bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EQUIVALENCE OF CROSS‐CULTURAL DATA: AN OVERVIEW OF BASIC ISSUES
Authors: Poortinga Ype H.
Published: September 2007

The logic of comparison is taken as a starting point. It is argued that any cross‐cultural comparison presupposes a comparison scale, i.e. a scale that is identical across the populations included in a study. Scale identity can be specified for various levels of measurement. In the second section a simple classification is presented for inferences about cross‐cultural differences derived from psychological measurements. Two questions are asked for various categories of inferences, viz., whether they are logically feasible and whether they can be validated empirically. In the third section the statistical analysis of psychometric conditions for equivalence is discussed. The fourth section deals with the problem what alternatives for meaningful interpretation a researcher has if data turn out to be lacking in equivalence. In the fifth section a conceptual problem is raised, namely whether the basic assumption of this article is realistic that psychological concepts are identical across cultures.
FACIAL EXPRESSION AND SPEECH: NEUROANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: van Gelder Ronald S. , van Gelder Leo
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses the neuroanatomy and pathology of facial expression and findings on the neuroanatomical connections between expressions of the face and speech. The facial musculature is briefly dealt with in terms of its innervation by the facial nerve and its relationship to the soft palate at the peripheral system level. After considering the facial nuclei, the supranuclear innervation of volitional and emotional facial expression is reviewed. Then supranuclear relations between facial movements and some speech organs are considered. Finally, attention is paid to aspects of facial paralysis stemming from peripheral and central origins.
EFFECTS OF MYOFEEDBACK AND MIME‐THERAPY ON PERIPHERAL FACIAL PARALYSIS*
Authors: van Gelder Ronald S. , Philippart Stefan M.M. , Bernard Brigit G.E.S. , Devriese Pieter P. , Whiting Harold T.A. , van Wieringen Piet C.W.
Published: September 2007

This paper concerns peripheral facial paralysis, its sequelae and the physiotherapeutic treatment thereof. Following a brief description of the symptoms associated with peripheral facial paralysis and its sequelae, two treatment methods are reviewed, namely, myofeedback and mime‐therapy. Next, a description of two research projects is provided; these projects were designed to evaluate the effects of myofeedback and mime‐therapy in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from the sequelae of peripheral facial paralysis. Four patients were treated with visual myofeedback over a 2‐week period and 22 patients with mime‐therapy over a 10‐week period. During pre‐ and posttesting, the patients were photographed and were requested to fill out a social‐psychological questionnaire. The photographs were measured for facial asymmetry and appraised on six rating scales (pleasant/unpleasant, relaxed/tense, active/passive, spontaneous/restrained, not‐handicapped/handicapped, and normal/abnormal) by naive judges. After myofeedback treatment, none of the variables showed significant improvement. Following mime‐therapy, there were no significant changes in the means of the asymmetry measures; however, a significant positive effect was to be seen in the appraisals given by the judges, and measures of self‐judgement were more positive after treatment than before. Finally, the results of both studies are discussed.
ABILITY PATTERNS AMONG THREE CHINESE COMMUNITIES
Authors: Siu Ping‐Kee , Lo Lamfat
Published: September 2007

The score patterns in eight ability areas were compared among three Chinese communities having differential demands for English competence. A total of 610 9th graders of high academic achievement were selected for the study. The data analyses revealed that the ability patterns significantly differed among groups. Specifically, the Guangzhou group was best in Chinese language usage and verbal reasoning, the Hong Kong group came second, and the Singapore group came third. The superiority order among these groups was reversed in English language usage and verbal reasoning. The Guangzhou and Hong Kong groups excelled in mathematical reasoning. The Hong Kong group was inferior in mechanical reasoning. However, the three groups were not significantly different in spatial and abstract reasonings. The results seem to support the prediction that environmental demands have differential influence on students' ability patterns.
ATTRIBUTIONS, COMPLEXITÉ ATTRIBUTIONNELLE ET SATISFACTION CONJUGALE*
Authors: Dulude Diane , Sabourin Stéphane , Lussier Yvan , Wright John
Published: September 2007

The present study investigates the relation among attributions, attributional complexity, and marital satisfaction. More specifically, we examine the value of attributional complexity as a possible moderator in the relationship between attributions and marital satisfaction. Seventy‐four French Canadian couples completed the Marital Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Conflict Rating Scale, the Attributional Complexity Scale, and the Dyadic Adjustement Scale. The results corroborate the existence of a relationship between attributions and marital satisfaction. Against predictions, attributional complexity does not seem to moderate the relation between attributional style and marital satisfaction. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
THE INTERACTION OF BIASES IN THE EVALUATION OF MANAGERS IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Yuen Edith C. , Lim Hoa Lin
Published: September 2007

