bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social food pleasure
Authors: Mendini Monica , Pizzetti Marta , Peter Paula C.
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and define social food pleasure as a new conceptual framework that can promote pleasurable and healthy food experiences.

Design/methodology/approach

By reviewing the literature related to food well-being and pleasure primarily from marketing and management fields and by looking at current trends appealing to food consumers and food enjoyers, the authors propose a new conceptual framework of social food pleasure.

Findings

The authors conceptualize social food pleasure as “the enjoyment derived from the acts of sharing food experiences offline, online, and for society at large, that positively contributes to consumers’ overall pleasure and satisfaction with consumer’s food consumption”. Moreover, the authors identify three key contexts of applications of social food pleasure. Sharing offline relates to the social activities that can help achieve pleasure with food. Sharing online concerns new media tools which allow for the connection between consumers and food to enhance food pleasure. Sharing for society considers the current pleasure of consumers derived from having a positive social experience based on food consumption.

Originality/value

By defining social food pleasure and proposing a conceptual framework of the three contexts of application, the authors advance the understanding of what constitutes pleasurable food experiences, connecting it to healthy food choices and well-being.
Mixed‐mode bacterial transmission in the common brooding coralPocillopora acuta
Authors: Damjanovic Katarina , Menéndez Patricia , Blackall Linda L. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H.
Published: November 2019

Reef‐building corals form associations with a huge diversity of microorganisms, which are essential for the survival and well‐being of their host. While the acquisition patterns of Symbiodiniaceae microalgal endosymbionts are strongly linked to the coral's reproductive strategy, few studies have investigated the transmission mode of bacteria, especially in brooding species. Here, we relied on 16S rRNA gene and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 marker metabarcoding in conjunction with fluorescencein situhybridisation microscopy to describe the onset of microbial associations in the common brooding coralPocillopora acuta. We analysed the bacterial and Symbiodiniaceae community composition in five adult colonies, their larvae, and 4‐day old recruits. Larvae and recruits inherited Symbiodiniaceae, as well as a small number of bacterial strains, from their parents. Rhodobacteraceae andEndozoicomonaswere among the most abundant taxa that were likely maternally transmitted to the offspring. The presence of bacterial aggregates in newly released larvae was observed with confocal microscopy, confirming the occurrence of vertical transmission of bacteria inP.acuta. We concluded that host factors, as well as the environmental bacterial pool influenced the microbiome ofP.acuta.
The impact of voluntary and nonpayment policies in reducing early‐term elective deliveries among privately insured and Medicaid enrollees
Authors: Allen Lindsay , Grossman Daniel
Published: November 2019

Objective

To assess the impact of a voluntary pledge policy and a mandatory nonpayment policy on reducing early‐term elective deliveries among privately insured and Medicaid‐enrolled individuals.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Birth certificate data from 2009 to 2015, from South Carolina and 16 control states.

Study Design

We use a difference‐in‐differences approach to test the impact of two different policy types. Outcomes include the probability of an early elective delivery, gestation time, and birthweight.

Principal Findings

The voluntary pledge and mandatory nonpayment policy reduced overall EED rates from 13.1 to 11.4 (−12.7 percent, [P < .05]), and 10.9 ([−16.6 percent, P < .05]), respectively. Compared to the privately insured, we found greater relative decreases in Medicaid EED rate, the proportion of Medicaid births occurring before 39 weeks, and the proportion of Medicaid babies born with low birthweight.

Conclusions

Both voluntary and mandatory nonpayment policies are effective in reducing the rate of EEDs, especially among Medicaid enrollees. Given the high costs and poor outcomes associated with EEDs, policy makers may consider using either tool as a way to improve care value.
Decisional Capacity and Personality Disorders: Substantially Unable or Substantially Unwilling?
Authors: Perington Madison R. , Smith Charles A. , Schillerstrom Jason E.
Published: November 2019

Capacity assessments are performed when there is suspicion that a person is unable to adequately care for their physical, medical, or financial well‐being. The purpose of these assessments is to inform the legal system as to whether or not guardianship may be necessary. It is well established that certain mental illnesses, such as neurocognitive disorders (dementia) or psychotic disorders (like schizophrenia), may diminish capacity and, in some cases, lead to the need for establishment of a legal guardian. However, personality disorders are another common category of mental illness which may impair decision‐making. There is very little information in the literature about how or why these disorders could impair capacity, and thus, it can often be difficult to discern whether clients with personality disorders are substantially unable to care for themselves—versus unwilling to act in a way contrary to their ingrained habits. We present a series of three cases in which clients are determined to lack capacity primarily mediated by a personality disorder diagnosis. They are demonstrated to have mild deficits in cognitive functioning, but they show impaired decision‐making out of proportion to these deficits. In all three cases, it is apparent that the personality disorder is substantially impairing their ability to care for themselves. Discussion includes consideration for ways to incorporate evaluations of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and personality considerations into capacity assessments, and how to approach recommendations (such as guardianship vs. less restrictive option) based on both level and scope of impairment.
Polyphenolic Profiling, Browning, and Glutathione Content of Sparkling Wines Produced with Nontraditional Grape Varieties: Indicator of Quality During the Biological Aging
Authors: Sartor Saionara , Burin Vívian Maria , Ferreira‐Lima Nayla E. , Caliari Vinícius , Bordignon‐Luiz Marilde T.
Published: November 2019

