bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study and Progress for RBC in Biological Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Liu Fu Jun , Zeng Hua
Published: September 2014

RBC is one of the effective actors in wastewater treatment. From the fundamental characteristics and treating principle of RBC, this article compares different type of RBC ,includes discussions concerning the progress of RBC’s application、the practical applications and it’s affective factor, then takes a long view of the prospect on studying of RBC on the basis of the discussion in the forward part.
Key words: RBC(rotating biological contactor); domestic sewage; industrial wastewater
The Low Content of Fluoride in Drinking Water and the High Incidence of Dental Decay in He-Jia-Ping, Chang Yang, HuBei Province, China
Authors: Li Tao , Qu Qiao Dan
Published: September 2014

There are many people who are dental decay in He-Jia-Ping, Chang Yang, HuBei Province, China. The fluoride content of water samples was measured by fluoride ion-selective electrode method. The main drinking water source for these villages, ranged from 0.11 to 0.21 mg/L, with the average of 0.16 mg/L, was much lower than the appropriate content. People should drink tea to replenish the supply of fluoride.
Characterization of In Situ Synthesized TiC-TiB2 Reinforced Fe Matrix Wear-Resistant Coating by TIG Arc/Cored-Wires Weld Overlaying Technology
Authors: Liu Meng Ru , Cheng Han Chi , Li Lan , Li Shang , Huang Chang Shun
Published: September 2014

TiC-TiB2/ Fe matrix composite coatings were in-situ synthesized in the surface of Q235 steel substrate by TIG/cored-wire weld overlaying. The microstructure, micro-hardness and wear resistance of the weld overlay coating were investigated using SEM, XRD, Micro-hardness Tester and Pin-disc Wear Tester respectively. The results showed that the weld overlay coating presented a dense microstructure with defect-free of pore and crack, and better metallurgical bond with the substrate; TiC and TiB2 particulate distributed dispersively in Fe matrix of the weld overlay coatings. The highest Micro-hardness of the weld overlaying was 1657.58HV, which is 6 times higher than the substrate, and wear resistance are also improved at the room temperature under normal atmosphere conditions.
Saline Shipyard Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetland
Authors: Jin Wei Hong , Li Chen , Huo Sheng Quan
Published: September 2014

The feasibility of using constructed wetland to treat saline shipyard wastewater was evaluated in this study. Constructed wetland, acting as an ecological engineering alternative, is capable of reducing NH4+-N、TN、TP and COD from saline shipyard wastewater. The planted unit showed better capability of COD, TN and TP removal than unplanted unit obviously. Treatment performance of planted unit was found to be 77.7-89.1% for COD, 69.2~80.2% for TN and 54.5~85.9% for TP in the stable operation stage. However, the treatment performance of unplanted unit was found to be 55.3-72.4% for COD, 66.0~79.2% for TN and 55.4~85.3% for TP in the stable operation stage.
Crystallization Stability of Sb2O3 -Doped Vanadium Phosphate Sealing Glass Analyzed by XPS
Authors: Zhang Xu Yang , He Wen Qi , Li Cheng , Jiang Hong , Li Chang Jiu , Yu Lin , Shen Yang
Published: September 2014

The mechanism of the increased crystallization stability (the difference between glass incipient crystallization temperature and transition temperature) of Sb2O3 —doped vanadium phosphate sealing glass investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is reported in the present study. Experimental results showed that after doping with Sb2O3, the rate of bridging oxygen increased while the rate of no-bridging oxygen decreased, and the ratio of V4+/Vtotal also increased, too. This two changes led to the break of V=0 bond which is essential for the formation of V2O5 crystalline phase, thus inhibited the formation of that crystalline phase and improved glass crystallization stability.
Characterization of Mercerized Straw Pulp Fiber
Authors: Li Dan Xi , Liu Quan Xiao
Published: September 2014

On the base of the former research of mercerization of pulp fibers, SEM, XRD and Automated Surface Area & Pore Size Analyzer were used to characterize surface morphology, crystalline property, and specific surface area and the pore size distribution of fibers. The results show that the fiber cell wall swelling, degree of crystallinity decrease and specific surface area and pore size distribution increase after mercerization.
Constraint Matrix Method Used in Wave Energy Converter
Authors: Song Lin Feng , Sun Li Ping , Ai Shang Mao , Qian Jia Yu
Published: September 2014

In order to research the motion mechanism of floating multi-bodies, constraint matrix method (CMM) and potential flow theory are used. Compared to the other method, CMM is easier to model and faster in calculating. The Pelamis wave energy converter is modeled by deriving the system to separate rigid bodies. CMM is used to simulate the Pelamis wave energy converter in time domain with code in house by FORTRAN, some important conclusions are got.
Geostatistical Analysis of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Soil from Guilin City, China
Authors: Fu Feng Yan , Lu Su Fen , Yu Yuan Yuan , Xu Ting , Zeng Wei Quan , Song Bo , Huang Xian Ning
Published: September 2014