In this study, independent samples from the same population responded to three simulated situations in which sex and other independent variables were manipulated. In the first two cases, discriminatory decisions against women managers by male respondents were clearly discerned. However, in the third case where sex as an independent variable interacted with developmental potential, the pattern of evaluative decisions changed. A high‐potential female was treated as favourably as a high‐potential male while the low‐potential male received the lowest selection rate from the male respondents. While the finding is not altogether surprising in a meritocratic society like Singapore, the study points to the need to explore the interactive effects which sex bias may have with other attitudes in a specific social context.
Age Expectations of Behavioural Autonomy in Hong Kong, Australian and American Youth: The Influence of Family Variables and Adolescents' Values
Authors: Feldman S. Shirley , Rosenthal Doreen A.
Published: September 2007

Tenth and 11th grade students from Hong Kong (N = 141), Australia (N = 155), and the United States (N = 155) completed questionnaires about the age at which they expected to achieve behavioural autonomy and about their family environments and values. In general, Hong Kong youth had later expectations for autonomy; described their families as less accepting‐engaged and less structured; placed less value on individualism, outward success, and individual competence, and more value on tradition, prosocial, and well socialised outcomes. However, in all three cultures, age expectations for behavioural autonomy showed similar patterns of association with family environments and values as revealed by parallelism of regression planes. Expectations for later autonomy were associated with perceptions of parental monitoring, a demanding family environment, low levels of autocratic parenting, and with youths' de‐emphasis of individualism, individual competence and outward success. In regression analyses the family environment and values scores reduced by 62% the influence attributed to culture.
Differences Between Australian and Japanese Students in Reported Use of Decision Processes
Authors: Radford Mark H. B. , Mann Leon , Ohta Yasuyuki , Nakane Yoshibumi
Published: September 2007

Decision making is an activity found in all cultures. Although many theoretical models have been developed to explain human decision making, very few have taken the role of culture into account. In this paper the importance of cultural influences on self‐reported decision‐making styles is examined, with particular emphasis on the dominant cultural pattern (i.e. “group orientation” versus “individual orientation”). Results of a questionnaire study of 743 Japanese and 309 Australian university students are presented. As predicted, Japanese students reported greater use of decision processes or behaviours associated with the involvement and influence of others (“collateral role”), while Australian students reported greater use of decision processes associated with self‐reliance and personal ability (“individual role”).
The Problem of Appropriateness of the Rokeach Value Survey in Korea
Authors: Lee Kwan Chun
Published: September 2007

Rokeach's (1973) Value Survey has been widely used in recent years, but little attempt has been made to examine the extent to which the RVS samples are relevant to all cultures, especially in East Asian societies. This research attempts to investigate the appropriateness of RVS in the Korean setting through two separate studies: a) a value analysis of Korean school textbooks; and b) a value survey of Korean managers. Whereas the RVS provides many important values that are relevant to Korean culture, it does not involve the facets of Confucian group‐oriented values such as filial piety, harmony and unity with others, co‐operation, and loyalty. Further areas not measured in the RVS are frugality, initiative, and aggressiveness. The findings are discussed in relation with other recent studies. Lastly, the implications of these findings for using the RVS in cross‐cultural studies are also examined.
Global and Regional Perspectives on Testing Children and Youth: An Empirical Study
Authors: Hu Sherman , Oakland Thomas
Published: September 2007

The results of an international survey of test use in 44 countries are reported. Data are presented and discussed for six groupings: highly industrialised, less industrialised Western, developing Third World, socialist, Middle East, and least developed nations. A total of 740 tests were identified. A number of similarities exist among the six groupings in their test use. Intelligence tests are most commonly used followed by personality and achievement tests. Important differences also exist. For example, the developing Third World and Middle East nations use more group than individually administered tests and fewer achievement tests. Many tests lack reliability and validity studies and norms. Additional tests are needed to assess achievement, intelligence, social development, personality, and vocational interests and aptitudes. Tests are especially needed for children and youth who are learning disabled, mentally retarded, and slow learners. Problems created by these conditions and implications of the frequent use of foreign developed tests are discussed.
The Influence of Other's Morality and Own Social Value Orientation on Cooperation in The Netherlands and the U.S.A.
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Liebrand Wim B. G.
Published: September 2007

The present study examines a two‐person social dilemma characterised by the conflict between the pursuit of own benefits and collective benefits. The main purpose is twofold: (1) to examine the effect of perceptions of one person's morality (e.g. honesty) on expected cooperation from another and own cooperation, and (2) to examine whether pre‐existing differences between individuals in their social value orientation, or preferences for certain patterns of outcomes to self and others (McClintock, 1978), would modify these effects of other's morality. As predicted on the basis of the Might over Morality hypothesis (Liebrand, Jansen et al., 1986), it was found that considerably more cooperation was expected from one perceived as highly moral than from another perceived as low on morality. Contrary to a second Might over Morality prediction, however, this effect was not moderated by individual differences in social value orientation. In addition, it was found that subjects with pro‐social value orientations, as well as those with individualistic and competitive orientations cooperated considerably more with a person perceived as highly moral than with another perceived as low on morality. This latter finding extends previous work on social value orientation in that it suggests that individuals who are predisposed to choose noncooperatively in social dilemmas are willing to cooperate if they are quite confident that the other has truly cooperative and good intentions. Finally, the aforementioned findings were observed in two experiments, one conducted in The Netherlands, the other in the United States. This supports the cross‐cultural generalisability of the present findings.
Psychological Adaptation of Chinese Sojourners in Canada
Authors: Zheng X. , Berry J.W.
Published: September 2007

