bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity of Potassium Channel BmK-NSPK Inhibitor Regulated by Basic Amino Acid Residues: Novel Insight into the Diverse Peptide Pharmacology
Authors: Zuo Zheng , Yang Xuhua , Zhang Haozhen , Qin Chenhu , Cao Zhijian , Wu Yingliang
Published: January 2025

The molecular interactions between venomous peptides and potassium channels have extensively enriched the knowledge of diverse peptide pharmacology, and the in-depth understanding of general features of the various peptide functions remains a formidable challenge. In this work, the role of peptide basic residues in peptide pharmacology was first investigated. Although the venomous BmK-NSPK peptide had the critically conserved functional residues occurring in its similar and potent potassium channel-inhibiting peptides, it was a remarkably weak inhibitor of potassium channels due to fewer basic residues. Additionally, 1 μM BmK-NSPK only inhibited 1.2 ± 1.0%, 1.7 ± 0.70%, 2.3 ± 0.49% and 5.4 ± 0.70% of hKv1.1, hKv1.2, hKv1.3 and hKv1.6 channel currents. The introduction of one or two basic residues in BmK-NSPK-I15K, BmK-NSPK-I18K, BmK-NSPK-I26K and BmK-NSPK-I18K/I26K could not improve BmK-NSPK activity. The modifications of more than three basic residues were found to continuously improve BmK-NSPK activity, and the corresponding BmK-NSPK-7K and BmK-NSPK-8K mutants could effectively inhibit hKv1.3 channel with IC50 values of 2.04 ± 0.68 nM and 21.5 ± 1.99 nM, respectively. Also, 1 μM BmK-NSPK-7K and BmK-NSPK-8K mutants could inhibit 84.1 ± 7.0% and 84.3 ± 1.8% of hKv1.1 channel currents. In addition, BmK-NSPK-7K and BmK-NSPK-8K mutants were found to differentially inhibit hKv1.6 and chimeric hKv1.3 channels. These findings first highlight the critical role of basic residues in the activity of potassium channel peptide inhibitors and provide novel insight into the diverse peptide pharmacology.
Theaflavins Are Improved by the Oxidation of Catechins in Tannase Treatment During Black Tea Fermentation
Authors: Yang Lijuan , Zhang Mengxue , Jiang Heyuan , Wang Weiwei , Huang Jigang , Ye Shuixin , Chen Yan , Liu Shuang , Liu Jiaxin
Published: January 2025

The treatment of black tea fermentation with different exogenous tannases was investigated, and processing parameters during black tea fermentation, including fermentation time, fermentation temperature, and exoenzyme amounts, were optimized, while the consumption and transformation pathways of catechins were analyzed. The results showed that tannase from Aspergillus niger was ultimately selected as the optimal enzyme to effectively increase the content of theaflavins by promoting the hydrolysis reaction and benzoylation reaction of catechins, resulting in a greater theaflavin (TF) content of 1.41%. The optimal processing conditions were found to be a fermentation time of 3 h, a fermentation temperature of 20 °C, and 1 g of tannase for 300 g of rolled tea leaves. Processing with the exogenous tannase could provide an ideal choice for the efficient utilization of summer and autumn fresh tea leaves, and could be used to develop summer and autumn black tea and to improve the content of theaflavins. It could also be used to develop deep processing of tea products with theaflavin extracts in the future.
Exploring the Potential of Chitosan–Phytochemical Composites in Preventing the Contamination of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria on Food Surfaces: A Review
Authors: Doan Nguyen Thi , Quan Nguyen Van , Anh La Hoang , Duc Nguyen Dang , Xuan Tran Dang
Published: January 2025

The escalating presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in food systems presents a pressing challenge, particularly in preventing contamination and ensuring food safety. Traditional sanitation methods, such as cooking and chemical disinfectants, provide effective means to reduce ARB, yet there is a growing need for additional preventive measures directly on food surfaces. This review explores the potential of chitosan–phytochemical composites (CPCs) as surface coatings to prevent the initial contamination of food by ARB, thereby offering a novel complementary approach to conventional food safety practices. Chitosan, combined with active plant-derived metabolites (phytochemicals), forms composites with notable antibacterial and antioxidant properties that enhance its protective effects. We examine CPC synthesis methodologies, including chemical modifications, free radical-induced grafting, and enzyme-mediated techniques, which enhance the stability and activity of CPCs against ARB. Highlighting recent findings on CPCs’ antibacterial efficacy through minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and zones of inhibition, this review underscores its potential to reduce ARB contamination risks on food surfaces, particularly in seafood, meat, and postharvest products. The insights provided here aim to encourage future strategies leveraging CPCs as a preventative surface treatment to mitigate ARB in food production and processing environments.
A Novel Nanomaterial-Based Approach for the Cryopreservation of Individual Sperm Cells Using Addressable Nanoliter Containers
Authors: Galmidi Bat-Sheva , Shafran Yana , Shimon Chen , Aizer Adva , Orvieto Raoul , Zurgil Naomi , Deutsch Mordechai , Schiffer Zeev , Fixler Dror
Published: January 2025

