bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Very early borrowings into Germanic
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

The core methods of historical comparative linguistics are introduced, by which language families that have developed from a common ancestor can be established. The method of comparative reconstruction is explained. The methodology is demonstrated by some examples illustrating very early contact between Germani and other peoples in continental Europe. In addition to their value in illustrating processes of historical language change, examples such as rich, iron, and leech (probably ultimately from Celtic) and pound (in weight), kettle, and cheap (ultimately from Latin) are revealing for what they suggest about early social and cultural contacts.
Methodologies: sound change; word geography; loanwords versus semantic borrowing
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

Some of the most important sound changes in Old English and in Latin are introduced, and their implications for the identification and dating of loanwords examined. Approaches from word geography are considered, and particularly the light they can shed on loanwords shared by a number of different early Germanic languages. Finally, the important contribution of semantic borrowing to the Old English lexicon is examined, and some loanwords and semantic loans from similar semantic fields are compared. The chapter is followed by a brief summary of the main conclusions from chapters 6, 7, and 8.
Introduction to Scandinavian loanwords in English
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

Estimates of the extent of Scandinavian settlement in England are examined, and their implications for linguistic history assessed. The cover-term ‘early Scandinavian’ for early North Germanic linguistic inputs in English is introduced and explained. The unusual nature of lexical borrowing from early Scandinavian in English is illustrated by an extended example, the third-person plural personal pronoun they. The periodization of Scandinavian loanwords in English is explained and a selection of loanwords first attested in each period is considered.
Exploring the contact situation and identifying loans
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

The main sources of data about the vocabularies of Middle English, French (as used in Britain and on the continent), and Latin are examined, and the limitations of the available data surveyed. This is followed by an exploration of the multilingual society of later medieval Britain and its implications for the relationships between English, French, and Latin in this period. With this essential background in place, the methodology for identifying loanwords from French, Latin, and French and/or Latin is explored in detail. Building on this, a hypothesis is presented concerning the likely mechanisms of borrowing. Finally, the chapter considers the extent to which there may have been reinforcement or re-borrowing of words that had already been borrowed from Latin during the Old English period.
Loanwords from other languages: test cases
Authors: Durkin Philip
Published: April 2014

Loanwords from European languages other than French, Latin, and the Scandinavian and Celtic languages are looked at in the first part of the chapter. Particular attention is paid to Dutch, Afrikaans, Low German and High German, Yiddish, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Greek, and Russian, because these languages rank highest in the number of loanwords into English in the survey based on OED data in chapter 1. Particular topics looked at include the unusually high contribution from Dutch in Middle English and early modern English; the difficulty of distinguishing between inputs from different Romance languages in Early Modern English; and the light that comparison with this set of test cases sheds on the changing nature of borrowing from French in recent centuries. The second part of the chapter looks at borrowing from languages from outside Europe, focusing again on those languages which figure most prominently in the OED-derived data in chapter 1: Arabic, Hebrew, languages of South Asia, Malay, Chinese, Maori, and Japanese. Issues examined include whose English particular loanwords belong to; how patterns of borrowing reflect patterns of historical contact; connections with the development of World English varieties; transmission of earlier loans via other European languages; and particular semantic categories that are particularly heavily represented, such as the names of traded goods, of types of food and drink, and of newly encountered flora and fauna and other aspects of the natural world.
Symmetry of Crystals and Molecules
Authors: Ladd Mark
Published: April 2014

This book provides a comprehensive study of the symmetry and geometry of crystals and molecules, starting from first principles. The pre-knowledge assumed is mathematics and physical science to about A-level; additional mathematical topics are discussed in appendices. It is illustrated, including many stereoviews, with instructions both for stereoviewing and for constructing a stereoviewer. Problems for each chapter are provided, with fully worked solutions. A suite of associated computer programs has been devised and placed online, for assisting both the study of the text and the solutions of the problems. The programs are easily executed, and instructions are provided in the text and on the monitor screen. The applicability of symmetry in everyday life as well as in science is stressed. Point groups and space groups are first discussed and derived in a semi-analytical manner, and later by use of group theory. The basic principles of group theory are discussed, together with applications to symmetry, chemical bonding and aspects of vibrations of molecules and crystals.
Lattices
Authors: Ladd Mark
Published: April 2014

The definition of ‘lattice’ in one, two, and three dimensions is discussed, together with the choice of unit cell. The Bravais lattices are explained with stereoscopic illustrations, system by system, and the reciprocal lattice introduced. The law of rational intercepts and its ramifications are described, leading to an examination of preferential crystal growth planes. Transformation of unit cell vectors, zone symbols, coordinates of points in a unit cell, Miller indices and reciprocal unit cell vectors are described in detail, with examples. The Wigner–Seitz cell is discussed as an alternative crystal unit cell. Matrix representations of point groups are introduced,
Elements of group theory
Authors: Ladd Mark
Published: April 2014

