bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Firearms and Lethal Violence
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the role of firearms use in explaining the high rate of lethal interpersonal violence in the United States. This is but one element of a complex set of issues that concerns that relationship between guns and violence in the United States. Self-inflicted and accidental gun shot cases are excluded from this analysis.
Lethal Violence and the Criminal Law
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

We start our analysis of the means of violence prevention with the criminal law because it is the narrowest of the concerns to be addressed in this section. The penal law is only one mechanism that is required for a balanced program of lethal violence prevention, a necessary but not sufficient condition of public safety. But prevention of lethal violence should be the very highest priority of the criminal law. The only challenging questions about the use of criminal law as a means of reducing lethal criminal violence are questions of tactical choice rather than strategic priority. The primacy of life, of feelings of bodily security, and of being able to negotiate well-known environments without fear are the central concerns of the criminal law of every modem state. The high rate of life-threatening violence in the United States simply underscores the larger significance of this problem in the United States.
Reconstructing Religion
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1865, former Confederate chaplain George Taylor wrote to his brother about the meaning of defeat. “For my part, I accept the facts as indicating God’s will, and acquiesce with a peace of mind I had not thought possible,” he wrote. “Still, I confess that ever and anon the sad facts come over me with fresh power and almost crush and paralyze me. But it is all right, and we must remember that we are chiefly connected with a kingdom which is ‘not of this world’ ... because a Christian, I hope to be a good citizen .”
Epilogue
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

Religious institutions, and the minds that built them, were far more important to the story of Protestants in the South than historians have allowed. Southern churches were not immune to the bureaucratization of religion that coincided with, reflected, but at times thwarted, what Nathan Hatch called the “democratization of American Christianity” in the nineteenth century. Accounts that stress the importance of revivalism and individual piety in the South have neglected the institutional context in which these revivals and conversions took place.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: November 2023

For American Protestant theology, a large part of the answer has to do with characterizations of God, especially God’s emotions. Most American Protestant theologians have assumed that, strictly speaking, God does not have emotions, at least in a human sense. But most have also acknowledged that for the purposes of theological writing it is necessary to ascribe some feelings to God. The question is, which feelings? Here liberal and conservative theologians came to share similar assumptions beginning in the early nineteenth century. In general, they depicted God as an emotionally singular character, having one predominant feeling, such as a serene benevolence, holiness, or tender sympathy. The confinement of God’s character to this emotional singularity, and these specific feelings, accounts in large measure for the dullness of modem Protestant theology.
Vitality and Anger
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: November 2023

The differences among these styles can be seen by referring again to God’s statement in Exodus, “I am that I am.” Park, the neoclassical theist, found in this a declaration of God’s serenity: “We rejoice that there is a mind free from the complexities and discrepancies that mar our character We are calmed by the announcement, ‘I am that I am.”‘ Stowe, the sentimental incarnationalist, found in Jesus’ version of this statement, “before Abraham was I am,” a clue to the mysterious mixing of God and humanity in the incarnation; Jesus had given his true nature away “in a moment of high excitement” and let slip from himself an utterance “unconsciously, as it were in his native language.”
The Revival of 1857-58
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

This book provides a fresh, in-depth examination of the Revival of 1857-58, a widespread religious awakening most famous for urban prayer meetings in major metropolitan centers across the United States. Often mentioned in religious history texts and articles but overshadowed by scholarly attention to the first and second “Great Awakenings,” the revival has lacked a critical, book-length analysis. This study will help to fill this gap and to place the event within the context of Protestant revival traditions in America. The Revival of 1857-58 was a multifaceted religious movement that Long suggests may have been the closest thing to a truly national revival in American history. The awakening marked the coming together of formalist and populist evangelical groups, particularly in urban areas, and helped to create the beginnings of a transdenominational religious identity among middle-class American evangelicals. Long explores the revival from various angles, emphasizing the importance of historiography and examining the way Calvinist clergy and the editors of the daily press canonized particular versions of the revival story, most notably its role in the history of great awakenings and its character as a masculine “businessmen’s revival.” She gives attention to grassroots perspectives on the awakening and also pursues wider social and cultural questions, including whether the revival actually affected evangelical involvement in social reform. The book combines insights from contemporary scholarship concerning revivals, women’s history, and nineteenth-century mass print with extensive primary source research. The result is a clearly written study that blends careful description with nuanced analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

