bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian estimation of fossil phylogenies and the evolution of early to middle Paleozoic crinoids (Echinodermata)
Authors: Wright David F.
Published: February 2017

Knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among species is fundamental to understanding basic patterns in evolution and underpins nearly all research programs in biology and paleontology. However, most methods of phylogenetic inference typically used by paleontologists do not accommodate the idiosyncrasies of fossil data and therefore do not take full advantage of the information provided by the fossil record. The advent of Bayesian ‘tip-dating’ approaches to phylogeny estimation is especially promising for paleosystematists because time-stamped comparative data can be combined with probabilistic models tailored to accommodate the study of fossil taxa. Under a Bayesian framework, the recently developed fossilized birth–death (FBD) process provides a more realistic tree prior model for paleontological data that accounts for macroevolutionary dynamics, preservation, and sampling when inferring phylogenetic trees containing fossils. In addition, the FBD tree prior allows for the possibility of sampling ancestral morphotaxa. Although paleontologists are increasingly embracing probabilistic phylogenetic methods, these recent developments have not previously been applied to the deep-time invertebrate fossil record. Here, I examine phylogenetic relationships among Ordovician through Devonian crinoids using a Bayesian tip-dating approach. Results support several clades recognized in previous analyses sampling only Ordovician taxa, but also reveal instances where phylogenetic affinities are more complex and extensive revisions are necessary, particularly among the Cladida. The name Porocrinoidea is proposed for a well-supported clade of Ordovician ‘cyathocrine’ cladids and hybocrinids. The Eucladida is proposed as a clade name for the sister group of the Flexibilia herein comprised of cladids variously considered ‘cyathocrines,’ ‘dendrocrines,’ and/or ‘poteriocrines’ by other authors.
Recent Development of the Intellectual Property Rights System in China and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Huang Can
Published: February 2017

As Peng, Ahlstrom, Carraher, and Shi (2017) rightly noted, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection in a country is not static. It evolves over time. Peng et al. (this issue) revealed through their historical analysis that during the 19th century, the US was not a leading IPR advocate but a leading IPR violator. It was only when indigenous inventors, authors, and organizations of the US emerged and demanded protection of their IPR in foreign countries in the late 19th century that the US passed the International Copyright Act (the Chace Act) in 1891 to extend IPR protection to foreign works. The US case illustrated that a country's IPR system as an institution evolves as its economy and society develop. If we examine this evolution over a relatively long time span, the change can be quite dramatic. Therefore, when reviewing a country's IPR system, an important question to be asked is in which direction the country's IPR system evolves.
‘The most terrible assassination that has yet stained the name of Belfast’: the McMahon murders in context
Authors: Wilson Tim
Published: February 2017

At the beginning of 2001 the First Minister of Northern Ireland, David Trimble, found himself confronted with more than his fair share of intractable diffculties: having narrowly survived an internal vote of the Ulster Unionist Party on whether to continue in government, Trimble surveyed an unpromising political landscape dominated by the rise of the rival Democratic Unionist Party and the I.R.A.’s continued refusal to decommission all its weapons. Despite all this, in late January 2001 Trimble devoted considerable time to attacking the B.B.C. for having made theRebel Heartdrama series. Claiming to be loosely based on real events, the programmes implied that the Belfast police had killed six members of the McMahon household on 24 March 1922.
The Ormond—St Leger feud, 1544–6
Authors: Bryson Alan
Published: February 2017

Criticism of the lord deputy of Ireland, Sir Anthony St Leger, became vocal during 1544, especially among supporters of James Butler, ninth earl of Ormond, who felt that he was being excluded from a more prominent role in government. To head off this grumbling, St Leger returned to England in the spring for an audience with Henry VIII that resulted in his re-appointment in July with the king's blessing. On 18 May he was installed as a knight of the Garter and his stipend increased by £200 the following summer. Once back in Ireland St Leger (a gentleman of the privy chamber) cleverly maintained royal favour through well-thought gifts, like the two goshawks and ‘caste’ of falcons ‘of the best ayre of this Lande’ he sent the king in the summer of 1545. Most importantly, he kept Henry, the English privy council, and principal courtiers informed of his point of view through carefully crafted letters and frequent messengers, dominating communications between the two kingdoms. His tone was always well-judged: ‘this your Realme remayneth[e] in goode stay thank[e]s be to god and your highnes’.
Select document: the division in the Irish House of Commons on the ‘tithe of agistment’, 18 Mar. 1736, and Swift's ‘Character … of the Legion Club’
Authors: Hayton D.W. , Karian Stephen
Published: February 2017

