bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Netan — a computer program for the interactive analysis of geodetic networks
Authors: Craymer M.R. , Vaníček P. , Tarvydas A.
Published: July 2019

A network analysis program package using interactive graphics has been developed. It has the capability of operating in one of three modes: variance-covariance analysis, geometrical strength analysis and strain analysis. Transfer from one mode to another is possible. The program produces graphical displays of various strength characteristics, strain parameters as well as the usual confidence ellipses and ellipsoids. Strain analysis is used to quantify network deformation in response to: changes in observation values and their weights, changes in position and position difference values and their weights, addition/deletion of observations and network densification. Geometrical strength of a network is portrayed by a series of plots showing the different attributes of strength. Both two- and three-dimensional networks using different types of observations can be accommodated. The expressions used to sequentialize the analyses are also described.
Provincial large-scale topographic mapping
Authors: Sebert L.M.
Published: July 2019

In 1977 the Surveys and Mapping Branch in Ottawa discontinued production of the 1:25 000 Series, which was the largest-scale mapping of the National Topographic System. Since that year all provinces except Manitoba and Saskatchewan have entered the large-scale mapping field by producing topographic series at scales from 1:10 000 to 1:20 000 inclusive. By October, 1988, this work covered a total of over 1 200 000 square km. Today this mapping continues with almost all being compiled by digital cartography. In many cases the contours are being derived from Digital Elevation Models. The cartographic styles developed by the various provinces, and the amount of mapping that has been done in each province, are recorded in this paper.
Geometric processing in macdonald dettwiler’s meridian-gics system
Authors: Sharpe Bruce
Published: July 2019

Algorithms for the geometric correction of satellite imagery have been developed by MacDonald Dettwiler for a wide variety of satellites and sensors. A key design goal was to achieve the maximum accuracy using a minimum of ground control. This paper describes the geometric processing used by the Meridian system and results of its applications.
Aerial camera filters and their use with aerochrome infrared
Authors: Nagy E.C. , Landreville M.L.
Published: July 2019

Differences in the color rendition of Kodak Aerochrome Infrared photography have been noticed between the photography from Wild and Zeiss aerial cameras during the years in which efforts have been made to control the infrared color balance on contract photography. The cause of these differences has been narrowed down to the different spectral transmissions of the standard yellow filters supplied with these cameras. The filtration recommended by the film manufacturer is most closely matched by the Wild filter. This report recommends an alternative filter combination for the Zeiss camera which will result in a more “normal” color infrared color response for photography from this camera.
The north american vertical datum of 1988 (navd ‘88) internal status report prepared for cism ‘88 winnipeg, manitoba may 24-27, 1988
Authors: Young Fred W. , Murakami John
Published: July 2019

Canada and the United States through their respective national geodetic survey organizations have been cooperating in a project to redefine the heights for bench marks in North America. This report will deal with a history of the levelling network in Canada, provide background information about the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD ‘88) Project itself, give an update concerning key Canadian activities and tasks related to the project, and finally state the expected benefits of such an undertaking.
Initial and ongoing unit times and unit costs for property mapping and parcel indexing in new brunswick
Authors: Kenny Harold , Hamilton Angus
Published: July 2019

Unit times and unit costs for initial and ongoing property mapping and parcel indexing have been established from time/task and expenditure records at the regional office of LRIS in Bathurst from June 1, 1979, the date it was opened, to March 31,1986.

During the first five years of this period, the initial property mapping and parcel indexing for the 108 000 parcels in Restigouche, Gloucester, and Northumberland counties was completed; during the latter two years of the period the property mapping and parcel indexing were kept up-to-date by incorporating the results of the 24 953 changes that occurred. Person time was normalized to the Property Mapper I level, and expenditures were converted to 1981 Canadian dollar equivalents.

The time, 93 minutes, required to make each change was somewhat less than the time, 108 minutes, for the initial property mapping and parcel indexing; similarly, the unit cost per change, 1981C$17.63, was less than the cost, 1981 C$26.95, for the initial compilation.
The land surveyor as a public officer
Authors: Allred G.K.
Published: July 2019

The cadastral surveyor has a unique position in society. His responsibilities are quite different from those of a doctor, lawyer, or accountant who normally need act with only the interests of a single client in mind. The land surveyor in establishing a boundary, may be engaged by one landowner but nevertheless, the monuments he places also define the extent of lands of the client’s neighbor and potential adversary.

