bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species‐Specific Barriers to Tree Regeneration in High Elevation Habitats of West Virginia
Authors: Griscom Bronson , Griscom Heather , Deacon Sarah
Published: May 2010

Herbaceous competition and herbivory have been identified as critical barriers to restoration of native tree species in degraded landscapes around the world; however, the combined effects of competition and herbivory are poorly understood. We experimentally manipulated levels of herbivory and herbaceous competition and analyzed the response of tree seedling performance over three growing seasons as a function of species and habitat in north‐central West Virginia. Four native tree species were planted in old field and forest experimental plots:Castanea dentata(American chestnut),Quercus rubra(red oak),Acer saccharum(sugar maple), andPicea rubens(red spruce). Red spruce demonstrated the highest growth increment and greatest survival (64%) and most consistent results among treatments and habitats. Red spruce survival was not reduced in the presence ofOdocoileus virginianus(white‐tailed deer) browse and herbaceous competition; however, growth was improved by suppression of herbaceous competition. We suspect that this deciduous forest landscape would regenerate to a red spruce dominated forest if seed source was available. In contrast, the other three species tested had very low survival when exposed to deer and were more responsive to competing vegetation and habitat type. American chestnut had low survival and growth across all treatments, suggesting basic climate limitations. Vigorous natural regeneration ofPrunus serotina(black cherry) occurred in forest plots where both competing herbs and deer were excluded. Our results demonstrated the importance of testing multiple potential recruitment barriers and species at once and the need for species and habitat‐specific restoration treatments.
Seasonal Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange of a Regenerating Cutaway Bog: How Long Does it Take to Restore the C‐Sequestration Function?
Authors: Samaritani Emanuela , Siegenthaler Andy , Yli‐Petäys Mika , Buttler Alexandre , Christin Pascal‐Antoine , Mitchell Edward A. D.
Published: May 2010

We measured the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and respiration rates and modeled the photosynthesis and respiration dynamics in a cutover bog in the Swiss Jura Mountains during one growing season at three stages of regeneration (29, 42, and 51 years after peat cutting; coded sites A, B, and C) to determine if reestablishment of Sphagnum suffices to restore the C‐sequestration function. From the younger to the older stage Sphagnum cover increased, while net primary Sphagnum production over the growing season decreased (139, 82, and, 67 g m−2 y−1 for A, B, and C respectively), and fen plant species were replaced by bog species. According to our NEE estimations, over the vegetation period site A was a net CO2‐C source emitting 40 g CO2‐C/m2 while sites B and C were accumulating CO2‐C, on average 222 and 209 g CO2‐C/m2, respectively. These differences are due to the higher respiration in site A during the summer, suggesting that early regeneration stages may be more sensitive to a warmer climate. Methane fluxes increased from site A to C in parallel with Eriophorum vaginatum cover and vascular plant leaf area. Our results show that reestablishing a Sphagnum cover is not sufficient to restore a CO2‐sequestrating function but that after circa 50 years the ecosystem may naturally regain this function over the growing season.
Tricks of the Trade: Techniques and Opinions from 38 Experts in Tallgrass Prairie Restoration
Authors: Rowe Helen I.
Published: May 2010

Tallgrass prairie has been severely compromised by conversion to agriculture, making it among the most endangered ecosystems in North America. Expanding remnant tracts with restoration is key to conserving self‐sustaining prairie. Although restoration managers rarely have the opportunity to perform large‐scale replicated studies, experienced practitioners gain important insights into the effectiveness of management practices over time. By synthesizing expert knowledge, we can identify techniques with a proven record of on‐the‐ground success. Using two surveys, 38 tallgrass prairie managers responsible for a total of 12,659 ha in 11 states were asked to describe the effectiveness of site preparation, seeding techniques, and management (fire, grazing, mowing) and to list top threats and impediments to seeded restoration techniques. The most effective technique identified for restoring previously tilled land is to initiate soybean–corn rotations so that weeds can be controlled prior to native planting. Managers prefer to end on a soybean crop, and plant native species without tilling. In cases with native remnant vegetation, remnant restoration techniques are employed, but results indicate improvements are needed. Most managers prefer high diversity, forb‐rich, local ecotype seed mixtures. Managers use fire, mowing, and grazing primarily to increase native plant diversity. Invasive plants are a major threat to restorations and a majority of managers (68%) devote at least 25% of their total restoration effort on this issue. Economic (land acquisition and labor) and seed availability limitations constrain restoration management most. Increased efficiency of seeding and invasive plant control could help alleviate barriers to restoration.
Battle for Births: The Fascist Pronatalist Campaign in Italy 1925 to 1938
Authors: Forcucci Lauren E.
Published: May 2010

