bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary of the 9th international conference on human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV‐6A, HHV‐6B, and HHV‐7)
Authors: Komaroff Anthony L. , Phan Tuan , Flamand Louis , Pellett Philip E.
Published: April 2016

The 9th International Conference on Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV‐6A, HHV‐6B, and HHV‐7) was held at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts from November 9 to 11, 2015. Important new information was presented regarding: the biology of these viruses, particularly HHV‐6A and HHV‐6B; the biology and epidemiology of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV‐6A/B; improved diagnostic tests; animal models for studying HHV‐6 and HHV‐7, and animal viruses with similarities to HHV‐6 and HHV‐7; established and possible disease associations; and new approaches to treatment. Here, we summarize work of particular interest. J. Med. Virol. 88:2038–2043, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Infections and coinfections by respiratory human bocavirus during eight seasons in hospitalized children
Authors: Calvo Cristina , García‐García María Luz , Pozo Francisco , Carballo Daniel , Martínez‐Monteserín Eduardo , Casas Inmaculada
Published: April 2016

The human bocavirus (hBoV) has been identified in respiratory infections in children in a large number of studies. Despite this, the pathogenic role of the HBoV is under discussion. The main objectives of the study were: to determine the incidence of HBoV in hospitalized children; to describe the main clinical features of the positive children; and to compare the data with those from other viral infections in the same population. A prospective study was performed between 2005 and 2013 including children up to 14‐year old with respiratory infection admitted to the Severo Ochoa Hospital (Spain). Nasopharyngeal aspirates were taken from 3,275 patients and were tested for HBoV and other 15 respiratory viruses by RT‐nested PCR. HBoV was detected in 319 patients (9.9%); 80 cases as a single pathogen, and 239 cases (75%) as coinfections with other viruses. The HBoV was the fourth most common virus detected, behind respiratory syncytial virus (39.8%), rhinovirus (30.6%), and adenovirus (15%). The most common clinical diagnosis, in cases that HBoV was detected as a single pathogen was asthma exacerbation followed by pneumonia. A seasonal distribution was shown, with higher positivity rates in December and January. Children affected by HBoV were older than children infected by other viruses. Differences in terms of clinical diagnosis were found, bronchiolitis diagnosis was lower compared with the other viruses, and HBoV was associated with diagnosis of pneumonia, with increased use of antibiotics (41.8%), and radiographic infiltrates (47%). These findings could suggest a pathogenic role of HBoV in respiratory infections in children under 14 years of age. J. Med. Virol. 88:2052–2058, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Preparation of Composite Electrospun Membranes Containing Strontium‐Substituted Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Santocildes‐Romero Martin E. , Goodchild Rebecca L. , Hatton Paul V. , Crawford Aileen , Reaney Ian M. , Miller Cheryl A.
Published: April 2016

Barrier membranes used for the treatment of bone tissue defects caused by periodontitis lack the ability to promote new bone tissue regeneration. However, the addition of an osteogenic component to membranes may enhance their regenerative potential. Here the manufacturing of composite membranes made of poly(caprolactone) and strontium‐substituted bioactive glass is described using the solution‐electrospinning technique, with particles located both inside and on the surface of the fibers. All membranes are characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and glass dissolution from within the fibers is investigated in water. In vitro material cytotoxicity is determined using a rat osteosarcoma cell line. Electrospun fibers exhibit porous surfaces and regions of increased diameter where the particles are accumulated. The glass dissolves after immersion in water, releasing dissolution products that are associated with increased pH. Further evidence suggests accelerated polymer degradation due to interactions between both components, which may provide the additional benefit of reducing the pH changes associated with glass dissolution. All compositions are biocompatible in vitro, with the exception of membranes with >50 μg of glass on their surface. In conclusion, these membranes show great potential for bone healing applications, including guided bone regeneration and scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.

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Grafting of a Stimuli Responsive Polymer on Nanolayered Coextruded PS/PCL Films by Surface Initiated Polymerization
Authors: Pangilinan Katrina D. , de Leon Al Christopher C. , Mangadlao Joey Dacula , Baer Eric , Advincula Rigoberto C.
Published: April 2016

A simple method of preparing stimuli‐responsive polystyrene (PS)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanolayered films with by growing poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brush on the surface by surface‐initiated polymerization is reported. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator with a benzophenone moiety is attached onto the surface by UV irradiation. After ATRP polymerization, PNIPAM brush films with varying thicknesses are produced. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the successful deposition of initiator and grafting of the polymer. Moreover, the behavior of the brush film as a function of temperature is demonstrated by contact angle experiments. Photopatterning is also achieved by using a photomask and is confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) imaging.

