bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Contributions of Legal Scholarship and Economics to the Theory of Institutions
Authors: Tříska Dušan
Published: February 2024

In the past, the author addressed the transfer of knowledge between legal scholarship and economics. In the present article, the author attempts to bring the two disciplines into confrontation with a theory of institutions. Given that the term institution is predominantly associated with that of a social rule, the aim is to elucidate it within the conventional terminology of the legal and the economic professions. As anticipated, the legal professional’s understanding of a legal norm is directly interpreted as a specific type of social rule. It is less evident that the author is seeking to identify social rules within the field of economics. The author concludes that it would be beneficial for the institutionalist to propose to the lawyer that every social rule (formal or informal) should be assigned its designer and executor. Similarly, the economist can propose viewing the designer as a decision-maker who, in the sense of standard economic theory, selects an optimal social rule sr* from a set of alternative social rules sr1, sr2, sr3, …, srN. Consequently, the author also suggests replacing the natural language of social scholarship with more formal vehicles of communication.
Effect of intraperitoneal injection of Nigella sativa oil on 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in rats
Authors: Kazemi Sohrab , Akbar Moghadamnia Ali , Saebnouri Homeira , Hojat Taheri Roudsari Seyed , Sadat Afraz Elham
Published: February 2024

Although many studies have shown that administration of Nigella sativa oil can decrease inflammation and facilitate tissue regeneration, the efficacy of its systemic administration for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis has not been investigated. This study aimed to assess the effect of intraperitoneal injection of N. sativa oil on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced oral mucositis in rats. This study evaluated 72 healthy Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 g. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of control, placebo, and treatment (n=24). The rats received intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU on days 1 and 3. The rats’ cheek mucosa was then wounded with a linear scratch by an 18-gauge needle on day 3. The placebo and N. sativa oil were administered in groups B and C, respectively during the study period. Histological changes in oral mucosa were assessed on days 4, 6, and 8. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS via the ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann Whitney multiple comparisons test. The mucositis score and inflammation score significantly decreased in the treatment group compared with the control and placebo groups (P<0.05). But there was no significant different between the groups regarding the connective tissue changes (P>0.05). Our findings suggest that N. sativa oil can have a notable efficacy for improvement of oral mucositis and can decrease the inflammation score in rats undergoing chemotherapy. Our results suggest that Nigella sativa can be used as a valuable remedial agent and can be a possible candidate for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
Lead poisoning from contaminated flour
Authors: Tabaku Afrim
Published: February 2024

Lead widespread use has resulted in extensive environmental contamination, human exposure and significant public health problems in many parts of the world. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and can suffer profound and permanent adverse health impacts. Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including increased risk of high blood pressure and kidney damage. Exposure to lead can occur by contaminated air, water, dust, food, or consumer products. Lead is a cumulative poison, which produces a series of effects on blood forming tissues, the digestive and nervous systems, and the kidneys. The aim of this paper was the determiation of lead in blood of poisoning persons, as well as on contaminated flour and in contaminated milk. Between 1992 and 1998 some rural districts of north and southern Albania reported several massive outbreaks of lead intoxication. Intoxications were associated with the use of contaminated flour originating from rural old mills, whose cracked grindstones were repaired by using lead as a filling material. Almost 6,000 individuals living in the affected areas were exposed to the toxic pollutant. However, only 236 individuals were checked for lead blood exposure levels. Of these, almost half revealed clinical signs of lead poisoning. Lead analytical determinations were performed in blood, milk, and flour samples from the area population by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead levels in blood varied from 7.1 μg/dl to 91.6 μg/dl. Mean blood lead concentrations according to the age-groups varied from 39.18 μg/dl to 44.99 μg/dl, whereas the average lead levels in flour samples were 42 ppm, while in blended bovine milk 0.6 ppm. The levels of lead in blood samples, as well as in flour and milk have resulted higher than TLVs levels acceptable by WHO.
COVID-19 outcomes in patients with heart diseases
Authors: Fatehi Narab Hamideh , Alirezaei Toktam , Reza Zarin parsa Hamid , Falahi Leila , Amini Nooshin
Published: February 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to devastating mortality worldwide. More severe forms of COVID-19 are common in people with underlying diseases such as diabetes, coronary artery disease and high blood pressure. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the implications of COVID-19 in patients with heart disease. The above study is a descriptive cross-sectional study that patients with cardiovascular problems are admitted to the Shohada Tajrish Hospital. These patients responded to two types of demographic questionnaire and researcher checklist in the field of medical field (type of cardiovascular disease and history of COVID-19). Statistical calculations were descriptive statistics and was performed by SPSS25 software. The results of this study indicate that high percentage of people with underlying diseases, especially cardiovascular problems, have more severe symptoms. Of the diseases that had more percentages, HTN, IHD, DM. Finally, it can be concluded that there seems to be a relationship between Covid-19 and cardiovascular problems.
The influence of inulin on the survival of Lactobacillus casei in a synbiotic squash jam
Authors: KazemPour Sammak Maryam
Published: February 2024

