bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrogen and progesterone together expand murine endometrial epithelial progenitor cells
Authors: Janzen Deanna M. , Cheng Donghui , Schafenacker Amanda M. , Paik Daniel Y. , Goldstein Andrew S. , Witte Owen N. , Jaroszewicz Artur , Pellegrini Matteo , Memarzadeh Sanaz
Published: January 2013

Synchronous with massive shifts in reproductive hormones, the uterus and its lining the endometrium expand to accommodate a growing fetus during pregnancy. In the absence of an embryo the endometrium, composed of epithelium and stroma, undergoes numerous hormonally regulated cycles of breakdown and regeneration. The hormonally mediated regenerative capacity of the endometrium suggests that signals that govern the growth of endometrial progenitors must be regulated by estrogen and progesterone. Here, we report an antigenic profile for isolation of mouse endometrial epithelial progenitors. These cells are EpCAM+CD44+ITGA6hiThy1−PECAM1−PTPRC−Ter119−, comprise a minor subpopulation of total endometrial epithelia and possess a gene expression profile that is unique and different from other cells of the endometrium. The epithelial progenitors of the endometrium could regenerate in vivo, undergo multilineage differentiation and proliferate. We show that the number of endometrial epithelial progenitors is regulated by reproductive hormones. Coadministration of estrogen and progesterone dramatically expanded the endometrial epithelial progenitor cell pool. This effect was not observed when estrogen or progesterone was administered alone. Despite the remarkable sensitivity to hormonal signals, endometrial epithelial progenitors do not express estrogen or progesterone receptors. Therefore, their hormonal regulation must be mediated through paracrine signals resulting from binding of steroid hormones to the progenitor cell niche. Discovery of signaling defects in endometrial epithelial progenitors or their niche can lead to development of better therapies in diseases of the endometrium.
Automatic test case generation from Simulink/Stateflow models using model checking
Authors: Mohalik Swarup , Gadkari Ambar A. , Yeolekar Anand , Shashidhar K.C. , Ramesh S.
Published: January 2013

Model‐based test generation techniques based on random input generation and guided simulation do not satisfy the demands of high test coverage and completeness guarantees as required by safety‐critical applications. Recently, test generation techniques based on model checking have been reported to bridge this gap. To evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques, an in‐house tool suite, AutoMOTGen, has been developed for Simulink/Stateflow and applied on real‐life case studies at General Motors. This paper outlines the test generation methodology of AutoMOTGen and gives a comparative study with a commercial, primarily random input‐based, test generation tool on the same set of examples. The results indicate that in terms of coverage, model checking‐based techniques complement the random input‐based techniques. In addition, they provide proofs for unreachability that can aid in debugging the models. Therefore, it is recommended that model checking‐based tools be utilized to complement and enhance the effectiveness of model‐based testing methods in safety‐critical systems engineering. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress and cognition
Authors: Sandi Carmen
Published: January 2013

Stress can affect cognition in many ways, with the outcome (i.e., facilitating or impairing) depending on a combination of factors related to both stress and the cognitive function under study. Among the factors identified as particularly relevant to define the cognitive effects of stress are the intensity or magnitude of stress, its origin (i.e., whether triggered by the task or externally), and its duration (i.e., whether acute or chronically delivered). At the cognitive end, the specific cognitive operation (e.g., implicit or explicit memory, long‐term or working memory, goal‐directed or habit learning) and information processing phases (e.g., learning, consolidation, and retrieval) are essential as well to define stress effects. The emerging view is that mild stress tends to facilitate cognitive function, particularly in implicit memory or simple declarative tasks or when the cognitive load is not excessive. Exposure to high or very high stress acutely (whether elicited by the cognitive task or experienced before being trained or tested in the task) or chronically impairs the formation of explicit memories and, more generally, of those that require complex, flexible reasoning (as typically observed for hippocampus‐ and prefrontal cortex‐related functions) while improving performance of implicit memory and well‐rehearsed tasks (as reported for amygdala‐dependent conditioning tasks and for striatum‐related processes). In addition to these general principles, there are important individual differences in the cognitive impact of stress, with gender and age being particularly influencing factors. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:245–261. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1222

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Linolelaidic Acid Induces a Stronger Proliferative Effect on Human Umbilical Vein Smooth Muscle Cells Compared to Elaidic Acid
Authors: Li Xiao‐Ping , Luo Ting , Li Jing , Fan Ya‐Wei , Liu Rong , Hu Jiang‐Ning , Liu Xiao‐Ru , Deng Ze‐Yuan
Published: January 2013

