bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cobalt Complexes with Pyrazole Ligands as Catalyst Precursors for the Peroxidative Oxidation of Cyclohexane: X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies and Biological Applications
Authors: F. S. Silva Telma , M. D. R. S. Martins Luísa , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Kuznetsov Maxim L. , Fernandes Alexandra R. , Silva Ana , Pan Chun‐Jern , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Hwang Bing‐Joe , J. L. Pombeiro Armando
Published: January 2014

[CoCl(μ‐Cl)(HpzPh)3]2 (1) and [CoCl2(HpzPh)4] (2) were obtained by reaction of CoCl2 with HC(pzPh)3 and HpzPh, respectively (HpzPh=3‐phenylpyrazole). The compounds were isolated as air‐stable solids and fully characterized by IR and far‐IR spectroscopy, MS(ESI+/−), elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), controlled potential electrolysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Electrochemical studies showed that 1 and 2 undergo single‐electron irreversible CoII→CoIII oxidations and CoII→CoI reductions at potentials measured by CV, which also allowed, in the case of dinuclear complex 1, the detection of electronic communication between the Co centers through the chloride bridging ligands. The electrochemical behavior of models of 1 and 2 were also investigated by density functional theory (DFT) methods, which indicated that the vertical oxidation of 1 and 2 (that before structural relaxation) affects mostly the chloride and pyrazolyl ligands, whereas adiabatic oxidation (that after the geometry relaxation) and reduction are mostly metal centered. Compounds 1 and 2 and, for comparative purposes, other related scorpionate and pyrazole cobalt complexes, exhibit catalytic activity for the peroxidative oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone under mild conditions (room temperature, aqueous H2O2). In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy studies indicated that the species derived from complexes 1 and 2 during the oxidation of cyclohexane (i.e., Ox‐1 and Ox‐2, respectively) are analogous and contain a CoIII site. Complex 2 showed low in vitro cytotoxicity toward the HCT116 colorectal carcinoma and MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Chemico‐Physical Synthesis of Surfactant‐ and Ligand‐Free Gold Nanoparticles and Their Anti‐Galvanic Reduction Property
Authors: Wang Man , Wu Zhikun , Chu Zhaoqin , Yang Jie , Yao Chuanhao
Published: January 2014

Galvanic reduction (GR) is a classic reaction. In simple terms, metals can reduce less reactive (or more noble) metal ions, while the opposite—metals reduce more reactive (or less noble) metal ions—should not occur. However, recently we found that anti‐galvanic reduction (AGR) occurred to thiolated gold and silver nanoparticles. However, the essential issue whether the occurrence of AGR requires the assistance of reductive thiolate ligands or not still remained unanswered. In this work, by using a novel protocol (chemical reduction and physical ablation), we synthesized surfactant‐ and ligand‐free gold nanoparticles. We found that these as‐prepared nanoparticles can reduce silver ions and copper ions, thus illustrating that AGR is not dependent on reductive ligands. Further experiments demonstrated that AGR is applicable to other metal (such as Pt and Pd) nanoparticles and that the AGR process is size‐dependent. Finally, it was found that the Raman scattering signals of Rhodamine 6G are distinctly enhanced on the gold nanoparticles that had been reacted with silver ions, which indicates the use of AGR for tuning the property of nanoparticles.
A Solvato‐Fluorochromic Macrocycle of Multiple Anthracene Fluorophores in Close Proximity
Authors: Li Zhiou , Sei Yoshihisa , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: January 2014

A fluorescent macrocycle containing four anthracene panels linked by meta‐phenylene spacers and amino hinges was synthesized. The macrocycle adopts a twisted, compressed conformation that places embedded anthracene fluorophores in close contact. Emission from the convoluted macrocycle is highly solvatochromic and significantly enhanced as compared with that of the partial structures.
Reliability of demand‐based warm standby systems subject to fault level coverage
Authors: Zhai Q. , Peng R. , Xing L. , Yang J.
Published: January 2014

For mission‐critical or safety‐critical systems, redundancy techniques are often applied to satisfy the stringent reliability requirements of the system design. Warm standby sparing is a common redundancy technique, which compromises the high energy consumption of hot standby techniques and the long recovery time of cold standby techniques. This paper considers a more general model for warm standby systems, that is, the demand‐based warm standby system, where each component bears a nominal capacity and the system fails if the total capacity of the working components cannot meet the system demand. Moreover, fault level coverage is considered to model the imperfect coverage effect in the standby system. A multivalued decision diagram based approach is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the demand‐based warm standby system subject to the fault level coverage. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A journey of discovery with George Box
Authors: Bacon David W.
Published: January 2014

Discovery generally means becoming aware of something previously unknown. It would surprise me greatly if anyone who encountered George Box, either for the first time or on a later occasion, did not experience a genuine sense of discovery. He was one of the most creative and insightful people I have ever met, and thanks to him, my career during the 52 years since our first meeting has been a wonderful journey of personal discovery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
George Box's contributions to time series analysis and forecasting
Authors: Ljung G. M. , Ledolter J. , Abraham B.
Published: January 2014

