bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ti2O3/TiO2-Assisted Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-tert-Butylphenol in Water
Authors: Mergenbayeva Saule , Sh. Atabaev Timur , Poulopoulos Stavros G.
Published: November 2021

Colored Ti2O3 and Ti2O3/TiO2 (mTiO) catalysts were prepared by the thermal treatment method. The effects of treatment temperature on the structure, surface area, morphology and optical properties of the as-prepared samples were investigated by XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, Raman and UV–VIS spectroscopies. Phase transformation from Ti2O3 to TiO2 rutile and TiO2 anatase to TiO2 rutile increased with increasing treatment temperatures. The photocatalytic activities of thermally treated Ti2O3 and mTiO were evaluated in the photodegradation of 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP) under solar light irradiation. mTiO heated at 650 °C exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation and mineralization of 4-t-BP, being approximately 89.8% and 52.4%, respectively, after 150 min of irradiation. The effects of various water constituents, including anions (CO32−, NO3, Cl and HCO3−) and humic acid (HA), on the photocatalytic activity of mTiO-650 were evaluated. The results showed that the presence of carbonate and nitrate ions inhibited 4-t-BP photodegradation, while chloride and bicarbonate ions enhanced the photodegradation of 4-t-BP. As for HA, its effect on the degradation of 4-t-BP was dependent on the concentration. A low concentration of HA (1 mg/L) promoted the degradation of 4-t-BP from 89.8% to 92.4% by mTiO-650, but higher concentrations of HA (5 mg/L and 10 mg/L) had a negative effect.
Spinal Cord Injury Management through the Combination of Stem Cells and Implantable 3D Bioprinted Platforms
Authors: Zarepour Atefeh , Hooshmand Sara , Gökmen Aylin , Zarrabi Ali , Mostafavi Ebrahim
Published: November 2021

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a major impact on affected patients due to its pathological consequences and absence of capacity for self-repair. Currently available therapies are unable to restore lost neural functions. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop novel treatments that will promote functional repair after SCI. Several experimental approaches have been explored to tackle SCI, including the combination of stem cells and 3D bioprinting. Implanted multipotent stem cells with self-renewing capacity and the ability to differentiate to a diversity of cell types are promising candidates for replacing dead cells in injured sites and restoring disrupted neural circuits. However, implanted stem cells need protection from the inflammatory agents in the injured area and support to guide them to appropriate differentiation. Not only are 3D bioprinted scaffolds able to protect stem cells, but they can also promote their differentiation and functional integration at the site of injury. In this review, we showcase some recent advances in the use of stem cells for the treatment of SCI, different types of 3D bioprinting methods, and the combined application of stem cells and 3D bioprinting technique for effective repair of SCI.
Gene Expression Profiling of Mycosis Fungoides in Early and Tumor Stage—A Proof-of-Concept Study Using Laser Capture/Single Cell Microdissection and NanoString Analysis
Authors: Lai Justine , Li Jing , Gniadecki Robert , Lai Raymond
Published: November 2021

A subset of patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) progress to the tumor stage, which correlates with a worse clinical outcome. The molecular events driving this progression are not well-understood. To identify the key molecular drivers, we performed gene expression profiling (GEP) using NanoString. Ten formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from six patients (six non-tumor and four tumor MF) were included; non-tumor and tumor samples were available in three patients. Laser capture/single cell microdissection of epidermotropic MF cells was used for non-tumor cases. We found that the RNA extracted from 700–800 single cells was consistently sufficient for GEP, provided that multiplexed target enrichment amplification was used. An un-supervised/hierarchical analysis revealed clustering of non-tumor and tumor cases. Many of the most upregulated or downregulated genes are implicated in the PI3K, RAS, cell cycle/apoptosis and MAPK pathways. Two of the targets, HMGA1 and PTPN11 (encodes SHP2), were validated using immunohistochemistry. HMGA1 was positive in six out of six non-tumor MF samples and negative in five out of five tumor MF samples. An opposite pattern was seen with SHP2. Our study has provided a proof-of-concept that single-cell microdissection/GEP can be applied to archival tissues. Some of our identified gene targets might be key drivers of the disease progression of MF.
Current Therapeutic Strategies and Prospects for EGFR Mutation-Positive Lung Cancer Based on the Mechanisms Underlying Drug Resistance
Authors: Tsubata Yukari , Tanino Ryosuke , Isobe Takeshi
Published: November 2021

The discovery of activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and the development of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC is common in East Asia, and approximately 50% of adenocarcinomas harbor EGFR mutations. Undoubtedly, EGFR-TKIs, with their promising efficacy, are the mainstay of primary therapy. However, even if tumor shrinkage is achieved, most patients become resistant to EGFR-TKIs and relapse; hence, EGFR-TKIs do not achieve a radical cure. The problem of the development of resistance to targeted drugs has been a persistent challenge. After the role of EGFR T790M mutation in acquired drug resistance was reported, osimertinib, a third-generation irreversible EGFR-TKI, was designed to overcome the resistance conferred by T790M mutation. In addition, some studies have reported the mechanism of drug resistance caused by mutations other than the T790M mutation and strategies to overcome them. Elucidating the mechanism underlying drug resistance development and combining therapeutic approaches are expected to further improve NSCLC prognosis.
Early Intervention and Lifelong Treatment with GLP1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in a Wolfram Syndrome Rat Model with an Emphasis on Visual Neurodegeneration, Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Diabetic Phenotype
Authors: Jagomäe Toomas , Seppa Kadri , Reimets Riin , Pastak Marko , Plaas Mihkel , Hickey Miriam A. , Kukker Kaia Grete , Moons Lieve , De Groef Lies , Vasar Eero , Kaasik Allen , Terasmaa Anton , Plaas Mario
Published: November 2021

