bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clathrin is required for Scar/Wave-mediated lamellipodium formation
Authors: Gautier Jérémie J. , Lomakina Maria E. , Bouslama-Oueghlani Lamia , Derivery Emmanuel , Beilinson Helen , Faigle Wolfgang , Loew Damarys , Louvard Daniel , Echard Arnaud , Alexandrova Antonina Y. , Baum Buzz , Gautreau Alexis
Published: October 2011

The Scar/Wave complex (SWC) generates lamellipodia through Arp2/3-dependent polymerisation of branched actin networks. In order to identify new SWC regulators, we conducted a screen in Drosophila cells combining proteomics with functional genomics. This screen identified Clathrin heavy chain (CHC) as a protein that binds to the SWC and whose depletion affects lamellipodium formation. This role of CHC in lamellipodium formation can be uncoupled from its role in membrane trafficking by several experimental approaches. Furthermore, CHC is detected in lamellipodia in the absence of the adaptor and accessory proteins of endocytosis. We found that CHC overexpression decreased membrane recruitment of the SWC, resulting in reduced velocity of protrusions and reduced cell migration. By contrast, when CHC was targeted to the membrane by fusion to a myristoylation sequence, we observed an increase in membrane recruitment of the SWC, protrusion velocity and cell migration. Together these data suggest that, in addition to its classical role in membrane trafficking, CHC brings the SWC to the plasma membrane, thereby controlling lamellipodium formation.
Protein localization in disease and therapy
Authors: Hung Mien-Chie , Link Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

The eukaryotic cell is organized into membrane-covered compartments that are characterized by specific sets of proteins and biochemically distinct cellular processes. The appropriate subcellular localization of proteins is crucial because it provides the physiological context for their function. In this Commentary, we give a brief overview of the different mechanisms that are involved in protein trafficking and describe how aberrant localization of proteins contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases, such as metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. Accordingly, modifying the disease-related subcellular mislocalization of proteins might be an attractive means of therapeutic intervention. In particular, cellular processes that link protein folding and cell signaling, as well as nuclear import and export, to the subcellular localization of proteins have been proposed as targets for therapeutic intervention. We discuss the concepts involved in the therapeutic restoration of disrupted physiological protein localization and therapeutic mislocalization as a strategy to inactivate disease-causing proteins.
ERK1/2 activation in heart is controlled by melusin, focal adhesion kinase and the scaffold protein IQGAP1
Authors: Sbroggiò Mauro , Bertero Alessandro , Velasco Silvia , Fusella Federica , De Blasio Emanuele , Bahou Wadie F. , Silengo Lorenzo , Turco Emilia , Brancaccio Mara , Tarone Guido
Published: October 2011

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling is a key pathway in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival in response to many different stress stimuli. We have previously characterized melusin as a muscle-specific chaperone protein capable of ERK1/2 signalling activation in the heart. Here, we show that in the heart, melusin forms a supramolecular complex with the proto-oncogene c-Raf, MEK1/2 (also known as MAPKK1/2) and ERK1/2 and that melusin-bound mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by pressure overload. Moreover, we demonstrate that both focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), a scaffold protein for the ERK1/2 signalling cascade, are part of the melusin complex and are required for ERK1/2 activation in response to pressure overload. Finally, analysis of isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes indicates that both FAK and IQGAP1 regulate melusin-dependent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival through ERK1/2 activation.
A comparison of the results of arterial embolization for bleeding and non-bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers
Authors: Loffroy Romaric , Lin MingDe , Thompson Carol , Harsha Amith , Rao Pramod
Published: October 2011

Background

Although some authors have advocated the practice of arterial embolization for angiographically negative acute hemorrhage from gastroduodenal ulcers, this technique remains controversial.

Purpose

To compare the results of arterial embolization for bleeding (BU) and non-bleeding (NBU) gastroduodenal ulcers.

Material and Methods

Transcatheter embolization was performed in 57 patients (39 men, 18 women, mean age 69.8 years) who experienced acute bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers. At the time of embolization active contrast extravasation was seen in 36 of 57 patients, while in the remaining 21 patients embolization was based on endoscopic findings. Patient demographics, clinical success, need for re-intervention secondary to re-bleeding, and 30-day complication and mortality rates were reviewed and compared between the two groups by using statistical analyses.

Results

In the BU group, the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) was embolized in 31 patients (86.1%), the left gastric artery (LGA) in three patients (8.3%), and the left gastroepiploic artery (LGEA) in two patients (5.6%). In the NBU group, the GDA was embolized in 18 patients (85.7%), and the LGA in three patients (14.3%). Clinical success (61.9 vs. 75.0%, P = 0.30), need for re-intervention (38.1 vs. 27.8%, P = 0.42), and 30-day complication (9.5 vs. 5.6%, P = 0.57), and mortality (28.6 vs. 25%, P = 0.77) rates were not statistically different between the two groups. Embolization in patients in NBU group did not have impact on clinical success (OR, 0.54; 95%CI, 0.17–1.72; P = 0.30).

