bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microextraction Technique for Determination of Aromatic Pollutant in Environmental Samples
Authors: Galán‐Cano Francisco , Lucena Rodríguez Rafael , Cárdenas Soledad
Published: June 2012

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic pollutants that present carcinogenic and mutagenic nature as established by international organizations. Their widespread presence and their variable distribution in different compartments (water, soils/sediments, and air) causes them to be a serious problem with environmental and health connotations. Therefore, their determination in environmental samples is crucial in order to control the human exposure to them. In this context, the sample treatment is a key step in these strategies since it allows the efficient isolation and preconcentration of the analytes before their instrumental determination. Within the available techniques, the miniaturized procedures have gained importance in the past years because of their exceptional capabilities and their reduced impact on the environment since they dramatically minimize the volume of reagents and the generated wastes. This article presents in depth this environmental problem, introducing as well the main tools that an analytical chemist has to face.
High hydrostatic pressure effect on proteins: Fluorescence studies
Authors: Ando Nozomi , Barstow Buz
Published: June 2012

Life on Earth can survive and often thrive at pressures ranging from half atmospheric pressure to over 10 000 times atmospheric pressure. Despite this fact, the effects of pressure on biological systems remain relatively unexplored, particularly those on biological macromolecules. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a sensitive probe of the structural and chemical states of macromolecules and is the most widely available and affordable technique for the study of macromolecules under high pressure. When combined with structural techniques such as high‐pressure X‐ray crystallography and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), fluorescence spectroscopy provides deep insights into the forces that bind proteins together and imbue them with function. In this article, we describe modern experimental techniques for high‐pressure fluorescence spectroscopy along with examples of their use in the study of the protein structure‐function relationship and protein unfolding under high pressure.
Genetically Modified Organisms Detection by Analytical and Spectroscopical Methods
Authors: Holck Askild L.
Published: June 2012

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are grown on 10% of the world's fields and the area is continuously increasing. GMPs are subject to extensive regulations due to public health and environmental concerns. Legislation in the European Union requires labeling of food and feed containing authorized GMP above 0.9%. Other countries have different thresholds. European Union has a zero tolerance for unauthorized materials, which have not undergone a risk assessment. Analytical methods play a central role in enforcing legislation. A large number of methods for identification of genetic modification based on DNA detection has been developed. Detection relies often on quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The increasing number of GMP entering the market spurs development of both qualitative and quantitative multiplex methods. Qualitative multiplex PCR is usually performed with several primer pairs, detecting one target each. To increase multiplexing and obtain quantitative results, ligation‐mediated PCR has been employed. PCR products are often detected by capillary electrophoresis (CE) or by hybridization to microarrays. In addition, other non‐PCR‐based methods exist. Identification of unknown samples is often a two‐step process. First, commonly used GM (genetically modified) elements are detected, and second, specific GM events are determined based on the results from the first analysis. Immunological detection methods also exist for separating GMP and non‐GMP grain lots at farm and elevator level.
Gas Turbine Engine Combustors
Authors: Chang Clarence T.
Published: June 2012

The combustor of aircraft gas turbine engines is designed to burn fuel and air at high pressures to greatly increase the working‐fluid temperature for work extraction by the turbine. The double‐shelled structure design concept has evolved to become structurally more robust and durable, aerodynamically more stable to enable broader operating ranges, and burns cleaner with markedly less pollutant formation.
Polymers in Space
Authors: Skurat Vladimir E.
Published: June 2012

Polymeric materials are widely used in space engineering because of the beneficial combination of their working properties. Being in harsh space environment conditions, mainly in the form of thin films, they are subjected to the action of numerous destructive factors that are absent during their exploitation on Earth. Most serious problems are connected with changes of thermo‐optical properties, deterioration of mechanical properties, production of components of the intrinsic outer atmosphere of spacecraft that respond to contamination of its surface, and last but not least, mass losses. Here, the main focus is on polymers of two types that are generally used in multilayer insulation (MLI) of spacecraft as thin films – polyimide Kapton H and perfluorocarbon polymers – polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). Both types of polymers show mass losses, but they are caused by different factors. For Kapton H, it is fast atomic oxygen (FAO) on low Earth orbits (LEO) (altitudes 200–1000 km). For PTFE and FEP, it is mainly the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) component of solar radiation (wavelengths 1–200 nm) (all altitudes for space flights). Possible mechanisms of mass losses are considered.
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Moccia Antonio
Published: June 2012

