bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversion theory and simultaneous majority/minority influence: Can reactance offer an alternative explanation?
Authors: Maass Anne , Clark Russell D
Published: May 2007

This study tested whether reactance theory can account for private acceptance of a minority opinion under simultaneous majority/minority influence (reactance against majority rather than conversion toward minority). Subjects were either exposed to simultaneous majority /minority influence or to a majority source only. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minority. In the absence of a consistent minority, subjects accepted the majority opinion in private, ruling out reactance as an alternative explanation.
Learned helplessness in social situations and sociometric status
Authors: Fincham Frank D. , Hokoda Audrey J.
Published: May 2007

Learned helplessness theory may provide a framework within which the correlates of sociometric status in children can be fruitfully investigated. Several parallels between learned helplessness and the characteristics of sociometric status groups are noted. It is argued that children who are rejected, and especially neglected, by peers are likely to manifest learned helplessness in social situations. In addition, reanalysis of Goetz and Dweck's (1980) study on learned helplessness in social situations provides data to support this viewpoint as: (a) rejected and neglected children resembled learned helpless children in regard to both attributions and behaviour following social rejection; (b) neglected children showed greater behavioural deterioration following rejection than rejected children. The implications of the proposed integration of research on learned helplessness and sociometric status are outlined, especially in relation to clinical disorders in children.
Further evidence for expectation‐based illusory correlations
Authors: Spears Russell , Eiser J. Richard , Van Der Pligt Joop
Published: May 2007

Subjects were presented with 36 opinion statements ostensibly made by residents of two towns (one large, one small) confronted with the building of a new nuclear power station in the vicinity. There were an equal number of pro‐ and anti‐nuclear opinions for both towns (nine for each combination) so that there was no relationship between attitudes and town. The probabilistic belief that small towns would contain a higher proportion of antinuclear residents, was predicted to produce an ‘illusory correlation’ confirming the belief. This was strongly supported. Findings were discussed in terms of the literatures on illusory correlation, stereotyping and attitudes.
The dilution effect and group membership: An instance of the pervasive impact of outgroup homogeneity
Authors: Denhaerinck Pascal , Lfyens Jacques‐Philippe , Yzerbyt Vincent
Published: May 2007

The present study examines the impact of non‐diagnostic individualized information on judgments concerning stereotypic and non‐stereotypic behaviours performed by ingroup versus outgroup members. Ninety‐five Law School students were confronted with either a lawyer or a teacher in mathematics and were given either the category label alone, the category label plus written individualized informations or the category label plus a videotaped interview of the target. Subjects indicated the likelihood that the target would perform each of four behaviours, two of which were stereotypic and two of which were counter‐stereotypic of the target's professional category and this in four different situations. In accordance with classical dilution results (Nisbett, Zukier and Lemley, 1981), individualized information weakened the influence of stereotypes. Also, in line with Park and Rothbart's (1982) work on the outgroup homogeneity hypothesis, judgments were more extreme for the outgroup than for the ingroup target. However, a derivation of Linville's (1982) complexity‐extremity hypothesis was not supported: the dilution effect was not more effective for the outgroup than for the ingroup target. Lastly, our data argue against Nisbett et al.'s explanation for the lack of dilution these authors found for stereotype‐irrelevant behaviours. Taken together, our results may be seen from an optimistic as well as from a pessimistic point of view. The latter perspective points out the pervasive polarization of judgments about outgroup targets across individualization levels whereas the former stresses upon the dilution taking place for both in‐and outgroup targets.
Another look at confirmatory strategies during a real interview
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe
Published: May 2007

In two experiments, it is shown that interviewers bias to a larger extent their questions towards their hypothesis when they interact with an interviewee than when they only prepare questions for a future interview. Also more biased questions are asked at the beginning of the interview than at the end. This does not seem to be due to the certainty entertained by the interviewers about their hypothesis. More likely, it appears that biased questions have an adaptative value and that they smooth the interview. All in all, our subjects were not especially concerned with diagnosticity.
Constructivism in social psychology
Authors: Doise Wille
Published: May 2007

Genetic constructivism developed by Piaget and his school is considered to be a grand theory which is also of great relevance for experimental social psychology. However according to J. M. Baldwin, the founder of genetic psychology, and to contemporary researchers in the area of moral judgement and development social psychology, the notion of social performism should be incorporated in constructivist theory. Deutsch 5 crude law of social relations is cited as a theoretical assumption implying that social preformism can be studied experimentally.
Metaphysics and methodology: Some prescriptions for social psychological research
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: May 2007

By comparison with the physical sciences psychologists tend to pay little attention to ontology. This has had unfortunate consequences. Contemporary trends suggest a dual ontology, with psychology rooted in neurophysiology and social conversation. The notion of a ‘conversational skill’ bridges the two basic categories of psychological reality. The use of causal concepts in writing up psychological research is to be avoided since it enshrines a misunderstanding of the kind of necessity that is important in the normative control of social activity including conversing. Classical psychological experimental methodology needs radical revision since it is not appropriate to the investigation of collective semiotic structures. These points are illustrated with examples from recent empirical work by social constructivist psychologists.
Differentiating emotion elicited and deliberate emotional facial expressions
Authors: Hess Ursula , Kleck Robert E.
Published: May 2007

