bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poor false sleep feedback does not affect pre-sleep cognitive arousal or subjective sleep continuity in healthy sleepers: a pilot study
Authors: Robson Amelia R. , Ellis Jason G. , Elder Greg J.
Published: May 2022

Modern wearable devices calculate a numerical metric of sleep quality (sleep feedback), which are intended to allow users to monitor and, potentially, improve their sleep. This feedback may have a negative impact on pre-sleep cognitive arousal, and subjective sleep, even in healthy sleepers, but it is not known if this is the case. This pilot study examined the impact of poor false sleep feedback, upon pre-sleep arousal and subjective sleep continuity in healthy sleepers. A total of 54 healthy sleepers (Mage = 30.19 years; SDage = 12.94 years) were randomly allocated to receive good, or poor, false sleep feedback, in the form of a numerical sleep score. Participants were informed that this feedback was a true reflection of their habitual sleep. Pre-sleep cognitive and somatic arousal was measured at baseline, immediately after the presentation of the feedback, and one week afterwards. Subjective sleep continuity was measured using sleep diaries for one week before, and after, the presentation of the feedback. There were no significant differences between good and poor feedback groups in terms of pre-sleep cognitive arousal, or subjective sleep continuity, before or after the presentation of the sleep feedback. The presentation of false sleep feedback, irrespective of direction (good vs. poor) does not negatively affect pre-sleep cognitive arousal or subjective sleep continuity in healthy sleepers. Whilst the one-off presentation of sleep feedback does not negatively affect subjective sleep, the impact of more frequent sleep feedback on sleep should be examined.
Training, Optimization and Validation of a CNN for Room Retrieval and Description of Omnidirectional Images
Authors: Cabrera Juan José , Cebollada Sergio , Flores María , Reinoso Óscar , Payá Luis
Published: May 2022

The aim of this paper is to achieve the optimal hyperparameters setup of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to address the localization of a mobile robot. The localization problem is solved with a hierarchical approach by using omnidirectional images as provided by a catadioptric visual sensor, with no panoramic conversion. In this way, we propose adapting and re-training AlexNet with a double purpose. First, to perform the rough localization step by means of a room retrieval task. Second, to carry out the fine localization step within the retrieved room, in which the CNN is used to obtain a holistic descriptor that is compared with the visual model of the retrieved room by means of a nearest neighbour search. To achieve this, a CNN has been adapted and re-trained to address both the room retrieval problem and the obtention of holistic descriptors from raw omnidirectional images. The novelty of this work is the use of a data augmentation technique and Bayesian optimization to address the training process robustly. As shown in the present paper, these tools have proven to be an efficient and robust solution to the localization problem even with substantial changes of the lighting conditions of the target environment.
Exploring the Potentials of Performance-Centred Instructional Design in Online and Blended Learning: Students’ Perspectives
Authors: Miyazoe Terumi
Published: May 2022

This study aims to clarify the potentials of performance-centred instructional design in online and blended learning. It asserts its contribution in that no research so far available has explicitly investigated how students—‘evaluatees’—evaluate the implemented course design with a 100% performance-based assessment (PA). The study consists of two parts: a comprehensive literature review on PAs, followed by a report on a survey to the students on performance-centred course experiences. The research was held in an undergraduate English programme at a Tokyo university. No test was conducted, and only performance-based evaluative methods were used throughout the two-semester course of one academic year. A survey was administered to the students after the course experience, obtaining 67 valid responses. AI research tools were also applied to the analyzes, to explore their future use. A high level of positivity toward the PA course design was obtained. Besides, the design succeeded in building students’ self-efficacy and helping them become more strategic in using the language. The perceived progress was also confirmed by an objective test held outside the current research. Furthermore, the students admitted some utility in test-based assessment, proving, on average, that the combinatory design of 75–85% PAs and 15–25% tests would be ideal. PA-centred course design has significant potential to deepen students’ learning. It provides an antithesis to a heavily test-centred teaching approach, which could limit students’ learning. It suggests that digital-based PAs be viable solutions, when meeting for tests is not feasible under emergencies, including worldwide pandemics.
The Aging Microenvironment in Lung Fibrosis
Authors: Deinhardt-Emmer Stefanie , Le Saux Claude Jourdan
Published: May 2022

Purpose of Review

To highlight the changes in lungs associated with senescent cells and the microbiome that promote a pro-inflammatory milieu and render the aged lungs at risk for debilitating chronic diseases such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or pulmonary fibrosis.

Recent Findings

Recent studies including “omics” analyses indicate cell type-specific effects of aging and confirm the importance of the inflammation in aged lungs.