Since its appearance in the 1950s synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been experiencing a continuous growth in systems, performance and applications. Thanks to its possibility of any‐weather and any‐time operation, SAR became rapidly a primary remote sensing system for Earth and planetary observation and today a widening of its application in more demanding fields, such as natural hazards or surveillance, is noticeable: as an example, by using airborne SAR it is possible to obtain 3D images of a surface with centimeter resolution, detect surface variation, and indicate moving targets. This chapter intends to give an overview of SAR operation and performance, with special emphasis on aspects related to aerospace engineering. Basic geometry to define SAR observation is introduced, illustrating how dynamics of the aerospace platform embarking SAR is fundamental to image formation. It is explained how SAR operates by exploiting the range‐Doppler approach and how a noteworthy increase of azimuth resolution is achievable. Multistatic configurations are then presented with special emphasis on cross‐track and along‐track SAR interferometry, showing how digital elevation models and moving target identification can be obtained. The principles of SAR processing are outlined and the orders of magnitude of overall configurations and achievable performance are given. Finally, a brief introduction to future SAR systems is given, discussing potentialities of multiple antennas distributed on aerospace platforms flying in formations.
Safety Critical Software
Authors: McDermid John A.
Published: June 2012

Safety is concerned with control of hazards, that is, situations that could lead to a loss of an aircraft, or other types of harm. Software is of relevance to the safety of aircraft where it has a potential role in contributing to hazards, or in controlling them. It is shown that a crucial issue underlying all of the process is that software can be a contributory cause to unsafe behavior when its “model” of the state of the world divergessufficientlyfrom reality, for example, not determining that an aircraft has landed, and this inhibiting braking functions.

This chapter identified ways in which system safety processes can be extended into software to treat software issues in as integral a manner with the rest of the design process, as is possible. For example, it discussed how classical safety analysis techniques can be adapted for software. The chapter also addresses the particular challenges of software, particularly that the possibility of causing hazards arises only from systematic causes, for example, design defects, not from physical failure causes. It explains what can be done to help reduce the incidence of such problems, and how evidence can be presented to enable informed decisions to be made about the suitability of software for safe operational use.
A Systems Engineering Approach to Aircraft Design
Authors: Mavris Dimitri N. , Pinon Olivia J.
Published: June 2012

Over the last decades, aircraft have evolved into large‐scale products characterized by an increasing number of complex systems, components, parts, and functionalities. Each of them involves different disciplines and technologies, along with different sets of tools, processes, and methods. Hence, the successful definition, design, and development of an aircraft require a holistic and systematic approach to aircraft design that supports the development of a life cycle balanced system solution that meets customer requirements. The field of systems engineering provides an interdisciplinary structured yet flexible process to help address these aspects. This chapter illustrates systems engineering principles, process, and methods in the context of aircraft design. It first defines the concept of a system and discusses the importance of the life cycle in the creation of competitive and cost effective products. This chapter then introduces systems engineering through a series of definitions and further presents an example of a system engineering process model. Finally, it illustrates the systems engineering process as is implemented in aircraft design.
Gas Turbine Aero Engine Ground Testing
Authors: Forrest Neill , Parfitt Neil
Published: June 2012

This chapter outlines the testing methodologies required to conduct the aero engine tests required as part of airworthiness certification, maturity, and life assessment of a new turbine aero engine. This includes fan blade off (FBO), bird ingestion, and endurance. It also discusses the testing requirements for production engines. In support of testing, the fundamentals of test facility design are explored along with a cursory look at the required measurement techniques and uncertainty assessments to assure the test results.
Use of Airborne Vehicles as Research Platforms
Authors: Gratton G.B.
Published: June 2012

The use of aircraft is often valuable to position airborne sensors or to conduct experiments in ways not possible purely on the ground. An airframe, typically an older one, must be selected then adapted to the role – likely to include inlets, windows, structural changes, power supply, computing and data recording capacity, and likely the provision of external hardpoints. Once the research vehicle is created, the instruments on board will require calibration, either in isolation or by intercomparison against already calibrated instruments on board another aircraft. This calibration process will continue throughout the life of the airplane. Additionally, an operating organization must be created and obtain any necessary organizational approvals. For some specialist applications, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may also be used, which carry some special considerations of autonomy and interoperability, but similar concerns of instrument, vehicle, and operational integrity.
[FeFe]‐Hydrogenase
Authors: Swanson Kevin D , Ortillo Danillo O , Broderick Joan B , Peters John W
Published: June 2012

[FeFe]‐Hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that are key components of the energy metabolism in many microbial communities. Hydrogenases function either to couple hydrogen oxidation to energy yielding processes or in proton reduction as a means to generate oxidized electron carriers required in fermentation. These enzymes have complex metal cluster with unique nonprotein derived ligands and are of significant interest due to their complexity and novel features as well as in biotechnology in developing superior hydrogen production methods. Biochemical, structural, and spectroscopic studies have provided significant insights into how these enzymes work and how these complex metal clusters key to their function are synthesized. This short report highlights some of the key features of the enzymes that have been elucidated through many years and the recent progress on [FeFe]‐hydrogenase maturation pathway and synthesis of the active site H cluster.
Metallopeptidase (Sapep) Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Girish Tavarekere S , Gopal B
Published: June 2012

