bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authors: Zúñiga J. Sergio , Soria B. Karla
Published: July 2020

A study was carried out using Chilean government statistics on interest rates and data from the performance of the Chilean stock market between 1989 and 1997 to evaluate their predictive value in relation to the Chilean gross national product. The best predictive functions for the Chilean national product, in descending order, included: (a) intermediate term interest rates, (b) differential "spread" between short and long term interest rates, and (c) behavior of the stock market. In contrast with the United States, the "spread" contains less information concerning the projected national product than do short, medium and long-term interest rates. To obtain the best projections for stock market performance, the general stock market index (IGPA) needs to be calculated on an 18-month basis, rather than as typically done on a monthly or quarterly basis. In any case, the predictive power of the IGPA is low compared with that of intermediate term interest rates. We found, in contrast to previous studies reported for Chile, that predictions of gross national product based on the stock market were reliable only over the short term (less than one year), while predictions made from the observed behavior of medium-term interest rates spanned a two-year horizon. In particular, the intermediate term interest rate had a greater potential for prediction of economic activity over a six-month period than stock market-based predictions, which were only good over four months. Finally, the models proposed were parsimonious and efficient, and continued to be valid when applied to data outside the present study (post 1997).
Detection of Breakpoints in Volatility
Authors: Fernández Viviana
Published: July 2020

In this article, we test for the presence of structural breaks in volatility by two alternative approaches: the Iterative Cumulative Sum of Squares (ICSS) algorithm and wavelet analysis. Specifically, we look at the effect of the outbreak of the Asian crisis and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on Emerging Asia. Europe. Latin America and North America's stock markets. In addition, we focus on the behavior of interest rates in Chile after the Central Bank switched its monetary policy interest rate from an inflation-indexed to a nominal target in August 2001. Our estimation results show that the number of shifts detected by the two methods is substantially reduced when filtering out the data for both conditional heteroskedasticity and serial correlation.
Authors: Valenzuela O. Jaime
Published: July 2020

El objetivo de esta nota es aclarar cómo la duración de Macaulay debe ser modificada para los casos en que las tasas internas de retorno (TIR) de los instrumentos de renta fija se expresan en tasa efectiva anual. En Chile, la práctica de mercado es utilizar TIR efectiva, por lo que al modificar la duración de Macaulay utilizando la fórmula usual de los libros de texto (TIR simple) se comete un error. Se demuestra matemáticamente la forma correcta de modificar la duración para el caso de TIR efectiva.
A Technical Note, Looback Options: a comparison between Monte Carlo Techniques
Authors: González A. Marcelo , Parisi F. Antonio , Rodríguez P. Arturo
Published: July 2020

Looback options are path dependent contingent claims whose payoffs depend on the extrema of the underlying asset price over a certain time interval. In this note we compare the performance of two Monte Carlo techniques to price lookback options, a crude Monte Carlo estimator and Antithetic variate estimator. We find that the Antithetic estimator performs better under a variety of

performance measures.
Authors: González Marcelo , Juárez Maximiliano
Published: July 2020

Motivado por la literatura de finanzas conductuales que relaciona el ánimo de las personas como un factor que influye en las decisiones y el fútbol como un factor importante que influye en el ánimo. En este estudio se analizan las influencias del fútbol en los mercados latinoamericanos. Utilizando la metodología de estudio de eventos, se analizan los resultados deportivos de las selecciones de los principales mercados latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú), y se contrastan con los movimientos de los principales índices accionarios de cada país analizado. Se concluye que no todos los partidos de fútbol impactan el mercado. Al analizar los partidos clasificados como importantes, por un lado, se ve un efecto significativo y negativo en los mercados el día después de una derrota de 0,67%. Por otro, con respecto a las victorias se observa un efecto positivo pero no significativo. También se observa un efecto asimétrico, el impacto de una derrota es cuatro veces la magnitud el impacto de una victoria.
Relación de la alimentación y el desarrollo de enfermedades en prematuros
Authors: Salinas de Romero Ruth Elizabeth , Erazo Sánchez Astrid Leticia
Published: July 2020

Resumen

Introducción. El uso de sucedáneos de leche materna se asocia a un mayor riesgo de presentar enfermedades respiratorias, diarreicas y peso inadecuado; además, provoca complicaciones a corto y largo plazo en la salud del lactante. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación de la alimentación con el desarrollo de enfermedades en prematuros atendidos en la red de salud del Sistema Básico de Salud Integral del departamento de La Libertad. Metodología. Estudio cuantitativo con diseño de casos y controles. La muestra fue de 64 casos y 64 controles, siendo los casos niños que recibieron fórmula, y los controles niños con lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad corregida. Resultados. Se encontró un OR de 2.435 (IC95% 1.197 – 4.958) para resfriado común; OR de 4.081 (IC95% 1.506 – 11.061) para neumonía; OR de 1.623 (IC95% 0.734 – 3.592) para diarrea; OR de 1.306 (IC95% 0.637 – 2.677) para peso inadecuado a los 6 meses de edad corregida y OR de 1.567 (IC95% 0.678 – 3.622) para peso inadecuado al año de edad corregida, siendo no significativos estos 3 últimos datos. Conclusiones. Los niños alimentados con sucedáneos de la leche materna presentan un riesgo mayor de padecer neumonía y resfriado común en comparación con los prematuros que recibieron lactancia exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad corregida. El riesgo de presentar diarreas y peso inadecuado no fue significativo; sin embargo, desde el punto de vista clínico, sí ejerce un impacto negativo la alimentación con sucedáneos sobre las diarreas y el incremento de peso.