Aging of the lungs is driven by molecular and cellular processes that lead to loss of function and increased risk for diseases. The well-described nine hallmarks of aging are present in the aged lungs. Senescent cells combined with changes in the microbiome create the pro-inflammatory environment previously characterized in aged lungs. The pathobiology of one of the most devastating age-related pulmonary diseases, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), underscores the importance of senescent cells in the aged lungs.
The Unwritten Law of Corporate Reorganizations
Authors: Baird Douglas G.
Published: May 2022

The law of corporate reorganizations controls the fate of enterprises worth billions of dollars and has reshaped entire sectors of the economy, yet its inner workings largely remain a mystery. Judges must police a small and closed fraternity of professionals as they sit down at a conference table and forge a new future for a distressed business, but little appears to tell judges how they are to do this. Judges, however, are in fact bound by a coherent set of unwritten principles that derive from a statute Parliament passed in 1571. These principles are not simply norms or customary practices. They have hard edges, judges must enforce them, and parties are bound by them as they are by any other law. This book traces the evolution of these unwritten principles and makes accessible a legal world that has long been closed off to outsiders.
The Sentimental Court
Authors: Bens Jonas
Published: May 2022

Modern law seems to be designed to keep emotions at bay. The Sentimental Court argues the exact opposite: that the law is not designed to cast out affective dynamics, but to create them. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork - both during the trial of former Lord's Resistance Army commander Dominic Ongwen at the International Criminal Court's headquarters in The Netherlands and in rural northern Uganda at the scenes of violence - this book is an in-depth investigation of the affective life of legalized transitional justice interventions in Africa. Jonas Bens argues that the law purposefully creates, mobilizes, shapes, and transforms atmospheres and sentiments, and further discusses how we should think about the future of law and justice in our colonial present by focusing on the politics of atmosphere and sentiment in which they are entangled.
The Legality and Accountability of Autonomous Weapon Systems
Authors: Seixas-Nunes Afonso
Published: May 2022

By adopting a multi-disciplinary approach, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the legality of the use of autonomous weapons systems under international law. It examines different arguments presented by States, roboticists and scholars to demonstrate the challenges such systems will create for the laws of war. This study examines how technology of warfare seeks to increase the dissociation of risk and communication between weapons and their human operators. Furthermore, it explains how algorithms might give rise to 'errors' on the battlefield that cannot be directly attributed to human operators. Against this backdrop, Dr Seixas-Nunes examines three distinct legal frameworks: the distinction between the legality of weapons and the laws of targeting; different mechanisms of individual accountability and the importance of recovering the category of 'dolus eventualis' for programmers and technicians and, finally, State responsibility for violations of the laws of war caused by weapons' software errors.
Remembering the Story of Israel
Authors: Buster Aubrey E.
Published: May 2022

In this book, Aubrey Buster demonstrates how methods adapted from cultural and social memory studies and the new formalism can illuminate the communal function of biblical and extra-biblical historical summaries in Second Temple Judaism. Refining models drawn from memory studies, she applies them to ancient texts and demonstrates the development of Judah's speech about their past across the Second Temple period. Buster's wide-ranging study demonstrates how and where the historical summary functions in the book of Psalms, Nehemiah, 1 and 2 Chronicles, as well as the Qumran Psalms Scrolls, Words of the Luminaries, Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus, and Pseudo-Daniel. She shows how the historical summary proves to be a generative, replicable, and ultimately productive form of memory. Crossing the boundaries of genre categories and time periods, liturgical performances, and literary works, historical summaries crafted a highly selective but broadly useful mode of commemoration of key events from Israel's past.
Why DNA?
Authors: Travers Andrew
Published: May 2022

Information is central to the evolution of biological complexity, a physical system relying on a continuous supply of energy. Biology provides superb examples of the consequent Darwinian selection of mechanisms for efficient energy utilisation. Genetic information, underpinned by the Watson-Crick base-pairing rules is largely encoded by DNA, a molecule uniquely adapted to its roles in information storage and utilisation.This volume addresses two fundamental questions. Firstly, what properties of the molecule have enabled it to become the predominant genetic material in the biological world today and secondly, to what extent have the informational properties of the molecule contributed to the expansion of biological diversity and the stability of ecosystems. The author argues that bringing these two seemingly unrelated topics together enables Schrödinger's What is Life?, published before the structure of DNA was known, to be revisited and his ideas examined in the context of our current biological understanding.
Wireless Discrete-Time Receivers
Authors: Tohidian Massoud , Madadi Iman , Bozorg Amir , Staszewski Robert Bogdan
Published: May 2022

The first comprehensive guide to discrete-time (DT) receivers (RX), discussing the fundamental concepts and implications of the technology. This book will serve as an essential reference, covering the necessary building blocks of this field, such as low-noise transconductance amplifiers, current-driven mixers, DT band-pass filters, and DT low-pass filters. As well as addressing the basics, the authors present the most recent state-of-the-art techniques applied to the DT RX blocks. A step-by-step style is used to allow readers to develop the required skills to design the DT receivers at the architecture level, while providing in-depth knowledge of the details. Written by leading experts from academia, research, and industry, this book provides an excellent reference to the subject for a wide audience, from postgraduate students to experienced researchers and professionals working with RF circuits.
Electromigration in Metals
Authors: Ho Paul S. , Hu Chao-Kun , Gall Martin , Sukharev Valeriy
Published: May 2022

