bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sludge loading rate regulates the growth and release of heterotrophic bacteria resistant to six types of antibiotics in wastewater activated sludge
Authors: Yuan Qing-bin , Guo Mei-ting , Yang Jian
Published: December 2014

How does the sludge loading rate influence the growth and release of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in raw sewage?
Convenient synthesis of benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles with 1 mol% CuCl2·2H2O as catalyst in water
Authors: Wen Li-Rong , Li Shou-Lei , Zhang Jian , Li Ming
Published: December 2014

A synthesis of benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles has been developed from hydrazides and o-bromo-arylisothiocyanates with 1 mol% CuCl2·2H2O as catalyst in water.
Synthesis and cytostatic activity of 7-arylsulfanyl-7-deazapurine bases and ribonucleosides
Authors: Klečka Martin , Slavětínská Lenka Poštová , Tloušťová Eva , Džubák Petr , Hajdúch Marián , Hocek Michal
Published: December 2014

A series of novel 6-substituted 7-arylsulfanyl-7-deazapurine bases and nucleosides has been prepared for screening of anticancer activity. 7-Thienylsulfanyl-7-deazapurine bases exerted micromolar cytostatic affects.
Controllable fabrication of ultrafine oblique organic nanowire arrays and their application in energy harvesting
Authors: Zhang Lu , Cheng Li , Bai Suo , Su Chen , Chen Xiaobo , Qin Yong
Published: December 2014

Ultrafine oblique organic nanowire arrays (ONWAs) are successfully fabricated by a novel method, and the obliquity and length can be precisely controlled.
Studies towards the synthesis of bielschowskysin. Construction of the highly functionalized bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane segment
Authors: Jana Anupam , Mondal Sujit , Ghosh Subrata
Published: December 2014

A stereocontrolled approach for the construction of a highly functionalized bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane derivative embodying the bridged lactone present in the diterpene bielschowskysin is reported.
Synthesis of triphenylamine-containing conjugated polyelectrolyte and fabrication of fluorescence color-changeable, paper-based sensor strips for biothiol detection
Authors: Jang Geunseok , Kim Jongho , Kim Daigeun , Lee Taek Seung
Published: December 2014

A new emission color-changeable (green-to-blue) conjugated polyelectrolyte was synthesized to use in biothiol sensing with its paper-based strip.
Silica/polymer microspheres and hollow polymer microspheres as scaffolds for nitric oxide release in PBS buffer and bovine serum
Authors: Liu Tuanwei , Zhang Dongwei , Yang Xinlin , Li Chenxi
Published: December 2014

SiO2/P(AmEMA-co-EGDMA) core–shell microspheres and hollow P(AmEMA-co-EGDMA) nanospheres are prepared as NO donors.
PLA architectures: the role of branching
Authors: Corneillie Stijn , Smet Mario
Published: December 2014

Biobased and biodegradable polymers have become more and more interesting in view of waste management and crude oil depletion.
Phosphate enriched polyoxometalate based ionic salts for proton conduction
Authors: Dey Chandan , Kundu Tanay , Aiyappa Harshitha Barike , Banerjee Rahul
Published: December 2014

A rarely observed phosphate enriched POM anion, [NiMo12O30(PO4)8]n− was synthesized and crystallized with protonated ethylene diamine in one-pot reaction. The composite was tested for proton conductivity measurement.
Arsenate removal from aqueous solutions using magnetic mesoporous iron manganese bimetal oxides
Authors: Wen Zhipan , Dai Chaomeng , Zhu Yan , Zhang Yalei
Published: December 2014

A novel MMIM with high specific surface area and pore volume was synthesized, and presented excellent performances for As(v) removal.
Photoluminescence, photocatalysis and Judd–Ofelt analysis of Eu3+-activated layered BiOCl phosphors
Authors: Saraf Rohit , Shivakumara C. , Behera Sukanti , Nagabhushana H. , Dhananjaya N.
Published: December 2014

Crystal structure of tetragonal BiOCl, field emission scanning electron micrographs, CIE chromaticity diagram and percentage of RhB dye degradation of Bi1−xEuxOCl.
Continuous generation of alginate microfibers with spindle-knots by using a simple microfluidic device
Authors: Ji Xiaobo , Guo Song , Zeng Changfeng , Wang Chongqing , Zhang Lixiong
Published: December 2014

Calcium alginate microfibers with spindle-knots are fabricated by combining microfluidic technique with wet-spinning method. The structures of the knots can be conveniently regulated by changing the two-phase flow rate ratio and the micropipette diameter.
Role of the oxidizing agent to complete the synthesis of strontium aluminate based phosphors by the combustion method
Authors: Rojas-Hernandez R. E. , Rodriguez M. A. , Fernandez J. F.
Published: December 2014

Well-controlled fuel/oxidizing agent ratio allows to synthesize nanostructured strontium aluminates lamellar particles with high luminescence properties.
Highly selective arylhydrazone based “ON–OFF” fluorescent chemosensors for Zn2+ion, inhibitors for KB cell, 4LRH cancer protein and DFT studies
Authors: Subhasri Annamalai , Anbuselvan Chinnadurai
Published: December 2014