Proteases belonging to the M20 family are characterized by diverse substrate specificity. This feature can be rationalized by the conformational adaptability of the active site in these enzymes. The
Staphylococcus aureus
metallodipeptidase, Sapep, is a member of the aminoacylase‐I/M20 family. These enzymes play a role in the final steps of intracellular protein degradation. The crystal structure of Sapep was determined in the apo form and in complex with a manganese cofactor. These structures reveal large interdomain movements between the apo (inactive) and the manganese‐bound (active) conformation. The conformational changes between the catalytic and lid domains could potentially regulate the activity of this enzyme. This interdomain reorientation between the catalytic and lid domains on substrate binding is also seen in other proteins of the M20 family and related enzymes. A noteworthy difference between Sapep and other homologues is the finding that the inactive conformation is stabilized by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues, Cys155 and Cys178. Although these cysteines are not part of the active site, the reduced form of this enzyme is more active as a peptidase. The catalytic activity of Sapep is thus likely to be regulated by redox stimuli. These findings are relevant as it has been observed that this enzyme is active only in methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus
(MRSA) and demonstrates β‐lactamase activity in these strains.
Mn2+‐DependentL‐Ascorbate 6‐Phosphate Lactonase
Authors: Fernandez Francisco J , Vega M Cristina
Published: June 2012

This enzyme (UlaG) catalyzes the first catabolic reaction in the ascorbate assimilation pathway, the divalent‐metal‐dependent hydrolytic lactone ring opening ofL‐ascorbate 6‐phosphate into 3‐keto‐L‐gulonate 6‐phosphate. Apart from its physiologic reaction, UlaG can also cleave phosphodiester bond linkages within substrates such as cyclic nucleoside monophosphates and phosphatase‐type substrates [e.g., bis(p‐nitrophenylphosphate), bis‐pNPP]. The crystal structures of the UlaG apoenzyme and the Mn2+holoenzyme have revealed a novel structural paradigm for an entire new family of MBL like metalloenzymes, characterized by an RNase Z‐reminiscent fold, an intricate hexameric arrangement, and a mononuclear or dinuclear metal site. This hexameric enzyme is absolutely dependent on Mn2+or Co2+for activity and becomes severely inhibited by Zn2+. Phylogenetic analyses show that present‐day UlaG may have originated by gene duplication from an ancestral RNA‐metabolizing template and evolved through extensive neofunctionalization to acquire sugar‐phosphate hydrolytic activity.
Multi‐model unfalsified switching control of uncertain multivariable systems
Authors: Baldi S. , Battistelli G. , Mari D. , Mosca E. , Tesi P.
Published: June 2012

This paper addresses the problem of controlling an uncertain multi‐input multi‐output system by means of adaptive switching control schemes. In particular, the paper aims at extending the multi‐model unfalsified control approach, so far restricted to single‐input single‐output systems, to a general multivariable setting. The proposed scheme relies on a data‐driven ‘high‐level’ unit, called the supervisor, which at any time can switch on in feedback with the uncertain plant one controller from a finite family of candidate controllers. The supervisor performs routing and scheduling tasks by monitoring suitable test functionals which, on the basis of the measured data, provide a measure of mismatch between the potential loop made up by the uncertain plant in feedback with the candidate controller and the nominal ‘reference loop’ related to the same candidate controller. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dielectric, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Reinforced with Used Tires
Authors: Mujal‐Rosas R. , Orrit‐Prat J. , Ramis‐Juan X. , Marin‐Genesca M. , Rahhali Ahmed
Published: June 2012

Mass production of tires as well as their storage or elimination is a real environmental problem. Various methods for recycling of tires are currently used, such as mechanical grinding, which separates vulcanized rubber, steel, and fibers from tires. Rubber is, then, used in several industrial applications such as flooring, insulations, and footwear. This paper focuses on a new application for old used tires (ground tire rubber, GTR). Tire dust and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) have been mixed, and the maximum accepted concentration of GTR can be attained while keeping dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties within acceptable limits, and therefore their possible industrial application will be in manufacturing of, for example, dielectrics for capacitors, low‐voltage electric fences or electrical cable pipes, and trays. Actually, tire dust with particle sizes <700 µm has been classified into three different groups depending on the particle sizes (p < 200, 200< p < 500, and p > 500 µm). Afterward, ABS has been mixed with different concentrations of GTR, i.e., 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 70%, to establish its properties through thermal, mechanical, and dielectric tests. Finally, the fracture surfaces of the composite samples have been evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E399–E415, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21287
Experimental Investigation of Stretch Blow Molding, Part 2: Analysis of Process Variables, Blowing Kinematics, and Bottle Properties
Authors: Salomeia Y. M. , Menary G. H. , Armstrong C. G.
Published: June 2012

