bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term loss of osteoclasts and unopposed cortical mineral apposition following limited field irradiation
Authors: Oest Megan E. , Franken Veerle , Kuchera Timothy , Strauss Judy , Damron Timothy A.
Published: November 2014

Late‐onset fragility fractures are a common complication following radiotherapy for metastatic disease and soft tissue sarcomas. Using a murine hindlimb focal irradiation model (RTx), we quantified time‐dependent changes in osteoclasts and mineral apposition rate (MAR). Mice received either a single, unilateral 5 Gy exposure or four fractionated doses (4 × 5 Gy). Osteoclast numbers and MAR were evaluated histologically at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 26 weeks post‐RTx. Radiation induced an early, transient increase in osteoclasts followed by long‐term depletion. Increased osteoclast numbers correlated temporally with trabecular resorption; the resorbed trabeculae were not later restored. Radiotherapy did not attenuate MAR at any time point. A transient, early increase in MAR was noted in both RTx groups, however, the 4 × 5 Gy group exhibited an unexpected spike in MAR eight weeks. Persistent depletion of osteoclasts permitted anabolic activity to continue unopposed, resulting in cortical thickening. These biological responses likely contribute to post‐radiotherapy bone fragility via microdamage accumulation and matrix embrittlement in the absence of osteoclastic remodeling, and trabecular resorption‐induced decrease in bone strength. The temporal distribution of osteoclast numbers suggests that anti‐resorptive therapies may be of clinical benefit only if started prior to radiotherapy and continued through the following period of increased osteoclastic remodeling. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
Radiation and absorption properties of gold nanodipoles in transmitting mode
Authors: da Costa Karlo Q. , Dmitriev Victor
Published: November 2014

This article presents an analysis of radiation and absorption properties of cylindrical gold nanodipoles in the transmitting mode. The conventional antenna theory and the linear method of moments are used for theoretical analysis of these antennas in the near‐infrared and lower optical frequencies (100−500 THz). Frequency dependence of radiation and absorption parameters such as input impedance, efficiency, radiation, and loss resistance is calculated for different dipole's lengths and radii. The presented results can be useful to design efficient nanodipoles and to perform the input impedance matching of these antennas with plasmonic optical transmission lines. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1–6, 2015
Fiber‐wireless integration for 80 Gbps polarization division multiplexing −16QAM signal transmission at W‐band without RF down conversion
Authors: Yang Chao , Li Xinying , Xiao Jiangnan , Chi Nan , Yu Jianjun
Published: November 2014

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a fiber‐wireless integration system at W‐band (75–100 GHz), and 80‐Gbps polarization division multiplexing 16‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal is transmitted in an optical‐wireless‐optical system for the first time. After 50‐km single‐mode fiber‐28 (single‐mode fiber (SMF)‐28) transmission, the millimeter‐wave signal at 84‐GHz is delivered over a 4‐m 2 × 2 multiple‐input multiple‐output wireless link, and finally up‐converted to optical signal for another 50‐km SMF‐28 transmission. With the optical signal‐to‐noise ratio of 30 dB, the bit error rate is below the forward‐error‐correction threshold of 3.8 × 10−3 using cascaded multimodulus algorithm equalization at the receiver. The experimental results indicate that high‐order QAM signal can be well suitable for long‐haul large‐capacity optical‐wireless‐optical transmission in the proposed system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:9–13, 2015
High gain 60 GHz antipodal fermi tapered slot antenna with sine corrugation
Authors: Briqech Z. , Sebak A. , Denidni T. A.
Published: November 2014

A millimeter‐wave antipodal Fermi tapered slot antenna configured with a new corrugation is presented. The corrugation has a sine wave profile for improved design flexibility and radiation performance. The effect of the sine‐corrugation parameters is presented in detail, and the optimized design is compared with the measured prototype. The antenna is fabricated using a low‐cost printed circuit board process. The measured bandwidth of the antenna covers a wide band (55–65 GHz) with a measured gain of 18.75 dB at 60 GHz. With these features, the antenna is suitable for short‐range wireless communications and imaging applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:6–9, 2015
A 5 GHz linear laser diode driver for ROF transmission systems
Authors: Chen Yingmei , Zheng Yilin , Zhang Li
Published: November 2014

The design of a 42 mA laser diode (LD) driver for 5 GHz radio‐over‐fiber transmission systems is presented in this article. The proposed linear LD driver adopted a single‐ended two‐stage amplifier structure with the operating voltages of 1.8 and 3.3 V, respectively. The technique of self‐biased cascade amplifier is used to increase the gain and alleviate the danger of gate oxide breakdown. The measurement results show that the linear amplifier achieves the power gain of 15.3 dB and the output 1 dB compression point of 16.4 dBm at 5.58 GHz. The corresponding output modulation current is up to 42 mA at the 1 dB compression point. The total chip area is only 710 × 580 μm2 with the all on chip input and output matching network, and the power consumption is 128 mW. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:41–45, 2015
A compact modified triangular CPW‐fed antenna with multioctave bandwidth
Authors: Siahcheshm Amir , Nourinia Javad , Zehforoosh Yashar , Mohammadi Bahman
Published: November 2014

