bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dark Matter Credit
Authors: Hoffman Philip T. , Postel-Vinay Gilles , Rosenthal Jean-Laurent
Published: May 2019

Prevailing wisdom dictates that without banks countries would be mired in poverty. Yet somehow much of Europe managed to grow rich long before the diffusion of banks. This book draws on centuries of loan data from France to reveal how credit abounded well before banks opened their doors. The book shows how a vast system of shadow credit enabled nearly a third of French families to borrow in 1740, and by 1840 funded as much mortgage debt as the American banking system of the 1950s. The book traces how this extensive private network outcompeted banks and thrived prior to World War I—not just in France but in Britain, Germany, and the United States—until killed off by government intervention after 1918. Overturning common assumptions about banks and economic growth, the book paints a revealing picture of an until-now hidden market of thousands of peer-to-peer loans made possible by a network of brokers who matched lenders with borrowers and certified the borrowers' creditworthiness. The book challenges widespread misperceptions about French economic history, such as the notion that banks proliferated slowly, and the idea that financial innovation was hobbled by French law. By documenting how intermediaries in the shadow credit market devised effective financial instruments, this compelling book provides new insights into how countries can develop and thrive today.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffman Philip T. , Postel-Vinay Gilles , Rosenthal Jean-Laurent
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter looks at the ways to borrow in France before banks opened their doors, and the big mountain of debt this shadow credit system raised, even by modern standards. Much of this capital was raised for agriculture and urban real estate, sectors critical in a developing economy that banks often shun because of the risks of farming and the long loan maturities of real estate lending. Until now, virtually no one has noticed this big debt, despite its size. In a way, it is like the dark matter that makes up some eighty-five percent of the universe but cannot be directly observed. Worse yet, they have simply assumed that what cannot easily be observed—private credit in the past or in poor countries today—was insignificant or simply not there at all.
1740 and the Rules of the Game
Authors: Hoffman Philip T. , Postel-Vinay Gilles , Rosenthal Jean-Laurent
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the size of the market in 1740 and explores who was involved in it. The stock of notarial debt, even though it excluded nearly all commercial and consumer credit, amounted to sixteen percent of GDP in 1740. Although that may at first glance seem paltry, especially when compared to the level of mortgage debt accumulated in some economies on the eve of the 2008 crisis, it is more than what mortgage markets achieve in many developing economies today. This mountain of private, nongovernmental debt raises some serious questions. The chapter addresses this issue by asking how to reconstruct past lending in a society, particularly for credit markets that have long been shrouded from view.
Prices Return
Authors: Hoffman Philip T. , Postel-Vinay Gilles , Rosenthal Jean-Laurent
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the transition to a new equilibrium in 1899 by reviewing some economics literature that deals with three different issues that arise in the transition from a single-price equilibrium to a range of prices. The first suggests that when there is substantial asymmetric information, price competition in credit markets may be reduced, if not eliminated, in favor of credit rationing. Next, the chapter studies why the equilibrium in a credit rationing market may feature a single interest rate. Finally, it examines a third approach that analyzes conditions under which such pooling equilibria may unravel. This economics literature helps shed light on the transition from the near universal five-percent interest rate equilibrium to a regime with a distribution of rates in the late nineteenth century.
City of Beginnings
Authors: Creswell Robyn
Published: May 2019

This book is an exploration of modernism in Arabic poetry, a movement that emerged in Beirut during the 1950s and became the most influential and controversial Arabic literary development of the twentieth century. The book introduces English-language readers to a poetic movement that will be uncannily familiar—and unsettlingly strange. It provides an intellectual history of Lebanon during the early Cold War, when Beirut became both a battleground for rival ideologies and the most vital artistic site in the Middle East. Arabic modernism was centered on the legendary magazine Shi'r (“Poetry”), which sought to put Arabic verse on “the map of world literature.” The Beiruti poets—Adonis, Yusuf al-Khal, and Unsi al-Hajj chief among them—translated modernism into Arabic, redefining the very idea of poetry in that literary tradition. This book includes analyses of the Arab modernists' creative encounters with Ezra Pound, Saint-John Perse, and Antonin Artaud, as well as their adaptations of classical literary forms. The book also reveals how the modernists translated concepts of liberal individualism, autonomy, and political freedom into a radical poetics that has shaped Arabic literary and intellectual debate to this day.
