bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Laboratory Studies on the Influence of Selected Engineering and Operational Parameters on Gear Transmission Vibroactivity
Authors: Peruń Grzegorz , Warczek Jan , Burdzik Rafał , Łazarz Bogusław
Published: October 2013

The optimization of the construction of gears leading to the minimization of dynamic effects and to meet all basic criteria is in many cases only possible by applying numerical methods. The models allow determining the influence of a range of factors on the dynamic phenomena. Proper experimental tests are often not possible because the number of options of influencing factor sets is very large. Using simulation models allows limiting the volume of experimental studies to the necessary minimum, and hence is beneficial from the economic standpoint. The paper describes numerical and laboratory researches on the influence of selected construction, technological and operational factors on the dynamic effects and vibroactivity in gears. Numerical analyses were performed using a custom-developed dynamic model of a test stand with the gears operating in the circulating power system. The models details were presented at the International Congress on Technical Diagnostics in 2008. The idea behind this article is to present selected results of simulation calculations and laboratory tests to determine the possibility of minimizing the noise and vibration of gears. Selected results of the calculations were also compared with the results of laboratory tests to demonstrate the high compatibility of the two test methods.
Comparative Study of Instantaneous Frequency Extraction in Nonlinear Acoustics Used for Structural Damage Detection
Authors: Włodarska Dorota , Klepka Andrzej , Staszewski Wieslaw Jerzy , Uhl Tadeusz
Published: October 2013

Nonlinear acoustics deals with various nonlinear effects that occur in ultrasonic wave propagation. The method is suitable for material characterisation, as it uses different nonlinear phenomena associated with material imperfections. The method has been used for detecting nonlinearities in cracked solids by: measuring distortions of acoustic signals, estimating resonance frequency shifts or assessing nonlinear vibro-acosutic modulations. The latter is the most widely used non-classical approach to probe material nonlinearities. The method involves vibro-acoustic interactions of ultrasonic wave and modal vibration in damaged specimens. Modulation intensity that strongly relates to damage severity - is usually assessed in the frequency domain and often leads to confusing results when large modulations are involved. The paper investigates the time domain analysis of vibro-acoustic modulated signals. Several methods for instantaneous frequency calculation used to assess the intensity of modulation - are compared. Simulated and experimental data are used in these investigations.
Wireless Passive RFID-Based Sensor for Crack Detection - Second Stage of Investigations
Authors: Lisowski Mateusz , Uhl Tadeusz
Published: October 2013

This paper presents second stage of investigations on passive, wireless sensor based on RFID technology for detection of cracks in ceramic parts, plates and equipment (simulation and experiments of operating principle, prototypes that check manufacturing possibilities, process of transponder design). We focused on prototyping of such sensor and we want to present subsequent steps that lead from concept to working prototype. Although it was presented earlier, there is also described shortly project conception of this kind of sensor, and its principle of operation. Important part are also possible applications specification.
Naticid gastropod and octopodid cephalopod predatory traces: evidence of drill holes on the leucosid crab Ristoria pliocaenica (Ristori, 1891), from the Pliocene of the “La Serra” quarry (Tuscany, Italy)
Authors: Pasini Giovanni , Garassino Alessandro
Published: October 2013

Garassino et al. (2012) reported on a rich community of decapod crustaceans including axiideans, gebiideans, anomurans, and brachyurans from the Zanclean (Early Pliocene) of the “La Serra” quarry near San Miniato (Pisa, Tuscany, central Italy). In this decapod-rich assemblage some carapaces of the common pebble crab Ristoria pliocaenica (Ristori, 1891) (Leucosiidae Samouelle, 1819) are drilled in characteristic ways, due to the predatory activity of individuals belonging to two different taxa of marine clades, possibly naticids (Gastropoda, Naticoidea), and to octopodids (Cephalopoda, Octopoda). This is the first report of direct evidence of predation by cephalopods on crabs in the fossil record.
Role of chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Paiar Fabiola , Di Cataldo Vanessa , Zei Giacomo , Monteleone Pasquetti Eleonora , Cecchini Sara , Meattini Icro , Mangoni Monica , Agresti Benedetta , Iermano Carmine , Bonomo Pierluigi , Biti Giampaolo
Published: October 2013

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique malignant head and neck cancer with clinical, demographic, and geographic features distinct from other head and neck epithelial malignancies. Non-keratinizing, poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated WHO types 2 and 3 is the most common subtypes of NPC. NPC is also characterized by its relatively high sensitivity to radiation, so that in the last decades radiotherapy (RT) has been the cornerstone of treatment. However, in the majority of cases NPC is discovered at locally advanced stage. The results are disappointing when RT alone is offered. The 5-year survival rates have been reported to be about 34-52%. The poor prognosis for advanced NPC led to increasing interests in exploring the use of chemotherapy (CT). NPC has been considered to be not only radiosensitive but also chemo-sensitive and has shown high response rate to various chemotherapeutic agents. Certainly, the treatment strategies for NPC will continue to change and evolve as a better understanding is gained of the molecular and immune mechanisms that drive this disease. We reviewed the current literature focusing on the role of CT and new-targeted agents.
Janus kinase inhibitors: jackpot or potluck?
Authors: Keechilat Pavithran , Pande Shripad Brahmanand
Published: October 2013

