bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipid composition of commercially canned single‐strength orange juice
Authors: Nagy Steven , Nordby Harold E. , Smoot John M.
Published: January 2007

The lipid composition of commercially canned single‐strength orange juice ranged from 84–101 mg/100 ml juice (overall mean 95 ± 6). Phospholipid phosphorus, expressed as mg/100 ml juice, showed a range of from 1.56–1.95, while phospholipid phosphorus/lipid values (as µg‐P/mg lipid) were within a very narrow range, 18.9 ± 1.1. The percentage distribution of lipid classes in these juices was 24–35% neutral lipids, 18–23% resin acids and glycolipids, and 43–53% phospholipids and other polar lipids. Five fatty acids, i.e. C16, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3, accounted for over 93% of all fatty acids. The relative percentages of C18:2 and C18:3 differed between seasonal juices. The lipid composition does not warrant inclusion in nutritional labeling; however, lipid levels may be useful in detecting adulteration.
Lactose‐derived surfactants (I) fatty esters of lactose
Authors: Scholnick F. , Sucharski M. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: January 2007

Lactose, the principal solid component of whey, is a potentially inexpensive and abundantly available raw material. Its chemical structure is well suited to serve as the hydrophilic portion of a nonionic surfactant molecule. Accordingly, a series of esters of lactose was prepared by reaction of fatty acid chlorides with anhydrous lactose in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone. Monoesters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and tallow fatty acids were obtained in this manner. Other methods of synthesis of the products were investigated but were unsuccessful. The lactose esters and their oxyethylated products were evaluated for detergency behavior, emulsification time, and lime soap dispersant requirement. The results indicate that their surfactant properties are comparable to those exhibited by analogous sucrose derivatives.
Infrared absorption of methylcis‐9,trans‐11‐, andtrans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoates
Authors: Scholfield C. R.
Published: January 2007

The ratio of absorptivity at 10.2 µm and 10.6 µm differs between methylcis‐9,trans‐11‐, andtrans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoates. For thecis‐9,trans‐11‐ester, a10.2 µm/a10.6 µm is in the range of 1.1–1.2; for thetrans‐10,cis‐12‐ester, it is 1.3–1.4. These differences in absorptivities are great enough to affect significantly compositions calculated from IR absorption.
Refractive index of alcohol nonionics
Authors: Weimer D. R. , Lindemuth L. D. , Groves W. L.
Published: January 2007

Refractive index is a rapid and consistent method of analysis for alcohols and nonionics from normal alcohols and ethylene oxide. Correlations of refractive index with hydroxyl number of alcohols and nonionics are excellent and measurement error is considerably lower for refractive index. Refractive index affords a measurement of the amount of ethylene oxide in nonionics and can be used as a replacement for the 1% cloud point analysis. The ethylene oxide adduct distribution has no effect on refractive index. Specific adducts, a narrow range of adducts made by acid catalyzed ethoxylation and a broad range of adducts made by base catalyzed ethoxylation give the same refractive index value for any given ethylene oxide content.

Applications for the refractive index method for the laboratory and plant are: alcohol blending control, calculation of ethylene oxide requirements for ethoxylation, nonionic control analysis, calculations of hydroxyl number for sulfations. Also, refractive index can help identify laboratory samples, indicate the 1% cloud point and predict the phase character of nonionics.
Further studies on a multisequential method for determination of oil content in oilseeds
Authors: Appelqvist L. ‐Ɨ.
Published: January 2007

The multisequential method for determination of oil content in oil seed developed at SvalɆf has been used for ten years with good results.

The mean values obtained in analysis of comparative samples of rape, turnip rape and white mustard for seven years in five countries with official methods agree well with the mean values from the multi‐sequential method as used in four laboratories in Sweden. However, the variation coefficient is considerably smaller for the multisequential method.

In addition to rape, turnip rape and white mustard, flaxseed, poppy seed, sunflower seed, safflower seed, soybeans and groundnuts can be successfully disintegrated in the steel tubes used in the multisequential method.

The free fatty acid content of a rapeseed sample can be determined on the oil used for the gravimetric analysis.
Kinetics of the hydrogenation of rapeseed oil: II. Rate equations of chemical reactions
Authors: Bern L. , Hell M. , Schöön N. ‐H.
Published: January 2007

The kinetics of rapeseed oil hydrogenation was studied at 140–220 C and at 0.3–10 atm hydrogen pressure in a laboratory reactor in the presence of 0.05% nickel catalyst. A mathematical model was fitted to the experimental data, and temperature and pressure dependence of the different reaction steps was discussed on the basis of the model. The adequacy of the model was tested by means of a residual analysis.
Effect of position of ester group and temperature on critical micelle concentration of ester containing surfactants
Authors: Hikota T. , Meguro K.
Published: January 2007

