bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tcra Enhancer Activation by Inducible Transcription Factors Downstream of Pre-TCR Signaling
Authors: del Blanco Beatriz , García-Mariscal Alberto , Wiest David L. , Hernández-Munain Cristina
Published: February 2012

The Tcra enhancer (Eα) is essential for pre-TCR–mediated activation of germline transcription and V(D)J recombination. Eα is considered an archetypical enhanceosome that acts through the functional synergy and cooperative binding of multiple transcription factors. Based on dimethylsulfate genomic footprinting experiments, there has been a long-standing paradox regarding Eα activation in the absence of differences in enhancer occupancy. Our data provide the molecular mechanism of Eα activation and an explanation of this paradox. We found that germline transcriptional activation of Tcra is dependent on constant phospholipase Cγ, as well as calcineurin- and MAPK/ERK-mediated signaling, indicating that inducible transcription factors are crucially involved. NFAT, AP-1, and early growth response factor 1, together with CREB-binding protein/p300 coactivators, bind to Eα as part of an active enhanceosome assembled during pre-TCR signaling. We favor a scenario in which the binding of lymphoid-restricted and constitutive transcription factors to Eα prior to its activation forms a regulatory scaffold to recruit factors induced by pre-TCR signaling. Thus, the combinatorial assembly of tissue- and signal-specific transcription factors dictates the Eα function. This mechanism for enhancer activation may represent a general paradigm in tissue-restricted and stimulus-responsive gene regulation.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Induces Transcriptional Activity of the Human Polymorphic hs1,2 Enhancer of the 3′Igh Regulatory Region
Authors: Fernando Tharu M. , Ochs Sharon D. , Liu Jing , Chambers-Turner Ruth C. , Sulentic Courtney E. W.
Published: February 2012

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental toxicant known to inhibit Ab secretion and Ig expression. Inhibition of Ig expression may be partially mediated through repression of the 3′Igh regulatory region (3′IghRR). TCDD inhibits mouse 3′IghRR activation and induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding to dioxin response elements within the 3′IghRR enhancers hs1,2 and hs4. The human hs1,2 enhancer (hu-hs1,2) is polymorphic as the result of the presence of one to four invariant sequences (ISs), which have been correlated with several autoimmune diseases. The IS also contains a dioxin response element core motif. Therefore, the objective was to determine whether hu-hs1,2 activity is sensitive to TCDD. Using a mouse B cell line (CH12.LX), we compared the effects of TCDD on mouse hs1,2 versus hu-hs1,2 activity. TCDD inhibited mouse hs1,2 similarly to the mouse 3′IghRR. In contrast, hu-hs1,2 was activated by TCDD, and antagonist studies supported an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent activation, which was replicated in a human B cell line (IM-9). Absence of Pax5 binding sites is a major difference between the human and mouse hs1,2 sequence. Insertion of the high-affinity Pax5 site in hu-hs1,2 markedly blunted reporter activity but did not alter TCDD’s effect (i.e., no shift from activation to inhibition). Additionally, deletional analysis demonstrated a significant IS contribution to hu-hs1,2 basal activity, but TCDD-induced activity was not strictly IS number dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that hu-hs1,2 is a significant target of TCDD and support species differences in hs1,2 regulation. Therefore, sensitivity of hu-hs1,2 to chemical-induced modulation may influence the occurrence and/or severity of human diseases associated with hu-hs1,2.
Redundant and Antagonistic Functions of Galectin-1, -3, and -8 in the Elicitation of T Cell Responses
Authors: Tribulatti María Virginia , Figini María Gabriela , Carabelli Julieta , Cattaneo Valentina , Campetella Oscar
Published: February 2012

Galectins, a family of mammalian lectins, have emerged as key regulators of the immune response. We previously demonstrated that galectin (Gal)-8, from the tandem-repeat subgroup, exerts two well-defined effects on mouse naive peripheral CD4 T cells: Ag-specific costimulation and Ag-independent proliferation. These stimulatory signals on naive T cells have not been described for any other Gal. Therefore, we investigated whether Gal-1 and Gal-3, two prominent members of the Gal family, share the stimulatory effects exerted by Gal-8 on naive T cells. We found that Gal-1 costimulated Ag-specific T cell responses similarly to Gal-8, as evaluated in the DO11.10 TCROVA-transgenic mouse model, by acting simultaneously on APCs and target CD4 T cells. In contrast, Gal-3 failed to costimulate Ag-specific T cell responses; moreover, it antagonized both Gal-1 and Gal-8 signals. We observed that both Gal-1 and Gal-3 were unable to induce Ag-independent proliferation; however, when two Gal-1 molecules were covalently fused, the resulting chimeric protein efficiently promoted proliferation. This finding indicates that Gal-1 might eventually induce proliferation and, moreover, stresses the requirement of a tandem-repeat structure. Remarkably, a single dose of recombinant Gal-1 or Gal-8 administered together with a suboptimal Ag dose to DO11.10 mice strengthened weak responses in vivo. Taken together, these findings argue for the participation of Gals in the initiation of the immune response and allow the postulation of these lectins as enhancers of borderline Ag responses, thus representing potential adjuvants for vaccine formulations.
Lymphotoxin β Receptor Activation on Macrophages Induces Cross-Tolerance to TLR4 and TLR9 Ligands
Authors: Wimmer Nadin , Huber Barbara , Barabas Nicola , Röhrl Johann , Pfeffer Klaus , Hehlgans Thomas
Published: February 2012