Historians studying the Irish parliament in the first half of the eighteenth century generally have to make do with sources that are far less rich than those available at Westminster. In particular, division-lists, a staple of British parliamentary history, remain a relatively rare delicacy in Ireland. Only a dozen or so are known from the period 1692–1760, and hitherto none at all between the divisions on the disputed by-elections for Westmeath in 1723 and Dublin city in 1749. The discovery of another list, from the session of 1735–6, is thus particularly welcome, and would be so whatever its subject matter. But what makes this new list even more valuable is that it relates to a highly controversial division, closely associated with the production of Swift's notorious satire on the Irish House of Commons, ‘A character, panegyric and description of the Legion Club’, and also provides crucial evidence for the dating of that poem.
‘I ran away’? The I.R.A. and 1969: the evolution of a myth
Authors: Hanley Brian
Published: February 2017

Between 13 and 15 August 1969 communal violence in Belfast saw seven people killed and over 400 treated for injuries. Nearly 2,000 families were forced from their homes. British troops were deployed on the streets to prevent further violence, events usually seen as the starting point of the modern Irish Troubles. In 1972 the Sunday Times Insight Team's Ulster set the tone for commentary on the role of the I.R.A. during this period. It claimed that the organisation had been ‘largely an irrelevance’ in Belfast during August 1969 and as a result ‘I.R.A. – I Ran Away was scrawled derisively over the walls of the Catholic Ghettos’. Conor Cruise O'Brien soon asserted in States of Ireland that when violence erupted ‘the I.R.A. had very few weapons and very few people trained and ready to use them. Their prestige in the Ghettos went sharply down. People wrote on walls I.R.A. I Ran Away.’ Echoing these statements twentythree years later Tim Pat Coogan in his book The Troubles stated that ‘the I.R.A. posed very little threat to anyone during those days. So little that the disgusted inhabitants of the area, used to regarding the I.R.A. in the traditional role of “the defenders” wrote up the letters I.R.A. on gable walls as Irish Ran Away.' Similar assertions are found in a wide variety of the literature, both popular and academic, dealing with the outbreak of the Troubles.
Irish public histories as an historiographical problem
Authors: Regan John M.
Published: February 2017

It is now almost impossible to reflect upon the historical reputations of Eamon de Valera and Michael Collins without considering the recent war in Northern Ireland (c. 1969–97) and the challenges to Irish identities it has induced. In the Republic this is evident in the movement away from irredentist nationalism toward official recognition of partition, following a constitutional referendum in 1998. Against a similarly barometric historiography, de Valera and Collins's historical representations have transformed. De Valera, it is clear, long since fell from favour among mainstream nationalists.
Making hay when the sun don't shine: the Rev. William Richardson, science and society in early nineteenth-century Ireland
Authors: Blackstock Allan
Published: February 2017

So wrote William Hamilton Drummond in 1811 in reference to an extraordinary grass known by the old Irish name of fiorin (fiorthann), whose properties had been discovered by a fellow cleric, William Richardson (1740–1820). Richardson claimed fiorin could produce abundant winter hay and help reclaim bogland. Though Donaldson’sAgricultural biographyof 1854 dismissed Richardson’s work as ephemeral and careless, in 1806 the leading British scientist Humphry Davy visited Richardson and was impressed enough to recommend him to the Board of Agriculture and include fiorin in his famous lecture series translated into every major European language.
Poverty and power: the Irish Poor Law in a north Antrim town, 1861–1921
Authors: Olwen Purdue
Published: February 2017

Austere and forbidding, the workhouse occupied a prominent position in the towns of nineteenth-century Ireland. Reformer Laura Stephens, writing in theNew Ireland Reviewin 1900, said of the Irish workhouse that ‘the great gloomy pile of grey stone buildings, surrounded with high walls is unmistakable,’ while Anna Clarke quotes William Field as having observed ‘Foreigners remark … that our constitution seems to produce poverty and lunacy; because, either the immense ugly union or the big regular asylum is generally the leading architectural feature in county towns; instead of the fine church or cathedral, the handsomemaison de ville, and the pleasurable, instructive galleries to be found in other countries.’
‘Waging War on the Streets’: the Irish Women Patrol, 1914–22.
Authors: Pašeta Senia
Published: February 2017

Female activists across the United Kingdom had insisted from the late nineteenth century that the employment of women police who would deal with problems specific to women and children could help to address pressing social questions, or at least to offer women some protection within the entirely male criminal justice system. Their campaign for women police was connected to similar demands for the employment of female prison visitors and inspectors and, later, jurors and lawyers, and it was predicated on the idea that neither prisons nor courts afforded women fair and equal treatment under the law. Early victories included the appointment of police matrons and searchers, but the resistance of police authorities and most other civil servants to female officers remained solid into the early twentieth century, feminist campaigning notwithstanding. The outbreak of the First World War, however, provided an ideal context for renewed activism on the issue, not least because commentators across the British Isles predicted that the apparent inability of girls and young women to resist the lure of uniformed men would lead to outbreaks of war-induced sexual promiscuity and a decline in standards of public behaviour.
‘They blew up the best portion of our city and … it is their duty to replace it’: compensation andreconstruction in the aftermathof the 1916 Rising
Authors: Corráin Daithí Ó
Published: February 2017