Learn to assess electromigration reliability and design more resilient chips in this comprehensive and practical resource. Beginning with fundamental physics and building to advanced methodologies, this book enables the reader to develop highly reliable on-chip wiring stacks and power grids. Through a detailed review on the role of microstructure, interfaces and processing on electromigration reliability, as well as characterisation, testing and analysis, the book follows the development of on-chip interconnects from microscale to nanoscale. Practical modeling methodologies for statistical analysis, from simple 1D approximation to complex 3D description, can be used for step-by-step development of reliable on-chip wiring stacks and industrial-grade power/ground grids. This is an ideal resource for materials scientists and reliability and chip design engineers.
Communication in the Chaco World: A Consideration of Time and Labor Mobilization
Authors: Wills W. H. , Przystupa Paulina F. , Williams Katharine
Published: May 2022

The construction of great houses during the Bonito Phase (ca. AD 850–1200) in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, required massive amounts of building material and efficient mobilization and coordination of large labor pools. We employ least cost path analysis (LCA) to explore the potential communication network among great house communities in the Chaco “core” area and its relevance in managing sustained labor for constructing great houses. The results suggest that that the primary sources of labor for communal building projects were agricultural communities located within one to three hours of the largest buildings in the canyon.
Do we need to know about cyberscams in neurorehabilitation? A cross-sectional scoping survey of Australasian clinicians and service providers
Authors: Gould Kate Rachel , Carolan Matthew , Ponsford Jennie Louise
Published: May 2022

Cyberscams, such as romance scams, are prevalent and costly online hazards in the general community. People with Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) may be particularly vulnerable and have greater difficulty recovering from the resultant emotional and financial hardships. In order to build capacity in the neurorehabilitation sector, it is necessary to determine whether clinicians currently encounter this issue and what prevention and intervention approaches have been found effective. This scoping study aimed to explore clinicians’ exposure to and experiences with cyberscams in their adult clients with ABI.

Method:

Participants were clinicians recruited from multidisciplinary networks across Australia and New Zealand. Eligible participants (n = 101) completed an online customised survey.

Results:

More than half (53.46%) the participants had one or more clients affected by cyberscams, predominantly romance scams. Cognitive impairments and loneliness were reportedly associated with increased vulnerability. Cyberscams impacted treatment provision and were emotionally challenging for participants. No highly effective interventions were identified.

Conclusions:

These findings indicate that cyberscams are a clinical issue relevant to neurorehabilitation providers, with prevalence studies now required. The lack of effective interventions identified underscores the need for the development of evidence-based prevention and treatment approaches to ultimately help people with ABI safely participate in online life.
Comparison of Standard Training to Virtual Reality Training in Nuclear Radiation Emergency Medical Rescue Education
Authors: Zhao Xin , Li Xiaobo
Published: May 2022

Objective:

Due to the particularity of nuclear radiation emergencies, professional technical training is necessary. However, nuclear radiation emergency medical rescue nurses are not well prepared to respond in time. This study aims to explore the effect of virtual reality (VR) in training nurses for nuclear radiation emergency medical rescue.

Methods:

Thirty nurses who received traditional nuclear radiation rescue training from May 2020 to October 2020 were selected as the control group, and another 30 nurses who received VR nuclear radiation emergency medical rescue training from November 2020 to April 2021 were selected as the experimental group. The examination results, learning enthusiasm, training effect evaluation, and training satisfaction were compared between the 2 groups.

Results:

The experimental group had significantly higher examination score, learning enthusiasm, training effect evaluation, and training satisfaction than the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The application of VR in the training of nuclear radiation emergency medical rescue can improve the training performance, learning enthusiasm, training effect, and training satisfaction of trainees. Considering the advantages of VR, it could be widely used in the training of nuclear radiation emergency medical rescue in the future.
Democracy, Public Support, and Measurement Uncertainty
Authors: TAI YUEHONG ‘CASSANDRA’ , HU YUE , SOLT FREDERICK
Published: May 2022

Do democratic regimes depend on public support to avoid backsliding? Does public support, in turn, respond thermostatically to changes in democracy? Two prominent recent studies (Claassen 2020a; 2020b) reinvigorated the classic hypothesis on the positive relationship between public support for democracy and regime survival—and challenged its reciprocal counterpart—by using a latent variable approach to measure mass democratic support from cross-national survey data. However, both studies used only the point estimates of democratic support. We show that incorporating the concomitant measurement uncertainty into these analyses reveals that there is no support for either study’s conclusion. Efforts to minimize the uncertainty by incorporating additional survey data still fail to yield evidence in support of either hypothesis. These results underscore the need for both more nuanced analyses of the relationships between public support and democracy and taking measurement uncertainty into account when working with latent variables.
A NEW NONLOCAL NONLINEAR DIFFUSION EQUATION: THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASE
Authors: ALETTI G. , BENFENATI A. , NALDI G.
Published: May 2022

