bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new gnathosaurine (Pterosauria, Archaeopterodactyloidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal
Authors: Fernandes Alexandra E. , Beccari Victor , Kellner Alexander W. A. , Mateus Octávio
Published: September 2023

An incomplete, yet remarkably-sized dentated rostrum and associated partial cervical vertebrae of a pterosaur (ML 2554) were recently discovered from the Late Jurassic (Late Kimmeridgian-Early Tithonian) Lourinhã Formation of Praia do Caniçal, of central west Portugal. This specimen exhibits features such as a spatulated anterior expansion of the rostrum, robust comb-like dentition, and pronounced rims of the tooth alveoli, indicating gnathosaurine affinities. Based on its further unique tooth and dentary morphology, a new genus and species, Lusognathus almadrava gen. et spec. nov., is proposed, making this the first named pterosaur species found within Portugal. The presence of this taxon adds yet another element to the fluvio-deltaic lagoonal environment that has been suggested as representative of the Lourinhã Formation in the Late Jurassic, further contributing to the diversity and distribution of gnathosaurines worldwide.
Performance of multigene testing in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules and molecular risk stratification
Authors: Zhou Yuanyuan , Wu Xinping , Zhang Yuzhi , Li Zhiqiang , Ge Xia , Chen Hao , Mao Yuan , Ding Wenbo
Published: September 2023

Objective

Thyroid cancer is the third most prevalent cancer among females. Genetic testing based on next-generation sequencing may provide an auxiliary diagnosis to reduce cytologically diagnostic uncertainty. However, commercial multigene tests are not widely available and are not well-tested in the Chinese population.

Methods

In this study, we designed a multigene testing panel and evaluated its performance in 529 cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules (Bethesda III, IV and V). The molecular data of the DNA mutations and RNA fusions of fine needle aspiration samples were reviewed in conjunction with a clinical diagnosis, pathological reports, and definitive surgery for retrospective analysis. Then, the molecular risk stratification was investigated for its accuracy in malignant risk prediction.

Results

The overall combined consistency revealed substantial agreement (Kappa = 0.726) with the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of 97.80%, 82.14%, 98.99%, and 67.65%, respectively. The most common aberration was BRAFV600E (82.59%), followed by NRAS mutants (4.07%), RET fusions (3.70%), and KRAS mutants (3.15%). Two cases (0.44%) were categorized into a high-risk group, 426 cases (94.67%) were categorized into a BRAF-like group with totally histopathologic papillary patterned tumors, and 22 cases (4.89%) were categorized into a RAS-like group with 14 papillary and eight follicular patterned tumors when the cohort concurrent aberrations were excluded. Potentially aggressive features may be related to concurrent molecular alterations of BRAFV600E with TERTQ302R, and AKT1L52R, NRASG12C, NRASQ61R, and CCDC6-RET fusions.

Conclusions

This study provided a multigene panel for identifying benign nodules from cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules to avoid unnecessary surgery. We provide further evidence for using molecular risk stratification as a promising predictor of disease outcomes. The results of this study may be limited by the extremely high prevalence of cancer in the cohort for clinical reference.
Whole-genome resequencing analysis of the medicinal plant Gardenia jasminoides
Authors: Xu Xinyu , Chen Bihua , Zhang Juan , Lan Siren , Wu Shasha
Published: September 2023

Background

Gardenia jasminoides is a species of Chinese medicinal plant, which has high medicinal and economic value and rich genetic diversity, but the study on its genetic diversity is far not enough.

Methods

In this study, one wild and one cultivated gardenia materials were resequenced using IlluminaHiSeq sequencing platform and the data were evaluated to understand the genomic characteristics of G. jasminoides.

Results

After data analysis, the results showed that clean data of 11.77G, Q30 reached 90.96%. The average comparison rate between the sample and reference genome was 96.08%, the average coverage depth was 15X, and the genome coverage was 85.93%. The SNPs of FD and YP1 were identified, and 3,087,176 and 3,241,416 SNPs were developed, respectively. In addition, SNP non-synonymous mutation, InDel mutation, SV mutation and CNV mutation were also detected between the sample and the reference genome, and KEGG, GO and COG database annotations were made for genes with DNA level variation. The structural gene variation in the biosynthetic pathway of crocin and gardenia, the main medicinal substance of G. jasminoides was further explored, which provided basic data for molecular breeding and genetic diversity of G. jasminoides in the future.
Identification of two short peptide motifs from serine/arginine-rich protein ribonucleic acid recognition motif-1 domain acting as splicing regulators
Authors: Jiang Tao , Wang Li , Tang Liang , Zeb Azhar , Hou Yanjun
Published: September 2023

Background

Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins regulate pre-mRNA splicing. However, structurally similar proteins often behave differently in splicing regulation and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, using SMN1/2 minigenes we extensively analyzed four SR proteins, SRSF1/5/6/9.

Methods

In this study, the effects of these proteins on SMN1/2 exon 7 splicing when tethered at either intron 6 or 7 were evaluated using an MS2-tethering assay. Deletion analysis in four SR proteins and co-overexpression analysis were performed.

