bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monetary Policy Announcements and Market Interest Rates in Pakistan: An Event Study Approach.
Authors: Habib-ur-Rahman Habib-ur-Rahman
Published: September 2018

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of monetary policy (MP) announcements on market interest rates at different nine maturities (1/Week, 2/Week, 1/Month, 3/Months, 6/Months, 9/Months, 1/Year, 2/Years and 3/Years) in Pakistan. The Event window of 11 days and an estimation window of 250 days have been used for analysis. The study did not find significant evidence of ARCH effect in market interest rates at (1/Year, 2/Years and 3/Years) maturities. However, there is evidence of significant abnormal returns which shows a positive impact of monetary policy announcements on market interest rates at different nine maturities. Keywords: Monetary Policy, Market Interest Rates, Normal Rates, Abnormal Rates, GARCH, ARIMA
Policy of Inflation Targeting in the Presence of Fiscal Deficit and External Debt: Opt or Not to Opt.
Authors: Muhammad Ali Kemal
Published: September 2018

The main task of the macroeconomic policy-makers is to control unemployment and inflation at the minimum possible level. Different policies have been tried to control inflation at its minimum possible level and inflation targeting is the most popular among them. It is the commitment to maintain inflation at the announced level and use interest rate as an instrument to control it if it is expected to diverge from the announced level. However in a higher \dollar denominated debt. country Central Bank is reluctant to increase interest rate because it pressurises the foreign exchange market, which leads to exchange rate depreciation. If there is exchange rate pass through effect to prices, depreciation leads to increase in prices. Thus increase in interest rate does not decrease prices instead results in increase in prices. The two important linkages were tested in this study are (i) increase in real interest rate depreciates the currency, and (ii) depreciation in real exchange rate leads to increase in prices. Using VAR model we concluded that real exchange rate is not significantly associated to the real interest rate in the short run and exchange rate pass through effect to prices is not present in Pakistan.
Macro level Determinants of Poverty: Investigation Through Poverty Mapping of Districts of Pakistan.
Authors: Farah Said  , Tareena Musaddiq  , Mahreen Mahmud
Published: September 2018

The study explores the spatial patterns of poverty in Pakistan through two dimensions: asset accumulation and basic needs. For this purpose Pakistan Standard of Living Measurement 08-09 is employed to construct an Asset Index and a Basic Needs index, at a district level, through the use of household level indicators. The study finds a clear north south divide, with particular concentration of better off districts in the north east of the country. Additionally, regression analysis is carried out to help identify the macro level factors contributing towards the observed pattern. Results reveal infrastructural and industrial development to be significant factors behind a district‘s well-being. This indicates that public policy directed towards developing deprived districts should be cantered on these factors, specifically expanding road networks, and incentives for industrial development in those districts. JEL classifications: I32, O53 Keywords: Measurement and Analysis of Poverty, District Level Analysis, Pakistan
Assessing Poverty with Non-Income Deprivation Indicators: Pakistan, 2008-09.
Authors: Haroon Jamal
Published: September 2018

The approach to measure poverty in terms of financial deprivation has been widely criticised in the literature of welfare and wellbeing. It is argued that to understand the complex phenomenon of poverty or to evaluate household or individual wellbeing, a multidimensional exercise is imperative. This research quantifies the level of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan using household data of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey. Multidimensional poverty in terms of the popular FGT (headcount, poverty gap, poverty severity) indices is estimated for the year 2009. Indicators of human poverty, poor housing and deprivation in household physical assets are included in estimating poverty in multi-dimensional context. For assessing the inter-temporal consistency in the methodology, poverty indices are also developed for the year 2005. JEL classification: I32, I31 Keywords: Poverty, Multidimensional, Categorical Principal Component Analysis, Poverty Indices, Pakistan
Does Economic Geography Matter for Pakistan? A Spatial Exploratory Analysis of Income and Education Inequalities.
Authors: Sofia Ahmed
Published: September 2018

Generally, econometric studies on socio-economic inequalities consider regions as independent entities, ignoring the likely possibility of spatial interaction between them. This interaction may cause spatial dependency or clustering, which is referred to as spatial autocorrelation. This paper analyses for the first time, the spatial clustering of income, income inequality, education, human development, and growth by employing spatial exploratory data analysis (ESDA) techniques to data on 98 Pakistani districts. By detecting outliers and clusters, ESDA allows policy makers to focus on the geography of socio-economic regional characteristics. Global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation have been computed using the Moran‘s I and the Geary‘s C index to obtain estimates of the spatial autocorrelation of spatial disparities across districts. The overall finding is that the distribution of district wise income inequality, income, education attainment, growth, and development levels, exhibits a significant tendency for socio-economic inequalities and human development levels to cluster in Pakistan (i.e. the presence of spatial autocorrelation is confirmed). Keywords: Pakistan, Spatial Effects, Spatial Exploratory Analysis, Spatial Disparities, Income Inequality, Education Inequality, Spatial Autocorrelation
Honouring Parvez Hasan
Authors: Rashid Amjad
Published: September 2018

It is indeed a privilege for me to join Dr Naved Hamid in paying tribute to Dr Parvez Hasan, an outstanding economist recognised for his work on development economics, on the economy of Pakistan, and the East Asian economies. The Pakistan Society of Development Economists honours him today for his contribution to. economics, to the development of the Pakistan economy and to the economic profession in Pakistan. Dr Naved Hamid has recalled Dr Parvez Hasan illustrious career. In my tribute to Dr Parvez Hasan I want to put his life and career in the broader context of the times he lived in and the important institutions in which he served and their development to which he contributed. To me the life of Dr Parvez Hasan, as so wonderfully captured in his recently published autobiography, "My Life My Country-Memoirs of a Pakistani Economist", is a story which covers not only the creation and early years of Pakistan's independence but is the story of its nascent years and the rise of the profession of economists in Pakistan. It is also the story of three remarkable economists, whose lives and careers were closely intertwined and of three great institutions which were to playa pioneering role in the economic development of Pakistan as well as in laying the foundation of serious analytical and applied research on emerging economic issues confronting the country.
The Idea of Inclusive Growth and Development Policy
Authors: Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Published: September 2018

This paper explores the idea of Inclusive Growth as it has evolved over time since the Industrial Revolution in the West, and in the developing countries since 1950, when development economics and development policy were officially born. It is defined as a policy that deliberately seeks to achieve concurrently a dynamic relationship between the growth of per capita income, the distribution of income and the level of poverty in a growing society. The active pursuit of this three-pronged objective must, therefore, be the basic aim of development policy. Experience shows that this relationship, though generally true, is by no means automatic, nor is it amenable to quick fixes. The main premise of the present paper is that without inclusive growth the standard of living of a people cannot be raised on a permanent basis. The paper argues that to succeed in grasping the Holy Grail will require a major rethinking of development policies to guide developing countries along a high-growth trajectory. In particular, development policies that the fast-growers (especially the miracle-growers of East Asia and now China) have pursued must also form part of the policy-packages of developing countries together with measures to promote high rates of saving to finance the investment requirements of a fast-growing economy, and government-supported import-substituting industrialisation, among others. Yet, the policies of the fast-growers need not be imitated blindly. But they should be adjusted to take into account new knowledge about the development process. To institutionalise growth on a long-term basis, governments must also prepare a new social contract to lay firm foundations of a dynamic society based on social justice; which, in turn, requires a creative synergy of economic, political and social forces at work in the society.
On the Welfare Cost of Inflation: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Siffat Mushtaq  , Abdul Rashid  , Abdul Qayyum
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we quantify welfare costs of inflation for Pakistan for the period 1960-2007 using semi-log and double-log money demand functions. We find that the welfare gain of moving from positive inflation to zero inflation is approximately the same under both money demand specifications but the behaviour of the two models is fairly different towards low interest rates. Moving from zero inflation to zero nominal interest rate has a substantial gain under double-log form compared to the semi-log function. The compensating variation approach for the semi-log model gives higher welfare loss figures compared to Bailey’s approach. However, the two approaches yield approximately the same welfare cost of inflation for the double-log specification.
Keywords: Monetary Policy, Inflation, Interest Rate, Welfare Costs, Money Demand Functions
Aminullah Chaudary. Political Administrators: The Story of Civil Service of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2011. 371 pages, Rs 895.00.
Authors: Henna Ahsan
Published: September 2018

A bureaucracy is a group of individuals who are non-elected and serve as government employees to help implement rules and laws of a country. The term bureaucracy was created by combining the words ‘bureau’ which means desk or office and ‘kratos’, meaning rule or political power to govern. Different countries have adopted various ways to induct people to run the government and make new laws. Max Weber, a renowned and notable German administrative scholar is credited to be the pioneer of the use of bureaucracy in public administration. In this book on the Civil Service of Pakistan, the author has described the way bureaucratic culture gained strength and restricted the grooming of political culture in the country. He shows how ‘seniority’ overwhelmed ‘merit’ in the promotion process of the officers in the Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP), an offspring of the Indian Civil Service (ICS). The CSP officers always considered themselves as an élite class and looked down upon the politicians. The author narrates the superior attitude of Iskander Mirza (a notable member of the ICS, then CSP) in these words: “Mirza was proud of his IPS and CSP lineage and never missed an opportunity of proclaiming this fact. His admiration for the colonial system of administration was matched by a corresponding contempt for politicians.” The relationship between the bureaucracy and the military was to ensure that politicians did not make a mess of things. The bureaucracy was able to call on the military in times of crisis and never worried about its overstaying the visit. The basic theme of the Indian Civil Service was that the local Indians were recruited as officers by the British to suppress and control an enslaved people. Unfortunately, even after gaining independence the mindset of the bureaucratic staff didn’t change and they conveniently forgot that an independent nation required a different approach.
Market Diversification and Firms’ Characteristics of Export-Oriented Manufacturers in Pakistan
Authors: Ejaz Ghani  , Tariq Mahmood  , Musleh Ud Din
Published: September 2018

This paper explores the determinants of market diversification by export-oriented manufacturing firms using the logistic regression framework. The results show that firm level characteristics including age of the enterprise, managerial expertise, type of ownership, and size of the enterprise play a key role in determining the probability of market diversification by firms. These findings highlight the salience of firm level capacities in achieving export diversification in Pakistan. JEL Classification: F14, L25
Keywords: Exports, Firms, Market Diversification, Manufacturing
The Impact of Climate Change on Major Agricultural Crops: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Rehana Siddiqui  , Ghulam Samad  , Muhammad Nasir  , Hafiz Hanzla Jalil
Published: September 2018

It is necessary for a country to make its agriculture sector efficient to enhance food security, quality of life and to promote rapid economic growth. The evidence from least developed countries (LDCs) indicates that agriculture sector accounts for a large share in their gross domestic product (GDP). Thus the development of the economy cannot be achieved without improving the agriculture sector. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12) its main natural resource is arable land and agriculture sector’s contribution to the GDP is 21 percent. The agricultural sector absorbs 45 percent of labour force and its share in exports is 18 percent. Given the role of agricultural sector in economic growth and its sensitivity to change in temperature and precipitation it is important to study the impact of climate change on major crops in Pakistan. There are two crops seasons in Pakistan namely, Rabi and Kharif. Rabi crops are grown normally in the months of November to April and Kharif crops are grown from May to October. These two seasons make Pakistan an agricultural economy and its performance depends on the climate during the whole year. Climate change generally affects agriculture through changes in temperature, precipitation.
Emerging Issues in the Implementation of Irrigation and Drainage Sector Reforms in Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Junaid Alam Memon  , Usman Mustafa
Published: September 2018

Ever increasing demand for food, electricity and domestic water use due to rapid growth in population has remained a key challenge for Pakistan since the 1950s. The country has invested heavily in water engineering projects to establish the world’s largest gravity-driven irrigation network on the Indus [Bandaragoda (2006); Bengali (2009)]. Besides fulfilling a significant proportion of the country’s energy demand from hydro-power installations, the system irrigates about 14 million hectares of farmlands and supports agriculture sector to contribute about 21 percent of the GDP, 60 percent of the exports and 45 percent of the labour force [Bhutta (2006); Pakistan (2012)]. Amidst its development, the elaborated irrigation facility has left a deep footprint on productivity and environment of the basin itself in the form of the rising levels of water-logging and salinity and the degradation of deltaic ecology [Briscoe and Qamar (2009); Memon and Thapa (2011)]. By the 1960s, every year about 40,000 hectares of fertile farmlands were turning into wastelands because of water-logging and salinity in the basin [Bhutta (2006); Mulk (2009); Qureshi, et al. (2008)]. Therefore, the country had no option but to develop a remedial drainage network of thousands of kilometres of drains and numerous tube wells parallel to the existing irrigation infrastructure.
Risk Management in the Financial Services Sector—Applicability and Performance of VaR Models in Pakistan
Authors: Syeda Rabab Mudakkar  , Jamshed Y. Uppal
Published: September 2018

Financial services sector has become a major driver of economic growth in the developing countries through innovation in response to the forces of globalisation and technology. Sound risk management practices by financial institution are critical to the stability of the institutions and to the sustainability of economic growth. Therefore, measurement of market risk is important to all market participants for devising risk management strategies. Value-at-Risk (VaR) is the most widely used measure of market risk, which is defined as the maximum possible loss to the value of financial assets with a given probability over a certain time horizon. However, the task of implementing the VaR approach still remains a challenge as the empirical return distributions are found to be fat tailed and skewed in contrast to the normal distribution as assumed in the theoretical models. An extensive literature in finance (e.g., Nassim Taleb’s The Black Swan) underscores the importance of rare events in asset pricing and portfolio choice. These rare events may materialise in the shape of a large positive or negative investment returns, a stock market crash, major defaults, or the collapse of risky asset prices.
Can Common Stocks Provide Hedge against Inflation? Evidence from SAARC Countries
Authors: Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah  , Zafar Mueen Nasir  , Muhammad Naeem
Published: September 2018

The theory says that if stocks provide an effective hedge against inflation then the effect of expected inflation should be compensated in the form of nominal stock return. As Fisher Hypothesis (1930) concluded that nominal expected return on a security is a function of expected inflation rate as well as expected real interest rate. Bodie (1976) worked on Fisher Hypothesis and found that actual nominal return depends on expected and unexpected inflation rates and also it depends on expected and unexpected nominal returns. According to Geske and Roll (1983) a positive relationship exists between stock returns and inflation, based on the assumption that securities represent claims on real assets. When there is an increase in rate of inflation, it is expected that prices of real assets will also rise, thereby improving the value of securities representing a claim on such real assets. We found that various studies in this area reported against the hypothesis, showing a negative relationship between the two. However, certain other studies support the theory asserting that the relationship existing between stock returns and inflation is positive. While the negative relationship between inflation and stock return is against the theory, negative results have led to formation of hypothesis such as tax augmented hypothesis. The tax augmented hypothesis states that when we deduct tax from the stock returns, their relationship with inflation tends to get negative as the quantum and rate of taxes also rise along with inflation. This hypothesis also opines that initial researcher did not consider the tax impact when they were empirically testing the relationship between stock returns and inflation.
Economic Growth-Female Labour Force Participation Nexus: An Empirical Evidence for Pakistan
Authors: Nooreen Mujahid  , Naeem Uz Zafar
Published: September 2018

Economic literature shows significant attention towards the role played by female labour force in the economic development of nations. The structural changes of economies from agriculture to industrial and services sector reduce the female labour force participation in case of developing nations. The activities of female labour force increases in the later stage of economic development due to increase in education and dynamics of economic activity. As the size of the economy expands females have easier and better access of jobs thus are encouraged to become economically active, it leads to increase female participation in the productive activities. The participation of female labour force is desirable for both equity and efficiency reasons. The equity aspect shows that the women’s participation in the labour market ultimately improves their relative economic position, increase the overall economic efficiency by enhancing the development potential of the country. Moreover, the increasing integration of women in the economy helps in reducing gender disparities in education, improving maternal health, increasing sectoral share of female employment in different sectors of the economy, demonstrating the hidden contribution of women as unpaid family worker especially in agriculture sector. According to the modernisation theorists, economic development is positively associated with female labour force participation through change in the occupational structure and increase in educational opportunities along with the household responsibilities. The modernisation process is linked with increased demand for labour, a general social acceptance of women’s education and employment as well as lower fertility [Heckman (1980); Standing (1981); Bauer and Shin (1987)]. A body of theoretical and empirical literature provides evidence that female labour force participation has a positive and strong relationship with economic growth [Tansel (2002) and Fatima and Sultana (2009)].
Foreign Aid, External Debt and Economic Growth Nexus in Low-Income Countries: The Role of Institutional Quality
Authors: Unbreen Qayyum  , Adnan Haider
Published: September 2018

Foreign capital and institutional quality simultaneously play an important role in the development process of low-income countries. By and large developing nations fell short of funds necessary to spur the economic growth. Along with this constraint, they are facing the down fall in the quality of governance. Low earned revenues and high government expenditure increase the reliance upon the foreign capital mostly in the form of foreign aid and external debt. Just the availability of foreign funds is not sufficient to stimulate the economic growth, there is a need of good governance along with better quality of institutions that will act as a catalyst and improves the efficiency of capital, [see for instance, Agnor and Montiel (2010)]. Good governance establishes impartial, predictable and consistently enforced rules in the form of institutions and thus crucial for the sustained growth [North (1990 and 1992)]. Those countries which have good institutions show positive growth rates whenever the stock of capital increases but the countries with bad institutions, increase in capital investment may lead to negative growth rates due to rent seeking and other unproductive activities, Hall, et al. (2010). In this context, North (1992) argues that the institutions as well as the ideology shape economic performance. While taking into account the technology used, institutions affect economic performance by determining the cost of transaction and production. Formal rules, informal constraints and characteristics of enforcing those constraints together formulate the institutions. Institutions affect economic performance and the differential in performance of economies is basically influenced by the way institutions evolve. The neoclassical economic theory is of little help in investigating the sources beneath economic performance because institutions are taken for granted in their models Agnor and Montiel (2010).
The Application and Prospect of Virtual Reality Technology in the Future Architecture Design
Authors: Hou Bowen
Published: September 2018

Abstract: the rapid development of computer technology has accelerated the progress of construction technology, and the application of virtual reality technology has become more and more common, which has caused earth-shaking changes in the thinking and mode of traditional architectural design. It plays an important role in optimizing the construction design scheme and improving the science and rationality of the architectural design. In order to realize the effective application of virtual technology in the future architectural design, it is necessary to intensify the research on its application and give full play to its application value and advantages.This paper discusses and analyzes the application and realization of virtual reality technology in the future architectural design, and predicts its future application prospects.
MURGUL BAKIR CEVHERİNİN ÖN ZENGİNLEŞTİRMESİNDE ALTERNATİF YAKLAŞIMLAR
Authors: Özcan Özgür
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmada, Murgul bakır cevherinden laboratuvar ölçekli bir kabaran yataklı ayırıcı (KYA)ile ön zenginleştirme olanakları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca işletme değişkenlerinin cevher içerisindekifarklı mineraller üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar cevherdeki kuvarsınflotasyon öncesinde yüksek miktar ve verim değerinde uzaklaştırıldığını göstermektedir. KYAalt akımı altın ve sülfür verimleri benzerlik göstermektedir. Basınç set değerinin artması altakım altın ve sülfür tenör ve verimini arttırmıştır. Ancak yıkama suyu miktarındaki artış alt akımaltın ve sülfür veriminde önemli bir düşüşe yol açmıştır. KYA testleri farklı yoğunluklara sahipminerallerin engelli çökelme koşulları altındaki davranımının ortaya konması konusunda önemlisonuçlar sunmaktadır. En yüksek altın ve sülfür verimine sahip KYA alt akım ürünü ön konsantreolarak sallantılı masa testine tabi tutulmuştur. Test sonuçlarına göre sallantılı masa beslemesininağırlıkça %11,63’ü 4,39 ppm altın tenörü ve %64,42 verim ile nihai konsantre olarak alınmaktadır.Bu koşuldaki konsantre %48,46 gibi yüksek bir sülfür tenörüne de sahiptir
DİK MİLLİ DARBELİ KIRICILARDA ROTOR HIZI BOYUT KÜÇÜLTME İLİŞKİSİ
Authors: Dündar Hakan
Published: September 2018

Dik milli darbeli kırıcılar (VSI), agrega üretimi başta olmak üzere, dünya genelinde madenciliktegeniş bir uygulama alanına sahiptir. Üçüncül ve dördüncül kırma aşamalarında kendine yer bulandik milli darbeli kırıcı, nispeten kübik şekilli ürün vermesiyle agrega üretiminde, ince üretimisebebiyle de madencilikte ön plana çıkmaktadır. Dik milli kırıcıda taneler yüksek hızda dönenrotor vasıtasıyla kırıcı duvarlarına doğru fırlatılmakta ve darbe altında kırılmaktadır. Ayarlanabilenrotor hızı sayesinde farklı enerji seviyelerinde kırma işlemi gerçekleştirilerek farklı inceliklerdeürün elde edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında farklı rotor hızlarındaki kırıcı performansıboyut küçültme ve enerji tüketimi açısından değerlendirilmiş olup ürün tane şekli yönündenherhangi bir değerlendirmede bulunulmamıştır. Sonuçlar artan rotor hızına bağlı olarak ürününinceldiğini, kapasitenin de optimize edilerek enerji tüketimi açısından daha verimli bir operasyonelkoşulun sağlanabileceğini göstermiştir.
review article on literary archeology.docx
Authors: Yi Jiexin
Published: September 2018

In
this review article, I have located the trajectory of development of the notion
of literary archeology and the third relation of comparative literature,
compared to influence and parallel ones, expounded by him in his newly
published book in 2016, The Third
Notion of Comparative Literature: the Possibility of Literary Archeology. My research shows that
he has conceived this notion more than a decade ago and it’s the result of his
lifetime endeavor on comparative literature in East Asia. I have employed
almost all his monographs to trace the gradual formation of his ideas with two
books as the focus, The Third Notion of
Comparative Literature: the Possibility of Literary Archeology and The Image of Willow: The Material Exchange
and the Ancient Chinese and Japanese Literature. The former aims to
construct the theory of literary archeology as a renovated subject matter and
the latter is composed of the case studies on willow which provide abundant
evidence to illustrate his point.
Developing the Office of Strategic Management as a Tool to Support the Implementation of Balanced Scorecard in Bosowa Corporation
Authors: Hidayat Muhammad
Published: September 2018

The application of balanced scorecard in the field sometimes still encounter some problems, especially in the integration of functions within the organization where in fact these functions tend to operate in the area of each duty and responsibilities and are not integrated and aligned in achieving organizational goals. The balanced scorecard as a strategic approach tries to provide solutions on how to incorporate the functions that are focused on four business perspectives and how to design strategies linkage in which its application is conducted by applying special division called the Office of Strategic Management (OSM). This study aims at analysing the application of OSM at the company that has implemented the balanced scorecard. It is proved that after the application of the balanced scorecard, the company can grow rapidly and becomes one of the leading companies in Eastern Indonesia.
ANALISA BEBAN KERJA PADA OPERATOR VISUAL DENGAN PENDEKATAN RECOMMENDED WEIGHT LIMIT (RWL) DI PT. JAPPRO BATAM
Authors: Bora M. Ansyar , Azhari Dian
Published: September 2018

PT. Jappro Batam yang membuat produk heater, mengalami kenaikan dan penurunan produktivitas. Pada tahun 2013, produktivitas perusahaan adalah sebesar 73% dan pada tahum 2014 mengalami penurunan menjadi 70%. Salah satu penyebab turunnya produktivitas perusahaan dapat dilihat dari tingkat produktivitas tenaga kerja, dan aktivitas di PT. Jappro 65% dilakukan oleh tenaga manusia. Salah satu aktivitas yang dilakukan manusia terutama dalam penanganan material (manual material handling) yang dilakukan pada stasiun kerja visual. Pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh operator visual adalah mengangkat produk heater dengan berat 1 kg dan melakukan pengecekan terhadap heater. Setelah melakukan wawancara dengan operator pada stasiun kerja tersebut, operator merasakan keluhan sakit di bagian pundak. Jika dibiarkan, maka akan menimbulkan cedera otot rangka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mengukur beban kerja operator visual berdasarkan perhitungan RWL di PT. Jappro Batam. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menentukan nilai RWL (Recommended Weight Limit) dan nilai LI (Lifting Index) untuk mengetahui beban kerja operator visual. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan Nilai RWL operator 1 sebesar 7,62 dengan LI sebesar 0,131< 1 artinya berat beban yang diangkat tidak melebihi batas pengangkatan dan tidak mengandung resiko cidera tulang belakang, nilai RWL operator 2 sebesar 7,66 dengan LI sebesar 0,131< 1 artinya berat beban yang diangkat tidak melebihi batas pengangkatan dan tidak mengandung resiko cidera tulang belakang dan Nilai RWL operator 3 sebesar 7,23 dengan LI sebesar 0,138< 1 artinya beratbeban yang diangkat tidak melebihi batas pengangkatan dan tidak mengandung resiko cidera tulang belakang.
Pengembangan Kemasan Produk Khansa Pizza Untuk Meningkatkan Penjualan Dengan Menggunakan Metode Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
Authors: Bora M. Ansyar , sanusi  , A Bayu
Published: September 2018

Kompetisisi dunia bisnis sekarang ini semakin ketat sehingga mengharuskan pelaku bisnis untuk melakukan inovasi dan pencarian idea-idea kreatif agar tetap bisa unggul dan bersaing, olehkarena itu kompitisi penjualan produk tidak hanya terbatas pada kualitas produk tapi juga kemasan produknya. Salah satu usaha yang bisa dilakukan untuk menghadapi kompetisi tersebut adalah melalui rancangan kemasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan rancangan kemasan yang memenuhi keinginan pelanggan. Untuk mengetahui keinginan pelanggan, data dikumpulkan dengan menyebarkan kuisener ke 95 pelanggan yang datang ke Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Pizza Khansa secara random sebagai sample dalam penelitian ini. Semua keinginan pelanggan diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa teknik dengan menggunakan quality function deployement (QFD). Ada 10 atribut dan 6 karekteristik teknikal diidentifikasi. Berdasarkan pengembangan konsep pengembangan kemasan yang diperoleh, rancangan kemasan mempunyai fungsi untuk melindungi Pizza dan kemasan dari uap panas, memiliki bentuk segi empat dengan ukuran panjang 14,5cm x lebar 14,5 cm, tinggi 2,5cm dan desain berwarna coklat kombinasi merah serta bahan kemasan menggunakan e-flute, tambahan kertas minyak dan menggunakan digital print. Implikasi dari penelitian ini bisa meningkatkan kualitas Pizza dan penjualan Pizza Khansa di masa depan. Selain mendapatkan design yang bisa memenui keinginan pelanggan, rancangan yang diperoleh juga dapat meningkatkan daya tarik bagi calon pelaggan yang belum menjadi pelanggan tetap.
Competition and Advertising in Medicine
Authors: Roka Yam Bahadur
Published: September 2018

Not available.Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 15:2, Page : 2, 2018
FACTORS AFFECTING ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY ENTERPRISE
Authors: Cherchyk A.O.
Published: September 2018

he article describes scientific approaches to the definition and classification of economic and environmental security factors, their division into internal and external ones is considered and generalized. The list of internal factors of the company�s EES according to the functional approach is detailed. The approach of grouping factors based on the author�s definition of the essence of the EES is proposed, namely: factors ensuring the state of protection of vital interests of the enterprise from possible threats; factors of ensuring resistance to negative influences; factors that determine the ability of the enterprise to stable development, the realization of the set goals, achieve the desired results without causing harm to the environment.
If EES considers the security of an enterprise as a condition of protecting vital interests of the enterprise from possible threats, then the main ones will be those that shape the company�s ability to quickly eliminate various threats or adapt to existing conditions that may adversely affect its performance.
If EES considers the security of an enterprise as being resistant to negative influences, then the main factors that determine the ability of an enterprise to realize goals, while maintaining internal structural integrity and identity. The main single factors of the EES on the main types of stability: environmental sustainability of the enterprise: nonexhaustion of forest use, the rate of natural and artificial reforestation, the volume of logging, the structure of forests in terms of rock composition and rigidity, rational use of forest resources, forest protection activities; economic stability of the enterprise: financial stability; profitability; production efficiency, level of use of production potential.
If EES is considered to be the security of the enterprise as an ability for stable development, realization of the set goals, achievement of desirable results without causing harm to the environment, then the above mentioned factors of the efficiency of the enterprise management system become actualized. However, one should emphasize the following: the competence of the company's management, its ability to strategic thinking, the professionalism of personnel in making managerial decisions, the possession of modern management technologies; the effectiveness of the organizational structure; the presence of a modern environmentally-oriented corporate culture.
Evolving toward a Bahá’í Economic System
Authors: Dahl Gregory
Published: September 2018

Brilliant ideals are fruitless if no effort is made to implement them, while actions can have no useful result unless guided by ideals. Thus a balance and an interplay between goals and actions are necessary. This article attempts to relate the principles and objectives (as we imperfectly understand them) of a “Bahá’í economic system” to current conditions and opportunities, and suggests a number of topics for further research.

This revised article first appeared in the now out-of-print Bahá’í Studies Notebook (“Towards an Ever-Advancing Civilization”) 3.3/4 (1984); 39–52.
Bahá’í Faith Seen through the Eyes of Major Encyclopedias
Authors: Fazel Seena
Published: September 2018

Not applicable
Bahá’í Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam
Authors: Fazel S , Fananapazir Khazeh
Published: September 2018

Because it precludes the acceptance of Messengers of God after the Islamic dispensation, the concept of the finality of prophethood (khatm al-nubuwwa) is the major theological barrier between the Bahá’í Faith and Islam. This article surveys the philological, theological, and historical interpretations of the terms Prophet and Seal, and offers an approach based upon the Bahá’í writings to their meaning that reconciles the “Seal of the Prophets” doctrine with progressive revelation. In addition the related problem. of the finality of Islam is analyzed. The article argues the need for a multiplicity of interpretive methods in addressing problems of religious pluralism.
“In the Beginning Was the Word”
Authors: Woodman Ross
Published: September 2018

In the writings of Bahá’u’lláh the unveiling of all that lay “hidden” both within scripture and within the soul is metaphorically identified with the húrís or “Brides of inner meaning, “who in their unveiling enact the apocalypse that John of Patmos in the Book of Revelation describes as the New Jerusalem descending as the bride apparelled to meet the bridegroom. Bahá’u’lláh enacts this union as the marriage of the Manifestation with the Maid of Heaven, who releases in the Logos or Word, viewed as masculine, its creative power, viewed as feminine. The Word as uniting within itself its masculine and feminine components acts upon the newly created soul much as the Bahá’í parents in their marriage union act upon their offspring. The relationship between the parents and child in a Bahá’í family thus becomes the human likeness of the divine marriage, which is the apocalypse of Bahá’u’lláh announced in all previous dispensations. The New Jerusalem as the metaphor of the Kingdom of God on earth resides in the mirroring in the human realm of the divine paradigm unveiled by the húrís in the Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh.
Ageing
Authors: Van den Hoonaard Deborah
Published: September 2018

by Abdu’l-Missagh Ghadirian. George Ronald, Oxford, 1991, 129 pages.
STATE REGULATION AND SELF-REGULATION IN CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Medvedchuk Oksana Valeriyovna
Published: September 2018

Іssues of self-regulation in the field of construction industry are considered. The necessity of ensuring and controlling the construction production, which is closely connected not only with economic but also social factors in terms of ensuring safe conditions for living or work, minimizing technical and technological risks, shaping a transparent system of pricing and investment in the construction industry has been updated. Feasibility of introducing a self-regulation system in Ukraine, which has a number of advantages over the existing hierarchical structure of state regulation in construction, are determined, as follows: exemption of state authorities from performing unusual for them functions, application of a liberal approach to openness in the construction market, ensuring high quality regulation and supervision, possibility of combining the efforts of government and society with the aim of achieving a brand new level of functioning of the construction industry. In Ukraine, there are significant prerequisites for the development of a self-regulating system of the construction industry caused by liberalization of the economy, the European vector of integration and processes of power decentralization. The international experience is analyzed, on the basis of what priority directions of cooperation with the leading international organizations providing technical supervision and rendering the advisory help are defined. The role of self-regulation of the technical component of construction in conditions of decentralization of power in Ukraine is defined as symbiosis of a mutually agreed system of cooperation of government-business-consumers, where the first set “rules of the game” by establishing an effective legal framework, the second ensure the quality of finished construction products, and the third — carry out “natural selection” of quality products, ensuring competitiveness of only socially responsible business.
ANALYSIS OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE POLYMORPHIC VARIANTS OF THE TLR2 (RS5743708) AND TLR4 (RS4986790, RS4986791) GENES WITH THE HEALTH STATUS OF APPARENTLY HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Izmailova O.V.
Published: September 2018

Тhe study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors has an important applied and theoretical value for revealing the mechanisms in formation of immunity features and its correction. The aim of the research was to study the available frequency of polymorphic variants of the TLR2 gene (rs5743708) and 896A/G (rs4986790), 1196C/T (rs4986791) of the TLR4 gene, and to assess the association with the health status of apparently healthy individuals. Materials and methods: the study involved 114 Caucasian individuals living in Poltava or Poltava oblast for a minimum of 2 years, who underwent the collection of anamnestic data, as well as the data of objective and clinical examinations. The polymorphic sites of the TLR2 (rs5743708) and TLR4 genes (rs4986790, rs4986791) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by analysis of the restriction fragments length of the PCR products. The results of distribution of polymorphic variants 2258G/A in the genotypes of the TLR2 gene (rs5743708), 896A/G of the TLR4 gene (rs4986790), and 1196C/T of the TLR4 gene (rs4986791) corresponded to the theoretically expected ones at the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2 = 0.02, р = 0.99; χ2 = 0.29, р = 0.86; χ2 = 1.46, р = 0.48, respectively). When comparing the presence of individual clinical manifestations that were detected during the interviewing, with the presence of polymorphic alleles in the genotype, a reliable relationship was established between the presence of the A allele in the polymorphic version of the TLR2 gene (rs5743708) in the genotype with rheumatism (p = 0.05), pyelonephritis (p = 0.05) and a bad habit of smoking (p = 0.04).
La política exterior de Estados Unidos en la campaña presidencial de Clinton y Trump. Los discursos sobre ISIS en la agenda mediática
Authors: Rodríguez Toribio Isabel , González Aldea Patricia
Published: September 2018

Durante la última campaña electoral en Estados Unidos el terrorismo del ISIS se ha convertido en la principal preocupación de la opinión pública (Gallup, 2015) y en el principal tema de política exterior de la campaña. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los discursos sobre el ISIS de los candidatos Trump y Clinton publicados en los medios, así como investigar sobre la “construcción del otro”, en este caso el ISIS, en dichos discursos. Como metodología se ha optado por un análisis cualitativo, basado en el análisis del discurso de noticias publicadas por medios digitales norteamericanos entre noviembre de 2015 y febrero de 2016. Entre los principales resultados destacan la estrategia provocativa, discriminatoria y populista de Trump, frente al tono apelativo y argumentativo de Clinton.
Edición del videoclip y duración del plano: análisis del montaje de “I Took a Pill in Ibiza” (Mike Posner)
Authors: Pérez Rufí José Patricio , Rodríguez-López Jennifer
Published: September 2018

El vídeo musical es un formato audiovisual creado generalmente por la industria discográfica con un objetivo comercial, promocional o conducente a la formación de la imagen pública de un intérprete musical. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir prácticas habituales en la realización y la edición del vídeo musical actual en un aspecto concreto: la duración del plano en función de su encuadre. Realizamos un análisis textual del videoclip de Mike Posner I Took a Pill in Ibiza (Jon Jon Augustavo, 2016). En este caso, los planos más frecuentes del videoclip son los planos cortos y sus duraciones medias están alrededor de los dos segundos, con una escala en duraciones medias paralela a la escala de los encuadres.
Granul Ekstrak Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) dan Rimpang Temu Mangga (Curcuma mangga Val & Zijp.) sebagai Antibakteri
Authors: Uyo Nelly , Tamat Swasono R. , Kosasih Kosasih
Published: September 2018

Kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan) and rimpang temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) are medicinal plants that are efficacious for diarrhea due to bacterial infection. Kayu secang and Rimpang temu mangga contain secondary metabolite compounds capable of providing antibacterial activity,Â ie flavonoids. This study aimed to obtain the granule as supplies, which contain a combination of kayu secang and rimpang temu mangga with good quality, it is favored by consumers and has high antibacterial activity. Both powdered simplisia powder was kinetic with ethanol 70Â % and dried by freeze drying method. Both powder extract tested the quality of raw material and test of antibacterial activity against bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp and Shigella sp. Both powder extracts were made granular preparations with the addition of excipients (Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients). The granule preparations were tested for granule quality standards and preferred levels and antibacterial activity. Data were analyzed statistically with one way ANOVA method (p= 0.05). Rimpang temu mangga extract powder added maltodextrin did not provide antibacterial activity. The granule extract of Kayu secang extract of formula 1 (F1) meets the requirements of granule quality standard, preferably consumer and has high antibacterial activity, i.e 18.7 mm against E. coliÂ bacteria, 28.3 against SalmonellaÂ sp bacteria and 30.5 against ShigellaÂ sp bacteria.Â Â Key words:Â Secang, C. sappan, temu mangga, extract, granule, antibacterial
Evaluasi Stabilitas Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) dengan Basis Vanishing Cream (VC)
Authors: Nainggolan Maria T. , Simaremare Eva S. , Pratiwi Rani D.
Published: September 2018

Daun afrikaÂ (Vernonia amygdalina) contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids that can be used forÂ pharmacology activity: annihilate theÂ parasites that causing schistosomiasis, malaria leishmaniasis, antiamoeba, antitumor and antimicrobials. The purposes of this research were to screen the phytochemistry of african leaf, formulateÂ and test the stability of vanishing cream (VC)Â base. The methods used were sample collection, extract preparation, formulation, and stability evaluation. The results showed thatÂ extract afrikaÂ leavesÂ had alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. ExtractÂ of daun afrika can be madeÂ toÂ good VC base formula including organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreading test, sticky test, and VC safety test by distributing questionnaires. The cream was stabil for 21 days at room temperature. Observation of physical properties good performed every week to organoleptis, pH, adhesion, and spreading power.Â Â Key words:Â stability, V. amygdalina, kill parasites, Vanishing Cream