bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A molecular and genomic reference system for conifer defence against insects
Authors: Whitehill Justin G.A. , Bohlmann Jörg
Published: May 2019

Insect pests are part of natural forest ecosystems contributing to forest rejuvenation but can also cause ecological disturbance and economic losses that are expected to increase with climate change. The white pine or spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a pest of conifer forests in North America. Weevil–host interactions with various spruce (Picea) species have been explored as a genomic and molecular reference system for conifer defence against insects. Interactions occur in two major phases of the insect life cycle. In the exophase, adult weevils are free‐moving and display behaviour of host selection for oviposition that is affected by host traits. In the endophase, insects live within the host where mobility and development from eggs to young adults are affected by a complex system of host defences. Genetic resistance exists in several spruce species and involves synergism of constitutive and induced chemical and physical defences that comprise the conifer defence syndrome. Here, we review conifer defences that disrupt the weevil life cycle and mechanisms by which trees resist weevil attack. We highlight molecular and genomic aspects and a possible role for the weevil microbiome. Knowledge of this conifer defence system is supporting forest health strategies and tree breeding for insect resistance.
Postinjection abscesses and granulomas in children adopted from Russia
Authors: Kimes Kate , Marchalik Rachel , Aivaz Ohara , Norton Scott A.
Published: May 2019

Up to 1.3 million children from the former Soviet Union (fSU) and Eastern Europe have been placed in institutional care worldwide. With the hope of ensuring the child's health in the immediate post‐adoption period, these children are known to receive many injections of vaccines, vitamins, and medications, many unnecessary and often administered with unsafe technique. This practice can lead to formation of suppurative granulomas in these children. Though rare, dermatologists should be aware of these conditions in adoptees from Eastern Europe.
Real‐life effectiveness of inhaler device switch from dry powder inhalers to pressurized metred‐dose inhalers in patients with asthma treated with ICS/LABA
Authors: Park Hae‐Sim , Yoon Dukyong , Lee Hyun Young , Ban Ga‐Young , Wan Yau Ming Simon , Jie Joanna Ling Zhi , Carter Victoria , Hardjojo Antony , Van Boven Job F.M. , Price David B.
Published: May 2019

Background and objective

Mixed inhaler device use for asthma is associated with worse inhaler technique and outcomes. Given that relievers are commonly prescribed as pressurized metred‐dose inhalers (pMDI), changing preventers from dry powder inhalers (DPI) to pMDI may improve asthma outcomes. This study aimed to assess the persistence and effectiveness of switching from DPI to pMDI for inhaled corticosteroid and long‐acting β2‐agonist combination therapy (ICS/LABA).

Methods

This was a historical cohort study using Ajou University Hospital (Korea) patient records. Persistence of switch was defined as receiving ≥1 pMDI and no DPI after the switch. Effectiveness of switch was assessed as the proportion without severe asthma exacerbation and the proportion achieving risk domain asthma control (RDAC; no asthma‐related hospitalization, antibiotics without upper respiratory diagnosis or acute course of oral corticosteroids) and overall asthma control (OAC; RDAC and ≤ 200 μg salbutamol/≤500 μg terbutaline average daily dose) comparing 1 year after and before the switch.

Results

Within 85 patients who switched from DPI to pMDI and persisted for a year, higher proportion were free from asthma exacerbation after the switch (mean difference in proportion = 0.129, 95% CI: 0.038–0.220). Switching to pMDI was also associated with better RDAC (75.3% vs 57.7%, P = 0.001) and OAC (57.7% vs 45.9%, P = 0.021). From the entire 117 patients who switched to fixed‐dose combination (FDC)/ICS LABA pMDI, 76.1% (95% CI: 69.0–100.0%) patients persisted in the following 6 months.

Conclusion

Switching to and persisting with pMDI was associated with decreased asthma exacerbations and improved asthma control. The majority of patients persisted with the switch to pMDI for ICS/LABA treatment.
Network Reconfiguration for Increasing Transportation System Resilience Under Extreme Events
Authors: Zhang Xiaoge , Mahadevan Sankaran , Goebel Kai
Published: May 2019

Evacuating residents out of affected areas is an important strategy for mitigating the impact of natural disasters. However, the resulting abrupt increase in the travel demand during evacuation causes severe congestions across the transportation system, which thereby interrupts other commuters' regular activities. In this article, a bilevel mathematical optimization model is formulated to address this issue, and our research objective is to maximize the transportation system resilience and restore its performance through two network reconfiguration schemes: contraflow (also referred to as lane reversal) and crossing elimination at intersections. Mathematical models are developed to represent the two reconfiguration schemes and characterize the interactions between traffic operators and passengers. Specifically, traffic operators act as leaders to determine the optimal system reconfiguration to minimize the total travel time for all the users (both evacuees and regular commuters), while passengers act as followers by freely choosing the path with the minimum travel time, which eventually converges to a user equilibrium state. For each given network reconfiguration, the lower‐level problem is formulated as a traffic assignment problem (TAP) where each user tries to minimize his/her own travel time. To tackle the lower‐level optimization problem, a gradient projection method is leveraged to shift the flow from other nonshortest paths to the shortest path between each origin–destination pair, eventually converging to the user equilibrium traffic assignment. The upper‐level problem is formulated as a constrained discrete optimization problem, and a probabilistic solution discovery algorithm is used to obtain the near‐optimal solution. Two numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in restoring the traffic system performance.
Understanding Community Resilience from a PRA Perspective Using Binary Decision Diagrams
Authors: Nozhati Saeed , Ellingwood Bruce R. , Mahmoud Hussam
Published: May 2019

Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is a useful tool to assess complex interconnected systems. This article leverages the capabilities of PRA tools developed for industrial and nuclear risk analysis in community resilience evaluations by modeling the food security of a community in terms of its built environment as an integrated system. To this end, we model the performance of Gilroy, CA, a moderate‐size town, with regard to disruptions in its food supply caused by a severe earthquake. The food retailers of Gilroy, along with the electrical power network, water network elements, and bridges are considered as components of a system. Fault and event trees are constructed to model the requirements for continuous food supply to community residents and are analyzed efficiently using binary decision diagrams (BDDs). The study also identifies shortcomings in approximate classical system analysis methods in assessing community resilience. Importance factors are utilized to rank the importance of various factors to the overall risk of food insecurity. Finally, the study considers the impact of various sources of uncertainties in the hazard modeling and performance of infrastructure on food security measures. The methodology can be applicable for any existing critical infrastructure system and has potential extensions to other hazards.
Informal caregivers’ judgements on sharing care with home care professionals from an intersectional perspective: the influence of personal and situational characteristics
Authors: Wittenberg Yvette , de Boer Alice , Plaisier Inger , Verhoeff Arnoud , Kwekkeboom Rick
Published: May 2019

The European policy emphasis on providing informal care at home causes caregivers and home care professionals having more contact with each other, which makes it important for them to find satisfying ways to share care. Findings from the literature show that sharing care between caregivers and professionals can be improved. This study therefore examines to what degree and why caregivers’ judgements on sharing care with home care professionals vary. To improve our understanding of social inequities in caregiving experiences, the study adopts an intersectional perspective. We investigate how personal and situational characteristics attached to care judgements are interwoven. Using data of the Netherlands Institute for Social Research, we conducted bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis (N = 292). We combined four survey questions into a 1–4 scale on ‘caregiver judgement’ (α = 0.69) and used caregivers’ personal (such as gender and health status) and situational characteristics (such as the care recipient's impairment and type of care) as determinants to discern whether these are related to the caregivers’ judgement. Using a multiplicative approach, we also examined the relationship between mutually constituting factors of the caregivers’ judgement. Adjusted for all characteristics, caregivers who provide care to a parent or child with a mental impairment and those aged between 45 and 64 years or with a paid job providing care to someone with a mental impairment are likely to judge sharing care more negatively. Also, men providing care with help from other caregivers and caregivers providing care because they like to do so who provide domestic help seem more likely to be less satisfied about sharing care. This knowledge is vital for professionals providing home care, because it clarifies differences in caregivers’ experiences and hence induce knowledge how to pay special attention to those who may experience less satisfaction while sharing care.
Suicide Typologies in the United States Air Force: A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
Authors: Martin Jeffery S. , Novak Laura A. , Perera Kanchana , Olsen Cara H. , Kindt Michael T. , LaCroix Jessica M. , Bennion Layne , Lee‐Tauler Su Yeon , Ghahramanlou‐Holloway Marjan
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study describes characteristics of United States Air Force (USAF) suicide decedents and determines subgroups.

Method

Retrospective review of demographic, psychiatric, event‐related, and psychosocial variables for USAF suicide decedents in the Suicide Event Surveillance System database was conducted between February 1999 and July 2009 (N = 376). Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to determine initial clusters and cluster centroids.

Results

Analyses identified three clusters. Cluster 1 (n = 149) individuals were mostly single or divorced, E‐1‐E‐6 rank, living alone, and less likely to have psychiatric disorder diagnoses or engage with most helping resources. Cluster 2 (n = 126) decedents were mostly married, living with a partner, higher ranking, and least likely to communicate suicide intent. Cluster 3 (n = 101) individuals were mostly E‐4‐E‐6 rank, with the highest rates of most psychiatric diagnoses, previous suicide‐related events, engagement with multiple helping resources, communication of intent, and psychosocial precipitants. Clusters differed significantly in marital status, rank, psychiatric diagnoses, precipitants, service utilization, previous suicide‐related events, risk factors, communication of intent, location and method of death, and residential status.

Conclusions

This study identifies empirically based suicide typologies within a military decedent sample. While further research and replications of findings are needed, these typologies have clinical and policy implications for military suicide prevention.
Epidemiology of physical activity‐related injuries in Chinese university students
Authors: Cai Weicong , Gao Lijie , Li Liping , Gao Yang , Jia Cunxian , Yang Wenda , Duan Shiwei , Zhang Hongjuan
Published: May 2019

