bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between Scylla and Charybdis? Emerging New Malaysia and Its Enigmatic Relations with China
Authors: Yeoh Emile Kok-Kheng
Published: November 2020

This article traces the evolution of China-Malaysia relations under National Front Prime Minister Najib Razak and the Alliance of Hope Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. While the Belt and Road Initiative (bri) strengthened Beijing’s support of Najib’s kleptocratic regime in Malaysia, the 2018 general elections brought the anti-graft Alliance of Hope coalition led by Mahathir into power. Under Mahathir’s leadership, Malaysia cancelled several large-scale infrastructural projects like the East Coast Rail Link (ecrl), owing to their links with Najib’s 1mdb scandal and the unfavorable terms of the bri which put Malaysia severely in China’s debt. Although this curtailed Beijing’s use of Malaysia as a pawn in its goals in the region, it alienated some of the new Alliance of Hope’s supporters and saw the loss of much Chinese investment. However, Malaysia had already been caught in the bri’s web and Mahathir had to mend fences with Beijing by renegotiating better deals and redefining Malaysia’s relations with China. As Malaysia is geopolitically strategic to China’s extension of influence in Southeast Asia, Beijing willingly cut the ecrl cost by a third. It is in such context and with due consideration of the changing developments in the Alliance of Hope’s perception of Malaysia’s relations with China that this article will explore the enigmatic nature of China-Malaysia relations as the latter strives to protect its sovereignty against Chinese influence and Beijing continues to press its charm offensive through the bri.
Colloquium 1 Commentary on Gabor
Authors: Miller Dana
Published: November 2020

This paper gives a brief discussion of the problem of ascribing authorship to ancient philosophical texts when there is evidence both for and against traditional ascription. The case in point is tradition’s claim that Simplicius is the author of the De Anima commentary. It is argued here that, while Gabor provides new and important methodological evidence for Simplicius’s authorship, we should not expect certainty. It is suggested that, in cases where historical fact may never be ascertained, we will be better served by the notion of credences.
Multilingualism and Ageing
Authors: de Bot Kees , Plejert Charlotta , Simonsen Hanne Gram , Fyndanis Valantis , Hansen Pernille , Norvik Monica I. , Svendsen Bente A. , Svennevig Jan
Published: November 2020

This publication provides an overview of research on a large range of topics relating to language processing and language use from a life-span perspective. It is unique in covering and combining psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic approaches, discussing questions such as: Is it beneficial to speak more than one language when growing old? How are languages processed in multilingual persons, and how does this change over time? What happens to language and communication in multilingual aphasia or dementia? How is multilingual ageing portrayed in the media? It is a joint, cross-disciplinary venture of researchers from the Centre for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan at The University of Oslo and the editors of this publication.
Scale Shifting: New Insights into Global Literary Circulation
Authors: Sievers Wiebke , Levitt Peggy
Published: November 2020

This special issue on scale shifting brings into sharper focus the complexity of global literary circulation, especially when viewed from the perspective of global literary peripheries. In this introduction, we present the idea of scale shifting, a concept we use to move beyond translation to include circulation in global languages, such as English and French. We build on earlier analyses that mapped previous literary worlds and shed light on the aesthetic and sociological factors that enabled outsiders to enter them by (1) focusing on how peripheralised writers scale up to gain global recognition in multiscalar literary fields and (2) analysing how, in turn, this scale shifting changes the national, regional and global levels of these fields. In addition, we provide a preview of each article included in this volume and summarise the collective takeaways gleaned from our individual case studies.
A Theory of Law and Literature
Authors: Condello Angela , Toracca Tiziano
Published: November 2020

The present publication stems from the idea that a comparison between law and literature must be framed starting from the modes in which law and literature function. In this sense, we read law and literature as arts of compromising characterised by an analogous and yet, at the same time, profoundly different structure. Both, in fact, mediate conflicts between norms and transgressions, and more precisely between a principle of normativity (repression) on the one hand, and a principle of counternormativity (repressed) on the other hand. Through a progression in three steps, aimed at clarifying some peculiarities of law (1) and literature (2), and by referring to examples of their interaction (3), some hypotheses are sketched on why a placement across these two arts of compromising suggests some theoretical itineraries on their threshold.
Body Performance and the Engagement within the City: Women Artists Reframing Gender Roles in Amman
Authors: Bellingreri Marta
Published: November 2020

