bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why businessmen should be honest: The argument from rational egoism
Authors: Locke Edwin A. , Woiceshyn Jaana
Published: July 2007

You are a business owner who has just taken out a loan to manufacture a new high technology product, for which you have lucrative orders. Although you thought you could make the product to specifications, you have not been able to do so. You will not be able to meet the delivery deadline and cash is running short — so short that it is threatening the viability of the rest of your business. Things are in a critical state, but you desperately want the product to succeed. You have several options. You could tell the customers about your problems, ask for a postponement of the deadline, and hire an outside consultant to help with the product. But this will anger your customers, take time and not solve your cash flow problem.

You could also get another bank loan by telling the bank's president that you need it to expand an old line of business. You know he will refuse more money for the new product, but he does not have to be told how you will actually use the money. The loan will take a while to process but you need money now. You can get it from your children's college savings accounts; it would upset your wife (who helped fund the accounts) and the kids, but you do not have to tell them and can repay later. You can also borrow money from the employee pension fund. The employees do not have to know. Finally, you can ship the products even though they do not meet specs, and hope that nobody finds out right away. You can use customers' payment to pay back the various loans and worry about fixing the product later.

What should you do? Should you take the honest route or the dishonest route?

Clearly, you have to make a moral choice, but you can only do so by reference to a moral code. In this essay we will address three questions: (1) What are the main moral codes that have been accepted throughout the centuries and what are their views on honesty? (2) Why are they inadequate and what would be a rational moral code and its argument for honesty? (3) How would one apply it to the issue of businessmen being honest?
Reticular nucleus-specific changes in α3 subunit protein at GABA synapses in genetically epilepsy-prone rats
Authors: Liu Xiao-Bo , Coble Jeffrey , van Luijtelaar Gilles , Jones Edward G.
Published: July 2007

Differential composition of GABA
A
receptor (GABA
A
R) subunits underlies the variability of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission; alteration of specific GABA
A
R subunits in localized brain regions may contribute to abnormal brain states such as absence epilepsy. We combined immunocytochemistry and high-resolution ImmunoGold electron microscopy to study cellular and subcellular localization of GABA
A
R α1, α3, and β2/β3 subunits in ventral posterior nucleus (VP) and reticular nucleus (RTN) of control rats and WAG/Rij rats, a genetic model of absence epilepsy. In control rats, α1 subunits were prominent at inhibitory synapses in VP and much less prominent in RTN; in contrast, the α3 subunit was highly evident at inhibitory synapses in RTN. β2/β3 subunits were evenly distributed at inhibitory synapses in both VP and RTN. ImmunoGold particles representing all subunits were concentrated at postsynaptic densities with no extrasynaptic localization. Calculated mean number of particles for α1 subunit per postsynaptic density in nonepileptic VP was 6.1 ± 3.7, for α3 subunit in RTN it was 6.6 ± 3.4, and for β2/β3 subunits in VP and RTN the mean numbers were 3.7 ± 1.3 and 3.5 ± 1.2, respectively. In WAG/Rij rats, there was a specific loss of α3 subunit immunoreactivity at inhibitory synapses in RTN, without reduction in α3 subunit mRNA or significant change in immunostaining for other markers of RTN cell identity such as GABA or parvalbumin. α3 immunostaining in cortex was unchanged. Subtle, localized changes in GABA
A
R expression acting at highly specific points in the interconnected thalamocortical network lie at the heart of idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
Multilevel Interactions between Ethylene and Auxin inArabidopsisRoots
Authors: Stepanova Anna N. , Yun Jeonga , Likhacheva Alla V. , Alonso Jose M.
Published: July 2007

Hormones play a central role in the coordination of internal developmental processes with environmental signals. Herein, a combination of physiological, genetic, cellular, and whole-genome expression profiling approaches has been employed to investigate the mechanisms of interaction between two key plant hormones: ethylene and auxin. Quantification of the morphological effects of ethylene and auxin in a variety of mutant backgrounds indicates that auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling, and response are required for the ethylene-induced growth inhibition in roots but not in hypocotyls of dark-grown seedlings. Analysis of the activation of early auxin and ethylene responses at the cellular level, as well as of global changes in gene expression in the wild type versus auxin and ethylene mutants, suggests a simple mechanistic model for the interaction between these two hormones in roots, according to which ethylene and auxin can reciprocally regulate each other's biosyntheses, influence each other's response pathways, and/or act independently on the same target genes. This model not only implies existence of several levels of interaction but also provides a likely explanation for the strong ethylene response defects observed in auxin mutants.
Is life a balancing act?
Authors: Hughes Nicola
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this case study is to highlight to individuals and businesses the importance of work‐life balance and how it can have a massive impact on one's daily life. It aims to describe the pitfalls of not having a policy in place and also how a business can go about implementing a policy.

Design/methodology/approach

The subject scope of the paper is to inform employers and employees of all aspects of work‐life balance from the cause and effect to the methods available to help them achieve a great balance and improve productivity and wellbeing.

Findings

The case study shows that work‐life balance is having a massive impact not only on businesses productivity, but also on the economy as a whole. A massive amount of money is being lost due to illness, etc. The information included from companies such as BT who have already implemented a work‐life balance programme shows that the results are significant. The increase in staff wellbeing and productivity is amazing and shows that implementing these programmes really makes a difference.

