bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Persecution to Pragmatism: The Habsburg Roma in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Crowe David M.
Published: March 2009

In many ways, the habsburg roma, or Gypsies, are a “people without history.”1Given their nomadic existence, they left little or no imprint on the political, economic, and cultural institutions of the various dominions through which they passed. Even such staples of social historians as birth, death, and census records, land and tax registers, court transcripts, and popular newspapers bear little witness to their presence and impact. Not surprisingly, successive regimes in Vienna and other centers of power had little interest in a people who dwelled permanently only on the lower rungs of society. The Roma also had no corporate or national agenda. Although some did participate on the edges of various nineteenth-century national movements, they did so only marginally and often as Hungarians, Romanians, or Slovaks, rather than as representatives of the Roma community. Much of what we know comes not from the people themselves, but from the observations of non-Roma orgadžé(singular,gadžo; plural,gadžéorgadjé), whose accounts were often riddled with the kinds of cultural overlays and stereotypes that have haunted the Roma for centuries.
Eighteenth-Century Hungary: Traditionalism and the Dawn of Modernity
Authors: Vermes Gabor
Published: March 2009

All historians of hungary would agreethat the eighteenth century, the gateway to modern Hungary, was pivotal in Hungarian history. Yet, like some great mountain, those who climb to its peak approach from various angles, each of which affords a different vista. Historians who undertake this task also have different views and perspectives rooted in their own experience. This fact inspired the famous American historian C. Vann Woodward to speak of the “present requiring more never-completed revisions.”1Revisions are the life-blood likely to refresh the knowledge of any period. However, revisions are not necessarily always correct, especially when an excess of enthusiasm and a dearth of perspective lead their authors to disparage or debunk, rather than to enlighten.
Austria between the Wars. An Essay
Authors: Leser Norbert
Published: March 2009

Although Austria was reduced to a small republic of seven million inhabitants after World War l, the historical significance of the country remained, for two reasons, disproportionately large in interbellum Europe. First, the ghost of the Austro-Hungarian empire exerted a considerable influence on the fateful course of Central Europe; and, second, Austria is worthy of the historian's attention because of the role she played as the first victim of Hitler. The echoes of the demise of Austria-Hungary would reverberate in Central Europe through Austria; perhaps the history of Europe, even the history of the world, would have taken another course if Austria had chosen to resist absorption into Greater Germany in 1938.
Towards the Settlement of 1955: The Austrian State Treaty Negotiations and the Origins of Austrian Neutrality
Authors: Stourzh Gerald
Published: March 2009

In discussing the Austrian State Treaty it is necessary to start with an explanation of terminology. Why “State Treaty?” Generally speaking, any treaty concluded between independent states or nations is a “Staatsvertrag,” as the German term goes. Then why is the Austrian treaty of 1955 known as the “State Treaty?” The origins of the term are to be found in Austrian legal terminology after World War I. In 1919 the Austrian government championed the legal thesis, developed by the distinguished legal theorist Hans Kelsen, that the Austrian Republic had not been in a state of war with the Allied and Associated Powers since it had not been in existence while the war was being fought; consequently, the Austrian Republic refused to be the legal successor of the defunct Austro-Hungarian empire.
Comments
Authors: Zeman Z. A. B.
Published: March 2009

May I congratulate the four authors straightaway on their very stimulating papers. They are complementary, and there is much in them that is valuable and much that I have learned from them. But I have come to discuss the papers, not to praise them.
The Ukrainians in Galicia under Austrian Rule
Authors: Rudnytsky Ivan L.
Published: March 2009

On the eve of World War I the Ukrainian inhabitants of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy numbered some four million. They were divided among the Austrian provinces of Galicia (3,380,000) and Bukovina (300,000) and the Kingdom of Hungary (470,000).2 In each of these three territories the Ukrainians lived under quite different conditions; hence, a historian should treat each of the three groups as a separate entity. Since the Galician Ukrainians were not only the most numerous but also historically by far the most important, this paper will deal only with them.
The Italian Nationality Problem of the Austrian Empire
Authors: Greenfield Kent Roberts
Published: March 2009

In 1713 Austria acquired the duchy of Milan, even then the richest part of Italy, and after 1748 it extended its ascendancy over all the states of the Italian peninsula. Not only did they accept Austrian hegemony without resistance, but the Italians played a part in the administration of the empire. At the court of Maria Theresa Italians did not find themselves in an alien environment. The Vienna of that age, to use Franco Valsecchi's happy phrase, delighted in “the melodious culture of Italy.” Viennese operas were composed to Italian libretti. Mozart was hardly less an Italian than a Germanic composer. The empire drew on its Italian-speaking subjects to fill important posts in the administrative and diplomatic services and courts of law. During the later years of Maria Theresa's reign, sons of the conservative Milanese patriciate, imbued with the ideas of the Enlightenment and led by Pietro Verri, Cesare Beccaria, and their associates of the Accademia dei Pugni, cooperated willingly and fruitfully in planning the reforms that Maria Theresa carried out, even though those reforms were undermining the autonomy of their country. The Enlightenment developed simultaneously in Italy and Austria, and for a period the leaders of that movement in Italy looked to Vienna rather than Paris as the citadel of their intellectual and reformist conceptions.
Dissertations on Hungarian History completed since 1920
Authors: Komlos John
Published: March 2009

