bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Socio-Economic Impact of Soft Approaches of Climate Adaptation using Changing Fuel Practice in Indoor Air at Rural Sites in India
Authors: Verma Kopal , Kulshrestha Umesh Chandra
Published: September 2021

Majority of India’s rural population depends on biomass burning for cooking and heating purposes on traditional cook stoves called Chullah which results into indoor air pollution. The sampling for this study was carried out in two villages of India viz. Budhwada, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.) and Baggi, Himachal Pradesh (H.P.). Both the regions are significantly different in terms of culture, traditions, topography and daily practices and hence this study helped in understanding the contrast between these regions. The concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols viz. OC (Organic Carbon) and EC (Elemental Carbon) were evaluated for different fuel use in four different houses of each village. Introducing the concept of soft approaches, the residents were asked to bring certain changes in their practices by cooking either with solid biomass or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as fuel. The overall average concentration of OC was found to be higher for Budhwada (M.P.) at 124.34 ± 34.68 µg/m3 than at Baggi, (H.P.) with value 105.26 ± 35.63 µg/m3 whereas the reverse was true for the average concentration of EC with value 62.98 ± 20.75 µg/m3 at Baggi, (H.P.) and 55.51 ± 15.51 µg/m3 at Budhwada (M.P.). The average OC and EC concentrations from solid biomass fuel (dung cake) burning at Budhwada (M.P.) was respectively higher by 56.14% and 33.57% as compared to the LPG usage. Similarly, in Baggi (H.P.) village with LPG usage, a significant reduction was observed in OC and EC concentrations (76.69% and 70.10% respectively) when compared with fuelwood burning. House-wise and time-wise variations of carbonaceous aerosols at both the sites confirmed that their concentrations are lower in houses with greater ventilation and higher in cooking times (morning and evening). In Budhwada (M.P.), the concentrations of K+, Ca2+ and SO42- ions decreased significantly from dung cake to LPG use by 67.91%, 76.98% and 51.85% respectively. In Baggi (H.P.), K+ ion concentration was decreased by 63.4% from fuelwood to LPG use. A questionnaire survey conducted on the residents also corroborated the above findings where the residents agreed that LPG use has health benefits over solid biomass fuel usage but the challenges such as supply of LPG into rural interiors, financial feasibility, etc. were of serious concern. Also, changing the contemporary mindset of rural population is a challenging task.
Groundwater Chemistry at Deep Aquifer in Koyra: Khulna, Bangladesh
Authors: Das Tusar Kumar , Shaibur Molla Rahman , Rahman Mohammad Mahfuzur
Published: September 2021

Koyra (Khulna District) is the coastal Upazila of Bangladesh and is very susceptible to salinity intrusion. The surface and shallow tube well water in the Upazila is naturally saline. The quality of subterranean tube well water in the deliberate area is hardly presented for different Unions of Koyra. Dakshin Bedkashi Union of Koyra is very saline prone. Therefore, the groundwater chemistry of Dakshin Bedkashi Union was determined to legalize if the groundwater is fit for drinking and irrigation or not. Spatially dispersed 30 water samples were collected from the deep aquifer (550 to 700 feet depth) in December, 2016 and analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The outcomes were compared with WHO, USEPA and BBS drinking water quality standard and with FAO standard for irrigation purpose. The pH varied from 6.73 to 8.33, indicating that the water samples were within the WHO drinking water quality standard. The TDS showed a long range variation (230.5 to 2052.0 ppm) with an average of 841.23 ppm, of which 33% of water sources exceeded BBS standard value. The mean value of salinity was 0.65 (±0.43) ppt and EC was 1,400.9 (±904.18) µS cm-1. The loads of key ions were ranked as Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+ and HCO3-> Cl-> SO42-> NO3-> PO4-. The Piper diagram demonstrated that the existing hydro-chemical facies of groundwater were Na+-Cl--HCO3- and Na+-Ca2+-HCO3- type. The Gibbs diagram illustrated that the chemical arrangement of groundwater is mainly misrepresented by rock weathering. Silicate weathering was the profuse process along study area. The Wilcox diagram proved that the greater water sources were allowable to suspicious for irrigation. The core component analysis ensured that rock suspension and sea water intrusion was the primary source of ions in groundwater. The controlling factors of groundwater chemistry were typically related to geologic factors, while the anthropogenic factors have not any momentous effects.
Assessment of Water Quality Parameters and Aquatic Insect Assemblages in Dalvoy Lake, Mysore District, Karnataka, India.
Authors: Abhilash Hebbal Rajendra , Mahadevaswamy Malliah
Published: September 2021