The Origins of the Arabic Prose Poem
Authors: Creswell Robyn
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the origins of Arabic prose poem which, as understood by the Beiruti modernists, seemed to arise from an act of auscultation, or attention to interior rhythms. But how do these rhythms synchronize with the dynamism of modernity? How does the private music of the prose poem accord with what Adonis calls “the rhythm of our new life, a rhythm that renews itself in every instant”? Does the qasidat al-nathr originate abroad, or does it well up from the self? Although the Shi'r poets often translated foreign authors such as Robinson Jeffers and Saint-John Perse as though they belonged to a hoary native tradition, the Arab modernists' most common way of harmonizing these sources is to suppose a subject, namely “man,” who serves as a figure of mediation, translating from one side of this caesura to the other.
Tehran 1979—Damascus 2011
Authors: Creswell Robyn
Published: May 2019

This epilogue attempts to answer the following question: Was Adonis's journey from nationalism to Islamism, passing by way of Nasserism, socialism, and extreme leftism, a matter of organic and systematic progress (which one might explicate) in his intellectual convictions, his political positions, and his ideological outlook? Or was it merely a matter of his adapting to historical occasions as they arose—a matter of conforming to the strongest cultural and political winds of the moment? It does so by presenting a short but detailed narrative about Adonis's writings on the Iranian and Syrian revolutions. The intent in relating this history is to bring the story of Arabic modernism as close as possible up to the present as well as to investigate its afterlives, its ability to adapt itself to new conjunctions.
The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.
Introduction
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Central Asia, after its five countries—Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—became independent with the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991. During the 1990s, the Central Asian countries focused on nation-building and transition to market-based economies, the nature of which varied from country to country. Indeed, the five governments adopted diverse economic strategies, from the most reformist, Kyrgyzstan, to the least reformist, Turkmenistan's personalized autocracy. Given the shared geography, history, and cultural background of the five countries, observers envisioned a natural experiment to test the efficacy of differing approaches to the transition from central planning and of the variety of market-based economic systems. However, completion of the essentials of transition by the turn of the century coincided with the start of a super-cycle in world prices for resources—most importantly oil—that dominated economic performance in the early twenty-first century.
Kazakhstan
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the national economy and transition strategies of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's national economic history divides sharply between 1991 and 1998, and the years since 1999. The first period, dominated by nation-building, saw traumatic economic adjustment to the shocks of the early 1990s and a large unanticipated decline in living standards. As the country started to recover from the economic nadir in 1997 it was hit by the 1998 Russian crisis, and only in 1999 did sustained economic growth begin. However, when growth did begin—stimulated by policy decisions such as a large currency devaluation and sustained by rising oil prices—Kazakhstan enjoyed a decade during which it was one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The chapter also considers the banking crisis in 2007–2008, whose impact was exacerbated by the collapse in the price of oil in the second half of 2008.
Turkmenistan
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses the national economy and transition strategies of Turkmenistan. Among all the former centrally planned economies, Turkmenistan has regularly ranked last by transition indicators measuring speed of reform or degree of economic liberalization. Indeed, apart from the cotton and gas exports, Turkmenistan remained the most closed and least reformed of the Central Asian countries during the 1990s and early 2000s. In the years after independence, Turkmenistan could sell its cotton on world markets, and like Uzbekistan benefited from buoyant world cotton prices until 1996. Exacerbated by falling output, cotton export revenues declined sharply; like Uzbekistan but with a delay, Turkmenistan imposed draconian forex controls in 1998. After the 2014–2016 collapse in energy prices, Turkmenistan was left in a vulnerable position, facing lower global energy prices, to which the government responded by reducing subsidies on basic goods and strengthening exchange controls.
Regional Problems and Opportunities
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes alternative strategies—multilateral and regional—pursued by the Central Asian countries to integrate into a wider economic circle, emphasizing the shift from being part of the highly integrated Soviet economy to regional disintegration in the 1990s and early 2000s and then, after 2006, steps towards greater cooperation and integration. In the 1990s and 2000s, despite the actual multilateralism, only the Kyrgyz Republic joined the World Trade Organization. At the same time, a number of regional agreements were signed, both among the Central Asian countries and between Central Asian countries and their neighbors, although none had much influence, until the Eurasian Economic Union was constructed after 2009. Meanwhile, high costs of international trade in Central Asia are a symptom and a cause of regional disintegration.
Central Asia in the Wider World
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines bilateral relations with external economic powers and private foreign investors. External interest in Central Asia during the 1990s centered on pipeline politics. Russia continued to be the dominant economic and political partner, but the government was focused on domestic issues. The USA opened embassies in all the new independent states, but Central Asia was a low foreign policy priority. Meanwhile, the EU became a major trading partner, but relations were characterized by lack of clear strategic goals, and EU technical assistance had limited impact. China and Central Asia, amidst mutual suspicion, focused on border demarcation and demilitarization. The twenty-first century saw dramatic changes in external relations. Indeed, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the EU was Central Asia's largest trade partner and China was the fastest growing.