George Edward Pelham Box was born on October 19, 1919 in Gravesend, Kent, UK and died on March 28, 2013 in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. George Box made significant contributions to many fields of statistics including design of experiments and response surface methodology, evolutionary operation, statistical inference, robustness, Bayesian methods, time series analysis and forecasting, and quality improvement. Our paper discusses his contributions to time series analysis and forecasting. His work in this area started in collaboration with Gwilym Jenkins in the early 1960s and continued over the next several decades. His contributions include the classic and extraordinarily influential book ‘Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control’ written with Gwilym Jenkins and first published by Holden Day in 1970. Subsequent contributions to time series analysis include joint work with George Tiao, Gregory Reinsel, Daniel Pena, and many former graduate students. His work provided a unified framework for carrying out time series analysis in practice and laid the foundation for many new developments in the field. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid Substrate Fermentation of Monascus purpureus: Growth, Carbon Balance, and Consistency Analysis
Authors: Rosenblitt Ariel , Agosin Eduardo , Delgado Javier , Pérez‐Correa Ricardo
Published: January 2014

Solid Substrate fermentation (SSF) of Monascus purpureus on rice is a promising new technology for obtaining natural pigments. However, before attempts can be made at maximizing pigment yield, all significant macroscopic compounds should be assayed. Here, Monascus purpureus has been grown on rice in batch mode, and the evolution of the main components, biomass, residual rice, O2, CO2, ethanol, acetic acid, and pigments, have been followed. This set of data, never previously studied for Monascus SSF, allowed both the performance of a macroscopic elemental balance, which accounted for 83–94% of the initial substrate carbon, and a check of data consistency. Standard consistency analysis showed a significant underestimation of the nitrogen fraction of biomass, but it was unable to discriminate the errors in the carbon balance as a result of the simultaneous presence of two gross errors in the system. A simple stoichiometric model in tandem with consistency analysis explained unaccounted carbon as an underestimation of CO2 and ethanol. Using the simplified method to estimate ethanol, the macroscopic balance accounted for 87–99% of the initial carbon.
Intracardiac echocardiography‐guided transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Kadakia Mitul B. , Silvestry Frank E. , Herrmann Howard C.
Published: January 2014

Echocardiographic imaging is an essential component of successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Currently, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the imaging modality of choice for TAVR. However, a limitation of TEE is the need for general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in most centers. Additionally, the TEE probe can obscure fluoroscopic views during valve positioning and deployment. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has been used for imaging guidance for structural and valvular intervention, though its use has rarely been reported for primary imaging guidance during TAVR. Recently, a new volumetric three‐dimensional intracardiac ultrasound (volume ICE) system has become available with the potential for improved visualization of intracardiac structures. We describe a recent TAVR case that was successfully performed with the use of volume ICE exclusively for imaging guidance. We found that assessment of valve positioning and aortic insufficiency were comparable to that provided by conventional TEE imaging, though there were several important limitations. ICE‐guided TAVR may represent an important alternative to TEE for TAVR imaging guidance and possibly allow for less‐intensive sedation or anesthesia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Instantaneous Mass Transfer under Gas‐Liquid Taylor Flow in Circular Capillaries
Authors: Pan Zhiqun , Zhang Xubin , Xie Yunfeng , Cai Wangfeng
Published: January 2014

The mass transfer process under CO2‐water Taylor flow was experimentally investigated in circular capillaries with different lengths. The measured volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa was found to reduce with the increase of mass transfer time under the same operational conditions. With computational fluid dynamics simulations, the instantaneous kLa values decreased sharply at the initial stage of the mass transfer process. The effects of numerous experimental parameters on separated contribution of kLa were investigated for different dimensionless mass transfer times. The instantaneous kLa values for arbitary transfer times could be calculated and agreed well with experimental data.
Numerical Simulation and Assessment of a Two‐Stage Gasifier Modified from an Opposed Multi‐Burner Gasifier
Authors: Jin Weilong , Wang Yifei , Zhu Longchu , Wu Chaoqi , Xu Jianliang
Published: January 2014

An opposed multi‐burner (OMB) entrained‐flow gasifier with coal water slurry feeding is developed by the East China University of Science and Technology. A 3D model is employed to numerically simulate the gas flow field, motion of char particles, and distributions of temperature and gaseous components in an OMB gasifier and in a conceptual two‐stage gasifier modified from the OMB gasifier (TS‐OMB gasifier). Results show that the TS‐OMB gasifier produces higher concentration and productivity of the effective gases (CO+H2) with a slightly higher carbon conversion than the OMB gasifier. The reasons for the differences between these two types of gasifier are discussed by means of numerical simulation. This information is valuable for guiding the design of an advanced OMB gasifier.
NbPt3 Intermetallic Nanoparticles: Highly Stable and CO‐Tolerant Electrocatalyst for Fuel Oxidation
Authors: Ramesh Gubbala V. , Kodiyath Rajesh , Tanabe Toyokazu , Manikandan Maidhily , Fujita Takeshi , Matsumoto Futoshi , Ishihara Shinsuke , Ueda Shigenori , Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Ariga Katsuhiko , Abe Hideki
Published: January 2014

