bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The histochemistry of mucins in certain primate salivary glands
Authors: Leppi T. John , Spicer S. S.
Published: February 2005

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands of squirrel and rhesus monkeys and man contain histochemically demonstrable neutral mucosubstances, sialomucins and sulfomucins. Judged by results obtained with a variety of staining procedures and by the effects of prior sialidase digestion, periodate oxidation and certain chemical modifications on the several staining procedures, differences are revealed in the types of mucosubstances within each cell type. Specifically, sialic acid‐containing mucosaccharides are present uniformly in the mucous cells of the submandibular glands of both monkeys and in a posterior segment of the sublingual gland of the rhesus monkey. Sulfomucin is the predominant secretion of the sublingual gland of the squirrel monkey and is also found in the anterior portion of the sublingual of the rhesus monkey as verified by S35O4 = autoradiography. This latter sulfomucin is admixed with a small amount of sialomucin. One or the other or mixtures of these two mucins in about equal proportions are present in the mucous acini of human submandibular glands. Seromucous acini in the human submandibular gland form a granular secretion with strong affinity for aldehyde fuchsin possibly attributable to a sulfated mucosubstance. Other and perhaps some of the same seromucous acini in this gland produce a granular secretion containing sialic acid in probable proximity, as shown by the periodate‐para diamine procedure after sialidase, to a hexose or deoxyhexose. A sulfomucin forms the major secretory component in the mucous acini of human sublingual glands. However, some mucous acini in this sublingual gland produce a mixture of sialo‐ and sulfomucins either in different or the same cells. Seromucous demilunes or acini in the human sublingual gland produce a granular secretion rich in sialic acid like that in the submandibular gland.
An electron microscopic study on the innervation of the intracranial artery of the rat
Authors: Sato So
Published: February 2005

Topographical variations in the innervation between different portions of rat intracranial artery have been studied by the aid of electron microscopy. Myelinated fibers are found only around the internal carotid and the proximal portion of the basilar arteries. Unmyelinated fibers are observed within the adventitia of the major intracranial arteries. These fibers diminish gradually in number as getting towards the periphery and completely vanish before the disappearance of the muscular coat of the artery. Most of small branch arteries have no vascular nerve around them, although they show one‐ or two‐layered arrangement of smooth muscle cells in the media. Some central branches of the internal carotid and the middle cerebral arteries are accompanied by unmyelinated fibers even after they penetrate into the brain tissue. The fine structures of the terminal portion of vascular nerve fibers, particularly the neuromuscular relationships, have also been described.
Suprarenal gland lymphatic drainage
Authors: Merklin Robert J.
Published: February 2005

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the suprarenal gland lymphatic system was studied in post mortem specimens and specimens in which the venous system was injected with blue latex solution.

Extensive subserous lymphatic networks overlie the suprarenal gland. Deep to these networks are the lymphatic vessels proper of the suprarenal gland. These vessels lie within the suprarenal gland capsule and communicate with the subserous lymphatic network. Their primary routes of drainage, however, are directed medialward, passing to the thoracic duct cr cisterna chyli either directly or by way of regional lymph nodes. A few capsular lymphatic vessels extend toward the diaphragm or the kidney. The regional lymph nodes are small, few in number and situated at the lower medial aspect of the gland.

Microscopic examination of serially sectioned suprarenal glands revealed a complete absence of lymphatic vessels in the cortical and medullary parenchymal tissue. Lymphatic vessels were found only in the capsule and in the adventitia of the central vein and its major tributaries.

A close association between capsular lymphatic vessels and veins was noted and in a number of specimens capsular lymphatic vessels were traced to the inferior vena cava where they assumed a close relationship with vasa vasorum.
The synthesis and storage of protein by isolated lymphoid cells, examined by autoradiography with the electron microscope
Authors: Clark Sam L.
Published: February 2005

Autoradiography with the electron microscope was employed to locate sites of synthesis and storage of newly‐formed protein in cells isolated from lymph nodes of immunized rabbits and incubated with tritium‐labelled leucine. The chief object of the investigation was to locate the site of sequestration of newly‐formed antibody during the half‐hour that intervenes between its synthesis and release from the plasma cell. By making counts of grains over nuclei, Golgi complex and ergastoplasm, and relating these to the relative volume of each region, evidence was obtained that, during the latent period of secretion, antibody moves into the Golgi region from its site of synthesis in the ergastoplasm. In analyzing the data, some of the difficulties involved in quantitative autoradiography were considered and the statistical inappropriateness of using mean grain counts and their standard errors to estimate the concentration of isotope was discussed. As an alternative with a sounder theoretical basis, the ratio estimate was adopted, and Fieller's theorem was used to obtain conservative estimates of confidence limits. The results of statistical analysis supported the biological conclusion that newly‐formed antibody migrates to the Golgi region, but the role of the Golgi complex in secretion of antibody remains to be explained.

