bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the Iranian Sports Refereeing Ethics Code
Authors: Kalani Ahdieh Sadeghi , Zardoshtian Shirin , Bahrami Shahab , Sadeghi Masoud
Published: August 2021

El propósito de esta investigación fue compilar un código de ética del arbitraje deportivo en Irán. El método de la presente investigación fue mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo). Se entrevistó a un total de 15 expertos en el campo de la ética del arbitraje deportivo mediante el método de muestreo de bola de nieve. Los resultados obtenidos en la entrevista dieron lugar a un cuestionario válido y fiable que se distribuyó aleatoriamente entre los árbitros y árbitros asistentes de las principales ligas iraníes de deportes de equipo (fútbol, voleibol, balonmano y baloncesto) y deportes individuales (taekwondo, kárate, lucha libre y natación), con una muestra total de 224 personas. El análisis y la codificación se realizaron utilizando los softwares Max Kyoda, SPSS y Smart PLS. Los hallazgos de la investigación mostraron que en este campo se extrajeron 8 temas y 61 subtemas, que incluyen los componentes de comportamiento, corrupción, comunicación, aspecto sociocultural, familia, respeto, legalidad y justicia, en este orden de importancia. En general, prestar atención a los aspectos de comportamiento y corrupción juega un papel importante en la mejora del estatus ético de los árbitros deportivos en Irán.

The purpose of this research was to compile a sports refereeing ethics code in Iran. The method of the present research was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). A total of 15 experts in the field of refereeing ethics in sports were interviewed by the method of snowball sampling. The results obtained from the interview led to a valid and reliable questionnaire that was randomly distributed among the referees and assistant referees of the Iranian premier leagues of team sports (football, volleyball, handball and basketball) and individual sports (taekwondo, karate, wrestling and swimming), with a total sample of 224 people. Analysis and coding were performed using the softwares Max Kyoda, SPSS and Smart PLS. Research findings showed that 8 themes and 61 sub-themes were extracted in this field, which include the components of behavior, corruption, communication, sociocultural aspect, family, respect, legality and justice, in this order of importance. In general, paying attention to the behavioral and corruption aspects plays an important role in improving the ethical status of sports referees in Iran.
Effect of different time intervals of light emitting diode therapy application on muscle fatigue
Authors: Rageh Mai Raouf Mohamed , Yamany Abeer Abdelrahman , Hamada Hamada Ahmed , Mohamed Rania Reda
Published: August 2021

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar el momento idóneo de aplicación del diodo emisor de luz (LED) del infrarrojo cercano (NIR) en la potencia máxima isocinética de los flexores del codo. Este fue un estudio cruzado prospectivo, aleatorizado, simple-ciego, con pre–test y post-test, y controlado con placebo. Se asignaron al azar cuarenta y cinco no deportistas sanos a 3 grupos por igual: grupos de 5 minutos, 1 hora y 5 horas. Cada grupo (n = 15) tuvo en la primera sesión NIR-LED de 890 nm de longitud de onda, en condiciones activas o placebo, antes del ejercicio que provoca fatiga (5 minutos, 1 hora o 5 horas). Después de un intervalo de 7 días, se aplicó la segunda condición NIR-LED en la segunda sesión. La evaluación de la potencia máxima isocinética se realizó antes y después del ejercicio en cada sesión utilizando un dinamómetro isocinético. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos y entre las condiciones en la potencia máxima isocinética (p > 0.05). La potencia máxima isocinética disminuyó significativamente después del tratamiento en comparación con el pretratamiento (p < 0.01) en todos los grupos, pero el grupo de 5 minutos mostró el menor porcentaje de disminución. En conclusión, lo más probable es que NIR-LED pueda resistir la fatiga muscular con los parámetros utilizados en este estudio si se emplea 5 minutos antes del ejercicio.

This study aimed to identify the near-infrared (NIR) light emitting diode (LED) time response on isokinetic peak torque of elbow flexors. This was a prospective, randomized, single blind, pre–test post-test, and placebo-controlled crossover study. Forty-five healthy non-athletes were assigned at random to 3 groups equally: 5 minutes, 1-hour and 5-hours groups. Each group (n=15) had at the first session 890 nm wavelength NIR-LED, either in active or placebo conditions, prior to exercise that provokes fatigue (5 minutes, 1 hour, or 5 hours). After an interval of 7 days, the second NIR-LED condition was applied at the second session. The assessment of isokinetic peak torque was done at base line and post exercise in each session using isokinetic dynamometer. There was no significant difference between groups and between conditions in isokinetic peak torque (p > 0.05). Isokinetic peak torque decreased significantly post treatment compared with pretreatment (p < 0.01) in all groups, but the 5 minutes group showed the least percent of decrease. In conclusion, NIR-LED can most probably resist muscle fatigue with the parameters used in this study if it is employed 5 minutes before exercise.
NIST-NOAA survey tool for business disruption and recovery associated with extreme events :
Authors: Meyer Michelle , Semien Joy , Helgeson Jennifer
Published: August 2021

