bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of pine resin in softwood by 1D and 2D time-domain NMR
Authors: Xin Gao , Fan Zhou , Zongying Fu , Yongdong Zhou
Published: January 2020

Time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) is widely used in the investigation of wood-water relationship. However, some ambiguities between the NMR signals and the components in wood remain unresolved, particularly the effect of pine resin on NMR signals. To clarify these ambiguities and increase the use of TD-NMR in wood research, different sample treatment methods were studied, including air-drying, low-temperature vacuum-drying, diethyl ether extraction and moisture isothermal adsorption. The corresponding one-dimensional (1D) T1, T2 and two-dimensional (2D) T1-T2 correlation relaxation time distributions of radiata pine and Douglas fir samples were investigated. The NMR signals accounted for “longer relaxation-time components” below the fiber saturation point (FSP), but overlaped in parts of the 1D relaxation time distributions making it difficult to distinguish between pine resin and moisture. The 2D T1-T2 correlation relaxation time distributions produced a better distinction between pine resin and bound water. This distinction established a quantitative relationship between pine resin, moisture and 2D NMR signal amplitudes.
Queering kinship, overcoming heteronorms
Authors: Lasio Diego , Oliveira João Manuel De , Serri Francesco
Published: January 2020

Although same-sex couples and their offspring have been legitimised in many European countries, heteronormativity is still embedded in institutions and practices, thereby continuing to affect the daily lives of LGBT individuals. Italy represents a clear example of the hegemonic power of heteronormativity because of the fierce opposition to recognising lesbian and gay parenthood among many parts of society. This paper focuses on the peculiarities of the Italian scenario with the aim of highlighting how heteronormativity works in contemporary neoliberal contexts. By drawing on queer and feminist perspectives, the article also analyses how LGBT equal rights demands can contribute, to some extent, to reinforcing heteronormativity. Implications concerning strategies for challenging the regime of normality and queering kinship are discussed.
On the political aspects of Agnes Heller’s ethical thinking
Authors: Hála Vlastimil
Published: January 2020

The author describes Heller’s concept of ethics as a “quasi-sphere” intersecting with various fields relating to human relationships. Special attention is paid to the axiological aspects of her concept of ethics and the relationship between virtues and responsibility. The author also seeks to show how Heller integrated a traditional philosophical question—the relationship between “is” and “ought to be”—into her concept of “radical philosophy” at an earlier stage in the development of her philosophy. She initially considered the relationship between “is” and “ought to be” to be contrasting. Later, when she had come to accept the political model of liberal capitalist society, the ideal of all-compassing equality became the ideal of “equality of opportunities”. The author interprets this shift as one in which the relationship becomes continual. He is also critical of Heller’s underestimation of the effect the “social a priori” has on the possibilities of human life.
Optimized Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for Optical Access Networks
Authors: Singhal Ankur , Gupta Amit , Bakshi Surbhi
Published: January 2020

Bandwidth assignment is a key issue in optical access networks, so an efficient mechanism is required for dynamic distribution of limited resources in the uplink channel among competing subscriber optical network units (ONUs). This paper presents a novel optimized dynamic bandwidth allocation (ODBA) algorithm for hybrid WDM/TDM passive optical networks. ODBA algorithm operates using information frame length of the subscriber’s ONUs and their information arrival rate; both of these factors finalize the assigned transmission capacity to the users. The system performance under differing offered traffic loads is evaluated in terms of network throughput, average delay and channel utilization. Further, the proposed ODBA scheme is validated by performing a comparative analysis with well-known algorithms.
BMI relationship to the onset of puberty: assessment of growth parameters and sexual maturity changes in Egyptian children and adolescents of both sexes
Authors: Abou El Ella Soheir S. , Barseem Naglaa Fathy , Tawfik Maha A. , Ahmed Amira F.
Published: January 2020

Background

Puberty is the period of human growth and development. To determine the onset of puberty with regards to the effect of higher adiposity, together with growth parameters of the participants at various stages of sexual maturity for both sexes.

Methods

The study was conducted on 1944 children (8–16) years; 1022 girls (52.6%) and 922 boys (47.4%) were taken at random. Pubertal assessment was done using Tanner staging that assigned breast development in females and pubic and axillary hair in males and females. Testicular volume was recorded using a Prader orchidometer. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body mass (BM) fat, body fat percentage, through applying a body impedance analyzer, and others were recorded.

Results

The mean ages at the onset of puberty for females and males in our study were 10.29 ± 1.1 and 11.34 ± 1.02 years, respectively. Pubic hair (stage PH2) was attained at mean age of 10.72 ± 0.84 and 11.98 ± 1.03 years for females and males, respectively. For axillary hair (stage AH2), the mean age was 12.47 ± 0.68 years for females and 13.8 ± 0.58 years for males. The mean age at menarche was 12.41 ± 0.65 years. In concordance to BM fat and percentage, all pubertal stages started earlier in females with BMI ≥85th percentile comparable to females within average BMI. As for males, no significant relation was noted between mean pubertal ages and BMI values.

