bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Say No to DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide Inactivates Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Other Platinum Complexes
Authors: Hall Matthew D. , Telma Katherine A. , Chang Ki-Eun , Lee Tobie D. , Madigan James P. , Lloyd John R. , Goldlust Ian S. , Hoeschele James D. , Gottesman Michael M.
Published: May 2014

The platinum drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are highly utilized in the clinic and as a consequence are extensively studied in the laboratory setting. In this study, we examined the literature and found a significant number of studies (11%–34%) in prominent cancer journals utilizing cisplatin dissolved in DMSO. However, dissolving cisplatin in DMSO for laboratory-based studies results in ligand displacement and changes to the structure of the complex. We examined the effect of DMSO on platinum complexes, including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, finding that DMSO reacted with the complexes, inhibited their cytotoxicity and their ability to initiate cell death. These results render a substantial portion of the literature on cisplatin uninterpretable. Raising awareness of this significant issue in the cancer biology community is critical, and we make recommendations on appropriate solvation of platinum drugs for research. Cancer Res; 74(14); 3913–22. ©2014 AACR.
The Heritability of Prostate Cancer in the Nordic Twin Study of Cancer
Authors: Hjelmborg Jacob B. , Scheike Thomas , Holst Klaus , Skytthe Axel , Penney Kathryn L. , Graff Rebecca E. , Pukkala Eero , Christensen Kaare , Adami Hans-Olov , Holm Niels V. , Nuttall Elizabeth , Hansen Steinbjorn , Hartman Mikael , Czene Kamila , Harris Jennifer R. , Kaprio Jaakko , Mucci Lorelei A.
Published: May 2014

Background: Prostate cancer is thought to be the most heritable cancer, although little is known about how this genetic contribution varies across age.

Methods: To address this question, we undertook the world's largest prospective study in the Nordic Twin Study of Cancer cohort, including 18,680 monozygotic (MZ) and 30,054 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex male twin pairs. We incorporated time-to-event analyses to estimate the risk concordance and heritability while accounting for censoring and competing risks of death, essential sources of biases that have not been accounted for in previous twin studies modeling cancer risk and liability.

Results: The cumulative risk of prostate cancer was similar to that of the background population. The cumulative risk for twins whose co-twin was diagnosed with prostate cancer was greater for MZ than for DZ twins across all ages. Among concordantly affected pairs, the time between diagnoses was significantly shorter for MZ than DZ pairs (median, 3.8 versus 6.5 years, respectively). Genetic differences contributed substantially to variation in both the risk and the liability [heritability = 58% (95% confidence interval, 52%–63%)] of developing prostate cancer. The relative contribution of genetic factors was constant across age through late life with substantial genetic heterogeneity even when diagnosis and screening procedures vary.

Conclusions: Results from the population-based twin cohort indicate a greater genetic contribution to the risk of developing prostate cancer when addressing sources of bias. The role of genetic factors is consistently high across age.

Impact: Findings affect the search for genetic and epigenetic markers and frame prevention efforts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(11); 2303–10. ©2014 AACR.
Prescription Diuretic Use and Risk of Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Nationwide U.S. Radiologic Technologists Cohort
Authors: McDonald Emily , Freedman D. Michal , Alexander Bruce H. , Doody Michele M. , Tucker Margaret A. , Linet Martha S. , Cahoon Elizabeth K.
Published: May 2014

Background: UV radiation (UVR) exposure is the primary risk factor for basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Although prescription diuretics have photosensitizing properties, the relationship between diuretic use and BCC remains unclear.

Methods: Using data from the United States Radiologic Technologists Study, a large, nationwide prospective cohort, we assessed the relationship between diuretic use and first primary BCC while accounting for sun exposure history, constitutional characteristics, lifestyle factors, and anthropometric measurements for geographically dispersed individuals exposed to a wide range of ambient UVR.

Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, we found a significantly increased risk of BCC associated with diuretic use [HR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.38]. This relationship was modified by body mass index (P = 0.019), such that BCC risk was increased with diuretic use in overweight (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.16–1.76) and obese individuals (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.09–1.88), but not in normal weight individuals (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.81–1.21).

Conclusions: Increased risk of BCC associated with diuretic use in overweight and obese participants may be related to higher dosages, longer duration of medication use, reduced drug metabolism, or drug interactions.

Impact: Future cohort studies should obtain more detailed information on medication use, consider factors that affect drug metabolism, and measure intermediate endpoints such as photosensitivity reactions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1539–45. ©2014 AACR.
Primary and Acquired Resistance of Colorectal Cancer Cells to Anti-EGFR Antibodies Converge on MEK/ERK Pathway Activation and Can Be Overcome by Combined MEK/EGFR Inhibition
Authors: Troiani Teresa , Napolitano Stefania , Vitagliano Donata , Morgillo Floriana , Capasso Anna , Sforza Vincenzo , Nappi Anna , Ciardiello Davide , Ciardiello Fortunato , Martinelli Erika
Published: May 2014

Purpose: The EGFR-independent activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK pathway is one of the resistance mechanisms to cetuximab.

Experimental Design: We have evaluated, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of BAY 86-9766, a selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, in a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines with primary or acquired resistance to cetuximab.

