bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grief and Hope
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

Columbus Day weekend, I988, remains vivid in my memory. For the second year in a row, gay men and lesbians came together for a national march and rally in Washington, D.C. During the day the AIDS quilt lay unfurled in the nation’s mall, covering acres. The quilt has an extraordinary impact, as moving in its fragility as in its size. From a distant corner of the park, a plaintive voice droned out the names of people who had died. The names blurred into one another. Most people stopped listening.

That Saturday evening, thousands of people took part in an AIDS candlelight walk and vigil. We completed the short walk in silence—a eulogy for the dead, a prayer for the living.

The evening culminated in a tepid rally. A few speakers addressed themes political and personal, but all spoke inadequately. They somehow missed the palpable, restless undercurrents of emotion in the crowd—the grief, the pride, the fear, the rage. None of the speakers came close to helping us express all that percolated beneath the surface.
Moral Theory, Moral Dilemmas, and Moral Responsibilities
Authors: Gowans Christopher W
Published: November 2023

Discussion of the possibility of moral dilemmas has coincided to some extent with debate about the viability of moral theory. In fact, it is sometimes suggested that the assertion that there are moral dilemmas is a key element in the critique of moral theory, alongside claims concerning the significance of the plurality of moral considerations, the need to focus on particulars, the impossibility of a decision-procedure in moral deliberation, and the like. As a means of exploring connections between these two issues, I will begin by distinguishing two styles of moral reflection I call rationalism and experientialism. These correspond at least approximately with the respective contentions of proponents and opponents of moral theory. I will then consider the supposition that many of the arguments for and against moral dilemmas can be seen as a dialectic between experientialism and rationalism, and more generally that the insistence on the part of some that there surely are dilemmas evidences an experientialist outlook, while the equally strong conviction on the part of others that there cannot possibly be dilemmas reflects a rationalist temperament. My conclusion will be that this interpretation is revealing, although it cannot be considered a fully accurate or complete account of the moral dilemmas debate.
Neuroscience, Agency, and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

It seems as if I do things. It would undermine, possibly destroy, the meaning and significance of my life if I am not an agent, if who and what I am is in no way the result of choices I make. It matters that I am not just along on some ride that the cosmos, for some absurd reason, is taking. And yet if I am just an animal, if what I think and do is just the emergent product of what the world outside, my body and its brain jointly produce, then it is hard to see what sense there is to the ideas that I am an agent, that I am self-productive, and that I create or cocreate some of the meaning my life has. These are reasonable worries. But they are not rational.
Miracles, Motivicity, and Mannerism: Adrian Willaert’s Videns Dominus fientes sorores Lazari and Some Aspects of Motet Composition in the 1520s
Authors: Joshua Rifkin
Published: November 2023

As with his colleague and predecessor as Ferdinand Schevill Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, Edward E. Lowinsky, I had my share of differences with Howard Mayer Brown. In recent years, however, as he edged past his 50s and I edged toward mine, I began to find more of his work to my taste and, at the same time, to develop a sneaking personal fond ness for him. Back-to-back conferences at Wolfenbiittel and Cremona in the autumn of 1992 brought a chance for some enjoyable, if brief, conversations; and on a Tuesday in mid-February 1993, I found myself pleased to discover Howard “lurking with intent,” as he put it, in the hallway outside a rehearsal room at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. Although we had both spent the last several weeks in Basel-he teaching at the university, I preparing a production of Monteverdi’s L’Orfeo at the Schola-we had not seen one another. He had just a couple of days left in town, he now said, and hoped to have dinner with me before his departure. We met that evening and had a long, wide-ranging conversation over an excellent meal-for which he picked up the tab. In the course of our talk, it turned out that his strongest recent interest intersected with an equally strong interest of mine: his hobbyhorse, which he liked to call “varied repetition,” nestled snugly into something that I like to call “moti vicity.”
Still Southern after All These Years
Authors: Butler Jack
Published: November 2023