Sparkling wines were elaborated with the nontraditional varieties Villenave, Niagara, Manzoni, and Goethe, and monitored in relation to the changes in phenolic composition, browning index, and glutathione content during 18 months of biological aging (sur lies). Important changes in the phenolic profile, browning index, and glutathione content were observed in the sparkling wines during the over‐lees aging period. The major phenolic compound in the sparkling wines was tyrosol, followed by caffeic, trans‐caftaric, and gallic acids, catechin and epicatechin. The biological aging led to an increase in the individual phenolic compounds, especially caffeic, gallic, and ellagic acids, and an increase in the browning index was also observed during the aging period. Caffeic acid was significantly correlated with browning and aging period in all sparkling wines, which indicates that this compound can be useful as a quality marker to monitoring the biological aging profile of white sparkling wines. The results obtained indicate that the aging period (sur lie) had an important influence on the changes in the unique phenolic profile of the sparkling wines elaborated with nontraditional varieties.

Practical Application

In sparkling wines production, the secondary fermentation occurring in the sealed bottle during the vinification contributes greatly to their quality and sensory complexity. The Vitis labrusca and hybrid grapes varieties represent most of the grapes cultivated in Brazil being employed in the elaboration of juices and wines. These varieties present a great oenological potential and have not been explored yet regarding to the production of white sparkling wines. The use of these nontraditional grape varieties cultivated in South Brazil may be a viable alternative in the production of white sparkling wines with biological aging potential and particular bioactive properties.
Exploring undiagnosed celiac disease in women with recurrent reproductive failure: The gluten‐free diet could improve reproductive outcomes
Authors: Alecsandru Diana , López‐Palacios Natalia , Castaño Mercedes , Aparicio Pilar , García‐Velasco Juan Antonio , Núñez Concepción
Published: November 2019

Problem

Which is the prevalence and seroprevalence of celiac disease (CD) in women with recurrent reproductive failure?

Method of study

Retrospective study performed in a single infertility clinic from September 2016 to December 2017. A total of 690 women with unexplained history of recurrent miscarriage and/or recurrent implantation failure were consecutively recruited. IgA anti‐transglutaminase 2 (TG2) antibody data were collected, as well as IgG anti‐TG2 and IgA/IgG anti‐deamidated gluten peptide (DGP) data in most cases, and IgG anti‐gliadin antibodies occasionally. In selected women, HLA‐DQ genotyping was requested. Biopsy was suggested to all women with positive serological results or belonging to CD risk groups. Reproductive outcomes were recorded from women with high suspicion of CD and a control group comprised of 49 women.

Results

Anti‐TG2–positive women comprised 1% of the sample. An additional 4% was observed considering less‐specific antibodies (31 women). Only 39% of sero‐positive women accepted duodenal biopsy. HLA and biopsy data discarded CD in 14 sero‐positive cases (37%), only one with anti‐TG2 antibodies. CD was suggested in 10 sero‐positive and three sero‐negative women (1.9%). Compared with controls, the live birthrate of the studied women with probable CD was significantly decreased before gluten removal of the diet (P = .015), but significantly increased after that (P = .020).

Conclusion

One percent CD prevalence should be expected after anti‐TG2 serological screening. However, more sensitive approaches should be explored, especially considering the potential beneficial effect of the gluten‐free diet on the reproductive outcomes of women with CD.
Socially responsible mutual fund exit decisions
Authors: Alda Mercedes , Muñoz Fernando , Vargas María
Published: November 2019

