bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecofisiologia de plantas jovens de mogno-africano submetidas a deficit hídrico e reidratação
Authors: Albuquerque Marcos Paulo Ferreira de , Moraes Fabrícia Kelly Cabral , Santos Rodolfo Inácio Nunes , Castro Gledson Luiz Salgado de , Ramos Edson Marcos Leal Soares , Pinheiro Hugo Alves
Published: March 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de plantas jovens de mogno-africano (Khaya ivorensis) em recuperar seu status hídrico e trocas gasosas após período de deficit hídrico. Plantas com aproximadamente 315 dias, irrigadas (controle) e não irrigadas, foram avaliadas aos 14 dias da suspensão da irrigação e após um, três e sete dias da retomada da irrigação (reidratação). No dia 14, o potencial hídrico foliar de antemanhã (Ψam) das plantas estressadas foi reduzido a -2,66 MPa. Com a restrição hídrica, foram observadas reduções significativas no conteúdo relativo de água na antemanhã (redução de 32%), na taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 (90%), na condutância estomática (95%), na transpiração (93%) e na razão entre concentração intercelular e ambiental de CO2 (37%). Durante a reidratação, o status hídrico das plantas estressadas foi restabelecido após três dias. As trocas gasosas também se restabeleceram, mas de forma mais lenta que o status hídrico. Sob deficit hídrico, a concentração de prolina aumentou e a de carboidratos solúveis totais diminuiu. Plantas jovens de mogno-africano são tolerantes ao deficit hídrico moderado.
Reproductive biology traits affecting productivity of sour cherry
Authors: Aksic Milica Fotiric , Rakonjac Vera , Nikolic Dragan , Zec Gordan
Published: March 2013

The objective of this work was to evaluate variability in reproductive biology traits and the correlation between them in genotypes of 'Oblačinska' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). High genetic diversity was found in the 41 evaluated genotypes, and significant differences were observed among them for all studied traits: flowering time, pollen germination, number of fruiting branches, production of flower and fruit, number of flowers per bud, fruit set, and limb yield efficiency. The number of fruiting branches significantly influenced the number of flower and fruit, fruit set, and yield efficiency. In addition to number of fruiting branches, yield efficiency was positively correlated with fruit set and production of flower and fruit. Results from principal component analysis suggested a reduction of the reproductive biology factors affecting yield to four main characters: number and structure of fruiting branches, flowering time, and pollen germination. Knowledge of the reproductive biology of the 'Oblačinska' genotypes can be used to select the appropriate ones to be grown or used as parents in breeding programs. In this sense, genotypes II/2, III/9, III/13, and III/14 have very good flower production and satisfactory pollen germination.
Lipólisis láser y liposucción en ginecomastia: retracción cutánea eficaz y segura
Authors: Trelles Mario , Bonanad Enrique , Moreno-Moraga Javier , Alcolea Justo , Mordon Serge , Leclère Franck Marie
Published: March 2013

OBJETIVO: Valorar la eficacia de la lipólisis-láser para corregir el volumen, flacidez y excedente cutáneo sin escisión. MÉTODOS: Prospectivamente, en 32 pacientes con ginecomastia, bajo anestesia tumescente y sedación se realizó lipólisis con láser de diodo 980nm, 15W en emisión continua, 8kJ a 12kJ de energía por mama. Externamente se utilizó aire frío para protección de la piel. Después se utilizó lipoaspiración convencional. No se emplearon drenajes pero si vendaje compresivo. Los pacientes evaluaron los resultados en una escala visual analógica. Dos médicos evaluaron los resultados por fotografías de antes y seis meses después, y midieron las areolas y contorno torácico. RESULTADOS: Veintitrés pacientes consideraron los resultados como Muy Bueno, siete Bueno y dos Regular. La retracción cutánea en la areola fue notable un mes después de la intervención y fue máxima a los seis meses. La valoración de los médicos fue 26 Muy Bueno, cinco Bueno y un Regular. No existieron quemaduras, isquemia, ni lesiones en areolas o pezón. CONCLUSIÓN: La liposucción asistida por láser es eficaz y de ejecución sencilla, poco traumática y permite una temprana reintegración a las actividades.
Low level laser therapy (AlGaInP) applied at 5J/cm2 reduces the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in infected wounds and intact skin of rats*
Authors: Silva Daniela Conceição Gomes Gonçalves e , Plapler Helio , Costa Mateus Matiuzzi da , Silva Silvio Romero Gonçalves e , Sá Maria da Conceição Aquino de , Silva Benedito Sávio Lima e
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND: Laser therapy is a low cost, non-invasive procedure with good healing results. Doubts exist as to whether laser therapy action on microorganisms can justify research aimed at investigating its possible effects on bacteria-infected wounds. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of low intensity laser on the rate of bacterial contamination in infected wounds in the skin of rats. METHODS: An experimental study using 56 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into eight groups of seven each. Those in the "infected" groups were infected by Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in the dorsal region. Red laser diode (AlGaInP) 658nm, 5J/cm2 was used to treat the animals in the "treated" groups in scan for 3 consecutive days. Samples were drawn before inoculating bacteria and following laser treatment. For statistical analysis we used the nonparametric Wilcoxon (paired data) method with a significance level of p <0.05. RESULTS: The statistical analysis of median values showed that the groups submitted to laser treatment had low bacterial proliferation. CONCLUSION: The laser (AlGaInP), with a dose of 5J/cm2 in both intact skin and in wounds of rats infected with Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, is shown to reduce bacterial proliferation.
Disseminated folliculitis by Mycobacterium fortuitum in an immunocompetent woman*
Authors: Macente Sara , Helbel Cesar , Souza Simone Felizardo Rocha , Siqueira Vera Lúcia Dias , Padua Rubia Andreia Falleiros , Cardoso Rosilene Fressatti
Published: March 2013

