bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
William James
Authors: Slater Michael
Published: February 2015

William James (b. 1842–d. 1910) was the most influential American philosopher and psychologist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the founding father of empirical psychology in the United States. A thinker of unusually broad interests and abilities and a physiologist by training, James rose to international prominence with the publication of his monumental The Principles of Psychology (originally published in 1890), but devoted roughly the last twenty years of his life to popular lecturing on philosophical and psychological topics and to the articulation and development of his philosophical views, the seeds of which can be largely found in Principles. He is perhaps best known to philosophers today as one of the originators of pragmatism (along with Charles Sanders Peirce), and for his defense of innovative and controversial philosophical doctrines such as radical empiricism and “the will to believe.” In addition to Principles, James’s most famous works are The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (published first in 1897), The Varieties of Religious Experience (published in 1902), and Pragmatism (first published in 1907).
Milan, 1535–1706
Authors: D'Amico Stefano
Published: February 2015

Milan represented one of the main European economic and political centers throughout the late medieval and Renaissance period. The city’s enormous wealth lay on the rich agriculture of its hinterland, on its role as entrepôt between Italy and northern Europe, and on its celebrated manufactures. At the end of the 16th century, with a population of over 120,000 people, Milan ranked as the fourth largest European city. Since 1535, and until 1706, the Lombard capital also played a fundamental strategic role within the Spanish Empire, and between the 16th and 17th centuries was at the forefront of the Catholic Reformation under Carlo and Federico Borromeo. Despite its economic, political, and religious importance, however, Milan remains the least studied of the major Early Modern European cities. The origins of this historiographical neglect can be partially found in the negative connotation that has characterized the period of Spanish rule over the peninsula since the Italian Risorgimento, epitomized by the great novel I promessi sposi (The betrothed) (1827) by Alessandro Manzoni. The 17th century in particular was perceived as a period of general crisis that marked the political, economic, and cultural decline of Italy, and especially of the Spanish provinces. The Spanish Empire came in fact to represent a symbol of oppression, responsible for spreading feudalism, corruption, and conformity. Milan, as portrayed by Manzoni, was a city characterized by disease, poverty, riots, an oppressive nobility, and rapacious Spanish officials, and would epitomize for generations of Italians a dark age of their history. Besides paying the price of this anti-spagnolismo (anti-Spanish sentiment), Milan was also penalized by the bombings of the Second World War that ended with the destruction of a significant part of the city’s archival sources. With the exception of a few earlier isolated works, it is only in the 1980s that historians have shown signs of a renewed interest for the history of Milan in the 16th and 17th centuries, and only since the 1990s has the historiography of Early Modern Milan flourished.
German Indology
Authors: Bagchee Joydeep
Published: February 2015

“Indology” is the generic title of a group of disciplines concerned with the study of India. The terms “Indologist” and “orientalist” are frequently used interchangeably within English-speaking countries. In Germany, “Indology” (Indologie) has been used to identify a subfield of “oriental sciences” (Orientalistik); specifically, that part of it concerned with the study of ancient India. There exists a new branch of Indology titled “modern Indology,” which has lately experienced an upswing in its fortunes, but wherever “Indology” is used without a qualifier, the reference is to ancient India. As a rule, German professors have tended to be dismissive of the idea of modern Indian studies, claiming a special expertise in ancient India (see Deutsche Indologie: Vom Niedergang eines Fachbereichs by Oliver Schulz, cited under Current State and Future Prospects). In this article, the expression “German Indology” is used to distinguish the history, development, and practice of this discipline from South Asian studies in other countries. This distinction is justified both in terms of linguistic usage (German scholars have used the term deutsche Indologie to characterize their specific approach to Indian studies) and historical application (German Indology has a distinct history and traditions, and unique concerns that set it apart from other forms of research into India). For the purposes of this article and in general, the expression “German” in “German Indology” does not refer to national origins; many “German” Indologists came from outside Germany’s borders (e.g., the Austrians Moriz Winternitz and Erich Frauwallner or the Norwegian-born, though lifelong citizen of Germany, Christian Lassen), or they established institutions of “German” Indology outside its borders by exporting German ideas and values (e.g., the Americans William D. Whitney and E. Washburn Hopkins; both studied under Albrecht Weber in Berlin). This article focuses on the institution, self-understanding, and historical context of German Indology. It is neither intended as a compilation of German achievements in various subfields of Hinduism nor can it hope to properly assess these achievements in the context of their respective subfields. The reader interested in the specific contributions of German Indology should rather consult the relevant OBO articles (e.g., “Atharva Veda” for German scholarship on the Veda). This article focuses more narrowly on the history of the discipline and critical scholarly treatments of it. Its primary focus is the 19th century, when enduring principles and prejudices of the discipline were first formulated, but it also examines the continuing currency of these principles and prejudices in 20th-century scholarship. Literature on German Indology after 1945 can be found under the section Current State and Future Prospects. Critical engagements with the discipline are discussed under Orientalism Debate and German Responses to National Socialist Indology.
Revolutions
Authors: Reed Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2015

