bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can foam sclerotherapy be used to safely treat bilateral varicose veins?
Authors: Bhogal R H , Moffat C E , Coney P , Nyamekye I K
Published: June 2011

Objective

We assessed the use of ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) to treat bilateral varicose veins either as synchronous or interval procedures. We specifically assessed total foam volume usage and its influence on early outcome and complications.

Methods

We reviewed our prospectively compiled computerised database of patients with bilateral varicose veins who have undergone UGFS. Duplex findings, foam volumes used and clinical outcome were assessed.

Results

One hundred and twelve patients had undergone UGFS for bilateral varicose veins. Sixty-one had bilateral UGFS (122 legs) and 51 had interval UGFS (102 legs). Seventy-eight percent bilateral and 60% interval procedures were for single trunk disease. Median foam volumes per treatment episode were: 17.5 mls bilateral, and 10 mls interval FS. At two weeks 81% of legs had complete occlusion after bilateral UGFS compared to 70% after interval UGFS. One patient in the bilateral UGFS developed transient visual disturbance. There was no systemic complications in the interval UGFS.

Conclusions

Bilateral foam sclerotherapy treatment did not adversly affect vein occlusion rates and there was no significant difference in complication rates between the two groups. Bilateral UGFS can be safely performed in selected patient presenting with bilateral varicose veins.
Superficial vein ablation for the treatment of primary chronic venous ulcers
Authors: Sufian S , Lakhanpal S , Marquez J
Published: June 2011

Objective

This retrospective study was undertaken to review our experience with ablation of superficial veins with significant reflux, using VNUS ClosureFAST RF (radiofrequency) or laser 980 nm, in patients with primary chronic venous ulcers, and also determine its effects in ulcer healing and ulcer recurrence.

Method

Included were 25 limbs (18 patients with chronic primary venous ulcers (clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological elements [CEAP] classification C6), who underwent endovenous ablation with RF for the axial veins or laser for the perforating veins during a two-year period.

Results

Of the 18 patients, there were eight men and 10 women. The median age of the group was 68 (range 37–89) years. The number of ablations done in each leg with an ulcer varied from one to eight, with a median of three. During a follow-up period of 6–12 months, one patient failed ulcer healing despite sequential ablations of refluxing veins. There was one case that developed recurrence of a small ulcer after six months and was successfully treated with a perforator ablation.

Conclusion

Endovenous ablation of incompetent superficial veins improves the healing of chronic primary venous ulcers and decreases the recurrence rates.
The recurrent cervical swelling syndrome
Authors: Franceschi C , Gianesini S , Bahnini A , Laurian C , Menegatti E , Zamboni P
Published: June 2011

The objective of this study is to report an overlooked cause of cervical swelling linked to a thoracic duct (TD) intraluminal obstruction. Four consecutive patients underwent supraclavicular fossa echo-colour-Doppler assessment (ECD) because of recurrent spontaneous cervical swelling. In all patients, during the swelling period we documented a TD dilation with hyperechogenic content, resulting undetectable during asymptomatic periods; ECD also allowed an effective differential diagnosis with TD cysts, obstructive malignancy or other causes of cervical swelling. In conclusion, ECD is to be considered an effective tool in cervical swelling and TD anomalies investigation.
A Global Equilibrium Asset Pricing Model with Home Preference
Authors: Solnik Bruno , Zuo Luo
Published: June 2011

We develop a global equilibrium asset pricing model assuming that investors suffer from foreign aversion, a preference for home assets based on familiarity. Using a utility formulation inspired by regret theory, we derive closed-form solutions. When the degree of foreign aversion is high in a given country, investors place a high valuation on domestic equity, which results in a low expected return. Thus, the model generates the simple prediction that a country's degree of home bias and the expected return of its domestic assets should be inversely related. Our predicted relation between the degree of home bias and a country's expected return has the opposite sign predicted by models that assume some form of market segmentation. Using International Monetary Fund portfolio data, we find that expected returns are negatively related to home bias.

This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, Teck Ho, and Terrance Odean, special issue editors.
The final diagnosis in patients with a suspected primary malignancy of bone
Authors: Malhas A. M. , Grimer R. J. , Abudu A. , Carter S. R. , Tillman R. M. , Jeys L.
Published: June 2011

We investigated the eventual diagnosis in patients referred to a tertiary centre with a possible diagnosis of a primary bone malignancy.

We reviewed our database from between 1986 and 2010, during which time 5922 patients referred with a suspicious bone lesion had a confirmed diagnosis. This included bone sarcoma in 2205 patients (37%), benign bone tumour in 1309 (22%), orthopaedic conditions in 992 (17%), metastatic disease in 533 (9%), infection in 289 (5%) and haematological disease in 303 (5%). There was a similar frequency of all diagnoses at different ages except for metastatic disease. Only 0.6% of patients (17 of 2913) under the age of 35 years had metastatic disease compared with 17.1% (516 of 3009) of those over 35 years (p < 0.0001). Of the 17 patients under 35 years with metastatic disease, only four presented with an isolated lesion, had no past history of cancer and were systematically well.

