bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gross hematuria and placenta percreta: Report of two cases and literature review
Authors: Alamdarloo Shaghayegh Moradi , Hashemi Atefe , Hessami Kamran , Askary Elham , Barzegar Hamide , Haseli Sara , Abbaspour Elahe
Published: December 2024

Placenta percreta, a rare variant of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders, poses a significant risk of life‐threatening hemorrhage associated with the adherent placenta. Bladder involvement signifies an even rarer incidence and may sometimes present solely with gross hematuria. Therefore, it is imperative to consider both microscopic and gross hematuria during pregnancy as alarming signs. Among 342 cases of PAS admitted to our hospital between 2016 and 2023, 48 patients were diagnosed with placenta percreta. Two patients, one at 18 weeks and the other at 25 weeks of pregnancy, were referred to our tertiary care center due to severe gross hematuria. Following thorough preoperative evaluation, both pregnancies were terminated due to their unstable conditions. The first case underwent an elective supracervical cesarean hysterectomy at the 19th week of gestation, while the second case underwent an emergency total cesarean hysterectomy due to lack of response to blood transfusions. Both procedures included bilateral internal iliac artery ligation. Postoperatively, patients recovered without any complications; however, the fetuses did not survive. Placenta percreta, protruding into the bladder, can lead to severe hematuria at any stage of pregnancy, increasing the risk of life‐threatening hemorrhage. Therefore, both microscopic and macroscopic hematuria during pregnancy should be considered alarming signs that require immediate attention. Early involvement of a urologist and a multidisciplinary medical team is also essential in suspected or confirmed cases of placenta percreta, as immediate surgical intervention may be necessary to ensure patient safety.
Report on Trichothecium roseum Causing Kiwifruit Postharvest Rot in Guizhou, China
Authors: Chen Haijiang , Ding Lan , Pan Nianjuan , Wu Wenneng
Published: December 2024

Kiwifruit postharvest rot causes significant economic loss during handling process from field to table. In our attempt to identify pathogens associated with kiwifruits in 2019, about a quarter of cold‐stored kiwifruits collected from Guizhou, China, were observed suffering postharvest rot. Diseased tissues were sampled for pathogen isolation. About 20% of the isolated pure cultures were identified to be Trichothecium roseum based on morphology and ITS sequence similarity. Identity was further supported by phylogeny analysis based on the LSU and TEF1α loci. Pathogenicity was confirmed on wounded kiwifruits and similar symptoms were observed. Koch's postulate was fulfilled by re‐isolation of T. roseum from symptomatic inoculated fruits. To our knowledge, this is the first solid confirmation of this pathogen infecting kiwifruits and resulting in postharvest rot.
Initial Experience of Contact Laser Vaporization of the Prostate Using the New Type of Fiber for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in a Single Institution
Authors: Yamamichi Fukashi , Inoue Takaaki , Fujita Masaichiro , Tominaga Koki , Yamashita Yousuke , Fujisawa Masato
Published: December 2024

Objectives

The objective of this study is to evaluate our initial experience with contact laser vaporization of the prostate (CVP) using the new type of fiber for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 43 patients in whom CVP was performed using the new type of fiber from October 2020 to December 2021 at our institution. Total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), IPSS voiding, IPSS storage, IPSS postmicturition, quality of life (QOL) index, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual urine (PVR) were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Prostate volume was assessed preoperatively and at 12 months postoperatively. Complications were also evaluated.

Results

Total IPSS, IPSS voiding, IPSS postmicturition, QOL index, and PVR showed significant improvement at 1 month postoperatively. IPSS storage showed significant improvement at 3 months postoperatively (p = 0.001), and Qmax showed significant improvement at 6 months postoperatively (p = 0.021). The preoperative prostate volume was 87.8 (65.0–116.7) ml and significantly decreased to 80.5 (42.6–97.4) ml at 12 months postoperatively (p = 0.002). The complications were acute prostatitis (9.3%) and temporary urinary retention (7.0%).

Conclusion

CVP using the new type of fiber was found to be a minimally invasive surgical procedure. There were no severe complications, and the short‐term outcomes were favorable.
Disparities in Health Screening Completion Status for Adults with Severe Disabilities Compared to Adults With No Disabilities in Korea: A Retrospective Study of Electronic Health Records
Authors: Kim Minji , Oh Oonjee , Kim Seck Jin , Lee Kyoung Suk
Published: December 2024

Health screening is crucial for individuals with disabilities because they are likely to experience preventable health challenges, leading to poor health outcomes. However, there is limited insight into barriers to health screening for them after arriving at a healthcare facility. Thus, this study aimed to explore the association between disability status/type and health screening test completion and the reasons for incomplete tests after arriving at a healthcare facility. We reviewed 767 electronic health records of individuals who underwent health screening in a healthcare facility over one year. Chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests were used to explore differences in test completion. Levesque's access to care framework was used to categorize the reasons for incomplete tests into provider‐ and patient‐related domains. The findings showed associations between disability status and health screening completion. Both provider‐ and patient‐related barriers were recorded as the reasons for incomplete tests for cases with disabilities. The associations found suggest potential disparities individuals with disabilities experience upon arrival at healthcare facilities. Further prospective studies are needed to test and validate the healthcare utilization disparities in disability.
Curation of OCA2 Variants of Uncertain Significance From Chinese Oculocutaneous Albinism Patients Based on Multiplex Assays
Authors: Yang Qingsong , Wang Yizhen , Wang Zengge , Lv Shushu , Hao Zhenhua , Wei Aihua , Li Wei
Published: December 2024

Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA‐2, OMIM: 203200) is associated with variants in the OCA2 gene. In this study, we aimed to re‐classify variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in OCA2 by evaluating subcellular localization and channel activity through multiplex assays of variant effect (MAVEs). Following the ClinGen guidelines for PS3 evidence, we selected 13 OCA2 variants from ClinVar (6 benign/likely benign [B/LB] and 7 pathogenic/likely pathogenic [P/LP]) for OddsPath analysis. The P/LP variants exhibited abnormal functions, while the B/LB variants demonstrated normal functions, supporting the application of “PS3_moderate” evidence for VUS re‐classification. In our functional evaluation of 30 VUS identified in 38 individuals with suspected OCA‐2 by trio whole‐exome sequencing, we observed 6 VUS with abnormal localization and 11 with abnormal channel activity. Based on PS3_moderate evidence, 8 VUS were re‐classified as LP, while 22 remained VUS. Consequently, 7 out of 38 previously undiagnosed patients received a molecular diagnosis of OCA‐2. These MAVEs offer a robust approach for curating OCA2 VUS, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and informing genetic counseling. Additionally, this variant cohort is a valuable resource for public databases.
Consideration of Diagnostic Methods for Cutaneous Larva Migrans in the Sole of an 8‐Year‐Old Boy
Authors: Kondo Makoto , Habe Koji , Tanaka Mio , Yamanaka Keiichi
Published: December 2024

An 8‐year‐old boy developed serpiginous erythema on the soles of his feet and was diagnosed with cutaneous larva migrans (CLM). Following treatment with ivermectin, the erythema improved within 7 days, but it recurred 14 days later, requiring a second dose for complete resolution. Ultrasound and MRI did not reveal any parasites, but fluctuations in eosinophils, IgE and IgA levels were observed during treatment. This case highlights the importance of combining multiple diagnostic methods to evaluate treatment effectiveness.
Leading while female: Analyzing women CEOs’ post‐appointment trajectory
Authors: Cook Alison , Glass Christy , Ingersoll Alicia
Published: December 2024

Objective

Women leaders continue to be in the minority as corporate CEOs. Despite efforts to highlight the benefits of leadership diversity, fewer than 10 percent of CEO positions within U.S. public corporations are held by women. This study draws on the theory of gendered organizations and token theory to explore challenges women CEOs face that may inhibit their leadership trajectories and contribute to the dearth of women CEOs. We build upon and extend recent research on the leadership trajectory of women CEOs post‐appointment.

Methods

We test whether women CEOs have shorter tenures and heightened vulnerability to dismissal relative to men CEOs, and whether women's risk of dismissal is exacerbated by the glass cliff. Our data draw from a large sample of firms in the Russell 3000 index from 2016 to 2022.

Results

We find that compared to men CEOs, women enjoy shorter tenures and face a higher likelihood of being dismissed involuntarily. This gender gap in dismissal risk is further exacerbated when women are appointed during times of weak organizational performance (i.e., the “glass cliff”).

Conclusion

We discuss the implications of our findings for theory and practice on gender inequality in organizations and research on the glass cliff.
Recurrent Outbreak of Carbapenem‐Resistant IMP‐1‐Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Kidney Transplant Recipients: The Impact of Prolonged Patient Colonization
Authors: Freire Maristela P. , Camargo Carlos Henrique , Bubach Laina , Yamada Amanda Yaeko , Spadão Fernanda , Lopes Carolina Andrade , Sacchi Claudio Tavares , Campos Karoline Rodrigues , Santos Marlon Benedito Nascimento , Junior Jose Otto Reusing , Cury Ana Paula , Rossi Flavia , de Araujo Evangelina da Motta P. A. , Levin Anna Sara , Nahas William Carlos , David‐Neto Elias , Pierrotti Ligia C.
Published: December 2024

Background

Infections by carbapenem‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) have been associated with high morbidity and mortality among solid organ recipients.

Objectives

To delineate the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of a recurrent outbreak of imipenem (IMP)‐producing P. aeruginosa (CRPA) among kidney transplant (KT) recipient

Methods

We described a recurring CRPA outbreak in a KT ward, divided into two periods: before unit closure (Feb 2019–2020) and after reopening (Aug 2020–Dec 2023). Routine surveillance cultures (SCs) were performed using axillary‐perineum‐rectal swabs with immunochromatographic tests. A case‐control study identified risk factors for CRPA acquisition. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis and whole genome sequencing characterized the strains.

