bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unit cohesion during deployment and post-deployment mental health: is cohesion an individual- or unit-level buffer for combat-exposed soldiers?
Authors: Campbell-Sills Laura , Flynn Patrick J. , Choi Karmel W. , Ng Tsz Hin H. , Aliaga Pablo A. , Broshek Catherine , Jain Sonia , Kessler Ronald C. , Stein Murray B. , Ursano Robert J. , Bliese Paul D.
Published: June 2020

Background

Unit cohesion may protect service member mental health by mitigating effects of combat exposure; however, questions remain about the origins of potential stress-buffering effects. We examined buffering effects associated with two forms of unit cohesion (peer-oriented horizontal cohesion and subordinate-leader vertical cohesion) defined as either individual-level or aggregated unit-level variables.

Methods

Longitudinal survey data from US Army soldiers who deployed to Afghanistan in 2012 were analyzed using mixed-effects regression. Models evaluated individual- and unit-level interaction effects of combat exposure and cohesion during deployment on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicidal ideation reported at 3 months post-deployment (model n's = 6684 to 6826). Given the small effective sample size (k = 89), the significance of unit-level interactions was evaluated at a 90% confidence level.

Results

At the individual-level, buffering effects of horizontal cohesion were found for PTSD symptoms [B = −0.11, 95% CI (−0.18 to −0.04), p < 0.01] and depressive symptoms [B = −0.06, 95% CI (−0.10 to −0.01), p < 0.05]; while a buffering effect of vertical cohesion was observed for PTSD symptoms only [B = −0.03, 95% CI (−0.06 to −0.0001), p < 0.05]. At the unit-level, buffering effects of horizontal (but not vertical) cohesion were observed for PTSD symptoms [B = −0.91, 90% CI (−1.70 to −0.11), p = 0.06], depressive symptoms [B = −0.83, 90% CI (−1.24 to −0.41), p < 0.01], and suicidal ideation [B = −0.32, 90% CI (−0.62 to −0.01), p = 0.08].

Conclusions

Policies and interventions that enhance horizontal cohesion may protect combat-exposed units against post-deployment mental health problems. Efforts to support individual soldiers who report low levels of horizontal or vertical cohesion may also yield mental health benefits.
Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, CBSO Centre, Birmingham. Causton, Usui, Žuraj, Saunders. 15 December, 2019
Authors: Hunt Edmund
Published: June 2020

Located at the end of a quiet side street in the middle of Birmingham, the CBSO centre is the venue for many of BCMG's concerts throughout the year. If the venue seems somewhat hidden away, concealed behind a Victorian red brick façade, the music that takes place inside is certainly not insular. As one of the world's leading contemporary music ensembles, BCMG's longstanding commitment to commissioning new work, and to fostering relationships with composers, has continued since 2016 under the artistic directorship of Stephan Meier. The final UK concert of 2019, Migrating Sounds, provides clear evidence of the ensemble's aims. Of the four works performed, Richard Causton's Transients and Vito Žuraj's Tension for two ensembles were world premieres, Rebecca Saunders’ Scar was a UK premiere, and Shiori Usui's Deep was commissioned by BCMG in 2014. The pieces by Causton and Saunders were also ‘sound investment commissions’, part funded by many individuals who, in return for their support, receive various rewards, including rehearsal and reception invitations. The concert was conducted by Michael Wendeberg.
‘IT IS IMPORTANT ARTISTS REACT TO THE WORLD IN WHICH WE ALL LIVE’: AN INTERVIEW WITH PHILIPPE MANOURY ON LAB.ORATORIUM
Authors: Velasco-Pufleau Luis , Manoury Philippe
Published: June 2020

Lab.Oratorium (2019) is the concluding part of Philippe Manoury's Köln Trilogy. It follows In situ (2013) and Ring (2016) in exploring the spoken voice as a musical element, the wider possibilities of the orchestra, and the use of sound spatialization and live electronics. Lab.Oratorium is also a work deeply rooted in the present. In this interview, Philippe Manoury discusses the political and poetic significance of this work, conceived as an artistic response to Europe's responsibility in the tragic situation of migrants around the Mediterranean. He also develops his thoughts on musical form, spatialization and creative process in music.
BINARY COMPOSITION
Authors: Schubert Alexander
Published: June 2020

This article outlines and elucidates the methods used in my compositional work. I often find it impossible to limit my compositional approach to core theorems and describe them succinctly; my procedure and methodology often comprise opposing poles. As multi-polarity is a decisive criterion of my work, this specific dichotomy of methods and motivations is the overriding subject matter of this text. These characteristics also constitute my temperament, which is why I often perceive my pieces as very personal. This is not – at least not primarily – meant emotionally or subjectively, but in the way tasks, situations, musical works, or life itself are approached. I will examine numerous contradictory couplings within my work and explain their personal significance: Seriousness vs. Humour/Irony, Organism vs. Virtuality, Pop Music vs. New Music, Conception vs. Intuition, Expressivity vs. Introversion, and Technology vs. Romance.
AN EAR FOR LANGUAGE
Authors: Marecka Marta , Fosker Tim , Szewczyk Jakub , Kałamała Patrycja , Wodniecka Zofia
Published: June 2020

