bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hands‐on Approach to Teaching Operational Auditing
Authors: Schwieger Bradley J.
Published: May 2006

The process of setting up an action learning course in operational
management is reviewed, and student reaction to the project is examined.
Significance of CIA Certification
Authors: Agrawal Surendra P. , Siegel Philip H.
Published: May 2006

To what extent does CIA certification enhance the stature and help
the professional advancement of internal auditors? The professional
significance of the CIA certification and the effect of a master′s
degree and/or CPA certification on internal auditors is examined.
Audit Committees: Where Now?
Authors: Jenkins Brian
Published: May 2006

Audit committees have a vital role to play in business, performing
a number of important functions. The future role of audit committees is
examined and some proposals for their development are described: to
review and report to the board; to monitor the management information
systems and their adequacy, to review the effectiveness of internal
controls; and to ensure compliance with regulations and legislation.
An Audit Database
Authors: Fjerdingen Ketil
Published: May 2006

Developing new tools for improving the quality and efficiency of
the audit work should be a central part of all internal audit
departments. If efficiency is to be realised, the role of technology in
the audit function needs to grow. The audit database has been developed
over two to three years and has so far proved to be a practical tool for
the whole department.
Accounting and Auditing for Brands: What Exactly Are We
Valuing?
Authors: McWilliam Gil , de Chernatony Leslie
Published: May 2006

There is increasing interest in brand valuation as brands have
started to appear as intangible assets on the balance‐sheet. Their
appearance on the balance‐sheet may lead to misleading financial
information if accountants and auditors do not fully understand how
brands are developed; their strategic value; and how they are used by
those who buy them. It is intended to clarify the role of brands within
both the marketplace and the strategic armoury of the company, so that
the financial world may appreciate the value and difference between real
and spurious brands, and more precise methodologies may be developed for
their valuation.
Controlling Commercial Fraud: The Role of the Serious Fraud
Office
Authors: Mills Barbara
Published: May 2006

The work of the Serious Fraud Office, its structure and its powers
are described. Changes in court procedure have resulted in improvements
in time and clarity of presentation of evidence in these most serious
and complex cases of fraud. The SFO has developed a computer‐based
document‐control system, providing accurate records and also creating a
database for instant recall.
Career Break Schemes
Authors: Holland Lesley
Published: May 2006

The advantages of career break schemes for both employers and
employees (specifically women employees needing time for child care) are
studied. The author outlines the planning of such a scheme and the
establishment of needs (via the use of workshops). The introduction of
schemes in various banks as well as in British Rail are also considered.
Women Graduates in Management and the Professions
Authors: Chapman Tony
Published: May 2006

From a study of graduates′ experiences after three years in the
labour market, the author comments on differences between men and women
in relation to occupational status and salary. Means of overcoming
problems of women′s underemployment are examined (the study finds women
to be at lower grades), namely through changes in the education system
and initiatives for employees with families.
WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT: STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL OR SUCCESS?
Authors: Pringle Judith K. , Gold Una O′C.
Published: May 2006

A presentation and critique of techniques,
relevant research literature, and advice
commonly viewed as facilitating women′s
success in management. The strands of this
advice have been conceptualised into six
broad strategies which have been labelled as:
“learn male rules”, “superwoman”, “personal
change”, “female niche”, “reformist”, and
“women‐centred”. Each strategy is described
and then the positive and negative
implications for women are considered, both
at a personal level and in terms of the likely
impact on social change. This article aims to
provide a clearer conceptual framework
through which women can assess the
available advice and choose a mix of
strategies which is most appropriate for their
own situation.
DUTCH WOMEN′S NETWORKS – A PLEA FOR A NETWORK OF
NETWORKS
Authors: Berkelaar Anja
Published: May 2006

Since 1918 The Netherlands has witnessed the founding of numerous
women′s organisations. The history, present situation and future
developments of Dutch women′s networks are analysed by means of network
theory. Women′s networks have been established to give women
professional and private support which they did not find in other social
and organisational circuits. Women′s networks are growing not only in
number, but also in size. With the aid of network theory three trends
are pointed out: (1) temporary support networks become real social
networks, (2) temporary issue and support networks are being created
within the broader framework of networks, (3) women′s networks are
turning into organisation networks. This higher degree of organisation
resembles the development of the role of trade unions in society. The
women′s movement seems to be moving in the same direction; therefore a
higher degree of organisation is a challenge for the future. First, in
order to become a major stakeholder for organisations the women′s
networks need to accept their mutual interdependence and should start
working according to the principles of partnership. They need to
co‐operate, and the forces within the women′s movement need to be
concentrated so that the entire movement can gain strength. Secondly,
the diversity of women′s organisations demands an internal reorientation
in order to survive the external and internal demands of the 1990s on
these networks.
The Outlook for EC Competition
Authors: Dealtry Richard
Published: May 2006

