bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENERIC NAMES ENDING IN ‐IS AND THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR STEMS
Authors: Zabinkova Nora
Published: April 2006

The determination of the stem of generic names ending in ‐is is a special task for each particular case. In the future it is preferable to avoid such names, except for quite obvious cases, viz. names having a second (final) part of either Greek or Latin origin ending in ‐is, or a Greek stem, with the widespread Greek element ‐itis (itidis), ‐yllis (ellidis) and so on.

For existing names one should be guided by the following criteria:

the grammatical form of the ancient word (Latin or Greek).

the existing tradition (which in most cases does not contradict 1).

the formation of the stem by analogy.
GEDANKEN UEBER ZUKUENFTIGE AUFGABEN DER BOTANISCHEN GAERTEN
Authors: Schultze‐Motel Wolfram
Published: April 2006

Some ideas about future problems of Botanical Gardens. — Botanical Gardens should lay out special “conservation departments” in order to prevent the extinction of plant species. This program of conservation needs international cooperation. Conditions for success are regional specialization, restriction of the number of species in each garden, and utmost care in cultivation.
THE TYPE OF THE GENUS MEDICAGO (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Baum Bernard R.
Published: April 2006

A critical reconsideration of the lectotypification of Medicago by Scofield (1908) has revealed that the designation of Medicago radiata L. as lectotype was not done correctly according to the Code when retroactively applied. The next choice, however, Medicago sativa L. by Britton and Brown (1913) is in accordance with the Code and must be followed. According to the combined criteria by Urban (1873) and Baum (1968) for delimitation of Medicago and Trigonella the choice of either of the two lectotype species will not affect the nomenclatural status of the generic name Medicago.
BIOSYSTEMATICS ALIVE? — A DISCUSSION
Authors: Johnson L. A. S.
Published: April 2006

Systematics in a broader sense, relating work in genetics, cytology, pollination, phytoehemistry and autecology to the study of evolutionary diversity is very much alive. The need for the term biosystematies to describe this activity has nearly disappeared.
HYBRIDIZATION IN THE EVOLUTION OF BATRACHIUM
Authors: Cook C. D. K.
Published: April 2006

Three groups of species can be distinguished in Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium with respect to their leaf form. The first group of species produce only entire leaves and are primarily terrestrial. The second group produce only dissected leaves and all species are submerged aquatics. The third group is heterophyllous and the species produce both entire and divided leaves. The heterophyllous species are adapted to fluctuating water levels. The control of heterophylly is complex. When heterophyllous species are crossed the F1 offspring are unstable in leaf form, but in the Fa stable, non‐heterophyllous segregants are found which in one jump may be preadapted to terrestrial or submerged conditions. Such decreased epigenctic versatility in hybrids may be important in the evolution of higher plants.
HYBRIDIZATION AND EVOLUTION — A DISCUSSION
Authors: Levin Donald A.
Published: April 2006

The interaction of divergent genomes as seen in the expression and stability of molecular, physiological and morphological characters may have a profound effect on the fitness of hybrids and bring forward new variations on which selection may act. The evolutionary implications of developmental interactions should prove to be a most rewarding area of inquiry for biosystematists.
BIOSYSTEMATICS: AN AVENUE TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard
Published: April 2006

The distinctive feature of biosystematics is considered to be its emphasis upon the processes responsible for differences between taxa, rather than the differences themselves. A progress report on our knowledge of these processes can be summarized as follows. With respect to divergent adaptations to different environments, we understand well their genetic basis, and are now ready to analyze them in terms of gene action in development and metabolism. A valuable new tool for this purpose is the study of isozyme differences by gel electrophoresis. With respect to the origin of barriers of reproductive isolation that play a large role in the origin of species, we need further tests of the hypothesis that chromosomal repatterning is established through the action of natural selection, because of the different adaptive values of differing clusters of linked genes. A new hypothesis that also needs testing is that hybrid inviability or sterility may be produced by disharmonious interaction between genes that code for different subunits of the same multimer enzyme. Valuable studies of hybridization are directed toward determining the importance of transgressive segregation in the origin of new characters. Our understanding of differences in karyotypes must now be based upon the demonstrated fact that even diploid organisms contain large stretches of chromosomal DNA that is duplicated in tandem fashion. With respect to major trends of evolution, several examples are cited which indicate that the origin of genera and other higher categories can take place through an extension of the processes mentioned earlier. An important fact in this connection is that many natural populations of plants contain hidden genetic variation with respect to such basic characteristics as the number of parts of a flower.
EPHEMEROPSIDACEAE — EIN NEUER NAME FÜR EINE FAMILIE DER LAUBMOOSE
Authors: Schultze‐Motel Wolfram
Published: April 2006

Ephemeropsidaceae is a new name for a moss family to replace the illegitimate name Nemataceae. The family consists of the genus Ephemeropsis with two species: E. tjibodensis and E. trentepohlioides.
STUDIES IN MACARANGA II, CHROMOSOME COUNTS
Authors: Whitmore T. C. , Kim‐Gai Soh , Jones B. M. G.
Published: April 2006

Fifteen chromosome counts covering eleven species of Macaranga have 2n = 22, further species have 2n = 20. The significance of these counts is tentatively and briefly discussed.
APPLICATION OF AN INFORMATION THEORY MODEL FOR CHARACTER ANALYSIS IN THE GENUS ARCEUTHOBIUM (VISCACEAE)
Authors: Hawksworth Frank G. , Estabrook George F. , Rogers David J.
Published: April 2006

A character for a group under study embodies the notion of “similar with respect to a basis for comparison” by inducing a partition of the group into classes called character states. Objects which are members of the same state are considered similar. The information in a character can be measured. This enables us to determine that

Some characters share information with other characters.