This article focuses on women artists in the capital of Jordan, Amman, and particularly on their cultural practices as an expression of creative agency. Analyzing the work of visual artist and performer Samah Hijawi and of the co-founders of the art program Spring Sessions, Toleen Touq and Noura al-Khawsaneh, allows us to see the engagement in the city as the reframing of gender roles in neoliberal contemporary patriarchal societies. Their resistance to the codified norms affecting the female presence in public and in the field of cultural management is expressed and experimented with in the visual arts, within the contemporary cultural scene of Amman, the geography of the city and the political commitment, often in informal domains rather than in institutionalized contexts. Women’s creative agency in Amman challenges the status of the State’s monitorial and surveillance system within their city and their country. Artistic itineraries, performances, collective practices, urban cartographies, personal stories, individual or shared initiatives and artworks are portrayed in this article as one of the different modalities of creative agency that re-signifies feminisms today in the Middle East.
Temporary Art Platform and the Reconfiguration of the Public Space in Beirut
Authors: Castellano Carlos Garrido
Published: November 2020

The main objective of this article is to understand the ways in which Lebanese artists are dealing with issues of normativity and legibility while operating in public spaces. By looking at the work developed by Temporary Art Platform (TAP) during the last ten years, I argue that public art has been crucial in the production of alternative understandings of civic agency and the public space. Simultaneously, by looking at A Few Things You Need to Know When Creating an Art Project in a Public Space in Lebanon, a toolkit designed by TAP in 2014, I intend to problematize the lexicon and strategies that are usually associated with understanding art activism, both as forcefully contextual and provisional.
Mutations of Heroism: The Case of the Egyptian Superheroine
Authors: Soliman Mounira
Published: November 2020

The history of heroism in Egyptian culture has mostly been perceived as a male attribute, centering on the figure of the male hero, and generally excluding figures of female heroines. In this article, I explore the representation of one type of female heroism, the rising phenomenon of the superheroine. In contrast to popular definitions of heroism connected to the superhero genre wherein heroism is perceived as an extra-terrestrial superpower, recent depictions of superheroines in Egyptian popular culture focus on representing the mundane aspect of the lives of these characters, leading to a reconceptualization of heroism. I examine three examples of superheroines by three women writers, Qahera by Deena Mohamed, Nano Volta by Hanan El-Karargy, and Lamis by Safia Baraka. I focus on the concept of ‘normalcy’ by way of reading the depiction of the three superheroine characters, arguing that the emphasis on the mundane reality of the three superheroine figures proposes an alternative reading of heroism that depends on women’s agency as it explores their potential for empowerment.
When Students Misuse iPads in the Classroom
Authors: LI Pearl Han , SELMAN Robert L. , TIVNAN Terrence
Published: November 2020

In the current study, we analyzed 400 essays from 4th and 8th grade students in a city in the northeastern region of the United States on the topic of whether iPads should be used in the classroom setting, especially when students abuse the privilege. Using thematic analyses to code the essays, we found that students from both grades were sophisticated and discerning in their attitudes and views about the potential benefits and limitations of using iPads in schools. We also found that although a majority of 4th and 8th grade students (87.5% 4th grade; 68% 8th grade) generally supported the use of iPads in their classrooms, a larger percentage of 8th grade students (30%) were opposed to the decision. Students from both grades spontaneously justified their attitudes by explaining how iPad might affect individual and collaborative learning.
Digital Curation of Online Resources among English Learners at Chinese Universities
Authors: ZENG Shuang , ZHANG Jingjing
Published: November 2020

Moving beyond the ‘digital native’ rhetoric, this paper investigates what Chinese undergraduates are actually doing with online resources to learn English outside the classroom. Particular attention is paid to their dealing and managing online resources in their English learning context. A sociocultural framework is adopted to understand learners’ behaviours surrounding digital technology. This theoretical position guides the exploration into the contextually mediated choices and practices of English learners in the information-rich age. Data collection for this study includes semi-structured interviews with 49 undergraduates from two large Chinese universities. The data demonstrate that when it comes to digital curations of English learning resources, learners personalize online data and build towards a digital library. Yet, many online resources were rashly disposed and consumed. More importantly, the ways that learners deal with digital information and resources are largely shaped by their context of language learning. In light of the above, the paper goes on to consider the number of contextual factors that appear to constrain learners’ curation of online learning resources – not least the cultural artefact of examination and the existing beliefs about language learning.
Exploring New College Entrance Examination (“Xin Gao Kao”) Policy in China
Authors: Jian LI
Published: November 2020