This chapter introduces group theory and the rules governing mathematical groups, of which point groups and space groups are examples. Group multiplication tables and their uses are described with examples, and subgroups and cosets are considered briefly. Similarity transformations are used to show the equivalence, or otherwise, of symmetry operations. Character tables are introduced and explained, and the procedures for creating representations are described. Transformation properties are discussed, and irreducible representations and their notations are examined, leading to a description of the theorems on orthogonality. The construction of character tables is explained, together with the applications of direct products.
Traces in Counter-Terrorism: An Introduction
Authors: Sentas Victoria
Published: April 2014

This introductory chapter contextualises the central questions, motivations, and methods framing this book. It outlines the major shifts in the Australian counter-terrorism landscape to establish the central objects of the book.
A Motive for Terror: Law and Islam
Authors: Sentas Victoria
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers how the concept of ‘Muslim extremist’ functions as racialised category, an object of scrutiny, and the subject of the policing function of law. The requirement in the definition of terrorist act for an accused to advance a ‘political ideological or religious cause’ formally introduces a motive element to terrorism offences. It locates belief and identity, while purporting to criminalise only actions: that is, motive provides implicit evidence of an extremist identity. Drawing on the prosecution of Faheem Lodhi as case study, it argues the ‘motive’ of violent jihad secures criminal responsibility in law. In turn, preparatory offences rely on reading Islamism as incipient violence. Lodhi's case exemplifies the normal function of criminal law in knowing and regulating the dangerous subject. The concept of extremism elaborates the law's constitutive power to act on the cultural and religious assemblage of race, without referencing race.
‘We Just Want to Get to Know You’: The Function of Informal Questioning
Authors: Sentas Victoria
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers the impacts of informal police and ASIO questioning on those policed. This focus is crucial not only because being questioned ‘by consent’ is the most prevalent strategy of counter-terrorism policing, but also because it brings to the fore key themes of this book. Questioning interpellates policed subjects. Individuals are categorised as cooperative or uncooperative, suspicious or transparent, moderate or extremist. While people may resist, evade, or welcome policing, informal questioning overwhelmingly compels those policed to give an account of themselves and their communal positioning. In Chapter 4 police expressed hope that community engagement will soften the necessity of intelligence, make police less suspicious, and make their practice less punitive. In the present chapter those who are policed talk about consensual strategies as coercive instruments.
Introduction
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter introduces the main argument of the book — about the way in which the state implementation of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh is conceived of by its architects and agents as a modern project of social engineering. It also highlights the ways in which Aceh’s state Shariʿa project took on new levels of activity and intensity in the wake of the devastating 2004 tsunami, and the subsequent end of a violent separatist conflict that had plagued the region for decades. The idea of Shariʿa social engineering was energized and reinterpreted in powerful ways by pervasive rhetorics of ‘total social reconstruction’ brought to Aceh by international relief and development agencies that thronged to the province in the post-disaster/post-conflict period.
Islam in Visions of Aceh’s Past (and Future)
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter presents a critical overview of the ways in which ideas of Islam as a definitive element of Acehnese identity have taken shape in the region’s history. This material serves to contextualize the ways in which both the Indonesian central government and local Islamic leaders appeal to Islam in policy discussions and public debates over the implementation of Islamic law in contemporary Aceh. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of discourses that define Acehnese society in relation to ‘Islam’. These include appeals to the implementation of Islamic law as testimony to the legitimacy of rulers, evolving understandings of acceptable sufi doctrine and practice, the growth of modern visions of Islamic reform, and patterns of state involvement in the management of Islamic religious affairs.
The Jurisdiction and Jurisprudence of Shariʿa Courts
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter traces the developments of Islamic religious courts in Aceh. In addition to a discussion of the jurisprudence of the courts in their actual handling of both family law and penal cases, particular attention is paid to the ways in which Aceh’s Islamic courts are integrated within Indonesia’s national legal system. As a concrete example of both of these aspects of the structure and functioning of Aceh’s religious courts, the chapter includes an extended discussion of a Shariʿa criminal case that was first heard in a local court in Lhokseumawe (North Aceh), and then passed to an appellate Shariʿa court at the provincial level in Banda Aceh before being sent on for cassation by the Indonesian Supreme Court in Jakarta (Mahkamah Agung).
Loyalty and the Constitutionalization of EU Law
Authors: Klamert Marcus
Published: April 2014