Some properties may be predicted from knowledge of other properties.

Conventional notions of character “equality” and “weighting” are often misleading.

In a very real sense, a classification is a character and may be measured for its information preserving capacity.

The information in selected characters of the genus Arceuthobium was analysed in this manner; the results of this analysis are presented.
ON ARTICLE 74 OF THE CODE AND ON THE CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF LINNAEUS'S GENERIC NAMES
Authors: Baum Bernard R.
Published: April 2006

It is proposed to accept as the correct spelling of generic names in Linnaeus's Species plantarum ed. 1 and Genera plantarum ed. 5 the spelling appearing in Linnaeus's Philosophia botanica (ed. 1, 1751) and to delete Article 74 from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF TWO SPECIES OF SANSEVIERIA (AGAVACEAE)
Authors: Wijnands D. O.
Published: April 2006

The correct name for the species commonly known as Sansevieria thyrsiflora Thunb. or Sansevieria guineensis (L.) Willd is Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, typified by C. Commelin, Praeludia Botanica 84. t. 33. 1703. Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd. is a correct name.
COMPUTER‐ASSISTED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF THE DATA OF TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Morse Larry E.
Published: April 2006

This survey concerns computer‐assisted storage and retrieval of the data of taxonomy and systematic biology. First, specimen data and ecological data are briefly considered. Next, taxon‐level information is discussed, with emphasis on the role of the taxonomic hierarchy in information storage and retrieval. Following that background material, some general conditions under which computer processing of taxonomic information can be of benefit are considered, and some specific criteria for comparing and evaluating taxonomic information systems are suggested. As examples of the various approaches to computer processing of taxonomic information, several recent projects are reviewed. Finally, computer‐based information networks are considered as a coming development in taxonomic data processing, to supplement but not replace traditional museum collections and publications.
SOME PROBLEMS AT THE CULTIVAR LEVEL
Authors: Stuart D. C.
Published: April 2006

Some of the reasons, both sociological and biological, for the taxonomic difficulties found in modern cultivated species are enumerated. The relevance of numerical techniques is discussed, and contrasted with their usage in classical taxonomy. Some new approaches are suggested.
ARTICLES 41 AND 42 OF THE I.C.B.N. AND FOSSIL SPORES
Authors: Jansonius Jan
Published: April 2006

A proposal is made to abolish the requirement of a separate generic diagnosis for the validation of names of new monotypic genera or fossil plants based on a new species and published on or after 1 January 1953.
INTRAINDIVIDUAL PHENOLIC VARIATION IN THE GENUS TIARELLA (SAXIFRAGACEAE); ITS GENETIC REGULATION AND APPLICATION TO SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Taylor Ronald J.
Published: April 2006

Using paper chromatography, phenolic pigment profiles were established for each of 160 plants representing three species and various intermediate (“hybrid”) forms of Tiarella (Saxifragaceae). The 160 plants included two collections of 80 plants each, one collection made on July 13, the other on August 10 (1969). All plants were collected during anthesis from a sympatric population.

The similarities of pigment profiles were determined by computer programming and were used as measurements of interspecific, intraspecific, and intraindividual variation, the latter represented by phenolic changes which occurred between collection dates. Consideration has been given to various phenomenona which might have induced intraindividual variation and its genetic regulation and application to systematics have been emphasized.
THE MELASTOMATACEAE COLLECTIONS OF A. R. FERREIRA
Authors: Wurdack J. J.
Published: April 2006

A. R. Ferreira made extensive collections in the Amazon valley and northern Planalto of Brazil during 1783—1792. The Paris duplicates of these collections have been studied by many monographers, but are usually not attributed to Ferreira. The Ferreira Melastomataceae have generally been cited as collected by Bonpland, resulting in misleading phytogeography. The melastome types now known from this early expedition are listed, with some notes on the species synonymy.
WILLIAM A. SCHIPP'S BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE STANN CREEK AND TOLEDO DISTRICTS, BRITISH HONDURAS (1929—1935)
Authors: Lowden Richard M.
Published: April 2006

Herbarium sets distributed by William A. Schipp to European and American institutions represent one of the most significant and extensive collections ever made of the coastal plain flora for the Stann Creek and Toledo Districts of southern British Honduras. Schipp (1933‐34) compiled the first complete flora of these districts in the form of a Catalogue entitled, Flora of British Honduras, Pricelist of Seeds & Herbarium Material. As a professional Botanical Explorer, Schipp's discrimination in the field yielded a total of 154 taxa new to science, including two new genera, Schippia Burret and Schizocardia Smith & Standley (= Purdiaea Planchon). Itineraries for collections made by Schipp from 1929 through 1935 are based on 1462 herbarium specimens found in the Forestry Department Herbarium, Paslow Building, Belize City, British Honduras. Schipp's specimens in the Forestry Department Herbarium include 115 isotypes which have been verified, restored, and placed in a type collection. Maps are presented to aid in the location of previously vague type localities.
DIE AELTESTE EMENDATION VON STIPA PENNATA L.
Authors: Rauschert Stephan
Published: April 2006

