bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatal cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia over four decades in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lybol C , Centen DW , Thomas CMG , ten Kate‐Booij MJ , Verheijen RHM , Sweep FCGJ , Ottevanger PB , Massuger LFAG
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Lybol C, Centen D, Thomas C, ten Kate‐Booij M, Verheijen R, Sweep F, Ottevanger P, Massuger L. Fatal cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia over four decades in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:1465–1472.

Objective  To describe fatal cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) over four decades and evaluate whether treatment was given according to the protocol and reveal possible implications for future management.

Design  Retrospective cohort study.

Setting  The Netherlands.

Population  Women who died from GTN from 1971 to 2011.

Methods  Records from the Dutch Central Registry for Hydatidiform Moles and the Working Party on Trophoblastic Disease were used to identify fatal cases of GTN.

Main outcome measures  Disease extent, risk classification, treatment regimens and cause of death.

Results  Twenty‐six women died from GTN. In five cases GTN developed after a hydatidiform mole and in 19 cases following term pregnancy. Half of the women died between 1971 and 1980, when women were not yet classified as having low‐risk or high‐risk disease and were therefore not yet treated accordingly. A major decline in the number of deaths was seen after the first decade, with a further decrease from 1981 to 2011. Early death occurred in nine women. In four of these women, death was treatment‐related. Women who died more than 4 weeks after the start of treatment mostly died from metastatic tumour (n = 14).

Conclusions  The yearly number of women who died from GTN decreased considerably over the last four decades. Appropriate risk classification is essential to start optimal initial therapy and to prevent therapy resistance. Women with post‐term choriocarcinoma represented a large proportion of the dead women and we propose that these women are considered as having high‐risk disease.
Comparative efficacy of postpartum sterilisation with the titanium clip versus partial salpingectomy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Rodriguez MI , Seuc A , Sokal DC
Published: August 2012

A multicentre trial was conducted to compare efficacy of postpartum sterilisation with clip and partial salpingectomy. Life‐table estimates of pregnancy probabilities were compared through 2 years of follow up. A significantly different risk of pregnancy between the clip and partial salpingectomy groups was observed. Nine pregnancies were observed in the clip group versus two in the partial salpingectomy group. Cumulative probability of pregnancy through 2 years was 0.017 with the clip and 0.004 [correction added after online publication 25 September 2012; 0.044 has been replaced with 0.004] for partial salpingectomy (P < 0.04). Equivalent efficacy of the clip compared with partial salpingectomy has not been demonstrated in postpartum women.
Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing versus conventional clamping and suturing for vaginal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lakeman MME , The S , Schellart RP , Dietz V , ter Haar JF , Thurkow A , Scholten PC , Dijkgraaf MGW , Roovers JPWR
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Lakeman M, The S, Schellart R, Dietz V, ter Haar J, Thurkow A, Scholten P, Dijkgraaf M, Roovers J. Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing versus conventional clamping and suturing for vaginal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2012;119:1473–1482.

Objective  To compare the effects of electrical bipolar vessel sealing and conventional suturing on postoperative pain, recovery, costs and micturition symptoms in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.

Design  Randomised controlled trial.

Setting  Eight teaching hospitals in the Netherlands.

Population  One hundred women scheduled to undergo vaginal hysterectomy for benign conditions excluding pelvic organ prolapse.

Methods  Women were randomised to vessel sealing or conventional surgery. The quality of life related to pelvic floor function was assessed using validated questionnaires before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Pain scores and recovery were assessed using a diary, including daily visual analogue scale scores, starting from the day before surgery until 6 weeks after surgery.

Main outcome measures  Visual analogue scale pain scores, surgery time, blood loss, complications, quality of life related to pelvic floor function and costs.

Results  The evening after surgery, women in the vessel‐sealing group reported significantly less pain (5.7 versus 4.5 on a scale of 0–10, P = 0.03), but after that pain scores were similar. Operation duration was shorter for vessel sealing (60 versus 71 minutes, P = 0.05). Blood loss and hospital stay did not differ. We observed no major difference in costs between the two interventions (2903 versus 3102 €, P = 0.26). Changes in micturition and defecation symptoms were not affected by the surgical technique used.

Conclusion  Using vessel sealing during vaginal hysterectomy resulted in less pain on the first postoperative day, shorter operating time, similar morbidity and similar pelvic floor function. No major differences in costs were found between the two interventions.
International trends in health science librarianship: part 3 ‐ the Nordic countries
Authors: Haglund Lotta , Buset Karen J. , Kristiansen Hanne M. , Ovaska Tuulevi
Published: August 2012

This is the third in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship in the first decade of the 21st century. The invited authors carried out a survey of librarians in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland to identify common developments in their countries. A focus on pedagogy was seen as the most important trend. Future issues will track trends in Southern Europe and Latin America.