e significativo.
Regeneración ósea fisiológica en ameloblastoma mandibular con manejo conservador seguimiento de 8 años
Authors: Flores Valdéz Jorge Eugenio , Barillas Torres Amílcar Antonio , Barillas Prieto Katya Michelle , Escobar De González Wendy  , Fernández de Quezada Ruth
Published: July 2020

El ameloblastoma es un tumor de origen odontogénico, con un comportamiento altamente agresivo. Estos pueden ser sólidos o multiquístico, uniquístico, periférico o extraóseo y desmoplásico. Dentro de las alternativas de manejo, se prefiere un tratamiento que garantice seguridad para el paciente, como la resección radical o en bloque. Cada vez se utiliza menos el tratamiento conservador debido a una alta tasa de recidiva. Se presenta un caso de paciente masculino de 13 años, que fue visto en el Hospital Nacional Rosales, en el servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial de El Salvador, por una inflamación en la región posterior mandibular en el lado izquierdo de la cara. El examen intraoral reveló leve extrusión y movilidad grado 2 de pieza 36 y 37. Los análisis clínicos, radiográficos e histopatológicos confirmaron el diagnóstico de ameloblastoma. Fue tratado de forma conservadora mediante curetaje, ostectomía periférica y marsupialización. Se tuvo buen resultado estético y funcional, con un adecuado proceso de cicatrización y regeneración ósea fisiológica, sin la necesidad de materiales de injerto óseo. Después de un seguimiento de 8 años, no hubo evidencia de recurrencia. Esta decisión depende de la variante clínica, la extensión tumoral y el adecuado control postoperatorio del paciente.
English Language Teaching, Vol. 13, No. 8, August 2020
Authors: Yu Gavin
Published: July 2020

English Language Teaching, Vol. 13, No. 8, August 2020
Verb Form and Tense in Arabic
Authors: Alotaibi Yasir
Published: July 2020

This paper discusses tense in Arabic based on three varieties of the language: Classical Arabic (CA), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and the Taif dialect (TD). We argue against previous analyses that suggest that Arabic is a tenseless language, which assume that tense information is derived from the context. We also argue against the suggestion that Arabic is tensed, but that its tense is relative, rather than absolute. We propose here that CA, MSA, and TD have closely related verb forms, and that these are tensed verbs. Tense in Arabic is absolute in a neutral context and verb forms take the perfective and imperfective aspect. Similar to other languages including English, verb forms in Arabic may take reference from the context instead of the present moment. In this case, we argue that this does not mean that tense in Arabic is relative, because this would also imply that tense in many languages, including English, is relative. Further, we argue that the perfective form indicates only the past tense and the imperfective form, only the present; all other interpretations are derived by implicature.
On James E. Bosson’s Translation of A Treasury of Aphoristic Jewels: The Subhsitarstnanidhi of Sa Skya Pandita in Tibetan and Mongolian
Authors: Huang Xin
Published: July 2020

From the perspective of history, literature and translatology, this article discusses in depth the translation of Bosson and holds that: (1) his selection of source language text (SLT) should be timely—his adaptation to the social and historical context of the United States and the theme of the era; (2) his interpretation of SLT is much accurate since Bosson has devoted all his life to Tibetan and Mongolian studies; however, there still exists some under-translation—the translation carries less information than the original, Bosson fails to reproduce the deep meanings of SLT related to Tibetan culture; (3) his literal translation or foreignization, making the version featured by a purely linguistic translation method, in order to help the intended readers to insight into the laws how to render the Mongolian, or Tibetan into English; and (4) his expression in the version tends to be colloquial, and be rich in foreignized expressions. All these reflect the subjectivity from Bosson, as a linguistic translator, non-literary translator. Furthermore, Bosson’s subjectivity is not only an adaptation to the social and historical context, the theme of the era, but also a limited transcendence of these constraints.
Localization, Isomorphisms and Adjoint Isomorphism in the Category Comp(A - Mod)
Authors: Dembele Bassirou , Maaouia Mohamed Ben Faraj Ben , Sanghare Mamadou
Published: July 2020

A and B are considered to be non necessarily commutative rings and X a complex of (A - B) bimodules. The aim of this

paper is to show that:

The functors \overline{EXT}^n_{Comp(A-Mod)}(X,-): Comp(A-Mod) \longrightarrow Comp(B-Mod) and Tor_n^{Comp(B-Mod)}(X,-): Comp(B-Mod) \longrightarrow Comp(A-Mod) are adjoint functors.

