bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing and Investigation of In Situ and Ex Situ Produced Aluminum Matrix Foam‐Filled Tubes
Authors: Kemény Alexandra , Leveles Borbála , Kincses Domonkos Balázs , Károly Dóra
Published: May 2021

Composite metal foams (CMFs) are hybrid structures, which are usually produced from separate parts, and not in one step as functional, structural elements. Functional CMFs are characterized by high strength, high stiffness, and extreme energy absorbing properties compared with conventional metallic foams, which allow them to be used as load‐bearing and energy absorbing elements. Test specimens are made in AlMgSi0.5 tubes with the wall thickness of 5 mm. AlSi12 casting alloy is used as matrix material. To ensure the foam structure porosity, lightweight expanded clay aggregate particles (LECAPs) are used with unimodal and bimodal size distribution. The results show that low‐cost unimodal and bimodal foam‐filled tubes (FFTs) can be produced in situ by inert gas pressure infiltration. Besides their low density, these CMFs achieve high strength, high toughness, and special, functional properties compared with simple metallic foams. After heat treatment, in situ produced bimodal FFTs have the highest energy absorption capacity of an average of 67.2 J cm−3, which is 9% higher than the average value of the ex situ FFTs. Therefore, it is advantageous to produce in situ FFTs, because with proper manufacturing, it requires less machining, making the production easier, while achieving better compressive properties.
Cationic Tricyclic AIEgens for Concomitant Bacterial Discrimination and Inhibition
Authors: Wang Bingnan , Wu Haozhong , Hu Rong , Liu Xiaolin , Liu Zhiyang , Wang Zhiming , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2021

New ionic compounds with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) feature has been widely studied. These AIE‐based luminogens (AIEgens) not only effectively resolve aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) problems that are encountered for most of conventional fluorescent dyes, but also exhibit promising applications in biological imaging, potentially for a wide variety of diseases. However, such an AIE system needs to be further developed. In this work, a series of novel cationic AIEgens that are comprised of tricyclic 2‐aminopyridinium derivatives with seven‐membered rings are designed and synthesized via a simple, multicomponent reaction. Notably, these AIEgens exhibit the ability to specifically stain gram‐positive bacteria. Moreover, a specific AIEgen, BMTAP‐7, possesses highly efficient bacteriostatic ability for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in both liquid medium and solid agar plates, which have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 4 and 8 µg mL−1. Using live‐cell imaging and a wash‐free process, it is observed that hydrophilic AIEgens are localized to mitochondria, whereas lipophilic AIEgens display specific staining of lysosomes. These AIEgens with bacteriostatic activity hold great promise for distinguishing between bacterial types and inhibiting bacterial infections in situ.
Evaluating the contribution of a wildlife health capacity building program on orangutan conservation
Authors: Unwin Steve , Commitante Raffaella , Moss Andrew , Bridges Elinor , Farmer Kay H. , Jaya Ricko Laino , Saraswati Yenny S. , Nente Citrakasih , Soedarmanto Indarjulianto , Sulistyo Fransiska , Sugnaseelan Sumita
Published: May 2021

One Health is increasingly being used as a tool in ecosystem protection. The Orangutan Veterinary Advisory Group (OVAG) is working to address One Health concerns in Pongo spp. (orangutan) welfare and conservation. Orangutans are vital contributors to the ecosystem health of their range areas. Strengthening national capacity is crucial to make a lasting difference in the currently bleak outlook for orangutan species survival. OVAG is a capacity strengthening and expertise network that brings together all those working with orangutans, in‐ and ex‐situ, to share knowledge, skills, and to collectively learn. Using the One Health paradigm embedded to enhance professional development, the OVAG network is successfully supporting conservation outcomes and impact. As part of our adaptive management approach, and to assess individual and organizational change attributable to the capacity strengthening work of OVAG, we evaluated technical skill test data, program satisfaction data, and asked participants to complete a self‐reflective survey. This pilot study of our work demonstrates statistically significant improvements in conservation medicine (t = 5.481, p < 0.0001) and wildlife clinical skills knowledge (t = 3.923, p < 0.001) for those in the OVAG program. Most consider OVAG participation to be either critical or very useful in their conservation medicine decision‐making process, with a perceived positive impact on their skills at handling multiple situations. Additionally, participant feedback shows a sense of being able to drive positive change locally and nationally (within their own countries) as a consequence of OVAG participation. The authors hope the OVAG model including its associated capacity support mechanisms and pedagogical approaches can be used as a template for other One Health efforts.
Enabling Clinical Technologies for Hyperpolarized 129Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy
Authors: Khan Alixander S. , Harvey Rebecca L. , Birchall Jonathan R. , Irwin Robert K. , Nikolaou Panayiotis , Schrank Geoffry , Emami Kiarash , Dummer Andrew , Barlow Michael J. , Goodson Boyd M. , Chekmenev Eduard Y.
Published: May 2021

