bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Electron Beam Induced Deposition and Nano Device Fabrication Using Liquid Cell TEM Technology
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhou Lihui , Wang Ping , Cao Hongliang , Miao Xiaoli , Wei Feifei
Published: May 2014

SiCx nano dots and nano wires with sizes from 60 nm to approximately 2 µm were fabricated using liquid cell transmission electron microscope (TEM) technology. A SiCl4 in CH2Cl2 solution was sealed between two pieces of Si3N4 window grids in an in situ TEM liquid cell. Focused 200 keV electron beams were used to bombard the sealed precursors, which caused decomposition of the precursor materials, and deposition of the nano materials on the Si3N4 window substrates. The size of nano dots increased with beam exposure time, following an approximately exponential relationship with the beam doses. Secondary electrons are attributed as the primary sources for the Si and C reduction. A nano device was formed from a deposited nano wire, with its electrical property characterized.
Organocatalytic Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles Catalyzed by Novel Water‐compatible Axially Unfixed Biaryl‐based Bifunctional Organocatalysts
Authors: Zhao Hongwu , Meng Wei , Yang Zhao , Tian Ting , Sheng Zhihui , Li Hailong , Song Xiuqing , Zhang Yutong , Yang Sen , Li Bo
Published: May 2014

In this work, six novel axially unfixed biaryl‐based water‐compatible bifunctional organocatalysts were designed and synthesized for the organocatalytic access to a variety of 3‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindole derivatives via aldol reactions in water. Organocatalyzed by 5a, the direct aldol reactions of isatins with enolisable ketones underwent readily in water, furnishing the structurally diverse 3‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles in various stereoselectivities (up to>99% dr and >99% ee). Moreover, a plausible transition state of the conducted aldol reactions was hypothesized to shed light on the observed stereoselectivities of the obtained 3‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles.
Catalytic CN Bond Alkynylation of N‐Benzylic Sulfonamides with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Liu Congrong , Yang Fulai , Wang Tingting
Published: May 2014

A new cross‐coupling reaction of N‐benzylic sulfonamides with terminal alkynes for the synthesis of internal alkynes is reported. In the presence of 5 mol% of (Tf)2NH/Bi(OTf)3 (1:1), a broad range of N‐benzylic sulfonamides react smoothly with arylacetylenes to afford structurally diverse internal alkynes in moderate to excellent yields. We reasoned that vinyl cations could be formed by the regioselective attack of terminal alkynes with benzyl cations generated in situ from N‐benzylic sulfonamides under acidic conditions, which then eliminated to form a carbon‐carbon triple bond.
Synthesis of Ferrocene‐Modified Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts by Surface Amidation Reaction for Phenol Synthesis
Authors: Ye Xiangju , Zheng Yun , Wang Xinchen
Published: May 2014

A polymeric Fc‐CO‐NH‐C3N4 (Fc‐CN) material was synthesized by amidation reaction of ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Fc‐COOH) with NH2 groups on the surface of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (MCN). The properties of the as‐synthesized samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherm, photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, (photo)electrochemical measurement and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resultant catalysts were investigated as heterogeneous catalysts for the selective oxidation of benzene to phenol using H2O2 as a green oxidant under visible light irradiation. The results reveal that Fc‐modified samples can not only extend the visible light absorption, but also accelerate the bulk‐to‐surface charge transfer and separation via surface dyadic structures, both of which are favorable for phenol production from benzene photocatalytic hydroxylation with H2O2. Under the optimal conditions, up to 16.9 % phenol yield (based on benzene) is obtained by Fc‐CN/1.5‐5 sample, and the corresponding Fe content is about 0.64 wt%. Furthermore, after the second run, no significant decrease of the activity (in term of TOF) and the selectivity is found in Fc‐CN/1.0‐5 sample. Combined with the experimental results and Fenton‐chemistry, a possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism on the hydroxylation of benzene to phenol at neutral medium with visible light is proposed.
ALK‐positive non–small cell lung cancer: Mechanisms of resistance and emerging treatment options
Authors: Steuer Conor E. , Ramalingam Suresh S.
Published: May 2014

Targeted therapy has emerged as an effective treatment option for certain molecular subsets of advanced stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The discovery of the echinoderm microtubule‐associated protein like 4–anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4‐ALK) translocation as an oncogenic driver has led to the development of novel therapies with activity in vitro and in the clinic. The first‐in‐class tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib is effective against ALK‐positive NSCLC and is currently used as first‐line or salvage therapy in the setting of advanced disease. However, resistance inevitably develops through a variety of mechanisms, including point mutations affecting the fusion protein, activation of bypass signaling pathways, copy number gain of ALK, and other means. Increased understanding of these pathways is essential for tailoring treatment choices to improve outcomes and minimize toxicities. Potent second‐generation ALK inhibitors currently in trials are producing encouraging results in ALK‐positive NSCLC, even in patients with acquired resistance to crizotinib. The success in identifying the ALK translocations and rapidly developing targeted drugs to exploit it paves the way for a better understanding of NSCLC biology and the quest to provide effective, personalized treatment for lung cancer patients. Cancer 2014;120:2392–2402. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Declining childhood and adolescent cancer mortality: Great progress but still much to be done
Authors: Pritchard‐Jones Kathy , Hargrave Darren
Published: May 2014