The  functor S_C^{-1}() commute with  the functors X\bigotimes - , Hom^{\bullet}(X,-) and their corresponding derived functors  \overline{EXT}^n_{Comp(A-Mod)}(X,-) and  Tor_n^{Comp(B-Mod)}(X,-).
Existence of solutions for a class of $p(x)$-curl systems arising in electromagnetism without (A-R) type conditions
Authors: Chung Nguyen Thanh
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we study the existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of of $p(x)$-curl systems arising in electromagnetism.  Under suitable conditions on the nonlinearities which do not satisfy Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz type conditions, we obtain some existence and multiplicity results for the problem by using the mountain pass theorem and fountain theorem. Our main results in this paper complement and extend some earlier ones concerning the $p(x)$-curl operator in [4, 15].
Experimentações com desenho na formação de professores: reflexões a partir do ensino de sociologia
Authors: Schweig Graziele Ramos , Righi Isabela Froes , Sena Caio Morais
Published: July 2020

Após décadas de pesquisa e ensino majoritariamente restritos ao espaço universitário, as Ciências Sociais passaram a participar do cotidiano da educação básica por meio da disciplina de Sociologia no Ensino Médio, a qual foi reintroduzida nos currículos escolares em 2008. Esse caráter recente das Ciências Sociais na escola desafia à criação de outros modos de diálogo com os sujeitos desse espaço, problematizando dicotomias e instigando o alargamento das potencialidades dos fazeres das Ciências Sociais para além do âmbito acadêmico. No presente artigo, acompanhamos o processo de elaboração e circulação de um dispositivo pedagógico que, ao lançar mão do desenho, deixou-se contaminar pelos modos artísticos de pensar e produzir conhecimento, permitindo ampliar os sentidos de “ciência” e “senso comum”, categorias recorrentes na prática docente e na formação de professores de Sociologia. Ao dar visibilidade à dimensão sensível do processo de conhecer, o dispositivo criado mostrou-se potente na educação da atenção ao plano das forças, para além de formas prontas e reificadas, contribuindo, assim, para problematizar modos representacionais ou recognitivos de conhecer
AIR TRAFFIC CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN
AIRSPACE – THE LEGAL CONTEXT AND THE
EXPERIENCE OF THE NETWORK MANAGER
Authors: Markiewicz, PhD Assoc. Prof. Telesfor Marek
Published: July 2020

The article looks at the genesis and evolution of Network Manager (NM) activities in
terms of responding to disturbances and crisis situations and mitigating their effects on
the European air traffic management network. The objective of these activities, carried
out in coordination with the operational stakeholders and other relevant stakeholders,
is to ensure the maximum continuity and safety of air navigation services for aircraft
operators and airports. The review, analysis and evaluation of how to respond to
extraordinary and unforeseen events that have a negative impact on the functioning of
the air transport sector in Europe covers the period 2010-2019.
FLIGHT SIMULATORS – A TOOL FOR REDUCING
THE HUMAN FACTOR IN ACCIDENTS
Authors: NOWAKOWSKI Henryk , KUŁAKOWSKI Grzegorz
Published: July 2020

This article looks at the role of flight training devices in the process of instruction and
training pilots. It also examines the impact of pilot training using flight simulators on
reducing the human factor in accidents.
Zur Weiterentwicklung der Kapitalkostenvergütung in der Anreizregulierung
Authors: Jurić Ivan
Published: July 2020

Die heutige Kapitalkostenermittlung im Rahmen der Netzentgeltverordnung gilt als investitionsunfreundlich, zeitaufwendig, intransparent und führt bei einigen Netzbetreibern zu systematischen Benachteiligungen. Als Lösung hierfür schlägt die Bundesnetzagentur Pauschalisierungen vor, wie bspw. bei der Bestimmung von Kapitalstrukturen oder der Verzinsungsbasis. In diesem Artikel werden die ökonomischen und regulatorischen Vorteile dieser und weiterer Pauschalisierungsansätze überprüft. Dafür erfolgt eine modellhafte Testung konkreter Anpassungsszenarien anhand eines Musternetzbetreibers. Es zeigt sich, dass insbesondere die gleichzeitige Anwendung eines WACC-Ansatzes und Netto-RAB-Ansatzes mit vollständigem Übergang zur Realkapitalerhaltung eine ernstzunehmende Anpassungsoption darstellt.
Die Gründung der Moderne
Authors: Kapp Joachim-Friedrich
Published: July 2020

The 18th century marked the beginning of an age of innovation that continues to this day. At first glance, conflicts between old and the emergence of new powers as well as the beginning of a completely new, industrialized economy seem to be defining for this era. But preceding these, there were fundamental upheavals in art, culture, science and philosophy. It was this new way of thinking and feeling that enabled the emergence of modernity in the first place.

“Die Gründung der Moderne” therefore not only offers a comprehensive overview of an underestimated century, its events and effects on all the powers of an already interconnected world. Rather, Joachim-Friedrich Kapp brings an entire epoch and its outstanding minds to new life.
Potential Role of PlantsHordeum vulgareL. andPanax ginsengL. in Resolving the Fertility Disorders and Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress Arises from Hypothyroidism in Adult Female Rats
Authors: F. Wahman Lobna , M. Abd Rabo Marwa , Hanafy M. Elgoly Amany , H.M. Yousef Magda
Published: July 2020