The main objectives were to investigate the concentrations of heavy metal in Guilin vegetable topsoils by conducting geostatistical analyses, including Kriging method assisted with GIS tool. These results will contribute to the management of regional environment. A total of one hundred and eighty-six samples of topsoils (0~20cm) were collected from all over Guilin, China. Concentrations of topsoil Cu, As, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cd in Guilin area were measured and contour maps were constructed to describe the metals’ spatial distribution. The concentrations of heavy metals in vegetable soil are in log-normal distribution, so the Geometric means of Cu, As, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cd are 28.30, 20.00, 23.97, 91.01, 36.76 and 0.62 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of 6 heavy metals were comparable with background values of Guilin except Cd, but all of them were much lower than the second level of environmental quality standard for soil of China.
Reliability Evaluation for the Main Electrical Wiring of Pumped-Storage Power Station Based on the GO Methodology
Authors: Deng Fu Liang , Liu Hai Sheng , Wu Shao Chen
Published: September 2014

This paper introduced the function of the Pumped-Storage Power Station in power grid and the significance of reliability evaluation. Based on the principle of the GO method, the main electrical wiring’s reliability of the pumped-storage power station is proposed for the first time. According to the original data in references, the GO chart is established and the reliability is calculated and analyzed and evaluation indexes are put forward. The results show that the method is feasible. Finally it expounds the existing problems and shortcomings.
Sedimentation Control before the Weir of Dayuandu Navigation and Hydropower Project
Authors: Liu Xiao Ping , Huang Qiong , Xu Da Bin
Published: September 2014

Through an underwater camera at the WES Weir of the Dayuandu Project, the heavy sedimentation on the Weir’s floor can be observed. The sediment changes the water flow patterns before the Weir, resulting in Weir surface wear and sluice leakage. Mathematical models and physical had been builded to analyze the effect of the erosion. The results of these observations provide a reasonable and effective scheduling method to solve the siltation problems in front ofthe WES Weir. Once there are sufficient flow intensity, the ternary complex flow patterns will contribute to the incipient motions of sediment, acquireing desirable effect of sedimentation Control.
Study on Applicability of Weighted Method for Indexes to Evaluate the Base-System of Water in Naolihe Catchment
Authors: Xing Zhen Xiang , Li Jing , Dong Shu Hua , Lou Dan , Fu Qiang , Guo Hao
Published: September 2014

In order to study the applicability of different weighted methods for indexes to evaluate the health status of basin. The base-system of water theory was introduced, which was used to evaluate the health status of Naolihe catchment. The analytic hierarchy process, entropy weighted method and the variation coefficient method were adopted to calculate the weight of indexes in the base-system of water. The analytic hierarchy process belongs to subjective evaluation method and the other two methods belong to objective evaluation method. Two of the three methods above were joined together, which was called a comprehensive method. In this paper, the three single methods and two comprehensive methods were adopted to calculate indexes’ weights of the base-system of water. The case study results showed that the single analytic hierarchy process was better than the other two single methods and the two comprehensive methods were better than the three single methods. In addition, the comprehensive method 1 (the analytic hierarchy process + entropy weighted method) was better than the comprehensive method 2 (the analytic hierarchy process + the variation coefficient method).
Study on Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Recreation Behavior of Taiwan Farm Park in Central Taiwan
Authors: Sung Wen Pei , Jhang Jia Syun , Zhao Yu Kuang , Chen His Tien
Published: September 2014

According to the economic development and the requirement of leisure activities, the popularity of leisure and recreation become very popular in Taiwan. Thus, How to attract tourists to visit these leisure places becomes as a major issue. The questionnaire and outdoor and semi-outdoor comfort detecting devices are applied to analyze these real factors. The results of questionnaire display that “choose a comfortable time to recreation” and “choose the comfort of shade near the local open space” are most important factors for tourists. Then, filed test results show that actual influence factors of tourist activities are outdoor and semi-outdoor thermal comfort, such as wind velocity and surface temperature of construction materials. Thus, the suitable construction material is imitation wood for creating a comfort place.
Enrichment of Titanium from Panzhihua Mine Tailings
Authors: Wan Shu Quan , Zhou Cai Long , Xu Zhong , Han Hong Bo
Published: September 2014

Relative percentage content of Fe in tailings decreased from 15.92% to 10.71% after treated by using sulfuric acid mixed with oxalic acid at 350K for 60 min. And the relative content of Si decreased from 16.3% to 11.9% after treated by molten sodium hydroxide at 1073K for 30 min. Titanium content increased from 6.315% (original tailings) to 8.512% after removed Fe, and continued to go up to 10.44% after removed Si. The contents of Ca, P and Mn were slightly changed in entire enrichment process by XRF analysis. The phase change of the entire process was studied by XRD, and results indicated that tailings had very complex phases, and after removed Si the phase of tailings partly changed into FeTiO3.
Application of Plaster Powder in Fired Common Brick Strength Testing
Authors: Feng Shu Tao , Lu Huai Li , Ye Fei
Published: September 2014

In this paper, plaster powder as net paste for fired common brick strength testing. It is low in intensity and solidified quickly which get the smooth surface of the brick samples. Using compression testing machine to test the brick samples compression strength, compared with the samples without net paste. The results showed that fired common brick which adding net paste has a more stable compression strength.
Automatic Crack Length Measurement of Concrete Structure Based on Image Processing
Authors: Huang Peng Qi Zi , Huang Wen Wei , Lu Ying
Published: September 2014

