bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Time Factor in Biological Control
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

The Presidential Address given by C. P. Clausen to the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists and recently published in the Journal of Economic Entomology (1) contains much food for thought for workers in the field of biological control. The thesis developed by Clausen in his address is, briefly, that any introduced parasite or predator that is destined to produce full commercial corkrol wiIl do so within three generations or at most within three years. If it does not produce full commercial control within this period it is safe to say that it will never do so. Species that prove ineffective after three generations or three years from the period of introduction should therefore be dropped and efforts directed toward the introduction of other species.
Notes on Some Bird Fleas, with the Description of a New Species of Ceratophyllus, and a Key to the Bird Fleas Known from Canada (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae)
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: January 2010

All known bird fleas are believed to have been derived from species that originally infested mammals. Circumstances evidently have occurred whereby representatives of species that were ordinarily the parasites of mammals became associated with buds, and were successful in establishing themselves on these hosts. These circumstances must have included some provision for isolation whereby the newly transferred colonies of fleas were not given the opportunity of becoming reassociated with the original hosts, and also were not contaminated by subsequent introductions of others of their species. Thus they were able to become adapted to an existence on the bodies and in the nests of avian hosts. The adaptations were physical as well as physiological, many bird fleas exhibiting morphological characteristics which, though not yet properly understood, apparently bear some relationship to their specialized environment.
Notes on the Lodgepole Needle Miner, Recurvaria milleri Busck (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and Its Parasites in Western North America
Authors: McLeod J. H.
Published: January 2010

The lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria milleri Busck, was discovered in 1903 in the Yosemite National Park, California, and was described as a new species by Busck (1914). The infestation has persisted in that area, with irregular periods of abundance and scarcity. The latest heavy infestation was reported (G. R. Struble, in litt.) to have started in 1947, and has continued to intensify. The history of the outbreak to 1919 was reported by Patterson (1921).

In 1942 a second important infestation was reported in the Banff National Park, Alberta. Details concerning the area of infestation and life-history notes were given by Hopping (1946). This infestation has continued to spread and has reached Yoho, Kootenay, and Revelstoke National parks.
A Rapid Staining Method for Clinical Study of Cockroach Blood Cells
Authors: Sarkaria D. S. , Bettini Sergio , Patton R. L.
Published: January 2010

In order to expedite the study of the effects of various biologically active chemicals upon the blood cells of insects a rapid clinical type method was needed that would allow preparations to be made with small (1 microliter or less) samples of blood which could be drawn without sacrificing the insect, and could be fixed and stained quickly for examination. A method meeting these requirements for the study of the blood cells of the American and German cockroaches has been developed.
A Field Key to the Species of Cinara (Homoptera: Aphididae) of Canada East of the Rockies
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

Aphids of the genus Cinara found in Canada east of the Rockies are, with few exceptions, large, dark in colour, and compact in form. They live entirely on coniferous hosts and each species is restricted either to a single species of plant, or to plants of the same genus. Their unvarying choice of a host plant makes it possible to separate the species into groups according to the genus of plant on which they occur; this characteristic is used in the following key.
On the Habits of the Elm Bark Borer Physocnemum brevilineum (Say); (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Haliburton Wm.
Published: January 2010

In the course of studies on the insects associated with the Dutch elm disease, several larvae and adults of a cerambycid beetle, Physocnemum brevilineum (Say) were encountered in the bark of both living and recently dead American elm trees. This species is generally recorded as an inhabitant of the outer bark of living elms. Observations show that injury to the living inner bark is rather common, and that occasionally patches of the cambium may be killed. In felled logs, larval behaviour is atypical.
Relationship Between the Entomological Society of Canada and Regional Entomological Societies in Canada
Authors: Ross W.A.
Published: January 2010

As many Canadian entomologists are still not clear about the relationship between the recently formed Entomological Society of Canada and the regional entomological societies in Canada, I shall attempt to clarify it.

The national society will serve not as the parent of but simply as the link between the Acadian Entomological Society, the Entomological Society of Quebec, the Entomological Society of Ontario, the Entomological Society of Manitoba, the Entomological Society of British Columbia, and any others that may be established.
A Note on a Dipterous Predator of the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.)
Authors: Perron J. P. , Lafrance J.
Published: January 2010

In investigations on the life-history of the onion maggot at St. Jean, Que., in 1951, a few specimens of a dipterous predator were found in the rearing cages in the laboratory. They were feeding voraciously on the adults, destroying a colony of nearly 300 flies within two weeks.

