bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rosicrucianism
Authors: Lippert Conny
Published: June 2017

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, two anonymously published pamphlets appeared within a year of each other in Kassel, Germany, promoting the existence of an ancient and mysterious secret fraternity that aimed for a synthesis of the sciences and a reform of Europe's political, religious, intellectual, artistic, and philosophical thought. Now known as the Rosicrucian Manifestos, these early allusions to the Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross started a wave of interest that has had repercussions in literature, myth, and legend up to the present day. These first two Rosicrucian manifestos were the
Fama Fraternitatis, or A Discovery of the Fraternity of the Most Noble Order of the Rosy Cross
(1614), which had been circulated as a manuscript as early as 1610, and the
Confessio Fraternitatis, or The Confession of the Laudable of the Most Honourable Order of the Rosy Cross, written to all the learned of Europe
(1615). Dating the order's existence back as early as the fourteenth century, the pamphlets laid bare its principles, goals, and convictions, and invited kindred spirits to contact them via their own publications on the subject. Many attempts to contact them were made – some by famous names, such as René Descartes – but apparently none managed to attain an answer from the elusive order. It is thus a matter of ongoing debate for scholars of the topic whether an original Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross ever really existed or whether it might have been an elaborate hoax after all. Regardless of the initial truth of the fraternity's existence, the pamphlets caused immense excitement and laid the foundation for many allegedly “Rosicrucian” societies to appear afterward.
RussianGothic
Authors: Cornwell Neil
Published: June 2017

The term “Russian Gothic” has only comparatively recently enjoyed real currency in critical studies of Russian literature. “Gothic” is commonly used in connection with, for instance, certain early works by Dostoevsky or even his later more famous novels, which include elements or traces of the Gothic. Otherwise, what we term “the Gothic in Russian literature” had remained, with rare exceptions, submerged beneath the headings of “Russian Romanticism” or “the fantastic.” This comes partly through the vicissitudes of Soviet literary criticism, during the more depressing stretches of which even “Romanticism” and “Dostoevsky” were dirty words and critical energies were not expended on the Gothic or supernatural.
S
ade,
D
onatien
A
lphonse
F
rançois,
M
arquis de
Authors: Punter David
Published: June 2017

Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade (1740–1814), is often regarded as the most scandalous writer of his time, and indeed of any time before the twentieth century. He certainly led a scandalous life. He was frequently incarcerated, first in various prisons (including ten years in the Bastille) and later, for thirteen years, in the asylum at Charenton (see
asylums
). The accusations against him included many crimes of violence, principally against young women, some of whom were prostitutes and some probably not, of which he was almost certainly guilty.
S
cottish
G
othic
Authors: Davison Carol Margaret
Published: June 2017

The relationship between Scotland and Gothic literature has been complicated since their earliest association in the eighteenth century, when Scotland was generally regarded, in part as a result of the popularity of James Macpherson's Ossian poems, as a Romantic object rather than a site of Romantic production. Two major strains of Scottish Gothic literature emerged during this era, both of which marshal the supernatural and other Gothic conventions such as the double and the return of the repressed to excavate and explore issues relating to Scottish history, politics, and identity. In the first, an image of a sublime yet picturesque “Gothic Scotland,” a primitive and benighted locale plagued by clan warfare, furnishes the setting of Gothic works written largely by non‐Scottish writers that proliferated between the 1790s and the 1820s. In the second, Scottish writers themselves turn to the Gothic, commencing in the 1810s, in order to engage with the established “Gothic Scotland” image and other national issues. Three primary historical phenomena recur in these narratives featuring the recrudescence of suppressed and/or contested histories: the Covenanting movement of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, whose members fought to retain Scottish Presbyterianism as Scotland's sole religion; the Act of Union of 1707, which united the English and Scottish parliaments and reclassified Scotland as “North Britain;” and the First and Second Jacobite Rebellions of 1715 and 1745–6, which sought to restore the Roman Catholic Stuarts to the Scottish throne.
S
helley,
P
ercy
B
ysshe
Authors: Redford Catherine
Published: June 2017

The Gothic writings of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) have often been marginalized by critics, and tend to be dismissed as juvenilia bearing little relation to his later, canonical work. Recent scholarship, however, has re‐examined the Gothic prose and poetry produced by Shelley in his teenage years, reinstating these texts in the established corpus of Gothic literature and at the same time recognizing that the influence of the Gothic extended beyond his formative years.
Sturm und Drang
Authors: Thomson Douglass H.
Published: June 2017

The briefly lived
Sturm und Drang
movement in Germany (from the 1760s to the 1780s) both drew from British literary sources that inspired the first Gothics and later directly influenced such Gothic writers as Matthew Gregory Lewis, William Taylor of Norwich, Charlotte Dacre, and the young Walter Scott (see
lewis, matthew
). Usually translated as “storm and stress,” this revolt against ideas of classical order took its name from the title of a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger (1776) dramatizing the turbulent energies of the American Revolution. Broadly speaking,
Sturm und Drang
writers shared with their Gothic counterparts several key features: an exploration of extreme states of emotion; a fascination with nature in its wilder and more sublime manifestations (see
sublime, the
); a resistance to social conformity, usually in the form of an ever‐restless and often over‐reaching hero; and an evocation of the marvelous, drawing upon native and folk traditions of the supernatural (see
folklore
;
supernatural, the
). As is well known, Goethe and Friedrich Schiller (see
schiller, friedrich von
) would come to disavow their youthful affiliation with
Sturm und Drang
, but its fervent spirit left a mark not only on their mature works but upon those of British Gothic writers.
Taboo
Authors: Hogle Jerrold E.
Published: June 2017