Recent research suggests the potential importance of dynamic aspects (e.g. speed of onset and offset and degree of irregularity) of facial movement for the encoding of spontaneous versus deliberate emotional facial expressions. The present studies were conducted to investigate whether emotion elicited and deliberate facial expressions of happiness and disgust differ regarding their dynamic features. Two experiments were designed to elicit spontaneous and deliberate facial expressions of happiness and disgust. The experiments differed regarding the deliberate facial expressions, which were either poses (Experiment 1) or masking deceptions (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 confirmed Ekman and Friesen S (1982) notion, that spontaneous expressions have slower onsets and offsets than do deliberate expressions. The data show that dynamic aspects of the facial expressions differentiate between elicitation conditions. However, the evidence was more consistently found for the degree of irregularity of the expression than for the speed of onset and offset.
Cultural–historical knowledge and personal experience in appreciation of literature
Authors: Larsen Steen F. , László János
Published: May 2007

Appreciation of literature (understanding beyond literal comprehension and inference) is hypothesized to depend on readers' application of knowledge derived from personal experiences, a cognitive process called personal resonance. The influence of cultural differences in personal experience on appreciating a literary work was studied through retrospective reports about remindings that occurred while reading. A Hungarian short story in which geographical and temporal location were left open was read by Danish (culturally distant) and Hungarian (culturally proximate) subjects. Cultural proximity was found to influence considerably readers' location and overall evaluation of the story as well as the nature of remindings during the reading process. The culturally proximate Hungarian readers exhibited a higher level of personal resonance: they had more vivid remindings and were reminded of more complete events (as opposed to decontextualized event elements), particularly more personally experienced events. The personal relevance, pleasantness, and aggressiveness of the evoked memories were important determinants of readers' overall evaluation of the story, but with very different patterns in the two cultural groups.
Social influence: The role of originality
Authors: Mucchi‐Faina Angelica , Maass Anne , Volpato Chiara
Published: May 2007

Two experiments investigated the role of message originality vs. conventionality in social influence. It was hypothesized that subjects would generate more original proposals when confronted with a minority advocating an original viewpoint than when confronted with a conventional minority proposal or with an original majority proposal. In the first experiment, subjects exposed to an original minority paired with a conventional majority produced a wider range and more original proposals than those exposed either to a conventional minority paired with a conventional majority or to a majority source only. The second experiment further demonstrated that the original message induced creative processing only when attributed to a minority source but not when attributed to a majority source. It also showed that the original minority elicited creative processing mainly when paired with a conventional majority, but not when paired with a majority advocating an equally original position. Findings are interpreted in the frame of Nemeth's (1986) minority influence theory.
Expectancy‐value models of attitudes: A note on the relationship between theory and methodology
Authors: Sparks Paul , Hedderley Duncan , Shepherd Richard
Published: May 2007

Concern has been expressed in the literature regarding the method of scoring ‘beliefs’ within expectancy‐value models of attitudes. This paper reviews the major issues and focuses upon some hitherto largely neglected problems with scoring methods. Empirical findings from a series of studies concerned with ‘the theory of reasoned action’ are examined: with a multiplicative Combination of beliefs and evaluations, it is found that bipolar scoring of belief items leads to higher correlations of the summed products of beliefs and evaluations with attitudes than are achieved with unipolar scoring. These findings contrast markedly with recently reported research and indicate the important role played by contextual factors (such as belief content and the response scales presented to subjects). It is concluded that more attention needs to be paid to the relationship between conceptual and methodological issues.
Social value orientation and intelligence: A test of the goal prescribes rationality principle
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Liebrand Wim B. G.
Published: May 2007

The present study examines the influence of pre‐existing individual differences in social value orentations, or preferences for certain patterns of outcomes to oneself and others (McClintock, 1978), on perceptions of rationality in a social dilemma. In Experiment 1 conducted in Groningen (the Netherlands), it was found that people with pro‐social orientations expected more cooperation from another described as intelligent than from another described as unintelligent, whereas individualists and competitors expected relatively more cooperation from another described as unintelligent. The cross‐cultural generalizability of this finding was examined and supported in Experiment 2 which was conducted in Santa Barbara (U.S.A.). Results from both studies are consistent with the Goal Prescribes Rationality Principle (Van Lange, Liebrand and Kuhlman, 1990) which assumes that people with pro‐social (cooperative) orientations would perceive rationality in social dilemmas primarily from the collective perspective, whereas individualists and competitors would take a strong egocentric perspective on rationality. In addition, we found a strong relationship between expectations of other's cooperation and own cooperative behaviour when the other was described as intelligent. The strength of this relationship was reduced, particularly for individualists and competitors, when the other person was described as unintelligent.
Explaining in conversation: Towards an argument model
Authors: Antaki Charles , Leudar Ivan
Published: May 2007