Originality/value

The case study is invaluable to any employer who has a team of staff. The findings of the research undertaken with BT shows that companies cannot wait until work‐life balance becomes a “must have” – it needs to be implemented straightaway to ensure that staff are happy in their job and that no aspect of their career is contributing to ill health. BT show that by ensuring that “work‐life” balance is prevalent in their business they have reduced absenteeism, increased productivity and have a more responsive and effective workforce.
Electrical sector suffers from disconnection between Executive's education and vocational training policies
Authors: Wright David
Published: July 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to present the viewpoint of David Wright, head of External Affairs for SELECT, the Electrical Contractors' Association of Scotland. Its purpose is to highlight the adverse impact on the electrical sector of a disconnection between the Scottish Executive's education and vocational training policies.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper chronicles relations between the Scottish Executive vis‐à‐vis its education and vocational training policies and Scotland's electrical sector regarding the funding (or otherwise) of apprenticeships.

Findings

The paper points out that the Executive is simultaneously promoting a rise in the number of apprenticeships and a rise in the number of pupils staying on longer at school. The paper found that this contradiction has arisen largely as a consequence of the Westminster decision to fund apprenticeships for all 16‐18 year‐olds rather than provide social security payments for anyone unemployed within that age group, while the Executive is simultaneously encouraging 16‐18 year‐olds to stay on at school by funding them to do so. It found that an 18 year‐old leaving school seeking to embark on an apprenticeship will be unlikely to receive any funding, while a 16 year‐old will be guaranteed funding.

Practical implications

The paper covers SELECT's support for the policy promoted by the Scottish Parliament's Enterprise and Culture Committee for lifelong learning through the creation of individual learning accounts, whereby funding for vocational training is available to individuals of any age rather than restricted to narrow age parameters. It calls for funding programmes which recognise the practical consequences of the government's policies and which will enable people in their late teens and early 20s – and older – to train or retrain as apprentices.

Originality/value

This paper is of value to policymakers, employees, school pupils and apprentices.
Ethical reference practice
Authors: Ulvik Synnøve , Salvesen Gunhild
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the outcomes of a reference transaction can be improved by focusing on the ethical dimension of the conversation between user and librarian. The aim is to provide a better understanding of the ethical implications of the reference interview.

Design/methodology/approach

The starting point is the ethical questions raised by the results of Gunhild Salvesen's PhD thesis, where she analyses authentic reference interviews by the method Conversation Analysis (CA). She found several traits in the conversations between librarian and user with a negative influence on the quality of the transactions. To visualise the ethical implications of the same conversation, Løgstrup's ethics of proximity are used.

Findings

Analysing the conversations from an ethical perspective revealed that increased ethical consciousness among the librarians clearly would have improved the quality of the actual transactions. It is concluded that the total quality of reference transactions will increase by focusing on the ethical dimension.

Research limitations/implications

Using data from a researcher to validate the same data in another context might not be considered appropriate. However, using the transcripts from Salvesen's dissertation would serve the purpose of revealing the ethical implications of the interviews and their influence on the quality.

Practical implications

This work might contribute to increasing the ethical consciousness among reference librarians, and encourage them to improve their communication skills, to raise the quality of the interaction.

Originality/value

This way of using ethical theories in the analysis of authentic conversations between user and librarian is new. Likewise, using CA on reference interviews in a library setting is also new.
Sociotechnical walkthrough: a means for knowledge integration
Authors: Herrmann Thomas , Loser Kai‐Uwe , Jahnke Isa
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to show that for the successful development of socio‐technical systems it is essential that various stakeholders are able to integrate their different knowledge and perspectives. A method that supports knowledge integration in the course of introduction and development of socio‐technical systems is the Socio‐technical Walkthrough (STWT). The paper describes the characteristics of the STWT method and the potential to support knowledge integration.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretical approach of the STWT is closely related to the notion of socio‐technical systems. Starting with the historical development of this term, the authors saw the necessity to adopt elements of newer system theory so as to achieve a better understanding of the conditions under which a social system and a technical system can be integrated. Based on two empirical case studies (university library/logistic enterprise goes Web) the authors show empirical evidence, that the STWT is especially suitable when supporting certain kinds of knowledge integration.

Findings

The STWT is a method which is flexible and has the ability to integrate different viewpoints, to document the results of this integration, and to promote the development of a socio‐technical system which follows common design principles. Using two empirical case studies, the authors derived a list of categories which characterize the knowledge which should be integrated when a socio‐technical system is developed (e.g. agreements concerning the usage of a software system). Those elements of the STWT method which have a positive effect on knowledge integration are highlighted (e.g. continuously combining communication processes and graphical documentations).

Originality/value

Further research is necessary so as to understand how the exchange of knowledge and its integration takes place during workshops to design sociotechnical systems and how the methods can be improved and become more reliable. There also has to be a better understanding of the effect of different kinds of diagrammatic representations and the ways to refer to the representations during an STWT.
The Caribbean Financial Action Task Force: its mission, operations and future prospects
Authors: Wilson Calvin E.J. , Rattray Kurt B.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To outline the role of the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF), which has the remit to spearhead the implementation of internationally recognized anti‐money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) benchmarks in the Caribbean Basin region.