Hordeum vulgare (Barley) and Panax ginseng have antioxidant activity referring to their diverse phytonutrient. Hypothyroidism in adult female rats was induced by pituitary-gonadal-adrenal disturbance, depleting the serum FSH levels with the elevation of corticosterone, prolactin, progesterone and testosterone hormones as well as (ERK1/2). Hypothyroidism evoked an oxidative stress status by increasing 8-hydroxy guanosine, which initiated apoptosis by uplifting apoptotic marker Caspase-3 both in serum and brain tissues. This is confirmed by the increase in the percentage of DNA-damage in the brain tissues. Significant decrease in all monoamines’ levels in different brain areas, downregulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors transcription, with a significant increase in excitatory amino acids was noted. Barley and ginseng renormalized cortisol and oxidative stress markers by increasing cellular resistance to stress and potentiated the role of the immune system through phytosterol and ginsenosides, so they considered potent free radical scavengers. Barley and Panax ginseng ameliorate the hormonal and neural dysfunction resulting from hypothyroidism, so they are recommended for relieving stress and improving mood and depression.
Numerical Modelling of Fouling Process in EGR System: A Review
Authors: Paz Concepción , Suárez Eduardo , Vence Jesús , Cabarcos Adrián
Published: July 2020

In order to combat climate change, the new rigorous standards for pollutant reduction have shone a light on the use of exhaust gas recirculation system in order to minimize the NOx emissions of vehicles. For this reason, the fouling problem that appears on the exhaust gas recirculation line, caused by the deposition of soot particles and hydrocarbons that are part of the exhaust gas, has become particularly relevant in the last few years. In this field, researches have proposed numerical models in order to estimate and predict the deposit formation and growth. Using various numerical techniques, they intend to determine and reproduce the fouling layer buildup considering the different mechanisms that are involved in the deposit formation. This chapter provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the numerical approaches that have been proposed to analyze the fouling phenomenon that occurs inside the exhaust gas system. The main characteristics of each numerical model, as well as their main strengths and weaknesses, are exposed and evaluated, and their simulation capabilities are examined in detail.
Evaluation of Positive B- and T-Cell Gene Rearrangement Studies in Patients With Negative Morphology, Flow Cytometry, and Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Mendoza Hadrian , Tormey Christopher A. , Siddon Alexa J.
Published: July 2020

Context.—

The significance of positive immunoglobulin (IG) or T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement studies in the context of otherwise normal ancillary findings is unknown.

Objective.—

To examine long-term hematologic outcomes of individuals with positive gene rearrangement studies with otherwise unremarkable blood or bone marrow studies in parallel.

Design.—

Data from patients who underwent IG or TCR gene rearrangement testing at the authors' affiliated Veterans Affairs Hospital January 1, 2013 to July 6, 2018 were extracted from medical records. Date of testing, specimen source, and morphologic, flow cytometric, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic characterization of the tissue source were recorded. Gene rearrangement results were categorized as test positive/phenotype positive (T+/P+), test positive/phenotype negative (T+/P−), test negative/phenotype negative (T−/P−), or test negative/phenotype positive (T−/P+) based on comparison to other studies and/or final diagnosis. Patient records were reviewed for subsequent diagnosis of hematologic malignancy for patients with positive gene rearrangements but no other evidence for a disease process.

Results.—

A total of 136 patients with 203 gene rearrangement studies were analyzed. For TCR studies, there were 2 T+/P− and 1 T−/P+ results in 47 peripheral blood assays, as well as 7 T+/P− and 1 T−/P+ results in 54 bone marrow assays. Regarding IG studies, 3 T+/P− and 12 T−/P+ results in 99 bone marrow studies were identified. None of the 12 patients with T+/P− TCR or IG gene rearrangement studies later developed a lymphoproliferative disorder.

Conclusions.—

Positive IG/TCR gene rearrangement studies in the context of otherwise negative bone marrow or peripheral blood findings are not predictive of lymphoproliferative disorders.
From the Bench
Authors: Stone David R.
Published: July 2020

US Supreme CourtColleges and UniversitiesPublic ArtPrivacy
Is It Legal?
Authors: Stone David R.
Published: July 2020

Libraries
Success Stories
Authors: Stone David R.
Published: July 2020

Schools
Targets of the Censor
Authors: Stone David R.
Published: July 2020

BooksPeriodicals
Editorial
Authors: Weber Mary Beth
Published: July 2020

The past year has been one that I never could have predicted. As I entered what I thought was my final year as LRTS Editor, I was diagnosed with a debilitating neurological condition that required me to miss three months of work. I also missed the 2019 ALA Annual Conference in Washington, DC, since I was hospitalized during the week of the conference. I continued to edit papers and correspond with authors during that time. Fortunately, I had just one author withdraw a paper because I could not promise the turnaround time on her paper for which she had hoped. I am indebted to Brooke Morris-Chott, ALCTS’s communications program officer, and Tim Clifford, manager, ALA Productions Services, for their support during a challenging time.
Conflitos desiguais: homens e mulheres na articulação casa - trabalho no Brasil
Authors: Picanço Felícia Silva , Araújo Clara Maria de Oliveira
Published: July 2020

O trabalho reprodutivo, aqui entendido como realização das tarefas domésticas e de cuidado dos dependentes, pode ser lido a partir da ambivalência: o afeto e o cansaço. Esforços para mensurar as implicações emocionais do trabalho reprodutivo faz parte de um processo de desnaturalização do mesmo e, por isso, caminhou junto com os esforços de mensurar o próprio trabalho doméstico (quem faz o quê em casa). O artigo tem como objetivo analisar o registro de cansaço de homens e mulheres com a articulação do trabalho remunerado com o trabalho reprodutivo no Brasil, a partir de dados dos surveys sobre “Gênero, trabalho e família” realizados no Brasil nos anos de 2003 e 2016.
RESEÑA. MOVILIDADES, TRAYECTORIAS VITALES Y SOSTENIBILIDAD RURAL
Authors: Espí Verdú Lidia
Published: July 2020

Resumen. Esta obra reivindica que no se puede hablar del mundo rural como un sistema cerrado o autárquico, ya que la globalización ha permitido entenderlo como un sistema abierto donde las movilidades actuales que se dan en el entorno, potencian las conexiones entre lo urbano y lo rural, una relación cada vez menos uniforme y más acordada. Estas relaciones de movilidad son mucho más que un proceso existente en el territorio, son un hecho que ha potenciado el cambio de la ruralidad y que poseen gran importancia.
 