This study tested whether individual sensitivity to an auditory perceptual cue called amplitude rise time (ART) facilitates novel word learning. Forty adult native speakers of Polish performed a perceptual task testing their sensitivity to ART, learned associations between nonwords and pictures of common objects, and were subsequently tested on their knowledge with a picture recognition (PR) task. In the PR task participants heard each nonword, followed either by a congruent or incongruent picture, and had to assess if the picture matched the nonword. Word learning efficiency was measured by accuracy and reaction time on the PR task and modulation of the N300 ERP. As predicted, participants with greater sensitivity to ART showed better performance in PR suggesting that auditory sensitivity indeed facilitates learning of novel words. Contrary to expectations, the N300 was not modulated by sensitivity to ART suggesting that the behavioral and ERP measures reflect different underlying processes.
Ivabradine as a stabilising anti-arrhythmic agent for multifocal atrial tachycardia
Authors: Cohen Mitchell I. , Cohen Jordan A. , Shope Connor , Stollar Lauren , Collazo Lucas
Published: June 2020

Multifocal atrial tachycardia has certain electrocardiographic similarities to atrial fibrillation. The mechanism of atrial fibrillation is heterogenous but in some cases may arise from a single ectopic driver with fibrillatory conduction to the rest of the atria. This has led to the speculation that multifocal atrial tachycardia may have a similar mechanistic unifocal site that disperses through the atrium in a fibrillatory pattern. Ivabradine has been reported to be efficacious in an adult with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as well as in children with junctional or ectopic atrial tachycardias. This is the first report of successfully using ivabradine, a novel anti-arrhythmic If blocking agent, to convert multifocal atrial tachycardia in a 5-month-old critically ill infant to a pattern indicating a single ectopic atrial focus. This allowed the patient’s single atrial focus to be ablated with return to sinus rhythm and decannulation from ventriculoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. This case suggests that multifocal atrial tachycardia may arise from a single automatic focus with downstream fibrillatory conduction to the atria.
An unusual cause of ventricular fibrillatory arrest
Authors: Kohli Utkarsh , Meinert Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

Myocarditis is an important cause of arrhythmogenic sudden cardiac arrest in the young. A strong index of suspicion is required as not only can arrhythmias be the only clinical manifestation but also because these patients can have normal cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, and inflammatory markers. Patients with ventricular arrhythmias in the setting of viral myocarditis, especially the ones in whom cardiac MRI findings normalise upon follow-up, tend to do well in the long run and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be avoided in these patients; instead, a wearable defibrillator should be temporarily used as we did in this 7-year-old.
Results of hearing screening of school-age children in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Skarżyński Piotr Henryk , Świerniak Weronika , Gos Elżbieta , Pierzyńska Irina , Walkowiak Adam , Cywka Katarzyna Beata , Wołujewicz Kinga , Skarżyński Henryk
Published: June 2020

Aim:

To gauge the prevalence of hearing loss in school children in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, and refer pupils with positive results for further diagnostic testing.

Background:

According to WHO data, hearing disorders are common in school-age children. Screening for hearing loss is an important preventative tool, helping to avoid further complications. Expenditure that supports early child development can reduce future outlay on health care and social services; it can eliminate disability problems, education deficits, and social maladaptation in later adult life.

Methods:

Pure-tone air-conduction hearing thresholds were obtained at 0.5–8 kHz. The results of the hearing screening examination were regarded as positive if pure-tone thresholds were higher than 20 dB HL in one or both ears at one or more of the test frequencies. Data were also obtained from follow-up visits of children who failed the initial screening.

Findings:

This study included 452 children aged 7–13 years old. Based on audiograms, screening showed that 123 (27.2%) of the children had hearing impairment. The study has important implications for clinical practice and health policy. There is a need for systematic monitoring of hearing status among children of this age, and parents and educators need to be made aware of the significance of hearing loss.
“Seeds for a New Life”: Modernity and the Pacific Turn in the Progressive Era
Authors: Chen Constance
Published: June 2020

Since the colonial era, the ideological and cultural usefulness of Asia has changed with evolving American needs. This article argues that the Progressive Era turn toward the Pacific world marked a new epoch and mode of transnational interchange as a diverse array of Americans traveled to China and Japan. Encounters with Asianness in situ would lead to a reinvention of the U.S. worldview in the late nineteenth century. The question at hand for certain Americans was how to become “modern,” to germinate “seeds for a new life” that would ensure the prosperity and well-being of the United States amidst momentous global changes. Instead of being antimodernist, the fetishization of Asia served as a way to rein in and define modernity for American purposes. In the process, modernist Orientalism became a framework for imagining China and Japan and their cultural practices. Buddhism, in particular, was reconceptualized as a hybrid entity that seemed to be emblematic of the dawn of a new era. Ultimately, the flow of ideas and peoples between Asia and the United States enabled Americans to construct a global “modern” identity for themselves and to carve out a prominent role for the nation within the international community.
Panchromatic modeling of the extremely luminous dust-obscured quasars at the cosmic noon
Authors: Fan Lulu , Han Yunkun , Knudsen Kirsten K.
Published: June 2020

