bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Fifty-Year-Old Shoulder”: Anatomy of a complex problem
Authors: O’Sullivan Declan
Published: July 2018

Frozen Shoulder remains one of the most misunderstood pathologies to affect the shoulder joint. Frozen Shoulder is characterised by pain, loss of active and passive range of motion especially in flexion and external rotation with normal radiological findings undergoing three stages of presentation: initial pain, stiffness and near full resolution with time. Current treatment options include manual physiotherapy techniques, injection therapy, manipulation under anaesthetic and surgical release of shoulder capsule. Presently there remains a paucity of significant research supporting the sole use of any of these techniques in the treatment of frozen shoulder. Future studies should incorporate larger subject populations with closely related symptoms and be multicentred across a larger geographical area.
Effects of the GAA15 in reducing lower extremity injury rates in adolescent males participating in hurling
Authors: Kelly Sean T. , Lodge Clare A.
Published: July 2018

PURPOSE:

The aim of this analytical observation cohort study was to establish the effectiveness of the GAA15 (Gaelic Athletic Association 15) in reducing lower extremity injury rates (IR) in adolescent males playing hurling at post primary school level during one season.

METHODS:

A sample of 516 male subjects (mean age 15.9 years±SD 1.9), were recruited from fourteen post primary schools. Seven schools participated in the intervention group with equal group numbers in the control group. The intervention group implemented an injury prevention programme namely the GAA15 before training and matches. The control group adopted their normal warm-up behaviour prior to matches and training.

RESULTS:

Control group participants sustained lower extremity training IRs of 15.83/1000 hrs (95% CI 9.4–22.3) compared to 8.78/1000 hrs (95% CI 5.2–12.4) in the intervention group ( p = 0.063). Match lower extremity IRs of 36.32/1000 hrs (95% CI 21.1–51.5) were reported for the control group, with 25.62/1000 hrs (95% CI 16.9–34.4) reported for the intervention group participants ( p = 0.230). Hurling lower extremity IRs were reduced by between 30% to 45% in the intervention group when compared to the respective control groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

Following this investigation, it can be concluded that the implementation of the GAA15 is effective in reducing lower extremity injury rates in adolescent males participating in hurling when compared to a matched control group.
Reliability and validity of wrist-worn activity monitors in healthy young adults
Authors: Ali Eglal , Wani Dipti , Ling Wen , Rao Smita
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND:

Wrist-Worn Activity Monitors (WWAMs) are low-cost, user-friendly devices which have become popular for monitoring physical activity. Their reliability and validity need investigation for accurate physical activity monitoring. We examined between-sessions and inter-device reliability of the WWAMs. In addition, we examined the criteria-related validity of the WWAMs against two gold standards, an Ankle-Worn Activity monitor (AWAM) and video.

METHODS:

Twenty volunteers participated in two sessions, one week apart. In each session, participants walked on a treadmill for five minutes at each of the three speeds: 0.89 m/s (slow),1.12 m/s (moderate) and 1.33 m/s (fast). Total step counts at each speed were obtained using one AWAM (stepWatch), three-WWAMs (Fitbit Flex) and video. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine the reliability and validity of the WWAMs.

RESULTS:

The WWAMs exhibited moderate to excellent between-sessions reliability (ICC = 0.69–0.90). The WWAMs demonstrated excellent inter-device reliability at each speed across both sessions (ICC = 0.91–0.98). The criteria-related validity of WWAMs compared to the AWAM, and video recording showed moderate to excellent agreement (ICC = 0.67–0.85) at each speed.

CONCLUSIONS:

WWAMs recorded steps consistently between-sessions and between-devices for treadmill walking among healthy adults at each speed but exhibited limited agreement for recording steps at each speed compared to AWAM and video.
Trend in enzyme immobilization on nano materials for transesterification to produce biodiesel: A review
Authors: Hindryawati N , Maniam GP , Feng CK , Karim MR
Published: July 2018

Biodiesel is a non-toxic and very low sulfur containing, renewable and biodegradable diesel fuel substitute with low volatility and high cetane number. It is derived from fresh or waste vegetable oils and animal fats transesterified with short chain alcohol such as ethanol or methanol in the presence of a catalyst. Several new types of carriers and technologies have been adopted in the recent past to improve the ability of a catalyst in transesterification. One of the new trends is nanoparticles-based immobilization of enzyme as a catalyst. The combination of the precise physical, chemical, optical and electrical properties of nanoparticles with the specific recognition site or catalytic properties has led them to appear in a myriad of novel nanomaterial application. Enzyme immobilized on nanoparticles showed a broader working temperature and pH range and thermal stability than the native enzyme. Enhancement in the reactivity of nanocatalysts is associated with their increased surface area, greater concentrations of highly reactive edge, unusual and stabilized lattice planes. The greater activity of nanomaterial immobilized biocatalyst affords operational simplicity, low energy consumption, and greater safety, in the process of transesterification. This review article highlights the issues including the exploration of the ability of nanomaterial to immobilize biocatalyst and factors that influence the activity of biocatalysts upon immobilization.J. bio-sci. 23: 01-17, 2015
Effect of physiographic factors on woody species diversity in oak forests (case study: Sardasht forest -Iran)
Authors: Rad J Eshaghi , Motallebpour A , Alijanpour A
Published: July 2018