Results: Among the colorectal cancer cell lines, five with a KRAS mutation (LOVO, HCT116, HCT15, SW620, and SW480) and one with a BRAF mutation (HT29) were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of cetuximab, whereas two cells (GEO and SW48) were highly sensitive. Treatment with BAY 86-9766 determined dose-dependent growth inhibition in all cancer cells, including two human colorectal cancer cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab (GEO-CR and SW48-CR), with the exception of HCT15 cells. Combined treatment with cetuximab and BAY 86-9766 induced a synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects with blockade in the MAPK and AKT pathway in cells with either primary or acquired resistance to cetuximab. The synergistic antiproliferative effects were confirmed using other two selective MEK1/2 inhibitors, selumetinib and pimasertib, in combination with cetuximab. Moreover, inhibition of MEK expression by siRNA restored cetuximab sensitivity in resistant cells. In nude mice bearing established human HCT15, HCT116, SW48-CR, and GEO-CR xenografts, the combined treatment with cetuximab and BAY 86-9766 caused significant tumor growth inhibition and increased mice survival.

Conclusion: These results suggest that activation of MEK is involved in both primary and acquired resistance to cetuximab and the inhibition of EGFR and MEK could be a strategy for overcoming anti-EGFR resistance in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(14); 3775–86. ©2014 AACR.
MET as a Target in Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Fay André P. , Signoretti Sabina , Choueiri Toni K.
Published: May 2014

The biology underlying papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is largely unknown, and no specific therapies have been developed for advanced disease. The elucidation of the MET pathway status in types I and II pRCC may help to select patients who are more likely to benefit from MET inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 20(13); 3361–3. ©2014 AACR.
Prevention of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Anti–MicroRNA-712 or Anti–MicroRNA-205 in Angiotensin II–Infused Mice
Authors: Kim Chan Woo , Kumar Sandeep , Son Dong Ju , Jang In-Hwan , Griendling Kathy K. , Jo Hanjoong
Published: May 2014

Objective—

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized as a progressive dilation and degradation of the aortic wall, associated with activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammation. Emerging evidence indicates a role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in AAA pathogenesis, but it is unclear whether abdominal aortic endothelial miRNAs play a role in the disease process. We aimed to identify miRNAs in the abdominal aortic endothelium that play a critical role in AAA development.

Approach and Results—

The mouse model of AAA induced by angiotensin II infusion was used in this study. Through a miRNA array and validation study, we initially identified the murine-specific miR-712 and subsequently its human/murine homolog miR-205 as angiotensin II–induced miRNAs in the abdominal aortic endothelium in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, miR-712 stimulated MMP activity in the aortic wall by directly targeting 2 MMP inhibitors: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) and reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK). Silencing of miR-712 and miR-205 by using anti–miR-712 and anti–miR-205, respectively, significantly decreased the aortic MMP activity and inflammation, preventing AAA development in angiotensin II–infused ApoE
−/−
mice. Further, upregulation of 4 angiotensin II–sensitive miRNAs, miR-205, -21, -133b, and -378, identified in this murine study were confirmed in human AAA samples compared with nondiseased control.

Conclusions—

Our results demonstrate that angiotensin II–sensitive miR-712 and its human homolog miR-205 downregulate
TIMP3
and
RECK
, which in turn stimulate aortic MMP activity and inflammation, leading to AAA development. Targeting these miRNAs may be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent AAA.
Redox Regulation of 14-3-3ζ Controls Monocyte Migration
Authors: Kim Hong Seok , Ullevig Sarah L. , Nguyen Huynh Nga , Vanegas Difernando , Asmis Reto
Published: May 2014

Objective—

Metabolic stress primes monocytes for accelerated chemokine-mediated adhesion, migration, and recruitment into vascular lesions by increasing actin remodeling. The mechanism linking metabolic stress to accelerated actin turnover and enhanced monocyte migration was not known. We tested the hypothesis that in metabolically primed monocytes, the acceleration of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1–induced chemotaxis is mediated by the hyperactivation of cofilin.

Approach and Results—

Metabolic priming was induced by exposing human THP-1 monocytes to diabetic conditions, that is, human native low-density lipoprotein plus high glucose concentrations. In healthy monocytes, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induced the phosphorylation and inactivation of cofilin. This response was completely blocked in metabolically primed monocytes but restored by overexpression of the thiol transferase, glutaredoxin 1. Cofilin kinase, LIM kinase 1, and cofilin phosphatase, Slingshot-1L, were not affected by metabolic stress. However, metabolic priming increased 3.8-fold the
S
-glutathionylation of the Slingshot-1L-binding protein 14-3-3ζ (zeta), resulting in its caspase-dependent degradation. Glutaredoxin 1 overexpression inhibited low-density lipoprotein plus high glucose–induced
S
-glutathionylation and degradation of 14-3-3ζ. The C25S mutant of 14-3-3ζ was resistant to both
S
-glutathionylation and degradation induced by low-density lipoprotein plus high glucose. Overexpression of the C25S mutant restored monocyte chemoattractant protein-1–induced cofilin phosphorylation and prevented accelerated migration of metabolically stressed monocytes, suggesting that loss of 14-3-3ζ increases the pool of free Slingshot-1L phosphatase, thereby preventing the phosphorylation and deactivation of cofilin in response to chemokine activation.