We examine the proposition that, in ordinary conversation, people are concerned to argue — to justify their claims and to counter potential and actual counter claims. We test out the proposition by analysing explanations in one particular conversation. We attend to the validity claims of what the speakers say, and to the authority with which they say it. Viewed in that light, we find that the majority of what might look like causal attributions turn out to look like argumentative claim‐backings. We then go on to flesh out the quasi‐pragmatic rules which might help to decide formally whether any given utterance is be er understood as an argument or a causal explanation. These rules revolve around the speaker's apparent intention and the projected relationship between the clauses in what she or he says. All of this takes us a fair way from attribution theory's model of explanation as the reporting of a cause, and we end up with an argumentative model of ordinary explanation.
Frames of reference and cooperative social decision‐making
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Emans Ben J. M. , Van De Vliert Evert
Published: May 2007

Cooperative decision‐making was studied as a function of the decision‐makers' own, and the interdependent other party's gain or loss frame. As expected, results showed that (a) an own gain frame produced less cognitive activity than an own loss frame and (b) other's loss frame caused more cooperation than other's gain frame, but only in case of an own gain frame.
Negativity and positivity effects in person perception and inference: Ability versus morality
Authors: Martijn Carolien , Spears Russell , Van Der Pligt Joop , Jakobs Esther
Published: May 2007

The present paper deals with negativity and positivity effects in trait inferences and impression formation. In the first experiment we tested the suggestion of Skowronski and Carlston (1987) that in the domain of morality negative information is more diagnostic, will therefore receive more weight and result in a negativity effect whereas in the domain of abilities, positive information is more diagnostic resulting in positivity effects. Results of our first experiment support these predictions: negative behavioural information leads to more certain inferences concerning morality and positive behavioural information leads to more certain inferences concerning ability. In a second experiment, we investigated the relative weight of positive versus negative ability‐and morality‐related traits in an impression formation task. We counterposed traits from both morality and ability domains to see which was the most dominant in determining evaluative impressions. Findings of this second experiment showed strong negativity effects but also revealed that information related to morality is more influential in forming an evaluative impression than equally extreme information related to ability. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
The creation of uncertainty in the influence process: The roles of stimulus information and disagreement with similar others
Authors: McGarty Craig , Turner John C. , Oakes Penelope J. , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: May 2007

Social and cognitive psychologists have conceptualized judgemental confidence (how strongly a person holds the belief that some judgement is correct) as being proportional to the amount of evidence in favour of a response. Festinger (1950) argued that there are two separate processes by which uncertainty (the inverse of confidence) can be reduced. These two processes are physical reality testing (the perceptual processing of stimulus information) and social reality testing (reliance on other people to resolve particularly ambiguous situations). However, there is surprisingly little direct evidence that uncertainty is either reduced or increased by the responses of other people. In two experimental tests (N = 74 and N = 83) it was found that disagreement increased uncertainty and agreement tended to reduce uncertainty. In a third experiment (N = 63) it was found that disagreement only increased uncertainty when stimulus information was limited, but that agreement generally reduced uncertainty. The results challenge Festinger's model of uncertainty reduction and support a self‐categorization theory account.
Sensitivity of persons with hearing impairment to visual emotional expression — compensation or deficit?
Authors: Wallbott Harald G. , Seithe Werner
Published: May 2007

The research examined whether subjects with hearing impairment would differ from normal hearing subjects in their ability to decode emotions from video stimuli (48 video takes in which two actors portrayed six different emotions). Studies in tactile and visual perception lead one to expect deficits, while there is also some evidence for compensation. Twenty‐six subjects with hearing impairment and 26 matched normal hearing subjects participated (average age = 25.5 years; nine female, 17 male subjects in each group). Results indicate that in general subjects with hearing impairment were slightly less successful in decoding emotions from the visual stimuli than the normal hearing subjects. A comparison between highly (loss > 60–90 dBA) and moderately (loss about 30–60 dBA) impaired subjects on the other hand indicated poorer emotion decoding only for the moderately impaired group. Post‐hoc analyses indicated that these effects were specific to males. Results are discussed with respect to compensation versus deficit, and with respect to issues of training.
Rating Cities' performance
Authors: Friedman Lewis , Marlin John T.
Published: May 2007

The American passion for measuring—the Top Ten, the Best—can be harnessed to improve public service and enhance the quality of city life. Municipal governments' striving to be Number One can be used to encourage more economic, efficient and effective local government, and to help decide what should be done.
The alabama ethics act: Its scope and implementation
Authors: Cooper Melvin G.
Published: May 2007

