bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tool Wear and Surface Roughness in Diamond Cutting of Die Steels
Authors: Zou Lai , Dong Guo Jun , Zhou Ming
Published: October 2013

This paper performed a series of experimental investigations for typical die steels with ultrasonic vibration assisted turning. The micro-morphology of rake face and flank face of diamond was detected by scanning electron microscopy, and the roughness of machined surface was measured by Form Talysurf. In order to clarify the influence laws of cutting parameters and tool geometric parameters on tool wear and surface quality. The results revealed that the wear of diamond and surface roughness rely heavily on the feed rate, and have less relativity with the relief angle and the depth of cut to an extent. In addition, the function mechanism of ultrasonic vibration turning had been analyzed, it exhibited that this technological measure has enhanced tool life and improved surface quality to a large extent.
The Influence of Stretched Fixation on Face Milling-Machined 6061T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Yi Wei , Jiang Zhao Liang , Li Zhi , Li Bin , Liu Wen Ping
Published: October 2013

The influence of stretched fixation on face milling-machined 6061T6 aluminum alloy, a widely used material in industry, was investigated in the paper. A unidirectional stretched fixture was designed and used in the face milling experiments. During the experiments, the pre-stress exerted on the work-piece increased from 0 to 220MPa with other machining parameters being constant. Surface topography, surface residual stress and flatness were measured. The results reveal that stretched fixation has significantly effect on residual stress, machined surface flatness, and roughness.
Study on Applications of Water Soluble Grinding Fluids in Glass Processing with 3MTM TrizactTM Diamond Tile (TDT)
Authors: Yang Gai Xia , Zheng Lian Bin , He Jia Zheng , Xie Wu , Su Dong
Published: October 2013

The water soluble grinding fluids (coolants) with 3MTM TrizactTM Diamond Tile（TDT）used in thinning process of the flat glass contains lubricants, extreme pressure antiwear agents, surfactants and anti-rust additives, which are expected to provide the functions of lubricating, cooling, cleaning, anti-rust. The results showed that the water soluble grinding fluids can improve the processing performance of 3M TDT effectively, keep excellent self-sharpening, increase processing efficiency, extend the service life of the abrasive pads and reduce surface roughness of the glass .
Three Dimensional Finite Element Simulation for Surface Residual Stress in End Milling Process
Authors: Liu Sha , Feng Ping Fa , Yu Ding Wen
Published: October 2013

This paper proposes a method to simulate residual stress induced by end milling process via 3-D FEM. First, Johnson-Cook material model parameters for a Japanese type of alloy steel (SCM440H) were extracted by a combination method. With the material model parameters, symmetrical end milling process for plate of SCM440H was simulated by FE software to get the residual stress distribution in the machined workpiece. Residual stress measurement experiment was carried out after end milling process to be compared with simulation result to verify the method, which proved that high simulation accuracy can be obtained by extracted material model parameters.
Preparation of TiB2/WC/h-BN Micro-Nano Composite Gradient Self-Lubricating Ceramic Tool Material
Authors: Xu Xiu Guo , Xu Chong Hai , Fang Bin , Wang Chun Lin , Yi Ming Dong
Published: October 2013

TiB2/WC/h-BN micro-nano composite gradient self-lubricating ceramic tool material was prepared by vacuum hot-pressing technique. The mechanical properties were tested and compared. The best flexural strength, fracture toughness and Vickers hardness of the tool material were 678MPa, 4.75MPa·m1/2 and 15.1GPa, respectively. The microstructure was analyzed by thermal field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). TiB2 nanoparticles were obviously observed in the ceramic matrix. It suggested that the developed TiB2/WC/h-BN micro-nano composite gradient self-lubricating ceramic tool materials will have potential application in dry machining.
Research on Wear Mechanism of Self-Sharpening Fine Super-Hard Abrasive Tool
Authors: Zhou Zhao Zhong , Feng Kai Ping , Lv Bing Hai , Fan Hong Wei , Yuan Ju Long
Published: October 2013

To achieve the components of the highest quality in terms of shape, dimension, surface integrity and high efficiency in the course of processing difficult-to-cut material, the concept of self-sharpening fine super-hard abrasive tool as machining tool is put forward, this method not only improves the dressing performance of the abrasive tool, but also ensures the accuracy and durability of the abrasive tool, self-sharpening fine super-hard abrasive tool lapping technology is developed by using Zn as abrasive fillers and using FeCl3 solution as lapping liquid, the wear form of the self-sharpening fine super-hard abrasive tool and the influence of abrasive wear on the material removal form is studied, research shows that the wear of the self-sharpening fine super-hard abrasive tool is mainly in breakage wear, which has a good self-sharpening performance, and the material removal form is mainly in two-body material removal mode., which means this method has good holding force of abrasives.
Simulation of Temperature Distribution in HFCVD Diamond Films Growth on WC-Co Drill Tools in Large Quantities
Authors: Cheng Lei , Zhang Jian Guo , Wang Xin Chang , Zhang Tao , Shen Bin , Sun Fang Hong
Published: October 2013