Conclusions—

By preventing the inactivation of cofilin, metabolic stress–induced degradation of 14-3-3ζ promotes the conversion of blood monocytes into a hypermigratory, proatherogenic phenotype.
Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes Related to Hypo- and Hyperkalemia in Patients With Severe Heart Failure Treated With a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Vardeny Orly , Claggett Brian , Anand Inder , Rossignol Patrick , Desai Akshay S. , Zannad Faiez , Pitt Bertram , Solomon Scott D.
Published: May 2014

Background—

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure but can cause hyperkalemia, which contributes to reduced use of these drugs. Hypokalemia also leads to worse outcomes in patients with heart failure and may be attenuated by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.

Methods and Results—

We assessed incidence and predictors of hyperkalemia (potassium ≥5.5 mmol/L) and hypokalemia (potassium <3.5 mmol/L) and the relationship to outcomes in 1663 patients with class III or IV heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction <35% randomized to treatment with spironolactone 25 mg or placebo in the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) trial. All-cause mortality rates and the influence of potassium levels on the effectiveness of spironolactone were assessed in a landmark analysis and in relation to time-varying potassium levels. After 1 month, mean potassium levels increased in the spironolactone group but not in the placebo group (4.54±0.49 versus 4.28±0.50 mmol/L;
P
<0.001) and remained elevated during the trial. Although the extremes of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia at 4 weeks were associated with increased risk of mortality in both treatment arms, participants in the spironolactone arm had lower mortality rates at all potassium levels throughout the duration of the trial. The treatment benefit of spironolactone was maintained at least until potassium exceeded 5.5 mmol/L.

Conclusions—

With appropriate surveillance of potassium and creatinine, the use of spironolactone was associated with less hypokalemia and improved survival in patients with severe heart failure even in the setting of moderate hyperkalemia.
The Scaffold Protein Muscle A-Kinase Anchoring Protein β Orchestrates Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophic Signaling Required for the Development of Heart Failure
Authors: Kritzer Michael D. , Li Jinliang , Passariello Catherine L. , Gayanilo Marjorie , Thakur Hrishikesh , Dayan Joseph , Dodge-Kafka Kimberly , Kapiloff Michael S.
Published: May 2014

Background—

Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy is regulated by an extensive intracellular signal transduction network. In vitro evidence suggests that the scaffold protein muscle A-kinase anchoring protein β (mAKAPβ) serves as a nodal organizer of hypertrophic signaling. However, the relevance of mAKAPβ signalosomes to pathological remodeling and heart failure in vivo remains unknown.

Methods and Results—

Using conditional, cardiac myocyte–specific gene deletion, we now demonstrate that mAKAPβ expression in mice is important for the cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and catecholamine toxicity. mAKAPβ targeting prevented the development of heart failure associated with long-term transverse aortic constriction, conferring a survival benefit. In contrast to 29% of control mice (n=24), only 6% of mAKAPβ knockout mice (n=31) died in the 16 weeks of pressure overload (
P
=0.02). Accordingly, mAKAPβ knockout inhibited myocardial apoptosis and the development of interstitial fibrosis, left atrial hypertrophy, and pulmonary edema. This improvement in cardiac status correlated with the attenuated activation of signaling pathways coordinated by the mAKAPβ scaffold, including the decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase D1 and histone deacetylase 4 that we reveal to participate in a new mAKAP signaling module. Furthermore, mAKAPβ knockout inhibited pathological gene expression directed by myocyte-enhancer factor-2 and nuclear factor of activated T-cell transcription factors that associate with the scaffold.

Conclusions—

mAKAPβ orchestrates signaling that regulates pathological cardiac remodeling in mice. Targeting of the underlying physical architecture of signaling networks, including mAKAPβ signalosome formation, may constitute an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of pathological remodeling and heart failure.
Long‐term Cardiovascular Risks Associated With an Elevated Heart Rate: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Ho Jennifer E. , Larson Martin G. , Ghorbani Anahita , Cheng Susan , Coglianese Erin E. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Wang Thomas J.
Published: May 2014

Background

Higher heart rate has been associated with an adverse prognosis, but most prior studies focused on individuals with known cardiovascular disease or examined a limited number of outcomes. We sought to examine the association of baseline heart rate with both fatal and nonfatal outcomes during 2 decades of follow‐up.

Methods and Results

Our study included 4058 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age 55 years, 56% women). Cox models were performed with multivariable adjustment for clinical risk factors and physical activity. A total of 708 participants developed incident cardiovascular disease (303 heart failure, 343 coronary heart disease, and 216 stroke events), 48 received a permanent pacemaker, and 1186 died. Baseline heart rate was associated with incident cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15 per 1 SD [11 bpm] increase in heart rate, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.24,
P
=0.0002), particularly heart failure (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.48,
P
<0.0001). Higher heart rate was also associated with higher all‐cause (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.24,
P
<0.0001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.33,
P
=0.01). Spline analyses did not suggest a lower threshold beyond which the benefit of a lower heart rate abated or increased. In contrast, individuals with a higher heart rate had a lower risk of requiring permanent pacemaker placement (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.79,
P
=0.001).