In his vivid account of Easter Week 1916, The insurrection in Dublin, the writer James Stephens observed: ‘The finest part of our city has been blown to smithereens, and burned into ashes. Soldiers amongst us who have served abroad say that the ruin of this quarter is more complete than anything they have seen at Ypres, than anything they have seen anywhere in France or Flanders.’ In a letter to his sister, Henry Beater, company secretary of Arnotts, also likened the smouldering ruins of Sackville Street and the adjoining thoroughfares to a scene from the war:

House after house destroyed utterly. Clery & Co., D.B.C., Eason, G.P.O., Metropole and Imperial Hotels, Freeman’s Journal and literally dozens of other establishments in ruins. Henry St. on both sides from the pillar to Arnott & Co. nearly every house down and absolutely ruined.
Defying the Theoretical Constraints of State-Centric Approaches: A Review ofNon-State Actors in International Law
Authors: Kotlik Marcos D
Published: February 2017

This review ofNon-State Actors in International Law, edited by Math Noortmann, August Reinisch and Cedric Ryngaert (Hart Publishing, 2015), focuses on the constraints of state-centric approaches in accurately depicting the role and status of non-state actors in the international arena. As the book presents a comprehensive examination of the influence of diverse entities in a variety of fields, such limitations are evidenced and inevitably lead to the reassessment of novel theoretical standpoints, as well as to the recognition that a multidisciplinary approach is much needed in order to advance further studies on the issue.
The Papacy and the Establishment of the Kingdoms of Jerusalem, Sicily and Portugal: Twelfth-Century Papal Political Thought on Incipient Kingship
Authors: JOHN SIMON
Published: February 2017

This article examines the political thought of the twelfth-century papacy, considering how popes of this era responded to the establishment of the kingdoms of Jerusalem, Sicily and Portugal. It compares the intellectual strategies used by popes to justify why these three polities were kingdoms rather than any other type of political unit. It is suggested that, to make their cases, popes advanced a range of arguments, many of which echoed the political ideas of Gregory VII. The article concludes by linking its findings to the wider question of how the twelfth-century papacy responded to the expansion of Latin Christendom.
Social Screens and Systematic Investor Boycott Risk
Authors: Luo H. Arthur , Balvers Ronald J.
Published: February 2017

We model the pricing implications of screens adopted by socially responsible investors. The model reproduces the empirically observed abnormal return to sin stock and implies a premium for systematic investor boycott risk that affects targeted as well as nontargeted firms. The investor boycott premium is not displaced by litigation risk, measures of neglect effect, illiquidity, industry momentum, or concentration. The investor boycott risk factor is useful in explaining mean returns across industries, and its premium varies with the relative wealth of socially responsible investors and the business cycle.
The range-through method and first-last appearance data in paleontological surveys
Authors: Boltovskoy Demetrio
Published: February 2017

The quality of the information yielded by stratigraphic and paleoecologic studies based on microfossils is often poor due to spotty recovery of taxa. Thus, downcore sequences contain many null records between the first appearance (FA) and the last appearance (LA) of the species. Cheetham and Deboo (1963) suggested the use of the range-through method (i.e., a species is considered present in a sample if found both above and below it, even if it was not found within the sample) as a means of smoothing these spotty data sets and, when biostratigraphic conclusions are sought, to counteract the effect of environmental influences (Hazel, 1970). The technique was subsequently adopted in many reports and incorporated in numerical methods for biostratigraphic work (e.g., see review in Brower, 1985).
The taxonomic status of two Paleozoic foraminiferal genera from the Russian platform
Authors: Haman Drew
Published: February 2017

Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev (1984) presented a systematic account of Russian platform Paleozoic foraminifera. They documented 19 genera and subgenera of which five genera and four subgenera were established as new taxa. Two of the new genera require that their systematic status be correctly defined and this is done herein.
Lamottia(Favositida, Tabulata) from the Decorah Formation (Kirkfieldian, Ordovician) of Iowa
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2017

The early tabulate coralLamottia heroensishas been identified from the Ion Member of the Decorah Formation (Upper Ordovician) in northeast Iowa. This extends the stratigraphic range of this species upward from Lower Chazyan to Kirkfieldian, and extends the geographic range from the Vermont-New York border area to include the north-central Midcontinent. Thin section and SEM studies strongly support the contention that the longitudinal pattern of alternating light and dark bands observed in corallite walls reflects a primary structural grain rather than a secondary diagenetic feature.
Wisconsinella, a new raphistomatinid gastropod genus from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
Authors: Blodgett Robert B.
Published: February 2017

A new raphistomatinid genus, Wisconsinella, from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin is described. The type and only known species is Wisconsinella clelandi n. sp. from the Lake Church Formation of late Eifelian age. The new genus is characterized by its highly angular whorl profile and low gradate spire. It is distinguished from all other known raphistomatinid genera by the presence of a narrow, steeply inclined outer whorl surface, demarked both above and below by a sharp, strong angulation.
The morphology and ultrastructure ofBrevigraptus quadrithecatusn. gen., n. sp. (Diplograptacea), and Its convergence uponDicaulograptus hystrix(Bulman)
Authors: Mitchell Charles E.
Published: February 2017