NbPt3 intermetallic nanoparticles (NbPt3 NPs) are synthesized for the first time, and their electrocatalytic performance towards fuel oxidation is tested. Chemical reduction of dichloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)platinum(II) and niobium(V) pentachloride in dry diglyme with a superhydride, followed by annealing, yields the desired NbPt3 NPs. These NbPt3 NPs exhibit higher stability than pure Pt NPs during repeated electrochemical cycles in H2SO4. The NbPt3 NPs are less susceptible to CO adsorption compared with Pt NPs and exhibit improved catalytic activity towards the electrooxidation of ethanol and/or formic acid. These NbPt3 NPs are promising candidates as electrode catalysts in fuel cells.
A Supramolecular Approach for the Facile Solubilization and Separation of Covalently Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Bosch Sebastian , Zeininger Lukas , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas
Published: January 2014

Through a combination of an electronic‐type selective diazonium‐based attachment of a Hamilton receptor unit onto the carbon nanotube framework and a supramolecular recognition approach of a cyanuric acid derivative, we herein introduce a highly promising strategy for the tuning of carbon nanotube solubility and, directly related to that, a solution‐based easy and straightforward separation of covalently functionalized carbon nanotube derivatives with respect to their unfunctionalized counterparts. The supramolecular complexation of the cyanuric acid derivative provides the driving force for the dramatically increased dispersibility and for the long‐time stability of the individualized single‐walled carbon nanotube derivatives in chloroform. The selective covalent functionalization of metallic carbon nanotubes can easily be analyzed with the aid of scanning Raman microscopy techniques. The functional derivatives have furthermore been characterized by UV/Vis‐NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as by mass spectrometric coupled thermogravimetric analysis. The investigation of the supramolecular complexation is based on an in‐depth UV/Vis‐NIR analysis and atomic force microscopy investigations.
Double CaromH Activation Associated with Etheral Oxygen Insertion to Phenazine Architecture in Oxidisable Ruthenium(III) Complexes: A Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Roy Suman K , Samanta Subhas , Chowdhury Nabanita Saha , Mondal Tapan K. , Goswami Sreebrata
Published: January 2014

Three examples of unusual double aromatic CH bond activation associated with insertion of etheral oxygen atom to phenazine architecture in RuIII complexes are reported. The chemical transformations have led to the formation of new RuIV complexes with angular pentacyclo heterocyclic ligands. A mechanistic investigation indicates that the overall process is a combination of successive steps involving air (O2) and H2O.
A Direct, Modular, and Efficient Construction of the PCP Structural Motif through Coupling of Manganese Carbyne Complexes with Phosphines
Authors: Valyaev Dmitry A. , Bastin Stéphanie , Utegenov Kamil I. , Lugan Noël , Lavigne Guy , Ustynyuk Nikolai A.
Published: January 2014

Easily available carbyne complexes of manganese were used as a source of carbyne fragments in an unconventional synthesis of backbone‐substituted diphosphinomethanes and cyclic P‐ylides upon coupling with secondary or tertiary phosphines, respectively, followed by demetalation under mild conditions.
A Silver Bite: Crystalline Heterometallic Architectures Based on Ag–π Interactions with a Bis‐Dipyrrin Zinc Helicate
Authors: Ruffin Hervé , Baudron Stéphane A. , Salazar‐Mendoza Domingo , Hosseini Mir Wais
Published: January 2014

An unprecedented mode of assembly of helical motives and AgI ions in the crystalline state is described. The combination of a ZnII helicate based on a 2,2′‐bisdpm bearing peripheral benzonitrile moieties with AgX salts, leads to the formation of a tetranuclear core containing Ag–π interactions. Depending on the coordinating ability of the X− anion and the solvents used, the tetranuclear complex self‐assembles into coordination polymers of varying dimensionality. From the sequence of coordination events (Ag–π or Ag–peripheral site), one may envisage two possible construction scenarios. However, the Ag–π as primary event seems reasonable owing to the rather weak binding propensity of the nitrile group and the chelating nature of the π‐clefts.
Nanoscale View of a Particle‐Wall Contact – Comparison between Simulation and Experiment
Authors: Haarmann Alexander , Mader‐Arndt Katja , Tomas Jürgen , Schmidt Eberhard
Published: January 2014

Bei der Simulation realer Phänomene, wie der Haftung eines Partikels auf einer glatten Wand in gasförmiger Umgebung, müssen vorhandene Unregelmäßigkeiten realer Körper beachtet werden. Gerade auf atomarer Skala haben Fehler im Atomgitter oder nanoskalige Oberflächenrauheiten signifikanten Einfluss auf die Haftkraft und davon abhängige Größen. Dies muss in der Simulation berücksichtigt werden um den realen Zustand ausreichend genau abzubilden. Die Ergebnisse aus Simulation und Experiment der Haftkraft beim Partikel/Wand‐Kontakt in gasförmiger Umgebung werden verglichen und das Haftmoment eines abgelagerten Partikels berechnet.
Clinical Features, Use of Evidence‐Based Therapies, and Cardiovascular Outcomes Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Following Non–ST‐Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Rhee June‐Wha , Wiviott Stephen D. , Scirica Benjamin M. , Gibson C. Michael , Murphy Sabina A. , Bonaca Marc P. , Morrow David A. , Mega Jessica L.
Published: January 2014

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events following acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The underlying pathobiology and optimal treatments for this population continue to be evaluated.