Conclusions

Individuals with a higher heart rate are at elevated long‐term risk for cardiovascular events, in particular, heart failure, and all‐cause death. On the other hand, a higher heart rate is associated with a lower risk of future permanent pacemaker implantation.
Temporal Trends in Pulse Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure During the Rise of Pediatric Obesity in US Children
Authors: Zachariah Justin P. , Graham Dionne A. , de Ferranti Sarah D. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Newburger Jane W. , Mitchell Gary F.
Published: May 2014

Background

Somatic growth in childhood is accompanied by substantial remodeling of the aorta. Obesity is associated with increased aortic stiffness and flow and may interfere with aortic remodeling during growth. Wide pulse pressure (
PP
) indicates mismatch between aortic impedance and pulsatile flow and increases risk for future systolic hypertension and cardiovascular disease (
CVD
). We hypothesized that the rise of pediatric obesity would be associated with a temporal trend to higher
PP
.

Methods and Results

We analyzed demographic, anthropometric, and blood pressure (
BP
) data for 8‐ to 17‐year‐old children (N=16 457) from the cross‐sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (
NHANES
) for 1976 through 2008. Multivariable adjusted survey regression was used to examine temporal trends in
PP
and mean arterial pressure (
MAP
) and the relation to obesity. Across this period, unadjusted
PP
was higher (0.29 mm Hg/y, 95%
CI
0.26 to 0.33 mm Hg/y;
P
<0.0001), while
MAP
was lower (−0.24 mm Hg/y, 95%
CI
−0.27 to −0.20 mm Hg/y;
P
<0.0001) across examinations. Adjusting for body mass index partially attenuated the temporal trend for
PP
by 32% (
P
<0.0001). Obesity amplified the relation between taller height and higher
PP
(from 0.23 [95% CI 0.19 to 0.28] to 0.27 [95% CI 0.21 to 0.34] mm Hg/cm height in boys and from 0.08 [95% CI 0.04 to 0.13] to 0.22 [95% CI 0.13 to 0.31] mm Hg/cm height in girls;
P
<0.01 for both).

Conclusions

PP
has increased during the rise of pediatric obesity. Higher
PP
may indicate mismatch between aortic diameter, wall stiffness, and flow in obese children during a period of rapid somatic growth when the aorta is already under considerable remodeling stress.
Identification of Hic–5 as a Novel Scaffold for the MKK4/p54 JNK Pathway in the Development of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Lei Xiao‐Feng , Kim‐Kaneyama Joo‐ri , Arita‐Okubo Shigeko , Offermanns Stefan , Itabe Hiroyuki , Miyazaki Takuro , Miyazaki Akira
Published: May 2014

Background

Although increased amounts of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (
AAA
) are well documented, the precise molecular mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species induce
AAAs
have not been fully elucidated. This study focused on the role of hydrogen peroxide–inducible clone 5 (Hic‐5), which is induced by hydrogen peroxide and transforming growth factor‐β, in the cellular signaling of
AAA
pathogenesis.

Methods and Results

Using the angiotensin
II
–induced
AAA
model in
Apoe
−/−
mice, we showed that
Apoe
−/−
Hic‐5
−/−
mice were completely protected from
AAA
formation and aortic rupture, whereas
Apoe
−/−
mice were not. These features were similarly observed in smooth muscle cell–specific Hic‐5–deficient mice. Furthermore, angiotensin
II
treatment induced Hic‐5 expression in a reactive oxygen species–dependent manner in aortic smooth muscle cells in the early stage of
AAA
development. Mechanistic studies revealed that Hic‐5 interacted specifically with c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase p54 and its upstream regulatory molecule mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 4 as a novel scaffold protein, resulting in the expression of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation in aortic smooth muscle cells.

Conclusion

Hic‐5 serves as a novel scaffold protein that specifically activates the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 4/p54 c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase pathway, thereby leading to the induction and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in smooth muscle cells and subsequent
AAA
formation. Our study provided a novel therapeutic option aimed at inhibiting the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 4–Hic‐5–p54 c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase pathway in the vessel wall, particularly through Hic‐5 inhibition, which may be used to produce more precise and effective therapies.
Effect of Diet or Diet Plus Physical Activity Versus Usual Care on Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Early ACTivity In Diabetes (ACTID) Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Thompson Dylan , Walhin Jean‐Philippe , Batterham Alan M. , Stokes Keith A. , Cooper Ashley R. , Andrews Robert C.
Published: May 2014

Background

Inflammation plays a major role in diabetes‐associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is uncertainty whether diet and physical activity interventions can be successfully integrated into healthcare settings and reduce markers of inflammation and risk of CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods and Results

Systemic markers of inflammation were determined in a 12‐month, real‐world, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial that investigated the effect of diet, diet plus physical activity, and usual care in 593 individuals with newly diagnosed T2D. During the first 6 months, serum
C
‐reactive protein (
CRP
) improved by −21 (−36 to −1.4)% and −22 (−38 to −3.1)% in diet and diet plus physical activity arms versus usual care. There were also improvements in adiponectin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1). Though medication‐adjusted
CRP
was improved between 6 and 12 months for usual care, both interventions were more successful in reducing the relative risk of a high‐risk
CRP
level of >3 mg/L (risk ratios of 0.72 [0.55 to 0.95] for diet versus usual care and 0.67 [0.50 to 0.90] for diet plus activity versus usual care). Furthermore, sICAM‐1 (a marker of vascular risk), remained substantially lower than usual care in both intervention arms at 12 months.