Water is an indispensable natural resource vital for the survival of all life forms. It contributes significantly to the country's economic prosperity and general well-being. As a result, understanding the status of water bodies is crucial to assure their long-term use. A study on water quality parameters and aquatic insect community was therefore carried on the surface waters of Dalvoy Lake which is spread over an area of 133.43 acres and having a length of 2.2 km. Monthly water samples were collected using one-litre labeled plastic containers from three locations between the hours of 8 a.m. and 10 a.m. Water quality analysis was conducted following standard methods and compared to drinking water specifications. The dissolved oxygen content, total hardness, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity exceeded the permissible limits. Aquatic insects were collected from the same locations and preserved in 4% formalin. A total of 15 species of aquatic insects belonging to four orders, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Ephemeroptera, were identified in this study. The Hemiptera was shown to be the largest group comprising of 8 species; 4 species of Diptera; 2 species of Coleoptera and a lone species of Ephemeroptera. The computation of aquatic insect dominance status using Engelmann's Scale revealed Diplonychus rusticus, Anisops sp., Enithares sp., Chironomous sp. and Culex sp. as dominant. Biodiversity metrics like the Shannon Index (1.4-2.11) and the evenness index (0.50-0.66) reflect the agitation of the system. Based on the results of the water quality index (163.67) and aquatic insect assemblage, it is evident that the water in Dalvoy Lake is deteriorated and is unfit for domestic usage. The study also indicated the abundance of two genera Chironomous and Culex of the Diptera order which are the index of water pollution. Thus, the present study calls for urgent and strict vigilance and continuous monitoring of this perennial water body for conservation and sustainable management.
Wet Deposition of Mercury and Dissolved Organic Carbon during Pre-Monsoon and Monsoon Periods at Sitapuri Site in Delhi (India)
Authors: Sunaina Sunaina , Kulshrestha Umesh Chandra
Published: September 2021

This rainwater chemistry study was carried out during monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons in 2018. The rainwater samples were collected in the residential area of Sitapuri which is situated the southwest zone of city Delhi. The rainwater samples were collected with the help of the funnel and bottle assembly on event basis. To refrain any contamination from the ground, the assembly was mounted at 5m above the ground level on a terrace. The assembly was always installed on the onset of rain and retrieved soon after the rain stopped. The collected samples were filtered. The samples were analyzed for Mercury (Hg0), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). The Hg(o) determination was done using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry through standard addition methods and DOC species and TN species were determined using DOC/TN analyzer (Shimadzu model LCPH/CPN). The average concentration of Hg0 was recorded as 54.9 μg/l, while that of DOC and TN as 160.2 mg/l and 12.6 mg/l respectively. The study indicated that Hg0 and DOC were not contributed by common emission sources. Also, the study indicated that pre-monsoon air was more contaminated with Hg (0), TN and DOC as compared to the monsoon season.
An Investigation into the Pinnacle of Environment and Measures to Protect it with Special Reference to Renewable Energy as a Benison for Our Planet
Authors: Chouhan Dr. Hanumant Singh
Published: September 2021

Man does harm to the climate, water, ground, the different components of the world, and to nature itself, all round. There is just so much man-made waste and environmental destruction that the uncertainty waiting is sufficiently anxious to wake us up. A few developments are taking place from a climatologically standpoint of the overall scenario. Our national and regional climates are both highly polluted. In the densely developed elevations of the northern latitudes, the defensive ozone layer is fading twice as quickly as scientists assumed several years earlier. The accumulation of greenhouse emissions would contribute in the immediate term to major shifts in climate conditions due to global warming. The consequences of environmental degradation are on not only humans, but also on other living creatures as well as the natural world. The issue of environmental contamination and waste disposal will be discussed in this article. All that surrounds us is linked to the environment knowingly or unknowingly. The author of this paper is expressing in what condition our environment is now. What measures can be taken to preserve our environment? Furthermore, he discusses how renewable energy is a boon for our planet that may be proven to be a boon if individuals use it effectively.
Potential of Biotechnology in Phytoremediation
Authors: Khan Misbah , Mir Javid I
Published: September 2021

The accumulation of toxic substances involving the inorganic and organic contaminants in the soil is a global problem. Status of the World's Soil Resources Report (SWSR) recognized soil pollution as one of the main reasons affecting global soils and the ecosystem services provided by them. However, transgenic approaches utilizing the biodegradation capabilities of microbes and mammals into plants pledge an efficient and eco-friendly approach to renewing the environment. An effective method of phytoremediation involves an enhanced rate of pollutant uptake by the plant, followed by the detoxification of the chemicals absorbed or translocated. It also involves the production of genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants for herbicide remediation and exploits the principles of biotechnology and molecular biology for the introduction and improvement of potentially superior genes into plants. This review discusses the various transgenic approaches involved in the phytoremediation of persistent organic pollutants, metals, metalloids, and explosives. Besides, it also focuses on the limitations of transgenics and provides an insight into the future potential of emerging biotechnological tools and techniques in this field.
Linkages Between Sinuosity Index and Flood Sustainability: A Study of Morna River (Maharashtra), India
Authors: Susware Nilesh K. , Sapkale Jagdish B. , Susware Vinaya N. , Gavhane Shubham K.
Published: September 2021

