bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CITRATE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF
STREPTOCOCCUS DIACETILACTIS
Authors: Harvey R. J. , Collins E. B.
Published: January 2020

Harvey
, R. J. (University of California, Davis)
and E. B. Collins
. Citrate transport system of
Streptococcus diacetilactis
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1005–1009. 1962.—The uptake of citrate by
Streptococcus diacetilactis
is mediated by a transport system that was distinguished from passive diffusion by inducibility and kinetics of uptake. In these characteristics the system is similar to the β-galactoside permease of
Escherichia coli
. The citrate transport system of
S. diacetilactis
differs from β-galactoside permease by requiring metabolic energy for operation under conditions that do not permit intracellular accumulation of the substance transported.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING STEROL FORMATION IN
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Starr Patricia R. , Parks L. W.
Published: January 2020

Starr, Patricia
R. (Oregon State University, Corvallis)
and L. W. Parks
. Some factors affecting sterol formation in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1042–1046. 1962.—A wild-type diploid strain of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
was used in a study of factors that influence sterol synthesis. Maltose, glucose, sodium acetate, and ethanol were shown to be readily available for sterol synthesis in growing cultures of yeast. In cells grown anaerobically and then exposed to various substrates in aerobic resting-cell suspension, only glucose and ethanol stimulated ergosterol formation. Under these conditions, sterol synthesis was directly proportional to the amount of glucose provided. Sulfanilamide decreased the yield of sterol in growing cells, but had no effect on sterol synthesis by resting cultures.
PHOSPHOPROTEINS IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Rafter Gale W. , Lane William C.
Published: January 2020

Rafter, Gale
W. (The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md.)
and William C. Lane
. Phosphoproteins in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1077–1083. 1962.—The identification and metabolism of phosphoprotein were investigated in
Escherichia coli
. Hydrolysis of bacterial protein fractions with barium hydroxide or with phosphoprotein phosphatase released acid-soluble phosphorus. Chromatography of acid-hydrolyzed and incubated fractions also indicated the presence of phospho-amino acids. Turnover of phosphate in protein of growing cells was not observed, but incorporation of phosphate into protein of nongrowing cells was found. The protein-phosphate content decreased as organisms passed from the growing to the nongrowing state. The phosphoprotein composition, as revealed by paper electrophoresis, was heterogeneous. No protein phosphokinase or protein-phosphate phosphatase was detected in cell-free extracts, but an active principle which catalyzed the formation of acid-soluble phosphate from bacterial protein fractions was found.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON STAPHYLOCOAGULASE AND AN ALLIED PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Inniss William E. , Sanclemente Charles L.
Published: January 2020

Inniss, WilliamE. (Michigan State University, East Lansing)and Charles L. SanClemente. Biochemical studies on staphylocoagulase and an allied phosphatase activity. J. Bacteriol.83:941–947. 1962.—The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether the reported correlation between the coagulase and phosphatase activity of the staphylococci was functional.Staphylococcus aureus, phage-propagating strain 70, grown in brain heart infusion was the source of the purified coagulase. The concomitant phosphatase activity, measured spectrophotometrically at 400 mμ usingp-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate, showed a parallel decrease during thermal inactivation at 37 and 56 C. Anion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis using starch, starch gel, and paper as stabilizing media failed to separate the two activities. Since iodoacetate, ethylenediamine-tetraacetate, fluoride, azide, andp-chloromercuribenzoate always exerted different degrees of inactivation, apparently the same mechanism was not involved. This supposition was supported by subsequent saturation of the phosphatase with excess substrate (100-fold Ksvalue) and the demonstration that under this condition coagulase was not inhibited. During this purification process, comparable increases in specific activity occurred for both coagulase and phosphatase, indicating the presence of a common protein carrier.
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH CLOTTING OF FIBRINOGEN BY STAPHYLOCOAGULASE AND COAGULASE-REACTING FACTOR AND THEIR INHIBITION BY DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE
Authors: Drummond Margaret C. , Tager Morris
Published: January 2020

Drummond, Margaret
C. (Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.)
and Morris Tager
. Enzymatic activities associated with clotting of fibrinogen by staphylocoagulase and coagulase-reacting factor and their inhibition by diisopropylfluorophosphate. J. Bacteriol.
83:
975–980. 1962.—The chemical mechanism of fibrinogen clotting by staphylocoagulase and its plasma factor (CRF) involves a preliminary stage of proteolysis, analogous to that found in thrombin-catalyzed fibrinogen clotting. Coagulase-CRF also exhibits N-α-toluene-
p
-sulfonyl-
l
-arginine methyl esterase activity in addition to its fibrinogen-clotting and proteolytic activities. These enzymatic activities have been further studied by their responses to certain enzyme inhibitors, and from the standpoint of their possible interrelationships.
GASTROINTESTINAL MICROFLORA OF MUTTON BIRDS (
PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS
) IN RELATION TO “LIMY” DISEASE
Authors: Mushin Rose , Ashburner Frances M.
Published: January 2020