Our previous studies indicated that lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) activation controls and downregulates inflammatory reactions. In this study, we report that LTβR activation on primary mouse macrophages results in induction of tripartite motif containing (TRIM) 30α, which negatively regulates NF-κB activation induced by TLR signaling. LTβR activation results in a downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine and mediator expression upon TLR restimulation, demonstrating that LTβR signaling is involved in the induction of TLR cross-tolerance. Specific knockdown experiments using TRIM30α-specific small interfering RNA abolished the LTβR-dependent induction of TRIM30α and LTβR-mediated TLR cross-tolerance. Concordantly, LTβR activation on bone marrow-derived macrophages induced cross-tolerance to TLR4 and TLR9 ligands in vitro. Furthermore, we have generated cell type-specific LTβR-deficient mice with ablation of LTβR expression on macrophages/neutrophils (LTβRflox/flox × LysM-Cre). In bone marrow-derived macrophages derived from these mice LTβR-induced cross-tolerance to TLR4 and TLR9 ligands was impaired. Additionally, mice with a conditional ablation of LTβR expression on macrophages (LTβRflox/flox × LysM-Cre) are resistant to LTβR-induced TLR4 tolerance in vivo. Collectively, our data indicate that LTβR activation on macrophages by T cell-derived lymphotoxin α1β2 controls proinflammatory responses by activation of a TRIM30α-controlled, counterregulatory signaling pathway to protect against exacerbating inflammatory reactions.
Retroperitoneal Abscess Due to Dropped Gallstones After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Adel Farah , Ramia Jose M , De la Plaza Roberto , Quilñones Jose , Arteaga Vladimir , Garcia-Parreño Jorge
Published: February 2012

Complications of dropped gallstones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are infrequent but retroperitoneal abscess is extremely rare. We present a new case, discuss causes, diagnostic methods, preventive measures and therapeutical options.
Studies on the microbial diversity of salted fishes under aerobic conditions
Authors: Anbu Rajan Lawrance , Joseph Toms C. , Thampuran Nirmala , James Roswin
Published: February 2012

A total of 93 isolates of halophilic and moderately halophilic bacteria were isolated from salted fishes, Scoliodon sp. and Thrissina thryssa obtained from retail fish outlets in Cochin, Kerala, India. The viable count of the bacteria in Scoliodon sp. and Thrissina thryssa ranged from 103-106 per g. The morphological, biochemical, and physiological investigations were done to characterize the isolates, which showed good growth in medium containing 3-10% (w/v) NaCl at 37°C. In Scoliodon sp. the maximum of 87.5% isolates were Gram-positive cocci and in Thrissina thryssa 95.5% of the isolates were Gram-positive rods. The optimum conditions such as temperature, pH, and salts (NaCl) were determined. The utilization of organic compounds such as fructose, lactose, glucose, sucrose, arabinose, trehalose, maltose, salicin, mannose, cellobiose, rhamnose, dulcitol, xylose, raffinose, sorbitol, adonitol, inulin, galactose, inositol, mannitol, hydrogen sulfide, nitrate, citrate utilization, MR-VP, triple sugar iron, as well as the hydrolysis of organic compounds such as casein, gelatin, aesculin, starch, Tween 20, and Tween 80 were also investigated. Moreover, an alkalophilic bacterial strain Bacillus halodurans (B. halodurans) was isolated from Thrissina thryssa and confirmed by 16S rDNA analysis. These studies revealed that salted fishes offer an optimal environment for the viable, diverse, potentially and industrially important bacterial community.
Evaluation of new primers for detecting toxigenic vibrio cholerae by multiplex PCR
Authors: Mehrabadi Jalil F. , Morsali Parisa , Rohani nejad Hamideh , Imani Fooladi Abbas Ali , Najafy Sarah
Published: February 2012

Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera that has emerged as an endemic disease in different regions of the world in recent years. Traditional microbial culture and microscopy methods are considered to be the best standard for diagnosing V. cholerae infection. These methods, however, delay any available confirmatory answer by days. Molecular methods have the potential to provide sensitive, accurate, and rapid analysis of V. cholerae infection. We have developed a multiplex PCR assay to detect virulence and toxigenic-associated (VTA) genes (ctxA, tcpA, and ompW). To evaluate PCR specificity, additional bacteria from the enterobacteriaceae family (Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysantry, and entrotoxigenic E. coli) and Aeromonas hidrophyla were examined in this study. Specificity tests were evaluated using the genome dilution method. Importantly, the results show that our PCR specificity method represents the best tool for the rapid detection of VTA genes because of its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and accuracy. This multiplex PCR method can be used for examining the existence of VTA genes in patient samples, and therefore will distinguish V. cholerae from other vibrios and bacteria. This method is able to detect 10-100 colony forming units (CFUs) of V.Cholerae and 8.5-85 picograms (pg) of genomic DNA. The multiplex PCR method is also more specific and sensitive than other methods, validating it as an appropriate and sensitive tool for detecting the presence of toxigenic and pathogenic V. cholerae.
An agar degrading diazotrophic actinobacteria from hyperalkaline meteoric lonar crater lake - a primary study
Authors: Raut Avinash A. , Bajekal Shyam S.
Published: February 2012