Hypothesis

Patients with CKD will receive fewer evidence‐based therapies and experience high rates of adverse cardiovascular events in both the short‐ and long term.

Methods

The MERLIN‐TIMI 36 (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non–ST‐Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes‐Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36) trial randomized non–ST‐elevation ACS patients to ranolazine or placebo, with no exclusion for renal dysfunction (except dialysis). We conducted a prespecified analysis among 6543 patients based on the degree of CKD.

Results

Patients with worse renal function were older with more comorbidities (P < 0.0001 for each). They were less likely to receive evidence‐based cardiovascular medicines (P < 0.04 for each). Rates of an early invasive management strategy varied based on renal function; however, among patients with the highest TIMI risk scores, the rates of an early invasive management strategy were similar regardless of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (Pinteraction = 0.005). Lower GFR was associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease or myocardial infarction in the short and long term, even after adjustment (GFR <30 vs ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2; hazard ratio [HR]: 3.24 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.26‐8.38] through 7 days and HR: 2.12 [95% CI: 1.33‐3.39] through 1 year). The effect of ranolazine vs placebo on clinical outcomes was similar among those with and without CKD (Pinteraction = not significant).

Conclusions

Following ACS, patients with renal dysfunction had more cardiovascular risk factors but were less likely to receive evidence‐based medical therapies. A strong graded, independent relationship between the degree of CKD and poor clinical outcomes was observed over time. Continued efforts to optimize ACS treatment strategies in patients with CKD are warranted.
A randomized phase 2 trial of erlotinib versus pemetrexed as second‐line therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced EGFR wild‐type and EGFR FISH‐positive lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Ning , Ou Wei , Yang Hua , Liu Qian‐Wen , Zhang Song‐Liang , Wang Bao‐Xiao , Wang Si‐Yu
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

The current study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of erlotinib versus pemetrexed as second‐line therapy for patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild‐type and EGFR fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)‐positive lung adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

In this open‐label, randomized, phase 2 study, patients with EGFR wild‐type and EGFR FISH‐positive adenocarcinoma who had developed disease progression after 1 prior platinum‐based chemotherapy were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive erlotinib or pemetrexed until the time of disease progression or death, unacceptable toxicity, or a request for discontinuation by the patient. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

A total of 123 patients were enrolled (61 in the erlotinib arm and 62 in the pemetrexed arm). The median PFS was 4.1 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.6 months‐6.6 months) in the erlotinib group versus 3.9 months (95% CI, 2.7 months‐5.1 months) in the pemetrexed group. The difference in PFS between the 2 treatment groups was not significant (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.62‐1.37 [P = .683]). The objective response rate appeared to be higher among patients receiving erlotinib compared with those receiving pemetrexed (19.7% vs 8.1%; P = .062). The 3 most commonly recorded adverse events were rash (54.1%), fatigue (19.7%), and diarrhea (16.4%) in the erlotinib group and fatigue (25.8%), nausea (24.2%), and anorexia (14.5%) in the pemetrexed group.

CONCLUSIONS

There were no significant differences noted with regard to efficacy between erlotinib and pemetrexed in the second‐line setting for patients with advanced EGFR wild‐type and EGFR FISH‐positive lung adenocarcinoma. Both regimens appear to be effective treatment options for these patients. Cancer 2014;120:1379–1386. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Maximizing availability for task scheduling in computational grid using genetic algorithm
Authors: Prakash Shiv , Vidyarthi Deo Prakash
Published: January 2014

Computational grid provides a wide distributed platform for high‐end compute intensive applications. Grid scheduling is often carried out to schedule the submitted jobs on the nodes of the grid so that some characteristic parameter is optimized. Availability of the computational nodes is one of the important characteristic parameters and measures the probability of the node availability for job execution. This paper addresses the availability of the grid computational nodes for the job execution and proposes a model to maximize it. As such, the task scheduling problem in grid is nondeterministic polynomial‐time hard, and often, metaheuristics techniques are applied to solve it. Genetic algorithm, a metaheuristic technique based on evolutionary computation, has been used to solve such complex optimization problem. This work proposes a technique for the grid scheduling problem using genetic algorithm with the objective to maximize availability. Simulation experiment, to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, is conducted, and results reveal the effectiveness of the model. A comparative study has also been performed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity of 1‐monoacylglycerol microemulsions
Authors: Petra Ševčíková , Věra Kašpárková , Iva Hauerlandová , Petr Humpolíček , Zdeňka Kuceková , Leona Buňková
Published: January 2014

Antibacterial activity of stable 1‐monoacylglycerol (1‐MAG) microemulsions (MEs) of capric (C10:0), undecanoic (C11:0), lauric (C12:0), and myristic (C14:0) acids against the growth of gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria was tested and their inhibition effect was compared to that of neat 1‐MAG. To reveal their behavior with respect to eukaryotic cells, the cytotoxicity on mouse fibroblasts was also determined. The MEs were studied via pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams in order to find out the miscibility areas of all components used. The results indicated that at 1‐MAG concentrations of 1000–1900 mg/L, an inhibition of gram‐negative strains was improved compared to neat 1‐MAG and depended on the fatty acid type; however, at lower 1‐MAG concentrations, both systems showed comparable effect. The opposite trend was detected on gram‐positive bacteria, where 1‐MAGs showed better performance compared to corresponding MEs. The best antibacterial activity against both bacterial types was observed in 1‐MAG C12:0 MEs. MTT assay revealed significant cytotoxicity of all MEs. The threshold of 10 mg/L was determined as the limit for moderate toxicity, which represents 40–60% cell survival. All prepared MEs were transparent, stable during the storage period of 6 months and their particle sizes were between 15 and 20 nm.

Practical applications: 1‐MAGs belong to safe and efficient antimicrobial agents and their application may be a convenient alternative to usage of synthetic antimicrobials; however, one of their limitations for certain applications is their insolubility in aqueous systems. This drawback can be reduced by encapsulation of 1‐MAGs in suitable ME system. The presented study has confirmed that 1‐MAG MEs possess suitable inhibitory activity against both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. Efficacy of MEs against gram‐negative strains was enhanced compared to 1‐MAG alone. Although the growth of gram‐positive bacteria was less affected by MEs when compared to neat 1‐MAG, the results can be closely related to potential industrial applications of the MEs as effective agents for cosmetics, dermatology, food industry, paint or coatings where water‐based systems are frequently used and desired. The application of studied systems might be to some extent limited due to the potential health risk caused by the observed cytotoxicity.
Arachidonic acid synthesis from biodiesel‐derived waste by Mortierella alpina
Authors: Dedyukhina Emiliya G. , Chistyakova Tatyana I. , Mironov Aleksei A. , Kamzolova Svetlana V. , Morgunov Igor G. , Vainshtein Mikhail B.
Published: January 2014

The synthesis of arachidonic acid (15–20% of lipid) from biodiesel‐derived waste by Mortierella alpina strains was demonstrated. An inverse correlation between lipid and arachidonic acid production was revealed in media with different concentrations of carbon substrate. A method of increasing the arachidonic acid content of M. alpina lipid based on the additional incubation of harvested mycelium was developed. The effect of mycelium age, time of incubation, and temperature on the fatty acid composition of lipid was studied. Under optimal conditions (incubation of a harvested 7‐day mycelium at RT for 4–7 days), the arachidonic acid content of lipid in M. alpina strains NRRL‐A‐10995 and LPM‐301 grown on biodiesel‐derived waste and in the pure‐glycerol grown strain LPM‐301 increased by 162–199% of initial level (from 14.6 to 29.0%, from 19.8 to 36.5%, and from 35.0 to 56.8%, respectively).

Practical applications: Arachidonic acid (AA) has found wide applications in medicine, pharmacology, diet, and infant nutrition as a precursor of several key eicosanoid hormones and pharmacologically active metabolites, as well as in agriculture as an elicitor of plant resistance to phytopathogens. Microbiological processes for AA production usually use carbohydrate substrates. Results of this study indicate that AA can be produced by Mortierella alpina strains from biodiesel‐derived waste, inexpensive and renewable carbon substrate.
Are integrative or distributive outcomes more satisfactory? The effects of interest‐based versus value‐based issues on negotiator satisfaction
Authors: Stöckli Peter Lucas , Tanner Carmen
Published: January 2014

Negotiation research usually distinguishes between integrative and distributive outcomes. Integrative outcomes satisfy the negotiation parties' most important interests (by trading off less important for more important issues). In contrast, distributive outcomes require negotiators to give up their most important interests (as they make concessions on both less and more important issues). Integrative outcomes are more beneficial, but do they offer greater satisfaction? In this research, we hypothesized that satisfaction with integrative versus distributive outcomes depends on whether people negotiate interest‐based or value‐based issues. Three experiments consistently revealed that people in interest‐based negotiations were more satisfied with integrative outcomes, whereas those in value‐based negotiations tended to be more satisfied with distributive outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Attributes of Electrochemistry in Tandem with Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Looi Donq Wen , Iftikhar Imran , Brajter‐Toth Anna
Published: January 2014

Electrolytic efficiency of battery‐operated flow‐through thin‐layer electrochemical (EC; echem) cell used in EC/ESI‐MS was investigated. Two stainless steel capillaries joined by PTFE tubing formed the thin‐layer EC cell. Echem reaction efficiency of ferrocyanide, dopamine and hydroquinone oxidation in the EC cell was low and decreased with increasing MeOH volume fraction in the MeOH/H2O carrier solutions with low conductivity. Water oxidation dominated the cell current and migration of ferrocyanide was observed. Flow rate of 50–200 µL/h had a very small effect on EC cell current. Dopamine oxidation current in the EC cell and dopamine ion intensity in EC/ESI‐MS showed a direct correlation.
Alteration of protein profile in rat liver of animals exposed to subacute diazinon: A proteomic approach
Authors: Lari Parisa , Rashedinia Marzieh , Abnous Khalil , Hosseinzadeh Hossein
Published: January 2014

Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, is employed to control pests in agriculture. Diazinon may contaminate the environment during the manufacturing process or agricultural application. Previous studies have revealed that diazinon may induce alteration in the protein profile of the liver. Here, a proteomics approach was used to investigate the effects on the protein profile in the liver of rats of subacute oral exposures at 15 mg/kg of diazinon. Liver proteins were separated using 2D‐PAGE, and stained by MS‐compatible silver staining and/or the fluorescent SYPRO® Ruby protein gel stain. Gels were scanned and analyzed using the Image Master software. Differentially displayed protein species were identified using MALDI‐TOF/TOF and MASCOT software. Significantly altered protein species were identified to be involved in apoptosis, cell metabolism, transport, and antioxidant systems. Exposure to diazinon decreased levels of some species of catalase, peroxiredoxin‐6, 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase, and glucose regulated protein78, whereas the level of protein disulfide‐isomerase A3 increased. Our results suggested that diazinon may induce hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and metabolic disorders in rat liver.
Life cycle impact analysis of tertiary treatment alternatives to treat secondary municipal wastewater for reuse in cooling systems
Authors: Theregowda Ranjani , Vidic Radisav , Dzombak David A. , Landis Amy E.
Published: January 2014

Life cycle impacts have been evaluated to compare and assess six tertiary treatment alternatives for secondary treated municipal wastewater for reuse in thermo‐electric power plant cooling systems. Impacts during construction and operation of tertiary treatment processes using databases and characterization tools embedded in the process‐based life cycle assessment (LCA) software, Simapro v7.3, and the Carnegie Mellon economic input–output LCA (EIO‐LCA) 2002 model were estimated. Infrastructure cost estimates from life cycle cost analysis were used as inputs to the EIO‐LCA model. Inputs to the process‐based analysis included chemical doses added during and after tertiary treatment, approximate transport distance of chemicals from producer to treatment site, and energy generation to operate major equipment during treatment. Impacts considered included global warming potential (in kg CO2 eq.), acidification (in kg SO2 eq.), eutrophication (in kg N eq.) and ecotoxicity (in kg 2,4‐D eq.)—estimated using TRACI model characterization factors. The environmental impacts analysis showed that manufacture of chemicals for tertiary treatment and conditioning, and electric power generation were the main processes that contribute to environmental impacts. Thus, alternatives with no or less tertiary treatment are recommended from an environmental impact perspective for reuse of secondary treated wastewater in cooling systems. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 178–187, 2015
Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) exposure to three novel brominated flame retardants in outdoor mesocosms: bioaccumulation and biotransformation
Authors: de Jourdan Benjamin P. , Hanson Mark L. , Muir Derek C.G. , Solomon Keith R.
Published: January 2014

The phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has prompted the search for appropriate substitutes. These substitutes, referred to as novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), are poorly characterized in terms of their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. The authors assessed the bioaccumulation potential of 3 non-PBDE brominated flame retardants: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-BDBPE), and BZ-54, a mixture of bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate) (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB). Replicate outdoor aquatic mesocosms were treated individually at concentrations designed to give a maximum load of 500 ng/g of flame retardant in the upper 5 cm of the sediment. Caged fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, 24 fish per replicate) were introduced to each mesocosm and acclimated for 10 d prior to exposure. The exposure period was 42 d, followed by 28 d of depuration after transfer to a control mesocosm, during which physical, reproductive, and biochemical end points were examined. Tissue samples were taken to measure the accumulation, depuration, and biotransformation of NBFRs. Fathead minnows were observed to accumulate, after growth adjustment, BTBPE (16–4203 ng/g lipid) and TBBPA-BDBPE (>1000 ng/g lipid) but with a lack of consistent accumulation observed for EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP. However, limited biologically meaningful or consistent responses were observed in the monitored physical, reproductive, and biochemical parameters. Fathead minnows from each treatment exhibited several brominated transformation products. The authors conclude that these NBFRs have the potential to be bioaccumulative and persistent in vivo and, therefore, warrant further study of physiological effects linked to chronic, sublethal responses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1148–1155. © 2014 SETAC
Shape optimization approaches to free‐surface problems
Authors: Kasumba H.
Published: January 2014

Three different reformulations of a free‐surface problem as shape optimization problems are considered. These give rise to three different cost functionals that apparently have not been exploited in literature. The shape derivatives of the cost functionals are explicitly determined. The gradient information is combined with the boundary variation method in a preconditioned steepest descent algorithm to solve the shape optimization problems. Numerical results that compare the performance of the proposed cost functionals are presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A radial basis function (RBF) finite difference method for the simulation of reaction–diffusion equations on stationary platelets within the augmented forcing method
Authors: Shankar Varun , Wright Grady B. , Fogelson Aaron L. , Kirby Robert M.
Published: January 2014