The safety of concrete structure can be evaluated by manual survey through the visible crack shown on structural surface, but the manual survey is costly and time-consuming. To improve this, a novel image-based crack length measurement is proposed. The method starts with getting time varying crack images by proposed inspection system. Then retrieve crack skeleton from crack images by pre-processing, and construct crack skeleton of tree structure. After getting crack trunk by pruning small edges from crack skeleton, the length of crack is figure out. This method can measure crack length automatically, which will make contribution to enhance the stability, durability and safety of concrete structure. The validity and accuracy of the proposed method was tested by an experiment using images of a real concrete surface.
Behavior of Instrumented Omega Pile in Porous Soil
Authors: Albuquerque Paulo J.R. , de Freitas Neto Osvaldo , Garcia Jean R.
Published: September 2014

Results obtained from in-situ load tests carried out on omega displacement piles sunk in a porous, lateritic and unsaturated soil deposit, are analyzed in this paper. Three slow-maintained load tests were performed on deep instrumented piles with a diameter of 0.37 m and around 12 m long. The soil deposit consists of a superficial, silty clay “porous” layer 6 m thick. Under this layer there is a lateritic stratum 10 m thick, geotechnically consisting of a residual clayey silt. The results of the field load tests yielded a maximum pile load (average for the tests) of 1428 kN, which is twice as high as corresponding experimental values from standard bored piles with similar geometric conditions. Numerical finite element analyses, were performed in order to back-analyze the geotechnical soil parameters for a post-execution pile condition. The results permitted a better understanding of the improvement of the subsoil given the intrinsic execution characteristics of this particular pile. It was also possible to note that omega displacement piles have great potential to become an economically viable solution in tropical soils, given the enhanced behavior of such piles when compared to alternative techniques.
Comparative Analysis of Underwater Vibrating Compaction Technology and Compaction on Land
Authors: Fu Jian Bao , Liang Ai Hua , Xu Bin Bin
Published: September 2014

In HongKong-Zhuhai-Macao bridge project, about 4.8 kilometers stone bed underwater should be compacted to make it smooth and remove the excess settlement. Vibrating compaction method would be used to tamp the stone layer with no dead angle in a short construction period. This paper theoretical studied on vibrating compaction technology of scattering-filling rubble stone layer. Vibrating compaction system and stone layer were simplified to a mechanical model and the vibration equation was established. According to an interpolation table, a fitting formula of equivalent damping was given. Through rigorous mathematical derivation, this paper gave mathematical expressions of the vibration displacement, the vibration velocity and compaction work on stone layer. Both compaction work on land and compaction work underwater could be calculated by these mathematical expressions. Lastly, through a set of field test parameters, comparative analysis between compaction work on land and compaction work underwater was carried out. The result shows that the weakening effect of water on compaction work is poor.
Concrete Reinforcement Corrosion Characteristics and Grading Evaluation under Natural Conditions
Authors: Hao Bao Hong , Zeng Ding , Deng Quan Yong , Song Xi Yang , Zhou Tin Tin
Published: September 2014

Abstract: The paper, by using various electrochemical methods, conducts non-destructive quantitative testing towards currently-used bridges, analyzes reinforcement corrosion characteristics under natural environment, concludes the influencing rule of natural environment on reinforcement corrosion, and reveals differences accelerated simulation environment by contrasting with preliminary laboratory results. The real bridge measurement results show that: weight loss ratio of reinforcement under humid environment can reach a maximum of 33% and a minimum of 18%; while weight loss ratio of reinforcement under dry environment falls between 8%-15%. The actual measurement results also show that: box girder and guard bar coated with waterproof layer help to protect reinforcing bars inside the concrete and effectively reduce the corrosion rate inside reinforcing bars with weight loss ratio around 4-8%. It contrasts the precision of two testing methods and comes to a conclusion that testing precision of linear polarization method is higher than that of impulse current method.
Experimental Investigation on Impact Ductility of Polymer-Modified Concrete Subjected to Falling Weight Loading
Authors: Guo Xiao Hui , Zhang Xin Le , Cao Hai
Published: September 2014

The impact ductility of plain concrete and polymer-modified concrete with different p-c (polymer-cement) ratio were measured by bend-impact method. The impact-resistance of plain concrete and polymer-modified concrete were contrasted. The modified mechanism of polymer-modified concrete was analyzed. The results indicate that the impact ductility of concrete are increased with contents of polymer firstly and then reduced and the best p-c ratio is 15%. The test results also indicate that the concrete performance are modified by polymer, which prevent crack developing in microcosmic and improve impact ductility in macroscopic.
Experimental Research and Principle on Strengthened T-Beam with External Pre-Stressed Variable Section CFRP Sheets Based on Moment
Authors: Chen Xiao Ying , Zhuo Jing , Li Tang Ning
Published: September 2014