With the single market almost upon us, and major areas of
responsibility being passed to Brussels, the EC is becoming evermore
involved in certain business areas. Somewhat inconsistently the
Community is seeking to legislate for competition. The author argues
that such a policy is bound to fail due to the ever shifting ground on
which competition takes place.
Marketing into Europe (plus ca change)
Authors: Day Abby
Published: May 2006

Come 1992 with the onset of the so‐called Single European Market,
how will your business change in reality? This article addresses the
question of who your customers will be in the future. Was the biggest
barrier to trade into other European nations ever legal or has it always
been a cultural one? By examining European marketing reality, as opposed
to Euro‐propaganda, it seeks to put the claims, that a European market
without frontiers will be a single one, into perspective.
All Change for Moscow
Authors: Stradling Aidan
Published: May 2006

Eastern Europe and, perhaps most importantly, the Soviet Union are
becoming increasingly accessible to the West. With glasnost
taking hold and trading relations beginning to thaw, this article
examines the opportunities for trade that COMECON present.
What 1992 Means for Logistics
Authors: Sharman Graham
Published: May 2006

Businesses across the European Community are waiting to capture the
advantages presented by a Single Market. Logistics is one of the more
fruitful leading‐edge areas in which a company can capture significant
benefits. The article details how the impact of removing logistical
inefficiencies will be felt throughout the manufacturing chain.
Global Branding and the Big Four Theory
Authors: Espey James
Published: May 2006

In an era of rapid change and uncertainty the ability to anticipate
and capitalise on change has become a condition for prosperity and the
survival of businesses. A strategic vision is required as a focal point
and the challenge for management is to turn this into operational
reality. The Big Four Theory views the western world as comprising four
large, competitive groups in the not too distant future. The question
then is which will be the Big Four? Taking examples from the liquor
industry in particular, the possible emergence of the Big Four is
catalogued and advice given to managers on how they should react to the
challenges ahead.
The Future for EC Corporate Tax Harmonisation
Authors: Penny M.
Published: May 2006

The European Commission is attempting to harmonise taxes in the
European Community but little progress has been made to date with the
exception of indirect taxation. The diversity reflects the historic
differences in the economic and social structures of the member states
and it is shown that wide ranging fundamental differences in tax systems
remain. The main differences in tax systems, rates, bases, in approach
to foreign shareholders and in business incentives are described and the
problems of such disparities existing post‐1992 are highlighted.
LANGUAGE SKILLS
Authors: Ferney Derrik
Published: May 2006

The Single Market and the UK′s linguistic contribution are
discussed. It has long been acknowledged that the UK′s willingness and
ability to learn European languages have left much to be desired. These
must be sharpened considerably ahead of the Single Market
implementations in 1992. Initiatives for encouraging and facilitating
this are examined with the emphasis on business language techniques. A
raising of standards, above the ordinary level of competence which we
have come to accept, is vital.
CHALLENGE ′90: DEVELOPMENTS AT NESTE
Authors: Sipola Veikko J.
Published: May 2006

Neste, the Finnish national oil company, responded to the oil
crisis of the 1980s by instituting Challenge ′90, a
comprehensive development programme for every employee. According to
results so far it has been successful in reducing labour turnover and
absenteeism and in increasing employee initiatives. The aims and content
of the programme are outlined.
PERESTROIKA, GLASNOST, MANAGEMENT AND TRADE
Authors: Holden Len , Peck Helen
Published: May 2006

Under the leadership of Gorbachev and his instigation of the
concepts of perestroika and glasnost, the USSR has had
to admit to its economic problems and difficulties which are reflected
in the extremely poor standard of living of the majority of its people.
The problems have been exacerbated in the past by rigid ideology and
theory which ignored the reality and led to the development of a
vigorous illegal market. However, since the “revolutions” of
1989 many political changes have occurred, which in turn have
precipitated greater communication between the states of Eastern Europe
and those of the West. Some specific areas where there have been moves
towards co‐operation between East and West are highlighted and examples
given of organisations, which are achieving varying measures of success
in expanding trade into Eastern Europe. The future prospects are
analysed, particularly with reference to the debt problem, but overall
the prevalent view is one of optimism and shared opportunities.
THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET
Authors: McDonald Frank
Published: May 2006

A review of the two major reports published on the likely effects
of the Single European Market, together with a review of a book (Pelkman
and Winters) which seeks to examine the impact of different reviews of a
single market and to assess the likely effects on the UK economy. The
review seeks to set out the primary an secondary effects of creating a
Single European Market. This is done for both the economic and, to a
lesser extent, the political environment.
1992: THE END TO EUROPEAN NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Authors: Taucher George
Published: May 2006