In China, college entrance examination is the sensitive and important theoretical and practical problem concerned by the whole education system and society. The college entrance examination refers to the unified national entrance examination system for accessing the ordinary higher education institutions. In this study, the national values are examined to analyze the fairness and justice of China’s new college entrance examination system. The regional practices involve the process of new college entrance examination reform. The new college entrance examination is composed of a series of examination systems, including China’s current unified national college entrance examination system, as well as the comprehensive college entrance examination reform pilot program and independent enrollment reform program. In addition, the conclusion and implication have been offered to explore the rationales of shaping new college entrance examination in current China.
The Utilization of Business-Track Diplomacy: The Hyundai Group's Mt. Kumgang Tourism under the Kim Dae-Jung Government
Authors: Kim Jeong-Yong
Published: November 2020

This article presents the model of 'business-track diplomacy' to test a state's utilization of economic engagement strategy as security policy. The model provides ways to think around security issues and alternative security options that go beyond the traditional military containment approach to security in international relations. As a case study, the article investigates Hyundai Group's Mountain Kumgang tourism with North Korea. In this case study, it demonstrates that not only the Kim Dae-Jung government's strong policy-making will of business-track diplomacy towards North Korea but also the Hyundai Group's business will and vulnerability of the North Korean economy played important roles in realizing the tour project and thus, enhanced inter-Korean economic cooperation.
Terms of Trade, Intermediate Goods and International Real Business Cycles: Australia Case
Authors: Yoon Jai Hyung , Yoon Francis In
Published: November 2020

This paper examines whether a two-sector business cycle model with intermediate and import goods successfully replicates stylized facts of the international real business cycle in a small open economy. Our model incorporates the neoclassical framework, with productivity shocks in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, terms of trade shock, import goods and intermediate goods. Our model is able to mimic the important features of business cycles in Australia. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector has a dominant role in a small open economy's business cycle. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector increases imports more than exports.
Information Sharing Alliances in the Airline Industry: An Examination of Code Sharing Agreements
Authors: Woo Wonseok
Published: November 2020

This paper addresses the issue of inter-organizational information-sharing alliances and their impacts on firm values from the perspective of inter-organizational coordination between partners in the airline industry setting. We investigate the shareholder wealth effects of inter-organizational information-sharing alliance arrangements, using 131 cede sharing agrc.unems in the airline industry betwcm 1984-1997. Employing event study methodology, we find that the information-sharing alliances between similar partners did create positive value in terms of stock returns at the time of alliance announcements to major US airlines. However, alliances between dissimilar partners resulted in significant losses of shareholder value to the major airlines. These results strongly support our main hypotheses, that information- sharing alliances arc successful and the benefits of such alliances are realized only when coordination difficulties can be effectively dealt with.
Key Economic and Social Challenges for Latin America: Perspectives from Recent Studies
Authors: Ferranti David De , Ody Anthony J.
Published: November 2020

The paper draws on recent studies at the W odd Bank and elsewhere to highlight four aspects of Latin America's current challenges. First, high inequality, partly related to historical relations between Europeans, indigenous and Afro-descendants, but reinforced by continuing dualism between the formal and informal sectors. Second, education, where the region suffers from a serious "secondary deficit" and weak educational quality. Third, the business climate, which exhibits continuing problems with inappropriate regulation while infrastructure provision has suffered from cutbacks to public provision, only partly compensated for by increased private investment. Finally, Latin America's future sources of international comparative advantage: whether in natural resource-based exports or in manufacturing, the region needs to improve performance in mobilizing knowledge and technology.
Reunification of Korea: Economic Consequences from an External Point of View
Authors: Graham Edward M.
Published: November 2020

Korean reunification remains an uncertainty. When and if it comes, the condition of the North Korean economy is primitive compared to the economy of South Korea. Because of massive investment needs in the North, and under plausible assumptions regarding savings rates in a unified Korea, the balance of payment of a reunified Korea is likely to deteriorate significantly in the event of reunification. Foreign direct investment could ameliorate this result, and might contribute to a more rapid catch-up of the North to the South.
Economic Evaluation of Seoul City's Bus-Only-Lane Project
Authors: Noh Yooyeon , Lee Kye Woo
Published: November 2020

Following the suit of some other countries, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has ambitiously implemented the bus-only-lane (BOL) system as one of the new transportation reform plans. However, it does not seem that the project has achieved its primary goal of reducing the number of private vehicle drivers, and that the project is economically viable. This paper reports the results of an economic evaluation of Samil-Ro Bus-Only-Lane project, one of the representative BOLs in Seoul. It estimates travel demand both with and without project in order to examine the achievement of the project's goal of shifting private vehicle travelers to the reformed bus system. To test the project's economic viability, the paper also conducts a cost-benefit analysis by calculating the discounted net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and benefit and cost ratio (B/C). Moreover, both the project's uncertainty and sustainability have been checked through the sensitivity and risk analysis and the environmental degradation effects test, respectively. In the conclusion, the paper also provides policy recommendations.
A Critical Review of Existing Approaches to Siberia: Relevance to Siberian Economic Development
Authors: Youn Ik Joong , Seliger Bernhard
Published: November 2020