Improvements in childhood and adolescent cancer mortality and survival rates have continued in recent years, but the rate of progress has been greater in hematologic malignances than in solid tumors. A short reflection on these achievements is warranted before quickly turning our attention to the remaining challenges.
A computational framework for simulation of the delivery of substances into cells
Authors: Campello Eduardo M. B. , Zohdi Tarek I.
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we propose a simple computational framework for the rapid simulation of the delivery of substances into cells. Our approach treats the substances and the cell membrane as a collection of particles forming a discrete dynamical system, which is described by Newtonian equations in a purely mechanistic way. Detailed aspects about the modeling of particle interactions are discussed and resolved. The main advantage of such an approach is that it can offer a good qualitative picture of the delivery mechanism without the need to resort to detailed descriptions of the complex intermolecular interactions that are observed at small scales of the cell membrane. A numerical time integration scheme is formulated for solution of the system dynamics, and examples of simulations are provided. Computational particle‐based models render reliable and fast simulation tools. We believe they can be very useful to help advance the design of delivery systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of eating disorder symptoms with internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology among men and women
Authors: Mitchell Karen S. , Wolf Erika J. , Reardon Annemarie F. , Miller Mark W.
Published: May 2014

Objective

A large body of factor analytic research supports the idea that common mental disorders are organized along correlated latent dimensions termed internalizing and externalizing. Eating disorders (EDs) have been associated with both internalizing (mood and anxiety disorders) and externalizing (substance use, antisocial personality disorder) forms of psychopathology. Previous studies found that EDs are most strongly related to internalizing disorders. However, no previous factor analytic studies of EDs and the internalizing/externalizing dimensions have evaluated if EDs align with these spectra similarly for men and women. We examined the location of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) symptoms within this model of psychopathology among a sample of veterans, a population traditionally understudied in EDs.

Method

Data were from two studies of veterans and their intimate partners (N = 453 men and 307 women). Participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV without skip‐outs. Lifetime symptom severity scores were used in confirmatory factor analytic models.

Results

A model with AN, BN, and BED symptoms loading onto the distress subfactor of the internalizing domain fit the data best in the full sample and the male and female subsamples. This model was statistically equivalent for men and women.

Discussion

All three EDs loaded onto distress, indicating that these conditions overlap with psychopathology characterized by negative affect. Investigating latent dimensions of psychopathology is one approach to identifying common factors that partially account for patterns of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders, which may aid in translating research findings into clinical practice. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:860–869)
2‐Amino‐4‐(2‐pyridyl)thiazole as Chelating Ligand: A Dinuclear Oxido‐Bridged Ferric Complex and Mononuclear 3d Metal Complexes
Authors: Huxel Timo , Leone Selina , Lan Yanhua , Demeshko Serhiy , Klingele Julia
Published: May 2014

2‐Amino‐4‐(2‐pyridyl)thiazole (H2L) complexes of iron(III), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) have been prepared for the first time. The oxido‐bridged dinuclear ferric complex [(H2L)2FFeIII(μ‐O)FeIIIF(H2L)2](BF4)2 (1) and the mononuclear difluorido complex [FeIII(H2L)2F2](BF4) (2) were prepared with Fe(BF4)2·6H2O. Complex 1 contains strong antiferromagnetically coupled iron(III) ions. In addition, the mononuclear 3:1‐type complex [Co(H2L)3](ClO4)2 (3) and the mononuclear 2:1‐type complexes [Cu(H2L)2](ClO4)2 (4) and [M(H2L)2(NCX)2] (5: M = Fe, X = S; 6: M = Fe, X = Se; 7: M = Co, X = S; 8: M = Ni, X = S) were prepared.
Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Furan Derivatives by Condensation of 1,3‐Diketones with Cyclic α‐Hydroxy‐β‐oxo Esters
Authors: Schickmous Barhiem , Christoffers Jens
Published: May 2014

Tetrasubstituted 3‐acylfuran derivatives were obtained by condensation of acetylacetone with alicyclic and heterocyclic α‐hydroxy‐β‐oxo esters under acidic conditions [0.1 equiv. cerium(III) salt in AcOH]. With [b]‐annulated 4‐acyl‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylfuran‐2‐carboxylates as common intermediates, the reaction proceeded along different pathways depending on the starting materials used: Alicyclic α‐hydroxy‐β‐oxo esters gave cycloalkane‐annulated furans as products. The ester group was lost after saponification and decarboxylation at elevated temperature. A thiopyrano[3,4‐b]‐annulated 2H‐furan was obtained when starting from a tetrahydrothiopyranone derivative. With piperidones or a tetrahydropyranone as starting materials, the heterocyclic six‐membered ring was cleaved in a retro‐Mannich type reaction and one carbon atom was lost. 4‐Acetyl‐5‐methylfuran‐2‐carboxylates with a 2‐amino or 2‐hydroxyethyl substituent in the 3‐position are obtained in these cases.
Validating speed of onset as a key component of good analgesic response in acute pain
Authors: Moore R.A. , Derry S. , Straube S. , Ireson‐Paine J. , Wiffen P.J.
Published: May 2014

Background

Previous analysis of a single data set in acute pain following third molar extraction demonstrated a strong relationship between the speed of reduction of pain intensity and overall pain relief, as well as need for additional analgesia.

