bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflicts Between Ethics and Law in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: MAPPES DONALD C. , ROBB GEORGE P. , ENGELS DENNIS W.
Published: December 2011

Codes of ethics are designed to guide and govern the behavior of the professional for whom they are written. In such fields as counseling, psychology, and social work, ethical standards are necessary to protect clients, guide professionals, safeguard the autonomy of professional workers, and enhance the status of the profession. Sometimes, however, the professional worker finds that the ethical standards of the profession seem to be in conflict with the law. These conflicts may arise in such areas as advertising, confidentiality, and clients' rights of access to their own files. The authors discuss the nature, ramifications, and implications of ethical‐legal conflicts in the helping professions.
Depth of Self‐Disclosure as a Function of Assured Confidentiality and Videotape Recording
Authors: McGUIRE JOHN M. , GRAVES SANFORD , BLAU BURTON
Published: December 2011

Depth of self‐disclosure in a dyadic interview situation was assessed as a function of assurance versus nonassurance of confidentiality and as a function of a videotape versus nonvideotape condition.
Handicapped Children and Their Families
Authors: SELIGMAN MILTON
Published: December 2011

A selected review of the theme issue of the journalFamily Relations, 33(1), January 1984.
Intelligence Tests and Social Policy
Authors: FRANCO JUAN N.
Published: December 2011

Snyderman, M., & Herrnstein, R.J. (1983). Intelligence tests and the Immigration Act of 1924. American Psychologist, 38, 986–995.
Psychoeducational Assessment of Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups: Professional Implications
Authors: GREGORY SANTA , LEE SANDRA
Published: December 2011

The authors address the consumer's need for more information by describing a framework for integrating test data when it applies to minority children and their families. Test bias has a long history; the progression to nonbiased assessment includes legal decisions and guidelines, further training and education for professionals who test, and greater awareness of issues for all consumers of test data.
Effects of Assertiveness Training on the Self‐Esteem of Black High School Students
Authors: STEWART CHARLOTTE G. , LEWIS WILLIAM A.
Published: December 2011

Effects of assertiveness training on assertive behaviors and self‐esteem were investigated among Black high school students. Results showed a significant difference between scores of males and females on the written assertiveness measure. Scores of the 9 females in the experimental group accounted for all of the change, whereas scores of the 18 males actually dropped somewhat. No significant differences appeared on assertiveness or self‐esteem across conditions, however. Possible reasons for lack of effects of the training are discussed. Continued study is necessary to identify ways for Blacks to meet their needs by moving from passive or aggressive approaches to assertive ones.
Ten Years of Career Development: A Nationwide Study of High School Students
Authors: PREDIGER DALE J. , SAWYER RICHARD L.
Published: December 2011

The authors summarize trends for several indicators of student career development collected in 1973 (when career education and career planning programs began to receive renewed emphasis) and again in 1983. The indicators, obtained for nationally representative samples of junior and senior high school students (N = 18,129 in 1973 and 15,432 in 1983), included career‐related concerns, career planning involvement, and reactions to career planning services. Among the major trends was a 32% increase in the proportion of 11th graders who reported receiving “some” or “a lot” of career planning help from their schools. Moreover, the proportion of students involved in typical career exploration activities increased significantly over the 10 years of the study. In general, the 10‐year trends indicate that schools are having a greater impact on student career development than they were in 1973.
Ordinary People: Using a Popular Film in Group Therapy
Authors: DUNCAN KEVIN , BECK DAVID , GRANUM RICHARD
Published: December 2011

A time‐limited, topic‐oriented counseling group using the popular film Ordinary People prepared adolescents in residential treatment for reentry into their families and communities.
The Role of Bayesian Concepts in Test Development and Test Interpretation
Authors: THORNDIKE ROBERT L.
Published: December 2011

Column Editor's Note. Among Robert L. Thorndike's many contributions is his use of Bayesian thinking in test construction and his dissemination of information about Bayesian concepts. Thorndike's ability to render complex technical material comprehensible to nonspecialists prompted your editor to invite him to develop a series of three articles.

In the first, readers are introduced to central tenets of Bayesian reasoning and are led to appreciate that it is not an esoteric approach reserved for specialists; rather, it is closely related to common sense. In the second article, to appear in next month's issue, Thorndike sketches some Bayesian approaches to test development. In the final installment, which will appear in November, Thondike illustrates how Bayesian thinking can and should be used to interpret test scores. When we interpret a score, we usually have prior test or nontest information about the examinee. “We should neither ignore nor overvalue this prior information but should skillfully use it to govern our interpretation of the new data.