The battle for births took place during the inter‐war years of 1925 to 1938. The demographic campaign promoted fecunditá, especially within the working class, by increasing welfare benefits, legislating tax breaks, making available better health care, and awarding highly public medals and recognition to those women who produced more than the state's target of five children per family. The regime associated motherhood, children, family, and virility with maintaining national greatness. In spite of all the mass propaganda, mobilization, and state incentives to increase the birthrate, the battle for births had failed by 1938. This article compares and contrasts key economic, regional, political, cultural, and religious explanations for the failure of Italian pronatalism. Although the battle for births failed to produce an overall increase in the Italian birth rates, it did succeed in other ways.
Promoting Europe through ‘Unity in Diversity’: Avignon as European Capital of Culture in 2000
Authors: Ingram Mark
Published: May 2010

This article examines the reception of European Union cultural policy through Avignon's experience as European Capital of Culture (ECOC) in 2000, focusing specifically on the EU objective of achieving “Unity in Diversity” through culture. Some recent studies argue that ECOC projects have served as media for conceptions of culture that are less essentialist and more centered on transformation and border‐crossing than those promoted by national and regional cultural policies of the past. Assuming that one of the primary obstacles to overcoming social divisions in urban centers is the alienation of the residents of low‐income, peripheral neighborhoods, this article focuses particular attention on a website created to promote Gypsy heritage. Consideration of this case underscores the uneasy balance struck between the goal of redefining cities as attractive to potential tourists and residents and the goal of overcoming the “democratic deficit” affecting disadvantaged urban populations. The case of Avignon highlights obstacles within cities to the broad diffusion and acceptance of more cosmopolitan models of European culture centered on dialogue and exchange.
A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis in a routine clinical service
Authors: Peters E. , Landau S. , McCrone P. , Cooke M. , Fisher P. , Steel C. , Evans R. , Carswell K. , Dawson K. , Williams S. , Howard A. , Kuipers E.
Published: May 2010

Peters E, Landau S, McCrone P, Cooke M, Fisher P, Steel C, Evans R, Carswell K, Dawson K, Williams S, Howard A, Kuipers E. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis in a routine clinical service.

Objective:  To evaluate cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis (CBTp) delivered by non‐expert therapists, using CBT relevant measures.

Method:  Participants (N = 74) were randomised into immediate therapy or waiting list control groups. The therapy group was offered 6 months of therapy and followed up 3 months later. The waiting list group received therapy after waiting 9 months (becoming the delayed therapy group).

Results:  Depression improved in the combined therapy group at both the end of therapy and follow‐up. Other significant effects were found in only one of the two therapy groups (positive symptoms; cognitive flexibility; uncontrollability of thoughts) or one of the two time points (end of therapy: general symptoms, anxiety, suicidal ideation, social functioning, resistance to voices; follow‐up: power beliefs about voices, negative symptoms). There was no difference in costs between the groups.

Conclusion:  The only robust improvement was in depression. Nevertheless, there were further encouraging but modest improvements in both emotional and cognitive variables, in addition to psychotic symptoms.
Dietary fish oil impairs induction of γ‐interferon and delayed‐type hypersensitivity during a systemicSalmonella enteritidisinfection in rats
Authors: Snel Johannes , Born Leontine , Van Der Meer Roelof
Published: May 2010

Snel J, Born L, van der Meer R. Dietary fish oil impairs induction of γ‐interferon and delayed‐type hypersensitivity during a systemicSalmonella enteritidisinfection in rats. APMIS 2010; 118: 578–84.

Fish oil that is rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids markedly modulates immunological responses. Literature data indicate that the fish oil reduces cellular immunity and therefore impairs resistance to infections. We have investigated how dietary fish oil affects the immune response against a facultative intracellular pathogen,Salmonella enteritidis. Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 16% (w/w) of either fish oil or corn oil. After a 4‐week adaptation period, rats were intraperitoneally challenged with 4 × 105 cfu ofS. enteritidis. During the 14‐day infection period, urine was collected on a daily basis. At days 2 and 14, eight rats per group were sacrificed. Urinary nitrate, used as a marker for NO production, was lower on a fish oil diet during days 3–8. At day 2, serum γ‐interferon was 48 ± 7 pg/mL in the fish oil‐fed rats compared with 162 ± 52 pg/mL in the corn oil‐fed rats. No effects were found on living salmonella in liver and spleen. At day 14, as markers of an impaired T‐helper 1 (Th‐1) response, a 38% lower delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses and a lower salmonella‐specific IgG2b were observed in the fish oil‐fed rats. Although here dietary fish oil has affected only immune parameters, this impairment of the innate and Th‐1‐mediated immune response may have implications for the host resistance against other intracellular pathogens.
Review article: Emergency department assessment and management of stab wounds to the neck
Authors: Casey Sean J , De Alwis Waruna D
Published: May 2010

A stab wound to neck is an infrequent but highly important presentation to the ED in Australasia. Injuries to the two large neurovascular bundles that are vital to life might occur with associated injuries to midline aerodigestive structures. A literature review was undertaken to discuss the assessment and management of this injury in the emergency medicine setting.
Risk factors and associations for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in Aboriginal women presenting to the Alice Springs Hospital emergency department
Authors: Fairbairn Anna P , Tyler Hilary , Su Jiunn‐Yih , Tilley Emma L
Published: May 2010

Objective:  To identify risk factors and associations for sexually transmitted infections (STI) in young Aboriginal women presenting to an ED for non‐genitourinary reasons, in order to better target opportunistic screening in this group. To determine the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in women presenting to the Alice Springs Hospital ED.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional study involving STI screening and participant interview between January 2007 and September 2007 was used. The participants were a convenience sample of Aboriginal women aged 16–35 years presenting to the Alice Springs Hospital ED for non‐genitourinary reasons. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia and significant associations for STI.

