bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixing state and compositional effects on CCN activity and droplet growth kinetics of size-resolved CCN in an urban environment
Authors: Padró L. T. , Moore R. H. , Zhang X. , Rastogi N. , Weber R. J. , Nenes A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Aerosol composition and mixing state near anthropogenic sources can be highly variable and can challenge predictions of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The impacts of chemical composition on CCN activation kinetics is also an important, but largely unknown, aspect of cloud droplet formation. Towards this, we present in-situ size-resolved CCN measurements carried out during the 2008 summertime August Mini Intensive Gas and Aerosol Study (AMIGAS) campaign in Atlanta, GA. Aerosol chemical composition was measured by two particle-into-liquid samplers measuring water-soluble inorganic ions and total water-soluble organic carbon. Size-resolved CCN data were collected using the Scanning Mobility CCN Analysis (SMCA) method and were used to obtain characteristic aerosol hygroscopicity distributions, whose breadth reflects the aerosol compositional variability and mixing state. Knowledge of aerosol mixing state is important for accurate predictions of CCN concentrations and that the influence of an externally-mixed, CCN-active aerosol fraction varies with size from 31% for particle diameters less than 40 nm to 93% for accumulation mode aerosol during the day. Assuming size-dependent aerosol mixing state and size-invariant chemical composition decreases the average CCN concentration overprediction (for all but one mixing state and chemical composition scenario considered) from over 190–240% to less than 20%. CCN activity is parameterized using a single hygroscopicity parameter, κ, which averages to 0.16 ± 0.07 for 80 nm particles and exhibits considerable variability (from 0.03 to 0.48) throughout the study period. Particles in the 60–100 nm range exhibited similar hygroscopicity, with a κ range for 60 nm between 0.06–0.076 (mean of 0.18 ± 0.09). Smaller particles (40 nm) had on average greater κ, with a range of 0.20–0.92 (mean of 0.3 ± 0.12). Analysis of the droplet activation kinetics of the aerosol sampled suggests that most of the CCN activate as rapidly as calibration aerosol, suggesting that aerosol composition exhibits a minor (if any) impact on CCN activation kinetics.
Chamber simulation of photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide and isoprene in the presence of NOx
Authors: Chen T. , Jang M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. To improve the model prediction for the formation of H2SO4 and methanesulfonic acid (MSA), aerosol-phase reactions of gaseous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation products [e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] in aerosol have been included in the DMS kinetic model with the recently reported gas-phase reactions and their rate constants. To determine the rate constants of aerosol-phase reactions of both DMSO and its major gaseous products [e.g., dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and methanesulfinic acid (MSIA)], DMSO was photooxidized in the presence of NOx using a 2 m3 Teflon film chamber. The rate constants tested in the DMSO kinetic mechanisms were then incorporated into the DMS photooxidation mechanism. The model simulation using the newly constructed DMS oxidation mechanims was compared to chamber data obtained from the phototoxiation of DMS in the presence of NOx. Within 120-min simulation, the predicted concentrations of MSA increase by 200–400% and those of H2SO4, by 50–200% due to aerosol-phase chemistry. This was well substantiated with experimental data. To study the effect of coexisting volatile organic compounds, the photooxidation of DMS in the presence of isoprene and NOx has been simulated using the newly constructed DMS kinetic model integrated with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) for isoprene oxidation, and compared to chamber data. With the high concentrations of DMS (250 ppb) and isoprene (560–2248 ppb), both the model simulation and experimental data showed an increase in the yields of MSA and H2SO4 as the isoprene concentration increased.
Lidar observation and model simulation of a volcanic-ash-induced cirrus cloud during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption
Authors: Rolf C. , Krämer M. , Schiller C. , Hildebrandt M. , Riese M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Heterogeneous ice formation induced by volcanic ash from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption in April 2010 is investigated based on the combination of a cirrus cloud observed with a backscatter lidar over Jülich (western Germany) and model simulations along backward trajectories. The microphysical properties of the cirrus cloud could only be represented by the microphysical model under the assumption of an enhanced number of efficient ice nuclei originating from the volcanic eruption. The ice nuclei (IN) concentration determined by lidar measurements directly before and after cirrus cloud occurrence implies a value of around 0.1 cm−3 (in comparison normal IN conditions: 0.01 cm−3). This leads to a cirrus cloud with rather small ice crystals having a mean radius of 12 μm and a modification of the ice particle number (0.08 cm−3 instead of 3 × 10−4 cm−3 under normal IN conditions). The effectiveness of ice nuclei was estimated by the use of the microphysical model and the backward trajectories based on ECMWF data, establishing a freezing threshold of around 105% relative humidity with respect to ice in a temperature range from −45 to −55 °C . Only with these highly efficient ice nuclei was it possible for the cirrus cloud to be formed in a slightly supersaturated environment.
Atmospheric ammonia and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the United States
Authors: Heald C. L. , Collett J. L. , Lee T. , Benedict K. B. , Schwandner F. M. , Li Y. , Clarisse L. , Hurtmans D. R. , Van Damme M. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.-F. , Philip S. , Martin R. V. , Pye H. O. T.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. We use in situ observations from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network, the Midwest Ammonia Monitoring Project, 11 surface site campaigns as well as Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite measurements with the GEOS-Chem model to investigate inorganic aerosol loading and atmospheric ammonia concentrations over the United States. IASI observations suggest that current ammonia emissions are underestimated in California and in the springtime in the Midwest. In California this underestimate likely drives the underestimate in nitrate formation in the GEOS-Chem model. However in the remaining continental United States we find that the nitrate simulation is biased high (normalized mean bias > = 1.0) year-round, except in Spring (due to the underestimate in ammonia in this season). None of the uncertainties in precursor emissions, the uptake efficiency of N2O5 on aerosols, OH concentrations, the reaction rate for the formation of nitric acid, or the dry deposition velocity of nitric acid are able to explain this bias. We find that reducing nitric acid concentrations to 75% of their simulated values corrects the bias in nitrate (as well as ammonium) in the US. However the mechanism for this potential reduction is unclear and may be a combination of errors in chemistry, deposition and sub-grid near-surface gradients. This "updated" simulation reproduces PM and ammonia loading and captures the strong seasonal and spatial gradients in gas-particle partitioning across the United States. We estimate that nitrogen makes up 15−35% of inorganic fine PM mass over the US, and that this fraction is likely to increase in the coming decade, both with decreases in sulfur emissions and increases in ammonia emissions.
Cloud droplet size and liquid water path retrievals from zenith radiance measurements: examples from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program and the Aerosol Robotic Network
Authors: Chiu J. C. , Marshak A. , Huang C.-H. , Várnai T. , Hogan R. J. , Giles D. M. , Holben B. N. , O'Connor E. J. , Knyazikhin Y. , Wiscombe W. J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The ground-based Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) and NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) routinely monitor clouds using zenith radiances at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Using the transmittance calculated from such measurements, we have developed a new retrieval method for cloud effective droplet size and conducted extensive tests for non-precipitating liquid water clouds. The underlying principle is to combine a liquid-water-absorbing wavelength (i.e., 1640 nm) with a non-water-absorbing wavelength for acquiring information on cloud droplet size and optical depth. For simulated stratocumulus clouds with liquid water path less than 300 g m−2 and horizontal resolution of 201 m, the retrieval method underestimates the mean effective radius by 0.8 μm, with a root-mean-squared error of 1.7 μm and a relative deviation of 13%. For actual observations with a liquid water path less than 450 g m−2 at the ARM Oklahoma site during 2007–2008, our 1.5-min-averaged retrievals are generally larger by around 1 μm than those from combined ground-based cloud radar and microwave radiometer at a 5-min temporal resolution. We also compared our retrievals to those from combined shortwave flux and microwave observations for relatively homogeneous clouds, showing that the bias between these two retrieval sets is negligible, but the error of 2.6 μm and the relative deviation of 22% are larger than those found in our simulation case. Finally, the transmittance-based cloud effective droplet radii agree to better than 11% with satellite observations and have a negative bias of 1 μm. Overall, the retrieval method provides reasonable cloud effective radius estimates, which can enhance the cloud products of both ARM and AERONET.
Stratospheric BrO abundance measured by a balloon-borne submillimeterwave radiometer
Authors: Stachnik R. A. , Millán L. , Jarnot R. , Monroe R. , McLinden C. , Kühl S. , Pukīte J. , Kasai Y. , Goutail F. , Pommereau J. P. , Dorf M. , Pfeilsticker K.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Measurements of mixing ratio profiles of stratospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) were made using observations of BrO otational line emission at 650.179 GHz by a balloon-borne SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) submillimeterwave heterodyne receiver. The balloon was launched from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico (34°N) on 22 September 2011. Peak mid-day BrO abundance varied from 16 ± 2 ppt at 34 km to 6 ± 4 ppt at 16 km. Corresponding estimates of total inorganic bromine (Bry), derived from BrO vmr (volume mixing ratio) using a photochemical box model, were 21 ± 3 ppt and 11 ± 5 ppt, respectively. Inferred Bry abundance exceeds that attributable solely to decomposition of long-lived methyl bromide and other halons, and is consistent with a contribution from bromine-containing very short lived substances, BryVSLS, of 4 ppt to 8 ppt. These results for BrO and Bry were compared with, and found to be in good agreement with, those of other recent balloon-borne and satellite instruments.