Patients under the age of 35 years should have suitable focal imaging (plain radiography, CT or MRI) and simple systemic studies (blood tests and chest radiography). Reduction of the time to biopsy can be achieved by avoiding an unnecessary investigation for a primary tumour to rule out metastatic disease.
Comparing normal and torn rotator cuff tendons using dynamic shear analysis
Authors: Chaudhury S. , Holland C. , Vollrath F. , Carr A. J.
Published: June 2011

This study reports the application of a novel method for quantitatively determining differences in the mechanical properties of healthy and torn rotator cuff tissues. In order to overcome problems of stress risers at the grip-tendon interface that can obscure mechanical measurements of small tendons, we conducted our investigation using dynamic shear analysis.

Rotator cuff tendon specimens were obtained from 100 patients during shoulder surgery. They included 82 differently sized tears and 18 matched controls. We subjected biopsy samples of 3 mm in diameter to oscillatory deformation under compression using dynamic shear analysis. The storage modulus (G’) was calculated as an indicator of mechanical integrity.

Normal tendons had a significantly higher storage modulus than torn tendons, indicating that torn tendons are mechanically weaker than normal tendons (p = 0.003). Normal tendons had a significantly higher mean shear modulus than tendons with massive tears (p < 0.01).

Dynamic shear analysis allows the determination of shear mechanical properties of small tissue specimens obtained intra-operatively that could not be studied by conventional methods of tensile testing. These methods could be employed to investigate other musculoskeletal tissues. This pilot study provides some insight into mechanisms that might contribute to the failure of repair surgery, and with future application could help direct the most appropriate treatment for specific rotator cuff tears.
Does cyclical loading affect the elution of antibiotics from articulating cement knee spacers?
Authors: Rogers B. A. , Middleton F. R. , Shearwood-Porter N. , Kinch S. , Roques A. , Bradley N. W. , Browne M.
Published: June 2011

Two-stage revision surgery for infected total knee replacement offers the highest rate of success for the elimination of infection. The use of articulating antibiotic-laden cement spacers during the first stage to eradicate infection also allows protection of the soft tissues against excessive scarring and stiffness. We have investigated the effect of cyclical loading of cement spacers on the elution of antibiotics. Femoral and tibial spacers containing vancomycin at a constant concentration and tobramycin of varying concentrations were studied in vitro. The specimens were immersed and loaded cyclically to 250 N, with a flexion excursion of 45°, for 35 000 cycles. The buffered solution was sampled at set intervals and the antibiotic concentration was established so that the elution could be calculated. Unloaded samples were used as a control group for statistical comparison.

The elution of tobramycin increased proportionately with its concentration in cement and was significantly higher at all sampling times from five minutes to 1680 minutes in loaded components compared with the control group (p = 0.021 and p = 0.003, respectively). A similar trend was observed with elution of vancomycin, but this failed to reach statistical significance at five, 1320 and 1560 minutes (p = 0.0508, p = 0.067 and p = 0.347, respectively). However, cyclically loaded and control components showed an increased elution of vancomycin with increasing tobramycin concentration in the specimens, despite all components having the same vancomycin concentration. The concentration of tobramycin influences both tobramycin and vancomycin elution from bone cement. Cyclical loading of the cement spacers enhanced the elution of vancomycin and tobramycin.
High tibial osteotomy with a dynamic axial fixator
Authors: Bachhal V. , Sankhala S. S. , Jindal N. , Dhillon M. S.
Published: June 2011

We report the outcome of 32 patients (37 knees) who underwent hemicallostasis with a dynamic external fixator for osteoarthritis of the medial compartment of the knee. There were 16 men (19 knees) and 16 women (18 knees) with a mean age at operation of 54.6 years (27 to 72). The aim was to achieve a valgus overcorrection of 2° to 8° or mechanical axis at 62.5% (± 12.5%). At a mean follow-up of 62.8 months (51 to 81) there was no change in the mean range of movement, and no statistically significant difference in the Insall-Salvati index or tibial slope (p = 0.11 and p = 0.15, respectively). The mean hip-knee-ankle angle changed from 190.6 (183° to 197°) to 176.0° (171° to 181°), with a mean final position of the mechanical axis of 58.5% (35.1% to 71.2%).

The desired alignment was attained in 31 of 37 (84%) knees. There were 21 excellent, 13 good, two fair and one poor result according to the Oxford knee score with no correlation between age and final score. This score was at its best at one year with a statistically significant deterioration at two years (p = 0.001) followed by a small but not statistically significant deterioration until the final follow-up (p = 0.17). All the knees with Ahlback grade 1 osteoarthritis had excellent or good results. Complications included pin tract infections involving 16.4% of all pins used, delayed union in two, knee stiffness in four, fracture of the lateral cortex in one and ring sequestrum in one.