There are very few reports on agarases being produced by actinobacteria, Streptomyces coelicolor being the only one known since decades for its agar degrading property. Here we report an agar degrading diazotrophic actinobacterium other than Streptomyces coelicolor, isolated from the littoral soil of Lonar Lake situated in Buldhana district of Maharashtra, India, a lake characterised by high alkalinity, carbonates, bicarbonates, and algal blooms. The lake has a mean diameter of 1800 meters. The Gram-positive filamentous rod grew in a simple medium of pH 10.5 containing agar as a sole source of carbon. The agar degrading property was detected by the appearance of depressions around each colony after 48 h of growth. The enzyme responsible for this degradation, agarase was also detected and estimated. The isolate also grew on Ashby’s Nitrogen free Mannitol Medium aerobically and fixed nitrogen. Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the isolate are presented in this paper.
Gliomas and brain lymphomas in HIV-1/AIDS patients: reflections from a 20-year follow up in Mexico and Brazil
Authors: Cedeno-Laurent Filiberto , Trujillo J. Roberto
Published: February 2012

Opportunistic infections and invasive primary tumors represent major causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected individuals. HIV-1 involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) affects nearly half of seropositive patients, being the primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) a hallmark neoplasia of this population. Interestingly, the incidence of other brain tumors (e.g. gliomas) is exceedingly rare in AIDS patients, and their co-morbidity has been limited to case reports. Here, we share our 20-year experience following brain tumors in HIV-1/AIDS patients from major referral hospitals in Mexico and Brazil. Additionally, we provide the most updated compilation of reported glioma cases in AIDS patients, with a thorough epidemiological analysis. Furthermore, we discuss HIV-1-driven mechanisms that would theoretically increase malignant transformation of glial cells; while offering newly reported explanations as to why protease inhibitors, key components of multi-drug anti-retroviral schemes, may be responsible for such a low co-incidence of gliomas in HIV-1 infected individuals.
 
Antigenic characterization of avian influenza H9 subtype isolated from desi and zoo birds
Authors: Saleem Farrukh , Mukhtar Muhammad Mahmood , Muhammad Khushi , Arshed Muhammad Javed , Abubakar Muhammad
Published: February 2012

Avian influenza is a viral infection which affects mainly the respiratory system of birds. The H9N2 considered as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus and continuously circulating in poultry flocks causing enormous economic losses to poultry industry of Pakistan. As these viruses have RNA genome and their RNA polymerase enzyme lacks proof reading activity which resulted in spontaneous mutation in surface glycoproteins (HA and NA) and reassortment of their genomic segments results in escape from host immune response produced by the vaccine. Efforts made for the isolation and identification of avian influenza virus from live desi and zoo birds of Lahore and performed antigenic characterization. The local vaccines although gives a little bit less titer when we raise the antisera against these vaccines but their antisera have more interaction with the local H9 subtype antigen so it gives better protective immune response. Infected chicken antisera are more reactive as compare to rabbit antisera. This shows that our isolates have highest similarity with the currently circulating viruses. These results guided us to devise a new control strategy against avian influenza viral infections. The antigenic characterization of these avian influenza isolates helped us to see the antigenic differences between the isolates of this study and H9 subtype avian influenza viruses used in vaccines. Therefore, this study clearly suggests that a new local H9 subtype avian influenza virus should be used as vaccinal candidate every year for the effective control of influenza viral infections of poultry.
Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a challenge for the urologist
Authors: Cai Tommaso , Mazzoli Sandra , Mondaini Nicola , Malossini Gianni , Bartoletti Riccardo
Published: February 2012

The role of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) in everyday clinical practice is now on the increase because Ct infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide. Ct can cause urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis, or epididymitis, although asymptomatic infections are quite common. Ct infection remains asymptomatic in approximately 50% of infected men and 70% of infected women, with risk for reproductive tract sequelae both in women and men. A proper early diagnosis and treatment is essential in order to prevent persistent consequences. An accurate comprehension of the pathology, diagnosis and treatment of this entity is essential for the urologist. We review the literature about the new findings in diagnosis and treatment of Ct infection in sexually active young men.
Sequence Characterization of matrix protein (M1) in influenza A viruses (H1, H3 and H5)
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yu Xiao Ling , Xu Lei , Li Fang Zhi , Li Yong Gang
Published: February 2012

 This study brings the analysis of amino acid sequences of matrix protein (M1) from the influenza virus A (H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1) during 2007-2208. 741 sequences of M1 were compared, of them, H1N1 388; H3N2 251 and H5N1 102. Even though, the M1 is relatively conserved among the influenza A viruses, we found some variations in the M1 among the viruses, H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1. The nuclear localization signal at amino acid 101 to 105 is RKLKR for H1N1 and H3N2, but for H5N1 is KKLKR. All differences of amino acid in M1 of H1, H3 and H5 were listed. 80 sequences of M1 of H1N1 H3N2 and H5N1 were used for phylogenetic analysis. There is no reasontantment found in the M1 among these subtypes. Further study is needed to study the differences of the function of M1 among H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1. The M1 of H5N1 may contribute to the high pathogenesis to this virus.
Eradication of Salmonella Typhimurium in broiler chicks by combined use of P22 bacteriophage and probiotic
Authors: Marietto Gonçalves Guilherme Augusto , Lima Edna Tereza Lima , Donato Tais Cremasco , Rocha Ticiane Sousa , Cisneros Álvarez Luis Emiliano , Sequeira Julio Lopes , Andreatti Filho Raphael Lucio
Published: February 2012