Anisotropic pitch angle distribution of ~100 keV microburst electrons in the loss cone: measurements from STSAT-1
Authors: Lee J. J. , Parks G. K. , Lee E. , Tsurutani B. T. , Hwang J. , Cho K. S. , Kim K.-H. , Park Y. D. , Min K. W. , McCarthy M. P.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Electron microburst energy spectra in the range of 170 keV to 360 keV have been measured using two solid-state detectors onboard the low-altitude (680 km), polar-orbiting Korean STSAT-1 (Science and Technology SATellite-1). Applying a unique capability of the spacecraft attitude control system, microburst energy spectra have been accurately resolved into two components: perpendicular to and parallel to the geomagnetic field direction. The former measures trapped electrons and the latter those electrons with pitch angles in the loss cone and precipitating into atmosphere. It is found that the perpendicular component energy spectra are harder than the parallel component and the loss cone is not completely filled by the electrons in the energy range of 170 keV to 360 keV. These results have been modeled assuming a wave-particle cyclotron resonance mechanism, where higher energy electrons travelling within a magnetic flux tube interact with whistler mode waves at higher latitudes (lower altitudes). Our results suggest that because higher energy (relativistic) microbursts do not fill the loss cone completely, only a small portion of electrons is able to reach low altitude (~100 km) atmosphere. Thus assuming that low energy microbursts and relativistic microbursts are created by cyclotron resonance with chorus elements (but at different locations), the low energy portion of the microburst spectrum will dominate at low altitudes. This explains why relativistic microbursts have not been observed by balloon experiments, which typically float at altitudes of ~30 km and measure only X-ray flux produced by collisions between neutral atmospheric particles and precipitating electrons.
Variability of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide apparent quantum yield spectra in three coastal estuaries of the South Atlantic Bight
Authors: Reader H. E. , Miller W. L.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The photochemical oxidation of oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) has been estimated to be a significant process with global photoproduction transforming petagrams of DOC to inorganic carbon annually. To further quantify the importance of these two photoproducts in coastal DOC cycling, 38 paired apparent quantum yield (AQY) spectra for CO and CO2 were determined at three locations along the coast of Georgia, USA over the course of one year. The AQY spectra for CO2 were considerably more varied than CO. CO AQY spectra exhibited a seasonal shift in spectrally integrated (260 nm–490 nm) AQY from higher efficiencies in the autumn to less efficient photoproduction in the summer. While full-spectrum photoproduction rates for both products showed positive correlation with pre-irradiation UV-B sample absorption (i.e. chromophoric dissolved organic matter, CDOM) as expected, we found no correlation between AQY and CDOM for either product at any site. Molecular size, approximated with pre-irradiation spectral slope coefficients, and aromatic content, approximated by the specific ultraviolet absorption of the pre-irradiated samples, were also not correlated with AQY in either data set. The ratios of CO2 to CO photoproduction determined using both an AQY model and direct production comparisons were 23.2 ± 12.5 and 22.5 ± 9.0, respectively. Combined, both products represent a loss of 2.9 to 3.2% of the DOC delivered to the estuaries and inner shelf of the South Atlantic Bight yearly, and 6.4 to 7.3% of the total annual degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere. This result suggests that direct photochemical production of CO and CO2 is a small, yet significant contributor to both DOC cycling and CO2 gas exchange in this coastal system.
Reframing hydrology education to solve coupled human and environmental problems
Authors: King E. G. , O'Donnell F. C. , Caylor K. K.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The impact of human activity on the biophysical world raises myriad challenges for sustaining Earth system processes, ecosystem services, and human societies. To engage in meaningful problem-solving in the hydrosphere, this necessitates an approach that recognizes the coupled nature of human and biophysical systems. We argue that, in order to produce the next generation of problem-solvers, hydrology education should ensure that students develop an appreciation and working familiarity in the context of coupled human-environmental systems. We illustrate how undergraduate-level hydrology assignments can extend beyond rote computations or basic throughput scenarios to include consideration of the dynamic interactions with social and other biophysical dimensions of complex adaptive systems. Such an educational approach not only builds appropriate breadth of dynamic understanding, but can also empower students toward assuming influential and effective roles in solving sustainability challenges.
Integrated hydrological modelling of small- and medium-sized water storages with application to the upper Fengman Reservoir Basin of China
Authors: Zhang C. , Peng Y. , Chu J. , Shoemaker C. A. , Zhang A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Hydrological simulation in regions with a large number of water storages is difficult due to inaccurate water storage data. To address this issue, this paper presents an improved version of SWAT2005 (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, version 2005) using Landsat, a satellite-based dataset, an empirical storage classification method and some empirical relationships to estimate water storage and release from the various sizes of flow detention and regulation facilities. The SWAT2005 is enhanced by three features: (1) a realistic representation of the relationships between the surface area and volume of each type of water storages, ranging from small-sized flow detention ponds to medium- and large-sized reservoirs with the various flow regulation functions; (2) water balance and transport through a network combining both sequential and parallel streams and storage links; and (3) calibrations for both physical and human interference parameters. Through a real-world watershed case study, it is found that the improved SWAT2005 more accurately models small- and medium-sized storages than the original model in reproducing streamflows in the watershed. The improved SWAT2005 can be an effective tool to assess the impact of water storage on hydrologic processes, which has not been well addressed in the current modelling exercises.
Definition of a shortcut methodology for assessing flood-related Na-Tech risk
Authors: Marzo E. , Busini V. , Rota R.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. In this paper a qualitative methodology for the initial assessment of flood-related Na-Tech risk was developed as a screening tool to identify which situations require a much more expensive quantitative risk analysis (QRA). Through the definition of some suitable key hazard indicators (KHIs), the proposed methodology allows the identification of the Na-Tech risk level associated with a given situation; the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used as a multi-criteria decision tool for the evaluation of such qualitative KHIs. The developed methodology was validated through two case studies by comparing the predicted risk levels with the results of much more detailed QRAs previously presented in literature and then applied to the real flood happened at Spolana a.s., Neratovice, Czech Republic in August 2002.
Scaling properties of planetary calderas and terrestrial volcanic eruptions
Authors: Sanchez L. , Shcherbakov R.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Volcanism plays an important role in transporting internal heat of planetary bodies to their surface. Therefore, volcanoes are a manifestation of the planet's past and present internal dynamics. Volcanic eruptions as well as caldera forming processes are the direct manifestation of complex interactions between the rising magma and the surrounding host rock in the crust of terrestrial planetary bodies. Attempts have been made to compare volcanic landforms throughout the solar system. Different stochastic models have been proposed to describe the temporal sequences of eruptions on individual or groups of volcanoes. However, comprehensive understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for volcano formation and eruption and more specifically caldera formation remains elusive. In this work, we propose a scaling law to quantify the distribution of caldera sizes on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Io, as well as the distribution of calderas on Earth depending on their surrounding crustal properties. We also apply the same scaling analysis to the distribution of interevent times between eruptions for volcanoes that have the largest eruptive history as well as groups of volcanoes on Earth. We find that when rescaled with their respective sample averages, the distributions considered show a similar functional form. This result implies that similar processes are responsible for caldera formation throughout the solar system and for different crustal settings on Earth. This result emphasizes the importance of comparative planetology to understand planetary volcanism. Similarly, the processes responsible for volcanic eruptions are independent of the type of volcanism or geographical location.
A modelling study of the hydrographic structure of the Ross Sea
Authors: Tonelli M. , Wainer I. , Curchitser E.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Dense water formation around Antarctica is recognized as one of the most important processes to climate modulation, since that is where the linkage between the upper and lower limbs of Global Thermohaline Circulation takes place. Assessing whether these processes may be affected by rapid climate changes and all the related feedbacks may be crucial to fully understand the ocean heat transport and to provide future projections. Applying the Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference (CORE) normal year forcing we have run a 100-yr simulation using Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) with explicit sea-ice/ice-shelf thermodynamics. The normal year consists of single annual cycle of all the data that are representative of climatological conditions over decades and can be applied repeatedly for as many years of model integration as necessary. The experiment employed a circumpolar variable resolution (1/2° to 1/24°) grid reaching less than 5 km over the inner continental shelf. With Optimum Parameter Analysis (OMP) the main Ross Sea (RS) water masses are identified: Antarctic surface water (AASW), circumpolar deep water (CDW), shelf water (SW) and ice shelf water (ISW). Current configuration allows very realistic representation, where results compare extremely well to the observations.
Constrained Network Modularity
Authors: Capobianco Enrico
Published: November 2012