The research and development of a matrix of Addressable Nanoliter Containers (ANLCs) is the focus of this work. ANLCs introduce a novel approach for cryopreserving single sperm cells. A significant increase in sperm cell mortality was observed after cryopreserving nanoliter-scale cell suspensions, attributed to the diffusion of water from the aqueous droplets into the surrounding oil phase. This process elevated the salt concentration within the droplets. A practical solution was devised by saturating the oil with water, significantly reducing the concentration gradient and, consequently, the diffusion. For ANLCs smaller than a few nanoliters, locating individual sperm cells within the containers became highly feasible. Using saturated oil, the survival rate reached 100%. Optical simulations were conducted to evaluate the impact of ANLCs on light scattering, enabling the selection of designs with minimal scattering. The simulations conclusively demonstrated that a cylindrical container with a flat bottom produced the least light scattering. This device was tested under clinical conditions in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory, revealing its strong potential as a practical tool for housing individual sperm cells. It enables characterization using interferometric indicators and facilitates the selection of sperm cells for IVF.
Optimization of GaN Bent Waveguides in the Visible Spectrum for Reduced Insertion Loss
Authors: Li Wendi , Yin Huiping , Fang Qian , Qin Feifei , Shi Zheng , Wang Yongjin , Li Xin
Published: January 2025

The development of GaN-based photonic integrated chips has attracted significant attention for visible light communication systems due to their direct bandgap and excellent optical properties across the visible spectrum. However, achieving compact and efficient light routing through bent waveguides remains challenging due to high insertion losses. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of GaN bent waveguides optimization for visible light photonic integrated chips. Through systematic simulation analysis, we examined the effects of bending angle, process optimization approaches, and geometric parameters on insertion loss characteristics. The back-side thinning process demonstrates superior performance compared to front-side etching, reducing the insertion loss of 90° bends from 1.80 dB to 0.71 dB. Further optimization using silver reflection layers achieves an insertion loss of 0.57 dB. The optimized structure shows excellent performance in the blue-green spectral range (420–500 nm) with insertion losses below 0.9 dB, providing practical solutions for compact GaN photonic integrated chips in visible light communications.
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites and Their Application in Electronic Pastes
Authors: Wang Zizhen , Zhou Ming , Lu Baoying , Zhang Duo , He Hui
Published: January 2025

Silver nanoparticle-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube (Ag/MWNT) composites were prepared using a chemical plating method that effectively controls the overgrowth of silver nanoparticles, ensuring uniform particle size. Functionalization of the carbon nanotube surface with numerous functional groups facilitates the binding of silver ions to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). This process results in Ag/MWNT composites with a uniform distribution of silver nanoparticles, prepared through reduction via the silver mirror reaction. The impact of dispersants and reducing agents on the silver coating of carbon nanotubes was studied. The results revealed the formation of negatively charged functional groups (-COOH, -OH, -C=O, and -NH2) on the nanotube surface. These groups acted as nucleation sites for the formation of silver nanoparticles. These groups acted as nucleation sites for the formation of silver nanoparticles. Simultaneously, the Ag/MWNT composites demonstrated effective dispersion within the matrix, improving the electrical conductivity of the electronic paste by 32.1% and 33.1%. This improvement was attributed to the forming of a conductive pathway within the silver-modified composite. Ag/MWNT composites within the paste system improved interfacial contact between fillers and the matrix, enhancing their potential applications in thermal interface materials.
Advances in Photonic Metasurfaces and Metastructures
Authors: Babicheva Viktoriia E.
Published: January 2025

Photonic metasurfaces and metastructures have revolutionized the manipulation of electromagnetic waves across diverse applications, from optical communication to sensing and stealth technology [...]
Interfacial Charge Transfer Enhances Transient Surface Photovoltage in Hybrid Heterojunctions
Authors: Soncini Cristian , Costantini Roberto , Dell’Angela Martina , Morgante Alberto , Pedio Maddalena
Published: January 2025