Russia went through major political and economic changes in the 1990s. Siberia, historically a resource-colony, also began autonomous economic development. However, economic development did not succeed as planned and resulted in total failure. Siberia still holds the same meaning to Russia, as a colony that provides natural resources. But the exploitation of Siberia's rich resources is not enough to entice policymakers and scientists to develop Siberia until it reaches its full economic potential. This leads to a concentration of research in the economic analysis of resources, energy, transport, environment, agriculture, and forestry. The focus on institutional transformation is very typical in the discussion about Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia's transformation, while micro-institutional analyses remain silent about Siberia. Emerging research on fiscal federalism and regionalization in Russia can provide basic elements of a micro-institutional theory, but elements such as a framework for education, local administration, and infrastructure are still wanting.
The North Korean Economy: Current Situation, Crisis, and Possible Scenarios
Authors: Kim Seok-Hyang
Published: November 2020

For more than a half century, the international community largely ignored North Korea. Since 1990, however, the situation has changed dramatically and North Korea has begun to attract increasing international attention. Throughout the 1990s, scenarios of a North Korean collapse were in vogue. Yet, these estimations were proved to be wrong. It is now widely accepted that North Korea is relatively stable in the sense that it seems to have little trouble keeping its political system intact and functioning. By now, the most striking aspect of the North Korean political system is its extraordinary resilience. Why then has the North not yet collapsed, despite the chronic shortages of food, energy, and foreign currency?

In this paper, I would like to raise two main questions. The first question is: “How serious are the difficulties of the North Korean economy?” And the second is: “What actions has the North Korean regime taken to resolve these difficulties and how effective those actions have been?”

The North Korean regime has been striving to readjust and improve its economic strucrure since the 1970s. The regime has sought foreign capital and technology. However, the regime has been attempting to reformulate its economic structure within the strict framework of the existing political system whose survival was its paramount concern, and therefore it has failed to link the domestic economy with the world economy. What the regime has been doing is, on the one hand, to map out policy measures designed to open up its doors, while on the other hand escalating its ideological and political campaigns to prevent the people from being “contaminated” by a capiralist culture which it anticipated would develop as a result of such measures. It is no wonder that, under these conditions, all attempts at reforming met with only limited success at best.

The North Korean regime, however, has negotiated with its people the expansion of its second economy, despite its reluctance to do so. In fact, the regime explicitly defined farmers' markets as remnants of “backward” capitalism which would become extinct as socialism reached a higher stage of development.

It is expected that the ruling hierarchy in North Korea will be able to survive for a considerable period of time, despite the threatening economic crisis. So far in North Korea, the need to safeguard the existing political regime has been given far greater priority than the need to bring about reform. However, the North Korean regime, if it intends to survive, will be compelled to carry out full-scale reforms sooner or later.
Fuzzy Ownership: A Theory of Corporate Governance and Evidence from Korea
Authors: Yun Eugene , Pak Buss Burdett
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a model with “fuzzy ownership rights” for explaining corporate governance. The purpose of this model is to capture the theoretical underpinnings of corporate governance in real-world situations, which emphasize social, economic and cultural networks. The existence of strong fuzzy ownership rights affects corporate governance in many important ways, beginning with the firm being forced to go beyond solving the shareholder interest maximization problem: instead, the firm attempts to solve a more complex problem, which is to maximize the interests of other fuzzy ownership right-holders as well.

In the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997, many countries in Asia were encouraged to adopt western-style corporate governance reforms. Although systemic changes are being adopted, with particular emphasis placed on strengthening minority shareholders’ legal rights, these reforms fail to remove fuzzy ownership rights. This paper predicts that the reform effort will be ineffectual since it leaves the behavior of the firm and its corporate governance structure fundamentally unchanged.