Trans fatty acids (TFA) have been considered as an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease, sudden death and insulin‐resistance, and different TFA isomers may have different effects on the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two major TFA, elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid which have the same number of carbons but a different number and configuration of trans bonds, on the proliferation of human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMC). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry assays showed that the cell proliferation rose to 115.37 ± 0.39 and 117.5 ± 0.57 % and the cell number in the S phase of the cell cycle reached 27.7 ± 0.7 and 25.8 ± 2.8 % when treated with 50 μM elaidic acid and 20 μM linolelaidic acid, respectively. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses showed that the two TFA increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA, CDK2 and Cyclin E in HUVSMC. Moreover, gas chromatography analysis showed that the total PUFA level of HUVSMC was lower after treatment with the two TFA, especially n‐3 PUFA. These results suggested that linolelaidic acid exhibited a stronger proliferative effect on HUVSMC than elaidic acid, and regulation of CDK2 and Cyclin E may be important for the effect of the TFA on atherosclerosis.
Trace Elements Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Basalt from the Southern Part of the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Pandey Sanjay Kumar , Pal Sucharita , Shrivastava J. P. , Roonwal G. S.
Published: January 2013

Trace element geochemistry of basalt samples collected from 6°S-24°S of the southern EPR, representing a super-fast spreading axis is discussed. Trace element data classify these basalts into Normal and Transitional types of MORB, however, LREE enrichment is also observed in few of them. Chondrite normalized REE data plots show highly fractionated nature of these lavas, suggesting their derivation from the primitive mantle source. Petrogenetic modeling of the data suggests variation in the solidus pressure (14-20 kb.) and temperature (1316-1425°C), where 15 to 20% partial melting of the mantle is accountable for the generation of the melt. The pressure and temperature conditions at the beginning of the mantle melting were high along higher latitudes (24°S of EPR), but it gradually lowered down in the lower latitudinal areas (6°S of EPR), supporting for the presence of passively rising upper mantle beneath the Southern EPR.
Determination of the Fractal Dimension of a Shore Platform Profile
Authors: Dasgupta Rajarshi
Published: January 2013

Morphological studies of shore platforms have focused on elements like width, gradient and elevation, while mostly ignoring the surface roughness as a morphometric attribute. This paper uses the Roughness-length method to show how the Fractal Dimension of a shore platform profile can be obtained. The higher the value of the fractal dimension, the higher is the roughness of the platform. The studied profile is situated in Houghton Bay on the south coast of Wellington, New Zealand. The fractal dimension of the profile under consideration was found to be 1.314. However, one profile is not sufficient to provide information about the surface roughness of a shore platform. Therefore, a number of profiles should be taken to have an idea about surface roughness.
Brief report: Adolescent adjustment in affluent communities: The role of motivational climate and goal orientation
Authors: Travers Lea V. , Bohnert Amy M. , Randall Edin T.
Published: January 2013

Researchers now recognize that affluent youth experience tremendous achievement pressures, yet contributing factors or outcomes are rarely explored. Using a sample of affluent adolescents, the present study investigates the mediating role of goal orientation (GO) on relations between school motivational climate (MC) and adolescent adjustment. Adolescents from four high schools completed measures of MC (i.e., Performance and Mastery), GO (i.e., Ego and Task), and adjustment (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, and life satisfaction). Performance climates were associated with more adjustment problems while Mastery climates were associated with fewer adjustment problems. Adolescents with higher Ego orientation reported more depressive and anxiety symptoms, while adolescents with higher Task orientation indicated fewer depressive symptoms and greater life satisfaction. Adolescent Task orientation mediated the relations between Mastery climate and two adjustment outcomes (i.e., depressive symptoms and life satisfaction). Results suggest the importance of non‐competitive achievement‐oriented values and collaborative school contexts in adolescent adjustment.
Indigenous Specializations: Dreams, Developments, Delivery and Vision
Authors: Richardson Kinewesquao/Cathy , Thomas Qwul'sih'yah'maht/Robina , Green Kundoque/Jacquie , Ormiston Naadli/Todd
Published: January 2013

This article documents the establishment of the Indigenous Specializations program in the School of Social
Work at the University of Victoria. In the absence of funding for Indigenous programs, First Nations
professors Robina Thomas and Jacquie Green developed the Indigenous Specializations program ‘off the side of
their desk’. This article describes the process of creating a culturally specific program for Indigenous
students in a mainstream university. Many of the challenges depicted in the article are ongoing, alongside
various successes and victories for Indigenous graduates.
Indigenous Students’ Increasing Risk of Grade Repetition in Early Schooling
Authors: Anderson Robyn
Published: January 2013