Chapter 3 explains how loyalty has in general had a slow and delayed reception in the literature, and how this has only changed by the increased attention it has received in the fields of external relations in recent years. It also discusses how especially the dominant narratives on the constitutionalization of EU law have ignored the role loyalty has played in some of the most important foundational cases. Against this background, the case law on direct effect, indirect effect, state liability, and implied competences is re-examined for the role loyalty has played as an argument used by the Court of Justice to resolve various conflicts between national and Union law. This Chapter concludes by assessing whether there was an apparent strategy of the actors shaping the case law in the way loyalty has been used as a legal argument.
A Primer on Cooperation and Constitutional Conflict in the European Union
Authors: Klamert Marcus
Published: April 2014

Chapter 11 starts off with a brief recapitulation of theories for conceptualizing the relationship between the national and the Union level such as pluralism, building on the discussion of monism, dualism, and of federalism in previous chapters. Issues both with respect to the lawmaking authority of the Council and the Parliament, as well as with regard to the self-perceptions as final arbiters of national constitutional courts, are examined. This Chapter discusses how different approaches by the Court regarding the first relationship, such as with Union citizenship and the fundamental freedoms, can be rationalized. The scope of application of the principle of loyalty to the latter relationship, which is often described as cooperative and pluralist, is examined. This Chapter also explores the preliminary reference procedure as a concretization of the duty of cooperation in general, and its purportedly cooperative nature in particular.
Jus Post Bellum, Grotius, and Meionexia
Authors: May Larry
Published: April 2014

This chapter highlights several themes that are of theoretical and practical interest. First, it gives a brief account of the six principles of jus post bellum, indicating how each was already addressed by such important sixteenth and seventeenth-century theorists as Hugo Grotius, Francisco Vitoria, and Francisco Suarez. Second, it provides a defense of seeing meionexia as a principle of justice well-suited for jus post bellum deliberations. Third, it attempts to answer the question: “Is jus post bellum binding law?” by going back to Grotius and Hobbes, especially to their discussion of the relation between the laws of nature and the laws of nations. In the fourth section, the chapter concludes with a few thoughts about how jus post bellum and transitional justice relate to each other.
At War’s End
Authors: Evans Mark
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers two challenges to the appropriateness of jus post bellum as a moral theory for the ending and aftermath of war: first, an argument that it should be clearly distinguished from a morality of peacebuilding: the latter is forward-looking in the tasks it sets itself in a way that jus post bellum is not; second, an argument that a theory of jus ex bello—justice in the ending of war—is logically distinct from a theory of justice with respect to post-conflict rights and responsibilities. In addressing these arguments, the chapter mounts a case for greater conceptual clarity in the theory, centering in particular on “justice” and “just peace” and querying the extent to which an adequate post bellum is indeed a theory specifically of justice.
The Gentle Modernizer of the Law of Armed Conflict?
Authors: Österdahl Inger
Published: April 2014

This chapter argues that jus post bellum is necessary in order to cope constructively with the consequences of armed conflict. At the same time, the introduction of a systematic and comprehensive jus post bellum will challenge the traditional conceptual categories relating to the law on the use of force. The purpose of jus post bellum is presumed to be the achievement of a just and stable peace based on democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. The introduction of jus post bellum will move the focus away from the beginning towards the middle and end of armed conflict. It will have an impact on jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Its introduction will also move the focus away from military necessity toward humanitarian values. It will further make armed conflict law less state-centered and more people-centered.
The Application of Jus Post Bellum in Non-International Armed Conflicts
Authors: Boon Kristen E.
Published: April 2014

Jus post bellum’s deep moral and legal associations with the humanitarian tradition have meant that predominant approaches to the concept have tended to focus on international wars and international actors at the expense of any deep exploration of what role jus post bellum might play in non-international or internal situations. Now that non-international armed conflicts outnumber international armed conflicts by a significant margin, it is time to reassess the scope of jus post bellum norms in cases of internal conflict. This contribution argues that some jus post bellum principles will be the same regardless of the nature of the conflict—specifically, those derived from international criminal law and human rights law. Nonetheless, this chapter argues that in areas where jus post bellum relates to rebuilding and reconstruction after non-international conflicts, it should be regulated by the principle of “bounded discretion” and show deference to local authorities.
Post-War States
Authors: Suhrke Astri
Published: April 2014

The growth of the international peacebuilding regime is a manifestation of the growing collective will during the past two decades to mediate an end to civil wars and stabilize the post-war situation. The potentially constraining effect of international involvement on local wars and its aftermath is the foundational principle of the international peacebuilding regime and growing efforts to streamline, sharpen, but also broaden such interventions. In principle, that is also a justification for the development of a corpus of international law tailored to post-war situations. This chapter argues that international efforts to stabilize post-war peace must reflect the diversity of post-war situations, identifies four main types of post-war states, and discusses the implications for the development of law.
Towards a Functional Conceptualization of the Temporal Scope of Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Kleffner Jann K.
Published: April 2014

One of the central questions being raised by jus post bellum is the temporal scope of its applicability. The very choice of the term “jus post bellum” confirms this centrality, suggesting that it is aimed at regulating the phase after the end of an armed conflict. This invites reflection on the available choices and their consequences as regards the beginning and end of the applicability of jus post bellum. These choices are not so much a matter of different interpretations of applicable legal rules or principles, but are essentially policy choices. This chapter offers some reflections on these available choices and their consequences, first regarding the beginning of the applicability, and secondly, on the end of applicability. Against the background of these reflections, the chapter will then conclude by developing an argument in support of a functional conceptualization of the temporal scope of jus post bellum.
The Status of Foreign Armed Forces Deployed in Post-Conflict Environments
Authors: Sari Aurel
Published: April 2014

Foreign armed forces frequently play an important part in the transition from conflict to peace, yet their presence can be a source of controversy. The chapter argues that two distinct concerns relating to the legal position of foreign forces arise in post-conflict situations: 1) the effect that changes in the legal basis of their presence have on their legal status, and 2) the need to balance the principle of territorial sovereignty and the jurisdictional exemptions of foreign forces in a manner that reflects the specific features and demands of post-conflict environments. As this chapter shows, both of these concerns point towards the need for a more contextual and dynamic understanding of the legal status of foreign forces deployed in post-conflict situations. Such an approach provides greater conceptual clarity and offers a vantage point from which the position of sending states and host states can be critically assessed.
The Norm of Environmental Integrity in Post-Conflict Legal Regimes
Authors: Payne Cymie R.
Published: April 2014

Discussion of post-conflict legal regimes must include measures for the protection and rehabilitation of the environment as well as international humanitarian law, human rights, and international criminal law. This chapter asks whether an environmental integrity norm supports a theory of jus post bellum, and how jus post bellum theory advances environmental integrity. It concludes that the investigation of these two questions is itself a useful framing tool to understand, and perhaps to improve, the layers of normative expectations, law, and practice that guide belligerents and civilians in their interactions with the environment during armed conflict. Jus post bellum theories that prioritize peacebuilding over retribution appear to accord best with environmental integrity, in terms of explanatory power and consonance with goals. The practices of legal bodies and armed forces described here show how this approach has led to implementation of environmental protection and restoration, not mere words deploring environmental destruction.
Should Rebels Be Amnestied?
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: April 2014

This chapter explores the link between jus post bellum and insurgency, with a particular focus on the treatment of amnesties. Insurgents have become a central feature of jus post bellum, but their normative status remains unclear. There is consensus that regardless of the cause they pursued, insurgents should be accountable for violations of the laws of war and other international crimes. The more difficult question is how the fact of having taken up arms in itself should be treated. Analyzing why a privilege of belligerency is recognized in international armed conflicts, the chapter argues that a normatively defensible argument for the amnesty of insurgents must necessarily be based on a partial recognition (at least of the “agree to disagree” type) of the international legitimacy of some insurgencies, particularly those against a regime engaged in massive human rights violations or a foreign occupation in violation of international law.
Five Vetoes and Access to Information
Authors: Louis Fisher
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses constitutional provisions covering the presidential veto; the pocket veto; a hybrid veto; item vetoes; signing statements; legislative vetoes; executive privilege; and employee access to Congress.
Seven Foreign Affairs
Authors: Louis Fisher
Published: April 2014

This chapter focuses on the foreign policy powers of Congress. The discussions cover treaty power; the role of the House; treaty termination and reinterpretation; executive agreements; ambassadors and recognition policy; the right to travel; and the power to exclude aliens.
Individual Employment, Household Employment, and Risk of Poverty in the European Union. A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Corluy Vincent , Vandenbroucke Frank
Published: April 2014

This chapter investigates the relationship between poverty trends and employment, proceeding in two steps. The first step explores the link between individual employment and household employment. A ‘polarization index’ is defined in terms of the difference between, on the one hand, the actual share of individuals living in jobless households and, on the other, the hypothetical share of individuals living in jobless households assuming that individual employment is distributed randomly across households. The second step integrates the link that is so established between individual employment rates and household employment with an analysis of the relationship between household employment and poverty. An integrated decomposition of changes in the at-risk-of-poverty rates is presented on the basis of (i) changes in the poverty risks of jobless households, (ii) changes in the poverty risks of other (non-jobless) households, (iii) changes in household joblessness due to changes in individual employment rates and changing household structures and (iv) changes in polarization.
Intimations of an Earlier Age
Authors: Manassa Colleen
Published: April 2014

This chapter introduces the approaches to history during the New Kingdom, including a tour of Medinet Habu through the eyes of an ancient administrator, Amunmose. A survey of the intertextual universe of historical fiction includes a discussion of military literature, day-book texts, and other New Kingdom fictional tales. The definition of historical fiction as a genre is then presented, using the genre theories of Alastair Fowler and Mikhail Bakhtin; this discussion represents the first application of Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope to ancient Egyptian literature. The physical media of the four works of historical fiction are examined—the hieratic papyri and their interesting use of different grammatical forms in the ancient Egyptian language.
NGC 4337: an overlooked old cluster in the inner disc of the Milky Way
Authors: Carraro Giovanni , Giorgi Edgard E. , Costa Edgardo , Vázquez Ruben A.
Published: April 2014

Galactic open clusters do not survive long in the high-density regions of the inner Galactic disc. Inside the solar ring only 11 open clusters are known with ages older than 1 Gyr. We show here, basing on deep, high-quality photometry, that NGC 4337, contrary to earlier findings, is indeed an old open cluster. The cluster is located very close to the conspicuous star cluster Trumpler 20, as well misclassified in the past, and that has received so much attention in recent years. NGC 4337 shows a significant clump of He-burning stars which was not detected previously. Its beautiful colour–magnitude diagram is strikingly similar to the one of the classical old open clusters IC 4651, NGC 752, and NGC 3680, and this suggests similar age and composition. A spectroscopic study is much needed to confirm our findings. This, in turn, would also allow us to better define the inner disc radial abundance gradient and its temporal evolution. To this aim, a list of clump star candidates is provided.
Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Lutz Brianna Marie , Bekker Alex , Tao Yuan-Xiang
Published: April 2014

Chronic pain, a common clinical symptom, is often treated inadequately or ineffectively in part due to the incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms that initiate and maintain this disorder. Newly identified noncoding RNAs govern gene expression. Recent studies have shown that peripheral noxious stimuli drive expressional changes in noncoding RNAs and that these changes are associated with pain hypersensitivity under chronic pain conditions. This review first presents current evidence for the peripheral inflammation/nerve injury–induced change in the expression of two types of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and Kcna2 antisense RNA, in pain-related regions, particularly in the dorsal root ganglion. The authors then discuss how peripheral noxious stimuli induce such changes. The authors finally explore potential mechanisms of how expressional changes in dorsal root ganglion microRNAs and Kcna2 antisense RNA contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. An understanding of these mechanisms may propose novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and/or treating chronic pain.
Red trap colour of the carnivorous plant
Drosera rotundifolia
does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function
Authors: Foot G. , Rice S. P. , Millett J.
Published: April 2014

The traps of many carnivorous plants are red in colour. This has been widely hypothesized to serve a prey attraction function; colour has also been hypothesized to function as camouflage, preventing prey avoidance. We tested these two hypotheses
in situ
for the carnivorous plant
Drosera rotundifolia
. We conducted three separate studies: (i) prey attraction to artificial traps to isolate the influence of colour; (ii) prey attraction to artificial traps on artificial backgrounds to control the degree of contrast and (iii) observation of prey capture by
D. rotundifolia
to determine the effects of colour on prey capture. Prey were not attracted to green traps and were deterred from red traps. There was no evidence that camouflaged traps caught more prey. For
D. rotundifolia
, there was a relationship between trap colour and prey capture. However, trap colour may be confounded with other leaf traits. Thus, we conclude that for
D. rotundifolia
, red trap colour does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function.
Entropy-driven motility of
Sinorhizobium meliloti
on a semi-solid surface
Authors: Dilanji Gabriel E. , Teplitski Max , Hagen Stephen J.
Published: April 2014

