bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A METHOD OF COUNTING THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF PURKINJE CELLS PRESENT IN A GIVEN AREA OF CEREBELLUM, AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEN CLINICAL CASES
Authors: Hitchings Frederic Wade
Published: June 2004

1. This method of determining the actual number of Purkinje cells present in a given area of cerebellum is practicable and of sufficient accuracy to make it another useful means of studying nerve cell activity.

2. In its application to clinical cases it is found that increasing nerve cell exhaustion is accompanied by increasing nerve cell disappearance, although it is recognized that theoretically complete nerve cell exhaustion could be present without nerve cell disappearance on account of the individual dying before phagocytic action could take place.

3. This disappearance of nerve cells corroborates the theories and observations made on phagocytosis of nerve cells, inasmuch as it shows that nerve cells disappear from the brain.

4. While there are too few cases to establish a normal actual Purkinje cell count, it is of interest to note that there were 16.6 per cent. fewer cells in the case with the maximum cell exhaustion (57 per cent.) than in the case of the normal man (2 per cent.).
THE APPEARANCE OF THE PRESSOR SUBSTANCE IN THE FETAL HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: Lewis Dean
Published: June 2004

The pressor substance of the hypophysis is so marked in the pig fetus measuring 175 mm. that it seems probable that a fetus of this length is independent of the secretion of the mother's hypophysis.
THE RELATION OF BACILLUS ABORTUS FROM BOVINE SOURCES TO MALTA FEVER
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

1. Comparative tests on guinea pigs with B. abortus yield the best results when minute doses are injected subcutaneously and the animal kept at least 4 weeks.

2. B. abortus gradually loses its virulence for guinea pigs under artificial cultivation.

3. Two cultures resembling B. abortus from cattle, isolated from human cases of so called Malta fever, are shown to be in their effect on guinea pigs not identical with the bovine strains.

4. The results of studies of B. abortus from swine indicate a close relation between the porcine strains and the two human strains.
AGGLUTINATION AFFINITIES OF THE ABORTUS-MELITENSIS GROUP OF BACTERIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TWO HUMAN STRAINS
Authors: Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

The conclusions to be drawn from this study are that while there appears to be evidence of serological distinctions between B. abortus and B. melitensis cultures as studied by earlier workers, the experiments reported in this paper show no serological distinctions among the six strains used in the study. B. melitensis II and B. melitensis III were found to be identical with the bovine and swine strains by means of agglutination and agglutinin absorption reactions in unheated sera, by agglutination in heated sera, and with the use of heated cultures in unheated and heated sera.
EFFECTS OF SPONTANEOUS DISEASE ON ORGAN WEIGHTS OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

A group of 127 rabbits presenting clinical manifestations of disease of spontaneous origin was studied with a view to determining whether any relation could be detected between physical constitution as represented by organ weights and functional activity as measured by the efficiency of the reaction to disease. The results of the investigation are presented in tabular form and the values obtained are compared, by means of graphs, with corresponding values for normal rabbits.

It was found that animals that were the subjects of disease showed decided changes in the weights of nearly all organs, changes which appeared to be of functional origin in that the values obtained for organ weights and coefficients of variation tended to conform, in general, with the efficiency of the reaction displayed by the various groups of animals into which the entire series was divided.
THE TYPE OF PHAGOCYTIC CELL AND ITS RELATIVE PROPORTIONS IN HUMAN BONE MARROW AND SPLEEN, AS IDENTIFIED BY THE SUPRAVITAL TECHNIQUE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Authors: Doan Charles A.
Published: June 2004

In general, there is a reversal of the normal in the ratio of clasmatocytes in the spleen to clasmatocytes in the bone marrow in pernicious anemia, with a marked tendency toward the phagocytosis of young, immature, nucleated red blood cells in the bone marrow. The peripheral blood picture suggests that these cells had never been in circulation. The observations made do not indicate that the spleen takes any directly active part in an increased destruction of blood in pernicious anemia.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF BACILLUS ABORTUS FROM UTERINE EXUDATE AND DISEASED PLACENTA
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

A rapid method is described for the isolation of Bacillus abortus from the peritoneal cavity of the guinea pig following the injection of uterine exudate or placental tissue.
STUDIES ON THE HISTOGENESIS OF AUTOPLASTIC THYMUS TRANSPLANTATIONS
Authors: Gottesman Jessie M. , Jaffe Henry L.
Published: June 2004

1. The thymus gland of young rats autotransplants easily when inserted in the muscles of the abdominal wall.

2. Destructive changes take place during the first 48 hours, when regenerative changes set in.

3. The regeneration is usually complete by the 14th day, when the new formed thymic lobules show differentiation into cortical and medullary zones.

4. The small thymic cells arise from the reticular epithelium in the regeneration of the transplant.
STUDIES IN THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Shibley G. S. , Hanger F. M. , Dochez A. R. ,   With the Assistance of Katherine C. Mills
Published: June 2004

1. The normal bacterial flora of the nose and throat of thirteen individuals has been studied over periods ranging from 5 to 9 months.