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Super Oxygen and Improved Water Vapor Barrier of Polypropylene Film with Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Nanocoatings
Authors: Song Yixuan , Tzeng Ping , Grunlan Jaime C.
Published: April 2016

Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) is widely used in packaging. Although its orientation increases mechanical strength and clarity, BOPP suffers from a high oxygen transmission rate (OTR). Multilayer thin films are deposited from water using layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is combined with either poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or vermiculite (VMT) clay to impart high oxygen barrier. A 30‐bilayer PEI/VMT nanocoating (226 nm thick) improves the OTR of 17.8 μm thick BOPP by more than 30X, rivaling most inorganic coatings. PEI/PAA multilayers achieve comparable barrier with only 12 bilayers due to greater thickness, but these films exhibit increased oxygen permeability at high humidity. The PEI/VMT coatings actually exhibit improved oxygen barrier at high humidity (and also improve moisture barrier by more than 40%). This high barrier BOPP meets the criteria for sensitive food and some electronics packaging applications. Additionally, this water‐based coating technology is cost effective and provides an opportunity to produce high barrier polypropylene film on an industrial scale.

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Synthesis, Thermal Properties, and Thermoresponsive Behaviors of Cyclic Poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate)s
Authors: An Xiaonan , Tang Qingquan , Zhu Wen , Zhang Ke , Zhao Youliang
Published: April 2016

This study aims at physicochemical properties of thermo‐ and pH/CO2‐responsive cyclic homopolymers. Three examples of cyclic poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)s (PDMAs) are synthesized by combining the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer process and the Diels–Alder ring‐closure reaction. After cyclization, the glass transition temperature significantly increases (ΔTg = 51.8–59.7 °C) due to the different configurational entropy and end groups, and the maximum decomposition temperature to lose the pendent groups is drastically decreased from 309 to 278 °C. Effects of polymerization degree, polymer concentration, additive of NaCl, and pH/CO2 on lower critical solution temperature behaviors of PDMA aqueous solutions are investigated. The cloud points (Tc) of ring PDMAs are usually higher than their linear precursors, and the ΔTc values obtained under a fixed condition can reach up to 20.7 °C, revealing the crucial role of the topology effect. This study paves the way for unique properties and applications of smart cyclic polymers and their derivatives.

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Carnosic acid alleviates chronic alcoholic liver injury by regulating the SIRT1/ChREBP and SIRT1/p66shc pathways in rats
Authors: Gao Lili , Shan Wen , Zeng Wenjing , Hu Yan , Wang Guangzhi , Tian Xiaofeng , Zhang Ning , Shi Xue , Zhao Yan , Ding Chunchun , Zhang Feng , Liu Kexin , Yao Jihong
Published: April 2016

Scope

Carnosic acid (CA), which is extracted from rosemary, displays multiple pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CA on chronic alcoholic liver injury and to elucidate the related mechanisms.

Methods and results

An in vivo rat model was established by feeding rats a liquid diet containing ethanol, and an in vitro model was created by treating HepG2 cells with 100 mM ethanol for 48 h. In the rat model of alcohol‐induced liver injury, CA significantly decreased serum aminotransferase, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. Additionally, CA inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. Interestingly, CA activated SIRT1, which was associated with the downregulation of lipoprotein carbohydrate response element‐binding protein (ChREBP) and growth factor adapter protein (p66shc). In HepG2 cells, ethanol‐induced cell injury was associated with decreased SIRT1 and increased ChREBP and p66shc protein expression. These changes were reversed by CA but enhanced by a specific SIRT1 inhibitor, EX527. Moreover, the effects of CA on SIRT1, ChREBP, and p66shc were abolished by SIRT1 siRNA or EX527, indicating that CA decreased ChREBP and p66shc expression via SIRT1 activation.

Conclusion

CA exerted protective effects against alcoholic liver injury by activating the SIRT1/ChREBP and SIRT1/p66shc pathways, which are related to the anti‐steatosis, anti‐oxidant, and anti‐apoptosis effects.
A new approach to supracervical hysterectomy during laparoscopic sacral colpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Campagna Giuseppe , Morciano Andrea , Rossitto Cristiano , Panico Giovanni , Naldini Angelica , Ercoli Alfredo , Cervigni Mauro , Scambia Giovanni
Published: April 2016

Aims

Laparoscopic sacral colpopexy (LSC) for pelvic prolapse is a complex procedure, characterized by long operative times and, when combined with supracervical hysterectomy, by a high risk of spreading of unsuspected cancerous tissue. The aim of the present study was to compare, in patients who underwent hysterectomy plus LSC for severe POP, different methods for cervical incision and uterine morcellation.

Methods

This is a prospective single Institution randomized double‐blinded clinical trial enrolling 124 patients with severe POP from June 2014 to May 2015. Patients underwent laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LSH) plus LSC for pelvic organ prolapse and were randomized in Group 1 (monopolar hook and conventional mechanical morcellator) and Group 2 (bipolar laparoscopic loop and bipolar morcellator), for supracervical incision and uterine morcellation, respectively. Our primary endpoints were the operative times and the secondary endpoints the incidence of intra‐ or post‐operative complications.