The hypothesis that plasma cells originate by differentiation from large lymphocytes received circumstantial support from the observation that among those cells active in synthesis of protein, a series transitional in structure from large lymphocytes to mature plasma cells could be assembled.
Dual innervation of the mammalian urinary bladder A histochemical study of the distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves
Authors: El‐Badawi Ahmad , Schenk Eric A.
Published: February 2005

The pattern of autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder was studied in the cat, dog, rabbit and rat, using specific histochemical technics for acetylcholinesterase and norepinephrine. Cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells exist in all layers throughout the bladder wall. Large cholinergic and adrenergic nerve trunks coursing in the adventitial coat and deep lamina propria branch into the muscularis. The terminal cholinergic ramifications form a neuroterminal plexus which surrounds every smooth muscle cell in the bladder wall. The terminal adrenergic fibers are less abundant, do not form a plexus, and show regional variations in number at different levels and depths of the muscularis. These variations suggest that two regions of the bladder, namely the base and body, may be distinguished on the basis of differences in muscular innervation.

In the lamina propria cholinergic and adrenergic nerves are grouped as deep and superficial subepithelial nerves. The latter form networks of variable complexity and supply fibers to the epithelium. Throughout the bladder wall, the blood vessels have a dual cholinergic and adrenergic perivascular plexus from which fibers extend into the media.

Although the basic pattern of innervation is similar in the species studied, certain variations exist in the relative abundance and arrangement of epithelial and subepithelial nerves. The muscularis has a uniform cholinergic and a variable adrenergic innervation in different species.
A dynamic and static study of hepatic arterioles and hepatic sphincters
Authors: McCuskey Robert S.
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate the cytology of the sphincters of hepatic sinusoids, to elucidate further the pathway by which arterial blood is distributed to the sinusoids, and to study the hormonal and local regulation of arterial and portal venous blood flow through the sinusoids.

The sphincters were found to consist of reticulo‐endothelial cells and were the primary site for the regulation of blood flow through the sinusoids. By contracting independently or in unison the flow of blood was regulated through individual sinusoids, through sinusoids supplying a portion of a lobule, or through sinusoids supplying a whole lobule. When the sphincter cells contracted, their nuclear region bulged into the lumen, thereby occluding it.

Hepatic arterioles were found to wind around adjacent portal venules with an average curvature of 42° and communicated with sinusoids via arterio‐sinus twigs. No structural arterio‐portal anastomoses were observed; however, functional “arterioportal anastomoses” were formed by short twigs which terminated in sinusoids near their origins. No branches were found to terminate near central venules.

The data suggest that the local regulation of blood flow through the hepatic sinusoids is mediated by vasodilator metabolites (adenosine and/or potassium) released from hypoxic hepatic cells as a result of the rapid glycogenolysis that accompanies hepatic cellular hypoxia.
The fine structure of ependymal processes in the teleost optic tectum
Authors: Kruger Lawrence , Maxwell David S.
Published: February 2005

Ependymal cell processes in the optic tectum of the adult sand bass, Paralabrax nebulifer, extend across the neural tube to the pial surface of the brain and exhibit several unique cytoplasmic features, which readily distinguish these cells from other elements in the brain when examined in the electron microscope. These include large, perpendicularly oriented bundles of filaments cross‐striated by a series of irregular membranous structures (“ependymal reticulum”), glycogen granules and dense‐core vesicles in the outer portions and lateral protuberances of the main ependymal shaft, large clear vacuoles more numerous near the pial surface, large mitochondria with a distinctive pattern of tubular cristae and a flocculent matrix and fasciae occludentes at sub‐pial endfoot contacts. These morphological findings suggest that ependymal cells do not simply constitute a primitive source for new cells or merely serve as structural support, but rather are highly specialized and may display secretory activity.
An evaluation of possible intracellular nucleic acid quenching of carcinogenic hydrocarbon fluorescence
Authors: Shires Thomas K.
Published: February 2005

An investigation was made to evaluate the role of intranuclear nucleic acids on the reported lack of accumulation of fluorescent, polycyclic, carcinogenic hydrocarbons (CH) within the nucleus of the live cell. Analysis of CH distribution with integrated phase‐contrast and u‐v‐fluorescent microscopy was performed on whole cells and subcellular nuclear fractions from which nucleic acids had been removed and on ultracentrifuged live cells whose nuclei were stratified into nucleic acid‐rich and nucleic acid‐poor regions. No intranuclear fluorescence was found in any experimentally‐treated material or in the live cell controls after their exposure to CH. The absence of any evidence for the quenching of CH fluorescence by intranuclear nucleic acids supports the u‐v‐fluorescence microscopists' contention that little or no CH enters live cell nuclei.
The ultrastructure of myofibers in a reptilian heart: The boa constrictor
Authors: Leak Lee Virn
Published: February 2005

Electron microscopic observation of cardiac myofibers from the boa constrictor depict several features that differ from other vertebrate cardiac and striated muscle cells. The indentations in the sarcolemma do not penetrate into the deep sarcoplasmic matrix to form a transverse tubular system, instead the regular indentations extend the circumference of the myofiber at the regions of the Z line and are continuous with the latter via a dense homogeneous material that occurs at regular intervals along the subsarcolemmal surface. This dense material provides a direct contact between the sarcolemma and the contractile system.