He must preserve in all his work, the judicial mind and the impartial attitude of an arbiter, rather than the bias of an advocate.
Faulty description and misdescription: a question of terminology or a “mistake” in terminology?
Authors: Lambden David W. , Rijcke Izaak de
Published: July 2019

“Misdescription” is a term that needs care in use. It has a general legal meaning although that meaning seems not too clear or settled, given the variety of prior interpretations. Instead, the legal consequences which may follow when misdescription is found to exist appear to be more significant.
Lunar and planetary cartographic research at the university of western ontario
Authors: Stooke Philip J.
Published: July 2019

Two research projects are in progress at the University of Western Ontario in the area of lunar and planetary cartography. The first addresses a problem unique to space exploration, the mapping of bodies with extremely irregular shapes. Shapes are determined by modifying a triaxial ellipsoid until its limb and terminator reproduce those seen in all available images, given appropriate orientation and lighting. Morphographic map projections are used for maps of such bodies. The second project involves documenting the history of lunar and planetary cartography, supported by bibliographic research and collection of contemporary maps. Part of this work involves identifying very old lunar maps. Possible examples include rock carvings 4500 years old from Knowth, Ireland and sections of medieval mappaemundi.
Selection criteria for archiving non-current data in land information system
Authors: Hunter Gary J.
Published: July 2019

An important consideration in developing a temporal component for spatial information systems lies in determining which data sets are worthy of archiving and which ones need not be retained after their currency ceases. For many natural resource and socio-economic based systems (often termed Geographical Information Systems), the choice is usually clear since certain historical data will usually be needed as the basis for longitudinal analysis. However in the case of parcel-based Land Information Systems (LIS) established for administrative purposes, the answer is not always so obvious. This is compounded by the difficulty in assessing what the likely value of non-current data, within this latter type of system, may be in the years to come and who the potential users might be. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the selection criteria which professional archivists use in making such decisions and to examine the application of these procedures in the context of LIS.
COMPUTATION OF THE HEIGHT DEFORMATION IN STEREOSCOPIC MODELS CAUSED BY DISTORTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE
Authors: Schut G. H.
Published: July 2019

A set of formulas is derived for the computation of height deformation. A partly graphical procedure that makes the computation very simple is described. The procedure is illustrated by an example.
SOME ASPECTS OF URBAN RENEWAL
Authors: Pickett Stanley H.
Published: July 2019

The burgeoning growth of cities is creating a need for redevelopment of outmoded or blighted areas. But redevelopment is not always the solution. In many older neighbourhoods of large cities, as well as in smaller places, there is a real need for a shot in the arm, for rehabilitation on an area-wide basis. This article examines the problems that exist in those neighbourhoods and outlines the remedial techniques that could be applied.
THE MOST PROBABLE VALUE OF A SET OF OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Gregerson L. F.
Published: July 2019

In this paper it is shown that the arithmetic mean derived from a finite set of observations is not the best value because it is subject to an arbitrarily imposed criterion which is determined on the assumption that the number of observations approaches infinity.

An alternative method is proposed based on the premise that “a set of observations tends to describe that value for which the sum of the probabilities belonging to the individual observations is a maximum.” A graphical method of arriving at the most probable value is presented and illustrated by an example.

With this method the problem of rejection of doubtful observations is solved. It is not necessary to reject an observation with a very large deviation because by this method since its probability is small it has a correspondingly small effect on the accepted value.
ELECTRONIC COMPUTING AT THE U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
Authors: Arnold Karo Rear Admiral H.
Published: July 2019

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey makes effective use of electronic computers in its surveying and mapping activities, the most extensive application being in adjustment of triangulation. The paper discusses the programs used to determine the final values, with emphasis on their application to the time-consuming solution of a network of normal equations. Brigadier Martin Hotine’s three-dimensional technique for adjusting triangulation has been programmed and studies are continuing in its general application. Another computer application in progress is the photogrammetric adjustment of a strip of photos by a cantilever method. At the present time a complete analytical treatment is being programmed.
TRANSFORMATION ET AJUSTEMENT DES COORDONNEES D’UNE BANDE PAR CALCUL ELECTRONIQUE
Authors: Schut G. H.
Published: July 2019

Strip triangulation is carried out for the purpose of increasing by photogrammetric means the number of available ground control points. The triangulation must be followed by a transformation which brings the points from the strip-coordinate system to the required geodetic system. The transformation includes an adjustment when redundant points are used to increase the accuracy of the positioning and when systematic errors must be corrected for in the strip triangulation.

Numerical methods of transformation and adjustment have an inherently greater accuracy. If electronic computers are used, they are also more economical than comparable graphical or mechanical methods.

The following programs have been coded for the IBM-650 by the Photogrammetric Section of the National Research Council of Canada:

(a) a program for three-dimensional linear conformai transformation, employing formulas (1a) and (1b), (b) a program for two-dimensional conformai transformation of horizontal coordinates, employing either the linear formulas (8) or the formulas of the second degree (10), (c) a program for two-dimensional conformai transformation of the third degree with the possibility of conversion to the fourth and fifth degree, (d) a program for transformation of horizontal coordinates of a block of overlapping strips by second-degree conformai transformations, and (e) a program for the last-mentioned transformation by third-degree conformai transformations.