The Revival Of 1857-58 was hailed by contemporaries as one of the most significant events of the nineteenth century, perhaps of American religious history, or even the entire span of the history of the Christian church. They de scribed it as “The Great Revival,” the “event of the century,” and “our American awakening.” From 18 58 to the present, this revival, characterized in part by mass prayer meetings that spread from New York City to major urban centers through out much of the United States, has captured the imaginations of American evangelicals. On September 22, 1991, when evangelist Billy Graham preached to approximately 250,000 people on the “great lawn” of New York City’s Central Park, local coordinators of the event noted with satisfaction that the date of Graham’s visit fell within a day of the anniversary of the beginnings of revival in 1857.
Legacies of r 857-5 8 D. L. Moody and the “Revival Generationn
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

More Than Any Other single person during the second half of the nineteenth century, Dwight L. Moody came to represent a transformed evangelical revival tradition ushered in by the Revival of 18 57-58. During the 1870s, supported by religious and secular press coverage, Moody became a national figure and his urban revivalism part of the national popular culture. These postwar revivals reflected the formalism of the earlier establishment Calvinists fused with the emotive, lay-oriented piety of Methodist and Baptist populists and further shaped by the mass commercialism of an urban setting. What emerged was a businesslike, consumer-sensitive approach to revivals that further blurred the line between revivals and mass evangelism. The unusual numbers of conversions and heightened religious concern that had always characterized revivals became more predictable as evangelicals increasingly employed marketing techniques to reach people in densely populated urban settings.
The Causes of Cause Lawyering: Toward an Understanding of the Motivation and Commitment of Social Justice Lawyers
Authors: Menkel-Meadow Carrie
Published: November 2023

What makes some people want to do “good” with the professional and human tools they are given or develop, rather than use them exclusively for self-interest or the facilitation of evil, oppression, or preservation of the status quo? What is “good” and “evil” in the practice of law? These are questions that have consumed me since long before I went to law school. Indeed, they are part of a deeper human inquiry: why do people choose to do good, do nothing or cause harm? As the child of Holocaust survivors (not camp survivors, just refugee survivors), I have been concerned with questions of good and evil, morality, the rule of law, and human motivation.
Norris, Schmidt, Green, Harris, Higginbotham & Associates: The Sociolegal Import of Philadelphia Cause Lawyers
Authors: Porter Aaron
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an account of how and why the law firm of Norris, Schmidt, Green, Harris, Higginbotham & Associates sought to transform the professional and social fabric in Philadelphia and went on to bring about changes at the federal level, through the legal and political process. This account of the law firm, its practices, and the effect its members had on the larger social milieu of the city supplies an important framework for assessing how “cause lawyers” emerge and impact racial or social inequality with policy implications for the contemporary United States.
Critical Lawyers: Social Justice and the Structures of Private Practice
Authors: Trubek Louise , Kransberger M Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The ideological concepts and institutional structures underlying public interest law are in transition. Since the 1960s, when the conceptual framework and institutional forms of public interest law were developed, academics and practitioners have argued that socially oriented lawyering would and should be carried out primarily in special institutional structures (public interest firms, law school clinics, or legal services offices). They assumed that the private practitioner’s contribution to public interest or social lawyering would be marginal or nonexistent. However, theoretical developments, practitioner experience, and the economic realities of the 1990s are forcing a reconsideration of this now assumed separation between socially conscious lawyering and private practice.
Rethinking Law’s “Allurements”: A Relational Analysis of Social Movement Lawyers in the United States
Authors: Mccann Michael , Silverstein Helena
Published: November 2023

Many scholars in recent years have examined the relationship between law and the politics of social reform advocacy in the United States. The bulk of this scholarship has been highly circumspect regarding the progressive potential of legal tactics, legal institutions, and cause lawyers for social reform movements. These critical analyses suggest that, at best, cause lawyers and legal activism tend to be ineffective in advancing progressive reform goals. Many scholars go yet further in arguing that lawyers and legal activism often actually divert movement energies away from radical alternatives, thereby unwittingly reinforcing rather than challenging dominant institutional relations and ideologies. As such, critical legal scholars frequently counsel against reliance on litigation, legal discourse, and legal activists in struggles for social change.
The First Memories of My Childhood
Authors: Aguirre Nataniel , Waisman Sergio Gabriel , Paz-Soldan Alba Maria
Published: November 2023

Rosita, the beautiful lacemaker whose memory is still preserved* by some of the old men and women in the Villa de Oropesa** who admired her unusual beauty, the kindness of her character, and the exquisite lacery that her hands produced, was the guardian angel of my blessed childhood. Her motherly affection, tenderness, and solicitude for me were endless, and I always called her by the sweet name of mother” with pleasure and real pride. But she only referred to me as “the child,” except for two or three times in which the word “son” escaped her mouth like an irresistible cry from nature that seemed to tear at her insides in a very cruel manner. We lived alone in a room, or a shop rather, on the border of the Barrio de los Ricos, which today is Sucre, with only two doors: the one that opened out to the street and another little one, merely a half-door, in the corner to the left of the entrance.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