Inulin is a non-digestible linear polysaccharide. It cannot be digested in small intestine, but can be fermented in the colon by lactic acid bacteria and stimulates the growth of healthy bacteria. In this study, the effect of inulin addition on the survival of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei was assessed within the production of the symbiotic jam. Lactobacillus casei was inoculated to the produced squash jam in a density of 108 and 107CFU/ml. Then inulin was added at three different amounts (0.5, 1 and 1.5 percent). The jam inoculated with the probiotic strain and without inulin was considered as the control. Eight treatments and a control (totally 9 treatments) were analyzed in triplicate. The mean values were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at 95% confidence level. The samples were stored for four weeks at 4. Then pH, reducing sugar, acidity in terms of lactic acid, Brix and microbial counts were evaluated. The effect of the inulin percent, bacterial density and shelf life of the jam showed significant differences on microbial count (p>0.01). The effect of inulin percentages showed significant differences on the jam sugar (p>0.01). The sugar content of the synbiotic squash jam had a significant increase with the increase of inulin (p≥0.05). The highest amount of sugar belonged to the treatment T2N4 (150 g jam + 1.5 ×108CFU/ml Lactobacillus casei + 1.5% inulin) was (p>0.01). With the increase of inulin percentage and shelf life, the highest growth and survival of L. casei,equal to 8.968 Log CFU/ml, was observed in the treatment T1N3 (containing 150 g jam + 1.5 ×107CFU/ml Lactobacillus casei + 1% inulin) as the superior treatment. The results showed that both squash and inulin are suitable substrates for the growth of Lactobacillus casei.
Formulation and stability evaluation of a cosmetics emulsion loaded with different concentrations of synthetic and natural preservative
Authors: Shkreli Rezarta , Terziu Rihana , Memushaj Lorena , Dhamo Klodiola
Published: February 2024

Essential oils are currently the topic of extensive scientific research, and their potential as active pharmacological chemicals or natural preservatives has attracted the attention of the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Modern cosmetics, with their complex compositions, watery formulations, and direct contact with bacterial skin flora, provide excellent habitat for microbe growth. The use of preservatives is required due to the significant danger of contamination and, as a result, a risk to customers' health. The aim of the study was to formulate and subsequently evaluate the stability of a cosmetic emulsion based on different concentrations of synthetic and natural preservatives. We have performed a cosmetic emulsion base with triethanolamine as an emulsifier. Four samples were prepared using the formulation base and a synthetic preservative, methylparaben, in concentrations 0.2% and 0.3%, and a natural preservative, lemongrass essential oil, in concentrations, 1%, and 2%. The samples were stored for 4 weeks in room conditions. They were evaluated immediately after preparation and for four weeks related to smell, color, odor, consistency, homogeneity, pH, phase separation, viscosity changes and microbial growth. After two weeks, there was a phase separation in two formulations with methylparaben. After four weeks, other formulations were stable in odor, appearance, color, homogeneity. The essential oils didn’t significantly affect the pH values of the formulation, it was in the recommended range. Adding the essential oil affected the viscosity of the formulation base, and the more the concentration of essential oil was more the viscosity of the formulation lowered. The emulsions formulated with lemongrass essential oil had no microbial and fungal growth, so the self-preserving effect was demonstrated. We concluded that cosmetic emulsion entrapped with lemongrass essential oil in a concentration of 1% showed promising stability, physicochemical characteristics and self-preserving effect in room storage conditions.
Effects of mobile phone radiation and noise pollution on serum levels of LDH, thyroid hormones, liver enzymes, cortisol, and reproductive system in male Wistar rats
Authors: Rahman Aminur , Nasim Mirbahari Seyedeh , Ahmadi Rahim , Gohari Azam , Eshghjoo Sahar
Published: February 2024

The expansion of mobile phones and noise pollution in the human environment has given rise to dangerous outcomes. In this study, the effects of exposure to traffic noise and cell phone radiation on the serum levels of LDH, thyroid hormones, liver enzymes, cortisol, and reproductive system function and testicular histology of male rats have been analyzed. Male Wistar rats were exposed to mobile radiation (930 MHz) and noise pollution (100 dB, 700 to 5700 Hz). After eight weeks of exposure, serum levels of LDH, thyroid hormones, liver enzymes, cortisol, and male reproductive hormones were measured using the enzyme-linked fluorescence assay method. Testicular tissue was also examined by H&E staining. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that prolonged exposure to cell phone radiation and noise pollution increased the LDH levels, reduced the T3, T4, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, cortisol, testosterone, LH, FSH levels, and decreased the number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. Conclusively, long term exposure to mobile phone radiation and noise pollution leads to increased LDH, decreased T3, T4 and SGPT level, and had destructive effects on testicular tissue leading to decreased serum testosterone level as well as decreased spermatogonia, spermatocyte and Sertoli cells count..
The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline is cytotoxic to hjuman breast cancer (MCF7) cells
Authors: Dehghani Atefe , Tabaku Afrim , Eshghjoo Sahar
Published: February 2024