The work presented in this paper takes advantage of newly developed instrumentation suitable for in‐process monitoring of an industrial stretch blow molding machine. The instrumentation provides blowing pressure and stretch‐rod force histories along with the kinematics of polymer contact with the mold wall. A design of experiments pattern was used to qualitatively relate machine inputs with these process parameters and the thickness distribution of stretch blow molded PET (polyethylene terephtalate) bottles. Material slippage at the mold wall and thickness distribution is also discussed in relation to machine inputs. The key process indicators defined have great potential for use in a closed loop process control system and validation of process simulations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E436–E450, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21291
The Intervention: Mere Arltyewele (Settle Down Country) – Bear the Gap to Close the Gap
Authors: Nathan Pamela
Published: June 2012

In 2007 the Northern Territory report on child abuse Little Children Are Sacred, Akelyernernane Meke Mekarle (Aranda) (In our law children are sacred because they carry the two spring wells of water from our country within them) was released. In July–August 2007 the Federal Government enacted the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Bill, in the name of protecting children from abuse, giving the Federal Government wide control over Aboriginal lands, families, and community services; and the Indigenous Affairs Minister total control over Indigenous community governance. More widely known as the Northern Territory Intervention, this dramatic move began with the Howard Government in 2007 and has been largely continued under the Rudd Government. Taking control of a large number of Aboriginal settlements, the Government instituted the following measures: supply of additional police to affected communities; mass health checks for Aboriginal children, initially mandatory but changed to voluntary; new restrictions on alcohol, kava and pornography; the compulsory acquisition of townships with five‐year leases; Commonwealth funding for community services; removal of customary law from bail applications and sentencing in criminal cases; suspension of the system by which visitors to Aboriginal settlements were required to have a permit; quarantining of a portion of welfare benefits to all recipients in designated communities; and the abolition of Community Development Education Projects (CDEP), which had paid unemployed people to work locally. Mal Brough was the Federal Minister for Aboriginal Affairs when the Intervention commenced and he led it with a passion. The army, albeit unarmed, were directed to accompany the new army of people employed to service the Intervention. Intervention measures were exempted from the Racial Discrimination Act, breaching two treaties to which Australia is a signatory – the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The Labour Government has essentially upheld the measures of the Intervention. Prime Minister Rudd at Yirrkala on 24 July 2008 spoke about the policy of closing the gap, in terms of life expectancy of adults and children under five, infant mortality, the Year 12 completion rate, and literacy and numeracy achievements, and of closing the gap in a practicable and measurable way. Some changes and modifications have been introduced. The CDEP has been partially re‐introduced, permits re‐introduced and 99‐year leases established. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4‐alkoxyethoxy‐N‐octadecyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide fluorescent sensor for human serum albumin and other major blood proteins: design, synthesis and solvent effect
Authors: Wei Song , Sun Yang , Tan Chunlei , Yan Sen , Guo Ping , Hu Xiaoyun , Fan Jun
Published: June 2012

A series of 4‐alkoxyethoxy‐N‐octadecyl‐1,8‐naphthalimides with intense blue fluorescence were designed and synthesized as polarity and spectrofluorimetric probes for the determination of proteins. In solvents of different polarities, the Stokes shifts of two dyes increased with increasing solvent polarity and fluorescence quantum yields decreased significantly, suggesting that electronic transiting from ground to excited states was π–π* in character. Dipole moment changes were estimated from solvent‐dependent Stokes shift data using a solvatochromic method based on bulk solvent polarity functions and the microscopic solvent polarity parameter (). These results were generally consistent with semi‐empirical molecular orbital calculations and were found to be quite reliable based on the fact that the correlation of the solvatochromic Stokes shifts with was superior to that obtained using bulk solvent polarity functions. Fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence quenching of human serum albumin (HSA) by dyes was the result of the formation of a Dye–HSA complex. The method was applied to the determination of total proteins (HSA + immunoglobulins) in human serum samples and results were in good agreement with those reported by the research institute. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of P300‐based BCIs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from augmentative and alternative communication to cognitive assessment
Authors: Cipresso Pietro , Carelli Laura , Solca Federica , Meazzi Daniela , Meriggi Paolo , Poletti Barbara , Lulé Dorothée , Ludolph Albert C. , Silani Vincenzo , Riva Giuseppe
Published: June 2012

