bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Fluorescent Dyes Attached to G‐Quadruplex DNA and their Effect on FRET Experiments
Authors: Søndergaard Siri , Aznauryan Mikayel , Haustrup Emil K. , Schiøtt Birgit , Birkedal Victoria , Corry Ben
Published: July 2015

FRET spectroscopy is a promising approach for investigating the dynamics of G‐quadruplex DNA folds and improving the targeting of G‐quadruplexes by potential anticancer compounds. To better interpret such experiments, classical and replica‐exchange molecular dynamics simulations and fluorescence‐lifetime measurements are used to understand the behavior of a range of Cy3‐based dyes attached to the 3′ end of G‐quadruplex DNA. The simulations revealed that the dyes interact extensively with the G‐quadruplex. Identification of preferred dye positions relative to the G‐quadruplex in the simulations allows the impact of dye–DNA interactions on FRET results to be determined. All the dyes show significant deviations from the common approximation of being freely rotating and not interacting with the host, but one of the Cy3 dye analogues is slightly closer to this case.
Predominant Information Quality Scheme for the Essential Amino Acids: An Information‐Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Esquivel Rodolfo O. , Molina‐Espíritu Moyocoyani , López‐Rosa Sheila , Soriano‐Correa Catalina , Barrientos‐Salcedo Carolina , Kohout Miroslav , Dehesa Jesús S.
Published: July 2015

In this work we undertake a pioneer information‐theoretical analysis of 18 selected amino acids extracted from a natural protein, bacteriorhodopsin (1C3W). The conformational structures of each amino acid are analyzed by use of various quantum chemistry methodologies at high levels of theory: HF, M062X and CISD(Full). The Shannon entropy, Fisher information and disequilibrium are determined to grasp the spatial spreading features of delocalizability, order and uniformity of the optimized structures. These three entropic measures uniquely characterize all amino acids through a predominant information‐theoretic quality scheme (PIQS), which gathers all chemical families by means of three major spreading features: delocalization, narrowness and uniformity. This scheme recognizes four major chemical families: aliphatic (delocalized), aromatic (delocalized), electro‐attractive (narrowed) and tiny (uniform). All chemical families recognized by the existing energy‐based classifications are embraced by this entropic scheme. Finally, novel chemical patterns are shown in the information planes associated with the PIQS entropic measures.
The effects of forest conversion to oil palm on ground‐foraging ant communities depend on beta diversity and sampling grain
Authors: Wang Wendy Y. , Foster William A.
Published: July 2015

Beta diversity – the variation in species composition among spatially discrete communities – and sampling grain – the size of samples being compared – may alter our perspectives of diversity within and between landscapes before and after agricultural conversion. Such assumptions are usually based on point comparisons, which do not accurately capture actual differences in total diversity. Beta diversity is often not rigorously examined. We investigated the beta diversity of ground‐foraging ant communities in fragmented oil palm and forest landscapes in Sabah, Malaysia, using diversity metrics transformed from Hill number equivalents to remove dependences on alpha diversity. We compared the beta diversities of oil palm and forest, across three hierarchically nested sampling grains. We found that oil palm and forest communities had a greater percentage of total shared species when larger samples were compared. Across all grains and disregarding relative abundances, there was higher beta diversity of all species among forest communities. However, there were higher beta diversities of common and very abundant (dominant) species in oil palm as compared to forests. Differences in beta diversities between oil palm and forest were greatest at the largest sampling grain. Larger sampling grains in oil palm may generate bigger species pools, increasing the probability of shared species with forest samples. Greater beta diversity of all species in forest may be attributed to rare species. Oil palm communities may be more heterogeneous in common and dominant species because of variable community assembly events. Rare and also common species are better captured at larger grains, boosting differences in beta diversity between larger samples of forest and oil palm communities. Although agricultural landscapes support a lower total diversity than natural forests, diversity especially of abundant species is still important for maintaining ecosystem stability. Diversity in agricultural landscapes may be greater than expected when beta diversity is accounted for at large spatial scales.
Electrografting of 4‐tert‐Butylcatechol on GC Electrode. Selective Electrochemical Determination of Homocysteine
Authors: Salehzadeh Hamid , Nematollahi Davood , Alizadeh Saber
Published: July 2015

A new sensor based on the grafting of 4‐tert‐butylcatechol on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GC) was developed for the catalytic oxidation of homocysteine (Hcy). The GC‐modified electrode exhibited a reversible redox response at neutral pH. Under the optimum conditions cyclic voltammetric results indicated the excellent electrocatalytic activity of modified electrode toward the oxidation of Hcy at reduced over‐potential about 350 mV. A linear dynamic range of 0.01–3.0 mM and a detection limit of 1.0 µM were obtained for Hcy. The modified electrode was used as an electrochemical sensor for selective determination of Hcy in human blood.
Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Based on Functionalized MWCNT‐Gold Nanoparticle/Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite
Authors: Mazloum‐Ardakani Mohammad , Hosseinzadeh Laleh , Khoshroo Alireza
Published: July 2015