Specimens were identified by Mr. A. R. Brooks, Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Saskatoon, Sask., as Coenosia tigrina (F.). Mr. G. E. Shewell, Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, has stated that nothing is known in Canada about the life-history of this species, but that it is apparently well known as a predator in Europe and that B. M. Hobby has published a long list of species on which it preys, including many anthomyiids.
Factors Influencing the Specific Gravity of Insect Haemolymph
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , House H. L.
Published: January 2010

The physiochemical properties of the blood of an animal are maintained in a close equilibrium conducive to the normal functioning of the organism. Disturbances in the physiological functian may result in characteristic changes in the blood. For example, the specific gravity of normal human blood, which averages about 1.060, may vary with age, sex, nutritive condition, and disease (Hawk, Oser. and Summerson, 1947). The reaction of blood to metabolic and pathological conditions is recognized by the medical profession as a valuable aid in diagnosis (Scudder, 1939). Changes have been shown in the specific gravity of human blood in pregnancy and cancer (Polowe, 1932; 1934). It has also been shown that haemorrhage is accompanied by a decline in the specific gravity (Richet, Brodin, and Saint-Girons, 19 18).
Genitalia of the Membracidae of Wisconsin
Authors: Dennis Clifford J.
Published: January 2010

Only recently has serious taxonomic study of the genitalia of Membracidae been undertaken. Authors such as Fowler (1894-97), Van Duzee (1908), Funkhouser (1917) and Lawson (1922) made only cursory studies or objected to the dissection and treatment necessary for such a study. Caldwell's (1949) revision of the Ceresini based on male genitalia is the first paper of its kind for the Membracidae.
Descriptions of Several New Species of Caddis Flies
Authors: Denning D. G.
Published: January 2010

In this paper two new species of Chimarra (Philoptamidae) and five new species of Hydropsychidae are described. The majority of the new species are from western United States. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Dr. R. H. Beamer of the University of Kansas for sending me many of the specimens used in this paper. Unless otherwise designated types of the new species are in the collection of the author.
The Male of Ixodes soricis Gregson (Acarina: Ixodidae)
Authors: Gregson J. D. , Kohls G. M.
Published: January 2010

The male of Ixodes soricis Gregson was discovered at Silver Creek, British
Columbia, in 1948 (Gregson, 1949). The tick was found with its hypostome fully inserted into the lateral body wall of a partially engorged female of the same species. It was not described because the specimen in situ represented an interesting example of either accidental parasitism (Anastos, 1948), or more likely an unsuccessful attempt at copulation, since it is questionable whether the males, like those of some other species of Ixodes, ever feed. The recent discovery, however, by the junior author, of another specimen, in a collection of ticks from a shrew taken at Seattle, Washington, permits the following description of the male of this species.
The Nearctic Species ofMacrosteles(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

The correct identifications of North American species of leafhoppers of the genusMacrosteles(sensu lato) are important because of the economic significance of one of them as a carrier of a virus disease of many species of plants. In the past, such identifications have been difficult to make because the extent of the variation in colour, markings, and structure that occurs has not been appreciated fully, because some species were misidentified in previous revisions, and because there were a number of unrecognized species in the fauna.
A Review of Studies of Blood-Sucking Flies in Northern Canada
Authors: Twinn C. R.
Published: January 2010

Interest in the Canadian north has increased greatly during recent years because of its importance in national defence, and the actual and potential value of its natural resources. A serious hindrance to northern development is the presence during the short summer season of great numbers of blood-sucking flies that make liie difficult for man and beast. The major pem in the forested subarctic are mosquitoes, black flies, and tabanids (the so-called deer flies and moose flies); beyond the tree-line on the arctic tundra black flies are much less troublesome and tabanids do not occur, but in many regions mosquitoes are a terrible scourge.
A New Species ofSparganothisAllied toS.pettitana(Rob.), with Descriptions of Larvae and Adults of Both Species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: January 2010

Two species of tartricid larvae, which were easily separated by appearance and by host, were reared by the author during the summer of 1951. Identification of adults showed that two species ofSparganothishad previously been associated with the nameSparganothis pettitana(Robinson). The trueS. pettitanawas identified by comparison of a series of male adults of both species with the illustration accompanying the original description (Robinson, 1869, Pl. IV) and with Type No. 7417 in the Brakenridge Clemens Memorial Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Specific Status of Aedes pionips Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

The status of the mosquito Aedes pionips Dyar, 1919, has so far remained in doubt. The original description says in part, “Similar to lazarensis F. & Y. [=communis (Deg.)] but larger and more heavily marked.” Of the larva Dyar wrote, “…head hairs in fives; other characters essentially as in lazarensis.”

In 1928 Dyar wrote, “Where the two occur together, as is frequently the case, the communis are all out of the pools weeks before the pionips have matured.” Also, “This [pionips] is a derivative species of communis, but quite distinct.” In his keys he separated the females by colour and the larvae by numbers of head hairs; the males were not separated.
The Teratoid Larva of Polyembryonic Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Doutt Richard L.
Published: January 2010

One very extraordinary phase in the development of certain polyembryonic encyrtids is the production of a precocious larval form. This anomaly appears while its normal sibs are still in an early embryonic stage of development, and although it leads an active parasitic life within the host it never succeeds in developing beyond the larval stage.
Two New Species of Dikraneura from Western Canada, with Notes on Other Species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