Hyperpolarization is a technique that can increase nuclear spin polarization with the corresponding gains in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals by 4–8 orders of magnitude. When this process is applied to biologically relevant samples, the hyperpolarized molecules can be used as exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. A technique called spin‐exchange optical pumping (SEOP) can be applied to hyperpolarize noble gases such as 129Xe. Techniques based on hyperpolarized 129Xe are poised to revolutionize clinical lung imaging, offering a non‐ionizing, high‐contrast alternative to computed tomography (CT) imaging and conventional proton MRI. Moreover, CT and conventional proton MRI report on lung tissue structure but provide little functional information. On the other hand, when a subject breathes hyperpolarized 129Xe gas, functional lung images reporting on lung ventilation, perfusion and diffusion with 3D readout can be obtained in seconds. In this Review, the physics of SEOP is discussed and the different production modalities are explained in the context of their clinical application. We also briefly compare SEOP to other hyperpolarization methods and conclude this paper with the outlook for biomedical applications of hyperpolarized 129Xe to lung imaging and beyond.
Identifying Structure–Selectivity Correlations in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2: A Comparison of Well‐Ordered Atomically Clean and Chemically Etched Copper Single‐Crystal Surfaces
Authors: Scholten Fabian , Nguyen Khanh‐Ly C. , Bruce Jared P. , Heyde Markus , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz
Published: May 2021

The identification of the active sites for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) to specific chemical products is elusive, owing in part to insufficient data gathered on clean and atomically well‐ordered electrode surfaces. Here, ultrahigh vacuum based preparation methods and surface science characterization techniques are used with gas chromatography to demonstrate that subtle changes in the preparation of well‐oriented Cu(100) and Cu(111) single‐crystal surfaces drastically affect their CO2RR selectivity. Copper single crystals with clean, flat, and atomically ordered surfaces are predicted to yield hydrocarbons; however, these were found experimentally to favor the production of H2. Only when roughness and defects are introduced, for example by electrochemical etching or a plasma treatment, are significant amounts of hydrocarbons generated. These results show that structural and morphological effects are the key factors determining the catalytic selectivity of CO2RR.
Ligand‐Conformer‐Induced Formation of Zirconium–Organic Framework for Methane Storage and MTO Product Separation
Authors: Fang Han , Zheng Bin , Zhang Zong‐Hui , Li Hong‐Xin , Xue Dong‐Xu , Bai Junfeng
Published: May 2021

In pursuit of novel adsorbents with efficient adsorptive gas storage and separation capabilities remains highly desired and challenging. Although the documented zirconium‐tricarboxylate‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have displayed a variety of topologies encompassing underlying and geometry mismatch ones, the employed organic linkers are exclusively rigid and poorly presenting one type of conformation in the resultant structures. Herein, a used and semirigid tricarboxylate ligand of H3TATAB was judiciously selected to isolate a zirconium‐based spe‐MOF after the preliminary discovery of srl‐MOF. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that the fully deprotonated TATAB linker in spe‐MOF exhibits two distinct conformers, concomitant with popular Oh and rare S6 symmetrical Zr6 molecular building blocks, generating an unprecedented (3,3,12,12)‐c nondefault topology. Specifically, the spe‐MOF exhibits structurally higher complexity, hierarchical micropores, open metal sites free and rich electronegative groups on the pore surfaces, leading to relatively high methane storage capacity without considering the missing‐linker defects and efficient MTO product separation performance.
Biphasic Electrolyte Inhibiting the Shuttle Effect of Redox Molecules in Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Liu Xiao , Song Xiaosheng , Guo Zhijie , Bian Tengfei , Zhang Jin , Zhao Yong
Published: May 2021

Redox molecules (RMs) as electron carriers have been widely used in electrochemical energy‐storage devices (ESDs), such as lithium redox flow batteries and lithium‐O2 batteries. Unfortunately, migration of RMs to the lithium (Li) anode leads to side reactions, resulting in reduced coulombic efficiency and early cell death. Our proof‐of‐concept study utilizes a biphasic organic electrolyte to resolve this issue, in which nonafluoro‐1,1,2,2‐tetrahydrohexyl‐trimethoxysilane (NFTOS) and ether (or sulfone) with lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) can be separated to form the immiscible anolyte and catholyte. RMs are extracted to the catholyte due to the enormous solubility coefficients in the biphasic electrolytes with high and low polarity, resulting in inhibition of the shuttle effect. When coupled with a lithium anode, the Li‐Li symmetric, Li redox flow and Li‐O2 batteries can achieve considerably prolonged cycle life with biphasic electrolytes. This concept provides a promising strategy to suppress the shuttle effect of RMs in ESDs.
Improved Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Chiral Co3O4 Supraparticles under Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Wang Xiuxiu , Sun Maozhong , Qu Aihua , Wang Weiwei , Lu Meiru , Guo Xiao , Chen Chen , Hao Changlong , Xu Liguang , Xu Chuanlai , Kuang Hua
Published: May 2021

