bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Gender Differences in Media Perceptions of Hedonic Systems
Authors: Nah Fiona Fui-Hoon , Eschenbrenner Brenda
Published: November 2016

As technology improves in hedonic and affective dimensions, women's interests in technology may increase. In this research, the authors are interested in understanding gender differences in media perceptions of hedonic systems. They draw upon Hunter-Gatherer Theory of Spatial Gender Differences and Jung's Theory of Psychological Types on Gender Differences to hypothesize differences in men's and women's perceptions of skill, challenge, telepresence, and satisfaction with online experiences in 2D versus 3D hedonic environments. The results of their experiment indicate that even though women perceive lower skill levels and greater challenge in using 2D and 3D hedonic systems than men, women's' perceived sense of telepresence is higher than men in both 2D and 3D hedonic environments. In addition, women are more satisfied with 2D and 3D hedonic experiences than men. The authors' findings suggest that consistent with Jung's Theory of Psychological Types on Gender Differences, women's perceptions of hedonic systems are more positive than men and, hence, making technology intuitive, enjoyable, and fun to use can potentially increase women's participation in the information and communication technology workforce. Additionally, given that women perceive more challenge and skill issues in using technology but are more favorable toward hedonic systems than men, the authors suggest that the use of hedonic systems to support K-12 education systems, such as computer or serious gaming for education, can generate females' interests in technology at an early age.
The Syk–NFAT–IL-2 Pathway in Dendritic Cells Is Required for Optimal Sterile Immunity Elicited by Alum Adjuvants
Authors: Khameneh Hanif Javanmard , Ho Adrian W. S. , Spreafico Roberto , Derks Heidi , Quek Hazel Q. Y. , Mortellaro Alessandra
Published: November 2016

Despite a long history and extensive usage of insoluble aluminum salts (alum) as vaccine adjuvants, the molecular mechanisms underpinning Ag-specific immunity upon vaccination remain unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial initiators of immune responses, but little is known about the molecular pathways used by DCs to sense alum and, in turn, activate T and B cells. In this article, we show that alum adjuvanticity requires IL-2 specifically released by DCs, even when T cell secretion of IL-2 is intact. We demonstrate that alum, as well as other sterile particulates, such as uric acid crystals, induces DCs to produce IL-2 following initiation of actin-mediated phagocytosis that leads to Src and Syk kinase activation, Ca2+ mobilization, and calcineurin-dependent activation of NFAT, the master transcription factor regulating IL-2 expression. Using chimeric mice, we show that DC-derived IL-2 is required for maximal Ag-specific proliferation of CD4+ T cells and optimal humoral responses following alum-adjuvanted immunization. These data identify DC-derived IL-2 as a key mediator of alum adjuvanticity in vivo and the Src–Syk pathway as a potential leverage point in the rational design of novel adjuvants.
Human Lung Fibroblasts Present Bacterial Antigens to Autologous Lung Th Cells
Authors: Hutton Andrew J. , Polak Marta E. , Spalluto C. Mirella , Wallington Joshua C. , Pickard Chris , Staples Karl J. , Warner Jane A. , Wilkinson Tom M. A.
Published: November 2016

Lung fibroblasts are key structural cells that reside in the submucosa where they are in contact with large numbers of CD4+ Th cells. During severe viral infection and chronic inflammation, the submucosa is susceptible to bacterial invasion by lung microbiota such as nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Given their proximity in tissue, we hypothesized that human lung fibroblasts play an important role in modulating Th cell responses to NTHi. We demonstrate that fibroblasts express the critical CD4+ T cell Ag-presentation molecule HLA-DR within the human lung, and that this expression can be recapitulated in vitro in response to IFN-γ. Furthermore, we observed that cultured lung fibroblasts could internalize live NTHi. Although unable to express CD80 and CD86 in response to stimulation, fibroblasts expressed the costimulatory molecules 4-1BBL, OX-40L, and CD70, all of which are related to memory T cell activation and maintenance. CD4+ T cells isolated from the lung were predominantly (mean 97.5%) CD45RO+ memory cells. Finally, cultured fibroblasts activated IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokine production by autologous, NTHi-specific lung CD4+ T cells, and cytokine production was inhibited by a HLA-DR blocking Ab. These results indicate a novel role for human lung fibroblasts in contributing to responses against bacterial infection through activation of bacteria-specific CD4+ T cells.
Prevention of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Activation by a Vγ9Vδ2 TCR Nanobody
Authors: de Bruin Renée C. G. , Stam Anita G. M. , Vangone Anna , van Bergen en Henegouwen Paul M. P. , Verheul Henk M. W. , Sebestyén Zsolt , Kuball Jürgen , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , de Gruijl Tanja D. , van der Vliet Hans J.
Published: November 2016

Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation plays an important role in antitumor and antimicrobial immune responses. However, there are conditions in which Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation can be considered inappropriate for the host. Patients treated with aminobisphosphonates for hypercalcemia or metastatic bone disease often present with a debilitating acute phase response as a result of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. To date, no agents are available that can clinically inhibit Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. In this study, we describe the identification of a single domain Ab fragment directed to the TCR of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with neutralizing properties. This variable domain of an H chain–only Ab (VHH or nanobody) significantly inhibited both phosphoantigen-dependent and -independent activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and, importantly, strongly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with aminobisphosphonate-treated cells. Additionally, in silico modeling suggests that the neutralizing VHH binds the same residues on the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR as the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell Ag-presenting transmembrane protein butyrophilin 3A1, providing information on critical residues involved in this interaction. The neutralizing Vγ9Vδ2 TCR VHH identified in this study might provide a novel approach to inhibit the unintentional Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation as a consequence of aminobisphosphonate administration.
Evaluating the Effect of SMT Material & Process Variables on Voiding Under QFNs
Authors: Judd Brandon , Durham Maria
Published: November 2016

Voiding under bottom terminated components (BTCs), such as quad-flat no-lead (QFN) components, is a problem which many circuit board assembly houses face on a daily basis. Such components have become very popular in circuit board assembly due to many of their benefits, including their small form factor, excellent thermal and electrical performance, easy PCB trace routing, and reduced lead inductance. Outgassing of flux in the solder paste used to attach QFNs to the PCB during reflow causes voiding under the components, as the gasses cannot escape because there is virtually no standoff under the QFNs. Voiding can have several serious effects on the performance of QFNs including reduced mechanical strength of the solder joint and hot spots under the QFN thermal pad because the voids do not conduct heat well. There are many process methods which are utilized in an attempt to mitigate the voiding issue, such as windowpane stencil designs and reflow profile. In this study, we will evaluate the effect of several other variables on voiding under QFNs, including solder paste powder mesh size, PCB surface metallization, and the reflow environment.
Novel Core-Shell Conductive Materials for LTCC Metallizations
Authors: Stephenson Richard , Bandaccari Kyle , Imhof Howard
Published: November 2016

Silver and copper core-shell powder materials are introduced and discussed for application in LTCC. Properties of the core-shell powders are reviewed and suggested process conditions are shown. The conductive core-shell materials are fabricated using chemical precipitation technology in the presence of core materials comprised of LTCC tape body powder. Result of application of the conductive core-shell materials are presented on various commercial tapes along with corresponding reliability data.
Performance Comparison of High Temperature Pt-Based Sensor Using Pt Core-Shell Powder and Paste
Authors: Stephenson Richard , Bandaccari Kyle , Imhof Howard
Published: November 2016

Platinum core-shell powder materials are compared and discussed in an oxygen sensor application. The conductive layer materials are prepared by chemical precipitation in the absence or presence of substrate powders, such as YSZ or alumina, to produce platinum powders or platinum/ceramic core/shell composites, respectively. Physical and bulk powder characteristics are presented and discussed. An oxygen sensor is constructed and overall performance is presented to compare the different conductive materials using HTCC tapes and pre-fired substrates.
Atrial flutter regression in HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension after treatment with bosentan
Authors: Damiani Mario Francesco , Scoditti Cristina , Bega Elioda , Dragonieri Silvano , CarratÃ¹ Pierluigi , Scoditti Alfredo , Resta Onofrio
Published: November 2016

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare condition characterized by an increase in pulmonary arterial resistance leading to right heart failure and death. Arrhythmias are a growing problem in PAH; therefore, maintenance of sinus rhythm is considered to be an important treatment aim in these patients. We described the case of a 46-year-old woman with HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertensionÂ  who developed atrial flutter. After treatment with bosentan, it was observed a significant improvement in clinical and haemodynamic parameters. In addition, the AFL, which had previously persisted to both antiarrhythmic drug therapy and electrical stimulation, and had recurred after transthoracic electrical cardioversion, disappearedÂ  in absence of any antiarrhythmic drug. Though the precise factors responsible for supraventricular arrhythmogenesis are still largely obscure, it is likely that initiation and maintenance of AFL may depend on all the conditions that can lead to increase in right atrial pressure, size, and wall stress, such as PAH. In our case, bosentan reduced both mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) value and right heart chambers pressures. Therefore, it is conceivable that with the anatomical substrate needed for the maintenance of AFL being disappeared, sinus rhythm was restored.
Perceptions of mobile network operators regarding the cost drivers of the South African mobile phone industry
Authors: Mpwanya Musenga F. , Van Heerden Cornelius Hendrik
Published: November 2016

Purpose: This study seeks to understand the perceptions of mobile network operators (MNOs) regarding the cost drivers of the South African mobile phone industry from a supply chain (SC) perspective. It also seeks to explore the possible cost interrelationships in the South African mobile phone SC.Research design and methodology: A qualitative case study, involving six willing managers of MNOs, and by using semi-structured interviews, observation and documents, was conducted.Findings: This study suggests that network infrastructure and network maintenance, handsets, logistics, technology, marketing and sales, training and consulting are the cost drivers in the South African mobile phone SC. These cost drivers are interrelated; and they influence one another in the mobile phone SC.Implications: The findings of this study should assist MNOs in their monitoring of cost drivers and in the identification of cost reduction opportunities, in order to remain effective and efficient in the industry. This study’s findings should help regulating authorities (such as the Department of Communications and the Independent Communication Authority of South Africa [ICASA]) to gain insights into the cost drivers of the South African mobile phone industry from the perspective of a network operator, and thus to develop appropriate mobile phone policies.
Unsettling Theology: Sunday school children reading the text of the Bible in the age of recolonisation
Authors: Botha Nico
Published: November 2016