The current study considers grade repetition rates in the early years of school, Preparatory (Prep) to Year
3, in Queensland state schools, of which there is a significant gap in the Australian research literature.
Data accessed from the Queensland Government's Department of Education and Training (DET), shows that
particular groups of students are more at risk of being repeated in the preschool/Prep year. These groups
include boys and until recently, non-Indigenous students. However, the most recent data collected in 2009
shows that Indigenous students are more at risk of being repeated in all early years of schooling. As grade
repetition has been shown to have limited value, it remains a concern that this intervention practice
continues to be offered to students, and in particular Indigenous students, who may already be educationally
disadvantaged. While grade repetition rates are low in Queensland state schools, the possible negative
academic, social and emotional consequences for students who are repeated warrants serious re-evaluation of
this long-term, early intervention practice in Australian schools.
Key Factors for the Development of a Culturally Appropriate Interactive Multimedia Informative
Program for Aboriginal Health Workers
Authors: El Sayed Faeka , Soar Jeffrey , Wang Zoe
Published: January 2013

This research aims to create and evaluate a model for a culturally appropriate, interactive, multimedia and
informative health program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health workers that aims to improve the
capacity to independently control their learning within an attractive learning environment. The research also
aims to provide recommendations for policy development and further research. This study involved four phases:
program needs assessment, identification of the key factors that should be considered in developing the
CD-ROM, model development, and formative evaluation for the model. A general needs assessment as a first step
in program development highlighted the presence of continuing education gaps and indicated the need for a new
means to deliver a sustainable, efficient and culturally acceptable program. This article explores the second
objective in this study, which is the identification of the key factors considered for developing the program.
The identification began with a systematic review of the literature which served as background information,
followed by qualitative semistructured interviews with diverse key stakeholders to explore their expectations
and recommendations. The findings indicated that the most important key factors could be categorised under
four main categories: cultural factors, information technology availability and literacy, learning aspects,
and interactive multimedia factors. Cultural factors included cultural inclusivity, oral cultural,
pre-existing knowledge, and Aboriginal preferred learning styles. Information technology factors concerned
technology availability and literacy. Learning aspects highlighted the impact of the learning theory in model
design. Interactive multimedia development factors explored included the requirements for the process, fitting
and design of the program. Recommendations for program design were also provided.
Funds of Knowledge of Sorting and Patterning: Networks of Exchange in a Torres Strait Island
Community
Authors: Ewing Bronwyn
Published: January 2013

This article focuses on the funds of knowledge that are mathematical in nature and how they might be used to
support parents and children with their learning of mathematics that is taught and learned in the early years
of school. Funds of knowledges are those that have been historically and culturally accumulated into a body of
knowledge and skills essential for people's functioning and wellbeing. Drawing on community research design,
where the process of learning is owned and framed by the community and its people, a consultative meeting was
held to discuss the pilot project.
Addressing the Language and Literacy Needs of Aboriginal High School VET Students who Speak SAE
as an Additional Language
Authors: Oliver Rhonda , Grote Ellen , Rochecouste Judith , Exell Mike
Published: January 2013

Vocational Education and Training (VET) in high schools has had positive effects on the retention of
Indigenous students, providing important pathways into further education and the workforce. However, low-level
literacy (and numeracy) skills can make successful completion difficult, especially for students who speak
Standard Australian English as an additional language or dialect. This article describes research undertaken
to inform the development of a second language and literacy needs analysis model designed for
high school VET teachers to address the needs of Indigenous students. The study draws on second language
acquisition research, which demonstrates the value of using tasks as the basis for language
teaching syllabus design, with needs analysis as a fundamental aspect of this. The project
centred on Aboriginal high school VET students from remote and rural communities in Western Australia, who
speak English as an additional language/dialect. Data collected included: individual and focus group
interviews, training materials, and observation field notes on the language and literacy practices in
classrooms and workplaces. The major findings focus on the development of oral language (for both job-oriented
and social interactions in the workplace) and literacy skills, as well as the need to overcome ‘shame’ and
develop confidence for speaking to non-Aboriginal people.
Towards a Decolonising Pedagogy: Understanding Australian Indigenous Studies through Critical
Whiteness Theory and Film Pedagogy
Authors: Hook Genine
Published: January 2013

This article explores student and teacher engagement with Australian Indigenous Studies. In this article I
identify key themes in the film September (2007) that demonstrate how the film can be used as
a catalyst for student learning and discussion. Critical whiteness theory provides a framework to explore
three themes, the invisibility of whiteness, the reachability of whiteness and the cultural interface.
Critical whiteness theory identifies the way in which non-Indigenous people centralise and normalise whiteness
within colonised societies, and particularly considers how white privilege is maintained. Interpreting the
film September through the lens of critical whiteness theory contributes to translating
curriculum and social justice aims of education into action.
Beyond Legitimation: A Tribal Response to Māori Education in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Tomlins Jahnke Huia
Published: January 2013