2. Observations have been made of qualitative and quantitative changes in the flora occurring in the course of colds and of throat infections appearing in the group.

3. The normal basic nasal flora includes Staphylococcus albus, diphtheroids, and for certain individuals Staphylococcus aureus and citreus. Occasional transient bacteria are Gram-negative cocci and non-hemolytic streptococci.

4. The normal basic throat flora includes Gram-negative cocci, non-hemolytic streptococci, and for certain individuals "large Gram-positive cocci," B. influenzæ, Bacillus "X," and diphtheroids. Transient organisms are Staphylococcus albus, hemolytic streptococci,Staphylococcus aureus and citreus, and pneumococci.

5. No bacteria were found in early cold cultures to which a causative rôle could be assigned.

6. In the course of colds the basic flora of the nose was often scanty in the early stages. The throat showed reduction of prominence or alterations in predominance of the basic flora.

7. Certain organisms were prominent in colds, usually as late or secondary invaders, these included Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococci, and B. influenzæ.

8. There was a striking increase in the incidence of hemolytic streptococci in throat infections.
CALCIFICATION OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS OF CATS
Authors: Marine David
Published: June 2004

Calcification of the fascicular zone of the cortex has been observer in 64 of 257 cats. It is always calcification and never ossification It is more common in young animals and in our experience is associated with distemper. In its severe forms it may be recognized clinically. The symptoms resemble those seen in cats surviving double suprarenalectomy for 2 to 3 weeks. The toxin producing the focal degeneration is dearly a very specific one since attempts to produce such lesions by several types of experimental injury have failed.

The sequence of events appears to be similar to that present in other degenerative processes associated with calcification, namely cell injury and necrosis, deposition of calcium at first as fatty compounds which later change to carbonate and phosphate. It is suggested that this lesion should be considered in interpreting experiments in which cats are used.
CULTIVATION OF RICKETTSIA-LIKE MICROORGANISMS FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER TICK, DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

A systematic study of 74 ticks, the infectivity or non-infectivity of which was determined by biting experiments, inoculation of emulsions, and specific immunity tests, showed the presence in some instances of several types of microorganisms morphologically resembling the inciting microorganism of spotted fever. The most frequently isolated was B. rickettsiformis, n. sp., those less commonly encountered were B. pseudoxerosis, n. sp., and B. equidistans, n. sp. These organisms are non-pathogenic for the guinea pig, rabbit, and Macacus rhesus. In morphological features they resemble the forms found in smears and sections of the ticks, yet their presence had no relation to infectivity. Immunologically they are not related to the spotted fever virus. All three are pleomorphic under cultural conditions, and the question arises whether or not the minute non-pathogenic Rickettsia forms and the somewhat coarser symbionts found in Dermacentor andersoni are morphological variations due to variations in nutrition, oxygen tension, tissue reactions, etc., in the different tissues and cells in which the organisms are embedded. At all events, the differentiation of the non-pathogenic Rickettsia-like organisms from Dermacentroxenus rickettsi is extremely difficult. In definitely infective ticks of the present study intranuclear forms were not constant.

A point of special interest is that these non-pathogenic micro-organisms from ticks grow best at room temperature, in this respect resembling culturally certain flagellates inhabiting the alimentary tract of insects. The difficulty of obtaining initial growth on artificial media and the gradual adaptation to less specialized media are other notable characteristics of these organisms. The possibility that B. rickettsiformis is a non-pathogenic phase of the spotted fever organism, comparable with the avirulent flagellate culture forms of Leishmanias, seems remote in view of the negative immunological findings.

Hereditary transmission of B. rickettsiformis is clearly indicated by its presence in large numbers in ovaries and egg cells, a characteristic also of the spotted fever organism and of other insect-borne Rickettsiæ.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Sia Richard H. P.
Published: June 2004

By means of a method previously described for demonstrating the growth-inhibitory and pneumococcidal power of normal serum-leucocyte mixtures, a study was made to determine the action of pneumococcus soluble substance on the growth of strains of pneumococci avirulent for rabbits and cats. It was found that the presence of a very small amount of the purified soluble substance of the homologous type markedly altered the conditions in the mixture so that even a small number of avirulent pneumococci were enabled to grow in the serum and leucocytes of animals which possess the power to destroy ordinarily such pneumococci in relatively large numbers. The action of the soluble substance was shown to be highly specific to type. A Type II substance assisted the growth of only Pneumococcus Type II, likewise a Type III substance, the growth of Pneumococcus Type III only.

Experiments involving broth filtrates of young pneumococcus cultures in place of the purified soluble substances gave similar results, thereby establishing further the identity of the purified substance with the precipitable substance originally described in the filtrates of pneumococcus cultures.