This paper studies, for the first time, socially responsible (SR) mutual fund exits. We analyse a sample of 534 U.S. SR equity mutual funds in the period 2003–2017, in which 182 exit events occurred (53 liquidations, 109 mergers within the same family, and 20 mergers across different families). The results obtained indicate that both liquidations and mergers are more likely among smaller funds that suffer net money outflows in the previous year to the event. At the family level, mergers are more frequent in outperforming families with a larger number of funds, whereas liquidations occur in families with a lower number of funds. When comparing mergers within the same family with mergers across different families, we observe that the former share more drivers with liquidations than the latter. In addition, we observe that religious and environmental funds are more likely to suffer exit events than other SR fund types. Finally, other interesting findings point out that mergers financially benefit investors in merged SR mutual funds and the financial outcomes of acquiring fund investors are not jeopardized.
Treatment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma in young adults aged 18–30 years with a modified paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma protocol. Results of a multicentre phase II clinical trial (CRUK/08/012)
Authors: Townsend William , Leong Sarah , Hoskin Peter , Diez Patricia , Patrick Pip , Linch David , Wong Wai‐Lup , Kayani Irfan , Sanghera Bal , Lopes Andre , Daw Stephen , Collins Graham , Clifton‐Hadley Laura , Ardeshna Kirit
Published: November 2019

This phase II trial was designed to determine the safety and efficacy of a modified paediatric risk‐stratified protocol in young adults (18–30 years) with classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The primary end‐point was neurotoxicity rate. The incidence of grade 3 neurotoxicity was 11% (80% CI, 5–19%); a true rate of neuropathy of >15% cannot be excluded. Neuropathy and associated deterioration in quality of life was largely reversible. The overall response rate was 100% with 40% complete remission (CR) rate. Twelve months disease‐free survival (DFS) was 91%. We demonstrate that a risk‐stratified paediatric combined modality treatment approach can be delivered to young adults without significant irreversible neuropathy.
THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Ion channels
Authors: Alexander Stephen P H , Mathie Alistair , Peters John A , Veale Emma L , Striessnig Jörg , Kelly Eamonn , Armstrong Jane F , Faccenda Elena , Harding Simon D , Pawson Adam J , Sharman Joanna L , Southan Christopher , Davies Jamie A ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: November 2019

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found athttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14749. Ion channels are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein‐coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid‐2019, and supersedes data presented in the 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC‐IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Transporters
Authors: Alexander Stephen P H , Kelly Eamonn , Mathie Alistair , Peters John A , Veale Emma L , Armstrong Jane F , Faccenda Elena , Harding Simon D , Pawson Adam J , Sharman Joanna L , Southan Christopher , Davies Jamie A ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: November 2019

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14753. Transporters are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein‐coupled receptors, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid‐2019, and supersedes data presented in the 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC‐IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
Structure–activity relationships study on biological activity of peptides as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors by chemometric modeling
Authors: Kęska Paulina , Stadnik Joanna
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study is to identify the potential descriptors affecting the inhibitory activity of the peptides inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV). This study provides important information for assessing the biological activity of the new peptide sequences of food origin or making structural modifications to the current inhibitors to improve their performance. For this purpose, the chemometric method describing the relationship between the structure of food peptides and their biological activity (structure–activity relationship [SAR]) was used to theoretically predict the potential of bioactivity of peptides. Data on the physicochemical properties of amino acids in the dipeptides acting as inhibitors of DPP‐IV were collected and analyzed for using these properties as descriptors in further analysis. A total of 252 dipeptide sequences with confirmed DPP‐IV inhibitory activity available in the BIOPEP‐UWM database were included in the analysis, and 16 descriptors defining individual amino acids (such as molecular weight, polarity, hydropathicity, bulkiness, buried residue, and acceptable and normalized frequency of alpha‐helix and beta‐sheet) were identified. Based on this information, a data matrix was constructed and used in the chemometric analysis (principal component analysis and multiple linear regression). From the SAR model created, a multiple regression equation was derived to predict the biological activity of the dipeptide DPP‐IV inhibitors.
Chimpanzees help others with what they want; children help them with what they need
Authors: Hepach Robert , Benziad Leïla , Tomasello Michael
Published: November 2019