Conclusion

Arterial embolization in patients with angiographically NBU is as safe and effective as embolization in patients with BU.
Community-acquired pneumonia due to Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in an HIV-2-infected patient
Authors: Daneshvar C , Smith N C , Waghorn D J , Luzzi G A , Wathen C G
Published: October 2011

Pneumonia caused by Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus is associated with a high fatality rate. There have been few reported cases in HIV-1-co-infected patients. Here we report a fatal case of severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing S. aureus in a 45-year-old woman with HIV-2 infection.
Antiretroviral treatment in the private sector in Namibia
Authors: Van der Veen F , Mugala-Mukungu F , Kangudi M , Feris A , Katjitae I , Colebunders R
Published: October 2011

Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been available in the private sector in Namibia since 1998. National guidelines were developed by the Ministry of Health and clinicians of the public and private sector in 2003 and launched at the start of the public sector ART programme by the Ministry of Health. The Namibian HIV Clinicians Society was established around this period to promote adherence to the national guidelines and to provide comprehensive training for health professionals. To monitor adherence to national ART guidelines, in 2003, the Society requested access to anonymized data on ART dispensing from the medical insurance industry. Dispensing data from all Namibian medical insurance companies were obtained. ART regimens were categorized as recommended (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based and boosted protease inhibitor [PI]-based), not recommended (non-boosted PI-based or stavudine/didanosine-containing regimens), ineffective (dual therapy) and second line or salvage regimens. This analysis was repeated in 2004, 2005 and 2008. In 2003, only 2306 adult private patients received ART, of which only 1527 (66%) were recommended regimens. In 2008, 7010 private patients received ART, of which 6372 (91%) were recommended regimens. The private sector covered about 15% of the total number of 46,732 reported ART patients reported in the year 2008. Many of these private patients might not have accessed ART in the public sector.
Managing chlamydia infections in young men: results from an audit of a public men's clinic in New York City
Authors: Jones H E , Pressman E J , Bell D L , Kerns J L , Lykes S T , Garth J , Westhoff C L
Published: October 2011

Research on management of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) among men has largely been neglected. Findings from an audit of 284 CT-infected men from 2004 to 2005 attending a young men's clinic primarily serving Latino men in New York City, NY, USA, are presented. Ninety-nine percent received treatment, with 81% treated within 14 days of a positive test. Three percent reported no partner in the last three months, 17% were referred by a CT-positive partner and 24% were missing partner information. Among the rest, 18% received expedited partner therapy, 4% directly observed therapy, 12% partner referral and 65% did not receive documented partner management. Of the 34% who had a post-treatment visit at least three months after their index visit, only 36% received a test for re-infection. Among primarily Latino men in an urban clinic in New York City, a high proportion of CT cases were treated in a timely manner. However, documentation of partner management was often lacking and few CT cases received tests for re-infection.
Effective smoking cessation interventions for COPD patients: a review of the evidence
Authors: Coronini-Cronberg Sophie , Heffernan Catherine , Robinson Michael
Published: October 2011

Objectives

To review the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions offered to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, and identify barriers to quitting experienced by them, so that a more effective service can be developed for this group.

Design

A rapid systematic literature review comprising computerized searches of electronic databases, hand searches and snowballing were used to identify both published and grey literature.

Setting

A review of studies undertaken in north-western Europe (defined as: United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, Benelux and Nordic countries).

Participants

COPD patients participating in studies looking at the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in this patient group, or exploring the barriers to quitting experienced by these patients.

Method

Quantitative and qualitative papers were selected according to pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, critically appraised, and quantitative papers scored against the NICE Levels of Evidence standardized hierarchy.

Main outcome measure

Percentages of successful quitters and length of quit, assessed by self-report or biochemical analysis. Among qualitative studies, identified barriers to smoking cessation had to be explored.

Results

Three qualitative and 13 quantitative papers were finally selected. Effective interventions and barriers to smoking cessation were identified. Pharmacological support with Buproprion combined with counselling was significantly more efficacious in achieving prolonged abstinence than a placebo by 18.9% (95% CI 3.6–26.4%). Annual spirometry with a brief smoking cessation intervention, followed by a personal letter from a doctor, had a significantly higher ≥1 year abstinence rate at three years among COPD patient smokers, compared to smokers with normal lung function ( P < 0.001; z = 3.93). Identified barriers to cessation included: patient misinformation, levels of motivation, health beliefs, and poor communication with health professionals.