The effect of the soluble specific substance of pneumococcus in the serum-leucocyte mixtures is, therefore, to confer on the avirulent pneumococcus of the homologous type the growth capacity of a virulent organism.

The mechanism of the reaction is briefly discussed.
STUDIES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Speidel C. C.
Published: June 2004

Experimental hyperthyroidism in urodele larvæ (Amblystoma) and anuran larvæ (Rana, Bufo, and Hyla) is accompanied by definite changes in bile color. The normal pale green, or pale yellow-green, color of the full gall bladder changes progressively after thyroid administration to a brighter green, then emerald-green, and finally a very dark green. In several hundred observations no exceptions were noted.

The bile pigment, biliverdin (and its derivatives), is elaborated from the hemoglobin of worn out erythrocytes. Thyroid administration induces an increased rate of erythrocyte destruction, and this is followed by an increased output of bile pigment. Other minor factors are mentioned which may to a limited extent modify the color of the bile.

Erythrocyte destruction occurs largely by enucleation, cytoplasmic segmentation, and fragmentation, and is probably widespread in the body. Many fragments and senile red cells collect in the liver. During the later stages of thyroid treatment the macrophages become conspicuously active. They are especially abundant in the liver, the gut, and the gills. In addition to the hemoglobin eliminated after transformation into bile pigment, some is transported by macrophages through the gut lining, and to a less extent through the involuting gill epithelium, and thus eliminated from the body.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert
Published: June 2004

Experimental infection of the intubated and previously sterile biliary tract of the dog with particles of the stools leads to a formation of urobilin from the bilirubin of the bile as it flows through the ducts. No urobilinuria occurs, however, unless temporary biliary obstruction is produced, or the liver parenchyma injured. Then urobilinuria develops, despite the fact that no bile is reaching the intestine and, by corollary, no urobilin being formed there.

Cholangitic urobilinuria, as one may term the phenomenon just described, to distinguish it from the urobilinuria having origin in pigment absorbed from within the intestine, is far more pronounced in animals possessing a healthy gall bladder than in those with a pathological gall bladder or with one prevented from functioning by severance of the cystic duct. These facts suggest that there may be an active absorption of urobilin from the normal gall bladder. There can be no doubt that the pigment is absorbed from within the bile ducts.

There is no evidence whatever to justify the belief that urobilin is ever formed through the action of liver parenchyma. There may conceivably be an intralobular formation of the pigment consequent upon the activity of bacteria within the liver tissue, though such a happening has yet to be demonstrated.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. , Berlot J. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Intravenous injections of India ink into guinea pigs caused a decided drop in the complement titer which set in as early as 15 minutes after the injection, but did not reach its maximum for 3 hours. This drop was followed by a return to normal within the first 24 hours following the injection.

2. India ink mixed in vitro with guinea pig serum adsorbs the complement almost immediately to its full extent.

3. By means of reduction tests (methylene blue and nitroanthraquinone) it was shown that the respiration of the cells of the liver and spleen of guinea pigs was markedly impaired for the first 8 hours, following an intravenous injection of ink. Evidences of a return to normal functional vitality, however, became apparent by the end of the 1st day after the injection.
THE CULTIVATION OF THE GRANULES OF VACCINIA VIRUS
Authors: Craciun E. C. , Oppenheimer E. H.
Published: June 2004

The technique is described whereby vaccinia "granules" are separated from all other material of glycerolated vaccinia calf lymph and cultivated in vitro with embryonic tissues.

These "granules"remain alive, as tested by rabbit corneal inoculation, for as long as 71 days, when grown in connection with growing tissue; they fail to remain potent if cultivated with dying cells, showing in this way the same characteristics as whole vaccine virus. The potency of the " granules" increases with the age of the culture under the first mentioned conditions.

The fluid part of the vaccinia lymph which remains after the removal of all "granules," is impotent under all conditions.
A BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

A biological classification has been made of thirty strains of Friedländer's bacillus. This study reveals that there exist among these strains three sharply defined and specific types and one heterogeneous group. The three types are Type A, fifteen strains; Type B, six strains; Type C, three strains; and Group X, six strains. The agglutination, agglutinin adsorption, protection, thread, and precipitin reactions have been employed in the working out of this classification, and the types have been proved highly specific by means of each serological test.
THE RELATION OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO THE BLOOD PLATELET COUNT
Authors: Koster Harry
Published: June 2004

1. So called blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system results in a marked increase in the platelet count.

2. The count rapidly becomes very high, shows a sharp partial recoil and then a gradual diminution even though the blockade be continued.

3. The mechanism regulating the number of platelets is a complicated one.

4. Apparently phagocytosis by cells of the reticulo-endothelial system is not the only means by which blood platelets are destroyed.
THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL TENSION UPON THE POLARITY OF GROWING FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Bunting C. H. , Eades Charles C.
Published: June 2004

These experiments seem to justify the conclusion that mechanical tension may determine the polarity of cell division and line of growth of developing fibroblasts, and further that a shift in tension may cause a shift in position of fibroblasts already formed.
ON THE EXPULSION OF BILE BY THE GALL BLADDER; AND A RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SPHINCTER ACTIVITY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert
Published: June 2004

After feeding a dog, forceful contractions of the gall bladder occur that are sufficient in strength to expel part of the contents of the viscus against a considerable pressure resistance.