During Women’s month in South Africa (August), a group of Sunday school children from the rural congregation of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa (URCSA), Middelburg- Nasaret, got together to read the narratives of the resurrection of the daughter of Jairus and the healing of the woman suffering from a blood disease. The exercise which appears to be quite innocent is in a sense subversive in its hidden script. In the Reformed tradition, the pulpit as a centre of reading and preaching the Word has become the ‘holy of holiest’ which nobody, leave alone children, except the ordained minister could occupy. This is of course contrary to the intention of the Reformation to return the Bible to the people and have the people return to the Bible. The reading exercise of this article goes beyond all exegetical and theological presuppositions, unsettling conventional interpretations of Scripture. The children allow their real life experiences in the township of having witnessed, among others, child and women abuse to inform their reading of Mark 5:21–43. In the process they avoid a linear reading of the Bible which is based on the explication-application scheme of matters. Put differently, instead of doing a deductive reading of the portion, i.e. trying to explain or exegete the text clinically and then applying it to their context, they read it inductively, resulting in a hope sharing and hope giving understanding of the rising from the dead of the 12-year-old girl and the healing of the woman with a blood disease. A major spin-off of such reading of the Bible by children is the unlocking of refreshingly new avenues of reading the Bible and interpreting the text.
Community transformation through the Pentecostal churches
Authors: Tfwala Njabulo , Masango Maake
Published: November 2016

This article constitutes an attempt at reflecting on the extent Pentecostal churches in Swaziland are transforming their communities towards God’s justice mandate. The article shows that liberation has not yet gone beyond the split between socio-political engagement and spiritual enrichment in the liturgy for the Pentecostal churches in Swaziland, such that the fruit of liturgy is not lived out in the community, including polity and the judicial order. A transformative liberative pastoral care methodology is purposed for this article.
Wat wag op ons ná die dood?
Authors: Geyser-Fouché Ananda B.
Published: November 2016

No abstract available.
Teachers’ discourses of literacy as social practice in advantaged and disadvantaged early childhood contexts
Authors: Martin Colwyn D. , Ebrahim Hasina B.
Published: November 2016

This article examines two teachers’ discourses of literacy as social practice in advantaged and disadvantaged early childhood centres for three- to four-year-olds. The intention is to make sense of the dominant discourse of literacy, its constitutive nature and its effects on children, teaching and learning. Foucault’s theory of discourse is used to make salient the influence of interpretive frames of references on the understanding and practice of literacy. The data for the study was produced through a qualitative approach using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The findings show that teachers in both the advantaged and disadvantaged contexts are located in the dominant discourse of early literacy as a technical, autonomous skill. This discourse foregrounds children as adults-in-the-making (the becoming child) and a maturationist-environmentalist view of readiness for early literacy development. This narrow view of literacy discounts young children’s positioning as social actors, issues of diversity and contextually situated practice.
Probing strategy-project alignment: The case of the South African Social Security Agency
Authors: Van Der Waldt Gerrit
Published: November 2016

Public institutions, such as the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) increasingly function in multi-project environments to translate strategies successfully into service-delivery initiatives. However, this ‘projectification’ often causes projects to be designed and executed haphazardly. This can lead to budget and schedule overruns, and the general wastage of an organisation’s resources. Project failures often occur where organisations do not ensure that specific projects are aligned with their core strategies. The purpose of this article is to combine the theories and principles of organisation, management, strategic management, and project management in an effort to pinpoint core determinants that can help establish the extent to which an organisation manages the alignment of its strategic projects. In the present study, the author applied the principles of interdisciplinarity, systems thinking, and organisational integration. The combined core determinants that were uncovered were then used in an empirical investigation of SASSA. The purpose of this investigation is to identify particular challenges the organisation faces in aligning their strategies and projects successfully. Thereafter, a number of recommendations follow to address these challenges.
Carbon Nanotube Surface Regular Topography Improves Cell Response, Depending on Cell Passage
Authors: Kroustalli A. , Deligianni D.
Published: November 2016

Through mediation of integrin clustering, nanoscale surface structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) directly affects cell binding and subsequent behavior. The influence of morphological structures on proliferation, differentiation, and organization of focal adhesions and cytoskeleton of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was studied. The following two surface morphologies were fabricated and examined: a random network multiwalled carbon nanotubes film (RNCNT) and a vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube (VACNT) film. hMSCs adhered and spread earlier on both CNT surfaces than on control. A statistically significantly increased number of attached cells were observed on VACNT surfaces. No CNT substrate enhanced differentiation, but both maintained the differentiation property of hMSCs. VACNTs recruited vinculin from the cytoplasm for the formation of focal adhesion complexes earlier in comparison to RNCNT. There is still disparity on how nanostructures regulate the progression toward an osteoblastic phenotype. It is necessary to explore various architectures in order to understand how they initiate osteoinductive or proliferating signals.
Prototype Positive Control Wells for Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests: Prospective Evaluation of Implementation Among Health Workers in Lao People's Democratic Republic and Uganda
Authors: Bell David , Bwanika John Baptist , Cunningham Jane , Gatton Michelle , González Iveth J. , Hopkins Heidi , Kibira Simon Peter S. , Kyabayinze Daniel J. , Mayxay Mayfong , Ndawula Bbaale , Newton Paul N. , Phommasone Koukeo , Streat Elizabeth , Umlauf René , _ _
Published: November 2016

Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used for malaria diagnosis, but lack of quality control at point of care restricts trust in test results. Prototype positive control wells (PCW) containing recombinant malaria antigens have been developed to identify poor-quality RDT lots. This study assessed community and facility health workers' (HW) ability to use PCWs to detect degraded RDTs, the impact of PCW availability on RDT use and prescribing, and preferred strategies for implementation in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) and Uganda. A total of 557 HWs participated in Laos (267) and Uganda (290). After training, most (88% to ≥ 99%) participants correctly performed the six key individual PCW steps; performance was generally maintained during the 6-month study period. Nearly all (97%) reported a correct action based on PCW use at routine work sites. In Uganda, where data for 127,775 individual patients were available, PCW introduction in health facilities was followed by a decrease in antimalarial prescribing for RDT-negative patients ≥ 5 years of age (4.7–1.9%); among community-based HWs, the decrease was 12.2% (P < 0.05) for all patients. Qualitative data revealed PCWs as a way to confirm RDT quality and restore confidence in RDT results. HWs in malaria-endemic areas are able to use prototype PCWs for quality control of malaria RDTs. PCW availability can improve HWs' confidence in RDT results, and benefit malaria diagnostic programs. Lessons learned from this study may be valuable for introduction of other point-of-care diagnostic and quality-control tools. Future work should evaluate longer term impacts of PCWs on patient management.
Museo del desierto de Atacama. Monumento Ruinas de Huanchaca, Antofagasta, Chile
Authors: Coz, Polidura y Volante Arquitectos Limitada Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

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Bloques normales
Authors: Castellanos Gómez Raúl , Domingo Calabuig Débora
Published: November 2016

El bloque hueco de hormigón nace a mediados del siglo XIX como una alternativa económica al sillar de piedra natural. Con tan humilde origen, el bloque se ennoblece poco a poco de la mano de célebres arquitectos como Frank Lloyd Wright, primero, o Louis I. Kahn, Aldo van Eyck y Herman Hertzberger, después. El presente artículo recorre el camino que dignifica el bloque de hormigón desde su inicial carácter imitativo hasta su normalización constructiva; para atribuirle finalmente, reducido ya a su forma esencial, funciones relevantes e incluso simbólicas.
Casa en Frontenex, Genève. Suiza
Authors: Charles Pictet Architecte FAS SIA Arquitecto
Published: November 2016

La vivienda unifamiliar fi rmada por Charles Pictet en Frontenex (Ginebra, Suiza) es un ejemplo modélico de proyecto que haya su valor en la respuesta a las difi cultades ambientales. Unas condiciones especiales de partida, como la incorporación de un antiguo invernadero en el programa residencial, devienen en una singular y reconocida vivienda, donde la construcción formal es la clave para un resultado sincero, tectónico y dialogante con un entorno histórico. El uso del hormigón no es ajeno a estos propósitos.
Maison du Béton en Zwickau, Cainsdorf. Alemania
Authors: Atelier st. Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

La Maison du Béton, premio Architektur Forum Zwickau 2010, del estudio alemán Atelier st, destaca por su concisa forma facetada, el uso depurado del hormigón blanco en fachada y la consecución de un espacio doméstico articulado. La casa se implanta con autonomía en un entorno urbano difuso, adoptando la imagen de un prisma truncado, refl ejo de la construcción monolítica a base de muros y losas de hormigón armado, coincidentes con el orden de plantas y secciones, y la doble cáscara empleada en el cerramiento. El interior aborda la imbricación del espacio horizontal y vertical en solución de continuidad.
Vivienda unifamiliar en Los Peñascales, Torrelodones. Madrid
Authors: ICA Arquitectura, S.L. Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

La casa en los Peñascales ofrece una refl exión sobre la disciplina de la arquitectura que se sustenta en la aritmética y la materia. El proyecto se entiende como un ejercicio aritmético que confía en las posibilidades de la geometría, la proporción y el orden para resolver adecuadamente el programa de necesidades. La materia, en su visión unitaria como material y sistema constructivo, se convierte en seña de identidad cuando surge desde el terreno. El proyecto se plantea como una suma de medidas que construyen un lugar poco usual en la periferia de la ciudad.
Apuntes...sobre el Estadio de Braga
Authors: Merí de la Maza Ricardo
Published: November 2016

El Estadio de fútbol de Braga es una de las más complejas e importantes piezas de arquitectura realizadas en hormigón visto en los últimos años. Clave de referencia en el desarrollo de la obra del arquitecto Eduardo Souto de Moura, reconocido recientemente con el premio Pritzker de arquitectura. Obra en la que se entremezclan las operaciones a escala urbana con la precisión de los detalles que la confi guran visualmente, fue resultado de un proceso de elaboración extremadamente complejo a la vez que interesante.
Centro deportivo e Instituto en Marsella. Francia
Authors: Jérôme Apack Arquitecto
Published: November 2016

El programa incluye la creación de un gimnasio y dos pistas de vóley-playa dentro de la parcela en el que se sitúa el edificio del colegio René Caillié en Marsella. Situado cerca de una autovía, el terreno en el que se asienta el proyecto es atravesado por un río que lo hace parcialmente inundable. Al Este del colegio, un futuro boulevard urbano de 20 metros de ancho atravesará una gran parte del terreno y supone la destrucción de una antigua “bastide” marsellesa situada en el interior de la parcela. Estas limitaciones fluviales y viales, además de la forma de la parcela, nos han llevado a situar el edifi cio y las pistas en el límite Sur de la misma.
Cape Town Stadium en Ciudad del Cabo. Sudáfrica
Authors: Volkwin Marg y Hubert Nienhoff Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

El skyline de Ciudad del Cabo está dominado por la Montaña de la Mesa, la Colina de la Señal y el Océano Atlántico. El Estadio Ciudad del Cabo constituye un hito a los pies de la Colina de la Señal, y encaja con respeto en su entorno. El desafío era crear en esta excepcional localización un edifi cio autónomo que, lejos de estropear la mundialmente famosa imagen de postal, la enriqueciese.
Impacts of global open-fire aerosols on direct radiative, cloud and surface-albedo effects simulated with CAM5
Authors: Jiang Yiquan , Lu Zheng , Liu Xiaohong , Qian Yun , Zhang Kai , Wang Yuhang , Yang Xiu-Qun
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Aerosols from open-land fires could significantly perturb the global radiation balance and induce climate change. In this study, Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with prescribed daily fire aerosol emissions is used to investigate the spatial and seasonal characteristics of radiative effects (REs, relative to the case of no fires) of open-fire aerosols including black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM) from 2003 to 2011. The global annual mean RE from aerosol–radiation interactions (REari) of all fire aerosols is 0.16 ± 0.01 W m−2 (1σ uncertainty), mainly due to the absorption of fire BC (0.25 ± 0.01 W m−2), while fire POM induces a small effect (−0.05 and 0.04 ± 0.01 W m−2 based on two different methods). Strong positive REari is found in the Arctic and in the oceanic regions west of southern Africa and South America as a result of amplified absorption of fire BC above low-level clouds, in general agreement with satellite observations. The global annual mean RE due to aerosol–cloud interactions (REaci) of all fire aerosols is −0.70 ± 0.05 W m−2, resulting mainly from the fire POM effect (−0.59 ± 0.03 W m−2). REari (0.43 ± 0.03 W m−2) and REaci (−1.38 ± 0.23 W m−2) in the Arctic are stronger than in the tropics (0.17 ± 0.02 and −0.82 ± 0.09 W m−2 for REari and REaci), although the fire aerosol burden is higher in the tropics. The large cloud liquid water path over land areas and low solar zenith angle of the Arctic favor the strong fire aerosol REaci (up to −15 W m−2) during the Arctic summer. Significant surface cooling, precipitation reduction and increasing amounts of low-level cloud are also found in the Arctic summer as a result of the fire aerosol REaci based on the atmosphere-only simulations. The global annual mean RE due to surface-albedo changes (REsac) over land areas (0.03 ± 0.10 W m−2) is small and statistically insignificant and is mainly due to the fire BC-in-snow effect (0.02 W m−2) with the maximum albedo effect occurring in spring (0.12 W m−2) when snow starts to melt.
Long-term air concentrations, wet deposition, and scavenging ratios
of inorganic ions, HNO3 and SO2 and assessment of aerosol and precipitation acidity at Canadian rural locations
Authors: Cheng Irene , Zhang Leiming
Published: November 2016

Abstract. This study analyzed long-term air concentrations and annual wet deposition of inorganic ions and aerosol and precipitation acidity at 30 Canadian sites from 1983–2011. Scavenging ratios of inorganic ions and relative contributions of particulate- and gas-phase species to NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− wet deposition were determined. Long-term median atmospheric NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− between sites ranged from 0.1–1.7, 0.03–2.0, and 0.6–3.5 μg m−3, respectively. Their median annual wet deposition varied from 0.2–5.8, 0.8–23.3, and 0.8–26.6 kg ha−1 a−1. Geographical patterns of atmospheric Ca2+, Na+, Cl−, NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− were similar to wet deposition and attributed to anthropogenic sources, sea-salt emissions, and agricultural emissions. Decreasing trends in atmospheric NH4+ (1994–2010) and SO42− (1983–2010) were prevalent. Atmospheric NO3− increased from 1991–2001 and declined from 2001–2010. These results are consistent with SO2, NOx and NH3 emission trends in Canada and the U.S. Widespread declines in annual NO3− and SO42− wet deposition ranged from 0.07–1.0 kg ha−1 a−1 (1984–2011). Acidic aerosols and precipitation impacted southern and eastern Canada more than western Canada; however both trends have been decreasing since 1994. Scavenging ratios of particulate NH4+, SO42− and NO3− differed from literature values by 22 %, 44 % and a factor of 6, respectively, because of the exclusion of gas scavenging. Average gas and particle scavenging contributions to wet NO3− deposition were 72±23 % for HNO3 and 28±23 % for particulate NO3−. SO2 and particulate SO42− contributed 37±20 % and 63±20 % to wet SO42− deposition, respectively. NH3 and particulate NH4+ contributed 30±19 % and 70±19 % to wet NH4+ deposition.
WRF-Chem simulation of aerosol seasonal variability in the San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Wu Longtao , Su Hui , Kalashnikova Olga V. , Jiang Jonathan H. , Zhao Chun , Garay Michael J. , Campbell James R. , Yu Nanpeng
Published: November 2016

Abstract. WRF-Chem simulations of aerosol seasonal variability in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California are evaluated by satellite and in-situ observations. Results show that the WRF-Chem model successfully captures the distribution, magnitude and variation of SJV aerosols in cold season. However, the aerosols are not well represented in warm season. Aerosol simulations in urban areas during the cold season are sensitive to model horizontal resolution, with better simulations at 4 km resolution than at 20 km resolution, mainly due to inhomogeneous distribution of anthropogenic emissions. In rural areas, the model sensitivity to grid size is rather small. Our observational analysis show that dust is a primary contributor to aerosols in the SJV, especially in the warm season. Aerosol simulations in the warm season are sensitive to parameterization of dust emission in the WRF-Chem model. The GOCART (Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport) dust scheme produces very little dust in the SJV while the DUSTRAN (DUST TRANsport model) scheme overestimates dust emission. Vertical mixing of aerosols is not adequately represented in the model comparing to CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared pathfinder Satellite Observation) aerosol extinction profiles. Improved representation of dust emission and vertical mixing are needed for better simulations of aerosols in warm season in the SJV. Aerosols generated by wild fires are not captured in the simulations with climatological fire emissions, underscoring the need of fire emission observations for operational usage.
The 3.6 ka Aniakchak tephra in the Arctic Ocean: a constraint on the
Holocene radiocarbon reservoir age in the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Pearce Christof , Varhelyi Aron , Wastegård Stefan , Muschitiello Francesco , Barrientos Natalia , O'Regan Matt , Cronin Thomas , Gemery Laura , Semiletov Igor , Backman Jan , Jakobsson Martin
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The caldera-forming eruption of the Aniakchak volcano in the Aleutian Range on the Alaskan Peninsula at 3.6 cal ka BP, was one of the largest Holocene eruptions worldwide. The resulting ash is found as a visible sediment layer in several Alaskan sites and as a cryptotephra on Newfoundland and Greenland. This large geographic distribution combined with the fact that the eruption is relatively well constrained in time using radiocarbon dating of lake sediments and annual layer counts in ice cores, makes it an excellent stratigraphic marker for dating and correlating mid – late Holocene sediment and paleoclimate records. This study presents the outcome of a targeted search for the Aniakchak tephra in a marine sediment core from the Arctic Ocean, namely Core SWERUS-L2-2-PC1 (2PC), raised from 72 m water depth in Herald Canyon, western Chukchi Sea. High concentrations of tephra shards, with a geochemical signature matching that of Aniakchak ash, were observed between 550 and 711 cm core depth. Since the primary input of volcanic ash is through atmospheric transport, and assuming that bioturbation can account for mixing up to ca 10 cm of the marine sediment deposited at the coring site, the broad signal is interpreted as sustained reworking at the sediment source input. The isochron is therefore placed at the base of the sudden increase in tephra concentrations rather than at the maximum concentration. This interpretation of major reworking is strengthened by analysis of grain size distribution which points to ice rafting as an important secondary transport mechanism of volcanic ash. Combined with radiocarbon dates on mollusks in the same sediment core, the volcanic marker is used to calculate a marine radiocarbon reservoir age offset ΔR = 477 ± 60 years. This relatively high value may be explained by the major influence of typically ''carbon-old'' Pacific waters and it agrees well with recent estimates of ΔR along the northwest Alaskan coast, possibly indicating stable oceanographic conditions during the second half of the Holocene. Our use of a volcanic absolute age marker to obtain the marine reservoir age offset, is the first of its kind in the Arctic Ocean and provides an important framework for improving chronologies and correlating marine sediment archives in this region. Core 2PC has a high sediment accumulation rate averaging 200 cm/kyr throughout the last 4000 years, and the chronology presented here provides a solid base for high resolution reconstructions of late Holocene climate and ocean variability in the Chukchi Sea.
Optimizing the parameterization of deep mixing and internal seiches in one-dimensional hydrodynamic models: a case study with Simstrat
Authors: Gaudard Adrien , Schwefel Robert , Råman Vinnå Love , Schmid Martin , Wüest Alfred , Bouffard Damien
Published: November 2016

