bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Manufacturing via Selective Radio‐Frequency Heating and Curing of Thermosetting Resins
Authors: Sarmah Anubhav , Desai Suchi K. , Tezel Guler Bengusu , Vashisth Aniruddh , Mustafa Mazin M. , Arole Kailash , Crowley Ava G. , Green Micah J.
Published: February 2022

A new method for additive manufacturing of thermosetting resins using selective, localized radio‐frequency (RF) heating and curing in a thermoset reservoir is demonstrated. The use of a local RF applicator addresses the challenge of selective curing and printing of heat‐curable thermosets from a reservoir of resin, without the addition of photocurable acrylates. The filler of interest is multi‐walled carbon nanotubes, which heat up rapidly in response to an RF field. A target temperature can be maintained by modulating the RF power. Multilayered structures were 3D printed by moving the RF applicator relative to the resin reservoir, selectively curing the resin exposed to the field; this process was repeated for each layer. Thermal and mechanical properties of RF‐printed samples were compared against conventional samples, with both methods showing similar glass transition temperatures and storage moduli; the RF‐heated samples showed a more uniform morphology with lesser voids. The 3D printing process (temperature and conversion varying in space and time) is modeled to demonstrate the scope of this method in printing complex structures. This method of multilayered additive manufacturing of thermosetting resins allows for rapid, free‐form processing.
Shape Memory Alloys via Halide‐Activated Pack Equilibration
Authors: King Andrew S. , Dempsey Ryan D. , Lipke David W.
Published: February 2022

Fabrication of shape memory alloy (SMA) components based on NiTi is challenging due to the precision with which elemental composition and microstructure must be controlled during processing to achieve desired shape memory behavior. Herein, a method to control chemistry in an NiTi SMA via halide‐activated pack equilibration (SHAPE) against a constant chemical potential reservoir is described. To demonstrate the efficacy of the SHAPE process, an initially titanium‐deficient specimen (pure nickel foam) has been equilibrated against an excess of an intimately mixed two‐phase pack (NiTi + Ti2Ni) in the presence of a vapor phase transport agent (iodine). The two‐phase pack regulates chemical potentials in this two‐component system in accordance with Gibbs’ phase rule. Ti‐rich NiTi foams thus produced exhibit reproducible and well‐defined phase transformation behaviors. The SHAPE process is advantageous for the fabrication of shape memory components of varying areal dimension, shape, and/or complexity owing to independence of the equilibrium state of the system from either the initial state of the specimen or the details of the process kinetics. Current limitations and prospects for the application of this method to improve the quality of SMA components are briefly discussed.
Tailoring the Mechanical Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Buckypaper by Aramid Nanofibers towards Robust and Compact Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Yin Qing , Jia Hongbing , Liu Guigao , Ji Qingmin
Published: February 2022

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) buckypaper has shown extraordinary promise for freestanding supercapacitor electrode, but is usually limited by its extremely poor mechanical performance, which is due to the discrete nature of CNTs and rather low packing density. Meanwhile, manipulating the trade‐off between mechanical and electrochemical properties has not yet been realized for buckypaper electrode. Herein, a major breakthrough in optimizing the trade‐off between mechanical performance and compact capacitive delivery for porous buckypaper electrode is demonstrated by using aramid nanofibers (ANFs). Tailoring the microstructure of buckypaper framework by ANFs achieves 6.5‐ and 24.4‐times improvements in strength and toughness, respectively, without significantly sacrificing the volumetric capacitance (only 15.1% decline). Realizing such optimal integration of mechanical and capacitive properties represents a substantial step towards the practically feasible CNTs‐based structural electrodes. Further loading MnO2 conformal coating enables the freestanding electrode to deliver a superior volumetric capacitance of 155.5 F cm−3 while retaining the robust mechanical performance, which is impossible for conventional buckypaper or CNTs‐based bulk electrodes. The maximized structure‐function relationship achieved in this work validates the feasibility of reinforcing buckypaper electrode by ANFs, which may revolutionize the fabrication of advanced CNTs‐based supercapacitor electrodes, and offer a bright avenue for designing multifunctional structural composites.
Homogeneous Grain Boundary Passivation in Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Films Enables Fabrication of Monolithic Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells with over 21% Efficiency
Authors: Xie Yue‐Min , Yao Qin , Zeng Zixin , Xue Qifan , Niu Tianqi , Xia Ruoxi , Cheng Yuanhang , Lin Francis , Tsang Sai‐Wing , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Yip Hin‐Lap , Cao Yong
Published: February 2022

Monolithic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells have attracted increasing attention due to their potential of being highly efficient while compatible to facile solution fabrication processes. One of the limiting factors for improving the performance of perovskite/organic tandem cells is the lack of wide‐bandgap perovskites with suitable bandgap, film quality, and optoelectronic properties for front cells. In addition, the development of low‐bandgap organic bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) rare cells with extended absorption in the infrared range is also critical for improving tandem cells. This work has carefully optimized mixed halide wide‐bandgap perovskite (MWP) films by introducing a small amount of formamidinium (FA+) cations into the basic composition of MA1.06PbI2Br(SCN)0.12, which provides an effective means to modulate the crystallization properties and phase stability of the films. At optimized conditions, the MA0.96FA0.1PbI2Br(SCN)0.12 forms high‐quality films with grain boundaries homogeneously passivated by PbI2, leading to a reduction in defect states and an enhancement in phase stability, enabling the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 17.4%. By further integrating the MWP front cell with an organic BHJ (PM6:CH1007) rare cell composed of a nonfullerene acceptor with absorption extended to 950 nm, a tandem cell with PCE over 21% is achieved.
Multifunctional Organic Single‐Crystalline Microwire Arrays toward Optical Applications
Authors: Geng Yue , Zhao Yingjie , Zhao Yuyan , Feng Jiangang , Zhang Jingyuan , Fan Xin , Gao Hanfei , Wang Xue‐Dong , Jiang Lei , Wu Yuchen
Published: February 2022