We prove a result on the existence and uniqueness of the solution of a new feature-preserving nonlinear nonlocal diffusion equation for signal denoising for the one-dimensional case. The partial differential equation is based on a novel diffusivity coefficient that uses a nonlocal automatically detected parameter related to the local bounded variation and the local oscillating pattern of the noisy input signal.
Ageing modifies acute resting blood pressure responses to incremental consumption of dietary nitrate: a randomised, cross-over clinical trial
Authors: Capper Tess , Clifford Tom , Taylor Guy , Iqbal Wasim , West Daniel , Stevenson Emma , Siervo Mario
Published: May 2022

Beetroot (BR) is a rich source of nitrate (NO3-) that has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). Yet, no studies have examined the vascular benefits of BR in whole-food form and whether the effects are modified by age. This study was a four-arm, randomised, open-label, cross-over design in twenty-four healthy adults (young n 12, age 27 ± 4 years, old n 12, age 64 ± 5 years). Participants consumed whole-cooked BR at portions of (NO3- content in brackets) 100 g (272 mg), 200 g (544 mg) and 300 g (816 mg) and a 200-ml solution containing 1000 mg of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on four separate occasions over a 4-week period (≥7-d washout period). BP, plasma NO3- and nitrite (NO2-) concentrations, and post-occlusion reactive hyperaemia via laser Doppler, were measured pre- and up to 5-h post-intervention. Data were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Plasma NO2- concentrations were higher in the young v. old at baseline and post-intervention (P < 0·05). All NO3- interventions decreased systolic and diastolic BP in young participants (P < 0·05), whereas only KNO3 (at 240–300 min post-intake) significantly decreased systolic (–4·8 mmHg, −3·5 %, P = 0·024) and diastolic (–5·4 mmHg, −6·5 %, P = 0·007) BP in older participants. In conclusion, incremental doses of dietary NO3- reduced systolic and diastolic BP in healthy young adults whereas in the older group a significant decrease was only observed with the highest dose. The lower plasma NO2- concentrations in older participants suggest that there may be mechanistic differences in the production of NO from dietary NO3- in young and older populations.
Morphological and chemical plant traits associated with feeding non-preference to adult ofDiabrotica speciosa(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in soybean genotypes
Authors: Boiça Júnior Arlindo Leal , Costa Eduardo Neves , de Souza Bruno Henrique Sardinha , Forim Moacir Rossi , Perlatti Bruno , da Cruz Mara Cristina Pessôa
Published: May 2022

Diabrotica speciosais an important pest of several crops in South America, including soybeans. Adults cause severe defoliation in soybean plants, and damage is significant when cotyledons are attacked. This study evaluated feeding non-preference toD. speciosaadults using 10 soybean genotypes, testing (i) 15-day-old whole plants and (ii) leaf disks of 60-day-old plants, through assessments of soybean attractiveness and leaf area consumed (LAC). Foliar contents of flavonoids and nutrients, and leaf trichome density were quantified for potential correlations with soybean resistance to adult ofD. speciosa. In the whole young-plant experiment, under free-choice conditions, the lowest LAC was observed in IAC 100 and PI 227687. In no-choice, PI 227687 and IGRA RA 626 RR showed lower LAC than the other genotypes. In the leaf disk test, in free-choice, the genotypes IAC 100, PI 274454, PI 227687, DM 339, and BR 16 were the least preferred by adult ofD. speciosa. In no-choice, PI 274454 was one of the least preferred, similarly to IGRA RA 626 RR, Dowling, and PI 227687. In the whole plant experiment, a high rutin content and low amounts of zinc, calcium, sulfur and manganese were associated with less consumption ofD. speciosaon leaves of resistant genotypes. In contrast, in the leaf disk test there was a significant influence of trichomes in soybean resistance to the pest. In conclusion, the PI lines herein assessed are also promising sources for developing cultivars resistant toD. speciosa.
The Geography of Information Acquisition
Authors: Chen Honghui , Qu Yuanyu , Shen Tao , Wang Qinghai , Xu David X.
Published: May 2022

Using detailed data on company visits by Chinese mutual funds, we provide direct evidence of mutual fund information acquisition activities and the consequent informational advantages mutual funds establish in local firms. Mutual funds are more likely to visit local and nearby firms both in and outside of their portfolios, but the ease of travel between fund and firm locations can substantially alleviate geographic distance constraints. Company visits by mutual funds are strongly associated with both fund trading activities and fund trading performance. Our results show that geographic constraints and costly information acquisition amplify information asymmetry in financial markets.
Business Cycle Variation in Short Selling Strategies: Picking During Expansions and Timing During Recessions
Authors: Dixon Peter N. , Kelley Eric K.
Published: May 2022