IN 1639, John Cotton preached to his Boston congregation on the subject of their relationship to church authority. After addressing a number of issues concerning Congregational church government and lay-clerical relations, Cotton turned to the practical lessons that churchgoers might take from the discourse. Let every man be “studious” of the boundaries the Lord had set around leaders, Cotton urged, for the Bible taught that “if a Church or head of a Church could have done worse, he would have done it:
Introduction
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Religion was not on my agenda when I first went to South India. My plan was to investigate the meanings with which Tamil people invested their pasts, and the area around the trading town of Gingee (Cenci in Tamil) 180 kilometers southwest of Madras seemed a promising fieldsite for this project. This parched wasteland of granite boulders and thorny plants once sustained a sequence of medieval kingdoms with large armies and legendary heroes. I rented a one-time grocery shop in a multicaste village about an hour’s walk from Gingee. Dutifully, I began visiting the fort in Gingee, inquiring about local narratives of its rulers. I collected genealogies, court cases, residential patterns, and agricultural cycles. But after I had pursued this subject for about three months, the direction of my fieldwork changed dramatically.
Painful Crossings
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Suresh was a member of the Tēnpalli caste who cultivated two acres of land that he and his wife owned on the edge of the “forest” (kātu) near the village of Somatur in the South Arcot district of Tamilnadu. Close to fifty years old when we met, he was a handsome man with long hair, which he tied in a knot that hung low down his neck. He would never allow me to photograph him. The life-changing event that made him a “healer” (vaittiyar) took place around 1973. I was plowing my field when something cut my foot. It began to swell up. Like a trident it pierced my foot, but I did not see the trident. This was the first time that Amma came. She came as a trident and pierced my leg. For a month I was sick and unable to eat properly. I did not know what was happening to me until Amma came in my dream in the form of a little girl and told me, “I am with you. Don’t worry, you need not to seek any treatment. I will protect you. Through you I will say kuri. You must do good things for people. ”
Beyond Process and Separation
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Of all the rituals explored in this book, the sacrificial complex of the last chapter is the most violent. It climaxes not with a “funeral ” of past relationships, not with a “beheading “ of a demonic personality, not with a “stamping “ of parental identity on a son’s head, but with a bloody impalement. As we have just seen, such transpiercing is no symbolic enactment, the pig is no mere surrogate victim. The sacrifice is carried through, in all its brutality, upon the sacrificer who dies, if only for a few minutes. What is the rationale for such violent deed? Anthropological Explanations of Sacrifice Very different answers have been given to the question of what motivates human beings to sacrifice an “offering “ to a deity (see surveys by de Heusch 1985; Valeri 1985). One was developed a century ago by Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss when they analyzed ancient Vedic and Hebrew rituals of sacrifice (1964). We are already familiar with their main premise, for Christopher Fuller’s analysis of Tamil sacrifice reviewed in the last chapter built from it (1987; 1992). But Hubert and Mauss did not limit sacrifice to a matter of entering into, or terminating. contact with the divine; they discerned other forms of communication as well. Based on ancient Sanskrit texts, Hubert and Mauss’s study was nonetheless context sensitive. They noted. for example, that Vedic animal sacrifices “released an ambiguous force or rather a blind one “ (1964: 34). Such observations led them to reject Edward Tylor’s gift theory (1871) according to which a sacrifice was a business transaction of do ut des ( “I give so that you will give in return “) without subjective investments on the part of givers.
High Tide of American Protestantism 1880—1920
Authors: Warren Heather A
Published: November 2023

Born Between 1888 And 1902, Protestant America’s future theologians grew up in an era of pell-mell industrial expansion and urban reform. In r 869 the railways connected the coasts, extending capital and goods nationwide, creating a boom economy, and giving rise to large corporations. Inspired by the “captains of industry,” typified by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, Americans embraced a new model of personal success. Thrift and diligence no longer sufficed as virtues; the ability to mobilize scattered or untapped resources, natural and human, into great wealth became the ideal. While popular utopian novels and Horatio Alger’s “rags to riches” stories equated happiness with leisure and consumption, many individuals cultivated the values of rationality, efficiency, cosmopolitanism, specialization, and, above all, belief in Darwinian progress. These “progressive” Americans shared a sense of being alive in an exceptionally promising time.
The Found Generation 1890—1924
Authors: Warren Heather A
Published: November 2023