To gather more in-depth information about how disasters affect businesses and nonprofits, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) launched a study of business disruption and recovery related to several recent disasters. This report outlines the survey instrument used as the basis for the research designed and conducted in partnership between Texas Sea Grant and the Texas A&M University Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center (HRRC), NIST Applied Economics Office (AEO), and the NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessment (RISA) Program. This research protocol uses a mixed-method research approach to study businesses and nonprofit organizations that were impacted by Hurricane Harvey in 2017 and their long-term recovery process. The approach combines both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods of in-person and telephone surveys to obtain organizational disruption and recovery information from organizational owners and managers.
Abundance of Associated Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Pioneer Plants in Affected Area by Mount Merapi Eruption
Authors:   Laboratory of Microbiology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jl. Ahmad Yani, Bantul, D.I. Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55191, Aji O R , Utami I , Cahyanti C
Published: August 2021

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with mutualism symbiosis with plants are associated with the Fabaceae family's pioneer plants. This study aims to determine the percentage of AMF in the roots and the AMF spore's abundance in the rhizosphere of pioneer plants Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. and Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp in Mount Merapi National Park after the 2010 eruption. The methods used for root infection analysis were slide methods and root staining, while spore analysis was wet sieving methods. The results showed the highest percentage of AMF infection in C. mucunoides root was found in an area with moderate damage. The highest percentage of AMF infection in V. unguiculata was found in an area with minor damage. The highest number of spores in the two plants' rhizosphere soil was found in an area with minor damage with an average of 10.4 and 9. The levels of damage by Mount Merapi's eruption did not significantly affect the percentage of AMF infection and the number of spores. Glomus dominates all study sites in both plants. Soil organic carbon is one of the abiotic factors correlated with the number of spores in rhizosphere soil.
Space Planting, Competition, and Productivity of a Seven-Year-Old Clonal Teak Plantation in the East Java Monsoon Forest Area
Authors:   Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281, Rahmawati R B , Hardiwinoto S , Widiyatno Widiyatno , Budiadi Budiadi , Amin Y , Hasanusi A
Published: August 2021

Tree breeding of teak results in selected clones with high growth. Intensive silviculture is required to support a large-scale clonal teak plantation. Appropriate spacing is one of the methods to increase forest plantation productivity. Research of teak clone spacing was conducted on a seven-year-old clonal teak plantation with randomized completely block design. The treatments tested in this study were four plant spacing distances, namely, 3 m × 3 m, 6 m × 2 m, 8 m × 2 m, and 10 m × 2 m. Results show that spacing had significantly different effects on diameter, height, bole height, branch angle, crown area, crown projections, volume, and competition index. However, the height growth did not exhibit any significant differences. The 10 m × 2 m spacing produced the best diameter growth, crown area, and competition index, but has a low volume per hectare and the lowest height of free branch and branch angle. Meanwhile, the 3 m × 3 m spacing will increase bole height and stand volume per hectare. This result suggests that spacing could improve the growth of teak clone but must be followed by intensification of proper maintenance to reduce branch angle and increase bole height.
Techno-Vernacular Creativity and Innovation
Authors: Gaskins Nettrice R.
Published: August 2021

A novel approach to STEAM learning that engages students from historically marginalized communities in culturally relevant and inclusive maker education.

The growing maker movement in education has become an integral part of both STEM and STEAM learning, tapping into the natural DIY inclinations of creative people as well as the educational power of inventing or making things. And yet African American, Latino/a American, and Indigenous people are underrepresented in maker culture and education. In this book, Nettrice Gaskins proposes a novel approach to STEAM learning that engages students from historically marginalized communities in culturally relevant and inclusive maker education. Techno-vernacular creativity (TVC) connects technical literacy, equity, and culture, encompassing creative innovations produced by ethnic groups that are often overlooked.

TVC uses three main modes of activity: reappropriation, remixing, and improvisation. Gaskins looks at each of the three modes in turn, guiding readers from research into practice. Drawing on real-world examples, she shows how TVC creates dynamic learning environments where underrepresented ethnic students feel that they belong. Students who remix computationally, for instance, have larger toolkits of computational skills with which to connect cultural practices to STEAM subjects; reappropriation offers a way to navigate cultural repertoires; improvisation is firmly rooted in cultural and creative practices. Finally, Gaskins explores an equity-oriented approach that makes a distinction between conventional or dominant pedagogical approaches and culturally relevant or responsive making methods and practices. She describes TVC habits of mind and suggests methods of instructions and projects.
A genetic intervention
Authors: Sutherland Colin , Menard Didier
Published: August 2021

A tool that analyzes the genome of parasites found in the blood of malaria patients can help inform policy decisions on how best to tackle the rise in drug-resistant infections.
Development of a multiplex qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection ofMycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasmaspecies, andAcholeplasma laidlawiiin milk
Authors: Chauhan Kanika , Aly Sharif S. , Lehenbauer Terry W. , Tonooka Karen H. , Glenn Kathy , Rossitto Paul , Marco Maria L.
Published: August 2021