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a non-tuberculous fast-growing mycobacterium which is frequently acquired from environmental sources such as soil and water. Since it is an opportunist pathogen, it is associated with trauma, surgery or immunodeficiency. The current report describes a case of Mycobacterium fortuitum-caused disseminated lesions on the skin of an immunocompetent patient.
Progressive symmetrical erythrokeratodermia - Case report*
Authors: Guaraldi Bianca de Mello , Jaime Thaís Jerez , Guaraldi Rafael de Mello , Melo Daniel Fernandes , Nogueira Osvania Maris , Rodrigues Nilton
Published: March 2013

Progressive symmetrical erythrokeratodermia is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis with variable penetrance described by Darier in 1911. It is characterized by erythematous and keratotic plaques, sharply defined and symmetrically distributed along the extremities, buttocks and, more rarely, on the face. We report a case of a 55-year-old patient with lesions on the dorsum of the hands, interphalangeal pads, wrists, groin and back feet. This case demonstrates a rare and late diagnosis, clinical profusion and presence of familiar involvement.
Combined treatment with botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid to correct unsightly lateral-chin depression*
Authors: Braz André Vieira , Louvain Dailana , Mukamal Luana Vieira
Published: March 2013

With aging, anatomical changes are observed in the face. In the lower third, these changes are expressed as ptosis of the angle of the mouth, lip enhancement groove mentalis; decrease in concavity between the jaw and neck and very noticeable platysmal banding. The repeated contraction of muscles of the lateral-chin together with the band platysmal side form what are called a marionette groove. Treating the whole lateral-chin area can result in a more harmonious aspect of the face when compared with treatment of a marionette groove in isolation. In this paper we describe combined treatment of the lateral chin area using botulinum toxin and fillers.
Aplicação da lógica fuzzy na análise sensorial de pão de forma enriquecido
Authors: Cavalcanti Mônica T. , Silva Flávio L. H. da , Cavalcanti José H. F. , Florentino Eliane R. , Florêncio Isanna M. , Moreira Ricardo T.
Published: March 2013

A lógica fuzzy vem sendo aplicada em diversas áreas do conhecimento e nela cada variável possui um conjunto de funções de pertinência representadas em um universo X as quais geralmente exprimem o conjunto de variáveis linguísticas do sistema. Neste trabalho se propõe uma discussão sobre a utilização da lógica fuzzy na aceitação sensorial, a partir da opinião dos provadores quanto ao pão de forma enriquecido com amêndoas e proteínas de faveleira (Cnidosculus phyllacanthus (Mart.) Pax. et K. Hoffm.). Observou-se que o método fuzzy desenvolvido é de fácil utilização e o usuário do sistema só necessita encontrar a curva do centro de gravidade (CG) com maior valor final para indicar a amostra de maior aceitação, podendo utilizar as derivadas das curvas CG no auxílio da detecção da melhor escolha em algumas situações em que lancem dúvida, além de ser utilizado em conjunto com outro método estatístico.
Chuvas intensas para o estado de Sergipe com base em dados desagregados de chuva diária
Authors: Aragão Ricardo de , Santana Geizon R. de , Costa Clarissa E. F. F. da , Cruz Marcus A. S. , Figueiredo Eduardo E. de , Srinivasan Vajapeyam S.
Published: March 2013

A freqüência de inundações tem crescido em diversas partes do Brasil e do mundo, como conseqüência de impactos antrópicos ou de mudanças climáticas. Para mitigar os efeitos das inundações, obras hidráulicas são projetadas com vazão de projeto que pode ser determinada através do emprego de estatística aplicada a séries históricas de vazão ou de precipitação, via equação de chuvas intensas (IDF). Para a determinação da IDF são utilizados dados pluviográficos ou dados pluviométricos diários desagregados. Dada à escassez, no Estado de Sergipe, de dados pluviográficos como também de equações IDF foram desenvolvidas, neste trabalho, as equações IDF para todo o Estado, utilizando-se dados de chuva diária de 48 postos, desagregados com base em fatores de proporcionalidade, além das distribuições de Weibull e Gumbel. Obtiveram-se os melhores resultados com a distribuição de Weibull. A espacialização dos parâmetros da função IDF evidenciou a grande variabilidade das precipitações no Estado de Sergipe.
Necessidade hídrica da cultura do girassol irrigado na chapada do Apodi
Authors: C. Junior Edmilson G. , Medeiros José F. de , Melo Talyana K. de , Espinola Sobrinho José , Bristot Gilmar , Almeida Bruno M. de
Published: March 2013

