bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Work of Some Recent English Church Historians with Special Reference to the Labors of the Late Henry Melville Gwatkin
Authors: Jackson Frederick John Foakes
Published: January 2009

Even though in the field of Church History comparatively little has been done in England in the present century, I do not think that a catalogue of authors and their works would be particularly illuminating. I have decided therefore to limit my remarks by confining them to historians with whom I happen to have been personally acquainted, hoping thereby to give a little human interest to a topic which might otherwise be somewhat dull, unless treated at a length inordinate for a single paper.
Early Theological Education West of the Alleghanies
Authors: Johnson Jesse
Published: January 2009

Two churches of the Presbyterian family, the Associate and the Associate Reformed, were the pioneers in organizing theological education west of the Alleghanies. As they were small and their history is not generally known, this paper may open with a brief account of their origin.
Dietary patterns among a national sample of British children aged 1½ – 4½; years
Authors: Pryer Jane A , Rogers Stephen
Published: January 2009

Objective

Using a nationally representative sample, to identify groups among British children aged 1½; – 4½; years who report similar patterns of diet.

Design

Nationally representative dietary survey, using 4 d weighed dietary records, of girls and boys aged 1½; – 4½; years living in private households in Great Britain in 1992–1993. Cluster analysis was used to aggregate individuals into diet groups.

Setting

Great Britain.

Participants

Eight hundred and forty-eight boys and 827 girls.

Results

Three clusters were identified for girls and three for boys. Among boys the most prevalent cluster was ‘Healthy Diet’ (52·3 %), the second was ‘Convenience Diet’ (38·3 %) and the third was ‘Traditional Diet’ (9·3 %). Among girls, the most prevalent dietary cluster was ‘Healthy Diet’ (58·7 %), followed by a ‘Convenience Diet’ (36·6 %) and ‘Traditional Diet’ (4·3 %). There were important differences in nutrient profile, sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics between clusters.

Conclusions

Cluster analysis identified three groups among both girls and boys which differed not only in terms of reported dietary intake, but also with respect to nutrient intake, social and behavioural characteristics. The groups identified could provide a useful basis for the development, monitoring and targeting of public health nutrition policy for pre-school children in the UK. Further research is needed on the consequences for chronic disease in the future for these children.
HOW LUDWIG BECAME A HOMUNCULUS
Authors: Harrison Jonathan
Published: January 2009

Jonathan Harrison teases our minds with two short stories …
WHAT IS CONSEQUENTIALISM?
Authors: Mason Elinor
Published: January 2009

Elinor Mason explains and contrasts consequentialist and duty-based theories of ethics.
WHY HOBBITS CANNOT EXIST
Authors: Kotzee Ben , Smit J.P.
Published: January 2009

Kotzee and Smit explain why, if unicorns don't exist, then they could not possibly have existed. In fact, even if horned horses were discovered somewhere, they would not necessarily be unicorns. The key to understanding why this is so lies in understanding how so-called natural kind terms function.
THE SPATIAL LOCATION OF GOD AND CASPER THE FRIENDLY GHOST
Authors: Thomas Emily
Published: January 2009

Emily Thomas questions the common claim that spiritual objects – such as souls or God – cannot be spatially located.
NO, YOU CAN'T STEAL A KISS
Authors: Chambers Timothy
Published: January 2009

Here, Timothy Chambers argues that rape is not a sex act. In the follow up piece, I suggest that it is.
RAPE IS A SEX ACT
Authors: Law Stephen
Published: January 2009

In the preceding piece, Timothy Chambers agrees with some feminists that “rape is not a sex act”. Here, I briefly defend the view that, whatever else rape is, it is, indeed, a sexual act. Timothy will reply in another piece.
THINKING TOOLS. FALLACY: DIVISION
Authors: Law Stephen
Published: January 2009

Thinking tools is a regular feature that offers tips and pointers on thinking clearly and rigorously.
ABORTION AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A RESPONSE TO BEVERLY HARRISON
Authors: Flannagan Matthew
Published: January 2009

Can one consistently oppose abortion on moral grounds, yet think the death penalty is morally acceptable?
Justification Not by Faith Alone: Clergy Generating Trust and Certainty by Revealing Thought
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Calfano Brian R.
Published: January 2009

While our intuition is that religious elites influence the political behavior of their audiences, just how that influence takes place is essentially unknown. Among many possible mechanisms, we investigate a new one: the effects of the decision-making process information that is included in elite statements. We believe that “process cues” paralleling those preferred by respondents bolster trust in the source and augment the ability to form determined attitudes. We test this proposition in the context of a survey experiment that focuses on environmental racism. We present competing arguments provided by a reverend and a professor, variably assigning the arguments and presence of elite process cues. We find that process cues do affect trust and attitudinal ambivalence, but in ways that challenge some pervasive assumptions about the integrity and importance of religious groups in politics.
Carbon monoxide and chromophoric dissolved organic matter cycles in the shelf waters of the northern California upwelling system
Authors: Day Douglas A. , Faloona Ian
Published: January 2009