This compilation was conceived as a means of encouraging research in Hungarian history. It is limited to dissertations completed for academic degrees in Austria, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Unless otherwise noted, all entries refer to Ph. D. dissertations. In preparing the European entries, no attempt was made to distinguish between the degrees of Doctorat de Spécialité, Doctorat d'État, and Doctorat de l'Université, on the one hand, or Dissertationen and Habilitationsschriften, on the other. The chronological limits of the compilation extend from 1920 to 1972.
Three Score and Fifteen Years of Habsburg and Austrian Historiography and a Quarter-Century of Editing the Austrian History Yearbook
Authors: Rath R. John
Published: March 2009

Certain events sometimes exert a decisive influence on the future direction of a person's life. In my case one of the more determinative occurred during a brief week spent in Vienna in early February 1957 For one thing, I discovered in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv highly significant documents in some cartons that had just been returned to Austria from Italy, by mistake as it turned out. The director of the Austrian archives, Gebhard Rath, put these records at my disposal. These papers, together with material of lesser import in the Archivio di Stato in Milan, provided the documentation for an article showing how Austrian officials had thwarted the efforts of an Italian scoundrel to extort money from them. More important than this discovery were my conversations with Professor Hugo Hantsch, of the University of Vienna, during the course of which I promised to supply as complete a list as possible of United States and Canadian writings on the history of the Habsburg monarchy, take the initiative in founding some kind of association for American scholars interested in Habsburg and Austrian history, and endeavor to help the Austrian professor obtain a grant from the Ford Foundation for a large international project on the history of the Habsburg monarchy from 1848 to 1918.
Neither Germans nor Poles: Jewish Nationalism in Galicia before Herzl, 1883-1897
Authors: Shanes Joshua
Published: March 2009

Although galician jewry constituted one of the largest Jewish communities in the world before World War I, it has attracted too little scholarship. Galician Jews sat on the frontier between East and West. Religiously and economically, they were similar to Russian and Romanian Jewry, but since their emancipation in 1867 they enjoyed wideranging civil and political rights akin to those of their Western brethren. Historians focusing either on the numerically more significant Russian Jewry, or the politically and financially more important Western Jewry, have tended to avoid Galicia, even though the region was home to almost a million Jews by the turn of the century. Most Zionist historiography has also underemphasized the importance of this community, particularly in the pre-Herzlian period, by which time Galician Zionists could already boast a considerable degree of organizational infrastructure. This neglect is partly a reflection of the general historiographical trend within modern Jewish history. It also reflects, however, the unusual nature of Galician “Zionism,” which was largely Diaspora-oriented—directed toward national cultural work in the Diaspora as well as political activities designed to secure national minority rights—long before Zionists in either Russia or the West had begun to engage in such activities.
Last Best Chance or Last Gasp? The Compromise of 1905 and Czech Politics in Moravia
Authors: Kelly T. Mills
Published: March 2009

On November 27, 1905, leading members of the Czech and German communities in Moravia agreed to a political compromise that divided power in the provincial diet between Czechs, Germans, and members of the landowning and ecclesiastical aristocracy. Over the next few years, the Moravian agreement was used as a model for political compromises in Bukovina (1910) and Galicia (1914).1For decades historians hailed the Moravian compromise and its successors as evidence that the feuding nations of the late Habsburg monarchy could indeed find sufficient common ground to live together in peace. Although in the past decade scholars generally have taken a more cautious approach to the results of these compromises, much of this work betrays a sense of disappointment over a missed opportunity. Somehow, the Czech-German compromise in Moravia might have become a model for ethnic cooperation, proof that the monarchy's contentious national communities could work out their differences and live together, or at least a sign
BAAL/CUP seminars 2008
Authors: Seedhouse Paul
Published: March 2009

The seminar was coordinated by Paul Seedhouse, Steve Walsh, Chris Jenks and Alan Firth, and about 30 people attended.
Strong ion coupling effects at high density of inertial confinement fusion plasmas
Authors: Golden Kenneth I.
Published: March 2009

Strong ion coupling effects could play an important role in laser–and particle beam–compressed ICF layered targets. Some light is shed on these effects by examining structure and pair correlation functions calculated from some of the well known strongly coupled plasma approximation schemes.
Spectral line limiting and polarization shift in plasmas of high particle and energy density
Authors: Henry B. I.
Published: March 2009

The change of the energetic quantum levels of electrons in atoms or ions within plasma due to the electrostatic energy of the Debye sphere, is discussed on the basis of an electrostatic quantum model which permits an immediate, and therefore an integrated, inclusion of the Debye screening. The resulting Debye field leads to an alternative (temperature dependent) formulation of the Inglis-Teller Stark merging of spectral lines. In the new model the drowning of lines gives values closer to the Inglis-Teller limit than values given by the quantum approximation of the hydrogenic model. The straightforward calculation of the polarization shift based on the new model is closest to the experimental values and is between the very low values given by the semiclassical approach and the too high values given by the quantum approach of the hydrogenic effective charge model.
Wave optical theory for fast self-focusing of laser beams in plasmas
Authors: Subbarao D. , Uma R. , Ghatak A. K.
Published: March 2009