According to Art. 53 of the ICBN the name Stipa pennata L. which is given as an example to the rule in the Code, must be used for S. joannis Čelak.; it was Mansfeld (1939) who reintroduced this name. Some recent authors abandon Mansfeld's lectotypification and propose to eliminate the example of S. pennata L. from Art. 53. The present author shows that there is no reason to do so because the alteration of the diagnosis given by Steven (1857) cannot be considered an emendation and Mansfeld's lectotypification was not based upon a misinterpretation of the original description.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF SCHIZOMITRIUM B.S.G. (MUSCI, Hookeriaceae)
Authors: Crosby Marshall R.
Published: April 2006

A study of the original publication of Schizomitrium B.S.G. together with materials concerning the three species cited therein clarifies its identity. Lectotypification of Schizomitrium (1851) causes Callicostella (C. Müll.) Mitt. (1859) to fall into synonymy.
THE STATUS OF ASTER ADSURGENS E.L. GREENE
Authors: Jones Almut G.
Published: April 2006

In all treatments of western North American taxa of Aster subsequent to Greene's description of Aster adsurgens in Pittonia 4: 216‐217, 1900, this species was placed in the section Multiflori as a close ally to or a synonym of A. commutatus (T. 8c G.) A. Gray (= A. falcatus commutatus). Examination of the type material reveals that the name does not apply to a taxon of the section Multiflori at all, and a comparison with the corresponding type specimen (Drummond 580, K!) clearly places A. adsurgens in synonymy under A. ascendens Lindley in Hooker (1834).
PREMIERE REVISION DU COMPLEXE ARISTIDA MECCANA, ARISTIDA MUTABILIS (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Bourreil Pierre
Published: April 2006

The results of research concerning 87 mostly herbal shoots permitted us to divide a complex of essentially African Aristida's into two Linnaean species and sub‐specific units. The criteria of differentiation proposed were submitted to statistical tests. The seeds were brought to Marseille in order to cultivate them in a homogeneous environment (greenhouse and botanical garden). This latitudinal translation of seeds over a distance of 2300 to 2800 kilometers in a single hemisphere eliminates unstable specific characteristics retaining only those adequately differentiating the taxa. The ecological upheaval (Bourreil 1967‐b1) affecting the same lineages, permitted us to establish a biometrical test value of homogeneity (t = Z/Sd) for one characteristic, by comparing the averages between the native and the cultivated samples. This value, resulting from the maximal plasticity of the taxon, can be compared to a standard test for the purposes of our work. The same calculations applied to the herbarium samples give a value clearly superior to that of this standard, thus guaranteeing the specific differentiation. The results show the advantage of making use of ecological and statistical criteria in taxonomic research.
TURCZANINOW'S FLORA BAICALENSI‐DAHURICA
Authors: Stafleu Frans A.
Published: April 2006

An analysis of the publication, in instalments, of Turczaninow's Flora in the Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou together with a statement of the way the type was used to produce the consolidated reprint in book‐form.
COMMENTS ON THE SEARCH FOR A ‘PERFECT SYSTEM’
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard
Published: April 2006

A fairy story on biosystematics making the point that there do not exist in nature groups of individuals which must be grouped in only one way as objective, uncontestable species. On the other hand, species are not purely subjective groupings, carved out of an amorphous welter of varying populations. The organized systems of populations, forming an irregular variation pattern, is characterized by modes of similar variants separated by larger or smaller gaps of discontinuity. The best system for any group is one synthesized from data of all kinds.
F. ALLAMAND UND SEINE BOTANISCHEN BEOBACHTUNGEN
Authors: Markgraf F. , Steiger R.
Published: April 2006

A biographical sketch of the botanical activities of the Swiss physician Frédéric Allamand (1735–?). Allamand visited Suriname in 1756 and 1760 and put his botanical annotations of those trips at the disposal of Linnaeus. In later years, when in St. Petersburg, he sent the remainder of his collections (part of them had been lost) to Linnaeus.
SYSTEMATICS AND THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
Authors: Heiser Charles B.
Published: April 2006

Attention is called to the need for more systematic studies of cultivated plants. Various difficulties in the study of domesticated species are discussed with examples particularly from Capsicum and Lagenaria. Special attention is devoted to the problems of determining the wild ancestor and the original homeland of cultigens.
HENRI PITTIER'S BOTANICAL ACTIVITY IN PANAMA
Authors: Dwyer John D.
Published: April 2006

Henri Pittier was one of the most important plant collectors in the Republic of Panama during the time of the construction of the Panama Canal by the Americans (1903‐1914). The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail Pittier's botanical activities in the Republic and to include a list of those collections which are type collections.
CHRYSOLARIX RENOUNCED ‐ A COMEDY OF RESTORATION
Authors: Moore Harold E.
Published: April 2006

Chrysolarix amabilis (J. Nelson) H. E. Moore and Pseudolarix amabilis (J. Nelson) Rehder have contended as names for the golden larch. The correct name is Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon, a name which stands in its own right because the type of Pinus kaempferi Lambert, a name cited in synonymy, was excluded from the concept by Gordon.
STUDIES IN BIGNONIACEAE VII. DENDROSICUS, ENALLAGMA, AND AMPHITECNA
Authors: Gentry Alwyn H.
Published: April 2006

The genera Enallagma and Amphitecna are united. Their union makes advisable the resurrection of Rafinesque's Dendrosicus as the name for the combined genus. A conspectus of the species of Dendrosicus is given including four new combinations and a discussion of the typification of D. latifolius.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Ornduff Robert
Published: April 2006