It is hoped that this trilogy will not only provide some interpretive skill but will also enhance commonsense thinking in a wide variety of professional and personal applications.—Gerald S. Hanna
Women's Postrape Sexual Functioning: Review and Implications for Counseling
Authors: GILBERT BARBARA , CUNNINGHAM JEAN
Published: December 2011

The authors present a literature review concerning the effects of rape on sexual functioning and suggestions for facilitating sexual recovery of rape survivors in counseling.
Ericksonian Hypnosis: A Dialogue with Charles Citrenbaum, Mark King, and William Cohen
Authors: MORGAN LEWIS B. , O'NEILL ALICE
Published: December 2011

The three subjects of this article, Charles Citrenbaum, Mark King, and William Cohen, are authors, hypnotherapists, and educators par excellence. In this interview they discuss a variety of topics, including Milton H. Erickson (the “Father of Clinical Hypnosis”), hypnosis, hypnotherapy, and effective clinical practice.
Measuring States and Traits: A Dialogue with Charles Spielberger
Authors: ROBYAK JAMES E.
Published: December 2011

In this interview Charles Spielberger discusses the development of his various state‐trait inventories and his belief that anxiety, anger, and curiosity are evolutionary, emotional‐motivational systems. Also, he talks about test anxiety and graduate training.
A Vocational Evaluation Program for Handicapped Students: Focus on the Counselor's Role
Authors: LEVINSON EDWARD M.
Published: December 2011

The author describes a multidisciplinary vocational evaluation program for handicapped students that integrates the vocational evaluation and special education triennial reevaluation processes.
Leaving Home: A Semistructured Group Experience
Authors: SCHWARTZ KAREN M. , WARD C. MICHELE
Published: December 2011

The authors present a group format for addressing the needs of students who are at the developmental stage of separating from their families of origin.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Misunderstood Psychophysiological Affliction
Authors: MOSER ROSEMARIE SCOLARO
Published: December 2011

Irritable bowel syndrome is a benign, chronic, gastrointestinal disorder that affects much of the general population. Misunderstanding and lack of patient education often result in increased anxiety and physical distress. Counselors can be instrumental in recognizing the condition in afflicted clients and providing emotional support and stress management training.
Human Relations Skills Training in Teacher Education: The Link to Effective Practice
Authors: RYAN CHARLES W. , JACKSON BARRY L. , LEVINSON EDWARD M.
Published: December 2011

Brandt, R. (1985). On teaching and supervising: A conversation with Madeline Hunter. Educational Leadership, 42, 61–66.

Hunter, M. (1985). What's wrong with Madeline Hunter? Educational Teacher Leadership, 42, 57–60.

Ligon, S.A. (1984). A strategy for helping students with their problems. Teacher Educator, 19, 28–32.

Manning, B.H., & Payne, B.D. (1984). Student teacher personality as a variable in teacher education. Teacher Educator, 20, 2–12.

Sadker, M., & Sadker, D. (1985). Is the O.K. classroom O.K.? Phi Delta Kappan, 66, 358–361.

Smith, B.O. (1985). Research bases for teacher education. Phi Delta Kappan, 66, 685–690.
A Comparison of Two Cases of Counseling with the Same Counselor
Authors: O'FARRELL MARY K. , HILL CLARA E. , PATTON SUSAN M.
Published: December 2011

Process analyses revealed that interpretations and exploration of feelings were helpful across two cases. Other interventions were helpful for one case but not the other.
Fanaticism That May Lead to a Nuclear Holocaust: The Contributions of Scientific Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: ELLIS ALBERT
Published: December 2011

The author considers some of the fanatical beliefs that may possibly lead to a nuclear holocaust in the not‐too‐distant future, shows how dangerous these ideas are, and suggests that one of the best ways to minimize this kind of absolutistic and dogmatic thinking is through the psycho‐educational approach pioneered by scientific counseling and psychotherapy.
Effects of Administrator and Participant Sex and Ethnicity on Self‐Disclosure
Authors: MOLINA REYMUNDO A. , FRANCO JUAN N.
Published: December 2011

Self‐disclosure patterns of Anglo‐Americans and Mexican Americans were analyzed according to overall frequency of reported self‐disclosure and preferred targets (i.e., mother, father, male friend, female friend). Administrator sex and ethnicity were systematically varied so that the interaction of these variables with participant sex and ethnicity could be investigated. Results revealed that Anglo‐Americans reported the most disclosure and Mexican‐American men the least. Some suggestions are provided for counselors working with Mexican‐American men.
Launching Adult Students into the Job Market: A Support Group Approach
Authors: ARP ROSEMARY S. , HOLMBERG KAY S. , LITTRELL JOHN M.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a structured job search support group for adult students.
The Socialization of Highly Intelligent Boys: Case Material from Terman's Correspondence
Authors: JANOS PAUL M.
Published: December 2011

Lewis M. Terman's letters to the parents of 42 boys with childhood IQs greater than 170 were examined and contrasted with those sent to parents of 42 boys with IQs between 135 and 159. Parents of boys with very high IQs were more frequently advised to restrain academic acceleration and to encourage mixing with agemates. The author places this advice in its historical context, suggests that the social needs of many highly intelligent children can best be satisfied in peer groups consisting of children of similar ability and interests, and concludes with a brief discussion of current options for jointly facilitating social and intellectual development.
The Use of Strategic Family Therapy in the School Setting: A Case Study
Authors: STONE GEORGE , PEEKS BARBARA
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a school counselor's shift from a traditional, individualized counseling approach to the use of strategic family therapy as a way of helping a young man succeed in school and leave home.
An Emotional Control Card for Inappropriate and Appropriate Emotions in Using Rational‐Emotive Imagery
Authors: ELLIS ALBERT
Published: December 2011