The pressure within the gall bladder of a healthy, unanesthetized dog fasted 24 to 48 hours is usually about equal to a column of bile 100 mm. high. After a few swallows of food there is a rapid increase in the pressure to more than 200 mm. with a gradual fall in it again, and repeated similar rises and falls occur thereafter. The gall bladder contractions responsible for these alterations are accompanied by a lessening in the resistance to the passage of bile to the intestine, a resistance which is maintained by the muscles at the lower end of the common duct. There would appear to be a reciprocal response on the part of the two structures to the one stimulus.

The maximum pressure developing within the temporarily obstructed biliary tract in an animal with the gall bladder excluded about equals that of a column of bile slightly more than 300 mm. in height. The taking of food acts as a stimulus on the rate of bile secretion, but does not alter the maximum secretion pressure. When the gall bladder is connected with the duct system, obstruction does not lead until after some hours to the development of a pressure of more than 100 to 150 mm. within the biliary tract,—that is to say the pressure does not rise above the normal. Its failure to rise further is referable to the activity of the gall bladder to store and concentrate the bile as secreted.

The physiological and clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M. , Mallory Tracy B.
Published: June 2004

The "spontaneous deterioration" of streptolysin has been studied by the methods already used in investigations of the oxidation-reduction of blood pigments and of the lysins of other bacteria. From the results of this study, it may be concluded that the commonly observed "spontaneous deterioration" of streptolysin consists in the conversion of the originally active lysin to a hemolytically inactive oxidation product. This process is a reversible one, and the activity of the lysin is restored by reduction.
ACTION ON FIBROBLASTS OF THE PROTEIN FRACTION OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE EXTRACT
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

The above experiments indicate that the growth-stimulating substance found in embryonic tissue extract, which has been responsible for the continuous growth of fibroblasts in vitro for 14 years, is either protein in nature or closely associated with the protein of the extract and adsorbed by it. If any specific hormone responsible for cell division is present, it is united to the protein or carried along with it in its first precipitation. It seems probable that the tissues utilize this protein for the nitrogen which they build into protoplasm. Whether it is first hydrolyzed before adsorption by the tissues has not been ascertained as yet. It has been shown in other experiments reported in the following paper that the amino acids of the tissue juice do not suffice for the growth of fibroblasts and that hydrolyzed tissue juice is toxic in the same way that a too concentrated mixture of amino acids is toxic.

The results of the foregoing experiments may be summarized as follows:

1. Fractionation of embryo tissue juice has shown that it is the protein fraction that contains the activating substance.

2. Tissues continue to grow for a long time in the protein of the extract precipitated by CO2 and at a rate approximately equal to that in the original extract diluted to the same nitrogen concentration.

3. The non-protein nitrogen gives slight stimulation to growth.

4. Purification of the protein by repeated precipitation destroys its growth-promoting properties, but whether this is due to a denaturing of the protein,—which occurs very readily,—or to loss of some substance possibly an enzyme attached to it, has not been ascertained.

5. Preparations of purified proteins from embryonic tissue and egg white have shown no marked nutritive or stimulating action. A number of other pure substances have been tried without effect.
THE SEDIMENTATION RATE OF THE ERYTHROCYTES IN EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

The results of the study of the suspension stability of the blood after upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction are reported.

After obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach, of the pylorus, and of the jejunum the red cells separate from the plasma much more rapidly than normal.

The variation in sedimentation time is due to a variation in the physicochemical status of the blood.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON NORMAL RABBITS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIC REACTION
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

An analysis has been made of the organ weights of normal rabbits exposed to a constant illumination having none of the shorter ultraviolet rays and of other rabbits kept in darkness for periods of 2 to 12 weeks.

The environment of constant illumination was associated with a well marked decrease in the relative weights of most organs, and in certain instances this occurred when the organ weights of the controls were becoming increasingly large. There was also an associated effect of stabilization of organ weight.

The majority of the organs of rabbits caged in constant darkness also showed a tendency toward decreased and stabilized weights, but these effects were less pronounced than in the rabbits caged under conditions of constant illumination. A notable exception to this general result was the weight of the liver which was markedly increased.

The results of this experiment support the conception that there is a relationship between light and the physical state of the animal organism which may be expressed in the concrete form implied by the trend or direction of organ weight.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF SUBSTANCES REQUIRED FOR CELL MULTIPLICATION
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Baker Lillian E.
Published: June 2004

1. Fibroblasts and epithelial cells in pure culture obtain the nitrogen, which they build into protoplasm, from proteoses and possibly other primary derivatives of proteins. These proteoses have been prepared from embryo tissues, egg white, commercial fibrin, rabbit brain, Witte's peptone, etc.