JM
Expression and functional properties of α7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptors are modified in the presence of other receptor subunits
Authors: Criado Manuel , Valor Luis M. , Mulet José , Gerber Susana , Sala Salvador , Sala Francisco
Published: August 2012

Although α7 nicotinic receptors are predominantly homopentamers, previous reports have indicated that α7 and β2 subunits are able to form heteromers. We have studied whether other nicotinic receptor subunits can also assemble with α7 subunits and the effect of this potential association. Coexpression of α7 with α2, α3, or β4 subunits reduced to about half, surface α‐bungarotoxin binding sites and acetylcholine‐gated currents. This is probably because of inhibition of membrane trafficking, as the total amount of α7 subunits was similar in all cases and a significant proportion of mature α7 receptors was present inside the cell. Only β4 subunits appeared to directly associate with α7 receptors at the membrane and these heteromeric receptors showed some kinetic and pharmacological differences when compared with homomeric α7 receptors. Finally, we emulated the situation of bovine chromaffin cells in Xenopus laevis oocytes by using the same proportion of α3, β4, α5, and α7 mRNAs, finding that α‐bungarotoxin binding was similarly reduced in spite of increased currents, apparently mediated by α3β4(α5) receptors.
Age‐related differences in the dynamics of hippocampal proteasome recovery
Authors: Gavilán M. Paz , Pintado Cristina , Gavilán Elena , García‐Cuervo Luisa M. , Castaño Angelica , Ríos Rosa M. , Ruano Diego
Published: August 2012

Regulation of proteasome abundance to meet cell needs under stress conditions is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, the effects of aging on this homeostatic response remain unknown. In this report, we analyzed in young and aged rat hippocampus, the dynamics of proteasome recovery induced by proteasome stress. Proteasome inhibition in young rats leads to an early and coordinate transcriptional and translational up‐regulation of both the catalytic subunits of constitutive proteasome and the proteasome maturation protein. By contrast, aged rats up‐regulated the inducible catalytic subunits and showed a lower and shorter expression of proteasome maturation protein. This resulted in a faster recovery of proteasome activity in young rats. Importantly, proteasome inhibition highly affected pyramidal cells, leading to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in perinuclear regions of aged, but not young pyramidal neurons. These data strongly suggest that age‐dependent differences in proteasome level and composition could contribute to neurodegeneration induced by proteasome dysfunction in normal and pathological aging.
Autonomy and dependence – experiences of home abortion, contraception and prevention
Authors: Makenzius Marlene , Tydén Tanja , Darj Elisabeth , Larsson Margareta
Published: August 2012

Background:  Few studies have explored experiences and needs in relation to an induced medical abortion with the final treatment at home.

Objective:  To explore women’s and men’s experiences and needs related to care in the context of a home abortion as well as to elicit their views on contraception and prevention of unwanted pregnancies.

Method:  Qualitative interviews were carried out with 24 women and 13 men who had experienced a home abortion; they took place in Sweden during 2009/10.

Results:  Two overarching themes were identified: Autonomy– the decision to undergo an abortion and the choice of method were well considered by the woman, supported by the partner. The home environment increased their privacy and control, which helped them freely express and share their emotions. They were motivated to avoid a subsequent abortion and considered it an individual responsibility; however, contraceptive follow‐up visits were rare. Dependence– a desire to be treated with empathy and respect by care providers and to receive adequate information. In the prevention of unwanted pregnancies, financial resources, improved communication/education and subsidized contraceptives were considered important.

Conclusion:  Home abortion increases autonomy, and women and partners demonstrate self‐care ability. This autonomy, however, is related to dependence: a desire to be treated with empathy and respect on equal terms and to receive adequate information tailored to their self‐care needs. Routines in abortion care should be continuously evaluated to ensure care satisfaction, safety and security as well as contraceptive adherence.
Children's religious agency: conceptualising Islamic idioms of resistance
Authors: Habashi Janette
Published: August 2012

This paper seeks to examine how Palestinian children's agency integrates Islamic religious idioms in daily life to combat Israeli oppression. While children are often seen as objects that are merely subjected to political and cultural processes, this research shows that children have agency and use their religious expression as a way to further their own political freedom and resist the imposing geopolitical agenda of colonialism. Since the inception of the war on terror that highlighted increased scrutiny and backlash against Islam in Western discourse, resistance through religion has become an integral part of Palestinian children's agency. The narratives of 28 Palestinian children demonstrate the claim that the children have agency in using the expression of Islamic idioms as resistance against Western perceptions and Israeli oppression.
Towards effective water reuse: drivers, challenges and strategies shaping the organisational management of reclaimed water in Jordan
Authors: Carr Gemma , Potter Rob B
Published: August 2012

