bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Falling Short
Authors: Swezey Christian
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the recriminations made following the first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship. It starts with Bob Kane's belief that Cornell would climb to the top of the college lacrosse world. In Baltimore, Army and Navy met in what had been the jewel of the lacrosse season. Army and Navy announced their decision to allow freshmen to play varsity lacrosse, while on the other hand, forbidding freshmen from playing varsity became a problem for Cornell. The chapter then covers the plastic lacrosse stick heads made by STX and produced by William T. Burnett plastics factory that were met with skepticism from people who adored the traditional wooden lacrosse sticks. It gives an overview of the game between Cortland State and Cornell despite their cultural differences and multiple match cancellations.
Introduction
Authors: Edgar Adrienne
Published: January 2023

This chapter investigates the interplay of national and Soviet through the lens of interethnic intimacy. The Soviet Union, like many modern states with ethnically diverse populations, was preoccupied with questions of ethnic mixing. The chapter discusses how the Soviet state celebrated mixed marriages as proof of the unbreakable “friendship of peoples” and as a sign of the impending merger of its numerous nationalities into a Soviet people in contrast to the antimixing policies prevalent in the United States throughout most of the twentieth century. The chapter examines the ways in which state-defined nationality categories intersected with the subjective identities of Soviet citizens. It looks at mixed marriage as a form of lived experience in Soviet Central Asia, thereby contributing to the embryonic fields of gender and family history and the history of everyday life in this poorly understood region.
The Deeds of Philip Augustus
Authors: Rigord  , Hyams Paul R.
Published: January 2023

The first full English translation of Rigord's Gesta Philippi Augusti, this book makes available to Anglophone readers the most important narrative account of the reign of King Philip II of France (r. 1180–1223), a critical source about this pivotal figure in the development of the medieval French monarchy and an intriguing window into many aspects of the broader twelfth century. Rigord wrote his chronicle in Latin, covering the first two-thirds of Philip II's reign, including such events as Philip's fateful expulsion of the Jews in 1182, his departure on the Third Crusade in 1190, his governmental innovations, and his victory over King John of England. As Philip II transformed French royal power, Rigord transformed contemporary writing about the nature of that power. Presented in a lively and readable translation framed by an introduction that contextualizes the text and accompanied by annotations, maps, and illustrations, the book makes one of the most important documents of twelfth-century France available to a wide new readership.
Working Democracies
Authors: Meyers Joan S. M.
Published: January 2023

In this inside look at worker cooperatives, long-held views and beliefs are challenged. From the outside, worker cooperatives all seem to offer alternatives to bad jobs and unequal treatment by giving workers democratic control and equitable ownership of their workplaces. Some contend, however, that such egalitarianism and self-management come at the cost of efficiency and stability, and are impractical in the long run. This book focuses on two worker cooperatives in business since the 1970s that transformed from small countercultural collectives into thriving multiracial and largely working-class firms. The book shows how democratic worker ownership can provide stability and effective business management, but also shows that broad equality is not an inevitable outcome despite the best intentions of cooperative members. The book explores the interconnections between organizational structure and organizational culture under conditions of worker control, revealing not only the different effects of managerialism and “participatory bureaucracy,” but also how each bureaucratic variation is facilitated by how workers are defined by at each cooperative. Both bureaucratic variation and worker meanings are, the book shows, consequential for the reduction or reproduction of class, gender, and ethnoracial inequalities. Offering a behind the scenes comparative look at an often invisible type of workplace, the book serves as a guidebook for the future of worker cooperatives.
Medieval Song from Aristotle to Opera
Authors: Kay Sarah
Published: January 2023

Focusing on songs by the troubadours and trouvères from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries, this book contends that song is not best analyzed as “words plus music” but rather as a distinctive way of sounding words. Rather than situating them in their immediate period, the book's author fruitfully listens for and traces crosscurrents between medieval French and Occitan songs and both earlier poetry and much later opera. Reflecting on a song's songlike quality—as, for example, the sound of light in the dawn sky, as breathed by beasts, as sirenlike in its perils—the book reimagines the diversity of songs from this period, which include inset lyrics in medieval French narratives and the works of Guillaume de Machaut, as works that are as much desired and imagined as they are actually sung and heard. The author understands song in terms of breath, the constellations, the animal soul, and life itself. The author's method used also draws inspiration from opera, especially those that inventively recreate medieval song, arguing for a perspective on the manuscripts that transmit medieval song as instances of multimedia, quasi-operatic performances.
The Glorious Revolution in Suriname (1688–1695)
Authors: Selwood Jacob
Published: January 2023