The reports of a unique mutation in the Janus kinase-2 gene (JAK2) in polycythemia vera by several independent groups in 2005 quickly spurred the development of the Janus kinase inhibitors. In one of the great victories of translational research in recent times, the first smallmolecule Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib entered a phase I trial in 2007. With the approval of ruxolitinib by the US Federal Drug Administration in November 2011 for high-risk and intermediate-2 risk myelofibrosis, a change in paradigm has occurred in the management of a subset of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN): primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis, and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis. Whereas the current evidence for ruxolitinib only covers high-risk and intermediate-2 risk myelofibrosis, inhibitors with greater potency are likely to offer better disease control and survival advantage in patients belonging to these categories, and possibly to the low-risk and intermediate-1 risk categories of MPN as well. But use of the Janus kinase inhibitors also probably has certain disadvantages, such as toxicity, resistance, withdrawal phenomenon, non-reversal of histology, and an implausible goal of disease clone eradication, some of which could offset the gains. In spite of this, Janus kinase inhibitors are here to stay, and for use in more than just myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer: a comprehensive review
Authors: Karim Syed Mustafa , Zekri Jamal
Published: October 2013

Combination chemotherapy is the current strategy of choice for treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Platinum containing combination regimens are superior to non-platinum regimens in limited stage- SCLC and possibly also in extensive stage-SCLC as first and second-line treatments. The addition of ifosfamide to platinum containing regimens may improve the outcome but at the price of increased toxicity. Suboptimal doses of chemotherapy result in inferior survival. Early intensified, accelerated and high-dose chemotherapy gave conflicting results and is not considered a standard option outside of clinical trials. A number of newer agents have provided promising results when used in combination regimens, for example, gemcitabine, irinotecan and topotecan. However, more studies are required to appropriately evaluate them. There is a definitive role for radiotherapy in LD-SCLC. However, timing and schedule are subject to further research. Novel approaches are currently being investigated in the hope of improving outcome.
Review and uncertainty assessment of size-resolved scavenging coefficient formulations for below-cloud snow scavenging of atmospheric aerosols
Authors: Zhang L. , Wang X. , Moran M. D. , Feng J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Theoretical parameterizations for the size-resolved scavenging coefficient for atmospheric aerosol particles scavenged by snow (Λsnow) need assumptions regarding (i) snow particle–aerosol particle collection efficiency E, (ii) snow-particle size distribution N(Dp), (iii) snow-particle terminal velocity VD, and (iv) snow-particle cross-sectional area A. Existing formulas for these parameters are reviewed in the present study, and uncertainties in Λsnow caused by various combinations of these parameters are assessed. Different formulations of E can cause uncertainties in Λsnow of more than one order of magnitude for all aerosol sizes for typical snowfall intensities. E is the largest source of uncertainty among all the input parameters, similar to rain scavenging of atmospheric aerosols (Λrain) as was found in a previous study by Wang et al. (2010). However, other parameters can also cause significant uncertainties in Λsnow, and the uncertainties from these parameters are much larger than for Λrain. Specifically, different N(Dp) formulations can cause one-order-of-magnitude uncertainties in Λsnow for all aerosol sizes, as is also the case for a combination of uncertainties from both VD and A. Assumptions about dominant snow-particle shape (and thus different VD and A) will cause an uncertainty of up to one order of magnitude in the calculated scavenging coefficient. In comparison, uncertainties in Λrain from N(Dp) are smaller than a factor of 5, and those from VD are smaller than a factor of 2. As expected, Λsnow estimated from empirical formulas generated from field measurements falls in the upper range of, or is higher than, the theoretically estimated values, which can be explained by additional processes/mechanisms that influence field-derived Λsnow but that are not considered in the theoretical Λsnow formulas. Predicted aerosol concentrations obtained by using upper range vs. lower range of Λsnow values (a difference of around two orders of magnitude in Λsnow) can differ by a factor of 2 for just a one-centimetre snowfall (liquid water equivalent of approximately 1 mm). Based on the median and upper range of theoretically generated Λsnow and Λsnow values, it is likely that, for typical rain and snow events, the removal of atmospheric aerosol particles by snow is more effective than removal by rain for equivalent precipitation amounts, although a firm conclusion requires much more evidence.
Light absorption and partitioning in Arctic Ocean surface waters: impact of multiyear ice melting
Authors: Bélanger S. , Cizmeli S. A. , Ehn J. , Matsuoka A. , Doxaran D. , Hooker S. , Babin M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Ice melting in the Arctic Ocean exposes the surface water to more radiative energy with poorly understood effects on photo-biogeochemical processes and heat deposition in the upper ocean. In August 2009, we documented the vertical variability of light absorbing components at 37 stations located in the southeastern Beaufort Sea including both Mackenzie River-influenced waters and polar mixed layer waters. We found that melting multiyear ice released significant amount of non-algal particulates (NAP) near the sea surface relative to subsurface waters. NAP absorption coefficients at 440 nm (aNAP(440)) immediately below the sea surface were on average 3-fold (up to 10-fold) higher compared to subsurface values measured at 2–3 m depth. The impact of this unusual feature on the light transmission and remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) was further examined using a radiative transfer model. A 10-fold particle enrichment homogeneously distributed in the first meter of the water column slightly reduced photosynthetically available and usable radiation (PAR and PUR) by ∼6 and ∼8%, respectively, relative to a fully homogenous water column with low particle concentration. In terms of Rrs, the particle enrichment significantly flattered the spectrum by reducing the Rrs by up to 20% in the blue-green spectral region (400–550 nm). These results highlight the impact of meltwater on the concentration of particles at sea surface, and the need for considering non-uniform vertical distribution of particles in such systems when interpreting remotely sensed ocean color. Spectral slope of aNAP spectra calculated in the UV (ultraviolet) domain decreased with depth suggesting that this parameter is sensitive to detritus composition and/or diagenesis state (e.g., POM (particulate organic matter) photobleaching).
Carbonate mineral saturation states in the East China Sea: present conditions and future scenarios