Static representations of protein interactions networks or PIN reflect measurements referred to a variety of conditions, including time. To partially bypass such limitation, gene expression information is usually integrated in the network to measure its “activity level.” In general, the entire PIN modular organization (complexes, pathways) can reveal changes of configuration whose functional significance depends on biological annotation. However, since network dynamics are based on the presence of different conditions leading to comparisons between normal and disease states, or between networks observed sequentially in time, our working hypothesis refers to the analysis of differential networks based on varying modularity and uncertainty. Two popular methods were applied and evaluated, k-core and Q-modularity, over a reference yeast dataset comprising a PIN of literature-curated data obtained from the fusion of heterogeneous measurements sources. While the functional aspect of interest is cell cycle and the corresponding interactions were isolated, the PIN dynamics were externally induced by time-course measured gene expression values, which we consider one of the “modularity drivers.” Notably, due to the nature of such expression values referred to the “just-in-time method,” we could specialize our approach according to three constrained modular configurations then comparatively assessed through local entropy measures.
Bayesian Models of Brain and Behaviour
Authors: Penny William
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a review of Bayesian models of brain and behaviour. We first review the basic principles of Bayesian inference. This is followed by descriptions of sampling and variational methods for approximate inference, and forward and backward recursions in time for inference in dynamical models. The review of behavioural models covers work in visual processing, sensory integration, sensorimotor integration, and collective decision making. The review of brain models covers a range of spatial scales from synapses to neurons and population codes, but with an emphasis on models of cortical hierarchies. We describe a simple hierarchical model which provides a mathematical framework relating constructs in Bayesian inference to those in neural computation. We close by reviewing recent theoretical developments in Bayesian inference for planning and control.
Modeling Gender-Structured Wildlife Diseases with Harvesting: Chronic Wasting Disease as an Example
Authors: Al-Arydah Mo'tassem , Smith Robert J. , Lutscher Frithjof
Published: November 2012

