bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for suspected coronary heart disease in patients, using integrated serum biochemical indices
Authors: Feng Lei , Zhang Chunfang , Nian Shiyan , Hao Yinglu , Xu Wenbo , Zhang Xingfeng , Zhang Jun , Li Li
Published: September 2015

Background

Many serum biochemical indices have been found to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD); however, few studies have evaluated the value on screening CHD of the integrated serum biochemical indices.

Methods

In this study, 627 healthy controls and 1049 patients with CHD were recruited to develop CHD screening models for males and females using unconditional logistic regression. The performance of the screening models was evaluated by areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs), and externally validated in another population comprised of 190 healthy controls and 246 patients with CHD.

Results

Backward stepwise variable selection showed that increasing age, total cholesterol (TC), logarithm-transformed homocysteine (lnHCY), logarithm-transformed γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (lnGGT), and decreasing uric acid, logarithm-transformed triglyceride, apolipoprotein A (apoA) and apolipoprotein B (apoB), increased the detection of CHD in males. In comparison, increasing age, TC, lnHCY, lnGGT and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decreasing apoA, apoB, logarithm transformed lipoprotein (A) and logarithm transformed total bilirubin, increased the detection of CHD in females. The AUCs for the screening models for males and females were 0.958 (95% CI 0.946 to 0.969) and 0.986 (95% CI 0.977 to 0.994), respectively. The performance of the screening models was further evaluated in external validation samples, the AUCs for males and females were 0.907 and 0.992, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that integrated serum biochemical indices may be used to screen for suspected CHD in participants.
Fluid shear stress upregulates placental growth factor in the vessel wall via NADPH oxidase 4
Authors: Rashdan Nabil A. , Lloyd Pamela G.
Published: September 2015

Placental growth factor (PLGF), a potent stimulator of arteriogenesis, is upregulated during outward arterial remodeling. Increased fluid shear stress (FSS) is a key physiological stimulus for arteriogenesis. However, the role of FSS in regulating PLGF expression is unknown. To test the hypothesis that FSS regulates PLGF expression in vascular cells and to identify the signaling pathways involved, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were cultured on either side of porous Transwell inserts. HCAEC were then exposed to pulsatile FSS of 0.07 Pa (“normal,” mimicking flow through quiescent collaterals), 1.24 Pa (“high,” mimicking increased flow in remodeling collaterals), or 0.00 Pa (“static”) for 2 h. High FSS increased secreted PLGF protein ∼1.4-fold compared with static control ( n = 5, P < 0.01), while normal FSS had no significant effect on PLGF. Similarly, high flow stimulated PLGF mRNA expression nearly twofold in isolated mouse mesenteric arterioles. PLGF knockdown using siRNA revealed that HCAEC were the primary source of PLGF in cocultures ( n = 5, P < 0.01). Both H2O2and nitric oxide production were increased by FSS compared with static control ( n = 5, P < 0.05). NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μM) had no significant effect on the FSS-induced increase in PLGF. In contrast, both catalase (500 U/ml) and diphenyleneiodonium (5 μM) attenuated the effects of FSS on PLGF protein in cocultures. Diphenyleneiodonium also blocked the effect of high flow to upregulate PLGF mRNA in isolated arterioles. Further studies identified NADPH oxidase 4 as a source of reactive oxygen species for this pathway. We conclude that FSS regulates PLGF expression via NADPH oxidase 4 and reactive oxygen species signaling.
Endurance, interval sprint, and resistance exercise training: impact on microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Olver T. Dylan , Laughlin M. Harold
Published: September 2015

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) alters capillary hemodynamics, causes capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle, and alters endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, resulting in impaired vasodilatory responses. These changes contribute to altered blood flow responses to physiological stimuli, such as exercise and insulin secretion. T2D-induced microvascular dysfunction impairs glucose and insulin delivery to skeletal muscle (and other tissues such as skin and nervous), thereby reducing glucose uptake and perpetuating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In patients with T2D, exercise training (EX) improves microvascular vasodilator and insulin signaling and attenuates capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle. EX-induced changes subsequently augment glucose and insulin delivery as well as glucose uptake. If these adaptions occur in a sufficient amount of tissue, and skeletal muscle in particular, chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and the risk of microvascular complications in all vascular beds will decrease. We postulate that EX programs that engage as much skeletal muscle mass as possible and recruit as many muscle fibers within each muscle as possible will generate the greatest improvements in microvascular function, providing that the duration of the stimulus is sufficient. Primary improvements in microvascular function occur in tissues (skeletal muscle primarily) engaged during exercise, and secondary improvements in microvascular function throughout the body may result from improved blood glucose control. We propose that the added benefit of combined resistance and aerobic EX programs and of vigorous intensity EX programs is not simply “more is better.” Rather, we believe the additional benefit is the result of EX-induced adaptations in and around more muscle fibers, resulting in more muscle mass and the associated microvasculature being changed. Thus, to acquire primary and secondary improvements in microvascular function and improved blood glucose control, EX programs should involve upper and lower body exercise and modulate intensity to augment skeletal muscle fiber recruitment. Under conditions of limited mobility, it may be necessary to train skeletal muscle groups separately to maximize whole body skeletal muscle fiber recruitment.
Sustained myocardial production of stromal cell-derived factor-1α was associated with left ventricular adverse remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Uematsu Manabu , Yoshizaki Toru , Shimizu Takuya , Obata Jun-ei , Nakamura Takamitsu , Fujioka Daisuke , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Watanabe Yosuke , Kugiyama Kiyotaka
Published: September 2015