The massive galaxies and their central supermassive black holes (SMBHs) co-evolution scenario proposes that a gas-rich major merger can trigger the central starburst and feeding the SMBH accretion, and then star formation is eventually quenched by quasar feedback. In this evolutionary sequence, dust-obscured quasars may represent the critical transition phase between starburst and unobscured quasars. Modeling the panchromatic emission of these hidden monsters provides a unique way to explore their physical properties and therefore the co-evolution between SMBHs and their hosts. However, most of modelling methods are not suitable for the extremely luminous systems with obscured Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) emission. Here we present two case studies of panchromatic modeling of the extremely luminous dust-obscured quasars at the cosmic noon.
Helium rich stars produce the UV upturn
Authors: De Propris R. , Ali S. , Bremer M. N. , Phillipps S.
Published: June 2020

We measure the evolution of the UV upturn color for galaxies on the red sequence in clusters at 0 < z < 0.7 and to luminosity levels L ∼ L*. We show that the UV upturn color does not change until at least z = 0.55 but becomes significantly redder at z = 0.7. This is the first detection of evolution in the UV upturn. Our observations are inconsistent with all models proposed for its origin except the presence of a population of helium enriched stars, with helium abundances above 42 % and formed at z > 4.
Dust attenuation on and off the galaxy Main Sequence atz⩾1
Authors: Puglisi Annagrazia
Published: June 2020

Stellar masses are crucial ingredients for putting galaxies in the context of galaxy evolution and are commonly evaluated via Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)-fitting analyses which are hampered by dust attenuation. Observational constraints of attenuation in various galaxy classes provide key inputs for fitting a SED. I will present recent results about the attenuation properties of a sample ofHerschel-selected galaxies at 0.7 ⩽z⩽ 1.6 widely spanning the star-forming Main Sequence (MS). I will show that far-IR selected galaxies on the MS are well described with local attenuation recipes. Conversely, common recipes cannot recover the SFR of far-IR selected starburst galaxies well above the MS. The SFR of these outliers appears to be hidden by the ∼90% in optically thick cores. These findings pose challenges for SED-fitting codes based on energy balance assumptions that might break in these peculiar sources.
The Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey - measuring photometric redshifts for ∼4 million galaxies - challenges and ways forward
Authors: Pforr Janine
Published: June 2020

We highlight the challenges as well as lessons learnt in the derivation of the photometric redshifts for ∼4 million galaxies at 0 < z ≲ 6 contained in the Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey (SERVS) and summarise the photometric redshift results recently published in Pforr et al. (2019). The inhomogeneous nature of the ancillary photometry for SERVS presents a similar situation to the one future, large, extragalactic surveys with e.g. LSST and JWST will face. We employ template SED-fitting to determine photometric redshifts. Our comparison of photometric redshifts to ∼75.000 public, spectroscopic redshifts results in an average σNMAD of ∼0.038 and outlier fraction of 3.7% for sources with the best photometric coverage. We find that photometric redshifts are determined most robustly when filter bands are numerous and cover a wide wavelength range. We highlight some possible improvements for the photometric redshifts in SERVS in the future.
DEIMOS and MOSFIRE spectroscopy of star-forming galaxies in the AKARI NEP-Deep field
Authors: Kim Helen K. , Malkan Matt , Oi Nagisa , Takagi Toshinobu , Burgarella Denis , Buat Véronique , Salim Samir , Pearson Chris , Matsuhara Hideo
Published: June 2020

Observing high resolution optical to infrared spectra is crucial to understanding how energy is generated in galaxies. We present follow-up optical Keck-II/DEIMOS and infrared Keck-I/MOSFIRE spectra of ∼200 galaxies in the AKARI/North Ecliptic Pole Deep survey region at intermediate redshift. From rest-frame optical emission lines, we classify most of our objects as star-forming (53%), with the MIR selection favoring relatively massive galaxies (median log M/M⊙∼ 10.3). In addition, we combine our spectroscopic redshifts with UV to FIR photometry as inputs in order to model SEDs with CIGALE, and we measure the PAH 7.7 μm luminosity as an SFR indicator.
Stellar and gas mass distributions for understanding the nature of spiral arms
Authors: Egusa Fumi , Cooper Erin Mentuch , Koda Jin , Baba Junichi
Published: June 2020

Numerical simulations of disk galaxies with steady (long-lived) and dynamic (short-lived) spiral arms suggest that offsets between stellar and gas spiral arms depend on their nature or lifetime (Baba et al.2015). Based on this theoretical study, we investigated gas-star offsets in the nearby grand-design spiral galaxy M51, and found that its two spiral arms exhibit different offset dependences against radius. One arm is consistent with a steady arm, while the other is consistent with a dynamic arm. We deduce that this difference is likely due to a tidal interaction with the companion galaxy (Egusa et al.2017). For this study, a stellar mass distribution with a high accuracy at a high spatial resolution is essential, which has come to be available by applying recent SED fitting techniques to multi-wavelength images. We are now working to extend this study to other nearby spiral galaxies.
Pop III Supernova Feedback on the Formation of the First Galaxies
Authors: Chen Li-Hsin , Chen Ke-Jung
Published: June 2020