An annual program of approximately bimonthly seawater sampling was conducted off the coast of the Bodega Marine Laboratory in the California Current upwelling system (CCUS) to investigate controls on dissolved carbon monoxide (CO) and its photochemical parent, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). A diel steady state model was developed to quantify CO sources and sinks throughout the day. Observed midday CO spanned 2.7–17 nmol L−1, and correlated strongly with coincident CDOM absorption; however, rapid microbial consumption rates (0.05–0.80 h−1) were such that ∼95% of the CO generated was metabolized within the ocean surface. Further indication of the dominant influence of the microbial ecosystem was the persistent observation of a strong “dark production,” which contributed ∼25% of the diurnal source strength within the top 17 m of the ocean. The dark source correlated strongly with biological oxidation rates and CDOM, suggesting that it is the result of incomplete respiration of biologically labile DOM. CDOM was lowest in recently upwelled waters, implying that its origin is from the induced primary production and not from shelf sediment resuspension. The estimated CO air‐sea flux was highly variable (average of 5 μmol m−2 d−1), and most likely inconsequential to the atmospheric budget in coastal regions. The photolytic source strength of CO2 from CDOM (2.7 mmol m−2 d−1) was estimated by scaling to modeled CO photoproduction rates. This photolytic remineralization rate represents ∼2.5% of the net primary production in the CCUS, implying that CDOM photobleaching may play a significant role in the carbon cycling of upwelling systems.
Hydraulic tomography using temporal moments of drawdown recovery data: A laboratory sandbox study
Authors: Yin Danting , Illman Walter A.
Published: January 2009

Hydraulic tomography (HT) is a new technology that images the hydraulic heterogeneity of the subsurface. Unlike steady state hydraulic tomography (SSHT), which provides a hydraulic conductivity (K) tomogram, transient hydraulic tomography (THT) provides reliable tomograms of both K and specific storage (Ss). Effective as it may be, THT is a computationally demanding technique. To ease the computational burden, a HT which utilizes zeroth and first temporal moments of transient drawdown recovery data (HT‐m) has been developed by Zhu and Yeh (2006). This procedure simplifies the governing equation from a single parabolic equation to two Poisson's equations for the zeroth moment and characteristic time defined as the ratio between the first and zeroth moments. The approach was previously tested using synthetic simulations. The numerical experiments tested the feasibility of HT‐m under ideal conditions, where measurements and model are assumed to be free of error. In this paper, we further evaluate the performance of HT‐m using cross‐hole pumping tests conducted in a heterogeneous, synthetic aquifer constructed in a laboratory sandbox in more realistic situations, where the data used in the inversion are not free of experimental errors. Unlike field tests, the laboratory tests were conducted in a synthetic aquifer created with a prescribed heterogeneity pattern and all forcing functions (initial and boundary conditions and source‐sink terms) controlled. Results from the HT‐m approach were compared to those from THT previously conducted by Liu et al. (2007). Our results show that the estimation of the K tomogram using the HT‐m approach is reasonable, but the estimation of the Ss tomogram is unreliable in comparison to the THT approach.
Spectral dependence of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes on source distance
Authors: Hazelton B. J. , Grefenstette B. W. , Smith D. M. , Dwyer J. R. , Shao X.‐M. , Cummer S. A. , Chronis T. , Lay E. H. , Holzworth R. H.
Published: January 2009

We use lightning sferics from the World Wide Lightning Location Network to identify storms near 362 Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs). The combined spectrum of TGFs with storms within 300 km of the sub‐satellite point is much harder than the spectrum of TGFs with more distant storms. When these data are compared with simulations of vertically oriented relativistic runaway breakdown, it is found that the most likely model has a source altitude of 15 km and a wide‐beam geometry. We find four associations of TGFs with individual sferics geolocated to positions more than 300 km from the sub‐satellite point and show that a narrow‐beam source at ≥21 km altitude is unlikely to produce the number of high energy photons in these TGFs.
What governs the spread in shortwave forcings in the transient IPCC AR4 models?
Authors: Storelvmo T. , Lohmann U. , Bennartz R.
Published: January 2009

The coupled global atmospheric‐ocean models used for transient simulations in the IPCC AR4 report differences in the present‐day shortwave forcing of more than 2 W/m2. We show here that about 1.3 W/m2 of this spread could be explained by the different methods used to calculate cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) from aerosol mass concentrations. Although we cannot rule out that other forcing agents could yield comparable uncertainties, this strongly points to the aerosol indirect effect as the main contributor to the wide spread in the shortwave forcing reported in IPCC AR4.
Hydrogen in the extended Venus exosphere
Authors: Delva M. , Volwerk M. , Mazelle C. , Chaufray J. Y. , Bertaux J. L. , Zhang T. L. , Vörös Z.
Published: January 2009

