bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CUSTOMER COMPLAINT RESPONSE STRATEGY IN SERVICE FAILURE: STUDY OF ONLINE SHOPPER IN INDONESIA
Authors: Alversia Yeshika , Wijayanti Rizky
Published: August 2020

The shifting pattern of shopping habit into a digital nowadays perceived by the business players as the trigger of the growth in e-commerce and e-marketplace. Indonesia is currently one of the largest markets in Southeast Asia for online shopping. On the other hand, it is inevitable that there are still many obstacles and problems that defer the optimized growth of e-marketplace in Indonesia. There are customer concerns about issues that may arise when they do online shopping. Service failures that often arise eventually encourage customers to complain. Failure in service that lead to the emergence of various complaints from customers is an inevitable thing. Each company must prepare an optimal strategy to manage those complaints. The objective of this research is to find out whether there is a difference effect of service failure explanation in the form of excuse, justification, reference and apology on customer satisfaction and repurchase, in the high level of problem condition compared to the low level of problem condition, for the case of online shopper e-marketplace in Indonesia. Furthermore, this research is conducted with the purpose to build the best strategy of giving response using service failure explanation (i.e. excuse, justification, reference and apology). Researchers use a scenario-based experiment as the method and then all the data were analysed using T-test and ANOVA. Total 325 respondents of online shoppers in Indonesia were collected, and the results revealed that apology and justification are the best choices for responding customers’ complaints.
THE ROLE OF COLLABORATION VALUE CHAIN DESIGN AT REWARD-BASED CROWDFUNDING PLATFORMS AND MUSIC INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA
Authors: Anggraeni Octadila Laily , Shauki Elvia
Published: August 2020

Industry 4.0 has brought many changes, in the financial sector there is financial technology. One form of financial technology is crowdfunding. Creative industries are quite high sectors that use crowdfunding as a funding model. This research includes collaboration between crowdfunding and the music industry. In the process of collaboration between the crowdfunding and the music industry, the parties need to conduct a value chain analysis and find out their competitive advantages to maximize fundraising. The consequence of collaboration between the crowdfunding and the music industry is the presence of new business models accompanied by changes in the value chain. This study aims to determine value chain design collaboration between reward-based crowdfunding and the music industry. This research is based on the value network theory, using a qualitative approach with multi-cases study design. This research was conducted by gathering information through interviews with crowdfunding and the music industry. The results show that collaboration leads to changes in value chain design. Crowdfunding has changed the pattern of production in the music industry with its involvement in funding, sales, and distribution. Other forms of crowdfunding and other creative industries require further investigation. This study aims to help practitioners understand how reward-based crowdfunding is changing the music industry.
Investigation of Capital Market Efficiency in Indonesia
Authors: Hutapea Gita Masria , Fathoni Ahmad Fauzan , Efni Yulia
Published: August 2020

In the midst of a national economic growth downturn that affected the capital market as a subsystem of the economy, now Indonesia capital market industry began to look at the development of the application of the principles of sharia as an alternative investment instruments in capital markets activities in Indonesia. The growth of the Islamic capital market in Indonesia is quite encouraging, but the Islamic capital market exposure is still minimal. Lack of public understanding about the Islamic capital market into doubt for investors to invest in the capital market. With the background of the problem, this research aims to investigate the level of efficiency increase of capital markets in Indonesia to see the influence of the capital market and the asymmetry of information on abnormal return. The population in this study are all listed company listed on the Stock Exchange 2014-2018 period as many as 626 companies with a total sample of 238 companies were selected based on criteria predetermined. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regression and the results showed that the type of capital markets significant negative effect on abnormal returns and the information asymmetry significant positive effect on abnormal returns. The continued development of the Islamic capital market information asymmetry and abnormal returns are also lower so the efficiency of the capital market has also increased. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regression and the results showed that the type of capital markets significant negative effect on abnormal returns and the information asymmetry significant positive effect on abnormal returns. The continued development of the Islamic capital market information asymmetry and abnormal returns are also lower so the efficiency of the capital market has also increased. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regression and the results showed that the type of capital markets significant negative effect on abnormal returns and the information asymmetry significant positive effect on abnormal returns. The continued development of the Islamic capital market information asymmetry and abnormal returns are also lower so the efficiency of the capital market has also increased.
Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Compensation For Performance Management Manufacturing Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange Year 2014-2018
Authors: Gea Yosafat
Published: August 2020

In the midst of an increasingly modern business, requires companies to compete in maintaining their business and increase profits. Companies are also required not only for profit, but also improve the lives of the people, workers, stakeholders and gain confidence in the public eye. To achieve these objectives the company must pay attention to the company's performance and the factors that support the continuity of the company's performance. Corporate social responsibility and compensation management is an important aspect that should be viewed by the company to the sustainability of future performance. With the background of the problem, this study aims to examine the influence of corporate social responsibility and management compensation to company performance. The population in this study are all manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2014-2018 period as many as 153 companies with a total sample of 21 companies were selected based on criteria predetermined. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regression and the results show that corporate social responsibility is a significant positive effect on company performance and compensation management is not significant positive effect on company performance. The more disclosures made by the company in the annual report the company's performance is increasing.
Robôs como Pessoas: a personalidade eletrônica na Robótica e na Inteligência Artificial
Authors: Avila Negri Sergio Marcos Carvalho
Published: August 2020

