bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Control–Freedom Paradox in Innovation: Toward a Multifaceted Understanding of Creative Freedom
Authors: Lempiälä Tea , Vanharanta Outi
Published: August 2017

In this article, we argue for the reconceptualization of the control–freedom paradox in managing and motivating innovators. We call for conceptually separating managerial control and the consideration of organizational benefit, and caution that treating them as synonymous can lead managers to protect innovators from the very factors that support their intrinsic motivation. We draw attention to the dual motivational drivers of innovators, namely personal interest and organizational benefit, and discuss how they interact in defining the level of innovators’ intrinsic motivation toward creative efforts. In so doing, we draw attention to the paradoxical nature of creative freedom: While the need to contribute to organizational benefit sets boundaries for creative action taken in an organizational context, it is simultaneously essential for the sense of autonomy experienced by innovators. Our findings contribute to the paradox studies of innovation, creativity, and innovation management, research on the complexity of intrinsic motivation as well as studies of change processes in organizations.
Effects of Working Couple's Retirement Sequence on Satisfaction in Patriarchal Culture Country
Authors: Lee Ayoung , Cho Joonmo
Published: August 2017

We examined the effects of the differences in the retirement sequence (i.e., who retires first between spouses) on satisfaction in Korea of patriarchal culture. Our empirical study demonstrates that households where men retired first had a much lower satisfaction than households where women retired first. In addition, men were found to show lower satisfaction than wives in both households where women retire first and the households where men retire first. Retirement sequence affecting their satisfaction at the point when only one of the spouses is retired continues to affect their satisfaction after both of them are retired. This means that the difference in the couple's retirement sequence has an ongoing effect on their later happiness. The analysis of the effect of a couple's retirement sequence on the satisfaction in their old life may be useful for improving an individual and couples' quality of life in countries with similar cultures.
Women’s Small-Scale, Home-Based Informal Employment during Cuba’s Special Period
Authors: Jerónimo Kersh Daliany
Published: August 2017

There is consensus in the literature that adherence to the traditional division of labor in Cuban society caused women to be disproportionately affected by the cutbacks to state services and shortages during the post-Soviet economic crisis known as the Special Period. After the devaluation of the state wage, many Cubans had to look for alternative forms of employment. Highly skilled professional Cuban women turned to feminized informal activities that made them similar to women in capitalist countries in the region and amounted to a partial reversal of the revolution’s substantial progress on gender equality. In contrast to the regulated self-employment on which existing studies focus, women’s informal labor up until 2010 was often small-scale, home-based, and unregulated. An analysis of oral histories and press archives identifies changes and continuities in women’s informal work during the crisis and shows where the interviewees locate themselves within this watershed in the Cuban Revolution.

Existe un consenso sobre el hecho de que la adhesión a la división tradicional del trabajo en la sociedad cubana afectó de manera desproporcional a las mujeres a partir de la crisis económica post-soviética conocida como el Período Especial, con sus concomitantes recortes a los servicios estatales y la escasez. Tras la devaluación de los salarios estatales, muchos Cubanos tuvieron que buscar formas de empleo alternativas. Las profesionales cubanas altamente calificadas se dedicaron a actividades informales feminizadas, como ya hacían las mujeres en países capitalistas de la región, dando lugar a un retroceso parcial en el progreso revolucionario hacia la igualdad de género. A diferencia de lo que muestran estudios previos sobre el trabajo regulado por cuenta propia, hasta 2010 el trabajo informal de las mujeres a menudo se llevaba a cabo en pequeña escala, dentro del hogar y de manera no reglamentada. Un análisis de historias orales y archivos de prensa traza los cambios y continuidades en el trabajo informal de las mujeres durante la crisis y muestra dónde se ubican las entrevistadas en tal momento decisivo de la Revolución cubana.
Recovering The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
Authors: Kirk Robert G. W.
Published: August 2017

The 3Rs, or the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal research, are widely accepted as the best approach to maximizing high-quality science while ensuring the highest standard of ethical consideration is applied in regulating the use of animals in scientific procedures. This contrasts with the muted scientific interest in the 3Rs when they were first proposed in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1959). Indeed, the relative success of the 3Rs has done little to encourage engagement with their original text, which remains little read and out of print. By adopting a historical perspective, this article argues that one explanation for this disjunction may be found in another, more celebrated, event of 1959: C. P. Snow’s Rede lecture on The Two Cultures. The moral outlook of The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique derived from an earlier ethos wherein humanistic and scientific values occupied a shared culture. While the synthetic style of The Principles has hindered its readership, this article concludes that there is value to recovering the notion that the humanities and social sciences can contribute to the improvement of animal research.
Stereotype Threat Among Girls
Authors: Casad Bettina J. , Hale Patricia , Wachs Faye L.
Published: August 2017

