bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Uberal Govemrnentallty, II
Authors: Burchell Graham
Published: November 2023

What Foucault’s analysis brings out is the problematizing character of liberalism in relation to the existence of civil society as both the object and end of government. It is by reference to already existing society that the state’s role and function has to be defined, and it is the narural, self-producing existence of this society that the state has to secure so that it functions to optimal effect. The attempt to attain this objective by enframing its narural processes with mechanisms of security places society in a complex and variable position both within and outside the state. It exists within the state’s unifying framework of legal regulations yet, at the same time, is a natural reality which is, in essential respects, inaccessible to centralized political power.
The Mobilization of Society
Authors: Donzelot Jacques
Published: November 2023

The expression ‘welfare state’ (£tat-providence) began to be used in the second half of the nineteenth century to designate a type of response, positive or negative depending on one’s point of view, to the question of the role and place of the state in a democratic society.
Toward an Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology
Authors: Collins Patricia Hill
Published: November 2023

Black feminist thought, like all specialized thought, reflects the interests and standpoint of its creators. Tracing the origin and diffusion of any body of specialized thought reveals its affinity to the power of the group that created it. Because elite white men and their representatives control structures of knowledge validation, white male interests pervade the thematic content of traditional scholarship. As a result, Black women’s experiences with work, family. motherhood. political activism, and sexual politics have been routinely distorted in or excluded from traditional academic discourse.
Less Nature, More Technology
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Technology, for those who are afraid of it, is a kind of culture without people. Meanwhile one is at the mercy of people. The reduction of naturally produced genetic material, like reduction in the diversity of the world’s species, is symbolised in the fantasy that if those with the power in fact get their hands on the appropriate technology, they would produce versions of themselves over and again and/or counter versions such as drones and slaves. A particular individual would be reproduced—but its multiplication would be the very opposite of individuation. Diversity without individuality; individuality without diversity.
Introduction
Authors: Dover K J
Published: November 2023

Greek is not a dead language, as any v1s1tor to Greece (or Melbourne, or Boston) may see and hear for himself. But all languages change all the time, and just as a modern English speaker cannot read King Alfred’s English version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, made eleven hundred years ago, unless he has learned ‘Old English’, so a modern Greek-speaker will not make much headway with Plato’s Phaedo, written over two thousand three hundred years ago, unless he has learned ‘Ancient Greek’. Since languages change steadily, not in sudden leaps, the fixing of boundaries between the ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’, and ‘modern’ stages of a language must be to some extent arbitrary and conventional. In the case of Greek, the advent of Christianity, with the profound cultural changes which this entailed, is a helpful marker, and by common convention (especially in the English-speaking world) ‘ancient Greek literature’ means the literature which was written in Greek in the pre-Christian centuries, and by non-Christians in the first six centuries of the Christian era.
Strauss and Feuersnot—the Fourth Symphony in Vienna—marriage and journey to Russia—Beethoven Exhibition at the Secession—premiére of the Third Symphony—the Krefeld triumph (January–June 1902)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La
Published: November 2023

EARLY in 1902, in the midst of all the joys and worries of his engagement to Alma, Mahler had another fierce battle to fight: the Viennese première of the Fourth Symphony.1 Happily, Alma was now constantly by his side, attending all rehearsals. She became familiar with every detail of the work, though without understanding its overall structure and significance. During a walk along the banks of the Danube, Mahler tried to explain his symphony to her by comparing it to ‘a primitive painting on a gold background’, but she was baffled by its naïvety and intentional archaisms (Antikisieren) which she considered ‘childish’.
The Work of Art and the Market-Place: Festival or Repertory Theatre
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

In his 1841 article, ‘The Artist and his Public’, Wagner sought to attribute the artist’s ‘demonic secret of self-denial’ or self-alienation to his ‘urge to communicate’. This urge could not be the result of any feeling of social obligation, since ‘of all people the genius is the least responsive to the call of duty; he can do nothing with it in his art’. Nor, Wagner went on, was he motivated by the need to win honour, a need which, although it encouraged virtuoso accomplishments, could not produce true works of art. Only ‘the god-like impulse to communicate his own inner bliss to the hearts of all men’ could explain and justify the artist’s desire to communicate. But must the genius not immediately withdraw into himself when confronted by an indifferent, bored, vain, and ignorant audience bent only on enjoying itself, a public dominated by ‘envious and corrupt reviewers’, which saw itself as a market in which works of art were treated like consumer goods? If concern for his daily bread and the maintenance of his family were what motivated ‘the labourer and craftsman’ but not the genius, how was it that the latter was persuaded ‘to hawk his most precious possession’? The true artist ‘feels free’, and therefore ‘desires to be free in life, to have nothing to do with its necessities, to be borne along light-hearted, without a care in the world’, precisely in order to be able ‘to rejoice the world with his works’. But the pre-condition for freedom in modern society is money. That being so, there is nothing left for the man of genius but to ‘seek a market for his creations’ and come to terms with the institutions of a public that he despises.
A Theatre in the Provinces: Wagner’s Plans for Reform and the ‘German Spirit’
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