The author suggests a revision of the emotional control card technique of Sklare, Taylor, and Hyland (1985).
Career Encounters: Career Decision Making Through On‐Site Visits
Authors: HEITZMANN DENNIS , SCHMIDT AMY K. , HURLEY FRANCES W.
Published: December 2011

Career Encounters, a program of the Career Counseling Office of Memphis State University, provides students with opportunities for on‐site visits with professionals in careers of interest to the students.
Needed: Competent, Confident, and Committed Career Counselors
Authors: DORN FRED J.
Published: December 2011

Gelso, C., Prince, J., Cornfeld, J., Payne, A., Royalty, G., & Wiley, M. (1985). Quality of counselors intake evaluations for clients with problems that are primarily vocational versus personal. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 339–347.

Pinkney, J., & Jacobs, D. (1985). New counselor's and personal interest in the tasks of career counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 454–457.
Client Hospitalization: Issues and Considerations for the Counselor
Authors: PONTEROTTO JOSEPH G.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses the process of hospitalizing clients both voluntarily and involuntarily. Legal, ethical, and procedural aspects of the commitment process are examined, and the counselor's role in this process is highlighted.
Use of Morita Therapy in Shyness Counseling in the West: Promoting Clients' Self‐Acceptance and Action Taking
Authors: ISHIYAMA F. ISHU
Published: December 2011

The author discusses the practical application of Morita therapy philosophy and techniques in shyness counseling in the West. Shy clients in Morita therapy are encouraged to recognize the self‐actualizing meaning of social anxiety instead of regarding it as abnormal and becoming preoccupied with attempts to control anxiety symptoms. They are challenged to reevaluate their maladaptive cognitive processing of shyness and their unproductive behavioral passivity. The didactic, confrontational, and supportive messages used in Morita‐based counseling are presented. Cross‐cultural issues are discussed, and the positive reinterpretation technique and the behavioral instructional method are illustrated.
Doctoral Student Selection in Counselor Education: A Multidimensional Assessment Strategy
Authors: CHILDERS JOHN H. , RYE DONALD R.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe the selection process implemented by a counselor education department for screening doctoral applicants. This 2‐day selection process is designed to assess each applicant in four areas: counseling skills, interpersonal effectiveness, level of professional knowledge, and credentials.
Bulimia: Cognitive‐Behavioral Treatment and Relapse Prevention
Authors: MINES ROBERT A. , MERRILL CHERYL A.
Published: December 2011

The authors review the assumptions about processes that maintain bulimic behavior. Specific treatment package recommendations are made on the basis of selected outcome literature. Special issues, such as Axis II diagnosis, hospitalization, and psychopharmaceutics, are addressed.
A Brief, Collaborative‐Structured Approach for Personal Development Groups
Authors: COOPER STEWART E.
Published: December 2011

A brief, collaborative‐structured approach to group counseling was evaluated. The technique specifically differs from traditional development groups in that the content was chosen and the group norms established in the context of a structured and limited framework. The results indicate that this approach may be a viable alternative for understaffed counseling centers.
Review of Assessment of Career Decision Making
Authors: JOHNSON RICHARD W.
Published: December 2011

The Assessment of Career Decision Making (ACDM) was designed to measure decision‐making styles and progress in coping with three developmental tasks of young people: adjusting to school, choosing a career, and choosing a major. It is the result of 20 years of research begun by Vincent A. Harren and carried on by his successors after his death in 1980 (Buck & Daniels, 1985). During this time, the ACDM has been revised six times. It is now a shorter instrument, with fewer subscales than previously. In its present form (Form F), the ACDM contains 94 items, all of which are answered “true” or “false.” It is most appropriate for use with high school or college students engaged in career planning.
Ethics, Violence, and Counseling: Hear No Evil, See No Evil, Speak No Evil?
Authors: GROSS DOUGLAS R. , ROBINSON SHARON E.
Published: December 2011

Situations involving violence directed either at a client or by a client pose ethical and legal dilemmas for the mental health professional. The authors present information concerning both ethical and legal aspects of violence as they relate to client welfare, dangerousness, confidentiality or duty to warn, and counselor violence. In certain situations, case material is used to illustrate both the ethical standards and the laws and statutes that provide directives for professional behavior.
Aggression Replacement Training
Authors: GLICK BARRY , GOLDSTEIN ARNOLD P.
Published: December 2011