This paper challenges the proposition that globally disparate corporate governance systems in the long run will converge to the Anglo-Saxon shareholder primacy model. Fuzzy ownership rights holders can be expected to protect and refuse to surrender their rights when targeted by corporate reform efforts. The vested interests, which are personal to the holders because they arise from the holder’s position in the economy or in relation to the firm, present a high barrier to convergence toward a global standard based on the shareholder primacy model.
Risky Business: Legal and Economic Perspectives on South Korea's Individual Debtor Rehabilitation Acts
Authors: Kim Jasper
Published: November 2020

Two years following the 1997-98 Korean financial crisis, the Korean government attempted to bolster consumer spending and re-invigorate the national economy by pursuing a series of policies that directly promoted the use of consumer credit cards. Subsequently, consumer credit card spiked upward, which led to a dramatic surge in individual debtor defaults. The government in response mode again thereafter initiated a three-pronged legislative effort to counter the post-1997 individual debtor polemic: (i) the Individual Debtor Rehabilitation Act (“IDRA” or the “Act”); (ii)) the Korea Asset Management Company’s Bad Bank (KAMCO or “Bad Bank”); and (iii) the Credit Counseling and Recovery Service (CCRS) (collectively, the “Legal Acts”). This paper surveys and analyzes the Legal Acts approach to resolving South Korea’s post-1997 consumer credit card spending polemic.
The New Regionalism in the Developing World: Case Studies of the ASEAN Free Trade Area and the UEMOA Common Market
Authors: Houngbedji Marc
Published: November 2020

This article examines the dynamics at regional level that have been influencing and shaping the course of regional integration processes in Southeast Asia and West Africa since the early 1990s. The winding down of the Cold War led to a revival of interest in regional arrangements elsewhere, especially in many parts of the developing world, where regional economic blocs have been emerging while efforts to strengthen the existing ones have been going on. Using the particular case studies of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (ATTA) and the UEMOA Common Market (CM), this paper argues that beyond the direct impact of the proliferation of regional blocs elsewhere and the dynamic effects of globalization, which induce tight competition for production locations, trade shares, stock market capital and foreign direct investment (FDI), the adoption, acceleration and consolidation of the AFT A and UEMOA CM schemes, mostly respond to the necessity to balance the FDI diverting effects and the growing ascent of China and Nigeria emerging as regional powers. The logic of balance-of-power and the imperious necessity to get regional and international visibility in the globalizing world induced ASEAN and UEMOA leaders to undertake important regional integrative initiatives and policies conducive to create a single and competitive regional bloc, respectively within Southeast Asia and West Africa.
Discussions on Exchange Rate Behavior per Duration
Authors: Choi Myoung Shik
Published: November 2020

In foreign exchange transaction, arbitrage mechanism is the means by which a market functions with the global market order. An arbitrage confirms chat bilateral exchange rate is the same as trilateral races. However, the long-run behavior of the exchange rate could be diverged from the short-run movement. This study, in this sense, reviews the advances of exchange rates in the long-run and the shore-run respectively in order to develop desirable attainments on their optimality conditions. These effects on the economy will be discussed. In concluding words, it is revealed that the short-run and the long-run exchange rates exhibit a significant discrepancy and have different behaviors. This implies chat any spread between the shore-run and the long-run exchange rates might happen due to partially different adjustment of the arbitrage rule.
The Political Economy of Development Assistance: Lessons from South Korea for Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Kalu Kelechi A. , Kim Jiyoung
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the political economy of development assistance in sub-Saharan African countries and South Korea focusing on the importance of good governance and domestic policies in a successful management and utilization of development aid. South Korea, along with Malaysia, has been widely recognized as one of the successful cases where foreign aid actually led to a significant level of economic development. From one of the major recipient nations and the poorest countries, South Korea, in about 40 years, has emerged as a donor nation with the 12th largest economy in the world. Comparatively, despite international efforts to help Africans out of their economic and political malaise, there has been a lack of visible progress in sub-Saharan African nations as far as changing the lives of the people. In the paper, we argue that weak institutional and political structures dominated by autocrats and democrats that practice illiberal politics are the main cause of poor development policies in sub-Saharan Africa. lt is weak institutional structures that continue to undermine the efficient use of foreign aid in the interest of the people. In this context, we examine political factors that contributed to a successful management of development aid in South Korea, and extract some lessons and policy suggestions from the South Korean case for sub-Saharan African countries.
The Impact of IT Development on Rural Communities 1n Korea
Authors: Moon Junghoon , Park Joowon , Jung Gu Hyun , Choe Young Chan
Published: November 2020

The Internet has brought massive changes to human lives. Among the various positive and negative influences are the rural-urban digital divide, which refers to the information technology gap between rural and urban areas. The Korean government has made several effortS to close this digital divide. The main goal of this study is to identify how the personal and social lives of rural residents are affected by IT development in rural areas, and how the residents perceive the effect of IT development. To accomplish this goal, a survey research was conducted. A questionnaire was developed based on the current body of literature, and used to collect data. The questionnaire was distributed to rural residents in Korea and 272 responses our of a total of 300 collected were usable. Regression analysis methods were used for the analysis. On the analysis where the IT development index was used as an independent variable, positive relationships were found between the independent variables and some dependent variables such as perceived usefulness for jobs, IT usage skills, and tendencies of rural to urban migration. Findings show that rural residents are worried that IT development in rural areas may cause job loss in their respective communities, and decrease social interaction. However, positive perceptions were also apparent, as participants believed IT is useful for communications within the community, as well as better education and medical services.
Political Institutions and Official Development Assistance in Africa
Authors: Kalu Kelechi A.
Published: November 2020