These programs and operating instructions can be made available for serious applicants from the National Research Council.
VERTICAL CONTROL EXTENSION WITH MIRROR STEREOSCOPE AND PARALLAX BAR
Authors: Vlcek J.
Published: July 2019

A method of vertical bridging employing differences in x and y parallaxes is described. The solution is partly numerical, requiring only a slide rule for the calculations, and partly graphical. The measurements require only a mirror stereoscope and a parallax bar. A preliminary test gives results approaching in accuracy that of the first-order plotting machines. The solution is illustrated by a bridge of eight photographs.
MEN WHO MADE THE SURVEY
Authors: Boyer Marc
Published: July 2019

This article, by the senior official of the largest surveying and mapping organization in Canada, establishes a perspective view of surveying history in the country by reviewing the careers of some of the outstanding personalities who contributed to the development of the organization.

The list of personalities begins with David Thompson, the famous geographer, who served as astronomer and surveyor with the International Boundary Commission and who provided the information for the very accurate maps that were later used by the Geological Survey. One of the users of these maps was W. H. Boyd, under whom the Topographical Division in the Geological Survey of the Department of Mines and the aerial mapping unit from the Topographical Surveying Branch of the Department of the Interior were first combined, as the Topographical Survey Division of the Department of Mines and Resources. Another prominent surveyor who worked on the International Boundary Commission was William Ogilvie, much of whose life has been described in writings by Pierre Berton.

Mentioned among the Dominion Land surveyors whose work contributed materially to the development of the present Legal Surveys and Aeronautical Charts Division of the Surveys and Mapping Branch of the Department of Alines and Technical Surveys are Lt. Col. J. S. Dennis, first Surveyor General of Dominion Lands, Lindsay Russell, Dr. E. DeVille, A. O. Wheeler, Dr. W. F. King, Dr. Otto Klotz, and R. D. Davidson, one of the pioneers in aerial surveying.

The founders of the Canadian Hydrographic Service were John Boulton, an officer of the Royal Navy who conducted the first hydrographic surveys carried out, in Georgian Bay, for a department of the Canadian Government, and William Stewart, the first Chief Hydrographer, who had first served on the Great Lakes surveys as Boulton’s assistant.

The growth of the Army Survey Establishment has been closely related to the work of the brothers Captain W. B. and Captain T. V. Anderson, both of whom later became generals, “Pa” Phelan, R. D. Davidson, and Major, now General, E. L. M. Burns.

The founding both of the Dominion Observatory and the Geodetic Survey of Canada are attributable largely to Dr. W. F. King, who also rendered valuable service as Inspector of Surveys and as Commissioner for various sections of the International Boundary. One of his successors as Dominion Geodesist was J. L. Rannie, “the apostle of the optical theodolite.”

Although the Map Compilation and Reproduction Division was officially formed only in 1947, its roots lie in many departments of government and its work really started with the printing of township plans for the Department of the Interior in 1872.

The various survey organizations of the Federal Government have benefited greatly by co-operation with the National Research Council and the Royal Canadian Air Force.
CARTOGRAPHY IN THE U.S.S.R.
Authors: Polezhayev A. P.
Published: July 2019

After the revolution of 1917, cartographers of the Soviet Union were faced with a severe shortage of qualified personnel for the provision of the necessary cartographic information for their development programme. To overcome this lack they opened a number of new schools for cartographic training and reorganized some that already existed, and as a result of this programme they have been able to make spectacular progress in the mapping of their country.

The Soviet Union has completed the series of State Topographical Maps at the scale of 1:100,000, which comprises more than 26,000 sheets, is near completion of a new series at 1:25,000, which will have about 300,000 sheets, and is well advanced with a 1:10,000 series. All topographical maps are made on the Gauss-Kruger cylindrical transverse conformal projection or on the Co-ordinate System of 1942. In the latter system the reference ellipsoid is the Krasovsky, the origin of co-ordinates is the centre of the Round Hall of the Pulkovo Observatory, and the reference for elevations is the Baltic System of Heights. The 1:100,000 State Topographical Map has been used as the basis for general-purpose maps on smaller scales, including a map at 1:1,000,000 appropriate to the standards of the International Map of the World.