The nearly absence of water in the atmosphere of Venus is a major difference to the situation at Earth. The actual content of hydrogen in the exosphere is still an open issue, since no in situ measurements are available yet. A different method uses the presence of proton cyclotron waves as an early tracer of ionized planetary hydrogen picked‐up by the solar wind, especially in the region upstream of the bow shock. Here, we report long‐term observations over two full Venus‐years of upstream proton cyclotron waves by the magnetometer on the Venus Express spacecraft, which indicate permanent ionization and pick‐up of hydrogen by the solar wind upstream of the planetary bow shock up to high altitudes. The pick‐up protons are shown to be of planetary origin, whereas other sources of neutral hydrogen have only negligible contribution. Therefore, the observation of upstream proton cyclotron waves in the solar wind is a clear indication for the existence of an extended neutral hydrogen corona at Venus, with significant local number densities up to an altitude of eight planetary radii. Recent observations of the exospheric Lyman‐α emission also indicate hot neutral hydrogen densities which are higher than expected.
Biases in the calculation of Southern Hemisphere mean baroclinic eddy growth rate
Authors: Simmonds Ian , Lim Eun‐Pa
Published: January 2009

The maximum Eady growth rate measure of baroclinic instability is very commonly used in the literature. Its average is usually calculated directly from the time‐mean flow. It is suggested here that this approach is not entirely suitable, but rather one should obtain the Eady growth rates at all relevant synoptic times and average these. It is found at the 850 hPa level in the Southern Hemisphere that the time‐mean of the instantaneous rates exceed those calculated from the time‐mean field over much of the mid and high latitudes, and the difference is even more marked at 500 hPa. At both levels the axes of the maxima Eady growth rates are displaced to the south. Some implications are discussed, including the need for caution when diagnosing changes in cyclone properties from changes in Eady growth rate calculated directly from the time‐mean flow in climate change model simulations.
Scale dependence of sorption coefficients for contaminant transport in saturated fractured rock
Authors: Dai Zhenxue , Wolfsberg Andrew , Lu Zhiming , Deng Hailin
Published: January 2009

A significant challenge in contaminant transport modeling is to obtain a mechanistic understanding of transport parameter scaling that accurately addresses the combined influence of physical and chemical heterogeneities at different scales. In this paper, we have developed a scaling methodology to upscale matrix sorption coefficients for fractured‐rock systems by characterizing both the tortuosity field (physical heterogeneity) and retardation factor field (chemical heterogeneity) in the rock matrix. We compute the effective tortuosity with a conservative tracer (e.g., tritium), and then using a sorbing tracer (e.g., uranium), we derive the equations for upscaling the sorption coefficients in a saturated, fractured rock system. The derived upscaling equations for the sorption coefficients are verified with Monte Carlo simulations, which are based on a generalized dual‐porosity model to enable highly efficient and accurate numerical simulations of diffusive concentration fronts moving between the fractures and matrix material. The scientific results from this study will provide a theoretical and practical link between controlled experimental results at scales increasing from the laboratory bench to the field scale at which risk assessment and contaminant remediation are actually conducted.
Search for periodicities in the IMP 8 Charged Particle Measurement Experiment proton fluxes for the energy bands 0.50–0.96 MeV and 190–440 MeV
Authors: Laurenza M. , Storini M. , Giangravè S. , Moreno G.
Published: January 2009

Past studies revealed that the photospheric magnetic field, as well as many solar activity phenomena, undergoes both periodic and quasiperiodic variations on different time scales. Nevertheless, only a few attempts have been made so far to detect corresponding variations in the occurrence frequency of solar energetic particle events. Here we search for periodicities in the proton fluxes, measured in the interplanetary space, on time scales ranging from a few (>6) Bartels rotations (27 days) up to the Schwabe (∼11 years) period. We apply the wavelet technique to the proton fluxes recorded by the Charged Particle Measurement Experiment (CPME) instrument aboard IMP 8 spacecraft, from 1974 to 2001, in the energy bands 0.50–0.96 MeV and 190–440 MeV. The reliability of the obtained results is tested by analyzing the wavelet response to suitable artificial functions. The ∼9.8, ∼3.8, and ∼1.7–2.2 year periods are the most significant found in the interplanetary proton flux. Shorter periods (such as ∼1 year) are detected in some time intervals, but they are not significant in the whole sequence of data.
On the loss of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous altitude: Its dependence on magnetic configurations and external conditions
Authors: Ohtani S. , Miyoshi Y. , Singer H. J. , Weygand J. M.
Published: January 2009

The present study statistically examines geosynchronous magnetic configurations and external conditions that characterize the loss of geosynchronous MeV electrons. The loss of MeV electrons often takes place during magnetospheric storms, but it also takes place without any clear storm activity. It is found that irrespective of storm activity, the day‐night asymmetry of the geosynchronous H (north‐south) magnetic component is pronounced during electron loss events. For the loss process, the magnitude, rather than the duration, of the magnetic distortion appears to be important, and its effective duration can be as short as ∼30 min. The solar wind dynamic pressure tends to be high and interplanetary magnetic field BZ tends to be southward during electron loss events. Under such external conditions the dayside magnetopause moves closer to Earth, and the day‐night magnetic asymmetry is enhanced. As a consequence the area of closed drift orbits shrinks. The magnetic field at the subsolar magnetopause, which is estimated from force balance with the solar wind dynamic pressure, is usually stronger than the nightside geosynchronous magnetic field during electron loss events. It is therefore suggested that geosynchronous MeV electrons on the night side are very often on open drift paths when geosynchronous MeV electrons are lost. Whereas the present result does not preclude the widely accepted idea that MeV electrons are lost to the atmosphere by wave‐particle interaction, it suggests that magnetopause shadowing is another plausible loss process of geosynchronous MeV electrons.
Full particle simulation of whistler‐mode rising chorus emissions in the magnetosphere
Authors: Hikishima M. , Yagitani S. , Omura Y. , Nagano I.
Published: January 2009