Results:  A total of 213 women were included in the study. The prevalence rates of women screened were 8.9% for chlamydia, 9.4% for gonorrhoea and 16.0% for gonorrhoea or chlamydia. Identified objective associations for positive STI diagnosis included presenting with an injury due to an assault (odds ratio [OR], 3.56), self‐reported past history of an STI (OR, 2.53) and leucocytes on urinalysis (OR, 2.19).

Conclusion:  The prevalence of STI is high in young Aboriginal women presenting to Alice Springs Hospital ED. Screening is acceptable to these patients using low vaginal swabs, and may be targeted at those women with the identified associations. The results of the present study may have relevance to other hospital ED in areas with a high prevalence of STI. A prospective study is needed to confirm these findings.
Accounting for periods of wetness in displacement of Fusarium pseudograminearum from cereal straw
Authors: Lakhesar D.P.S. , Backhouse D. , Kristiansen P.
Published: May 2010

Displacement of pathogenic Fusarium species from cereal residues by other fungi is an important mechanism for the effectiveness of fallows and crop rotations on disease management, as well as in potential biological control. The effect of fluctuating environmental conditions on the rate of displacement was assessed using two different approaches. In the first, wetness durations between 4 and 10 h were simulated by spraying water onto straw inoculated with Fusarium pseudograminearum and antagonists in a greenhouse. For a given cumulative period of wetness, displacement of F. pseudograminearum was generally higher for short (4 h) than longer (10 h) wetting durations, indicating that it was the number of wetting events, rather than their individual durations, that determined the rate of displacement. In the second approach, exponential decay models using thermal time adjusted for rainfall were fitted to published data on survival of Fusarium species in residues. Heat sums calculated from the mean temperature of days on which rain fell, or rainday‐degrees (RDD), gave good fits to data from short‐term experiments on displacement of F. pseudograminearum by antagonists under natural conditions. RDD and two other indices, decomposition days (DCD) and corrected degree‐days (CDD), were equally satisfactory for modelling straw decomposition and mortality of Fusarium in longer term data sets. Such models could be useful for predicting the effects of environmental variation on rotations and biocontrol for Fusarium management in cereals.
Multi‐level Governance and Global Climate Change in East Asia
Authors: SCHREURS Miranda A.
Published: May 2010

Climate change is an issue that requires integrated action at multiple levels of government and within the spheres of politics, economics, and society. National, regional, and local governments have both distinct and complementary roles in developing climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. Compared with the attention that has been given to international and national activities in East Asia, relatively limited attention has been paid to the role of urban and regional governments in combating global climate change. Cities and provinces are initiating their own climate action plans, positioning themselves as environmental model cities, and joining local, national, and international networks for climate change. This article examines urban and prefectural climate policies in China, Japan, and South Korea within a multilevel governance framework.
Reconciling Economic Growth and Carbon Mitigation: Challenges and Policy Options in China
Authors: CAO Jing
Published: May 2010

As the biggest carbon emitter in the world, China is facing tremendous pressure domestically and internationally. To promote the international efforts to tackle climate change, the Chinese government announced its 2020 carbon intensity target and is actively taking part in the international climate negotiations. In this paper, we review some of the climate burden‐sharing proposals raised by Chinese scholars to shed some light on China's perspective on the post‐Kyoto climate architecture. Then we summarize China's current pollution abatement policies and measures, and analyze some potential policy instruments for China to reconcile its future economic growth and carbon mitigation, as well as some practical design and enforcement issues to be considered for the near term.
The changing landscape of conservation science funding in the United States
Authors: Bakker Victoria J. , Baum Julia K. , Brodie Jedediah F. , Salomon Anne K. , Dickson Brett G. , Gibbs Holly K. , Jensen Olaf P. , McIntyre Peter B.
Published: May 2010

To understand the changing role of funding sources in shaping conservation science in the United States, we analyzed acknowledgments from published studies, trends in research funding, and survey responses from conservation scientists. Although the U.S. federal government was the most frequently acknowledged source of support overall, U.S. foundations and NGOs were the predominant sources for tropical and socioeconomic research. Acknowledgments of foundation support for conservation research increased over the last two decades, while recognition of federal funds declined. Concordant trends in funding and acknowledgments indicated a changing landscape for conservation science, in which federal support has not kept pace with the growth in conservation research efforts or needs. Survey responses from conservation scientists about their funding sources were consistent with acknowledgment data, and most (64%) indicated that shifts in funding sources and amounts affected the type of research they conduct. Ongoing changes in the funding landscape shape the direction of conservation research and may make conservation science more vulnerable to economic recessions.
Oral medicine in Australia 2000–2010. A publications overview
Authors: Savage NW
Published: May 2010