The morphological changes in the river channel over periods that occur due to the flood events, affected the sinuosity index of the river channel. The river characteristic like sinuosity also determines the intensity of flood in a channel. Recent flood losses have increased as a result of variability in rainfall; simultaneously such problems are coming up with sustainable development. The attempted research study has been carried out to evaluate and understand the river channel changes and bank stability of the Morna river in Maharashtra. The research work also identified the pattern/planform of the river. Morna river meets Warna river near the Mangle village. Most of the streams in the upper basin area are non-perennial. The occurrence of floods takes place due to seasonal rainfall. An index of Sinuosity was used to analyze variation in river courses, as well as identify stability and instability. Therefore, this may facilitate predicting probable riverbank erosion sites and also support sustainable flood management planning for these sites during forthcoming flood events. The sinuosity index of the Morna river ranges from 1.09 to 1.44. The sinuosity indexes for the Morna river and tributaries of its sub-basins/watersheds have been calculated using geospatial techniques. The disparities in sinuosity indexes of the Morna basin and sub-watersheds having a good correlation with slope of the river , fluvial processes, water discharge and hydraulic aspects of the river channel. Seasonal potential flood risk for the agricultural land may be found at the confluence of the Warna river and its tributary Morna river when it receives heavy rainfall in upstream.
Patterns of Computational Thinking Development while Solving Unplugged Coding Activities Coupled with the 3S Approach for Self-Directed Learning
Authors: Threekunprapa Arinchaya , Yasri Pratchayapong
Published: September 2021

Using unplugged coding activities to promote computational thinking (CT) among secondary learners has become increasing popular. Benefits of using unplugged coding activities involve the cost-effective implementation, the ability to promote computer science concepts and self-efficacy in learning computer programming, and the engaging nature of active learning through collaboration. However, there is insufficient information regarding qualitative investigation on how learners develop their CT skills while working on unplugged coding tasks. This study therefore developed unplugged coding activities using flowcharts for high school students to learn computer science concepts, and to promote their CT skills. The activities consisted of five missions encompassing the concepts of sequence, repetition, input & variable, condition, and loop with condition. The data collection was carried out with 120 high students whose participation was video recorded and observed. A thematic analysis revealed that patterns of CT development started from initially developed, to partially developed and fully developed stages, respectively. The various stages were derived from different abilities to apply the computer science concepts to complete the missions with different expressions of CT skills. In addition, the study proposed a 3S self-directed learning approach for fostering the CT development, composing of self-check (in pairs), self-debug (in pairs), and scaffolding. It is therefore suggested to use the 3S model integrated with the unplugged coding activities for developing CT among high school learners.
Designs for Learning: A Research Approach
Authors: Åkerfeldt Anna , Åberg Eva Svärdemo
Published: September 2021

In this article, we present some core ideas underpinning research that takes a Designs for Learning (DFL) approach guided by theoretical considerations and choices, as well as by practitioners’ challenges and inquiries. These choices shape, and are shaped by, DFL’s research goals and motives, theoretical orientation, research objectives, questions, and practitioners’ participation and ethical considerations. Further, we present and discuss how DFL as a research approach compares to other design-oriented research strategies. Even if a DFL research approach shares several similarities with other approaches of inquiry, we argue that it remains primarily oriented towards knowledge areas that relate to understanding and developing learning and teaching – both in formal education and in informal settings such as museums.
Self-management activities and diabetes control of diabetic patients in Muang district, Nan province
Authors:   Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Sritharathikun W , Pinyopornpanish K ,   Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Aramrat C ,   Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Buawangpong N ,   Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Khrueapaeng P ,   Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Angkurawaranon C ,   Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
Published: September 2021

Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes and diabetic self-care activities in type 2 diabetic patients in Muang District, Nan Province and to explore the association between self-care activities and glycemic control. Methods Participants were interviewed for general information, self-care activities and self-efficacy. Self-care activities in diabetic patients were assessed using the Summary Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was collected to evaluate glycemic control. The data was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results Of 222 patients, more than half (56.76%) had poor glycemic control. Using multivariate regression analysis, lower SDSCA scores in diet and foot care activities were found to be associated with poor glycemic control (adjusted odds ratio = 2.29, p < 0.001 and adjusted odds ratio = 1.52, respectively; p-value 0.022). Conclusion The majority of the diabetic patients had poor glycemic control. Healthy diet is an important factor in good glycemic control. The association between foot care activity and glycemic control may not be straight forward; however, good foot care may represent adherence to prescribed diabetes treatment and appropriate life-style modification.
Identification and prevalence of factors associated with the outcome of psychiatric treatment of youths who refuse to attend school
Authors:   Department of Psychiatry, 2Department of Pediatrics,  Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Jaemwimol K , Punyapas S ,   Department of Psychiatry, 2Department of Pediatrics,  Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Pornnoppadol C ,   Department of Psychiatry, 2Department of Pediatrics,  Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Chantaratin S ,   Department of Psychiatry, 2Department of Pediatrics,  Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital
Published: September 2021

