bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Expansion and Contexts of a Global Player from an Emerging Market: The Case of Sabmiller 1993–2013
Authors: Gonzalez-Perez Maria-Alejandra , Vasquez-Melo Maria-Teresa , Rios-Molina Carolina
Published: June 2015

This article presents an empirical and theoretical contribution to the existing firm internationalization literature, by providing an analysis of the internationalization process followed by the emerging country multinational SABMiller during the period 1993–2013. Its findings are based on a single type II case study, contributes to international business literature providing a theoretically founded analysis of internationalization of emerging market multinational. After analyzing SABMiller’s internationalization process to the light of different theoretical lenses of the internationalization theories it was found that the success of emerging markets multinationals depend of complementary characteristics between emerging world dynamics, and organizational innovations learnt and leverage at developed markets.
From Victim to Taking Control
Authors: Kvarme Lisbeth Gravdal , Aabø Liv Sandnes , Sæteren Berit
Published: June 2015

School bullying is a serious problem affecting the victims in their daily lives at school. The aim of this study was to investigate whether support groups were able to help the victims of bullying to overcome their victim status and to explore what it means to be a member of a support group. An exploratory qualitative design, with individual and focus group interviews, was used. The sample consisted of 19 schoolchildren, aged 12–13 years, 3 of whom were victimized. Six individual interviews and three focus group interviews were conducted. Findings show that support groups contribute to the cessation of bullying and improvements remain 3 months later. The support groups experience feeling important and helping others. It is important for the school nurse and teachers to follow up with victimized children, in collaboration with their parents, to help the victim to no longer be a victim and to take control.
Design and Evaluation of New Unified Criteria for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Based on the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Criteria
Authors: Umemura Yutaka , Yamakawa Kazuma , Kiguchi Takeyuki , Yoshikawa Yoshiaki , Ogura Hiroshi , Shimazu Takeshi , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Fujimi Satoshi
Published: June 2015

Background:

Current disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) criteria are insufficient for predicting mortality. Hemostatic endothelial molecular markers are useful for DIC diagnoses. We aimed to design new DIC criteria involving these markers based on the recently published Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) DIC criteria, which exhibit higher sensitivity for mortality.

Materials and Methods:

Patients with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in Japan between September 2009 and November 2011 were included. Clinical data, including hemostatic endothelial molecular markers, were measured within 12 hours after admission. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted for 8 candidate variables to identify the mortality-related markers. Then, we designed new unified criteria based on the JAAM DIC criteria and involving the identified optimal markers.

Results:

Of the 79 patients, 66 (83.5%) survived and 13 (16.5%) died. Protein C activity correlated best with mortality with a very high prognostic value (area under the curves [AUCs] = 0.850; P < .001), followed by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (AUC = 0.828; P < .001). The unified criteria, consisting of the JAAM DIC criteria plus these 2 markers, exhibited greater prognostic value for mortality (sensitivity, 84.6%; specificity, 80.3%). Moreover, DIC-positive patients using the unified criteria had significantly higher disease severity, as indicated by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores.

Conclusion:

Our unified criteria involving hemostatic endothelial molecular markers reflected not only mortality but also the severity of illness in patients with severe sepsis.
Systemic capillary leak syndrome in a patient receiving adjuvant oxaliplatin for locally advanced colon cancer
Authors: Anderson Brandon J , Peterson Lindsay L
Published: June 2015

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in the USA each year. Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, is part of the standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimen FOLFOX (oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil [5-FU] and leucovorin [LV]) for the treatment of stage III and some high-risk stage II colorectal cancers. Although oxaliplatin is generally well tolerated, certain side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and peripheral neuropathy are common. We report a case of oxaliplatin-induced capillary-leak syndrome in a 63-year-old man undergoing his 12th and final cycle of FOLFOX for stage III colorectal cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first case of systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) reported in association with oxaliplatin. Currently, there is no prevention for SCLS. Documenting future cases of SCLS attributed to oxaliplatin is vital, as SCLS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and no standard treatments beyond supportive care measures exist. Early recognition and diagnosis are therefore essential to improving patient outcomes.
TPP, TTIP and RCEP
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Masudur , Ara Laila Arjuman
Published: June 2015

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) could be the biggest trade deals in history. As the European Union (EU), the United States (US) and RCEP countries are the biggest trading partner of all South Asian countries, such preferential tariff arrangements could lead to a significant erosion of preferences enjoyed currently by the South Asian countries. Against this backdrop, the main objective of the present study is to investigate the potential economic impacts of tariff eliminations under TPP, TTIP and RCEP on South Asian countries using a standard computable general equilibrium model. The analysis evinces that under complete integration, in terms of tariff elimination, under these three mega deals, the excluded South Asian countries could face a tremendous negative impact on their economies. The analysis also suggests that South Asia may consider joining the TPP to minimize the negative economic impact due to arise from these mega deals.
Endovascular embolization for the treatment of right carotid-jugular arteriovenous fistula, with communicating left vertebral-right jugular arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Mentzer Caleb J , Yon James R , Beatty John S , Holsten Steven B
Published: June 2015

Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas of the neck are a relatively uncommon injury, whose ramifications can include immediate or delayed neurological insults, massive bleeding, or death. Angiography and embolization have been increasingly used to manage this complex injury pattern. In this particular case, the patient underwent management of bilateral communicating arteriovenous fistulae using a commercially available plug occlusion device. Epidemiology, with an emphasis on patient management and outcomes, is discussed.
A framework for providing information in individualised funding programmes
Authors: Laragy Carmel , David Christina , Moran Nicola
Published: June 2015

The need for all people with disability to have access to reliable information before they can make informed choices in individualised funding programmes is well documented. However, little guidance exists on how information can be provided to ensure it reaches its target audience. While information provision is important everywhere, there is a pressing need in the Australian context to ensure all people have access to information as the National Disability Insurance Scheme is designed and introduced. The authors identified key principles of information provision documented in the literature and used these to analyse their data from Australian studies of individualised funding programmes. The data came from 143 transcripts and records of interview in five studies conducted from 2011 to 2013. The analysis confirmed the importance of the principles previously documented and identified two additional principles, these being related to gender and ‘hard to reach’ groups. This analysis informs a new framework to increase equity and improve people’s access to information in individualised funding programmes. Information needs to be: (i) accessible and diverse in format, mode, source and location; (ii) personalised and targeted; (iii) accurate, consistent and timely; (iv) from a trusted source; (v) independent; (vi) culturally appropriate; (vii) actively promoted to ‘hard to reach’ groups and (viii) gender appropriate. This paper provides a new framework to guide information in individualised funding programmes for professionals in roles ranging from policy makers to service delivery.
Nominal Group Technique: An accessible and interactive method for conceptualizing the sexual self-advocacy of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Owen Aleksa , Arnold Katie , Friedman Carli , Sandman Linda
Published: June 2015

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities must often advocate for themselves in many facets of life, including sexuality. Because of this, sexual self-advocacy is an important concept to develop and apply to policy and practice. This paper provides a conceptualization of sexual self-advocacy, a view of sexuality formulated by adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities that is closely tied to the values of the Self-Advocacy Movement. In describing the study process, this paper also puts forth the Participatory Action Research method, Nominal Group Technique, as an accessible method for gaining insight from adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The choice of Nominal Group Technique as a research method was motivated by several factors. Nominal Group Technique served to counterbalance many of the potential research difficulties when working with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, including the need for understandable, inclusive, and participatory ways to access data from people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and addressed the topic of sexual self-advocacy that is important to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Planning and Public–Private Partnerships
Authors: Larsen Kristin
Published: June 2015

Many historians document the divorce between housing reform and planning. Yet, key advocates for government-supported housing during the early twentieth century considered the two highly interconnected, taking the form of the garden city. Members of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) translated the garden city into a uniquely American vision of complete communities that partnered government and entrepreneurial initiatives. Examining these lesser studied principles through the writings and advocacy of pioneer garden city planner and British government houser Raymond Unwin and prominent RPAA members Clarence Stein and Henry Wright broaden our understanding of early housing programs.
Menorrhagia Management in Iranian Traditional Medicine
Authors: Tansaz Mojgan , Memarzadehzavareh Hajar , Qaraaty Marzieh , Eftekhar Tahereh , Tabarrai Malihe , Kamalinejad Mohammad
Published: June 2015

Menorrhagia is a common problem. Medical management for menorrhagia includes hormonal and nonhormonal treatments. These treatments have different side effects, which reduce quality of life. Complementary and traditional medicines have been used to handle menorrhagia for centuries in many cultures. There is a lot of information and data in Iranian traditional documents or books about medicinal herbs that are used by Iranian traditional medicine scientists for the treatment of menorrhagia. The aim of this study was to review the approaches to menorrhagia in Iranian traditional medicine texts. In this study, some main Iranian traditional medicine manuscripts including Canon of Medicine and Al-Havi of Rhazes were studied to extract important information about menorrhagia management. Iranian traditional medicine physicians have relied on an organized system of etiological theories and treatments for menorrhagia. Their methods for menorrhagia management may be able to convince the desire of many women to preserve their uterus and avoid hormonal therapy.
Sliding wear behaviour of plasma sprayed coatings on nickel based superalloy
Authors: Khan M. Adam , Sundarrajan S. , Duraiselvam M. , Natarajan S. , Kumar A. Senthil
Published: June 2015