Modern cosmological simulations suggest that the hierarchical assembly of dark matter halos provided the gravitational wells that allowed the primordial gases to form stars and galaxies inside them. The first galaxies comprised of the first systems of stars gravitationally bound in dark matter halos are naturally recognized as the building blocks of early Universe. To understand the formation of the first galaxies, we use an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmological code, Enzo to simulate the formation and evolution of the first galaxies. We first model an isolated galaxy by considering much microphysics such as star formation, stellar feedback, and primordial gas cooling. To examine the effect of Pop III stellar feedback to the first galaxy formation, we adjust the initial temperature, density distribution and metallicity distributions by assuming different IMFs of the first stars. Our results suggest that star formation in the first galaxies is sensitive to the initial conditions of Pop III supernovae and their remnants. Our study can help to correlate the populations of the first stars and supernovae to star formation inside these first galaxies which may be soon observed by the (James Webb Space Telescope JWST).
Panchromatic Analysis for Nature of HIgh-z galaxies Tool (PANHIT)
Authors: Mawatari Ken , Inoue Akio K. , Yamanaka Satoshi , Hashimoto Takuya , Tamura Yoichi
Published: June 2020

We have developed a new SED fitting tool specialized for frontier redshift galaxies. It is a common case for high-z galaxies that the available data are restricted to rich optical to near-infrared photometry and few far-infrared (FIR) data deep enough to detect the faint object (e.g., HST/WFC3 + Spitzer/IRAC + ALMA). In such situation, one cannot perform a complicated modeling of dust emission in FIR regime. We then adopt simple treatment for the dust emission using empirical LIRG templates. Instead, we adopt a sophisticated and physically motivated modeling for stellar and nebular emission parts in rest-frame UV-to-optical regime. Our new code fits not only broad band photometry but also spectral emission line flux. There is an option to fit observed SED with two templates with different physical properties. Our new code, PANHIT, is now in public, and was already applied to some high-z frontier galaxies.
Direct collapse to SMBH seeds in cosmological halos with radiation transfer
Authors: Nagamine Kentaro , Shlosman Isaac , Luo Yang
Published: June 2020

We present results of our zoom-in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of direct collapse (DC) to supermassive black hole (SMBH) seeds with radiative transfer (RT). The DC has been modeled in dark matter halos of ∼108M⊙, using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code Enzo. For the first time, the baryonic collapse has been followed down to 10−7 pc (∼0.01 AU) with on-the-fly RT and the flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation. We find a complex behavior involving accretion flow and associated outflows driven by the radiation force. The resulting gas dynamics around the central density peak differs profoundly from that in previous works which adopted adiabatic approximation in the core. The core forms with a photosphere at ∼1 AU, and its growth starts to saturate at ∼100M⊙. The unrelaxed core radiates intermittently near the Eddington luminosity, correlated with strong anisotropic outflows.
Pushing the technical frontier: From overwhelmingly large data sets to machine learning
Authors: Acquaviva Viviana
Published: June 2020

This paper summarizes my thoughts, given in an invited review at the IAU symposium 341 “Challenges in Panchromatical Galaxy Modelling with Next Generation Facilities”, about how machine learning methods can help us solve some of the big data problems associated with current and upcoming large galaxy surveys.
Dust evolution in galaxies at z > 7
Authors: Takeuchi Tsutomu T. , Asano Ryosuke S. , Nagasaki Sayaka , Nozawa Takaya , Tamura Yoichi , Mawatari Ken , Inoue Akio K.
Published: June 2020

Recently huge amount of dust Mdust ≃ 106−7M⊙ in galaxies at z = 7–8 has been discovered by ALMA observations. The suggested timescale of the dust production was a few–several×108 yr, while the stellar mass was several × 109M⊙. This amount of dust cannot be easily explained only by a supply from supernovae if we consider the dust destruction by reverse shocks. We propose that these values can be consistently explained if we take into account the grain growth in the interstellar medium (ISM). This scenario successfully reproduces the evolution of the dust mass, as well as the SFR, and stellar mass simultaneously. We conclude that even at such an early epoch of the Universe, the dust grain growth in the ISM plays a significant role in galaxies.
Modeling galaxy evolution at high-redshift in highly overdense and normal regions
Authors: Sadoun Raphael , Romano-Daz Emilio , Shlosman Isaac , Zheng Zheng
Published: June 2020

We present results from high-resolution, zoom-in cosmological simulations to study the effect of feedback from galactic outflows on the physical and Lyα properties of high-redshift galaxies in highly overdense and normal environments at z >∼6. The Lyα properties have been obtained by post-processing the simulations with a Monte-Carlo radiative transfer (RT) code. Our results demonstrate that galactic outflows play an important role in regulating the growth of massive galaxies in overdense regions as well as the temperature and metallicity of the intergalactic medium. In particular, we find that galactic outflows are necessary to reproduce the observed Lyα luminosity functions as well as the apparent Lyα luminosity, line width and equivalent width distributions of luminous Lyα emitters at z ∼ 6.
Anticoagulation treatment of cancer patients with deep or superficial leg vein thrombosis – a retrospective observational study of German statutory health insurance claims data (the CERTIFICAT initiative)
Authors: Schellong S. , Kretzschmar A. , Heinken A. , May M. , Kolbe K. , Schreiber S. , Riess H.
Published: June 2020