An innovative external pre-stressed strengthening method, in which FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) sheet is placed outside of the concrete section and anchored in multiple-point, is based on moment of beam to change the area of section of FRP sheet along the length of beam. This strengthening method is that two ends of FRP sheet are first anchored by tightening WSGA (Wave-shaped-gear-anchor), then the FRP sheet is tensioned by tightening WSGG (Wave-shaped-gear-grip) on the middle of FRP sheet and accordingly pre-stressing force is built in FRP sheet. Two same 7m long reinforced concrete T-beams are strengthened at two sides of the beam with above strengthen technique, another same beam is strengthened with sticking CFRP sheet strengthen technique. Test results of strengthen beams indicate that this innovative external pre-stressed CFRP sheets strengthen technique could significantly improve the cracking load, yield load, ultimate load and stiffness of RC beams. The width of flexural cracks in concrete beams is effectively controlled and the strength capacity of the CFRP sheets is exploited.
FE Simulating of Torque and Drag inside Borehole of Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Bagadi Yousif E.A. , Fadol Abdelwahab M. , Gao De Li
Published: September 2014

The wellbore friction, torque and drag, between drill string and the wellbore wall is the most important issue which limits the drilling industry to go beyond a certain measured depth. The calculation and analysis of torque and drag were considered to be very important in drilling and well design. A variety of models (soft, stiffness, mixed and finite element) have been used to determine the torque and drag. a FEA (Finite Element Analysis) model of the drill string to simulate it’s working behavior, involving contacts between the drillstring and borehole wall was developed, this FE Model was to be compared with computational model of torque and drag, and to be verified with experimental results. The drillstring displacements calculated by the FEA model matches those from commercial software in petroleum industry (Landmark). The model developed and discussed in this paper can be used for predicting torque and drag inside wellbores of oil and gas wells, and it will also benefit in preplanning simulation of oil and gas well drilling operations.
Installation and Lateral Resistance of Model Suction Caissons in Sandy Ground
Authors: Nabeshima Yasuyuki
Published: September 2014

Suction caissons attract the attention as the foundation of offshore wind turbines. Installation and resistance behaviors of the suction caisson are important factors for the design of foundation. An installation behavior into sandy seafloor was discussed by using a model suction caisson and the failure surfaces in the aluminum rod mass, as the model ground, subjected to lateral force were compared. Consequently, the installation of model suction caisson into sandy sea depended on the permeability of sandy seafloor and lateral resistance of suction caisson depended on the dimension of suction caisson which affected on the shape of failure surface in the ground.
Numerical Simulation Analysis about Subside Extending Construction Process within Underground Cavities
Authors: Lai Yuan , Lin Zhen Rong , Tian Yan Feng
Published: September 2014

Now, the extending of underground engineering was scarcely concerned. Through combining with engineering, the subside extending intersection construction process and supporting measure of underground cavities has been simulated based on building up 2D elasto-plastic FEM model. The stability of surrounding rock, stress and displacement field in extending construction are analyzed, and a few meaningful conclusions are presented. What has gained that served as scientific bases and technical guidance for underground cavities extending and reconstruction engineering.
Research on Reinforcement Layout Optimization of Bridge Foundation Bored Pile
Authors: Cheng Yong Chun , Zhao Ji Zhong , Tao Jing Lin , Zhang Peng , Gong Ya Feng
Published: September 2014

In this paper, the poor applicability problem which the bridge foundation bored piles reinforcement design in the actual application process is not related to specifications is studied, and bored pile length calculation LP is optimized specifically, as well as, friction pile reinforcement design problems are also researched. Verified by examples show that the optimized reinforcement design fully meet engineering safety requirements, meanwhile, more economical.
Research on the Strength Growth Model of Peat Soil
Authors: Wang Jing Wei , Pan Wen , Jiang Zhuo Yin
Published: September 2014

The Dian Lake Peat soil is studied as the research object in this paper, through the strengthening treatment by adding the cement and some suitable additives as well as a certain amount of waste residue, the compressive strength are taken into consideration in comparison in the different curing composition and other factors in performance of solidified soil. And it importantly discussed the applicability of curing agent and different variables (cement, the formula of curing agent, construction waste, age) in the incremental changes of unconfined compressive strength of curing peat soil.
Study on Earthquake Resistant Behavior of New Combination T Node
Authors: Zhao Wei Wei , Mi Xu Feng , Wang Yong Sen
Published: September 2014

A new combined structure has been presented which is filled polyurethane between the concentric inner and outer steel tubes. ANSYS is adopted. Different thickness of polyurethane are used to change the hollow ratio.The results show polyurethane material, not only significantly improves the bearing capacity, but also improves structure ductility to some extent.
The Dynamic Analysis of Soft Soil Subgrade in High-Speed Railway Strengthened by PHC Pile
Authors: Pan Zhen Hua , Yan Kong Ming , Wu Jin Biao , Wang Zhe , Liao Wei Ming
Published: September 2014

