bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deeper Engagement with Material and Non-Material Aspects of Water in Land System Science: An Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Vadjunec Jacqueline M. , Fagin Todd D. , Hinsdale Lanah M. , Carrasco Galvan Georgina Belem , Baum Kristen A.
Published: December 2024

Water access and use impact land management decisions and livelihoods. Despite the integral role water plays in land systems, land system science (LSS) research often fails to explicitly incorporate water into analyses of socioecological systems (SES) resilience related to land. Nonetheless, water scarcity, especially in the face of climate change and resource degradation, is a pressing issue. Water availability is crucial to many ecosystem functions, from supporting biodiversity to mitigating extreme weather events such as flooding or drought. In this introduction to the “Water in Land System Science” Special Issue, we argue for deeper integration of land and water dynamics in LSS to increase SES resilience. First, we present an overview of the need for this integration, followed by a synopsis of the authored contributions in this Special Issue towards this goal. We then provide potential entry points researchers can use to foster this integration, exploring the following topics: water governance and hydrosocial territories, the cultural geographies of water, hydrophilia, water in agricultural transitions, remote sensing innovations, and participatory approaches to the study of the water component of land systems. We conclude that interactions between land, water, and people remain understudied, despite being more important than ever for ensuring future sustainability.
Impact of Urban Spatial Compactness on Carbon Emissions: Heterogeneity at the County Level in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Area, China
Authors: Li Muhan , Zuo Minghao , Chen Saiyi , Tang Shuang , Chen Tian , Liu Jia
Published: December 2024

Urban spatial compactness is crucial for reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable urban development. However, the potential of and variations in spatial compactness in county-level carbon reduction have been largely overlooked. Taking the county-level areas in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region as an example, after reviewing the dimensions, scales, and pathways of the existing research, we quantifies the spatial compactness from 2005 to 2015 in terms of density, morphology, and function. The results reveal that, firstly, BTH county-level areas’ carbon emissions, both per land area (CO2/L) and per capita (CO2/P), have generally risen. Heterogeneity varied across spatial compactness indicators: urban density and functional compactness increased, while morphological compactness showed a minor fluctuation. Second, the correlations with CO2/L were stronger than those with CO2/P, ranking from urban density, functional compactness > morphological compactness. Additionally, the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model revealed the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the impact of spatial compactness on carbon emission intensity. The heterogeneity results provide insights into the mechanisms and general patterns of the differences in the factors influencing carbon emissions in four different types of county-level areas, namely, central, eastern, southern, and northwestern, offering policy guidance to promote the reductions in both CO2/L and CO2/P. This study is helpful for proposing urban spatial planning strategies for carbon reduction and formulating differentiated carbon reduction policies.
Unraveling Genetic Variation and Inheritance Patterns in Newly Developed Maize Hybrids for Improving Late Wilt Disease Resistance and Agronomic Performance Under Artificial Inoculation Conditions
Authors: Ghazy Nasr A. , Al-Zaban Mayasar I. , Safhi Fatmah Ahmed , Aljabri Maha , Kafsheer Doaa A. , Ben Abdelmalek Imen , Kamara Mohamed M. , Mansour Elsayed , Hamden Salem
Published: December 2024

Late wilt disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthiopsis maydis represents a major threat to maize cultivation in the Mediterranean region. Developing resistant hybrids and high-yielding offers a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution to mitigate yield losses. Therefore, this study evaluated genetic variation, combining abilities, and inheritance patterns in newly developed twenty-seven maize hybrids for grain yield and resistance to late wilt disease under artificial inoculation across two growing seasons. The results indicated highly significant variations among assessed hybrids for all measured traits. Combining ability analysis identified IL-306, IL-304, and IL-303 as excellent combiners for grain yield and late wilt resistance, positioning them as superior candidates for hybrid development. Additionally, IL-302 was identified as a strong general combiner for earliness, and IL-307 and IL-309 demonstrated potential for producing short-statured hybrids critical for improving lodging tolerance and maximizing yield. Specific combining ability effects indicated promising earliness, yield, and disease-resistance hybrids, including IL-303×T2 and IL-306×T1. GGE biplots presented optimal line×tester combinations, offering strategic guidance for hybrid development. The principal component analysis demonstrated strong associations between grain yield, late wilt resistance, and key agronomic traits, such as ear length and kernel number. The observed robust positive association between grain yield, late wilt resistance, and yield attributes suggests selection potential for improving maize productivity. Moreover, the genotypic correlations revealed that earlier silking, taller plants, and higher kernel counts were strongly linked to enhanced yield potential. Genetic parameter estimates indicated a predominance of non-additive genetic effects for most traits, with moderate to high broad-sense heritability suggesting substantial genetic contributions to phenotypic variance. This research provides valuable insights to support the development of disease-resistant and high-yielding maize hybrids addressing critical food security challenges.
Completing the Puzzle: Determinants, Comorbidities and Complications for Different Lung Cancer Subtypes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Budin Corina Eugenia , Cocuz Iuliu Gabriel , Sabău Adrian-Horațiu , Niculescu Raluca , Cazacu Cristian , Ianoși Edith-Simona , Cotoi Ovidiu Simion
Published: December 2024