Results

A total of 50 patients for group completed the study. Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Cervical cutting time (32 vs. 3.10 sec; P <0.01), morcellation (4.10 vs. 2.13 min; P <0.01) and operative time (131 vs. 118 min; P <0.05) resulted significantly lower in Group 2. No differences were found in terms of intra‐ or post‐operative complications.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic bipolar loop and morcellator guaranteed a faster and hemostatic tool during supracervical incision and a controlled and rotation‐free uterine extraction. The significant surgical time reduction linked to these devices should be considered even more helpful and effective to perform a complex procedure represented by LSH plus LSC. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:798–802, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capacity investment decisions under risk aversion
Authors: Lu Lijian , Yan Xiaoming
Published: April 2016

This article studies the optimal capacity investment problem for a risk‐averse decision maker. The capacity can be either purchased or salvaged, whereas both involve a fixed cost and a proportional cost/revenue. We incorporate risk preference and use a consumption model to capture the decision maker's risk sensitivity in a multiperiod capacity investment model. We show that, in each period, capacity and consumption decisions can be separately determined. In addition, we characterize the structure of the optimal capacity strategy. When the parameters are stationary, we present certain conditions under which the optimal capacity strategy could be easily characterized by a static two‐sided (s, S) policy, whereby, the capacity is determined only at the beginning of period one, and held constant during the entire planning horizon. It is purchased up to B when the initial capacity is below b, salvaged down to Σ when it is above σ, and remains constant otherwise. Numerical tests are presented to investigate the impact of demand volatility on the optimal capacity strategy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 218–235, 2016
Family Functioning and the Well‐Being of Children With Chronic Conditions: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Leeman Jennifer , Crandell Jamie L. , Lee Anna , Bai Jinbing , Sandelowski Margarete , Knafl Kathleen
Published: April 2016

For children with chronic conditions, well‐being is closely related to how well their families function. Most prior research syntheses on family functioning and child well‐being have focused on children with a single condition, thereby limiting the potential to aggregate and build on what is known across conditions. To address this challenge, research reports were reviewed and meta‐analyses conducted of findings on the relationship between family functioning and child well‐being across a range of chronic physical conditions. The sample was derived from a larger systematic review study that included 1,028 reports published between January 1, 2000 and March 31, 2014. The current review includes 53 studies in which a relationship between family functioning and child well‐being was analyzed using one of four family measures: Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, Family Environment Scale, Family Relationship Index, or Family Assessment Device. Most studies were cross‐sectional and observational (n = 43, 81%). The most frequently studied conditions were diabetes, cancer, sickle cell disease, and asthma. In 37 studies, findings were sufficiently comparable to conduct meta‐analyses. Significant correlations were identified between children's psychological health and seven of nine dimensions of family functioning. Significant correlations also were found between dimensions of family functioning and children's problem behaviors, social competence, quality of life, and, to a lesser extent, adherence and physical health. Of the family dimensions, cohesion and conflict were associated most strongly with child outcomes. Understanding the specific family variables, such as conflict, linked to varied child outcomes is key for intervention development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular packing of polyvinyl alcohol in PVA‐gold nanoparticles composites and its role on thermo‐mechanical properties
Authors: Gaikwad P. V. , Sharma S. K. , Sudarshan K. , Kumar V. , Kshirsagar A. , Pujari P. K.
Published: April 2016

Confinement of polymer chains in polymer nanocomposites influences their dynamics leading to the changes in their molecular packing compared to pure polymer. In order to study the exclusive effects of confinement on molecular packing of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains, PVA nanocomposite films with varying (wt%) gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were prepared using simple solution casting method. The triplet state of positronium (ortho‐positronium, o‐Ps) was used as a probe for determination of sub nano level free volume holes’ size, density, and size distribution. The study shows that molecular packing (free volume characteristics) is exclusively modified due to the confinement of PVA chains though there is no direct interfacial interaction between PVA and Au NPs. The changes are suppressed at highest studied Au NPs loading (0.60 wt%) mainly due to nanoparticle aggregation leading to an increase in the inter particle distance, a parameter which quantitatively defines the effect of confinement in polymer nanocomposites. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infra‐red (FTIR) measurements were carried out to index the crystallinity and hydrogen bonding of PVA matrix. The variation in thermo‐mechanical properties (Young's modulus and glass transition temperature) of the nanocomposite is explained considering the changes in molecular packing and crystallinity of PVA matrix. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1137–1143, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Anti‐coagulant therapy with dabigatran for cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Bansal Manvi , Ren Clement L.
Published: April 2016

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism, especially in association with central venous catheter use. Coumarin drugs and low molecular weight heparin are frequently used for anti‐coagulant therapy, but are more challenging to administer in CF patients. Dabigatran, an oral thrombin antagonist, is an alternative anti‐coagulant medication, but its use in CF has not been reported. We describe our experience in successfully using dabigatran for long‐term anti‐coagulation therapy in two CF patients. Our experience suggests that dabigatran can serve as an option for anticoagulation therapy in CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:E29–E30. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Respiratory impedance in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Gochicoa‐Rangel Laura , Vargas Mario H. , Alonso‐Gómez José Luis , Rodríguez‐Moreno Luis , Martínez‐Briseño David , Baños‐Mejía Omar , Torre‐Bouscoulet Luis
Published: April 2016