O presente trabalho procura investigar a proposta de criação da personalidade jurídica (eletrônica) para robôs com Inteligência Artificial a partir da resolução do parlamento europeu com orientações sobre Direito Civil e Robótica. Destacam-se, para tanto, os vários riscos e problemas presentes nesse tipo de iniciativa, tendo em vista, principalmente, a tendência atual de ampliação da subjetividade jurídica em vários ordenamentos. Além da retórica antropomórfica, nota-se a prevalência de uma linha pragmática que procura se pautar, principalmente, no modelo da sociedade limitada personificada sem levar em conta, contudo, problemas presentes no processo de personificação das sociedades e a própria função do termo pessoa jurídica na gramática do Direito.
Variations in Ncn and Nccn over marginal seas in China related to marine traffic emissions, new particle formation and aerosol aging
Authors: Gao Yang , Zhang Deqiang , Wang Juntao , Gao Huiwang , Yao Xiaohong
Published: August 2020

Abstract. In this study, a cruise campaign was conducted over marginal seas in China
to measure the concentrations of condensation nuclei (Ncn), cloud
condensation nuclei (Nccn) and other pollutants from day of year (DOY)
110 to DOY 135 of 2018. The ship self-emission signals were exhaustively
excluded, and the mean values of Nccn during the cruise campaign were
found to slightly increase from 3.2±1.1×103 cm−3
(mean ± standard deviation) at supersaturation (SS) of 0.2 % to 3.9±1.4×103 cm−3 at SS of 1.0 %, and the mean value for
Ncn was 8.1±4.4×103 cm−3. Data analysis
showed that marine traffic emissions apparently largely contributed to the
increase in Ncn in the daytime, especially in the marine atmospheres
over heavily traveled sea zones; however, the fresh sources made no clear
contribution to the increase in Nccn. This finding was supported by the
quantitative relations between Ncn and Nccn at SS = 0.2 %–1.0 %
against the mixing ratios of SO2 in the ship self-emission plumes –
i.e., a 1 ppb increase in SO2 corresponded to a 1.4×104 cm−3 increase in Ncn but only a 30–170 cm−3 increase in
Nccn, possibly because of abundant organics in the aerosols. Smooth
growth can be observed in the marine-traffic-derived particles, reflecting
aerosol aging. The estimated hygroscopicity parameter (κ) values
were generally as high as 0.46–0.55 under the dominant onshore winds,
suggesting that inorganic ammonium aerosols likely acted as the major
contributor to Nccn largely through aerosol aging processes of
decomposing organics. Moreover, the influences of the new transported
particles from the continent on the Ncn and Nccn in the marine
atmosphere were investigated.
Quantifying the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties to the parameterizations of physico-chemical processes during the 2010 Russian wildfires and heatwave
Authors: Palacios-Peña Laura , Stier Philip , Lorente-Plazas Raquel , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The impact of aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions on the radiative forcing is subject to large uncertainties. This is caused by the limited understanding of aerosol optical properties and the role of aerosols as cloud condensation/ice nuclei (CCN/IN). On the other hand, aerosol optical properties and vertical distribution are highly related, and their uncertainties come from different processes. This work attempts to quantify the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties (i.e. aerosol optical depth; AOD) and their vertical distribution (using the extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and concentrations' species profiles) to key processes. In order to achieve this objective, sensitivity tests have been carried out, using the WRF-Chem regional fully coupled model by modifying the dry deposition, sub-grid convective transport, relative humidity, and wet scavenging. The 2010 Russian heatwave–wildfires episode has been selected as case study. Results indicate that AOD is sensitive to these key processes in the following order of importance: (1) modification of relative humidity, causing AOD differences of up to 0.6; (2) modification of vertical convection transport with AOD differences around −0.4; and (3) the dry deposition with AOD absolute differences of up to −0.35 and 0.3. Moreover, these AOD changes exhibit a nonlinear response. Both an increase and a decrease in the RH result in higher AOD values. On the other hand, both the increase and offset of the sub-grid convective transport lead to a reduction in the AOD over the fire area. In addition, a similar nonlinear response is found when reducing the dry deposition velocity; in particular, for the accumulation mode where the concentration of several species increases (while a decrease might be expected). These nonlinear responses are highly dependent on the equilibrium of the thermodynamics system sulfate–nitrate–SOA (secondary organic aerosol). In this sense, small changes in the concentration of one species can strongly affect others, finally affecting aerosol optical properties. Changes in this equilibrium could come from modifications in relative humidity, dry deposition, or vertical convective transport. By itself, dry deposition also presents a high uncertainty influencing the AOD representation.
In-orbit Earth reflectance validation of TROPOMI on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite
Authors: Tilstra Lieuwe G. , de Graaf Martin , Wang Ping , Stammes Piet
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The goal of the study described in this paper is to determine the
accuracy of the radiometric calibration of the TROPOMI instrument
in flight, using its Earth radiance and solar irradiance measurements,
from which the Earth reflectance is determined. The Earth reflectances
are compared to radiative transfer calculations. We restrict ourselves
to clear-sky observations as these are less difficult to model than
observations containing clouds and/or aerosols. The limiting factor in
the radiative transfer calculations is then the knowledge of the surface
reflectance. We use OMI and SCIAMACHY surface Lambertian-equivalent
reflectivity (LER) information to model the reflectivity of the Earth's
surface. This Lambertian, nondirectional description of the surface
reflection contribution results in a relatively large source of
uncertainty in the calculations. These errors can be reduced
significantly by filtering out geometries for which we know that surface
LER is a poor approximation of the real surface reflectivity. This
filtering is done by comparing the OMI/SCIAMACHY surface LER information
to MODIS surface BRDF information. We report calibration accuracies and errors for 21 selected wavelength
bands between 328 and 2314 nm, located in TROPOMI spectral bands
3–7. All wavelength bands show good linear response to the intensity of
the radiation and negligible offset problems. Reflectances in spectral
bands 5 and 6 (wavelength bands 670 to 772 nm) have good
absolute agreement with the simulations, showing calibration errors on
the order of 0.01 or 0 %–3 %. Trends over the mission lifetime, due to
instrument degradation, are studied and found to be negligible at these
wavelengths. Reflectances in bands 3 and 4 (wavelength bands 328 to
494 nm), on the other hand, are found to be affected by serious
calibration errors, on the order of 0.004–0.02 and ranging between 6 %
and 10 %, depending on the wavelength. The TROPOMI requirements (of 2 %
maximal deviation) are not met in this case. Trends due to instrument
degradation are also found, being strongest for the 328 nm wavelength
band and almost absent for the 494 nm wavelength band. The validation results obtained for TROPOMI spectral band 7 show
behaviour that we cannot fully explain. As a result, these results call
for more research and different methods to study the calibration of the
reflectance. It seems plausible, though, that the reflectance for this
particular band is underestimated by about 6 %. A table is provided
containing the final results for all 21 selected wavelength bands.
Evaluation of micro rain radar-based precipitation classification algorithms to discriminate between stratiform and convective precipitation
Authors: Foth Andreas , Zimmer Janek , Lauermann Felix , Kalesse Heike
Published: August 2020