A novel and highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the detection of protein biomarker tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) based on immobilization of TNF‐α‐antibody (anti‐TNF‐α) onto robust nanocomposite containing gold nanoparticles (AuNP), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and ionic liquid (1‐buthyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide). Functionalized MWCNT‐gold nanoparticle was produced by one‐step synthesis based on the direct redox reaction. The electrochemical properties of nanocomposite were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The anti‐TNF‐α was immobilized or entrapped in the nanocomposite and used in a sandwich type complex immunoassay with anti‐TNF‐α labeled with horseradish peroxidase as secondary antibody. Under optimum conditions, the immunosensor could detect TNF‐α in a linear range from 6.0 to 100 pg mL−1 with a low detection limit of 2.0 pg mL−1. The simple fabrication method, high sensitivity, good reproducibility, stability, as well as acceptable accuracy for TNF‐α detection in human serum samples are the main advantages of this immunosensor, which might have broad applications in protein diagnostics and bioassay.
Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube/Gold Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Functionalized Screen‐Printed Electrode for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A
Authors: Wang Yi‐Cheng , Cokeliler Dilek , Gunasekaran Sundaram
Published: July 2015

We fabricated a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution by using reduced graphene oxide (RGO), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)‐modified screen‐printed electrode (SPE). GO/CNT nanocomposite was directly reduced to RGO/CNT on SPE at room temperature. AuNPs were then electrochemically deposited in situ on RGO/CNT‐modified SPE. Under optimized conditions, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) produced linear current responses for BPA concentrations of 1.45 to 20 and 20 to 1,490 nM, with a calculated detection limit of an ultralow 800 pM. The sensor response was unaffected by the presence of interferents such as phenol, p‐nitrophenol, pyrocatechol, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, and hydroquinone.
Novel Reagentless Label‐Free Detection Principle for Affinity Interactions Resulted in Conductivity Increase of Conducting Polymer
Authors: Komkova Maria A. , Andreyev Egor A. , Nikitina Vita N. , Krupenin Vladimir A. , Presnov Denis E. , Karyakina Elena E. , Yatsimirsky Anatoly K. , Karyakin Arkady A.
Published: July 2015

We report on the novel reagentless and label‐free detection principle allowing discrimination of specific binding over non‐specific interactions. Unlike majority of impedimetric and conductometric (bio)sensors, which specific and unspecific signals are directed in the same way (resistance increase), making doubtful their real applications, the response of the reported system results in resistance decrease, which is directed oppositely to the background. The mechanism of the resistance decrease is the polyaniline self‐doping, i.e. as an alternative to proton doping, an appearance of the negatively charged aromatic ring substituents in polymer chain. Negative charge at boronic ring substituent appears as a result of complex formation with di‐ and triols, i.e. specific binding. Thermodynamic data on interaction of the electropolymerized aminophenylboronic acids with saccharides and hydroxy acids indicate that the observed resistance decrease is due to polymer interaction with polyols. A possibility to detect microorganisms (Penicillum chrysogenum) on the basis of interdigitated electrodes modified with boronate substituted polyaniline is also shown. The first reported conductivity increase as a specific signal opens new horizons for reagentless affinity sensors.
Metal Nanoparticle‐Loaded Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles: Electrical Contacting of Redox Proteins and Electrochemical Sensing Applications
Authors: Trifonov Alexander , Tel‐Vered Ran , Fadeev Michael , Cecconello Alessandro , Willner Itamar
Published: July 2015

A new method to incorporate metal nanoparticles, NPs, into pores of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles, MPC NPs, is presented. MPC NPs loaded with metal ion solutions are capped with protein units. The electrochemical reduction of the pore‐entrapped ions, followed by digestion of the protein caps, yields metal NPs‐loaded MPC NPs electrodes. Pt NPs/MPC NPs electrodes are used for the electrocatalyzed reduction of O2 or H2O2. Furthermore, the metal NPs electrically contact enzymes with the bulk electrodes, as demonstrated for glucose oxidase‐capped Pt NPs/MPC NPs electrodes that electrocatalyze glucose oxidation, and for horseradish peroxidase‐capped Au NPs/MPC NPs electrodes, which electrocatalyze H2O2 reduction.
A Zinc Oxide Carbon Nanotube Based Sensor for In Situ Monitoring of Hydrogen Peroxide in Swimming Pools
Authors: Wayu Mulugeta B. , King Julie E. , Johnson Jacqueline A. , Chusuei Charles C.
Published: July 2015

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were tethered to carbon nanotubes to form an electrochemical sensing composite, which was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopies. The sensor′s electrocatalytic response for measuring hydrogen peroxide was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in a dynamic, well defined swimming pool environment. A wide, linear response in the concentration range of 0.025–7.0 mM at a potential of −0.360 V was shown, with rapid response time (<5 s). The sensor had excellent reproducibility, exhibited stability and selectivity, and was able to measure concentrations in a dynamic environment as they varied.
Exploring Redox Behavior of Neutral pH Active Poly(melamine) and its Electrocatalytic Origination towards NADH Detection
Authors: Baskar Selvaraj , Thiyagarajan Natarajan , Chang Jen‐Lin , Zen Jyh‐Myng
Published: July 2015

