, with significant implications for energy transfer and gravitational phenomena.The research further extends these principles by drawing an analogy between the photon’s effective mass and the negative effective mass of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ), suggesting a shared behaviour between both phenomena. The relationship between gravitating mass, matter mass, and dark energy is represented by Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ), mirroring the theoretical framework of dark energy in cosmology. This analogy offers deeper insights into the photon’s role in gravitational lensing, redshift, and other quantum and cosmological processes, presenting a unified understanding of energy dynamics in both microscopic and macroscopic systems.
A Comprehensive Review of Recent Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Scenarios of Recycling Multilayer Packaging
Authors: Meshram Bhushan P. , Love Amit , Gohatre Omdeo
Published: November 2024

Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) often use multilayer packaging (MLP), which consists of composites made up of separate layers of material. Even though a million tonnes of MLP are created annually, most package trash needs to be separated and recycled using the existing infrastructure, which is predominantly dependent on mechanical recycling. However, confronting circular economy principles, this review will foresee the challenges, opportunities, and future scenarios of multilayer packaging recycling. Challenges were identified: material complexity and compatibility, sorting separation technologies, contamination and residue management, lack of standardization and technology, loss of material properties, and cost considerations. Opportunities were identified: design for recyclability, enhanced sorting and separation techniques, and advanced recycling technologies. The future scenario of recycling technologies for MLP in upcoming years was identified, which includes (i) reprocessing to hydrocarbon, (ii) high-performance recycling, (iii) downcycling, and (iv) business as usual. The short-term opportunities for MLP's efficient recycling represent the recognized gap between recycling technologies and targets.
Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Interfacial Bond Strength of Fiber‐ Reinforced Polymer‐Concrete
Authors: Kovačević Miljan , Hadzima-Nyarko Marijana , Petronijević Predrag , Vasiljević Tatijana , Radomirović Miroslav
Published: November 2024

This study presents a detailed analysis of various machine learning models for predicting the interfacial bond strength of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) concrete, utilizing multiple linear regression, an ensemble of regression trees, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Multigene Genetic Programming (MGGP), and neural network models. The models were evaluated based on their accuracy. The optimal model identified was the GPR ARD model, which achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.8953 MPa and a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9658. Analysis of this optimal model highlighted that the three most influential variables affecting the bond strength are the length of the FRP strip (Lf), the thickness of the strip ( tf), and the compressive strength of the concrete to which the strip is applied (fc'). Additionally, the research identified several models with lower expression complexity and reduced accuracy, which may still be applicable in practical scenarios.
Modelling of Cowpea Growth Phases Under the Impact of Water Stress Using Regression Analysis
Authors: Mavuso Bongokuhle , Thango Bonginkosi
Published: November 2024

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L) also known as southern peas is a yearly grown legume that is native from Africa but now are widely cultivated around the world, particularly in South-east Asia, Latin America, and Southern United States. Moreover, the crop can endure excessive heat but is also susceptible to frost. Cowpea are profitable for the agricultural industry and are often utilized as a supplement nutrition for both human and animals. As a result, it serves as a significant low-cost source of premium plant protein across many poor households. Moreover, the crop is widely used as a green mature and as a cover crop. Furthermore, the cowpea thrives in a wide range of soil types and soil conditions. The crop's capacity to withstand drought is a special trait for coping with the severe environmental challenges caused by global warming. However, due to a prolonged lack of rain during the rainy season, South African agriculture is subject to severe edaphic and climatic challenges, including water stress and insufficient soil nutrients. Consequently, this work focuses on analyzing cowpea's growth phases by proposing novel regression models under the impact of water stress for local farmers to optimally map out cultivation over the period of drought without imperiling their yields. The proposed regression models predict the cowpea's growth at various periods of water stress including vegetative to maturity, flower to maturity and excellent water through the season. At each period of water stress, regression models of the leaf area and shoot dry weight are developed. The various growth phases of the cowpeas were studied under three-pot test conditions. The results suggest that water stress at initial growth phases decreased the shoot dry weight (SDW), and leaf area (LA) of studied cowpeas. Growth analysis of cowpeas species cultivated in pure stands for the distinctive periods showed that the leaf area was the most explanatory variable in the SDW of cowpea at the initial growth phase. The correlation coefficient of the LA and SDW of cowpeas produced by the proposed models at vegetative to maturity, flower to maturity and excellent water through the season are 0.957 and 0.983, 0.963 and 0.980, 0.957 and 0.976
Artificial Intelligence and Digital Pathology for Histologic Growth Pattern Classification in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jain Muskan Naresh , Al-Heejawi Salah Mohammed Awad , Karkera Tejas Mohan , Breggia Anne , Ahmad Bilal , Christman Robert , Ryan Stephen T , Amal Saeed
Published: November 2024