The critical micelle concentrations of sodium sulfoalkyl alkanoates, CnH2n+1 COO(CH2)mSO3Na (n=9, 10, and 11; m=2, 3, and 4), in aqueous solution were measured by an electro conductivity method from 15 to 50 C. Plots of critical micelle concentrations versus temperature show a minimum for all of the surfactants. Increasing the number of methylene groups between the ester and sulfonate groups in the surfactant molecule lowered the temperature at which the minimum critical micelle concentration was observed. When the percentage deviation of critical micelle concentration values obtained at different temperatures from critical micelle concentration values at 30 C was plotted as a function of the temperature, deviation in the range below 30 C increased with length of the hydrocarbon chain in the fatty acid portion of the surfactant, and decreased with the increase in length of the hydrocarbon chain situated between ester and sulfonate groups. These phenomena suggest that the change of interaction between the ester group and water molecule with the temperature is largely dependent on the position of the ester group in the alkyl chain of the surfactant. On the other hand, deviation values above 30 C increased with length of the hydrocarbon chain in the fatty acid portion and of the hydrocarbon chain situated between ester and sulfonate groups. These results indicate that interaction between the ester group and water molecule decreases with rise in temperature. The enthalpies, free energies, and entropies of micelle formation were calculated from temperature variation of critical micelle concentrations, and are consistent with current theories of the role of solvent in micelle formation.
Further studies on artificial geometrical isomers of α‐linolenic acid in edible linolenic acid‐containing oils
Authors: Wolff Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Fifteen samples of commercial edible soybean and rapeseed oils (and mixtures of these) from Belgium, Great Britain and Germany have been analyzed for theirtrans‐polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Only one sample out of the 13 refined samples, and the two cold‐pressed samples, contained trace amounts oftrans isomers. Others contained between 1 and 3.3% of their total fatty acids as geometrical isomers of linoleic and linolenic acids. The degree of isomerization (DI) of linolenic acid varied between 10.5 and 26.9%. Combining results obtained in this study together with corresponding data for French oils (totalling 21 samples) indicates that the relative percentages of individual linolenic acid geometrical isomers depend on linolenic acid DI. Relationships linking these parameters could be approximated by straight lines, at least for DIs lying between 9 and 30%. Extrapolation to DI=0 suggests that the relative probabilities of isomerization of double bonds in positions 9, 12, and 15 are 41.7, 6.1 and 52.1%, respectively, at the very beginning of the isomerization reaction. At that time, the probability of a simultaneous isomerization of double bonds in positions 9 and 15 is close to zero. Thet,c,t isomer is apparently formedvia thec,c,t and thet,c,c isomers, the former being somewhat more prone to a second geometrical isomerization than the latter. The relative proportion of thec,t,c isomer is practically independent from the DI, at least between 9 and 30%, which would suggest that this isomer is an “end‐product” of thecis‐trans isomerization reaction.
Use of tetrabutylammonium tribromide for voltametric titration of unsaturation in vegetable oils and fatty acids
Authors: Berthelot J. , Desbène P‐L. , Desbène‐Monvernay A.
Published: January 2007

The use of tetrabutylammonium tribromide as reagent for bromination of carbon‐carbon double bonds of fatty acids and vegetable oils, followed by a voltametric titration of tribromide and bromide ions, has been studied. This method is easy and fast, and results show good accuracy and high sensitivity.
Solubility of fish oil fatty acid ethyl esters in suband supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Staby Ame , Mollerup Jørgen
Published: January 2007

Mutual solubilities and K‐values of fish oil fatty acid ethyl esters, prepared from sand launce oil, and sub‐ and supercritical carbon dioxide have been measured in an apparatus originally designed for phase equilibrium, density and gasoil ratio measurements of reservoir fluids. The measurements were performed at pressures from 2 to 22 MPa at temperatures of 283.2, 313.2 and 343.2°K. Experimental temperatures, pressures, solubilities, K‐values and densities are reported. The K‐values of ethyl myristate, palmitate, oleate, eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate are compared with published experimental binary and/or multicomponent data. Because both vapor and liquid solubilities are reported, such data are applicable in the design of supercritical extraction plants.
Correction of dietary fat availability estimates for wastage of food service deep‐frying fats
Authors: Hunter J. Edward , Applewhite Thomas H.
Published: January 2007

Because of the renewed interest in the consumption of hydrogenated fats, reliable estimates of the dietary fat available to the United States population require correction for the considerable amount of deep‐frying fats used in food service operations that are discarded after use and thus are not available for consumption. We estimated this fat wastage from food service sources from published data on fat exchange during cooking and on numbers of specific entrees purchased away from the home by United States households. Among food items considered, fat rendered from hamburgers and chicken contributed substantially to the total gross fat available for discard; fried chicken, french fries and doughnuts accounted for a large portion of total fat uptake by foods. To calculate waste frying fat, expressed as a percent of net waste fat, we subtracted fat uptake by foods from the total visible frying fat available for usage and from the level of gross fat available for discard. Dividing the resulting values gave a percent waste frying fat of 60%. For calculation of fat available for consumption, we recommend that contributions from deep‐frying fats be reduced by 50% of the total available to correct for wastage. This value is conservative and representative of actual experience of major food service operations and agrees closely with estimates derived from spent grease recovery reported in the United States.
Enrichment of phospholipids from neutral lipids in peanut oil by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Singleton J. A.
Published: January 2007