The substrate temperature distribution in hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) diamond films growth on drill tools in large quantities are simulated by the finite volume method (FVM), adopting a detailed 3-D computational model corresponding with the actual reactor. Firstly, the correctness of the simulation model is verified by comparing the temperature data obtained from the simulation with that measured in an actual depositing process, and the results show that the error between them is less than 3%. Thereafter, the influences of several parameters are studied, including the filament separation (D), the length of the filament (L) and the filament-substrate distance (H). The simulation results show the three parameters have different effects on the distribution of temperature field. The influence of D is the greatest, L is followed and then H. The simulation has important theoretical guidance on both the development of HFCVD deposition equipment using for the diamond coating on tools with complex shapes in large quantities and the research of related production process.
Research on the Mathematical Model of Helical Groove of the End Mill Based on the Grinding Wheel Attitude
Authors: Zhao Xian Feng , He Lin , Shi Hong Yan
Published: October 2013

This paper presents the mathematical model of helical groove of the end mill according to the differential geometry and meshing principle based on the grinding wheel attitude. The profile of the helical groove can be precisely calculated using a given wheel attitude and the relative motion between the workpiece and the grinding wheel.The relation between the grinding wheel attitude and the rake angle can be obtained through adjusting the grinding wheel attitude angle.And the accurate 3D model of helical groove was generated in the SolidWorks.The research shows that the grinding wheel attitude is the main factor that affects the rake angle of end mill.There is a linear relationship between the rake angle and the grinding wheel attitude. The smooth and accurate 3D model of helical groove lay the foundation for studying the cutting performance and dynamic characteristics of end mill.
Experimental Study and Simulation Analysis on Ball-End Cutter Milling Titanium Alloy Based on the Geometric Parameters Optimization
Authors: Cheng Yao Nan , An Shuo , Liu Xian Li , Zhang Yue , Shi Lei
Published: October 2013

Titanium alloy materials are widely used in the field of aero-engine, the complex surface forming of key parts usually use the ball end mill. First, optimized and designed tool based on the main geometric parameters of the tool, the experimental researching on solid carbide ball end mill milling TC4 titanium alloy was performed based on orthogonal combination of geometric parameters. Second, made a concrete analysis of the milling force collected in the experiment, tool geometry parameters were optimized based on the theoretical and practical. Then analyzed the optimized tool milling force changing rules under finite element milling simulation. Influence of milling parameters on milling force was analyzed with the single factor experiment for the optimized tool, milling parameters were optimized by drawing the force curve. The above studies provide a reference for the actual production of titanium alloy semi-finishing and finishing in tool design and milling parameters selection.
Study of Electrode Wear Ratio of Piezoelectric Self-Adaptive Micro-EDM
Authors: Kong De Zheng , Zhang Qin He , Fu Xiu Zhuo , Zhang Ya
Published: October 2013

Micro Electrical discharge machining (Micro-EDM) is a non-traditional concept of machining. It is very suitable for machining micro parts of Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS). However, the application of micro-EDM is restricted for its own shortcomings such as poor material removal rate and high electrode wear ratio etc. In order to overcome this shortcoming, a new piezoelectric self-adaptive micro-EDM (PSMEDM) is developed based on inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramics and its working mechanism and characteristics have been analyzed in this paper. This machining method can realize the self-tuning regulation of discharge gap depending on the discharging conditions, facilitate removing the debris in the machining gap, reduce the occurrence of arcing and shorting and can realize the self-elimination of short circuits, thus the machining efficiency can be improved drastically. The tool electrode wear ratio (EWR) in machining is studied in this paper. Many experiments have been done and the effects of parameters on electrode wear ratio have been analyzed. Experimental results indicate that: 1) The EWR will rise with the increase of open-circuit voltage and main capacitance in circuit because the increase of open-circuit voltage and capacitance result in increase of single discharge energy. 2) The effect of resistance R1 on EWR is light. With the increase of resistance R1, the EWR will decrease slightly. 3) With the increase of resistance R2, the EWR will decrease firstly and then becomes to increase.
Experimental Study on Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of SiCp/Al Composite
Authors: Wang Ming , Dong Guo Jun , Zhou Ming
Published: October 2013

The performances of particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite is excellent, but it is hard to be manufactured, which resist its wide spread engineering application. Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is very suit for machining of particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite with moderate or high volume fraction. An aluminum matrix composite reinforced with 45% volume fraction of 3μm silicon carbide particles in a A12 aluminium matrix is experimental studied by RUM, and surface topography, surface roughness and cutting force are analyzed. The experimental results show that machining surface quality is high, surface roughness Ra ranges from 0.131~0.340μm, the cutting process is very smooth and cutting force Fz ranges from 23.33~51.31N, grinding wheel jams and grinding burn do not appear on rotary ultrasonic cutting tool after machining, and tool wear is extremely little.
Fabrication of Titanium Carbonitride Based Cermets by Microwave and Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Tang Si Wen , Liu De Shun , Li Peng Nan , Tang Wen Bo , Qiu Xin Yi
Published: October 2013