Aggression replacement training (ART) is a multimodal, psychoeducational intervention for assaultive, hostile adolescents and children who are either institutionalized or pose severe, disruptive behaviors in communities. The authors present a description of ART, the research evaluating its efficacy, planned efforts in program development, and its relevance for counselors who work in institutions, schools, mental health clinics, or other community‐based organizations.
Personal Violence in the Schools: The Role of the Counselor
Authors: NUTTALL ENA VAZQUEZ , KALESNIK JOANNE
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss interpersonal violence in the schools, along with specific roles that counselors can assume in intervening and creating solutions for change at different system levels.
Computer‐Assisted Career Guidance: A National Perspective on the Use of DISCOVER and SIGI
Authors: SAMPSON JAMES P. , SHAHNASARIAN MICHAEL , REARDON ROBERT C.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe the institutional use of DISCOVER and SIGI, two computer‐assisted career guidance systems, in terms of services provided, staffing, management, and implementation.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Work Values and Career Maturity of 9th‐ and 11th‐Grade Boys and Girls
Authors: POST‐KAMMER PHYLLIS
Published: December 2011

Sex differences in work values and career maturity were found to a greater extent than were grade differences among 9th‐ and 11th‐grade students. Implications for counselors are discussed.
The Relationship of Purpose in Life to Coping Strategies and Time Since the Death of a Significant Other
Authors: STEVENS MICHAEL J. , PFOST KAREN S. , WESSELS ANNE B.
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the relationship of experienced purpose in life to strategies used to cope with a loss resulting from death and the amount of time since the loss. Forty undergraduates who had suffered the death of a significant other completed an information sheet, the Purpose in Life Test, and the revised Ways of Coping Checklist. People who experienced low purpose in life reported using more emotion‐focused coping strategies than did individuals with high purpose. These results are linked to the literature on emotion‐focused coping and depression and are discussed in terms of the assessment and preventive treatment of bereaved clients.
Child Sexual Abuse: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Case Management
Authors: WAGNER WILLIAM G.
Published: December 2011

Treatment for child victims of sexual abuse is a complex and sometimes lengthy process involving members of numerous social service agencies. Coordination of services can be accomplished through the use of a multidisciplinary team approach to case management. The author provides information about the roles of various team members as well as suggestions for organizing a child sexual abuse multidisciplinary team.
Description of a Teenage Pregnancy Program
Authors: MacGREGOR JANET , NEWLON BETTY J.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a teenage pregnancy program with three major components—medical care, education, and counseling. The services, particularly the counseling program, are discussed.
Mothering Adolescent Daughters: A Psychodynamic Perspective
Authors: BASSOFF EVELYN SILTEN
Published: December 2011

The psychology of motherhood during the daughter's adolescence is described in this article. Drawing on psychoanalytic and Jungian theoretical works as well as on research in adult development, the author describes (a) normal maternal development with an emphasis on the synergistic, maturational tasks of the mother and adolescent offspring; (b) maternal conflicts; and (c) counseling approaches that promote the mother's individuation and appropriate responses to her child.
Factors Assisting Female Clients' Disclosure of Incest During Counseling
Authors: JOSEPHSON GILDA S. , FONG‐BEYETTE MARGARET L.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore specific behaviors and characteristics of counselors that relate to adult, female clients' disclosure of incest during counseling. A total of 37 female incest victims who had sought counseling within the previous 3 years completed the study. Information about disclosure of incest during counseling and perceptions of counselors' characteristics and reactions were gathered by a structured interview and the modified Barrett‐Lennard Relationship Inventory. Results suggest that factors related to initial disclosure and exploration of incest are client readiness, direct questioning by the counselor, specific counselor characteristics, and positive counselor reactions to initial disclosure. Guidelines for assisting clients' disclosure of incest are presented.
The Impact of Parental Divorce on College Student Development
Authors: LOPEZ FREDERICK G.
Published: December 2011

The author explores the developmental consequences of parental divorce on college students. A critique of the literature in this area and its implications for counselors are provided.
Counseling Centers and Accountability: Immovable Objects, Irresistible Forces
Authors: BISHOP JOHN B. , TREMBLEY EDWARD L.
Published: December 2011

The concept of accountability has been resisted by some college and university counseling center personnel. Typical arguments about accountability are discussed, and a further endorsement of the value of developing accountability systems in counseling centers is provided.
Programmatic Writing: A “What To” Option for Professional Publication
Authors: GLADDING SAMUEL T. , WILCOXON S. ALLEN
Published: December 2011

The authors examine programmatic writing as a method of increasing expertise and success for counselors desiring professional development and recognition through publication.
A Test of Two Competing Explanations for the Attraction‐Enhancing Effects of Counselor Self‐Disclosure
Authors: KLEIN JILL G. , FRIEDLANDER MYRNA L.
Published: December 2011

The authors tested two theoretical explanations for the attraction‐enhancing effects of counselor self‐disclosure: the similarity hypothesis and the social exchange hypothesis. A counseling analogue was constructed to discriminate between these two explanations by varying the valence (positive or negative) of the counselor's disclosure and its relevance (relevant or irrelevant) to the client's presenting problem. Dependent variables were perceptions of the counselor's attractiveness, empathy, and level of regard for the client. Results were mixed, supporting the social exchange explanation for empathy and the similarity explanation for level of regard.
An Introduction to Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: LEWIS LISA , SINNETT E. ROBERT
Published: December 2011