Phenological Advance, Stasis, and Delay
Authors: Post Eric
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins by distinguishing phenology from seasonality. Phenology is defined as the study of the occurrence of phenomena in relation to time. In contrast, seasonality refers to temporal variation in abiotic environmental conditions. The chapter then presents the central findings of four major reviews of phenological change over the past several decades. This overview shows that, first, in general, recent phenological trends in plants and animals tend overwhelmingly to be negative—that is, species across a diverse array of taxa appear to have tended toward earlier timing of springtime activity in concert with recent climatic warming. Second, however, it demonstrates that there has not been a universal tendency toward earlier timing of springtime phenological events with warming. Lastly, the overview reveals that there is, indeed, some evidence for a latitudinal trend in rates of phenological advance. The chapter also looks at phenological dynamics across taxa, latitude, and time.
Ecological Time
Authors: Post Eric
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the role of time in ecology as a resource. In this framework, the established terms timing, rate, acceleration, and duration accrue more nuanced importance. Here, timing, rate, and duration refer to the onset of, progression through, and hence use of time in linked series of associated phenophases that comprise an individual organism's life history cycle. As with other resources, time available for allocation to such phenophases or life history stages is limited in supply, and it is in demand by conspecific and heterospecific competitors alike. The chapter then argues that time, much like space, varies in its scales of availability for use by the individual organism, and in its forms available for use by the individual organism.
Limitations and Extensionto Tropical Systems
Authors: Post Eric
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores patterns of phenological dynamics in tropical systems, where the availability of time is comparatively unconstrained by abiotic conditions. Although abiotic conditions are conducive to growth and reproduction throughout the year in the tropics, many tropical species exhibit pronounced phenological dynamics that shape and are influenced by their interactions in time with other species. Hence, even though ecological time is abundant in tropical systems, species can still be seen to segregate their phenological activity in time. This is evident in the leaf flushing, flowering, and fruiting activity of many tropical plant species that, while capable of expression of such life history events throughout the year, tend to engage in peaks in such activity that lend structure to the phenological community.
The Universities Expansion Made
Authors: Brint Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that the traditional structures and purposes of colleges and universities are intended to produce two outcomes: the expansion of knowledge, principally in the disciplines but also at their interstices, and the development of students' cognitive capacities and subject matter knowledge. The chapter shows that these objectives gave rise to two movements. One was the movement to use university research to advance economic development through the invention of new technologies with commercial potential. The other was to use colleges and universities as instruments of social inclusion, providing opportunities to members of previously marginalized groups, including women, racial—ethnic minorities, and members of the LGBTQ community. They were driven both by external parties and the great philanthropic foundations, and by campus constituencies who benefited from their advance.
The Academic Professions and American Society
Authors: Brint Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents a portrait of the dominant system for organizing and pursuing knowledge and the contributions of that system to American life. It aims to convey some of the hidden strengths of the current system while revealing several of the vulnerabilities that have made it a target for those who would like to use it for more exclusively utilitarian purposes. While it is true that much academic research is intended for other academics, it is easy to miss the many unheralded ways that academic research informs public discourse, public policy, and organizational processes. The chapter then attempts to offer a more rounded picture of the contributions made by university researchers and educators than can be found in the critical literature.
An Accumulation of Administration
Authors: Brint Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes how, as colleges and universities expanded and became more important features of the American institutional landscape, those who occupied senior managerial positions separated themselves more completely from the faculty. They developed features of a professionalized occupation—including separate training programs and formal knowledge bases—albeit one that remained influenced by traditions of shared governance. This separation led to many complaints by faculty members about the rise of a soulless corporate model of university administration. Professionalized management did not weaken the steering capacity of universities—quite the opposite. Yet bottom-line considerations did often intrude in ways that were counterproductive to the educational mission of the institutions.
Focus on the Classroom
Authors: Brint Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the weakness that strikes at the core of academe's objectives and makes the triumph of online alternatives more plausible. The issue has been diplomatically described as “underachievement” in undergraduate education, but it could be described equally well as the failure to inculcate professional standards and expectations for college teachers. The chapter analyzes why the disparate efforts during the period to reform undergraduate teaching and to make colleges accountable for student learning failed to transform college classrooms. It also shows why the new sciences of learning have the potential to create the more powerful learning environments that earlier reformers failed to produce.
