bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How does the nutritive quality of barley seeds affect development of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.)?
Authors: Gvozdenac Sonja , Brbaklić Ljiljana , Mikić Sanja , Tanasković Snežana , Ovuka Jelena , Škorić Milica
Published: December 2024

The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) is a primary pest of cereals, with growing importance. In the last few years, it represents a limiting factor in a post-harvest storage of small grains in Serbia. It has strong preference for wheat, but damages barley grains at certain extent as well. As differences in susceptibility of barley genotypes to the weevil attack have been recorded, it is of great interest to define seed traits responsible for tolerance, so as to be able to differentiate suitable and/or tolerant varieties. Genetic potential to resist storage pests is crucial to minimize quantitative and qualitative grain losses during storage. Thus, further knowledge on the tolerance of a specific genotype, is important for improving pest management programs and developing new breeding strategies. The aim of the study was to: i) identify tolerance potential of barley varieties by testing suitability of 27 barley genotypes for the rice weevil development, ii) in correlation with nutritional traits, and to iii) identify the quantity loss of barley seeds. We monitored weevil progeny production (number of newly emerged adults) after one, two and three generations and feeding intensity (% of consumed grains) after three generations (~ 90 days), in a "no-choice" under controlled conditions. Nutritive traits such as protein, starch and fibre content (%) were determined using NIR analyser. Among tested varieties, NS Talos, Novosadski 331, Novosadski 525, NS Golijat, Nonius, NS Lala, NS Mile and NS Marko revealed good suitability for the rice weevil development, both in terms of progeny production and feeding intensity. On the other hand, varieties NS Parip, NS Izdan, NS Deran, NS Brka, Novosadski 565 and NS Asteriks showed lower suitability for the weevil development (progeny production) and feeding. The rice weevil caused 2.5-62.0% losses of barley seeds, which indicates a significant difference in genotypes tolerance to the weevil attack. NIR analysis detected significant differences in fibre content that was negatively correlated with feeding intensity and starch content that was in positive correlation with the mentioned trait. In generally, varieties that manifested tolerance potential to this pest should be considered in future breeding programs.
Water in the beer industry: Feed water, process and waste water
Authors: Rajaković-Ognjanović Vladana
Published: December 2024

Water is one of the basic raw materials for beer production. The quality of the feed water is one of the most important factors of beer quality. Although the quality of the product, i.e. beer, is a key factor for production, in ecologically sustainable development and with the application of ecological principles, a large consumption of water is of concern. It is known from the literature that the average consumption of water is 5 to 8 L/L of beer, for the final product that is filled and packaged. Analyzing total water consumption in technological processes in breweries, the highest amount of water is used for cleaning and disinfection. Almost 50% of the total consumption is spent on these processes. The water used for beer production represents 25% of the total consumption. A large part of the water ends up in waste water. According to research conducted by breweries in Europe, 2.2 to 3.3 hL of waste water is produced for every hL of final beer. In order to achieve environmental sustainability, as well as due to the increase in costs for the preparation of drinking water and wastewater treatment, the process industry is facing challenges to find new ways to reduce water consumption and reduce waste production. In addition to changing the process technology, there are several approaches to reducing drinking water consumption that can be implemented. The first is reuse, ie regeneration and re-regeneration of water. This paper presents a series of water reuse possibilities in batch processes for a concrete example of a brewery. In the first part, critical processes in the technological process of beer production are identified, with a comparison of water consumption and suggestions for water reuse. Water consumption could be reduced by reusing the effluent in processes including washing (bottle washing machines, case washing), collection and better distribution of water for rinsing beer fillers.
I Şah İsmayılın hakimiyyəti dövrü Səfəvi-Osmanlı münasibətləri Marin Sanudonun “Gündəlikləri”ndə
Authors: Quliyev Əhməd
Published: December 2024

The reign of Shah Ismail (1501-1524), the founder of the Safavid dynasty, is one of the most important
periods in the history of Azerbaijani statehood. His rule marked a momentous change in the geopolitics
of the Near and Middle East. The establishment of the Safavid state and its relations with the Ottomans
I became the subject of frequent reports to the Venetian Senate. Venetian government obtained
information on Shah Ismail, Qizilbashs, and Ottoman-Safavid relations from a variety of sources. Standing
at one of the important crossroads for East-West trade and thanks to her diplomatic and commercial
representatives Venice was the most important hub of constant news on Middle East throughout the
early modern period. Since there was no Venetian diplomatic representative in the Safavid capital,
the Venetian baili in Istanbul, as well as Venetian consuls in Syria and Egypt were regularly tasked
with collecting a wide range of information on Shah Ismail, Qizilbashs, and Ottoman-Safavid relations.
Venetian baili in Istanbul, in particular, were expected to send periodic (usually weekly, sometimes
biweekly) reports (dispacci) back to the Senate on a regular basis. Contemporary Venetian historians
utilized these reports in writing their chronicles. Among the Venetian contemporary authors, we can
particularly mention Marin Sanudo (1466-1536), whose Diarii covered the period from 1496 to 1533, and
fills 58 volumes. Sanudo’s Diarii, which presents a view of universal history, along other other topics,
also contains reports on Safavid-Ottoman relations. Drawing on the “Diarii” by Marino Sanudo, this
paper aims to explore the Safavid-Ottoman relations during the reign of Shah Ismail I.
Nesebnâme-i Şâh-ı Alempenah Şâh Tahmasb Safevi adlı divanda Şâh İsmail
Authors: Doğan Turay Esra
Published: December 2024