Design/methodology/approach

The first part of the paper sets out the mandate and structure of the CFATF, and describes the range of activities in which it has been engaged, together with some triumphs and challenges experienced over its history. The second part focuses on a critical component of the CFATF's remit, namely, the conduct of the mutual evaluation (MVE) programme, a peer review process by which member states within the CFATF family are assessed for compliance with AML/CFT requirements. The third part constitutes the conclusion and offers some observations on the way forward for the CFATF in its ongoing campaign against financial crime.

Findings

The Caribbean Basin region is ad idem with its international partners in the fight against money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Member governments of the CFATF have embraced this commitment because it is in the region's best interests to protect first and foremost the regional financial system from criminal activity and by extension the global financial system. In so doing we are able to position ourselves as well regulated, clean jurisdictions which are firmly committed to adherence to international best practices. The ongoing stance of the CFATF is one of constant vigilance with regard to international developments, their potential impact on members and the Caribbean Basin region and the way in which the region's interests could be best protected.

Originality/value

The task of the CFATF is to ensure that throughout the membership all the domestic stakeholders be it the National Anti Money Laundering Committee, the attorney general's department, the central bank, police, customs, immigration, defence departments, the financial intelligence units (FIUs), the judiciary and the magistracy all must take on the responsibility for ensuring that in the AML/CFT arena a culture of compliance is engendered throughout the national consciousness. The MEV reports on all CFATF members as the outcome of the monitoring for compliance process are now being published on the CFATF web site and will be of value to our international partners and in particular to the global investment community. The Caribbean Basin region through concerted action must strive for a positive and responsible international image and reputation and the publication of this paper is a step in that direction.
Anti‐corruption efforts in the Caribbean: are we doing enough?
Authors: Hylton Michael , Young Gladys
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The Caribbean countries referenced in the paper are parties to the Inter‐American Convention against Corruption and to its Follow‐up Mechanism (MESISIC). The convention has been in force for more than a decade, and the follow up mechanism has just completed its first round of review. The purpose of this paper is to provide timely and useful information as to the progress made in reducing corruption.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses some of the legislative and other measures to combat corruption taking into account corruption perception indices. The MESISIC reports were the primary source of information for the purposes of this paper. Reference was also made to the corruption perception indices produced by Transparency International and the World Bank as well as reports in the local media in each country.

Findings

It is found that the countries reviewed have taken substantial steps to combat corruption. It is also noted, however, that there were many areas of weakness, in particular lack of enforcement. In the circumstances, it is concluded that the countries reviewed were not doing enough to combat corruption and that much more needed to be done.

Originality/value

The authors are not aware of any similar research or paper. This paper reviews and presents the position in all seven countries, and should be valuable to anyone who wishes to ascertain the steps which have been taken by these countries in relation to the fight against corruption.
Banking crisis and reform: the case of Jamaica
Authors: Rattray Allison C.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The aim of this paper was to trace the development of the banking sector from post independence (1962) Jamaica to 2002 when the last major revisions were made to banking legislation.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper focuses mainly on the banking crisis that the financial sector suffered from 1992 to 1997. It examines the legislative and regulatory framework that existed during that period and the shortcomings that the financial crisis revealed. The impact of the financial crisis on the development of the legislative and regulatory framework and the resultant changes are also examined. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and legislative framework existing in the banking sector in Jamaica. Investigative research was done through interviews, newspaper articles and reviewing papers written on this area in conjunction with the analysis of the banking legislation during this period.

Findings

The present banking and regulatory framework in Jamaica developed in response to the financial crisis and not in a structured and planned way. This conclusion is drawn from the fact that there were three amendments to the banking legislation in five years crisis primarily to close the loopholes and weaknesses the financial crisis revealed that the regulators did not have the legislative power to remedy.

Originality/value

While papers have been written examining the financial crisis from an economic perspective this paper provides a comprehensive legal analysis of the banking and regulatory framework in Jamaica. This paper will be of interest to regulators and the legal community.
The Standards Australia sizing system: quantifying the mismatch
Authors: Honey Fleur , Olds Tim
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the three‐dimensional (3D) shapes of a sample of 18‐30 year old Australian women, to the 3D shapes assumed by the Standards Australia (SA) garment sizing system, using the newly developed L‐statistic, to suggest methods of improving current garment sizing systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The L‐statistic is a new method for quantifying the lack of fit between two sets of dimensions defining 3D shapes. Using the L‐value, 28 measurements were calculated from 3D scans on 294 18‐30 year old Australian women and compared to the SA sizing system. Each participant was assigned to a best‐fit size, which was the size yielding the lowest L‐value.

Findings

The results showed that there is a significant mismatch between the real 3D shapes of young Australian women and the shapes assumed by the SA sizing system, and that there is a difference of more than two sizes when comparing reported dress sizes and best‐fit clothing sizes.

Practical implications

Results suggest a need for revision of the current system, or development of a new system. Revision of current clothing sizes, or development of new sizes would be optimised by using 3D body scanning technology.

Originality/value

This paper outlines the use of the L‐statistic, a new method of comparing the shape of Australian women to the SA sizing system. The L‐statistic can also be used to compare any individual to any sizing system and to assess the lack‐of‐fit between any sizing system and a sample of scanned bodies.
A decade of Alternative Investment Market (AIM) – but little impact on the UK apparel sector
Authors: Jeffrey Michael
Published: July 2007

Purpose

This paper introduces the reader to the London Stock Exchange's Alternative Investment Market (AIM) and seeks to identify those companies listed that would be in the broad apparel sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper gives a numerical value of the stability/success of those companies by using the QuiScore rating system and capital gearing.