The word “taboo” came to Europe and America, as the
Oxford English Dictionary
tells us, via the 1777
Journal
of Captain James Cook, where the Tongan word
tabu
from Polynesia is interpreted to mean some entity, act, or utterance “set apart for or consecrated to a select use” only by chieftains or priests, but also “in general signif[ying] [what is] forbidden” to most members of any society (in Cook's words) or even “the putting of a person or thing under prohibition” and “the fact and condition of being so placed” to the point where any being who has crossed into a taboo state becomes himself or herself taboo. Though the English importation of this word thus postdates the rise of the “Gothic Story” in Horace Walpole's
The Castle of Otranto
(1764), as well as his initiation of Gothic drama in
The Mysterious Mother
(composed 1768), all of these meanings are operative throughout those inaugural texts as they openly combine the rising ideologies about probable character development in the Protestant middle‐class novel with the fading, but still attractive, beliefs in supernatural predetermination and intervention that pervaded the once‐Catholic and aristocratic romances of the Middle Ages. The specters of three dead figures surface at Walpole's Otranto because some characters are close to committing acts (in all three cases, sexual and perhaps incestuous alliances that could mean usurpations of proper inheritance) that are prohibited by an obscure Providence and allowed only to the true heir of the Castle's murdered founder (see
incest
). When Manfred, the usurping Prince of Otranto, finally kills his own daughter (adding child murder to his family's other violations) after mistaking her for the proscribed sex‐object destined for the rightful heir, he then becomes a proscribed person, cast out from civil society into a monastery where he can be little more than the lasting embodiment of several taboos as a penitent belonging to no sanctioned order. The Countess of Narbonne in
The Mysterious Mother
becomes even more of the Forbidden incarnate when it is finally revealed that she committed true incest with her son decades ago and hence that this son and the woman he has wooed (really his daughter
and
sister) are consequently as outcast as the Countess herself – tragically more so than the predatory priests in this play, who themselves enact the taboo (from a Protestant perspective) of seeking more to expropriate the Narbonne property than minister to the soul of its owner. From its very beginning, then, Gothic fiction has always been about temptations toward and fears of pointedly forbidden states; about hauntings, supernatural or psychological or both, based on past secrets that are nearly always horrifying enactments of taboos, even if the word became anglicized enough to describe all that only later in the eighteenth century.
Tales of Terror
Authors: Carver Stephen
Published: June 2017

Although any horror story might be designated a “Tale of Terror,” this term usually refers to the short sharp shockers of Regency monthly magazines, in particular
Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
. These tales thrived on sensational physical and emotional violence, often in contemporary settings. The characteristic style was one of grotesque and clinical reportage, the narrative constructed to convey exaggerated emotional intensity. The point of view was usually first‐person, and the observational detail (like the voice of a disemboweled surgeon naming each organ as it plops out) placed the reader behind the horrified eyes of the protagonist. As Poe advised in his homage “The Signora Zenobia,” also known as “How to Write a Blackwood Article”: “Sensations are the great things after all. Should you ever be drowned or hung, be sure to make a note of your sensations – they will be worth to you ten guineas a sheet” (Poe 1840: 218) (see
poe, edgar allan
).
Television
Authors: Wheatley Helen
Published: June 2017

As a genre which is suffused with familial dramas and disturbing domestic spaces, the Gothic is a genre which is ideally suited to television, though it was not acknowledged as a distinct category of television programming until relatively recently. While some have seen television as too “literal” or “bland” a medium to successfully present potentially affective Gothic fictions (King 1981; Waller 1987; Baddeley 2002), others have argued that it is precisely the quotidian nature of the medium which makes it a most suitable site for tales of young wives trapped in old houses, confused paternities and sinister relatives, and houses which are troubled by family secrets, hauntings, and other uncanny occurrences (Ledwon 1993; Wheatley 2006; Robson 2007). Given the Gothic's notorious “slipperiness” as a generic category, and the multiplicity of interpretations of its meanings and identifying features, it is difficult to offer a singular definition of Gothic television. However, arguably Gothic television can be identified by the following: a mood of dread/terror; the presence of highly stereotyped characters and plots, often derived from Gothic fiction; representations of the supernatural (implied or fully visualized); the structures and images of the uncanny (repetitions, returns, déjà vu, premonitions, ghosts, doppelgangers, animated inanimate objects, and severed body parts); homes and families which are haunted by events/figures from the past; complex narrative organization (flashbacks, dreams, memory montages); dark/drab mise‐en‐scène; and subjective/impressionistic camerawork and sound recording (see Wheatley 2006 for an elaboration on this definition). In producing such a list, it is possible to see the Gothic as a separate generic category of television programming (albeit one which is produced by critical endeavor, rather than one which is frequently used by audiences and program makers to define the programs they watch or make), though thinking about the Gothic as a style or mode of television might encompass a wider set of programs. The above definition is also complicated further by television's generic hybridity which means that it is possible to identify Gothic elements in a range of texts that do not necessarily fit the generic categorization above exactly, from sitcoms likeThe Addams Family(Filmways, 1964–6) andThe Munsters(Kayro‐Vue, 1964–6), to teen dramas such asBuffy the Vampire Slayer(Twentieth Century Fox Television, 1997–2003) orThe Vampire Diaries(CW, from 2009), to reality TV likeThe Osbournes(MTV, 2002–5) andThe Swan(Galan Entertainment, 2004–5).
Terror
Authors: Fincher Max
Published: June 2017