Objectives To assess the prevalence and investigate factors associated with resumption of school attendance by youths who have previously refused to go to school. Methods Between 2012-2018, a retrospective cross-sectional study measured the baseline situation and outcomes after 3 months of treatment at one tertiary child and adolescent psychiatric service of youths who refused to attend school. Sociodemographic, clinical and family characteristics as well as school environment characteristics and child behavior were used to identify possible correlations with short-term outcomes of youths who had refused to attend school. Results A total of 111 patients age 5-18 displayed a refusal to attend school. Of those, 71 patients who could be followed up for at least 3 months were examined. Of those 71 patients, 22 (31%) resumed regular school attendance and 21 patients (29.6%) resumed attending school occasionally. All subjects had been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder at baseline, and 32.4% had been diagnosed with at least two psychiatric disorders. Multiple logistic regression revealed that younger age below 14.58 years (p = 0.003), having siblings (p = 0.014), living with biological parents (p = 0.018) and having had negative interactions with teachers or learning (p = 0.029) correlated with favorable outcomes. Conclusions Youth who refuse to attend school have a high incidence of psychiatric disorders. Short-term outcomes of psychiatric treatment are fair. Outcomes of treatment of psychiatric disorders are associated with four factors: age, having siblings, living with biological parents, and having had negative interactions with teachers or learning. However, other outcomes eg., emotional/behavioral symptoms, self-efficacy, social adjustment, well-being of the patient/family and global assessment of functioning should also be considered.
Hospital Selection Factors of Sleep Disorder: Sleep Apnea Versus Other Sleep Disorders
Authors: Kim Keun Tae , Cho Yong Won
Published: September 2021

Objectives: The hospital selection factor is the criterion based on the judgment of the patients’ decision process. We investigated the hospital selection factors of patients with sleep disorders and compared that for patients with sleep apnea and other sleep disorders. Methods: This is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study that evaluated patients with a sleep disorder at the sleep unit of a tertiary referral center. We investigated the patients’ demographic information, occupational status, diagnosis of sleep disorders, and hospital-related and patient-related factors associated with hospital selection. Results: A total of 138 patients with a sleep disorder were analyzed. Internet information was the primary data source for sleep apnea patients to select a hospital, while it was acquaintances for patients with other sleep disorders. None with sleep apnea gathered information from broadcast or print media. Patients gave the highest score for the least waiting time and recency of the hospital’s facility. Unlike patients with other sleep disorders, those with sleep apnea valued the hospital’s popularity, accessibility, availability of appointments at desired dates, and medical expense benefits. Conclusions: This is the first study to analyze the hospital selection factors of patients with sleep disorders in South Korea. This study might improve the sleep medication as well as the medical system by revealing the medical use behavior of patients with sleep disorders.
Measuring pupil size and light response through closed eyelids
Authors: Farraj Yousef , Buxboim Amnon , Cohen Jose E. , Kan-Tor Yoav , Glasner Hagege Shira , Weiss Dor , Goldman Vladimir , Beatus Tsevi
Published: September 2021

Monitoring pupillary size and light-reactivity is a key component of the neurologic assessment in comatose patients after stroke or brain trauma. Currently, pupillary evaluation is performed manually at a frequency often too low to ensure timely alert for irreversible brain damage. We present a novel method for monitoring pupillary size and reactivity through closed eyelids. Our method is based on side illuminating in near-IR through the temple and imaging through the closed eyelid. Successfully tested in a clinical trial, this technology can be implemented as an automated device for continuous pupillary monitoring, which may save staff resources and provide earlier alert to potential brain damage in comatose patients.
High NA objective lens wavefront aberration measurement using a cat-eye retroreflector and Zernike polynomial
Authors: Li Peng , Tang Feng , Wang Xiangzhao , Li Jie
Published: September 2021

Wavefront aberration is one important parameter for objective lenses. When the NA (Numerical Aperture) of the objective lens becomes larger than 0.8, wavefront aberration measurement with high accuracy and low cost is difficult to realize because of the lack of a reference sphere. In this paper, a new method is proposed to measure the wavefront aberration of a high NA objective lens. A cat-eye retroreflector with a plane mirror is used to reflect the wavefront. The plane mirror is tilted in at least three different directions by certain tilt angles to collect sufficient information of the wavefront aberration under test. Specific grid-combined Zernike polynomial is built for each set of tilt angles and directions to fit the corresponding returned wavefronts. The wavefront aberration can be reconstructed from the fitting results of the returned wavefronts. The measurement accuracy is influenced by the tilt angle, tilt angle error, NA, defocus amount of the plane mirror, detector’s resolution, and other random noise. The tilt angle error is the main source of the measurement error. The relative measurement error is within 5% and 1% when the relative tilt angle error is below 0.5% and 0.1% respectively. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified experimentally by measuring the wavefront aberrations of 0.14 NA, 0.65 NA, and 0.9 NA objective lenses. Wavefront aberration measurement for a high NA objective lens with high accuracy and low cost is achievable through this method.
Intra-cavity diamond Raman laser at 1634 nm
Authors: Ma Hou-Jie , Wei Xin , Dai Shi-Bo , Yin Hao , Zhu Si-Qi , Li Zhen , Chen Zhen-Qiang
Published: September 2021