The following are descriptions of two new species of leafhoppers of the genus Dikraneura from Western Canada. Notes on other species found in that region are appended. Two of the latter, rubrala DeL. & C. and rufula Gill., have apparently not been recorded previously for Canada. Figures of the aedoeagi are provided, as this structure normally provides the only reliable specific characters and must be examined if specific identifications are required. The name Dikraneura is used here in the restricted sense, following Oman (1949), rather than in the broad sense of DeLong and Caldwell (1937), Beamer (1943), and others.
Two New Species of Colladonus from British Columbia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Downes W.
Published: January 2010

Length (male and female) 4.5 mm. Width 1.2 mm. Face slightly convex, vertex poinced, slightly more than right angled, 1½ times wider between the eyes than length at middle line. Pronotum twice as wide as long. Male plates spoon-shaped, curving upward at the tips. Female seventh segment evenly rounded at the sides, broadly excavated at the centre, with the usual strap-shaped projection, at the tip of which is a small V-shaped notch.
Observations on the Biology of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Goose Bay, Labrador
Authors: Haufe W. O.
Published: January 2010

The program of biological studies and experiments in chemical control of mosquitoes at Churchill, Manitoba, in 1947 and 1948 (Twinn et al., 1948; Twinn, 1950) was extended in 1949 to include Goose Bay, Lahrador. The program at Goose Bay was primarily designed to develop control measures for the northern species of biting flies. since the control experiments were scheduled for definite periods during the summer in 1949 (Twinn et al., 1950), limited biological studies were carried on as circumstances permitted. These field studies produced information on the species of mosquitoes present and their development and ecology. Data obtained in 1949 from field observations, collections, identifications of adult and immature forms. and limited laboratory rearings are summarized in this paper. Additional data obtained by officers of the Division of Entomology in 1950 under similar circumstances have been included, in some cases as confirmation of observations in 1949.
A New Nearctic Species of Rhaphium, with Notes on Other Species (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

The species of Rhaphium Mg. (s.l.) may be divided, for convenience, into two group—those with white-faced males and those with black-faced males. Since the North American species of the genus were last revised (Curran, 1926, 1927), 13 species belonging to the former group have been described. In this paper one species with black-faced males is described as new, one is recorded from the Nearctic region and one from Canada for the first rime, and one species with white-faced males is also recorded from Canada for the first time.
Descriptions of Fleas from Northern Canada (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: January 2010

Three species and one subspecies of fleas, all belonging to the Ceratophyllidae, are described and figured in this paper. One of the species, formerly known only from Siberia, and imperfectly described, is redescribed, and recorded from Yukon Territory. The remaining two species and the subspecies are believed to be new to science.
Parthenogenesis in the Mealybug, Phenacoccus solani Ferris
Authors: Lloyd D. C.
Published: January 2010

Reproduction in the Pseudococcidae is usually regarded as being predominantly, if not exclusively, bisexual, though Ferris (1950) has pointed out that within the family as defined by him males are known for only a small percentage of the species described to date. Detailed biological observations have been restricted to those members of considerable economic importance and in regard to reproductive habits there are few specific references in the literature. Hough (1922) in his account of the life history of the clover root mealybug Chnaurococcus trifolli (Forbes) Ferris, stated that no males were seen throughout the period of the observations. James (1937) made a comprehensive study of the reproduction of Planococcus citri (Risso) Ferris, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrh) Ferris, P. gahani Green, P. adonidum (Linn.) Ferris, and Trionymus peregrinus Green, and found that parthenogenesis did not occur in any of these species. This confirmed conclusions of earlier workers with Pl. citri (Schrader 1923, Sutherland 1932), and with P. gahani and Phenacoccus gossypii Twns & Ckll. (Basinger 1934). However, Myers (1932) reported parthenogenesis in some of his experiments with Pl. citri but his procedure of isolating females from the cultures after the second moult is clearly open to criticism.
Analysis of a Population Sampling Method for the Lodgepole Needle Miner in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks
Authors: Stark R. W.
Published: January 2010

General.—The purpose of this paper is to analyse a sampling method devised to assess larval populations in an outbreak of the lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria milleri Busck (Busck 1914, Hopping 1945).

The problem of developing an adequate sampling method is intimately concerned with the life-history of the insect, the region of the outbreak and the nature of the forest stand in which the outbreak occurs. In sampling most defoliator populations the problem is made more difficult by external feeding and wandering habits, hence it is usually done in some relatively inactive stage at a fixed time. de Gryse (1934) describes the problems inherent in sampling these insects. The needle miner, however, is fixed in its location for most of its life-cycle and is therefore readily obtainable for study. The problem here is reduced to a statistical one, that of obtaining an acceptable sample i.e. within suitable error limits with due regard for existing variables.
Death and Deterioration of Balsam Fir Weakened by Spruce Budworm Defoliation in Ontario: Part I Notes on the seasonal history and habits of insects breeding in severely weakened and dead trees
Authors: Belyea R. M.
Published: January 2010