This article describes an intervention strategy, initiated under the New Zealand Government's tribal
partnership scheme, which promotes a culture-based/place-based approach to education in mainstream schools and
early childhood centres in one tribal region. Through place-based education children are immersed in local
heritage, including language and culture, landscapes, opportunities and experiences. The strategy is a tribal
response to the overwhelming evidence of Māori underachievement in education in the tribal catchment. A case
study is presented of a place-based/culture-based initiative called the Ngāti Kahungunu Cultural Standards
Project (NKCSP). It is argued that the development of cultural standards offers an opportunity by which
teachers and others within the education sector can develop and incorporate practice that reflects, promotes
and values the student's culture. The core assumption underpinning the project is that cultural knowledge
contributes to Māori student success in education.
Teachers, Time, Staff and Money: Committing to Community Consultation in High Schools
Authors: Maxwell Jacinta
Published: January 2013

State and Federal education departments have increasingly recognised the importance of community consultation
in the development of school curricula, and the requirement for teachers to consult with Indigenous
communities is explicit in many curriculum documents. This article reports the findings of research into how
teachers of senior Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies are engaging with consultation as part of
their work. As Australia moves towards full implementation of a national curriculum that requires the
embedding of Indigenous perspectives across all subjects, an understanding of how teachers are currently
experiencing community consultation is particularly important.
Editorial
Authors: The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education
Published: January 2013

What is the state of play in Indigenous education today? What kind of thinking is driving the reform agenda
in Indigenous education right now? What kinds of gains have we made and what work is there yet to do? In an
era of unprecedented ‘gap’ talk, these are pressing questions, which the articles in this issue address and
explore.
THE PAST AND SPACE: ON ARGUMENTS IN AFRICAN LAND CONTROL
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: January 2013

The contemporary construction of the past is crucial for the successful vindication of political rights in Africa. Often, however, more than a single past proves potentially valid as a claim to land and office. When arguments of the past, furthermore, intertwine with competing projections of legitimate forms of land control, complex combinations of claims emerge. The ubiquity of ‘the past’ in African politics and the increasing competition over space suggest that the naturalness with which some refer to the past and others conceive of space should be under constant scrutiny. Based on work in northern Ghana, the article argues that the contemporary construction of the past, as either tradition or history, and the competing projections of land control, as either property or political territory, interdigitate in complex ways. This affords certain rhetorical or discursive combinations that competing social elite groups instrumentalize. Each group sees its interests best served by a particular reading of the past and a particular conception of space.
THE STRATEGIC INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF LAND TENURE IN ‘STATE-BUILDING’: THE CASE OF JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN
Authors: Badiey Naseem
Published: January 2013

Debates over land tenure have been instrumental to state-building in South Sudan since the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Focusing on the local dynamics of post-conflict reconstruction in the town of Juba, this article argues that amidst the political and institutional change inaugurated by the transition from war to peace, debates over land provided a basis for the negotiation of the South Sudanese state. Actors at a variety of levels employed competing interpretations of rights to land as state-building strategies – as tools towards promoting particular visions of the state and of citizenship.
OF LAND AND LEGITIMACY: A TALE OF TWO LAWSUITS
Authors: Askew Kelly , Maganga Faustin , Odgaard Rie
Published: January 2013

Through a comparative analysis of two recent Tanzanian lawsuits concerning pastoralist–farmer disputes over land, this article argues that the judicial system is being employed as a vehicle for legitimizing dispossession. Wealthy elites who find their efforts to acquire vast tracts of land thwarted by protective mechanisms in the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999 are turning to the courts to get what they want. Having access to deeper pockets and being able to out-lawyer and out-manoeuvre their poorer and often less-educated opponents enables elites (including the government itself) to avail themselves of the judicial system and acquire land through illegitimate means. Yet our analysis also illustrates that Tanzanian courts at times act independently of political influence and secure property rights for at least some of the dispossessed. An unusual mix of conflicting pressures and key personalities in these two cases coalesced to produce unexpected outcomes in favour of the Maasai defendants, whose land and legitimacy were on the line. Winning, however, came at considerable cost.
WHATEVER IT TAKES: TENURE SECURITY STRATEGIES OF COMMUNAL LAND RIGHT HOLDERS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Goodwin David
Published: January 2013

This article looks at ways in which communal area right holders in Zimbabwe attempt to add security to their land rights when faced with altered circumstances. Apart from quasi-legal means such as ad hoc diagrams, which were beyond the scope of this article, two principal strands were found by which land right security is bolstered. First, investment in interpersonal ties (both with the living and the dead), and second, ceremonies for forging and maintaining links with land. For both, it was found that traditional practices have been bent and adapted pragmatically to suit contemporary contexts. Increased mobility and remoteness from rural homes have also given rise to a degree of abstraction (for example, the symbolic use in urban settings of soil or grain brought from communal areas). Where both custom and formal law coexist pluralistically, custom has proved the more flexible of the two and, unless demonstrably better security is offered, it seems likely that custom will continue to be invoked and modified to provide security for new circumstances.
IV.—Some Ecological Aspects of the Intertidal Area of the Estuary of the Aberdeenshire Dee
Authors: Milne Alec
Published: January 2013

In the seaward direction in an estuary there are usually the following main gradients:—

(a) Increase in osmotic pressure (total salt content, especially chlorides).

