bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predischarge Prediction of Readmission After Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Derivation and Validation of a Risk Prediction Score
Authors: Rieser Caroline J. , Hall Lauren B. , Kang Eliza , Zureikat Amer H. , Holtzman Matthew P. , Pingpank James F. , Bartlett David L. , Choudry M. Haroon A.
Published: January 2021

Background

Ninety-day hospital readmission rates following cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) range from 20 to 40%.

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple score to predict readmissions following CRS/HIPEC.

Study Design

Using a prospectively maintained database, we retrospectively reviewed clinicopathologic, perioperative, and day-of-discharge data for patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal surface malignancies between 2010 and 2018. In-hospital mortalities and discharges to hospice were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to identify predictors of unplanned readmission, with three-quarters of the sample randomly selected as the derivation cohort and one-quarter as the validation cohort. Using regression coefficient-based scoring methods, we developed a weighted 7-factor, 10-point predictive score for risk of readmission.

Results

Overall, 1068 eligible discharges were analyzed; 379 patients were readmitted within 90 days (35.5%). Seven factors were associated with readmission: stoma creation, Peritoneal Cancer Index score ≥ 15, hyponatremia, in-hospital major complication, preoperative chemotherapy, anemia, and discharge to nursing home. In the validation cohort, 25 patients (9.2%) were categorized as high risk for readmission, with a predicted rate of readmission of 69.3% and an observed rate of 76.0%. The score had fair discrimination (area under the curve 0.70) and good calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit p-value of 0.77).

Conclusion

Our proposed risk score, easily obtainable on day of discharge, distinguishes patients at high risk for readmission over 90 days following CRS/HIPEC. This score has the potential to target high-risk individuals for intensive follow-up and other interventions.
Does endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy improve the quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis? A single center retrospective review
Authors: Musa Ahmad Farouk , Hui Khit Kar , Dillon Jeswant , Nordin Rusli Bin
Published: January 2021

Background: Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is renowned as an effective surgical treatment for primary hyperhidrosis (PHH) and believed to improve patients’ quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of patients with PHH after ETS compared to before ETS, and to determine whether compensatory sweating (CS) affects QOL of patients.

Methods: This is a single-centre retrospective review of patients who had undergone ETS at the National Heart Center [Institut Jantung Negara (IJN)], Malaysia. In total, 62 patients from January 2014 to December 2018 were recruited. Medical records were first reviewed for all relevant data, prior to making telephone interview to administer the questionnaire. A modified questionnaire with validated components was used to assess the patients’ QOL. Patient satisfaction, symptom resolution, recurrence and occurrence of CS were also asked during the interview. Data were analysed using IBM  SPSS Statistics 25.0.

Results: A total of 46 patients (response rate: 74.2%) completed the questionnaire, with 95.7% reporting improvement in the total QOL score (Mean difference = 113.54, SD=70.79, 95% CI = 95.52 – 134.57, p<0.001). There was remarkable symptom resolution for palmar HH as 97.8% reported dry hands, whereas majority of patients with palmar-plantar HH reported persistent sweating from feet HH. CS rate was 89.1%.  In terms of severity of CS, 6 (14.6%) reported mild, 17 (41.5%) moderate, and 18 (43.9%) had severe CS. The severity of CS as well as the number of locations have a significant effect on the QOL reported (p=0.022 and p=0.008, respectively).

Conclusion: ETS is an effective treatment for PHH in improving the QOL of patients, even long term. The occurrence of CS did not affect the QOL, but severity of CS and number of locations involved in CS affect the QOL of patients.
Reverse vaccinology approach towards the in-silico multiepitope vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Kumar Vipul , Kancharla Sudhakar , Kolli Prachetha , Jena Manoj
Published: January 2021

Background: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome related corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the “Coronaviridae” family and order “Nidovirales”, which has caused the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has been spread in more than a 100 countries, and more than a million have lost their lives. Vaccination and immunization could be an effective strategy to combat fatal COVID-19.

Methods: For identification of effective vaccine candidate against COVID-19, various immunoinformatics online tools and softwares were used to predict epitopes. Cytotoxic T cell epitopes, helper T cell epitopes, and B cell epitopes from three structural polyproteins (Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid (SMN) based on the binding affinity towards MHC, antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and non-toxicity) were identified for vaccine development. The multiepitope based vaccine was constructed linking two additional adjuvants human beta-defensin-3 and human beta-defensin-2 at N and C terminal, respectively.

Results: The constructed vaccine sequence was found to be a good antigen and non-allergen for the human body. The constructed vaccine was docked with the TLR-3 receptor.  The docked complex was further taken for molecular dynamics simulations and RMSD was calculated, which showed stable binding of the complex. The codon adaptation index (CAI) of 0.92 and GC content of 55.5% for E. coli (K12 strain) suggested efficient expression of the predicted vaccine.