Conclusions

Motivational, unsupervised diet and/or diet plus physical activity interventions given soon after diagnosis in real‐world healthcare settings improve markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk in patients with T2D, even after accounting for the effect of adjustments to medication to try and control blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and lipids.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com/
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN92162869.
Book review: ‘Two Girls’ and Other Essays, written by Roberto Schwarz
Authors: Cevasco Maria Elisa Burgos
Published: May 2014

Abstract

The piece is a review of Roberto Schwarz’s ‘Two Girls’ and Other Essays, edited by Francis Mulhern, and published by Verso. It gives the reader an overview of Roberto Schwarz’s intellectual project and formation. It comments on the essays and tries to substantiate the claim that Schwarz is ‘the finest dialectical critic since Adorno’. This is done mainly through a discussion of one the key categories that organise his thought, objective form, and also by a discussion of his practice of spatial dialectics.
Franz Rosenthal’s Half an Autobiography
Authors: Biesterfeldt Hinrich
Published: May 2014

Franz Rosenthal (1914-2003), one of the outstanding scholars of Semitic languages, Arabic and Islamic history of the past century, has described himself as an Orientalist, whose task is “to look beyond the culture in which one is rooted to other cultures whatever their geographical location with respect to Europe, in order to learn about and understand them and to try to spread the knowledge thus acquired”. This simple-sounding approach is qualified by a vast knowledge of the appropriate literary sources and a keen sense for the truly significant topic that characterize all of Rosenthal’s works. His memoir discusses these aspects, as well as the profile and outlook of Near Eastern Studies, particularly in relation to neighboring disciplines, and the roles of philology and language teaching. What is at least as interesting as this discussion is an autobiographical account of Rosenthal’s family, his school and university years in Berlin, of his emigration to the United States, and his career up to his arrival at Yale University – a memoir which illuminates his work and his convictions and which tells a story of “cruelly turbulent times” that changed the lives of many scholars and opened up new ways of scholarship.
Post-Islamism in Distress? A Critical Evaluation of the Theory in Islamist-Dominated Egypt (11 February 2011-3 July 2013)
Authors: Woltering Robbert A.F.L.
Published: May 2014

The developments in the Arab world since the outbreak of the Tunisian revolution not only open up new horizons for Arab citizens, they also allow for scholars of Middle Eastern studies to test certain theories in ways heretofore impossible. One such theory is that of post-Islamism. This paper discusses a number of recent publications by former members of the Muslim Brotherhood, in light of recent developments in and analysis of Egypt’s Islamist politics, with the aim of determining whether it is possible (and useful) to speak of a ‘post-Islamist condition’ in the post-Mubarak period wherein the Muslim Brotherhood rose to power.
Three new species of Markea (Solanaceae, Juanulloeae) from Colombia
Authors: Orejuela Ramírez Andrés , Orozco Clara Inés , Barboza Gloria Estela
Published: May 2014

Three new species of Markea from Colombia are described and their morphological affinities and conservation status are discussed. Markea hunzikeri is different from other species of Markea because it presents a 3-lobed calyx and 3-lobed stigma. Markea huilensis shows affinity with Markea lopezii and Markea epifita, from which it differs by its exerted anthers, tubular-campanulate corolla and fruit with leathery, black, non-translucent exocarp when dry. Markea purpurea is clearly differentiated from other species in this genus by its very reduced, extra-axillary, short-pedunculate inflorescence, generally bearing one short-pedicellate or sessile flower with corolla dark purple or black inside. For new species illustrations, photographs of live plants and distribution maps are presented. As a tool for species identification of Markea, this paper is accompanied by a key to all species currently recognized in the genus. Additionally, photographs of live plants for most of the species of the genus are included.
Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 52. Validation of Tritomaria camerunensis (Lophoziaceae, Marchantiophyta)
Authors: Vana Jiri , Söderström Lars , Hagborg Anders , Von Konrat Matt
Published: May 2014