Phospholipids from crude peanut oil were enriched on a 2‐cm silica column and subsequently separated from neutral lipids within the chromatographic system without prior concentration. Hexane effectively removed the bulk neutral lipids, leaving the adsorbed phospholipids on the silica precolumn. Individual phospholipids were separated from the remaining neutral lipids and from each other by using two mixed solvents and a gradient program. This method separates the phospholipids in approximately 27 min after the desired enrichment level has been reached.
Density estimation for fatty acids and vegetable oils based on their fatty acid composition
Authors: Halvorsen J. D. , Mammel W. C. , Clements L. D.
Published: January 2007

The liquid density of fatty acids can be accurately estimated by the modified Rackett equation over a wide range of temperatures. The modified Rackett equation requires the critical properties and an empirical parameter,ZRA, for each acid as the basis for computing density as a function of temperature. The liquid density of vegetable oils can be estimated by using mixture properties corresponding to the fatty acid composition and a correction for the triglyceride form. The density prediction is explicitly temperature‐dependent.
Mass spectrometric characterization ofVernonia galamensis oil
Authors: Anderson Melissa A. , Collier Ledelle , Dilliplane Robert , Ayorinde Folahan O.
Published: January 2007

Vernonia galamensis seed oil is a natural source of epoxidized triacylglycerols, which consist of 52% trivernolin and a mixture of other triacylglycerols. Epoxidized oils are used for industrial applications, such as coatings and plastic formulations. To determine the major molecular species present in Vernonia oil, desorption chemical ionization/mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry were used to determine its glyceride composition. Seven triacylglycerols predominated: divernoloylarachidonate, trivernolin, divernoloylstearate, divernoloyloleate, divernoloyllinoleate, dilinolenoyl vernolate and divernoloylpalmitate.
Antioxidant activity of pea bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extract
Authors: Tsuda Takanori , Osawa Toshihiko , Nakayama Tsutomu , Kawakishi Shunro , Ohshima Katsumi
Published: January 2007

Antioxidative activity of pea bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extract was evaluated by using a linoleic acid system, and the methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidative activity as measured by the thiocyanate method. The crude methanol extract was partitioned between then‐butanol phase (BP) and the water phase (WP). Then, the antioxidative activity of the BP and the WP was determined by using a linoleic acid system. The WP showed strong antioxidative activity, while BP showed only weak activity as measured by the thiocyanate method. Next, the synergistic antioxidative action of WP with α‐tocopherol was examined by using linoleic acid and liposome systems. The WP had a synergistic effect with α‐tocopherol in both the food model and liposome systems. For purification and isolation of the antioxidative substances of the pea bean, preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography was carried out with an octadecylsilyl column. Five fractions were collected, and antioxidative activity was determined in a linoleic acid system. Although fraction 1 had strong activity by the thiocyanate method, the purification of this active fraction was difficult; therefore, the partly characterized active fraction was investigated. The contents of total phenolics and sugars were 0.31±0.01 mg/g of fraction 1 and 406.1±0.1 mg/g, respectively. The ninhydrin chromogenic reaction was positive, and the ultraviolet absorption spectral λ max value in distilled water was 264.0 nm, indicating that the water‐soluble antioxidative components from pea bean may be a new type of antioxidant. Isolation and identification are currently being investigated.
Detection of interesterified fat in hydrogenated fat by lipase hydrolysis and by cooling curve analysis
Authors: Roy S. Sil , Bhattacharyya D. K.
Published: January 2007

Porcine pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and Jensen’s cooling curve methods can be adopted for detecting interesterified fat products in a mixture with hydrogenated fats. Lipolysis of interesterified fats shows a relatively greater amount of saturated fatty acids in the 2‐monoglycerides in comparison with hydrogenated fats. A similar trend of the distribution pattern of fatty acids also can be noted in a mixture. Interesterified fats do not show any rise in temperature in Jensen’s cooling curve experiment, whereas hydrogenated fats show a distinct rise in temperature. A gradual increase in temperature is obtained for an interesterified fat when it is mixed with increasing content of a hydrogenated fat. On the other hand, hydrogenated fat shows a lowering in the rise of temperature when it is mixed with an interesterified fat. Simultaneous determination of the fatty acid profiles of the 2‐monoglycerides and Jensen’s cooling curve characteritics can be utilized in detecting the occurrence of one modified fat in another.
Effect of irradiation on the proteinase inhibitor activity and digestibility (in vitro) of safflower oilcake
Authors: Joseph Anu , Dikshit Madhurima
Published: January 2007

Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities of safflower oilcake were studied before and after irradiation. The various doses to which samples were exposed ranged from 7 Gy to 10 kGy. The trypsin inhibitor is inactivated at 42 Gy, whereas the chymotrypsin inhibitor remains active, even at the much higher dose of 10 kGy. Thein vitro digestibility values also showed a significant improvement after irradiation. Exposure to a low dose of 42 Gy is sufficient to improve the nutritional value of the oilcake.
Preparation, surface‐active properties and acid decomposition profiles of a new “soap” bearing a 1,3‐dioxolane ring
Authors: Ono Daisuke , Masuyama Araki , Nakatsuji Yohji , Okahara Mitsuo , Yamamura Shingo , Takeda Tokuji
Published: January 2007