As 1992 approaches, European executives are taking a more critical
view of the organisational restructuring which will be necessary in many
European enterprises. The four main areas which will have an effect on
the European business environment are: (1) a “free market”
in standards, (2) elimination of border restrictions, (3) new
competition in public procurement, and (4) moves towards financial
integration. In response four broad managerial guidelines emerge and are
discussed in detail: (1) rethink European strategy, (2) examine and
implement restructuring opportunities, (3) build Europe‐wide management,
and (4) increase political sensitivity and action capability.
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND 1992: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR
TRANSPORT
Authors: Tuninga Ronald
Published: May 2006

In 1985, the European Commission, under the leadership of Lord
Cockfield published a White Paper which has as its purpose the creation
of a European barrier‐free market by 1992. The White Paper includes 300
measures to accomplish this goal. The directives that have direct
implications for three types of transport (road, water, air) are
examined. It is concluded that the 1992 programme of the EC will
dramatically alter the European logistics landscape and that logistics
managers cannot wait to understand the changes since numerous directives
will be implemented long before 1992.
DEVELOPING THE 1992 EURO MANAGER
Authors: Kelly Nick
Published: May 2006

It is suggested that Euro managers must, in addition to possessing
the competences we would associate with any effective manager, be able
to understand and appreciate the differences between people of different
cultures. In developing European managers competence must be addressed.
The most effective way of developing managerial competences is through
learning opportunities such as projects, secondments, distance learning
and computer‐based training.
THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET: DOES LABOUR MOBILITY MATTER?
Authors: Read Robert
Published: May 2006

The Single European Market (SEM) represents the final stage in the
process of economic integration of trade in goods and services and the
free movement of individuals in the European Community (EC). The
discussion of the benefits of the SEM has been concentrated primarily on
the extent to which the elimination of non‐tariff barriers will lead to
greater economic efficiency. The progress in the creation of a single
labour market within the EC is reviewed and the relationship between
labour mobility and migration in order to assess the impact of the free
movement of labour. It is argued that internal migration will generally
fall due to the free mobility of capital. Where labour embodies
significant human capital however, migration is expected to rise in
response to the removal of barriers.
STANDARDISED ADVERTISING FOR THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET? AN
EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: Whitelock Jeryl , Kalpaxoglou Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

The debate on whether international advertising can, or should, be
standardised has a long history, particularly in the American
literature. The Single European Market after 1992 implies an opportunity
for standardisation so far unparalleled. The subject of study is the
European policies for television advertising of four multinational
corporations of different nationalities through interviews with the
advertising agency account executives for each company in Greece. The
findings suggest that the issue of standardisation is of little
importance in itself and that the aim of all companies is the most
effective campaign for each local market.
″EUROBUYER″: HOW EUROPEAN BUSINESSES BUY
Authors: Wolfe Alan
Published: May 2006

Most of the published literature about the effects of 1992 relate
to consumer goods and services, to the neglect of the very large
business‐to‐business sector. Success in the Single European Market will
depend on a good understanding of: the differences and similarities
between marketing to businesses and to domestic consumers; the
relatively complex structure of each customer′s decision‐making unit;
the characteristic ways of doing business in each EC country (which will
continue to differ long after 1992); and the choice of communication
channels through which their decisions can be influenced. Implementing
an effective marketing plan for Europe will for most companies demand
changes in management structure, so as to profit from the new
opportunities for integrated marketing communications campaigns.
AN ENTREPRENEUR′S GUIDE TO EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: Por John T. , White Jerry S.
Published: May 2006

Most entrepreneurs from North America and western Europe assume
that opening up business relationships and contracts in eastern Europe
will be a simple process. There is strong consumer demand, willing
governments and a sense of desperation in a few cases. Entrepreneurs
also assume that the same principle of business and management will
apply equally well in Eastern Europe as in the West – after all,
do not the Eastern Europeans want to learn our superior and advanced
ways? The experience of consultants and academics who have studied these
countries clearly indicates that business practice, business culture,
business values, management styles, processes and institutions are
dramatically different. This has resulted in some very disappointing
experiences for Westerners. There is, however, a series of basic
principles to follow based on years of experience, evaluation and study;
following these will greatly enhance the probability of entrepreneurial
success in business in eastern Europe.
Adjunct Faculty Teaching Needs: Meeting These Needs through a Faculty Development Programme
Authors: Ovando Martha N.
Published: May 2006

A presentation is given of the design,
implementation, evaluation and follow‐up of a
successful faculty development programme that
is effectively and efficiently meeting the needs of
both part‐time and full‐time professors at a private
university in Mexico. It illustrates some features
of effective programmes such as presentation of
theory of skills, use of variety of delivery
strategies, practice in simulated and actual
settings, teaching performance feedback, coaching
for application, individualisation, incentives for
participation, and administrative support. Some
advantages and disadvantages are also identified.
Introducing a Diploma in Management in Hungary
Authors: Foster Frances
Published: May 2006