Conclusion: The current study can be helpful in the reduction of time and cost for further experimental validations and could give a valuable contribution against this pandemic.
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF DIAGNOSING THE GROSS RESOURCE OF LICORICE ROOT AND ITS EXTRACTION IN THE VOLGA-AKHTUBA FLOODPLAIN
Authors: Mamin Vitaliy , Koshkarova Tat'yana , Zinchenko Ekaterina , Vronskaya Lyubov' , Kruglyakova Natal'ya
Published: January 2021

The article reflects the results of many years of research on the study of the root system of naked licorice (Glycyrrhiza glаbra L.). The formation of this valuable plant occupies significant areas of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. The work was carried out in order to establish the regularities of the formation and accumulation of roots in local populations of licorice in order to diagnose their reserves with subsequent scientific substantiation of technological regulations for the industrial production of licorice, which guarantee self-restoration of cenopopulations. Based on the totality of morphological and ecological features, the diversity of adaptability of architectonics, the root system of licorice can be regarded as ecologically universal and, in some respects, unique. The multivariance of its structure for a number of typical habitats of this plant is explained by the influence of different regimes of surface waters during floods and subsurface waters during the growing season, in conditions of a wide variety of alluvial deposits along the profile of the soil aeration zone, their physical and chemical characteristics. The floodplain formation of naked licorice includes a large number of communities of various species composition, which, with varying degrees of its participation, are among the seven most frequently encountered associations. The most productive are clean malt houses formed in the central (insular) part of the lower floodplain and delta under conditions of annual flood moistening of soils. Licorice acquires the most intensive productive development, settling on non-saline floodplain alluvial meadow and meadow dark-colored granular soils of light granulometric composition, as well as on alluvial meadow sandy loam soils formed on middle flood relief elements. In these habitats, the root mass (total, wet) in the soil layer of 0.40 m can reach 22 ... 25 tons per hectare in some areas. Most often, the root mass of licorice naked along the soil profile is distributed as follows: 90% of all roots and rhizomes - in a layer of 1.0 ... 1.2 m, including 60% - in a layer of 0 ... 0.3 m, 20% - in layer 0.3 ... 0.5 m
The working alliance and the short-term and long-term effects of therapy: Identification and analysis of the effect of the therapeutic relationship on patients’ quality of life
Authors: Prusiński Tomasz
Published: January 2021

Cel pracy

Głównym zagadnieniem prezentowanym w tym artykule była analiza przymierza terapeutycznego jako niespecyficznego czynnika leczącego różne zaburzenia zdrowia psychicznego oraz wpływ jakości przymierza terapeutycznego na jakość życia.

Metoda

Próbę badawczą stanowiło 140 osób, 85 pacjentów uczęszczających na psychoterapię indywidualną oraz 55 psychoterapeutów. Do oszacowania jakości przymierza w działaniu użyto Kwestionariusza Przymierza w Działaniu (WAI) autorstwa Horvatha i Greenberga. W badaniach zastosowano również Kwestionariusz Satysfakcji z Życia (TSWLS) autorstwa Pavota, Diener i Suh oraz Kwestionariusz Dobrostanu Psychologicznego (PWBS) autorstwa Ryff.

Wyniki

Wyniki wskazały, że rzeczywisty wpływ jakości przymierza w działaniu na doraźne poczucie satysfakcji i zadowolenia z życia jest nieistotny statystycznie. Ujawniono zaś, że wpływ jakości przymierza terapeutycznego na dobrostan psychologiczny jest istotny statystycznie i że wyższy poziom przymierza w działaniu, deklarowany przez psychoterapeutę i pacjenta, powoduje większe poczucie dobrostanu psychologicznego. Ujawnione wartości współczynników korelacji stanowiły podstawę do przyjęcia hipotezy o istnieniu dodatniej korelacji między przymierzem w działaniu i jego wymiarami a wymiarami dobrostanu psychologicznego.