Many of the diverse floral characteristics used by taxonomists in assessing relationships among taxa represent adaptations to specific pollinators or pollinating methods. Therefore, the diversity of reproductive methods that occurs within a phylad has a strong influence on the number of taxa that are generally recognized in the phylad. Such evolutionary phenomena as convergence and adaptive radiation of floral patterns influence the taxonomic status of various phylads or the relationships that are seen among them. Incompatibility systems are generally unassociated with morphological distinctions, but are of practical importance in crossing programs designed to test the presence and nature of genetic isolation between species, since an unawareness of their existence may lead to erroneous taxonomic conclusions. Similarly, unilateral incompatibility is discussed in relation to certain practicalities in hybridization programs. Morphological features associated with dioecism and heterostyly are disscussed as a generally overlooked source of potentially very useful taxonomic characters. The importance of adaptations to different pollinators as a basis of interspecific isolating mechanisms is stressed, as are the possible positive evolutionary (and taxonomic) consequences of a breakdown in this isolation. Floral and other characters associated with autogamy are discussed and examples are given where the relationships of autogamous taxa are uncertain because of their highly specialized reduced flowers. It is suggested that taxonomists should make an attempt to understand the reproductive methods of the plants with which they work, since such an understanding will strengthen the foundation upon which taxonomic judgments are made.
PROTISTAN PHYLOGENY AS INDICATED BY THE FOSSIL RECORD
Authors: Loeblich Alfred R.
Published: April 2006

Even though the fossil record is incomplete and perhaps difficult to use in phylogenetic studies of the Protista, in the last resort it is the true basis for any real phylogeny as the dimension of time must be taken into consideration. Other hypothetical phylogenies represent speculation based on analysis of a single time plane. Major algal differentiation was a series of ancient events that took place early in the Precambrian and preceded the diversification of the animal kingdom. Every plant division, five of the classes and seven orders of plants, are represented by fossils of Precambrian age. In addition over 1500 described cyst species of some algal group (= Hystrichophyta or Acritarcha) occur in the Precambrian and Paleozoic, that may eventually fill in some of the gaps in the fossil record of the algae and contribute to a refinement of any future phylogenetic studies. With the increasing cooperation developing today between modern biologists and paleontologists interested in phylogenetic studies, I am optimistic for the future of this interesting and highly speculative field.
TIME FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS TO TAKE MORE INTEREST IN PROTOZOAN PHYLOGENETICS?
Authors: Corliss John O.
Published: April 2006

Studies on the evolution and phylogeny of various groups of the Protozoa, a major taxon or portion of the eukaryotic kingdom Protista, have been proceeding apace, particularly in recent years, although they appear to have attracted little attention to date among students of evolutionary biology in general. In searching for the reasons for this apparent fact the “shortcomings” of the protozoa themselves, as objects of phylogenetic investigation, may be held responsible. Such difficulties are discussed under six broad headings: the very nature of the Protozoa (microscopic size, unicellularity, common absence of sexuality, ubiquity), the frequent lack of fossil material, the paucity of described species, the scarcity of morphological features, the even greater rareness of non‐morphological characteristics usable in comparative study, and the unevenness in both our specific and general knowledge of these microorganisms. At the same time, new approaches and recent research in progress mitigate the awesomeness of these challenges to a degree which should allow us to recognize that such work is not being carried out entirely in vain. Many examples, often from the ciliate literature, are cited in illustration of points made. If protozoologists interested in phylogenetic problems can more successfully avoid the pitfalls inherent in their research, apply approaches broader in nature yet technically as sophisticated as possible, take into account constructive criticism, whether from insiders or outsiders, and learn from the experiences of other evolutionary biologists, they and their works will then be predictably deserving of considerably wider respect and recognition than apparently they are presently accorded.
PUBLICATION DATE OF FOURNIER'S MEXICANAS PLANTAS, PARS II
Authors: Reeder Charlotte G. , Reeder John R.
Published: April 2006

The date of Fournier's Mexicanas plantas, pars II (Gramineae) is discussed. From a review of the available facts and in view of the stability of nomenclature, the 1886 date should be maintained.
THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE SPECIES OF THILOA, BUCHENAVIA AND RAMATUELLA DESCRIBED BY DUCKE
Authors: Stace Clive A.
Published: April 2006

Of 762 new species described by Ducke ten belong to the genera Thiloa, Ramatuella and Buchenavia (Combretaceae). They were described in two series of articles, containing respectively ten and six papers. Type specimens should be located in MG and RB respectively, but only one of the six species described in the first series is in fact represented in MG by a type specimen. Type specimens of all four species described in the second series of papers are, on the other hand, present at RB. Details of the locations of all type specimens are provided, and possible reasons for the non‐existence of types at MG discussed.
THE LECTOTYPE OF THE GENUS CHARPENTIERA (AMARANTHACEAE)
Authors: Sohmer S. H.
Published: April 2006

Charles Gaudichaud‐Beaupré described the genus Charpentiera in the form of two species, C. ovata and C. obovata, but did not indicate which of the species should serve as type. Horace Mann was the first to indicate the lectotype of the genus when he reduced C. obovata to synonymy. The reference to the lectotype in the Index Nominum Genericorum should therefore be Mann, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 7: 200. 1866, rather than Schinz (in Engler et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien 3 (1.a): 101 Aug. 1893) as it is at present.
GEVERS DEYNOOT AND HIS FLORA OF UTRECHT
Authors: Stafleu Frans A.
Published: April 2006