This paper analyzes the domestic and external factors that impede effective use of Official Development Assistance (ODA) for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It argues that while foreign aid, especially ODA to Africa has significantly increased over the years, SSA has become more dependent on foreign assistance, and economically and politically weaker relative to other less developed states in the international system. Furthermore, it argues that reversing the trend of increasing aid and declining economic productivity in Africa will require that foreign aid, except for direct humanitarian assistance in crisis situations, be completely stopped. The paper concludes with policy directions for reforming the African state, and building strong and sustainable political, economic and socio-cultural institutions for promoting effective ODA for SSA.
The International States Systems Since 1648 and Small States 'Systemic Resilience'
Authors: Maass Matthias
Published: November 2020

Since 1648, the number of small states has varied significantly. There have been more than one "rise and fall" in the number of small states. This study begins a broader analysis into causality by investigating this phenomenon. By setting out the changes in the composition of the international states system since its inception in its modem form with the Peace of Westphalia, the study intends to discuss the proliferation of small states over time as a significant phenomenon in the history of international relations. The study then continues by linking the changes in the number of small states to major systemic changes, arguing that different types of states system correspond to different levels of "systemic resilience" of small states.
Facilitating Korean Reconciliation through Constitutional Law
Authors: Horigan Damien P.
Published: November 2020

This article looks at the so-called Korean Problem or Korean Question from a fresh perspective. Instead of advocating a quick yet costly reunification of Korea along German lines or any specific type of federation, confederation, or commonwealth, a new approach to both Korean reconciliation and possible reunification based on negotiated constitutional change, the symbolic power of constitutions, and the Habermasian concept of constitutional patriotism is proposed. Specifically, the example of the Northern Ireland peace process is presented as an alternative legal model that can be creatively applied to conditions on the Korean Peninsula.
On Divergent Tracks?: The ODA Policies of Korea and Japan in Comparison
Authors: Sohn Hyuk-Sang
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to conduct a comparative study of South Korean and Japanese ODA policies. Koren has been generally considered to follow in Japan's footsteps in its ODA policies and in its institucional mechanisms. Are Korea's ODA programs simply modeled after those of Japan? This paper tries to test the validity of the hypothetical proposition that Korea's foreign assistance development policy was established based on the Japanese experience by conducting comparative inquiries on the philosophy and purpose, implementation system, and the regional allocarion and sectoral distriburion. After analyzing the two countries, this paper argues that even though Korea and Japan share many traits in ODA polices. Korea is more likely to pursue humanitarian objeccives with its ODA rather than the politico-strategic goals of Japan.
Security Cooperation and Change of Identities in Central Asia: A Model of Acculturation through Security Regionalization in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Authors: Safiullin Askhat , Howe Brendan M.
Published: November 2020

Since its establishment in 2001, The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has gradually increased its influence and importance while becoming an independent venue for the Central Asian states to manage regional and national security. The SCO focuses on a new type of (non-traditional) security, and its diverse membership differentiates it from other security institutions. In particular, and uniquely, the SCO has impacted the national security identities of its members. The processes examined in this paper are not easily reconciled with traditional state-centric security paradigms or the dominant strategic discourse. Thus, recourse must be had to analytical tools provided by social constructivism and, to a lesser extent, English School rationalism. The paper proposes a revised model of socialization with acculturation as a central mechanism and applies it to the security identity formulation of four Central Asian Republics in order to explain the shifts in the security discourses at both the national and regional levels.
International Comparisons of Income Inequality and Welfare in the 1980s
Authors: Chanyong Park
Published: November 2020

The main purpose of this paper is to compare the income inequality and welfare levels between countries selected on a worldwide basis in the 1980s. As analytical tools, Lorenz curves, the Gini coefficients and generalized Lorenz curves are used. Implicit in our analysis is the presumption that welfare is a function of the "size" of total income and distributional equality. This study makes it possible to observe the welfare levels of the selected countries by combining real GDP per capita with income decile. It thus contributes to increasing our understanding of household income inequality and welfare levels in the 1980s. Data for this study is from the "Households Income and Expenditure Statistics, 4th edition" (HIES), one of a series published by the International Labour Organization.
Outer Mongolia and the Changing Dynamics of UN Representation: Impacts on U.S. China Policy, 1961
Authors: Kang Jean S.
Published: November 2020

In 1961, the Kennedy administration confronted wides-pread domestic and foreign anticipation that significant changes would be made to existing U.S. China policy. Although the new administration proposed to liberate the United States from past policies and offer fresh, innova-tive solutions to problems confronted worldwide, the major issues that characterized and defined the American relationship with both the Chinese Communists on the mainland and the Chinese Nationalists on Taiwan posed a challenge for the new President and his top advisers.