Background: Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with multiple independent risk factors contributing to its development. The objective of this study was represented by the impact of independent risk factors, such as smoking, anemia, cachexia or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) for lung cancer development. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study, and we analyzed a database of 412 patients hospitalized between 1 February and 31 December 2023 in the Pulmonology Department of the Mureș County Clinical Hospital. Following the analysis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final analyzed group included 115 patients. Results: From the study group, 88 patients were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and 27 with small cell lung cancer. Of the non-small cell lung cancer patients, 50% had adenocarcinoma and 50% had squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular diseases predominate as concomitant pathologies, with 82 and 81 cases identified among the patients evaluated, respectively. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was n = 20 for the patients, followed by asthma and other neoplasms. The body mass index was also analyzed with an average of 24.6. Body mass index does not correlate with histological type. The mean hemoglobin value in the group of patients was 12.8, and this could not be correlated with the histopathological type. Conclusions: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer may just be two different clinical presentations based on the same etiological factors, which also have a lot of overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. Therefore, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease represents an individual risk factor for developing lung cancer. Smoking, as well as anemia, cachexia or other comorbidities (COPD), are individual risk factors for lung cancer.
Critical Factors for Green Public Procurement: The Case of Greece
Authors: Orfanidou Varvara S. , Dimitriou Dimitrios J. , Rachaniotis Nikolaos P. , Tsoulfas Giannis T.
Published: December 2024

Background: Green Public Procurement (GPP) is a sector that has been growing in recent years through policies encouraged by the European Union. In the Greek public sector, the respective National Action Plan (NAP), which sets specific targets for GPP, has very recently come into force. However, although the influencing factors that contribute to the success of the implementation of green procurement are a crucial element of this policy, they have not yet been explored for the Greek public sector. Methods: This study applied data collection and a combined qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The research was divided into two phases: (i) the identification of critical factors (CFs) based on the literature, and (ii) an analysis of fourteen experts’ insights into those factors employing the Grey DEMATEL approach. Results: Based on the surveyed literature, fourteen CFs that contribute to the successful implementation of GPP were identified. From the analysis of the experts’ views, the factors were classified into two groups. Each group contains seven CFs. The CFs in the first group (causes) affect the CFs in the second group (effects). Conclusions: This study of the success factors in implementing green procurement in Greek public organizations can be further improved by incorporating new factors, as well as by utilizing the presented results in the follow-up of the NAP.
4-(Benzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl 3-((3-Chloro-1,4-Naphthoquinon-2-yl)amino)phenyl Sulfate
Authors: Danilenko Nadezhda V. , Lutsuk Mariia O. , Khlebnikov Andrei I.
Published: December 2024

New 4-(benzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl 3-((3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinon-2-yl)amino)phenyl sulfate was synthesized via the SuFEx click reaction between fluorosulfate-containing 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) was used as an organic base, while triethylamine was inactive in this reaction.
2-((3R,9bS)-5,5-Dioxido-2,3-dihydro-9bH-benzo[4,5]isothiazolo[3,2-b]oxazol-3-yl)-1-phenylethan-1-one
Authors: Kim Yeongju , Kim Sung-Gon
Published: December 2024

A highly efficient method has been developed for preparing 2-((3R,9bS)-5,5-dioxido-2,3-dihydro-9bH-benzo[4,5]isothiazolo[3,2-b]oxazol-3-yl)-1-phenylethan-1-one. This enantioenriched title compound was obtained via an organocatalytic asymmetric [3+2]-cycloaddition of benzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide with (E)-4-hydroxy-1-phenylbut-2-en-1-one, using a bifunctional squaramide-based chiral catalyst. The reaction yielded 99% of the product with high enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity (89:11 er and >20:1 dr). The structure of the newly synthesized compound was confirmed by 1H-, 13C-NMR, IR and mass spectral data.
Meta-Analysis of Materials and Treatments Used in Ophthalmic Lenses: Implications for Lens Characteristics
Authors: Martinez-Perez Clara , Oliveira Ana Paula
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This meta-analysis evaluates the evolution, applications, and recent advancements in the materials and treatments used in ophthalmic lenses, focusing on their effectiveness, comfort, and safety, while also considering sustainability as a key factor. Methods: The study was registered with PROSPERO and conducted following the PRISMA and AMSTAR-2 guidelines. A systematic review was performed across databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, without time or language restrictions. Observational studies analyzing optical materials and ophthalmic lens treatments were included, and a random-effects model was applied due to the high heterogeneity observed among the studies. Results: Nine studies were included that evaluated different materials, such as CR-39®, PMMA with nanoparticles, and high-refractive-index polymers, with variability in refractive index (1.49 to 1.90) and light transmission (84.15% to 99%). Treatments like anti-reflective and abrasion-resistant coatings improved optical quality and durability. However, significant heterogeneity and publication bias were identified, limiting the generalizability of the results. Conclusions: The materials and treatments evaluated play a crucial role in the optical quality, durability, and comfort of lenses. Although advancements in sustainable materials show promise for reducing environmental impact, challenges remain in terms of cost and production. It is recommended to establish more stringent standards and promote research to improve the consistency and performance of ophthalmic lenses while ensuring sustainability.
Deposition Contribution Rates and Simulation Model Refinement for Polysilicon Films Deposited by Large-Sized Tubular Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactors
Authors: Zhou Jicheng , Zhan Jianyong , Lv Bowen , Guo Yan , Jiang Bingchun
Published: December 2024