Titanium Carbonitride (TiCN) based cermets are important cutting tools materials. Fabrication of the material is time and cost consuming process for the traditional sintering. In this paper, TiCN based cermets were prepared by using microwave sintering and spark plasma sintering compare to traditional sintering, and the microstructures and properties were investigated. The results show that microwave sintering and the spark plasma sintering can obtain similar properties with traditional sintering with shorter sintering time, this will greatly save energy. The strength and hardness of TiCN based cermets sintered by microwave sintering is 1136Mpa and HRA87, respectively. Microwave wave sintering can obtain finer grain than traditional sintering, and spark plasma sintering have the finest grain, which is in the range of 0.3μm~0.5μm. Due to the present of big pores, the bulk of spark plasma sintering has the lowest bending strength.
Study on Influencing Factors of Mechanical Properties of Ti(C,N)-Based Cermets
Authors: Chai Ya Cong , Liu Han Lian , Huang Chuan Zhen , Zou Bin , Liu Hua He
Published: October 2013

Ti(C,N)-based cermets were fabricated by the vacuum hot-processing technique. The effect of sintering process, initial powder size and binder content on mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets were investigated. The composite was analyzed by the observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results showed that a lower sintering temperature led to insufficient liquid-phase sintering process, which reduced the density of the composite. However, higher temperature and longer holding time resulted in abnormal grain growth, which was not good for improving the mechanical properties of the composite. With the refinement of the initial powder size of the Ti(C,N), the fracture toughness reduced slightly, the flexural strength and Vickers hardness increased. The better mechanical properties were obtained when the binder content of the cermets was designed based on the eutectic composition of Mo-Ni binary alloy phase diagram.
Research on the Hot Pressing Parameters of Ti (C,N)/Al2O3 Nanocomposite Ceramic Die Material and the Material Fabrication
Authors: Xiao Guang Chun , Xu Chong Hai , Chen Zhao Qiang , Fang Bin , Wei Gao Feng
Published: October 2013

In the present study, Ti (C,N)/Al2O3nanocomposite ceramic die material was fabricated through adding nanosize Ti (C,N) powders into micrometer Al2O3matrix by vacuum hot-pressing technology. Effects of the hot press sintering process on mechanical property and microstructure of the nanocomposite ceramic die material were investigated. The optimum hot-pressing technology with the sintering temperature of 1650°C, time duration of 15min and pressure of 30MPa was achieved. The microstructural morphology of the material was also analyzed. It reveals that the intergranular/intragranular microstructure and the resulted intergranular/transgranular fracture mode are the main causes for strengthening and toughening in the nanocomposite ceramic die material.
Modeling of Error Analysis Simulation of Normal Circular Arc Bevel Gear Transmission
Authors: Dong Guo Jun , Wang Ming
Published: October 2013

The normal circular arc bevel gears are used in industrial areas of high speed, high bearing and high strength widely. A mathematical simulation model is built and it can analyze transmission error and contact zone of normal circular arc bevel gears. In this model, the instantaneous engaging points of gear pair are transformed into the least-values of rotary angles of corresponding points between two gears along the final motion, so this method is very simple and effective. Under the condition of existing helix angle error, transmission error and contact zone of a pair of normal circular arc bevel gears are simulating analyzed. At last, the operation test of contact zone of gears indicates gears transmission is stable and the gears contact zones are largely in line with the simulation results.
Synthesizing High-Quality Diamond Based on Indirect Heating Method and Dynamic Matching Technology of Pressure and Temperature
Authors: Wang Qin Sheng , Lu Jin Bin , Zhao Qing Guo , Lin Yu , Ru Pei Pei
Published: October 2013

Inside the indirect heating chamber, raw material itself is not being electrified nor giving out heat. Instead, heat is offered by some heater outside and transferred inside to heat the raw material indirectly. Gradient of pressure parallels to as well as matches with that of temperature, which solves the mismatch between these two elements inside the high-pressure chamber. Meanwhile, both electrical resistance and temperature remain unchanged when raw material reacts. What described above realizes uniformity and stability of pressure and temperature. During the process of synthesizing diamond, we employ the technology of two-parameter dynamic matching of pressure and temperature. In this way, attached load increases gradually while attached power decreases little by little to keep pressure and temperature in the rich diamond crystal growth area and allow them to move in a restricted area in direction of identical quality line. As a result, pressure and temperature can match dynamically and diamond crystal can grow steadily and continuously in a long time period to produce high-quality product, per unit output reaches as much as 580cts, 60% of which are of high grade.
Fabrication of Graphite Composite Bipolar Plate for Miniature PEMFCs by Micro Planing with Multi-Cutter
Authors: Zhang Shi Wei , Wan Zhen Ping , Shen Yu Qin , Ou Yuan Xian , Tang Yong
Published: October 2013

This study explores the feasibility of using a novel process, micro planing with multi-cutter, to fabricate graphite composite bipolar plates of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Through the use of multi-cutter, this study succeeds in machining micro flow channels with dimensions of 0.2 mm×0.23 mm×0.4 mm (channel width × rib width × depth size) on graphite composite bipolar plate (21 mm × 80 mm × 1.5 mm), in a reaction area of 10 mm × 60 mm. The graphite composite plates fabricated by multi-cutter are tested for cell performance under varying back-pressures. Results show that the cell performance increase with the rising back-pressures and can be promoted apparently by decreasing the size of flow channels.
Research of an Open CNC System for MRF Machine Tool Based on UMAC
Authors: Chen Ming Jun , Guo Zhan Yue , Liu He Nan , Yu Bo , Peng Hui , Fang Zhen
Published: October 2013