Wolfram syndrome (WS), also known as a DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, early-onset diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy and deafness) is a rare autosomal disorder caused by mutations in the Wolframin1 (WFS1) gene. Previous studies have revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1 RA) are effective in delaying and restoring blood glucose control in WS animal models and patients. The GLP1 RA liraglutide has also been shown to have neuroprotective properties in aged WS rats. WS is an early-onset, chronic condition. Therefore, early diagnosis and lifelong pharmacological treatment is the best solution to control disease progression. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the long-term liraglutide treatment on the progression of WS symptoms. For this purpose, 2-month-old WS rats were treated with liraglutide up to the age of 18 months and changes in diabetes markers, visual acuity, and hearing sensitivity were monitored over the course of the treatment period. We found that treatment with liraglutide delayed the onset of diabetes and protected against vision loss in a rat model of WS. Therefore, early diagnosis and prophylactic treatment with the liraglutide may also prove to be a promising treatment option for WS patients by increasing the quality of life.
A Newly Developed Empirical Predictive Model for the Dispersed Phase (DP) Holdup in Rotating Disc Contactors
Authors: Al-Rahawi Ayham M. I. , Noori Wallaa A. , Abdulrahman Amer A. , Majdi Hasan Sh. , Salih Issam K. , Alsalhy Qusay F. , Mjalli Farouq S.
Published: November 2021

Newly novel developed correlations were derived to predict the dispersed phase (DP) holdup in a rotating disc contactor (RDC) extraction column. DP holdup is one of the significant parameters in the design of liquid–liquid contactors and for calculating their production capacity. Despite the availability of quite a large number of holdup prediction correlations for the RDC, most of these correlations are either general in nature or valid for a limited range of operating conditions. This study conducted an experimental and theoretical investigation of the RDC holdup under the influence of varying geometries, including variations in the dispersed phase distributor, speed of the disc, flow rate, and physical characteristics of the system. The analysis revealed that the holdup decreased with an increasing distributor hole diameter and increased with an increasing disc speed and total flow rate. The effect of the physical properties on the holdup was larger than the effect of the disc speed. Using the measurements of over 150 runs, two RDC column holdup predictive models were proposed and evaluated. The first correlation was derived in terms of the distributor hole diameter, operating parameters, system physical properties, and column geometry. The second correlation excluded the column geometry. These correlations, which consider the distributor hole inlet diameter in predicting the DP holdup for an RDC column, were presented for the first time in this study. The predictive capability of these correlations was evaluated via their standard deviation (SD) and mean average percentage error (MAPE). The respective SD and MAPE of the two correlations were 1.7 and 5.2% for the first correlation and 1.6 and 11.4% for the second.
Prevalence of Pediatric and Adolescent Balance Disorders: Analysis of a Mono-Institutional Series of 472 Patients
Authors: Balzanelli Cristiano , Spataro Daniele , Redaelli de Zinis Luca Oscar
Published: November 2021

(1) Background: To assess the prevalence and frequency distribution of balance disorders in children and adolescents to delineate the planning of a targeted clinical and instrumental diagnostic work-up; (2) Methods: Retrospective analysis of the clinical documentation of patients under 18 years suffering from balance disorders from 2010 to 2019. Detailed collection of clinical history, accurate clinical examination, including both nystagmus and vestibulospinal signs examinations, and specific instrumental testing were the basis of the diagnostic process. (3) Results: A total of 472 participants were included in the study. Vestibular loss (26.1%) was the most frequent cause of vertigo in children, followed by vestibular migraine (21.2%) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (10.2%). In 1.1% of patients, the cause of vertigo remained undefined; (4) Conclusions: The diagnostic process applied was effective in understanding the cause of balance disorders in most cases and prevents more complex and expensive investigations reserved for only a few selected cases.
Influence of Carbon Nanowalls Interlayer on Copper Deposition
Authors: Danes Cristiana-Alexandra , Dumitriu Cristina , Vizireanu Sorin , Bita Bogdan , Nicola Ioana-Maria , Dinescu Gheorghe , Pirvu Cristian
Published: November 2021