Since its inception in the 1940s, clinical neuropsychology has evolved into a field encompassing a diverse and sometimes bewildering array of theoretical points of view and technical approaches. The purpose of this article is to acquaint counselors with the primary historical developments, current perspectives, and clinical applications of neuropsychology so that they can make optimal use of this valuable diagnostic approach. Neuropsychological assessments are significant for counselors in evaluation, remediation, and ongoing counseling of clients and their families. These assessments allow the identification of patients whose cognitive deficits have been underestimated or overestimated by other diagnostic procedures and provide clinically relevant information about potential for and specific means to promote recovery. Advocacy for clients, as broadly conceived, is also an important role for counselors.
Employment and Roles of Counselors in Mental Health Agencies
Authors: WEST JOHN D. , HOSIE THOMAS W. , MACKEY JAMES A.
Published: December 2011

The authors studied the employment of counselors with master's degrees in multiservice mental health agencies. The study focused on the types of clients seen, the direct care services provided, and the administrative duties performed. Results suggested that the employment of counselors does not differ significantly from the employment of individuals with master's degrees in psychology and social work. Also, the data indicated that counselors are delivering direct care services that traditionally have been offered in mental health centers, that clients seen by counselors demonstrate a range of mental disorders, and that counselors are responsible for fulfilling various administrative duties.
The Genogram as a Tool in Career Counseling
Authors: OKIISHI RAE WIEMERS
Published: December 2011

A genogram is a three‐generational graphic representation of a client's family of origin. The author depicts a sample genogram and outlines a three‐part approach for use of a genogram in career counseling. Several possible uses are suggested.
Occupational Outlook in the 15th Century: Sanchez de Arevalo's Mirror of Human Life
Authors: CHABASSUS HENRI , ZYTOWSKI DONALD G.
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss a book published in 1468, Rodrigo Sanchez de Arevalo's Mirror of Human Life, that seems to be the earliest known comprehensive compilation of occupational descriptions. They also discuss the similarity between several of Sanchez's ideas about the choice of an occupation that are echoed in contemporary career counseling theory: informed choice, person‐environment congruence, and the components of congruence, ability, and inclination. They conclude that the provision of occupational information is a far older technique than has heretofore been assumed.
Erickson and Rogers: The Differences Do Make a Difference
Authors: LOPEZ FREDERICK G.
Published: December 2011

The author extends an earlier discussion by Gunnison (1985) of the similarities between Milton Erickson and Carl Rogers by citing several important differences in their respective counseling approaches. The implications of these differences to the continuing evolution of counseling theory and practice are briefly discussed.
Testing Services in College and University Counseling Centers
Authors: WEISSBERG MICHAEL
Published: December 2011

Counseling centers were surveyed to gather information about the non‐counseling‐related testing services being offered. Differences between centers at large and small institutions are discussed.
Science and Practice: Reconsidering the Pepinskys
Authors: CLAIBORN CHARLES D.
Published: December 2011

Two issues from the Pepinskys' Counseling: Theory and Practice (1954)—the scientist‐practitioner model of counseling and the use of scientific thinking in counseling practice—are examined in light of their current implications for the counseling profession.
Grandparents and Grandchildren: An Often Neglected Relationship Between Significant Others
Authors: WILCOXON S. ALLEN
Published: December 2011

The author discusses the grandparent‐grandchild relationship and its implications for counseling activities. The historical and contemporary role expectations of grandparents and grandchildren, the reciprocal significance of this relationship, and ways to use the relationship in counseling services and programming in various settings are reviewed.
Retrospective Presentations of Incest: Treatment Strategies for Use with Adult Women
Authors: JOY STEPHANY
Published: December 2011

The author discusses counseling considerations and techniques for use with adult women experiencing adjustment difficulties relating to childhood experience of incest with father or stepfather. Particular consideration is given to the use of techniques that allow for in‐depth work on family of origin issues In the individual counseling setting.
L'Arche: Homes for People Who Are Mentally Retarded
Authors: HARRIS GEORGE
Published: December 2011

The author describes L'Arche, an international federation of homes for mentally retarded people, and explores the views of Jean Vanier, the organization's founder, on issues of social justice and world peace. The therapeutic relationships formed in L'Arche communities are compared to healing counselor‐client relationships, and the role of the counselor as consultant on problems related to mental retardation is discussed.
Premature Termination from University Counseling Centers: A Review
Authors: MENNICKE SHERYLL A. , LENT ROBERT W. , BURGOYNE KAREN L.
Published: December 2011

Many clients leave counseling prematurely (i.e., without their counselors' agreement). Understanding premature termination is crucial to the effectiveness and efficiency of the counseling enterprise. The authors review research on client attrition from university counseling centers, explore implications for practice, and offer suggestions for future research. Methodological problems and sparse data on some variables preclude firm conclusions, although there are some promising directions, such as theory‐based studies, exploration of cognitive‐expectancy factors, and client‐counselor interaction research. It is becoming increasingly clear that premature termination is not a unitary phenomenon and that dropouts are a heterogeneous group, suggesting the need for greater conceptual and methodological precision in the study of counseling attrition.
A Practitioner Looks at Assessment in Marital Counseling
Authors: DAN BOEN L.
Published: December 2011

