bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forum introduction
Authors: Stewart Patrick A. , Bucy Erik P.
Published: December 2011

Last fall, the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) celebrated its 30th anniversary by holding the annual meeting on the picturesque campus of Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. The event was highlighted not only by a keynote address from Nobel Prize Laureate Elinor Ostrom but also featured several roundtables comprised of those most responsible for the establishment and growth of APLS over the past three decades. This Founders' Forum likewise celebrates 30 years of the journal's publication and provides the opportunity to reflect on where the field and the association have been, and where they are headed.
Biopolicy after three decades
Authors: Blank Robert H.
Published: December 2011

Thirty years ago there were at most only a handful of political scientists who were interested in or publishing about policy issues in the life sciences, concentrated primarily in the health or environmental policy areas. As a result, political science was notably absent as a discipline either in the literature, at conferences, or as members of state or national commissions, advisory bodies, or institutional review boards involving the life sciences.
Building strong research associations Interdisciplinarity, theory-building, and policy in politics and the life sciences and health services research
Authors: Brandon William P.
Published: December 2011

This essay explores efforts to establish interdisciplinary research associations by comparing two organizations that were founded in the early 1980s. One has focused on the field of politics and the life sciences and the other on health services research. Both are involved in securing recognition for a research area—or “field of research”—that had not previously been conceptualized as a coherent academic or professional enterprise. The motivation for this paper is my interest in politics and the life sciences (the field), the organization—the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences that was established in 1980 to foster scholarly study of the field—and its journal Politics and the Life Sciences. (For the sake of clarity I adopt the convention of signifying a field entirely in lower-case orthography, beginning an organizational name with capital letters and naming the related journals in italics.)
The Synergism Hypothesis Thirty years later
Authors: Corning Peter A.
Published: December 2011

I think it is fair to say that synergy is an idea whose time has finally come. It seems that every week another new example of synergy is reported in some scientific journal, and articles about synergy are nowadays routinely accepted for publication in various disciplines. This was certainly not the case 30 years ago. Back then using the term “synergy” in a journal submission was an almost certain kiss of death. I speak from personal experience. So times have changed. However, the theory proposed in my 1983 book, The Synergism Hypothesis: A Theory of Progressive Evolution^ has had a more complex journey, and herein lies a bit of intellectual history and some lessons about the culture and politics of science.
Toward a theory of revolution The legacy of James C. Davies in historical perspective
Authors: Orbell John M. , Shay Roshani Cari
Published: December 2011

“Founders” of new scholarly ideas, perspectives, or paradigms are people who advocate for such ideas before wider scholarly audiences accept them or even know they exist. Such scholars have an uphill battle. They must persuade journal and book editors to publish their work. Those gatekeepers depend on reviewers with established reputations in conventional terms, and these reviewers generally oppose anything that threatens their comfortable intellectual lives. If the idea is as stunningly simple as Darwin's natural selection theory, an innovator might have a somewhat easier time; Thomas Huxley reportedly remarked upon reading On the Origin of Species, “How extremely stupid of me not to have thought of that.” But with conceptually and methodologically broad ideas, such as the application of biologically based psychological thinking to a traditional set of disciplinary problems, it can be tough to even get a foot in the door.
Sustainable Urban Transport
Authors: Kumar Debnath Ashim , Haque M. Mazharul , Chin Hoong Chor , Yuen Belinda
Published: December 2011

Achieving sustainability is a major goal of many urban transport systems. To attain an efficient, safe, and sustainable transport system, many innovative policies have been attempted in the past. Those policies often require smart technologies to assist in the implementation process and to enhance effectiveness. This paper discusses how sustainability can be promoted by embedding smart technologies in a modern transport system. In particular, this paper studies the transport system of Singapore to see how it is addressing sustainability through the use of smart technologies. Various technological initiatives in managing traffic flow, monitoring and enforcement, sharing real-time information, and managing revenues are discussed in light of their potential to address sustainability issues. The Singapore experience provides a useful reference for cities that intend to develop and promote a sustainable transport system.
Rapid Classification of Hairtail Fish and Pork Freshness Using an Electronic Nose Based on the PCA Method
Authors: Tian Xiu-Ying , Cai Qiang , Zhang Yong-Ming
Published: December 2011