New soap‐type surfactants bearing a 1,3‐dioxolane ring were prepared in good yields by the acid‐catalyzed condensation of 1‐O‐alkylglycerols (alkyl: decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, orcis‐9‐octadecenyl) with oxocarboxylic acid esters, followed by alkaline hydrolysis without any expensive reagent and special equipment. These surfactants were soluble in alkaline water at room temperature. Their critical micelle concentrations were much smaller than that of sodium dodecanoate. An alkaline solution of the octadecyl homologue was nonfoaming, but the other homologues, including thecis‐9‐octadecenyl derivative, showed high foaming ability in alkaline solutions. The structural effect of these compounds on the area per molecule at the surface is also discussed. Because these surfactants contain a 1,3‐dioxolane ring, they can be utilized as a new acid‐decomposable type of cleavable surfactant. At pH 1, they decompose almost completely into nonsurface‐active species after 80 min.
Water solubilization in microemulsions containing amines as cosurfactant
Authors: Singh H. N. , Prasad Ch. Durga , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: January 2007

Water‐in‐oil microemulsions were produced by mixing different combinations of the cationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetylpyridinium chloride,n‐alkanes (C5–C7) and benzene as oils,n‐alkylamines (C6 and C8) and cyclohexylamine as cosurfactants with water. The influence of chainlength of the alkanes and amines on water solubilization behavior of these systems has been investigated. The solubilization of water in a particular microemulsion is governed by the partitioning of amines among oil, water and interfacial phases, depending on the chainlength and nature of oil and amine, and their interaction with the surfactant. The molar ratio of amine to surfactant at the droplet interface increased with the length of the oil chain. The free energy changes accompanying cosurfactant adsorption at the interface have also been computed.
Influence of anionic concentration and water hardness on foaming properties of a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
Authors: Cohen L. , Moreno A. , Berna J. L.
Published: January 2007

Foam height and foam stability of solutions of a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) were measured according to the Ross‐Miles test to establish their relationship with ionic concentrations in the solution. The anionic concentration and water hardness were varied alternatively. The results obtained show different behavior for both parameters depending on the concentration of LAS and calcium. However, the results are in line with the proposed theoretical model based on the LAS‐calcium precipitation boundary diagram. These tests were aimed at providing a scientific explanation to the complex foaming phenomena. Also, these tests emphasize how essential it is to know the position of the points tested within the LAS‐calcium solubility diagram when evaluating the foam properties of an anionic surfactant.
The effect of processing conditions on the properties of screw‐press cottonseed meal and oil
Authors: Thurber F. H. , Vix H. L. E. , Pons Walter A. , Crovetto A. J. , Knoepfler N. B.
Published: January 2007

Processing conditions, particularly cooking procedures, have a marked influence on the chemical properties of screw‐pressed meal and oil. Cooking prepared meats at 240–250°F., as in normal mill practice, produced meals with low free gossypol content but at the expense of considerable protein damage. The resultant crude oils showed some color reversion upon storage at 95°F. Dry cooking (7% moisture) at temperatures not exceeding 200°F. gave meals of improved chemical properties, but the crude oils exhibited considerable color reversion on storage.

Wet low‐temperature cooking (200–210°F.), followed by evaporative cooling, yielded a meal intermediate in quality between that for normal mill practice and dry low‐temperature cooking. The crude oils, which corresponded to hydraulic‐pressed oil, did not exhibit any appreciable color reversion upon storage at elevated temperatures.

The selection of processing conditions, notably cooking, enables wide variations in the distribution of gossypol between meal and oil.

The increase in the bleach color of crude oils stored at 95–100°F. was found to be directly related to the initial gossypol content of the crude oils.
Kinetics of linoleate oxidation in model systems
Authors: Labuza T. P. , Tsuyuki H. , Karel M.
Published: January 2007

Oxidation of methyl linoleate, trilinoleate and linoleic acid has been studied in model systems based on various solid supports. Oxidation was followed by measurement of oxygen absorption, peroxide values and products of oxidation as a function of moisture equilibrium relative humidity. Effects of various metals, histidine and the antioxidants propyl gallate and butylated hydroxytoluene were studied. The results indicate: (a) at 50 C oxidation of protein increases with increasing moisture content and the protein interacts with peroxides changing the overall oxidation rate; (b) increasing moisture content shows the same inhibitory effect on oxidation of trilinoleate as it does on methyl linoleate; (c) the effectiveness of antioxidants is increased with increasing humidity but some chelating agents complexed with metals become catalytic at the higher moisture content; and (d) at moisture contents in the region of capillary condensation, mobility of reactants is enhanced since the rate of oxidation increases significantly.
Adsorption of dimer, trimer, stearic, oleic, linoleic, nonanoic and azelaic acids on ferric oxide
Authors: Wheeler D. H. , Potente D. , Wittcoff Harold
Published: January 2007