Results

After reopening, new cases arose from patients previously colonized, peaking 18 months later. A total of 67 KT recipients with CRPA‐IMP‐producing strains were identified. All except one sequenced strain belonged to the ST446 clone, differing by a maximum of 110 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Forty‐five (67.2%) cases were identified through SC, with 45.7% showing intermittent SC positivity. Patients remained colonized for up to 623 days. Twenty‐four (35.8%) patients had infections, with the most common site being the urinary tract. Identified risk factors included older age, deceased donor, re‐transplantation, reoperation, carbapenem or quinolone use, lymphopenia, hospital stay >10 days, and the first 60 days post‐KT.

Conclusion

KT recipients can harbor CRPA for extended periods, and detecting CRPA‐colonized patients is challenging. These characteristics highlight the patient as the major source and a critical point in outbreak control.

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Improving Energy Efficiency of a Heat Exchanger Using Recovered Metal Chips During Forced Convection
Authors: Kouidri Ahmed , Madani Brahim , Ferfera Ratiba Sabrina , Abaidi Abou Houraira , Dahmani Abdellah , Tobbal Bilel
Published: December 2024

Among the methods used to enhance heat transfer, the insertion of porous media is prominent. Metallic foam is one of the most commonly used porous media in recent years; however, it presents a disadvantage due to its high cost. Therefore, the goal of this study is to utilize recovered metal chips from turning machines as an alternative in heat exchangers. To achieve this, we conducted a comparative experimental investigation on forced convection between two scenarios: an empty channel and a channel filled with the recovered metal chips. The investigation is divided into two main parts: a thermal analysis focusing on the enhancement of the heat transfer and improving energy efficiency, and a hydrodynamic analysis addressing the pressure losses in both cases. Experiments were conducted using an in situ test section. During experimentation, the water volumetric flow rates varied from 1.4 l/min to 4.2 l/min, with a heating power of 140 W. The used metal chips are made from hard steel. The results indicate that the insertion of metal chips made from hard steel in the channel increased the mean Nusselt number by an average factor of 3.97. However, the pressure drop in the channel filled with metal chips was four times greater compared to the empty channel.
Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Two Turbine Vane Frame Designs
Authors: Krajnc Nicolas , Hafizovic Asim , Wiesinger Lukas , Mangini Francesco , Sterzinger Patrick Zeno , Patinios Marios , Göttlich Emil
Published: December 2024

This paper presents an experimental study supported by numerical simulations of the performance of two turbine vane frames (TVFs) at various purge and TVF inlet swirl conditions representing both on- and off-design operations. The TVF serves as a structural link connecting the last high-pressure turbine stage to the first low-pressure turbine stage, functioning as a vane row for the latter. The two configurations considered share a common fully purged high-pressure turbine stage, followed by distinct TVF and low-pressure turbine rotor setups. Of the two TVFs considered, TVF1 features a single-splitter, while TVF2 incorporates a twin-splitter architecture. The experiments took place at Graz University of Technology's transonic test turbine facility. The steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations use 2D inlet boundary conditions derived from measurements and provide additional insights into critical flow phenomena. The dataset includes purge derivatives with three purge flowrates (PFR) of 0%, 50%, and 200%, the aero design point with 100% PFR, and one swirl derivative with positive incidence for each case. Both configurations exhibit unique flow phenomena, leading to distinct “regions of sensitivity” for each duct design. Due to the positive incidence, TVF1 demonstrates a pronounced upper passage vortex (UPV) that affects almost the entire span at the duct exit. Additionally, the UPV is found to be enhanced by the radial pressure gradient imposed by the duct's second bend. In contrast, TVF2 experiences a region of low-momentum flow at the hub, due to the combination of axial diffusion (as a result of area increase) and high flow turning showcasing greater robustness to purge derivatives.
Detection of Traceability Features Embedded in Metal Additive Manufacturing Components by Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing
Authors: Taherkhani Katayoon , Patel Sagar , Honarvar Farhang , Alimehr Peyman , Vlasea Mihaela , Langridge Eric , Amini Mohammad-Hossein
Published: December 2024

With the continuous advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) processes, ensuring that traceability and security for AM components has become paramount. Embedding unique identification features in AM components, akin to fingerprints, is essential for logistics management, certification, and counterfeiting prevention. In this article, we propose a novel approach utilizing quick response (QR) codes embedded via arrangements of unmelted features in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical shapes within steel blocks (MPIF 4406) fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). While computed tomography (CT) has been the dominant method for reading embedded QR codes, this article utilizes high-frequency phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) for reading these QR codes for the first time. Due to the layer-by-layer manufacturing process, the up-facing printed surfaces of the QR codes exhibit smooth characteristics (upskin), while the down-facing surfaces are rough (downskin). Ultrasound images from both surfaces are captured, each yielding distinct results. These captured images undergo image processing to compare them with their original designs. Linear and nonlinear image processing filters are applied to enhance the captured images, followed by feature extraction using two methods, Residual Network-50 (ResNet-50) and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), to evaluate their similarity to the original QR codes. The results reveal similarity percentages ranging from 70% to 85%. Most QR code images are readable, with upskin ultrasonic data providing better readability. This research underscores high-frequency PAUT as a promising solution for the rapid scanning of embedded QR codes in metal AM components, showcasing its potential for enhancing traceability and security in AM processes.
Impacto de la exclusión residencial sobre la salud: un enfoque integral
Authors:   UNED, Rodriguez Nuñez Juan Alonso
Published: December 2024