Authors: Chou W.-C. , Gong G.-C. , Hung C.-C. , Wu Y.-H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. To assess the impact of rising atmospheric CO2 and eutrophication on the carbonate chemistry of the East China Sea shelf waters, saturation states (Ω) for two important biologically relevant carbonate minerals – calcite (Ωc) and aragonite (Ωa) – were calculated throughout the water column from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) data collected in spring and summer of 2009. Results show that the highest Ωc (∼9.0) and Ωa (∼5.8) values were found in surface water of the Changjiang plume area in summer, whereas the lowest values (Ωc = ∼2.7 and Ωa = ∼1.7) were concurrently observed in the bottom water of the same area. This divergent behavior of saturation states in surface and bottom waters was driven by intensive biological production and strong stratification of the water column. The high rate of phytoplankton production, stimulated by the enormous nutrient discharge from the Changjiang, acts to decrease the ratio of DIC to TA, and thereby increases Ω values. In contrast, remineralization of organic matter in the bottom water acts to increase the DIC to TA ratio, and thus decreases Ω values. The projected result shows that continued increases of atmospheric CO2 under the IS92a emission scenario will decrease Ω values by 40–50% by the end of this century, but both the surface and bottom waters will remain supersaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite. Nevertheless, superimposed on such Ω decrease is the increasing eutrophication, which would mitigate or enhance the Ω decline caused by anthropogenic CO2 uptake in surface and bottom waters, respectively. Our simulation reveals that, under the combined impact of eutrophication and augmentation of atmospheric CO2, the bottom water of the Changjiang plume area will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite (Ωa = ∼0.8) by the end of this century, which would threaten the health of the benthic ecosystem.
Propagation of soil moisture memory to streamflow and evapotranspiration in Europe
Authors: Orth R. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. As a key variable of the land-climate system soil moisture is a main driver of streamflow and evapotranspiration under certain conditions. Soil moisture furthermore exhibits outstanding memory (persistence) characteristics. Many studies also report distinct low frequency variations for streamflow, which are likely related to soil moisture memory. Using data from over 100 near-natural catchments located across Europe, we investigate in this study the connection between soil moisture memory and the respective memory of streamflow and evapotranspiration on different time scales. For this purpose we use a simple water balance model in which dependencies of runoff (normalised by precipitation) and evapotranspiration (normalised by radiation) on soil moisture are fitted using streamflow observations. The model therefore allows us to compute the memory characteristics of soil moisture, streamflow and evapotranspiration on the catchment scale. We find considerable memory in soil moisture and streamflow in many parts of the continent, and evapotranspiration also displays some memory at monthly time scale in some catchments. We show that the memory of streamflow and evapotranspiration jointly depend on soil moisture memory and on the strength of the coupling of streamflow and evapotranspiration to soil moisture. Furthermore, we find that the coupling strengths of streamflow and evapotranspiration to soil moisture depend on the shape of the fitted dependencies and on the variance of the meteorological forcing. To better interpret the magnitude of the respective memories across Europe, we finally provide a new perspective on hydrological memory by relating it to the mean duration required to recover from anomalies exceeding a certain threshold.
Day-time identification of summer hailstorm cells from MSG data
Authors: Merino A. , López L. , Sánchez J. L. , García-Ortega E. , Cattani E. , Levizzani V.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Identifying deep convection is of paramount importance, as it may be associated with extreme weather that has significant impact on the environment, property and the population. A new method, the Hail Detection Tool (HDT), is described for identifying hail-bearing storms using multi-spectral Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) data. HDT was conceived as a two-phase method, in which the first step is the Convective Mask (CM) algorithm devised for detection of deep convection, and the second a Hail Detection algorithm (HD) for the identification of hail-bearing clouds among cumulonimbus systems detected by CM. Both CM and HD are based on logistic regression models trained with multi-spectral MSG data-sets comprised of summer convective events in the middle Ebro Valley between 2006–2010, and detected by the RGB visualization technique (CM) or C-band weather radar system of the University of León. By means of the logistic regression approach, the probability of identifying a cumulonimbus event with CM or a hail event with HD are computed by exploiting a proper selection of MSG wavelengths or their combination. A number of cloud physical properties (liquid water path, optical thickness and effective cloud drop radius) were used to physically interpret results of statistical models from a meteorological perspective, using a method based on these "ingredients." Finally, the HDT was applied to a new validation sample consisting of events during summer 2011. The overall Probability of Detection (POD) was 76.9% and False Alarm Ratio 16.7%.
The microstructural record of porphyroclasts and matrix of partly serpentinized peridotite mylonites – from brittle and crystal-plastic deformation to dissolution–precipitation creep
Authors: Bial J. , Trepmann C. A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We present microfabrics in high-pressure, metamorphic, partly serpentinized peridotite mylonites from the Voltri Massif, in which porphyroclasts and matrix record independent deformation events. The microfabrics are analysed using polarization microscopy and electron microscopy (SEM/EBSD, EMP). The mylonites contain diopside and olivine porphyroclasts originating from the mantle protolith embedded in a fine-grained matrix consisting mainly of antigorite and minor olivine and pyroxene. The porphyroclasts record brittle and crystal-plastic deformation of the peridotite at upper-mantle conditions and differential stresses of a few hundred MPa. After the peridotites became serpentinized, deformation occurred mainly by dissolution–precipitation creep resulting in a pronounced foliation of the antigorite matrix, crenulation cleavages and newly precipitated olivine and pyroxene from the pore fluid at sites of dilation, i.e. in strain shadows next to porphyroclasts and folded fine-grained antigorite layers. Antigorite reveals a pronounced associated shape preferred orientation (SPO) and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) with the basal (001) cleavage plane oriented in the foliation plane. In monomineralic antigorite aggregates at sites of stress concentration around porphyroclasts, a characteristically reduced grain size and deflecting CPO as well as sutured grain boundaries indicate also some contribution of crystal-plastic deformation and grain-boundary migration of antigorite. In contrast, the absence of any intragranular deformation features in newly precipitated olivine in strain shadows reveals that stresses were not sufficiently high to allow for significant dislocation creep of olivine at conditions at which antigorite is stable. The porphyroclast microstructures are not associated with the microstructures of the mylonitic matrix, but are inherited from an independent earlier deformation. The porphyroclasts record a high-stress deformation of the peridotite with dislocation creep of olivine in the upper mantle probably related to rifting processes, whereas the serpentinite matrix records dominantly dissolution–precipitation creep and low stresses during subduction and exhumation.
A Review of Surface Treatment Methods to Improve the Adhesive Cementation of Zirconia-Based Ceramics
Authors: Mattiello Rodrigo Dalla Lana , Coelho Tulio Marcos Kalife , Insaurralde Elizeu , Coelho Alan Augusto Kalife , Terra Gustavo Pereira , Kasuya Amanda Vessoni Barbosa , Favarão Isabella Negro , Gonçalves Luciano de Souza , Fonseca Rodrigo Borges
Published: October 2013

In spite of high mechanical strength, zirconia-based ceramics (ZrO2) has poor bond strength after conventional bond cementation procedures, requiring different surface treatment methods (STMs). This review gathered information about the STM for adhesive cementation (AC) to ZrO2in the PubMed database, consideringin vitrostudies pertaining to AC for acid-resistant ceramics (ZrO2) limited to peer-reviewed papers published in English between 1965 and 2013 in dental journals. Different STMs have been proposed for ZrO2: air-abrasion (laboratory or chairside) with silica- (Si-) coated aluminum particles, the use of materials containing phosphate monomers, primer or silane application, laser irradiation, Si vapor phase deposition, and selective infiltration etching. In conclusion, STMs improve bond strength of resin luting cement to ZrO2mainly when tested in short time. STMs must be correlated to the type of ZrO2and the resin cement.
65 years of in vitro culture in Poland
Authors: Zenkteler Maciej , Zenkteler Elżbieta
Published: October 2013

This paper is a short review of historical development of the tissue culture method in Poland. Similarly to the rest of the world, in vitro technology in Poland has progressed in many directions simultaneously. Its main fields are closely interconnected by natural sequences of biological processes and integrade one into another. The best results, driven by the prospects of practical applications, have been achieved within the areas of meristem culture and micropropagation of valuable genotypes, somaclonal variation, production of haploids and DH plants, somatic embryogenesis, in vitro culture of embryos and ovules, improvement of plant disease resistance, somatic hybridization and transformation of plants. Due to the fact that in vitro domain is a very broad science the authors are aware that this review might not fully cover all the scientists working with tissue culture and their achievements.
Oosagitta gen. nov. from tropical Africa, with revision of two species and description of four new species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)
Authors: Kortenhaus Sabine , Wagner Thomas
Published: October 2013

After our taxonomic revision of Ootheca Chevrolat, 1837, and the description of Oothecoides Kortenhaus & Wagner, 2011 and Ootibia Kortenhaus & Wagner, 2012, it became clear that a further four galerucine species, closely related to the above named taxa, form a distinct monophyletic group, that constitutes a new genus, Oosagitta gen. nov. with O. anningae sp. nov., O. geescheae sp. nov., O. melanopicta sp. nov. and O. thomasi sp. nov.. Exosoma angolensis Laboissière, 1939, the type species of the new genus, and Ergana minuta Laboissière, 1937 are newly transferred to Oosagitta gen. nov. All species of Oosagitta gen. nov. are characterized by a broad body and pronotum, a more or less convex dorsum and short legs, and as such are most similar to the other above named genera. The antennae of Oosagitta gen. nov. are distinctly longer than those of Ootheca, Oothecoides and Ootibia. Genital structures of the males allow a reliable identification of the genus. (Re-)descriptions are given for all species, including semi-schematic illustrations depicting the habitus outline, shape of the basal antennomeres and the median lobe. Photographs of the name-bearing types and distribution maps are provided.
Abus sexuels au féminin
Authors: Trébuchon Clémentine , Léveillée Suzanne
Published: October 2013

Longtemps méconnue ou niée, la délinquance sexuelle des femmes commence lentement à émerger à la conscience collective. Cet article propose un relevé de la littérature, tant anglophone que francophone, sur les différents enjeux des femmes qui commettent des abus sexuels. D’après les études recensées, il apparaît notamment que l’âge moyen de ces femmes au moment du début des abus est de 30 ans et que la grande majorité des victimes sont des enfants prépubères qui appartiennent à l’entourage familial de l’agresseur. Différentes typologies sont présentées dans le but de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension du profil et de la psychopathologie des femmes agresseurs sexuels. Ceci afin de développer nos connaissances sur cette problématique et de parvenir ainsi à une meilleure prévention.
Overall and Cause‐Specific Mortality in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Meta‐Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Yurkovich Marko , Vostretsova Kateryna , Chen Wenjia , Aviña‐Zubieta J. Antonio
Published: October 2013

Objective

To determine the magnitude of risk from all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to the general population through a meta‐analysis of observational studies.

Methods

We searched the Medline and Embase databases from their inception to October 2011. Observational studies that met the following criteria were assessed: 1) a prespecified SLE definition; 2) overall and/or cause‐specific deaths, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), infections, malignancy, and renal disease; and 3) reported standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We calculated weighted–pooled summary estimates of SMRs (meta‐SMRs) for all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality using the random‐effects model and tested for heterogeneity using the I2 statistic by using Stata/IC statistical software.

Results

We identified 12 studies comprising 27,123 patients with SLE (4,993 observed deaths) that met the inclusion criteria. Overall, there was a 3‐fold increased risk of death in patients with SLE (meta‐SMR 2.98, 95% CI 2.32–3.83) when compared with the general population. The risks of death due to CVD (meta‐SMR 2.72, 95% CI 1.83–4.04), infection (meta‐SMR 4.98, 95% CI 3.92–6.32), and renal disease (SMR 7.90, 95% CI 5.50–11.00) were significantly increased. Mortality due to malignancy was the only cause‐specific entity not increased in SLE (meta‐SMR 1.19, 95% CI 0.89–1.59).

Conclusion

The published data indicated a 3‐fold increase in all‐cause mortality in patients with SLE compared to the general population. Additionally, all cause‐specific mortality rates were increased except for malignancy, with renal disease having the highest mortality risk.
25th Anniversary Article: Key Points for High‐Mobility Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Dong Huanli , Fu Xiaolong , Liu Jie , Wang Zongrui , Hu Wenping
Published: October 2013

Remarkable progress has been made in developing high performance organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and the mobility of OFETs has been approaching the values of polycrystalline silicon, meeting the requirements of various electronic applications from electronic papers to integrated circuits. In this review, the key points for development of high mobility OFETs are highlighted from aspects of molecular engineering, process engineering and interface engineering. The importance of other factors, such as impurities and testing conditions is also addressed. Finally, the current challenges in this field for practical applications of OFETs are further discussed.
Copper Oxide Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Chalcogenation of the Carbon‐Hydrogen Bond in Thiazoles: Synthesis of 2‐(Organochalcogen)thiazoles
Authors: Rosario Alisson R. , Casola Kamila K. , Oliveira Carla E. S. , Zeni Gilson
Published: October 2013

We present (homepage: www.ufsm.br) herein the application of copper nanoparticles/diorganyl dichalcogenides to promote the synthesis of 2‐(organochalcogen)thiazoles via direct carbon‐hydrogen bond activation in thiazoles. A systematic study of the catalytic system revealed that the presence and amount of base played an essential role in this reaction. The results revealed that electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents, in the aromatic ring bonded to the chalcogen atom of diorganyl dichalcogenides, required one equiv. of base, while when neutral substituents were present two equiv. of base were needed to deliver the products in similar yields.

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Issues of affinity: Exploring population structure in the middle and regional developments periods of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
Authors: Torres‐Rouff Christina , Knudson Kelly J. , Hubbe Mark
Published: October 2013

The Middle Period (AD 400–1000) in northern Chile's Atacama oases is characterized by an increase in social complexity and regional interaction, much of which was organized around the power and impact of the Tiwanaku polity. Despite the strong cultural influence of Tiwanaku and numerous other groups evident in interactions with Atacameños, the role of immigration into the oases during this period is unclear. While archaeological and bioarchaeological research in the region has shown no evidence that clearly indicates large groups of foreign immigrants, the contemporary increase in interregional exchange networks connecting the oases to other parts of the Andes suggests residential mobility and the possibility that movement of people both into and out of the oases accompanied these foreign influences. Here, we analyze biodistance through cranial non‐metric traits in a skeletal sample from prehistoric San Pedro de Atacama to elucidate the extent of foreign influence in the oases and discuss its implications. We analyzed 715 individuals from the Middle Period (AD 400–1000) and later Regional Developments Period (AD 1000–1450), and found greater phenotypic differences between Middle Period cemeteries than among cemeteries in the subsequent period. We argue that this greater diversity extends beyond the relationship between the oases and the renowned Tiwanaku polity and reflects the role of the oases and its different ayllus as a node and way station for the Middle Period's myriad interregional networks. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:370–382, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific inhalation challenge with flour induced release of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in nasal fluid
Authors: Castano Roberto , Welman Melanie , Trudeau Carole , Castellanos Lucero , Maghni Karim , Malo Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2013

Background

Neurotrophins may play a role in the pathophysiology of allergic occupational rhinitis (OR). We sought to investigate whether an immediate allergic reaction that induces nasal inflammation is also able to induce changes in levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in nasal lavage (NAL) fluid from patients with allergic OR.

Methods

Ten patients sensitized to flour underwent control and active specific inhalation challenge (SIC) on consecutive days. Nasal response to SIC was monitored with acoustic rhinometry and symptoms recording. NAL was performed before and 30 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours after control and active challenge for the assessment of levels of BDNF and inflammatory cells in NAL fluid.

Results

In contrast to control day, flour challenge induced immediate clinical reactions in all subjects. After flour challenge, a significant increase in levels of BDNF in NAL fluid was observed at 6 hours after challenge (p < 0.05). Also, a significant increase in the number of eosinophils in NAL fluid at 30 minutes (p < 0.01), 6 hours (p < 0.01), and 24 hours (p = 0.05) postchallenge was observed. Also, levels of BDNF in NAL fluid were significantly higher at 30 minutes after flour challenge (p = 0.02) in comparison to levels on the control day at the same postchallenge time. A marginally significant positive correlation between BDNF levels and eosinophil counts at 30 minutes (r = 0.60, p = 0.06) and at 6 hours (r = 0.50, p = 0.08) after flour challenge was noted.

Conclusion

We showed that BDNF is released in nasal fluid after SIC with flour. Results support the suggestion that neurotrophins may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic OR.
Silver coordination compounds with antimicrobial properties
Authors: Fromm Katharina M.
Published: October 2013

Silver and its compounds have long been known to possess antimicrobial properties. We report here on our observations in this field of research, namely on silver coordination compounds, and in particular polymers, which can be used in the medical field. An overview of the structural diversity of coordination compounds with a particular class of organic ligands is given, together with their properties, with a special focus on antimicrobial activity, solubility and light stability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of a highly efficient photo‐initiator system and its application in the photo‐immobilization of activated sludge
Authors: Qiao Xiangli , Li Yanming
Published: October 2013

In this study, a highly efficient photo‐initiator system was developed, which contained potassium persulfate, N, N, N ′, N ′‐tetramethylethylethylenediamine plus benzil dimethyl ketal. The photo‐initiator system could successfully initiate poly (ethylene glycol) dimethyl‐acrylate prepolymer to polymerize and crosslink under the irradiation of UV rays, in the presence of concentrated activated sludge, finally leading to the formation of immobilized activate sludge pellet beads. The presence of O2 and thickness of the reaction solution did not influence the photo‐immobilization process. Respiratory measurement result demonstrated that most activated sludge kept alive during the photo‐immobilization. Mechanical strength of the immobilized cells could be improved by optimizing contents and ratio of the initiator system. The corresponding mechanism was also discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39838.
Facile fabrication of polyimide foam sheets with millimeter thickness: Processing, morphology, and properties
Authors: Ma Jing‐Jing , Zhan Mao‐Sheng , Wang Kai
Published: October 2013

A series of polyimide foam sheets (PIFSs) with thickness of 0.5 mm using 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), 3,4′‐oxydianiline (3,4′‐ODA), and polyaryl polymethylene isocyanate (PAPI) as main materials were first fabricated by liquid foaming and compression molding technology. The effects of different PAPI contents and 3,4′‐ODA contents on the structures and properties of PIFSs were investigated. The results indicated that PIFSs exhibited a structure that front surface displayed closed cells made of damaged cell walls and membranes, while internal cells were open, and elliptic vacancies were flatted in the thickness direction from the cross section. The average cellular diameter increased with increasing PAPI loading. In addition, the introduction of 3,4′‐ODA increased the average cell size of PIFSs. Further, PIFSs had density of 0.087–0.239 g/cm3, elongation at break of 3.75–8.01% and tensile toughness of 3.46 × 10−2−13.87 × 10−2 J/cm3. Notably, they exhibited higher tensile strength of 1.89–5.42 MPa and lower thermal conductivity of 14.727–19.25 mW/m •K at 24°C, compared to the polyimide foams reported earlier. The sound absorption coefficients (α) of samples with different PAPI contents increased and then decreased with increasing PAPI content. At low frequencies, a certain content of 3,4′‐ ODA allowed an improvement of the acoustical behavior of PIFSs, and the α increased and then decreased with increasing density. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39881.
Gebäudeausrichtung in der traditionellen Architektur der heiß‐ trockenen Region des Iran am Beispiel der Städte Yazd und Esfahan
Authors: Teimourtash Shabnam
Published: October 2013