A complex sarcoplasmic reticulum was not observed around the myofibrils or in the sarcoplasmic matrix, instead there were small vesicles dispersed about the sarcoplasm. These myofibers are compared with the slow or tonic muscle fiber (Felderstruktur) which also lacks a transverse tubular system and contains an irregular sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The structure and relationships of horizontal cells and photoreceptor‐bipolar synaptic complexes in goldfish retina
Authors: Stell William K.
Published: February 2005

After impregnation of goldfish retina by the rapid Golgi method, two classes each of photoreceptor, bipolar, and horizontal cells were observed by light microscopy. Interconnections between these elements in the outer plexiform (first synaptic) layer were investigated by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections, in which the processes of impregnated cells are easily distinguished. Dendrites of large bipolar cells (Cajal's “bipolaires destineés aux bâtonnets”) appeared to contact the synaptic endings of both rods and cones, while those of small bipolars (Cajal's “bipolaires destinées aux cónes”) appeared to contact only cones. Processes from horizontal cells of the vitread level (Cajal's “cellules horizontaux intermédiaires”) appeared to contact only rods, while those from horizontal cells of the sclerad level (Cajal's “cellules horizontaux externes”) appeared to contact only cones. The structures formerly called “synaptic vacuoles” are the terminals of horizontal cell processes in the goldfish, and by analogy they should be so identified in all vertebrates. Teleostean horizontal cells are not typical of neurons or glia cells, but are morphologically intermediate between them. Their most interesting properties are their unique relationship to photoreceptor synaptic endings and their segregation into rod and cone subsystems along with the corresponding photoreceptor and bipolar cells. Although their specific function is not clear, some role in information processing therefore appears likely.
Primary vestibulocerebellar fibers in the monkey: Distribution of fibers arising from distinctive cell groups of the vestibular ganglia
Authors: Carpenter Malcolm B. , Stein Bennett M. , Peter Philip
Published: February 2005

In a series of monkeys attempts were made to determine the distribution of primary vestibulocerebellar fibers arising from cell groups of the vestibular ganglia that innervate distinctive parts of the labyrinth. Lesions in the vestibular ganglia were produced by extradural surgical approaches in cell groups which innervate: (1) the cristae of the anterior and lateral canals, (2) the macula of the utricle, (3) the macula of the saccule, and (4) all receptor components of the labyrinth. In a control series selective lesions were produced in the cochlea and cochlear nerve. Vestibular and cochlear lesions were studied in serial sections of the petrous bones stained with Sudan black B. Degeneration in the brain stem and cerebellum was studied in sagittal and transverse sections stained by the Nauta‐Gygax and Wiitanen technics.

Vestibular fibers projecting to parts of the cerebellum represent ascending branches of root fibers which largely traverse the superior vestibular nucleus and enter the cerebellum via the juxtarestiform body. In the cerebellum fibers divide into medial and lateral bundles. Medial branches projecting fibers to the ipsilateral nodulus, uvula (lamina d) and lingula appear to arise from cells in all parts of the vestibular ganglia. Cells in the superior vestibular ganglion (SVG) innervating the cristae of the anterior and lateral canals project fibers to floccular folia 5 to 10; the utricular cell groups of SVG projects fibers mainly to floccular folia 5 and 6 while the saccular cell group of the inferior vestibular ganglion (IVG) projects fibers to floccular folia 3, 4, 5 and 6. Collaterals of fibers passing laterally in the peduncle of the flocculus end in ventromedial parts of the dentate nucleus.

Some vestibular fibers projecting to parts of the flocculus penetrate the entire thickness of the granular layer and break up into fragments near Purkinje cells and in basal parts of the molecular layer. Such fibers appear to represent climbing fibers.

Cochlear lesions produce degeneration in localized regions of the ipsilateral dentate nucleus.

Cell groups of the vestibular ganglia innervating different receptor components of the labyrinth have unique areas of predominant projections in different folia of the flocculus and common regions of termination in portions of the nodulus and uvula.
Reproduction in the long‐tongued Bat, Glossophaga soricina. II. Implantation and early embryonic development
Authors: Rasweiler John J.
Published: February 2005

Early development of the bat, Glossophaga soricina, was investigated histologically using 71 pregnant animals removed from a laboratory colony at timed intervals after mating.

Implantation was initiated between days 12 and 14 post‐coitum, i.e., shortly after entrance of the blastocyst into the simplex uterus. The site of implantation was a narrow, tubular segment, the intramural uterine cornu, interposed between the end of the oviduct and the main uterine cavity. The intramural uterine cornu is probably homologous to the cranial end of a horn in a bicornuate uterus. Attachment of the blastocyst was central and circumferential, and orientation of the inner cell mass was cephalad in line with the long axis of the cornu. Implantation was secondarily interstitial in the fundal endometrium, as the lumen of the intramural uterine cornu was obliterated and the decidua filled in around the expanding blastocyst.