Conclusions

A significant association of mean ages of Tanner stages to excess weight especially in females warranted the increasing awareness about health care, nutritional aspects, and living circumstances.
Sincere or heart-felt?: Sincerity, convention, and bilingualism in French and Spanish letters
Authors: Thomas Jenelle
Published: January 2020

The concept of sincerity has links to honesty, openness, and authenticity, including of feelings. As expressions of sincerity become formalized in epistolary practice, however, a tension arises between sincerity and the articulation of it. An examination of a corpus of private family letters in French and Spanish from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries shows that use of the word ‘sincerity’ is much more common as an epistolary formula in French, where it had a broader semantic range, while authors writing in Spanish use other methods to index truth and emotional openness. The most frequent users of this formula are shown to be less skilled writers and bilinguals writing in their second language, suggesting a greater reliance on preconstructed formulae, especially in situations of increased linguistic and social distance. Finally, some bilingual authors transfer the pattern into Spanish, indicating that fixed phrases and formulae are available in a bilingual’s linguistic repertoire for pragmatic redeployment.
Stress Characteristics and Overload Failure Analysis of Cemented Sand and Gravel Dam in Naheng Reservoir
Authors: Wang Zhaoqiang , Chen Xin
Published: January 2020

On the basis of the Naheng Reservoir Project, the stress, strain, and deformation of Naheng Reservoir cemented sand and gravel dam are simulated numerical simulation and structural model test. The stress and deformation laws of the dam under the combined load of dead weight and normal water level are analyzed using the structural model test method. Compared with the finite element numerical simulation, the results reflect the stress and deformation distribution law of the dam. Then, the failure mode of the cemented sand and gravel dam can be visualized by using the water load overload method to conduct the structural model failure test, and the failure mode and failure mechanism of the cemented sand and gravel dam can be discussed. The research results lay a foundation for further determining the safety degree analysis of cemented sand and gravel dam.
Die Messgröße Temperatur im verbesserten Internationalen Einheitensystem
Authors: Fellmuth Bernd , Gaiser Christof
Published: January 2020

Seit dem 20. Mai 2019 ist die Temperatureinheit Kelvin nicht mehr über den Wert der Temperatur des Wassertripelpunkts definiert, sondern durch Festlegung des Wertes der Boltzmann-Konstante (

k
=
1
,
380649
×

10

−
23

J/K

k=1,380649\times {10^{-23}}\hspace{0.1667em}\text{J/K}

). Hierdurch sind mechanische und thermische Energie direkt miteinander verknüpft, was physikalisch einen prinzipiellen Fortschritt darstellt. Die neue Definition ist allerdings sehr abstrakt, denn es gibt keinen Bezug zu Vorschriften für die Darstellung der Einheit. Praktische Anleitungen („Mise en Pratique“) wurden deshalb von internationalen Gremien ausgearbeitet. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt hierbei die Primärthermometrie, die direkt auf den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik basiert. Die Neudefinition tangiert aber nicht die Rolle der Internationalen Temperaturskalen, so dass sich am bewährten gestaffelten System rückgeführter Temperaturmessungen nichts ändert.
The urgent need for modification of scientific ranking indexes to facilitate scientific progress and diminish academic bullying
Authors: Mahmoudi Morteza , Ameli Saya , Moss Sherry
Published: January 2020

