bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Will Teach the Basic Medical Sciences?
Authors: Rose John C.
Published: October 2006

In the United States, circumstances still permit each university to set its own course under relatively broad and generous guidelines. The options for our faculties are relatively unrestricted and they can play important roles in determining university policy. We need never reach a stage which many can label "crisis," if events are predetermined by appropriate planning. The survey described herein points to the need for specific long-range planning of the future of preclinical departments in each university. The overall health care system is clearly involved in the problems described in Britain. The coming of a new order of health care in the United States should cause planners to accelerate their work.
Fenfluramine: Amphetamine Congener That Fails to Maintain Drug-Taking Behavior in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Woods James H. , Tessel Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Fenfluramine, over a dose range from 0.003 to 3 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, failed to maintain self-injection behavior in rhesus monkeys that had initiated and maintained responding for cocaine or methohexital. This absence of a positive reinforcing effect could not be attributed to a slow onset of drug effect or to the use of behaviorally inactive doses. Fenfluramine, because of its distinctive properties, may produce fewer problems of human abuse than do amphetamine-type agents.
Amino Acid Content of Rabbit Acrosomal Proteinase and Its Similarity to Human Trypsin
Authors: Stambaugh Richard , Smith Monica
Published: October 2006

Rabbit acrosomal proteinase from epididymal spermatozoa of 44 male rabbits was purified by subcellular fractionation, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and electrofocusing; the specific activity of the purified product was 20,047 units per milligram, a value similar to that observed for pancreatic trypsins from various sources. The molecular weight determined from the amino acid analyses and ultracentrifugation was about 22,000. This rabbit acrosomal proteinase showed great similarity to pancreatic trypsin, especially to human pancreatic trypsin, both in the number of individual amino acids and in the total number of residues. This similarity was confirmed by an antigenic cross reaction between rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic trypsin with human, rabbit, rhesus monkey, and bull acrosomal proteinase.
Interferon Induction: Tool for Establishing Interactions among Homopolyribonucleotides
Authors: De Clercq E. , Torrence P. F. , Witkop B. , Stewart W. E. , Somer P. De
Published: October 2006

Hitherto unrecognized interactions between homopolyribonucleotides and complexes thereof are suggested by interferon induction data obtained in a highly sensitive assay system of primary rabbit kidney cell cultures superinduced by metabolic inhibitors.
Synergism of Insecticides by Herbicides: Effect of Environmental Factors
Authors: Liang T. T. , Lichtenstein E. P.
Published: October 2006

The synergism of parathion and
p
,
p
′-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane] by atrazine was investigated as a function of soil type, age of pesticide soil residues, and the presence of soils in quiet or turbulent water. Compared to previous tests in which the pesticides were applied on glass surfaces, a significant reduction of the toxicity of the insecticides to fruit flies and of the synergistic effects of atrazine was observed with soils, particularly a silt loam. The effects of atrazine as a synergist in soil declined rapidly within 4 days. The toxicity of parathion in water and its synergism by atrazine were significantly reduced by soil sediments, depending on the type and amount of soil present. Soils were highly effective in turbulent water: in water containing the relatively high parathion concentration of 0.3 part per million, 93 percent of the mosquito larvae present died within 24 hours, yet this solution was rendered nontoxic by being mixed with 5 grams of a loam soil. With atrazine present in the latter system, however, 38 percent of the mosquito larvae died. Thus, insecticides can be more or less toxic, depending on their concentrations, the presence of synergists, and the environmental conditions.
Neural Basis of Orientation Perception in Primate Vision
Authors: Mansfield R. J. W.
Published: October 2006

Orientational differences in human visual acuity can be related parametrically to the distribution of optimal orientations for the receptive fields of neurons in the striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. Both behavioral measures of acuity and the distribution of receptive fields exhibit maximums for stimuli horizontal or vertical relative to the retina; the effect diminishes with distance from the fovea. The anisotropy in the neuronal population and in visual acuity appear to be determined by postnatal visual experience.
Health Care and Education: On the Threshold of Space
Authors: Feiner Albert
Published: October 2006

The studies described herein represent some of the most sophisticated social and technical experiments ever attempted in education and health care delivery. It is hoped that the lessons learned from them will bring us much closer to the goal of providing good quality health care and education in areas that are away from metropolitan centers.
Microtubule-Macrotubule Transitions: Intermediates after Exposure to the Mitotic Inhibitor Vinblastine
Authors: Warfield R. K. N. , Bouck G. Benjamin
Published: October 2006

Vinblastine treatment of microtubule protein or intact microtubules assembled in vitro produced bifilar rings and bifilar helices. Suspensions of rings and helices were demonstrated to bind [
3
H]colchicine, a diagnostic property of microtubule protein. Macrotubules are suggested to consist of tightly coiled helices formed by longitudinal compacting of loosely coiled protofilament pair intermediates.
Reactions of Organic Crystals with Gases
Authors: Paul Iain C. , Curtin David Y.
Published: October 2006