Findings

The paper considers the progress made by the companies in this sector on corporate governance looking at the extent of their moves towards the provisions of the combined code.

Originality/value

The paper sets out areas for further research in this field to extend this study and broaden the knowledge on secondary market development.
Tests of common real estate risk premia in a time‐varying expected return framework
Authors: Foo Sing Tien , Deng Leiting , Wang Hong
Published: July 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to test the predictability of the three asset classes, namely direct property, bond and property stocks in Singapore.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the generalized method of moment (GMM) estimation methodology, the authors first estimate the excess returns of assets on five instrumental variables and a constant term. Next the common risk factors are tested in three parts involving different portfolio of sample assets.

Findings

The empirical results shows that there are at most three common risk factors that can be used to predict the excess returns of six asset classes, that include four direct property assets, bonds and property stocks. The results also indicate that there are separate common risk premia that are priced in property stock and direct property markets, which indirectly reject the hypothesis that the two property markets are integrated.

Practical implications

The empirical results that reject the market integration between property and property stock markets imply that there are significant diversification benefits for holding both assets in investors' portfolios. The two property assets capture different risk premia in the markets.

Research limitations/implications

The GMM specifications that include five instrumental variables may not fully capture all risk information. Omission of other variables is, however, traded‐off against the parsimony of the model specification. More independent variables could be included in the future studies, and more asset classes could also be added to the tests.

Originality/value

The study provides alternative evidence to the test of market integration between property and property stocks in Singapore. It also verifies the earlier study in the USA that property and stock market effects could be separately priced by the market.
International variation in office yields: a panel approach
Authors: Hollies Ruth
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The outlook for investment yields is one of the key uncertainties facing the real estate investor at any time. By examining the relationship of yields to other factors across a large number of office markets, in many countries, over five years, the paper aims to establish relationships with important explanatory factors.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a panel estimation to pick up both the relationship between yields and the explanatory variables both in different locations and at different times. By using both a time and location dimension it is thought that a “truer” generic relationship can be estimated. Using this method aggregates all the available information simultaneously to establish the relationship between office yields and explanatory variables.

Findings

The results show that: locations with higher short‐term interest rates will on average have higher yields; liquid markets tend to have lower yields and similarly, transparent markets and markets with longer leases have lower yields.

Originality/value

As well as the practical applications of this analysis, it makes an academic contribution as yields remain poorly understood and most studies examine time series data in only one country. This international study is the fist of its kind.
Dynamic evaluation of autofocusing for automated microscopic analysis of blood smear and pap smear
Authors: LIU X. Y. , WANG W. H. , SUN Y.
Published: July 2007

Autofocusing is a fundamental procedure towards automated microscopic evaluation of blood smear and pap smear samples for clinical diagnosis. This paper presents comparison results of 16 selected focus algorithms based on 8000 static bright‐field images and 1600 dynamic autofocusing trials using 10 blood smear and pap smear samples. Besides static behaviour, dynamic autofocusing performance is introduced for ranking the 16 focus algorithms. The Fibonacci search algorithm is employed for controlling the z‐motor of the microscope to reach the focus position that is determined by focus objective functions. Experimental results demonstrate that the variance algorithm provides the best overall performance. Together with our previously reported findings, it is demonstrated that the variance algorithm or the normalized variance algorithm is the optimal focus algorithm for non‐fluorescence microscopy applications including pap smear and blood smear imaging.
Plasticity of human skeletal muscle: gene expression to in vivo function
Authors: Harridge Stephen D. R.
Published: July 2007

Human skeletal muscle is a highly heterogeneous tissue, able to adapt to the different challenges that may be placed upon it. When overloaded, a muscle adapts by increasing its size and strength through satellite‐cell‐mediated mechanisms, whereby protein synthesis is increased and new nuclei are added to maintain the myonuclear domain. This process is regulated by an array of mechanical, hormonal and nutritional signals. Growth factors, such as insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and testosterone, are potent anabolic agents, whilst myostatin acts as a negative regulator of muscle mass. Insulin‐like growth factor I is unique in being able to stimulate both the proliferation and the differentiation of satellite cells and works as part of an important local repair and adaptive mechanism. Speed of movement, as characterized by maximal velocity of shortening (Vmax), is regulated primarily by the isoform of myosin heavy chain (MHC) contained within a muscle fibre. Human fibres can express three MHCs: MHC‐I, ‐IIa and ‐IIx, in order of increasing Vmax and maximal power output. Training studies suggest that there is a subtle interplay between the MHC‐IIa and ‐IIx isoforms, with the latter being downregulated by activity and upregulated by inactivity. However, switching between the two main isoforms appears to require significant challenges to a muscle. Upregulation of fast gene programs is caused by prolonged disuse, whilst upregulation of slow gene programs appears to require significant and prolonged activity. The potential mechanisms by which alterations in muscle composition are mediated are discussed. The implications in terms of contractile function of altering muscle phenotype are discussed from the single fibre to the whole muscle level.
Characterization of In Vitro Chlamydial Cultures in Low-Oxygen Atmospheres
Authors: Juul Nicolai , Jensen Helene , Hvid Malene , Christiansen Gunna , Birkelund Svend
Published: July 2007