In this paper, the sliding wear behaviour of nickel based superalloy pin was investigated on disc with two different coatings. The plasma sprayed NiCr–Cr2O3 coating and Al2O3+40%TiO2 (A40T) coating were used on the disc for wear studies. The sliding wear tests were performed on dry conditions at room temperature for a constant sliding velocity for two different applied loads (5 and 10 N). The mass loss, wear resistance and coefficient of friction between the pin and disc were studied during investigations. The wear mechanism involved in the NiCr–Cr2O3 coatings is three-body abrasion and Cr2O3 being the third body between pin and disc. The wear rate is high due to the applied load and suppressed cracks. In A40T coating, the minute debris collected on the surface of the coatings acts as a solid lubricant and reduces friction and wear rate. The SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis were also carried out for characterisation studies on pin after wear studies. The life of nickel pin on A40T coatings is found superior than the NiCr–Cr2O3 coated disc.
Statistically based splicing detection reveals neural enrichment and tissue-specific induction of circular RNA during human fetal development
Authors: Szabo Linda , Morey Robert , Palpant Nathan J. , Wang Peter L. , Afari Nastaran , Jiang Chuan , Parast Mana M. , Murry Charles E. , Laurent Louise C. , Salzman Julia
Published: June 2015

Background

The pervasive expression of circular RNA is a recently discovered feature of gene expression in highly diverged eukaryotes, but the functions of most circular RNAs are still unknown. Computational methods to discover and quantify circular RNA are essential. Moreover, discovering biological contexts where circular RNAs are regulated will shed light on potential functional roles they may play.

Results

We present a new algorithm that increases the sensitivity and specificity of circular RNA detection by discovering and quantifying circular and linear RNA splicing events at both annotated and un-annotated exon boundaries, including intergenic regions of the genome, with high statistical confidence. Unlike approaches that rely on read count and exon homology to determine confidence in prediction of circular RNA expression, our algorithm uses a statistical approach. Using our algorithm, we unveiled striking induction of general and tissue-specific circular RNAs, including in the heart and lung, during human fetal development. We discover regions of the human fetal brain, such as the frontal cortex, with marked enrichment for genes where circular RNA isoforms are dominant.

Conclusions

The vast majority of circular RNA production occurs at major spliceosome splice sites; however, we find the first examples of developmentally induced circular RNAs processed by the minor spliceosome, and an enriched propensity of minor spliceosome donors to splice into circular RNA at un-annotated, rather than annotated, exons. Together, these results suggest a potentially significant role for circular RNA in human development.
Complementary action of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-17A induces interleukin-23, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, and matrix metalloproteinases and drives bone and cartilage pathology in experimental arthritis: rationale for combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: van Nieuwenhuijze Annemarie E. M. , van de Loo Fons A. , Walgreen Birgitte , Bennink Miranda , Helsen Monique , van den Bersselaar Liduine , Wicks Ian P. , van den Berg Wim B. , Koenders Marije I.
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Type 17 T helper cells and interleukin (IL)-17 play important roles in the pathogenesis of human and murine arthritis. Although there is a clear link between IL-17 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the inflammatory cascade, details about their interaction in arthritic synovial joints are unclear. In view of the introduction of GM-CSF and IL-17 inhibitors to the clinic, we studied how IL-17 and GM-CSF orchestrate the local production of inflammatory mediators during experimental arthritis.

Methods

To allow detection of additive, complementary or synergistic effects of IL-17 and GM-CSF, we used two opposing experimental approaches: treatment of arthritic mice with neutralising antibodies to IL-17 and GM-CSF and local overexpression of these cytokines in naive synovial joints. Mice were treated for 2 weeks with antibodies against IL-17 and/or GM-CSF after onset of collagen-induced arthritis. Naive mice were injected intraarticularly with adenoviral vectors for IL-17 and/or GM-CSF, resulting in local overexpression. Joint inflammation was monitored by macroscopic scoring, X-rays and histology. Joint washouts, synovial cell and lymph node cultures were analysed for cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory mediators by Luminex analysis, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Combined therapeutic anti-IL-17 and anti-GM-CSF ameliorated arthritis progression, and joint damage was dramatically reduced compared with treatment with anti-IL-17 or anti-GM-CSF alone. Anti-IL-17 specifically reduced synovial IL-23 transcription, whereas anti-GM-CSF reduced transcription of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). Overexpression of IL-17 or GM-CSF in naive knee joints elicited extensive inflammatory infiltrate, cartilage damage and bone destruction. Combined overexpression revealed additive and synergistic effects on the production of MMPs, RANKL and IL-23 in the synovium and led to complete destruction of the joint structure within 7 days.