A cultura do girassol vem sendo utilizada nos últimos anos pelos produtores do Rio Grande do Norte, após o aumento de demanda devido ao Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB). De vez que se trata de uma cultura sem tradição na região não existem, para ela, estudos sobre o manejo de água; portanto, este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura e os coeficientes de cultivo para os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento do girassol, cultivar Catissol I, na Chapada do Apodi, RN. A medição diária da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) foi realizada utilizando-se dois lisímetros de pesagem idênticos, com área útil de 2,7 m². A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método Penman-Monteith parametrizado pela FAO. O ciclo da cultura foi de 90 dias e os totais de ETc e ETo ocorridos durante este período foram, respectivamente, 442,0 e 580,6 mm. A duração das fases fenológicas foram definidas em 28, 15, 27 e 20 dias de duração para a fase inicial (Fase I) de desenvolvimento vegetativo (Fase II), floração (Fase III) e maturação fisiológica (Fase IV) respectivamente. Os coeficientes de cultivo obtidos para os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento foram de 0,52, 0,74, 0,98 e 0,81 para as respectivas fases I, II, III e IV.
Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um descaroçador e prensa enfardadeira itinerantes para o beneficiamento do algodão
Authors: Jerônimo Jeane F. , Silva Odilon R. R. F. da , Almeida Francisco de A. C. , Sofiatti Valdinei , França Pablo R. C. de , Brandão Ziany N.
Published: March 2013

Novas tecnologias vêm sendo incorporadas ao sistema produtivo da cotonicultura brasileira, visando verticalizar a produção por meio do beneficiamento do algodão em caroço possibilitando, aos produtores ou associações, a agregação de valor à sua produção. Objetivou-se então, com o presente trabalho, desenvolver e avaliar um equipamento de beneficiamento composto de descaroçador e prensa enfardadeira itinerantes. O descaroçador se compõe de: limpador, cilindro de serras, cilindro de escovas, condensador e rolo. A prensa enfardadeira é constituída de chapas de prensagem, cilindros hidráulicos, bomba hidráulica, válvula de controle de acionamento, dispositivos de filtragem do óleo hidráulico e manômetro. Esses equipamentos são montados sobre um reboque composto por chassi de cantoneiras em U, quatro rodas de aro 13, pontas de eixo, dois feixes de cinco molas, lastro em chapa de ferro e sistema de frenagem. Na avaliação e validação do conjunto pelos cotonicultores, este conjunto recebeu o conceito "muito bom" quanto ao rendimento do descaroçador, o peso do fardo e em relação à qualidade da fibra obtida. A qualidade da fibra obtida com o conjunto descaroçador e prensa enfardadeira atendeu aos padrões da indústria têxtil.
Interface entre história da matemática e ensino: uma atividade desenvolvida com base num documento do século XVI
Authors: Saito Fumikazu , Dias Marisa da Silva
Published: March 2013

Este artigo propõe a construção de uma interface entre história e ensino de matemática a partir de um diálogo entre historiadores e educadores da matemática. Para tanto, consideramos aspectos epistemológicos e metodológicos ligados à história da matemática, pautada em tendências historiográficas atuais, juntamente com a metodologia baseada no movimento lógico-histórico. A interface contemplou o movimento do pensamento na formação dos conceitos e o contexto no qual tais conceitos foram desenvolvidos, de modo a conduzir à reflexão sobre o processo histórico da construção do conhecimento para a elaboração de atividade didática. Esta atividade teve por base um documento do século XVI dedicado à construção e uso de "instrumentos matemáticos", e sua elaboração levou em consideração uma intencionalidade e um plano de ação que viabilizaram o seu desenvolvimento. A organização do ensino articulou as conexões internas e externas trazidas pela análise do documento e a forma do pensamento do desenvolvimento do conceito.
Porcelain Berry (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata), Bushkiller (Cayratia japonica), and Virginia-Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) in Interspecific Competition
Authors: Emerine Sherrie E. , Richardson Robert J. , Arellano Consuelo
Published: March 2013

Porcelain berry and bushkiller are confamilial, exotic, perennial vines in the Vitaceae family that are considered nuisance/invasive weeds of natural and riparian areas in the eastern United States. To better understand the competitive abilities of these aggressive weeds, greenhouse competition experiments were conducted on cuttings of porcelain berry, bushkiller, and Virginia-creeper, a native member of the Vitaceae family. Plants grown singly or in combination were monitored for stem growth and biomass production. In this research, porcelain berry and Virginia-creeper exhibited similar rates of stem growth, whereas bushkiller grew taller and faster than either of the other species. Porcelain berry stem growth was reduced in competition with bushkiller. All three species exhibited reduced stem biomass when grown with both other species. Root biomass of porcelain berry and Virginia-creeper were not affected by competition, but bushkiller, which produced the heaviest roots, exhibited reduced root biomass when grown with both other species. Porcelain berry root length was reduced by competition with both other species, but neither Virginia-creeper nor bushkiller root lengths were affected by competition. These results indicate that bushkiller is likely the strongest competitor of the three species studied. In these experiments, porcelain berry was less aggressive and vigorous than bushkiller but was similar to Virginia-creeper.
Effect of Aminopyralid on Desirable Forb Species
Authors: Mikkelson Jonathan R. , Lym Rodney G.
Published: March 2013