This research deals with the deposition of copper on a steel substrate. Two different methods were investigated: electrochemical and magnetron sputtering. The deposition parameters were optimized to obtain a coating layer with uniform granular structure and good adhesion to the substrate. As a novelty, carbon nanowalls (CNW) were used as reinforcement in copper coatings on the steel surface. The morphology of the coatings, adhesion and Vickers microhardness were performed to emphasize the CNW influence on the coating properties. Open circuit potential and Tafel analysis were used for electrochemical characterization. These kinds of CNW-copper composite with improved hardness and adhesion and surface electrical resistance around 1 Ω·cm could have miscellaneous applications in different domains such as aerospace, electronics, automotive and power-generation.
Crystal Structure, Thermodynamic Properties and DFT Studies of 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium 3-((2,4-dioxo-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-3-ylidene)methyl) -2,4-dioxo-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane Hydrate
Authors: Zeng Wulan , Wang Xia , Zhang Yunju
Published: November 2021

A new 1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5] derivative coupled with a benzimidazole moiety: 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium 3-((2,4-dioxo-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-3-ylidene) methyl) -2,4-dioxo-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane hydrate (DBH) was prepared. The crystal structure confirmed that it belongs to triclinic, P-1 space group. The title compound includes one (C19H21O8)− anion, one (C9H11N2)+ cation and one water molecule, which assembled into a 2D-net framework by O–H···O and N–H···O hydrogen bonds. The quantum chemical computations using the B3LYP/6-311G (d, p) basis level of theory reveal that the optimized geometric structure is suitable to study the molecule. The theoretically simulated FT-IR spectra and electronic spectra of DBH are compared with experimental data. The results show that the B3LYP/6-311g (d, p) method fits well with the molecular structure. In addition, the thermodynamic properties have also been studied to determine the nature of the DBH.
The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer and Nano-Silica on the Properties of Blended Cement
Authors: Muthalvan Renuka Senthil , Ravikumar Suraj , Avudaiappan Siva , Amran Mugahed , Aepuru Radhamanohar , Vatin Nikolai , Fediuk Roman
Published: November 2021

Incorporating superabsorbent polymer (SAP), which has the abilities of absorption and desorption in cement mortar, can achieve the effect of internal curing. It is expected that the incorporation of nano-silica will improve the workability and strength in cement mortar/concrete. Hence, this study aims to examine the effect of SAP and nano-silica on the properties of blended cement paste. The experimental investigations via several tests such as consistency, setting time, compressive strength, UPV, and acid test were performed. Based on energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test results, the morphology of hydration products and mineral compositions of cement paste were further analysed, and the mechanism of SAP with 0.2% and 0.3% and NS with lower percentages ranging from 0.5% to 2% on the performance of cement paste was studied. The results exhibited that incorporating SAP in various percentages from 0.5% to 2% prolonged the initial setting time, reduced the fluidity, and increased the water content and formation of pores. In addition, various percentages ranging from 0.5% to 2% of NS were added; thereby, an increase in the hydration process and refining the microstructure was found. The microscopic test results showed that the blended cement paste can effectively improve the denser microstructure and refine the pore structure.
Interfacial Microstructure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of a Press Bonded Ti–5Al–2Sn–2Zr–4Mo–4Cr Alloy
Authors: Li Hong , Li Miaoquan
Published: November 2021

The microstructure evolution characteristics and the shear strength of bond and base alloys were investigated during the press bonding of the Ti–5Al–2Sn–2Zr–4Mo–4Cr alloy. The quantitative detection of the interfacial void shows that the interfacial voids shrunk gradually with time and a bond free of voids could be obtained at the time above 10 min. The microstructure of the base alloy shows that the primary α phase tends to be equiaxed because of the increase in plastic deformation and the variation in the volume fraction and grain size of the primary α phase that are complicated with time. The grain boundary misorientation characteristics in bond and base alloys are not consistent. However, they tend to be comparable over time. The shear strength of bond and base alloys at different times was explained and compared. The compared results indicate that the enhanced strength of the bond is mainly due to the increase in the bonded area. However, the strength of the bond decreases slightly because of the slight coarsening of the grain size and the decrease in the volume fraction of the primary α phase at the time more than 20 min. The shear strength of the bond and base alloys tends to be highest and close at 10 min.
Insights from Initial Variant Detection by Sequencing Single Sperm in Cattle
Authors: Yang Liu , Gao Yahui , Boschiero Clarissa , Li Li , Zhang Hongping , Ma Li , Liu George E.
Published: November 2021

Meiotic de novo mutation (DNM) is one of the important phenomena contributing to gamete genome diversity. However, except for humans and a few model organisms, they are not well studied in livestock, including cattle. Moreover, bulk sperm samples have been routinely utilized in experiments, which include millions of single sperm cells and only report high-frequency variants. In this study, we isolated and sequenced 143 single sperms from two Holstein bulls and identified hundreds of candidate DNM events in ten sperms with deep sequencing coverage. We estimated DNM rates ranging from 1.08 × 10−8 to 3.78 × 10−8 per nucleotide per generation. We further validated 12 out of 14 selected DNM events using Sanger sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first single sperm whole-genome sequencing effort in livestock, which provided useful information for future studies of point mutations and male fertility. Our preliminary results pointed out future research directions and highlighted the importance of uniform whole genome amplification, deep sequence coverage, and dedicated software pipelines for genetic variant detection using single-cell sequencing data.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Tilt-Series Data from In-Situ Chondrocyte Primary Cilia
Authors: Jennings Michael J. , Molteno Timothy C. A. , Walker Robert J. , Bedford Jennifer J. , Leader John P. , Poole Tony
Published: November 2021

The primary cilium has recently become the focus of intensive investigations into understanding the physical structure and processes of eukaryotic cells. This paper describes two tilt-series image datasets, acquired by transmission electron microscopy, of in situ chick-embryo sternal-cartilage primary cilia. These data have been released under an open-access licence, and are well suited to tomographic reconstruction and modelling of the cilium.
Machine Learning Consensus Clustering Approach for Hospitalized Patients with Dysmagnesemia
Authors: Thongprayoon Charat , Sy-Go Janina Paula T. , Nissaisorakarn Voravech , Dumancas Carissa Y. , Keddis Mira T. , Kattah Andrea G. , Pattharanitima Pattharawin , Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra , Mao Michael A. , Qureshi Fawad , Garovic Vesna D. , Dillon John J. , Erickson Stephen B. , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: November 2021

Background: The objectives of this study were to classify patients with serum magnesium derangement on hospital admission into clusters using unsupervised machine learning approach and to evaluate the mortality risks among these distinct clusters. Methods: Consensus cluster analysis was performed based on demographic information, principal diagnoses, comorbidities, and laboratory data in hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium ≤ 1.6 mg/dL) and hypermagnesemia cohorts (serum magnesium ≥ 2.4 mg/dL). Each cluster’s key features were determined using the standardized mean difference. The associations of the clusters with hospital mortality and one-year mortality were assessed. Results: In hypomagnesemia cohort (n = 13,320), consensus cluster analysis identified three clusters. Cluster 1 patients had the highest comorbidity burden and lowest serum magnesium. Cluster 2 patients had the youngest age, lowest comorbidity burden, and highest kidney function. Cluster 3 patients had the oldest age and lowest kidney function. Cluster 1 and cluster 3 were associated with higher hospital and one-year mortality compared to cluster 2. In hypermagnesemia cohort (n = 4671), the analysis identified two clusters. Compared to cluster 1, the key features of cluster 2 included older age, higher comorbidity burden, more hospital admissions primarily due to kidney disease, more acute kidney injury, and lower kidney function. Compared to cluster 1, cluster 2 was associated with higher hospital mortality and one-year mortality. Conclusion: Our cluster analysis identified clinically distinct phenotypes with differing mortality risks in hospitalized patients with dysmagnesemia. Future studies are required to assess the application of this ML consensus clustering approach to care for hospitalized patients with dysmagnesemia.
Predictors of Positive Video Capsule Endoscopy Findings for Chronic Unexplained Abdominal Pain: Single-Center Retrospective Study and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kim Wonshik , Lee Beomjae , Yoo Ahyoung , Kim Seunghan , Joo Moonkyung , Park Jong-Jae
Published: November 2021

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is an effective diagnostic modality for detecting small bowel lesions. However, the value of VCE for patients with chronic recurrent abdominal pain (CAP) of unknown etiology remains obscure. We retrospectively analyzed factors that could predict enteropathy based on the medical records of 65 patients with unexplained chronic recurrent abdominal pain (CAP) who were assessed using VCE between 2001 and 2021. We also conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to validate our results. The positive findings of 27 (41.5%) of the 65 patients were mostly ulcerative lesions including stricture (n = 14, 60.9%) and erosion (n = 8, 29.7%). Multivariate analysis identified elevated ESR (OR, 1.06, 95% CI, 1.02–1.1, p = 0.004) as a significant risk factor for enteropathy predicted by VCE. Three eligible studies in the meta-analysis included 523 patients with CAP. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR, 14.09; 95% CI, 2.81–70.60; p = 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (OR, 14.45; 95% CI, 0.92–227.33; p = 0.06) indicated VCE-positive findings in patients with unexplained abdominal pain. Elevated levels of the inflammatory markers ESR and CRP can thus predict positive VCE findings in patients with CAP.
Developing a Technique for the Imaging-Based Measurement of ACL Elongation: A Proof of Principle
Authors: Csapo Robert , Heinrich Dieter , Vigotsky Andrew D. , Marx Christian , Sinha Shantanu , Fink Christian
Published: November 2021

Towards the goal of obtaining non-invasive biomarkers reflecting the anterior cruciate ligament’s (ACL) loading capacity, this project aimed to develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based method facilitating the measurement of ACL elongations during the execution of knee stress tests. An MRI-compatible, computer-controlled, and pneumatically driven knee loading device was designed to perform Lachman-like tests and induce ACL strain. A human cadaveric leg was used for test purposes. During the execution of the stress tests, a triggered real-time cine MRI sequence with a temporal resolution of 10 Hz was acquired in a parasagittal plane to capture the resultant ACL elongations. To test the accuracy of these measurements, the results were compared to in situ data of ACL elongation that were acquired by measuring the length changes of a surgical wire directly sutured to the ACL’s anteromedial bundle. The MRI-based ACL elongations ranged between 0.7 and 1.7 mm and agreed very well with in situ data (root mean square errors, RMSEs ≤ 0.25 mm), although peak elongation rates were underestimated by the MRI (RMSEs 0.19–0.36 mm/s). The high accuracy of elongation measurements underlines the potential of the technique to yield an imaging-based biomarker of the ACL’s loading capacity.
Diffusion Generalized MCC with a Variable Center Algorithm for Robust Distributed Estimation
Authors: Ma Wentao , Cai Panfei , Sun Fengyuan , Kou Xiao , Wang Xiaofei , Yin Jianning
Published: November 2021

Classical adaptive filtering algorithms with a diffusion strategy under the mean square error (MSE) criterion can face difficulties in distributed estimation (DE) over networks in a complex noise environment, such as non-zero mean non-Gaussian noise, with the object of ensuring a robust performance. In order to overcome such limitations, this paper proposes a novel robust diffusion adaptive filtering algorithm, which is developed by using a variable center generalized maximum Correntropy criterion (GMCC-VC). Generalized Correntropy with a variable center is first defined by introducing a non-zero center to the original generalized Correntropy, which can be used as robust cost function, called GMCC-VC, for adaptive filtering algorithms. In order to improve the robustness of the traditional MSE-based DE algorithms, the GMCC-VC is used in a diffusion adaptive filter to design a novel robust DE method with the adapt-then-combine strategy. This can achieve outstanding steady-state performance under non-Gaussian noise environments because the GMCC-VC can match the distribution of the noise with that of non-zero mean non-Gaussian noise. The simulation results for distributed estimation under non-zero mean non-Gaussian noise cases demonstrate that the proposed diffusion GMCC-VC approach produces a more robustness and stable performance than some other comparable DE methods.
Assessment of Biochar Produced by Flame-Curtain Pyrolysis as a Precursor for the Development of an Efficient Electric Double-Layer Capacitor
Authors: Tsubota Toshiki , Tsuchiya Shion , Kusumoto Tatsuya , Kalderis Dimitrios
Published: November 2021

Pine tree biochar produced by flame-curtain pyrolysis, an inexpensive and simple pyrolysis methodology, was used as the starting material for KOH-activated carbon. Flame-curtain pyrolysis is a simple, low-technology methodology that can be performed by non-specialized personnel. The elemental analysis of the biochars highlighted the high reproducibility of the process. The N2 adsorption isotherms indicated that KOH activation was effective for the preparation of high-surface-area activated carbons from the biochar. The BET specific surface area increased with the quantity of KOH added in the activation process, achieving a maximum value of 3014 m2 g−1 at 85.7 wt.% of KOH addition. The adsorption isotherms of all samples were IUPAC type I, establishing their microporous nature. Results from the Mikhail–Brunauer (MP) method and αs plot indicated that the pore size distribution became wider and the pore volume increased as the KOH content increased. The measured capacitance values followed the same dependence on KOH content. The maximum capacitance value at 1 mV s−1 was determined as 200.6 F g−1 for the sample prepared at 75 wt.% of KOH addition. Therefore, pine tree biochar prepared by simple pyrolysis equipment is a suitable precursor for the development of an electric double-layer capacitor.
Leaching Potential of Phosphite Fertilizer in Sandy Soils of the Southern Coastal Plain, USA
Authors: Szogi Ariel A. , Shumaker Paul D. , Billman Eric D. , Bauer Philip J.
Published: November 2021

Novel biotechnology on transgenic plants capable of metabolizing phosphite (Phi), a reduced form of P, could improve the effectiveness of P fertilizers and reduce the P footprint in agriculture with the benefit of suppressing weed growth. However, potassium Phi (K-Phi) salts used as fertilizer are highly soluble in water. At the same time, sandy soils of the Southern Coastal Plain are vulnerable to leaching losses resulting from long-term Pi fertilizer application. We performed a replicated leaching trial using five soil materials that included three surface and two subsurface layers from cultivated topsoil (Ap horizon) with contrasting Phi and Pi sorption capacities. Each soil received three treatments K-Phi at rates 0 (control), 24, and 49 kg P ha−1 and leached twice with de-ionized water. All K-Phi-treated soils leached Phi except for the controls. A phosphorus saturation ratio (PSR) calculated from P, Al, and Fe in acid extracts indicated increasing environmental risk of Phi leaching in soils with lower Phi and Pi sorption capacities at rising rates of applied K-Phi. Because plants rapidly absorb Phi, further studies on the environmental impact of K-Phi fertilizer use should include the interaction of plants with soil properties and soil microbial activity at optimal Phi application rates for growing transgenic plants able to use Phi as a nutrient source.
Environmental Impact of a Mass Timber Building—A Case Study
Authors: Vanova Rozalia , Stompf Patrik , Stefko Jozef , Stefkova Jaroslava
Published: November 2021

The study focuses on a life cycle assessment of a wood-based residential building and evaluates the magnitude of individual construction components—foundations, flooring, peripheral wall, inner walls, ceiling, roof, windows, and doors—in terms of climate change; acidification; eutrophication; photochemical oxidation; depletion of abiotic elements and fossil fuels; and water scarcity categories within the system boundaries of the Product stage of the life cycle. The assessment was done using the SimaPro software and the ecoinvent database. The results pointed at the advantages of mass timber as a construction material and highlighted the significance in the type of insulation used. Foundations were found to bear the highest share of impact on photochemical oxidation reaching nearly 30% and depletion of fossil fuels accounting for about 25% of that impact. Peripheral wall was ranked the worst in terms of impact on acidification and eutrophication (more than 25% of both), depletion of elements (responsible for 50% of that impact), and had about 60% impact on water scarcity. After adding up carbon emissions and removals, the embodied impact of the whole construction on climate change was detected to be 8185.19 kg CO2 eq emissions which corresponded with 57.08 kg CO2 eq/m2 of gross internal area. A negative carbon composition of the construction was also set.
Decoupling the Effect of Climate and Land-Use Changes on Carbon Sequestration of Vegetation in Mideast Hunan Province, China
Authors: Liu Cong , Liu Zelin , Xie Binggeng , Liang Yuan , Li Xiaoqing , Zhou Kaichun
Published: November 2021

Urbanization and global climate change are two important global environmental phenomena in the 21st century. Human activities and climate changes usually increase the uncertainties of the ecosystem functions and structures and can greatly affect regional landscape patterns and the carbon cycle. Consequently, it is critical to understand how various climate and land-use changes influence the carbon dynamics at a regional scale. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the spatial and temporal changes of net primary productivity (NPP) and the effects of climate factors and human disturbance factors (i.e., land-use changes) on the “Chang–Zhu–Tan” (CZT) urban agglomeration region from 2000 to 2015. The Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model was combined with spatially explicit land-use maps, monthly climate data, and MODIS NDVI images to simulate the carbon dynamics in the CZT area. Based on our six different scenarios, we also analyzed the relative roles of climate change and land-use change in total production. Our results indicated that the annual NPP of the study area maintained an upward trend by 7.31 gC•m−2•yr−1 between 2000 and 2015. At the same time, the average annual NPP was 628.99 gC•m−2 in the CZT area. We also found that the NPP was lower in the middle of the north region than in others. In addition, land-use changes could contribute to a positive effect on the total production in the study area by 3.42 T gC. Meanwhile, the effect of climate changes on the total production amounted to −1.44 T gC in the same region and period. Temperature and precipitation had negative effects on carbon sequestration from 2000 to 2015. As forest land constituted over 62.60% of the total land use from 2000 to 2015, the negative effect of carbon sequestration caused by urbanization could be ignored in the CZT area. Although climate and land-use changes had simultaneously positive and negative effects during the period 2000–2015, prioritizing the protection of existing forest land could contribute to increasing carbon sequestration and storage at the regional scale. Our study assists in understanding the impact of climate changes and land-use changes on carbon sequestration while providing a scientific basis for the rational and effective protection of the ecological environment in mid-east Hunan Province, China.
Effects of Single or Combined Administration of Dietary Synbiotic and Sodium Propionate on Humoral Immunity and Oxidative Defense, Digestive Enzymes and Growth Performances of African Cichlid (Labidochromis lividus) Challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Safari Omid , Sarkheil Mehrdad , Shahsavani Davar , Paolucci Marina
Published: November 2021

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of dietary synbiotic (SYN) (Pediococcus acidilactici + Galactooligosaccharides; 10 g kg−1), sodium propionate (SP; 5, 10 and 20 g kg−1) and a combination of SYN + SP on the growth performance, humoral immunity, antioxidant responses and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of African cichlid (Labidochromis lividus) fingerlings (0.52 ± 0.05 g) in a feeding trial lasting 63 days. A completely randomized design was run with eight treatments, including 0 (control) and supplemented diets containing SYN + SP (e.g., 10 + 5, 10 + 10, 10 + 20, 0 + 5, 0 + 10, 0 + 20 and 10 + 10). The lowest feed conversion ratio value was observed in fish fed the 5 g kg−1-SP and 10 g kg−1-SYN (p < 0.05). The highest values of protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were recorded in fish fed the 10 g kg−1-SYN (p < 0.05). Fish fed the 10 g kg−1-SYN diet had the highest activities of immunity (lysozyme, immunoglobulin) and antioxidant responses (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) (p < 0.05). After 28 days post-challenge, the highest survival rate (57%) was recorded in the diet containing 10 g kg−1 SYN and 5 g kg−1 SP. The results indicated that the single administration of SYN or combined with SP, especially at the level of 5 g kg−1 of diet, enhanced the survival and growth performances, humoral immune response, antioxidant and digestive enzymes of African cichlid.
Wind Effects on a Permeable Double Skin Façade, the ENI Head Office Case Study
Authors: Pomaranzi Giulia , Bistoni Ombretta , Schito Paolo , Rosa Lorenzo , Zasso Alberto
Published: November 2021

Currently, the energy and environmental efficiency of buildings has led to the development of cladding systems that may help to reduce the structure’s energy demand, using techniques such as the Permeable Double Skin Façade (PDSF). Given complex aerodynamic interactions, the presence of an external porous screen in addition to an inner skin may play a crucial role in the fluid-dynamic characterization of such buildings, making the definition of wind effects very complex. A new methodology for the quantitative assessment of the impact of wind-loading conditions on this particular type of cladding is presented. It is based on a combined experimental–numerical approach, essentially based on wind-tunnel tests on a rigid scale model and computational fluid dynamic simulations. A case study is proposed as an application of this methodology. Results include the design pressure values for the inner glazed façade and the permeable facade. An estimation of the flow rate across the porous skin is quantified using the numerical model.
RETRACTED: Irreversibility Analysis for Eyring–Powell Nanoliquid Flow Past Magnetized Riga Device with Nonlinear Thermal Radiation
Authors: Fatunmbi Ephesus , Adeosun Adeshina , Salawu Sulyman
Published: November 2021

The report contained in this article is based on entropy generation for a reactive Eyring–Powell nanoliquid transfer past a porous vertical Riga device. In the developed model, the impacts of viscous dissipation, thermophoresis alongside nonlinear heat radiation and varying heat conductivity are modelled into the heat equation. The dimensionless transport equations are analytically tackled via Homotopy analysis method while the computational values of chosen parameters are compared with the Galerkin weighted residual method. Graphical information of the various parameters that emerged from the model are obtained and deliberated effectively. The consequences of this study are that the temperature field expands with thermophoresis, Brownian motion and temperature ratio parameters as the modified Hartmann number compels a rise in the velocity profile. The entropy generation rises with an uplift in fluid material term as well as Biot and Eckert numbers whereas Bejan number lessens with Darcy and Eckert parameters.
Existence of Solutions to a Class of Nonlinear Arbitrary Order Differential Equations Subject to Integral Boundary Conditions
Authors: Thakur Ananta , Ali Javid , Rodríguez-López Rosana
Published: November 2021

We investigate the existence of positive solutions for a class of fractional differential equations of arbitrary order δ>2, subject to boundary conditions that include an integral operator of the fractional type. The consideration of this type of boundary conditions allows us to consider heterogeneity on the dependence specified by the restriction added to the equation as a relevant issue for applications. An existence result is obtained for the sublinear and superlinear case by using the Guo–Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem through the definition of adequate conical shells that allow us to localize the solution. As additional tools in our procedure, we obtain the explicit expression of Green’s function associated to an auxiliary linear fractional boundary value problem, and we study some of its properties, such as the sign and some useful upper and lower estimates. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the results.
Anomalous Stochastic Transport of Particles with Self-Reinforcement and Mittag–Leffler Distributed Rest Times
Authors: Han Daniel , Alexandrov Dmitri V. , Gavrilova Anna , Fedotov Sergei
Published: November 2021

We introduce a persistent random walk model for the stochastic transport of particles involving self-reinforcement and a rest state with Mittag–Leffler distributed residence times. The model involves a system of hyperbolic partial differential equations with a non-local switching term described by the Riemann–Liouville derivative. From Monte Carlo simulations, we found that this model generates superdiffusion at intermediate times but reverts to subdiffusion in the long time asymptotic limit. To confirm this result, we derived the equation for the second moment and find that it is subdiffusive in the long time limit. Analyses of two simpler models are also included, which demonstrate the dominance of the Mittag–Leffler rest state leading to subdiffusion. The observation that transient superdiffusion occurs in an eventually subdiffusive system is a useful feature for applications in stochastic biological transport.
Preliminary Evidence of Endotoxin Tolerance in Dairy Cows during the Transition Period
Authors: Filipe Joel , Inglesi Alessia , Amadori Massimo , Guarneri Flavia , Menchetti Laura , Curone Giulio , Brecchia Gabriele , Vigo Daniele , Riva Federica
Published: November 2021

The blastogenic response of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has been investigated for a long time in our laboratories. In particular, a possible correlation between the blastogenic response to LPS and the disease resistance of dairy cows has been suggested in previous studies. Isolated PBMCs from eight cows at three different time points during the transition period (T0 = 15 days before calving; T1 = 7 days post-calving; T2 = 21 days post-calving) were cultured in the presence or absence of LPS, and the blastogenic response was assayed 72 h after in vitro stimulation. Moreover, the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and kynurenine pathway molecules was investigated by real-time RT-PCR on both unstimulated and stimulated PBMCs. The cows were retrospectively divided into healthy and diseased, based on the development of peripartum diseases (subclinical ketosis and placenta retention). The comparison between healthy and diseased cows suggested that healthy animals seemed to better control the response to LPS. On the contrary, diseased animals showed a much higher inflammatory response to LPS. Moreover, cows were retrospectively classified as high and low responders based on the in vitro proliferative response of PBMCs to LPS, using the median value as a threshold. Unstimulated PBMCs of low responders showed higher expression of the proinflammatory cytokines Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), compared to high responders. Our preliminary data suggest that, during the peripartum period, high responders seem to be more tolerant to endotoxins and develop a lower inflammatory response to different stressors. Instead, low responders could be more prone to the development of unwanted inflammatory conditions in response to mild/moderate stressors.
Robotic Total Station Monitoring in High Alpine Paraglacial Environments: Challenges and Solutions from the Great Aletsch Region (Valais, Switzerland)
Authors: Glueer Franziska , Loew Simon , Seifert Reto , Aaron Jordan , Grämiger Lorenz , Conzett Stefan , Limpach Philippe , Wieser Andreas , Manconi Andrea
Published: November 2021

Investigating surface displacements in high alpine environments is often subject to challenges due to the difficult accessibility or harsh climatic conditions. Measurement systems have improved greatly in recent years regarding accuracy, range, or energy consumption. Continuously receiving high-precision, real-time monitoring data from a remote location can still support a better understanding of slope dynamics and risk. We present the design, construction, operation, and performance of a complex surface displacement monitoring system installed in the surroundings of the Great Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps, based on two robotic total stations to continuously measure 3D displacements with high accuracies. In addition, GNSS stations are also considered in order to pass from a local to a geographic reference system, as well as to improve the measurement accuracy. The monitoring network is aimed at studying several types of deformation processes, i.e., (i) gravitationally driven and irreversible rockslide movements around the tongue of the Great Aletsch Glacier, (ii) reversible rock slope deformations caused by annual cycles of groundwater recharge and depletion, and (iii) small irreversible deformations of stable rock slopes resulting from progressive rock damage driven by glacier retreat and cyclic hydraulic and thermal loading. We describe the technical details of the monitoring system, which has been in operation successfully for 6 years, and discuss the system performance in terms of its robustness and accuracy.
Postharvest Treatment of ‘Florida Prince’ Peaches with a Calcium Nanoparticle–Ascorbic Acid Mixture during Cold Storage and Its Effect on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
Authors: A. A. Lo’ay , Ismail Hamed , Kassem Hazem S.
Published: November 2021

Chilling injury (CI) is a physiological disorder resulting from low storage temperatures that affects the fruit quality and marketing of the ‘Florida Prince’ peach. In this study, the exogenous application of a mixture of calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) and ascorbic acid was found to significantly alleviate the symptoms of CI in peaches during cold storage. Fruits were treated with CaNPs plus different concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA; 0, 3, 6, and 9 mM). Peaches were immersed in CaNP–AA for 15 min before being stored at 4 ± 1 °C and 95 ± 1% RH for 30 days. We observed that the 9 mM CaNP–AA treatment lowered the values for the CI index, ion leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased antioxidant enzyme activities (AEAs), such as for ascorbate oxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR). Furthermore, the treatment reduced the accumulation of both H2O2 and O2•− and increased the level of DPPH reduction throughout the duration of cold storage. Our results suggest that 9 mM CaNP–AA treatment suppresses the incidence of CI in peach fruit throughout cold storage, possibly because 9 mM CaNP–AA is at least partly involved in enhancing the antioxidant system via its effect on antioxidant substances. The results indicate that applying the 9 mM CaNP–AA treatment afforded peaches with enhanced tolerance against cold storage stress.
The bis(Biphenyl)phosphorus Fragment in Trivalent and Tetravalent P-Environments
Authors: Hoffmann Jonas , Duvinage Daniel , Lork Enno , Staubitz Anne
Published: November 2021

Diaryl substituted phosphorus (III) compounds are commonly used motifs in synthesis. Although the basic synthetic routes to these molecules starting from PCl3 are well reported, sterically hindered aryl substituents can be difficult to introduce, especially if the P atom is in ortho position to another group. This work explores the chemistry of the bis(biphenyl)phosphorus(III) fragment. As third substituents, H, M, Cl, NR2, two group 14 element substituents and also Li were introduced in high-yielding processes offering a wide chemical variety of the bis(biphenyl) phosphine motif. In addition, also a tetravalent phosphine borane adduct was isolated. All structures were thoroughly investigated by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, the reaction conditions are discussed in connection with the structures and four crystal structures of the aminophosphine, phosphine, phosphine borane and phosphide are provided. The latter crystallized as a dimer with a unique planar P2Li2 ring, which is stabilized by the non-covalent C⋯Li interaction arising from the biphenyl motif and represents a rare example of a donor-free planar P2Li2 ring.
HIGROTERM: An Open-Source and Low-Cost Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System for Laboratory Applications
Authors: Rocha Ribeiro Renan , Bauer Elton , Lameiras Rodrigo
Published: November 2021

Low-cost electronics developed on easy-to-use prototyping platforms, such as Arduino, are becoming increasingly popular in various fields of science. This article presents an open-source and low-cost eight-channel data-logging system for temperature and humidity monitoring based on DHT22 (AM2302) sensors, named HIGROTERM. The system was designed to solve real needs of the Laboratory of Material Testing of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Brasília. The system design, functionalities, hardware components, source code, bill of materials, assemblage and enclosure are thoroughly described to enable complete reproduction by the interested reader. The terminologies and instructions presented were simplified as much as possible to make it accessible to the greatest extent to researchers from different areas, especially those without electronics background. The data-acquisition system has an estimated total cost of USD 96.00, or USD 136.00 if eight sensor nodes are included, with a considerable margin for cost reduction. The authors expect that the HIGROTERM system may both be a valuable low-cost and customizable tool for the readers, as well a source of innovation and interest in low-cost electronics for real problem-solving in various fields of science.