Research on species diversity in different gradients of altitudes, aspect and slope is attempting to understand the interactions of vegetation and the non-living environment. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of altitude, slope and aspect variation on the woody species diversity in the Oak forests of Zagros (northern of Iran). 178 samples were taken by using of transect method with a fixed length of 50 m. Altitude, slope, aspect, woody species and diameter at breast height of all trees was recorded in each transect. Margalef richness index, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices and Shannon evenness index were calculated. The Means of the different diversity indices were compared with Kruskal- Wallis test. Results showed that altitude had significant impact on the diversity, richness and evenness of woody species and the middle elevation class (1400 - 1600 m) allocated maximum values of indices. Also, the highest species richness was observed in the (0 - 20%) and (20 - 40%) slope classes but the slope hadn’t effected on the woody species evenness and diversity. The lowest amount of species richness was observed in the east aspect than other aspects. In general, it can be concluded that the altitude had a large proportion of diversity variation than slope and aspect in the research area.J. bio-sci. 23: 19-27, 2015
Physico-chemical properties of water of Ramshagar dighi, the largest man made historical reservoir in northern Bangladesh
Authors: Ashaduzzaman - , Hossain MJ , Akther S
Published: July 2018

Ramshagar dighi is a larger historical man made reservoir (Dighi, Bengali meaning) situated at Tajpur village in Dinajpur, Bangladesh. This study was aimed to estimate current status of physico-chemical variables of water of Ramshagar dighi at Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. Monthly average changes in physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, total dissolved oxygen, air temperature, humidity, rainfall, water depth and pH of water were analyzed for the period of 11 months from May 2011 to March 2012. The average air temperature (°C) at the study area of Ramshagar dighi at Dinajpur District was determined as 24.97 ± 4.92. Our present study showed that physico-chemical properties of water in Ramshagar dighi were monthly average of water temperature (°C) as 24.68 ± 4.77, air temperature (°C) 24.97 ± 4.92, humidity as 82.075 ± 4.14, rainfall as 1534.5 mm, water depth as 9.10 m ± 1.286, pH as7.67± 0.48 and carbon dioxide as 0.85 ± 0.92 as well as dissolved oxygen as 4.65 ± 0.62 respectively during the period of May 2011 to March 2012. Therefore, present study was conducted to assess physico-chemical properties of water of Ramshagar dighi, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.J. bio-sci. 23: 29-37, 2015
Effect of thermal stimulation on gonad maturation in sea cucumber Phyllophorus sp. (Grube, 1840)
Authors: Andriyono S , Masruroh N , Masithah ED , Triastuti J , Winarni D
Published: July 2018

Sea cucumbers, marine animals from the class Holothuroidea, have been widely known as fishery products for consumption in Indonesia. The Madura Strait is productive waters for sea cucumbers in eastern Indonesia, including sea cucumber species Phyllophorus sp. The exploitation of it mainly for consumption even though there are pharmaceutical beneficial of sea cucumber already known. The study of temperature effect is ideal inducement method for sea cucumber, but less research about this stimulation for Phyllophorus sp. for domestication purposes. The research showed that thermal stimulation treatment at the temperature of 30°C, 32°C and 34°C were in contrast to the that of control histological analysis proof that some of Phyllophorus sp. showed altered levels of gonadal maturation toward growth and advanced growth phase after thermal stimulation, respectively. The ideal stimulation treatment for gonad maturation was shown with stimulated temperature treatment of 32°C.J. bio-sci. 23: 39-46, 2015
Nurse-led psychological intervention for type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial (Diabetes-6 study) in primary care
Authors: Ismail Khalida , Winkley Kirsty , de Zoysa Nicole , Patel Anita , Heslin Margaret , Graves Helen , Thomas Stephen , Stringer Dominic , Stahl Daniel , Amiel Stephanie A
Published: July 2018

Background

Suboptimal glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is common and associated with psychological barriers.

Aim

To investigate whether it was possible to train practice nurses in six psychological skills (Diabetes-6 [D6]) based on motivational interviewing (MI) and basic cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), and whether integrating these with diabetes care was associated with improved glycaemic control over 18 months compared with standard care.

Design and setting

Two-arm, single-blind, parallel cluster randomised controlled trial in primary care.

Method

Adult participants (n = 334) with T2D and persistent HbA1c ≥69.4 mmol/mol were randomised to receive 12 sessions of either the D6 intervention or standard care over 12 months. Practice nurses were trained in the six psychological skills and their competencies were measured by standardised rating scales. Primary outcome was a change in HbA1c level at 18 months from randomisation. Secondary outcomes were changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, depressive symptoms, harmful alcohol intake, diabetes-specific distress, and cost-effectiveness.