Contagious bovine mastitis caused byMycoplasma bovisand otherMycoplasmaspecies includingMycoplasma californicum,Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma arginini, andMycoplasma canadenseis an economical obstacle affecting many dairy herds throughout California and elsewhere. Routine bacteriological culture-based assays for the pathogens are slow and subject to false-positive results due to the presence of the related, non-pathogenic speciesAcholeplasma laidlawii. To address the need for rapid and accurate detection methods, a new TaqMan multiplex, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was developed that targets the 16S rRNA gene ofMycoplasma, rpoBgene ofM. bovis, and the 16S to 23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region ofA. laidlawii. qPCR amplification efficiency and range of detection were similar for individual assays in multiplex as when performed separately. The multiplex assay was able to distinguish betweenM. bovisandA. laidlawiias well as detectMycoplasmaspp. collectively, includingMycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma canadense, Mycoplasma argininiandMycoplasma alkalescens. In milk, the lower limit of detection ofM. bovis, M. californicum, andA. laidlawiiwith the multiplex assay was between 120 to 250 colony forming units (CFU) per mL. The assay was also able to simultaneously detect bothM. bovisandA. laidlawiiin milk when present in moderate (103to 104CFU/mL) to high (106to 107CFU/mL) quantities. Compared to laboratory culture-based methods, the multiplex qPCR diagnostic specificity (Sp) was 100% (95% CI [86.8–100];n= 26) and diagnostic sensitivity (Se) was 92.3% (95% CI [74.9–99.1];n= 26) forMycoplasmaspecies in milk samples collected from California dairy farms. Similarly, the Sp was 100% (95% CI [90.5–100];n= 37) and Se was 93.3% (95% CI [68.1–99.8];n= 15) forM. bovis. Our assay can detect and distinguish amongM. bovis, other prevalentMycoplasmaspp., and non-pathogenicAcholeplasma laidlawiifor effective identification and control of mycoplasma mastitis, ultimately supporting dairy cattle health and high-quality dairy products in California.
Entrepreneurial Culture and Innovation Implemented in Markets
Authors: Cabanillas Danilo Santa Cruz
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this descriptive review is to specify the "Culture of entrepreneurship and innovation implemented in markets in 2021. Here we analyze the ventures and innovations of entrepreneurs to make their business profitable and different from others, taking into account that the way to start a business is in constant dynamics and most rely on the use of technology to face competition from those who are already in the market. It was tried to specify the enterprise as a measure of obtaining income for families who start a business for the love of commerce and others because they have lost a job in these times of pandemic due to COVID - 19, considered as a source to alleviate their economy and have a better quality of life.
Mozart Effect: A Brief Retrospective
Authors: Yu Haoxuan
Published: August 2021

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Incidence of Drug-drug Interactions in Prescriptions of General Practitioners and Specialists in Bangladesh
Authors: Mamun Kazi Al , Soleyman . , Islam Md. Ariful , Sharmin Tahmida , Biswas Kushal
Published: August 2021

Aim: Drug-drug interactions (DDI) can cause unexpected side effects, changes in drug efficacy, metabolism or overall action of any particular drug and DDI is one of the major prescription errors. DDI can be caused by using concomitant administration of a second drug. This study aims to find DDI in prescriptions of 10 different medical specializations of Bangladesh. 

Study Design and Methodology: This study is based on the evaluation of prescription, type, and clinical significance of drug-drug interaction. For this study, 21088 prescriptions were evaluated from 45 different medical institutions and 10 different specializations including general practitioners, cardiologists, medicine specialists, general surgeons, gynecologists, ENT specialists, neurologists, urologists, pediatricians, and ophthalmologists. After the collection of prescriptions, all prescribed medications were checked by using several sources to point out the probable interactions.

Results: Among all the prescriptions most DDI was found from cardiologists (6.17%) and the least DDI was found from pediatricians (3.29%). Clopidogrel and warfarin were the most common medications causing drug interaction while drug interaction with cardiovascular drugs and antibiotics generic were most common among all. Polypharmacy, absence or shortage of pharmacists, workload, miscommunications and lack of knowledge were found as the leading causes of DDI.

Conclusion: Active participation of the pharmacist in crosschecking the prescribed medication, proper communication of the physician and patients, relevant workshops regarding DDI and distribution of the workload of the physicians in different levels can play a role in minimizing DDI.
Neuroimmune and Acute Psychotic Disorders had an Overlapping Immune-Signature in Adolescents and Young Adults; A Case Series
Authors: Irazuzta Jose , Salazar Nicolas Chiriboga
Published: August 2021

A misguided auto-reactive injury is responsible for diverse types of central nervous system (CNS) conditions. We suspect that, in some of these conditions, the adaptive immune system have a common cellular immune pathogenesis, driven predominantly by T cells, despite variability on the phenotypical clinical presentation.

Aim: the main goal of this study is to characterize a portion of the adaptive immune response (AIR) on patients presenting with clinical symptoms compatible with monophasic acute neuroimmune disorders (NID) including Psychotic Disorders (PD).

Methodology: flow cytometry with deep immunophenotyping of T effector (Teff) and T regulatory (Treg) cells was performed on peripheral blood obtained during the acute clinical phase and compared it to the one from an age-matched cohort group [Co).