Nesebnāme-i Shāh-i Alempenah Shāh Tahmasb Safavid, written during the Safavid period,
was written by a poet of Shiraz origin. Unfortunately, we do not have any information about
the author of this work, which was recorded during the reign of Shāh Tahmasb I (930-984),
except for his name tag, which he expresses as oppressed in his work, and the information
that he wrote his work at an advanced age. The work is a menaqibnāme of Imamzāde Ali
bin Hamza, one of the sons of Hazrat Ali in Shiraz. This work is also a velayatnâmed on
the lineage of Shah Tahmasb I. Apart from being a literary text, the work is a historical
source of Safavid genealogy. Nesebnâme is designed in six chapters, in the first chapter,
the reason for the writing of the work is mentioned, and the praise of Hazrat Shah Ismail
is discussed as a sub-heading within the praise of the Safavid saints and dynasty. In the
section on walking on the bright path, the characteristics of the Kizilbash crown and the
etiquette and bliss of wearing the Kizilbash crown, qualified information about Shah Ismail
is given in the subheading titled On the Appearance of the Crown with the Appearance of
Shah Ismail. This study includes the vision of Mazlum of Shiraz, a follower of the Safavid
sect, about Shāh Ismail.
Şah İsmayıl və məqbərələrin təmir-bərpa işləri
Authors: Bağırov Samid
Published: December 2024

In accordance with its religious-ideological line, the Safavid state began to pay more attention to the
restoration and renovation of the mausoleums of the Imams and their descendants. The Safavids
considered themselves the descendants of the Imams and Imamzades, viewing themselves as their
successors. They derived much of their religious legitimacy through this connection, which is why,
compared to other dynasties, they placed more emphasis on this matter. Alongside the construction
of mosques and khanqahs, the restoration of mausoleums and pilgrimage sites was also a priority for
the Safavid state, especially for Shah Ismail. These mausoleums were important not only because they
served as places of religious inspiration but also because they could mobilize the masses. The restoration
and renovation work initiated by Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid state, became an example for
subsequent Safavid rulers. In the early years of his reign, Shah Ismail gave orders for the repair of the
mausoleum of Imamzade Sahl ibn Ali, bringing in builders from surrounding regions. Moreover, when
Iraq came under Safavid control, extensive reconstruction work was undertaken at the mausoleums of
six Imams in Najaf, Karbala, Kadhimiya, and Samarra. This included expanding the pilgrimage complex
areas, rewarding the ulama, sayyids, and caretakers who managed these mausoleums, designating
additional waqf lands, and developing the infrastructure of the cities where these mausoleums were
located, including roads and water systems. Additionally, when the Safavids took control of Khorasan,
the Shah issued new orders for the restoration and renovation of Imam Reza’s mausoleum in Mashhad.
The existence of this mausoleum was regarded as a key source of inspiration for the defense of the
eastern borders of the country against Uzbek and Afghan attacks.
Postu yiten Hatayi ve tahtı kalan İsmail: Hatayi divanında on iki hizmet ve cem
Authors: Taşğın Hakkı , Taşğın Ahmet
Published: December 2024

This study deals with the fact that Shah Ismail and Hatayi are considered as two different
people in Khorasan, Azerbaijan, Anatolia and the Balkans. Shah Ismail is recognized as a
great commander who founded the Safavid State in half of the region and is known for his
military achievements. Hatayi, on the other hand, is regarded as the last representative of
the Ardabil Tekke and the marifat that it represents in half of the geography. Accordingly,
Shah Ismail, known as a political and military figure, protects his throne and loses his skin.
Hatayi, on the other hand, protects his hide and loses his throne. Accordingly, one person
represents two different spheres with two different names. Therefore, the example that this
study points to and that will facilitate the understanding of this problem is the idiom “Haktan
Bize Name Geldi Pirim Sana Haber Olsun” recited under the pseudonym Hatayi. This idiom
is among the poems of Shah Hatayi by Shah Ismail and describes the stages of the dhikr
of the dervishes of the successors of the Ardabil Tekke. This dictation is recited by the
zakir and the dhikr/cem begins and the dhikr is described by mentioning the names of the
twelve services. The dhikr of the Ardabil Tekke and the steps followed by the disciples who
take part in these dhikr are described in stages. As a result, Shah Ismail is referred to as
the sultan with a throne and the commander with an army, strong and powerful. However,
when Shah Hatayi is referred to as the sheikh who owns the post and the suitor, weaker
and more ambiguous expressions are used. In other words, Shah Hatayi’s dhikr as a sheikh
determines the dhikr/semi-determining idiom of the sultan and the commander.
Kızılbaş İslam’ı: Aceleci tanımlamalardan kaçınmak ve Divan-ı Hatâʾî’yi bağlamında okumak
Authors: Arslan Hüseyin Ongan
Published: December 2024