The role of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) expressed in infarcted myocardium is unknown in humans. We examined whether SDF-1α produced in an infarcted myocardial lesion may play a role in left ventricle (LV) remodeling and dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We measured SDF-1α levels in plasma obtained from aortic root (AO) and anterior interventricular vein (AIV) in the early phase (2 wk after MI) and the chronic phase (6 mo after MI) in 80 patients with anterior MI. An increment in SDF-1α level from AO to AIV, reflecting SDF-1α release from infarcted myocardium, was more frequent in patients with MI in the early phase of MI [ n = 52 (65%), P = 0.03] but not in the chronic phase of MI [ n = 46 (58%), P = 0.11] compared with that in control patients [ n = 6/17 (35%)]. On linear regression analysis, the transmyocardial gradient in SDF-1α level in the chronic phase of MI was correlated with percentage changes in LV end-diastolic volume index ( r = 0.39, P < 0.001), LV end-systolic volume index ( r = 0.38, P < 0.001), and LV ejection fraction ( r = −0.26, P = 0.01) 6 mo after AMI. By contrast, the transmyocardial gradient of SDF-1α in the early phase of MI had no significant correlations. In conclusion, the production of SDF-1α in infarcted myocardium in the chronic phase of MI was associated with LV adverse remodeling and progressive dysfunction in AMI survivors.
Progressively heterogeneous mismatch of regional oxygen delivery to consumption during graded coronary stenosis in pig left ventricle
Authors: Alders David J. C. , Groeneveld A. B. Johan , Binsl Thomas W. , van Beek Johannes H. G. M.
Published: September 2015

In normal hearts, myocardial perfusion is fairly well matched to regional metabolic demand, although both are distributed heterogeneously. Nonuniform regional metabolic vulnerability during coronary stenosis would help to explain nonuniform necrosis during myocardial infarction. In the present study, we investigated whether metabolism-perfusion correlation diminishes during coronary stenosis, indicating increasing mismatch of regional oxygen supply to demand. Thirty anesthetized male pigs were studied: controls without coronary stenosis ( n = 11); group I, left anterior descending (LAD) coronary stenosis leading to coronary perfusion pressure reduction to 70 mmHg ( n = 6); group II, stenosis with perfusion pressure of about 35 mmHg ( n = 6); and group III, stenosis with perfusion pressure of 45 mmHg combined with adenosine infusion ( n = 7). [2-13C]- and [1,2-13C]acetate infusion was used to calculate regional O2 consumption from glutamate NMR spectra measured for multiple tissue samples of about 100 mg dry mass in the LAD region. Blood flow was measured with microspheres in the same regions. In control hearts without stenosis, regional oxygen extraction did not correlate with basal blood flow. Average myocardial O2 delivery and consumption decreased during coronary stenosis, but vasodilation with adenosine counteracted this. Regional oxygen extraction was on average decreased during stenosis, suggesting adaptation of metabolism to lower oxygen supply after half an hour of ischemia. Whereas regional O2 delivery correlated with O2 consumption in controls, this relation was progressively lost with graded coronary hypotension but partially reestablished by adenosine infusion. Therefore, coronary stenosis leads to heterogeneous metabolic stress indicated by decreasing regional O2 supply to demand matching in myocardium during partial coronary obstruction.
Synergy between acid and endotoxin in an experimental model of aspiration-related lung injury progression
Authors: Tetenev Konstantin , Cloutier Mary E. , von Reyn Jessica A. , Ather Jennifer L. , Candon James , Allen Gilman B.
Published: September 2015