A theory based on the field and non-linearity expansions interms of Laguerre-Gauss functions is presented. The theoryi useful when very fast self focusing occurs, as in the case of relativistic self focusing. Results for self trapping with a saturable non-linearity are closer to the numerical results than those obtained by any other theory.
Microwave electron gun
Authors: Westenskow G. A. , Madey J. M. J.
Published: March 2009

An electron gun is being developed which should substantially improve the normalized current density in medium energy pulsed linacs. The gun will accelerate and pre-bunch electrons from a LaB6 cathode using the high electric field in a resonant microwave cavity.
Electro-optical measurements of high potentials in laser produced plasmas with fast time resolution
Authors: Ludmirsky A. , Givon M. , Eliezer S. , Gazit Y. , Jackel S. , Krumbein A. , Szichman H.
Published: March 2009

A new electro-optical technique has been developed in which a streak camera is coupled to a Pockels cell with a fast risetime. This technique can improve the time resolution of the high voltages observed in laser produced plasmas between one and two orders of magnitude in comparison to the best oscilloscope measurements. This method should prove useful in confirming the existence of electrostatic fields and elucidating the structure of the wave instabilities found in laser produced plasmas.
A review on equations of state at high densities based on Thomas–Fermi and related models
Authors: Ghatak Ajoy K. , Eliezer Shalom
Published: March 2009

In recent years there has been considerable effort to understand the equation of state (EOS) of materials, particularly at high pressures and temperatures. Such studies have direct applications in the laser fusion problem where materials are subjected to radiation induced shock waves which compress material to over 100 times the normal density at temperatures up to 100 million degrees (e.g. Hora 1981). Among the various models which describe the electronic thermodynamic functions in highly compressed matter, the Thomas–Fermi model is the one most often used in hydrodynamic codes, e.g. in the simulation of the inertial confinement fusion problem.
Numerical modelling of radiation Marshak Waves
Authors: Tahir N. A. , Long K. A.
Published: March 2009

In this paper we discuss the importance of radiation transport in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target design. It is shown that a self similar solution of non-linear heat conduction can be used to estimate the penetration depth of radiation thermal waves (Marshak Waves) in ion-beam ICF pellets. An improved numerical treatment of non-linear heat conduction has been incorporated into the hydrodynamic code MEDUSA-KA to simulate radiation transport in ICF target design studies. The numerical results have been checked against self-similar solutions and a comparison between the two is presented in this paper. We find good agreement between the two. The necessity of using a high-z radiation shield to protect the fuel from radiative preheat is also discussed.
The heavy ion fusion research program in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Bock R.
Published: March 2009

Recent progress on accelerator and systems studies carried out in the framework of a national program on heavy ion fusion is reviewed. Plans for future investigations aiming at the basic aspects of inertial confinement with heavy ion beams are discussed.
Laser Fusion Reactor SENRI
Authors: Nakai S. , Ido S. , Mima K. , Tsuji R. , Norimatsu T. , Yamanaka C. , Miya K. , Nakashima H. , Nakamura N. , Oomura H. , Tsukumo K. ,   Research Committee for ICF Reactor
Published: March 2009

Design studies of a laser fusion reactor SENRI-I are presented, including the related analyses and experiments. The unique feature of SENRI-I is the utilization of the static magnetic field to control and guide the liquid Li flow. Neutronics calculations (1D–3D) show that the sufficient T breeding ratio is obtained and the streaming neutrons are reduced by a devised design of laser port. Analysis of damage of the wall covered by an inner Li flow shows that the long lifetime is assured.
Suppression of microwave instabilities
Authors: Hofmann I.
Published: March 2009

The longitudinal resistive microwave instability in storage rings has been identified in previous workshops as a key problem in heavy ion fusion. Here we show by means of computer simulation that the predictions from the linearized theory of instability are over-pessimistic in the case of non-relativistic ions. This is due to an early nonlinear saturation of the instability caused by the formation of a thin stabilizing tail of the momentum distribution, which provides enough Landau damping to suppress further growth. The main condition for this non-destructive self-stabilization lies in the slow resistive growth rate, as compared with the large coherent frequency shift induced by space charge. The important conclusion from this is a significant extension of the stable storage ring filling time to values that are comfortable from a design point of view. For the HIBALL reactor driver accelerator a safe storage time of 5 to 10 msec is expected, instead of only 1 msec according to the linearized theory e-folding times.
Decreased beam divergence in proof-of-principle experiment for the light ion beam fusion facility PBFA II
Authors: Vandevender J. P. , Swegle J. A. , Johnson D. J. , Bieg K. W. , Burns E. J. T. , Poukey J. W. , Miller P. A. , Olsen J. N. , Yonas G.
Published: March 2009