This study emphasizes the necessity of analyzing the religious beliefs reflected in the poetry of Shah
Ismail Hatâʾî, the founder of the Qizilbash Safavid Empire and the sheikh of the Safavid Sufi order, within
the context of late medieval and early modern West Asian Sufi piety and literature. Rather than relying on
decontextualized concepts inherited from Western Islamic and Oriental studies, the research advocates
for a contextual understanding. The primary objective of this study is to critique (i.) the shortcomings
in interpreting Shah Ismail Hatâʾî’s poetry, which serves as a key reference in defining Qizilbash Islam in
modern Western scholarship, and (ii.) the conceptual tools employed in such interpretations, particularly
the term ghulāt, as well as the historical tendencies that underpin its use. To this end, the study first
examines examples of Qizilbash Islam definitions from well-known scholars, critiquing the concepts that
complicate rather than clarify the subject. It then explores the reasons behind these tendencies, arguing
through a historiographical analysis that classical Western Islamic and Oriental studies evolved within
a Sunni-centric framework. This uncritical inheritance of such a framework by modern scholarship, it
is claimed, has led to hasty and biased definitions of Qizilbash Islam. As a way to avoid these pitfalls,
the study proposes that Divan-ı Hatâʾî, one of the richest sources of Qizilbash religious thought, should
be analyzed in the context of its contemporary literary trends and Sufi intellectual traditions. It argues
that interpretations grounded in concepts central to Sufi thought, such as Hakikat-i Muhammediye
(Muhammadan Reality) and Nur-u Muhammedî (Light of Muhammad), will provide deeper insights into
Shah Ismail Hatâʾî’s religiosity and Qizilbash Islam.
Şah İsmayıl Xətainin yaradıcılığında Qızılbaş ideologiyasının izləri
Authors: Rəhimli Gunel
Published: December 2024

In this article, the “Divan” of Shah Ismail Khatai, which collects his poems, is analyzed as a
historical source for studying the Qizilbash ideology, and the Sufi - mystical perspectives of
the Qizilbash ideology are explored based on various sources. The Safaviye Order, founded
by Sheikh Safi al-Din Ishaq in Ardabil in 1300, initially emerged as a Sufi order. Over time, the
order shifted its religious orientation, which led to the formation of the Qizilbash ideology.
Under this ideology, the Safaviye Order became involved in political processes, eventually
leading to the creation of the Safavid state, one of the powerful states in the medieval East.
Based on our research, and looking at Shah Ismail Khatai’s literary work, we can assert that
Qizilbashism is a Turkish cultural movement that embraced the concept of wahdat al-wujud
(the unity of existence), infused with Sufi understanding, Islamic mysticism, and strong
love for the Ahl al-Bayt. It represents a unique social-political movement. This ideology
clearly reflects the influence of Sufi-mystical ideas, ancient Turkish beliefs and traditions,
and elements of Shi’ism. Furthermore, the article notes that the Alevi communities living
in Anatolia, as well as the Alialli communities in Azerbaijan and certain regions of Iran,
are contemporary followers of the Qizilbash ideology. These communities continue to
preserve the Sufi-influenced love for the Ahl al-Bayt that forms the core of the Qizilbash
ideology in their religious practices and way of life. Despite the changing historical and
political conditions, these societies have remained loyal to the Qizilbash ideology and have
maintained it up to the present day. As a result, the influence of the Qizilbash ideology
continues to be significant not only in medieval Eastern history but also in the modern era.
Şah I. İsmail-i Safevî’nin kadim müridleri: Varsak Türkmenleri (Farsaklar)
Authors: Bilgili Ali Sinan
Published: December 2024

This study deals with the Turkmen community living in the mountainous region (Taurus
Mountains/Kûh-i Bulgar) in the plains and north of Çukurova and İç-İl (Taurus Mountains/
Kûh-i Bulgar) in the XIVth-XVIth centuries and referred to as ‘Varsak/Farsak Turkmens’ in
the sources. In this paper, the relations of the Safavid sect in general and Shah Ismail-i Safavi
in particular with the Varsak Turkmens will be discussed. The relationship of Varsaks with
the Safavids began when Sheikh Juneyd-i Safavi left Ardebil and came to Anatolia (1449).
When Sheikh Juneyd was not respected by the Ottomans and Karamanids, he took refuge
with the Varsaks living in the Taurus Mountains. Upon the pressure of the Karamanids,
he fled to Syria with his disciples whom he recruited from Varsaks. However, when he
could not hold on there, he went to Diyarbakır, which was under the rule of Aqqoyunlu
Uzun Hasan Beg, even though he had the Varsaks with him. Uzun Hasan Beg established
a kinship bond with Sheikh Juneyd in order to benefit from his power against his rival
Karaqoyunlu. Sheikh Juneyd came to Ardabil in 1459, taking Varsaks and his other disciples
with him. Thus, Varsaks became important supporters of the Safavid sect. Varsaks, who
also gave this support to Sheikh Haydar-i Safavi and Shah Ismail-i Safavi, also played a role
in the establishment of the Safavid State (1502). However, due to their small population,
they could not occupy primary positions like the Ustaçlu and Tekelü tribes. However, they
have always been Shah Ismail’s ancient disciples and warriors. As a matter of fact, when
the Ottomans besieged Kemah Castle, a handful of Varsaks resisted until the last man
remained, upon the order of Shah Ismail.
Şah İsmayıl dövründə Səfəvi dövlətinin Hindistanın Türk-Müsəlman sultanlıqları ilə əlaqələri
Authors: Nəcəfli Tofiq
Published: December 2024