This chapter evaluates Jeronimy Clifford's case to explore the impact of the Glorious Revolution on English subjecthood in Suriname. The accession to power in England of William of Orange had implications not just for England and its colonies but also for English subjects elsewhere, particularly in Dutch territories. It provided a second example of a shift in sovereignty, which served as a counterpoint to the Dutch conquest. The event shaped Clifford's interactions with Suriname's governors, and the chapter shows how the accession of a Dutch king to England's throne both threatened and bolstered his ability to use his English subjecthood to assert power. The Glorious Revolution began with war between England and the Netherlands, an event that cast Clifford and his fellow English subjects in Suriname as potential enemies. Clifford's refusal to take an oath of loyalty to the Dutch brought him into conflict with the authorities, leading to a brief period of imprisonment. Nonetheless, he still clung closely to his English subjecthood, acting in accordance with the 1667 Articles of Capitulation to defend it.
The Hegemon's Tool Kit
Authors: Gibbons Rebecca Davis
Published: January 2023

At a moment when the nuclear nonproliferation regime is under duress, this book provides a trenchant analysis of the international system that has, for more than fifty years, controlled the spread of these catastrophic weapons. The book details how that regime works and how, disastrously, it might falter. In the early nuclear age, experts anticipated that all technologically capable states would build these powerful devices. That did not happen. Widespread development of nuclear arms did not occur, in large part, because a global nuclear nonproliferation regime was created. By the late-1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union had drafted the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and across decades the regime has expanded, with more agreements and more nations participating. As a result, in 2022, only nine states possess nuclear weapons. Why do most states in the international system adhere to the nuclear nonproliferation regime? The answer lies, the book asserts, in decades of painstaking efforts undertaken by the US government. As the most powerful state during the nuclear age, the United States had many tools with which to persuade other states to join or otherwise support nonproliferation agreements. The waning of US global influence, the book shows, is a key threat to the nonproliferation regime. So, too, is the deepening global divide over progress on nuclear disarmament. To date, the Chinese government is not taking significant steps to support the nuclear nonproliferation regime, and as a result, the regime may face a harmful leadership gap.
Along the Integral Margin
Authors: Campbell Stephen
Published: January 2023

In recent years anthropologists have focused on informal, unfree, and other nonnormative labor arrangements and labeled them as “noncapitalist.” This book pushes back against this idea and shows that these labor arrangements are, in fact, important aspects of capitalist development and that the erroneous “noncapitalist” label contributes to obscuring current capitalist relations. Through powerful, intimate ethnographic narratives of the lives and struggles of residents of a squatter settlement in Myanmar, the book challenges narrow conceptions of capitalism and asserts that nonnormative labor is not marginal but rather centrally important to Myanmar's economic development. The book's narrative approach brings individuals who are often marginalized in accounts of contemporary Myanmar to the forefront and raises questions about the diversity of work in capitalism.
Genome-wide identification and expression reveal the involvement of the FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) gene family in Gossypium hirsutum at low temperature
Authors: Wang JunDuo , Li Zhiqiang , Liang Yajun , Zheng Juyun , Gong Zhaolong , Zhou Guohui , Xu Yuhui , Li Xueyuan
Published: January 2023

FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) is a plant-specific gene family that plays an important regulatory role in plant growth and development and its response to stress. However, studies on the characteristics and functions of cotton FLZ family genes are still lacking. This study systematically identified members of the cotton FLZ gene family based on cotton genome data. The cotton FLZ family genes were systematically analyzed by bioinformatics, and their expression patterns in different tissues and under low-temperature stress were analyzed by transcriptome and qRT–PCR. The G. hirsutum genome contains 56 FLZ genes distributed on 20 chromosomes, and most of them are located in the nucleus. According to the number and evolution analysis of FLZ family genes, FLZ family genes can be divided into five subgroups in cotton. The G. hirsutum FLZ gene has a wide range of tissue expression types, among which the expression is generally higher in roots, stems, leaves, receptacles and calyx. Through promoter analysis, it was found that it contained the most cis-acting elements related to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Combined with the promoter and qRT–PCR results, it was speculated that GhFLZ11, GhFLZ25, GhFLZ44 and GhFLZ55 were involved in the response of cotton to low-temperature stress. Taken together, our findings suggest an important role for the FLZ gene family in the cotton response to cold stress. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the function of the FLZ gene family and the molecular mechanism of the cotton response to low temperature.
A clustering method for small scRNA-seq data based on subspace and weighted distance
Authors: Ning Zilan , Dai Zhijun , Zhang Hongyan , Chen Yuan , Yuan Zheming
Published: January 2023

Background

Identifying the cell types using unsupervised methods is essential for scRNA-seq research. However, conventional similarity measures introduce challenges to single-cell data clustering because of the high dimensional, high noise, and high dropout.

Methods

We proposed a clustering method for smallScRNA-seq data based onSubspace andWeightedDistance (SSWD), which follows the assumption that the sets of gene subspace composed of similar density-distributing genes can better distinguish cell groups. To accurately capture the intrinsic relationship among cells or genes, a new distance metric that combines Euclidean and Pearson distance through a weighting strategy was proposed. The relative Calinski-Harabasz (CH) index was used to estimate the cluster numbers instead of the CH index because it is comparable across degrees of freedom.