We report a method for building a simple and reproducible electronic nose based on commercially available metal oxide sensors (MOS) to monitor the freshness of hairtail fish and pork stored at 15, 10, and 5 °C. After assembly in the laboratory, the proposed product was tested by a manufacturer. Sample delivery was based on the dynamic headspace method, and two features were extracted from the transient response of each sensor using an unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) method. The compensation method and pattern recognition based on PCA are discussed in the current paper. PCA compensation can be used for all storage temperatures, however, pattern recognition differs according to storage conditions. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and aerobic bacterial counts of the samples were measured simultaneously with the standard indicators of hairtail fish and pork freshness. The PCA models based on TVBN and aerobic bacterial counts were used to classify hairtail fish samples as “fresh” (TVBN ≤ 25 g and microbial counts ≤ 106 cfu/g) or “spoiled” (TVBN ≥ 25 g and microbial counts ≥ 106 cfu/g) and pork samples also as “fresh” (TVBN ≤ 15 g and microbial counts ≤ 106 cfu/g) or “spoiled” (TVBN ≥ 15 g and microbial counts ≥ 106 cfu/g). Good correlation coefficients between the responses of the electronic nose and the TVBN and aerobic bacterial counts of the samples were obtained. For hairtail fish, correlation coefficients were 0.97 and 0.91, and for pork, correlation coefficients were 0.81 and 0.88, respectively. Through laboratory simulation and field application, we were able to determine that the electronic nose could help ensure the shelf life of hairtail fish and pork, especially when an instrument is needed to take measurements rapidly. The results also showed that the electronic nose could analyze the process and level of spoilage for hairtail fish and pork.
Convex-Faced Combinatorially Regular Polyhedra of Small Genus
Authors: Schulte Egon , Wills Jörg M.
Published: December 2011

Combinatorially regular polyhedra are polyhedral realizations (embeddings) in Euclidean 3-space E3 of regular maps on (orientable) closed compact surfaces. They are close analogues of the Platonic solids. A surface of genus g ≥ 2 admits only finitely many regular maps, and generally only a small number of them can be realized as polyhedra with convex faces. When the genus g is small, meaning that g is in the historically motivated range 2 ≤ g ≤ 6, only eight regular maps of genus g are known to have polyhedral realizations, two discovered quite recently. These include spectacular convex-faced polyhedra realizing famous maps of Klein, Fricke, Dyck, and Coxeter. We provide supporting evidence that this list is complete; in other words, we strongly conjecture that in addition to those eight there are no other regular maps of genus g, with 2 ≤ g ≤ 6, admitting realizations as convex-faced polyhedra in E3. For all admissible maps in this range, save Gordan’s map of genus 4, and its dual, we rule out realizability by a polyhedron in E3.
Evolutionary origin of the Asteraceae capitulum: Insights from Calyceraceae
Authors: Pozner Raúl , Zanotti Christian , Johnson Leigh A.
Published: December 2011

• Premise of the study: Phylogenies based on molecular data are revealing that generalizations about complex morphological structures often obscure variation and developmental patterns important for understanding the evolution of forms, as is the case for inflorescence morphology within the well‐supported MGCA clade (Menyanthaceae + Goodeniaceae + Calyceraceae + Asteraceae). While the basal families share a basic thyrsic/thyrsoid structure of their inflorescences, Asteraceae possesses a capitulum that is widely interpreted as a racemose, condensed inflorescence. Elucidating the poorly known inflorescence structure of Calyceraceae, sister to Asteraceae, should help clarify how the Asteraceae capitulum evolved from thyrsic/thyrsoid inflorescences.

• Methods: The early development and structure of the inflorescence of eight species (five genera) of Calyceraceae were studied by SEM, and patterns of evolutionary change were interpreted via phylogenetic character mapping.

• Key results: The basic inflorescence structure of Calyceraceae is a cephalioid (a very condensed botryoid/thyrsoid). Optimization of inflorescence characters on a DNA sequence‐derived tree suggests that the Asteraceae capitulum derives from a simple cephalioid through two morphological changes: loss of the terminal flower and suppression of the cymose branching pattern in the peripheral branches.

• Conclusions: Widely understood as a condensed raceme, the Asteraceae capitulum is the evolutionary result of a very reduced, condensed thyrsoid. Starting from that point, evolution worked separately only on the racemose developmental control/pattern within Asteraceae and mainly on the cymose developmental control/pattern within Calyceraceae, producing head‐like inflorescences in both groups but with very different diversification potential. We also discuss possible remnants of the ancestral cephalioid structure in some Asteraceae.
Characterization and cross application of novel microsatellite markers for a rare sedge, Lepidosperma gibsonii (Cyperaceae)
Authors: Barrett Matthew D. , Wallace Mark J. , Anthony Janet M.
Published: December 2011

• Premise of the study: Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci for the rare sword sedge Lepidosperma gibsonii (Cyperaceae) were characterized for the future study of population structure, hybridization, and clonality.

• Methods and Results: Twenty samples from each of three populations were screened with the markers to assess genetic variation. Observed population heterozygosities ranged from 0.35 to 1.00, and number of alleles observed per locus ranged from eight to 23. No departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected for any locus in any population. Single samples from 14 species were screened to examine the transferability of the microsatellites to other species of Lepidosperma. At least eight out of 10 loci amplified in all species tested.