The change to a market economy in Eastern
Europe has led to the need for management
education. A British Diploma in Management
Studies is being studied by students in Hungary.
The Hungarian students are studying with
distance learning materials produced by
Buckinghamshire College of HE, and are
supported by Hungarian tutors who conduct
seminars in English. The students on the course
tend to be better qualified academically than their
UK counterparts. They are highly motivated and
keen to study and obtain English qualifications.
The students′ assignments are completed in
English and the marks are moderated by staff at
Buckinghamshire College. This method of
developing management education could serve as
a model for other East European countries.
Einstein and Chicken‐Licken: Towards a Post‐paradigm Epistemology for Educational Management
Authors: Macpherson R.J.S.
Published: May 2006

Suggests that it is reasonable to expect
researchers in the field of educational
administration to establish the relative value of the
knowledge they propound. Draws on the branch
of philosophy devoted to the study of the nature
of knowledge; epistemology. Argues for new
forms of awareness, criteria and processes to help
with the growth of trustworthy knowledge.
Concludes that there is a need for a post‐paradigm
approach that celebrates coherence and
multi‐perspectivism.
The Long March towards Technology: Administrative and
Managerial Computing in LEAs and Schools in England and Wales
Authors: Streatfield David
Published: May 2006

Traces progress in introducing information technology to support
administrative and managerial functions in local education authorities
and their schools since 1983. Notes the move towards preparing
information technology implementation strategies and the somewhat
belated recognition of the need for information management of the
system. Outlines some likely areas of future difficulty.
Body Shop
Authors: Eley Joanna
Published: May 2006

The Body Shop was set up in 1976 with a sound ethical and business
principle to minimize waste. Suggests that though at the forefront of
many aspects of being an environmentally sound organization, it does not
have a coherent policy on premises and office management topics.
IBM, Denmark
Authors: Owen Natasha
Published: May 2006

Describes the development of the recently completed IBM Software
Centre outside of Copenhagen, Denmark. Shows how the centre′s designers
managed to reconcile IBM′s corporate specifications, standards, and
needs with strict Danish building regulations. Considers the role of
energy conservation and consulting with workplace users and managers in
the development process.
Control of smoking in the workplace: the facilities
management implications
Authors: Marmot Alexi
Published: May 2006

Examines the issue of smoking for facilities managers faced with
need to reconcile conflicting demands within the constraints of space
and building services. Considers the possible options for facilities
managers: outright ban of smoking; ventilation systems; time
restrictions for smoking; limited smoking areas. Reviews the
responsibilities for facilities managers. Finally, discusses signage and
controlled smoking policies.
Successful CAFM implementation – part 1: introduction
Authors: Lovejoy Davida
Published: May 2006

Examines two facilities managers who have successfully implemented
computer‐aided facilities management systems. Illustrates the case for
using in‐house staff and integration between managers and engineers.
Considers the role of user accessibility, software choice and investing
in the right people to implement systems. Finally, offers practical
recommendations.
Control of hazardous substances
Authors: Eley Joanna
Published: May 2006

Describes a project in which the construction of a new building was
painstakingly monitored for the presence of hazardous materials.
Considers the issue of quality control and the aim of creating as benign
an environment as possible. Examines the close involvement of the
Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) in monitoring the project.
Finally, looks at the range of management protocols suggested by the
IOM.
American Installation
Authors: Hubbard Gerald
Published: May 2006

Discusses the implementation of computer‐aided facilities
management at US Bancorp, with particular emphasis on how this was
justified by the facilities department to senior management. Examines
system configuration and the productivity claims made by consultants and
computer‐aided design database (CADD) vendors. Considers project
management and asset management with CADD at the organisation.
Facilities Management in West Germany
Authors: Clauß Wilfred
Published: May 2006

In Germany, the term facilities management (FM) as well as the
integrative approach to regard buildings, stock and staff as a whole, is
relatively new. Although sophisticated organisation systems have been
installed in those sectors, methods and means of facilities management
have been lacking up to now. The central element of good FM is the
introduction of an organisational concept, equipment files and a
CAD‐administration of buildings and stock. The main obstacle to rapid
introduction of FM is the high initial costs, which are caused by the
initial costly and large‐scale registration of data. FM will generally
be accepted in Germany within the next few years because the effective
management of a company, its buildings and stock as well as good working
conditions for the staff are becoming more and more important for the
success of a company.
Swedish Local Authorities' Buildings Mismanaged
Authors: Strömberg Knut
Published: May 2006

The public sector utilises approximately 20 per cent of the total
floor space in Sweden. Half this space is owned by the municipalities
and is used for schools, child care, geriatric care, etc. The cost of
properties in municipal budgets is rising at the same time as there is a
backlog of maintenance and the utilisation of premises is low. A number
of measures aimed at making the management of premises in the public
sector more efficient and effective are described. The problems are not
only technical and economic in nature but also, above all,
organisational and political: how to create the dynamics of and
incentives for economising on property resources, and how to choose
between the cost of welfare production and the quality of premises?
Information Technology and Facilities Management
Authors: Bröchner J.
Published: May 2006