Conclusions

IL-17 and GM-CSF differentially mediate the inflammatory process in arthritic joints and show complementary and local additive effects. Combined blockade in arthritic mice reduced joint damage not only by direct inhibition of IL-17 and GM-CSF but also by indirect inhibition of IL-23 and RANKL. Our results provide a rationale for combination therapy in autoinflammatory conditions, especially for patients who do not fully respond to inhibition of the separate cytokines.
1,4-Selective Diels–Alder Reaction of 9,10-Diethynylanthracene with 3,6-Difluorobenzyne
Authors: Tsuchido Yoshitaka , Ide Tomohito , Suzaki Yuji , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: June 2015

Diels–Alder reaction of 9,10-bis(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butynyl)anthracene with 3,6-difluorobenzyne yields the naphthobarrelene derivative via 1,4-addition of difluorobenzyne in a higher yield than the 9,10-adduct having a triptycene core. The DFT calculations revealed that the intermediate for the former reaction is stabilized more significantly by attractive interaction between a fluorine atom at the benzyne ring and a hydrogen atom at the anthracene ring.
Single-Crystal Organic Field-Effect Transistors of Naphthodifurans
Authors: Mitsui Chikahiko , Soeda Junshi , Miwa Kazumoto , Shoyama Kazutaka , Ota Yoshinori , Tsuji Hayato , Takeya Jun , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: June 2015

Three types of naphthodifurans (NDFs) have been designed as active organic materials in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and one of them, naphtho[2,1-b:6,5-b′]difuran, has been found to show an excellent OFET mobility of up to 3.6 cm2 V−1 s−1. Based on the crystal-packing structure and theoretical analyses, we attribute the high carrier mobility of the NDF derivatives to large intermolecular interactions and small reorganization energies. The NDF compounds show very high thermal and electrochemical stability. Together with some previous studies, the present study indicates that fused furan compounds show a performance that is equal to or better than that of the corresponding thiophene compounds.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Reductive Carboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Compounds with Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Hayashi Chika , Hayashi Takuo , Yamada Tohru
Published: June 2015

The gaseous carbon dioxide incorporation reaction with α,β-unsaturated compounds was examined in the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(acetylacetonato)cobalt(II) and using diethylzinc as a reductant. After screening with various electron-withdrawing groups, both α,β-unsaturated nitriles and carboxamides were found to efficiently capture carbon dioxide to provide the corresponding carboxylates or malonates in good to excellent yields under mild conditions.
Synthesis, Properties, and Redox Behavior of Ferrocenyl-1,1,4,4-tetracyano-1,3-butadienes Connected by Arylamine and Azobenzene Spacers
Authors: Shoji Taku , Kamata Natsumi , Maruyama Akifumi , Ito Shunji , Okujima Tetsuo
Published: June 2015

Ferrocene-substituted 1,1,4,4-tetracyano-1,3-butadienes (FcTCBDs) connected by arylamine and azobenzene spacers were prepared by the reaction of a variety of alkynes with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, followed by retroelectrocyclization of the initially formed [2 + 2] cycloadducts (i.e., cyclobutene derivatives). The characteristic intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the donors (ferrocene and arylamine) to the acceptor (TCBD) moieties was investigated by using UV–vis spectroscopy. The redox behaviors of the FcTCBDs were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed their promising redox properties with multi-electron transfer depending on the number of FcTCBD moieties in the molecules. Moreover, significant color changes were observed by visible spectroscopy under the electrochemical reduction conditions.
Formation of the national innovation system of tourism development as a factor of investment climate improvement in the region
Authors: Халимбеков Хаджимурад , Khalimbekov Khadzhimurad , Шахбанова Заира , Shakhbanova Zaira
Published: June 2015

The article analyzes the impact of tourism on improving investment climate in the region. The main factors of investment attractiveness of the developing areas of tourism are considered, among which the ability of the tourism industry to develop on almost any site with a variety of conditions and resources of activity that is related to diversity of tourist activities; and the multiplier effect of tourism development which contributes to the development of related sectors of activity. The article presents the results of a study of various aspects of the formation of the national innovation system for the development of tourism. In particular, characterized are the features of the implementation of the cluster approach to the development of tourism in the territories of the Russian Federation, among which the most outstanding are: the lack of experience in the implementation of the cluster approach or

unsuccessful attempts to copy foreign experience; priority areas in the development of only one type of clusters — the territorial-production; imperfection of the regulatory framework. These problems, according to the authors, exist along with the typical problems of tourism clusters, which include inadequate specialized infrastructure and services; the poor state of the key tourist sites; failure to comply with quality standards (or their absence) for services offered to tourists. According to the analysis of the legal documentation in the tourism sector of the Russian Federation and monitoring of the development of tourist areas in the article substantiated is the conclusion about the need to tough public policy, defining legal boundaries and strategic guidelines for the development of tourism on the innovative type, as well as the need to adjust the existing practice of tourism territories, which currently does not increase the investment attractiveness of regions.
Problems of education development in Russia and solutions
Authors: Евдокимова Юлия , Evdokimova Yuliya
Published: June 2015