Results

Using intention-to-treat analysis, there was no significant difference between D6 intervention and standard care in HbA1c (mean difference −0.79 mmol/mol, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −5.75 to 4.18) or for any of the secondary outcomes. The competency level of D6 nurses was below the beginner proficiency level and similar to the standard-care nurses.

Conclusion

Training nurses in MI and basic CBT to support self-management did not lead to improvements in glycaemic control or other secondary outcomes in people with T2D at 18 months. It was also unlikely to be cost-effective. Furthermore, the increased contact with standard-care nurses did not improve glycaemic control.
The Rotational Shear Layer inside the Early Red-giant Star KIC 4448777
Authors: Di Mauro Maria Pia , Ventura Rita , Corsaro Enrico , Moura Bruno Lustosa De
Published: July 2018

We present the asteroseismic study of the early red-giant star KIC 4448777, complementing and integrating a previous work, aimed at characterizing the dynamics of its interior by analyzing the overall set of data collected by the Kepler satellite during the four years of its first nominal mission. We adopted the Bayesian inference code diamonds for the peak bagging analysis and asteroseismic splitting inversion methods to derive the internal rotational profile of the star. The detection of new splittings of mixed modes, which are more concentrated in the very inner part of the helium core, allowed us to reconstruct the angular velocity profile deeper into the interior of the star and to disentangle the details better than in Paper I: the helium core rotates almost rigidly about 6 times faster than the convective envelope, while part of the hydrogen shell seems to rotate at a constant velocity about 1.15 times lower than the He core. In particular, we studied the internal shear layer between the fast-rotating radiative interior and the slow convective zone and we found that it lies partially inside the hydrogen shell above r ≃ 0.05R and extends across the core–envelope boundary. Finally, we theoretically explored the possibility for the future capabilty to sound the convective envelope in the red-giant stars and we concluded that the inversion of a set of splittings with only low-harmonic degree l ≤ 3, even supposing a very large number of modes, will not allow us to resolve the rotational profile of this region in detail.
The Role of Multiple Giant Impacts in the Formation of the Earth–Moon System
Authors: Citron Robert I. , Perets Hagai B. , Aharonson Oded
Published: July 2018

The Earth–Moon system is suggested to have formed through a single giant collision, in which the Moon accreted from the impact-generated debris disk. However, such giant impacts are rare, and during its evolution, the Earth experienced many more smaller impacts, producing smaller satellites that potentially coevolved. In the multiple-impact hypothesis of lunar formation, the current Moon was produced from the mergers of several smaller satellites (moonlets), each formed from debris disks produced by successive large impacts. In the Myr between impacts, a pre-existing moonlet tidally evolves outward until a subsequent impact forms a new moonlet, at which point both moonlets will tidally evolve until a merger or system disruption. In this work, we examine the likelihood that pre-existing moonlets survive subsequent impact events, and explore the dynamics of Earth–moonlet systems that contain two moonlets generated Myr apart. We demonstrate that pre-existing moonlets can tidally migrate outward, remain stable during subsequent impacts, and later merge with newly created moonlets (or re-collide with the Earth). Formation of the Moon from the mergers of several moonlets could therefore be a natural byproduct of the Earth’s growth through multiple impacts. More generally, we examine the likelihood and consequences of Earth having prior moons, and find that the stability of moonlets against disruption by subsequent impacts implies that several large impacts could post-date Moon formation.
Clocking the Evolution of Post-starburst Galaxies: Methods and First Results
Authors: French K. Decker , Yang Yujin , Zabludoff Ann I. , Tremonti Christy A.
Published: July 2018

Detailed modeling of the recent star formation histories (SFHs) of post-starburst (or “E+A”) galaxies is impeded by the degeneracy between the time elapsed since the starburst ended (post-burst age), the fraction of stellar mass produced in the burst (burst strength), and the burst duration. To resolve this issue, we combine GALEX ultraviolet photometry, SDSS photometry and spectra, and new stellar population synthesis models to fit the SFHs of 532 post-starburst galaxies. In addition to an old stellar population and a recent starburst, 48% of the galaxies are best fit with a second recent burst. Lower stellar mass galaxies (log M
⋆/M
☉ < 10.5) are more likely to experience two recent bursts, and the fraction of their young stellar mass is more strongly anticorrelated with their total stellar mass. Applying our methodology to other, younger post-starburst samples, we identify likely progenitors to our sample and examine the evolutionary trends of molecular gas and dust content with post-burst age. We discover a significant (4σ) decline, with a 117–230 Myr characteristic depletion time, in the molecular gas to stellar mass fraction with the post-burst age. The implied rapid gas depletion rate of 2–150 M
☉ yr−1 cannot be due to current star formation, given the upper limits on the current star formation rates in these post-starbursts. Nor are stellar winds or supernova feedback likely to explain this decline. Instead, the decline points to the expulsion or destruction of molecular gas in outflows, a possible smoking gun for active galactic nucleus feedback.
The Uncertainty of Space: Keeping Cool With a Shared Freezer
Authors: Phillips Cody
Published: July 2018

Academic and heritage institutions worldwide use freezers to hold specimens, for a variety of stakeholders. At Otago Museum, the Natural Science freezer is utilised by a diverse range of organisations with widely differing end uses. As a repository for native species, Otago Museum accepts and stores specimens for possible addition to the collection, however the freezer unit is also used as a temporary holding space for material that will be used by others such as researchers, government bodies and the local community. This multi-use approach allows the museum to build and maintain important relationships beyond its walls.