Conclusion

Despite the public health significance of COPD, there is a lack of high-quality evidence showing which smoking cessation support methods work for these patients. This review describes three effective interventions, as well as predictors of quitting success that service providers could use to improve quit rates in this group. Areas that would benefit from urgent further research are also identified.
Large-Order Multiple Recursive Generators with Modulus 231 − 1
Authors: Deng Lih-Yuan , Shiau Jyh-Jen Horng , Lu Henry Horng-Shing
Published: October 2011

The performance of a maximum-period multiple recursive generator (MRG) depends on the choices of the recurrence order k, the prime modulus p, and the multipliers used. For a maximum-period MRG, a large-order k not only means a large period length (i.e., pk − 1) but, more importantly, also guarantees the equidistribution property in high dimensions (i.e., up to k dimensions), a desirable feature for a good random-number generator. As to generating efficiency, in addition to the multipliers, some special choices of the prime modulus p can significantly speed up the generation of pseudo-random numbers by replacing the expensive modulo operation with efficient logical operations. To construct efficient maximum-period MRGs of a large order, we consider the prime modulus p = 231 − 1 and, via extensive computer search, find two large values of k, 7,499 and 20,897, for which pk − 1 can be completely factorized. The successful search is achieved with the help of some results in number theory as well as some modern factorization methods. A general class of MRGs is introduced, which includes several existing classes of efficient generators. With the factorization results, we are able to identify via computer search within this class many portable and efficient maximum-period MRGs of order 7,499 or 20,897 with prime modulus 231 − 1 and multipliers of powers-of-two decomposition. These MRGs all pass the stringent TestU01 test suite empirically.
Gender- and obesity-specific effect of apolipoprotein C3 gene (APOC3) –482C>T polymorphism on triglyceride concentration in Turkish adults
Authors: Coban Neslihan , Onat Altan , Guclu-Geyik Filiz , Komurcu-Bayrak Evrim , Sansoy Vedat , Hergenc Gulay , Can Günay , Erginel-Unaltuna Nihan
Published: October 2011

Apolipoprotein C3 (

Randomly selected 1548 individuals (757 male and 791 female, mean age 49.9±11.8 years) were genotyped for –482C>T polymorphism using hybridization probes in a Real-Time PCR LC480 device.

The –482TT genotype prevailed 9.9% in men and 11.5% in women. Association between 482C>T polymorphism and dyslipidemia (p=0.036, OR=1.42, 95%Cl=1.02–1.97) was found only in men. Analysis of variance showed that anthropometric and metabolic variables were not differently distributed in
Injection molding of conductor paths: integration of functionality by the use of a metal/thermoplastic hybrid material
Authors: Michaeli Walter , Hopmann Christian , Fragner Jan , Pfefferkorn Tobias
Published: October 2011

This article deals with the further processing of a compounded metal/thermoplastic hybrid material through injection molding. By synergistically combining two fillers, short copper fibers and a low melting alloy, in a thermoplastic matrix, it is possible to achieve extremely high electrical conductivities comparable to those of steel. At the same time, it is possible to manufacture complex parts directly using (multi-component) injection molding. The filling and solidification behavior of this highly filled material is significantly changed due to the amount of metal. The maximum flow lengths and the resulting electrical properties of the compound are investigated based on small conductor paths in 2C injection molding. Constant high mold temperatures significantly improve the maximum flow length of conductor paths without having any significant effects on electrical conductivity. With an additional dynamic mold tempering, using an external inductive heating system, the flow ability can be further improved within the injection molding process.
Optimizing a Wind Turbine Oil Condition Monitoring Program
Authors: Livingstone Greg J. , Ameye Jo , Wooton Dave
Published: October 2011

The logistics and expense of obtaining oil samples from wind farms are among the conditions that make it challenging to establish a valuable condition monitoring program. Optimizing the oil condition monitoring program for a wind turbine is a critical step towards achieving forecasted ROI for the wind farm. To advance the current oil condition monitoring practices for most wind turbines, 150 identical wind turbine systems in the field for up to four years were studied. Several oil analysis tests were performed to understand the depletion of additives and changes in fluid chemistry. Basic statistical analysis was obtained on the data set to identify correlations in the data. The result of the analysis was a better understanding of the wind turbine oil’s formulation and the relationship to fluid degradation and gearbox condition. The statistical methodology that we performed can be applied to other wind turbine farms to improve the knowledge derived from their oil analysis tests, both for gear as well hydraulic oils. In addition, other innovative tests were suggested which may augment a current oil analysis test slate to improve the value of their program.
Utilizing Validated Computational Models to Predict Tibial Insert Abrasion in Mobile Bearing Knees: A Design Performance Standard
Authors: Morra Edward , Greenwald A. Seth
Published: October 2011

Validated computational models that successfully predict clinically observed outcomes, such as damage occurring in the polymer insert component of a Mobile Bearing Knee (MBK) replacement design, are powerful predictive tools. This paper demonstrates the long term use of a validated computational model that uses the finite element method to visualize the magnitude and location of stresses on the polymer insert associated with abrasive wear damage that occurs in vivo. The use of component geometries generated from three-dimensional laser scans of sterilized, implantable quality components allows detection of poor fit between manufactured component articulations, which is key to successful prediction of observed clinical wear patterns in tibial inserts. The robustness of the model is demonstrated by its ability to predict expected and unexpected wear simulator and clinical retrieval outcomes for a wide variety of MBK designs. It can then be used with some confidence to determine the effect that new, innovative component design changes will have on polymer damage. Validated computational models provide rapid evaluations of anticipated design and material performance at a lower cost than other methods, with results that are predictive of clinical outcomes and allow direct comparison between devices. These methods should be accepted as an a priori evaluative tool by standards and regulatory bodies.
Classification and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Authors: Klöppel Günter
Published: October 2011