One of the most common methods to treat thromboembolism is the use of thrombolytic drugs to activate fibrinolytic protease. The aim of this treatment was to initiate the lysis of fibrin; however, there are many side‐effects associated with this form of treatment. Herein, we fabricated chiral Co3O4 supraparticles (SPs) with a g‐factor of up to 0.02 at 550 nm and paramagnetic performance applied in the treatment of thromboembolism under an electromagnetic field (MF). In vitro experiments showed that d‐SPs degraded blood clot within 8 hours under MF. Compared to l‐SPs, d‐SPs exhibited much stronger thrombolytic ability and effectively enhanced the survival rate of thrombosis model mice more than 70 % in the 25 d of observation. The results of mechanism study showed that under MF, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by d‐SPs were 1.5 times higher than that of l‐SPs, which might be attributed to the chiral‐induced spin selectivity effects.
Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) for Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Has Anti‐Proliferative Activity in Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Xiao Zhangping , Song Shanshan , Chen Deng , van Merkerk Ronald , van der Wouden Petra E. , Cool Robbert H. , Quax Wim J. , Poelarends Gerrit J. , Melgert Barbro N. , Dekker Frank J.
Published: May 2021

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in protein‐protein interactions that play key roles in inflammation and cancer. Current strategies to develop small molecule modulators of MIF functions are mainly restricted to the MIF tautomerase active site. Here, we use this site to develop proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) in order to eliminate MIF from its protein‐protein interaction network. We report the first potent MIF‐directed PROTAC, denoted MD13, which induced almost complete MIF degradation at low micromolar concentrations with a DC50 around 100 nM in A549 cells. MD13 suppresses the proliferation of A549 cells, which can be explained by deactivation of the MAPK pathway and subsequent induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. MD13 also exhibits antiproliferative effect in a 3D tumor spheroid model. In conclusion, we describe the first MIF‐directed PROTAC (MD13) as a research tool, which also demonstrates the potential of PROTACs in cancer therapy.
The relationships between misinformation and outrage trolling tactics on two Yahoo! Answers categories
Authors: Fichman Pnina , Vaughn Matthew
Published: May 2021

As the prevalence of online misinformation grows increasingly apparent, our need to understand its spread becomes more essential. Trolling, in particular, may aggravate the spread of misinformation online. While many studies have investigated the negative impact of trolling and misinformation on social media, less attention has been devoted to the relationships between the two and their manifestation on social question and answer (SQA) sites. We examine the extent of and relationships between trolling and misinformation on SQA sites. Through content analysis of 8,401 posts (159 questions and 8,242 answers) from the Yahoo Answers! Politics & Government and Society & Culture categories, we identified levels of and relationships between misinformation and trolling. We find that trolling and misinformation tend to reinforce themselves and each other and that trolling and misinformation are more common in the Politics & Government category than in the Society & Culture category. Our study is among the first to consider the prevalence of and relationship between misinformation and trolling on SQA sites.
Development of a fluorescent probe for detecting Al3+ in cooked wheaten food based on phosphonic acid group functionalized polythiophene derivatives
Authors: Yang Ting , Xu Chun‐ling , Li Song‐Rui , Hu Zhi‐Ru , Feng Guo‐Dong , Gao Hai‐cheng
Published: May 2021

As an unnecessary trace element, the content of aluminium in biological systems should be strictly controlled. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a convenient method for detection of aluminium ions. In this study, a fluorescent probe based on polythiophene derivatives was developed and used to detect Al3+ in Chinese traditional pasta. The fluorescence of this probe showed a significant decrease in hexamethylenetetramine–HCl buffer solution (pH 5) when Al3+ was present. In addition, the probe exhibited good sensitivity and selectivity to Al3+ over other metal ions when EDTA was used as the masking agent. Fluorescence intensity had a good linear relationship with the Al3+ concentration in the range 0.1–10 μM and the limit of detection for Al3+ was 39 nM. Furthermore, the probe was successfully applied to detect Al3+ in food samples and the results were consistent with ICP–AES.
Assessing the influence of perfusion on cardiac microtissue maturation: A heart‐on‐chip platform embedding peristaltic pump capabilities
Authors: Cruz‐Moreira Daniela , Visone Roberta , Vasques‐Nóvoa Francisco , S. Barros António , Leite‐Moreira Adelino , Redaelli Alberto , Moretti Matteo , Rasponi Marco
Published: May 2021

Heart‐on‐chip is an unprecedented technology for recapitulating key biochemical and biophysical cues in cardiac pathophysiology. Several designs have been proposed to improve its ability to mimic the native tissue and establish it as a reliable research platform. However, despite mimicking one of most vascularized organs, reliable strategies to deliver oxygen and substrates to densely packed constructs of metabolically demanding cells remain unsettled. Herein, we describe a new heart‐on‐chip platform with precise fluid control, integrating an on‐chip peristaltic pump, allowing automated and fine control over flow on channels flanking a 3D cardiac culture. The application of distinct flow rates impacted on temporal dynamics of microtissue structural and transcriptional maturation, improving functional performance. Moreover, a widespread transcriptional response was observed, suggesting flow‐mediated activation of critical pathways of cardiomyocyte structural and functional maturation and inhibition of cardiomyocyte hypoxic injury. In conclusion, the present design represents an important advance in bringing engineered cardiac microtissues closer to the native heart, overcoming traditional bulky off‐chip fluid handling systems, improving microtissue performance, and matching oxygen and energy substrate requirements of metabolically active constructs, avoiding cellular hypoxia. Distinct flow patterns differently impact on microtissue performance and gene expression program.
Complications associated with the Rotarex® wire in a patient with peripheral artery disease
Authors: Han Donghoon , Shin Dong‐Geum , Kang Min‐Kyung , Rae Cho Jung , Choi Seonghoon , Lee Namho , Lee Jong‐Wook , Haeng Cho Yoon
Published: May 2021

