bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relatedness and the evolution of mechanisms to divide labor in microorganisms
Authors: Liu Ming , West Stuart Andrew , Cooper Guy Alexander
Published: October 2021

Division of labor occurs when cooperating individuals specialize to perform different tasks. In bacteria and other microorganisms, some species divide labor by random specialization, where an individual's role is determined by random fluctuations in biochemical reactions within the cell. Other species divide labor by coordinating across individuals to determine which cells will perform which task, using mechanisms such as between‐cell signaling. However, previous theory, examining the evolution of mechanisms to divide labor between reproductives and sterile helpers, has only considered clonal populations, where there is no potential for conflict between individuals. We used a mixture of analytical and simulation models to examine nonclonal populations and found that: (a) intermediate levels of coordination can be favored, between the extreme of no coordination (random) and full coordination; (b) as relatedness decreases, coordinated division of labor is less likely to be favored. Our results can help explain why coordinated division of labor is relatively rare in bacteria, where groups may frequently be nonclonal.
Evaluating otter reintroduction outcomes using genetic spatial capture–recapture modified for dendritic networks
Authors: Murphy Sean M. , Adams Jennifer R. , Waits Lisette P. , Cox John J.
Published: October 2021

Monitoring the demographics and genetics of reintroduced populations is critical to evaluating reintroduction success, but species ecology and the landscapes that they inhabit often present challenges for accurate assessments. If suitable habitats are restricted to hierarchical dendritic networks, such as river systems, animal movements are typically constrained and may violate assumptions of methods commonly used to estimate demographic parameters. Using genetic detection data collected via fecal sampling at latrines, we demonstrate applicability of the spatial capture–recapture (SCR) network distance function for estimating the size and density of a recently reintroduced North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) population in the Upper Rio Grande River dendritic network in the southwestern United States, and we also evaluated the genetic outcomes of using a small founder group (n = 33 otters) for reintroduction. Estimated population density was 0.23–0.28 otter/km, or 1 otter/3.57–4.35 km, with weak evidence of density increasing with northerly latitude (β = 0.33). Estimated population size was 83–104 total otters in 359 km of riverine dendritic network, which corresponded to average annual exponential population growth of 1.12–1.15/year since reintroduction. Growth was ≥40% lower than most reintroduced river otter populations and strong evidence of a founder effect existed 8–10 years post‐reintroduction, including 13–21% genetic diversity loss, 84%–87% genetic effective population size decline, and rapid divergence from the source population (FSTaccumulation = 0.06/generation). Consequently, genetic restoration via translocation of additional otters from other populations may be necessary to mitigate deleterious genetic effects in this small, isolated population. Combined with non‐invasive genetic sampling, the SCR network distance approach is likely widely applicable to demogenetic assessments of both reintroduced and established populations of multiple mustelid species that inhabit aquatic dendritic networks, many of which are regionally or globally imperiled and may warrant reintroduction or augmentation efforts.
African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) habitat suitability at Lake Ossa, Cameroon, using trophic state models and predictions of submerged aquatic vegetation
Authors: Takoukam Aristide K. , Gomes Dylan G. E. , Hoyer Mark V. , Keith‐Diagne Lucy W. , Bonde Robert K. , Francis‐Floyd Ruth
Published: October 2021

The present study aims at investigating the past and current trophic status of Lake Ossa and evaluating its potential impact on African manatee health. Lake Ossa is known as a refuge for the threatened African manatees in Cameroon. Little information exists on the water quality and health of the ecosystem as reflected by its chemical and biological characteristics. Aquatic biotic and abiotic parameters including water clarity, nitrogen, phosphorous, and chlorophyll concentrations were measured monthly during four months at each of 18 water sampling stations evenly distributed across the lake. These parameters were then compared with historical values obtained from the literature to examine the dynamic trophic state of Lake Ossa. Results indicate that Lake Ossa's trophic state parameters doubled in only three decades (from 1985 to 2016), moving from a mesotrophic to a eutrophic state. The decreasing nutrient gradient moving from the mouth of the lake (in the south) to the north indicates that the flow of the adjacent Sanaga River is the primary source of nutrient input. Further analysis suggests that the poor transparency of the lake is not associated with chlorophyll concentrations but rather with the suspended sediments brought‐in by the Sanaga River. Consequently, our model demonstrated that despite nutrient enrichment, less than 5% of the lake bottom surface sustained submerged aquatic vegetation. Thus, shoreline emergent vegetation is the primary food available for the local manatee population. During the dry season, water recedes drastically and disconnects from the dominant shoreline emergent vegetation, decreasing accessibility for manatees. The current study revealed major environmental concerns (eutrophication and sedimentation) that may negatively impact habitat quality for manatees. The information from the results will be key for the development of the management plan of the lake and its manatee population. Efficient land use and water management across the entire watershed may be necessary to mitigate such issues.
Physical effects of motion sickness for comfortable VR viewing
Authors: Ono Rentaro , Matsuura Yasuyuki , Nakane Kohki , Takada Hiroki
Published: October 2021