The interfacial energy level alignment in the copper phthalocyanine/SiO2/p-Si(100) heterojunction has been studied in dark conditions and under illumination. The element-sensitivity of the time-resolved X-ray photoemission provides a real-time picture of the photoexcited carrier dynamics at the interface and within the film, enabling one to distinguish between substrate and molecular contributions. We observe a molecule-to-substrate charge transfer under photoexcitation, which is directly related to the transient modification of the band bending in the substrate due to the surface photovoltage effect. Our results show that charge generation in the heterojunction is driven by the molecular layer in contact with the substrate. The different molecular orientation at the interface creates a new channel for charge injection in the substrate under photoexcitation.
Sleep Duration, Dietary Inflammatory Potential, and Obesity in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Tembo Penias , Zhao Longgang , Le Marchand Loïc , Wilkens Lynne R. , Park Song-Yi , Haiman Christopher A. , Wirth Michael D. , Hébert James R.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sleep duration, diet, and obesity have each been identified as modifiable risk factors linked to CRC. However, their joint effect on CRC incidence is underexplored. This study investigated the association between sleep duration and CRC incidence and explored the joint effects of sleep duration, a pro-inflammatory diet, and obesity on CRC incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Methods: This prospective cohort study analyzed 193,027 participants from Hawaii and California enrolled in the MEC between 1993 and 1996. Sleep duration was self-reported and categorized as short (≤6 h), normal (7–8 h), or long (≥9 h). Diet was self-reported via FFQ and inflammatory potential was assessed using the energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII). CRC cases were identified via cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) for CRC risk. Results: After 23.8 years of follow-up, 5825 CRC cases were identified. A pro-inflammatory diet combined with suboptimal sleep increased CRC risk by 12% (short sleep duration, aHR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02–1.24) and 22% (long sleep duration, aHR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05–1.43). Furthermore, long sleep duration was associated with a 10% increase in CRC risk (aHR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01–1.22) compared with normal sleep, while short sleep showed no significant association overall. Obese individuals with short or long sleep had significantly higher CRC risk (short sleep aHR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.21–1.51; long sleep aHR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.14–1.64) compared with non-obese individuals with corresponding sleep durations. Conclusions: Long sleep duration and a combination of suboptimal sleep duration and a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern or obesity amplifies the risk.
Advancing Nutritional Care Through Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Critical Patients
Authors: Dumitriu Ana Maria , Cobilinschi Cristian , Dumitriu Bogdan , Vâlcea Sebastian , Ungureanu Raluca , Popa Angela , Ene Rǎzvan , Țincu Radu , Grințescu Ioana Marina , Mirea Liliana
Published: January 2025

Nutritional support in critically ill patients has been acknowledged as a pillar of ICU care, playing a pivotal role in preserving muscle mass, supporting immune function, and promoting recovery during and after critical illness. Providing effective nutritional support requires adapting it to the patient’s diagnosis, unique characteristics, and metabolic state to minimize the risks of overfeeding or underfeeding while mitigating muscle loss. This level of care requires a comprehensive nutritional assessment and the establishment of a nutrition-focused protocol. Regular, consistent and detailed nutritional evaluation can influence both therapeutic decisions and clinical interventions, thus ensuring that the specific needs of critically ill patients are met from the acute phase through their entire recovery process. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for enhancing nutritional care in critically ill patients. By delivering precise, real-time insights into key aspects of body composition, BIA is thought to provide clinicians with a more comprehensive understanding of the complex physiological changes that occur during critical illness. This narrative review highlights the potential of BIA in offering these precise assessments, facilitating the development of more accurate and personalized nutritional strategies for critically ill patients. If BIA can reliably assess dynamic shifts in hydration and tissue integrity, it holds the promise of further advancing individualized care and optimizing clinical outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Pradofloxacin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Profiling of Streptococcus suis Isolates: Insights into Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Swine
Authors: Risser Jessica , Tessman Ronald , Bade Don , Sahin Orhan , Clavijo Maria J. , Dhup Saumya , Hoffmann Patrick
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pradofloxacin against various swine respiratory pathogens, including Bordetella bronchiseptica, Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis (S. suis), associated with disease in swine. This research was conducted in two phases: the initial phase examined isolates from the lungs that could be either commensal or pathogenic, while the second phase focused on systemic S. suis strains that spread from the respiratory tract to the brain. The pradofloxacin MIC values of the second phase were within the MIC range of the initial phase, with MIC50 and MIC90 values highlighting its potential as an effective antimicrobial agent. Quality control data validated the reliability of our MIC findings, with all pradofloxacin MIC values for control organisms within approved ranges. These findings suggest that pradofloxacin has broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and may serve as a reliable therapeutic option for managing S. suis and other swine respiratory infections. This study highlights pradofloxacin as an alternative antimicrobial therapy for swine respiratory diseases, offering a potential solution amidst rising concerns over antibiotic resistance.
Radiolabeling and Preliminary In Vivo Evaluation of the Candidate CCR2 Targeting PET Radioligand [11C]AZD2423
Authors: Dahl Kenneth , Johnström Peter , Tóth Miklós , Bolin Martin , Varnäs Katarina , Nakao Ryuji , Takano Akihiro , Khani Meynaq Yasir , Bayrakdarian Malken , Cselényi Zsolt , Halldin Christer , Farde Lars , Schou Magnus
Published: January 2025