Effects of stereotype threat on math performance have been well-documented among college women; however, the prevalence among adolescent girls is less well-known. Further, the moderating role of gender identity and effects of stereotype threat on high achieving girls in math is unknown. This study tested the effects of a stereotype threat condition (vs. control group) among middle school girls in standard and honors math classes and examined gender identity as a moderator. Students ( N = 498) completed pre- and post-questionnaires and a math test as part of a stereotype threat experiment. Gender identity moderated effects of stereotype threat on math discounting, disengagement, attitudes, and performance, but whether gender identity was a protective or risk factor differed by math education context (honors math and standard math classes). Gender identity was protective for girls in honors math for attitudes, discounting, and disengagement but was a risk factor for math performance. Gender identity was a risk factor for disengagement and math attitudes among girls in standard math classes, but was a buffer for math performance. Results suggest the need to examine protective and risk properties of gender identity importance for adolescent girls and the need to examine stereotype threat within educational contexts. Stereotype threat can be reduced through interventions; thus, educators and practitioners can collaborate with social scientists to implement widespread interventions in K–12 schools. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317711412 . Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index
The Incidence of Subsequent Meniscal Surgery Is Higher in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Knee Than in the Contralateral Knee
Authors: Davis Brent R. , Chen Jason , Inacio Maria C.S. , Love Rebecca , Prentice Heather A. , Maletis Gregory B.
Published: August 2017

Background:

A goal of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is to provide a meniscal protective effect for the knee.

Purpose:

(1) To evaluate whether there was a different likelihood of subsequent meniscal surgery in the ACL-reconstructed knee or in the normal contralateral knee and (2) to compare the risk factors associated with subsequent meniscal surgery in the ACL-reconstructed knee and contralateral knee.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Using an integrated health care system’s ACL reconstruction registry, patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction, with no meniscal injury at the time of index surgery and a normal contralateral knee, were evaluated. Subsequent meniscal tears associated with ACL graft revision were excluded. Subsequent meniscal surgery in either knee was the outcome of interest. Sex, age, and graft type were assessed as potential risk factors. Survival analysis was used to compare meniscal surgery–free survival rates and to assess risk factors of subsequent meniscal surgery.

Results:

Of 4087 patients, there were 32 (0.78%) patients who underwent subsequent meniscal surgery in the index knee and 9 (0.22%) in the contralateral knee. The meniscal surgery–free survival rate at 4 years was 99.08% (95% CI, 98.64%-99.37%) in the index knee and 99.65% (95% CI, 99.31%-99.82%) in the contralateral knee. There was a 3.73 (95% CI, 1.73-8.04; P < .001) higher risk of subsequent meniscal surgery in the index knee compared with the contralateral knee, or a 0.57% absolute risk difference. After adjustments, allografts (hazard ratio [HR], 5.06; 95% CI, 1.80-14.23; P = .002) and hamstring autografts (HR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.06-9.10; P = .038) were risk factors for subsequent meniscal surgery in the index knee compared with bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autografts.

Conclusion:

After ACL reconstruction, the overall risk of subsequent meniscal surgery was low. However, the relative risk of subsequent meniscal surgery in the ACL-reconstructed knee was higher compared with the contralateral knee. Only graft type was found to be a risk factor for subsequent meniscal surgery in the ACL-reconstructed knee, with a higher risk for allografts and hamstring autografts compared with BPTB autografts.
The Life and Times of Parasites: Rhythms in Strategies for Within-host Survival and Between-host Transmission
Authors: Reece Sarah E. , Prior Kimberley F. , Mideo Nicole
Published: August 2017

Biological rhythms are thought to have evolved to enable organisms to organize their activities according to the earth’s predictable cycles, but quantifying the fitness advantages of rhythms is challenging and data revealing their costs and benefits are scarce. More difficult still is explaining why parasites that live exclusively within the bodies of other organisms have biological rhythms. Rhythms exist in the development and traits of parasites, in host immune responses, and in disease susceptibility. This raises the possibility that timing matters for how hosts and parasites interact and, consequently, for the severity and transmission of diseases. Here, we take an evolutionary ecological perspective to examine why parasites exhibit biological rhythms and how their rhythms are regulated. Specifically, we examine the adaptive significance (evolutionary costs and benefits) of rhythms for parasites and explore to what extent interactions between hosts and parasites can drive rhythms in infections. That parasites with altered rhythms can evade the effects of control interventions underscores the urgent need to understand how and why parasites exhibit biological rhythms. Thus, we contend that examining the roles of biological rhythms in disease offers innovative approaches to improve health and opens up a new arena for studying host-parasite (and host-parasite-vector) coevolution.
Factors Associated With Child Maltreatment Among Children Aged 11 to 17 Years in Community Settings of Karachi, Pakistan, Using Belsky Ecological Framework
Authors: Lakhdir Maryam Pyar Ali , Farooq Salima , Khan Uzma Rahim , Parpio Yasmin , Azam Syed Iqbal , Razzak Junaid , Laljee Anjiya Aslam , Kadir Muhammad Masood
Published: August 2017