Results

Splicing outcomes varied among all four SR proteins, SRSF1 and SRSF5 function the same at the two sites, acting as repressor and stimulator, respectively; while SRSF6 and SRSF9 promote exon 7 inclusion at only one site. Further, the key domains of each SR proteins were investigated, which identified a potent inhibitory nonapeptide in the C-terminus of SRSF1/9 ribonucleic acid recognition motif-1 (RRM1) and a potent stimulatory heptapeptide at the N-terminus of SRSF5/6 RRM1.

Conclusion

The insight of the four SR proteins and their domains in affecting SMN gene splicing brings a new perspective on the modes of action of SR proteins; and the functional peptides obtained here offers new ideas for developing splice switching-related therapies.
Assessment of professionalism in a chiropractic college: A design and implementation of a rubric
Authors: Voorhies Jeana L.
Published: September 2023

Objective

To describe the design, implementation, and revision of a rubric used in assessing professionalism that was in alignment with Council on Chiropractic Education meta-competency 5 (professional ethics and jurisprudence, curricular objective C: Expected professional conduct).

Methods

The rubric was designed using a grading scale from 0 to 5 by which students needed to meet all criteria to earn full points for each defined dimension of professionalism. A comments section allowed for explanation of deductions and/or comments on exceptional behavior. Comments on professionalism were collected in a log during the trimester and used to populate the rubric. After initial use, the rubric was revised to incorporate criteria that had not initially been included and to allow for greater point deductions for multiple/repeat infractions or egregious behavior. Feedback from other faculty members was also gathered during in-service presentations of the rubric and taken into consideration. Professionalism score was 10% of the course grade.

Results

From 2016 to 2020, the average professionalism grade changed from 95.6% to 98.9%. A review of the frequency distributions of average professionalism grades in a calendar year showed that some students were earning grades between 70% and 79%. Only achieving 70% to 75% of the professionalism grade affected the final course grade by 2.5% to 3.0%.

Conclusion

In training chiropractic students on expected behaviors related to professionalism, a rubric assessment of professionalism guided communications between the clinical educator and students to discuss professionalism and remediate unprofessional behaviors. A rubric defining expected classroom behaviors aligns with educational best practices to use assessment methods to develop professionalism in health care students.
Peer review chair report: Association of Chiropractic Colleges Educational Conference and Research Agenda Conference 2023 peer review process
Authors: Johnson Claire
Published: September 2023

Objective

The purpose of this report is to provide a summary of the methods used and feedback from reviewers about the peer review process for the 2023 Association of Chiropractic Colleges Educational Conference and Research Agenda Conference (ACC-RAC).

Methods

After the peer review process was complete, the 2023 ACC-RAC peer review committee members were invited to provide feedback through an anonymous electronic form. The survey included a Likert scale to rate items about the peer review process and an option for open-ended comments.

Results

Of the 166 peer reviewers, 77 (46%) completed the survey. The reviewers represented 9 countries, with the greatest number from North America. The majority (95%) of respondents rated the process of peer review in topic groups as good to excellent, and the majority (92%) of respondents rated the overall 2023 peer review process as good to excellent. The critical comments that were submitted are addressed in this report.

Conclusion

Overall, peer reviewer satisfaction with the process used for the 2023 ACC-RAC was high. We will include information from this report as part of the continuous quality improvement of peer review process, an important part of improving chiropractic education, research, and scholarly activities.
Antioxidant Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Moringa oleifera Seeds Using DPPH Assay
Authors: Juliannah Famurewa, Oluwayemisi
Published: September 2023

Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) which grows in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, has long unani system of medicine with ayurvedic history. The seeds are known to possess high medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of M. oleifera seeds, extracted with different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. This research was carried out using different concentrations of methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts, (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/mL). Vitamin C was also used as standard antioxidant control. The percentage of inhibition and IC50 were measured. The results showed that the DPPH free radicals were scavenged by all seed extracts in a concentration dependent manner.  Moreover, the IC50 values for DPPH radicals with methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of the M. oleifera seeds were found to be 30.77, 44.77 and 45.04 mg/mL, respectively.  Interestingly, the IC50 value of all the extracts revealed very active antioxidant activity but lower than the standard vitamin C due to their IC50 values < 50 mg/mL. The order of activity for all the assay was methanol > ethyl acetate > n-hexane. The results suggested that methanol extract of M. oleifera seeds has the most active antioxidant activity.
Lead Anticancer Agents of Crinine Alkaloids: Cytotoxic, Caspase-3, and Anti-angiogenic Exploration
Authors: Alawode Taye Temitope
Published: September 2023