Abstract. In this paper, we present two micro rain radar-based approaches to discriminate between stratiform and convective precipitation. One is based on probability density functions (PDFs) in combination with a confidence function and the other one is an artificial neural network (ANN) classification. Both methods use the maximum radar reflectivity per profile, the maximum of the observed mean Doppler velocity per profile and the maximum of the temporal standard deviation (±15 min) of the observed 5 mean Doppler velocity per profile from a micro rain radar (MRR). Training and testing of the algorithms were performed using a two year data set from the Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE). Both methods agree well giving similar results. However, the results of the artificial neural network are more reasonable since it is also able to distinguish into an inconclusive class, in turn making the stratiform and convective classes more reliable.
D-region impact area of energetic particle precipitation during pulsating aurora
Authors: Bland Emma , Tesema Fasil , Partamies Noora
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ten radars from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) in Antarctica were used to estimate the spatial area over which energetic electron precipitation (EEP) impacts the D-region ionosphere during pulsating aurora (PsA) events. We use an all-sky camera located at Syowa Station to confirm the presence of optical PsA, and then use the SuperDARN radars to detect HF radio attenuation caused by enhanced ionisation in the D-region ionosphere. The HF radio attenuation was identified visually by examining quick-look plots of the background HF radio noise and backscatter power from each radar. The EEP impact area was determined for 74 PsA events. Approximately one third of these events have an EEP impact area that covers at least 12° of magnetic latitude, and three quarters cover at least 4° of magnetic latitude. At the equatorward edge of the auroral oval, 44 % of events have a magnetic local time extent of at least 7 hours, but this reduces to 17 % at the poleward edge. We use these results to estimate the average size of the EEP impact area during PsA, which could be used as a model input for determining the impact of PsA-related EEP on the atmospheric chemistry.
Ion acoustic waves near a comet nucleus: Rosetta observations at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Gunell Herbert , Götz Charlotte , Odelstad Elias , Beth Arnaud , Hamrin Maria , Henri Pierre , Johansson Fredrik L. , Nilsson Hans , Stenberg Wieser Gabriella
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ion acoustic waves were observed between 15 and 30 km from the centre of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft during its close flyby on 28 March 2015. There are two electron populations: one cold at approximately 0.2 eV and one warm at approximately 4 eV. The ions are dominated by a cold (a few hundredths of eV) distribution with a bulk speed of (3–3.7) km/s. Near closest approach the propagation direction was within 50 degrees from the direction of the bulk velocity, leading to a Doppler shift of the waves that in the spacecraft frame cover a frequency range up to approximately 4 kHz. The wave power decreased over cometocentric distances from 24 to 30 km. The main difference between the plasma at closest approach and in the region where the waves are decaying is the absence of a significant current in the latter.
Ocean acidification reduces growth and grazing impact of Antarctic heterotrophic nanoflagellates
Authors: Deppeler Stacy , Schulz Kai G. , Hancock Alyce , Pascoe Penelope , McKinlay John , Davidson Andrew
Published: August 2020