Wnioski

Przymierze w działaniu nie jest związane z doraźnymi efektami w psychoterapii, co znaczy, że nie zwiększa bieżącej satysfakcji z życia oraz doświadczania pozytywnego afektu i zadowolenia z życia. Przymierze w działaniu wzmacnia jakość życia rozumianą jako trwały, zdrowy rozwój. Okazuje się, że sojusz psychoterapeutyczny jest czynnikiem dobrostanu traktowanego głębiej niż tylko jako bieżąca przyjemność i bardziej holistycznie, który jest nieodłącznym, długotrwałym elementem zdrowego rozwoju człowieka. Siła związku między nimi jest wysoka.
Los aportes de los Feminismos Decolonial y Latinoamericano.
Authors: Oyhantcabal Laura-Mercedes
Published: January 2021

An exploration of the main theoretical contributions of the decolonial perspective and critical feminisms leads us to theoretical and epistemological discussions and proposals of Latin American and decolonial feminisms. The combination of these critical theories has allowed a change in the analytical perspectives implemented when researching the realities of women in Latin America, particularly the realities of indigenous, Afro-descendant, mestizao, mulatta and impoverished women. Furthermore, it has identified and questioned the proliferation of the discursive colonialism of hegemonic feminism, which hid the colonial history of the continent with its patriarchal, capitalist, Eurocentric and racist logics. This article proposes a bibliographical review that introduces fundamental concepts of Latin American and decolonial feminisms, such as gender coloniality. Furthermore, it presents some of the main contributions and discussions about gender organizations prior to colonization and the consequences of the implantation of modern/colonial patriarchy. In conclusion, this paper proposes several critical theoretical tools and categories useful for addressing research from a decolonial and Latin American feminist framework.
Colonización y colonialidad: un estudio de Alcalá de Guadaíra.
Authors: Lera Maria-Jose
Published: January 2021

Colonization processes have their continuation in the colonized person, a phenomenon studied by psychiatrists Fanon and Memmi in the 1960s. Currently, this phenomenon is defined as coloniality and is made up of three dimensions: the coloniality of power, knowledge and being. For this study, we wondered if the conquest of Andalusia continued in coloniality, and if so whether it has consequences today. To address these issues, we analyzed the coloniality of power and being and their consequences in the population of Alcalá de Guadaíra using the bibliographic sources that exist in that locality. The results indicate that it is a population with no history prior to the conquest, structured in poor workers and wealthy landowners, with collective trauma, sheltered in family and religion, and without cultural references. The current consequences of this coloniality are observed in the loss of historical heritage, the preservation of a fractured population of rich and poor, and no memory of the trauma experienced. The recovery of historical consciousness is identified as one of the keys to overcoming this coloniality
La Historia del Arte Argentino a la luz de los Estudios Decoloniales.
Authors: Sosa Rocío-Irene
Published: January 2021

At the end of the last century, colonial, postcolonial and decolonial studies set in motion a “detachment” from the dominant modes of knowledge acquisition in the social sciences and humanities. In the 1990s, Latin American intellectuals debated the colonial side of modernity and the cultural, theoretical and practical hegemony that the central countries maintained. In the field of art, this resulted in the problematization of the Eurocentric canons present in the artistic system and the lack of independent theoretical and visual thinking. In light of these problems, this article investigates one of the features of coloniality in force in the Histories of the Visual Arts “with capital letters” in Latin America and particularly in Argentina; that is, the neutralization of diversity in the construction of a national art. To this end, we have used the transdisciplinary qualitative methodology, which articulates different areas of knowledge (history, anthropology, philosophy, sociology, art history) from a decolonial interpretive perspective. In the theoretical analysis and historiographical reflection, a decentration is observed in the history of national art promoted by the Institute of Aesthetic Research (Faculty of Arts, National University of Tucumán), which interrupts the disciplinary canon favoring the emergence of the American, in both the folkloric and the ancestral.
Rewolucja godności – 2014 jako próba przezwyciężenia kryzysu politycznego na Ukrainie
Authors: Hołowczenko Wołodymyr
Published: January 2021

W artykule została przeprowadzona analiza porównawcza przechodzenia ku demokracji na Ukrainie i w państwach Europy Środkowo‑Wschodniej, w krajach bałtyckich i na Bałkanach; zostały zbadane przyczyny powodzenia tego procesu w krajach członkowskich byłego Układu Warszawskiego i Rady Wzajemnej Pomocy Gospodarczej oraz połowiczności sukcesu na Ukrainie. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że model społeczeństwa i państwa, który powstał na Ukrainie po ogłoszeniu niepodległości – tzw. lumpen‑oligarchiczny, według wzorców rosyjsko‑sowieckich, był daleki od optymalnego, a pozorne atuty gospodarki Ukraińskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Sowieckiej okazały się słabościami dla niepodległego państwa. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na określenie roli „rewolucji godności” z 2014 r. w przezwyciężeniu kryzysu politycznego na Ukrainie.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LEARNING FROM HOME PROGRAM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN KENDARI CITY
Authors: Abubakar Siti Rahmaniar , Sahriana Nanang
Published: January 2021