“YOU’RE ALL A LOST GENERATION,” said Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway in the early 192os. Her remark stuck to the young American writers around her in Paris and by extension to people like them back in the States. But for many others of the younger generation born between 1888 and 1902 it was wrong; thousands not only were not lost but knew they had found themselves and salvation because of their upbringing and involvement in the intercollegiate YMCA and the Student Volunteer Movement (SVM). To them it was the world that was “lost” (or well on the way), and they saw themselves as the ones to save it.
Age of Negativism 1925—1933
Authors: Warren Heather A
Published: November 2023

ASSESSING THE AMERICAN Student Christian Movement in December 1927, Henry P. Van Dusen, now a lecturer at Union Theological Seminary in New York, characterized the years since Indianapolis as “the age of negativism.” He and his peers, no longer students, returned from their travel abroad and took up academic appointments at prestigious schools in the Northeast—Union Theological Seminary, Auburn Seminary, Yale. Collectively they knew what they had rejected—liberalism—but had little to offer as an alternative. “We have been clear about the weakness and failures of the Christian Church,” Van Dusen wrote: “[W]e have been quite hazy about any necessary place for the Church in the modern world. We have recognized that the day of old-fashioned missions was past; we have had no conception of what missions in the new day might be.” Such criticism marked the first groping steps toward a theology of international engagement.
From the Center to the Margins 1945—1948
Authors: Warren Heather A
Published: November 2023

The Realist Theologians Had successfully drawn together politics, ecumenism, and theology into a plan of action, but one task remained: to attend to the birth of the World Council of Churches. After the war, however, their influence on the ecumenical movement was blunted as the churches and World Council staff prepared to take over in accord with the World Council constitution drawn up at Utrecht in 1938. The American theologians knew their centrality in the council would be temporary, but nonetheless they gave themselves to the task of bringing it into existence, in the belief that it would be the vehicle to bring the churches’ spiritual power and political influence to bear on the new international order. They set the agenda for the first World Council assembly with this in mind, and then submitted to the transfer of control to the church bureaucracies despite having misgivings about the character of leadership that would result. New voices—especially women’s voices—were calling for a share of the leadership and the intellectual authority to set the movement’s course. Still, the generation who kept together in the Theological Discussion Group had the satisfaction of seeing their intellectual brainchild come to fruition: they had built a consensus that was holding, one broad enough to encompass a diversity of communions yet with a distinct enough mission to give it cohesion. Amid the postwar disorder and chaos in Europe and Asia, they exited as they had entered the scene a quarter of a century earlier, seeking to fulfill what they believed was God’s design: “that they all may be one.”
Robert Grosseteste
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

In this book, James McEvoy provides a brief, accessible introduction to the thought of Robert Grosseteste (c.1168-1253). Grosseteste was the initiator of the English scientific tradition, one of the first chancellors of Oxford University, and a famous teacher and commentator on the newly discovered works of Aristotle. Despite his importance, very little of his work is available in English. McEvoy translates into English brief passages from Grosseteste’s own writings which are of central importance to his thought and builds around them the first general, inclusive overview of the entire range of Grosseteste’s intellectual achievement.
The Myth of the Proto-Reformer
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

Grosseteste was remembered in the England of after 1500 or so in two lights, which were not unrelated to each other: as a powerful preacher of the word and as a critic of papal provisions to English benefices. This dyptych represents the most enduring strand of the English historical memory concerning his life and achievements. The conviction that he had taken a bold stance in defense of the liberties of the English Church against Roman interference and curial venality may be said to have become, as a recent writer has put it, “a standard part of the repertory of English ecclesiastical and national history.” The historiographical examination of the growth of this myth shows how, upon a medieval substrate contemporary with Grosseteste himself(the chronicle of Matthew Paris, essentially), layer after layer of significance was in succeeding centuries heaped upon his Memorandum of 1250 and his Letter to Master Innocent (Ep. 128; 1253). These overlaid meanings can be peeled off again one by one, by the application of the historian’s tools, in the interests of an unbiased assessment of what Grosseteste actually thought, said, wrote, and did. The gain to the study of his life and activities promises to be a considerable one. The same exercise may prove to be of indirect benefit to the assessment of his academic and literary achievements, since for too long now the red herring of myth has unduly diverted attention from his stature within the intellectual movement of his own times and made him appear in an unfairly marginal or even eccentric light.
Personal Theological Stamp
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

Did Grosseteste reach a rounded, strategic view of his subject? Several considerations are relevant when attempting to do justice to this question and to his achievements in theology themselves. In what follows the attempt will be made above all to discern the quality and individual bent of his mind.

Grosseteste taught essentially from the Bible, clarifying its books through questions that arose from the text, and expounding both literal and spiritual senses in ways conducive to devotion and preaching. In his stock of knowledge concerning the text and the meaning of the Scriptures, as well as in his acquaintance with the Christian exegetical tradition, he surpassed those of his Latin contemporaries who are known to us, in virtue of his access to the Greek text {of both Old and New Testaments), as well as to the Greek commentarial tradition. His reading included most of the stockin-trade of the theologians at Paris (the Sentences of Peter Lombard; the Historia scholastica of Peter Comestor; the Ordinary Gloss).
Why Is Aseneth a Woman?
Authors: Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

Although the protagonist of Aseneth is most certainly a woman and although tales of exemplary women are hardly the norm in the corpus of Hellenistic Jewish literature, until very recently studies of Aseneth have given little consideration to issues of gender. This statement, I should note, should hardly be taken as a tacit concession that Aseneth is Jewish—I frame my observation in this way primarily because other scholars consider it such. Yet what significance, if any, attaches to Aseneth’s gender in these tales? Or to phrase it slightly differently, when is a text about a woman a text about a woman?
Introduction The Ritual and the Accounts
Authors: Lenowitz Harris
Published: November 2023

Wherever Judaism has been, its messiahs have arisen. From the first century BCE to the present, they have stepped forth to rescue, as it were, the religious polities of the Jews. They have contended against Rome in Israel. Exiled, they have risen in arms to ride across the plains and mountains of Islamic Persia, wandered the shores of the Mediterranean all but alone, and yet frightened the pope to death; tailored and cobbled in Inquisition Spain and Portugal; called upon the Jews of Italy to repent; strided through the halls of the Vatican and the courts of the Holy Roman Empire; returned to the land of Israel to walk the hills of Safed for a time; had visions and spread their teachings along the Rhine; made the first group voyages to resettle the land of Israel in early modern times; conducted orgies in the role of virtual divinities in Turkey; roamed at the head of caravans across the Carpathians, traversing the rivers of Walachia and Podolia; languished in noble prisons in Turkey and Poland; cured ailments; quickened the wombs of barren women; eaten, drunk, sung, and prayed the world into its repair through the pale of settlement, and into the heartlands of Russia and Brooklyn; hiked the deserts and clambered up the mountains of Yemen to conquer satyrs.
Introduction Psychoanalysis and Mysticisrn
Authors: Parsons William b.
Published: November 2023

In his landmark biography of Freud, Ernest Jones observed that no single topic in the Freudian corpus, excepting that of sexuality, had evoked more interest than that of religion. Although Freud’s views on religion are complex, Jones had in mind the definitive and pejorative conception of religion delineated in The Future of an Illusion. There Freud, defining religion in terms of “the final form” taken by our present-clay “Christian civilization,” sought to undermine religious tenets by interpreting them with respect to childhood development and metapsychological concepts like projection, repression, and the unconscious. His trenchant analysis led to a long and fruitful debate among subsequent psychoanalysts, as well as between psychoanalysis and multiple disciplines within religious studies, concerning the nature and function of religion. The history of this ongoing conversation need not be repeated here, as it is substantial and has been well documented. What is noteworthy about this literature, however, is the dearth of any sustained interdisciplinary dialogue with respect to one of its central themes, the origin and development of the relation between psycho analysis and mysticism.
Across All Boundaries The Atheistic Jew and the Apostle of Love
Authors: Parsons William b.
Published: November 2023

On February 9, 1923, Freud wrote to Edouard Monod Hertzen, the son of Gabriel Monod, a friend and teacher of Romain Rolland, to relay to the latter a “word of respect from an unknown admirer.”1 Rolland responded with enthusiasm less than two weeks later, praising Freud’s person and work. Thus began a correspondence which lasted until Freud’s death in 1939, touching on topics ranging from art, psychoanalysis, and mysticism to politics and the Great War. Interestingly enough, what most have come to associate with the correspondence, the debate over the oceanic feeling, did not occur until the years 1927-1930. Up to that time, the topic remained untouched. After 1930, the two men continued their debate on the nature and interpretation of mysticism, although reference to a variety of other topics can also be found. Given this, and drawing on the complete correspondence as cataloged by Ernst Freud, Colette Cornubert,, David Fisher, and Dore and Prevost, I divide the correspondence into three parts, which I term, quite simply, the “early,” “middle,” and “late” periods. The “early period” of the correspondence, then, stretches from the inception of their relationship in 1923 to the beginning of the debate on mysticism, instigated by Freud’s gift to Rolland, a copy of The Future of an Illusion, late in 1927. The “middle period” formally begins with Rolland’s crucial letter of December 5, 1927, and ends with the publication of Freud’s analysis of the “oceanic feeling” in Civilization and Its Discontents. The “late period” of the correspondence starts with Rolland’s gift to Freud in 1930 of his biographies of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda and ends, for all intents and purposes, with Freud’s analysis of his “mystical experience” on the Acropolis in 1936.
The Debate Continued
Authors: Parsons William b.
Published: November 2023