In addition to its topographic maps the U.S.S.R. has produced many special-purpose maps, among which may be mentioned the various geological maps at scales of 1:200,000, 1:1,000,000, 1:2,500,000, and 1:5,000,000.
FURTHER REMARKS ON GREGERSON’S ESTIMATE
Authors: Sheynin Oscar B.
Published: July 2019

This article discusses the history of attempts to justify the use of the arithmetic mean as the best estimate from a set of observations, making reference to the writings of Glaisher, Bernoulli, Gauss, Markov, and other eminent geodesists and mathematicians.
TOPOGRAPHIC LUNAR MAPPING
Authors: Nowicki Albert L.
Published: July 2019

With the advent of the space age and subsequent studies suggesting the possibility of landings on the moon, the need for a topographic lunar map became apparent. This paper describes the steps taken by the Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, in preparing a map of the visible surface in two sheets, at a scale of 1:5,000,000, with 1000-meter contours and 500-meter auxiliary contours, on a modified stereographic projection.
THE CORNWALL ISLAND PROJECT
Authors: Moore R. E.
Published: July 2019

Analysis of results obtained by the photogrammetric methods used in the Cornwall Island project showed that the average mean square errors of position of control points was about 13 microns and the mean square error of short distances 6 microns, measured in the plane of the negative.
SOME SURVEYING AND MAPPING ASPECTS OF LAND-USE PLANNING
Authors: Nicholson N. L.
Published: July 2019

In recording actual land use field-by-field or block-by-block methods can be applied either to detailed maps or to aerial photographs. In land-use mapping the usual scales are 1:25,000 for urban areas, 1:50,000 for densely settled areas with complex land-use patterns, and 1:250,000 for sparsely settled areas. In preparation of the map manuscript the base sheet used is of the material known as cronaflex and the transfer and reduction of information is achieved by use of the “reflex map reducer” a device invented by a geographer on the staff of the Geographical Branch.
A REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GEODESY
Authors: de Jong Sybren H.
Published: July 2019

Among the most important recent developments in geodesy must be counted; flare triangulation; modulated-light, electronic, and light-interference methods of distance measurement; gravimeters that function in the air, on the surface of the earth, and beneath the surface of the sea; and observation of earth satellites. This article gives a brief account of these developments and their actual and probable impact on the science of geodesy.
SUNSHINE DATA FOR PLANNING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Thomas Morley K.
Published: July 2019

Those responsible for planning aerial photography would find it useful to know more about variations in periods of sunshine from one part of the country to another and from one season to another, and about diurnal variations in duration of periods of sunshine. To assist in gaining such knowledge, the author presents the results of a study of sunshine data at nine stations over a recent ten-year period.
A NEW SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL RECTIFICATION USING THE HELAVA ANALYTICAL PLOTTER
Authors: Weibrecht Ing. O.
Published: July 2019

A new method is suggested for the production of orthophotographs by combining the Analytical Plotter with a conventional rectifier. The Analytical Plotter is well suited for this purpose because of its versatility and its computer capabilities that may be used for the determination of rectification constants and for an automatic control of variable setting values of the rectifier. Several possible combinations with associated mathematical formulations are discussed.
LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
Authors: Berry Ralph Moore
Published: July 2019

In spite of obvious requirements for local control systems they have seldom been used in practice, to the detriment of the organization of surveying matters. Therefore the arguments for local control are restated, and the considerations that must be taken into account when establishing a local control system are discussed. One of the major elements to be considered is the appropriate selection of a projection system, and the author discusses briefly those commonly used in the United States.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN MUNICIPAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING
Authors: Brocklebank R. A.
Published: July 2019

Map making is as old as recorded human history. The introduction of modern photogrammetric methods and the population explosion with the residtant growth of cities sets new requirements for municipal surveying and mapping. Nearly all large-scale mapping in Canada is done by commercial aerial survey companies. To assess the volume of the work involved, the author quotes some interesting statistical data and then discusses typical requirements and usual conditions under which photogrammetric mapping is carried out. There is an obvious lack of planning and standardization in this area, and the author makes several suggestions on how this situation could be improved.
THE APPLICATION OF PHOTO-INTERPRETATION TO URBAN PLANNING
Authors: Tomlinson Roger F. , Brown W. George E.
Published: July 2019

While making no pretense at being a complete exposition of its theme, this paper shows that the use of photo interpretation in the preparation of urban land-use maps eliminates much laborious and time-consuming field work and assists in the organization of the field work that remains. In the preparation of special-purpose maps such as real-estate-assessment, employment, traffic-shed, traffic-flow, and parking-area maps, it adds to the effective analysis of data presented and sometimes adds new data for consideration. As an example of practical application, the paper shows how a combination of such special-purpose maps may be used in the location of a new supermarket. For planning in rural areas immediately adjacent to a city a somewhat different series of special-purpose maps is necessary, but photo interpretation can play the same important role in providing data for the maps and assisting in the analyses.
TELLUROMETER GROUND SWING ON GEODETIC LINES
Authors: Yaskowich S. A.
Published: July 2019