One of the problems arising from severe outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), is the evaluation of the factors contributing to the decline of the host trees. An intensive study of the death and deterioration of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., was carried out from 1946 to 1951 in the area southwest of Lake Nipigon in northwestern Ontario, where a severe spruce budworm outbreak was in progress.
Canadian Species of Orocastus and Auridius (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

Leafhoppers of the genera Orocastus and Auridius are locally abundant in grassland regions in Western Canada. They are small insects, the males golden yellow and the females stramineous in colour. The two genera are distinguished from each other by characters of the internal male genitalia. The species are distinguished primarily by these characters and by the form of the seventh sternite of the female. There has been some confusion between the species, partly because the sexes were wrongly associated by some authors and partly because the extent of the individual variation was not appreciated fully. The following are descriptions and illustrations of the distinctive character; of the four species found in Canada, with notes on the distributions and variation. One species new to science is described and one species is reduced to synonymy.
A New Name for Colletes albescens Nosk. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Authors: Stephen W. P.
Published: January 2010

In 1936, Noskiewicz proposed the name C. albescens for a new species of Colletes restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. The name is preoccupied by albescens Cresson, one of the common Nearctic members of the genus. I propose the name Colletes noskiewiczi (new name) for this species. A listing of the species in the index of the Noskiewicz work as albiescens is apparently a typographical error. The holotype and allotype of noskiewiczi (=albescens Nosk.) are in the collection of Dr. Dusmet-Maria in Madrid, Spain.
A Note on the Presence of First-Stage Larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis (Degeer) (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the Mouth of the Horse
Authors: Nelson W. A.
Published: January 2010

Wehr (1933a, b), Knipling (1934), Wells and Knipling (1938), and James (1947, pp. 92-98) stated that first-stage larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis (Deg.) developed in the mucosa of the tongue, cheeks, and lips of the horse. Schroeder (1940) stated that first-stage larvae of G. nasalis (L.) established themselves in the spaces between the molar teeth below the gum line, where their accumulation caused considerable necrosis and resulted in the formation of pus pockets.
A Device for Capturing Adult Insects in Rearing Containers and Cages
Authors: Lindquist O. H.
Published: January 2010

The successful transfer of adult insects from jars or cages to killing bottles or other cages is at best tedious and often difficult. The device illustrated in the accompanying plate was designed to facilitate this work. It has been tested in the insectary at Indian Head throughout one season with very satisfactory results. The model described and illustrated (Fig. 1) is a convenient size for use in transferring insects from small jars.
Notes on Leconte's Sawfly
Authors: West A. S.
Published: January 2010

Leconte's sawfly or the red-headed pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei Fitch) is a common insect attacking pines in Ontario. Plantations red pine are almost invariably attacked from the time the trees have reached two to four feet in height. Periodically epidemic populations cause significant damage. The life history and habits of the species have heen described by Middleton (2) who states that this insect attacks practically all species of pine as bell as larch. Schaffner (3) also indicates that the larvae feed on a wide variety of pine and occasionally on other conifers. Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) is undoubtedly the usual host, although in Ontario jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is sometimes attacked. In 1946 evidence was secured to show that jack pine needles may be selected for oviposition even in an area where red pine foliage is plentiful. (Figure 1).
A Slide Heater for Clearing Minute Insect Specimens
Authors: Graham A. R.
Published: January 2010

The use of potassium hydroxide solutions for clearing minute insect specimens, or portions of large ones, is a well-known and widely used procedure. Extreme care, however, is necessary to provide rapidly the exact degree of transparency in the subject. To provide for these requirements an economical heater was designed to warm a micro-culture slide bearing a few drops of clearing solution. The specimen is immersed in the cold solution on the slide, and the slide is then placed on the heater. The requisite amount of current is supplied to the heating element and clearing of the specimen to the exact degree desired can be obtained in a short time while the process is observed through a binocular dissecting microscope.
Notes on Some Siphonaptera from Canada
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: January 2010

In a previous paper on the Siphonaptera of Canada the writer (Holland, 1949b) summarized all available published and unpublished data up to December 31, 1946. One hundred and twenty-seven species and subspecies of fleas were recorded, of which 121 are believed to be endemic, and 6 introduced in historic times from the Palaearctic Region.

Studies since 1946 have drawn attention to the occurrence in Canada of a number of species not hitherto recorded. Some of these were new to science. The discoveries of some of the others could have been predicted with reasonable certainty, the species being known from areas immediately south of the International Boundary, on species of hosts known to occur in Canada. In other instances the captures occasioned some surprise, the Canadian records representing rather broad extensions of the known ranges. Some of this supplementary information has already been published (Holland, 1949a, 1950, 1951a, 1951b). In the present paper, seven additional species and subspecies are reported from Canada for the first time. In partial compensation for this, the total of Canadian species is reduced by the recognition of two synonyms.
Effect of Time of Seeding Apex Wheat on Infestation and Sex Ratio of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Jacobson L. A. , Farstad C. W.
Published: January 2010