Although reactions of molecular crystals are much more widespread than has been generally appreciated (
53
), the great sensitivity of their rates to seemingly trivial changes in molecular structure clearly provides a major stumbling block to the general utilization of such processes. A key to understanding the effects of structural changes has been provided by the demonstration of anisotropy of such reactions discussed in this article. It is recognized, however, that many factors in addition to those aspects of the crystal structure utilized in the discussion above may play a part in determining reactivity of crystalline solids with gases. The recent ready availability of crystal structure data for molecular crystals should lead to a more rapid development of the principles governing the packing of such crystals and their reactivity. The resulting control of such reactions should not only provide the means of causing them when they are desired, as, for example, for synthesis, but also the means of preventing them when they are to be avoided, as in the stabilization of pharmaceuticals. Finally, it appears that we have only just begun to exploit the potential reaction specificity and the exciting possibilities resulting from the unique symmetry properties of the crystalline state.
Soapstone Artifacts: Tracing Prehistoric Trade Patterns in Virginia
Authors: Luckenbach Alvin H. , Holland C. G. , Allen Ralph O.
Published: October 2006

Rare earth element abundances in soapstone from quarries and artifacts in eastern Virginia were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. By comparing these abundances it was possible to trace artifactual material to the outcrops which served as the source of this material during the first millennium B.C. Certain known sociopolitical boundaries in prehistoric Virginia were inferred to be older than previously assumed.
Polypeptide Composition of Fraction 1 Protein from Parasexual Hybrid Plants in the Genus
Nicotiana
Authors: Kung S. D. , Gray J. C. , Wildman S. G. , Carlson P. S.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of the subunit polypeptide composition of Fraction 1 proteins gives information on the expression of both nuclear and chloroplast genomes; the large subunits of the protein are coded by chloroplast DNA, whereas the small subunits are coded by nuclear DNA. Fraction 1 protein isolated from the leaves of parasexual hybrid plants derived from the fusion of protoplasts of
Nicotiana glauca
and
N. langsdorffii
contains the small subunit polypeptides of both parent species and the large subunit polypeptides of only
N. glauca
. Fraction 1 protein isolated from the leaves of a hybrid plant obtained after the uptake of chloroplasts of
N. suaveolens
by protoplasts of white tissue of a variegating mutant of
N. tabacum
contains the large subunit polypeptides of both
N. suaveolens
and
N. tabacum
, as well as the small subunit polypeptides of both these species.
Crisis Management: Some Opportunities
Authors: Kupperman Robert H. , Wilcox Richard H. , Smith Harvey A.
Published: October 2006

Modern crises present decision-makers with many agonizing management choices. Very often a crisis manager is confronted with a plethora of conflicting information and given very little time to choose an appropriate course of action. Although contemporary methods of systems analysis have been used in attempts to organize data and clarify options, they have generally been of little use in presenting an accurate picture of an opponent's values and perceptions. Thus it is clear that we must now make use of the improved communications and technological devices at our disposal if crises are to be avoided or resolved with minimum damage.

Our proposal to establish international model-oriented computer-assisted conferences is designed to promote greater cooperation and understanding among scientists and crisis managers of differing nations by enabling them to share images of themselves and one another. With better information and more rational options available, the chances of catastrophic misunderstanding or miscalculation can be meaningfully reduced. We have proposed a possible scenario for the initial implementation of such a system to combat famine, and hope that the same approach might be used in other areas over time. The ultimate goal is a system by which specialists of all persuasions cooperate so that international crises will be resolved on the bases of mutual benefits without resort to armed conflict.
Accelerated Plate Tectonics
Authors: Anderson Don L.
Published: October 2006

The concept of a stressed elastic lithospheric plate riding on a viscous asthenosphere is used to calculate the recurrence interval of great earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries, the separation of decoupling and lithospheric earthquakes, and the migration pattern of large earthquakes along an arc. It is proposed that plate motions accelerate after great decoupling earthquakes and that most of the observed plate motions occur during short periods of time, separated by periods of relative quiescence.
Subcellular Localization of Inorganic Ions in Plant Cells by in vivo Precipitation
Authors: van Iren Frank , van der Spiegel Antonie
Published: October 2006

Uptake of iodide (as a possible tracer of chloride) by barley roots preloaded with thallium (as a tracer of potassium) resulted in in vivo precipitation of the almost insoluble yellow thallium iodide. Electron microscopic observation revealed in several cells a dense precipitate of thallium iodide within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests that this membrane system is involved in intracellular ion transport.
Convergence of Ets- and Notch-Related Structural Motifs in a Heteromeric DNA Binding Complex
Authors: Thompson Catherine C. , Brown Thomas A. , McKnight Steven L.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of the heteromeric DNA binding protein GABP has revealed the interaction of two distinct peptide sequence motifs normally associated with proteins located in different cellular compartments. The α subunit of GABP contains an 85-amino acid segment related to the Ets family of DNA binding proteins. The ETS domain of GABPα facilitates weak binding to DNA and, together with an adjacent segment of 37 amino acids, mediates stable interaction with GABPβ. The β subunit of GABP contains four imperfect repeats of a sequence present in several transmembrane proteins including the product of the
Notch
gene of
Drosophila melanogaster
. These amino-terminal repeats of GABPβ mediate stable interaction with GABPα and, when complexed with GABPα, directly contact DNA. These observations provide evidence for a distinct biochemical role for the 33-amino acid repeats, and suggest that they may serve as a module for the generation of specific dimerization interfaces.
Ice-Rafted Sediments as a Cause of Some Thermokarst Lakes in the Noatak River Delta, Alaska
Authors: Ugolini F. C.
Published: October 2006