The Golden Cockerel, Censored and Uncensored
Authors: Morrison Simon
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses two contrasting aspects of The Golden Cockerel: its political provocativeness, which leads to a censorship saga, but also the attraction of the music and the mystery of the story. Using the aesthetic notion of enchantment, it also places the opera in the context of Symbolist and “decadent” currents in the culture of the time and shows how these were still relevant in the 2012 production by the choreographer Alexei Ratmansky. Three spheres emerge in the opera as in the ballet versions of The Golden Cockerel: the human, represented by Dodon and his court; the fantastic, where the Astrologer dwells; and the erotic exotic, home to the Astrologer's forever beloved Queen. Ultimately, the opera inverts Russian convention: the real Russian characters lose; the fake ones, the non-Russian characters from who knows where, win.
Stylistic Turbulence: The Experience of the Rimsky-Korsakov School
Authors: Ader Lidia
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the legacy of Rimsky-Korsakov's pedagogical work, a legacy that bore greatest fruit in the Soviet Union of the 1920s and 1930s, well after his death, when musical life was rebuilt, and pre-revolutionary ideas reassessed. During those years, a major reform of the Conservatory system was undertaken, and new pedagogical strategies emerged. The Rimsky-Korsakov school and the composer's own oeuvre continued to influence musical tastes and teaching in this period, generating lively polemics. The chapter then provides an understanding of how far-reaching Rimsky-Korsakov's principles of composition proved to be, forming a solid foundation that was built on by loyal members of his compositional school over the next two generations, through favorable and unfavorable ideological swings.
Darwin's Unfinished Symphony
Authors: Laland Kevin N.
Published: May 2019

Humans possess an extraordinary capacity for cultural production, from the arts and language to science and technology. How did the human mind—and the uniquely human ability to devise and transmit culture—evolve from its roots in animal behavior? This book presents a new theory of human cognitive evolution. It reveals how culture is not just the magnificent end product of an evolutionary process that produced a species unlike all others—it is also the key driving force behind that process. The book shows how the learned and socially transmitted activities of our ancestors shaped our intellects through accelerating cycles of evolutionary feedback. The truly unique characteristics of our species—such as our intelligence, language, teaching, and cooperation—are not adaptive responses to predators, disease, or other external conditions. Rather, humans are creatures of their own making. The book explains how animals imitate, innovate, and have remarkable traditions of their own. It traces our rise from scavenger apes in prehistory to modern humans able to design iPhones, dance the tango, and send astronauts into space. This book tells the story of the painstaking fieldwork, the key experiments, the false leads, and the stunning scientific breakthroughs that led to this new understanding of how culture transformed human evolution. It is the story of how Darwin's intellectual descendants picked up where he left off and took up the challenge of providing a scientific account of the evolution of the human mind.
A Tale of Two Fishes
Authors: Laland Kevin N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes a protracted program of experimental research conducted over 20 years that set out to comprehend a fascinating difference in the social learning of two closely related species of sticklebacks. Extensive experimental data show that social learning and tradition play important roles in the behavioral development of countless fishes, most of which are highly social animals. Fish behavior is far from rigidly controlled by a “genetic program,” but rather is constantly and flexibly adjusted to exploit information and resources in the environment, including information provided by other fish. As such, the research is presented in detail to illustrate how a dedicated line of research using a flexible model system can provide valuable insights into more general issues related to the evolution of culture. The investigation also demonstrates how the science in this field is done. Scientific questions in this domain are rarely answered with a single experiment, but often require an extensive series of studies, each chipping away at the problem. Beginning as a curious anomaly, prolonged experimentation on the question developed into a wonderful glimpse at the bigger picture of how social learning evolves.
The Roots of Creativity
Authors: Laland Kevin N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines animal innovation, which is the devising of a novel solution to a problem, or a new way of exploiting the environment. The habit appears special only by virtue of its familiarity. The chapter argues that, in reality, many thousands of innovations have been devised by a broad variety of animals. Birds and mammals are known to incorporate new items or novel techniques into their foraging repertoires; whales, dolphins, and birds introduce novel vocal elements into their songs; apes and monkeys concoct novel deceptive acts; primates and birds invent new tools; and countless other animals create novel courtship displays and social behavior. Animal innovations are highly diverse and wide-ranging. This chapter summarizes some experiments into animal creativity and invention, revealing that animals do exhibit behavior that can sensibly be termed “innovation,” even if the consanguinity of nonhuman-animal and human innovation is a matter of debate. These investigations, and those of other animal innovation researchers, provide compelling evidence that humans do not have a monopoly on creativity. Many animals invent new behavior patterns, modify existing behavior to a novel context, or respond to social and ecological stresses in an appropriate and novel manner.