Although many studies suggest that antidepressants can affect cancer cell growth and proliferation, the results are still challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of amitriptyline on MCF7 viability in vitro. Breast cancer (MCF7) cells were divided into control group and groups treated with 1250, 625, 312.5, 156.25, 78.125, 39.0625 μg/ml of amitriptyline. 24 and 48 hours after treatment, cell viability was assessed by MTT method. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Cell viability significantly decreased in MCF7 cells treated with amitriptyline (39.06, 78.12, 156.25, 312.50, 625 and 1250 μg/ml) compared to control group 24 and 48 hours after treatment; however, treatment of MCF7 cells with 39.06 μg/ml of amitriptyline did not significantly change the cell viability compared with control group. Calculated IC50 for 48 hours was more than IC50 calculated for amitriptyline during 24 hours of treatment. Our findings indicated that amitriptyline has significant cytotoxic effects on breast cancer (MCF7) cells in vitro. Increased treatment duration leads to increased cytotoxic capability of amitriptyline on MCF7 cells.
The effects of sertraline on breast cancer (MDAMB-231) cells viability in vitro
Authors: Amini Khodashahri Fatemeh , Lashani Mozhdeh , Saki Sahar
Published: February 2024

Antidepressant drugs have been reported to affect the viability of cancer cells; however, the effects of the antidepressant sertraline on breast cancer cells is still unclear. The present study investigated the cytotoxic effects of sertraline on breast cancer cell viability in vitro. In this experimental-laboratory study, MDAMB-231 breast cancer cells were divided into control (untreated) and groups treated with 1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg / ml of sertraline. Cell viability was measured 24 hours after treatment using MTT assay method. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that treatment with 1.56 μg / ml of sertraline had no significant effect on the viability of MDAMB-231 cells, however, sertraline with concentrations ≥ 3.12 μg / ml significantly reduced the MDAMB-231 cell viability after 24 and 48 hours. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that sertraline has cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells in a dose dependent manner.
Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of ethanol, acetone, ether and aqueous extract of mistletoe leaves
Authors: Khalili Sahar , Hamidi Yeganeh , Delfanian Reyhaneh
Published: February 2024

Mistletoe plant is one of the medicinal plants used to treat cancer, high blood pressure, fatigue and anxiety, inflammatory diseases and regulate the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of mistletoe leaf extract in aqueous, ethanol, ether and acetone solvents. In this laboratory experimental study, mistletoe plant leaves were collected from Rudsar city in Guilan province. After extraction by succulent method, concentrations of 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 25, 50 mg/ ml were prepared. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was measured by DPPH method. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that aqueous and ethanolic extracts had the highest and ketone and ethanolic extracts had the lowest antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity significantly decreased with increasing of extract concentration. The present study showed that the aqueous extract of mistletoe had higher antioxidant capacity than ethanol, acetone, and ether extraction. Increasing the concentration of the extract not only did not increase but also reduced the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the use of aqueous extract with proper concentration is considerably important for the therapeutic purposes.
The cytotoxic effects of a bioactive nitro derivative of pyrimidine to human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells
Authors: Haj Hossein Javaheri Faezeh , Ghafouri Hossein , Piravar Zeinab
Published: February 2024

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women worldwide mostly due to resistance to existing chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, a bioactive nitro derivative of pyrimidine compound 2,6-Diamino-5-((5-methylisoxazole-3-yl) diazenyl) pyrimidin-4-0l was synthesized by the condensation reaction under reflux conditions. Characteristics and structure of synthesized compound was confirmed by the FT-IR,C-NMR and H-NMR analyzes. The cytotoxic effect of the compound was measured by MTT assay at various concentrations (5-100 μg/ml) on breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The MTT results indicated that the synthesized compound had a significant cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings indicated that bioactive nitro derivative of pyrimidine compound has a potential to be applied as anticancer agent against breast cancer cells.
Differentiation of Amniotic Membrane Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and the Expression of Nkx2.5 and C-TNT genes
Authors: Bahrami Nastaran , Ale Ebrahim Mahsa , Salimi Ali , Roholah Fateme , Barikrow Nooshin
Published: February 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) continues to account for more deaths globally than any other single disease. Currently, significant advances have been made in the field of cardiac diseases, and stem cell transplantation-based therapies have emerged as a hopeful therapeutic tool for improving cardiac regeneration and function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising source to be used by regenerative medicine. MSCs have potential to self-renew and discriminate into several cell types. In this study, MSCs were isolated from the amniotic membrane, and their surface markers were identified using flow cytometry. The cells were differentiated to osteoblasts, adipocytes and cardiomyocytes using differentiation medium. RealTime-PCR, and immunochemistry assays were used to assess the expression of cardiac marker genes (Nkx2.5 and C-TNT) and protein. The results confirmed the differentiation of MCSs to cardiomyocytes. NKX2.5 and C-TNT expression level strikingly increased in cardiomyocyte cells compared to hAM-dMSCs. The results of the present study suggested that differentiated human amniotic MSC possessed some characteristics of cardiomyocytes.
Changes in oxalic acid and mineral contents of tomato plant under salinity stress
Authors: Topcuoğlu Bülent
Published: February 2024