(b) Increase in calcium and magnesium content.

(c) Increase in alkalinity.

(d) Increase in winter and decrease in summer temperature.

(e) Increase in light penetration.

There are other gradients of less importance. The first three are dependent on salinity. Thus, from the ecological standpoint, the three important physical observations relative to the study of estuarine life are the salinity, temperature, and light (silt content) gradients.

Ecological studies are directed towards the elucidation of two types of problems:

(i) Characteristics of the physical environment relevant to the distribution of specific forms of life.

(ii) The growth of mixed populations and their interrelations in a homogeneous environment or in a physical gradient.

The present study concerns itself especially with the former, and to a less extent with the latter.
VIII.—The Soils and Vegetation of the Bin and Clashindarroch Forests
Authors: Muir A. , Fraser G. K. , Steven H. M.
Published: January 2013

The Bin and Clashindarroch Forests lie some 40 miles to the north-west of Aberdeen. Clashindarroch Forest, the larger of the two, stretches from the Rhynie-Cabrach road in the south almost to the Huntly–Glass road in the north. The Bogie valley in the east forms another rough boundary for the hill mass that the forest occupies. On the west the area marches with the county boundary. The Bin Forest consists of two main sections—the Bin itself to the north-west of Huntly, and the Balloch which lies between Keith and Grange, being partly in Banffshire. Both of these areas are more or less isolated hills.
VIII. Answers to the Objections of M. de Luc with regard to the Theory of Rain
Authors: Hutton James
Published: January 2013

M. De Luc, in his Idées sur la Météorologie, has made some objections to the Theory of Rain which I had the honour to lay before this Society. I shall now endeavour to answer these objections; and hope the Society will forgive me for taking up a little of their time and attention with this subject. The reputation of M. de Luc is so well established in the republic of letters, that I must not neglect remarks which have the fanction of such authority; although, in the present case, they appear to me to have come from a judge who was too much preoccupied with a different system.
XI. On the Motion of Light, as affected by refracting and reflecting Substances, which are also in Motion
Authors: Robison John
Published: January 2013

Few of the mathematicians and philosophers of the present age have acquired a greater or better founded reputation than the celebrated Abbé Boscovich; and there is none from whose writings I have received such variety of instruction and entertainment. His Theory of Natural Philosophy will ever be considered by impartial judges, not only as one of the boldest, but also as one of the most ingenious researches into the secrets of nature. There is hardly a branch of physico-mathematical philosophy which he has not cultivated with success; and in this cultivation he has exhibited the most acute penetration and the greatest address. In all his investigations too he has given the most beautiful specimens of geometrical invention and elegance, and greatly heightens the pleasure of his readers, by marking out distinctly the progress of his own mind in his researches.
XII. Demonstrations of some of Dr Matthew Stewart's General Theorems
Authors: Small Robert
Published: January 2013

That excellent Geometer the late Dr Matthew Stewart, as long ago as the year 1746, published his book of General Theorems, all of them, except the first five, without the demonstrations. As I do not find that any demonstration of them has ever been made public, I may perhaps flatter myself that what I now communicate to this Society will not be wholly unacceptable. The demonstrations given are of the propositions relating to the sums of the squares, and of the fourth powers of lines drawn in a certain manner, and are selecled from the rest, as most connected with one another. The theorems that respect the cubes and other higher powers, may afford materials for another paper, should this meet with the approbation of the Society.
XIV. On the Resolution of Indeterminate Problems
Authors: Leslie John
Published: January 2013

It is a fundamental principle in Algebra, that a problem admits of solution, when the number of independent equations is equal to that of the unknown quantities. If simple expressions only occur, the answers will always be found in numbers, either whole or fractional. But if the higher functions be concerned, the values of the unknown quantities will commonly be involved in surds, which it is impossible to exhibit on any arithmetical scale, and to which we can only make a repeated approximation. Hence the origin of that branch of analysis which is employed in the investigation of those problems, where the number of unknown quantities exceeds that of the proposed equations, but where the values are required in whole or fractional numbers. The subject is not merely an object of curiosity; it can be applied with advantage to the higher calculus. Yet the doctrine of indeterminate equations has been seldom treated in a form equally systematic with the other parts of algebra. The solutions commonly given are devoid of uniformity, and often require a variety of assumptions. The object of this paper is to resolve the complicated expressions which we obtain in the solution of indeterminate problems, into simple equations, and to do so, without framing a number of assumptions, by help of a single principle, which, though extremely simple, admits of a very extensive application.
II. Remarks on some Passages of the sixth Book of the Eneid
Authors: Beattie James
Published: January 2013