Background: AZD2423 is a high-affinity and selective negative allosteric modulator of the chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2). This receptor plays important roles in the extravasation and transmigration of monocytes under inflammatory conditions. The aims of the current positron emission tomography (PET) study were as follows: (i) to develop an efficient synthetic method for labeling AZD2423 with carbon-11 (11C, t1/2 = 20.4 min) and (ii) to evaluate its potential to visualize CCR2 binding in the non-human primate (NHP) brain. Methods: [11C]AZD2423 was synthesized using a novel two-step, two-pot [11C]carbon monoxide carbonylation procedure. PET imaging studies in NHPs (n = 2) were conducted to assess its brain penetration and in vivo distribution. Results: Radiolabeling of [11C]AZD2423 was accomplished with good yield (7.4 ± 0.6%, n = 4) and high radiochemical purity (>99%) using [11C]carbon monoxide. Preliminary PET imaging in NHPs revealed low [11C]AZD2423 brain exposure under both baseline and pretreatment conditions (SUVpeak = 0.4, n = 2). However, high concentrations of radioactivity were observed in organs outside the brain at baseline, e.g., the thyroid gland (SUVpeak = 3.3, n = 2), parotid gland (SUVpeak = 3.4, n = 2), and submandibular gland (SUVpeak = 4.4, n = 2). This radioactivity was markedly reduced following pretreatment with AZD2423 (3.0 mg/kg), indicating specific binding of [11C]AZD2423 to CCR2 in vivo. The presence of specific CCR2 binding was further validated using two-tissue compartment modeling, which demonstrated a 59–63% reduction in the total volume of distribution values in the analyzed peripheral tissues. Conclusions: Altogether, [11C]AZD2423 shows potential as a PET radioligand for the in vivo visualization of CCR2 expression in tissues outside the brain and may also serve as a lead compound for the further development of a CCR2 PET radioligand suitable for brain imaging.
Development of Salvia officinalis–Based Self-Emulsifying Systems for Dermal Application: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Skin Penetration Enhancement
Authors: Bodnár Krisztina , Papp Boglárka , Sinka Dávid , Fehér Pálma , Ujhelyi Zoltán , Lekli István , Kajtár Richárd , Nacsa Fruzsina , Bácskay Ildikó , Józsa Liza
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The present study focused on the formulation and evaluation of novel topical systems containing Salvia officinalis (sage), emphasizing their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Sage, rich in carnosol, offers considerable therapeutic potential, yet its low water solubility limits its effectiveness in traditional formulations. The aim of our experimental work was to improve the solubility and thus bioavailability of the active ingredient by developing self-nano/microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SN/MEDDSs) with the help of Labrasol and Labrafil M as the nonionic surfactants, Transcutol HP as the co-surfactant, and isopropyl myristate as the oily phase. Methods: The formulations were characterized for droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficacy, and stability. The composition exhibiting the most favorable characteristics, with particle sizes falling within the nanoscale range, was incorporated into a cream and a gel, which were compared for their textural properties, carnosol penetration, biocompatibility and efficacy. Results: Release studies conducted using Franz diffusion cells demonstrated that the SNEDDS-based cream achieved up to 80% carnosol release, outperforming gels. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) showed strong efficacy, with an in vivo carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model revealing that the SNEDDS-based cream significantly reduced inflammation. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of SNEDDS-enhanced topical formulations in improving therapeutic outcomes. Further research is warranted to confirm their long-term safety and efficacy.
Emerging Approaches in Glioblastoma Treatment: Modulating the Extracellular Matrix Through Nanotechnology
Authors: Horta Miguel , Soares Paula , Leite Pereira Catarina , Lima Raquel T.
Published: January 2025

Glioblastoma’s (GB) complex tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes its progression and resistance to therapy. A critical component of TME is the extracellular matrix (ECM), which plays a pivotal role in promoting the tumor’s invasive behavior and aggressiveness. Nanotechnology holds significant promise for GB treatment, with the potential to address challenges posed by both the blood-brain barrier and the GB ECM. By enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, nanotechnology offers the prospect of improving treatment efficacy and diagnostic accuracy at the tumor site. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of GB, including its epidemiology, classification, and current treatment strategies, alongside the intricacies of its TME. It highlights nanotechnology-based strategies, focusing on nanoparticle formulations such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles, which have shown promise in GB therapy. Furthermore, it explores how different emerging nanotechnology strategies modulate the ECM to overcome the challenges posed by its high density, which restricts drug distribution within GB tumors. By emphasizing the intersection of nanotechnology and GB ECM, this review underscores an innovative approach to advancing GB treatment. It addresses the limitations of current therapies, identifies new research avenues, and emphasizes the potential of nanotechnology to improve patient outcomes.
High-Harmonic Generation in an Optical Fiber Functionalized with Zinc Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Tiliouine Idris , Leventoux Yann , Orlianges Jean-Christophe , Crunteanu Aurelian , Froidevaux Marie , Merdji Hamed , Février Sébastien
Published: January 2025

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in semiconductor thin films from ultrashort mid-infrared laser drivers holds the potential for the realization of integrated sources of extreme ultraviolet light. Here, we demonstrate solid-state HHG in zinc oxide thin films synthesized by the radiofrequency reactive magnetron sputtering process directly on the cleaved facets of optical fibers. Harmonics 3 to 13 of the radiation from a fiber-based laser system delivering 500 kW, 96 fs pulses at 3130 nm are produced in the thin film and guided along the fiber. A proper choice of the laser wavelength and fiber material allows for filtering out the mid-IR pump laser and achieving the HHG mode selection. The possibility to nanostructure the fiber exit by, e.g., focused ion beam milling paves the way to an increased control over the HHG spatial mode.
Investigation of an Ultra-Wideband Optical Absorber with the Bandwidth from Ultraviolet C to Middle Infrared
Authors: Hung Chih-Ching , Lin Xin-Yu , Wu Tung-Lung , Liao Shu-Han , Chen Ho-Sheng , Yang Cheng-Fu
Published: January 2025