We report here in detail the redox properties and catalytic origination of poly(melamine). Gradual change in redox behavior of the monomer from polymer is explained by grafting monomer and different amounts of polymer on screen printed carbon electrode. The redox peak of the poly(melamine) is pH‐dependent with a slope of −60 mV/pH, representing a Nernstian type proton‐coupled electron‐transfer process. Catalytic origination from the NH‐NH bond formed in polymer is proved using NADH as a probe. This polymer is effective to catalyze NADH oxidation with a wide linear range of 1 μM–10 mM and a detection limit (S/N=3) of 0.67 μM. Most importantly, unlike most neutral pH active polymer dyes, it shows high stability even after 15 days.
Electrochemistry Investigation on the Graphene/Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Du Xiaowei , Guo Hui , Jin Yan , Jin Qinghui , Zhao Jianlong
Published: July 2015

In this study, the graphene/electrolyte interface was investigated in detail by the electrochemical method. The total interface capacitance was calculated from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results, and its responses to different concentrations and pHs were also investigated. The minimum point of the capacitance was found to shift to right (vs. Ag/AgCl) as the concentration increased, and to left with increasing pH. As a comparison, gold/electrolyte interface was investigated in the same way, but didn’t show the similar behavior. To further explore the interface capacitance, proper models were proposed to fit the EIS results. Two constant‐phase elements (CPE) were used in the graphene‐electrolyte interface model to represent the double‐layer capacitance (CPEdl) and the quantum capacitance (CPEq), respectively. The CPEq exhibited its sensitivity to concentration and pH, while CPEdl did not. This study gives a new aspect to detect concentration and pH, and may provide a reference for the graphene‐based supercapacitor research.
Hairpin DNA‐Dependent Click Conjugation of Oligonucleotides for Electrochemical Monitoring of Copper(II)
Authors: Tang Dianyong , Zhang Jin , Tang Ying , Teng Liumei , Xia Biyun , Tang Dianping
Published: July 2015

A new electrochemical sensing platform was designed for sensitive detection of copper(II) (Cu2+) based on click conjugation of two short oligonucleotides by using methylene blue‐functionalized hairpin DNA as the template. The analyte (Cu2+) was in situ reduced to Cu+ by sodium ascorbate, which catalyzed the click conjugation between two single‐stranded oligonucleotides one was labelled with a 5′‐alkyne and the other with 3′‐azide group via the Cu+‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition. The newly formed long‐chain oligonucleotide induced the conformational change of hairpin DNA to open the hairpin, resulting in methylene blue far away from the electrode for the decrease of redox current. Under optimal conditions, the decrease in the electronic signal was directly proportional to target Cu2+ concentration, and allowed the detection of Cu2+ at a concentration as low as 1.23 nM. Our strategy also displayed high selectivity for Cu2+ against other metal ions owing to the highly specific Cu+‐catalyzed click chemistry reaction, and was applicable for monitoring of Cu2+ in drinking water with satisfactory results.
Force–displacement response of in‐plane‐loaded URM walls with a dominating flexural mode
Authors: Petry Sarah , Beyer Katrin
Published: July 2015

This article presents a new mechanical model for the non‐linear force–displacement response of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls developing a flexural rocking mode including their displacement capacity. The model is based on the plane‐section hypothesis and a constitutive law for the masonry with zero tensile strength and linear elastic behaviour in compression. It is assumed that only the compressed part of the wall contributes to the stiffness of the wall and therefore the model accounts for a softening of the response due the reduction of the effective area. Stress conditions for limit states are proposed that characterise the flexural failure. The new model allows therefore linking local performance levels to global displacement capacities. The limit states criteria describe the behaviour of modern URM walls with cement mortar of normal thickness and clay bricks. The model is validated through comparison of local and global engineering demand parameters with experimental results. It provides good prediction of the effective stiffness, the force capacity and the displacement capacity of URM walls at different limit states. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intensity measure selection for vulnerability studies of building classes
Authors: Kazantzi Athanasia K. , Vamvatsikos Dimitrios
Published: July 2015