Social revolutions are typically conceived as transformative historical events that fundamentally change the social structures of society. Their outcomes, as such, are usually associated with the transition to modernity, the rise of capitalism, and the emergence of democracy. It is their transformative effect, despite similarities, that sets them apart from rebellions, revolts, political revolutions, and other types of social movements, making them rare events in history. Compared to political revolutions, which are typically orchestrated from above, social revolutions are mass based. Their root causes are structural in nature, and the processes associated with their mass mobilization typically involve cultural, psychological, and political factors. The systematic social scientific study of revolutions may be traced back to the 19th century. These early works accounted for the structural causes and social forces behind them. Some project a concern with the deleterious effects of revolutionary dynamics. In the context of 20th-century history, the events that followed the Russian Revolution spurred academic interest on this complex sociopolitical phenomenon. The first generation of scholarship on revolution may be identified as the “Natural History School.” Scholars writing in this vein in the 1930s identified common historical patterns through which the American, English, French, and Russian Revolutions unfolded. In this perspective, revolutions emerge as a “natural” historical outcome of old regime practices, and their outbreaks follow a sequence of historical events that culminate in the establishment of a new regime. Second-generation theorists writing in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s focused on psychological factors, in particular expectation and frustration mechanisms. Scholars belonging to this generation also paid attention to the effects of institutional imbalance (or systemic pathology) on the potential for revolution. Third-generation scholars, primarily writing in the 1970s and 1980s, developed structural explanations of revolution, claiming that the key to making sense of the causes of revolution requires the student of revolution to consider the nature of “state breakdown” and the revolutionary potential of lower classes. Scholars belonging to this generation also paid attention to the political processes in the development of revolution. Fourth-generation scholars aimed to highlight agency in their analyses, although not at the expense of structural explanations. These scholars, writing since the 1990s, have more concretely examined the role played by culture and ideology, the structural features of gender and race, and increasingly the emotional and storytelling dimensions of revolutionary processes. Since this last generation of scholars’ focus on cultural and structural factors, more recent work has increasingly paid attention to the connections between globalization and revolution.
Computer-Mediated Communication
Authors: Lee Eun-Ju , Oh Soo Youn
Published: February 2015

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is an umbrella term that encompasses various forms of human communication through networked computers, which can be synchronous or asynchronous and involve one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many exchanges of text, audio, and/or video messages. Early research has focused largely on how mediation by technology alters the processes and outcomes of social interaction and group processes, addressing issues such as how people express and construe self-identity, form and manage impressions, develop and maintain relationships, build communities, collaborate at a distance and make collective decisions, mostly in contrast to non-mediated, face-to-face communication. As such, core theories that guided earlier studies highlight the dearth of socio-contextual information as the defining characteristic of CMC working to its disadvantage. However, they were soon challenged by alternative models underscoring individual users’ active accommodation to the limited channel capacity and even more strategic appropriation of the constraints of the medium. In a similar vein, the dichotomous view that differentiates the “real” from the “virtual” gradually was replaced by the perspective that underscores the blurring boundary and the fluid interaction between the two. At the same time, researchers have also investigated who turns to online communication as opposed to offline, face-to-face interaction, and with what consequences. Going beyond dyadic interaction between unacquainted individuals, social and psychological implications of CMC have also been examined in various contexts, such as distributed workgroups (computer-supported cooperative work: CSCW), social network sites (SNSs), and online games.
Mikhail Bakhtin
Authors: Anderson Donald L.
Published: February 2015

Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (b. 1895–d. 1975) has received much more scholarly attention since his death than he ever did while alive. Bakhtin’s early years found him joining small groups of like-minded intellectuals eager to escape the social and political turmoil of Russia in the late 1910s. In the late 1920s he wrote several of his most important works, influenced by discussions with colleagues Valentin Voloshinov and Pavel Medvedev (now called the “Bakhtin circle”); indeed, some scholars claim that books authored by Voloshinov and Medvedev were actually written by Bakhtin. Bakhtin’s participation in these intellectual circles is likely one reason why he was arrested in 1929 and sent to exile at a hard labor camp in the north where he almost certainly would have died if not for his already poor health (his leg was injured and later amputated in the late 1930s) and the intervention of well-placed family and friends that diverted him instead to Kazakhstan. After five years of exile Bakhtin was released and permitted to begin a teaching career. During this time he wrote extensively, having completed Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, Discourse in the Novel, and in 1941, Rabelais and His World, which he submitted as his doctoral dissertation. A locally popular figure in the 1950s and 1960s, Bakhtin lectured and taught and would have remained relatively unknown if it were not for a group of scholars who admired his writings and helped to popularize them. After Bakhtin’s death, his writings were translated into English (in the 1970s and 1980s), where they quickly found influence. Bakhtin is now included as one of the most prominent social theorists of the 20th century. Bakhtin’s major concepts include dialogue (and monologue), heteroglossia, genre, carnival/carnivalesque, centripetal/centrifugal forces, and authorship. Dialogue may be the most commonly referenced Bakhtinian concept and yet it may also be the most misunderstood. Dialogue in a Bakhtinian sense is an expansive philosophy that considers that all communication is dialogic, where meaning can only be understood in its social context. The concept of intertextuality, while never explicitly identified in Bakhtin’s work, was developed by Kristeva from Bakhtin’s thinking. This as well as other Bakhtinian concepts have greatly influenced scholars in the fields of communication, where his influence became widespread beginning in the 1990s and 2000s. In particular, this influence has been felt in the disciplines of rhetoric, interpersonal communication, organizational communication, intercultural communication, and mass communication. This entry concentrates primarily on English-language essays and empirical studies using Bakhtin’s concepts in each of these fields in communication.
Attraction in Close Relationships
Authors: Regan Pamela C.
Published: February 2015

Interpersonal attraction—liking or positive sentiment—plays a fundamental role in human life. The experiences we have and the outcomes we receive in virtually all areas of our existence—developmental, educational, occupational, social, relational, physical, and mental, to name a few—are deeply and continuously affected by the sentiments, feelings, and attitudes we evoke in others. Indeed, the answer to the question of who likes/dislikes us, who loves/hates us, or who is merely indifferent to us determines not only the personal, interpersonal, and social opportunities and outcomes we receive, but also the quality and even the quantity of our very lives. Although interpersonal attraction permeates and influences all human interactions and relationships, it plays a particularly important role in the formation and development of voluntary close relationships such as friendships and romantic relationships. Voluntary relationships typically are born within an open interaction field in which each potential partner is relatively free to initiate (or refrain from initiating) the relationship; consequently, the development and continued survival of these relationships is heavily dependent on the partners’ degree of attraction to one another. Thus, most theoretical and empirical work conducted on interpersonal attraction and relationship development—and virtually all work cited in this bibliography—is focused on voluntary relationships (and may not be applicable to nonvoluntary relationships [e.g., parent-child, coworker, arranged marriage]). The first section of this article introduces general review articles and books that summarize the scientific literature on interpersonal attraction and close relationship development. The second section focuses on theories of attraction and includes citations for the early models that focused primarily on attraction between strangers in lab settings, as well as more general process-oriented models that explain attraction in initial encounters and throughout subsequent relationship development. The third section presents research on the general factors that have been shown to generate liking and spark relationship initiation and development (e.g., familiarity, similarity, responsiveness, desirable partner attributes, physical attractiveness, proximity, receptivity). The article’s remaining sections cover research exploring the communication of attraction (i.e., flirting), and theory and research on one important and extensively investigated type of attraction—love.
Mechanisms and Processes of Peer Contagion
Authors: Chan Michele , Jensen Michaeline R. , Dishion Thomas
Published: February 2015

Peer contagion refers to the process of mutual influence that occurs between an individual and a peer. Historically, peer contagion has included influence on behaviors and emotions with potential negative developmental consequences, including aggression, bullying, weapon carrying, disordered eating, drug use, and depression. Increasingly, however, “contagion” of positive behaviors and emotions is being investigated as well. Nevertheless, in general, the study of peer influence and contagion processes has been a relatively recent one, with increased interest since the late 20th century. Mechanisms of peer influence like peer coercion, deviancy training, and even evolutionary and neural explanations for peer effects are all being increasingly studied in natural and laboratory settings. Much of the literature on peer influence focuses on childhood and adolescence, and for good reason. An abundance of evidence suggests that peer influence is strongest and most impactful among youth, though to a lesser degree adults can still be subject to social influence by their peers. Additionally, adolescence in particular seems to be a critical developmental period for social and neural processes critical to engaging with peers. Peer influence need not be intentional; in fact, individuals may engage in relationship behaviors that satisfy immediate needs for an audience or companionship, and inadvertently influence themselves or others. Peer influence processes are ubiquitous, occurring both in natural peer interaction settings and intervention settings that purposely aggregate children and adolescents together. The issue of peer contagion in intervention settings is an important one, with evidence suggesting at least some interventions that aggregate high-risk youth can have unintended, harmful iatrogenic effects.
Atlantic Slave Trade
Authors: Klein Herbert S.
Published: February 2015