The combination of PHC pile (prestressed concrete pile) with geogrid to reinforce the foundation has been widely used in high-speed railway, and the response of dynamic stress under the high-speed train is worth studying. By using Midas/GTS NX software to establish a 3-D model of pile-net composite foundation in one section of Hangzhou - Shenzhen line, the influence of pile-net composite foundation generated by high-speed train is studied. Moreover, this paper also studies the distribution and propagation of dynamic stress generated by train load in soft soil area. The results show that the dynamic stress reducing quickly in the embankment structure and the time –history curve of the dynamic stress behaves differently along the depth. With the depth increasing, there is phenomenon of peak superposition in the time-history curve of the vertical dynamic stress. In the meanwhile, the PHC pile is the main structure to propagate and sustain the dynamic stress in soft soil area, and with the tendency of ‘large in the middle, small on both ends’.
The Research of Shear Property of SBS Modified Asphalt and Aggregated Rock
Authors: Xu Zhi Rong , Chen Zhong Da , Lin Jie , Chen Zhi Feng
Published: September 2014

In view of the limitation that happens when the adhesion between SBS modified asphalt and aggregated rock is evaluated by water-boiling method, on the basis of adhesion mechanism analysis of asphalt and aggregated rock, we design the evaluation method of the adhesion between asphalt and aggregated rock based on shear test, advance the quantitative index to evaluate the adhesion——shear strength, and validate the feasibility of shear strength index, analyze how the type and dosage of SBS modifier and the temperature of test influence the adhesive effect of SBS modified asphalt and aggregated rock. Result shows that The incorporation of SBS significantly improve the adhesion of asphalt and stone , especially the effect of star-modified asphalt and with the increase of dosage of SBS ,the adhension of asphalt and stone significantly increased, the shear strength of SBS modified asphalt and stone is increased about 100% than matrix asphalt when the dosage is 4%. It also describes that the shear strength index can quantitatively evaluate the effect of asphalt binder and aggregates to provide a reference for performance evaluation and quality control of modified asphalt .
The Seepage Numerical Simulation of High-Pressure Sway-Sprinkle Reinforced Hongze Lake Embankment
Authors: Peng Xuan Mao , Zhou Zhi Peng , Jiang Quan , Gao Shan , Li Hui
Published: September 2014

The paper uses saturated - unsaturated seepage calculation of FEM, analyzes the seepage numerical of hongze lake dike reinforced by high-pressure Sway-sprinkle technology, provides seepage load for stress and deformation and stability calculation of the dike engineering, evaluates the anti-seepage effect of high-pressure sway-sprinkle cutoff wall. The results show that it reduced invasion of the embankment surface and decreased seepage velocity and flow, high-pressure sway-sprinkle cutoff wall took good effects and greatly improved the overall stability and safety of hongze lake dike.
The Seismic Response Study of Light Steel Storey Adding Structure Considering the Effects of Damping
Authors: Tang Xue Qing , Wu Pei Cheng , Ma Shou Cai
Published: September 2014

This paper summarized the current research situation and development direction of the storey adding structure all over the country. On the basis of the situation, combined characteristics of light steel storey adding structure, the article analyzed adding structure's damping distribution regularity. Based on the complex damping theory, through the mode-superposition method, there was established the correction formula of the earthquake response spectrum of light steel storey adding structure considered the effects of damping. All above, the article provides the basis for the study on the dynamic properties of light steel storey adding structure.
Influence of Subcritical Quenching on Microstructure and Properties of Steel 22SiMnCrNi2Mo
Authors: Yang Chun Lin , Liu Qun , Ou Mei Gui , Xiong Jia Ze , Long Qian
Published: September 2014

Effect of subcritical quenching temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 22SiMnCrNi2Mo steel was studied. Conventional quenching was performed for tested steel to compare with subcritical quenching. The results show that morphology and number of ferrite change with the increase of subcritical quenching temperature. The shape of ferrite evolved from block to thin strip, and the number decreased. Ferrite and martensite formed strips spaced parallelly at subcritical quenching temperature 800°C.Steel presented good strength and ductility, while hardness is lower than conventional quenching.
A Field Experimental Study of Composite Foundation with Rammed Soil-Cement Pile in Collapsible Loess Area
Authors: Sun Hai Jian , Zhang Shi You
Published: September 2014

Natural foundation in loess areas is collapsible; however, composite foundation with rammed soil-cement pile can be used to meet the load requirements of the building. Immersion-compression test and field static loading test were carried out to measure the treatment effect. The test results showed that: the collapsible of loess foundation can be eliminated by treatment with rammed soil-cement pile when the loading pressure is between 200 to 500 kPa. Engineering properties of the foundation soil between piles are improved. The parameters improve more obvious with the pile spacing getting smaller. The bearing capacity of composite foundation increased to 291 kPa, compared with natural loess foundation. The research results can be applied to design and construction of compacted soil cement pile composite foundation in loess area.
Health Monitoring in Petrochemical Vessels
Authors: Azizi Aydin , Ashkzari Ali
Published: September 2014

Industrial structures deteriorate generally in an uncontrollable rate. To assess the short-term impact due to hazards and the long-term deterioration process due to physical aging and routine operation, structural health monitoring (SHM) is proposed. In this paper as a model of vessel a simply supported beam under constant distributed force is investigated. The objective is to estimate the severity of damage in a known location with sensing devices. As no actuation is consider the problem is solved statically. Finite element method by using MATLAB software to calculate the global stiffness matrix of the smart beam has been applied. It is expected the results show that higher severity of damage causes higher deflection and higher sensor of voltage.
An Overview of Roller Integrated Compaction Measurement Value
Authors: Sun Hai Jun , Lv Zong Xi
Published: September 2014

This paper summarizes the roller integrated compaction measurement values for earthwork compaction during and after the last representative soil properties。The European communities have began the comprehensive development of roller compaction measurement over m 30 years ago. The anagenesis of roller integrated compaction measurement values have been led to the estimation of more mechanistic soil parameters, for instance, stiffness, modulus.
The Utility of Clinical Measures for the Diagnosis of Achilles Tendon Injuries: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Reiman Michael , Burgi Ciara , Strube Eileen , Prue Kevin , Ray Keaton , Elliott Amanda , Goode Adam
Published: September 2014

Objective:

To summarize and evaluate the current diagnostic accuracy of clinical measures used to diagnose Achilles tendon injuries.