The eighteenth‐century philosopher Edmund Burke described the emotion of terror as “the ruling principle of the sublime” (1990: 54). Burke outlined the key aesthetic and conceptual features of the sublime in
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
(1757). Burke's enquiry examines the psychological experience of terror: “No passion so effectually robs the mind of all its powers of acting and reasoning as fear. For fear being an apprehension of pain or death, it operates in a manner that resembles actual pain” (1990: 53). Experiencing the vicarious thrill of terror in art, one also feels a degree of enjoyment, a “pleasing terror,” as the master of the ghost story, M. R. James describes.
Twilight
Authors: Mason Diane
Published: June 2017

A global teenage Gothic publishing phenomenon was born in 2005 with the issue of
Twilight
, the first in a saga of four books by American author Stephenie Meyer (1973–). Meyer was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Stephen and Candy Morgan, and raised in Phoenix, Arizona, with brothers Seth, Jacob, and Paul and sisters Emily and Heidi. She was educated at Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona, and Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, where she gained a BA in English in 1997. Meyer met her husband, Christian (whom she nicknames “Pancho”), during her childhood in Arizona and the couple married in 1994 when they were both twenty‐one. The couple have three sons: Eli, Gabe, and Seth. Meyer is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints and is a self‐confessed “straitlaced Mormon who doesn't drink alcohol or smoke” (Mills 2008).
Uncanny, The
Authors: Masschelein Anneleen
Published: June 2017

The uncanny is a mild form of anxiety and alienation that arises when something familiar suddenly appears strange. Originating in psychoanalytic discourse, the uncanny was developed as a critical and theoretical concept within genre studies and poststructuralist theory in various disciplines of the humanities. At the end of the twentieth century it became a concept that draws attention to the real yet immaterial presence of what is repressed and forgotten by mainstream culture and scientific discourse.
VictorianGothic
Authors: Punter David
Published: June 2017

What is Victorian Gothic? In a purely technical sense, the term could be taken to cover any Gothic text written within Queen Victoria's reign (1837–1901), but usually the writings of the last two decades of the nineteenth century are seen to be under the heading of the fin de siècle, so I will here focus on works written within the middle decades of the century (seefin‐de‐siècle gothic). The “original Gothic,” it has often been said, came to an end with the major publications of the 1810s and 1820s, principally Mary Shelley'sFrankenstein(1818) (seeshelley, mary wollstonecraft) and C. R. Maturin'sMelmoth the Wanderer(1820) (seematurin, charles robert); but in fact many of the major themes, tropes, and emphases of Gothic continued right through the nineteenth century, influencing some of the major works of the age. At the same time, the conventions of the Victorian period exerted their own influence on the Gothic, so that it is indeed possible to identify a “Victorian Gothic” that has major continuities with what preceded it and yet encodes its own cultural and social preoccupations. Largely gone, as the age goes on, are the medieval and aristocratic emphases of the turn of the century; in their place, to an extent, are scenarios that are very much of the “present time,” and yet issues to do with imprisonment, claustrophobia, and madness continue to haunt these very different settings and locales. Over all this, it has been said, looms the shadow of Victoria herself, a queen who, on the death of her consort, appears to have managed to plunge the whole nation into varieties of prolonged mourning, the shadows of which are felt everywhere in the literature and culture of the period. What follows will address four key aspects of the Victorian Gothic: the historical novel, the political Gothic, the “sensation novel” (seesensation fiction), and the ghost story. There will then follow something about the three major Victorian novelists who were most impressively influenced by the Gothic: Charles Dickens (seedickens, charles) and Charlotte and Emily Brontë.
Voodoo
Authors: Packham Jimmy
Published: June 2017

“Voodoo” refers either to Haitian Vodun (alternatively spelled Vodou) or Louisiana Voodoo (also called New Orleans Voodoo). In both instances it is a syncretic religion informed principally by Christianity and West African
vodun
. The preference now shown by scholars and practitioners of the religion to use the spelling “Vodun” or “Vodou” is a consequence of the inaccurate popular conception of “Voodoo,” in part perpetuated by Gothic fiction.
W
ilde,
O
scar
Authors: Fincher Max
Published: June 2017

An urbane philosopher, poet, and playwright, Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) is now remembered principally for his plays of the fin de siècle, deceptively superficial, yet full of social satire and paradoxes. Notorious for his trial for “the love that dare not speak its name” and his subsequent imprisonment in Reading jail, Oscar Wilde also helped to shape the modern Gothic in its capacity to express transgression.
Long View, The
Authors: Yim Soobin , Saito‐Stehberger Dana , Warschauer Mark
Published: June 2017