Mushin, Rose
(University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia)
and Frances M. Ashburner
. Gastrointestinal microflora of mutton birds (
Puffinus tenuirostris
) in relation to “limy” disease. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1260–1267. 1962.—The aerobic bacterial intestinal flora of mutton birds, healthy and affected with “limy” disease, was investigated, mainly in birds from Great Dog Island, Bass Strait, Australia. A total of 1,274 specimens from gut on post-mortem and from cloacal swabs was examined. No indication was obtained of a pathogenic bacterial species concerned in “limy” disease. A study was made of the types of organisms and their distribution in the gut of mutton birds. The sparsity, or occasional absence, of aerobic bacterial flora in some birds, especially adults, was noticed. The “limy” birds, by comparison with normal chicks, had a richer flora more evenly distributed through the alimentary canal. A higher ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive bacterial types was recorded in chicks; adult birds had a lower or an even numerical ratio. The comparatively frequent occurrence of
Proteus
species, except
P. mirabilis
, and of irregular and intermediate coliform types was evident.
Escherichia coli
type I was not a constant inhabitant of the gut. The gram-positive flora consisted mostly of
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. lactis
, and Enterococcus. The possibility that “limy” disease may be caused by physiological factors is discussed.
PRIMARY ISOLATION OF
MYCOPLASMA
ORGANISMS (PPLO) FROM MAMMALIAN SOURCES
Authors: Barber T. L. , Fabricant J.
Published: January 2020

Barber
, T. L. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.)
and J. Fabricant
. Primary isolation of
Mycoplasma
organisms (PPLO) from mammalian sources. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1268–1273. 1962.—
Mycoplasma
(PPLO) were isolated from cattle, pigs, sheep, rats, and dogs. A total of 39 isolates was obtained from 307 samples from 166 animals. Of these, 24 isolates were from semen of bulls in an artificial breeding establishment; the other 15 were from various tissues of the animals mentioned.

Variations of two basal media together with chicken embryos were used in primary isolation attempts. PPLO enrichment broth (Difco) was supplemented with either horse or swine serum. The broth was used as overlay with a horse blood agar slant.
Viande foie
(VF) medium was usually enriched with horse or swine serum and was used both with and without 1% yeast hydrolyzate. Chicken embryos (5 days old) were inoculated via the yolk sac.

Of the 39 isolations made, 22 were obtained on a single variation of one basal medium or only after a passage through chicken embryos. The 22 were isolated as follows: 4 in modified PPLO enrichment broth; 13 in variations of VF medium; and 5 were found only after growth in chicken embryos. The other 17 isolates grew, on primary culture, in a combination of media. Only three of these grew in all media and in embryos. Eight grew in two variations of VF basal, two in both VF and PPLO enrichment broths, one in embryos and PPLO enrichment broth, and three in embryos, and VF basal medium. If either basal medium or chicken embryos had been omitted from the trial, many isolations would not have been made.
FACTORS AFFECTING INCREASED PRODUCTION OF TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE BY A TD MUTANT OF
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Matchett William H. , DeMoss John A.
Published: January 2020

Matchett, William
H. (University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.)
and John A. DeMoss
. Factors affecting increased production of tryptophan synthetase by a td mutant of
Neurospora crassa
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1294–1300. 1962.—Mutant td 201 of
Neurospora crassa
produces a tryptophan synthetase in significantly larger amount than the parental wild-type strain. Evidence obtained in the present investigation indicates that tryptophan synthetase formation in this mutant is subject to end product regulation by a pool of internal tryptophan. An accelerated rate of formation of enzyme was observed when the level of internal tryptophan fell below the value of 1 μmole per g dry weight of mycelium. It is concluded, therefore, that the high level of enzyme found in this strain results from release of repression. In experiments with the parental wild-type strain, no such release of repression was observed. The significance of these results for the problem concerning the nature of the mutation giving rise to mutant td 201 is discussed.

Evidence indicating a marked effect of growth temperature upon metabolism of externally supplied tryptophan is presented.
ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY OF MYXOBACTERIA IN RELATION TO THEIR BACTERIOLYTIC CAPACITY
Authors: Norén Börge , Raper Kenneth B.
Published: January 2020

Norén, Börge
(University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and Kenneth B. Raper
. Antibiotic activity of myxobacteria in relation to their bacteriolytic capacity. J. Bacteriol.
84:
157–162. 1962—
Myxococcus virescens, M. fulvus, M. stipitatus, M. lacteus, Chondrococcus blasticus
, and
Chondromyces crocatus
were tested for antibacterial activity, and all were found to secrete products that inhibited the growth of gram-positive eubacteria. The amount of inhibition varied with the myxobacterium employed and with the eubacterium used as a test organism. The growth of gram-negative eubacteria was in no case visibly affected by the antibiotic products. The experiments performed failed to indicate any positive relationship between the antibacterial activity and the bacteriolytic capacity of the six myxobacteria investigated.
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM AND THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE IN
PSEUDOMONAS INDIGOFERA
Authors: McFadden Bruce A. , Howes William V.
Published: January 2020