We perform an electromagnetic full particle simulation to study the generation mechanism of VLF whistler‐mode chorus emissions in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere. Parabolic variation of the static magnetic field is assumed as a model for the dipole magnetic field in the vicinity of the equator. We have cold thermal electrons and relatively low anisotropic hot electrons as plasma particles. In the initial phase, the amplitude growth of the incoherent whistler‐mode waves is determined by the linear growth rate. When the wave amplitude reaches a certain level, it begins to grow more rapidly with a series of rising tone emissions consisting of coherent phase structures in the vicinity of the magnetic equator, and their wave packets propagate away form the magnetic equator. The frequency sweep rates of the excited rising tone elements decrease gradually. We find a distinct threshold for such a nonlinear wave growth generating the rising chorus‐like elements. The relation between the wave amplitude and the frequency sweep rate of each element found in the simulation fully supports the nonlinear wave growth theory of chorus emissions.
Neutral solar wind generated by lunar exospheric dust at the terminator
Authors: Collier Michael R. , Stubbs Timothy J.
Published: January 2009

We calculate the flux of neutral solar wind observed on the lunar surface at the terminator due to solar wind protons penetrating exospheric dust grains with (1) radii greater than 0.1 μm and (2) radii greater than 0.01 μm. For grains with radii larger than 0.1 μm, the ratio of the neutral solar wind flux produced by exospheric dust to the incident ionized solar wind flux is estimated to be ∼10−4–10−3 for solar wind speeds in excess of 800 km s−1 but much lower (<10−5) at average to slow solar wind speeds. However, when the smaller grain sizes are considered, this ratio is estimated to be ≥10−5 at all speeds and at speeds in excess of 700 km s−1 reaches ∼10−3. These neutral solar wind fluxes are easily measurable with current low‐energy neutral atom instrumentation. Observations of neutral solar wind from the surface of the Moon would provide independent information on the distribution of very small dust grains in the lunar exosphere that would complement and constrain optical measurements at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths.
A comparison of simulated cloud radar output from the multiscale modeling framework global climate model with CloudSat cloud radar observations
Authors: Marchand Roger , Haynes John , Mace Gerald G. , Ackerman Thomas , Stephens Graeme
Published: January 2009

Over the last few years a new type of global climate model (GCM) has emerged in which a cloud‐resolving model is embedded into each grid cell of a GCM. This new approach is frequently called a multiscale modeling framework (MMF) or superparameterization. In this article we present a comparison of MMF output with radar observations from the NASA CloudSat mission, which uses a near‐nadir‐pointing millimeter‐wavelength radar to probe the vertical structure of clouds and precipitation. We account for radar detection limits by simulating the 94 GHz radar reflectivity that CloudSat would observe from the high‐resolution cloud‐resolving model output produced by the MMF. Overall, the MMF does a good job of reproducing the broad pattern of tropical convergence zones, subtropical belts, and midlatitude storm tracks, as well as their changes in position with the annual solar cycle. Nonetheless, the comparison also reveals a number of model shortfalls including (1) excessive hydrometeor coverage at all altitudes over many convectively active regions, (2) a lack of low‐level hydrometeors over all subtropical oceanic basins, (3) excessive low‐level hydrometeor coverage (principally precipitating hydrometeors) in the midlatitude storm tracks of both hemispheres during the summer season (in each hemisphere), and (4) a thin band of low‐level hydrometeors in the Southern Hemisphere of the central (and at times eastern and western) Pacific in the MMF, which is not observed by CloudSat. This band resembles a second much weaker ITCZ but is restricted to low levels.
Decadal and seasonal dependence of North Pacific sea surface temperature persistence
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Li Jianping
Published: January 2009