Developing new and more efficient information technology affects
the organisation of facilities management by improving the ability to
co‐ordinate, to inspect and to translate. Using Swedish examples,
decentralisation and the links to users are discussed. The implications
of common databases as well as three types of integration – of
process stages, of technical specialities and of technical with
information system design are also seen in the light of improved
information technology.
Facilities Management in Denmark
Authors: Steen Olsen Ib
Published: May 2006

For several years now, it has been current practice in Denmark for
the owner of a building to be given a set of operational instructions
for the building upon its hand over. This is the background for the
development of a building operation plan in the form of an operating
manual, which not only contains instructions and operating budgets, but
which also provides the basis for an exchange of experience and feedback
which may be useful in the planning of new buildings. In other words,
the manual contains an exhaustive list of relevant data in relation to
the operation of a building. The article describes this operating manual
and the background for its development.
Change — Maintaining Control
Authors: Leitch M.A.
Published: May 2006

For any change in the office organisation, it is essential that
various controls are established to ensure that implementation of the
alterations to the physical environment to accommodate the change are
completed quickly and efficiently. One of the main methods of achieving
this is the establishment and application of a Procedure for Change
Manual. This document provides and defines standards, inventories
and procedures relating to all stages of the process and, as such,
establishes a single reference point for all members of the facilities
management and implementation teams.
Building for Health
Authors: Tennyson Ros
Published: May 2006

The physical issues of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) are all too
obvious and easy to address; also the psychological and sociological
factors have been thoroughly examined from a professional point of view.
However, the broader fundamental perspective appears as yet to have
escaped full attention and a holistic approach must be developed at both
the personal and the community level in the pursuit of a building for
health campaign.
A BLAND NEOCON 23: THE STAR WAS A WALL
Authors: Kleeman Walter B.
Published: May 2006

NEOCON 23, held in Chicago in June, appears to have featured very
few exciting design offerings, the rest comprising mostly minor
modifications and new combinations of exhibits previously shown.
INDOOR POLLUTION – PRESSURES FOR CHANGE
Authors: Tyler Mark
Published: May 2006

The increasing importance of health and safety issues in the
workplace is focused on with information from the House of Commons
Environment Committee Report showing the need for further government
action and possible legislation with regard to indoor air quality, sick
building syndrome, environmental tobacco smoke, radon, damp and
condensation, and toxic substances.
Managing the Working Environment more Effectively
Authors: Kemsley Celia
Published: May 2006

The role of the facilities manager can have an effect on the
customer even though there is no direct contact. Increasingly, the
customer is buying a relationship with the organisation, not just the
product. In the long term the physical working environment has much to
contribute towards provision of good service to the end customer; and
this is seen as an important aspect of the internal culture in creating
the atmosphere in which the relationship can flourish.
Unravelling the Mysteries of Cabling Strategy
Authors: Dukes Bernard
Published: May 2006

Structured cabling systems remain a fast growing market and are
likely to become even more frequently installed as the recession
recedes. The historical derivation and structure of these systems is
described and the key strategical issues which will need examining when
selecting a system are highlighted.
Office of the Year Winners
Authors: Melvin Jeremy
Published: May 2006

Reports on the aims of the Office of the Year competition.
Describes the offices of the 1991 winners of the facilities management
award, and those of the Class I, II and III categories of the Office of
the Year award, focusing on the winning features of each.
The Good Office:
Authors: Marmot Alexi F.
Published: May 2006

To illustrate the complexity of post‐occupancy evaluation of office
buildings, details the 1991 IFM competition and the FT
competition for Architecture at Work. Stresses the importance of
research into and knowledge of building user needs to developers and
financial institutions; property professionals; and government
departments. Suggests that post‐occupancy evaluation is a technique that
will be increasingly applied, and it will help the profession of
facilities management to become more scientific.
The Scope of Computer Aided Facilities Management: Part II:
Authors: Donaldson Ian
Published: May 2006

Provides guidelines on the types of CAFM system available, and
factors to take into account when considering a selection: cost; who
will use the system; user training; maintenance of the system, software
and hardware; evolution of system software; and cable management
systems.
The Role of Inland Wholesale Markets in the Distribution of
Fresh Fish in the UK
Authors: Symes David , Maddock Sarah
Published: May 2006

Studies of the marketing and distribution of fish have examined a
declining industry, which, in response to trends in fish consumption and
major developments in the food retailing industry, has undergone
profound alterations. The shift in demand from fresh to frozen fish and
the decline in the number of traditional fishmongers have been of
particular importance in effecting changes in the distribution of fish.
This article aims to remedy the neglect of the inland markets. By
analysing their present roles and identifying their particular functions
within the wider marketing system, it should be possible to offer a
clearer perspective on their present and future roles.
For How Long will Cook‐chill Survive?
Authors: Lacey R.W.
Published: May 2006