The poetical beauties of Virgil's sixth book are great and many; and a most agreeable task it would be to point them out: but that is not my present purpose. Nor do I intend to draw a comparison of the sentiments of our poet with those of Homer, concerning a future state. From Homer, no doubt, Virgil received the first hint of this episode ; but the evocation of the ghosts, in the eleventh book of the Odyssey, is not in any degree so striking, or so poetical, as Eneas's descent into the world of spirits. Nor does the former exhibit any distinct idea of retribution. In it all is dark and uncomfortable. “I would rather, says the ghost of “Achilles, be the slave of a poor peasant among the living, “than reign sole monarch of the dead:” a passage blamed, not without reason, by Plato, as unfriendly to virtue, and tending to debase the soul by an unmanly fear of death.
VII. An Essay on the Character of Hamlet, in Shakespeare's Tragedy of Hamlet
Authors: Robertson Thomas
Published: January 2013

The Character of Hamlet, has been variously judged of by critics, and what might be expected, it has been still more variously represented by performers upon the stage. Shakespeare himself seems to have apprehended that this would happen; and that injustice would be done to a hero, who probably, in his estimation, ranked higher than any other that he has brought into the drama.
Non‐autophagic roles of autophagy‐related proteins
Authors: Subramani Suresh , Malhotra Vivek
Published: January 2013

Autophagy and autophagy‐related processes are fundamentally important in human health and disease. These processes are viewed primarily as cellular degradative pathways that recycle macromolecules and dysfunctional or redundant organelles into amino acids, sugars and lipids, especially during starvation. However, the ubiquitin‐like autophagy proteins and other components of the autophagic machinery additionally participate in cellular reprogramming. We highlight these non‐autophagic roles of autophagy proteins with the aim of drawing attention to this growing, but unexplored, research topic. We focus on the non‐autophagic functions of autophagy proteins in cell survival and apoptosis, modulation of cellular traffic, protein secretion, cell signalling, transcription, translation and membrane reorganization.
The health risks of ART
Authors: Grafodatskaya Daria , Cytrynbaum Cheryl , Weksberg Rosanna
Published: January 2013

Assisted reproductive technologies enable subfertile couples to have children. But there are health risks attached for both mothers and children that need to be properly understood and managed.
Use of imaging to study leukocyte trafficking in the central nervous system
Authors: Zenaro Elena , Rossi Barbara , Angiari Stefano , Constantin Gabriela
Published: January 2013

The migration of leukocytes from the bloodstream into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key event in the pathogenesis of inflammatory neurological diseases and typically involves the movement of cells through the endothelium of post‐capillary venules, which contains intercellular tight junctions. Leukocyte trafficking has predominantly been studied in animal models of multiple sclerosis, stroke and infection. However, recent evidence suggests that immune cells and inflammation mechanisms play an unexpected role in other neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Imaging leukocyte trafficking in the CNS can be achieved by epifluorescence intravital microscopy (IVM) and multiphoton microscopy. Epifluorescence IVM is ideal for the investigation of leukocyte–endothelial interactions, particularly tethering and rolling, signal transduction pathways controlling integrin activation, slow rolling, arrest and adhesion strengthening in CNS vessels. Multiphoton microscopy is more suitable for the investigation of intraluminal crawling, transmigration and motility inside CNS parenchyma. The mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking in the CNS are not well understood but the use ofin vivoimaging techniques to unravel the underlying regulatory pathways will provide insight into the mechanisms of brain damage and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss recent work in this field, highlighting the development and use ofin vivoimaging to investigate leukocyte recruitment in the CNS.
New friendships and old feuds: relationships between innate lymphoid cells and microbial communities
Authors: Philip Naomi H , Artis David
Published: January 2013

Mammalian barrier surfaces, including the skin, lung and intestine, are constantly exposed to environmental stimuli, including beneficial and pathogenic microbes, dietary substances and non‐organic materials. At these anatomical sites it is essential to maintain barrier integrity to promote tissue homeostasis and prevent local and systemic inflammation. As such, changes in the composition and localization of commensal bacteria are closely associated with inflammatory, metabolic and infectious disease in mammals. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems have a crucial role in the tight regulation of host‐commensal relationships. A recently described family of immune cells, termed innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), contributes to inflammation, modulates adaptive immunity and regulates wound healing and tissue regeneration. ILCs are present at barrier surfaces, and thus are in close proximity to environmental antigens, including commensal bacteria. The composition and localization of microbial communities have a profound impact on immunity at barrier surfaces as well as at distant sites. This review will summarize the phenotypic characteristics of ILC family members and discuss recent findings about the interactions between ILCs and the microbiota in the contexts of homeostasis, immunity, inflammation and tissue organization and repair.
Widespread splicing changes in human brain development and aging
Authors: Mazin Pavel , Xiong Jieyi , Liu Xiling , Yan Zheng , Zhang Xiaoyu , Li Mingshuang , He Liu , Somel Mehmet , Yuan Yuan , Phoebe Chen Yi‐Ping , Li Na , Hu Yuhui , Fu Ning , Ning Zhibin , Zeng Rong , Yang Hongyi , Chen Wei , Gelfand Mikhail , Khaitovich Philipp
Published: January 2013