Decadal and seasonal dependence of the persistence characteristics of area‐averaged sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific (150°E∼140°W, 20°N∼60°N) are investigated using two different SST data sets for the period 1948–2005. It is found that a persistence barrier exists around July–September (especially in September). This July–September persistence barrier is accompanied by a summer decline in the wind stress. The results confirm the existence of the July–September persistence barrier in the North Pacific SST discovered by Namias and Born (1970). Besides the seasonal change, North Pacific SST persistence also exhibits a pronounced decadal change. Taking all calendar months into account, North Pacific SST persistence is relatively strong from the mid‐1950s to the mid‐1960s but then weak from the mid‐1960s to the mid‐1980s, and becomes stronger again from the mid‐1980s until the mid‐1990s, after which it tends to become weak again. The recurrence of SST anomalies from one winter to the next is obvious from the mid‐1950s to mid‐1960s, but no obvious recurrence occurs after the mid‐1960s. Decadal changes of the Pacific−North America (PNA) pattern, the SST‐clouds feedback, and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) are found to be related to those of North Pacific SST persistence. The PNA index shows a significant upward trend after the 1980s. Besides, the PNA pattern also exhibits a high persistence in winter from the mid‐1980s to the mid‐1990s. These changes of PNA pattern are favorable to the occurrence of strong SST persistence in winter from the mid‐1980s to the mid‐1990s. In summer, the positive feedback between the marine boundary clouds and SST enhances the SST persistence in the North Pacific. It is found that the positive feedback between the SST and clouds in the North Pacific during summer becomes stronger from the mid‐1980s to the mid‐1990s, which would contribute to the longer SST persistence in summer from the mid‐1980s to the mid‐1990s. The SOI shows negative correlation with the North Pacific SST persistence and the PNA index, indicating the remote forcing of ENSO on the North Pacific climate change. In addition, the high north Pacific SST persistence from the mid‐1980s to the mid‐1990s coincides with the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). We concluded that the changes in the tropical SST or the PDO phase might explain the origin of decadal changes of North Pacific SST persistence.
Pliocene equatorial temperature: Lessons from atmospheric superrotation
Authors: Tziperman Eli , Farrell Brian
Published: January 2009

There is proxy evidence that the pronounced east‐west temperature difference observed today across the equatorial Pacific Ocean may not have existed in the early Pliocene (4–5 Ma BP) and that the east Pacific cold tongue developed gradually toward the end of the Pliocene (2 Ma BP). The east Pacific temperature influences weather and climate worldwide, and the Pliocene climate may be an instructive analogue to a future warm climate arising from anthropogenic elevation of CO2, making understanding the Pliocene equatorial SST gradient especially relevant. A mechanism for maintaining a weaker Pliocene equatorial temperature gradient is proposed that borrows from theories of atmospheric superrotation. The mechanism is based on enhanced or rearranged tropical convective activity during the warmer Pliocene climate exciting atmospheric Rossby waves that propagated poleward from the equator. These waves produced an equatorward flux of westerly momentum that weakened the surface easterlies and therefore the east‐west thermocline slope and SST gradient.
Structure-based design of novel pyrazoles as aurora kinase A inhibitors.
Authors: Coumar Mohane , Shukla Paritosh , Kumar Dixit Ajay , Leou Jiun-Shyang , Hsu John , Wu Su-Ying , Hsieh Hsing-Pang
Published: January 2009

Inhibition of Aurora kinase, a member of serine/threonine kinase involved in the regulation of cell division is emerging as a new molecular targeted cancer treatment option. Three isoforms of Aurora kinase, A, B and C are known. Both Aurora A and B are over expressed in many human cancers and are linked to chromosome instability, oncogenic transformation, tumour progression and development of chemoresistance. Inhibitors of Aurora kinase, regardless of their kinase specificity spectrum have shown to promote cancer cell death by induction of apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Based on the current success of Aurora kinase inhibitors in the development of kinase-based cancer therapy, we have initiated a structure-based virtual screening for the identification of Aurora kinase inhibitors by using published aurora protein structure (PDB code:1MQ4). Small molecule and natural product compound libraries were docked into the active site/ATP binding site using the programs Gold 3.0 and Glide 4.5. A total of six compounds were identified with high priority scores through this method to possess Aurora A inhibition. One of the virtual screen (VS) hit, BPR1K0025S0 was synthesised in 3 steps and found to have Aurora A IC50~15 M and x-ray co-crystal structure in complex with the aurora protein was solved for this compound. Based on the binding mode of this compound to Aurora A protein, further modification in the ester part was envisaged and a total of around 40 compounds were synthesised. Many of them possessed enhanced activity level compared to the original hit. Of particular interest is the aniline series of compounds, which showed submicromolar activity in the enzyme based Aurora inhibition assay. Thus a forty-fold improvement in activity for BPR1K0269S0 was achieved from the initial virtual screen hit BPR1K0025S0.
The ABC transporter MsbA interacts with lipid A and amphipathic drugs at different sites
Authors: Siarheyeva Alena , Sharom Frances J.
Published: January 2009

MsbA is an essential ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter involved in lipid A transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The protein has also been linked to efflux of amphipathic drugs. Purified wild-type MsbA was labelled stoichiometrically with the fluorescent probe MIANS [2-(4′-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid] on C315, which is located within the intracellular domain connecting transmembrane helix 6 and the nucleotide-binding domain. MsbA–MIANS displayed high ATPase activity, and its folding and stability were unchanged. The initial rate of MsbA labelling by MIANS was reduced in the presence of amphipathic drugs, suggesting that binding of these compounds alters the protein conformation. The fluorescence of MsbA–MIANS was saturably quenched by nucleotides, lipid A and various drugs, and estimates of the Kd values for binding fell in the range of 0.35–10 μM. Lipid A and daunorubicin were able to bind to MsbA–MIANS simultaneously, implying that they occupy different binding sites. The effects of nucleotide and lipid A/daunorubicin binding were additive, and binding was not ordered. The Kd of MsbA for binding lipid A was substantially decreased when the daunorubicin binding site was occupied first, and prior binding of nucleotide also modulated lipid A binding affinity. These results indicate that MsbA contains two substrate-binding sites that communicate with both the nucleotide-binding domain and with each other. One is a high affinity binding site for the physiological substrate, lipid A, and the other site interacts with drugs with comparable affinity. Thus MsbA may function as both a lipid flippase and a multidrug transporter.
Men and Women: Do They Value the Same Things in Mainstream Nightclubs and Bars?
Authors: Moss Gloria A. , Parfitt Scott , Skinner Heather
Published: January 2009

This paper explores whether young men and women, the main target market for mainstream nightclubs and bars, have similar or different preference priorities in respect of a first and subsequent visit to these venues. It suggests that an understanding of the gendered nature of place and the differing preferences of men and women can assist businesses in shaping their products and services around the needs of their customers. It suggests that this can be done through a study of preferences and expectations for price and non-price mechanisms of differentiation. In Phase 1 of the research, purposive sampling examined men and women's attitudes to the servicescape and offerings by mainstream nightclubs and bars. In Phase 2 of the research, the emerging themes were tested using quantitative data gathered by means of a questionnaire. The results highlight differences as well as similarities, in terms of the importance to men and women of various elements of the servicescape and service offering. In a saturated and competitive marketplace, these findings can assist mainstream venues within the late-night economy improve their competitive position. They can do this by isolating the elements that are gendered, thereby providing the venues with the opportunity to deliver service offerings that match these preferences and expectations.
Spatial Distribution of Inbound Tourism in China: Determinants and Implications
Authors: Zhang Jianhong
Published: January 2009

This study sets up an integrative framework to analyse the determinants of a region's international inbound tourism. Meanwhile, the competition and complimentarity between regions are also examined in the same framework. This study concludes that development level, openness, tourism resources, tourism facilities and tourism organisation are all positively associated to a region's international tourism receipts. In addition, the spatial effects are highly significant in the spatial econometric models, which means that an increase in one region's international inbound tourism benefits its neighbours and the regions with which it has spatial connections in terms of tourists. Based on these findings, the study discusses the contribution of tourism toward the reduction of regional inequality in China.
The Important Dimensions of Wine Tourism Experience from Potential Visitors' Perception
Authors: Cohen Eli , Ben-Nun Livnat
Published: January 2009

The objective of this study is to identify the salient features of wineries and wine regions, from the perspective of a potential Israeli visitor. This insight facilitates an understanding of the features that might influence the decision to visit a winery or wine region, and enables operators to develop varied wine tourism products, combined with other attractions and activities. An exploratory study has been conducted and included 373 valid questionnaires of adult Israeli residents. The questionnaires included a list of 42 winery and wine region features, based on previous literature and preliminary semi-structured interviews. Participants were asked to rate the importance of each feature with respect to their decision to visit wineries or wine regions (on a 1-5 Likert-type scale). Factor analysis technique was implemented resulting in three factors, representing different dimensions of the wine tourism experience, and explained 43.9 per cent of the total variance. Factor scores were calculated and used for comparisons between different segments. The findings indicated that different segments yielded different importance ratings for each dimension. Fundamental differences occurred among specific segment bases: winery visitation frequency, subjects having children less than 18 years and wine involvement. Results show that the motivations for choosing a wine region as a tourist destination go beyond a simple desire to experience wine. A tourist's decision to visit a specific winery is also shaped by the willingness to experience the region's features and to participate in other activities or attractions during the visit.
Tourism, Growth and Residents' Welfare with Pollution
Authors: Giannoni Sauveur
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we build a standard model of optimal growth, with exogenous population growth and technical change, for an economy specialised in tourism. Assuming that the production of tourism is pollution generating and that tourists are pollution adverse, we establish propositions regarding long-term growth and sustainability of tourism. We show that mass tourism only is associated with high growth rates and that in general, mass tourism is not sustainable. To sum up, our model shows that high growth sustainable tourism does not actually exists.
A study of the ground and excited states of Al3 and Al3−. I. 488 nm anion photoelectron spectrum
Authors: Villalta Peter W. , Leopold Doreen G.
Published: January 2009