We demonstrated an eye-safe diamond Raman laser intra-cavity pumped by the 1.3 μm fundamental field for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The first-Stokes laser at 1634 nm was converted from the 1342 nm fundamental laser, which was produced by an in-band pumped double-end diffusion-bonded a-cut Nd:YVO4 crystal. Under an incident pump power of 21.2 W and an optimal pulse repetition frequency of 25 kHz, the maximum average output power of 2.0 W was obtained with the pulse duration of 5.7 ns and the peak power of 14 kW. The first-Stokes emission was found to be near diffraction limited (M2 ≈ 1.3) and to have a narrow linewidth (∼0.05 nm FWHM; instrument limited).
Public apologies and the psychodynamics of orality
Authors: Corry M. Shivaun
Published: September 2021

Though many scholars note the importance of the spoken apology, the overwhelming majority of research from the field of communication does not discuss apologies in terms of orality itself. Drawing on Walter Ong’s psychodynamics of orality, the author argues that we need to hear an apology as it is an instance of residual orality which does not make sense when analysed from the detached, rational, literate, perspective. In the moment of the spoken, ‘I’m sorry’, the desire to analyse our feelings in terms of abstract, rational concepts dissolves as we are called to forgiveness.
Evolving ‘places’: The paradigmatic shift in the role of the fashion designer
Authors: Faerm Steven
Published: September 2021

This study examines the concept of ‘place’ in the design process and the evolving role of the fashion designer. The contemporary fashion marketplace has reached unprecedented levels of abundance. This is altering society’s relationship with design. Consumers’ basic needs are being over-met and have moved well beyond the material realm; consumers are increasingly driven by their search for meaning and emotional fulfilment through design. The result of this process is the altering of their perception of design ‘value’ from the tangible to the intangible. While the traditional values of aesthetics and function remain essential components to design, a product’s ability to deliver ‘emotional value’ to the user must increasingly become the focus for designers. To succeed, a designer must shift his/her sense of ‘place’ – namely, the figurative ‘place’ from which he/she designs. Rather than creating fashion from myopic, personal biases, future designers must enter the ‘place’ of the design process by rigorously researching their consumers’ psychographics and emotional needs to ‘design emotion’. The new role of the fashion designer – the ‘Designer-As-Social-Scientist’ – takes a much broader view of the consumers’ needs. The evolution of the ‘place’ of the design process will result in products having greater meaning and emotional value; designers standing out in the oversaturated market; and businesses increasing consumer loyalty and resultant sales by offering only those products that are truly desired by their target audience.
Táticas de resistência dos jornalista
Authors: Del Vecchio de Lima Myrian , Fernandes José Carlos , Miers James Klaus
Published: September 2021

As táticas de resistência dos jornalistas são práticas à espera  de sistematização. Há investigações sobre como jornalistas fazem prevalecer os valores da profissão, mas a literatura especializada ainda recorre à dicotomia “patrão” e “empregado”, dando ao primeiro a primazia em muitas decisões. Este artigo levanta notas iniciais sobre a cultura jornalística da negociação, de modo a manter vigente a horizontalidade das relações entre publishers, editores, repórteres e o consumidor de informações. Cientes de que os empresários interferem no fazer jornalístico, temos como premissa que os jornalistas criam defesas às estas imposições, para permitir reações cotidianas. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica e seis entrevistas com jornalistas afeitos a reportagens investigativas. Concluímos que as incertezas do jornalismo diante do espectro digital conduzem à indefinição em relação à resistência profissional: a cultura jornalística é identificada, mas está fragilizada.
Body weight prediction using different data mining algorithms in Thalli sheep: A comparative study
Authors: Abbas Ansar , Ullah Muhammad Aman , Waheed Abdul
Published: September 2021

Background and Aim: The Thalli sheep are the main breed of sheep in Pakistan, and an effective method to predict their body weight (BW) using linear body measurements has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study aims to establish an algorithm with the best predictive capability, among the Chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID), exhaustive CHAID, artificial neural network, and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms, in live BW prediction using selected body measurements in female Pakistani Thalli sheep.

Materials and Methods: A total of 152 BW records, including nine continuous predictors (wither height, body length [BL], head length, rump length, tail length, head width, rump width, heart girth [HG], and barrel depth), were utilized. The coefficient of determination (R2), standard deviation ratio, root-mean-square error (RMSE), etc., were calculated for each algorithm.

Results: The R2 (%) values ranged from 49.28 (CART) to 64.48 (CHAID). The lowest RMSE was found for CHAID (2.61), and the highest one for CART (3.12). The most significant predictors were the HG of live BW for all algorithms. The heaviest average BW (41.12 kg) was observed in the subgroup of those having a BL of >73.91 cm (Adjusted p=0.045).