During the past few years and particularly after Watergate, there has been a renewed interest in political ethics at every level of government. National events have raised serious doubts as to the standards of conduct observed by elected officials. This has compelled many states, Alabama among them, to create such standards through legislation or executive order.
General revenue sharing: A glossary of issues
Authors: Nathan Richard P.
Published: May 2007

The Brookings Institution is conducting research on the distributional, fiscal and political effects of general revenue sharing. This review of legislative issues deals with formulas for distribution of funds, and other requirements and purposes of the program to help the reader make a decision as to whether it has been a success or failure.
Productivity bargaining: Problems and prospects
Authors: Capozzola John M.
Published: May 2007

The fiscal crises besetting many American cities have highlighted the need for productivity bargaining. Also, as a spillover from Watergate, public interest in performance of public employees has been accelerated. It is a concept relatively new to the public labor‐management scene and so far has had limited success. There are many key elements and actors, and labor, management and the public must share some of the blame for the crises.
Environment and growth: Increasing interdependence
Authors: Ellis James R.
Published: May 2007

Most observers agree that some control conditions have changed for people who live in cities but few agree on the way systems and institutions should respond. And future decisions are going to be even harder to make as the many dimensions of economic growth and its effects are understood. With increasing interdependence, insular perspective on policy could be fatal.
The pittsburgh atlas program: Test project for neighborhoods
Authors: Cunningham James V. , Ahlbrandt Roger S. , Jewell Rose , Hendrickson Robert
Published: May 2007

In November 1974 Pittsburgh voters approved a new charter with a provision for embryo neighborhood governments. A team of researchers, planners and citizens, under the label “Pittsburgh Neighborhood Atlas,” has completed a demonstration project to find a method for boundary determination, a computerized neighborhood information system and improved communication techniques.
Washington's open government: A look at initiative 276
Authors: Bone Hugh A.
Published: May 2007

Initiative 276 was adopted by Washington State voters in 1972. The public disclosure law has worked “reasonably well.” It was designed for the interests of the general constituency rather than the convenience of the officials, and the public now has data never before available. It has survived a court challenge, but it is not without problems and critics.
Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched polyesters and polyurethane coatings
Authors: Kumari Savita , Mishra Aswini K. , Chattopadhyay Dipak K. , Raju K. V. S. N.
Published: May 2007

Polyurethane (PU) coatings are widely used for variety of high‐performance applications in today's coating technology. The emerging hyperbranched polymers having three‐dimensional morphology have opened a new avenue to tailor the architecture of PU coatings. The methodology followed here is based on preparation of PU coatings from hyperbranched polyester. Initially, different hyperbranched polyester polyols (HPs) were synthesized by varying the hydroxyl‐terminated precursors that is, pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane or glycerol and keeping the diacid that is, adipic acid quantity constant at various mole ratios of 1:0.6, 1:0.8, 1:0.9, and 1:1, respectively. The obtained HPs were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF)‐mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform‐infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The degree of branching and the quantity of different structural units present in the various HPs were calculated by integrating the quaternary carbon and carbonyl zone in 13C NMR spectroscopy. The extent of condensation in different HPs was also calculated from 1H NMR spectra. Later on, NCO‐terminated PU prepolymers (NCO‐PU) were synthesized by reacting HPs with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) at NCO/OH ratio of 1.6:1. In the third step, the excess NCO content in the NCO‐capped PU prepolymers were reacted with atmospheric moisture and hyperbranched polyurethane (HPU) coatings were formed. The coating films were analyzed by FTIR and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis instruments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2673–2688, 2007
Synthesis of novel moisture‐curable polyurethanes end‐capped with trialkoxysilane and their application to one‐component adhesives
Authors: Nomura Yukihiro , Sato Akihiro , Sato Shinichi , Mori Hideharu , Endo Takeshi
Published: May 2007

Novel silane endcappers and novel polyurethanes end‐capped with trimethoxysilane (silylated polyurethanes) were developed as water‐curable materials in which the curing reaction occurred under humid conditions in the presence of dioctyltin diversatate as a curing catalyst. A variety of amine‐terminated trimethoxysilane compounds were synthesized by the Michael addition reaction of commercially available 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane with acrylates, and the resulting silane endcappers were used to react with isocyanate‐terminated polyurethanes, providing the silylated polyurethanes. The moisture‐curable silylated polyurethanes were used for the preparation of novel one‐component and solvent‐free adhesives. The evaluated properties were the curing speed, the tensile shear bond strength, and the adherence to some substrates. The longer alkyl chains of the silane endcappers derived from various acrylates led to a slower curing speed, lower tensile strength at break, and longer elongation at break of the silylated polyurethanes. The tensile shear bond strength of the silylated polyurethane‐based adhesive decreased with decreasing the trimethoxysilane end‐capping ratio, whereas an increase in the adherence was observed. The adherence to the acrylic substrate was improved by changes in the main‐chain structure of the polyurethane based on the composition of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(ethylene oxide). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2689–2704, 2007
Über rechteckige Tragflügel sehr großer Tiefe
Authors: Kriesis P.
Published: May 2007