Several alkaloids with anticancer activities have been reported among the Crinum species. In this study, an in silico screening of crinine alkaloids was carried out to identify potential Caspase-3 activators and anti-angiogenic compounds. Thirty-one (31) crinine alkaloids were assessed for drug-likeness using the SwissADME online Web server. Nine (9) alkaloids, satisfying Lipinski’s rules for drug-likeness were selected and screened in silico for cytotoxic properties against cancer and normal cell lines using the Cell Line Cytotoxity Predictor (CLC-Pred). The alkaloids possessing drug-like properties and showing good selectivity towards cancer cell lines were evaluated for Caspase-3 activating and anti-angiogenic activities by docking with the Caspase-3 and VEGFR2 proteins, respectively. The binding energy of the compounds was compared with those of the standard drugs. Powelline, augustine, and undulatine possess drug-like properties and demonstrated good selectivity against lung cancer (A549) and oligodendroglioma (Hs683) cell lines. Among these three compounds, powelline had the best potential as a Caspase-3 stimulant and anti-angiogenic agent. Powelline, augustine, and undulatine are potential lead anticancer agents against human lung cancer and oligodendroglioma.
Hyaline Membrane Disease in Premature Infants: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Benracon S. , Redouani M. A. , Ouadghiri I. , Barkat A.
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) is an anatomoclinical entity related to a quantitative or qualitative insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant.

Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the National Reference Center for Neonatology and Nutrition, spread over a period of one and a half years.

Results: Antenatal corticotherapy was given in only 20% of cases. Pregnancy pathology was divided between preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. 66.6% of deliveries were by caesarean section before the onset of labour. Mean gestational age was 33.9± 1.5 weeks' amenorrhea, with 10% of patients less than 30 weeks' amenorrhea of gestational age. Mean weight was 1677 ± 463 g. The very low birth weight population (birth weight< 1500) represented 46.6%. Females predominated, with a sex ratio of 1.12. Tracheal intubation with respiratory assistance was used in 66.6% of cases. 73% of neonates received exogenous surfactant, due to the extent of hypoxemia. Progression was favourable in only 26% of cases.

Conclusion: In Morocco, Hyaline membrane disease is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, requiring rapid diagnosis and early management.
Comparison of the Prognosis and Mortality of Sars-Cov-2 Variants in Critically İll Patients
Authors: Bayrakci Sinem
Published: September 2023

Backround: Since the beginning of the pandemic,the globally circulation of SARS-CoV-2 has caused the virus to constantly mutate,resulting in the emergence of new variants.Some of these variants have been designated as variants of concern(VOC),defined by the WHO as variants associated with increased infectivity,increased disease severity,or change in clinical disease presentation.

Aim and Objective: We aimed  to evaluate and compare the prognosis and mortality of the critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Materials and Methods: A total of 335 critically ill patient who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction enrolled in the study.

Results: Hypertension was significantly higher in the patients in delta group(p=0,02).The presence of comorbidity was statistically significantly associated with mortality in all groups(p <0,05). Unvaccinated patients were significantly higher in all groups and being unvaccinated was associated with mortality in all groups(p <0,05).Mortality was statistically significantly associated with all groups(p=0,01).The delta variant poses a higher risk of mortality compared to other variants(p=0,0001).

Conclusion: The study indicates that severe disease requiring intensive care admission were common in the elderly.Hypertension was higher in the patients in delta group and the presence of comorbidity was associated with mortality in all variant types of COVID-19.Severe disease requiring intensive care admission was more common in the unvaccinated population, regardless of variant type, and being unvaccinated was associated with mortality.All variant types were associated with mortality, but the mortality risk was higher in patients infected with delta variant compared to other variants.
Isolation and Identification of Microfungi from Diesel Oil Contaminated Soils and Their Physico-Chemical Analysis
Authors: Ruchika  , Garg Amar P.
Published: September 2023

Diesel oil contaminated soils were collected and analyzed for various Physico-chemical properties that included moisture content, total carbon, total nitrogen and phosphorus using standard protocol and the data compared from normal uncontaminated soils. Analysis revealed that all 5 samples of diesel oil contaminated soils possessed higher percent of moisture content, greater amounts of total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in comparison to non-contaminated control soils. The diesel oil contaminated soils are not suitable for cultivation of agricultural crops. Though, several species of fungi were isolated from diesel contaminated soils but only 6 species of Aspergillus utilized diesel oil as sole carbon and nitrogen source as these grew well and sporulated normally on 2% agar that contained 10% of diesel oil only as nutrient. These included Aspergillus luchuensis, Aspergillus violaceofuscus, Aspergillus niveus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus ustus. which also grew well in broth  containing 0.5% jaggery (for initial growth) supplemented with 10% diesel oil only which suggest that these species could utilize diesel oil as sole carbon and nitrogen source because no other nutrient other than diesel oil was added into the medium. The role of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is soils has been discussed in this paper.
A Comprehensive Review on Role of Agricultural Extension Services in the Sustainable Development of Global Agriculture
Authors: Abhijeet  , Sahu Kanta Kumar , Bardhan Raj , Chouhan Nikita Singh , Dixit Devanshu , Tripathi Somdutt , Pandey Anjali , Ahmed Rizwan
Published: September 2023