To mimic in vivo conditions during chlamydial infections,
Chlamydia trachomatis
serovar D and
Chlamydia pneumoniae
CWL029 were cultured in low-oxygen atmospheres containing 4% O
2
, with parallel controls cultured in atmospheric air. Both were enriched with 5% CO
2
. The results showed a dramatic increase in the growth of
C. pneumoniae
but not of
C. trachomatis
.
The Cursing of the Temple and the Tearing of the Veil in the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Chance J. Bradley
Published: July 2007

The paper explores the relationship between the pericope of the temple incident of Mark 11:15-19 and the scene of Jesus' death in Mark 15:33-39. The temple incident portrays a prophetic action and word of curse and destruction against the temple and its guardians. The cause for the act and word of judgment against the temple was that it and its guardians had become exclusionary, both of the marginalized among God's people and the Gentiles. It had also become a symbol of violent opposition against Rome. For Jesus' opposition to the Judean leadership and their temple, the leadership seeks to destroy him.Though the leadership will succeed in destroying Jesus, it is precisely through such destruction that Jesus is vindicated. His word of judgment and destruction against the temple is realized in the tearing of the veil. The exclusionary practice of the temple is reversed with the confession of the centurion—with the temple's destruction the barrier between God and "the many" is broken down. Finally, though the Judean leadership succeeds in destroying Jesus, they become victims of their own success, for with Jesus' destruction, comes their own. The power of their temple is broken and the exclusion of "the many" that they had worked so hard to maintain is reversed.
Contested Temple Space and Visionary Kingdom Space in Mark 11-12
Authors: Wenell Karen
Published: July 2007

In Mark 11-12 sacred space is being reformulated in a way that does not emphasize the central role of the Jerusalem temple. The action and teachings which are placed in the temple in the narrative show a conflict of values, making the temple a contested space. Mark's Gospel is part of the shaping of these ideas, and though not fully worked out in a comprehensive spatial worldview, the notion of the kingdom of God and the heavenly location of God as Father suggest a visionary space to which followers might order and orient their lives. It is out of this conflict of values that new notions of sacred space are able to emerge.
A procedure for intravenous injection using external jugular vein in Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Kakol Palm D , Holländer P
Published: July 2007

The Mongolian gerbil is commonly used in medical research. Intravenous administration of compounds in gerbils is difficult as tail vein injection sites are not visible. The present study describes a method for intravenous administration into the jugular vein in Mongolian gerbil by using an 'over-the-needle' catheter under anaesthesia. The catheter penetrates the pectoral muscle and is easily inserted into the vein. The method is simple and avoids extensive surgery in the animals.
Influence of C-5 halogenation of uridines on hairpin versus duplex RNA folding
Authors: Ennifar Eric , Bernacchi Serena , Wolff Philippe , Dumas Philippe
Published: July 2007

Halogenation of bases is a widespread method used for solving crystal structures of nucleic acids. However, this modification may have important consequences on RNA folding and thus on the success of crystallization. We have used a combination of UV thermal melting, steady-state fluorescence, X-ray crystallography, and gel electrophoresis techniques to study the influence of uridine halogenation (bromination or iodination) on the RNA folding. The HIV-1 Dimerization Initiation Site is an RNA hairpin that can adopt an alternative duplex conformation and was used as a model. We have shown that, unexpectedly, the RNA hairpin/duplex ratio is strongly dependent not only on the presence but also on the position of halogenation.
The effects of length and transposed‐letter similarity in lexical decision: Evidence with beginning, intermediate, and adult readers
Authors: Acha Joana , Perea Manuel
Published: July 2007

Do length and transposed‐letter effects reflect developmental changes on reading acquisition in a transparent orthography? Can computational models of visual word recognition accommodate these changes? To answer these questions, we carried out a masked priming lexical decision experiment with Spanish beginning, intermediate, and adult readers (N=36, 44, and 39; average age: 7, 11, and 22 years, respectively). Target words were either short or long (6.5 vs. 8.5 letters), and transposed‐letter primes were formed by the transposition of two letters (e.g. aminal–ANIMAL) or by the substitution of two letters (orthographic control: arisal–ANIMAL). Children showed a robust length effect (i.e. long words were read slower than short words) that vanished in adults. In addition, both children and young adults showed a transposed‐letter priming effect relative to the control condition. A robust transposed‐letter priming effect was also observed in non‐word reading, which strongly suggests that this effect occurs at an early prelexical level. Taken together, the results reveal that children evolve from a letter‐by‐letter reading to a direct lexical access and that the lexical decision task successfully captures the changing strategies used by beginning, intermediate, and adult readers. We examine the implications of these findings for the recent models of visual word recognition.
Die Gefriertrocknung
Authors: Plank Rudolf
Published: July 2007

Gefrieren und Trocknen sind die beiden Frischhalteverfahren von Lebensmitteln, an deren Entwicklung in den letzten Jahren am meisten gearbeitet wurde. Es erhebt sich nunmehr die Frage, ob nicht durch Koppelung beider Verfahren ein optimales Ergebnis zu erreichen wäre. Das zu trocknende Gut wird um so schonender behandelt, je tiefer die Temperatur der Trocknung liegt. Denkt man diesen Gedanken zu Ende, dann gelangt man zur Gefriertrocknung, die schon früher bei biologischen und pharmazeutischen Präparaten angewandt wurde. Die Übertragungsmöglichkeit dieses Verfahrens auf die Lebensmitteltechnik hängt davon ab, inwieweit es sich in Großanlagen verbilligen läßt.
Prüfverfahren zur Feststellung des Verhaltens von Weichdichtungen
Authors: Wellinger Karl , Stanger Adolf
Published: July 2007