Methods

Individual patient data analysis of a single randomized, double‐blind trial of placebo, paracetamol 1000 mg, ibuprofen sodium 400 mg and ibuprofen‐poloxamer 400 mg following third molar extraction. Visual analogue scale pain intensity (VASPI) and other measurements were made at baseline, every 5–45 min, and at 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min.

Results

Most patients produced consistent VASPI results over time. For placebo and paracetamol, few patients achieved low VASPI scores and maintained them. For both ibuprofen formulations, VASPI scores fell rapidly during the first hour and were then typically maintained until later re‐medication. Analysis of all patients showed that rapid VASPI reduction in the first hour was strongly correlated with good overall pain relief (high total pain relief over 0–6 h), and with lesser need for additional analgesia within 6 h. Results for this analysis were in very good agreement with a previous analysis, validating the relationship between fast initial pain intensity reduction and overall good pain relief in this setting.

Conclusions

In acute pain following third molar extraction, faster acting analgesic formulations provide earlier onset of pain relief, better overall pain relief and a less frequent need for additional analgesia, indicating longer lasting pain relief.
Synthesis of New Types of Ferrocene Dimers Bridged by a Fused Oligothiophene Spacer and Study of Their Electrochemical Oxidation Process via a Mixed‐Valence State
Authors: Muraoka Hiroki , Watanabe Yudai , Takahashi Aki , Kamoto Hironobu , Ogawa Satoshi
Published: May 2014

We describe the synthesis and electrochemical oxidation properties of ferrocene dimers bridged by a fused oligothiophene spacer (thienothiophene, benzodithiophene, and dithienothiophene), which are designed as new types of ferrocene dimers for the study of the oxidation process via a mixed‐valence state. The electrochemical properties of all ferrocene dimers were examined by a cyclic voltammetry technique. The voltammograms showed a reversible two‐electron oxidation wave derived from the two ferrocene fragments with a potential difference between the first and second oxidation waves (ΔE1/2 = E1/2(+1/+2) – E1/2(0/+1)), which ranges from 0 to +127 mV. This result indicates that the chemical structure of the fused oligothiophene spacer can be attuned to the two‐electron oxidation process of two ferrocene terminals via a mixed‐valence state.
Treatment response in the PIVENS trial is associated with decreased hedgehog pathway activity
Authors: Guy Cynthia D. , Suzuki Ayako , Abdelmalek Manal F. , Burchette James L. , Diehl Anna Mae ,   for the NASH CRN
Published: May 2014

Hedgehog (Hh) ligand production by ballooned hepatocytes drives nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression in mice. The NIDDK‐sponsored PIVENS trial (NCT00063622) showed that vitamin E (VitE) improved NASH. We investigated whether VitE treatment and improvement in NASH were associated with changes in Hh pathway activity. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on both pre‐ and posttreatment liver biopsies of 59 PIVENS patients randomized to VitE (n = 30) or placebo (n = 29). Sonic Hh (Shh) ligand‐producing cells and Shh‐responsive cells were quantified. The latter was accomplished by triple IHC for gli2+ (marker of Hh signaling), sox‐9 (progenitor marker), and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA; myofibroblast marker). Ballooned hepatocytes were quantified by keratin 8/18 and ubiquitin (K8/18/Ub) staining. IHC results were correlated with primary clinical and histologic PIVENS data. Pretreatment clinical, histologic, and IHC parameters did not differ significantly in the two treatment groups. Regardless of treatment arm, the number of Shh+ hepatocytes correlated with K8/18/Ub foci (r2 = 0.47, P < 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (r2 = 0.15, P = 0.002). Treatment‐related changes in the numbers of Shh+ hepatocytes correlated with changes in serum AST (partial r2 = 0.75, P < 0.0001), hepatocyte ballooning (P = 0.004), the ductular reaction (i.e., numbers of gli2+/sox9+ cells; P = 0.03 and α‐SMA+ cells; P = 0.10), and fibrosis stage (P = 0.02). Treatment response was associated with a greater decrease in Shh+ hepatocytes than nonresponse (P = 0.007). The VitE group demonstrated a greater reduction in K8/18/Ub+ foci (P < 0.08) and Shh+ hepatocytes (P < 0.05) than the placebo group, effects that became more significant after correction for baseline differences and multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusion: During PIVENS, treatment response correlated with loss of Shh+ hepatocytes and improvement in Hh‐regulated processes that promote NASH progression. (Hepatology 2015;61:98–107)
Autocrine vascular endothelial growth factor signaling promotes cell proliferation and modulates sorafenib treatment efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Peng Sui , Wang Ye , Peng Hong , Chen Dong , Shen Shunli , Peng Baogang , Chen Minhu , Lencioni Riccardo , Kuang Ming
Published: May 2014