2. The presence in embryo juice of a hormone that stimulates cell division is improbable.

3. Proteoses separated from peptic digests of fibrin by sodium sulfate determine a more abundant and prolonged multiplication of the fibroblasts than is produced by embryo juice. Peptones and the smaller split products appear to furnish some nutrient material, but do not cause the rapid proliferation characteristic of proteoses, and are sometimes toxic for tissue cells.

4. Possibly the effect of embryo juice on fibroblasts and epithelium is due to the splitting of the protein of the juice into proteoses by the cell enzymes, or by other enzymes activated by the presence of living cells.
THE RELATION OF BACTERIUM PNEUMOSINTES TO INFLUENZA: A STUDY WITH A STRAIN OF THE ORGANISM DERIVED FROM THE NASOPHARYNGEAL WASHINGS OF A CASE OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Hall Milton W.
Published: June 2004

Nasopharyngeal washings from a case of epidemic influenza have proven capable of initiating a pathological change in rabbits and in guinea pigs characterized after an incubation period of 1 or 2 days, by some elevation of temperature, reduction in the number of circulating leucocytes, especially of the mononuclears, and by a pulmonary lesion during the period of reaction, which is distinguishable from those accidentally incurred at the time of death.

From one such animal, in the second passage of the virus, an anaerobic coccobacius, corresponding in all respects to Bact. pneumosintes, was isolated by the method employed by Olitsky and Gates.

This organism also proved capable of initiating the pathological change in animals found after inoculation with influenzal material.

The observation of Olitsky and Gates that the presence of this organism in the lungs of experimental animals predisposes to pulmonary localization of other bacteria with the production of definite pneumonic lesions has been confirmed.

Bact. pneumosintes infections may be induced by subcutaneous injection of infected material.
THE SURVIVAL OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS IN SUSPENSION IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SALT SOLUTION
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Three suspensions of tubercle bacilli in physiological salt solution were still virulent for guinea pigs after 310, 325, and 330 days at refrigerator temperature. One of these cultures on which recent tests had been made had lost very little, if any, of its virulence for guinea pigs in 325 days.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF ENCAPSULATED AND CAPSULE-FREE STRAINS OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. "S" strains of Friedländer's bacillus produce capsules, soluble specific substance, and are of exalted virulence. "S" strains are type-specific and react with only the type-specific antibodies of the homologous types.

2. Immunization with "S" cells induces the formation of antibodies which agglutinate type specifically, precipitate the corresponding soluble specific substance, and protect white mice against infection caused by organisms of the same type.

3. "R" strains of Friedländer's bacillus produce no capsules, produce no soluble specific substance, and are not pathogenic. "R" strains are serologically undifferentiated from each other and react with only the species antibodies.

4. Immunization with "R" cells induces antibodies which do not agglutinate encapsulated organisms, do not precipitate soluble specific substance, and do not afford protection against infection by Friedländer's bacillus. Anti-R serum contains only the species antibody which reacts with any capsule-free organism regardless of its type origin.

5. Decapsulation of "S" cells by heat and acid chemically converts a type-reacting organism into a species-reacting organism.
TISSUE-DIGESTING ENZYME (HISTASE) OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Frobisher Martin
Published: June 2004

1. An extracellular, proteolytic enzyme has been observed in more than 30 strains of beta type, aerobic and facultative hemolytic streptococci.

2. The enzyme is readily demonstrable in sterile filtrates of cooked meat cultures.

3. No gas or foul odor is produced.

4. It is partially inactivated by exposure to about 60°C. for 45 minutes or longer.

5. The enzyme manifests itself in cooked meat cultures after about 48 hours incubation at 37°C. The sterile filtrate from a 10 day old culture acts within 18 hours.

6. From 50 to 75 per cent of the meat in a tube of cooked meat medium may be digested in about 3 weeks at room temperature after 5 days initial growth at 37°C.

7. No correlation is found, in the cases studied, between hemolysis and proteolysis.

8. Streptococci not digesting beef tissue will not digest human tissue, and those which do digest beef tissue also digest human tissue. This conclusion applies only to the nine strains studied.

9. Ability to digest animal tissues does not necessarily imply ability to digest casein, coagulated beef serum or gelatin.

10. The disappearance of the meat from cooked meat cultures of hemolytic streptococci is quantitatively roughly paralleled by increase of formol-titrable substances in the fluid portion of the medium.

11. The enzyme resembles trypsin in its action. Streptococci from a variety of sources, bovine, human and otherwise have shown varying degrees of proteolytic activity.