In order to use magnetorheological finishing (MRF) to accomplish ultra-precision machining of complex curve surfaces, an open computer numerical control (CNC) system based on universal motion and automation controller (UMAC) has been developed. The paper introduces the hardware structure of the system, elucidates the control algorithm and parameters tuning of PID + velocity/acceleration feed-forward + notch filter, and explains the design of a friendly human-machine interface (HMI) to satisfy the need of actual manufacturing and complicated numerical control. With the open CNC system, a 4mm-diameter circle is polished on the MRF experimental prototype with the contour error of 1.67% and the surface roughness Ra of 1.4nm. Experimental results prove that the open CNC system for the MRF machine tool meets the requirements of ultra-precision machining.
Adaptive Neural Network Control for X-Y NC Position Table
Authors: Zhang Wen Hui
Published: October 2013

An adaptive neural network control scheme for X-Y position table is proposed by the paper. X-Y position table model is established, controller based on neutral network is used to learn adaptive and compensate uncertainty model of X-Y position table, neutral network is used to study model. Neural network parameters base on stochastic gradient algorithm can be adjusted adaptive on line. Neural network controller base on augmented variable method is designed.
On Adaptable Design of Auto Assembly Machine Product Platform for Small Shaft and Sleeve Subassemblies
Authors: Zhang Zi Qiang , Deng Zhi Feng , Li Run Dian
Published: October 2013

Aiming at there are multifarious small shaft and sleeve subassemblies, in which shape and quantity of parts are different, the adaptable design concept was applied to the design of auto assembly machine product platform for small shaft and sleeve subassemblies. According to the general structure design and the module partition for the product platform, a parameterized design method that the number of stations is the main parameter was proposed. And the parameterized product platform, which can be suitable for the automatic assembling of multifarious small shaft and sleeve subassemblies and can be upgraded, was founded. Thus, the universality of the product platform is improved, and the product design cycle is shortened.
Study on Characteristics of DVT500 Feedback Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing
Authors: Li Dong Sheng , Li Xi Bing , Wang Jian Jia , Wang Xun , Ma Yun Shi , Li Ming Zhu
Published: October 2013

With the increase of the weight and volume of the processed parts, large CNC vertical lathe has become the ideal equipment for large parts. The main factor that influences the processing efficiency of CNC vertical lathe is hydrostatic thrust bearing speed. The thrust ball bearing with DVT500 CNC vertical lathe was adapted as the research object to research on motion characteristics of CNC vertical lathe hydrostatic thrust bearing, and the three-dimensional flow mathematical model and boundary condition of hydrostatic thrust bearing system were built up. Then the hydrostatic thrust bearing temperature field distribution and lubricating properties were obtained with the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory and the finite volume method combined with the segregated solver of FLUENT. The simulation results show that, using oil feedback can improve the bearing capacity and stability of thrust bearing, structure of large hydrostatic thrust bearing design and has a guiding significance to the operation reliability.
Experimental Study on Precision Milling of High Volume Fraction SiCP/Al Composites with PCD End Mills
Authors: Wu Qi , Li Liang , Bian Rong , Shi Zhen Yu , He Ning
Published: October 2013

This paper presents an experimental study on precision milling of high volume fraction SiCP/Al composites with single flute polycrystalline diamond (PCD) end mills. Based on a series of tests, the present study is focused on surface roughness of machined surface and tool wear of single flute PCD end mills. The effect of cutting parameters such as feed per tooth (fz) and depth of cut (ap) on the machined surface roughness (Ra) was investigated. Tool wear was also inspected and analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). According to the results of experiment, there is a layer of aluminum covered on the machined surface. This layer of aluminum can improve the machined surface quality. Through the comparsion of surface roughness in different cutting parameters, it can decrease surface roughness (Ra) by means of using very small cutting parameters. Flank wear and chipping are two main kinds of tool wear. The observed wear mechanism of PCD tools is abrasive wear and adhesive wear. The purpose of this study is to provide an experimental result for further investigation on milling of high volume fraction SiCP/Al composites.
Geometry Optimization of D-Type Micro End-Mill with FEM Analysis
Authors: Zheng Xiao Hu , Wang Chang Ying , Wang Xi Bin , Xu Zong Wei , Chen Ming
Published: October 2013

In recent years, micro-machining has obtained increasingly attention and been more and more widely used in the field of machining. As a vital important aspect in the design of micro-tool, traditional tool geometry design methods need to be improved. In this paper, the mathematical model of D-type micro end-mill is developed; FEM analysis using ABAQUS 6.12 is employed to optimize the geometry parameters of D-type micro end-mill, which is proved to be a very convenient method. For small diameter tools, strength is the primary factor to be considered in their design, so the target of optimization is to minimize the maximum principal stress and deformation of the micro-tools.
Thermal Design and Analysis of an Internally Cooled Smart Cutting Tool and its Implementation Perspectives
Authors: Shu Sheng Rong , Ding Hui , Chen Shi Jin , Cheng Kai
Published: October 2013