The synthesis of oxalic acid in the plant and its relations with other minerals in plant biochemistry were investigated under saline growing conditions. The effects of NaCl salt applied to the nutrient solution at concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 75 mM on the mineral nutrients and oxalic acid contents of the leaves, roots and fruits of the tomato plant were examined. NaCl applied to the soil significantly decreased the vegetative, root and fruit dry matter amounts of the tomato plant and the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents in these parts of the plant. The oxalic acid content of the plant also decreased with increasing salt concentration. Ca and oxalic acid contents of the plant were determined at different levels in the vegetative, root and fruit organs of the plant. Depending on the applied NaCl levels, significant decreases were recorded in the total and soluble oxalic acid and Ca levels of the plant. Physiologically effective oxalic acid in tomato plant was recorded only in fruits with low Ca content. The data confirm the effect of salinity on Ca nutrition and show the effects of ion interaction on oxalic acid synthesis in plants.
Obesity prevention and treatment using probiotics and prebiotics
Authors: Dhamo Klodiola , Memushaj Lorena , Shkreli Rezarta
Published: February 2024

Obesity and other metabolic disorders are major health problems that can lead to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, musculoskeletal ailments, and a variety of cancers. There is a link between gut microbiota and metabolic problems, according to recent research. It was shown that the composition of the gut microbiota differs significantly between lean and obese people. The host's metabolism, as well as the immune and endocrine systems, are influenced by gut microorganisms. These microbes can alter the host's ability to store or get energy from food goods by regulating gene expression. To keep the host's health intact, it's critical to maintain a good balance of intestinal microbiota through proper diet and the use of probiotics and prebiotics. In our review, a total of 36 papers were examined (25 human and 11 animal trials). The duration of the trials ranged from four weeks to ten years, with 12 weeks being the most prevalent test period. The impact of gut microorganisms, probiotics, and prebiotics on many processes that contribute to the aforementioned metabolic condition is also examined, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject.
Non-native species barnacles (genus: Amphibalanus) in southern Iraq: spatial distribution and abundance
Authors: Gh. Yasser Amaal , D. Naser Murtada , Shahen Mohammed , Younis Mohammed , Mahdi Rusul , Ali Russall , Ghazi Abdulhussein
Published: February 2024

Invasion rates of non-native species into new habitats are increasing across the globe and most are due to either human activities or climate change. Whereas most of these species fail to expand or have slight impacts on their new ecosystems, the large number of invasive species has led to serious economic and ecological problems. However, in Iraq, knowledge of the fundamental drivers shaping the current distribution and abundance of invasive species barnacles within the genus Amphibalanus, are still poorly understood. Accordingly, to quantify the main drivers of the geographical distribution and abundance of these species across the study area, we collected samples from 21 sites ranging from the lower reaches of Shatt Al-Arab where the salinity ranged from 20 ppt to 24 ppt to upper part of Shatt Al-Arab River, then north west to the Al-Hammar marshes and Euphrates River where the salinity ranged from 0.9 ppt to 2.8 ppt. This work showed that A. Amphitrite is widely distributed in most sites. With the exception of a few sites closest to the lower reaches of Shat Al-Arab, A. improvises was restricted in the sites with salinity ranging from 22 to 37 ppt. A. subalbidus has an oligohaline distribution that is found in a moderate range of salinities. The role of water quality drivers in shaping the composition of invasive species barnacle assemblages and their distribution patterns was assessed using Redundancy analysis (RDA). This ordination revealed that the spatial distribution and abundance of A. improvises, A. Amphitrite and A. subalbidus were influenced by salinity and temperature. Overall, this study suggested the importance of mapping spatial distribution and abundance of invasive species to assess and manage these species risks in the future.
Production and properties of Irpex lacteus cellulase and xylanase
Authors: Metreveli Eka , Khardziani Tamar , Jokharidze Tina , Elisashvili Vladimir
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to characterize the cellulolytic system of Irpex lacteus BCC 104 isolated from the forest of Georgia. The results obtained showed that the expression of endoglucanase and xylanase synthesis in this fungus is inducible in the presence of cellulose-containing growth substrates. Among them, crystalline cellulose appeared to be the best carbon source providing the highest endoglucanase (48.0 U/mL), total cellulase (7.6 U/mL), and xylanase (68.4 U/mL) activities. Supplementation of the Avicel-induced culture with 0.5 or 1% glycerol caused catabolite repression of the cellulase and xylanase formation by I.lacteus BCC 104. The enzyme synthesis resumed only after the depletion of easily metabolizable carbon source from the medium. The crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of I. lacteus in the fermenter and used for saccharification of pretreated wheat straw (40 mg/mL, FPA load 20 U/g substrate) yielded 10.7 mg reducing sugars/mL (32.2% from the theoretically possible). CMCase and xylanase were purified 31- and 34-fold and characterized. The optimum pH for both enzyme activities was found to be 5.0; at pH 5-6, they retained 60% of their initial activity after incubation at 30°C for 48 h. CMCase expressed maximum activity at 50°C while xylanase – at 55°C. Half-inactivation periods of endoglucanase and xylanase during incubation at 60°C were 60 min and 150 min, respectively.
Plastic pollution in the aquatic environment of southern Iraq: What do we know about its abundance and distribution?
Authors: D. Naser Murtada , Gh. Yasser Amaal , I.  Shaker Zaiab , A. Naser Zainab , N. Mohammed Zainab , M. Saadon Zainab , F. Ghazi Mohammed , H. Ghazi Abdulhussein
Published: February 2024