Conclusion: Among the algorithms, CHAID provided the most appropriate predictive capability in the prediction of live BW for female Thalli sheep. In general, the applied algorithms accurately predicted the BW of Thalli sheep, which can be very helpful in deciding on the standards, available drug doses, and required feed amount for animals.
The use of modified silica to control the morphology of polyamide 11 and poly(phenylene oxide) blends
Authors: Jeziórska Regina , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Studziński Maciej , Żubrowska Magdalena
Published: September 2021

Silica having amine functional groups (A-SiO2) obtained by the sol-gel process was used to improve compatibility of polyamide 11 and poly(phenylene oxide) (PA11/PPO 80/20) blend via reactive extrusion in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Amine functional groups of A-SiO2 can react with the carboxyl groups of PA11 to form graft copolymer with PA11 which can efficiently control the phase morphology of the blend. Silica, thanks to the reinforcing effect, significantly increased stiffness of PA11/PPO blend. On the other hand, it greatly improved impact strength and reduced the crystallinity without affecting the crystallization temperature of PA11due to excellent compatibilizing effect. SEM results showed that despite the lower content of PPO, it formed a continuous phase and PA11 - a dispersed. The addition of A-SiO2 changed the morphology from the droplet-matrix to co-continuous with interpenetrating phases. The greatest size-reduction of both phases, reflecting the highest impact toughness, was observed for the content of 3 wt % A-SiO2. With a higher silica loading, phase inversion was observed with the reappearance of the droplet structure, resulting in a slight decrease in impact strength and significant in elongation at break. TGA showed that the composites exhibited better thermal properties as evidenced by the higher initial degradation temperature (Tonset) and the maximum weight loss rate temperature (Tmax).
Incremental processing of polymer materials using the INDUSTRY 4.0 network structure
Authors: Paszkiewicz Andrzej , Budzik Grzegorz , Woźniak Joanna , Bolanowski Marek , Przytuła Mateusz , Kiełbicki Mateusz , Poliński Przemysław , Kochmański Łukasz
Published: September 2021

The article presents the possibility of incremental processing of polymeric materials using the network structure of INDUSTRY 4.0. The selected network control systems for 3D printers processing polymer materials were analyzed in terms of software and hardware identification used in industrial conditions, science and education. Both solutions requiring continuous data exchange between the controlling computer and the 3D printer as well as systems dedicated to control with the use of a computer network were taken into account. The possibilities of adapting 3D printers to work in the remote control mode and control of the incremental process are presented. The possibilities of developing processes related to 3D printing based on remote control using network systems were also determined.
Utilization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Co-solvent n-hexane to Optimize Oil Extraction from Gliricidia sepium Seeds for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Macawile Maria Cristina , Auresenia Joseph
Published: September 2021

This study was conducted to optimize the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction of oil from Gliricidia sepium seeds using response surface methodology. Initial experiments were carried out using scCO2 and scCO2 with co-solvent n-hexane to determine the effect of co-solvent addition in oil yield. In order to obtain the maximum yield, experiments were conducted using Response Surface Methodology - Face Centered Central Composite Design (RSM – FCCD) under the following conditions: pressure of 20, 30, and 40 MPa, temperature of 50, 60, and 70°C, and CO2 flow rate of 2, 2.5, and 3 mL/min. A second-order polynomial with extended cubic interaction model was significantly fitted (p < 0.05), and a high coefficient determination value (R2 = 0.98) was recorded. At a constant extraction time of 60 minutes, the best extraction yield (12.12%) was obtained at 60°C, 40 MPa, and 2.5 mL/min. The pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate were all found to have a significant effect on the oil yield. The oil was used in biodiesel production and its methyl ester composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID).
Hepatitis E viral infection in pregnant ladies, a challenge for obstetricians and physicians
Authors: Jamil Samia , Muhammad Sajid Jehangir Hafiz , Naeem Hamza , Maqsud Mahliqa , Ayyaz Mehwish , Kanwal Tayyaba , Zahoor Sarmad , Umer Mukhtar Muhammad , Muhammad Atif Malik , Manzoor Haideri Raza
Published: September 2021

Background: Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. The virus was detected about three decades ago. The incidence and severity during pregnancy vary widely around the world.Material & Methods: This observational retrospective study was conducted from March 2019 to February 2020 in Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore. 70 pregnant women with hepatitis E were subjected to detailed history taking. The diagnosis was based on positive Hepatitis E IgM (Anti HEV IgM) antibody on laboratory test in current pregnancy in antenatal period up to 42 days post partum were included.Results: Out of 70 pregnant women with Hep E IgM+ve, 3 (4.3%) women had Obstetrical hysterectomy as complications, with mean age of 26.0 Â± 4.69 years. The mean gestational age when infection occurred was 31.12 Â± 5.18 weeks. Among all females 9 (13%) patients expired due to fulminant hepatic failure, 12 (17.14%) females gave birth via spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD),17(24.2%) females gave birth via C-Section. 30 (42.8%) females were manage conservatively.Conclusion: Hepatitis E viral infection in pregnant females is a life threatening condition. The study showed that pregnant women with jaundice and hepatitis E virus infection had a high mortality rate during third trimester. Early diagnosis and management will help in the control of the disease and prevents its complications.Â Â Â
Not a Nation of Immigrants
Authors: Dunbar-Ortiz Roxanne
Published: September 2021