Summary: Background: Thrombosis is a common complication of cancer with a negative impact on quality of life and overall prognosis. Guidelines recommend low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) as initial and prolonged anticoagulation treatment. Little is known about current treatment patterns of these patients in ambulatory care. Patients and methods: The current retrospective observational study interrogates a large German statutory health insurance claims database in order to understand which kind of data can be extracted and analysed. An age- and sex-adjusted sample of about 4.1 million insured people from 2011 to 2016 could be used. Cancer patients with incident deep and superficial leg vein thrombosis were identified. Patients with preexisting cancer were allocated to a normal risk group; those who suffered from simultaneously diagnosed cancer and thrombosis were classified as high-risk group. Results: We identified 322,600 patients with inpatient or outpatient documented cancer diagnosis in at least two different quarters within one year. 87,755 patients were identified with an incident deep or superficial vein thrombosis. 8,201 patients suffered from both cancer and incident thrombosis. 56.9% of the patients received an anticoagulation regimen with predominant LMWH prescription, 24.2% vitamin K antagonists, 17.2% direct oral anticoagulants; in 1.7% of patients, no predominant anticoagulant drug/regime could be identified. On average, patients were prescribed anticoagulants for 4.5 months. An estimate of clinically relevant gastrointestinal bleeding could be derived (1.8% of patients). Conclusions: The dataset allows assigning detailed information of anticoagulant prescriptions in ambulatory care to well-defined groups of cancer patients. A first analysis suggests that in Germany current medical care of patients with cancer-related deep or superficial vein thrombosis does not entirely comply with guideline recommendations regarding type and duration of anticoagulation.
CME: Legionellenpneumonie
Authors: Muggetti Elisa Maria Neris , Fusi-Schmidhauser Tanja , Schwarzenbach Hans-Ruedi , Pons Marco
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Legionellenpneumonie ist die häufigste Manifestation einer Infektion mit Legionella pneumophila, einem Gram-negativen Bakterium, das durch die Luft übertragen wird. Die Infektion wird normalerweise ambulant erworben, in einigen Fällen ist eine nosokomiale Infektion durch Kontamination der Wasserreserven beschrieben worden. Wichtige klinische und labormedizinische Merkmale sind Husten, Fieber, gastrointestinale Symptome, Hyponatriämie und Transaminasenerhöhung. Die Diagnose fusst auf dem Nachweis des Legionellen-Antigens im Urin sowie auf Polymerase Chain Reaction im Sputum und Bronchialsekret, das auch aus einer einer broncho-alveolären Lavage gewonnen werden kann. Die adäquate Therapie basiert auf Makroliden oder Fluorchinolonen.
Ultraschall des Ellenbogens (adaptiert nach SGUM-Richtlinien)
Authors: Tamborrini Giorgio , Bianchi Stefano
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird die vereinfachte Ultraschallanatomie des Ellenbogens erläutert. Hierbei werden die adaptierten grundlegenden Standardebenen nach SGUM-Richtlinien im Detail beschrieben und anhand einer Auswahl von hochauflösenden Ultraschall-Bildern illustriert. Fundierte Kenntnisse der sonografischen Anatomie sind unabdingbar, um Pathologien zu erkennen.
Why People With High Alexithymia Make More Utilitarian Judgments
Authors: Zhang Xiangyi , Wu Zhihui , Li Shenglan , Lai Ji , Han Meng , Chen Xiyou , Liu Chang , Ding Daoqun
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Although recent studies have investigated the effect of alexithymia on moral judgments, such an effect remains elusive. Furthermore, moral judgments have been conflated with the moral inclinations underlying those judgments in previous studies. Using a process dissociation approach to independently quantify the strength of utilitarian and deontological inclinations, the present study investigated the effect of alexithymia on moral judgments. We found that deontological inclinations were significantly lower in the high alexithymia group than in the low alexithymia group, whereas the difference in the utilitarian inclinations between the two groups was nonsignificant. Furthermore, empathic concern and deontological inclinations mediated the association between alexithymia and conventional relative judgments (i.e., more utilitarian judgments over deontological judgments), showing that people with high alexithymia have low empathic concern, which, in turn, decreases deontological inclinations and contributes to conventional relative judgments. These findings underscore the importance of empathy and deontological inclinations in moral judgments and indicate that individuals with high alexithymia make more utilitarian judgments over deontological judgments possibly due to a deficit in affective processing.
Stroke Encoding Processes of Chinese Character During Sentence Reading
Authors: Zhai Mingjun , Chen Hsuan-Chih , Yip Michael C. W.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The present study was conducted to examine whether traditional and simplified Chinese readers (TCRs and SCRs) differed in stroke encoding in character processing by an eye-tracking experiment. We recruited 66 participants (32 TCRs and 34 SCRs) to read sentences comprising characters with different proportions and types of strokes removed in order to explore whether any visual complexity effect existed in their processing of simplified and traditional Chinese characters. The present study found a cross-script visual complexity effect and that SCRs were more influenced by visual complexity change in lexical access than were TCRs. In addition, the stroke-order effect appeared to be more salient for TCRs than for SCRs.
Surface Gravity Waves and Their Role in Ocean‐Atmosphere Coupling in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Abolfazli Ehsan , Liang Jun‐Hong , Fan Yalin , Chen Qin Jim , Walker Nan D. , Liu Jinliang
Published: June 2020