When describing Tritomaria camerunensis Arnell (1958: 64), Arnell based it on more than one gathering (Byström 35b and 50a) and it is thus invalid according to ICN Art. 40.2 (McNeill et al. 2012), a rule effective from 1 January 1958 saying that “indication of the type ... can be achieved by reference to an entire gathering” and Ex. 1 explicitly states that. This error was overlooked by Váňa (1982) who selected a “lectotype” out of Byström’s collection. However, that did not validate the name. In order to be available for the forthcoming world checklist of hornworts and liverworts (Söderström et al., in prep.) the taxon is here validated. As Arnell’s name is invalid, the description here is technically a new taxon. Schuster (1969: 639) did mention the close affinity to Tritomaria exsectiformis (Breidler 1894: 321) Loeske (1909: 13) “this may represent a disjunct phase of T. exsectiformis” but Váňa (1982) preferred to keep them separate until more material was studied. However, when the taxon needs to be validated, we prefer to do so at subspecific level. The new subspecies differs from. subsp. exsectiformis in larger size of plants (mostly 2–2.5 cm long vs. 1.2–2.0 cm long), constantly prostrate, never ascending shoots, dorsally secund, mostly bilobed leaves (trilobed leaves rare, only on the top of shoots), somewhat smaller and longer cells (up to 20 × 30–40 μm) than is the average cells size of Tritomaria exsectiformis subsp. exsectiformis, and rounded, angular to polygonal, 1–2–celled (vs. constantly 2–celled, irregularly polygonal to pyriform) gemmae.
A new species of Myrcia (Myrtaceae) from the Federal District, Brazil, with micromorphological highlights

Authors: Gomes Bezerra Kadja Milena , Faria Júnior Jair Eustáquio Quintino de , Silva Júnior Manoel Claúdio da , Soares-Silva Lucia Helena
Published: May 2014

Myrcia federalis, a new species closely related to M. goyazensis, distinguished by its hirsute flowers and strongly revolute blades, is described for the savannas of Central Brazil, in the Federal District. Additionally to its macromorphological description, leaf architecture and pollen morphology are described and illustrated; a couplet to distinguish it from M. goyazensis, a distribution map, and illustration are also presented.
Seed morphology of bladderworts: a survey on Utricularia sect. Foliosa and sect. Psyllosperma (Lentibulariaceae) with taxonomic implications
Authors: Menezes Cristine Gobbo , GASPARINO EDUARDO CUSTÓDIO , BALEEIRO PAULO CESAR , DE MIRANDA VITOR FERNANDES OLIVEIRA
Published: May 2014

Species from Utricularia sect. Foliosa and sect. Psyllosperma were studied based on seed characteristics. Our goals were to search for informative characters useful to species delimitations, especially for very polymorphic species such as U. amethystina, and also to provide an identification key and discussion about the delimitation of both sections. The qualitative characters of seeds were more useful than quantitative ones for taxonomic purposes but, as presented here in an identification key, it was impossible to distinguish three species from each other (Utricularia huntii, U. praelonga and U. tridentata). Our results are not enough for deep speculations about the delimitation of both sections. However, they do not agree with Taylor’s system, because it was impossible to separate the studied species in two clearly different groups. However, the variability found in the seed characters was evaluated in this work and we also briefly discussed the ecologic implications of some seed traits.
A new species in the lichen genus Vahliella from the Canary Islands, including a key to Vahliellaceae, Pannariaceae, and Coccocarpiaceae in Macaronesia
Authors: Pérez-Vargas Israel Pérez-Vargas , Hernández-Padrón Consuelo , De Paz P. L. Pérez , Van den Boom P. P. G. , Jørgensen P. M.
Published: May 2014

Vahliella isidioidea, found on consolidated soil in the laurel forest from the Canary Islands is described as new to science. A description of the species is given together with notes on its chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy. Possible related lichen taxa are discussed briefly and a key to the Macaronesian species of Vahliella and morphologically related species is also provided.
Begonia obdeltata (Begoniaceae), a new species from northeast Brazil
Authors: GREGÓRIO BERNARDA DE SOUZA GREGÓRIO , JACQUES ELIANE DE LIMA , COSTA JORGE ANTONIO SILVA , RAPINI ALESSANDRO
Published: May 2014

Begonia obdeltata, a new species of Begoniaceae from northeast Brazil, is described and illustrated. It is similar to B. grisea and B. petasitifolia, with which it is compared. Diagnostic characters, geographic distribution and conservation status of the new species are presented.
Buxus holttumiana of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand is a variety of B. cochinchinensis (Buxaceae)
Authors: Julius Avelinah
Published: May 2014

The Flora of Peninsular Malaysia project was initiated in 2005 (Kiew & Rafidah 2007, Saw & Chung 2007), and aims to document the entire flora of the region formerly known as Malaya or Malay Peninsula. As part of this project, the present author is revising the Buxaceae for the Flora, represented in Peninsular Malaysia by the single genus Buxus Linnaeus (1753: 983). The genus was last revised by Hatusima in 1942, and in his revision, Hatusima recognized three species in Peninsular Malaysia [viz. Buxus holttumiana Hatusima (1942: 270), B. malayana Ridley (1926: 475) and B. rupicola Ridley (1911: 166)]. All three taxa are confined to limestone forests at 20–450 m above sea level, and Hatusima (1942) considered all species as endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. In his revision, however, Hatusima described B. holttumiana  from a single collection gathered in 1938 from Kaki Bukit, Perlis (Kiah SFN 35239, see Figure 1A & B) and considered the thicker, shining leaves with fewer veins, the longer, erect (not strongly recurved and divaricating) styles as diagnostic characters for this species. Hatusima (1942), however, stated that he did not compare his new taxon with material of B. cochinchinensis Pierre ex Gagnepain (1921: 481), and his description of the latter was more or less a verbatim transcription of Gagnepain’s (Gagnepain 1921).
Notes on nomenclature and distribution of some taxa of Piper L. (Piperaceae)
Authors: Venkatachalam Sampath Kumar , KARTHIKEYAN SARAVANAM
Published: May 2014

The species Piper petiolatum de Candolle (1866: 161) was first described based on specimens collected by J. D. Hooker and T. Thomson from Khasia hills and by W. Griffith (Kew Distribution numbers 4405 & 4410, these numbers were assigned in 1860’s at Kew before distributing the specimens to different herbaria) from East Bengal (present day Bangladesh – however, the labels on the sheets reveal that the Griffith specimens were actually collected from NE India, which is discussed below). Three years later, in A.P. de Candolle’s Prodromus, A.C.P. de Candolle cited these specimens under Chavica petiolata de Candolle (1869: 389), but did not mention his earlier publication of Piper petiolatum nor was the name listed it in the ‘Species e Pipere exclusae’. Eventually, Hooker in Flora of British India (1886: 84) also overlooked that this species name was already published under Piper Linnaeus (1753: 28) by A.C.P. de Candolle and transferred Chavica petiolata to Piper and cited his name as the author made the new combination. However, Hooker observed that the Khasian specimens quoted by A.C.P. de Candolle were actually of Piper thomsonii (de Candolle 1869: 389) Hooker (1886: 87), which was described along with Chavica petiolata. The former species is often treated as a synonym of Piper sylvaticum Roxburgh (1820: 158) (e. g. Long, 1984), although as stated by Gilbert and Nianhe (1999) certain discrepancies exist.
A Mass Budget Analysis on the Interannual Variability of the Polar Surface Pressure in the Winter Season
Authors: Yu Yueyue , Ren Rongcai , Hu Jinggao , Wu Guoxiong
Published: May 2014

This study reports a mass budget analysis on the year-to-year variability of the winter [December–February (DJF)]-mean Arctic (60°–90°N) surface pressure (Ps) using the 33-yr daily Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim; 1979–2011). The analysis reveals that the interannual variability of mass transported into the Arctic region in upper layers plays a dominant role in the interannual variability of the winter-mean Arctic Ps anomalies. When winter-mean Arctic Ps anomalies are positive, both the transport of mass into the Arctic region in the upper layer by the poleward branch of meridional mass circulation and the transport of mass out of the Arctic region in the lower layer by the equatorward branch tend to strengthen and vice versa. In the earlier winter months from November to December, mass anomalies transported in overwhelm those transported out, explaining the mass source of winter-mean Arctic Ps anomalies. The coupling between adiabatic mass transport by meridional mass circulation and diabatic processes explains why, over the Arctic region, yearly variations of winter Ps are positively correlated with mass anomalies in the upper layer (above 290 K) and near the surface (below 260 K) but negatively correlated with mass anomalies in the middle and lower troposphere (between 260 and 290 K). In winters with positive (negative) Arctic Ps anomalies, wave activity, particularly in wavenumbers 1 and 2, is stronger (weaker) in the extratropical stratosphere in the earlier winter months from November to January, coincident with the interannual variability of the meridional mass circulation intensity in winter seasons.
Langmuir–Submesoscale Interactions: Descriptive Analysis of Multiscale Frontal Spindown Simulations
Authors: Hamlington Peter E. , Van Roekel Luke P. , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Julien Keith , Chini Gregory P.
Published: May 2014

The interactions between boundary layer turbulence, including Langmuir turbulence, and submesoscale processes in the oceanic mixed layer are described using large-eddy simulations of the spindown of a temperature front in the presence of submesoscale eddies, winds, and waves. The simulations solve the surface-wave-averaged Boussinesq equations with Stokes drift wave forcing at a resolution that is sufficiently fine to capture small-scale Langmuir turbulence. A simulation without Stokes drift forcing is also performed for comparison. Spatial and spectral properties of temperature, velocity, and vorticity fields are described, and these fields are scale decomposed in order to examine multiscale fluxes of momentum and buoyancy. Buoyancy flux results indicate that Langmuir turbulence counters the restratifying effects of submesoscale eddies, leading to small-scale vertical transport and mixing that is 4 times greater than in the simulations without Stokes drift forcing. The observed fluxes are also shown to be in good agreement with results from an asymptotic analysis of the surface-wave-averaged, or Craik–Leibovich, equations. Regions of potential instability in the flow are identified using Richardson and Rossby numbers, and it is found that mixed gravitational/symmetric instabilities are nearly twice as prevalent when Langmuir turbulence is present, in contrast to simulations without Stokes drift forcing, which are dominated by symmetric instabilities. Mixed layer depth calculations based on potential vorticity and temperature show that the mixed layer is up to 2 times deeper in the presence of Langmuir turbulence. Differences between measures of the mixed layer depth based on potential vorticity and temperature are smaller in the simulations with Stokes drift forcing, indicating a reduced incidence of symmetric instabilities in the presence of Langmuir turbulence.
An Energy Compartment Model for Propagation, Nonlinear Interaction, and Dissipation of Internal Gravity Waves
Authors: Eden Carsten , Olbers Dirk
Published: May 2014

The recently proposed Internal Wave Dissipation, Energy and Mixing (IDEMIX) model, describing the propagation and dissipation of internal gravity waves in the ocean, is extended. Compartments describing the energy contained in the internal tides and the near-inertial waves at low, vertical wavenumber are added to a compartment of the wave continuum at higher wavenumbers. Conservation equations for each compartment are derived based on integrated versions of the radiative transfer equation of weakly interacting waves. The compartments interact with each other by the scattering of tidal energy to the wave continuum by triad wave–wave interactions, which are strongly enhanced equatorward of 28° due to parametric subharmonic instability of the tide and by scattering to the continuum of both tidal and near-inertial wave energy over rough topography and at continental margins. Global numerical simulations of the resulting model using observed stratification, forcing functions, and bottom topography yield good agreement with available observations.
Understanding service demand for mental health among Australians aged 16 to 64 years according to their possible need for treatment
Authors: Harris Meredith G , Diminic Sandra , Burgess Philip M , Carstensen Georgia , Stewart Gavin , Pirkis Jane , Whiteford Harvey A
Published: May 2014

Background:

To inform decisions about mental health resource allocation, planners require reliable estimates of people who report service demand (i.e. people who use or want mental health services) according to their level of possible need.

Methods:

Using data on 6915 adults aged 16–64 years in Australia’s 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, we examined past-year service demand among respondents grouped into four levels of possible need: (a) 12-month mental disorder; (b) lifetime but no 12-month mental disorder; (c) any other indicator of possible need (12-month symptoms or reaction to stressful event, or lifetime hospitalisation); (d) no indicator of possible need. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined correlates of service demand, separately for respondents in each of levels 1–3.

Results:

Sixteen per cent of Australian adults reported service demand, of whom one-third did not meet criteria for a 12-month mental disorder (equivalent to 5.7% of the adult population). Treatment patterns tended to follow a gradient defined by level of possible need. For example, service users with a 12-month disorder received, on average, 1.6–3.9 times more consultations than their counterparts in other levels of possible need, and had 1.9–2.2 times higher rates of psychologist consultation. Service users with a lifetime but not 12-month disorder or any other indicator of need consumed a similar average number of services to people with mild 12-month mental disorders, but received relatively fewer services involving the mental health sector. Service demand was associated with increased suicidality and psychological distress in all levels of possible need examined, and with poorer clinical and functional status for those with 12-month or lifetime disorders.

Conclusions:

Many Australians reporting service demand do not meet criteria for a current mental disorder, but may require services to maintain recovery following a past episode or because they are experiencing symptoms and significant psychological distress.
Predictors of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Ram Krishna Mani , Sundaram Balasubramanian , Dhanalakshmi K.
Published: May 2014

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a common cause of cardiovascular morbidity in young children. No study has attempted to stratify risk factors for coronary artery involvement in Indian children. We attempted to study prospectively the risk factors for coronary involvement in children with KD in a tertiary care hospital between October 2009 and November 2011. The clinical details and investigations for all children admitted with KD were tabulated, and echocardiography was performed; 37 children were admitted with KD; and 8 children (21%) had coronary artery abnormalities. Prolonged fever, wider dispersion of symptoms, and pyuria were significantly associated with the development of coronary lesions. Clinical factors such as wider dispersion of symptoms and prolonged fever along with presence of pyuria can increase the risk of coronary lesions. The presence of these factors may help direct aggressive management and prevent loss of precious time.
Strategies for the Resolution of Identity Ambiguity Following Situations of Subtractive Change
Authors: Hakak Luciana Turchick
Published: May 2014

This article applies the concept of identity ambiguity to the individual level of analysis, suggesting that identity ambiguity will likely follow certain scenarios of change in which an essential target of one’s identification is abruptly lost. This temporary absence of identification has thus far been understudied, and it is proposed that individuals perceive it as a negative experience, in which opportunities for reidentification are uncertain and unclear. It is further proposed that they will be driven to overcome this identity ambiguity through one of four distinct strategies. The choice of which strategy to adopt is moreover said to be influenced by the interaction between opposing factors: the strength of one’s organizational identification prior to the change and the degree to which the new setting is perceived as prestigious, distinct, and with values that are congruent to one’s personal values. Finally, a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications is provided.
Modelling of as manufactured geometry for prediction of impact and compression after impact behaviour of variable angle tow laminates
Authors: Dang Thi D , Hallet Stephen R , Kim Byung Chul , Cahain Yann Le , Butler Richard , Liu Wenli
Published: May 2014

The development of variable angle tow technology has attracted growing attention in recent years due to its strong potential for structural tailoring. However, the full details of the failure mechanisms of variable angle tow laminates have been as yet unknown, and the design complexity also requires use of numerical analysis and novel techniques for variable angle tow composites. This paper addresses the two main problems for use of variable angle tow laminates in design. Firstly, a mathematical model is presented to build a three-dimensional variable angle tow model which exactly captures the features of as manufactured variable angle tow laminates. Secondly, impact and compression after impact models using three-dimensional detailed finite element analyses are presented to predict the failure behaviour of variable angle tow laminates including delamination evolution and crack propagation. Results obtained from the impact and compression after impact models are validated against experimental data.