McFadden, Bruce
A. (Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.)
and William V. Howes
. Oxidative metabolism and the glyoxylate cycle in
Pseudomonas indigofera
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
72–76. 1962.—Oxidative patterns of
Pseudomonas indigofera
have been investigated. Intact cells oxidize acetate, ethanol, fumarate, glyoxylate, α-ketoglutarate, malate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, and succinate to greater than 35% of completion. Isocitrate is oxidized to 21% of completion. Citrate is not oxidized by whole cells but is oxidized by cell-free preparations, as are fumarate, isocitrate, malate, and succinate. These patterns are suggestive of the operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Investigations of levels of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase as functions of growth substrate have been conducted. Assays for these enzymes in “soluble” preparations were performed under ostensibly optimal conditions for catalysis. Growth substrates used at 0.3% were: (i) ethanol, (ii) glucose, (iii) succinic acid, and (iv) yeast extract. Specific activities of isocitrate lyase were: for (i) 3.80, (ii) 0.61, (iii) 1.47, and (iv) 1.33; activities of malate synthase were: for (i) 0.18, (ii) 0.032, (iii) 0.021, and (iv) 0.029. Additionally, the isocitrate lyase level from butyrate-grown cells was similar to that for ethanol-grown cells; the specific activity of malate synthase was about 60% as high. Specific activities of these enzymes were reproducible when conditions of sonic disruption were standardized. Longer durations of disruption decreased both activities.
SPORULATION OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
I
Authors: Tsuji Kiyoshi , Perkins William E.
Published: January 2020

Tsuji, Kiyoshi
(National Canners Association Research Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif.)
and William E. Perkins
. Sporulation of
Clostridium botulinum
I. Selection of an aparticulate sporulation medium. J. Bacteriol.
84:
81–85. 1962.—The thermal resistances of
Clostridium botulinum
spores produced in seven different liquid media were compared. A 5% solution of a commercially produced mixture of dehydrated enzymatic hydrolyzates of casein and animal tissues yielded spores of maximal thermostability. Sporulation in this medium was almost complete under the conditions employed. The suspensions were essentially free of vegetative cells and sporangia and could be thoroughly washed. The incubation time at 30 C was found to have a negligible effect on thermal resistance for periods between 4 and 21 days. Supplementing the medium yielding the most thermolabile spores with various divalent cations did not enhance the thermal resistance of the spores produced. The identical amino acids and related compounds were found in spores exhibiting the maximal and minimal thermal resistance when they were analyzed chromatographically. The more thermostable spores contained a higher concentration of glucosamine.
PERMEABILITY AND METABOLISM OF LACTOSE IN
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Lester G. , Azzena D. , Hechter O.
Published: January 2020

Lester
, G. (Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Mass.), D.
Azzena, and O. Hechter
. Permeability and metabolism of lactose in
Neurospora crassa
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
217–227. 1962.—Germinated conidia of
Neurospora crassa
suspended in buffer take up lactose, and this uptake can be attributed to the intracellular accumulation and to the metabolism of lactose. The former process predominates initially, and the latter after a few hours of incubation. The accumulation of lactose appears to be mediated by a very specific transport system, which can bring about intracellular concentrations that greatly exceed the external concentration of lactose. Both the influx and efflux of lactose appear to be dependent on metabolic energy, since azide and low temperature inhibit these events. The steroid hormone 11-deoxycorticosterone also reduces the uptake and prevents the accumulation of lactose. The metabolism of lactose was clearly demonstrated, but the pathway(s) of metabolism was not defined. The amount of β-galactosidase activity extractable from the cells was insufficient to be solely responsible for the initial step in lactose metabolism. The present studies are discussed in relationship to ion permeability and lactose metabolism in
N. crassa
, and to galactoside permeability in
Escherichia coli
.
A TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE STREPTOMYCIN REQUIREMENT IN AN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
MUTANT
Authors: Plunkett Geoffrey E.
Published: January 2020

Plunkett, Geoffrey
E. (Biochemical Research Foundation, Newark, Del.). A temperature-sensitive streptomycin requirement in an
Escherichia coli
mutant. J. Bacteriol.
84:
275–277. 1962.—A strain of
Escherichia coli
, streptomycin-dependent at 37.5 C, has been found to be capable of continuing cell division in the absence of streptomycin when incubated at 31 C. This property appeared to be heritable and persisted after repeated single-colony isolations from streptomycin-containing agar maintained at 37.5 C, or from streptomycin-free agar maintained at 31 C. The cells were stored under refrigeration on streptomycin-free agar slants, and retained their requirement for streptomycin when returned to 37.5 C after more than 7 months in its absence at lower temperatures.
FRACTIONATION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON DIETHYLAMINOETHYL CELLULOSE
Authors: Wilson Dwight E.
Published: January 2020

Wilson, Dwight
E. (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.). Fractionation of Newcastle disease virus by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. J. Bacteriol.
84:
295–301. 1962.—The L. Kansas and NK strains of Newcastle disease virus were chromatographed on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose ion-exchange columns. L. Kansas virus eluted from DEAE columns showed one peak of hemagglutinating and infective particles. Two peaks of hemagglutinins and one peak of infective particles were observed when the NK strain was chromatographed, indicating that the stock virus contained a noninfectious hemagglutinating component. Treatment of the noninfectious particles with Genetron 113 resulted in an increase in the ratio of infective to hemagglutinating particles. The Genetron-treated noninfectious particles were also eluted from the DEAE column at a higher salt concentration than the untreated noninfectious particles. The results indicate that the Genetron treatment removes inhibitors of infectivity bound to the noninfectious virus particle.
EFFECT OF A RETICULOENDOTHELIAL STIMULATING AGENT (RESTIM) ON RESISTANCE OF MICE
Authors: Ransom John P. , Pasternak Varsenig Z. , Heller John H.
Published: January 2020