Impulse oscillometry (IOS) evaluates non‐effort‐dependent respiratory mechanics, and thus it may be useful to evaluate patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Objectives: We aimed (1) to describe the behavior of IOS parameters in patients with DMD, and compare it to those from a control group; (2) to determine whether resistances and reactances differ in relation to the severity of DMD; and (3) to compare IOS parameters with spirometry and maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures. Methods: Children and adolescents (<20 years old) with biopsy‐confirmed DMD and age‐paired subjects were cross‐sectionally evaluated. All results were transformed to z scores with respect to the healthy subjects (reference population). Results: Anthropometric characteristics did not differ between the 31 patients and 69 controls included in the study. Compared with controls, patients with DMD had higher IOS resistances and lower reactances. As expected, FEV1 and FVC were lower in patients and always declined as age increased. By contrast, MIP and MEP were lower‐than‐normal in youngest patients, tended to improve around puberty initiation, and declined thereafter. In general, there was a poor correlation between IOS parameters and spirometric variables or respiratory pressures, excepting for X20 Hz, which had an inverse correlation with FEV1. Interestingly, IOS resistances were higher in patients with less disability (lower Vignos score; better FVC), but tended to be normalized in advanced stages of the disease. Conclusion: This study showed that IOS is feasible in children and adolescents with DMD and yields information about respiratory function not achievable with the usual forced techniques. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1072–1079. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of carbon fiber surface functionality on the moisture absorption behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites
Authors: Qian X. , Zhang Y. G. , Wang X. F. , Heng Y. J. , Zhi J. H.
Published: April 2016

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)‐based carbon fibers were electrochemically oxidized in aqueous ammonium bicarbonate with increasing current density. The electrochemical treatment led to significant changes of surface physical properties and chemical structures. The oxidized fibers showed much cleaner surfaces and increased levels of oxygen functionalities. However, it was found that there was no correlation between surface roughness and the fiber/resin bond strength, i.e. mechanical interlocking did not play a major role in fiber/resin adhesion. Increases in surface chemical functionality resulted in improved fiber/resin bonding and increased interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The relationship between fiber surface functionality and the hydrothermal aging behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy composites was investigated. The existence of free volume resulted from poor wetting of carbon fibers by the epoxy matrix and the interfacial chemical structure were the governing factors in the moisture absorption process of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein‐Directed Synthesis of Lead(II) and Temperature Dual‐Responsive Red Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters and Their Applications in Cellular and Bacterial Imaging
Authors: Kong Lingcan , Ma Guangyuan , Liu Wenwei , Zhu Pengfei , Xue Qiang , Ling Xia
Published: April 2016

Abstract: Low toxicity and fluorescent nanomaterials have many advantages in biological imaging. Herein, we report a simple protein‐directed synthesis of water‐soluble and fluorescent gold nanoclusters (NCs) using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the stabilizing agent. The as‐prepared Au NCs show red fluorescence with a maximum peak at about 630 nm (quantum yield 7.6 %) and are characterized in terms of photoluminescence spectrum, photoluminescence excitation spectrum, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), circular dichroism spectra (CD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resultant Au NCs are shown to be viable fluorescent probes for the determination of lead(II) ion and temperature due to aggregation‐induced quenching of fluorescence. Furthermore, the nanosensor exhibits high sensitivity to Pb2+ ion with a detection limit of 7.9 nmol L–1 and has been demonstrated for determination of Pb2+ ion in real water samples including tap water and mineral water. In addition, with the advantages including red fluorescence and good biocompatibility, the resultant BSA−Au NCs could be used as nanosensors for Pb2+ ion and temperature in biological imaging.
An Unusual Grob–type C–C/C‐O Bond Cleavage of 5‐Acyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one Derivatives
Authors: Ilangovan Andivelu , Sakthivel Palaniappan , Zipse Hendrik
Published: April 2016

A variety of 5‐aroyl/alkanoyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ones have been synthesised by reaction between acyclic β‐diketones and α,β‐unsaturated acyl chlorides in the presence of CaCl2 as catalyst. The reaction proceeds via domino C‐acylation/6π‐oxaelectrocyclization. The aryl‐substituted 2,3‐dihydropyranones, on treatment with hydrazine hydrate, underwent an unusual, sequential, C−C and C−O bond cleavage via tandem nucleophilic 1,2‐addition/Grob‐type fragmentation to provide 3,5‐disubstituted 1H‐pyrazoles, under mild and metal free conditions. However, the corresponding alkyl‐substituted 2,3‐dihydropyranones underwent only C−O bond cleavage to furnish 4‐acyl‐3,5‐disubstituted‐1H‐pyrazoles. The reaction free energies have been calculated at the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) level of theory for the formation of differently substituted pyrazoles. The value −215.0 kJ/mol, observed for overall reaction between diphenyl‐substituted DHP 3 aa and 2 equiv. of hydrazine support the formation of ynone III intermediate and its subsequent cyclization to form diphenyl pyrazole 7 aa. In the case of dialkyl‐substituted DHP 3 pa nucleophilic attack at the C4 position is too unfavorable on thermochemical grounds.
Alumina Particles Are Snowballing with Propylene Oxide–Synthesis of Alumina Aerogels with Free Adjustable Particle and Pore Sizes
Authors: Ren Lili , Li Xueai , He He
Published: April 2016