In conclusion, hemicallostasis provides precision in attaining the desired alignment without interfering with tibial slope or patellar height, and is relatively free of serious complications.
The management of the orthopaedic sequelae of meningococcal septicaemia
Authors: Park D. H. , Bradish C. F.
Published: June 2011

Septicaemia resulting from meningococcal infection is a devastating illness affecting children. Those who survive can develop late orthopaedic sequelae from growth plate arrests, with resultant complex deformities. Our aim in this study was to review the case histories of a series of patients with late orthopaedic sequelae, all treated by the senior author (CFB). We also describe a treatment strategy to address the multiple deformities that may occur in these patients.

Between 1997 and 2009, ten patients (seven girls and three boys) were treated for late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia. All had involvement of the lower limbs, and one also had involvement of the upper limbs. Each patient had a median of three operations (one to nine). Methods of treatment included a combination of angular deformity correction, limb lengthening and epiphysiodesis. All patients were skeletally mature at the final follow-up. One patient with bilateral below-knee amputations had satisfactory correction of her right amputation stump deformity, and has complete ablation of both her proximal tibial growth plates. In eight patients length discrepancy in the lower limb was corrected to within 1 cm, with normalisation of the mechanical axis of the lower limb.

Meningococcal septicaemia can lead to late orthopaedic sequelae due to growth plate arrests. Central growth plate arrests lead to limb-length discrepancy and the need for lengthening procedures, and peripheral growth plate arrests lead to angular deformities requiring corrective osteotomies and ablation of the damaged physis. In addition, limb amputations may be necessary and there may be altered growth of the stump requiring further surgery. Long-term follow-up of these patients is essential to recognise and treat any recurrence of deformity.
The Edinburgh Orthopaedic Trauma Unit and the International Trauma Symposium
Authors: Keating J. F. , White T. O.
Published: June 2011

This brief annotation summarises the particular contributions made by the annual Edinburgh International Trauma Symposium in various areas of research into aspects of orthopaedic trauma and the management of acutely injured patients, during the 25 years since its establishment.
Assessment of Consent Capability in Psychiatric and Medical Studies
Authors: Tait Raymond C. , Chibnall John T. , Iltis Ana , Wall Anji , Deshields Teresa L.
Published: June 2011

In order to evaluate psychiatric factors that potentially influence assessment of consent capacity, 195 IRB members read summaries of hypothetical medical (cancer vs. neuropathic pain) and psychiatric trials. They then rated research participants' capacity for consent (capable or not capable), autonomy, and decisional abilities, as well as the legal risk to the institution of the study. Levels of depression information varied across the medical disorders. Significantly fewer IRB members judged participants in the depression trial to possess adequate capacity for consent relative to 4 of 6 medical conditions; legal risk to the institution also was rated higher in the psychiatric study. While IRB members judged participants in depression trials to have less capacity for consent and to pose higher levels of institutional risk than medical trial participants, the addition of increasing information regarding depressive co-morbidities had little or no effect on judgments of medical studies. Implications are discussed relative to the apparent overprotection of participants in psychiatric trials and underprotection of those in medical trials.
Voluntariness to Consent to Research in a Voluntarily and Involuntarily Hospitalized Psychiatric Population
Authors: Van Der Veer Nancy L. , Drachman David , Ahad Sami , Silvers George , Ramos Gilbert
Published: June 2011

The purpose of our study was to examine rates of consent to participate in research in voluntarily and involuntarily hospitalized psychiatric patients in order to evaluate factors that may influence the decision to participate in research. We used logistic regression models to evaluate differences and found that involuntary patients were less likely to consent to participate. After adjustment for covariates, we found that consent rates did not differ between the involuntary and voluntary population, but that lower Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores and psychosis negatively affected the decision to consent to research. We discuss the implications of our findings.
Developing Community Partner Training: Regulations and Relationships
Authors: Solomon Stephanie , Piechowski Patricia J.
Published: June 2011

While funders increasingly support research that partners with communities, community partners still must submit to a regulatory oversight structure that does not reflect their unique research ethics challenges and needs. In recognition of the importance of collaborative research endeavors, the authors engaged in a process of reconnaissance and negotiations with local community partners and research ethics boards (REBs) at the University of Michigan to begin to address the mismatch between regulatory demands and community-based research realities. This preliminary process yielded both changes in the REB oversight structure and training required of community partnered research. While the ultimate impact of these changes remains to be seen, the process itself yielded insights and materials of use to both our local REBs, and hopefully those at other institutions as well. This article will present those insights and provide links to those materials.
When a Serious Adverse Event in Research Occurs, How Do Other Volunteers React?
Authors: Kennedy Caitlin E. , Kass Nancy , Myers Rachel K. , Fuchs Edward J. , Flexner Charles
Published: June 2011

Serious adverse events in research involving healthy volunteers are rare, but their impact on other volunteers is unknown. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 healthy volunteers at an institution where a healthy research volunteer died. Most volunteers (85%) had heard of the event, but few said it changed their thoughts about joining research (17%), approach to studies or questions asked (25%), or future participation (4%). Despite knowing few facts, respondents created narratives about the case that served to distance them from the event and justify their continued participation in research. Downward social comparison theory, optimistic bias, and feelings of responsibility and control may help explain these narratives. Findings underscore the importance of communication and understanding of research risks and protections.
Waveform Circularity from Added Sawtooth and Square Wave Acoustical Signals
Authors: Fugiel Bogusław
Published: June 2011