Tumor cells express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that can activate VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) on or within tumor cells to promote growth in an angiogenesis-independent fashion; however, this autocrine VEGF pathway has not been reported in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib, an angiogenic inhibitor, is the only drug approved for use in advanced HCC patients. Yet the treatment efficacy is diverse and the mechanism behind it remains undetermined. Our aims were to study the molecular mechanisms underlying autocrine VEGF signaling in HCC cells and evaluate the critical role of autocrine VEGF signaling on sorafenib treatment efficacy. By immunohistochemistry, we found robust nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for active, phosphorylated VEGF receptor 1 (pVEGFR1) and phosphorylated VEGF receptor 2 (pVEGFR2), and by western blotting we found that membrane VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 increased in HCC tissues. We showed that autocrine VEGF promoted phosphorylation of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 and internalization of pVEGFR2 in HCC cells, which was both pro-proliferative through a protein lipase C-extracellular kinase pathway and self-sustaining through increasing VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 mRNA expressions. In high VEGFR1/2-expressing HepG2 cells, sorafenib treatment inhibited cell proliferation, reduced VEGFR2 mRNA expression in vitro, and delayed xenograft tumor growth in vivo. These results were not found in low VEGFR1/2-expressing Hep3B cells. In an advanced HCC population on sorafenib treatment for postoperative recurrence, we found that the absence of VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 expression in resected tumor tissues before sorafenib treatment was associated with poorer overall survival. Conclusion: Autocrine VEGF signaling directly promotes HCC cell proliferation and affects the sorafenib treatment outcome in vitro and in vivo, which may enable better stratification for clinical treatment decisions. (Hepatology 2014;60:1264–1277)
Polysaccharide nanofibers with variable compliance for directing cell fate
Authors: Jiang Xu , Nai Mui Hoon , Lim Chwee Teck , Le Visage Catherine , Chan Jerry K. Y. , Chew Sing Yian
Published: May 2014

Cells perceive their microenvironment through physical and mechanical cues, such as extracellular matrix topography or stiffness. In this study, we developed a polysaccharide scaffold that can provide combined substrate topography and matrix compliance signals to direct cell fate. Pullulan/dextran (P/D) nanofibers were fabricated with variable stiffness by in situ crosslinking during electrospinning. By varying the chemical crosslinking content between 10, 12, 14, and 16%, (denoted as STMP10, STMP12, STMP14, and STMP16 respectively), scaffold mechanical stiffness was altered. We characterized substrate stiffness by various methods. Under hydrated conditions, atomic force microscopy and tensile tests of bulk scaffolds were conducted. Under dry conditions, tensile tests of scaffolds and single nanofibers were examined. In addition, we evaluated the efficacy of the scaffolds in directing stem cell differentiation. Using human first trimester mesenchymal stem cells (fMSCs) cultured on STMP14 P/D scaffolds (Young's modulus: 7.84 kPa) in serum‐free neuronal differentiation medium exhibited greatest extent of differentiation. Cells showed morphological changes and significantly higher expression of motor neuron markers. Further analyses by western blotting also revealed the enhanced expression of choline acetyltransferase on STMP14 (7.84 kPa) and STMP16 (11.08 kPa) samples as compared to STMP12 (7.19 kPa). Taken together, this study demonstrates that the stiffness of P/D nanofibers can be altered by differential in situ crosslinking during electrospinning and suggests the feasibility of using such polysaccharide nanofibers in supporting fMSC neuronal commitment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 959–968, 2015.
Synthesis and In Vitro Antitumor Evaluation of Some New Pyrimido[4,5‐b]quinoxaline 5,10‐Dioxide Derivatives
Authors: Waly Mohamed , Elgogary Sameh , Lashien Ahmed , Farag Ahmad
Published: May 2014

A new series of tricyclic pyrimidoquinoxaline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as antitumor assays and compared with standard drug 5‐fluorouracil. These new pyrimidoquinoxaline derivatives were synthesized by the reaction with o‐aminonitrilequinoxaline derivative 3 with various reagents. One from which, the condensation of o‐aminonitrile with potassium cyanate in acetic acid was stated as a new procedure for building the pyrimidine ring incorporate to quinoxaline moiety. Further condensation of aminonitrile 3 with formamide or Vilsmeier reaction followed by transamination or carbon disulphide was applied as procedures for the pyrimidine ring syntheses. Compound 15 achieved significant in vitro antitumor activity, and compounds 9 and 14 have high activities.
Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfones by Ring Opening of 4,4‐Dioxo‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxathiines and Their In Situ Reactions with Nucleophilic or Electrophilic Agents
Authors: Bułakowska Anita , Konieczny Marek T.
Published: May 2014

A new, mild method of synthesis of 2‐hydroxyphenyl vinyl sulfones from 4,4‐dioxo‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxathiine derivatives is described. The products were further modified in situ, either by Michael addition of nucleophiles or by reaction of the 2‐hydroxy group with an electrophile. The method can be utilized to immobilize proteins on a suitable support, or for other similar applications, as generation of the vinyl sulfone is always accompanied by formation of phenolate anion that can be used to bond in situ the vinyl sulfone to a suitable support.
Novel SO3H‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids – Catalyzed Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives via Hantzsch Condensation under Ultrasound Irradiation
Authors: Li Bai Lin , Zhong Ai Guo , Ying An Guo
Published: May 2014