The adsorption isotherms of solutions of dimer, trimer, stearic, oleic, linoleic, nonanoic and azelaic acids in organic solvents, (mostly hexane) have been determined on an alpha ferric oxide with a surface area (B.E.T. N2 adsorption) of 99 m2 (99 × 1020 A2) per gram. They all showed limiting adsorption as grams adsorbed per gram of iron oxide beyond a concentration of about 1 g/100 cc, analagous to the Langmuir type monolayer isotherm. Areas per molecule were calculated and compared with areas of close‐packed models in positions parallel to and perpendicular to the surface. The calculated areas corresponded more closely to the flat or parallel positions. Heats of adsorption were determined and were in the range of 27–71 kcal/eq, suggesting chemisorption of the COOH group at the surface. The value of dimer acid suggests that both COOH groups are chemisorbed. Models show that the parallel position permits both COOH groups to touch the surface. The perpendicular position generally does not permit both COOH groups to touch the surface. Dimer acid showed a value (71 kcal/eq) higher than the monobasic acids (44–55 kcal/eq), possibly due to interaction of the ring structure (partly aromatic) with the surface. Azelaic acid from an 80–20t‐butanol‐hexane solvent showed a lower value of 27 kcal/eq, possibly due to adsorption of a hydrogenbonded alcohol‐acid moiety as such.
A method for the quantitative determination of individual oils in a blend
Authors: Abu‐Hadeed A. M. , Kotb Ahmed R.
Published: January 2007

A matrix inversion method, based on the data obtained by GLC analysis of fatty acids, sterols, 4‐methylsterols, triterpene alcohols, tocopherols and squalene, was applied to quantitatively determine ingredients of vegetable oil blends. Identification of individual oils in mixtures was achieved by comparison of a set of data derived on the basis of the level of certain characteristic components in each pure oil, and the concentration of the same components in the blends.

A computer program was prepared in BASIC to facilitate automatic calculations and printout of results. Sets of formulae also were derived to enable manual estimations without the need for computer facilities.

The program was evaluated by analysis of 19 different laboratory prepared mixtures containing two, three and six components of the oils of corn, soybean, sunflower, palm, cottonseed, palm kernel, sesame, coconut and olive. The system was fully successful in the qualitative identification of the ingredients of all blends tested. For the quantitative determination of these ingredients, the system was better than 80% accurate for the two‐, three‐, and six‐component mixtures.
Specific viscosity of Newtonian aqueous solutions containing an anionic surfactant and an alkaline pyrophosphate
Authors: Conejo A. F. Guerrero , Montes C. Gallegos , Luque V. Flores , Herrera C. Gomez
Published: January 2007

The effects that both temperature and solute concentrations exert on specific viscosity are studied in this paper. The products used were sodium or triethanolammonium dodecylsulfates or dodecylbenzenesulfonates, as surfactants, and tetrasodium or tetrapotassium pyrophosphates, as electrolytes. All are of technical quality. As temperature decreases, within the temperature range studied, a phase separation or an appearance of non‐Newtonian behavior is noted in many solutions. The solutions studied fit, within the accuracy range for experimental measurements, an empirical equation that agrees with what is called the activated diffusive relaxation model. For this model, the relative viscosity is a linear superposition of stresses coming from hydrodynamic interactions and from activation energy due to structural relaxation of the uniform distribution of micelles in the quiescent micellar solution. Solutions containing a dodecylsulfate show very slight hydrodynamic effects. Their activation energy, which is independent of temperature, becomes greater by increasing the concentrations of surfactant and pyrophosphate. The specific viscosities of these solutions also increase by replacing the triethanolammonium counter‐ion with sodium. Solutions containing sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate show considerable hydrodynamic effects, which increase with the addition of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The activation energy is independent of temperature. Solutions containing triethanolammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate show decreasing activation energy values when temperature is increased. Consequently, a maximum for specific viscosity appears at a certain temperature. This maximum diminishes progressively with the addition of pyrophosphate, while the corresponding temperature becomes higher. From the investigation carried out, the necessity for further basic studies remains clear. Research should be done on concentrated aqueous solutions containing surfactants and electrolytes, taking into consideration the variations that their dynamic viscosities present along with composition and temperature. All of this, naturally, must be carried out before developmental research on manufacturing, commercialization and usage of such solutions proceeds.
The french vegetable oil industry
Authors: Barsacq J. C.
Published: January 2007

Over the years, the French industry has shown a dynamic ability to adapt to an economic environment undergoing dramatic changes—“profound evolution.” Today, we find ourselves confronted with new changes right across the board, notably:

•increasing EEC production of rapeseed and sunflower

•improvement of meal quality of EEC crops

•competition from Third World oil‐producing nations, and unfair commercial practices

•EEC enlargement with Spain and Portugal joining, and the resultant effects on our political, agricultural and economic future

•changing patterns in consumer oil preferences

•stagnation in worldwide oil consumption

•changing world trading patterns

•protectionist rules regarding price controls

This list is not comprehensive, but shows why, at the moment when France is about to take on major changes, the French oil industry must take the measures necessary to allow it to face the challenge of future years, in an environment of increasingly difficult competition.