Irregular, barren polygonal sheets of mud scattered over the landscape of the western portion of the Noatak River Delta are derived from lake-bottom sediments, ice-rafted during flooding. The evidence suggests that the sheets of mud change the albedo and the thermal regime of the soil, induce the development of thermokarst, and lead to the formation of ponds and lakes. The angular perimeters, especially of the small ponds, support the suggested mode of formation.
Aerosols and Polar Temperature Changes
Authors: Reck Ruth A.
Published: October 2006

Calculations indicate that aerosols are not directly responsible for the present increase in ice abundance in the Northern Hemisphere. Indeed it appears that aerosols cause heating of the atmosphere near the poles. The present background aerosol density at 85°S latitude causes a temperature increase of ∼ 0.2°K, while that at 85°N causes an increase of ∼ 0.05°K.
Selective Elimination of HIV-1-Infected Cells with an Interleukin-2 Receptor-Specific Cytotoxin
Authors: Finberg Robert W. , Wahl Sharon M. , Allen Janice B. , Soman Gopalan , Strom Terry B. , Murphy John R. , Nichols Jean C.
Published: October 2006

Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with cellular activation and expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor. A genetically engineered fusion toxin, DAB
486
IL-2, that contains the enzymatic site and translocation domain of diphtheria toxin and the receptor binding domain of IL-2 specifically kills cells that express high-affinity IL-2 receptors. This toxin selectively eliminated the HIV-1-infected cells from mixed cultures of infected and uninfected cells and inhibited production of viral proteins and infectious virus. Thus, cellular activation antigens present a target for early antiviral intervention.
The National Forests
Authors: Clawson Marion
Published: October 2006

National forests are a valuable national asset. They produce important amounts of wood, recreation, wilderness, wildlife, and water, but good management could produce much more of each kind of output. The national forests are a major business enterprise, with $42 billion of assets and an annual cash revenue of $400 million to $500 million, but they have never been studied as business enterprises. The national forests are capital-intensive, but the capital is used wastefully, in large part because no charge is made for its use. Funds for management and investment are spent in economically unrewarding regions, forests, and sites. The availability of so much of their output at little or no cost to users seriously distorts management decisions. Major reforms in the management of the national forests are needed. If carried out, these could make the national forests much more useful to the American public.
Heavy Methanes as Atmospheric Tracers
Authors: Cowan George A. , Ott Donald G. , Turkevich Anthony , Machta Lester , Ferber Gilbert J. , Daly Norman R.
Published: October 2006

Methane-21 (
13
CD
4
) is potentially a useful nonradioactive tracer for testing atmospheric transport and diffusion models on a continental scale. In an experiment to demonstrate this long-range utility, the release of 84 grams of methane-21 was detected at distances of 1500 to about 2500 kilometers at concentrations of about 1 part in 2 × 10
16
parts (by volume) in the air by a technique in which methane was separated and the methane-21 content was measured with a mass spectrometer.
Shoot Initiation from Carnation Shoot Apices Frozen to -196°C
Authors: Seibert Michael
Published: October 2006

Aseptically excised shoot apices from
Dianthus caryophyllus
were frozen to –196°C and subsequently thawed to room temperature. Survival rates as high as 33 percent, determined by callus formation, growth, or chlorophyll formation, are reported; plant formation has been observed.
Fourier Transform: The Revolution Comes to Infrared
Authors: Maugh Thomas H.
Published: October 2006

The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy is the largest meeting devoted to chemical instrumentation in the United States, and probably the largest in the world. From 1 to 5 March, more than 7500 scientists gathered at the Cleveland Convention Center to listen to some 497 papers and to visit the booths of 324 instrument manufacturers and distributors. Another 3000 visited only the instrument exhibition. Because so many manufacturers exhibit their established instruments and introduce new ones at the Pittsburgh Conference (which is so named because it is sponsored by the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh and the Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh even though it has been held in Cleveland for the past 9 years), it is an ideal place to examine trends in instrumentation and, thereby, current trends in chemistry. Many of those trends are discussed in the following stories. Other trends include the growing number of women participants. As recently as 5 years ago, there was only one woman among the manufacturer's representatives at the meeting. No figures are available this year, but women probably accounted for at least 5 percent of the sales force. Also the number of professional women visiting the exhibition was much greater than ever before. Another important trend was the enthusiasm of the visitors to the exhibition. Many of them seemed to have money in their pockets and to be ready to spend it, an indication that the instrument business—and, therefore, the physical sciences—will enjoy a year of healthy growth.
A Phospholipid Derivative of Cytosine Arabinoside and Its Conversion to Phosphatidylinositol by Animal Tissue
Authors: Raetz Christian R. H. , Chu Ming Y. , Srivastava Surya P. , Turcotte Joseph G.
Published: October 2006