This paper presents a study of ground swing on Tellurometer measurements of primary triangulation lines. Mainly discussed are the lines, comprising 8 per cent of the total, that have ground swings larger than 90 centimetres. The large ground swings are caused by reflections from steel observing towers and from natural reflecting surfaces such as ice, water, and land. The validity of theoretically computed ground-swing errors is discussed as is the value of eccentric measurements, whose purpose it is to reduce ground swing and mean ground-swing errors. Estimates of actual ground-swing errors are made on the basis of comparisons between observed and adjusted lengths.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT VEGETATION ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
Authors: McGrath G.
Published: July 2019

In an effort to derive information regarding visual stimuli leading to identification of map symbols, the author devised a test in which subjects were asked to identify twelve map symbols representing vegetation on topographic maps and to explain the steps leading to the identification. The subjects were 63 students in an introductory course in geography at Queen’s University, the majority of whom could be classed as unskilled in the use of topographic maps. The paper presents the results in the form of tables, examines some of the points relating to the identifications of the symbols, and draws a number of conclusions, the most general of which is that symbols based on the profile view can be readily identified.
A CANADIAN GRID SYSTEM IN 3° TRANSVERSE MERCATOR ZONES
Authors: Saastamoinen J.
Published: July 2019

All geodetic networks that rest previously fixed control are best computed in plane coordinates. Under this category fall a great deal of first-order triangulation and, of course, the whole volume of lower-order work—all the way down to the last monuments from which detail surveys originate.

A geodetic grid must be designed to meet first-order accuracy and should be established on federal rather than provincial level. Its use requires precomputed tables based on some conformal map projection, preferably the Transverse Mercator (Gauss-Krüger) projection. Congruent projection zones, simple scale factor, free choice of central meridian for local plane coordinates in cities and metropolitan areas—all these features of the Transverse Mercator find no parallel in any other map projection.

Following a brief introduction to the subject, a set of tables for a proposed Canadian grid system is presented.
ESTABLISHING A CONTROL SURVEY NETWORK IN CALGARY
Authors: Pawson K.
Published: July 2019

In the summer of 1963, the city of Calgary, with the assistance of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (Ottawa), carried out the initial phases of the establishment of a control survey, based on a system of rectangular coordinates.

A city-wide network of triangulation and primary traverse stations was established, which will provide the base to which other secondary control traverses will be tied. It is hoped that, eventually, the control will be of sufficient density to permit the accurate coordination of most new surveys.

The writer, who is the Alberta Land Surveyor for the city of Calgary, discusses the problems that induced the surveyors in Calgary to press for some form of integrated control, and outlines the steps that led to the commencement of this present system.
The Electronic Computor in Survey Adjustments at the University of British Columbia
Authors: de Jong Sybren H. , Tezcan Semih S.
Published: July 2019

The introduction of electronic computers at the University of British Columbia has resulted in projects that were previously considered impossible. One prograin in particular, the solution of a band matrix by partitioning, has meant that a very large array of normal equations can be solved. Two projects, the adjustment of level nets in Vancouver and the adjustment of large blocks of D.L.S. systems, will make use of this program.
The Optimum Design of Geodetic Networks
Authors: Creusen Michel , Welch Harold J.
Published: July 2019

For a geodetic network, the least squares adjustment gives the best possible solution and an indication of the quality of that solution. On this basis, a computer program is being developed at the University of Michigan to determine the best and most economic configuration networks and the accuracies required in measuring.
GROOM
Authors: Klinkenberg H.
Published: July 2019

GROOM is a computer program for adjusting general survey data. The nine parts of the program, as written for the IBM 1620, are described. Although the size of adjustment is somewhat limited by the size of the computer, the program has been of great benefit to the Geodetic Survey of Canada.
The Use of Variable Parameters in the Adjustment and Analysis of Gravity Networks
Authors: Hamilton Angus C.
Published: July 2019

A method for adjusting gravity control networks and for determining the calibration factors for gravimeters simultaneously by least squares is presented. All observed data and any necessary predetermined values are expressed as observation equations appropriately weighted. The weights assigned to observed data are determined a priori from studies of the performance of the instruments; weights assigned to predetermined data are arbitrarily made sufficiently large to ensure zero residuals for these entries. The method is quite general and can be adapted to analysis of level networks or to analysis of trends among any set of variables.
Chainages on the Manitoba-Saskatchewan Boundary
Authors: Boutilier L. E.
Published: July 2019