In the development of optical absorption technology, achieving ultra-wideband high absorption structures that span from the 200 nm ultraviolet C region to the 5800 nm mid-infrared range has been a significant challenge in materials science. Previous studies have shown that few optical absorbers can simultaneously achieve an absorption rate above 0.900 and cover such a vast spectral range. This study presents an innovative seven-layer composite structure that successfully addresses this long-standing technical issue. Through a carefully designed layered architecture, the researchers employed COMSOL Multiphysics (version 6.0) for detailed numerical simulations to verify the optical performance of the structure. The structural design features two key innovations. In the layered composition, the bottom (h1), h3, and h5 layers are made of metallic Fe, while the layers above them (h2, h4, and h6) use SiO2. The top layer is composed of a discontinuous cylinder Ti matrix. The first innovation involves the use of an inwardly recessed square design on the metallic Fe planes of the h4 and h6 layers, achieving high absorption across the 600–5800 nm range. The second innovation involves the use of the discontinuous cylinder Ti matrix for the top layer, which successfully enhances absorption performance in the 200–600 nm wavelength range. This structure not only employs relatively low-cost metals and oxide materials but also demonstrates significant optical absorption potential. Through numerical simulations and precise structural design, this study provides new ideas and technological pathways for the development of ultra-wideband optical absorbers.
Design and Analysis of Compact High–Performance Lithium–Niobate Electro–Optic Modulator Based on a Racetrack Resonator
Authors: Chen Zixin , Li Jianping , Zheng Weiqin , Liu Hongkang , Huang Quandong , Han Ya , Qin Yuwen
Published: January 2025

With the ever-growing demand for high-speed optical communications, microwave photonics, and quantum key distribution systems, compact electro-optic (EO) modulators with high extinction ratios, large bandwidth, and high tuning efficiency are urgently pursued. However, most integrated lithium–niobate (LN) modulators cannot achieve these high performances simultaneously. In this paper, we propose an improved theoretical model of a chip-scale electro-optic (EO) microring modulator (EO-MRM) based on X-cut lithium–niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) with a hybrid architecture consisting of a 180-degree Euler bend in the coupling region, double-layer metal electrode structure, and ground–signal–signal–ground (G-S-S-G) electrode configuration, which can realize highly comprehensive performance and a compact footprint. After parameter optimization, the designed EO-MRM exhibited an extinction ratio of 38 dB. Compared to the structure without Euler bends, the increase was 35 dB. It also had a modulation bandwidth of 29 GHz and a tunability of 8.24 pm/V when the straight waveguide length was 100 μm. At the same time, the proposed device footprint was 1.92 × 104 μm2. The proposed MRM model provides an efficient solution to high-speed optical communication systems and microwave photonics, which is helpful for the fabrication of high-performance and multifunctional photonic integrated devices.
Design and Fabrication of Orthokeratology Lens with Multi-Linear and Spherical Aberration Corrected for Myopia Control
Authors: Li Zhengwang , Hong Ruijin , Zhang Dawei
Published: January 2025

Myopia, an increasingly grave public health concern, necessitates the implementation of various techniques for its management. These techniques predominantly comprise the employment of spectacles correction, orthokeratology (ortho-k), and soft bifocal and multifocal lenses. In the present study, a pioneering polish-free ortho-k lens was devised, featuring two reverse lines and three alignment lines, which, respectively, expedite the shaping process and enhance centration. The structural blueprint of the ortho-k lens, along with the simulation of fluorescence staining, was executed employing the FocalPoints software V7.0 (Advance Medical, Milan, Italy). Subsequently, lens aberration elimination was accomplished through ray tracing utilizing ZEMAX software V13.0 (Focus Software, Wixom, MI, USA). The fabrication of the lens was carried out via high-precision lathe turning using the UPC 100 Vision instrument (SCHNEIDER, Ratingen, Germany). The power profile of the ortho-k lens was measured using the CONTEST 2 apparatus (ROTLEX, Omer, Israel). The surface quality was observed under a 200× microscope (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany). The fitting of the lens was assessed through the utilization of both Slit-lamp microscopy (MediWorks, Shanghai, China) and Corneal topographer (Medmont E300, Melbourne, VIC, Australia)
New Insights Reached via Graded-Interfaces Modeling: How High-Power, High-Efficiency Mid-Infrared QCLs Work
Authors: Botez Dan , Suri Suraj , Gao Huilong , Grange Thomas , Kirch Jeremy D. , Mawst Luke J. , Marsland Robert A.
Published: January 2025