This article presents the results of a compact modified triangular CPW‐fed antenna that exhibits multioctave performance. This modification significantly improves the antenna's impedance bandwidth by 198% over an ultra‐wideband (UWB) frequency range from 3.06 to 35 GHz. The return‐loss (S11) performance over this frequency range is designed to be better than −10 dB. These characteristics make the proposed antenna an excellent candidate for numerous UWB applications and next generation communication systems. The key physical parameters affecting the antenna's frequency characteristics have also been investigated to determine optimum antenna performance. The antenna's measured return loss and E‐plane and H‐plane radiation patterns show a very good correlation with the requirements of UWB applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:69–72, 2015
A miniaturized wearable button antenna for Wi‐Fi and Wi‐Max application using transparent acrylic sheet as substrate
Authors: Mandal Bappaditya , Parui Susanta Kr.
Published: November 2014

A compact miniaturized wearable antenna with the appearance of a button on clothing for Wi‐Fi and Wi‐Max applications as well as used for body centric communication is presented. The radiating elements of the antenna are made of copper tape, while the substrate is given a property of transparent acrylic fiber sheet material and fed by a coaxial line through the ground plane. The proposed antenna is simulated by Ansoft HFSS finite element method based simulation software and has been optimized to operate within the Wi‐Fi and Wi‐Max frequency bands with center frequency of 5.5 GHz (5250–5850 MHz). The measured peak gain of this antenna is 2.92 dBi. There is a good matching between the simulated and the measured result. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:45–49, 2015
SIW‐based interdigital bandpass filter with harmonic suppression
Authors: Kurudere Sinan , Ertürk Vakur B.
Published: November 2014

A novel configuration of interdigital bandpass filter based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is proposed. In addition to the interdigital resonators in SIW that determine the main response/characteristics of the filter, narrowing the width of the SIW at the center of the filter and additional vias at its input and output parts act as two additional control mechanisms to achieve the desired filter response. Moreover, dumbbells are etched to the ground side of the microstrip feeding sections at both ends of the filter to improve its harmonic suppression. A prototype filter is designed and fabricated for verification. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulations, and the filter exhibits very good harmonic suppression. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:66–69, 2015
A compact novel CPW‐fed antenna with square spiral‐patch for multiband applications
Authors: Beigi Payam , Nourinia Javad , Zehforoosh Yashar , Mohammadi Bahman
Published: November 2014

A compact novel coplanar waveguide‐fed antenna with square spiral‐patch for multiband applications is presented. The antenna consists of a square‐spiral patch with two L‐shape strips. With subjoin square spiral the number of frequency resonance is increasing. Also by introducing two L‐shaped strips in the inside of square spiral, much wider impedance bandwidth can be produced, especially at the higher bands. The operating frequencies of the proposed antenna are 2.62/3.40/4.42/5.92/8.32 GHz. Some key parameters affecting the antenna performance have been analyzed using computer simulations. To validate the simulation results, the prototypes of the proposed antenna are fabricated on an inexpensive FR‐4 substrate and tested. Good radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna have been obtained. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:111–115, 2015
A novel compact ultrawide band filter for reconfigurable notches
Authors: Sahay Janardan , Goutham Dugyala , Tanweer  , Kumar Sanjay
Published: November 2014

A novel compact ultrawide band (UWB), bandpass filter (BPF) with reconfigurable and embedded notches at WiMAX (3.5 GHz) and WLAN (5.2 GHz) is proposed. UWB BPF is embedded with a rectangular resonator and improved stepped impedance resonator to introduce notched in the passband. Filter reconfiguration is achieved by varying the conductance of microstrip line. Filter response shows a sharp rejection of both WiMAX and WLAN bands. Experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated data. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:88–91, 2015
A planar UWB monopole antenna with dual band notched function
Authors: Srivastava Gunjan , Mohan Akhilesh
Published: November 2014

A printed monopole antenna for UWB applications with dual band notch property is proposed in this letter. The UWB monopole consists of modified circular patch with an elliptical slot to reject WiMAX frequencies (3.3–3.8 GHz). The modified ground plane is introduced to attain the wide impedance UWB bandwidth with G‐shaped slot below the feed line to reject 5.15–5.85 GHz WLAN frequencies. The length of embedded slot not only depends on notch frequency and substrate dielectric constant but also depends on substrate thickness and slot width. In this letter, we have presented a technique to calculate accurately the slot length of the embedded slot. The simulated and measured result shows that the designed antenna is expected to be good candidate for UWB applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:99–104, 2015
Double‐sided aperture‐coupled vertically mounted strip antenna
Authors: Kim Cheol Hoo , Kim Yeon Ju , Gharate Pushpalata , Kwak Jin Hwan , Kim Jeong Phill
Published: November 2014