The Safavid State, which constitutes one of the glorious pages of the history of the Turco-
Islamic states, besides playing an important role in international relations, military and
political life not only in Azerbaijan, but also in the history of the Near and Middle East
states, it has also played an active role in relationship between Europe and East. One of
the regions that the Safavid State gave particular importance to in its foreign relations was
the Turco-Islamic sultanates in India’s Deccan plateau. At the end of the 15th century and
the beginning of the 16th century, there were Adil Shahis (1490-1686), Nizam Shahis (1491-
1633) and Qutub Shahis (1512-1687) states in Deccan. The relations of the Safavids with
these three Turkish sultanates initiated thanks to the achievements of Shah Ismail, following
the establishment of the Safavid state. Safavids’ relations with these three Muslim-Turkish
sultanates began after the creation of the Safavid state, thanks to the good luck of Shah
Ismail. These three small sultanates declared Isna-Sharia as the official state religion and
accepted the suzerainty of the Safavid shahs for a long time. Especially during the reign
of the Safavid Shah Ismail (1501-1524), the close relations established among the Muslim
sultanates of the Dean rose to a high level under his heirs. These three Turkish sultanates,
which are also referred to as the “Shiite Sultanates” in many sources, were able to maintain
their relations with the Safavids, even under difficult conditions, until their occupation by
the Mughal Empire.
Azərbaycan Səfəvilər dövlətinin ilk illərində Şah İsmayıl - II Bayəzid münasibətləri (Osmanlı mənbələrində)
Authors: Dədəyev Bilal
Published: December 2024

In the spring of 1500, while Bayezid II was on a trip, Ismail went to Erzincan to collect military
forces. This situation created favorable conditions for the Safavids and they were able to
gather thousands of supporters in Anatolia. For this reason, Sultan Bayezid II strengthened
control in the border regions at the end of 1500, and sent orders to the army leaders to
capture and kill all Sufis going to or coming from Ardabil. In this case, Anatolia was covered
by a wave of revolts against the Ottomans. In spite of all these, the “qizilbashs”, who were on
the verge of creating their state, could not be stopped, and in 1501, the Azerbaijan Safavid
state was founded on the lands of the Aggoyunlu state. During these years, when the Safavid
propaganda expanded, some measures were taken at the initiative of Sultan Bayezid II. An
attempt was made to unite religious groups such as Safavid, Qalandari, Alawite and Hurufi,
who were opposed to the official religious ideology of the Ottoman state, around Bektashiism.
However, the slogan of “divinity” expressed in the form of “cult of 12 imams” and “Haq-
Muhammad-Ali”, which is considered sacred in all of these groups, including the Bektashi,
resulted in their leaning not to the Ottoman state, but to the Safavids, who adopted this slogan
as their state ideology. Despite all these contradictions, Bayezid II accepted the embassy
sent by the Safavid state in 1502 and had to recognize the independence of the Safavids. In
the following period, Bayezid II, who sent his delegation to the Safavid state with two letters,
this time accepted Shah Ismail as a head of state.
Şah ismail’in hâkimiyeti döneminde Safevi Devleti ile Osmanlı Devleti arasında resmi yazışmalar ve mektuplaşma dili
Authors: Ağalarlı Mübariz
Published: December 2024

In the XVIth century, the foundations of a period rich with political, economic, cultural and religiousideological
events were laid in the Eurasian geography. The events that took place in the Near and
Middle East during this period revealed the new political map of the region. The leading states of this
political map were the Ottoman Empire, the Azerbaijani Safavid state and the Shaybani-Uzbek state.
These Turkish states have contributed greatly to the political and economic developments in the
Eurasian geography by closely participating in the international relations system. The establishment of
the Safavid state in Azerbaijan at the beginning of the XVIth century was a very important event in the
Near and Middle East region. With the establishment of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan, the basis of the
political and religious-ideological rivalry with the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the Anatolian region and
its surroundings, was laid. During the rule of Shah Ismail, there were military, political and diplomatic
relations between the Safavid state of Azerbaijan and the Ottoman Empire, and diplomatic representatives
and ambassadors played a major role in resolving military conflicts between these states. In the periods
when political problems occurred between the states, dozens of ambassadors were active between
the parties in order to weaken this tension, and hundreds of letters were written. When we look at the
historical sources of the period, it can be concluded that the language of correspondence and letters
between the Safavid-Ottoman-Shaybani states was generally written in Ottoman Turkish, Qizilbash
Turkish (Azerbaijani Turkish) and Persian. In this article, the official correspondence and the language
of letters between the Safavid state of Azerbaijan and the Ottoman state during the rule of Shah Ismail
were the subject of research.
Şah İsmayıl Xətai yaradıcılığnın XVI-XVII əsrlərdə Azərbaycan əbədi mühitinə təsiri
Authors: Bayramlı Zabil
Published: December 2024