This study examines the Kennedy administration’s deli-berations at the United Nations with regard to the Outer Mongolian representation matter and mounting interna-tional pressures from U.S. allies and other nations for the United States to assume a more flexible posture toward Communist China. Despite the lack of a major departure from existing policies, initiatives proposing a reappraisal of U.S. China policy during the Kennedy administration precipitated discussions and debates that contributed sig-nificantly to the eventual transformation of Sino-Ameri-can relations.
The Role of Teachers in Enhancing Information and Communication Technology-Integrated Education in Cambodia
Authors: Seng Sineth , Choi Hyejeong , Shin Hyun S.
Published: November 2020

The integration of ICT in education can be an effective method of improving the quality of education in developing countries. This paper aims to examine the role that teachers play in enhancing ICT-integrated education by analyzing the perception, belief and behavior of secondary school teachers in Cambodia (N = 121). Its findings suggest that although the teachers have positive perception and belief towards ICT-integrated education, their usage of ICT in the classroom is notably limited. A number of barriers are identified such as inadequate ICT-related infrastructure and insufficient teacher training programs. Interestingly, ANOVA analysis reveals that female teachers have lower self-confidence with respect to ICT skills than do male teachers (p < .05). Policy implications regarding budget allocation and international public-private partnership are discussed.
Relevance of Exchange Rates on the Trade Imbalance in the Eurozone
Authors: Choi Myoung Shik
Published: November 2020

European monetary integration is causing economic imbalances because the optimal currency area criterion is not being properly met. Euro countries are experiencing chronic current account deficits. The purpose of this study is to explore the long-running divergent dynamics of real exchange rates and their determinants and influence.

In this estimation, we find that the real effective exchange rate (REER) has a long term equilibrium relation to the balance of current account, the demographic aging effect, and the stage of development effect as a Euro-zone group. Also, we find that individual REER discrepancies have greatly diminished in recent years while the misalignments of individual and group REERs show a steady converging tendency of their equilibrium rates. The co-movement effect on the REER misalignment indicates a weak influence of determinant factors. In addition, the Euro-zone drives the undervalued rate of 3.44% with the current account deficit of 0.08% for the sample period, and the REER misalignment is not closely related to the trade deficit.

The results for the future of the Eurozone would imply that the misalignments of currency cooperation members show an increasingly converging tendency of their equilibrium over time, and they also display co-integration regarding the current account balance and development phase as well as population aging.
Can Affirming National Identity Increase International Trust? Experimental Evidence from South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Nationals
Authors: Chung Eun Bin
Published: November 2020

How can states with a history of conflict promote trust with one another? Distrust between South Korea-Japan and China-Japan aggravates security fears and limits institutional cooperation in the region. Existing studies support the promotion of a common, overarching identity (e.g. “Asian-ness”) over a strong sense of national belonging. Are salient national identities harmful or helpful for increasing trust between countries?

Applying the psychological theory of group-affirmation to an international context and integrating experimental methods from behavioral economics, I aim to examine whether affirming national identities can increase trust of another country. In a novel experiment with South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese participants, I find that group-affirmed individuals reported higher levels of trust, measured by payments in a trust game.
Social Inequality and the Rise of Localism in Hong Kong
Authors: Nagy Stephen Robert
Published: November 2020

An increasing number of people define themselves as Hong Kong citizens or as Chinese Hong Kong citizens, rather than as Chinese citizens. This shift in identity accompanies growing social inequality, revealed by Hong Kong’s Gini Coefficient increasing from 0.525 in 2001 to 0.537 in 2011. Rising social inequality has led to localism/local-based nationalism. Is there a relationship between social inequality and increased localism? This paper argues that the growth of social inequality and increased localism in Hong Kong is partially related to migration schemes employed there to attract highly skilled global talent. This calls attention to increasing intra-ethnic distinction and discrimination in Hong Kong and its relationship to growing social inequality and localism.
Why Does Trust Mediate the Effects of Ethical and Authentic Leadership in Korean Firms?
Authors: Cho Kisuk , Park Hye Yun
Published: November 2020