Data Sources:

A literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases was conducted with key words related to diagnostic accuracy and Achilles tendon injuries.

Study Selection:

Original research articles investigating Achilles tendon injuries against an acceptable reference standard were included.

Data Extraction:

Three studies met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment was conducted using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models were used to pool sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and diagnostic odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Data Synthesis:

The SN and negative likelihood ratio (−LR) values for Achilles tendon rupture measures ranged from 0.73 (95% CI = 0.65, 0.81) and 0.30 (95% CI = 0.23, 0.40) to 0.96 (95% CI = 0.93, 0.99) and 0.04 (95% CI = 0.02, 0.10), respectively, whereas SP and positive likelihood ratio (+LR) values ranged from 0.85 (95% CI = 0.72, 0.98) and 6.29 (95% CI = 2.33, 19.96) to 0.93 (95% CI = 0.84, 1.00) and 13.71 (95% CI = 3.54, 51.24), respectively, with the highest SN and SP both reported in the calf-squeeze test. The SN and −LR values for Achilles tendinopathy measures ranged from 0.03 (95% CI = 0.00, 0.08) and 0.97 (95% CI = not reported) to 0.89 (95% CI = 0.75, 0.98) and 0.19 (95% CI = not reported), whereas SP and +LR values ranged from 0.58 (95% CI = 0.38, 0.77) and 2.12 (95% CI = not reported) to 1.00 (95% CI = 1.00, 1.00) and infinity, respectively, with the highest SN and SP reported for morning stiffness and palpation for crepitus. Pooled analyses demonstrated similar diagnostic properties in all 3 clinical measures (arc sign, palpation, and Royal London Hospital test), with SN and −LR ranging from 0.42 (95% CI = 0.23, 0.62) and 0.68 (95% CI = 0.50, 0.93), respectively, for the arc sign, to 0.64 (95% CI = 0.44, 0.81) and 0.48 (95% CI = 0.29, 0.80), respectively, for palpation. Pooled SP and +LR ranged from 0.81 (95% CI = 0.65, 0.91) and 3.15 (95% CI = 1.61, 6.18), respectively, for palpation, to 0.88 (95% CI = 0.74, 0.96) SP for the arc sign and 3.84 (95% CI = 1.69, 8.73) +LR for the Royal London Hospital test.

Conclusions:

Most clinical measures for Achilles tendon injury have greater diagnostic than screening capability.
Role of Sport Medicine Professionals in Addressing Psychosocial Aspects of Sport-Injury Rehabilitation: Professional Athletes' Views
Authors: Arvinen-Barrow Monna , Massey William V. , Hemmings Brian
Published: September 2014

Context:

Research from the sport medicine professional's (SMP's) perspective indicates that SMPs are often required to address psychosocial aspects of injuries during treatment. However, only a few authors have investigated injured athletes' experiences with these concerns.

Objective:

To explore injured professional athletes' views on the role of SMPs in the psychosocial aspects of sport-injury rehabilitation.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting:

Professional association football and rugby union clubs.

Patients or Other Participants:

Ten professional, male football (n = 4; 40%) and rugby union (n = 6; 60%) players (age = 22.4 ± 3.4 years).

Data Collection and Analysis

We collected data using a semistructured interview guide, and the data were then transcribed and analyzed following the interpretative phenomenological analysis guidelines. We peer reviewed and triangulated the established emergent themes to establish trustworthiness.

Results:

Athletes in our study viewed injuries as “part and parcel” of their sports. Despite normalizing sport injuries, athletes reported frequent feelings of frustration and self-doubt throughout the rehabilitation process. However, athletes' perceived the role of SMPs in injury rehabilitation as addressing physical concerns; any intervention aimed at psychosocial outcomes (eg, motivation, confidence) needed to be subtle and indirect.