Humans, including young children, are strongly motivated to help others, even paying a cost to do so. Humans’ nearest primate relatives, great apes, are likewise motivated to help others, raising the question of whether the motivations of humans and apes are the same. Here we compared the underlying motivation to help in human children and chimpanzees. Both species understood the situation and helped a conspecific in a straightforward situation. However, when helpers knew that what the other was requesting would not actually help her, only children gave her what she needed instead of giving her what she requested. These results suggest that both chimpanzees and human children help others but the underlying motivation for why they help differs. In comparison to chimpanzees, young children help in a paternalistic manner. The evolutionary hypothesis is that uniquely human socio‐ecologies based on interdependent cooperation gave rise to uniquely human prosocial motivations to help others paternalistically.
Evaluation of a near‐infrared light ultrasound system as a non‐invasive blood glucose monitoring device
Authors: Meyhöfer Svenja , Wilms Britta , Ihling Flavia , Windjäger Anne , Kalscheuer Hannes , Augustinov Andrej , Herrmann Vera , Lehnert Hendrik , Schmid Sebastian M.
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the newly developed non‐invasive blood glucose system NIRLUS® (Near‐Infra Red Light Ultra Sound; NIRLUS Engineering AG, Lübeck, Germany) under standardized conditions. Seventeen healthy men of normal weight (body mass index 22.4 ± 1.4 kg/m2), aged 18 to 45 years, were enrolled in this study. During an intravenous glucose tolerance test, blood glucose profiles were measured simultaneously using the NIRLUS system and a “gold standard” laboratory reference system. Correlation analysis revealed a strong association between NIRLUS and reference values (r = 0.934; P < 0.001). Subsequent Bland–Altman analysis showed a symmetric distribution (r = 0.047; P = 0.395), and 95.5% of the NIRLUS–reference pairs were within the difference (d) of d ± 2 SD. The median deviation of all paired NIRLUS–reference values was 0.5 mmol/L and the mean percent deviation was 11.5%. Error grid analysis showed that 93.6% of NIRLUS–reference pairs are located in the area A, and 6.4% in the area B. No data were allocated in the areas C to E. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates the reproducibility of accurate blood glucose measures obtained by NIRLUS as compared to a gold standard laboratory reference system. The technology of NIRLUS is an important step forward in the development of non‐invasive glucose monitoring.
Agrarian suicides in India: Myth and reality
Authors: Nair Sthanu R
Published: November 2019

Motivation

Farmer suicides in India have been intensely debated since the economic reforms of the early 1990s. A closer look at the statistics, however, suggests that singling out farmer suicides may miss the point, because other professions have higher rates of suicide.

Purpose

This article aims to set farmer suicides in context, by comparing rates of these against suicide rates for other occupations and groups, between 1995 and 2015, and across 17 states of India.

Approach and methods

The term “agrarian suicides” is preferred to “farmer suicides,” because the reported data include deaths of agricultural labourers as well as farmers. Commonly quoted statistics on suicide across population groups are not commensurate: agrarian suicides are reported per person employed, while for other professions rates are reported against all people in households with that profession. This article corrects this by reporting rates per person employed.

Findings

One, the rate of suicide among the agrarian group is less than that among several other professions, including self‐employed and service (private).

Two, while the rates of suicide have been rising for most other groups since the mid‐1990s, the rate for agrarian suicides has been falling since the early 2000s.

Three, a large majority, 87%, of agrarian suicides occur in just eight states, mainly in central and southern India.

Four, problems with farming are not among the most common stated reasons for agrarian suicides; rather, personal, family and other problems dominate.

Policy implications

India needs to encourage responsible reporting of and discussion about agrarian suicides. It would be appropriate to design and implement state‐ and region‐specific suicide prevention strategies. Priority policies should address a public health crisis, rather than pin the blame on agricultural policy, conditions, or technical changes in farming.
A note on knowledge discovery and machine learning in digital soil mapping
Authors: Wadoux Alexandre M. J.‐C. , Samuel‐Rosa Alessandro , Poggio Laura , Mulder Vera Leatitia
Published: November 2019

In digital soil mapping, machine learning (ML) techniques are being used to infer a relationship between a soil property and the covariates. The information derived from this process is often translated into pedological knowledge. This mechanism is referred to as knowledge discovery. This study shows that knowledge discovery based on ML must be treated with caution. We show how pseudo‐covariates can be used to accurately predict soil organic carbon in a hypothetical case study. We demonstrate that ML methods can find relevant patterns even when the covariates are meaningless and not related to soil‐forming factors and processes. We argue that pattern recognition for prediction should not be equated with knowledge discovery. Knowledge discovery requires more than the recognition of patterns and successful prediction. It requires the pre‐selection and preprocessing of pedologically relevant environmental covariates and the posterior interpretation and evaluation of the recognized patterns. We argue that important ML covariates could serve the purpose of providing elements to postulate hypotheses about soil processes that, once validated through experiments, could result in new pedological knowledge.