Native forbs are important for plant community function and diversity, and provide food and cover for wildlife. Field studies have been conducted throughout the western United States to determine the impact of herbicides applied to control invasive weeds on native forbs. However, locating adequate populations of native forbs for evaluation of tolerance to herbicides is often difficult. The susceptibility of nine native prairie forbs to aminopyralid applied at 30 to 120 g ha−1 was evaluated in a greenhouse study and results compared to the same or similar species in field trials. Forb susceptibility to aminopyralid varied by species. Of the forbs evaluated, azure aster, purple coneflower, and closed bottle gentian were the most tolerant to aminopyralid while prairie coneflower, great blue lobelia, harebell, and white prairie clover were the most susceptible and likely would be killed in the field. Blanket flower and showy goldenrod were moderately tolerant to aminopyralid even when applied at 120 g ha−1. The susceptibility of greenhouse-grown forbs to aminopyralid was comparable to results for the same or similar species in the field. Results from greenhouse trials could be used to predict native forb tolerance in the field.
Invasive Earthworms and Plants in Indiana Old- and Second-Growth Forests
Authors: Gibson Kevin D. , Quackenbush Patricia M. , Emery Nancy C. , Jenkins Michael A. , Kladivko Eileen J.
Published: March 2013

Hardwood forests in eastern North America are being colonized by multiple nonnative plant and animal species. Colonization rates can be affected by stand structure and distance from edge. We sampled earthworm densities and understory plant species cover in transects located in paired old- and second-growth forests in Indiana. Two 100-m transects were established within each forest stand during late April to early May in each year. One transect was placed parallel to and within 5 m of a south- or west-facing edge. The second transect was placed parallel to the first. but at no less than 100 m from any edge. Nonnative earthworms and plants were found in forest edge and interior regardless of structural stage (second-growth vs. old-growth). The number of native plant species decreased linearly as the densities of adult Lumbricus and Aporrectodea earthworms and the percent cover of multiflora rose (an invasive plant species) increased. Densities of L. terrestris and Aporrectodea earthworms and percent cover of multiflora rose cumulatively explained 39% of the variation in the number of native plant species found in transects across the state. However, multivariate analyses suggested that the species composition of Indiana understory plant communities was affected more by geography than by earthworm densities. Our results suggest that nonnative earthworms and plants are ubiquitous in Indiana hardwood forests and that they may reduce the number of native plant species.
Soil Seed Bank Responses to Postfire Herbicide and Native Seeding Treatments Designed to Control Bromus tectorum in a Pinyon–Juniper Woodland at Zion National Park, USA
Authors: Brisbin Hondo , Thode Andrea , Brooks Matt , Weber Karen
Published: March 2013

The continued threat of an invasive, annual brome (Bromus) species in the western United States has created the need for integrated approaches to postfire restoration. Additionally, the high germination rate, high seed production, and seed bank carryover of annual bromes points to the need to assay soil seed banks as part of monitoring programs. We sampled the soil seed bank to help assess the effectiveness of treatments utilizing the herbicide Plateau® (imazapic) and a perennial native seed mix to control annual Bromus species and enhance perennial native plant establishment following a wildfire in Zion National Park, Utah. This study is one of few that have monitored the effects of imazapic and native seeding on a soil seed bank community and the only one that we know of that has done so in a pinyon–juniper woodland. The study made use of untreated, replicated controls, which is not common for seed bank studies. One year posttreatment, Bromus was significantly reduced in plots sprayed with herbicide. By the second year posttreatment, the effects of imazapic were less evident and convergence with the controls was evident. Emergence of seeded species was low for the duration of the study. Dry conditions and possible interactions with imazapic probably contributed to the lack of emergence of seeded native species. The perennial grass sand dropseed outperformed the other species included in the seed mix. We also examined how the treatments affected the soil seed bank community as a whole. We found evidence that the herbicide was reducing several native annual forbs and one nonnative annual forb. However, overall effects on the community were not significant. The results of our study were similar to what others have found in that imazapic is effective in providing a short-term reduction in Bromus density, although it can impact emergence of nontarget species.
Viability of Aquatic Plant Fragments following Desiccation
Authors: Barnes Matthew A. , Jerde Christopher L. , Keller Doug , Chadderton W. Lindsay , Howeth Jennifer G. , Lodge David M.
Published: March 2013

Desiccation following prolonged air exposure challenges survival of aquatic plants during droughts, water drawdowns, and overland dispersal. To improve predictions of plant response to air exposure, we observed the viability of vegetative fragments of 10 aquatic plant species (Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton richardsonii, andHydrilla verticillata) following desiccation. We recorded mass loss, desiccation rate, and plant fragment survival across a range of air exposures. Mass loss accurately predicted viability of aquatic plant fragments upon reintroduction to water. However, similar periods of air exposure differentially affected viability between species. Understanding viability following desiccation can contribute to predicting dispersal, improving eradication protocols, and disposing of aquatic plants following removal from invaded lakes or contaminated equipment.
Effect of Timing on Chemical Control of Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) in California
Authors: Kyser Guy B. , DiTomaso Joseph M.
Published: March 2013