Aspiration is a common cause of lung injury, but it is unclear why some cases are self-limited while others progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Sporadic exposure to more than one insult could account for this variable progression. We investigated whether synergy between airway acid and endotoxin (LPS) amplifies injury severity in mice and whether LPS levels in human patients could corroborate our experimental findings. C57BL/6 mice aspirated acid (pH 1.3) or normal saline (NS), followed by LPS aerosol or nothing. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained 2 to 49 h later. Mice were injected with FITC-dextran 25 h after aspiration and connected to a ventilator, and lung elastance ( H) measured periodically following deep inflation (DI). Endotracheal and gastric aspirates were also collected from patients in the intensive care unit and assayed for pH and LPS. Lung instability (Δ H following DI) and pressure-volume hysteresis in acid- or LPS-exposed mice was greater than in controls but markedly greater in the combined acid/LPS group. BALF neutrophils, cytokines, protein, and FITC-dextran in the acid/LPS mice were geometrically higher than all other groups. BALF from acid-only mice markedly amplified LPS-induced TNF-α production in cultured macrophages. Human subjects had variable endotracheal LPS levels with the highest burden in those at higher risk of aspiration. Acid aspiration amplifies LPS signaling in mice to disrupt barrier function and lung mechanics in synergy. High variation in airway LPS and greater airway LPS burden in patients at higher risk of aspiration could help explain the sporadic progression of aspiration to ARDS.
An individualized approach to sustained inflation duration at birth improves outcomes in newborn preterm lambs
Authors: Tingay David G. , Lavizzari Anna , Zonneveld Cornelis E. E. , Rajapaksa Anushi , Zannin Emanuela , Perkins Elizabeth , Black Don , Sourial Magdy , Dellacà Raffaele L. , Mosca Fabio , Adler Andy , Grychtol Bartłomiej , Frerichs Inéz , Davis Peter G.
Published: September 2015

A sustained first inflation (SI) at birth may aid lung liquid clearance and aeration, but the impact of SI duration relative to the volume-response of the lung is poorly understood. We compared three SI strategies: 1) variable duration defined by attaining volume equilibrium using real-time electrical impedance tomography (EIT; SIplat); 2) 30 s beyond equilibrium (SIlong); 3) short 30-s SI (SI30); and 4) positive pressure ventilation without SI (no-SI) on spatiotemporal aeration and ventilation (EIT), gas exchange, lung mechanics, and regional early markers of injury in preterm lambs. Fifty-nine fetal-instrumented lambs were ventilated for 60 min after applying the allocated first inflation strategy. At study completion molecular and histological markers of lung injury were analyzed. The time to SI volume equilibrium, and resultant volume, were highly variable; mean (SD) 55 (34) s, coefficient of variability 59%. SIplatand SIlongresulted in better lung mechanics, gas exchange and lower ventilator settings than both no-SI and SI30. At 60 min, alveolar-arterial difference in oxygen was a mean (95% confidence interval) 130 (13, 249) higher in SI30vs. SIlonggroup (two-way ANOVA). These differences were due to better spatiotemporal aeration and tidal ventilation, although all groups showed redistribution of aeration towards the nondependent lung by 60 min. Histological lung injury scores mirrored spatiotemporal change in aeration and were greatest in SI30group ( P < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test). An individualized volume-response approach to SI was effective in optimizing aeration, homogeneous tidal ventilation, and respiratory outcomes, while an inadequate SI duration had no benefit over positive pressure ventilation alone.
Simultaneous Targeting of FcγRs and FcαRI Enhances Tumor Cell Killing
Authors: Brandsma Arianne M. , ten Broeke Toine , Nederend Maaike , Meulenbroek Laura A.P.M. , van Tetering Geert , Meyer Saskia , Jansen J.H. Marco , Beltrán Buitrago M. Alejandra , Nagelkerke Sietse Q. , Németh István , Ubink Ruud , Rouwendal Gerard , Lohse Stefan , Valerius Thomas , Leusen Jeanette H.W. , Boross Peter
Published: September 2015

Efficacy of anticancer monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is limited by the exhaustion of effector mechanisms. IgG mAbs mediate cellular effector functions through FcγRs expressed on effector cells. IgA mAbs can also induce efficient tumor killing both in vitro and in vivo. IgA mAbs recruit FcαRI-expressing effector cells and therefore initiate different effector mechanisms in vivo compared with IgG. Here, we studied killing of tumor cells coexpressing EGFR and HER2 by the IgG mAbs cetuximab and trastuzumab and their IgA variants. In the presence of a heterogeneous population of effector cells (leukocytes), the combination of IgG and IgA mAbs to two different tumor targets (EGFR and HER2) led to enhanced cytotoxicity compared with each isotype alone. Combination of two IgGs or two IgAs or IgG and IgA against the same target did not enhance cytotoxicity. Increased cytotoxicity relied on the presence of both the peripheral blood mononuclear cell and the polymorphonuclear (PMN) fraction. Purified natural killer cells were only cytotoxic with IgG, whereas cytotoxicity induced by PMNs was strong with IgA and poor with IgG. Monocytes, which coexpress FcγRs and FcαRI, also displayed increased cytotoxicity by the combination of IgG and IgA in an overnight killing assay. Coinjection of cetuximab and IgA2-HER2 resulted in increased antitumor effects compared with either mAb alone in a xenograft model with A431-luc2-HER2 cells. Thus, the combination of IgG and IgA isotypes optimally mobilizes cellular effectors for cytotoxicity, representing a promising novel strategy to improve mAb therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(12); 1316–24. ©2015 AACR.
Atherogenic Lipoprotein Subfractions Determined by Ion Mobility and First Cardiovascular Events After Random Allocation to High-Intensity Statin or Placebo
Authors: Mora Samia , Caulfield Michael P. , Wohlgemuth Jay , Chen Zhihong , Superko H. Robert , Rowland Charles M. , Glynn Robert J. , Ridker Paul M , Krauss Ronald M.
Published: September 2015

Background—

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) can occur in individuals with low low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C). We investigated whether detailed measures of LDL subfractions and other lipoproteins can be used to assess CVD risk in a population with both low LDL-C and high C-reactive protein who were randomized to high-intensity statin or placebo.