Results: our preliminary findings point toward the presence of common “immunosignature” in individuals affected by NID or PD.  We also found a shared dysregulation of immune related neurogenes in NID and PD that were not present in normal cohorts.

Conclusions: this preliminary report gives some insights into the underlying shared pathobiology. If we can improve our capacity for early accurate diagnosis and meaningful disease monitoring of pathogenic T cell subsets, we will both expedite disease detection and may serve as a guide the administration of effective immunotherapeutic agents.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Specialist Hospital Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria
Authors: Isa Halima , Bashir Mohammed , Bilyaminu Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Aims: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis C among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Specialist Hospital Yola.

Study Design:  The prevalence of Hepatitis C was ascertained among pregnant women attending antenatal care in specialist hospital Yola, Adamawa State. Anti HcV antibody in the serum of the pregnant women was detected using a sandwich rapid diagnostic chromatographic test strip. Questioner was used to obtain the demographic data of the pregnant women.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Specialist Hospital Yola where the samples were collected. Samples were processed and the analysis carried out at Microbiology Laboratory of Modibbo Adama University Yola. The study was conducted in March to June of 2021.

Methodology: 251 consenting pregnant women of varying age and family background were enrolled in the study, where 15 were randomly selected using a systematic random sampling technique on each antenatal visit.

Results: The prevalence of HcV in this study was 5.18% and the highest prevalence was found among age group 21-25years with 1.59% and the lowest among the age group 36 and above with 0.39%. Base on type of family, HcV was found to be higher in those from monogamous families (3.59%). Hcv Prevalence was also found to be high among those women who fall in the group ‘’others’’ which comprises of school dropped out and non-educated (1.59%). Participants with tribal marks, those no history of blood transfusion and intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) also showed high prevalence of the virus with percentage prevalence of 3.19%, 3.98% and 3.98% respectively.  The study revealed that  HCV infection is not significantly associated with age and family type (P value > .05) but significantly associated with educational status, possession of tribal mark/tattoo, history of blood transfusion, and drug abuse  (P value < .05).

Conclusion: HCV prevalence is low among pregnant women attending Specialist Hospital in Yola, Adamawa state Nigeria for antenatal care. Also, the percentage prevalence observed worldwide is within the range of 1.0-8.0%. However, there are other local governments areas with a dense population that may produce a major difference with the result obtained in this study.
Eating Disorders and Nutritional Status of College Girls in Ludhiana City, Punjab (India)
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Grover Kiran
Published: August 2021

Eating disorders and overweight are notable health issues, which are increasing day by day among young adults. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the extent and type of eating disorders among college girls. A sample of 500 college girls in the age group of 18-25 years was randomly selected from five colleges of Ludhiana city, Punjab. Eating disorders were assessed by using Eating Attitude Test (EAT) questionnaire and subjects were categorized into two groups - With Eating Disorders (WED) and Without Eating Disorders (WOED). Prevalence of eating disorders among college girls on basis of EAT scale was 46 percent with higher mean scores of oral control (15.86±6.29) followed by dieting (13.17±8.47), bulimia, and food preoccupation (3.86±1.98). The correlation coefficient showed positive associations of eating disorders with body mass index. This study suggested formulating nutrition and health fitness clubs in colleges to create awareness and practices regarding diet, exercise, and yoga.
Assessment of Genetic Parameter of Variability and Heritability based on Morphological Traits and Disease Parameters for Brown Spot in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Banshidhar . , Jaiswal Priyanka , Kumar Rajesh , Rai Bimla
Published: August 2021

Cochliobolus miyabeanus is a serious threat to the standing rice crop in context of production and productivity as it results in loss of both grain quality and yield. The pathogen causes brown spot disease in rice which had resulted in two severe famines in past. Hence, in this regard it is imperative to search for new and diverse resistance sources and to evaluate them with respect to genetic variability and inherent genetic potential for various morphological traits including yield and yielding attributing traits and disease estimating parameters for identifying high yielding diverse resistant lines that could be utilized in future breeding programmes aimed at development of superior cultivars against brown spot disease. Keeping this in view this study was conducted at Rice Research Farm, RPCAU, Pusa to evaluate 300 genotypes for rice for various morphological traits and disease estimating parameters along with three checks for disease response in augmented design. All the recommended package of practices was followed along with necessary prophylactic plant protection measures to raise a good crop. Data on different traits and parameters under study were recorded and analysed biometrically to assess the genetic parameter of variability and heritability. The ANOVA showed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits and parameters under study which reflects ample amount of variability among the genotypes. Further, the smaller difference between GCV and PCV and higher estimates of heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean revealed higher percentage of inherent genetic potential in overall variability. The higher estimates of heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean for grain yield per plant and AUDPC suggested that the resistant lines identified in this study can be easily advanced through generation following phenotypic selection for derivation of high yielding resistant lines.
Formulation and Evaluation of Clarithromycin Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Treatment of Acne
Authors: Shettigar Pooja , Koland Marina , Sindhoor S. M. , Prabhu Ananth
Published: August 2021