In accordance with developments in the image technology over recent years, it has become easier to watch 3D video clips. As the viewing of 3D video has become more commonplace, symptoms such as visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) and eye fatigue have been reported. Although various theories regarding the underlying causes of the VIMS have been proposed, these causes have yet to be fully investigated. In a previous study, the background of an image was shown to influence the equilibrium function of a subject viewing a 3D video clip. In this study, the authors investigated the influence of image elements such as the size of the visual field especially in the backgrounds of the projected image and velocity of the visual target speed on the body of a subject viewing a 3D video clips by measuring their body sway, the electrocardiogram signals, and the cerebral blood flow using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Our results has indicated that the value of the total locus length is significantly higher while viewing a video clip whose visual fields of backgrounds is not narrowed than that with narrower backgrounds. This suggests that stability in the system to control their posture can be enhanced by reducing the amount of visual information.
Magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation of bubble‐bubble interaction in alkaline water electrolysis with magnetic field
Authors: Kodama Manabu , Matsumae Hikaru , Kiuchi Takeshi , Murakami Naoki , Hirai Shuichiro
Published: October 2021

Three‐dimensional large scale magnetohydrodynamic, two‐phase flow, and electrochemical reaction coupling numerical simulations of alkaline water electrolysis with magnetic field were conducted to elucidate the bubble‐bubble interaction and the influence of that on the overpotential. Numerical results show that the magnetic field enhances the coalesce of bubbles and the bubble size was increased with the increase in the magnetic flux density. Moreover, the magnetic field suppressed the cell overpotential by suppressing the anode overpotential and ohmic overpotential. This is because KOH concentration around the anode is increased by mixing of the electrolyte, and the reduction of the shielding effect by coalescing of the bubbles.
Early and short‐term intensive management after discharge for patients hospitalized with acute heart failure: a randomized study (ECAD‐HF)
Authors: Logeart Damien , Berthelot Emmannuelle , Bihry Nicolas , Eschalier Romain , Salvat Muriel , Garcon Philippe , Eicher Jean‐Christophe , Cohen Ariel , Tartiere Jean‐Michel , Samadi Alireza , Donal Erwan , deGroote Pascal , Mewton Nathan , Mansencal Nicolas , Raphael Pierre , Ghanem Nachwan , Seronde Marie‐France , Chavelas Christophe , Rosamel Yann , Beauvais Florence , Kevorkian Jean‐Philippe , Diallo Abdourahmane , Vicaut Eric , Isnard Richard
Published: October 2021

Aims

Hospitalization for acute heart failure (HF) is followed by a vulnerable time with increased risk of readmission or death, thus requiring particular attention after discharge. In this study, we examined the impact of intensive, early follow‐up among patients at high readmission risk at discharge after treatment for acute HF.

Methods and results

Hospitalized acute HF patients were included with at least one of the following: previous acute HF < 6 months, systolic blood pressure ≤ 110 mmHg, creatininaemia ≥ 180 µmol/L, or B‐type natriuretic peptide ≥ 350 pg/mL or N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide ≥ 2200 pg/mL. Patients were randomized to either optimized care and education with serial consultations with HF specialist and dietician during the first 2–3 weeks, or to standard post‐discharge care according to guidelines. The primary endpoint was all‐cause death or first unplanned hospitalization during 6‐month follow‐up. Among 482 randomized patients (median age 77 and median left ventricular ejection fraction 35%), 224 were hospitalized or died. In the intensive group, loop diuretics (46%), beta‐blockers (49%), angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (39%) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (47%) were titrated. No difference was observed between groups for the primary endpoint (hazard ratio 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.74–1.26), nor for mortality at 6 or 12 months or unplanned HF rehospitalization. Additionally, no difference between groups according to age, previous HF and left ventricular ejection fraction was found.

Conclusions

In high‐risk HF, intensive follow‐up early post‐discharge did not improve outcomes. This vulnerable post‐discharge time requires further studies to clarify useful transitional care services.
Feasibility and efficacy of transcatheter interatrial shunt devices for chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lauder Lucas , Pereira Tiago V. , Degenhardt Markus C. , Ewen Sebastian , Kulenthiran Saarraaken , Coats Andrew J.S. , Böhm Michael , Anker Stefan D. , da Costa Bruno R. , Mahfoud Felix
Published: October 2021

Aims

To assess the feasibility and efficacy of interatrial shunt devices (IASD) for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF).