Shah Ismail (1487-1524), who created the centralized Azerbaijani Safavid state and
strengthened it militarily and politically, was a great statesman, diplomat, and invincible
general, and was also a very famous poet of his period. He enriched Azerbaijani literature
and breathed new life into it with his works written in his mother tongue, both in prose and
syllabic, epic and lyrical genres. In particular, his couplets, garayli, varsagi, bayati, breath
and hymns written in syllabic verse became an example of the literary environment of
the 16th and 17th centuries and had a significant impact on the works of the poets of the
period in these genres in their native Turkic languages. As a ruler and a perfect murshid,
his appeal to folk poetry forms was the beginning of a new direction and left deep traces
in the literary environment of his time and later periods. Since Shah Ismayil Khatayi, the
Turkish-language Azerbaijani literature has entered a new stage in its development, and
many of our poets have written and created both classical and folk poetry in the Turkish
language. The high peak of the ashıq poetry in the XVI-XVII century and the high peak of
the ashıq poetry of the Azərbaycan Turkish people throughout the centuries, Aşiq Qurbani,
Aşıq Abbas Tufarqanlı, Sarı Aşıq, Xəstə Qasım. Ashiq Valeh and some other masters of
poetry created in their native languages further enriched the literary possibilities of the
Turkish language. The paper focuses on Shah Ismayil’s poetry and the activities of poets
who wrote under his influence based on the primary sources of the period.
Şah Hatayi’nin Avusturya’daki Alevi inanç derslerindeki yeri ve önemi
Authors: Kalaycı Nurten
Published: December 2024

Since the 1960s, with the migration of guest workers, Alevism has moved to different
countries in Europe. After decades, especially in Austria, Alevism has become a staterecognized
faith and has been granted many rights. Austria is a Central European country
with a population of over nine million. Approximately 2.5 million of these are immigrants.
68 percent of the population belongs to the Christian faith. All Muslims make up 8 percent
of the population. Alevis make up about 0.8 percent of the general population. In total, 16
religious communities are recognized by the state and can freely practice their faith. The
state recognizes different religions and denominations and treats them equally. Religious
communities also need a high level of willingness to work together and meet on equal
terms. Alevis take their responsibilities seriously and are aware that they are part of
Austrian society. In 2013, with state recognition, it was possible to offer Alevi faith classes
in schools. To what extent is Shah Hatayi’s influence on these lessons? Which rituals are
practiced in these classes and what are their connections with Shah Hatayi? Answers to
these questions will be sought in this article.
Deyişin Hatayisini getirmek: Erzincan Büyükkadağan Köyü’nde Ağuçan ocağı pirlerinin cemlerinde Şah Hatayi deyişlerinin yeri ve önemi
Authors: Erdoğan Aziz
Published: December 2024

This study examines the importance of Şah Hatayi Deyiş/rhymes, which form the backbone of the
unique cem rituals performed by the masters of the Ağuçan Ocağı within the family. After explaining the
short cem stages specific to the Ağuçan Ocak of Büyükkadağan village, the functions of the Şah Hatayi
rhymes included in the cem and their sample performance forms explained. The Ağuçan Ocak is the
spiritual guide ocak that other ocaks see as “source” in the region. It has been told by the ocak sages,
the Ağuçan Ocak in Büyükkadağan Village of Erzincan comes from the lineage of the ocak ancestors
they call Deli Molla, who are descendants of Mir Seyit and migrated from Sün Village of Elazığ to Bargini
Village of Hozat and from there to Büyükkadağan Village of Erzincan approximately 150-200 years ago.
The Aguçan Ocak is one of the important ocaks in this village. The Cem rituals have great meaning for
believers. In this respect, it has an important place in terms of the holistic understanding of Alevism
tradition, and plays a central role in bringing the society together while keeping the cem rituals alive,
and teaching the rules to the disciples. In this context, the Shah Hatayi poems and prays in the cem
rituals held by the ocak within the family have a central place in ensuring spiritual unity. Deyiş of Shah
Hatayi, who has the most important position in shaping the institutional structure of Alevism, are at the
center of Alevi cem rituals. Deyiş create a deep spiritual bond between the participants in the cems of
the Aghuchan people living in the village of Buyukkadagan, and reinforce the collective memory and
unity of the family.
SMILES2vec with Attention Mechanisms for Pharmacological Classification and Regression
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Nano Science, PSG college of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India., S Chandirasekar , M Boopathy ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Post graduate Extension Centre, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India.
Published: December 2024