In an era where agriculture is facing unprecedented challenges, from climate change to increasing food demands, this paper aims to critically re-evaluate the current paradigms governing agricultural extension services. These services are instrumental in bridging the gap between agricultural research and practical farming, serving as a catalyst for the dissemination of knowledge, technology, and best practices among farmers. Recognizing their pivotal role in agricultural transformation, this paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the role and effectiveness of agricultural extension services, advocating for a multidimensional assessment framework that incorporates environmental, social, and economic indicators. Traditionally, the success of agricultural extension services has been measured primarily through yield improvements or technological adoptions. This study argues that such unidimensional assessments are inadequate for capturing the complex, interrelated challenges and opportunities in contemporary agriculture. On the environmental front, factors like soil health, water quality, and biodiversity are shown to be foundational for sustainable agricultural practices and have immediate consequences for crop yield and quality. Social considerations, including farmers' well-being, community cohesion, and equitable access to resources, are equally crucial. These extend the scope of agricultural extension services beyond the mere dissemination of technical knowledge to encompass broader social objectives, such as community development and social equity. Economically, the study underscores the importance of indicators like profitability, yield per hectare, and value-added products, emphasizing that these are both immediate and long-term measures of the success of agricultural practices. By combining these diverse but interrelated metrics, the paper presents a more holistic view of the effectiveness of agricultural extension services. The research concludes by recommending policy adjustments and methodological shifts to incorporate this integrated assessment framework, aiming to guide the transition toward a more sustainable, equitable, and economically viable agricultural landscape.
An Efficacy of Plant Growth Substances on Vegetative Growth Traits and Fruiting Behaviour in Strawberry c.v. Winter Down under Open Condition
Authors: Singh Satendra Kumar , Singh Vivek Kumar
Published: September 2023

An experiment has been undertaken in the year of 2021 and 2022, to investigate about an efficacy of plant growth substances on vegetative growth traits and fruiting behaviour in strawberry c.v. Winter Down under open condition. This research work has been done under Randomized Block Design (RBD) having thirteen treatments viz. GA 3 50, 75 and 100 ppm, promalin concentration such as 4, 6 and 8 ppm, GA 4+7 with10,15 and 20 ppm, NAA at 15, 20, 25 ppm and control (water spray) and every treatment was replicated three times. Result showed the strawberry plants treated by 20 ppm GA 4+7 fourteen days before blooming positively find out the highest plant height (33.33 cm) , leaf area (238.59 cm2), number of flower plant-1(30.76) as compared to control. Plant treated by 8 ppm promalin has also revealed positive results as compared with water spray. Therefore, this has been concluded that the application of 20 ppm GA 4+7 applied fourteen days before blooming is significant for vegetative growth traits and fruiting of Winter Down cultivar of strawberry.
A Comprehensive Review on Nature and Causes of Deterioration in Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Jain Shubham , Nidhi Nivedita , Ausari Praveen Kumar , Sangam  , Das Payel , Singh Alok , Kumar Lav , Sharma Rohit
Published: September 2023

The issue of post-harvest deterioration in fruits and vegetables constitutes a critical concern, especially given the rising global food security challenges. The aim of this review article is to present a comprehensive examination of the diverse facets contributing to the deterioration of these valuable food resources, ranging from biological and environmental factors to economic implications and current preservation methods. One area of focus involves scrutinizing the gaps in the current body of knowledge, particularly the intricate molecular mechanisms governing enzymatic activity and microbial spoilage. Recent developments in technology also present intriguing possibilities for future research. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential in monitoring the quality of stored produce by predicting the onset of spoilage using complex algorithms. This work also delves into the prospects of employing the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time assessment and control of storage conditions, which could revolutionize supply chain management and significantly minimize deterioration during transport. Another exciting avenue lies in the utilization of novel packaging materials especially those which are biodegradable and may be imbued with natural preservatives, a move that aligns well with global sustainability goals. Any such technological advancements must be scrutinized in the context of existing food safety standards and regulations, both at the national and international levels. These standards govern everything from permissible microbial activity levels to waste management, and are dictated by organizations such as the FDA and EFSA, as well as international frameworks like the Codex Alimentarius.
Entering a New Agricultural Era through the Impact of Nano-Fertilizers on Crop Development: A Review
Authors: Mahesha K. N.  , Singh N. K. , Amarshettiwar S. B. , Singh Gurinder , Gulaiya Shani , Das Hiren , Kumar Jogendra
Published: September 2023

The dynamic interface between nanotechnology and agriculture heralds a new era in food production, with nano-fertilizers standing at the forefront of this revolution. These fertilizers, leveraging the unique properties of nanoparticles, promise to address several challenges posed by traditional fertilization methods, including nutrient wastage, environmental pollution, and inconsistent yields. Preliminary studies indicate that nano-fertilizers can enhance nutrient uptake, allowing for direct and efficient nutrient transfer to plant cells, leading to improved crop yields. Their targeted delivery mechanisms mitigate nutrient loss through leaching, presenting a more environmentally friendly alternative. Yet, alongside these potential benefits, the introduction of nanoparticles into agriculture poses significant challenges. There are growing concerns regarding their long-term environmental impact, specifically the accumulation of nanoparticles in various ecosystems and the subsequent implications for flora and fauna. Potential health risks for both consumers and farm workers also warrant in-depth research, with questions arising about the bioaccumulation of nanoparticles in plants and their subsequent effects when consumed. The possibility of the emergence of nanoparticle-resistant pests, mirroring the historical challenges with pesticide-resistant strains, adds another layer of complexity to the narrative. Policymakers face the intricate task of creating dynamic regulatory frameworks. These need to facilitate the advancement and adoption of nano-fertilizers while ensuring the safety of both the environment and consumers. Such frameworks should be predicated on robust scientific research, encompassing not just immediate crop yield outcomes but broader ecological, health, and socio-economic impacts. Looking ahead, as the field of nanotechnology continues to evolve rapidly, the agricultural sector stands at a pivotal juncture. Embracing the advantages of nano-fertilizers could fundamentally reshape farming practices, driving them towards greater sustainability and efficiency. This transition needs to be navigated with a clear vision, grounded in rigorous scientific inquiry and underpinned by comprehensive policies, to ensure that the agriculture of tomorrow is both bountiful and sustainable.
Effect of Different Seed Treatment and Media on Shoot Growth of Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Authors: Ganvit A. M. , Ganvit J. M. , Desai B. S. , Patil S. J.
Published: September 2023