Arylhydrazone based new Zn2+“ON–OFF” chemosensors in neutral aqueous ethanol medium have been designed by simple method. Additionally their cytotoxic activity towards KB cell and molecular docking with 4LRH cancer proteins also investigated.
Highly sensitive and colorimetric detection of hydrogen sulphide by in situ formation of Ag2S@Ag nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte multilayer film
Authors: Fu Hongxia , Duan Xinrui
Published: December 2014

Ag ion reacted with H2S gas in polyelectrolyte multilayer film to form Ag2S nanoparticles that catalyze the formation of Ag NPs.
High-efficiency nano/micro-reactors for protein analysis
Authors: Li Yixin , Yan Ling , Liu Yun , Qian Kun , Liu Bin , Yang Pengyuan , Liu Baohong
Published: December 2014

This article reviews the recent advances regarding the development of nanomaterial-based nanoreactors and microfluidic droplet reactors and their applications in protein analysis.
An efficient robust fluorite CeZrO4−δ oxide catalyst for the eco-benign synthesis of styrene
Authors: Periyasamy Kaliyappan , Aswathy Venugopalan T. , Ashok kumar Venugopal , Manikandan Marimuthu , Shukla Rakesh , Tyagi Avesh K. , Raja Thirumalaiswamy
Published: December 2014

The catalytic activities of CeO2, ZrO2, (PH)-CeO2/ZrO2 and fluorite CeZrO4−δ oxides were reported for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene to styrene using O2, air and CO2 as oxidants. CeZrO4−δ accounted for a 47% styrene yield under optimized reaction conditions.
A low-cost method for obtaining high-value bio-based propylene glycol from sugar beet pulp
Authors: Berlowska J. , Binczarski M. , Dudkiewicz M. , Kalinowska H. , Witonska I. A. , Stanishevsky A. V.
Published: December 2014

A new low-cost pathway for the production of high-value propylene glycol (PG) is proposed.
Unexpected formation of [Ru(η5-C5H5)(PH{CH2N(CH2CH2)2O}2)(PPh3)2]BF4 – the first “piano-stool” ruthenium complex bearing a secondary aminomethylphosphane ligand
Authors: Płotek Michał , Starosta Radosław , Komarnicka Urszula K. , Skórska-Stania Agnieszka , Stochel Grażyna , Kyzioł Agnieszka , Jeżowska-Bojczuk Małgorzata
Published: December 2014

[Ru(η5-C5H5)(PH{CH2N(CH2CH2)2O}2)(PPh3)2]BF4 – unexpected formation of the first “piano-stool” ruthenium complex bearing a secondary aminomethylphosphane ligand.
Synthesis of covalently bonded graphene oxide–iron magnetic nanoparticles and the kinetics of mercury removal
Authors: Diagboya Paul N. , Olu-Owolabi Bamidele I. , Adebowale Kayode O.
Published: December 2014

Synergistically combined nanomaterials can be used to tremendously improve water treatment technologies.
A supramolecular recyclable catalyst for aqueous Suzuki–Miyaura coupling
Authors: Qi Miao , Tan Pei Zi , Xue Fei , Malhi Haripal Singh , Zhang Zhong-Xing , Young David J. , Hor T. S. Andy
Published: December 2014

A Pd(ii) pyrazolyl complex is solubilized by host–guest inclusion to give an efficient, recyclable catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura couplings in aqueous–organic solvents.
Quasi-unidirectional shrinkage of gels with well-oriented lipid bilayers upon uniaxial stretching
Authors: Nakajima Tasuku , Durand Corentin , Li Xu Feng , Haque Md. Anamul , Kurokawa Takayuki , Gong Jian Ping
Published: December 2014

Hydrogels with well-oriented lipid bilayers showed a strange and unique deformation upon uniaxial stretching, which can be explained with a simple theoretical model.
A statistical model of intra-chromosome contact maps
Authors: Nazarov Leonid I. , Tamm Mikhail V. , Avetisov Vladik A. , Nechaev Sergei K.
Published: December 2014

A statistical model describing a fine structure of the intra-chromosome maps obtained by a genome-wide chromosome conformation capture method (Hi–C) is proposed.
The role of conjugated side chains in high performance photovoltaic polymers
Authors: Wang Meng , Ma Di , Shi Keli , Shi Shaowei , Chen Song , Huang Changjiang , Qiao Zi , Zhang Zhi-Guo , Li Yongfang , Li Xiaoyu , Wang Haiqiao
Published: December 2014

Four new D–A type copolymers, namely, PBDT-DFQX-PP, PBDT-DFQX-TP, PBDT-DFQX-PT and PBDT-DFQX-TT, were designed and synthesized to investigate the influence of conjugated side chain pattern on photovoltaic properties of conjugated polymers.
Maximizing the emissive properties of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanoparticles
Authors: Gonzalez-Carrero Soranyel , Galian Raquel E. , Pérez-Prieto Julia
Published: December 2014

Highly luminescent and photostable CH3NH3PbBr3 nanoparticles have been prepared by fine-tuning the molar ratio between CH3NH3Br, PbBr2, a medium-size alkyl-chain ammonium salt, and 1-octadecene.
Synthesis of shaped Pt nanoparticles using common anions or small molecules as shape-directing agents: observation of a strong halide or pseudo-halide effect
Authors: Michel Jason A. , Morris III William H. , Lukehart Charles M.
Published: December 2014