This study provides an overview of the surface gravity wave dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) using numerical simulations. The focus is on the effects of ocean currents on waves, and the geographic distribution of wave statistics and parameters related to the role of waves on both sides of the ocean‐atmosphere interface. Simulations are performed using the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model with and without coupling with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model within the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport (COAWST) framework. In the GoM, currents alter the climatological significant wave heights by up to 0.18 m (±15%), reducing wave heights in the southwestern GoM and generally increasing wave heights in other regions. In two instantaneous snapshots representing the Loop Current variability in terms of its northward extension into the GoM, significant wave heights are modulated by as much as 0.30 m (±35%) by the currents. Probability density of wave height modulation covers a wider range of values and is skewed toward positive values over the eastern flank of the Loop Current. In winter, spring, and fall, swell fraction of wave energy increases from east to west in the GoM and reaches as high as 0.8 in the southwestern GoM, off the coast of Mexico. The dominance of swell in this region combined with weak wind results in a higher prevalence of the wave‐driven wind regime throughout the year. The interannual variability of significant wave height and swell fraction shows signals of major storms in the GoM.
Elastic Fault Interactions and Earthquake Rupture Along the Southern Hellenic Subduction Plate Interface Zone in Greece
Authors: Saltogianni Vasso , Mouslopoulou Vasiliki , Oncken Onno , Nicol Andrew , Gianniou Michail , Mertikas Stelios
Published: June 2020

The importance of splay‐thrust faults in subduction seismogenesis is increasingly acknowledged; however, their elastic interaction with the plate interface remains unclear. Here, we use GPS velocities, constrained by millennial fault slip rates, to study elastic fault‐interactions between the plate interface and its upper‐plate splay‐thrust faults from the southern Hellenic Subduction System (HSS). We find that, despite its largely aseismic character, the HSS plate interface zone is kinematically segmented, with slip rate deficits locally reaching ~85% and ~45% of the plate convergence rate on the western and eastern segments, respectively, and on structures different from those that ruptured historically. Although western Crete has been more active seismically during late Holocene, we find that the eastern HSS has higher seismic potential for large‐magnitude (M > 6) earthquakes and its interface zone is closer to failure. Elastic fault interactions are responsible for both significant intersegment variability in strain accumulation and uniformity in earthquake rupture segmentation along the HSS over millennial timescales.
Observation of Bottom‐Trapped Topographic Rossby Waves on the Shelf Break of the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Ku Ahyoung , Seung Young Ho , Jeon Chanhyung , Choi Youngseok , Yoshizawa Eri , Shimada Koji , Cho Kyoung‐Ho , Park Jae‐Hun
Published: June 2020

This study investigates topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) with a period of approximately 35 hr using a mooring observation at 194‐m depth on the shelf break of the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean. We measured velocity, temperature, and salinity for about 1 year from August 2014 to August 2015. The observations reveal that the bottom‐intensified upslope current fluctuations were significantly coherent with near‐bottom temperature fluctuations, with a phase lag of approximately 90°. Near the seafloor, the temperature increased with depth. Therefore, the temperature increases (decreases) with the upslope (downslope) currents. Theoretical estimates of the wavelength, angle of wavenumber vector, and bottom‐trapping depth confirmed that the observed near 35‐hr TRWs are indeed plausible in the study area. Energetic TRWs were observed in September and October, during the sea ice free season, whereas weak TRWs were observed in months with sea ice cover. The TRW events coincided with local wind‐stress events, suggesting that the TRWs were triggered by atmospheric forcing. These findings imply that a longer ice‐free season may allow for a more frequent occurrence of energetic TRWs, which may enhance the water exchange between the shallow continental shelf and the deep ocean.
Morphologic Evidence for Volcanic Craters Near Titan's North Polar Region
Authors: Wood Charles A. , Radebaugh Jani
Published: June 2020

Cassini Radar observations of Titan have revealed diverse landforms resulting from a variety of geologic processes. Many landforms can be unambiguously interpreted as resulting from atmospheric processes (dunes, rivers, and lakes) or impact cratering. Here we argue from morphological evidence such as nested collapses, elevated ramparts, halos, and islands or floor mountains that some of the abundant small depressions in the north polar region of Titan are volcanic collapse craters. A few similar depressions occur near the south pole; the restriction of this volcanism to polar regions is possibly related to predicted warmer and thinner‐than‐normal ice crust at the low‐elevation poles. The close association of the proposed volcanic craters with polar lakes is consistent with a volcanic origin through explosive eruptions, as either maars or calderas. The apparent freshness of some craters may mean that volcanism has been relatively recently active on Titan or even continues today.
Two Layers of Melting Ice Particles Within a Single Radar Bright Band: Interpretation and Implications
Authors: Li Haoran , Moisseev Dmitri
Published: June 2020