Academic bullying occurs when senior scientists direct abusive behavior such as verbal insults, public shaming, isolation, and threatening toward vulnerable junior colleagues such as postdocs, graduate students and lab members. We believe that one root cause of bullying behavior is the pressure felt by scientists to compete for rankings designed to measure their scientific worth. These ratings, such as the h-index, have several unintended consequences, one of which we believe is academic bullying. Under pressure to achieve higher and higher rankings, in exchange for positive evaluations, grants and recognition, senior scientists exert undue pressure on their junior staff in the form of bullying. Lab members have little or no recourse due to the lack of fair institutional protocols for investigating bullying, dependence on grant or institutional funding, fear of losing time and empirical work by changing labs, and vulnerability to visa cancellation threats among international students. We call for institutions to reconsider their dependence on these over-simplified surrogates for real scientific progress and to provide fair and just protocols that will protect targets of academic bullying from emotional and financial distress.
Incorporating ifosfamide into salvia oil-based nanoemulsion diminishes its nephrotoxicity in mice inoculated with tumor
Authors: AlMotwaa Sahar M. , Alkhatib Mayson H. , Alkreathy Huda M.
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Nephrotoxicity is one of the major side effects of the chemotherapeutic drug, ifosfamide (IFO). In this study, IFO was solubilized in nanoemulsion (NE) containing salvia (SAL) essential oil to investigate its adverse side effects in mice.
 Methods: One hundred female Swiss albino mice (n = 20/group) were split into five groups. Group I (Normal) received saline solution (0.9% (w/v) NaCl) while groups II-V were intraperitoneally (I.P.) injected with 2.5 × 106 Ehrlich ascetic carcinoma (EAC) cells/mouse. Group II (EAC) represented the untreated EAC-bearing mice. Group III (IFO) was treated with IFO at a dose of 60 mg/kg/d (I.P. 0.3 mL/mouse). Group IV (SAL) was treated with 0.3 mL blank NE-based SAL oil/mouse. Group V (SAL-IFO) was treated with IFO, loaded in 0.3 mL of blank SAL-NE, at a dose of 60 mg/kg/d (I.P. 0.3 mL/mouse). Groups III-V were treated for three consecutive days.
 Results: There was a double increase in the survival percentage of the SAL-IFO group (60%) relative to the IFO group (30%). Renal damage with the presence of Fanconi syndrome was indicated in the IFO group through a significant elevation in the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine bicarbonate, and phosphate in addition to a reduced level of glucose compared to the normal group. On the other hand, the administration of SAL-IFO into the mice reversed this effect. Additionally, the oxidative stress in the kidney tissues of the SAL-IFO group was ameliorated when compared to the IFO group.
 Conclusion: Incorporating IFO into SAL-NE has protected the kidneys from the damage induced by IFO.
The Effects of a TMS Double Perturbation to a Cortical Network
Authors: Cameron Ian G. M. , Cretu Andreea L. , Struik Femke , Toni Ivan
Published: January 2020

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is often used to understand the function of individual brain regions, but this ignores the fact that TMS may affect network-level rather than nodal-level processes. We examine the effects of a double perturbation to two frontoparietal network nodes, compared with the effects of single lesions to either node. We hypothesized that Bayesian evidence for the absence of effects that build upon one another indicates that a single perturbation is consequential to network-level processes. Twenty-three humans performed pro-saccades (look toward) and anti-saccades (look away) after receiving continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) to right frontal eye fields (FEFs), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or somatosensory cortex (S1; the control region). On a subset of trials, a TMS pulse was applied to right posterior parietal cortex (PPC). FEF, DLPFC, and PPC are important frontoparietal network nodes for generating anti-saccades. Bayesianttests were used to test hypotheses for enhanced double perturbation effects (cTBS plus TMS pulse) on saccade behaviors, against the alternative hypothesis that double perturbation effects to a network are not greater than single perturbation effects. In one case, we observed strong evidence [Bayes factor (BF10) = 325] that PPC TMS following DLPFC cTBS enhanced impairments in ipsilateral anti-saccade amplitudes over DLPFC cTBS alone, and not over the effect of the PPC pulse alone (BF10= 0.75), suggesting that double perturbation effects do not augment one another. Rather, this suggests that computations are distributed across the network, and in some cases there can be compensation for cTBS perturbations.
A Comparison between Mouse,In Silico, and Robot Odor Plume Navigation Reveals Advantages of Mouse Odor Tracking
Authors: Gumaste A. , Coronas-Samano G. , Hengenius J. , Axman R. , Connor E. G. , Baker K. L. , Ermentrout B. , Crimaldi J. P. , Verhagen J. V.
Published: January 2020

Localization of odors is essential to animal survival, and thus animals are adept at odor navigation. In natural conditions animals encounter odor sources in which odor is carried by air flow varying in complexity. We sought to identify potential minimalist strategies that can effectively be used for odor-based navigation and asses their performance in an increasingly chaotic environment. To do so, we compared mouse,in silicomodel, and Arduino-based robot odor-localization behavior in a standardized odor landscape. Mouse performance remains robust in the presence of increased complexity, showing a shift in strategy towards faster movement with increased environmental complexity. Implementing simple binaral and temporal models of tropotaxis and klinotaxis, anin silicomodel and Arduino robot, in the same environment as the mice, are equally successful in locating the odor source within a plume of low complexity. However, performance of these algorithms significantly drops when the chaotic nature of the plume is increased. Additionally, both algorithm-driven systems show more successful performance when using a strictly binaral model at a larger sensor separation distance and more successful performance when using a temporal and binaral model when using a smaller sensor separation distance. This suggests that with an increasingly chaotic odor environment, mice rely on complex strategies that allow for robust odor localization that cannot be resolved by minimal algorithms that display robust performance at low levels of complexity. Thus, highlighting that an animal’s ability to modulate behavior with environmental complexity is beneficial for odor localization.
Another hijack! Some enteroviruses co‐opt the c10orf76/PI4KB complex for their own good
Authors: Voilquin Laetitia , Di Mattia Thomas , Alpy Fabien
Published: January 2020