Methods and Results—

In 11 186 Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) participants, we tested whether lipids, apolipoproteins, and ion mobility–measured particle concentrations at baseline and after random allocation to rosuvastatin 20 mg/d or placebo were associated with first CVD events (n=307) or CVD/all-cause death (n=522). In placebo-allocated participants, baseline LDL-C was not associated with CVD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per SD, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–1.21). In contrast, associations with CVD events were observed for baseline non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01–1.38), apolipoprotein B (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11–1.48), and ion mobility–measured non-HDL particles (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05–1.35) and LDL particles (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.07–1.37). Association with CVD events was also observed for several LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions but not for ion mobility–measured HDL subfractions. In statin-allocated participants, CVD events were associated with on-treatment LDL-C, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B; these were also associated with CVD/all-cause death, as were several LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions, albeit with a pattern of association that differed from the baseline risk.

Conclusions—

In JUPITER, baseline LDL-C was not associated with CVD events, in contrast with significant associations for non-HDL cholesterol and atherogenic particles: apolipoprotein B and ion mobility–measured non-HDL particles, LDL particles, and select subfractions of very-low-density lipoprotein particles and LDL particles. During high-intensity statin therapy, on-treatment levels of LDL-C and atherogenic particles were associated with residual risk of CVD/all-cause death.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00239681.
Czasownikowe formanty modyfikacyjne w języku polskim
Authors: Stawnicka Jadwiga
Published: September 2015

Verbal modificational formatives in PolishThe paper presents the classification of verbal derivatives according to Aktionsart in Polish (Verbs containing modificational formatives). In the first part of this paper the main aim is to describe a research project about the semantic-derivational category of Aktionsarten in Slavonic languages. The second part of this paper focuses on the characterization of Polish types of verbal action. The term «types of verbal action» subsumes semantic-derivational classes of verbs distinguished on the basis of modifications in the meanings of verb bases, from the point of view of quantitative characteristics. These derivatives represent the following Aktionsarten: temporal, Aktionsarten with the varied degree of intensity and iterative Aktionsarten. Within the scope of particular Aktiosarten the division of derivatives into semantic groups according to the subtypes of Aktionsarten are formal ways of expressing them has been carried out. The article points at the problem of explaining the various meaning of Aktionsarten.
Synteza dziejów narodu – zarys problematyki stylistycznej gatunku (na podstawie tekstów chorwackich i serbskich)
Authors: Czerwiński Maciej
Published: September 2015

A stylistic outline of a genre: synthesis of a nation’s history (a research of the Croatian and Serbian texts)In the article a particular genre, i.e. synthesis of a nation’s history, or national historiography, is stylistically elaborated. There are at least two reasons why this sort of genre, that has never been scholarly discussed, ought to be analyzed: a social-political relevance (books like A History of Poland, or A History of Croatia, or A History of Serbia play an important role in spreading historical consciousnesses and particular interpretations of history), a linguistic-stylistic (the very construction of texts of this sort differs in many respects from scholar texts possessing many popular-scholar linguistic markers and, additionally, since they concern history, the narrative itself has a its own peculiarity).
Listy o aspekcie
Authors: Gebert Lucyna
Published: September 2015

Letters on aspectThe paper presents the correspondence between the author and professor Stanisław Karolak concerning the role of pragmatic factors such as illocutionary force (i.e. an assertion, a negation, an order, a promise ecc.) in perfective/imperfective aspect choice in Russian and Polish.According to the author’s aspect theory, the occurrence of the perfective verb form is determined by illocutionary force that bears on the part of the verb meaning that consists of the change-of-state and its result. That is why, when illocutionary force is focused on other parts of verb meaning, the accomplished facts are expressed by the imperfective.In his letters Stanisław Karolak expresses a different view: for him assertion is a part of semantics, and he disagrees with taking into consideration pragmatic mechanisms in order to account for aspect variation.
Wykładniki określoności / nieokreśloności a pewien typ wyrażeń ekspresywnych w języku bułgarskim i polskim
Authors: Korytkowska Małgorzata
Published: September 2015