An algorithm is given with the purpose of building complex tones for which waveform circularity is shown and for which pitch circularity may be heard. The tones consist of sawtooth and square acoustical waves. It is proposed that a perceptual illusion, analogous to those described by Shepard (1964), can be then created. The signal may comprise an infinite number of harmonics, as in the case of natural sounds. Using the equitempered scale, an appropriate mathematical formula is given.
The Persistence of Musical Memories: A Descriptive Study of Earworms
Authors: Halpern Andrea R. , Bartlett James C.
Published: June 2011

We describe some characteristics of persistent musical and verbal retrieval episodes, commonly known as "earworms." In Study 1, participants first filled out a survey summarizing their earworm experiences retrospectively. This was followed by a diary study to document each experience as it happened. Study 2 was an extension of the diary study with a larger sample and a focus on triggering events. Consistent with popular belief, these persistent musical memories were common across people and occurred frequently for most respondents, and were often linked to recent exposure to preferred music. Contrary to popular belief, the large majority of such experiences were not unpleasant. Verbal earworms were uncommon. These memory experiences provide an interesting example of extended memory retrieval for music in a naturalistic situation.
Matthew Philip Gill and Joseph Smith: The Dynamics of Mormon Schism
Authors: Bowman Matthew
Published: June 2011

In 2007, Matthew Philip Gill, a resident of Derbyshire, England, announced the formation of the Latter Day Church of Jesus Christ. He claimed to be acting under angelic direction, and produced a new scripture, the Book of Jeraneck, to usher in his new faith. Gill's church is a restoration of a restoration: he claims to have restored the Mormon movement, which Joseph Smith founded as a restoration of the church Jesus organized, but which Gill claims has fallen into apostasy—particularly its primary iteration, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), which Gill was raised in but has abandoned. This article analyzes the relationship between Gill's movement and the LDS church, pointing out the ways in which Gill draws upon the Mormon tradition to claim authority for his new church, but also the ways in which Gill seeks to alter the balance of tension between the LDS church and the culture around it. The article particularly explores Gill's founding narrative, comparing its language, motifs, and forms of spirituality with those of Joseph Smith; the Book of Jeraneck's intertextual relationship with the Book of Mormon; and Gill's story of LDS apostasy.
Transcendental Meditation, Vedic Science and Science
Authors: Lowe Scott
Published: June 2011

Science—in the forms of Western theoretical science, empirical research, and revised Vedic teachings—has played at least three different roles over the last fifty years in the evolving public and internal teachings of the Transcendental Meditation Organization (TMO) of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. The first phase, starting in 1957, emphasized the power of Indian spiritual teachings to transform the world, and science was downplayed. The second phase, beginning in 1970, was marked by a sudden transformation of the TMO from a small, exotic Indian-based meditation movement to an aggressively modern, science-based, crypto-spiritual business dedicated to bringing optimal physiological and psychological functioning to the world. In the third phase, from the 1980s, a self-selected, relatively small group of dedicated followers entered an enchanted land in which cutting-edge theories from quantum physics were employed creatively to bolster Maharishi's extensively reinterpreted Vedic sciences. It seems likely that this third stage, in which Western science is useful and valid only to the extent that it confirms the ancient Vedic truths, was the destination toward which Maharishi was heading from the inception of his movement. While it is possible that these stages reveal the gradual evolution of Maharishi's thought, it seems more likely that they are the expression of a deliberate strategy of progressive revelation.
Roping Outsiders In
Authors: Frøystad Kathinka
Published: June 2011

This article examines the pursuit of scientific legitimacy in spiritual movements that target the urban middle class in India. Based on fieldwork in a non-congregational ashram in Haridwar and six spiritual movements in Delhi that teach meditation of some kind—including Art of Living, Golden Age Foundation and Healing Rhythms—this article makes two points. First, participants articulate spiritual appeals to science in highly different ways, each of which merits analytical attention. Second, spiritual appeals to science are primarily directed at outsiders rather than long-term members. To explain why this is so, this article develops an analytical framework that takes into account religious uncertainty, differing degrees of religious involvement, and the narrative context of spiritual transmission.
Loss of Drosophila melanogaster p21-activated kinase 3 Suppresses Defects in Synapse Structure and Function Caused by spastin Mutations
Authors: Ozdowski Emily F , Gayle Sophia , Bao Hong , Zhang Bing , Sherwood Nina T
Published: June 2011