In 1945 a field experiment was designed at the Lethbridge laboratory to augment data on the effect of the time of seeding on infestation by the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. At that time one of the recommendations for the control of this insect was to delay seeding wheat until after May 15. The resulting crop escaped infestation because of the retarded plant during the period of the sawfly flight.
Methods of Recording Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Populations on Potatoes and the Distribution of Species on the Plant
Authors: Bradley R. H. E.
Published: January 2010

In Eastern Canada, aphids cause serious losses in the potato crop–directly by injuring heavily infested plants and indirectly as vectors of viruses. A field study of factors affecting populations of potato aphids necessitates a method of estimating population that allows comparisons of results from different varieties of potato and from potatoes grown under different conditions. Davies (1934) described one of the first methods of estimating aphid populations in the field; he counted the aphids on lower leaves chosen at random, and expressed the opulation as aphids per 100 leaves. Simpson (1940) reported that the species of aphids on potatoes in Maine differed in their distribution on the plant; to obtain a better estimate of the population, he modified Davies' method and counted the aphids on equal numbers of leaves selected at random from the top, middle, and bottom portions of the plants. Other workers (Joyce, 1938; Hansen, 1941; Whitehead, 1943; Thomas and Jacob, 1943; Staniland, 1943; Jacob, 1944; Doncaster ana Gregory, 1948; Münster, 1948) used various methods of selecting leaves for the sample but continued to express the population as aphids per 100 leaves. Much of the earlier work was in the form of surveys to determine the population of aphids above which the maintenance of healthy seed stock was not a practical proposition.
Analysis of Frequency Distribution of Adults and Larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Cox Constance E.
Published: January 2010

A rapid means of identifying species of insects on the basis of physical measurements is useful to the field worker. The efficiency of the postclypeal index in separating the larvae of two closely allied species is illustrated herein. Occasionally species fall into overlapping subgroups, making it difficult to determine the characteristics of a given subgroup. A method useful in identifying such subgroups is outlined herein.
Plastic Embedding of Insects—A Simplified Technique
Authors: Hocking B.
Published: January 2010

Methods for preserving biological material in transparent plastics were first published some 15 years ago (Hibben, 1937), and have now come into quite wide use. Accounts have heen published of several suitable techniques, mostly rather similar, in both the scientific (Knight, 1937; Puckett, 1940, 1941; Raizenne, 1949) and the commercial literature (Sheehan & Stewart, 1947; General Biological Supply House. 1950; Ward's, 1947). Although these materials are peculiarly suitable for the preservation of insect material, only one short mimeographed publication (Silver, 1948), has appeared describing a method specifically designed for use with an insect group. This method is essentially similar to the procedures described for soft tissues, all of which are much more elaborate than is necessary for insect material. Sheehan and Stewart (1947) mention that dried insect material may be immersed directly in the plastic monomer in the process which they describe.
The Tachinid Parasites of Archips cerasivorana Fitch. (1) Dichaetoneura leucoptera Johns. (Diptera)
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

The Tortricid Archips cerasivorana, described in 1856 by Fitch and usually known by the rather cumbersome name of the Cherry-Tree Ugly Nest Tortricid, is a well known insect, widely distributed in the United States and Canada. Its life-history and habits are described in many of the standard textbooks. The account given is usually rather vague but a more complete and satisfactory treatment is to be found in a paper published by A. B. Baird in 1918. The insect hibernates in the egg stage. The eggs hatch in the latter part of May and during early June. The larvae construct a web which they gradually extend over the foliage on which they feed. In the web they construct silk lined cells in which they live individually when not at work. They are full grown by about the middle of July or later. Their principal food plant is the choke-cherry but occasionally they attack the cultivated cherry.
Some Aspects of the Life History and Ecology of the Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana (Busck) (Lepidoptera-Olethreutidae)
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: January 2010

The widespread presence of the pitch nodule maker in pine plantations and jack-pine regeneration in Manitoba and Saskatchewan stimulated this investigation. Although this insect is not causing serious damage at present it could become a problem should the area of pine plantations be increased in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
Lipidolytic Enzymes Extracted from Galleria mellonella L. (LepidopterarPyralidae) Reared on Natural and Artificial Media
Authors: Good M. E. , Morrison F. O. , Mankiewicz E.
Published: January 2010

While rearing Galleria mellonella L. to further studies by Mankiewicz (1952) on the wax splitting enzymes which they produce and the action of these enzymes on Myctobacterium tuberculosis, it proved difficult to secure a constant supply of honey and comb, the natural food and habitat of this species. Haydak's (1936) summary of earlier work on rearing this wax moth indicated that success had been attained with several artificial media. The writers, therefore, tried an artificial medium and attempted to assess its effect on the nature of the enzymes later extracted from the larvae.
A Method of Tagging Prairie Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with Radio-Phosphorus
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A. , Spinks J. W. T. , Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: January 2010