The semantic variants of verbs in a semantic-syntactic description and lexicographic practice (on the basis of Bulgarian language)The problem of establishing the criteria separating homonymic lexical units and their semantic variants is crucial in lexicographic description. The paper illustrates the basis of a semantic-syntactic description of verbs in which the separation of predictave units having the same semantic features is relevant. Confronting the semantic-syntactic approaches with the Bulgarian lexicographic practice allows showing their similarities and differences; it is also pointed out that lexicographic approaches based on the intuition of native speakers lead to certain inconsistencies.
Funkcja stylistyczna formantów słowotwórczych. Zarys problematyki
Authors: Kaproń-Charzyńska Iwona
Published: September 2015

Stylistic function of word-formation formants. An outlineIn the first part of the article, the functions of formants distinguished in the selected structural and post-structural classification of derivatives are presented. In connection with the description of the stylistic function of formal indices of the word-formation origin, the proposal made by S. Grabias (1981) and A. Nagórko (2003) is discussed in a more expanded aspect. The both authors raise the issue of the stylistic differentiation of word-formation means in the area of the pragmatic function of formants. Due to the fact that the establishment whether the formant is fulfilling the stylistic function, is connected, among others, with the knowledge about its stylistic value, the second part of the article draws up attention to the interpretation differences, which are frequent in the literature, which interpretation differences refer to the stylistic value of certain word-formation formants and word-formation types. The author makes an attempt to discover the reason for the said differences. At the end of the article, the methods, which may be used in the research of the stylistic properties of word-formation formants, are specified.
Gdyby kiedykolwiek w przyszłości miał powstać Słownik etymologiczny kaszubskiego języka literackiego...
Authors: Popowska-Taborska Hanna
Published: September 2015

If ever the Etymological dictionary of the Cassubian literary language was to come into beingThe currently emerging Cassubian literary language is characterized by a considerable amount of artificially created neologisms. These neologisms cause us to think about the types of linguistic mechanisms, which cause the emergence of forms and meanings that do not occur in the living Cassubian dialects. The solutions presented in the article refer to: 1. the distribution and the change in the meaning of the Cassubian naparłęczyć się ‘to come across, to turn up’, 2. the new functions of the dual pronominal form naju, 3. the vague etymology of the neologism swiąda ‘consciousness; awareness’, 4. the history of the emergence of the neologism spodle ‘background; basis’.
Kobieca cnota. Próba zrozumienia ewolucji znaczenia cnoty na przestrzeni wieków
Authors: Raszewska-Żurek Beata
Published: September 2015

Feminine virtue. An attempt at understanding the evolution of the meaning of cnota (virtue) over the centuriesThe article is devoted to the evolution of the meaning of the Polish lexeme cnota (virtue) starting from the Old Polish to the present time. The starting point is the change in the meaning of the lexeme virtue from the ‘complex of ethical qualities’ in the Old Polish language to the ‘hymen’ in the twentieth century. From the beginning of the Polish language, the lexeme virtue contained a different catalogue of values in relation to men and women. Analysis concerned these meanings which referred to a woman and were related to the valuation not only of the virtue, but also of a woman in general, taking into consideration non-linguistic, social and cultural determinants. The material comes from historical and contemporary Polish language dictionaries. The studies also included the use of lexemes related to the lexem cnota (virtue), such as an adjective cnotliwy (virtuous) or a noun cnotka (would-be virgin, goody-goody), if they concerned the woman‘s virtue. The meaning of the lexeme virtue in relation to a woman was associated with virginity, chastity, considered as a key factor for determining the value of a woman. Such meaning, associated with a positive valuation of virtue persisted until the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the broad importance of the lexeme virtue has fallen into disuse, the meaning has been narrowed to ‘virginity’. Following this, in connection with social and customary changes, the virtue, already as ‘virginity’, lost its traditional high rating in the category of moral values.
Teoretyczne badania konfrontatywne
Authors: Roszko Danuta , Roszko Roman
Published: September 2015

Theoretical contrastive studiesThe contrastive studies criticism in the 60s – 70s of the 20th century was the only basis for quite a few researchers to formulate their opinion on the studies. Although the criticism is becoming out-of date, it has not lost its inertia to disapprovingly dispose to and discourage from contrastive studies. It should be emphasized that the contrastive studies have taken quite a different course since then. The key charge of the lack of a solid basis for the combination of the languages is no longer in effect. The contrastive studies guidelines formed from scratch by the Semantics Research team of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences are evidence for it, successfully finding their application in previously published multi-volume monographs (Koseska, Penčev 1988-2009, Korytkowska, Koseska, Roszko 2007), a number of works of the authorship of S. Karolak, M. Korytkowska, V. Koseska, V. Maldjieva, D. Roszko, R. Roszko and others (compare the bibliography in Korytkowska, Koseska, Roszko 2007), as well as in the Polish-Lithuanian Contrastive Grammar in preparation by D. Roszko, R. Roszko. The fundamental principle of the contrastive studies is orienting the studies from the semantic ground (the interlanguage) to the formal ground. Using the interlanguage as a semantic tertium comparationis creates a solid and explicit basis for the combination of the languages. The bases for theoretical contrastive studies have come into existence at the Institute of Slavic Studies. Therefore, the guidelines for them were applied for the contrast of Slavonic languages (mainly Polish and Bulgarian). Afterwards, the Lithuanian language, belonging to the Baltic languages, was included among the languages being contrasted. It is noticeable that the studies itself and the published works based on the criteria of theoretical contrastive studies refer to less popular and poorly spread languages, that is Polish, Bulgarian and Lithuanian. Moreover, for quite a time the majority of these works were published mainly in Polish and Bulgarian. Despite a few decades of the existence of the new linguistic contrastive method, the above-mentioned facts caused that the method isn’t well-known. The idea of this article is to make the researchers get interested in the guidelines for theoretical contrastive studies and the results of some of the linguistic contrasts carried out until now.
Przyimki polskie a tendencja analityczna języków indoeuropejskich
Authors: Gawełko Marek
Published: September 2015