Enteroviruses, members of the Picornaviridae family, are non‐enveloped and single‐stranded RNA viruses responsible for several human diseases. During infection, these viruses build membrane‐bound organelles, called replication organelles (ROs), where new virions are assembled. ROs are highly enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate (PI4P) produced by the host lipid kinase PI4KB. In this issue of EMBO Reports, McPhail et al [1] characterize a complex, formed by PI4KB and the c10orf76 protein, which is involved in PI4P production. They show that this machinery is hijacked by specific enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus A10 for their replication.
ЛОГОЕПІСТЕМА ГЛУПОТА: ЛІНГВОКОГНІТИВНИЙ ВИМІР
Authors: Кононенко Віталій
Published: January 2020

У статті розглянуто логоепістемічні чинники поняттєво-смисловоговиміру концептосфери глупота. З лінгвокогнітивних позицій окреслений набірсловесного вираження значень ‘дурний’, ‘дурень’, ‘дурниця’. Представлена амплітуда коливань у характеристиці осіб із розумовою недолугістю. Визначено, щосуб'єкт і об'єкти критики нерозумних дій і вчинків у процесах спілкування набувають неоднозначних позитивних і негативних оцінок.
ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПАСИВУ В СУЧАСНИХ УКРАЇНОМОВНИХ ХУДОЖНІХ ТЕКСТАХ (ІЗ НІМЕЦЬКИМИ ПАРАЛЕЛЯМИ)
Authors: Цимбаліста Лідія
Published: January 2020

У статті розглянуто пасивні конструкції в українській мові з німецькимипаралелями, їх відображення в формально-синтаксичних та семантико-синтаксичних структурах висловлення. Досліджено місце та функції пасивних конструкцій різних типів на матеріалі текстів сучасної художньої літератури.
МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА В СИСТЕМІ МОДАЛЬНИХ ВІДНОШЕНЬ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ (З НІМЕЦЬКИМИ ПАРАЛЕЛЯМИ)
Authors: Солюк Леся
Published: January 2020

У статті досліджено модальні дієслова як формальні лексико-граматичнізасоби вираження модальності. Встановлено типологічні особливості модальнихдієслів на матеріалі української мови (з німецькими паралелями), а також визначено вплив модальних дієслів на інтенцію предиката.Ключові слова: модальні дієслова, модальність, пропозиція, інтенції, предикатоб’єктивні та

суб’єктивні модальні відношення, , модальний предикатив.
«НЕРІВНА УСІМ РІВНІСТЬ»: КОНЦЕПТ ВОДИ В ЕМБЛЕМАТИЧНОМУ СЕМІОЗИСІ ГРИГОРІЯ СКОВОРОДИ
Authors: Солецький Олександр
Published: January 2020

У статті зосереджено увагу на проблемі емблематичної смислоконцентрації у філософській системі Григорія Сковороди. Метою наукового дослідженняє виявлення художніх та метафізичних особливостей концепту води в емблематичному конструюванні ейдосів українського софіста.
The Impact of External and Internal Factors on Strategic Management of Innovation Processes at Company Level
Authors: Shatilo Oksana
Published: January 2020

The impact of external and internal factors on organization of operation at company level is studied. The necessity for implementing strategic management of innovation processes at company level is substantiated. The structural interactions of external and internal factors on the organization of company operation are determined; a classification of factors of external and internal environment in the context of strategic management of innovation processes at company level is constructed.
On joint approximation of analytic functions by nonlinear shifts of zeta-functions of certain cusp forms
Authors: Laurinčikas Antanas , Šiaučiūnas Darius , Vaiginytė Adelė
Published: January 2020

In the paper, joint discrete universality theorems on the simultaneous approximation of a collection of analytic functions by a collection of discrete shifts of zeta-functions attached to normalized Hecke-eigen cusp forms are obtained. These shifts are defined by means of nonlinear differentiable functions that satisfy certain growth conditions, and their combination on positive integers is uniformly distributed modulo 1.
A sufficient and necessary condition of existence of blow-up radial solutions for a k-Hessian equation with a nonlinear operator
Authors: Zhang Xinguang , Liu Lishan , Wu Yonghong , Cui Yujun
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we establish the results of nonexistence and existence of blow-up radial solutions for a k-Hessian equation with a nonlinear operator. Under some suitable growth conditions for nonlinearity, the result of nonexistence of blow-up solutions is established, a sufficient and necessary condition on existence of blow-up solutions is given, and some further results are obtained.
Pathogenesis of Diverticulosis and Diverticular Disease
Authors: Kupcinskas Juozas , Strate Lisa L. , Bassotti Gabrio , Torti Gabriele , HERSZÈNYI László , Malfertheiner Peter , Cassieri Claudio , Walker Marjorie M.D. , Tursi Antonio
Published: January 2020