Sinorhizobium meliloti
growing on soft agar can exhibit an unusual surface spreading behaviour that differs from other bacterial surface motilities. Bacteria in the colony secrete an exopolysaccharide-rich mucoid fluid that expands outward on the surface, carrying within it a suspension of actively dividing cells. The moving slime disperses the cells in complex and dynamic patterns indicative of simultaneous bacterial growth, swimming and aggregation. We find that while flagellar swimming is required to maintain the cells in suspension, the spreading and the associated pattern formation are primarily driven by the secreted exopolysaccharide EPS II, which creates two entropy-increasing effects: an osmotic flow of water from the agar to the mucoid fluid and a crowding or depletion attraction between the cells. Activation of these physical/chemical phenomena may be a useful function for the high molecular weight EPS II, a galactoglucan whose biosynthesis is tightly regulated by the ExpR/SinI/SinR quorum-sensing system: unlike bacterial colonies that spread via bacterium-generated, physical propulsive forces,
S. meliloti
under quorum conditions may use EPS II to activate purely entropic forces within its environment, so that it can disperse by passively ‘surfing’ on those forces.
Drosophila
adult and larval pheromones modulate larval food choice
Authors: Farine Jean-Pierre , Cortot Jérôme , Ferveur Jean-François
Published: April 2014

Insects use chemosensory cues to feed and mate. In
Drosophila
, the effect of pheromones has been extensively investigated in adults, but rarely in larvae. The colonization of natural food sources by
Drosophila buzzatii
and
Drosophila simulans
species may depend on species-specific chemical cues left in the food by larvae and adults. We identified such chemicals in both species and measured their influence on larval food preference and puparation behaviour. We also tested compounds that varied between these species: (i) two larval volatile compounds: hydroxy-3-butanone-2 and phenol (predominant in
D. simulans
and
D. buzzatii
, respectively), and (ii) adult cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs).
Drosophila buzzatii
larvae were rapidly attracted to non-CH adult conspecific cues, whereas
D. simulans
larvae were strongly repulsed by CHs of the two species and also by phenol. Larval cues from both species generally reduced larval attraction and pupariation on food, which was generally—but not always—low, and rarely reflected larval response. As these larval and adult pheromones specifically influence larval food search and the choice of a pupariation site, they may greatly affect the dispersion and survival of
Drosophila
species in nature.
Investment in higher order central processing regions is not constrained by brain size in social insects
Authors: Muscedere Mario L. , Gronenberg Wulfila , Moreau Corrie S. , Traniello James F. A.
Published: April 2014

The extent to which size constrains the evolution of brain organization and the genesis of complex behaviour is a central, unanswered question in evolutionary neuroscience. Advanced cognition has long been linked to the expansion of specific brain compartments, such as the neocortex in vertebrates and the mushroom bodies in insects. Scaling constraints that limit the size of these brain regions in small animals may therefore be particularly significant to behavioural evolution. Recent findings from studies of paper wasps suggest miniaturization constrains the size of central sensory processing brain centres (mushroom body calyces) in favour of peripheral, sensory input centres (antennal and optic lobes). We tested the generality of this hypothesis in diverse eusocial hymenopteran species (ants, bees and wasps) exhibiting striking variation in body size and thus brain size. Combining multiple neuroanatomical datasets from these three taxa, we found no universal size constraint on brain organization within or among species. In fact, small-bodied ants with miniscule brains had mushroom body calyces proportionally as large as or larger than those of wasps and bees with brains orders of magnitude larger. Our comparative analyses suggest that brain organization in ants is shaped more by natural selection imposed by visual demands than intrinsic design limitations.
Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the N-terminal domain ofTrypanosoma bruceiBILBO1
Authors: Vidilaseris Keni , Dong Gang
Published: April 2014

Trypanosoma bruceiis a unicellular parasite that causes sleeping sickness in sub-Saharan Africa. It has a unique flagellar pocket (FP) at the base of the single flagellum. The FP is the sole site for endocytosis and exocytosis activity and plays crucial roles in the defence of the cell against the host immune response. In the neck region of the FP is an electron-dense material termed the flagellar pocket collar (FPC).T. bruceiBILBO1 (TbBILBO1) was the first cytoskeletal protein to be characterized in the FPC. This protein is highly conserved among trypanosomatids and is essential for FP biogenesis. Structural information is needed to better understand the molecular mechanism of TbBILBO1 function in the cell. Here, the expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the N-terminal domain of TbBILBO1 are reported. The protein was overexpressed inEscherichia colistrain BL21 (DE3), purified by multi-step chromatography and crystallized using the vapour-diffusion method. The crystal diffracted to 1.69 Å resolution and belonged to space groupP21, with unit-cell parametersa= 29.69,b= 50.80,c= 37.22 Å, β = 94.61°. There was one molecule in the asymmetric unit.
Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis ofN-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase from methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: North Rachel A. , Kessans Sarah A. , Griffin Michael D. W. , Watson Andrew J. A. , Fairbanks Antony J. , Dobson Renwick C. J.
Published: April 2014

