bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multilateral Well Construction with Fluidic Diode AICD Completion Technologies: Case Study, North West Shelf, Western Australia
Authors: Shahreyar Noman , Corona Georgina , Miller Bryan
Published: November 2020

Multilateral completions are vital in the oilfield development of thin-layered reservoirs by enhancing field economics and oil productivity through improved reservoir exposure while reducing operating costs. Gas and water coning in thin oil columns can compromise production longevity. The first successful subsea implementation of dual-lateral infill horizontal wells completed with autonomous inflow control devices (AICDs) is discussed. The reservoir is located in an offshore field in the North West Shelf, Australia, and includes a thin oil rim with gas and water breakthrough challenges.

Long horizontal wells are typically completed as open hole with standalone screens (SAS) or gravel packs, which can create nonuniform reservoir influx along the wellbore. Water or gas coning can cause uneven reservoir drainage that can result in valuable bypassed oil being left in the reservoir. Advanced well architecture using multilateral horizontal wells with AICDs has been used to extend production life while also reducing production costs and handling and treating unwanted fluid. Technical Advancement of Multilaterals (TAML) Level 5 dual-lateral AICD completion design considerations along with the implementation methodology and well flow performance with AICD completion are discussed.

The primary objective when designing these infill wells was to access bypassed oil. Two dual-lateral horizontal wells were successfully drilled with a total reservoir length of approximately 10 km. Both of the sandface completions were enhanced with the deployment of fluidic diode AICDs and swellable isolation packers placed along the main bore and lateral to create a uniform drawdown while also limiting both gas and water production sourced from an existing gas cap and water aquifer.

The first case study in the offshore field in Australia where advanced completion techniques were used in combination with a TAML Level 5 dual-lateral AICD completion to maximize reservoir exposure, enhance oil production, and control gas/water breakthrough to increase oil recovery is discussed.
Implementing Managed Pressure Drilling Technique in Drilling an Offshore Exploration Well
Authors: Cai Xiao , Guo Qingfeng , Zhao Qing
Published: November 2020

The managed pressure drilling technique has been widely applied in land to solve different technical and well control issues as well as ensuring the safety of field personnel. Offshore exploration drilling is one of the most challenging operations due to its nature of drilling hazards and facing environment. There is a great need of applying managed pressure technique in offshore drilling. A new MPD equipment is developed, which is named as pressure control drilling system (PCDS), and performs its first application in offshore drilling to reach its further potential.

The PCDS is applied in an exploration well located in the gulf of Bohai to perform a near-balanced drilling operation for the purpose of reducing the density of drilling fluid. It utilizes the microflux control technique to precisely monitor the wellbore condition and detect the overflow and loss of circulation in time. The technique of constant bottom hole pressure is used by the PCDS to maintain the bottom hole pressure constant and minimize the fluctuations of bottom hole pressure during making connections and round trip, enhancing the drilling performance.

The equivalent circulating density of 1.08-1.09 g/cm3 is obtained by the proposed PCDS using the solid-free drilling fluid with a density of 1.03g/cm3. While nearby wells use the drilling fluid with the density of 1.15-1.20 g/cm3 at the same Stratum. Cooperated with the drilling fluid of lower density, utilization of the proposed pressure control drilling system significantly avoids the formation damage. The chip hold-down effect is minimized by the proposed PCDS to increase the ROP. The average ROP of nearby wells is 4.02 m/h. While the average ROP of the well using the proposed PCDS is 7.23 m/h, indicating the increase of 80 percent. With the assistance of the proposed PCDS, the drilling team set a single bit footage record of 312.88 m and daily footage record of 163 m, which demonstrates a great improvement of operation efficiency. No drilling compliancy occurs during drilling in the target stratum. Utilization of PCDS dramatically minimizes the potential of well control and ensures the down-hole safety.

This application is a successful attempt of the pressure control drilling system in the offshore operation, demonstrating the wide range of applications of the PCDS. Proper utilization of the PCDS can optimize the offshore drilling operation, prevent drilling issues such as well kick and loss of circulation, minimize the non-productive time and therefore reduce the drilling cost.
Gas Compressor Driver Selection for Offshore Application
Authors: Mohamed Ir. Abdul , Mustafa Kamal Ir. Ahmed , Baharuddin Kamaruzaman , Arudra Siva Sankara
Published: November 2020

In the offshore oil and gas exploration business, safety, reliability, environmental concerns and costs play vital roles. Gas compressors have been widely used in offshore applications to meet a wide range of duties such as gas lift, injection, export and separation. Traditionally, gas turbines have been chosen as the driver for gas compressors. However, with the advancement in technology, electric motors are now being utilized as an alternate solution to drive these gas compressors. The advancement in offshore power generation and power from shore technologies has shown that a centralized offshore power generation utilising larger prime movers based on electric motors or aero derivative multi-spool gas turbines provide advantages in both size and weight.