A facile and efficient synthesis of polyhydroquinolines has been developed via four‐component condensation reactions of aldehydes, dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in the presence of Novel SO3H‐functionalized ionic liquid catalysts through Hantzsch reaction under ultrasound irradiation without solvent. Simple work‐up procedure, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and non‐toxic catalyst, shorter reaction times along with excellent product yields are the significant features of this practical method.
Oncoplastic breast conservation surgery: The new paradigm
Authors: Silverstein Melvin J. , Mai Tam , Savalia Nirav , Vaince Faaiza , Guerra Lisa
Published: May 2014

Oncoplastic surgery combines plastic surgical techniques with sound surgical oncologic principles. The goal is to completely excise the cancer, with wide surgical margins while maintaining or improving cosmesis. For large, poorly defined, or unfavorably situated tumors, standard lumpectomies may lead to unacceptable cosmetic results in addition to close or involved resection margins. Similar problems may occur for smaller tumors in small breasts. Integration of the two surgical disciplines avoids or minimizes poor cosmetic results after wide excision. It increases the number of women who can be treated with breast‐conserving surgery by allowing larger breast excisions with more acceptable cosmetic results. Oncoplastic surgery requires a multidisciplinary approach and thorough preoperative planning. It is absolutely necessary to enlist the cooperation and coordination of surgical oncology, plastic surgery, radiology, pathology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology. Oncoplastic surgery requires a philosophy that the appearance of the breast after tumor excision is important. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:82–89. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of Using Mental Health Services After Sexual Assault
Authors: Price Matthew , Davidson Tatiana M. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Acierno Ron , Resnick Heidi S.
Published: May 2014

Sexual assault increases the risk for psychopathology. Despite the availability of effective interventions, relatively few victims who need treatment receive care in the months following an assault. Prior work identified several factors associated with utilizing care, including ethnicity, insurance, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Few studies, however, have examined predictors of treatment utilization prospectively from the time of assault. The present study hypothesized that White racial status, younger age, being partnered, having health insurance, having previously received mental health treatment, and having more PTSD and depression symptoms would predict utilization of care in the 6 months postassault. This was examined in a sample of 266 female sexual assault victims with an average age of 26.2 years, of whom 62.0% were White and 38.0% were African American assessed at 1.5 and 6 months postassault. Available information on utilizing care varied across assessments (1.5 months, n = 214; 3 months, n = 126; 6 months, n = 204). Significant predictors included having previously received mental health treatment (OR = 4.09), 1 day depressive symptoms (OR = 1.06), and having private insurance (OR = 2.24) or Medicaid (OR = 2.19). Alcohol abuse and prior mental health care were associated with a substantial increase in treatment utilization (OR = 4.07). The findings highlight the need to help victims at risk obtain treatment after sexual assault.
Knowledge Audit: Findings from the Energy Sector
Authors: Ragsdell Gillian , Probets Steve , Ahmed Ghosia , Murray Ian
Published: May 2014

Knowledge audits assist organisations in understanding what knowledge is needed, available and used for their current activities. They also identify knowledge gaps that might limit the organisation's activities. An iterative cycle of knowledge audits takes account of the organisation's changing environment and triggers informed interventions. This paper reports the findings of the first knowledge audit in an organisation that brings together public bodies and private organisations with the aim of maximising the collective knowledge of its diverse membership to address a national research agenda.

The audit collected qualitative data from interviews with employees from four departments. Interviewees were asked about their roles, procedures and knowledge needs; their department's knowledge requirements; and about knowledge interfaces with external partners. Views about the culture and structure of the organisation were also sought.

Results were analysed at a departmental level to form two knowledge maps per department—one each for internal and external knowledge flows. Analysis of the maps and interview transcripts surfaced strengths and weaknesses of each department's knowledge activities. Next, a cross‐department comparison highlighted best practices and company‐wide opportunities for enhancing knowledge management.

Resulting recommendations were to:

Develop a holistic approach to knowledge sharing

Nurture organisational culture

Clarify the strategic message

Improve the organisation of information

Improve the availability of staff

Develop interdepartmental communication

Commission future knowledge audits

In addition to reporting the outcomes and outputs of the audit, the paper also shares reflections on the process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults: A short version Cochrane systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Clement Keiran David , Lapitan Marie Carmela M. , Omar Muhammad Imran , Glazener Cathryn Margaret Anne
Published: May 2014

Background

Urodynamic tests are used to investigate people who have urinary incontinence or other urinary symptoms in order to make an objective diagnosis. The investigations are invasive and time consuming.

Objectives

To determine if treatment according to a urodynamic‐based diagnosis, compared to treatment based on history and examination, leads to more effective clinical care and better clinical outcomes.

Search Methods

Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialized Register (searched February 19, 2013); reference lists of relevant articles.

Selection Criteria

Randomized and quasi‐randomized trials in people who were and were not investigated using urodynamics, or comparing one type of urodynamic test against another.