• Conclusions: These loci will be useful for studying genetic variation, hybridization, dispersal, and breeding systems in Lepidosperma, a ubiquitous element of the flora of southern Australia.
La larga vida de dos rocas orensanas
Authors: García Quintela Marco V. , Seoane-Veiga Yolanda
Published: December 2011

Se estudian dos rocas, un petroglifo y un «santuario rupestre » de la provincia de Ourense, con dos metodologías complementarias, la arqueología del paisaje y la «biografía» (Kopytoff) de los objetos. Partiendo de su descripción en textos cristianos se considera el patrón de localización que conforman en relación con castros importantes, relación que se propone fechar en la Edad del Hierro. Esta adscripción cronocultural y su posterior resemantización cristiana lleva a la consideración de su «vida social». Estas aproximaciones inciden en el debate sobre la datación del arte rupestre en Galicia y se propone que, más allá del momento de grabado inicial, se estudie su uso y sentido en la larga duración.
«Los patíbulos son andamios». Giovanni Battista Piranesi y la técnica edilicia de época romana
Authors: Pizzo Antonio
Published: December 2011

En este artículo se ha prestado atención a un aspecto específico de la obra de G. B. Piranesi: el conocimiento de los elementos técnico-constructivos de la arquitectura romana. Se ha realizado un análisis de la totalidad de su obra, en el intento de encontrar el mayor número posible de referencias útiles para la comprensión de la tecnología edilicia romana, filtrada por la forma original de las composiciones de las láminas. En este sentido, se han identificado varios grupos de representaciones gráficas que nos permiten plantear la presencia de un hilo conductor constante en relación con el mundo de la construcción, evidente en la casi totalidad de láminas que tratan edificios antiguos. El objetivo final es la reevaluación de aquellos detalles de las obras de Piranesi que intentan penetrar en la anatomía de las estructuras romanas para aprender y demostrar las modalidades constructivas.
MapReduce and Hadoop
Authors: Rodero-Merino Luis , Fedak Gilles
Published: December 2011

This chapter introduces the MapReduce solution for distributed computation. It explains the fundamentals of MapReduce and describes in which scenarios it can be applied (basically, processing of massive data by easily parallelizable algorithms). Also, this chapter gives an overview of the open source project Hadoop, an implementation of MapReduce. Its architecture is depicted, and an easy step-by-step guide to install Hadoop is included, along with programming examples of how to use Hadoop.
Control of new copper corrosion in high‐alkalinity drinking water
Authors: Grace Stephen , Lytle Darren A. , Goltz Mark N.
Published: December 2011

Research and field experience have shown that high‐alkalinity waters can be associated with elevated copper levels in drinking water. The objective of this study was to document the application of orthophosphate to the distribution system of a building with a copper problem associated with high‐alkalinity source water. The alkalinity and pH of the water were 273 mg/L calcium carbonate and 7.4, respectively, and copper levels at taps ranged from 1.4 to 2.4 mg/L. Experimental bench‐scale jar tests proved to be useful for establishing an appropriate orthophosphate (PO4) dose. A simple chemical feed system delivered orthophosphate to the building at a dose of approximately 3 mg/L PO4. Within several weeks, copper levels throughout the building dropped below the Lead and Copper Rule copper action level of 1.3 mg/L. Orthophosphate levels remained consistent across the building and did not change during stagnation. The addition of orthophosphate also increased chlorine residuals of flushed water samples.
Controlling trace organic contaminants with GAC adsorption
Authors: Corwin Christopher J. , Summers R. Scott
Published: December 2011

The adsorption of trace organic contaminants by granular activated carbon (GAC) was assessed relative to the control of taste and odor (T&O) compounds and disinfection by‐product (DBP) precursor removal. Adsorbers operated for the control of T&O and DBP precursors were shown to yield good to excellent removal of 17 trace organic contaminant probe compounds. Increasing influent concentration of the trace organic contaminant in the parts‐per‐billion level was shown not to affect compound breakthrough on a normalized basis; however, higher influent concentrations did lead to earlier breakthrough on a mass concentration basis. Increasing background dissolved organic matter concentration increased competition for a fixed number of adsorption sites and led to earlier breakthrough. Optimal empty bed contact time depended on the specific treatment objectives and the contaminant removal level needed to meet those objectives. Series and parallel adsorber operation was calculated to yield a twofold decrease in the GAC use rate.
Hydrothermal treatment of fluorinated titanium dioxide: photocatalytic degradation of phenol
Authors: Tan Yong Nian , Wong Chung Leng , Mohamed Abdul Rahman
Published: December 2011

Fluorinated titanium dioxide (F‐TiO2) was synthesized by a simple sonication–hydrothermal method. The effects of dosage of fluoride dopants, hydrothermal durations, and sonication pretreatment were investigated in this paper. F‐TiO2 samples obtained in this manner were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of F‐TiO2 were evaluated by the phenol degradation in a batch‐mode fluidized bed reactor under ultraviolet irradiation. The results showed that the prepared F‐TiO2 had good crystallinity and a high proportion in the anatase phase. The highest rate of photocatalytic activity was observed when the Ti : F molar ratio (RF) was RF = 0.15 and the hydrothermal duration was 10 h. F‐TiO2 showed better photocatalytic properties than that of pure TiO2. F‐TiO2 prepared by the sonication–hydrothermal treatment showed higher photocatalytic activity as compared with F‐TiO2 prepared similarly, but in the absence of sonication. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD147 induces angiogenesis through a vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor 1α–mediated pathway in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Wang Cong‐hua , Yao Hui , Chen Li‐na , Jia Jun‐feng , Wang Li , Dai Jing‐yao , Zheng Zhao‐hui , Chen Zhi‐nan , Zhu Ping
Published: December 2011

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory and angiogenic disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that promote angiogenesis in RA have not been clearly identified. Our objective was to study the role of CD147 in angiogenesis and determine whether the strategy in which CD147 is suppressed might be useful in reducing angiogenesis in RA.