Rhabdosomes ofBrevigraptus quadrithecatusn. gen., n. sp. (Lasiograptinae, Diplograptacea), from the Upper Ordovician Viola Springs Formation of south-central Oklahoma, comprise four fully developed thecae. The sicula and the first two thecae are fully sclerotized. The ultrastructure of the fusellum is unusually dense but is overlaid by a typical diplograptacean bandaged cortex. The third and fourth thecae consist of clathria covered by a cortical sheet. Lacinia are absent. The cortical sheet comprises bandages deposited in a support dominated pattern that matches expectations of the pterobranch model of peridermal secretion. Lists are fusellar derivatives and exhibit traces of fuselli-like growth increments but no continuous fusellum is present. Lists are strongly thickened with cortical tissue. The fabricational pattern employed in list construction reveals the operation of strong historical constraints during the evolutionary reduction of the fusellum.

The thecal form and list architecture ofBrevigraptus quadrithecatusare nearly identical to those ofPipiograptus hesperusWhittington.Brevigraptus quadrithecatuspossesses a Pattern G astogeny and exhibits several derived astogenetic features that it shares withP. hesperusandOrthoretiolites hamiWhittington. Both thecal and astogenetic similarities suggest the new taxon is a member of the Lasiograptinae, and is closely allied to the aforementioned species.

The thecae ofB. quadrithecatusexhibit striking similarity withDicaulograptus hystrix(Bulman). However, both the details of thecal construction and primordial astogeny differ markedly between these species. The thecal similarities appear to be convergent. Accordingly,D. hystrixis probably not closely allied to the Lasiograptinae.
A new argyrolagoid (Mammalia: Marsupialia) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia
Authors: Carlos Villarroel A. , Marshall Larry G.
Published: February 2017

A new argyrolagoid marsupial, Hondalagus altiplanensis n. gen., n. sp., from the middle Miocene (Santacrucian–Friasian) age locality of Quebrada Honda in southernmost Bolivia represents the smallest and most specialized member of the family Argyrolagidae known. The lower molars are hypselodont and lack vertical grooves labially and lingually, and M4 is greatly reduced relative to M3. In overall size and structure, H. altiplanensis compares best with Microtragulus catamarcensis (Kraglievich, 1931) from rocks of late Miocene (Huayquerian) age in northwest Argentina. Hondalagus altiplanensis demonstrates that the adaptive radiation of argyrolagoids was much greater than previously envisioned, and that generic differentiation of known taxa occurred no later than early–middle Miocene time in South America.
Paramys compressidensPeterson and the systematic relationships of the species ofParamys(Paramyinae, Ischyromyidae)
Authors: Korth William W.
Published: February 2017

Paramys compressidensPeterson, from the Uintan of Utah, has long been considered a member of the genusIschyrotomusMatthew. A re-examination of the type and referred specimens of this species demonstrates that it does indeed belong in the genusParamysand that several of the previously cited referred specimens can be allocated to other known species.

Systematic relationships between the species ofParamysare analyzed. Recognizable morphoclines within this genus are increase in size and amount of crenulation of the enamel on the cheek teeth, and changes in the cross-sectional shape of the lower incisor. Several species previously considered as belonging toParamys(P. simpsoniKorth,P. savageiMichaux,P. pourcyensisMichaux,P. ageiensisMichaux) may be referable elsewhere.

ThisbemysWood,LeptotomusMatthew, andTapomysWilson can be directly derived from the known species ofParamys. The origin of several other genera may possibly be found withinParamys, but no ancestral morphotype is currently known.
A large-diameter coring device for use in shallow water and soft sediments
Authors: Burnham Robyn J.
Published: February 2017

A large-diameter coring device was designed to recover plant litter in fluvial sediments as part of a taphonomic study of plant deposition in a modern river system. The corer was used to retrieve unconsolidated sediments from shallow (< 1.5 m) water, either from a boat or from the riverbank, and was designed to be transportable for use in remote reaches of tropical rivers. The device is operable by a single person, easily repaired, and rugged.
Cleaning interactions between the cleaner wrasseSymphodus melanocercus(Osteichthyes: Labridae) and brown meagreSciaena umbra(Osteichthyes: Sciaenidae)
Authors: Ventura Daniele , Machado Leonardo Francisco , Bonifazi Andrea , Gravina Maria Flavia , Ardizzone Giandomenico
Published: February 2017

Cleaning interactions between the wrasseSymphodus melanocercusand brown meagreSciaena umbraare documented from observations whilst free diving on a shallow rocky reef in the central Mediterranean Sea. Cleaning events occurred at cleaning stations mainly during the morning and gradually decreased in the evening. The body parts mostly cleaned were the opercular region and the fins, possibly as gnathiid isopods preferentially attach to these areas.
Geography without People: Mapping in Pliny Historia Naturalis Books 3-6
Authors: Evans Rhiannon
Published: February 2017