Single‐crystalline micro‐/nanostructures based on organic stimulus‐responsive materials have attracted wide interests for their unique functional roles in various photonic applications including optical wave guiding, optical vapor sensing, and miniaturized lasing. Yet one imminent challenge is to pattern micro‐/nanostructured organic 1D arrays with controlled geometry, precise alignment, and pure crystallographic orientation owing to the uncontrollable dewetting dynamics in the solution processes. Herein, a smart assembly method is employed to regulate a confined crystallization of organic molecules. Sensitive, stable, and reproducible optical 1D‐array vapor sensors can detect the alkaline and acidic vapors based on the proton transfer process. As‐fabricated vapor sensors based on organic 1D arrays also selectively identify four similar amine vapors. Meanwhile, based on these 1D microstructure arrays, high‐performing Fabry–Pérot resonators with deep‐red laser emission, a low lasing threshold of 0.31 µJ, and high quality factor Q (≈2243) are realized. Owing to these multiple functions, organic microwire arrays not only provide intrinsic insight into optical vapor sensing but also offer guidance for the development of miniaturized lasers with specific functionalities, which show considerable potential in multifunctional photonic integrated circuits.
Light‐Stimulated Synaptic Transistor with High PPF Feature for Artificial Visual Perception System Application
Authors: Han Chao , Han Xingwei , Han Jiayue , He Meiyu , Peng Silu , Zhang Chaoyi , Liu Xianchao , Gou Jun , Wang Jun
Published: February 2022

Optoelectronic synaptic devices, which combine the functions of photosensitivity and information processing, are essential for the development of artificial visual perception systems. Nevertheless, improving the paired pulse facilitation (PPF) index of optoelectronic synaptic devices, which is an urgent problem in the construction of high‐precision artificial visual perception systems, has received less attention so far. Herein, a light‐stimulated synaptic transistor (LSST) device with an ultra‐high PPF index (≈196%) is presented by introducing an ultra‐thin carrier regulator layer hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) into a classic graphene‐based hybrid transistor frame (graphene/CsPbBr3 quantum dots). Crucially, analysis of the rate‐limiting effect of h‐BN on photogenerated carriers reveals the mechanism behind the LSST ultra‐high PPF index. Furthermore, a two‐layer artificial neural network connected by LSST devices demonstrate ≈91.5% recognition accuracy of handwritten digits. This work provides an effective method for constructing artificial visual perception systems using a hybrid transistor frame in the future.
Biodegradable Bismuth‐Based Nano‐Heterojunction for Enhanced Sonodynamic Oncotherapy through Charge Separation Engineering
Authors: Song Kang , Du Jun , Wang Xiang , Zheng Lulu , Ouyang Ruizhuo , Li Yuhao , Miao Yuqing , Zhang Dawei
Published: February 2022

Sonodynamic therapy is a noninvasive treatment method that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by ultrasound, to achieve oxidative damage to tumors. However, methods are required to improve the efficiency of ROS generation and achieve continuous oxidative damage. A ternary heterojunction sonosensitizer composed of Bi@BiO2−x@Bi2S3‐PEG (BOS) to achieve thermal injury‐assisted continuous sonodynamic therapy for tumors is prepared. The oxygen vacancy in BOS can capture hot electrons and promotes the separation of hot carriers on the bismuth surface. The local electric field induced by localized surface plasmon resonance also contributes to the rapid transfer of electrons. Therefore, BOS not only possesses the functions of each component but also exhibits higher catalytic activity to generate ROS. Meanwhile, BOS continuously consumes glutathione, which is conducive to its biodegradation and achieves continuous oxidative stress injury. In addition, the photothermal conversion of BOS under near‐infrared irradiation helps to achieve thermal tumor damage and further relieves tumor hypoxia, thus amplifying the sonodynamic therapeutic efficacy. This process not only provides a strategy for thermal damage to amplify the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy, but also expands the application of bismuth‐based heterojunction nanomaterials as sonosensitizers in sonodynamic therapy.
Alternate Storage of Opposite Charges in Multisites for High‐Energy‐Density Al–MOF Batteries
Authors: Guo Yuxi , Wang Wei , Lei Haiping , Wang Mingyong , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: February 2022

The limited active sites of cathode materials in aluminum‐ion batteries restrict the storage of more large‐sized Al‐complex ions, leading to a low celling of theoretical capacity. To make the utmost of active sites, an alternate storage mechanism of opposite charges (AlCl4− anions and AlCl2+ cations) in multisites is proposed herein to achieve an ultrahigh capacity in Al–metal–organic framework (MOF) battery. The bipolar ligands (oxidized from 18π to 16π electrons and reduced from 18π to 20π electrons in a planar cyclic conjugated system) can alternately uptake and release AlCl4− anions and AlCl2+ cations in charge/discharge processes, which can double the capacity of unipolar ligands. Moreover, the high‐density active Cu sites (Cu nodes) in the 2D Cu‐based MOF can also store AlCl2+ cations for a higher capacity. The rigid and extended MOF structure can address the problems of high solubility and poor stability of small organic molecules. As a result, three‐step redox reactions with two‐electron transfer in each step are demonstrated in charge/discharge processes, achieving high reversible capacity (184 mAh g−1) and energy density (177 Wh kg−1) of the optimized cathode in an Al–MOF battery. The findings provide a new insight for the rational design of stable high‐energy Al–MOF batteries.
Optical and Structural Properties of Insoluble and Flexible Biodegradable Regenerated Silk Films for Optically Transparent Hydrophilic Coating of Medical Devices
Authors: Kaewpirom Supranee , Boonsang Siridech
Published: February 2022

Many medical equipment, such as tubes, lenses, and disposable plastic slides, require improved wettability to perform properly with physiological fluids and tissues. The authors proposes the regeneration of silk cocoons into insoluble and flexible regenerated silk fibroin (SF) films allowed for the development of novel materials with distinct and convincing characteristics. The SF films with glycerol modifications are created using a casting/solvent evaporation technique to provide a flexible and optically transparent hydrophilic coating. Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction reveal a structural shift in glycerol‐induced SF films, where the random coil and helical structure content reduce while the β‐sheet structure increases significantly. All of the proposed SF films have an outstanding transmission of approximately 90% in the visible range and a UV‐shield characteristic. Tensile tests reveal that glycerol‐plasticized SF films are soft and extremely flexible, with a high Young's modulus and moderate tensile strength. The adhesion strength of the SF films is assessed as 5B at 10–20% wt of glycerol, suggesting outstanding adhesion strength on the silanized glass surface. At 30% w/w glycerol, the SF film has the greatest swelling ratio of 95.3 ± 0.5% and the lowest water contact angle of 23.2°.
A Coloration Biochip for Optical Virus Detection Based on Printed Single Nanoparticle Array
Authors: Wang Huadong , Zhang Zeying , Su Meng , Sun Yali , Mikhailova Julia V. , Cai Zheren , Wu Dongdong , Wang Keyu , Pan Qi , Chen Bingda , Zuev Dmitry , Song Yanlin
Published: February 2022

Direct and ultrasensitive detection of nanoscale objects is of great importance for materials science and biomedical application. Here, a printed single nanoparticle array‐based coloration biochip is developed for direct visualizing nanoscale objects with the microscopy image. Arising from the scattering cross section induced Mie scattering enhancement, the color change of nanoparticles with/without viruses can be observed with a conventional optical microscope. The scattering light from single nanoparticle has the size‐dependent characteristics of wavelength and intensity variation, allowing for optically detecting nanoscale virus. By comparing optical images before and after attaching viruses, quantitative detection can be achieved with the virus concentrations from 1.0 × 102 to 1.0 × 106 PFU mL–1 and a detection limit of 1.0 × 102 PFU mL–1. The antibody‐modified array can specifically recognize influenza viruses in 15 min. The result provides a promising approach to detect diverse biological samples, including protein, exosomes, and platelet microparticle.
Single Cell RNA Sequencing Identifies a Unique Inflammatory Macrophage Subset as a Druggable Target for Alleviating Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Yao Weijian , Chen Ying , Li Zehua , Ji Jing , You Abin , Jin Shanzhao , Ma Yuan , Zhao Youlu , Wang Jinwei , Qu Lei , Wang Hui , Xiang Chengang , Wang Suxia , Liu Gang , Bai Fan , Yang Li
Published: February 2022

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex clinical disorder associated with poor outcomes. Targeted regulation of the degree of inflammation has been a potential strategy for AKI management. Macrophages are the main effector cells of kidney inflammation. However, macrophage heterogeneity in ischemia reperfusion injury induced AKI (IRI‐AKI) remains unclear. Using single‐cell RNA sequencing of the mononuclear phagocytic system in the murine IRI model, the authors demonstrate the complementary roles of kidney resident macrophages (KRMs) and monocyte‐derived infiltrated macrophages (IMs) in modulating tissue inflammation and promoting tissue repair. A unique population of S100a9hiLy6chi IMs is identified as an early responder to AKI, mediating the initiation and amplification of kidney inflammation. Kidney infiltration of S100A8/A9+ macrophages and the relevance of renal S100A8/A9 to tissue injury is confirmed in human AKI. Targeting the S100a8/a9 signaling with small‐molecule inhibitors exhibits renal protective effects represented by improved renal function and reduced mortality in bilateral IRI model, and decreased inflammatory response, ameliorated kidney injury, and improved long‐term outcome with decreased renal fibrosis in the unilateral IRI model. The findings support S100A8/A9 blockade as a feasible and clinically relevant therapy potentially waiting for translation in human AKI.
Heat‐Mitigated Design and Lorentz Force‐Based Steering of an MRI‐Driven Microcatheter toward Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Phelan Martin Francis , Tiryaki Mehmet Efe , Lazovic Jelena , Gilbert Hunter , Sitti Metin
Published: February 2022

Catheters integrated with microcoils for electromagnetic steering under the high, uniform magnetic field within magnetic resonance (MR) scanners (3–7 Tesla) have enabled an alternative approach for active catheter operations. Achieving larger ranges of tip motion for Lorentz force‐based steering have previously been dependent on using high power coupled with active cooling, bulkier catheter designs, or introducing additional microcoil sets along the catheter. This work proposes an alternative approach using a heat‐mitigated design and actuation strategy for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐driven microcatheter. A quad‐configuration microcoil (QCM) design is introduced, allowing miniaturization of existing MRI‐driven, Lorentz force‐based catheters down to 1‐mm diameters with minimal power consumption (0.44 W). Heating concerns are experimentally validated using noninvasive MRI thermometry. The Cosserat model is implemented within an MR scanner and results demonstrate a desired tip range up to 110° with 4° error. The QCM is used to validate the proposed model and power‐optimized steering algorithm using an MRI‐compatible neurovascular phantom and ex vivo kidney tissue. The power‐optimized tip orientation controller conserves as much as 25% power regardless of the catheter's initial orientation. These results demonstrate the implementation of an MRI‐driven, electromagnetic catheter steering platform for minimally invasive surgical applications without the need for camera feedback or manual advancement via guidewires. The incorporation of such system in clinics using the proposed design and actuation strategy can further improve the safety and reliability of future MRI‐driven active catheter operations.
Wireless Humidity Sensor for Smart Packaging via One‐step Laser‐Induced Patterning and Nanoparticle Formation on Metallized Paper
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Sarath , Sedaghat Sotoudeh , Krishnakumar Akshay , He Zihao , Wang Haiyan , Rahimi Rahim
Published: February 2022

In this work, a scalable and rapid process is developed for creating a low‐cost humidity sensor for wireless monitoring of moisture levels within packaged goods. The sensor comprises a moisture‐sensitive interdigitated capacitor connected to a planar spiral coil, forming an LC circuit whose resonant frequency is a function of environmental humidity. The sensor is fabricated on a commercially available metallized parchment paper through selective laser ablation of the laminated aluminum (Al) film on the parchment paper substrate. The laser ablation process provides a unique one‐step patterning of the conductive Al layer on the paper while simultaneously creating high surface area Al2O3nanoparticles within the laser‐ablated regions. The intrinsic humidity‐responsive characteristics of the laser‐induced Al2O3nanostructures provide the wireless sensor with a tenfold higher sensitivity to humidity than a similar LC resonant sensor prepared by conventional photolithography‐based processes on FR‐4 substrates. The frequency change of the sensor is observed to be a linear function within the range of 0−85% RH, providing an average sensitivity of −87 kHz RH−1with good repeatability and stable performance. Furthermore, the employment of scalable laser fabrication processes using commercially available inexpensive materials renders these technologies viable for roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of low‐cost wireless sensors for smart packaging applications.
Meet the meatless: Demand for new generation plant‐based meat alternatives
Authors: Zhao Shuoli , Wang Lingxiao , Hu Wuyang , Zheng Yuqing
Published: February 2022

With the unique mimicry of the sensory experiences of meats, the plant‐based meat alternatives (PBMA) appeal to consumers outside the traditional vegetarian demographics. This study analyzes market expenditure data from 2017 to 2020 to evaluate the demand for PBMA in relation to meats. Results show that PBMA is a complement for beef and pork while a substitute for chicken, turkey, and fish. Although the current market demand for PBMA is still incomparable with meats, the growth of PBMA sales is significant. This study sheds light on marketing strategies and policies toward the future of PBMA and the fresh meat sector.
Metathesis Reactions in Natural Product Fragments and Total Syntheses
Authors: Ahmed Waqar , Jayant Vikrant , Alvi Shakeel , Ahmed Nadeem , Ahmed Azeem , Ali Rashid
Published: February 2022

The passion of total‐ and fragments syntheses of natural products always remained one of the top priorities among the synthetic chemists worldwide. Due their curiosity toward the complexity of molecules of living nature and their endeavour to imitate them in laboratory; limitless arrays of natural products have been extracted, architecturally‐elucidated, synthesized, and chronicled by utilizing various synthetic methodologies in different fashions. Frequently, the synthesis of complex natural products proceed with inscrutable synthetic challenges, which can be circumvented either by modification of previously developed synthetic methods or by formulating a new one. In this way, a myriad of powerful synthetic reactions have been developed since the genesis of the logic of chemical synthesis. Amongst them, metathesis tactics discovered unexpectedly in the 1950s (Nobel Prize in 2005), have incredibly influenced and changed the landscape of the art of the total and formal synthesis in the last three A. H. Hoveyda, A. R. Zhugralin, me abruptly as compared to other developed transformations or their modified forms. In this particular review article, we envisioned to report a comprehensive detail of the metathetic tools involved in both total and fragments synthesis of natural products in the years 2018 and 2019 along with an overview of 2017.
Regiospecific C2‐Difluoroalkylation on Chromone via Transition‐Metal‐free Oxidative Decarboxylation of Aryldifluoroacetic acids
Authors: Peng Yi , Gong Haiying , Wang Juan , Chen Hua , Deng Hongmei , Hao Jian , Wan Wen
Published: February 2022

A transition‐metal‐free, oxidative decarboxylative reaction of aryldifluoroacetic acids with chromone under mild reaction conditions has been developed. This free‐radical protocol provides an efficient and straightforward access to C2‐difluoroalkylated chromones with excellent regioselectivity in moderate yields to good yields, which are found to be compatible with a broad substrate scope.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, purification, and characterization of wax from sorghum and sorghum by‐products as an alternative natural wax
Authors: Sperotto Felipe , Yang Junsi , Isom Loren , Weller Curtis , Ciftci Ozan N.
Published: February 2022

The objective of this work was to obtain high purity natural wax from sorghum and by‐products of sorghum processing (sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and sorghum bran) using a green process based on supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). SC‐CO2 extractions were carried out at varying temperatures (50, 70°C) and pressures (30, 40 MPa) at a CO2 flow rate 1 L/min for 120 min. Significantly higher wax yield (4.9%) from DDGS was obtained by SC‐CO2 at 40 MPa/70°C compared with whole kernel (0.6%) and bran (3.3%) (p < 0.05). The yield of the extracts obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction was higher than that of the conventional hexane extraction for all three sorghum sources. The highest fraction of wax in the SC‐CO2 extracts was obtained from whole kernel extracts (89%), whereas it was 53.3% from the DDGS and 26.8% from the bran at the same extraction conditions. SC‐CO2 and hexane extracts from sorghum whole kernel shared a similar melting peak temperature of 76.3–77.9 and 79.7°C, respectively, while DDGS and bran extracts by SC‐CO2 showed a much lower melting temperature in the range of 50.7–61.9°C, indicating the presence of lower melting point components such as triacylglycerols. However, the melting points of the DDGS and bran extracts after ethanol purification were significantly increased with the observed peak temperature of 80.8 and 82.0°C, respectively. While the wax yield from DDGS and bran was higher than that of whole kernel, the sorghum whole kernel feedstock was found to be a more feasible feedstock to obtain higher purity wax.
Evidence for multiple refugia and hotspots of genetic diversity for Westralunio carteri, a threatened freshwater mussel in south‐western Australia
Authors: Benson Justin , Stewart Barbara , Close Paul , Lymbery Alan
Published: February 2022

Intraspecific genetic diversity provides the evolutionary potential to adapt to changing environments and ‘hotspots’ of high intraspecific diversity are recognized as key targets for conservation.

In south‐western Australia, intraspecific genetic diversity for mesic taxa is not uniformly distributed. Many species comprise highly divergent lineages with unique haplotypes resulting from contraction to refugia during historical arid cycles. Sampling strategies in studies of the region’s unique and ancient freshwater fauna have often focused on broad distributional range, making it difficult to determine boundaries between lineages and the location of genetic hotspots.

This study explored the spatial distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity in the threatened freshwater mussel, Westralunio carteri. Mitochondrial DNA sequences for 164 specimens, sampled from all basins within the distribution of the species, were used to describe lineage boundaries and the location of hotspots, and to reconstruct historical demographics.

There was strong evidence for three subregions of genetic diversity based on the largely non‐overlapping distributions of three evolutionarily significant units. Spatial and demographic analyses suggest that these evolutionarily significant units persisted through past arid cycles in separate refugia. The majority of haplotypes were unique to a single location, indicating limited connectivity among populations in recent times. Hotspots were identified throughout the region. Most notably, a significant hotspot in the south‐western corner probably arose through the overlap of lineages in historical refugia.

Conservation assessments often focus on the species as a whole, even though sublineages, hotspots and the threats faced are not evenly distributed across the species range. This paper highlights that effective conservation of spatially structured taxa requires targeted management of multiple genetic units. Given the importance of formal taxonomic description for conservation listings, further investigation of the potential for species delimitation within W. carteri is required.
Extract from Opuntia ficus‐indica cladode delays the Aedes aegypti larval development by inducing an axenic midgut environment
Authors: Nova Isabella C. V. , de Almeida Welton A. , Procópio Thamara F. , Godoy Raquel S. M. , Miranda Franciane R. , Barbosa Renata C. , Nascimento Jéssica da Silva , Paiva Patrícia M. G. , Ferreira Magda R. A. , Soares Luiz A. L. , Pimenta Paulo F. P. , Martins Gustavo F. , Navarro Daniela Maria do Amaral F. , Napoleão Thiago H. , Pontual Emmanuel V.
Published: February 2022

This study evaluated the effects of acute exposure of Aedes aegypti third instar (L3) larvae to the saline extract of Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes on the biological cycle and fertility of the emerging adults. For this, larvae were treated for 24 h with the extract at ¼ LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of larvae), ½ LC50 or LC50; the development and reproduction of the emerged adults were evaluated after a recovery period of 9 days. The resistance of proteins in the extract to hydrolysis by L3 digestive enzymes and histomorphological alterations in the larval midgut were also investigated. The extract contained lectin, flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, terpenes, steroids, and reducing sugars. It showed a LC50 of 3.71% for 48 h. The data indicated mean survival times similar in control and extract treatments. It was observed development delay in extract‐treated groups, with a lower number of adults than in control. However, the females that emerged laid similar number of eggs in control and treatments. Histological evaluation revealed absence of bacterial and fungal microorganisms in the food content in midguts from larvae treated with cladode extract. Electrophoresis revealed that three polypeptides in the extract resisted to hydrolysis by L3 digestive proteases for 90 min. The lectin activity was not altered even after 24‐h incubation with the enzymes. In conclusion, the extract from O. ficus‐indica can delay the development of Ae. aegypti larvae, which may be linked to induction of an axenic environment at larval midgut and permanence of lectin activity even after proteolysis.
Hydrogen sulfide treatment retrieves the inhibition of growth and development characteristics in silkworm (Bombyx mori) via phosphoacetyl glucosamine mutase gene knock down
Authors: Zhang Rui , Du Juan , Cao Yu‐Yao , Thakur Kiran , Tang Shun‐Ming , Hu Fei , Wei Zhao‐Jun
Published: February 2022

Phosphoacetyl glucosamine mutase (PGM) is the key gene for glycolysis of important metabolic pathways in silkworm, and H2S (7.5 μM) can promote the growth and development of silkworm. Herein, we used body cavity injection of small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) to interfere with the PGM gene in H2S‐treated silkworms. After RNA interference (RNAi), we investigated the growth and development of the silkworm. H2S treatment could significantly recover the inhibition of body weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell ratio by knocking down PGM gene in silkworm, without significant effects on eggs laying and production, and then analyzed the mRNA expression of PGM gene. The interference of siRNA significantly decreased the expression of targeted PGM gene and was concentrated in 48 h followed by gradual recovery. Three interference fragments also showed different interference effects, and siRNA of PGM‐3 exerted the highest interference effect to the target gene expression. Fat body had the highest mRNA expression of PGM gene, and the best interference effect was observed after siRNA injection. The results showed that the gene based on H2S treatment may have an important impact on the growth and development of silkworm by affecting its metabolic pathway.
Association between atopic diseases and neurodevelopmental disabilities in a longitudinal birth cohort
Authors: Qu Xueqi , Lee Li‐Ching , Ladd‐Acosta Christine , Hong Xiumei , Ji Yuelong , Kalb Luther G. , Volk Heather E. , Wang Xiaobin
Published: February 2022

Reports on the association between the prevalence of atopic diseases and neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDs) have been inconsistent in the literature. We investigated whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), and other NDs are more prevalent in children with asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic rhinitis (AR) compared to those without specific atopic conditions. A total of 2580 children enrolled at birth were followed prospectively, of which 119 have ASD, 423 have ADHD, 765 have other NDs, and 1273 have no NDs. Atopic diseases and NDs were defined based on physician diagnoses in electronic medical records. Logistic regressions adjusting for maternal and child characteristics estimated the associations between NDs (i.e., ASD, ADHD, and other NDs) and asthma, AD and AR, respectively. Children with asthma, AD or AR had a greater likelihood of having ADHD or other NDs compared with children without specific atopic conditions. The association between ASD and asthma diminished after adjusting for maternal and child factors. Either mothers or children having atopic conditions and both mothers and children with atopic conditions were associated with a higher prevalence of ADHD in children, compared with neither mothers nor children having atopic conditions. Children diagnosed with multiple atopic diseases were more likely to have NDs compared with those without or with only one type of atopic disease. In conclusion, in this U.S. urban birth cohort, children with atopic diseases had a higher co‐morbidity of NDs. The findings have implications for etiologic research that searches for common early life antecedents of NDs and atopic conditions. Findings from this study also should raise awareness among health care providers and parents about the possible co‐occurrence of both NDs and atopic conditions, which calls for coordinated efforts to screen, prevent and manage NDs and atopic conditions.
Significant impact of mTORC1 and ATF4 pathways in CHO cell recombinant protein production induced by CDK4/6 inhibitor
Authors: Chang Meiping , Huhn Steven , Nelson Luke , Betenbaugh Michael , Du Zhimei
Published: February 2022

The CDK4/6 inhibitor has been shown to increase recombinant protein productivity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism that couples cell‐cycle inhibitor (CCI) treatment with protein productivity utilizing proteomics and phosphoproteomics. We identified mTORC1 as a critical early signaling event that preceded boosted productivity. Following CCI treatment, mTOR exhibited a transient increase in phosphorylation at a novel site that is also conserved in humans and mouse. Upstream of mTORC1, increased phosphorylation of AKT1S1 and decreased phosphorylation of RB1 may provide molecular links between CDK4/6 inhibition and mTORC1. Downstream, increased EIF4EBP1 phosphorylation was observed, which can mediate cap‐dependent translation. In addition, the collective effect of increased phosphorylation of RPS6, increased phosphorylation of regulators of RNA polymerase I, and increased protein expression in the transfer RNA‐aminoacylation pathway may contribute to enhancing the translational apparatus for increased productivity. In concert, an elevated stress response via GCN2/EIF2AK4‐ATF4 axis persisted over the treatment course, which may link mTOR to downstream responses including the unfolded protein response and autophagy to enhance proper protein folding and secretion. Together, this comprehensive proteomics and phosphoproteomics characterization of CCI‐treated CHO cells offers insights into understanding multiple aspects of signaling events resulting from CDK4/CDK6 inhibition.
The role of head circumference and cerebral volumes to phenotype male adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Denier Niklaus , Steinberg Gerrit , van Elst Ludger Tebartz , Bracht Tobias
Published: February 2022

Background

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been repeatedly associated with enlargements of head circumference in children with ASD. However, it is unclear if these enlargements persist into adulthood. This is the first study to investigate head circumference in a large sample of adults with ASD.

Methods

We apply a fully automated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based measurement approach to compute head circumference by combining 3D and 2D image processing. Head circumference was compared between male adults with ASD (n = 120) and healthy male controls (n = 136), from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) database. To explain which brain alterations drive our results, secondary analyses were performed for 10 additional morphological brain metrics.

Results

ASD subjects showed an increase in head circumference (p = .0018). In addition, ASD patients had increased ventricular surface area (SA) (p = .0013). Intracranial volume, subarachnoidal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, and gray matter volume explained 50% of head circumference variance. Using a linear support vector machine, we gained an ASD classification accuracy of 73% (sensitivity 92%, specificity 68%) using head circumference and brain‐morphological metrics as input features. Head circumference, ventricular SA, ventricular CSF volume, and ventricular asymmetry index contributed to 85% of feature weighting relevant for classification.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that head circumference increases in males with ASD persist into adulthood. Results may be driven by morphological alterations of ventricular CSF. The presented approach for an automated head circumference measurement allows for the retrospective investigation of large MRI datasets in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Evaluation of native and non‐native biomaterials for engineering human skin tissue
Authors: Motter Catarino Carolina , Kaiser Katharina , Baltazar Tânia , Motter Catarino Luiza , Brewer Jonathan R. , Karande Pankaj
Published: February 2022

A variety of human skin models have been developed for applications in regenerative medicine and efficacy studies. Typically, these employ matrix molecules that are derived from non‐human sources along with human cells. Key limitations of such models include a lack of cellular and tissue microenvironment that is representative of human physiology for efficacy studies, as well as the potential for adverse immune responses to animal products for regenerative medicine applications. The use of recombinant extracellular matrix proteins to fabricate tissues can overcome these limitations. We evaluated animal‐ and non‐animal‐derived scaffold proteins and glycosaminoglycans for the design of biomaterials for skin reconstruction in vitro. Screening of proteins from the dermal‐epidermal junction (collagen IV, laminin 5, and fibronectin) demonstrated that certain protein combinations when used as substrates increase the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes compared to the control (no protein). In the investigation of the effect of components from the dermal layer (collagen types I and III, elastin, hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate), the primary influence on the viability of fibroblasts was attributed to the source of type I collagen (rat tail, human, or bovine) used as scaffold. Furthermore, incorporation of dermatan sulfate in the dermal layer led to a reduction in the contraction of tissues compared to the control where the dermal scaffold was composed primarily of collagen type I. This work highlights the influence of the composition of biomaterials on the development of complex reconstructed skin models that are suitable for clinical translation and in vitro safety assessment.
Can advertising enhance consumers' desirable COVID‐19 health behavioral intentions? The role of brand‐pandemic fit
Authors: Özsomer Ayşegül , Güzel Zeynep Müge , Newmeyer Casey E. , Schmidt‐Devlin Ellen
Published: February 2022

This article explores the fit between the advertised brand and the pandemic as a potential influence on consumers' intentions to engage in socially responsible health behaviors (social distancing, mask wearing, and getting tested when exposed). In an advanced and emerging market setting we find that advertisements for brands that are perceived as high on brand‐pandemic fit enhance consumers' socially desirable COVID‐19 health behavioral intentions and changes in brand credibility is the mechanism that drives such intentions. Fit is especially beneficial on the intentions of consumers whose health beliefs reflect only low to moderate concern about COVID‐19. Consumers with low or moderate (vs. high) COVID‐19 health beliefs exhibit an increased susceptibility to the fit—desirable health behavioral intentions relationship. The results are also corroborated in an emerging market context. Together, the results establish links between brand‐pandemic fit of advertisements, brand credibility, health beliefs, and consumers' intentions to engage in socially desirable health behaviors. The results suggest that advertising can play a role in encouraging desirable health behaviors and can promote consumer welfare via ads of high fit products and services that provide benefits during the pandemic in both advanced and emerging markets.
Impact of malnutrition and frailty on mortality and major amputation in patients with CLTI
Authors: Karim Adham M. , Li Jun , Panhwar Muhammad S. , Arshad Samiullah , Shalabi Shihabaldean , Mena‐Hurtado Carlos , Aronow Herbert D. , Secemsky Eric A. , Shishehbor Mehdi H.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

To understand the prevalence of malnutrition and its association with chronic limb‐threatening ischemia (CLTI) outcomes; to clarify the differential impact of revascularization methods on outcomes; to assess the ability of the CLTI Frailty Risk Score (CLTI‐FRS) to predict adverse events in patients hospitalized with CLTI.

Background

Despite advances in the management of CLTI, a majority still undergo major amputation, and a minority heal within 6 months. There is a lack of validated assessment tools for the identification and management of frailty and malnutrition in these patients.

Methods

Using the National Inpatient Sample from January 2012 to September 2015, we identified all patients with CLTI using International Classification of Diseases Ninth Edition Clinical Modification codes. The cohort was divided into three groups according to nutritional status. Multivariable regression analysis was used to analyze the interaction between malnutrition and outcomes of interest.