Dalmatian toadflax is listed as a noxious weed in most of the western United States, but control of this species has not been extensively studied in California. Studies in other states show effective control of Dalmatian toadflax with picloram, but this herbicide is not registered for use in California. In addition, reports vary as to the optimal timing for herbicide applications. In this study we evaluated several herbicides with combined foliar and soil-residual activity at two times of application: postsenescence (fall) and rosette (winter to early spring). We applied two series of treatments (2008 and 2009 to 2010) on adjacent sites in high desert scrub of southern California. In the year of treatment and the following year, we evaluated Dalmatian toadflax cover and presence/absence of associated dominant species (≥ 5% cover). Although time of application, treatment, and timing by treatment interaction all produced significant differences in Dalmatian toadflax cover in the 2008 trial, only the high rate of aminocyclopyrachlor (280 g ae ha−1) applied to dormant plants in fall consistently reduced cover through the second year. No treatments at the rosette stage consistently produced 2 yr of control. In 2009 to 2010, treatments were more effective, probably owing to higher precipitation in spring. In both dormant and rosette applications made in 2009 to 2010, aminocyclopyrachlor (140 and 280 g ae ha−1) and aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron (140 g ae ha−1+ 53 g ai ha−1) gave second year control; chlorsulfuron at the dormant stage (105 and 158 g ai ha−1) and aminopyralid at the rosette stage (245 g ae ha−1) also gave 2 yr of control. The treatments had only minor effects on grass species. The response of broadleaf species varied among treatments, with aminocyclopyrachlor at the high rate increasingEriogonumspp., but greatly reducing Asteraceae species. These results provide options for the management of Dalmatian toadflax in California and other western states.
Environmental Stewardship Outcomes from Year-Long Invasive Species Restoration Projects in Middle School
Authors: Dresner Marion , Fischer Kelly A.
Published: March 2013

To investigate the impacts of long-term targeted invasive plant stewardship projects on students' subsequent stewardship attitudes, an experiment using pre and post-tests to understand program effects and using post-test only comparisons to understand school effects was conducted. The resulting scores from two science classes that participated in year-long invasive plant and restoration activities were compared with those from three comparable classes at a linked school that did not participate in any of these activities. Students in the experimental classes showed overall significantly higher scores compared with the control classes. These attitude scores were then divided into two indexes: sense of personal effectiveness and attitudes of caring for particular places. Students in the experimental group showed increases in both, as compared with the controls. Parent and student focus groups were conducted at the end of the academic year. The resulting comments provide evidence for actual behavior change outside of the school environment. Analysis showed that any student, especially those in the control classes in the traditional middle school, indicating they had prior exposure to nature stewardship projects showed significantly higher scores than students who did not. The results underscore the value of having students involved in real-world stewardship projects, especially those of a long-term nature.
Corn and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Interactions with Nitrogen in Dryland and Irrigated Environments
Authors: Ruf-Pachta Ella K. , Rule Dwain M. , Dille J. Anita
Published: March 2013

Palmer amaranth influences selection of crop production practices such as irrigation, nitrogen (N) application, and weed control. The objectives of this research were to determine if Palmer amaranth was more responsive to applied N than corn and if this differed under dryland and irrigated conditions in Kansas. Field experiments were conducted near Manhattan, KS, in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the influence of N rate and Palmer amaranth densities when grown with corn in two soil moisture environments. A very drought-stressed environment and a well-watered environment occurred in 2006, while both environments in 2005 were intermediate. Dryland weed-free corn yields were 46.5% of irrigated corn yields at the high N rate across years. Irrigated corn yields responded to increasing N rates. In the presence of Palmer amaranth, parameter estimates I and A for the yield loss relationship were not different across N rates for each environment and year except 2006 where 100% yield loss was estimated in dryland compared to 62.5% loss in irrigated environment at high N rates. In three of four environment-years, N rate did not affect the corn yield loss relationship with weed density. In 2006 irrigated environment, greater N rates had less corn yield loss caused by Palmer amaranth. By corn anthesis, weed-free corn biomass was 167.5% greater in irrigated than dryland environments in 2006. Palmer amaranth with no corn increased its biomass by 373 and 361% as N rate increased in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Nitrogen concentrations in plant tissues of corn or weed increased similarly as N rates increased from 0 to 224 kg N ha−1, thus highlighting that both corn and Palmer amaranth responded similarly to increasing N. In general, soil moisture environment was most critical when determining potential corn yield, followed by Palmer amaranth density and N rate.
Interference and Control of Glyphosate-Resistant and -Susceptible Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Populations under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Chandi Aman , Jordan David L. , York Alan C. , Milla-Lewis Susana R. , Burton James D. , Culpepper A. Stanley , Whitaker Jared R.
Published: March 2013

Interference for 40 d after emergence (DAE) of corn, cotton, peanut, and snap bean by four glyphosate-resistant (GR) and four glyphosate-susceptible (GS) Palmer amaranth populations from Georgia and North Carolina was compared in the greenhouse. Greater interference from Palmer amaranth, measured as crop height and fresh weight reduction, was noted in cotton and peanut compared with corn or snap bean. Crop height 15 to 40 DAE was reduced similarly by GR and GS populations. Crop fresh weight, however, was reduced 25 and 19% in the presence of GS and GR populations, respectively. Measured as percent reduction in fresh weight, GR and GS populations of Palmer amaranth were controlled similarly by glufosinate, lactofen, paraquat, and trifloxysulfuron applied POST. Atrazine and dicamba controlled GR populations more effectively than GS populations.
Multiple Resistance to Acetohydroxyacid Synthase–Inhibiting and Auxinic Herbicides in a Population of Oriental Mustard (Sisymbrium orientale)
Authors: Preston Christopher , Dolman Fleur C. , Boutsalis Peter
Published: March 2013

A population of oriental mustard from Port Broughton in South Australia was reported as not being controlled by 2,4-D. Dose response experiments determined this population was resistant to both 2,4-D and MCPA, requiring greater than 20 times more herbicide for equivalent control compared to a known susceptible population (from Roseworthy, South Australia) and a population resistant only to the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides (from Tumby Bay, South Australia). The Port Broughton population was also found to be resistant to three chemical groups that inhibit AHAS; however, the level of resistance was lower than the known acetolactate synthase–resistant population from Tumby Bay. Herbicides from other modes of action were able to control the Port Broughton population. Assays of isolated AHAS from the Port Broughton population showed high levels of resistance to the sulfonylurea and sulfonamide herbicide groups, but not to the imidazolinone herbicides. A single nucleotide change in the AHAS gene that predicted a Pro to Ser substitution at position 197 in the protein was identified in the Port Broughton population. This population of oriental mustard has evolved multiple resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides (AHAS inhibitors) and auxinic herbicides, through a mutation in AHAS and a second nontarget-site mechanism. Whether the same mechanism provides resistance to both AHAS inhibitors and auxinic herbicides remains to be determined. Multiple resistance to auxinic herbicides and AHAS inhibitors in the Port Broughton population will make control of this population more difficult.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Amicarbazone in Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua), Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
Authors: Yu Jialin , McCullough Patrick E. , Vencill William K.
Published: March 2013

Amicarbazone controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turfgrasses but physiological effects that influence selectivity have received limited investigation. The objective of this research was to evaluate uptake, translocation, and metabolism of amicarbazone in these species. Annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and tall fescue required < 3, 56, and 35 h to reach 50% foliar absorption, respectively. At 72 h after treatment (HAT), annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass translocated 73 and 70% of root-absorbed14C to shoots, respectively, while tall fescue only distributed 55%. Annual bluegrass recovered ≈ 50% more root-absorbed14C in shoots than creeping bentgrass and tall fescue. Creeping bentgrass and tall fescue metabolism of amicarbazone was ≈ 2-fold greater than annual bluegrass from 1 to 7 d after treatment (DAT). Results suggest greater absorption, more distribution, and less metabolism of amicarbazone in annual bluegrass, compared to creeping bentgrass and tall fescue, could be attributed to selectivity of POST applications.
Cured Dairy Compost Influence on Weed Competition and on ‘Snowden' Potato Yield
Authors: Lindsey Alexander J. , Renner Karen A. , Everman Wesley J.
Published: March 2013

Potatoes are an important global food crop typically produced in high-input systems in temperate zones. Growers that have access to compost may use it to improve soil health and increase tuber yields, but compost may also increase weed competition by increasing early-season water availability and weed growth. A field study at the Michigan State University Montcalm Research farm in 2010 and 2011 investigated the impact of compost on weed competition in potato. Potatoes were grown in field plots with 0, 4,000, or 8,000 kg carbon (C) ha−1of compost under weed-free conditions, and in competition with common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, and hairy nightshade. Compost did not increase biomass or seed production of any weed species. Giant foxtail and hairy nightshade at 5.3 plants per meter of row reduced potato yield by 20%; common lambsquarters reduced yield by 45%. The yield reduction by giant foxtail and hairy nightshade was due to a decrease in tuber bulking, whereas yield reductions from common lambsquarters were a result of lower tuber set and bulking. Potato yield increased 5 to 15% in compost compared to non-compost treatments; tuber specific gravity decreased by 0.3% in composted treatments. Across weed densities, elevated soil potassium levels in the 8,000 kg C ha−1composted treatment may have increased potato yield and decreased tuber specific gravity.
Using a Pervasive Invader for Weed Science Education
Authors: Ohrtman Michelle K. , Clay Sharon A.
Published: March 2013