The yolk sac was formed between days 15 and 24 by the expansion and coalescence of pockets within a meshwork of endoderm. Endoderm completely surrounded the inner cell mass until the onset of amniogenesis and served to suspend the inner cell mass from the cytotrophoblast. A decidual reaction first appeared on day 15 after trophoblastic penetration to the endometrial stroma. Syncytiotrophoblast developed as engulfment of maternal capillaries began on day 16, and the capillary endothelium was rapidly disrupted. Amniogenesis occurred by cavitation, beginning on day 26, and shield formation was complete in some animals by day 32.
The corpus luteum of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during Late pregnancy. An electron microscopic study
Authors: Gulyas Bela J.
Published: February 2005

Fine structural observations on the corpus luteum of late pregnancy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are described. Ovariectomy was performed between 141 and 146 days of pregnancy. Granulosa lutein cells measured 25 to 30 μ and were supplied by fenestrated capillaries. The plasma membranes of neighboring cells formed intercellular canaliculi which were bordered by microvilli. The nuclei were large and contained a nucleolus and peripheral heterochromatin. The central region of the cytoplasm contained a high concentration of: (1) rod‐shaped mitochondria with tubular cristae and some electron‐opaque inclusions in their matrices, (2) elaborate Golgi complexes and associated large tubular cisternae, and (3) tubular as well as cisternal agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The more peripheral region of the cytoplasm was filled with: (1) well developed parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum, (2) bundles of 50 Å filaments with dense areas, and (3) dispersed lipid droplets. Membrane‐bound granules of various types were observed in most cells. Large lacunae were present in the cytoplasm which were not confluent with the intercellular canaliculi or the perivascular spaces. Microvilli projected into the empty‐appearing lumen of the lacunae. It was concluded that the morphological features of the granulosa lutein cells of late pregnancy were consistent with those considered to be necessary for steroidogenic function.
Localization of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone in the mammalian hypothalamus
Authors: Baker B. L. , Dermody W. C. , Reel J. R.
Published: February 2005

Utilizing immunohistochemistry with rabbit antiserum to synthetic luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LRH), LRH was localized in the peripheral region of the median eminence in the mouse and rat, and more generally in the median eminence of the guinea pig.
An autoradiographic study on the question of retrograde axoplasmic transport following the injection of 3H‐leucine into the tongue
Authors: Gilmore Shirley Ann , Daniels John S.
Published: February 2005

Retrograde transport in peripheral nerve was investigated by injecting 3H‐leucine unilaterally into tongues of adult rats. The animals were killed at varied intervals up to 14 days following injection, and autoradiographs were prepared. Labeled material was observed in intrinsic nerves of the tongues in all animals studied. The somata of hypoglossal neurons, however, were not labeled, indicating that radioactive material had not been transported throughout the length of the nerve cells.
Ultrastructural comparison of basophilic leukocytes and mast cells in the guinea pig
Authors: Murata F. , Spicer S. S.
Published: February 2005

Differences in the ultrastructure of basophils in the bone marrow reflect transition from early to late stages of cell development. Mast cells in the trachea, stomach and duodenum lack such developmental changes, but one cell encountered in mitosis indicates a low rate of replication by apparently mature cells. Mast cells differ from basophils in shape and in the structure, shape, and position of the nucleus. The Golgi complex clearly participates in granulogenesis in early basophils but not in late basophils or mast cells, and in mast cells appears associated with rough coated vesicles and mitochondria. In basophils precursor granules mature into a homogeneous granules population. The more numerous, smaller, rounder, granules of the mast cells differ also in varying widely in structure and not evidencing a clear maturational sequence. Increased density of mast cell granules apparently correlates with decreased size and increased indentation by a lucent focus and with the presence of lucent vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Laminated, crystal‐like foci replacing the thread‐like component in the periphery of some granules appear rigid and resist the indentation deforming the granule elsewhere. Mast cells of the adult differ from those of fetal guinea pigs in lacking the concentric lamination and having more dense granules. Many mast cells reveal several small, dense bodies which apparently constitute a second granule type, and often occupy the lucent indentation of the large granule.
Hemoglobin stability in bull sharks
Authors: Burke Jack D.
Published: February 2005

No significant differences in oxyhemoglobin affinity, or electrophoretic patterns of hemoglobin were found in 18 bull sharks collected in selected regions of Lake Nicaragua, the Rio San Juan, and the Caribbean Sea. The half‐saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (P50) was 11 and 17 mm Hg at pH 7.4 and 6.8, respectively (25° C, 3% hemoglobin solution, potassium phosphate buffer, 0.3 ionic strength). Electrophoresis resolved the hemoglobin into a minor and a major band. Planimetry of densitometric recordings showed that the major band constituted 54% of the total hemoglobin; the minor band, 46%. On the basis of these hemoglobin studies, no subspeciation of bull sharks in Lake Nicaragua was identified, although marine bull sharks have free access to the lake and have been there, at least, since 1535; the synonymy of Carcharhinus nicaraguensis with C. leucas was confirmed.
The effect of pinealectomy on adrenocortical rhytmhm in the blinded rat
Authors: Jacobs John J.
Published: February 2005

The effect of the pineal on circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone in rats was studied. Male rats were pinealectomized, blinded, or pinealectomized and blinded, and exposed to a lighting cycle of 12 hr of light and 12 hr of darkness.