This paper explains selection of the drive for gas compressors specifically making a choice between gas turbines and electric motor drives. Both technologies are proven to be mature are able to cater for various power ranges, applications and environments. Nevertheless, the selection process for offshore gas compressor drivers is still considered a grey area due to various aspects that influence and affect the selection of driver for an optimized offshore solution. The harsh nature of offshore locations warrants robustness to ensure high reliability and availability, minimal maintenance, clean emissions, small footprint, low fuel consumption and low initial investment. A parametric study based on an actual operating offshore facility was performed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each driver type.

An existing offshore facility that utilized gas turbines as the driver for both power generation and gas compression was set as Base Case for this study. The Alternate Case required that the gas compression system utilize electric motor drives as the driver and upsizing of the power generation system to cater for the motors electrical load was now increased. The optimum driver was determined based on cost (CAPEX and OPEX), reliability, availability, efficiency, power requirement (electrical system, power generation & distribution), dimension, layout and emissions.

The findings of this study are expected to be a benchmark reference for driver selection for future offshore gas compression systems of similar operation and power range.
Hunting Pore Pressures with MPD on Deepwater Exploration Well in Myanmar
Authors: Arkayamas Panit , Rattanachan Sarit , Maheshwari Mukesh , Tang Jose Ricardo , See Joon Song , Boontawatnitirut Chodthanin , Follet Meth
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a method used in combination with Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) to determine real time pore pressures while drilling a deepwater exploration well. Not only was the pore pressure accurately determined but additional procedures were implemented to improve efficiency. This deepwater well was the first time MPD used on a semisubmersible rig in Myanmar by both operator and the drilling contractor. MPD was used on all the well sections below the surface casing with the main objectives for MPD listed as follows:

Safe and efficient drilling of the well to planned TD. Elimination of contingency casing strings. Enhanced influx detection. Determination of pore and fracture pressure while drilling.

The expected pore pressure based on seismic interpretation for the well was provided by the geoscience team. It was presented as minimum and maximum pore pressures. Fracture pressures were provided as sand fracture (minimum) and shale fracture pressures (maximum). A large uncertainty in pore pressures was expected. MPD was combined with real time pore pressure prediction to estimate pore pressures. MPD procedures were reviewed and amended as required to reflect the actual well architecture, actual equipment, and rig capabilities.

Most MPD projects are designed to maintain a Constant Bottom Hole Pressure (CBHP) and not to determine pore pressures. Since a significant pore pressure ramp was expected as soon as drilling started below the surface casing a solution had to be found. Methods to make connections and dummy connections were reviewed and discussed to assist the determination of pore pressures using connection and background gas indicators. The devised procedure could be used for all drillstring connections including any dummy connections made throughout the entire well to provide the real time pore pressure team with consistent data. Additional procedures were developed to ensure that bottom hole circulating pressures were maintained using a combination of MPD choke pressures and increasing mud weights while drilling.

The paper presents the procedures that were developed and implemented to successfully drill the exploration well to TD. These procedures have now been field tested and proven to be successful not only to accurately determine pore pressures but also to ensure mud weight management. The procedures will be used again on future wells to determine pore pressures and manage BHP to ensure that maximum benefits are derived from MPD operations on deepwater exploration wells.
Symbolism and social order among the Igbo
Authors: Agama Christian Sunday
Published: November 2020

In this essay, I argue that though symbolism performs many roles in different cultures, it has a uniquely moral one in Igbo land. That unique role which symbolism performs in the pristine communalistic Igbo society concerns the regulation of human freedoms and actions in order to maintain social order. But is this something that can be sustained in a modern Igbo society that is more individualistic than communalistic? This paper is of the view that through the proper maintenance of such symbolism: social control between individuals and groups shall be more coordinated in the contemporary Igbo world; regulate and checkmate the Igbo moral consciousness of oneness; control some cultural maladjustment and bring more about social unity in Igbo land.

Keywords: Symbol, Symbolism, Social Order, Igbo, Oji
Nietzsche’s idea of eternal recurrence and the notions of reincarnation in Onyewuenyi and Majeed
Authors: Ojimba Anthony Chimankpam , Agada Ada
Published: November 2020

This paper examines Nietzsche’s idea of eternal recurrence and the notions of reincarnation in Onyewuenyi and Majeed with a view to showing how convergence and divergence of thought in the Nietzschean, Onyewuenyean and Majeedean philosophy contexts can inform cross-cultural philosophizing. Nietzsche’s idea of eternal recurrence represents his deep thought, which claims that every aspect of life returns innumerable times, in an identical fashion. On the other hand, Onyewuenyi posits that reincarnation is un-African as he conceives it as the theory that when the soul separates from the body, at death, it informs another body for another span of life, while Majeed sees evidence of the African rootedness of the belief in reincarnation, based on his study of the Akan people of Ghana and concedes that the belief, itself, is irrational, since there is no scientific or empirical basis for it. Attempts are made to highlight the dynamics of Nietzsche’s idea of eternal recurrence and to articulate the essential ingredients of Onyewuenyean and Majeedean conceptions of reincarnation. These forms of thought will be examined critically to exhibit their convergence and divergence in the context of cross-cultural philosophizing.