While splicing differences between tissues, sexes and species are well documented, little is known about the extent and the nature of splicing changes that take place during human or mammalian development and aging. Here, using high‐throughput transcriptome sequencing, we have characterized splicing changes that take place during whole human lifespan in two brain regions: prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Identified changes were confirmed using independent human and rhesus macaque RNA‐seq data sets, exon arrays and PCR, and were detected at the protein level using mass spectrometry. Splicing changes across lifespan were abundant in both of the brain regions studied, affecting more than a third of the genes expressed in the human brain. Approximately 15% of these changes differed between the two brain regions. Across lifespan, splicing changes followed discrete patterns that could be linked to neural functions, and associated with the expression profiles of the corresponding splicing factors. More than 60% of all splicing changes represented a single splicing pattern reflecting preferential inclusion of gene segments potentially targeting transcripts for nonsense‐mediated decay in infants and elderly.
Genome‐wide analysis of FOXO3 mediated transcription regulation through RNA polymerase II profiling
Authors: Eijkelenboom Astrid , Mokry Michal , de Wit Elzo , Smits Lydia M , Polderman Paulien E , van Triest Miranda H , van Boxtel Ruben , Schulze Almut , de Laat Wouter , Cuppen Edwin , Burgering Boudewijn M T
Published: January 2013

Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are key players in diverse cellular processes affecting tumorigenesis, stem cell maintenance and lifespan. To gain insight into the mechanisms of FOXO‐regulated target gene expression, we studied genome‐wide effects of FOXO3 activation. Profiling RNA polymerase II changes shows that FOXO3 regulates gene expression through transcription initiation. Correlative analysis of FOXO3 and RNA polymerase II ChIP‐seq profiles demonstrates FOXO3 to act as a transcriptional activator. Furthermore, this analysis reveals a significant part of FOXO3 gene regulation proceeds through enhancer regions. FOXO3 binds to pre‐existing enhancers and further activates these enhancers as shown by changes in histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment. In addition, FOXO3‐mediated enhancer activation correlates with regulation of adjacent genes and pre‐existence of chromatin loops between FOXO3 bound enhancers and target genes. Combined, our data elucidate how FOXOs regulate gene transcription and provide insight into mechanisms by which FOXOs can induce different gene expression programs depending on chromatin architecture.
A CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY OF PERSONALITY: EGYPTIAN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN*
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B.G. , Abdel‐Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: January 2013

679 Egyptian boys and 696 girls completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, translated into Arabic. Factor comparisons were moderately high for extraversion and social desirability but weak for neuroticism and psychoticism. Suitable item substitution produced a scoring key resulting in adequate reliabilities with the exception of a somewhat low reliability for the boys on extraversion and low reliabilities on psychoticism for both sexes. Sex differences on means of the dimensions were as usual, boys scoring higher than girls on extraversion and psychoticism, but lower on neuroticism and social desirability. Moreover, on comparing Egyptian with English means, using scales of items in common only, the English boys and girls scored higher than their Egyptian counterparts on extraversion but significantly lower on social desirability. British boys scored higher on psychoticism than did Egyptian boys but British girls scored lower than Egyptian girls.
ETHNICITY, ABILITY, ASPIRATIONS AND SOCIAL STATUS ATTAINMENT
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: January 2013

In this study longitudinal data were used to examine relationships among children's intellectual ability, adolescents' aspirations and young adults' social‐status attainment. The sample included 21‐year‐old Australians from Anglo‐Australian, Greek and Southern Italian families. Regression surfaces were constructed from hierarchical models that examined possible linear, interaction and curvilinear associations among the variables. Typically, the findings indicated that in each ethnic group adolescents' aspirations had moderate to strong associations with status attainment. For Anglo‐Australian and Greek young adults the relationships between ability and attainment were, in general, mediated by adolescents' aspirations. In contrast, for Southern Italians, ability continued to be associated with the educational and occupational attainment of the young adults.
ADOLESCENTs' ATTRIBUTIONS OF PARENTAL POWER: A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE ‘THEORY OF RESOURCES IN CULTURAL CONTEXT’*
Authors: Tashakkori Abbas , Thompson Vaida D. , Simonian Lucik
Published: January 2013

Using a multidimensional parental power framework, power bases derived from adolescent descriptions of parent‐child interactions and family decision making were regressed on a multidimensional power construct and showed differential importance of predictor variables. Rodman's (1972) modified ‘theory of resources in cultural context’ is supported. Father's education alone does not lead to loss of paternal power; paternal power retention or loss must be considered in relation to such variables as maternal age and education and paternal age, and within relevant power categories. Mother's education affects her power bases; she increasingly shares culturally prescribed maternal and paternal power as her education increases. Her decreases in traditionally prescribed maternal power are not offset by an equivalent increase in traditionally prescribed paternal power; she may actually lose power with increased education. Relative education of husband and wife explains power differentials across power bases more clearly than does education of either spouse.