Child maltreatment is considered as a global social issue and results as combined effect of parental background, socioeconomic environment, family structure, and child characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with child maltreatment among children aged 11 to 17 years in Karachi, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey of 800 pairs (children ranging from 11 to 17 years old and their parents) was randomly selected from 32 clusters of Karachi, using multistage cluster sampling. A structured questionnaire was adopted from the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (International Child Abuse Screening Tool for Parent [ICAST-P] and for Child [ICAST-C]). Multiple linear regression technique was used to assess the association of factors with child maltreatment score, by using STATA software. Our study found that children who always get bullied and mistreated by their siblings are at increased risk of getting maltreatment by parents (adjusted β: 10.78, 95% CI = [8.5, 13.05]).The mean estimated ICAST-C score increases by 9.86 (95% CI = [6.17, 13.55]) for children with exposure of verbal abuse and quarrel within family members. The mean estimated ICAST-C score increases by 5.09 among male children as compared with female children (95% CI = [3.65, 6.52]). Among children whose family always fight with each other and whose parents have exposure to childhood maltreatment, the mean estimated ICAST-C score increases by 22.25 (95% CI = [16.53, 27.98]). This study reflects the potential factors of child maltreatment in Karachi. Our findings provide evidence to raise awareness about child maltreatment.
Crip or Die? Gang Disengagement in the Netherlands
Authors: Roks Robert A.
Published: August 2017

Building on the growing body of research on gang desistance and disengagement, this article focusses on the departure of 20 members of the Dutch Rollin 200 Crips during three years of ethnographic fieldwork (2011–2013) in a small neighborhood in the Dutch city of The Hague. In this article, I retrace the process of gang disengagement from the onset of conflicts within the gang, the growing discontent with Dutch gang life, up until the actual departure of several members. Specific attention will be drawn to the methods, motives, and consequences of leaving this Dutch “gang” and the role of disillusionment in the process of disengagement.Younger members encountered a lack of financial compensation for the work they put in for the gang, which on the long run outweighed the benefits associated with being in the gang. Contrary to popular gang myths, most Dutch members cut ties with the gang abruptly and left without any repercussions. The importance of contextualized accounts of gang desistance and disengagement is highlighted, with specific attention to alternatives for gang life and the difficulties related to identity in the process of disengagement.
The Holy Gram: Strategy and Tactics in the Primary School Canteen
Authors: Oncini Filippo
Published: August 2017

In this ethnography of three Italian primary school canteens I use de Certeau’s concepts of strategy and tactics to examine how the biopolitical construction of a healthy meal is subjected to resistances by parents, teachers, children, and cooks. I first illustrate how the top–down model on nutrition stems from global and national organizations, is deciphered and transformed by local agencies, and eventually becomes a healthy meal, perfectly balanced in its nutrients. Later, I show how subjects involved in its reception challenge the top–down model and develop intentional tactics that withstand the scientific knowledge of the nutritionists that construct the menu: parents and teachers contest the experts’ authority, cooks cheat on grams, children eat more (or less) than they should. Taking a different approach from studies that highlight the undesirable and coercive outcomes of biopower, I argue that in these school canteens subjects are not trapped by biopedagogies but deploy their agencies by questioning, eluding, and even subverting the rationale of the school meal.
Austerity’s Model Pupil: The Ideological Uses of Ireland during the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Coulter Colin , Arqueros-Fernández Francisco , Nagle Angela
Published: August 2017

During the Eurozone crisis, Ireland would come to be regarded widely as a ‘poster child’ for the remedial powers of the austerity agenda and as a ‘role model’ for the other heavily indebted states. In this article, we offer a critical reading of the narrative of an Irish ‘recovery’ that has gained currency over recent years. Tracing the genealogy of terms such as ‘poster child’ and ‘role model’ reveals that they predate the recent apparent revival in Ireland’s economic fortunes. The specific point of origin of these metaphors suggests that the often euphoric discourse that has come to attend the Irish economy articulates a very specific political enterprise. In their efforts to cast the country as the harbinger of economic ‘recovery’, powerful political players have sought to make ideological use of Ireland to ensure that repayments would continue to flow from those European countries in which private bank debts were socialized after the crash. The success of this endeavour has meant that the crisis in the Eurozone has been resolved in the interests of those powerful forces that sparked it in the first place.
Corporate Climate Policy-planning in the Global Polity: A Network Analysis
Authors: Sapinski J. P.
Published: August 2017

