bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amoxicillin Removal by Microwave Irradiated Almond Shell-Based Activated Carbon: Optimization Study
Authors: Abd Khalil A.T. , Ahmad M.A.
Published: December 2024

The wastewater contamination containing amoxicillin (AMOX) antibiotic into the environment is harmful to aquatic creatures and humans. Therefore, this study developed almond shell-based activated carbon (ASAC) through microwave irradiation method under a continuous flow of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The resulted ASAC was used to adsorb AMOX in an aqueous solution. The optimization of the conditions for ASAC production was done by using response surface methodology (RSM), which identified 481 W and 4.64 min as the optimal conditions for radiation power and time, respectively. This resulted in 95.06% of AMOX removal and 39.64% of ASAC yield. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that radiation power significantly affects both AMOX removal and ASAC’s yield responses as compared to the radiation time. In equilibrium study, the adsorption uptakes were improved from 0.87 to 36.88 mg/g when the initial concentration of AMOX inclined (1 – 50 mg/L), whilst the percentage removal declined (86.80 – 73.76%). Isotherm study divulged that this adsorption process obeyed Langmuir model with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) of 63.29 mg/g.
Effect of titanium dioxide and niobium pentoxide addition on the properties of zirconia toughened alumina added with MgO (ZTA-MgO) ceramic composite
Authors: Ismaila Hamisah , Zarawi Nur Izzati , Mohamad Hasmaliza
Published: December 2024

The desire for convincing high-speed machining cutting tools has resulted in the fabrication of innovative composite materials and multi-phase ceramics with exceptional fracture toughness. This study uses niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) and titanium oxide (TiO2) as material additives to increase fracture toughness in zirconia toughened alumina added with magnesium oxide (ZTA-MgO) ceramic composite. Adding TiO2 and Nb2O5 reduces alumina’s sintering temperature and improves physical and mechanical properties. The study found optimal values for density, porosity, fracture toughness, hardness, fracture and crack propagation at composition 3 wt.% TiO2. The sintered samples were classified according to their density, porosity, hardness, fracture toughness, crack propagation and microstructural examination by XRD and SEM. It was found that an optimal value for density, hardness and fracture toughness at 3 wt.% of Nb2O5 and TiO2 with the value of density 4.102 g/cm3, a hardness of 1145.6 HV and for fracture toughness is 9.36 MPa√m, respectively.
Polymer Blend and Plasticized Blend for Shape Memory and 3D Applications of Polylactic Acid (PLA): A Mini Review
Authors: Johar M. , Shafiq M.D. , Rusli A.
Published: December 2024

3D printing offers numerous advantages to advanced manufacturing and design sectors. However, the parts produced are often fixed and rigid. Meanwhile, shape memory polymers (SMPs) are polymers that are able to regain their original shape or volume after deformation when exposed to different external stimuli, most often temperature. The number of SMPs printable using a common 3D printing process such as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is still limited. This brief review covers research on polymer blends and plasticized polymers to produce a material with enhanced performance, particularly polylactic acid (PLA) in both 3D printing and shape memory applications. It begins with examining the common polymers, blends and plasticized blends and the limitations of the 3D printing process. Then, it explores types of polymers, mechanisms driving shape memory, and techniques for evaluating shape memory performance. Additionally, the current emerging technology involving the combination of both technologies, 3D printing of SMPs, commonly termed 4D printing technology is also discussed. Finally, insights into the potential and challenges surrounding polymer blends and plasticized polymers in the context of 4D technology are provided.
Variations of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Behaviour in Southeast Asia: Insights from Geomagnetically Quiet Days
Authors: Johari N. A. N. , Sarudin I. , Hamid N. S. A. , Ismail N. A. , Selvakumar L. K. , Nor N. A. A.
Published: December 2024

The present study aims to investigate the behaviour of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) during quiet days in Southeast Asia (SEA). The behaviour of EPB was determined by observing their number (n) and zonal drift velocity (VE) from 2011 to 2013. The variation of the n and VE during quiet days was investigated monthly and seasonally each year. Three networks which are Malaysia Real-Time Kinematics GNSS Network (MyRTKnet), Sumatran GPS Array networks (SuGAr) and International GNSS Service (IGS) in SEA that consists of 127 receivers were utilized to collect the high-density GPS data. The data were then used to generate the zonal keogram of the rate of total electron content index (ROTI) to estimate n and VE. From the observed data, there were 376 days characterized as geomagnetically quiet according to the Kp index, with a total of 2592 EPBs observed using ROTI keogram. The highest VE was found to be ∼126 m/s during the equinox, while the lowest was ∼65 m/s in December solstice. In addition, the maximum and minimum n throughout the period were 1937 during the equinox and 163 in December solstice, respectively. While a distinct diurnal pattern emerged for n throughout 2011 until 2013, a clear diurnal pattern of VE was only evident in 2013. This observation suggests a potential link between the year with a diurnal VE pattern and the continuous presence of EPB.
Strategic Planning for Transforming Underground Mines into Future Geotourism
Authors: Ajatasatru Anshar , Widodo Ahmad , Hall Anthony
Published: December 2024