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are composed of cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. The old and the new WHO classifications distinguish between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms. All well-differentiated neoplasms, regardless of whether they behave benignly or develop metastases, will be called neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), and graded G1 (Ki67 <2%) or G2 (Ki67 2–20%). All poorly differentiated neoplasms will be termed neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and graded G3 (Ki67 >20%). To stratify the GEP-NETs and GEP-NECs regarding their prognosis, they are now further classified according to TNM-stage systems that were recently proposed by the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) and the AJCC/UICC. In the light of these criteria the pathology and biology of the various NETs and NECs of the gastrointestinal tract (including the oesophagus) and the pancreas are reviewed.
Parents' Experiences With and Preferences for Immunization Reminder/Recall Technologies
Authors: Clark Sarah J. , Butchart Amy , Kennedy Allison , Dombkowski Kevin J.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To describe parents' experiences and preferences regarding the use of different communication modes for immunization reminder/recall messages.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional, Internet-based survey of a nationally representative sample of parents of children 0 to 17 years of age was performed. Survey items included questions regarding previous receipt of reminder/recall notices; preferences for how to receive notices in the future; recentness of changes to home address, home telephone, cell phone, and e-mail information; child's usual site for immunization; and willingness to register cell phone numbers with the child's immunization provider to receive future cell phone or text messages about immunization.

RESULTS:

Overall, 31% of parents had ever received an immunization reminder/recall notice, usually by mail. For future immunization messages, approximately one-third of parents preferred mail or calls to the home telephone, 16% preferred e-mail, and 8% preferred calls to a cell phone. More than one-half of parents had maintained the same home address, home telephone number, cell phone number, or e-mail address for the previous 3 years. More than one-half of parents were willing to register their cell phone numbers with their child's usual immunization provider.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although most parents continue to prefer the traditional modes for immunization reminder/recall messages, 1 in 4 preferred newer technologies, and parents' e-mail and cell phone information was surprisingly stable. More than one-half of the parents were willing to register their cell phone numbers for future immunization messaging via cell phone calls or text messages. Research and implementation efforts might benefit from focusing on this willing population.
Shyness Versus Social Phobia in US Youth
Authors: Burstein Marcy , Ameli-Grillon Leila , Merikangas Kathleen R.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVES:

Scholars and the popular press have suggested that the diagnostic entity of social phobia “medicalizes” normal human shyness. In this study we examined the plausibility of this hypothesis by (1) determining the frequency of shyness and its overlap with social phobia in a nationally representative adolescent sample, (2) investigating the degree to which shyness and social phobia differ with regard to sociodemographic characteristics, functional impairment, and psychiatric comorbidity, and (3) examining differences in rates of prescribed medication use among youth with shyness and/or social phobia.

METHODS:

The National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement is a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of 10 123 adolescents, aged 13 to 18 years, in the continental United States. Lifetime social phobia was assessed by using a modified version of the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Adolescents and parents also provided information on youth shyness and prescribed medication use.

RESULTS:

Only 12% of the youth who identified themselves as shy also met the criteria for lifetime social phobia. Relative to adolescents who were characterized as shy, adolescents affected with social phobia displayed significantly greater role impairment and were more likely to experience a multitude of psychiatric disorders, including disorders of anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use. However, those adolescents were no more likely than their same-age counterparts to be taking prescribed medications.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study provide evidence that social phobia is an impairing psychiatric disorder, beyond normal human shyness. Such findings raise questions concerning the “medicalization” hypothesis of social phobia.
Organic/Inorganic Hybrid-Type Nonvolatile Memory Thin-Film Transistor on Plastic Substrate below 150°C
Authors: Yoon Sung-Min , Yang Shinhyuk , Jung Soon-Won , Ko Park Sang-Hee , Byun Chun-Won , Ryu Min-Ki , Oh Himchan , Kim Kyounghwan , Hwang Chi-Sun , Cho Kyoung-Ik , Yu Byoung-Gon
Published: October 2011

An organic/inorganic hybrid-type nonvolatile memory TFT was proposed as a core device for the future flexible electronics. The structural feature of this memory TFT was that a ferroelectric copolymer and an oxide semiconductor layers were employed as a gate insulator and an active channel, respectively. The memory TFT with the structure of Au/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/Al2O3/ZnO/Ti/Au/Ti/poly(ethylene naphthalate) could be successfully fabricated at the process temperature of below 150°C. It was confirmed that the TFT well operated as a memory device even under the bending situations.
Physicochemical Characterization of NCEs in Early Stage Drug Discovery
Authors: T. Balogh Gyorgy
Published: October 2011