Alongside the climate change denial movement, a section of the capitalist class has been organizing to promote a project of “climate capitalism” that relies on carbon markets and other policies compatible with the neoliberal order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Like the denial movement, promoters of climate capitalism have constructed an extensive network of think tanks and policy-planning groups to foster adherence to their climate policy proposals. This article uses social network analysis to map out the reach of these climate and environmental policy groups within the array of interconnected NGOs, inter-governmental organizations, philanthropic foundations, and other organizations that constitute the global polity. This analysis sheds light on the position climate capitalism—understood as a project of a section of the global corporate elite—occupies among international organizations. Overall, I find that climate and environmental policy groups: (1) maintain substantial ties to key organizations of the global polity, and (2) mediate a substantial amount of relations, bridging between central organizations and more peripheral ones, as well as among those located in Europe and North America. I thus argue that a global inter-organizational infrastructure exists that supports climate capitalism, which contributes to its dominant position in climate change politics.
The Democratizing Role of the Public Support Test in the Determination of Nonprofits’ Public Charity Status
Authors: Horne Christopher S.
Published: August 2017

The “public support test” is a set of provisions in the Internal Revenue Code determinative of public charity status for 85% of public charities (excluding houses of worship), requiring that at least one third of these nonprofits’ revenue come from the public broadly, government sources, or nonprofit funding intermediaries. Despite its importance in defining much of the nonprofit sector’s boundaries, no previous research describes the extent and sources of charities’ public support or how these vary by nonprofit subsector, size, and age. This article fills this knowledge gap based on analysis of 501(c)(3) public charities’ Form 990 and Form 990EZ data, finding most publicly supported charities greatly exceed the minimum public support requirements, but with wider variation in directness and breadth than “public support” might connote.
Framing the Role of and Defining Criteria for Usefulness of Citizen Satisfaction Surveys in Local Urban Environmental Management
Authors: Labaria Elirozz Carlie , Gotangco Charlotte Kendra , Caleda Mary Jean
Published: August 2017

The delivery of urban environmental services is among the functions devolved to local governments. As public services, they are routinely evaluated typically using ‘hard’ performance measures. The current trend of local governance incorporates citizens’ perspectives in assessing service performance. In this study, the importance and ‘usefulness’ of citizen satisfaction surveys in local urban environmental management are explored using the case of the local government of unit (LGU) of Quezon City, Philippines and its experience with the Citizen Satisfaction Index System (CSIS). For Quezon City, citizen satisfaction ratings are an important indication of city performance. For the Environmental Protection and Waste Management Department (EPWMD), data and information is considered ‘useful’ if it is (1) able to help craft the future directions of the Department, (2) able to help identify the services that can be removed, (3) able to reflect actionable community feedback, (4) presented in the form of disaggregated data and evidence and (5) easy to interpret by the users. In applying the criteria to evaluate the data and information generated from the CSIS 2014 and 2016, the study demonstrates the merits of using ‘soft’ performance measures in appraising and improving local urban environmental services.
Use of experimental dynamic substructuring to predict the low frequency structural dynamics under different boundary conditions
Authors: D’Ambrogio Walter , Fregolent Annalisa
Published: August 2017

Flexible structural components can be attached to the rest of the structure using different types of joints. For instance, this is the case of solar panels or array antennas for space applications that are joined to the body of the satellite. To predict the dynamic behaviour of such structures under different boundary conditions, such as additional constraints or appended structures, it is possible to start from the frequency response functions in free-free conditions. In this situation, any structure exhibits rigid body modes at zero frequency. To experimentally simulate free-free boundary conditions, flexible supports such as soft springs are typically used: with such arrangement, rigid body modes occur at low non-zero frequencies. Since a flexible structure exhibits the first flexible modes at very low frequencies, rigid body modes and flexible modes become coupled: therefore, experimental frequency response function measurements provide incorrect information about the low frequency dynamics of the free-free structure. To overcome this problem, substructure decoupling can be used, that allows us to identify the dynamics of a substructure (i.e. the free-free structure) after measuring the frequency response functions on the complete structure (i.e. the structure plus the supports) and from a dynamic model of the residual substructure (i.e. the supporting structure). Subsequently, the effect of additional boundary conditions can be predicted using a frequency response function condensation technique. The procedure is tested on a reduced scale model of a space solar panel.
Contextualizing Fake News in Post-truth Era: Journalism Education in India
Authors: Bhaskaran Harikrishnan , Mishra Harsh , Nair Pradeep
Published: August 2017