The diurnal variation in plasma corticosterone in pinealectomized animals was not different from that found in intact controls. Blinded rats did not show normal steroid cyclicity. In contrast, rats that were both blinded and pinealectomized had a diurnal variation similar to that of the controls. The pineal gland, then, appears to contribute to the disturbed plasma corticosterone rhythm found in blinded rats.
Scanning electron microscopy of epiplexus cells (macrophages) in the fetal rat brain
Authors: Chamberlain Jack G.
Published: February 2005

Intraventricular macrophages were observed with the scanning electron microscope on the choroid plexus in developing rat brains. Cell membrane configurations of these large, epiplexus cells (8‐10 μm) were typified by folds, flange‐like surface projections and long, thin pseudopodia interdigitating with subjacent brain cell microvilli; discrete, periodic enlargements were observed at intervals along the pseudopodial processes.
Phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the terminal region and gland of the vas deferens of the rat
Authors: Cooper T. G. , Hamilton D. W.
Published: February 2005

The existence of a discrete group of cells that are able to phagocytose spermatozoa is reported in the terminal vas deferens of the rat. In addition it is shown that phagocytosis of spermatozoa occurs in the gland of the vas deferens. The cytological mechanisms involved in the phagocytotic process are discussed, and the role that this activity may have on the removal of surplus spermatozoa is discussed.
Tanycytes of the third ventricle of the neonatal rat: A golgi study
Authors: Card J. P. , Rafols J. A.
Published: February 2005

The morphology and vascular relations of tanycytes in the walls and floor of the third ventricle (3rd V) of neonatal rats (4–10 days of age) were studied with a modification of the rapid Golgi method (Valverde, '70). Serial frontal sections through the infundibular recess revealed that tanycytes may be assigned to two distinct populations based on location and structure. Tanycytes in the ventral one third of the walls as well as the floor of the third ventricle comprise the first group. The cell body of these tanycytes was subependymal in location and possessed two main processes. A centrally directed short neck‐process abutted upon the ventricular lumen and often exhibited one or more protrusions extending into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Issuing from the opposite pole of the cell body, a second smooth, relatively unbranched tail process either projected directly to the ventral surface of the brain or terminated in contact with capillaries of the median eminence. A second group of tanycytes was located more dorsally in the walls of the third ventricle. The somatic apical surface of this group generally abutted directly upon the ventricular lumen and exhibited protrusions of diverse configuration projecting into the ventrical lumen. Tanycytes of the latter group were also characterized by a tortuous tail‐process which arched laterally and ventrally to terminate either in the adjacent neuropil or at the surface of the brain. Unlike those of the ventral group, these processes exhibited numerous appendages, varicosities and side branches, many of which ended as expansions in direct contact with blood vessels. In addition, segments of beaded afferent fibers of fine caliber were often seen to contact processes of both groups of tanycytes. The observed relationships between CSF, tanycytes and blood vessels support recent hypotheses of tanycyte involvement in neuroendocrine regulation, CSF composition and neuronal metabolism.
Testicular involution after optic enucleation: Ultrastructure and alkaline phosphatase cytochemistry of the peritubular tissue
Authors: Gravis Curtis J.
Published: February 2005

Two months after blinding hamsters, the seminiferous epithelium had undergone pronounced involution. Spermatogonia were the only germ cells consistently present in the seminiferous tubules, although some tubules also contained primary spermatocytes. The peritubular tissue in the blinded hamster had undergone marked distortion. Irregular projections extended from the myoid cells and protruded toward the seminiferous epithelium. All layers of the peritubular tissue developed irregular contours and underwent thickening. The myoid cell nuclei were highly infolded, giving the nucleus a lobulated appearance. Golgi stacks often occupied recesses in the cytoplasm created by nuclear folding. Numerous vesicles were located at the poles of the Golgi stacks and were scattered between the Golgi stacks and the plasmalemma. Vesicles were also observed fusing with the plasmalemma. Alkaline phosphatase was localized cytochemically in the Golgi apparatus and the myoid cell vesicles. The appearance of the myoid cells in the involuting testes was similar to that of contracting smooth muscle; therefore, we postulate that the cytological alterations observed in the myoid cells may be a result of myoid cell contractions. Myoid cell vesicles have previously been thought to selectively take up substances at the interstitial surface of the myoid cell, transport the material across the cytoplasm and release their contents at the surface adjacent to the seminiferous epithelium. The findings reported in the present investigation indicate that some of these vesicles are involved in exocytosis of substances synthesized in the myoid cell. It appears that myoid cell exocytosis may be involved in formation of the alkaline phosphataserich basal laminae of the peritubular tissue.
A study on the blood vascular system of the lamprey gill filament
Authors: Nakao Taisuke , Uchinomiya Kunihiko
Published: February 2005