Results

We compared SSWD with seven prevailing methods on eight publicly scRNA-seq datasets. The experimental results show that the SSWD has better clustering accuracy and the partitioning ability of cell groups. SSWD can be downloaded athttps://github.com/ningzilan/SSWD.
Efficacy of In-utero Infusion of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy in Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Panda Soumya Ranjan , Meena Mahendra , Samantroy Subhra , Jena Pramila , Panda Jyochnamayi
Published: January 2023

Introduction: In-utero infusion of autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) is found to be a novel approach to address the thin, non receptive endometrium leading to recurrent implantation failure. Aim: To estimate the efficacy of intrauterine PRP infusion in subfertile females affected with recurrent implantation failure via the conduction of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs). Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was done in electronic databases like Medline (through PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane database from January 2000 to November 2020 using keywords like “In-vitro Fertilisation” OR “IVF” OR “Intracytoplasmic sperm injection” OR “ICSI” OR “Embryo transfer” AND “Platelet rich plasma” OR “PRP” OR “Autologous platelet rich plasma” OR “Platelet rich plasma” and “recurrent implantation failure”. The randomised controlled trials, comparing intrauterine infusion of PRP versus no intervention or placebo in a study population of subfertile women with recurrent implantation failure and having medically confirmed pregnancy outcomes like live birth, clinical pregnancy, chemical pregnancy, and miscarriage were included in this systematic review. Studies with inadequate details in the methodology or result section were excluded from this analysis. This meta-analysis involved a pooled data analysis of 335 participants (174 cases and 161 controls) from four RCTs. Results: Compared with the control group, patients in the PRP group were found to have more beneficial effects in terms of implantation rate (Relative risks: 1.51, 95% Confidence interval: 0.94, 2.44; Heterogeneity: Tau²=0.08; I²=44%; Test for overall effect: Z=1.69, p-value=0.09) and clinical pregnancy (Relative risk: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.03; Heterogeneity: Tau²=0.12; I²=51%; Test for overall effect: Z=2.62; p-value=0.009). Conclusion: Intrauterine PRP infusion increases the implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate in women undergoing the frozen embryo transfer cycle.
Perception of Climate Change Impacts on Livelihoods in Central Mali
Authors: Maiga Mahamadou , Fall Ndiack
Published: January 2023

The main objective of this research is to analyze the perceptions of local communities on climate change and its impacts on livelihoods in Central Mali. A survey data collected using multistage random sampling methods have been used for that purpose. From the result, the multinomial logit analysis, shows that households in Central Mali are well aware of climate change, its different manifestations (change in temperature, in precipitation duration and amount, in wind etc.) and the related adverse effects on their livelihoods. However, they face considerable challenges in adapting to those changes in climate. Lack of funds and credit facilities, lack of access to timely weather information, lack of technologies (physical infrastructure, technical material and equipment), lack of knowledge regarding adaptation technics (required human skills, e.g., applying specific planning and management approaches and methods), lack of appropriate seeds have been identified as the major critical barriers to climate change adaptation in the region. These constraints probably explain why individuals often resort to poor but more affordable adaptation strategies which are conflict sensitive and likely to disrupt social cohesion between local communities. In this context, implementing policies aiming at improving the effectiveness of extension services in supporting households to better adapt to climate change could be of great importance.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Upper Airway after Orthognatic Surgery in Angle Class II and Class III Patients
Authors: Domingues Nilton Rodrigues Alves Peres , Salmen Fued Samir , Salmen Mariana Dau , Sampaio Rui Manuel Freire , Sendyk Wilson Roberto , Roman-Torres Caio Vinicius G.
Published: January 2023

Aims: Orthognathic surgeries aim to correct dentoskeletal discrepancies and thus reestablish the patient's facial harmony and ideal occlusion. The objective of this observational cohort study was to evaluate in three dimensions (3D) the volume and minimum axial area of ​​the upper airway (UA) after 180 days of orthognathic surgical procedures performed in the maxilla, mandible and chin in patients with type II and III malocclusion.

Study Design:  Observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: The sample came from patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery for Angle Class II and Class III correction between 2018 and 2019 in a private clinic, consisting of 58 patients.

Methodology: Through the analysis of computed tomography (CT) scans of patients admitted to bimaxillary surgery with virtual planning, the preoperative (T1) and 180-day post operative (T2) moments were evaluated using the Dolphin Imaging® software. The sample came from the analysis of the clinical records of patients admitted to surgery between the years 2017 and 2019.