Ransom, JohnP. (New England Institute for Medical Research, Ridgefield, Conn.),Varsenig Z. Pasternak, and John H. Heller. Effect of a reticuloendothelial stimulating agent (restim) on resistance of mice. J. Bacteriol.84:466–472. 1962.—The effect of restim, a preparation of yeast cell walls, on resistance of mice to challenge bySalmonella typhimuriumhas been investigated. Although restim markedly increases the rate of phagocytosis and clearance of carbon particles, and presumably of viable bacterial cells, this activity has no significant effect on the course of events when restim-treated mice are challenged withS. typhimurium. However, when specific antibody derived from either active or passive immunization of the mice is present, restim significantly enhances resistance as judged by survival time and by 20-day survival.
FATE OF ERGOSTEROL AND CHOLESTANOL IN PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS
Authors: Smith Paul F.
Published: January 2020

Smith, Paul
F. (University of South Dakota, Vermillion). Fate of ergosterol and cholestanol in pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol.
84:
534–538. 1962.—Cholesterol, an essential growth requirement of certain pleuropneumonia-like organisms, can be replaced by ergosterol or cholestanol. Since cholesterol is incorporated unchanged, determination was made of the fate of substituted sterols. Ergosterol-grown cells contained predominately ergosterol, as evidenced by physical and chemical characteristics. The other components were decomposition products arising from radiation and experimental treatments. Cholestanol-grown cells contained predominately cholestanol. Radiation- or aeration-induced decomposition products of cholestanol were formed to a greater extent in inoculated than in uninoculated culture media. Sterols capable of substituting for cholesterol are incorporated without significant biologically induced alterations and carry out the function of cholesterol.
PARALLEL INDUCTION OF
d
-ARABITOL AND
d
-SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASES
Authors: Scolnick Edward M. , Lin Edmund C. C.
Published: January 2020

Scolnick, Edward
M. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.)
and Edmund C. C. Lin
. Parallel induction of
d
-arabitol and
d
-sorbitol dehydrogenases. J. Bacteriol.
84:
631–637. 1962.—Two inducible diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases are described in a bacterium isolated from the soil,
Cellvibrio polyoltrophicus
ATCC 14774. The first enzyme catalyzes the dehydrogenation of
d
-arabitol to
d
-xylulose and
d
-mannitol to
d
-fructose. The data suggest that in vivo this enzyme has the dual function of the utilization of both of these polyhydric alcohols. The second enzyme was found to act only on
d
-sorbitol, converting it to
d
-fructose. Evidence for its physiological function as a
d
-sorbitol dehydrogenase is also given. Both of these enzymes were found to be induced in parallel by any of the three polyhydric alcohols,
d
-arabitol,
d
-mannitol, and
d
-sorbitol. A common stereoconfiguration of the inducers for these enzymes is suggested. The parallel evolution of substrate specificity and inducer specificity is discussed with respect to the functional advantage that such a selective process might offer.
SEROLOGICAL TYPING OF STAPHYLOCOCCI BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES I
Authors: Cohen Jay O. , Oeding Per
Published: January 2020

Cohen, Jay
O. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.)
and Per Oeding
. Serological typing of staphylococci by means of fluorescent antibodies. I. Development of specific reagents for seven serological factors. J. Bacteriol.
84:
735–741. 1962—Fluorescent antibody reagents for identifying seven antigenic factors of staphylococci have been prepared. The fluorescent staining reactions of these reagents were compared to the agglutination reactions with diagnostic cultures of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Correlation between the two serological tests was almost complete with factors
a, b, i
, and
k
. The
c
fluorescent antibody reagent had a somewhat broader spectrum of activity than the corresponding agglutination serum, whereas the
m
fluorescent antibody reagent stained fewer strains than were agglutinated in
m
serum. The fluorescent antibody reagent for
h
factor stained strains possessing
h
1
factor but not strains possessing only
h
2
factor. Fluorescent antibody reagents for specific staphylococcal factors did not stain strains of group A streptococci.
METABOLISM OF POLYAMINES BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Authors: Rosenthal Sanford M. , Dubin Donald T.
Published: January 2020

Rosenthal, Sanford
M. (National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Bethesda, Md.)
and Donald T. Dubin
. Metabolism of polyamines by
Staphylococcus
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
859–863. 1962—Although spermine and spermidine are not detectable in staphylococci grown in purified medium, considerable amounts (0.7 to 1.4 μmole/g wet wt) were demonstrated in cells grown in the presence of these amines. Conjugation of spermine, and to a lesser extent of spermidine, was demonstrated. Putrescine and cadaverine added to purified medium are not appreciably taken up by staphylococcal cells. However, high percentages were recovered in the medium in conjugated form. These conjugates were shown to be monoacetylputrescine and probably monoacetylcadaverine. Meat infusion broth, neopeptone, spermine, and spermidine were highly inhibitory to this acetylation. No evidence of utilization of these polyamines was obtained.
SEROLOGY AND TRANSDUCTION IN STAPHYLOCOCCAL PHAGE
Authors: Dowell C. E. , Rosenblum E. D.
Published: January 2020