Predicting the pharmacological activity of compounds is critical in drug discovery. The pIC50 value, indicative of compound potency, serves as a key metric. Traditional methods rely heavily on experimental data, which are costly and time-consuming. Recent advances in deep learning, particularly in embedding molecular representations like SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System), have shown promise in predictive pharmacology. This study explores the use of a neural network model, SMILES2vec, enhanced with attention mechanisms to predict pIC50 values from SMILES strings, addressing both classification and regression tasks. We present a dual-task learning framework where the model concurrently classifies compounds into pIC50 bins and predicts their exact values. The model achieved high classification accuracy (95.76%) and low mean absolute error (MAE) for regression (0.24), demonstrating its efficacy in predicting compound potency.
Medical missions of the African Hungarian Union
Authors: Juhász Péter Gergő , Loibl Csaba , Szeremley Csaba
Published: December 2024

This article discusses the charitable medical activities of the African Hungarian Union (AHU) – a Hungarian not-for-profit organization – in Africa and highlights one of the Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) missions to Malawi. This paper also reviews food security issues in correlation with health and features the mission’s anaesthetic procedures in details. As an aim, it also tries to draw attention to the positive effects of such medical operations.
AHU was established in 2006. Since 2009 the organisation has coordinated XXIV doctors’ missions to different African countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mali, Madagascar, Guinea, Uganda and Malawi. These missions were sponsored mainly by AHU and its individual sponsors and companies, as well as the participating doctors, who sometimes devoted not only their precious time but fundraised money to contribute to the budget. The XIX mission was one of the seven special surgical missions. Out of all the recipient countries—due to mainly logistical reasons from AHU’s side—only Malawi ended up in the fortunate situation to host surgical missions. This Medical Mission focused on Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) surgeries, and general health care. The four Hungarian doctors, together with the local medical staff, performed 35 ENT operations in two operating theatres in two weeks. No postoperative Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission was needed among the patients. Neither surgical nor anaesthesiologic complications occurred during the perioperative period, resulting in an overall very successful medical mission.
review of: “Ripe for Rebellion. Political and Military Insurgency in the Congo, 1946-1964” by Stephen Rookes
Authors: Papp Lidia
Published: December 2024

A review of: “Ripe for Rebellion. Political and Military Insurgency in the Congo, 1946-1964” by Stephen Rookes
How many faces might migration have?
Authors: Besenyő János
Published: December 2024

AdLibrum Publishers recently published the book titled Two Faces of European Migration. The author, Viktor Glied strives to express with the choice of title that he does not see migration in black and white but presents several perspectives. This may even mean that the book will not generate huge revenue for the author, but during the reading it became clear to me that Viktor Glied is not interested in the number of copies sold, but rather he examines the issue of migration as much as possible. The ordinary reader could even neglect this fact, because so many articles, studies and even books have been written on this subject in the last few years that these could block the Danube. Understanding of this topic is also hindered, because this issue is significantly over-politicized, and the stakeholders do not attempt to have a professional debate on migration. The author seems to break with this “comfortable, well-established point of view” and, through 200 pages, lists various statements, arguments and counterarguments that raise questions for the readers to make them think about and then react to. As a reviewer, I recommend reading the book for this reason alone, to all those who are interested in migration and related phenomena that associated with it (terrorism, organized crime, employment of foreigners, issues on integration, tensions in social coexistence etc.).
Flaming Darfur
Authors: Póczik Szilveszter
Published: December 2024

Review: Besenyő, János, Darfur Peacekeepers - The African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur (AMIS) from the perspective of a Hungarian military advisor. L’Harmattan, France, Paris, 2021. ISBN 978-2-343-23696-4, pp. 230. EUR 29.
Rwandan Patriotic Front 1990-1994
Authors: Szabó Zsolt
Published: December 2024

Review: Fontanellaz, Adrien and Cooper, Tom, The Rwandan Patriotic Front 1990-1994 (AFRICA@WAR24). Solihull, Helion & Company Limited, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-910294-56-7, pp. 64. USD 35 (paperback).
Naija Marxisms
Authors: Pongrácz Attila
Published: December 2024

Review: Mayer, Adam, Naija Marxisms: Revolutionary Thought in Nigeria. London: Pluto Press, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-745336-62-6. pp. 256. GBP 85.
Developmental Authoritarianism in Africa
Authors: Ngcayisa Lumanyano
Published: December 2024

Post-independence Africa saw a rise in authoritarianism; however, this political system was led by malevolent autocrats who ruled with an iron fist, accumulating absolute power, redirecting wealth to small coalitions, and passing policies favouring only a few. However, these ideals and principles have evolved over the past decade, noticeably in countries like Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda, introducing a different variant of authoritarianism, known as “developmental authoritarianism.” Ostensibly inspired by the Chinese authoritarian developmentalism model, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda should be studied to comprehend the objectives and functionality of this school of thought. In these East African cases, this article scrutinises whether the culture ostensibly cultivates the sacrifice of individual liberties for common objectives, countering liberal principles while promoting economic prosperity and development. The political leadership of these political systems is pivotal in achieving socioeconomic development in Africa. Benevolent autocrats like Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, President Paul Kagame, and President Yoweri Museveni, among others in Africa, are critical in bolstering economic growth and ensuring state development for their countries. However, achieving rapid economic growth and robust state development comes at the cost of forgone civil liberties, as human rights violations persist in these countries. Notably, the culture within these countries fosters severed liberties for the common good. This article investigates this fairly new political system in Africa, how it is used by these East African regions, and the ostensible African culture which subdues many into accepting illiberal practices for ostensible broad-based economic prosperity and state development.
Price of Instability
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: December 2024