Walumbwa et al. (2008) conducted research into the positive and direct effects of ethical and authentic leadership on organizational outcomes using a student sample in the United States. However, the study hypothesizes that in a non-American context within Korean firms, no direct relationship exists between the two leadership styles and organizational outcomes. This is due to the unique culture of Korea where trust is based on private networks such as regional, school, and blood ties. The results show that both leadership styles are only effective when they are mediated by followers’ trust. The results imply that the achievement of leadership requires more than the authenticity of the leader, rendering support for Eagly’s (2005) suggestion that authenticity is a relational concept.
Xi Jinping’s Leadership Style: Master or Servant?
Authors: Brown Kerry
Published: November 2020

Much commentary has been made about the amount of power that Xi Jinping has accrued since the leadership transition over 2012 and into 2013. He is interpreted by many as being the most powerful of modern Chinese leaders. But his leadership needs to be interpreted carefully within the organisation that he leads and whose interests he and his colleagues serve–the Communist Party of China. Looking at his relationship with this body reveals a more complex framework within which to see his real authority, one which implies that he is as much a servant of its corporate interests as he is an autonomous, selfserving agent.
The Expectation and Reality Gap in South Korea’s Relations with China
Authors: Park Hwee-Rhak
Published: November 2020

This paper identifies a gap between expectation and reality in South Korea-China relations. It applies the theory of “Autonomy-Security Trade-off” and analyzes incidents such as North Korea’s sinking of the Cheonan, its bombardment of the Yeonpyeong Island, and the deployment of the U.S. THAAD system in South Korea.

As a result, this paper concludes that South Korea expected more from China than it merited. Contrary to South Korean expectations, China was not ready to help South Korea on security issues. The Strategic Cooperative Partnership, which was signed in 2008 between the two countries, appeared to be just a friendly gesture, although South Korea expected cooperation in security sector.

South Korea should recognize that its partnership with China cannot replace its alliance with the U.S. It should settle for economic, social, and cultural cooperation with China and maintain security cooperation with the U.S. If South Korea reminds China of this limitation in its mutual relationship, China could also settle for its cooperation with South Korea on sectors other than security. China would therefore not intervene into South Korean security decisions as we witnessed over the deployment of the U.S. THAAD system.
South Korea’s Developmental Epoch: A New Economic Nationalism Perspective
Authors: Hockmuth Kevin
Published: November 2020

Over the last half-century, South Korea has experienced momentous economic, political, and social transformations tied to its rapid industrialization. This paper utilizes economic nationalism as a mechanism for exploring the interplay of continuity and change across several key periods of this developmental epoch. It identifies the specific ways nationalism was incorporated into the developmental politics of the Park Chung Hee era (1961-1979) and in turn how these ideological legacies weighed upon Kim Young Sam’s globalization (segyehwa) agenda (1993-1997). In pursuing these aims the paper draws from a set analytical tools developed by a group of scholars seeking to reestablish the connection between economic nationalism and the mass politics roots of nationalism itself. It finds that tracing the specific ways in which nationalism was employed in the service of economic ends during the Park era sheds light on the contentious politics of segyehwa and the particular strategies the Kim administration embraced in promoting its policies. Additionally, given the increasing prominence of nationalist politics around the globe, the paper potentially speaks to a much wider set of cases through its theoretical and empirical insights into the intersection of technical and ideological issues entwined with economic liberalization.
Renewable Energy Strategies Leading to Closer Europe-Japan Cooperation after 3/11
Authors: Vosse Wilhelm
Published: November 2020

The EU and Japan have intensified its cooperation and a broad range of fields since the early 1990s. Political, industrial and academic cooperation in the area of science and technology including in the improvement of new technologies to production of energy had become one core element since the early 1990s, and even more so with the 2001 EU-Japan Action Plan.

The 3/11 disaster and the post-Fukushima energy future promise another area of cooperation, namely in dealing with the global energy crisis. Despite common interests between Japan and many European countries and the EU in regard to energy policy, research and development in nuclear safety and renewable energy resources, post-3/11 cooperation between Japan and European countries remained far from optimal. In the immediate post-disaster period, it was the initiatives of businesses and R&D interests rather than national government initiatives that provided first evidence that cooperation between Japan and the EU and individual EU member states might become more prominent in the face of a global energy crisis. This article analyzes the changes in bilateral and multilateral relations of the EU and some of its member states with Japan, and asks whether 3/11 can act as a trigger for the development of a joint Japanese-European energy strategy.