Zweck der Arbeit war, Prüfverfahren festzulegen, welche eine vergleichende Beurteilung des Verhaltens verschiedener Dichtungswerkstoffe ermöglichen. Die angewandten Prüfverfahren sowie die hierfür entwickelten Versuchseinrichtungen werden beschrieben. An Hand der durchgeführten Versuche werden kennzeichnende Beispiele des Verhaltens verschiedener Dichtungswerkstoffe bzw. maßgebender Einflüsse wiedergegeben.
Anforderungen der chemischen Industrie an den Ingenieur
Authors: Einsler O.
Published: July 2007

Auf dem Internationalen Kongreß für Ingenieur‐Ausbildung, der im August 1947 in Darmstadt durchgeführt wurde, war eines der Hauptthemen die Frage der Ausbildung von Ingenieuren für die chemische Industrie. Es wird im folgenden erneut die dringende Notwendigkeit begründet, daß das Gebiet der Verfahrenstechnik eine verbreiterte Grundausbildung des Ingenieurs nach den Gebieten der Physik und der Chemie verlangt. Ein entsprechendes Studium fehlt heute noch in den Hauptfachrichtungen wie der des allgemeinen Maschinenbaues, der Elektrotechnik usw. Es wird unsere Aufgabe sein, diese bestehende Lücke in der Ingenieur‐Ausbildung bei der Aufstellung neuer Lehrpläne zu schließen. Die Forderung nach einem Studium für Verfahrenstechnik läuft also nicht auf ein neues Spezialistentum hinaus, sondern ganz im Gegenteil auf ein Ingenieurstudium mit verbreiterter physikalisch‐chemischer Grundlage.
Einfaches Verfahren und Meßgerät zur Untersuchung des Fließverhaltens sehr zäher Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Willenberg H. , Fritz W.
Published: July 2007

Ein Kapillarviskosimeter für Zähigkeitsmessungen bei veränderlicher Schubspannung im Viskositätsbereich von etwa 101 bis 106 Poise wird beschrieben. Der zu untersuchende Stoff befindet sich in zwei zylindrischen Behältern, die durch eine Kapillare miteinander verbunden sind. Mit Hilfe von in den Zylindern laufenden Kolben wird die Versuchsmasse durch die Kapillare hin‐ und hergedrückt. Auf diese Art kann eine Probe wiederholt beansprucht und gemessen werden, wie dies bei der Untersuchung von Stoffen mit Strukturviskosität erforderlich ist. Das Gerät ist in einem weiten Temperaturbereich verwendbar. Bei Änderung der Abmessungen läßt sich der Meßbereich noch erweitern und höher legen (104 bis 1010 Poise).
Neuartige Füllkörper und ihre Beurteilung
Authors: Kirschbaum Emil
Published: July 2007

Die wachsende Bedeutung und der zunehmende Einsatz von nichtmetallischen Baustoffen in der Destillier‐ und Rektifiziertechnik führte in den letzten Jahren zur Entwicklung und Ausführung neuartiger Füllkörper. Durch Wahl bestimmter Formen und Abmessungen sollten Vorteile in der Belastbarkeit, Wirkung, im Druckverlust oder gleichzeitig in mehreren der genannten Betriebseigenheiten erzielt werden. Diese sind bekanntlich durch eine Reihe von gleichzeitig wirksamen und deshalb überlagerten Einflüssen bedingt. Einen sicheren Anhaltspunkt über die Güte eines Füllkörpers geben deshalb allein Ergebnisse von Versuchen. Diese wurden im Institut für Apparatebau der Technischen Hochschule Karlsruhe mit dem Ziele durchgeführt, Unterlagen für einen Vergleich zwischen den neuartigen und bekannten Füllkörpern zu schaffen.
Das Synolverfahren Eine neue Synthese aliphatischer Alkohole
Authors: Wenzel Wilhelm
Published: July 2007

Bei einer kritischen Betrachtung der Kohlenwasserstoffsynthese ergibt sich die Aufgabe, einen höheren Anteil des aufgewendeten Gases in das Endprodukt zu überführen und gleichzeitig wertvollere Erzeugnisse zu erhalten. Entsprechende Arbeiten führten zur Entwicklung einer neuen technischen Synthese, die von Kohlenoxyd‐Wasserstoff‐Gemischen ausgehend Gemische aliphatischer, normaler Alkohole mit aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen ergibt. Nach Besprechung der chemischen Grundlagen werden auch die betriebstechnischen Erfahrungen bei der Synthese mitgeteilt.
Kolonnen mit rotierenden Einsätzen
Authors: Jost W.
Published: July 2007

Kolonnen mit rotierenden Einsätzen wurden zuerst in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika entwickelt und wurden mit großem Erfolg benutzt. Im folgenden wird über Versuche an einer derartigen Kolonne berichtet und eine Erklärung der günstigen Trennwirkung gegeben.
Berechnung des Oxydationsgrades u. Bestimmung der Oxydationszahl nitroser Gase in Schwefel‐ und Salpetersäurefabriken
Authors: Perktold Franz
Published: July 2007