The formulation of the problem in this research is how the implementation of the learning from the home program during the Covid-19 pandemic in Kendari City. The research objective was to describe the implementation of the learning from the home program during the Covid-19 pandemic. This type of research is qualitative research, namely research that describes conditions that occur in the field qualitatively. The research subjects were Kindergarten teachers in Kendari City who taken purposively. The data analysis technique is descriptive with data collection techniques, namely interviews and document study. The results of the study found that Kindergarten teachers in Kendari City implemented learning from the home program during the Covid-19 pandemic by taking the following steps: (1) making weekly and daily learning plans, (2) implementing learning programs for children from home, (3) assessing child development in collaboration with parents, and (4) conducting feedback and discussions with parents. The study concludes that Kindergarten teachers in Kendari City implemented learning from the home program during the Covid-19 pandemic by the learning steps in Permendiknas Number 137 of 2014 by implementing health protocols.
Presidential Power and Constitutional Responsibility
Authors: Crocker Thomas P.
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about necessity that enables presidential discretion, such as the aftermath of September 11 where the president argued he must have all the powers needed to fulfill his obligation on national security. It responds to arguments regarding the president having all the power that necessity confers. It scrutinizes the view that there is an implied “necessary and proper” power that applies to the president that are analogous to the Article I Necessary and Proper Clause enumerated for Congress. The chapter also considers the scope of implied presidential power, arguing that even if there is power to do what is necessary, it is still constrained by conceptions of what is proper. It points out why propriety becomes a way of incorporating Chief Justice Marshall's argument in McCulloch that constitutional principles constrain necessitarian discretion.
Identity, Freedom, and Constitutional Constraint
Authors: Crocker Thomas P.
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the commitment to constitutional values as a constitutive feature of political identity in American constitutionalism. It argues that a person has the ability to choose its own character as well as the actions that constitute that character. It looks into Hannah Arendt's suggestion that even if the “affairs of men” are “ever-changing,” some can change substantially without affecting the meaning of the whole while others are more central to the entire enterprise. The chapter talks about the end of the Reconstruction Amendments that altered the very fabric of American constitutionalism and the identity of the American people due to the reinstatement of a constitutional basis for slavery. It also highlights the long history of constitutional understandings that has woven a fabric of rights protections in both domestic and international law that stand against the use of cruelty as a means of criminal procedure.
Heightened Expectations
Authors: Austin Kenneth
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the Sabbatean movement as the most significant messianic movement since the first century BCE. It explains the context in which Sabbatai emerged, as well as its particular stresses that were apparent in the middle of the seventeenth century. It also highlights the enthusiasm for Sabbatai that drew on longer traditions of messianic thought that constituted the most important division between Christians and Jews. The chapter recounts the series of attacks against Jewish communities in Poland–Lithuania by Bogdan Chmielnicki and his army of Cossacks as part of a wider assault on the established order of that society. It also talks about the ruthless and highly unpopular Sultan Ibrahim, who had been Ottoman ruler since 1640 but was deposed and killed by his Janissaries in 1648.
From Metaphor to Metonymy
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the 1946 criticism of Sergei Eisenstein's and Vsevolod Pudovkin's films about Ivan the Terrible and Admiral Nakhimov. It investigates how Eisenstein's and Pudovkin's films defined the status of Russia's most important director named Mikheil Chiaureli, who directed “Admiral Ushakov” in 1953. The chapter emphasizes how historicism had to become part of Soviet aesthetic doctrine, part of the system of flexible, dialectically contradirectional principles of Socialist Realism, and to become a hybrid of “the truth of life” and “revolutionary romanticism.” It discusses the historicism of Leninist teaching as a scientific conceptualization of actual historical reality based on a correlation of man with history. It also explains Socialist Historicism, which is the artistic conception of life from the standpoint of the Communist ideal that facilitates a vivid reproduction of life in its historical perspective and historical retrospection.
Meta-Stalinism
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny
Published: January 2021