Specialties within health care are often identified by the public profile provided by members within the private clinical practice arena. This is clearly important but often the real activity of a specialty discipline exists within the training institutions. This is an unseen area for most, both members of the public as well as professional colleagues, as papers reporting developments of all kinds are delivered to highly specific target audiences and publications reporting research are published in journals again targeting specific audiences. Publication in national journals is important and provides a glimpse of research activities and a wealth of clinical material in the form of reviews and case reports directed again to a specific target audience. This paper addresses the profile of oral medicine in Australia by presenting the papers published in the Australian Dental Journal within a 10‐year bracket.
Biopsy of the oral mucosa and use of histopathology services
Authors: Logan RM , Goss AN
Published: May 2010

Patients often present with intraoral pathology in the general dental practice setting. Therefore, it is important that dental practitioners are aware of how to deal with pathology when this occurs and have an understanding of investigative techniques that might assist in making a diagnosis. Biopsy and subsequent histological examination of the lesion is an important diagnostic tool. Even if dentists refer the patient to another practitioner for the biopsy, the referring practitioner still needs to be familiar with the procedure and results obtained so that the patient can be appropriately managed. This paper reviews clinical issues that may impact on biopsy procedures and the potential pitfalls and problems that may affect the histological assessment of tissue and therefore affect diagnosis. The medico‐legal responsibilities of practitioners are also addressed.
Oral fungal infections: an update for the general practitioner
Authors: Farah CS , Lynch N , McCullough MJ
Published: May 2010

Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection encountered in general dental practice. It manifests in a variety of clinical presentations which may mimic more sinister diseases, and can occasionally be refractory to treatment requiring the attention of an oral medicine specialist. Management of oral candidosis should always include a thorough investigation of underlying predisposing conditions, as the disease often presents when the patient is systemically compromised. This update highlights the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management strategies of oral Candidal lesions commonly encountered in dental practice.
Gingival enlargements and localized gingival overgrowths
Authors: Savage NW , Daly CG
Published: May 2010

Gingival enlargements are a common clinical finding and most represent a reactive hyperplasia as a direct result of plaque related inflammatory gingival disease. These generally respond to conservative tissue management and attention to plaque control. However, a small group are distinct from these and whilst they also represent a reactive tissue response, this occurs at the level of the superficial fibres of the periodontal ligament. These epulides grow from under the free gingival margin and not as a result of a primary inflammatory gingival enlargement. This distinct aetiopathogenesis separates this group of lesions both in terms of their specific clinical presentation and behaviour and their propensity for recurrence if managed inadequately.
T‐cell lymphoma of the oral cavity: a case report
Authors: Villa A , Mariani U , Villa F
Published: May 2010

Lymphomas are defined as heterogeneous malignancies of the lymphatic system characterized by a proliferation of lymphoid cells or their precursors. Malignant lymphoma of the oral cavity has been described previously although reports on the occurrence of intraoral extranodal T‐cell lymphomas are scarce. Oral lesions may appear as a painless enlargement, erythematous, often with surface ulceration secondary to trauma. This is a report of a rare case in which a specific subtype of T‐cell lymphoma appeared in the oral cavity.
The use of vein grafts in the repair of the inferior alveolar nerve following surgery
Authors: Jones RHB
Published: May 2010

Damage to the branches of the trigeminal nerve can occur as a result of a variety of causes. The most common damage to all divisions of this nerve occurs as a result of facial trauma.

Unfortunately, iatrogenic damage to the inferior alveolar branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve is common because of its anatomical position within the mandible and its closeness to the teeth, particularly the third molar.

It has been reported there is an incidence of approximately 0.5% of permanent damage to the inferior alveolar nerve following third molar removal. Extraction of other teeth within the mandible carries a lower incidence of permanent damage. However, damage can still occur in the premolar area, where the nerve exits the mandible via the mental foramen.

Dental implants are a relatively new but increasing cause of damage to this nerve, particularly if the preoperative planning is inadequate. CT scanning is important for planning the placement of implants if this damage is to be reduced.

Primary repair of the damaged nerve will offer the best chance of recovery. However, if there is a gap, and the nerve ends cannot be approximated without tension, a graft is required. Traditionally, nerve grafts have been used for this purpose but other conduits have also been used, including vein grafts.