The development of computer‐assisted language learning (CALL) over the past three decades corresponds to broader changes in language‐teaching methodologies from structural to cognitive and sociocognitive approaches. Based on an historical survey of these approaches and their relationship to CALL, this article summarizes the technology tools that support each CALL framework and their practical applications. As the frameworks are overlapping rather than mutually exclusive, educators are encouraged to appropriately incorporate tools from all three main approaches into their instruction.
Biochemistry of Terpenoids: Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, Diterpenes, Sterols, Cardiac Glycosides and Steroid Saponins
Authors: Gershenzon Jonathan , Kreis Wolfgang
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

The Basic Pathway of Terpenoid Biosynthesis and the Formation and Function ofC5‐C20Terpenoid Metabolites

Sterols, Cardiac Glycosides and Steroid Saponins

Acknowledgements
The Rubisco Activase–Rubisco System: AnATPase‐Dependent Association that Regulates Photosynthesis
Authors: Portis Archie R.
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structure of Rubisco and the Activase

Activities and Mechanism of Activase

Regulation of the Activase and Rubisco

Future Perspectives

Acknowledgements
14‐3‐3 Protein: Effectors of Enzyme Function
Authors: Sehnke Paul C. , Ferl Robert J.
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structure and Biochemical Characterization of 14‐3‐3 Proteins

Plant 14‐3‐3 Protein Families and Organization

Mode of Action of 14‐3‐3 Proteins

14‐3‐3 Proteins and the Regulation of Metabolic Enzymes

14‐3‐3 Proteins and the Regulation of Non‐Metabolic Enzymes

Isoform Preference for 14‐3‐3 Target Proteins

Localization of Plant 14‐3‐3 s

Potential 14‐3‐3 Binding Partners in Plants

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
The Higher Plant Chaperonins
Authors: Sharkia Rajach , Viitanen Paul , Levy‐Rimler Galit , Weiss Celeste , Niv Adina , Azem Abdussalam
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Chaperonins

TypeIChaperonins

TypeIIChaperonins

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Receptor Kinases
Authors: Allan Andrew C. , Hudson Keith
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

A Survey of the Mechanistic Classes of Receptor Kinases in Plants

Towards an Understanding of Receptor Like Kinase Function(s)

Toward Understanding Receptor Histidine Kinase Function

Identification of Ligands and Downstream Elements

Comparison of Similar Proteins in Animal Cells

Conclusions
Molecular Components that Drive Phosphorus‐Remobilisation during Leaf Senescence
Authors: Smith Aaron P. , Fontenot Elena B. , Zahraeifard Sara , DiTusa Sandra Feuer
Published: June 2017

Senescence is a complex process of controlled degradation and nutrient recycling that is modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Beginning in the middle to late vegetative stage of growth, the remobilisation of phosphorus (P) from senescing leaves serves as the major source of P for sink tissues, such as young leaves, reproductive structures and storage organs. Although it is clear that plants are generally efficient at recycling P from senescing leaves, little is known regarding the molecular components involved in the process. Optimising P remobilisation during senescence will likely be a valuable contribution to future improvements in P‐use efficiency of crop species, which is urgently needed to minimise the use of unsustainable P fertilizers.
Highly Conductive Three‐Dimensional Printing With Low‐Melting Metal Alloy Filament
Authors: Andersen Kimball , Dong Yue , Kim Woo Soo
Published: June 2017

It has been challenging to develop a new functional material with high conductivity for the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) based 3D printing technology. The proposed low‐melting metal alloy filament provides the key to overcome the challenges including printability and conductivity. For this report, two metal alloys are designed to evaluate their suitability for FFF. In order to achieve material compatibility of the designed filament material with the nozzle materials, different nozzle materials are also investigated using thermal analysis. Then, a custom extrusion nozzle is suggested using thermal modeling to optimize the melt‐zone for reliable extrusion. And finally, 3D printed circuit is demonstrated from a 3D printed plastic case to the integrated printed‐alloy connections for the light‐emitting device.
Nanoporous Atomically Thin Graphene Membranes for Desalting and Dialysis Applications
Authors: Kidambi Piran R. , Jang Doojoon , Idrobo Juan‐Carlos , Boutilier Michael S. H. , Wang Luda , Kong Jing , Karnik Rohit
Published: June 2017

Dialysis is a ubiquitous separation process in biochemical processing and biological research. State‐of‐the‐art dialysis membranes comprise a relatively thick polymer layer with tortuous pores, and suffer from low rates of diffusion leading to extremely long process times (often several days) and poor selectivity, especially in the 0–1000 Da molecular weight cut‐off range. Here, the fabrication of large‐area (cm2) nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs) is reported, by transferring graphene synthesized using scalable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to polycarbonate track‐etched supports. After sealing defects introduced during transfer/handling by interfacial polymerization, a facile oxygen‐plasma etch is used to create size‐selective pores (≤1 nm) in the CVD graphene. Size‐selective separation and desalting of small model molecules (≈200–1355 Da) and proteins (≈14 000 Da) are demonstrated, with ≈1–2 orders of magnitude increase in permeance compared to state‐of‐the‐art commercial membranes. Rapid diffusion and size‐selectivity in NATMs offers transformative opportunities in purification of drugs, removal of residual reactants, biochemical analytics, medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and nano‐bio separations.
TMSCF3 as a Convenient Source of CF2=CF2 for Pentafluoroethylation, (Aryloxy)tetrafluoroethylation, and Tetrafluoroethylation
Authors: Li Lingchun , Ni Chuanfa , Xie Qiqiang , Hu Mingyou , Wang Fei , Hu Jinbo
Published: June 2017