Methods

Correlations among expression levels of CD147, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) were determined by immunohistochemistry staining. RA fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) cells were cultured under various conditions, and the production of VEGF and HIF‐1α was examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The SCID mouse coimplantation model of RA (SCID‐HuRAg) was established, mice were treated with CD147 monoclonal antibody, infliximab, or both CD147 and infliximab, and the volume of the grafts and the average vascular density were measured and analyzed. Western blot analyses were performed to examine the potential signaling pathways.

Results

The expression levels of CD147 showed significantly positive correlations with VEGF and HIF‐1α levels, as well as with vascular density, in RA synovium. After small interfering RNA transfection or after addition of specific antibodies for CD147, the production of VEGF and HIF‐1α were significantly reduced. The expression of VEGF and HIF‐1α decreased more after CD147 inhibition than after infliximab treatment in the engrafted tissues in SCID‐HuRAg mice. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathway may be involved in this process.

Conclusion

CD147 induces up‐regulation of VEGF and HIF‐1α in RA FLS, further promotes angiogenesis, and leads to the persistence of synovitis. Inhibition of CD147 may be a promising target for novel therapeutic strategies.
Myotube orientation using strong static magnetic fields
Authors: Sakurai Tomonori , Hashimoto Ayumi , Kiyokawa Tomoko , Kikuchi Kazuki , Miyakoshi Junji
Published: December 2011

In this experiment, we evaluated the effects of strong static magnetic fields (SMF) on the orientation of myotubes formed from a mouse‐derived myoblast cell line, C2C12. Myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells was conducted under exposure to SMF at a magnetic flux density of 0–10 T and a magnetic gradient of 0–41.7 T/m. Exposure to SMF at 10 T led to significant formation of oriented myotubes. Under the high magnetic field gradient and a high value of the product of the magnetic flux density and magnetic field gradient, myotube orientation increased as the myogenic differentiation period increased. At the 3 T exposure position, where there was a moderate magnetic flux density and moderate magnetic field gradient, myotube orientation was not observed. We demonstrated that SMF induced the formation of oriented myotubes depending on the magnetic flux density, and that a high magnetic field gradient and a high value of the product of the magnetic flux density and magnetic field gradient induced the formation of oriented myotubes 6 days after myogenic differentiation. We did not detect any effect of the static magnetic fields on myogenic differentiation or cell number. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that myotubes orient to each other under a SMF without affecting the cell number and myogenic differentiation. Bioelectromagnetics 33:421–427, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Periphery‐Substituted [4+6] Salicylbisimine Cage Compounds with Exceptionally High Surface Areas: Influence of the Molecular Structure on Nitrogen Sorption Properties
Authors: Schneider Markus W. , Oppel Iris M. , Ott Holger , Lechner Lorenz G. , Hauswald Hans‐Jochen S. , Stoll Raphael , Mastalerz Michael
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of various periphery‐substituted shape‐persistent cage compounds by twelve‐fold condensation reactions of four triptycene triamines and six salicyldialdehydes is described, where the substituents systematically vary in bulkiness. The resulting cage compounds were studied as permanent porous material by nitrogen sorption measurements. When the material is amorphous, the steric demand of the cages exterior does not strongly influence the gas uptake, resulting in BET surface areas of approximately 700 m2 g−1 for all cage compounds 3 c–e, independently of the substituents bulkiness. In the crystalline state, materials of the same compounds show a strong interconnection between steric demand of the peripheral substituent and the resulting BET surface area. With increasing bulkiness, the overall BET surface area decreases, for example 1291 m2 g−1 (for cage compound 3 c with methyl substituents), 309 m2 g−1 (for cage compound 3 d with 2‐(2‐ethyl‐pentyl) substituents) and 22 m2 g−1 (for cage compound 3 e with trityl substituents). Furthermore, we found that two different crystalline polymorphs of the cage compound 3 a (with tert‐butyl substituents) differ also in nitrogen sorption, resulting in a BET surface area of 1377 m2g−1, when synthesized from THF and 2071 m2g−1, when recrystallized from DMSO.
Non‐coding RNAs as theranostics in human cancers
Authors: Redis Roxana S. , Berindan‐Neagoe Ioana , Pop Victor I. , Calin George A.
Published: December 2011