The selection of a scalar Intensity Measure (IM) for performing analytical vulnerability (loss) assessment across a building class is addressed. We investigate the ability of several IM choices to downgrade the effect of seismological parameters (sufficiency) as well as reduce the record‐to‐record variability (efficiency) for both highrise and lowrise sets of ‘index’ buildings. These characteristics are explored in unprecedented detail, employing comparisons and statistical significance testing at given levels of local engineering demand parameters (story drift ratios and peak floor accelerations) that relate to losses, instead of global variables such as the maximum interstory drift. Thus, a detailed limit‐state‐specific view is offered for the suitability of different scalar IMs for loss assessment. As expected, typical single‐period spectral values are found to introduce unwanted bias at high levels of scaling, both for a single as well as a class of buildings. On the other hand, the geometric mean of the spectral acceleration values estimated at several periods between the class‐average second‐mode and an elongated class‐average first‐mode period offers a practical choice that significantly reduces the spectral‐shape bias without requiring the development of new ground motion prediction equations. Given that record selection remains a site‐ and building‐specific process, such an improved IM can help achieve reliable estimates for building portfolios, as well as single structures, at no additional cost. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hot homogenization process optimization for fragrance encapsulation in solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Cortial Angèle , Vocanson Marc , Loubry Estelle , Briançon Stéphanie
Published: July 2015

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with perfume were prepared using a hot homogenization process coupled with ultrasounds. The objective was to develop a simple process adjustable to several kinds of lipids. The process comprised two steps: a pre‐emulsion of the melted lipids in water followed by a size reduction by sonication, before cooling. The study of several formulation parameters showed that the size distribution of SLNs depended essentially on the sonication step, and especially on the ultrasounds power and time. Five types of SLNs loaded with perfume were produced, based on petrolatum, candelilla, shea butter, C10‐18 triglycerides, and cetyl palmitate. The size distribution was below 200 nm with a narrow size distribution. Moreover, high encapsulation efficiency was obtained, at least 66.5% (±0.5) for petrolatum SLNs and 94.9% (±0.5) for cetyl palmitate SLNs and the loading % was comprised between 4.9% (±0.5) (petrolatum) and 7.0% (±0.5) (cetyl palmitate). A correlation between the partition coefficient of the molecules and the encapsulation efficiency was established for all lipids except cetyl palmitate. Cetyl palmitate, candelilla and petrolatum SLNs were stable for at least one month at 4 °C and 25 °C. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Multivariable Regression Model for SOFC Stack Temperature Estimation in System Environment
Authors: Halinen M. , Pohjoranta A. , Pennanen J. , Kiviaho J.
Published: July 2015

The applicability of multivariable linear regression (MLR) models to estimate the maximum temperature inside a SOFC stack is investigated experimentally. The experiments were carried out with a complete 10 kW SOFC system. The behavior of the maximum temperature measured inside a SOFC stack with respect to four independent input variables (stack current, air flow, air inlet temperature and fuel flow) is examined following the design of experiments methodology, and MLR models are created based on the retrieved data. The practical feasibility of the MLR estimate is investigated experimentally with the 10 kW system by evaluating the accuracy of the estimate in two test cases: (i) a system load change where the stack temperature is regulated by a closed‐loop controller using the MLR estimate and (ii) during operator‐imposed disturbances in the fuel system (a variation in the methane conversion in the fuel pre‐reformer). Finally, the performance of the MLR estimate is evaluated with another, 64‐cell stack operated at higher current density.
YAP promotes proliferation, chemoresistance, and angiogenesis in human cholangiocarcinoma through TEAD transcription factors
Authors: Marti Patricia , Stein Claudia , Blumer Tanja , Abraham Yann , Dill Michael T. , Pikiolek Monika , Orsini Vanessa , Jurisic Giorgia , Megel Philippe , Makowska Zuzanna , Agarinis Claudia , Tornillo Luigi , Bouwmeester Tewis , Ruffner Heinz , Bauer Andreas , Parker Christian N. , Schmelzle Tobias , Terracciano Luigi M. , Heim Markus H. , Tchorz Jan S.
Published: July 2015

The Yes‐associated protein (YAP)/Hippo pathway has been implicated in tissue development, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. However, its role in cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is not established. We show that YAP activation is a common feature in CC patient biopsies and human CC cell lines. Using microarray expression profiling of CC cells with overexpressed or down‐regulated YAP, we show that YAP regulates genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. YAP activity promotes CC growth in vitro and in vivo by functionally interacting with TEAD transcription factors (TEADs). YAP activity together with TEADs prevents apoptosis induced by cytotoxic drugs, whereas YAP knockdown sensitizes CC cells to drug‐induced apoptosis. We further show that the proangiogenic microfibrillar‐associated protein 5 (MFAP5) is a direct transcriptional target of YAP/TEAD in CC cells and that secreted MFAP5 promotes tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells. High YAP activity in human CC xenografts and clinical samples correlates with increased MFAP5 expression and CD31+ vasculature. Conclusions: These findings establish YAP as a key regulator of proliferation and antiapoptotic mechanisms in CC and provide first evidence that YAP promotes angiogenesis by regulating the expression of secreted proangiogenic proteins. (Hepatology 2015;62:1497–1510)
Social–Emotional Factors and Academic Outcomes Among Elementary‐Aged Children
Authors: McKown Clark , Russo‐Ponsaran Nicole M. , Allen Adelaide , Johnson Jason K. , Warren‐Khot Heather K.
Published: July 2015