Everyone is conscious that, beyond the oil industry, what is at stake is the dynamism of the whole series of connected oilseed producers in France, and its future in a European community of 12 members.
Laboratory and pilot solvent extraction of extruded high‐oil corn
Authors: Agullera J. M. , Lusas E. W.
Published: January 2007

Oil extraction of flakes and extrudates of high‐oil (HO) corn was studied, using hexane as solvent. HO corn contained 19.5% oil, 70% of which was located in the germ. Microstructures of starchy endosperm and germ were analyzed by scanning electron and light microscopy. Conventionally extruded samples extracted faster and to a lower residual oil content than flakes and steam‐injected extrudates. Ultrastructural disruption and cooking of conventionally extruded material was adequate to free the oil from the spherosomes and produce a porous pellet with a high proportion of “surface oil.” Encapsulation of the oil within a gelatinized starch matrix made it partly unavailable in steam‐injected extrudate samples. Data presented for laboratory and pilot plant runs demonstrate that conventional extrusion is a promising pretreatment for solvent extraction of high‐oil, starchy materials.
Adaptation of an HPLC system to quantify cholesterol
Authors: Brown Helen G.
Published: January 2007

An HPLC system for separating oxidized components of crude soybean oil was adapted for use in quantifying cholesterol. At 210 nm there was linear integrator repsonse to concentration of cholesterol. The response was linear at four detector ranges, and the relationship remained linear when data were adjusted to one range. Spray‐dried egg yolks contained 3,048 mg (± 117) of cholesterol per 100 g, a value similar to literature measures.
Economics of occupational cotton dust control in cottonseed oil mills
Authors: Burford C. L. , Bethea R. M. , Kao J. C.
Published: January 2007

An economic analysis of the total cost for various dust control systems for a 500 ton/day model cottonseed oil mill has been performed. All cost data have been adjusted to reflect May 1981 prices. Cost data are presented for the dust collection system, cyclone(s), baghouse(s) and prime air mover(s) for each major processing area at 3 different air‐to‐cloth ratios. Data were obtained for equipment and installation costs from mills using the various devices and/or complete systems wherever possible. In cases where these data were not available, estimates were obtained from several firms that manufacture and install similar equipment. At the recommended air‐to‐cloth ratio of 20:1, the initial capital cost was estimated as $707,900, the annual operating expenses as $226,490 and the life cycle cost as $607,510.
Cotton dust particle size distribution in oil mills
Authors: Thibodeaux D. P.
Published: January 2007

Analytical procedures have been developed for characterizing the size and shape of cotton dust particulates collected by the vertical elutriator (VE) sampler. Data are reported for dust distributions on VE filters collected from different processing areas (cleaning, delintering, hulling, and baling) in cottonseed oil mills. Results of particle volume distributions obtained with a Coulter counter are compared with data obtained from an image‐analysis system designed to classify cotton dust into fibrous and nonfibrous (particulate) components. The image‐analysis data include distributions of the lengths and widths of fibers and the areas and diameters of particles present on the VE filters. In many of the locations studied, a considerable amount of the total dust sampled can be attributed to lint, lint fragments, and also to particles significantly larger than 15 µm diameter.
Determination of total gossypol at parts‐per‐million levels
Authors: Fisher Gordon S. , Frank A. W. , Cherry J. P.
Published: January 2007

The official AOCS method Ba 8‐78 for total gossypol has been modified by introduction of two clean‐up steps. These steps reduce sample blanks and also substantially increase the concentration of dianilinogossypol available for spectrophotometric measurement. An improved method of correcting sample absorptions for blanks, which reduces the possibility of over or under compensation, and criteria for judging the quality of the results have been added. With these modifications, the method is more than adequate for grading glandless cottonseed under Rule 112 of the National Cottonseed Products Association. As little as 1 ppm can easily be measured in sound cottonseed samples. The method is not universally applicable to mixtures that may contain TG, but the criteria of quality should permit identification of samples to which it is not applicable and, hence, prevent reporting of inaccurate TG concentrations. Additional modifications for use with foods and other complex mixtures are suggested.
Usefulness of osteoprotegerin in assessing responses to neridronate treatment in Paget's disease of bone
Authors: Ulivieri F. M. , Piodi L. P. , Marotta G. , Marchelli D. , Commadini C. , Parravicini L. , Verdoia C. , Gerundini P.
Published: January 2007

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a protein that inhibits of osteoclastogenesis. The aim this study was to evaluate the response of serum OPG levels to neridronate treatment in patients with Paget's disease of bone resistant to previous therapy. Nine patients (4 men) affected by active Paget’s disease of bone (6 polyostotic, 3 monostotic) not responsive to clodronate were studied. Serum OPG, osteocalcin, total and bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (AP and BAP, respectively), and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were measured before and 5 months after neridronate treatment (100 mg/day, i.v. for two days). A scintigraphic activity index (SAI) was also calculated before treatment. Mean baseline OPG levels were within normal values and were not significantly different 5 months after neridronate treatment. In contrast, there were significant reductions in AP (41.9%, p<0.02) and BAP (38.8%, p<0.04). Serum OPG levels correlated with DPD (r=0.925) and SAI (r=0.689). Although OPG is an important regulator of bone metabolism, in our series of already treated patients it was not a sensitive marker for diagnosing Paget's disease and for monitoring the response to pharmacological treatment, whereas AP and BAP confirmed their clinical usefulness. This preliminary study requires confirmation by a study with a larger population.
Arterial injury following a low energy pubic rami fracture
Authors: Sivan M. , Glyn-Jones S. , Phillips Hughes J. , Willett K.
Published: January 2007

Patients with simple pubic rami fractures can be divided into two main groups: young people subject to high-energy trauma and elderly people who sustain osteoporotic fractures after minor falls. Cases associated with lifethreatening arterial injury mostly relate to the high-energy group. We report the case of a 70-year-old woman in whom a low-energy fall caused a stable pubic rami fracture injury associated with angiographyproven multiple hemorrhage from branches of both the internal and external iliac arteries which necessitated embolization of the bleeding vessels. As far as we are aware, angiography-proven bleeding from branches of the internal and external iliac arteries in a low-energy, stable pubic rami fracture has not been reported before. This case emphasizes the need for admission and careful hemodynamic monitoring in such cases.
Existence of Lipschitz minimizers for the three-well problem in solid-solid phase transitions
Authors: Conti Sergio , Dolzmann Georg , Kirchheim Bernd
Published: January 2007

The three-well problem consists in looking for minimizers

u:\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{3}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}

of a functional

I(u) = \int _{\Omega }W(\mathrm{∇}u)\:\mathrm{d}x

, where the elastic energy

W

models the tetragonal phase of a phase-transforming material. In particular,

W

attains its minimum on

K = \bigcup _{i = 1}^{3}\mathrm{SO}(3)U_{i}

, with

U_{i}

being the three distinct diagonal matrices with eigenvalues

(\lambda ,\lambda ,\tilde \lambda)

,

\lambda ,\tilde \lambda > 0

and

\lambda \neq \tilde \lambda

. We show that, for boundary values

F

in a suitable relatively open subset of

\mathbb{M}^{3 \times 3} \cap \{F:\mathrm{\det }F = \mathrm{\det }U_{1}\}

, the differential inclusion

\begin{cases}
\mathrm{∇}u \in K & \text{in }\Omega , \\ u(x) = Fx & \text{on }\partial \Omega
\end{cases}

has Lipschitz solutions.

Le problème de type triple puits consiste en la recherche de minimizers

u\:\text{:}\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{3}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}

d'une fonctionnelle

I(u) = \int _{\Omega }W(\mathrm{∇}u)\:\mathrm{d}x

, où l'énergie élastique

W

modèle la phase tétragonale d'un matériel à mémoire de forme. En particulier,

W

atteint son minimum sur

K = \bigcup _{i = 1}^{3}\mathrm{SO}(3)U_{i}

, avec

U_{i}

les trois matrices diagonales distinctes avec les valeurs propres

(\lambda ,\lambda ,\tilde \lambda)

,

\lambda ,\tilde \lambda > 0

et

\lambda \neq \tilde \lambda

. Nous montrons que, pour des conditions au bord

F

dans un sous-ensemble bien choisi relativement ouvert de

\mathbb{M}^{3 \times 3} \cap \{F\text{:}\:\mathrm{\det }F = \mathrm{\det }U_{1}\}

, l'inclusion différentiele

\begin{cases}
\mathrm{∇}u \in K & \text{in }\Omega , \\ u(x) = Fx & \text{on }\partial \Omega
\end{cases}

a des solutions

u \in W^{1,\infty }(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{3})

.
Loss of habitat through inundation and the conservation status of two endemic Tasmanian Syncarid crustaceans: Allanaspides hickmani and A. helonomus
Authors: Driessen Michael M. , Mallick Stephen A. , Lee Andrew , Thurstans Shaun
Published: January 2007

Extant representatives of the ancient crustacean family Anaspididae are restricted to the island State of Tasmania, Australia. Allanaspides hickmani and Allanaspides helonomus were first described in the early 1970s from surface pools in buttongrass moorland in two adjacent watersheds in south-west Tasmania. Both of these catchments have since been inundated for hydroelectric power generation (Lake Gordon and Serpentine Impoundments). Surveys indicate that both species persist in a small number of highly fragmented populations on the margins of the two impoundments. A. hickmani and A. helonomus have extant Areas of Occupancy of c. 21 and 54 km2, respectively. We estimate that inundation resulted in the loss of 85–94% of the original range of A. hickmani and c. 78% of the original range of A. helonomus. Under IUCN Red List guidelines and National threatened species legislation A. hickmani but not A. helonomus may qualify for listing as Vulnerable (Area of Occupancy <20 km2). At the present time only A. hickmani is listed as Rare under Tasmanian (State) threatened species legislation but A. helonomus merits the same listing under State legislation. Global warming appears to pose the most significant potential threat to Allanaspides species.
Editorial
Authors: Goswami Usha , Crago Martha
Published: January 2007

It is now 5 years since we took over the Editorship of Applied Psycholinguistics. In that time, we have endeavored to refocus the journal toward empirical work in psychology and linguistics across languages and learners. We introduced a new subtitle for the journal to this effect, and we have produced Special Issues reflecting current “hot topics” in the field, for example, the role of genetics in developmental language disorders (January 2005), grammatical processing in language learners (January 2006), nonword repetition and word learning (October 2006), and the upcoming Special Issue on language acquisition and bilingualism, reflecting on the consequences for a multilingual society. We have been delighted to see that the impact factor of the journal is now at 1.37 and that the number of submissions based on cross-language comparisons continues to increase. We welcome this trend, as in our view a cross-language approach to studying the psychological processes involved in language is particularly likely to discover fundamental processes, developments, and impairments.
Solar wind and magnetospheric conditions leading to the abrupt loss of outer radiation belt electrons
Authors: Onsager T. G. , Green J. C. , Reeves G. D. , Singer H. J.
Published: January 2007