In the last two decades, the role of physicochemical parameters has come to the forefront of early stage
drug discovery. The primary driver behind this revolution is the fact that the pharmacokinetic properties of hit
and lead compounds have become worse and worse. In this chapter, the theoretical background and measurement
techniques for the more important physicochemical parameters are introduced from the perspective of the
ADME/T processes. Finally, during the last decade a number of significant ADME/T-physicochemical-based
structure relationships have been shown to be relevant.
Tools for Modelling Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrability
Authors: Veszelka Szilvia , Kittel Agnes , A. Deli Maria
Published: October 2011

As the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the majority of potential neurotherapeutics from reaching
the central nervous system, early screening for BBB penetrability is very important in drug development. There
are an abundance of available methods, from in silico screening through non-cell-based and cell-based in vitro
methods to animal studies, with different predictive values, speed and throughput. Computational models and in
vitro methods measuring physico-chemical properties, the octanol/water partition coefficient, and penetration
through artificial membranes are accurate for predictions of passive permeability methods. Cell cultures including
epithelial cell lines and their transporter transfected or drug-treated subclones and brain endothelial cell-based
models in mono- and co-cultures with glial cells and/or pericytes are versatile tools for bi-directional active and
passive transcellular transport. In vivo techniques to measure brain uptake, influx or efflux transport include brain
perfusion, microdialysis, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and, more recently, nearinfrared
time-domain optical imaging. These research asnd screening tools for BBB permeability will be
reviewed with a special emphasis on culture-based BBB models. While none of these methods can be used alone
to generate a reliable prediction of drug transport through the BBB, a combination of different models can give a
useful estimate of the brain penetrability of drug candidates in preclinical screening.
Obtaining a banded system of equations in complete spline interpolation problem via B-spline basis
Authors: Volkov Yuriy
Published: October 2011

We study the problem of interpolation by a complete spline of 2n − 1 degree given in B-spline representation. Explicit formulas for the first nand the last ncoefficients of B-spline decomposition are found. It is shown that other B-spline coefficients can be computed as a solution of a banded system of an equitype linear equations.
Terahertz and infrared photodetectors based on multiple graphene layer and nanoribbon structures
Authors: Ryzhii V. , Ryabova N. , Ryzhii M. , Baryshnikov N. , Karasik V. , Mitin V. , Otsuji T.
Published: October 2011

We consider new concepts of terahertz and infrared photodetectors based on multiple graphene layer and multiple graphene nanoribbon structures and we evaluate their responsivity and detectivity. The performance of the detectors under consideration is compared with that of photodetectors made of the traditional structures. We show that due to high values of the quantum efficiency and relatively low rates of thermogeneration, the graphene-based detectors can exhibit high responsivity and detectivity at elevated temperatures in a wide radiation spectrum and can substantially surpass other detectors. The detector being discussed can be used in different wide-band and multi-colour terahertz and infrared systems.
Assessing Molecular Signature for Some Potential Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cultivars from Saudi Arabia, Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequences rpoB and psbA-trnH
Authors: Al-Qurainy Fahad , Khan Salim , Al-Hemaid Fahad M. , Ali M. Ajmal , Tarroum M. , Ashraf M.
Published: October 2011

Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm), being economically very important, is widely cultivated in the Middle East and North Africa, having about 400 different cultivars. Assessment of date cultivars under trading and farming is a widely accepted problem owing to lack of a unique molecular signature for specific date cultivars. In the present study, eight different cultivars of dates viz., Khodry, Khalas, Ruthana, Sukkari, Sefri, Segae, Ajwa and Hilali were sequenced for rpoB and psbA-trnH genes and analyzed using bioinformatics tools to establish a cultivar-specific molecular signature. The combined aligned data matrix was of 1147 characters, of which invariable and variable sites were found to be 958 and 173, respectively. The analysis clearly reveals three major groups of these cultivars: (i) Khodary, Sefri, Ajwa, Ruthana and Hilali (58% BS); (ii) Sukkari and Khalas (64% BS); and (iii) Segae. The economically most important cultivar Ajwa showed similarity with Khodary and Sefri (67% BS).The sequences of the date cultivars generated in the present study showed bootstrap values between 38% and 70% so these sequences could be carefully used as molecular signature for potential date cultivars under trading and selection of genuine cultivars at the seedling stage for farming.
Multi-Echo-Based Echo-Planar Spectroscopic Imaging Using a 3T MRI Scanner
Authors: Furuyama Jon K. , Burns Brian L. , Wilson Neil E. , Thomas M. Albert
Published: October 2011