Knowledge gaps of the physical activity‐related injury (PARI) problem among general undergraduates exist. We conducted a study in four universities, where 1421 students graded 1‐3 were interviewed face‐to‐face during April and May after their completion of the baseline survey in March and April 2017, aiming to describe the incidence and characteristics of PARI. PARI experience and physical activity (PA) participation in the past 12 months were collected. Injury incidence density (IID) and risk, and injury characteristics were evaluated for the overall sample and by gender. Pearson chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests and independent‐sample t tests were used to test between‐group differences. We found that 486 PARIs were reported totally by 289 participants, with an overall IID of 0.57 per 1000 hours of exposure (males: 1.07, females: 0.45) and an injury risk of 0.34 injuries/student/y (males: 0.52; females: 0.28). Higher IIDs were found in roller skating, football, and basketball. The majority of injuries occurred outdoors and involved the lower extremities, with sprain and strain being the primary injury types. Moreover, most injuries were new, acute, and happened in non‐contact situations. Of all injuries, 52.1% required medical attention and 64.6% resulted in inactivity of one or more days. Some significant differences were observed between males and females. Our study indicates that PARI is a public health concern among Chinese university students, which can provide direction for targeted prophylactic interventions to underpin the sex‐specific injury mechanism to reduce PARI.
Patellar and hamstring autografts are associated with different jump task loading asymmetries after ACL reconstruction
Authors: Miles Joshua J. , King Enda , Falvey Éanna Cian , Daniels Katherine A. J.
Published: May 2019

After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), there is a higher re‐injury rate to the contralateral limb in athletes who undergo surgery using a bone‐patellar‐tendon‐bone (BPTB) autograft than using a semitendinosus and gracilis hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. This may be influenced by differing lower‐limb loading asymmetries present when athletes of each graft type return to play (RTP). The aim of this study was to compare bilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) phase‐specific impulse asymmetries between athletes with BPTB and HT autografts 9 months post‐ACLR, and to identify the relationship between impulse and isokinetic strength asymmetries. Male field sport athletes with a BPTB (n = 22) or HT (n = 22) autograft were tested approximately 9 months post‐ACLR. An uninjured control group (n = 22) was also tested on a single occasion. Phase‐specific bilateral absolute impulse asymmetries were calculated during the CMJ and compared between groups using Kruskal‐Wallis and post‐hoc testing. A linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between impulse asymmetries and isokinetic concentric knee extensor strength asymmetries. BPTB athletes demonstrated greater impulse asymmetries than HT athletes during the eccentric (P = 0.01) and concentric (P = 0.008) phases of the jump. Isokinetic strength asymmetry was a significant predictor of CMJ concentric impulse asymmetry in both BPTB (r2 = 0.39) and HT athletes (r2 = 0.18) but not eccentric impulse asymmetry in any group. The greater loading asymmetries demonstrated by BPTB than HT athletes 9 months after ACLR may contribute to the differing incidence rates of contralateral ACL injury. The findings suggest that graft‐specific loading asymmetries should be targeted during rehabilitation prior to RTP.
Dose‐response effects of exercise on bone mineral density and content in post‐menopausal women
Authors: Gonzalo‐Encabo Paola , McNeil Jessica , Boyne Devon J. , Courneya Kerry S. , Friedenreich Christine M.
Published: May 2019

Exercise is one of the most widely used non‐pharmacological strategies to prevent bone resorption during menopause. Given the detrimental consequences of bone demineralization, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of prescribing different exercise volumes on bone mineral density and content in previously inactive, post‐menopausal women during a 12‐month intervention and 1 year after intervention completion. Four hundred post‐menopausal women were randomized to either 150 min/wk (MODERATE dose group) or 300 min/wk (HIGH dose group) of aerobic exercise. Total bone mineral density (g/cm2) and bone mineral content (g) were assessed at baseline, 12 months (end of the intervention) and 24 months (follow‐up) using whole body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. At 12 months, mean bone mineral density among women in the HIGH dose group was estimated to be 0.006 g/cm2 (95% CI: 0.001‐0.010; P = 0.02) higher than that of women randomized to the MODERATE dose group. At 24 months, the mean difference between groups remained statistically significant, indicating higher mean bone mineral density among women in the HIGH dose group (0.007 g/cm2; 0.001‐0.001; P = 0.04). No significant differences between groups were found at any time point for bone mineral content. In an exploratory analysis, women who completed more min/wk of impact exercises had significantly higher mean levels of bone mineral density at 12 months compared to baseline (0.006 g/cm2, 95% CI: 0.006‐0.012; P = 0.03). These findings suggest that higher volumes of exercise, especially impact exercise, lead to a smaller decline in total bone mineral density, which may remain following intervention completion.
Seeking authenticity in diverse contexts: How identities and environments constrain “free” choice
Authors: Aday Audrey , Schmader Toni
Published: May 2019

Diversity and inclusion are a key goal in 21st century society, but people continue to self‐segregate in occupations, communities, and everyday interactions. Are people's choices to separate by groups into these different spaces truly “free?” In this paper, we review and extend a new framework for understanding how social identities contextually and automatically constrain the choices people make. We consider how situations subtly cue a sense of fit to one's identity, automatically eliciting state authenticity and a desire to return to those settings that afford authenticity and avoid those that do not. Actors and observers alike often explain these behaviors after the fact as freely chosen. We discuss how the SAFE model can clarify and expand what it means to feel a sense of belonging and explain why those who are advantaged in a setting are often less aware of the way in which their identity advantages them. We end by highlighting how environments can be shaped to foster fit and authenticity among members of underrepresented groups as a means to facilitate diversity.
The Patterns of Asian Americans’ Partisan Choice: Policy Preferences and Racial Consciousness
Authors: Zheng Bang Quan
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study aims to examine the patterns of Asian Americans’ partisanship acquisition by asking why and in what ways Asian Americans develop partisan affiliation with the Democratic and Republican Party.