12. The name histase is proposed for this enzyme.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF HEARTWATER
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

The Rickettsiæ of heartwater are more definitely restricted to the vascular endothelial cells of infected animals than are those of typhus or Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They likewise form more pronounced spherical colonies within the cells. Their presence does not injure the endothelial cells to a degree at all comparable with that caused by the other pathogenic Rickettsiæ. The rupture of endothelial cells and discharge of Rickettsiæ, which are apparently viable, into the circulation constitute phenomena not thus far reported in the case of typhus or Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON IRRADIATED, NORMAL, AND PARTIALLY PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. , Grant J. H. B.
Published: June 2004

Previous irradiation of rabbits with ultra-violet light, with a consequent hypertrophy of the parathyroid glands, resulted in some degree of protection to these animals, when part of the parathyroid tissue was extirpated. This fact indicates that the remaining hyperplastic tissue was potentially active, and that the increased factor of safety represented by this condition of the remaining tissue resulted in less loss of blood calcium, a more rapid initiation of recovery, and an absence of the rise in the inorganic phosphorus of the blood serum which was a characteristic result of partial parathyroidectomy in normal rabbits. A fall in calcium in all the irradiated rabbits, without a corresponding rise in phosphorus, shows that the drop in calcium is the primary reaction, and a rise in phosphorus a secondary reaction following parathyroidectomy. But the relation of the rise in phosphorus to the development of tetany remains obscure.
THE ETIOLOGY OF VERRUGA PERUANA
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

A saline suspension of a subcutaneous nodule excised from a verruga patient, and kept in the refrigerator for 14 days, on inoculation into two young Macacus rhesus monkeys (Nos. 33 and 34) induced irregular febrile reactions and enlargement of the lymph glands, and in one instance a subcutaneous nodule arose, independently of direct inoculation, on the tail. A microorganism has been isolated from the blood of both animals, and from the experimental nodule, which in pathogenic properties and in cultural and morphological characteristics is indistinguishable from the strain of Bartonella bacilliformis isolated from a case of Oroya fever.

The spontaneous skin lesion of Monkey 34 and the subcutaneous nodules induced by intradermal inoculation of cultures of the microorganism were histologically typical of experimental verruga lesions in monkeys and identical with the skin lesions induced in monkeys by Bartonella bacilliformis. The organism, like Bartonella bacilliformis, is an intracellular parasite, being found in the cytoplasm of the proliferating endothelial cells of the lesions and in the erythrocytes of the blood.

The same variations in the manifestations of disease which have been noted in experimental infection with Bartmetta bacilliformis were observed in the experimental verruga infection. In the second passage (Monkey 41) the infection induced by local inoculation of cultures was severe both locally and constitutionally and was accompanied by marked anemia. The organisms were found in the red cells in large numbers. In the third passage the systemic infection was less severe, but the local lesions were more striking.

Detection of the parasites in the blood is far more certain by the cultural method than by microscopic examination, the latter procedure being successful only in rather severe infections. The result of blood culture is therefore the decisive method in the final diagnosis of the disease.

Preliminary serological study shows that the organism isolated in the present instance from the skin lesion of a verruga patient and that previously obtained from the blood of a case of Oroya fever belong to the same serological group.

The data obtained justify the conclusion that verruga peruana is caused by Bartonella bacilliformis. They also definitely establish the fact that the inoculation of blood or sanguineous exudate from lesions of verruga peruana is capable of inducing in susceptible individuals a severe febrile systemic infection, such as that to which Carrion succumbed. The designation "Carrion's disease" is therefore the appropriate one for both forms of the infection.

Bartonella bacilliformis may be regarded as a bacterium, since it has the essential features of that group of microorganisms.
THE QUANTITY OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE GUINEA PIG AS AN INHERITED CHARACTER; ITS RELATION TO NATURAL RESISTANCE TO TUBERCULOSIS, AND TO TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. Infection with tubercle bacilli of bovine type produced no alteration in the serum cholesterol content in guinea pigs.

2. Certain controlled variations in diet produced no changes in the serum cholesterol content in guinea pigs.

3. Inbred families of guinea pigs known to manifest differing resistances to tuberculosis gave differing serum cholesterol values, but no direct relationship between the two sets of phenomena could be established.

4. It seems probable that in the guinea pig the cholesterol content of the blood serum is influenced by inherited factors.
ON THE ABSORPTION OF BILE PIGMENTS FROM THE INTESTINE
Authors: Blankenhorn M. A.
Published: June 2004

Bilirubin as such is not reabsorbed from the intestine by way of the portal vein in healthy animals. Bilirubin may be absorbed from the intestine by the lymphatics but only in minute amounts.

Urobilin is reabsorbed from the intestine by way of the portal vein and by way of the lymphatics.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LYMPH AND BLOOD VESSELS OF THE RABBIT TRACHEA
Authors: SeegaL Beatrice Carrier , Seegal David
Published: June 2004

1. Winternitz, Smith, and Robinson have offered as experimental evidence in support of the lymphatic path of infection in lobar pneumonia, a series of injection experiments of the rabbit's tracheal submucosa.

What these investigators supposed to be lymphatics are shown by us to be an unusual type of venous supply consisting of short, wide, and richly anastomosing vascular channels.