Psychological adaptation during acculturation was studied among 68 Chinese sojourners (students and visiting scholars from China and Hong Kong), 28 Chinese immigrant and Chinese‐Canadian students, 30 Chinese students and scholars in China, and 33 non‐Chinese Canadian students. Each participant completed questionnaires pertaining to various aspects of their lives and personalities, including: health beliefs and behaviours; problems and ways of coping; social contact and acculturation attitudes; psychological and physical health; and subjective adaptation. The Chinese sojourners reported lower English fluency, lower ease of making friendships, more adaptation and communication problems, and lower subjective adaptation than non‐Chinese Canadian, or Chinese‐Canadian students. The Chinese sojourners experienced less desired and actual contact, more contact incongruity, more separation and less assimilation than Chinese‐Canadian students. The Chinese sojourners reacted to their problems with less wishful thinking and self‐blame, and more tension reduction, and the seeking of informational support than non‐Chinese Canadian students. There were significant differences between groups in health concept and health causation, and believed and utilized health ways. Health causation, and believed and utilised health ways were the most important factors influencing the Chinese sojourners' health status. The Chinese sojourners experienced more problems, but tended to use fewer health ways after‐arrival than pre‐departure. The Chinese also experienced poorer health, especially poorer psychological health after‐arrival than pre‐departure. The longitudinal and cross‐sectional analysis of the Chinese sojourners' Cawte scores supported the U‐curve hypothesis.
Global Change: New Challenges for Psychology
Authors: Lévy‐Leboyer Claude , Duron Yves
Published: September 2007

Perception of environmental degradation and awareness of environmental hazards came gradually, and was followed by collective action. Global change is different because of its specific features, which raise new issues for action‐oriented psychological research. The lack of consensus among scientists, the global nature of the change, and the type of risk are analysed in order to develop an agenda for research. Priority should be given to acquiring a better knowledge of the cognitive process in the face of serious danger with a high margin of uncertainty.
Environmental Awareness and Human Activity
Authors: Takala Martti
Published: September 2007

The historical and societal background of the Framework for Research on Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change is described in the first part of the paper. Increasing global risks and the destruction of the environment have driven international organisations to take initiatives for research programmes which are both cross‐disciplinary and cross‐national. The main portion of the article examines the psychological problems of the prerequisites for sustainable development. A part of them is concerned with various aspects of risk perception. Another part is described in terms of environmental awareness and human activity. Awareness includes both cognitive and affective components. Human activity should be examined at different levels, including decision making, choice behaviour, consumption patterns and the general way of life. Examples of both descriptive and analytic studies are presented. They indicate individual inconsistencies of various aspects of awareness and activity and discrepancies between them. Ways of decreasing the discrepancies are essential for sustainable development.
Rise in the Population of the Elderly, Familial Changes and their Psychosocial Implications: The Scenario of the Developing Countries
Authors: Sinha Durganand
Published: September 2007

The rapid rise in the elderly population and the structural changes in the family and the support system that are a result of “modernization” constitute an important social dimension of global changes. Their psychosocial impacts are far‐reaching especially in the developing countries. Changes in the demographic profile of the aged, the nature of familial changes and their implications with regard to support systems for the elderly, their health, role in socialisation, economic dependency, overall lifestyle, satisfaction, cognitive capacities, attitudes and aspirations are discussed in this paper.
Reconstruction de l'histoire personnelle: succession d'événements dans le temps et changements identitaires passés
Authors: Massonnat Jean , Lecacheur Mireille
Published: September 2007

Comment la place relative de deux types d'événements de vie (EV) influence‐telle la reconstruction des changements personnels passés? Cent soixante adultes (21–38 ans) produisent des événements saillants relatifs aux aspects public et privé de leur vie personnelle. Une semaine plus tard, ils estiment l'ampleur et l'orientation des changements associés à ces EV sur 9 dimensions de l'identité. Quatre groupes de sujets sont isolés en fonction de la place occupée par 2 types d'EV (critiques (C) et non critiques (NC)) au cours de 2 périodes consécutives (13–18 ans et 18–23 ans): pour 2 groupes, il y a répétition du même type d'EV (C‐C et NC‐NC) et pour les deux autres, des ordres différents (C‐NC et NC‐C). L'hypothèse est que la reconstruction de l'impact d'un EV passé résulte de l'influence conjointe des cadres de référence présent et passé. Les différences entre les 2 types d'EV contrastés montrent la permanence du codage initial de la tonalité associée aux EV. Les différences entre séquences avec répétition sont cohérentes avec l'idée du pouvoir assimilateur du cadre de référence présent; celles entre séquences avec ordres différents illustrent que le travail de reconstruction au présent intègre des éléments conservés en mémoire.
Value and Sex‐Role Orientation of Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Lau S. , Wong Angel K.
Published: September 2007