Background: Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in acne treatment, but it has poor solubility, which decreases its permeability through lipid barriers such as skin. Nanostructured lipid carriers can enhance the permeability of clarithromycin through the skin, thus improving its potential for controlling acne.
Aim: To formulate and evaluate Nanostructured lipid carriers of clarithromycin for topical delivery in acne treatment
Methods: Nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared by emulsification and ultrasonication methods using lipids such as glycerol monostearate and oleic with poloxamer 188 as stabilizer. These nano-carriers were optimized with the help of the Quality by Design (QbD) approach employing Design-Expert® software. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size analysis, zeta potential, drug-excipient compatibility, entrapment efficiency, and surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The nano-carriers were also investigated for in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation through excised goat skin. The optimized formulation was incorporated into topical carbopol gel base, formulated and examined for pH, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation, and stability under accelerated conditions.
Results: The average particle size of the optimized nanoparticles was 164.8 nm, and zeta potential was -39.2 mV. FTIR studies showed that drug and lipids are compatible with each other. The morphology study by SEM and TEM showed spherical shaped particles. The entrapment efficiency of the optimized formulation was found to be 88.16%. In vitro drug release studies indicated sustained release from the formulation due to diffusion through the lipid matrix of the particles. The ex vivo permeation study using goat skin produced greater permeation from the NLC gel (89.5%) than marketed gel (65%) due to the lipid solubility of the nanoparticles in the skin. The formulation was stable under accelerated conditions.
Conclusion: The optimized formulation can be considered as promising nano-carriers suitable for the sustained release of clarithromycin into the skin for effective control of acne.
Distribution of Microbial Plaque on Intaglio Surfaces of Maxillary Removable Complete Denture: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Shaikh Usman Bashir , Butt Aamir Mehmood , Chachar Beenish , Channar Kashif Ali , Aqsa . , Jatoi Nadeem Hussain
Published: August 2021

Aim: To assess the dispersion of prosthetic microbial plaque on intaglio planes of removable completely edentulous denture.

Study Design:  Descriptive Cross Sectional

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Prosthodontics, Liaquat Medical University Hospital from December 2107 to November 2018.

Methodology: The maxillary removable complete dentures were collected from the 62 patients. The inner sides of the maxillary prosthesis remained revealed with 1% neutral red solution. These internal sides stayed at that point captured with an advanced camera. Natural plaque scattering on the inner layer of the denture was inspected by calculating plaque layering the subsequent definite zones of the denture inner layers: The fitting layer of the maxillary prosthesis was divided into 14 zones. Biofilm was enumerated in all of the 14 assessed zones by a visual analogue scale. The data was analyzed by SPSS version-16. Independent t test and Anova test were applied for statistical difference of plaque score.

Results: Males and females were 48% and 52% respectively. The mean age was 56.48 ± 7.176. The mean plaque score on intaglio surface was 1.912 ± 0.468. The Vestibular inclination of the right labial flange (areas 4) had the highest biofilm growth 19% tailed by palatal inclination, frontal portion of the right buccal flange (area 8) 18%, vestibular inclination of the left labial flange (area 3) 14% and palatal inclination, front portion of the left buccal flange (area 11) 11%. There was no statistical difference between gender and plaque score.

Conclusion: The Vestibular slope area of the right labial flange had the greater growth of plaque shadowed by Palatal slope space, frontal zone of the right buccal extension area, Vestibular slope area of the left labial extension and slope of palate area, front zone of the left buccal extension.
Causes and Management of Uterine Perforation- A Review
Authors: Bishrah Mazen , Abbas Linah Saleh , Almalki Muhannad Abdullah , Alquzi Rehab Ahmad , Alotaibi Nada Atiah , Almazyad Ayman Fahad , Alharbi Layan Hussain , Almashyakhi Safa Khalaf , Alnasser Bashayer Hussain , Alsubaie Sarah Hassan , Jadher Zainab Abdullah
Published: August 2021

Uterine perforation is an intrauterine problem that can occur with any therapy. It is a rare but possibly dangerous consequence of uterine manipulation, evacuation of retained products of conception or pregnancy termination (TOP), hysteroscopic treatments, and coil implantation. Injury to blood arteries or viscera, such as the bladder or the intestine, might be related. Severe bleeding or infection may ensue if not discovered at the time of surgery; nevertheless, the most majority of uterine drilling is subclinical and safe without treatment, with no substantial long-term damage. Perforation can be caused by cervical stenosis during trans-cervical operations or by a reduction in myometrial wall strength during pregnancy or menopause. Uterine abnormalities, infection, recent pregnancy, and postmenopause are all factors that raise the chance of uterine perforation. The treatment of uterine perforation is determined by the operation and the equipment employed. Admission to the hospital, intravenous antibiotics, and close supervision are required following a uterine perforation and any accompanying injuries. In this paper, we overview common causes and updated management of uterine perforation. Data was collected during a period of 6 months searching Pubmed, EPISCO, Web of science data bases to include studies with relative topics.
A Brief Study on Primary Melanoma over Breast Region
Authors: Hiwale K. M. , Tyagi Avadh Kishor
Published: August 2021

Background: Malignant melanoma is mostly found in mucous membranes and skin. So it’s occurrence on the breast skin is very rare.