Tunnel oxide passivating contact cells have become the mainstream form of high-performance photovoltaic cells; however, the key factor restricting the further improvement of tunnel oxide passivating contact cell performance lies in the deposition process technology of high-quality polysilicon films. The experimental optimization cost for the deposition of large-sized polysilicon films in low-pressure chemical vapor deposition reactors is enormous when conducted in the temperature range of 800–950 K; hence, the necessity to develop effective computer simulation models becomes urgent. In recent years, our research group has conducted two-dimensional simulation research on large-sized, low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. This article focuses on analyzing the influence of gas-phase chemical reactions on the contribution rate of polysilicon film deposition under a mixed atmosphere of H2 and SiH4. The findings indicate that when using SiH4 as the precursor reactants with a gas pressure not exceeding 100 Pa, SiH4 contributes more than 99.6% to the deposition of polysilicon films, while the contribution rate of intermediates from chemical reactions to film deposition is less than 0.5% with 860–900 K. The influence of temperature on the contribution rate of gas-phase intermediates is negligible. It is found that simulating complex multi-step chemical reactions is highly resource-intensive, making it difficult to achieve the three-dimensional simulations of large-sized tubular LPCVD reactors. Based on the in-depth analysis of the mechanism and simulation results, a simplified model neglecting the complex multi-step chemical reaction process has been proposed. Through employing this refined and simplified model, the two-dimensional simulation of the polysilicon thin films deposition process in the large-sized tubular low pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor will become more effective and resource efficient.
Impact of SiO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Elasticity and Aging Resistance of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Adhesive
Authors: Petković Gorana , Pasanec Preprotić Suzana , Vukoje Marina , Bolanča Mirković Ivana
Published: December 2024

Adhesive modification with nanoparticles affects multiple adhesives properties, making it essential to evaluate and compare changes across all key characteristics—existing positive and limiting properties. This study investigates the impact of silica (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on the elasticity and aging resistance of PVAc adhesive. Tensile properties were determined according to ISO 527-3:2018, with Young’s moduli of elasticity Ε, and stress–strain curves for neat PVAc, nano-SiO2 PVAc, and nano-TiO2 PVAc adhesive. Material toughness (UT), failure stresses σf, and failure strains εf were also calculated. After UV exposure (0, 48, and 96 h), according to ISO 9142:2003, samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in material toughness between neat PVAc and nano-modified PVAc adhesives, as well as changes in FTIR spectra of paper–adhesive samples before and after UV exposure. The Bonferroni post hoc test was used to identify specific group differences. The results showed that SiO2 nanoparticles improved PVAc elasticity by 9.15%, while TiO2 nanoparticles reduced elasticity by 44.47%. FTIR analysis revealed similar behavior in both nano-modified and neat PVAc adhesives after UV exposure, indicating that aging resistance was preserved with the addition of SiO2 or TiO2.
Effect of Ball Burnishing on Fretting at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Swirad Slawomir , Pawlus Pawel
Published: December 2024

The influence of ball burnishing on friction and wear at elevated temperatures under fretting conditions has not yet been reported. Fretting experiments were conducted using the Optimol SRV5 tester (Optimol Instruments, Munich, Germany) under dry gross fretting conditions. A ball of WC ceramic was pressed against a disc from the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Experiments were carried out at elevated temperatures of 100, 200, and 300 °C. The displacement frequency was 50 Hz, the stroke was 0.1 mm, and the test duration was 15 min. The normal loads used were 40, 60, and 80 N. Ball burnishing led to a substantial reduction in the roughness height and an increase in the microhardness of samples from the titanium alloy. Burnishing, in most cases, caused an improvement in the friction resistance of sliding assemblies. Ball burnishing also led to wear reduction compared to the turned disc sample. The best tribological performance of the sliding pair was achieved for the disc sample burnished with the highest pressure of 40 MPa. An increase in temperature from 100 to 200 °C caused small changes in disc wear volumes and coefficients of friction. A further increase in temperature to 300 °C led to an increase in disc wear rates and friction coefficients.
Dynamic Variation in the Semiconductive Tendency of the Passive Film on Duplex Stainless Steel in Corrosion Environments
Authors: Choi Seung-Heon , Yoo Young-Ran , Kim Young-Sik
Published: December 2024