One important group to whom freezer space is allocated that is unique to Otago, is the Komiti Taoka Tuku Iho (KTTI), a committee which is made up of local indigenous community (runaka), museum, city council, and government department representatives. The KTTI committee oversees the allocation of local taoka species (those with a traditional significance to the community) to primarily traditional artists, and ensures the cultural use of these very desirable species continues in a sustainable way.

Given the number of stakeholders involved, their very different objects and the impossibility of knowing exactly when specimens will arrive or when they will depart, managing a limited resource such as the Natural Science freezer can be a challenge. The issues involved in managing such an operation will be discussed, as will the significant benefits of working with local institutions and communities, with particular emphasis on the work that is done to assist the local runaka with decision making around specimens that hold particular cultural significance.
Description of Triatoma mopan sp. n. from a cave in Belize (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)
Authors: Dorn Patricia L. , Justi Silvia A. , Dale Carolina , Stevens Lori , Galvão Cleber , Lima-Cordón Raquel , Monroy Carlota
Published: July 2018

In this paper,Triatomamopansp. n.is described based on five males and six females collected in the Rio Frio cave, Cayo District, Belize. This species is similar toTriatomadimidiata(Latreille), but can be distinguished by characters found on the pronotum, legs, and abdomen. Geometric morphometry and phylogenetic comparisons are also provided. Presently, the species is known only from the type locality and is a potential Chagas vector.
Genetic structure of Octopus minor around Chinese waters as indicated by nuclear DNA variations (Mollusca, Cephalopoda)
Authors: Muhammad Faiz , Lü Zhen-ming , Liu Liqin , Gong Li , Du Xun , Shafi Muhammad , Kaleri Hubdar Ali
Published: July 2018

Octopusminor is an economically important resource commonly found in Chinese coastal waters. The nuclear gene (RD and ODH) approach of investigation has not reported in this species. Rhodopsin (RD) and octopine dehydrogenase (ODH) genes were used to elaborate the genetic structure collected from eight localities ranging from the northern to the southern coast of China. In total, 118 individuals for the RD gene and 108 for the ODH were sequenced. Overall (RD and ODH) genes resulted in high (0.741±0.032; 0.805±0.038) haplotype and low nucleotide (0.01261±0.00165; 0.00747±0.00086) diversity. Molecular variance displayed higher values among the populations and lower values within the population where the fixation index FST denoted 0.880 and 0.584 in RD and ODH genes respectively. The Dongshan population clustered separately in a phylogenetic tree as in the haplotype networking assessment. The current data suggests that the Dongshan population needs separate management.
Philippiphonte aspidosoma gen. et sp. n., a radically divergent member of the Laophontidae from shell gravel in the East Sea, South Korea, including a review of Folioquinpes Fiers & Rutledge, 1990 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
Authors: Huys Rony , Lee Jimin
Published: July 2018

The primarily marine subtidal family Laophontidae not only contains more valid genera than any other family in the Harpacticoida, it is also one of the most speciose ones in the order, currently accommodating 327 species and subspecies. Based on published records, 25 laophontid species in 12 genera have so far been reported from Korean waters. Here both sexes of a new genus and species of Laophontidae are described, collected from shell gravel off Dokdo Island in the East Sea.Philippiphonteaspidosomagen. et sp. n.displays a radically divergent morphology, including an extreme dorsoventrally depressed body shape which is reminiscent of members of the family Porcellidiidae. The convergent evolution of dorsoventrally flattened body plans in the Harpacticoida is briefly discussed.

The distribution and habitat preference of laophontid species recorded from the Korean peninsula are summarised. The authenticity of the Korean record ofFolioquinpesmangalisFiers & Rutledge, 1990 from washings of invertebrates and intertidal stones from Jeju Island is reassessed in the light of a discussion of the genus.Folioquinpespseudomangalissp. n.andF.indicussp. n.are proposed as new species forFolioquinpesmangalisFiers & Rutledge, 1990sensuKim (2013) andLaophontechathamensisSars, 1905sensuSewell (1924), respectively. A key to species ofFolioquinpesFiers & Rutledge, 1990 is provided.
Removal of ochratoxin A by a carboxypeptidase and peptides present in liquid cultures ofBacillus subtilis CW14
Authors: Hu H.N. , Jia X. , Wang Y.P. , Liang Z.H.
Published: July 2018