2. There is little homology between the structure and distribution of the lymph and blood vessels in the human and rabbit trachea.

3. Injections of pneumococci by the tracheal route to produce lobar pneumonia in the rabbit include an intravenous administration of these organisms when the mucosa is pierced or injured.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GYE'S CANCER THEORY
Authors: Mueller J. Howard ,   With the Assistance of Mary G. Mueller, Alberta Marx, Ashton Graybiel, and D. W. Sherwood.
Published: June 2004

It is obviously impossible to draw definite conclusions as to the significance of the differences between our work and Gye's, and still less, of the differences between Gye's work and that of Murphy and of Flu. We can only say that in a fairly large series of experiments, extending over a period of 12 months, we have had absolutely no indication of the necessity of two factors in the production of the Rous sarcoma. In other words, we have been unable to duplicate either the results of Gye or the modified confirmations of his work by Murphy and Flu. We have shown that uncontrollable local and individual variations may produce results in occasional chicks which simulate satisfactory experiments, but when viewed as a whole, mean nothing. Because of the conflicting nature of results obtained by those who have undertaken to repeat the work, and on account of the difficulty of controlling all factors involved, we do not feel that it may be stated definitely that Gye's theory of the cause of cancer is wrong. On the other hand the theory apparently needs more evidence in its support if it is to receive further serious consideration. It is suggested, in order to untangle the subjéct as rapidly as possible, that future publications should include sufficient consecutive protocols to make the trend of the experiments obvious to the reader.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Smith Arthur H. , Moise T. S.
Published: June 2004

The rate of compensatory enlargement of the remaining kidney after unilateral nephrectomy has been studied in adult rats fed diets containing various concentrations of protein.

A curve of enlargement on "standard" food (18 per cent casein) shows a rapid initial increase with subsequent slower rise to the 120th day. There is no significant difference between the value at 120 days (44 per cent) and that at 150 days (48 per cent).

A similar series with diets containing increasing concentrations of protein but with a constant time interval (21 days) after nephrectomy shows an increase in the degree of enlargement directly proportional to the protein content of the food. The values vary from 24 per cent with the 18 per cent casein ration to 77 per cent with the 90 per cent casein diet.

A third series shows the enlargement on "high protein" food (85 per cent casein). The values vary from 49 per cent at 3 days to 121 per cent at 150 days. There is no significant difference between the value at 120 days (123 per cent) and that at 150 days (121 per cent).

Determinations of total solids on the experimental kidneys show that the recorded enlargement involves mainly an actual tissue increase.
EFFECT OF AGE ON SERUM LIPOIDS AND PROTEINS
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

The increased inhibiting action of serum with age on the growth of fibroblasts has been shown to be due to changes in both the lipoids and the proteins.

Although the serum protein is less inhibiting than the serum lipoid, the rate at which their inhibiting action augments with age is approximately the same.

The change in the serum protein with age is due to the disappearance of a small quantity of growth-stimulating substance, and also to an increase in concentration of inhibiting protein. The concentration of all protein fractions becomes larger as age advances.

The greater inhibiting action of the lipoid is associated with a higher concentration of total lipoid and lecithin, and a smaller content of cholesterol as the animal grows older.

The hypothesis is suggested that the inhibiting action of the serum is associated with its antienzymatic action.
THE RELATION BETWEEN INVASION OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT BY PARATYPHOID BACILLI AND DISEASE
Authors: Smith Theobald , Tibbetts Helena A. M.
Published: June 2004

Hog cholera bacilli fed to mice disappear from the stomach within 24 hours, but remain and perhaps multiply in the ileum for at least several weeks. They promptly penetrate the mucosa and may be found in the spleen. Bacilli introduced subcutaneously quickly pass into the intestinal tract where they may be found for some weeks. Infected mice may harbor bacilli in the spleen for several months.

Mice possess a relatively high degree of natural resistance towards hog cholera bacilli which gives way to large doses. Disease is probably the result of the invasion of the viscera from the digestive tract following feeding, but the relation between the dose fed and the numbers penetrating the mucosa is a variable one and the conditions favoring such invasion not determined. Contact with mice discharging bacilli failed to cause recognizable invasion of the digestive tract or the viscera.
EXPERIMENTAL BONE MARROW REACTIONS
Authors: Muller Gulli Lindh
Published: June 2004

1. Intravenous injections in rabbits of F. Weber Co.'s Drawing Ink gave the following results:

(a) With large doses, an outpouring of nucleated red blood cells, in many instances reaching high values (60,000 to 70,000 per c.mm.), accompanied by a slight initial rise of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, followed by a moderate anemia and in one animal, a severe anemia.

(b) With smaller doses the presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood was correspondingly less, the hemoglobin and erythrocytes increasing above the initial level. This increase was sustained for a considerable time, followed by a decrease to or below the initial level.