Die Luftkräfte auf einen unendlichtiefen Tragflügel können aus der Widerstandszahl der zweidimensionalen ebenen Platte berechnet werden. Bei Seitenverhältnissen 0 < b/t < 1/2 ergibt sich dann ein einfacher Ausdruck für den Auftrieb, der gut mit entsprechenden Messungen von Winter. übereinstimmt.
Biegungsschwingungen eines in beiden Enden unterstützten, punktförmig belasteten Balkens
Authors: Berg T. G. Owe
Published: May 2007

Es werden die Schwingungen eines Balkens, die durch Gl. (1) dargestellt werden können, unter Einwirkung einer plötzlich angelegten punktförmigen Masse M, die mit der Geschwindigkeit v0 = 0 bzw. v0 ≠ 0 antrifft und an dem Balken haftet, untersucht. Die zwei niedrigsten Schwingungszahlen werden berechnet und als Funktionen von M/M0 und ζ/L graphisch dargestellt.
Die schiefe Kreiskegelschale bei zwei Beanspruchungsarten
Authors: Föppl L.
Published: May 2007

Es wird der statisch bestimmte Spannungszustand in einer schiefen Kreiskegelschale bei innerem oder äußerem gleichmäßigen Überdruck vollständig angegeben. Alle Spannungen wachsen hierbei proportional mit dem Abstand von der Kegelspitze. Bei Belastung der Kegelspitze durch eine Einzellast bzw. ein Moment nehmen die Spannungen umgekehrt proportional dem Abstand bzw. dem Quadrat des Abstandes von der Kegelspitze ab. Die zugehörigen Spannungszustände in der Kegelschale werden für einige Fälle angegeben.
Biegeschwingungen einer Welle, die masselose Trägheitsmomente trägt
Authors: Vdi O. Föppl
Published: May 2007

Gewöhnlich wird zur angenäherten Berechnung der Biegungsschwingungen einer mit Scheiben besetzten, umlaufenden Welle nur die Masse der Scheiben berücksichtigt und ihr Trägheitsmoment vernachlässigt. Hier wird der umgekehrte Weg eingeschlagen und die Eigenschwingungen einer Welle untersucht, die masselose Trägheitsmomente trägt.
Das physikalische Pendel im radialsymmetrischen Schwerefeld der Erde
Authors: Hoch Hans
Published: May 2007

Ein physikalisches Pendel sei um eine horizontale Achse drehbar aufgehängt. Es soll untersucht werden, welchen Einfluß die Änderung der Schwere mit der Höhe und die Abweichungen vom parallelen Schwerefeld auf die Schwingungsdauer haben.
Testing scale variance in species–area and abundance–area relationships in a local assemblage: an example from a subtropical boulder shore
Authors: Londoño‐Cruz Edgardo , Tokeshi Mutsunori
Published: May 2007

Constancy or scale variance of species–area and abundance–area relationships has rarely been considered within relatively small spatial domains of a local assemblage. Patterns of species/abundance–area relationships were experimentally investigated in a stone‐associated molluscan community on a subtropical boulder shore. In order to systematically examine the effects of variation in habitat area while maintaining other habitat characteristics constant through time, naturally occurring stones were selected and divided into different size classes according to surface area and used as habitat units for regular monitoring of a mobile molluscan community. Species richness and abundance (number of individuals and biomass) of molluscs scaled with stone area, but the power or double‐logarithmic regression was not always the best description of the species–area relationship. Seasonal scale invariance was shown by the species–area relationship, whereas scale variance was clearly recognizable in the abundance–area relationships. The latter phenomenon was generated mainly by large stones contributing disproportionately to increases in molluscan abundance in particular. Furthermore, there was a negative effect of small habitat area whereby molluscan abundance was disproportionately reduced on small stones. Some temporal variation in the observed patterns was also recognizable, with higher species richness and abundance in spring than in winter, again with larger stones showing preponderant importance. This study thus demonstrates the significance of scale variance/invariance in species/abundance–area relationships, even within relatively small spatial scales of local habitat.
Mitochondrial disease: Needs and problems of children, their parents and family. A systematic review and pilot study into the need for information of parents during the diagnostic phase
Authors: Noorda G. , Hermans‐Peters M. , Smeitink J. , van Achterberg T. , Kemps H. , Goverde W. , Schoonhoven L.
Published: May 2007

Objective

Firstly, this paper aims to systematically review the mitochondrial disease literature to identify studies assessing the needs and problems in the daily life of children with a mitochondrial disease and of their parents and family. The second aim is to provide more insight into the need for information by the parents of these children during the diagnostic process while in hospital.

Design

A systematic review and a pilot study, using a qualitative (focus group interviews; n=7) and a quantitative (questionnaire; n=77) design.