A new method for the on‐site preparation of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and a procedure for its efficient use in pentafluoroethylation by fluoride addition were developed by using a simple two‐chamber system. The on‐site preparation of TFE was accomplished by dimerization of difluorocarbene derived from (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF3) under mild conditions. Other fluoroalkylation reactions, such as (aryloxy)tetrafluoroethylation and tetrafluoroethylation processes, were also achieved using a similar approach. This work not only demonstrates a convenient and safe approach for the generation and use of TFE in academic laboratories, but also provides a new strategy for pentafluoroethylation.
Ladder‐type Heteroarenes: Up to 15 Rings with Five Imide Groups
Authors: Wang Yingfeng , Guo Han , Ling Shaohua , Arrechea‐Marcos Iratxe , Wang Yuxi , López Navarrete Juan Teodomiro , Ortiz Rocio Ponce , Guo Xugang
Published: June 2017

A series of novel imide‐functionalized ladder‐type heteroarenes with well‐defined structure and controllable conjugation lengths were synthesized and characterized. The synthetic route shows remarkable efficacy for constructing the electron‐deficient ladder backbones. π‐Conjugation extension leads to narrowed band gaps with enhanced electron affinities. The ladder arenes are incorporated into organic thin‐film transistors, and show encouraging electron mobilities of 0.013–0.045 cm2 V−1 s−1. The heteroarenes reported here provide a remarkable platform for fundamental physicochemical studies and materials innovation in organic electronics.
Screening of Polish Fir Honeydew Honey Using GC/MS, HPLC‐DAD, and Physical‐Chemical Parameters: Benzene Derivatives and Terpenes as Chemical Markers
Authors: Kuś Piotr M. , Jerković Igor , Marijanović Zvonimir , Tuberoso Carlo I. G.
Published: June 2017

GC/MS of headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS‐SPME) and solvent extractives along with targeted HPLC‐DAD of Polish fir (Abies alba Mill.) honeydew honey (FHH), were used to determine the chemical profiles and potential markers of botanical origin. Additionally, typical physical‐chemical parameters were also assigned. The values determined for FHH were: conductivity (1.2 mS/cm), water content (16.7 g/100 g), pH (4.5), and CIE chromaticity coordinates (L* = 48.4, a* = 20.6, b* = 69.7, C* = 72.9, and h° = 73.5). FHH contained moderate‐high total phenolic content (533.2 mg GAE/kg) and antioxidant activity (1.1 mmol TEAC/kg) and (3.2 mmol Fe2+/kg) in DPPH and FRAP assays. The chemical profiles were dominated by source plant‐originated benzene derivatives: 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (up to 8.7 mg/kg, HPLC/honey solution), methyl syringate (up to 14.5%, GC/solvent extracts) or benzaldehyde (up to 43.7%, GC/headspace). Other markers were terpenes including norisoprenoid (4‐hydroxy‐3,5,6‐trimethyl‐4‐(3‐oxobut‐1‐enyl)cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one, up to 20.3%, GC/solvent extracts) and monoterpenes, mainly linalool derivatives (up to 49%, GC/headspace) as well as borneol (up to 5.9%, GC/headspace). The application of various techniques allowed comprehensive characterisation of FHH. 4‐Hydroxy‐3,5,6‐trimethyl‐4‐(3‐oxobut‐1‐enyl)cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one, coniferyl alcohol, borneol, and benzaldehyde were first time proposed for FHH screening. Protocatechuic acid may be a potential marker of FFH regardless of the geographical origin.
NMR, HS‐SPME‐GC/MS, and HPLC/MSn Analyses of Phytoconstituents and Aroma Profile of Rosmarinus eriocalyx
Authors: Bendif Hamdi , Miara Mohamed Djamel , Peron Gregorio , Sut Stefania , Dall'Acqua Stefano , Flamini Guido , Maggi Filippo
Published: June 2017

In this work, a comprehensive study on the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Rosmarinus eriocalyx (Lamiaceae), an aromatic shrub traditionally consumed as a food and herbal remedy in Algeria, is presented. The aroma profile was analysed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS), whereas the crude extract constituents were analyzed by 1H‐NMR and by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MSn). Thirty‐nine volatile compounds, most of them being monoterpenes, have been identified, with camphor, camphene, and α‐pinene as the most abundant constituents. 1H‐NMR analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and betulinic acid while HPLC/MSn allowed the identification of glycosilated and aglyconic flavonoids as well as phenylpropanoid derivatives. Some of these constituents, namely as betulinic acid, rosmanol, and cirsimaritin were reported for the first time in R. eriocalyx.
The association of a lip commissure to eyelid transposition flap with a frontal transposition flap for reconstructive eyelid surgery following squamous cell carcinoma resection in a European short‐haired cat
Authors: Poinsard Anne‐Sophie , Mathieson Iona , Dulaurent Thomas , Isard Pierre‐François , Balland Olivier
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