Keywords: eternal recurrence, reincarnation, will to power, vital force, cross-cultural philosophy, spirit-world
The phenomenon of Skolombo in Calabar and the challenge of urban subalternism
Authors: Okoli Al Chukwuma
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the phenomenon of Skolombo in Calabar (Nigeria) in relation to the challenge of urban subalternism in that context. This is against the backdrop of the evolution of the Skolombo into a rising urban subaltern category involved in the underworld and ant-social activities. By means of exploratory and conversational discourse that relies on extant literature as well as insights from personal communications, the paper posits that Skolombo phenomenon represents an existential struggle by abandoned and rejected street children who are surviving against structural societal victimization. Away from home, these children have found the streets, not only an inevitable abode but also a space for opportunistic survival. Over the years, they have evolved a pattern of street living characterized, among other things, by restiveness, touting, gangsterism, and criminality. Associated with this pattern of existence is an emerging subaltern identity that highlights a crisis of urbanity in Calabar metropolis of Nigeria.

Keywords: Calabar, Skolombo, street living, subaltern identity, urban criminality, urban subalternism
Optimisation of Artificial Lifts Using Prosper Nodal Analysis for BARBRA-1 Well in Niger Delta
Authors: Odjugo Tega , Baba Yahaya , Aliyu Aliyu , Okereke Ndubuisi , Oloyede Lekan , Onifade Olabisi
Published: November 2020

Hydrocarbon exploration basically requires effective drilling and efficient overpowering of frictional and viscosity forces. Normally, frictional power losses occur in deep well systems and it is essential to analyse each component of any well system to determine where exactly pressure is lost, and this can be done using Nodal Analysis. In this study, nodal analysis has been carried out with the use of PROSPER, a software for well performance, design and optimisation. Artificial lifts can then be used to solve the problem of frictional power losses. To increase the production of Barbra 1 well in the Niger Delta and hence extend its functional life, we have applied nodal analysis. Modelling results for three artificial lift methods; continuous gas lift, intermittent gas lift and electrical submersible pump were found to be 1734.93 bbl/day, 451.50 bbl/day and 2869 bbl/day respectively. The output from the well performance without artificial lift was 1370.99 bbl/day by applying Darcy’s model. Meanwhile, the output from the well without artificial lift is 89.90 bbl/day when aided with productivity index (PI) entry, the normal model for intermittent gas lift. Hence, from the comparative analysis of the results obtained from this study, it was deduced that when artificial lifts are employed, the well output increases significantly from 1370.99bbl/day to 2869 bbl/day (electrical submersible pump). This study concludes that wells such as Barbra 1 are good candidates for artificial lift, and this is evidenced by increasing productivity.

Keywords: Production optimisation, nodal analysis, prosper simulator and barbra well.
Thermodynamic and Optimization Studies of Castor Leaf Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor on Stainless Steel (301)
Authors: Okewale A.O. , Adebayo A.T.
Published: November 2020

Inhibition of stainless steel corrosion in acidic medium with castor leaf extract was studied using the Gravimetric measurement. The mechanisms of inhibition, influence of temperature on inhibition efficiency and weight loss were determined for temperature range 40 oC – 80 oC at 7 hours  immersion time. An increased in temperature showed a decreased in the inhibition efficiency of the castor leaf extract which resulted to increase in weight loss of the stainless steel. The value of rate constant for the corrosion process ranges from 0.333 – 1.225 hr−1, this is seen to be directly relative to the inhibitor concentrations. Activation energy, enthalpy of activation, and entropy values ranges from 74.000 - 136.377 kJ/mol, 71.820 – 133.620 kJ/mol, and 9.860 – 178.110 J/molK respectively. Rise in activation energy with inhibitor concentration confirmed physisorption adsorption mechanism for stainless steel surface corrosion. In order to obtain the optimum weight loss, optimization of the process variables was carried out using the Box – Behnken Design plan and desirability function of response surface methodology (RSM). Four parameters were varied viz; time of immersion, HCl concentration, inhibitor’s concentration, and temperature alongside their effects on weight loss of the stainless steel were verified. The optimal conditions predicted from the second order quadratic model were time (9.10 hours), HCl concentration (3.97 M), concentration of inhibitor (240.90 ppm), and temperature (78.67 oC) with 2.978 g as the weight loss. Statistically, the results showed that 95.03% of the variation in total weight loss of stainless steel can be connected to the experimental variables examined.