In this session different problems regarding the pathogenesis of diverticular disease were considered, including “Genetics”, “Neuromuscular function abnormalities”, “Patterns of mucosa inflammation”, and “Impact of lifestyle”. The patients affected by diverticular disease have clear genetic pattern, that might predispose to the occurrence of the disease as well as to its complications. Neuromuscular abnormalities may be recognized already at the stage of diverticulosis, and inflammation may explain symptoms occurrence in symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD) or symptoms persistence after an episode of acute diverticulitis. Finally, lifestyle might also have an impact on symptoms’ occurrence. Specifically smoking, but also obesity seem to play an important role, while the role of low-fiber diet and constipation is now under debate.
Acute Diverticulitis Is at Significant Risk of Malnutrition: an Analysis of Hospitalized Patients in a Medicine Department
Authors: Giorgetti GianMarco , Fabiocchi Federica , Brandimarte Giovanni , Tursi Antonio
Published: January 2020

Background and Aim: The Nutritional Risk Security (NRS2002) System is recommended for hospitalized patients in order to assess their nutritional status. However, studies assessing large-scale systematic screening policies are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing a screening strategy concerning all admissions for diverticular disease (DD) of the colon in the Department of Medicine of a Tertiary Hospital.

Methods: All patients suffering from acute diverticulitis (AD) and admitted to the Medicine Department from January 1st to 31 December 2017, were pre-screened by NRS2002 System by the nursing staff of the Nutritional team at the day of the admission. If the pre-screening was positive, the patients were referred to a supplementary assessment performed by a dietician.

Results: The global number of admissions in the observational period was 4,667 and 133 patients suffered from AD. A positive pre-screening test was recorded in 97 (72.9%) patients: a NRS2002 score > 3, describing a severe impaired nutritional status was found in 61 patients (62.9%). All 97 patients with a NRS2002 positive screening received initial nutritional support by oral supplements (17 patients, 17.52%) or enteral nutrition (22 patients, 22.68%) or total parenteral nutrition (58 patients, 59.8%). The mean length of hospital stay for all 133 patients was 6,9 days. However, the length of hospital stay was significantly longer for patients with a positive NRS2002, with a mean of 18 days (p= 0.01)

Conclusions: A large number of hospitalized patients due to AD are at nutritional risk and have a significantly longer hospital stay.
National Culture Values: reflections on formation process of future leaders in international economic cooperation
Authors: NIKOLIC MARIJA , LA TORRE MAURA , LALIĆ GORAN
Published: January 2020

The trend towards foreign investments in Serbia has been in rapid progress in recent years. The biggest and most valuable numbers of investments are coming from Italy. The authors’ expectation is that the trend of Italian investments in future will continue; therefore it is of high importance for the representatives of both countries’ business sectors to under-stand and accept differences and similarities to the other country’s business culture. Research of cultural differences between two nations , which are considered like a frame of business culture, helps avoiding possible misunderstandings and improving business cooperation be-tween two countries. Having in mind students of economics and management, on one hand like future leaders of Italian and Serbian business and on other like representatives of the cur-rent education value system in the field of economics and management, this study consists of an application of the 7-D Hofstede Model. The application of the model takes place through the administration of two surveys done by students of Serbian Megatrend University, in Bel-grade, and Italian Università degli Studi Gabriele d’Annunzio, in Pescara
The influence of the out-of-family care institutions onto child’s development
Authors: VASECHKO LUBOVA
Published: January 2020

The article offers the analysis of the out-of-family care institutions and their influence on child’s development. Despite the fact that the institutional out-of-family care provides the subject with physical security and satisfies his basic needs it cannot provide the most important aspect of the development of the child - the close relationship with at least of one of the adults who would be able to captivate and become a legal guardian for several years.
A linguistic picture of the world and expression of emotions through the prism of expressive lexis
Authors: SIROKA DANKA
Published: January 2020

This paper deals with expressive lexis, which is understood as the expression of emotions. Through this prism we would like to present a picture of the world which is formed by the opposites, emotional – rational. This picture would also present some examples of speech that is created in the mind as a result of man’s preferences and values. The relation of language and mind, formation of a picture of the world on the basis of both linguistic and extralinguistic foundations, projection of emotions and assessments on language – all of these components are inspiring avenues and this paper trys to enlighten the basis of expressive linguistic inventory of the users of the Slovak language.
Money attitude of Ukrainian young people: socio-demographic aspect
Authors: SIMKIV MARIANNA
Published: January 2020

The article provides the results of research on how social and demographic peculiarities in uence money attitudes of Ukrainian youth. It reveals dependency on money attitudes on such characteristics as gender, age, education, place of residence, place of employment, employment position and income level.
E-government in Poland – selected issues
Authors: POPIOŁEK MALWINA
Published: January 2020