The surgical resection of a squamous cell carcinoma in a cat was performed on both the palpebral and nasal aspects of the OD medial canthus. A two‐stage surgical technique was employed, involving two different transposition flaps, taking care to maintain eyelid function and estheticism, with a long follow‐up.
Automated Determination of Oxygen‐Dependent Enzyme Kinetics in a Tube‐in‐Tube Flow Reactor
Authors: Ringborg Rolf H. , Toftgaard Pedersen Asbjørn , Woodley John M.
Published: June 2017

Enzyme‐mediated oxidation is of particular interest to synthetic organic chemists. However, the implementation of such systems demands knowledge of enzyme kinetics. Conventionally collecting kinetic data for biocatalytic oxidations is fraught with difficulties such as low oxygen solubility in water and limited oxygen supply. Here, we present a novel method for the collection of such kinetic data using a pressurized tube‐in‐tube reactor, operated in the low‐dispersed flow regime to generate time‐series data, with minimal material consumption. Experimental development and validation of the instrument revealed not only the high degree of accuracy of the kinetic data obtained, but also the necessity of making measurements in this way to enable the accurate evaluation of high KMO enzyme systems. For the first time, this paves the way to integrate kinetic data into the protein engineering cycle.
Vinyl (Thio)Ethers versus Enamines: A DFT Insight into Their Divergent Reactivities toward Nitroalkenes
Authors: Gérard Hélène , Chataigner Isabelle
Published: June 2017

Despite their apparent similarities, vinyl (thio)ethers and enamines display divergent reactivities toward nitroalkenes. Whereas [4+2] cycloadduct derivatives are generally obtained in the first case, a variety of adducts are observed in the second, and depend on the substrates and reaction conditions. Herein, a rationalization of this versatility is proposed through a theoretical study, in which the interactions between these electron‐rich alkenes and nitroethylene are compared in conjugate addition, [4+2] and [2+2] cycloadditions, and ene reaction processes. The conjugate zwitterionic adduct is shown to play a key role. With vinyl (thio)ethers, its formation is disfavored, whereas, for enamines, it appears as a stabilized intermediate, leading to the thermodynamically favored formal ene adduct. This adduct is, however, kinetically disfavored, which opens up the way to control the selectivity of the whole process.
Utility ofWeb search query data in testing theoretical assumptions about mephedrone
Authors: Kapitány‐Fövény Máté , Demetrovics Zsolt
Published: June 2017

Objective

With growing access to the Internet, people who use drugs and traffickers started to obtain information about novel psychoactive substances (NPS) via online platforms. This paper aims to analyze whether a decreasing Web interest in formerly banned substances—cocaine, heroin,and MDMA—and the legislative status of mephedrone predict Web interest about this NPS.

Methods

Google Trends was used to measure changes of Web interest on cocaine, heroin, MDMA, and mephedrone. Google search results for mephedrone within the same time frame were analyzed and categorized.

Results

Web interest about classic drugs found to be more persistent. Regarding geographical distribution, location of Web searches for heroin and cocaine was less centralized. Illicit status of mephedrone was a negative predictor of its Web search query rates. The connection between mephedrone‐related Web search rates and legislative status of this substance was significantly mediated by ecstasy‐related Web search queries, the number of documentaries, and forum/blog entries about mephedrone.

Conclusions

The results might provide support for the hypothesis that mephedrone's popularity was highly correlated with its legal status as well as it functioned as a potential substitute for MDMA. Google Trends was found to be a useful tool for testing theoretical assumptions about NPS.
Socioeconomic and demographic disparities in breast cancer stage at presentation and survival: A Swiss population‐based study
Authors: Feller Anita , Schmidlin Kurt , Bordoni Andrea , Bouchardy Christine , Bulliard Jean‐Luc , Camey Bertrand , Konzelmann Isabelle , Maspoli Manuela , Wanner Miriam , Clough‐Gorr Kerri M. ,   for the SNC and the NICER workinggroup
Published: June 2017

We explored socioeconomic and demographic disparities in breast cancer (BC) stage at presentation and survival in a Swiss population‐based sample of female BC patients linked to the census‐based Swiss National Cohort. Tumor stage was classified according to Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program summary stage (in situ/localized/regional/distant). We used highest education level attained to estimate SEP (low/middle/high). Further demographic characteristics of interest were age at presentation (30–49/50–69/70–84 years), living in a canton with organized screening (yes/no), urbanity of residence (urban/peri‐urban/rural), civil status (single/married/widowed/divorced) and nationality (Swiss/non‐Swiss). We used ordered logistic regression models to analyze factors associated with BC stage at presentation and competing risk regression models for factors associated with survival. Odds of later‐stage BC were significantly increased for low SEP women (odds ratio 1.19, 95%CI 1.06–1.34) compared to women of high SEP. Further, women living in a canton without organized screening program, women diagnosed outside the targeted screening age and single/widowed/divorced women were more often diagnosed at later stages. Women of low SEP experienced an increased risk of dying from BC (sub‐hazard ratio 1.22, 95%CI 1.05–1.43) compared to women of high SEP. Notably, these survival inequalities could not be explained by socioeconomic differences in stage at presentation and/or other sociodemographic factors. It is concerning that these social gradients have been observed in a country with universal health insurance coverage, high health expenditures and one of the highest life expectancies in the world.
Pseudoshikonin I enhances osteoblast differentiation by stimulating Runx2 and Osterix
Authors: Choi You Hee , Han Younho , Jin Sun Woo , Lee Gi Ho , Kim Geum Soog , Lee Dae Young , Chung Young Chul , Lee Kwang Youl , Jeong Hye Gwang
Published: June 2017