Graded-interfaces modeling unveils key features of high-power, high-efficiency quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs): direct resonant-tunneling injection from a prior-stage, low-energy state into the upper-laser (ul) level, over a wide (~50 nm) multiple-barrier region; and a new type of photon-induced carrier transport (PICT). Stage-level QCL operation primarily involves two steps: injection into the ul level and photon-assisted diagonal transition. Furthermore, under certain conditions, a prior-stage low-energy state, extending deep into the next stage, is the ul level, thus making such devices injectionless QCLs and leading to stronger PICT action due to quicker gain recovery. Thermalization within a miniband ensures population inversion between a state therein and a state in the next miniband. Using graded-interfaces modeling, step-tapered active-region (STA) QCLs possessing PICT action have been designed for carrier-leakage suppression. A preliminary 4.6 µm emitting STA design of a metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown QCL led to an experimental 19.1% front-facet, peak wall-plug efficiency (WPE). Pure, diffraction-limited beam operation is obtained at 1.3 W CW power. A low-leakage 4.7 µm emitting design provides a projected 24.5% WPE value, considering MOCVD-growth, graded-interface interface-roughness (IFR) parameters, and waveguide loss (αw). The normalized leakage-current density, Jleak/Jth, is 17.5% vs. 28% for the record-WPE 4.9 µm emitting QCL. Then, when considering the IFR parameters and αw values of optimized-crystal-growth QCLs, Jleak/Jth decreases to 13.5%, and the front-facet WPE value reaches 33%, thus approaching the ~41% fundamental limit. The potential of graded-interfaces modeling to become the design tool for achieving room-temperature operation of terahertz QCLs is discussed.
Growth Rate and Not Growing Season Explains the Increased Productivity of Masson Pine in Mixed Stands
Authors: Bai Chunmei , Zhao Wendi , Klisz Marcin , Rossi Sergio , Shen Weijun , Guo Xiali
Published: January 2025

Increased tree species diversity can promote forest production by reducing intra-specific competition and promoting an efficient unitization of resources. However, questions remain on whether and how mixed stands affect the dynamics of intra–annual xylem formation in trees, especially in subtropical forests. In this study, we randomly selected 18 trees from a monoculture of 63-year-old Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) growing in pure stands and mixed them with 39-year-old Castanopsis hystrix in Pinxiang, southern China. A total of 828 microcores were collected biweekly throughout the growing season from 2022 to 2023 to monitor the intra-annual xylem formation. Cell production started in early March and ended in late December and lasted about 281 to 284 days. Xylem phenology was similar between mixed and pure stands. During both seasons, the Masson pine in mixed stands showed higher xylem production and growth rates than those in pure stands. The Masson pine in mixed stands produced 45–51 cells in 2022 (growth rate of 0.22 cells day−1) and 35–41 cells in 2023 (0.17 cells day−1). Growth rate, and not growth seasons, determined the superior xylem growth in the mixed stands. Our study shows that after 39 years of management, Masson pine and C. hystrix unevenly aged mixed stands have a significant positive mixing effect on Masson pine xylem cell production, which demonstrates that monitoring intra-annual xylem growth dynamics can be an important tool to evaluate the effect of species composition and reveal the mechanisms to promote tree growth behind the mixing effect.
Enhancing Bone Regeneration Using Blended Poly(L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide) and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Nanofibrous Periodontal Biodegradable Membranes
Authors: Naig Princess Joy , Kuo Zih-Yin , Chung Min-Fan , Chen Chih-Hao , Wang Chi-Yun , Hung Kuo-Yung
Published: January 2025

In regenerative periodontal treatment, barrier membranes restore periodontal support and aid tissue healing, but slow hard tissue regeneration can disrupt healing and cause tooth instability. This study aimed to fabricate a periodontal membrane through electrospinning poly(L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide) with varying β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) percentages (0%, 10%, 30%, and 40%) treated with hyaluronic acid to enhance bone regeneration in alveolar bone defects. Their ability to promote biomimetic mineralization was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis, wettability, and mechanical properties. Biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by examining BMSCs’ behavior. In vivo, the PLA/β-TCP membrane’s potential to promote bone regeneration was assessed through CT imaging and histological examination. FESEM analysis revealed β-TCP agglomerations within PLA fibers, increasing tensile strength. Water contact angle measurements showed better wettability and higher cell viability after hyaluronic acid treatment, indicating non-cytotoxicity. Membranes with 10% and 30% (w/w) β-TCP significantly enhanced cellular activities, including proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Animal tests showed a significant bone growth rate increase to 28.9% in the experimental group compared to 24.9% with the commercial product Epi-Guide after three months. Overall, PLA with 30% β-TCP optimally promoted periodontal hard tissue repair and potentially enhanced bone regeneration.
MS-Based Characterization of Biomass-Derived Materials: Activated Carbons and Solvent Liquefaction Products
Authors: Gutierrez Reyes Cristian D. , Onigbinde Sherifdeen , Amarasekara Ananda S. , Adeniyi Moyinoluwa , Solomon Joy , Gonzalez Ponce Herson A. , Mechref Yehia
Published: January 2025