Nowadays, the development of e-government is one of the biggest challenges for many countries around the world. Levels of e-government are very important indicators of infor-mation society structure advancement in the country. Development of e-government often faces many different obstacles. This article focuses on issues relating to some problems associated with the development of e-government in Poland.
Investigation for young adults interest in health
Authors: Szoboszlai Andrea
Published: January 2020

Young adulthood is a critical period because it is the time when young people begin to live on their own, and adopt health behaviours which can influence their lifestyle and health status. In social practice there are many community belongings and community-ba-sed support systems and programs in health, which aim to increase young adults’ health literacy and offer learning possibilities and support services.The study focuses on the education and the literacy as determinants of health, seve-ral fields of health education and health promotion related to young adults, elements and determinants of health culture, the links between health and learning, adults’ interest and claims related to learning process, methods, topics.In my research I made a survey of learning methods and contents with the help of the analysis of the scientific literature and by questionnaires. I examined young adults’ (18 to 30) concepts of health and healthy lifestyle, motivations, forms of communication, learningmethods and participation in community platforms of health. We use the results of this research to improve programs that support young people’s learning activities for health.
Private Farms of Rural Population of the Republic Tatarstan in Historical and Economic Context (2000–2010-ies)
Authors: Kaydarov Ilgizar R.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. In domestic historiography for many decades personal subsidiary plots were viewed as some rudiment of a non-socialist form of farming in the country’s agricultural sector. In accordance with the political principles of party ideologists, most researchers in every possible way emphasized the futility of the personal subsidiary plots and the inevitability of their soon withering away. And at the beginning of the XXI century they re-main a kind of “islands” of small business in the countryside and the main form of earnings for the total mass of rural workers. The main objective of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the current state of personal subsidiary plots of the rural population of Tatarstan in the context of determining the main socio-economic indicators in relation to the study area; identification of the most important development parameters of this form of small business. Materials and Methods. The scientific study is based on source materials from various government departments (including the Tatarstan Statistical Office), newspaper and journal periodicals, as well as data from historical, economic and sociological literature. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism, complexity and objectivity. The research is based on the methods of historical science: problem-chronological, comparative-historical, systemic, etc. Results. During the study, the current state and indicators of the development of personal subsidiary plots of the rural population of the Republic of Tatarstan were systematically reviewed, in particular, their participation in the structure of regional gross income. It has been established that the main branches of economic activity of peasant farmsteads are vegetable growing and productive animal husbandry. It is proved that the strengthening of the positions of large investors in the village led to the curtailment of certain branches of production of personal subsidiary plots and their transition to a consumer rate of management. Discussion and Conclusion. The intensive development of various forms of small business in the post-perestroika period, including personal subsidiary plots of the population, intensified the market diversification of the economy of the agricultural sector in general and of high-quality peasant farmsteads in particular. During the forced dismantling of the collective farm and state farm management systems and the formation of new forms of entrepreneurship, peas-ant farmsteads became not only the economic basis for the existence of the rural population, but also a form of self-preservation of many settlements.
Maxim the Confessor about Perfect Love
Authors: Meshkov Vyacheslav M.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. The subject of study in the article was the experience of the ascent of the famous Byzantine theologian to the mystical-metaphysical contemplation of divine reality, embodied in his book “Chapters on Love”. According to the Orthodox version of the metaphysics of the Way, this ultimate goal can be achieved during life only in the process of hard and practical work of an ascetic, during which the task is set not only to kill worldly desires, but also to ultimately spiritual and moral purification of the monk’s soul. In this small work, Maxim the Confessor described in detail the technology of advancing an ascetic to the last stop and staying in a blissful state of perfect love for God. Materials and Methods. The source of the research was the works of the ancient Indian, Orthodox and Sufi ascetics, which are different versions of the metaphysics of the Way. During the work, mainly thematic and transcendental analysis methods were used, which together made it possible to track the desire of Maxim the Confessor to describe and comprehend the ascent of the Orthodox monk to the mystical-metaphysical contemplation of the Lord. Discussion. The author of the article in numbered and distributed throughout the chapters of the statements of the Byzantine theologian revealed a complex system of mystical and metaphysical views, which can be called the metaphysical theory of theology. From the point of view of modern methodology and philosophy of science, he created effective theoretical constructs “pure mind”, “perfect love”, “selfishness”, “thoughts” and others, which together fully describe the mystical existential reality of a harsh Orthodox monk, which is difficult to reflect by means of language. However, his reasoning is not speculative thoughts. It is quite obvious to the researcher that they are based on rich personal experience and other prominent ascetics of Byzantine Orthodoxy. Results. The study of the soulful book of Maximus the Confessor “Chapters on Love” allows you to advance in understanding one of the most important and the most difficult moments of the Orthodox version of the metaphysics of the Way.
Perception of Civil Identity Symbols in Russia: (Based on Focus Groups)
Authors: Soldatova Anna S. , Napalkova Irina G. , Gryzhankova Marina Yu.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. The problem of identity is one of the key in both theoretical and applied scientific research of various directions, including in the framework of political psychology. This is largely due to the importance of the formation of common vectors of development of the state, based on the identity shared by most citizens. In this scientific article, the topic of the formation of state-civil identity by means of symbolic capital is actualized, which in turn can both harmonize social relations and introduce dysfunctionality, and be an instrument for mobilizing or polarizing society. The authors attempt to study the social product of the representation and construction of contemporary reality in Russia. Materials and Methods. As a theoretical and methodological research strategy, systemic, integrated and analytical approaches were made. The materials for the scientific work were the results of applied research, in particular, focus group interviews, which, thanks to synergies, allowed us to obtain diverse information about the subject of analysis and to more deeply present its perception. Participants in group discussions were residents of the island. Saransk and two municipal regions of the Republic of Mordovia. Results. Unique data were obtained, on the basis of which it is possible to draw conclusions about the features of the perception of conceptual structures of the formation of state-civil identity in modern Russian society. The difference between the older generation and young people in the perception and symbolic reflection of Russian reality was noted. Moreover, both the sources of obtaining information turned out to be excellent, as did personal and collective positions in determining their own role in the process of creating and assimilating symbols of identity, the level of recognition of symbols of different historical eras, the stability and rooting of the value system. In terms of the perception of symbolic identity elements uniting all age groups of respondents, several phenomena are thematically highlighted, among them “border trauma”, “we are the opposition”, “separation from the powers that be”, “Russian & imperial & Soviet”, “nationalities of Russia = peoples of the USSR” and etc. Discussion and Conclusions. Understanding the specifics of perception of the symbolic-value system of Russians allows us to analyze and evaluate the processes of nation-building and to study the problems of social consolidation. The authors come to the conclusion that the Russians are deficient in spiritual bonds, civil activism is weak; most citizens feel outside the active community.
Banking History in Photos: a Photo Album of the Oryol Commercial Bank of 1899
Authors: Salomatina Sofya А. , Parfirev Dmitrii S.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. This article focuses on the photo album of the Oryol Commercial Bank, prepared just after completion of the bank’s new building in 1899. The photographs show the interiors of the building as well as the bank’s top managers and employees at their desks. Materials and Methods. In this article, historical photography is used as a source of information about the Oryol Commercial Bank in the context of nineteenth-century banking history. Results. The bank commissioned the new building when the idea of an operational hall for its customers was finally accepted by bank building planners. For the Oryol Commercial Bank, the hall not only functioned as a place of business, but also was a symbol of the bank’s high status and public importance – although not all of its operations were mass in this period. An open work area (with a lack both of offices for employees and separate rooms for departments) indicates a simple management structure and a small number of employees. Discussion and Conclusions. This study shows that visual sources provide us images of the objects under investigation, which can be understood only taking into account the historical context – the reconstruction of which requires a bulk of written sources. However, there often are insufficient visual data for exact attribution of historical photographs. In this sense, visual sources are important for historical research not merely on their own, but rather as part of a broader corpus of available relevant materials.
Food Supply and Bagging in the Ryazan Province. 1918–1919
Authors: Sokolov Aleksander S.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. The problem of the ratio of planned regulation and the market in the conditions of centralization of the Russian economy during the civil war is relevant. The role of the illegal market in the context of food supply of the population in the conditions of military Communist policy is considered on the example of the Ryazan province. Materials and Methods. As a theoretical and methodological strategy of the study, we consider the problem-chronological method, the implementation of which, in conjunction with the method of political psychology, allows us to comprehensively consider the problem of illegal supply of local population with food products during the Civil war. Results. The article analyzes the activities of state bodies aimed at eliminating the system of self-supply, through the implementation of the food dictatorship, the organization of the grain monopoly. Bagging is investigated as part of social history, human behavior in extreme conditions of civil war and famine. Special attention is paid to the complex relationship of illegal suppliers with representatives of the provincial government, employees of food authorities, railway workers. Abuse of barrage detachments in relation to railway employees is investigated. The situation with food in the Ryazan province in the period under review, was a reflection of the overall picture with the supply of bread in the country. The supply of the population was experiencing a serious crisis, which led to the introduction of emergency measures against the illegal market. The state used a monopoly on bread, suppressed attempts to speculate on food. Discussion and Conclusion. Despite the anti-market ideology, the grain monopoly, the Bolsheviks failed to combat the elements of market consciousness among the population in 1918 and 1919. The Market found an opportunity to adapt and exist in the planning and distribution system. Later it transformed into freedom of trade under the NEP.
Cancellation of Benefits for Orders and Medals of the USSR after the End of World War II: economic reasons
Authors: Zapariy Vladimir V. , Shunyakov Dmitry V.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. During the great Patriotic war (1941–1945) to encourage soldiers at the front and workers in the rear, the state established a large number of awards in addition to those available at the beginning of the war. Awarded persons by many orders and medals received a monthly material payment, differentiated depending on the significance of the award, as well as various benefits for travel, payment of taxes, etc. Only two years after the end of the war, all benefits and payments were abolished. The article attempts to consider the circumstances of cancellation of payments for state awards against the background of the difficult economic and political situation in which the USSR found itself after the war. Materials and Methods. Archival materials, published data of official statistics, as well as scientific literature were used to solve the research tasks. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were the methods of socio-economic history. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The need to process quantitative data led to the use of the statistical method. Results. On the basis of the study of archival and published sources, as well as available scientific literature, the conditions, factors and main parameters of the economic situation in the Soviet Union were considered. For the first time in the postwar years, the USSR was in a difficult economic situation. This was facilitated by the following factors: huge material costs during the war, comparable to the costs of the main allies combined; drought and crop failure 1946–1947 leading to starvation and a dramatic deterioration of the standard of life; economic and financial assistance to countries “people’s democracies” of Central and Eastern Europe; the enormous costs of Armed forces and the “atomic project” in connection with the beginning of the cold war. Discussion and Conclusion. The amount of payments for orders and medals was simply huge, in 1945, amounting to 1.2 % of the total state budget of the country. Despite recognition of merits of veterans in a victory, the state in the hardest post-war economic situation was simply not able to provide material payments on awards. On the one hand, the redirection of significant financial resources, as well as a number of other measures, allowed to improve the economic situation relatively. Already in 1948, the card system was abolished and prices for many vital goods were reduced (for example, in the UK, cards were abolished only in 1954). On the other hand, the abolition of benefits undermined the prestige of state awards in the eyes of veterans.
Best Practices of Spatial Development: Possibility of Using Them in the Municipal Districts of Russia
Authors: Dvoryadkina Elena B. , Belousova Elizaveta A.
Published: January 2020