Microtubules are dynamic structures that must elongate, disassemble, and be cleaved into smaller pieces for proper neuronal development and function. The AAA ATPase Spastin severs microtubules along their lengths and is thought to regulate the balance between long, stable filaments and shorter fragments that seed extension or are transported. In both Drosophila and humans, loss of Spastin function results in reduction of synaptic connections and disabling motor defects. To gain insight into how spastin is regulated, we screened the Drosophila melanogaster genome for deletions that modify a spastin overexpression phenotype, eye size reduction. One suppressor region deleted p21-activated kinase 3 (pak3), which encodes a member of the Pak family of actin-regulatory enzymes, but whose in vivo function is unknown. We show that pak3 mutants have only mild synaptic defects at the larval neuromuscular junction, but exhibit a potent genetic interaction with spastin mutations. Aberrant bouton morphology, microtubule distribution, and synaptic transmission caused by spastin loss of function are all restored to wild type when pak3 is simultaneously reduced. Neuronal overexpression of pak3 induces actin-rich thin projections, suggesting that it functions in vivo to promote filopodia during presynaptic terminal arborization. pak3 therefore regulates synapse development in vivo, and when mutated, suppresses the synaptic defects that result from spastin loss.
Therapy of radiation enteritis – current challenges
Authors: Baranyai Zsolt , Sinkó Dániel , Jósa Valéria , Zaránd Attila , Teknős Dániel
Published: June 2011

Radiation enteritis is one of the most feared complications after abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. The incidence varies from 0.5 to 5%. It is not rare that the slowly progressing condition will be fatal. During a period of 13 years 24 patients were operated due to the complication of radiation enteritis. Despite different types of surgery repeated operation was required in 25% of cases and finally 4 patients died. Analyzing these cases predisposing factors and different therapeutic options of this condition are discussed. Treatment options of radiation induced enteritis are limited; however, targeted therapy significantly improves the outcome. Cooperation between oncologist, gastroenterologist and surgeon is required to establish adequate therapeutic plan. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1120–1124.
Estimating Creatinine Clearance: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Wilhelm Sheila M. , Kale‐Pradhan Pramodini B.
Published: June 2011

Study Objectives. To determine which body weight descriptor most accurately predicts measured creatinine clearance (Clcr) and whether rounding serum creatinine concentration (Scr) to 1 mg/dl when it is less than 1 mg/dl accurately predicts measured Clcr.

Design. Meta‐analysis of 13 English‐language trials comparing 24‐hour measured Clcr with Cockcroft‐Gault estimated Clcr by using various body weights or rounded Scr values.

Patients. A total of 1197 patients (mean age 53.3 yrs, 48.7% male) were included in the meta‐analysis.

Measurements and Main Results. A thorough literature search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library databases was performed (1976‐June 2010) to identify relevant clinical trials. Patient population, number of subjects, age, and 24‐hour measured and estimated Clcr were extracted independently by two investigators by using standardized data collection forms. Mean difference (MD) between estimated and measured Clcr was assessed. Thirteen studies met all selection criteria. A random‐effects model was applied secondary to a high level of heterogeneity among the studies (I2>50%). Total body weight in the Cockcroft‐Gault equation overestimated measured Clcr (MD 15.91 ml/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.17–24.65 ml/min). Ideal body weight underestimated Clcr (MD −5.15 ml/min, 95% CI −9.92 to −0.38 ml/min). No body weight (i.e., assumes body weight is 72 kg, thus removing the factor of 72 from the denominator of the equation) closely estimated Clcr (MD 0.43 ml/min, 95% CI −5.42–6.27 ml/min). Adjusted body weight with correction factors of 0.3 or 0.4 also closely estimated Clcr (MD 4.55 ml/min, 95% CI −11.41–20.50 ml/min, and MD 19.94 ml/min, 95% CI −9.6–49.49 ml/min, respectively). Total body weight with a rounded Scr value closely estimated measured Clcr (MD 3.51 ml/min, 95% CI −17.18–24.20 ml/min). Ideal body weight with a rounded Scr value underestimated Clcr (MD −29.45 ml/min, 95% CI −48.46 to −10.43).

Conclusion. Using the Cockcroft‐Gault equation with no body weight and actual Scr value most closely estimated measured Clcr. In obese patients, it may be reasonable to use actual body weight with a correction factor of 0.3 or 0.4 and actual Scr value in the Cockcroft‐Gault equation. Based on this analysis, the use of total body weight, ideal body weight, and a rounded Scr value cannot be recommended.
Neighborhood Perceptions and Parent Outcomes in Family Based Prevention Programs for Thai Adolescents: The Role of Program Engagement
Authors: Byrnes Hilary F. , Miller Brenda A. , Chamratrithirong Aphichat , Rhucharoenpornpanich Orratai , Cupp Pamela K. , Atwood Katharine A. , Fongkaew Warunee , Rosati Michael J. , Chookhare Warunee
Published: June 2011

Due to concerns over Thai adolescent risky behaviors, effective prevention strategies are needed. Determining the role neighborhood context plays in program engagement and outcomes may inform these strategies. This study includes 170 mother-adolescent pairs ( M = 13.44, SD = .52) in Bangkok, Thailand in a prevention program for adolescent substance use and sexual risk. Neighborhoods were related to engagement, which was critical to outcomes. Neighborhood disorganization was related to confidence in program effects and program completion. Completion was related to increased ATOD communication. Neighborhood cohesion was related to less program enjoyment, while neighborhood social control was related to more enjoyment. Enjoyment was related to increased ATOD communication and formation and monitoring of alcohol rules. Prevention strategies should focus on neighborhood contexts and enhancing engagement.
The Influence of Reflective Self-Explanations on Problem-Solving Performance
Authors: Kwon Kyungbin , Jonassen David H.
Published: June 2011