Abstract: Porous materials have widely application like adsorption, separation, catalysis, thermal insulation, etc., but how to prepare a kind of porous material with the specific particle and pore sizes according to the actual needs is always a tough problem. Although many studies have been involved in the regulation of the particle and channel sizes, until now the report clearly accessed to continuously adjustable particle and pore sizes is still very little. Here we demonstrate a simple method to prepare alumina aerogels with the required particle and pore size, which do not need to use any other complex structural directing materials, and can be easily achieved only by changing the amount of propylene oxide. This method realizes the controllable synthesis in real sense, which is helpful to promote the practical application of alumina aerogels, and also has a promising application in controllable synthesis of other porous materials.
Solvent–free Multicomponent Synthesis of Biologically–active Fused–imidazo Heterocycles Catalyzed by Reusable Yb(OTf)3 Under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Ansari Arshad J. , Sharma Shivani , Pathare Ramdas S. , Gopal Kandasamy , Sawant Devesh M. , Pardasani R. T.
Published: April 2016

A rapid, efficient and solvent‐free – green – protocol for Groebke–Bienaymé–Blackburn reaction (G−B‐B reaction) for the synthesis of fused‐imidazo heterocycles has been developed. The methodology reported here involves multi‐component reaction (MCR) catalyzed by reusable Yb(OTf)3 (a mild and water‐compatible Lewis acid) under microwave irradiation which allows fast and efficient preparation of the title compounds in excellent yield. The salient features of our protocol are solvent‐free, low catalyst loading (2.5–0.1 mol%) with good turnover number (TON: 890) and turnover frequency (TOF: 178/min), less reaction time (5 min), no dependency over specialized purification (by either column chromatography or recrystallization) and very high isolated yield (95–99 %) with excellent green chemistry metrics (E‐factor: 0.071 and Mass Intensity: 1.071). The water compatibility of the catalyst Yb(OTf)3 has been exploited for its efficient recovery through water washings. In addition, the other exciting milestones of the protocol are catalyst and workup solvent recycling, excellent conversion with notorious substrates such as enolizable aldehyde or isonitrile bearing reactive substituent, very efficient at higher scale (50 mmol) and easy to couple with other methods (one‐pot two‐step cyclization: G−B‐B reaction and Ullmann‐type coupling).
Tweaking the Organization of Liquid Crystallinity and Molecular Gelation in Cholesterol Tagged Cardanol by Self‐Assembly
Authors: Sadanandhan Neethu K. , Sivakala Sarojam , Devaki Sudha J.
Published: April 2016

This paper describes the effect of unsaturation, solvent, concentration and temperature on the specific modes of packing and the formation of supramolecular architectures in cholesterol tagged cardanol, 3‐pentadecyl phenol. Influences were investigated using various microscopic techniques, UV‐Vis spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and rheometry. Results revealed that the driving force for the self‐assembly is the combined effect of the shape of molecules, specific intermolecular interactions such as chiral‐chiral, π‐π, electrostatic layer by layer stacking and molecule–solvent interactions among the molecular layers. Based on the results obtained, a plausible mechanism for the formation of self‐assembled architectures from one‐dimensional nanowire to two‐dimensional micro sheets and three‐dimensional spherulites/helical fibrillar networks is presented.
N‐Iodosuccinimide Catalyzed Oxidative Selenocyanation and Thiocyanation of Electron Rich Arenes
Authors: Muniraj Nachimuthu , Dhineshkumar Jayaraman , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: April 2016

Selenocyanation and thiocyanation of electron rich arenes have been achieved using N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) as a catalyst and aq. tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant at room temperature. This method works efficiently for indoles, anilines, phenols, and other electron‐rich arene systems to furnish the products in good to excellent yields and exhibits a good regioselectivity. The products synthesized are further used to prepare their corresponding trifluoromethyl derivatives using reported reactions.
Selective Recognition and Sensing of Succinate vs. Other Aliphatic Dicarboxylates by Thiourea‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Martí Almudena , Costero Ana M. , Gaviña Pablo , Parra Margarita
Published: April 2016

Gold nanoparticles functionalized with thiourea moieties have been used as selective colorimetric sensors for the naked‐eye detection of succinate versus other aliphatic dicarboxylates, all of them as their TBA salts. The detection process is based on the interparticle aggregation triggered by coordination of the end‐carboxylates to the thiourea moieties of two different nanoparticles. This nanoparticle aggregation results in a batochromic shift of the plasmon resonance band and a visual color change from red to blue.
Bioinspired Polyaniline‐Functional Natural Hairs for Pollen Protection
Authors: Chechetka Svetlana A. , Miyako Eijiro
Published: April 2016