For well over a decade Pliny'sHistoria Naturalishas been recognised as a work which deals with moral questions and imperial culture as much as (perhaps more than) science and nature. These reassessments of the Elder Pliny move away from the disdainful and anachronistic judgments of his writings as ill-judged, naïve and unscientific, and towards a more productive analysis of theHistoria Naturalis' symbolic significance and coherence within its first century Roman context. Mary Beagon finds that Pliny is representative of a particular first century ‘emphasis on humanity and its needs and aspirations’, while commenting that it is at this period thatmundusandkosmos(Latin and Greek respectively for ‘world’ or ‘universe’) take on the specific meaning of ‘the inhabited world’. The coherence that Beagon finds in Pliny's work is therefore concentrated around the relationship between nature and humankind. It is this relationship, and the symbolic value given to natural phenomena, which allows so much of theHistoria Naturalisto act as a cultural commentary on contemporary society. For example, Beagon, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill and Trevor Murphy identifyluxuria(‘luxury’) as a key term in Pliny, and insist not only upon his aversion to this concept, but also on his transcendence of the traditional Roman diatribe against decadence and extravagance. For Beagon, Pliny's objection to luxury is partly determined by contemporary political and economic factors, as she claims that Pliny's stance mirrors that of Vespasian, who was attempting to rebuild the state's finances after Nero had squandered them. More particularly,luxuriais the antithesis ofuita(‘life’), to the extent that it corrupts and distorts life, leading to passivity anddesidia(‘lethargy’)—the exact opposite of the programmatic statement found in theHistoria NaturalisPreface 19:uita uigilia est(‘life is being awake’).
Catalogue Technique in Dionysius Periegetes
Authors: Lightfoot J.L.
Published: February 2017

Dionysios gehört zu den interessantesten Problemen der griechischen Literaturgeschichte.

Knaack (1905) 916.34f.

Within the general context of increasing interest in Greek literature in the Roman period, interest in Dionysius the Periegete is certainly on the rise. Our knowledge of his extensive textual tradition is still expanding, and further editions are under way; the ideologies that structure his work have been explored in a series of publications by Christian Jacob (1990, 1991); and the welcome increase in the volume of publications over the last five years or so includes a collection of essays which is especially geared to one of my themes in this essay, Dionysius' relations with Hellenistic poetry and poets. Yet there are some basic aspects of his poetics that remain un-, or under-, studied. At the heart of the matter, I suggest, are two major backgrounds that need to be explored further.

The first is the reception of Hellenistic poetry in the imperial period. Dionysius is a neo-Hellenistic poet. Indeed, he is so convincing a neo-Hellenistic poet that a critic as astute as Tycho Mommsen placed him in the first century BCE on the basis of a whole array of stylistic and metrical and other sorts of linguistic criteria. Dionysius' true date has been known for a century and a quarter; but we are really none the wiser about what it was that gave rise to this extraordinarily competent and convincing Hellenistic imitation. It is not only that he imitates Apollonius, Callimachus, Nicander, Aratus and others in purple passages of his own, but that so many of his techniques of composition and allusion, and—as this paper will demonstrate—his formal evocation of certain styles of writing, are thoroughly Hellenistic. So the first thing that is needed is an exploration of the various ways in which imperial writers respond to the masters of the high Hellenistic period, and their successors: is Dionysius a representative of a special and distinctive strain in imperial poetics, or is he a particular instance of something more multiform and complex?
Transforming the Homeric Models: Quintus' Battle among the Gods in the Posthomerica
Authors: Carvounis Katerina
Published: February 2017

Quintus' Posthomerica in fourteen books covers events from the Trojan saga that take place between the funeral of Hector, which marks the end of the Iliad, and the homeward journey of the victorious Greeks after the sack of Troy. Various hints in the text help us place the epic within the Roman Empire but do not allow much scope for further speculation on a more specific date. Relative chronology with other hexameter poets in the Roman period sets the composition of the Posthomerica in the third century, which saw a floruit of mythological poetry. For material shared between Quintus' Posthomerica and Oppian's Halieutica, which is placed between 177 and 180 CE, it is generally agreed that Quintus is drawing on Oppian, and the end of the second century is thus a plausible terminus post quern for the Posthomerica. Key to establishing a terminus ante quern for this epic is Triphiodorus' epyllion on the Sack of Troy, which is now dated to the late third century: scholarly opinion is divided about the direction of the borrowing between the two poets, but if Triphiodorus is drawing on Quintus, which seems to be more likely, then the Posthomerica can be placed before the end of the third century.
Parallel Universes: Byzantine art history in 1990 and 1991
Authors: Brubaker Leslie
Published: February 2017

Art history, like many disciplines in the so-called humanities, has engaged in a bout of re-definition over the past decade. Studies of the art of Byzantium have not been immune to this wave of revision and re-assessment. Though it must be said that Byzantine has been affected less than Roman or, especially, nineteenth-century art history, the discipline is nonetheless in a state of transition, and this fact deserves greater recognition than it has received.
The shaping of an icon: St Luke, the artist
Authors: Raynor Rebecca
Published: February 2017

This paper addresses why, in legends concerning portraits of Christ and the Virgin painted from life, Saint Luke the Evangelist is named as the artist. The paper focuses on the perceived identity of Luke in early Byzantium, arguing that his status as a Christian, Evangelist and doctor made him the most credible figure as the artist in the story and the person most likely to be accepted into the Church's history as a painter.
The Byzantine conquest of Crete (961 AD), Prokopios’ Vandal War, and the Continuator of the Chronicle of Symeon
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: February 2017

Historians reconstruct the Byzantine conquest of Crete in 960-961 based largely on the History of Leo the Deacon and two variants of the continuation of the Chronicle of Symeon the Logothete. However, the account in the continuation is modelled closely, in narrative structure, imagery, vocabulary and ideology, on Prokopios’ account of the conquest of North Africa by Belisarios in 533-534. This challenges our knowledge of the campaign but sheds interesting new light on the sophisticated use of classical texts that Byzantine ‘chroniclers’ could make.
New Readings: The Comic as Artists’
Book
Authors: Sherwood Rosie
Published: February 2017

Artists’ books consider every aspect of
the book in the creation of meaning. How might
reading the comic book through this context extend
the possibilities of the art form? Can considering
the whole book change the way creators and readers
approach the comic? This article considers the
space between book arts and comics, asking how
they might fit together and considering the
possible benefits of this expanded reading for the
comic book as a form.
Occasional Papers: archival troves,
affordability and accessories
Authors: Montero Gustavo Grandal , Foden-Lenahan Erica
Published: February 2017

The world of art publishing is often
characterized by hefty exhibition catalogues and
glossy artist monographs that aim to be
comprehensive documentation of a theme or an
artist’s output, but also cost more than pocket
money to purchase. As art librarians we purchase,
move, and sometimes read them every day.
Occasionally a publication will catch your
attention, maybe because it appears ephemeral, or
perhaps because it more closely resembles books
that you might accession into an artists’ books or
artists’ publications collection. Occasional
Papers publications have that look and yet their
content points to a wider audience. Their
philosophy of the cheap paperback makes them
unusual in mainstream art publishing. How does a
small publisher survive? Clearly by disregarding
just about everything the publishing textbooks
say. Occasional Papers has found its niche and sat
down to tell us about it.
The digital catalogue raisonné: When form is function
Authors: Evangelista Carina
Published: February 2017

A catalogue raisonné is the definitive, comprehensive, and annotated compilation of all the known works of an artist. Beyond the necessary, meticulous task of compilation of information, which typically takes years to complete, the need to keep the information updated is a perpetual concern. Because the lives of artworks continually evolve as ownership changes and exhibition and literature histories expand, publishing a catalogue raisonné in print presents a real challenge in keeping information current. This challenge is even more pronounced for active, living artists whose works completed subsequent to a published catalogue raisonné would require the publication of a new volume. A catalogue raisonné being ‘definitive’ actually evolves constandy, warranting a format that can accommodate that very flux. The Chuck Close catalogue raisonné, launched and maintained as an online publication, is used here to illustrate the advantages of digital publishing for catalogues raisonnés.
A snapshot of the Getty Foundation’s Online Scholarly Catalogue Initiative
Authors: Helmreich Anne
Published: February 2017

What is a page in the digital age? The Getty Foundation’s Online Scholarly Catalogue Initiative (OSCI) was launched in 2009 to create new models for the publication of museum collection catalogues in the online environment. Five years later, all eight museums participating in the grant programme have published pioneering online catalogues. A final report on the initiative, which will share lessons learned and remaining challenges, as well as core information of value for any museum considering online publishing, will be presented by the Foundation later this year.
Viewpoint: Art information in Latin America
Authors: Ayres Isabel
Published: February 2017

Several museums and libraries in North America and Europe house in their collections expressive works of art from Latin America. An understanding of the source of such collections requires study of their history and of the background from which they come, even if, as a matter of fact, collecting works of art and bibliographical assets on such a theme is not new. The interest in studying artworks which do not belong to the so-called western canon enables a wider knowledge of the art in Latin America. Notwithstanding the reasons behind such interest, it is worth noting that some facts related to their development are still lively, such as the interests roused by the travelling artists in the 19th century, who departed in search of the unknown or exotic and came back to their homeland with an imagination full of images from the New World. It is undeniable that Latin America has had a key role in the major changes that occurred during the age of discovery, when Europe focused on its colonies. Nowadays, as we observe the recurrence of such a foreign look at Latin America, we might ask ourselves how Latin America sees itself.
Life on the Outskirts: Making Sense and use of a Creative Life
Authors: Knifton Robert
Published: February 2017