Students studying weed science would expand their knowledge by conducting targeted experiments on invasive weeds. Tamarix spp., some of the most problematic weeds known in the United States, have value for weed science education. Tamarix was used in an undergraduate laboratory course to demonstrate weed science principles for a minimal cost and with great potential for academic enhancement. The laboratory exercise was designed to teach weed science students about the difficulty associated with controlling invasive weeds even at a relatively young age in a region where plants have been detected but large-scale invasion has not occurred to emphasize the importance of early detection and rapid response. The successful execution of this exercise and the positive student response suggests that Tamarix and other weeds with similar reproductive capacities could be valuable additions to weed science curricula. Innovative approaches to teaching weed science facilitate greater learning of this complex subject by students from diverse backgrounds and academic disciplines.
Weed Management Practices and Needs in Arkansas and Mississippi Rice
Authors: Norsworthy Jason K. , Bond Jason , Scott Robert C.
Published: March 2013

Crop consultants in Arkansas and Mississippi were sent a direct-mail survey in fall of 2011 with questions concerning weed management in rice. The goal of the survey was to document the extent of imidazoline-resistant rice hectares, the herbicides most commonly recommended in rice, the weeds perceived to be most troublesome in rice including those resistant to herbicides, and suggested areas of research and educational focus that would improve weed management in rice. When appropriate, results from this survey were compared to a similar survey conducted in 2006. Completed rice surveys were returned by 43 consultants, accounting for 179,500 ha of scouted rice or 38% of the rice hectarage in Arkansas and Mississippi. Imidazolinone-resistant rice was grown on 64% of the hectares, and this technology was used continually for the past 5 yr on 11% of the rice hectares. Of the area planted to imidazolinone-resistant rice, 42% of this hectarage was treated solely with an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide. Consultants listed improved control options for barnyardgrass and Palmer amaranth as the most important research and educational need in rice. The top five weeds in order of importance were (1) barnyardgrass, (2) sprangletops, (3) red rice, (4) northern jointvetch, and (5) Palmer amaranth. From a predetermined list of research and educational topics, consultants gave the highest ratings of importance to (1) control of herbicide-resistant weeds, (2) strategies to reduce the occurrence and spread of herbicide-resistant weeds, and (3) development of new economical herbicide-resistant rice varieties which was comparable to economical weed control options. Findings from this survey point to the overuse of imidazolinone-resistant rice and a lack of preemptive resistance management strategies such as crop rotation and use of multiple effective herbicide modes of action by some growers, which has likely contributed to selection for the ALS-resistant barnyardgrass and rice flatsedge recently confirmed in Arkansas and Mississippi rice.
Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: March 2013

It's not a book. It doesn't have a smell, you don't touch it …, you're plugged into the internet, you can't concentrate, it hurts your eyes, and you lose the beauty of the words behind this screen. Life itself is in hard copy. … Not this treacherous digitalism which has permeated our lives and our reality.

—Respondent to survey comparing on-screen with hard-copy reading

Each new technology may be janus-faced, potentially improving and degrading the human condition. The steam engine made industrial products cheaper and more diverse but contributed to the exploitation of child labor and proliferation of squalid urban living conditions. The automobile makes transportation more convenient but pollutes and leads to countless highway deaths. Calculators let anyone perform feats of math but have weakened basic arithmetic skills.

A related conundrum holds true for technologies of the written word. The printing press helped spread literacy but shook the foundations of the Catholic Church. Word processing enabled the Japanese to generate text without producing each kanji stroke by stroke, but now many Japanese find themselves forgetting the stroke order. The spelling checkers in word-processing programs monitor typographical errors but dampen motivation to master spelling.

Information and communication technologies have generated new platforms on which to read. The list includes desktop and laptop computers, e-readers (such as the Kindle and Nook), tablet computers (e.g., the iPad), and handheld devices (e.g., the iPod Touch, mobile phones). But does reading on these devices differ from reading in hard copy? If so, does our growing dependence on reading onscreen contribute to a redefinition of what it means to read?
Combining Close and Distant Reading: Jonathan Safran Foer's Tree of Codes and the Aesthetic of Bookishness
Authors: Hayles N. Katherine
Published: March 2013

Any analysis of reading today must consider contemporary writing practices. The epochal shift from print to digital texts has been under way for some time. Indeed, print books are now so interpenetrated with digital media at every stage of their production that they may more appropriately be considered an output form of digital texts than a separate medium. Much has been written about the end of books, but, as Alan Liu observes, they have been deconstructed almost from the beginning, from the remixing of Bible excerpts according to the liturgical calendar to the experimental fiction of Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy to Raymond Queneau's Cent mille milliards de poèmes (“End” 509-11). This tradition notwithstanding, Jessica Pressman correctly detects in some contemporary novels anxiety about the continued life of books and a desire to reassert the book's authority in the face of the exponential expansion of the Web and the ongoing conversion of books into digitized texts, including the several million now available at Google Books and other online venues.
Auditory Exposures: Faulkner, Eisenstein, and Film Sound
Authors: Gleeson-White Sarah
Published: March 2013