Treated wastewater or reclaimed water is gaining recognition as a valuable water resource around the world. To assess why, where and how water reuse takes place in Jordan, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with representatives of 29 key organisations in 2008. The analysis reveals that water scarcity is a key driver for water reuse. However, despite such recognition, reuse was described positively by only a small proportion of the interviewees (n = 6). Negative and neutral perceptions regarding reuse dominated and the research found that this was related to two underlying challenges: (i) the requirement for more intensive management when using reclaimed water compared with freshwater and (ii) concern over societal acceptance of water reuse. These factors were found to be associated with the risks posed to humans and their environments, combined with negative emotional and cultural responses to human waste and its applications. Numerous strategies are identified that are employed by organisations to overcome these challenges. Wastewater treatment, regulation, monitoring, the mixing of treated effluent with freshwater and limited public discussion of water reuse are all employed to achieve maximum use of reclaimed water. Each strategy presents benefits of sort, but some may paradoxically also inhibit optimal use of reclaimed water. Careful modifications to the existing strategies of Jordanian agencies, such as more open discussion of reuse, could lead to greater social, economic and environmental gains.
Reperfusion‐induced myocardial dysfunction is prevented by endogenous annexin‐A1 and its N‐terminal‐derived peptide Ac‐ANX‐A12‐26
Authors: Qin Chengxue , Buxton Keith D , Pepe Salvatore , Cao Anh H , Venardos Kylie , Love Jane E , Kaye David M , Yang Yuan H , Morand Eric F , Ritchie Rebecca H
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Annexin‐A1 (ANX‐A1) is an endogenous, glucocorticoid‐regulated anti‐inflammatory protein. The N‐terminal‐derived peptide Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 preserves cardiomyocyte viability, but the impact of ANX‐A1‐peptides on cardiac contractility is unknown. We now test the hypothesis that ANX‐A1 preserves post‐ischaemic recovery of left ventricular (LV) function.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 was administered on reperfusion, to adult rat cardiomyocytes as well as hearts isolated from rats, wild‐type mice and mice deficient in endogenous ANX‐A1 (ANX‐A1–/–). Myocardial viability and recovery of LV function were determined.

KEY RESULTS

Ischaemia–reperfusion markedly impaired both cardiomyocyte viability and recovery of LV function by 60%. Treatment with exogenous Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 at the onset of reperfusion prevented cardiomyocyte injury and significantly improved recovery of LV function, in both intact rat and wild‐type mouse hearts. Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 cardioprotection was abolished by either formyl peptide receptor (FPR)‐nonselective or FPR1‐selective antagonists, Boc2 and cyclosporin H, but was relatively insensitive to the FPR2‐selective antagonist QuinC7. ANX‐A1‐induced cardioprotection was associated with increased phosphorylation of the cell survival kinase Akt. ANX‐A1−/− exaggerated impairment of post‐ischaemic recovery of LV function, in addition to selective LV FPR1 down‐regulation.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These data represent the first evidence that ANX‐A1 affects myocardial function. Our findings suggest ANX‐A1 is an endogenous regulator of post‐ischaemic recovery of LV function. Furthermore, the ANX‐A1‐derived peptide Ac‐ANX‐A12–26 on reperfusion rescues LV function, probably via activation of FPR1. ANX‐A1‐based therapies may thus represent a novel clinical approach for the prevention and treatment of myocardial reperfusion injury.
Abnormal NMDA receptor function exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Grasselli G , Rossi S , Musella A , Gentile A , Loizzo S , Muzio L , Di Sanza C , Errico F , Musumeci G , Haji N , Fresegna D , Sepman H , De Chiara V , Furlan R , Martino G , Usiello A , Mandolesi G , Centonze D
Published: August 2012

Background and Purpose

Glutamate transmission is dysregulated in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. A characteristic of EAE is increased glutamate transmission associated with up‐regulation of AMPA receptors. However, little is known about the role of NMDA receptors in the synaptic modifications induced by EAE.

Experimental Approach

The contribution of NMDA receptors to the alterations of glutamate transmission and disease severity in EAE mice was assessed by means of neurophysiological, morphological, Western blot, metabolic and clinical score assessments.

Key Results

In our EAE mice, there was an NMDA receptor‐dependent increase of glutamate release, associated with marked activation of the astroglia. Presynaptic NMDA receptors became overactive during EAE, increasing synaptic glutamate release by a mechanism dependent on voltage‐gated sodium channels. By means of NAD(P)H autofluorescence analysis, we also found that EAE has a glutamate and NMDA receptor‐dependent dysfunction of mitochondrial activity, which is known to contribute to the neurodegenerative damage of MS and EAE. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors in vivo ameliorated both synaptic transmission defects and of the clinical disease course of EAE mice, while EAE induced in mice with a genetically enhanced NMDA receptor signalling had opposite effects.

Conclusions and Implications

Our data, showing both sensitization of NMDA receptors and their involvement in the progression of the EAE disease, supggest that pharmacological impairment of NMDA receptor signalling would be a component of a neuroprotection strategy in MS.
Intact Long‐Type dupA as a Marker for Gastroduodenal Diseases in Okinawan Subpopulation, Japan
Authors: Takahashi Ayaka , Shiota Seiji , Matsunari Osamu , Watada Masahide , Suzuki Rumiko , Nakachi Saori , Kinjo Nagisa , Kinjo Fukunori , Yamaoka Yoshio
Published: August 2012

Background

Helicobacter pylori dupA can be divided into two types according to the presence or absence of the mutation. In addition, full‐sequenced data revealed that dupA has two types with different lengths depend on the presence of approximately 600 bp in the putative 5′ region (presence; long‐type and absence; short‐type), which has not been taken into account in previous studies.