Highlights

We discuss the rationale of knowledge discovery based on the most important machine learning covariates

We use pseudo‐covariates to predict topsoil organic carbon with random forest

Soil organic carbon was accurately predicted in a hypothetical case study

Pattern recognition by random forest should not be equated to knowledge discovery
Cancer stem cells as therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Razi Ebrahim , Radak Mehran , Mahjoubin-Tehran Maryam , Talebi Samaneh , Shafiee Alimohammad , Hajighadimi Sarah , Moradizarmehri Sanaz , Sharifi Hossein , Mousavi Nousin , Sarvizadeh Mostafa , Nejati Majid , Taghizadeh Mohsen , Ghasemi Faezeh
Published: November 2019

The discovery of stem cells and their potential abilities in self‐renewal and differentiation has opened a new horizon in medicine. Scientists have found a small population of stem cells in some types of cancers with the same functions as normal stem cells. There are two models for tumor progression: clonal (stochastic) and cancer stem cell (CSCs) models. According to the first model, all transformed cells in the tumor have carcinogenic potential and are able to proliferate and produce the same cells. The latter model, which has received more attention recently, considers the role of CSCs in drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Following the model, researchers have found that targeting CSCs may be a promising way in cancer therapy. This review describes CSC characteristics in general, while also focusing on CSC properties in the context of pancreatic cancer.
Effects of extra‐pair paternity and maternity on the provisioning strategies of the Azure‐winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus
Authors: Gao Li‐Fang , Zhang Hai‐Yang , Zhang Wen , Sun Yuan‐Hai , Liang Mao‐Jun , Du Bo
Published: November 2019

Altricial birds show enormous intraspecific diversity in their provisioning strategies, in terms of both the provisioning rate and the amount of food delivered per feeding bout. Extra‐pair copulations (EPCs), which result in either extra‐pair paternity (EPP) or maternity (EPM), provide an opportunity to demonstrate why provisioning strategies vary among individuals. Because EPP‐cuckolded males and EPM‐cuckolded females must raise unrelated young, whereas EPM‐cuckolded males and EPP‐cuckolded females need not, we hypothesized that the first two categories of breeders would reduce parental effort, whereas the latter two categories of breeders would increase parental effort. We tested this hypothesis in the Azure‐winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus by comparing the number and body mass of fledglings, provisioning rates and food amount delivered per feeding bout between EPP‐ and EPM‐cuckolded breeders and faithful breeders. We found that (1) the number of fledglings did not differ significantly between cuckolded and faithful breeders, and (2) fledglings raised by EPM‐cuckolded males and EPP‐cuckolded females did not differ from faithful breeders, whereas fledglings raised by EPP‐cuckolded males and EPM‐cuckolded females were significantly smaller than those raised by faithful breeders. Compared with faithful breeders, cuckolded breeders increased parental efforts in nests that contained no unrelated young; hence, their loss in parentage may be compensated for by the enhanced quality of fledglings. In nests that contained unrelated young, cuckolded breeders did not reduce parental efforts; hence, their own offspring would not starve and could survive in competition with mixed brood‐mates. Our findings suggest that the differences in parentage created by EPP and EPM scenarios and the potential fitness return of raising a brood for the cuckolded breeders can explain the intraspecific variation in provisioning strategies of altricial birds.
Skin barrier immunity and ageing
Authors: Chambers Emma S. , Vukmanovic‐Stejic Milica
Published: November 2019

The skin is the outermost layer of the body with an extensive surface area of approximately 1·8 m2, and is the first line of defence against a multitude of external pathogens and environmental insults. The skin also has important homeostatic functions such as reducing water loss and contributing to thermoregulation of the body. The structure of the skin and its cellular composition work in harmony to prevent infections and to deal with physical and chemical challenges from the outside world. In this review, we discuss how the structural cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and adipocytes contribute to barrier immunity. We also discuss specialized immune cells that are resident in steady‐state skin including mononuclear phagocytes, such as Langerhans cells, dermal macrophages and dermal dendritic cells in addition to the resident memory T cells. Ageing results in an increased incidence of cancer and skin infections. As we age, the skin structure changes with thinning of the epidermis and dermis, increased water loss, and fragmentation of collagen and elastin. In addition, the skin immune composition is altered with reduced Langerhans cells, decreased antigen‐specific immunity and increased regulatory populations such as Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Together, these alterations result in decreased barrier immunity in the elderly, explaining in part their increased susceptiblity to cancer and infections.
The Bolsonaro Election, Antiblackness, and Changing Race Relations in Brazil
Authors: da Silva Antonio José Bacelar , Larkins Erika Robb
Published: November 2019

We apply the concept of antiblackness and a Deleuzian approach to sociopolitical events to analyze Jair Bolsonaro's 2018 election in Brazil. Historically, Brazilians turned from overt expressions of antiblackness to subtler forms of racial prejudice, what Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (1956) called the “cordial man” who practiced a “gentlemanly” form of white supremacy. Recently, however, cordial racism has eroded in favor of more virulent and explosive manifestations of antiblackness that fueled the sociopolitical climate that enabled Bolsonaro's rise to power. We examine the antiblack backlash against race‐conscious laws and policies implemented during the Workers’ Party era (2002–16), showing a gradual shift toward more overt expressions of antiblackness that Bolsonaro wielded to political effect in his 2018 campaign. [affirmative action, blackness, Bolsonaro, Brazil, race]
The Stranger‐King of the Caribbean: François Duvalier, State Politics, and the Othering of Brutality
Authors: Belleau Jean‐Philippe
Published: November 2019