Duplex stainless steels, known for their excellent corrosion resistance, are employed in a variety of chloride solutions—acidic, neutral, and alkaline—due to a stable passive film that forms on their surfaces. This study involved polarization tests, EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) measurements, Mott–Schottky plots, and XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) analyses in both static and dynamic conditions across acidic (1NaCl + 0.1N HCl, pH 1.0), neutral (1N NaCl, pH 6.7), and alkaline (1N NaCl + 0.1N NaOH, pH 13.2) chloride solutions to confirm that duplex stainless steels exhibit similar passivation behavior (0.79 μA/cm2 > ip > 0.2 μA/cm2 and 590 kΩ·cm2 < Rp < 651 kΩ·cm2). Regardless of the pH of the solution, p-type and n-type semiconductive properties were observed, but the balance of the semiconductive tendencies was different. Comparing passive films formed under dynamic conditions, through real-time HCl injection into a neutral chloride solution, with those formed under static conditions, revealed that both conditions yield similar structural and property characteristics in the films, as well as comparable electrochemical behaviors. These findings suggest that the passive film on the stainless steel surface adjusts to the environment and can be spontaneously repassivated in response to environmental changes.
Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on S960QL High-Strength Structural Steel Electron-Beam-Welded Joint
Authors: Sisodia Raghawendra Pratap Singh , Sliwinski Piotr , Koncz-Horváth Dániel , Węglowski Marek St.
Published: December 2024

Electron beam welding (EBW) is one of the most highly precise methods that is gaining more importance in high-strength structural steel (HSSS) thicker plate application in various vehicles, construction industries, etc. Since it offers particular advantages over arc welding processes like narrow welds, reduced heat-affected zone (HAZ), and low distortion, it inherits lower linear heat input characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the effect of localized electron beam–post-weld heat treatment (LEB-PWHT) with that of an as-welded EB-welded S960QL joint of a thickness of 12 mm for various joint and HAZ properties. LEB-PWHT can be beneficial in terms of time saving, more local treatment, higher flexibility, energy saving, greater efficiency, increased productivity, etc. In this study, LEB-PWHT was applied to an autogenous EB-welded S960QL joint using a defocused beam. Microstructural characteristics were observed through light optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while mechanical properties, including microhardness, tensile strength, bending, and Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test, are compared in as-welded and LEB-PWHT joints. The microstructural results showed that the EBW coarse-grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) consists of martensite, while the PWHT weld metal contains tempered martensite with carbide precipitates. The fine-grain heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) of EBW exhibits a martensitic and bainitic microstructure, whereas the FGHAZ of the PWHT joint exhibits equiaxed grain with finely dispersed carbides. The hardness decrease after LEB-PWHT in the weld metal and HAZ was approximately 23% and 21%, respectively. An increase in tensile strength (3%) was observed in the LEB-PWHT joints (1082 MPa) compared to the EBW joint (1051 MPa). Both tensile and bending tests demonstrated improved ductility behavior after PWHT. However, the impact test at −40 °C indicated a reduction in toughness in the weld metal of LEB-PWHT (27 J) compared to EBW (63 J).
Thermal Evolution of Expanded Phases Formed by PIII Nitriding in Super Duplex Steel Investigated by In Situ Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Schibicheski Kurelo Bruna Corina Emanuely , Monteiro João Frederico Haas Leandro , de Souza Gelson Biscaia , Serbena Francisco Carlos , Lepienski Carlos Maurício , Cardoso Rodrigo Perito , Brunatto Silvio Francisco
Published: December 2024

The Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) nitriding was used to form a modified layer rich in expanded austenite (γN) and expanded ferrite (αN) phases in super duplex steel. The thermal stability of these phases was investigated through the in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. All the surfaces were analyzed by SEM, EDS, and nanoindentation. During the heating stage of the thermal treatments, the crystalline structure of the γN phase expanded thermally up to a temperature of 350 °C and, above this temperature, a reduction in the lattice parameter was observed due to the diffusion of nitrogen into the substrate. During the isothermal heating, the gradual diffusion of nitrogen continued and the lattice parameter of the γN phase decreased. Increasing the treatment temperature from 450 °C to 550 °C, a greater reduction in the lattice parameter of the γN phase occured and the peaks related to the CrN, α, and αN phases became more evident in the diffractograms. This phenomenon is associated with the decomposition of the γN phase into CrN + α + αN. After the heat treatments, the thickness of the modified layers increased and the hardness values close to the surface decreased, according to the diffusion of the nitrogen to the substrate.
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Negatively Influence Gill Metabolism in Pinctada fucata martensii
Authors: Zou Heqi , Li Fengfeng , Huang Luomin , Yao Jiaying , Lin Yujing , Yang Chuangye , Hao Ruijuan , Mkuye Robert , Liao Yongshan , Deng Yuewen
Published: December 2024

Background: In recent years, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in various industries due to their favorable chemical properties, and their contamination of the environment has attracted much attention, especially to aquatic animals. Methods: Therefore, we assessed the impact of TiO2 NPs (5 mg/L) on the marine bivalve, pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii), especially gill metabolism. Pearl oysters were exposed to seawater containing 5 mg/L TiO2 NPs for 14 days, followed by 7 days of recovery in untreated seawater. Gill tissues and hepatopancreatic tissues were sampled on days 0, 14, and 21 of the experiment named C0, E14, and R7, respectively. Results: Metabolomic analysis identified 102 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) on gills tissue in pearl oysters following exposure to TiO2 NPs (C0 vs. E14). Compared with group C0, group E14 had 76 SDMs (such as acetylcholine, itaconic acid, citric acid, and taurine) with higher concentrations and 26 (including L-arginine and isobutyryl-L-carnitine) with lower concentrations. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis showed that these SDMs enriched 28 pathways, including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. In addition, 116 SDMs were identified in E14 and R7 pearl oysters. Compared with group E14, group R7 had 74 metabolites (such as acetylcholine, 6-phosphogluconic acid, isocitric acid, and itaconic acid) with higher concentrations and 42 (including uracil, glycerophosphocholine, N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine) with lower concentrations. The SDMs identified between E14 and R7 enriched 25 pathways, including the pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione metabolism, and citrate cycle (TCA cycle). In addition, analysis of the energy metabolism-associated enzymes revealed that exposure to TiO2 NPs reduced Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase, and Total-ATPase activities. Conclusions: These findings suggested that TiO2 NPs may inhibit the energy metabolism function of gill and hepatopancreas of pearl oysters. Meanwhile, TiO2 NPs may affect the normal functioning of immune and osmoregulatory functions of pearl oysters gill and even may lead to oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Therefore, this study may provide a reference for analyzing the bioadaptation of marine bivalves to TiO2 NPs and the potential negative effects of TiO2 NPs on bivalves.
Full Spectrum Electrochromic WO3 Mechanism and Optical Modulation via Ex Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Effect of Li+ Surface Permeation
Authors: Zhang Buyue , Wang Jintao , Jiang Shuhui , Yuan Meng , Chen Xinyu
Published: December 2024

Tungsten oxide (WO3) electrochromic devices are obtaining increasing interest due to their color change and thermal regulation. However, most previous work focuses on the absorption or transmission spectra of materials, rather than the optical parameters evolution in full spectrum in the electrochromic processes. Herein, we developed a systematic protocol of ex situ methods to clarify the evolutions of subtle structure changes, Raman vibration modes, and optical parameters of WO3 thin films in electrochromic processes as stimulated by dosage-dependent Li+ insertion. We obtained the below information by ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. (1) Layer-by-layer Li+ embedding mechanism demonstrated by individual film thickness analysis. (2) The details of its optical leap in the Brillouin zone in the full spectral. (3) The optical constants varied with the Li+ insertion in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared bands, demonstrating the potential for applications in chip fabrication, deep-sea exploration, and optical measurements. (4) Simulated angular modulation laws of WO3 films for full spectra in different Li+ insertion states. This ex situ method to study the optical properties of electrochromic devices are important for monitoring phase transition kinetics, the analysis of optical leaps, and the study of ion diffusion mechanisms and the stoichiometry-dependent changes in optical constants over the full spectral. This work shows that electrochromic films in Li+ surface permeation can be applied in the field of zoom lenses, optical phase modulators, and other precision optical components. Our work provides a new solution for the development of zoom lenses and a new application scenario for the application of electrochromic devices.
Paper Towel Method: In Vitro Inoculation Technique for Rapid and Robust Assessment of Clusterbean and Cowpea Genotypes Against Macrophomina phaseolina
Authors: Prajapati Krupal V. , Prajapati Mitesh R. , Devi B. Megala , Purohit Jyotika , Panickar Bindu , Thilakar Sivasudha , Choudhary Manoj , Jailani A. Abdul Kader , Chattopadhyay Anirudha
Published: December 2024