It has been reported that the phage therapy is effective in controlling the number of colony-forming unit (CFU) of Salmonella spp. in chicken gut. This paper describes the protective effect of phage and Lactobacilli administration on Salmonella infection in 1-day-old chicks. We administered the bacteriophage P22 in a single dose and a probiotic mixture of four species of bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus once a day for one week. Samples were analyzed every 48 hours, and intestinal eradication of S. Typhimurium was confirmed after treatments. We observed an increase in the size of duodenal villi and cecal crypts, as well as an increase in body weight in groups that received daily doses of Lactobacilli. This study confirms the efficiency of bacteriophage therapy in controlling salmonellosis in chicks and the beneficial effect of Lactobacilli mixtures in the weight gain of the birds. 
How immigration can change the prevalence of HBV infection in an urban area of Northern Italy
Authors: De Paschale Massimo , Manco Maria Teresa , Belvisi Luisa , Magnani Carlo , Re Tiziana , Viganò Paolo , Biagiotti Sara , Capelli Francesca , Mazzone Antonino , Baldacci Maria Pia , Ferrara Aldo , Neri Anna Lisa , Guastoni Carlo Maria , Bonazzina Riccardo Armando , Brando Bruno , Clerici Pierangelo
Published: February 2012

The introduction of HBV vaccination in Italy has led to a decline in new HBV infections. Increasing immigration over recent years suggests a change in short-term epidemiology of HBV. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HBV infection in the general population living in the catchment area of Legnano Hospital (Northern Italy). In the period 2007-2008, 22,758 inpatients and outpatients were examined for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), of whom 1,654 (7.3%) were of foreign origin. Of the 488 patients who were positive for HBsAg (2.1%), 381 (1.8%) were Italian and 107 (6.5%) were born in other countries. In terms of age, the prevalence of HBsAg was significantly higher among non- Italians in every age group (other than those aged >60 and <11 years), and in many of the selected subgroups: the inpatients of some departments (35.4% vs 17.2%), pregnant women (5.3% vs 0.3%), blood donors (4.7% vs 0.1%), and hospital staff (6.4% vs 1.3%). Non- Italians were affected by 16.7% of acute infections and 24.3% of chronic infections; they also accounted for 42.6% of subjects with carrier state, 16.0% of patients with chronic hepatitis, and 12.2% of patients with cirrhosis. In our area, the overall prevalence of HBsAg among Italians is less than 2% (as expected following the introduction of HBV vaccination), but it is significantly higher among patients from areas highly endemic for HBV infection who represent a new reservoir for HBV infection.
Differential kinetics of plasma procalcitonin levels in cerebral malaria in urban Senegalese patients according to disease outcome
Authors: Mbengue Babacar , Diatta Bacary , Niang Birahim , Diagne Ngor , Ndiaye Mamadou , Marrama Laurence , Perraut Ronald , Dieye Alioune
Published: February 2012

P. falciparum malaria continues as the serial killer of over a million lives yearly, mainly for children in sub-Saharan Africa. For severe malaria, we are still on the quest for a prognostic marker of fatal outcome. We analysed the association between serum levels of Procalcitonin (PCT), a marker of septic inflammation, and clinical outcome in Senegalese patients admitted with confirmed cerebral malaria in the intensive care facility of Hopital Principal. A total of 98 patients living in the hypoendemic urban area of Dakar, Senegal, were enrolled during transmission seasons. Levels of PCT were compared between surviving vs the 26.5 % fatal cases in blood samples of the 3 days following hospitalisation. Mean PCT levels were elevated in patients with active infection, with a large range of values (0.1 to 280 nanog per mL), significantly higher on day 0 in fatal cases than in surviving (53.6 vs 27.3; P=0.01). No exact individual threshold level could indicate occurrence of fatality, however mortality could be most accurately predicted by PCT level above 69 nanog per ML and there was a very clear different profile of evolution of PCT levels on the 3 days of observation decreasing early from day 1 in surviving patients (P<10–3), contrary to fatal cases. These results indicate that PCT kinetic rather than intrinsic level could be of use to predict a reduced risk of fatality in patient with cerebral malaria and could serve as potential predicting marker for severe malaria.
Analysis of hepatitis C virus infection among sickle cell anemia patients by an antigen-antibody combination assay
Authors: Obeid Obeid E. , Alzahrani Alhusain J.
Published: February 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a major impact on public health. In spite of the progress made in the prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections over the last years, these still occur, especially in multi-transfused patients such as sickle cell anemia patients. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is highly prevalent in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Little is known about the prevalence of HCV in Saudi sickle cell disease patients. The present study aimed to assess HCV and HBV antigens, antibodies and viral genome among sickle cell anemia patients in a tertiary hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Methods used included measurement of HCV antigen and antibodies using the novel HCV antigen/antibody combination assay, assessment of HCV core antigen and measurement of viral genome using standard commercial kits. Of the 138 sickle cell disease samples tested, 5 (3.6%) samples gave positive results. Their hemoglobin ranged between 7.8 and 10.1 g/dL, their erythrocyte count ranged between 3.1¥106 and 3.9¥106. Out of these 5 samples, 4 were also positive by the HCV Core Ag assay and by the HCV RNA PCR test (80%). None of the control group was positive. Seven patients were positive for HBs antibodies. One sample was positive for HBsAg, and this indicates chronic carrier state. Improving the testing for blood-borne infections such as HCV and HBV will result in better control of these infections in sickle cell disease patients which will inevitably lead to lower mortality and morbidity in this group of patients.
Does CCR5 gene-D32 deletion protect C.trachomatis infected Indian women from tubal pathology?
Authors: Mania-Pramanik Jayanti , Kerkar Shilpa C. , Vallabhadas Anjali , Mehta Pratibha B , Salvi Vinita
Published: February 2012