Pseudoshikonin I (PSI), a novel biomaterial isolated from Lithospermi radix, has been recognized as an herbal medicine for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Bone remodeling maintains a balance through bone resorption (osteoclastogenesis) and bone formation (osteoblastogenesis). Bone formation is generally attributed to osteoblasts. However, the effects of PSI on the bone are not well known. In this study, we found that the ethanol extracts of PSI induced osteoblast differentiation by increasing the expression of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP 4). PSI positively regulates the transcriptional expression and osteogenic activity of osteoblast‐specific transcription factors such as Runx2 and Osterix. To identify the signaling pathways that mediate PSI‐induced osteoblastogenesis, we examined the effects of serine‐threonine kinase inhibitors that are known regulators of Osterix and Runx2. PSI‐induced upregulation of Osterix and Runx2 was suppressed by treatment with AKT and PKA inhibitors. These results suggest that PSI enhances osteoblast differentiation by stimulating Osterix and Runx2 via the AKT and PKA signaling pathways. Thus, the activation of Runx2 and Osterix is modulated by PSI, thereby demonstrating its potential as a treatment target for bone disease.
Retracted: Effects of astragalus polysaccharide on apoptosis of myocardial microvascular endothelial cells in rats undergoing hypoxia/reoxygenation by mediation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway
Authors: Zhou Qingling , Meng Guowei , Teng Fei , Sun Qiang , Zhang Yongshan
Published: June 2017

The study explores the effect of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) mediating P13K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway on apoptosis of myocardial microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs) in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). MMECs were classified into blank, H/R, H/R + 25 mg/L APS, H/R + 50 mg/L APS, H/R + 100 mg/L APS, H/R + LY, and HR + 100 mg/L APS + LY groups. Cell viability was detected using MTT assay and apoptotic cell morphological changes by Hoechst staining. NO content, cell cycle and apoptosis, PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway proteins were detected using nitrate reductase assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting. An increased cell survival rate, NO content and expression of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway associated proteins, and a decreased apoptosis rate was observed in the H/R + 50 mg/L APS and H/R + 100 mg/L APS groups compared with the H/R and H/R + 25 mg/L APS groups. Compared with the H/R + 50 mg/L APS group, the apoptosis rate decreased, whereas the cell survival rate, NO content and expression of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway associated proteins increased in the H/R + 100 mg/L APS group. The H/R + LY and HR + 100 mg/L APS + LY groups followed opposite trends. In comparison to the HR + 100 mg/L APS group, the apoptosis rate in the H/R + LY and HR + 100 mg/L APS + LY groups increased, and the cell survival rate, NO content and expression of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway associated proteins decreased. Collectively, APS improves the damage caused by H/P by mediating PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.
An improved PCR‐CTPP assay for the detection of ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism
Authors: Jiang Shupeng , Tong Yongqing , Zhao Rui , Xiong Ge , Qiao Bin , Li Yan
Published: June 2017

Background

ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism is associated with the development of alcohol‐related diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore an improved polymerase chain reaction with confronting two‐pair primers (PCR‐CTPP) assay for the detection of ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism.

Methods

A mismatch was introduced at the 3′ end of each of the two allele‐specific to increase the specificity of the reaction. But beyond that, a new mismatch at‐3 positions of outer primers was designed to decrease the efficiency of the aforementioned primers and depresses the amplification of an internal nonspecific DNA control. A total of 180 samples from healthy volunteers Han Chinese were tested to evaluate this new assay.

Results

The protocol of PCR‐CTPP was successful for genotyping of ADH1B Arg48His. The results from the improved PCR‐CTPP assay were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, and correct genotyping rates were 100%.The genotype frequencies were 49.44% (89 cases) for His/His, 46.67% (84 cases) for Arg/His, and 3.89% (seven cases) for Arg/Arg respectively.

Conclusions

This improved PCR‐CTPP assay is simple, rapid, cost‐effective, and reliable, specific for the detection of ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism in most clinical diagnostic laboratories.
Silibinin stimluates apoptosis by inducing generation of ROS and ER stress in human choriocarcinoma cells
Authors: Ham Jiyeon , Lim Whasun , Bazer Fuller W. , Song Gwonhwa
Published: June 2017