Data Collection and Analysis

At least two independent review authors carried out trial assessment, selection, and data abstraction.

Results

We found eight trials but data were available for only 1,036 women in seven trials. Women undergoing urodynamics were more likely to have their management changed (17% vs. 3%, risk ratio [RR] 5.07, 95% CI 1.87–13.74). Two trials suggested that women were more likely to receive drugs (RR 2.09, 95% CI 1.32–3.31), but, in five trials, women were not more likely to undergo surgery (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88–1.12).

There was no statistically significant difference in urinary incontinence in women who had urodynamics (37%) compared with those undergoing history and clinical examination alone (36%) (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.86–1.21).

Authors' Conclusions

While urodynamics did change clinical decision‐making, there was some high‐quality evidence that this did not result in lower urinary incontinence rates after treatment. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:407–412, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can the quantity of cell‐free fetal DNA predict preeclampsia: a systematic review
Authors: Martin Angela , Krishna Iris , Martina Badell , Samuel Amber
Published: May 2014

Objective

Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in the quantity of cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) before the onset of preeclampsia. It would be beneficial if the quantity of cffDNA predicted preeclampsia in order to implement preventative trials and strategies to decrease maternal and fetal morbidity. Our objective was to review the literature on using cffDNA levels as a predictor of preeclampsia.

Methods

We performed a systematic review following the Meta‐analyses and Systematic Review of Observational Studies guidelines. Included studies evaluated cffDNA levels in pregnant women before the clinical onset of preeclampsia.

Results

Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. There was considerable heterogeneity between included studies, and all received a quality grade of C on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation scale. Of the 13 studies, 11 found an increase in cffDNA among pregnant women who subsequently developed preeclampsia. In addition, all four studies analyzing early‐onset or severe preeclampsia found significantly elevated cffDNA levels prior to disease onset.

Conclusion

Cell‐free fetal DNA quantification is a promising marker for preeclampsia prediction, especially for the development of early‐onset or severe preeclampsia. However, because of the heterogeneity in published studies, a precise conclusion about the statistical and clinical relevance cannot be made. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Factors Associated with Bleeding After Alteplase Administration for Pulmonary Embolism: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Curtis Garrett M. , Lam Simon W. , Reddy Anita J. , Bauer Seth R.
Published: May 2014

Study Objective

To identify risk factors associated with bleeding in patients who received alteplase for pulmonary embolism (PE), with a specific focus on risk factors available to the clinician at the time thrombolytics are being considered.

Design

Case‐control study.

Setting

Large academic medical center.

Patients

Sixty‐two adults with PE who were administered alteplase 100 mg over a 2‐hour infusion period between January 2000 and October 2011; of these patients, 28 experienced major bleeding (case patients), and 34 did not develop major bleeding (control patients).

Measurements and Main Results

Risk factors for bleeding from alteplase were compiled from the U.S. product label and the literature. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess for risk factors independently associated with bleeding. Patients with major bleeding more frequently had recent major surgery (odds ratio [OR] 9.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–79.99, p=0.039), an international normalized ratio above 1.7 (OR 13.20, 95% CI 1.54–113.52, p=0.008), and one or more risk factors for bleeding (OR 5.02, 95% CI 1.68–15.04, p=0.003). On multivariate analysis, one or more risk factors for bleeding (adjusted OR 5.74, 95% CI 1.78–18.55, p=0.004) and body weight (adjusted OR 1.18 for each 10 kg below 100 kg, 95% CI 1.01–1.37, p=0.035) were independently associated with major bleeding. Intensive care unit length of stay after alteplase administration was significantly longer in patients with major bleeding (median 2.2, interquartile range [IQR] 0.9–4.8) days versus 1.1 (IQR 0.4–1.9 days, p=0.028).

Conclusion

Risk factors for bleeding that are available to clinicians at the time the decision is made to administer alteplase for PE are significantly associated with the occurrence of major bleeding; the odds of major bleeding in patients with one or more risk factors for bleeding were ~5 times higher than in patients without these risk factors. Thus clinicians should weigh these risk factors for bleeding against the perceived benefit of thrombolytic therapy when deciding to administer a thrombolytic in an individual patient with PE.
The IUPAC International Congresses of Pesticide Chemistry (1963–2014) and Pest Management Science: a half‐century of progress
Authors: Brooks Gerald T
Published: May 2014

As we approach the 2014 San Francisco IUPAC Pesticide Chemistry Congress, we reflect on the 51 years of such congresses every 4 years since 1963. Meanwhile, our journal, Pesticide Science/Pest Management Science, has in parallel continually published relevant science for nearly as long (44 years from 1970). © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Low work function thin film growth for high efficiency thermionic energy converter: Coupled Kelvin probe and photoemission study of potassium oxide
Authors: Morini F. , Dubois E. , Robillard J. F. , Monfray S. , Skotnicki T.
Published: May 2014