Methods and results

MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception until April 2021 were searched for prospective studies investigating dedicated transcatheter IASD for the treatment of CHF. Standardised mean differences were calculated for the within‐group changes before and after implantation of the IASD. The pre‐defined primary outcome was change in 6‐min walking distance (6MWD) from baseline to 12 months. Other outcomes were change in New York Heart Association class, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), echocardiographic and haemodynamic data, device performance and safety. Subgroup analyses were crude univariable meta‐regression analyses. Six studies (five single‐arm open‐label studies, one sham‐controlled trial) were included. In these, 226 patients underwent IASD implantation using four different devices. From baseline to 12 months, 6MWD increased by 28.1 m [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.9–45.3] with no evidence for a difference between devices (P for interaction = 0.66) and patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40% or ≤40% (P for interaction = 0.21). At 12 months, HRQoL improved by 17.7 points (95% CI 10.8–24.6) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) decreased by 2.0 mmHg (95% CI −3.6 to −0.4). There were no changes in LVEF or N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide during follow‐up. Shunt patency ranged from 50% for the first‐generation v‐Wave to 100% for the Corvia IASD II and the second‐generation v‐Wave system, respectively. The summary risk of serious adverse device‐related effects was 8% (95% CI 1–20) at 12 months.

Conclusions

Interatrial shunt device implantation in CHF is feasible and associates with improved submaximal exercise capacity (measured by 6MWD) and HRQoL, and reductions in PCWP.
Cover Image, Volume 69, Issue 12
Authors: Pirnat Samo , Božić Mićo , Dolanc Dorian , Horvat Anemari , Tavčar Petra , Vardjan Nina , Verkhratsky Alexei , Zorec Robert , Stenovec Matjaž
Published: October 2021

Cover Illustration: Live arborized astrocyte in culture (NB+), containing numerous dextran‐laden endocytotic vesicles (green), revealed by confocal microscopy. Arborized astrocytes display increased resting levels of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and [cAMP]i, increased subcellular heterogeneity in [Ca2+]i, but not in [cAMP]i, and attenuated vesicle mobility. (See Pirnat, S., et al, https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.24076.)

image
Pupillometry tracks cognitive load and salience network activity in a working memory functional magnetic resonance imaging task
Authors: Fietz Julia , Pöhlchen Dorothee , Binder Florian P. ,   BeCOME Working Group, Czisch Michael , Sämann Philipp G. , Spoormaker Victor I.
Published: October 2021

The diameter of the human pupil tracks working memory processing and is associated with activity in the frontoparietal network. At the same time, recent neuroimaging research has linked human pupil fluctuations to activity in the salience network. In this combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/pupillometry study, we recorded the pupil size of healthy human participants while they performed a blockwise organized working memory task (N‐back) inside an MRI scanner in order to monitor the pupil fluctuations associated neural activity during working memory processing. We first confirmed that mean pupil size closely followed working memory load. Combining this with fMRI data, we focused on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) correlates of mean pupil size modeled onto the task blocks as a parametric modulation. Interrogating this modulated task regressor, we were able to retrieve the frontoparietal network. Next, to fully exploit the within‐block dynamics, we divided the blocks into 1 s time bins and filled these with corresponding pupil change values (first‐order derivative of pupil size). We found that pupil change within N‐back blocks was positively correlated with BOLD amplitudes in the areas of the salience network (namely bilateral insula, and anterior cingulate cortex). Taken together, fMRI with simultaneous measurement of pupil parameters constitutes a valuable tool to dissect working memory subprocesses related to both working memory load and salience of the presented stimuli.
Mental health effects of same‐sex marriage legalization
Authors: Chen Shuai , van Ours Jan C.
Published: October 2021

Same‐sex marriage legalization (SSML) is a typical anti‐discrimination policy to remove institutional discrimination against sexual minorities by providing them with marriage equality. We examine how this legalization in the Netherlands affected mental health. Conducting a difference‐in‐differences analysis with heterosexual individuals as a reference group, we find that SSML significantly improved mental health of sexual minorities and substantially reduced the sexual orientation gap of mental health. The beneficial effects were present for both married and non‐married sexual minorities. This phenomenon suggests that part of the health gains were related to mechanisms beyond marriage itself.
High‐resolution computed tomography for the prediction of mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Imai Ryosuke , Nishimura Naoki , Takahashi Osamu , Tamura Tomohide
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) demonstrates several image patterns on high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific HRCT findings and the prognosis of ARDS.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study performed in a single hospital in Japan. We categorized HRCT findings into three distribution patterns: diffuse, subpleural sparing, and dorsal patterns. All patterns were assessed at three levels of each lung. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify parameters associated with in‐hospital mortality.

Results

A total of 144 patients with ARDS (age: 72 ± 16 years, 112 men) were included in the study. The in‐hospital mortality rate was 42% (survivors, n = 83; nonsurvivors, n = 61). Nonsurvivors were significantly older (70 ± 17 vs 76 ± 13, P = 0.01) and had lower serum albumin levels (P = 0.01), more traction bronchiectasis (P = 0.02), and more diffuse pattern (P < 0.001) than survivors. The presence of diffuse patterns was an independent adverse prognostic factor for predicting mortality (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08‐1.61, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

HRCT distribution patterns may predict mortality in ARDS patients.
Drexit: Understanding why junior doctors leave their training programs to train overseas: An observational study of UK physicians
Authors: Wilson Hannah C.P. , Abrams Sarah , Simpkin Begin Arabella
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Drexit (“Doctor‐Exit”) is the exponentially growing trend for junior doctors in the UK to walk away from their jobs in the National Health Service (NHS). Our objective was to identify the reasons why junior doctors in the UK leave their NHS training programs to train overseas.