The use of spin-echoes has been employed in an Echo-Planar Spectroscopic Imaging (EPSI) sequence to collect multiple phase encoded lines within a single TR in a Multi-Echo-based Echo-Planar Spectroscopic Imaging technique (MEEPSI). Despite the T2 dependence on the amplitude of the spin-echoes, the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the derived multi-echo Point Spread Function (PSF) is shown to decrease, indicating an improved overall spatial resolution without requiring any additional scan time. The improved spatial resolution is demonstrated in the one-dimensional (1D) spatial profiles of the N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA) singlet along the phase encode dimension in a gray matter phantom. Although the improved spatial resolution comes at the expense of spectral resolution, it is shown in vivo that peak broadening due to T2* decay is more significant than the loss of resolution from using spin-echoes and therefore does not affect the ability to quantify metabolites using the LCModel fitting algorithm.
A New Generation of X-ray Baggage Scanners Based on a Different Physical Principle
Authors: Ignatyev Konstantin , Munro Peter R.T. , Chana Deeph , Speller Robert D. , Olivo Alessandro
Published: October 2011

X-ray baggage scanners play a basic role in the protection of airports, customs, and other strategically important buildings and infrastructures. The current technology of baggage scanners is based on x-ray attenuation, meaning that the detection of threat objects relies on how various objects differently attenuate the x-ray beams going through them. This capability is enhanced by the use of dual-energy x-ray scanners, which make the determination of the x-ray attenuation characteristics of a material more precise by taking images with different x-ray spectra, and combining the information appropriately. However, this still has limitations whenever objects with similar attenuation characteristics have to be distinguished. We describe an alternative approach based on a different x-ray interaction phenomenon, x-ray refraction. Refraction is a familiar phenomenon in visible light (e.g., what makes a straw half immersed in a glass of water appear bent), which also takes place in the x-ray regime, only causing deviations at much smaller angles. Typically, these deviations occur at the boundaries of all objects. We have developed a system that, like other “phase contrast” based instruments, is capable of detecting such deviations, and therefore of creating precise images of the contours of all objects. This complements the material-related information provided by x-ray attenuation, and helps contextualizing the nature of the individual objects, therefore resulting in an increase of both sensitivity (increased detection rate) and specificity (reduced rate of false positives) of baggage scanners.
Polymer and Water Dynamics in Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Poly(methacrylate) Networks. A Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Incoherent Neutron Scattering Investigation
Authors: Paradossi Gaio , Finelli Ivana , Natali Francesca , Telling Mark T. F. , Chiessi Ester
Published: October 2011

Chemically cross-linked polymer networks of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(methacrylate) form monolitic hydrogels and microgels suitable for biomedical applications, such as in situ tissue replacement and drug delivery. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and incoherent neutron scattering methods are used to study the local polymer dynamics and the polymer induced modification of water properties in poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(methacrylate) hydrogels. This information is particularly relevant when the diffusion of metabolites and drugs is a requirement for the polymer microgel functionality. MD simulations of an atomic detailed model of the junction domain at the experimental hydration degree were carried out at 283, 293 and 313 K. The polymer-water interaction, the polymer connectivity and the water dynamics were investigated as a function of temperature. Simulation results are compared with findings of elastic and quasi-elastic incoherent neutron scattering measurements, experimental approaches which sample the same space-time window of MD simulations. This combined analysis shows a supercooled water component and an increase of hydrophilicity and mobility with temperature of these amphiphilic polymer networks.
Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era
Authors: Döring Thomas F. , Knapp Samuel , Kovacs Geza , Murphy Kevin , Wolfe Martin S.
Published: October 2011

In evolutionary plant breeding, crop populations with a high level of genetic diversity are subjected to the forces of natural selection. In a cycle of sowing and re-sowing seed from the plant population year after year, those plants favored under prevailing growing conditions are expected to contribute more seed to the next generation than plants with lower fitness. Thus, evolving crop populations have the capability of adapting to the conditions under which they are grown. Here we review the current state of research in evolutionary plant breeding and concentrate on the ability of evolving plant populations to deal with stressful, variable, and unpredictable environments. This resilience of evolving plant populations is seen as a major advantage under the predicted threats faced by agriculture such as global climate change. We have conducted an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this breeding approach and suggest how its concept can be broadened and expanded. Given the current legal restrictions for realizing the potential of evolutionary plant breeding, we call for a change in legislation to allow evolving crop populations to enter agricultural practice on a larger scale.
Les relations civils-militaires en Allemagne entre « posthéroïsme » et poids du passé : le monument aux morts de la Bundeswehr
Authors: Leonhard Nina
Published: October 2011

Résumé Depuis la fin de la confrontation entre les blocs de l’Est et de l’Ouest, les forces armées allemandes (la Bundeswehr ) ont vécu une transformation profonde qui a changé substantiellement les rapports qu’ils entretenaient avec la société civile. Ce changement se manifeste entre autres dans la manière dont la société allemande gère le décès de ses militaires. Le monument consacré aux morts de la Bundeswehr qui fut inauguré en septembre 2009 en est un bon exemple. Cet article propose une analyse du mémoriel et du débat public qui a accompagné sa mise en place avec deux objectifs : étudier le contexte dans lequel le monument a été érigé afin de reconstruire les différentes significations qu’il peut revêtir et examiner à quel point le mémoriel est apte à créer un lien symbolique entre la Bundeswehr et la société allemande.
Psychiatric Referral Versus Federal Regulations: A Balancing Act for Long-Term Care Nurses
Authors: Legg Timothy J. , Adelman Deborah S.
Published: October 2011