The trend today is to use radio or light wave measuring devices to determine distances of any appreciable length. However, this article, which gives some observations on the distance-measuring procedures adopted for the survey of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan boundary, indicates that, under certain field conditions, there are some surveys involving long lines on which the tape can still be used to advantage.
Reduction Systems in Electromagnetic Surveying
Authors: de Jong Sybren H.
Published: July 2019

Electronic surveying equipment is available to, and is being used by, surveyors in all branches of the profession. This equipment permits the measurement, at a single step, of distances of such length that reduction to datum must be accomplished by taking into account the sphericity of the earth immediately, whereas, formerly, the limited length of single accurate measurements (by tape) permitted the assumption of measurement on a plane in all calculations, except the application of mean sea level correction. Trigonometric heighting, by long lines, has been converted from a process using corrected mean sea level lengths from triangulation to one in which slope measurements are the basic data available. These changes require revised calculation formulas for direct computation from the field data. Such formulas are derived in this paper and their appropriateness and accuracy are tested for all present possible ground-to-ground ranges. Their arrangement has been kept suitable for electronic computation as well.
Solution to a Routine Problem in Air Survey Navigation
Authors: Fleming J. F.
Published: July 2019

A technique is described and a nomograph provided by which air-survey navigators may execute reciprocal turns to establish correct lateral overlap between adjacent parallel lines of survey photography, without reference to ground detail. The technique may be employed also for parallel searches over water or muskeg, and might prove adaptable to hydrographic surveying, or other uses, in which a pattern of parallel straight lines, with a given lateral separation, must be traversed.
Certain Applications of Photogrammetry in Underground Mining
Authors: Kowalczyk Zygmunt
Published: July 2019

The paper discusses the application of photogrammetry to the mapping of galleries, crosscuts, vertical shafts and sviali shafts; the establishment of photo-plans of horizontal workings, and the application of photogrammetry to accidents in mines. The author also describes special equipment developed for mapping of small-diameter drilled shafts.
Production of Map No. 47A Algonquin Provincial Park (Ont.)
Authors: Pound J. G.
Published: July 2019

A short historical introduction provides the background to the production of the 1965 edition of the map of Algonquin Park. The need for a map of this area is explained as arising from the demands of the vacationer and the administrator. How these demands were met and the methods used to produce the map are described in detail. A copy of the map itself is included with the article.
Single-Chain Triangulation in Canada
Authors: Selley A.D.
Published: July 2019

The Introduction of electromagnetic distance-measuring equipment has brought many changes in the operations of the Geodetic Survey of Canada. Single-chain triangulation, consisting of a simple chain of triangles with all sides and all angles measured, has replaced conventional triangulation, consisting of a series of overlapping triangles arranged in braced quadrilaterals and center-point figures. This paper discusses single-chain triangulation as used by the Geodetic Survey of Canada.
Integrated Survey Control on the Mactaquac Project in New Brunswick
Authors: Nason Walter M.
Published: July 2019

Apart from great technological skill, required from the building engineer, a successful completion of any major power dam project is greatly dependent on the competence of the surveyor. Topographic mapping, precise control surveys and extensive property surveys are required before the final plans for the actual construction work can be drawn. The article describes the methods and organization of such surveys in relation to the particular problems encountered in a power dam project in the province of New Brunswick.
The Relationship of Legal Surveys to Coordinate Systems
Authors: Hadfield Colin D.
Published: July 2019

The significance of horizontal control has been the subject of considerable technical discussion. Its relationship to legal surveying has received much less attention. This paper outlines some of the broad implications of coordinate systems, when used in conjunction with legal surveys, and attempts to clarify and place in perspective their fundamental technical and legal implications. It shows that mutual benefit can be derived from such a marriage, provided that basic concepts are treated in accordance with certain established principles. The inception of a provincial coiitrol grid, capable of being utilized in title documents and existing registration systems, is discussed.
Underground Measurements with the Tellurometer
Authors: Chrzanowski A. , Wilson Peter
Published: July 2019

The authors make an accuracy analysis of underground measurements obtained with the tellurometer. A method of field calibration of the tellurometer is described and the theory of the analytical method is given, together with comments on the possible sources and effects of underground reflections.
The Educational Status of Surveying and Photogrammetry in North America
Authors: Brandenberger A. J.
Published: July 2019

Despite the progress made as a result of automation, the demand for professional people in the fields of surveying and mapping is expected to increase at a rate more rapid than the growth of world population. And as the scientific methods of surveying and mapping become more and more sophisticated, the training of surveyors, at different educational levels, must be guided toward producing specialists in any one of the various disciplines of the profession, i.e., geodesy, photogrammetry, cartography, cadastral surveying and others.