En utilisant un cadre de référence multidimensionnel pour le pouvoir parental, différents fondements de pouvoir issus des descriptions offertes par les adolescents des interactions parent‐enfant et du processus décisionnel familial ont été obtenus par régression à partir d'un construit de pouvoir multidimensionnel; ces fondements dénotaient l'importance différentielle des variables de prédiction. La théorie modifiée de Rodman (1972) sur les ressources dans le contexte culturel est ainsi appuyée. Prise isolément, l'éducation du père ne conduit pas à une perte de pouvoir paternel; l'obtention ou la perte du pouvoir paternel doivent ětre considérés en relation avec des variables telles que l'âge et l'éducation de la mère, l'âge du père, ainsi qu'à l'intérieur de catégories pertinentes de pouvoir. L'éducation de la mère affecte les fondements de son pouvoir; elle partage d'une façon croissante le pouvoir paternel et maternel culturellement défini, à mesure que son niveau d'éducation augmente. Les diminutions du pouvoir maternel traditionnellement défini ne sont pas compensées par une augmentation équivalente du pouvoir paternel traditionnel; il est měme possible que la mère perde du pouvoir lorsque s'accroît son niveau d'éducation. Le niveau relatif d'éducation du mari et de l'épouse explique les différences de pouvoir au niveau de ses fondements beaucoup plus clairement que ne le fait le niveau éducationnel de l'un ou l'autre des époux.
CLUSTERING IN MUSIC: AN APPRAISAL OF TASK FACTORS*
Authors: Peretz Isabelle
Published: January 2013

The pitch and temporal intervals of tune fragments, taken from folk music, were analyzed in terms of gestalt similarity principles and studied as determinants of music grouping structure. In experiment 1, the listeners were required to divide each tune into its ‘natural’ parts. Their ability to segment the tunes closely matched the boundaries generated by the clustering determinants under study, this consistency being particularly high for musicians. In experiment 2, a probe recognition task was used in which subjects were presented with a tune fragment followed by a true or false probe; true probes fell either within or across the boundaries studied in experiment 1. Since the probe was presented after the tune fragment, the differential ease of verifying within and across probes was taken to reflect the part structure of the tune held in memory. In order to study the part structure representation that is being built during music listening, a third experiment was devised by presenting the probe prior to the tune fragment and having subjects monitor the probe while listening to the fragment. Of the last two paradigms, only the latter was found to be sensitive to cluster boundaries, as defined along the temporal dimension. The entire set of results suggests that there does not seem to be a basic format of musical representation that is uniquely specified from the output of the clustering process.
DEVELOPMENT OF ORIENTATION TO THE FUTURE DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE: A FOUR‐YEAR LONGITUDINAL STUDY AND TWO CROSS‐SECTIONAL COMPARISONS
Authors: Nurmi Jari‐Erik
Published: January 2013

In 1982, fifty‐seven 11‐year‐old and forty‐eight 15‐year‐old adolescents were interviewed about their hopes and fears for the future. Similarly, in 1987, fifty‐seven 11‐year‐old and fifty‐six 15‐year‐old adolescents were interviewed. The content and extension of each hope and fear as well as the levels of planning, realization, internality, probability estimation and overall emotional evaluation were estimated from the answers. As expected, adolescents' hopes concerned major developmental tasks, i.e. occupation, education, family and property related topics. Both 11‐ and 15‐year‐olds extended their thinking to the same stage of their future life, about the age of twenty. A comparison of extension according to hope content showed that adolescents' orientation to the future reflected the ‘cultural prototype’ of expected life‐span development. Levels of planning, realization and knowledge concerning hopes increased with age as did internality and optimism concerning the future, especially among boys.
PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN THE ORIENT: CURRENT STATUS, PROBLEMS, AND SOME REMEDIES*
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Hu Sherman
Published: January 2013

Utilizing information obtained through an international survey and existing literature, patterns in the practices, research, and preparation of professionals who deliver psychoeducational services to children and youth in six Oriental countries (i.e., China, Hong Kong 1, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand) are described. Services are provided by many professional groups. While few formal programs exist for the preparation of psychologists to work in schools, those providing such services have at least a bachelor's degree. Services commonly provided include assessment, vocational and educational guidance, counseling, parent education, and teaching. School psychological services generally are not governed by legislation or professional standards. Research tends to be applied and directed toward the construction and translations of tests and toward the needs of the mentally retarded, learning disabled, and behaviorally disordered. Ten major problems creating barriers for the delivery of psychoeducational services are identified. Three suggestions to help resolve these problems are offered.