Sialic acids are one of the most important carbohydrate classes in biology. Some bacterial pathogens can scavenge sialic acids from their surrounding environment and degrade them as a source of carbon, nitrogen and energy. This sequestration and subsequent catabolism of sialic acid require a cluster of genes known as the `Nan-Nag' cluster. The enzymes coded by these genes are important for pathogen colonization and persistence. Importantly, the Nan-Nag genes have proven to be essential forStaphylococcus aureusgrowth on sialic acids, suggesting that the pathway is a viable antibiotic drug target. The enzymeN-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase is involved in the catabolism of sialic acid; specifically, the enzyme convertsN-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate intoN-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate. The gene was cloned into an appropriate expression vector, and recombinant protein was expressed inEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3) cells and purifiedviaa three-step procedure. PurifiedN-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase was screened for crystallization. The best crystal diffracted to a resolution of beyond 1.84 Å in space groupP21212. Understanding the structural nature of this enzyme from methicillin-resistantS. aureuswill provide us with the insights necessary for the development of future antibiotics.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of GatD, a glutamine amidotransferase-like protein fromStaphylococcus aureuspeptidoglycan
Authors: Vieira Diana , Figueiredo Teresa A. , Verma Anil , Sobral Rita G. , Ludovice Ana M. , de Lencastre Hermínia , Trincao Jose
Published: April 2014

Amidation of peptidoglycan is an essential feature inStaphylococcus aureusthat is necessary for resistance to β-lactams and lysozyme. GatD, a 27 kDa type I glutamine amidotransferase-like protein, together with MurT ligase, catalyses the amidation reaction of the glutamic acid residues of the peptidoglycan ofS. aureus. The native and the selenomethionine-derivative proteins were crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method with polyethylene glycol, sodium acetate and calcium acetate. The crystals obtained diffracted beyond 1.85 and 2.25 Å, respectively, and belonged to space groupP212121. X-ray diffraction data sets were collected at Diamond Light Source (on beamlines I02 and I04) and were used to obtain initial phases.
Effects of spatial structure of population size on the population dynamics of barnacles across their elevational range
Authors: Fukaya Keiichi , Okuda Takehiro , Nakaoka Masahiro , Noda Takashi
Published: April 2014

Explanations for why population dynamics vary across the range of a species reflect two contrasting hypotheses: (i) temporal variability of populations is larger in the centre of the range compared to the margins because overcompensatory density dependence destabilizes population dynamics and (ii) population variability is larger near the margins, where populations are more susceptible to environmental fluctuations. In both of these hypotheses, positions within the range are assumed to affect population variability.

In contrast, the fact that population variability is often related to mean population size implies that the spatial structure of the population size within the range of a species may also be a useful predictor of the spatial variation in temporal variability of population size over the range of the species.

To explore how population temporal variability varies spatially and the underlying processes responsible for the spatial variation, we focused on the intertidal barnacleChthamalus dalliand examined differences in its population dynamics along the tidal levels it inhabits. Changes in coverage of barnacle populations were monitored for 10·5 years at 25 plots spanning the elevational range of this species. Data were analysed by fitting a population dynamics model to estimate the effects of density‐dependent and density‐independent processes on population growth. We also examined the temporal mean–variance relationship of population size with parameters estimated from the population dynamics model.

We found that the relative variability of populations tended to increase from the centre of the elevational range towards the margins because of an increase in the magnitude of stochastic fluctuations of growth rates. Thus, our results supported hypothesis (2). We also found that spatial variations in temporal population variability were well characterized by Taylor's power law, the relative population variability being inversely related to the mean population size.

Results suggest that understanding the population dynamics of a species over its range may be facilitated by taking the spatial structure of population size into account as well as by considering changes in population processes as a function of position within the range of the species.
Smallholder Supply Response to Marketing Board Activities in a Dual Channel Marketing System: The Case of Zambia
Authors: Mason Nicole M. , Jayne Thomas S. , Myers Robert J.
Published: April 2014

In recent years, parastatal grain marketing boards have re‐emerged as important elements of grain markets in eastern and southern Africa, yet little is known about how farmers are responding to their scaled up activities. This article develops a conceptual model of farmers’ production decisions in the context of dual output marketing channels (government and private sector) when output prices at harvest time and the availability of one of the marketing channels are unknown at planting time. It then applies the model to the case of Zambia and uses nationally representative household‐level panel survey data to estimate the effects of the Food Reserve Agency (FRA), the government parastatal maize marketing board, on smallholder crop production and fallow land. The FRA buys maize from smallholders at a pan‐territorial price that typically exceeds market prices in major maize producing areas. Results suggest that increases in the farmgate FRA maize price raise farmer maize price expectations, which induces a supply response. Smallholders respond to an increase in the FRA price by extensifying their maize production. On average, a 1% increase in the FRA price is associated with 0.06% increases in smallholders’ maize area planted and quantity harvested. There is also some evidence that farmers reduce the area of land under fallow in response to FRA incentives but there is no evidence of reductions in the area planted to other crops.
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Solubility and Diffusivity in Solid Food Matrices: A Review of Past and Current Knowledge
Authors: Chaix Estelle , Guillaume Carole , Guillard Valérie
Published: April 2014

Oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility and diffusivity are 2 key parameters to understand gas transfer in food matrices. Knowledge of these parameters could help to predict gas concentration in modified atmosphere packaging and, consequently, to predict shelf‑life of the product through the development of appropriate mathematical models. The aim of this review is to present the existing methodologies to quantify O2 and CO2 contents in food, especially in solid food matrices which is very challenging. There is a focus on how these methodologies could be used to determine gas transfers kinetics. Data of O2/CO2 solubilities and diffusivities in food are collected and compared with a specific emphasis on the food characteristics and factors impacting them. An analysis of the current state of knowledge in solid food matrices is carried out to tentatively build a general predictive model of the O2 and CO2 solubility and diffusivity extendable to any kind of food matrix.
Chemical Composition, Sensory Properties, Provenance, and Bioactivity of Fruit Juices as Assessed by Chemometrics: A Critical Review and Guideline
Authors: Zielinski Acácio A.F. , Haminiuk Charles W.I. , Nunes Cleiton A. , Schnitzler Egon , van Ruth Saskia M. , Granato Daniel
Published: April 2014

The use of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical techniques, such as analysis of variance, multiple comparisons of means, and linear correlations, has spread widely in the area of Food Science and Technology. However, the use of supervised and unsupervised statistical techniques (chemometrics) in order to analyze and model experimental data from physicochemical, sensory, metabolomics, quality control, nutritional, microbiological, and chemical assays in food research has gained more space. Therefore, we present here a manuscript with theoretical details, a critical analysis of published work, and a guideline for the reader to check and propose mathematical models of experimental results using the most promising supervised and unsupervised multivariate statistical techniques, namely: principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, partial least square regression, k‐nearest neighbors, and soft independent modeling of class analogy. In addition, the overall features, advantages, and limitations of such statistical methods are presented and discussed. Published examples are focused on sensory, chemical, and antioxidant activity of a wide range of fruit juices consumed worldwide.
Identification of species in the angiosperm family Apiaceae using DNA barcodes
Authors: Liu Jinxin , Shi Linchun , Han Jianping , Li Geng , Lu Heng , Hou Jingyi , Zhou Xiaoteng , Meng Fanyun , Downie Stephen R.
Published: April 2014

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is a large angiosperm family that includes many medicinally important species. The ability to identify these species and their adulterants is important, yet difficult to do so because of their subtle fruit morphological differences and often lack of diagnostic features in preserved specimens. Moreover, dried roots are often the official medical organs, making visual identification to species almost impossible. DNA barcoding has been proposed as a powerful taxonomic tool for species identification. The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) Plant Working Group has recommended the combination of rbcL+matK as the core plant barcode. Recently, the China Plant BOL Group proposed that the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), as well as a subset of this marker (ITS2), be incorporated alongside rbcL+matK into the core barcode for seed plants, particularly angiosperms. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of these four markers plus psbA‐trnH as Apiaceae barcodes. A total of 6032 sequences representing 1957 species in 385 diverse genera were sampled, of which 211 sequences from 50 individuals (representing seven species) were newly obtained. Of these five markers, ITS and ITS2 showed superior results in intra‐ and interspecific divergence and DNA barcoding gap assessments. For the matched data set (173 samples representing 45 species in five genera), the ITS locus had the highest identification efficiency (73.3%), yet ITS2 also performed relatively well with 66.7% identification efficiency. The identification efficiency increased to 82.2% when using an ITS+psbA‐trnH marker combination (ITS2+psbA‐trnH was 80%), which was significantly higher than that of rbcL+matK (40%). For the full sample data set (3052 ITS sequences, 3732 ITS2 sequences, 1011 psbA‐trnH sequences, 567 matK sequences and 566 rbcL sequences), ITS, ITS2, psbA‐trnH, matK and rbcL had 70.0%, 64.3%, 49.5%, 38.6% and 32.1% discrimination abilities, respectively. These results confirm that ITS or its subset ITS2 be incorporated into the core barcode for Apiaceae and that the combination of ITS/ITS2+psbA‐trnH has much potential value as a powerful, standard DNA barcode for Apiaceae identification.