Africa’s problems are compounded by terrorism — the use of violence to attain certain objectives, including but not limited to armed insurgency, and secessionist agitations. Terrorism is a consequence of the prolonged state of instability across the nook and cranny of the continent. Put simply, terrorism and underdevelopment are the prices that Africa pays for treating with levity the need for stability. Africa cannot continue this way. There needs to be a holistic approach to combatting terrorism.African states must adopt a united regional approach to combatting terrorism as insular national approaches have failed, even as new and expanding frontiers of cyber terrorism are fast gaining ground.
History of the Darfur Conflict and Its Recent Developments
Authors: Szabó Zsolt
Published: December 2024

The present article describes the situation unfolding in Darfur, West Sudan, where a conflict has been taking place since 2003. The author tries to examine all aspects of the crisis and the history of the problem. Beginning with the geography and the historical introduction of the issue, the text continues with the enumeration of the events that have unfolded in the region, beginning with 2003 up until the 2010s. Then the author reflects on the international peacekeeping mission established in the area (UNAMID), which was active between 2007-2020. The article goes on to describe the role of the Hungarian peacekeeping in the operation, and it concludes with the listing of the tasks that the peacekeepers had to accomplish on a short notice. After that, it explains the subsequent events that happened after the end of the 2000s. Detailing the most important factors which contributed to the ill-fated decade, it takes into consideration the features of the conflict that has formed in the 2010s. At the end, the author writes about the latest events that happened in the region including a failed coup attempt on the actual leadership of the country. Finally, he concludes the events end expresses his views about future expectations.
Constructive simulation system developments in Hungary
Authors: Zsitnyányi Attila
Published: December 2024

In Hungary, the Zrínyi 2026 Home defence and force development program, and the Irinyi industry development plan defined the defence industry as one of the national strategic industries.
In Africa, the management of local and inter-country conflicts, economic problems, livelihood crises caused by climate change, terrorism and migration require prepared military, law enforcement and disaster management organizations. The efficiency of training could be significantly increased by the introduction of modern simulation tools, these countries are just at the beginning of this transformation. Hungary has significant national capabilities in the field of constructive and virtual simulation training solutions. Over the past 30 years, new, cost-effective solutions have been developed, the Hungarian solution becoming even more economical and flexible, available for more price sensitive customers too. The present study summarizes the current work on the Hungarian constructive simulation system, as well as the requirements expressed by current and potential users (even from the African continent) and the development plans.
Role of Religious Leaders in Fostering Inter-Faith Dialogue Amid Boko Haram Insurgency in Kano, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Iweze Daniel
Published: December 2024

This paper examines the role of religious leaders in forging interfaith dialogue in Kano. It argues that religious leaders have been framed for mobilizing and instigating their followers for collective violence in response to other faiths in Kano over the years. However, the eruption of the Boko Haram onslaughts on Christians in the Northeast region and planned attacks on Christians in Kano created space for local religious leaders to mobilize their followers to forge inter-faith dialogue aimed at de-escalation of insurgency`s extremist ideology. The consensual efforts of inter-religious leaders culminated in the formation of the Kano Covenant in 2012. The peace pact cemented the fissures between the two faiths and entrenched the novel harmonious relationship beyond faith in the social, political and economic spheres. The paper explores the pedigree and credentials of the religious leaders, their motivations and convictions for fostering the interfaith dialogue. The pact transformed religious extremism into peacebuilding unprecedented in Kano`s history. The paper adopts the ethnographic method of data collection through the distribution of semi-structured interviews to religious leaders and adherents. Focus group discussions and oral interviews were held with community and opinion leaders and stakeholders. Others include close reading of secondary works including media reports.
Genocidist Discourse and Intellectuals in Africa
Authors: Agozino Biko
Published: December 2024