The value preference of a sample of Chinese adolescent high school students, as measured by the Rokeach Value Survey, showed a greater emphasis on the personal and competency values. Specifically, adolescents in this study tended to favour a joyous, comfortable, free, and enjoyable lifestyle. It was found that the four most important terminal values were: freedom, true friendship, happiness, and a comfortable life, while the four least important were: mature love, national security, an exciting life, and salvation. The four most important instrumental values included: capable, cheerful, broadminded, and intellectual, while the four least important included: logical, imaginative, clean, and obedient. The relationships between value preference and sex role were examined and close relationships were found, especially with respect to the instrumental values. Specifically, masculine adolescents were more agentic and instrumental, and feminine adolescents were more expressive and communal in their value preference. Androgynous adolescents were found more similar to the masculine than to the feminine group. In addition, regression analyses showed that masculinity tended to have more pervasive effects than femininity on adolescents' value preference. The implications and significance of the findings of this study in contrasting the general collectivistic depiction of Chinese and in relating to adolescent development, are discussed.
The Relationship Between Parenting Behaviour and Ethnic Identity in Chinese‐American and Chinese‐Australian Adolescents
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Feldman S. Shirley
Published: September 2007

This study investigated the relationship between four types of parenting behaviour—warmth, control, monitoring, and autonomy‐promoting—and two components of ethnic identity—ethnic behaviours/knowledge and ethnic pride—in first‐ and second‐generation Chinese‐American and Chinese‐Australian high school students. As hypothesized, parenting behaviours did not predict levels of ethnic behaviour/knowledge, but ethnic pride was associated with family environments characterized as warm, controlling, and autonomy‐promoting. Neither gender of respondent nor geographical location (United States or Australia) added significantly to the variance in ethnic identity. The study indicates that parenting practices contribute significantly to adolescents' sense of pride and positive evaluation of their ethnic heritage.
The Concept of Responsibility and Determinants of Responsibility Judgment in the Japanese Context
Authors: Hagiwara Shigeru
Published: September 2007

As in the case of the English word responsibility, the Japanese equivalent sekinin is an over‐used term with multiple meanings. At least two distinctive usages are noted for the Japanese concept of responsibility: 1) to describe duties or obligations pertaining to a person's role or position; and 2) to assign blame or sanction to someone when an untoward occurrence is observed. By utilizing a number of peculiar incidents that resulted in some harm, the present study has found that subjects' responsibility judgments in terms of the second type of usage were largely determined by the following two factors: 1) the causal relationship of the agent's act to the harm that ensued; and 2) the morality of the act itself without regard to consequences. In the cases where these two aspects contradicted, especially where the blameworthy act was not directly connected to the harm, judgments about the agent's responsibility were found to diverge among subjects. It was also shown that subjects most often referred to these aspects in elucidating the reasons for attributing responsibility to, or negating the responsibility of, the agent.
Preference for Methods of Conflict Processing in Two Collectivist Cultures
Authors: Leung Kwok , Au Yuk‐Fai , Fernández‐Dols José Miguel , Iwawaki Saburo
Published: September 2007

Previous research has shown that harmony‐enhancing procedures for conflict resolution are endorsed more in collectivist than in individualist societies, whereas the reverse is true for confrontational procedures. However, this result is derived from comparing Western with Eastern societies, leaving the possibility that it may be caused by a variety of East—West differences other than collectivism and individualism. To resolve this ambiguity and to extend the generality of this finding, two collectivist societies, one from Europe (Spain) and the other one from Asia (Japan), were contrasted in the present study. Consistent with the individualism—collectivism framework, results indicated that the procedural preferences of these two cultural groups were quite similar. Results also indicated that expectancies based on process control and animosity reduction were culture‐general predictors of procedural preference, and that valences based on these variables yielded little additional variance over and above the expectancy variables. Expectancies based on fairness and favourableness were found to be culture‐specific, as were their relationships with procedural preference. Results also implied that cultural femininity was not related to procedural preference. Finally, implications of these results for developing a universal theory of procedural preference are discussed.
Methodological Problems in Operant Learning Research with Human Infants
Authors: Pomerleau Andrée , Malcuit Gérard , Chamberland Claire , Laurendeau Marie‐Claire , Lamarre Ginette
Published: September 2007

A great number of the recent studies on infant operant learning use the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm with 2‐ and 3‐month‐old infants. This paradigm has proved to be adequate for the study of learning and the transfer of learning. However, difficulties linked to the high attrition rates of subjects, and the variability in performance are frequently observed in studies using other paradigms or in studies with older infants (4–5‐month‐olds). The problems noted in a group of studies seem to be related to important methodological issues such as the brevity of the learning sessions, the choice of dependent measures, and the management of variability in performance. The use of single‐subject designs and the use of variables encountered in infants' daily learning experiences may be the solution to some of the problems.
Cancer Metaphors: Taiwan and the United States
Authors: Domino George , Lin Wen‐Ying
Published: September 2007