Materials and Methods

A simultaneous and convergent mixed‐methods study was performed to analyze both an online survey and semi‐structured interviews from junior doctors who had left the NHS. Social media, online professional media, and networks of junior doctors were used to recruit doctors. All were UK medical school graduates who had left the NHS within the last 15 years (2003‐2018).

Results

96.1% (149/155) of respondents reported not being offered an exit interview on leaving the NHS. 94.8% (147/155) of respondents did not regret quitting the NHS. Participants were more satisfied with their pay and work life balance in their overseas posts when compared to training in the NHS (P < 0.05). Burnout was variably defined and was prominent in doctors who left 53.8% (113/210) but was reversed when they practiced medicine overseas in 89.2% (74/83) of cases. Qualitative data identified four key themes which were categorized into push factors, which were lack of interest in retention and bleak outlook; and pull factors, which were financial vs social capital and things are different overseas.

Conclusion

Listening to the frontline junior doctors' voices lend insights into a better understanding of the push and pull factors that appear to be exacerbating the exodus of junior doctors from the NHS. Our results indicate that exit interviews should be performed routinely. There needs to be a shift to focus on the training of doctors rather than service provision, with efforts to support, appreciate, and value junior doctors. Further exploration is needed to identify what is happening in training programs overseas to improve retention within the NHS. Furthermore, identifying issues perceived by junior doctors in the UK in the context of workforce planning may be applicable to healthcare systems across the globe.
Roughness effect on the correction factor of surface velocity for rill flows
Authors: Nicosia Alessio , Di Stefano Costanza , Palmeri Vincenzo , Pampalone Vincenzo , Ferro Vito
Published: October 2021

Flow velocity is one of the most important hydrodynamic variables for both channelized (rill and gullies) and interrill erosive phenomena. The dye tracer technique to measure surface flow velocity Vs is based on the measurement of the travel time of a tracer needed to cover a known distance. The measured Vs must be corrected to obtain the mean flow velocity V using a factor αv = V/Vs which is generally empirically deduced. The Vs measurement can be influenced by the method applied to time the travel of the dye‐tracer and αv can vary in different flow conditions. Experiments were performed by a fixed bed small flume simulating a rill channel for two roughness conditions (sieved soil, gravel). The comparison between a chronometer‐based (CB) and video‐based (VB) technique to measure Vs was carried out. For each slope‐discharge combination, 20 measurements of Vs, characterized by a sample mean Vm, were carried out. For both techniques, the frequency distributions of Vs/Vm resulted independent of slope and discharge. For a given technique, all measurements resulted normally distributed, with a mean equal to one, and featured by a low variability. Therefore, Vm was considered representative of surface flow velocity. Regardless of roughness, the Vm values obtained by the two techniques were very close and characterized by a good measurement precision. The developed analysis on αv highlighted that it is not correlated with Reynolds number for turbulent flow regime. Moreover, αv is correlated neither with the Froude number nor with channel slope. However, the analysis of the empirical frequency distributions of the correction factor demonstrated a slope effect. For each technique (CB, VB)‐roughness (soil, gravel) combination, a constant correction factor was statistically representative even if resulted in less accurate V estimations compared to those yielded by the slope‐specific correction factor.
Rare case of retropubic parasymphyseal cyst in a male patient
Authors: Arase Shigeki , Arima Kiminobu , Kusafuka Tomoki , Kanamori Yasumitsu , Katou Hiroyuki , Imai Hiroshi , Koyama Takashi , Inoue Takahiro
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Retropubic parasymphyseal cysta are rare, and few cases have been reported in men.

Case presentation

A 65‐year‐old male patient presented with a 6‐month history of pelvic and perineal pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a high‐intensity, irregular‐shaped mass extending from the pubic symphysis to the bladder. Contrast enhancement revealed no uptake in the central part of the mass, indicating a cystic component. Computed tomography showed erosion of the pubic symphysis and pubic osteophytes. Pathological findings of biopsy specimens revealed inflammatory fibrous tissue but no malignancy. The definitive diagnosis was retropubic parasymphyseal cyst associated with inflammation. The patient was treated with cefazolin from 1 day before surgery until postsurgical day 7. Oral antibiotic therapy was then prescribed for 1 month to maximize treatment. After 2 months, the patient’s symptoms resolved.