The Proto-I experiment for a proof-of-principle experiment is described resulting in a beam divergence for ions of only 14mrad at 1·5 MV—420 KA operation and 6 KA/cm2 anode current density before focusing. This is a better beam divergence than required for Sandia National Laboratories' PBFA I and II installations, for which scaling is discussed. Ion source development is reported and the PBFA II experiment described for 30 MV operation with short pulses (10–15 nsec) of lithium ions. Pulses of 50 nsec width and 130 KJ energy have been achieved from the prototype module for PBFA II.
Investigation of anomalous generation of ω0 and 2ω0 harmonics of heating radiation in laser plasma corona by means of holographic gratings
Authors: Aleksandrova I. V. , Brunner W. , Fedotov S. I. , Güther R. , Kalashnikov M. P. , Korn G. , Maksimchuk A. M. , Mikhailov Yu. A. , Polze S. , Riekher R. , Sklizkov G. V.
Published: March 2009

The problems concerning the development of high f-number spectrographs with high spectral and spatial resolution using holographic reflecting gratings, for the study of processes of harmonic generation in laser plasmas are considered. The concave holographic gratings and spectrograph schemes used in the “Delfin-1” installation are described. The anomalous generation of ω0 and 2ω0 harmonics from the subcritical density plasma region has been observed experimentally. Possible interpretations of the observed effect are given.
Relativistic boson pair plasma
Authors: Frankel N. E. , Hines K. C. , Kowalenko V.
Published: March 2009

The longitudinal dielectric response function of a relativistic gas consisting of charged bosons together with the corresponding antiparticles is obtained in the random phase approximation. The theory is renormalized and an analysis of the mode structure and damping properties of the plasma is carried out.
Characteristics of plasmas imploded by ω, 2ω, 3ω and 4ω lasers
Authors: Yamanaka T. , Mochizuki T. , Azechi H. , Nishimura H. , Yamanaka M. , Miyanaga N. , Niki H. , Fujiwara E. , Shiraga H. , Okada K. , Sakabe S. , Kato Y. , Kitagawa Y. , Nakatsuka M. , Yoshida K. , Izawa Y. , Norimatsu T. , Mima K. , Nishihara K. , Yabe T. , Nakai S. , Yamanaka C.
Published: March 2009

The wavelength scalings of soft X-ray and hot electron generation efficiencies were studied using 1·05, 0·53, 0·35 and 0·26 μm lasers. A coupling efficiency from absorbed laser energy to compressed fuel core of 4.5% was obtained by using the GEKKO XII green laser.
Temporal and spectral features of the (3/2) ω0 spatial fine structure in laser irradiated planar targets
Authors: Zunqi Lin , Weihan Tan , Min Gu , Guang Mei , Chengming Pan , Wenyan Yu , Ximing Deng
Published: March 2009

Both temporally and spectrally resolved fine structures of 90° lateral (3/2)ω0 harmonic emission were experimentally observed. The existence of (3/2)ω0 harmonic filaments is attributed to formation from the moving filament bottom at its transient nc/4 surface. The double hump structure with its intense red hump of laterally emitted (3/2)ω0 spectrum can also be explained by a Doppler correction in addition to the thermal correction. Estimation of both red and blue spectral shifts with our simple model is qualitatively consistent with experimental results. Experiments showed that the (3/2)ω0 emission was evidently suppressed by using a broad band laser. This may be promising for superhot electron suppression.
Plasma ion spectra from laser produced plasmas at λ = 1·06 μm and λ =0·53 μm
Authors: Dinger R. , Rohr K. , Weber H.
Published: March 2009

Wavelength dependent absorption in laser-plasma interactions was investigated by measuring the energy spectra of freely expanding plasmas in their asymptotic stage of expansion. The experiments were performed with both 1·06- and 0·53-μm-wavelength light incident on flat tantalum targets. The experimental conditions were chosen adequately to ensure that inverse bremsstrahlung was the dominating absorption mechanism. As a result it is found that the absorption is enhanced at the shorter wavelength by a factor of 1·3. Primarily this leads to a higher ionisation state of the plasma and higher kinetic ion energies and temperatures, respectively, while the amount of ablated mass is approximately the same.
Two Dimensional Analytical Considerations of Large Magnetic and Electric Fields in Laser Produced Plasmas
Authors: Eliezer S. , Loeb A. Loeb
Published: March 2009

A simple model in two dimensions is developed and solved analytically taking into account the electric and magnetic fields in laser produced plasmas. The electric potential in this model is described by the non-linear differential equation

ψ = eφ/T, where eφ is the electric potential energy and T is the temperature in energy units. The physical branch ψ < 1, defined by the electron density n = no exp ψ, boundary conditions n (x = 0) = const and n (x = +∞) = 0, introduces a typical electrostatic double layer. The stationary solution of this model is consistent for − 3 ≲ ψ < 1, with electron temperatures in the KeV region and a ratio of the electric (E) to magnetic (B) fields of [E/106 v/cm]/[B/MGauss] ∼ 1.
Heating of metals at a free surface by laser irradiation—an electron kinetic theory approach
Authors: Yilbas Bekir Sami
Published: March 2009

Application of Fourier theory to heat conduction due to laser irradiation at high power intensities (i.e. 1010 W/m2) gives errors of the order of 30 per cent at the upper end of the temperature rise time. This is caused by the assumptions made in the Fourier theory, since the heat flux through a given plane depends on the electron energy distribution through the material. On the scale of distance required to examine the problem, the material can no longer be considered as being a homogeneous continuum and when the power intensities of interest are concerned, the higher order terms in the heat transfer equation become important. Therefore, the problem requires to be examined in the quantum field. Application of electron kinetic theory to the problem enhances the solution within an accuracy greater than 90 per cent. The present theory introduces a new model for the conduction mechanism.
Dynamics of photon number quantum fluctuations in multiphoton processes
Authors: Zakharov V. I. , Tyuterev Vl. G.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the principles of reduction of quantum noise in optical radiation. The dynamics of photon number fluctuations in direct and cascade two-photon processes is investigated. The paper considers the cases of absorption and emission for the fields originally prepared in coherent and thermal states. It is shown that photon antibunching and bunching should occur for the passed radiation. The photon antibunching effect is only in definite time intervals of field interaction with resonance absorbing or emitting systems.