This article presents dual‐band designs of aperture‐coupled vertically mounted strip antenna (ACVMSA). Two vertically mounted (VM) patches on either side of the VM substrate are excited via the coupling aperture to support dual‐band operation. A parametric study is undertaken to examine the effects of the related structure parameters and develop a design strategy. It is known that each resonant frequency and the corresponding coupling amount can be controlled nearly independently of each other, giving an advantage for dual‐band ACVMSA design. In addition, the antenna supports the same linear polarization. The antenna designed was fabricated, and the measured results were found to agree well with those calculated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:157–160, 2015
Triple‐band CPW‐fed monopole antenna with three branch strips for WLAN/WiMAX triple‐band application
Authors: Yoon Joong Han
Published: November 2014

In this article, a novel coplanar waveguide (CPW)‐fed monopole antenna with three branch strips for wireless local area network (WLAN)/worldwide interoperability of microwave access (WiMAX) triple‐band applications is proposed. The proposed antenna is simply composed of three branch strips. By carefully selecting the positions and lengths of these branch strips, the desired resonant modes excited at 2.46/3.6/5.4 GHz with less than −10 dB frequency responses to the impedance can be achieved. In addition, an acceptable agreement is obtained between the simulation and the experiment. Also, the compact design of the proposed antenna, which has enough impedance bandwidth, makes the antenna suitable for WLAN and WiMAX operations. This article further presents and discusses the 2D radiation patterns and 2D gains according to the experiment results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:161–166, 2015
Photonic generation of tunable microwave signal using a passively Q‐switched dual‐wavelength fiber laser
Authors: Wang Meng , Chen Cong , Li Qi , Huang Kaiqiang , Chen Haiyan
Published: November 2014

A novel photonic tunable microwave generation based on a dual‐wavelength Q‐switched Er‐doped fiber laser is proposed and experimental demonstrated. In the proposed configuration, two cascaded fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are used as a cavity mirror, and a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror as another one. By changing the operation temperature of the FBG, stable dual‐wavelength Q‐switched pulses with tunable wavelength spacing are achieved, and wavelength spacing of 0.24–0.66 nm, corresponding to microwave signals of 30–82.5 GHz can be obtained. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:166–168, 2015
A flexible CPW series resonator using phase compensation method on polyimide film at 5.8‐GHz
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Wook , Lee Jong‐Chul
Published: November 2014

In this article, a flexible coplanar waveguide (CPW) series resonator combined with short‐ and open‐end CPW series stubs on polyimide film is presented. To obtain equivalent circuit of each stub, a new phase compensation method is applied. The accuracy of equivalent circuit with this method is confirmed by comparison between electromagnetic simulation and circuit simulation results. Based on equivalent inductance and capacitance for short‐end series stub and open‐end series stub, respectively, a CPW series resonator is designed without optimization at 5.8 GHz. The measured frequency responses of the series stubs and resonator are in good agreement with the predicted simulation results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:193–196, 2015
Ultra wide band planar printed quasi‐Yagi antenna with size reduction for water detection in the Egyptian desert
Authors: Elsheakh Dalia M. , Abdallah Esmat A.
Published: November 2014

Ultrawideband quasi‐Yagi antenna with size reduction is presented for developing the ground penetrating radar system. The proposed antenna printed on FR‐4 substrate and consists of meandered driver dipole, a radial quarter‐wavelength stubs, and two meandered parasitic strips. The meandered driver dipole is connected to the slot line through coplanar strip line. The ground plane is modified by symmetrically adding two extended folded meandered stubs to reduce the lateral size. The results show that the proposed quasi‐Yagi antenna has a wide bandwidth and good unidirectional radiation characteristics. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth extends from 47 to 150 MHz with 45% size reduction and average gain around 4.5 dBi over operating band with very flat gain (around 5 dB) over the entire bandwidth. The proposed antenna presents an excellent end‐fire radiation with a front‐to‐back ratio greater than 10 dB. Simulations and measurements show very good agreement with the proposed antenna. High frequency structure simulator is used to design and study the effect of sandy soil, water layer and the distance between sand and proposed antenna. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:226–233, 2015
A planar microstrip‐fed tri‐band filtering antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications
Authors: Koley Santasri , Mitra Debjani
Published: November 2014

In this article, a combination of microstrip bandpass filter and antenna is presented to give sharp response at desired frequency bands along with very low insertion loss. Three single bandpass filters, designed at wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) frequency bands, are integrated into a tri‐band bandpass filter. An ultrawideband antenna is further added to the structure. The antenna operates in 2.23–2.587, 3.468–3.816, and 5.345–5.607 GHz, suitable for WLAN 2.4 GHz and WiMAX 3.5/5.5 GHz applications. The proposed tri‐band filtering antenna shows monopole‐like radiation patterns in the desired frequency bands with high out‐of‐band rejection. Good agreement between simulated and measured results validates possible applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:233–237, 2015
Novel compact band‐notched UWB antenna using convex‐shaped slot patch
Authors: Tang Zhi‐Jun , Wu Xiao‐Feng , Zhan Jie
Published: November 2014