Dowell
, C. E. (The University of Texas, Dallas)
and E. D. Rosenblum
. Serology and transduction in staphylococcal phage. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1071–1075. 1962.—A triply lysogenic strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
was shown to carry a serological group B phage capable of transduction. Three typing phages (53, 80, 42D), either belonging to serological group B or having a close association with it, were also shown to have transducing ability. A rapid screening method was used to isolate two new transducing phages, both of which belonged to serological group B. Propagating strain 42B/47C was found to carry a transducing phage that was neutralized by both group B and group F antisera. Nine other phages belonging to serological groups other than group B did not have generalized transducing ability, nor did three group B typing phages that were atypical in their calcium requirement. It was postulated that transducing ability is associated with staphylococcal phages of serological group B and with related phages of group F.
SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY OF A GLUCOSE PERMEASE OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Rogers Dexter , Yu Shon-Hua
Published: January 2020

Rogers, Dexter
(Utah State University, Logan)
and Shon-hua Yu
. Substrate specificity of a glucose permease of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
877–881. 1962.—A study was made of
d
-galactose uptake by galactose-negative
Escherichia coli
strain A (Weigle). Uptake probably occurred through a glucose-permease system, because
d
-glucose and a variety of nonmetabolizable glucose derivatives inhibited the accumulation of galactose and were themselves accumulated.
d
-Fructose did not inhibit galactose uptake. 6-Deoxy-
d
-galactose (
d
-fucose) was taken up by a different permease system. The glucose permease apparently favored pyranoses, and it required the 6-hydroxyl group of the substrate to a greater extent than any of the other hydroxyl groups. Although much of the absorbed glucose-permease substrate was recovered in the free form, a significant amount was recovered as the 6-phosphate ester. Depending on the conditions employed to study uptake, the 6-phosphate ester could amount to as much as 60% of the absorbed galactose.
RELATIONSHIP OF HOST ANTIBODY TO FLUCTUATIONS OFESCHERICHIA COLISEROTYPES IN THE HUMAN INTESTINE
Authors: Robinet Harriette G.
Published: January 2020

Robinet, HarrietteG. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.). Relationship of host antibody to fluctuations ofEscherichia coliserotypes in the human intestine. J. Bacteriol.84:896–901 1962.—A study was undertaken to determine the relationship of host antibody to the changes which take place amongEscherichia coliserotypes present in the intestine. A survey of six healthy persons examined forE. colimonthly for 6 months reaffirmed the periodic fluctuations of antigenic types. Serotypes were studied from each individual and their appearance and maintenance or disappearance closely followed. Representative strains were chosen each month and used to prepare a heated sodium hydroxide lipopolysaccharide extract for sensitizing human group O Rh-negative red blood cells for the hemagglutination test. These antigens were tested with the sera drawn from each of the six individuals at the time monthly cultures were made. Results showed that antibody levels for each serotype remained basically constant over the 6-month period. Titer levels tended to be characteristic of the host rather than related to theE. colibacteria, as shown by tests with serotypes both from the individual's own intestinal tract and from other individuals in the study. High normal antibody levels for autologousE. coliserotypes did not act as a deterrent to the ability of the organisms to establish themselves in the bowel, nor did antibody titer forE. colistrains determine whether they would continue as residents over several months or depart as transient flora.
JAPANESE QUAIL EGG EMBRYO AS A HOST FOR VIRUSES
Authors: Rauscher Frank J. , Reyniers James A. , Sacksteder Miriam R.
Published: January 2020

Rauscher, Frank
J. (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.),
James A. Reyniers, and Miriam R. Sacksteder
. Japanese quail egg embryo as a host for viruses. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1134–1139. 1962.—The egg embryo of Japanese quail (
Coturnix coturnix japonica
, Temminck and Schlegel) was found to support readily the growth of a wide range of viruses known to infect chicken eggs. Methods commonly used in studying viruses in chicken eggs were modified and adapted to the quail egg. The procedures are described in detail. The sensitivity of quail eggs to representative viruses of the myxo and pox groups was found to be equal to that of chicken eggs. Preliminary observations of the different responses of quail eggs to standard chicken tumor and to quail-adapted Rous sarcoma virus are described. Viruses known not to grow or induce an observable response in chicken eggs (e.g., the agents of mouse hepatitis, murine leukemias, and visceral lymphomatosis of chickens) also failed to produce such responses in quail eggs.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS OF PENTOSES IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Sable Henry Z. , Cassisi Elayne E.
Published: January 2020

Sable, Henry
Z. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio)
and Elayne E. Cassisi
. Biosynthesis and biosynthetic pathways of pentoses in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1169–1172. 1962.—Resting glucose-adapted
Escherichia coli
supplied with glucose continues to synthesize pentose by the oxidative pathway characteristic of logarithmically growing glucose-adapted cells. This behavior is unlike that of acetate-adapted resting
E. coli
supplied with glucose, which continues to synthesize most of its pentose by the nonoxidative pathway characteristic of acetate-adapted cells. When infected with bacteriophage T2H,
E. coli
continues to use the oxidative pathway predominantly. This finding is in contrast to reports that infection with T6r+ bacteriophage increases the participation of a nonoxidative pathway. Resting glucose-adapted
E. coli
supplied with acetate-1-C
14
as sole carbon source synthesizes pentose by a pathway or pathways which cannot be assessed completely by methods previously developed (which are based on the relative labeling of C-1, C-2, and C-3 of the pentose) but which is most probably predominantly nonoxidative.
STAGES IN GERMINATION OF SPORES OFBACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
Authors: Halmann M. , Keynan A.
Published: January 2020