Abstract. High-latitude oceans have been identified as particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification if anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue. Marine microbes are an essential part of the marine food web and are a critical link in biogeochemical processes in the ocean, such as the cycling of nutrients and carbon. Despite this, the response of Antarctic marine microbial communities to ocean acidification is poorly understood. We investigated the effect of increasing fCO2 on the growth of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNFs), nano- and picophytoplankton, and prokaryotes (heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea) in a natural coastal Antarctic marine microbial community from Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. At CO2 levels ≥634 µatm, HNF abundance was reduced, coinciding with increased abundance of picophytoplankton and prokaryotes. This increase in picophytoplankton and prokaryote abundance was likely due to a reduction in top-down control of grazing HNFs. Nanophytoplankton abundance was elevated in the 634 µatm treatment, suggesting that moderate increases in CO2 may stimulate growth. The taxonomic and morphological differences in CO2 tolerance we observed are likely to favour dominance of microbial communities by prokaryotes, nanophytoplankton, and picophytoplankton. Such changes in predator–prey interactions with ocean acidification could have a significant effect on the food web and biogeochemistry in the Southern Ocean, intensifying organic-matter recycling in surface waters; reducing vertical carbon flux; and reducing the quality, quantity, and availability of food for higher trophic levels.
Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models
Authors: Arora Vivek K. , Katavouta Anna , Williams Richard G. , Jones Chris D. , Brovkin Victor , Friedlingstein Pierre , Schwinger Jörg , Bopp Laurent , Boucher Olivier , Cadule Patricia , Chamberlain Matthew A. , Christian James R. , Delire Christine , Fisher Rosie A. , Hajima Tomohiro , Ilyina Tatiana , Joetzjer Emilie , Kawamiya Michio , Koven Charles D. , Krasting John P. , Law Rachel M. , Lawrence David M. , Lenton Andrew , Lindsay Keith , Pongratz Julia , Raddatz Thomas , Séférian Roland , Tachiiri Kaoru , Tjiputra Jerry F. , Wiltshire Andy , Wu Tongwen , Ziehn Tilo
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Results from the fully and biogeochemically coupled simulations in which
CO2 increases at a rate of 1 % yr−1
(1pctCO2) from its
preindustrial value are analyzed to quantify the magnitude of
carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedback parameters which measure
the response of ocean and terrestrial carbon pools to changes in atmospheric
CO2 concentration and the resulting change in global climate,
respectively. The results are based on 11 comprehensive Earth system
models from the most recent (sixth) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
(CMIP6) and compared with eight models from the fifth CMIP (CMIP5). The
strength of the carbon–concentration feedback is of comparable magnitudes
over land (mean ± standard deviation = 0.97 ± 0.40 PgC ppm−1) and ocean (0.79 ± 0.07 PgC ppm−1), while the
carbon–climate feedback over land (−45.1 ± 50.6 PgC ∘C−1) is about 3 times larger than over ocean (−17.2 ± 5.0 PgC ∘C−1). The strength of both feedbacks is an order of
magnitude more uncertain over land than over ocean as has been seen in
existing studies. These values and their spread from 11 CMIP6 models
have not changed significantly compared to CMIP5 models. The absolute values
of feedback parameters are lower for land with models that include a
representation of nitrogen cycle. The transient climate response to
cumulative emissions (TCRE) from the 11 CMIP6 models considered here is
1.77 ± 0.37 ∘C EgC−1 and is similar to that found in
CMIP5 models (1.63 ± 0.48 ∘C EgC−1) but with somewhat
reduced model spread. The expressions for feedback parameters based on the
fully and biogeochemically coupled configurations of the 1pctCO2 simulation
are simplified when the small temperature change in the
biogeochemically coupled simulation is ignored. Decomposition of the terms
of these simplified expressions for the feedback parameters is used to gain
insight into the reasons for differing responses among ocean and land carbon
cycle models.
Glacier shrinkage in the Alps continues unabated as revealed by a new glacier inventory from Sentinel-2
Authors: Paul Frank , Rastner Philipp , Azzoni Roberto Sergio , Diolaiuti Guglielmina , Fugazza Davide , Le Bris Raymond , Nemec Johanna , Rabatel Antoine , Ramusovic Mélanie , Schwaizer Gabriele , Smiraglia Claudio
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The ongoing glacier shrinkage in the Alps requires frequent updates of
glacier outlines to provide an accurate database for monitoring, modelling
purposes (e.g. determination of run-off, mass balance, or future glacier
extent), and other applications. With the launch of the first Sentinel-2 (S2)
satellite in 2015, it became possible to create a consistent, Alpine-wide
glacier inventory with an unprecedented spatial resolution of 10 m. The first S2 images from August 2015 already provided excellent mapping conditions
for most glacierized regions in the Alps and were used as a base for the
compilation of a new Alpine-wide glacier inventory in a collaborative team
effort. In all countries, glacier outlines from the latest national
inventories have been used as a guide to compile an update consistent with
the respective previous interpretation. The automated mapping of clean
glacier ice was straightforward using the band ratio method, but the
numerous debris-covered glaciers required intense manual editing. Cloud
cover over many glaciers in Italy required also including S2 scenes from
2016. The outline uncertainty was determined with digitizing of 14
glaciers several times by all participants. Topographic information for all glaciers was
obtained from the ALOS AW3D30 digital elevation model (DEM). Overall, we derived a total glacier area
of 1806±60 km2 when considering 4395 glaciers >0.01 km2. This is 14 % (−1.2 % a−1) less than the 2100 km2 derived
from Landsat in 2003 and indicates an unabated continuation of glacier
shrinkage in the Alps since the mid-1980s. It is a lower-bound estimate, as
due to the higher spatial resolution of S2 many small glaciers were
additionally mapped or increased in size compared to 2003. Median
elevations peak around 3000 m a.s.l., with a high variability that depends on
location and aspect. The uncertainty assessment revealed locally strong
differences in interpretation of debris-covered glaciers, resulting in
limitations for change assessment when using glacier extents digitized by
different analysts. The inventory is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.909133 (Paul et al., 2019).
Do small and large floods have the same drivers of change? A regional attribution analysis in Europe
Authors: Bertola Miriam , Viglione Alberto , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Lun David , Merz Bruno , Blöschl Günter
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Recent studies have shown evidence of increasing and decreasing trends in mean annual floods and flood quantiles across Europe. Studies attributing observed changes in flood peaks to their drivers have mostly focused on mean annual floods. This paper proposes a new framework for attributing flood changes to potential drivers, as a function of return period (T), in a regional context. We assume flood peaks to follow a non-stationary regional Gumbel distribution, where the median flood and the 100-year growth factor are used as parameters. They are allowed to vary in time and between catchments as a function of the drivers quantified by covariates. The elasticities of floods with respect to the drivers and the contributions of the drivers to flood changes are estimated by Bayesian inference. The prior distributions of the elasticities of flood quantiles to the drivers are estimated by hydrological reasoning and from the literature. The attribution model is applied to European flood and covariate data and aims at attributing the observed flood trend patterns to specific drivers for different return periods. We analyse flood discharge records from 2370 hydrometric stations in Europe over the period 1960–2010. Extreme precipitation, antecedent soil moisture and snowmelt are the potential drivers of flood change considered in this study. Results show that, in northwestern Europe, extreme precipitation mainly contributes to changes in both the median (q2) and 100-year flood (q100), while the contributions of antecedent soil moisture are of secondary importance. In southern Europe, both antecedent soil moisture and extreme precipitation contribute to flood changes, and their relative importance depends on the return period. Antecedent soil moisture is the main contributor to changes in q2, while the contributions of the two drivers to changes in larger floods (T > 10 years) are comparable. In eastern Europe, snowmelt drives changes in both q2 and q100.
A new form of the Saint-Venant equations for variable topography
Authors: Yu Cheng-Wei , Hodges Ben R. , Liu Frank
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The solution stability of river models using the one-dimensional (1D) Saint-Venant equations can be easily undermined when source terms in the discrete equations do not satisfy the Lipschitz smoothness condition for partial differential equations. Although instability issues have been previously noted, they are typically treated as model implementation issues rather than as underlying problems associated with the form of the governing equations.
This study proposes a new reference slope form of the Saint-Venant equations to ensure smooth slope source terms and eliminate one source of potential numerical oscillations. It is shown that a simple algebraic transformation of channel geometry provides a smooth reference slope while preserving the correct cross-section flow area and the total Piezometric pressure gradient that drives the flow. The reference slope method ensures the slope source term in the governing equations is Lipschitz continuous while maintaining all the underlying complexity of the real-world geometry. The validity of the mathematical concept is demonstrated with the open-source Simulation Program for River Networks (SPRNT) model in a series of artificial test cases and a simulation of a small urban creek. Validation comparisons are made with analytical solutions and the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. The new method reduces numerical oscillations and instabilities without requiring ad hoc smoothing algorithms.
Physical earth and its sciences in Istanbul: a journey from pre-modern (Islamic) to modern times
Authors: Ozcep Ferhat
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Researching, compiling and analysing geophysical ideas and measurements in historical periods will contribute to the historical development of earth science. Also, this is important for geophysicists working on time-dependent (historical) data and revealing the physical properties of the earth. This paper is focused on the earth and its sciences (with concepts, ideas and measurements) in classical Islamic science in the Ottoman Empire and the evolution of these thoughts and concepts in the context of the transition to modern science. The pre-modern period of science in Islamic geographies is represented by Aristotelian science and some original contributions. In the geophysical sciences of the Ottoman Empire, earthquakes and weather events are explained by his views and ideas. Modern concepts and scientific measurements of geophysical events such as magnetic, seismologic and meteorologic events were systematically begun by observatories. Before this, there are some individual measurements.
Beachgoers’ ability to identify rip currents at a beach in situ
Authors: Pitman Sebastian J. , Thompson Katie , Hart Deirdre E. , Moran Kevin , Gallop Shari L. , Brander Robert W. , Wooler Adam
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Rip currents (rips) are the leading cause of drowning on surf beaches worldwide. A major contributing factor is that many beachgoers are unable to identify rip currents. Previous research has attempted to quantify beachgoers' rip spotting ability using photographs of rip currents, without identifying whether this usefully translates into an ability to spot a rip current in situ at the beach. This study is the first to compare beachgoers ability to spot rip currents in photographs and in situ at a beach in New Zealand (Muriwai Beach) where a channel rip current was present. Only 22 % of respondents were able to identify the in situ rip current. The highest rates of success were for males (33 %), New Zealand residents (25 %), and local beach users (29 %). Of all respondents who were successful at identifying the rip current in situ, 62 % were active surfers/bodyboarders and 28 % were active beach swimmers. Of the respondents who were able to identify a rip current in two photographs, only 34 % were unable to translate this into a successful in situ rip identification, which suggests that the ability to identify rip currents by beachgoers is worse than reported by previous studies involving photographs. This study highlights the difficulty of successfully identifying a rip current in reality and that photographs are not necessarily a useful means of teaching individuals to spot rip currents. It advocates for the use of more immersive and realistic education strategies, such as the use of virtual reality headsets showing moving imagery (videos) of rip currents in order to improve rip spotting ability.
The Atlantic's Freshwater Budget under Climate Change in the Community Earth System Model with Strongly Eddying Oceans
Authors: Jüling André , Zhang Xun , Castellana Daniele , von der Heydt Anna S. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. We investigate the freshwater and salinity budget of the Atlantic and Arctic oceans in a strongly eddying coupled climate change simulation with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and compare it to a simulation with a coarse ocean resolution CESM configuration, typical of CMIP6 models. Details of these budgets are important to understand the evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) under climate change. We find that the slowdown of the AMOC in 2100 under the increasing CO2 concentrations of the RCP8.5 scenario is almost identical between both simulations. Also, the surface freshwater fluxes are similar in their mean and trend under climate change in both simulations. While the basin-scale total freshwater transport is similar between the simulations, significant local differences exist. The high ocean resolution simulation exhibits significantly reduced ocean state biases, notably in the salt distribution, due to an improved circulation. Mesoscale eddies contribute considerably to the freshwater and salt transport, in particular at the boundary of the subtropical and subpolar gyres. Both simulations start in the single equilibrium AMOC regime according to a commonly used AMOC stability indicator and evolve towards the multiple equilibrium regime under climate change, but only the high resolution simulation enters it due to the reduced biases in the freshwater budget.
A lead-width distribution for Antarctic sea ice: a case study for the
Weddell Sea with high resolution Sentinel-2 images
Authors: Muchow Marek , Schmitt Amelie U. , Kaleschke Lars
Published: August 2020