Theranostics was coined originally as a term used to describe a system that combines diagnosis and therapy, aiming to provide the tools for personalized medicine. This review reasserts the grounds for regarding non‐coding RNAs (ncRNA) as theranostics in human cancers. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most well studied ncRNAs in recent years; their pivotal role in orchestrating tumor initiation and progression has been confirmed in all types of cancers. Hence, these small ncRNAs have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets and diagnostic tool. Various approaches to use their therapeutic potential have been taken, here we summarize the most important ones. In the near future, the focus of theranostics will be shifted towards longer and mechanistically more versatile ncRNAs, and we included some recent advances supporting this view. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1451–1459, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of soil temperature and soil compaction on growth and P uptake of sugar beet
Authors: Hoffmann Christa , Jungk Albrecht
Published: December 2011

Sugar beet growth is often impaired by cold and compacted soil. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil temperature and soil compaction on the growth and function of sugar beet roots. For this purpose a pot experiment with sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) was conducted in a growth chamber in which the soil temperature was kept constant either at 10°C or 20°C and air temperature at 20°C. The soil was uncompacted (1.30 g cm−3) or compacted to a bulk density of 1.65 g cm−3. In order to find out whether growth restriction was caused by insufficient P supply of the plant the experiment was run without and with P application (300 mg per kg soil).

Root growth was much smaller at 10°C compared to 20°C, whereas root/shoot ratio was not affected by soil temperature. Hence, root and shoot growth was inhibited to the same extent. P content of the plants was not reduced, neither by cold nor by compacted soil, although parameters of acquisition such as root length and morphological root properties were altered. Soil temperature strongly affected P influx, whereas compaction did not. The calculation with a simulation model showed that at 10°C soil temperature the predicted P uptake of the plants agreed with the measured P uptake irrespective of compaction and P application. However, at 20°C the model underestimated the P influx at low soil P availability even if allowance was made for root hairs. It is concluded that under conditions of high shoot P demand and low P availability in soil P has been mobilized by mechanisms not taken into account by the model.
Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel für natürliche und technogene Substrate in Böden städtisch‐industrieller Verdichtungsräume
Authors: Meuser Helmut
Published: December 2011

Die Böden der urban‐industriellen Verdichtungsräume sind in den meisten Fällen anthropogen geformt. Sie bestehen häufig aus Gemengen von umgelagerten natürlichen und technogenen Substraten. Die Ansprache der Substrate stellt für den Bodenkartierer ein Problem dar, da keine Identifikationsmerkmaie insbesondere der technogenen Substrate zusammenfassend vorliegen. Zur Verbesserung der Arbeit des Bodenkartierers im Gelände wurde deshalb ein Bestimmungsschlüssel zum Erkennen der im urbanen Raum anzutreffenden Substrate entworfen.
Down‐regulation of RhoE is associated with progression and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Luo Hesan , Dong Zhongyi , Zou Jinjin , Zeng Qin , Wu Dehua , Liu Li
Published: December 2011

Background

RhoE is an atypical member of Rho GTPases family, which is a crucial regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation. Previous studies have reported that RhoE was aberrantly expressed in several human cancers, but the role of RhoE in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remained poor understood.

Objectives

This study investigated the expression of RhoE and its clinical significance on the outcome of patients with HCC.

Methods

The expression of RhoE was examined in HCC patients and then the prognostic impact of the RhoE expression status was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

RhoE was down‐regulated in HCC cell lines and tissues compared with normal hepatocyte line (HL‐7702) and non‐cancerous liver tissues. The expression of RhoE was significantly negatively associated with serum AFP (P = 0.013) and tumor grade (P = 0.016). Furthermore, the patients with low expression of RhoE had a shorter survival (P = 0.002) than those with high expression. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that RhoE expression was a significant and independent prognostic predictor for HCC patients (P = 0.016).

Conclusions

RhoE, down‐regulated in patients with HCC, could serve as an independent prognostic predictor for patients with HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:699–704. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Volumetric navigators for prospective motion correction and selective reacquisition in neuroanatomical MRI
Authors: Tisdall M. Dylan , Hess Aaron T. , Reuter Martin , Meintjes Ernesta M. , Fischl Bruce , van der Kouwe André J. W.
Published: December 2011

We introduce a novel method of prospectively compensating for subject motion in neuroanatomical imaging. Short three‐dimensional echo‐planar imaging volumetric navigators are embedded in a long three‐dimensional sequence, and the resulting image volumes are registered to provide an estimate of the subject's location in the scanner at a cost of less than 500 ms, ∼ 1% change in contrast, and ∼3% change in intensity. This time fits well into the existing gaps in sequences routinely used for neuroimaging, thus giving a motion‐corrected sequence with no extra time required. We also demonstrate motion‐driven selective reacquisition of k‐space to further compensate for subject motion. We perform multiple validation experiments to evaluate accuracy, navigator impact on tissue intensity/contrast, and the improvement in final output. The complete system operates without adding additional hardware to the scanner and requires no external calibration, making it suitable for high‐throughput environments. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human breast at 7 T
Authors: Wijnen Jannie P. , van der Kemp Wybe J. M. , Luttje Mariska P. , Korteweg Mies A. , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W. J.
Published: December 2011