The article describes and analyzes the methodology of rating institutions of higher education according to the Times Higher Education. The most significant indicators are the total citation of scientific publications, scientific reputation of the university in certain areas and academic reputation of each higher educational institution, including research activities and the quality of education. Analyzed are programs of educational crediting of leading Russian banks. The main problems of education in Russia: insufficient equipment of educational institutions, the need for restructuring and the creation of an independent quality control, alignment of business conditions for state and non-state institutions. The possible solutions to these problems are suggested. They are attributed the development of specific criteria for equipment institutions, differentiated by the type of educational organizations and their activities. As part of financing of equipment organizations is making the cost of equipping of educational institutions according to normative per capita funding. Considered are positive and negative effects of restructuring of educational institutions. In particular, globalization different levels of education institutions. Identified are obligatory components of independent quality control systems of education. The criteria by which subsequently will be monitored the quality of education should be developed centrally, go through public debate and be adopted by an open vote among teachers, that is, direct executors. Analyzed and summarized the results of public opinions about the quality of education in Russia. Revealed is dissatisfaction with the education system in Russia by a large percentage of the respondents. The options of the implementation of network forms of education with the creation of specialized classes in the third stage of secondary school are stressed: in-depth study of certain basic general subjects, or an introduction to the core curriculum subjects of specific areas of training for bachelors.
Current trends in the field of tourism in global cities of the world
Authors: Александрова Анна , Aleksandrova Anna
Published: June 2015

The article focuses on global cities as the essential framework of the world tourism system. Long-term trends in tourism development (tourist flows, transport services, accommodation, types of tourism) in global cities are revealed. The growth of tourist flows and their concentration in global cities with stably high proportion of international tourist arrivals and expanding geography of tourist flows in urban agglomerations is confirmed. The increasing availability of urban agglomerations as a precondition for tourist flows growth, the greening of inner-city transport and expanding global cities tourism product range by using new means of transport can be observed in the field of transportation. As for accommodation, the ability to change and fit to new and dynamic global hotel industry development under the influence of internal and external environment as well as structural changes in global cities´ hotel capacity are aimed at increasing their comfort level; saturation of hotel services supply in central parts of global cities and city suburbs´ revival are discussed. A trend towards tourism diversification as a requirement for global cities´ travel market sustain-ability is demonstrated. Changes in hosting tourists in urban agglomerations are also discussed. Tourism development in world global cities is traced throughout 30-50 years. The article is prepared on the basis of extensive statistical data from official sources, such as tourism administrations, convention bureaus and urban statistical organizations. Tourism experience of the global cities in America (New York), Europe (Paris, London, Barcelona et al.) and Asia-Pacific region (Singapore, Hong Kong and others) is summed up. It is concluded that in general tourism in modern Moscow has the same basic long-term trends as in other world global cities.
Under One Roof: A Study of Simultaneously Managed Hedge Funds and Funds of Hedge Funds
Authors: Agarwal Vikas , Lu Yan , Ray Sugata
Published: June 2015

We examine the simultaneous management of hedge funds and funds of hedge funds. Hedge fund firms can choose to simultaneously offer a fund of hedge funds. Similarly, fund of hedge funds firms can simultaneously offer a hedge fund. We find that although superior past performance and larger size drive the decision to become simultaneous for hedge fund firms, past flows drive the decision for fund of hedge funds firms. The effects of simultaneity are also different. When hedge fund firms start funds of hedge funds, we find evidence of value creation, driven by better management of economies of scale and cross learning. In contrast, fund of hedge funds firms starting hedge funds destroy value due to expansion beyond core competencies and agency problems. We find that firms learn about their competencies in the two business lines and discontinue underperforming simultaneity arrangements to focus on the business where they perform better.