Indian Ginseng or Ashwagandha, is one of the most important Under the present study the seeds were soaked with treatment (S1) GA3 (250 ppm - 24 h.) recorded maximum germination percentage (66.11 %) and maximum plant height at 15 (3.00), 30 (8.38), 45 (15.98), 60 (25.20), 75 (34.05), 90 (42.98), 105 (52.07) and 120 (59.02) days, respectively. Maximum no. of branches/plant at 15 (0.0), 30 (0.22), 45 (0.71), 60 (1.73), 75 (1.76), 90 (2.80), 105 (3.0) and 120 (3.84) and no. of leaves/plant were also recorded higher in S1 at 15 (3.42), 30 (7.67), 45 (20.42), 60 (33.11), 75 (41.62), 90 (55.98), 105 (67.24) and 120 (75.87) DAS respectively. In the Similar treatment, no. of leaves were also found superior over other treatments with maximum total leaf area (33.57 cm2), shoot fresh weight (55.06 g), shoot dry biomass (38.34 g), plant fresh weight (60.10 g) and plant dry weight (18.77 g) as compared to other treatments applied.

The treatment (M3) media combination of Red soil + Vermicompost + FYM (1:1:1) gave significantly highest results in context to seed germination percentage (71.94 %), total leaf area (32.08 cm2), shoot fresh weight (58.70 g), shoot dry biomass (40.91 g), plant fresh weight (64.05 g) and plant dry weight (19.82 g), respectively. In same treatment, highest plant height at 15 (3.29), 30 (9.78), 45 (18.14), 60 (26.85), 75 (35.54), 90 (44.13), 105 (55.03) and 120 (60.17), no. of branches/plant at 15 (0.0), 30 (0.27), 45 (0.68), 60 (1.89), 75 (1.97), 90 (2.87), 105 (2.90), 120 (3.83)  and no. of leaves/plant at 15 (3.72), 30 (8.46), 45 (22.46), 60 (35.23), 75 (43.91), 90 (55.87), 105 (67.47) and 120 (75.92) respectively were recorded.

Interaction effect between pre-sowing treatment and different media was observed significant in seed germination percentage and maximum (80 %) in the treatment S1M3.
Identification and Morph-metric Characterization of Powdery Mildew Infecting Diverse Host Plants of Southern Gujarat, India
Authors: Nayak Anusha Mahendra , John Priya , Prasanna Siddu lakshmi , Farooqkhan  , Dhange Pooja Rajendra
Published: September 2023

Powdery mildews are obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens that are responsible for disease on a wide range of host plants with white powdery patches on plant parts. An exhaustive survey in the Navsari region of south Gujarat was carried out to identify white powdery/floury circular to irregular spots, specks or patches either on the upper surface or lower surface or both the surface of the leaves. These powdery mildew symptoms were observed on leaves, stems and pods/fruits on 39 hosts of 22 families. For precise identification of the pathogen the morphological characteristics included mycelium, length and breadth of conidia, conidiophores, appressorium, conidial germ tubes foot cell and fibrosin bodies. Majorly the genera like Erysiphe, Golovinomyces, Leveillula, Oidium, Phyllactinia, Podosphaera, Micro-oidium and Sphaerotheca were found on different hosts in this region. The maximum number of hosts were infected by the genus Oidium followed by Erysiphe. The highest percent disease incidence was observed on the asthma plant, black gram, green gram and wild poinsettia between 75-100 per cent out of all the hosts.
Assessment of Factors Influencing Utilization of Reproductive Health Services for Adolescents and Youth in Samburu County, Kenya
Authors: Ali Halima Dahir , Mogere Dominic , Juma Joseph , Kariuki Peterson
Published: September 2023

Background: Globally, around 16 million teenagers give birth each year, with 95% of them coming from upcoming nations in developing nations like Kenya, youths deal with a variety of sexual and reproductive health issues. Youth in Kenya frequently experience serious health issues like unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted infections.

Objective: The study aimed to assess factors influencing the use of youth-friendly reproductive health services among youths and adolescents in Samburu County, Kenya.