"Nation of immigrants" discourse is generally used to counter xenophobic fears, but the ideology behind it also works to erase the scourge of settler colonialism, the lives of Indigenous people, and the history of enslaved Africans and their descendants.
Digital divides: K-12 student profiles and online learning
Authors: Mann Bryan , Li Wei , Besnoy Kevin
Published: September 2021

Online learning for primary and secondary students has expanded significantly in the United States during the last two decades. In addition to the sustained growth of online learning, many schools and districts used online learning to respond to the coronavirus pandemic. As school leaders and policymakers move more students into online courses, they need information about which students succeed and struggle online. We examine the relationship between student traits and academic success in a statewide online learning program. We find that students identified with specific exceptionalities, students who identify as male, students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, and students from cities or fringe rural areas were more likely to struggle in their online courses. This information comes at a vital time as school leaders seek to determine the effects of widespread online learning, make decisions about the support students will need after the pandemic ends, and develop the best online learning approaches when in-person schooling returns.
Development and state of the art of landscape science in Bulgaria
Authors: Tzvetkov Jordan
Published: September 2021

The establishment of International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE), European Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE-Europe and European Landscape Convention (2000) contribute and support the exchange of different concepts and methods in the field of landscape science, and also scientific cooperation between European countries. However, the specifics of landscape science in Bulgaria are little known outside the country. This article deals with the development and status of landscape science in Bulgaria. It describes its main stages in the historical development, its main characteristics and makes some general conclusions and critical notes about the future development of landscape science in Bulgaria.
Diseño integrativo, hábitat urbano y complejidad: el reto de la transdisciplinariedad
Authors: Yory Carlos Mario
Published: September 2021

El presente capítulo aborda la relación entre pensamiento y diseño integrativo desde la perspectiva del paradigma que ofrece el discurso de la complejidad. Para ello parte de una reflexión de contexto que ubica la pertinencia de dicha relación en el marco de las relaciones entre lo local y lo global, con el fin de acotar, desde allí, la dimensión transdisciplinar y compleja del diseño entendido de una manera concurrente, transversal e integrativa. Sobre esta base, efectúa una aproximación a la arquitectura y al urbanismo desde la noción de proyecto, en lo que el diseño del mismo comporta frente a su impacto y responsabilidad socioambiental, reflexión que finalmente deriva en una serie de consideraciones que apuntan a la necesidad de desarrollar un pensamiento propio en torno al diseño que permita recualificar la orientación de las actuales formas de pensarlo, desarrollarlo y transmitirlo.
Procesos, mapas y territorios. Apuntes para la construcción de una epistemología de la investigación proyectual en diseño
Authors: Páez-Calvo Angelo , Castellanos-Gómez Luis Alfonso
Published: September 2021

El objetivo de este capítulo es construir un panorama conceptual para el planteamiento, gestión y desarrollo de los proyectos inscritos en la línea de investigación de Diseño integrativo, hábitat y proyecto. Con un enfoque de carácter teórico, se indaga en los conceptos fundamentales para el desarrollo de una epistemología proyectual: desde las nociones de proyecto y paisaje, transitando por la lectura del sentido de la estrategia proyectual y el diseño integrativo, hasta los procesos de investigación-creación. Esta lectura da como resultado una aproximación específica a la noción de proyecto que, como ejercicio intelectual, transita de manera simultánea entre procesos de análisis y síntesis, y se inscribe en territorios particulares. Así, el proyecto como proceso intelectual se constituye en una acción de pensar con las manos, como objeto de conocimiento es un paradigma dialéctico entre lo abstracto y lo concreto y como proyecto de investigación es un agente trasformador de la realidad.
Diseño y creación. A manera de comentario final
Authors: Yory Carlos Mario
Published: September 2021

El presente capítulo pretende recoger el espíritu general del trabajo, más allá de las particularidades de sus contenidos, desde la perspectiva que ofrece la relación entre creación y diseño, en el contexto de la herencia moderna y a la luz de una doble naturaleza: la política, que alude a la dimensión, pero también a la responsabilidad social del mismo, y la poética, relacionada con su dimensión emocional y, por qué no decirlo, estética o artística. Una y otra integradas en el acto creativo a través de la técnica que de tal o cual manera pone en evidencia, no solo un resultado o producto, sino un proceso en medio del cual el diseño se revela, a la vez como una respuesta a un problema o a una necesidad que compromete uno u otro procedimiento técnico (una forma de hacer) y como una forma de ser que de tal o cual modo nos muestra. Desde aquí, se confrontan y complementan lo político y lo poético en un duelo en que finalmente, gracias a la técnica, sale triunfante la forma que de tal o cual modo libera y revela el diseño.
Pythagorean Self Awareness Intervention in Caregivers of Patients with Motor Disabilities
Authors: Voulgari Fotini , Bacopoulou Flora , Artemiadis Artemios , Kokka Ioulia , Vlachakis Dimitrios , Tigani Xanthi , Chrousos George P. , Darviri Christina
Published: September 2021