In Anlehnung an frühere Arbeiten werden neue Formeln aufgestellt, die es gestatten, bei gegebener Verweilzeit für beliebige Verhältnisse mühelos den Oxydationsgrad zu berechnen, während früher graphische Lösungen oder eine Annäherungsmethode in Anspruch genommen werden mußten. Außerdem wird der Begriff der Oxydationszahl eingeführt und deren Bestimmung angegeben.
Anwendungen der stabilen und radioaktiven Isotope in der Biochemie
Authors: Weygand Friedrich
Published: July 2007

Stabile und radioaktive isotope haben sich als äußerst wertvolle Hilfsmittel der biochemischen Forschung erwiesen. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten werden besprochen und über zahlreiche, bisher erzielte Ergebnisse wird berichtet.
Über den Mechanismus der Mischpolymerisation I
Authors: Mark H.
Published: July 2007

Zum Verständnis der Mischpolymerisation sind erforderlich: 1) Differentielle Messungen der Zusammensetzung eines Mischpolymeren in Abhängigkeit der Zusammensetzung der Monomeren‐Mischung aus der das Mischpolymerisat hergestellt wurde. Aus ihnen kann ein Mischpolymerisationsdiagramm konstruiert werden. 2) Phänomenologische Wiedergabe der Diagramme durch die Mischpolymerisationsgleichung, in der die beiden Wechselwirkungsparameter r, und r2 oder α und β, die durch Experimente für jedes Monomerenpaar bestimmt werden können. 3) Rationelle Zurückführung von α und β auf die e und Q‐Werte der beiden miteinander reagierenden Monomeren und Aufstellung einer Beziehung zwischen den beiden charakteristischen Größen e und Q und der Natur des Substituenten an der Doppelbindung.
Studien zur Oxydation von Aldehyden
Authors: Jockusch H.
Published: July 2007

Aus Untersuchungen über die Wirkung der Schwermetall‐Katalysatoren bei der Oxydation der Aldehyde, die seit 1943 in Höchst durchgeführt wurden, wird über die Wirkung von Mangan auf die Acetaldehyd‐Oxydation berichtet. Während bei der nicht katalysierten Reaktion das zerfallende Peroxyd direkt die Reaktionskette veranlaßt, verbraucht Mn(II)‐salz den Peroxyd‐Sauerstoff zunächst unter übergang in eine höhere Oxydationsstufe und ergibt so eine Induktionsperiode.
Gasanalyse mit dem Massenspektrometer
Authors: Neuert H.
Published: July 2007

Zunächst speziell zur Messung relativer Häufigkeiten von Isotopen ein und desselben Elementes1) konstruiert, ist das Massenspektrometer besonders in USA während des Krieges für gasanalytische Zwecke entwickelt worden2). Bisher wurden vor allem Kohlenwasserstoffe3) und Kunststoffe analysiert (z. B. Flugbenzin, synthetischer Kautschuk). Man kann weiterhin Aufschlüsse über Ionisation, Elektronenstoß‐Dissoziation, thermische Dissoziation und Kracken von Kohlenwasserstoffen erhalten.
Feuerfeste Produkte aus Dolomit oder Kalkstein und Magnesiasilicatgestein
Authors: Spangenberg K. , Planck Helmut
Published: July 2007

Statt des gegen CO2 und H2O der Luft empfindlichen und daher beschränkt anwendbaren Sinterdolomits wird ein für hochfeuerfeste basische Baustoffe besser brauchbares stabiles Sinterprodukt durch reduzierenden Brand bei 1500–1550° aus Rohmehlgemischen von Dolomit (oder Kalkstein) und Magnesiasilicatgesteinen hergestellt. Versuchsreihen zeigen, daß sich in dem dabei praktisch vorliegenden Vierstoffsystem CaO – (Mg,Fe) O – Al2O3 – SiO2 das technisch wertvollste Material ergibt, wenn in dem Rohmehl CaO : SiO2 = 3:1 eingestellt wird. Das nicht zerrieselnde Endprodukt enthält überwiegend 3CaO.SiO2 und (Mg,Fe)O, untergeordnet β‐2CaO.SiO2.
Verwendung von Radioelementen und stabilen Isotopen für Indikatormethoden in der nichtbiologischen Chemie
Authors: Schacht M.
Published: July 2007

Dieser Beitrag ergänzt die bereits an dieser Stelle erschienenen Fortschrittsberichte zur Anwendung der radioaktiven und stabilen Isotopen nach der Seite der anorganischen, organischen und physikalischen Chemie. Folgende Verwendungen werden geschildert: Aufklärung von Strukturen und Reaktionsmechanismen, Probleme der physikalischen und analytischen Chemie, die Emaniermethode, Grenzflächenforschung, Bodenuntersuchungen.
Messung der Oberflächendiffusion adsorbierter Molekeln
Authors: Haul R.
Published: July 2007

Um nähere Einblicke in die Vorgänge bei der Trennung von Stoffgemischen durch Ad‐ und Desorption zu erhalten, wurde die Diffusion organischer Molekeln in Adsorbentien, wie Silikagel und Kohle im Bereich tiefer Temperaturen untersucht. Zur Messung der unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen im wesentlichen längs der Porenwandungen erfolgenden Diffusion wurde ein direktes Wägeverfahren entwickelt. In dieser Weise können Diffusionskoeffizienten und Aktivierungsenergien für die Beweglichkeit adsorbierter Molekeln ermittelt werden.
Über den biochemischen Wirkungsmechanismus einiger Chemotherapeutika und Antiseptika
Authors: Tschesche R.
Published: July 2007