Life on the Outskirts is a digital archiving project being undertaken in collaboration between the Helen Storey Foundation and Kingston University. Helen Storey studied Foundation and Fashion at Kingston Polytechnic before her varied career as a fashion designer in Italy and London and as a social artist collaborating with scientists on projects including Primitive Streak, Catalytic Clothing and Wonderland. Robert Knifton uses his work with the Helen Storey Foundation to discuss key issues around digital archiving such as ‘born digital’ artefacts, digital barriers to materiality and ritualized material encounters in the archive, multivocality of digital archival artefacts, and the educational uses of the digital archive, and the great potential of the performative digital archive space.
The library as a valued partner in Digital Humanities projects: The example of EuropeanaPhotography
Authors: Truyen Fred , Verbeke Demmy
Published: February 2017

A wide selection of recent articles argues for an active involvement of libraries in Digital Humanities. This engagement would not only reflect the traditional role of libraries to support ongoing research, but would also provide the opportunity to re-envision their responsibilities and to create a space for research and development within their organisation. In our opinion, such an implementation of R&D in academic libraries is indeed essential to provide adequate support to digital scholarship. Digital projects also benefit greatly when they welcome the library as a full and valued partner. This point is illustrated through a discussion of EuropeanaPhotography, in which the KU Leuven (Belgium) acted as the coordinating partner.
Open Access and the future of art scholarship
Authors: Watkins Alexander
Published: February 2017

There are many arguments for the necessity of open access, scholarship that is freely available online; however, many of these arguments do not apply to art scholarship – is it then still necessary to change the publishing model? I argue that it is; the high price of access to traditional publications closes art scholarship to all but privileged Western academics. Open access is key to creating a globally integrated community of art scholars and reengaging the public in art discourse. Librarians can help facilitate a scholarship that is accessible to all.
Art as academic output: quality assessment and Open Access publishing of artistic works at the University of Gothenburg
Authors: Lundén Tomas , Sundén Karin
Published: February 2017

How is artistic research and practice output within academia to be quality assessed and made available open access on the internet? Is it possible to integrate artistic research within a framework of bibliometrics, to allocate research funding at an institution? At the University of Gothenburg, a model for addressing these questions has been implemented at the Faculty of Fine, Applied and Performing Arts, through close collaboration between faculty representatives and the University library. The institutional repository of the university now holds a growing collection of openly available output from artistic research and practice.
A Discussion Paper: The Development of Professional Teacher Standards in Environmental Education
Authors: Cutter-Mackenzie Amy , Clarke Barbara , Smith Phil
Published: February 2017

Professional teaching associations in Australia and abroad have been developing teacher and/or teaching standards and associated professional learning and assessment models in the key discipline areas since the 1990s. In Australia, a specific intent of this approach is to capture and recognise the depth and range of accomplished educators' teaching. Despite the increasing work in this area, there has been a dearth of discussion about teacher standards in environmental education and no previous attempt to research and/or develop professional teacher standards for environmental education in Australia. This paper discusses the history of teacher standards in Australia, and considers the implications for the development of teacher standards in environmental education. In doing so, we present a research-practice model that is currently being piloted in Victoria for developing accomplished professional teacher standards and learning in environmental education with and for accomplished Australian primary and secondary teachers.
Estimating the U.S. and Soviet Strategic Threat
Authors: Hastedt Glenn
Published: February 2017

Courses on international relations, U.S. foreign policy, Soviet foreign policy, and national security policy spend a great deal of time exploring the question of the Soviet or U.S. strategic threat. For all of its centrality to these courses, students often have, difficulty dealing with the issue in anything other than a gut feeling manner. In part, this is due to the highly technical and complex nature of the subject matter, but it is also due to the passive manner in which students are exposed to the subject. This essay presents one way of actively engaging students in the learning process, forcing them to formulate and defend their own view in the form of an individually or collectively produced intelligence estimate.

Understanding why U.S. (Soviet) policy makers see a Soviet (U.S.) threat requires an understanding of the process by which threats are established. The most formal and authoritative U.S. government statements on the dimensions of the Soviet strategic threat are found in national intelligence estimates (NIE's). Typically, the intelligence estimating process is broken down into six functional steps: 1) requirement setting, 2) collection, 3) processing, 4) analysis, 5) reporting, and 6) receipt and evaluation by the consumer (Ransom 1970). NIE's are only one kind of finished intelligence produced by the intelligence community. There is no fixed length or format for an intelligence estimate to follow. The Senator Mike Gravel edition of the Pentagon Papers (1971) presents a number of estimates on Vietnam that can be used by students as models. Ransom (1970) presents a handy checklist of questions that students as consumers can use to evaluate estimates.
Current Events And The International Relations Curriculum: Instructional Strategies
Authors: Chernotsky Harry I.
Published: February 2017

One of the more significant challenges confronting instructors of international politics survey courses is the coverage of current events issues. Most students have limited knowledge of the unfolding events, leaders and institutions shaping the present global environment. Perhaps even more disturbing is their general disinclination to seek out information which might enhance their overall awareness.