We have synthesized an analog (ara-CDP-DL-dipalmitin) of cytidine diphosphate diglyceride (CDP-diglyceride) in which the antitumor drug, cytosine arabinoside, is substituted for the cytidine moiety. Enzymes in rat and human liver convert this analog to phosphatidylinositol, thereby releasing cytosine arabinoside-5 ′ -monophosphate, an obligatory intermediate in the activation of cytosine arabinoside. Unlike cytidine diphosphate diglyceride, however, ara-CDP-DL-dipalmitin is not an efficient substrate for phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthesis in liver or phosphatidylserine in
Escherichia coli
. The antitumor activity of ara-CDP-DL-dipalmitin in mice bearing L5178Y leukemia is described.
Marihuana: A Conversation with NIDA's Robert L. DuPont
Authors: Maugh Thomas H.
Published: October 2006

Robert L. DuPont, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), made headlines recently when he became one of the first Administration officials publicly to recommend a liberalization of marihuana laws. The occasion was a press conference accompanying the release of
Marihuana and Health
, NIDA's fifth annual report to the Congress on marihuana research. Recently,
Science
talked with DuPont and asked him to elaborate on those views.

DuPont, a 40-year-old Harvard M.D., served as Director of the District of Columbia's Narcotics Treatment Administration from 1970 to 1973, where he conducted a comprehensive program for treatment of heroin addiction. In June 1973, Richard Nixon appointed him director of the White House Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention. He held that position until the office was terminated on 30 June 1975. He has been director of NIDA since September 1973.
Atmospheric Carbon Tetrachloride: Another Man-Made Pollutant
Authors: Singh Hanwant Bir , Fowler Douglas P. , Peyton Thomas O.
Published: October 2006

On the basis of an analysis of historic worldwide emissions and removal mechanisms for carbon tetrachloride, a possible precursor for stratospheric ozone destruction, it has been demonstrated that the present atmospheric loading and distribution of carbon tetrachloride is primarily attributable to man-made emissions and no natural sources need be invoked to explain its presence in the atmosphere.
Carbon-Nitrogen Cycling Through Microbial Formamide Metabolism
Authors: Thatcher Robert C. , Weaver Terry L.
Published: October 2006

A microbially mediated carbon-nitrogen cycle involving a newly isolated facultatively methylotrophic pseudomonad is described. The new isolate utilizes formamide as its sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. Other organisms involved in the proposed cycle are cyanogenic plants; phytopathogenic fungi, which convert cyanogenic glycosides to formamide; and nitrifying microorganisms. This cycle may be quantitatively important in view of the large variety of cyanogenic plants known to exist.
Effect of Infrared Transparency on the Heat Transfer Through Windows: A Clarification of the Greenhouse Effect
Authors: Silverstein S. D.
Published: October 2006

The various radiative, convective, and conductive components of the net heat transfer are calculated and illustrated for various infrared transparencies of covers such as would be used in architectural, greenhouse, or solar collector windows. It is shown that in the limiting cases of infrared opacity and infrared transparency the relative contributions of the three modes of heat transfer are altered, but all contribute significantly. The radiation shielding arguments pertain to the analogous greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.
A High-Efficiency Power Cycle in Which Hydrogen Is Compressed by Absorption in Metal Hydrides
Authors: Powell J. R. , Salzano F. J. , Yu Wen-Shi , Milau J. S.
Published: October 2006

A high-efficiency power cycle is proposed in which molecular hydrogen gas is used as a working fluid in a regenerative closed Brayton cycle. The hydrogen gas is compressed by an absorption-desorption cycle on metal hydride (FeTiH
x
) beds. Low-temperature solar or geothermal heat (temperature about 100°C) is used for the compression process, and high-temperature fossil fuel or nuclear heat (temperature about 700°C) supplies the expansion work in the turbine. Typically, about 90 percent of the high-temperature heat input is converted to electricity, while about 3 kilowatts of low-temperature heat is required per kilowatt of electrical output.
Yearly Seismic Energy Release: World Totals Versus Ridge System Totals
Authors: Walker Daniel A.
Published: October 2006

Yearly seismic energy totals for many different regions of the earth show highs in 1965 and lows in 1967. Correlations found between totals for ridge systems and for the world are attributed to ambient stresses, which are close to those needed for failure in the lithosphere underlying those ridge systems. Energy highs for many different plate edges are thought to be the result of triggering by the large Alaskan earthquake of 1964. Other suggestions of triggering by major earthquakes are found in 1969 and 1971.
Acoustic Tracking of Ocean-Dumped Sewage Sludge
Authors: Proni John R. , Newman Fred C. , Sellers Ronald L. , Parker Charles
Published: October 2006

With a modified 200-kilohertz acoustic echo sounder, it has been possible to detect and map sewage dumped into the ocean over several hours. The three-dimensional distribution of suspended material and its rate of diffusion are indicated after digital processing of the data.
The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results
Authors: Klein Harold P. , Horowitz Norman H. , Levin Gilbert V. , Oyama Vance I. , Lederberg Joshua , Rich Alexander , Hubbard Jerry S. , Hobby George L. , Straat Patricia A. , Berdahl Bonnie J. , Carle Glenn C. , Brown Frederick S. , Johnson Richard D.
Published: October 2006