The Atlantic slave trade remained one of the least studied areas in modern Western historiography until the middle of the twentieth century. This late start was not due to any lack of sources, for the materials available for its study were abundant in both printed and manuscript form from the very beginning. Rather, it was ignored because of its close association with European imperialism and the institution of slavery, which resulted in a lack of interest in a morally difficult problem and to a lack of methodological tools for analyzing the complex quantitative data. Since the 1920s, however, an upsurge of modern studies has made the slave trade one of the most-studied human migrations of the modern period. These studies have resolved the basic questions of age, sex, and volume of this forced migration; the origin and direction of the trade; and its organization and financing. Most recently it has involved long-term studies on its impact on African and American development.
Weight Gain After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Authors: Alang Neha , Kelly Colleen R.
Published: February 2015

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. We report a case of a woman successfully treated with FMT who developed new-onset obesity after receiving stool from a healthy but overweight donor. This case may stimulate further studies on the mechanisms of the nutritional-neural-microbiota axis and reports of outcomes in patients who have used nonideal donors for FMT.
Only a Touch of the Flu? The Simultaneous Manifestation of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy in Two Consanguineous Patients
Authors: Bloch C. , Suter B. , Fischmann A. , Gensicke H. , Rüegg S. , Weisser M.
Published: February 2015

This case report describes the simultaneous manifestation of acute necrotizing encephalopathy in 2 consanguineous patients after infection with influenza B based on the autosomal dominant missense mutation of the RANBP2-gene. Differential diagnosis of acute encephalopathy, clinical and radiological clues, and treatment strategies are outlined.
Comparative Advantage and Optimal Trade Policy
*
Authors: Costinot Arnaud , Donaldson Dave , Vogel Jonathan , Werning Iván
Published: February 2015

The theory of comparative advantage is at the core of neoclassical trade theory. Yet we know little about its implications for how nations should conduct their trade policy. For example, should import sectors with weaker comparative advantage be protected more? Conversely, should export sectors with stronger comparative advantage be subsidized less? In this article we take a first stab at exploring these issues. Our main results imply that in the context of a canonical Ricardian model, optimal import tariffs should be uniform, whereas optimal export subsidies should be weakly decreasing with respect to comparative advantage, reflecting the fact that countries have more room to manipulate prices in their comparative-advantage sectors. Quantitative exercises suggest substantial gains from such policies relative to simpler tax schedules.
The management of cellulitis in emergency departments: antibiotic-prescribing practices and adherence to practice guidelines in Ireland
Authors: Quirke Michael , Saunders Jean , O’Sullivan Ronan , Wakai Abel
Published: February 2015

Objectives

There is a lack of evidence to guide the management of cellulitis in the emergency department (ED). The primary aim of this study was to characterize antibiotic-prescribing practices for the treatment of cellulitis in Irish EDs. Secondary aims were to identify patient variables associated with the prescription of intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics and to describe the utility of three published guidelines for the management of cellulitis in the ED.

Methods

This was a multicentre, prospective, observational cross-sectional study of consecutive patients presenting to six EDs in Ireland over a 1-month period (June 2012).

Results

In total, 117 patients were enrolled. Fifty-five percent of all patients (n=65) were referred from primary care, and emergency physicians prescribed i.v. therapy in 50% of patients (n=59) overall. Nonpurulent cellulitis accounted for 96.5% of cases (n=113). Flucloxacillin, either alone or with penicillin V, is the most commonly prescribed oral antibiotic in patients both referred from primary care and discharged from the ED. Flucloxacillin with benzylpenicillin is the most commonly prescribed i.v. treatment. Fever, increasing diameter of infection, and tinea pedis were associated with prescription of i.v. antibiotics by emergency physicians. The three guidelines examined in this study recommended oral antibiotic treatment for between 33–44% of patients who were treated with i.v. antibiotics by emergency physicians.