In this paper, finite element thermal analysis and experimental study were performed to verify the design concept and thermal management of a smart cutting tool with internal cooling. The main idea is to build micro cooling channel within the tool and located close to the cutting tip, forming a closed-loop of the internal cooling circuitry. The cooling lubricant contamination will be avoided and the cutting temperature be reduced when cooling fluid flows through the closed channel. The cutting temperature at the tool tip can be estimated by measuring the cooling fluids temperature at the inlet and outlet of the cooling structure. Thermal modeling based on FEA-CFD is carried out by using ANSYS and FLUENT. The simulation results demonstrate that the innovative tooling design concept can effectively reduce tool temperature away from the extremely high temperature and sensing the cutting temperature at tool tip. Preliminary experiments have further proved the concept of the tool system.
Experimental Reasearch on Grinding Surface Waviness of Engineering Ceramics
Authors: Diao Yan Fei , Wang Yu Guo , Lin Bin , Li Li Jie
Published: October 2013

In this paper, an experiment has been made to take vibration and surface waviness of two kinds of engineering ceramics ( zirconia ceramics and alumina ceramics) as research targets. The experimental research results show that two kinds of surface waviness are on the workpiece, one is sparse and the other one is dense. It is known that the sparse one is caused by the forced vibration. In order to find out the generation mechanism of the dense one, a further exploration has been made. It shows that the dense surface waviness is caused by the self-excited vibration. Finally, some methods are put forward to reduce the surface waviness.
Study on Grinding Force Model in Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Grinding for Ductile Materials
Authors: Wang Yan , Lin Bin , Wang Shao Lei , Cao Xiao Yan
Published: October 2013

Ultrasonic vibration Assisted Grinding (UAG) is an effective processingmethod for difficultmachiningmetalmaterial.This paper put forward a new model to predict the grinding force in UAG. The paper presents the abrasive grain motion equations, removal rate model,grinding force model and grinding force ratio model.According to the grinding force model, the grinding force will decrease as the spindle speed, vibration amplitude and vibration frequency increase. The grinding force increase as the grinding depth and feed rate increase.
Numerical Simulation of Milling Process: A Total Procedure
Authors: Wan Min , Ma Ying Chao , Zhang Wei Hong , Yang Yun
Published: October 2013

Milling is one of the most common materials removal processes used in the production of dies, moulds and various aeronautic components. The process performances such as dimensional accuracy, chatter propagation and tool wear are the common problems which can lead to useless workpiece. The traditional method to avoid these problems is the so-called trial and error method, which often has the characteristics of time-consuming. With the advancement of recent computing techniques, one efficient method to determine acceptable process parameters is development of a comprehensive simulation environment. In this paper, efforts are focused on the introduction of a milling simulation procedure proposed recently by the research group of the authors. The key issues such as development of cutting force model, prediction of dimensional errors and stability lobes are described. At the same time, the crucial issues such as calibration of model parameters and simulation algorithms are also highlighted.
The Wear of Al2O3-Based Ceramic Cutting Tool in High-Speed Face Milling of AISI H13 Steel
Authors: Zhou Yong Hui , Zhao Jun , Cui Xiao Bin
Published: October 2013

In the present study, high-speed and ultra-high-speed face milling of AISI H13 steel (4647 HRC) was conducted in order to acquire a thorough understanding of the Al2O3-based micro-nanocomopsite ceramic cutting tool AWT10 wear mechanisms in high-speed hard milling. For different cutting speeds, the typical tool wear mechanisms is analyzed and compared. The analysis of the tool wear show that abrasive wear, adhesive wear, spalling and breakage are the primary wear mechanisms of AWT10 when cutting speed reaches 3000m/min. Micro-nanocomposite ceramic material AWT10 has favorable property of shock resistance. Improved cutting speed is in favor of cutting force reduction.
Research on the Modeling and Experimenting of Burr Formation Process in Double-Edged Micro-Plat End Milling Operation
Authors: Chen Ni , Chen Ming Jun , Ni Hai Bo , He Ning , Liu Zhan Qiang
Published: October 2013

Burrs generated in micro-milling operation have a significant impact on the surface quality and operational performance of the finished microstructures. In order to gain a better recognition of burr generation process, 3-dimensional double-edged micro-flat end milling operation FEM models on Ti6Al4V have been established. Burrs occurred in simulation can be classified into three types: entrance burr, exit burr, top burr. Their formation processes and causes are well investigated and analyzed, moreover, a series of experiments are conducted to validate the burr morphologies which are received in simulation. At last, the effect of cutting parameters on top burr size is studied through orthogonal experiment on Ti6Al4V, it can be concluded that the axial depth of cut has the greatest effect on top burr size, and the effect of spindle speed on top burr size is the least.
Simulation and Experiment Researches on Acoustic Field of Spherical Shell Focused Ultrasonic Transducer
Authors: Yin Zhen , Li Hua , Cao Zi Yang , Fu Yu Can
Published: October 2013