This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
US Foreign Policy towards Cuba: Historical Roots, Traditional Explanations and Alternative Perspectives
Authors: Raúl Rodríguez  , Harry Targ
Published: June 2015

This article examines the various interpretations of the root causes of US foreign policy towards Cuba. Examining 250 years of policies articulated and defended by prominent US foreign policy decision-makers, the authors decide that geopolitical, economic and ideological explanations of why the US has behaved towards Cuba the way it has need to be supplemented by an understanding of the counter-revolutionary US foreign policy agenda. Drawing upon North American scholars, many of whom have been critics of US policy, and interpreted by a US and Cuban scholarly lens, the article suggests that examinations of the fundamental motivations for US policy go beyond common explanations and should be applied to the recent dramatic announcements by Presidents Barack Obama and Raúl Castro that relationships between the two countries will be significantly changing in the near future.
American hýbris: US Democracy Promotion in Cuba after the Cold War — Part 2
Authors: Alessandro Badella
Published: June 2015

This second part of the article deals with the importance of democracy promotion towards Cuba as an internal political issue in the US, the so-called ‘two-level game’. In the last decade, democracy promotion has been receiving criticisms from the academic community and policymakers. The backlash on democracy promotion, the unintended consequences of democratic assistance in developing countries and the difficulty of predicting outcomes of democracy promotion in ‘transitional countries’ posed several questions to US foreign democratic assistance. While at a theoretical level, these problems have helped to redefine US democratic efforts abroad, the Cuban case has been highly dominated by democracy promotion as the cornerstone of US Cuba policy. Apart from Obama's new course with Cuba, which has not dramatically changed US goals on the island, US vision and strategy for the Cuban democratic transition have survived: despite everything, the US has continued to promote democracy in Cuba, with little or no change. In fact, despite Obama not abandoning democratisation, it seems he is pursuing a more ‘teleological approach’ to the matter.
Bandits, Patriots or Delinquents? Social Protest in Rural Cuba (1878–1902)
Authors: Imilcy Balboa Navarro  , Translated by Bonnie A. Lucero
Published: June 2015

A charismatic form of banditry has been broadly interpreted as the only manifestation of rural protest in nineteenth-century Cuba, a version of history encouraged by the Spanish authorities who criminalised protest demonstrations in the countryside to justify repression against supporters of independence and the rural population in general. But there were also other forms of protest that were more ‘silent’ and less visible but equally effective. By analysing the socioeconomic changes and the expressions of social unrest, as well as their methods and motivations, this article examines the different ways farmers and labourers reacted against oppression in the period from 1878 after the end of the first war of independence, to 1902 when the first Cuban Republic was established.
Powerful Subjects: The Duplicity of Slave Owners in Nineteenth-Century Cuba
Authors: Manuel Barcia
Published: June 2015

This article explores the ways in which Cuban-based merchants and planters attempted to keep a robust control upon their increasingly large slave population, while endeavouring to show to the rest of the world an idyllic picture of Cuban slavery. By using James C. Scott's concepts of ‘Hidden’ and ‘Public Transcripts’, the article examines primary sources produced precisely by those merchants and planters, sources that were meant to be kept between them. Thus, the article offers a window into their world and a good tool to understand their reasoning.
Living the Carmelite Mission: “Or, Rather of What Use Is Delphina?”
Authors: Liptak Dolores
Published: June 2015

In 1813, Delphina Smith became the twenty-third candidate to be professed at the Carmelite monastery in Port Tobacco, Maryland. Entering this religious house – unique because it was the first religious house to be established by our nation’s first bishop – she was being professed in a monastery that was unique in still another regard. Amazingly, this cloister had been founded in 1790 by four Carmelite women religious who had already been very much involved in the monasteries they had entered in the Low Countries (now Belgium and the Netherlands). Three of the four, however, had actually been born in Maryland and had close generational ties there. Now, as missionaries, they planned to begin America’s first Carmel; none had any intention of engaging in the needed apostolic service that the new environment demanded. Instead, they expected to continue their witness to the gospel through strict enclosure just as they had been doing in Europe. Almost immediately, the nuns clarified their intention when asked by Bishop John Carroll to take up active ministry at Port Tobacco. Decades later, Delphina must have recalled the intentions of the founders when, in poetic form, she penned her thoughtful words regarding her personal “usefulness” in this new land. After all, she clearly understood, as Carroll had, that her community was perceived by Americans as decidedly countercultural in a rapidly growing country that could hardly comprehend the notion of a “hidden life” of constant prayer. No wonder this prayerful young woman questioned whether she could be “of use” to both society and church in such circumstances.
Nuns’ Stories: Writing the History of Women Religious in the United States
Authors: McCauley Bernadette
Published: June 2015

Twenty-five years ago, a conference at St. Catherine’s College in St. Paul launched a new wave in the historiography of women religious in the United States. Nurtured by archivists and historians of the Conference on the History of Women Religious, the field subsequently reached a new level of historical inquiry with numerous studies that revealed the enormous attraction of the religious life for generations of American women, how that life often allowed women religious an autonomy and public role not available to their contemporaries, and investigated the challenges and struggles sisters confronted as women in the Catholic Church. The work identified the influential role of sisters in American Catholicism and, moreover, their influence in the larger landscape of American society and culture by illustrating how women religious touched the lives of Americans in critical ways that had resonance in and outside of the church in, for example, the development of education, healthcare, and social welfare in the United States, and in American expansion and urban growth. This article discusses major themes that have emerged in studies produced over the past decades, and suggests some areas that invite further research.
Stages Along Life’s Way: House of Hospitality and the Development of Dorothy Day’s Spirituality
Authors: Richey Lance Byron
Published: June 2015