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an important mycotoxin that contaminates a variety of agricultural products. The cell-free supernatant ofBacillus subtilis CW14 liquid cultures were reported previously to be capable of removing OTA efficiently. In this work, we examined several substances that are probably involved in this removal of OTA usingin vitro experiments. The strain CW14 culture supernatant that was separated by ultrafiltration showed that the fractions collected at >10 kDa and <3 kDa had a significant ability to reduce OTA (84.9 and 74.8%, respectively) when incubated with 6 μg/ml OTA at 37 °C for 24 h. A putative metalloenzyme was responsible for the activity of the >10-kDa fraction, which was confirmed by the detrimental effects of heat treatments or addition of SDS, proteinase K, or EDTA. Subsequently, a carboxypeptidase (CP) gene that was likely related to the enzymatic conversion of OTA by the >10-kDa fraction was cloned from theB.subtilis CW14 genome, and over-expressed inEscherichia coli. The recombinant CP degraded 71.3% of OTA at 37 °C for 24 h, and ochratoxin α (OTα) was confirmed as a degradation product. From the <3-kDa fraction, some small peptides (1.7 kDa >Mw >0.7 kDa) were purified and decreased OTA by 45.0% under the same conditions, but no product was detected. These peptides were presumed to be capable of binding OTA due to their affinity with the OTA molecule, and the OTA-peptide complexes escaped from the extraction procedures for OTA quantification. These results indicated there was a probable synergistic effect that was involved in removal of OTA by the strain CW14 culture supernatant, which included enzymatic degradation by a CP and physical adsorption by some small peptides.
Musées publics et musées privés en Arabie saoudite : l’identification à la nation par l’exposition d’objets archéologiques et ethnographiques
Authors: Cassola Virginia
Published: July 2018

En 2018, le royaume d’Arabie saoudite comporte près de soixante‑dix musées publics de différentes typologies (histoire nationale, histoire militaire, archéologie, patrimoine populaire, sciences) affiliés au gouvernement, dont l’entrée est souvent gratuite. Existent aussi cent cinquante musées privés gérés par des citoyens collectionneurs. Ouverts dans les habitations des propriétaires ou dans des lieux loués ou achetés par ces derniers, ces musées présentent principalement des pièces d’histoire nationale (journaux, portraits royaux, pièces de monnaies) et de patrimoine populaire (outils, ustensiles de cuisine, bijoux, vêtements). Une partie de ces divers établissements est étudiée dans cet article dans le sillage de travaux1 qui considèrent le musée comme un produit culturel du nationalisme puisqu’il s’attache à incarner le patrimoine et à susciter une appropriation collective de ce dernier. Sous cette perspective, par ses espaces et son fonctionnement, le musée est la preuve du rassemblement conscient d’objets matériels ou immatériels dont la communication par l’exposition doit servir l’adhésion à un patrimoine commun. L’article interroge le recours à l’exposition conjointe d’antiquités et d’objets ethnographiques dans les « musées d’archéologie et de patrimoine populaire » (matāḥif al‑athār wa‑l‑turāth al‑sha‘bī) dans la promotion d’un sentiment d’appartenance à la nation saoudienne. Les modalités de cette exposition sont mises en regard de celles des musées privés (matāḥif al‑khāṣa) dans la perspective d’analyser comment, en Arabie saoudite, le caractère « public » ou « privé » du musée participe à l’appropriation d’une histoire nationale par l’objet.
Un modèle politique de la piété ? Le culte des saints‑imams au Yémen au xie/xviie siècle
Authors: Mohamed Samah
Published: July 2018

Alors que le culte des saints était interdit par la plupart des imams zaydites du Yémen, il s’y développa à partir du xie/xviie siècle depuis l’institution même de l’imamat. Cette époque vit l’émergence des Qasimites, l’une des dynasties les plus marquantes de l’histoire zaydite du Yémen. Les actions des Qasimites en faveur du culte des saints s’inscrivaient dans une perspective politique visant le monopole par le pouvoir des pratiques de piété. Ils s’attachèrent à promouvoir la sainteté zaydite, notamment celle des imams régnants. Les rapports des imams de cette époque à la sainteté se manifestèrent à la fois par le développement de la figure du saint‑imam dans l’historiographie officielle et par la fondation des mausolées dynastiques.
The retirement crisis of South African Dutch Reformed ministers: An empirical study
Authors: Alsemgeest Liezel
Published: July 2018

There has been a backlash from recently graduated proponents of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa that they are unemployed not just because of dwindling church member numbers, but mainly because contract posts are being filled by retired ministers and not by the proponents. International research suggests that the reason retired ministers continue working is not necessarily because they want to, but because they do not have sufficient retirement savings. The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions of Dutch Reformed ministers who would reach retirement age within the next 5 years, in an effort to establish their preparedness for retirement. The respondents were sent a link to an online questionnaire and 147 useable questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 47.7%. The results indicated that almost half of the respondents stated that they would want to continue working in a part-time ministerial post after retirement and that the ministers’ motivation to continue working was directly linked to their lack of financial provision for retirement. A major cause for concern is the high number of respondents who selected the ‘uncertain’ response option for most of the retirement questions, as they are so close to retirement. An intervention to incorporate financial management specifically in theological training is urgently needed.
Service-learning through Art Education
Authors: Westraadt Georina
Published: July 2018