Bugher and Taylor (1949) and Hassett and Jenkins (1949) reared highly radio-active adults of Aedes aegypti (L.) from larvae kept in a solution of radioactive phosphorus. Jenkins and Hassett (1949) obtained radio-active adults of Aedes pullatus (Coq.) and Aedes excrucians (Wlk.) with an average radio-activity of 4,300 counts per minute by rearing larvae in ponds to which radio-active phosphorus was added. Jenkins and Hassett (1951), with sub-Arctic mosquitoes, chiefly Aedes communis (Deg.), produced adults with radio-activity from 100 to 3,770 counts per minute from larvae reared in vats of P32 solution; adults released and recaptured in the field had an average radio-activity of 915 counts per minute. Thurman and Husband (1951) tagged larvae with P32 and released 400,000 adult mosquitoes in California. Of this number, 249 adults were recaptured at distances up to 1⅞ mi. downwind and 1½ mi. upwind from the release point. Yates et al. (1951) and Hassett and Jenkins (1951) produced radio-active adults of Aedes sticticus (Meig.) and Aedes aegypti (L.) by allowing them to feed on P32 solutions; the radio-activity was readily detectable with a Geiger counter for as long 13 days.
A Note on the Occurrence of a European Tortricid, Cnephasia virgaureana Treit., in Newfoundland with New Synonymy (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: January 2010

During the summer of 1916, a few specimens of a tortricid were submitted to Ottawa for identification. The larvae were abundant on cabbage leaves in the vicinity of St. John's, Newfoundland. At that time the insects were not definitely identified as a European species and were described as new by A. Gibson, who proposed the name Tortrix oleraceana Gibs. (1916. Can. Ent. 48: 373). Some time ago it was realized that oleraceana belonged to the genus Cnephasia. After additional material was received recently from Mr. A. H.
Butler, St. John's, Newfoundland, comparison with European specimens in the collection of Dr. B. P. Beirne showed that the species in question is Cnephasia virgaureana Treit.
Insects Reared from Goldenrod Galls Caused by Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Trypetidae) in Southern Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

Studies of the goldenrod gall caused by Eurosta solidaginis Fitch have been made by various authors who reared insects from the galls in North America, e.g. Hughes (1934), Milne (1940) and Ping (1915). Snyder (1898) described the emergence of an adult fly from a gall in Illinois. In Canada, insects have been reared from galls collected in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories by Brodie (1892), in Quebec by Fyles (1894) and in Ontario by Harrington (1895). An opportunity has been taken recently to examine specimens reared by Dr. G. Beall from galls collected at Chatham, Ontario in 1930 and to rear insects from galls in the vicinity of London, Ontario.
Les Odonates du Parc du Mont Tremblant
Authors: Robert Frêre Adrien
Published: January 2010

Une région aussi étendue et variée que le parc du Mont Tremblant fournit à l'entomologiste comme à tout naturaliste d'ailleurs, un domaine quasi illimitt à de patientes et fructueuses recherches. La superficie actuelle de ce territoire forestier voisine les 700 milles carrés. Les plus hauts sommets des Laurentides, au nord de Montréal, émergent de cette région. La partie méridionale est formée par les bassins supérieurs de cinq rivières d'importance: les rivières Rouge, Macaza, Cachée, du Diable et Boulé; d'autre part, toute la partie septentrionale envoie ses eaux dans la rivière Mattawin, affluent du Saint-Maurice. Les hauts plateaux du parc servent donc de réservoir à six grandes rivières. Ses bornes se trouvent entre les 46° et 47° de latitude et les 74° et 75° de longitude.
On the Identity and Status of Eubaphe lamae Freeman (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae)
Authors: Ferguson Douglas C.
Published: January 2010

Although lamae was described as a species (Freeman, Can. Ent., Vol. 73, p. 123. 1941), there seems to be considerable doubt in some quarters whether it should continue to stand as such. Since I am apparently the only Lepidopterist with the opportunity to observe annually large numbers of this moth flying in its native haunts, it is felt that a few comments might be of interest.
Note on Dichaetoneura leucoptera Johns. (Diptera, Tachinidae)
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

Shortly after the publication of my paper on this species, (Can. Ent., Vol. LXXXV, No. 1) I received a letter from Mr. R. W. Smith, of the Belleville Laboratory, giving some of the results obtained in a study of leucoptera in the parsnip webworm, Depressaria heracleana L., in 1926. In this study, writes Mr. Smith, “first-stage larvae were found in fifth and sixth instar hosts. Their most frequent location was in the musculature of the rectal region of the hind gut”.
The Tachinid Parasites of Archips cerasivorana Fitch. (2) Eusisyropa blanda O. S. (Diptera)
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

This is the species referred to in the first Faper on the parasites of Archips cerasivorana (Can. Ent., Vol. LXXXV, No. 1, pp. 19-30) under the name Zenillia blanda. The genus Eusisyropa was created by Townsend (Smiths. Misc. Colls., Vol. 51, p. 97, 1908) with blanda O.S. as type. In it he also included boamiae Coq.. Aldrich and Webber (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 63, Art. 7, 1924) placed these in Zenillia R.-D. but most workers agree that they collected a very heterogeneous assemblage of species under this name. As will be explained later, the efforts to subdivide the group on adult characters have not been entirely satisfactory. It seems best to use the restricted genera available until the matter has been studied in detail.
The Last-instar Larva of Epinotia medioviridana (Kft.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: January 2010