The blood vessels in the gill filaments of lamprey, Lampetra japonica, were studied with an electron microscope. Each gill filament is supplied by an afferent filament artery (afa) flanked by a pair of filament veins (fv), along the outer border of the axial plate, and an efferent filament artery (efa) along the inner, free border. Between these arteries are interposed the cavernous body and the blood lacunae. The marginal channel arises from the cavernous body, which leads to the afa, runs along the free border of the secondary lamella collecting oxygenated blood from the lamellar blood lacunae, and finally joins efa. This channel is considered to play an important role in the gill circulation as a bypass between afa and efa. Pillar cells were found only in the blood lacunae of the axial plate and the secondary lamellae. The basal lamina is generally absent on the vascular wall, but only a small amount of dense material could be seen on the basal surface of endothelial cells of afa and fv: this is regarded as an anchoring device between the cell and connective tissue fibrils. Fenestrations are generally absent in the endothelial layer but numerous gaps were seen in the wall of fv. Arterio‐venous anastomoses were found between afa or the cavernous body and fv, and between efa or the collecting arteries of the efferent branchial artery and the peribranchial venous sinus. The anastomosing channel consists of the inner endothelial layer and the outer smooth muscle layer, which is thicker in the intermediate portion of the channel. The endothelial cells called “AVA cells” here are characterized by (1) dense cytoplasm, (2) apical microvilli and (3) basal cytoplasmic processes closely associated with smooth muscle cells.
Hypophysial portal vascular infusion of TRH in the rat: An ultrastructural and radioimmunoassay study
Authors: Wilbur D. L. , Yee J. A. , Raigue S. E.
Published: February 2005

The hypophysial portal vessels and anterior pituitary gland of adult male Wistar rats were exposed surgically. A hypophysial portal vessel was cannulated and infused for one minute with saline or thyrotrophin (TRH). Anterior pituitary glands were collected at 1, 5, 15, 30, or 60 minutes after cessation of infusion, for light and electron microscopic examination. Before and immediately after cannulation of a portal vessel, a 1‐ml sample of blood was collected at 1, 5, 15, 30, or 60 minutes, from the femoral vein for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of growth hormone. Thyrotrophs from anterior pituitary glands of rats infused with TRH displayed emiocytic activity at all time‐periods studied. Rough endoplasmic reticular (RER) cisternae were dilated at 15 minutes following infusion and remained dilated at 30 and 60 minutes. TRH was observed to stimulate emiocytic activity in most pituitary cell‐types. Extensive dilations of RER cisternae were also observed in mammotrophs and gonadotrophs, but were not observed in somatotrophs or adrenocorticotrophs. The demonstration that thyrotrophs, mammotrophs, somatotrophs, and gonadotrophs respond to TRH suggests that some common features may be shared by these cells. Preliminary analysis of the RIA data show that TRH was potent in elevating radioimmunoassayable growth hormone levels. Significant increases (p < 0.02) in plasma GH levels were present at the earlier time periods studied (1, 5, and 15 minutes) following the infusion of TRH, but not at 30 or 60 minutes. These findings provide additional support for the non‐specific action of TRH upon the various adenohypophysial cell types, and demonstrate that TRH stimulates these cells by a direct action on the adenohypophysis.
The ultrastructure of the nephrons of the desert rodent (Psammomys obesus) kidney I. Thin limb of henle of short‐looped nephrons
Authors: Barrett J. Michael , Kriz Wilhelm , Kaissling Brigitte , de Rouffignac Christian
Published: February 2005

Previous studies by Kaissling et al. ('75) showed that superficial and midcortical glomeruli of the Psammomys kidney give rise to short nephrons which do not enter the inner medulla. The thin descending limbs (TDLs) of such short nephrons descend into the inner stripe of the outer medulla only within vascular bundles. The TDLs of long nephrons are excluded from these bundles.

Transmission EM was used in the present study to examine the ultrastructure of short TDLs in relation to the arterial and venous vasa recta. In the interbundle region of the uppermost outer medulla, proximal tubules of short nephrons give rise to TDLs classified as having Type II (interbundle type) epithelium. Type II is simplified to Type I (bundle type) epithelium where the short TDL enters the vascular bundle. It persists throughout the vascular bundle and continues briefly into the interbundle region until its transition to the distal tubule.

Type I epithelium is extremely thin and simple. These cells are poorly inter‐digitated and have simple junctional complexes. An intimate association with the venous vasa recta is seen.

Comparison of these data with other micropuncture studies shows that the 4‐fold concentration of urea in the distal nephron is probably correlated with the ultrastructural characteristics of short TDLs and their isolation within vascular bundles. This is augmented by the uptake of urinary urea from the pelvic extensions (Kaissling et al., '75).