Esta comunicación examina la compleja interacción entre la gentrificación, turistificación y neoliberalismo en Palma de Mallorca, y su repercusión directa en la salud de la comunidad local, así como en la dinámica de precios de la vivienda. Integrando datos multidisciplinares, nuestro estudio destaca cómo estas fuerzas convergentes generan desigualdades sociales palpables y afectan significativamente en la calidad de vida en Palma de Mallorca.Nos proponemos explorar cómo estos procesos están intrínsecamente ligados a la inseguridad habitacional, exclusión residencial, escalada de precios de las viviendas y problemas de salud mental. Adoptamos un enfoque integral que abarca análisis de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos, centrándonos en estudios de caso en áreas afectadas por estos procesos en Palma de Mallorca. Se evaluaron indicadores de salud, condiciones habitacionales, dinámicas de precios de vivienda y factores socioeconómicos.La discusión se enfoca en cómo las políticas neoliberales han contribuido a la transformación del paisaje urbano, privilegiando el desarrollo inmobiliario en detrimento de la vivienda asequible y la salud comunitaria. La gentrificación turistificación, al convertirse en impulsores económicos, intensifican la exclusión residencial y crean una dinámica de precios de la vivienda, inaccesible para muchos residentes.Este estudio subraya la necesidad de abordar la interacción entre la gentrificación, turistificación y neoliberalismo en Palma de Mallorca como un fenómeno sistémico que afecta la salud y vivienda de la comunidad local. Abogamos por estrategias urbanas inclusivas que contrarresten los impactos negativos de estas fuerzas, promoviendo la equidad en la vivienda y salvaguardando la salud y el bienestar de todos los residentes.
Imperfect wound healing sets the stage for chronic diseases
Authors: Martin Paul , Pardo-Pastor Carlos , Jenkins R. Gisli , Rosenblatt Jody
Published: December 2024

Although the age of the genome gave us much insight about how our organs fail with disease, it also suggested that diseases do not arise from mutations alone; rather, they develop as we age. In this Review, we examine how wound healing might act to ignite disease. Wound healing works well when we are younger, repairing damage from accidents, environmental assaults, and battles with pathogens. Yet, with age and accumulation of mutations and tissue damage, the repair process can devolve, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, and neoplastic signaling. We discuss healthy wound responses and how our bodies might misappropriate these pathways in disease. Although we focus predominantly on epithelial-based (lung and skin) diseases, similar pathways might operate in cardiac, muscle, and neuronal diseases.
Scopes monkey trial, in context
Keeping the Faith: God, Democracy, and the Trial That Riveted a Nation
Brenda Wineapple
Random House, 2024. 544 pp.
Authors: Smocovitis Vassiliki Betty
Published: December 2024

A writer reexamines the 20th-century showdown between science and religion
On the origins of organisms
The Origin of Life
Aleksandr I. Oparin
Moscovky Rabotchii, 1924.
Authors: Lazcano Antonio
Published: December 2024

The heterotrophic theory of the origin of life turns 100
Synthetic gene circuits drive disease-fighting T cells
Authors: Davila Marco L. , Brentjens Renier
Published: December 2024

Immune cells can be programmed to deliver targeted therapies in models of brain and inflammatory disease
How the brain hatches an escape
Authors: Argenton Francesco , Gothilf Yoav
Published: December 2024

A neuroendocrine circuit controls when fish larvae are ready to hatch
Science and America’s challenge
Authors: Wilson Heather
Published: December 2024

Today, more than at any time since World War II, the United States is being challenged scientifically on the global stage. Unfortunately, the nation is not meeting the moment. With a new administration in the wings, the country must begin to monitor scientific advancements to avoid technological surprise and develop strategies to close the critical technologies gap.
Multispecies emergence of dual
bla
KPC/NDM
carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales recovered from invasive infections in Chile
Authors: Quesille-Villalobos Ana M. , Solar Camila , Martínez Jose R. W. , Rivas Lina , Quiroz Valeria , González Ana M. , Riquelme-Neira Roberto , Ugalde Juan A. , Peters Anne , Ortega-Recalde Oscar , Araos Rafael , García Patricia , Lebreton Francois , Munita Jose M. , Diaz Lorena
Published: December 2024

Carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CP-CRE) represent a significant global threat. The emergence of dual CP-CRE is particularly alarming, as they can potentially compromise the efficacy of newer antibiotics, further decreasing therapeutic alternatives. Herein, we report the emergence of multiple species of CP-CRE recovered from invasive infections in Chile that simultaneously harbor
bla
KPC
and
bla
NDM
and provide an in-depth genomic characterization of these worrisome pathogens. We collected carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates from invasive infections over a 4-year period, across 11 healthcare centers in Chile. Bacterial species and the presence of carbapenemase genes were confirmed using MALDI-TOF and PCR assays, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted through disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Dual CP-CRE isolates were subjected to short- and long-read whole genome sequencing to perform a detailed genomic characterization of the isolates and of the mobile genetic elements harboring the enzymes. From a total of 1,335 CRE isolates, we observed an increase in the prevalence of CP-CRE, from 11% in 2019 to 38% in 2022. A total of 11 dual CP-CRE isolates were recovered, all of them harboring
bla
KPC
and
bla
NDM
. Species corresponded to
Escherichia coli
(
n
= 6),
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(
n
= 2),
Klebsiella oxytoca
(
n
= 2), and
Citrobacter freundii
(
n
= 1). Dual CP-CRE isolates exhibited resistance to all tested β-lactams except for cefiderocol. The
bla
KPC
and
bla
NDM
encoding genes were located on independent plasmids. Platforms harboring
bla
KPC
were diverse and included IncN, IncF, and IncFIB plasmids. In contrast,
bla
NDM-7
was only found on fairly conserved IncX3 plasmids. We report that a rapid increase of CP-CRE in Chile, alongside with the emergence of multiple bacterial species of CP-CRE co-harboring
bla
KPC-2/3
and
bla
NDM-7
, underscores a critical public health challenge. Our data suggest that the dissemination of
bla
NDM-7
was predominantly facilitated by IncX3 plasmids, whereas the spread of
bla
KPC
involved multiple plasmid backbones. Active surveillance and genomic monitoring are critical to inform public policy and curtail the spread of these highly resistant pathogens.
Transcriptional delineation of polysaccharide utilization loci in the human gut commensal
Segatella copri
DSM18205 and co-culture with exemplar
Bacteroides
species on dietary plant glycans
Authors: Panwar Deepesh , Briggs Jonathon , Fraser Alexander S. C. , Stewart William A. , Brumer Harry
Published: December 2024

There is growing interest in members of the genus
Segatella
(family
Prevotellaceae
) as members of a well-balanced human gut microbiota (HGM).
Segatella
are particularly associated with the consumption of a diet rich in plant polysaccharides comprising dietary fiber. However, understanding of the molecular basis of complex carbohydrate utilization in
Segatella
species is currently incomplete. Here, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the type strain
Segatella copri
DSM 18205 (previously
Prevotella copri
CB7) to define precisely individual polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) and associated carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that are implicated in the catabolism of common fruit, vegetable, and grain polysaccharides (
viz
. mixed-linkage β-glucans, xyloglucans, xylans, pectins, and inulin). Although many commonalities were observed, several of these systems exhibited significant compositional and organizational differences
vis-à-vis
homologs in the better-studied
Bacteroides
(sister family
Bacteroidaceae
), which predominate in post-industrial HGM. Growth on β-mannans, β(1, 3)-galactans, and microbial β(1, 3)-glucans was not observed, due to an apparent lack of cognate PULs. Most notably,
S. copri
is unable to grow on starch, due to an incomplete starch utilization system (Sus). Subsequent transcriptional profiling of bellwether Ton-B-dependent transporter-encoding genes revealed that PUL upregulation is rapid and general upon transfer from glucose to plant polysaccharides, reflective of de-repression enabling substrate sensing. Distinct from previous observations of
Bacteroides
species, we were unable to observe clearly delineated substrate prioritization on a polysaccharide mixture designed to mimic
in vitro
diverse plant cell wall digesta. Finally, co-culture experiments generally indicated stable co-existence and lack of exclusive competition between
S. copri
and representative HGM
Bacteroides
species (
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
and
Bacteroides ovatus
) on individual polysaccharides, except in cases where corresponding PULs were obviously lacking.

IMPORTANCE

There is currently a great level of interest in improving the composition and function of the human gut microbiota (HGM) to improve health. The bacterium
Segatella copri
is prevalent in people who eat plant-rich diets and is therefore associated with a healthy lifestyle. On one hand, our study reveals the specific molecular systems that enable
S. copri
to proliferate on individual plant polysaccharides. On the other, a growing body of data suggests that the inability of
S. copri
to grow on starch and animal glycans, which dominate in post-industrial diets, as well as host mucin, contributes strongly to its displacement from the HGM by
Bacteroides
species, in the absence of direct antagonism.
Tethered release of the pseudorabies virus deubiquitinase from the capsid promotes enzymatic activity
Authors: Antinone Sarah E. , Miller John S. , Huffmaster Nicholas J. , Pickard Gary E. , Smith Gregory A.
Published: December 2024

Herpesviruses carry an assortment of proteins in the interstitial space between the capsid and membrane envelope, collectively referred to as the tegument. Upon virion fusion with a cell, envelope integrity is disrupted, and many tegument constituents disperse into the cytosol to carry out individual effector functions, while others direct transport of the capsid to the nucleus. To gain insight into the tegument dynamics that occur with disruption of envelope integrity, we used a combination of single-particle fluorescence and biochemical approaches that leveraged the previously established use of n-ethylmaleimide to inhibit virion dynamics. We document that the large tegument protein (pUL36), which is stably bound to the capsid surface at its C-terminus, is also conditionally bound to the capsid via its N-terminal deubiquitinase (DUB) domain. The DUB is released, while remaining tethered to the capsid by the pUL36 C-terminus, by a mechanism dependent on reactive cysteines. Mutation of these cysteines locks the DUB in a capsid bound state and suppresses enzymatic activity.

IMPORTANCE

Neuroinvasive alphaherpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus, cause a broad range of diseases in humans and other animals. Novel strategies to interfere with the virion structural rearrangements required for infectivity could prove valuable to treat infections, yet critical aspects of the virion architecture and its metastability remain poorly defined. In this study, we document that the pUL36 tegument protein exhibits conditional capsid binding in its N-terminal deubiquitinase domain that regulates enzymatic activity during infection.
Differential antigenic imprinting effects between influenza H1N1 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in a mouse model
Authors: Lv Huibin , Teo Qi Wen , Lee Chang-Chun D. , Liang Weiwen , Choi Danbi , Mao Kevin J. , Ardagh Madison R. , Gopal Akshita B. , Mehta Arjun , Szlembarski Matt , Bruzzone Roberto , Wilson Ian A. , Wu Nicholas C. , Mok Chris K. P.
Published: December 2024

Understanding how immune history influences influenza immunity is essential for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic strategies. This study examines the antigenic imprinting of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) using a mouse model with sequential infections by H1N1 virus strains exhibiting substantial antigenic differences in HA. In our pre-2009 influenza infection model, we observed that mice with more extensive infection histories produced higher levels of functional NA-inhibiting antibodies (NAI). However, following further infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, these mice demonstrated a reduced NAI to the challenged virus. Interestingly, prior exposure to older strains resulted in a lower HA antibody response (neutralization and HAI) to the challenged virus in both pre- and post-2009 scenarios, potentially due to faster viral clearance facilitated by immune memory recall. Overall, our findings reveal distinct trajectories in HA and NA immune responses, suggesting that immune imprinting can differentially impact these proteins based on the extent of antigenic variation in influenza viruses.

IMPORTANCE

Influenza viruses continue to pose a significant threat to human health, with vaccine effectiveness remaining a persistent challenge. Individual immune history is a crucial factor that can influence antibody responses to subsequent influenza exposures. While many studies have explored how pre-existing antibodies shape the induction of anti-HA antibodies following influenza virus infections or vaccinations, the impact on anti-NA antibodies has been less extensively studied. Using a mouse model, our study demonstrates that within pre-2009 H1N1 strains, an extensive immune history negatively impacted anti-HA antibody responses but enhanced anti-NA antibody responses. However, in response to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, which experienced an antigenic shift, both anti-HA and anti-NA antibody responses were hindered by antibodies from prior pre-2009 H1N1 virus infections. These findings provide important insights into how antigenic imprinting affects both anti-HA and anti-NA antibody responses and underscore the need to consider immune history in developing more effective influenza vaccination strategies.
Serine/threonine protein kinase mediates rifampicin resistance in
Brucella melitensis
through interacting with ribosomal protein RpsD and affecting antioxidant capacity
Authors: Yuan Yaqin , Ning Wenqing , Chen Junjie , Li Jiquan , Xue Tianqi , An Cuihong , Mao Lingling , Zhang Guangzhi , Zhou Shizhong , Ding Jiabo , Yang Xiaowen , Ye Jianqiang
Published: December 2024

Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, has re-emerged in both humans and animals, causing significant economic losses globally. Recently, an increasing number of rifampicin-resistant
Brucella
strains have been isolated worldwide without detectable mutations in known antibiotic resistance genes. Here, this study identified the deletion of serine/threonine protein kinase (STPK) gene in
B. melitensis
as an efficient trigger for rifampicin resistance using bioinformatics predictions, a transposon mutant library, and gene mutation strains. Notably, the absence of the STPK could increase the expression of ribosomal proteins and genes involved in sulfur metabolism and reduced glutathione, and decrease NADPH oxidase activity and NADP
+
/NADPH ratio, which is associated with the antioxidant capacity of
B. melitensis
. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation revealed that STPK could efficiently interact with the ribosomal protein RpsD, possibly altering protein translation and riboswitch expression. These findings demonstrate that the STPK gene mediates resistance by regulating sulfur metabolism to counteract the reactive oxygen species induced by rifampicin. Furthermore, the approaches developed in this study provide a platform for screening new resistance genes in
Brucella
spp., and the identified STPK or its pathway can serve as a potential target for new drug development against rifampicin-resistant
Brucella
spp.

IMPORTANCE

New rifampicin resistance gene in
Brucella melitensis
is identified via bioinformatics predictions and a whole-genome transposon mutant library, new mechanisms of rifampicin resistance in
B. melitensis
, and new function of serine/threonine protein kinase gene and its interaction proteins.
Study of Parameters and Characteristics of Turbulent Flow in the Working Zone of a Wind Tunnel
Authors: Poddaeva O. I. , Zubkov A. F.
Published: December 2024

This study presents an experimental investigation of turbulent flow characteristics within a wind-tunnel environment. A methodology was developed to analyze the parameters and characteristics of the turbulent flow in the wind tunnel’s test section. This methodology encompasses the determination of the reproducible range of air velocity, airflow velocity instability, nonuniformity of the airflow velocity field. The findings from the velocity field analysis demonstrate the feasibility of conducting aerodynamic tests on models subjected to a uniform flow within the wind tunnel.
Low-temperature Stepper Motor Operating in High Magnetic Field
Authors: Iafarova A. F. , Kholin D. I. , Sosin S. S.
Published: December 2024