Halmann, M. (The Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona)and A. Keynan. Stages in germination of spores ofBacillus licheniformis. J. Bacteriol.84:1187–1193. 1962.—This work defines conditions under which the first biochemical step in germination of spores (the so-called trigger reaction) could be studied separately from subsequent steps in germination. Although the initiation of germination of spores ofBacillus licheniformisoccurred only above 20 C, and at pH 6, spores preincubated for short periods at this temperature and pH will continue to germinate when transferred to a lower temperature or pH.d-Alanine, various salts, and ethyl pyruvate inhibited the trigger reaction, but did not inhibit the continued germination of triggered spores. The results of this experiment are consistent with the notion that the germination reaction is composed of at least two distinct metabolic phases, and that the functioning of the enzymel-alanine dehydrogenase is necessary for the first phase, the trigger reaction.
COMPARISON OF SPHEROPLAST INDUCTION IN
ALCALIGENES FAECALIS
BY THREE DIFFERENT AGENTS
Authors: Lark Cynthia , Schichtel Robert
Published: January 2020

Lark, Cynthia
(Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Mo.)
and Robert Schichtel
. Comparison of spheroplast induction in
Alcaligenes faecalis
by three different agents. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1241–1244. 1962.—
Alcaligenes faecalis
strain LB was exposed to different concentrations of cycloserine,
d
-methionine, or penicillin. The time course of spheroplast induction by these agents was measured as a function of their concentration. The results were consistent with models in which cycloserine reversibly inhibited an intracellular enzyme, and
d
-methionine was built into a defective cell-wall unit. Penicillin simulated cycloserine. This was taken as further evidence that penicillin inhibits an enzyme associated with cell-wall synthesis.
FERMENTATIVE ACTIVITIES OF CONTROL AND RADIATION-“KILLED” SPORES OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
Authors: Costilow Ralph N.
Published: January 2020

Costilow, Ralph
N. (Michigan State University, East Lansing). Fermentative activities of control and radiation-“killed” spores of
Clostridium botulinum
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1268–1273. 1962.—Spores of
Clostridium botulinum
62-A exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation will undergo the initial steps in germination as rapidly as control spores. Manometric experiments demonstrated that these irradiated nonviable spores would ferment a tryptic digest of casein (Trypticase) at an increasing rate during germination, with the production of CO
2
and H
2
. There was, however, an increasing lag in the development of rapid rates of fermentation as the radiation level was increased. Such a lag could be simulated by the addition of chloramphenicol, and the two effects were additive. By using high spore concentrations (about 8 mg/ml), it was possible to detect the fermentation of a number of individual amino acids and of glucose. Irradiation of spores at 8.3 × 10
5
rads had no measurable effect on the fermentation of
l
-arginine or glucose, or on the endogenous rate, but it partially inhibited the Stickland reaction with
l
-alanine and
l
-proline as substrates. The endogenous activity and the
l
-alanine,
l
-proline fermentation were also inhibited by chloramphenicol to basic levels which were the same in both control and irradiated spores. Neither the
l
-arginine nor glucose fermentation was inhibited by this antibiotic. The data indicate that spores of
C. botulinum
62-A contain basic levels of the enzymes required for their primary catabolic processes, and that, as expected, ionizing radiation levels sufficient to render the spores nonviable do not significantly affect these enzymes. Furthermore, it is indicated that spores exposed to radiation levels of up to 1.25 × 10
6
rads retain the ability to synthesize new protein, although it appears to be somewhat impaired.
ENZYMES OF GLUCOSE AND PYRUVATE CATABOLISM IN CELLS, SPORES, AND GERMINATED SPORES OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
Authors: Simmons Richard J. , Costilow Ralph N.
Published: January 2020

Simmons
, R. J. (Michigan State University, East Lansing),
and R. N. Costilow
. Enzymes of glucose and pyruvate catabolism in cells, spores, and germinated spores of
Clostridium botulinum
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1274–1281. 1962.—An investigation was made of the enzymes of vegetative cells, spores, and germinated spores of
Clostridium botulinum
62-A to elucidate a pathway of glucose metabolism. Manometric studies were conducted with intact cells, and various enzymes and enzyme systems were assayed in cell-free and spore-free extracts by use of spectrophotometric and colorimetric procedures. Glucose fermentation was found to be inducible; glucokinase was the controlling enzyme. All other enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway were found in both induced and non-induced cells, but they were in relatively low concentrations in the latter. This, plus the fact that no glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was detected, led to the conclusion that glucose is catabolized primarily by the EMP system. A number of glycolytic enzymes were also found in extracts of spores and germinated spores of this organism, but the activities were extremely low as compared with activities in cell extracts. A phosphoroclastic-type reaction was readily demonstrated in both glucose-adapted and non-adapted cells, but not in spores and germinated spores. However, both acetokinase and phosphotransacetylase, as well as coenzyme A transphorase, were detected in spores and germinated-spore extracts, although at very low activity levels as compared with cell extracts. The specific activity of diaphorase in spore extracts was about one-half that of corresponding cell extracts, and the activity of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH) oxidase was actually higher in the spore extracts. In addition, the DPNH oxidase in spore extracts was considerably more heat-stable than that in extracts of cells or germinated spores.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO LABORATORY EVALUATION OF CEPHALOTHIN, A NEW BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC
Authors: Boniece W. S. , Wick W. E. , Holmes D. H. , Redman C. E.
Published: January 2020