A biographical sketch of the author of the first Flora van Utrecht (1843) is followed by some notes on Gevers Deynoot's botanical work in general (e.g. on the Flora batava) and on his Flora in particular. The book illustrates the rich diversity of the vegetation around Utrecht in the middle of the nineteenth century, a wealth strongly contrasting with its poverty in the second half of the twentieth century resulting from a widespread degradation of the environment.
TAXIMETRIC METHODS FOR DELIMITING BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
Authors: Rogers D. J. , Appan S. G.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents suggested sequential steps for biological species delimitation, applying several taximetric computer‐aided methods. The process constitutes two phases: 1) synthesizing all the available intrinsic phenotypic evidence, and extrinsic geographic and ecological evidence, thereby developing a “preliminary delimitation”, and 2) designing cytogenetic and related investigations to discover / confirm intrinsic isolating mechanisms, thereby ratifying, modifying, supplementing or replacing the preliminary delimitation and giving shape to the final species delimitation.

Such delimitations developed by methodical assimilation of the pertinent evidence, with the aid of electronic data processing equipment, will inspire much higher confidence levels than delimitations based on traditional methods. Cytogenetic and other evidence of intrinsic isolating mechanisms are not easily applicable in cases such as asexual species; in others, such as fossil species, it is impossible to apply these tests. But in the vast majority of sexually reproducing species cytogenetic evidence is significant in the context of the modern biological species concept. However, we do not have this evidence for most of the plant kingdom, and it will be slow in becoming available because cytogenetic methods are expensive in time, effort and money. Consequently, we develop classifications without the support of this evidence to meet the immediate needs. The methods outlined in this paper aid in developing, in the absence of cytogenetic evidence, delimitations which not only inspire greater confidence levels compared to the ones based on traditional methods, but also provide invaluable working hypotheses for efficiently designing cytogenetic investigations.
BETTER BOTANY BY COMPUTER
Authors: Rowley G. D.
Published: April 2006

A comparison is made between phenetic diagrams of the 13 genera of the tribe Aloineae (Liliaceae) based on the “intuition method” and on the use of a computer. The overall pattern is rather similar but the differences (especially that of the status of the genus Lomatophyllum) are a means of drawing attention to the weaknesses in the traditional method of assessing affinities. These differences force the systematist to look closer at his materials and methods and stimulate the pursuit of better botany.
UNBERECHTIGTE PUBLIKATION DER TAXA UNTER EINEM FREMDEN NAMEN — II
Authors: Růžička Jiří
Published: April 2006

It is questionable whether an author of a scientific publication has the right to designate an arbitrary other person as the author of the name of a new taxon if it is clear that this other person is not a publishing author in the sense of Article 46 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The citation of “author's” names should be restricted to the true “publishing author”.
AMINO ACID SEQUENCE STUDIES OF PLANT CYTOCHROMES c
Authors: Boulter D. , Laycock M. V. , Ramshaw J. A. M. , Thompson E. W.
Published: April 2006

The amino acid sequence of mung bean and sunflower cytochromes c have been determined on 3 μ moles of pure cytochrome by using a combination of high voltage paper electrophoresis and sequence analysis by the Dansyl/Edman method. These data have been compared with the wheat germ cytochrome c sequence. If the present potential of the method continues to be realised it is hoped to establish the major branches of a phylogenetic tree for the plant kingdom in the future.
SIX COMPUTER PROGRAMS USEFUL IN PLANT POPULATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Govoni Dennis N. , Anway Jerry C. , Sligo Joseph R. , Hummel Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

Six computer programs are discussed as they may be used in the resolution of the interrelationships among plants.
TYPIFICATION OF MELANTHERA ROHR (COMPOSITAE: HELIANTHEAE)
Authors: Strother John L.
Published: April 2006

Melanthera panduriformis H. Cassini is designated as the type species of Melanthera Rohr.
THE HIERARCHICAL ORDERING OF CHARACTERS AS A SOLUTION TO THE DEPENDENT CHARACTER PROBLEM IN NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Authors: McNeill J.
Published: April 2006

Where there are many taxonomically useful characters occurring in some but not all OTUs (“inapplicable characters”), the resultant “distortion” of character‐space may be troublesome in interpreting the similarity matrix. In numerical taxonomic work at and above the generic level considerable inapplicability of characters due to “missing organs” cannot be avoided. A solution may be to provide a hierarchical ordering of characters such that similarity is calculated over never‐missing “primary” characters whose scores are modified according to the similarities of their dependent characters (secondary, tertiary etc.). This, however, has the effect of “weighting” primary characters such that their presence/absence must always override the contribution of the secondary character scores. It is not evident that this is necessarily desirable, but an empirical examination of the method on three sets of data has produced reasonably acceptable results.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGOSTINO TODARO TO GOSSYPIUM NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Fryxell Paul A. , Smith C. Earle
Published: April 2006

Agostino Todaro, noted Italian botanist and first monographer of Gossypium, added 79 names to the literature of this genus (from subgeneric to varietal rank) in a series of overlapping and redundant publications in the 1860's and 1870's. These works, mostly rare, have been inaccurately and confusingly cited in subsequent literature. A bibliographic analysis of these works was therefore made to provide unequivocal citations of the sources, to ascertain their dates of publication, and to list the correct bibliographic citation for each of the names published in them.
SEGREGATES OF ASCOPHANUS, COPROTUS VS. LEPORINA (THELEBOLACEAE, PEZIZALES)
Authors: Kimbrough James W.
Published: April 2006