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion infectious disease that affects members of the deer family in North America. Concerns about the economic consequences of the presence of CWD have led management agencies to seek effective strategies to control CWD distribution and prevalence. Current mathematical models are either based on complex simulations or overly simplified compartmental models. We develop a mathematical model that includes gender structure to describe CWD in a logistically growing population. The model includes harvesting as a management strategy for the disease. We determine the stability conditions of the disease-free equilibrium for the model and calculate the basic reproduction number. We find an optimum interval of harvesting: with too little harvesting, the disease persists, whereas too much harvesting results in extinction of the population. A sensitivity analysis shows that the disease threshold is more sensitive to female than male harvesting and that harvesting has the greatest effect on the basic reproduction number. However, while harvesting may be a way to control CWD, the range of admissible harvesting rates may be very narrow, depending on other parameters.
Transmission Dynamics of Lymphatic Filariasis: A Mathematical Approach
Authors: Bhunu C. P. , Mushayabasa S.
Published: November 2012

An epidemiological model for the spread of lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-borne infection, is developed and analysed. The epidemic thresholds known as the reproduction number and equilibria for the model are determined and stabilities analysed. Results from the analysis of the reproduction number suggest that treatment will somehow contribute to a reduction in lymphatic filariasis cases, but what it does not show is the magnitude of the reduction, a part answered by the numerical simulations. Numerical simulations show that even when all lymphatic filariasis cases displaying elephantiasis
symptoms are put on treatment it will not be able to eradicate the disease. This result suggests that effective control of lymphatic filariasis may lie in treatment for those displaying symptoms as well as chemoprophylaxis for the exposed.
Overheating and Hospitals - What do we know?
Authors: Carmichael Catriona , Bickler Graham , Kovats Sari , Pencheon David , Murray Virginia , West Christopher , Doyle Yvonne
Published: November 2012

Heatwaves have well described impacts on human health and wellbeing. Heatwaves also have impacts on hospitals. Patients, visitors, equipment, medication and IT systems have all been affected or compromised during episodes of extreme heat. High indoor temperatures are also of concern for the comfort, efficiency, and occupational health of staff. The Heatwave Plan for England describes actions to prepare for and be taken in the event of a heatwave. Advice for a hospital is so far limited and not evidence based.  In this paper, we review what is currently known about the impacts of heatwaves on hospitals and identify several important information gaps. Improved responses to hot weather could improve patient care and staff comfort. If seen as part of a wider approach to sustainability, proper planning will also enable hospitals to reduce health care costs, increase efficiency and meet carbon reduction targets.
Factors Affecting the Choice of Marketing Channel by Vegetable Farmers in Swaziland
Authors: Xaba Bongiwe G , Masuku Micah B
Published: November 2012

Vegetables as a group of horticultural crops are important for their contribution as an income support to a large proportion of the rural households. However, enhancing vegetable farmers to reach markets and actively engage in the markets is a key challenge influencing vegetable production in Swaziland. The perishable nature of vegetables necessitates effective marketing channels. The aim of this paper was to investigate factors affecting farmers’ choice of marketing channels using survey data gathered during the 2011 production season. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected vegetable farmers. Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used. The results indicated that age of the farmer, quantity of baby corn produced and level of education were significant predictors of the choice to sell vegetables to NAMBoard market channel instead of selling to other-wholesale market channel. The age of the farmer, distance from production area to market, membership in farmer organization and marketing agreement were significant determinants of the choice to use non-wholesale market channel over other-wholesale market channel. It is therefore important to promote collective action as an institutional vehicle for linking farmers to agribusiness supply chains. Farmers should establish networks since they aid in sharing knowledge, farmers can improve produce grades as required by market.
Conceptual Implicit Memory in Advertising Research
Authors: Northup Temple , Mulligan Neil
Published: November 2012

A growing body of research examines the effect of advertising on implicit (unconscious or unintentional) forms of memory, in contrast with typical advertising research focusing on explicit (conscious or recollective) measures. This research primarily examines perceptual implicit memory, but conceptual implicit tests also have clear relevance for advertising research. The present experiments use a conceptual implicit test to determine if conceptual priming is obtained with brand materials and to assess the degree of explicit contamination (using a post‐test awareness questionnaire). The experiments first demonstrated that awareness is a threat to conceptual implicit measures within the advertising context. Steps were taken to reduce awareness, which were successful. Results suggest that brands can be conceptually primed when presented as text or as images but that awareness has to be accounted for as aware participants did show significantly more priming than those who were unaware (Experiment 3). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bias‐eliminating least‐squares identification of errors‐in‐variables models with mutually correlated noises
Authors: Diversi Roberto
Published: November 2012

This paper proposes a bias‐eliminating least‐squares (BELS) approach for identifying linear dynamic errors‐in‐variables (EIV) models whose input and output are corrupted by additive white noise. The method is based on an iterative procedure involving, at each step, the estimation of both the system parameters and the noise variances. The proposed identification algorithm differs from previous BELS algorithms in two aspects. First, the input and output noises are allowed to be mutually correlated, and second, the estimation of the noise covariances is obtained by exploiting the statistical properties of the equation error of the EIV model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Line Defects on the Electrical Properties of Single Crystal TiO2
Authors: Adepalli Kiran Kumar , Kelsch Marion , Merkle Rotraut , Maier Joachim
Published: November 2012

One‐dimensional defects are created in [001] and [110] oriented TiO2 single crystals by uniaxial pressure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization shows them to preferably lie on {110} planes. Electrical properties studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure reveal their influence on ionic and electronic charge carriers. At high oxygen partial pressures (1 bar–10−5 bar) the conductivity due to positive charge carriers is strongly enhanced, e.g., the ionic conductivity is increased by more than two orders of magnitude, when the electrical measurement axis lies on the slip plane. In contrary, no changes are observed when the measurement axis does not lie on the slip planes. At low oxygen partial pressures (<10−15 bar), irrespective of orientation and presence of dislocation, there is no change in the n‐type conductivity. The observed phenomena can be well explained within the space charge model, assuming the dislocation cores to exhibit an excess negative charge (increased titanium vacancy concentration). The present study gives a clear correlation between line defects and point defect concentrations in such an oxide for the first time.
Hyaluronic Acid Catechol: A Biopolymer Exhibiting a pH‐Dependent Adhesive or Cohesive Property for Human Neural Stem Cell Engineering
Authors: Hong Seonki , Yang Kisuk , Kang Bobae , Lee Changhyun , Song In Taek , Byun Eunkyoung , Park Kook In , Cho Seung‐Woo , Lee Haeshin
Published: November 2012

Nature has developed materials that are integrated and effective at controlling their properties of adhesiveness and cohesiveness; the chemistry of these materials has been optimized during evolution. For example, a catechol moiety found in the adhesive proteins of marine mussels regulates its properties between adhesion and cohesion, rapidly adapting to environmental conditions. However, in synthetic materials chemistry, introduced chemical moieties are usually monofunctional, either being adhesive or cohesive; typically, this is not effective compared to natural materials. Herein, it is demonstrated that hyaluronic acid‐catechol (HA‐catechol) conjugates can exhibit either adhesiveness, functionalizing the surface of materials, or cohesiveness, building 3D hydrogels. Up to now, catechol‐conjugated polymers have shown to be useful in one of these two functions. The usefulness of the polymer in stem cell engineering is demonstrated. A platform for neural stem cell culture may be prepared, utilizing the adhesive property of HA‐catechol, and hydrogels are fabricated to encapsulate the neural stem cells, utilizing the cohesive property of the HA conjugate. Moreover, the HA‐catechol hydrogels are highly neural stem cell compatible, showing better viability compared to existing methods based on HA hydrogels.
High‐Speed, Low‐Voltage, and Environmentally Stable Operation of Electrochemically Gated Zinc Oxide Nanowire Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Nasr Babak , Wang Di , Kruk Robert , Rösner Harald , Hahn Horst , Dasgupta Subho
Published: November 2012

Single‐crystal, 1D nanostructures are well known for their high mobility electronic transport properties. Oxide‐nanowire field‐effect transistors (FETs) offer both high optical transparency and large mechanical conformability which are essential for flexible and transparent display applications. Whereas the “on‐currents” achieved with nanowire channel transistors are already sufficient to drive active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays; it is shown here that incorporation of electrochemical‐gating (EG) to nanowire electronics reduces the operation voltage to ≤2 V. This opens up new possibilities of realizing flexible, portable, transparent displays that are powered by thin film batteries. A composite solid polymer electrolyte (CSPE) is used to obtain all‐solid‐state FETs with outstanding performance; the field‐effect mobility, on/off current ratio, transconductance, and subthreshold slope of a typical ZnO single‐nanowire transistor are 62 cm2/Vs, 107, 155 μS/μm and 115 mV/dec, respectively. Practical use of such electrochemically‐gated field‐effect transistor (EG FET) devices is supported by their long‐term stability in air. Moreover, due to the good conductivity (≈10−2 S/cm) of the CSPE, sufficiently high switching speed of such EG FETs is attainable; a cut‐off frequency in excess of 100 kHz is measured for in‐plane FETs with large gate‐channel distance of >10 μm. Consequently, operation speeds above MHz can be envisaged for top‐gate transistor geometries with insulator thicknesses of a few hundreds of nanometers. The solid polymer electrolyte developed in this study has great potential in future device fabrication using all‐solution processed and high throughput techniques.
Child patterns of growth delay and cognitive development in a bolivian mining city
Authors: Ruiz‐Castell María , Carsin Anne‐Elie , Barbieri Flavia‐Laura , Paco Pamela , Gardon Jacques , Sunyer Jordi
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