Methods

A total of 319 strains isolated from Okinawa, the south islands of Japan, were included. The status of dupA and cagA was determined by polymerase chain reaction. The presence of mutations in long‐type dupA was determined by DNA sequencing.

Results

The prevalence of long‐type dupA was 26.3% (84/319). Sequence analysis showed that there were only six cases (7.1%) with point mutations lead to stop codon among 84 long‐type dupA strains studied. Interestingly, intact long‐type dupA without frameshift mutation, but not short‐type dupA, was significantly associated with gastric ulcer and gastric cancer than gastritis (p = .001 and p = .019, respectively). After adjustment by age, gender, and cagA, the presence of intact long‐type dupA was significantly associated with gastric ulcer and gastric cancer compared with gastritis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55–7.24 and OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 1.23–13.94, respectively).

Conclusions

Intact long‐type dupA is a real virulence marker for severe outcomes in Okinawa, Japan. The previous information gained from PCR‐based methods without taking long‐type dupA into account must be interpreted with caution.
The Worksite Heart Health Improvement Project (WHHIP): Feasibility and Efficacy
Authors: Flannery Kelly , Resnick Barbara , Galik Elizabeth , Lipscomb Jane , McPhaul Kathleen , Shaughnessy Marianne
Published: August 2012

Objective

Test the feasibility and efficacy of the Worksite Heart Health Improvement Project (WHHIP).

Design

The WHHIP was a quasi‐experimental 6‐month pilot performed in 2 long‐term care facilities.

Sample

Thirty‐nine female minority nursing assistants participated in this study with a mean age of 42.39 (SD = 12.79) years.

Measurements

Measures were collected at baseline, 3, and 6 months and included blood pressure, lipid panel, body mass index, physical activity levels, diet behaviors, depressive symptoms, and self‐efficacy outcomes.

Intervention

The 3‐month WHHIP intervention included 3 components: environmental and policy assessment; education; and on‐going motivation. The control site received education only.

Results

Subject participation averaged 47% and 58% in exercise and diet related activities, respectively. Generalized estimating equations showed the treatment group showed significant improvements in depressive symptoms (p = .012), systolic blood pressure (p = .028), total cholesterol (p = .002) and triglycerides (p = .011) over time. The treatment group also showed trends for improvement in diet behaviors (p = .069) and diastolic blood pressure (p = .073).

Conclusions

This study provided feasibility evidence for the WHHIP and preliminary evidence that the WHHIP can improve heart healthy behaviors and subsequent outcomes among nursing assistants in long‐term care settings.
Baccalaureate Nursing Students' Intention to Choose a Public Health Career
Authors: Larsen Rachelle , Reif LuAnn , Frauendienst Renee
Published: August 2012

Objective(s)

To determine nursing students' public health career intentions, and to determine recruitment strategies and other factors that influence students' public health career intentions.

Design and Sample

Descriptive, correlational design. 354 junior and senior baccalaureate nursing students.

Measures

Students completed a researcher developed survey about choosing public health career intentions and recruitment incentives.

Results

Students indicated that they were likely or very likely to consider a career in public health immediately following graduation (21.1%), 1 year after graduation (26.4%) and more than 1 year after graduation (35%). Significant variables influencing career choice immediately following graduation were enrolling institution [t(3,340) = 2.66, p = .008] and traditional clinical site [t(3,340) = −2.306, p = .022]. One year after graduation, traditional public health clinical site [t(3,340) = −2.648, p = .008], and more than 1 year after graduation enrolling institution [t(4,339) = −2.364, p = .019] and gender [t(4,339) = 2.094, p = .037] were significant variables influencing career intentions. The top three recruitment strategies ranked by students were comparable wages, flexible scheduling, and tuition reimbursement.

Conclusions

Identifying priority recruitment strategies for public health students will enhance the ability of public health leaders to recruit graduate registered nurses to public health. Faculty should continue to evaluate both clinical and classroom experiences to stimulate excitement and interest for public health as a career choice.
Material Flows and Energy Analysis of Glass Containers Discarded in New Jersey, USA
Authors: Tsai Ching‐Ling , Krogmann Uta
Published: August 2012