Case Presentation: In our study, 50-year-old female came to OPD with complaint of skin lesions on the breast since 2 months. On diagnosis, skin lesion was found to be malignant melanoma and the disease had metastasized in right axillary lymph node with discoloration over breast.

Conclusion: The prognosis for patients with this disease is very poor. Important procedures which may increase the survival rate include, Early diagnosis and surgical resection with adjuvant therapy.
Synergistic Toxicity of Phenols and Cadmium Ion Binary Mixtures on Bacillus Sp and Pseudomonas Sp
Authors: Abba-Father C. A. M. , Orji J. C. , Nwanyanwu C. E. , Nwokorie R. C. , Asiwe E. S.
Published: August 2021

Toxicity of Cadmium (Cd), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as single compounds and binary mixtures on Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp isolated from garden soil was assessed using inhibition of total dehydrogenase as toxicity response. Binary mixtures of metal and chlorophenol were composed using arbitrary concentration ratios (%) corresponding to metal/phenol mixtures of 20/80; 40/60; 50/50 and 30/70; 45/55, 50/50 for the chemical pairs: Cd/4-CP and Cd/2,4-DCP respectively. Results obtained showed that the binary mixtures of Cd/4-CP and Cd/2,4-DCP all exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of dehydrogenase activity in the test isolates. The binary mixture of CD/4-CP exhibited higher toxicity in ratio 40/60 and 20/80 for the isolates Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp with IC50 values of 0.212±0.002 and 0.158± 0.008mM respectively. While for the mixture of Cd/2,4-DCP, toxicity was highest at the 50/50 and 45/55 ratio for Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp with IC50 values of 0.069±0.001mM and 0.068±0.001mM respectively. The binary mixtures of the chemicals evaluated showed a progressive inhibition of dehydrogenase activity with Pseudomonas sp showing a higher susceptibility. Isobolographic analysis of binary mixture interaction against Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp showed largely synergistic interactions. The combination of Cd with the chlorophenols resulted in a synergistic increase in the toxicity of the compounds to the test isolates. The toxicity of Cd/4-CP binary mixture ratios to dehydrogenase activity of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp was in the order 40:60>50:50>20:80 and 20:80>50:50>40:60 respectively; similarly that of Cd/2,4-DCP mixtures were 50:50>45:55>30:70 and 45:55>50:50>30:70 for Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp respectively. The trend and implications of the toxicity interactions are further discussed.
SLUG‐related partial epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition is a transcriptomic prognosticator of head and neck cancer survival
Authors: Schinke Henrik , Pan Min , Akyol Merve , Zhou Jiefu , Shi Enxian , Kranz Gisela , Libl Darko , Quadt Tanja , Simon Florian , Canis Martin , Baumeister Philipp , Gires Olivier
Published: August 2021

Partial epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (pEMT) contributes to cellular heterogeneity that is associated with nodal metastases and unfavorable clinical parameters in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). We developed a single‐cell RNA sequencing signature‐based pEMT quantification through cell type‐dependent deconvolution of bulk RNA sequencing and microarray data combined with single‐sample scoring of molecular phenotypes (Singscoring). Clinical pEMT‐Singscores served as molecular classifiers in multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and high scores prognosticated poor overall survival and reduced response to irradiation as independent parameters in large HNSCC cohorts [The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), MD Anderson Cancer Centre (MDACC), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC)]. Differentially expressed genes confirmed enhanced cell motility and reduced oxidative phosphorylation and epithelial differentiation in pEMThigh patients. In patients and cell lines, the EMT transcription factor SLUG correlated most strongly with pEMT‐Singscores and promoted pEMT, enhanced invasion, and resistance to irradiation in vitro. SLUG protein levels in HNSCC predicted disease‐free survival, and its peripheral expression at the interphase to the tumor microenvironment was significantly increased in relapsing patients. Hence, pEMT‐Singscores represent a novel risk predictor for HNSCC stratification regarding clinical outcome and therapy response that is partly controlled by SLUG.
Using gestures to signal lesson structure and foster meaningful learning
Authors: Pilegard Celeste , Fiorella Logan
Published: August 2021

This study investigated whether an instructor's gestures can signal the underlying conceptual structure of a lesson and foster learning. In Experiment 1, 123 undergraduates watched a video comparing eastern and western steamboats in which the instructor produced structure gestures, surface gestures, structure and surface gestures, or neither gesture. Structure gestures represented the compare‐and‐contrast structure of the lesson: the instructor moved her hands to the left or right when describing eastern or western steamboats, respectively. Surface gestures represented specific features, such as moving hands apart or together to indicate a deep or shallow hull. Experiment 2 (N = 170) replicated and extended findings from Experiment 1 using a lesson comparing innate and acquired immunity. In both experiments, students who saw the instructor use structure gestures outperformed the other groups on an inference test. These results suggest that structure gestures help students mentally organize the content of a lesson according to its macrostructure.
Mitochondria in Neuronal Health: From Energy Metabolism to Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Murali Mahadevan Hariharan , Hashemiaghdam Arsalan , Ashrafi Ghazaleh , Harbauer Angelika Bettina
Published: August 2021