This study presents quantified levels of phosphorylated metabolites in glandular tissue of human breast using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T. We used a homebuilt 1H/31P radiofrequency coil to obtain artifact‐free 31P MR spectra of glandular tissue of healthy females by deploying whole breast free induction decay (FID) detection with adiabatic excitation and outer volume suppression. Using progressive saturation, the estimated apparent T1 relaxation time of 31P spins of phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine was 4.4 and 5.7 s, respectively. Quantitative measures for phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine levels in glandular tissue were established based on MR imaging. We used a 3D 1H image of the breast to segment the glandular tissue; this was matched to a 3D 31P image of the B field of the 31P coil to correct for differences in glandular tissue volume and B1 inhomogeneity of the 31P coil. The 31P MR spectra were calibrated using a phantom with known concentration. Average levels of phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine in 11 volunteers were 0.84 ± 0.21 mM and 1.18 ± 0.41 mM, respectively. In addition, data of three patients with breast cancer showed higher levels of phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine compared with healthy volunteers. This may indicate a potential role for the use of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy for characterization, prognosis, and treatment monitoring in breast cancer. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
View angle tilting echo planar imaging for distortion correction
Authors: Ahn Sinyeob , Hu Xiaoping P.
Published: December 2011

Geometric distortion caused by field inhomogeneity along the phase‐encode direction is one of the most prominent artifacts due to a relatively low effective bandwidth along that direction in magnetic resonance echo planar imaging. This work describes a method for correcting in‐plane image distortion along the phase‐encode direction using a view angle tilting imaging technique in spin‐echo echo planar imaging. Spin‐echo echo planar imaging with view angle tilting uses the addition of gradient blips along the slice‐select direction, concurrently applied with the phase‐encode gradient blips, producing an additional phase. This phase effectively offsets an unwanted phase accumulation caused by field inhomogeneity, resulting in the removal of image distortion along the phase‐encode direction. The proposed method is simple and straightforward both in implementation and application with no scan time penalty. Therefore, it is readily applicable on commercial scanners without having any customized postprocessing. The efficacy of the spin‐echo echo planar imaging with view angle tilting technique in the correction of image distortion is demonstrated in phantom and in vivo brain imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetization transfer MRI in pancreatic cancer xenograft models
Authors: Li Weiguo , Zhang Zhuoli , Nicolai Jodi , Yang Guang‐Yu , Omary Reed A. , Larson Andrew C.
Published: December 2011

Magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging measurements were performed in three pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma mouse xenograft models. For each of 28 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma xenografts, MT ratios (MTRs) were calculated and compared to histologic fibrosis levels from reference standard trichrome staining. MTR was found to be significantly higher in tumors grown using BxPC‐3 cell line (39.4 ± 5.1, mean ± SD) compared to the MTR for the tumors grown from Panc‐1 (32.4 ± 2.8) and Capan‐1 (27.3 ± 2.9) cell lines (P < 0.05 for each comparison). Histologic measurements showed a similar trend with BxPC‐3 tumors demonstrating significantly higher fibrosis levels (percentage of fibrotic tissue area, 6.48 ± 2.59) when compared to Panc‐1 (3.54 ± 2.18) and Capan‐1 (2.07 ± 1.60) tumors. MTR measurements were well correlated to quantitative fibrosis levels (r = 0.69, P = 0.01). Results indicated that MTR measurements offer the potential to serve as a valuable in vivo biomarker of desmoplasia in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randolph Caldecott
Authors: Blackburn Henry
Published: December 2011

Published soon after his untimely death, this spirited memoir of the artist and illustrator Randolph Caldecott (1846–1886) will appeal as much for its value as a portrait composed by a close acquaintance, as for the many drawings it contains. Written by Henry Blackburn (the editor of the London Society, 'an illustrated magazine of light and amusing literature' to which Caldecott contributed a number of drawings), it uses a style similar to that of Caldecott himself, who often peppered his papers, personal letters to family and friends, and even official documents with small sketches. These would take as their subject some humorous remark, or simply illustrate the content of the text. Beyond illustration (in which he was highly successful) Caldecott had a varied career as a sculptor and oil painter (exhibiting at the Royal Academy) and as a watercolourist, being elected to the Royal Institute of Watercolour Painting in 1872.
The Care of Ancient Monuments
Authors: Brown G. Baldwin
Published: December 2011

The eminent art historian Gerard Baldwin Brown (1849–1932) held, for fifty years, the first Chair in the History of Art in Britain at the University of Edinburgh. He published on a wide range of art and architecture; his major work was the six-volume Arts in Early England (1903–1937). His interest in the wider social context of art was reflected in his concern for the preservation of ancient monuments for the public. It was after the publication of the present book in 1906 that Brown was appointed member of a Royal Commission to compile an inventory of ancient Scottish monuments. The first half of the book outlines best practice for the preservation of monuments and architectural and natural beauty. The second part, based on extensive secondary literature and official documentation, demonstrates how other countries managed their historic monuments: in Europe, India, the Middle East and the United States.
Landor
Authors: Colvin Sidney
Published: December 2011