Abstract—

A stepper electric motor has been designed to rotate a sample in an experimental cell inside a cryostat with 3He pumping. The device based on a rotor with crossed electrical windings, operates in an external magnetic field generated by a superconducting magnet. A prototype of the motor was mounted on a microwave spectrometer with a rectangular resonator. Test angular dependence of the magnetic resonance spectrum was obtained in a well-studied weak ferromagnet $${\text{MnC}}{{{\text{O}}}_{3}}$$ at temperatures 0.5–7.5 K in the range of angles ±100° from the initial position. Overheating of the cell and cryostat was studied and the heat release during operation of the mechanism was estimated.
Primary thymic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma with Sjogren’s syndrome and diffuse cystic lung disease: a complex respiratory presentation of a multifaceted autoimmune disease
Authors: Fu Michele Y , O'Neill Robert , Silverstone Elizabeth J , Yates Deborah H
Published: December 2024

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare form of B-cell lymphoma which can potentially affect the stomach, spleen, salivary glands, skin, lungs, orbit, and, rarely, the thymus. Patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) are at a 15–20 times increased risk of developing lymphoma compared to the general population.

Here, we present a case of primary thymic MALT lymphoma and associated diffuse cystic lung disease, incidentally identified on routine chest imaging. Thymic MALT lymphoma has to date been reported primarily in women of Chinese origin, mainly without cystic lung disease. Diffuse cystic lung disease is well documented in women with SjS and the differential diagnoses also include lymphangioleiomyomatosis, which occurs almost exclusively in women.

In the case presented, CT and positron emission tomography-CT showed a large hypermetabolic anterior mediastinal mass, as well as multiple thin-walled bilateral pulmonary cysts of widely varying sizes, without abnormal uptake. The patient was largely asymptomatic. Lung function testing, however, revealed restriction rather than obstruction, which is unusual in diffuse cystic lung disease. Biopsy of the mediastinal mass confirmed thymic MALT lymphoma which was treated medically with resultant improved lung function. This case highlights the association between SjS and MALT lymphoma, illustrates features which enable distinction between different causes of cystic lung disease in SjS, and comments on the multiplicity of SjS-related lung manifestations.
Splenic torsion in a patient with paraplegia: considerations for evaluation and management
Authors: Calatayud Brittney , Cooper Amanda B , Noty Christopher
Published: December 2024

Splenic torsion is a rare phenomenon characterised by a twisting of the spleen along its vascular pedicle, typically in the setting of lax suspensory ligaments. It is more commonly encountered in the paediatric population; however, it also has been documented in the adult population. Management is not well described due to its rarity. We illustrate a case of a paraplegic male in his 50s who presented with progressive abdominal pain and was found to have splenic torsion with suspected infarction on imaging. This was managed successfully with splenectomy.
Chocolate intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort studies
Authors: Liu Binkai , Zong Geng , Zhu Lu , Hu Yang , Manson JoAnn E , Wang Molin , Rimm Eric B , Hu Frank B , Sun Qi
Published: December 2024

Objective

To prospectively investigate the associations between dark, milk, and total chocolate consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in three US cohorts.

Design

Prospective cohort studies.

Setting

Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1986-2018), Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII; 1991-2021), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS; 1986-2020).

Participants

At study baseline for total chocolate analyses (1986 for NHS and HPFS; 1991 for NHSII), 192 208 participants without T2D, cardiovascular disease, or cancer were included. 111 654 participants were included in the analysis for risk of T2D by intake of chocolate subtypes, assessed from 2006 in NHS and HPFS and from 2007 in NHSII.

Main outcome measure

Self-reported incident T2D, with patients identified by follow-up questionnaires and confirmed through a validated supplementary questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for T2D according to chocolate consumption.

Results

In the primary analyses for total chocolate, 18 862 people with incident T2D were identified during 4 829 175 person years of follow-up. After adjusting for personal, lifestyle, and dietary risk factors, participants consuming ≥5 servings/week of any chocolate showed a significant 10% (95% CI 2% to 17%; P trend=0.07) lower rate of T2D compared with those who never or rarely consumed chocolate. In analyses by chocolate subtypes, 4771 people with incident T2D were identified. Participants who consumed ≥5 servings/week of dark chocolate showed a significant 21% (5% to 34%; P trend=0.006) lower risk of T2D. No significant associations were found for milk chocolate intake. Spline regression showed a linear dose-response association between dark chocolate intake and risk of T2D (P for linearity=0.003), with a significant risk reduction of 3% (1% to 5%) observed for each serving/week of dark chocolate consumption. Intake of milk, but not dark, chocolate was positively associated with weight gain.

Conclusions

Increased consumption of dark, but not milk, chocolate was associated with lower risk of T2D. Increased consumption of milk, but not dark, chocolate was associated with long term weight gain. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to replicate these findings and further explore the mechanisms.
Treatment options for chronic hypotony: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Khalil Rana , Dias Karla Orsine Murta , Sutaria Aman , Shah Diya , Bokre Desta , Petrushkin Harry
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Chronic ocular hypotony (low intraocular pressure (IOP)) is a potentially sight-threatening condition. Although there is some controversy as to what constitutes non-physiological IOP, generally it is accepted as an IOP of 6.5 mm Hg or less, measured on three separate occasions and lasting for at least 3 months. There is a paucity of data in the literature describing the management of this potentially blinding condition. As such, there is no standardised treatment regime available and no consensus on expected visual prognosis.

Methods and analysis

The protocol for this scoping review will follow best practice as outlined by the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group. This review will employ the population, concept, and context model for synthesis of the review questions. Databases searched will be Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science and Scopus databases, as well as reference lists of relevant articles and the grey literature. Key concepts identified for conducting the literature search will be ‘Ocular hypotony’, ‘medication’ and ‘surgery’. Eligibility criteria include all adults undergoing medical or surgical treatment for chronic ocular hypotony. In order to validate this search strategy, we performed a sample search on Ovid Medline from 1946 to February 2024. Following the selection process, a custom form was developed in Microsoft Excel for data charting. We intend to summarise the data using a narrative model, with the study findings grouped based on similarities in the type of treatment and outcomes assessed.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was not required, as our review will only include published data. We will publish the review in an open-access, peer-reviewed journal and publicise our findings at international meetings.
Patient experience of opioid use disorder treatment medications: a systematic review of contemporary qualitative research
Authors: Lowry Natalie , Najia Carina , Kelleher Mike , Mitcheson Luke , Marsden John
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Opioid agonist, partial agonist and antagonist medications are used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). This was the first omnibus narrative systematic review of the contemporary qualitative literature on patient experiences of receiving these medications.

Design

Narrative systematic review using the sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation and research framework.

Data sources

PubMed, Embase and APA PsycINFO were searched between 1 January 2000 and 14 June 2023, with the addition of hand searches.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Qualitative and mixed methods studies among adults with experience of receiving OUD treatment medication in community and criminal justice settings.

Data extraction and synthesis

One reviewer conducted searches using the pre-registered strategy. Two independent reviewers screened studies and assessed quality using the Consolidation Criteria for Reporting Qualitative tool. Identified reports were first categorised using domains from the addiction dimensions for assessment and personalised treatment (an instrument developed to guide OUD treatment planning), then by narrative synthesis.

Results

From 1129 studies, 47 reports (published between 2005 and 2023) were included. Five major themes (and nine subthemes) were identified: (1) expectations about initiating treatment (barriers to access; motivations to receive medication); (2) responses to medication induction and stabilisation; (3) experience of the dispensing pharmacy (attending; medication dispensing); (4) experiences of maintenance treatment (services; dose adjustment; personal and social functioning); and (5) social factors (integration and stigma) and experiences of discontinuing treatment. Together these themes reflected and endorsed the importance of patient-centred care and clinically integrated services. Further qualitative research in real-world settings is needed on extended-release buprenorphine given the relative novelty of this medication option.

Conclusions

A narrative systematic review of the qualitative studies of medications for OUD endorsed the importance of patient-centred care and clinically integrated services.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019139365.
Detection and stiffness measurement of weak zones in cement-treated ground using travel-time tomography
Authors: Wong Dawn Yun-Cheng , Ng Yannick Choy Hing , Hong Yuting , Ku Taeseo , Goh Siang Huat , Lee Fook-Hou
Published: December 2024

Cement-treated ground often possesses significant spatial variation in strength and stiffness. Studies on the detection and stiffness measurement of weak zones in cement-treated ground using seismic geophysical methods remain limited to date. The work examines the feasibility of using seismic travel time tomography to detect and measure the stiffness of weak zones in cement-treated ground, through 1-g modelling of a cross-hole setup with weak zones of prescribed sizes and stiffnesses. Using bender elements as transmitters and receivers, shear wave velocity profiles across the weak zones are mapped. Sizes, locations, and stiffnesses of the weak inclusions are also inferred from shear wave travel times using GeoTomCG. The results indicate that although the sizes and locations of weak zones can be reliably detected using first-arrival time-picking, the stiffnesses is significantly over-estimated. The latter is due to the arrival of the diffracted waves around the weak zone masking the arrival of the transmitted waves. A modified time-picking method, using the wavelet transform, is developed and is shown to give more reliable stiffness measurements of the weak zone, but not the shape. Combining direct and wavelet time-picking allows the sizes, shapes, locations, and stiffnesses of the weak zones to be more reliably resolved.
How a growing dendritic crystal reaches its stationary crystallization velocity
Authors: Alexandrov Dmitri V. , Titova Ekaterina A. , Toropova Liubov V.
Published: December 2024

Motivated by important applications in materials science, geo- and biophysics, we develop a theory answering the question of how a growing dendritic crystal reaches its stationary crystallization velocity. To do this, we compare existing theoretical approaches, computational simulations and experimental data for crystal growth laws at certain time intervals. Taking these laws into account, we stitch together all known asymptotics and derive two generalized expressions for the crystal growth velocity as a function of time. We analyze a behaviour of these generalized laws and compare them with experiments. Both expressions have similar behaviour and well describe the experimental data. Therefore, the choice between these expressions is more a matter of taste.