bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Characterization of Cu/SiC‐Based Axially Functionally Graded Beam
Authors: Kumar Viwek , Kumari Poonam
Published: January 2022

Metal−ceramic based functionally graded materials (FGMs) are mainly used for thermal and structural applications in industry. A metal matrix‐based axially FGM beam is fabricated using a powder metallurgy manufacturing process. The main objective of this work is to develop a processing method for an axially graded beam made of Cu/SiC by stacking powder in the longitudinal direction. A three‐layered Cu/SiC FGM having a step‐wise gradation along the length is fabricated. The green specimens are prepared by the uniaxial compaction of powder mixture by the universal testing machine (UTM) followed by cold isostatic pressing (CIP). Further, a detailed microstructure analysis of the powders and the sintered specimens is conducted. The Vicker's microhardness test is also performed for each layer of the sintered specimen to analyze the effect of SiC content. A smooth transition of the ceramic content in the specimen along the length is observed. The effect of ball milling on the crystallite size is studied using Scherrer and Williamson−Hall approach. An uniform and consistent distribution of the SiC particles shows a reduction in porosities and increment in the hardness value with increase in SiC wt% is also observed. The present investigation helps to design functionally graded rotor blades, gears, and orthopedic implants.
ZrO2 Matrix Toughened Ceramic Material‐Strength and Toughness
Authors: Qi Bin , Liang Shuaishuai , Li Yongjian , Zhou Chenchen , Yu Haibo , Li Jiang
Published: January 2022

ZrO2 ceramic exhibits the characteristics of high hardness, good thermochemical stability, desirable biocompatibility, and unique stress‐activated tetragonal to monoclinic transformation toughening, thus having broad development prospects. However, as a typical ceramic material, it has the common shortcoming of brittleness and seriously limits the possible applications. In recent years, worldwide efforts have been made to improve the toughness of ZrO2 ceramic materials, which has great significance in promoting its industrial application. Herein, the influences of phase composition, stabilizer, grain size, and sintering method on fracture toughness of ZrO2 ceramic are introduced. The mechanism of phase transformation toughening, single‐phase and multiphase material dopant toughening, and lamellar ceramic toughening are also summarized. Moreover, the prevailing applications of toughened ZrO2‐based materials in structural ceramics, coatings, and biomaterials are discussed. The present review may offer insights in designing and fabricating ZrO2 materials with high strength and toughness to provide better performances in diverse applications fields.
The Effect of Multiple Thermal Process on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured Al/Steel Structure
Authors: Sun Qi , Liu Yibo , Sun Qingjie , Wang Yaxin
Published: January 2022

Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) provides a convenient solution for the integrated design and manufacturing of Al/steel structures. The multiple thermal cycles inherent in WAAM can affect the Al/steel interface and ultimately the overall performance of the Al/steel structure. Herein, the evolution behavior of the Al/steel interface microstructure under different WAAM modes, number of thermal cycles, and interpass temperature is investigated. The results show that the process of heat accumulation plays an important role in the evolution of Al/steel interface. As the number of thermal cycles increases, the intermetallic compounds layer gradually transforms from the mainly τ5‐Al8Fe2Si phase to (Al, Si)13(Fe, Cr)4 phase. The rise of interpass temperature significantly aggravates the microstructural evolution process, but the final interface structure can be manipulated employing temperature control. When the interpass temperature is lower than 250 °C, the formation of the brittle Fe2Al5 phase is avoided. With the increase of thermal cycles, the shear strength of Al/steel additive specimens increases first, then decreases, and finally tends to be stable. The changes in shear strength are closely related to the interface microstructures.
A New Photoelectrochemical Reactor with Special Photocathode Design for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Qureshy Ali M. M. I. , Dincer Ibrahim
Published: January 2022

Both electrodeposition and performance assessment of new photocathode design are carried out using cuprous oxide for solar hydrogen production. The maximum delivered light can be collected using the mesh dome design of the photocathode, and the light can also reach the farthest photocathode surfaces via the mesh shape. The stainless‐steel mesh dome electrode is coated with cuprous oxide using the electrodeposition method. This photocathode is examined in an alkaline electrolyte solution of potassium dioxide for hydrogen production. Two light angles are studied to explore the effects of the new photocathode design on the hydrogen yield rate and associated energy and exergy system efficiencies during the daytime, where the light angles change. The maximum hydrogen production rates are generated experimentally at 0.1 m KOH at the 45° tilt light, and vertical light positions are 5.13 and 5.58 μg s−1, respectively. Moreover, the highest exergy and energy system efficiencies are 0.82% and 1.18%, respectively, under vertical light, while they are 0.75% and 1.09% under tilted light conditions. The improvement of hydrogen production rates at tilted light can reach around 75.6% of the enhancement by vertical light due to the new photocathode design.
A Universal Strategy for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Polymer Photocatalysts under Visible Light by Inserting a Narrow‐Band‐Gap Spacer between Donor and Acceptor
Authors: Han Changzhi , Xiang Sihui , Xie Peixuan , Dong Peihua , Shu Chang , Zhang Chong , Jiang Jia‐Xing
Published: January 2022