Thus, the loop of Henle of short nephrons must be regarded as an intrinsic part of the complex multiplier system of the Psammomys kidney.
The ultrastructure of the nephrons of the desert rodent (Psammomys obesus) kidney II. Thin limbs of henle of long‐looped nephrons
Authors: Barrett J. Michael , Kriz Wilhelm , Kaissling Brigitte , de Rouffignac Christian
Published: February 2005

Long nephrons are derived from juxtamedullary glomeruli. In their descent through the outer medulla toward the inner medulla, the thin descending limbs (TDLs) of long loops of Henle are consistently excluded from the vascular bundles and occupy the interbundle region. The outer medullary segment of long TDLs (Type II epithelium) is elaborately developed with numerous cellular interdigitations. microvilli, and a cytoplasm well equipped with numerous organelles.

The inner medullary segment of these long TDLs is characterized by yet another epithelium that is markedly reduced from its Type II predecessor and is designated as Type III epithelium. It is a very low, flattened epithelium with few cytoplasmic details. In a cross section of the inner medullary TDL, the Type III epithelium appears poorly interdigitated, with only two to four cell processes and their junctional complexes.

Shortly before the bend of a long loop of Henle, the epithelium is again altered to one that is well‐interdigitated and better equipped with cytoplasmic organelles (Type IV epithelium). It persists through the actual bend of the loop and throughout the entire thin ascending limb (TAL), until the latter's transition to the distal tubule at the level of the inner/outer medullary border.

We conclude that the Type II epithelium of the outer medullary segments of long TDLs in Psammomys is suitably constructed for involvement in energized transport of solutes. The possibility for a similar role in the Type IV epithelium of the bends and TALs is not excluded by our data. However, the Type III epithelium of the inner medullary segments of long TDLs is most suitably constructed for the concentration of its luminal fluids via water extraction. A comparison between these epithelial types and their permeabilities in various species is presented.
Localization of four polypeptide hormones in the saurian pancreas
Authors: Rhoten William B. , Smith Phillip H.
Published: February 2005

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide have been localized in the anolian pancreas using peroxidase‐antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. The most abundant endocrine cell type contains glucagon. Insulin‐containing cells are the next most numerous. Somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells tend to be localized at the periphery of the islet cords. Pancreatic polypeptide‐containing cells are a minor endocrine component scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas and occasionally within the islet areas. No staining was observed after application of antigastrin serum.
The distribution and endocrine nature of the abdominal paraganglia of adult man
Authors: Hervonen Antti , Partanen Seppo , Vaalasti Annikki , Partanen Matti , Kanerva Lasse , Alho Hannu
Published: February 2005

The paraganglia of adult man were studied using the formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence (FIF) method for histochemical characterization of biogenic monoamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was used to record the emission spectra and fluorescence intensities of the paraganglionic cells. The study of samples from six patients showed that well vascularized paraganglia were widely distributed throughout the retroperitoneal spaces. The paraganglia exhibited strong FIF with the spectral characteristics of monoamines. Treatment with HCl caused an increase in the fluoresoence intensity of the paraganglia and a simultaneous shift of the emission maximum from 480–495 nm. This change suggests the presence of high concentrations of tryptophyl‐containing peptides and is not due to monoamines. The possibility of a dual endocrine function for the paraganglia is discussed.
Innervation of the ventral prostate of the rat
Authors: Vaalasti A. , Hervonen A.
Published: February 2005

The autonomic innervation of the rat ventral prostate was studied in an attempt to evaluate the role of innervation in the normal function of the gland. Specific histochemical methods for both catecholamines (the formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence method, FIF) and acetylcholinesterases (the Gomori‐Koelle thiocholine method) were used. The neuro‐effector contacts were studied by electron microscopy using both 3% glutaraldehyde and 3% potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as fixatives. It was found that the rat ventral prostate receives dual autonomic innervation. Adrenergic fibers, which formed the majority of the nerves, were often seen in close contact with the smooth muscle cells around both the prostatic alveoli and secretory ducts. The non‐adrenergic nerve fibers, which were fewer in number, did not form such intimate contacts with the muscle cells. No direct synapses with epithelial cells were detected.
Histochemistry and ultrastructure of the interstitium of the renal papilla in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (brattleboro strain)
Authors: McAuliffe W. Geoffrey
Published: February 2005

The Brattleboro strain of Long‐Evans hooded rats has hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus due to the inability to produce antidiuretic hormone. Animals homozygous for this autosomal recessive trait have extreme polyuria and polydipsia, whereas heterozygotes are less severely affected. Light and electron microscopy were used to study the interstitial tissue of the renal papilla of Brattleboro rats and normal Long‐Evans rats. Staining with alcian blue or colloidal iron revealed that homozygous Brattleboro rats (DI) have greatly reduced quantities of glycosaminoglycans in the papillary interstitium. Heterozygotes showed staining similar but not identical to that of normal rats. The papillary interstitial cells of DI rats lacked the cytoplasmic processes seen in normal rats, and the normal relationship of these cells to the tubular elements of the papilla was absent. Electron microscopy revealed that the papillary interstitial cells of DI rats appeared less active than those of heterozygous or normal rats. In DI rats these cells displayed reduced numbers of lipid droplets and mitochondria, and the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum were poorly developed. The altered ultrastructure of the papillary interstitial cells may be responsible for the reduction of interstitial glycosaminoglycans in DI rats. Glycosaminoglycans possess properties which may contribute to urinary concentration. It is suggested that the interstitial tissue of the renal papilla is influenced by antidiuretic hormone.
A scanning electron microscopic study of the development of the shoulder, visceral arches, and the region ventral to the cervical somites of the chick embryo
Authors: Yander Gail , Searls Robert L.
Published: February 2005

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the development of the shoulder in the chick embryo. Initially the wing grows on an axis perpendicular to the dorso‐ventral and cranial‐caudal axes of the embryo, but soon begins to grow in a ventral and partially caudal direction. The change in axis of outgrowth occurs while the shoulder forms at the cranial proximal portion of the wing. Analysis of SEM observations, together with an analysis of serially sectioned embryos and photographs of live embryos in ovo has demonstrated that the shoulder continues to grow out on an axis perpendicular to the dorso‐ventral axis of the embryo, while the caudal and distal portions of the wing grow ventrally. The change in axis of outgrowth seems to be due to (1) the formation of the viscera under the wing, (2) the closing of the membrana reuniens to form a continuous sheet covering the viscera under the wing, (3) caudal movement of the duct of Cuvier and the cranial margin of the pleural coelom, and (4) ventral movement of the lateral body fold caudal to the wing. Although the visceral arches undergo major morphogenetic changes during this period, the visceral arches do not appear to have an influence on shoulder development.
Nerve endings in the human prostate
Authors: Vaalasti Annikki , Hervonen Antti
Published: February 2005

The ultrastructure of nerve endings in the human prostate was studied using glutaraldehyde‐OsO4 and KMnO4 fixation. The nerve endings were classified into three categories according to the size of the vesicles and the contents of the synaptic profiles. In addition to the conventional adrenergic and cholinergic axons, a third type of axon profile containing a predominance of large granular vesicles was constantly found. Synaptic contacts were found only on smooth muscle cells. No epithelial innervation could be demonstrated. The functions and possible transmitters of the various types of axon terminals are discussed.
The origin of nuclear bodies: A study of the undifferentiated epithelial cells of the equine small intestine
Authors: Doyle Desmond G.
Published: February 2005

During an electron and light microscopic study of the equine intestinal epithelium, it was observed that some secretory granules of the undifferentiated crypt epithelium were incorporated into the nucleus during mitosis. A study was made of the chemical nature of the granules, using standard histochemical techniques: PAS‐Alcian blue, Deamination‐PAS, and Ninhydrin‐Schiff reactions. The granules contained a neutral protein‐polysaccharide complex with many terminal amino groups, possibly an antibody (IgA).

The intranuclear granules underwent coalescence and degeneration during differentiation. The end‐product was identical with the nuclear bodies seen in other somatic cells and described in the literature. These nuclear bodies were seen in absorptive cells, goblet cells, and Paneth cells; but were not observed in any entero‐endocrine cells.

This study shows that the nucleus is capable of isolating and degrading unwanted material, foreign and internally generated, and, further, it gives an explanation for the origin of nuclear bodies, structures that have long been an enigma in cell biology.
Ultrastructural study of tension and pressure zones in a rabbit flexor tendon
Authors: Merrilees Mervyn J. , Flint Michael H.
Published: February 2005

The flexor digitorum profundus tendon of the rabbit hind limb is subject to tensional forces throughout most of its length but, within a localised area which is in contact with the calcaneum and talus, it is subjected to additional compressive forces. This pressure‐bearing area, in marked contrast to the tensional areas, has a fibrocartilage‐like organization and a high concentration of glycosaminoglycans (GAG).

Ultrastructural features of the cells, collagen and matrix in the tension and pressure zones are also markedly different, with a full spectrum of transitional characteristics in the junctional region between the two zones. These findings support the concept that the cells in the various regions are sensitive and responsive to changes in physical load.

In the tensional zone, elongated cells have extensive cytoplasmic flanges, which may contact flanges of neighbouring cells, and a scalloped cell surface that intimately conforms to the adjacent positively charged and tightly packed collagen fibrils of long periodicity (63 nm) and varying diameters. In the pressure zone, round and clustered fibrocartilage‐like cells, characterized by dense arrays of 11‐nm‐diameter microfilaments and numerous lipid droplets, are surrounded by loosely packed collagen fibrils of short periodicity (53 nm) and predominantly small diameters, and an extensive matrix rich in GAG.

It is suggested that these regional morphological variations in the extracellular components result from, and are indirectly the cause of, changes in the cellular synthetic activities which are known to occur in response to changes in the physical environment.