The possible cases of accumulation of photon antibunching effects are considered.
Multiple-pass amplifiers for high-power laser systems
Authors: Jackel S. , Givon M. , Ludmirsky A. , Eliezer S. , Borowitz J. L. , Arad B. , Zigler A. , Gazit Y.
Published: March 2009

Multiple-pass amplifiers were configured from Nd:glass rods using polarization and angular coupling techniques. Very high gain (>600) single beam triple-pass booster stages and high gain (30 or 15) single or double-beam double-pass amplifiers were combined to construct a very cost effective high-power (50 GW) pulsed laser system. These techniques were also effectively applied to smaller compact high repetition-rate systems.
Sensitivity analysis of excimer fluorescence generated from charged particle excitation
Authors: Chung A. K. , Prelas M. A.
Published: March 2009

Sensitivity analysis is a powerful first-order mathematical technique that identifies the major reactions, the effects of errors in rate constants, pressure effects, and temperature effects in a plasma chemistry type model. Several methods of sensitivity analysis have been discussed in the literature. This paper describes the successful implementation of the state transition matrix method to the sensitivity analysis of a plasma chemistry model using both e-beams and ions for excitation. The ion excited plasma study is important to the field of nuclear-pumped lasers. This model examines 8 species and 37 reactions.
Pulsed ion sources for accelerator inertial fusion
Authors: Humphries S. , Burkhart C.
Published: March 2009

Experimental results are reported on an extractor for pulsed, high-intensity beams of intermediate mass ions. Aluminum and indium plasmas were generated using a metal vapor vacuum arc. A method for electrostatic separation of ions from electrons at the anode was utilized to generate constant current beams, insensitive to plasma flux variations.

A maximum extraction voltage of 30 kV was applied across a 1·6 cm gap. Voltage pulse length ranged from 10 to 50μsec. Peak current densities of 15 mA/cm2 and normalized emittance of εn<3χ10-7; π-m-rad were achieved for Al+ and In+ from a 20-cm2 anode. Ions were predominantly in the +1 ionization state with no observable species contamination. The technology may have application to the induction linac approach to Accelerator Inertial Fusion.
Stopping power for energetic heavy ions in a high temperature material
Authors: Karashima Shosuke , Watanabe Tsutomu
Published: March 2009

Theoretical treatments of the stopping power are reviewed and problems necessary to extend these treatments to high temperature and high density materials are discussed. Physically important parameters which govern the stopping power properties are indicated. The average equilibrium charge for a gaseous medium is one of the important parameters in the stopping power and the charge-exchange processes involved are discussed. The effective charge is described in terms of a relation between the average equilibrium charge and the effective charge. The atomic energy levels for high density and high temperature matter are also included in the stopping power formula.

Actual calculations of the stopping power are made for Pb ions passing through the HIBLIC-target. Range profiles are estimated for Xe and U ions in an ionized Al target for temperatures T = 0 to T = 1290 eV using the Brueckner, Senbetu & Metzler (1982) theory based on a dielectric response function. Results are compared with those of Northcliffe & Schilling (1970), Ziegler (1980), and Hubert et al. (1980). In order to include dynamic local-field corrections in the dielectric function, a model is proposed similar to a two component plasma.
Summary (II). Theories and simulations
Authors: Niu Keishiro
Published: March 2009

For inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research, theories and simulations will continue to play an important role because research must cover all the sciences and technologies for extracting fusion energy. Experimental research is mainly concentrated on driver technology at the present stage.
Polarization dependent energy transfer in laser produced plasma experiments
Authors: Dinger R. , Rohr K. , Weber H.
Published: March 2009

Polarization dependent light absorption in laser produced plasmas of small focal diameters (28 μm full 1/e2 width) has been investigated simultaneously in five different channels of observation: specular reflection of the laser light, second harmonic (2ω) generation, charge and velocity distribution of the emitted ions and ablation pressure to the target. The experiments have been performed using a Nd-YAG mode locking pulse (λ = 1·06 μm, λ = 45 ps) which has been focused onto plane, thick plexiglass (C8H5O2) n disks to intensities up to 1014 W/cm2. As a result of the small focal spot size, a very small density scale length of 0·6 μm is derived from the resonance curves, consistently, for all channels of diagnostics.
Nonuniform illumination of laser spherical targets
Authors: Sanz J. , Ibañez L. F. , Nicolas J. A.
Published: March 2009