It is challenging for polymer photocatalysts to achieve high photocatalytic performance under visible light due to their weak light absorption in visible light region. Herein, a universal strategy for boosting the photocatalytic activity of donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymer photocatalysts upon visible light irradiation by inserting a π‐spacer of thiophene unit between the electron donors and acceptors to form a D–π–A molecular structure is reported. The introduction of thiophene unit with narrow band gap can enhance the conjugation degree of the polymer chains and extend the light absorption range. Meanwhile, the introduction of thiophene spacer through ternary copolymerization also enables the controllability on the chemical structure of the resulting D–π–A polymers by altering the feed ratio between the electron donors and acceptors. The optimized D–π–A copolymer photocatalyst shows an impressive hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 78.4 mmol h–1 g–1 under visible light irradiation, and the HER could be further improved to 127.9 mmol h–1 g–1 under UV–vis light irradiation by loading 1 wt% Pt co‐catalyst. More importantly, this strategy can also be extended to other polymeric photocatalysts with different donor and acceptor units, demonstrating the universality for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of polymeric photocatalysts.
Oxide/ZIF‐8 Hybrid Nanofiber Yarns: Heightened Surface Activity for Exceptional Chemiresistive Sensing
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ha , Chong Sanggyu , Park Chungseong , Ahn Jaewan , Jang Ji‐Soo , Kim Jihan , Kim Il‐Doo
Published: January 2022

Though highly promising as powerful gas sensors, oxide semiconductor chemiresistors have low surface reactivity, which limits their selectivity, sensitivity, and reaction kinetics, particularly at room temperature (RT) operation. It is proposed that a hybrid design involving the nanostructuring of oxides and passivation with selective gas filtration layers can potentially overcome the issues with surface activity. Herein, unique bi‐stacked heterogeneous layers are introduced; that is, nanostructured oxides covered by conformal nanoporous gas filters, on ultrahigh‐density nanofiber (NF) yarns via sputter deposition with indium tin oxide (ITO) and subsequent self‐assembly of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) nanocrystals. The NF yarn composed of ZIF‐8‐coated ITO films can offer heightened surface activity at RT because of high porosity, large surface area, and effective screening of interfering gases. As a case study, the hybrid sensor demonstrated remarkable sensing performances characterized by high NO selectivity, fast response/recovery kinetics (>60‐fold improvement), and large responses (12.8‐fold improvement @ 1 ppm) in comparison with pristine yarn@ITO, especially under highly humid conditions. Molecular modeling reveals an increased penetration ratio of NO over O2 to the ITO surface, indicating that NO oxidation is reliably prevented and that the secondary adsorption sites provided by the ZIF‐8 facilitate the adsorption/desorption of NO, both to and from ITO.
Sliding Mechanism for Release of Superlight Objects from Micropatterned Adhesives
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhang Xuan , Hensel René , Arzt Eduard
Published: January 2022

Robotic handling and transfer printing of micrometer‐sized superlight objects is a crucial technology in industrial fabrication. In contrast to the precise gripping with micropatterned adhesives, the reliable release of superlight objects with negligible weight is a great challenge. Slanted deformable polymer microstructures, with typical pillar cross‐section 150 µm × 50 µm, are introduced with various tilt angles that enable a reduction of adhesion by a switching ratio of up to 500. The experiments demonstrate that the release from a smooth surface involves sliding of the contact during compression and subsequent peeling of the object during retraction. The handling of a 0.5 mg perfluorinated polymer micro‐object with high accuracy in repeated pick‐and‐place cycles is demonstrated. Based on beam theory, the forces and moments acting at the tip of the microstructure are analyzed. As a result, an expression for the pull‐off force is proposed as a function of the sliding distance and a guide to an optimized design for these release structures is provided.
Photoresponsive Polymer Films with Directly Micropatternable Surfaces Based on the Change in Free Volume by Photo‐Crosslinking
Authors: Noguchi Takafumi , Akioka Nobuhiro , Kojima Yuri , Kawamura Akifumi , Miyata Takashi
Published: January 2022

Photoresponsive polymers, whose structures or properties change when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, have been studied for the fabrication of micro‐ and nano‐devices for various applications. Herein, photoresponsive polymer films are investigated with directly micropatternable surfaces formed by only UV exposure without the development process using solvents. The photoresponsive polymer films are designed based on the decrease in free volume induced by the photodimerization of cinnamoyl groups. The photoresponsive polymers are synthesized by copolymerizing a monomer with photodimerizable groups and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) macromonomer. Micropatterns are easily formed on the film surfaces by only UV exposure using photomasks. The micropatterns are achieved due to the decrease in the film thickness with a decrease in the free volume induced by photo‐crosslinking. Using a decrease in free volume by photo‐crosslinking leads to wide practical applications with simple processes and low costs.
Optically Transparent and Flexible Radio Frequency Electronics through Printing Technologies
Authors: Li Weiwei , Akhter Zubair , Vaseem Mohammad , Shamim Atif
Published: January 2022