But whenever a public state has successfully come into being through political zeal and good fortune, bringing satisfaction to all its members, it will not be long before the question is asked as how best to set up a popular festival which will fix the decisive moments of that success in an artistically appropriate manner and re-create what has taken place, allowing those events to live again in beautiful tranquillity, freed from the burden of privation and care.
‘Intentionally Random Creativity’: Wagner’s Theory of Fixed Improvisation
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

Wagner’s intense preoccupation with Goethe’s Faust during the 1870s was connected not least with the fact that he believed he had found in it a dramatic form which, unlike the structured model of ancient Greek tragedy, was particularly well adapted to his idea of fixed improvisation. Again and again in conversation with Cosima we find him referring to the ‘barbarian advantages’1 and ‘barbarian style of composition’ which, according to his letter to Schiller of 26 June 1797, Goethe had actively espoused in writing Faust, although he knew that, in doing so, he had offended against the ‘highest demands’ of artistic form as prescribed by the Greek classical ideal.2 When, on 8 February 1872, Cosima once again mentioned those barbarian advantages ‘on which Goethe says we must courageously insist’, Wagner’s reply was: ‘Yes, Faust, the Ninth, Bach’s Passions are barbarian works of that kind, that is to say, works of art which cannot be compared with a Greek Apollo or a Greek tragedy.’ And to these he added his conception of ‘the art-work of the future’.
Wagner’s Début as an Operatic Composer: Die Peen
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

Wagner’s first attempt to write an opera—apart from a pastoral opera about which we know nothing except that it was begun in 1830 and quickly abandoned—dates from 1832, the year of Goethe’s death. In his Autobiographical Sketch (1843) he describes ‘an opera text of tragic purport: Die Hochzeit. I no longer remember where I found the medieval subject-matter.’ (i. 8.) (Later, in Mein Leben, he claimed that he had discovered it in Johann Gustav Büsching’s Ritterzeit und Ritterwesen, published in Leipzig in 1823: ML, p. 75, English trans., p. 66.) ‘A frenzied lover climbs up to the bedroom window of his friend’s fiancée, where she is waiting for his friend; she struggles with the madman and hurls him into the courtyard below, where, his body shattered, he breathes his last.
Venus in Exile: Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf Wartburg
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

Wagner’s various autobiographical writings offer a more or less detailed description of the way in which he was ‘inspired’ to write each individual music drama. Since then, word must have reached even the most dyed in-the-wool Wagnerian that these ‘inspirational myths’ generally deserve our deep distrust. This is certainly true of Tannhäuser. One of the principal dogmas of Wagner’s aesthetic ideology is that the musical drama is born out of the spirit of the Volk, and that its creator draws directly upon the figures of a mythopoeic popular imagination. From Der fliegende Holländer onwards, Wagner claimed that the basic idea for each of his works came from popular tradition, so that, in looking back over the history of each work, he either passes over in silence or else disparages the modern versions of the subjects which he himself has adapted. His reconstruction of the genesis of Tannhäuser is a case in point, and yet there can be no doubt that it was in modern adaptations that he first became familiar with the ‘popular’ subject-matter of all his ‘Romantic operas’, adaptations which were refracted, as it were, through a lens which was partly philological, partly poetical.1 In the case of Der fliegende Holländer and, above all, Tannhäuser, the lens in question had the name of Heinrich Heine written all over it.
Afterword: A Note on Wagner’s Anti-Semitism
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter
Published: November 2023

The pacifistic Christianity of Wagner’s old age which we examined in the previous chapter represents a renewed attempt on the composer’s part to come to terms with the Jewish question. As we noted, he played off the New Testament message of love and compassion against what he saw as the Old Testament emphasis on law and terror, the embodiment of that Judaic religion said to have eclipsed the Christian religion of peace and to have become the spirit of modern militarism. (Thus Wagner turns on its head the traditional prejudice against the Jews, that, as a race, they were wholly unfit for war.)
Remarks on the Alleluia and Responsory Series in the Winchester Troper
Authors: Huglo Michel
Published: November 2023

The two surviving witnesses to the Winchester Troper, Oxford, Bodleian Library Bodley 775 (Oxford 775) and Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 473 (Cambridge 473), derive from an earlier model of the beginning of the tenth century. Thanks to the critical edition of tropes published by the Corpus Troporum team and to Planchart ’ s study of the Winchester repertory, it has been possible — on the basis of an examination of Christmas and Easter trope elements — to understand the relations of this Winchester trope repertory to that in the other extant English Troper (London, British Library Cotton Caligula A. XIV)and to continental repertories, notably those of Priim, Echternach, and Saint-Germain-des-Pr é s.
Relations between Liturgical and Vernacular Music in Medieval England
Authors: Caldwell John
Published: November 2023