The current debate on fake-news is heavily focused on American and British post-truth politics and the tactical use of ‘alternative facts’. However, the concerns about the impact of fake news on journalism are not restricted to European and American contexts only. This commentary attempts to examine journalism practice and training in India in the post-truth era. Unlike the issues projected in the American debate on the need to reengage and empathize with the non-elite audience and the rise of a fact-checking culture, the apprehensions appear to be slightly different in other countries. In India, tackling the post-truth era challenges is also about addressing obstructive institutional forces like inactive regulatory bodies and out-dated curricula in University-based journalism programmes. The commentary argues that Indian journalism educators should focus on formulating a dynamic curriculum framework that integrates collaborative verification practices with an emphasis on reengaging with the audience to address the enigmatic post-truth politics in the country.
The economic vote at the party level: Electoral behaviour during the Great Recession
Authors: Giuliani Marco , Massari Sergio Alberto
Published: August 2017

The Great Recession is a non-trivial test bed for the theory of economic voting, especially if its predictions are decomposed at the party level, as done in this article by analysing the electoral performances of parties competing in 89 national elections held in the 28 member states of the EU between 2003 and 2015. We acknowledge counterintuitively that prime ministers’ parties are able to exploit the relatively good state of the economy, while sharing the blame with their allies in times of crisis, counting on the lack of clarity in the attribution of responsibilities and deploying their heresthetic capacities. We further recognize that new parties, more than opposition ones, proportionally profited from the recession. Tough times magnify the alternation between left- and right-wing victories, without necessarily favouring the most radical parties, whereas the EU’s supposed responsibility in prolonging the crisis fuelled the success of Eurosceptic parties.
Preference, opportunity, and choice: A multilevel analysis of diverse friendship formation
Authors: Bahns Angela J.
Published: August 2017

Diverse friendships offer many benefits for individuals and for intergroup relations, yet similarity is a powerful predictor of attraction and relationship formation. The current study examined how beliefs about the value of diversity relate to friendship choices. Naturally occurring dyads ( N = 552) were recruited from 10 college campus and community samples varying in size and racial heterogeneity. A questionnaire assessed dyad members’ beliefs about the value of diversity (valuing diversity), 10 social and political attitudes, and 4 social identity categories (race/ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, nationality). Multilevel models were estimated to examine dyad-level valuing diversity, community size, and community racial heterogeneity as predictors of diverse friendships. Valuing diversity was a significant predictor of diverse friendships; valuing diversity increased the likelihood that dyad members were diverse in race, religion, and sexual orientation but not in nationality or attitudes. The effect of valuing diversity varied according to community size and racial heterogeneity. Valuing diversity increased the likelihood of racially diverse friendships more in communities high compared to low in racial heterogeneity, and increased religiously diverse friendships more in smaller compared to larger communities. Valuing diversity was associated with greater attitude similarity in larger communities but was unrelated to attitude similarity in smaller communities.
Media capture with Chinese characteristics: Changing patterns in Hong Kong’s news media system
Authors: Frisch Nicholas , Belair-Gagnon Valerie , Agur Colin
Published: August 2017

In the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, a former British territory in southern China returned to the People’s Republic as a semi-autonomous enclave in 1997, media capture has distinct characteristics. On one hand, Hong Kong offers a case of media capture in an uncensored media sector and open market economy similar to those of Western industrialized democracies. Yet Hong Kong’s comparatively small size, close proximity, and broad economic exposure to the authoritarian markets and politics of neighboring Mainland China, which practices strict censorship, place unique pressures on Hong Kong’s nominally free press. Building on the literature on media and politics in Hong Kong post-handover and drawing on interviews with journalists in Hong Kong, this article examines the dynamics of media capture in Hong Kong. It highlights how corporate-owned legacy media outlets are increasingly deferential to the Beijing government’s news agenda, while social media is fostering alternative spaces for more skeptical and aggressive voices. This article develops a scholarly vocabulary to describe media capture from the perspective of local journalists and from the academic literature on media and power in Hong Kong and China since 1997.
Distributed and reliable decision-making for cloud-enabled mobile service platforms
Authors: Kim Joongheon , Mohaisen Aziz
Published: August 2017

This article proposes distributed decision-making algorithms for reliable operation in cloud-assisted social network architectures. The considered architecture consists of three types of units: a cloud platform, access units, and mobile units (MUs). For reliable operations in such architectures, two distributed decision-making algorithms are proposed: (1) decision-making for fair connection at MUs and (2) decision-making for dynamic buffering at access units. For the decision-making in fair connection at MUs, the deployed MUs find their new access units to be associated with them when currently associated access units are out of order. The proposed algorithm works considering buffer backlog in access units, achievable rates with access units, and the number of associated MUs in access units. For the decision-making in dynamic buffering at access units, the buffers in access units are dynamically controlled for time-average expected power consumption minimization (i.e. energy-efficiency maximization) subjected to buffer stability.
The high-profile case as ‘fire object’: Following the Marianne Vaatstra murder case through the media
Authors: Jong Lisette , M’charek Amade
Published: August 2017