Marital assessment instruments can be used to enhance the effects of marital counseling. The author examines some of the more popular marital instruments available.
Frank M. Fletcher: A Curious Career
Authors: MEARA NAOMI M.
Published: December 2011

Frank Fletcher, a leader in establishing counseling as a profession, was interviewed about his life and his work. His responses provide a personalized perspective of the profession and of the significant events that influenced his own career development.
Sensitizing Nursing Home Staff to Residents' Needs: A Workshop
Authors: ALLRED GLADEEN B.
Published: December 2011

Nursing home employees are often frustrated when caring for elderly residents. The author describes a workshop designed to improve staff‐resident interactions by enabling employees to express frustrations, to explore alternative methods of coping, and to increase sensitivities to client needs. An assessment of the workshop id included.
Changing the Image of a Counseling Center: Strategies for Inexpensive Advertising
Authors: JOHNSTON PAUL J.
Published: December 2011

The author describes three low‐cost to no‐cost advertising ideas for counseling centers in changing or enhancing their public image.
The Effect of Life Events and Relationships on Adult Women's Decisions To Enroll in College
Authors: MOHNEY CAROL , ANDERSON WAYNE
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to investigate the role of life events and “relationship” morality in women's decisions to enroll in college. Interviews with 38 women, ages 25–46, indicated that the timing for women returning to college was determined by the state of their relationships and life events and not solely by motivation. Enrollment was often postponed until children were “old enough,” family responsibilities were lessened, or fellow workers or employers would not be inconvenienced.
Employee Assistance Programs: A Systemic Investigation of Their Use
Authors: GERSTEIN LAWRENCE H. , BAYER GREGORY A.
Published: December 2011

Braun, A.L., & Novak, D.E. (1986, November/December). A study of EAP non‐utilization. EAP Digest, pp. 52–55.

O'Connell, V. (1987, March/April). A strategy for overcoming supervisors' resistance. EAP Digest, pp. 63–66.

Penzer, W.N. (1987, March/April). Toward sustaining quality mental health services. EAP Digest, pp. 35–40.
Robert O. Stripling: A Man Dedicated to Standards and Accreditation in Counselor Education
Authors: HAIGHT DONALD A.
Published: December 2011

Robert O. Stripling, a leader in counselor education in the development of standards of preparation and the procedure for accreditation, discusses his personal development, the development of his principal works, and his thoughts about important issues in counselor education.
The Measurement and Treatment of Client Anger in Counseling
Authors: SHARKIN BRUCE S.
Published: December 2011

The goal of this article is to present material on client anger that is useful to practicing counselors. First, existing self‐report measures of anger are described and evaluated. Second, research on the effectiveness of treatment strategies for helping clients deal with anger is reviewed and evaluated. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for future research and practice.
Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory: A Meta‐Model for Career Exploration
Authors: ATKINSON GEORGE , MURRELL PATRICIA H.
Published: December 2011

Kolb's experiential learning theory offers the career counselor a meta‐model with which to structure career exploration exercises and ensure a thorough investigation of self and the world of work in a manner that provides the client with an optimal amount of learning and personal development.
Can Counselor Trainees Apply Their Skills in Actual Client Interviews?
Authors: ROFFERS TONY , COOPER BRUCE A.B. , SULTANOFF STEVEN M.
Published: December 2011

The authors compared a skill‐based training method (Carkhuff's human relations development model) with a conceptual‐based training method by measuring (a) trainees' skill application in actual client interviews and (b) client outcomes. Participants were 14 male and 34 female master's degree trainees. Counseling skills were measured by rating segments of audiotaped sessions with field placement clients. Interrater reliabilities of .94 and above were achieved. A self‐report instrument measured client outcome. Although the groups did not differ in responding skills at pretest, the skill‐based group exhibited greater skill application in client interviews and superior client outcome ratings at posttest. Results support the use of skill‐based training methods to increase trainees' skill application in applied settings.
A Support Group for Women with Relationship Dependency
Authors: PEARSON JUDITH E.
Published: December 2011

The author describes a support group for women with relationship dependency focusing on friendship, decision making, and feelings. Issues include loneliness, coping with loss, anger, and self‐esteem. Guidelines for counselors are provided.
An Overview of Assessment and Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome
Authors: NEIMEYER GREG J. , KOSCH SHAE GRAHAM
Published: December 2011