This chapter pays close attention to explicit party-mindedness, which is intrinsic to Socialist Realism. It discusses “party-mindedness” as a modus operandi, an ability and willingness to change in response to an impulse imposed from the outside, and a principle of direct political action. It highlights Stalinist decisions and Joseph Stalin's own texts that generated vagueness, fear, and anxious suspense. The chapter emphasizes how party-mindedness is the only rule in Stalinism, which in politics is merely a principle of arbitrariness and a key principle of terror. It also talks about the full manifestation of dialectics in the sphere of ideology and Stalinist philosophy as the product of the ideological apparatus.
Gesamtkriegswerk
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Stalinist texts that deal with foreign policy and international journalistic writing, poetry, and film. It explains how the culture of late-Stalinism Cold War culture reflected the “Other,” which was essentially the most fitting image of the “Self.” It describes the incessant process of modelling the Self through the image of the Other that smooths out the trauma of the incessant war that continued in Russia right up to Stalin's death. The chapter analyzes how Stalinist art could not completely de-realize life and how reality found an escape in Soviet Cold War art. It also looks into the uniqueness of cold war in its oxymoronic nature, expressing that the goal of cold war is the preservation of peace.
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Authors: Musgrave Toby
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the intellectual paradigms and rationales that influenced Joseph Banks in his thinking and actions. It explains his disinterest with architectural and landscape fashions and his dislike of a grandiose neoclassical pile on grounds laid out by the architect Capability Brown. It also analyses Banks as an empiricist for his adaption of the Baconian method of investigative science that forms the basis of the scientific method as a means of observation and induction. The chapter explores Banks' beliefs on the outcomes of science that should be applied knowledge and that theoretical speculation should be moderated by practical observation. It talks about Banks as the Liberal Patron of Science and the Enlightened Cultivator of Natural Knowledge and how he held a deep and ingrained belief in “progress.”
Introduction
Authors: Schaumann Caroline
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a Humboldtian history of mountaineering in the long nineteenth century and reviews the scientific progress and aesthetic reverence that became available through the embodied experience of the mountaineer. It mentions scholars Christophe Bonneuil and Jean-Baptiste Fressoz who defined the central premise of Anthropocene as challenges that were formerly deemed fundamental to the modern West. It also looks into Stacy Alaimo's observation of transcorporeal interchanges, which considers climbing mountains as a creative and performative undertaking. The chapter deals with recent theories of material ecocriticism that conceptualize mountaineering as an intimate exchange between the human and more-than-human world. It also emphasizes how mountaineering can become a creative act of perceiving the world with one's hands and feet.
Poetic Science and Competitive Vigor
Authors: Schaumann Caroline
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at Edward Whymper's best-selling “Scrambles Amongst the Alps” in 1871. It reveals how Whymper's book is unmistakably shaped by Alexander von Humboldt's discourse, prefaced by literary quotes, and brimmed with references to Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, James David Forbes, Louis Agassiz, and Leslie Stephen. It also emphasizes Whymper's engagement to nineteenth-century traditions while pointing ahead to the nationally tinged race for first ascents in the twentieth century. The chapter mentions Irish physicist John Tyndall, Whymper's contemporary and rival, who climbed with competitive vigor but praised challenges in the mountains as mental and physical recovery from his work in London. It examines Tyndall's writings that shaped the representation and consumption of mountaineering by imbuing the sport with a spiritual dimension.
Epilogue
Authors: Schaumann Caroline
Published: January 2021