Shape selectivity between cubic and tetrahedral Pt colloidal nanocrystals is achieved simply by selection of [Pt(OH)6]2− or [PtI6]2−, respectively, as the Pt precursor in basic aqueous solutions.
Dysmorphoses dento-squelettiques : peut-on éviter à tout prix la chirurgie ?
Authors: Bouletreau Pierre , Raberin Monique , Mayeux Jean-François
Published: December 2014

Les protocoles orthodontico-chirurgicaux sont considérés à ce jour comme le traitement de référence en cas de dysmorphose dento-squelettique. Cependant, il peut arriver pour diverses raisons que des indications indiscutables de procédures orthodontico-chirurgicales ne soient pas respectées, les patients étant traités par orthodontie uniquement. Ce genre d’erreur dans le plan de traitement expose le patient à diverses complications potentielles telles que l’allongement de la durée du traitement orthodontique, les rhizalyses dentaires, les extractions dentaires abusives, un résultat esthétique défavorable, une instabilité du traitement orthodontique... Les auteurs discutent ces différents points en présentant des cas cliniques. Bien que les procédures de chirurgie orthognathique se soient considérablement simplifiées depuis une vingtaine d’années, les protocoles orthodontico-chirurgicaux restent considérés non sans raison comme lourds, à la fois par les patients et par les praticiens. En conséquence, leur indication doit être posée avec précaution par une équipe multidisciplinaire, en gardant à l’esprit que ces protocoles permettent d’obtenir le meilleur résultat possible, fonctionnel et esthétique en cas de dysmorphose dento-squelettique.
Classe II subdivision chez l’adulte : utilisation des minivis d’ancrage en technique mixte
Authors: Cazenave Caroline
Published: December 2014

Les malocclusions de classe II représentent 60 % de nos traitements, 50 % de ces classes II sont unilatérales strictes ou asymétriques. Celles-ci nécessitent des moyens thérapeutiques asymétriques auxquels nos techniques conventionnelles répondent souvent mal, pour des raisons d’ancrage et de contrôle tridimensionnel. Parallèlement à cela, nous constatons une augmentation de la demande de traitement chez l’adulte, avec leurs exigences naturelles d’efficacité et d’esthétique. La technique linguale d’une part, et les mini-vis d’ancrage d’autre part, nous permettent d’envisager sereinement les traitements des cas de classe II subdivision chez l’adulte. Nous proposons une approche en technique mixte qui répond à la fois aux besoins d’appareil discret de l’adulte, mais également aux objectifs de traitements des classes II subdivision, de correction des asymétries d’arcade et de bascule du plan d’occlusion.
Management of Ossifying Fibroma in a Suspicious Case of Hyperparathyroid–Jaw Tumor Syndrome
Authors: Marchiori ÉricaCristina , Isom BlairAlexander , Indresano AlbertThomas
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this article is to report a case of ossifying fibroma in the mandible associated with hyperparathyroid–jaw tumor syndrome, in a 46-year-old Caucasian female, surgically resected and reconstructed with iliac crest bone, followed by implant placement. This is a rare syndrome with an autosomal dominant pattern, with the development of primary hyperparathyroidism mainly due to parathyroid adenomas. Fibro-osseous lesions in the jaws can be present and can also precede the development of the endocrine disorder. As renal abnormalities and uterine tumors can develop, an interdisciplinary approach is imperative for its diagnosis and management, due to the possibility of recurrence and potential for malignancy.
Ultrasonic pressure measurement in pressure vessels
Authors: Bi Yao , Zhou Hongliang , Huang Zhiyao , Zhou Hanhua , Yang Xianglong
Published: December 2014

Based on the reflected longitudinal wave, a new non-intrusive method for pressure measurement is proposed. The acoustoelastic theory and the thin-shell theory are introduced to develop the pressure measurement model in cylindrical pressure vessels. And a pressure measurement system is constructed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The pressure measurement is implemented by measuring the travel-time change between two received ultrasonic sensors. The experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of this new non-intrusive method. Compared with the non-intrusive pressure measurement method based on the critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave), the proposed non-intrusive pressure measurement method has the advantages of higher sensitivity and higher signal-to-noise ratio.
Magnetic and magnetotransport properties of ZnxFe3−xO4−y thin films
Authors: Jedrecy N. , Hebert C. , Perriere J. , Nistor M. , Millon E.
Published: December 2014

We present a detailed magnetic and magnetotransport investigation of spinel zinc ferrite ZnxFe3−xO4−y (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on various substrates. The films are ranging from polycrystalline to (001)- or (111)-oriented. It is shown associating magnetic and resistivity measurements to x-ray and ion beam scattering analyses that the magnetic and electrical properties are tightly linked to the chemical composition and crystallinity/microstructure of the films, as they result from the choice of substrate and growth conditions. The use of oxidizing conditions (O2 pressure ≈ 10−4–10−2 mbar) is highly detrimental to the crystalline quality and thus to the ferromagnetism. On the contrary, a partial O2 pressure of 3 × 10−7 mbar combined to a growth temperature of 500 °C allows obtaining ZnxFe3−xO4−y films displaying very good ferromagnetic features. The SiO2/Si substrates, promoting (111) growth without interfacial effects, lead to better film properties than Al2O3(0001), MgO(001), or SrTiO3(001) substrates: higher Curie temperatures and higher magnetization values (≈490 kAm−1) at room temperature. Above a Verwey-type critical temperature, a thermally activated spin polarized charge transport is observed, while in the low temperature range, the resistivity is well described by the variable range hopping model. However, the negative magnetoresistance response at low field remains modest and a monotonous decrease with increasing magnetic field is observed. We show that a steeper low field magnetoresistance decrease may be obtained in polycrystalline stoichiometric layers formed by a specific two-step growth process, which significantly reduces the density of grain/antiphase boundaries.
A Prism-Based and Gap-Based Approach to Shopping Location Choice
Authors: Wang Joshua , Miller Eric J
Published: December 2014