Analysis of the present situation in Canada and the United States suggests that a need for expansion and improvement of educational facilities exists in both countries, particularly for the training of surveyors at the technician level.
Photoelectric Observations in Geodetic Astronomy
Authors: Moreau Richard L.
Published: July 2019

The Repsold micrometer method for stellar transit observations is still used widely in geodetic astronomy; unfortunately, it is not free from “personal bias”, which introduces uncertainty in the Laplace control of triangulation networks. Until very recently, the photoelectric transit detection method was reserved for fixed observatory use because of the elaborate and power-consuming equipment needed. However, highly accurate and portable amplifiers and recorders are now readily available, enabling the geodesist to adapt this method to his own needs.

This article indicates a method of obtaining accurate times of transit from analogue recordings of photoelectric observations. In Part I, analytical expressions are developed for the variation of light intensity falling on a photomultiplier, as a stellar image is occulated by a fixed line in the focal plane of the telescope. Using these analytic approximations, the expected response of an amplifier-recorder system, coupled to the photo-multiplier with r. resistance-capacitance filter, is determined. Accurate corrections to the distorted response are then obtained. The only calibration required by this method is that of the system’s time constant. In Part II, a description is given of the experimental equipment used to verify the method, and the results are discussed.
Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in the Coefficient of Refraction
Authors: Angus-Leppan P. V.
Published: July 2019

As the accuracy of surveying observations continues to increase, the effects of the atmosphere are assuming greater importance. A mathematical model has been derived to represent the variations of the temperature gradient in the lower atmosphere. This can be used to indicate values of the coefficient of refraction under various conditions and the likely errors in electronically-measured distances. Further investigation will aim at a general form of the model and a similar model for humidity.
Microwave Distance Meter “Telemeter OG-1”
Authors: Holejko Krzysztof
Published: July 2019

The telemeter OG-1 is an electronic distance measurement instrument developed at the Technical University of Warsaw in 1962. A brief description of the instrument is given and a block diagram and photographs are included.

Distance measurement is achieved by phase comparison at a modulation frequency of 15 Mc/s; related frequencies are used to determine coarse distances. The carrier frequency is variable over the range 8,900 to 9,500 Mc/s. The system employs a master and a response station that are not identical. A cathode ray tube with a superimposed scale is used for distance readout, and forward and reverse readings appear simultaneously as breaks in a circular trace. The standard error of measurement is stated as ± (3 cm + 5 ppm).
Least Squares Adjustment of Biased Observations
Authors: Sunter Alan B.
Published: July 2019

The application of external checks, such as condition equations, to observations often indicates a greater degree of error than is suggested by an examination of the internal variability of the observations themselves. This, in turn, suggests the presence of bias in the observations, and raises the question of whether least squares methods of adjustment are appropriate and, if not, what modifications are likely to lead to better adjustments.

In this paper, the consequences of applying least squares to biased observations are examined and a statistical model for biased observations is proposed. The implica¬tions of this model are worked out to give a method of adjustment that can claim the optimum properties of least squares in the unbiased case.

Finally, a number of methods of adjustment of a simple network are compared in a Monte Carlo experiment.
The March of the Compass in Canada
Authors: Dawson Edward , Dalgetty L. C.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this article is to assist surveyors, employed in the retracing of old magnetic bearings, to provide sound legal title to grants of land.

A brief historical account is given of the emergence of geomagnetism as a science. The nature of the earth’s magnetic field is described and some common misconceptions regarding magnetic poles and their effects on the compass clarified.

The secular variation of magnetic declination is illustrated by tables of values for 72 places in eastern Canada. The reliability of the tables is discussed and the effect of secular variation on magnetic bearings is shown.
The Requirement for Large-Scale Mapping
Authors: St-Arnaud Robert
Published: July 2019

The need for large-scale maps is increasing with the development of urban areas, and their production is adding considerably to the work load of the agencies responsible for providing them. The author discusses the technical problems related to the production of large-scale maps and suggests that the responsibility for providing these maps should be decentralized.
Some Meteorological Aspects in the Measurement of Long Lines by Electromagnetic Means
Authors: Saastamoinen J.
Published: July 2019

Reduction of electromagnetic distance measurements on the basis of refractive index values observed at ground stations is satisfactory for short and intermediate ranges but may lead to large errors on lines over 100 km. Such lines should be divided into shorter sections or, alternatively, the vertical distribution of the refractive index should be determined from radiosonde observations.
A Generalized System for the Evaluation and Automatic Plotting of Map Projections
Authors: Adler Ron K. H. , Reilly James P. , Schwarz Charles R.
Published: July 2019

The authors apply the Tissot indicatrix in a computer program to provide a system for evaluation and analysis of distortions caused by map projections.
Some Thoughts on the Improvement of Land Title Records
Authors: Thigpenn James A.
Published: July 2019

Antiquated systems of public records can be best improved by a series of systematic well-planned steps and not by one bold intuitive leap.