This study aims to (1) follow up and characterize infant growth patterns during the first year of life in Bolivia, and (2) determine whether there exists an association between weight gain and cognitive development in children living near contaminated mining industries.

Methods:

Data on 175 children participating to the ToxBol (Toxicity in Bolivia) birth cohort were analyzed. Rapid‐growth during the first 6 months was defined as a change in weight z‐score > 0.67 while slow‐growth was defined as a weight z‐score change of < −0.67. Neurodevelopment was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 10.5–12.5 months of age. Mixed models were used to examine the association between cognitive development and weight gain.

Results:

Rapid growers weighed less at birth (P < 0.01). However, they revealed a higher body mass index at 12 months of age (0.70 ± 0.73, P < 0.01). After adjustment for confounding, rapid growth was not associated with cognitive development (coef = 0.49, 95% confidence interval = −4.10, 5.08).

Conclusions:

In this Bolivian cohort, children born smaller were more likely to grow/develop faster and attain greater weight and length. Their cognitive development was not affected by their growth patterns. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards Reaction Control: cis‐Diastereoselective Reductive Dehydroxylation of 5‐Alkyl‐4‐Benzyloxy‐5‐Hydroxy‐2‐Pyrrolidinones
Authors: Wang Yu‐Huang , Ou Wei , Xie Linfeng , Ye Jian‐Liang , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: November 2012

A chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectively controlled reaction is highly desirable, yet challenging in organic synthesis. Diversely substituted cis and trans isomers of 2‐alkyl‐3‐pyrrolidinols, 5‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrrolidinones, β‐hydroxy‐γ‐amino acids, and their higher homologues are key structural units found in numerous drugs, drug candidates, and bioactive natural products. Previously, we established a flexible approach to trans‐5‐alkyl‐4‐benzyloxy‐2‐pyrrolidinones 14 and trans‐6‐alkyl‐5‐benzyloxy‐2‐piperidinones 15. Herein, we report a direct, flexible, moisture insensitive, and highly diastereoselective approach to the corresponding cis diastereomers 16. This stereocontrolled method is based on the MsOH‐mediated (Ms=methane sulfonyl) reductive dehydroxylation of hemiaminal 12 with NaBH(OAc)3. cis‐5‐Alkyl‐4‐benzyloxy‐2‐pyrrolidinones 16 are useful building blocks for the syntheses of natural products such as (+)‐preussin (4) and streptopyrrolidine (5) as well as (3S,4S)‐γ‐alkyl‐β‐hydroxy‐γ‐amino acids (6).
Detecting local immunoglobulin E from mucosal brush biopsy of the inferior turbinates using microarray analysis
Authors: Reisacher William R.
Published: November 2012

Background

It has been previously demonstrated that local, antigen‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) can be detected using a standard in vitro assay of lysed epithelial cells in saline, harvested via nasal mucosal brush biopsy (MBB). However, compared to surgical biopsy or serum, smaller amounts of IgE are harvested using MBB, making detection much more difficult. Microarray analysis (MA) requires less IgE for detection, making this an attractive option for MBB. The goals of this study were to compare MA to a standard IgE assay for detecting antigen‐specific IgE from MBB and to test the association between the presence of multiple positive components on MA with specific IgE on standard assay and skin‐prick testing (SPT) grade.

Methods

MBB samples from 18 allergic rhinitis patients, which were previously tested for antigen‐specific IgE to common airborne allergens using a standard IgE assay, underwent MA for antigen‐specific IgE to multiple components of airborne and food allergens. Fisher's exact probability testing was used to measure the strength of association between the 2 testing modalities for Timothy grass, ragweed, cat, Alternaria, and D. farinae.

Results

MA correlated very highly with standard assay (p < 0.0001) and 50% of positive antigens on MA detected multiple components to that antigen. The presence of multiple components was not associated with specific IgE levels on standard assay or SPT grade.

Conclusion

This is the first demonstration that antigen‐specific IgE in saline samples can be measured using MA. The ability of MA to measure smaller amounts of IgE, with similar accuracy, may give it a potential advantage for MBB analysis in the future.
Gene expression differences in nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species regulation point to an altered innate immune response in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Jardeleza Camille , Jones Damien , Baker Leonie , Miljkovic Dijana , Boase Samuel , Tan Neil Cheng‐Wen , Vreugde Sarah , Tan Lor Wai , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: November 2012

Background

The complex interplay between host, environment, and microbe in the etiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. This study focuses on the host‐microbe interaction, specifically the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) against the pathogenic organism Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). NO and ROS play crucial roles in innate immunity and in the first‐line defense against microbial invasion.

Methods

Sinonasal tissue samples were harvested from CRS and control patients during surgery. CRS patients were classified S. aureus biofilm‐positive (B+) or biofilm‐negative (B−) using fluorescence in situ hybridization and clinically as polyp‐positive (P+) or polyp‐negative (P−). Samples were assessed using an NO polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array containing 84 genes involved in NO and ROS regulation, and gene expression of all subgroups were compared to each other.

Results

Twenty‐three samples were analyzed with 31 genes significantly changed, the greatest seen in the B+P+ CRS patients. Four genes consistently displayed differential expression between the groups including the cytoprotective oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) and peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2), and the prion protein (PRNP) genes.

Conclusion

Alteration in gene expression points to impaired innate immune responses differing among CRS subgroups based on S. aureus biofilm and polyp status. The consistent alteration of 4 genes among distinct groups demonstrates that S. aureus biofilms and polyps are associated with specific changes in gene expression. Further studies are required to validate these findings in a wider cohort of patients and correlate this to protein expression and disease manifestation.
CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN mRNA ENCODING AN INSULIN RECEPTOR FROM THE HORNED SCARAB BEETLE Onthophagus nigriventris (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Lavine Laura Corley , Hahn Laura L. , Warren Ian A. , Garczynski Stephen F. , Dworkin Ian , Emlen Douglas J.
Published: November 2012

The insulin signaling pathway is the primary signaling pathway coupling growth with nutritional condition in all animals. Sensitivity to circulating levels of insulin has been shown to regulate the growth of specific traits in a dose‐dependent manner in response to environmental conditions in a diversity of insect species. Alternative phenotypes in insects manifest in a variety of morphologies such as the sexually dimorphic and male dimorphic horned beetles. Large males of the sexually dimorphic dung beetle Onthophagus nigriventris develop a thoracic horn up to twice the length of the body whereas small males and females never develop this horn. The regulation of this dimorphism is known to be nutrition dependent for males. We focused on the insulin signaling pathway as a potential regulator of this dimorphism. We sequenced a full‐length gene transcript encoding the O. nigriventris insulin receptor (OnInR), which is the receptor for circulating insulin and insulin‐like peptides in animals. We show that the predicted OnInR protein is similar in overall amino acid identity to other insulin receptors (InRs) and is most closely related phylogenetically to insect InRs. Expression of the OnInR transcript was found during development of imaginal tissues in both males and females. However, expression of OnInR in the region where a horn would grow of small males and female was significantly higher than in the horn tissues of large males at the end of growth. This variation in OnInR expression between sexes and morphs indicates a role for the InR in polymorphic horn development.
Vitamin D, race, and experimental pain sensitivity in older adults with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Glover T. L. , Goodin B. R. , Horgas A. L. , Kindler L. L. , King C. D. , Sibille K. T. , Peloquin C. A. , Riley J. L. , Staud R. , Bradley L. A. , Fillingim R. B.
Published: November 2012

Objective

Low circulating serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (referred to hereafter as vitamin D) have been correlated with many health conditions, including chronic pain. Recent clinical practice guidelines define vitamin D levels <20 ng/ml as deficient and levels of 21–29 ng/ml as insufficient. Vitamin D insufficiency, including the most severe levels of deficiency, is more prevalent in black Americans. Ethnic and race group differences have been reported in both clinical and experimental pain, with black Americans reporting increased pain. The purpose of this study was to examine whether variations in vitamin D levels contribute to race differences in knee osteoarthritis pain.

Methods

The sample consisted of 94 participants (74% women), including 45 blacks and 49 whites with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Their average age was 55.8 years (range 45–71 years). Participants completed a questionnaire on knee osteoarthritis symptoms and underwent quantitative sensory testing, including measures of sensitivity to heat‐induced and mechanically induced pain.

Results

Blacks had significantly lower levels of vitamin D compared to whites, demonstrated greater clinical pain, and showed greater sensitivity to heat‐induced and mechanically induced pain. Low levels of vitamin D predicted increased experimental pain sensitivity, but did not predict self‐reported clinical pain. Group differences in vitamin D levels significantly predicted group differences in heat pain and pressure pain thresholds at the index knee and ipsilateral forearm.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that race differences in experimental pain are mediated by differences in the vitamin D level. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for increased knee osteoarthritis pain in black Americans.