Intermediate Phase students in the Bachelor of Education programme who elect art as one of their majors often experience problems in the teaching of art at schools during teaching practice. To overcome this problem, a service-learning project was designed by which students were granted the opportunity to teach art to children from a children’s home. This project proved to be a valuable component in curriculum studies in the fourth year of Art Education. To determine in which way and to what extent art lessons contribute to the development of children and students, a case study was conducted. Data were obtained from studying their conduct and the results of their work. Additional data were drawn from interviews with caregivers at the home and discussions with children to determine to what extent art classes had an effect on their lives. Student evaluations and interviews upon completion of the project provided data which emphasised the reciprocal nature of this service-learning project. Considering the data, inferences can be drawn about the value of service-learning to learners and students, accompanied with suggestions for the future development of the project.
Controlled Human Malaria Infection with Graded Numbers of Plasmodium falciparum NF135.C10- or NF166.C8-Infected Mosquitoes
Authors: Langenberg Marijke C. C. , Wammes Linda J. , McCall Matthew B. B. , Bijker Else M. , van Gemert Geert-Jan , Graumans Wouter , van de Vegte-Bolmer Marga G. , Teelen Karina , Hermsen Cornelis C. , Koelewijn Rob , van Hellemond Jaap J. , van Genderen Perry J. J. , Sauerwein Robert W.
Published: July 2018

Controlled human malaria infections (CHMIs) with Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites are well established. Exposure to five Pf (NF54)-infected Anopheles mosquitoes results in 100% infection rates in malaria-naïve volunteers. Recently Pf clones NF135.C10 and NF166.C8 were generated for application in CHMIs. Here, we tested the clinical infection rates of these clones, using graded numbers of Pf-infected mosquitoes. In a double-blind randomized trial, we exposed 24 malaria-naïve volunteers to bites from one, two, or five mosquitoes infected with NF135.C10 or NF166.C8. The primary endpoint was parasitemia by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. For both strains, bites by five infected mosquitoes resulted in parasitemia in 4/4 volunteers; 3/4 volunteers developed parasitemia after exposure to one or two infected mosquitoes infected with either clone. The prepatent period was 7.25 ± 4.0 days (median ± range). There were no serious adverse events and comparable clinical symptoms between all groups. These data confirm the eligibility of NF135.C10 and NF166.C8 for use in CHMI studies.
Anthropometry and Malaria among Children in Niger: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: O’Brien Kieran S. , Amza Abdou , Kadri Boubacar , Nassirou Baido , Cotter Sun Y. , Stoller Nicole E. , West Sheila K. , Bailey Robin L. , Porco Travis C. , Gaynor Bruce D. , Lietman Thomas M. , Oldenburg Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

The complex relationship between malnutrition and malaria affects morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa where these conditions occur together seasonally. Previous research on this relationship has been inconclusive. Here, we examine the association between anthropometric indicators and malaria infection in a population-based sample of children younger than 5 years in Niger. This cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial comparing treatment strategies for trachoma in Niger. We included children aged 6–60 months residing in the 48 communities enrolled in the trial who completed anthropometric and malaria infection assessments at the final study visit. We evaluated the association between anthropometric indicators, including height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and indicators of malaria infection, including malaria parasitemia and clinical malaria. In May 2013, we collected data from 1,649 children. Of these, 780 (47.3%) were positive for malaria parasitemia and 401 (24.3%) had clinical malaria. In models of malaria parasitemia, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.10) for HAZ and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.15) for WAZ. In models of clinical malaria, the aOR was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02–1.11) for HAZ and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01–1.19) for WAZ. Overall, we did not find evidence of an association between most anthropometric indicators and malaria infection. Greater height may be associated with an increased risk of clinical malaria.
Effect of Antibiotics on Short-Term Growth among Children in Burkina Faso: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Sié Ali , Dah Clarisse , Ouermi Lucienne , Tapsoba Charlemagne , Zabre Pascal , Bärnighausen Till , Lebas Elodie , Arzika Ahmed M. , Snyder Blake M. , Porco Travis C. , Lietman Thomas M. , Keenan Jeremy D. , Oldenburg Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

Antibiotics improve both weight and height gain in randomized trials of preschool children with preexisting morbidity. Here, we assess the effect of a short course of three different antibiotics (amoxicillin, azithromycin, and cotrimoxazole) on short-term linear and ponderal growth in a population-based sample of preschool children in rural Burkina Faso. We randomized households with at least two children in the Nouna district, Burkina Faso, to a 5-day course of amoxicillin, azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, or placebo. Within each antibiotic-randomized household, one child was randomly assigned to receive the antibiotic and the other to receive the placebo. Weight and height measurements were taken at baseline and 30 days following the last study medication dose. Weight-for-height Z (WHZ), height-for-age Z (HAZ), and weight-for-age Z (WAZ) scoreswere calculated based on the 2006 World Health Organization standards. Of the 124 households and 248 children enrolled, 229 had anthropometry measurements at 1 month and were analyzed. Children randomized to amoxicillin gained significantly more weight compared with both the placebo household (mean difference 317 g, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 115–519 g) and placebo sibling (mean difference 315 g, 95% CI: 147–482 g) controls. Growth velocity in g/kg/day, and WHZ and WAZ scores were higher in amoxicillin-treated children compared with placebo households and siblings. There were no differences in weight gain in children randomized to azithromycin or cotrimoxazole compared with placebo households or placebo siblings. There were no differences in height gain or HAZ across any of the study arms. Amoxicillin may have short-term growth-promoting effects in healthy children.
Case Report: A Cluster of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Cases among Thai Workers in Gembu, Nigeria
Authors: Matsee Wasin , Chatapat Lapakorn , Chotivanich Kesinee , Piyaphanee Watcharapong
Published: July 2018