Dual‐frequency dual‐polarization radar observations of the melting of two ice populations in a stratiform rainfall event are presented. The observed phenomenon occurs as a two‐layer linear depolarization ratio (LDR) signature in a single radar bright band. Doppler spectra observations show that the upper LDR layer is caused by the melting of ice needles, potentially generated by the rime‐splintering process, while the lower one is mainly due to the melting of background ice particles formed at the cloud top. The melting signal of small needles acts as a unique benchmark for detecting the onset of melting and is used to verify the current methods for the identification of melting layer boundaries. The radar‐derived characteristics of the melting layer are found to be dependent on the radar variable and frequency used. The implications of the presented findings for radar‐based studies of precipitation properties in and above the melting layer are also discussed.
Injection of Oxygenated Persian Gulf Water Into the Southern Bay of Bengal
Authors: Sheehan Peter M. F. , Webber Benjamin G. M. , Sanchez‐Franks Alejandra , Matthews Adrian J. , Heywood Karen J. , Vinayachandran P. N.
Published: June 2020

Persian Gulf Water (PGW) is an oxygenated, high‐salinity water mass that has recently been detected in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). However, little is known about the transport pathways of PGW into the BoB. Ocean glider observations presented here demonstrate the presence of PGW in the southwestern BoB. Output from an ocean reanalysis product shows that this PGW signal is associated with a northward‐flowing filament of high‐salinity water. Particle tracking experiments reveal two pathways: one in the eastern Arabian Sea that takes a minimum of 2 years and another in the western Arabian Sea that takes a minimum of 3 years. The western pathway connects to the BoB via equatorial currents. The greatest influx of PGW occurs between 82° and 87°E during the southwest monsoon. We propose that injection of PGW to the BoB oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) contributes to keeping oxygen concentrations in the BoB above the level at which denitrification occurs.
Holocene Grassland Fire Dynamics and Forcing Factors in Continental Interior of China
Authors: Li Jianyong , Wang Ninglian
Published: June 2020

Grasslands cover 41.7% of China's land surface and distribute mainly in NW China. To project future change of grassland fires, it is essential to explore paleofire dynamics. However, comparatively little is known about the patterns and driving forces of grassland fires in NW China due to the scarcity of paleorecords. Here, we present Holocene sedimentary records of grassland fire and vegetation in westerly‐dominated Xinjiang (NW China) to examine fire‐fuel‐climate interactions. We find that grassland fire regime is fuel‐limited, consistent with other grasslands worldwide. We reveal that burning increased throughout the Holocene, due to increasing moisture, grass cover, fuel load, and temperature of spring fire season. The Holocene pattern of burning coincides with several other records nearby and a global‐scale grassland fire record. Our results are different from monsoonal China where fuel load is not a constraining factor and more (less) fires occurred during colder/drier (warmer/moister) periods in the Holocene.
A Mechanism for the Arctic Sea Ice Spring Predictability Barrier
Authors: Bushuk Mitchell , Winton Michael , Bonan David B. , Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth Edward , Delworth Thomas L.
Published: June 2020

The decline of Arctic sea ice extent has created a pressing need for accurate seasonal predictions of regional summer sea ice. Recent work has shown evidence for an Arctic sea ice spring predictability barrier, which may impose a sharp limit on regional forecasts initialized prior to spring. However, the physical mechanism for this barrier has remained elusive. In this work, we perform a daily sea ice mass (SIM) budget analysis in large ensemble experiments from two global climate models to investigate the mechanisms that underpin the spring predictability barrier. We find that predictability is limited in winter months by synoptically driven SIM export and negative feedbacks from sea ice growth. The spring barrier results from a sharp increase in predictability at melt onset, when ice‐albedo feedbacks act to enhance and persist the preexisting export‐generated mass anomaly. These results imply that ice thickness observations collected after melt onset are particularly critical for summer Arctic sea ice predictions.
Fluctuations of the Atlantic North Equatorial Undercurrent and Associated Changes in Oxygen Transports
Authors: Burmeister Kristin , Luebbecke Joke F. , Brandt Peter , Claus Martin , Hahn Johannes
Published: June 2020

Although the core velocity of the Atlantic North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC) is low (0.1−0.3 m s−1), it has been suggested to act as an important oxygen supply route towards the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. For the first time, the intraseasonal to interannual NEUC variability and its impact on oxygen are investigated based on shipboard and moored velocity observations around 5°N, 23°W. In contrast to previous studies that were mainly based on models or hydrographic data, we find hardly any seasonal cycle of NEUC transports in the central Atlantic. The NEUC transport variability is instead dominated by sporadic intraseasonal events. Only some of these events are associated with high oxygen levels suggesting an occasional eastward oxygen supply by NEUC transport events. Nevertheless, they likely contribute to the local oxygen maximum in the mean shipboard section along 23°W at the NEUC core position.
In Situ Observations of Ionospheric Heating Effects: First Results from a Joint SURA and NorSat‐1 Experiment
Authors: Chernyshov A. A. , Chugunin D. V. , Frolov V. L. , Clausen L. B. N. , Miloch W. J. , Mogilevsky M. M.
Published: June 2020