The Rotarex® device is used for thrombectomy as well as atherectomy in patients with PAD. It is important to carefully consider the wire position of the Rotarex® device during the procedure. As possible as the wire should be located in a lesion‐free area.
Agronomic strategies to mitigate yield loss of late‐planted wheat in Kentucky
Authors: Knott Carrie A
Published: May 2021

Core Ideas

Yield increased when in‐furrow phosphorus was applied to late‐planted wheat in 2 of 3 years.

Yield increased ≥1 bu acre–1 58% of the time in‐furrow phosphorus was applied to late‐planted wheat.

Sixty‐three percent of the time an increased seeding rate increased yield by at least 1 bu acre–1 for late‐planted wheat.
Rapid Aqueous Synthesis of Large‐Size and Edge/Defect‐Rich Porous Pd and Pd‐Alloyed Nanomesh for Electrocatalytic Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Teng Yuxiang , Guo Ke , Fan Dongping , Guo Hongyou , Han Min , Xu Dongdong , Bao Jianchun
Published: May 2021

In this work, a facile aqueous synthesis strategy was used (complete in 5 min at room temperature) to produce large‐size Pd, PdCu, and PdPtCu nanomeshes without additional organic ligands or solvent and the volume restriction of reaction solution. The obtained metallic nanomeshes possess graphene‐like morphology and a large size of dozens of microns. Abundant edges (coordinatively unsaturated sites, steps, and corners), defects (twins), and mesopores are seen in the metallic ultrathin structures. The formation mechanism for porous Pd nanomeshes disclosed that they undergo oriented attachment growth along the ⟨111⟩ direction. Owing to structural and compositional advantages, PdCu porous nanomeshes with certain elemental ratios (e. g., Pd87Cu13) presented enhanced electrocatalytic performance (larger mass activity, better CO tolerance and stability) toward ethanol oxidation.
Regioselective Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐naphthoates through 1,2‐Aryl‐Migrative Ring Rearrangement Reaction and their Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Yanai Hikaru , Kawazoe Teru , Ishii Nobuyuki , Witulski Bernhard , Matsumoto Takashi
Published: May 2021

4‐Aryl‐1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐naphthoates having the less accessible 1,2,3,4‐tetrasubstituted naphthalene scaffold and that show photoluminescence emission from solid state as well as in solutions, were selectively synthesized from brominated lactol silyl ethers through the 1,2‐aryl‐migrative ring rearrangement reaction.
PROTOCOL: Community‐based interventions for initiating early end‐of‐life conversations in nonterminally Ill adults: a systematic review
Authors: Lim Mervyn Jun Rui , Foo Qi Xuan Joel , Chan Noreen Guek Cheng , Miny Samuel
Published: May 2021

This systematic review aims to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the existing community‐based interventions for initiating advance care planning (ACP) conversations and quality end‐of‐life (EoL) planning behaviours in nonterminally ill adults internationally? (2) What are the effects of community‐based interventions on the initiation of ACP conversations and EoL planning behaviours of nonterminally ill adults in the community?
Iron Redox Shuttles with Wide Optical Gap Dyes for High‐Voltage Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Curiac Christine , Rodrigues Roberta R. , Watson Jonathon , Hunt Leigh Anna , Devdass Anthony , Jurss Jonah W. , Hammer Nathan I. , Fortenberry Ryan C. , Delcamp Jared H.
Published: May 2021

A series of iron polypyridyl redox shuttles were synthesized in the 2+ and 3+ oxidation states and paired with a series of wide optical gap organic dyes with weak aryl ether electron‐donating groups. High voltage dye‐sensitized solar cell (HV‐DSC) devices were obtained through controlling the redox shuttle energetics and dye donor structure. The use of aryl ether donor groups, in place of commonly used aryl amines, allowed for the lowering of the dye ground‐state oxidation potential which enabled challenging to oxidize redox shuttles based on Fe2+ polypyridyl structures to be used in functional devices. By carefully designing a dye series that varies the number of alkyl chains for TiO2 surface protection, the recombination of electrons in TiO2 to the oxidized redox shuttle could be controlled, leading to HV‐DSC devices of up to 1.4 V.
Basic study to verify possibility for detection of human cardiopulmonary activity in sediment using current‐induced magnetic modulation spectroscopy
Authors: Nebuya Satoru , Takeda Shun , Kumagai Hiroshi
Published: May 2021