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique that is widely used to characterize a variety of analytes across diverse fields. In the area of biomass conversion, which is essential for producing sustainable materials and energy, the role of MS is pivotal. Biomass conversion processes, such as solvent liquefaction and pyrolysis, generate a wide range of industrially valuable materials including bio-based polymers, fuels, and activated carbons. However, the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of biomass and its transformation products pose significant analytical challenges. Advanced MS techniques, such as GC-MS, LC-MS, ICP-MS and MALDI-MS, are essential for a comprehensive analysis, providing detailed insights into the compositions, impurities, and potential inhibitors that influence process optimization and product quality. This review systematically explores recent advancements in MS-based methods for the analysis of biomass-derived products. We discuss fundamental innovations in biomass conversion processes and highlight the applications of various MS techniques in assessing the chemical complexity of these materials. The insights provided by MS techniques not only facilitate process optimization but also support the sustainable production of high-value materials from biomass, aligning with ongoing efforts to enhance environmental sustainability and resource efficiency.
Tailored SAPO-34/Graphite Adsorbent Composite Coatings on Aluminum Substrate for Energy Sustainable Sorption Technologies
Authors: Palamara Davide , Proverbio Edoardo , Frazzica Andrea , Calabrese Luigi
Published: January 2025

This paper explores a novel composite adsorbent coating applied to an aluminum support. This coating incorporates SAPO-34 and exfoliated graphite fillers within a sulfonate polyether ether ketone (S-PEEK) matrix, offering a promising avenue for energy-efficient adsorption technologies. Composite coatings, containing SAPO-34 zeolite as the primary adsorbent (80–95 wt.%) and exfoliated graphite as a conductive additive (5 wt.%) were produced. A drop-casting technique was employed to deposit the composite mixtures onto aluminum substrates. The coatings exhibited excellent adhesion to the metal substrate, as proved by a pull-off strength higher than 1.0 MPa. The morphological characterization revealed a uniform dispersion of both additives within the host material. To evaluate their adsorption/desorption behavior, equilibrium water vapor adsorption isobars were determined at a constant pressure of 11 mbar across a 30–120 °C temperature range. The adsorption/desorption tests showed the composite coatings reached 26–30% water uptake, indicating that the matrix did not obstruct the water vapor mass transfer, and the zeolite exhibited active participation in the adsorption/desorption process. These results suggest that this material may be a promising candidate for energy saving systems.
Influence of Printing Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Provisional Polymeric Materials Produced by 3D Printing
Authors: Kaiahara Fábio Hideo , Pizi Eliane Cristina Gava , Straioto Fabiana Gouveia , Galvani Lucas David , Kuga Milton Carlos , Arrué Thalita Ayres , Junior Ageu Raupp , Só Marcus Vinícius Reis , Pereira Jefferson Ricardo , Vidotti Hugo
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the impact of printing layer orientation on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed temporary prosthetic materials. Traditionally, temporary prostheses are fabricated using acrylic resin (polymethyl methacrylate), but advancements have introduced bis-acrylic resins, CAD/CAM-based acrylic resin (milled), and 3D printing technologies. In 3D printing, material is manufactured in overlapping layers, which can be oriented in different directions, directly affecting the material’s resistance. Specimens were designed as bars (2 mm × 2 mm × 25 mm) and grouped according to their printing orientation: BP0 (0 degrees), BP45 (45 degrees), and BP90 (90 degrees). The models were created using Fusion 360 software (version 2.0.12600) and printed on a 3D DLP printer with DLP Slicer software (Chitu DLP Slicer, CBD Tech, version v1.9.0). The bars were then subjected to 3-point bending tests using an Instron Universal Testing Machine to measure Flexural Strength (FS) and Flexural Modulus (FM). Results demonstrated that the BP90 group exhibited the highest Flexural Strength (114.71 ± 7.61 MPa), followed by BP45 (90.10 ± 8.45 MPa) and BP0 (80.90 ± 4.01 MPa). Flexural Modulus was also highest in the BP90 group (3.74 ± 3.64 GPa), followed by BP45 (2.85 ± 2.70 GPa) and BP0 (2.52 ± 2.44 GPa). Significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed, indicating changes in the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed material. The study concludes that printing orientation significantly influences the mechanical properties of temporary prosthetic materials, making the selection of an optimal orientation essential to enhance material performance for its intended application.
Effects of High Insertion Torques (≥75 Ncm) on Secondary Stability of Implants Placed According to the “All-on-Four Concept”: A 2-Year Clinical Prospective Controlled Case Series Study
Authors: Coppedê Abílio , de Mayo Thiago , Bassani Rafaela , Rodrigues Olivio Isabela , de Rossi Figueiredo Daniela , Romasco Tea , Piattelli Adriano , Di Pietro Natalia , Mourão Carlos Fernando , de Carvalho Formiga Márcio , Shibli Jamil Awad
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Primary stability is an important factor for dental implant success, and a high insertion torque (IT) is recommended in cases where an immediate load is required or desired. At the same time, some authors have claimed that it can interfere with bone-to-implant healing. This study aimed to compare the survival rates of implants inserted with different torques in full-arch cases, with or without immediate load, with up to 2-year follow-up. Methods: This study included subjects who required full-arch rehabilitation with implants. All cases were planned for the placement of four implants on each arch and were divided into groups according to the IT and had implant stability quotient (ISQ) measurements taken periodically for up to 2 years. Results: No implant was lost during this period, and no significant differences in peri-implant bone loss were observed. The paired t-test was performed to determine the association between ISQ and IT. Conclusions: The results suggest that initial torques higher than 75 Ncm may not be harmful to the stability of implants placed for full-arch rehabilitation, at least during the study period. Further clinical studies with longer follow-up periods are necessary to confirm these results.
The New Normal in Pastoral Care: The Enduring Legacy of Media Appropriation in the Post-Pandemic Roman Catholic Church
Authors: Isetti Giulia , de Rachewiltz Michael , Pechlaner Harald
Published: January 2025