We present evidence that short sellers alternate between stock picking during expansions and market timing during recessions. First, firm-level short interest is a much stronger negative predictor of the cross-section of stock returns during expansions than it is during recessions. High short interest also only predicts negative future earnings announcement returns during expansions. We attribute these findings to short sellers’ emphasis on collecting firm-specific signals. Second, short sellers appear to make factor bets more so during recessions than during expansions. These bets tend to pay off as we observe a strong negative relation between the betas of highly shorted stocks and future stock market returns, a result that disappears during expansions. Together, these findings are consistent with theories of information acquisition under attention constraints, endogenous information production, as well as theories of time variation in aggregate overconfidence amongst traders.
Funding Policy Research under ‘Distasteful Regimes’: The Ford Foundation and the Social Sciences in Brazil, 1964–71
Authors: Suprinyak Carlos Eduardo , Fernández Ramón García
Published: May 2022

The Ford Foundation's involvement with the social sciences in Brazil coincided with the early years of the military regime that ruled the country between 1964 and 1985. The paper studies how changed political circumstances in the United States and abroad induced the Foundation to gradually abandon the technocratic approach that had governed its overseas programme since the 1950s, thus introducing a critical shift in its policies toward the developing world. A grant proposal to the University of Brasília, which had been subject to repeated military interventions since 1964, highlighted the ethical dilemmas raised by the goal of fostering policy-relevant research in an authoritarian political context. Relying on a pragmatic decision-making framework that converted ethical and ideological considerations into cost–benefit exercises, the Foundation finally moved away from the maxims of modernisation theory to embrace new strategic priorities like human rights, democracy and intellectual pluralism.
The role of number mismatch and exposure in the comprehension of relative clauses in bilingual children
Authors: Cilibrasi Luca , Adani Flavia , Pérez Ana I. , Schmidt Elaine , Wigdorowitz Mandy , Tsimpli Ianthi M.
Published: May 2022

Research on English relative clauses shows that, in most studies, subject relatives are comprehended more accurately than object relatives by both monolingual and bilingual children. The current study focuses on Czech-English bilingual children and extends this line of research in two ways. First, it includes a condition in which the noun phrases involved in the action differ in number (one is singular and the other is plural), a manipulation that was never tested on bilinguals. Second, it includes a fine-grained measure of language exposure, since the exposure has been linked to the acquisition of complex structures. Thirty-eight Czech-English bilinguals (aged 8–11 years) were tested on their comprehension of relative clauses using a picture matching paradigm. Results show that sentences with number mismatch were comprehended more accurately than match sentences and that subject relatives were comprehended more accurately than object relatives. In addition, in the subject relatives subset, higher exposure to English corresponded to poorer performance in relative clauses with number mismatch. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Language abilities in preschool children with critical CHD: a systematic review
Authors: Turner Tegan , El Tobgy Nada , Russell Kelly , Day Chelsea , Cheung Kristene , Proven Shelley , Ricci M. Florencia
Published: May 2022

Context:

Children with critical CHD are at risk for neurodevelopmental impairments, including delays in expressive and receptive language development. However, no study has synthesised the literature regarding language abilities in children with this condition.

Objective:

We summarised the literature regarding expressive and receptive language in preschool children with critical CHD.

Data sources:

MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Child Development and Adolescent Studies, ERIC, PsycINFO, and CINAHL.

Study selection:

We included studies published between January, 1990 and 1 July, 2021, focused on children aged ≤5 years with critical CHD requiring a complex cardiac procedure at age <1 year. Language ability was documented using standardised, validated tools assessing both expressive and receptive language outcomes.

Data extraction:

Data (study, patient and language characteristics, and results) were extracted by two reviewers.

Results:

Seventeen studies were included. Among children 2–5 years old with critical CHD, there were statistically significant deficits in overall (standardised mean difference: –0.46; 95 % confidence interval: –0.56, –0.35), expressive (standardised mean difference: –0.45;95 % confidence interval: –0.54, –0.37), and receptive (standardised mean difference: –0.32; 95 % confidence interval: –0.40, –0.23) language compared to normative data. Results reported as medians were similar to meta-analysis findings. Subgroup analysis showed that children with univentricular physiology had lower language scores than children with biventricular physiology.