The vibrationally resolved, 488 nm anion photoelectron spectrum of aluminum trimer displays transitions from two electronic states of Al3− to four states of Al3. Franck–Condon analyses of the spectra in the independent harmonic oscillator, parallel mode approximation provide information concerning equilibrium bond length and bond angle differences among the observed states. The electron affinity of Al3 is measured to be 1.916±0.004 eV. In the X̃ A21′ Al3 ground state, fundamental symmetric stretching (ν1) and bending (ν2) vibrational frequencies are 357±10 and 240±10 cm−1. In the X̃ A11′ Al3− ground state, these values are 365±15 and 257±15 cm−1, and the equilibrium bond lengths are the same as those of Al3 to within 0.02 Å. The transition between the Al3− and Al3 ground states displays only weak activity in the bending mode, consistent with essentially D3h structures for both states. An excited B32 Al3− state at 0.409±0.004 eV (T0) has vibrational frequencies of 330±20 (ν1) and 200±10 cm−1 (ν2). This C2v state has a 65±1° apex bond angle and its two equal bond lengths are within 0.01 Å of the ground state value. Liquid nitrogen cooling of the downstream portion of the ∼60 cm long, 0.4–0.7 Torr flow tube anion source increases the observed relative population of this excited triplet state among the sampled anions, evidently slowing its relaxation to the singlet ground state. A A22″ excited state of Al3 lies 0.192±0.004 eV above the ground state and has frequencies of 315±15 (ν1) and 197±10 cm−1 (ν2) and bonds 0.10±0.03 Å longer than in the ground state. A A42 Al3 excited state at 0.300±0.004 eV displays 315±15 (ν1) and 140±10 cm−1 (ν2) vibrational frequencies. The Franck–Condon analysis of this state, which is accessed only from the B32 anion, indicates a C2v structure with a 69±2° apex bond angle and bonds 0.06±0.02 Å longer than in the ground state. A B22 Al3 excited state at 0.706±0.005 eV is also accessed from the B32 anion. The lack of vibrational features observable over overlapping transitions indicates similar structures for the B22 and B32 states. Primary stretching force constants (mdyn/Å) are reported for the Al3− (0.70±0.06) and Al3 (0.63±0.04) ground states and for three excited states. In the following paper, computational predictions for the ground and excited states of Al3− and Al3 are reported and compared with these results.
Moving least-squares enhanced Shepard interpolation for the fast marching and string methods
Authors: Burger Steven K. , Liu Yuli , Sarkar Utpal , Ayers Paul W.
Published: January 2009

The number of the potential energy calculations required by the quadratic string method (QSM), and the fast marching method (FMM) is significantly reduced by using Shepard interpolation, with a moving least squares to fit the higher-order derivatives of the potential. The derivatives of the potential are fitted up to fifth order. With an error estimate for the interpolated values, this moving least squares enhanced Shepard interpolation scheme drastically reduces the number of potential energy calculations in FMM, often by up 80%. Fitting up through the highest order tested here (fifth order) gave the best results for all grid spacings. For QSM, using enhanced Shepard interpolation gave slightly better results than using the usual second order approximate, damped Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno updated Hessian to approximate the surface. To test these methods we examined two analytic potentials, the rotational dihedral potential of alanine dipeptide and the SN2 reaction of methyl chloride with fluoride.
Advanced dielectric continuum model of preferential solvation
Authors: Basilevsky Mikhail , Odinokov Alexey , Nikitina Ekaterina , Grigoriev Fedor , Petrov Nikolai , Alfimov Mikhail
Published: January 2009

A continuum model for solvation effects in binary solvent mixtures is formulated in terms of the density functional theory. The presence of two variables, namely, the dimensionless solvent composition y and the dimensionless total solvent density z, is an essential feature of binary systems. Their coupling, hidden in the structure of the local dielectric permittivity function, is postulated at the phenomenological level. Local equilibrium conditions are derived by a variation in the free energy functional expressed in terms of the composition and density variables. They appear as a pair of coupled equations defining y and z as spatial distributions. We consider the simplest spherically symmetric case of the Born-type ion immersed in the benzene/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvent mixture. The profiles of y(R) and z(R) along the radius R, which measures the distance from the ion center, are found in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is shown that for a given solute ion z(R) does not depend significantly on the composition variable y. A simplified solution is then obtained by inserting z(R), found in the MD simulation for the pure DMSO, in the single equation which defines y(R). In this way composition dependences of the main solvation effects are investigated. The local density augmentation appears as a peak of z(R) at the ion boundary. It is responsible for the fine solvation effects missing when the ordinary solvation theories, in which z=1, are applied. These phenomena, studied for negative ions, reproduce consistently the simulation results. For positive ions the simulation shows that z⪢1 (z=5–6 at the maximum of the z peak), which means that an extremely dense solvation shell is formed. In such a situation the continuum description fails to be valid within a consistent parametrization.
Preferential solvation of spherical ions in binary DMSO/benzene mixtures
Authors: Basilevsky Mikhail , Odinokov Alexey , Nikitina Ekaterina , Grigoriev Fedor , Petrov Nikolai , Alfimov Mikhail
Published: January 2009

We consider a new qualitative approach for treating theoretically the solvation of single-atomic ionic solutes in binary mixtures of polar and nonpolar aprotic solvents. It is based on the implicit continuum electrostatic model of the solvent mixture involving distance-dependent dielectric permittivity ε(R) (where R is the distance from the ion) and local concentrations C1(R) and C2(R) of the solvent ingredients. For a given R, the condition for local thermodynamic equilibrium provides the transcendental equation for explicitly establishing the permittivity and concentration profiles. Computations performed with real Cl− and model Cl+ ions as solutes in benzene/DMSO mixtures are compared with the molecular dynamics simulations of the same systems. A significant discrepancy of molecular and continuum results is revealed for the concentration profiles in the close vicinity of the ion boundary, although the general trends are similar. The continuum methodology cannot account for the formation of rigid solvent structures around ions, which is most significant for the case of Cl+. Such defect, however, proves to become of less importance in calculations of the solvation free energy, which are quite satisfactory for Cl− ion. Free energy calculations for Cl+ are less successful in the range of low DMSO concentration.
Overdamped characteristics of multilayered MgB2/AlN/Al/MgB2 Josephson junction
Authors: Shimakage Hisashi , Wang Zhen
Published: January 2009

MgB 2 / Al / AlN / MgB 2 multilayered Josephson junctions were fabricated on c-plane sapphire substrates. The measured current-voltage characteristics were well fitted with a resistively and capacitively shunted junction model. For a junction with 0.56-nm-thick AlN and 10-nm-thick Al layers, the current density was 740 A/cm2 and the ICRN product was 210 μV. The Josephson currents were found to be ideally modulated in accordance with theoretical calculations by an external magnetic field. Clear Shapiro steps were observed under irradiation at 95.622 GHz, and fourth step was obtained. Shapiro step heights were consistent with the resistively and capacitively shunted junction model.
Regular vibrational state progressions at the dissociation limit of SCCl2
Authors: Chowdary Praveen D. , Gruebele Martin
Published: January 2009

We observe sharp features in the vibrational spectrum of SCCl2 at and above its two lowest-lying dissociation limits. Highly regular vibrational progressions persist at dissociation, as in some smaller molecules studied previously by others. Nearly all of the SCCl2 transitions studied by stimulated emission pumping can be assigned and fitted by a simple effective Hamiltonian without resonance terms, up to a total vibrational excitation of 36 quanta. The character of the highly excited vibrational wave functions is not normal mode-like, but it nonetheless arises gradually from the normal modes as the energy increases. The number of sharp vibrational features observed matches a scaling model that predicts localization of nearly all vibrational states near dissociation as the size of a polyatomic molecule increases.
Correlation between local structure of melts and glass forming ability for Fe78M9B13 (M=Nb, Si, and Zr) alloys
Authors: Pan S. P. , Qin J. Y. , Gu T. K. , Yang L. , Bian X. F.
Published: January 2009

The structures of Fe78M9B13 (M=Nb, Si, and Zr) melts have been studied by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. The essential features of the structures are the same in these melts. Prism-type local atomic arrangements dominate around B atoms and icosahedral-like clusters are frequently found around Fe atoms. However, the structures of the three melts differ in the degree of structural distortion caused by introducing M atoms to the prisms. The structural and dynamical properties of these melts change with different M elements, suggesting that they are closely correlated with their glass formation. The degree of complexity of molten structure caused by the interactions among Fe, M, and B may play an important role in their glass forming ability.
Amorphization kinetics of germanium during ion implantation
Authors: Koffel S. , Scheiblin P. , Claverie A. , Benassayag G.
Published: January 2009

We have experimentally studied by using transmission electron microscopy the kinetics of Ge amorphization during ion implantation at room temperature. We show that the critical damage energy density model, widely used in silicon under this or different names, can also be used in germanium to predict the existence, position, and extension of amorphous layers resulting from the implantation of ions for almost all mass/energy/dose combinations reported here and in literature. In germanium, the crystalline to amorphous phase transition occurs through the accumulation of damage (point defects and/or clusters), and this damage linearly increases with the dose (the damage is additive) until a certain threshold is reached above which the material turns amorphous. However, for light ions such as boron amorphization occurs, at room temperature, closer to the surface than expected. This demonstrates that the interstitials and vacancies generated by such implants are not stable at room temperature and that defect annihilation occurs within dilute cascades until stable complexes are formed, probably di-interstitials and divacancies.
Experimental and computational studies on collective hydrogen dynamics in ammonia borane: Incoherent inelastic neutron scattering
Authors: Kathmann Shawn M. , Parvanov Vencislav , Schenter Gregory K. , Stowe Ashley C. , Daemen Luc L. , Hartl Monika , Linehan John , Hess Nancy J. , Karkamkar Abhi , Autrey Tom
Published: January 2009

Incoherent inelastic neutron scattering is used to probe the effects of dihydrogen bonding on the vibrational dynamics in the molecular crystal of ammonia borane. The thermal neutron energy loss spectra of B11 enriched ammonia borane isotopomers (B11H3NH3, B11D3NH3, and B11H3ND3) are presented and compared to the vibrational power spectrum calculated using ab initio molecular dynamics. A harmonic vibrational analysis on NH3BH3 clusters was also explored to check for consistency with experiment and the power spectrum. The measured neutron spectra and computed ab initio power spectrum compare extremely well (50–500 cm−1). Some assignment of modes to simple harmonic motion, e.g., NH3 and BH3 torsion in the molecular crystal is possible, and it is confirmed that the lowest modes are dominated by collective motion. We show that the vibrational dynamics as modeled with ab initio molecular dynamics provides a more complete description of anharmonic and collective dynamics in the low frequency region of the inelastic incoherent neutron scattering spectra when compared to the conventional harmonic approach.