High Fidelity
Authors: Laland Kevin N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes three theoretical analyses which shed light on the question as to what was different about the behavior, morphology, or circumstances of our ancestors that allowed our technology and culture to take off in such an extraordinary manner. Here, mathematical modeling has proven extremely insightful, particularly by demonstrating that high-fidelity transmission would lead to cultural traits persisting for extremely long periods. The theoretical findings supported a verbal argument that had been made previously by psychologist Michael Tomasello at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. Tomasello had proposed that our species' unique capabilities for language, teaching, and efficient imitation had allowed us to transmit knowledge with a higher fidelity than observed in other animals, and that this transmission fidelity explained the existence of cumulative culture (what he termed “ratcheting”) in humans, but not in other animals. The chapter ends with an account of an experimental investigation in children, chimpanzees, and capuchin monkeys that reinforces these theoretical findings.
The Arts
Authors: Laland Kevin N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the evolution of dance, which provides a wonderful case study with which to illustrate how human culture evolves. It shows that cultural evolution is a melting pot, with innovation often the product of borrowing from other domains, such that cultural lineages come together as well as diverge. This can be seen in the richly cross-fertilizing coevolution of dance, music, fashion, art, and technology, whose histories are intimately entwined. In the case of dance, evolutionary insights explain how humans are capable of moving in time to music; how we are able to synchronize our actions with others or move in a complementary way; how we can learn long, complex sequences of movements; why it is that we have such precise control of our limbs; why we want to dance what others are dancing; and why both participating in dancing and watching dance is fun. Armed with this knowledge, we can make better sense of why dance possesses some of the properties that it does, and why dances changed in the manner they did. As it is for dance, so it is for sculpture, acting, music, computer games, or just about any aspect of culture.
Efektivitas Kinerja Keuangan Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (Baznas) pada Program Pentasharufan Dana Zakat di Baznas Kota Yogyakarta
Authors: Azizah Siti Nur
Published: May 2019

This study discusses the effectiveness of the financial performance of Badan Amil Zakat (BAZNAS) in the distribution process of zakat funds (through zakat agents?), namely Jogja Taqwa, Jogja Peduli, Jogja Sehat, Jogja Cerdas, Jogja Sejahtera from 2012-2016. This research that was conducted in BAZNAS Yogyakarta, specifically analyzes the distribution of zakat funds using the Allocation to Collection Ratio (ACR) analysis method. It measures the ability of the zakat institution (BAZNAZ?) in distributing (the zakat fund?) (through zakat agents?) by dividing the total allocation funds to their total collection funds and comparing financial statements for several periods. The results of this study show the levels of effectiveness of zakat distribution of each year, year 2012 shows a "fairly effective" score, year 2013 is at the "effective" level, year 2014 shows an "effective" score, the score level of 2015 was "highly effective" and the analysis shows a "fairly effective" score  in 2016 .
Revitalisasi Model Pengembangan Kurikulum Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam Berbasis Standar KKNI dan Islamic Entrepreneurship
Authors: Riyadi Sugeng , Badaruddin Badaruddin
Published: May 2019

Curriculum is an important variable in education. To measure the success of education, standardization becomes one of important strategies in strata-ization of the alumni of a specific educational institution, in this case, Islamic Economics and Business Faculty. The policy transformation of Indonesian National Qualification Framework as inevitability of standardization group covers all higher educations including Universitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. In this context, the mastery of knowledge and entrepreneurship practice that is inherent with the concept of Islamic theory (Islamic Entrepreneurship) is one of the primary indicators.
 
From the field research that was conducted, descriptively, it can be identified that a serious legal revitalization effort can be the mainframe for operational activity in various Islamic Entrepereneur units in UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi such as Mini Bank, Capital Market Galery and Business Incubation Center. This revitalization is elaborated in the implementation of Good Academic Governance in the faculty. The conclusions and suggestions arisen in a performance that is professional, transparent, and collective collegial for all institutional elements directly involved in the revitalization implementation of currciulum development model in Islamic Economics and Business Faculty of UIN Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi based on Indonesian National Qualification Framework (INQF) standard result the alumni that have capability with Islamic Entrepreneurship character.