Plastic pollution of the riverine environment has become a global environmental concern due to its potential ecological and biological impacts. Plastics have potentially adverse impacts on ecosystems due to the persistent organic pollutants that may accumulate on them whereas residing in the aquatic, or the chemical additives used to make many plastic products. While plastic products are highly present in the environments of southern Iraq, there are no studies providing a summary of their distribution and abundance in this region. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and abundance of plastic at different sites of Shatt Al-Arab River. To assess microplastic (MP) abundance and distribution in sediments of the study sites, the quantification and morphology of microplastics were performed. The findings of the current study showed that the fiber particles were the most dominant shape (67%), followed by film shape (19.6%) and fragments (13%). The highest numbers of microplastics particles were present in sediments close to populous cities and effluent discharge. Overall, this study suggested that the sediments from the Shatt Al-Arab River were contaminated with MPs. Additionally, our results highlight the importance of investigating the MP particles across other sites in southern Iraq, to assess and reduce their risks on organisms and ecosystems in the future.
Regulation of Schizophyllum commune BCC632 cellulase and xylanase activities
Authors: Khardziani Tamar , Metreveli Eka , Jokharidze Tina , Elisashvili Vladimir
Published: February 2024

The polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes of Schizophyllum commune BCC 632 have been analyzed in submerged fermentation conditions to elucidate the effect of chemically and structurally different carbon sources on the expression of cellulases and xylanase. Production of cellulase and xylanase by S. commune BCC 632 requires the presence of inducing substrate in the culture medium. Crystalline cellulose appeared to be the best carbon source providing the highest endoglucanase (53.5 U/mL) and total cellulase (9.2 U/mL) activities. In particular, this fungus appeared to be a super-producer of xylanase (636.1 U/mL). Among complex lignocellulosic substrates, mandarin pomace provided high enzyme activity whereas wheat straw appeared to be a poor substrate for both cellulases and xylanase secretion. However, the supplementation of wheat straw-based medium with mandarin pomace or glycerol resulted in a significant secretion of cellulase and xylanase by the fungus. Nevertheless, the addition of 0.5% glucose to the Avicel-containing medium caused short-term catabolite repression of the synthesis of both cellulase and xylanase while the addition of α-deoxy-D-glucose completely prevented enzyme secretion. Extracellular protein electrophoresis and inhibitory assay using cycloheximide and actinomycin D has shown that both cellulase and xylanase are inducible enzymes and subject to catabolite repression by readily metabolizable sugars.
A narrative review of acupuncture treatment for Autism Spectrum disorder
Authors:   Dr. Caitlin Goodwin Homeopath, Goodwin C.L
Published: February 2024

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by impaired reciprocal social communication and interaction, as well as restrictive behaviours, interests, and activities. Researchers estimate that approximately 2% of the South African population is affected by ASD. The prevalence of ASD in South Africa remains unknown, and minimal research has been conducted within the schooling systems to accurately inform the rates, distribution, and profile of needs for children with this disorder. The aim of this study was to conduct a narrative review of acupuncture treatment for ASD. A literature search targeted sources with the highest level of evidence and relevance to the topic. Searches were conducted on credible databases, focusing on high-quality publications with the most up-to-date information. A small number of studies (n=6) met the criteria for this narrative review. The studies reported statistically significant improvements in areas such as cognition, comprehension, social interaction, behaviours, speech and language, as well as food and noise sensitivity. Treatment was well tolerated, with minimal adverse effects. It may be concluded that there is evidence supporting the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for ASD; however, the quality of the studies has been relatively poor, and the sample sizes were insufficient. Research on this topic is still in its early stages, and these findings need confirmation through further high-quality research.
Metabolic disruption impairs ribosomal protein levels, resulting in enhanced aminoglycoside tolerance
Authors: Shiraliyev Rauf , Orman Mehmet A
Published: February 2024