Deletion in chemokine receptor CCR5 gene is reported to prevent development of tubal pathology among Dutch Caucasian C. trachomatis infected women. Hence, a pilot study was undertaken, to evaluate the involvement of CCR5 gene in tubal pathology among Indian women with or without Chlamydia infection. Three hundred women with or without Chlamydia infection and with different reproductive manifestations were screened for CCR5 gene using a standardized PCR. Only 6 C. trachomatis infected women without tubal block had heterozygous deletion for this gene. The rest had wild type CCR5 gene, that includes fertile women infected and non infected; infertile women infected and non infected with and without tubal block as well as infected women with history of recurrent spontaneous abortions. The study indicates no role of heterozygous CCR5 D32 gene deletion in prevention of tubal pathology in Chlamydia infected Indian women. Only 2% heterozygous deletion in CCR5 gene is observed in the studied population.
Vancomycin intermediate and high level vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Osogbo, Nigeria
Authors: Taiwo Samuel Sunday , Bamigboye Titilope Bosede , Odaro Osatohanmwen , Adefioye Olusegun Adelowo , Fadiora Solomon Olufemi
Published: February 2012

The decreased vancomycin susceptibility and subsequent emergence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strains already multi-resistant to antibiotics is a major public health problem. In 2009, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) altered its guidelines for vancomycin susceptibility testing in S. aureus and recent data suggests the possibility that VRSA may emerge more frequently than previously expected. Against this background, we conducted a study to ascertain the susceptibility status of clinical S. aureus isolates to vancomycin in our environment using vancomycin agar screen, disk diffusion and broth dilution methods. Of the total 49 S. aureus invasive strains isolated, 25 (51.0%) had vancomycin MIC of ≤2µg/ml by the CLSI standard broth dilution method and are classed as vancomycin susceptible; 18 (36.7%) had MIC of 4-8µg/ml (vancomycin intermediate resistant) and 6 (12.2%) had MIC of >256µg/ml (high level vancomycin resistant). Vancomycin agar screen with Mueller-Hinton agar containing 3µg/ml vancomycin (MHA-V3) correctly identified 20 of 25 (80%) vancomycin susceptible isolates; detected all 6 vancomycin resistant isolates and 16 of 18 (88.9%) vancomycin intermediate strains. Similarly, Mueller-Hinton agar containing 6µg/ml vancomycin (MHA-V6) correctly identified 23 of 25 (92%) vancomycin susceptible isolates and all 6 vancomycin resistant isolates but detected 14 (77.8%) of 18 vancomycin intermediate strains. Vancomycin disk diffusion test correctly identified all the 25 vancomycin susceptible S. aureus isolates giving 100% specificity but detected only 1 of 18 (5.6%) vancomycin intermediate and none (0%) of vancomycin resistant isolates. This result shows the occurrence of VISA and high level VRSA isolates in our environment, which contrary to current belief, may indicate widespread dissemination of VRSA. MHA-V3 agar is a useful alternative screening medium for vancomycin non-susceptibility detection in clinical S. aureus isolates but vancomycin disk diffusion is not useful in this regard.
Temporal variation in the phytoplankton community of Acapulco Bay, Mexico
Authors: Rojas-Herrera Agustín A. , Gonzalez Juan Violante , García-Ibáñez Sergio , Sevilla-Torres Víctor M.G. , Gil-Guerrero Jaime S. , Flores-Rodríguez Pedro
Published: February 2012

Species composition and abundance of the phytoplankton community in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, were studied from May to December 2009. Samples were collected at 5 stations (4 coastal and 1 oceanic) at 3 depths (1, 5 and 10 m). Eighty-seven species were identified: 54 dinoflagellates, 32 diatoms and 1 silicoflagellate. The community was structured mainly by adiaphoric species, that is, species adapted to both neritic and oceanic environments. Species abundance and composition varied significantly during the sampling period due to increased nutrient concentrations in the rainy season. Dinoflagellate species were more abundant during the dry season, and diatom species dominated numerically during the rainy season.
Review of Azithromycin Ophthalmic 1% Solution (AzaSite®) for the Treatment of Ocular Infections
Authors: Opitz Dominick L. , Harthan Jennifer S.
Published: February 2012