Conclusions:

The SMPs working with injured athletes need to understand the psychosocial principles that underpin athletes' sport-injury processes and the effect psychosocial reactions can have on athletes. Moreover, SMPs must understand the self-regulatory processes that may take place throughout injury rehabilitation and be able to apply psychological principles in natural and subtle ways to aid athletes' self-regulatory abilities.
The Comparative Genomics and Phylogenomics of Leishmania Amazonensis Parasite
Authors: Tschoeke Diogo A. , Nunes Gisele L. , Jardim Rodrigo , Lima Joana , Dumaresq Aline S. R. , Gomes Monete R. , De Mattos Pereira Leandro , Loureiro Daniel R. , Stoco Patricia H. , De Matos Gliedes Herbert Leonel , De Miranda Antonio Basilio , Ruiz Jeronimo , Pitaluga André , Silva Floriano P. , Probst Christian M. , Dickens Nicholas J. , Mottram Jeremy C. , Grisard Edmundo C. , Dávila Alberto M. R.
Published: September 2014

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by Leishmania species. Leishmania amazonensis is a New World Leishmania species belonging to the Mexicana complex, which is able to cause all types of leishmaniasis infections. The L. amazonensis reference strain MHOM/BR/1973/M2269 was sequenced identifying 8,802 codifying sequences (CDS), most of them of hypothetical function. Comparative analysis using six Leishmania species showed a core set of 7,016 orthologs. L. amazonensis and Leishmania mexicana share the largest number of distinct orthologs, while Leishmania braziliensis presented the largest number of inparalogs. Additionally, phylogenomic analysis confirmed the taxonomic position for L. amazonensis within the “Mexicana complex”, reinforcing understanding of the split of New and Old World Leishmania. Potential non-homologous isofunctional enzymes (NISE) were identified between L. amazonensis and Homo sapiens that could provide new drug targets for development.
Concentrations and fluxes of isoprene and oxygenated VOCs at a French Mediterranean oak forest
Authors: Kalogridis C. , Gros V. , Sarda-Esteve R. , Langford B. , Loubet B. , Bonsang B. , Bonnaire N. , Nemitz E. , Genard A.-C. , Boissard C. , Fernandez C. , Ormeño E. , Baisnée D. , Reiter I. , Lathière J.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The CANOPEE project aims to better understand the biosphere–atmosphere exchanges of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the case of Mediterranean ecosystems and the impact of in-canopy processes on the atmospheric chemical composition above the canopy. Based on an intensive field campaign, the objective of our work was to determine the chemical composition of the air inside a canopy as well as the net fluxes of reactive species between the canopy and the boundary layer. Measurements were carried out during spring 2012 at the field site of the Oak Observatory of the Observatoire de Haute Provence (O3HP) located in the southeast of France. The site is a forest ecosystem dominated by downy oak, Quercus pubescens Willd., a typical Mediterranean species which features large isoprene emission rates. Mixing ratios of isoprene, its degradation products methylvinylketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) and several other oxygenated VOC (OxVOC) were measured above the canopy using an online proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), and fluxes were calculated by the disjunct eddy covariance approach. The O3HP site was found to be a very significant source of isoprene emissions, with daily maximum ambient concentrations ranging between 2–16 ppbv inside and 2–5 ppbv just above the top of the forest canopy. Significant isoprene fluxes were observed only during daytime, following diurnal cycles with midday net emission fluxes from the canopy ranging between 2.0 and 9.7 mg m−2 h1. Net isoprene normalized flux (at 30 °C, 1000 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) was estimated at 7.4 mg m−2 h−1. Evidence of direct emission of methanol was also found exhibiting maximum daytime fluxes ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 mg m−2 h−1, whereas flux values for monoterpenes and others OxVOC such as acetone and acetaldehyde were below the detection limit. The MVK+MACR-to-isoprene ratio provided useful information on the oxidation of isoprene, and is in agreement with recent findings proposing weak production yields of MVK and MACR, in remote forest regions where the NOx concentrations are low. In-canopy chemical oxidation of isoprene was found to be weak and did not seem to have a significant impact on isoprene concentrations and fluxes above the canopy.
Large-eddy simulation of ship tracks in the collapsed marine boundary layer: a case study from the Monterey Area Ship Track experiment
Authors: Berner A. H. , Bretherton C. S. , Wood R.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. For the first time, a large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled to a bulk aerosol scheme is used to simulate an aircraft-sampled ship track. The track was formed by the M/V Sanko Peace on 13 June 1994 in a shallow drizzling boundary layer with high winds but very low background aerosol concentrations (10 cm−3). A Lagrangian framework is used to simulate the evolution of a short segment of track as it is advected away from the ship for eight hours (a downwind distance exceeding 570 km). Using aircraft observations for initialization, good agreement is obtained between the simulated and observed features of the ambient boundary layer outside the track, including the organization of cloud into mesoscale rolls. After eight hours, a line of aerosol is injected to start the ship track. The simulation successfully reproduces the significant albedo enhancement and suppression of drizzle observed within the track. The aerosol concentration within the track dilutes as it broadens due to turbulent mixing. A sensitivity study shows the broadening rate strongly depends on the alignment between the track and the wind-aligned boundary layer rolls, as satellite images of ship tracks suggest. Entrainment is enhanced within the simulated track, but the observed 100 m elevation of the ship track above the surrounding layer is not simulated, possibly because the LES quickly sharpens the rather weak observed inversion. Liquid water path within the simulated track increases with time even as the ambient liquid water path is decreasing. The albedo increase in the track from liquid water and cloud fraction enhancement (second indirect effect) eventually exceeds that from cloud droplet number increases (first indirect or Twomey effect). In a sensitivity study with a higher initial ambient aerosol concentration, stronger ship track aerosol source, and much weaker drizzle, there is less liquid water inside the track than outside for several hours downwind, consistent with satellite estimates for such situations. In this case, the Twomey effect dominates throughout, although, as seen in satellite images, the albedo enhancement of the track is much smaller.