We studied the smoothing of nonuniformities in the quasisteady expansion of a plasm ablated from a spherical target under a weakly nonuniform laser irradiation with overall heat conduction and magnetic generation effects. We also considered light refraction effects.
Pulsation of laser–plasma interaction explained by density ripple buildup and relaxation for understanding smoothing by random-phase plate, ISI, and broadband
Authors: Min Gu , Hora H.
Published: March 2009

In recent years experimental results about the pulsation of reflectivity or 3ω/2 harmonics from laser-irradiated plasma with a period of 10–20 ps initiated a reconsideration of a broad field of phenomena of laser-plasma interaction. We present here numerical results from a very general hydrodynamic computation showing that the pulsation is due to a standing-wave-produced density ripple in the widespread plasma corona causing these after 2 ps at Laue-Bragg reflection at very low density, followed by a hydrodynamic relaxation of the ripple. This cycle has a turnaround time of about 6–10 ps and immediately explains the observation of pulsation. The suppression of pulsation and the achievement of smooth direct drive is then understood by a washing-out process of the ripples when using the random-phase plate (RPP) or broadband irradiation, or by just preventing the buildup of the ripple at the induced spatial incoherence (ISI), where coherence of the laser field is 1 or 2 ps only.
Temperature measurements of very high pressure laser shocks above 100 Mbars using time-resolved X-UV spectroscopy
Authors: Fabbro Remy , Faral Bernard
Published: March 2009

Impedance-matching experiments are realized with a 0.26-μm-wavelength high-intensity laser irradiation of two-layered targets (Al-Au). From an ablation pressure of 50 Mbars produced in Al, a 100-Mbar shock pressure is obtained in Au. The X-UV emissivity of this shock at its breakthrough at the rear of the target is analyzed with a transmission grating coupled to an X-ray streak camera. Results obtained with various thicknesses of Al and constant Au thickness are shown, and compared with hydrodynamic codes where radiative transfer processes are taken into account. These preliminary experiments show that the estimated shock temperatures are consistent with the high pressures generated. This technique appears to be very promising for the task of obtaining equation-of-state data in these high-pressure ranges.
Simple evidence of radiation transport in coated plastic targets
Authors: Kerdja T. , Dahmani F. , Ghobrini D.
Published: March 2009

Planar coated targets of Aluminum and Gold overlayers were irradiated with 1.06-μm laser light at intensities 1011–5 × 1013 W/cm2. The energy penetration depth, the ablated plasma, and the X-ray emission were characterized. Results show significant energy transport through the overlayer.
Quantum electrodynamics in intense laser fields
Authors: Becker W.
Published: March 2009

A very intense laser field polarizes the virtual electron-positron pairs that populate the vacuum. This provides for a coupling between different modes of the electromagnetic field, giving rise to effects such as scattering of light by light, a refractive index of the vacuum, vacuum birefringence, etc. Given enough energy in a sufficiently small spacetime region, the virtual pairs can become real, which leads to pair production in the intense field under the action of a third agent. These, as well as related effects, are summarized with respect to their orders of magnitude and conditions under which they might become accessible to experiment. Some other processes that are normally mentioned in this context, such as Thomson (Compton) scattering at high intensities, are considered, too, even though they are unrelated to the vacuum structure of quantum electrodynamics.
Generation and focusing of high-power ion beams in a magnetically insulated diode with applied B field
Authors: Bystritskii V. M. , Lisitsyn I. V. , Volkov S. N. , Krasik Ya. E. , Polkovnikova N. M.
Published: March 2009

The results of high-power ion beam (HPIB) generation and in the magnetically insulated diode (MID) installed on a 3 × 1010-W nanosecond accelerator are given. The possibility of efficient HPIB ballistic focusing with the use of the preformed plasma in the HPIB transport region was demonstrated.

Several new diagnostics (spring pendulum and acoustic probe) were used to measure the plasma ablation pressure during the impact of the HPIB with the target.

The highest degree of HPIB focusing attained during the experiments with spherical geometries of the diode electrodes was equal to 60. The ablation average pressures measured by the spring pendulum gave several kilobars for 8–10 kA/cm2 of HPIB density. The peak pressure measured by acoustic probes attained tens of kilobars for the same HPIB current amplitudes.
Experiments with laser-irradiated cylindrical targets
Authors: Stöckl C. , Tsakiris G. D.
Published: March 2009

Results of novel experiments with laser-heated capillary targets are presented. In these experiments the interior of gold capillaries having a 200- or 700-μm inner diameter and a 2–12-mm length was axially irradiated by injection of the laser energy through one of the end openings. A frequency-doubled Nd:glass laser (λ = 0.53 μm) was employed, delivering 8-J energy in 3 ns. The experiments showed no significant backreflection of laser light. Depending on the capillary diameter and length, most of the laser energy is either transmitted or absorbed inside the capillary. The transmission of laser light was measured as a function of capillary length and found to be in good agreement with the predictions of a simple theoretical model. Two extreme cases could be identified. Capillaries with a 700-μm diameter show uninhibited laser light propagation due to multireflections off the inner wall. In contrast, at the entrance of capillaries with a 200-μm inner diameter a plasma plug forms that absorbs most of the laser energy. In both cases significant energy transport was observed to occur in the axial direction. A stable and strongly radiating plasma column is formed along the capillary axis by the collision of the radially imploding plasma. During the collision, part of the hydrodynamic energy of the plasma is converted into radiative energy. In a special case-a lower limit of ≊7% could be inferred for the conversion efficiency from laser light into X-ray radiation emitted from the rear opening of the capillary.
Muon catalyzed nuclear fusion
Authors: Eliezer S.
Published: March 2009

The physics of muon-catalyzed fusion is summarized and discussed in the perspective of energy production by high density muon beams.
Second harmonic generation in underdense plasma
Authors: Giulietti D. , Banfi G. P. , Deha I. , Giulietti A. , Lucchesi M. , Nocera L. , Zun Chen Ze
Published: March 2009

Experimental data are reported on second harmonic generation (SHG) during the interaction between a Nd laser beam (20 ns pulse-duration and peak intensity 1013 W/cm2) and a plasma of density 1019 cm−3 produced in helium. The behavior of self-focusing and the onset of steep plasma gradients under the same experimental conditions have been previously characterized by independent techniques as already reported. In the light of these former findings, the observed SH magnitude, emission pattern and time dependence are briefly discussed and compared with expectations.
Optimization of target for ICF and target gain
Authors: Niu K. , Takeda H. , Aoki T.
Published: March 2009

The typical target structure of the inertial confinement fusion by using the ion beams as the energy driver, and its optimized parameters are shown in this paper. The phenomenon occurring at the fuel implosion in the target, from which the thermonuclear fusion output energy of 2·5 GJ is released, is analyzed, and the requirements for the driver beam are summarized.
On the dynamics of ponderomotive filamentation of laser beams in a plasma
Authors: Limpouch J. , Lončar G. , Lebo I. G. , Rozanov V. B.
Published: March 2009

The influence of ponderomotive force-induced plasma motion on filamentation is examined, using both linear and non-linear descriptions. Although the time asymptote of the process is identical to the stationary convective amplification of filaments, the dynamics of the plasma response may have a serious impact on the transient behaviour of filamentation. The plasma motion contains large amplitude oscillations of inhomogeneities in the laser beam with maxima that substantially exceed the asymptotic value and temporary growth of the very narrow filaments, which cannot be amplified in the stationary approximation.
Trapping and entrainment of electromagnetic wave pulses into supercritical regions of inhomogeneous plasma by ion-acoustic waves
Authors: Gromov E. M. , Talanov V. I.
Published: March 2009

A mechanism of trapping and entrainment of electromagnetic (EM) field pulses into supercritical regions of an inhomogeneous plasma by ion-acoustic waves is considered.
New spherical targets for investigation of laser plasmas compression
Authors: Muniak W. , Suchańska R.
Published: March 2009

The paper reports on a method of producing spherical targets with a light ablator layer having a density of 0·2g/cm3 and a thickness 10μm. This method for obtaining polystyrene microballoons and polyethylene microballs works for hemispheres made from plastics and metals with diameters from 600 to 1200 μm and wall thicknesses from 10 to 50 μm. It also provides a way to assemble cascade targets.
Analytical modeling of a self-magnetically insulated plasma focus diode
Authors: Jiang Weihua , Masugata Katsumi , Yatsui Kiyoshi
Published: March 2009

A steady-state analytical model is used to calculate the operational parameters of a coaxial-type, self-magnetically insulated ion-beam diode, called a plasma focus diode (PFD). The electrons are described by nonlaminar flow with a constant radial density distribution instead of the density profile determined self-consistently by one-dimensional laminar flow. The calculated results were compared with the experimental results obtained at the peak power, and good agreement was obtained between them. From the theoretical understanding of the PFD we obtained the scaling relations of diode impedance and the ion-current efficiency and used them to discuss the possible ways to increase the coupling efficiency and the ion-current efficiency and to reduce the instabilities in the diode operation.
Self-focusing limits at the laser-plasma interaction for treatment of cataract with nanosecond and picosecond pulses
Authors: Hora Rosemarie H. , Coster Hans G. L. , Walter Clement J. , Hora Heinrich
Published: March 2009

Laser pulses are focused in the interior of a human eye in areas of opacity to produce there an optical breakdown resulting in a high-temperature plasma, after which the filling up with liquid results in a transparent area. The empirically given limits for Q-switch laser pulses in the nanosecond range and for mode-locked pulses in the picosecond range are analyzed, and it is shown that these limits are below the self-focusing condition of laser beams in plasmas. A further analysis evaluates theoretically where the maximum limits are given in order to provide the parameters for the highest possible pulse energy that avoids damage in the eye by self-focusing.
Tunnel ionization of K and Xe atoms by an intense CO2 laser
Authors: Xiong W. , Chin S. L.
Published: March 2009

The energy spectra of electrons emitted radially from a CO2 laser focus originating from the ionization of K and Xe atoms of tenuous gas pressure are measured. We simultaneously measured the cases in which medium laser intensities and high laser intensities are applied, fitting the ADK tunneling theory.
Stopping power of charged particles in a plasma
Authors: Strege B. , Kraeft W. D.
Published: March 2009

Expressions for the stopping power are derived from the Lenard-Balescu and Boltzmann kinetic equations. Numerical evaluation is carried out for the stopping of light and heavy particles in a multicomponent plasma.
Thomas–Fermi-like and average atom model equations of state for highly compressed matter at any temperature
Authors: Friomy P. , Deutsch C. , Maynard G.
Published: March 2009