We have suggested the current‐induced magnetic modulation spectroscopy (CIMMS) to detect human cardiopulmonary activity in sediment for lifesaving. Initially, a Finite Element (FE) model of human in sediment was developed to simulate impedance change by human cardiopulmonary activity and an optimal electrode arrangement was estimated to detect the activity at burial distance of 47 , 97 , and 147 mm. The estimated electrode arrangement was 427 mm apart for current injection and 305 mm apart for voltage difference detection. The impedance changes at burial distance of 47 mm, 97 mm and 147 mm were 0.0635%, 0.0432%, and 0.0278% caused by respiration and were 0.0006%, 0.0004%, and 0.0003% caused by pulsation, respectively. Secondly, cardiopulmonary activity of a normal male subject was measured with an electrode contactless electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) device using the estimated optimal electrode arrangement. Respiration and pulsation at the distance of 50 mm had shown good agreement between a medical equipment and impedance measurement device. However, the accuracy was worse significantly at the distance of 100 mm and 150 mm gradually. Finally, we calculated the sensitivity difference between EIS and CIMMS and concluded that it would be possible to detect human cardiopulmonary activity in sediment when we use the CIMMS.
A Highly Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Spermine Biosensor Based on Au−Ag Bimetallic Nanoclusters
Authors: Guo Yongliang , Tian Lili , Wu Jiangming , Wu Yang , Liu Yongmei , Du Jie , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: May 2021

In this study, we found that spermine (SPM) could enhance electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity of Au−Ag bimetallic nanoclusters (Au−Ag BNCs) with triethylamine (TEA) as a co‐reactant. An ECL sensor was fabricated to detect SPM, which contained Au−Ag BNCs as ECL emitters and conductive hydrogel containing polyaniline‐amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (PANI‐ATMP) as an immobilizing matrix. The increased ECL intensity of SPM was linear with the logarithm of concentrations of SPM in the range of 1 pM to 10 μM with high selectivity, excellent stability, and the limit of detection is 0.11 pM (S/N=3). This sensor realized the detection of SPM in urine samples, which was fast and economic, possessing potential applications for SPM detection in clinical and bioanalysis.
Erosion control in Prehispanic agrarian landscapes from Northwestern Argentina: El Alto‐Ancasti Highlands case study (Catamarca, Argentina)
Authors: Zuccarelli Freire Verónica , Meléndez Ana S. , Rodriguez Oviedo Melisa , Quesada Marcos. N.
Published: May 2021

Recent research in the El Alto‐Ancasti Highlands (Northwestern Argentina) has identified an extensive agricultural system distributed in between residential sites. This agricultural system seems to have been vulnerable to a gullying system that caused erosion and soil surface loss. The existence of check dams along the inside of these gullies places the beginning of this erosion process at least during its Prehispanic occupation, between 600 and 1000 AD when the agricultural system was active. Here, we characterise the Prehispanic construction of the agricultural landscape, its impact on soil formation and the interaction established by Prehispanic farmers in the area with the local erosive dynamics along the eastern frontier of Northwestern Argentina. Our study indicates the need to pursue further research into runoff agriculture in these environments and its potential contribution for the mitigation of long‐term erosive processes and risks, as well as elucidating strategies towards sustainable soil management by modern‐day local communities.
Flowpath controls on high‐spatial‐resolution water‐chemistry profiles in headwater streams
Authors: Dupas Rémi , Causse Jean , Jaffrezic Anne , Aquilina Luc , Durand Patrick
Published: May 2021

Stream water chemistry is routinely measured over time at fixed and sparse sites, which provides a coarse image of spatial variability. Here, we measured nitrate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several chemical proxies for water flowpaths, catchment residence time and biogeochemical transformations, every 50–100 m along 13 km of streams in six agricultural headwater catchments (1.1–3.5km2). The objective was to examine controls on longitudinal nitrate profiles at a high spatial resolution during four seasons: rewetting of the catchments in autumn, winter high‐flow, spring recession and summer low‐flow. Our results showed monotonic trends in longitudinal profiles for nitrate and DOC, which were opposite for the two solutes. Spatial trends in water‐chemistry profiles persisted across seasons, which suggests time‐invariant controls on the spatial variations in concentrations. Four catchments exhibited decreasing nitrate and increasing DOC from upstream to downstream, while two catchments exhibited increasing nitrate and decreasing DOC. These smooth gradients did not reflect a longitudinal land‐use gradient, but rather an increase in the proportion of groundwater inflows when moving downstream, as suggested by the chemical proxies and punctual discharge measurements. Water chemistry also changed abruptly at confluences, at a farm point source and at a localized groundwater inflow zone.
Ecological risk assessment of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances: Foreword
Authors: Henning Miranda H. , Fuchsman Phyllis C.
Published: May 2021

During the last 5 years, data and guidance to support ecological risk assessment of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) have become increasingly available. The studies presented in this special series exemplify and advance this progress. Among the highlights are a whole-colony honey bee toxicity study, a critical evaluation of contrasting evidence to understand avian toxicity of PFAS, a bioaccumulation model incorporating PFOS precursor transformation, and an assessment of PFAS monitoring and regulatory needs on the African continent. This foreword closes with a summary of research needs identified from the special series. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:670–672. © 2021 SETAC
Scientific and budgetary trade-offs between morphological and molecular methods for deep-sea biodiversity assessment
Authors: Le Jennifer T. , Levin Lisa A. , Lejzerowicz Franck , Cordier Tristan , Gooday Andrew J. , Pawlowski Jan
Published: May 2021

Deep-sea biodiversity, a source of critical ecological functions and ecosystem services, is increasingly subject to the threat of disturbance from existing practices (e.g., fishing, waste disposal, oil and gas extraction) as well as emerging industries such as deep-seabed mining. Current scientific tools may not be adequate for monitoring and assessing subsequent changes to biodiversity. In this paper, we evaluate the scientific and budgetary trade-offs associated with morphology-based taxonomy and metabarcoding approaches to biodiversity surveys in the context of nascent deep-seabed mining for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the area of most intense interest. For the dominant taxa of benthic meiofauna, we discuss the types of information produced by these methods and use cost-effectiveness analysis to compare their abilities to yield biological and ecological data for use in environmental assessment and management. On the basis of our evaluation, morphology-based taxonomy is less cost-effective than metabarcoding but offers scientific advantages, such as the generation of density, biomass, and size structure data. Approaches that combine the two methods during the environmental assessment phase of commercial activities may facilitate future biodiversity monitoring and assessment for deep-seabed mining and for other activities in remote deep-sea habitats, for which taxonomic data and expertise are limited. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:655–663. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

For meiofauna in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, morphology-based taxonomy is less cost-effective than metabarcoding, but offers scientific advantages, such as the generation of density, biomass, and size structure data. An approach that combines morphological and molecular methods is comparable in cost to morphology-based taxonomy alone, and may be necessary during initial environmental assessment. Ultimately, metabarcoding may allow for long-term environmental monitoring in deep-sea systems that are (1) undersampled and data-limited; (2) not easily accessible; or (3) dominated by meiofauna-sized taxa.
Ecological consequences of Australian “Black Summer” (2019–20) fires: A synthesis of Australian Commonwealth Government report findings
Authors: Khan Stuart J.
Published: May 2021

During the summer of 2019–2020, more than 15 000 wildfires burned up to 19 million hectares of forest and woodland regions across Australia. These fires culminated in the worst Australian fire season on record, producing what has come to be known as the Australian “Black Summer.” The fires have been described as an “ecological disaster,” but the scale of the impacts is so extensive that the full ecological consequence may take years to assess. In the immediate aftermath of the Black Summer fires, two major national investigations were established by the Australian Commonwealth Government. By reviewing reports produced by these two investigations, high-level insights into the scale of the ecological consequences of the Black Summer fires have been obtained and are summarized here. Through these insights, the urgency for action to reduce the occurrence, and improve the management, of future comparable fire events is made clear. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1136–1140. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

Australia's worst fire season on record occurred during the summer of 2019/20, which has come to be known as Australia's “Black Summer.” The fires have been described as an “ecological disaster,” but the scale of the impacts is so extensive that the full ecological consequence may take years to assess. It is estimated that within the forests and woodlands that burned, there would have been almost three billion native vertebrates that perished. Climactic conditions associated with global climate change now underlie an observed change in longer fire seasons with more extreme fire danger days.
Association of body composition with risk of overall and site‐specific cancers: A population‐based prospective cohort study
Authors: He Qiangsheng , Xia Bin , Liu Anran , Li Min , Zhou Zhijun , Cheung Eddie C. , Kuo Zi Chong , Wang Bo , Li Fangping , Tang Yan , Zheng Zilong , Sun Rui , Hu Yanhong Jessika , Meng Wenbo , He Yulong , Yuan Jinqiu , Zhang Changhua
Published: May 2021

Although excess adiposity has been linked with various cancers, association between body composition and some cancers remains unclear, like lung and prostate cancers. We investigated associations of body composition with risk of overall cancer and major site‐specific cancers in a prospective cohort of 454 079 cancer‐free participants from UK‐Biobank. Body composition was measured with bioimpedance analysis. We evaluated hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with multivariate Cox linear and nonlinear models in men and women separately. We identified 27 794 cancers over 7.6 years of follow‐up. Multivariable adjusted models including fat‐free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) showed that FFM was positively associated with overall cancer risk in men and women (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01‐1.04 and 1.07, 1.04‐1.10, respectively); while the association between FM and overall cancer disappeared after adjusting for FFM. FFM was associated with higher risks of obesity‐related cancers combined, stomach (women only), malignant melanoma, postmenopausal breast, corpus uteri, prostate, kidney (men only), and blood cancers and lower risk of lung cancer. FM was associated with higher risks of obesity‐related cancers combined, esophageal, colon, lung (men only), postmenopausal breast (at the lower end of FM range), and corpus uteri cancers and lower risks of rectal, malignant melanoma (women only), prostate and blood cancers. FFM and FM seemed to have different effects on cancer risk, and the effects varied substantially by cancer type, in both direction and size. Higher FM/FFM ratio was also associated with some cancers risk, and might be a useful predictor of cancer risk.
Optimizing government resources through collaborative consumption in resource‐constrained countries: The need for creative thinking skills
Authors: Gebeyehu Seffi , Twinomurinzi Hossana
Published: May 2021