Polish prepositions and analytic tendencies in Indo-European languagesAs analytic tendencies in Indo-European languages intensify, grammatical forms and lexemes become generalised. In the realm of prepositions, we observe not only semantical generalisation of a limited set of units (including at least de and à) but also their grammaticalization. Both these prepositions: 1. can perform grammatical functions; 2. due to their general and blurry semantics can easily replace a number of specific prepositions, including dans, sur, vers and contre, either introducing a slight change in meaning or without causing such change. In examples like le train de Paris, le chemin de Fatima, which signify place of origin or direction (place of destination), the preposition can be replaced by e.g. pour. In the examples quoted, the preposition signifies a clarification rather than a spatial relation.Polish preposition are, in their turn, all semantical. One argument in favour of this assertion is that the most frequently occurring Polish preposition w is a textual equivalent of the more specific French dans rather than the less specific en. Les prépositions polonaises et la tendance analytique des langues indo-européennesAu fur et à mesure de la tendance analytique qui se manifeste dans les langues indo-européennes, les formes grammaticales et les lexèmes tendent à la généralisation. Dans le domaine des prépositions on observe non seulement la généralisation de la sémantique d’un groupe réduit d’unités (au moins de de et à), mais aussi leur grammaticalisation. Les deux 1º peuvent exercer des fonctions grammaticales et 2º en vertu de leur sémantique générale et affaiblie, sont susceptibles de se substituer à un certain nombre de prépositions concrètes telles dans, sur, vers, contre et autres en introduisant une légère modification de sens ou non. Dans les exemples tels que le train de Paris, le chemin de Fatima, qui expriment soit la provenance soit la destination, la préposition peut être remplacée entre autres par pour. Dans ces exemples elle marque la détermination plutôt qu’une relation spatiale.Les prépositions polonaises sont toutes sémantiques. Un argument est que w, la plus fréquente préposition polonaise, est un équivalent textuel plus souvent de fr. dans, plus spécifique, que de en, moins spécifique.
O dwóch znaczeniach i jednym wartościowaniu leksemu czystość (na tle niektórych wyrazów pokrewnych i antonimów)
Authors: Raszewska-Żurek Beata
Published: September 2015

On the double meaning and single evaluation of the Polish lexeme czystość as compared with selected synonyms and antonyms This article is dedicated to evolution of both meanings of lexeme czystość – physical, meaning cleanness and ethical meaning purity with its’ evaluation. Both of them orginate from Praslavic language. For better understanding of its’ meanings adjective czysty, antonyms nieczystość, nieczysty, brud and brudny were taken into analysis.Ethical meaning of czystość as morality, righteousness was used commonly in Praslavic language and widely documented during the XVIth Century. It described wide range of positive meanings including sexual purity which became a dominant one. Despite of that fact czystość had great value and was described by positive epithets. It resulted from religious terminology and was one of the importancies in human life. Positive valuing of czystość in ethical meaning (purity) has not changed during next centuries but the way of expressing it has. Czystość described commonly known virtues like czystość serca, czystość zamiarów, czystość intencji, czystość obyczajów. Wide spectrum of understanding it as a virtue resulted in describing other accepted and positive values. Nowadays czystość as a virtue is used less common probably because of it’s pathetic overtone. Throughout the polish language history positive evaluation of purity was strongly underlined by its’ antonyms like nieczystość and transforming into ethical meaning brud.Physical meaning of czystość, rarely recorded because of the saced character of first documents (dominant ones) has not changed over the centuries. Nowadays this meaning become dominant. It resultes from cultural changes and orientation on hygienic style of life – physical czystość (hygiene) is connected with comfort, wellness and health. Unchengable positive meaning of physical czystość resultes from it’s strong antonym brud (dirt) which highly evokes sickness and repulsion.
Narzędnik afirmacji w wybranych językach słowiańskich
Authors: Grygiel Marcin
Published: September 2015