We present a computational method for solving the coupled problem of chemical transport in a fluid (blood) with binding/unbinding of the chemical to/from cellular (platelet) surfaces in contact with the fluid, and with transport of the chemical on the cellular surfaces. The overall framework is the augmented forcing point method (AFM) (L. Yao and A.L. Fogelson, Simulations of chemical transport and reaction in a suspension of cells I: An augmented forcing point method for the stationary case, IJNMF (2012) 69, 1736–52.) for solving fluid‐phase transport in a region outside of a collection of cells suspended in the fluid. We introduce a novel radial basis function–finite difference (RBF‐FD) method to solve reaction–diffusion equations on the surface of each of a collection of 2D stationary platelets suspended in blood. Parametric RBFs are used to represent the geometry of the platelets and give accurate geometric information needed for the RBF‐FD method. Symmetric Hermite‐RBF interpolants are used for enforcing the boundary conditions on the fluid‐phase chemical concentration, and their use removes a significant limitation of the original AFM. The efficacy of the new methods is shown through a series of numerical experiments; in particular, second‐order convergence for the coupled problem is demonstrated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choroid plexus carcinomas are characterized by complex chromosomal alterations related to patient age and prognosis
Authors: Ruland Vincent , Hartung Stefan , Kordes Uwe , Wolff Johannes E. , Paulus Werner , Hasselblatt Martin
Published: January 2014

Choroid plexus carcinoma is a malignant brain tumor predominantly occurring in young children. Only limited data are available regarding the underlying molecular genetic alterations. Therefore, molecular inversion probe single nucleotide polymorphism (MIP SNP) arrays were performed on a series of 26 neuropathologically well‐characterized choroid plexus carcinomas. Recurrent copy number losses of chromosomes 5, 6, 16, 18, 19, and 22 as well as gains of chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 12, and 20 were identified. Furthermore, GISTIC analysis identified significant recurrent gains of 17 genes in 9 regions, and recurrent losses of 96 genes in 14 regions. Clustering analysis separated choroid plexus carcinomas into two groups: one characterized by marked losses and the other characterized by gains across the chromosomes. Chromosomal losses of 9, 19p, and 22q were significantly more frequent in younger children (<36 months), whereas gains on chromosomes 7 and 19, and chromosome arms 8q, 14q, and 21q prevailed in older patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that loss of 12q was associated with shorter survival [12 ± 5 months vs. 86 ± 8 months; (mean ± SD; P = 0.001)] and, in addition, 45 smaller chromosomal regions showing genetic alterations significantly associated with survival could be identified. The MIP SNP array profiles also contributed to the diagnosis of two difficult SMARCB1‐negative tumors as choroid plexus carcinoma and cribriform neuroepithelial tumor (CRINET), respectively. In conclusion, choroid plexus carcinomas are characterized by complex genetic alterations, which are related to patient age and may have prognostic and diagnostic value. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function sea‐level reconstruction
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Leben R. R. , Strassburg M. W. , Kim K.‐Y.
Published: January 2014

Since 1993, satellite altimetry has provided accurate measurements of sea surface height with near‐global coverage. These measurements led to the first definitive estimates of global mean sea‐level (GMSL) rise and have improved understanding of how sea levels are changing regionally at decadal time scales. These relatively short records, however, provide no information about the state of the ocean prior to 1993, and with the modern altimetry record spanning only 20 years, the lower frequency signals that are known to be present in the ocean are difficult or impossible to resolve. Tide gauges, on the other hand, have measured sea level over the last 200 years, with some records extending back to 1807. While providing longer records, the spatial resolution of tide gauge sampling is poor, making studies of the large‐scale patterns of ocean variability and estimates of GMSL difficult. Combining the satellite altimetry with the tide gauges using a technique known as sea‐level reconstruction results in a dataset with the record length of the tide gauges and the near‐global coverage of satellite altimetry. Cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions (CSEOFs), derived from satellite altimetry, are combined with historical sea‐level measurements from tide gauges to create the Reconstructed Sea Level dataset spanning from 1950 to 2009. Previous sea‐level reconstructions have utilized empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) as basis functions, but by using CSEOFs and by addressing other aspects of the reconstruction procedure, an alternative sea‐level reconstruction can be computed. The resulting reconstructed sea‐level dataset has weekly temporal resolution and half‐degree spatial resolution.
Contributions of the Na+/K+‐ATPase, NKCC1, and Kir4.1 to hippocampal K+ clearance and volume responses
Authors: Larsen Brian Roland , Assentoft Mette , Cotrina Maria L. , Hua Susan Z. , Nedergaard Maiken , Kaila Kai , Voipio Juha , MacAulay Nanna
Published: January 2014