In identifying cinematic qualities—including Eisensteinian montage—in Faulkner's major fiction, scholars have conceived of film as an exclusively visual medium. This essay provides evidence of Faulkner's familiarity with Eisenstein's cinematic praxis by examining the similarities between the novelist's 1934 film treatment of Blaise Cendrars'sSutter's Goldand one that Eisenstein produced in 1930. It then argues that there is a striking continuity between the two treatments in the realm of sound—in particular, the imagining and inscription of film sound. Most surprising is the manner in which Faulkner's sonic experimentalism, clearly influenced by Eisenstein, works its way into the novel on which he was working at the time,Absalom, Absalom!.Informed by screen writing and film-sound technology, Faulkner's high-modernist novel contributes to emerging scholarly interest in the auditory culture of modernism.
Wildlife mortality from infrastructure collisions: statistical modeling of count data from carcass surveys
Authors: Stevens Bryan S. , Dennis Brian
Published: March 2013

Anthropogenic infrastructure is a mortality source for many vertebrate species. Mortality is often measured using periodic counts of carcasses or remains at infrastructure segments, and bias from carcass removal is estimated via field experiments with wildlife carcasses. We describe a model for combining removal experiment and carcass count data to estimate underlying process parameters using joint likelihood. In the model, the instantaneous number of carcasses present is a stochastic birth–death process with Poisson arrivals (carcass addition) and proportional deaths (removal of carcasses). The approach accommodates modeling heterogeneity in the addition and removal processes using generalized regression. Results of fitting the model to a Greater Sage‐Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) fence collision data set show that order of magnitude differences in expected carcass counts can be a function of spatial differences in removal and suggest caution for interpretation of many published studies. While the model assumption of negligible detection error may be tenable for some systems, the modeling framework provides a starting point for future state‐space versions incorporating detection error.
Unlocking Wellbore Access through Coiled Tubing: Confronting Well Intervention Limitations in Deepwater Completions and a Semisubmersible Rig
Authors: Shariff M. F. , Hutabarat A. Reinaldo , Tzarina A. , Jon W.
Published: March 2013

A deepwater batch drilling project in north Borneo was planned to produce oil at full potential through water and gas injection wells. The field is located 75 miles offshore in water depths in excess of 3,300 ft. Failure of formation isolation valves (FIV) to open hydraulically in the two injector wells jeopardized future production of the field and compromised the timeline remaining for the semisubmersible to complete its schedule for the rest of the drilling and completion campaign of the producer wells. Attempts to mechanically shift the FIV using slickline were unsuccessful, and the contingency plan of intervention using coiled tubing (CT) was commenced to quickly regain wellbore access.

With the drilling time constraint and the operational limitation of the rig to accommodate CT equipment access, the well intervention campaign was urged to mitigate the FIV problems and save the wells. Tight deck space to perform pressure control rig-up, limited A-frame height to accommodate coiled tubing lift frame (CTLF) operation, and well completion with small restricted clearance that prevents the maximum performance of the downhole tools are the major challenges faced in this project.

A comprehensive job design and planning process was implemented considering the semisubmersible limitations and the restrictions on wellbore access. A fit-for-purpose downhole tool configuration and multiple intervention options were carefully selected to support performing wellbore diagnostics prior to the final decision to mill out an FIV assembly. The CT catenary concept and equipment were applied in the execution stage as a contingency measure to permit curvature bend into the derrick in case the rig heaves risked the A-frame hitting the CT. The overall CT operation was a success and has proven that CT can become a turnkey service in mitigating potential downtime due to completion problems.

This paper discusses the design process and contingency plans that were developed to mitigate the FIV failure where CTLF operation is limited by the completion and surface rig-up in a semisubmersible rig. The lessons learned derived from this case history could be essential in the planning of a deepwater drilling and completion project.
Factors Affecting Effective Millout of Multistage Fracturing Sleeves in Horizontal Wellbores
Authors: Tompkins Rick , Smith Nick , Wellhoefer Ben , Yuyi Silumesii , Rhodes Bob , Stivers Patrick
Published: March 2013

Development of unconventional resource plays traditionally were completed using the "plug and perforate" the method (plug-n-perf). In recent years, however, multi-stage fracturing sleeves have seen growing industry acceptance as an alternative completion method to plug-n-perf and is now being employed with increasing frequency with both cement and openhole isolation methods in unconventional resource plays. This type of system is operated by dropping a ball from the surface that seats in a landing baffle to actuate the sleeve and allow for fracturing of the formation. These balls and baffles often can be removed from the ID of the casing string by milling, post frac to remove possible restrictions. However, there are situations that can affect the successful milling of the balls and baffles.

This paper explores the conditions that can affect the ball and baffle millout process of multi-stage fracturing sleeves. Different aspects of the milling process will be reviewed to determine the critical elements that must be taken into consideration when milling the balls and baffles. Specific factors include multi-stage fracturing sleeve dimensions, wellbore trajectory, torque and drag, depth location, mill design, weight-on-bit (WOB), viscous pill sweep frequency, and other milling procedures. The investigation of the millout of 185 multi-stage fracturing sleeves in Eagle Ford Shale well completions will analyze these factors, which then will be contrasted with surface millout testing on over 100 multi-stage fracturing sleeves performed on a custom millout testing machine.

The surface testing allowed visual observation of millout processes and real-time changing of millout variables that reduced risk and lowered operating cost. Both sets of data will then be analyzed to illustrate the critical factors for successful millout operations and discuss the solutions to the millout challenges.