Although falciparum malaria is an important risk among travelers to sub-Saharan Africa, many travelers remain unaware of this risk. In October 2015, we found a cluster of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases among Thai gem mine workers in Nigeria; none had received malaria chemoprophylaxis or information regarding malaria risk. The index case developed fever and visited our hospital on arrival day in Thailand after his 3-week stay in Nigeria. Plasmodium falciparum was found in his blood. He recovered completely 3 days post-admission. After we requested he contact his colleagues in Nigeria regarding malaria risk, we found that three of his five colleagues currently had fever, were diagnosed with malaria, and were being treated in a local hospital. Two were successfully treated in Nigeria. Although their blood films were negative for malaria, we could confirm that they recently had malaria because the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was still positive for P. falciparum. Tragically, the last febrile case died in Nigeria 6 days post-admission, after developing jaundice and alteration of consciousness. The two colleagues without fever symptoms were also tested by PCR, which was negative for malaria. In conclusion, we found that four of six workers had malaria in this cluster, which was equal to 66.7% attack rate. There is an urgent need to raise awareness of malaria among workers in highly endemic areas. Clinical practice for travelers who are ill on their return should not only focus on individual cases but also consider potential disease clusters.
Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Infection in Nepal
Authors: Rijal Komal Raj , Adhikari Bipin , Ghimire Prakash , Banjara Megha Raj , Hanboonkunupakarn Borimas , Imwong Mallika , Chotivanich Kesinee , Ceintury Kedar Prasad , Lal Bibek Kumar , Das Thakur Garib , Day Nicholas P. J. , White Nicholas J. , Pukrittayakamee Sasithon
Published: July 2018

Malaria is endemic in the southern plain of Nepal which shares a porous border with India. More than 80% cases of malaria in Nepal are caused by Plasmodium vivax. The main objective of this study was to review the epidemiology of P. vivax malaria infections as recorded by the national malaria control program of Nepal between 1963 and 2016. National malaria data were retrieved from the National Malaria program in the Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal. The epidemiological trends and malariometric indicators were analyzed. Vivax malaria has predominated over falciparum malaria in the past 53 years, with P. vivax malaria comprising 70–95% of the annual malaria infections. In 1985, a malaria epidemic occurred with 42,321 cases (82% P. vivax and 17% Plasmodium falciparum). Nepal had experienced further outbreaks of malaria in 1991 and 2002. Plasmodium falciparum cases increased from 2005 to 2010 but since then declined. Analyzing the overall trend between 2002 (12,786 cases) until 2016 (1,009 cases) shows a case reduction by 92%. The proportion of imported malaria cases has increased from 18% of cases in 2001 to 50% in 2016. The current trends of malariometric indices indicate that Nepal is making a significant progress toward achieving the goal of malaria elimination by 2025. Most of the cases are caused by P. vivax with imported malaria comprising an increasing proportion of cases. The malaria control program in Nepal needs to counter importation of malaria at high risk areas with collaborative cross border malaria control activities.
Melioidosis is in the Americas: A Call to Action for Diagnosing and Treating the Disease
Authors: Torres Alfredo G. , Montufar Franco E. , Gee Jay E. , Hoffmaster Alex R. , Elrod Mindy G. , Duarte-Valderrama Carolina , Huertas Monica G. , Blaney David D.
Published: July 2018

Melioidosis, a disease caused by the pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a significant underreported endemic disease found in tropical countries worldwide. Recent studies have demonstrated that human melioidosis cases have been increasingly recognized in the Americas. Therefore, the first Scientific Reunion of Melioidosis in the Americas was organized in Colombia, with the participation of health authorities of 11 Latin American countries and the United States. This report summarizes the topics reviewed during the meeting, including how to identify human infections and properly diagnose them, with the goal of increasing recognition of the disease in the Americas.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Chau Ken W. T. , Smith Simon , Kang Katherine , Dheda Shyam , Hanson Josh
Published: July 2018