Boniece
, W. S. (Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana), W. E.
Wick, D. H. Holmes, and C. E. Redman
. In vitro and in vivo laboratory evaluation of cephalothin, a new broad-spectrum antibiotic. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1292–1296. 1962.—Cephalothin, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, is the sodium salt of 7-(thiophene-2-acetamido) cephalosporanic acid. The activity of this antibiotic against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is described, as determined by the tube-dilution and disc-plate methods. Correlations of the results of the therapy of experimental infections in mice with in vitro sensitivity to cephalothin are presented. The data from the gram-negative bacterial infection tests suggest the following relationship on a within strain basis:
ed
50
= C

i

ld
50

b

i

, where the subscript
i
stands for the various strains.
CYTOPATHIC EFFECT OF THE ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA ORGANISM IN CULTURES OF HUMAN TISSUE
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Farnham Ann E. , Levinthal Jeana D. , Scala Anthony R.
Published: January 2020

Eaton, Monroe
D. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.),
Ann E. Farnham, Jeana D. Levinthal, and Anthony R. Scala
. Cytopathic effect of the atypical pneumonia organism in cultures of human tissue. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1330–1337. 1962.—Three strains of the atypical pneumonia agent were adapted to grow in continuous cell cultures of human amnion or human embryonic lung, with production of initial increased acidity followed by destruction of the cells. Evidence is presented that cytopathic effects of the organism were associated with intracellular growth and formation of microcolonies. Clumps of organisms stained specifically with fluorescein-labeled antibody, and showed distinctive tinctorial reactions with the May Grünwald-Giemsa stain. The cytopathic effect was prevented by fresh serum from a rabbit immunized with an egg-passage strain of the atypical pneumonia agent. Heating the immune serum to 56 C for 30 min abolished the neutralizing effect. The significance of heat-labile serum constituents in killing or inhibition of mycoplasma is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL
SHIGELLA
INFECTIONS VI
Authors: Formal Samuel B. , Abrams Gerald D. , Schneider Herman , Sprinz Helmuth
Published: January 2020

Formal, Samuel
B. (Walter Reed Army Institute, Washington, D.C.), G. D.
Abrams, H. Schneider, and H. Sprinz
. Experimental
Shigella
infections. VI. Role of the small intestine in an experimental infection in guinea pigs. J. Bacteriol.
85:
119–125. 1963.—
Shigella
infection under the conditions of our experiment significantly involves the small intestine, producing lesions similar to those seen in human acute small intestinal dysentery. Previous work established that, for a rapidly fatal infection to occur, animals had to be pretreated by starvation or by administration of carbon tetrachloride, and, after oral challenge with
S. flexneri
, had to receive opium. Data are presented indicating that, in the guinea pig, the motility of the small intestine is a major defense mechanism in clearing bacteria from the gut. It is concluded that the two modes of pretreatment potentiate the ability of opium to decrease this motility, and hence increase susceptibility to enteric infection.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE FORMIC HYDROGENLYASE IN A PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIUM
Authors: Upadhyay J. , Stokes J. L.
Published: January 2020

Upadhyay
, J. (Washington State University, Pullman)
and J. L. Stokes
. Temperature-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase in a psychrophilic bacterium. J. Bacteriol.
85:
177–185. 1963.—A temperature-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase has been found in a psychrophilic bacterium, strain 82. The enzyme was most active at 30 C, but completely inactive at 45 C. In contrast, formic hydrogenlyase in mesophilic
Escherichia coli
was most active at 45 C, and completely inactivated only at 70 C. The hydrogenlyase-forming system in psychrophile strain 82 also was unusually heat-sensitive. It was inactivated at temperatures above 20 C; whereas, in mesophilic
E. coli, Proteus vulgaris
, and
Salmonella oranienburg
, hydrogenlyase was formed even at 45 C. This heat sensitivity of the enzyme-forming system accounted fully for the inability of strain 82 to produce gas from carbohydrates above 20 C. Psychrophile hydrogenlyase resembled the mesophilic variety in several respects. It was most active at pH 5.0. It was not formed by cells grown aerobically. It could be induced in resting-cell suspensions by use of glucose, formate, and casein hydrolysate as supplements, although several times as much glucose was required as for enzyme induction in strains of
E. coli
and
Salmonella
. The enzyme was formed best at pH 7.5, which was somewhat higher than the pH of 6 to 7 for mesophile hydrogenlyase, and by cells taken from the beginning of the stationary phase of growth.
INCORPORATION OF ISOBUTYRATE AND VALERATE INTO CELLULAR PLASMALOGEN BY
BACTEROIDES SUCCINOGENES
Authors: Wegner G. H. , Foster E. M.
Published: January 2020