In this paper we present a prism-based and gap-based approach to model shopping location choice. Location choice is a fundamental decision in the activity scheduling process. We propose a simple yet robust model to capture shopping location choice behaviour. In this model, an individual first chooses a time window (or gap); the choice of the shopping location depends on the gap chosen. This notion arises from our understanding that shopping location choice behaviour depends on shopping type, scheduling constraints, time of day, and day of week. Or quite simply, where you shop depends on when you shop. The gap-based approach to destination choice is envisioned as a small but significant step towards a more comprehensive location choice model in a dynamic scheduling environment.
The influence of season on lambs' feeding preference for plantain, chicory and red clover
Authors: Pain S. J. , Corkran J. R. , Kenyon P. R. , Morris S. T. , Kemp P. D.
Published: December 2014

The objective of the three studies reported here was to examine the grazing preference and diet selection of lambs for plantain (Plantago laceolata), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) compared with New Zealand’s conventional ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pasture. Study One investigated the diet selection of lambs for 7 days at the beginning of March, using transects with tagged plants on a mixed plantain, chicory and red clover sward. Study Two was an outdoor preference experiment conducted in both March and May by observation of lambs on adjacent monocultures of plantain, chicory and red clover. Study Three was an indoor feeding trial that aimed to determine the intake rate and relative preference of weaned lambs for two herbages (chicory and plantain), two legumes (lucerne and red clover) and ryegrass pasture, in both spring (November) and summer (March). Study One determined that when grazing the mixed sward for a period of 7 days, the mean day that lambs commenced grazing red clover, chicory and plantain was Day 1.6 ± 0.1, 4.8 ± 0.2 and 6.2 ± 0.2, respectively, with significant (P < 0.05) differences between all species. In relation to preference as observed in Study Two, more lambs (P < 0.05) were seen to be grazing red clover at any time, and more lambs were grazing chicory (P < 0.05) than plantain. There was, also an interaction of season with preference, with plantain becoming more acceptable (P < 0.05) to the lambs in May (late autumn) versus March (early autumn). In Study Three, the term ‘preference’ refers to the natural logarithm of the ratio of amounts eaten between the forage being tested and the alternative forage offered simultaneously. This was established in triplicate by offering pairs of all the plant species side by side to individually penned lambs. The results indicated that plantain was consumed at a similar rate (P > 0.05) to that of ryegrass, whereas red clover and chicory had higher voluntary feed intakes, likely due to lower fibre content. The intake rate of chicory was greater in summer than spring and may be related to increased palatability due to the increased water-soluble carbohydrate content of chicory in summer. Regardless of season, average preference for red clover was always higher (P < 0.05) than that of chicory, plantain and ryegrass. Plantain was considerably less preferred in summer than spring. Differences in diet selection and preference may offer a unique opportunity to manipulate utilisation of pastures using a diverse range of plant species.
Effect of hypothyroidism on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality of fat-tailed Lori-Bakhtiari lambs
Authors: Baghcheghi Yousef , Shahneh Ahmad Zare , Ganjkhanlou Mahdi , Motlagh Mahdi Khodaei , Yousefi Ali Reza
Published: December 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of induction hypothyroidism by propylthiouracil (PTU) on the growth performance and meat quality of fat-tailed Lori-Bakhtiari lambs. Eighteen Lori-Bakhtiari male lambs were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 6) and received daily treatments (gavage) consisting of 0 (Control: C), 10 (Low: L) or 20 (High: H) mg PTU/kg bodyweight/day for 60 days. PTU decreased plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentration in both L and H (P < 0.0001). Lambs treated with PTU (L and H) had lower feed intake (P < 0.004), feed conversion efficiency (P < 0.003), and greater intramuscular fat than C lambs (P < 0.035). Meat from the L and H lambs had lower cooking loss and shear force, and also higher L* (lightness) than C lambs (P < 0.004, P < 0.015 and P < 0.025, respectively). The meat of H and L lambs was more tender than C lambs (P < 0.032). However, the meat of H lambs required fewer chews before swallowing than C lambs (P < 0.041). Generally, induction of mild hypothyroidism appeared to improve feed conversion efficiency and meat quality of lambs.
DNA methyltransferase 3B regulates duration of neural crest production via repression of
Sox10
Authors: Hu Na , Strobl-Mazzulla Pablo H. , Simoes-Costa Marcos , Sánchez-Vásquez Estefania , Bronner Marianne E.
Published: December 2014

Significance

Mutations of DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) result in facial abnormalities and neurologic defects in humans related to abnormal neural crest development. To address the underlying mechanism, we tested the role of DNMT3B using loss- of-function and molecular analyses in chick embryos. Neural crest cells initially form within the central nervous system (CNS), then migrate away to form elements of the facial skeleton and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Our results show that DNMT3B acts by directly methylating the promoter region of the neural crest gene
Sox10
in neural tube progenitors, thereby inhibiting its transcription. This in turn influences the duration of neural crest production by the CNS, such that DNMT3B loss causes overproduction of neural crest cells and premature neuronal differentiation in the PNS.
The origin of risk aversion
Authors: Zhang Ruixun , Brennan Thomas J. , Lo Andrew W.
Published: December 2014

Significance

Risk aversion is one of the most widely observed behaviors in the animal kingdom; hence, it must confer certain evolutionary advantages. We confirm this intuition analytically in a binary-choice model of decision-making—risk aversion emerges from mindless decision-making as the evolutionarily dominant behavior in stochastic environments with correlated reproductive risk across the population. The simplicity of our framework suggests that our results are likely to apply across species. From a policy perspective, our results underscore the importance of addressing systematic risk through insurance markets, capital markets, and government policy. However, our results also highlight the potential dangers of sustained government intervention, which can become a source of systematic risk in its own right.
Climate change decouples oceanic primary and export productivity and organic carbon burial
Authors: Lopes Cristina , Kucera Michal , Mix Alan C.
Published: December 2014

Significance

Climate and ecosystem changes in the Northeast Pacific decoupled primary and export productivity and organic carbon burial during climate warming of the last deglaciation. These findings challenge and clarify the meaning of paleoceanographic proxies of productivity and provide key constraints for modeling of the ocean’s biological pump as a potential carbon feedback mechanism associated with large-scale climate change. To our knowledge, this is the first clear demonstration that primary productivity, export productivity, and carbon burial are significantly decoupled under scenarios of large-scale climate change. This is an important constraint on biogeochemical carbon cycle models, which generally assume such changes covary.
Structure of the nonameric bacterial amyloid secretion channel
Authors: Cao Baohua , Zhao Yan , Kou Yongjun , Ni Dongchun , Zhang Xuejun Cai , Huang Yihua
Published: December 2014

Significance

Numerous bacteria produce a unique class of “functional” amyloids termed curli that are important for the fitness of the organism by mediating biofilm formation, host cell adhesion, and colonization on inert surfaces. Here, we report the crystal structure of CsgG, a lipoprotein that forms a secretion channel for curli subunits in the outer membrane. Each CsgG monomer is composed of four β-strands that span the outer membrane. Nine CsgG monomers together form a large, 36-stranded β-barrel with a central secretion channel. The channel is restricted by stacked rings within the pore, formed from inwardly protruding residues. The CsgG structure may provide a template for the development of antibiotics aimed at attenuating biofilm formation.
Tobacco smoking interferes with GABA
A
receptor neuroadaptations during prolonged alcohol withdrawal
Authors: Cosgrove Kelly P. , McKay Reese , Esterlis Irina , Kloczynski Tracy , Perkins Evgenia , Bois Frederic , Pittman Brian , Lancaster Jack , Glahn David C. , O’Malley Stephanie , Carson Richard E. , Krystal John H.
Published: December 2014

Significance

Alcohol dependence and tobacco smoking are highly comorbid. Although continued smoking during alcohol withdrawal may reduce relapse risk, most of the morbidity associated with alcohol dependence is due to tobacco smoking and many individuals in alcohol treatment express a desire to quit smoking. We conducted a parallel study in alcohol-dependent humans and nonhuman primates to identify the impact of tobacco smoke and nicotine on the neuroadaptations in the GABA-ergic system that occur during alcohol withdrawal. Our findings show that tobacco smoking, but not nicotine consumption, blocks the recovery of GABA
A
receptors during extended alcohol withdrawal and that sustained elevations in GABA
A
receptor levels in alcohol-dependent smokers are associated with alcohol and cigarette cravings, possibly contributing to continued smoking.
Trapping the ATP binding state leads to a detailed understanding of the F
1
-ATPase mechanism
Authors: Nam Kwangho , Pu Jingzhi , Karplus Martin
Published: December 2014

Significance

F
1
-ATPase is a motor protein that converts the free energy of binding of ATP and its hydrolysis products ADP and P
i
into a mechanical force for γ-subunit rotation. It is the catalytic moiety of F
o
F
1
-ATPase, which synthesizes ATP. There are two metastable states along each 120° rotation of the γ-subunit, one associated with ATP hydrolysis (the “catalytic dwell”) and the other with ATP binding (the “ATP waiting dwell”). We use molecular simulations to determine the ATP waiting dwell structure. With this structure and the catalytic dwell X-ray structure, we develop an atomic-level model of the coupling between ATP hydrolysis and γ-subunit rotation. The molecular-level understanding of this motor will aid in its use in nanomachines and cancer therapy.
Life-long in vivo cell-lineage tracing shows that no oogenesis originates from putative germline stem cells in adult mice
Authors: Zhang Hua , Liu Lian , Li Xin , Busayavalasa Kiran , Shen Yan , Hovatta Outi , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Liu Kui
Published: December 2014

Significance

Whether or not oocyte regeneration occurs in the adult mammalian ovary has been the subject of much debate. By performing a series of in vivo cell-lineage tracing experiments, we have supplied compelling in vivo evidence that mammalian oocytes are not regenerated from any putative germline stem cells in adult life. Our current study provides conclusive evidence that the initial oocyte pool is the only source of fertility throughout reproductive life in mammals.
Pellet fuelling with edge-localized modes controlled by external magnetic perturbations in MAST
Authors: Valovič M. , Garzotti L. , Gurl C. , Kirk A. , Dunai D. , Field A.R. , Lupelli I. , Naylor G. , Thornton A.
Published: December 2014

The fuelling of plasmas by shallow frozen pellets with simultaneous mitigation of edge-localized modes (ELM) by external magnetic perturbation is demonstrated on the MAST tokamak. In these plasmas post-pellet particle loss is dominated by ELMs. It is shown that the size of post-pellet ELMs can be controlled by external magnetic perturbations. Post-pellet ELMs remove particles from a large part of the pellet deposition zone including the area with positive density gradient. The mechanism explaining this peculiarity of particle loss is suggested.
A Global Vector Autoregression Model for the Analysis of Wheat Export Prices
Authors: Gutierrez Luciano , Piras Francesco , Paolo Roggero Pier
Published: December 2014

Food commodity price fluctuations have an important impact on poverty and food insecurity across the world. Conventional models have not provided a complete picture of recent price spikes in agricultural commodity markets, and there is an urgent need for appropriate policy responses. Perhaps new approaches are needed to better understand international spill‐overs, the feedback between the real and the financial sectors, as well as the link between food and energy prices. In this article, we present the results from a new worldwide dynamic model that provides the short and long‐run impulse responses of the international wheat price to various real and financial shocks.
Byler Disease
Authors: Morris Amy L. , Bukauskas Kathryn , Sada Rachel E. , Shneider Benjamin L.
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

Byler disease, originally described in Amish kindred, results from mutations in ATPase Class I Type 8b Member 1 (ATP8b1). Specific clinical reports of Amish Byler disease were last published 40 years ago. These investigations were directed at the present detailed clinical understanding of the early course of hepatic manifestations of Byler disease.

Methods:

This study analyzed routine clinical practice and outcomes of children with Byler disease (defined by homozygous c.923G>T mutation in ATP8b1), who initially presented to Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC between January 2007 and October 2014. Data were analyzed to the earlier of 24 months of age or partial external biliary diversion.

Results:

Six children presented between 1 and 135 days of life: 2 presented with newborn direct hyperbilirubinemia, 2 had complications of coagulopathy, 1 had failure to thrive and rickets, and 1 sibling was identified by newborn genetic testing. Intensive fat‐soluble vitamin supplementation was required to prevent insufficiencies in vitamins D, E, and K. Hyperbilirubinemia was variable both over time and between children. Serum bile acid levels were elevated, whereas γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase levels were low normal. Scratching behavior (pruritus) was intractable in 4 of 6 children with onset between 6 and 12 months of age. Features of portal hypertension were not observed. Partial external biliary diversion was used during the second year of life in 4 children.

Conclusions:

Detailed analysis of Byler disease revealed varied disease presentation and course. Nutritional issues and pruritus dominated the clinical picture in the first 2 years of life.
Agri‐environmental Management Through Collective Action
Authors: Uetake Tetsuya
Published: December 2014

Agriculture has both positive and negative impacts on the environment. With the growing awareness of environmental issues, improved approaches to agri‐environmental management have become important policy issues. Previous studies on agri‐environmental policies have focused on individual farmers rather than on collective action. However, some agri‐environmental issues need to be managed by farmers co‐operatively. Collective action can facilitate geographically appropriate management of resources, allow for shared knowledge among members thus increasing their capacities, and provide solutions for dealing with agri‐environmental issues. However, sometimes, transaction costs can hinder collective action from being initiated. Moreover, farmers often need external support such as scientific knowledge, technical information and financial assistance. Thus, external help from public agencies or other interested bodies may be necessary to promote collective action. Many local and central governments encourage farmers and other stakeholders to take initiatives to manage the environment by themselves through various policy measures including technical assistance and financial assistance programmes. Collaboration with intermediaries is also necessary to facilitate state–community relationships. Governments can assist agri‐environmental management, as opposed to interfering with it, through better agri‐environmental policies that promote collective action.
European Wine Exports: The Key Role of Trade Policy
Authors: Mariani Angela , Napoletano Francesco , Vecchio Riccardo , Pomarici Eugenio
Published: December 2014

Wine exports from the European Union have gained shares in both traditional markets (US, Canada, Switzerland and Japan) and in new markets (China, Hong Kong and Russia). In coming years, major growth in consumption and imports is expected in these new markets and in others, like Singapore, South Korea, India, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa and Angola. Most of the above new markets, however, are still heavily protected by high tariff and non‐tariff barriers, the most intrusive being wine labelling regulations, oenological practices, maximum residue limits of agrichemicals, certification and testing procedures. Since the stalling of the Doha multilateral negotiations exporting countries have been negotiating Free Trade Agreements to gain preferential access to fast growing markets. The EU has signed several agreements relevant to the wine trade (e.g. with South Korea, Singapore and Canada) and a number of negotiations are currently in progress. However, some of the EU's main competitors, in particular Chile, Australia and New Zealand, are very active as well. EU wine exporters would therefore be aided by an effective trade policy strategy, otherwise they risk losing ground to their competitors. The timely conclusion of the agreements currently under negotiation (as with India) and a prompt start to negotiations with China would therefore be desirable.
The Business of Migration Control: Delegating Migration Control Functions to Private Actors
Authors: Bloom Tendayi
Published: December 2014

Private companies are explicitly and implicitly, directly and indirectly, involved at all stages of the migration process. This delegation of migration control functions to private actors is largely unregulated and the multi‐layered policy implications are not well understood. The lines of responsibility and accountability, but also liability, for decisions being made and for force used are not always clear and this most seriously affects vulnerable migrants and potential migrants. This delegation is occurring in some form in all global regions. International agreements relating to migration do not take this privatisation into account and international discussions about the obligations of private companies do not consider the Migration Business directly. This survey article presents the situation and argues that informed international policy debate is needed in this area.
Detection of nickel and palladium contact hypersensitivity by a flow cytometric lymphocyte proliferation test
Authors: Spoerri I. , Scherer K. , Michel S. , Link S. , Bircher A. J. , Heijnen I. A. F. M.
Published: December 2014

We established a flow cytometric lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) for the detection of nickel (Ni) and palladium (Pd) sensitization. Eighty‐one consecutive patients with an indication for patch test (PT) were tested by LPT with Ni (NiSO4) and Pd (Na2PdCl4 and PdCl2) salts. The imprecision of the LPT was low (coefficient of variation 7.2%). Using PT as a diagnostic reference, the sensitivity and specificity of LPT were 74.4% and 80% for NiSO4, 74.4% and 78.3% for Na2PdCl4, and 57.2% and 85.4% for PdCl2, respectively. For both Ni and Pd, the likelihood ratio for a positive PT markedly increased with increasing LPT value. With medical history as a reference, the sensitivity and specificity were 40.6% and 82.1% for LPT and 59.4% and 89.7% for PT, respectively. Combination of LPT and PT resulted in a higher specificity of 95%, albeit lower sensitivity of 34.4%. In conclusion, flow cytometric LPT represents a reliable and useful method for the detection of Ni and Pd sensitization. LPT values correlate with PT results and, when used in combination with PT, increase test specificity.
“One of the Guys”: Military Women, Paradoxical Individuality, and the Transformations of the Argentine Army
Authors: Badaró Máximo
Published: December 2014

In this article, I examine institutional life in the Argentine Army today from the perspective of female soldiers, with particular emphasis on the opportunities for agency available to these women in the army and the possibilities of institutional change they unintentionally produce. I show how female soldiers have made possible the concept of a military subject open to values from different dimensions of their identities. The agency of these female soldiers does not contain any explicit intentionality to resist or subvert institutional norms and values associated with military masculinity; rather, this agency is to be found in the different kinds of individuality that female soldiers bring into view inside and outside the army. Through their practices, ideas, and conceptions of military activity, female soldiers pave the way for discussing a key dimension in the redefining of the relations among the armed forces, the state, and society at large in present‐day Argentina: soldiers as citizens. In this way, the experiences of women in the Argentine Army mirror internal changes within the military institution, where they also chart the scope, ambiguity, and contradictions present in the ongoing democratization of Argentine society. [military women, Argentine Army, female agency]
V‐Effekt: Death, Mortality, and the Melbourne International Arts Festival
Authors: Hay Chris
Published: December 2014

On 16 October 2009, a friend died. He was the first person I knew of my generation to die. That night, I saw a play in the Melbourne International Arts Festival (MIAF), one which dealt with the messy realities of sudden death. Almost a year to the day later, I saw another MIAF production about the dangers of holding onto ghosts. They were chaotic, transcendent, heart‐stopping experiences. In this paper, I use them to explore my personal engagements with death, grief, and release. Part criticism, part exorcism, it is my attempt to understand what happened to me in the same theater across two very different Octobers. This paper further engages with the limits of semiosis, presenting a recount and analysis of Pornography and Opening Night drawing on both the semiotics of the productions and my own very particular embodied experience of them. How do we make sense of what it is to die? Even with that knowledge, how do we comprehend someone's actual death? And what might theater have to do with it?
The Crumbling Fortress: Territory, Access, and Subjectivity Production in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon
Authors: Kelly Alice B.
Published: December 2014

This paper explores the rise of a new era in biodiversity conservation, whereby older protected areas lose management and funding to the point that they become open access spaces. Using Waza National Park as a case study, the paper shows that while the enclosure of this protected area had serious detrimental effects for local natural resource users, it offered limited advantages to those who were able to negotiate “insider” status. I argue that the dissolution of this enclosure and the loss of the ability to exclude “outsiders” or negotiate differential use of the protected area's resources created a situation that was even more harmful to local people's physical and food security than the initial enclosure. Taking a historical view of territory, subjectivity, and access in and around Waza, this paper shows who is able to benefit from various legal and practical territorial components of landscapes, when, and how.
Pleiotropic effects of statins on the treatment of chronic periodontitis – a systematic review
Authors: Estanislau Ilanna Mara Gomes , Terceiro Icrólio Ribeiro Colares , Lisboa Mario Roberto Pontes , Teles Patrícia de Barros , Carvalho Rosimary de Sousa , Martins Ricardo Souza , Moreira Maria Mônica Studart Mendes
Published: December 2014

Aim

Statins are inhibitors of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and are an important group of hypolipidaemic drugs, widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and cardiovascular disease. Some studies have shown that statins are able to modulate inflammation and alveolar bone loss.

Methods

In order to evaluate whether statins could influence periodontal treatment, improving the clinical and radiographic parameters in chronic periodontitis, a systematic review was conducted in the databases PUBMED and BIREME, searching for articles in English and Portuguese, published between the years 2004 and 2014, using the combined keywords statin, periodontal disease, periodontitis and alveolar bone. Studies regarding the treatment of chronic periodontitis in humans, blind or double‐blind, retrospective cohort or randomized controlled trials that used statins topically or systemically were selected.

Results

Statins have important anti‐inflammatory and immune effects, reducing levels of C‐reactive protein and matrix metalloproteinases and their intermediate products, such as tumour necrosis factor‐α, and are also able to inhibit the adhesion and extravasation of leukocytes, which block the co‐stimulation of T cells. Statins reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast formation and lead to increased apoptosis of these cells. The effect of statins on bone formation is related to the increased gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein in osteoblasts.

Conclusion

Although we found biological mechanisms and clinical results that show lower alveolar bone loss and reduction of clinical signs of inflammation, further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical applicability of statins in the routine treatment of chronic periodontitis.
Microparticles induce multifactorial resistance through oncogenic pathways independently of cancer cell type
Authors: de Souza Paloma Silva , Cruz André L.S. , Viola João P.B. , Maia Raquel C.
Published: December 2014

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered a multifactorial event that favors cancer cells becoming resistant to several chemotherapeutic agents. Numerous mechanisms contribute to MDR, such as P‐glycoprotein (Pgp/ABCB1) activity that promotes drug efflux, overexpression of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) that contribute to evasion of apoptosis, and oncogenic pathway activation that favors cancer cell survival. MDR molecules have been identified in membrane microparticles (MP) and can be transferred to sensitive cancer cells. By co‐culturing MP derived from MDR‐positive cells with recipient cells, we showed that sensitive cells accumulated Pgp, IAP proteins and mRNA. In addition, MP promoted microRNA transfer and NFκB and Yb‐1 activation. Therefore, our results indicate that MP can induce a multifactorial phenotype in sensitive cancer cells.
Twenty years of lesson learning: how does the RET genetic screening test impact the clinical management of medullary thyroid cancer?
Authors: Romei Cristina , Tacito Alessia , Molinaro Eleonora , Agate Laura , Bottici Valeria , Viola David , Matrone Antonio , Biagini Agnese , Casella Francesca , Ciampi Raffaele , Materazzi Gabriele , Miccoli Paolo , Torregrossa Liborio , Ugolini Clara , Basolo Fulvio , Vitti Paolo , Elisei Rossella
Published: December 2014

Objective

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare disease that can be inherited or sporadic; its pathogenesis is related to activating mutations in the RET gene.

Design

This study describes our 20‐year experience regarding RET genetic screening in MTC.

Patients and methods

We performed RET genetic screening in 1556 subjects, 1007 with an apparently sporadic MTC, 95 with a familial form and 454 relatives of RET‐positive patients with MTC.

Results

A germline RET mutation was found in 68 of 1007 (6·7%) patients with sporadic MTC, while 939 patients with MTC were negative for germline RET mutations. We then identified a total of 137 gene carriers (GC). These subjects initiated a clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of MEN 2. A total of 139 MEN 2 families have been followed: 94 FMTC, 33 MEN 2A and 12 MEN 2B. Thirty‐three different germline RET mutations were identified. Codon 804 was the most frequently altered codon particularly in FMTC (32/94, 34%), while codon 634 was the most frequently altered codon in MEN 2A (31/33, 94%); MEN 2B cases were exclusively associated with an M918T mutation at exon 16.

Conclusions

Our 20‐year study demonstrated that RET genetic screening is highly specific and sensitive, and it allows the reclassification as hereditary of apparently sporadic cases and the identification of GC who require an adequate follow‐up. We confirmed that FMTC is the most prevalent MEN 2 syndrome and that it is strongly correlated with noncysteine RET mutations. According to these findings, a new paradigm of follow‐up of hereditary MTC cases might be considered in the next future.
Towards Building a Bridge between Community Engagement in Research (CEnR) and Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER)
Authors: Ahmed Syed M. , Nelson David , Kissack Anne , Franco Zeno , Whittle Jeff , Kotchen Theodore , Meurer John R. , Morzinski Jeffrey , Brandenburg Terry
Published: December 2014

A major national priority is establishing an effective infrastructure for translation of scientific discoveries into the community. Knowledge and practice continue to accelerate in health research yet healthcare recommendation adoption remains slow for practitioners, patients, and communities. Two areas of research placed in the later stages of the translational research spectrum, Community Engagement in Research and Comparative Effectiveness Research, are ideal for approaching this challenge collaboratively. The Clinical and Translational Science Institute of Southeastern Wisconsin convened academics and community‐based organizations familiar with these fields of research in a 1‐day workshop to establish an initial dialogue on similarities and differences with a goal of exploring ways to operationalize a collective effort. Participants represented four academic institutions and twelve other healthcare and community‐based service organizations. Primary fields of study included community engaged research, comparative effectiveness research, psychology, clinical research, administration, nursing, public health, education, and other professionals. This initial report outlines the results of this diverse discussion and provides insights into the priorities, diverging issues, and areas for future examination and practice. Key discoveries reveal clear crosscutting issues, value in philosophical and provocative discussions among investigators, a need for practice and lessons learned, and bidirectional exchange with community representation.