The development and standardization of an effective inoculation technique are essential for reliable screening of crop genotypes. In this study, three inoculation methods—in vitro paper towel, in vitro agar, and soil inoculation in pots—were tested to evaluate the pathogenic potential of Macrophomina phaseolina, the causative agent of dry root rot (DRR). Since the pathogenicity of M. phaseolina is influenced by environmental factors, identifying a robust inoculation method is critical. Among the three techniques, the paper towel inoculation method resulted in the highest seedling mortality of 66.66% in cluster beans and 86.67% in cowpeas within just ten days, demonstrating its effectiveness. The agar inoculation technique, while successful, required 15 days to confirm pathogenicity, with seedling mortality rates of 63.33% for cowpeas and 53.33% for cluster beans. In contrast, the soil inoculation method showed comparatively lower mortality rates, with 36.66% for cluster beans and 26.67% for cowpeas. Based on these findings, the paper towel method emerged as the most efficient technique for inducing rapid pathogenicity in M. phaseolina in both cowpeas and cluster beans. Its suitability was further validated through the screening of released varieties of these crops compared against the soil inoculation method. Notably, genotypes that appeared moderately resistant under the soil inoculation method were found to range from susceptible to highly susceptible when evaluated using the paper towel technique. These results underscore the reliability of the paper towel method as a rapid and robust screening tool for identifying resistant genotypes of cowpea and cluster bean on a larger scale.
Processing of Oxidized Lead–Zinc Ore by Co-Roasting with Pyrite-Bearing Ore
Authors: Antropova Inna Germanovna , Gulyashinov Pavel Anatolevich , Budaeva Aryuna Dugarzhapovna , Dashiev Ilya Punsukovich , Khomoksonova Darya Petrovna
Published: December 2024

The world reserves of oxidized lead–zinc ores are large, but their processing faces significant difficulties due to their refractory nature. This paper presents a novel approach to the preparation of refractory oxidized lead ores for flotation. The proposed method is based on the co-roasting of oxidized lead-bearing ores from the Ozernoye polymetallic deposit (Western Transbaikalia, Russia) with fine-grained sulfide lead–zinc ore sourced from the same deposit and the addition of calcium oxide. This method allows for the activation of mineral complexes, the sulfidation of oxidized lead–zinc minerals, and the minimization of the amount of sulfur dioxide gas emitted. Co-roasting oxidized lead–zinc ore with sulfide ore (10–30 wt. pct) at 650–700 °C has been shown to result in the selective oxidation of pyrite and sulfidation of oxidized lead and zinc minerals. The proposed method of processing polymetallic ores is capable of simultaneously involving not only oxidized lead–zinc ores but also refractory sulfide ores, thereby extending the operational lifespan of the mining enterprise and reducing the environmental impact.
Effects of Cold Deformation and Heat Treatments on the Microstructure and Properties of Fe-15Cr-25Ni Superalloy Cold-Drawn Bars
Authors: Zhang Yunfei , Zhang Zhen , Sun Zhiyan , Zhao Yingli , Cui Yi , Zhang Zhongwu
Published: December 2024

The combination of cold deformation and solution aging is an important technological route for the bar processing of superalloy fasteners. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties are intimately related to the process parameters. In this study, we systematically elucidate the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Fe-15Cr-25Ni alloys in different treatment processes and conduct in-depth analysis of the synergistic strengthening mechanism of fine-crystal strengthening, second-phase strengthening, and work hardening on Fe-15Cr-25Ni alloys. The results show that the tensile strength and yield strength at room temperature increase with the increase in grain refinement and dislocation density but decrease with the increase in elongation. After solid-solution treatment, most of the precipitates dissolve into the matrix, and the dislocation density is greatly reduced, resulting in a decrease in strength and an increase in plasticity. After aging, a large amount of γ′ phase was precipitated. Due to the two strengthening effects of dislocation strengthening and second-phase strengthening, the strength of the aging state is more improved than that of the cold-drawing state. The purpose of this study is to provide valuable insights for the industrial production of Fe-15Cr-25Ni superalloys.
Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Nanosilver and Carbon Nanotube Composites to Hydra vulgaris—A Toxicogenomic Approach
Authors: Auclair Joelle , Roubeau-Dumont Eva , Gagné François
Published: December 2024