Mitochondria are the main suppliers of neuronal adenosine triphosphate and play a critical role in brain energy metabolism. Mitochondria also serve as Ca2+ sinks and anabolic factories and are therefore essential for neuronal function and survival. Dysregulation of neuronal bioenergetics is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease. This review describes the role of mitochondria in energy metabolism under resting conditions and during synaptic transmission, and presents evidence for the contribution of neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction to Parkinson's disease.
Engineering DNA‐Grafted Quatsomes as Stable Nucleic Acid‐Responsive Fluorescent Nanovesicles
Authors: Rossetti Marianna , Stella Lorenzo , Morlà‐Folch Judit , Bobone Sara , Boloix Ariadna , Baranda Lorena , Moscone Danila , Roldán Mònica , Veciana Jaume , Segura Miguel F. , Köber Mariana , Ventosa Nora , Porchetta Alessandro
Published: August 2021

The development of artificial vesicles into responsive architectures capable of sensing the biological environment and simultaneously signaling the presence of a specific target molecule is a key challenge in a range of biomedical applications from drug delivery to diagnostic tools. Herein, the rational design of biomimetic DNA‐grafted quatsome (QS) nanovesicles capable of translating the binding of a target molecule to amphiphilic DNA probes into an optical output is presented. QSs are synthetic lipid‐based nanovesicles able to confine multiple organic dyes at the nanoscale, resulting in ultra‐bright soft materials with attractiveness for sensing applications. Dye‐loaded QS nanovesicles of different composition and surface charge are grafted with fluorescent amphiphilic nucleic acid‐based probes to produce programmable FRET‐active nanovesicles that operate as highly sensitive signal transducers. The photophysical properties of the DNA‐grafted nanovesicles are characterized and the highly selective, ratiometric detection of clinically relevant microRNAs with sensitivity in the low nanomolar range are demonstrated. The potential applications of responsive QS nanovesicles for biosensing applications but also as functional nanodevices for targeted biomedical applications is envisaged.
Photophysics of Two‐Dimensional Perovskites—Learning from Metal Halide Substitution
Authors: Kahmann Simon , Duim Herman , Fang Hong‐Hua , Dyksik Mateusz , Adjokatse Sampson , Rivera Medina Martha , Pitaro Matteo , Plochocka Paulina , Loi Maria A.
Published: August 2021

2D perovskites offers a rich playing field to explore exciton physics and they possess a great potential for a variety of opto‐electronic applications. Whilst their photophysics shows intricate interactions of excitons with the lattice, most reports have so far relied on single compound studies. With the exception of variations of the organic spacer cations, the effect of constituent substitution on the photophysics and the nature of emitting species, in particular, have remained largely under‐explored. Here PEA2PbBr4, PEA2PbI4, and PEA2SnI4(where PEA stands for phenylethylammonoium) are studied through a variety of optical spectroscopy techniques to reveal a complex set of excitonic transitions at low temperature. Weak high‐energy features are attributed to vibronic transitions breaking Kasha's, for which the responsible phonons cannot be accessed through simple Raman spectroscopy. Bright peaks at lower energy are due to two distinct electronic states, of which the upper is a convolution of the free exciton and a localized dark state and the lower is attributed to recombination involving shallow defects. This study offers deeper insights into the photophysics of 2D perovskites through compositional substitution and highlights critical limits to the communities’ current understanding of processes in these compounds.
Palladium Hydride Nanopocket Cubes and Their H2‐Therapy Function in Amplifying Inhibition of Foam Cells to Attenuate Atherosclerosis
Authors: Xu Min , Zhou Yue , Ren Chuchu , Liang Xiaoyang , Li Nan
Published: August 2021

Foam cells formed by the imbalance between lipid uptake and efflux play a dominant role at all stages of atherosclerotic development. Lipid‐regulation by active agents can reduce atherosclerotic lesions, however only limited therapeutic efficacy has been achieved because of the low solubility. Herein, a “coupling hardness with softness” strategy is developed, for the first time, by using palladium hydride nanopocket cubes to regulate lipid uptake and efflux. The prepared palladium hydride nanopocket cubes have a molar ratio of H to Pd at 0.12: 1, thus denoted as PdH0.12 NPCs. The palladium nanopocket cubes play the hardness role in efficiently scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) via their innate antioxidant enzyme activities. The hydrogen released from PdH0.12 NPCs, controlled by near‐infrared‐II, upregulate peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma‐mediated cholesterol transport, which plays the softness role. Consequently, ROS scavenging reduces lipid uptake and promoted cholesterol transport increases lipid efflux, resulting in the amplified‐inhibition of foam cells. In vitro and in vivo tests show that PdH0.12 NPCs significantly reduce lipid storage and plaque formation in Western diet‐fed apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice without obvious long‐term toxicity. The “coupling hardness with softness” strategy shows promising to be further developed as a high efficacy and low toxicity method to treat atherosclerosis.
Smart Materials Enabled with Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Wearables
Authors: Zheng Youbin , Tang Ning , Omar Rawan , Hu Zhipeng , Duong Tuan , Wang Jing , Wu Weiwei , Haick Hossam
Published: August 2021