Although House of Hospitality has received less scholarly attention than Dorothy Day’s other works, it remains an essential document for understanding Day’s spiritual evolution. This paper will examine the theological language and categories used by Day in House of Hospitality to interpret her work with the poor. As will be shown, in 1939 Day’s self-understanding of her work was still (compared to her later writings) relatively unsophisticated and unduly dependent upon the language of popular Catholic piety. This lack of any sustained and consistent theological vocabulary in House of Hospitality , I argue, reveals the importance of Day’s subsequent discovery of the Retreat Movement of Father Onesimus Lacouture, S.J. and its subsequent influence on her understanding of both her conversion and the meaning of the Catholic Worker movement. I conclude that, while it is clearly an imperfect and preliminary work, House of Hospitality offers a unique backdrop against which the distinctive spirituality of her mature works is revealed even more fully. As such, it remains an indispensable witness to her life and worthy of our continued attention.
Joseph Jessing, German-American Catholics, and National Myth-Making in Late Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Stefaniuk Thomas
Published: June 2015

This article contributes to the study of American Catholic identity formation by exploring the process by which German-American Catholics in the late nineteenth century tried to negotiate an identity that allowed for cultural maintenance but also gave them a sense of national belonging in America. This is done by examining the rhetoric of a leading opinion-shaper in the German-American Catholic diaspora, Joseph Jessing, who edited a leading German language Catholic newspaper, The Ohio Orphans’ Friend ( Ohio Waisenfreund ). His mission of preserving German Catholicism in the face of “Americanization” faced a quandary. As the church in the United States itself began to Americanize, the “German” and “Catholic” pillars of the diaspora’s identity were increasingly at odds with each other. In the negotiation of a national identity, the forging and perpetuation of national myths played a critical role. Jessing and other opinion-shapers increasingly had to choose between the mythology of a “German America” and that of a “Catholic America,” which took as its main symbol the Catholic explorer Christopher Columbus. Although reluctant to make a clear choice, Jessing’s participation in the emerging foundational myth of a Catholic America ultimately made him an unknowing contributor in the Americanization of German-American Catholics.
“We Must Seek on the Highways the Unconverted”: Kathryn Magnolia Johnson and Literary Activism on the Road
Authors: Carr Jane Greenway
Published: June 2015

Kathryn Magnolia Johnson was an African American activist whose literary activism deserves greater attention and who transformed her Ford Coupe into a roving bookstore and editorial office during the 1920s. Using archival sources like Johnson’s unpublished autobiography, this essay asserts that her literary history belongs in a nineteenth-century tradition of itinerancy and editorial evangelism by African American women. My argument for a literary-historical approach to Johnson as an editorial figure invested in a long nineteenth-century framework is threefold: first, that Johnson’s compilation, distribution, and revisions to her “Two-Foot Shelf” makes her an editor and curator; second, that Johnson’s work marks a significant example of how early car culture encouraged interventions into gendered discourses of mobility in the American landscape; and finally, that Johnson’s efforts taking literary activism on the road served to amplify the possibilities, as well as the limits, of civic belonging available to her (and others engaged in similar endeavors) as an African American woman in the early twentieth century.
A Transnational Wildlife Drama: Dian Fossey, Popular Environmentalism, and the Origins of Gorilla Tourism
Authors: Shaffer Marguerite S.
Published: June 2015

This essay offers a transnational examination of popular environmentalism in the post–World War II era. By exploring the many stories that have coalesced around Dian Fossey, specifically her fieldwork with mountain gorillas in Rwanda, her rise to fame as a female celebrity scientist in the late 1960s and 1970s, and the representation of her work in popular media, the essay examines Fossey’s contradictory role in the emergence of gorilla tourism as a new form of global wildlife conservation. Fossey’s story and her legacy expose the complex intersections between gender, race, nature, and cultural representation as environmentalism emerged as a global issue in the second half of the twentieth century. Her work with the mountain gorillas and her image as a celebrity scientist created a new logic for human–gorilla encounters that informed a new way to value wildlife. The essay speaks to the larger implications of thinking and acting with animals on a global stage and what it reveals about the cultural origins of transnational environmental policy as well as the impact of these culturally informed environmental practices. It traces the shift away from traditional conservation and the Romantic ideal of wilderness toward the new conservation and the ideal of natural capital.
The Chicano/a Photographic: Art as Social Practice in the Chicano Movement
Authors: Gunckel Colin
Published: June 2015