The increasing use of nanocomposites has raised concerns about the potential environmental impacts, which are less understood than those observed with individual nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxicity of nanosilver carbon-walled nanotube (AgNP–CWNT) composites in Hydra vulgaris. The lethal and sublethal toxicity was determined based on the characteristic morphological changes (retraction/loss of tentacles and body disintegration) for this organism. In addition, a gene expression array was optimized for gene expression analysis for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase), regeneration and growth (serum response factor), protein synthesis, oxidized DNA repair, neural activity (dopamine decarboxylase), and the proteasome/autophagy pathways. The hydras were exposed for 96 h to increasing concentrations of single AgNPs, CWNTs, and to 10% AgNPs–90% CWNTs, and 50% AgNPs–50% CNWT composites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the presence of AgNPs attached to the carbon nanotubes and AgNP aggregates. The data revealed that the AgNP–CWNT composites were more toxic than their counterparts (AgNPs and CNWT). The sublethal morphological changes (EC50) were strongly associated with oxidative stress and protein synthesis while lethal morphological changes (LC50) encompassed changes in dopamine activity, regeneration, and proteasome/autophagic pathways. In conclusion, the toxicity of AgNP–CWNT composites presents a different pattern in gene expression, and at lower threshold concentrations than those obtained for AgNPs or CWNTs alone.
Simultaneous Down-Regulation of Intracellular MicroRNA-21 and hTERT mRNA Using AS1411-Functionallized Gold Nanoprobes to Achieve Targeted Anti-Tumor Therapy
Authors: Ji Qinghong , Yang Qiangqiang , Ou Mengyao , Hong Min
Published: December 2024

Telomerase presents over-expression in most cancer cells and has been used as a near-universal marker of cancer. Studies have revealed that inhibiting telomerase activity by utilizing oligonucleotides to down-regulate the expression of intracellular human telomerase reverse-transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA is an effective method of achieving anti-tumor therapy. Considering that oncogenic microRNA-21 has been proven to indirectly up-regulate hTERT expression and drive cancer metastasis and aggression through increased telomerase activity, here, we constructed an AS1411-functionallized oligonucleotide-conjugated gold nanoprobe (Au nanoprobe) to simultaneously down-regulate intracellular microRNA-21 and hTERT mRNA by using anti-sense oligonucleotide technology to explore their targeted anti-tumor therapy effect. In vitro cell studies demonstrated that Au nanoprobes could effectively induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by down-regulating intracellular hTERT activity. In vivo imaging and anti-tumor studies revealed that Au nanoprobes could accumulate at the tumor site and inhibit the growth of MCF-7 tumor xenografted on balb/c nude mice, thus having potential for anti-tumor therapy.
New Insights into the Role of SGLT-2 Inhibitors in the Prevention of Dementia
Authors: Hung Cheng-Hsien , Lu Li-Yu
Published: December 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease associated with numerous complications, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, a class of novel antidiabetic agents, have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects beyond glycemic control, with potential benefits extending to the cardiovascular and renal systems. Recently, research has increasingly focused on exploring the potential role of SGLT-2 inhibitors in preventing dementia. The aim of this review is to summarize the current research suggesting that SGLT-2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin, may have neuroprotective effects that reduce dementia risk and improve cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients. These benefits are likely due to better glycemic control, reduced oxidative stress, and less advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation, all linked to neurodegeneration. Despite these promising findings, existing studies are limited by small sample sizes and short follow-up durations, which may not adequately capture long-term outcomes. To establish more robust evidence, larger-scale, long-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving diverse populations are needed. These studies should involve diverse populations and focus on understanding the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects. Addressing these limitations will provide clearer guidelines for using SGLT-2 inhibitors in dementia prevention and management. This will help improve therapeutic strategies for cognitive health in diabetic patients.
Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy and Its Correlations with Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Different Brain Structures of Mice
Authors: Silva Brenda Rufino da , Lima Joyce Maria Ferreira Alexandre , Echeverry Marcela Bermudez , Alberto-Silva Carlos
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Antipsychotic medicines are used to treat several psychological disorders and some symptoms caused by dementia and schizophrenia. Haloperidol (Hal) is a typical antipsychotic usually used to treat psychosis; however, its use causes motor or extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as catalepsy. Hal blocks the function of presynaptic D2 receptors on cholinergic interneurons, leading to the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Methods: This study was designed to investigate the Hal-inhibitory effects on AChE activity in regions representative of the cholinergic system of mice and potential associations between cataleptic effects generated by Hal using therapeutic doses and their inhibitory effects on AChE. Results: The distribution of the AChE activity in the different regions of the brain followed the order striatum > hippocampus > (prefrontal cortex/hypothalamus/ cerebellum) > brainstem > septo-hippocampal system. In ex vivo assays, Hal inhibited AChE activity obtained from homogenate tissue of the striatum, hippocampus, and septo-hippocampal system in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory concentration of 50% of enzyme activity (IC50) indicated that the septo-hippocampal system required a higher concentration of Hal (IC50 = 202.5 µmol·L−1) to inhibit AChE activity compared to the striatum (IC50 = 162.5 µmol·L−1) and hippocampus (IC50 = 145 µmol·L−1). In in vivo assays, male Swiss mice treated with concentrations of Hal higher than 0.1 mg·kg−1 induced cataleptic effects. Positive correlations with Spearman’s correlation were observed only between the lack of cataleptic effect and the decreased AChE activity of the hippocampus in the mice treated with 0.01 mg·kg−1 of Hal but not in the striatum and septo-hippocampal system. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Hal could increase cholinergic effects via AChE inhibition, in addition to its dopamine antagonist effect, as an alternative approach to the treatment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia.
The Key Nutrients in the Mediterranean Diet and Their Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Deleu Sara , Becherucci Guia , Godny Lihi , Mentella Maria Chiara , Petito Valentina , Scaldaferri Franco
Published: December 2024