Results: Among the 50 records analyzed, 16 were excluded from the research because they did not meet the eligibility criteria, or due to problems arising in reading the software. Of those eligible, measurements were taken of: total volume and minimum axial area of ​​the upper airway. Patients undergoing orthognathic surgery for class II showed a significant difference after performing medical therapy with an increase in minimum values ​​in total area and axial area, unlike class III patients, who did not present a significant difference (p≤0.05).

Conlusions: Class II patients had a significant increase in UAV, while class III patients did not present a significant change in UAV. The importance of good planning and combined movements make orthognathic surgery increasingly predictable and with better results.
Noncommunicable Disease Profiles of Bangladeshi Immigrants Aged >55 Years Living in Toronto: Access to Health Workshop and Needed Supports for Management
Authors: Shafayetul Islam Qazi , Akter Nasima , Prasad Sharma Krishna
Published: January 2023

Objectives:  The study explored the profiles of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) of South Asian Bangladeshi immigrants aged > 55, access to health workshops about NCDs for self-care, and the types of support they needed to control and manage their NCDs.

Methods:  The study was cross-sectional. The participants were Bangladeshi immigrants aged > 55 living in Toronto. They attended an ethnic community organization for services from January to March 2020, and the study included participants from them (purposively). Pretested structured and semi-structured questionnaires were applied to collect the information. The study used chi-square and logistic regression for data analysis.  

Results: The study included 191 participants; among the participants, males and females were 44.0% (84) and 56.0% (107), respectively, more than half of them (53.4%, 102) were aged > 60 years, and the majority (69.6%, 133) lived in Canada for more than five years. The frequently mentioned NCDs by gender perspective were diabetes (male vs. female: 51.2% vs. 57.9%), high blood pressure (male vs. female: 48.8% vs. 54.2%), and high cholesterol (male vs. female: 33.3% vs. 36.4%). They also mentioned arthritis/chronic joint pain (22.0%, 44), anxiety and depression (16.2%, 31), and heart disease (15.2%, 29). Females, compared to males, were more likely to have multiple NCDs, AOR= 1.62, 95% CI: 0.86, 3.04. Also, the participants aged > 60 years were 2.53 times more likely to have multiple NCDs than those who were < 60 years (95% CI: 1.34, 4.77), and the participants who arrived in Canada in five years were more likely to have multiple NCDs, AOR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.72, 2.83) compared to the group more than five years. Furthermore, 51.8% (99) of participants had no access to health workshops/ health information about NCDs for self-management. Most needed caregiver support from family members (59.7%, 114) to manage NCDs. Also, they required accompaniment support to go to health care providers (40.3%, 77), needed a doctor's cooperation (34.0%, 65), prescription management support (28.3%, 54), and home support (26.7%, 51) for managing the diseases.  

Conclusion: The profile of NCDs of Bangladeshi immigrants aged > 55 years were high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Gender and sociodemographic variables changed the profile of NCDs in Bangladeshi immigrants. Participants needed better health information access and family care support to manage NCDs. Local ethnic community services can design a community-based health, home, and caregiver support approach to address the NCDs of Bangladeshi immigrants.
A Paradoxical ST-Segment Elevation Distribution Rendering a Challenging Prediction of the Culprit Vessel in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zhou Ruihai
Published: January 2023

This case report describes a patient in their 50s with sudden-onset chest pain.
Measures of Food Inadequacy and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Black Individuals in the US From the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Zierath Rani , Claggett Brian , Hall Michael E. , Correa Adolfo , Barber Sharrelle , Gao Yan , Talegawkar Sameera , Ezekwe Edith I. , Tucker Katherine , Diez-Roux Ana V. , Sims Mario , Shah Amil M.
Published: January 2023

Importance

Food insecurity disproportionately affects Black individuals in the US. Its association with coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure (HF), and stroke is unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the associations of economic food insecurity and proximity with unhealthy food options with risk of incident CHD, HF, and stroke and the role of diet quality and stress.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study was a time-to-event analysis of 3024 Black adult participants in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) without prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) at visit 1 (2000-2004). Data analysis was conducted from September 1, 2020, to November 30, 2021.

Exposures

Economic food insecurity, defined as receiving food stamps or self-reported not enough money for groceries, and high frequency of unfavorable food stores (>2.5 unfavorable food stores [fast food restaurants, convenience stores] within 1 mile).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcomes were incident CVD including incident CHD, stroke, and HF with preserved ejection fraction and with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). During a median follow-up of 13.8 (IQR, 12.8-14.6) years, the associations of measures of food inadequacy with incident CVD (CHD, stroke, and HF) were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results

Among the 3024 study participants, the mean (SD) age was 54 (12) years, 1987 (66%) were women, 630 (21%) were economically food insecure, and 50% (by definition) had more than 2.5 unfavorable food stores within 1 mile. In analyses adjusted for cardiovascular risk and socioeconomic factors, economic food insecurity was associated with higher risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06-2.91) and incident HFrEF (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.16-3.70), but not stroke. These associations persisted after further adjustment for diet quality and perceived stress. In addition, economic food insecurity was associated with higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and renin concentrations. High frequency of unfavorable food stores was not associated with CHD, HF, or stroke.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cohort study suggest that economic food insecurity, but not proximity to unhealthy food options, was associated with risk of incident CHD and HFrEF independent of socioeconomic factors, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, diet quality, perceived stress, and other health behaviors. Economic food insecurity was also associated with markers of inflammation and neurohormonal activation. Economic food insecurity may be a promising potential target for the prevention of CVD.
Disparities in Wait Times for Care Among US Veterans by Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Gurewich Deborah , Beilstein-Wedel Erin , Shwartz Michael , Davila Heather , Rosen Amy K.
Published: January 2023

Importance

Prior studies indicate that Black and Hispanic vs White veterans wait longer for care. However, these studies do not capture the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused care access disruptions, nor implementation of the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks Act (MISSION), which is intended to improve care access by increasing veterans’ options to use community clinicians.

Objective

To determine whether wait times increased differentially for Black and Hispanic compared with White veterans from the pre–COVID-19 to COVID-19 periods given concurrent MISSION implementation.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from the VA’s Corporate Data Warehouse for fiscal years 2019 to 2021 (October 1, 2018, to September 30, 2021). Participants included Black, Hispanic, and White veterans with a new consultation for outpatient cardiology and/or orthopedic services during the study period. Multivariable mixed-effects models were used to estimate individual-level adjusted wait times and a likelihood ratio test of the significance of wait time disparity change over time.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Overall mean wait times and facility-level adjusted relative mean wait time ratios.

Results

The study included 1 162 148 veterans (mean [SD] age, 63.4 [14.4] years; 80.8% men). Significant wait time disparities were evident for orthopedic services (eg, Black veterans had wait times 2.09 [95% CI, 1.57-2.61] days longer than those for White veterans) in the pre–COVID-19 period, but not for cardiology services. Mean wait times increased from the pre–COVID-19 to COVID-19 periods for both services for all 3 racial and ethnic groups (eg, Hispanic wait times for cardiology services increased 5.09 [95% CI, 3.62-6.55] days). Wait time disparities for Black veterans (4.10 [95% CI, 2.44-5.19] days) and Hispanic veterans (4.40 [95% CI, 2.76-6.05] days) vs White veterans (3.75 [95% CI, 2.30-5.19] days) increased significantly from the pre–COVID-19 to COVID-19 periods (P < .001). During the COVID-19 period, significant disparities were evident for orthopedic services (eg, mean wait times for Hispanic vs White veterans were 1.98 [95% CI, 1.32-2.64] days longer) but not for cardiology services. Although there was variation in wait time ratios across the 140 facilities, only 6 facility wait time ratios were significant during the pre–COVID-19 period and 26 during the COVID-19 period.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that wait time disparities increased from the pre–COVID-19 to COVID-19 periods, especially for orthopedic services for both Black and Hispanic veterans, despite MISSION’s goal to improve access. Facility-level analyses identified potential sites that could be targeted to reduce disparities.
Is There Enough Choline for Children in Food Aid?
Authors: May Thaddaeus , Caudill Marie , Manary Mark
Published: January 2023

This Viewpoint discusses food insecurity and the importance of choline-fortified food aid products.
Membrane‐acting biomimetic peptoids against visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Kumar Vivek , Lin Jennifer S. , Molchanova Natalia , Fortkort John A. , Reckmann Carolin , Bräse Stefan , Jenssen Håvard , Barron Annelise E. , Chugh Archana
Published: January 2023

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is among the most neglected tropical diseases in the world. Drug cell permeability is essential for killing the intracellular residing parasites responsible for VL, making cell‐permeating peptides a logical choice to address VL. Unfortunately, the limited biological stability of peptides restricts their usage. Sequence‐specific oligo‐N‐substituted glycines (‘peptoids’) are a class of peptide mimics that offers an excellent alternative to peptides in terms of ease of synthesis and good biostability. We tested peptoids against the parasite Leishmania donovani in both forms, that is, intracellular amastigotes and promastigotes. N‐alkyl hydrophobic chain addition (lipidation) and bromination of oligopeptoids yielded compounds with good antileishmanial activity against both forms, showing the promise of these antiparasitic peptoids as potential drug candidates to treat VL.
Probation
Authors: Vanstone Maurice
Published: January 2023

This entry provides a broad definition of probation that encompasses its most common legal framework and its central purposes. These are placed within the context of the history of its international development and a critical account of how the concept has been transformed in England and Wales by increased political attention and accountability. In turn, the latter highlights the tensions between notions of public service and privatization.
Commercialization
Authors: McAllister Matthew P.
Published: January 2023