Network activity in the brain is associated with a transient increase in extracellular K+ concentration. The excess K+ is removed from the extracellular space by mechanisms proposed to involve Kir4.1‐mediated spatial buffering, the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and/or Na+/K+‐ATPase activity. Their individual contribution to [K+]o management has been of extended controversy. This study aimed, by several complementary approaches, to delineate the transport characteristics of Kir4.1, NKCC1, and Na+/K+‐ATPase and to resolve their involvement in clearance of extracellular K+ transients. Primary cultures of rat astrocytes displayed robust NKCC1 activity with [K+]o increases above basal levels. Increased [K+]o produced NKCC1‐mediated swelling of cultured astrocytes and NKCC1 could thereby potentially act as a mechanism of K+ clearance while concomitantly mediate the associated shrinkage of the extracellular space. In rat hippocampal slices, inhibition of NKCC1 failed to affect the rate of K+ removal from the extracellular space while Kir4.1 enacted its spatial buffering only during a local [K+]o increase. In contrast, inhibition of the different isoforms of Na+/K+‐ATPase reduced post‐stimulus clearance of K+ transients. The astrocyte‐characteristic α2β2 subunit composition of Na+/K+‐ATPase, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, displayed a K+ affinity and voltage‐sensitivity that would render this subunit composition specifically geared for controlling [K+]o during neuronal activity. In rat hippocampal slices, simultaneous measurements of the extracellular space volume revealed that neither Kir4.1, NKCC1, nor Na+/K+‐ATPase accounted for the stimulus‐induced shrinkage of the extracellular space. Thus, NKCC1 plays no role in activity‐induced extracellular K+ recovery in native hippocampal tissue while Kir4.1 and Na+/K+‐ATPase serve temporally distinct roles. GLIA 2014;62:608–622
Implanted neural progenitor cells regulate glial reaction to brain injury and establish gap junctions with host glial cells
Authors: Talaverón Rocío , Matarredona Esperanza R. , de la Cruz Rosa R. , Macías David , Gálvez Victoria , Pastor Angel M.
Published: January 2014

Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) in the lesioned brain is able to restore morphological and physiological alterations induced by different injuries. The local microenvironment created at the site of grafting and the communication between grafted and host cells are crucial in the beneficial effects attributed to the NPC implants. We have previously described that NPC transplantation in an animal model of central axotomy restores firing properties and synaptic coverage of lesioned neurons and modulates their trophic factor content. In this study, we aim to explore anatomical relationships between implanted NPCs and host glia that might account for the implant‐induced neuroprotective effects. Postnatal rat subventricular zone NPCs were isolated and grafted in adult rats after transection of the medial longitudinal fascicle. Brains were removed and analyzed eight weeks later. Immunohistochemistry for different glial markers revealed that NPC‐grafted animals displayed significantly greater microglial activation than animals that received only vehicle injections. Implanted NPCs were located in close apposition to activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. The gap junction protein connexin43 was present in NPCs and glial cells at the lesion site and was often found interposed within adjacent implanted and glial cells. Gap junctions were identified between implanted NPCs and host astrocytes and less frequently between NPCs and microglia. Our results show that implanted NPCs modulate the glial reaction to lesion and establish the possibility of communication through gap junctions between grafted and host glial cells which might be involved in the restorative effects of NPC implants. GLIA 2014;62:623–638
Feasibility of Central Meditation and Imagery Therapy for dementia caregivers
Authors: Jain Felipe A. , Nazarian Nora , Lavretsky Helen
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Family dementia caregivers are at high risk of depression and burnout. We assessed the feasibility of Central Meditation and Imagery Therapy for Caregivers (CMIT‐C), a novel 8‐week group meditation and guided imagery group therapy program, for dementia caregivers reporting stress because of caregiving responsibilities.

Methods

Twelve family dementia caregivers enrolled in CMIT‐C. Primary outcomes included depression and anxiety, and secondary outcomes included insomnia, quality of life, and mindfulness. Changes over the study and 3 month follow‐up were analyzed with non‐parametric related samples tests. Correlations of feeling state changes from meditation diaries at 1 week were made with symptom changes post meditation training.

Results

Ten participants completed the study. Completers came to an average of 7 ± 1 sessions out of a possible 8 sessions, and turned in home practice logs of 90 ± 10% of the time. Anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms decreased, and mindfulness ratings improved with large effects (all p < 0.05 and Cohen's d ≥ 0.7). Gains were stable at 3 months. Early response during the first week of meditation practice was associated with subsequent home meditation practice, anxiety change at 8 weeks, and endpoint satisfaction with CMIT‐C.

Conclusions

Central Meditation and Imagery Therapy for Caregivers is a feasible intervention for dementia caregivers. Results suggest that this therapeutic technique can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia, and increase levels of mindfulness. Early response to meditation practice predicted those with the greatest short‐term benefits, and this may inform future studies of meditation. Larger controlled efficacy studies of CMIT‐C for dementia caregivers are warranted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boric Acid as Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Phenols from Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Gogoi Kongkona , Dewan Anindita , Gogoi Ankur , Borah Geetika , Bora Utpal
Published: January 2014

A simple, efficient, and environmentally benign boric acid catalyzed methodology for the ipso‐hydroxylation of arylboronic acid to phenol has been developed using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and ethanol as the solvent. The versatility of this protocol is that the reactions were performed at room temperature in short reaction time under metal‐, ligand‐, and base‐free conditions.