Results

Mothers reported great socioeconomic and psychoaffective strain and showed psychopathological symptoms in the two studies published with respect to this topic. The pilot study showed that parents considered an honest and interested attitude of the person who is giving the information as most important. Furthermore they wanted oral and written information and a central point where they could go with their questions at any time they felt the need. The need for information increased during the four phases of the diagnostic process and was highest in the fourth phase.

Conclusions

The few studies found in the review, combined with expectations that having a mitochondrial disease must have a great impact on these children and their parents and family, call for more research in their needs and problems. Furthermore, there are gaps in the current information provision to parents of these children. A better understanding of the needs and problems of these children and their family is essential for effective care planning and might result in an improved quality of life.
In Spite of Indeterminacy Many Common Factor Score Estimates Yield an Identical Reproduced Covariance Matrix
Authors: Beauducel André
Published: May 2007

It was investigated whether commonly used factor score estimates lead to the same reproduced covariance matrix of observed variables. This was achieved by means of Schönemann and Steiger’s (1976) regression component analysis, since it is possible to compute the reproduced covariance matrices of the regression components corresponding to different factor score estimates. It was shown that Thurstone’s, Ledermann’s, Bartlett’s, Anderson-Rubin’s, McDonald’s, Krijnen, Wansbeek, and Ten Berge’s, as well as Takeuchi, Yanai, and Mukherjee’s score estimates reproduce the same covariance matrix. In contrast, Harman’s ideal variables score estimates lead to a different reproduced covariance matrix.
Outgrowing endothelial progenitor‐derived cells display high sensitivity to angiogenesis modulators and delayed senescence
Authors: Ha Jung-Min , Kim Myoung-Rae , Oh Ho-Kyun , Lee Byung Hun , Ahn Hyun-Young , Shin Jong-Chul , Baek Sang Hong , Joe Young Ae
Published: May 2007

Outgrowing endothelial progenitor‐derived cells (EPDCs) originate from a novel hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells. In this study, EPDCs isolated from human cord blood were examined for phenotype and functional features upon aging. Young or aged EPDCs were similar to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), in exhibiting typical endothelial phenotypes. However, EPDCs were more sensitive to angiogenesis inducers or inhibitors in proliferation and migration. In addition, EPDCs underwent senescence markedly slowly with sustained endothelial NO synthase expression and activation, and their ability to undergo capillary morphogenesis was retained throughout longterm culture. Thus, these results suggest that a homogenous population of EPDCs derived from clonogenic expansion may provide an effective vasculogenesis tool.
Reproductive biology and population parameters of Petrolisthes laevigatus (Anomura: Porcellanidae) in southern Chile: consequences on recruitment
Authors: Gebauer P. , Paschke K. , Moreno C.A.
Published: May 2007

The present study describes the reproductive cycle and population structure of the intertidal crab Petrolisthes
laevigatus, an abundant inhabitant of the upper rocky intertidal zone, as well as the relationship between
seasonal patterns in the release of its planktonic larvae and recruiting. A total of 22900 individuals was
collected along the coast of southern Chile between May 2001 and March 2003.The structure and density of
the adult population (males and females) was relatively constant throughout the study period, although
seasonal variations were observed in these two parameters of the benthic population (males, females, juveniles
and megalopae), principally due to the incorporation of new individuals (recruitment) into the intertidal zone.
Petrolisthes laevigatus presented a prolonged reproductive period. Females with initial eggs were present from the
end of summer through to the middle of the following summer (11 months) and the breeding season lasted
seven months (from August to February), as reflected in the six months of intertidal settlement (October–March).The interannual patterns and variations observed in the settlement along the southern Chilean coastline
were related to the patterns in the abundance of potential released planktonic larvae. Petrolisthes laevigatus,
unlike most temperate species, has a broad reproductive and settlement period in the south of Chile, which
allows a highly stable structure and population abundance in this intertidal zone.
RECORDING REVIEWS
Authors: Starr Larry
Published: May 2007

Brian Wilson Presents Smile. Our Prayer/Gee, Heroes and Villains, Roll Plymouth Rock, Barnyard, Old Master Painter/You are My Sunshine, Cabin Essence, Wonderful, Song For Children, Child is Father of the Man, Surf's Up, I'm in Great Shape/I Wanna Be Around/Workshop, Vega-Tables, On a Holiday, Wind Chimes, Mrs. O'Leary's Cow, In Blue Hawaii, Good Vibrations. Brian Wilson, vocals and keyboards, with accompanying musicians. Produced and arranged by Brian Wilson. Booklet includes song lyrics and notes by David Leaf. Nonesuch 79846-2, 2004.
Grand Ole Opry at Carnegie Hall. Gaylord Entertainment Company DVD, 2006.
Authors: Neal Jocelyn R.
Published: May 2007