Abstract. We derive for the first time a statistical lead-width distribution for Antarctic sea ice using Weddell sea ice as a case study. Therefore, we transfer previous approaches for Arctic sea ice with a power law with a positive exponent (p(xwidth) xwidth−a, a > 1) to Antarctic sea ice. We use 20 carefully selected cloud-free Copernicus Sentinel-2 images from November 2016 until February 2018, covering only the months from November to April. In doing so we compare exponents given in the literature for the Arctic sea ice, who do not agree with each other, to Antarctic sea ice. To detect leads we create a sea ice surface type classification for the Sentinel-2 Level 1C data products, which are selected due to their high spatial resolution of 10 m. We apply two different fitting methods to the measured lead widths, which have been used in previous studies for Arctic sea ice. The first fitting method is a linear fit, while the second method is based on a maximum likelihood approach. Here, we use both methods for the same lead-width data set to observe differences in the calculated power law exponent. To further investigate influences on the power law exponent, we define two different lead thresholds for open water and nilas. The influence of the lead threshold on the exponent is bigger for the linear fit than for the method based on the maximum likelihood approach. We show that the exponent of the lead-width distribution ranges between 1.16 to 1.41 depending on the applied fitting method and lead threshold. This exponent for the Weddell sea ice is smaller than the previously observed exponents for the Arctic sea ice.
Phenotypic characteristics of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: results from a multicenter registry
Authors: Arai Katsuhiro , Kunisaki Reiko , Kakuta Fumihiko , Hagiwara Shin-ichiro , Murakoshi Takatsugu , Yanagi Tadahiro , Shimizu Toshiaki , Kato Sawako , Ishige Takashi , Aomatsu Tomoki , Inoue Mikihiro , Saito Takeshi , Iwama Itaru , Kawashima Hisashi , Kumagai Hideki , Tajiri Hitoshi , Iwata Naomi , Mochizuki Takahiro , Noguchi Atsuko , Kashiwabara Toshihiko , Shimizu Hirotaka , Suzuki Yasuo , Hirano Yuri , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: August 2020