Three different types of biological experiments on samples of martian surface material ("soil") were conducted inside the Viking lander. In the carbon assimilation or pyrolytic release experiment,
14
CO
2
and
14
CO were exposed to soil in the presence of light. A small amount of gas was found to be converted into organic material. Heat treatment of a duplicate sample prevented such conversion. In the gas exchange experiment, soil was first humidified (exposed to water vapor) for 6 sols and then wet with a complex aqueous solution of metabolites. The gas above the soil was monitored by gas chromatography. A substantial amount of O
2
was detected in the first chromatogram taken 2.8 hours after humidification. Subsequent analyses revealed that significant increases in CO
2
and only small changes in N
2
had also occurred. In the labeled release experiment, soil was moistened with a solution containing several
14
C-labeled organic compounds. A substantial evolution of radioactive gas was registered, but did not occur with a duplicate heat-treated sample. Alternative chemical and biological interpretations are possible for these preliminary data. The experiments are still in process, and these results so far do not allow a decision regarding the existence of life on the planet Mars.
Episodic Strain Accumulation in Southern California
Authors: Thatcher Wayne
Published: October 2006

Reexamination of horizontal geodetic data in the region of recently discovered aseismic uplift has demonstrated that equally unusual horizontal crustal deformation accompanied the development of the uplift. During this time interval compressive strains were oriented roughly normal to the San Andreas fault, suggesting that the uplift produced little shear strain accumulation across this fault. On the other hand, the orientation of the anomalous shear straining is consistent with strain accumulation across northdipping range-front thrusts like the San Fernando fault. Accordingly, the horizontal and vertical crustal deformation disclosed by geodetic observation is interpreted as a short epoch of rapid strain accumulation on these frontal faults. If this interpretation is correct, thrust-type earthquakes will eventually release the accumulated strains, but the geodetic data examined here cannot be used to estimate when these events might occur. However, observation of an unusual sequence of tilts prior to 1971 on a level line lying to the north of the magnitude 6.4 San Fernando earthquake offers some promise for precursor monitoring. The data are adequately explained by a simple model of up-dip aseismic slip propagation toward the 1971 epicentral region. These observations and the simple model that accounts for them suggest a conceptually straightforward monitoring scheme to search for similar uplift and tilt precursors within the uplifted region. Such premonitory effects could be detected by a combination of frequently repeated short (30 to 70 km in length) level line measurements, precise gravity traverses, and continuously recording gravimeters sited to the north of the active frontal thrust faults. Once identified, such precursors could be closely followed in space and time, and might then provide effective warnings of impending potentially destructive earthquakes.
Energy Recovery from Saline Water by Means of Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Kiviat Fred E.
Published: October 2006

An electrochemical concentration cell is proposed as a means of extracting the energy released from the mixing of freshwater with seawater. In order to obtain the maximum power from such a cell, a small amount of seawater must be added to the freshwater prior to its introduction into the cell in order to lower the internal resistance of the cell. The work available from the electrochemical concentration cell is of the same order of magnitude as the work derived from the use of an osmotic pump to extract energy from seawater. Both of these saline water techniques should be considered when unconventional, long-range power sources are evaluated.
The Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 2 Lander
Authors: Mutch T. A. , Grenander S. U. , Jones K. L. , Patterson W. , Arvidson R. E. , Guinness E. A. , Avrin P. , Carlston C. E. , Binder A. B. , Sagan C. , Dunham E. W. , Fox P. L. , Pieri D. C. , Huck F. O. , Rowland C. W. , Taylor G. R. , Wall S. D. , Kahn R. , Levinthal E. C. , Liebes S. , Tucker R. B. , Morris E. C. , Pollack J. B. , Saunders R. S. , Wolf M. R.
Published: October 2006

Viking 2 lander began imaging the surface of Mars at Utopia Planitia on 3 September 1976. The surface is a boulder-strewn reddish desert cut by troughs that probably form a polygonal network. A plateau can be seen to the east of the spacecraft, which for the most probable lander location is approximately the direction of a tongue of ejecta from the crater Mie. Boulders at the lander 2 site are generally more vesicular than those near lander 1. Fines at both lander sites appear to be very fine-grained and to be bound in a duricrust. The pinkish color of the sky, similar to that observed at the lander 1 site, indicates suspension of surface material. However, the atmospheric optical depth is less than that at the lander 1 site. After dissipation of a cloud of dust stirred during landing, no changes other than those stemming from sampling activities have been detected in the landscape. No signs of large organisms are apparent at either landing site.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Like Substance in Nonendocrine Tissues of Normal Subjects
Authors: Yoshimoto Yoshio , Wolfsen Ada R. , Odell William D.
Published: October 2006

By means of two assay systems, a beta chain human chorionic gonadotropin radioimmunoassay and a radioreceptor gonadotropin assay, a chorionic gonadotropin-like substance was demonstrated in extracts of liver and colon obtained at autopsy from three patients who died of nonneoplastic disease. In contrast to placental chorionic gonadotropin, colon and liver chorionic gonadotropin was not bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose columns, indicating that this substance possessed little or no carbohydrate. Previous workers demonstrated that desialylated human chorionic gonadotropin possesses little or no bioactivity in vivo but retains full radioreceptor and radioimmunoassay activity in vitro. Our data suggest that the genome responsible for the human chorionic gonadotropin production is not completely suppressed in adult nonendocrine tissues, and that the chorionic gonadotropin produced by colon and liver has little or no bioactivity in vivo because of its low carbohydrate content. Since many normal tissues produce chorionic gonadotropin, bioactivity may be modulated by regulation of carbohydrate content.
Polymorphism and Geographic Variation in the Feeding Behavior of the Garter Snake
Thamnophis elegans
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: October 2006