Backstage at the Grand Ole Opry is one of my favorite places in Nashville. After checking in at the security desk, guests are free to wander the maze of hallways that connect the historic dressing rooms. Onstage, guests crowd into seats between the musicians and the red country-barn backdrop, watching the bustle of the show as the curtain rises and falls between segments. Announcers read famous slogans in advertising copy; legendary singers in sequins and rhinestones chat with up-and-coming performers in the wings; the Carol Lee Singers and house band keep the music humming along. Headliners take the stage and crack jokes with the audience, who, in turn, applaud their approval at the beginning of favorite songs. Square dancers kick up their heels while fans gather at the footlights to snap scrapbook pictures. The live broadcasts of the Grand Ole Opry on WSM, on the air continuously since 1925, represent a collision of country's past and present in a beloved, nostalgic, and slightly chaotic performance tradition.
Dynamical roles of mixed layer in regulating the meridional mass/heat fluxes
Authors: Huang Rui Xin , Huang Chuan Jiang , Wang Wei
Published: May 2007

The mixed layer is an important component of the oceanic circulation system. Recent progress in energetics of the oceanic circulation suggests that the amount of external mechanical energy available for mixing is directly linked to the strength of the meridional overturning circulation. Using an analytical two‐dimensional model and a three‐dimensional numerical model, it is shown that the meridional distribution of mixed layer depth plays an important role in regulating the meridional overturning circulation and poleward heat flux. In fact, if the mixed layer at low and middle latitudes is deeper because of increase in mechanical energy input to the turbulence in the upper ocean, the meridional overturning circulation and poleward heat flux are enhanced in a steady circulation system, and at the same time, it may take less mechanical energy to support the subsurface diapycnal mixing.
Influence of the Three Gorges Dam on downstream delivery of sediment and its environmental implications, Yangtze River
Authors: Yang S. L. , Zhang J. , Xu X. J.
Published: May 2007

Water and sediment supplies from ungauged areas were calculated and combined with datasets from gauging stations to establish sediment budgets. Using sediment budgets and regression relationships, the influence of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on downstream delivery of sediment was quantified. We found that 151 mt/yr (1 mt = 106 tons) of sediment has been retained by TGD since it began operation (2003–2005). In response to this, significant erosion has occurred in the downstream riverbed. This erosion did not offset the sediment lost in the reservoir, and the sediment flux into the estuary decreased by 85 mt/yr (31%). This decrease has lead to conversion from progradation to recession in the delta front. In combination with other anthropogenic impacts, TGD was expected to decrease the sediment flux into the estuary for centuries, which is of great importance for delta ecosystem and human development.
Nanofabrication of spin-transfer torque devices by a polymethylmethacrylate mask one step process: Giant magnetoresistance versus single layer devices
Authors: Parge Anne , Niermann Tore , Seibt Michael , Münzenberg Markus
Published: May 2007

We present a method to prepare magnetic spin torque devices of low specific resistance in a one step lithography process. The quality of the pillar devices is demonstrated for a standard magnetic double layer device. For single layer devices, we found hysteretic switching and a more complex dynamical excitation pattern in higher fields. A simple model to explain the resistance spikes is presented.
Characterization of multiscale surface evolution of polycrystalline copper thin films
Authors: Yang J. J. , Xu K. W.
Published: May 2007

Surface morphologies of Cu films with different thicknesses varying from 110to660nm deposited on Ta-covered Si(111) substrates at 700K by magnetron sputtering were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The global surface fluctuation image of the film was obtained directly from AFM measurement with larger scan size. Multiresolution wavelet transform approach incorporating power spectrum density analysis was proposed to extract the local surface fluctuation image. From these images, the dynamical exponents of both global and local surface fluctuations were calculated in terms of dynamic scaling theory. The multiscale surface evolution of Cu film could be characterized by a set of local exponent values αl≈0.87 and βl≈0.22, and global exponent values αg≈0.83 and βg≈0.85. The dynamic evolution of local surface fluctuations is consistent well with that predicted by linear surface diffusion-dominated growth equation, while the dynamic evolution of global surface fluctuations exhibits anomalous scaling behavior due to the presence of nonlocal bulk diffusion.
Penalty immersed boundary method for an elastic boundary with mass
Authors: Kim Yongsam , Peskin Charles S.
Published: May 2007

The immersed boundary (IB) method has been widely applied to problems involving a moving elastic boundary that is immersed in fluid and interacting with it. Most of the previous applications of the IB method have involved a massless elastic boundary and used efficient Fourier transform methods for the numerical solutions. Extending the method to cover the case of a massive boundary has required spreading the boundary mass out onto the fluid grid and then solving the Navier-Stokes equations with a variable mass density. The variable mass density of this previous approach makes Fourier transform methods inapplicable, and requires a multigrid solver. Here we propose a new and simple way to give mass to the elastic boundary and show that the method can be applied to many problems for which the boundary mass is important. The method does not spread mass to the fluid grid, retains the use of Fourier transform methodology, and is easy to implement in the context of an existing IB method code for the massless case. Two verifications of the method are given. One is a numerical convergence study that shows that our numerical scheme is second-order accurate for a particular test problem. The other is direct comparison with experimental data of vortex-induced vibrations of a massive cylinder, which shows that the results obtained by the present method are quite comparable to the experimental data.
Assessment of density functional theory optimized basis sets for gradient corrected functionals to transition metal systems: The case of small Nin (n⩽5) clusters
Authors: López Arvizu Gregorio , Calaminici Patrizia
Published: May 2007