The Cancer Metaphors Test, a measure of the imagery of cancer, was administered to a sample of 138 Taiwanese college students and 167 United States college students, equated on age and gender, and presumed not to be different on academic achievement and socioeconomic level. A factor analysis of the Taiwanese protocols replicated the factor structure previously found on the CMT for United States respondents. Significant differences were obtained on two of the four CMT factors, with Taiwanese students scoring higher on both Terminal Pessimism and Future Optimism. Such differences are discussed in terms of differential coping strategies.
Psychologie et culture: vers une solution du “Babel”?
Authors: Krewer Bernd , Jahoda Gustav
Published: September 2007

The current scientific debate on the relationship between psychological development and culture has been given different labels. These labels not only indicate divergent methodological approaches and heterogeneous research interests, but also represent distinct national scientific traditions. The authors suggest making a distinction between three main perspectives, namely “Cross‐Cultural Psychology”, “Cultural Psychology” and “Psychologie Interculturelle”; a specific German approach called “Kulturpsychologie” is also briefly touched upon. These perspectives are described as distinct types of conceptual approaches and research strategies on the relationship between psychology and culture.
Development of Component Skills in Reading Chinese
Authors: Chen May Jane , Lau Lei Lei , Yung Yiu Fai
Published: September 2007

Development of three component skills in reading Chinese was examined in primary school children in Hong Kong. Feature analysis skills, syntax knowledge, and semantic analysis skills were found to differ in their contribution to reading proficiency at different grades. Visual processing skill was not at all a good predictor for reading proficiency, but the phonological access skill was important in predicting children's reading proficiency before grade three. It was an ineffective predictor beyond grade three. Skill in semantic analysis, on the other hand, was insignificant as a predictor at younger grades but it became an important predictor after grade two. Syntax knowledge was an important predictor of reading proficiency in the first grade and remained a significant predictor of reading proficiency right up to grade six. The present data support the idea that some preliminary component processes of reading may become automatic with increasing experience in reading and that this automatization of component processes will leave more resource capacity for higher‐order analyses. Chinese reading shares much in common with English reading in terms of the component processes involved at different stages of reading proficiency.
De la prise en charge de la progression de l'interlocuteur vers un but à l'autorégulation des entreprises cognitives
Authors: Beaudichon Janine
Published: September 2007

Lorsque la visée de la communication est de comprendre et de se faire comprendre, les processus d'échange d'information requièrent le monitorage, tant intra qu'interpersonnel, de la progression vers le but à chaque étape de l'entreprise socio‐cognitive. J. H. Flavell a puissamment contribué à éclairer les composantes cognitives de ce monitorage. Après avoir rappelé les principaux éléments de sa contribution, pertinents pour l'analyse des processus de communication, nous introduisons la dimension constituée par l'interaction interpersonnelle dans le monitorage. Nous essayons d'apporter des éléments montrant que c'est au coeur des échanges que s'effectue sa prise en charge cognitive. Nous poursuivons l'examen de la collaboration entre interlocuteurs en vue d'assurer la transmission de l'information au sein des structures de l'échange en pointant en particulier le monitorage et les régulations interpersonnelles. Enfin, nous situons notre point de vue parmi les théories ayant cherché à définir le rôle éventuellement structurant des interactions sociales dans l'acquisition d'expertise. Selon nous, les habiletés s'installent d'abord largement grâce à la communication de type asymétrique, une variété de processus étant en jeu alternativement, puis elles sont intériorisées—appropriées alors par le sujet qui devient capable de monitorer sa propre activité d'après les modèles observés d'abord chez autrui.
Discussion
Authors: Lécuyer Roger
Published: September 2007

The author focuses mainly on two points: the existence of precursors of the theory of mind in babies and the metacognitive role of mothering. With respect to precursors, he points out that even very young infants are capable of looking in the same direction their mothers are looking in and, more generally, have a theory of behavior before having a theory of mind. With respect to the second topic, the issue is apparently to determine how the shift takes place between a situation where the mother attributes capabilities to her infant that she knows the baby does not have, in order for him or her to make progress, and a first form of mastery by the baby of others' thoughts.
The Values of Chinese Students: At Home and Abroad
Authors: Katz Bernard , Juni Samuel , Shope Constance , Tang Lixing
Published: September 2007

The Rokeach Value Survey was administered to two groups of Chinese students: Those residing in the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) and those who had emigrated to the United States (U.S.A.). Results indicated that the two groups have very different value hierarchies. The traditional stereotypes, which depict the Chinese as dependent and collectivistic in nature, in contrast to the independent and individualistic Americans, were not confirmed; instead the converse appeared. P.R.C. students assigned greater importance to individualistic values, whereas the U.S.A. group deemed collectivistic values more salient. The dimension of class as a meaningful variable was discussed as a tentative explanation of the results.
Conceptions différenciées et non différenciées de la compétence et de l'effort en fonction de l'âge: conséquences sur les affects et sur les stratégies d'auto‐handicap
Authors: Thill Edgar E.
Published: September 2007