Recent researches in thermal energy harvesting have revealed the remarkable efficiency of thermionic energy converters comprising very low work function electrodes. From room temperature and above, this kind of converter could supply low power devices such as autonomous sensor networks. In this type of thermoelectric converters, current injection is mainly governed by a mechanism of thermionic emission at the hot electrode which explains the interest for low work function coating materials. In particular, alkali metal oxides have been identified as excellent candidates for coating converter electrodes. This paper is devoted to the synthesis and characterization of potassium peroxide K2O2 onto silicon surfaces. To determine optimal synthesis conditions of K2O2, we present diagrams showing the different oxides as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure from which phase stability characteristics can be determined. From the experimental standpoint, we present results on the synthesis of potassium oxide under ultra high vacuum and controlled temperature. The resulting surface is characterized in situ by means of photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and contact potential difference (CPD) measurements. A work function of 1.35 eV is measured which and the expected efficiency of the corresponding converter is discussed. It is generally assumed that the decrease of the work function in the alkali/oxygen/silicon system, is attributed to the creation of a surface dipole resulting from a charge transfer between the alkali metal and oxygen.
Time and spatially resolved electron spin detection in semiconductor heterostructures by magneto‐optical Kerr microscopy
Authors: Henn Tobias , Kießling Tobias , Molenkamp Laurens W. , Reuter Dirk , Wieck Andreas D. , Biermann Klaus , Santos Paulo V. , Ossau Wolfgang
Published: May 2014

We review on time and spatially resolved two‐color pump–probe magneto‐optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy studies of electron spins in bulk n‐GaAs and GaAs (110) quantum wells (QWs) at low lattice temperatures. The influence of photocarrier heating by above‐bandgap optical spin excitation on the spatially resolved magneto‐optical spin detection is considered in detail. We demonstrate that a continuous‐wave (cw) measurement of the local Kerr rotation at a fixed arbitrary probe wavelength in general does not correctly reveal the local spin polarization when hot electrons are present. For bulk GaAs we determine the true lateral electron spin polarization profile from cw measurements of the spatial dependence of the full excitonic Kerr rotation spectrum. For the (110) QWs, we directly obtain the electron spin diffusion coefficient from picosecond real space imaging of the time evolution of an optically excited electron spin packet, which we observe with a spectrally broad probe pulse.
Observations of Riparian Tree Geometry and Bank Characteristics along a Bank Stability Gradient at the South River, VA
Authors: Stotts S. , O'Neal M. A. , Pizzuto J. E.
Published: May 2014

In this study, we evaluate the use of riparian tree‐geometry and bank‐characteristic data in developing riverbank stability forecasts at four study sites along a mercury‐contaminated reach of the South River, Virginia. Our forecast data set includes measurements of tree diameter, lean angle and percent root‐plate undercut, coupled with bank characteristics included in the Pfankuch Index. Stepwise comparisons and statistical analyses of our tree‐geometry data reveal that lean angle and percent root‐plate undercut are effective measures for discriminating between riparian tree populations at eroding and stable banks, with the strongest discriminant power from the percent root‐plate undercut. Our stability forecasts, using both tree and bank characteristics, agree with long‐term observations, underscoring the value of rarely used tree‐geometry data in such evaluations. The application of these results is important in long study reaches where forecasts of erosion potential from contaminated banks are required to develop mitigation strategies, but direct measurements of bank stability are not feasible. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of size‐segregated aerosols using ToF‐SIMS imaging and depth profiling
Authors: Cheng Wenjuan , Weng Lu‐Tao , Li Yongjie , Lau Arthur , Chan Chak , Chan Chi‐Ming
Published: May 2014

Size‐segregated particles were collected with a ten‐stage micro‐orifice uniform deposit impactor from a busy walkway in a downtown area of Hong Kong. The surface chemical compositions of aerosol samples from each stage were analyzed using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) operated in the static mode. The ToF‐SIMS spectra of particles from stage 2 (5.6–10 µm), stage 6 (0.56–1 µm), and stage 10 (0.056–0.1 µm) were compared, and the positive ion spectra from stage 2 to stage 10 were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Both spectral analysis and PCA results show that the coarse‐mode particles were associated with inorganic ions, while the fine particles were associated with organic ions. PCA results further show that the particle surface compositions were size dependent. Particles from the same mode exhibited more similar surface features. Particles from stage 2 (5.6–10 µm), stage 6 (0.56–1 µm), and stage 10 (0.056–0.1 µm) were further selected as representatives of the three modes, and the chemical compositions of these modes of particles were examined using ToF‐SIMS imaging and depth profiling. The results reveal a non‐uniform chemical distribution from the outer to the inner layer of the particles. The coarse‐mode particles were shown to contain inorganic salts beneath the organics surface. The accumulation‐mode particles contained sulfate, nitrate, ammonium salts, and silicate in the regions below a thick surface layer of organic species. The nucleation‐mode particles consisted mainly of soot particles with a surface coated with sulfate, hydrocarbons, and, possibly, fullerenic carbon. The study demonstrated the capability of ToF‐SIMS depth profiling and imaging in characterizing both the surface and the region beneath the surface of aerosol particles. It also revealed the complex heterogeneity of chemical composition in size and depth distributions of atmospheric particles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis of the solid electrolyte interface formed by additives on graphite electrodes in Li‐ion batteries using XPS, FE‐AES, and XHR‐SEM techniques
Authors: Lee Seon‐Hong , Jo Ie‐Su , Kim Jake
Published: May 2014