Conclusion

Retropubic parasymphyseal cysts with inflammation and smaller asymptomatic cysts can be managed effectively with conservative or minimally invasive treatment.
Deep learning based automated detection of intraretinal cystoid fluid
Authors: Ahmed Zeeshan , Panhwar Shahbaz Qamar , Baqai Attiya , Umrani Fahim Aziz , Ahmed Munawar , Khan Arbaaz
Published: October 2021

The diversified ocular disorders in which cystoid macular edema (CME) occurs, are strongly associated with the vision loss. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans that allow screening of the retina, contain artifacts including blur‐edges, speckle noise, and so forth, which create difficulty in identifying retinal fluid. In this work, major image preprocessing techniques such as minimum filtering, block‐matching and 3D filtering, and Richardson–Lucy deconvolution method are applied to minimize noise and other degradation effects from OCT scans, ensured by maintaining image quality assessment scores, that is, blind‐less image spatial quality evaluator and sharpness estimation score. Furthermore, this work develops an automated method based on deep learning (DL) to detect the presence and progression of retinal fluid, that is, CME and its quantification. Specifically, U‐net model with efficient tuning of hyperparameters is proposed to obtain optimal results. The algorithm's performance is evaluated for accurate identification of fluid localization in the case of diabetic macular edema (DME), having CME regions, and compared against the manual segmentation of fluid by experts, which are highly correlated. This enhanced DL method achieves better performance than the algorithms previously reported. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on several performance metrics during training and reports the best score of 99.81, 0.50, 83.34, 86.56, 80.89, and 99.48% for model accuracy, binary cross‐entropy loss, Dice coefficient (DC), precision, recall, and area under the ROC‐curve, respectively. Additionally, fourfold cross‐validation technique is also applied and an average DC score of 84.00% is obtained. This approach can be helpful to prevent vision loss.
BookTok 101: TikTok, Digital Literacies, and Out‐of‐School Reading Practices
Authors: Jerasa Sarah , Boffone Trevor
Published: October 2021

There has been a noticeable shift in how young readers approach reading where digital literacy communities serve as much purpose as traditional literacy communities like an ELA classroom. This article offers an introduction to TikTok and BookTok as well as several methods of integrating TikTok into classrooms. As the sub‐community for book lovers and readers, BookTok is connected to a lineage of literacy practices. Despite the newness of TikTok, these democratized spaces provide teen readers with agency, community, and digital literacies for their voices, ideas, and creativity to take shape. By including or acknowledging BookTok literacy practices in ELA classrooms, teachers have the potential to hinge on digital literacies that are ultimately shaping students and their cultural understandings.
Oral Calcitriol Use, Vertebral Fractures, and Vitamin K in Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Fusaro Maria , Cianciolo Giuseppe , Tripepi Giovanni , Plebani Mario , Aghi Andrea , Politi Cristina , Zaninotto Martina , Nickolas Thomas L. , Ferrari Serge , Ketteler Markus , La Manna Gaetano , Gasperoni Lorenzo , Messa Piergiorgio , Ravera Maura , Gallieni Maurizio , Cosmai Laura , Locatelli Francesco , Iervasi Giorgio , Vettor Roberto , Mereu Maria Cristina , Sella Stefania , Arcidiacono Gaetano , Giannini Sandro
Published: October 2021

Fractures and vascular calcifications (VCs) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). They are related to abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)/Klotho that occur with CKD. Impaired vitamin D metabolism and abnormal levels of calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and FGF23/Klotho drive bone and vascular changes in CKD. It is unclear if oral calcitriol safely mitigates fracture risk without increasing the burden of calcifications. Therefore, we investigated whether treatment with calcitriol affected the prevalence of fractures and VC progression in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This report is a secondary analysis of the Vitamin K Italian (VIKI) study, a cross-sectional study involving 387 HD patients. We assessed vitamin 25(OH)D, alkaline phosphatase, PTH, calcium, phosphate, osteocalcin or bone Gla protein, matrix Gla protein, and vitamin K levels. Vertebral fractures (VFs) and VCs were determined by spine radiograph. A reduction of >20% of vertebral body height was considered a VF. VCs were quantified by the length of calcific lesions along the arteries. The patients treated with oral calcitriol were 177 of 387 patients (45.7%). The prevalence of VF was lower in patients receiving oral calcitriol than in those untreated (48.6% versus 61.0%, p = 0.015), whereas the presence of aortic and iliac calcifications was similar (aortic: 81.9% versus 79.5%, respectively, p = 0.552; iliac: 52.0% and 59.5%, respectively, p = 0.167). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, oral calcitriol was associated with a 40.2% reduced odds of fracture (OR 0.598; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.363–0.985; p = 0.043). In conclusion, we found a significant association between oral calcitriol and lower VF in HD patients without an increase in the burden of VC. Further prospective and interventional studies are needed to confirm these findings. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Abstract

Calcitriol and vertebral fractures in hemodialysis patients.
Fabrication of a novel polyaniline/green‐synthesized, silver‐nanoparticle‐modified carbon paste electrode for electrochemical sensing of lead ions
Authors: Ganash Aisha A. , Alghamdi Reem A.
Published: October 2021