Commercialization as typically discussed in the humanities and social sciences refers to the influence and/or logic of advertising and marketing being applied to an activity or system. Commercialization has implications for the power and visibility of advertising in everyday lives, for the diversity and vibrancy of our media systems, and for the future of privacy and transparency in the age of digital media.
Informal Organization
Authors: Burke Wyatt Warner
Published: January 2023

An informal organization usually complements a formal one. Instead of a formal hierarchy there is an informal network. A formal organization usually has certain symbols that represent and signify formality: for example, silver bars on the collar of one's uniform and stripes on the sleeves, in the military. Language is symbolic – “sir,” “ma'am,” “captain” instead of Jim, Jane, or Tom – when addressing someone. Roles differ. In the formal organization, roles are manager, executive, chief, or supervisor. In the informal organization, roles are historian, connector, maven, and humorist. Typically, an informal organization emerges as a counterpoint to the formal system because the latter is too bureaucratic, cumbersome, and inefficient. With the advent of the Internet, however, informal networks are now stand‐alone organizations to counter boredom, loneliness, no social life, and the like. Informal organizations can be beneficial in helping to counter boredom and bureaucracy. They also can have a negative impact on the well‐being of the formal organization by spreading rumors, resisting change, or by encouraging conformity to norms that run counter to effectiveness, for example, deliberately slowing down productivity. The informal organization is beneath the surface, difficult to see, and is represented more by what is not stated than what is said.
Embourgeoisement
Authors: Kovách Imre
Published: January 2023

The term “embourgeoisement” has become a scientific term used regularly in research related to the postindustrial transformation period, and it is also applied to the era of capitalist transformation in later industrialized and postsocialist societies. Through universal welfare provision, rising real income, and redistributive justice, the working class is viewed as converging toward a middle‐class lifestyle, values, opinions, and modes of conduct. The result is that more people are becoming incorporated into a large middle class; the affluent worker replaces the impoverished proletarian. The political orientation and values of embourgeoised laborers changed from radical leftism to a more moderate stance or even conservatism. In late industrialized and postsocialist countries, the concept of embourgeoisement might be thought to apply to the rise of the postwar welfare state and full employment. The embourgeoisement process is understood as an organic, one‐way evolution toward middle‐ground values and behavior.
Veganism
Authors: Peggs Kay
Published: January 2023

Put simply, veganism refers to the practice of avoiding the consumption of nonhuman animals. Veganism has become more mainstream in recent years and is receiving increasing academic consideration. Although veganism extends beyond diet, much popular – and indeed scholarly – attention centers on it as a dietary practice. As well as being a practice, veganism may also be an important aspect of identity, of identity politics, and can be considered a social movement in itself. Sociology is extending its reach increasingly to issues associated with (critical) human–animal studies, such as veganism, so much so that it has been proposed that sociologists who want to shape sociology as a more inclusive discipline should avoid the consumption of nonhuman animals.
Tester, Keith (1960–2019)
Authors: Peggs Kay , Smart Barry
Published: January 2023

Keith Tester (1960–2019) displayed a persistent critical sociological imagination. He spent his career engaging with the question “What use is sociology?” In order to consider this question he explored the complex interconnections between culture and morality, drawing on the social thought of Zygmunt Bauman. Tester published at least 13 sole‐authored and four coauthored monographs as well as edited collections and numerous essays, journal articles, and papers. This entry gives an overview of his main ideas, publications, and cultural interests, which he considered to be integral to the formation of sociological thinking.
Indigenismo
Authors: Kaltmeier Olaf
Published: January 2023

The indigenous question lies at the heart of many postcolonial societies. In the Americas, indigenismo emerged in the early twentieth century to deal with the colonized indigenous population. Its chief aim was the inclusion and assimilation of the indigenous population into the project of nation‐building. But indigenismo has also managed to put the “Indian question” on the political agenda and to give it a hemispheric scope. In the 1990s, there was a re‐emergence of indigenismo in neoliberal/multicultural contexts and in critical dialogue with new powerful indigenous movements. This is related to a global dynamic of indigeneity revealed in several international organizations. Recent debates are shaped by decolonization and politics between cultural recognition and social redistribution.
Condorcet, Nicolas de (1743–1794)
Authors: Palmeri Frank
Published: January 2023

Nicolas de Condorcet (1743–1794) was an influential mathematician whose contributions to the theory of voting and of probabilities underlie modern social choice theory. He advocated for the human rights of women and Africans, wrote a proposal for reorganizing the French educational system which was eventually adopted, and played a prominent role in the French Revolution. His last work, written while in hiding from the radical Jacobins during the Terror, was a conjectural history of human society from its prehistoric beginnings through to a history of the future. It depicts a perennial conflict in the past between scientific geniuses on the one hand, and religious and secular authorities on the other, but also foresaw many of the social welfare programs of the twentieth century. Condorcet helped shape early sociology – among other ways, through his influence on Auguste Comte.
Aerotropolis
Authors: Charles Michael B.
Published: January 2023