Instrumental of affirmation in selected Slavic languagesIn the present article I argue that apart from the genitive of negation, Slavic also makes use of the instrumental of affirmation – but its recognition requires a more sophisticated, function-oriented analytic model, firmly grounded in the real linguistic usage and sensitive to semantic conditioning – such as cognitive semantics. The discussion offered seems to suggest that the Slavic instrumental is an inherently affirmative case, as opposed to genitive which has specialized in expressing partition, disjunction and negation, e.g. compare Pol. ciasto z orzechami/ Srb. kolač sa orasima ‘a cake with nuts INSTR’ vs. Pol. ciasto bez orzechów/ Srb. kolač bez oraha ‘a cake without nuts GEN’. Furthermore, because of its semantic properties, the instrumental case is attracted by positive contexts and acts as an intensifier of affirmation. Slavic instrumentals can be classified, on the basis of the positive meanings they imply, as instrumentals of completeness, instrumentals of conjunction and instrumentals of existence. The proposed semantic classification becomes more refined when image-schemas of CONTAINER, PATH, SURFACE and conceptual metaphors related to the physical relation of COVERAGE are included in the model.
Czeski czasownik zdát se w przekładzie na język polski (na podstawie badań z wykorzystaniem czesko-polskiego korpusu równoległego InterCorp)
Authors: Kaczmarska Elżbieta
Published: September 2015

The Czech Verb zdát se in Translation into Polish Language (Based on Studies Using the Parallel Corpus „InterCorp”)The article presents the possibilities of translating the Czech verb zdát se into the Polish language and introduces the parallel corpus (InterCorp) as a tool for searching equivalents. The analysis of the data from a parallel corpus shows a series of possibilities of understanding and translating the verb zdát se (wydawać się, zdawać się, mieć wrażenie, wyglądać, widzieć, widać, myśleć, mniemać, podejrzewać, pomyśleć, rozumieć, sądzić, uświadamiać sobie, uważać, uznać, czuć, poczuć, doznać uczucia, mieć uczucie, wynikać, okazywać się, chyba, najwyraźniej, pewnie, prawdopodobnie, śnić się, przyśnić się, przywidzieć się, podobać się, być zadowolonym). The verb zdát se seems to be polysemantic and to cause lexical and stylistic problems. The results of the analyses based on the InterCorp may also open the discussion about the contents of modern dictionaries.
Environmental Demands and the Emergence of Social Structure
Authors: Tatarynowicz Adam , Sytch Maxim , Gulati Ranjay
Published: September 2015

This study investigates the origins of variation in the structures of interorganizational networks across industries. We combine empirical analyses of existing interorganizational networks in six industries with an agent-based simulation model of network emergence. Using data on technology partnerships from 1983 to 1999 between firms in the automotive, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, microelectronics, new materials, and telecommunications industries, we find that differences in technological dynamism across industries and the concomitant demands for value creation engender variations in firms’ collaborative behaviors. On average, firms in technologically dynamic industries pursue more-open ego networks, which fosters access to new and diverse resources that help sustain continuous innovation. In contrast, firms in technologically stable industries on average pursue more-closed ego networks, which fosters reliable collaboration and helps preserve existing resources. We show that because of the observed cross-industry differences in firms’ collaborative behaviors, the emergent industry-wide networks take on distinct structural forms. Technologically stable industries feature clan networks, characterized by low network connectedness and rather strong community structures. Technologically dynamic industries feature community networks, characterized by high network connectedness and medium-to-strong community structures. Convention networks, which feature high network connectedness and weak community structures, were not evident among the empirical networks we examined. Taken together, our findings advance an environmental contingency theory of network formation, which proposes a close association between the characteristics of actors’ environment and the processes of network formation among actors.
Job Authority and Support for Income Redistributive Policy
Authors: Wilson George , Maume David J.
Published: September 2015

Building on substantive yet neglected foundations provided by classical sociological theorists—theorists who emphasized the experiential conditions of work in structuring ideology—we examine in this article the impact of job authority tasks on levels of support for policy to redistribute income. Such a focus contributes to a broader sociological understanding of the links between status, ideology, and political action. With data drawn from the 2010 and 2012 National Election Studies, we find that workplace experiences and tasks involving sanctioning/organizational responsibility as well as the hierarchical patterning of interactions on one’s job help structure generalized views regarding inequality and policy orientations ultimately enacted outside of the workplace. In this regard, the number of authority tasks is inversely related to support for redistributive policy. Subsequent analyses, however, reveal this general pattern does not hold on the basis of race: less variation in policy support as well as greater levels of policy support is expressed by African Americans than Whites across all authority task levels. We conclude by discussing how our findings inform broader conceptions regarding the link between work, ideology, and politics, as well a deeper sociological sense of the attitudinal consequences of work and the underpinnings of tenets of American stratification ideology.
Colonial legacy and gender inequality in Uzbekistan
Authors: Kane Danielle , Gorbenko Ksenia
Published: September 2015