Aiming at the deficiency of existing focused ultrasonic technology, a new high-power Spherical Shell Focused Ultrasonic Transducer (SSFUT) was designed. The SSFUT is composed of a sandwich piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer and a bending vibration spherical shell. Simulation on acoustic field of SSFUT was carried out. the acoustic field pressure distribution nephogram and the axial acoustic pressure curve of the SSFUT were obtained. The consistency of finite element simulation results and experimental results was verified by testing. The research provides a theoretical basis for implementation and application of the new focused ultrasonic technology.
Friction and Wear Morphology between Hydrogenated Titanium Alloy and Cemented Carbide
Authors: Wei Wei Hua , Xu Jiu Hua , Fu Yu Can
Published: October 2013

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was hydrogenated at 800°C by thermohydrogen treatment technology. Sliding friction and wear tests were carried out in a special tribometer assembled on CA6140 turning lathe to investigate the friction and wear morphology between hydrogenated titanium alloys and WC-Co cemented carbides. The morphological analyses of the worn surface were made by scanning electron microscope. It was found that the friction coefficient and the friction area temperature of the pair both firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of hydrogen content, and the friction coefficient decreased and the friction area temperature increased with increasing sliding speed. The main wear morphologies of the unhydrogenated alloys were serious plastic deformation, ploughing, adhesion tearing pit and fatigue microcrack, but the main wear morphologies of the hydrogenated alloys were boundary of plastic extension, slight scratch and slight adhesion tearing. Besides, the main wear morphology of the tool corresponding to unhydrogenated alloys was massive spalling, but the main wear morphology of the tool corresponding to the titanium alloy with 0.29% hydrogen content was punctate spalling.
The Quantitative Relationships between Microstructure and Damage Tolerance of TC21 Titanium Alloy
Authors: Cheng Jun , Chen Ming He , Zhu Zhi Shou
Published: October 2013

Mechanical properties, including fracture toughness and the fatigue crack propagation, have been investigated for two different microstructures in TC21 titanium alloy. The characteristic parameters of lamellar microstructure were measured through quantitative metallography. On the basis of analyzing the influence of microstructure on the fracture toughness of TC21 titanium alloy, the mathematical models between the fracture toughness and microstructure parameters were constructed. Furthermore, the relationship between fatigue crack growth rate and mean length values of α lamellar have been also investigated and a novel predicting model was established.
A Macroprogram-Based Study of Hyperboloid of Two Sheets CNC Milling
Authors: Wang Guo Yong , Li Bing Bing
Published: October 2013

The work efficiency can be improved if we work out macro program in the practical processing according to the real parts. Through the study of the macro program of FANUC 0i system, based on the macro programming, combining the characteristics of the hyperboloid of two sheets, the thesis develops manual programming of milling double hyperboloid methods with the adoption of hierarchical milling and linear approximation oval. And corresponding application example is also given out in the paper. The method is of simple programming with small programming capacity and highly optimized for general use, which also has certain significance for the space complex surface machining.
Design of PV/Wind Hybrid Generation Control System Based on PLC
Authors: Li Bing Bing , Zhao Li Jun , Liu Chun Zhe , Ni Hong Bing
Published: October 2013

This paper mainly discusses the design of PV/wind hybrid generation control system based on PLC. The control systems of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation respectively designed according to the MPPT theory, which takes advantage of the complementarity of wind and photovoltaic power to maximum and achieves the purpose of making full use of wind and solar powers. Then the system has been greatly improved to be more efficient with a higher power output ratio. The simulation shows that the PV/wind hybrid generation system can realize maximum power point tracking control of photovoltaic and wind power to satisfy the demand for segmented charging of the battery as well as taking precautions for too much charging and discharging.
Study on the Machined Surface Geometry Generated by Multi-Axis Ball End Milling Process
Authors: Chen Xiao Xiao , Zhao Jun , Dong Yong Wang , Liu Shuai , Zhao Jia Bang
Published: October 2013

This paper investigated the surface generated by single factor experiment under multi-axis finish milling condition, and the effects of cutting parameters on surface textures, 2D and 3D surface topographies and surface roughness characteristics were analyzed. Surface features evaluation indicators of Ra, Rq, Rt, surface heights histogram, maximum valley depth and maximum peak height corresponding to various cutting parameters were presented and discussed. The machining marks are closely related with tool orientation angles. The orderly distributions of concave and convex patterns on the machined surface are produced by the special cutting orientation of the cutting edges. The feed per tooth, spindle speed, tilt angle, and lead angle apparently affect surface roughness, while depth of cut and radial width of cut have no obvious effects on the surface roughness when the two parameters values vary in a small range.
Structure Optimization Design and Application of a Strain Based Dynamometer
Authors: Huang Z. , Zhao Wei , He Ning , Li Liang
Published: October 2013

A strain based dynamometer used for the prediction and measurement of three-component cutting forces for milling operations has been designed on the basis of the principle of additional elastic element theory. Meanwhile, four Wheatstone bridges, considerable amplifier and data acquisition software based on LabVIEW are also used to compose a whole system acquiring the cutting force signals. In order to obtain higher natural frequency and magnification, this paper focuses on the calculation and optimization of the dimensions of the special structure, and finally its first natural frequency can be stabilized at more than 14kHz, which are high enough to precisely measure the cutting forces, and the magnification can also achieve up to 15. The dynamic characteristics of the dynamometer are studied theoretically and experimentally, the results show that the developed dynamometer is able to measure the dynamic force component in high-speed cutting.
High-Speed Turning of Titanium Matrix Composites with PCD and Carbide Tools
Authors: Ge Ying Fei , Xu Jiu Hua , Fu Yu Can
Published: October 2013

High-speed turning tests were performed on vol.10%(TiCp+TiBw)/TC4 composite (TMC) in the speed range of 60-120m/min using PCD and carbide tools to investigate the tool life, tool wear, cutting temperatures and cutting forces. The results showed that the carbide tool was not suit for the machining of TMC. Tool life of PCD was confined to 12 min for all the cutting conditions. Flank wear increased obviously with the increasing cutting speed especially when the cutting speed surpassed 80m/min. PCD tool mainly took place chipping, peeling, abrasive wear and adhesive wear at the rake face and flank. The cutting temperatures of carbide were about 1.5-2.0 times higher than that of the PCD. Under the same cutting condition, cutting temperature of TMC was nearly 100°C higher than that of the TC4 matrix. The cutting forces were confined to 130N and 150N for the PCD and carbide tool respectively. For the carbide the cutting forces slightly decreased when the cutting speed increased from 60m/min to 120m/min. When using the worn tool, the cutting forces significantly decreased with the increasing cutting speed especially for the peripheral force component.
Development of Oxygen-Rich Supply System Applied in Biomedical Titanium Alloy Cutting
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wan Yi , Ai Xing , Wang Gan , Men Bo
Published: October 2013

Oxide film of biomedical titanium alloy surface is crucial to implants, which plays an important role in their biocompatibility with human body. An oxygen-rich supply system used in machining titanium alloy was developed in this paper, which was able to improve oxide film generation. Pressure and ratio of mixed gas were controlled precisely by detection and programmable logic control logic system. Experimental results revealed that low-pressure oxygen-rich atmosphere greatly decrease the oxidation reaction condition between titanium alloy surface and oxygen. The thickness of the oxide film in oxygen-rich atmosphere was much thicker than that in natural environment.
Experimental Research on the Relationship between Surface Polishing and Fracture Strength for Ground Ceramics
Authors: Tian Xin Li , Wang Jian Quan , Zhang Bao Guo , Wang Peng Xiao
Published: October 2013

Fracture strength is one of the key mechanics performances for engineering ceramics products, greatly influenced by the microscopic topography and residual stress field of ground surface. In this work, several testing equipments, such as the metallurgical microscope, surface profiler and X ray residual stress tester were introduced to investigate the relationships between microscopic topography, surface roughness, residual stress and fracture strength of ground ceramics, after the surface grinding and mechanical polishing. The experimental results show that a smoother machined surface with low roughness and residual stress is obtained through polishing with absolute alcohol for 20 minutes; the fracture strength of Si3N4SiC and Al2O3 are increased by 6.64%8.18% and 6.58% respectively, comparing to the ceramics without polishing; the surface stress concentration and residual tensile stress of polished ceramics are both reduced after an appropriate time of polishing process, which causes a certain improvement of ground fracture strength.
Study on the Cutting Forces and Surface Integrity in High Speed Milling of Aluminum-Lithium Alloy
Authors: Rong Bin , Wang Dong Sheng , Yang Yin Fei , Xu Hai Jin , He Ning
Published: October 2013

Aimed at the uncertain and unpredictable cutting forces and surface integrity of new lightweight aeronautical structural material aluminum-lithium alloy after high speed milling, an experimental study of cutting forces and surface integrity including surface roughness, surface morphology, micro-crack, metallurgical structure and surface stress is presented by means of rough meter, SEM, X-ray stress analyzer etc. The experimental results show that cutting forces increase linearly as the feed per tooth increases. As the cutting speed increases, the cutting forces increase firstly and then decrease; the surface roughness increases as the feed per tooth increases. However, the influence of cutting speed on surface roughness is not obvious; The surface of aluminum-lithium alloy after milling contains factors such as feed marks, micro-pits, burrs caused by cutting vibration; In addition, no micro-cracks of surfaces after milling was detected and the surface stress amplitude is small.
Fabrication and Testing of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Rajalakshmi Devi T. , Velavan R.
Published: October 2013

In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC), the selection of the material used for the fabrication process plays a vital role in determining the performance of the cell. The fabrication and characterization of DSSC with Ruthenizer 620-1H3TBA also known as N749 or black dye as charge transfer sensitizer is discussed in this paper. The black dye exhibits a higher absorbance throughout the entire range of visible spectrum with a peak absorbance at 620 nm and also a good absorbance in ultraviolet region. The cell thus fabricated, with cell area 2.0 cm x 2.1 cm and 487.44 μm thick coating of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, exhibits an open circuit cell voltage of 0.61 V and short circuit current of 48 μA. Further the morphological characterization of DSSC is carried out and the results were analysed.
Geological Survey of Canada, radiocarbon dates XIX
Authors: Blake W , Lowdon J A
Published: October 2013

This list includes 289 radiocarbon age determinations on 271 geological samples made by the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory. They are on samples from various areas as follows: Mid-Atlantic Ridge (2); Labrador Sea (7); Newfoundland (1); Labrador(2); Nova Scotia (1);
New Brunswick (3); Quebec (42); Ontario (12); Manitoba (9); Alberta (20); British Columbia (51); Yukon Territory (24); Northwest Territories, Mainland (31); Northwest Territories, Arctic Archipelago (70); Maine (9); New York(2); Wisconsin (1); Alaska (2). Age determinations on archeological samples
are as follows: Yukon Territory (2). Details of background and standard for the 2 L and 5 L counters during the period {rom September 6, 1978 to October 3, 1979 are summarized in Tables 1 and 2; Table 3 gives the number of counts used to determine the average background and standard counting rate1;;
and Table 4 lists the number of different background and standard gas preparations used for counting.
Geological exploration in the Coppermine River area, Northwest Territories, 1966-1968
Authors: Thorpe R I
Published: October 2013

The Coppermine River area, long-known for its native copper showings, was extensively staked between 1966 and 1968 and geological exploration was extremely active. This report consists of summaries of the work carried out on 121 properties and to a large extent
is based on technical reports submitted by the various companies.
Reconnaissance rock geochemistry of Aishihik Lake, Snag and Stewart River map-areas in the Yukon Crystalline Terrane
Authors: Tempelman-Kluit D J , Currie R
Published: October 2013

This is a report on the abundance of zinc, copper, lead, molybdenum, tungsten, mercury, silver and arsenic in 3061 rock samples from part of the Yukon Crystalline Terrane. The data are examined in terms of the geology and it is shown that unique metal abundances
and associations exist in some units although most map assemblages are not geochemically distinctive. Of the metamorphic rocks the Nasina quartzite, Klondike schist and Kluane schist have interestingly high concentrations of different metals. For the first two these are thought to indicate
possibilities for mineralization. Among the plutonic rocks, nearly all of which have low metal backgrounds, only the Eocene Nisling Range alaskite stands out geochemically. This plutonic suite, together with its dyke swarms and explosive volcanic rocks (Mount Nansen Group), is geochemically active.
The alaskite contains molybdenum-copper porphyry occurrences and the acid volcanics locally host gold-silver veins. This volcano-plutonic suite also has possibilities for associated tin and/or uranium mineralization. The upper Triassic Lewes River Group is geochemically rich in copper. The basalt,
the time equivalent of the Nicola and Takla Groups of British Columbia, is also host to a number of copper occurrences in Yukon. This report characterizes the frequency distributions of the various metals emphasizing that the shapes of the cumulative frequency curves are as distinctive as the
concentrations and are independent of the way the sample population is broken down. Thus, using probability log scales, cumulative curves for zinc are concave, those for arsenic convex, copper curves are straight while those of lead and silver are concave-convex. Comparison of the bedrock
geochemistry with a stream sediment survey of the same region predictably shows that zinc and molybdenum are more mobile than copper in streams. Although the geochemistry provides background data on elemental association and abundances in the various suites thus corroborating some of the geological
prejudices, it does not lead to new insights into the relations, genesis and history of the rocks. Nor does it specify exploration targets unequivocally. A geochemical study such as this is therefore a luxury justifiable only when the geology is already understood, but unwarranted as an initial
examination of a region.
Miospores and organic-walled microphytoplankton of Devonian-Carboniferous boundary beds (Bakken formation), southern Saskatchewan: a systematic and stratigraphic appraisal
Authors: Playford G , McGregor D C
Published: October 2013

Diverse and well preserved palynofloras occur in cores of the marine Bakken Formation from five wells in the Williston Basin, southern Saskatchewan. Miospores and acritarchs are abundant; prasinophyte phycomata are less common. Thirty-seven species of miospores,
21 of acritarchs, and seven of prasinophytes are illustrated herein, and most of them are described. Three miospore combinations are new � Diaphanospora angusta? (Hacquebard), Grandispora saurota (Higgs, Clayton, and Keegan), and Knoxisporites concentricus (Byvsheva) � as is one name,
Vallatisporites drybrookensis. Retispora lepidophyta (Kedo) Playford, 1976 and Gorgonisphaeridium winslowiae Staplin, Jansonius, and Pocock, 1965 are the most consistently occurring species of miospores and acritarchs, respectively. Both are stratigraphically important. On marine faunal (primarily
conodont) evidence, the lower member of the Bakken Formation has been assigned to the Late Devonian (Famennian) Lower and Middle Palmatolepis gracilis expansa zones, and the upper member has been considered Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian), not younger than the Lower Siphonodella crenulata Zone.
The Devonian�Carboniferous boundary has been inferred to lie within the conodont-depauperate middle member. The acritarch�prasinophyte evidence from this study connotes a late Famennian to possibly early Tournaisian age for the three members of the Bakken Formation. The miospore results show that
the upper beds of the lower member are not older than late Famennian (Strunian, Vallatisporites pusillites�Retispora lepidophyta Assemblage Zone), and the middle member is not older than mid-Strunian. The middle and upper members, which contain R. lepidophyta throughout, would be entirely late
Famennian, following the conventional concept of that species as an indicator of latest Devonian age. However, the upper member may be all or in part Tournaisian, according to associated conodonts from the PCP et al. Flat Lake DD2�14 well. If so, R. lepidophyta in it either is reworked (our
preferred interpretation), or represents the first definitive in situ Carboniferous record of that globally distributed species.