In 1999 a girl named Marianne Vaatstra was found murdered in a rural area in the Netherlands. In 2012 the perpetrator was arrested. Throughout this period as well as thereafter, the Vaatstra case was never far removed from media attention and public debate. How did this murder become such a high-profile case? In this article we employ the concept of the ‘fire object’ to examine the high-profileness of the Vaatstra case. Law and Singleton’s fire metaphor helps to attend to objects as patterns of presences and absences. In the Vaatstra case it is in particular the unknown suspect that figures as a generative absence that brings to presence different versions of the case and allows them to proliferate. In this article we present four different versions of the Vaatstra case that were presented in the media and which shaped the identities of concerned actors. The unruly topology of fire objects, we argue, might well explain the high-profileness of such criminal cases.
The chemokine receptor CXCR2 supports nociceptive sensitization after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Liang De-Yong , Shi Xiaoyou , Liu Peng , Sun Yuan , Sahbaie Peyman , Li Wen-Wu , Yeomans David C , Clark J David
Published: August 2017

Chronic pain after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is very common, but the mechanisms linking TBI to pain and the pain-related interactions of TBI with peripheral injuries are poorly understood. Chemokine receptors play an important role in both pain and brain injury. In the current work, we pursued the hypothesis that the epigenetically regulated CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a crucial modulator of nociceptive sensitization induced by TBI. For these studies, we used the rat lateral fluid percussion model of TBI. Histone actyltransferase activity was blocked using anacardic acid beginning immediately following injury, or delayed for seven days prior to administration. The selective CXCR2 antagonist SCH527123 administered systemically or intrathecally was used to probe the role of chemokine signaling on mechanical hindpaw sensitization after TBI. The expression of the CXCR2 receptor was accomplished using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting, while epigenetic regulation was assessed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The spinal levels of several pain-related mediators including CXCL1, an endogenous ligand for CXCR2, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and prodynorphin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We observed that anacardic acid potently blocked and reversed mechanical hindpaw sensitization after TBI. The same drug was able to prevent the upregulation of CXCR2 after TBI, but did not affect the spinal expression of other pain mediators. On the other hand, both systemically and intrathecally administered SCH527123 reversed hindpaw allodynia after TBI. Most of the spinal CXCR2 appeared to be expressed by spinal cord neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated TBI-enhanced association of the CXCR2 promoter with acetylated-H3K9 histone protein that was also reversible using anacardic acid. Taken together, our findings suggested that TBI causes the upregulation of spinal CXCR2 through an epigenetic mechanism ultimately supporting nociceptive sensitization. The use of CXCR2 antagonists may, therefore, be useful in pain resulting from TBI.
Upregulation of P2Y1 in neonatal nociceptors regulates heat and mechanical sensitization during cutaneous inflammation
Authors: Lu Peilin , Hudgins Renita C , Liu Xiaohua , Ford Zachary K , Queme Luis F , Hofmann Megan C , Jankowski Michael P
Published: August 2017

The upregulation of various channels and receptors classically linked to sensory transduction from the periphery tightly correspond with changes in the responsiveness of specific subpopulations of primary afferents to mechanical and heat stimulation of the skin at different ages. Previous reports in adults have suggested that the purinergic adenosine diphosphate receptor, P2Y1 can specifically regulate sensory neuron responsiveness to heat stimuli in addition to neurochemical alterations in primary afferents during cutaneous inflammation. To determine if the upregulation of P2Y1 found in the dorsal root ganglia of neonatal mice with cutaneous inflammation initiated at postnatal day 7 (P7) was responsible for the specific alteration in heat sensitivity found in faster conducting (“A”-fiber) nociceptors, we assessed the response properties of cutaneous afferents using an ex vivo hairy hindpaw skin-saphenous nerve-dorsal root ganglion-spinal cord preparation in conjunction with nerve-targeted knockdown of P2Y1. We found that P2Y1 knockdown during neonatal cutaneous inflammation was sufficient to reduce the sensitization of “A”-fiber nociceptors to heat stimuli. Surprisingly, we also found that nerve-specific downregulation of P2Y1 could reduce the observed sensitization of these afferent subtypes to mechanical deformation of the skin. Immunocytochemical analysis of dorsal root ganglia showed that P2Y1 may mediate its effects through modulation of the injury-induced increase of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 receptor. This suggests that the upregulation of P2Y1 in cutaneous nociceptors during early life peripheral inflammation can regulate the sensitization of myelinated nociceptors to both mechanical and heat stimuli possibly through modulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 expression.
Does Self-Control Training Improve Self-Control? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Friese Malte , Frankenbach Julius , Job Veronika , Loschelder David D.
Published: August 2017