Methods: The study employed an analytical cross-sectional study design. The Chi-square test for independence and binary logistic regression were employed to establish a relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Results: From this study, the presence of a reproductive health facility (OR=2.4,95%CI=0.220-0.801) and community mobilization campaigns (OR=4.7,95%CI=0.093-0.485) increased the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services. The presence of peer pressure (OR=2,95%CI=0.266-0.971), healthcare providers' poor attitude (OR=2.1,95%CI=0.276-0.881), and lack of privacy (OR=2,95%CI=0.290-0.974) reduced the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services.

Conclusion: In this study, the utilization of youth-friendly reproductive health services was 40.6%. The presence of a reproductive health facility, having visited a reproductive health facility, the presence of religious influence, and community mobilization campaigns increased the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services. The presence of peer pressure, being male and single in the marital status category, healthcare providers' poor attitude, and lack of privacy reduced the odds of utilizing youth-friendly reproductive health services.
Anti-anaemic and Anti-leukopenic Effects of Hydromethanolic Extracts of Tiger Nut and Ginger on Alloxan- induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Iwuji Samuel C. , Uzokwe Kosisochukwu A. , Nwokorie Francis O. , Okafor Wilson C. , Okafor Sixtus A.
Published: September 2023

Aims: This study investigated the anti-anaemic and anti- leukopenic effects of hydromethanolic (1:4) extracts of Cyperus esculentus (Tiger nut) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) on the alloxan- induced diabetic albino rats.

Place: The in vivo study took place in the Department of Biochemistry, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia state.

Methods: Fresh Cyperus esculentus and Zingiber officinale was air dried at room temperature, grounded into fine powder and extracted with hydromethanol in ratio of 20:80 using Soxhlet extraction method. The albino rats (total number of 36) were randomly divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each: Group 1 (Normal control); Group 2 (Diabetic); Group 3 (Glibenclamide); Group 4 (500mg/dl Cyperus esculentus); Group 5 (500mg/dl Zingiber officinale) and Group 6 (250mg/dl Cyperus esculentus + 250 mg/dl Zingiber officinale, 50:50) were administered orally. Group 2 to 6 were administered with 160mg/kg alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally to induce a diabetic state. The haematological parameters determined were PCV, HB, RBC, TWBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC.

Results: The diabetic group treated with the Glibenclamide and 500 mg/kg Zingiber officinale extract had significant recovery (compared with the normal control) from the diabetic- induced depletion of Hb, PCV and RBC than the diabetic group treated with 250 mg/kg Cyperus esculentus + 250 mg/kg Zingiber officinale extracts. 500 mg/kg Cyperus esculentus extract showed the least recovery from diabetic induced anaemia.

Conclusion: Ginger extract showed value in the recovery from anaemia and leucopenia associated with diabetes having significantly improved the values of RBC, PCV, haemoglobin and TWBC in the diabetic rats more than the effects of Tigernut and combined (ginger and tigernut) extracts. Ginger extract treatment might also increase the defense mechanism of the body against infections in diabetes.
Unveiling the Factors Influencing Organic Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Production: An Empirical Evidence from the Mymensingh District of Bangladesh
Authors: Yunus Md. , Rahman Mohammad Saidur , Islam Santa , Sayadat Nazmus , Banik Bristy , Islam Azharul , Hassan Md. Farooq
Published: September 2023

Tomato is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetables, and faces a demand-supply gap, prompting the need for enhanced production. As global agriculture shifts towards organic practices, this study was undertaken to explore the socioeconomic status of organic tomato producers, assess the factors impacting organic tomato production, and identify the production related constraints. Following the simple random sampling method, a total of 60 organic tomato producers were selected from two villages in Gouripur Upazila under the Mymensingh district and they were interviewed using a structured interview schedule. The research reveals that the majority of farmers were within the productive age range of 36-50 years, with male dominance in the field. Family sizes were diverse, with medium-sized families being the most prevalent. A substantial proportion of farmers possess secondary-level education. Experience in organic tomato farming ranges from 5 to over 15 years, indicating a diverse level of expertise. The Cobb-Douglas revenue type production function was used to determine the effect of selected inputs on organic tomato production. The findings of production function analysis revealed that costs related to human labor, seed, organic fertilizer, bio-pesticides, and land use positively impact organic tomato production. The study also identified major problems faced by farmers in organic tomato production in which high disease and pest attacks were the most significant problems in the study area. Therefore this study will be helpful for farmers to increase organic tomato production and relevant policymakers to support organic tomato producers and further promote sustainable agriculture in this region.
External Validation of the Walter Index for Posthospitalization Mortality Prediction in Older Adults
Authors: Avelino-Silva Thiago J. , Lee Sei J. , Covinsky Kenneth E. , Walter Louise C. , Deardorff W. James , Boscardin John , Campora Flavia , Szlejf Claudia , Suemoto Claudia K. , Smith Alexander K.
Published: January 2025

Importance

The Walter Index is a widely used prognostic tool for assessing 12-month mortality risk among hospitalized older adults. Developed in the US in 2001, its accuracy in contemporary non-US contexts is unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the external validity of the Walter Index in predicting posthospitalization mortality risk in Brazilian older adult inpatients.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prognostic study used data from a cohort of adults aged 70 years or older admitted to the geriatric unit of a university hospital in Brazil from January 1, 2009, to February 28, 2020. Participants underwent comprehensive geriatric assessments at admission, were reevaluated at discharge, and were subsequently followed up for 48 months. Data were analyzed from March to July 2024.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The Walter Index, a score based on 6 risk factors (male sex, dependent activities of daily living at discharge, heart failure, cancer, high creatinine level, and low albumin level), was calculated to assess its predictive accuracy for 12-month mortality as well as 6-, 24-, and 48-month mortality. The study investigated whether incorporating delirium, frailty, or C-reactive protein level enhanced accuracy. Performance was assessed using discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility measures.