A simple and compact printed band‐notched antenna operating at a frequency range of 3.1–22.0 GHz is presented for ultrawideband applications. The proposed antenna comprises a convex‐shaped patch embedded by an elliptic slot and a rectangular slot, and an additional rectangular patch, which is fed by a microstrip line and a partial ground plane with a rectangular slit. Several bandwidth enhancement techniques are applied in the antenna structure to broaden the bandwidth to a great extent. The overall size of the antenna is 36 × 33 mm2. The simulation and experiment results show that the proposed antenna achieves good impedance bandwidth of 3.05–22.5 GHz (the return loss less than −10 dB), with a band‐notched of 5.1–5.9 GHz. Furthermore, the proposed antenna also achieves stable antenna gain and radiation patterns. The measured results agree well with the simulated prediction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:201–203, 2015
Circularly polarized MIMO antenna array for point‐to‐point communication
Authors: Nayan M. K. A. , Jamlos M. F. , Jamlos M. A.
Published: November 2014

A compact circularly polarized multiple input multiple output (CP‐MIMO) array antenna for point‐to‐point communication is proposed in this article. The two by four‐element antenna array, dimensioned at 58 × 110 mm2 is composed of rectangular‐shaped with corner‐truncated radiating elements. The presented antenna is developed by two MIMO element with circular polarization characteristics aims to boost gain, more robust to adverse weather conditions and less signal's reflection. By constructing eight 45° truncated edges of 2.45 mm, 45 mm element spacing of Y‐axis, and 39.5‐mm element spacing of X‐axis together contribute to the circular polarization capability of 2.24 axial ratio, 0.00031024 correlation coefficient, and 10 dB diversity gain. The CP‐MIMO antenna which is fed by two coaxial feeds has produced the gain up to 14.25 dB with reflection coefficient of −24.5 dB. Thus, combination of circular polarization, high gain, and excellent MIMO characteristics collectively lead the proposed CP‐MIMO array antenna to avoid significant attenuated signals under adverse atmospheric condition and propagation issues such as reflection, absorption, phasing, and multipath. The proposed antenna's operating frequency of 5.8 GHz has great potential to be applied in point‐to‐point wireless backbone communication system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:242–247, 2015
Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals compensatory effects in the piriform cortex of VX nerve agent exposed rats
Authors: Nirujogi Raja Sekhar , Wright James D. , Manda Srikanth S. , Zhong Jun , Na Chan Hyun , Meyerhoff James , Benton Bernard , Jabbour Rabih , Willis Kristen , Kim Min‐Sik , Pandey Akhilesh , Sekowski Jennifer W.
Published: November 2014

To gain insights into the toxicity induced by the nerve agent VX, an MS‐based phosphoproteomic analysis was carried out on the piriform cortex region of brains from VX‐treated rats. Using isobaric tag based TMT labeling followed by titanium dioxide enrichment strategy, we identified 9975 unique phosphosites derived from 3287 phosphoproteins. Temporal changes in the phosphorylation status of peptides were observed over a time period of 24 h in rats exposed to a 1× LD50, intravenous (i.v.) dose with the most notable changes occurring at the 1 h postexposure time point. Five major functional classes of proteins exhibited changes in their phosphorylation status: (i) ion channels/transporters, including ATPases, (ii) kinases/phosphatases, (iii) GTPases, (iv) structural proteins, and (v) transcriptional regulatory proteins. This study is the first quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of VX toxicity in the brain. Understanding the toxicity and compensatory signaling mechanisms will improve the understanding of the complex toxicity of VX in the brain and aid in the elucidation of novel molecular targets that would be important for development of improved countermeasures. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001184 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001184).
Corporate Innovation Culture and Dimensions of Project Portfolio Success: The Moderating Role of National Culture
Authors: Unger Barbara N. , Rank Johannes , Gemünden Hans Georg
Published: November 2014

This study examines the relationships between corporate innovation culture (analysis/practices) and dimensions of project portfolio success (strategic fit/portfolio balance) as well as national-level culture practices as moderators. Data ( N = 165) were collected in four countries differing in cultural practices. Analysis and practices were identified as positive, significant, and complementary predictors of both dimensions. As hypothesized, the corporate variables related more strongly and positively to the success dimensions when assertiveness was high rather than low. The findings, thus, suggest that corporate factors should be compatible with national culture to elevate the fit and balance of project portfolios.
The findings of a clinical surveillance bronchoalveolar lavage programme in pre‐school patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Linnane Barry , Vaish Shashi , Clarke Donna , O'Sullivan Niamh , McNally Paul
Published: November 2014

Background

Evidence suggests infection is present in the lower airways of young children with cystic fibrosis (CF), even when clinically stable. Oropharyngeal samples (OPS) are typically used for airway surveillance in these children but have been shown to have low positive predictive values and low sensitivity in detecting lower airway infection when compared with the reference standard, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).

Methods

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pathogens in lower airway samples detected as part of a pilot clinical BAL surveillance programme, in young children aged from one to six years old, and to ascertain if their detection resulted in a change in treatment.