This article examines how the historical interaction between colonizer and colonized influenced gender inequality in the Central Asian state of Uzbekistan. The study demonstrates that the interaction had cultural and structural components that contributed to the establishment of gender conservatism as a national virtue. After the failure of other initiatives in the region, the Soviets launched a massive unveiling ritual in Uzbekistan that led to widespread resistance, including a wave of murders of unveiled women. At the same time, the Soviets left in place local patriarchal networks that reinforced this gender conservatism. To underscore the critical nature of these interactions and their variability, the study includes evidence from neighboring Kazakhstan, a nomadic society where women did not veil and where local networks were disrupted through Soviet-led collectivization and sedentarization. The study argues that these two societies interacted differently with the Soviet modernizing project, with implications for present-day disparities in gender equality.
Corruption and public secrecy: An ethnography of football match-fixing
Authors: Numerato Dino
Published: September 2015

The topic of corruption has recently moved from the periphery to the centre of social scientific attention. Notwithstanding the increased interest, research into corruption has been empirically limited and under-theorized. This study addresses that gap by providing an ethnographic account of football match-fixing in the Czech Republic. By qualitatively analysing both primary and secondary data, this study examines match-fixing and corruption through the lens of the concept of public secrecy. Three different, narrowly intertwined forms of match-fixing are identified: direct corruption, mediated corruption and meta-corruption. By conceptualizing match-fixing as a public secrecy, the study explores how the publicly secret nature of match-fixing is normalized and how the match-fixing complex is reinforced by a compromising complicity of social actors who are both victims and principals. Although this study focuses on a sport-related example, it has both theoretical and empirical implications for a sociological understanding of corruption outside the sphere of sport.
Sustainable development: Agents, systems and the environment
Authors: Burns Tom R
Published: September 2015

This article provides an overview and analysis of sustainable development from a sociological perspective. It is divided into three parts. The first presents selected relevant sociological research before there was ever a concept of ‘sustainable development’. The selected focus is on work falling under the rubrics of environmental sociology as well as development sociology. The second part briefly discusses the context and process that led to conceptualizing ‘sustainable development’. The third part considers the response of several sociological theories to sustainable development issues, with the focus on a selection of four major system theories: world systems theory, neo-Marxist ‘treadmill of production’ theory, ecological modernization theory and modern systems theory, all of which have addressed development issues and more recently sustainability questions. The article ends by identifying an ongoing global transformation, the sustainability revolution, which can be compared and contrasted to the Industrial Revolution. Whether this emerging revolution will take place fast enough and comprehensively enough to save the planet earth from multiple disasters remains to be seen.
‘Global sociology’ in different disciplinary practices: Current conditions, problems and perspectives
Authors: Sorokin Pavel
Published: September 2015

This article discusses perspectives for the formation of a truly ‘global sociology’, implying active, open, mutually beneficial and equal interaction between sociologists from different locations, countries and cultures, in their joint efforts to comprehend, explain and improve the social world. The study is based on the conceptual scheme proposed by Burawoy, highlighting four different disciplinary practices: ‘professional sociology’, ‘policy sociology’, ‘critical sociology’ and ‘public sociology’. The formation of a ‘global sociology’ demands harmonious development and mutual enrichment between all the four ‘sociologies’, however, each of them has its own path in the global arena. The literature analysis demonstrates serious limitations in the global progression of ‘professional sociology’, while ‘policy sociology’ and ‘critical sociology’ also experience major difficulties. ‘Public sociology’, largely inspired by Burawoy, seems to be especially promising globally due to its key advantages: orientation towards non-academic audiences and a focus on the most acute social problems. However, currently this disciplinary practice has several fundamental constraints: marginality, radicalism, ideological bias and inherent conflict-orientation towards other ‘sociologies’. Drawing on John Meyer’s theory of ‘Scientized Environment Supporting Actorhood’, the article proposes the project of the new ‘Global Solidarity Sociology’, which utilizes the advantages of Michael Burawoy’s project while overcoming its principal limitations.
From agency to capabilities: Sen and sociological theory
Authors: Gangas Spiros
Published: September 2015

This article argues that the capability approach (Sen, Nussbaum) offers a promising renewal of the idea of agency in sociological theory. The author suggests that any new normative understanding of agency, like the one that Sen and Nussbaum offer, can gain from sociological theory’s recourse to notions similar to capability, namely the agent’s capacity for action. On the other hand, Sen’s research program which focuses on the agent’s capability to make valued choices offers powerful concepts that enable sociologists to rebuild the core category of agency. Seeing this affinity as an opportunity for reworking the normative dimensions of sociological theory, and drawing on sociology’s accomplishments, the author argues that the normative components of Sen’s notion of capabilities are not locked into an individualist approach to agency, typical of economic thought, but, rather, contain a social core that has been prefigured primarily by Parsons and to a lesser extent by Giddens. Aided by the capability approach, the author attempts to show how Sen’s vision of capabilities can contribute towards regenerating the normative foundation of agency and can reconfirm sociological theory’s explanatory capacities.