Silibinin is a flavonolignan extracted from seeds of milk thistles. Traditionally, it has been used as a therapeutic agent for liver disorders, and now it is well‐known for its anti‐cancer effects. However, studies on anti‐cancer effects of silibinin on choriocarcinoma are very limited. Therefore, we performed proliferation and apoptosis assays to determine effects of silibinin on the viability of human choriocarcinoma (JAR and JEG3) cells. Our results showed that silibinin significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in both JAR and JEG3 cells, and significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, silibinin disrupted mitochondrial function by inducing permeabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium ion efflux in JAR and JEG3 cells. Furthermore, silibinin‐induced apoptosis in choriocarcinoma cells via AKT, mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and unfolded protein response (UPR) signal transduction. Collectively, our results suggest that silibinin is a novel therapeutic agent or dietary supplement for management of human placental choriocarcinomas.
Left atrial compression with acute heart failure caused by esophageal bolus
Authors: Maffè Stefano , Paino Anna Maria , Paffoni Paola , Bergamasco Luca , Dellavesa Pierfranco , Zenone Franco , Cucchi Lorenzo , Baduena Lara , Franchetti Pardo Nicolò , Parravicini Umberto
Published: June 2017

We report a case of left atrial extrinsic compression caused by an esophageal food bolus in a patient presenting with acute heart failure. Transthoracic echocardiography along with contrast‐enhanced CT showed evidence of esophageal dilation producing left atrial compression. Esophageal endoscopy and fragmentation of the bolus, allowing the accumulated food to descend into the stomach, produced a rapid improvement of hemodynamic and clinical status. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46:259–261, 2018
Evaluation of microextraction by packed sorbent, liquid–liquid microextraction and derivatization pretreatment of diet‐derived phenolic acids in plasma by gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Bustamante Luis , Cárdenas Diana , von Baer Dietrich , Pastene Edgar , Duran‐Sandoval Daniel , Vergara Carola , Mardones Claudia
Published: June 2017

Miniaturized sample pretreatments for the analysis of phenolic metabolites in plasma, involving protein precipitation, enzymatic deconjugation, extraction procedures, and different derivatization reactions were systematically evaluated. The analyses were conducted by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the evaluation of 40 diet‐derived phenolic compounds. Enzyme purification was necessary for the phenolic deconjugation before extraction. Trimethylsilanization reagent and two different tetrabutylammonium salts for derivatization reactions were compared. The optimum reaction conditions were 50 μL of trimethylsilanization reagent at 90°C for 30 min, while tetrabutylammonium salts were associated with loss of sensitivity due to rapid activation of the inert gas chromatograph liner. Phenolic acids extractions from plasma were optimized. Optimal microextraction by packed sorbent performance was achieved using an octadecylsilyl packed bed and better recoveries for less polar compounds, such as methoxylated derivatives, were observed. Despite the low recovery for many analytes, repeatability using an automated extraction procedure in the gas chromatograph inlet was 2.5%. Instead, using liquid–liquid microextraction, better recoveries (80–110%) for all analytes were observed at the expense of repeatability (3.8–18.4%). The phenolic compounds in gerbil plasma samples, collected before and 4 h after the administration of a calafate extract, were analyzed with the optimized methodology.
Living like a local: Authentic tourism experiences and the sharing economy
Authors: Paulauskaite Dominyka , Powell Raymond , Coca‐Stefaniak J. Andres , Morrison Alastair M.
Published: June 2017

Travellers are demanding authentic, experientially oriented opportunities with more meaningful interactions with locals. The sharing economy has emerged partly as a response to these consumer trends with major potential impacts for tourism. This research investigated the phenomenon of authenticity‐seeking tourism and its links to the hospitality sector through consumer choices related to accommodation offered by sharing economy providers. It explored the relationship between perceived authenticity of the “local” experience and its significance when purchasing accommodation. The three themes of unique accommodation interiors and atmosphere, interactions with hosts, and interactions with local culture were found to be important to Airbnb users.
Modified Lung Ultrasonographic Technique for Evaluation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Lateral Decubitus Position
Authors: Vassalou Evangelia E. , Raissaki Maria , Magkanas Eleftherios , Antoniou Katerina M. , Karantanas Apostolos H.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To compare lung ultrasonography (US) in the sitting or supine positions and the lateral decubitus position, with regard to the feasibility, duration, patient convenience, and assessment of B‐lines, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were prospectively enrolled. Lung US included scanning of 56 intercostal spaces. Each patient was examined twice by 2 protocols. During protocol 1, patients were examined in the supine and sitting positions for the anterior and dorsal chest, respectively. During protocol 2, patients were examined in the left lateral decubitus position for the evaluation of the right hemithorax and the reverse. Total, anterior, and posterior US scores resulted from the sum of B‐lines at the whole, anterior, and posterior chest, respectively. High‐resolution computed tomography (CT) was considered the reference standard. The duration of each protocol was recorded. Patients were questioned about which protocol they preferred.

Results

There was no difference regarding feasibility between the protocols. A significant correlation was found between total US scores for both protocols and high‐resolution CT findings (P < .0001), with protocol 2 showing a slightly higher correlation. A positive correlation was found between the protocols regarding total, anterior, and posterior US scores (P < .0001). The mean duration of protocol 2 was less than that of protocol 1 (P < .005). Nineteen patients (95%) reported a preference for protocol 2.

Conclusions

Lung US in the lateral decubitus position seems to be faster and more convenient. There appears to be no difference regarding feasibility and the number of B‐lines, whereas it shows slightly higher correlation with high‐resolution CT, compared with the sitting or supine positions in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.