Perbandingan Risiko Dan Return Investasi Pada Indeks Lq 45 Dengan Indeks Jakarta Islamic Index (JII)
Authors: Prasetyo Yoyok
Published: May 2019

This study compares the risks and returns between the two indices in the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), namely the LQ 45 Index and the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). This research period, starting from January 2008 to December 2017. Based on the normality test, the results obtained that the risk data of the LQ 45 Index are normally distributed while the JII Index risk data is not normally distributed. So that a different test used non-parametric statistics, namely the Mann Whitney test. In this study, the results obtained that there is no significant difference in the risk of the LQ 45 index with the JII index. Whereas based on the normality test for LQ 45 Index return data and JII Index return obtained both data are normally distributed and homogeneous. So that the parametric statistics were used by the T test. And the results obtained that the LQ 45 index return also had no significant difference with the JII index. This is due to almost the same constituents / members of these two indices, or the occurrence of a strong slice between the two. Finally, it can be concluded that the risks and returns between the LQ 45 Index and the JII Index have no significant differences.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEMUAN TERBIMBING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI LISTRIK DINAMIS
Authors: Titius Chandra , Sihombing Eidi
Published: May 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui terdapat atau tidaknya peningkatan hasil belajar siswa pada materi listrik dinamis, peningkatan nilai kompetensi keterampilan siswa dan peningkatan nilai kompetensi sikap siswa setelah menerapkan model temuan terbimbing di kelas X SMAN 1 Bandar T.A. 2013/2014. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi experiment dengan populasi yaitu seluruh siswa kelas kelas X SMAN 1 Bandar T.A. 2013/2014 yang berjumlah 13 kelas. Sampel ditentukan dengan teknik cluster random sampling yang terdiri dari 2 kelas dan desain penelitian ini adalah pre test-post test control group design. Masing-masing kelas berjumlah 30 siswa, satu kelas dijadikan kelas eksperimen dan kelas yang lain dijadikan kelas kontrol. Hasil analisis data kompetensi pengetahuan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan hasil belajar siswa pada materi listrik dinamis setelah menerapkan model temuan terbimbing di kelas X SMAN 1 Bandar. Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa ditunjukkan dengan lebih tingginya n-gain siswa  yang dibelajarkan dengan model temuan terbimbing yaitu 0,36 artinya 36% materi terserap siswa,  dibandingkan dengan siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional yaitu 0,26 yang artinya 26% materi terserap siswa. Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dengan menerapkan model temuan terbimbing yaitu sebesar 13% atau kategori rendah. Analisis data kompetensi keterampilan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan nilai kompetensi keterampilan siswa dengan menerapkan model temuan terbimbing sebesar 15% atau kategori peningkatan rendah, sedangkan analisis data kompetensi sikap menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat peningkatan nilai kompetensi sikap siswa dengan menerapkan model temuan terbimbing. Kata kunci : Model pembelajaran temuan terbimbing dan hasil belajar
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INQUIRY TRAINING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK KALOR DI KELAS VII SEMESTER II SMP SWASTA AN-NIZAM MEDAN
Authors: Padang Khairunnisa , Tanjung Ratna
Published: May 2019

This study aims to determine: 1) physics student learning outcomes 2) students during the learning activity 3) differences due to the effect of the application of inquiry learning model of training on student learning outcomes. This research is a quasi experimental research design with two group pretest-posttest design. The study population was all students of class VII Semester II Private SMP An-Nizam field consisting of 3 classes. Sampling was done by cluster random sampling by taking two classes, namely class VII-A class of experimental class and control class VII-C. The instrument used in this study is twofold: 1) achievement test 2) the observation sheet. Observation sheet consists of assessment activity, affective and skills. Hypothesis testing using t-test. The results were obtained an average value of the experimental class pretest 34.65 with SD = 13.1 and the mean posttest score 76.48 with SD = 8.6. In the control group pretest value rearata 31.74 with SD = 11.8 and the mean posttest score 68.34 with SD = 8.6. Learning activities in the classroom experiment is 70.94% and 60.87% in the control class, so the class concluded the experiment had increased activity higher than in the control class. Increased affective experimental class students 62.20% and 57.60% control class, so that concluded increased affective experimental class higher than the control class. The development of an experimental class students' skills increase, 69.05% at the first meeting, the second meeting of 70.94%, 72.84% III meeting. So the average value during the learning skills of the students 70.94% (active). Data obtained from testing the hypothesis that the post-test t = 36.50 at significance level α = 0.05 and price table = 1.669. So tcount> t table (3.960> 1.668) then Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. It can be concluded that there is no influence of the application of inquiry learning model of training in the heat of the material in class VII Semester II Private SMP An-Nizam TP 2013/2014. Keyword : Inquiry Training, Hasil Belajar, Kalor