Results

Of 1,414,080 CLTI‐related hospitalizations, 163,835 (11.6%) were malnourished, 332,855 (23.5%) patients were frail, 917,390 (64.9%) were well‐nourished. In‐hospital mortality, major amputation, the average length of stay, and hospital costs were highest among malnourished or frail patients and lowest in well‐nourished patients (p < 0.001). Malnourished and frail patients were observed to have lower rates of mortality with endovascular revascularization as compared to surgical (adjusted odds ratios: 0.675 [0.533–0.854; p = 0.001]).

Conclusion

Many patients with CLTI are malnourished or frail, and this is associated with mortality and amputation. Both malnourished and frail patients were observed to have a mortality benefit with a less invasive approach to revascularization. Better assessment of nutritional and frailty status of CLTI patients may guide therapy and help prevent amputation and death.
Infrared thermography as an adjunctive tool for detection of femoral arterial thrombosis after cardiac catheterization: A prospective, pilot study
Authors: Kang Sok‐Leng , Manojlovich Larissa , Mrozcek Dariusz , Benson Lee
Published: February 2022

Objectives

To assess the utility of infrared thermography (IRT), to map skin temperature, in the detection of femoral arterial (FA) thrombosis after cardiac catheterization.

Background

Ultrasound is a validated method for thrombus detection but is generally reserved as a confirmatory test for clinical suspicion due to various constraints.

Methods

Prospective study of infants and children undergoing cardiac catheterization via FA access, comparing IRT and pulse examination. The thermograms, displayed in a color map with each pixel representing a temperature, were examined by qualitative assessment of symmetry in thermal patterns and quantitative image analysis with abnormal thermographic asymmetry defined as a difference of >10% between limbs.

Results

In the 20 children enrolled, excellent agreement was found between the two methods with a Kappa value of 0.89. The median thermographic asymmetry in the nine children with pulse loss was 36 (13–76)%. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the asymmetrical pattern of ≥18% between limbs predicted the need for anticoagulation with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 89%. The area under the curve was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.95–1). Children with absent pulse requiring anticoagulation showed a slower recovery in thermal asymmetry compared to those with a reduced pulse. By qualitative IRT assessment, all children with absent pulse requiring anticoagulation were correctly identified by 10 independent assessors.

Conclusions

This pilot study showed that IRT is feasible and reliable as an adjunctive tool for thrombus detection postcatheterization and treatment monitoring. Specific advantages of IRT include portability, affordability, and contactless image acquisition.
Mass to voltage ratio index predicts mortality following TAVI
Authors: Porat Alon , Gordon Max , Perlman Gidon , Planer David , Danenberg Haim , Alcalai Ronny , Leibowitz David
Published: February 2022

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is commonly performed in elderly patients with aortic stenosis. Better methods of risk stratification are needed in this population with high morbidity. There is a relatively high incidence of cardiac amyloidosis in this population and high LV mass index (LVMI) to QRS voltage may help identify patients with worse prognosis following TAVI. This retrospective study enrolled consecutive patients who underwent TAVI in our institution between the years 2008–2019. Mass voltage ratio index (MVRi) was calculated as the ratio of LV mass index on echocardiogram to voltage using the Sokolow‐Lyon criteria on 12 lead ECG performed within 3 months before the intervention. Two hundred and fifty‐one patients (mean age 80.8 years, 49% men) were enrolled. One hundred and sixty‐eight (67%) patients were alive at 3 years follow up. MVRi was a statistically significant predictor of 3 year mortality (p < 0.005). Patients were divided categorically into tertiles based on MVRi score; the “high” group had significantly higher 3‐year mortality (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model only Euroscore (p < 0.009) and MVRi (p < 0.011; OR: 2.32; CI: 1.15–4.964) were statistically significant predictors of mortality. The “high” group had a significantly lower survival rate after 3 years follow up on Kaplan–Meier analysis (p < 0.001). Our findings suggest that MVRi is a strong, independent predictor of increased post‐TAVI mortality. This may be a simple clinical tool to assist in the assessment of patients prior to before TAVI.
Elevation of creatine kinase in acute pancreatitis: A case report
Authors: Sheibani Mehdi , Hajibaratali Bahareh , Yeganegi Houra
Published: February 2022

Creatine kinase (CK/CK‐MB) testing is an essential laboratory test approaching a patient with chest or epigastric pain. We report a 38‐year‐old man with acute pancreatitis and elevated CK/CK‐MB level without myocardial involvement. Acute pancreatitis may be considered as a false‐positive cause of CK/CK‐MB test in patients presenting with chest pain.
Surgical management of an odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract misdiagnosed for 4 years
Authors: Latifa Hammouda , Dorsaf Touil , Amira Kikly , Karim Jlassi , Nabiha Douki
Published: February 2022

A cutaneous sinus tract of dental origin may easily be misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated. This paper reported a case of a 20‐year‐old male patient referred for a productive cutaneous sinus tract misdiagnosed by medical doctors for more than 4 years. The clinical and radiographic examinations confirmed the odontogenic origin related to a mandibular first right molar presenting an infected radicular cyst. Surgical treatment was performed leading to a significant healing of the sinus tract.