“Aerotropolis” refers to an airport planning model, popularized and promoted by John D. Kasarda, that envisages the globally connected airport not merely as a transport and logistics facility but as a catalyst for various kinds of development, including commercial, residential, hospitality, entertainment, and retail. Under this model, the airport and its adjacent developments can become a destination in itself. Although the aerotropolis model first took root in the western world, it has become very popular in Asia, where scratch‐built aerotropolises have become important symbols of nation‐building and economic power.
Acid Rain
Authors: Hajer Maarten A.
Published: January 2023

Acid rain was an emblematic issue in environmental politics in the 1970s and in particular in the 1980s. Being an “emblem” meant that people understood the broader environmental problematique through the lens of the particular issue of acid rain. Consequently, the acid rain controversy was not simply about finding solutions to the physical problem of acidification; it was also very much about renegotiating the rules and practices of environmental policy‐making. As such, the acid rain controversy fulfilled a pivotal role in environmental politics.
Civilizational Order
Authors: Şentürk Recep
Published: January 2023

Civilizational order refers to the configuration of relations among civilizations in the world. Civilizations as collective social entities in space and time have always been a source of fascination for scholars throughout history from diverse disciplines, who question what constitutes a civilization, whether it is one or many, what is distinctive about each one, as well as the reasons for their rise and demise. Since the time of its founder Ibn Khaldūn, civilizational studies has played a significant role in understanding the world order on a macro‐ and microlevel. Social sciences observe and analyze civilizations in themselves and also their changing relations with each other. We can divide the history of civilizational order into three periods: ancient and medieval civilizational order with closed civilizations; modern civilizational order with the hegemony of western civilization; and postmodern civilizational order with open civilizations. Accordingly, these time periods enable us to make sense of how the world has been and could be, and what role civilizational social actors play in the hegemonic world order and how they interact with each other.
Status Inconsistency
Authors: van de Brake Hendrik J.
Published: January 2023

Status inconsistency occurs when an individual experiences a discrepancy between two or more of their status characteristics. Status inconsistency theory suggests that individuals may experience frustration and uncertainty when they have some status characteristics that are ranked relatively high and others that are ranked relatively low. Accordingly, status inconsistency has been linked to political activism, fairness perceptions, health complaints, and depression.
Ethnopolitics
Authors: Holland Curtis
Published: January 2023

This entry identifies major sociological contributions to the multidisciplinary study of ethnopolitics, and situates the development of such contributions within contexts of geopolitical change (i.e., the end of the Cold War) in the late twentieth century. Drawing on key authors in the field such as Joseph Rothschild, Donald Horowitz, and Rogers Brubaker, the entry emphasizes the importance of social constructivist paradigms in the study of ethnopolitics, which frame ethnic identity as fluid and only politically salient under conditions where ethnic groups are sharply stratified along lines of class and political power, and/or when ethnopolitical entrepreneurs effectively provoke feelings of collective threat from an “ethnic” Other.
Evaluative Judgments
Authors: Stewart Simon
Published: January 2023

The sociology of evaluation or evaluative judgments, which has as its focus an analysis of how we appraise things, is a relatively neglected area of inquiry. This is perhaps because, as Austin Harrington points out, sociologists have a tendency to put aside questions of value, leaving them to other disciplines. In this entry, several debates in the sociology of evaluation are outlined. These include critical sociological reflections on aesthetics as well as attempts to formulate a new sociology of evaluative judgments.
Genkai Shuraku
(Marginal Village in Japan)
Authors: Onitsuka Kenichiro
Published: January 2023

The term “
genkai shuraku
” has been popularly recognized in Japan as referring to a rural village facing severe sustainability issues as a result of aging and depopulation. It has become a nationwide problem to consider how to cope with the
genkai shuraku
and related issues in Japan when the country's general population is consistently decreasing. To directly or indirectly tackle issues facing rural areas, including
genkai shuraku
, the Japanese government has carried out various policy measures. In this entry, two major programs, the Japanese direct payment system and the regional supporter program, are introduced. In addition to these policy programs, there have been a variety of challenges for issues related to
genkai shuraku
to facilitate migrants from outside, or to provide young people with job opportunities. Further innovative approaches are needed to cope with the critical
genkai shuraku
issues facing Japan.
Drift/Matza
Authors: Goldsmith Andrew
Published: January 2023

David Matza (1930–2018) is perhaps most remembered for his work within the sociology of deviance and criminology on the concept of drift, as well as his work with Gresham Sykes on techniques of neutralization. The concept of drift is explained in some detail. One of its key aspects is its challenge to assumptions of positivist criminology that young delinquents display a high level of commitment to crime and manifest deeply held antisocial values. Rather, Matza saw much juvenile crime as transitory, something that individuals typically drifted into, and out of, in response to a number of social cues.
Cybernetics
Authors: Heylighen Francis , Lenartowicz Marta
Published: January 2023