We investigate the formation and distribution of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on a graphite anode with two additives [vinylethylene carbonate (VEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC)] in a formation process using XPS, field emission AES, and extreme high‐resolution SEM (XHR‐SEM) techniques, and we studied what factors play an important role in determining the formation of the SEI layer. The VEC‐derived SEI behaviors (morphology, thickness, compound, and balance over electrode position) on a graphite anode largely depend on the elevated temperature. The VC‐derived SEI layer is mostly formed in the initial charging step, showing simple growth (formation) behavior. It is suggested that the properties of the additives are important for SEI bonding configurations at the nanoscale film surface, and to achieve the stable SEI layer, there appears to be an effective formation process for the additive properties. This research highlights the challenges of developing a stable SEI layer with additives in the formation process for electric vehicle batteries and would make a contribution to the understanding of how formation conditions affect an SEI layer with respect to additive properties. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of Al‐enriched surface layers through reaction at the Mg‐substrate/Al‐powder interface
Authors: Mola Renata , Jagielska‐Wiaderek Karina
Published: May 2014

Al‐enriched surface layers containing a Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase and a solid solution of Al in Mg were fabricated by heating Mg specimens in contact with Al powder in a vacuum furnace. The layer formation process proceeded through partial melting at the Mg‐substrate/Al‐powder interface. The test results suggest that a good contact between the Al powder and the Mg substrate is required during heat treatment. In this study, a pressure of 1 MPa was applied to improve the contact of the Al powder with the Mg specimen. When the powder was pressed down during heating, it was possible to reduce the process temperature from 450 °C to 440 °C. The layers produced at 440 °C in a short heating time (40 min) were thick, continuous and uniform. The microhardness of the Al‐enriched layers was much higher than that of the Mg substrate. The results of the electrochemical corrosion tests indicated that the Mg specimens with an Al‐enriched surface layer had better corrosion resistance than the bare Mg. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain imaging of electrochemical reactions of a solid electrolyte Cu2S
Authors: Tamura Ryota , Takata Keiji
Published: May 2014

The electrochemical behavior of a solid electrolyte Cu2S was investigated using strain imaging. The precipitation or dissolution of Cu in Cu2S induces changes in volume. Scanning probe microscopy detects the changes in volume through surface displacements with high resolution, and so, we can observe the extension of redox‐induced regions. The Cu filaments grew as the voltages were increased, and finally, a Cu bridge between the upper and lower electrodes was formed. When the Cu bridge was formed, electrochemical reactions were considerably suppressed because a large part of the current flowed through the Cu bridge. This was proven by the substantial decreases in the detected surface displacements. Further, growth of filaments was suppressed and the one‐bridge connection was kept, which led to high‐speed switching because the time required for disconnection was shortened. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Evidence-Based Unified Definition of Lifelong and Acquired Premature Ejaculation: Report of the Second International Society for Sexual Medicine Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Serefoglu Ege Can , McMahon Chris G. , Waldinger Marcel D. , Althof Stanley E. , Shindel Alan , Adaikan Ganesh , Becher Edgardo F. , Dean John , Giuliano Francois , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. , Giraldi Annamaria , Glina Sidney , Incrocci Luca , Jannini Emmanuele , McCabe Marita , Parish Sharon , Rowland David , Segraves R. Taylor , Sharlip Ira , Torres Luiz Otavio
Published: May 2014

Introduction

The International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation developed the first evidence-based definition for lifelong premature ejaculation (PE) in 2007 and concluded that there were insufficient published objective data at that time to develop a definition for acquired PE.

Aim

The aim of this article is to review and critique the current literature and develop a contemporary, evidence-based definition for acquired PE and/or a unified definition for both lifelong and acquired PE.

Methods

In April 2013, the ISSM convened a second Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation in Bangalore, India. The same evidence-based systematic approach to literature search, retrieval, and evaluation used by the original committee was adopted.

Results

The committee unanimously agreed that men with lifelong and acquired PE appear to share the dimensions of short ejaculatory latency, reduced or absent perceived ejaculatory control, and the presence of negative personal consequences. Men with acquired PE are older, have higher incidences of erectile dysfunction, comorbid disease, and cardiovascular risk factors, and have a longer intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) as compared with men with lifelong PE. A self-estimated or stopwatch IELT of 3 minutes was identified as a valid IELT cut-off for diagnosing acquired PE. On this basis, the committee agreed on a unified definition of both acquired and lifelong PE as a male sexual dysfunction characterized by (i) ejaculation that always or nearly always occurs prior to or within about 1 minute of vaginal penetration from the first sexual experience (lifelong PE) or a clinically significant and bothersome reduction in latency time, often to about 3 minutes or less (acquired PE); (ii) the inability to delay ejaculation on all or nearly all vaginal penetrations; and (iii) negative personal consequences, such as distress, bother, frustration, and/or the avoidance of sexual intimacy.

Conclusion

The ISSM unified definition of lifelong and acquired PE represents the first evidence-based definition for these conditions. This definition will enable researchers to design methodologically rigorous studies to improve our understanding of acquired PE.