After Rolland sent Freud a copy of his biographies of the Hindu saints, each man now had the other’s views on the psychology of mysticism firmly in hand, a state of affairs that led to the debate carrying over into a new phase of their correspondence. The essential letters of the latter are but two in number: Freud’s letter of January 19, 1930, and Rolland’s of May 3, 1931. Although Rolland’s letter was a response to both Freud’s analysis in Civilization and Its Discontents and his letter of January 19, 1930, it evoked no immediate counter from Freud. In fact, Freud never directly responded to the content of Rolland’s letter. However he did, with Rolland in mind, continue his reflections on mysticism in his New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1933) and in his essay, dedicated to Rolland, entitled “A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis” (1936). Since there is no indication that Rolland ever responded to these texts, our exegesis of the late period will be very much a Freudian affair. We will find that the bulk of Freud’s reflections can be considered as a direct response to the arguments Rolland put forward in his biographies. Indeed, if one had to characterize Freud’s position of this period it would revolve around the theme of psychoana lytic perspectives on mystical intuition in art and religion, what Rolland in his critique of Morel referred to as the “mitigated” and “unmitigated” forms of mystical introversion. However, now that Rolland had unambiguously promoted a religious worldview, so too would Freud respond in kind. We may expect, then, not only continuities with his more positive assessment of poetic-mystical “intuition” but evaluations commensurate with the more reserved posture always taken by Freud when confronted with the claims and interpretations of institutional religion.
Iracema
Authors: Alencar José De
Published: November 2023

Jose de Alencar's prose-poem Iracema, first published in 1865, is a classic of Brazilian literature--perhaps the most widely-known piece of fiction within Brazil, and the most widely-read of Alencar's many works. Set in the sixteenth century, it is an extremely romantic portrayal of a doomed love between a Portuguese soldier and an Indian maiden. Iracema reflects the gingerly way that mid-nineteenth cenury Brazil dealt with race mixture and multicultural experience. Precisely because of its nineteenth-century romanticism, Iracema strongly contributed to a Brazilian sense of nationhood - contemporary Brazilian writers and literary critics still cite it as a foundation for their own work.
Farewell to Deviltry
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

Leonardo had abandoned once and for all that fateful house in which he had experienced such unhappiness. In fact, he was never again seen in that neighborhood, with the result that the compadre did not lay eyes upon him again for a very long time. The boy, while he was new in his godfather’s house, comported himself with the utmost circumspection and gravity. As soon as he started feeling at home, however, the gloves came back off. He nonetheless gained his godfather’s great affection, which grew day in and day out until it reached a state of emotion-filled, blind devotion. Even the boy’s misdeeds, which more often than not were quite vicious, the good man usually considered funny. To his mind, no other boy in the entire neighborhood could compare with his godson, and he never tired of talking about everything the youngster said and did. Sometimes what went on was obviously the behavior of a spoiled child, but he found it the manifestation of liveliness and spirit. Other times it involved language that bespoke a highly developed reprobacy in someone so young, but he judged it the most ingenuous language in the world.
Fortune
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

While the compadre, in a panic, is hunting high and low for the boy without so much as a scrap of information from anyone as to his whereabouts, let us look into what has happened with Leonardo and what new predicaments he has gotten himself into. At the edge of the mangrove swamp in the Cidade Nova, next to a pond, there stood an ugly-looking straw-roofed house whose dirty exterior and muddy streetfront clearly indicated that its interior cleanliness would be no better. It comprised a small living room and a bedroom; its furniture consisted of two or three seats made of wood, some mats in one corner, and a large wooden box that served several functions: it was dinner table, bed, wardrobe, and cupboard. The house was almost always shut up tight, which cast a certain air of mystery upon it. This sinister dwelling was inhabited by a figure cut from the most detestable of molds: an aged half-breed with a foul, dirty face who dressed in rags. Nevertheless, the reader should know, for his amazement, that this man’s trade was that of necromancy!dered him to array himself in the dress Adam wore in Paradise and then covered him with a dirty cloak that he brought along. Only then was entry permitted.
Vidigal
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

As we have said, the sound of that voice that had called out “Open the door!” sent a wave of fear and trepidation through the participants. And not without reason; it was the announcement of a predicament from which there was no escape whatsoever. At that time the city police was not yet organized-or, rather, it was organized in a way consonant with the trends and ideas of the time itself. The absolute monarch, supreme arbiter of all that had to do with that branch of the administration, was Major Vidigal; he was the magistrate who judged and meted out punishment and at the same time the police officer who hunted down the criminals. In the cases that fell under the wide jurisdiction that was his, there were no depositions, no proof, no arguments, no due process. He held all unto himself; his “justice” was infallible; there was no appeal of the sentences that he pronounced, he did as heat; but to be taken to the guardhouse, and thence perhaps to jail ... that he could not bear. He implored the major to spare him; the major was unbending. His shame then poured out in a stream of curses di-rected at that damned gypsy girl who was the cause of all his suffering.
Starting School
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

It is now necessary to pass in silence over a number of years in the life of the subject of these memoirs, in order not to bore the reader with the repetition of a thousand boyish misdeeds of the kind already familiar. They were deviltries of all sizes and shapes that exasperated the neighbor lady, disgusted the comadre, but did not alter in any degree whatsoever the barber’s affection for his godson: The more that affection grew, the blinder it became, if that were possible. With it grew the hopes for the glorious future that the compadre dreamed of for the child -all the more since during this period he had made at least some small progress: He could read passably, sounding out the words, and through an incredible triumph of patience on the compadre’s part had learned to assist at Mass. The first time he got through the ceremony correctly and respectably, his godfather exulted. It was a day of pride and pleasure: The first step on the path for which he had destined his charge.
Change in Life
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

By dint of huge effort, great travail, and above all much patience, the compadre got the boy to stay through two years of school and to learn to read very poorly and write even worse. During all that time, not a single day passed when he did not receive a greater or lesser count of whacks. And despite the reputation that the master enjoyed for cruelty and injustice, it must be confessed that he seldom acted thus with the boy: The latter had a nose for mischief, and that, along with the spoiling carried out by his godfather, resulted in the most highly refined illbreeding that one could imagine. He derived the most delectable enjoyment from disobeying any instruction given him: If one wished him to be serious, he would burst out laughing like a crazy man, with the greatest pleasure in the world; if one wished him to be quiet, it seemed as if some hidden spring were driving him on and making him give a more or less faithful imitation of perpetual motion. A folder, an inkwell, a slate never lasted more than two weeks in his hands; he was regarded around the school as its most complete scoundrel. He would sell his schoolmates anything that might have value, be it his or someone else’s, so long as it happened to fall into his hands: A pencil, a pen, a notebook, anything was fair game to him. And the money he gained he always employed for the worst ends he could come up with. At the end of the first five days of school he proclaimed to his godfather that he now knew the streets and didn’t need him to go with him any longer. On the first day the godfather agreed to his going by himself, he played hooky. He took a liking to that practice and soon acquired among his schoolmates the name of chief truant of the school, which also meant principal punish-The first took place at a sung Mass. It was the youngster’s function to stand holding a large candle while his companion held the censer at the foot of the altar.
Further Vengeance and Its Result
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

The reprimand that the liturgy master gave the two youngsters as a result of what they had done to the poor woman did not, as we have said, produce any effect in them in the sense of correction. They did not, however, forgive the humiliation they had suffered in front of their victim or the revenge she had enjoyed. At the first opportunity

they had, they evened the score with the liturgy master as well. The incident was as follows. The liturgy master was a middle-aged priest, moderately good-looking, a native ofllha Terceira in the Azores, though he gave it out that he was pure Lisbonian; he had graduated from Coimbra. On the outside he was a complete Saint Francis of Catholic austerity, on the inside a thorough Sardanapalus who all in and of himself could have furnished Bocage with material enough for an entire poem. He was a preacher who always took honesty and corporal purity in every sense as his subject; on the inside, however, he was as sensual as a follower of Mohammed.
Fireworks on the Campo
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

At the appointed time the two, godfather and godson, came for Dona Maria and her family according to arrangement. It was not much after the Ave Maria, and already there were to be found upon the roads great crowds of families, groups of people, some bound for the campo and others for the lapa, where, as is well known, the Holy Ghost was also celebrated. Leonardo walked along seemingly oblivious to what was taking place around him: He would trip and bump into those whom he came across. One idea and one only was gnawing at his brain; if he were to be asked what idea that was, perhaps even he would not have and he went into ecstasy in his turn. At that moment it seemed to him the prettiest face he had ever seen, and he wondered at himself that he could ever have laughed at it and thought it ugly.
The Comadre in Action
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