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a commonly occurring problem that must be dealt with by both the helping and the health professions. The authors provide a brief update on recent advances in understanding and treating PMS. They emphasize points of contact among various health professionals in developing an interdisciplinary approach to intervention.
The Noncustodial Parent: Dilemmas and Interventions
Authors: WILBUR JANICE ROBERTS , WILBUR MICHAEL
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on the often overlooked group of people, usually men, who are noncustodial parents. The authors discuss 10 common dilemmas of parents in this position and delineate what can be done by individual and family counselors to enhance the ability of these parents to maintain parenting relationships with their children.
An Assessment of the Job Relevance of the National Board for Certified Counselors Examination
Authors: JAEGER RICHARD M. , FRYE ANN W.
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the results of a study designed to assess nationally certified counselors' perceptions of the relevance of elements of the National Board for Certified Counselors examination to their work as counselors. Support for the validity and appropriateness of the examination in regard to perceived relevance and lack of differentiation on the basis of respondent characteristics were found.
Choosing Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests
Authors: HARWELL MICHAEL R.
Published: December 2011

A fundamental analysis decision confronting researchers in psychology and education is the choice between parametric and nonparametric tests. Despite the statistical and substantive implications of this important decision, many researchers unerringly employ parametric tests and thus ignore the advantages of their nonparametric counterparts. One justification for this behavior has been the absence of guidelines for choosing between these procedures. A second has been the lack of a comprehensive nonparametric test that is computationally manageable. In this article, the author discusses several statistical and substantive criteria that can be used to choose between parametric and nonparametric tests. A non‐parametric test capable of testing a number of statistical hypotheses using existing computer packages is also presented. Recommendations are made encouraging researchers to routinely use nonparametric tests in their data analytic work.
Computerized Career Information and Guidance Systems: Caveat Emptor
Authors: JOHNSTON JOSEPH A. , BUESCHER KEITH L. , HEPPNER MARY J.
Published: December 2011

Computerized career information and guidance systems, although now commonplace, have received little psychometric scrutiny. The authors argue for examining these systems in the same way in which paper and pencil instruments are assessed. Consideration is also given to issues related to programming, technical‐service problems, and staffing.
UCLA's Career Counseling Center: A Dialogue About a Unique Service
Authors: GOODYEAR RODNEY K. , HEALY CHARLES C.
Published: December 2011

In this interview, two counseling psychologists describe aspects of a relatively unique career counseling service that has been validated by 40 years of success in the marketplace. Composed of 3 intensive individual interviews and 15 to 25 hours of educational and psychological testing, the service assists clients in identifying and beginning pursuit of suitable educational and occupational goals. The counselors describe how they organize and sift through test results to formulate recommendations for a client's unique career circumstances, why they accept responsibility for developing and presenting concrete recommendations, and what the changes in their clients' concerns suggest about the evolution of work in the United States. Their specificity and professionalism will help counselors understand the craft of career counseling.
Language About People with Disabilities
Authors: HADLEY ROBERT G. , BRODWIN MARTIN G.
Published: December 2011

A decade of rehabilitation literature (a) calls attention to imprecise, stereotypical, and devaluing language that is often used to discuss people with disabilities and (b) offers more appropriate alternatives. Because professional counselors sometimes commit these language abuses, and counselors of all specialities can expect to see some clients who have disabilities, this article seeks to bring these issues to the attention of the counseling profession at large.
Preferences: Frederic Kuder's Contributions to the Counseling Profession
Authors: ZYTOWSKI DONALD G. , HOLMBERG KATHRYN S.
Published: December 2011

This article consists of a brief biography of Frederic Kuder, highlighting his contributions to the counseling profession, including his interest inventories, the Kuder‐Richardson formulas, and the journals he founded and edited. In an interview with Professor and Mrs. Kuder, some of the early influences on his career are discussed, as well as their experiences in developing the first Preference Record. A Kuder bibliography concludes the article.
Cognitive Therapist: A Dialogue with Aaron Beck
Authors: WEINRACH STEPHEN G.
Published: December 2011

In the mid‐1950s Aaron Beck rejected his early training in psychoanalysis and developed an approach to the treatment of mental disorders similar to that of Albert Ellis. Beck focuses on thoughts or cognitions as well as on feelings. His greatest contribution is undoubtedly the formulation of the cognitive model of emotional disorders and the development of cognitive therapy, which is derived from that model. Beck believes that what we feel is influenced by what we think, and in order to feel better we need to avoid “dysfunctional” thoughts. His work in these areas has influenced an entire generation of researchers and clinicians.
Borderline Personality Disorder and Development: Counseling University Students
Authors: TRYON GEORGIANA SHICK , DeVITO ANTHONY J. , HALLIGAN FREDRICA R. , KANE ABIGAIL S. , SHEA JOHN J.
Published: December 2011

Students with borderline personality disorders are difficult to counsel and present problems in consultation. Providing these students with structure through consistent limit setting can produce positive changes in their behavior.
Resistance to Consultation: A Synthesis for Counselor‐Consultants
Authors: RANDOLPH DANIEL LEE , GRAUN KENNETH
Published: December 2011

The authors list and describe a number of types of consultee resistance that commonly occur during consultation and discuss methods and techniques for dealing with each. The article concludes with suggestions for empirical research to determine the effectiveness of various strategies for dealing with consultee resistance.
Geroconsultation: A Proposed Decision‐Making Model
Authors: WILLIAMS W.C. , LAIR GEORGE S.
Published: December 2011