(c) Pregnancy caused a marked suppression, and, shortly before delivery, a complete suppression of the normoblastosis. Nucleated red blood cells reappeared in the blood after the litter was cast.

2. The filtrate of Weber's Drawing Ink, obtained through a Berkefeld filter W, produced the same effects, somewhat enhanced, as the whole ink.

3. The bone marrow of the animals injected with Weber's ink and the filtrate, both showed a marked erythrocytic hyperplasia, with many open sinuses lined with nucleated red blood cells in all stages of maturation.

4. As the dialysed ink gave practically the same results, and the dialysate proved to be without any effect, the conclusion was drawn that a non-dialysable protective colloid was responsible for the marked stimulation of the hematopoietic organs.

5. The delivery of nucleated erythrocytes was interpreted as due to growth pressure induced by rapidly growing red blood cells as well as intrasinusoidal formation of erythrocytes. Pressure due to rapidly increasing phagocytic cells must also be considered.

6. It is fair to conclude that carbon particles as such stimulate endothelial cells mainly toward clasmatocyte formation without incapacitating the endothelial cells, while colloidal silver apparently had a toxic and incapacitating effect on this system of cells.
THE EXCRETION OF NITROGEN AFTER UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

After obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach and after obstruction and release of the pylorus there is a marked increase in non-protein nitrogen excretion.

This increase is due to accelerated protein destruction, which may result from the great fluid loss, or to the action of some toxic body.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE REACTION TO INFECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determining whether the reaction of rabbits inoculated with Treponema pallidum might be influenced by their light environment. The conditions compared were (1) diffuse sunlight filtered through window glass and subject to variations due to natural causes, (2) constant and continuous exposure to artificial light with a wave-length of from 3022 to 5790 Ångström units (Cooper Hewitt), and (3) complete exclusion of light.

The results showed clearly that each of these conditions produced a distinctive effect and that the effect tended to conform to the nature of the environmental condition. In general, the efficiency of the reaction to infection increased with the amount of light received and with the constancy of the exposure.
THE PRODUCTION OF PURPURA BY DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. , Reimann Hobart A.
Published: June 2004

1. The purpura-producing principle of Pneumococcus is non-antigenic in the sense that it does not stimulate the formation of antibodies.

2. White mice acquire an increased resistance to purpura as a result of repeated injections of toxic doses of the purpura substance.

3. The serum of rabbits immunized with the purified purpura principle, with "S" and "R" strains of Pneumococcus or with cell extracts, autolysates or the nucleoprotein fraction of the organism does not confer upon white mice protection against purpura.

4. The purpura principle does not exist preformed in the cell, but is rather an autolytic derivative; since it is formed only when pneumococci undergo autolysis, and it is not found when the autolytic ferments are inactivated.

5. The purpura substance is associated with the proteose fraction of active pneumococcus extracts.
THE EFFECT OF MULTIPLE EMBOLI OF THE CAPILLARIES AND ARTERIOLES OF ONE LUNG
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Boyd Douglas , Moore Richmond L.
Published: June 2004

1. Injection of a suspension of potato starch cells into the left branch of the pulmonary artery, in quantity sufficient ordinarily to give rise to markedly accelerated respirations, resulted in no change in respiratory rate.

2. A method for injecting substances into the pulmonary artery or its branches without interfering with the blood flow to the lungs has been described.

3. Injection of similar material into one lung when the other is excluded from the circulation either by ligation or by temporary clamping does give rise to rapid and shallow breathing (from a rate of 10 to 15 per minute to one of 60 or over) identical in character to that brought about by introducing emboli into both lungs.

4. A method for clamping and releasing the pulmonary artery or its branches in a dog breathing normally with closed thorax has been devised. This is described in detail in another paper.

5. After rapid breathing has been initiated by the effect of emboli lodged in the arterioles and capillaries of the right lung, reestablishing the circulation in the other lung by releasing the clamp on its artery may or may not restore the respiratory rate to its original, normal level.

6. This discrepancy in results has not been correlated with any difference in oxygen saturation of the arterial blood, or in carbon dioxide tension or pH of its plasma.

7. It is, however, believed to be related to the gross and microscopic anatomy of the lung of which the artery has been temporarily clamped. Photomicrographs are published, showing in one dog (No. 3), in which the respiratory rate returned to normal, a normal histological picture of the left lung, and in another dog (No. 4), in which the rate remained rapid after release of the clamp, a picture characterized by congestion and dilatation of arterioles and capillaries.

8. The fact that accelerated respirations result from emboli in the pulmonary capillaries and arterioles only after a certain quantity of material has been introduced, and the fact that emboli in one lung do not occasion accelerated respirations unless the circulation through the other lung is occluded or abnormal, leads us to the conclusion that the phenomenon is not an irritative stimulus due to foreign bodies, but is in some manner related to (a) diminution of the pulmonary vascular bed, (b) resistance to the blood flow through the lungs or (c) congestion or dilatation of the arterioles and capillaries of the lungs.