The readers will recall that our old acquaintance Leonardo-Pataca, whom we have forgotten for some time now, had united in amorous bonds with the comadrr!s daughter and was living with her in holy and honorable peace. Now in due time that holy and honorable living produced its result. Chiquinha (that was the name of the comadre’s daughter) found herself”expecting” and soon to give birth. As the readers can see, the line of the Leonardos is one that is not going to be easily extinguished. Leonardo-Pataca had not by any stretch of the imagination lost those old affectionate ways we have seen in him, and in the current circumstances, when he could see at the gates of life the fruit of his latest love, that customary violent flame swelled within him: The poor man fairly glowed inside and out and outdid himself in demonstrations of affection for his mate.
A Cure far Ills
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

The poor boy had exited, as we have said, straight through the door and traveling fast. He kept looking back over and over again, for he could still see the menacing smallsword raised against him in the hand of his father, who seemed to want to finish the job on him that he had begun with that kick. He moved at a goodly pace for a long time and finally found himself in the area of the Cajueiros. Panting and weary, he sat down on some stones, and anyone who had seen him with his air of gloom and self-absorption might have judged that he was contemplating his situation and the road that he should take. But anyone who so judged would have been roundly mistaken: He was thinking about something much more pleasant; he was thinking about Luisinha. And it is true that he could not think of her without having appear before his eyes the terrible Jose Manuel, and that explained certain gestures of impatience that could from time to time be observed in him. He had spent a long time in this meditation when he was brought back to his senses by occasional bursts of laughter emitting from some nearby bushes. He trembled from head to toe; it seemed to him that the very thoughts going through his mind were being read and he was being laughed at. He turned around-but saw nothing. Guided by the noise he kept hearing he began to search, and with no great effort found, behind some especially tall bushes, a number of young men and women. Seated on a mat amidst the remains of a meal, they were bent forward with curiosity over two of their number who, with a deck of dirty, crumpled cards, were engrossed in an intricate game of bisca.The laughter that he had heard a moment ago had come in response to a slam that one of them had just suffered. At the sight of the leftovers from a meal that, while it did not seem particularly abundant, nonetheless made him recall that he had left the house just before mealtime, his stomach began to give out some formidable noises.
Jose Manuel Triumphs
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

The comadre had run all over the city and nowhere had she found Leonardo. While she was wearing herself out in the search, he was calm and relaxed gazing into the eyes of Vidinha, contentedly listening to modinhas, as the readers well know, completely heedless of what was going on in the world. The poor woman, after wearying herself to the bone, took refuge in Dona Maria’s house. It was by then deep into the night.
The Dependant
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

Some weeks passed in the following fashion: Leonardo, after all the ceremonies were performed, was declared a “dependant” attached to the household of Thomas of the Se and remained comfortably ensconced there. Let no one wonder at the ease with which such things were done; in the time in which the events we are narrating took place, nothing was more common than for every house to have one, two, or at times more such dependants. In some households these figures were very useful because the family derived great benefit from their services -we had occasion to give an example of this when we told the story of Leonardo’s late godfather.
Escape
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

Let us leave the newlyweds to the tranquil enjoyment of their honeymoon. Let us leave Dona Maria to overflow both with affection and counsel for her niece, who received them with indifference, and also with attentions to Jose Manuel, whose head had suddenly been changed into an entire arithmetical system-all figures, all sums, all multiplications. And let us return to find out what became of Leonardo, whom we left at the moment when he had been torn by Vidigal from the arms of love and luxury. Overcome with the joy of seeing himself free, he did not even take the time to remonstrate against his enemies; he knew with certainty who had instigated what had been done to him, for he had found that out from the conversation that the grenadier had tried to strike up with him.
Vidigal Bajjled
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

Major Vidigal, seeing that he had been bested, let out a bellow, and, as we have previously intimated to the readers, promised himself that he would exact serious revenge from Leonardo. “Now,” he said to himself, “to think that I spend my time in this sort of life, wracking my brain thinking up ways to chase down every goodfor-nothing idling around this city; succeeding-at the cost of many days’ labor, many nights passed without shutting my eyes, much running, and a great deal of work-in making myself feared and respected of the fact that he had escaped. The scene produced the expectable effect. The grenadiers, every time the comadre cried “let him go, let him go,” dissolved in laughter. And, as they had explained everything out of the corners of their mouths to the other bystanders, the latter accompanied them in their laughter. The major took all of this as an ironic joke that the evil genius of crime and vagrancy was playing on him: In order for him to get free of the comadre, who would not release her hold on his knees, he would have to declare out of his own mouth in front of all these people that Leonardo had got away! He so declared-and then hurried away from all those eyes, in each of which he could descry an insult.