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERDASARKAN MASALAH TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK LISTRIK DINAMIS KELAS X SMA RK DELI MURNI DELI TUA T.P 2013/2014
Authors: Situmorang Rikardo , Tampubolon Togi
Published: May 2019

This research is aimed to know the effect of problems based learning model to improve the achievement physics students in electrodynamics topic of  class X Deli Murni Senior High School year 2013 / 2014. The research method is quasi experiment. The population all the students classes X Deli Murni Senior High School year 2013 / 2014 wich  consist of 3 classes with population of 108 students. The sample determine by clusters random sampling by taking two classes. Class X-1 as a class experiment with 31 students and class X-2 as a class control with 31 students. The instrument used to know study result of the students is the test results of learning which essay test by 15 questions. Statistics analysis using t test with significant ∝  = 0.05 shows no influence of the application problems based learning model in improving the achievement of  physics students on electrodynamics subject in class X Deli Murni Senior High School in the second semester year 2013/2014. Keyword : Problem based Learning Models, Learning Outcome, Dinamis Electrical
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK SUHU DAN KALOR
Authors: Fitri Mariza , . Derlina
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh model Discovery Learning terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok suhu dan kalor di kelas X Semester II SMA Cerdas Murni Tembung T.P. 2013/2014.Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X Semester ganjil SMA Cerdas Murni yang terdiri dari tiga kelas. Sampel penelitian ini diambil dua kelas yaitu X-2 (sebagai kelas eksperimen) dan kelas X-3 (sebagai kelas control) yang masing-masing berjumlah 30 siswa yang di tentukan denganteknik Claster Random Sampling. Kemudian diberikan perlakuan yang berbeda, kelas eksperimen dengan model pembelajaran Discovery Learning dan kelas kontrol dengan pembelajaran konvensional. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu tes essay yang telah divalidkan oleh validator.Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai rata-rata pretes kelas eksperimen dan nilai rata-rata kelas kontrol. Setelah pembelajaran selesai diberikan postes kepada kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Dari hasil uji t diperoleh , maka  diterima, dengan menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok suhu dan kalor dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran Discovery Learning lebih baik dari pada pembelajaran konvensional di kelas X Semester II SMA Cerdas Murni T.P. 2013/2014. Kata Kunci : Model Pembelajaran Discovery Learning, Konvensional, HasilBelajar.
PENGARUH PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN KONTEKSTUAL TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK FLUIDA DINAMIS SEMESTER GENAP KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 9 MEDAN T.P 2012/2013
Authors: Situmorang Rappel , Sitinjak Ladestam
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya Pengaruh pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok Fluida Dinamis di Semester Genap kelas XI SMA Negeri 9 Medan Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian  adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI IPA Semester II SMA Negeri 9 Medan T.P 2012/2013 yang terdiri dari 3 kelas berjumlah 102 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara cluster random sampling dengan mengambil 2 kelas dari 3 kelas secara acak yaitu kelas XI IPA-1 sebagai kelas eksperimen yang berjumlah 34 orang dan kelas XI IPA-2 sebagai kelas kontrol yang berjumlah 34 orang. Diberikan perlakuan yang berbeda, kelas eksperimen dengan pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual dan kelas kontrol dengan pembelajaran konvensional. Dari pengolahan data postes diperoleh bahwa ada  pengaruh peningkatan hasil belajar dengan menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok fluida dinamis di kelas XI IPA semester genap SMA Negeri 9 Medan Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013.   Kata Kunci : Pendekatan kontekstual, Hasil belajar
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE NUMBERED HEADS TOGETHER BERBANTUAN PETA KONSEP TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK HUKUM HUKUM NEWTON DI KELAS X SEMESTER I SMA NEGERI 1 BATANGTORU
Authors: Aulia Rahman Taufik , Tanjung Ratna