The use of glass cullet (crushed recycled glass containers) as aggregate in construction projects and landfills has increased rapidly even though the use of cullet as feedstock in new glass container and fiberglass production is energetically more sound. The effect of increased use of cullet as aggregate has not yet been thoroughly assessed. The objectives of this study were to model and quantify glass container flows across New Jersey and the associated life cycle energy consumption, and then compare life cycle energy consumption for two different recycling scenarios and three different end‐use/disposal scenarios. The results of a material flow analysis showed that in 2008 only about 11% of the glass containers consumed in New Jersey were used as glass container or fiberglass feedstock, while five times more were used as construction aggregate. However, a lower system energy requirement can be achieved by increased use of cullet as container feedstock compared to construction aggregate, even when the cullet is transported 1,600 miles to a glass container manufacturer. Based on the uncertainty analysis, there is about an 80% probability for the scenario with increased use as container feedstock to have a lower system energy requirement when compared with all other scenarios. To achieve increased use of cullet as glass container feedstock in New Jersey, the quality of the cullet must be improved.
Baby Altruists? Examining the Complexity of Prosocial Motivation in Young Children
Authors: Thompson Ross A. , Newton Emily K.
Published: August 2012

The contributions of these studies to our understanding of early prosocial motivation are discussed in the context of the broader research literature in this field. We consider first whether different forms of prosocial behavior (e.g., helping, sharing, and empathic assistance) reflect a core prosocial disposition in the early years. The methodological challenges of assessing prosocial behavior in very young children are considered next. We then discuss the origins of prosocial motivation in the early years, focusing on developing understanding of others' goals and intentions, the emergence of sensitivity to equity, emotion understanding, and other conceptual advances. We conclude with suggestions for future research directions for this exciting field of study.
How Dispute Resolution System Design Matters: An Organizational Analysis of Dispute Resolution Structures and Consumer Lemon Laws
Authors: Talesh Shauhin A.
Published: August 2012

This study demonstrates how the structure of dispute resolution shapes the extent to which managerial and business values influence the meaning and implementation of consumer protection law, and consequently, the extent to which repeat players are advantaged. My analysis draws from, links, and contributes to two literatures that examine the relationship between organizational governance structures and law: neo-institutional studies of law and organizations and socio-legal studies of repeat players' advantages in disputing. Specifically, I compare an instance where powerful state consumer protection laws are resolved in private dispute resolution forums funded by automobile manufacturers but operated by independent third-party organizations (California) with one where consumer disputes are resolved in public alternative dispute resolution processes run and administered by the state (Vermont). Through in-depth interviews and participant observation in the training programs that dispute resolution arbitrators undergo in each state, I show how different dispute resolution structures operating in California and Vermont give different meanings to substantially similar lemon laws. Although my data do not allow me to establish a causal relationship, they strongly suggest that the form of the dispute resolution structure, and how business and state actors construct the meaning of lemon laws through these structures, have critical implications for the effectiveness of consumer protection laws for consumers.
Does Person‐Organization Fit Matter in the Public ‐Sector? Testing the Mediating Effect of Person‐Organization Fit in the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Work Attitudes
Authors: Kim Sangmook
Published: August 2012

Public service motivation theory suggests that public service motivation is positively related to work attitudes, but person‐organization fit theory assumes that person‐organization fit completely mediates the relationship between public service motivation and work attitudes of public employees. This article investigates which theory better predicts attitudes toward work, such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment of public employees, by testing hypotheses on (1) whether public service motivation directly influences work attitudes, or (2) whether person‐organization fit mediates the relationship between public service motivation and work attitudes, or (3) whether both hypotheses are true. Using survey data on civil servants in Korea, this article shows that public service motivation has not only a direct effect on but also an indirect effect on job satisfaction and ‐organizational commitment through its influence on person‐‐organization fit.
Functionality of Milk Powders and Milk‐Based Powders for End Use Applications—A Review
Authors: Sharma Anup , Jana Atanu H. , Chavan Rupesh Shrikant
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Newer variants of milk powders and milk‐based powders are being produced are looking for prospective end users. Powders possess physical and functional properties that are of significance in its usage notably powder structure, particle size distribution, powder density, bulk density, particle density, occluded air, interstitial air, flowability, rehydration (wettability, sinkability, dispersibility, solubility), hygroscopicity, heat stability, emulsifying ability, water activity, stickiness, caking, and others. Some of the functional properties of significance to milk powders and milk‐based powders are discussed in this review. Applications with regard to specific milk powders for reconstituted cheese making, coffee creamers, and those suited for milk chocolate and for the baking industry are described.
Politics in the City‐Inside‐Out
Authors: BAYAT ASEF
Published: August 2012

Neoliberal restructuring has engendered significant economic and social changes. The advent of deregulation, diminished role of the state, and the crisis of social contract have meant that a vast number of subaltern groups are now left on their own to survive and better their lives. Consequently, a strong view in the current debates seems to suggest that neoliberal city is a lost city—where capital rules, the affluent enjoy, and the subaltern is entrapped; it is a city of glaring inequality and imbalance, where the ideal of the “right to the city” is all but vanished. While this conclusion enjoys much plausibility, I want to suggest in this paper that there is more to neoliberal urbanity than elite rule and subaltern's failure. For the new realities of these cities tend to engender a new discrete form of politics. Drawing on the recent urban transformation in the Middle East, the paper elaborates on this distinct politics by discussing how a key spatial feature of neoliberal city, what I call the “city‐inside‐out,” is likely to instigate “street politics” and inform the “political street.”
Diasporic Politics, Transnational Media Circulation, and the Multifocality of Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: MORRIS KAREN A.
Published: August 2012

This article proposes a framework of “multifocality” to think about the role of place within the national political cultures of postcolonies with active migrant and diasporic communities abroad. I build my argument on an ethnographic exploration of political activism among networks of Ivorians living in North America, Europe, and Africa during the last twelve years of civil strife in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Tracing media circulation and political party organizing within and across several continents, I show how the political culture of the Ivorian nation arises, exists, and is negotiated within a number of non‐connected places (multiple foci) both within and beyond the official territory of the nation‐state. Activists and government officials travel to, live in, and shape sites within a number of nation‐state territories in order to be in the middle of Ivorian politics. My analysis underscores the need for more theoretical attention to the specific and often uneven ways in which the political structures of many postcolonies are being re‐territorialized through transnational forms of public culture. The recent conflict in Côte d'Ivoire—a conflict centered around questions of national belonging based on people's relationships with the national territory—offers a particularly interesting case study through which to think about relationships between national political communities and nation‐state territories. As participants mobilize resources in certain locations while dodging place‐based limitations of others, the multifocality of Ivorian political discourse emerges as key to its negotiation.
Unemployment, ethnicity and psychosis
Authors: Boydell J. , Bebbington P. , Bhavsar V. , Kravariti E. , van Os J. , Murray R. M. , Dutta R.
Published: August 2012

Boydell J, Bebbington P, Bhavsar V, Kravariti E, van Os J, Murray RM, Dutta R. Unemployment, ethnicity and psychosis.

Objective:  This study describes the incidence of psychosis in unemployed people and determines whether unemployment has a greater impact on the development of psychosis amongst Black minority groups than White groups.

Method:  Patients with a first diagnosis of Research Diagnostic Criteria psychosis, in a defined area of London from 1998 to 2004, were identified. Crude and standardised incidence rates of psychosis amongst unemployed people for each ethnic group were calculated. Poisson regression modelling tested for interactions between unemployment and ethnicity.

Results:  Hundred cases occurred amongst employed people and 78 cases occurred amongst the unemployed people. When standardised to the employed White population of the area, White unemployed people had a standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of 11.7 (95% CI 6.4–19.7), Black Caribbean people had a SIR of 60.1(95% CI 39.3–88) and Black African people had a SIR of 40.7 (95% CI 25.8–61.1). There was no interaction however between ethnicity and unemployment (Likelihood ratio test P = 0.54).

Conclusion:  Rates of psychosis are high amongst unemployed people in south London and extremely high amongst Black Caribbean and Black African unemployed people. There was no evidence however that the minority groups were particularly sensitive to the stresses, limitations or meaning of unemployment.
Influence of Stratum Corneum on the entire skin mechanical properties, as predicted by a computational skin model
Authors: Lévêque Jean Luc , Audoly Basile
Published: August 2012

Background/Purpose

Skin mechanical properties are globally well described. The aim of this paper is to evaluate, by means of a numerical model, the influence of Stratum Corneum (SC) on skin folding resulting from an in‐plane compression.

Methods

A computational skin model was developed where skin is divided into three layers (SC, epidermis and upper dermis, and deep dermis) of different thicknesses and elastic moduli. Skin surface deformation, consecutive to the application of a given surface compression, was computed by minimizing the mechanical energy of the multi‐layered tissue. Influence of SC thickness and elastic modulus on skin buckling is presented.

Results

Varying both SC thickness and elastic modulus has a marked influence on both wavelength and amplitude of the skin's surface folds. These two parameters display a logarithmic variation versus SC elastic modulus.

Conclusion

Although representing about one hundredth of the total skin thickness, SC has a marked influence on the skin mechanical properties.
Long‐term outcome of resective epilepsy surgery in Norwegian children
Authors: Aaberg KM , Eriksson A‐S , Ramm‐Pettersen J , Nakken KO
Published: August 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term results of resective surgery on children with difficult‐to‐treat epilepsy in Norway.

Methods:  In the period 1995–2004, 64 surgical procedures (54 resections and 10 functional hemispherotomies) were performed in 54 children. The children’s medical records were retrospectively reviewed at a minimum of 2 years after surgery. We sent a questionnaire regarding their epilepsy (seizures, usage of antiepileptic drugs) and general functioning (social situation, motor, language, cognition, behavioural or emotional problems, any remedial action) to the children/parents after a mean follow‐up period of 7 years.

Results:  55.5% of the children were seizure‐free. The success rate varied according to the type of surgery. Best results were found after functional hemispherotomies and temporal lobe resections, as nine of 10 (90%) and 10 of 19 (53%) of these patients, respectively, became seizure‐free. In addition to a better seizure control, 71% of the children/parents reported of a better cognitive and psychosocial functioning.