Results

During the study 78 bronchoscopies were performed on 38 patients. The average age at the time of bronchoscopy was 2.7 years (range 0.3–7.0 year). A significant organism was detected in 58 (74.5%) BALs. Haemophilus influenzae was detected in 27 (34.6%) samples, 16 (20.5%) samples had Staphylococcus aureus, and nine (11.5%) had Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Change in treatment occurred after 46 (58.9%) BALs.

Conclusions

This study suggests that, in young non‐expectorating children with CF, routine surveillance bronchoscopy allows the detection of significant lower airway pathogens and provides the opportunity for targeted treatment of sub‐clinical infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:327–332. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Central Vascular Access Device: An Adapted Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Ciocson Maria Ana Flor Rasonabe , Hernandez Maranda G. , Atallah Mohammad , Amer Yasser S.
Published: November 2014

Background: Our aim was to adapt recommendations from high-quality, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for central vascular access device (CVAD) insertion, management, and removal in King Saud University Medical City. Currently, the hospital has a policy and procedure for CVAD insertion; however, the methodology of creating the policy document was not evidence-based, and the clinical content was not up to date. A new CPG will guide the revision of CVAD policies and procedures and eliminate variation in clinician practices.

Methods: The King Saud University Medical City CPG Committee introduced the modified ADAPTE process methodology for adaptation and implementation of CPGs originally developed by the ADAPTE Collaboration.

Results: The final decision of the panel after full assessment of 2 selected source CPGs was to adopt all Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CPG recommendations and some essential sections from the Infusion Nurses Society CPG recommendations. In addition, the team developed new implementation tools.

Conclusions: The ADAPTE process is an excellent scientific and rigorous process for CPG adaptation and clinical performance improvement. It can be further adapted according to the local context and resources to promote a sense of ownership of the adapted CPG. Furthermore, new CPGs will have a positive effect on hospital-wide accreditation processes and local benchmarking of health care quality outcomes.
Unraveling Sea-Level Variations and Tectonic Uplift in Wave-Built Marine Terraces, Santa María Island, Chile
Authors: Jara-Muñoz Julius , Melnick Daniel
Published: November 2014

The architecture of coastal sequences in tectonically-active regions results mostly from a combination of sea-level and land-level changes. The objective of this study is to unravel these signals by combining sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology of near-shore sedimentary sequences in wave-built terraces. We focus on Santa María Island at the south-central Chile margin, which hosts excellent exposures of coastal sediments from Marine Isotope Stage 3. A novel method based on statistical analysis of grain-size distributions coupled with facies descriptions provided a detailed account of transgressive–regressive cycles. Radiocarbon ages from paleosols constrain the chronology between > 53 and ~ 31 cal ka BP. Because the influence of glaciations can be neglected, we calculated relative sea-level curves by tying the onset of deposition on a bedrock abrasion platform to a global sea-level curve. The observed depositional cycles match those predicted for uplift rates between 1.2 and 1.8 m/ka. The studied sedimentary units represent depositional cycles that resulted in reoccupation events of an existing marine terrace. Our study demonstrates wave-built marine terrace deposits along clastic shorelines in temperate regions can be used to distinguish between tectonic uplift and climate-induced sea-level changes.
Liquid jet eruption from hollow relaxation
Authors: Ghabache Élisabeth , Séon Thomas , Antkowiak Arnaud
Published: November 2014

Using a model experiment, we explore the dynamics of inertial liquid jets arising from a gravitational cavity collapse. The focus of the study is to elucidate the link between both the dynamical and kinematical properties of the jet and the initial cavity geometry, for a wide range of physical parameters. We demonstrate that the jets exhibit shape similarity and reveal a robust relationship between the jet tip velocity and the initial cavity geometry, regardless of the details of the collapse process. We argue that this relation reflects a flow focusing mechanism, and we propose a simple model capturing the key features of the erupting jet velocity scaling. Finally, the relevance of these results to other jets occurring in e.g. large bubble detachment or wave impact on walls is discussed.
Separatrices: The crux of reconnection
Authors: Lapenta Giovanni , Markidis Stefano , Divin Andrey , Newman David , Goldman Martin
Published: November 2014

Magnetic reconnection is one of the key processes in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas: it is the opposite of a dynamo. Looking at energy, a dynamo transforms kinetic energy in magnetic energy while reconnection takes magnetic energy and returns it to its kinetic form. Most plasma processes at their core involve first storing magnetic energy accumulated over time and then releasing it suddenly. We focus here on this release. A key concept in analysing reconnection is that of the separatrix, a surface (line in 2D) that separates the fresh unperturbed plasma embedded in magnetic field lines not yet reconnected with the hotter exhaust embedded in reconnected field lines. In kinetic physics, the separatrices become a layer where many key processes develop. We present here new results relative to the processes at the separatrices that regulate the plasma flow, the energization of the species, the electromagnetic fields and the instabilities developing at the separatrices.
“Christianity, Commerce and Civilization”: Child Labor and the Basel Mission in Colonial Ghana, 1855–1914
Authors: Koonar Catherine
Published: November 2014