Evaluation of the MOZAIC Capacitive Hygrometer during the airborne field study CIRRUS-III
Authors: Neis P. , Smit H. G. J. , Krämer M. , Spelten N. , Petzold A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The MOZAIC Capacitive Hygrometer (MCH) is usually operated onboard of passenger aircraft in the framework of MOZAIC (Measurement of Ozone by AIRBUS In-Service Aircraft). In order to evaluate the performance of the MCH, it was operated aboard a Learjet 35A aircraft as part of the CIRRUS-III field study together with a closed-cell Lyman-α fluorescence hygrometer (FISH) and an open path tunable diode laser system (OJSTER) for water vapour measurement. After reducing the data set to MOZAIC-relevant conditions, the 1Hz relative humidity (RH) cross correlation between MCH and reference instruments FISH (clear sky) and OJSTER (in-cirrus) yielded a remarkably good agreement of R2 = 0.97 and slope m = 0.96 and provided the MCH uncertainty of 5% RH. Probability distribution functions of RH deduced from MCH and reference instruments agreed well over the entire range of observations. The main limitation for the use of MCH data is related to sensor temperatures below the calibration limit of Tsensor = −40 °C (corresponds to ambient temperature of Tambient = −70 °C at typical cruising speed of long-haul passenger aircraft), which causes a delay in the sensor's time response. Good performance of MCH for clear sky as well as for in-cirrus conditions demonstrated the sensor robustness also for operation inside ice clouds.
Causal relationships versus emergent patterns in the global controls of fire frequency
Authors: Bistinas I. , Harrison S. P. , Prentice I. C. , Pereira J. M. C.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Global controls on month-by-month fractional burnt area (2000–2005) were investigated by fitting a generalised linear model (GLM) to Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) data, with 11 predictor variables representing vegetation, climate, land use and potential ignition sources. Burnt area is shown to increase with annual net primary production (NPP), number of dry days, maximum temperature, grazing-land area, grass/shrub cover and diurnal temperature range, and to decrease with soil moisture, cropland area and population density. Lightning showed an apparent (weak) negative influence, but this disappeared when pure seasonal-cycle effects were taken into account. The model predicts observed geographic and seasonal patterns, as well as the emergent relationships seen when burnt area is plotted against each variable separately. Unimodal relationships with mean annual temperature and precipitation, population density and gross domestic product (GDP) are reproduced too, and are thus shown to be secondary consequences of correlations between different controls (e.g. high NPP with high precipitation; low NPP with low population density and GDP). These findings have major implications for the design of global fire models, as several assumptions in current models – most notably, the widely assumed dependence of fire frequency on ignition rates – are evidently incorrect.
Modeling the impact of agricultural land use and management on US carbon budgets
Authors: Drewniak B. A. , Mishra U. , Song J. , Prell J. , Kotamarthi V. R.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Cultivation of the terrestrial land surface can create either a source or sink of atmospheric CO2, depending on land management practices. The Community Land Model (CLM) provides a useful tool to explore how land use and management impact the soil carbon pool at regional to global scales. CLM was recently updated to include representation of managed lands growing maize, soybean, and spring wheat. In this study, CLM-Crop is used to investigate the impacts of various management practices, including fertilizer use and differential rates of crop residue removal, on the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage of croplands in the continental United States over approximately a 170 year period. Results indicate that total US SOC stocks have already lost over 8 Pg C (10%) due to land cultivation practices (e.g., fertilizer application, cultivar choice, and residue removal), compared to a land surface composed of native vegetation (i.e., grasslands). After long periods of cultivation, individual plots growing maize and soybean lost up to 65% of the carbon stored, compared to a grassland site. Crop residue management showed the greatest effect on soil carbon storage, with low and medium residue returns resulting in additional losses of 5% and 3.5%, respectively, in US carbon storage, while plots with high residue returns stored 2% more carbon. Nitrogenous fertilizer can alter the amount of soil carbon stocks significantly. Under current levels of crop residue return, not applying fertilizer resulted in a 5% loss of soil carbon. Our simulations indicate that disturbance through cultivation will always result in a loss of soil carbon, and management practices will have a large influence on the magnitude of SOC loss.
CURE KINETICS AND FINAL PERFORMANCE OF STYRENE BUTADIENE STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER/SILICA NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: Moaddab Ahmad , Kalaee Mohammadreza , Mazinani Saeedeh , Aghajani Ali , Rajab Mohammad M.
Published: September 2014

Cure kinetics and the final performance of styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (SBS)/silica nanocomposites followed by vulcanization are analyzed. The results indicated that the presence of silica affects the curing reaction of SBS, and additional heating is required for complete vulcanization of SBS/silica nanocomposites due to their higher activation energy. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and tensile test methods. The tensile strength, hardness, and wear resistance of SBS/silica nanocomposites show considerable increases by incorporating different silica nanoparticle contents in the SBS matrix; however, silica nanoparticles cause a decrease in modulus and elongation at break compared to cured neat SBS.