Recognizing the rapidly increasing number of aging individuals in the United States and the difficulties encountered by these people (and those who are close to them), the authors propose a consultative model for use by professionals who work with this population. An example of content for possible inclusion in the consultative process is proposed for use in decision making.
The Cognitive Bases of Peak Performance: A Classroom Intervention with Student‐Athletes
Authors: ALLEN THOMAS W.
Published: December 2011

The stress inoculation training paradigm developed by Donald Meichenbaum and his collaborators has been successfully applied to the treatment of a variety of problems. The author describes the use of stress inoculation training as the super structure of a university course in peak performance for student‐athletes. Several sorts of data suggesting that the intervention is efficacious in altering behavior are examined.
Dual Role Relationships: What Makes Them So Problematic?
Authors: KITCHENER KAREN STROHM
Published: December 2011

The author argues that all dual role relationships, not only those involving sexual contact, may be ethically problematic. Three guidelines are offered to differentiate between relationships that have a high probability of leading to harm and those that do not. First, as the incompatibility of expectations increases between roles, so will the potential for harm. Second, as the obligations associated with different roles diverge, the potential for loss of objectivity and divided loyalties increases. Third, as the power and prestige between the professional's and consumer's roles increase, so does the potential for exploitation. Last, it is argued that, as the risks of harm increase, so should the ethical prohibitions about engaging in the relationship.
Ethical, Legal, and Administrative Options to Address Sexual Relationships Between Counselor and Client
Authors: HOTELLING KATHY
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the ethical, administrative, and legal options of redress that are available to clients who have had a sexual relationship with their counselors. Recommendations to prevent and deal with this issue are suggested for agencies and institutions.
Albert Ellis: An Efficient and Passionate Life
Authors: DRYDEN WINDY
Published: December 2011

In this interview Albert Ellis discusses his early days, the women in his life, and his personal characteristics and offers personal reflections on his professional career.
Student Development Studies: A Review of Published Empirical Research, 1973–1987
Authors: THRASHER FREDERICK , BLOLAND PAUL
Published: December 2011

This study is a review of 27 published empirical research articles from 1973–1987 that discuss the implementation and evaluation of theory‐based student development intervention programs. While findings show that some student development programs have a positive effect, the total amount of empirical research is meager.
How Counselor Trainees Respond to Client Anger: A Review
Authors: SHARKIN BRUCE S.
Published: December 2011

A number of studies have explored how counselor trainees respond to client anger. In addition, researchers have assessed the effectiveness of techniques for teaching counselor trainees how to respond to client anger. This article provides a review of these studies, followed by a discussion of the implications for future research.
For the Love of a Child
Authors: SPIEGEL LAWRENCE D.
Published: December 2011

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, that counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hall, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085–1699.
Counseling Gay Men with AIDS: Human Dimensions
Authors: BARRET ROBERT L.
Published: December 2011

As the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) becomes more widespread, individuals with AIDS will present themselves for counseling in both public and private settings, and counselors will need to become familiar with the psychological manifestations of the AIDS virus. This article provides case material that demonstrates the emotional responses of gay men to AIDS. Specifically, denial, anger, rage, guilt, and shame are discussed with an emphasis on the human dimensions of AIDS.
Professionalization, Deprofessionalization, and Reprofessionalization of Rehabilitation Counseling According to Criteria of Professions
Authors: EMENER WILLIAM G. , COTTONE R. ROCCO
Published: December 2011

Using documentation from professional literature, this article reviews and examines the professionalization, deprofessionalization, and reprofessionalization of rehabilitation counseling according to selected descriptors of professionalism. Recommendations designed to facilitate the continuation of rehabilitation counseling's professional development are offered.
Is Society “Sick”? Comment on Zerbe Enns's Article
Authors: LOPEZ FREDERICK G.
Published: December 2011

The author responds critically to the argument (Zerbe Enns, 1988) that an integration of “feminist perspectives” within a “family systems” epistemology will advance the latter's treatment of “power” and “equality” issues.
Reflections on Bill Kell: The Legend and His Legacy
Authors: DOWNING NANCY E. , HAYES MAGGIE M.
Published: December 2011

Bill Kell influenced many contemporary counseling psychologists through his work as author and as director of training at the Michigan State University Counseling Center from 1957 until his death in 1973. This article describes the legend and legacy of Bill Kell, by using excerpts from six oral histories collected from former trainees, colleagues, and family members.
Assessment Strategies for Students With Disabilities
Authors: GUIDUBALDI JOHN , PERRY JOSEPH D. , WALKER MARTHA
Published: December 2011

Remedial strategies for children and adolescents with disabilities should have their roots in assessment. In this article the authors discuss improvements in assessment approaches, including new standards for psychological testing, updated and renormed cognitive assessments, and vocational assessments with increased ecological validity. The combined efforts of school psychologists, rehabilitation counselors, vocational evaluators, psychologists, and school counselors have yielded progress in the technical qualities of assessment and utilization. Through comprehensive and functional assessment, students with disabilities should find the transition from school to work with greater success.