Methods

Drawing on the 2008 National Asian American Survey data and employing logistic regression analysis, this research situates the analytical framework on socioeconomic attainment and political socialization, and tests the extent to which socioeconomic status, policy preferences, and race‐based political commonality constitute the directional components contributing to partisan orientation.

Results

We find that socioeconomic status cannot efficiently predict Asian Americans’ partisan preferences; instead, Asian Americans’ partisanship acquisition derives mainly from policy preferences and a sense of minority political commonality and racial identity.

Conclusion

Different from white and African Americans, where socioeconomic attainment and a sense of in‐group linked fate tend to work efficiently to predict their partisanship, in the Asian‐American context, partisan orientation is grounded in a combination of liberal policy preferences and race‐based political calculus. Specifically, liberal policy preferences and the sense of political commonality with blacks and Latinos tend to lay a concrete groundwork for partisan identification with the Democratic Party.
Power Politics and Foreign Aid Delivery Tactics
Authors: Adhikari Bimal
Published: May 2019

Objective

This article explores the influence of aid recipient countries’ U.N. General Assembly voting on the amount of government‐to‐government economic assistance they receive from donor countries. I argue that major power donor states are swayed by recipient states’ voting records, while minor donors do not take U.N. General Assembly voting into consideration while formulating their aid policies.

Method

To explore the relationship, I utilize newly available, disaggregated foreign aid data.

Result

I find considerable empirical support for the assertion that dissimilar voting in the U.N. General Assembly results in less government‐to‐government aid from major power donors but has no effects on aid provided by minor power donors.

Conclusion

The findings show that foreign aid policies are based on donor countries’ position in the international system, where major power donors base their aid decisions mostly on strategic goals; minor power donors, on the other hand, prioritize recipient needs while formulating their foreign aid policies.
Out of the Orient: Post‐Tethyan transoceanic and trans‐Arabian routes fostered the spread of Baorini skippers in the Afrotropics
Authors: Toussaint Emmanuel F.A. , Vila Roger , Yago Masaya , Chiba Hideyuki , Warren Andrew D. , Aduse‐Poku Kwaku , Storer Caroline , Dexter Kelly M. , Maruyama Kiyoshi , Lohman David J. , Kawahara Akito Y.
Published: May 2019

The origin of taxa presenting a disjunct distribution between Africa and Asia has puzzled biogeographers for more than a century. This biogeographic pattern has been hypothesized to be the result of transoceanic long‐distance dispersal, Oligocene dispersal through forested corridors, Miocene dispersal through the Arabian Peninsula or passive dispersal on the rifting Indian plate. However, it has often been difficult to pinpoint the mechanisms at play. We investigate biotic exchange between the Afrotropics and the Oriental region during the Cenozoic, a period in which geological changes altered landmass connectivity. We use Baorini skippers (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) as a model, a widespread clade of butterflies in the Old World tropics with a disjunct distribution between the Afrotropics and the Oriental region. We use anchored phylogenomics to infer a robust evolutionary tree for Baorini skippers and estimate divergence times and ancestral ranges to test biogeographic hypotheses. Our phylogenomic tree recovers strongly supported relationships for Baorini skippers and clarifies the systematics of the tribe. Dating analyses suggest that these butterflies originated in the Oriental region, Greater Sunda Islands, and the Philippines in the early Miocene c. 23 Ma. Baorini skippers dispersed from the Oriental region towards Africa at least five times in the past 20 Ma. These butterflies colonized the Afrotropics primarily through trans‐Arabian geodispersal after the closure of the Tethyan seaway in the mid‐Miocene. Range expansion from the Oriental region towards the African continent probably occurred via the Gomphotherium land bridge through the Arabian Peninsula. Alternative scenarios invoking long‐distance dispersal and vicariance are not supported. The Miocene climate change and biome shift from forested areas to grasslands possibly facilitated geodispersal in this clade of butterflies.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*11:324 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Cargou Marine , Elsermans Vincent , Top Isabelle , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Visentin Jonathan
Published: May 2019

HLA‐A*11:324 differs from HLA‐A*11:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 317 in exon 6.
Description of the novel KIR2DL4*00603 allele identified in a Chinese Hani individual
Authors: Su Pincan , Yang Tonghua , Ma Haili , Zhang Guobin , Deng Zhi‐Hui
Published: May 2019

The novel KIR2DL4*00603 allele differs from the closest allele KIR2DL4*00602 by a silent mutation.
Evolution of coumaroyl conjugate 3‐hydroxylases in land plants: lignin biosynthesis and defense
Authors: Alber Annette V. , Renault Hugues , Basilio‐Lopes Alexandra , Bassard Jean‐Etienne , Liu Zhenhua , Ullmann Pascaline , Lesot Agnès , Bihel Frédéric , Schmitt Martine , Werck‐Reichhart Danièle , Ehlting Jürgen
Published: May 2019