Palabras clave: movilidades, sostenibilidad, espacios rurales, São Jacinto (Aveiro, Portugal), Gran Vega de Sevilla, montaña pirenaica navarra.
LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA TORRE DEL ZAMBULLÓN (MOTRIL, ESPAÑA): OPORTUNIDAD PARA RECUPERAR UN BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL Y FAVORECER EL DESARROLLO LOCAL / / / \ \ \ THE RESTORATION OF THE ZAMBULLÓN TOWER: OPPORTUNITY TO RECOVER AN ASSET OF CULTURAL INTEREST AND PROMOTE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sánchez Holgado José Ramón
Published: July 2020

Resumen. El patrimonio territorial constituye un recurso fundamental de explotación principalmente a escala local y comarcal, que le puede proporcionar con unos objetivos definidos y las estrategias adecuadas diferentes posibilidades de promoción cultural, natural y turística. Con la intención de realzar y poner en valor la torre del Zambullón (término municipal de Motril, Andalucía, España), se realizó una intensa búsqueda documental que nos ha permitido conocer su pasado y junto a unas imprescindibles jornadas de campo, analizar sus posibilidades de integración en la sociedad de la que forma parte. Una vez presentadas unas propuestas generales de intervención y teniendo en cuenta las conclusiones alcanzadas, este estudio de investigación tiene la convicción de que con una restauración adecuada, se conseguiría la recuperación por su temática de un bien de interés cultural único en la costa granadina, contribuyendo de forma simultánea al desarrollo territorial sostenible.
 
Palabras clave: Geografía de la Memoria, Cartografía, Interpretación del Patrimonio, Paisaje Cultural.
 
Abstract. Territorial heritage constitutes a fundamental resource whose exploitation, with defined objectives and with the appropriate strategies, can provide different possibilities of cultural, natural and tourist promotion, mainly at local and regional level. With the intention of enhancing and assessing Zambullón tower (Motril, Andalucía, Spain), an intense documentary search and field days have been carried out, which have allowed us to know its past and analyze its possibilities of integration in the society of which it is part. Once some general proposals for intervention have been presented and taking into account the conclusions reached, this research study has the conviction that with an adequate restoration, the recovery of a good of unique cultural interest in the Coast of Granada would be achieved, contributing simultaneously to sustainable territorial development.
 
Key words: Geography of Memory; Mapping; Heritage Interpretation; Cultural Landscape.
RESEÑA. ¿LUGARES QUE NO IMPORTAN? LA DESPOBLACIÓN DE LA ESPAÑA RURAL DESDE 1900 HASTA EL PRESENTE
Authors: Losilla Casas Celia
Published: July 2020

Resumen. La obra “¿Lugares que no importan? La despoblación de la España rural desde 1900 hasta el presente” realiza un profundo análisis del fenómeno de la despoblación en el medio rural español mediante el estudio del proceso y de las diferentes cuestiones que han influido en él durante el siglo XX, con el objetivo de explicar las causas que lo provocaron, exponer la situación actual, señalar las consecuencias en el territorio y, finalmente, desmentir mitos en torno a la cuestión.
 
Palabras clave: espacios rurales, espacios urbanos, demografía, agricultura, estilos de vida, problema territorial.
Informe editorial, número 6 (2020)
Authors: Escribano Pizarro Jaime
Published: July 2020

Informe editorial de TERRA: objetivos propuestos; acciones realizadas; resultados obtenidos; próximas actuaciones para la consolidación de la revista; presupuesto 2020 y ejecución 2019; métricas, ránkings y fuentes bibliográficas; análisis de contenidos; y evaluadores externos.
FRENCH SUBTITLING STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES USED IN INDONESIAN FILM MARLINA SI PEMBUNUH DALAM EMPAT BABAK
Authors: Aisyah Tesyalia Zara , Budiman Arif
Published: July 2020

This qualitative research aims to describe the use of subtitling strategies and techniques in Indonesian film Marlina si Pembunuh dalam Empat Babak due to spatial constraints. The corpus consists of Indonesian audio script of the movie and its French subtitle. The theoretical framework is based on Gottlieb’s ten strategies of subtitling, and Carmitroglou’s, Carroll and Ivarsson’s codes of subtitling. The results indicate that out of ten strategies, one strategy, transcription, is not applicable to the corpus. The most common strategies are transfer, then condensation. Transfer is used to translate simple phrases, while condensation is used to translate dialogs with unimportant utterances. It is concluded that the genre of Marlina has a crucial role in the variation of used strategies. The dialogs in Marlina are short and fast tempo. Therefore, in order to create good subtitles, the use of those strategies become essentials for translators.
Missing Midline Metatarsals Conform to Plantar Arterial Arch Dysgenesis
Authors: Hootnick David R.
Published: July 2020