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die sogenannten Roun Ausrichtungen am Beispiel der Städte Yazd und Esfahan in der heißtrockenen des Iran. Die Städte in dieser Region weisen eine geschlossene Bauweise geprägt von Innenhöfen auf. Dabei sind die Orientierungen der Innenhöfe in Yazd in Nordost‐Südwest‐Richtung und in Esfahan Nordwest‐Südost‐Richtung (sog. Roun‐Ausrichtung). Beide Ausrichtungen zeigen eine Winkelabweichung zur Nord‐Süd‐Achse von 30°. Dabei entstehen jeweils zwei südlich und zwei nördlich ausgerichtete Hofseiten. Die Untersuchung wird anhand der täglichen und jahreszeitlichen Sonneneinstrahlung auf die vertikalen Flächen und der jahreszeitlichen Hauptwindrichtungen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die nördlichen bzw. südlichen Seiten der Innenhöfe jeweils zur Nutzung im Winterhalbjahr bzw. im Sommerhalbjahr eignen. Die Fallbeispiele in Yazd und Esfahan zeigen, dass die Roun‐Ausrichtungen in historischen Stadtgebieten vorhanden sind. Außerdem bestätigen sie die jahreszeitlich abhängige Nutzung der Räumlichkeiten um den Innenhof. Die halboffenen Räume, wie der Iwan, und die Windtürme (Ba‐dgir) werden an den südlichen Seiten des Innenhofes errichtet.

Building orientation in the traditional architecture of the hot‐dry region of Iran the example of the cities Yazd and Esfahan. This study investigates the so called roun orientations on the example of two cities in the hot‐dry region of Iran, Yazd and Esfahan. Urban design in the hot‐dry region of Iran is characterized by attached buildings with internal courtyards which are separated from external public environment. The roun orientations of the internal courtyards are at 30° angle from the North‐South axis in Yazd and Esfahan clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively. These orientations provide two southern and two northern sides in an internal courtyard. The analysis is based on the annual amount of solar radiation on the courtyard walls and the seasonal wind directions which strikes them. The results demonstrate advantages of each north‐facing and south‐facing side in a roun orientation for summer and winter, respectively. Furthermore the case studies in Yazd and Esfahan illustrate the existence of roun orientations in historic districts. In addition the position of indoor semi‐open spaces such as iwan as well as wind catchers mainly on the southern sides of the case studies’ courtyards proves the advantages of these sides to be used in summer.
Ehrlich währt am längsten?
Authors: Hager Henning
Published: October 2013

Beim Anbieten von Nachtragspreisen bei VOB/B‐Bauverträgen gerät der Unternehmer häufig in den Konflikt, entweder einen auf der Preisbasis des Hauptvertrags basierenden, nicht kostendeckenden Nachtragspreis anzubieten und somit den Projekterfolg und – langfristig – die Existenz seines Unternehmens zu riskieren oder einen überhöhten Nachtragspreis zu unterbreiten und die beschriebenen Risiken zu umgehen.

Auch bietet der Unternehmer vielfach erheblich überhöhte Nachtragspreise an und hat hierfür keine Konsequenzen zu befürchten.

Beide Sachverhalte, die Verpflichtung zur Ermittlung von Nachtragspreisen ausschließlich auf der Basis des Hauptvertrags und keine Sanktionierung weitaus überhöhter Nachtragspreise, tragen in erheblichem Umfang zu den häufigen Streitigkeiten um die angemessene Vergütung von Nachtragsleistungen bei.

Es wird vorgeschlagen, dem Unternehmer zukünftig einen erhöhten Deckungsbeitrag für Nachtragsleistungen zu gewähren und das überhöhte Anbieten von Nachtragsleistungen zu sanktionieren.

Im Fall der Verwendung der vorgeschlagenen Spielregeln in Bauverträgen wird eine erhebliche Reduzierung der Vergütungsstreitigkeiten prognostiziert.

Honesty is the best policy? – Play theoretical considerations to the supplement‐dilemma with VOB/B building contracts

While offering supplement prices with VOB/B building contracts, the entrepreneur often gets in the conflict to offer either one on the prize basis of the main contract based not cost‐covering supplement price and to risk therefore the project success and – in the long term – the existence of his company, or to present a banked supplement price and to handle the described risks.

Also the entrepreneur often offers considerably banked supplement prices and has to fear no consequences for this.

Both circumstances, the liability to the calculation of supplement prices exclusively on the basis of the main contract and no sanctions for banked supplement prices, contribute in considerable extent to the frequent disputes around the adequate payment of supplement performances.

It is suggested granting a raised profit contribution for supplement performances to the entrepreneur in future and sanctioning banked offering of supplement performances.

In case of the use of the suggested rules of the game in building contracts a considerable reduction of the reimbursement litigations is foreseen.
Integrierte Planung im Industriebau
Authors: Fuchs Maximilian , Perla Michael , Lehnert Jochen , Niederberger Katharina
Published: October 2013

Planungsprozesse für Gebäude und Bauwerke des modernen Industriebaus sind in der Regel gekennzeichnet durch eine Vielzahl zu berücksichtigender Randbedingungen und durch umfangreiche Vorgaben des Bauherrn hinsichtlich Nutzung, Kosten und Termine sowie durch eine große Zahl von projektbeteiligten Fachplanern. Um in diesem Spannungsfeld eine optimale Lösung zu erarbeiten und die Einhaltung des Kosten‐ und Terminrahmens sicherzustellen, ist eine enge Zusammenarbeit aller Projektbeteiligten zwingende Voraussetzung und die integrierte Anwendung moderner Software unverzichtbar geworden.