Introduction. Adoption of the national strategy of spatial development in Russia has made it especially relevant to develop a scientifically grounded toolkit for managing spatial economic development at the municipal level. The objective of the study is to investigate the foreign best practices of spatial development and to assess their applicability when controlling the spatial economic development of the municipal districts of the Russian Federation, which are the principal type of municipalities in rural areas.

Materials and Methods. The research was based on the comparative method, within the framework of which the best practices of foreign municipalities similar in some respects to the municipal districts of the Russian Federation were systematized. Empirical and theoretical studies, reports and guidance materials of international organizations, associations and foundations of the local level, as well as official websites of municipalities were used as materials for this research.

Results. The systematized review of the best practices from the UK, Sweden, Germany, Italy and Slovenia has demonstrated that Russia’s municipal districts can use the following practices for their economic and spatial development: sharefarming, informal spatial planning, flexible transport solutions. Municipal districts can also involve digital technologies for conducting population surveys and collecting data about the municipality, design facilities that increase the attractiveness of the territory, as well use spatial planning to create decentralized concentration in suburbanized areas. The identified practices can be adopted to readjust the directions of the economic and spatial development of municipal districts, taking into account the level and trends of changes in such parameters of the economic space as saturation, coherence and physical basis.

Discussion and Conclusion. The development of a municipality does not necessarily have to be aimed at increasing economic and other indicators through attracting investment and wealthy population, as well as through providing other incentives. The alternative objectives of spatial development can be: to maintain the current indicators and the territorial identity of the municipality, as well as to reduce its negative impact on the environmental situation. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of regional and municipal authorities when developing and implementing strategic planning documents, as well as for further theoretical conceptualization of the process of economic and spatial development of municipalities.
The Impact of Offshoring on Home Country’s Employment
Authors: Forte Rosa , Ribeiro Rúben
Published: January 2020

Abstract Although not a recent phenomenon, offshoring has assumed increasing importance in terms of multinational enterprises’ activities, often being the subject of discussion at the political level, especially in more economically developed countries, which tend to suggest that this phenomenon underlies the poor performance of job creation in these economies, contributing to the relocation of jobs. Despite the increasingly numerous and comprehensive studies, findings insist on presenting rather different ideas concerning the effects on home countries’ employment. Therefore, taking into account the lack of relevant work in this area focused on the Portuguese reality, it is pertinent to bridge this gap, positively contributing to the enrichment of the existing literature and to a better understanding of the effects of offshoring on employment in Portugal. Based on a sample of 14 sectors of the manufacturing industry during the 1995-2009 period, our results suggest that offshoring has a positive but small impact on home country’s employment in the Portuguese case. This result may indicate that due to higher sales induced by productivity gains from offshoring, this contributes to the creation of a greater number of jobs than those who are relocated abroad.