Background/Aims: There are few published registry studies from Asia on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Registry network data enable comparisons among ethnic groups. This study examined the characteristics of IBD in Japanese children and compared them with those in European children.Methods: This was a cross-sectional multicenter registry study of newly diagnosed Japanese pediatric IBD patients. The Paris classification was used to categorize IBD features, and results were compared with published EUROKIDS data.Results: A total of 265 pediatric IBD patients were initially registered, with 22 later excluded for having incomplete demographic data. For the analysis, 91 Crohn’s disease (CD), 146 ulcerative colitis (UC), and 6 IBD-unclassified cases were eligible. For age at diagnosis, 20.9% of CD, 21.9% of UC, and 83.3% of IBD-unclassified cases were diagnosed before age 10 years. For CD location, 18.7%, 13.2%, 64.8%, 47.3%, and 20.9% were classified as involving L1 (ileocecum), L2 (colon), L3 (ileocolon), L4a (esophagus/stomach/duodenum), and L4b (jejunum/proximal ileum), respectively. For UC extent, 76% were classified as E4 (pancolitis). For CD behavior, B1 (non-stricturing/non-penetrating), B2 (stricturing), B3 (penetrating), and B2B3 were seen in 83.5%, 11.0%, 3.3%, and 2.2%, respectively. A comparison between Japanese and European children showed less L2 involvement (13.2% vs. 27.3%, P< 0.01) but more L4a (47.3% vs. 29.6%, P< 0.01) and L3 (64.8% vs. 52.7%, P< 0.05) involvement in Japanese CD children. Pediatric perianal CD was more prevalent in Japanese children (34.1% vs. 9.7%, P< 0.01).Conclusions: Upper gastrointestinal and perianal CD lesions are more common in Japanese children than in European children.
Trends of inflammatory bowel disease at a tertiary care center in northern India
Authors: Sood Ajit , Kaur Kirandeep , Singh Arshdeep , Midha Vandana , Mahajan Ramit , Bansal Namita , Mehta Varun , Singh Dharmatma
Published: August 2020