Social–emotional comprehension involves encoding, interpreting, and reasoning about social–emotional information, and self‐regulating. This study examined the mediating pathways through which social–emotional comprehension and social behaviour are related to academic outcomes in two ethnically and socioeconomically heterogeneous samples totaling 340 elementary‐aged children. In both samples, social–emotional comprehension, teacher report of social behaviour, and academic outcomes were measured in a single school year. In both samples, structural equation models showed that the relationship between social–emotional comprehension and reading was mediated by socially skilled behaviour. In one sample, but not the other, the relationship between social–emotional comprehension and math was mediated by socially skilled behaviour. This paper advances our understanding of the mechanisms through which social–emotional factors are associated with academic outcomes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Costs and Benefits of Regulating the Market for Corporate Insolvency Practitioner Remuneration
Authors: Dickfos Jennifer
Published: July 2015

The release by the Australian Treasury on Friday, 7 November 2014 of the Insolvency Law Reform Bill (ILRB) 2014 throws the spotlight once again on corporate insolvency law reform in Australia. Significantly, the ILRB 2014 identifies amongst its purposes two objectives with respect to Corporate Insolvency Practitioner (CIP) remuneration reform. Namely, to promote market competition on price and quality and improve the overall confidence in the professionalism and competence of insolvency practitioners. This paper considers whether the proposed CIP remuneration reforms outlined in the ILRB 2014 will effectively achieve these objectives. Where it is considered that reforms are misdirected, further changes, informed by UK insolvency reform proposals, are considered.
Using behavioral skills training and video rehearsal to teach blackjack skills
Authors: Speelman Ryan C. , Whiting Seth W. , Dixon Mark R.
Published: July 2015

A behavioral skills training procedure that consisted of video instructions, video rehearsal, and video testing was used to teach 4 recreational gamblers a specific skill in playing blackjack (sometimes called card counting). A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate intervention effects on card‐counting accuracy and chips won or lost across participants. Before training, no participant counted cards accurately. Each participant completed all phases of the training protocol, counting cards fluently with 100% accuracy during changing speed criterion training exercises. Generalization probes were conducted while participants played blackjack in a mock casino following each training phase. Afterwards, all 4 participants were able to count cards while they played blackjack. In conjunction with count accuracy, total winnings were tracked to determine the monetary advantages associated with counting cards. After losing money during baseline, 3 of 4 participants won a substantial amount of money playing blackjack after the intervention.
Algorithms forGPU‐based molecular dynamics simulations of complex fluids: Applications to water, mixtures, and liquid crystals
Authors: Kazachenko Sergey , Giovinazzo Mark , Hall Kyle Wm. , Cann Natalie M.
Published: July 2015

A custom code for molecular dynamics simulations has been designed to run on CUDA‐enabled NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs). The double‐precision code simulates multicomponent fluids, with intramolecular and intermolecular forces, coarse‐grained and atomistic models, holonomic constraints, Nosé–Hoover thermostats, and the generation of distribution functions. Algorithms to compute Lennard‐Jones and Gay‐Berne interactions, and the electrostatic force using Ewald summations, are discussed. A neighbor list is introduced to improve scaling with respect to system size. Three test systems are examined: SPC/E water; ann‐hexane/2‐propanol mixture; and a liquid crystal mesogen, 2‐(4‐butyloxyphenyl)‐5‐octyloxypyrimidine. Code performance is analyzed for each system. With one GPU, a 33–119 fold increase in performance is achieved compared with the serial code while the use of two GPUs leads to a 69–287 fold improvement and three GPUs yield a 101–377 fold speedup. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Some New Fused Pyrazole Derivatives Bearing Indole Moiety as Antioxidant Agents
Authors: El‐Mekabaty Ahmed , Etman Hassan A. , Mosbah Ahmed
Published: July 2015

3‐(1H‐Indol‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐amine 3 was prepared in a quantitative yield by heating 3‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐3‐oxopropanenitrile 2 in dry ethanol with hydrazine hydrate, and utilized as key intermediate for the synthesis of some new pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and pyrazolo[5,1‐c]triazines. Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established by elemental analysis and spectral data and evaluated as antioxidant agents. Most of the tested compounds belonging to the pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine series exhibited better activities than members of the pyrazolotriazine one.
Synthesis of Novel Jusbetonin Analogues and Their Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cell
Authors: Liu Shixu , Meng Junxiu , Zhang Wei , Wan Shengbiao , Jiang Tao
Published: July 2015

Six novel analogues of bioactive natural indolo[3,2‐b]quinoline alkaloid glycoside jusbetonin were designed and synthesized, employing polyphosphoric acid mediated cyclization and two different amidation strategies on introduction of tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosamine to tetracyclic carboxylic acids.
Antifungal properties of rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS9 against Colletotrichum falcatum
Authors: Goswami Debahuti , Borah Siddhartha Narayan , Lahkar Jiumoni , Handique Pratap Jyoti , Deka Suresh
Published: July 2015