Die Zahl der gegen einen Erreger verfügbaren Mittel steigt und ihre Art wird differenzierter. Über die Wirkungsmechanismen wissen wir oft noch wenig, doch sind – wie gezeigt wird ‐ bereits tiefe Einblicke in das biochemische Geschehen der Mikroben gewonnen worden, die dem Chemiker die Grundlage zur Entwicklung neuer und besserer Heilmittel sein können.
Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Wasserstoffperoxyds und seiner Derivate VI. Mitteilung. Über ein quantitatives Bestimmungsverfahren für Schwefel in Zinkblenden und organischen Substanzen durch Aufschluß mit H2O2
Authors: Fehér F. , Heuer E.
Published: July 2007

Es wird die Anwendung von konzentrierten Wasserstoffperoxydlösungen zum Aufschluß von schwefel‐haltigen Verbindungen beschrieben: A) Schwefel‐Bestimmung in Zinkblenden; B) Schwefel‐Bestimmung in einigen organischen Substanzen.
Bestimmung von Jodiden in jodierten Salzen
Authors: D'ans J. , Kanakowsky Th.
Published: July 2007

Grögers Methode der Oxydation des Jodids zum Jodat in neutraler Lösung mit Permanganat kann erfolgreich zur Bestimmung kleinster Jod‐Mengen verwendet werden.
Die neuen Harnstoff‐Additionsverbindungen
Authors: Schlenk W.
Published: July 2007

Die Harnstoff‐Additionsprodukte bilden eine neue systematische Verbindungsklasse, die auch für die Technik Interesse gewinnt. Die Entdeckung, Bildungsweise, Struktur und die praktischen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten Werden dargelegt.
Retentionsanalyse von Papierelektropherogrammen natürlicher Proteingemische Über Retentionsanalyse. III. Mitteilung
Authors: Wieland Th. , Wirth Liselotte
Published: July 2007

Es wird an Beispielen gezeigt, wie die Retentionsanalyse verbessert und, insbes. auch klinisch, zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Proteinen verwendet werden kann.
Sterische Hinderung und cis, trans‐Isomerie bei der Dienreaktion konjugiert‐ungesättigter Fettsäuren Die Pandienzahl
Authors: von Mikusch J. D.
Published: July 2007

Bei künstlich konjugierten Ölen und Fettsäuren ergibt die Dienzahlbestimmung bedeutend kleinere Werte als die UV‐Methode. Offensichtlich werden einige Isomere nicht erfaßt. Es wurde daher eine abgewandelte Untersuchungsmethode entwickelt, welche es ermöglicht, quantitativ die konjugiert‐ungesättigten Bestandteile als „Pandienzahl”︁ zu erfassen, und mit deren Hilfe es u.a. möglich ist, in die Verteilung der Isomeren Einblick zu erhalten.
Lage und Gestalt der Absorptionsbanden von Flüssigkeiten im nahen Ultrarot
Authors: Suhrmann R.
Published: July 2007

Das nahe Ultrarot (λ < 3μ) eignet sich besonders zu quantitativen Absorptionsmessungen an Flüssigkeiten für analytische Zwecke. Die hierbei zu beachtenden Gesichtspunkte werden besprochen unter Berücksichtigung der durch innermolekulare und zwischenmolekulare Kräfte verursachten Verschiebung und Unsymmetrie der Absorptionsbande einer bestimmten Bindung.
Die Strychnos‐Alkaloide Ein Überblick über ein halbes Jahrhundert Alkaloidforschung
Authors: Huisgen R.
Published: July 2007

Mit dem Abschluß der Konstitutionsermittlung eines Alkaloids ist der Zeitpunkt gekommen, Weg und Ziel dieser Arbeit einem breiteren Kreis zugänglich zu machen und den über das Fachgebiet hinausgehenden Gewinn für die allgemeine Chemie aufzuzeigen.
Über die Verwendung fluoreszierender Farbstoffe zur Untersuchung von Grenzflächen
Authors: Bandow F.
Published: July 2007

Die Beobachtung der Fluoreszenzeigenschaften von Farbstoffen, die an Grenzflächen angelagert sind, gibt Aufschlüsse über die wirksamen Kräfte und über die Nature der Grenzflächen. Sauerstoff‐Gegenwart und Befeuchtung haben großen Einfluß. Spezielle Aussagen ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Phosphoreszenz und der polarisierten Emission.
Über die Nitrierung des Cyclohexans
Authors: Grundmann Ch. , Haldenwanger H.
Published: July 2007

Es wird ein kontinuierliches, technisch anwendbares Nitrierungsverfahren für Cyclohexan mit Salpetersäure in der flüssigen Phase beschrieben.
Über die partielle Reduktion von Nitro‐cyclohexan
Authors: Grundmann Ch.
Published: July 2007

Die katalytische Reduktion des Nitro‐cyclohexans zum Cyclohexanon‐oxim in flüssiger Phase wurde untersucht. Hierfür wurden neuartige Ag‐haltige Mischkontakte als besonders geeignet befunden.