This paper provide details a strategic initiative to incorporate geotourism into the Grasberg Block Cave (GBC) mine. The aims of this study is to enhance educational opportunities for students, researchers, and academic institutions. The TOPSIS methodology was used to evaluate various mine levels based on critical factors such as safety, accessibility, and environmental impact. This evaluation informed a phased development strategy, prioritizing the haulage level for initial development due to their strong infrastructure and high operational safety. Subsequent phases will focus on lower-priority levels for specialized or virtual educational programs, optimizing resource allocation and minimizing risks. Stakeholder engagement is integrated into each development phase, ensuring that the educational programs are both relevant and effective. The strategy emphasizes robust risk management and sustainability, ensuring that the project remains safe, environmentally responsible, and financially viable. This initiative not only broadens our educational outreach but also positions the GBC mine as a leader in sustainable and innovative mining practices. Future research will explore the application of these strategies to other contexts and the incorporation of emerging technologies to further enhance the geotourism experience.
Inventory of geodiversity, biodiversity, cultural diversity and geotourism potential at Suoh Aspiring Geopark for designation of geopark area
Authors: Mulyasari Rahmi , Jati Widiatama Angga , Alfattah Khairu Mahli Razki , Fadhil Al-Harits Muhammad , Sarkowi Muh , Haerudin Nandi , Hesti  , Wiki Utama Hari , Ermayuli
Published: December 2024

Suoh is an area of very high geological uniqueness located in the Watermelon pull-apart depression. Geopark designation requires a comprehensive understanding of the natural and cultural elements that contribute to its uniqueness and sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to inventory the geotourism potential (diversity of geology, biology, and culture) that exists in candidate of Suoh Geopark area. This research tries to inventory and identify the potential by using a complex spatial and territorial approach. Technically, the method used is by classifying geosites and summarizing basic geological features combined with descriptive analysis of geotourism potential. The results showed that 39 geosites were identified, which illustrate the geological tectonic evolution and geomorphic features of aspiring Suoh Geopark. A total of 6 biosites were inventoried based on their unique natural features in West Lampung. In addition, 17 cultural diversity sites were also identified that illustrate the interaction between culture and geological landscapes. To increase the glory of Suoh Geopark it is important to establish a link between geological heritage and another aspects (biodiversity, cultural diversity).
Implementation of Information Technology Learning Media to Improve Geoparks Literacy in Maros-Pangkep Geopark Area through the Geological Information Center
Authors: Sas Abdillah
Published: December 2024

This study examines the role of Maros-Pangkep GIC (Geological Information Center) in enhancing public geopark literacy through digital and reading literacy. Using a qualitative approach, including observations and interviews with visitors and center staff, the research reveals that while most visitors come for tourism, they perceive the center as an educational resource. The center effectively provides insights into Sulawesi’s geological history, disaster mitigation, and geopark information through engaging digital displays and audiovisual media. Findings show that visitors generally possess basic digital literacy, frequently using devices for social media and information seeking. However, reading interest is influenced by content presentation, such as engaging visuals and user-friendly design. The integration of digital literacy and information technology-based media at the center significantly improves public understanding of complex geological topics. This study underscores the importance of developing digital learning tools and strategies to enhance geopark literacy, supporting conservation efforts, and sustainable community development in the Maros-Pangkep region. The proposed approach combines digital and reading literacy to effectively communicate geopark information, contributing to broader educational and sustainability goals.
Predictive assessment of pineapple chlorophyll content using proximal sensing and visible bands through ground & UAV inspection
Authors: Nurfaiz Abd Kharim Muhammad , Kayat Fatimah , Mohamed Ridwan Raimi , Adilah Idris Akmal
Published: December 2024

Visual observation in monitoring plant growth, health condition, and stands estimation is tedious and inaccurate, especially involving large-scale field planting. The main objective of the study is to test a new method to determine chlorophyll content and provide a fast, effective, and accurate tool for detecting the pineapple plant’s health, and canopy stands estimation in the field. The experiment used portable SPAD proximal sensing to acquire pineapple D-leaf spectral reflectance, RGB reading and UAV aerial imagery. Ground truths data sampling was also performed to observe, measured, and collected for leaf sampling, number of flowerings, and fruiting. Hence, correlation and regression analysis were employed to determine the strength of the relationship between the SPAD measurements and the RGB reading obtained. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used to compare the performance of predictive assessment. There were various spatial and temporal differences in pineapple chlorophyll content and RGB reading even though were planted at a similar time with uniform farm management including fertilizer applications. The result showed that there was a strong relationship (correlation & regression analysis) between the SPAD measurements of pineapple D-leaf with the RGB reading which could be used as a sensor to determine the status of chlorophyll content during the flowering and fruiting stages. This predictive assessment would be beneficial in monitoring the health assessment, especially the chlorophyll content of pineapple plants in the field either through ground or UAV aerial image inspection using an inexpensive, fast, non-destructive, and accurate tool for the pineapple farmer.
Extraction Of Citronella And Patchouli Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Methods
Authors: Azrifirwan  , Oktri Yuvia Vini , Santosa  , Ifmalinda
Published: December 2024