After reviewing an all-too-common scenario that occurs in long-term care facilities specific to residents with problematic behaviors, we will examine the nurse’s role in facilitating appropriate care and treatment of residents with problematic behaviors stemming from dementia while protecting the organization from deficient practices.
Using Quality and Safety Education for Nurses to Guide Clinical Teaching on a New Dedicated Education Unit
Authors: McKown Terri , McKown Leslie , Webb Sherry
Published: October 2011

Gaps exist in health professional education versus the demands of current practice. Leveraging front-line nurses to teach students exemplary practice in a Dedicated Education Unit (DEU) may narrow this gap. The DEU is an innovative model for experiential learning, capitalizing on the expertise of staff nurses as clinical teachers. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a new academic-practice DEU in facilitating quality and safety competency achievement among students. Six clinical teachers received education in clinical teaching and use of
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
(QSEN) competencies to guide acquisition of essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes for continuous health care improvement. Twelve students assigned to the six teachers completed daily logs for the 10-week practicum. Findings suggest that DEU students achieved QSEN competencies through clinical teacher mentoring in interdisciplinary collaboration, using electronic information for best practice and patient teaching, patient/family decision making, quality improvement, and resolution of safety issues.
Qualitative Analysis of Student Beliefs and Attitudes After an Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation: Implications for Affective Domain Learning in Undergraduate Nursing Education
Authors: Cazzell Mary , Rodriguez Amber
Published: October 2011

This qualitative study explored the feelings, beliefs, and attitudes of senior-level undergraduate pediatric nursing students upon completion of a medication administration Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation (OSCE). The affective domain is the most neglected domain in higher education, although it is deemed the “gateway to learning.” Quantitative assessments of clinical skills performed during OSCEs usually address two of the three domains of learning: cognitive (knowledge) and psychomotor skills. Twenty students volunteered to participate in focus groups (10 per group) and were asked three questions relevant to their feelings, beliefs, and attitudes about their OSCE experiences. Students integrated the attitude of safety first into future practice but felt that anxiety, loss of control, reaction under pressure, and no feedback affected their ability to connect the OSCE performance with future clinical practice. The findings affect future affective domain considerations in the development, modification, and assessment of OSCEs across the undergraduate nursing curriculum.
Bridging the Gap Between Primary Care and Mental Health
Authors: Machado Robert J. , Tomlinson Victoria
Published: October 2011

Major depression is a leading cause of disability in the United States and is frequently diagnosed and managed within a primary care setting, with less-than-optimal results. Studies have shown that adequate follow up significantly affects patient outcomes, including mortality; however, primary care providers face many challenges in providing this care within the constraints of a primary care setting. Collaborative care models have been shown to be effective in managing depression, and accordingly, the Translating Initiatives for Depression into Effective Solutions (TIDES) model was selected by the Bay Pines Veterans Affairs Healthcare System to help primary care providers manage depressed patients within the primary care setting. This article describes the implementation of TIDES and identifies a new role for mental health nurses outside of the traditional mental health setting.
Schizophrenia in Older Adults
Authors: Sorrell Jeanne M. , Collier Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Although the number of people older than 55 with schizophrenia is expected to double during the next 20 years, the research data on older adults with schizophrenia are limited. This appears to be because until the middle of the 20th century, it was assumed that mental illness in older adults was a part of the aging process and because older adults are often excluded from research investigations. Nursing research is needed to explore how people with schizophrenia learn to manage their problems as they age, as well as how those who are first diagnosed with schizophrenia in later life adapt to their illness. Mental health nurses need to be cautious in assigning premature labels to older adults with mental illness that may lead to unsubstantiated assumptions about levels of disability. Instead, nurses should realize individual potential regarding undiscovered strengths and should attempt to create interventions that recognize and foster personal development for older adults with schizophrenia.
Biological Basis for Sleep Disturbance and Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia: A Biobehavioral Model
Authors: Woods Diana Lynn , Phillips Linda R. , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: October 2011

Behavioral symptoms and sleep disturbance occur in more than 56% of older adults with mild to moderate dementia and are challenging and costly. This article proposes a biobehavioral causal model to explain sleep disturbances and behavioral symptoms in dementia (BSD) based on an integrative science perspective using the life cycle model of stress (chronic stress) integrating genetic, neuroendocrine, and personality factors. The model proposes that: (a) BSD are an outcome of sleep disturbance; (b) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation is key to sleep disturbances and BSD; (c) genotype influences response to stress hormones; (d) HPA is influenced by genotype; (e) trait anxiety moderates the relationship between HPA axis and BSD and/or sleep disturbances; and (f) trait anxiety is influenced by genotype. Examining these relationships simultaneously will advance our theoretical understanding of BSD and sleep disturbances, potentially providing a basis for the design of targeted interventions and prevention strategies with an understanding of risk.
Desempleo y justicia local
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: October 2011