Multiple adaptations were necessary when plants conquered the land. Among them were soluble phenylpropanoids related to plant protection and lignin necessary for upright growth and long‐distance water transport. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 98 (CYP98) catalyzes a rate‐limiting step in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that a single copy of CYP98 founded each major land plant lineage (bryophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms), and was maintained as a single copy in all lineages but the angiosperms. In angiosperms, a series of independent gene duplications and losses occurred. Biochemical assays in four angiosperm species tested showed that 4‐coumaroyl‐shikimate, a known intermediate in lignin biosynthesis, was the preferred substrate of one member in each species, while independent duplicates in Populus trichocarpa and Amborella trichopoda each showed broad substrate ranges, accepting numerous 4‐coumaroyl‐esters and ‐amines, and were thus capable of producing a wide range of hydroxycinnamoyl conjugates. The gymnosperm CYP98 from Pinus taeda showed a broad substrate range, but preferred 4‐coumaroyl‐shikimate as its best substrate. In contrast, CYP98s from the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii and the fern Pteris vittata converted 4‐coumaroyl‐shikimate poorly in vitro, but were able to use alternative substrates, in particular 4‐coumaroyl‐anthranilate. Thus, caffeoyl‐shikimate appears unlikely to be an intermediate in monolignol biosynthesis in non‐seed vascular plants, including ferns. The best substrate for CYP98A34 from the moss Physcomitrella patens was also 4‐coumaroyl‐anthranilate, while 4‐coumaroyl‐shikimate was converted to lower extents. Despite having in vitro activity with 4‐coumaroyl‐shikimate, CYP98A34 was unable to complement the Arabidopsis thaliana cyp98a3 loss‐of‐function phenotype, suggesting distinct properties also in vivo.
Under phosphate starvation conditions, Fe and Al trigger accumulation of the transcription factor STOP1 in the nucleus of Arabidopsis root cells
Authors: Godon Christian , Mercier Caroline , Wang Xiaoyue , David Pascale , Richaud Pierre , Nussaume Laurent , Liu Dong , Desnos Thierry
Published: May 2019

Low‐phosphate (Pi) conditions are known to repress primary root growth of Arabidopsis at low pH and in an Fe‐dependent manner. This growth arrest requires accumulation of the transcription factor STOP1 in the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of the malate transporter gene ALMT1; exuded malate is suspected to interact with extracellular Fe to inhibit root growth. In addition, ALS3 – an ABC‐like transporter identified for its role in tolerance to toxic Al – represses nuclear accumulation of STOP1 and the expression of ALMT1. Until now it was unclear whether Pi deficiency itself or Fe activates the accumulation of STOP1 in the nucleus. Here, by using different growth media to dissociate the effects of Fe from Pi deficiency itself, we demonstrate that Fe is sufficient to trigger the accumulation of STOP1 in the nucleus, which, in turn, activates the expression of ALMT1. We also show that a low pH is necessary to stimulate the Fe‐dependent accumulation of nuclear STOP1. Furthermore, pharmacological experiments indicate that Fe inhibits proteasomal degradation of STOP1. We also show that Al acts like Fe for nuclear accumulation of STOP1 and ALMT1 expression, and that the overaccumulation of STOP1 in the nucleus of the als3 mutant grown in low‐Pi conditions could be abolished by Fe deficiency. Altogether, our results indicate that, under low‐Pi conditions, Fe2/3+ and Al3+ act similarly to increase the stability of STOP1 and its accumulation in the nucleus where it activates the expression of ALMT1.
Eisosomes at the intersection of TORC1 and TORC2 regulation
Authors: Babst Markus
Published: May 2019

Eisosomes are furrows in the yeast plasma membrane that form a membrane domain with distinct lipid and protein composition. Recent studies highlighted the importance of this domain for the regulation of proton‐nutrient symporters. The amino acids and other nutrients, which these transporters deliver to the cytoplasm not only feed into metabolic pathways but also activate the metabolic regulator TORC1. Eisosomes have also been shown to harbor the membrane stress sensors Slm1 and Slm2. Membrane tension caused by hypoosmotic shock results in the redistribution of Slm1/2 from eisosomes to TORC2 which in turn regulates lipid synthesis. Therefore, eisosomes function upstream of both TORC1 and TORC2 regulation.
Treatment of exfoliative cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a German shorthaired pointer dog with mycophenolate mofetil
Authors: Ferrigno Alena , Hoover Kathleen , Blubaugh Amanda , Rissi Daniel , Banovic Frane
Published: May 2019

Background

Immune‐modulating drugs show limited therapeutic efficacy in canine exfoliative cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ECLE); over half of ECLE dogs are eventually euthanized for their lack of response to therapy.

Objective

To describe a case of generalized ECLE in a dog in which mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment achieved complete remission.

Animal

A 3‐year‐old, male castrated German shorthaired pointer was presented with a three months history of generalized scaling, erythematous macules and plaques, follicular casts and hypotrichosis affecting the head, trunk, ventrum and medial aspects of all limbs. The dog exhibited lameness and stiff gait.

Methods and materials

Complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, serum antinuclear antibody test, histopathological examination and RT‐qPCR of skin biopsies.