The task of devising appropriate infusion strategies is not a simple one. On the one hand, one must resist the temptation of devoting too much classroom time to a discussion of current issues. The range of historical material and theoretical concepts which must be addressed in such courses is simply too great to allow inordinate concentration on breaking news items. At the same time, however, a failure to consider these issues might prevent students from appreciating the relevance and significance of some of the more abstract ideas and past events incorporated into the core curriculum.

To be sure, a number of approaches may be utilized to focus attention on contemporary matters. The use of up-to-date examples when presenting material pertaining to some of the broader themes covered in the course is particularly helpful. A willingness to deviate from the syllabus periodically to describe and assess the implications of emerging crises or especially noteworthy events might also prove useful. Moreover, the selection of a supplementary text oriented toward current issues could serve to organize discussions in a more systematic and sustained fashion.
Effect of modality and task type on interlanguage variation
Authors: Kim Hye Yeong
Published: February 2017

An essential component for assessing the accuracy and fluency of language learners is understanding how mode of communication and task type affect performance in second-language (L2) acquisition. This study investigates how text-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) and face-to-face (F2F) oral interaction can influence the performance of language learners in producing grammatical forms accurately when learners of English as a second language complete different tasks in their L2. Findings show a systematic variability in learner interlanguage that depends on mode of communication and task type. L2 learners used articles more correctly and produced advanced-stage questions more frequently in text-based SCMC than in F2F. These findings suggest that task types and the mode of communication in which a task is completed need careful selection based on pedagogical purposes in order to maximize L2 learning and better evaluate L2 performance.
Why Can’t a Teacher Be More Like a Scientist? Science, Pseudoscience and the Art of Teaching
Authors: Carter Mark , Wheldall Kevin
Published: February 2017

In this article, the authors argue the case for scientific evidenced‐based practice in education. They consider what differentiates science from pseudoscience and what sources of information teachers typically regard as reliable. The What Works Clearinghouse is discussed with reference to certain limitations of its current operation. Given the relative paucity of ‘gold standard’ research in education, an alternative model for assessing the efficacy of educational programs is proposed as a temporary solution.
Creativity under Strong Constraints: the Hidden Influence of Design Models
Authors: Hatchuel Armand , Chen Milena Klasing
Published: February 2017

In engineering design, constraints can stimulate creativity but are also often cited as obstacles to innovation. So do constraints hinder or foster creativity? Despite a number of studies, the reason why constraints can have a positive or a negative impact on creativity is still unknown. In this paper, we will propose, theoretically and empirically, that the link between creativity and constraints is not determined by the type of constraints, but by the type of ‘design model’ used. Using C-K theory, a well-documented, general, and formalized theory of design, we first prove that the dual impact of constraints on creativity is predictable. Then we use C-K operators to distinguish two different design models: rule-based design and innovative design. We show that the first model organizes a negative link between constraints and creativity while the second model enables a positive effect. We illustrate these mechanisms through the analysis of several product developments based on both secondary and primary sources.
The Buddha's Biography: Its Development in the Pagan Murals vs. the Later Vernacular Literature, in the Theravādin Buddhist Context of Southeast Asia
Authors: POOLSUWAN SAMERCHAI
Published: February 2017

An investigation is provided on the narration of the Buddha's biography in Burmese murals of the Pagan Period (eleventh to thirteenth century ce). It detects a development of the complete account on the subject in the oldest murals of the period at the Patho-hta-mya Temple, which probably predate the earliest known literary counterpart in Pāli, the Jinālaṅkāra, which was most likely composed in Sri-Lanka during the mid-twelfth century ce. The comparison is provided between the biographical account of the Buddha illustrated in Pagan murals and those found in the two main groups of much later vernacular texts compiled in Southeast Asia, namely: Malālamkāravatthu-Tathāgataudanadīpanī particularly prevailing in Burma and representing the later Burmese tradition on narrating the Buddha's biography; and, Pathamasambodhi gaining its popularity over several other parts of Southeast Asia (i.e., Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Southwestern China and eastern part of the Shan State). The Pagan narrative on the Buddha's life is shown to be far more associated with the Malālamkāravatthu-Tathāgataudanadīpanī than with the Pathamasambodhi, suggesting the first group of texts to be a later product of the longstanding Buddhist tradition existing in Burma at least since the Pagan Period, and the latter of a separate development.
Semi-analytical study on the generic degeneracy for galaxy clustering measurements–ERRATUM
Authors: Guarnizo Alejandro , Amendola Luca , Kunz Martin , Vollmer Adrian
Published: February 2017

The proof corrections supplied by the author were not made to the final version of the article (Guarnizo, Amendola, Kunz and Vollmer, 2015).

We apologise to the authors and to the readers for this omission.

After (2.6) on page 348, the statement “being S = AR.” should read

“being S = AR. and P1 = R/A.”

Improved versions of the figures are also presented below.