Focusing specifically on colonial Ghana between 1855 and 1914, this article aims to situate the history of child labor in colonial Africa within the larger historiography of African labor history. Relying primarily on the records of the Basel Mission, this article complicates the narrative of labor history by studying how the mission acquired and sustained the labor of children and youth at various mission stations as part of the greater “missionary project.” This article argues that childhood in colonial Ghana can be viewed as a site of contestation between the competing interests of patriarchy, race, and colonial and missionary authority, in which the labor of children was used to achieve a larger degree of control and influence in the region.
BaasorKlaas? Afrikaner Working-Class Responses to Transformation in South Africa, ca. 1977–2002
Authors: van Zyl-Hermann Danelle
Published: November 2014

White workers and white working-class politics have been neglected in the historiography of South Africa during the second half of the twentieth century. This article seeks to extricate white workers from this historiographical neglect and fracture homogenizing representations of white, specifically Afrikaner, experiences of democratization. It does so by reintroducing class to a debate dominated by race. Employing a discursive analysis sensitive to issues of class, it shows that white workers were confronted with democratizing change and disempowerment more than a decade before the end of apartheid and suggests that class politics continue to inform white responses in post-apartheid South Africa. In this way, it argues for a historical, discursive approach to uncovering the power dynamics of class and the complex intersection of working-class and racial identities in the late twentieth century.
The production effect in memory: a prominent mnemonic in children
Authors: ICHT MICHAL , MAMA YANIV
Published: November 2014

The ‘Production Effect’ (PE) refers to a memory advantage for items studied aloud over items studied silently. Thus, vocalizing may serve as a mnemonic that can be used to assist learners in improving their memory for new concepts. Although many other types of mnemonic have been suggested in the literature, the PE seems especially appropriate for young children, as it does not involve literacy skills. The present study is a first investigation of the PE in children. In two experiments we tested five-year-olds in a PE paradigm using pictures of objects as stimuli. In Experiment 1, pictures of familiar objects were presented to be remembered, and in Experiment 2 we used pictures of unfamiliar objects (evaluating new vocabulary acquisition). In both experiments we showed a memory advantage for vocally produced words (‘look and say’) over other types of learning (‘look’, ‘look and listen’), suggesting the PE as a prominent memory and learning tool.
Attention to the mouth and gaze following in infancy predict language development
Authors: TENENBAUM ELENA J. , SOBEL DAVID M. , SHEINKOPF STEPHEN J. , MALLE BERTRAM F. , MORGAN JAMES L.
Published: November 2014

We investigated longitudinal relations among gaze following and face scanning in infancy and later language development. At 12 months, infants watched videos of a woman describing an object while their passive viewing was measured with an eye-tracker. We examined the relation between infants' face scanning behavior and their tendency to follow the speaker's attentional shift to the object she was describing. We also collected language outcome measures on the same infants at 18 and 24 months. Attention to the mouth and gaze following at 12 months both predicted later productive vocabulary. The results are discussed in terms of social engagement, which may account for both attentional distribution and language onset. We argue that an infant's inherent interest in engaging with others (in addition to creating more opportunities for communication) leads infants to attend to the most relevant information in a social scene and that this information facilitates language learning.
Monolingual and bilingual preschoolers’ use of gestures to interpret ambiguous pronouns
Authors: YOW W. QUIN
Published: November 2014

Young children typically do not use order-of-mention to resolve ambiguous pronouns, but may do so if given additional cues, such as gestures. Additionally, this ability to utilize gestures may be enhanced in bilingual children, who may be more sensitive to such cues due to their unique language experience. We asked monolingual and bilingual four-year-olds and adults to determine referents of ambiguous pronouns given order-of-mention and co-referential localizing gestures. Results showed that bilingual children, like adults, but not monolingual children, used order-of-mention with gestures to resolve ambiguous pronouns. This highlights a wider implication of bilingualism for socio-cognitive development in children.
Plasma gelsolin as a biomarker of acute rheumatic carditis
Authors: Argun Mustafa , Baykan Ali , Narin Figen , Özyurt Abdullah , Pamukçu Özge , Elmalı Ferhan , Üzüm Kazım , Narin Nazmi
Published: November 2014

Background

Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune, inflammatory, and multi-systemic disease secondary to pharyngitis and is caused by group A streptococcus. In developing countries, acute rheumatic fever is the most common cause of acquired heart disease. Gelsolin is a calcium-dependent, multi-functional actin-regulatory protein circulating in the plasma of healthy human beings. The correlation between blood gelsolin levels and inflammatory conditions suggests the potential benefit of gelsolin as a prognostic marker. The aim of the present study was to appraise the association of gelsolin and acute rheumatic carditis in childhood.

Materials and Methods

Plasma gelsolin levels were measured and echocardiographic examinations were performed in patients (n=37) with acute rheumatic carditis and compared with those of age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n=24).