The relationships between intellectuals and genocide have historically seemed paradoxical. Intellectuals are supposed to be more enlightened than manual laborers and with higher enlightenment comes the expectation that intellectuals would be inclined to offer moral leadership to society. Paradoxically, wherever genocide has taken place globally and in post-colonial Africa in particular, the footprints of intellectuals are almost always imprinted in the crime scenes as leaders of anti-social thought and action. The genocide against the Igbo in Biafra is a case in point. The intellectuals provided the leading ideas that rallied the masses and unleashed them against the target group without provocation or justification. Almost always it is the international ruling classes that fund genocidist intellectuals and use them to pursue ruling class interests disguised as national interests. It is almost always macho intellectuals who champion genocidal looting and plundering of target groups of children, women, and men especially when they are poor and defenceless. This paper offers a race or ethnicity-gender-class articulation or intersectionality explanation of why genocidist ideologues tend to be masculinist intellectuals who are indoctrinated to defend the ideology of white supremacist imperialist patriarchy. The paper concludes that the decolonization of social thought, research methodology, action and policy discourse would contribute towards the ending of genocidal violence through the adoption of the Africana philosophies of non-violence, Ubuntu and Mbari. Cruse (1967) observed contemptuously that the most radical wing of African American intellectuals during the Civil Rights Movement was the Students Nonviolence Coordinating Committee while those who were armed were pursuing reforms and not a revolution. Our primary case study is the genocide against the Igbo in Nigeria and in Biafra with specific reference to the failure of leadership by some African intellectuals.
The Politics and Dynamics of Secession in Nigeria
Authors: Nwankpa Michael
Published: December 2024

From its inception, the different components that constitute Nigeria have lived in mutual fear and suspicion of one another. The British colonial government, through its racialised and politicized system of indirect rule, sowed the seed of discord among the different ethnic groups and regions such that even before gaining independence in 1960, both the majority and minority ethnic groups were sceptical of the capacity of an independent Nigeria in protecting their interests and rights. The religious, linguistic, socio-cultural and political fault lines among Nigeria’s plural society have created tension and conflict throughout its existence as a political unit. This has often led to secessionist and self-determination drives and movements that reached their peak less than a decade after independence (1967-70) with Nigeria experiencing a bitter and costly civil war with the Igbo separatist nation of Biafra. Although Nigeria survived the breakup attempt, it continues to face threats of secession that manifest even at the sub-group level. The injustices that are ingrained in Nigeria’s political system remain a strong push factor, but in many cases the secessionist drives are elites’ manipulation to further their own interests and political survival. Based on the resurgence of secessionism in Nigeria, this article critically examines the politics involved in secession in Nigeria as well as the dynamic nature of selected secessionist movements, comparing or charting the trajectories from historical to contemporary secessionist movements.
Toxic Elite Consensus and Leadership Gaps as the Main Driver of Nigeria's Crisis of Nationhood
Authors: Ososona Tosin
Published: December 2024

The 61 years of Nigeria’s post-colonial political history has been one of different unending experiments to create a sustainable political and economic order that serves the Nigerian people. During this period, Nigeria has witnessed violent and unconstitutional political changes, long periods of military dictatorships, persistent cycles of electoral violence, inter and intra ethnic conflicts, and persistent economic and social policy reversals that have worsened Nigeria’s performance on almost all socio-economic indicators and the latest security challenges that have created doubt about the viability of the Nigerian state.
Against this backdrop, this paper undertakes a historical analysis of the composition and capacity of the different elite clusters in Nigeria and how these clusters have impacted governance and the sustainability of Nigerian statehood. The paper also investigates the link between Nigeria’s current security crisis and the failure of governance that is underpinned by a toxic and extractive elite consensus and failure of leadership across the board. The paper adopts qualitative historical analysis and recommends the creation of a positive and developmental elite governance pact as one of the sustainable ways of addressing the looming implosion of the Nigerian state.
Review of: “Islamic State in Africa: The Emergence, Evolution, and Future of the Next Jihadist Battlefront” by Jason Warner, Ryan O’Farrell, Héni Nsaibia, and Ryan Cummings
Authors: Nwankpa Michael
Published: December 2024

A Review of: “Islamic State in Africa: The Emergence, Evolution, and Future of the Next Jihadist Battlefront” by Jason Warner, Ryan O’Farrell, Héni Nsaibia, and Ryan Cummings
MENA Through the Lens of Political Economy
Authors: Fetter Balint , Pasztor Szabolcs
Published: December 2024

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Both of these regions are rich in mineral resources, and in political, economic tensions. The below reviewed book presents in details the distinct dimensions of the development, policy making and priorities of the two regions.
Post-Conflict Peace Construction in Somaliland
Authors: Almi Abdalgani
Published: December 2024

The Horn of African region has witnessed a prolonged conflict, and Somaliland has grabbed its share. This article explores and finds answers for the questions related with the blockage factors of post-conflict peace construction in Somaliland, analyses and assesses the internal and external dynamics of peace blockages, including but not limited to; constitutional gaps, individuals and interest groups, media and donor approaches. Moreover, other challenges to peace construction are examined, with the understanding that many times to reach a peace agreement or to conclude a peace dialogue is more important than its sustainability. Somaliland peace construction is a viable critique to the entire established peace building and state formation models, including; Liberal, Republican NEPAD’s Model. The study is exploratory and intends to present and assess internal and external blockages of post-conflict peace construction. It made use of an in-depth review on the existing literature as a method of data collection under the qualitative approach to research. It is found by the study that a number of internal challenges are faced by Somaliland in its post-conflict peace construction which are; constitutional gaps, individual and group interests, as well as the media which could play a clear role towards peace building, but also can exacerbate the tensions and mistrust, external challenges include without limitation the lack by donors to invite the Somaliland government to participate in fundraising and sectoral allocation.