François Duvalier (1907‐1971) gobernó Haití de 1957 hasta su muerte en 1971. Su régimen ha sido descrito como uno de los más brutales en la historia de esta nación. Duvalier también era conocido y hoy se lo recuerda como alguien de origen extranjero que creció sin consanguíneos, salvo a su padre y su abuelo, ni afines. Duvalier no tenía hermanos conocidos, primos, sobrinos, sobrinas, tías, tíos, abuelas, nietos, etc.; casi nada se sabe sobre su propia madre. Tal socialización en una sociedad donde la familia extendida generalmente enmarca la identidad, la socialización y la posición social de una persona, es extraordinaria. Los documentos presentados en este artículo demuestran que Duvalier no era en realidad de origen extranjero. La sociedad creó una genealogía moral para se distanciara de la brutalidad de Duvalier; otrificó su gobernante al vincularlo con la alteridad.
Coffee sensory quality study based on spatial distribution in the Mantiqueira mountain region of Brazil
Authors: Borém Flávio M. , Cirillo Marcelo Â. , de Carvalho Alves Ana P. , dos Santos Cláudia M. , Liska Gilberto R. , Ramos Mariana F. , de Lima Renato R.
Published: November 2019

The aim of the study was to determine the sensory quality of the coffee cultivated in the Mantiqueira region of Brazil (Minas Gerais State) and to identify its main descriptors. The sensory quality of red and yellow coffee fruit varieties (Coffea arabica L.) grown in environments with different slopes, at altitudes ranging from 932 to 1,391 m, was analyzed in three different crop seasons. The dry processing method and the wet processing method, based on mechanical removal of skin and mucilage, were used. The variables were analyzed through correspondence analysis. There was no correspondence with sample discrimination between the direction the slope face and coffee sensory profile. The sensory characteristics of coffee such as flavor, acidity, body and sweetness correspond to the cultivation environment with altitudes above 1,050 m. However, for the red coffee fruit varieties, that correspondence only occurred when subjected to a wet‐processing method. The quality of the coffee as a micro‐region product was identified in this study at altitudes above 1,050 m. This effect was not found in natural red coffee fruit varieties.

Practical Applications

Environmental aspects such as latitude, longitude, altitude and slope, as well as different coffee varieties and processing methods were analyzed in consecutive crop seasons, based on multivariate logistic regression and correspondence analysis techniques. The impacts of different methods of coffee production and processing on beverage quality have been debated for years and will surely continue to be studied in the coming decades, mainly because it is a phenomenon of high complexity. The variations in the sensory profile of coffee produced in different countries or microregions, or even at different planting sites, are noteworthy.
School Interventions–based Prevention of Early‐Childhood Caries among 3–5‐year‐old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two‐year randomized trial
Authors: Samuel Srinivasan Raj , Acharya Shashidhar , Rao Jeevika Chandrasekar
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of school‐based interventions to prevent early childhood caries (ECC) among preschool children from very low socioeconomic background over a period of 2 years.

Materials and methods

Four hundred and twenty preschool children between the ages of 3–5 years participated in this double blind, three parallel arm clinical trial. School only interventions such as prohibition of sugary snack consumption in school, teacher supervised daily brushing using fluoridated toothpaste, and oral health education were implemented with regular follow‐up at 6 months, 1, and 2 years. The study group had all three interventions, in active control‐tooth brushing and oral health education, and in negative control, only oral health education. Decay at d1/d2 using World Health Organization criteria, visible plaque and gingival inflammation were assessed at all follow‐ups. The value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Absolute caries risk reduction in the study group was 20 percent and 12 percent when compared to active, negative controls after 2 years. Mean caries increment in the study group was 0.4 for d1/d2, for the active control group was 0.9 and negative control 0.8. The effect of interventions to prevent ECC in each group was calculated using the Çohen's d, and the study group had a score of 0.6 when compared with active controls and 0.9 in comparison to the negative control group.