Results

In total, 2780 participants (mean [SD] age, 81 [7] years; 1795 [65%] female) were included, with 89 (3%) lost to follow-up. The 12-month posthospitalization mortality rate was 23% (646 participants). Mortality was 7% (47 of 634) in the lowest-risk group (0-1 point), 17% (111 of 668) for 2 to 3 points, 25% (198 of 803) for 4 to 6 points, and 43% (290 of 675) in the highest-risk group (≥7 points). The index demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.714 (95% CI, 0.691-0.736) for predicting 12-month posthospitalization mortality (AUCs were 0.75 and 0.80 in the original derivation and validation cohorts, respectively). Comparable results were observed for mortality at 6 months (AUC, 0.726; 95% CI, 0.700-0.752), 24 months (AUC, 0.711; 95% CI, 0.691-0.730), and 48 months (AUC, 0.719; 95% CI, 0.700-0.738). Adding delirium modestly increased the index’s discrimination (AUC, 0.723; 95% CI, 0.702-0.749); additionally including frailty and C-reactive protein level did not improve discrimination further (AUC, 0.723; 95% CI, 0.701-0.744).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this prognostic study of hospitalized older adults in Brazil, the Walter Index showed similar discrimination in predicting postdischarge mortality as it did 2 decades ago in the US. These findings highlight the need for continuous validation and potential modification of established prognostic tools to improve their applicability across settings.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Use of Helicopter Transport After Severe Trauma in the US
Authors: Mpody Christian , Rudolph Maíra I. , Bastien Alexandra , Karaye Ibraheem M. , Straker Tracey , Borngaesser Felix , Eikermann Matthias , Nafiu Olubukola O.
Published: January 2025

Importance

In the US, traumatic injuries are a leading cause of mortality across all age groups. Patients with severe trauma often require time-sensitive, specialized medical care to reduce mortality; air transport is associated with improved survival in many cases. However, it is unknown whether the provision of and access to air transport are influenced by factors extrinsic to medical needs, such as race or ethnicity.

Objective

To examine the current trends of racial and ethnic disparities in air transport use for patients who sustain severe trauma.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This population-based cohort study used data from the National Trauma Data Bank from 2016 to 2022. Participants were patients older than 15 years who sustained a severe injury and required an urgent surgical procedure or intensive care unit (ICU) admission at level I or II trauma centers with helicopter service.

Exposure

Severe injury requiring treatment at a level I or II trauma center.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary mode of transport, categorized as either helicopter ambulance or ground ambulance. A multifaceted approach was used to narrow the observed racial and ethnic disparities in helicopter deployment. The secondary outcome was mortality after helicopter transport vs ground ambulance transport.

Results

Data were included for 341 286 patients at 458 level I or II trauma centers with helicopter service. Their mean (SD) age was 47 (20) years; 243 936 patients (71.6%) were male and 96 633 (28.4%) female. Asian individuals were less likely to receive helicopter transport compared with White individuals (6.8% vs 21.8%; aRR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.30-0.48; P < .001), driven by lower use for Asian patients in teaching hospitals (aRR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.21-0.40; P < .001) and level I trauma centers (aRR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.24-0.44; P < .001). In addition, Black patients were less likely to receive helicopter transport (8.7% vs 21.8%; aRR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.36-0.49; P < .001), particularly in teaching hospitals (aRR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.33-0.50; P < .001) and level I trauma centers (aRR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.34-0.49; P < .001). A similar but less pronounced disparity was noted for Hispanic patients. Helicopter transport was associated with a lower mortality risk compared with ground transport (37.7% vs 42.6%; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85-0.89; P < .001).

Conclusion and Relevance

This study found that racial and ethnic minority patients, particularly Asian and Black patients, and notably those treated at level I teaching hospitals were less likely to receive airlift services compared with White patients. The current expansion of helicopter emergency medical services has yet to translate into equitable care for patients of all races and ethnicities.
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) trajectories predict survival in trifluridine/tipiracil‐treated metastatic colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Unseld Matthias , Kühberger Stefan , Graf Ricarda , Beichler Christine , Braun Markus , Dandachi Nadia , Heitzer Ellen , Prager Gerald W.
Published: January 2025