In recent years the genus Ascophanus Boud. has been segregated into a number of genera. One of these, Coprotus Korf and Kimbr., is typified by Ascobolus sexdecimsporus Cr. & Cr. (= Ascophanus sexdecimsporus (Cr. & Cr.) Boud., Ryparobius sexdecimsporus (Cr. & Cr.) Sacc., Coprotus sexdecimsporus (Cr. & Cr.) Kimbr. and Korf). Eckblad noted that the type specimen of Leporina multispora Vel., the basis of the monotypic genus Leporina Vel., was found to bear apothecia identical with those of A. sexdecimsporus. He implied that Leporina was the correct name for Coprotus. This paper attempts to clarify the nomenclatural problem, and concludes that Leporina cannot be successfully typified. The unambiguous generic taxon Coprotus may be retained.
EUPHORBIA VERRUCOSA AND E. STRICTA TO BE REJECTED?
Authors: Riedl Harald
Published: April 2006

The name Euphorbia verrucosa L. is validly published since the publication in 1759 is to be regarded as a mere emendation of the description published in 1753. The original E. verrucosa L. comprised two different species, E. verrucosa L. 1753 emend. 1759 and E. stricta L. 1759. E. stricta L. is also a legitimate name; the species is different from E. verrucosa, being completely glabrous.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR SPERMATOPHYTA CONSERVATION OF GENERIC NAMES, XIII
Authors: McVaugh Rogers
Published: April 2006

The Committee recommends for conservation 755 Colocasia, 1403a Peristylus, 1619 Brassavola, 1885 Ostrya, 2078 Struthanthus, 2147 Heisteria, 2611 Hyperbaena, 3176 Cephalotus, 3275 Cunonia, 3675a Retama, 3828 Pterocarpus, 4278 Muraltia, 4919 Leea, 5409 Melocactus, 6157 Helwingia, 7185 Premna, 7472 Hemimeris, 7874 Achimenes, 8197 Hymenodictycn, 9224 Synedrella and 9574 Leontodon. It is unwilling to recommend the conservation of 295 Bouteloua, 1086 pars Endymion, 4092 pars Hesperethusa, 8278 Tarenna. A proposal for the conservation of 7333 Mosla has been withdrawn.
THE CONCEPT OF RELEVANCE IN TAXONOMY WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Baum Bernard R.
Published: April 2006

The coefficient of relevance Rjk is expanded to include homology by introduction of a new parameter Cjk to modify Rjk. Values of Cjk are inversely proportional to the rank and allow inclusion of subjective probability levels of Cjk. This gives to the taxonomist a measure of reliability of the portion of OTU's irrespective of the methods he choses to use.

It is suggested that classification above the generic level might be quite arbitrary, although useful for some specific purpose.
REMARKS ON HALOPHILA (HYDROCHARITACEAE)
Authors: Sachet M.‐H. , Fosberg F. R.
Published: April 2006

Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Halophila, supplemental to den Hartog's monograph, clarifying publication of generic synonym Lemnopsis; establishing H. minor as correct name for what has been called H. ovata; reducing H. ovalis var. bullosa and H. madagascariensis to H. minor; and reinstating H. hawaiiana as a species distinct from both H. minor and H. ovalis.
WEIGHTING CHARACTER‐STATES
Authors: Baum Bernard R.
Published: April 2006

An approach to character assessment is proposed in which states within characters are weighted. It is suitable for use with Gower's general coefficient of resemblance. Values of character‐states are determined intuitively or through appropriate transformations. The aim of this approach is to incorporate information available on the relative closeness of the states, into classificatory studies. This information usually becomes lost at the coding stage because of the practice of equidistant states.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF GENERA OF ARACEAE
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Lectotype species are designated for four generic names: Arisarum, Desmesia, Dracunculus and Heteropsis.
I. G. VOZNESENSKII, EARLY NATURALIST IN BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO
Authors: Carter Annetta M.
Published: April 2006

I. G. Voznesenskii, preparator in the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, made extensive botanical collections on the Gulf of California side of Baja California during the winter of 1841–1842. He reached the area aboard the ship Naslednik Alexandr, which was sent from Sitka, Alaska, to obtain a three years' supply of salt from the natural deposit on Carmen Island, Gulf of California.
THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF PANAX GINSENG C. A. MEYER (ARALIACEAE)
Authors: Baranov A. I.
Published: April 2006

In this paper the author presents the results of his search in an attempt to establish a lectotype of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer.
QUANTITATIVE BIOGEOGRAPHY: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Crovello Theodore J.
Published: April 2006

Biogeography is currently in an exciting, challenging, revolutionary stage. Quantitative biogeography, both at the historical and ecological levels, will play an increasingly important role because rapidly increasing amounts of data will require quantitative methods and computer analysis. An effective way to comprehend quantitative methods and to determine when they can be effective is to consider any biogeographic study as a multistage decision process. Not only does this provide a framework for such activities, but it also emphasizes that one's conclusions are affected by decisions made at different stages of the study. The best perspective is that biogeography is an unending synthesis, both of many types of theories and of many types of data and analyses to test them. A corollary to this approach is that no single method or analysis can answer all questions of biogeographic interest. Finally, while computers and quantitative analyses can enhance the human mind, they can never replace it.
NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEMS IN POLYGONUM
Authors: McNeill J.
Published: April 2006