In this study, the effects of reflective self-explanations on conceptual understanding and problem solving are investigated in a domain of computer programming. After completing a multiple-choice test, 33 students were asked to reflect on and explain why their answers were correct or incorrect. Groups were divided for post hoc analysis based on the degree of reflective self-explanation and prior knowledge. Results indicated that students who actively engaged in the reflective self-explanation process performed better in problem solving tasks with minimal guidance. Prior knowledge was critical for effective reflection, especially recalling principles. Although low prior knowledge students tended to persist with their faulty mental models, self-explanation activities helped them to repair their models. The relationship between reflective self-explanation and prior knowledge is discussed.
Employing an Activity-Theoretical Perspective to Localize an Educational Innovation in an Elementary School
Authors: Lim Cher Ping , Tay Lee Yong , Hedberg John
Published: June 2011

Two grade 5 classes (11–12-year-olds) were introduced through an inquiry-based pedagogy to scientific ideas and concepts within a 3D game-like multi-user virtual environment (MUVE). This article explores how a particular set of strategies and conditions might encourage and sustain the use of the MUVE, Quest Atlantis (QA), as a problem-based learning environment. This set of strategies and conditions includes the commitment of the teachers and their support through professional development, ongoing technical assistance, and students' orientation and scaffolding. Ensuring the appropriateness of the technology access and structure of the curriculum required time-table planning. These factors predict the likely survival of an education innovation in the school and the possibility of scaled up for more widely-used pedagogical practice.
Mental Imagery among Young Violent Offenders: Vividness and Controllability
Authors: Auvinen-Lintunen Laura , Punamäki Raija-Leena , Häkkänen-Nyholm Helinä
Published: June 2011

Severely aggressive persons with antisocial and psychopathic tendencies are suggested to have deficits in their imagery processes (Gorenstein, 1991). Based on empirical evidence, our aim is to analyze the relationship between criminal violent behavior and mental imagery. We compared characteristics of mental imagery, such as mental vividness and controllability, between groups of young violent male offenders ( n = 28, average age = 19 years) and non-violent young men ( n = 29, average age = 18 years). We hypothesized that young offenders with a history of severe violent crime would show a lower level of vividness and controllability than non-offenders. The vividness of mental imagery was assessed by the randomized, short Betts' Questionnaire upon Mental Imagery by Sheehan (SQMI) and controllability of the images by the modified Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). We used SES as a control variable. According to a MANOVA, we did not find statistically significant differences between the groups, whether controlling for SES or not. However, the results of Univariate tests showed that the violent offenders had lower level of imagery vividness in the sensory domains of olfactory and tactile senses than non-offenders. Moreover, against our hypothesis, the violent offenders showed more ability to control their imagery process, and they created more vivid images in contextual domains, especially in tasks involving imagery of neutral, calming, and social scenes.
Imagination and False Memories
Authors: Robin Frédérique
Published: June 2011

Since the publication of the famous Roediger and McDermott article (1995), researchers have focused on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm and studied many factors involved in memory illusions. The aim of the current study has been to investigate the effect of imaginal encoding on memory confusion in the DRM paradigm. Overall, results indicated that imaginal encoding improves true recall and recognition and significantly reduces false recall, whereas no reduction effect occurs on false recognition. These results are interesting because they are inconsistent with what we would expect based on the available findings in the literature. Otherwise, the present results call into question the underlying processes involved in the creation of veridical and false memories during recall and recognition in DRM tasks.
Coping with the Ultimate Deprivation: Narrative Themes in a Parental Bereavement Support Group
Authors: Umphrey Laura R. , Cacciatore Joanne
Published: June 2011

Support groups are often used to help individuals cope with challenging and unusual life circumstances through narration. Yet, little is known about specific meta-communication within a support group setting and in what ways these interactions may benefit participants. This study uncovers narrative themes that were expressed during a series of support group meetings specific to bereaved parents. Three central narratives were revealed in the analysis including the death story narrative, coping/negotiating narrative, and connecting through communication with others narrative. This research underscores the vital outlet that the support group serves for participants and the communicative means by which subjective healing can occur.
Casual Blood Pressure and Neurocognitive Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Lande Marc B. , Gerson Arlene C. , Hooper Stephen R. , Cox Christopher , Matheson Matt , Mendley Susan R. , Gipson Debbie S. , Wong Cynthia , Warady Bradley A. , Furth Susan L. , Flynn Joseph T.
Published: June 2011

Background and objectives

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for cognitive dysfunction, and over half have hypertension. Data on the potential contribution of hypertension to CKD-associated neurocognitive deficits in children are limited. Our objective was to determine whether children with CKD and elevated BP (EBP) had decreased performance on neurocognitive testing compared with children with CKD and normal BP.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This was a cross-sectional analysis of the relation between auscultatory BP and neurocognitive test performance in children 6 to 17 years enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) project.

Results

Of 383 subjects, 132 (34%) had EBP (systolic BP and/or diastolic BP ≥90th percentile). Subjects with EBP had lower mean (SD) scores on Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence (WASI) Performance IQ than those with normal BP (normal BP versus EBP, 96.1 (16.7) versus 92.4 (14.9), P = 0.03) and WASI Full Scale IQ (97.0 (16.2) versus 93.4 (16.5), P = 0.04). BP index (subject's BP/95th percentile BP) correlated inversely with Performance IQ score (systolic, r = −0.13, P = 0.01; diastolic, r = −0.19, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the association between lower Performance IQ score and increased BP remained significant after controlling for demographic and disease-related variables (EBP, β = −3.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −7.3 to −0.06; systolic BP index, β = −1.16 to 95% CI: −2.1, −0.21; diastolic BP index, β = −1.17, 95% CI: −1.8 to −0.55).

Conclusions

Higher BP was independently associated with decreased WASI Performance IQ scores in children with mild-to-moderate CKD.
Protective Role of Selenium Against Over-Expression of Cancer-Related Apoptotic Genes Induced By O-Cresol in Rats
Authors: Khalil Wagdy , Booles Hoda
Published: June 2011

Protective Role of Selenium Against Over-Expression of Cancer-Related Apoptotic Genes Induced ByO-Cresol in Rats

Cresols are monomethyl derivatives of phenol frequently used as solvents and intermediates in the production of disinfectants, fragrances, pesticides, dyes, and explosives, which is probably why they are widely distributed in the environment. General population may be exposed to cresols mainly through inhalation of contaminated air. In this study we evaluated the toxicological effects ofo-cresol on differential gene expression profile of rat liver and prostate. Experiments were conducted on 80 male rats, 60 of which were exposed too-cresol (1.5 g kg-1, 5 g kg-1, or 15 g kg-1) through feed for 8 weeks. Three groups of rats were supplemented with 0.1 mg kg-1selenium (Se, in the form of, sodium selenite) in addition too-cresol to evaluate its effectiveness againsto-cresol toxicity. Control group received neither o-cresol nor Se, while one group received Se alone. Survival was similar between the exposed and control animals. Rats exposed to 15 g kg-1ofo-cresol showed a 16 % loss in body weight by the end of the study, which may have been related too-cresol making feed unpalatable at this concentration. Liver and prostate tissue samples were collected at the end of the treatment. mRNA analysis revealed that apoptotic genes (CYP3A, COX-2, PPARγ, BAX, BCL2, AKT-1, and PKCα) related to cancer were up-regulated in liver and prostate tissues isolated from groups exposed to 5 g kg-1and 15 g kg-1o-cresol in comparison to control. Changes in gene expression profile were prevented when rats were supplemented with Se. The exact mechanisms underlying its protective effect remain to be clarified by future studies.
Genotoxic Effects of Green Tea Extract on Human Laryngeal Carcinoma Cells In Vitro
Authors: Durgo Ksenija , Kostić Sandra , Gradiški Katarina , Komes Draženka , Osmak Maja , Franekić Jasna
Published: June 2011

Genotoxic Effects of Green Tea Extract on Human Laryngeal Carcinoma Cells In Vitro

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) contains several bioactive compounds which protect the cell and prevent tumour development. Phytochemicals in green tea extract (mostly flavonoids) scavenge free radicals, but also induce pro-oxidative reactions in the cell. In this study, we evaluated the potential cytotoxic and prooxidative effects of green tea extract and its two main flavonoid constituents epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line (HEp2) and its cross-resistant cell line CK2. The aim was to see if the extract and its two flavonoids could increase the sensitivity of the cisplatin-resistant cell line CK2 in comparison to the parental cell line. The results show that EGCG and green tea extract increased the DNA damage in the CK2 cell line during short exposure. The cytotoxicity of EGCG and ECG increased with the time of incubation. Green tea extract induced lipid peroxidation in the CK2 cell line. The pro-oxidant effect of green tea was determined at concentrations higher than those found in traditionally prepared green tea infusions.
Pinios (Peneus) River (Central Greece): Hydrological — Geomorphological elements and changes during the quaternary
Authors: Migiros George , Bathrellos George , Skilodimou Hariklia , Karamousalis Theodoros
Published: June 2011

The Pinios River is the third longest river of Greece. It drains the entire drainage basin of Thessaly (eastern part of Central Greece), part of which is the largest plain of the country. In this research the hydrological, geomorphological and geological characteristics of the riverine area of Pinios were studied. Classification and grouping of these characteristics were then carried out, which led to the segmentation of the Pinios River into seven sections, each one with its own set of thematic data. These sets assign separate functions and evolutions of the river system during the Quaternary. Specifically, the basin of the present Pinios River, before its evolution into a river basin, comprised three separate and independent systems. The present Pinios River emerged as a river system from the merging of the lacustrine paleoenvironments along with the major tributaries that drained large parts of the present hydrological basin and as soon as the karstic openings of the central hill valley and the Tempi valley took place during the Quaternary. The followed methodology for the segmentation of the river can be used for the study of heterogeneous river systems.
ALS Gene Mutations in Apera Spica-Venti Confer Broad-Range Resistance to Herbicides
Authors: Krysiak Michał , Gawroński Stanisław , Adamczewski Kazimierz , Kierzek Roman
Published: June 2011

ALSGene Mutations inApera Spica-VentiConfer Broad-Range Resistance to Herbicides

Several biotypes of wind bentgrass in Poland have been identified as being resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. We screened these weeds with chlorsulfuron and performed a whole-plant bioassay with a range of doses based on these four herbicides: chlorsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, propoxycarbazone-sodium and mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium mixture. Ten biotypes, diverse in their levels of resistance, were submitted for molecular tests. PCR amplification and sequencing of als domains demonstrated numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nine biotypes showed non-synonymous substitutions in codon Pro197, changing it to Ser or Thr. Mutation in Pro197conferred a high level of resistance to the tested herbicides. Analysis of four biotypes also revealed a substitution in the Ala122codon, changing it to Val. In one biotype this substitution was not accompanied by Pro197mutation and this biotype was resistant to chlorsulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, but not to sulfosulfuron or propoxycarbazone-sodium. Correspondence between mutations and levels of resistan ce to ALS inhibitors may support management of resistant weeds with the existing palette of herbicides.
Evolution of Regional Disparities in Poland
Authors: Czyż Teresa , Hauke Jan
Published: June 2011

Evolution of Regional Disparities in Poland

The article presents the state of and changes in the pattern of regional disparities in Poland over the years 1995-2007. The differences in the level of economic development of regions are examined in a dynamic approach on the basis of per capita income, indices of local government finances, and investment outlays. The effect of development-activating factors on regional income is considered. An answer is sought to the question of whether the growth dynamics had a favourable effect on the evolution of regional disparities in Poland.
Recent Experiences and Challenges of Military Physiotherapists Deployed to Afghanistan: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Rowe Peter , Carpenter Christine
Published: June 2011

Purpose: Military physiotherapists in the Canadian Forces meet the unique rehabilitation needs of military personnel. Recently, the physiotherapy officer role has evolved in response to the Canadian Forces' involvement in the combat theatre of operations of Afghanistan, and this has created new and unique challenges and demands. The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences and challenges of military physiotherapists deployed to Afghanistan.

Methods: A qualitative research design guided by descriptive phenomenology involved recruitment of key informants and in-depth interviews as the data collection method. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and the data analyzed using a foundational thematic analysis approach. Strategies of peer review and member checking were incorporated into the study design.

Results: Six military physiotherapists were interviewed. They described rewarding experiences that were stressful yet highly career-satisfying. Main challenges revolved around heavy workloads, an expanded scope of practice as sole-charge practitioners, and the consequences and criticality of their clinical decisions.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that enhanced pre-deployment training and the implementation of a stronger support network will improve the capabilities of military physiotherapists deployed to difficult theatres of operations. This type of systematic and comprehensive research is needed to assist the Canadian Forces in proactively preparing and supporting physiotherapists deployed on future missions.
Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings during deep brain stimulation surgery
Authors: Huston Olivia O. , Watson Robert E. , Bernstein Matt A. , McGee Kiaran P. , Stead S. Matt , Gorman Debb A. , Lee Kendall H. , Huston John
Published: June 2011

Object

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established neurosurgical technique used to treat a variety of neurological disorders, including Parkinson disease, essential tremor, dystonia, epilepsy, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This study reports on the use of intraoperative MR imaging during DBS surgery to evaluate acute hemorrhage, intracranial air, brain shift, and accuracy of lead placement.

Methods

During a 46-month period, 143 patients underwent 152 DBS surgeries including 289 lead placements utilizing intraoperative 1.5-T MR imaging. Imaging was supervised by an MR imaging physicist to maintain the specific absorption rate below the required level of 0.1 W/kg and always included T1 magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo and T2* gradient echo sequences with selected use of T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2 fast spin echo (FSE). Retrospective review of the intraoperative MR imaging examinations was performed to quantify the amount of hemorrhage and the amount of air introduced during the DBS surgery.

Results

Intraoperative MR imaging revealed 5 subdural hematomas, 3 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 1 intraparenchymal hemorrhage in 9 of the 143 patients. Only 1 patient experiencing a subarachnoid hemorrhage developed clinically apparent symptoms, which included transient severe headache and mild confusion. Brain shift due to intracranial air was identified in 144 separate instances.

Conclusions

Intraoperative MR imaging can be safely performed and may assist in demonstrating acute changes involving intracranial hemorrhage and air during DBS surgery. These findings are rarely clinically significant and typically resolve prior to follow-up imaging. Selective use of T2 FLAIR and T2 FSE imaging can confirm the presence of hemorrhage or air and preclude the need for CT examinations.