We develop a systematic comparison of thermodynamical and atomic properties computed within the three (TF, TFD, and TFDW) Thomas-Fermi modellings with results obtained from the average atom model. A special emphasis is placed on using the same analytic approximations for exchange, correlation, and gradient corrections. Analogies and discrepancies with respect to temperature behaviour are also stressed.
Numerical simulation of emission spectra from ion beam-heated aluminum plasmas
Authors: MacFarlane J. J. , Wang P.
Published: March 2009

Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer calculations have been performed to predict emission spectra from plasma heated by intense proton beams. Multilevel, steady-state atomic rate equations were solved self-consistently with the radiation field to determine excitation and ionization populations. Ion beam effects were, included in the rate equations. Proton-impact ionization cross sections were calculated using a plane wave Born approximation model with Hartree-Fock wave functions for the electrons. We examined the dependence of emission spectra on the temperature and thickness of the plasma. In addition, Kα satellite line spectra were computed to assess its potential as a temperature diagnostic. Calculated Kα spectral results are compared with recent Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II experimental data.
Simple circuit models for the terminal properties of a nonlinear closing switch
Authors: Johnson William A. , Warne Larry K.
Published: March 2009

Simple circuit models for the terminal properties of a ferromagnetic closing switch are derived under the assumptions that the ferromagnetic material may be described by a hysteresis profile and that the driving H-field quickly becomes large. Comparison with results from a full transmission line model indicates that all but the simplest of these approximate models is extremely accurate for a realistic switch.
Flux-limiting effects in a quasisteady plasma corona with nonclassic heat flux
Authors: Ramirez J.
Published: March 2009

The quasisteady expansion of a plasma ablated from a laser-irradiated pellet with classic (Spitzer) heat flux is reconsidered with a nonclassic heat flux law. The nonphysical flux factor (calculated flux vs. free streaming), going to infinity as one goes away from the pellet in the above transition regime, is corrected.
Laser-produced plasma expansion in a uniform magnetic field
Authors: Begimkulov U. S. , Bryunetkin B. A. , Dyakin V. M. , Koldashov G. A. , Priyatkin S. N. , Repin A. Y. , Stupitsky E. L. , Faenov A. Y.
Published: March 2009

Laser-produced plasma cloud evolution in a magnetic field is investigated up to 3 kg using photographs and spectroheliograms. Generation of a plasma jet, oriented across the magnetic field, was detected, whose emission increases with the field strength and is more distinct for multicharged ions. The effects of the field on the interaction of closely located laser-produced plasma clouds were studied as well. The results of numerical analysis comply with experimental data on plasma behavior in the magnetic field.
Optimization study of a photoionization experiment of a laser-produced He-like plasma by an X-ray source
Authors: Back C. A. , Renaudin P. , Chenais-Popovics C. , Gauthier J. C.
Published: March 2009

A study of the effects of photoionization of a laser-produced plasma has been carried out by modeling the fluorescence of resonance lines due to cascades. The photoionization source is the X-ray M-band emission of a laser-produced high-Z plasma and it perturbs a ground state He-like aluminum plasma. Simulations have been performed to study the conditions necessary to maximize the fluorescence and guide future experiments. A collisional-radiative model is used to determine the optimal temperature and density of the pumped plasma, while hydrodynamic models are used to produce realistic plasma gradients and explore the optimum time delay of the photopumping.
Imaging spectroscopy of high-temperature plasma sources
Authors: Bryunetkin B. A. , Pikuz S. A. , Skobelev I. Y. , Faenov A. Y.
Published: March 2009

The imaging spectrograph with spherical crystal and transmission grating have been used to obtain the high spectrally and spatially resolved images of plasma X-ray microsources (fast z-pinch) as well as of laser-produced plasma flares up to 5 mm in extent. The spectral resolution λ/Δλ = 2·104 have been achieved using a quartz spherical mirror with the curvature radius 500 mm. Using a transmission grating spectrometer, the spectral density of power about 105 W/A in the “water window” has been measured in experiments with a fast z-pinch large pulse storage facility.
High-power cw CO2 transverse flow laser with a stable multipass cavity: Comparative study
Authors: Kukiełło P. , Rabczuk G.
Published: March 2009

A modular cw CO2 transverse flow, self-sustained discharge-excited laser at an average output power of 1.2 kW was designed and built at the IFFM of the Polish Academy of Sciences for industrial applications. Performance characteristics of the laser measured for a stable resonator folded into different types of multipass configurations are reported and compared.
Beam-smoothing effect in broad-band random-phase irradiation
Authors: Matsushima I. , Owadano Y. , Matsumoto Y. , Okuda I. , Tomie T. , Koyama K. , Staffin R. , Yano M.
Published: March 2009

A new technique to achieve smooth laser irradiation profiles on laser fusion targets is evaluated numerically and experimentally. In this technique, smoothing is obtained by using a spectral dispersing optic and a random-phase plate placed in front of a focusing lens employing the broad-bandwidth of KrF lasers. Experimental results and numerical calculations agree well, verifying that this simple optical system is effective for smooth irradiation on targets.