The gut microbiome, a collection of gut microorganisms, is crucial in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Therefore, diet and dietary interventions are promising strategies to shape the gut microbiota for IBD management. Of all the diets studied in the IBD field, the Mediterranean diet has the least restrictive nature, promoting long-term adherence. The Mediterranean diet is rich in plants, with a high daily intake of fruits and vegetables (high in fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins), olive oil, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. It includes the moderate consumption of animal products such as oily fish (rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids), dairy products, and poultry, with a limited intake of red meat and processed foods. This diet is associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases, including IBD. However, the mechanisms of specific nutrients behind these effects in the Mediterranean diet remain under investigation. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide an overview of the nutrients that are abundant in the Mediterranean diet and their effects on IBD, with a main focus on preclinical evidence. While several nutrients like fructo-oligosaccharide, chitosan, plant-derived protein, polyphenols, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and resveratrol have shown potential beneficial effects in preclinical models, clinical evidence is often limited. However, understanding the complex interactions between specific nutrients and IBD is essential to developing a tailored, multidisciplinary, and personalized approach for disease management; therefore, further research is required.
The Effect of Antioxidant Polyphenol Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wan Sitong , Luo Junjie , Zhu Yinhua , An Peng , Luo Yongting , Xing Qingchang
Published: December 2024

Background: Polyphenol is considered to exert a favorable impact on cardiovascular health. Methods: To summarize the role of polyphenol antioxidant supplements in cardiovascular disease, we searched for randomized controlled trials up to 10th November 2024 that reported estimates of the effects of polyphenol antioxidant supplements on cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: Of the 17,126 participants in the 281 studies, weighted mean differences [95% confidence intervals] were derived for the intervention condition utilizing random effects modeling. Our results suggest that multiple polyphenol supplements improved cardiovascular risk markers in the overall population. For example, catechin supplementation decreased systolic (−1.56 [−2.75, −0.37] mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (−0.95 [−1.69, −0.20] mmHg), anthocyanin supplementation improved multiple blood lipid profiles, and curcumin supplementation benefited indicators of glucose metabolism. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis provides comprehensive evidence that antioxidant polyphenol supplementation can have beneficial effects on various cardiometabolic risk factors in the general population. The observed improvements in blood pressure, lipid profile, and glycemic status support the potential role of these supplements in cardiovascular health promotion. However, the heterogeneity among studies indicates that more research is needed to fully understand the optimal use of different polyphenols. Future research should concentrate on conducting a greater number of well-designed randomized controlled trials over extended periods of time to evaluate the long-term impact on cardiovascular endpoints and to ascertain the optimal doses and durations of antioxidant polyphenol supplementation. Furthermore, additional research is required to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for these cardioprotective effects.
Association of Physical Fitness and Diet with Body Weight in Austrian Adolescents
Authors: Drenowatz Clemens , Ferrari Gerson , Matolic Tena , Greier Maria do Carmo , Greier Klaus
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Physical fitness and diet along with body weight are key determinants of health. Excess body weight, poor dietary choices, and low physical fitness, however, are becoming increasingly prevalent in adolescents. In order to develop adequate intervention strategies, additional research on potential interaction effects of these entities is needed. Therefore, this study examined the combined association of physical fitness and diet with body weight in Austrian adolescents. Methods: A total of 164 (56% male) adolescents between 11 and 14 years of age completed the German Motor Test, which consists of eight items that assess cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance and power, speed and agility, flexibility, and balance, along with body weight and height measurements. Additionally, participants completed a standardized food frequency questionnaire. Results: Spearman correlation analyses showed an inverse association between physical fitness and processed foods consumption (rho = −0.25, p < 0.01), while sweet consumption was positively associated with physical fitness (rho = 0.17, p = 0.03). No significant interaction effects between diet and physical fitness on body weight were observed. However, both higher physical fitness and greater sweet consumption were associated with lower body weight (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the independent and combined interactions of key correlates of health. It also suggests that high fitness may offset detrimental effects of poor dietary choices. In order to address potential health risks early in life and facilitate future health and well-being, it is important to monitor and control physical fitness, diet, and body weight during adolescence.