Conclusions

Prohibition of sugary snacking in school and daily supervised tooth brushing, with or without oral health education is effective in preventing ECC among preschool children with health neglect in very low‐resource settings.
Effects of stocking density of Chinese soft‐shelled turtle and interactions between cultivated species on growth performance and the environment in a turtle–rice coculture system
Authors: Zhao Jing , Zou Yiyi , Chen Hanxiang , Xu Jiehao , Liang Zhenzhen , Xu Haisheng
Published: November 2019

Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of stocking density (6, 8, 10, and 12 turtles/m2) of Chinese soft‐shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) and coculture interactions on growth performance and environment in a turtle–rice coculture system. The average yields of rice grain and rice straw in four turtle–rice coculture (TR) groups were significantly higher than those in a rice monoculture with fertilizer (RMF) group and a rice monoculture (RM) group (p < .05). The yield of turtles increased gradually with increasing stocking density until reaching 10 turtles/m2, and the yield of TR10 was 1,297.51 ± 106.31 g/m2. The death rate in TR6, TR8, and TR10 groups was significantly lower than that in the turtle monoculture (TM) group (p < .05), whereas the specific growth rate and weight gain in TR6, TR8, and TR10 groups were significantly higher than those in the TM group (p < .05). The nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies in the TR groups were significantly higher than those in the TM and RM groups (p < .05). The water environment was improved in the TR group. The results suggest that an appropriate stocking density (10 turtles/m2) of turtles in the coculture system can effectively increase the yield of turtles and reduce the impacts on the environment compared with the TM.
What might readers want? Unexpected responses from Malaysian Literature in English students and suggestions of potentiality in text selection
Authors: Lim Jia Wei
Published: November 2019

This article is based on the premise that mandated reading in literature classrooms may be perceived as an imposition and disliked by students. Attempts to address that scenario have suggested that text selection should be given more consideration to promote reading engagement, particularly by choosing texts which are familiar to the lifeworlds of students. Aside from ideas of familiarity and student preferences in reading, this article argues that text selection could also take into account text potentialities, as proposed by Louise Rosenblatt, from which three aspects are discernible; potentiality for participation, potentiality for a sustained reading experience, and potentiality for an enjoyable reading experience. These aspects of potentiality are illustrated and discussed through the literature classroom experiences of two Malaysian pre‐university English literature students. This article contends that ideas of text potentiality help us interpret students' responses to mandated texts and informs discussion among curriculum constructors and teachers about text selection in the literature classroom.
The Ressourcement of Black Catholicism in Cyprian Davis, OSB
Authors: Flipper Joseph S.
Published: November 2019

Fr. Cyprian Davis, OSB (1930–2015) was a Benedictine monk and the preeminent historian of black Catholicism in the United States. Although he began his scholarly career in the study of medieval monasticism, he brought cultural history methods of the Annales school to bear on black Catholicism. While he is known for his archival work on black Catholicism and spirituality, Davis's work should be understood as ressourcement, a theological retrieval of lost sources of black Catholicism. Cyprian Davis offers an iteration of ressourcement that takes seriously the often‐violent rupture that black Catholics experienced. The theological vision that arises out of his historical recovery is one attentive to the experience of division, fragmentation, loss of traditional moorings, alienation from a wider tradition, and rejection by the church.
Zika virus infection: A correlation between prenatal ultrasonographic and postmortem neuropathologic changes
Authors: Gutiérrez Sánchez Luz A. , Sandoval Martínez Diana K. , Díaz‐Martínez Luis A. , Becerra Mojica Carlos H.
Published: November 2019

This study presents a correlation between prenatal ultrasonographic images and neuropathologic findings of postmortem tissue samples from five confirmed cases of perinatal Zika virus (ZIKV) infection belonging to the cohort of the ZEN Initiative in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Deaths occurred between June 2016 and March 2017. Mothers consulted with ZIKV infection clinical manifestations or fetal central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities or both. A detailed ultrasound scan and neurosonographic protocol was performed by maternal fetal specialists. Perinatal autopsies were performed following the Colombian National Health Institute's ZIKV protocol. The autopsies were from two fetal deaths, and three early neonatal deaths. Gestational age was between 262/7 and 382/7 weeks. Two cases were classified as mild microcephaly. Few findings by ultrasound and pathology were found in case 1 because it was a late infection; the other cases presented findings corresponding to congenital Zika syndrome: craniofacial malformations, cerebellar hypoplasia, anomalies of the corpus callosum and ventriculomegaly, all confirmed in autopsy specimens. By ultrasonography, hyperechogenicities were seen in several brain structures, which correspond to cortical and periventricular calcifications, subependymal glial reactivity and perivascular rings. The ultrasound and pathological findings show a wide spectrum of CNS anomalies that confirm the neurotropic effect of the ZIKV, recognizing the neuroimaging findings of this disease (unilateral ventriculomegaly, alterations in the corpus callosum and cerebellum, and calcifications) are highly suggestive of ZIKV infection.
Potential association between Fusobacterium nucleatum enrichment on oral mucosal surface and oral lichen planus
Authors: Du Guan‐huan , Wang Yu‐feng , Chen Jun‐jun , Deng Yi‐wen , Han Xiao‐zhe , Tang Guo‐yao
Published: November 2019

Objective

We determined the bacterial community structure of the buccal mucosa in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and evaluated the potential association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with OLP.

Subjects and Methods

We collected buccal mucosal swab samples of patients with OLP (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 10) and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real‐time PCR to determine potentially different bacteria. Damaged and adjacent non‐damaged mucosal swab samples of 25 OLP patients were used to detect the amount of F. nucleatum by real‐time PCR.

Results

Compared with healthy controls, enrichment of Fusobacterium and Granulicatella was more abundant in patients with OLP (p = .0146 and 0.0034). The abundance of Fusobacterium and F. nucleatum was significantly enriched on buccal mucosa of patients with OLP compared with healthy controls (p = .0043 and 0.0235). Compared with adjacent non‐damaged buccal mucosa of OLP patients, the amount of F. nucleatum in the damaged mucosa was significantly increased (p = .001). We examined third‐level KEGG pathways for bacteria on mucosal surface and found that genes controlling sporulation and ether lipid metabolism were enriched in patients with OLP.

Conclusions

A high amount of F. nucleatum may be associated with OLP. Further studies are required to investigate the precise association of F. nucleatum with OLP.
Allograft renal cell carcinoma in pediatrics transplantation: A mini‐review
Authors: Geramizadeh Bita , Keshavarz Pedram , Kashkooe Ali , Marzban Mahsa
Published: November 2019

Renal cell carcinoma in the pediatric age group is a rare event, and its occurrence in the allograft (recipient) kidney is an uncommon event. There is no published review study in RCC of allograft kidneys in children and adolescents. In this study, we thoroughly searched English literature (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google) in order to find all the reported allograft kidney RCCs in the patients who have been transplanted below the age of 18. There have been 12 reports of allograft RCC in this age group. Our result showed that the age of tumor detection according to donor age is lower comparing to non‐allograft RCCs, and there is a significant male preponderance. RCC in the allografts is smaller and shows low nuclear grade and has a good prognosis. These findings emphasize the importance of routine allograft ultrasonography which results in earlier detection of RCC with smaller size and better outcome.
Of mocktails and Muslims
Authors: Husain Atiya
Published: November 2019

This article argues that the racialization of Islam and Muslims as brown circumscribes brown Muslims' identity exploration. Ethnographic research here shows how Arab and South Asian Muslims manage race and religion in exploring their identities. The key contribution of this research is in drawing attention to under‐examined aspects of racialization that this group engages to construct their identities, specifically the black–white U.S. racial binary and secularism.
Variable‐discharge‐river macroforms in the Sunnyside Delta Interval of the Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, USA
Authors: Wang Jianqiao , Plink‐Björklund Piret
Published: November 2019

An outcrop dataset from the early Eocene Sunnyside Delta Interval of the Green River Formation in the Uinta Basin, Utah, USA, documents alluvial channel lithosomes. The abundance of Froude supercritical‐flow sedimentary structures, together with an abundance of high‐deposition‐rate sedimentary structures, in‐channel bioturbation and pedogenic modification, in‐channel muds and thick soft‐clast conglomerates, identify these lithosomes as deposits of variable‐discharge rivers. These recognition criteria are part of an emerging facies model for variable‐discharge rivers. This facies model, however, yet lacks robust recognition criteria for macro‐scale or bar‐scale stratal patterns of variable‐discharge rivers. This study presents a dataset that corroborates some known stratal patterns and provides examples of hitherto unknown bar‐scale stratal patterns of variable‐discharge rivers, including: (i) low‐angle downstream‐accretion sets that may form as washed‐out sheets in high sediment supply conditions or downstream of hydraulic jumps; (ii) high‐angle upstream‐accretion sets that imply deposition from systematically upstream‐migrating channel‐scale hydraulic jumps (cyclic steps); (iii) concave‐up, upward‐flattening high‐angle downstream‐accretion sets that are consistent with aggradation in channel‐scale hydraulic‐jump scours; (iv) upstream‐accretion and lateral‐accretion sets that may be linked to high‐magnitude flood reworking of point bars; and (v) aggradation or vertical‐accretion sets of ambiguous origin. These unconventional stratal patterns are compared to the established bar strata, such as those formed by point bars and braid bars and a discussion is provided on formative conditions for the here documented unconventional strata. This work highlights a need for further studies on the effect of discharge variability on bar formation and on the link between river morphology and bar types.