Keywords: Weight loss, activation parameters, adsorption, optimization, stainless steel, castor leaf
Experimental Investigation of Temperature Effects on Low Salinity Enzyme Enhanced Oil Recovery Process
Authors: Udoh Tinuola H.
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the effect of temperature on low salinity brine and combined low salinity enzyme oil recovery processes in sandstone rock sample was experimentally investigated. The core flooding displacement tests were conducted with the injection of the enzyme in post-tertiary mode after secondary high salinity brine and tertiary low salinity brine injection processes. Effluents analyses of each of the flooding were carried out and used to evaluate the effect of temperature on rock-fluid interactions and enhanced oil recovery processes. The results showed that tertiary low salinity brine injection and post-tertiary enzyme injection increased recovery by 2.4-8.72% over the secondary high salinity brine flooding at 25 oC. Also, increase in oil recovery (0.57-13.18%) was observed with increase in the system temperature from 25 oC to 70 oC. Furthermore, the effluent of the 70 oC flooding was associated with the earliest low salinity brine ionic breakthrough front at 10 injected pore volume, while the 25 oC flooding breakthrough front occurred at 22 pore volume. However, no obvious effect of temperature on pH of the effluents was observed with all the floodings, but temperature effects were observed with the conductivity and ionic concentrations of all the effluents as evident by varied breakthrough times. Hence, the observed increased recovery in this study is attributable to combined effects of electric double-layer expansion, oil viscosity reduction and interfacial tension reduction. This novel study of the combined low salinity enzyme injection process is significant for the design of enzyme enhanced oil recovery processes.

Keywords: Enhanced oil recovery, enzyme, sandstone, low salinity, core flooding, temperature.
Mobile Robot Path Planning in an Obstacle-free Static Environment using Multiple Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Yinka-Banjo C.O. , Agwogie U.
Published: November 2020

This article presents the implementation and comparison of fruit fly optimization (FOA), ant colony optimization (ACO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms in solving the mobile robot path planning problem. FOA is one of the newest nature-inspired algorithms while PSO and ACO has been in existence for a long time. PSO has been shown by other studies to have long search time while ACO have fast convergence speed. Therefore there is need to benchmark FOA performance with these older nature-inspired algorithms. The objective is to find an optimal path in an obstacle free static environment from a start point to the goal point using the aforementioned techniques. The performance of these algorithms was measured using three criteria: average path length, average computational time and average convergence speed. The results show that the fruit fly algorithm produced shorter path length (19.5128 m) with faster convergence speed (3149.217 m/secs) than the older swarm intelligence algorithms. The computational time of the algorithms were in close range, with ant colony optimization having the minimum (0.000576 secs).

Keywords:  Swarm intelligence, Fruit Fly algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization, optimal path, mobile robot.
Diversity Control in Evolutionary Computation using Asynchronous Dual-Populations with Search Space Partitioning
Authors: Bashir H.A.
Published: November 2020

Diversity control is vital for effective global optimization using evolutionary computation (EC) techniques. This paper classifies the various diversity control policies in the EC literature. Many research works have attributed the high risk of premature convergence to sub-optimal solutions to the poor exploration capabilities resulting from diversity collapse. Also, excessive cost of convergence to optimal solution has been linked to the poor exploitation capabilities necessary to focus the search. To address this exploration-exploitation trade-off, this paper deploys diversity control policies that ensure sustained exploration of the search space without compromising effective exploitation of its promising regions. First, a dual-pool EC algorithm that facilitates a temporal evolution-diversification strategy is proposed. Then a quasi-random heuristic initialisation based on search space partitioning (SSP) is introduced to ensure uniform sampling of the initial search space. Second, for the diversity measurement, a robust convergence detection mechanism that combines a spatial diversity measure; and a population evolvability measure is utilised. It was found that the proposed algorithm needed a pool size of only 50 samples to converge to optimal solutions of a variety of global optimization benchmarks. Overall, the proposed algorithm yields a 33.34% reduction in the cost incurred by a standard EC algorithm. The outcome justifies the efficacy of effective diversity control on solving complex global optimization landscapes.

Keywords: Diversity, exploration-exploitation tradeoff, evolutionary algorithms, heuristic initialisation, taxonomy.
Rainfall Intensity Analysis for Synoptic Stations in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Oyegoke S.O. , Adebanjo A.S. , Ododo H.J.
Published: November 2020

With the large inter-annual variability of rainfall in Northern Nigeria, a zone subject to frequent dry spells which often result in severe and widespread droughts, the need for intense study of rainfall and accurate forecast of rainfall intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves cannot be over emphasized. The Intensity Duration Frequency relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity and rainfall duration for given return periods. Using a subset of the network of fifteen continuous auto recording rain gauges available in Northern Nigeria, a total of seven different time durations ranging from 12 minutes to 24 hours were developed for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. The maximum data series so obtained was fitted to Gumbel’s Extreme Value Type 1 distribution. Linear Regression Analysis was then used to obtain the intensity-duration relationships for the various locations from which Intensity-Duration Frequency (IDF) curves were generated using Microsoft Excel for various return periods.