Epinotia medioviridana (Kft.) (1908) is represented by very few specimens in any collection; there are two in the Canadian National Collection: a paratype (one of the six originally described) and a specimen from Tuxedo, N.Y. The species has been collected at Ottawa, which is its type locality, and in western Pennsylvania, but until now nothing has been known of its life history. During the summer of 1951, five last-instar larvae were collected from flowering raspberry, Rubus odoratus L., at Meach Lake, Que.; three were preserved and two reared to maturity. The following description has been obtained from the three preserved larvae and the two last-instar skins.
Note on Injury to Cucumber by the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris P. de B. (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

During the third week of July, 1952, adults of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris P. de B. [–L. oblineatus (Say)], suddenly became very numerous in a field of young cucumber, variety straight Eight, near Ottawa, Ontario. The insect fed voraciously, attacking the tender, terminal growth of the vines. Little distortion of the foliage resulted, but numerous holes appeared in the leaves when they expanded.
Musca autumnalis Deg. in North America (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

Musca domestica L., the house fly, has hitherto been the only species of the genus definitely known to occur in North America. West (1951) wrote: “This paucity of species in the New World is somewhat strange…it would not be surprising if one or more additional representatives of the genus Musca should sooner or later put in their appearance on the American scene.” An authentic record of a second species, M. autumnalis Deg. [=M. corvina Fab.], is therefore of considerable interest.
The Use of a Virus Disease in the Biological Control of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.)
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: January 2010

The European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.), is a serious defoliator of pine in many parts of Europe and Asia. Infestations of this insect have been controlled by weather, and frequently high percentages are destroyed by parasitic and predacinus insects, by small mammals, and by birds. Infectious diseases are most frequently reported as having controlled outbreaks, namely: virus disease (4, 5), bacterial disease (12). fungus disease (8), bacterial and fungus diseases (7, 11), a disease not diagnosed (9).
Revision of the Occiduaria-argillacearia Complex of the Genus Itame, with Descriptions of New Races (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)
Authors: Ferguson Douglas C.
Published: January 2010

That section of the genus Itame to which have been assigned the names argillacearia and occiduaria of Packard, modestaria and olivalis of Hulst and andersoni Swett has provoked many a sigh of exasperation among collectors and systematists trying to organize their material. The present paper represents several years of intermittent study and observation, and although no drastic changes in nomenclature or arrangement seem warranted, I shall set forth my conclusions for what they are worth. This may actually be regarded as a supplement to Dr. J. McDunnough's remarks on the group in a paper of 1924 (Notes on the Ribearia Group of the Genus Itame. Can. Ent., Vol. 56, p. 271), additional material having been examined that was not available to him at that time.
Observations on Two Species of Pseudoscorpions
Authors: Levi Herbert W.
Published: January 2010

Very few papers have been published on the life history of pseudoscorpions. The literature has been summarized by Kätner (1927), J. C. Chamberlin (1931), Beier (1932) and Roewer (1936-1940). The following contributions are based upon observation of two species of pseudoscorpions which were kept in captivity.

I should like to give sincere thanks to Dr. J. C. Chamberlin for reading the paper and giving valuable suggestions, to Dr. C. C. Hoff for determining the chernetid pseudoscorpions, to Mrs. Rosalie Rogers Talbert for assistance in maintaining and feeding the pseudoscorpions; and to my wife who has aided in the work.
A Two-Year Life-Cycle in Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Overwintering as Eggs and Nymphs
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: January 2010

Most grasshoppers of the prairie region of Western Canada hatch in the spring and complete their life-cycles in one year. There are a few species, however, that hatch in the fall and overwinter as partly grown nymphs; these include the oedipodines Arphia conspersa Scudd., Pardalophora apiculata (Harr.), Xanthippus corallipes latefasciatus Scudd., and Cbortophaga viridifasciata (Deg.) and the acridine Psoloessa delicatula delicatula (Scudd.). Criddle (1933) suggested this when he stated that, although the eggs of some Oedipodinae that hibernate as nymphs normally hatch within a month or two after oviposition, they occasionally fail to do so, in which case a further period of 12 months may occur before hatching takes place. The life-historia of all thest except C. viridifasciata were studied.
Concentration-Dependent Noncysteinyl Leukotriene Type 1 Receptor-Mediated Inhibitory Activity of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Woszczek Grzegorz , Chen Li-Yuan , Alsaaty Sara , Nagineni Sahrudaya , Shelhamer James H.
Published: January 2010