Quatre‐vingt seize sujets de 7 à 9 ans et de 13 à 15 ans ont travaillé sur un texte dans deux conditions d'implication (ego versus tâche). Après avoir été crédités de feedback de compétence ou d'incompétence, ils furent requis d'inférer leur niveau d'effort, d'évaluer leurs affects (fierté, embarras et culpabilité) et de donner leurs raisons de l'effort mis en jeu (stratégies d'auto‐handicap). Les résultats confirment que les adolescents se réfèrent à une conception différenciée de la compétence et de l'effort en situation d'implication de l'Ego, et utilisent une conception moins différenciée dans des conditions d'implication dans la tâche. Les affects résultent eux‐mêmes de ces conceptions. Mais les buts d'implication de l'Ego, qui accentuent les menaces pour l'estime de soi, suscitent en retour des stratégies de protection de soi que les individus appliquent effectivement à eux‐mêmes.
Mental Arithmetic: A Componential Analysis of Speed‐of‐Processing Across Monolingual, Weak Bilingual, and Strong Bilingual Adults
Authors: Geary David C. , Cormier Pierre , Goggin Judith P. , Estrada Patricia , Lunn Melanie C. E.
Published: September 2007

Two experiments compared rates of solving simple and complex addition and multiplication problems in groups of speakers of French or English in Experiment 1 (n = 35) and Spanish or English in Experiment 2 (n = 84). Subjects were divided into groups of English unilinguals, weak bilinguals, and strong bilinguals according to their performance on a naming task. In both experiments, simple problems consisted of two single‐digit numbers. At least three single‐digit numbers were used for complex problems in Experiment 1 and double‐digit numbers in Experiment 2. Mean solution times, particularly for complex problems, were lowest for the monolingual group, followed in turn by the weak bilingual and strong bilingual groups, but these differences were not statistically reliable in either experiment. In Experiment 2, however, componential analyses of solution times indicated that strong bilingual subjects were slower at executing the carry operation when solving complex problems, relative to the two remaining groups. Results were interpreted in terms of the relationship between bilingualism and the representation and processing of numerical information.
Monoparentalité et santé: Problèmes de santé et mobilisation de ressources d'assistance suite à la désunion
Authors: Jutras Sylvie , Dandurand Renée B.
Published: September 2007

A partir d'une enquête auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de chefs de foyers monoparentaux québécois, le présent article étudie les interrelations entre les problèmes de santé vécus par les membres de l'unité familiale, la mobilisation des ressources d'assistance et la perception qu'ont les parents gardiens du réseau de la santé, ainsi que de l'aide étatique qui leur est dispensée. La mésentente parentale au moment de la rupture est associée aux problèmes psychologiques vécus par le parent gardien et les enfants, et pourrait engendrer des problèmes pour lesquels les parents ne trouvent pas réponse dans les réseaux formels d'assistance. Les parents qui ont peu bénéficié de l'aide des réseaux informels se montrent plus critiques vis‐à‐vis de l'assistance de l'État. Des comparaisons sont effectuées selon le sexe et la langue d'usage du parent gardien.
La perspective future des personnes âgées en fonction de la perte d'autonomie et du type d'habitation
Authors: Bouffard Léandre , Bastin Etienne
Published: September 2007

Cet article porte sur la perspective future (PF) et rapporte les résultats d'une enquête auprès de 351 personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie fonctionnelle vivant chez elles ou en résidence pour personnes âgées. Les aspirations, buts ou projets, éléments constitutifs de la PF, sont recueillis au moyen de la technique des phrases à compléter. Les réponses sont classées selon leur contenu et leur extension temporelle. L'exploration du contenu révèle que la santé constitue la préoccupation principale des personnes âgées et que les aspirations à l'actualisation de soi de même que les motivations à caractère altruiste diminuent avec la perte d'autonomie. L'extension de la PF n'est pas affectée par les deux types d'habitation considérés dans cette recherche, mais elle subit une réduction avec la baisse de l'autonomie fonctionnelle.
The Intelligence of Ethiopian Immigrant and Israeli Adolescents: A Comment on Kaniel and Fisherman
Authors: Lynn Richard
Published: September 2007

This note corrects a number of errors in Kaniel and Fisherman's paper on the intelligence of Israeli and Ethiopian immigrant adolescents, that appeared in the journal.
Vocalisations et communication chez le nourrisson de 6 à 15 mois
Authors: Marchand Nicolas , Ricard Marcelle , Décarie Thérèse Gouin
Published: September 2007