Fluctuating essential oil prices are still a problem today. Citronella and patchouli are the leading commodities of essential oils in West Sumatra. Extraction of essential oils usually uses traditional methods, but this method has disadvantages such as long extraction time, large energy consumption, and low yield. One innovative solution to overcome these problems is to use the microwave-assisted extraction method. This research aims to determine the effective operational conditions for extraction using the microwave-assisted extraction method on citronella and patchouli commodities. The treatment in this study was pretreatment, namely exposure of the material to 100 watts of microwave power for 15 minutes and drying at room temperature for 2 days. Extraction power for citronella is 400, 500, 600, and 700 watts for 3 hours. Extraction power for patchouli is 600, 700, 800, and 900 watts for 6 hours. The results obtained effective conditions for citronella extraction, namely pretreatment drying at room temperature for 2 days, extraction power of 600 watts with a yield of 2.1%. The effective condition for patchouli extraction is room temperature drying pretreatment for 2 days, 700 watts extraction power with a yield of 5.4%
Paddy Disease Detection through Vision Transformers
Authors: Chin Wallace F L , Suhaili Wida S
Published: December 2024

Rice has an indispensable role as part of global food production. Despite being a staple food, Brunei Darussalam struggles with attaining self-sufficiency in rice, relying heavily on imports to meet consumption demands. With an inverse relationship between available resources and global population, there needs to be a focus on ‘doing more with less’ to increase crop output. Paddy diseases inflict volatility in both crop quality and yield. Timely diagnosis of paddy is imperative for reducing losses. Traditional diagnosis methods are both time-consuming and unreliable, urging the need for a faster, more efficient approach. The main objective of the study is to determine the viability and performance of transformer-based models trained on publicly available datasets in paddy disease classification. A comparative study is performed on applying fine-tuning to various Convolutional Neural Networks and Transformer models. The models are evaluated on a dataset of Bruneian diseased paddy. To meet the principles of ethical AI, attention maps are explored to improve the trustworthiness and robustness of the model. Results indicate that the transformer-based models outperformed the CNN models, indicating that transformers have potential in improving existing works in paddy disease detection. Preliminary feedback revealed attention maps increased overall trust in the system’s predictions.
The Application of Climate Smart Agriculture Technology to Optimise Fertiliser Usage at Paddy Field Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Hassan Rosita , Suhaili Wida S.
Published: December 2024

Global food insecurity has already been rising, mainly due to climate change phenomena. This is aggravated by supply chain disruptions due to the war in Ukraine and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pushing food prices to an all time high. The great challenge is to adapt to climate change while trying to increase food production. Climate Smart Agriculture Technology (CSAT) is a set of agricultural practices and technologies that can boost productivity, enhance resilience and reduce GHG emissions. Central to the success of CSAT is the application of precision farming with the use of IOT sensors and aerial photography. This research examines the application of CSAT in a paddy field in Brunei Darussalam. Data from soil sensors and aerial drone imagery were used to influence better and more informed decision-making. Variable rate technology (VRT) was used to control the fertilizer application based on what was needed by the crop. Since a precise amount of fertiliser was applied, VRT can boost the efficiency of resource utilization, leading to increased crop yields and profitability. The application of CSAT in this case study saved the farmer around 60% by changing the type of fertilizer and reducing the amount used.
Preliminary analysis to optimise the drying process of mini vertical silo dryer
Authors: Iqbal Abdi Lubis Muhammad , Syahdia Hasibuan Halimatus , Alexander Divalino , Maharani Nasution Afrilia
Published: December 2024

Drying is a process to reduce moisture content from the product. A mini vertical silo dryer with the LPG as a heat-sources has been manufactured and it still has less efficiency and effectiveness for drying paddy. A key factor to enlarge the efficiency and the effectiveness of a dryer depend on the heat transfer process. The aims of this study were to find the most suitable solution to optimise the heat transfer process by comparing location of insulator to hold on the heat loss. This research conducted on August 2024 with five treatments (E0 as control and E1 – E4 as treatments which is used some insulator on the different locations) for 180 minutes testing time. E4 resulted in the shortest amount of time to reach the required drying time of 60°C. While, control, E1, and E2 did not reached the optimum temperature needed for drying paddy. The average temperature recorded at 3 different areas on surface insulator were 48.793°C (E1); 45.915°C (E2); 43.530°C (E3); and 44.531°C (E4), while E0 recorded the highest temperature (54.533°C). The lowest heat loss rate shown on the E3 (225.691 Watt/m2.°K) and heat loss rate on the E4 is 238.163 Watt/m2.°K. It can be concluded that E4 is the most promising in optimising the paddy drying process.
Expert panel opinions on carbon sequestration through bamboo utilisation in Malaysia: Rehabilitation of tin mines
Authors: Pimid Marcela , Thevan Kumara
Published: December 2024