The use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) tools in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as effective means to compensate for the progressive loss of verbal and gestural communication, has been deeply investigated in the recent literature. The development of advanced AAC systems, such as eye‐tracking (ET) and brain‐computer interface (BCI) devices, allowed to bypass the important motor difficulties present in ALS patients. In particular, BCIs could be used in moderate to severe stages of the disease, since they do not require preserved ocular‐motor ability, which is necessary for ET applications. Furthermore, some studies have proved the reliability of BCIs, regardless of the severity of the disease and the level of physical decline. However, the use of BCI in ALS patients still shows some limitations, related to both technical and neuropsychological issues. In particular, a range of cognitive deficits in most ALS patients have been observed. At the moment, no effective verbal‐motor free measures are available for the evaluation of ALS patients’ cognitive integrity; BCIs could offer a new possibility to administer cognitive tasks without the need of verbal or motor responses, as highlighted by preliminary studies in this field. In this review, we outline the essential features of BCIs systems, considering advantages and challenges of these tools with regard to ALS patients and the main applications developed in this field. We then outline the main findings with regard to cognitive deficits observed in ALS and some preliminary attempts to evaluate them by means of BCIs. The definition of specific cognitive profiles could help to draw flexible approaches tailored on patients’ needs. It could improve BCIs efficacy and reduce patients’ efforts. Finally, we handle the open question, represented by the use of BCIs with totally locked in patients, who seem unable to reliably learn to use such tool.
Synergetic DNA‐Cleaving Activities of the Metal Complexes of a Polyether‐Tethered Pyrrole‐polyamide Dimer
Authors: Zhou Chun‐Qiong , Lin Yan‐Ling , Chen Jin‐Xiang , Chen Wen‐Hua
Published: June 2012

A simple polyether‐tethered pyrrole‐polyamide dimer 1 was synthesized in 50% yield from the reaction of 2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(1‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)ethanone with 2,2′‐[1,2‐ethanediylbis(oxy)]bisethanamine, and fully characterized on the basis of 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, MS, HR‐MS, and IR data. Agarose gel‐electrophoresis study of the cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA by the complexes of compound 1 with seven metal ions indicated that most of the metal complexes were capable of efficiently cleaving DNA at pH 7.0 and 37°. Among them, the CuII complex exhibited the highest activity, with the maximal catalytic rate constant kmax and Michaelis constant KM being 5.61 h−1 and 7.30 mM, respectively. Spectroscopic, ESI‐MS, ethidium‐bromide (EB) displacement, and viscosity experiments indicated that compound 1 could form a 1 : 1 complex with CuII ion, and that this complex showed moderate binding affinity toward calf‐thymus DNA.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anticandidal Activities of Essential Oils from Different Wild Moroccan Thymus Species
Authors: Jamali Chaima Alaoui , El Bouzidi Laila , Bekkouche Khalid , Lahcen Hassani , Markouk Mohammed , Wohlmuth Hans , Leach David , Abbad Abdelaziz
Published: June 2012

Samples of the aerial parts of Thymus broussonetii, T. ciliatus, T. leptobotrys, T. maroccanus, T. pallidus, T. satureioides, and T. serpyllum collected from different natural regions in southern and south‐western Morocco were analyzed for their qualitative and quantitative essential oil profiles. In total, 46 compounds, representing more than 99% of the oils, were characterized. Monoterpenes, both hydrocarbons (12.9–58.0%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (38.8–81.1%), were the principal classes of compounds for most of the thyme species studied. Cluster analysis allowed the classification of the species into three main groups: a carvacrol group (Group I), comprising the species T. maroccanus and T. leptobotrys, a linalyl acetate and (E)‐nerolidol group (Group II), represented by T. serpyllum, and a thymol and/or carvacrol, γ‐terpinene, and p‐cymene group (Group III), composed of T. satureioides, T. broussonetii, T. ciliatus, and T. pallidus. The essential oils were screened for their antioxidant and anticandidal activities. The data showed that the oils obtained from T. leptobotrys and T. maroccanus (carvacrol group) possessed the highest antioxidant activities as assessed by the determination of the DPPH free radical‐scavenging ability and the ferric‐reducing potential. The anticandidal assays indicated that the highest activity was noticed for the essential oil isolated from T. leptobotrys.
Inherent Stability Limits of Intramolecular Boron Nitrogen Lewis Acid–Base Pairs
Authors: Winkelhaus Daniel , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Berger Raphael J. F. , Vishnevskiy Yuri V. , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: June 2012

The reaction of (C6F5)2BH (1) withN,N‐dimethylallylamine (2),N,N‐diethylallylamine (3) and 1‐allylpiperidine (4) afforded the five‐membered ring systems (C6F5)2B(CH2)3NR2(R=Me (5), Et (6)) and (C6F5)2B(CH2)3N(CH2)5(7) with an intramolecular dative BN bond. A different product was obtained from the reaction of (C6F5)2BH (1) withN,N‐diisopropylallylamine (8), which afforded the seven‐membered ring system (C6F5)2B(CH2)3N(iPr)CH(Me)CH2(9) under extrusion of dihydrogen. All compounds were characterised by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments. Density functional theory (DFT) studies were performed to rationalise the different reaction mechanism for the formation of products6and9. The bonding situation of compound9was analysed in terms of its electron density topology to describe the delocalised nature of a borane– enamine adduct.
Dynamic growth and deposition of hygroscopic aerosols in the nasal airway of a 5‐year‐old child
Authors: Kim Jong Won , Xi Jinxiang , Si Xiuhua A.
Published: June 2012

Hygroscopic growth within the human respiratory tract can be significant, which may notably alter the behavior and fate of the inhaled aerosols. The objective of this study is to evaluate the hygroscopic effects upon the transport and deposition of nasally inhaled fine‐regime aerosols in children. A physiologically realistic nasal–laryngeal airway model was developed based on magnetic resonance imaging of a 5‐year‐old boy. Temperature and relative humidity field were simulated using the low Reynolds number k − ε turbulence model and chemical specie transport model under a spectrum of four thermo‐humidity conditions. Particle growth and transport were simulated using a well validated Lagrangian tracking model coupled with a user‐defined hygroscopic growth module. The subsequent aerosol depositions for the four inhalation scenarios were evaluated on a multiscale basis such as total, subregional, and cellular‐level depositions. Results of this study show that a supersaturated humid environment is possible in the nasal turbinate region and can lead to significant condensation growth (d / d0 > 10) of nasally inhaled aerosols. Depositions in the nasal airway can also be greatly enhanced by condensation growth with appropriate inhalation temperature and humidity. For subsaturated and mild inhalation conditions, the hygroscopic effects were found to be nonsignificant for total depositions, while exerting a large impact upon localized depositions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetics of neurobiology and behavior during development and adulthood
Authors: Roth Tania L.
Published: June 2012

Gene–environment interactions have long been recognized for their important role in mediating the development and functions of the central nervous system (CNS). The study of DNA methylation and histone modifications, biochemical processes collectively referred to as epigenetic mechanisms, is helping to elucidate how gene–environmental interactions alter neurobiology and behavior over the course of the lifespan. In this review, landmark and recent studies that highlight the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the sustained effects of early‐life experiences on gene activity and behavioral outcome will be discussed. Likewise, studies that implicate epigenetics in CNS and behavioral plasticity in the adult animal will be discussed. As our current understanding of epigenetics in these capacities is still evolving, epigenetic research will continue to be of considerable interest for understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating neurobiology and behavior both within and outside of sensitive periods of development. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 590–597, 2012.
Curve detection using Delaunay triangulation based on perceptual grouping factors
Authors: Takagi Takamitsu , Saitoh Fumihiko
Published: June 2012

In this paper we propose a method of detecting perceptual continuous curves in a binary image including discontinuous curves and noise by means of perceptual grouping factors. First, by making a Delaunay diagram from a binary image, the adjacency relations are obtained. Second, the method selects a Delaunay edge as the starting line and connects a certain number of points. When the points have the maximum evaluation value based on perceptual grouping factors, they construct an appropriate partial curve. The evaluation value of an appropriate partial curve is added to the Delaunay edges selected by it. Finally, Delaunay edges that have high evaluation values are extracted. Experimental results show that the proposed method yields results similar to visually perceived curves and better than conventional methods. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 19–28, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11388
Adaptive PSO for online identification of time‐varying systems
Authors: Nishida Takeshi , Sakamoto Tetsuzo
Published: June 2012

Novel adaptive PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithms called OPSO (online PSO) and ϵPSO are proposed. These algorithms are designed to prevent increasing of calculation cost in order to embed into online systems, and they have high adaptive performances to environmental changes. The efficiency of the proposed PSO algorithms are demonstrated by numerical simulation and the online identification of an actual dynamic system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 10–18, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11391
Fascinating Diazirinone: A Violet Gas
Authors: Zeng Xiaoqing , Beckers Helmut , Willner Helge , Stanton John F.
Published: June 2012

Diazirinone (cyclic N2CO) recently identified in solid noble gas matrices and in the gas phase by infrared spectroscopy, has now been trapped at –196 °C as a neat brownish‐yellow solid, and characterized by low‐temperature IR and Raman spectroscopy. Evaporation of the solid yields violet gaseous N2CO, which is surprisingly stable in a clean quartz cell. Its decay at room temperature in the dark follows a second‐order rate law (k2 = 4.9 × 10–2 L mol–1 s–1) with a half‐life of 30 h at an initial pressure of 5 mbar. The visible absorption spectrum of the gas reveals a structured band with the 0–0 transition at 567 nm (17651 cm–1), and its assignment has been made with the aid of theoretical calculations. Cyclic diazirinone that is isolated in solid Ar at 16 K decomposes upon visible light irradiation to yield N2 and CO, but after being exposed to ArF excimer laser irradiation (193 nm) the N=N bond is cleaved and the open‐chain isomers NOCN, ONCN, and ONNC are formed.
An Efficient Class of P,N‐Type “PhMezole‐phos” Ligands: Applications in Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Wong Shun Man , So Chau Ming , Chung Kin Ho , Lau Chak Po , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: June 2012

This study describes an efficient class of hemilabile benzimidazolyl–phosphane ligands that can be easily accessed from commercially available and inexpensive starting materials. The application of this ligand array in the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids is described. The palladium catalyst generated from this hemilabile phosphane is highly effective in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of unactivated aryl chlorides, and catalyst loadings as low as 1 ppm can be achieved.
Comparison of in‐gel protein separation techniques commonly used for fractionation in mass spectrometry‐based proteomic profiling
Authors: Jafari Mohieddin , Primo Vincent , Smejkal Gary B. , Moskovets Eugene V. , Kuo Winston P. , Ivanov Alexander R.
Published: June 2012

Fractionation of complex samples at the cellular, subcellular, protein, or peptide level is an indispensable strategy to improve the sensitivity in mass spectrometry‐based proteomic profiling. This study revisits, evaluates, and compares the most common gel‐based protein separation techniques i.e. 1D SDS‐PAGE, 1D preparative SDS‐PAGE, IEF‐IPG, and 2D‐PAGE in their performance as fractionation approaches in nano LC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis of a mixture of protein standards and mitochondrial extracts isolated from rat liver. This work demonstrates that all the above techniques provide complementary protein identification results, but 1D SDS‐PAGE and IEF‐IPG had the highest number of identifications. The IEF‐IPG technique resulted in the highest average number of detected peptides per protein. The 2D‐PAGE was evaluated as a protein fractionation approach. This work shows that the recovery of proteins and resulting proteolytic digests is highly dependent on the total volume of the gel matrix. The performed comparison of the fractionation techniques demonstrates the potential of a combination of orthogonal 1D SDS‐PAGE and IEF‐IPG for the improved sensitivity of profiling without significant decrease in throughput.
Publications on dementia in Medline 1974–2009: a quantitative bibliometric study
Authors: Theander Sten S. , Gustafson Lars
Published: June 2012

Object

The aim is to describe the development of the scientific literature on dementia.

Methods

We present a quantitative, bibliometric study of the literature on dementia, based on Medline, covering 36 years (1974–2009). Two samples of references to dementia papers were retrieved: The main sample based on the MeSH term Dementia holds more than 88 500 references. We have compared the annual additions of references on dementia with the addition to total Medline. Changes of ‘the Dementia to Medline ratio’ (%) give the best information on the development.

Results

Publications on dementia increased 5.6 times faster than Medline. Most of this relative acceleration took place during 1980–1997, when the references on dementia increased from 0.17 to 0.78%. During the recent 12 years, the publications on dementia have been keeping pace with Medline and have stabilized around 0.8%.

Conclusions

We have shown a large increase of the literature on dementia, relative both to the development of all medical research and to all psychiatric research. The bibliometric approach may be questioned as quantitative methods treat articles as being of equal value, what is not true. If, for example, during a certain period, the research output is ‘inflated’ by a great number of repetitive papers, the quantitative method will give an unfair picture of the development. Our relative method, however, will give relevant results as, at each point of time, the proportion of ‘valuable research’ ought to be about the same in the dementia group as in total Medline. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subcortical electrostimulation to identify network subserving motor control
Authors: Schucht Philippe , Moritz‐Gasser Sylvie , Herbet Guillaume , Raabe Andreas , Duffau Hugues
Published: June 2012

Objectives: Recent anatomical–functional studies have transformed our understanding of cerebral motor control away from a hierarchical structure and toward parallel and interconnected specialized circuits. Subcortical electrical stimulation during awake surgery provides a unique opportunity to identify white matter tracts involved in motor control. For the first time, this study reports the findings on motor modulatory responses evoked by subcortical stimulation and investigates the cortico‐subcortical connectivity of cerebral motor control. Experimental design: Twenty‐one selected patients were operated while awake for frontal, insular, and parietal diffuse low‐grade gliomas. Subcortical electrostimulation mapping was used to search for interference with voluntary movements. The corresponding stimulation sites were localized on brain schemas using the anterior and posterior commissures method. Principal observations: Subcortical negative motor responses were evoked in 20/21 patients, whereas acceleration of voluntary movements and positive motor responses were observed in three and five patients, respectively. The majority of the stimulation sites were detected rostral of the corticospinal tract near the vertical anterior‐commissural line, and additional sites were seen in the frontal and parietal white matter. Conclusions: The diverse interferences with motor function resulting in inhibition and acceleration imply a modulatory influence of the detected fiber network. The subcortical stimulation sites were distributed veil‐like, anterior to the primary motor fibers, suggesting descending pathways originating from premotor areas known for negative motor response characteristics. Further stimulation sites in the parietal white matter as well as in the anterior arm of the internal capsule indicate a large‐scale fronto‐parietal motor control network. Hum Brain Mapp 34:3023–3030, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrinsic resting‐state activity predicts working memory brain activation and behavioral performance
Authors: Zou Qihong , Ross Thomas J. , Gu Hong , Geng Xiujuan , Zuo Xi‐Nian , Hong L. Elliot , Gao Jia‐Hong , Stein Elliot A. , Zang Yu‐Feng , Yang Yihong
Published: June 2012

Although resting‐state brain activity has been demonstrated to correspond with task‐evoked brain activation, the relationship between intrinsic and evoked brain activity has not been fully characterized. For example, it is unclear whether intrinsic activity can also predict task‐evoked deactivation and whether the rest–task relationship is dependent on task load. In this study, we addressed these issues on 40 healthy control subjects using resting‐state and task‐driven [N‐back working memory (WM) task] functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected in the same session. Using amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (ALFF) as an index of intrinsic resting‐state activity, we found that ALFF in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior/superior parietal lobules was positively correlated with WM task‐evoked activation, while ALFF in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, superior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus was negatively correlated with WM task‐evoked deactivation. Further, the relationship between the intrinsic resting‐state activity and task‐evoked activation in lateral/superior frontal gyri, inferior/superior parietal lobules, superior temporal gyrus, and midline regions was stronger at higher WM task loads. In addition, both resting‐state activity and the task‐evoked activation in the superior parietal lobule/precuneus were significantly correlated with the WM task behavioral performance, explaining similar portions of intersubject performance variance. Together, these findings suggest that intrinsic resting‐state activity facilitates or is permissive of specific brain circuit engagement to perform a cognitive task, and that resting activity can predict subsequent task‐evoked brain responses and behavioral performance. Hum Brain Mapp 34:3204–3215, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“I don't know, I've never been to college!” Dual enrollment as a college readiness strategy
Authors: Mechur Karp Melinda
Published: June 2012

This chapter provides a theoretical framework through which to understand the experiences of dual enrollment students. Through anticipatory socialization and role rehearsal, participants “try out” the role of college student and develop the skills necessary for future postsecondary success.
Effectiveness of aripiprazole in the treatment of adult Tourette patients up to 56 months
Authors: Neuner Irene , Nordt Carlos , Schneider Frank , Kawohl Wolfram
Published: June 2012

Objective

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is characterized by motor and vocal tics. Its pharmacological treatment is often a challenge because of the so‐called tachyphylactic effects. Aripiprazole has been reported to be effective in small case series with short follow‐up periods.

Methods

In a retrospective analysis, we assessed the effect of off‐label treatments with aripiprazole in 20 adult patients (mean age 27.4) divided in a group of severely [67 Yale Global Tourette Severity Scale (YGTTS)‐total] and moderately (43.3 YGTTS‐total) affected patients. TS patients were treated with aripiprazole (mean 11.8 mg daily) and followed for up to 56 months.

Results

Applying a random coefficient model, we found a significant benefit resulting from treatment with aripiprazole. This effect was larger in the severely affected patient group in comparison with the moderately affected patient group. The effect was stable over a time period up to 56 months.

Conclusion

Aripiprazole, a neuroleptic drug of the third generation with a partial D2‐agonism is effective in moderately and severely affected adult Tourette patients. We add to the current knowledge through our data extending the follow‐up interval up to a maximum of 56 months. All available clinical data strongly support the initiation of a double‐blind placebo or other neuroleptic substance controlled trial. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colic: What's maternal mental health got to do with it?
Authors: Twomey Jean E. , High Pamela , Lester Barry M.
Published: June 2012

Families can benefit when pediatric and mental health professionals have a greater appreciation of psychological and relational issues that arise in the course of caring for an infant with colic. The Infant Behavior, Cry, and Sleep Clinic is a multidisciplinary, clinical intervention for parents who identify infant crying as adversely affecting infant, parental, and/or family functioning. Pairing pediatric and mental health expertise provides parents with strategies to manage infant colic within a context that recognizes parental mental health needs. Clinical case material illustrates varying responses and degrees of psychological distress in mothers whose infants have colic. Treatment approaches to colic that take into account maternal mental health needs may contribute to more optimal infant, maternal, and family outcomes.
Assessment and Diagnosis of Eating Disorders: A Guide for Professional Counselors
Authors: Berg Kelly C. , Peterson Carol B. , Frazier Patricia
Published: June 2012

Despite the prevalence of and risk associated with disordered eating, there are few guidelines for counselors on how to conduct an eating disorder assessment. Given the importance of the clinical interview, the purpose of this article is to provide recommendations for the assessment and diagnosis of eating disorders that (a) specifically focus on assessment in the context of a clinical interview and (b) can be used by counselors whether or not they specialize in eating disorder treatment.
Diagnosing, Conceptualizing, and Treating Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified: A Comprehensive Practice Model
Authors: Schwitzer Alan M.
Published: June 2012

This article presents research and evidence‐based practices for identifying, understanding, diagnosing, conceptualizing, and providing a continuum of treatment for the most commonly experienced types of eating‐related counseling concerns—namely, eating disorders not otherwise specified—among the population most likely to present these types of needs: adolescent girls and young adult and adult women.