Conclusion

In Ireland, current prescribing practices for CREST 1 and modified CREST 1 and 2 patients are poorly adherent to guideline recommendations.
Without it no music: cognition, biology and evolution of musicality
Authors: Honing Henkjan , ten Cate Carel , Peretz Isabelle , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: February 2015

Musicality can be defined as a natural, spontaneously developing trait based on and constrained by biology and cognition. Music, by contrast, can be defined as a social and cultural construct based on that very musicality. One critical challenge is to delineate the constituent elements of musicality. What biological and cognitive mechanisms are essential for perceiving, appreciating and making music? Progress in understanding the evolution of music cognition depends upon adequate characterization of the constituent mechanisms of musicality and the extent to which they are present in non-human species. We argue for the importance of identifying these mechanisms and delineating their functions and developmental course, as well as suggesting effective means of studying them in human and non-human animals. It is virtually impossible to underpin the evolutionary role of musicality as a whole, but a
multicomponent perspective on musicality
that emphasizes its constituent capacities, development and neural cognitive specificity is an excellent starting point for a research programme aimed at illuminating the origins and evolution of musical behaviour as an autonomous trait.
The origins of music in auditory scene analysis and the roles of evolution and culture in musical creation
Authors: Trainor Laurel J.
Published: February 2015

Whether music was an evolutionary adaptation that conferred survival advantages or a cultural creation has generated much debate. Consistent with an evolutionary hypothesis, music is unique to humans, emerges early in development and is universal across societies. However, the adaptive benefit of music is far from obvious. Music is highly flexible, generative and changes rapidly over time, consistent with a cultural creation hypothesis. In this paper, it is proposed that much of musical pitch and timing structure adapted to preexisting features of auditory processing that evolved for auditory scene analysis (ASA). Thus, music may have emerged initially as a cultural creation made possible by preexisting adaptations for ASA. However, some aspects of music, such as its emotional and social power, may have subsequently proved beneficial for survival and led to adaptations that enhanced musical behaviour. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic evidence is considered in this regard. In particular, enhanced auditory–motor pathways in humans that enable movement entrainment to music and consequent increases in social cohesion, and pathways enabling music to affect reward centres in the brain should be investigated as possible musical adaptations. It is concluded that the origins of music are complex and probably involved exaptation, cultural creation and evolutionary adaptation.
Four principles of bio-musicology
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh
Published: February 2015

As a species-typical trait ofHomo sapiens, musicality represents a cognitively complex and biologically grounded capacity worthy of intensive empirical investigation. Four principles are suggested here as prerequisites for a successful future discipline of bio-musicology. These involve adopting: (i) a multicomponent approach which recognizes that musicality is built upon a suite of interconnected capacities, of which none is primary; (ii) a pluralistic Tinbergian perspective that addresses and places equal weight on questions of mechanism, ontogeny, phylogeny and function; (iii) a comparative approach, which seeks and investigates animal homologues or analogues of specific components of musicality, wherever they can be found; and (iv) an ecologically motivated perspective, which recognizes the need to study widespread musical behaviours across a range of human cultures (and not focus solely on Western art music or skilled musicians). Given their pervasiveness, dance and music created for dancing should be considered central subcomponents of music, as should folk tunes, work songs, lullabies and children's songs. Although the precise breakdown of capacities required by the multicomponent approach remains open to debate, and different breakdowns may be appropriate to different purposes, I highlight four core components of human musicality—song, drumming, social synchronization and dance—as widespread and pervasive human abilities spanning across cultures, ages and levels of expertise. Each of these has interesting parallels in the animal kingdom (often analogies but in some cases apparent homologies also). Finally, I suggest that the search for universal capacities underlying human musicality, neglected for many years, should be renewed. The broad framework presented here illustrates the potential for a future discipline of bio-musicology as a rich field for interdisciplinary and comparative research.
Searching for the origins of musicality across species
Authors: Hoeschele Marisa , Merchant Hugo , Kikuchi Yukiko , Hattori Yuko , ten Cate Carel
Published: February 2015

In the introduction to this theme issue, Honinget al.suggest that the origins of musicality—the capacity that makes it possible for us to perceive, appreciate and produce music—can be pursued productively by searching for components of musicality in other species. Recent studies have highlighted that the behavioural relevance of stimuli to animals and the relation of experimental procedures to their natural behaviour can have a large impact on the type of results that can be obtained for a given species. Through reviewing laboratory findings on animal auditory perception and behaviour, as well as relevant findings on natural behaviour, we provide evidence that both traditional laboratory studies and studies relating to natural behaviour are needed to answer the problem of musicality. Traditional laboratory studies use synthetic stimuli that provide more control than more naturalistic studies, and are in many ways suitable to test the perceptual abilities of animals. However, naturalistic studies are essential to inform us as to what might constitute relevant stimuli and parameters to test with laboratory studies, or why we may or may not expect certain stimulus manipulations to be relevant. These two approaches are both vital in the comparative study of musicality.
Five fundamental constraints on theories of the origins of music
Authors: Merker Bjorn , Morley Iain , Zuidema Willem
Published: February 2015

The diverse forms and functions of human music place obstacles in the way of an evolutionary reconstruction of its origins. In the absence of any obvious homologues of human music among our closest primate relatives, theorizing about its origins, in order to make progress, needs constraints from the nature of music, the capacities it engages, and the contexts in which it occurs. Here we propose and examine five fundamental constraints that bear on theories of how music and some of its features may have originated. First, cultural transmission, bringing the formal powers of cultural as contrasted with Darwinian evolution to bear on its contents. Second, generativity, i.e. the fact that music generates infinite pattern diversity by finite means. Third, vocal production learning, without which there can be no human singing. Fourth, entrainment with perfect synchrony, without which there is neither rhythmic ensemble music nor rhythmic dancing to music. And fifth, the universal propensity of humans to gather occasionally to sing and dance together in a group, which suggests a motivational basis endemic to our biology. We end by considering the evolutionary context within which these constraints had to be met in the genesis of human musicality.
Affect induction through musical sounds: an ethological perspective
Authors: Huron David
Published: February 2015

How does music induce or evoke feeling states in listeners? A number of mechanisms have been proposed for how sounds induce emotions, including innate auditory responses, learned associations and mirror neuron processes. Inspired by ethology, it is suggested that the ethological concepts of
signals
,
cues
and
indices
offer additional analytic tools for better understanding induced affect. It is proposed that ethological concepts help explain why music is able to induce only certain emotions, why some induced emotions are similar to the displayed emotion (whereas other induced emotions differ considerably from the displayed emotion), why listeners often report feeling mixed emotions and why only some musical expressions evoke similar responses across cultures.
The evolutionary roots of creativity: mechanisms and motivations
Authors: Wiggins Geraint A. , Tyack Peter , Scharff Constance , Rohrmeier Martin
Published: February 2015

We consider the evolution of cognition and the emergence of creative behaviour, in relation to vocal communication. We address two key questions: (i) what cognitive and/or social mechanisms have evolved that afford aspects of creativity?; (ii) has natural and/or sexual selection favoured human behaviours considered ‘creative’? This entails analysis of ‘creativity’, an imprecise construct: comparable properties in non-humans differ in magnitude and teleology from generally agreed human creativity. We then address two apparent problems: (i) the difference between merely novel productions and ‘creative’ ones; (ii) the emergence of creative behaviour in spite of high cost: does it fit the idea that females choose a male who succeeds in spite of a handicap (costly ornament); or that creative males capable of producing a large and complex song repertoire grew up under favourable conditions; or a demonstration of generally beneficial heightened reasoning capacity; or an opportunity to continually reinforce social bonding through changing communication tropes; or something else? We illustrate and support our argument by reference to whale and bird song; these independently evolved biological signal mechanisms objectively share surface properties with human behaviours generally called ‘creative’. Studying them may elucidate mechanisms underlying human creativity; we outline a research programme to do so.
Mucormycosis presenting with dental pain and palatal ulcer in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: case report and literature review
Authors: Nicolatou‐Galitis Ourania , Sachanas Sotirios , Drogari‐Apiranthitou Maria , Moschogiannis Maria , Galiti Dimitra , Yiakoumis Xanthi , Rontogianni Demetra , Yiotakis Ioannis , Petrikkos George , Pangalis Gerassimos
Published: February 2015

Introduction:

Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection, with high morbidity and mortality. Palatal ulceration may suggest a number of differential diagnoses, one of which is rhinocerebral/craniofacial mucormycosis and for which it may be the first presenting clinical finding. We report a case of sinus mucormycosis in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia‐2 (CMML‐2), now classified in the myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, presenting with dental pain and palatal ulcer.

Case presentation:

A 72‐year‐old female with CMML‐2 presented with pain of the left maxillary molar and a dark‐brown necrotic ulcer with a white irregular border on the hard palate. Invasive fungal infection was included in the differential diagnosis. Computerized tomography disclosed inflammatory lesions in the left nasal, ethmoid and frontal sinuses. Histological examination of the ulcer showed fungal hyphae typical of agents of mucormycosis. Rhizopus arrhizus was isolated from the culture. Liposomal amphotericin B was introduced, combined with haematological support and maxillectomy. Mucormycosis was controlled, but the patient died of progressive acute myeloid leukaemia and multiple bacteraemias. A literature review of rhinocerebral mucormycosis with palatal involvement disclosed 109 cases; palatal involvement was present among other presenting signs in 34 patients and as the presenting sign leading to diagnosis in nine cases, including the present case. Six of the nine patients (66.6 %) survived the infection, compared with 43 of 101 (42.6 %) with other signs at presentation.

Conclusion:

Palatal ulcer may represent an early sign of sinus mucormycosis. Awareness by healthcare professionals is critical for the prompt diagnosis of this rapidly developing and life‐threatening infection.
Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in a naturally infected elk (Cervus elaphus) from Missouri, USA
Authors: Stoffel Ryan T. , Johnson Gayle C. , Boughan Kirstin , Ewing S. A. , Stich Roger W.
Published: February 2015

Introduction:

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an emerging zoonotic tick‐borne rickettsial pathogen that has been detected in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including ruminants, canids and primates. Although white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are considered the primary reservoir of E. chaffeensis, this pathogen was also reported in other naturally infected cervids, including Korean spotted or sika deer (Cervus nippon) and Brazilian marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus).

Case presentation:

A captive adult bull elk (Cervus elaphus) from east‐central Missouri was submitted for post‐mortem analysis. The elk was in poor body condition with easily palpable ribs and vertebral spinal processes. Excoriations were noted on the occipital region of the head and on the left scapula, which had moderate amounts of maggots within the lesions. Large numbers of ticks were scattered over the body. Novel and established PCR assays were used to detect E. chaffeensis in blood and spleen samples from this elk, but the pathogen was not detected in Dermacentor albipictus ticks collected at necropsy. Portions of several gene sequences were analysed from the infecting agent.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of E. chaffeensis infection in an elk. It was not determined whether the pathogen contributed to cause of death. Notably, the pathogen was not detected in D. albipictus ticks collected from the elk.
Structural basis of sialidase in complex with geranylated flavonoids as potent natural inhibitors. Corrigendum
Authors: Lee Youngjin , Ryu Young Bae , Youn Hyung-Seop , Cho Jung Keun , Kim Young Min , Park Ji-Young , Lee Woo Song , Park Ki Hun , Eom Soo Hyun
Published: February 2015

A correction is made to the article by Leeet al.[(2014)Acta Cryst.D70, 1357–1365].
Brightness of synchrotron radiation from undulators and bending magnets
Authors: Geloni Gianluca , Kocharyan Vitali , Saldin Evgeni
Published: February 2015

The maximum of the Wigner distribution (WD) of synchrotron radiation (SR) fields is considered as a possible definition of SR source brightness. Such a figure of merit was originally introduced in the SR community by Kim [(1986),Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A,246, 71–76]. The brightness defined in this way is always positive and, in the geometrical optics limit, can be interpreted as the maximum density of photon flux in phase space. For undulator and bending magnet radiation from a single electron, the WD function can be explicitly calculated. In the case of an electron beam with a finite emittance the brightness is given by the maximum of the convolution of a single electron WD function and the probability distribution of the electrons in phase space. In the particular case when both electron beam size and electron beam divergence dominate over the diffraction size and the diffraction angle, one can use a geometrical optics approach. However, there are intermediate regimes when only the electron beam size or the electron beam divergence dominate. In these asymptotic cases the geometrical optics approach is still applicable, and the brightness definition used here yields back once more to the maximum photon flux density in phase space. In these intermediate regimes a significant numerical disagreement is found between exact calculations and the approximation for undulator brightness currently used in the literature. The WD formalism is extended to a satisfactory theory for the brightness of a bending magnet. It is found that in the intermediate regimes the usually accepted approximation for bending magnet brightness turns out to be inconsistent even parametrically.
Registration of the rotation axis in X-ray tomography
Authors: Yang Yimeng , Yang Feifei , Hingerl Ferdinand F. , Xiao Xianghui , Liu Yijin , Wu Ziyu , Benson Sally M. , Toney Michael F. , Andrews Joy C. , Pianetta Piero
Published: February 2015

There is high demand for efficient, robust and automated routines for tomographic data reduction, particularly for synchrotron data. Registration of the rotation axis in data processing is a critical step affecting the quality of the reconstruction and is not easily implemented with automation. Existing methods for calculating the center of rotation have been reviewed and an improved algorithm to register the rotation axis in tomographic data is presented. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using synchrotron-based microtomography data on geological samples with and without artificial reduction of the signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed method improves the reconstruction quality by correcting both the tilting error and the translational offset of the rotation axis. The limitation of this promising method is also discussed.
Planning, performing and analyzing X-ray Raman scattering experiments
Authors: Sahle Ch. J. , Mirone A. , Niskanen J. , Inkinen J. , Krisch M. , Huotari S.
Published: February 2015

A compilation of procedures for planning and performing X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) experiments and analyzing data obtained from them is presented. In particular, it is demonstrated how to predict the overall shape of the spectra, estimate detection limits for dilute samples, and how to normalize the recorded spectra to absolute units. In addition, methods for processing data from multiple-crystal XRS spectrometers with imaging capability are presented, including a super-resolution method that can be used for direct tomography using XRS spectra as the contrast. An open-source software package with these procedures implemented is also made available.
A small and robust active beamstop for scattering experiments on high-brilliance undulator beamlines
Authors: Blanchet Clement E. , Hermes Christoph , Svergun Dmitri I. , Fiedler Stefan
Published: February 2015

A small active in-vacuum beamstop has been developed to monitor the flux of intense third-generation synchrotron X-ray beams protecting the downstream detector from the direct beam. Standard active beamstops, where a built-in diode directly absorbs the beam, have limitations in size and lifetime. In the present design, a silicon PIN diode detects the photons back-scattered from a cavity in the beamstop. This approach drastically reduces the radiation dose on the diode and thus increases its lifetime. The beamstop with a diameter of 2 mm has been fabricated to meet the requirements for the P12 bioSAXS beamline of EMBL Hamburg at PETRA III (DESY). The beamstop is in regular user operation at the beamline and displays a good response over the range of energies tested (6–20 keV). Further miniaturization of the diode is easily possible as its size is not limited by the PIN diode used.
Limiting radiation damage for high-brilliance biological solution scattering: practical experience at the EMBL P12 beamline PETRAIII
Authors: Jeffries Cy M. , Graewert Melissa A. , Svergun Dmitri I. , Blanchet Clément E.
Published: February 2015

Radiation damage is the general curse of structural biologists who use synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to investigate biological macromolecules in solution. The EMBL-P12 biological SAXS beamline located at the PETRAIII storage ring (DESY, Hamburg, Germany) caters to an extensive user community who integrate SAXS into their diverse structural biology programs. The high brilliance of the beamline [5.1 × 1012 photons s−1, 10 keV, 500 (H) µm × 250 (V) µm beam size at the sample position], combined with automated sample handling and data acquisition protocols, enable the high-throughput structural characterization of macromolecules in solution. However, considering the often-significant resources users invest to prepare samples, it is crucial that simple and effective protocols are in place to limit the effects of radiation damage once it has been detected. Here various practical approaches are evaluated that users can implement to limit radiation damage at the P12 beamline to maximize the chances of collecting quality data from radiation sensitive samples.
Profile etching for prefiguring X-ray mirrors
Authors: Liu Chian , Qian Jun , Assoufid Lahsen
Published: February 2015

A method to pre-shape mirror substrates through etching with a broad-beam ion source and a contoured mask is presented. A 100 mm-long elliptical cylinder substrate was obtained from a super-polished flat Si substrate with a 48 nm root-mean-square (r.m.s.) figure error and a 1.5 Å r.m.s. roughness after one profile-etching process at a beam voltage of 600 V without iteration. A follow-up profile coating can be used to achieve a final mirror. Profile etching and profile coating combined provide an economic way to make X-ray optics, such as nested Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors.
The influence of metallic brazing materials on the strain formation of internally water-cooled X-ray optics
Authors: Oberta P. , Kittler M. , Áč V. , Hrdý J. , Iragashi N. , Scheinost A. C. , Uchida Y.
Published: February 2015

A study of metallic brazing material for internally cooled optics is presented. The study shows the influence of the different material properties on the final quality of the bond in terms of diffracted wavefront distortion,i.e.enlargement of the rocking curve. By choosing the proper brazing material and applying the proper brazing conditions, the influence of the brazing material can be fully eliminated. Furthermore the degradation of some brazing material due to the extreme working conditions of the optics is presented. Measurement results from ESRF and KEK confirm the importance of the proper brazing material choice.