The first lectotypification of Polygonum L., designating P. lapathifolium as type, has been consistently ignored in favour of P. aviculare. It does not appear that this first designation of a lectotype can be superseded under the ICBN. Accordingly, to avoid disadvantageous changes in nomenclature, Polygonum L. is proposed for conservation with P. aviculare as type. Polygonum aviculare has been widely used in two different senses, for a homophyllous tetraploid and for a heterophyllous hexaploid. Its first lectotypification by a specimen of the heterophyllous species has recently been challenged. It is established that this challenge is unfounded under the ICBN, but, nevertheless, it is concluded that the name has been widely and persistently used for a taxon not including its type and must be rejected under ICBN Art. 69. A new wording of Art. 69 is proposed that would permit the retention of P. aviculare by those who recognise only a single species for the two chromosome races.
ON THE PUBLICATION DATE OF AMANN J. ET AL., FLORE DES MOUSSES DE LA SUISSE
Authors: Geissler Patricia
Published: April 2006

The publication date of Amann J, et al., Flore des mousses de la Suisse should be considered as 31 December 1918.
THE NEW SPECIES OF SOLANUM PUBLISHED BY DUNAL IN THE ENCYCLOPEDIE METHODIQUE, BOTANIQUE, SUPPL. 3
Authors: Nee Michael
Published: April 2006

The 41 new species of Solanum published in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, Supplément 3, 1814, should be ascribed solely to M. F. Dunal who provided the diagnoses and epithets, and not to the editor, J. L. M. Poiret.
DRYOPTERIS PALEACEA IS A SYNONYM OF D. WALLICHIANA
Authors: Smith Alan R. , Fraser‐Jenkins C. R.
Published: April 2006

Authorities have disagreed on the correct name for the widespread and common species known variously as Dryopteris paleacea (Swartz or Don) Hand.‐Mazz. or C. Chr. and D. wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. Reëxamination of Don's Prodromus Florae Nepalensis forces the conclusion that Alston was correct in using the latter name.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF GUTIERREZIA LINEARIFOLIA LAG. (COMPOSITAE: ASTEREAE)
Authors: Lane Meredith A.
Published: April 2006

The type specimen of Gutierrezia linearlfolia Lag., type species of the genus, has been either lost or destroyed; no known duplicate material exists. A neotype has been chosen, based on what can be deduced about the original collection locality, since direct evidence is lacking.
A SHORT HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL FLORA (REGENSBURG) (VOL. 1–71, 1818–1888). PART 1. THE EDITORS
Authors: Leussink Jan A.
Published: April 2006

This paper is intended to develop a framework for a more extensive study of the role of the German journal Flora in the development of systematic botany in the nineteenth century. In the first part of the paper, short biographies are given of the editors in the period 1818–1888, with a special section about their relation with Flora. D.H. Hoppe (1760–1846) was editor, and actually publisher as well, from 1818–1842. F.G. Eschweiler (1796–1831) assisted Hoppe as co‐editor from 1827–1829. In 1830 A.E. Fürnrohr (1804–1861) became co‐editor. Fürnrohr succeeded Hoppe as editor in 1843 and served as such until 1861. Like Hoppe, Fürnrohr was actually publisher of Flora as well. After Fürnrohr's sudden death, the zoologist G.A.W. Herrich‐Schäffer (1799–1874) took over the editorship. He was succeeded in 1871 by J. Singer (1834–1901). From its very beginning Flora was published actually or nominally in Regensburg by the Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft. The relationship between the journal and the Society came to an end in 1888, when Singer transferred the editorship to K.I.E. von Goebel, who from that date published the journal in Marburg.
GENERIC NAMES PUBLISHED IN SALISBURY'S REVIEWS OF ROBERT BROWN'S WORKS
Authors: Mabberley D. J.
Published: April 2006

Generic names validly published in theMonthly reviewby Salisbury are identified, as are other overlooked names published by him elsewhere.KunzeaRchb. (Myrtaceae) should be conserved againstTillospermumSalisb. Three of Salisbury's generic names in current use are antedated by others. It is pointed out thatHomoglossumis antedated byPetamenes[Salisb. ex] J. W. Loud. (Iridaceae) and thatEuryclesis a synonym ofProiphysHerb. (Amaryllidaceae), whileDipidaxgives way toOnixotisRaf. (Liliaceae); the four necessary new combinations are made. Appended is a list of 64 overlooked names of tropical and subtropical plants of the Old World, though some names referable to South AfricanAloeandEricaspp. remain obscure.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF TIMMIA BAVARICA HESSLER (BRYOPHYTA), WITH NOTES ON MAJOR INCONSISTENCIES IN FASC. 1–5 of H. C. FUNCK'S “CRYPTOGAMISCHE GEWACHSE DES FICHTELGEBIRG'S”
Authors: Brassard Guy R.
Published: April 2006

A lectotype is chosen for Timmia bavarica Hessler. Major inconsistencies have been discovered between the first and second editions of Fasc. 1–5 of Funck's “Cryptogamische Gewächse des Fichtelgebirg's (1801–1806).
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS IN BOTANY
Authors: Bremer Kåre , Wanntorp Hans‐Erik
Published: April 2006

Phylogenetic systematics in the sense of W. Hennig has exerted a great influence on systematic zoology. Among botanists, however, it has been overlooked and the present paper is intended as a brief summary of the principles, results, and advantages of its application in botanical systematics.