This article demonstrates the use of vein grafts in the reconstruction of the inferior dental branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve following injury, in this case due to difficulty in third molar removal, following sagittal split osteotomy and during the removal of a benign tumour from the mandible. In the five cases presented, this technique has demonstrated good success, with an acceptable return of function occurring in most patients.
Repair of the trigeminal nerve: a review
Authors: Jones RHB
Published: May 2010

Nerve surgery in the maxillofacial region is confined to the trigeminal and facial nerves and their branches. The trigeminal nerve can be damaged as a result of trauma, local anaesthesia, tumour removal and implant placement but the most common cause relates to the removal of teeth, particularly the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves following third molar surgery.

The timing of nerve repair is controversial but it is generally accepted that primary repair at the time of injury is the best time to repair the nerve but it is often a closed injury and the operator does not know the nerve is injured until after the operation. Early secondary repair at about three months after injury is the most accepted time frame for repair. However, it is also thought that a reasonable result can be obtained at a later time.

It is also generally accepted that the best results will be obtained with a direct anastamosis of the two ends of the nerve to be repaired. However, if there is a gap between the two ends, a nerve graft will be required to bridge the gap as the two ends of the nerve will not be approximated without tension and a passive repair is important for the regenerating axons to grow down the appropriate perineural tubes.

Various materials have been used for grafting and include autologous grafts, such as the sural and greater auricular nerves, vein grafts, which act as a conduit for the axons to grow down, and allografts such as Neurotube, which is made of polyglycolic acid (PGA) and will resorb over a period of time.
Fruit and vegetable consumption among older adults by tooth loss and socio‐economic status
Authors: Brennan DS , Singh KA , Liu P , Spencer AJ
Published: May 2010

Background:  The aim of this study was to examine consumption of fruit and vegetables in relation to tooth loss and income.

Methods:  Data were collected in 2004–06, using a three‐stage, stratified clustered sample, involving a computer‐assisted telephone interview (CATI), oral examination and mailed questionnaire followed by a food frequency questionnaire.

Results:  A total of 14 123 adults responded to the CATI (49% response) of whom 5505 (44% of those interviewed) agreed to undergo an oral epidemiological examination. In the nutrition sub‐study, a total of n = 1218 persons were approached in New South Wales and Queensland, with n = 1129 responding (92.7% response rate). Among respondents aged 55 years or more 34.5% had <21 teeth. Adjusting for income the prevalence of infrequent consumption (‘never or less than once a month’) was associated with [PR = prevalence ratio (95% CI)] fewer teeth for the fruits, ‘peach, nectarine, plum, apricot’ PR = 1.91 (1.12, 3.25) and ‘grapes or berries’ PR = 1.69 (1.03, 2.76), and for the vegetables ‘stir‐fried or mixed’ PR = 2.34 (1.14, 4.78), ‘sweetcorn’ PR = 1.45 (1.001, 2.10), ‘mushrooms’ PR = 1.62 (1.05, 2.50), ‘lettuce’ PR = 3.99 (1.31, 12.17) and ‘soy beans’ PR = 1.11 (1.01, 1.21).

Conclusions:  An inadequate dentition was associated with lower consumption of a range of fruits and vegetables indicating that dentition‐related impairment of chewing ability could have adverse consequences on nutritional intake among Australian adults.
Invasive oral aspergillosis in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Cho H , Lee KH , Colquhoun AN , Evans SA
Published: May 2010

Aspergillosis (a fungal infection by an organism of the Aspergillus species) of the oral cavity is an uncommon condition which most frequently occurs in immunocompromised patients, such as those with haematological malignancies. In such patients, prolonged neutropenia secondary to chemotherapeutic agents enables the spread of invasive aspergillosis, which is unaffected by anatomical barriers. Early detection and treatment of the condition is essential to avoid more serious complications, such as disseminated infection, which results in increased morbidity and mortality. This case report describes a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia who developed localized invasive Aspergillus flavus of the palate. High‐dose antifungal therapy was instituted along with surgical removal of the involved tissues. Aspergillosis of the palate was successfully eradicated with no long‐term ill effects from the treatment. Management of invasive aspergillosis includes early aggressive antifungal medication combined with surgical removal of the involved tissues.
An in vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of some endodontic medicaments against Enteroccus faecalis biofilms
Authors: Athanassiadis B , Abbott PV , George N , Walsh LJ
Published: May 2010

Background:  The in vitro antimicrobial activity of a series of endodontic medicaments and their bases against biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis was investigated.

Methods:  The medicaments tested were Pulpdent paste, Ledermix paste, a 50:50 Ledermix and Pulpdent mixture, and a replica of Ledermix paste. Bases included methyl cellulose with water, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PEG with zinc oxide, calcium chloride and the other components (inactives) that make up the Ledermix paste base. Biofilms grown on cellulose nitrate membrane filters were exposed to the medicaments for up to 5 days. The number of surviving colony forming units (CFU) was determined at days 1, 3 and 5. The results were expressed as a bacterial survival index (BSI) when compared to the unexposed control.

Results:  Pulpdent produced the greatest reduction of BSI, followed by the 50:50 mixture of Pulpdent and Ledermix pastes. Ledermix paste, its replica and the individual bases showed no significant reductions in the BSI for E. faecalis.