Contemporary medicine suffers from many shortcomings in terms of successful disease diagnosis and treatment, both of which rely on detection capacity and timing. The lack of effective, reliable, and affordable detection and real‐time monitoring limits the affordability of timely diagnosis and treatment. A new frontier that overcomes these challenges relies on smart health monitoring systems that combine wearable sensors and an analytical modulus. This review presents the latest advances in smart materials for the development of multifunctional wearable sensors while providing a bird's eye‐view of their characteristics, functions, and applications. The review also presents the state‐of‐the‐art on wearables fitted with artificial intelligence (AI) and support systems for clinical decision in early detection and accurate diagnosis of disorders. The ongoing challenges and future prospects for providing personal healthcare with AI‐assisted support systems relating to clinical decisions are presented and discussed.
Dual Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Tracking of Magnetically Driven Micromotors: From In Vitro to In Vivo
Authors: Aziz Azaam , Holthof Joost , Meyer Sandra , Schmidt Oliver G. , Medina‐Sánchez Mariana
Published: August 2021

The fast evolution of medical micro‐ and nanorobots in the endeavor to perform non‐invasive medical operations in living organisms has boosted the use of diverse medical imaging techniques in the last years. Among those techniques, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), considered a functional technique, has shown to be promising for the visualization of micromotors in deep tissue with high spatiotemporal resolution as it possesses the molecular specificity of optical methods and the penetration depth of ultrasound. However, the precise maneuvering and function's control of medical micromotors, in particular in living organisms, require both anatomical and functional imaging feedback. Therefore, herein, the use of high‐frequency ultrasound and PAI is reported to obtain anatomical and molecular information, respectively, of magnetically‐driven micromotors in vitro and under ex vivo tissues. Furthermore, the steerability of the micromotors is demonstrated by the action of an external magnetic field into the uterus and bladder of living mice in real‐time, being able to discriminate the micromotors’ signal from one of the endogenous chromophores by multispectral analysis. Finally, the successful loading and release of a model cargo by the micromotors toward non‐invasive in vivo medical interventions is demonstrated.
Multistage Cooperative Nanodrug Combined with PD‐L1 for Enhancing Antitumor Chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Wang Haihui , Liu Yongfei , Zhu Xiaohui , Chen Chengyun , Fu Zhangcheng , Wang Min , Lin Danying , Chen Zhaowei , Lu Chunhua , Yang Huanghao
Published: August 2021

Combinatorial CpG oligonucleotide (CPG) and chemotherapy drug represent a promising approach to reactivate immune system. However, these two agents possess different physicochemical properties, hindering the application of direct self‐assembly of these two cargos into a single nanostructure. Here, a multistage cooperative nanodrug is developed by the direct self‐assembly of cis‐platinum (CDDP, Pt), l‐arginine (l‐Arg, R), and CPG (defined as PtR/CPG) for antitumor chemoimmunotherapy. First, the CDDP can induce cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, CDDP also promotes the production of H2O2, catalyzing the conversion of l‐Arg into nitric oxide (NO). The generated NO decreases the multidrug resistance of cells toward CDDP. Thus, the synergistic effects of CDDP and NO can trigger immunogenic cell death to produce tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs). The TAAs and CPG will induce the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance antigen presentation ability of DCs. In this way, the PtR/CPG can reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment, sensitizing tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors mediated by the programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibody. Furthermore, the PtR/CPG combined with the PD‐L1 antibody decreases the exhaustion and dysfunction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to elicit durable systemic immune response. As a result, the prepared PtR/CPG nanodrug in combination with PD‐L1 may be highly significant for cancer immunotherapy.
Functional siRNA Delivery by Extracellular Vesicle–Liposome Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Evers Martijn J. W. , van de Wakker Simonides I. , de Groot Ellis M. , de Jong Olivier G. , Gitz‐François Jerney J. J. , Seinen Cor S. , Sluijter Joost P. G. , Schiffelers Raymond M. , Vader Pieter
Published: August 2021

The therapeutic use of RNA interference is limited by the inability of siRNA molecules to reach their site of action, the cytosol of target cells. Lipid nanoparticles, including liposomes, are commonly employed as siRNA carrier systems to overcome this hurdle, although their widespread use remains limited due to a lack of delivery efficiency. More recently, nature's own carriers of RNA, extracellular vesicles (EVs), are increasingly being considered as alternative siRNA delivery vehicles due to their intrinsic properties. However, they are difficult to load with exogenous cargo. Here, EV–liposome hybrid nanoparticles (hybrids) are prepared and evaluated as an alternative delivery system combining properties of both liposomes and EVs. It is shown that hybrids are spherical particles encapsulating siRNA, contain EV‐surface makers, and functionally deliver siRNA to different cell types. The functional behavior of hybrids, in terms of cellular uptake, toxicity, and gene‐silencing efficacy, is altered as compared to liposomes and varies among recipient cell types. Moreover, hybrids produced with cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) derived‐EVs retain functional properties attributed to CPC‐EVs such as activation of endothelial signaling and migration. To conclude, hybrids combine benefits of both synthetic and biological drug delivery systems and might serve as future therapeutic carriers of siRNA.