With the advent of the Internet of things, 5G wireless communication, and smart city applications, demand for a new form of radio frequency (RF) electronics has risen, one that can be mounted or integrated on non‐conformal objects, is mass manufacturable at lower costs, and is optically transparent to maintain the aesthetics of the environment where deployed. This new breed of electronics can be realized through printing technologies, which are capable of manufacturing diverse designs on flexible substrates via large‐scale and high‐volume printing techniques at lower costs. However, the major challenge for printed electronics is the preparation of conductive inks with performance comparable to their bulk metal counterparts. This review summarizes the recent developments in printable transparent and conductive materials (TCMs), inks, and methods for optically transparent RF passives. In addition, techniques to enhance the conductivity of the TCMs are presented. Moreover, it covers several design examples of optically transparent RF passives, such as antennas, microwave absorbers, and frequency selective surfaces. Furthermore, many challenges and potential solutions are discussed in terms of the TCMs, inks, and printing technologies needed for the realization of such designs. Finally, some future trends in the area of transparent RF electronics and PE are discussed.
A High Output Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Hybrid Generator Based on In‐Phase Parallel Connection
Authors: Zhao Tiancong , Niu Bo , Xie Guangci , Hu Chao , Liu Boying , Xu Minyi , Ma Yong
Published: January 2022

With the advent of carbon neutrality, renewable energy installations are being upgraded toward miniaturization, low cost, and high conversion efficiency. Thus, a high output triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator based on in‐phase parallel connection (IP‐HG) is proposed. The output characteristics of both TENG (triboelectric nanogenerator) and EMG (electromagnetic generator) can be effectively complemented to provide excellent output over a wide range of operating frequencies. By connecting multiple TENGs in parallel with EMGs in the same phase respectively, cumbersome rectification elements and wiring can be eliminated, and the energy output of the device can be greatly increased. The output characteristics and advantages of the IP‐HG are systematically investigated, including the material of the TENG, the rotation speed, the combination of dielectrode, and their effect on the electrical output of the IP‐HG. The short‐circuit current of 63 mA, open‐circuit voltage of 80 V, and an instantaneous output power density of 610 W m−3 is obtained by using a full‐wave rectifier circuit at 243 rpm, which can charge a 470 μF capacitor to 1 V in 0.2 s. A maximum output efficiency reaches 36.162% at 189 rpm. In addition, the IP‐HG can continuously power a commercial sensor and three 5 W DC light bulbs at very low rotational speeds. The reported IP‐HG offers an efficient and sustainable design approach to the development of hybrid harvesters.
Strategies of Perturbing Ion Homeostasis for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Lee DaeYong , Ha JongHoon , Kang Minjeong , Yang Zhaogang , Jiang Wen , Kim Betty Y. S.
Published: January 2022

Perturbing ion homeostasis has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for enhanced cancer therapy. Intensive development of ion homeostasis‐disturbing agents has been investigated to activate cell death signaling pathways in cancer or to boost antitumor immunity in immune cells. These approaches can treat cancer via new mechanistic behaviors. Although the anticancer mechanism of ion homeostasis‐disturbing agents is not yet clearly understood, a number of studies have recently been reported that demonstrate new possible mechanisms and their clinical applicability as novel anticancer agents. In this review paper, the authors elucidate various mechanisms for promoting cell death or activating antitumor immunity that are elicited using various ion homeostasis‐perturbing agents. Moreover, the authors provide a perspective of the future that makes a bridge between ion homeostasis and cancer immunotherapy for future innovation.
Operationally Stable Ultrathin Organic Field Effect Transistors Based on Siloxane Dimers of Benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]Benzothiophene Suitable for Ethanethiol Detection
Authors: Trul Askold A. , Chekusova Victoria P. , Anisimov Daniil S. , Borshchev Oleg V. , Polinskaya Marina S. , Agina Elena V. , Ponomarenko Sergey A.
Published: January 2022

Ultrathin organic field effect transistors (OFETs) demonstrate great potential as highly sensitive gas sensors since its electrical performance strongly depends on the environment. However, fabrication of high performance OFETs with reliable operational stability for continuous measurements by fast, rather simple, and inexpensive technique is still a challenge. Herein, electrical and sensing properties of ultrathin OFETs based on siloxane dimers of benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) with different aliphatic spacer lengths fabricated by Langmuir–Blodgett, Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) or spin‐coating techniques are studied, compared and optimized. Investigation of the influence of interface dielectric layer on electrical performance and operational stability of the devices allowed obtaining uniform low‐defect ultrathin semiconducting layers responsible for improved electrical performance. Field‐effect mobility up to 0.47 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved for the devices based on the dimer with undecylenic spacer between the BTBT core and disiloxane central fragment fabricated by LS method on the top of poly(methyl methacrylate) interface layer. Promising operational stability lead to advanced sensory properties demonstrated by sensing of ethanethiol with the limit of detection of 30 ppb in the humid air, which is a record value for portable sensing technologies.
Discovering governing equations via moving horizon learning: The case of reacting systems
Authors: Lejarza Fernando , Baldea Michael
Published: January 2022