Background/Aims: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is increasingly being reported from India and other Asian countries. This study looks into the changing trends of IBD at a tertiary care center in north India over last two decades.Methods: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of patients diagnosed with IBD between January 1991 and December 2015 was conducted. The study period was divided into five times cohorts (1991–1995, 1996–2000, 2001–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2015).Results: During the study period, 2,467 patients (UC [n = 2,137, 86.6%], CD [n = 330, 13.3%], mean age 38.5 ± 13.3 years; 55.9% males) were registered. The proportion of patients with CD increased (ratio of UC to CD declined from 15.7:1 to 4:1). The mean age at diagnosis decreased for UC (45.7 ± 12.1 years in 1991–1995 vs. 37.6 ± 13.0 years in 2011–2015; P= 0.001) and remained consistent for CD (41.3 ± 13.6 years in 1996–2000 vs. 41.3 ± 16.9 years in 2011–2015, P= 0.86). Patients with proctitis in UC and isolated ileal disease in CD increased over the study period (P= 0.001 and P= 0.007, respectively). Inflammatory CD increased (P= 0.009) whereas stricturing CD decreased (P= 0.01) across all cohorts. There was a trend towards less severe presentation of both UC and CD. The use of thiopurines (P= 0.02) and biologics increased (P= 0.001) with no significant change in trends for requirements of surgery (P= 0.9).Conclusions: Increasing prevalence of CD, younger age at diagnosis, diagnosis at an earlier and milder stage, greater use of thiopurines and biologics were observed.
Effect of acid-reducing agents on clinical relapse in ulcerative colitis with pH-dependent-released 5-aminosalicylic acid: a multicenter retrospective study in Japan
Authors: Shimodaira Yosuke , Onochi Kengo , Watanabe Kenta , Takahashi So , Fukuda Sho , Watanabe Noboru , Koizumi Shigeto , Matsuhashi Tamotsu , Iijima Katsunori
Published: August 2020

Background/Aims: 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is a basic drug for inducing and maintaining remission for ulcerative colitis. One of its formulations has a coating with a pH-dependent degradation that ensures the release 5-ASA at the terminal ileum. No evidence has been shown concerning the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) on the clinical course of ulcerative colitis patients in remission. The present study assessed the effect of PPIs or H2RAs on the relapse of ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission maintained by pH-dependent released 5-ASA.Methods: Ulcerative colitis patients who had been prescribed time- or pH-dependent-released 5-ASA between January 2015 and December 2018 were enrolled in this multicenter retrospective study. The period of remission until relapse occurred was analyzed among the patients taking time-dependent-released 5-ASA or pH-dependent-released 5-ASA with/without PPIs or H2RAs.Results: One hundred and nineteen patients were analyzed in this study. In the primary endpoint, the relapse rate was higher in patients taking pH-dependent-released 5-ASA and PPIs or H2RAs than in those taking the pH-dependent-released 5-ASA without PPIs or H2RAs, while the relapse rate was similar in patients taking the time-dependent-released 5-ASA with or without PPIs or H2RAs concomitantly. Patients with a short duration of disease and middle-aged patients more frequently showed relapse with PPIs or H2RAs than the other patients.Conclusions: The coadministration of PPIs or H2RAs affects the clinical course of ulcerative colitis in remission maintained by pH-dependent-released 5-ASA.
Normas de transición y pensión de vejez en Colombia. Un análisis del sistema normativo desde la teoría del derecho
Authors: Camargo Rodríguez Andrés
Published: August 2020