Results

Histologically, skin biopsy specimens revealed lymphocyte‐rich interface dermatitis, infundibular interface mural folliculitis and periglandular lymphocytic infiltrate. The absence of systemic signs and unremarkable laboratory tests excluded concurrent systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment of ECLE was initiated with oral MMF (22 mg/kg, twice daily). Within three weeks of starting MMF therapy, a marked improvement in lameness and a moderate decrease in erythema and scaling was observed. After four months, erythema, scaling and follicular casts had completely resolved, and at the time of writing the dog's ECLE remains in complete remission with twice daily MMF (10 mg/kg). The lesional skin transcriptome revealed predominant T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytic inflammatory response with strong upregulation of interferon pathway.

Conclusions and clinical importance

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful treatment of ECLE with MMF as a single‐agent therapy.
Cardiovascular biomarkers in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Authors: Gommeren Kris , Desmas Isabelle , Garcia Alexandra , Clercx Cécile , Mc Entee Kathleen , Merveille Anne‐Christine , Peeters Dominique
Published: May 2019

Objective

To measure plasma N‐terminal fragments of pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptides (NT‐proBNP) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration in hospitalized dogs and relate these markers to underlying conditions and evaluate their potential as prognostic markers in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Design

Prospective, observational, clinical study.

Setting

Emergency department of a university teaching hospital.

Animals

Sixty‐nine dogs with SIRS examined in the emergency department were prospectively studied. Patient age ranged from 5 months to 15 years, and weight ranged from 5.5 to 75 kg.

Measurements and Main Results

Blood samples were obtained at presentation, during hospitalization until discharge or death, and at a “control” visit (T1m) at least 1 month after hospital discharge. NT‐proBNP was assayed with a commercially available canine ELISA, while cTnT was measured with an automated immunoassay previously used in dogs. A correlation procedure, mixed procedure on a linear model, and a logistic procedure were performed. Forty‐four patients survived, 19 of which had control visits. cTnT concentrations were significantly higher than T0 and T1m at T12, T24, and T72. In 28 dogs, cTnT was detected during hospitalization, but cTnT was not detected in any dog at the control visits. Higher concentrations of cTnT were negatively associated with survival, irrespective of disease category. NT‐proBNP concentrations were significantly higher than T0, T6, T12, and T1m at T24, T72, and T120, but were not associated with survival.

Conclusions

NT‐proBNP and cTnT increased significantly in dogs with SIRS, regardless of the underlying disease process. Nonsurvivors displayed significantly higher cTnT concentrations during hospitalization.
Small intestinal enterolith in a dog presenting for a suspected gastric foreign body
Authors: Malberg Jessica A. , Hespel Adrien‐Maxence
Published: May 2019

A 12‐year‐old Labrador Retriever presented for an acute onset of anorexia and vomiting. Abdominal ultrasound and abdominal radiographs were performed, and on the latter a large mineral opaque structure with concentric rings within the cranial abdomen was diagnosed as a gastric foreign body. Laparotomy revealed that the suspected gastric foreign body was a large enterolith within the small intestines. Enteroliths should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses for a large mineralized abdominal structure in a dog presented for gastrointestinal clinical signs.
Perioperative morbidity and mortality in dogs with invasive adrenal neoplasms treated by adrenalectomy and cavotomy
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Boston Sarah E. , Zwingenberger Allison L. , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Runge Jeffrey J. , Holt David E. , Raleigh Joseph S. , Singh Ameet , Culp William T. N. , Case J. Brad , Steffey Michele A. , Balsa Ingrid M.
Published: May 2019

Objective

To report the morbidity and mortality associated with adrenalectomy with cavotomy for resection of invasive adrenal neoplasms in dogs and evaluate risk factors for perioperative outcomes.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Animals

Forty‐five client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Dogs that underwent open adrenalectomy with cavotomy for resection of adrenal masses with tumor thrombus extending into the vena cava were included. Clinicopathologic data were harvested from medical records. Selected clinical, imaging, and operative variables were statistically evaluated as risk factors for packed red blood cell transfusion, nephrectomy, perioperative death, and overall survival.

Results

Thirty‐six of 45 masses were pheochromocytomas, 7 were adrenocortical carcinomas, and 2 were unknown type. Caval thrombus terminated prehepatically in 21 of 45 dogs and extended beyond the porta hepatis but terminated prediaphragmatically (intrahepatic prediaphragmatic location) in 15 dogs and thrombi extended postdiaphragmatically in 5 dogs. Thirty‐four (76%) dogs were discharged from the hospital, and 11 (24%) dogs died or were euthanized prior to discharge. Median overall survival time for all 45 dogs was 547 days (95%CI 146–710). Bodyweight, tumor type, and size and extent of caval thrombus did not affect survival to discharge, but postdiaphragmatic (rather than prediaphragmatic) thrombus termination was associated with a greater risk of death.

Conclusion

Long‐term survival was common in dogs that survived the perioperative period. Postdiaphragmatic thrombus extension affected the prognosis for overall survival.

Clinical significance

Findings of this study help to stratify operative risk in dogs with adrenal neoplasia and caval invasion.
Outcomes of dogs with recurrent idiopathic pericardial effusion treated with a 3‐port right‐sided thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy
Authors: Michelotti Kurt P. , Youk Ada , Payne John T. , Anderson Jonathan
Published: May 2019

Objective

To describe a 3‐port right‐sided thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy (TSP) to treat dogs with recurrent idiopathic pericardial effusion (RIPE) and report their long‐term survival.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Sixteen client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Medical records were searched for dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion that recurred after 1 or more pericardiocenteses and treated with a 3‐port right‐sided technique (1 subxiphoid camera port and 2 instrument ports on the right side of the dog). Follow‐up consisted of direct examination or communication with referring veterinarians or owners.

Results

Thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy was successfully completed in all dogs, with no surgical complications. The median duration of postoperative follow‐up was 191.5 days (range, 5–1345). The median survival time (MST) after surgery was 365 days (range, 5–1345); MST of dogs with a histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia (n = 4) was 76 days, whereas dogs with no evidence of neoplasia had an MST of 367 days (n = 12,P = .14). Recurrent pleural effusion was the ultimate cause of death or reason for euthanasia in 8 of 16 dogs.

Conclusion

The technique described here resulted in similar surgical times and outcomes for dogs undergoing TSP for RIPE compared with previous studies. Neoplasia was identified in 4 of 16 dogs.

Clinical significance

Thoracoscopic subtotal pericardiectomy can be readily performed with only 2 instrument ports, both on the same side of the dog, and without 1‐lung ventilation. Recurrent pleural effusion led to the death of half of the dogs in this series.
Student led physical rehabilitation groups and clinics in entry level health education: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Wynne Donna , Cooper Kay
Published: May 2019

Review objective/questions:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify, map and describe the characteristics of student led physical rehabilitation groups and clinics in entry level health education.

More specifically, the review questions are:
Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload
Authors: Poffé Chiel , Ramaekers Monique , Van Thienen Ruud , Hespel Peter
Published: May 2019

Key points

Overload training is required for sustained performance gain in athletes (functional overreaching). However, excess overload may result in a catabolic state which causes performance decrements for weeks (non‐functional overreaching) up to months (overtraining).

Blood ketone bodies can attenuate training‐ or fasting‐induced catabolic events. Therefore, we investigated whether increasing blood ketone levels by oral ketone ester (KE) intake can protect against endurance training‐induced overreaching.

We show for the first time that KE intake following exercise markedly blunts the development of physiological symptoms indicating overreaching, and at the same time significantly enhances endurance exercise performance.

We provide preliminary data to indicate that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) may be a relevant hormonal marker to diagnose the development of overtraining.

Collectively, our data indicate that ketone ester intake is a potent nutritional strategy to prevent the development of non‐functional overreaching and to stimulate endurance exercise performance.

It is well known that elevated blood ketones attenuate net muscle protein breakdown, as well as negate catabolic events, during energy deficit. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral ketones can blunt endurance training‐induced overreaching. Fit male subjects participated in two daily training sessions (3 weeks, 6 days/week) while receiving either a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) following each session. Sustainable training load in week 3 as well as power output in the final 30 min of a 2‐h standardized endurance session were 15% higher in KE than in CON (both P < 0.05). KE inhibited the training‐induced increase in nocturnal adrenaline (P < 0.01) and noradrenaline (P < 0.01) excretion, as well as blunted the decrease in resting (CON: −6 ± 2 bpm; KE: +2 ± 3 bpm, P < 0.05), submaximal (CON: −15 ± 3 bpm; KE: −7 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.05) and maximal (CON: −17 ± 2 bpm; KE: −10 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.01) heart rate. Energy balance during the training period spontaneously turned negative in CON (−2135 kJ/day), but not in KE (+198 kJ/day). The training consistently increased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), but ∼2‐fold more in CON than in KE (P < 0.05). In addition, delta GDF15 correlated with the training‐induced drop in maximal heart rate (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and decrease in osteocalcin (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). Other measurements such as blood ACTH, cortisol, IL‐6, leptin, ghrelin and lymphocyte count, and muscle glycogen content did not differentiate KE from CON. In conclusion, KE during strenuous endurance training attenuates the development of overreaching. We also identify GDF15 as a possible marker of overtraining.
A review of thixotropy and its rheological modeling
Authors: Larson Ronald G. , Wei Yufei
Published: May 2019

We review thixotropy, its attributes, and accompanying rheological phenomena, such as yielding, hysteresis in shear-rate ramps, the influence of rest time and viscosity bifurcation, and the prevalence and importance of thixotropy in common fluids. While older work is reviewed in brief, the major emphasis is on recent developments, including nonmonotonic responses of stress to changes in strain rate, viscosity bifurcation, shear banding, and kinematic hardening. The major categories of phenomenological constitutive models are reviewed; these can include viscoelasticity and aging, plasticity, kinematic hardening, and thixotropy; and distinctions between these phenomena and thixotropy are discussed. A few available microstructural models are also reviewed, including population balance models and mesoscopic simulations. We end by highlighting important future work that is needed, including further development of microscopic models and their connection to phenomenological constitutive equations, detailed measurements of microstructures and flow fields with bands, and the investigation of flows other than simple shear.
Coupled partitioning of Au and As into pyrite controls formation of giant Au deposits
Authors: Kusebauch C. , Gleeson S. A. , Oelze M.
Published: May 2019

The precipitation of As-rich pyrite (“fool’s gold”) can scavenge gold from hydrothermal fluids to form giant ore deposits.
cIAP1/2 inhibition synergizes with TNF inhibition in autoimmunity by down-regulating IL-17A and inducing T
regs
Authors: Kawalkowska Joanna Z. , Ogbechi Joy , Venables Patrick J. , Williams Richard O.
Published: May 2019