Aminoglycoside antibiotics target ribosomes and are effective against a wide range of bacteria. Here, we demonstrated that knockout strains related to energy metabolism in Escherichia coli showed increased tolerance to aminoglycosides during the mid-exponential growth phase. Contrary to expectations, these mutations did not reduce the proton motive force or aminoglycoside uptake, as there were no significant changes in metabolic indicators or intracellular gentamicin levels between wild-type and mutant strains. Our comprehensive proteomics analysis unveiled a noteworthy upregulation of proteins linked to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the mutant strains during the mid-exponential growth phase, suggesting that these strains compensate for the perturbation in their energy metabolism by increasing TCA cycle activity to maintain their membrane potential and ATP levels. Furthermore, our pathway enrichment analysis shed light on local network clusters displaying downregulation across all mutant strains, which were associated with both large and small ribosomal binding proteins, ribosome biogenesis, translation factor activity, and the biosynthesis of ribonucleoside monophosphates. These findings offer a plausible explanation for the observed tolerance of aminoglycosides in the mutant strains. Altogether, this research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of aminoglycoside tolerance, paving the way for novel strategies to combat such cells.
Biomarker selection depends on gene function and organ: the case of the cytochrome P450 family genes in freshwater fish exposed to chronic pollution
Authors: Cortés-Miranda Jorge , Rojas-Hernández Noemí , Muñoz Gigliola , Copaja Sylvia , Quezada-Romegialli Claudio , Veliz David , Vega-Retter Caren
Published: February 2024

Pollution and its effects have been of major concern in recent decades. Many strategies and markers have been developed to assess their effects on biota. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes have received significant attention in this context because of their relationship with detoxification and activation of exogenous compounds. While their expression has been identified as a pollution exposure biomarker, in most cases, it has been tested only after acute exposures and for CYP genes associated with exogenous compounds. To elucidate CYP gene expression patterns under chronic pollution exposure, we have used the silverside Basilichthys microlepidotus as a model, which inhabits the Maipo River Basin, a freshwater system with different pollution levels. We performed next-generation RNA sequencing of liver and gill tissues from polluted and non-polluted populations. We found most CYP genes were not dysregulated by pollution, and the seven genes that were present and differentially expressed in liver and gill were mainly downregulated. Three CYP genes associated with exogenous compounds showed differential expression in the gill, while four CYP genes associated with endogenous compounds showed differential expression in the liver. The findings presented here highlight the importance of CYP genes, his family, tissues and his interaction in the context of pollution biomarkers use.
Influence of virtual social capital on sustainable clothing consumption pattern: a study on young people in Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Hoang Long Cuu , Pham Que Anh , Pham Thi Kim Dung , Vo Thuy Hien , Truong Thanh Phuong
Published: February 2024

It is undeniable that fast fashion is a deleterious phenomenon changing the fashion industry for the worst. This study has been carried out to achieve the sustainable development of the clothing industry, thereby providing a visible and meaningful contribution to the achievement of SDG 12 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The study clarified the definition and manifestation of a sustainable clothing consumption model that integrates four types of clothing consumption behavior: swapping, the sale of upgraded second-hand clothing, renting, consulting, and matching old clothing. According to an analysis of the data (N=398), virtual social capital and peer influence have a considerably positive effect on BISCCP. Virtual social capital also has a positive impact on peer influence. However, the relationship between virtual social capital as well as BISCCP was negatively affected by both face consciousness and consumer innovativeness. The findings had consequences for comprehending and enhancing consumers' behavioral intentions regarding purchasing sustainable clothes. Thus, it is essential for ecological sustainability and other associated government agencies to establish a parsimonious society, incentivizing the reuse of second-hand clothing to increase people's passion for environmental protection consumption. Not only does the study enhance consumer acceptance of SCCP, but it can also be especially useful to circular economy policymakers in emerging markets.
Leveraging technological characteristics and perceived values to drive continuance intentions on social platforms: a generation Z perspective
Authors: MA Angela Kit-fong
Published: February 2024

Purpose - This study aimed to explore how social commerce platforms retain specific user groups in the context of emerging economies post-COVID-19. We intend to provide essential insights concerning market entry decision-making in other similar emerging markets and to develop marketing strategies for promoting consumer continuance purchase intention in current social commerce platforms.Design/methodology/approach – By adopting the stimulus–organism–response model, this study established a framework to explore the impact of technological environments on consumers’ intrinsic and extrinsic values and visualize how these technological characteristics contribute to the continuance intentions. We used SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 21.0 to conduct multiple data analyses, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to assess the reliability and validity of the research model, followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and mediation analysis to test the proposed hypotheses.Findings - The findings suggest that the pursuit of social, informational, and emotional values is the primary motivation rather than hedonic value and that social commerce platforms should not be considered simply as a communication tool or a social network service, but as artificial structural equivalence of social connections that carries users’ social capital.Originality/value – By connecting the virtual social commerce platform and the real commercial world, this paper explains partially why consumers join a social network platform and why they repeatedly use it. The research could be potentially generalized to other developing countries and developed countries with analogous socioeconomic and cultural circumstances.
How to influence consumer behaviour: A perspective from E-commerce in Vietnam context
Authors: Cho James , Vo Thi Huong Giang , Le Khoa Huan , Luong Duy Binh
Published: February 2024