This chapter emphasizes how intersections of scientific, aesthetic, economic, and material interests in early mountain climbing across nations and continents furthers the understanding of the development of sensual, place-based attachments. It proposes a new environmental culture that would renegotiate concepts of autonomy and freedom. It also reflects on the experiences of early mountaineers that become amplified in the Anthropocene, in which people become victims rather than masters of nature in the face of climate change's destructive floods, devastating fires, and droughts. The chapter investigates place attachment as a means of fostering environmental awareness that relates to the theories of Merleau–Ponty, who posed that the sense of orientation develops in relationship to the surroundings. It also explains how perception always involves movement in the world, as it is embedded in the bodily motor capacities of the senses.
Henry and Hubert De Burgh 1227–1231
Authors: Carpenter David
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the relationship between Henry III and Hubert de Burgh. In January of 1227, with the lifting of the last restrictions on his power, the whole nature of Henry's kingship changed. With his authority enhanced, he might lead the campaign to recover his continental empire. Within England, he could reverse the damaging inroads made since 1225 into the royal forests. There was also money to be made from those seeking confirmation of old charters and fresh concessions in new ones. All this took place within a framework set by the justiciar, Hubert de Burgh. Such was his dominance that unpopular policies were often blamed on the minister not the monarch. With the king's emancipation in 1227, Hubert had another ambition, one, beyond a certain point, less commendable. It was to direct the flow of Henry's patronage towards himself.
The Piety of Henry III
Authors: Carpenter David
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the piety of Henry III. King Henry III was widely regarded by his contemporaries as a ‘rex Christianissimus’, ‘a most Christian king’. Everything known about his religious practices confirms that opinion. In some areas, notably the distribution of alms and the hearing of masses, he was doing what all his predecessors had done, but on a new scale and with a new intensity. In other areas, notably in his efforts to convert the Jews to Christianity and his adoption of Edward the Confessor as his patron saint, he was doing something very new. His devotion to the Confessor, in particular, became central to his life and led to the greatest monument of his kingship, the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey. One reason for Henry's piety was almost certainly his father's reputation for impiety. Henry also lived in a new spiritual environment, one created by the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, the work of pastorally minded bishops, the preaching and example of the friars, and the ideas developed in the twelfth century about purgatory, confession, penance, and the eucharist.
Henry the Crusader 1250–1253
Authors: Carpenter David
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies how Henry III took the cross in March of 1250 and hoped to fire his subjects with enthusiasm for the enterprise. He was unsuccessful. In these years, Matthew Paris's critique of Henry's rule reached a crescendo. The king's financial exactions, patronage of foreigners, and acts of injustice, so Paris thought, had utterly deprived him of his subjects' love. The contrast here with Louis IX in France was stark. Having taken the cross, Louis, in a series of wide-ranging inquiries, sought to redress the injustices committed by himself and his officials. It was an example that Henry failed to follow. Had he embarked on a similar path of reform, he might have defused the grievances underlying the revolution of 1258. This period presaged the revolution in another way, namely in the factional struggles at court. It became clear that the two groups of foreigners established there, the Lusignans and the Savoyards, did not get on. In 1252, there was open conflict between them, the king's men, and the queen's men as they were called by Matthew Paris.
The Last Years of the Personal Rule 1255–1257
Authors: Carpenter David
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on the last years of Henry III's personal rule. After Henry's return to England, a degree of political calm is suggested by the paucity of notes on the chancery rolls stating on whose authority letters had been issued. The almost blanket coverage of such notes had lapsed during the course of 1253 and was not revived. Henry was also working with his council. How frequently and formally it met is unknown, but it was certainly involved in a wide variety of business. Indeed, in 1257 it attempted to reform the king's finances and lay down rules for its own conduct. Some of its membership is clear: the king's foreign relatives, the bishop of Worcester, Richard of Cornwall, Richard de Clare, John fitzGeoffrey, Hugh Bigod (Roger Bigod's brother), John Mansel, the household stewards, and the king's senior judges, with Henry of Bath now returning to head the court coram rege. Yet there was also, in Henry's relations with his council, something which foreshadowed the crash to come. For Henry remained quite able to disregard its advice and forge ahead on his own. Over the Sicilian affair he did so with cataclysmic consequences.
Saving the Nation
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights how, in 1774, English physician John Haygarth had been involved in the creation of a Smallpox Society in Chester, which aimed to carry out some plan to make inoculation effective through isolation of the infected for a period of time. The society devised what Haygarth called the 'Rules of Prevention'. They were intended not only to minimise contact between the infected and the vulnerable, but also to make sure the infection was not lingering on anything, from clothes to a letter sealed by someone with smallpox. In his ambition to rid the whole nation of smallpox, Haygarth took for granted that the safety and effectiveness of Suttonian inoculation had been demonstrated countless times. Its value was only limited by the political and administrative problems of making it universal. Haygarth maked no mention of Daniel Sutton or his family, as if what they had achieved was too familiar to be remarked upon. Daniel Sutton did not fail to notice that his celebrity was on the wane.
The Battle for Vaccination
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how the worldwide excitement for Edward Jenner's vaccine in the first flush of Cowmania promised a new era in which parents would clamour to have their children protected by this new and safe form of inoculation. This would have realised the dream of John Haygarth, who had imagined a national scheme and dismissed it on the grounds that it was unenforceable. But vaccination was not greeted with the enthusiasm that might have been anticipated. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, vaccination was favoured over inoculation by Parliament and by a majority of the medical profession, but not by the public. Faced with the threat of an outbreak of smallpox, the offer of free vaccination was often turned down in favour of tried and trusted inoculation in what was now the 'old method'. Authorities realised that, to be effective, a general inoculation had to offer the public a choice of Sutton or Jenner.
An Uneasy Truce
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the Athenians, who were “broken in spirit” in the years after their humiliation at the hands of the Spartans and their allies. It describes how Athens' expanded its influence and domain when opportunity outside the Peloponnesus presented itself. It also discusses how Athenians established independent colonies, cleruchies, and agricultural outposts as soon as they had achieved victory at Cypriot Salamis. The chapter recounts Athenians' expulsion of the Histiaeans and seizure of holdings of Chalcis's wealthy Cavaliers. According to the phóros records, it also suggests that the Athenians's seizures of land occasioned a sharp reduction in the contributions demanded from the communities within the Delian League to which the cleruchies had been conveyed.
The Peloponnesus in Flux
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes the promulgation of the Peace of Nicias and the institution of a bilateral defensive alliance between Sparta and Athens, which failed to put an end to their rivalry. It explains the re-emergence of anarchy in the Hellenic world in Peloponnesus, where Lacedaemon had for generations reigned supreme and directed affairs. The chapter traces in detail the breakdown of the inherited intercommunal order within the Peloponnesus. It puzzles over the conflicts and confusion to which the re-emergence of intercommunal anarchy gave rise. It also examines Argos' ancient antipathy to Lacedaemon and the figures of importance in that pólis who were decidedly unsympathetic to the Athenian cause.
An Opportunity Squandered
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the alliance linking Athens with Argos, Mantineia, and Elis and their aim to destroy the foundations of Lacedaemon's power. It looks into the four cities' intention to break up Sparta's Peloponnesian alliance, knowing full well that it could only be settled on the battlefield. The chapter highlights Olympic Games that was held under the presidency of Elis in August 420, which provided an occasion for ritually humiliating and provoking the Lacedaemonians. It describes the Lacedaemonians' attack of Fort Phyrcus in Triphylia and dispatch of some of their hoplites to Lepreum shortly after the Olympic truce had been proclaimed in Elis. It also discusses how the Eleans charged the Spartans with a breach of the truce, which barred attacks on the presiding city in the general period of the Olympic festival.