Midline metatarsal ray deficiencies, which occur in approximately half of congenital short limbs with fibular deficiency, provide the most distal and compelling manifestation of a fluid spectrum of human lower-extremity congenital long bone reductions; this spectrum syndromically affects the long bone triad of the proximal femur, fibula, and midline metatarsals. The bony deficiencies correspond to sites of rapid embryonic arterial transitioning. Long bones first begin to ossify because of vascular invasions of their respective mesenchymal/cartilage anlagen, proceeding in a proximal-to-distal sequence along the forming embryonic limb. A single-axis artery forms initially in the embryonic lower limb by means of vasculogenesis. Additional arteries evolve in overlapping transitional waves, in proximity to the various anlagen, during the sixth and seventh weeks after fertilization. An adult pattern of vessels presents by the eighth week. Arterial alterations, in the form of retained primitive embryonic vessels and/or reduced absent adult vessels, have been observed clinically at the aforementioned locations where skeletal reductions occur. Persistence of primitive vessels in association with the triad of long bone reductions allows a heuristic estimation of the time, place, and nature of such coupled vascular and bony dysgeneses. Arterial dysgenesis is postulated to have occurred when the developing arterial and skeletal structures were concurrently vulnerable to teratogenic insults because of embryonic arterial instability, a risk factor during arterial transition. It is herein hypothesized that flawed arterial transitions subject the prefigured long bone cartilage models of the rapidly growing limb to the risk of teratogenesis at one or more of the then most rapidly growing sites. Midline metatarsal deficiency forms the keystone of this developmental concept of an error of limb development, which occurs as a consequence of failed completion of the medial portion of the plantar arch. Therefore, the historical nomenclature of congenital long bone deficiencies will benefit from modification from a current reliance on empirical physical taxonomies to a developmental foundation.
Characteristics of Patients with Charcot's Arthropathy and its Complications in the Saudi Diabetic Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Al-Rubeaan Khalid , Aburisheh Khaled H. , Al Farsi Yousuf , Al Derwish Mohammad , Ouizi Samir , Alblaihi Fahad , ALHagawy Ali Jaber , AlSalem Rakan Khalid , Alageel Musab Abdualaziz , Toledo Mona Heide , Youssef Amira M.
Published: July 2020

Background

Charcot's arthropathy (CA) is a destructive rare complication of diabetes, and its diagnosis remains challenging for foot specialists and surgeons. We aimed to assess the clinical presentation and characteristics of CA and the frequencies of its various types.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016, and included 149 adults with diabetes diagnosed as having CA. Cases of CA were classified based on the Brodsky anatomical classification into five types according to location and involved joints.

Results

The mean ± SD age of the studied cohort was 56.7 ± 11 years, with a mean ± SD diabetes duration of 21.2 ± 7.0 years. The CA cohort had poorly controlled diabetes and a high rate of neuropathy and retinopathy. The most frequent type of CA was type 4, with multiple regions involved at a rate of 56.4%, followed by type 1, with midfoot involvement at 34.5%. A total of 47.7% of the patients had bilateral CA. Complications affected 220 limbs, of which 67.7% had foot ulceration. With respect to foot deformity, hammertoe affected all of the patients; hallux valgus, 59.5%; and flatfoot, 21.8%.

Conclusions

There is a high rate of bilateral CA, mainly type 4, which could be attributed to cultural habits in Saudi Arabia, including footwear. This finding warrants increasing awareness of the importance of maintaining proper footwear to avoid such complications. Implementation of preventive measures for CA is urgently needed.
Leaf Area, Relative Water Content and Stay-green Habit of Iranian Landraces (Triticum aestivum L.) under Water Stress in Field Conditions
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Singh Sarlach Rashpal
Published: July 2020

Water stress is one of the major and challenging abiotic stress that affects the plant mostly at all stages like tillering, booting, anthesis, grain formation and grain filling. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of water stress on relative water content, leaf area and stay green habit of Iranian landraces along with commercial relevant checks under irrigated, restricted irrigation and rain-fed conditions. Iranian landraces were selected based on minimum reduction in vigor index as compared to control lines during preliminary screening experiment in the lab in which water stress is induced by Polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). A field experiment was carried out at the experimental area of the Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during 2016-2017. The relative water content of Iranian landraces was calculated at the bolting stage according to the turgid weight by applying the equation of relative water content. Leaf area was recorded by leaf area meter and stay-green habit based on a 1-4 visual scale. Analysis of variance revealed interaction among treatment and genotypes was significant (P≤ 0.05) for the leaf area, relative water content, stay green habit at anthesis and 30 days after anthesis. Leaf area, relative water content and stay green habit of Iranian landraces along with commercial checks reduced under water stress conditions. Based on the performance of Iranian landraces under stress conditions, 5 lines IWA 8600397, IWA 8600567, 8606739, IWA 8606786 and IWA 8600753 were considered as water stress tolerant.
Influence of Motivational Strategies on Employee Performance in Public University Campuses in Kericho County, Kenya
Authors: Cheruiyot Benjamin Bett , Onsiro Martin
Published: July 2020