Blind insistence on the immediate implementation of the ideal may prevent the first corrective steps from being taken. The essentials needed now for improvement must be separated from the longer list of prerequisites to attain the ideal. One essential is the need for a universal parcel identifier. This identifier should include: universal geographic coordinates to give a general area location, and a unit number to identify a particidar parcel within this general area.

It is suggested that the general area be a quadrangle measuring one tenth of a degree in latitude and one tenth of a degree in longitude.
The Computer and the Title to Land
Authors: Risk R. C. B.
Published: July 2019

The conveyancing process presents two needs: those of purchasers and those of the owners of established claims. A registration system should accommodate both needs. Such an accommodation involves records which pose problems on their reliability, the degree to which they should be centralized, or consolidated, and the extent to which claims should be recorded, or extinguished, in favor of the purchaser.

The use of the computer in the conveyancing process should be based on the criteria of dependability, speed and cost. Basically, the computer can serve two purposes: the using of records and the making of records. In using records, it serves the purchasers; in making records, it serves the owners of established claims. Problems associated with the first purpose concern the portion of the records that should be stored in the computer, the desired form of output, and where this output should be made available. Problems posed in the making of records concern the degree of supervision and control to be exercised and how and where new entries in these records should be made.

Eventually, the computer is bound to dominate the land title recording and conveyancing process and, in so doing, will probably distort traditional patterns of practice and thought.
The Potential of Data Banks in Land Management for Industrial Purposes
Authors: Kingman P. D.
Published: July 2019

The system of recording land data has not kept pace with modern development; in fact, it lags far behind.

A data bank based on land designations, not people, is imperative. This bank should include not only basic registration data pertaining to land rights but also additional information necessary for land development.

It is likely that such a bank would be part of a governmental system. If so, this might pose problems for industry in that secrecy is often required when studies of potential industrial sites are made.
CULDATA System
Authors: Cook Robert N.
Published: July 2019

CULDATA system is the acronym for Comprehensive, Unified Land data system. To be comprehensive, a land records or data system must meet local, state and federal governmental responsibilities and needs without unnecessary duplication. Land data, such as deeds, mortgages, judgments and other liens, may be part of a subsystem, integrated into the total land data system. A land data system is unified when its data can be compared properly and aggregated with data of the same type in other unified systems. A culdata system has distinctive characteristics: land-title records are indexed by parcels as well as by owners; there is II unique code number for each parcel, indicative of its location; the same parcel code number is used for each parcel for land title, taxation, land use, and land-planning records; land descriptions are based on coordinates in a plane rectangular system tied to the national control network; there are large-scale maps of an accuracy sufficient to provide the benefits of photogrammetry, keyed to the same plane coordinate system as the land descriptions; a national system of code numbers identifies persons, corporations and organizations and, finally, there is coordination of local, state and federal activities in the collection, storage, retrieval and use of land data.
Three Automated Land Data Systems in the United States
Authors: Moyer D. David
Published: July 2019

Data banks are rapidly becoming more popular but so far their development and implementation have been confined mainly to urban areas.

The Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is studying the feasibility of a unified land data system for rural lands. Such a bank would likely aid the department in administering government policy, reduce conveyancing costs on transfers of farm land and lead to wider and quicker dissemination of land information to interested persons and agencies.

As part of its investigation, the Service has studied some urban-type data banks. Three of these, namely, in Nassau County, New York; Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia, are discussed with reference to the history of their development, the data they contain and the use being made of these data.

Studies show that banks of land title record data would be a worthwhile proposition for counties with populations as low as 30,000. If these banks were enlarged to include other data, such as those now contained in the Washington and Alexandria banks, counties with even smaller populations would benefit.
The Early History of the Gyroscope and Gyro Compass
Authors: Lauf G. B.
Published: July 2019

Most of the current literature in the field of gyroscopic theory and in the use of gyroscopic instruments for the determination of azimuth begins the historical account of the subject with the work of Leon Foucault during the period 1850-1852. But little is known of the work in this field by others during the preceding half century. In this paper, the development of the gyroscope and gyro compass is traced back to a date earlier than 1813.
Modeling Techniques for the Design of Land Survey Systems and Some Initial Conclusions
Authors: McLaughlin John
Published: July 2019

Research is being carried out in New Brunswick to develop a better understanding of the nature and function of land-survey systems in a dynamic society. This paper briefly outlines some of the concepts that have been developed, describes the modeling techniques that have been applied to the study, and presents some of the requirements that have been formulated for a land-survey system.