To Be a “Good Priest”
Authors: Helgen Erika
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at how northeastern Catholics responded to the Protestant “invasion” of its territory. It focuses on the actions of local Catholic clergymen who were tasked with leading the charge against the Protestant invasion of their parishes. It shows how anti-Protestantism became an essential part of what it meant to be a “good priest,” as Catholic leaders throughout the Northeast promoted distinct sets of rituals and discourses that both fueled and legitimized the use of force against Protestants. The chapter also mentions Padre João Verberck, the leader of the anti-Protestant crusade that fought the Protestants of Nísia Floresta by founding a Marian Congregation with the explicit intent of creating a group of laypersons that are ready to enter into battle as true soldiers of the Catholic Religion. It highlights Padre Verberck's determination to not allow the land of Christian Brazil to be invaded by the Protestant religion.
Succession and confessional politics combined
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the play “Titus Andronicus,” which is considered not merely a revenge tragedy. It explains how Titus is suffused with evocations and references to the Aeneid and central elements in the plot that are taken from Ovid. It also mentions how Titus was described as a “noble Roman history” when it was entered in the stationer's register. The chapter discusses the Titus' central concerns: succession, tyranny, resistance and the nature and origins of monarchical legitimacy. It shows how Titus contains echoes of and parallels with the Henry VI and Richard III plays and how it was set within a meticulously evoked and entirely fictional version of Romanitas.
The Hinterland Strategy
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the concept of what constituted a “frontier,” which was always fluid in the early days of the crusader states. It talks about the Franks' intention to control the interior of the Christian states of Palestine and the Syrian littoral. It analyzes the strategic context of crusaders in recapturing cities of the hinterland and held against the inevitable Muslim counteroffensives. The chapter looks at the northern Christian states that had been able to move forward with the “hinterland strategy” before 1125. It also recounts major Muslim cities that were attacked by crusaders in increasingly desperate attempts to open up the interior, such as Aleppo that was the objective for two serious campaigns and Shaizar that was besieged twice.
Interlude
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces vocabulary in the Palestine that the crusaders found in 1099. It points out special words for a settlement whose population had fled, the gastina or khirbet, meaning a deserted village. It also relates gastina or khirbet to some of the traditional views of the crusades. The chapter focuses on the narrative which envisages Frankish rule as an oppressive regime, imposing itself on crusader states by violence or the threat of violence. It analyzes the gastinae or deserted villages as an inevitable consequence of local peasants fleeing from hated invaders. It also describes Frankish castle building within the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, which were often done during times when the level of external threat was ostensibly at its lowest.
Researching white working‑class communities
Authors: Beider Harris , Chahal Kusminder
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the researchers' positionality in relation to the research and the research participants for this study. As two UK-based, non-white, male researchers moving into potentially all-white spaces to undertake qualitative research, they both reflected on their perceived and actual identities and assumptions prior to, entering, and during the fieldwork. The dominant paradigm of the research was evident in their entry into the field. It cut across a highly charged and emotive 2016 US election campaign. Donald Trump's speeches during 2016 were littered with references that cultivated and encouraged differences between groups: describing immigrants as a potential threat to the American people; framing the problems experienced by white working-class Americans as caused by elitist decision-making and a politically correct media and culture that ignores the needs of white Americans; and suggesting that women need protection from foreign “evil” forces. The researchers recognized that Trump's speeches and rhetoric may create a febrile atmosphere, and that they would need to consider their safety and be conscious that, in some situations, conversations with white working-class people may be challenging and possibly unsafe. The chapter then details the methodological approach that led the research team to engage and interview 415 people across five cities. The team was committed to working in partnership with local activists, stakeholders, and residents wherever that was possible and appropriate.
Talking about race, identity, and change
Authors: Beider Harris , Chahal Kusminder
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents an edited transcript of a focus group discussion in Phoenix, Arizona, soon after the inauguration of President Trump. It highlights the views and opinions held by the participants, which became key themes emerging from the research. More importantly, it shows a group of white residents talking about their new president, his immediate actions, and the turmoil that these actions unleashed in the United States soon after he was elected. The new president was a divisive figure in the discussions. Support for Trump was not overwhelming, but he was seen as a change candidate. Meanwhile, the disruption being witnessed on the ground was seen negatively. The new president was seen as making rapid changes that were having direct, real-life consequences. Moreover, his focus on holding binary positions was seen as avoiding complexity and without nuance. “White” as an identity emerged through the actions and experiences of “black” people and the lived experiences of differences and diversity. Claiming to live in a racially and ethnically diverse area was challenged.
Ageing and gender
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins by considering the distinction between sex and gender. The latter constitutes the source of the social division between men and women considered as social beings. It serves as both a reflection of division and inequality and a source of difference and identity. The chapter then explores the framing of this division in terms of patriarchy and the inequalities that are organised by and structured within the relations of work and of social reproduction. It focuses next upon the consequences of such a division, first in terms of both financial assets and resources and then in terms of social relational capital, drawing upon Putnam’s distinction between bridging and bonding capital. It then considers other sources of difference that become more salient in later life, in terms of health illness and longevity. The chapter ends with the role of gender in representing later life, and the role of later life in representing gender. It concludes by distinguishing between gender as a structure shaping third age culture, and gender as a constituent in the social imaginary of the fourth age.
The finance–housebuilding complex
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the main themes and arguments of the book. It asks why despite innumerable reports and studies and Government announcements over decades the housing crisis continues and is getting worse and more intractable. What are the main blockages to resolving the housing crisis? Why are there housing shortages when Government has poured billions of subsidies into the volume housebuilding sector? The chapter highlights the emergence of the ‘finance-housebuilding complex’ and its role in perpetuating the crisis. It explains how the social and affordable housing providers have become financialised, entangled in property development deals to the detriment of local communities. Local residents groups have begun to provide housing for themselves through community land trusts and co-ops but without reforms of the land, housing and planning system at a national level, the housing crisis cannot to resolved.
The housing shortage
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains how the housing shortage has become a numbers game played by Government. Rather than focusing on the fundamental housing crisis issues of affordability, quality and good planning, it has made the supply of private housing numbers the key objective, even though in this objective it has failed. Supported by data on declining affordability, and spiraling rents and prices, the chapter argues that the diversity and affordability of supply is nowhere near matching the diversity of need. The social housing stock has fallen sharply because of Right to Buy and Buy to Let and lack of new social house building. The concept of affordable housing has become meaningless because of the way Government has defined it.
Financing housing investment
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the overburdening presence of property and housing finance in the UK economy. It focuses on the economic instability created by mortgage dependency. This is a critical context for understanding the role of Government in creating barriers to resolving the housing crisis though its programme of Quantitative Easing, encouragement of Real Estate Investment Trusts, and by offering tax and residence advantages for overseas investors in UK property. It also explores the rise of investor interest in Build to Rent.
The 2008 financial crash continues
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