Der vorliegende Beitrag schildert praxisnah die Herausforderungen, die bei der Bearbeitung hochkomplexer Projekte des Industriebaus unter Verwendung integrierter Planungsansätze zu bewerkstelligen sind, sodass ein effizientes und effektives Arbeiten zum Gelingen des Projekterfolges ermöglicht wird.

Integrated planning for industrial buildings – Challenges of interdisciplinary design

Design and planning processes for modern industrial buildings are characterized by multitude of boundary conditions taken into account. Extensive demands of the owner and user of the buildings mentioning utilization, costs and time lines as well as many specialist consultants involved in a project have to be considered. To create an optimized solution and to secure cost and schedules a close collaboration of project participants and the use of modern software are inevitable.

This contribution reports about the challenges of practical working with highly complex projects in industrial construction by using integrated approaches of design and planning to gain an efficient and effective workflow which leads to create successful projects.
Verbundverhalten von CFK‐Spannbewehrungen in UHPFRC
Authors: Stark Alexander , Hegger Josef
Published: October 2013

Die Kombination einer vorgespannten CFK‐Bewehrung (Carbonfaserverstärkter Kunststoff) und UHPFRC (Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete) ermöglicht es, filigrane und weitgespannte Konstruktionen zu errichten, insbesondere wenn es sich um gefaltete und gekrümmte Schalen handelt. Wegen der Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber Korrosion wird die Betondeckung der CFK‐Spannbewehrung mit sofortigem Verbund allein durch das Verbundverhalten zur rissfreien Einleitung der Vorspannung bestimmt. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Verbundverhalten vorgespannter CFK‐Bewehrung vorgestellt und ein Ausblick auf die geplanten Untersuchungen an UHPFRC‐Schalen gegeben.

Bond behaviour of pre‐tensioned CFRP tendons in UHPFRC

The combination of pre‐tensioned CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) tendons in UHPFRC (Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete) makes filigree and durable constructions with long spans possible, especially with the application of folded and curved shells. Due to a high corrosion resistance of pre‐tensioned CFRP tendons, the concrete cover is governed by the bond behaviour to reach a crack‐free transmission zone. In this paper the results of an experimental study on the bond behaviour of pre‐tensioned CFRP tendons are presented and an outlook for planned investigations on UHPFRC shells is given.
A turn‐on indole‐based sensor for hydrogen sulfate ion
Authors: Wan Chin‐Feng , Yang Shih‐Tse , Lin Hsiang‐Yi , Chang Ya‐Ju , Wu An‐Tai
Published: October 2013

A simple indole‐based receptor 1 was prepared by a simple Schiff‐base reaction of 1H‐indole‐3‐carbaldehyde with ethane 1,2‐diamine and its fluoroionophoric properties toward anions were investigated. Indole‐based receptor 1 acts as a selective turn‐on fluorescent sensor for HSO4− in methanol among a series of tested anions. Fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging support that the HSO4– indeed interacted with imine nitrogen and the proton of nitrogen in indole ring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diterpenoids from Acanthopanax brachypusHarms
Authors: Hu Hao‐Bin , Zheng Xu‐Dong , Hu Huai‐Sheng , Wu Yun
Published: October 2013

Four diterpenoids, including two new ones, namely noracanthopanin A (1) and acanthopanolide B (2), and two known ones, ent‐pimara‐9(11),15‐dien‐19‐oic acid (3) and ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid (4), were isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax brachypus Harms. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxicities against HO‐8910 cells with IC50 values of 65.21±0.23 and 31.43±1.01 μg/ml, respectively, and 2 showed selective weak cytotoxicity against SMMC‐7721 cells (IC50 89.67±2.54 μg/ml).
Aggregation‐Induced Emission of 1,8‐NaphthalimideCasein Micelle: Investigation by Synchronous Spectrographic Method
Authors: Sun Yang , Liang Xuhua , Zhao Yingyong , Fan Jun
Published: October 2013

A novel 1,8‐naphthalimide probe 1, bearing two acetic‐acid moieties was synthesized. The acetic‐acid groups, docked into the sub‐domains of casein micelle and bound with tryptophan residues, and the 1,8‐naphthalimide chromophore adsorbed on the surface of casein micelle, forming a supermolecule, 1casein micelle, which exhibited the aggregation‐induced synchronous emission (AISE) characters. The effect of pH on the intensity of supermolecule was investigated, and the result indicated that the emission enhancement was mainly due to the 1,8‐naphthalimide chromophore aggregated onto the casein micelle. Based on AISE, a novel casein quantification method was developed, which exhibited a good linear range of 0.05–10.0 μg ml−1 and 0.07–9.5 μg ml−1 with the detection limits of 2.8 and 3.0 ng ml−1. The effects of metal ions and pH on the system of 1casein micelle were investigated. The proposed method was applied to determine casein in milk samples, and the results were in good agreement with the result of the Biuret method.