The use of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) for asthma therapy has been associated with a significant degree of interpatient variability in response to treatment. Some of that variability may be attributable to noncysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor (CysLT1)-mediated inhibitory mechanisms that have been demonstrated for this group of drugs. We used a model of CysLT1 signaling in human monocytes to characterize CysLT1-dependent and -independent anti-inflammatory activity of two chemically different, clinically relevant LTRAs (montelukast and zafirlukast). Using receptor-desensitization experiments in monocytes and CysLT1-transfected HEK293 cells and IL-10– and CysLT1 small interfering RNA-induced downregulation of CysLT1 expression, we showed that reported CysLT1 agonists leukotriene D4 and UDP signal through calcium mobilization, acting on separate receptors, and that both pathways were inhibited by montelukast and zafirlukast. However, 3-log greater concentrations of LTRAs were required for the inhibition of UDP-induced signaling. In monocytes, UDP, but not leukotriene D4, induced IL-8 production that was significantly inhibited by both drugs at micromolar concentrations. At low micromolar concentrations, both LTRAs also inhibited calcium ionophore-induced leukotriene (leukotriene B4 and leukotriene C4) production, indicating 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activities. We report herein that montelukast and zafirlukast, acting in a concentration-dependent manner, can inhibit non–CysLT1-mediated proinflammatory reactions, suggesting activities potentially relevant for interpatient variability in response to treatment. Higher doses of currently known LTRAs or new compounds derived from this class of drugs may represent a new strategy for finding more efficient therapy for bronchial asthma.
A CD1d-Dependent Antagonist Inhibits the Activation of Invariant NKT Cells and Prevents Development of Allergen-Induced Airway Hyperreactivity
Authors: Lombardi Vincent , Stock Philippe , Singh Abinav K. , Kerzerho Jerome , Yang Wen , Sullivan Barbara A. , Li Xiangming , Shiratsuchi Takayuki , Hnatiuk Nathan E. , Howell Amy R. , Yu Karl O. A. , Porcelli Steven A. , Tsuji Moriya , Kronenberg Mitchell , Wilson S. Brian , Akbari Omid
Published: January 2010

The prevalence of asthma continues to increase in westernized countries, and optimal treatment remains a significant therapeutic challenge. Recently, CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells were found to play a critical role in the induction of airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in animal models and are associated with asthma in humans. To test whether iNKT cell-targeted therapy could be used to treat allergen-induced airway disease, mice were sensitized with OVA and treated with di-palmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine polyethylene glycol (DPPE-PEG), a CD1d-binding lipid antagonist. A single dose of DPPE-PEG prevented the development of AHR and pulmonary infiltration of lymphocytes upon OVA challenge, but had no effect on the development of OVA-specific Th2 responses. In addition, DPPE-PEG completely prevented the development of AHR after administration of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) intranasally. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DPPE-PEG acts as antagonist to α-GalCer and competes with α-GalCer for binding to CD1d. Finally, we show that DPPE-PEG completely inhibits the α-GalCer–induced phosphorylation of ERK tyrosine kinase in iNKT cells, suggesting that DPPE-PEG specifically blocks TCR signaling and thus activation of iNKT cells. Because iNKT cells play a critical role in the development of AHR, the inhibition of iNKT activation by DPPE-PEG suggests a novel approach to treat iNKT cell-mediated diseases such as asthma.
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Generated with Different Immunosuppressive Cytokines Induce Antigen-Specific Anergy and Regulatory Properties in Memory CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Torres-Aguilar Honorio , Aguilar-Ruiz Sergio R. , González-Pérez Gabriela , Munguía Rosario , Bajaña Sandra , Meraz-Ríos Marco A. , Sánchez-Torres Carmen
Published: January 2010

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs involved in the initiation of both immunity and immunological tolerance. In autoimmune diseases or graft rejections, most reactive lymphocytes are effector/memory cells. It is believed that memory T cells are more resistant to tolerance induction than naive lymphocytes; however, studies on mechanisms for their efficient tolerization are still scarce. In this study, we generated human monocyte-derived DCs by culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 (control DCs), as well as tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) by adding IL-10, IL-10/TGF-β1, or IL-10/IL-6. Cells were maturated with TNF-α/PGE2. Compared with control DCs, tDCs had similar expression of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86, lower expression of CD40, higher levels of macrophage markers, enhanced endocytic ability, increased secretion of IL-6, IL-10 (only tDCs generated with IL-10 and tDCs generated with IL-10/IL-6), and PGE2, and lower secretion of IL-12 and IL-23. In vitro, tDCs had the capacity to induce anergy in tetanus toxoid-specific memory CD4+ T cells, whereas the proliferative response to an unrelated Ag was intact. Anergy could be reverted upon exposure to IL-2. tDC-primed T cells have low suppressive ability. Nevertheless, the generation of both anergic and regulatory T cells was more efficient with tDCs generated with IL-10/TGF-β1. Microarray-based gene expression profiling reflected modulated expression of several transcripts in tDCs. Surface CLIP–HLA-DR complexes and intracellular thrombospondin-1 were increased in the three tDCs. CD39 was highly expressed only in tDC-TGF, which correlated with increased adenosine production. We propose that these molecules, together with IL-10 and prostanoids, are key factors to induce Ag-specific tolerance in memory T cells.