Investments in national Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure in low‐income‐countries provide a digital government platform that could facilitate the maximization of limited resources through a collaborative consumption (CC) model. In this study, an interpretive multi‐case research method was used to investigate how limited government‐to‐government resources in Ethiopia could enable the effective utilization of inter‐government resources using the CC paradigm. Four government administrative districts (woredas) in the Amhara Region were purposively sampled. The findings revealed that Government officials could only identify intangible digital services and shared learning as shareable, but did not consider any tangible artifacts until prompted. Overall, the findings contribute to Information Systems discourse and digital government practice by providing insights into the role of CC models in maximizing limited government to government resources in low‐income countries like Ethiopia. A creativity process to identify other shareable resources and prompt digital innovation is recommended. This is because there are few to no studies that investigate government to government resource sharing through a CC approach in such countries. The study also showed that in light of the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, there is a further reason for low‐income countries to share whatever limited resources are available.
Pandemic Schooling: Using Literature to Teach for Depth Over Breadth in the Civics Classroom
Authors: Avashia Neema
Published: May 2021

Young people in literacy classes sometimes think their teachers are not listening to them. The practitioners featured in this column listen to questions posed by their students and respond to them, with the goal of enhancing English language arts instruction for a range of young people and educators.
“If Only We're Brave Enough”: Reflections on CoeditingJAAL
Authors: Hinchman Kathleen A. , Chandler-Olcott Kelly
Published: May 2021

In this commentary, we explore contribution trends across our 5‐year tenure as the coeditors of theJournal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, evaluate our successes in achieving initial goals and unforeseen challenges, and discuss the implications of this analysis for the journal’s community.
Targeting HDL in tumor microenvironment: New hope for cancer therapy
Authors: Zhao Tan‐Jun , Zhu Neng , Shi Ya‐Ning , Wang Yu‐Xiang , Zhang Chan‐Juan , Deng Chang‐Feng , Liao Duan‐Fang , Qin Li
Published: May 2021

Epidemiological studies have shown that plasma HDL‐C levels are closely related to the risk of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other malignancies. As one of the key carriers of cholesterol regulation, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer development through anti‐inflammation, antioxidation, immune‐modulation, and mediating cholesterol transportation in cancer cells and noncancer cells. In addition, the occurrence and progression of cancer are closely related to the alteration of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells synthesize and secrete a variety of cytokines and other factors to promote the reprogramming of surrounding cells and shape the microenvironment suitable for cancer survival. By analyzing the effect of HDL on the infiltrating immune cells in the TME, as well as the relationship between HDL and tumor‐associated angiogenesis, it is suggested that a moderate increase in the level of HDL in vivo with consequent improvement of the function of HDL in the TME and induction of intracellular cholesterol efflux may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
A nurse practitioner model of care in the era of direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Nario Steffanie , Reynauld Benhur , Blacklaws Helen , Boden Sharon , Sud Rishi , Hawken Glenn , Singh Satbir , Herba Karl , Panetta James , Pang James
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim

Direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has resulted in high rates of successful disease cure; however, not enough healthcare providers are available to deliver treatment to the population living with chronic HCV. To demonstrate that a nurse practitioner (NP) model of care is non‐inferior to specialist gastroenterologist (SG) management of HCV infection, as measured by sustained viral response at 12 weeks (SVR12) after initiation of DAA therapy.

Design

Retrospective cohort database study.

Setting

Single‐center outpatient study, Central Coast Local Health District (CCLHD).

Participants

All patients with chronic HCV treated in the CCLHD Liver Clinic in the period 3rd March 2016 to 31st May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. In this time period, a total of 1638 patients with chronic HCV had completed treatment. Seven hundred and thirty‐four patients were excluded (733 pre‐PBS listing for DAAs and 1 not treated with DAA). Nine hundred and four patients were eligible for the study, of which 541 were managed by an SG, and 363 managed by an NP.

Main outcome measures

Data were collected on patient demographics, genotype, fibrosis score, and presence of cirrhosis. Primary end point was number of patients achieving SVR12.

Results

Of the 904 patients treated with DAA, 764 (84.5%) achieved SVR12. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in achieving SVR12between patients treated by an SP (n = 481, 88.9%) and those treated by an NP (n = 281, 77.4%).