The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the purchase intention of Vietnamese customers on the e-commerce platform. The study was conducted in Vietnam and a convenience-based sampling technique was used to collect 495 samples. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to evaluate the relationships using AMOS. The results indicated that user interface quality, perceived privacy, information quality, perceived security, and consumer trust have a positive and significant impact on purchase intention. This study validates and reinforces the importance of purchase intention in the context of e-shopping. In addition, e-commerce managers can focus on the most significant factors, namely security and user interface, in order to enhance customers' behavioral intentions. This study makes a valuable contribution to the literature on consumer behavior and provides insights into anticipating consumer behavior through e-commerce. The results could be of practical significance to e-commerce providers, as they may help them to develop targeted strategies aimed at significantly increasing customer usage.
Who's watching from home? Who's cheering on-site? Empirical Study on Motivations for Esports Spectatorship in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Chih-Yung , Shang Ting
Published: February 2024

Motivations of esports spectators are influenced by factors such as attachment to players (teams), uncertainty of outcomes, social interactions, knowledge acquisition, entertainment, and escapism, which drive them to watch esports competitions. In comparison to online spectating, attending live esports events offers a distinct set of experiences and sensations for spectators. A total of 764 valid questionnaires were collected for this study. The results indicate that spectators with weaker attachment motivations to players (teams) are more inclined to attend live events. Those with stronger social interaction motivations are more likely to attend live events, with male spectators being more influenced by attachment and social interaction motivations when deciding whether to attend. Empirical findings also demonstrate that "on-site" esports spectators are more willing to purchase and recommend gaming experiences compared to "online" spectators, with male spectators displaying higher purchase intentions. Spectators with stronger social interaction motivations show a stronger inclination toward recommending viewing, recommending gameplay, and purchasing behavior. Additionally, spectators with stronger motivations related to uncertainty of outcomes, social interactions, knowledge acquisition, entertainment, and escapism exhibit a higher willingness to purchase, even as their attachment motivations become weaker.
Polymer‐Mediated Nanoparticle Assembly: Structural Control and Applications
Authors: Shenhar R. , Norsten T. B. , Rotello V. M.
Published: March 2005

Nanoparticle–polymer composites are diverse and versatile functional materials, with applications ranging from electronic device fabrication to catalysis. This review focuses on the use of chemical design to control the structural attributes of polymer‐mediated assembly of nanoparticles. We will illustrate the use of designed particles and polymers to create nanocomposites featuring interesting and pragmatic structures and properties. We will also describe applications of these engineered materials.
Similarity measures, author cocitation analysis, and information theory
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet
Published: March 2005

The use of Pearson's correlation coefficient in Author Cocitation Analysis was compared with Salton's cosine measure in a number of recent contributions. Unlike the Pearson correlation, the cosine is insensitive to the number of zeros. However, one has the option of applying a logarithmic transformation in correlation analysis. Information calculus is based on both the logarithmic transformation and provides a non‐parametric statistics. Using this methodology, one can cluster a document set in a precise way and express the differences in terms of bits of information. The algorithm is explained and used on the data set, which was made the subject of this discussion.
Making an equality of ISI impact factors for different subject fields
Authors: Sombatsompop Narongrit , Markpin Teerasak
Published: March 2005

The journal impact factors, published by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI; Philadelphia, PA), are widely known and are used to evaluate overall journal quality and the quality of the papers published therein. However, when making comparisons between subject fields, the work of individual scientists and their research institutions as reflected in their articles' ISI impact factors can become meaningless. This inequality will remain as long as ISI impact factors are employed as an instrument to assess the quality of international research. Here we propose a new mathematical index entitled Impact Factor Point Average (IFPA) for assessment of the quality of individual research work in different subject fields. The index is established based on a normalization of differences in impact factors, rankings, and number of journal titles in different subject fields. The proposed index is simple and enables the ISI impact factors to be used with equality, especially when evaluating the quality of research work in different subject fields.
Relations between the continuous and the discrete Lotka power function
Authors: Egghe L
Published: March 2005