Cybernetics is a science that studies the mechanisms of communication and control in systems, with an emphasis on circular, feedback, or self‐referential processes. It is concerned not so much with the material or components of a system, but with the abstracted relations, functions, and information flows that govern its operation. It focuses on how systems use information in regulating their actions and steering toward their goal states, while counteracting perturbations. Being inherently transdisciplinary, cybernetic modeling can be applied to systems of any kind: physical, technological, biological, ecological, psychological, social, or any combination of those. Second‐order cybernetics, in particular, studies the role of the (human) observer in the construction of models of systems and other observers. This self‐referential modeling has direct applications to the study of social systems.
National Crime Victimization Survey
Authors: Rennison Callie Marie , Powers Hailey
Published: January 2023

For approximately 50 years, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and its predecessor the National Crime Survey (NCS) have provided data on nonfatal personal and property crimes. These nationally representative data (of persons age 12+ in housing units) have enhanced our understanding of crime and victimization, in terms of both point estimates and trends. This entry outlines the foundation of the NCS‐NCVS, examines its value to our understanding of crime, and draws attention to major methodological developments designed to ensure it continues to be a valuable resource in our understanding of crime in the United States.
Superego
Authors: Alsted Jacob , Majgaard Klaus
Published: January 2023

The superego is part of the tripartite structure of the psyche as described by Sigmund Freud, consisting of the id, the ego, and the superego. The superego is formed by the child internalizing parental attitudes and prohibitions, and it is experienced as a voice of conscience that criticizes and guides the ego and its responses to the instinctual desires of the id. The notion of the superego as the inner representative of social demands is very useful for understanding how these demands influence individuals. The concept of superego has therefore been appropriated by several different sociological schools.
Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Harambam Jaron , Aupers Stef
Published: January 2023

Conspiracy theories are an integral part of contemporary societies, yet sociological research on the topic is still scarce. This is particularly problematic because conspiracy theories are not just theoretical ideas formulated in the abstract but are lived social and cultural phenomena that beg for more sociological analysis and explanation. In this entry, we review the history of the academic study of conspiracy theories, moving from pathologization to normalization. We then discuss conspiracy theory research along six well‐known sociological dimensions: demographics and stratification; politics and ideology, identity and community, religion and re‐enchantment, science and knowledge, and media and communication. We highlight as much sociological research as possible, but supplement that with research from other disciplines as they are informative to get more sociological understanding of conspiracy theories in contemporary societies. More diverse sociological research is needed to empirically map and theoretically understand the various manifestations of conspiracy theories and their adherents in light of larger cultural transformations.
Overdetermination
Authors: Lapping Claudia
Published: January 2023

The concept of overdetermination offers a way of understanding the radical contingency of the human subject, history, and politics. Initially theorized by Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, in
The Interpretation of Dreams
(1900), the overdetermination of the manifest content of the dream, produced when our mind is free of conscious control, offers insights into unconscious processes in waking life. Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser took up Freud's concept in his critique of the Hegelian dialectic and economic determinism in contemporary Marxism. The theorization of these issues was developed further by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in
Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
(1985). Their school of discourse theory, and related theoretical and empirical research drawing on Lacanian psychoanalysis, might be seen as the most productive contemporary fields building on Freudian and Althusserian conceptualizations of overdetermination. This ongoing theorization of overdetermination produces insights into the interplay between unconscious forces, discourse, and political change.
Specific Deterrence
Authors: Stafford Mark C.
Published: January 2023

Specific deterrence occurs when people refrain completely from, or limit, their criminal behavior as a result of personally experiencing legal punishment, such as when an offender is arrested or imprisoned and fears further legal punishment. Specific deterrence is distinct from general deterrence which stems from vicarious experience of legal punishment, as when people observe or learn about the punishment experiences of others. Much of the relevant research on specific deterrence has focused on the extent to which imprisonment reduces the likelihood of recidivism, and much of this research has revealed that imprisonment has few or no specific deterrent effects.
Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Anheier Helmut K.
Published: January 2023

Nongovernmental organizations or NGOs are part of a larger set of organizations that are self‐governing, not‐for‐profit, noncompulsory, and institutionally separate from government. They emerged mostly during the process of mid‐twentieth‐century modernization and globalization, grew in scale and scope in subsequent decades, and assumed greater importance following the end of the Cold War. This was largely due to favorable economic, political, and social conditions after 1989. They fulfill four major roles: as service providers, innovators, value‐guardians, and advocates. NGOs are trying to adjust to less favorable conditions in the early twenty‐first century while many innovations are taking place.