The rhamnolipid biosurfactant (RL‐DS9) extracted from the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS9 was evaluated for its antifungal activity against Colletotrichum falcatum that causes red rot in sugarcane. The surface tension (ST) reduction, biosurfactant production, and antifungal activity of biosurfactant against C. falcatum were investigated by using the medium with different carbon sources and it was found to be maximum in glucose. Moreover, highest reduction of ST and production of biosurfactant was achieved at 4.5% (w/v) concentration of glucose. The efficacy of RL‐DS9 was compared with a commercially available rhamnolipid (RL‐R95) using microtitre plate assay. Results showed that at 100 μg ml−1 concentration RL‐DS9 exhibited 86.6% inhibition against C. falcatum spore germination, and in the same concentration RL‐R95 showed 83.3% inhibition. From liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) analysis, it was revealed that only two similar congeners Rha‐(C10) and Rha‐Rha‐(C10:1) were found to be in common among both the rhamnolipids. In the plant bioassay test, it was noted that red rot incidence was reduced on the sugarcane plants treated with RL‐DS9. This is the first report that rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS9 could be able to control red rot disease of sugarcane caused due to the infection with the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum.
Dysregulated TGF‐β signaling alters bone microstructure in a mouse model of Loeys‐Dietz syndrome
Authors: Dewan Ashvin K. , Tomlinson Ryan E. , Mitchell Stuart , Goh Brian C. , Yung Rachel M. , Kumar Sarvesh , Tan Eric W. , Faugere Marie‐Claude , Dietz Harry C. , Clemens Thomas L. , Sponseller Paul D.
Published: July 2015

Loeys‐Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by vascular and skeletal abnormalities resembling Marfan syndrome, including a predisposition for pathologic fracture. LDS is caused by heterozygous mutations in the genes encoding transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) type 1 and type 2 receptors. In this study, we characterized the skeletal phenotype of mice carrying a mutation in the TGF‐β type 2 receptor associated with severe LDS in humans. Cortical bone in LDS mice showed significantly reduced tissue area, bone area, and cortical thickness with increased eccentricity. However, no significant differences in trabecular bone volume were observed. Dynamic histomorphometry performed in calcein‐labeled mice showed decreased mineral apposition rates in cortical and trabecular bone with normal numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Mechanical testing of femurs by three‐point bending revealed reduced femoral strength and fracture resistance. In vitro, osteoblasts from LDS mice demonstrated increased mineralization with enhanced expression of osteoblast differentiation markers compared with control cells. These changes were associated with impaired TGF‐β1–induced Smad2 and Erk1/2 phosphorylation and upregulated TGF‐β1 ligand mRNA expression, compatible with G357W as a loss‐of‐function mutation in the TGF‐β type 2 receptor. Paradoxically, phosphorylated Smad2/3 in cortical osteocytes measured by immunohistochemistry was increased relative to controls, possibly suggesting the cross‐activation of TGF‐β–related receptors. The skeletal phenotype observed in the LDS mouse closely resembles the principal structural features of bone in humans with LDS and establishes this mouse as a valid in vivo model for further investigation of TGF‐β receptor signaling in bone. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1447–1454, 2015.
SIRT6 expression is associated with poor prognosis and chemosensitivity in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Azuma Yoko , Yokobori Takehiko , Mogi Akira , Altan Bolag , Yajima Toshiki , Kosaka Takayuki , Onozato Ryoichi , Yamaki Ei , Asao Takayuki , Nishiyama Masahiko , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: July 2015

Background

Despite advances in the development of various therapeutic agents, non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with a poor prognosis. To improve the prognosis of patients with NSCLC, new therapeutic targets for overcoming drug resistance are required. The process of autophagy is required to support the tumorigenesis and drug resistance of cancer cells. We investigated the clinical significance of SIRT6, a member of the NAD+‐dependent deacetylase family, which regulates a variety of cancer‐related processes, including autophagy.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry analysis of SIRT6 expression and localization in 98 NSCLC clinical specimens and in vitro analysis using SIRT6‐knockout lung carcinoma cell lines were performed.

Results

Patients with high cytoplasmic expression and low nuclear expression of SIRT6 (n = 33) had more aggressive cancer, shorter overall survival, and shorter recurrence‐free survival than did patients with different SIRT6 expression profiles (P < 0.05). In vitro analysis revealed that SIRT6 knockdown lung adenocarcinoma cell line improved paclitaxel sensitivity (P < 0.05) and reduced the expression levels of both nuclear factor kappaB and autophagy marker Beclin1.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that SIRT6 expression in NSCLC could be a useful prognostic marker and that SIRT6 might represent a novel target gene for predicting sensitivity of chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:231–237. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of a preceding fractional carbon dioxide laser on the outcome of combined local narrowband ultraviolet B and topical steroids in patients with vitiligo in difficult‐to‐treat areas
Authors: Vachiramon Vasanop , Chaiyabutr Chayada , Rattanaumpawan Pinyo , Kanokrungsee Silada
Published: July 2015

Background and Objective

Conventional treatment of vitiligo on hands and feet often produces an unsatisfactory result. Various ablative treatment methods were tried with favorable results in facial, neck, and truncal areas. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined fractional CO2 laser, narrowband UVB (NB‐UVB) phototherapy, and topical clobetasol propionate in managing stable vitiligo in difficult‐to‐treat areas.

Study Design

A prospective randomized‐intraindividual study was conducted on 27 patients with 27 pair‐lesions of non‐segmental vitiligo on both hands. The lesions were randomized to receive treatment with fractional CO2 laser, NB‐UVB phototherapy, and 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream (Group A) or NB‐UVB phototherapy and 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream (Group B). Fractional CO2 laser was performed at 1‐week interval for 10 sessions. NB‐UVB phototherapy was administered twice weekly for 20 sessions. Patients were evaluated 12 weeks after the last treatment. Outcome was evaluated objectively based on standard digital photographs, patient satisfaction, and adverse events.

Results

Twenty‐six patients completed the study. Six vitiligious lesions (23.1%) in group A achieved good to excellent repigmentation compared with one lesion (3.9%) in group B (P = 0.065). The overall mean improvement score was 1.35 (±1.38) in group A and 0.50 (±0.95) in group B (P = 0.0004). Patients' satisfaction score was significantly higher for the lesions in group A than group B. Lesions on the dorsum of the hand showed a higher response rate than those on the fingers. No serious side‐effects were noted.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that adding fractional CO2 laser treatment to NB‐UVB phototherapy and topical steroids improves the repigmentation rate of vitiliginous lesions on hands in some patients. This technique may be offered to vitiligo patients who are unresponsive to other treatments. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:197–202, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of lanthanide activated nano‐SiO2 on the corrosion behavior of silane‐based hybrid coatings on low carbon steel
Authors: Balan P. , Chan E. S. , Harun M. K. , Swamy V. , Singh Raman R. K.
Published: July 2015

Nano‐silica particles activated with different lanthanide triflates (cerium, lanthanum and yttrium) as fillers in silane sol‐gel coatings were investigated for higher corrosion protection of low carbon steel. Sol‐gel films have been synthesized from cross‐condensation of 3‐glycidoxy‐propyl‐trimethoxy‐silane (3‐GPTMS) and methyl‐triethoxy‐silane (MTES) in acid catalysis condition. The electrochemical behavior of the coated steels was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization measurements in naturally aerated 0.1 M NaCl solution. The EIS curves suggested that all coatings with nano‐silica and lanthanide triflates within the silane network improved the corrosion performance of low carbon steel, with superior performance by more than two orders of magnitude for 120 hours demonstrated by cerium activated systems. The complementary potentiodynamic polarization studies show similar trends with EIS findings. The coated systems show noble behavior as compared to uncoated steel. The FE‐SEM images in agreement with the electrochemical results indicated that the cerium and lanthanum activated coatings are crack‐free; whereas coatings with yttrium systems are showing defects. Possible inhibiting mechanisms contributing to differences in electrochemical behavior of the coatings with different lanthanides are also discussed.
Sodium MRI of glioma in animal models at ultrahigh magnetic fields
Authors: Schepkin Victor D.
Published: July 2015

High magnetic fields expand our capability to use sodium MRI for biomedical applications. The central goal of this review is devoted to the unique features of sodium MRI in tumor animal models, mainly in glioma, performed at 9.4 and 21.1 T. The ability of sodium MRI to monitor tumor response to therapy was evaluated. It is noteworthy that sodium MRI can detect glioma response to chemotherapy earlier than diffusion MRI. Especially attractive is the ability of sodium MRI to predict tumor therapeutic resistance before therapy. The non‐invasive prediction of tumor chemo‐resistance by sodium MRI presents a potential to individualize strategies for cancer treatment. Specifics of sodium MRI and technical aspects of imaging are also presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of methods for encrypted traffic classification and analysis
Authors: Velan Petr , Čermák Milan , Čeleda Pavel , Drašar Martin
Published: July 2015

With the widespread use of encrypted data transport, network traffic encryption is becoming a standard nowadays. This presents a challenge for traffic measurement, especially for analysis and anomaly detection methods, which are dependent on the type of network traffic. In this paper, we survey existing approaches for classification and analysis of encrypted traffic. First, we describe the most widespread encryption protocols used throughout the Internet. We show that the initiation of an encrypted connection and the protocol structure give away much information for encrypted traffic classification and analysis. Then, we survey payload and feature‐based classification methods for encrypted traffic and categorize them using an established taxonomy. The advantage of some of described classification methods is the ability to recognize the encrypted application protocol in addition to the encryption protocol. Finally, we make a comprehensive comparison of the surveyed feature‐based classification methods and present their weaknesses and strengths. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order numerical solution of second‐order one‐dimensional hyperbolic telegraph equation using a shifted Gegenbauer pseudospectral method
Authors: Elgindy Kareem T.
Published: July 2015