Conclusion:  The results of epilepsy surgery in this paediatric cohort are very edifying, and it is our impression that this treatment option is underused in Norway.
Advanced snowmelt affects vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of Vaccinium myrtillus in a sub‐alpine heath
Authors: Gerdol Renato , Siffi Chiara , Iacumin Paola , Gualmini Matteo , Tomaselli Marcello
Published: August 2012

Question

In cold regions, snow cover duration is expected to decrease, especially in spring, as a consequence of climate warming. We investigated effects of changes in timing of snowmelt in relation to weather conditions on Vaccinium myrtillus, a dominant shrub in heath vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that advanced snowmelt will enhance shrub growth in years with few frosts, but will reduce shrub growth in years with frequent frosts.

Location

A sub‐alpine heath in the Northern Apennines (Italy).

Methods

We carried out two experiments. In the main experiment, snow was added to (+S) or removed from (−S) experimental plots in spring of three growing seasons (2004–2006), with a mean delay in snowmelt timing of about 2 wk from −S to +S. In a companion experiment, we simulated a freezing event in late spring 2004.

Results

During the snowmelt period, the −S plants experienced 6–10 more frost events, compared with +S and unmanipulated controls (C) in 2004 and 2005, but not in 2006. In the first 2 yr leaf production, leaf expansion and flowering were all significantly reduced in the −S plants, while shoot elongation was unaffected. In the companion experiment with artificial frost V. myrtillus presented similar responses. Conversely, the manipulations of snow did not affect either the hydric or nutrient status of plants and soils.

Conclusions

The results overall support our hypothesis, as shown by the differing effects of snow depth and timing of melt on V. myrtillus in the 3 yr. Spring frost was the cause of reduced growth and reduced flower production in 2004 and 2005. However, advanced snowmelt will not decrease the cover of this dominant species. Therefore, the structure and species dominance patterns in sub‐alpine heath are not expected to change significantly in response to reduced snow cover. Support for this conclusion is provided by the capacity of V. myrtillus to recover vegetatively from frost injury through stimulated shoot elongation, and by the low importance of sexual reproduction for propagating dominant ericaceous shrubs in closed heath communities.
Factors associated with inappropriate complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months in Tanzania
Authors: Victor Rose , Baines Surinder K. , Agho Kingsley E. , Dibley Michael J.
Published: August 2012

Inappropriate complementary feeding is one of the major causes of undernutrition among young children in Tanzania. Prevalence of newly developed World Health Organization complementary feeding indicators and their associated factors were determined among 2402 children aged 6–23 months in Tanzania using data from the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. The survey used a multistage cluster sample of 10 300 households from the eight geographical zones in the country. The prevalence of the introduction of soft, semi‐solid or solid foods among infants aged 6–8 months was 92.3%. Of all the children aged 6–23 months, the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity, meal frequency and acceptable diet were 38.2%, 38.6% and 15.9%, respectively. Results from multivariate analyses indicated that the main risk factors for inappropriate complementary feeding practices in Tanzania include young child's age (6–11 months), lower level of paternal/maternal education, limited access to mass media, lack of post‐natal check‐ups, and poor economic status. Overall, complementary feeding practices in Tanzania, as measured by dietary diversity, meal frequency and acceptable diet, are not adequately met, and there is a need for interventions to improve the nutritional status of young children in Tanzania.
Prolonged length of stay in the emergency department in high‐acuity patients at a Chinese tertiary hospital
Authors: Ye Ligang , Zhou Guangju , He Xiaojun , Shen Weifeng , Gan Jianxin , Zhang Mao
Published: August 2012

Objective

ED overcrowding is a worldwide issue, with most evidence coming from developed countries. Until now, little was known about this subject in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the situation of prolonged lengths of stay (LOS) in the ED for high‐acuity patients in a Chinese tertiary hospital and to identify associated factors.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed in a Chinese tertiary hospital from 1 January to 31 December 2010. The primary outcomes were ED LOS and associated factors in overall high‐acuity patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used.

Results

In this consecutive study period, 7966 high‐acuity patients presenting to the ED were triaged to the resuscitation room. The median LOS in the ED for these patients was 10.6 h (IQR, 3.1–23.1 h). In the multivariate analysis, the most significant factor associated with prolonged LOS was boarding for more than 2 h (OR, 4.29; 95% CI, 4.03–4.57). Patients requiring emergency operation or intensive care unit admission experienced a shorter LOS (OR, 0.56 and 0.76; 95% CI, 0.53–0.60 and 0.71–0.81, respectively). Older patients, night shift arrivals, non‐spring visitors, general internal medicine patients and patients leaving without receiving advanced therapy had longer LOS.