The trapped radiation belt electron population is maintained through a competition between multiple source and loss processes occurring within the magnetosphere and driven by the solar wind. In this research we have concentrated on the solar wind and the magnetospheric conditions that lead to the loss of electrons through abrupt energetic electron flux dropouts. We have focused on times when there is only a moderate level of geomagnetic activity, since the magnetospheric response during these conditions is expected to be far less complex than during large geomagnetic storms. We have found that under certain circumstances the radiation belt electrons are remarkably sensitive to the onset of southward IMF and to solar wind dynamic pressure increases. The onset of southward IMF is found to be sufficient to cause the flux dropouts, while increases in solar wind pressure are not necessary but are likely to enhance the loss when they occur in conjunction with southward IMF, as is often the case. It is not clear if an increase in solar wind pressure in the absence of southward IMF is sufficient to cause a flux dropout. The radiation belt fluxes can decrease by more than an order of magnitude with the onset of only minor geomagnetic activity. The level of solar wind forcing (as estimated by the epsilon parameter) and of geomagnetic activity (as estimated by AE, Dst, and the local magnetic field inclination at geosynchronous orbit) responsible for the flux loss is intermediate between lower levels of activity that create localized, adiabatic variations in the flux and large geomagnetic storms that result in both loss and acceleration. The dropout events examined here occurred after one or more days of quiet geomagnetic conditions, which we suggest preconditioned the magnetosphere to be highly sensitive to the onset of new activity. Although it is not known which specific conditions within the magnetosphere lead to this extreme sensitivity of the relativistic electrons, the time periods identified here are ones where the electron loss processes appear to operate in relative isolation of the acceleration processes.
Study of dependence of molecular orientation and optical properties of zinc phthalocyanine grown under two different pressure conditions
Authors: Louis J. Sindu , Lehmann D. , Friedrich M. , Zahn D. R. T.
Published: January 2007

Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) thin films were prepared by organic molecular beam deposition on Si (111) covered with a thin native oxide layer under two different pressure conditions. The samples are characterized by infrared spectroscopy and ellipsometry measurements aiming at the determination of dielectric functions and average molecular orientation in the ZnPc films. A two order of magnitude increase in the pressure during growth increases the average molecular tilt angle with respect to the substrate surface from ∼19° to ∼61° implying a change of crystal phase as well. Likewise sizeable differences are observed in the anisotropic dielectric functions of the ZnPc thin films in the infrared as well as in the visible and ultraviolet spectral ranges.
Tomography experiment of an integrated circuit specimen using 3MeV electrons in the transmission electron microscope
Authors: Zhang Hai-Bo , Zhang Xiang-Liang , Wang Yong , Takaoka Akio
Published: January 2007

The possibility of utilizing high-energy electron tomography to characterize the micron-scale three dimensional (3D) structures of integrated circuits has been demonstrated experimentally. First, electron transmission through a tilted SiO2 film was measured with an ultrahigh-voltage electron microscope (ultra-HVEM) and analyzed from the point of view of elastic scattering of electrons, showing that linear attenuation of the logarithmic electron transmission still holds valid for effective specimen thicknesses up to 5μm under 2MV accelerating voltages. Electron tomography of a micron-order thick integrated circuit specimen including the Cu/via interconnect was then tried with 3MeV electrons in the ultra-HVEM. Serial projection images of the specimen tilted at different angles over the range of ±90° were acquired, and 3D reconstruction was performed with the images by means of the IMOD software package. Consequently, the 3D structures of the Cu lines, via and void, were revealed by cross sections and surface rendering.
Electronically excited water aggregates and the adiabatic band gap of water
Authors: Cabral do Couto Paulo , Costa Cabral Benedito J.
Published: January 2007

The authors report results for the electronic properties of the S1 singlet excited state of H3O+[OH(H2O)(n−2)]− aggregates, where n=2–5 is the number of water molecules. The energy of the excited state was defined relative to the ground state of neutral water clusters. Results for ionized aggregates are also reported. The results are based on configuration interaction with single excitations geometry optimizations followed by density functional theory and time dependent density functional theory calculations. Emphasis was placed on the relationship between electronic properties of the aggregates and the adiabatic band gap of liquid water. The authors’ predictions for the adiabatic energy gap of water clusters are in the 6.01–6.55eV range. These values are ∼0.9–0.4eV below the experimental adiabatic band gap of liquid water (6.9eV). Comparison with experimental information for water is reported for several properties of interest including vertical and adiabatic ionization energies, excitation energies, photoemission thresholds, and conduction band edge. The results provide a description, at the molecular level, for the electronic properties of water aggregates that is consistent with the current picture for the band gap of bulk water [J. V. Coe, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 20, 33 (2001)].