One of the effects of the Reformation in England (and doubtless elsewhere) was to create a mythology about the pre-Reformation liturgy according to which it was by virtue of its language and its musical adornment incomprehensible to and remote from ordinary people. This of course was far from being the case: the liturgy was not always clothed in elaborate music, or indeed in any music, and some of it, addressed primarily to the laity, had traditionally been in the vernacular: the dictation of the marriage vows, the Great Cursing, the Sunday bidding prayer, and above all the homily or sermon.In any case, a good deal of trouble was expended in bringing home the Christian message through visual means: painted glass and walls, carved stone and wood, ceremony and drama. Translated texts of the bible and parts of the liturgy were available at certain periods and for certain purposes.
The Formation of Christian Liturgy: A Historical Summary
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

The earliest Christians were by race and religion Jews, and their worship was conducted in Jewish homes and in the Jewish synagogue and temple. They were familiar with the texts of the Old Testament, and the rites, ceremonies, and music they knew were Judaic. But the accounts of the Acts of the Apostles and the epistles of the New Testament underline the spread of Christianity to centres outside Palestine, to groups of people who had their own cultural and religious backgrounds. Jerusalem remained an influential centre until the seventh century.
Liturgy and the Medieval Church
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

The conduct of liturgy in the medieval Western Church was the prerogative of the clergy and religious. The manner in which they celebrated the liturgy depended on the community and church in which they served. Without attempting an outline or history of the organization of the Church, a summary examination of clerics and religious may help towards an understanding of liturgical practices.
The Divine Office
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

Morning and evening prayer were the main daily services celebrated by Christians in the early Church. Morning prayer began as a service of sung praise including the ‘Laudate’ psalms (Psalms 148–150)—hence its later Latin name, Laudes matutinales (morning praises), anglicized as Lauds. Evening prayer (Vespers) was marked by the ceremonial lighting of lamps (lucernarium). The custom disappeared in the medieval Western liturgy.
Romantic Opera: 1830–1850
Authors: Charlton David
Published: November 2023

THE phrase grand opera had been applied to French recitative opera since the eighteenth century, but it subsequently came to apply particularly to serious French works in the Romantic period. One significant milestone in the genre’s evolution was Fernand Cortez by Spontini (1809; rev. 1817), in whose preface the librettist, Etienne de Jouy, wrote: ‘French grand opera has at least as much connection with epic as with tragedy.’ Napoleon and the Bourbons who succeeded him gave the Paris Opera the traditional role of presenting operas inherently symbolizing the ‘grandeur’ of the State. This was done as much through richness of material means as through what was considered proper subject-matter from mythology or history. Those responsible for grand opera after 1830 did not abandon such criteria, but the various developments in public taste, in theatrical technique, and in musical language coalesced with them, resulting in a remarkably potent series of works.
Opera: 1850–1890
Authors: Abraham Gerald
Published: November 2023

Two operas produced in 1850 mark a turning-point in the de velopment of German opera: Schumann’s Genoveva (Leipzig, 25 June) and Wagner’s Lohengrin (Weimar, 28 August). Lohengrin, Wagner’s last ‘Romantic opera’, soon proved to be a success; Genoveva–with all its fine passages, such as Golog’s ‘Frieden, zieh’ in meine Brust’ near the beginning, and its recurrent ‘reminiscence themes’ –never was. Schumann died and Wagner’s next stage work, Tristan und Isolde, was not published until ten years later and performed five years later still. It was not styled ‘opera’ but–curiously–Handlung, an ‘action’.
La Tin Chant Outside the Roman Tradition
Authors: Levy Kenneth
Published: November 2023

During the centuries before the Carolingian Emperors imposed a single, ostensibly Roman, liturgical and musical usage throughout their domains, the various regions of Western Europe were served by distinctive local plainchant repertories. Four such repertories have come down to us essentially complete: (1) the Frankish-Roman, socalled ‘Gregorian’ chant that was spread during the sixth to eighth centuries from Rome, then during the eighth and ninth centuries from the Frankish centres of liturgical diffusion to become the universal plainchant dialect of the Latin Church; (2) the Urban-Roman or ‘old Roman’ chant, the chant used at Rome itself up to the late twelfth century; (3) the Milanese or ‘Ambrosian’ chant, used in the dioceses of Milanese Lombardy; and (4) the Hispanic, Old Spanish, Visigothic, or ‘Mozarabic’ chant of the Iberian peninsula. Vestiges of some other chant dialects have survived from the Beneventan and Campanian zones of southern Italy as well as from the Abruzzi, Ravenna, and other regions of the Italian centre and north. From outside Italy there are traces of the 'Gallican' chant that was native to the West Frankish kingdom until the later eighth century, and of the 'Celtic' chant that made its way to the Continent with the early Irish missions. If the unifying ideal of the Carolingians had been rigorously carried out, there would be none of the earlier dialects remaining other than the Frankish-Roman. But liturgical traditions die hard, and the European regions held on to certain local usages even after they were nominally expunged.
Liturgical Ma Te Rials of Roman Chant
Authors: Crocker Richard
Published: November 2023

Around 1900 there was an intense controversy involving F. A. Gevaert, Amadee Gastoue, Peter Wagner, and others, concerning the role of Pope Gregory I (590-604) in the development of the repertory of chant that bears his name. Since 1950 the controversy has shifted to a somewhat different issue; but the persistent reality behind the Gregorian issue is that the time-if not the reign-of Pope Gregory represents a barrier. Since his time we can imagine the development of the repertory as it is preserved in sources after 750; before his time, that is, before 600, the development of Roman chant is hidden from us, for lack of data that can be fitted into a continuum. After 600, to be sure, we still have no agreed version of the development; we have enough information to imagine several possible developments, but not enough to decide among them.
1870–1871
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The tug between the past and the present (and, implicitly, the future), between foreign influences and native ones, continued throughout the new season. But whereas in the preceding theatrical year whatever was old or imported unmistakably had the upper hand, the new season brought with it some solid hope for the eventual triumph of fresh approaches and American writing.
1875–1876
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The preceding season had been so diverse, so generally excellent, and, not infrequently, so astonishingly successful that knowledgeable theatrical circles could not expect the new season to repeat the pleasant surprises of the old. But in what may have been the biggest and happiest surprise of all, it almost did. Still, there was a slight falling-off. With one notable exception, long runs were not quite as long. Good plays were not quite as good. The uncertain drift toward more genuinely native theatre was even a little less certain. And the prolonged depression that had begun in 1873 seemed at last to be taking its toll. Niblo’s, each year farther away from the northward-moving theatrical hubbub, remained dark for the entire season, while other houses continued to turn their stages over to variety or musicals. Practically speaking, only five first-class theatres were devoted to comedy and drama.
1885–1886
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The new season was openhanded with pleasant surprises. The box-office blues of the preceding year largely vanished, chased away in part by a reason- ably steady progression of plays, performers, and productions that garnered both critical praise and public approval. Time has not been equally openhanded. Of course, performers and productions have passed beyond recall ages ago, and only one of the straight plays-Pinero’s The Magistrate-is revived with any regularity on commercial stages. Yet several other works might withstand modern reconsideration. In any case, a season that a hundred years on is seen to have given birth to a classic is not to be demeaned, and more and more subsequent seasons would proffer new works that still hold some place in the repertory.
1892-1893
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Although victories over the Spaniards at Manila Bay and in Cuba at the decade’s close confirmed our emergence as a world power, throughout the nottotally-gay nineties the nation was flexing its muscles, growing apace, and reconsidering its perceptions. Even the grim panic that began in the spring of 1893 with the failure of the Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company, while hurtling the economy into temporary disarray, ultimately led to reorganizations that served to strengthen that same economy and promote a more vigorous enterprise. Inevitably the theatre partook of the expansion.
1900–1901
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The coming of the new century was accompanied by a wave of national optimism that was echoed up and down the length of Broadway. Indeed, 1901 was the year in which Broadway was christened “the Great White Way.” Nighttime strollers from Madison Square to Longacre Square (later Times Square) delightedly lifted their eyes skyward to feast on glittering, beckoning electric signs, which invited them to an evening’s entertainment. At the season’s outset the Dramatic Mirror listed nearly sixty auditoriums in Manhattan, approximately two dozen of them offering first-class or major touring productions.
1910–1911
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The new season began on a down note, with two more venerable theatres making sad headlines. The trouble-plagued Herald Square, which had suffered a nasty fire some months earlier, was sold to developers, who planned to replace it with a highrise office building. The once aristocratic Academy of Music was leased to Corse Payton, who boasted he was “the World’s’ Best Bad Actor.” For many years he had successfully run a ten-twent’-thirt’ playhouse in Brooklyn-a theatre that put on popular revivals for two performances a day and whose ticket prices ranged from ten cents for the balcony to a thirty-cent top. Payton’s Manhattan gamble soon proved a disappointment.
The Tide Ebbs(1945-1969)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard
Published: November 2023

A remarkable metamorphosis occurred in the United States in the two decades following the end of World War II. After more than half a century of increasing animosity toward the Jews, antisemitism in the United States suddenly began to decline. Given what apparently had been an escalation of bigotry during the war, the transformation in public rhetoric and behavior afterwards was so swift that careful observers were at a loss to explain the changes. Antisemitism, of course, did not disappear between 1945 and 1969 but as a less socially accept¬ able aspect of American life it waned significantly. Life magazine commented on how much ground antisemites had lost in a December 1, 1947, editorial; less than a month later the Ohio JCRC issued a report stating that antisemitism was “really weak and not recently articulated.” And the AOL remarked about how little antisemitism appeared in the various election campaigns of 1948 compared to the prejduices manifested in 1940 and 1944. Laypersons and scholars both acknowledged the change by 1955.
Introduction Democracy in Europe
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

But what does “democracy” mean? In the realm of law it requires at least the following: free, universal, secret, adult, and equal suffrage; the classic civil freedoms of speech, conscience, assembly, association, and the press; and freedom from arrest without trial. By this standard, democracy was achieved nowhere in the world during the nineteenth century and arrived in only four states before 1914— New Zealand (1893), Australia (1903), Finland (1906), and Norway (1913). If we relax our definition by ignoring women’s suffrage, then the male democracies of France and Switzerland may also be added. Though 1918 gave rise to the revolutionary circumstances that expanded juridical freedoms, these still proved short-lived and were only lastingly reinstated after 1945. Only the largescale socioeconomic mobilizations of world war, it seems, created the societal context for the advancement of democratic politics. Hence the special resonance of 1918 and 1945.
The Permanence Of Capitalism?
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

Thereafter, socialists pursued maximum parliamentary democracy on a basis usually resembling the Six Points of the 1838 People’s Charter in Britain. In most of Europe, the dominant Left vehicle became a national social democratic party in tandem with nationally federated trade unions. This new political model was centralist, stressing national rather than local forms of action; parliamentarist, privilegingthe parliamentary arena as the source of sovereignty; and constitutionalist in the given meaning of the term, adopting representative over direct methods of governing. This preference for centralized forms over the looser federated ones prevalent between the 1820s and 1860s brought a new theme into the Left’s discourse, namely, the key role of the party.
The Russian Revolution
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

This was the famous “dual power.” While the Provisional Government sought future legitimacy from a parliamentary constitution, the Soviet claimed the rougher and more immediate legitimacy of the streets. Demanding democratizion of the army while raising an unmistakable note of class war, the Soviet proclaimed its military authority.
Germany and Italy
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

The most striking thing about the German revolution was the unrelenting intransigence of the SPD’s moderation. Rather than harnessing working-class militancy, the leaders did their best to suppress it. The SPD upheld the constitutional reforms of late September 1918 in the hour of Germany’s military defeat, as the old regime tried to legitimize itself for negotiating with the Western Allies. For the SPD Right, this constitutional transition completed the policies of August 1914. It vindicated their patriotism. The measures making Germany a constitutional monarchy, reached after the SPD joined the coalition government on 3 October, already satisfied the party’s cochairmen, Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann. The party’s impending parliamentary dominance seemed sufficient guarantee of further reforms.
The Politics of Gender
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

For women in the revolutionary years, the ambiguities of change were acute. The war’s end brought the first breakthrough of female enfranchisement. Before 1914, women voted in only Finland (1906) and Norway (1913), but by 1918 they shared in Europe’s democratization. First in Russia, then in the central European revolutions of Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Germany, and finally in Ireland (1922), the new states included women as voting citizens, as did the liberal polities of the north—Denmark and Iceland (1915), Sweden (1918), Britain (1918), Luxemburg (1919), and the Netherlands (1920). If women’s suffrage wasn’t universal—in Belgium, France, and Italy reforms were blocked—the trend was clear.1
Living The Future
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

Socialists mobilized Enlightenment ideals against inequality and injustice, but to broaden access to high culture rather than challenge it—democratizing the old culture rather than creating a new. Conversely, the avant-garde’s cultural radicalism was apolitical: the Parisian extravagance of the Russian Ballet might scandalize bourgeois sensibilities but expressed creative license rather than political emancipation.1 Beyond both was the emerging “mass” culture of leisure, moreover, which neither socialists nor avant-garde had faced. If political radicals and cultural radicals ignored each other, this new challenge outflanked them both.
"Neither Slave . . ."
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

The circuit court decision of September had left the Amistad captives with an amorphous status similar to that held by many free blacks in the United States: they were neither slave nor free. Thompson's ruling was the proper one. He could not have freed the blacks on grounds of natural rights, for that would have negated all law. The blacks' attorneys had raised serious doubt about the Spaniards' property claims, and yet prejudices based on race and color had combined with the Van Buren administration's political aspirations to confuse matters. The abolitionists intended to focus on several issues, all touching the central racial problems in the United States. Did free blacks have citizenship? Were slaves simply property, devoid of rights? Did American courts have jurisdiction over the case? Can one claim salvage on human beings? In raising these questions, the abolitionists stirred arguments that further complicated an already complex situation. Now, in admiralty proceedings in Hartford, they prepared for the second phase of a sustained battle in America's courts.
" . . . Nor Free"
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

If the first phase of district court proceedings had moved the blacks closer to freedom, they still had a long way to go. The trial's postponement gave all sides time to assess their positions. Whereas the defense had been relieved to have an additional period for Covey's recovery, the other parties must have been concerned that the abolitionists would use the interval to promote their case in the press. Domestic and foreign pressures dictated that the Van Buren administration take some sort of action. The election campaign was near, and the Spanish government was increasing its demands for the blacks' return. The delay in court proceedings might provide the White House an opportunity to reverse the course of events and assure the blacks' status as slaves, returnable to Spain under Pinckney's Treaty.
Nerves of Copper, Arteries of Iron
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

He was an old man, and very tired. The babble of the crowd annoyed him, and the long-winded speeches seemed foolish to one who had heard the budding American talent for oratory exercised in much more important causes. It was July 4, 1828, and it was hot. It was always hot in Baltimore on the Fourth of July, at least by midday. The place for him was the cool shade of his veranda at Carrollton. But he could not disappoint them, these men and women who were celebrating what everybody said would turn out to be a historic day, not only for Balti¬ more and for Maryland, but for the whole United States. After all, it was not nearly so hot as that July day in Philadelphia fifty-two years ago. And to tell the truth, he rather enjoyed playing the role of Balti¬ more·s most famous citizen, although he sometimes suspected that he was more of a curiosity than a celebrity.
A Nation on Wheels: The Formative Years of the American Passenger Train, 1830-1870
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

Benjamin Franklin found out very early in life how far the English colonies in North America were from possessing even the rudiments of nationhood. This remarkable man, who spent his life helping prepare the young nation-to-be for its destiny, was only seventeen years old in 1723 when he set out from New York for Philadelphia, which was to be his home for the next sixty-seven years. He would proceed south ward from New York by sailing ship as far as Amboy, on the north Jersey coast, and then by stagecoach across New Jersey to the Delaware River, down which he would float to Philadelphia.
Comparisons
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra
Published: November 2023

Modern Jewish history, including modern Jewish politics, certainly possesses its unique characteristics. But in some ways at least Jewish politics in the interwar period had much in common with the politics of other peoples, and a comparative approach might well prove enlightening. It is perfectly obvious, for example, that the Jews were not the only people whose politics was characterized by bitter division; Yeats’s famous lines, “Out of Ireland have we come/ Great Hatred, little room/ Maimed us at the start,” certainly fit the Jewish case, with the Pale of Settlement, or Poland, substituted for Ireland.1 More specifically, I would propose two general contexts in which the comparative approach is particularly appropriate—the politics of national minorities in Eastern Europe and the politics of various ethnic groups in the United States.
Every Mother Ought to Rejoice
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

The Forces of industrialism and Urbanization That Spurred The Growth of Amateur and Semiprofessional Baseball After The Civil War Simultaneously Obstructed It By Reducing The Number of Open Lots That Served As Ball Fields For American Boys. The City Youth Saw His Play Spaces Disappear. Steadily Under Brick and Mortar As Manufacturers and Real Estate Promoters, intent On Erecting Plants, Warehouses, and Residences, Gobbled Them Up. The Dou-Bling of Land Values in Chicago Within The Last Quarter of The Nineteenth Century Plainly Showed The Space Shrinkage.
tournaments, Trophies, and Cash
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

The term amateur as used for the way even youngsters played is a euphemism, as illustrated by one of the teams I organized, taught, and managed in Brooklyn, in 1936. to form this team I added to seven members of my former Creston team the best of four from a group that had broken up, and from another team I selected a pitcher of potential who, after a year of tutelage and my recommendation, got into Organized Baseball. On their suits, which I designed, members of the new team fortuitously, as it turned out, wore a large C, and I entered these reorganized Crestons in the Brooklyn Amateur League the first and only time I ever placed a team in a league-which played Saturdays on the Parade Grounds in strictly amateur fashion: no bets, no prizes, no guarantees, no admission, no pay.
Baseball’s Progeny
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Potent though it was, baseball’s widespread public appeal, presented in the preceding chapters and to be further elucidated in succeeding ones, cannot be completely appreciated without grasping the eager acceptance of the game’s lusty offspring, eventually to be known collectively as softball. in effect, baseball became the mother of invention, for the inability to satisfy the well-nigh insatiable demand for regulation baseball because of lack of space in the congested urban areas, combined with the want of baseball equipment in recreation centers, YMCAs, schools, colleges, and Turnvereins, inspired invention of a facsimile of the national game suitable for playing in limited space, indoor or out, even all year round.
Baseball Breaks into Prison
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

The indians shared the House of Baseball’s basement with a group of a different stripe. Its members, having run afoul of the authorities, had been confined to prisons or reformatories. When the institutions in which they were imprisoned provided opportunities for inmates to form prison baseball teams or watch such teams play, as well as to follow the major-league pennant races, the ready response of so many not only revealed their previous familiarity with the game but also showed that their interest and skill had by no means died. On their part, prison authorities soon claimed that baseball served as a broad mainsail that helped carry health, morale, and discipline to their incarcerated charges.
A New Year and a Fresh Start
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

New Year’s Day, 1857. “Another year. God prosper the same and make it more abundant in good works!” This was the prayer of the urbane New Yorker George Templeton Strong, who, like most of his countrymen, had been deeply affected by the public calamities of 1856 and, looking ahead, hoped for better times. Strong, a successful Wall Street lawyer, after devoting the morning to “diligent work,” amiably observed the custom of the day and spent New Year’s afternoon making social calls, and the evening with his family, entertaining at home. Every where old friends met to exchange good wishes, announce firm resolutions for self-improvement, and share their thoughts about what the future would bring. Some found the day a good time for resolving old grievances and renewing friendships.
The Emergence of the Jeffersonian Republican Party
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

Opposition to the Federalist program was slow to develop. Since the only alternative to the new national government seemed to be disunity and anarchy, Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists were initially able to build their system without great difficulty. Besides, no one as yet could conceive of a legitimate opposition to government. Parties were considered a symptom of disease in the body politic, signs of partiality and selfinterestedness in opposition to the general good. Republics, which were dedicated to the commonwealth, could have no place for an opposition party.
The French Revolution in America
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

The French Revolution began in 1789 at the very moment that the newAmerican national government was getting under way. When the meetingof the Estates-General in May 1789 was followed by the formation ofthe French National Assembly in June, the fall of the Bastille in July, andthe Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in August 1789, Americanscould only conclude that France was well on its way to emulatingtheir own revolution. Most Americans gratefully recalled how France hadcome to their aid during their revolutionary struggle with Great Britain.Now Americans were repaying that debt by spreading the spirit of libertyabroad. Indeed, they hoped that their revolutionary ideals would eventuallyextend throughout the entire world.The liberal nobleman the Marquis de Lafayette, who in 1777 at theage of twenty had joined Washington’s army, certainly saw the insurrectionof July 1789 as a response to American principles. After assumingleadership of the Paris National Guard in July 1789, Lafayette sent Washington the key to the Bastille as a token of his gratitude for havingbeen taught what freedom was during his participation in the AmericanRevolution. And it was right that he did so, declared ThomasPaine, for the idea “that the principles of America opened the Bastilleis not to be doubted.
The Crisis of 1798–1799
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

When the French learned of Jay’s treaty with Great Britain, they immediately began seizing American ships and confiscating their cargoes. Actually, ever since the European war had broken out in 1793, the French treatment of American neutral shipping had not been all that different from that of the British, despite the stipulations of “free ships, free goods ” in the FrenchAmerican treaty of 1778. But throughout all its erratic seizing of American ships France at least had pretended to respect American neutral rights.
Republican Reforms
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

Despite all the increased violence and rioting, despite all the anxiety over America’s climate, despite all the hand-wringing over so much licentiousness spreading everywhere, by the early nineteenth century most Americans continued to remain extraordinarily confident and optimistic about the future. They could readily respond to the overweening enthusiasm of poet and diplomat Joel Barlow in his Fourth of July oration of 1809. Public speakers on such memorable occasions, said Barlow, were called upon “to give utterance to the feelings of their fellow citizens, ” and that he intended to do. America, he said, had passed its infancy and was now looking forward confidently to its adolescence and its manhood. Providence had assigned Americans a special destiny, a theme iterated over and over in these years. The country was not only new to its own people, “but new also to the world. ” America required thoughts and principles different from those of the Old World. “There has been no nation either ancient or modern that could have presented human nature in the same character as ours does and will present it; because there has existed no nation whose government has resembled ours . . . a representative democracy on a large scale, with a fixed constitution. ” The United States, said Barlow, was “the greatest political phenomenon, and probably will be considered as the greatest advancement in the science of government that all modern ages have produced. ”
The Rising Glory of America
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

Despite Jefferson’s valiant efforts to justify American genius, by the second decade of the nineteenth century many thought that the Europeans’ jibes about America being a cultural wasteland might have been only too accurate after all. Where were the great writers, the great painters, the great playwrights? Despite the high hopes of the 1790s and the promise of being the most enlightened nation in the world, America seemed incapable of artistically creating anything that captured the attention of Europe. “Who reads an American book? or goes to an American play? or looks at an American picture or statue? ” sneered the British critic Sydney Smith in 1820. Looking back, Ralph Waldo Emerson agreed that the country had failed to fulfill its earlier artistic promise. He thought his father’s generation had contributed little or nothing to American culture, certainly not in Massachusetts. “From 1790 to 1820, ” he said, “there was not a book, a speech, a conversation, or a thought in the State. ”
“The Other History” Motherhood
Authors: Ross Ellen
Published: November 2023

Conceptions of motherhood are at the center of acrimonious public controversies raging today around such issues as abortion, surrogate motherhood, child custody, maternity and paternity leave, foster care, and the rights of divorced fathers. These disputes are seldom openly acknowledged as debates over the imperatives of proper mothering; everyone “knows” what a mother is. As a practical achievement for a woman, a job in the material world, a set of relationships, motherhood continues to be hidden behind veils of desire and fantasy. What is needed to penetrate these veils is public recognition and a discussion of motherhood as a varying series of specific practices (carried out today by women, men, biological and fictive parents, heterosexuals and homo sexuals, couples and single people) that are both demanding and socially important. Inserting into public discourse what it really is, concretely, to be a mother to children can clarify some of the hotly contested issues which come up routinely in households, courtrooms, and legislatures.
“She Fought for Me like a Tigress” Sickness and Health
Authors: Ross Ellen
Published: November 2023

A child’s illness, no matter how minor, was a cause of dread and worry. An innocent-seeming cold might mark the first stage of a lethal case of bronchitis or pneumonia, or a baby’s poor appetite might indicate the onset of the deadly summer diarrhea that carried off so many babies in the years we are describing.1 After the vital topics of food and money, the women talked most about illnesses, healers, and remedies. As guardians of children’s bodies, mothers in working-class London drew for advice and help on an enormous range of very different, and often mutually hostile, resources and cures. They looked to such neighborhood figures as pharmacists and spiritualists, other mothers, and also local medical doctors and nurses and a rapidly expanding network of public and private medical institutions as the allopathic framework gradually began to dominate the other theories of disease. This chapter considers health care both as an issue in the social history of medicine and as a form of nurture, an aspect of maternal duty and love.
The Officers in the Great War
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

Historical memory has drawn two profoundly different portraits of the Habsburg army setting off to war in 1914. The first one is of a dedicated band of soldiers, marching away with flags flying and rifles decorated with flowers, confident of the imminent fall of Belgrade and the humiliation of “Dog Serbia.” Bidding them farewell is a populace awash in enthusiasm and suddenly appreciative of the blessings of the monarchy. The second portrait is of a gloomy and disgruntled citizenry— Czechs, Serbs, Ruthenes, Magyar peasants, and Vienna factory workers—reluctantly donning the hated uniform of an unpopular monarch to fight an unwanted war.
Patterns of Peril: Joining Tshe Cold Warriors
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

“It Is Absolutely Unthinkable that We Should Fight Russia” The relationship between President Truman and Dean Acheson was significant because of how both men acted early in the cold war’s history. Eventually the president trusted Acheson and often followed his counsel to the letter. More than anyone else at the time, Acheson translated viewpoints into actions based on large strategies. With a formidable penchant for generalization and synthesis, his intellectual and persuasive powers usually outmatched those of others in the administration. Truman, however, would become a dedicated cold warrior before Acheson, who for a year or so after World War II remained less worried about Soviet machinations than the state of war-broken societies. He was not among those crowding around the new president to urge an end to kid-gloves treatment of Moscow. Through his two stints as under secretary, however, his view underwent a fundamental shift. From believing conventional diplomacy capable of handling friction with the Soviet Union, he came to oppose virtually any communication with it. Once convinced the Soviets posed a serious and unconventional threat, he acted tirelessly to apply countermeasures against it. His shift formed an important dividing line in the early cold war and helped turn it into a deep freeze, so its timing is significant.
Rome and carthage: The truman doctrine
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Marshall at the Helm Taking Acheson into the early months of 1947 leaps ahead of his state department story. The department remained a mess in 1946 and would stay that way until Truman put George Marshall in charge. Though serving only seven months under Marshall, Acheson had far greater influence and power than before and played a central role in forming the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, two of the most revolutionary acts in the history of American foreign policy.
Strategy in europe: backing the west, probing the east
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Strategy: Pulling Our Socks Up Since Acheson’s viewpoint would change little after the 1949 conference in Paris, the beginning of this chapter, which concerns both western and eastern Europe, is a fitting place to refresh the picture of his view of America’s place in the “vast external realm” of international affairs.