Results

The plasma gelsolin levels in children with acute rheumatic carditis were significantly lower compared with controls (197±218 versus 322±255 mg/L, p=0.039). There was a significant correlation among gelsolin levels and the grade of mitral regurgitation (p=0.030), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p=0.017), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (p=0.028) at diagnosis.

Conclusions

Levels of the gelsolin plasma isoform were decreased in patients with acute rheumatic carditis compared with healthy controls. Gelsolin may be used as a biochemical marker for acute rheumatic carditis.
Echoes of Erskine: reflections on the working life of a citizen architect in Byker
Authors: Longfield James
Published: November 2014

This is an extract from the daybook kept by the architects working in the on-site project office which Ralph Erskine and his partner Vernon Gracie established in a former shop during the redevelopment of the Byker area of Newcastle upon Tyne in the 1970s [2]. About the office, Erskine wrote:

People, kids, the chief planner – they all come in and out. We often took in kids who had been ‘chucked out’ from home and it was raining […] We exhibited plans, drawings and models in the window – but also local notices. ‘Anyone lost a tricycle? Ask the architect’. “Guinea pigs …’ and so on.

In his influential review of the redevelopment in Byker, Peter Malpass claimed that ‘the office represented an unusually thorough attempt by architects to immerse themselves in the culture of a particular set of clients’.
The rise of humanitarian architecture
Authors: Charlesworth Esther
Published: November 2014

I started feeling – and subsequently expressing – that I did not want to be that kind of architect practising that type of architecture, as I had been previously trained. I wanted to work in the villages for the non-rich. I wanted to serve not the conventional but the alternative client, the un-served client: the villager, the slum dweller, the poor, and the marginalised.

Why should architects be involved in humanitarian work and the often-complex projects needed to deal with the recovery of post-disaster emergencies? How can the design profession contribute to the longterm reconstruction processes needed to ensure the effective rebuilding of vulnerable communities after disaster?
Language switching between sentences in reading: Exogenous and endogenous effects on eye movements and comprehension
Authors: PHILIPP ANDREA M. , HUESTEGGE LYNN
Published: November 2014

The present study explored the influence of language switching on both comprehension (utilizing a picture-sentence matching procedure) and word-level processing (utilizing eye movement registration) in reading simple German and English sentences. Language sequence was unpredictable and contained language switches (subsequent sentence in a different language) and language repetitions (subsequent sentence in the same language). The results revealed a substantial decrease of comprehension following language switches (with greater switch costs in L1 than in L2), likely indicating relatively long-lasting, endogenous inhibition processes affecting higher-level text integration. In contrast, there were comparatively minor and transient effects on eye movements (in terms of altered skipping probabilities and gaze durations) that were restricted to the initial words within a sentence, presumably representing short-lasting exogenous (stimulus-driven) activation effects after language switches (with greater switch costs in L2 than in L1). Overall, the results are in line with predictions from recent interactive-activation frameworks of bilingual language processing.
Desiccation and low temperature attenuate the effect of UVC254 nm in the photobiont of the astrobiologically relevant lichens Circinaria gyrosa and Buellia frigida
Authors: Backhaus T. , de la Torre R. , Lyhme K. , de Vera J.-P. , Meeßen J.
Published: November 2014

Several investigations on lichen photobionts (PBs) after exposure to simulated or real-space parameters consistently reported high viability and recovery of photosynthetic activity. These studies focused on PBs within lichen thalli, mostly exposed in a metabolically inactive state. In contrast, a recent study exposed isolated and metabolically active PBs to the non-terrestrial stressor UVC254 nm and found strong impairment of photosynthetic activity and photo-protective mechanisms (Meeßen et al. in 2014b). Under space and Mars conditions, UVC is accompanied by other stressors as extreme desiccation and low temperatures. The present study exposed the PBs of Buellia frigida and Circinaria gyrosa, to UVC in combination with desiccation and subzero temperatures to gain better insight into the combined stressors' effect and the PBs' inherent potential of resistance. These effects were examined by chlorophyll a fluorescence which is a good indicator of photosynthetic activity (Lüttge & Büdel in 2010) and widely used to test the viability of PBs after (simulated) space exposure. The present results reveal fast recovery of photosynthetic activity after desiccation and subzero temperatures. Moreover, they demonstrate that desiccation and cold confer an additional protective effect on the investigated PBs and attenuate the PBs' reaction to another stressor – even if it is a non-terrestrial one such as UVC. Besides other protective mechanisms (anhydrobiosis, morphological–anatomical traits and secondary lichen compounds), these findings may help to explain the high resistance of lichens observed in astrobiological studies.
Self-Determination, Behavioral Engagement, Disaffection, and Academic Performance: a Mediational Analysis
Authors: González Antonio , Paoloni Paola Verónica
Published: November 2014