Published in 1881 in the first series of English Men of Letters, this biography by Sir Sidney Colvin of the poet Walter Savage Landor (1775–1864) opens with the claim 'few men have ever impressed their peers so much, or the general public so little'. Landor's turbulent life included suspension from both Rugby and Oxford, numerous love affairs, an illegitimate child, and frequent legal trouble over his writing, including a libel case which caused him to leave England permanently. He is best known for his six-volume Imaginary Conversations, a series of dialogues between characters ranging from antiquity to Landor's literary contemporaries. This book not only describes Landor's life but also discusses his poetry and prose. Colvin (1845–1927), who was director of the Fitzwilliam Museum and later keeper of prints and drawings at the British Museum, also wrote the volume on Keats in this series.
Notes on the Introduction and Colophon of the Leiden Manuscript of Dioscorides' ‘De Materia Medica’
Authors: Sadek Mahmoud M.
Published: December 2011

In the course of studying all surviving copies of Arabic Dioscorides manuscripts I have come across some interesting statements in the introduction and colophon of a Leiden manuscript ofDe Materia Medica. This manuscript belongs to the Warner Collection or Legatum Warnerium of the Library of the University of Leiden, Cod. Or. 289. This vast and valuable collection of oriental manuscripts was acquired by Levinus Warner in the early seventeenth century during his term of appointment as Dutch ambassador to the Ottoman court in Istanbul. The collection was given to the university upon the death of Mr. Warner in 1665.
Role of the Traditional Leader in Modernization of Iran, 1890–1910
Authors: Fathi Asghar
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this essay is to explore the role of the traditional leader as one source of legitimization of modernization in a preindustrial society. Although of significance in its own right, the role of the traditional leader becomes the more potent when linked with that of the marginal person. This expanded conceptual framework is applied to the analysis of the Iranian situation in which the mutual reinforcement of traditional leadership and marginality appears to explain a certain type of directed social change.
Reza Shah's Court Minister: Teymourtash
Authors: Rezun Miron
Published: December 2011

The reign of Reza Shah characterized a difficult and controversial period in the contemporary history of Iran. Properly speaking, it may be said that it represented not only the beginning of the Pahlavi dynasty which Reza Shah had founded in December 1925, but also what could be considered pioneering efforts designed to modernize a feudal system in a land that had in the past commanded a venerable culture. The scholarly literature dealing with the earlier period of Reza Shah's rule has developed almost in response to continuing interest shown in things Iranian, and particularly in the country's recent history.
Over-Urbanization and Under-Urbanism: The Case of the Arab World
Authors: Ibrahim Saad E. M.
Published: December 2011

Speaking of comparative urbanization, Gideon Sjoberg noted that the Near East, the region in which cities first rose, has been understudied by urban sociologists. Few research projects have been realized on contemporary urbanization in the Arab World. This paper purports to examine recent trends of urbanization in the region; and their inter-relationship with the ‘modernization’ process.
Ottoman Archival Materials for the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: The Archives of Istanbul
Authors: Shaw Stanford J.
Published: December 2011

It has been just fifteen years since my researches in the Başbakanlik Arşivi (Prime Minister's Archives) in Istanbul on Ottoman provincial administration and finance before the nineteenth century led me to attempt to describe what I saw in the archives for the benefit of other researchers. Since that time, a number of additional collections in that archive have been catalogued and made available, and my own subsequent research into the Ottoman reform movement in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have enabled me to examine these and other materials which I did not see or examine during my earlier research efforts in Istanbul. It is the purpose of this survey, then, to describe these more modern archival materials in Istanbul, particularly those in the Başbakanhk Arşivi which were not described in my earlier article, in the hope of encouraging all those interested in modern Ottoman and Middle Eastern history to make use of them in the course of their own research. In order to help the reader understand the nature of the bulk of materials in each collection, I am dividing them into four general categories: basic laws and regulations, administrative records and regulations, records of sultans and individual statesmen, and judicial records, although in fact the materials in each collection at least partly overlap in nature with those of the others.
French Education in Revolutionary North Africa
Authors: Heggoy Alf Andrew , Zingg Paul J.
Published: December 2011

The very nature of colonialism—the extension of authority by one nation over another people—precludes any valid consideration of the system within a mere examination of its political and economic exploitative elements. The primary of these motives, however, has often overshadowed other traditional emphases of the colonizer himself in seeking advancement of his corrosive system. Reference to the mission civilisatrice, the cultural and moral mission of the colonizer, preoccupied and prejudiced continued justification for the colonial institution. Yet, the fallacy of the major objectives of the system revealed the untenable character of its moral, humanitarian, and cultural aspects.
Rhetoric and Islamic Political Philosophy
Authors: Butterworth Charles E.
Published: December 2011