Melioidosis has a high case fatality rate and is more common in patients with chronic kidney disease. Some authors recommended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) prophylaxis for all hemodialysis (HD) patients during the wet season in melioidosis-endemic regions. Historical data were reviewed to determine if TMP/SMX prophylaxis was warranted in the HD population of Far North Queensland, Australia. Between 1997 and 2017, there were 242 culture-confirmed cases of melioidosis in the region, three (1.2%) occurred in HD patients; all survived without intensive care support. During the study period, there were 843 HD patients in the region with 3,024 cumulative patient years of risk. Even assuming 100% efficacy, it would have been necessary to prescribe TMP/SMX for 1,008 patient years to prevent one case of melioidosis. Given the significant additional cost and potentially life-threatening side effects of TMP/SMX therapy, clinicians should review the local epidemiology of melioidosis before the implementation of universal TMP/SMX prophylaxis in their HD population.
Digital Annex of Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis Nomenclature
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: July 2018

This document is intended to supplement SAE J2403 by providing the content of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 from SAE J2403 in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual document, and any discrepancies between this Digital Annex and the published SAE J2403 document must be resolved in favor of the published document. This document provides the content of Table 1 and Table 2 published in SAE J2403 into the single table in the 'Term' tab, while the 'Recommended Term Definitions' tab provides the content of Table 3 in SAE J2403 and the 'Glossary' tab provides the content of Table 4 in SAE J2403.
The effects of globalization on African Economic Development: The Nigerian experience
Authors: Letswa Ahmed Mohammed , Raji Shittu Adewole , Edita Muhammad Nma
Published: July 2018

The growing global economy which was fastened mostly by international trade and technology has no doubt crated a global dual phenomenon where regions continued to experience  economic development at the expense of others. This paper argued that though third world countries of Africa are fully incorporated into global capitalist economy, the benefit of this inescapable global phenomenon is not evenly distributed.  Secondary sources of data were used as essential methodology for this work. With the help of Marxist theory of political economy and review of literature, the paper further posited that Nigeria economy in the current wind of globalization remains the clienteleeconomy in the competitive global market. The country remained an exporter of raw materials and importer of finished products thus, making the country potential market for foreign investors. The work therefore recommended economic diversification and control of activities of Multi-national Corporation to checkmate their penchant for flouting state laws especially in employment, developing local workplace and neglect of the environment among others.
Political systems and underdevelopment in Africa (1957-2010)
Authors: Utin Inwang Benson
Published: July 2018

Africa is a creation of European powers following the scramble and partition of the continent by major European powers. The Berlin conference of 1884-1885 made it mandatory for these powers to provide effective administrative machinery in their areas of influence. At inception, each of them adopted separate system of administration ranging, from Indirect rule, Assimilation and Association policies. The emergence of Educated African Elites and its attendant Nationalistic feelings and agitation for independence led to various constitutional conferences both in Europe and in Africa. These led to the adoption of various Administrative system ranging from federalism, Regionalism,parliamentary and unitary systems of Government. From 1957, Independent African countries retained these system of  Government institutionalized by their colonial masters. Some of these system of Government was strange to Africa since it was not based on their custom and tradition. These adopted system of Government has led to ethnicity, election violence, sit tight syndrome, military dictatorship, corruption and civil unrest. This paper examined in details the different system of Government across Africa since 1957. The paper critically assessed the level of underdevelopment across Africa as a result of these adopted system of Government. The paper also proffered solutions toAfrica current underdeveloped state.Key Words: Exploitation, kingdom, political system,  underdevelopment
Gregory pence onhuman cloning: An ethical evaluation
Authors: Ogan Tamunosiki V. , Ariche Chrisantus Kanayochukwu
Published: July 2018

Human cloning is one of the new reproductive technologies. It is among the most controversial and hotly debated topic in bioethics. The central point of controversy has been, is it right to clone or not? This question has dominated contemporary discussions in bioethics. It has attracted a lot of arguments and counter  arguments. It has been a point of divergence among philosophers, medical practitioners, theologians and psychologists. In fact this has further raised a lot of ethical, legal and social challenges that need urgent attention. Human cloning has a lot of advantages  which include assisting infertile couples to have genetically  related children and availability of organs for transplant. Researchalso testifies that cloning can improve the genetic health of future generation/children. Amidst this good news there has been itching and clamour from several quarters for human cloning to be  banned. Philosophers especially bioethicists have posited strong arguments to justify the prohibition of human cloning. Gregory Pence a strong proponent of human cloning argues that cloning has a lot of advantages that humanity can tap from if allowed to continue. In his argument there is nothing wrong with human cloning rather fear and ignorance make people to condemn it. In this connection this paper argues that despite the benefits of human cloning, it still raises some ethical and social challenges. It threatens the dignity of human beings, can lead to abuses and commodification of human beings.Key Words: Cloning, Ethics, Reproduction, Therapeutic, Gene
Arts and crafts in schools as basic instruments for technological development of the nation
Authors: Okeke Josiah
Published: July 2018

Creativity is induced right from the formative years of young   people, who are taught to work with their hands and brains. Arts and crafts, which offer children opportunities for progressive acquisition of skills in mental and motor activities, as well as the cognitive, help to lay the solid foundation for technological development.   Developing country like Nigeria needs to fully adopt this culture that would help to sensitize the children’s creative endowment. Arts and crafts are, therefore, examined in this paper as foundation on which the technology of any nation is built, starting from the life of schoolchild.