Some of the disadvantages of the cook‐chill method of catering are
described. The technique has been developed in a haphazard and rather
unscientific manner and, although becoming increasingly widespread,
serious doubts are cast on its safety vis‐á‐vis health.
Nutrition and Food Policy in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kipps Michael , Rossiter Phillipe
Published: May 2006

The provision and distribution of food is an important subject and
should therefore be part of government policy, but there are major
difficulties in this regard in a democratic society, with an existing
system which is complex. Food policy and its formulation are discussed.
Preventing Accidents
Authors: Bennie William
Published: May 2006

A description is given of the main types of accidents which occur
in the food industry. Contributory factors are considered and ways of
preventing the majority of accidents and decreasing the overall risks
are suggested.
Food Product Liability Loss Control
Authors: Abbott Howard
Published: May 2006

Product liability in the food industry is discussed, with an
indication of the changes which have taken place over the past 20 years
or so. Approaches to product risks have to be new and wide‐ranging to
accommodate the increasingly strict liabilities of the 1980s and 1990s.
Success in this field depends on companies knowing which risks to accept
and which to avoid.
Food Safety and Food Law Reform – The Environmental Health View
Authors: Corbally M.
Published: May 2006

The view of the Institution of Environmental Health Officers with
regard to increased consumer safety is given. Food control is not
rigorous enough in the UK and a series of reforms are suggested, as a
basic minimum. It is also seen as logical to transfer all food law
responsibility to the district councils, rather than retain the current
duplication and overlap between district and county councils.
Acceptable Food for the Future – Meeting Consumer Demand
Authors: Arthey David
Published: May 2006

Food manufacturers must ensure that the foods they produce satisfy
customers′ demands; that the food is safe to eat; it is healthy and
nutritious; it is of high quality and value for money; and increasingly,
it must have built‐in convenience. These areas are addressed and some
future developments in the food industry to satisfy these demands are
assessed.
Genetic Manipulation for Food Production: Social and Ethical Issues for Consumers
Authors: Straughan Roger
Published: May 2006

The issue of the genetic manipulation of plants, animals and
microbes is addressed within the context of food production. Genetic
manipulation is defined within the wider area of biotechnology and some
of the main benefits of its use are summarised; safety and risk are
examined and some of the socioeconomic problems it can create are
discussed. It is concluded that the technique can offer great potential
benefits in terms of increased quantity and improved quality of food,
but it raises social/ethical concerns which can be summed up by asking:
Is it safe? Is it fair? Is it natural?
Bread and Slices II: The UK Product Market for Bread Revisited
Authors: Morden Tony
Published: May 2006

The UK product market for bread is analysed. Some of the main
trends visible in this market are discussed. The segmentation of the
bread market is examined and illustrated, and some of the major
constraints on suppliers to that market are considered. Some of the
product market strategies used by UK bakery companies are described. The
conclusion speculates on future scenarios based on suggested threats and
opportunities deriving from the Single European Market, and the
potential break up of RHM plc.
Nutrition and Technology: The Development of the Market for “Lite” Products
Authors: Heasman Michael
Published: May 2006

One of the major technological changes in food products over the
last decade has been the development of “lite” food and
drinks. These products have become regular items of purchase and
acceptance in UK diet. The principal areas of growth in the
“lite” market have been in sugar‐free drinks and low fat
foods. Whilst market growth has been stimulated by increased consumer
awareness of diet and nutrition, consumers are being influenced by the
image message associated with such products rather than a strict health
message. Harmonisation of European food law after 1992, especially in
respect of sweeteners, offers potential opportunities for further growth
in “lite” markets. Fat replacers are likely to provide an
area of future interest as long as concerns about the mass marketing of
synthetic foods do not dampen the market.
The Food Industry and Foreign Trade in Eastern Europe and the USSR
Authors: Marks Hilary
Published: May 2006

Highlights the available information on the food industry, which
shows that it is gaining in importance in Eastern Europe and the USSR.
The importance of food manufacturing is compared with its importance in
the United Kingdom. International trade in agricultural and food
products, and British trade with Eastern Europe and the USSR, are
discussed. It is concluded that there will have to be further rapid
development of the food manufacturing industry, providing opportunities
for British investment. There will also be opportunities for British
industry to export high quality food products as demand increases.
The EEC Organic Food Proposal
Authors: Gardner Ken
Published: May 2006

Last December the EEC Commission issued a proposal for an organic
food regulation. This was based on the simplistic concept that organic
foods are prepared without artificial fertilisers and pesticides.
Following the ECOSOC Opinion and input from national governments this is
being transformed into something more realistic. The project is now
formally stalled until the EP has managed to decide its Opinion.
The Food Safety Act 1990 Reviewed
Authors: Turner Alan
Published: May 2006

The background to the new Food Safety Act and the present position
are considered. The principles of Food Acts over the years have been
sound, but modern developments necessitated adjustment. The provisions
of the new Act are detailed and discussed in the following areas: scope;
enforcement; offences; inspectors′ powers; consumer protection;
regulatory powers of ministers; novel foods; registration/licensing;
defences; and the administration of the new Act. It is concluded that
the new Act will lead to an uplifting of standards towards those of the
best.
Twin Trends: Health and Convenience in Food Change or Who Killed the Lazy Housewife?
Authors: Gofton Leslie , Ness Mitchell
Published: May 2006

The twin trends of health and convenience which have resulted in
changing food consumption patterns are outlined. Research among
consumers confirmed that there is awareness and concern about the
relationship between health and diet; food scares have brought
confusion; and the better educated are more food‐conscious. Changing
lifestyles and the changing role of women are shown to affect food
habits.
UK Enforcement: Changing Times
Authors: Jukes David
Published: May 2006

The introduction of The Food Safety Act has generated more power
for Trading Standards Officers and Environmental Health Officers, but
has also caused them to assess their roles and responsibilities more
precisely.
Facilitating Consumer Choice Decisions: The Importance of Branding Cues
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie
Published: May 2006

Consumers undertake little external search when
buying packaged groceries, with considerable
reliance being placed on memory. To undertake
grocery shopping efficiently, without suffering
from information overload, consumers seek a few
“chunks” of information which they regard as
having a high informational value. They interpret
products as arrays of cues and they seek only
those few cues with which they are confident in
predicting a product′s performance. Brand name
cues appear to be important information chunks.
To understand better the attributes which
consumers use when choosing a particular brand,
a consumer research study was undertaken across
six packaged grocery product fields. Confirming
the earlier literature, between eight and ten
attributes were used by consumers to make a
brand choice and brand name information was
frequently sought. Implications for marketing
management are discussed.
Administrative Perestroika and Rewriting History: The
Dilemma of Glasnost in Soviet Education
Authors: Husband William B.
Published: May 2006

The reformist processes of glasnost and perestroika
exacerbated an existing crisis in education in the Soviet Union.
Although Mikhail Gorbachev′s initiatives did not elicit a strong
response among educators before early 1987, they provoked strong discord
over the extent of desirable change in national educational policy
thereafter. This conflict merged with a wide‐ranging debate over the
rewriting of the nation′s history, especially the version to appear in
secondary school textbooks. Seizing both issues, classroom teachers and
lowlevel administrators made a sustained effort to increase
decision‐making authority at the bottom of the educational apparatus,
including at the classroom level. By 1989, these differences had settled
into a pattern of ongoing, implacable disagreement.
The Need for Corporate Advertising in the Financial
Services Industry: a Case Study Illustration
Authors: Crane F.G.
Published: May 2006

Discusses how corporate advertising has attracted increased
attention during recent years, especially in service industries.
Addresses the issue of corporate advertising in relation to financial
services. Uses a case study to illustrate a successful integration of
corporate advertising with product advertising.Concludes with managerial
implications and recommendations, finding that corporate advertising
should be an integral component of the marketing communications
programme of a financial services institution.
Making Your Service Blueprint Pay Off!
Authors: Baum Stephen H.
Published: May 2006

Argues that many blueprinting efforts are short‐term in focus and
lead to the wrong response. Analyses examples in a range of industries,
offering planning approaches and tactics for a successful
serviceblueprint. Concludes that service blueprinting constitutes a
major effort, therefore the result should be optimized in terms of value
the customer receives, the service mix from the customer′s point of view
and consistent signals to the organization.
Building Networks of Small Brands
Authors: Abernathy Chris A.
Published: May 2006

Examines regional marketing in the food manufacturing industry and
how it can be used to build networks of regionally‐marketed brands for
national clout and efficiency, to develop nationally‐distributed brands
and to encourage growth on national brands which may be competing in
stagnant categories. Adopts a case study approach using Borden and
Campbell Soup. Investigates approaches to regional marketing and tackles
the wider implications of the concept for the food manufacturing
industry.
Organizational Barriers to Creativity...and How to Know Them Down
Authors: Klein Arthur R.
Published: May 2006

Examines how organizations may penalize or reward the avoidance of
creativity in their quest to minimize risk and predict outcomes.
Considers the barriers to creativity to be: a process‐centred approach,
a “boss is always right” attitude, bureaucracy, and
over‐zealous financial controls. Concludes that success may rely on
creative spirit, which can be summed up by the axioms: “Up with
people”, “Work small, think big”, and “Celebrate
creativity loudly – count money quietly”.
Introducing New Products Without Advertising
Authors: Hastings Hunter
Published: May 2006

Considers alternative methods of new product introduction in
environments where the assumptions about advertising′s benefits no
longer hold. Examines promotion‐driven introduction, distribution
introduction, PR‐driven introduction, and new products from umbrella
propositions. Summarizes that advertising is no longer all‐powerful, so
other product introduction tools must be used.
Strategies for Successful Penetration of The Japanese Market or How to Beat Japan at Its Own Game
Authors: Goodnow James D. , Kosenko Rustan
Published: May 2006

Discusses the cultural and distribution problems facing Western
firms wishing to penetrate the Japanese domestic market. Suggests a
number of strategies to circumvent these barriers. Concludes that in
addition to a positive strategy, Western firms need to adjust their
negotiation strategies and acquire an understanding of the Japanese
concept of human relations in business.
Strategic Foundations
Authors: James Robert C.
Published: May 2006

Considers the need for major shifts in strategy resulting from
various changes affecting the marketing environment. Examines a case
study of NCR, the founding company of the business machine industry.
Argues that marketing strategies alone cannot function effectively and
must be developed together with other key strategies, which are
outlined.
Obstacles to Soviet‐American Joint Ventures
Authors: Kublin Michael
Published: May 2006

Surveys the various challenges involved in establishing a joint
venture in the Soviet Union. Discusses the Soviet joint venture law 1987
which allows a foreign company to take an equity position in a Soviet
enterprise. Looks at profit repatriation, asset valuation and
operational and political issues. Suggests that joint ventures are
constrained by Soviet labour law which contains restrictions to protect
both Soviet labour and Soviet enterprises.
Ten Timeless Truths about Pricing
Authors: MaGrath Allan J.
Published: May 2006

Discusses ten principles applicable to pricing. Includes
revenue‐generating, market share and cost strategies. Notes that astute
pricing requires design of a second price discount schedule and pricing
plans should not be overly complex or out of sync with efficient
shipping units. Concludes that it is these principles marketers need to
be cognizant of and for which they need to develop skills.
Highlights: Biological Effects of Non‐ionising
Electromagnetic Radiations: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Llaurado J.G.
Published: May 2006

After analysing the differences between ionising and non‐ionising
radiations, the author considers the interaction between radiations and
the environment, in particular that affecting human tissues. The
mechanism of the interaction is described in detail. It is shown that no
consensus exists at present as to whether the electric or magnetic field
is biologically important. Another difficulty is that roles of field
strength, duration of exposure, and intermittent versus continuous
exposure are also unknown at present. It is maintained that several
years of research in biomedical sciences are needed to determine what
components of exposure are the factors in health disorders induced by
electromagnetic fields.
Asbestos Fibres in the Ambient Air of Israel
Authors: Brenner S. , Ganor E. , Anavi Z.
Published: May 2006

The growing attention paid to the adverse health effects of
exposure of the Israeli public to asbestos fibres has resulted in a
comprehensive programme of sampling and analysis. Monitoring covered
many regions, especially areas where relatively high concentrations of
fibres were expected. Modern electron microscopy techniques give an
accurate picture of the situation in the general environment. In
addition, specific regulations dealing with the asbestos problem were
issued by the Ministries of Health and Labor, including occupational and
emission standards. For the general environment a guideline (but not a
standard) value of 1,600 f/m⊃3 was adopted.
Coping with the Greenhouse Effect
Authors: Thurlow G.G.
Published: May 2006

The problems of reducing significantly the release of man‐produced
“greenhouse gases” (principally CO⊂2, methane, nitrous
oxide and the CFCs) and of predicting their effect on global warming are
discussed. Action, to have any significant effect, will have to be
international and, while there are ways in which the UK (and similarly
developed countries) might limit their emissions over the next decade or
two without imposing unacceptable financial, other environmental or
social burdens, it is more difficult to visualise solutions over the
longer term or applicable to the developing nations.
Chemical Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Abdel‐Shafy Hussein I. , Emam Abdel‐Basir S.
Published: May 2006

A study was designed to investigate the chemical coagulation
process for the treatment of the potato food industry wastewater of the
“Chipsy factory” located at Abi‐Sier, Egypt. The chemical
coagulants used in the study include alum, ferric chloride, calcium
chloride, ferric sulphate and Nalco as polymer. Variable doses of these
coagulants were examined to determine the optimum dose. Results obtained
showed that chemical treatment (coagulation, flocculation, followed by
sedimentation) was efficient to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD),
total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity significantly. Remarkable
variation of the removal efficiency depends on the type of coagulant.
Ferric chloride and ferric sulphate were more efficient than calcium
chloride. Combination of Nalco with each of the studied coagulants
improved the removal efficiency remarkably. Reduction of 91‐94 per cent
of turbidity, 93‐97 per cent of COD, and 94‐97 per cent of the TSS was
achieved with these combinations.
Delivered Cost: The Impact of Technology
Authors: Day Abby , Gattorna John
Published: May 2006

How technology is used in logistics practice, and most specifically
how it can be used to reduce delivered cost, is examined.