Caregiving for disabled people is a strenuous task often provided by family members, with adverse repercussions on the caregivers’ health. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the effects of a novel cognitive-based stress management technique, the Pythagorean Self-Awareness Intervention (PSAI) on the stress levels and other cognitive and psychological characteristics of non-paid caregivers of patients with motor disability. In this quasi-experimental study, 59 caregivers of first-degree relatives with motor disabilities due to chronic neurological diseases, inpatients at a Rehabilitation Center, in Athens, Greece, were assigned to an intervention (PSAI, n=28) and a control group (received unstructured consultation, n=31). Psychological, cognitive, and sleep-related measurements (Zarit Burden Interview tool, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Self-Efficacy Scale, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, California Verbal Learning Test-II, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised) were held at baseline and after 8 weeks (at completion of PSAI) in both groups. PSAI was found to decrease caregivers’ stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety and improve their sleep quality, visual memory, self-efficacy, and cognitive speed processing. Future randomized controlled studies are needed to investigate the effects of this novel intervention in larger samples of caregivers.
Validation of the Greek version of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire - Short Form (PIUQ-SF-6)
Authors: Aivali Panagoula , Efthymiou Vasiliki , Tsitsika Artemis K. , Vlachakis Dimitrios , Chrousos George P. , Kanaka‑Gantenbein Christina , Bacopoulou Flora
Published: September 2021

Internet is a necessary tool of everyday routine, however, concerns about the development of abnormal behaviours in relation to its use by adolescents are constantly growing. The need of brief screening tools for problematic internet use in teenagers in Greece is imperative. The purpose of this study was to validate the 6-item short form of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-SF-6) in a Greek sample of adolescents.The sample consisted of 200 adolescents (55.0% males, 61.6% high school students, 38.4% junior high school students) who completed the study’s questionnaires i.e., a demographic questionnaire, the PIUQ-SF-6, the Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ) and the Adolescent Computer Addiction Test (ACAT).The internal consistency of the Greek version of PIUQ-SF-6 was sufficient and acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient a = 0.80). Confirmatory Factor Analysis was significant, and goodness-of-fit was adequate. For establishing convergent validity, Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated between the PIUQ-SF-6 and ACAT scales and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis (between PIUQ-SF-6 and YDQ) indicated an excellent accuracy.The Greek version of the PIUQ-SF-6 demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties (reliability and validity) and is recommended as a reliable screening tool for problematic internet use in Greek adolescents.
Down-regulation of IGHG1 enhances Protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibits hemin biosynthesis in colorectal cancer by suppressing the MEK-FECH axis
Authors: Yang Guangjian , Li Gang , Du Xuemei , Zhou Wenting , Zou Xiaohong , Liu Yuanfu , Lv Hong , Li Zhenjiang
Published: September 2021

Immunoglobulin γ-1 heavy chain constant region (IGHG1) is a functional isoform of immunoglobulins and plays an important role in the cytolytic activity of immune effector cells. Dysregulated IGHG1 was implicated in the occurrence and development of various tumors. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is an endogenous fluorophore and is used in photodynamic therapy, which induces the generation of reactive oxygen species to initiate the death of tumor cells. However, the roles of IGHG1 in the colorectal cancer cell proliferation and PpIX accumulation have not been reported yet. Data from qRT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that IGHG1 was up-regulated in the colorectal cancer cells. Colorectal cancer cells were then transfected with shRNA targeting IGHG1 to down-regulate IGHG1 and conducted with Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) and colony formation assays. Results demonstrated that shRNA-mediated down-regulation of IGHG1 decreased cell viability of colorectal cancer and suppressed cell proliferation. Moreover, PpIX accumulation was promoted and the hemin content was decreased by the silence of IGHG1. Interference of IGHG1 reduced the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and ferrochelatase (FECH) expression, resulting in retarded cell proliferation in an MEK-FECH axis-dependent pathway.
Hydraulic characteristics of integrated settler based biofilm reactor as onsite sanitation system
Authors: Singh Surya Pratap , Sharma Meena Kumari , Gaur Rakesh Chandra
Published: September 2021

The present study identifies the hydraulic efficiency of a novel onsite sanitation system at variable hydraulic shock loading conditions. The system consisted of three chambers, each working as an up-flow anaerobic bioreactor, accommodated within a single unit. The hydraulic characteristics were identified with the help of residence time distribution (RTD) analysis by step feeding of lithium chloride (LiCl) solution into the system. The experiments were run at variable hydraulic loading conditions at different peak flow factors (PFF) of 1, 2, 4 and 6 while maintaining 24-h hydraulic retention time. As revealed in the RTD analysis, the biofilm reactor achieved a very good hydraulic efficiency that varied from 0.76 to 0.81 at PFF 1, 2 and 4. Although in the case of PFF6, it was comparatively low. It was noted that the dispersion number was always below 0.2 at variable hydraulic shock loading conditions under different PFFs, which indicated that the reactor behaved perfectly between mixed-flow and plug-flow reactor. The system was also able to achieve good pollutant removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) under all PFFs, which was more than 68 and 75%, respectively.