Keywords:  Extreme rainfall, intensity, duration, frequency, Northern Nigeria
Ultrasound-guided psoas compartment and sciatic nerve blocks for pain management of hind limb procedures in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Foster Andrew
Published: November 2020

Background: Loco-regional anesthetic techniques are considered important in the multimodal approach to analgesia in both human and veterinary medicine. No such techniques are described in the alpaca, bar the use of epidural. This is in part due to the lack of anatomical description for this species. While this limitation exists, the use of ultrasound guidance makes peripheral nerve blocks a viable possibility in the alpaca.Case description: A 12-month-old alpaca was referred for the treatment of a septic left tarso-crural joint. Due to a poor prognosis, amputation of the limb under general anesthesia was performed. Sciatic and psoas compartment blocks were attempted with the ultrasound-guided injection of ropivacaine prior to the start of the procedure. While the femoral nerve was possible to visualize, no obturator nerve was identified. A 5-year old alpaca was also referred for a left hind lateral claw removal, due to a squamous cell carcinoma. The sciatic nerve block was performed prior to the claw amputation under general anesthesia. No changes in heart and respiratory rate, or blood pressure suggestive of nociception, were observed in either of these cases. At the end of both the procedures, the patients experienced uneventful recoveries characterized by the ability to maintain the standing position, interest in food, and normal behavior.Conclusion: This report identifies the ease of performance and the challenges encountered using the ultrasound guided psoas compartment and sciatic nerve blocks in the alpaca. It is our hope that this report encourages the use of ultrasound-guided loco-regional techniques in this species.

Keywords: Alpaca, Loco-regional anesthesia, Psoas compartment block, Sciatic nerve block, Ultrasound-guided.
Drugs, dogs, and driving: the potential for year-round thermal stress in UK vehicles
Authors: Carter Anne J. , Hall Emily J. , Connoll Sophie L. , Russell Zoe F. , Mitchell Kirsty
Published: November 2020

Background: Dogs are regularly transported or housed in vehicles, with guidelines for housing dogs suggesting that the ambient temperature should be maintained between 15°C and 24°C. Veterinary drugs are routinely stored and carried in vehicles providing ambulatory veterinary care. Non-refrigerated medications typically require storage between 8°C and 25°C.Aim: This study aims to investigate the potential for thermal stress associated with vehicular storage and transportation of drugs and dogs in a temperate climate, such as the United Kingdom.Methods: The study used data loggers to continuously record internal temperatures of four vehicles at 15-minute intervals over a two-year period, to investigate the effect of seasonality and time of day on the internal car temperature.Results: The internal car temperature ranged from −7.4°C to 54.5°C during the study period. Temperatures fell below 8°C every month, except June and July. The internal car temperature exceeded typical drug storage recommendations (>25°C) during every month, and exceeded the canine thermoneutral zone (>35°C) from April to September. Peak temperatures occurred between 14:00 and 17:00 hours.Conclusion: The results demonstrate the year-round potential for thermal stress of both dogs and drugs left in cars. Public awareness campaigns highlighting the risks of leaving dogs in hot cars are typically launched in late spring, but should consider launching earlier in light of these findings. Veterinary surgeons transporting drugs should take measures to ensure that drugs are stored within the manufacturer’s temperature range year-round. This will limit the potential for drug degradation and decreased efficacy.

Keywords: Car temperature, Drug storage, Dog transport, Thermal stress.
Treatment of canine osteoarthritis with allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: review of five cases
Authors: Catarino José , Carvalho Pedro , Santos Sara , Martins Ângela , Requicha João
Published: November 2020

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of chronic pain and lameness in dogs. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a concentrate of growth and differentiation factors from the blood, which can be used in regenerative medicine strategies.

Aim: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of allogeneic PRP on the treatment of canine OA.

Methods: Five dogs from several breeds, between 6 and 12 years old, and from both genders were studied. Clinical and imageological examinations diagnosed OA in the knee, tibiotarsal, elbow, and intercarpal joints. These dogs were refractory to medical therapy and to physical rehabilitation protocols that included shockwave therapy, laser therapy, electrostimulation, hydrotherapy, and diathermy. Animals were treated with allogeneic PRP obtained from the blood of the five dogs, which was processed in a pool. Echoguided intra-articular PRP injection was administered under sedation and after aseptic field preparation. Lameness at walk and trot (five grades) and pain (five scores) were evaluated before treatment and 30, 60, and 90 days post-treatment.