Precise histologic pattern classification is essential for lung adenocarcinoma, as it is a primary cause of cancer-related death, to inform successful treatment approaches. The objective of this paper is to compare several deep neural network designs for the categorization of lung cancer histologic patterns. We test various models like DeiT (Data Efficient Image Transformers), CAiT, Swin Transformer, ViT, ResNet, employing Cohen Kappa Score and accuracy measures using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) whole-slide images of lung adenocarcinoma from the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC) [17]. Our findings highlight the results of each architecture, offering guidance on whether models are suitable for tasks involving the classification of histopathology images.
Glass-Ceramics of the Lithium Aluminosilicate System Nucle-ated by TiO2. The Role of Redox Conditions of Glass Melting in Phase Transformations and Properties
Authors: Maltsev Stanislav , Dymshits Olga , Alekseeva Irina , Volokitina Anna , Tenevich Maksim , Bachina Anastasia , Bogdanov Kirill , Zapalova Svetlana , Shakhgildyan Georgiy , Zhilin Aleksandr
Published: November 2024

TiO2 is an effective nucleating agent to obtain glass-ceramics of the lithium aluminosilicate sys-tem. Reducing conditions of glass melting, which allow to get ions of variable valence in lower oxidation state, can influence the ability of titania to provide proper phase assemblage, structure and properties of lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics. The model glass nucleated by TiO2 was melted with and without addition of As2O3. Using heat-treatments from 680° to 1300 °C, XRD, SEM and DSC data, Raman and absorption spectroscopy, transparent glass-ceramics based on nanocrystals of β-quartz and/or γ-Al2O3 with spinel structure and opaque glass-ceramics based on nanocrystals of β-spodumene were obtained and characterized. Three-phase immiscibility develops during secondary heat-treatments. Al2TiO5 crystallizes from aluminotitanate amor-phous regions simultaneously with appearance of β-quartz solid solutions, while traces of ana-tase and then rutile appear at elevated temperatures. Phase assemblage and sequence of phase transformations are independent of the redox conditions of glass melting, while the rate of these transformations is significantly higher in glass melted without addition of As2O3. Absorption in the visible and near-IR spectral ranges in glass melted without addition of As2O3 and corre-sponding glass-ceramics originates from octahedrally coordinated Ti3+ ions and Ti3+-Ti4+ pairs in glass and nanocrystals of γ-Al2O3, Al2TiO5 and β-quartz. Transparent glass-ceramics with thermal expansion coefficient of ~0.3 × 10-6 K-1 were obtained.
A Train Timetable Optimization Method Considering Multi-Strategies for the Tidal Passenger Flow Phenomenon
Authors: Jin Wenbin , Sun Pengfei , Yao Bailing , Ding Rongjun
Published: November 2024

The rapid growth of cities and their populations in recent years has resulted in significant tidal passenger flow characteristics, primarily manifested in the imbalance of passenger numbers in both directions. This imbalance often leads to a shortage of train capacity in one direction and an inefficient use of capacity in the other. To accommodate the tidal passenger flow demand of ur-ban rail transit, this paper proposes a timetable optimization method that combines multiple strategies, aimed at reducing operating costs and enhancing the quality of passenger service. The multi-strategy optimization method primarily involves the two key strategies: the unpaired oper-ation strategy and the express/local train operation strategy, both of which can flexibly adapt to time-varying passenger demand. Based on the decision variables of headway, running time be-tween stations and dwell time, a mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) is established. Taking the shanghai suburban railway airport link line as an example, the simulations under dif-ferent passenger demands are realized to illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of the pro-posed multi-strategy method and model. The results demonstrate that the multi-strategy optimi-zation method achieves a 38.59% reduction in total costs for both the operator and passengers, and effectively alleviates train congestion.