The 2008 Crash and its continuing aftermath have had a lasting impact on the scale and persistence of the housing crisis. The chapter explains that the Crash was largely caused by over lending to residential property in the US but the contagion spread to the UK banking system. It argues that the fall out continues to affect the market in a number of ways notably credit policies housing investment and cut backs in public expenditure. The banking system and the property market were bailed out and the austerity decade has reduced the capacity and ability of local government to build social housing or compensate for the fall in private sector house building. It is argued that the UK housing market is particularly subject to boom and bust fuelled by speculation and overseas investment yet the planners were scapegoated by the Treasury for the collapse on house building after 2008.
The housebuilders and affordable housing
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the long running battle between communities and developers/landowners over so called planning obligations particularly to build affordable housing. It explores the huge windfall gains landowners and developers make from obtaining planning consents compared with the tiny fraction of land value that is returned to the community in the form of planning obligations. The chapter also looks at how developers exploit loopholes in legislation and avoid policies of tenure mix that reduce the value of the homes they build. The chapter argues that the planning obligations system has failed.
Taking emotions into account
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

The Far Right has made a play of appealing to people’s emotions, focusing on people’s anxieties and fears, along with widespread feelings of envy and resentment. Psycho-social approaches can provide ways of understanding the roots of these emotions - and how to work with them - unpacking people’s hostilities towards ‘the other’ as the basis for building more hopeful, rather than more hateful, futures.
Having summarised the findings from psycho-social studies the chapter concludes with some examples where communities and social movements have been working with emotions more hopefully, including via strategies to tackle racism in football.