Cette recherche s'inspire à la fois des travaux portant sur l'émergence de la communication intentionnelle et des études phonologiques des vocalisations prélangagières. Elle vise à cerner la valeur communicative des vocalisations au cours de leur développement, ainsi qu'à vérifier si le nourrisson utilise un type particulier de vocalisations (prélangagier ou non langagier) pour communiquer avec autrui. Vingt‐quatre nourrissons ont été observés à 6, 9, 12, et 15 mois, dans le cadre de tâches de demande. Les résultats révèlent que le nourrisson utilise davantage son canal vocal avec l'âge, et qu'il dirige de plus en plus ses vocalisations vers autrui. Il ne semble toutefois pas employer préférentiellement un type particulier de vocalisations selon qu'il communique avec autrui ou non.
Pieces of Minds in Psycholinguistics: Steven Pinker, Kenneth Wexler, and Noam Chomsky A Series of Interviews conducted by Jean A. Rondal
Authors: Rondal Jean A.
Published: September 2007

This is the second in a series of three interviews featuring Steven Pinker, Kenneth Wexler, and Noam Chomsky, three giant figures in the field of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and cognitive science. This second interview is with Professor Noam Chomsky. The first interview, with Professor Steven Pinker, appeared in a preceding issue of this journal (Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 459–480). The last one, featuring Professor Wexler, will appear in the next issue.

Noam Chomsky is, without a doubt, the greatest linguist ever. His numerous contributions since the early 1950s have revolutionised theoretical linguistics almost completely. They have literally transformed the study, and in many respects even the very notion, of language. In the present interview, Dr. Chomsky speaks of his theories and of some alternative or varying points of view. He specifies his most current conception of language and grammar. Particularly interesting from a historical perspective, Noam Chomsky also speaks of the relationships between transformational grammar and experimental psychology in the 1960s, of his years training with Zeilig Harris in Philadelphia, of the self‐developed ideas that led him to conceive of generative grammar, and of his opposition to Skinner and Skinnerism as well as to Piaget and Piagetianism in the preceding decades.

The interview took place at MIT in May of 1988. It was edited and revised in December, 1992 and in March, 1993. I am very grateful to Noam Chomsky for his time, availability, and most friendly collaboration. One will find, together with the transcript of the interview, a brief sketch of Professor Chomsky's professional vitae, as well as a selected bibliography.
Coherence and Truth: A Cognitive Model of Propositional Truth Attribution
Authors: Baudet Serge , Jhean‐Larose Sandra , Legros Denis
Published: September 2007

The truth value assigned to a proposition is treated by philosophers, logicians, and most psychologists as an abstract construct, a theoretical object outside the cognitive system. Breaking away from this consensus, we propose to carry out a psychological investigation to analyse the objective, verifiable properties of representations categorized as true by human individuals. We shall reject the conception whereby attributing a truth value to a proposition is the result of the activation of knowledge about the truth of that proposition. We shall also exclude the conception of truth as the result of the establishment of a correspondence with the world. We propose that truth be understood as the result of a decision about the values taken on by the conditions for fulfilment of the act of referencing in a mental model. Our cognitive model of propositional truth attribution is built on the assumption that the truth value of a proposition is determined by the ability of that proposition to fit into the theory of the field to which it refers. This attribution is viewed as a two‐stage cognitive activity. During the first stage, the features defining the coherence of the proposition in the activated mental model determine its plausibility value. This defines a generally inconsistent set of truth candidates. The second stage involves selecting the subset containing all propositions which, in context, will be considered true. Two selection criteria are used: maximum consistency and connectivity. The preliminary experimental results proved to be compatible with the proposed model.
South African Children in the Year Before School: Towards a Predictive Model of Everyday Behaviour
Authors: Liddell Christine
Published: September 2007

A predictive model of black South African children's behaviour is evaluated in the present study. Although variables in the model are of some predictive value, they are not as salient for the South African sample as has been found for children elsewhere. Rural versus urban differences appear predictive, though socioeconomic status, household crowding, and reliance on subsistence agriculture are less so. Most predictive of all was the specific community from which a child was drawn. The paper concludes that ecocultural variables exert considerable influence on young children's everyday lives in the developing world, but that traditional descriptors like urbanization or ethnicity may not be ideal.
Programme de prévention des toxicomanies en milieu scolaire
Authors: Vitaro Frank , Dobkin Patricia L. , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: September 2007