By leveraging 20 semi-structured interviews conducted in 2020 and 2024 with parish priests and laypeople with an office in the Diocese of Bolzano-Bressanone (Italy), this paper explores the enduring legacy of the pandemic in terms of digital engagement in Roman Catholic pastoral activities. Additionally, it investigates the impact of ICT and AI on religious authority. A comparison of the two waves of interviews shows that in the new normal, there has been an acceleration of the adoption of ICT and AI, primarily for internal communication purposes. However, faithful engagement and interaction through new and old media have remained one-way, reinforcing current ecclesiastical power hierarchies. Despite some inherent theological limitations to a more participatory use of ICT, the presence of pockets of innovation in extra-sacramental activities points to future possibilities for empowering laypeople and engaging with the faithful without compromising Church doctrine.
The Evolution of Venezuelan Evangelical Involvement in Politics: The Case of the 2024 Presidential Elections
Authors: Mora-Ciangherotti Fernando Adolfo
Published: January 2025

After his questionable re-election in 2018, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Moros (NMM) began a campaign to attract the attention of evangelical leaders, apostles, prophets, pastors, and church members to secure their votes for the 2024 campaign. The main reason for this move was the surprising growth of the evangelical population in the country, which reached almost 30% by the end of 2023. Several independent churches and denominations accepted NMM’s invitation to meet and participate in government programs specifically targeted at evangelical churches. Despite allegations of human rights abuses, corruption, and violations of the Venezuelan constitution, some evangelicals created a narrative about NMM as the “protector of families” and as God’s chosen one to usher in a new era of prosperity for the nation. Through acts of “identificational” repentance staged at the Miraflores Palace, a contrite NMM received prophetic declarations and prayers from apostles and pastors, and the country was cleansed of curses and satanic influences. This article seeks to document, analyze, and situate these discourses in relation to contemporary theological trends, as an important case of evangelical alignment with left-wing politics in Latin America. Moreover, the article also seeks to show how these events relate to the evolution of Venezuelan evangelical involvement in national politics, particularly under 25 years of socialist governments of Hugo Chávez Frías and Nicolás Maduro Moros.
Roots, Threads, and Possibilities: How Learning from Some Origin Stories of Evangelical Youth Ministry Can Help Navigate a Challenging Future
Authors: Scanlan Mark , Schoon-Tanis Gretchen , Lukabyo Ruth
Published: January 2025

Working with young people is a key part of the story of British evangelicalism, both being formed by and forming evangelical Christian life. Exploring evangelical youth ministry through the lens of the origins of the Crusaders’ Union of Bible Classes (now Urban Saints) in the UK and demonstrating the shared threads and themes in regard to the Australian and US contexts, through studies of the InterVarsity Fellowship (IVF) and Young Life, respectively, key themes are revealed that embody an evangelical approach to working with young people. These themes, encapsulated within the overall practice of relationship building, focus on influential young people, charismatic lay leadership, and have an emphasis on fun. We further demonstrate the wider influence on evangelical church life encapsulated by this evangelical sensibility towards working with young people that endures, which is often unacknowledged. In addition, these themes suggest an operant theology that raises questions for the practice of evangelical youth ministry. The consideration of these themes can help us respond to some of the challenges faced by youth ministry in the UK and young people in contemporary culture. Moreover, the historical threads contain possibilities that might help evangelicals navigate a future in regard to working with young people.
The Agency of Preaching: Practicing Hospitality in Multicultural Contexts
Authors: Ku Eliana Ah-Rum
Published: January 2025

Preaching in a multicultural context calls for hospitality to ensure that diverse cultures and experiences are acknowledged and valued. Embodying hospitality in preaching means that participants engage as co-hosts and co-guests, contributing to a shared vision of hospitality within the community. This opposes the asymmetrical, one-directional power dynamics that perpetuate the host–guest dichotomy in the gospel. This research argues that when Christian preaching in a multicultural context pursues “power-with” rather than “power-over” to address the power imbalances inherent in singular understandings and experiences, it can reframe preaching as an act of mutual hospitality rather than a unilateral act of defining or instructing the gospel. To pursue this, this study conceptualizes preaching as an ongoing act of hospitality among preaching participants, examines the possibility of preaching agency for co-preachers through the case of Korean Bible Women, and explores effective ways to practice preaching agency.
Intertextuality or the Decentralization of Meaning
Authors: Alkier Stefan
Published: January 2025

Part one introduces a concept of intertextuality based on categorical semiotics. Part two describes the method and part three provides an example, which considers the New Testament versions of Jesus walking on the sea alongside Lucian’s story about the Corkfeet.