Density functional calculations have been performed for small nickel clusters, Nin, Nin+, and Nin− (n⩽5), using the linear combination of Gaussian-type orbital density functional theory approach. Newly developed nickel all-electron basis sets optimized for generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as well as an all-electron basis set optimized for the local density approximation were employed. For both neutral and charged systems, several isomers and different multiplicities were studied in order to determine the lowest energy structures. A vibrational analysis was performed in order to characterize these isomers. Structural parameters, harmonic frequencies, binding energies, ionization potentials, and electron affinities are reported. This work shows that the employed GGA basis sets for the nickel atom are important for the correct prediction of the ground state structures of small nickel clusters and that the structural assignment of these systems can be performed, with a good resolution, over the ionization potential.
Synthesis and magnetic properties of MnSb nanoparticles on Si-based substrates
Authors: Zhang H. , Kushvaha S. S. , Chen S. , Gao X. , Qi D. , Wee A. T. S. , Wang X.-S.
Published: May 2007

MnSb nanoparticles with average lateral diameters ⟨d⟩ from 5to30nm are synthesized on ultra thin silicon nitride covered Si(111) by codeposition of Mn and Sb. These MnSb particles possess sharp interfaces and a NiAs-type lattice. The Mn 2p x-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis shows broad line shapes due to the itinerant Mn 3d states. The particles with ⟨d⟩=5 and 8.5nm are superparamagnetic at room temperature, while those of ⟨d⟩=15 and 30nm exhibit ferromagnetic behavior.
Strain relaxation and critical temperature in epitaxial ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3 thin films
Authors: Gariglio S. , Stucki N. , Triscone J.-M. , Triscone G.
Published: May 2007

Strain relaxation and the ferroelectric critical temperature were investigated in a series of epitaxial Pb(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3 thin films of different thicknesses grown on metallic 0.5% Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates. Detailed x-ray diffraction studies reveal that strain relaxation progressively occurs via misfit dislocations as the film thickness is increased from fully coherent films (for films below 150Å) to essentially relaxed films (for thicknesses above typically 800Å). It is found that this change in the strain state does not modify the ferroelectric critical temperature which is found for all the samples to be around 680°C, a value much higher than the bulk.
Ultra-small-sample molecular structure detection using microslot waveguide nuclear spin resonance
Authors: Maguire Yael , Chuang Isaac L. , Zhang Shuguang , Gershenfeld Neil
Published: May 2007

We here report on the design of a planar microslot waveguide NMR probe with an induction element that can be fabricated at scales from centimeters to nanometers to allow analysis of biomolecules at nano- or picomole quantities, reducing the required amount of materials by several orders of magnitude. This device demonstrates the highest signal-to-noise ratio for a planar detector to date, measured by using the anomeric proton signal from a 15.6-nmol sample of sucrose. This probe had a linewidth of 1.1 Hz for pure water without susceptibility matching. Analysis of 1.57 nmol of ribonuclease-A shows high sensitivity in one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra. Along with reducing required sample volumes, this integrated geometry can be packed in parallel arrays and combined with microfluidic systems. Further development of this device may have broad implications not only for advancing our understanding of many intractable protein structures and their folding, molecular interactions, and dynamic behaviors, but also for high-sensitivity diagnosis of a number of protein conformational diseases.
Generic Darwinian selection in catalytic protocell assemblies
Authors: Munteanu Andreea , Attolini Camille Stephan-Otto , Rasmussen Steen , Ziock Hans , Solé Ricard V
Published: May 2007

To satisfy the minimal requirements for life, an information carrying molecular structure must be able to convert resources into building blocks and also be able to adapt to or modify its environment to enhance its own proliferation. Furthermore, new copies of itself must have variable fitness such that evolution is possible. In practical terms, a minimal protocell should be characterized by a strong coupling between its metabolism and genetic subsystem, which is made possible by the container. There is still no general agreement on how such a complex system might have been naturally selected for in a prebiotic environment. However, the historical details are not important for our investigations as they are related to assembling and evolution of protocells in the laboratory. Here, we study three different minimal protocell models of increasing complexity, all of them incorporating the coupling between a ‘genetic template’, a container and, eventually, a toy metabolism. We show that for any local growth law associated with template self-replication, the overall temporal evolution of all protocell's components follows an exponential growth (efficient or uninhibited autocatalysis). Thus, such a system attains exponential growth through coordinated catalytic growth of its component subsystems, independent of the replication efficiency of the involved subsystems. As exponential growth implies the survival of the fittest in a competitive environment, these results suggest that protocell assemblies could be efficient vehicles in terms of evolving through Darwinian selection.