Conclusions:

Preschool children with critical CHD had statistically significantly lower language outcomes compared to expected population norms. Healthcare professionals should test early and often for language deficits, referring to individually tailored supports.
‘With a minimum of bitterness’: decolonization, the right to self-determination, and the Arab-Asian group
Authors: Ewing Cindy
Published: May 2022

In the late 1940s, postcolonial elites expanded the activities of the United Nations (UN) by using it as a platform to advance decolonization and foster Third World solidarity. The Arab-Asian group was the earliest manifestation of institutional cooperation among postcolonial nations after 1945. Initially comprised of twelve Arab and Asian UN member-states, the Arab-Asian group coordinated their diplomatic activities as part of an effort to bring national self-determination to the forefront of international debate. However, the emergence of the Arab-Asian group at the UN revealed a confluence of different political ideologies and approaches to decolonization in the early postwar era. Forging a network of postcolonial elites brought out divergent visions for the postwar international order, illustrated by the frictions within the Arab-Asian group even as it played key roles in the UN debates on the questions of Indonesia, the former Italian colonies in Africa, and the Korean War. The Arab-Asian group, an important antecedent to Afro-Asianism, Third Worldism, and non-alignment, encountered challenges over parallel projects pursued by its members, such as Carlos Romulo’s campaign for a Pacific Pact among non-communist Asian states or Jawaharlal Nehru’s articulation of neutralism. Therefore, while postwar international organizations were a formative setting for the emergence of postcolonial internationalism and South-South solidarity, the common goals pursued by these states did not always translate into uniformity or consensus on decolonization.
“They Are Wallowing in Luxury, but Complain About the	Struggles of Lockdown”
Authors: Ouvrein Gaëlle , Vandebosch Heidi , De Backer Charlotte J. S.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Many people are fascinated by celebrities and like to follow them and leave positive comments online about the luxurious lives they lead. There are doubts and concerns, however, about whether celebrity posts regarding personal experiences and advice generate positive responses when their audience is in a situation of chronic stress, such as during a pandemic. On the basis of a field study of real celebrity COVID-19 Instagram posts, this study tested a model for exploring the role of both contextual (i.e., references to luxury in celebrity posts) and individual (i.e., upward social comparison orientation [SCO] and attitudes toward the celebrity) factors in explaining how audiences respond emotionally and behaviorally (i.e., commenting) to celebrity posts during a stressful period. The results indicated that the audience’s emotional and behavioral responses were more negative toward posts with more cues of luxury. SCO seems to moderate these effects, indicating that upward SCO based on these cues can motivate and support to a certain level, but switches to negative effects once the focus on luxury becomes too strong. The results regarding attitudes toward the celebrities behind the messages confirmed the powerful role of this variable during chronic stress, establishing a link between more positive attitudes and more positive emotional responses (amusement and inspiration). These results offer some first exploratory insights into the role of celebrity representations during a global period of stress, which could lay the basis for future experimental research on this topic.
An Improved Approach for Estimating Pan Evaporation Using a New Aerodynamic Mechanism Model
Authors: Qiu Guo Yu , Gao Huihui , Yan Chunhua , Wang Bei , Luo Jiechunyi , Chen Zhi
Published: May 2022

In response to a decline in pan evaporation over the last 60 years under global warming of water bodies, we designed an experiment with water bodies heated naturally to different temperatures to investigate the physics of pan evaporation and explore the effect of water temperature. In this study, we developed a new aerodynamic model for pan evaporation by combining a free convention sub‐model that couples Fick's First Law of Diffusion with boundary layer theory and a forced convection sub‐model based on convection mass transfer. Both the improved aerodynamic model and the two sub‐models have a higher accuracy and stability (|PBIAS| < 6%, root mean squared Error [RMSE] < 0.65 mm d−1, and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency [NSE] > 0.8). Sensitivity analysis shows that water temperature is the most sensitive parameter to evaporation (S1 = 0.58, ST = 0.78). The mechanism of rising water temperature on evaporation is not only due to the strengthening in mass diffusion (under windless conditions), but also in the promotion in mass convection (under windy conditions). The integrated effects of mass diffusion and mass convection could result in an increase in evaporation of 0.8 mm d−1, as mean water temperature rises by 1°C. These results would be useful for evaporation estimation of the warming global water.
Experiments on Pool Formation in Bedrock Canyons
Authors: Cao Zhihao (Eric) , Venditti Jeremy G. , Li Tingan
Published: May 2022

Rivers cut into rock exhibit a wide range of morphologies that do not occur in alluvial rivers. The reach‐scale morphology of bedrock canyons has not been widely explored. Many rivers bound by rock on both banks exhibit a constriction‐pool‐widening morphology characterized by a lateral channel constriction, a deeply scoured pool that typically forms downstream of the constriction, and a channel widening coincident with the scour pool. Lateral constrictions are thought to cause plunging flows that carve pools which then shallow and widen downstream. A flume experiment was conducted to test this hypothesis. Experiments show that flow deceleration upstream of the constricted canyon promotes alluviation. Flow acceleration through the canyon prevents persistent alluvium from developing before a pool is formed. At the canyon entrance, flow and sediment plunge toward the bed, creating a primary scour pool. The primary scour pool reaches equilibrium morphology for a given constant discharge and sediment supply by cutting a slot, which then gets deep enough to maintain a permanent alluvial cover, protecting the pool from further vertical erosion. Downstream of the primary pool, an alluvial cover intermittently develops that causes flow to plunge, carving secondary pools. Shear stresses are counterintuitively large in alluviated areas and low in places where the bed is clear of sediment. However, near‐bed velocity was strongly correlated with alluviation patterns and erosion rate, suggesting near‐bed velocity may be a more practical way to calculate rock erosion rates in non‐uniform flows.
Characterizing the Importance of Denitrification for N2O Production in Soils Using Natural Abundance and Isotopic Labeling Techniques
Authors: Stuchiner E. R. , von Fischer J. C.
Published: May 2022

Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to climate change, is emitted mostly from soils by a suite of microbial metabolic pathways that are nontrivial to identify, and subsequently, to manage. Using either natural abundance or enriched stable isotope methods has aided in identifying microbial sources of N2O, but each approach has limitations. Here, we conducted a novel pairing of natural abundance and enriched assays on two dissimilar soils, hypothesizing this pairing would better constrain microbial sources of N2O. We incubated paired natural abundance and enriched soils from a corn agroecosystem and a subalpine forest in the laboratory at 10%–95% soil saturation for 28 hr. The natural abundance method measured intramolecular site preference (SP) from emitted N2O, whereas the enriched method measured emitted 15N2O from soils amended with 15N‐labeled substrate. The isotopic composition of emitted N2O was measured using a laser‐based N2O isotopic analyzer, yielding two key findings. First, both methods revealed that denitrification was the primary source of N2O in all soils: isotopic enrichment revealed clear reduction to N2O, while SP indicated a likely combination of fungal and bacterial denitrification. Second, we quantified, to our knowledge for the first time, persistent (>55%) β‐position‐specific enrichment in N2O emitted from 15‐amended soils. This counter‐intuitive enrichment pattern could be indicative of codenitrification, an understudied but potentially important contributor to N2O emissions. Our work revealed the ubiquity of denitrification among the soils tested. Future pairings of natural abundance and enriched methods could better characterize diverse denitrification pathways.
Interannual Modulation of Subthermocline Eddy Kinetic Energy East of the Philippines
Authors: Hui Yuchao , Zhang Linlin , Wang Zhenxiao , Wang Fan , Hu Dunxin
Published: May 2022

Interannual variation of subthermocline eddy kinetic energy (EKE) east of the Philippines is investigated based on mooring measurements during 2015–2019 and ocean‐state estimates during 1995–2017 from the Oceanic General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES). Prominent interannual variation of EKE is detected below the thermocline east of the Philippine coast, which is closely related to the El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and generally lags the Nino3.4 index by 14 months. Further energy diagnostic analysis indicates that the interannual variation of subthermocline EKE is controlled by both baroclinic and barotropic instability of the background flows and dominated by the barotropic instability especially. Barotropic instability in the southern part of the Philippine coast is associated with the subsurface component of the quasi‐permanent anticyclonic Halmahera Eddy (HE), while that in the northern part is closely related to the Mindanao Undercurrent (MUC). Both HE and MUC are modulated by the ENSO events. When El Niño occurs, negative sea surface height anomalies appear near the dateline and propagate westward in the form of the first‐mode baroclinic Rossby wave, exerting delayed impacts upon the western boundary currents east of the Philippine coast and further modulating the interannual variation of subthermocline EKE. Moreover, the barotropic energy conversion rate and its corresponding subthermocline EKE at lower latitudes respond relatively faster to ENSO due to the higher Rossby wave group velocity there.
EPicker is an exemplar-based continual learning approach for knowledge accumulation in cryoEM particle picking
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Zhao Tianfang , Chen Jiansheng , Shen Yuan , Li Xueming
Published: May 2022

Deep learning is a popular method for facilitating particle picking in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), which is essential for developing automated processing pipelines. Most existing deep learning algorithms for particle picking rely on supervised learning where the features to be identified must be provided through a training procedure. However, the generalization performance of these algorithms on unseen datasets with different features is often unpredictable. In addition, while they perform well on the latest training datasets, these algorithms often fail to maintain the knowledge of old particles. Here, we report an exemplar-based continual learning approach, which can accumulate knowledge from the new dataset into the model by training an existing model on only a few new samples without catastrophic forgetting of old knowledge, implemented in a program called EPicker. Therefore, the ability of EPicker to identify bio-macromolecules can be expanded by continuously learning new knowledge during routine particle picking applications. Powered by the improved training strategy, EPicker is designed to pick not only protein particles but also general biological objects such as vesicles and fibers.
SPIN enables high throughput species identification of archaeological bone by proteomics
Authors: Rüther Patrick Leopold , Husic Immanuel Mirnes , Bangsgaard Pernille , Gregersen Kristian Murphy , Pantmann Pernille , Carvalho Milena , Godinho Ricardo Miguel , Friedl Lukas , Cascalheira João , Taurozzi Alberto John , Jørkov Marie Louise Schjellerup , Benedetti Michael M. , Haws Jonathan , Bicho Nuno , Welker Frido , Cappellini Enrico , Olsen Jesper Velgaard
Published: May 2022