AzaSite® (azithromomycin 1.0%) ophthalmic solution was approved in 2007 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first commercially available formulation of ophthalmic azithromycin for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. AzaSite® utilizes a vehicle delivery system called DuraSite®, which stabilizes and sustains the release of azithromycin to the ocular surface, leading to a longer drug residence time, less frequent dosing, and an increase in patient compliance. AzaSite® is a broad spectrum antibiotic, effective against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. AzaSite® has been studied for the treatment of ocular conditions beyond its clinical indication. A number of clinical studies have evaluated its efficacy and safety in the management of ocular conditions such as bacterial conjunctivitis and blepharitis on both the pediatric and adult populations. This article aims to evaluate the peer-reviewed published literature on the use of azithromycin 1.0% ophthalmic for current and possible future ophthalmic uses.
Production of oceanic nitrous oxide by ammonia-oxidizing archaea
Authors: Loescher C. R. , Kock A. , Koenneke M. , LaRoche J. , Bange H. W. , Schmitz R. A.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. The recent finding that microbial ammonia oxidation in the ocean is performed by archaea to a greater extent than by bacteria has drastically changed the view on oceanic nitrification. The numerical dominance of archaeal ammonia-oxidizers (AOA) over their bacterial counterparts (AOB) in large parts of the ocean leads to the hypothesis that AOA rather than AOB could be the key organisms for the oceanic production of the strong greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) which occurs as a by-product of nitrification. Very recently, enrichment cultures of marine ammonia-oxidizing archaea have been described to produce N2O. Here, we demonstrate that archaeal ammonia monooxygenase genes (amoA) were detectable throughout the water column of the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) and Eastern Tropical South Pacific Oceans (ETSP). Particularly in the ETNA, maxima in abundance and expression of archaeal amoA genes correlated with the N2O maximum and the oxygen minimum, whereas the abundances of bacterial amoA genes were negligible. Moreover, selective inhibition of archaea in seawater incubations from the ETNA decreased the N2O production significantly. In studies with the only cultivated marine archaeal ammonia-oxidizer Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1, we provide the first direct evidence for N2O production in a pure culture of AOA, excluding the involvement of other microorganisms as possibly present in enrichments. N. maritimus showed high N2O production rates under low oxygen concentrations comparable to concentrations existing in the oxycline of the ETNA, whereas the N2O production from two AOB cultures was comparably low under similar conditions. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that the production of N2O in tropical ocean areas results mainly from archaeal nitrification and will be affected by the predicted decrease in dissolved oxygen in the ocean.
Is There an Endothelial Cell Toxicity of Light-Adjustable Lens UVA Irradiation on the Human Corneal Endothelium?
Authors: Heinzelmann Sonja , Hengerer Fritz H. , Maier Philip , Böhringer Daniel , Dick H. Burkhard , Reinhard Thomas
Published: February 2012

Purpose

In cataract and refractive surgery, implantation of a light-adjustable lens (LAL) represents a promising method to noninvasively correct deviation from target refraction. In this method, UVA irradiation is used to induce controlled changes in the form and refraction of the lens. UVA irradiation is known to have a damaging effect on corneal tissue. So far, no studies about the toxicity of LAL treatment on the human corneal endothelium exist. We tested the effect of LAL treatment on human donor endothelium under organ culture conditions.

Methods

Two pairs of human donor corneas not suitable for transplantation but with good endothelial quality were exposed either to LAL treatment with a target refraction of the maximum adjustable profile for hyperopia with astigmatism (right corneas) or to the white light of the same slit lamp for identical time frames (left corneas). Development of endothelial cell number, morphology and percentage of necrosis was observed. After 6 weeks, histologic analysis was performed.

Results

Comparing morphology, cell count, percentage of necrosis, and histologic examination in vitro, no significant differences between right and left corneas could be detected.

Conclusions

The maximum dose of UVA irradiation used in LAL treatment was not detrimental for human corneal endothelium in vitro. Further in vivo studies and longer observation periods should be performed for ensuring the safety of LAL treatment as a routine procedure.
Uma abordagem para localização e reconhecimento de placas de licenciamento veicular por meio de operadores morfológicos e busca por template
Authors: Alves Wonder Alexandre Luz , Abreu Danilo De Souza , De Araújo Sidnei Alves , Librantz André Felipe Henriques
Published: February 2012

Neste trabalho é apresentado um método para localização e reconhecimento de placas de licenciamento veicular. O método proposto consiste de duas etapas principais: (1) extração da região da placa e (2) reconhecimento da placa. Na primeira etapa, extrai-se a região da placa na imagem de entrada, utilizando um esquema robusto de operadores morfológicos. Na segunda etapa é realizado um processo de geração de placas candidatas por meio de busca por template, para depois, determinar a placa reconhecida utilizando heurísticas. Resultados preliminares mostram que o método proposto pode ser uma boa alternativa para aplicações que envolvam o reconhecimento de placas de licenciamento veicular.
Aplicação de uma rede neuro Fuzzy para a previsão do comportamento do tráfego veicular urbano na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Ferreira Ricardo Pinto , Sassi Renato Jose , Affonso Carlos De Oliveira
Published: February 2012

O aumento do consumo das famílias brasileiras, fruto da estabilidade econômica experimentada no país nos últimos anos, resultou na ampliação do volume de itens, que devem ser coletados ou distribuídos diariamente na cidade de São Paulo. Este cenário provocou profundas mudanças no mercado de distribuição e coleta de encomendas, tornando a distribuição altamente complexa e afetando diretamente a eficiência deste serviço. O objetivo deste artigo foi prever o comportamento do tráfego veicular urbano durante uma semana na cidade de São Paulo, usando uma Rede Neuro Fuzzy. Os resultados apontam que a aplicação da Rede Neuro Fuzzy na previsão do comportamento do tráfego veicular urbano na cidade de São Paulo é positiva e permite aumentar a eficácia da roteirização na cidade de São Paulo. Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que, a roteirização dinâmica de veículos combinada à previsão do comportamento do tráfego, permite aumentar a eficácia da roteirização.
Aproveitamento da torta da Moringa oleifera Lam para tratamento de água produzida
Authors: Pereira Daiane Farias , Araújo Nicolis Amaral , Santos Tayanara Menezes , Santana Claudia Ramos , Silva Gabriel Francisco da
Published: February 2012