Self‐assembled polyaniline nano‐microspheres with a low cytotoxicity were synthesized by a simple temperature controlling method and uniformly distributed on animal hairs that had been chemically functionalized with 4‐aminothiophenol. The resulting hybrid hairs were found to exhibit unique characteristics that help reduce the adhesion of natural pollen grains and spores. This new type of natural hybrid material shows great promise for the development of anti‐pollen fiber products capable of protecting against many different types of environmental pollutant.
Synchrotron based operando surface X‐ray scattering study towards structure–activity relationships of model electrocatalysts
Authors: Goryachev Andrey , Carlà Francesco , Drnec Jakub , Onderwaater Willem G. , Felici Roberto , Krause Philipp P. T. , Wonders Ad H. , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Hofmann Jan P.
Published: April 2016

A novel combination of Surface X‐ray Scattering techniques (SXS), i. e. GISAXS (Grazing‐Incidence Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering), XRR (X‐Ray Reflectivity) and SXRD (Surface X‐Ray Diffraction) alongside with simultaneous detection of gaseous products by OLEMS (On‐Line Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry) has been applied to study under operando conditions structure‐activity relationships of a Pt model electrocatalyst. The SXS‐OLEMS combination is able to follow dynamic changes in surface morphology and crystallography during water electrolysis. To showcase the combined SXS‐OLEMS setup for operando studies of electrode transformations, H2 and O2 evolution reactions (HER and OER) on a Pt model electrocatalyst and their dependence on type and degree of surface roughening have been investigated.
Generic Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Branches on Metal Oxide Arrays Exhibiting Stable High‐Rate and Long‐Cycle Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Xia Xinhui , Chao Dongliang , Zhang Yongqi , Zhan Jiye , Zhong Yu , Wang Xiuli , Wang Yadong , Shen Ze Xiang , Tu Jiangping , Fan Hong Jin
Published: April 2016

A new and generic strategy to construct interwoven carbon nanotube (CNT) branches on various metal oxide nanostructure arrays (exemplified by V2O3 nanoflakes, Co3O4 nanowires, Co3O4–CoTiO3 composite nanotubes, and ZnO microrods), in order to enhance their electrochemical performance, is demonstrated for the first time. In the second part, the V2O3/CNTs core/branch composite arrays as the host for Na+ storage are investigated in detail. This V2O3/CNTs hybrid electrode achieves a reversible charge storage capacity of 612 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and outstanding high‐rate cycling stability (a capacity retention of 100% after 6000 cycles at 2 A g−1, and 70% after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1). Kinetics analysis reveals that the Na+ storage is a pseudocapacitive dominating process and the CNTs improve the levels of pseudocapacitive energy by providing a conductive network.
A new taxon of cynodont from the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone (upper Permian) of South Africa, and the early evolution of Cynodontia
Authors: Kammerer Christian F.
Published: April 2016

A new taxon of early cynodont, Abdalodon diastematicus gen. et sp. nov., is described. The new taxon is represented by a single skull from the upper Permian Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone (AZ) of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin, South Africa), which was previously referred to Procynosuchus delaharpeae. Abdalodon is distinguished from Procynosuchus by the presence of only four upper and three lower incisors, fewer postcanines, a well‐developed depression on the lateral surface of the maxilla posterior to the canine root, a tall mandibular symphysis forming a distinct ‘chin’, a relatively short snout, and weak or absent interdigitation of sutures in the interorbital region. These features are shared with the only other Tropidostoma AZ cynodont, Charassognathus gracilis. Abdalodon is distinguished from Charassognathus by its postcanine morphology, the presence of an expanded masseteric fossa, inset postcanine tooth rows, a broader interorbital region, and proportionally shorter temporal region. Most strikingly, Abdalodon has a lengthy diastema between the canines and postcanines on both the maxilla and the dentary. Charassognathus has a short diastema between the upper canine and postcanines, but not the lowers, and diastemata are absent from the tooth rows of Procynosuchus. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Abdalodon as the sister‐taxon of Charassognathus, forming a clade (Charassognathidae fam. nov.) at the base of Cynodontia. These taxa represent a previously unrecognized radiation of small‐bodied Permian cynodonts. Despite their small size, the holotypes of Abdalodon and Charassognathus probably represent adults and indicate that early evolution of cynodonts may have occurred at small body size, explaining the poor Permian fossil record of the group.
A simple method to predict temperature development in a protected steel member exposed to localized fire in large spaces
Authors: Guowei Zhang , Guoqing Zhu , Guanglin Yuan
Published: April 2016