Cet article présente les résultats à court terme d'un programme de prévention des toxicomanies auprès de filles avec et sans difficultés d'adaptation sociale. Le programme de prévention est une adaptation du Life Skills Training de Botvin et coll. Il comporte deux phases et est étalé sur deux années. Chaque phase est composée d'ateliers de formation aux habiletés personnelles et sociales. Le programme comporte aussi un système de renforcement au sein des ateliers et des activités complémentaires à l'extérieur des ateliers. Soixante et onze filles de 11–12 ans ont participé au programme de prévention lorsqu'elles étaient en 5e et 6e année d'école primaire. Vingt‐sept autres filles ont uniquement participé aux séances d'évaluation (i.e. prétest et post‐test) et composaient un groupe de contrôle. Une partie des filles dans chaque condition éprouvait des difficultés d'adaptation sociale (i.e. troubles du comportement et rejet par les pairs) et une partie n'éprouvait pas de telles difficultés. Les résultats montrent que le programme de prévention a influencé les connaissances au sujet de la cigarette, les attitudes vis‐à‐vis la cigarette et la marijuana ainsi que la consommation d'alcool et de marijuana. Ces résultats s'appliquent autant aux filles avec des difficultés d'adaptation qu'à celles sans difficultés d'adaptation. La discussion souligne les avantages et les limites de cette expérimentation.
The Effect of Non‐conscious Perception of Frequent Stimuli on Credibility Judgement
Authors: Channouf Ahmed , Rouibah Aïcha
Published: September 2007

The aim of the work presented here is to investigate the effects of mere‐exposure to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli (as primes) on credibility judgement about sentences unrelated to the primes. These target sentences are presented just after the prime. In all, 124 students participated in 3 priming experiments. The nature of the primes (both infraliminary and supraliminary) is different in each experiment: we used public vs. unknown faces, exposed vs. unexposed faces, and objects vs. nonobjects. Primes were presented for 50msec or 400msec. After the presentation of each prime, subjects had to judge the credibility of an assertion; its ambiguity has previously been tested with 100 subjects. The results show that assertions which follow familiar primes (public faces, exposed faces, or objects) are granted more credibility that those which follow unfamiliar primes (unknown faces or nonobjects). This effect is observed especially when presentation time is 50msec.
Self‐Other and Third‐person Anchored Modes of Thinking in Psychological Expertise: Cognitive Concomitants of Behaviourist, Client‐centred, and Psychoanalytic Concepts
Authors: Peeters Guido , De Wit Rein
Published: September 2007

Information about people (A and B) can be processed consistent with two alternative modes of thinking: (1) an SO‐mode conceiving of A and B as “self” versus “other,” and (2) a 3P‐mode conceiving of A and B as “he/she called A” versus “he/she called B.” Previous research showed strong SO‐anchoring biases in laypersons' thinking, so the present study focused on psychological experts' thinking. SO‐ and 3P‐modes were associated with the formation of personalized and depersonalized representations of A and B respectively, so it was hypothesized that thinking in psychoanalytic terms would involve both modes, whereas the use of client‐centred and behaviourist terms would trigger the SO‐ and the 3P‐mode respectively. Data obtained from experts in psychotherapy confirmed the hypotheses except that the SO‐mode was not less but more dominant in thought shaped in the behaviourist way than in thought shaped in the client‐centred way. The results shed light on the role of scientific language and discourse as a general instrument of professional thought and communication.
Use of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking in an Exploratory Study of Creativity in Hong Kong Primary School Children: A Cross‐cultural Comparison
Authors: Rudowicz Elizabeth , Lok David , Kitto Joanna
Published: September 2007

This exploratory study reports an empirical attempt to (1) establish inter‐scorer and parallel‐forms reliabilities as well as convergent validity of the Chinese version of the TTCT, (2) measure the level of fluency, flexibility, and originality in 10–12 year‐old Hong Kong children, and (3) compare the scores of the Hong Kong sample with those from other studies. The Figural and Verbal Forms A and B were administered. The overall results showed high inter‐rater reliability of the Chinese version of the Test. The parallel‐forms reliability between the Verbal Forms (P > 0.001) of the Test was higher than that between the Figural Forms (P > 0.05). The Hong Kong results on the Figural Test were generally higher than those obtained in Taiwan, Singapore, and USA, but slightly lower than the German results. This trend in the results was reversed on the Verbal Forms. The absence of sex differences on the TTCT was noted.
Cross‐cultural Variation in the Importance of Psychological Characteristics: A Seven‐country Study
Authors: Williams John E. , Saiz José L. , FormyDuval Deborah L. , Munick Marci L. , Fogle Ellen E. , Adom Ahams , Haque Abdul , Neto Felix , Yu Jiayuan
Published: September 2007

The Psychological Importance (PI) of personality traits is defined as the degree to which they provide information useful in understanding and predicting behaviour. University students from 7 countries (Chile, China, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, and the United States) rated the PI of each of the 300 items of the Adjective Check List along a 5‐point scale. PI was shown to be a meaningful (i.e. reliable) concept in each country. Comparisons of PI ratings between pairs of countries indicated correlations ranging from 0.23 to 0.73, with a mean of 0.49 among the 7 countries. A variety of additional analyses indicated that six of the seven countries tended to group themselves into two clusters: (1) China, Nigeria, and Pakistan; and (2) Chile, Norway, and the United States. In the second cluster, trait importance had a curvilinear relationship to trait favourability (i.e. both good and bad traits may be important) whereas in the first cluster trait importance and favourability had a linear relationship (i.e. only good traits may be important). The findings were suggestive of substantial cross‐cultural differences in the importance assigned to psychological traits.