Green bioreduction silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated from dry Artemisia leaf extracts and used as a modified layer of an AgNP–polyaniline (PANI)–carbon paste electrode (CPE). PANI was synthesized using interfacial polymerization, and the fabricated PANI was mixed with a CPE. PANI was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas AgNPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), and polydispersity index (PDI) measurements. The fabricated electrode was used for the electrochemical detection of Pb2+ ions in acetate buffer solution at pH 5.5 using square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). The AgNP/PANI‐CPE electrode provided a linear response to Pb2+ ions in the concentration range of 0.1–120 μM with a detection limit of 0.04 μM. The AgNP/PANI‐CPE electrode exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability in addition to providing good recovery percentages in waste and tap water samples.
The value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound for the diagnosis of metastatic cervical lymph nodes of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Qiao‐Li , Ma Ting , Wang Zi‐Jing , Huang Lei , Liu Wen , Chen Ming , Sang Tian , Ren Xue‐Gang , Tong Jin , Cao Chun‐Li , Dong Jian , Li Jun
Published: October 2021

To investigate the diagnostic efficiency of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the diagnosis of cervical lymph nodes metastasis (CLNM) of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), eight available datasets of seven qualified articles before March 31, 2021 were included after a comprehensive search. Meta‐analysis results showed that CEUS demonstrated acceptable diagnostic performance in the diagnosis of CLNM of PTC. Furthermore, meta‐regression analysis was conducted to identify the reasons for heterogeneity and the results indicated that the criteria of CEUS for the diagnosis of CLNM in PTC need to be unified.
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency: Expanding the clinical phenotype and novel laboratory findings
Authors: Vieira Päivi , Nagy Irina I. , Rahikkala Elisa , Väisänen Marja‐Leena , Latva Katariina , Kaunisto Kari , Valmari Pekka , Keski‐Filppula Riikka , Haanpää Maria K. , Sidoroff Virpi , Miettinen Päivi J. , Arkkola Tuula , Ojaniemi Marja , Nuutinen Matti , Uusimaa Johanna , Myllynen Päivi
Published: October 2021

Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK‐C) deficiency due to the homozygous PCK1 variant has recently been associated with childhood‐onset hypoglycemia with a recognizable pattern of abnormal urine organic acids. In this study, 21 children and 3 adult patients with genetically confirmed PEPCK‐C deficiency were diagnosed during the years 2016 to 2019 and the available biochemical and clinical data were collected. All patients were ethnic Finns. Most patients (22 out of 24) had a previously published homozygous PCK1 variant c.925G>A. Two patients had a novel compound heterozygous PCK1 variant c.925G>A and c.716C>T. The laboratory results showed abnormal urine organic acid profile with increased tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and inadequate ketone body production during hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemic episodes manifested predominantly in the morning. Infections, fasting or poor food intake, heavy exercise, alcohol consumption, and breastfeeding were identified as triggering factors. Five patients presented with neonatal hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic seizures occurred in half of the patients (12 out of 24). The first hypoglycemic episode often occurred at the age of 1‐2 years, but it sometimes presented at a later age, and could re‐occur during school age or adulthood. This study adds to the laboratory data on PEPCK‐C deficiency, confirming the recognizable urine organic acid pattern and identifying deficient ketogenesis as a novel laboratory finding. The phenotype is expanded suggesting that the risk of hypoglycemia may continue into adulthood if predisposing factors are present.
Brain MRI in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Narrative Review and Recent Advances
Authors: Rafiee Faranak , Rezvani Habibabadi Roya , Motaghi Mina , Yousem David M. , Yousem Ilyssa J.
Published: October 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is neuropsychiatric continuum of disorders characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior which impede optimal functioning. Early detection and intervention in ASD children can mitigate the deficits in social interaction and result in a better outcome. Various non‐invasive imaging methods and molecular techniques have been developed for the early identification of ASD characteristics. There is no general consensus on specific neuroimaging features of autism; however, quantitative magnetic resonance techniques have provided valuable structural and functional information in understanding the neuropathophysiology of ASD and how the autistic brain changes during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In this review of decades of ASD neuroimaging research, we identify the structural, functional, and molecular imaging clues that most accurately point to the diagnosis of ASD vs. typically developing children. These studies highlight the 1) exaggerated synaptic pruning, 2) anomalous gyrification, 3) interhemispheric under‐ and overconnectivity, and 4) excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA imbalance theories of ASD. The application of these various theories to the analysis of a patient with ASD is mitigated often by superimposed comorbid neuropsychological disorders, evolving brain maturation processes, and pharmacologic and behavioral interventions that may affect the structure and function of the brain.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Zero‐fluoroscopy ablation for cardiac arrhythmias: A single‐center experience in Japan
Authors: Kawakami Tohru , Saito Naoki , Yamamoto Kei , Wada Shinya , Itakura Daisuke , Momma Itaru , Kimura Takahiro , Sasaki Hojo , Ando Tomo , Takahashi Hideo , Fukutomi Motoki , Hatori Kei , Onishi Takayuki , Fukunaga Hiroshi , Tobaru Tetsuya
Published: October 2021

Background

Exposure to radiation during catheter ablation procedures poses a risk to the heath of both the patient and electrophysiology laboratory staff. Recently, the feasibility and effectiveness of zero‐fluoroscopy ablation have been reported. However, studies on the outcomes of zero‐fluoroscopy ablation in Japan remain limited. This study investigated the outcomes of zero‐fluoroscopy ablation for cardiac arrhythmias at a Japanese institute.

Methods and Results

We present a retrospective analysis of the safety, efficacy, and feasibility data from 221 consecutive patients who underwent zero‐fluoroscopy ablation. Of these patients, 181 had atrial fibrillation, 17 had paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, 13 had atrial tachycardia, 6 had ventricular tachycardia, and 4 had ventricular premature contractions. We performed zero‐fluoroscopy ablation using three‐dimensional electro‐anatomical mapping systems and intracardiac echocardiography imaging. Ultrasound‐guided sheath insertion was performed on all cases. Our experience includes exclusively endocardial cardiac ablations. The mean follow‐up was 24 months. The recurrence rates were 25.4% for atrial fibrillation, 5.9% for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, 15.4% for atrial tachycardia, 33.3% for ventricular tachycardia, and 25% for ventricular premature contraction. Complications occurred in two patients (0.9%), and there was no occurrence of death. A fluoroscopic guide was used in three cases for the confirmation of vascular access (one case) and for complications (two cases).

Conclusions

Zero‐fluoroscopy ablation was routinely performed without compromising on safety and efficacy. This approach may eliminate the exposure to radiation for all individuals involved in this procedure.
Understanding the Perceived Benefits of Nature for Creativity
Authors: Ratcliffe Eleanor , Gatersleben Birgitta , Sowden Paul T. , Korpela Kalevi M.
Published: October 2021

Experience of nature is widely linked to well‐being, including psychological restoration. Benefits to creativity have been explored in a limited number of studies which refer to theories of restorative environments as frameworks, but it is unclear which aspects of the environment and person–nature transactions are implicated in these processes. In this study, N = 20 members of the British public were interviewed regarding the relevance of natural environments for their personal and professional creative activities. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed that cognitive, affective, and aesthetic appraisals were reported as directly relevant to creativity in nature, while environmental properties, sensory experiences, and the self were reported as informing these appraisals. Similarities to theories of restorative environments were observed in terms of the relevance of affect, cognition, and aesthetics. However, divergences also occurred, especially with regard to perceptions of arousal as beneficial for creativity, the importance of change in the environment, and the relevance of the self. Studies and theoretical modeling of relationships between nature and creativity should include these concepts, as well as those from theories of restorative environments.
Long‐term organic amendments improved soil carbon sequestration to support crop production
Authors: Wei Wenliang , Huangfu Chenghui , Jia Zhiyue , Liu Shutang
Published: October 2021

Background

Currently, soil productivity is severely restricted by the degradation of soil quality in China. Crop straw and livestock manure, as the main by‐products in agricultural production, are widely promoted to replace chemical fertilizer and improve soil quality to support agricultural sustainability.

Aims

We investigated the long‐term effects of organic amendments and nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil quality, including the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil aggregates distribution, and the dynamics of soil labile organic carbon (C) fractions and soil respiration, and crop yield.

Methods

A field experiment (started in 2009) with a winter‐wheat and summer‐maize rotation system was designed with four treatments: without fertilization (CK), with manure (M), with straw (S), and with straw plus N fertilizer (SN). The relevant indicators were measured after 10 years of annual fertilization in 2018.

Results

Compared to the CK treatment, M, S, and SN significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) by 190, 67, and 113%, respectively. M and SN, but not S, significantly improved the dynamics of soil labile organic C fractions, soil aggregates distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD). Simultaneously, soil respiration of M and SN were significantly increased by 21% and 15% compared to CK. Based on the improvement of soil quality, the wheat and maize yield in a rotation of different treatments were as follows: M (20.33 Mg ha–1) > SN (14.09 Mg ha–1) > S (6.45 Mg ha–1) > CK (4.98 Mg ha–1).

Conclusion

Overall, long‐term organic amendments and N fertilization improved soil chemical and physical quality to support high‐yielding crop production.
Extraction of selected prohealth substances from Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale in artificial digestive juices
Authors: Krakowska Agata , Kała Katarzyna , Rospond Bartłomiej , Szewczyk Agnieszka , Opoka Włodzimierz , Muszyńska Bożena
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The study determined the content of selected bioelements, toxic metals and phenolic acids occurring in Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. Natural raw materials in the form of powder, slices, dried and fresh rootstock, tablets and capsules were analyzed. To determine the actual bioavailability of the metals and phenolic acids present in the raw materials, they were extracted into artificial digestive juices (artificial gastric and intestinal juices).

RESULTS

The maximum amounts of bioelements found in turmeric were as follows (mg kg−1 dry weight): Ca, 1911; Cu, 10.4; Fe, 248; K, 123; Mg, 1896; Mn, 181; Na, 332; Zn, 242. On the other hand, the maximum amounts of these bioelements found in ginger were as follows (mg kg−1 dry weight): Ca, 287; Cu, 7.4; Fe, 113; K, 2903; Mg, 1162; Mn, 11.3; Na, 1678; Zn, 186. It was found that bioelements from all the tested samples of raw materials were released to artificial digestive juices.

CONCLUSION

The amount of substances extracted to digestive juices from the analyzed raw materials varied depending on their form. The highest content of bioelements was found in the fresh rhizomes of turmeric and ginger. On the other hand, powdered rhizome was characterized by the highest bioavailability of elements for humans. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Agricultural practice contributed more to changes in soybean yield than climate change from 1981 to 2010 innortheastChina
Authors: Zhang Jie , Liu Yujie , Dai Liang
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Although climate change and agricultural practices have non‐negligible impacts on crop yields, their quantitative contributions to soybean yields remain unclear. First‐order difference multiple regression was used to determine the respective contributions of climate change and agricultural practice to changes in soybean yields at station level from 1981 to 2010 in northeast China.

RESULTS

From 1981 to 2010, the soybean yields at 87% of the stations were increasing with an average 41.18 kg ha year−1change trend in northeast China. The individual impacts of climate change and agricultural practice on soybean yield were −0.33% to 0.58% year−1and −3.3% to 7.89% year−1, respectively. The sensitivity of the soybean yield to climatic factors was related to latitude, and yields at high‐latitude stations were positively correlated with temperature but negatively correlated with accumulated sunshine hours. Climate change contributed −24% to 38% to the trend in soybean yield, and the temperature had the greatest effect of all the climatic factors.

CONCLUSION

The contribution of agricultural practices was greater than that of climate change, counteracting the adverse effects of climate change and even affecting the direction of soybean yield changes. In adaptive decision making, priority should be given to management measures that have less impact on the environment, such as breeding new varieties adapted to specific latitudes, thus promoting the sustainable production of soybeans. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Peanut skin phenolics obtained by green solvent extraction: characterization and antioxidant activity in pure chia oil and chia oil in water (O/W) emulsion
Authors: Bodoira Romina , Martínez Marcela , Velez Alexis , Cittadini Maria C , Ribotta Pablo , Maestri Damián
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The peanut skin (PS) is considered as an industrial waste with undervalued applications. Although several studies report potent antioxidant capacities of PS phenolics, the effectiveness in highly unsaturated lipid systems has not yet been evaluated. The objectives of the present study were two‐fold: (i) to characterize a PS phenolic extract (PSE) obtained by means of a green technology and (ii) to evaluate its antioxidant efficacy on pure chia oil and chia oil in water (O/W) acid emulsion.

RESULTS

PSE was composed mainly of monomeric and condensed flavonoids (procyanidin and proanthocyanidin oligomers). PSE displayed strong antioxidant properties as measured by different reducing power and radical scavenging capacities [IC50 = 0.36 μg dry extract (DE) mL−1 for ferric reducing antioxidant power; IC50 = 4.96 μg DE mL−1 for 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)•; IC50 = 6.01 μg DE mL−1 for 2,2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS)•+; IC50 = 2.62 μg DE mL−1 for HO•]. It also showed high antioxidant efficacy when tested in pure chia oil under accelerated oxidation conditions (Rancimat, 100 °C). When added to the O/W emulsions maintained at 40 °C for 15 days, the PSE was more effective than a synthetic antioxidant (tert‐butylhydroquinone) with respect to minimizing the formation and degradation of lipid hydroperoxides.

CONCLUSIONS

The antioxidant efficacy of PSE was primarily attributed to the abundance of compounds with a high number of phenolic‐OH groups. Because they were found to cover a relatively wide range of partition coefficients, the antioxidant properties could be also enhanced by effect of both interfacial and solubility phenomena. All of these features allow the potential use of PSE as a natural antioxidant in different types of foods, including acid emulsion systems. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Bifidobacteria exhibited stronger ability to utilize fructooligosaccharides, compared with other bacteria in the mouse intestine
Authors: Gu Jiayu , Mao Bingyong , Cui Shumao , Tang Xin , Liu Zhenmin , Zhao Jianxin , Zhang Hao
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have been identified as important prebiotics. Previous studies have found that they can significantly promote the proliferation of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum in the mouse intestine. However, it is still unclear which other bacteria in the mouse intestine can utilize FOS, and the differences in the ability to utilize FOS. In this study, the bacteria capable of utilizing FOS were isolated from mice feces and their ability to utilize FOS was compared. Draft genome sequencing was also applied to explain the differences in FOS utilization at the gene levels.

RESULTS

A total of 15 species were isolated from mouse feces and 13 species were able to utilize fructofuranosylnystose (GF2). Eleven species could utilize nistose (GF3), but not Enterococcus hirae and Lactobacillus reuteri. In contrast, 1‐kestose (GF4) was hardly utilized. The enzyme activity determination and draft genome sequencing‐based analyses revealed that all isolated species used the phosphotransferase system or permease system to transport FOS into the cells before hydrolysis by β‐fructofuranosidase. Although β‐fructofuranosidase exists in all strains, there are big differences in the corresponding coding genes between bifidobacteria and non‐bifidobacteria.

CONCLUSION

Compared with the other isolates, Bifidobacterium species exhibited higher enzyme activity and shorter generation time, leading to a stronger ability to utilize FOS. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.