Conclusions:  Within the limitations of this laboratory study, calcium hydroxide containing preparations had greater potential for reducing the survival of E. faecalis in a biofilm environment.
Dentine hypersensitivity – Australian dentists’ perspective
Authors: Amarasena N , Spencer J , Ou Y , Brennan D
Published: May 2010

Background:  Dentine hypersensitivity is a frequent clinical presentation though inadequately comprehended by dentists. The objective of this study was to describe Australian dentists’ perception on the occurrence, predisposing factors, triggers, diagnosis and management of dentine hypersensitivity.

Methods:  Eight hundred dentists were randomly selected using the Australian Dental Association membership list and invited to participate in a questionnaire‐based survey.

Results:  Out of 295 responding dentists, 284 private practitioners were included in the final analysis. Most dentists perceived that the occurrence of dentine hypersensitivity was <20% and commonest among 30–49 year olds. According to them, abrasion and gingival recession were the main predisposing factors whilst cold stimuli were the commonest trigger. A differential diagnosis‐based approach was adopted by a majority to diagnose dentine hypersensitivity although routine screening was resorted to by a few. Most dentists were aware of the current mechanisms underlying dentine hypersensitivity whereas the majority perceived that ongoing predisposing factors was the main reason for dentine tubules to remain exposed. The commonest management strategy employed by most dentists was to prescribe desensitizing agents for home use.

Conclusions:  Australian dentists’ perception of dentine hypersensitivity is generally consistent with the current scientific consensus on this subject.
Periodontal healing and bone regeneration in response to azithromycin
Authors: Hirsch R
Published: May 2010

Azithromycin, first synthesized in 1980, is a macrolide antibiotic related to erythromycin. It is widely used by the medical profession as a broad‐spectrum antibiotic in the treatment of pneumonia, urinary tract infections and tonsillitis. In addition to its antibiotic properties, azithromycin has immune‐modulating effects and is used for this reason in the management of cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The drug is taken up by neutrophils, macrophages and fibroblasts, and is slowly released by these cells. Three diverse case reports are presented in which a single course of azithromycin (consisting of one 500 mg tablet being taken a day for three days) was prescribed before any periodontal intervention occurred. Azithromycin was the principal mode of treatment of severe chronic and aggressive periodontitis in Cases 1 and 2. Azithromycin, together with monthly subgingival debridement, was the treatment in Case 3 (severe chronic periodontitis in a poorly controlled diabetic complicated by gingival overgrowth related to medication with a calcium channel blocker). Favourable resolution of inflammation, reduction in pocket depths and evidence of bone regeneration were evident, even when no periodontal treatment had occurred. In Case 3, resolution of gingival overgrowth occurred over eight months. The potential implications for periodontal management, understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and periodontal research are briefly discussed.
Protection of hydroxy groups as trimethylsilyl ethers using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) catalyzed by poly(4-vinylpyridinium tribromide)
Authors: Ghorbani-Choghamarani Arash , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Hajjami Maryam , Darvishi Khorshid , Gholamnia Laleh
Published: May 2010

A very efficient procedure for the protection of alcohols and phenols is presented. The mixture of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and catalytic amounts of poly(4-vinylpyridinium tribromide) was found to be effective for the trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols. Protection reaction is very simple and performs heterogeneously in acetonitrile at room temperature under mild conditions.
Best practice: gross examination and sampling of surgical specimens from the urinary bladder
Authors: Chandra Ashish , Griffiths David , McWilliam Lorna J
Published: May 2010

This review examines aspects of handling biopsies and surgical specimens from the urinary bladder with the aim of providing guidance to ensure that the pathologist is fully able to inform clinicians of all relevant factors that might have bearing on management or prognosis. It also offers recommendations on good practice in reporting in the setting of the specialist multidisciplinary meeting and emphasises quality control of the process, referring to recently published guidelines and consensuses while admitting that many of the recommendations may not be supported by a strong evidence base. The role of urine cytology and the value of frozen sections in urological practice are discussed. Participation in regular clinical audit and the national urological pathology External Quality Assurance (EQA) are recommended.
Feasibility of using tissue microarray cores of paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue for measurement of gene expression: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Drury Suzanne , Salter Janine , Baehner Frederick L , Shak Steven , Dowsett Mitch
Published: May 2010

Aims

To determine whether 0.6 mm cores of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, as commonly used to construct immunohistochemical tissue microarrays, may be a valid alternative to tissue sections as source material for quantitative real-time PCR-based transcriptional profiling of breast cancer.

Methods

Four matched 0.6 mm cores of invasive breast tumour and two 10 μm whole sections were taken from eight FFPE blocks. RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed, and TaqMan®assays were performed on the 21 genes of the Oncotype DX®Breast Cancer assay. Expression of the 16 recurrence-related genes was normalised to the set of five reference genes, and the recurrence score (RS) was calculated.