Wegner
, G. H. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and E. M. Foster
. Incorporation of isobutyrate and valerate into cellular plasmalogen by
Bacteroides succinogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
53–61. 1963.—
Bacteroides succinogenes
was found to require both a branched-chain volatile fatty acid (e.g., isobutyric) and a straight-chain acid (e.g., valeric) for growth. The organism used the acids as precursors for the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and fatty aldehydes, which in turn were employed in the synthesis of phospholipid, mainly ethanolamine plasmalogen. Isobutyric acid was incorporated primarily into branched-chain C
14
and C
16
acids (tentatively identified as 12-methyl tridecanoic and 14-methyl pentadecanoic acids, respectively), and into fatty aldehydes. Valeric acid was used mainly for the synthesis of
n
-C
13
and
n
-C
15
fatty acids and fatty aldehydes. Apparently the two short-chain fatty acids were built up by the addition of two-carbon units to form the long-chain acids and aldehydes of the plasmalogen.
SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE BYACETOBACTER XYLINUMVI
Authors: Gromet-Elhanan Zippora , Hestrin Shlomo
Published: January 2020

Gromet-Elhanan, Zippora(The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel)and Shlomo Hestrin. Synthesis of cellulose byAcetobacter xylinum. VI. Growth on citric acid-cycle intermediates. J. Bacteriol.85:284–292. 1963.—Acetobacter xylinumcould be made to grow on ethanol, acetate, succinate, orl-malate. The growth was accompanied by formation of opaque leathery pellicles on the surface of the growth medium. These pellicles were identified as cellulose on the basis of their chemical properties, solubility behavior, and infrared absorption spectra. Washed-cell suspensions prepared from cultures grown on ethanol or the organic acids, in contrast to washed sugar-grown cells, were able to transform citric-cycle intermediates into cellulose. The variations in the substrate spectrum of cellulose synthesis between sugar-grown cells and organic acids-grown cells were found to be correlated with differences in the oxidative capacity of the cells. The significance of the findings thatA. xylinumcould be made to grow on ethanol on complex as well as synthetic media is discussed from the viewpoint of the whole pattern ofAcetobacterclassification.
ALCOHOL-SOLUBLE PROTEIN OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Pine Martin J.
Published: January 2020

Pine, Martin
J. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.). Alcohol-soluble protein of microorganisms. J. Bacteriol.
85:
301–305. 1963.—In two microbial systems, new protein synthesis has been reported to take place at the expense of a disappearing alcohol-soluble protein fraction. Studies were made to characterize the fraction and assess its storage function in
Escherichia coli
. Synthesis of the fraction does not cease promptly on sulfur depletion but overshoots initially and maintains a preferential rate of turnover. The fraction is probably of heterogeneous composition. It does not disappear during starvation but interacts with acid-insoluble metaphosphate accumulating in high levels as a peculiar consequence of sulfur deficiency. Solubility interactions with proteins of cell extracts are demonstrable with a number of polyanions, including teichoic acid. It is concluded that previous studies of transformations of microbial alcohol-soluble proteins are artifactitious.
RELATION OF STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION IN BACTERIAL O ANTIGENS I
Authors: Nowotny Anna M. , Thomas Scott , Duron Olga S. , Nowotny Alois
Published: January 2020

Nowotny, AnnaM. (City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.),Scott Thomas, Olga S. Duron, and Alois Nowotny. Relation of structure to function in bacterial O antigens. I. Isolation methods. J. Bacteriol.85:418–426. 1963.—Six isolation methods, four previously described and two reported herein, were compared for the extraction of endotoxic O antigens from three different enterobacteria:Serratia marcescensBizio,Salmonella typhosaO901, andEscherichia coliK-12 lambda. Large variations were observed in the toxin yield, in the serologically reactive material yield, and in the nucleic acid-releasing abilities of the six methods when applied to the different bacterial strains. Chemical analyses of the toxic O antigens included quantitative determination of the amino acids, long- and short-chain carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Comparisons of the nucleic acid content were also made. Although the chemical composition of the preparations was quite different, no correlation could be found between the percentage of the above components and the lethal toxicity or the serological reactivity. It was concluded that the structural elements or properties responsible for these biological activities cannot be detected by gross chemical analyses.
HYDROGENASE AND NITROGENASE IN CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF
BACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Grau F. H. , Wilson P. W.
Published: January 2020

Grau
, F. H. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and P. W. Wilson
. Hydrogenase and nitrogenase in cell-free extracts of
Bacillus polymyxa
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
446–450. 1963.—Washed cells of
Bacillus polymyxa
strain Hino, treated with lysozyme, yield cell-free extracts that rapidly evolve hydrogen from reduced methyl viologen, formate, and pyruvate. Hydrogenase is particulate, 86% being sedimented at 105,000 ×
g
for 60 min. About 65% of the pyruvate metabolized is oxidized to acetyl phosphate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide; the rest is converted to acetoin. These extracts fix considerable amounts of N
2
15
when pyruvate is supplied as substrate, but will not fix with formate or mannitol. Centrifugation studies, and the absence of fixation with mannitol, show that this fixation is not caused by residual whole cells or spheroplasts. Cell-free fixation by
B. polymyxa
is similar to that by
Clostridium pasteurianum
. A short time lag in fixation occurs, and an optimal concentration of pyruvate is needed for maximal fixation. Arsenate causes a strong inhibition of fixation, presumably because arsenolysis of acetyl phosphate makes high-energy phosphate unavailable for the fixation process.