En este artículo se presentan una serie de criterios de justicia local para regular los despidos. En situaciones en las que el trabajo es escaso y las empresas adoptan medidas de regulación de empleo, la decisión de despedir a unos trabajadores o a otros se puede basar, cuando se intenta que no sea arbitraria, en criterios locales de equidad como el mérito, la eficacia, la edad u otros que se analizan en este trabajo. Así, tras definir el concepto de justicia local y presentar algunos ejemplos, el artículo se centra en la importancia del trabajo para organizar y estructurar la vida de la gente. Las graves consecuencias que tiene, por ello, el desempleo para quien lo sufre, aconseja que los despidos se sometan a criterios de justicia local.
¿Existe una "malla de seguridad" en la Europa del sur? La lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión en España, Grecia, Italia y Portugal
Authors: Moreno Luis , Matsaganis Manos , Ferrera Maurizio , Capucha Luís
Published: October 2011

El papel marginal de la asistencia social y la ausencia de programas de rentas mínimas han sido considerados como rasgos definitorios del modelo de bienestar de la Europa del Sur. Sin embargo, a lo largo de la década de los años 90 se han producido innovaciones significativas en este campo. El artículo lleva a cabo un análisis de los últimos desarrollos realizando un examen crítico de las experiencias de políticas contra la pobreza en España, Grecia, Italia y Portugal. Se arguye que el carácter fragmentario y "parcheado" de las mallas de seguridad (safety nets) en la Europa meridional se debe a un singular conjunto de circunstancias, las más relevantes de las cuales son el rol de las familias y una cierta morosidad de sus instituciones estatales. Un análisis de los perfiles nacionales revela que las nuevas políticas implementadas en los cuatro países persiguen solventar algunos de los desequilibrios históricos de este régimen de bienestar. En particular, los programas comprensivos de rentas mínimas están ahora vigentes en Portugal y en algunas Comunidades Autónomas españolas (aunque todas éstas disponen de algún tipo de actuación al respecto), mientras que una experimentación se ha llevado a efecto en Italia. A la luz de estas experiencias el artículo concluye que las mallas de seguridad y de protección social en la Europa del Sur existen, pero mantienen un débil diseño institucional así como una limitada legitimidad y apoyo político.
La población hispana en Estados Unidos de América. Asimilación y diferencia
Authors: Criado María Jesús
Published: October 2011

El incremento sostenido de la población de origen o ascendencia latinoamericana en Estados Unidos está suscitando un extenso debate sobre la capacidad asimiladora de la sociedad americana y su evolución en cuanto conjunto diferenciado. En el texto se repasan los datos y notas más destacados de esta población en varias vertientes anotando, a partir de ellos, hacia dónde parece apuntar dicha evolución.
Liberalismo y multiculturalidad en el contexto de la globalización
Authors: Castilla Vallejo José Luis
Published: October 2011

Este artículo trata el enfoque del liberalismo cultural y sus aportaciones al debate sobre la justicia y el multiculturalismo en el contexto de la globalización. El autor plantea la heterogeneidad de este enfoque y señala cómo se asienta en una concepción muy restrictiva de la multiculturalidad y la diferencia. El artículo hace el doble esfuerzo de, por un lado, clarificar el contenido del enfoque del liberalismo cultural, y, por otro, criticar el alcance de sus fundamentos y propuestas analísticas. A partir de esas críticas, el objetivo final del autor es proponer elementos alternativos para la configuración de un multiculturalismo complejo que respete una idea amplia de la diferencia.
Estado, mercado y seguridad ciudadana. Ánalisis de la articulación entre la seguridad pública y privada eb España
Authors: Bosch José Luis , Farrás Jaume , Martín Manuel , Sabaté Juli , Torrente Diego
Published: October 2011

Los temas relacionados con la seguridad de la población se están convirtiendo en prioridades para las democracias occidentales. La seguridad aparece, cada vez más, como una corresponsabilidad del sector público y privado y de la sociedad civil. Una cuestión de gran importancia social y política es la forma en que se van a articular los diferentes sectores; es decir, el modelo de sistema de seguridad del futuro. El presente artículo analiza, a partir de la sociología de las organizaciones, la forma en que se articula la seguridad privada y pública en España. A partir de un análisis de la legislación, se compara el modelo español con el de otros países de la Unión Europea.
Como elementos clave de la articulación se estudian los objetivos y prácticas de los dos sectores, las relaciones de cooperación y conflicto y las fronteras externas e internas del sistema de seguridad español. El análisis se basa en entrevistas a líderes de empresas de seguridad y a responsables de la seguridad pública en España.