We present a high‐order shifted Gegenbauer pseudospectral method (SGPM) to solve numerically the second‐order one‐dimensional hyperbolic telegraph equation provided with some initial and Dirichlet boundary conditions. The framework of the numerical scheme involves the recast of the problem into its integral formulation followed by its discretization into a system of well‐conditioned linear algebraic equations. The integral operators are numerically approximated using some novel shifted Gegenbauer operational matrices of integration. We derive the error formula of the associated numerical quadratures. We also present a method to optimize the constructed operational matrix of integration by minimizing the associated quadrature error in some optimality sense. We study the error bounds and convergence of the optimal shifted Gegenbauer operational matrix of integration. Moreover, we construct the relation between the operational matrices of integration of the shifted Gegenbauer polynomials and standard Gegenbauer polynomials. We derive the global collocation matrix of the SGPM, and construct an efficient computational algorithm for the solution of the collocation equations. We present a study on the computational cost of the developed computational algorithm, and a rigorous convergence and error analysis of the introduced method. Four numerical test examples have been carried out to verify the effectiveness, the accuracy, and the exponential convergence of the method. The SGPM is a robust technique, which can be extended to solve a wide range of problems arising in numerous applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 307–349, 2016
Tough epoxy/cyanate ester resins with improved thermal stability, lower dielectric constant and loss based on unique hyperbranched polysiloxane liquid crystalline
Authors: Liu Zhen , Yuan Li , Liang Guozheng , Gu Aijuan
Published: July 2015

Toughening thermally resistant resin without sacrificing outstanding performances of original resin is still a big challenge. Herein, a novel liquid crystalline hyperbranched polysiloxane (LCPSi) with wide transition temperature range and terminal amino groups was facilely synthesized, which was then used to toughen epoxy (EP)/cyanate (CE) ester (the weight ratio of EP to CE is 1:9, coded as eCE). Results show that a small addition of LCPSi can remarkably improve the integrated performances of eCE resin including toughness, stiffness, thermal and dielectric properties. For example, the impact strength and flexural modulus of 1.5LCPSi/eCE resin (with 1.5 wt% LCPSi) are 2.3 and 1.5 times of those of eCE resin, respectively; meanwhile the initial thermal decomposition temperature (Tdi) at which the weight loss of the sample reaches 5 wt% of the former is 18.9°C higher than that of the latter; moreover, both dielectric constant and loss decrease. Those attractive performances demonstrate that LCPSi is a multi‐functional modifier of eCE resin. The origin behind was intensively discussed through the structure–property relationship. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High strength toughened epoxy nanocomposite based on poly(ether sulfone)‐grafted multi‐walled carbon nanotube
Authors: Konnola Raneesh , Nair C. P. Reghunadhan , Joseph Kuruvilla
Published: July 2015

Hydroxyl terminated poly(ether sulfone) (PES) has been grafted on multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The grafting reaction was confirmed by different characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The extent of the grafting was found to be around 58 wt%. Hybrid nanocomposite of epoxy with the modified MWCNT was also prepared. Effect of grafting on the mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties was studied. Dynamic mechanical studies show an increase in the storage modulus for the nanocomposite prepared using PES‐grafted MWCNT compared with neat epoxy system. PES‐grafted MWCNT–epoxy nanocomposite induces a significant increase in both tensile strength (26%) and fracture toughness (125%) of the epoxy matrix. Field emission scanning electron micrographs of fractured surfaces were examined to understand the toughening mechanism. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polybenzimidazole/inorganic composite membrane with advanced performance for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Authors: Seo Kwangwon , Seo Jongchul , Nam Ki‐Ho , Han Haksoo
Published: July 2015

In this work, Al–Si was synthesized via a sol–gel process and introduced in poly 2,2′‐m‐(phenylene)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole (PBI). As a result, a series of five Al–Si/PBI composite (ASPBI) membranes (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt%) were developed and characterized for application in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT‐PEMFCs). The chemical and morphological structure of ASPBI membranes were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, and scanning electron microscopy. According to the doping level test and thermogravimetric analysis, as the concentration of Al–Si increased, the doping level increased up to 475% due to the affinity and interaction between Al and phosphoric acid (PA). Moreover, the proton conductivity, current density at 0.6 V, and maximum power density of ASPBI membranes increased up to 0.31 S cm−1, 0.320 A cm−2, and 0.370 W cm−2, respectively, because the increased concentration of Al–Si allows the membranes to hold more PA. Alternatively, as the amount of Al–Si increased, the tensile strength of PA‐doped and ‐undoped membranes decreased. This was caused by both excess PA and aggregation, which can cause serious degradation of the membrane and induce cracks. Furthermore, the PA‐doped and ‐undoped ASPBI12 had the lowest tensile strength of 11.6 and 77.2 MPa. The improved proton conductivity and single cell performance of ASPBI membranes implies that these membranes are possible candidates for HT‐PEMFC applications. However, further studies seeking to enhance the compatibility between PBI and Al–Si and optimize the amount of filler should be performed. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:87–95, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers