bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A IMIGRAÇÃO E O TRÁFICO DE PESSOAS FACE A FACE COM A ADVERSIDADE E OS DIREITOS HUMANOS: Xenofobia, Discriminação, Exploração Sexual, Trabalho Escravo e Precarização do Trabalho - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v39i1.36477
Authors: Sánchez Rubio David
Published: July 2017

RESUMO:O artigo trata da imigração e do tráfico de pessoas em contraponto com os direitos humanos, passando por temas como a xenofobia, a exploração sexual, a discriminação, o trabalho escravo e a exploração do trabalho, explorando metodologicamente a reflexão à partir da linguagem cinematográfica comparando-a com a realidade dos migrantes no mundo contemporâneo. Trata do problema da migração na era globalizada e nos Estados Constitucionais de direito, informados pelo conceito de cidadania e direitos humanos, nos vários continentes, colocando em análise as causas dos problemas gerados nestas relações. Discute duas possibilidades de direitos humanos nesses países e analisa documentos internacionais, frisando a dicotomia entre teoria e prática, buscando revelar a negação e a exclusão ao analisar  na estrutura social desigual e assimétrica existente. ABSTRACT:This paper is about immigration and trafficking in persons in contrast with the Human Rights, going through topics like xenophobia, sexual exploitation, discrimination, slave work and  labor exploitation, exploring methodologically the reflection  through the cinematic language, comparing it with the reality of the immigrants in the contemporary world. It is about the immigration problem during the globalized era and the Constitutional State of Rights, informed by the concept of citizenship and human rights, on different continents, placing under review the issues’ causes generated on this relations. It discusses two possibilities of human rights on these countries and analyses international documents, highlighting the dichotomy between theory and practice, aiming to reveal the denial and the exclusion when analyzed the unequal and asymmetric social structure there is.
Listening to North Indian Classical Music: How Embodied Ways of Listening Perform Imagined Histories and Social Class
Authors: Alaghband-Zadeh Chloë
Published: July 2017

With this article, I theorize the sociality of embodied ways of listening to North Indian classical music. I focus on rasikas (connoisseurs): these expert listeners are conspicuous at live performances, where they gesture and comment to express their enjoyment of the music. Based on ethnography and interviews with musicians and music lovers in Delhi, Mumbai, and Pune, I argue that rasikas’ embodied, audible listening practices enact shared imagined histories and perform expertise and social status. Moreover, these listening behaviors also sustain values of the so-called old middle class in India in the face of economic and social change.
“Then to Death Walked, Softly Smiling”: Violence and Martyrdom in Modern Irish Republican Ballads
Authors: Cadhla Seán Ó
Published: July 2017

This article critically considers the representation of death within the song tradition of modern Irish Republicanism. I explore how such representations have changed in parallel with the various ideological metamorphoses that Irish Republicanism has undergone, specifically in the twentieth century. I argue that the centrality of self-sacrifice has resulted in the development of ballad narratives that deliberately obfuscate on the issue of Republican violence, resulting in the deaths of all Republican militants (regardless of cause or context), ultimately portrayed as a form of heroic self-martyrdom.

San alt seo, déantar anailís chriticiúil ar léiriú an bháis i dtraidisiún amhránaíocht Phoblachtach na hÉireann. Tugtar faoi deara na hathruithe a d’éirigh don léiriú seo mar throradh ar na claochlaithe idé-eolaíochta éagsúla a tháinig ar an bPoblachtachas le linn an fichiú haois go háirithe. Maítear ann go maolaítear foréigean Poblachtach sna bailéid atá faoi chaibidil d’aon ghnó, chun bás an mhíleataigh Phoblachtaigh a chur in iúl mar fhéiníobairt laochúil, beag beann ar chúis nó ar chomhthéacs.
Performing “Participation”: Kanyeleng Musicians and Global Health in the Gambia
Authors: McConnell Bonnie B.
Published: July 2017

Kanyeleng fertility society musicians have become an integral part of health promotion programs in the Gambia. Health workers have embraced kanyeleng performance in the name of making their programs more participatory and therefore more effective in combatting persistent health problems. While participation has become a buzzword in global health discourse, the contested social relations of musical performances have not been adequately examined. Bringing a medical ethnomusicological perspective to interdisciplinary debates on participation, this article foregrounds the participatory dynamics of music making as they intersect with local concepts of music, health, and well-being.
Following Paesani Trails and Intimacies: San Giovanni and the Fairmont Coalfield
Authors: Tropea Joseph L. , Salvati Janet S.
Published: July 2017

This article documents personal lives in a Calabrian village in south Italy and the Fairmont Coalfield in northcentral West Virginia. It reveals the fracturing of families through emigration, betrayal, divorce, and death but, also, the Appalachian redemption of an immigrant woman. A range of primary sources is used, from West Virginia records of a mining disaster and a divorce to Italian police reports and interviews. Paesani (fellow villagers) guided the research not only in identifying emigration patterns but also patterns in leasing coal company housing; in deaths of women, children, and miners; in replacement of wives; and in recruitment of company labor. This research offers comparative glimpses into transformations in intimacy, inter-gender power, paid labor, and home production.
Gap Creek’s Celebration of Women’s Subjugation
Authors: Justus Michelle
Published: July 2017

Through tropes of work and sex, Robert Morgan’s Gap Creek: The Story of a Marriage normalizes violations perpetrated by men against women. The book is set around the turn of the twentieth century, so as the protagonist, Julie, relates her story, it becomes a journey into an imagined past when women were women and knew how to help men become men, in the purest patriarchal sense of the terms. While Julie is cast as a strong mountain woman who is to be commended for her physical strength, maturity, and common sense, what actually underlies her admirable character traits is the novel’s approbation for her subservience and silence. Yet since its publication in 1999, the novel has enjoyed immense popular appeal as well as critical praise. I argue that Morgan’s insider status and his use of a contentedly subjugated woman narrator obfuscate the book’s sexist ideology.
A mixed-methods pilot study of the factors that influence collaboration among registered nurses and registered practical nurses in acute care
Authors: Moore Jane , Prentice Dawn , Salfi Jenn
Published: July 2017

Objective: Staffing models employing registered nurses (RNs) and registered practical nurses (RPN) have created the opportunity for enhanced collaboration in acute care settings. However, little is understood about how these nurses collaborate and the factors that influence their collaboration. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the factors that influenced collaboration among RNs and RPNs at one acute care hospital in Canada in order to understand and improve nursing collaborative practice.Methods: Using an explanatory, sequential mixed methods design, data were collected over several months in 2016 from the nurses using a questionnaire and individual telephone interviews. Sixty-five RNs and RPNs working on medical, surgical and emergency units completed the “Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Scale” survey and ten RNs and RPNs participated in the telephone interviews.Results: Quantitative analysis showed lower scores among younger nurses across most domains of the survey: conflict management, communication, shared processes, coordination and professionalism. Qualitative analysis revealed working to full scope of practice was a facilitator of RN-RPN collaboration, and older age and poor interpersonal skills were barriers to successful collaboration.Conclusions: The results provide discussion for identification of strategies to improve collaborative practice among nurses such as establishing joint education programs for RNs and RPNs, and the use of models or frameworks to guide collaborative practice in healthcare organizations.
Experiences of young adolescent mothers regarding adolescent motherhood in Oshana region
Authors: David Sabina A. , Dyk Agnes Van , Ashipala Daniel Opotamutale
Published: July 2017

Background and objective: Adolescence is generally understood as a period of growing to maturity, transition from childhood to adulthood with physical and mental maturity. Nowadays girls enter puberty as young as 9 years which pose a health risk to adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of adolescent mothers as regards motherhood in Oshana region.Methods: A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual study was conducted among adolescent mothers in Oshana Region of Namibia regards their experiences on adolescent motherhood. Thematic analysis following Tesch’s analysis process was employed.Results: The findings of this study revealed that having a baby at a younger age have a negative effect on their future plans. It is an unfortunate fact that emerged from the study that many adolescent mothers lack the required form of support or social assistance both during pregnancy and in raising their children in the economically driven world of today. It is an unfortunate fact that emerged from the study that many adolescent mothers lack the required form of support or social assistance both during pregnancy and in raising their children in the economically driven world of today. It appeared that having a child gives an added impetus to their lives; and they felt that every decision or step they made would impact their babies’ lives in one way or another.Conclusions: It appeared that having a child gives an added impetus to their lives; and they felt that every decision or step they made would impact their babies’ lives in one way or another. They experienced distorted inter-personal relationships with families and friends related to motherhood as well as challenges on bringing up a baby and baby care. However adolescent mothers also had future ambitions on education, support, relationships and job attainment.
The Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) Manual for Retrospective Laboratory Standardization of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Data
Authors: Durazo-Arvizu Ramon A , Tian Lu , Brooks Stephen P J , Sarafin Kurtis , Cashman Kevin D , Kiely Mairead , Merkel Joyce , Myers Gary L , Coates Paul M , Sempos Christopher T
Published: July 2017

Low concentrations of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the principal biological measure of vitamin D status, have been associated with clinical and public health outcomes. The determination of levels under which there is an increase in the risk of disease, as well as comparisons across populations, have been difficult to establish due the large assay variability in measuring 25(OH)D. Accordingly, the Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) includes the retrospective standardization of existing 25(OH)D values collected by epidemiological and clinical studies,as well as clinical trials, as one of its main objectives. We introduce methodology developed by the VDSP that can be used to standardize the measurement oftime-stable analytes, including 25(OH)D, in samples that have been banked and maintained appropriately. Sample size estimation formulae are first applied tocalculate the required number of banked blood samples to be reanalyzed using either of two approaches. In the first approach, existing samples are remeasured using the current measurement procedure, and an equation relating “old” to “current” measurements is obtained. A second set ofsera, usually 40–50 single-donor serum samples, are measured with the current measurement procedure and an assay traceable to a reference measurementprocedure and/or certified reference materials, which yields a second calibration equation. These two equations are combined to produce standardized levels from the original old values. This approach is necessary when study restrictions prevent serum samples from being shipped to an external laboratory and is illustrated with samples from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. When serum samples are permitted to beshared with other laboratories, or the study investigators can carry out the measurements with a traceable assay, a single calibration equation methodis used. Existing samples are selected and remeasured using the available traceable assay. We outline the statistical theory supporting the VDSP protocol and provide implementation examples. The methods proposed are generalizable to any instance in which banked specimens have been properly prepared and stored and theanalyte of interest is stable under those conditions.
Types of smartphone usage and relations with problematic smartphone behaviors: The role of content consumption vs. social smartphone use
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Hall Brian J. , Levine Jason C. , Dvorak Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Little previous research has clarified which types of smartphone use are related to problematic smartphone behaviors. We sampled 309 community participants online to understand the role of content consumption vs. social smartphone use in relation to specific problematic smartphone behaviors. Bivariate correlations indicated mostly significant relationships between problematic smartphone behaviors and both process and social usage – but with stronger correlations for process usage. Regression analyses, controlling for age and gender, demonstrated that problematic smartphone-related overuse was significantly associated with process smartphone usage, and to a lesser extent - social usage. Positive anticipation problem behaviors were related to process and social usage. Daily life disturbances from a smartphone were inversely related to process and social usage. Results provide insight into the types of problem smartphone behaviors associated with specific uses and gratifications from a smartphone.
Trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma in the mandible
Authors: Alves Monica Ghislaine Oliveira , Carvalho Bruna Fernandes do Carmo , Rocha André Caroli , Ishida Carlos , Carvalho Yasmin Rodarte , Almeida Janete Dias
Published: July 2017

Juvenile ossifying fibroma is an uncommon, aggressive, asymptomatic fibro-osseous lesion. An 11-year-old white boy was seen at the stomatology outpatient clinic with a complaint of pain and a one-year history of tooth mobility and extensive swelling in the mandible. Extraoral clinical examination showed major facial asymmetry and swelling in the left mandibular body. Intraoral examination revealed expansion of the buccal and lingual cortical bones. Imaging identified a multilocular mixed lesion in the mandible with hyperdense areas. An incisional biopsy was performed and the combination of clinical, imaging and histopathologic data led to the final diagnosis of juvenile ossifying fibroma. Treatment consisted of segmental mandibulectomy and reconstruction with a microsurgical fibular flap, after 5 years of follow up, no local recurrence was observed. Strategies for the clinical management and treatment of pediatric patient should be designed to offer the best prognosis and quality of life for the patient.
Structural insights into the light-driven auto-assembly process of the water-oxidizing Mn4CaO5-cluster in photosystem II
Authors: Zhang Miao , Bommer Martin , Chatterjee Ruchira , Hussein Rana , Yano Junko , Dau Holger , Kern Jan , Dobbek Holger , Zouni Athina
Published: July 2017

In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the light-driven splitting of water at a protein-bound Mn4CaO5-cluster, the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). In the photosynthetic organisms, the light-driven formation of the WOC from dissolved metal ions is a key process because it is essential in both initial activation and continuous repair of PSII. Structural information is required for understanding of this chaperone-free metal-cluster assembly. For the first time, we obtained a structure of PSII from Thermosynechococcus elongatus without the Mn4CaO5-cluster. Surprisingly, cluster-removal leaves the positions of all coordinating amino acid residues and most nearby water molecules largely unaffected, resulting in a pre-organized ligand shell for kinetically competent and error-free photo-assembly of the Mn4CaO5-cluster. First experiments initiating (i) partial disassembly and (ii) partial re-assembly after complete depletion of the Mn4CaO5-cluster agree with a specific bi-manganese cluster, likely a di-µ-oxo bridged pair of Mn(III) ions, as an assembly intermediate.
A connectome of a learning and memory center in the adult Drosophila brain
Authors: Takemura Shin-ya , Aso Yoshinori , Hige Toshihide , Wong Allan , Lu Zhiyuan , Xu C Shan , Rivlin Patricia K , Hess Harald , Zhao Ting , Parag Toufiq , Berg Stuart , Huang Gary , Katz William , Olbris Donald J , Plaza Stephen , Umayam Lowell , Aniceto Roxanne , Chang Lei-Ann , Lauchie Shirley , Ogundeyi Omotara , Ordish Christopher , Shinomiya Aya , Sigmund Christopher , Takemura Satoko , Tran Julie , Turner Glenn C , Rubin Gerald M , Scheffer Louis K
Published: July 2017

Understanding memory formation, storage and retrieval requires knowledge of the underlying neuronal circuits. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of associative learning. We reconstructed the morphologies and synaptic connections of all 983 neurons within the three functional units, or compartments, that compose the adult MB’s α lobe, using a dataset of isotropic 8 nm voxels collected by focused ion-beam milling scanning electron microscopy. We found that Kenyon cells (KCs), whose sparse activity encodes sensory information, each make multiple en passant synapses to MB output neurons (MBONs) in each compartment. Some MBONs have inputs from all KCs, while others differentially sample sensory modalities. Only 6% of KC>MBON synapses receive a direct synapse from a dopaminergic neuron (DAN). We identified two unanticipated classes of synapses, KC>DAN and DAN>MBON. DAN activation produces a slow depolarization of the MBON in these DAN>MBON synapses and can weaken memory recall.
Body and skull morphometric variations between two shovel-headed species of Amphisbaenia (Reptilia: Squamata) with morphofunctional inferences on burrowing
Authors: Hohl Leandro dos Santos Lima , Loguercio Mariana Fiuza de Castro , Sicuro Fernando Lencastre , Barros-Filho José Duarte de , Rocha-Barbosa Oscar
Published: July 2017

Background

Morphological descriptions comparing Leposternon microcephalum and L. scutigerum have been made previously. However, these taxa lack a formal quantitative morphological characterization, and comparative studies suggest that morphology and burrowing performance are be related. The excavatory movements of L. microcephalum have been described in detail. However, there is a lack of studies comparing locomotor patterns and/or performance among different amphisbaenids sharing the same skull shape. This paper presents the first study of comparative morphometric variations between two closely related amphisbaenid species, L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum, with functional inferences on fossorial locomotion efficiency.

Methods

Inter-specific morphometric variations were verified through statistical analyses of body and cranial measures of L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum specimens. Their burrowing activity was assessed through X-ray videofluoroscopy and then compared. The influence of morphological variation on the speed of digging was tested among Leposternon individuals.

Results

Leposternon microcephalum and L. scutigerum are morphometrically distinct species. The first is shorter and robust with a wider head while the other is more elongated and slim with a narrower head. They share the same excavatory movements. The animals analyzed reached relatively high speeds, but individuals with narrower skulls dug faster. A negative correlation between the speed and the width of skull was determined, but not with total length or diameter of the body.

Discussion

The morphometric differences between L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum are in accord with morphological variations previously described. Since these species performed the same excavation pattern, we may infer that closely related amphisbaenids with the same skull type would exhibit the same excavatory pattern. The negative correlation between head width and excavation speed is also observed in others fossorial squamates. The robustness of the skull is also related to compression force in L. microcephalum. Individuals with wider heads are stronger. Thus, we suggest trade-offs between excavation speed and compression force during burrowing in this species.
Chansporter complexes in cell signaling
Authors: Abbott Geoffrey W.
Published: July 2017

Ion channels facilitate diffusion of ions across cell membranes for such diverse purposes as neuronal signaling, muscular contraction, and fluid homeostasis. Solute transporters often utilize ionic gradients to move aqueous solutes up their concentration gradient, also fulfilling a wide variety of tasks. Recently, an increasing number of ion channel‐transporter (‘chansporter’) complexes have been discovered. Chansporter complex formation may overcome what could otherwise be considerable spatial barriers to rapid signal integration and feedback between channels and transporters, the ions and other substrates they transport, and environmental factors to which they must respond. Here, current knowledge in this field is summarized, covering both heterologous expression structure/function findings and potential mechanisms by which chansporter complexes fulfill contrasting roles in cell signaling in vivo.
Identification of driver copy number alterations in diverse cancer types and application in drug repositioning
Authors: Zhou Wenbin , Zhao Zhangxiang , Wang Ruiping , Han Yue , Wang Chengyu , Yang Fan , Han Ya , Liang Haihai , Qi Lishuang , Wang Chenguang , Guo Zheng , Gu Yunyan
Published: July 2017

Results from numerous studies suggest an important role for somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) in cancer progression. Our work aimed to identify the drivers (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes) that reside in recurrently aberrant genomic regions, including a large number of genes or non‐coding genes, which remain a challenge for decoding the SCNAs involved in carcinogenesis. Here, we propose a new approach to comprehensively identify drivers, using 8740 cancer samples involving 18 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). On average, 84 drivers were revealed for each cancer type, including protein‐coding genes, long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs). We demonstrated that the drivers showed significant attributes of cancer genes, and significantly overlapped with known cancer genes, including MYC, CCND1 and ERBB2 in breast cancer, and the lncRNA PVT1 in multiple cancer types. Pan‐cancer analyses of drivers revealed specificity and commonality across cancer types, and the non‐coding drivers showed a higher cancer‐type specificity than that of coding drivers. Some cancer types from different tissue origins were found to converge to a high similarity because of the significant overlap of drivers, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). The lncRNA SOX2‐OT, a common driver of HNSC and LUSC, showed significant expression correlation with the oncogene SOX2. In addition, because some drivers are common in multiple cancer types and have been targeted by known drugs, we found that some drugs could be successfully repositioned, as validated by the datasets of drug response assays in cell lines. Our work reported a new method to comprehensively identify drivers in SCNAs across diverse cancer types, providing a feasible strategy for cancer drug repositioning as well as novel findings regarding cancer‐associated non‐coding RNA discovery.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the temperature response to stress changes of rocks
Authors: Yang Xiaoqiu , Lin Weiren , Tadai Osamu , Zeng Xin , Yu Chuanhai , Yeh En‐Chao , Li Haibing , Wang Huan
Published: July 2017

The temperature response to stress changes of rocks is key to understanding temperature anomalies in geoscience phenomena such as earthquakes. We developed a new hydrostatic compression system in which the rock specimen center can achieve adiabatic conditions during the first ~10 s following rapid loading or unloading and systematically measured several representative sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks sampled from two seismogenic zones (the Longmenshan Fault Zone in Sichuan and the Chelungpu Fault Zone (TCDP Hole‐A) in Taiwan) and several quarries worldwide. We built a finite element model of heat conduction to confirm the measured results of temperature response to stress changes of rocks. The results show that (1) the adiabatic pressure derivative of the temperature (β) for most crustal rocks is ~1.5 mK/MPa to 6.2 mK/MPa, (2) the temperature response to stress of sedimentary rocks (~3.5–6.2 mK/MPa) is larger than that of igneous and metamorphic rocks (~2.5–3.2 mK/MPa), and (3) there is good linear correlation between β (in mK/MPa) and the bulk modulus K (in GPa): β = (−0.068K + 5.69) ± 0.4, R2 = 0.85. This empirical equation will be very useful for estimating the distribution of β in the crust, because K can be calculated when profiles of crustal density (ρ) and elastic wave velocities (Vp, Vs) are obtained from gravity surveys and seismic exploration.
Synthesis of natural electric and magnetic Time‐series using Inter‐station transfer functions and time‐series from a Neighboring site (STIN): Applications for processing MT data
Authors: Wang Hui , Campanyà Joan , Cheng Jiulong , Zhu Guowei , Wei Wenbo , Jin Sheng , Ye Gaofeng
Published: July 2017

Synthesis of natural electric and magnetic Time series using Interstation transfer functions and time series from a Neighboring site (STIN) is a new approach for recovering natural electric and magnetic fields and reduce the influence of anthropogenic noise. The proposed approach modifies the windows of the local electric and magnetic time series that are affected by noise with time series resulted from modifying the spectra of the magnetic time series from a neighboring site with the interstation transfer functions between the local and neighboring sites. The STIN method was tested with artificially contaminated electric and magnetic time series. Comparison between STIN‐corrected time series and original noncontaminated time series shows high similarity, both in the time and frequency domains. Differences were quantified using the normalized root‐mean‐square error, the correlation coefficient, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The STIN method was also applied to two sites affected by unconstrained anthropogenic noise, thus demonstrating the ability and accuracy of STIN in synthesizing natural electric and magnetic fields and reducing the influence of anthropogenic noise. The synthesized time series provided by STIN show the method to be valuable for magnetotelluric (MT) geophysical applications, by increasing the reliability when constrains the MT impedance tensor and by reducing the scatter of data points when the time series are affected by noise, particularly for longer periods. As STIN is based on interstation transfer functions, the electric and magnetic time series can be treated independently, enabling computation of the MT impedance tensor even when the electric and magnetic time series of the local site were recorded at different times.
On the kinematics and dynamics of crystal‐rich systems
Authors: Bergantz George W. , Schleicher Jillian M. , Burgisser Alain
Published: July 2017

Partially molten rocks, often called a mush, are examples of a hydrogranular mixture where the dynamics are controlled by both fluid and crystal‐crystal interactions. An obstacle to progress in understanding high‐temperature hydrogranular systems has been the lack of adequate levels of description of microphysical processes. Here we rationalize the hydrogranular kinematic and dynamic states by applying the concept of particle (crystal) force chains. We exemplify this with discrete‐element computational fluid dynamic simulations of the intrusion of a basaltic melt into an olivine‐basalt mush, where crystal‐scale force chains, crystal transport, and melt mixing are resolved. To describe the microscale kinematics of the system, we introduce the coordination number and the fabric tensors of particle contacts and forces. We quantify the changing contact and force fabric anisotropy, coaxiality, and the connectedness of the mush, under dynamic conditions. To describe the dynamics, particle and fluid characteristic response times are derived. These are used to define local and bulk Stokes numbers, and viscous and inertia numbers, which quantify the multiphase coupling under crystal‐rich conditions. We employ the Sommerfeld number, which describes the importance of crystal‐melt lubrication, with a viscous number to illustrate the dynamic regimes of crystal‐rich magmas. We show that the notion of mechanical “lock up” is not uniquely identified with a particular crystal volume fraction and that distinct mechanical behaviors can emerge simultaneously within a crystal‐rich system. We also posit that this framework describes magmatic fabrics and processes which “unlock” a crystal mush prior to eruption or mixing.
Energy budget and propagation of faults via shearing and opening using work optimization
Authors: Madden Elizabeth H. , Cooke Michele L. , McBeck Jessica
Published: July 2017

We present numerical models of faults propagating by work optimization in a homogeneous medium. These simulations allow quantification and comparison of the energy budgets of fault growth by shear versus tensile failure. The energy consumed by growth of a fault, Wgrow, propagating by in‐line shearing is 76% of the total energy associated with that growth, while 24% is spent on frictional work during propagation. Wgrow for a fault propagating into intact rock by tensile failure, at an angle to the parent fault, consumes 60% of the work budget, while only 6% is consumed by frictional work associated with propagation. Following the conservation of energy, this leaves 34% of the energy budget available for other activities and suggests that out‐of‐plane propagation of faults in Earth's crust may release energy for other processes, such as permanent damage zone formation or rupture acceleration. Comparison of these estimates of Wgrow with estimates of the critical energy release rate and earthquake fracture energy at several scales underscores their theoretical similarities and their dependence on stress drop.
The impact of the mean moisture bias on the key physics of MJO propagation in the ECMWF reforecast
Authors: Kim Hye‐Mi
Published: July 2017

The impact of the seasonal mean background state on the physical processes responsible for better Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) propagation and prediction was investigated using 20 year European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reforecast data sets. While the reforecast captures the MJO propagating signal in the circulation field, the outgoing longwave radiation and column‐integrated moist static energy (MSE) anomalies show a weaker signal than the reanalysis when the MJO detours and propagates in the southern Maritime Continent. By comparing individual MSE budget terms, it is found that the predicted positive MSE tendency to the east of the MJO convection center is weaker than the reanalysis due to the weaker horizontal MSE advection. The dry bias in the seasonal mean lower tropospheric moisture is a key factor that weakens the horizontal MSE advection, and thus deteriorates the MJO propagation in the reforecasts. Therefore, improvements in the mean state could further extend the MJO prediction and associated subseasonal weather phenomena over the globe.
Development of a global aerosol model using a two‐dimensional sectional method: 2. Evaluation and sensitivity simulations
Authors: Matsui H. , Mahowald N.
Published: July 2017

Global aerosol simulations are conducted by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 with the Aerosol Two‐dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation version 2 (CAM5‐chem/ATRAS2) which was developed in part 1. The model uses a two‐dimensional (2‐D) section representation with 12 size bins from 1 nm to 10 μm and 8 black carbon (BC) mixing state bins, and it can calculate detailed aerosol processes and their interactions with radiation and clouds. The simulations have similar or better agreement with aerosol observations (e.g., aerosol optical depth, absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD), aerosol number concentrations, mass concentrations of each species) compared with the simulations using the Modal Aerosol Model with three modes. Sensitivity simulations show that global mean AAOD is reduced by 15% by resolving BC mixing state as a result of two competing effects (optical and lifetime effects). AAOD is reduced by 10–50% at low and midlatitudes in the 2‐D sectional simulation because BC absorption enhancement by coating species is reduced by resolving pure BC, thinly coated BC, and BC‐free particles in the model (optical effect). In contrast, AAOD is enhanced by 5–30% at high‐latitudes because BC concentrations are enhanced by 40–200% over the regions by resolving less CCN active particles (lifetime effect). The simulations also suggest a model which resolves more than 3 BC categories (including BC‐free particles) is desirable to calculate the optical and lifetime effects accurately. The complexity of aerosol representation is shown to be especially important for simulations of BC and CCN concentrations and AAOD.
High‐Temperature Ionic Epitaxy of Halide Perovskite Thin Film and the Hidden Carrier Dynamics
Authors: Wang Yiping , Sun Xin , Chen Zhizhong , Sun Yi‐Yang , Zhang Shengbai , Lu Toh‐Ming , Wertz Esther , Shi Jian
Published: July 2017

High‐temperature vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) has been proved ubiquitously powerful in enabling high‐performance electro‐optic devices in III–V semiconductor field. A typical example is the successful growth of p‐type GaN by VPE for blue light‐emitting diodes. VPE excels as it controls film defects such as point/interface defects and grain boundary, thanks to its high‐temperature processing condition and controllable deposition rate. For the first time, single‐crystalline high‐temperature VPE halide perovskite thin film has been demonstrated—a unique platform on unveiling previously uncovered carrier dynamics in inorganic halide perovskites. Toward wafer‐scale epitaxial and grain boundary‐free film is grown with alkali halides as substrates. It is shown the metal alkali halides could be used as universal substrates for VPE growth of perovskite due to their similar material chemistry and lattice constant. With VPE, hot photoluminescence and nanosecond photo‐Dember effect are revealed in inorganic halide perovskite. These two phenomena suggest that inorganic halide perovskite could be as compelling as its organic–inorganic counterpart regarding optoelectronic properties and help explain the long carrier lifetime in halide perovskite. The findings suggest a new avenue on developing high‐quality large‐scale single‐crystalline halide perovskite films requiring precise control of defects and morphology.
Inkjet‐Printed Planar Biochips for Interfacial Detection of Biomoleculars
Authors: Diao Jianglin , Ding Ailing , Liu Yuqing , Razal Joselito M. , Chen Jun , Lu Zhisong , Wang Bin
Published: July 2017

A planar three electrodes system (PTES) chip which is consisted of planar Au, Ag/AgCl, and Pt electrodes on ITO (Indium‐Tin Oxide) glass is fabricated using state of the art inkjet printing technology to serve as biosensor for electrochemical detection of biomolecules. The electrochemical detection of melamine and dopamine is successfully performed with this PTES chip and established higher sensitivity in comparison with traditional commercial three electrode system, indicating this PTES chip has great potential in practical applications as electrochemical sensor for biomolecules.
Chemically Engineering Magnetic Anisotropy of 2D Metalloporphyrin
Authors: Wang Peng , Jiang Xue , Hu Jun , Zhao Jijun
Published: July 2017

Continuous miniaturization of magnetic units in spintronics devices inspires efforts to search for novel 2D magnetic materials with giant magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). Through systematic first‐principles calculations, large MAE of 24 meV in W or Re embedded 2D polyporphyrin frameworks is found. Interestingly, the MAE can be enhanced up to 60 meV, through replacing the hydrogen atoms on the edges of the Re based 2D polyporphyrin framework by hydroxyl and amino radicals. Analysis of the electronic structures reveals that the enhancement of MAE is mainly attributed to charge redistributions and energy shifts of Re 5d orbitals induced by the functional radicals. The findings pave a new and feasible way for tailoring the magnetic properties of magnetic organic materials to fulfill the criteria for applications in spintronics devices at high temperature.
Large Voltage Generation of Flexible Thermoelectric Nanocrystal Thin Films by Finger Contact
Authors: Choi Jinyong , Cho Kyoungah , Yun Junggwon , Park Yoonbeom , Yang Seunggen , Kim Sangsig
Published: July 2017

This paper demonstrates that thermal energy radiated from a human finger can be converted efficiently into electricity by a nanocrystal (NC) thin film that substantially suppresses thermal conduction, but still allows electric conduction. The converting efficiencies of the chalcogenide NC thin films with dimensions 40 µm × 20 µm × 20 nm, prepared on flexible substrates by a solution process, are maximized by adjusting the NC size. A Seebeck coefficient of S = 1829 µV K−1, and a dimensionless thermoelectric figure‐of‐merit, ZT = 0.68 are achieved at ambient temperature for p‐ and n‐type NC thin films, respectively. A thermoelectric array consisting of p‐ and n‐type NC thin films generates a voltage of 645 mV for a temperature gradient of 10 K. Furthermore, the donut‐shaped pn array can generate a voltage of 170 mV from the heat supplied by an individual's finger.
Stable p/n‐Dopable Conducting Redox Polymers for High‐Voltage Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials: Structure–Performance Relationship and Detailed Investigation into Charge‐Trapping Effect
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Yao Mingming , Wei Jinbei , Zhang Yuewei , Zhang Shitong , Gao Yu , Li Jinyu , Lu Ping , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang
Published: July 2017

P/n‐dopable conducting polymers (CPs) are considered as the most promising choice for CP‐based supercapacitor electrode materials, as they can work at a voltage wider than 2 V and store energy several times greater than that of only positively dopable CPs. However, such electrode materials suffer severe cycling instability during a charge–discharge process. In this paper, two conducting redox polymers with different linkage modes are designed and prepared, with redox moieties embedded in the backbone or grafted as pendant groups, as p/n‐dopable electrode materials for supercapacitor. In addition to the voltage and energy advantages of p/n‐dopable electrode materials, these two conducting redox polymers show excellent cycling stability. Supercapacitors based on the polymer with backbone‐graft structure show better cycling stability, remaining 83% of initial capacitance after 2000‐cycle charge–discharge test. The relationship between the charge‐trapping (CT) effect that often occurs during the doping processes of p/n‐dopable CPs and performance degradation is investigated in detail. Results show that the CT effect occurring during the n‐doping process is probably the main cause of performance degradation. The degradation caused by the CT effect may be recovered partially or almost totally by several cyclic voltammetry scans, thereby extending the lifetime of supercapacitor devices to some degree.
Twisted Perylene Diimides with Tunable Redox Properties for Organic Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Banda Harish , Damien Dijo , Nagarajan Kalaivanan , Raj Ashish , Hariharan Mahesh , Shaijumon Manikoth M.
Published: July 2017

Organic rechargeable batteries gain huge scientific interest owing to the design flexibility and resource renewability of the active materials. However, the low reduction potentials still remain a challenge to compete with the inorganic cathodes. This study demonstrates a simple and efficient approach to tune the redox properties of perylene diimides (PDIs) as high voltage cathodes for organic‐based sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). With appropriate electron‐withdrawing groups as substituents on perylene diimides, this study shows a remarkable tunability in the discharge potential from 2.1 to 2.6 V versus Na+/Na with a sodium intake of ≈1.6 ions per molecule. Further, this study explores tuning the shape of the voltage profiles by systematically tuning the dihedral angle in the perylene ring and demonstrates a single plateau discharge profile for tetrabromo‐substituted perylene diimide (dihedral angles θ1 & θ2 = 38°). Detailed structural analysis and electrochemical studies on substituted PDIs unveil the correlation between molecular structure and voltage profile. The results are promising and offer new avenues to tailor the redox properties of organic electrodes, a step closer toward the realization of greener and sustainable electrochemical storage devices.
Permanent Housing for Child Welfare‐Involved Families: Impact on Child Maltreatment Overview
Authors: Fowler Patrick J. , Schoeny Michael
Published: July 2017

Highlights

Inadequate housing and homelessness contribute to risk for child placement into out‐of‐home care.

Permanent housing through the child welfare system aims to decrease risk for child maltreatment.

A RCT through child welfare referred homeless families for permanent housing or housing services.

Marginal treatment differences existed on change in caregiver‐reported maltreatment over 2.5 years.

Child welfare services remain important in ensuring the safety of inadequately housed children.
N‐Substituted Iminopyridine Arene–Ruthenium Complexes for the Regioselective Catalytic Hydration of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Tyagi Deepika , Rai Rohit K. , Mobin Shaikh M. , Singh Sanjay K.
Published: July 2017

A series of N‐substituted iminopyridine ligand‐based arene–RuII complexes with general formula [(η6‐arene)Ru(C5H4N‐2‐CH=NR)Cl]+ was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The synthesized arene–RuII complexes showed high activity in the regioselective Markovnikov hydration of a range of aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes and produced moderate to good yields of the corresponding methyl ketones. Moreover, the RuII catalysts studied showed good recyclability. The mechanism of the RuII‐catalyzed hydration reaction was investigated in detail by performing mass experiments and control experiments, followed by the identification of crucial RuII–alkyne and RuII–vinyl organometallic species.
Respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a propensity score analysis in a multicenter retrospective observational study
Authors: Takauji Shuhei , Hayakawa Mineji , Ono Kota , Makise Hiroshi
Published: July 2017

Aim

This multicenter retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for septic patients with severe respiratory failure using propensity score analyses.

Methods

The data of severe sepsis patients from 42 intensive care units between January 2011 and December 2013 were retrospectively collected. Propensity score matching analyses were undertaken for severe respiratory failure patients with/without veno‐venous ECMO support. The main outcome was in‐hospital all‐cause mortality.

Results

Of 3195 patients with severe sepsis, 570 had severe respiratory failure. Forty patients in the ECMO group were matched with 150 patients in the control group. A survival time analysis revealed no difference in the in‐hospital survival (hazard ratio, 0.854; 95% confidence interval, 0.531–1.373; P = 0.515). Two‐hundred and eighty‐five patients had severe respiratory failure induced by lung infection. Twenty‐five ECMO group patients were matched with 89 patients in the control group. In the ECMO group, the survival time was longer than in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.498; 95% confidence interval, 0.279–0.889; P = 0.018). The number of renal replacement therapy‐ and vasopressor‐free days improved. The ECMO group received more red blood cells transfused than the control group, but there was no significant difference in the rate of severe bleeding complications between the groups.

Conclusions

There was no difference in the in‐hospital survival between the ECMO group and control group among overall septic patients with severe respiratory failure. However, in sepsis patients with severe respiratory failure induced by lung infection, ECMO support may improve their survival time.
Tailored Engineering of an Unusual (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)2Pb3Br10 Two‐Dimensional Multilayered Perovskite Ferroelectric for a High‐Performance Photodetector
Authors: Li Lina , Sun Zhihua , Wang Peng , Hu Weida , Wang Sasa , Ji Chengmin , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua
Published: July 2017

Two‐dimensional (2D) layered hybrid perovskites have shown great potential in optoelectronics, owing to their unique physical attributes. However, 2D hybrid perovskite ferroelectrics remain rare. The first hybrid ferroelectric with unusual 2D multilayered perovskite framework, (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)2Pb3Br10 (1), has been constructed by tailored alloying of the mixed organic cations into 3D prototype of CH3NH3PbBr3. Ferroelectricity is created through molecular reorientation and synergic ordering of organic moieties, which are unprecedented for the known 2D multilayered hybrid perovskites. Single‐crystal photodetectors of 1 exhibit fascinating performances, including extremely low dark currents (ca. 10−12 A), large on/off current ratios (ca. 2.5×103), and very fast response rate (ca. 150 μs). These merits are superior to integrated detectors of other 2D perovskites, and compete with the most active CH3NH3PbI3.
Insights into Magnetic Interactions in a Monodisperse Gd12Fe14 Metal Cluster
Authors: Zheng Xiu‐Ying , Zhang Hui , Wang Zhenxing , Liu Pengxin , Du Ming‐Hao , Han Ying‐Zi , Wei Rong‐Jia , Ouyang Zhong‐Wen , Kong Xiang‐Jian , Zhuang Gui‐Lin , Long La‐Sheng , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: July 2017

The largest Ln–Fe metal cluster [Gd12Fe14(μ3‐OH)12(μ4‐OH)6(μ4‐O)12(TEOA)6(CH3COO)16(H2O)8]⋅(CH3COO)2(CH3CN)2⋅(H2O)20 (1) and the core–shell monodisperse metal cluster of 1 a@SiO2 (1 a=[Gd12Fe14(μ3‐OH)12(μ4‐OH)6(μ4‐O)12(TEOA)6(CH3COO)16 (H2O)8]2+) were prepared. Experimental and theoretical studies on the magnetic properties of 1 and 1 a@SiO2 reveal that encapsulation of one cluster into one silica nanosphere not only effectively decreases intermolecular magnetic interactions but also significantly increases the zero‐field splitting effect of the outer layer Fe3+ ions.