Conclusion

An NP model of care is non‐inferior to SG management of HCV infection, as evidenced by equivocal success in achieving SVR12between the two treatment groups. Therefore, an NP model of care is a viable option in the era of DAA therapy for HCV infection. Ongoing investment into the delivery of NP care could increase treatment uptake of HCV, with the aim of decreasing overall burden of disease.
Evaluation of the relationship between KIM‐1 and suPAR levels and clinical severity in COVID‐19 patients: A different perspective on suPAR
Authors: Kerget Buğra , Kerget Ferhan , Aksakal Alperen , Aşkın Seda , Uçar Elif Yılmazel , Sağlam Leyla
Published: May 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is one of the most pressing health problems of this century, but our knowledge of the disease is still limited. In this study, we aimed to examine serum‐soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM‐1) levels based on the clinical course of COVID‐19. Our study included 102 patients over the age of 18 who were diagnosed as having COVID‐19 between September 2020 and December 2020 and a control group of 50 health workers over the age of 18 whose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) PCR results were negative. KIM‐1 was measured by ELISA and suPAR by suPARnostic™ assay. Analysis of previously identified variables of prognostic significance in COVID‐19 revealed high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lactose dehydrogenase, prothrombin time, C‐reactive protein, PaO2/FiO2, D‐dimer, ferritin, and fibrinogen levels in patients with severe disease (p < 0.05 for all). KIM‐1 and suPAR levels were significantly higher in COVID‐19 patients compared to the control group (p = 0.001 for all). KIM‐1 level was higher in severe patients compared to moderate patients (p = 0.001), while suPAR level was lower (p = 0.001). KIM‐1, which is believed to play an important role in the endocytosis of SARS‐CoV‐2, was elevated in patients with severe COVID‐19 and may be a therapeutic target in the future. SuPAR may have a role in defense mechanism and fibrinolysis, and low levels in severe patients may be associated with poor prognosis in the early period.
Atomic saturation of reduced powers
Authors: Shelah Saharon
Published: May 2021

Our aim was to try to generalize some theorems about the saturation of ultrapowers to reduced powers. Naturally, we deal with saturation for types consisting of atomic formulas. We succeed to generalize “the theory of dense linear order (or T with the strict order property) is maximal and so is any which is SOP3”, (where Δ consists of atomic or conjunction of atomic formulas). However, the theorem on “it is enough to deal with symmetric pre‐cuts” (so the theorem) cannot be generalized in this case. Similarly the uniqueness of the dual cofinality fails in this context.
Debate on Portland crisis response demonstrates emotions over reform
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: May 2021

Divided opinion on the Portland, Oregon, City Council over how quickly to ramp up a pilot effort to revamp mental health crisis response is illustrating the raw emotion communities nationwide are struggling with as they seek alternatives to traditional police response.
New program to address solutions for people in a BH crisis
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: May 2021

Providing the right service in the right place under one roof is an important goal for what officials are calling a groundbreaking initiative aptly named the Behavioral Health Solutions Center, with an aim to divert people in crisis away from unnecessary jail time or a psychiatric hold.
Humoral Immune Response ofSARS-CoV-2–Infected Patients with Cancer: Influencing Factors and Mechanisms
Authors: Esperança-Martins Miguel , Gonçalves Lisa , Soares-Pinho Inês , Gomes Andreia , Serrano Marta , Blankenhaus Birte , Figueiredo-Campos Patrícia , Catarina-Marques Ana , Castro-Barbosa Ana , Cardoso Ana , Antunes-Meireles Pedro , Atalaia-Barbacena Henrique , Gaspar Pedro , Howell-Monteiro Patrícia , Pais-de-Lacerda António , Mota Catarina , Veldhoen Marc
Published: May 2021

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–infected patients with cancer show worse outcomes compared with patients without cancer. The humoral immune response (HIR) of patients with cancer against SARS-CoV-2 is not well characterized. To better understand it, we conducted a serological study of hospitalized patients with cancer infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Materials and Methods

This was a unicentric, retrospective study enrolling adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to a central hospital from March 15 to June 17, 2020, whose serum samples were quantified for anti–SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain or spike protein IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies. The aims of the study were to assess the HIR to SARS-CoV-2; correlate it with different cancer types, stages, and treatments; clarify the interplay between the HIR and clinical outcomes of patients with cancer; and compare the HIR of SARS-CoV-2–infected patients with and without cancer.

Results

We included 72 SARS-CoV-2–positive subjects (19 with cancer, 53 controls). About 90% of controls revealed a robust serological response. Among patients with cancer, a strong response was verified in 57.9%, with 42.1% showing a persistently weak response. Treatment with chemotherapy within 14 days before positivity was the only factor statistically shown to be associated with persistently weak serological responses among patients with cancer. No significant differences in outcomes were observed between patients with strong and weak responses. All IgG, IgM, IgA, and total Ig antibody titers were significantly lower in patients with cancer compared with those without.

Conclusion

A significant portion of patients with cancer develop a proper HIR. Recent chemotherapy treatment may be associated with weak serological responses among patients with cancer. Patients with cancer have a weaker SARS-CoV-2 antibody response compared with those without cancer.

Implications for Practice

These results place the spotlight on patients with cancer, particularly those actively treated with chemotherapy. These patients may potentially be more vulnerable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, so it is important to provide oncologists further theoretical support (with concrete examples and respective mechanistic correlations) for the decision of starting, maintaining, or stopping antineoplastic treatments (particularly chemotherapy) not only on noninfected but also on infected patients with cancer in accordance with cancer type, stage and prognosis, treatment agents, treatment setting, and SARS-CoV-2 infection risks.