This study analyzed the influence of motivational strategies on employee performance in public university campuses in Kericho County, Kenya. It was apparent that various motivational strategies played key roles in shaping the performances of employees in any organization. Despite this fact, most organizations had not been able to pin-point the crucial motivational strategies and the extent to which they affected the individual employee performance. The study was motivated by the need to fill up the academic gap on the influence of motivational strategies on employee performance in public university campuses. Cross-sectional survey design was adopted when collecting data. The study targeted a population of 412 teaching and executive staff in public university campuses in Kericho County. A sample of 106 respondents representing 26% of the target population was selected. Stratified random sampling was utilized in selecting the respondents for the study. Primary data was collected from the study respondents using questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted on data collection instrument to pre-test its validity before the main survey, while data reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data was presented through tables, charts and graphs. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used to aid in coding, entry and analysis of quantitative data. Finally, there is conclusion and recommendation based on the findings.
Perceived Constraints on Participation of Rural Women in Decision-Making Process: Insights from Dairy Farming in Surguja District of Chhattisgarh
Authors: Gupta Ankur , Saha Anindita , Gupta Ravi Kumar , Dhakre Digvijay Singh
Published: July 2020

The women folk are considered the backbone of the nation and better half of the men in almost all spheres of community development. Rural women constitute about 50% of the total rural population. The present study was conducted in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh to know the extent of participation of rural women in the decision-making process of dairy farming. Data were collected from 120 rural women using a structured interview schedule. 30 women farmers were chosen from each selected village thus constituting a sample size of 120 by simple random method. The study showed that the five components have greater than one Eigenvalues which was named constraint on social perception toward women, constraint on backwardness related, constraint of knowledge, Constraint on Resource Ownership and constraint on attitude. Dairy farming in the study area holds a very good future because certain dairy farming related operations and taking decisions farm women have better than male farmers. But due to many constraints and obstacles in the participation of rural women in the decision making process of dairy farming, which undermined the efficiency of rural women.
Bringing Otorhinolaryngological Service to Workplaces: Impact of World Hearing Day
Authors: Akpalaba I. O. , Olarinoye O. T. , Ogisi F. O.
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Individuals do not seek otorhinolaryngological service due to busy schedules at workplaces. Aim of this study was to identify common and asymptomatic otological conditions and profer solutions; to determine the awareness of otorhinolaryngological services in workplaces.

Methods: A 2-year prospective study done in 2017 and 2018 from 3rd to 31st March of these years, in Edo and Ondo states respectively. Study centers were Independence Television, Nigerian Television Authority; God is Good Motors, De Modern Motors, First Bank, Hope and Echos Hospitals in Benin City; Trauma center and Main auditorium UNIMED in Ondo state. Study was to mark the World Hearing Day. It commenced after obtaining clearance, permissions and informed consents. Total sampling technique was used. Health education was given. Self-administered questionnaires were completed. Otoscopy was done, each ear regarded as a separate entity. Wax and foreign bodies found were removed. Those with ear pathologies were referred to centers with otorhinolaryngological facility for further management. Data analyzed with SPSS, 20. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: 192 participants, representing 384 ears were examined. Age ranged from 16 to 68 years. Commonest otological condition was Otitis media with effusion in 36.7% and 33.3% in Edo and Ondo states respectively. Commonest asymptomatic condition was Cerumen auris. Awareness of ORL services was 60% and 85.1% in Edo and Ondo states respectively. Association between demographics and awareness was statistically significant with age, education and occupation.

Conclusion: Otological diseases abound in individuals at workplaces. Though there is high level of awareness, there is presence of asymptomatic otological conditions.
The Influence of Training and Development on Employee Performance: A Study on Garments Sector, Dhaka Bangladesh
Authors: Mamy Most. Monowara Begum , Shabbir Rubaiyat , Hasan Md. Zahid
Published: July 2020

An organization’s have various resources such as; human and non- human resources. Employees are human resources. They are also life blood of an organization as like as capital. They plays an important role by performing different activities within and outside the organization. So every organizations should give more attention to the improvement of employees for achieving more effective outcome from them. Also make them efficient to survive in the competitive business world. Many researchers have conducted research activities in the field of Human Research Management, the same cannot be said on employee training and development especially as it concerns developing countries like Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of skill development training on employee performance, using the garments industry in Bangladesh. For understanding the aim of this study, three goals were developed and these focused particularly on investigating the meaning and importance of training, examining the methods are used to develop employee’s skills and finally evaluating the influence of skill development training on employee performance. This conceptual paper also aimed at studying the influence of skill development training on employee performance and to provide suggestion as to how firm can improve its employee performance through effective training programs. The study was based on some garments industry operating in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The qualitative and quantitative both approaches of the data collection were adopted using a questionnaire comprising of some structured questions distributed to 170 respondents between two garments industries; Masco Industries Limited (Composite knit garments) and Walmart Garments, Narayangonj. Based on this sample the results obtained indicate that training have a clear effect on the performance of employees. The results of this study can be useful to Human resource managers, Human resource policy decision makers, as well as government and academic institutions. This research found that strong relationship exists between employee training and development with employees’ performance. The results reveal that the more the employee gets training, the more efficient their level of performance would be.
Evaluation of Giddiness with MRI
Authors: Aggarwal Amish , Venkatraman I. , Prabakaran M.
Published: July 2020

Giddiness is a non-specific symptom or feeling that includes sensations such as faintness, light headedness, vertigo and imbalance. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing the cause of giddiness in symptomatic patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 106 patients who presented with giddiness. MRI scans of these patients were analysed, and we concluded that MRI can successfully demonstrate the significant findings which cause giddiness.
Serum Hepcidin as an Inflammatory Marker in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Roy Jyothi Elizabeth , Shanthi B. , Selvi V. S. Kalai
Published: July 2020

Background: Hepcidin is known to be the central regulator of iron homeostasis in the body. It is up-regulated by inflammation and downregulated by anemia. CKD is a state of chronic inflammation seen in kidney. Previous work has shown that serum hepcidin levels were increased in patients with CKD. This was surprising as these patients had a chronic inflammatory state and co-existent anemia.