Islamic political philosophy has always been pursued in a setting where great care had to be taken to avoid violating the revelations and traditions accepted by the Islamic community, since these offer guide-lines for the secular conduct of that community, as well as injunctions about the manner in which its religious life should be conducted. Political philosophy is the search for a thorough understanding of the good or the best political regime. Thus, a Muslim political philosopher must temper his conclusions about the character of the good or the best political regime with what the Islamic community holds to be appropriate for Muslims. This statement of what a Muslim political philosopher does immediately gives rise to two questions: (i) Can a Muslim political philosopher ever really engage in philosophy? (2) If he can, is it not at the expense of Islamic precepts?
Barthold and Modern Oriental Studies
Authors: Bregel Yuri
Published: December 2011

About the great Russian orientalist, Vasilii Viadimirovich Barthold (1869–1930) much has been written, but, at the same time, not enough. Listed in an annotated bibliography of Barthold's works, compiled by I. Umniakov, published in 1976, are 141 titles of works about Barthold (up to 1976) not including reviews of individual works. Most are short biographical and bibliographical notices, but also included are about thirty works in Russian and other European languages containing a biography of Barthold and a characterization of his scholarly works. To this one can add nine obituaries written by distinguished orientalists, and prefaces to the volumes of his collected works that were published between 1963 and 1977. Some of the publications contain a general survey of Barthold's works; others are devoted to different groups of works (on islamology, archaeology, epigraphy, and others); but no one has given a detailed analyysis of Barthold's works as a whole. I do not pretend to carry out this task, but aim simply to point out some features of Barthold's works which seem to me especially characteristic and to pinpoint the place of this scholar in the history of Russian and international oriental studies.
Change in Religion in a Resettled Nubian Community, Upper Egypt
Authors: Fahim Hussein M.
Published: December 2011

The question of change in religion in Middle Eastern communities has been recently studied by several researchers. A review of these studies reveals three main approaches to the problem. The first approach, used principally by orientalists, treats the problem in terms of either history or theology. Among the most significant of these studies are those of H. A. R. Gibb (1938) and Bernard Lewis (1964), who hold that contact between the secular world of the West and the Muslim sacred way of life has brought elements of secularism into the Islamic religion.
The Maturation of a New Literary Genre
Authors: Hafex Sabry
Published: December 2011

The arrival of Lashin1on the Egyptian literary scene in the 1920s marked a turning point in the history of the short story: he was an outstandingly vigorous pioneer who developed the genre and brought its formative years to a close. His writings represent the culmination, in both form and content, of the work of previous writers and of his contemporaries. He was also the major figure of a versatile literary group, Jama⊂at al-Madrasa al Haditha (the Modern School), which played a decisive role in developing the Egyptian short story, extending its reading public, and shaping the characteristics of the new sensibility of that period. This group did not start as a proper literary school as the name implies, but rather as a gathering of enthusiastic young writers whose common dream of issuing a paper of their own, to express their views and publish their unconventional works, took almost a decade to be realised.
Christian and Jewish Religious Dignitaries in Mamlûk Egypt and Syria: Qalqa

sh

andî's Information on their Hierarchy, Titulature, and Appointment (I)
Authors: Bosworth C. E.
Published: December 2011

Together with those centuries of the Ottoman empire's florescence, the age of the independent Mamlûks(648–922/1250–1517)ranks as one of the best-documented periods of medieval Islamic history. Not only is its historical writing proper of an amazing bulk and richness, but the Mamlûk period produced encyclopedic compilations covering almost every branch of the Islamic sciences. In particular, there arose a flourishing minor genre of manuals of financial and secretarial practice, reflecting on the one hand the economic and commercial richness of the Mamlûk lands, and on the other the importance of the Mamlûk chancery and its truly international sphere of operations
The Vizier and the Raʾīs in Saljuq Syria: the Struggle for Urban Self-Representation
Authors: Havemann Axel
Published: December 2011

Syria was one of the few areas of medieval Islam where cities emancipated themselves from centralized rule to a certain degree by shaping local self-representative institutions and by transforming “classical” government offices according to their special needs. For nearly two hundred years—from about the second half of the 10th century to the middle of the 12th century—Syrian cities possessed urban heads (ru'asā') and militias of young men (ahdāth) that, in a way, complemented or even replaced the rulers and garrisons representing the Fatimid and Saljuq central governments; in time, they became institutionalized collaborators within the Saljuq regimes. This development is most evident in Damascus and Aleppo, although things evolved differently in the two cities. By gaining the rulers' recognition, the urban forces (ru'asa' and ahdath) not only managed to take over the functions of the police (shurta) and partake in the rulers' military and political tasks, but they also controlled—to a certain degree—the economic, administrative, and financial affairs of the city (these, it will be argued, can be substantiated only with regard to Damascus, not to Aleppo). It is significant, for example, that the Arabic sources reporting on Damascus do not mention themuhiasib, the “classical” official for the urban administration and economy, when there was a ra'īs. Even more striking is the fact that sometimes the ra'īs also functioned as the vizier installed by the ruler. Thus, one can see that the ra'īs, the holder of a local urban office, became a very important member of the central ruling system, normally represented by a foreign-born elite that also supplied the vizier.