Species determination based on genetic evidence is an indispensable tool in archaeology, forensics, ecology, and food authentication. Most available analytical approaches involve compromises with regard to the number of detectable species, high cost due to low throughput, or a labor-intensive manual process. Here, we introduce “Species by Proteome INvestigation” (SPIN), a shotgun proteomics workflow for analyzing archaeological bone capable of querying over 150 mammalian species by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Rapid peptide chromatography and data-independent acquisition (DIA) with throughput of 200 samples per day reduce expensive MS time, whereas streamlined sample preparation and automated data interpretation save labor costs. We confirm the successful classification of known reference bones, including domestic species and great apes, beyond the taxonomic resolution of the conventional peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF)-based Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) method. In a blinded study of degraded Iron-Age material from Scandinavia, SPIN produces reproducible results between replicates, which are consistent with morphological analysis. Finally, we demonstrate the high throughput capabilities of the method in a high-degradation context by analyzing more than two hundred Middle and Upper Palaeolithic bones from Southern European sites with late Neanderthal occupation. While this initial study is focused on modern and archaeological mammalian bone, SPIN will be open and expandable to other biological tissues and taxa.
Selectively anchoring single atoms on specific sites of supports for improved oxygen evolution
Authors: Zhang Zhirong , Feng Chen , Wang Dongdi , Zhou Shiming , Wang Ruyang , Hu Sunpei , Li Hongliang , Zuo Ming , Kong Yuan , Bao Jun , Zeng Jie
Published: May 2022

The homogeneity of single-atom catalysts is only to the first-order approximation when all isolated metal centers interact identically with the support. Since the realistic support with various topologies or defects offers diverse coordination environments, realizing real homogeneity requires precise control over the anchoring sites. In this work, we selectively anchor Ir single atoms onto the three-fold hollow sites (Ir1/TO–CoOOH) and oxygen vacancies (Ir1/VO–CoOOH) on defective CoOOH surface to investigate how the anchoring sites modulate catalytic performance. The oxygen evolution activities of Ir1/TO–CoOOH and Ir1/VO–CoOOH are improved relative to CoOOH through different mechanisms. For Ir1/TO–CoOOH, the strong electronic interaction between single-atom Ir and the support modifies the electronic structure of the active center for stronger electronic affinity to intermediates. For Ir1/VO–CoOOH, a hydrogen bonding is formed between the coordinated oxygen of single-atom Ir center and the oxygenated intermediates, which stabilizes the intermediates and lowers the energy barrier of the rate-determining step.
Context-specific effects of sequence elements on subcellular localization of linear and circular RNAs
Authors: Ron Maya , Ulitsky Igor
Published: May 2022

Long RNAs vary extensively in their post-transcriptional fates, and this variation is attributed in part to short sequence elements. We used massively parallel RNA assays to study how sequences derived from noncoding RNAs influence the subcellular localization and stability of circular and linear RNAs, including spliced and unspliced forms. We find that the effects of sequence elements strongly depend on the host RNA context, with limited overlap between sequences that drive nuclear enrichment of linear and circular RNAs. Binding of specific RNA binding proteins underpins some of these differences—SRSF1 binding leads to nuclear enrichment of circular RNAs; SAFB binding is associated with nuclear enrichment of predominantly unspliced linear RNAs; and IGF2BP1 promotes export of linear spliced RNA molecules. The post-transcriptional fate of long RNAs is thus dictated by combinatorial contributions of specific sequence elements, of splicing, and of the presence of the terminal features unique to linear RNAs.
Spindle motility skews division site determination during asymmetric cell division in Physcomitrella
Authors: Kozgunova Elena , Yoshida Mari W. , Reski Ralf , Goshima Gohta
Published: May 2022

Asymmetric cell division (ACD) underlies the development of multicellular organisms. In animal ACD, the cell division site is determined by active spindle-positioning mechanisms. In contrast, it is considered that the division site in plants is determined prior to mitosis by the microtubule-actin belt known as the preprophase band (PPB) and that the localization of the mitotic spindle is typically static and does not govern the division plane. However, in some plant species, ACD occurs in the absence of PPB. Here, we isolate a hypomorphic mutant of the conserved microtubule-associated protein TPX2 in the moss Physcomitrium patens (Physcomitrella) and observe spindle motility during PPB-independent cell division. This defect compromises the position of the division site and produces inverted daughter cell sizes in the first ACD of gametophore (leafy shoot) development. The phenotype is rescued by restoring endogenous TPX2 function and, unexpectedly, by depolymerizing actin filaments. Thus, we identify an active spindle-positioning mechanism that, reminiscent of acentrosomal ACD in animals, involves microtubules and actin filaments, and sets the division site in plants.