Scientists reveal a role for apoptotic proteins in rheumatoid arthritis and show that therapeutic inhibition induces remission.
Transcriptional Regulation Contributes to Prioritized Detoxification of Hydrogen Peroxide over Nitric Oxide
Authors: Adolfsen Kristin J. , Chou Wen Kang , Brynildsen Mark P.
Published: May 2019

Bacteria can be exposed to H
2
O
2
and NO· concurrently within phagosomes. In such multistress situations, bacteria could have evolved to simultaneously degrade both toxic metabolites or preferentially detoxify one over the other. Here, we found that simultaneous exposure to H
2
O
2
and NO· leads to prioritized detoxification, where detoxification of NO· is hampered until H
2
O
2
has been eliminated. This phenomenon resembles CCR, where bacteria consume one substrate over others in carbon source mixtures. Further experimentation revealed a central role for transcriptional regulation in the prioritization of H
2
O
2
over NO·, which is also important to CCR. This study suggests that regulatory scenarios observed in bacterial consumption of growth-promoting compound mixtures can be conserved in bacterial detoxification of toxic metabolite mixtures.
Genome Sequence of Streptomyces cavourensis 1AS2a, a Rhizobacterium Isolated from the Brazilian Cerrado Biome
Authors: Vargas Hoyos Harold Alexander , Santos Suikinai Nobre , Padilla Gabriel , Melo Itamar Soares
Published: May 2019

Streptomyces cavourensis
strain 1AS2a, isolated from wheat rhizosphere in the Brazilian Neotropical savanna, exhibits strong antimicrobial activities. Its genome comprises 7,600,475 bp with 6,590 open reading frames (ORFs) that reveal 30 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs).
Draft Genome Sequence of
Chlorobium
sp. Strain N1, a Marine Fe(II)-Oxidizing Green Sulfur Bacterium
Authors: Bryce Casey , Blackwell Nia , Straub Daniel , Kleindienst Sara , Kappler Andreas
Published: May 2019

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of the halotolerant photoferrotroph
Chlorobium
sp. strain N1. This draft genome provides insights into the genomic potential of the only marine Fe(II)-oxidizing green sulfur bacterium (GSB) available in culture and expands our views on the metabolic capabilities of Fe(II)-oxidizing GSB more generally.
Complete Genome Sequence of Halomonas olivaria, a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from Olive Processing Effluents, Obtained by Nanopore Sequencing
Authors: Nagata Shohei , Ii Konosuke M. , Tsukimi Tomoya , Miura Masahiro C. , Galipon Josephine , Arakawa Kazuharu
Published: May 2019

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of
Halomonas olivaria
strain TYRC17, a moderately halophilic, Gram-negative bacterium that was isolated from olive processing effluents. The 5-Mbp genome consists of 7,375 protein-coding sequences, including a variety of genes involved in tyrosol metabolism, nitrate respiration, and the production of polysaccharides.
Draft Genome Sequence from a Putative New Genus and Species in the Family
Methanoregulaceae
Isolated from the Anoxic Basin of Lake Untersee in East Antarctica
Authors: Wagner Nicole Y. , Hahn Aria S. , Andersen Dale , Wilhelm Mary Beth , Morgan-Lang Connor , Vanderwilt Mia , Johnson Sarah Stewart
Published: May 2019

Here, we report the draft genome sequence for a new putative genus and species in the
Methanoregulaceae
family, whose members are generally slow-growing rod-shaped or coccoid methanogenic archaea. The information on this sediment-dwelling organism sheds light on the prokaryotes inhabiting isolated, deep, and extremely cold methane-rich environments.
Novel Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Detected in Treated Wastewater
Authors: Rosario Karyna , Morrison Christina M. , Mettel Kaitlin A. , Betancourt Walter Q.
Published: May 2019

Here, we present the complete genome sequences of three circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses detected in secondary treated and disinfected wastewater effluent. The discovered viruses, named
w
astewater
C
RESS
D
NA
v
irus (WCDV)-1 to -3, represent novel viral species that seem to persist in wastewater effluent.
Complete Genome Sequence of Serratia quinivorans Strain 124R, a Facultative Anaerobe Isolated on Organosolv Lignin as a Sole Carbon Source
Authors: Chaput Gina , Ford Jacob , DeDiego Lani , Narayanan Achala , Tam Wing Yin , Whalen Meghan , Huntemann Marcel , Clum Alicia , Spunde Alex , Pillay Manoj , Palaniappan Krishnaveni , Varghese Neha , Mikhailova Natalia , Chen I-Min , Stamatis Dimitrios , Reddy T. B. K. , O’Malley Ronan , Daum Chris , Shapiro Nicole , Ivanova Natalia , Kyrpides Nikos C. , Woyke Tanja , Glavina del Rio Tijana , DeAngelis Kristen
Published: May 2019

The complete genome sequence of the gammaproteobacterial isolate
Serratia quinivorans
124R consists of 5 Mb over 2 scaffolds and a G+C content of 52.85%. Genes relating to aromatic metabolism reflect its isolation on organosolv lignin as a sole carbon source under anoxic conditions as well as the potential for lignin biorefinery applications.