The present study examined the role of behavioral engagement and disaffection as mediators between self-determination and academic performance. Participants were 545 secondary students (53.4% girls) aged 12 to 19 years. Variables were assessed in the Spanish language classroom over a nine-month period. Students estimated their self-determination, and their teachers assessed student engagement, disaffection, and performance. Structural equation models corroborated the hypotheses: the types of self-determination differentially predicted engagement (R2 = .39) and disaffection (R2 = .24), and were progressively more adaptive the higher the autonomy; self-determination, behavioral engagement, and disaffection predicted performance (R2 = .43); engagement and disaffection partially mediated the relationship from external regulation (β = –.097; p < .002; Confidence Interval = –.177, –.051), identified regulation (β = .109; p < .006; CI = .054, .165), and intrinsic motivation (β = .139; p < .002; CI = .086, .206) to performance. The implications of these findings for current theory and educational intervention are discussed.
Mice lacking Axl and Mer tyrosine kinase receptors are susceptible to experimental autoimmune orchitis induction
Authors: Li Nan , Liu Zhenghui , Zhang Yue , Chen Qiaoyuan , Liu Peng , Cheng C Yan , Lee Will M , Chen Yongmei , Han Daishu
Published: November 2014

The mammalian testis is an immunoprivileged organ where male germ cell autoantigens are immunologically ignored. Both systemic immune tolerance to autoantigens and local immunosuppressive milieu contribute to the testicular immune privilege. Testicular immunosuppression has been intensively studied, but information on systemic immune tolerance to autoantigens is lacking. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases in maintaining the systemic tolerance to male germ cell antigens using the experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) model. Axl and Mer double‐knockout (Axl−/−Mer−/−) mice developed evident EAO after a single immunization with germ cell homogenates emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. EAO was characterized by the accumulation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the testis. Damage to the seminiferous epithelium was also observed. EAO induction was associated with pro‐inflammatory cytokine upregulation in the testes, impaired permeability of the blood–testis barrier and generation of autoantibodies against germ cell antigens in Axl−/−Mer−/− mice. Immunization also induced mild EAO in Axl or Mer single‐gene‐knockout mice. By contrast, a single immunization failed to induce EAO in wild‐type mice. The results indicate that Axl and Mer receptors cooperatively regulate the systemic immune tolerance to male germ cell antigens.
Mechanisms of direct inhibition of the respiratory sulfate-reduction pathway by (per)chlorate and nitrate
Authors: Carlson Hans K , Kuehl Jennifer V , Hazra Amrita B , Justice Nicholas B , Stoeva Magdalena K , Sczesnak Andrew , Mullan Mark R , Iavarone Anthony T , Engelbrektson Anna , Price Morgan N , Deutschbauer Adam M , Arkin Adam P , Coates John D
Published: November 2014

We investigated perchlorate (ClO4−) and chlorate (ClO3−) (collectively (per)chlorate) in comparison with nitrate as potential inhibitors of sulfide (H2S) production by mesophilic sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRMs). We demonstrate the specificity and potency of (per)chlorate as direct SRM inhibitors in both pure cultures and undefined sulfidogenic communities. We demonstrate that (per)chlorate and nitrate are antagonistic inhibitors and resistance is cross-inducible implying that these compounds share at least one common mechanism of resistance. Using tagged-transposon pools we identified genes responsible for sensitivity and resistance in Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20. We found that mutants in Dde_2702 (Rex), a repressor of the central sulfate-reduction pathway were resistant to both (per)chlorate and nitrate. In general, Rex derepresses its regulon in response to increasing intracellular NADH:NAD+ ratios. In cells in which respiratory sulfate reduction is inhibited, NADH:NAD+ ratios should increase leading to derepression of the sulfate-reduction pathway. In support of this, in (per)chlorate or nitrate-stressed wild-type G20 we observed higher NADH:NAD+ ratios, increased transcripts and increased peptide counts for genes in the core Rex regulon. We conclude that one mode of (per)chlorate and nitrate toxicity is as direct inhibitors of the central sulfate-reduction pathway. Our results demonstrate that (per)chlorate are more potent inhibitors than nitrate in both pure cultures and communities, implying that they represent an attractive alternative for controlling sulfidogenesis in industrial ecosystems. Of these, perchlorate offers better application logistics because of its inhibitory potency, solubility, relative chemical stability, low affinity for mineral cations and high mobility in environmental systems.
CpG island-mediated global gene regulatory modes in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Beck Samuel , Lee Bum-Kyu , Rhee Catherine , Song Jawon , Woo Andrew J. , Kim Jonghwan
Published: November 2014

Both transcriptional and epigenetic regulations are fundamental for the control of eukaryotic gene expression. Here we perform a compendium analysis of >200 large sequencing data sets to elucidate the regulatory logic of global gene expression programs in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We define four major classes of DNA-binding proteins (Core, PRC, MYC and CTCF) based on their target co-occupancy, and discover reciprocal regulation between the MYC and PRC classes for the activity of nearly all genes under the control of the CpG island (CGI)-containing promoters. This CGI-dependent regulatory mode explains the functional segregation between CGI-containing and CGI-less genes during early development. By defining active enhancers based on the co-occupancy of the Core class, we further demonstrate their additive roles in CGI-containing gene expression and cell type-specific roles in CGI-less gene expression. Altogether, our analyses provide novel insights into previously unknown CGI-dependent global gene regulatory modes.