In phylogenetic reconstruction monophyletic groups are established by the use of the unique, derived features inherited by the members from the immediate ancestor of the group. Since species splitting has been mainly dichotomous, the search for sister species or sister groups is the main procedure in phylogenetic reconstruction. The effects of multiple splitting of species, parallelism, and reticulate evolution are also discussed.

In traditional, “natural” or “evolutionary” classification the degree of similarity is a main criterion for relationship. Since similarity depends on both primitive and derived characters, the groups established will often be paraphyletic; some of the descendants of the common ancestor will nor be included in such a group. Paraphyletic groups have no reality in nature and their use in evolutionary and biogeographic discussion is a major obstacle to progress. In a strictly phylogenetic classification all taxa must be monophyletic and all sister groups given equal rank. If these principles are followed, the classification will reflect nature's own hierarchy and its groups will be directly useful in all branches of causal biology.

The effects of phylogenetic classification on different levels are demonstrated by two examples. Takhtajan's angiosperm system is discussed and it is shown that the traditional division of the angiosperms into the two classes Magnoliatae (dicotyledons) and Liliatae (monocotyledons) will have to be abandoned, since Magnoliatae is paraphyletic. On the genus level it is shown that if one wishes to maintain a number of specialized genera within the Capparidaceae‐Cleomoideae, the genus Cleome becomes paraphyletic. As long as the phylogeny of the whole group is not worked out, the only solution is to include the specialized segregates within the genus Cleome. Similar examples could be found anywhere in contemporary botanical classification.
COMMENT ON TRANSFORMATIONS TO REDUCE DIMENSIONALITY
Authors: Gower J. C.
Published: April 2006

Baum (1977) suggests that improved ordinations may be found by first powering the dissimilarity matrix. Although transformations of dissimilarity are always worth considering, this note shows that improvements in fit can be misleadingly optimistic when the powering method is used.
AMPHITECNA‐ENALLAGMA‐DENDROSICUS REVISITED
Authors: Gentry Alwyn H.
Published: April 2006

Changes in the Code adopted by the Leningrad Congress necessitate six new combinations in Amphitecna.
WHO WAS STAPHORST, COLLECTOR OF GUINEA PLANTS?
Authors: Zeven A. C.
Published: April 2006

The Sloane Herbarium includes six West African plant specimens collected by Nicholas Staphorst, son of Nicolaus Staphorst, director of the Chemical Laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians in London. The father was an immigrant from Hamburg, who belonged to an important German family from Staphorst in Low‐Saxon. Nicholas, the son, travelled to South Africa, West India and West Africa where he attempted to collect plants for Petiver. He failed in South Africa and in western India he lost his collection during embarkation, and apparently succeeded in collecting only the six specimens in West Africa, probably in 1701.
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT COLLECTION AND HERBARIUM CURATION
Authors: Hicks  , James Arthur , Hicks Pearl M.
Published: April 2006

A selective, yet comprehensive bibliography of plant collecting techniques, preservation methods, herbarium procedures and practices, administrative problems, and the herbarium's role as a repository of preserved specimens.
THE THEME (MITOTIC CELL DIVISION) AND THE VARIATIONS (PROTISTS): IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGHER TAXA
Authors: Margulis Lynn
Published: April 2006

The assumption is made that photosynthesis evolved in prokaryotes and was acquired by symbiosis in all eukaryotes. By studies of comparative mitosis and genetic systems of “lower” eukaryotes (e.g., nucleate algae, protozoa, flagellated fungi and so forth) consistent phylogenies of these organisms may be constructed. It follows logically from these considerations that the traditional concept of “plant” and “animal” kingdoms are obsolete. An internally consistent modification of Whittakers five kingdoms (Monera, Protist, Fungi, Animal and Plant) is represented and defended on the basis of information from ultrastructure, comparative biochemistry and life cycles, molecular biology and other modern work. Higher taxa (Kingdoms, Phyla, Classes) for major groups based on the recognition of the prokaryotic‐eukaryotic dichotomy is offered for critical evaluation.
THE TYPIFICATION OF MECODIUM AND THE QUESTION OF PSEUDO‐ISONYMY
Authors: Price M. G.
Published: April 2006

Mecodium as a subdivision of the genus Hymenophyllum has a different type than when it is ranked as a genus. As a legitimate generic name, it must be typified by M. diversilabium Copel., a fact overlooked since the original publication, and many combinations have been made in a later homonym. If considered to apply to the original genus, these combinations are later pseudo‐isonyms. It is argued that later pseudo‐isonyms have no actual existence in nomenclature and do not necessitate the making of new combinations.
AN EDP TECHNIQUE DESIGNED FOR THE STUDY OF A LOCAL FLORA
Authors: Sweet Haven C. , Poppleton James E.
Published: April 2006

Techniques are presented which involve the utilization of a computer for assembling and manipulating floristic and ecological information concerning Florida's Central‐East coast vegetation. Information is included relating to the use of a computer to assist in establishing a herbarium representing a local flora. In addition, ecological, morphological and economic information concerning each taxon was stored in the computer, and programs were developed to sort, retrieve and present this information in a variety of formats. This system was designed around an adaptable and relatively inexpensive program (NLHE) which makes it feasible for small colleges and universities with computing facilities to accumulate, store and retrieve regional floristic and ecological data.