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran koperatif tipe Numbered Head Together (NHT)  berbantuan peta konsep terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok HukumNewton di kelas X semester I SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru T.P. 2013/2014. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperiment dengan disain  two group pretest-posttest. Populasi penelitian  adalah seluruh siswa kelas X Semester I SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru  terdiri dari 6 kelas. Sampel dilakukan dengan cara cluster random sampling mengambil 2 kelas dari 6 kelas,  yaitu kelas X-3 sebagai kelas eksperimen   dan kelas X-5  kelas kontrol masing-masing berjumlah 39 orang. Instrumen digunakan ada 2 yaitu tes hasil belajar dan lembar observasi. Tes hasil belajar   berbentuk pilihan berganda sebanyak 15 soal dengan 5 option yang telah divalidasikan. Uji Hipotesis menggunakan  uji t satu pihak. Berdasarkan analisis data diperoleh nilai rata-rata pretes kelas eksperimen adalah 43,93 dengan standar deviasi 13,13 dan kelas kontrol adalah 48,53dengan standar deviasi 13,01. Setelah pembelajaran selesai diberikan, diperoleh postes dengan nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen 76,41dengan standar deviasi 9,5 dan kelas kontrol 62,1dengan standar deviasi 11,2. Dari hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan oleh observer diperoleh  bahwa aktivitas siswa di kelas eksperimen mengalami peningkatan yang positif. Pada pertemuan I rata-rata aktivitas siswa sebesar 62,88, pertemuan II =72,28, pertemuan ke III =74,72. Hasil uji t diperoleh thitung > ttabel =  5,9>1,67, sehingga Ho di tolak Ha diterima dengan kata lain ada pengaruh yang signifikan penggunaan model pembelajaran koperatif tipe Numbered Head Together (NHT) berbantuan peta konsep terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok Hukum Hukum Newton di kelas X semester I SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru T.P. 2013/2014. Kata kunci: Model Pembelajaran NHT (Numbered Heads Together), Hasil Belajar, Aktivitas
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INQUIRY TRAINING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK FLUIDA DINAMIS KELAS XI SEMESTER GENAP DI SMA NEGERI 2 BINJAI T.P. 2014/2015
Authors: Mentari Filza Sabila , Sani Ridwan Abdullah
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran inquiry trainingterhadap hasil belajar fisika dan keterampilan proses sains siswa di SMA Negeri 2 Binjai. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperiment. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI yang terdiri dari 9 kelas. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara cluster random sampling dengan mengambil 2 kelas, yaitu kelasXI PMS 2 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas X PMS 3 sebagai kelas kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai gain pengamatan keterampilan proses sains siswa adalah 0,62 dengan kategori sedang dengan rata-rata hasil belajar kelas eksperimen 85,44 dan di kelas kontrol 38,86. Dari hasil uji t terdapat perbedaan akibat pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran inquiry trainingterhadap hasil belajar siswa. Antara hasil belajar dan keterampilan proses sains siswa didapat nilai koefisien sebesar 0,730 pada materi pokok Fluida Dinamis di kelas XI Semester  SMA Negeri 2 Binjai T.P 2014/2015. Kata kunci : model pembelajaran inquiry training, hasil belajar, keterampilan proses sains siswa
PENGARUH MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR DI SMP NEGERI 1 SIANTAR NARUMONDA
Authors: Ginting Erwin Tala , . Rahmatsyah
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan model discovery learning terhadap hasil belajar di kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Siantar Narumonda. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara random sampling dengan mengambil 2 kelas dari populasi secara acak yaitu kelas VII-A sebagai kelas eksperimen menggunakan  model discovery learning dan kelas VII-D sebagai kelas kontrol menggunakan pembelajaran konvensional. Desain penelitian ini adalah two group pretest-posttest. Hasil penelitian pada kelas eksperimen diperoleh nilai rata-rata post-test sebesar 67,5 dan kelas kontrol diperoleh nilai rata-rata post-test sebesar 49,17. Analisis data menyimpulkan terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar yang signifikan antara siswa menggunakan model discovery learning dengan siswa menggunakan pembelajaran konvensional. Aktivitas belajar siswa kelas eksperimen yang menggunakan model discovery learning diperoleh nilai rata-rata 69,25 dengan kriteria cukup aktif.   Kata Kunci : model discovery learning, hasil belajar, aktivitas belajar siswa.
EFEK MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH SISWASMA NEGERI 2 PEMATANGSIANTAR
Authors: Manalu Andriono
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas model problem based learning (PBL) terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa pada materi fluida statis. Populasi penelitian ini siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 2 Pematangsiantar tahun pelajaran 2015/2016. Sampel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 kelas, yang terdiri dari  kelas X-2 sebagai kelas kontrol yang menerapkan pembelajaran konvensional dan kelas X-3 sebagai kelas eksperimen yang menerapkan model pembelajaran berbasis masalah yang masing-masing berjumlah 44 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode random (probability sampling). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen kuasi dengan desain randomized control group pretest-postest. Data kemampuan pemecahan masalah dikumpulkan dengan instrumen tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah dalam bentuk uraian  yang telah dinyatakan valid dan reliabel. Efektivitas model pembelajaran dinilai berdasarkan perbandingan rata- rata nilai gain yang dinormalisasi antara kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan model problem based learning pada materi fluida statis secara signifikan dapat lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa dan berada pada kategori tinggi. Kata Kunci : problem based learning dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah