bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robot-assisted Pelvic Reconstruction Using Rectus Abdominis Flap: Efficiency Evaluation of Adding a Third Surgeon
Authors: Kelecy Matthew W. , Iftekhar Noama , Allen Brett , Ezeanolue Edozie , Baynosa Richard C.
Published: February 2025

Background:

The open rectus abdominis flap has long been a versatile workhorse in pelvic reconstruction. In an effort to reduce morbidity of open approach, robotic harvest techniques have been developed. Our institution previously published a retrospective study that compared outcomes between the robotic and open approaches between 2014 and 2019. Since then, our technique has evolved to include the addition of a general surgeon for simultaneous harvest site closure and flap insetting.

Methods:

This is an institutional review board–approved single-institution retrospective review of patients who underwent robotic rectus harvest using Da Vinci surgical system for perineal reconstruction between 2018 and June 2023. The dataset was stratified into patients who underwent 3-surgeon reconstruction versus 2-surgeon reconstruction. Data collected included demographics, risk factors, perioperative information, and postoperative outcomes.

Results:

In total, 21 patients underwent robotic rectus repair from 2018 to 2023 with operations occurring at 3 different hospitals. Of those patients 7 were excluded, resulting in 14 patients included for evaluation: 8 patients who underwent 3-surgeon operation and 6 in the 2-surgeon cohort. We found no difference in total operative time (508.1 versus 506.8, P = 0.48), total robotic console time (445.7 versus 424.0, P = 0.46), hospital length of stay (11.4 versus 8.0, P = 0.27), or overall complication rate (0.75 versus 0.83, P = 0.36).

Conclusions:

Although this is a small study, the data suggest that plastic surgeons trained in robotic techniques are well-equipped to perform the harvest, mesh repair, and flap inset without the addition of a general surgeon.
Coil or Plug-Assisted Retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO/PARTO) for treating portal hypertensive variceal bleeding: A multi-center, real-world 10-year retrospective study
Authors: Lee Edward Wolfgang , Saab Sammy , Eghbalieh Navid , Ding Peng-xu , Jeon Ung Bae , Ohm Joon Young , Chen Ronnie C. , Kim Man-Deuk , Han Kichang , Shim Dong Jae , Shin Jong Soo , Mirakhur Anirudh , Liu Chien-An , Park Jonathan , Hao Frank , Wong Man , Moreno Antonio , Singh Jasleen , Kaldas Fady , Farmer Douglas G. , Gonzalez-Abraldes Juan
Published: February 2025

Background & Aims:

CARTO and PARTO are well-accepted treatment for gastric variceal (GV) bleeding. However, long-term (>2 years) clinical outcomes have yet to be studied. In this study, we investigated long-term clinical outcomes, including overall survival (OS) in 10 years

Methods:

We performed a multi-national, multi-center, retrospective study of CARTO/PARTO in GV treatments between 05/2012 and 07/2024. The primary study outcomes were a long-term OS and prognostic factors of CARTO/PARTO. The secondary outcomes were long-term clinical/technical success, complications, clinical changes including portal hypertensive symptoms.

Results:

A total of 311 patients (41% female; 69% CARTO) from 13 centers in five countries were included. The cumulative 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year OS rates were 98, 80, 68, 52, and 33%, respectively, with a median OS of 99 months. Prophylactic CARTO/PARTO showed a better OS than CARTO/PARTO for active bleeding (p=0.00035). The independent prognostic factors of OS were having high pre-MELD, concurrent HCC, treating GOV2, history of esophageal variceal bleeding, high pre-TBili, and ammonia levels. Notably, a high pre-MELD score >27 had a significantly higher mortality rate (92.6%) than a lower pre-MELD score (p<0.001). The overall cumulative 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year recurrent GV bleeding rates were 0.9, 3.2, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.4%, respectively. The overall technical and clinical success rates were 96.5% and 95.3%, respectively, with a 4.5% major complication rate over 10 years.

Conclusions:

CARTO and PARTO have excellent long-term survival and clinical outcomes. However, these are negatively affected by high MELD scores, concomitant HCC, and coexisting esophageal varices.
“An incomplete Kartagener syndrome presenting with recurrent exacerbation of bronchiectasis: a case report”
Authors: Gupta Pukar , Adhikari Pradeep , Ghimire Prashant , Nepal Susmita , Mandal Anjali , Ghimire Dipendra , Katwal Sitaram , Katwal Prakriti , Thapa Roshni
Published: February 2025

Background:

Kartagener syndrome (KS), a rare subgroup of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is characterised by the clinical findings affecting the ciliary movement. It typically presents with a triad of sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus, while cases lacking situs inversus are termed as incomplete KS posing diagnostic challenges.

Case Presentation:

A 42-year-old; non-smoker, non-alcoholic Nepalese male with a history of recurrent cough, nasal discharge and infertility was diagnosed with incomplete KS. His clinical examination revealed coarse crackles bilaterally and rhonchi while spirometry showed mixed obstruction & restrictive patterns. His imaging findings clearly indicated infective bronchiectasis. Symptomatic management and multidisciplinary care were initiated for him.

Discussion:

This case reveals the complexity of diagnosing incomplete KS, a subgroup of PCD. The presence of post-infective bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis strongly supported the diagnosis. Successful medical intervention and ongoing multidisciplinary management are crucial for addressing the patient’s diverse clinical manifestations.

Conclusion:

This case highlights the importance of recognizing the varied presentations of KS and/or PCD and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to its management. Increased clinical awareness and timely diagnosis are essential for improving patient outcomes and effectively managing potential complications.
Exploring the scope and output of neurosurgery in nepal: analysis of workforce development, challenges, and opportunities to neurosurgical care
Authors: Bipin Chaurasia , Kandel Dipendra , Mahat Sangam , Chudal Aakash
Published: February 2025

Background:

The Lack of access to competent neurosurgical treatment in low-income countries is a serious concern. To advance the field, research plays a crucial role. This article provides an overview of the neurosurgical landscape in Nepal, identifying areas that require further research for better patient outcomes. Recent initiatives offer hope for closing the access gap and improving neurosurgical care globally.

Methodology:

The authors used PubMed database to search for articles containing the keyword “Neurosurgery in Nepal” with at least one Nepali author. All the articles published between 1 January 2000, and 29 March 2023, were included. The data obtained from this search was downloaded in CSV format and manually entered into Excel for analysis. Additionally, data regarding the number of medical colleges that train neurosurgery residents were gathered from the website of the Ministry of Education.

Results:

A review of 316 neurosurgery-related articles in Nepal revealed case reports (93) as the most common, alongside review articles (41) and clinical studies (25). Seven medical colleges provide MCh training, and one institute offers NBMS training, producing 11 neurosurgeons annually. This underscores the need to bridge the neurosurgical gap in Nepal.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, to address the growing demand for specialized care and provide better access to neurosurgical services, it is essential to prioritize the expansion of neurosurgical residency programs and the promotion of evidence-based medicine training.
Assessment of laparotomy-induced stress response in opium- and morphine-addicted rats by measuring serum glucose and corticosterone levels: an animal experiment
Authors: Pakbaz Yegneh , Eydivandi Sepideh , Khandani Ayda , Poursalehian Mohammad , Ghadri Hani , Baghai Wadji Massoud
Published: February 2025

Background:

Surgical procedures induce stress responses similar to severe illnesses, activating the metabolic and neuroendocrine systems, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The resulting cortisol surge maintains homeostasis but can adversely affect recovery by elevating blood glucose levels and increasing the risk of complications. Given the high prevalence of opium use, especially in the Middle East and southwestern Asia, and its suspected impact on HPA axis function, this study assesses corticosterone (CS) and glucose as indicators of impaired neuroendocrine responses to surgical stress in an animal model with chronic opioid use.

Materials and methods:

Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: morphine-addicted, opium-addicted, and control. Addiction was induced by administering increasing doses of morphine or opium in drinking water, as verified by naloxone injections. Laparotomy was performed under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia. Blood samples were collected post-surgery and post-recovery to measure the CS and glucose levels.

Results:

This study included 30 rats, with ten rats per group. Post-surgery, mean CS levels were higher in the control group compared to the addicted groups, although not significantly higher. Thirty minutes post-recovery, CS levels remained elevated in the addicted groups. Mean glucose levels were significantly higher in the control group both immediately and thirty minutes post-recovery, indicating a sustained hyperglycemic response. No significant differences were observed between addicted groups in glucose levels.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that chronic opioid use may reduce the neuroendocrine response to surgical stress, as shown by lower CS levels in addicted rats. This aligns with existing research on opioids and stress responses. However, the small sample size and lack of baseline measurements limit the findings. Future studies should use larger, more diverse samples and additional biomarkers. This pilot study highlights the need for further research on altered stress responses in opioid-addicted patients undergoing surgery, emphasizing the importance of tailored postoperative care.
Enhancing patient care: pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in community pharmacies - a literature review
Authors: Inshutiyimana Samuel , Ghanem Laura , Ramadan Nagham , Hammoud Doha , Wojtara Magda , Mshaymesh Sarah , Uwishema Olivier
Published: February 2025

Background:

The role of community pharmacies has been transitioning from traditional drug dispensing methods to include more patient-centred services such as pharmacotherapeutic monitoring. With the increasing complexity of medication regimens and the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, pharmacotherapeutic monitoring plays a crucial role in preventing medication-related problems. This study aims to review patient outcomes of community pharmacies’ involvement in pharmacotherapeutic monitoring services. It also highlights advances in the monitoring process, the challenges involved, and relevant solutions.

Methods:

A narrative review was conducted from 8 April 2024 to 9 May 2024, where data was extracted from multiple research studies indexed in PubMed, EBSCOHost, and Google Scholar databases. This review included only previous articles written in English and had information relevant to community pharmacy, patient care, innovations in pharmacotherapeutic monitoring, and challenges associated with the monitoring process in community pharmacies.

Results:

Implementation of pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in community pharmacies improves patient outcomes and satisfaction. It minimizes adverse events by ensuring optimal dosing and patient adherence, which in turn reduces medical expenses and duration of hospitalization. However, factors such as inefficient analytical resources, lack of skilled personnel, and huge financial costs complicate implementation of pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in community pharmacies.

Conclusion:

Community pharmacies’ participation in therapeutic drug monitoring is a promising development that prioritizes tailored patient care, eliminating the need for hospital visits. We recommend a multidisciplinary collaboration, robust electronic medical record systems, and large-scale research studies to provide sufficient evidence on the application of therapeutic drug monitoring in community pharmacies, to leverage this service. Also, policy and decision-makers should facilitate this practice by investing more in pharmacotherapeutic monitoring tools and training for community pharmacists.
Improving Adherence to the Lead Exposure Protocol at Boston Medical Center’s Pediatric Clinic
Authors: Barzilay Julie R. , Mell Anthony J. , Driscoll MaryKate , Gonzalez Priscilla , Meyers Sarah , Buncher Noah
Published: February 2025

Introduction:

Using plan-do-study-act cycles, our team aimed to increase mean provider adherence to the Lead Exposure Protocol at the Boston Medical Center Pediatric Primary Care Clinic from 16% (baseline global mean provider adherence) to 80% from April 1, 2021, to February 1, 2023, thereby curbing the secondary effects of lead exposure.

Methods:

Our team performed a chart review of patients 6 months to 5 years of age with blood lead levels (BLLs) ≥2 µg/dL (n = 853) to track provider adherence to Boston Medical Center’s Lead Exposure Protocol. We created p charts to track the efficacy of interventions to improve adherence. Interventions included (1) electronic medical record SmartPhrases, (2) provider education, (3) provider feedback, (4) implementation of a follow-up nursing workflow, and (5) simplification of nursing workflow.

Results:

For BLL 2–4 µg/dL (n = 783), a centerline shift in provider adherence was observed, with >8 points above the preintervention mean after intervention (2) and an increase in mean adherence from 14.1% to 50%. For BLL 5–9 µg/dL (n = 58), no centerline shift was observed, with only 6 points above the upper control limit after intervention (4). The 2–4 µg/dL range changes indicate special cause variance and system change. Global mean provider adherence increased by 3.3 times to 53%.

Conclusions:

Simple, low-cost process changes improved adherence to complex guidelines for managing lead-exposed children in the primary care setting. Similar interventions could be implemented on a broader scale to standardize the management of other routine pediatric screens.
Anatomic Consideration and Lifting Technique in Mandible Border Line Lifting With Multidirectional Thread
Authors: Hong Gi-Woong , Wan Jovian , Yoon Song-Eun , Yi Kyu-Ho
Published: February 2025

This review presents a comprehensive analysis of mandible borderline lifting, a minimally invasive procedure designed to enhance jawline definition using barbed threads. The technique addresses age-related tissue laxity along the mandibular border by utilizing the anatomic structure of the platysma-auricular ligament as an anchor point. Recent changes in facial morphology among Korean populations, coupled with increased orthodontic interventions, have shifted esthetic focus from chin projection enhancement to overall jawline definition, similar to Western esthetic preferences. The procedure involves careful thread insertion through cannulas along the mandibular septum, engaging both inner and outer aspects of the jawline margin. Special consideration is given to anatomic structures, particularly the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve and critical blood vessels near the antegonial notch. The technique employs multidirectional barbed threads, with gauge selection based on individual patient characteristics. This method effectively restores jawline definition while maintaining natural anatomic contours, resulting in a more youthful appearance.
Full Ultrasonic Sagittal Split Mandibular Ramus Osteotomy: A New Technical Safety Approach
Authors: Olate Sergio , Unibazo Alejandro , Vargas Erick , Alister Juan Pablo , Huentequeo Claudio
Published: February 2025

Sagittal mandibular ramus osteotomy (SSRO) has undergone some modifications in terms of the position of the osteotomy and its extension, and it continues to be a versatile and efficient procedure for the treatment of facial deformities. The usual tools to perform the osteotomy include the motor with rotary drills and the reciprocating saw, and recently tools like the laser or the piezoelectric system have been included. The piezoelectric system shows advantages for the safety in the osteotomy and has allowed the development of new techniques that improve the execution and the prognosis of the surgery; the present report shows the technique for SSRO using exclusively the piezoelectric system, without the support of a chisel or other tool during the osteotomy.
Optimizing the Laparoscopic Vecchietti Procedure: Tips and Tricks
Authors: Sinha Annika , Woll Abbigail , Kisby Cassandra K.
Published: February 2025

Background

The Vecchietti procedure is a staged procedure that, through use of an acrylic olive, allows for expedited traction and dilation to create a neovagina in patients with congenital vaginal agenesis. Although the steps are fairly standardized for the laparoscopic Vecchietti procedure, we have appreciated specific nuances in technique that have optimized our surgical approach and efficiency.

Case

We present a case of congenital vaginal agenesis in a genetically female patient who completed neovaginal creation using the laparoscopic Vecchietti technique. During this case, we review each step of the procedure and offer technical strategies to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the operating room. We also describe these specific preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations in a video.

Conclusions

This optimized Vecchietti procedure, or traction vaginoplasty, is an excellent option for neovagina creation in those patients with vaginal agenesis. With the use of our techniques, we have had successful cosmetic and functional outcomes.
Redescription and phylogeny of the little-known type species Rhinakis faurei Deroux, 1994 (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Nassophorea)
Authors: Sun Qianhui , Jiang Limin , Liao Lijian , Warren Alan , Hu Xiaozhong
Published: February 2025

Ciliates of the class Nassophorea Small & Lynn, 1981, inhabit a wide range of aquatic environments and serve as a trophic link in microbial food webs. However, their diversity remains underestimated. In the present study, the morphology and molecular phylogeny of Rhinakis faurei Deroux, 1994, an insufficiently known nassulid ciliate, were investigated using an integrative taxonomic approach. The studied population was collected from a freshwater pond in Qingdao, China. Details of the live morphology and ciliature of R. faurei are documented for the first time, and an improved species diagnosis is provided. Phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence revealed that R. faurei clusters within the family Nassulidae de Fromentel, 1874. However, evolutionary interrelationships within the Nassulidae remain obscure owing to under-sampling, the lack of sequence data for most nominal species, and low nodal support or unstable gene tree topologies.
Preserving the antimicrobial arsenal: exploring alternatives to carbapenems in ESBL battles within the southeast of Ireland
Authors: Ali Saied , Tobin Aideen , Lapthorne Susan , Collison Meadhbh , Murphy Doireann , Chan Grace , Doyle Maeve
Published: February 2025

Introduction. Carbapenems are usually employed as first-line antimicrobials against bacteria harbouring extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). These enzymes confer resistance often to multiple classes of antimicrobials.

Hypothesis/Gap Statement. This indiscriminate use of carbapenems and the inevitable development of carbapenem resistance have prompted the need for carbapenem-sparing strategies.

Methodology. The non-carbapenem antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 60 ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) isolates responsible for bloodstream infections, in 2022–2023 inclusive, processed at our institution were reviewed.

Results. The non-carbapenem antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 60 ESBL-PE isolates from bloodstream infections during the study period were determined. Escherichia coli was the most common species isolated (87%, n=52), with the majority of cases (73.3%, n=44) originating from a presumed urinary source. Temocillin (TMC), mecillinam (MEC), cefiderocol (FDC), amikacin and fosfomycin (FOS) displayed excellent activity against all ESBL-PE isolates tested, with susceptibility rates of≥85%. Ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid were the least efficacious agents, with susceptibility rates≤20%.

Conclusions. TMC, MEC, FDC and FOS offer promising alternatives to carbapenems, demonstrating efficacy against ESBL-PE. The use of these agents not only broadens the therapeutic arsenal against ESBL-PE but also mitigates the potential for escalating carbapenem resistance, especially in regions where the incidence of carbapenem resistance is increasing.
Whole-genome sequencing of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in Terengganu, Malaysia (2011–2020), revealed the predominance of the Global Clone 2 lineage
Authors: Din Nurul Saidah , Mohd. Rani Farahiyah , Alattraqchi Ahmed Ghazi , Ismail Salwani , A. Rahman Nor Iza , Cleary David W. , Clarke Stuart C. , Yeo Chew Chieng
Published: February 2025

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top priority pathogens. Despite its public health importance, genomic data of clinical isolates from Malaysia remain scarce. In this study, whole-genome sequencing was performed on 126 A. baumannii isolates collected from the main tertiary hospital in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia, over a 10-year period (2011–2020). Antimicrobial susceptibilities determined for 20 antibiotics belonging to 8 classes showed that 77.0% (n=97/126) of the isolates were categorized as multidrug resistant (MDR), with all MDR isolates being carbapenem resistant. Multilocus sequence typing analysis categorized the Terengganu A. baumannii clinical isolates into 34 Pasteur and 44 Oxford sequence types (STs), with ST2Pasteur of the Global Clone 2 lineage identified as the dominant ST (n=76/126; 60.3%). The ST2Pasteur isolates could be subdivided into six Oxford STs with the majority being ST195Oxford (n=35) and ST208Oxford (n=17). Various antimicrobial resistance genes were identified with the bla
OXA-23-encoded carbapenemase being the predominant acquired carbapenemase gene (n=90/126; 71.4%). Plasmid-encoded rep genes were identified in nearly all (n=122/126; 96.8%) of the isolates with the majority being Rep_3 family (n=121). Various virulence factors were identified, highlighting the pathogenic nature of this bacterium. Only 14/126 (11.1%) of the isolates were positive for the carriage of CRISPR-Cas arrays with none of the prevalent ST2Pasteur isolates harbouring them. This study provided a genomic snapshot of the A. baumannii isolates obtained from a single tertiary healthcare centre in Malaysia over a 10-year period and showed the predominance of a single closely related ST2Pasteur lineage, indicating the entrenchment of this clone in the hospital.
Micro-invasive probes for monitoring electrical and chemical neural activity in nonhuman primates
Authors: Amjad Usamma , Mahajan Shreya , Choi Jiwon , Shrivastav Ritesh , Murray Raymond , Somich Abby , Coyne Olivia , Schwerdt Helen N.
Published: February 2025

We leveraged carbon fiber materials for creating sensors that provide dual neurochemical and electrical neural activity recording at micro-invasive (10 µm) spatial footprints proximal to recording sites, and enabling these measurements from deep brain targets of primates with conventional cranial chambers. These shaft-assisted micro-invasive probes (s-µIPs) are approximately 10 µm in diameter along the distal length (1 – 15 mm) immediately surrounding the targeted recording site. This micro-invasive portion ensures that the recording site is isolated from tissue damage induced by the wider shaft portion of the device. The shaft (150 – 165 µm in diameter) within the device stiffens the remaining length of the probe (> 100 mm), and provides compatibility with standard intracranial insertion protocols (e.g., guide tubes and chamber setups) that require a sufficiently rigid and long shaft for deep brain insertion in monkeys. The s-µIP was further expanded to provide dual-channel chemical and electrical neural activity recording with micrometer spatial resolution. Measurements of reward- and movement-related dopamine, spikes, and local field potentials were made from single and dual-channel s-µIPs implanted in task-performing monkeys. Recordings from chronically implanted s-µIPs display the capability of functional multi-modal (chemical and electrical) neural activity measurements over 1-year post-implantation from micro-invasive devices.
The role of asymmetric migration on local adaptation: an analysis of the classic two-habitat migration model
Authors: Priklopil Tadeas
Published: February 2025

We explore how migration and selection interact to shape local adaptation, revisiting the notion that increased gene flow typically suppresses genetic differentiation and local adaptation. Instead, we demonstrate that migration can both suppress and facilitate local adaptation, depending on the symmetry or asymmetry of migration rates between populations. This duality is examined in two scenarios within a single-locus theory: one in which local adaptation of a pair of alleles is maintained under arbitrary patterns of antagonistic selection, and another in which local adaptation develops through the recurrent invasion and fixation of alleles with weak selective effects on a continuous phenotype. For both scenarios, we analyze the classic two-habitat migration model, providing a novel examination of its dynamics. When migration is symmetric, an equal increase in migration rates impedes local adaptation by forcing both variant alleles to spend more time in non-local habitats where they are disfavored. In contrast, when migration rates increase asymmetrically, leading to skewed gene flow, both alleles spend more time in the same habitat, disadvantaging the non-local allele but favoring the locally adapted one. Thus, both increasing and decreasing migration rates can favor or hinder local adaptation, depending on the interplay between migration patterns and selection, underscoring the importance of migration heterogeneity in shaping local adaptation dynamics.
MeTrEx: Membrane Trajectory Explorer
Authors: Jaeger-Honz Sabrina , Rohse Christiane , Ehrmann Beat , Klein Karsten , Zhang Ying , Ma Wendong , Hamada Yu , Li Jian , Schreiber Falk
Published: February 2025

Background: Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations provide valuable insights into the behaviour of biomolecules, particularly in complex systems such as cellular membranes. However, the increasing volume of MD data presents significant challenges in data visualisation, exploration and analysis. Result: We present MeTrEx: Membrane Trajectory Explorer, a Python-based software designed to enhance the exploration and analysis of MD simulation data, with a focus on ligand and membrane molecule interactions. MeTrEx offers an intuitive graphical user interface for visualisation, advanced interaction tools, and comprehensive analytical capabilities. The software also supports comparative analyses of molecular trajectories and integrates external datasets for a more holistic view. A case study analysing the interaction of Polymyxin B1 with a bacterial membrane demonstrates the tool's capabilities to investigate complex molecular behaviours. Conclusion: By combining detailed molecular analysis with interactive visualisation, MeTrEx provides researchers with a powerful platform to investigate complex biomolecular systems, contributing to a deeper understanding of ligand-membrane interactions.
A bivalent self-amplifying RNA vaccine against yellow fever and Zika viruses
Authors: Battisti Peter , Ykema Matthew R. , Kasal Darshan N. , Jennewein Madeleine F. , Beaver Samuel , Weight Abbie E. , Hanson Derek , Singh Jasneet , Bakken Julie , Cross Noah , Fusco Pauline , Archer Jacob , Reed Sierra , Gerhardt Alana , Julander Justin G. , Casper Corey , Voigt Emily A.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Yellow fever (YFV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality, despite the existence of an approved YFV vaccine and the development of multiple ZIKV vaccine candidates to date. New technologies may improve access to vaccines against these pathogens. We previously described a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-delivered self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine platform with excellent thermostability and immunogenicity, appropriate for prevention of tropical infectious diseases.

Methods

YFV and ZIKV prM-E antigen-expressing saRNA constructs were created using a TC-83 strain Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-based replicon and complexed with NLC by simple mixing. Monovalent and bivalent vaccine formulations were injected intramuscularly into C57BL/6 mice and Syrian golden hamsters, and the magnitude, durability, and protective efficacy of the resulting immune responses were then characterized.

Results and discussion

Monovalent vaccines established durable neutralizing antibody responses to their respective flaviviral targets, with little evidence of cross-neutralization. Both vaccines additionally elicited robust antigen-reactive CD4+and CD8+T cell populations. Notably, humoral responses to YFV saRNA-NLC vaccination were comparable to those in YF-17D-vaccinated animals. Bivalent formulations established humoral and cellular responses against both viral targets, commensurate to those established by monovalent vaccines, without evidence of saRNA interference or immune competition. Finally, both monovalent and bivalent vaccines completely protected mice and hamsters against lethal ZIKV and YFV challenge. We present a bivalent saRNA-NLC vaccine against YFV and ZIKV capable of inducing robust and efficacious neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses against both viruses. These data support the development of other multivalent saRNA-based vaccines against infectious diseases.
Risk Factors and Long-term Prognosis for Coinfection of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Multicenter Observational Study in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhiro , Ide Shotaro , Takazono Takahiro , Takeda Kazuaki , Iwanaga Naoki , Yoshida Masataka , Hosogaya Naoki , Tsukamoto Yusei , Irifune Satoshi , Suyama Takayuki , Mihara Tomo , Kondo Akira , Kobayashi Tsutomu , Fukuda Yuichi , Sasaki Eisuke , Sawai Toyomitsu , Higashiyama Yasuhito , Hashiguchi Kohji , Hanaka Minako , Ii Toshihiko , Fukushima Kiyoyasu , Komiya Kosaku , Miyazaki Taiga , Yatera Kazuhiro , Izumikawa Koichi , Furumoto Akitsugu , Yanagihara Katsunori , Mukae Hiroshi
Published: February 2025

Background and objective

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is a chronic respiratory infection with increasing prevalence and mortality worldwide. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a significant complication of NTM-PD and is associated with a poor prognosis. In this multicenter, retrospective, cohort study, we examined the epidemiology, comorbidities, risk factors for CPA coinfection, and long-term prognoses of patients with NTM-PD infected with CPA in Japan.

Methods

Patients aged ≥ 8 years with newly diagnosed NTM-PD who visited 18 acute-care hospitals in Kyushu, Japan, between 2010 and 2017 were included. Medical records were reviewed for patient characteristics, underlying diseases, mycobacterial species, laboratory data, radiological features,Aspergilluscoinfection, and all-cause mortality. Risk factors for CPA coinfection were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and survival analysis was performed before and after propensity score matching with risk factors.

Results

Among 1,304 patients with NTM-PD, 45 (3.5%) were diagnosed with CPA during the observation period. Risk factors for CPA coinfection included male sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oral corticosteroid use, and cavity formation. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in patients with NTM-PD with CPA than in those without CPA (log-rank test,P< .001; crude HR, 3.98). Survival analysis after propensity score matching confirmed that CPA was an independent poor prognostic factor (log-rank test,P= .036; adjusted HR, 1.59).

Conclusion

CPA is an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with NTM-PD. Clinicians must consider CPA when treating patients with NTM-PD, particularly those with high-risk factors, to ensure their timely diagnosis and management.

Summary at a Glance

A study of 1,304 NTM-PD patients in Japan found that 3.5% had chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), significantly increasing their mortality risk. Key risk factors for CPA included male sex, COPD, corticosteroid use, and cavity formation. CPA is an independent poor prognostic factor, highlighting the need for timely diagnosis and management.
DNA repair functions are essential for bacterial stress defense but render antibiotic tolerant sub-populations susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin upon prolonged treatment
Authors: Wan Yingkun , Zheng Jiaqi , Heng Heng , Tang Yang , Ye Lianwei , Wai-Chi Chan Edward , Chen Sheng
Published: February 2025

The unresponsiveness of bacterial tolerant subpopulations to antibiotics has been attributed to physiological dormancy triggered by environmental stresses. In this work, we showed that protein and DNA synthesis activities in tolerant subpopulations that formed during nutrient starvation remained at a high level and only dropped gradually during the course of six days-starvation. Interestingly, upon decline of these activities, the tolerant subpopulations became susceptible to antibiotics that target protein and DNA synthesis, which was found to be required to support DNA repair functions essential for prolonged survival of the tolerant subpopulation. The increasing susceptibility of the bacterial tolerant subpopulation to antibiotics was also due to diminishing energy production, antioxidant defense and efflux functions, which resulted in weakening defense and further inhibition of synthesis and functions of DNA repair and other defense proteins. These findings confirm that bacterial tolerant subpopulations remain physiological active, and open new opportunities for combating bacterial tolerance with existing antibiotics.
Hippocampus responds to mismatches with predictions based on episodic memories but not generalised knowledge
Authors: Varga Dominika K , Raykov Petar P , Jefferies Elizabeth , Ben-Yakov Aya , Bird Chris M
Published: February 2025

Prediction errors drive learning by signalling a mismatch between our expectations and reality. The hippocampus plays a key role in mismatch detection, but it is not known what information the hippocampus uses to form expectations. Here we show that the human hippocampus bases its expectations on episodic memories and not generalised schematic knowledge. Across three fMRI experiments, we demonstrate that the hippocampus is selectively engaged by mismatches with episodic memories of specific events. In contrast, mismatches with schematic knowledge activate regions of the Semantic Control and Multiple Demand Networks, as well as subcortical regions involved in prediction error signalling. Notably, mismatches with episodic memories also engage the Default Mode Network. Overall, our findings provide direct support for some models of learning via mismatch detection and refute models that propose the hippocampus plays a wider role as a more generalised mismatch detector.
Activation of the Yersinia type III secretion system induces large-scale chromosomal and virulence plasmid DNA rearrangements
Authors: Ermoli Francesca , Spahn Christoph , Sadhir Ismath , Bode Helge B , Diepold Andreas
Published: February 2025

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is used by Gram-negative bacteria, including important pathogens, to manipulate eukaryotic target cells by injecting effector proteins. Type III secretion and bacterial physiology are known to be tightly interconnected and influence each other. Most notably, secreting cells undergo growth arrest in the T3SS model organisms Yersinia, Salmonella and Shigella. The molecular basis of this phenotype, referred to as secretion-associated growth inhibition, is debated. In Yersinia, T3SS genes are encoded extra-chromosomally in the plasmid of Yersinia virulence (pYV), whose copy number increases upon induction of T3SS secretion. In this study, we characterize the link between T3SS activity and subcellular organization by localizing and quantifying the pYV and chromosomal DNA in Yersinia enterocolitica. We find that activation of secretion not only increases the number of pYV plasmids per bacterium, but that the plasmids also move towards the membrane and poles. This relocalization is not caused by transertion (coupled transcription, translation and translocation) of effectors, but part of a broader DNA rearrangement, leading to a distinct relocalization of chromosomal DNA to mid-cell. We hypothesize that these striking DNA rearrangements occurring during secretion are a main factor in the secretion-associated growth inhibition of pathogenic bacteria.
Revisiting series expansions of neutrino oscillation and decay probabilities in matter
Authors: Grönroos Jesper , Ohlsson Tommy , Vihonen Sampsa
Published: February 2025

We present analytic expressions for three-flavor neutrino oscillations in presence of invisible neutrino decay and matter effects. Using the well-known Cayley-Hamilton formalism, the leading-order terms are derived for oscillation probabilities in all major channels assuming the neutrino mass eigenstate ν3 to decay. Our work extends and complements previous studies utilizing the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, providing the series expansions for νe→νe, νe→νμ, νe→ντ, νμ→νμ, and νμ→ντ. The accuracy of the analytical formulas is investigated by comparing the results with numerically calculated probabilities. We also comment on the implications on unitarity violation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Optimal new physics estimation in the presence of standard model backgrounds
Authors: Bhattacharya Subhaditya , Jahedi Sahabub , Lahiri Jayita , Wudka Jose
Published: February 2025

In this work, we develop a numerical technique for the optimal estimation of the new physics (NP) couplings applicable to any collider process without any simplifying assumptions. This approach also provides a way to measure the quality of the NP estimates derived using standard χ2 analysis, and can be used to gauge the advantages of various modalities of collider design. We illustrate the techniques and arguments by considering the pair production of heavy charged fermions at an e+e− collider.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Final state radiation from high and ultrahigh energy neutrino interactions
Authors: Plestid Ryan , Zhou Bei
Published: February 2025

Charged leptons produced by high-energy and ultrahigh-energy neutrinos have a substantial probability of emitting prompt internal bremsstrahlung νℓ+N→ℓ+X+γ. This can have important consequences for neutrino detection. We discuss observable consequences at high- and ultrahigh-energy neutrino telescopes and the Large Hadron Collider’s (LHC’s) Forward Physics Facility. Logarithmic enhancements can be substantial (e.g., ∼20%) when either the charged lepton’s energy or the rest of the cascade is measured. We comment on final state radiation’s impacts on measuring the inelasticity distribution, ν/ν¯ flux ratio, throughgoing muons, and double-bang signatures for high-energy neutrino observation. Furthermore, for ultrahigh-energy neutrino observation, we find that final state radiation increases the overall detectable energy by as much as 20%, affects flavor measurements, and decreases the energy of both Earth-emergent tau leptons and regenerated tau neutrinos. Many of these have significant impacts on measuring neutrino fluxes and spectra. Finally, for the LHC’s Forward Physics Facility, we find that final state radiation will impact future extractions of strange quark parton distribution functions. Final state radiation should be included in future analyses at neutrino telescopes and the Forward Physics Facility.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Charges in general relativity and black hole thermodynamics
Authors: Golshani M. , Sheikh-Jabbari M. M. , Taghiloo V. , Vahidinia M. H.
Published: February 2025

We shed a new light on the long-standing problem of covariant charges in diffeomorphism invariant theories such as general relativity by noting the other important feature of the theory, the background independence. To this end, we develop covariant phase space formalism in which we allow for the boundaries of spacetime to have arbitrary fluctuations. Within this formalism we show noncovariance of charges appear in inevitable integration constants that also break background independence in the expression of charges. We then apply the same formalism to black hole thermodynamics. We generalize the seminal Iyer-Wald derivation the first law of black hole thermodynamics by relaxing the need for the assumptions at a bifurcation surface and asymptotic infinity, as well as addressing questions regarding the integrability of charges. We also present a first principles derivation of the Smarr relation within our framework.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Revealing the Nature of yrast States in Neutron-Rich Polonium Isotopes
Authors: Lică R. , Andreyev A. N. , Naïdja H. , Blazhev A. , Van Duppen P. , Andel B. , Algora A. , Antalic S. , Benito J. , Benzoni G. , Berry T. , Borge M. J. G. , Costache C. , Cubiss J. G. , De Witte H. , Fraile L. M. , Fynbo H. O. U. , Greenlees P. T. , Harkness-Brennan L. J. , Huyse M. , Illana A. , Jolie J. , Judson D. S. , Konki J. , Lazarus I. , Madurga M. , Marginean N. , Marginean R. , Mihai C. , Mihai R. E. , Mosat P. , Murias J. R. , Nacher E. , Negret A. , Page R. D. , Perea A. , Pucknell V. , Rahkila P. , Rezynkina K. , Sánchez-Tembleque V. , Schomacker K. , Stryjczyk M. , Sürder C. , Tengblad O. , Vedia V. , Warr N. ,   IDS Collaboration
Published: February 2025

Polonium isotopes having two protons above the shell closure at Z=82 show a wide variety of low-lying, high-spin isomeric states across the whole chain. The structure of neutron-deficient isotopes up to Po210  (N=126) is well established as they are easily produced through various methods. However, there is not much information available for the neutron-rich counterparts for which only selective techniques can be used for their production. We report on the first fast-timing measurements of yrast states up to the 8+ level in Po214,216,218 isotopes produced in the β− decay of Bi214,216,218 at ISOLDE, CERN. In particular, our new half-life value of 607(14) ps for the 81+ state in Po214 is nearly 20 times shorter than the value available in the literature and comparable with the newly measured half-lives of 409(16) and 628(25) ps for the corresponding 81+ states in Po216,218, respectively. The measured B(E2;81+→61+) transition probability values follow an increasing trend relative to isotope mass, reaching a maximum for Po216. The increase contradicts the previous claims of isomerism for the 8+ yrast states in neutron-rich Po214 and beyond. Together with the other measured yrast transitions, the B(E2) values provide a crucial test of the different theoretical approaches describing the underlying configurations of the yrast band. The new experimental results are compared to shell-model calculations using the KHPE and H208 effective interactions and their pairing-modified versions, showing an increase in configuration mixing when moving toward the heavier isotopes.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Evaluating the feasibility and challenges of using passive solar systems for achieving thermal comfort in African countries: a review
Authors: Lazaro Samuel Aires Master , Li Xiangyu
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This review investigates the significance of passive solar systems and bioclimatic building designs in improving thermal comfort across various African regions. The study evaluates current papers and publications, focusing on best practice standards, scientific developments and the possibility of achieving maximum thermal comfort across varied temperature zones.

Design/methodology/approach

This research utilised a systematic approach to analyse passive solar systems and African bioclimatic design. It involved a review of 175 documents sourced from the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases, focusing on peer-reviewed publications from 1992 to 2023 as well as the Regulations and Standards for Thermal Comfort established in African countries.

Findings

The study shows how integrating passive solar systems into bioclimatic architecture greatly increases thermal comfort and lowers energy consumption in African buildings. Nevertheless, significant research gaps exist in using these systems in different African climates. Maintaining and modifying passive solar systems is essential to tackling the distinct environmental issues faced by the continent.

Research limitations/implications

While this review provides a thorough analysis, it acknowledges the complexity of local settings and construction practices, recognising potential limitations in the available literature. The implications include a call for further research and technological advancements to address these limitations and refine passive solar systems for optimal performance.

Originality/value

This study bridges knowledge gaps about how passive solar systems and bioclimatic design principles can be efficiently used across various African climates and areas. Furthermore, it incorporates recent advances and a thorough review procedure to ensure that findings are current and relevant.
“Do you feel you’re being seen?”: Black women undergraduates’ experiences with mentorship
Authors: Ekpo Edidiong U. , Ekpo Ekaete C. , Silverstein Madison W. , Toney Akilah , Fix Rebecca L.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Race and gender – and their intersection – play an important role in mentorship. In the current study, informed by critical race theory (CRT) and intersectionality, we identified and explored helpful and harmful mentoring experiences among Black women undergraduates.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with Black female undergraduate students (n = 18) from five undergraduate institutions in the United States. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, a codebook was developed through a series of team meetings, and inductive qualitative coding was performed.

Findings

Eight major themes were revealed, with three indicating positive mentorship experiences and five indicating negative mentorship experiences. Participants expressed appreciation for effective mentor support concerning professional development, personal concerns, and race-specific support. Experiencing ineffective mentorship compounded other systemic barriers that the participants faced and led them to censor their self-expression while communicating with their mentors.

Originality/value

This examination of mentoring perspectives from Black women undergraduate students provides a foundation for future directions in mentorship improvement for Black women.