Tin mining was once crucial to Malaysia’s economy, but its decline left large areas of land severely degraded with poor soils and minimal vegetation. Bamboo has become a promising alternative for ecological restoration in these areas, but the understanding of carbon sequestration using bamboo remains limited. The study has two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the existing practices of carbon sequestration using bamboo in Malaysia, and (2) to assess the benefits of bamboo cultivation for its ecological functions and economic viability. This study investigates the perspectives of experts on the use of bamboo for carbon sequestration, particularly in the rehabilitation of tin mines in Malaysia, through panel expert interviews. The results showed that carbon sequestration in Malaysia is still in its early stages. Understanding of bamboo’s capacity to absorb CO2 and release oxygen varies among stakeholders. The experts recommended two bamboo-based benefit models: (1) using bamboo for carbon sequestration on degraded tin mining land, and (2) producing high-value downstream bamboo products such as bamboo biochar, bamboo panels, bamboo-based food, and handicrafts. The panel identified major challenges to bamboo utilisation in Malaysia, including land use competition, the need for specialised knowledge in bamboo cultivation, effective regulations, funding, and the willingness of the industry to engage with relevant stakeholders. Bamboo’s key characteristics include rapid growth, high carbon absorption capacity, and its ability to stabilise soil. Recommendations for improving the use of bamboo in tin mine rehabilitation include enhanced training programs for local farmers, revisions to government incentives and policies, and further research into suitable bamboo species for rehabilitating tin mines or degraded land.
Study of The Erosion Hazard Level (EHL) of Nagari Lawang, Matur District, Agam Regency
Authors: Zawiyah  , Yanti Delvi , Irsyad Fadli , Agita Tjandra M.
Published: December 2024

This research aimed to determine the erosion hazard level (EHL) of Nagari Lawang. Determination of EHL was approached by using the (USLE) Universal Soil Loss Equation based on land map units, with conservation direction based on the level of erosion hazard that occurred. The research showed that the Nagari Lawang area’s Erosion Hazard Index (EHI) was dominated by the very light category, with an area of 727.58 ha (52.75%), with an average erosion rate of 3.32 tons/year. In regions with EHI with the light, medium and heavy categories, the total area was 651.6 ha (47.25%), including worrying erosion, because the erosion had exceeded the permitted erosion.
Effects of contaminated irrigation water on green lettuce growth on Wick Hydroponic System
Authors: Sari N , Rusnam  , Putri A E , Zahwa T M
Published: December 2024

Well water around the Air Dingin Landfill has a high potential to be contaminated by various types of waste, both organic and inorganic, which can seep into the soil and contaminate underground water sources. This condition raises questions about the suitability of such well water for use in agricultural practices, particularly hydroponic systems, which are becoming increasingly popular with urban farmers and hobbyists. This study aims to prove that plant quality is also influenced by the water quality of the growing medium. There are 2 water source treatments, well water taken before the rainy day (SBH) and well water taken after the rainy day (STH) with distilled water as a control. Observations were made on leaf length and chlorophyll of green lettuce. From these 2 treatments, the average growth of green lettuce leaf length resulting from the use of well water before rain (SBH) is 7.87 cm, while the average growth of green lettuce leaf length resulting from the use of well water after rain (STH) is 8.22 cm. Chlorophyll observations on green lettuce SBH worth an average of 12.19 (μg) while on green lettuce STH worth 12.98 (μg). The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of contaminants found is very low to affect the growth of lettuce plants. This can be seen from the values of leaf chlorophyll and leaf length of lettuce, which did not decrease despite the use of Pb-contaminated water for the growing medium.
Effect of KCl Concentration on Physicochemical Properties of Refined Ƙ-Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii of Lemukutan Island
Authors: Setyo Adiguna Galih , Praseptiangga Danar , Purwanto Edi , Panatarani Camellia
Published: December 2024

Carrageenan, a hydrocolloid derived from red seaweeds, is valued in various industries for its gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Kappaphycus alvarezii, a key source of κ-carrageenan, is grown in tropical areas like Lemukutan Island, West Kalimantan. This study examines the impact of potassium chloride (KCl) concentration on the physicochemical properties of refined κ-carrageenan extracted from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Seaweed was treated with different KCl concentrations (1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5%), and the carrageenan was characterized for yield, moisture content, viscosity, gel strength, ash content, acid-insoluble ash, sulfate content, color, and FTIR spectra. Using De Garmo’s method, 1.5% KCl was identified as the optimal concentration, providing a balance of high gel strength, moderate viscosity, and acceptable yield. The highest gel strength was achieved at 1.5% KCl (330.15 g/cm²), while 3.5% KCl did not form a gel. Color measurements indicated variations in lightness (L*), red-green (a*), and yellow-blue (b*) values. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of κ-carrageenan characteristic functional groups. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing carrageenan extraction processes for industrial applications, contributing to environmentally friendly food industry practices.
Agro-morphological and yield-related traits of selected Malaysian high yielding rice cultivars under silicon supplementation
Authors: Feizal Daud Mohammad , Raihan Saleh Muhamad , Nadiah Mehat Izzah , Fui Ying Tsan , Abdol Latif Pathimah , Khalid Fairuz , Nur Azwanida Zakaria Nik , Jahaya Zulkarnain , Suchitwarasan Salisa , Mohammed Abdullahi , Zaman Zarkasi Kamarul , Yusoff Ishak Mohd
Published: December 2024

The objective of the present study was to assess the potential of silicon application on the agro-morphological and yield-related traits of selected Malaysian high yielding rice cultivars. A pot study was set up in the Greenhouse No. 5 at the Faculty Plantation & Agrotechnology, University Teknologi MARA Malacca Branch, Jasin Campus between March to August 2024. A total of 32 pots were laid out as a factorial experiment with four replications and arranged in a randomized complete block design. There were four level silicon treatments used in this study; T1 (control), T2 (250kg Si/ha), T3 (500kg Si/ha), and T4 (750 kg Si/ha). Remarkably, silicon nutrition application does not differ significantly influence rice growth attributes for IS21 and MR297 at the rice growth stages of 40 DAT, 60 DAT and 75 DAT. In term of yield related traits, panicle number, panicle length and grain yield showed an optimum at 250 kg Si/ha when compared to control and other treatments for IS21 variety. Meanwhile, silicon supplementation level at T4 (750 kg Si/ha) recorded the higher value than other treatments on panicle number, panicle length and grain yield for MR297 rice variety when compared to control and other treatments observed in this study respectively.
MoSSe-graphene hybrid material as an advanced catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in water splitting
Authors: Hoa Bui Thi , Lam Nguyen Duc , Tung Bui Son , Khuyen Bui Xuan , Loan Nguyen Thu , Oanh Vu Thi Kim , Mai Nguyen Thi , Linh Do Chi
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen, with its high energy density and environmentally friendly nature, holds great promise as a future energy. The development of efficient catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting is necessary. In this study, we focused on synthesizing a hybrid material MoSSe-Graphene (MoSSe-Gr) as a catalyst for HER. The MoSSe-Gr hybrid catalyst was synthesized through a solvothermal method followed by calcination under an inert atmosphere at 800 °C. Morphology and structural analysis of the catalyst was analyzed using SEM, TEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The MoSSe-Gr hybrid catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for HER, showing significantly lower overpotentials of 90 mV and 200 mV at current densities of 1 and 10 mA cm−2, respectively, comparable to the benchmark Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, the MoSSe-Gr catalyst demonstrated long-term electrochemical stability during HER over a 24 h period in an acidic medium. Furthermore, the MoSSe-Gr catalyst demonstrated long-term electrochemical stability during HER in 24 h duration in an acidic medium. The MoSSe-Gr hybrid catalyst shows great potential as an efficient and stable catalyst for HER, promoting sustainable hydrogen production.
Acid-enabled carbon cloth boosts activity and durability of Au/Co3O4 catalysts for acidic water electrolysis
Authors: Tran Thi Thuy Kieu , Nguyen Nhat Khang , Tran Van Man
Published: December 2024

The advancement of efficient and durable electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing overall water-splitting technologies, particularly in harsh acidic environments. In this work, we treated carbon cloth (CC) with a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 to improve its surface properties and use it as a substrate for depositing Au/Co3O4 catalysts. The acid-treated CC (TCC) exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity due to the introduction of increased hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, leading to a higher loading of the Au/Co3O4 catalyst (3.36 wt% Co and 1.42 wt% Au) combined with uniform morphology compared to the untreated CC. The resulting Au/Co3O4/TCC catalyst demonstrated several desirable characteristics, including a higher specific surface area of 40.5 m2 g−1 and smaller charge transfer resistance. When employed as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting, the Au/Co3O4/TCC exhibited a low cell voltage of 1.62 V in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte and outstanding durability, maintaining its performance over 24 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 without significant degradation, attributed to the strong interfacial interaction between the catalyst and the substrate. The enhanced wettability, surface area, and catalyst-support interaction arising from the acid treatment of the carbon cloth substrate were the key factors enabling the superior electrochemical performance of the Au/Co3O4/TCC catalyst system.
Monsoonal climate and asymmetric heating facilitate the slope-aspect to influence landscape-scale tree structure in the Western Ghats, India
Authors: Maheshwori Devi , Managave Shreyas , Jathar Girish , Davande Sham
Published: December 2024

The regional variation of rainfall and length of the rainy season are identified to control the vegetation distribution in the Western Ghats (WG) of India, one of the important biodiversity hotspots. The asymmetric heating of various aspects in controlling vegetation distribution at landscape-scale, known at mid-latitudes, is not anticipated in the WG due to its lower latitudinal position. Here we demonstrate the existence and prevalence of two modes related to monsoonal climate and asymmetric solar heating that influence the vegetation structure at the landscape-scale in the WG: (i) the north-facing slopes have a higher tree cover (TC) and canopy height (CH) than the south-facing slopes and (ii) higher TC and CH on the west-facing slopes than the east-facing slopes. The asymmetry associated with these modes increases with the slope angle. Our study shows the slope-dependence of the north-south and west-east asymmetries in TC and CH is established by lower TC and CH selectively on the steeper south- and east-facing slopes. The net effect of these modes often leads northwest and southeast aspects to have the highest and lowest TC (and CH) at the landscape scale, respectively. We thus demonstrate that even in low-latitude regions, the slope-aspect plays an important role in determining the TC and CH heterogeneity at landscape-scale if the relief is higher. The role of aspect in controlling vegetation structure at landscape-scale needs to be considered while formulating and executing programs aimed at increasing tree cover and conserving biodiversity, especially in the high relief areas in the tropics having seasonal rainfall, such as in the WG.
Uniqueness in weighted 𝑙^{𝑝} spaces for the Schrödinger equation on infinite graphs
Authors: Meglioli Giulia , Punzo Fabio
Published: December 2024

We investigate uniqueness of solutions to Schrödinger-type elliptic equations posed on infinite graphs. Solutions are assumed to belong to suitable weighted

ℓ
p

\ell ^p

spaces where

p
≥
1

p\geq 1

and the weight is related to both the potential and

p
p

.
Delivering an Inclusive Experience for Patients of All Genders in the Aesthetics Practice: A Roundtable Discussion
Authors: Rivkin Alexander , Pikoos Toni , Somenek Michael , Viscomi Bianca
Published: December 2024

Transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse individuals represent a growing proportion of patients desiring minimally invasive aesthetic treatments to enhance facial appearance. Although awareness of the need for gender-affirming care is increasing and resources are available on approaches to injection in gender-diverse individuals, guidance on how to best provide this care is lacking. The objective of this manuscript is to share recommended practices for aesthetic clinicians who wish to treat transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse individuals or wish to improve gender inclusivity within their aesthetic practices. As part of a continuing medical education activity, the authors participated in a roundtable discussion on how individual practices can support inclusive care for transgender, nonbinary, and cisgender patients. The authors agreed that a thorough understanding of vocabulary in support of gender diversity can help to improve clinician confidence and the patient experience. Consideration of clinic design, including the use of gender-neutral bathrooms and the display of gender diversity in advertisements or clinic artwork, can also support a gender-inclusive and welcoming environment. The use of correct pronouns and gender-neutral language by all clinic staff and clinicians, as well as a thoughtful approach to language used on intake forms, may also help to provide an inclusive and safe space for the transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse community. Inclusive and gender-affirming healthcare improves the mental health and well-being of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse populations. Individual aesthetic clinicians can improve inclusivity by considering their advertising, clinic design, intake forms as well as their consultation, treatment, and follow-up practices.

Level of Evidence: 5 (Therapeutic)
Self-assessed improved sun protection after diagnosis of melanoma is associated with improved survival
Authors: Müller Christoph , Wendt Judith , Okamoto Ichiro
Published: December 2024

Background

Although ultraviolet radiation is the most important risk factor for skin cancer in general, its role in disease control after the diagnosis of melanoma remains to be elucidated.

Objectives

To analyse the association between survival and self-assessed sun protection behaviour after a melanoma diagnosis.

Methods

This was a questionnaire-based pilot study. We used patient data from the Molecular Markers of Melanoma Study programme to select patients with a histologically verified, invasive cutaneous melanoma, diagnosed at stage I or II according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer’s AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 8th edition, between 1981 and 2014. In total, 843 patients with melanoma were asked whether their diagnosis had influenced their sun protection behaviour and, if ‘Yes’, they were asked to describe, in their own words, how the diagnosis affected their behaviour. We excluded 33 patients who were unable to answer and included 810 patient responses for analysis. Reports on sun protection behaviour before and after melanoma diagnosis were recorded.

Results

We found a significant association of increased melanoma-specific survival (P = 0.001) with improved self-assessed sun protection behaviour. After adjusting for age, sex, AJCC stage, localization of the primary tumour and prior ultraviolet light exposure (outdoor occupation, solarium use and sun cream use), improved sun protecting behaviour after melanoma diagnosis resulted in a decreased hazard ratio (HR) for melanoma-specific survival (adjusted HR 0.491, 95% confidence interval 0.270–0.896; P = 0.020). Stratification showed that those who benefited from improved sun protection were, in particular, male patients, patients diagnosed with melanoma after 50 years of age, patients with stage II melanomas and those carrying an MC1R gene variant.

Conclusions

Self-assessed improved sun protection after diagnosis was significantly associated with reduced mortality due to melanoma. These results highlight the importance of improved sun awareness for patients after melanoma diagnosis, not only for preventing further melanomas but also reducing mortality risk.
A very rare phenotype of immunoglobulin G4-related disease that was manifested as constrictive pericarditis: a case report
Authors: Ono Kenshi , Nomura Tetsuya , Shoji Keisuke , Kato Yukinori , Wada Naotoshi
Published: December 2024

Background

Constrictive pericarditis (CP) can arise from various causes, including post-operative degeneration, tuberculosis, and sequelae of pericarditis. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related disease is a rare but recognized cause of CP. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these aetiologies and pathologies remain unclear.

Case summary

A 67-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of bilateral leg oedema, anorexia, and dyspnoea on exertion. Computed tomography (CT) revealed significant pericardial thickening without calcification, right pleural effusion, and ascites. Echocardiography demonstrated a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and pericardial thickening. The early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity (e′) was preserved as 11.7 cm/s, despite inferior vena cava dilation. Respiratory variations in mitral inflow velocities and septal bounces were unremarkable. Cardiac catheterization further showed a ‘dip and plateau’ pattern with equalization of bilateral ventricular end-diastolic pressure. A preliminary diagnosis of CP was made, and pericardiectomy was performed, increasing the cardiac index from 2.0 to 3.0 L/min/m2. Pathological examination revealed marked IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration and tissue fibrosis. Additionally, the patient’s post-operative serum IgG4 level was 679 mg/dL. Given these findings, IgG4-related CP without involvement of other organs was determined as the definitive diagnosis. His clinical status improved without requiring corticosteroid therapy.

Discussion

Optimal therapy for IgG4-related CP remains elusive due to its rarity. Potential therapeutic options include pericardiectomy, pericardiotomy, and corticosteroid therapy. Further examination through the accumulation of similar cases is crucial to establish definitive treatment approaches for this condition.
Mechanism of syncope: role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular autonomic function assessment
Authors: Groppelli Antonella , Russo Vincenzo , Parente Erika , Comune Angelo , de Lange Frederik J , Rivasi Giulia , Rafanelli Martina , Deharo Jean Claude , Francisco-Pascual Jaume , Maggi Roberto , Fedorowski Artur , Ungar Andrea , Parati Gianfranco , Brignole Michele
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Identifying the haemodynamic mechanism of autonomic syncope is the essential pre-requisite for effective and personalized therapy aimed at preventing recurrences. The present study assessed the diagnostic efficacy of a two-step assessment.

Methods

Multicentre prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Patients affected by severe autonomic syncope underwent a two-step assessment including 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and short cardiovascular autonomic function assessment (SCAFA). SCAFA consisted of carotid sinus massage (CSM), performed in patients ≥40 years old, a passive standing test, and a ‘fast’ head-up tilt test scheduled sequentially during one session on a tilt table.

Results

The study population consisted of 333 patients, 102 ≤ 40 years old and 231 > 40 years old. Any positive response was observed in 298 (89%) patients (92 [92%] in younger and 134 [89%] in older), with hypotensive phenotype accounting for 226 (68%), bradycardic phenotype for 21 (6%) and mixed phenotype for 51 (15%) of cases. The mean duration of the SCAFA procedure was 25 (IQR 20–32) min. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, CSM, passive standing, and head-up tilt test were positive in 60%, 15%, 3%, and 71% of patients, respectively. More than one test was positive in 51% and 49% of patients ≤40 and >40 years, respectively. Large inter-centre variability of CSM positivity rate, which remained significant after adjustment for demographic and clinical variables, was observed (P = .003).

Conclusions

The standardized 2STEPS protocol offers an easy-to-perform and time-saving diagnostic work-up allowing identification of the haemodynamic mechanism of loss of consciousness in most patients with autonomic syncope. This protocol provides the necessary background for a personalized mechanism-specific therapy.
Functional characterization of the DUF1127-containing small protein YjiS of Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Venturini Elisa , Maaß Sandra , Bischler Thorsten , Becher Dörte , Vogel Jörg , Westermann Alexander J
Published: December 2024

Bacterial small proteins impact diverse physiological processes, however, technical challenges posed by small size hampered their systematic identification and biochemical characterization. In our quest to uncover small proteins relevant for Salmonella pathogenicity, we previously identified YjiS, a 54 amino acid protein, which is strongly induced during this pathogen’s intracellular infection stage. Here, we set out to further characterize the role of YjiS. Cell culture infection assays with Salmonella mutants lacking or overexpressing YjiS suggested this small protein to delay bacterial escape from macrophages. Mutant scanning of the protein’s conserved, arginine-rich DUF1127 domain excluded a major effect of single amino acid substitutions on the infection phenotype. A comparative dual RNA-seq assay uncovered the molecular footprint of YjiS in the macrophage response to infection, with host effects related to oxidative stress and the cell cortex. Bacterial cell fractionation experiments demonstrated YjiS to associate with the inner membrane and proteins interacting with YjiS in pull-down experiments were enriched for inner membrane processes. Among the YjiS interactors was the two-component system SsrA/B, the master transcriptional activator of intracellular virulence genes and a suppressor of flagellar genes. Indeed, in the absence of YjiS, we observed elevated expression of motility genes and an increased number of flagella per bacterium. Together, our study points to a role for Salmonella YjiS as a membrane-associated timer of pathogen dissemination.
The effect and application of adiponectin in hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Chen Taoran , Yang Wenjing , Dong Rongrong , Yao Han , Sun Miao , Wang Jiaxin , Zhou Qi , Xu Jiancheng
Published: December 2024

Hepatic fibrosis, a degenerative liver lesion, significantly contributes to the deterioration and mortality among patients with chronic liver diseases. The condition arises from various factors including toxins, such as alcohol, infections like different types of viral hepatitis, and metabolic diseases. Currently, there are no effective treatments available for liver fibrosis. Recent research has shown that adiponectin (ADPN) exhibits inhibitory effects on hepatic fibrosis. ADPN, an adipocytokine secreted by mature adipocytes, features receptors that are widely distributed across multiple tissues, especially the liver. In the liver, direct effects of ADPN on liver fibrosis include reducing inflammation and regulating hepatic stellate cell proliferation and migration. And its indirect effects include alleviating hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and reducing inflammation in hepatic lobules, thereby mitigating hepatic fibrosis. This review aims to elucidate the regulatory role of ADPN in liver fibrosis, explore how ADPN and its receptors alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress, summarize ADPN detection methods, and discuss its potential as a novel marker and therapeutic agent in combating hepatic fibrosis.
Health and health literacy from the child’s perspective: a qualitative study in 9–12-year olds
Authors: Van Boxtel Wieke , Chinapaw Mai , Jerković-Ćosić Katarina
Published: December 2024

To promote health literacy (HL) in children, it is crucial to recognize their unique social environment, experiences, and comprehension of health and HL. This study aims to gain insight into the perspectives of children aged 9–12 years regarding health and HL within the context of health promotion. We conducted focus group discussions with children at three primary schools in the Netherlands, covering (i) What health means to children (ii) How they engage with health information (HL), and (iii) How they respond to the items of an HL questionnaire (HLS-Child-Q15-NL). Thematic analysis was used to analyze data from nine focus groups with 46 children. We identified three themes: (i) perspectives of health and healthy living, (ii) information for healthy living, and (iii) sources of information for healthy living. Children rated being yourself, physical activity, and happiness as the most important health topics. They receive health information passively, mainly from caregivers and social media, and emphasize the need for simple language. Trustworthiness of sources and usefulness of information were also important. Responses to the HLS-Child-Q15-NL varied, with some items being unclear and leading to misunderstandings, though generally seen as easy. The findings highlight children’s broad perspective of health and HL. Health-promoting activities should focus on developing HL skills related to children’s lived experiences and health topics that they deem important. This will present an opportunity for children to engage with health information more actively and critically.
On eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the operators defining multidimensional scaling on some symmetric spaces
Authors: Ma Tianyu , Stepanov Eugene
Published: December 2024

We study asymptotics of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the operators used for constructing multidimensional scaling (MDS) on closed connected symmetric spaces. They are the limits of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of squared distance matrices of an increasing sequence of finite subsets covering the space densely in the limit. We show that for products of spheres and real projective spaces, the numbers of positive and negative eigenvalues of these operators are both infinite. We also find a class of spaces (namely $\mathbb{RP}^{n}$ with odd $n>1$) whose MDS defining operators are not trace class, and original distances cannot be reconstructed from the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of these operators.
Considerations and expectations for the administration of dispersible arpraziquantel to young children: a landscape analysis
Authors: Kurscheid Johanna , Buhl Andrea , Westenberg Erica , Palmeirim Marta Sólveig , Winkler Andrea Sylvia , Steinmann Peter , Monnier Nora
Published: December 2024

Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem in many African countries and beyond. Preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel is a successful public health intervention that is recommended for all communities at risk, commonly reached through large-scale mass drug administration campaigns. However, preschool-age children are currently not routinely targeted for treatment due to operational challenges related to dosing and administration with the standard drug formulation. In response to the need for a suitable, child-friendly treatment, the multistakeholder Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium has developed a novel dispersible tablet with improved taste and smaller size. To prepare the introduction and inform future uptake of the novel paediatric formulation in endemic countries, we conducted a landscape analysis to explore perspectives, opinions and experiences of key stakeholders on operational and practical issues in relation to drug dosing and administration. Our findings confirm that child-friendly drug formulations mitigate several operational constraints related to the dosing and administration in young children. The introduction of this novel child health intervention into routine platforms and programs requires solid training and careful communication by engaging with communities, caregivers, healthcare workers and decision-makers to ensure acceptance and future uptake of treatment.