While photography within the Chicano movement functioned as a tool of counternarrative or self-representation, California-based Chicano/a artists during this period also mobilized a photographic impulse across media. The concept of the Chicano photographic proposes that the practices, circulation, and idea of photography functioned in this context as inspiration for artwork in other media, as an archive of vernacular expression, as a conceptual device, and as documentation of process-based works. By examining four key practices or concepts in early Chicana/o cultural production—the alternative press, muralism, rasquachismo , and artists associated with the group Asco—this essay argues that the multidimensional mobilization of photography was central to the participatory and community-based foundations of early Chicano/a art. Approaching practices as being simultaneously visual and social in nature holds implications for the analysis of Chicana/o artwork and for its relationship to art history.
Frances Burney’s Theatricality
Authors: Frank Marcie
Published: June 2015

Although Frances Burney’s readers have long recognized her theatricality, the extent to which her novels are infused by the theater has not yet been fully appreciated. I argue that theater is meaningful in her novels in at least three ways simultaneously: as a setting, as a dynamic in the heroines’ education, and as a formal principle of the novels’ designs. By identifying and analyzing the narrative innovations her theatricality sparks, including her experiments with free indirect discourse, I would recall for the history of the novel the importance of the stage, the other most important popular medium of its time, the ground-zero of her contemporary readers’ aesthetic experiences, as well as of 18th-century aesthetic theory.
The Itinerant “I”: John Clare’s Lyric Defiance
Authors: Nicholson Michael
Published: June 2015

The present essay examines how the extraordinarily itinerant lyric “I” of the late Romantic poet John Clare constitutes a historical revision of the critical narratives of lyric containment and immediacy that consolidated from Victorian era onward and have recently been contested by lyric theorists of address, apostrophe, and history. Yet because Clare’s poetry critiques a particular historical moment when Britain saw itself as an enclosed island of enclosed estates, his work presents speakers whose irrepressible, traveling energies are not easily defined by any of today’s current theories of lyric. Clare’s revisionary “I”s stem from his sense that he had become as displaced, forgotten, and superseded as the unenclosed common greens of his childhood. Yet Clare’s alienation from the present moment of his writing also results from the neglect of his peasant poetry and his emotional sufferings as a semi-literate subject who experienced mental illness and was committed to an asylum. Together, these intense struggles against the historical, poetic, and personal pressures of enclosure positioned his work as out of sync with the chronologies and concerns of modernity. Clare transforms the poetic “I” into a haunting anachronism, an untimely vehicle that equally unsettles our ideas about lyric enclosure, apostrophe, and address.
Wonder, Marvels, and Metaphor in the Squire’s Tale
Authors: Karnes Michelle
Published: June 2015

With reference to Chaucer’s Squire’s Tale , this article argues that poetry appeals to marvels in order to highlight the similar imaginative work that poetry and marvels perform. It draws on medieval philosophical theories of marvels and metaphor to show that both pique the creative imagination by creating a rupture between what things are and what they seem. Inspiring wonder, marvels and metaphor also highlight the power of imaginative representation, which can account for an object’s force and impact better than strictly mimetic representation.
Moving accidents by flood and field”: The Arable and Tidal Worlds of George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss
Authors: Archer Jayne Elisabeth , Turley Richard Marggraf , Thomas Howard
Published: June 2015

The Mill on the Floss is often regarded as a pastoral work. In fact, arable landscape informs the language, themes and events of George Eliot’s novel. This essay recovers the original agri-environmental world described by Eliot and shows how the lives of the Tullivers and the fate of Dorlcote Mill are driven by the complex interaction of arable and tidal forces. Eliot’s meticulous research into these arable and tidal worlds is reconstructed and it is argued that in this work the novelist reflects on the impact of free market economics on food production and distribution, on agricultural livings and rural communities and on river and land management across Britain.
Andrew Marvell and the Epistemology of Carelessness
Authors: Simon David Carroll
Published: June 2015

This essay develops a new perspective on the scientific imagination in seventeenth-century England by attending to one of its wayward expositors, the poet Andrew Marvell. His famously difficult country-house poem, "Upon Appleton House" (1651), makes the unfamiliar suggestion that “carelessness” intensifies receptivity to natural (and other) phenomena. No extant interpretive rubric (sprezzatura, say, or “repression”) captures the genuine freedom from exertion Marvell asks us to discern in his speaker’s signature affect. The poet’s casual indifference casts a new light on the history of experimentalism extending from Francis Bacon to Robert Hooke and beyond.