Governing equations in the form of differential equations are fundamental modeling elements for understanding, controlling, and optimizing chemical processes. While significant advances in machine learning allow for high‐performance surrogate modeling, the resulting models typically fail to extrapolate to regimes beyond the training data and provide little physical insight regarding the underlying phenomena. In this work, we propose a moving horizon dynamic nonlinear optimization strategy that recovers parsimonious governing equations from large‐scale, noisy data sets. Differently from prior works, our approach does not rely on significant structural assumptions (mainly concerning linearity with respect to estimated model coefficients), which provides greater modeling flexibility and permits distilling governing equations of systems involving chemical reactions occurring under nonisothermal conditions. The main advantages and contributions of our proposed approach are demonstrated through two numerical case studies consisting of a continuously stirred tank reactor operated under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions.
CO2 absorption intensification using three‐dimensional printed dynamic polarity packing in a bench‐scale integrated CO2 capture system
Authors: Xiao Min , Sarma Moushumi , Thompson Jesse , Nguyen Du , Ruelas Samantha , Liu Kunlei
Published: January 2022

Postcombustion carbon capture using a chemical absorbent is a promising technology to reduce CO2 emission. However, the overall construction and operating costs remain a major challenge. In order to intensify the absorption process and to reduce these costs, a novel dynamic polarity structured packing (DP packing) with alternate patterns of surface polarity has been developed to enhance local macro‐scale turbulence within the advanced viscous solvent to reduce the mass transfer diffusion resistance. Three DP structured packings that incorporate multiple polymeric materials were fabricated using three‐dimensional printing technique and evaluated through parametric testing using a bench‐scale integrated CO2 capture unit with 76.2 mm ID absorber. At optimized operating conditions, the DP packing showed a relative 22.7% increase in absorption and 20.0% decrease in energy penalty.
Emergence of In‐Materio Intelligence from an Incidental Structure of a Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube–Porphyrin Polyoxometalate Random Network
Authors: Banerjee Deep , Kotooka Takumi , Azhari Saman , Usami Yuki , Ogawa Takuji , Gimzewski James K. , Tamukoh Hakaru , Tanaka Hirofumi
Published: January 2022

Hardware‐based machine intelligence with the network architecture of reservoir computing (RC) is gaining interest because of its biological computational resemblance along with an easy and efficient neural network training approach. Herein, such a physical RC (in‐materio RC) platform consisting of a recurrent network formed by the single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)–porphyrin polyoxometalate (Por–POM) complex is demonstrated. The network architecture executes the fundamental reservoir properties of nonlinearity, higher harmonic generation, and 1/fγpower law information processing ability. Based on these functionalities, an RC benchmark task of waveform generation is performed where the device achieves maximum fitting accuracy of 99.4%. Furthermore, a supervised object classification task based on a one‐hot vector target is also executed using Toyota Human Support Robot tactile inputs. The successful classification of objects of different hardness is enhanced when the device output response follows the 1/fγpower law of maximized information processing.
Increased RyR2 open probability induces neuronal hyperactivity and memory loss with or without Alzheimer's disease–causing gene mutations
Authors: Yao Jinjing , Liu Yajing , Sun Bo , Zhan Xiaoqin , Estillore John Paul , Turner Ray W. , Chen S. R. Wayne
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Neuronal hyperactivity is an early neuronal defect commonly observed in familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear.

Methods

We employed a ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) mutant mouse model harboring the R4496C+/– mutation that markedly increases the channel's open probability (Po) to determine the impact of increased RyR2 activity in neuronal function without AD gene mutations.

Results

Genetically increasing RyR2 Po induced neuronal hyperactivity in vivo in anesthetized and awake mice. Increased RyR2 Po induced hyperactive behaviors, impaired learning and memory, defective dendritic spines, and neuronal cell death. Increased RyR2 Po exacerbated the onset of neuronal hyperexcitability and learning and memory impairments in 5xFAD mice.

Discussion

Increased RyR2 Po exacerbates the onset of familial AD–associated neuronal dysfunction, and induces AD‐like defects in the absence of AD‐causing gene mutations, suggesting that RyR2‐associated neuronal hyperactivity represents a common target for combating AD with or without AD gene mutations.
Reduction in Cognitive Processing Speed Surrounding Multiple Sclerosis Relapse
Authors: McKay Kyla A. , Bedri Sahl K. , Manouchehrinia Ali , Stawiarz Leszek , Olsson Tomas , Hillert Jan , Fink Katharina
Published: January 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses and information processing efficiency among persons with relapsing–remitting MS.

Methods

We conducted a Swedish nationwide cohort study of persons with incident relapsing–remitting MS (2001–2019). Relapse information and symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) scores were obtained from the Swedish MS Registry. Follow‐up was categorized into 2 periods based on relapse status: “relapse” (90 days pre‐relapse to 730 days post‐relapse, subdivided into 10 periods) and “remission.” Linear mixed models compared SDMT scores during the relapse periods to SDMT scores recorded during remission (reference) with results reported as β‐coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, sex, SDMT type (written vs oral), time‐varying, disease‐modifying therapy exposure and sequence of SDMT.

Results

Over a mean (SD) follow‐up of 10.7 (4.3) years, 31,529 distinct SDMTs were recorded among 3,877 persons with MS. There was a significant decline in information processing efficiency that lasted from 30 days pre‐relapse up to 550 days post‐relapse, with the largest decline occurring 0 to 30 days post‐relapse (β‐coefficient: −4.00 (95% CI = −4.61 to −3.39), relative to the period of remission.

Interpretation

We found evidence of cognitive change up to 1 month prior to relapse onset. The reduction in SDMT lasted 1.5 years and was clinically significant up to 3 months post‐relapse. These results suggest that the effects of a relapse on cognition are longer than previously thought and highlight the importance of reducing relapse rates as a potential means of preserving cognitive function. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:417–423
Kontrolle über Chaos und Ordnung: Gegensätzliche Mikrostrukturen von PCL‐co‐PGA‐co‐PLA durch einen einzigen Katalysator zugänglich**
Authors: Rittinghaus Ruth D. , Zenner Johannes , Pich Andrij , Kol Moshe , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: January 2022

Ein Katalysator, zwei Reaktionsaufbauten, drei Monomere und unbegrenzte Möglichkeiten für makromolekulare Mikrostrukturen: Der Eisen‐Guanidin‐Komplex [FeCl2(TMG5NMe2asme)] (1) polymerisiert Lactid schneller als das industriell verwendete Zinnoktanoat und zeigt hohe Aktivitäten für Glycolid und ϵ‐Caprolacton. Seine herausragenden Eigenschaften ermöglichen die Synthese von blockförmigen sowie randomisierten Copolymeren in der Schmelze durch eine einfache Änderung des Polymerisationsaufbaus. Die sequenzielle Zugabe von Monomeren führt zu hoch geordneten Blockcopolymeren, einschließlich der symmetrischen PLA‐b‐PGA‐b‐PCL‐b‐PGA‐b‐PLA‐Pentablockcopolymere, während die Polymerisation von Monomermischungen starke Umesterungen nutzt, um zu Di‐ und Terpolymeren mit hochdisperser Verteilung der Wiederholungseinheiten zu kommen. Ein robuster Katalysator, der unter industriell anwendbaren Bedingungen aktiv ist und Copolymere mit gewünschten Mikrostrukturen herstellt, ist ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung biokompatibler Polymere mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften als Alternative zu herkömmlichen Kunststoffen auf dem Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Kreislaufführung von Materialien.
A “Blockchain” Synergy in Conductive Polymer‐Filled Metal–Organic Frameworks for Dendrite‐Free Li Plating/Stripping with High Coulombic Efficiency
Authors: Ma Yong , Wei Le , He Ying , Yuan Xuzhou , Su Yanhui , Gu Yuting , Li Xinjian , Zhao Xiaohui , Qin Yongze , Mu Qiaoqiao , Peng Yang , Sun Yang , Deng Zhao
Published: January 2022

The performance of lithium‐metal batteries is severely hampered by uncontrollable dendrite growth and volume expansion on the metal anodes. Inspired by the “blockchain” concept in data mining, here we utilize a conductive polymer‐filled metal–organic framework (MOF) as the lithium host, in which polypyrrole (PPy) serves as the “chain” to interlink Li “blocks” stored in the MOF pores. While the N‐rich PPy guides fast Li+ infiltration/extrusion and serves as the nucleation sites for isotropic Li growth, the MOF pores compartmentalize bulk Li deposition for 3D matrix Li storage, leading to low‐barrier and dendrite‐free Li plating/stripping with superb Coulombic efficiency. The as‐fabricated lithium‐metal anodes operate over 700 cycles at 5 mA cm−2 in symmetric cells, and 800 cycles at 1 C in full cells with a per‐cycle capacity loss of only 0.017 %. This work might open a new chapter for Li‐metal anode construction by introducing the concept of “blockchain” management of Li plating/stripping.
Site‐Selective N‐1 and C‐3 Heteroarylation of Indole with Heteroarylnitriles by Organocatalysis under Visible Light
Authors: Zhou Chao , Gan Qi‐Chao , Zhou Tai‐Ping , Lei Tao , Ye Chen , He Xiao‐Jun , Chen Bin , Lu Heng , Wan Qian , Liao Rong‐Zhen , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: January 2022

Site‐selective N‐1 and C‐3 arylation of indole has been sought after because of the prevalent application of arylindoles and the intricate reactivities associated with the multiple sites of the N‐unsubstituted indole. Represented herein is the first regioselective heteroarylation of indole via a radical–radical cross‐coupling by visible‐light irradiation. Steady and time‐resolved spectroscopic and computational studies revealed that the hydrogen‐bonding interaction of organic base and its conjugated acid, namely with indole and heteroarylnitrile, determined the reaction pathway, which underwent either proton‐coupled electron‐transfer or energy‐transfer for the subsequent radical–radical cross‐coupling, leading to the regioselective formation of C‐3 and N‐1 heteroarylation of indoles, respectively. The parallel methodologies for regioisomeric N‐1 and C‐3 heteroaryl indoles with good functional group compatibility could be applied to large‐scale synthesis and late‐stage derivatization of bioactive compounds under extremely mild reaction conditions.
Demographics and exploitation of two Near Threatened freshwater eels, Anguilla bengalensis and Anguilla bicolor, in small‐scale subsistence fisheries and implications for conservation
Authors: Shanmughan Ashna , Dahanukar Neelesh , Harrison Andrew , Pinder Adrian C. , Ranjeet K. , Raghavan Rajeev
Published: January 2022

Tropical freshwater eels (Anguilla bengalensis and Anguilla bicolor) contribute a major share of the world's wild‐caught eel production, having become the next major target owing to the declines in availability of both Anguilla japonica and Anguilla anguilla, species that have traditionally contributed to eel aquaculture and trade.

Although both A. bengalensis and A. bicolor are assessed as Near Threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, these assessments are primarily based on anecdotal information and local knowledge on population declines.

Demographics and exploitation levels of A. bengalensis and A. bicolor were determined from small coastal river systems, and their adjoining aquascapes in the Western Ghats hotspot of southern peninsular India, and the value of these data for future conservation planning discussed.

The computed estimates of annual catch data for freshwater eels from the study region are between 0.17 (A. bicolor) to 0.30 t (A. bengalensis). Virtual population analysis of exploitation showed a drastic decline (in number) in the length groups >45 cm for both species, suggesting that they were less likely to attain their asymptotic length in the region.

Current exploitation rates of A. bengalensis are unsustainable, and those for A. bicolor are almost close to reaching this level. Exploitation of all life stages from yellow eels to adults (29–171 cm) is likely to cause recruitment failure and significant mortality of spawning individuals of both species.

An integrative conservation approach, including raising awareness (leading to voluntary restrictions), fishing closures in reservoirs, village‐level quotas, and regular monitoring of populations, will ensure a sustainable future for the freshwater eel species in the Western Ghats hotspot, and elsewhere in the tropics where these species are exploited.
The selfish environment meets the selfish gene: Coevolution and inheritance of RNA and DNA pools
Authors: Monaco Anthony P.
Published: January 2022

Throughout evolution, there has been interaction and exchange between RNA pools in the environment, and DNA and RNA pools of eukaryotic organisms. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing of invertebrate hosts and their microbiota has revealed a rich evolutionary history of RNA virus shuttling between species. Horizontal transfer adapted the RNA pool for successful future interactions which lead to zoonotic transmission and detrimental RNA viral pandemics like SARS‐CoV2. In eukaryotes, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) is an established mechanism derived from prokaryotes to defend against viral attack through innate immunity and regulation of host‐derived mRNA. Transgenerational inheritance of ncRNA is evidence for feedforward adaptive immunity and epigenetically encoded environmental change across generations, which may explain the ‘‘missing heritability’’ of common disease. Causal graph theory and the Price Equation can model epigenetic inheritance involving dynamic internal and external RNA pools. Experimental designs should include metatranscriptomic analyses to understand how ncRNA responds to rapidly changing environmental conditions, within and between organisms, and across generations.
Degradation of methylene blue using co‐dopants Mg and Se in an hydroxyapatite composite
Authors: El‐Naggar Mehrez E. , Abu Ali Ola A. , Saleh Dalia I. , Abu‐Saied M. A. , Ahmed M. K. , Abdel‐Fattah E. , Mansour S. F.
Published: January 2022

In this work, a comparative study was made of different magnesium ion content incorporated into hydroxyapatite (HAP) and modified with selenite ions, with the aim to develop the degradation performance of methylene blue. Although the dopant metal (Mg2+) was present at a relatively low ratio, it induced a change in the microstructure, morphology, surface area, external surface charge, particle size, and degradation performance. The effect of magnesium and selenium binary doping on microstructure and degradation of methylene blue was evaluated. The external surface charge measured by zeta potential clarified that the highest negativity was −11.8 mV and this was accomplished in 1.0 Mg/Se‐HAP. Furthermore, the roughness average increased from 36.8 nm, reaching 59.2 nm upon the addition of Mg(II). Moreover, transmission electron microscope micrographs showed that compositions were formed as rod shapes. The process of degradation was optimized, showing effectiveness in methylene blue degradation of 62.4% after 150 min of exposure to visible light. Electrostatic attraction and H‐bonding, and coordination played vital roles in the adsorption process. The recyclability of the as‐prepared compositions demonstrated that the effectiveness had been reduced to ~54.2% after five times of re‐use.
Curcumin‐embedded DBPC liposomes coated with chitosan layer as a fluorescence nanosensor for the selective detection of ribonucleic acid
Authors: Estephan Maria , El Kurdi Riham , Patra Digambara
Published: January 2022

One of the limitations of fluorescence probe molecules during biomedical estimation is their lack of ability to selectively determine the targeted species. To overcome this there have been various approaches that involve attaching a functional group or aptamers to the fluorescence probe. However, encapsulating probe molecules in a matrix using nanotechnology can be a viable and easier method. Curcumin (Cur) as a fluorescence marker cannot distinguish DNA and RNA. This research reports a novel selective approach involving the use of nanocapsules composed of liposomal curcumin coated with chitosan for the selective detection of RNA molecules using a fluorescence method. The increase in RNA concentration enhanced the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charge surface of RNA and the positively charged nanocapsule, which was further verified by zeta potential measurement. This method had a low limit of detection (36 ng/ml) and higher linear dynamic ranges compared with other studies found in the literature. Moreover, the method was not affected by DNA and was selective for the detection of RNA molecules for which the site of interaction was confined only to uracil. The selectivity for RNA molecules towards other analogues species was also examined and recovery range found was between 99 and 100.33%.
On‐chip magnetophoretic capture in a model of malaria‐infected red blood cells
Authors: Giacometti Marco , Monticelli Marco , Piola Marco , Milesi Francesca , Coppadoro Lorenzo P. , Giuliani Enrico , Jacchetti Emanuela , Raimondi Manuela T. , Ferrari Giorgio , Antinori Spinello , Fiore Gianfranco B. , Bertacco Riccardo
Published: January 2022

The search for new rapid diagnostic tests for malaria is a priority for developing an efficient strategy to fight this endemic disease, which affects more than 3 billion people worldwide. In this study, we characterize systematically an easy‐to‐operate lab‐on‐chip, designed for the magnetophoretic capture of malaria‐infected red blood cells (RBCs). The method relies on the positive magnetic susceptibility of infected RBCs with respect to blood plasma. A matrix of nickel posts fabricated in a silicon chip placed face down is aimed at attracting infected cells, while healthy cells sediment on a glass slide under the action of gravity. Using a model of infected RBCs, that is, erythrocytes with methemoglobin, we obtained a capture efficiency of about 70% after 10 min in static conditions. By proper agitation, the capture efficiency reached 85% after just 5 min. Sample preparation requires only a 1:10 volume dilution of whole blood, previously treated with heparin, in a phosphate‐buffered solution. Nonspecific attraction of untreated RBCs was not observed in the same time interval.
Combining network pharmacology with chromatographic fingerprinting and multicomponent quantitative analysis for the quality evaluation of Astragali Radix
Authors: Li Xiaohuan , Guo Xinhua , Sha Miao , Gao Wenyuan , Li Xia
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, cultivated variants and adulterants of Astragali Radix (AR) have flooded the market, causing the quality assurance of AR to be challenging. To address this issue, we combined network pharmacology with chromatographic fingerprinting and multicomponent quantitative analysis for the quality evaluation of AR. Specifically, through network pharmacology, a complete understanding of the active components and pharmacological activities of AR was established. In addition, establishing fingerprint profiles and multicomponent quantitation by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is convenient and comprehensive, and can more fully reflect the overall situation of the distribution of various chemical components. To evaluate and differentiate AR from different origins, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed. The result showed that AR acts synergistically through multiple targets and pathways. The content of chemical components in AR from different origins varied significantly. Combining network pharmacology and multicomponent quantification results, astragaloside II and IV and formononetin can be used as quality markers for the quality control of AR. This study provides a comprehensive and reliable strategy for the quality evaluation of AR and identifies its quality markers to ensure the quality of the herb.
Rates and implications of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among released offenders with mental disorder in Canada
Authors: Mela Mansfield , Wall Linnea , Buttinger Pam , DesRoches Andrea , Wrath Andrew J.
Published: January 2022

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is prevalent among individuals involved in the justice system. However, many of the characteristics of justice‐involved individuals with FASD remain unknown. We assessed patients in a forensic mental health hospital (n = 26) for FASD before their release. The two objectives were to establish the prevalence of FASD in this unique environment and to describe the mental health and neurocognitive characteristics of individuals with FASD compared to patients with complex needs and those without FASD. The prevalence of FASD was 46%. We found the FASD group to have more than six impaired brain domains, greater than the other groups, and a higher prevalence of ADHD. Given the high prevalence of FASD reported in this study, along with the complexities and adversities associated with FASD and criminal justice involvement, this is a population that requires screening, assessment, and intervention.
“Musical dish” efficiently induces osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through music derived microstretch with variable frequency
Authors: He Qiulin , Lin Junxin , Zhou Fanghao , Cai Dandan , Yan Yiyang , Shan Yejie , Zhang Shufang , Li Tiefeng , Yao Xudong , Ouyang Hongwei
Published: January 2022

Nonuniform microstretching (NUMS) naturally occurs in real bone tissues in vivo, but its profound effects have not been identified yet. In order to explore the biological effects of NUMS and static stretch (uniform stretch [US]) on cells, a new “musical dish” device was developed. Musical signal was used to provide NUMS to cells. More stress fibers, arranging along the long axis of cells, were formed throughout the cells under NUMS, compared with US and untreated control group, although cell morphology did not show any alteration. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed enhanced osteogenic differentiation of cells after NUMS treatment. Cells in the NUMS group showed a higher expression of bone‐related genes, while genes related to stemness and other lineages were down‐regulated. Our results give insights into the biological effects of NUMS and US on stem cell osteogenic differentiation, suggesting beneficial effects of micromechanical stimulus for osteogenesis. The newly developed device provides a basis for the development of NUMS derived rehabilitation technology to promote bone healing.
Classification of forensic hyperspectral paper data using hybrid spectral similarity algorithms
Authors:   Deepthi, Devassy Binu Melit , George Sony , Nussbaum Peter , Thomas Tessamma
Published: January 2022

Document forgeries that involve modification of the materials used, such as ink and paper, provide evidence of any malpractices being performed. Forensic specialists use different techniques to identify and classify these samples; however, the most preferred method is to use nondestructive techniques to avoid any potential damage to the original specimen under investigation. Hyperspectral imaging has already been explored in several application domains and used as a powerful method in forensic investigations to extract information about the materials under examination. To precisely classify the material information and utilize the hyperspectral imaging technique's potential, we probed the potential of some hybrid spectral similarity measures to classify different commonly used paper samples. A comparison of these methods is quantitatively presented in this article.
Effects of nanosilica on fine migration and location distribution of blockage at different pH and temperatures: Modelling and experimental studies
Authors: Madadizadeh Ali , Sadeghein Alireza , Riahi Siavash
Published: January 2022

There are a lot of fine particles in sandstone reservoirs that are not strongly bonded to the rock's surface. These fine particles move with the fluid flow and cause formation damage and facilities' erosion. An effective method for preventing fine migration is using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, modelling and experimental methods were utilized to investigate NPs' effect on fine migration. The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory was used to model NPs' effect on the stability of fines on the rock's surface. Long sand packs were utilized to study the silicon dioxide NPs' effect on fine migration and location distribution of blockage in experiments at different pH and temperatures. Modelling results showed that the presence of NPs reduces the zeta potential of fine surfaces from −27.6 and −35.6 mV to −1.8 and −6.7 mV at pH = 8 and pH = 12, respectively. Based on the DLVO theory, it was concluded that NPs increase the particles' stability on the rock's surface. The experimental results showed that although fine migration increases with an increase in pH and temperature, the presence of SiO2 decreases it by 58% and 38% at pH = 8 and 12, respectively. The results showed that the performance of NPs reduced with an increase in pH and temperature. It was shown that the presence of NPs influences the location distribution of pressure drop and leads to permeability being more homogeneous in porous media during low salinity water injection.
A new utility‐aware anonymization model for privacy preserving data publishing
Authors: Canbay Yavuz , Sagiroglu Seref , Vural Yilmaz
Published: January 2022

Most of data in various forms contain sensitive information about individuals and so publishing such data might violate privacy. Privacy preserving data publishing (PPDP) is an essential for publishing useful data while preserving privacy. Anonymization, which is a utility based privacy preserving approach, helps hiding the identities of data subjects and also provides data utility. Since data utility is effective on the accuracy of analysis model, new anonymization algorithms to improve data utility are always required. Mondrian is one of the near‐optimal anonymization models that presents high data utility and is frequently used for PPDP. However, the upper bound problem of Mondrian causes a decrease in potential data utility. This article focuses on this problem and proposes a new utility‐aware anonymization model (u‐Mondrian). Experimental results have shown that u‐Mondrian presents an acceptable solution to the upper bound problem, increases total data utility and presents higher data utility than Mondrian for different partitioning strategies and datasets.
Intermediate disturbances drive long‐term fluctuation in old‐growth forest biomass: an 84‐yr temperate forest record
Authors: Woods Kerry D. , Kern Christel C.
Published: January 2022

What are typical values and dynamic status of live‐tree biomass pools in old‐growth, mesic, cool temperate forests? A handful of biomass density estimates in eastern North American temperate forests show large biomass/carbon reserves on a per‐area basis. However, it is less clear whether these ecosystems are, over multi‐decade scales, typically steady‐state or non‐equilibrial carbon pools. Previous studies have suggested both possibilities, but claims are based on inferences from short‐term studies or proxy data sets. An unusually long‐term and extensive data set from repeatedly sampled permanent plots (84 yr, ca. 10 ha sample area, 6–8 measurements), from old‐growth conifer‐hardwood forest in northern Michigan, USA, allows direct estimation of multi‐decade trends in aboveground live‐tree biomass. Results confirm prior suggestions of high‐biomass density for old‐growth temperate forests (averaging >300 Mg/ha), but, despite significant decade‐scale variation, show no overall, long‐term directional change. Study plots typically show multi‐decade trends of gradually increasing biomass density, interrupted by sharp declines attributed to intermediate‐severity disturbances, with recovery of pre‐disturbance biomass density requiring upwards of a half‐century. At the stand scale, biomass dynamics are strongly historically contingent, and short‐term studies may yield biased or misleading results. Disturbance legacies, through demographic and structural effects, can have multi‐decade effects on vulnerability to further disturbance. While this study shows no general trend in aboveground biomass pools, it suggests that changes in disturbance regime may drive important feedbacks in biomass pool dynamics.
edna2021: The fourth annual meeting of The eDNA Society “Species distributions, and beyond”
Authors: Araki Hitoshi , Kanbe Takashi , Yamanaka Hiroki , Minegishi Yuki , Koizumi Noriyuki
Published: January 2022

The eDNA Society was founded in Japan in 2018 to develop eDNA science as a discipline that contributes to the human well‐being and the sustainable use of ecosystems. Since then, the society has expanded attracting a wide variety of people from international universities, research institutes, consultant companies, and local/national governments. Here we report edna2021, the fourth annual meeting of The eDNA Society, which was held mainly online on November 20–21, 2021. We had c.a. 500 participants in total, from at least 15 countries. In the meeting, we discussed not only the technical aspects of environmental DNA but also its potential for various applications including its combinations with environmental RNA, sediment core samples, population genetic analyses, etc.