En Colombia, en el contexto de la seguridad social, existe el derecho al reconocimiento de una prestación económica que reemplaza el ingreso en la etapa de vejez –pensión de vejez–. La norma que contempla el derecho ha sido objeto de modificaciones en las últimas décadas. En ese contexto surgen las “normas de transición”, variedad específica de reglas jurídicas que, prima facie, permiten la aplicación de normas no vigentes al momento en que se declara la existencia de ese derecho por cuenta del sujeto que tiene asignada dicha función. Así, el objeto de este trabajo consiste en explicar este fenómeno a través de los conceptos que provee la teoría del derecho en una versión positivista-analítica. Para el efecto, la metodología escogida supone: i) la reconstrucción del concepto de sistema jurídico –en cuanto explicandum–, junto con algunos de los elementos que lo conforman; ii) la descripción de los sistemas normativos que han regulado la pensión de vejez en Colombia desde su aparición en la legislación; iii) la ubicación del problema de las normas de transición dentro de la estructura conceptual pertinente al sistema jurídico; iv) la identificación de algunos aspectos controvertidos de la teoría a partir del caso descrito. Las conclusiones pretenden establecer un diálogo recíproco entre la teoría del derecho y la dogmática jurídica con el fin de proveer una visión alternativa del fenómeno.
La dignidad humana y el derecho de disposición sobre el propio cuerpo. Reflexiones a partir del rechazo de tratamientos médicos y los acuerdos de maternidad subrogada
Authors: Uria Acevedo Maria de las Mercedes Ales
Published: August 2020

En este artículo se abordan las implicaciones prácticas de la noción de dignidad humana como elemento intrínseco del concepto de persona y fundante de los derechos humanos. Estas implicaciones se proyectan sobre las decisiones referidas al rechazo de terapias y a los acuerdos de alquiler de vientres para valorar su ordenación o contradicción con la noción de dignidad humana ensayada. En primer lugar, se ensaya una definición con base en instrumentos legales internacionales, europeos y argentinos. Se hace una revisión histórica de la fundamentación de los derechos y la dignidad del ser humano en la filosofía clásica. A partir de esas conclusiones, se abordan los casos de negativa a tratamientos médicos o disposición sobre el propio cuerpo en virtud de una objeción de conciencia, y los supuestos de madres subrogantes tanto en casos altruistas como de alquiler comercial de vientres. En el primer caso, se analiza la coherencia con un sentido de dignidad fundante; en el segundo, se entiende contrario a la afirmación de la dignidad humana. La gestación por sustitución se concibe como un estereotipo de género que reduce a la mujer y al niño a objetos de derechos de terceros.
Derecho al acceso a tratamientos y medicamentos experimentales, caso Estados Unidos-Colombia: críticas a su traslación al ordenamiento interno
Authors: Duque Giraldo Mateo
Published: August 2020

En el presente artículo de investigación se analiza la incorporación del derecho a acceder a tratamientos experimentales en Estados Unidos y Colombia, examinando su inserción jurisprudencial, sus elementos esenciales y las regulaciones que cada país establece frente a la provisión de estos procedimientos y medicinas no convencionales. Posteriormente, se plantea una serie de críticas a la migración o la traslación que la Corte Constitucional realizó de este derecho desde la jurisprudencia y la legislación norteamericana al sistema de salud colombiano. El fin de este texto académico es realizar un análisis comparativo de ambos ordenamientos sanitarios, bajo una mirada crítica que contraste el rol del Estado y los actores de la salud (fabricantes, aseguradoras, pacientes) frente al acceso de las medicinas y los procedimientos en fase de investigación o experimentación.
Consideraciones actuales y propuestas de reforma de lege lata y de lege ferenda para el derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia en Argentina y en el MERCOSUR
Authors: Miguens Héctor José
Published: August 2020

Este trabajo tiene como objeto el estudio somero del status quaestionis y de propuestas de lege lata y, sobre todo, de lege ferenda del derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia de la República Argentina y del Mercosur a la luz de la actividad legisferante de organismos internacionales, entidades no gubernamentales, y entidades científicas y profesionales en el área del derecho concursal internacional en los últimos 30 años. Este trabajo hace eco de las iniciativas elaboradas por instituciones como el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional, Insol International, Insol Europe, el International Insolvency Institute, el American Bankruptcy Institute, el American Law Institute, la International Bar Association, y de normas vigentes como el Reglamento Europeo sobre Insolvencia de los años 2000 y 2015. El autor propone en este trabajo la adopción de normas como el Anteproyecto argentino del año 2002 sobre insolvencia transfronteriza, con algunas modificaciones y agregados, inspirado en la Ley Modelo sobre Insolvencia Transfronteriza de UNCITRAL de 1997.