Temperature development is a key issue for fire protection of steel structures. However, until now, there has been little systematic approach to predict the steel temperature development during the whole process of a localized fire in large spaces. The smoke temperature development in large spaces is different from that in normal enclosure fires as they have lower maximum temperatures and non‐uniform temperature distributions. In the present study, a whole process prediction method for the development of smoke temperatures in a large space localized fire is proposed. The prediction method accurately reflects the temperature curves (in the growing, fully developed and decay phases) and the uniform temperature distribution in large space localized fires. Based on basic heat transfer principles and the proposed smoke temperature development model, a new relationship is proposed to predict the temperature development in a protected steel member exposed to localized fire in large spaces. There is only one variable, t (time), in the proposed relationship, and thus, it is very simple to implement in evaluating temperatures, and it accurately reflects the development of the whole fire process (growing, fully developed and decay phases). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where's Your Thesis Statement and What Happened to Your Topic Sentences? Identifying Organizational Challenges in Undergraduate Student Argumentative Writing
Authors: Miller Ryan T. , Pessoa Silvia
Published: April 2016

The authors examine the challenges students faced in trying to write organized texts using effective thesis statements and topic sentences by analyzing argumentative history essays written by multilingual students enrolled in an undergraduate history course. They use the notions of macro‐Theme (i.e., thesis statement) and hyper‐Theme (i.e., topic sentence) from systemic functional linguistics to categorize students' challenges constructing effective macro‐Themes and hyper‐Themes. They compare higher graded essays and lower graded essays at six time points during one semester. Both higher and lower graded essays showed challenges with the fronting, specificity, and consistency of their macro‐Themes and hyper‐Themes. However, there was improvement over the course of the semester. By identifying these challenges, the authors aim to help teachers and students develop a meta‐language to talk about these textual features of academic writing and thus enhance the teaching and writing of academic writing. They call for the need for explicit instruction to enhance students' organization of their ideas.
Manganese exposure disrupts SNARE protein complex‐mediated vesicle fusion in primary cultured neurons
Authors: Wang Can , Xu Bin , Song Qi‐Fan , Deng Yu , Liu Wei , Xu Zhao‐Fa
Published: April 2016

Overexposure to manganese (Mn) has been known to disrupt neurotransmitter release in the brain. However, the underlying mechanisms of Mn exposure on neurotransmitter vesicle release are still unclear. The current study investigated whether the protein expression and their interaction of SNARE complex associated proteins were the media between Mn exposure and neurotransmitter vesicle fusion disorders. After the neurons were respectively exposed to Mn (0‐200 μM) for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 h, there were different degrees of cell injury in neurons. According to the results, Mn exposures in subsequent experiments were restricted to concentrations of 100 μM for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 h. Mn was found to down‐regulate the expression of SNAP‐25 and up‐regulate the expression of VAMP‐2 in cultured neurons. Moreover, the interaction of Munc 18 and Syntaxin increased significantly in response to Mn treatment for 18‐24h, and the interaction of VAMP‐2 and Synaptophysin increased first and then decreased. FM1‐43‐labeled synaptic vesicles also provided evidence that the treatment with Mn resulted in neurotransmitter vesicle fusion increasing first and then decreasing, which was consistent with the 80 kDa protein levels of SNARE complexes. The findings clearly demonstrated that Mn induced the disorders of neurotransmitter vesicle release via disturbing the protein expression and their interaction of SNARE complex associated proteins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 705–716, 2017.
Ethics and ‘fracking’: a review of (the limited) moral thought on shale gas development
Authors: Evensen Darrick
Published: April 2016

Whilst claims about the ethicality of shale gas development via hydraulic fracturing or ‘fracking’, are commonplace in everyday discourse, little scholarly attention has been afforded explicitly to this aspect of unconventional fossil fuel extraction. The limited research that speaks to ethical considerations largely describes ethical concerns associated with development—extremely few claims in research literature make an ethical case for development. The most common ethical concerns cited in research stem from issues of distributive justice, with procedural justice, the precautionary principle, exposure to involuntary risks, rights‐based arguments, and changes in community character and way of life as the next most common. Additional research hints implicitly at ethical dilemmas associated with shale gas development but does not openly identify these issues as having moral implications. Many ethical considerations relate closely to concerns about water quality and the volume/supply of water available for other purposes. The limited scholarship in this area reveals the importance of understanding the ways in which ethics permeate thoughts about shale gas development for designing policy that responds to constituent needs and concerns. Even more limited than research on ethical claims in association with shale gas development is well‐reasoned scholarship that analyzes the extent to which ethical claims about development are well justified and philosophically justifiable. A comprehensive and systematic analysis of the range of ethical claims potentially relevant to shale gas development and their usefulness for informing policy on this topic would contribute greatly to informed decision making on this controversial issue—something that science alone cannot achieve. WIREs Water 2016, 3:575–586. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1152

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Rights to Water

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Human Water > Water Governance
MTHFR: Addressing Genetic Counseling Dilemmas Using Evidence‐Based Literature
Authors: Levin Brooke Levenseller , Varga Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