Geographic variation in behaviors that influence resource utilization is a key component in current ecological theory, but the phenomenon has been poorly documented. Propensity to attack slugs varies geographically in a western garter snake,
Thamnophis elegans
. Many naive, newborn snakes from inland localities in California refuse to eat slugs. In contrast, virtually all naive young from coastal localities eat slugs. There is, however, no demonstrable polymorphism or geographic variation for propensity to eat anurans. Both coastal and inland snakes consistently eat anurans.
Intraspecific Defense: Advantage of Social Cooperation Among Paper Wasp Foundresses
Authors: Gamboa George J.
Published: October 2006

Foundress associations and high frequencies of conspecific nest usurpation are most common where densities of
Polistes metricus
are high. Here nest usurpation occurs primarily in single-foundress colonies resulting in multiple-foundress colonies having significantly greater productivities than single-foundress colonies. This is not true at low densities. Conspecific pressures and not predation or parasitism provide an advantage to cooperating wasp foundresses in
P. metricus
.
Direct Observation of Global Protein Motion in Hemoglobin and Myoglobin on Picosecond Time Scales
Authors: Genberg L. , Richard L. , McLendon G. , Miller R. J. Dwayne
Published: October 2006

Picosecond phase-grating spectroscopy is highly sensitive to density changes and provides a new holographic approach to the study of protein dynamics. Photodissociation of carbon monoxide from heme proteins induces a well-defined transition from a ligated to a deoxy structure that is important to hemoglobin and myoglobin functionality. Grating spectroscopy was used to observe protein-driven density waves on a picosecond time scale after carbon monoxide dissociation. This result demonstrates that global tertiary structure changes of proteins occur on an extremely fast time scale and provides new insight into the biomechanics of deterministic protein motion.
Earthquake Swarm Along the San Andreas Fault near Palmdale, Southern California, 1976 to 1977
Authors: McNally K. C. , Kanamori H. , Pechmann J. C. , Fuis G.
Published: October 2006

Between November 1976 and November 1977 a swarm of small earthquakes (local magnitude ≤ 3) occurred on or near the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California. This swarm was the first observed along this section of the San Andreas since cataloging of instrumental data began in 1932. The activity followed partial subsidence of the 35-centimeter vertical crustal uplift known as the Palmdale bulge along this "locked" section of the San Andreas, which last broke in the great (surface-wave magnitude = 8¼;+) 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. The swarm events exhibit characteristics previously observed for some foreshock sequences, such as tight clustering of hypocenters and time-dependent rotations of stress axes inferred from focal mechanisms. However, because of our present lack of understanding of the processes that precede earthquake faulting, the implications of the swarm for future large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault are unknown.
Reconciling the Magnitude of the Microscopic and Macroscopic Hydrophobic Effects
Authors: Sharp Kim A. , Nicholls Anthony , Fine Richard F. , Honig Barry
Published: October 2006

The magnitude of the hydrophobic effect, as measured from the surface area dependence of the solubilities of hydrocarbons in water, is generally thought to be about 25 calories per mole per square angstrom (cal mol
-1
Å
-2
). However, the surface tension at a hydrocarbon-water interface, which is a "macroscopic" measure of the hydrophobic effect, is ≈72 cal mol
-1
Å
-2
. In an attempt to reconcile these values, alkane solubility data have been reevaluated to account for solute-solvent size differences, leading to a revised "microscopic" hydrophobic effect of 47 cal mol
-1
Å
-2
. This value, when used in a simple geometric model for the curvature dependence of the hydrophobic effect, predicts a macroscopic alkane-water surface tension that is close to the macroscopic value.
Radiological Impact of Airborne Effluents of Coal and Nuclear Plants
Authors: McBride J. P. , Moore R. E. , Witherspoon J. P. , Blanco R. E.
Published: October 2006

Radiation doses from airborne effluents of model coal-fired and nuclear power plants (1000 megawatts electric) are compared. Assuming a 1 percent ash release to the atmosphere (Environmental Protection Agency regulation) and 1 part per million of uranium and 2 parts per million of thorium in the coal (approximately the U.S. average), population doses from the coal plant are typically higher than those from pressurized-water or boiling-water reactors that meet government regulations. Higher radionuclide contents and ash releases are common and would result in increased doses from the coal plant. The study does not assess the impact of non-radiological pollutants or the total radiological impacts of a coal versus a nuclear economy.
Mediterranean Water: An Intense Mesoscale Eddy off the Bahamas
Authors: McDowell Scott E. , Rossby H. Thomas
Published: October 2006

An anticyclonic lens of water in the permanent thermocline off the Bahamas has water mass characteristics representing Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic central waters. This eddy's ability to translate across the Atlantic without losing its identity points to baroclinic eddies as a specific mechanism for large-scale mixing.
Pioneer Venus Radar Mapper Experiment
Authors: Pettengill G. H. , Ford P. G. , Brown W. E. , Kaula W. M. , Keller C. H. , Masursky H. , McGill G. E.
Published: October 2006

Altimetry and radar scattering data for Venus, obtained from 10 of the first 13 orbits of the Pioneer Venus orbiter, have disclosed what appears to be a rift valley having vertical relief of up to 7 kilometers, as well as a neighboring, gently rolling plain. Planetary oblateness appears unlikely to exceed 1/2500 and may be substantially smaller.
Late Wisconsinan Sea Levels on the Southeast U.S. Atlantic Shelf Based on In-Place Shoreline Indicators
Authors: Blackwelder Blake W. , Pilkey Orrin H. , Howard James D.
Published: October 2006

A new interpretation of late Pleistocene sea levels on the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf is based on in-place lagoonal and salt-marsh sediments obtained from vibra-cores. These data show sea levels during the last Wisconsinan transgression were about 30 meters shallower than is indicated by existing sea-level curves.
2-Tridecanone: A Naturally Occurring Insecticide from the Wild Tomato
Lycopersicon hirsutum
f.
glabratum
Authors: Williams W. G. , Kennedy George G. , Yamamoto Robert T. , Thacker J. D. , Bordner Jon
Published: October 2006

A nonalkaloid insecticide was isolated from the wild tomato
Lycopersicon hirsutum
f.
glabratum
and identified as 2-tridecanone, a compound 72 times more abundant in the wild tomato than in the cultivated tomato
L. esculentum.
Lepidopterous larvae (
Manduca sexta
and
Heliothis zea
) and aphids (
Aphis gossypii
) died when confined on 2-tridecanone-treated filter paper.
Oxygen Ion—Conducting Ceramics: A New Application in High-Temperature—High-Pressure
p
H Sensors
Authors: Niedrach Leonard W.
Published: October 2006

Membrane electrodes fabricated from yttria-stabilized zirconia, a representative oxygen ion-conducting ceramic, show a linear voltage response to
p
H over the range 3 to 8 at 285°C and a pressure of 1200 pounds per square inch (82 atmospheres). Test units have been operated continuously at 285°C without failure for periods as long as 9 days. Unlike sensors which are based on electron transfer couples, such membrane electrodes are insensitive to changes in the oxidation-reduction environment and, in turn, exert no influence upon the environment. Such ceramic membranes can therefore be used for the direct measurement of the
p
H of geothermal brines, of water in nuclear reactors, and in high-temperature thermodynamic studies on aqueous systems.
The Energy Impacts of Solar Heating
Authors: Whipple Chris
Published: October 2006

The energy required to build and install solar space- and water-heating equipment is compared to the energy it saves under two solar growth paths corresponding to high and low rates of implementation projected by the Domestic Policy Review of Solar Energy. For the rapid growth case, the cumulative energy invested to the year 2000 is calculated to be ½ to 1½ times the amount saved. An impact of rapid solar heating implementation is to shift energy demand from premium heating fuels (natural gas and oil) to coal and nuclear power use in the industries that provide materials for solar equipment.
Io: Longitudinal Distribution of Sulfur Dioxide Frost
Authors: Nelson Robert M. , Lane Arthur L. , Matson Dennis L. , Fanale Fraser P. , Nash Douglas B. , Johnson Torrence V.
Published: October 2006

Twenty spectra of Io (0.26 to 0.33 micrometer), acquired with the International Ultraviolet Explorer spacecraft, have been studied. There is a strong ultraviolet absorption shortward of 0.33 micrometer that is consistent with earlier ground-based spectrophotometry; its strength is strongly dependent on Io's rotational phase angle at the time of observation. This spectral feature and its variation are interpreted as indicative of a longitudinal variation in the distribution of sulfur dioxide frost on Io. The frost is most abundant at orbital longitudes 72° to 137° and least abundant at longitudes 250° to 323°. Variations in spectral reflectivity between 0.4 and 0.5 micrometer, reported in earlier ground-based spectral studies, correlate inversely with variations in reflectivity between 0.26 and 0.33 micrometer. It is concluded that this is because the Io surface component with the highest visible reflectivity (sulfur dioxide frost) has the lowest ultraviolet reflectivity. At least one other component is present and may be sulfur allotropes or alkali sulfides. This model is consistent with ground-based ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrophotometry. Comparison with Voyager color photographs indicates that the sulfur dioxide frost is in greatest concentration in the "white" areas on Io and the other sulfurous components are in greatest concentration in the "red" areas.
Toxicity of Angular Furanocoumarins to Swallowtail Butterflies: Escalation in a Coevolutionary Arms Race?
Authors: Berenbaum May , Feeny Paul
Published: October 2006

Xanthotoxin, a linear furanocoumarin occurring in many plants of the family Umbelliferae, is not appreciably toxic to the umbellifer-feeding larvae of
Papilio polyxenes
(Lepidoptera; Papilionidae), whereas angelicin, an angular furanocoumarin found only in a few relatively advanced tribes of the Umbelliferae, reduces growth rate and fecundity. The biosynthetic pathway leading to angular attachment of the furan ring may thus have been a response within the Umbelliferae to selective pressures exerted by specialized herbivores that had adapted to feeding on linear furanocoumarins.
Carbon Flow in Plant Microbial Associations
Authors: Paul E. A. , Kucey R. M. N.
Published: October 2006

Measurement of the distribution of the photosynthesis product in the symbiotic association of a legume, a mycorrhizal fungus, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria showed that the fungus incorporated 1 percent of the photosynthesis product and respired 3 percent. The nodules of a 5-week-old plant utilized 7 to 12 percent of the photosynthesis product. The legume compensated in part for the needs of its microbial partners through increased rates of photosynthesis.
Mechanisms of Nitrogen Dioxide Reactions: Initiation of Lipid Peroxidation and the Production of Nitrous Acid
Authors: Pryor William A. , Lightsey John W.
Published: October 2006

The reactions of nitrogen dioxide with cyclohexene have been studied as a model for the reactions that occur between nitrogen dioxide in smoggy air and unsaturated fatty acids in pulmonary lipids. As predicted from earlier studies at high nitrogen dioxide concentrations, this gas reacts with cyclohexene predominantly by addition to the double bond at nitrogen dioxide concentrations of 1 percent (10,000 parts per million) to 40 percent in nitrogen; in the presence of air or oxygen, this reaction initiates the autoxidation of the alkene. However, at concentrations below 100 parts per million in nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide reacts with cyclohexene almost exclusively by abstraction of allylic hydrogen; this unexpected reaction also initiates the autoxidation of the alkene in the presence of oxygen or air, but it leads to the production of nitrous acid rather than of a product containing a nitro group attached to a carbon atom. The nitrous acid can react with amines to produce nitrosamines. Moreover, the nitrite ion produced by the hydrogen abstraction mechanism would be expected to diffuse throughout the body, unlike nitrated lipids that would be confined to the pulmonary cavity. These findings have been confirmed with methyl oleate, linoleate, and linolenate; some of the kinetic features of the nitrogen dioxide—initiated autoxidation of these unsaturated fatty acids have been studied.
Natural Products Chemistry in the Marine Environment
Authors: Fenical William
Published: October 2006

Significant differences and numerous similarities exist in the biosynthetic activities of marine and terrestrial plants and animals. While the more primitive marine biota are recognized to possess the common biosynthetic pathways to produce terpenes, acetogenins, aromatic compounds, and alkaloids, in many cases these pathways have been modified in unusual ways. The halogens in seawater, for example, appear to be fundamentally involved in terpene biosynthesis and in the production of bromine- containing acetogenins and phenolic compounds. Marine metabolites have high physiological activities, and these molecules are conceived to function, in part at least, as defensive adaptations in the marine environment.
Prairie Dogs Avoid Extreme Inbreeding
Authors: Hoogland John L.
Published: October 2006

Black-tailed prairie dogs (Rodentia: Sciuridae:
Cynomys ludovicianus
0 live in colonies composed of contiguous but separate family groups called coteries. During the 6 years that individuals in a colony were observed, they almost never mated with close genetic relatives. Inbreeding is avoided in four ways: (i) a young male usually leaves his natal coterie before breeding, but his female relatives remain; (ii) an adult male usually leaves his breeding coterie before his daughters mature; (iii) a young female is less likely to come into estrus if her father is in her coterie; and (iv) an estrous female behaviorally avoids mating with a father, son, or brother in her coterie.
Two Gap Genes Mediate Maternal Terminal Pattern Information in
Drosophila
Authors: Weigel Detlef , Jürgens Gerd , Klingler Martin , Jäckle Herbert
Published: October 2006

In
Drosophila
three maternal pattern organizing activities, the anterior, the posterior, and the terminal, establish the anterior-posterior body pattern of the embryo by initiating the spatially restricted activities of the gap class of zygotic segmentation genes. The activities of
tailless
(
tll
) and the newly identified gap gene
huckebein
(
hkb
) are specifically involved in mediating the maternal terminal information at the posterior end of the blastoderm embryo.
The Role of Surface Chemistry in Filter Feeding by Zooplankton
Authors: Gerritsen Jeroen , Porter Karen G.
Published: October 2006

Surface chemistry of both particles and animals is important in filter feeding at low Reynolds number.
Daphnia magna
, fed mixtures of three sizes of polystyrene particles, retained particles that were smaller than the mesh size of the animals (1.0 micrometer) at greater efficiencies than predicted by a sieving model. Retention efficiency of the smallest particles (0.5 micrometer) was increased when negative surface charge on the particles was neutralized, and retention was decreased when a nonionic surfactant was, added to reduce wettability.
Cloning of Herpes Simplex Type 1 DNA Fragments in a Bacteriophage Lambda Vector
Authors: Enquist L. W. , Madden M. J. , Schiop-Stansly P. , Vande Woude G. F.
Published: October 2006

DNA isolated from defective and nondefective virions of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) (strain Patton) was digested with restriction endonucleases, and the resulting DNA fragments were inserted in the EK2 coliphage vector λgtWES ⋅ λB. The recombinant DNA was encapsidated in vitro under P4 maximum containment conditions. These λ-HSV1 hybrids were purified and amplified, and the DNA was isolated in the P4 facility. DNA, free of viable phage and bacteria, was removed from P4 conditions and analyzed. Represented among the hybrids studied to date are DNA fragments from about 50 percent of the normal HSV-1 genome. The hybrids derived from defective HSV-1 DNA fragments demonstrate the existence of many similar but not identical classes of defective genomes.