O uso de coagulantes ambientalmente corretos apresentam uma alternativa viável na separação água/óleo. A polpa da semente do polímero natural conhecido como Moringa oleifera Lam atua como agente clarificante de águas devido à presença de uma proteína catiônica que desestabiliza as partículas contidas na água. Este trabalho propõe estudar o tratamento de água produzida, obtida na extração de petróleo, utilizando o coagulante extraído das sementes moringa em meio salino e em meio aquoso. Os resultados mostraram eficiência de remoção de óleo de 96% utilizando 0,5mL/L do coagulante extraído em meio salino e uma eficiência de 76% utilizando 2,5 mL do coagulante extraído em meio aquoso. Isto indica que o extrato da moringa pode ser uma excelente alternativa para o tratamento da água produzida na extração do petróleo.
Purificação de bromelina dos resíduos de abacaxi (Ananas comosus L. Merril) por sistemas bifásicos aquosos PEG/Sal
Authors: Coelho Diego De Freitas , Soares Paulo A.G. , Silveira Edgar , Pessoa-Jr Adalberto , Tambourgi Elias Basile
Published: February 2012

Devido à dimensão da produção mundial de abacaxi (Ananas comosus L.) e ao grande percentual de resíduos gerados em seu cultivo e processamento, várias pesquisas têm sido realizadas para a recuperação das enzimas presentes no abacaxi, como a bromelina. Bromelina é o nome genérico dado ao conjunto de endopeptidases oriundas dos membros pertencentes à família Bromeliacea, à qual pertence o abacaxi. Devido aos importantes papéis fisiológicos que desempenham, estas enzimas oferecem um amplo espectro de aplicações terapêuticas comprovadas. Este trabalho visa à purificação da bromelina a partir dos resíduos do abacaxi através de Sistemas Bifásicos Aquosos (SBAs) PEG/SAL utilizando (NH4)2SO4, CaCl2 e Fosfato de Potássio. Os resultados mostraram que não há formação de SBA utilizando o CaCl2 na faixa utilizada de seus constituintes. Contudo, os sistemas PEG/Fosfato e PEG/(NH4)2SO4 apresentaram excelentes resultados, recuperando a bromelina com fator de purificação de 7,4 e 10,7 vezes, respectivamente, e rendimentos acima de 80%.
Atividades Física, Educativa e de Dança: Um Estudo dos Valores Pessoais dos Consumidores Idosos
Authors: Kelly Luciana Torres Souza
Published: February 2012

Este artigo apresenta como objetivo principal identificar os valores pessoais dos consumidores idosos dos servios de atividades fsica, educativa e de dana, sob o aspecto motivacional hednico e utilitrio. Adotou-se o modelo de cadeia meios-fim de Gutman (1982), o qual sugere que a pesquisa deve utilizar uma abordagem qualitativa atravs da entrevista em profundidade no levantamento dos dados e da anlise de contedo. Uma fase da metodologia quantitativa, decorrente da tabulao das conseqncias e valores em tabelas, visando construir os mapas hierrquicos, os quais se constituem em diagramas de freqncia. Por meio dos resultados indicados nos mapas hierrquicos de valor foi possvel observar que os valores e benefcios associados participao em cada atividade so tanto de interesse individual quanto coletivo, e tanto de natureza hednica quanto utilitria. Constatou-se atravs dos resultados, a identificao de valores convergentes e divergentes apontando o perfil heterogneo do consumidor idoso indicando que a cultura, as vivncias, as experincias e as realidades atuais corroboram para a manifestao de um valor pessoal caracterstico na sua vida. E nas situaes de compra e utilizao de servios, apresentam como meta a aquisio de novas amizades e a experimentao de momentos variados (com novidades) na vida diria. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v10i3.2251
Controlling the Degree of Crystallinity and Preferred Crystallographic Orientation in Poly‐Perfluorodecylacrylate Thin Films by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Coclite Anna Maria , Shi Yujun , Gleason Karen K.
Published: February 2012

Preferred crystallographic orientation (texture) in thin films of technologically important materials frequently has a strong effect on the properties of these films and is important for stable surface properties. The deposition of organized molecular films of a poly‐perfluorodecylacrylate, poly‐(1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecyl acrylate) (p‐PFDA), by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) is described. The tendency of p‐PFDA to crystallize in a smectic B phase has been reported in films prepared from solution but not for those using a CVD technique. The degree of crystallinity and the preferred orientation of the perfluoro side chains, either parallel or perpendicular to the surface, are controlled by tuning the CVD process parameters (i.e., initiator to monomer flow rate ratio, filament temperature, and substrate temperature). Films with no observable X‐ray diffraction patterns are also achieved. The observed differences in crystal texture strongly impact the observed water contact angles (150° to 130°, advancing) and corresponding hysteresis behavior. Low hysteresis (<7°) is associated with high crystallinity, particularly when the orientation of the crystallites resulted in the perfluoro side groups being oriented parallel to the surface. The latter texture resulted in smoother film than the texture with the chains oriented perpendicular to the surface and this can be very advantageous for applications in which relatively smooth but still crystalline films are needed.
Cyclization of 1,4‐Phenylenediacrylic Acid with Thionyl Chloride and Subsequent Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions Revisited. The Products are Benzo[1,2‐b;5,6‐b′]dithiophenes and not Benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophenes
Authors: Hassan Zahid , Reimann Sebastian , Wittler Kai , Ludwig Ralf , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: February 2012

The reaction of 1,4‐phenylenediacrylic acid with thionyl chloride was reinvestigated. In earlier reports [Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1980, 1172; Heterocycles 1995, 41, 2691; Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351, 2683] it was claimed that 3,7‐dichlorobenzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophenes were formed in these reactions. Herein, we provide unambiguous evidence that the assignment of these structures is wrong and that, in contrast, 3,6‐dichlorobenzo[1,2‐b;5,6‐b′]dithiophenes are formed. As a consequence, the structures of these parent molecules and of numerous aryl‐substituted derivatives prepared by Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions have to be revised. As many of these dithiophenes were reported to show interesting optical, thermal and electronic properties, the theoretical explanations for these properties have to be reconsidered in the light of the corrected structures reported herein. Our structural assignments are based on X‐ray crystal structure analyses of the parent molecules and on NMR spectroscopic studies of the first unsymmetrical derivatives. Besides, mechanistic investigations based on quantum chemical calculations have been carried out which support the formation of the 3,6‐dichlorobenzo[1,2‐b;5,6‐b′]dithiophene isomers.
Ene Reductase‐Catalysed Synthesis of (R)‐Profen Derivatives
Authors: Pietruszka Jörg , Schölzel Melanie
Published: February 2012

Enantiomerically pure (R)‐profen derivatives and intermediates are synthesised utilising the enzyme YqjM, an ene reductase from Bacillus subtilis. After optimisation of the reaction conditions, the chemoenzymatic approach was applied for the first time in the synthesis of (R)‐flurbiprofen methyl ester.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Iodides with Malononitrile: An Unusual Cyano Group Transfer Process from C(sp3) to C(sp2)
Authors: Jiang Zhaoqiong , Huang Qing , Chen Si , Long Lasheng , Zhou Xiangge
Published: February 2012

An unusual copper‐catalyzed cyanation of aryl iodides to form aryl nitriles by cyano group transfer from C(sp3) to C(sp2) carbon atoms is reported and proceeds to give yields of up to 86%.
Copper‐catalyzed Clauson–Kass pyrroles synthesis in aqueous media
Authors: Deng Hong‐Juan , Fang Yu‐Jing , Chen Gao‐Wei , Liu Miao‐Chang , Wu Hua‐Yue , Chen Jiu‐Xi
Published: February 2012

An efficient and convenient copper‐catalyzed Clauson–Kass reaction of 2,5‐dimethoxytetrahydrofuran with amines in aqueous media has been developed, providing a wide range of N‐substituted pyrroles in good yields. It is noteworthy that the Clauson–Kass reaction of 2,5‐dimethoxytetrahydrofuran with p‐phenylenediamine or m‐phenylenediamine proceeds smoothly to afford the corresponding monopyrroles and bispyrroles with high selectivity in impressive yields. A plausible mechanism for the formation of N‐substituted pyrroles has been proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IR laser‐induced breakdown in tetramethyltin adjacent to Ag or Au: deposition of β‐Sn nanograin‐containing amorphous Au–Sn/C and Ag–Sn/C films
Authors: Křenek Tomáš , Murafa Nataliya , Bezdička Petr , Šubrt Jan , Masoudi Husain M. , Pola Josef
Published: February 2012

Pulsed IR laser irradiation of metal (Au or Ag) target in gaseous tetramethyltin (TMT) results in metal ablation and adjacent dielectric breakdown (DB) in TMT and allows gas phase deposition of films containing metal (Au or Ag), Sn and C elements. Volatile products of DB of TMT were examined by FT‐IR spectroscopy and revealed as intermediates of gas phase carbonization reactions. The solid films were analyzed by FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy and shown as amorphous nanostructured Au–Sn/C and Ag–Sn/C phases containing β‐Sn nanograins. These Sn nanograins exhibit irreversible amorphization upon heating and melt below the melting point of bulk β‐Sn phase. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanically activated synthesis of (E)‐stilbene derivatives by high‐speed ball milling
Authors: Zhu Xingyi , Liu Jun , Chen Tao , Su Weike
Published: February 2012

An efficient mechanically activated solvent‐free synthesis of (E)‐stilbene derivatives by high‐speed ball milling is described. This method has notable advantages in terms of good yield, short reaction time and high selectivity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ligational behavior of new mononucleating NOO ethyl pyruvate Schiff base towards 3d metal(II) ions: an emphasis on antiproliferative and photocleavage property
Authors: Pathan Aishakhanam H. , Naik Ganesh N. , Bakale Raghavendra P. , Machakanur Shrinath S. , Gudasi Kalagouda B.
Published: February 2012

A series of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of a tridentate hydrazone were prepared and characterized by various spectro‐analytical techniques and magnetic moment studies. The complexes were found to be monomeric and non‐electrolytes. The copper complex is electrochemically active in the applied potential range. The compounds synthesized in the present study have shown promising antiproliferative activity when screened using the in vitro method against two human cancer cell lines: HeLa and HepG2. The Escherichia coli DNA‐binding properties of all the compounds were investigated with UV–visible absorption spectrophotometric titrations, viscosity measurements, DNA melting experiments and gel electrophoreses measurements. The compounds were demonstrated to act as DNA intercalators with appreciable DNA‐binding constant values. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.