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study is to estimate the levels of hepcidin in CKD patients and to check the correlation of hepcidin to inflammation in chronic kidney disease.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Central Laboratory, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chromepet, Chennai during January 2017 - June 2018 among 50 patients of chronic kidney disease in the age group of 18-60 years. The blood samples were collected using vacutainer system. Samples for serum hepcidin, ferritin and hsCRP were collected in red topped plain vacuum tube. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The samples were then processed, and values were obtained. The data were analysed using SPSS package.

Results: The mean values of s. Hepcidin, s. ferritin and hsCRP levels were found to be increased in the study population. The mean value of s. hepcidin was found to have strong positive correlation with the mean values of s. ferritin and hsCRP with r-value > 0.7.

Conclusion: Hepcidin levels are elevated in CKD and hepcidin is a predictor of inflammation since it correlated well with the inflammatory markers hsCRP and ferritin levels.
Combination therapy with androgen receptor N‐terminal domain antagonist EPI‐7170 and enzalutamide yields synergistic activity in AR‐V7‐positive prostate cancer
Authors: Hirayama Yukiyoshi , Tam Teresa , Jian Kunzhong , Andersen Raymond J. , Sadar Marianne D.
Published: July 2020

Resistance of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to enzalutamide and abiraterone involves the expression of constitutively active, truncated androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR‐Vs) that lack a C‐terminal ligand‐binding domain (LBD). Both full‐length AR and truncated AR‐Vs require a functional N‐terminal domain (NTD) for transcriptional activity thereby providing rationale for the development of ralaniten (EPI‐002) as a first‐in‐class antagonist of the AR‐NTD. Here, we evaluated the antitumor effect of a next‐generation analog of ralaniten (EPI‐7170) as a monotherapy or in combination with enzalutamide in prostate cancer cells that express AR‐V7 that were resistant to enzalutamide. EPI‐7170 had 8–9 times improved potency compared to ralaniten. Enzalutamide increased levels of AR‐V7 and expression of its target genes. Knockdown of AR‐V7 restored sensitivity to enzalutamide, indicating a role for AR‐V7 in the mechanism of resistance. EPI‐7170 inhibited expression of genes transcriptionally regulated by full‐length AR and AR‐V7. A combination of EPI‐7170 and enzalutamide resulted in synergistic inhibition of proliferation of enzalutamide‐resistant cells that was consistent with results from cell cycle and clonogenic assays. In addition, this drug enhanced the antitumor effect of enzalutamide in enzalutamide‐resistant CRPC preclinical models. Thus, a combination therapy targeting both the NTD and LBD of AR, and thereby blocking both full‐length AR and AR‐Vs, has potential for the treatment of enzalutamide‐resistant CRPC.
Hippocampal sclerosis, TDP‐43, and the duration of the symptoms of dementia of AD patients
Authors: Lopez Oscar L. , Kofler Julia , Chang YueFang , Berman Sarah B. , Becker James T. , Sweet Robert A. , Nadkarni Neelesh , Patira Riddhi , Kamboh M. Ilyas , Cohen Ann D. , Snitz Beth E. , Kuller Lewis H. , Klunk William E.
Published: July 2020

Objectives

To examine the relationship between duration of the cognitive symptoms, from the earliest reported symptom to death, and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and TAR‐DNA binding protein of 43kDA (TDP‐43) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients.

Methods

The study was conducted in 359 cognitively impaired patients who met the pathological criteria for AD (NIA‐Reagan intermediate or high). The mean age at onset was 69.5 ± 8.8 years (range 37‐95) and the mean duration of the symptoms was 10.5 ± 4.2 years. The association between symptoms duration and HS and TDP‐43 was examined with logistic regression analyses controlling for age at death, atherosclerosis in the Circle of Willis (CW), cerebral infarcts, gender, baseline Mini Mental State Examination scores, APOE‐4 allele, and presence of Lewy bodies (LB).

Results

HS was present in 18% (n = 64) and TDP‐43 in 51.5% (n = 185) of the patients. HS and TDP‐43 were more frequent in patients whose symptoms lasted more than 10 years. LBs were present in 72% of the patients with HS and in 64% of the patients with TDP‐43. Age at onset was not associated with TDP‐43 or HS. HS was associated with duration of symptoms and LB, TDP‐43, and atherosclerosis in the CW. TDP‐43 was associated with duration of symptoms, LB, and HS.

Interpretation

HS and TDP‐43 are present in early and late onset AD. However, their presence is mainly driven by the duration of symptoms and the presence of LB. This suggests that HS and TDP‐43 are part of the later neuropathological changes in AD.