Results

RNA yield was lower from 0.6 mm cores than from 10 μm whole sections, but was still more than sufficient to perform the assay. RS and single gene data from cores were highly comparable with those from whole sections (RS p=0.005). Greater variability was seen between cores than between sections.

Conclusions

FFPE sections are preferable to 0.6 mm cores for RNA profiling in order to maximise RNA yield and to allow for standard histopathological assessment. However, 0.6 mm cores are sufficient and would be appropriate to use for large cohort studies.
Advance planning in end-of-life care: legal and ethical considerations for neurologists
Authors: Kerrigan Simon , Ormerod Ian
Published: May 2010

Neurological illnesses can leave patients unable to make legally valid decisions about their medical treatment. However, this loss of decision making capacity can often be predicted in advance. The law in the UK now enables patients to make legally binding arrangements to either refuse specific treatments in advance or to appoint others to make decisions on their behalf. This article discusses the mechanics of advance planning under UK law and the role of the neurologist in helping patients to plan ahead.
Cerebral air embolism caused by a bronchogenic cyst
Authors: Jung Simon , Wiest Roland , Frigerio Susanna , Mattle Heinrich P , Hess Christian W
Published: May 2010

An unusual case is presented of a tourist who developed fatal cerebral air embolism, pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium while ascending from low altitude to Europe's highest railway station. Presumably the air embolism originated from rupture of the unsuspected bronchogenic cyst as a result of pressure changes during the ascent. Cerebral air embolism has been observed during surgery, in scuba diving accidents, submarine escapes and less frequently during exposure to very high altitude. People with known bronchogenic cysts should be informed about the risk of cerebral air embolism and surgical removal should be considered. Cerebral air embolism is a rare cause of coma and stroke in all activities with rapid air pressure changes, including alpine tourism, as our unfortunate tourist illustrates.
Effects of Ear Acupressure in Improving Visual Health in Children
Authors: Chen Ching-Hsiu , Chen Hsing-Hsia , Yeh Mei-Ling , Tsay Shiow-Luan
Published: May 2010

Myopia is a major health problem, not only because of its high prevalence in Asia but also because it contributes to visual morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ear acupressure for visual improvement on school children in Taiwan. Participants were fifth-grade school children with visual acuity between 6/37.5 and 6/9.6 in one eye. The experimental group ( n = 35) received a 15-week ear acupressure intervention with seed embedding; the control group ( n = 35) did not. Data for demographic factors, visual acuity, refractive error, and behavior toward visual health were collected before and after the intervention. The significant differences were observed between the two groups in visual acuity ( p = 0.02), refractive error ( p = 0.04), and behaviors toward visual health ( p = 0.045). Performing ear acupressure may facilitate improved visual health for children. However, it requires more extended studies exploring its effects on elementary students in different grades. Longitudinal effects of this intervention also require further study.
A Segmental Effect Involved in the Changes of Skin Blood Flow Induced by Acupuncture in Normal Health Human
Authors: Jan Ya-Min , Li Tsai-Chung , Hsieh Ching-Liang
Published: May 2010

Our previous studies found that segmental effect of spinal nerve plays an important role in acupuncture stimulation (AS) on nail-fold microcirculation. Calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) is a potent endogenous vasodilator. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of AS on skin blood flow (SBF) and skin temperature (ST), and the involvement of spinal nerve segment and CGRP. A total of 17 healthy adult volunteers were studied, and all of them accepted three assessments as follows: (1) left Waiguan (SJ5) assessment (LW), AS applied to Waiguan acupoint of the left hand with obtaining qi; (2) right Waiguan assessment (RW), AS applied to Waiguan acupoint of the right hand with obtaining qi; (3) sham assessment, AS applied to the cutaneous portion of Waiguan acupoint of the left hand only. Each assessment was divided into before acupuncture period (BP), acupuncture period (AP) and post acupuncture period (PP). Both SBF and skin temperature (ST) were recorded simultaneously for 20 min at central dorsal part of the left hand in each period. Besides, the levels of CGRP in the blood were measured before AS, and at 20 min after AS in the LW assessment. Results indicated that the SBF was less in the PP than that in the BP, but SBF did not significantly vary between AP and BP, and between AP and PP in the LW assessment; SBF is similar among BP, AP, and PP in the sham and RW assessments; the difference of SBF between AP and BP was greater in the LW assessment than that in the sham assessment; the difference of SBF between AP and BP, and between PP and BP was greater in the LW assessment than that in the RW assessment. The levels of CGRP in the BP were similar to that at 20 min after AS; ST was similar among BP, AP and PP in the sham, LW and RW assessments. These results suggested that a segmental effect of spinal nerve is involved in the changes of SBF induced by AS since both the cutaneous part of left Waiguan acupoint and central dorsal part of the left hand belong to the 7th segment of cervical nerve.
Long Term Tai Chi Exercise Improves Physical Performance Among People with Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Li Li , Manor Brad
Published: May 2010