The 5, 10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme is a catalyst in the folate metabolism pathway, the byproducts of which are involved in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Methionine is a precursor for a major DNA methyl donor and is important for DNA methylation and gene regulation. Rare mutations in the MTHFR gene have been associated with autosomal recessive MTHFR deficiency leading to homocystinuria. In addition, two polymorphic variants in this gene (C677T and A1298C) have been implicated in a mild form of MTHFR deficiency associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia has been previously implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Further, the presence of these variants, with and without mildly elevated levels of homocysteine, has been studied in relation to several multifactorial disorders including recurrent pregnancy loss, neural tube defects and congenital anomalies, cancer, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Given this wide spectrum of purported clinical implications and the prevalence of these polymorphisms, genetic counselors may encounter questions regarding the significance of MTHFR polymorphisms in a variety of settings. Here we present a brief background of the MTHFR polymorphisms, review of the literature regarding clinical considerations, and discussion of relevant genetic counseling aspects through case vignettes. Educational resources for patients and providers are also included.
Fingerprinting Krill Oil by 31P, 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopies
Authors: Burri Lena , Hoem Nils , Monakhova Yulia B. , Diehl Bernd W. K.
Published: April 2016

The detailed analysis of krill oil is of importance to be able to differentiate other oils, identify adulterated products, and provide the highest quality associated with its beneficial health effects. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of the combination of 31P, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies to characterize the krill oil profile. It was found that in contrast to fish oil, where eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fatty acids are found in triacylglycerol, krill oil is characterized by a more asymmetric fatty acid distribution with a higher polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA content in the sn‐2 position of phospholipids and lower amounts in triacylglycerol. Besides the typical asymmetric fatty acid composition, several other markers were investigated for krill oil origin test. The validation of the 31P NMR spectroscopic method regarding major phospholipid species was performed according to the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The method was characterized by high sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Interlaboratory testing showed satisfactory robustness regardless of the type of NMR equipment used by different laboratories. High‐resolution NMR spectroscopy has proven to be a convenient and exact method for providing a characteristic fingerprint of krill oil. By this technique, clear distinctions to other oils can be made through qualitative and quantitative analysis of krill oil.
A study of fresh stillbirths weighing 2500 g or more at three academic hospitals in South Africa
Authors: Bothma Marlene , Buchmann Eckhart J.
Published: April 2016

Objective

To determine the frequency of fresh stillbirths weighing 2500 g or more, to assess the risk factors and direct obstetric causes, and to describe avoidable factors in terms of substandard intrapartum management.

Methods

A prospective, cross‐sectional, descriptive study was conducted at three obstetric teaching units in Johannesburg, South Africa. Data were consecutively collected for 6 months at each of the hospitals, leading to an 18‐month data collection period from May 1, 2011, to October 31, 2012. The study population was hospital‐born, singleton fresh stillbirths weighing 2500 g or more.

Results

Overall, 52 fresh stillbirths were eligible. Intrapartum catastrophic events were recorded in 30 (58%) cases (16 placental abruption, 7 cord prolapse, 4 ruptured uterus, and 3 entrapment of aftercoming head during breech delivery). Intrauterine fetal death was recorded on arrival at hospital in 15 (29%) cases. Twenty‐two (42%) women underwent cardiotocography monitoring; 15 (29%) had no fetal monitoring. Among 25 cases in which the emergency was recognized, the median time from recognition of emergency to delivery was 182 minutes (range 13–360).

Conclusion

There appears to be a failure to detect or respond to evidence of fetal distress even in facilities with skilled staff and available resources.
Predictive accuracy of three clinical risk assessment systems for cardiac complications among Chinese pregnant women with congenital heart disease
Authors: Fu Qin , Lin Jianhua
Published: April 2016

Objective

To compare the predictive accuracy of three risk assessment systems for cardiac complications among pregnant women with congenital heart disease (CHD).

Methods

In a retrospective study, data were assessed from women with CHD at more than 20 weeks of pregnancy who attended Shanghai Obstetrical Cardiology Intensive Care Center, China, between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2014. CARPREG and ZAHARA risk scores, and modified WHO (mWHO) risk classification were applied retrospectively. Predictive accuracy was compared by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results

A total of 730 women were included. The frequency of expected versus observed cardiac events was, respectively, 5.0% versus 7.8%, 27.0% versus 47.1%, and 75.0% versus 75.0% among patients with CARPREG scores of 0, 1, and > 1; and 2.9% versus 5.8%, 7.5% versus 36.5%, 17.5% versus 30.8%, 43.1% versus 50.0%, and 70.0% versus 17.6% among those with ZAHARA scores of 0–0.50, 0.51–1.50, 1.51–2.50, 2.51–3.50, and 3.51 or more. For mWHO risk classifications I–IV, the cardiac event rate was 0%, 8.2%, 26.7%, 18.4%, and 15.4%, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–0.76; P < 0.001) for mWHO, 0.68 (95% CI 0.60–0.75; P < 0.001) for ZAHARA, and 0.63 (95% CI 0.57–0.71; P = 0.001) for CARPREG.

Conclusion

The mWHO risk classification was the best system for predicting cardiac complications among Chinese pregnant women with CHD.