Late‐line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) can improve prognosis. However, not every patient has a benefit and may experience severe side effects. Thus, predictive/prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. We investigated the prognostic role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in mCRC patients before and during treatment with trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI). This noninterventional translational biomarker phase II study enrolled 30 mCRC patients (60% male, 40% female). Using a 77‐gene panel, ctDNA was detectable in 90% of patients. Tumor levels were assessed based on aneuploidy (ichorCNA) as well as the highest variant allele frequency, and correlated with overall survival (OS). Uni‐ and multivariate survival analyses were performed with clinical variables. Longitudinal changes in tumor levels over time were analyzed with linear mixed and joint models. The median OS was 8.1 months, with a recorded disease control rate of 30%. High ctDNA levels (≥ 5%) were associated with inferior survival after undergoing FTD/TPI therapy. Elevated tumor level trajectories over time were associated with higher risks of death. Therefore, ctDNA can help identify patients who are unlikely to benefit significantly from this treatment in late‐stage disease, thus preventing unnecessary treatments and their associated side effects, ultimately enhancing quality of life.
Genotype‐function‐phenotype correlations for SCN1A variants identified by clinical genetic testing
Authors: Knox Andrew T. , Thompson Christopher H. , Scott Dillon , Abramova Tatiana V. , Stieve Bethany , Freeman Abigail , George Alfred L.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Interpretation of clinical genetic testing, which identifies a potential genetic etiology in 25% of children with epilepsy, is limited by variants of uncertain significance. Understanding functional consequences of variants can help distinguish pathogenic from benign alleles. We combined automated patch clamp recording with neurophysiological simulations to discern genotype‐function‐phenotype correlations in a real‐world cohort of children with SCN1A‐associated epilepsy.

Methods

Clinical data were extracted for children with SCN1A variants identified by clinical genetic testing. Functional properties of non‐truncating NaV1.1 variant channels were determined using automated patch clamp recording. Functional data were incorporated into a parvalbumin‐positive (PV+) interneuron computer model to predict variant effects on neuron firing and were compared with longitudinal clinical data describing epilepsy types, neurocognitive outcomes, and medication response.

Results

Twelve SCN1A variants were identified (nine non‐truncating). Six non‐truncating variants exhibited no measurable sodium current in heterologous cells consistent with complete loss of function (LoF). Two variants caused either partial LoF (L479P) or a mixture of gain and loss of function (I1356M). The remaining non‐truncating variant (T1250M) exhibited normal function. Functional data changed classification of pathogenicity for six variants. Complete LoF variants were universally associated with seizure onset before one year of age and febrile seizures, and were often associated with drug resistant epilepsy and below average cognitive outcomes. Simulations demonstrated abnormal firing in heterozygous model neurons containing dysfunctional variants.

Interpretation

In SCN1A‐associated epilepsy, functional analysis and neuron simulation studies resolved variants of uncertain significance and correlated with aspects of phenotype and medication response.
The Role of ROS and Its Sources in Tumorigenesis: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Jiang Qin , Lin Xiang , Zhai Mimi , Gong Yi , Li Yamin , Liu Sushun
Published: January 2025

Ponicidin has demonstrated effectiveness against HCC by promoting mitochondria apoptosis and generating ROS through the stabilization of the Keap1‐PGAM5 complex. However, ROS can exhibit both tumor‐promoting and tumor‐suppressing activities in cancers, and exhibit different effects depending on its source—mtROS vs non‐mtROS. Additionally, since ROS from different sources possesses distinct functions, mitochondria‐targeted antioxidants, and non‐targeted antioxidants may have entirely different effects on cancer progression. To address this complexity, novel measurement techniques such as MitoSOX, MitoPY1, and siDMA are used to specifically assess mtROS, providing deeper insights into mitochondrial function during treatment. Therefore, distinguishing the sources of ROS and separately detecting and targeting mtROS and non‐mtROS can further clarify the anti‐tumor mechanisms of ponicidin and provide a foundation for subsequent research.
FXa‐Responsive Hydrogels to Craft Corneal Endothelial Lamellae
Authors: Tsurkan Mikhail V. , Bessert Juliane , Selzer Rabea , Tsurkan Sarah D. , Pette Dagmar , Maitz Manfred F. , Welzel Petra B. , Werner Carsten
Published: January 2025

Cell‐instructive polymer hydrogels are instrumental in tissue engineering for regenerative therapies. Implementing defined and selective responsiveness to external stimuli is a persisting challenge that critically restricts their functionality. Addressing this challenge, this study introduces a versatile, modular hydrogel system composed of four‐arm poly(ethylene glycol)(starPEG)‐peptide and glycosaminoglycan(GAG)‐maleimide conjugates. The gel system features a small peptide sequence that is selectively cleaved by the coagulation factor FXa. In a cell culture environment, where active FXa is absent, the hydrogel remains stable, providing a conducive matrix for the growth of complex tissue structures or organoids. Upon the introduction of FXa, the hydrogel is designed to disintegrate rapidly, enabling the gentle release of the cultivated tissues without impairing their functionality. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated through the ex vivo development, detachment, and transplantation of human corneal endothelial lamellae, achieving sizes relevant for clinical application in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK). Furthermore, the practicality of the hydrogel system is validated in vitro using a de‐endothelialized porcine cornea as a surrogate recipient. Since the FXa‐cleavable peptide can be integrated into a variety of multifunctional hydrogels, it can pave the way for next‐generation scaffold‐free tissue engineering and organoid regenerative therapies.