This study examined the effects of a 24-week Tai Chi intervention on physical function in individuals with peripheral neuropathy. Twenty-five women and men with peripheral neuropathy were recruited. Plantar pressure detection threshold was assessed with a 5.07 gauge monofilament. Functional gait was assessed by the 6-min walk and timed up-and-go tests. Isokinetic leg strength and standing balance was also assessed. Twenty-four consecutive weeks of modified, group-based Tai Chi practice was completed, with testing repeated every six weeks throughout. No adverse events were observed and attendance was 17 ± 4 sessions per 6 weeks. After 6 weeks of Tai Chi, participants increased 6-min walk (P < 0.0001), timed up-and-go (P < 0.0001), and leg strength (P < 0.01) performance. Continued improvement was observed in the timed up-and-go. Plantar sensation improved (P = 0.003) following the Tai Chi intervention. Group-based Tai Chi is a safe, plausible, and effective intervention for those with PN.
Effects of Tai Chi Rehabilitation on Heart Rate Responses in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Chang Rei-Yeuh , Koo Malcolm , Kan Chung-Ben , Yu Zer-Ran , Chu I-Tseng , Hsu Chen-Tung , Chen Cheng-Yun
Published: May 2010

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a six-month Tai Chi (TC) exercise cardiac rehabilitation program on two prognostic factors of cardiac events, rate-pressure product and rate-pressure product reserve, in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients (N = 54) with CAD were recruited from the clinics of cardiology and cardiovascular surgery at a regional hospital in Taiwan. Twenty-two of them enrolled in the TC rehabilitation program which consisted of weekly 90-min sessions of Yang's style TC for six months in addition to receiving usual care. The remaining 32 patients received usual care only. Modified Bruce treadmill exercise test was performed to evaluate their exercise test responses at baseline and at six months. The change over time was significantly different between the TC and control group in peak rate-pressure product (RPP) (interaction between group and time, p = 0.029) and in RPP reserve (interaction between group and time p = 0.009) over the six-month period, there was a decrease in peak RPP of 32.0 mmHg × bpm × 10-2 and in RPP reserve of 37.4 mmHg × bpm × 10-2 in the TC group. In conclusion, participating in a six-month TC exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program was associated with improved peak RPP and RPP reserve during exercise testing in patients with CAD. TC exercise program may lead to a better prognosis for cardiac events in patients with CAD.
The Correlation Between Bioactive Components ofFallopia multifloraRoot and Environmental Factors
Authors: Yan Han-Jing , Fang Zhi-Jian , Fu Jun , Yu Shi-Xiao
Published: May 2010

Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Harald, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, is used in treating dizziness. In this study, the samples of F. multiflora from ten different locations were collected, and five bioactive components (2, 3, 5, 4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside, physcion and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The correlations between 17 environmental factors and 5 bioactive components were analyzed. The results showed that the highest contents of bioactive components were in samples from Deqing, and the lowest in samples from Tianyang, which indicated that the quality of F. multiflora grown in Deqing was superior, while that grown in Tianyang was inferior. Emodin content was negatively correlated with the average temperature in January (p < 0.01) and the accumulated temperature (p < 0.01). Physician content was also negatively correlated with the average temperature in January (P < 0.01), the accumulated temperature (p < 0.05) and the organic matter (p < 0.05). However, emodin was positively correlated with the soil available K (p < 0.05) and Zn (p < 0.01) . The results of stepwise regression showed that the accumulated temperature was the main factor influencing the contents of emodin and physcion. However, none of the environmental factors had significant correlation with 2, 3, 5, 4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin-8- O-β-D-glucoside and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside. In conclusion, some environmental factors have significant influence on the content of dissociated anthraquinones, while some have no influence on that of combined anthraquinones.
Protective Effect of Astragaloside on Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Yin Yan-Yan , Li Wei-Ping , Gong Hui-Ling , Zhu Fen-Fang , Li Wei-Zu , Wu Guo-Cui
Published: May 2010

This study was to observe the neurological protective effects of astragalosides (AST) on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and to explore its possible mechanism. Male SD rats received right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 120 min and AST (40 mg/kg) was orally administered. The rats were decapitated 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after reperfusion. The neurological deficit score, infarct volume and water content of brain were measured; the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate (LD) and nitric oxide (NO) of brain tissue were detected too. The expression of inducible nitric synthase (iNOS), nerve growth factor (NGF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) mRNA were measured by RT-PCR or real-time PCR. AST could significantly reduce the neurological deficit score; infract volume and water content, increase SOD and LDH activities, decrease NOS activity and MDA, LD and NO content. AST treatment could down-regulate expression of iNOS mRNA, while, NGF and TrkA mRNA were up-regulated. Our data suggest that AST have the protective effects on focal cerebral ischemia in rats at the different reperfusion time points, the mechanism may be related to the antioxidation, regulated the expressions of iNOS, NGF and TrkA mRNA.