The discrete Lotka power function describes the number of sources (e.g., authors) with n = 1, 2, 3, … items (e.g., publications). As in econometrics, informetrics theory requires functions of a continuous variable j, replacing the discrete variable n. Now j represents item densities instead of number of items. The continuous Lotka power function describes the density of sources with item density j. The discrete Lotka function one obtains from data, obtained empirically; the continuous Lotka function is the one needed when one wants to apply Lotkaian informetrics, i.e., to determine properties that can be derived from the (continuous) model. It is, hence, important to know the relations between the two models. We show that the exponents of the discrete Lotka function (if not too high, i.e., within limits encountered in practice) and of the continuous Lotka function are approximately the same. This is important to know in applying theoretical results (from the continuous model), derived from practical data.
Modified evolving window factor analysis for process monitoring
Authors: Kamaledin Setarehdan S.
Published: March 2005

Reaction process monitoring and control are usually involved with direct measurement or indirect model‐based prediction of concentration profiles of the constituents of interest in a chemical reaction at regular time intervals. These approaches are expensive, time‐consuming and sometimes impossible. On the other hand, application of so‐called ‘calibration‐free’ techniques such as EFA and EWFA to spectral data usually provides important information regarding the structural variations in the chemical system without identification of the chemical components responsible for the variations. In this paper a novel spectral data pre‐processing algorithm is presented which helps EWFA to extract the concentration trends of the components of interest within the reaction. The proposed algorithm uses the pure spectrum of the component of interest to develop a so‐called ‘weighting filter’ which is applied to the input spectral information before EWFA. The algorithm was applied to a real Raman spectral data set obtained from a pre‐treatment distillation column used for removing unwanted heavy/cyclic hydrocarbons from naphtha in an oil company. Comparison of the concentration trends resulting from the proposed algorithm with those obtained using conventional PLS1 models shows that the new calibration‐free and on‐line algorithm outperforms the calibration models obtained by difficult and expensive laboratory work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivity of Rhodium–Triflate Complexes with Diphenylsilane: Evidence for Silylene Intermediacy in Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Goikhman Roman , Milstein David
Published: March 2005

Addition of Ph2SiH2 to [Rh(iPr3P)2(OTf)] (1) yielded the thermally unstable RhIII adduct [Rh(iPr3P)2(OTf)(H)(SiPh2H)] (2), which decomposed to [Rh(iPr3P)2(H)2(OTf)] (3), liberating (unobserved) silylene. The silylene was trapped by 1, resulting in the RhI–silyl complex [Rh(iPr3P)2(SiPh2OTf)]. Complex 3 was converted to 2 by addition of diphenylsilane, providing a basis for a possible catalytic cycle. The last reaction did not involve a RhI intermediate, as shown by a labeling study. Complex 1 catalyzed the dehydrogenative coupling of Ph2SiH2 to Ph2HSiSiHPh2. A mechanism involving a silylene intermediate in this catalytic cycle is proposed. The mechanism is supported by complete lack of catalysis in the case of the tertiary silanes Ph2MeSiH and PhMe2SiH, and by a study of individual steps of the catalytic cycle. The outcome of the reaction of Ph2SiH2 with styrene in the presence of 1 depends on the complex/substrate ratio; under stoichiometric conditions olefin hydrogenation prevailed over hydrosilylation, whereas with excess of substrates hydrosilylation prevailed. Catalytic hydrosilylation resulted in double addition giving Ph2Si(CH2CH2Ph)2. Mechanistic aspects of the reported processes are discussed, and a new hydrosilylation mechanism based on silylene intermediacy is proposed.
Fringe‐dependent notch activation and tramtrack function are required for specification of the polar cells in Drosophila oogenesis
Authors: Althauser Cassandra , Jordan Katherine C. , Deng Wu‐Min , Ruohola‐Baker Hannele
Published: March 2005

During Drosophila oogenesis, each egg chamber is encapsulated through the coordinated signaling of multiple pathways, resulting in the formation of polar cells at the termini and a row of stalk cells in between each egg chamber. Notch signaling is required for specification of a precursor group containing both stalk and polar cells. Together, the Notch and JAK/STAT pathways specify the stalk cells as well as a group of prepolar cells, from within that group. The mechanism by which the polar cells differentiate from the prepolar group involves apoptosis, but the pathways which control that process are largely unknown. We now demonstrate that Notch signaling, activated by Delta and transduced by the transcription factor Tramtrack, is involved in the process of refining the prepolar cell group to two polar cells. The glycosyltransferase Fringe is expressed and required cell‐autonomously in prepolar cells for this process. However, the transcription factor Mirror, which inhibits fringe expression in other tissues and stages of development, as well as Serrate, one of the two known ligands for Notch, are not required for maturation of prepolar cells. This finding suggests that Fringe is necessary for generating positional information in localizing a high‐affinity interaction between Notch and its ligand Delta, even if a second ligand is not essential. Developmental Dynamics 232:1013–1020, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A profile of regionally accredited for‐profit institutions of higher education
Authors: Kinser Kevin
Published: March 2005

A number of for‐profit institutions of higher education have established themselves successfully within the traditional framework of regionally accredited institutions.