This work presents the first results of measurements of artificial plasma disturbance characteristics using the low‐orbit NorSat‐1 satellite, which are excited when the ionospheric F2 layer is modified by powerful high‐frequency (HF) waves emitted by the SURA heating facility. NorSat‐1 carries the multineedle Langmuir probe instrument, which is capable of sampling the electron density at a nominal rate up to 1 kHz. The uniqueness of this experiment lies in the fact that the satellite passes very close to the center of the HF‐perturbed magnetic flux tube and in situ observations are first carried out in winter when the absorption is still small in the morning as the Sun is low above the horizon. There are HF‐induced plasma temperature and density variations at satellite altitudes of about 580 km. Plasma irregularities are detected by in situ measurements down to 200 m at the southern border of the SURA heating region.
The Evolution of Long‐Duration Cusp Spot Emission During Lobe Reconnection With Respect to Field‐Aligned Currents
Authors: Carter Jennifer A. , Milan Stephen E. , Fogg Alexandra R. , Sangha Harneet , Lester Mark , Paxton Larry J. , Anderson Brian J.
Published: June 2020

We track a remarkably bright and persistent auroral cusp spot emission in the high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere polar cap, well inside the main auroral oval, for approximately 11 hr on 16 and 17 June 2012. The auroral emissions are presented in both the Lyman‐α and Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield bands, as observed by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager on board two of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Programme spacecraft, and supported by detections of precipitating particles by the same spacecraft. The auroral observations are accompanied by patterns of field aligned currents, obtained from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, along with ionospheric convection patterns from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network. These data provide unprecedented coverage of a cusp spot, unusually seen in both electron and proton aurora. The location and movement of the auroral emissions, current systems, and ionospheric convection patterns are extremely distorted under the northward to Y‐component‐dominated interplanetary magnetic field. The cusp spot emission region is associated with the sunward flow region of the ionosphere. Ion dispersion signatures are detected on traversal of the region of brightest proton auroral emissions. Proton‐excited Lyman‐α emissions are most evident following impulses of high solar wind density. The auroral emissions, field‐aligned current patterns, and ionospheric convection are consistent with a model of a compressed magnetosphere under strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field, following an impact of an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection and associated magnetic cloud at the magnetopause, inducing high‐latitude lobe reconnection that progresses increasingly tailward during the presented interval.
Distinct Raindrop Size Distributions of Convective Inner‐ and Outer‐Rainband Rain in Typhoon Maria (2018)
Authors: Bao Xuwei , Wu Liguang , Zhang Shuai , Li Qingqing , Lin Limin , Zhao Binke , Wu Dan , Xia Weizu , Xu Bin
Published: June 2020

Unlike previous studies from a single disdrometer, this study investigates and compares the raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics of convective inner‐rainband rain (CIR) and convective outer‐rainband rain (COR) in Typhoon Maria (2018), simultaneously captured for the first time by a newly established observational network including nine disdrometers in the northeastern Fujian Province of China. It is shown that the radar reflectivity for the CIR increases sharply with decreasing height below the melting layer, whereas it remains nearly unchanged for the COR. This suggests the dominance of collision‐coalescence process in the CIR, that is, the collection of small raindrops by larger ones as they fall. Thus, the surface‐level CIR generally has far lower concentration of small raindrops and larger mean raindrop diameter than those previously found in the COR. Close to the tropical cyclone (TC) eyewall, it is found for the first time that although the raindrops are relatively large, the raindrop concentration is too low to yield a high rain rate. In contrast, high rain rates are concentrated at a distance of about 1.5–2.5 times the radius of maximum wind from the TC center, where there are appropriate normalized concentrations (log10Nw) and corresponding raindrop diameters. In addition, this study demonstrates differences between the CIR and COR in terms of the RSD evolution with increasing rain rate and the radar reflectivity–rain rate (Z‐R) and shape‐slope (μ‐Λ) relationships, confirming the existence of different rain microphysics in various rain regions of a TC.
Meter‐Scale Topographic Roughness of the Moon: The Effect of Small Impact Craters
Authors: Cai Yuzhen , Fa Wenzhe
Published: June 2020

High‐resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) generated from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Cameras (NACs) provide an opportunity to study surface roughness of the Moon at meter scale. In this study, we mapped and investigated meter‐scale topographic roughness over 462 regions of the Moon using NAC DTMs. Our results show that, at meter to hectometer scales, there are obvious differences in median bidirectional slope, root‐mean‐square (RMS) height, and median absolute slope between maria and highlands. In terms of the median value, ratios of the bidirectional slope, RMS height, and median absolute slope within the maria and highlands are 1: 2.4, 1: 3.0, and 1: 2.7, respectively. However, up to a baseline of ∼0.2 km, no discernible differences in the Hurst exponent and median differential slope exist between the maria and highlands. The Hurst exponent varies from 0.7 to 0.95, with a median value of 0.9 within both the maria and highlands. To identify potential factors affecting meter‐scale roughness of the Moon, we compared the maria with volcanic features on Earth and Mars, as well as the lunar highlands with simulated cratered terrains. We found that the Hurst exponents within the lunar maria are much larger than those of the volcanic features on Earth and Mars, mainly because the lunar maria accumulated more impact craters with diameters smaller than 1 km. The Hurst exponents within the highlands are consistent with those of the simulated cratered terrains, whose surface roughness depends primarily on crater shape, number density, and stratigraphic age. All these results indicate that lunar surface roughness at meter to hectometer scales is mainly controlled by small degraded impact craters.