Self-control is positively associated with a host of beneficial outcomes. Therefore, psychological interventions that reliably improve self-control are of great societal value. A prominent idea suggests that training self-control by repeatedly overriding dominant responses should lead to broad improvements in self-control over time. Here, we conducted a random-effects meta-analysis based on robust variance estimation of the published and unpublished literature on self-control training effects. Results based on 33 studies and 158 effect sizes revealed a small-to-medium effect of g = 0.30, confidence interval (CI95) [0.17, 0.42]. Moderator analyses found that training effects tended to be larger for (a) self-control stamina rather than strength, (b) studies with inactive compared to active control groups, (c) males than females, and (d) when proponents of the strength model of self-control were (co)authors of a study. Bias-correction techniques suggested the presence of small-study effects and/or publication bias and arrived at smaller effect size estimates (range: gcorrected = .13 to .24). The mechanisms underlying the effect are poorly understood. There is not enough evidence to conclude that the repeated control of dominant responses is the critical element driving training effects.
Development and Validation of a Portable and Inexpensive Tool to Measure the Drop Vertical Jump Using the Microsoft Kinect V2
Authors: Gray Aaron D. , Willis Brad W. , Skubic Marjorie , Huo Zhiyu , Razu Swithin , Sherman Seth L. , Guess Trent M. , Jahandar Amirhossein , Gulbrandsen Trevor R. , Miller Scott , Siesener Nathan J.
Published: August 2017

Background:

Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in adolescent female athletes is an increasing problem. The knee-ankle separation ratio (KASR), calculated at initial contact (IC) and peak flexion (PF) during the drop vertical jump (DVJ), is a measure of dynamic knee valgus. The Microsoft Kinect V2 has shown promise as a reliable and valid marker-less motion capture device.

Hypothesis:

The Kinect V2 will demonstrate good to excellent correlation between KASR results at IC and PF during the DVJ, as compared with a “gold standard” Vicon motion analysis system.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2.

Methods:

Thirty-eight healthy volunteer subjects (20 male, 18 female) performed 5 DVJ trials, simultaneously measured by a Vicon MX-T40S system, 2 AMTI force platforms, and a Kinect V2 with customized software. A total of 190 jumps were completed. The KASR was calculated at IC and PF during the DVJ. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed the degree of KASR agreement between the Kinect and Vicon systems.

Results:

The ICCs of the Kinect V2 and Vicon KASR at IC and PF were 0.84 and 0.95, respectively, showing excellent agreement between the 2 measures. The Kinect V2 successfully identified the KASR at PF and IC frames in 182 of 190 trials, demonstrating 95.8% reliability.

Conclusion:

The Kinect V2 demonstrated excellent ICC of the KASR at IC and PF during the DVJ when compared with the Vicon system. A customized Kinect V2 software program demonstrated good reliability in identifying the KASR at IC and PF during the DVJ.

Clinical Relevance:

Reliable, valid, inexpensive, and efficient screening tools may improve the accessibility of motion analysis assessment of adolescent female athletes.
Personality and Walking Speed Across Adulthood
Authors: Stephan Yannick , Sutin Angelina R. , Bovier-Lapierre Gabriel , Terracciano Antonio
Published: August 2017

Walking speed is one marker of health in adulthood. Although personality may contribute to gait speed, there is limited longitudinal data on this association. Thus, the present study examined whether personality traits are prospectively associated with walking speed among middle aged and older adults. Participants were adults aged from 25 to 100 years old ( N > 15,000) drawn from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Graduate and Sibling samples, the Midlife in the United States Survey, the Health and Retirement Study, and the National Health and Aging Trends Survey. Across most samples and in a meta-analysis, lower neuroticism and higher extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness at baseline were prospectively related to faster gait speed. In the HRS, lower neuroticism and higher extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness were related to slower gait speed decline. This study provides robust evidence that walking speed in adulthood reflects, in part, the individual’s personality.
Sonographer Scanning Practices and Musculoskeletal Injury: Evaluation of an Occupational Health Issue Using the Health Belief Model
Authors: Peterson Cynthia L. , Evans Kevin D. , Axiotis I. Renee
Published: August 2017

Musculoskeletal injury (MSI) is a multifactorial occupational health problem affecting sonographers. Potential contributing factors to the development of MSI include the repetitive motion involved in the practice of diagnostic medical sonography, the design of the ultrasound equipment and workstations, patient volume, and sonographer work practices. This descriptive feasibility study evaluated the factors influencing sonographers’ use of self-protective scanning practices and was informed by some isolated constructs of the health belief model. Scanning practices, attitudes, and beliefs about MSI were collected in surveys before and after an educational seminar about MSI. The instrument that was developed can now be used for a larger data collection on this topic. Areas that remain to be addressed by the instrument include barriers to the adoption of self-protective scanning practices and the role self-efficacy in MSI prevention.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of a Layered Titanate Achieved via Simple Mixing with TiO2-Based Photocatalysts as Additives
Authors: Hattori Hideya , Eguchi Miharu , Ide Yusuke , Sano Tsuneji
Published: August 2017

H1.07Ti1.73□0.27O4 (HTO) showed largely enhanced photocatalytic activity upon mixing with a small amount of Au-loaded TiO2 (Au@P25) due to electron transfer from the excited HTO to Au@P25 at the particle interfaces. Equal amounts of Au@P25 and HTO/Au@P25 showed similar activities, despite the fact that the latter contained considerably less Au.
The Costs and Beliefs Implied by Direct Stock Ownership
Authors: Barth Daniel
Published: August 2017

This paper develops and estimates an economic model of the costs and beliefs required to rationalize household direct stock ownership. In the model, investors believe they can learn information about individual stock returns through costly research. The model identifies the distributions of both research costs and beliefs about the predictability of individual stock returns. Identification depends only on households’ wealth and portfolio choices. The model also provides a novel explanation for many empirical features of household portfolios. Parameter estimates suggest that most households have modest beliefs about the benefits of individual stock research, although a minority must expect extraordinary returns.

Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2791 .

This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.
Dispute Resolution or Escalation? The Strategic Gaming of Feedback Withdrawal Options in Online Markets
Authors: Bolton Gary , Greiner Ben , Ockenfels Axel
Published: August 2017

Many online markets encourage traders to make good after an unsatisfactory transaction by offering the opportunity to withdraw negative reputational feedback in a dispute resolution phase. Motivated by field evidence and guided by theoretical considerations, we use laboratory markets with two-sided moral hazard to show that this option, contrary to the intended purpose, produces an escalation of dispute. The mutual feedback withdrawal option creates an incentive to leave negative feedback, independent of the opponent’s behavior, to improve one’s bargaining position in the dispute resolution phase. This leads to distorted reputation information and less trust and trustworthiness in the trading phase. Buyers who refuse to give feedback strategically, even when it comes at a personal cost, mitigate the detrimental impact. It is also mitigated in markets with one-sided moral hazard and a unilateral feedback withdrawal option.

The supplementary appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2802 .

This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
The Foreign Investor Bias and Its Linguistic Origins
Authors: Lundholm Russell , Rahman Nafis , Rogo Rafael
Published: August 2017

We study how misaligned language between the investor and the firm contributes to the underweighting of foreign securities in an international portfolio. In particular, we document a significant U.S. institutional investor bias against firms located in Quebec relative to firms located in the rest of Canada (ROC). The differential bias is surprising given that (i) Quebec and the other Canadian provinces share the same nationality, federal law, stock exchange, and accounting standards; (ii) their regulatory filings are prepared in English and French; and (iii) U.S. institutional investors are sophisticated and located close to Quebec and the ROC. We also examine Quebec firms with different levels of French versus English online presences as well as those with CEOs who have U.S. work experience or board members or financial analysts who reside in the United States. We find that each factor affects the relative underweighting of investment in Quebec versus the ROC. Finally, we contrast the holdings of institutional investors located in the United Kingdom and France to bolster our conclusion that incongruent languages contribute to the underweighting of Quebec firms relative to firms in the ROC.

This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.
The Effects of Hedge Fund Interventions on Strategic Firm Behavior
Authors: Khurana Inder K. , Li Yinghua , Wang Wei
Published: August 2017

We examine the impact of hedge fund interventions on target firms’ strategic behavior, specifically their voluntary disclosure and earnings management strategies. We find a decrease in both the likelihood and the frequency of management earnings forecasts conveying bad news and an increase in the level of real earnings management following interventions by hedge fund activists. Additional evidence suggests that managers substitute between voluntary disclosure and earnings management strategies in resisting hedge fund attacks. We also find that withholding of bad news is more pronounced when hedge fund activists pose greater threats to the target firm’s management and when the intervention lasts for a relatively short time period. Our results are consistent with firms behaving strategically in response to heightened career/reputation concerns and endangered corporate control arising from hedge fund activism.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2816 .

This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.