Conclusions

We found an excessive LOS in the resuscitation room in this tertiary hospital. The most significant reason for prolonged LOS was boarding block. Shortage of inpatient beds and reluctance of the wards to admit these patients might be the primary reasons for extremely long boarding.
Identification of the novel HLA‐B*13:02:13 allele in a Taiwanese haematopoietic stem cell donor and the probable HLA haplotype in association with B*13:02:13
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Lin P. Y.
Published: August 2012

Using sequence‐based typing method, we found a new HLA‐B*13:02 variant, B*13:02:13, in a Taiwanese haematopoietic stem cell donor. The DNA sequence of B*13:02:13 is identical to the sequence of B*13:02:01 in exons 2 and 3 except the nucleotide at position 588 where G is replaced by T (codon 172; CTG→CTT). The DNA sequence variation did not alter the amino acid sequence of B*13:02:01. The generation of B*13:02:13 is thought to derive from B*13:02:01 as a result of a silence mutation. The probable HLA‐A, HLA‐B and HLA‐DRB1 haplotype in association with B*13:02:1 may be deduced as HLA‐A*24‐B*13:02:13‐DRB1*07:01 or HLA‐A*02‐B*13:02:13‐DRB1*07:01. The discovery of B*13:02:13 furthers the polymorphism of HLA‐B*13 and HLA‐B*13:02.
Assessment of Low‐Density Polyethylene Squeeze Bottles in Delivering Wine Vapor‐Phase Stimuli: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hollis Francine H. , Halpern Bruce P.
Published: August 2012

A 118 mL low‐density polyethylene squeeze bottle with a 24‐mm flip‐top cap was compared for its administration potential for human judgments of wine vapor‐phase stimuli with a 414‐mL wine glass, using three measures: (1) perceptual differences for wine incubated for 24 h in the squeeze bottle or the wine glass; (2) discrimination between alcoholic and dealcoholized (less than 0.5% alcohol by volume) wine; and (3) comparison of orthonasal response rates for wines. It was found that wine vapor‐phase stimuli could be discriminated retronasally (P < 2.33 × 10−4) and orthonasally (P < 3.4 × 10−6) using the squeeze bottles. There was no significant difference between correct orthonasal response rates for wines administered in squeeze bottles and wine glasses (P = 0.81). No evidence of polyethylene odorant migration or scalping of wine vapor was found, suggesting that the polyethylene squeeze bottle may be suitable for retronasal and orthonasal studies of aroma for beverages such as wine.

Practical Applications

The conducted research may provide a basis for future methodology developments regarding vapor‐phase stimuli administration for smell research and evaluations involving beverages such as wine. Using a delivery container like a polyethylene squeeze bottle to evaluate wine vapor‐phase stimuli allows human smell perceptions to be better understood without taste interactions.
The Influence of the Color of the Cup on Consumers' Perception of a Hot Beverage
Authors: Piqueras‐Fiszman Betina , Spence Charles
Published: August 2012

Research has demonstrated that the physical attributes of the containers from which we eat and drink can influence our perception of various foods and beverages and the overall consumption experience. In the present study, we extended this line of research in order to investigate whether the consumer's perception of a hot beverage (namely hot chocolate) would be influenced by the color of the plastic vending cup from which it was served. To this end, 57 participants tasted four samples of hot chocolate from four cups of the same size but different color (red, orange, white and dark cream). The participants had to rate each sample of hot chocolate (two of which had been sweetened) on a number of sensory scales. The results revealed that orange (with a white interior) and dark‐cream colored cups enhanced the chocolate flavor of the drink and consequently improved people's acceptance of the beverage. By contrast, sweetness and chocolate aroma were less influenced by the color of the cup, but the results still showed that the hot chocolate, when consumed from the dark‐cream cup, was rated as sweeter and its aroma more intense.

Practical Applications

These results are relevant to sensory scientists interested in how the brain integrates visual input (such as color), not only from the food itself, but also from the container, packaging or plateware from which it is being consumed. In addition, these results should hopefully help stimulate chefs, restaurateurs and those working in the food and beverage packaging sectors to think more carefully about the color of their plateware/packaging and its potential effects on their customers' perception of the taste/flavor of the products that they happen to be serving/delivering to market.
Deterioration of a Tunisian coastal aquifer due to agricultural activities and possible approaches for better water management
Authors: El Ayni Foued , Manoli Eleni , Cherif Semia , Jrad Amel , Assimacopoulos Dionysis , Trabelsi‐Ayadi Malika
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the impact of agricultural activities on groundwater quality in a semi‐arid coastal environment (Korba, Tunisia). Impacts have been assessed through groundwater samples that were analysed for a range of chemical and biological parameters. Results indicate that groundwater overexploitation for irrigation and fertiliser use have affected the quality of the groundwater not only by direct contamination but also seawater intrusion. The implementation of appropriate regulatory and economic instruments to foster sustainable practices in the agricultural sector have been analysed within the framework of the EC (European Community) FP6 (funding program 6) INECO (Institutional and Economic Instruments for Sustainable Water Management in the Mediterranean Region) Project. Through stakeholder involvement processes, the project analysed issues relating to the regulation and control of groundwater abstractions, the promotion of wastewater reuse, efficiency improvements in irrigation water use, as well as instruments to strengthen the socioeconomic and institutional environment towards better managing and conserving available groundwater resources.