Abstract. This paper presents an improvement of a one-dimensional lake hydrodynamic model (Simstrat) to characterize the vertical thermal structure of deep lakes. Using physically based arguments, we refine the transfer of wind energy to basin-scale internal waves (BSIWs). Namely, we consider the properties of the basin, the characteristics of the wind time series and the stability of the water column to filter and thereby optimize the magnitude of wind energy transferred to BSIWs. We show that this filtering procedure can significantly improve the accuracy of modelled temperatures, especially in the deep water of lakes such as Lake Geneva. This modification, tested on four different lakes, increases model accuracy and contributes to better reproduction of deep mixing, a fundamental parameter for biogeochemical processes such as oxygen depletion. It also improves modelling over long time series for the purpose of climate change studies.
Area-averaged evapotranspiration over a heterogeneous land surface: Aggregation
of multi-point EC flux measurements with high-resolution land-cover map and
footprint analysis
Authors: Xu Feinan , Wang Weizhen , Wang Jiemin , Xu Ziwei , Qi Yuan , Wu Yueru
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The determination of area-averaged evapotranspiration (ET) at the satellite pixel scale/model grid scale over a heterogeneous land surface plays a significant role in developing and improving the parameterization schemes of the remote sensing based ET estimation models or general hydro-meteorological models. The Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) flux matrix provided a unique opportunity to build an aggregation scheme for area-averaged fluxes. Based on HiWATER flux matrix datasets and a high-resolution land cover map derived from aircraft remote sensing, this study focused on estimating the area-averaged ET over a heterogeneous landscape with footprint analysis and multivariate regression. Firstly, the representativeness of multi-point eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements was quantitatively evaluated. The results show, the model estimated flux values cannot be directly validated with the flux tower measurements because the latent- and sensible heat fluxes measured by EC are determined by the upwind surface flux emanating from separate land cover classes, and a method in retrieving area-averaged fluxes should be applied. Secondly, a flux aggregation method was established combining footprint analysis and multiple regression analysis. The area-averaged sensible heat fluxes were obtained using the method and validated by the large aperture scintillometer (LAS) measurements. Finally, the area-averaged ET of the kernel experimental area of HiWATER was estimated through the flux aggregation schemes. The aggregated results were then regarded as ground truth for the remotely-sensed ET products. These findings demonstrate that the refined flux integration technique is a better method to determine the heterogeneous surface fluxes.
Development of fragility curves for railway embankment and ballast scour due to overtopping flood flow
Authors: Tsubaki Ryota , Bricker Jeremy David , Ichii Koji , Kawahara Yoshihisa
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Fragility curves evaluating a risk of railway embankment fill and track ballast scour were developed. To develop fragility curves, two well-documented events of single-track railway washout during floods in Japan were investigated. Type of damage to the railway was categorized into no damage, ballast scour, and embankment scour, in order of damage severity. Railway overtopping water depth for each event was estimated based on well-documented hydrologic and hydraulic analyses. Normal and log-normal fragility curves were developed based on damage probability derived from field records and the estimated overtopping water depth. A combined ballast and embankment scour model was validated by comparing the results of previous studies and the spatial distribution of railway damage type records.
A database on flash flood events in Campania, southern Italy, with an evaluation of their spatial and temporal distribution
Authors: Vennari Carmela , Parise Mario , Santangelo Nicoletta , Santo Antonio
Published: November 2016

Abstract. This study presents an historical database of flash flood events in the Campania region of southern Italy. The study focuses on small catchments characterized by intermittent flow, generally occurring during and after heavy rainstorms, which can be hydrologically defined as small Mediterranean catchments. As the outlet zones of these catchments (consisting mainly of alluvial fans or fan deltas) are highly urbanized in Campania, the population living in the delivery areas is exposed to high risk. Detailed scrutiny and critical analysis of the existing literature, and of the data inventory available, allowed us to build a robust database consisting of about 500 events from 1540 to 2015, which is continuously updated. Since this study is the first step of a longer project to perform a hazard analysis, information about time and site of occurrence is known for all events. As for the hazard analysis envisaged, collecting information about past events could provide information on future events, in terms of damage and also spatial and temporal occurrence. After introducing the issue of flash floods in Italy we then describe the geological and geomorphological settings of the study area. The database is then presented, illustrating the methodology used in collecting information and its general structure. The collected data are then discussed and the statistical data analysis presented.
The Development of English Teaching/Learning Materials Relevant to Chinese College Students
Authors: Wenjun Xu
Published: November 2016

The author briefly states the current state at home and abroad of the development and use of English teaching/learning materials relevant to students, and the significance of developing English teaching/learning materials relevant to Chinese college students. The designing of this development of materials relevant to Chinese college students, consisting of creating a series of mini-stories about them and colleting materials interesting to them, is discussed. The factors considered when the series of mini-stories are written are stated. The examples of the materials developed are given. The problems encountered during the writing of the mini-stories, the solutions found and the findings of trial use are briefly discussed.

 
“Mesmeric Revelation”: Art as Hypnosis
Authors: Gillespie Zane
Published: November 2016

This article explores the relationship between reader and narrative purpose in Poe's “Mesmeric Revelation,” arguing that this relationship bears resemblance to altered-state theories of hypnosis. It challenges predictable interpretations to open a new avenue for understanding the art of fiction. Primary emphasis is given to the reduced peripheral awareness experienced by readers. The cultivation of this focused attention, according to Poe's “The Philosophy of Composition,” is essential for creating effective artistic products.
Poe's Academic Editions in Spain within the First Fifteen Years of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Correoso-Rodenas José Manuel
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this article is to show how the academic studies on Poe have been developed during the first fifteen years of the twenty-first century in Spain. To achieve this goal, the critical editions of Poe's works published from 2000 on, along with the works of literary criticism composed around Poe's life and works, will be analyzed. The year 2009, with the celebration of Poe's two-hundredth anniversary, was a turning point where many works were produced and many scholars focused on the works of Poe. Many books, articles, and new editions were produced in every research field; but they were not the only ones who made this effort of paying attention to Poe: Spanish students also got involved in some of the activities that took place during this year. Short stories, poems, Poe's life and travels, his influence in later authors on both sides of the Atlantic, and many other aspects were explored. This article will try to offer an overview of all these new publications and how they were received by the Spanish audience, being acquainted the idea that Poe was (and he is still) unknown for most Spaniards, who only have heard of him as an author of horror stories.
Trauma and the Uncanny in Edgar Allan Poe's “Ligeia” and “The Fall of the House of Usher”
Authors: Nadal Marita
Published: November 2016

As a disorder of memory and time, trauma implies a crisis of representation, of history and truth. It remains in the mind like an intruder or a ghost, foregrounding the disjunction between the present and a primary experience of the past that can never be captured. Like trauma, the uncanny implies haunting, uncertainty, repetition, a tension between the known and the unknown, and the intrusive return of the past. Taking the characteristics of these concepts as the point of departure, this paper analyzes Poe's Gothic tales “Ligeia” and “The Fall of the House of Usher,” and explores the close relationship between trauma and the uncanny in both of them. Thus the protagonists of these tales experience the desire to know and the fear of doing so—the basic dilemma at the heart of traumatic experience—and are haunted by memories of a remote and repressed past not recoverable by conscious means but which determines their life in the present. The paper discusses trauma and the uncanny in the light of trauma theory, psychoanalysis, and Gothic criticism, pointing out the centrality of memory and the notion of origins.
Mensajes de la comunidad upoliana
Authors: Editor El
Published: November 2016

Entre otras llamadas, comentarios y comunicaciones recibidas sobre el importante artículo del Asesor Presidencial para asuntos Educativos y Representante de UNESCO en Nicaragua, Dr. Miguel De Castilla, sobre el IMLK-UPOLI; nos permitimos compartir con ustedes algunos de esos hermosos mensajes.
Mensaje para la paz en Colombia 1998
Authors: García Márquez Gabriel
Published: November 2016

"La virtud magnífica de los colombianos es la creatividad. Nacemos y crecemos con ella pero la mayoría se muere sin haberla ejercido por culpa de una educación dogmática, conformista y represiva que parece concebida aposta para tirarse la felicidad. ¿Son estas las cuentas que vamos a rendir sobre el embrión de patria que nos legaron los fundadores? Creo que no. Redimir y privilegiar nuestro poder creativo como una riqueza natural, invaluable y despilfarrada, debe ser la llave maestra para rescatar a Colombia de su propio infierno...".Datos de la foto de contraportada:El balígrafo de la pazEl "balígrafo" que el Presidente de Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, le regaló a Timoleón Jiménez 'Timochenko', jefe de la FARC-EP, en plena ceremonia de la firma del acuerdo de paz en La Habana. Grabado con el siguiente mensaje: “Las balas marcaron nuestro pasado. La educación, nuestro futuro”.
The Reception of Milton’s Samson Agonistes in Coleridge’s Remorse
Authors: Hashimoto Takehiro
Published: November 2016

The present study explores the influences of Milton’s Samson Agonistes on Coleridge’s Remorse in terms of poetic dialogue. Poetic dialogue is an open-ended poetic collaboration between authors consisting of various poetic forms of literature (Magnuson, 1988). The study of such literary collaboration is usually concerned with contemporary authors. This study, however, proposes that poetic dialogue is possible between Coleridge and precedent poets. Magnuson (1988)’s theory of poetic dialogue found that there are two collaborative processes of the negation and application of the character. In the process of negation, Coleridge denies the image of being surrounded by a swarm of dangers of hornets in Milton’s Samson Agonistes. Coleridge changes the figurative expression of hornets to the figurative expression of coldness to express his romantic imagination. In the process of the application of the character, Coleridge uses Dalila’s argument which evades responsibility in Milton’s Samson Agonistes. The main character in Coleridge’s Remorse, Ordonio, changes the focus of the argument from individual fault to something that can happen to everyone. This, in turn, increases Ordonio’s affliction later. Coleridge transfuses Dalila’s character into Ordonio so that the degree of tragedy increases. With these poetic dialogues in mind, the paper concludes that Milton is an interlocutor of poetic dialogue as if Milton is in front of Coleridge. Coleridge can conduct dialogue with Milton, allude to and revise Milton’s poems, and generate open-ended dialogic poems. This dialogue, in turn, would change and enlarge Milton’s poetic space.