Results: All animals presented improvements at 30 and 60 days in both parameters. Four dogs showed a decrease of three grades of lameness after 90 days and there was complete absence of lameness in 2 days. Pain was reduced from severe and moderate to mild in all the dogs after 30 days,  and among them, three revealed no pain after 90 days.

Conclusion: This study sheds light on the applicability and safety of a single administration of allogeneic PRP in osteoarthritic dogs.

Keywords: Dog, Lameness, Osteoarthritis, Pain, Platelet-rich plasma.
Canine copper-associated hepatitis: A retrospective study of 17 clinical cases
Authors: Rodrigues Anthony , Leal Rodolfo O. , Girod Maud , Dally Claire , Guery Emmanuel , Gomes Eymeric , Hernandez Juan
Published: November 2020

Background: Copper-associated hepatitis (CAH) is a well-documented chronic hepatic disease in dogs. In some breeds, the disease results from an inherited defect in copper metabolism. In others, it is unclear whether its acummulation is a primary or secondary condition. Reports of copper accumulation in dog breeds that are not genetically predisposed are increasing.Aim: To describe the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory findings, liver biopsy techniques, and treatment response in dogs with CAH.Methods: A retrospective study was performed, drawing upon medical records from CAH dogs at a Veterinary Referral Hospital in Paris, France. The diagnosis of CAH had been confirmed in these patients by positive rhodanine staining of hepatic tissue obtained through biopsy. Medical records were mined for the following data: age at presentation, sex, breed, chief presenting complaints, abdominal ultrasound (US) findings, and rhodanine staining pattern.Results: A total of 17 dogs were included in the study. Median age at presentation was 8-year old (4–11). No sex predisposition was found. Terriers (4/17) and German Shepherd Dogs (GSD, 3/17) were overrepresented. American Staffordshire Terriers and Beauceron had not previously appeared in case reports on CAH; two of each breed were identified in this study. Clinical signs of affected dogs were non-specific. An incidental identification of increased liverenzymes was observed in 5/17 dogs. A heterogeneous, mottled liver was frequently described (5/17) on abdominal US. Liver biopsies were performed by US-guided percutaneous approach in 10/17 dogs, laparoscopy and laparotomy in 6/17 and 1/17, respectively. The rhodanine staining pattern was centrilobular (zone 3) in 8/17 dogs and periportal (zone 1) in 3/17 dogs. The pattern was considered multifocal in 6/17 dogs.Conclusion: Increased liver enzymes may be the only clinical finding in dogs with copper-associated hepatitis, reflecting the silent progression of this disease. Centrilobular pattern of rhodanine staining was observed in the majority of cases suggesting the primary condition of the disease. Results of this study are consistent with the current literature, which reports that terriers and GSD are predisposed to CAH. This is the first  description of CAH in Beauceron and American Staffordshire Terrier dogs.

Keywords: American Staffordshire Terrier, Beauceron, Copper-associated hepatitis, Liver biopsy, Rhodanine.
More cell culture passaged Camelpox virus sequences found resembling those of vaccinia virus
Authors: Khalafalla Abdelmalik I. , Al Hosani Mohamed A. , Ishag Hassan Zackaria Ali , Al Muhairi Salama S.
Published: November 2020

Background: Camelpox is the most infectious and economically important disease of camelids that causes significant morbidity and mortality rates. Several live attenuated vaccines against Camelpox virus (CMLV) are produced worldwide by passaging field isolates in cell culture. Sequence of a high passage Saudi isolate of CMLV was previously found closely resembled Vaccinia virus (VACV).Aim: To determine whether other high cell culture passage CMLV isolates are genetically resemble VACV and further to explore the possible mechanism of the resemblance.Methods: We performed polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequence analysis of A-type inclusion body protein (ATIP), L1R, and open reading frame (ORF) 185 genes on different cell culture passage levels of a field isolate, two high passage vaccines, wild-type, and reference strains of CMLV.Results: We demonstrate that additional two high passage attenuated vaccine candidate from Sudan and UAE likewise contain sequences  resembling VACV more than CMLV. Furthermore, sequence analysis of the ATIP gene of selected virus passages in cell culture revealed that the shift to VACV-like occurred between passage 11 and 20 and up to the 10th passage the genome still resembles wild-type virus. This observation was further confirmed by recombination analysis which indicated recombination events at ATIP and ORF185 genes occurred at higher passages.Conclusion: We confirmed that the cell culture passage CMLV turns to resemble VACV after cell culture passage and concluded that the  resemblance may not be a result of contamination or misidentification as previously thought but could be due to recombination events that occurred during the passage process.

Keywords: Camelpox virus, cell culture passage, phylogenetic analysis.
Susceptibility to SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 from animal health perspective
Authors: Gautam Aasish , Kaphle Krishna , Shrestha Birendra , Phuyal Samiksha
Published: November 2020

Viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. Different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the skeleton. The whole world is witnessing the terror of the COVID-19 pandemic that is following the same path of SARS and MERS, and seems to be more severe. In addition to humans, several species of animals are reported to have been infected with these life-threatening viruses. The possible routes of transmission and their zoonotic potentialities are the subjects of intense research. This review article aims to overview the link of all these three deadly coronaviruses among animals along with their phylogenic evolution and cross-species transmission. This is essential since animals as pets or food are said to pose some risk, and their better understanding is a must in order to prepare a possible plan for future havoc in both human and animal health. Although COVID-19 is causing a human health hazard globally, its reporting in animals are limited compared to SARS and MERS. Non-human primates and carnivores are most susceptible to SARS-coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, respectively, whereas the dromedary camel is susceptible to MERS-coronavirus. Phylogenetically, the trio viruses are reported to have originated from bats and have special capacity to undergo mutation and genomic recombination in order to infect humans through its reservoir or replication host. However, it is difficult to analyze how the genomic pattern of coronaviruses occurs. Thus,increased possibility of new virus-variants infecting humans and animals in the upcoming days seems to be the biggest challenge for the future of the world. One health approach is portrayed as our best way ahead, and understanding the animal dimension will go a long way in formulating such preparedness plans.

Keywords: Animal health, COVID-19, Cross-species, One health, Trio coronaviruses.
Impact of global climate change on livestock health: Bangladesh perspective
Authors: Ali Md Zulfekar , Carlile Gemma , Giasuddin Mohammad
Published: November 2020

The global carbon emission rate, due to energy-driven consumption of fossil fuels and anthropogenic activities, is higher at any point in mankind history, disrupting the global carbon cycle and contributing to a major cause of warming of the planet with air and ocean temperatures, which is rising dangerously over the past century. Climate change presents challenges both direct and indirect for livestock production and health. With more frequent extreme weather events including increased temperatures, livestock health is greatly affected by resulting heat stress, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, resulting in an increased propensity for disease incidence and death. The indirect health effects relate to the multiplication and distribution of parasites, reproduction, virulence, and transmission of infectious pathogens and/or their vectors. Managing the growing crossbreeding livestock industry in Bangladesh is also at the coalface for the emerging impacts of climate change, with unknown consequences for the incidence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Bangladesh is now one of the most vulnerable nations to global climate change. The livestock sector is considered as a major part of food security for Bangladesh, alongside agriculture, and with one of the world’s largest growing economies, the impacts are exaggerated with this disaster. There has been no direct study conducted on the impact of climate  change on livestock health and the diseases in Bangladesh. This review looks to explore the linkage between climate change and livestock health and provide some guidelines to combat the impact on livestock from the Bangladesh perspective.

Keywords: Animal health, Climate change, Food security, Heat stress, Oxidative stress.
Unexpected cases in field diagnosis of African swine fever virus in Vietnam: The needs consideration when performing molecular diagnostic tests
Authors: Truong Anh Duc , Ly Duc Viet , Vu Thi Hao , Hoang Van Tuan , Nguyen Thi Chinh , Chu Thi Nhu , Nguyen Huyen Thi , Nguyen The Vinh , Pham Ngoc Thi , Tran Ha Thi Thanh , Dang Hoang Vu
Published: November 2020

Background: The first confirmed case of African swine fever (ASF) in Vietnam was reported officially in February 2019. To date, ASF virus (ASFV) have been detected in 63/63 provinces in Vietnam. Currently, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered to be a powerful tool for viral detection in field samples, including ASFV. However, some recent reports have suggested that mismatches in primer and probe binding regions may directly affect real-time PCR qualification, leading a false-negative result.Aim: This study aims to further examine a conflicting result obtained from two OIE recommended methods, conventional PCR and real-time PCR, for ASFV detection.Methods: Two ASF suspected pigs from different provinces in the north of Vietnam were selected for this study based on clinical signs and postmortem lesions. The different results obtained by OIE-recommended conventional PCR and real-time PCR were further analyzed by the Sanger sequencing method and virus isolation in combination with hemadsorption (HAD) test using porcine alveolar macrophages cells.Results: The results showed that when the primer sequence matched perfectly with the sequences of field isolates, a mutation in probe binding region was found, indicating that a single mismatch in the probe binding site may cause a false-negative result by real-time PCR in detecting ASFV in clinical samples in Vietnam. An agreement between conventional PCR, using PPA1/PPA2 primers and two golden standard methods, virus isolation in combination with HAD assay, and sequencing method was observed in this study.Conclusion: A single mismatch in the probe binding site caused a failse-negative result by realtime PCR method in field diagnosis of ASFV. The needs consideration when selecting the appropriate molecular diagnostic methods is based on the current databases of ASFV sequences,  particularly for epidemiological surveillance of ASF.

Keywords: African swine fever, PCR, Pigs, Real-time PCR, Vietnam
Effect of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed powder as feed additives on performance and some blood parameters of broiler chickens
Authors: Khubeiz Mona M. , Shirif Abdelfettah M.
Published: November 2020

Background: Modern intensive poultry production has achieved phenomenal improvement in order to produce high quality chickens by the removal of antibiotics as growth promoters from poultry diets. Instead, numerous additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes, and phytogenics, are extensively used in poultry feed.

Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed powder as a growth promoter on feed intake (FI), live body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and blood profile in broiler chickens.

Method: A total of 240 (Ross 308) one-day-old broiler chicks of mixed sexes were allocated randomly into four treatment groups, with 60 chicks per group. Each treatment group had three replicates (20 chicks per replicate), according to a completely randomized design for 45 days. The chicks were fed diets containing 0% (T1) as control, 1.5% (T2), 2.5% (T3), and 3.5% (T4) of coriander seed powder. The FI, live body weight, and weight gain  were monitored and measured on a weekly basis. Blood samples were collected on day 45 of the trial for the determination of the percentage of white blood cells and to assess the blood profile.

Results: It was revealed that the growth performance was not significantly affected (p > 0.05). However, the dressing percentage without the skin was significantly increased (p < 0.05) at level 1.5%, while the heart weight was significantly augmented (p < 0.05) at 2.5%, when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the serum triglyceride was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at 1.5%, while the high-density lipoprotein was significantly increased (p < 0.001) at level 1.5% when compared with the control and 3.5% groups. Moreover, the glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were significantly increased at 3.5% when compared with the control and 1.5% groups, with p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively. The basophil and eosinophil cells count were significantly increased at 2.5% (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), respectively, while the lymphocyte cell was significantly increased at 1.5% (p < 0.01). Nevertheless, the heterophil cell and H/L were significantly reduced at 1.5% (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the inclusion of coriander seed powder at 1.5% had a positive impact on the dressing percentage  without skin, biochemical blood profile, and immune response.

Keywords: Blood parameter, Broiler chicken, Coriander, Performance.
Paraprobiotics and postbiotics: Contemporary and promising natural antibiotics alternatives and their applications in the poultry field
Authors: El-Ghany Wafaa A. Abd
Published: November 2020

With the high rise of drug resistance in microbial populations, there has been a surge in researches to find new natural antibiotics alternative  compounds that can be used safely in both humans and animals. The main goals of using this category of alternatives are maintaining the gut microbiome in healthy conditions and preventing the attachment of pathogenic organisms at the early life stages. Probiotics, prebiotics, and  synbiotics have been widely used for several years as growth promoters and as preventive measures against several enteric pathogens with  successful results. Recently, paraprobiotics and postbiotics are derivatives of probiotic cultures and have been used in humans, animals, and  poultry. They are regarded as immunostimulators, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, and anti-microbial, as well as growth promoters. Till now, there is scanty information about the use of paraprobiotics and postbiotics in animals or in the poultry sector. Accordingly, this review article has focused on defining these new categories of natural alternatives with descriptions of their types, functions, and uses, especially in the poultry field.

Keywords: Immunomodulation, Paraprobiotics, Performance, Postbiotics, Poultry.
Association of BoLA DRB3 gene polymorphisms with BoHV-1 infection and zootechnical traits
Authors: Morales Juan Pablo Arismendy , López-Herrera Albeiro , Zuluaga Julián Echeverri
Published: November 2020

Background: The dairy sector is one of the leading in agricultural production sectors in the world and the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an  important pathogen that causes great losses in most production systems. Moreover, BoLA DRB3 immunological gene presents different alleles related to protection against many pathogens.Methods: Serological diagnosis was carried out to determine the BoHV-1 infection and through PCR-RFLP 506 Holstein cows from several  municipalities of Antioquia were genotyped for BoLA DRB3.2 gene polymorphisms.Results: Alleles 8, 16, 22, and 24 were the most common out of the 42 alleles found. By indirect ELISA technique, a 58.7% prevalence of BoHV-1 infection in this population was diagnosed and Odd ratios for found alleles were calculated by logistic regression; the only significant association was held for allele 37, which showed that it effects confers susceptibility to infection. On the other hand, by using generalized linear models, a significant association between BoLA DRB3.2 gene and milk and fat yield in primiparous and services per conception in multiparous was found, with the most favorable alleles being 11 and 28 in primiparous and 22 and 28 in multiparous; allele 37 was unfavorable only in primiparous.Conclusion: BoLA DRB3.2 gene polymorphisms have shown high variability and significant effects on Holstein cattle and their performance in production systems in Antioquia are at both sanitary or health and productive levels.

Keywords: Holstein, Immunity, Prevalence, Production, Reproduction.