The question gets asked a lot. Let me phrase it like this: Is there still such a thing as southern writing, what with the New South and all, and technology? And if there is, what makes it southern? I’m grateful for the question. The question has become a sort of small industry helping to ease regional unemployment. Answering the question brings in some useful if not life-changing checks, and it doesn’t hurt your reputation, either. If you answer the question two or three times, you’re an expert. In fact, if you think about it, answering the question is one of the things that infallibly identifies you as a southern writer. In fact, if you think about it some more, the question itself has served as a good way to keep southern writing going, at least as a panel topic. We question our existence, therefore we must exist. That’s a nice modem way of addressing the issue, even if it does smack of how we tried to resolve the confusions created by our first philosophy class. Suppose the answer to the question was no. No, there’s not any such thing as southern literature anymore. Would we have to quit having conferences and seminars? Could anybody make us quit? Who could? The Jewish writers? Do they still exist? If so, they’re disqualified from the judging. If anybody’s going to make us quit talking about whether or not we exist, it will have to be a group that already for certain doesn’t exist. The midwestemers, maybe. Or the minimalists. Or the thirty-something urban trend jockeys. If we tum out not to exist, will I be forced to pay back the travel expenses I wrote off on my income taxes for going different places to answer the question? Maybe in 100 to 150 years, someone is going to be raising the question of whether there’s anything in American literature any more that can seriously be referred to as Vietnamese writing.
Writing on the Cusp :Double Alterity and Minority Discourse in Appalachia
Authors: Cunningham Rodger
Published: November 2023

In a very bad review of a very good book of short stories from West Virginia, Diane McWhorter of Birmingham, Alabama, wrote in the New York Times  Book Review: [Pinckney] Benedict’s characters are the new lost generation from the border states. Working the not-long-sodded subdivisions, his literary elders gave us the first wave, a postrural sub-bourgeoisie Mr. Benedict’s people are the skulls they see in their Sears mirrors; his turf is the dismal sludge underneath the cartoon strokes of Al Capp’s Dogpatch .... On the cusp of two vital American cultures-the northerly one devoted to the making of money, the other to the making of myth-the border country has little of either. (13) As I said in a letter in reply to this review: Come now. Can any group in this country other than Appalachian mountain people be subjected to this sort of ethnic slur by a national magazine in 1987? To be sure, you’ve laudably tried to have the book reviewed by a native of the same region. Alas-with the Steinberg map behind your eyelids, you’ve handed it over to a Deep Southerner who proceeds to air all her region’s standard prejudices against what she self-revealingly calls “the border country:’ ... The sad thing is that while “two vital American cultures” join hands over the presumably moribund form of”moonshine America” whenever something like this comes along to confirm their interlocking prejudices, the “national” literary world remains nearly unaware of the burgeoning of writing within the region in the past generation. There is an enormous amount of first-rate poetry and fiction by native Appalachians of all backgrounds which fits neither century-old convention-pastoral idyll or
Pornography Left and Right
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A
Published: November 2023

In a telling convergence between left and right, Rush Limbaugh, a conservative commentator, recently said that I say “all sex is rape,” repeating a lie that Playboy, a glossy men’s sex magazine with liberal politics and literary pretensions, has been pushing for years. This is a lie, rather than a mistake, on the assumption that they both read my work, which may be giving them too much. That those whose politics conventionally divide them are united on this point reveals the common nerve struck by questioning the presumptive equality of men and women in sex.
Beyond Lesbian and Gay “Families We Choose”
Authors: Eskridge William N
Published: November 2023

Modern family law in this century has been characterized by a shift in emphasis from status to choice, from the status-based roles imposed by communal tradition to the consensual duties created by contract. This shift reflects a progressive adoption in the family law context of the consequences of a “liberal” conception of self. The liberal self is an autonomous actor whose liberty is constrained only to the extent the actor agrees (contract) or harms others (tort and crimes). Hence, the liberal self is free to enter into, and exit from, family arrangements largely at will, uninhibited by social custom or old-fashioned status rules. Lesbians and gay men have been among the avant-garde of this shift, for we do not usually follow the traditional husbandwife-kids model of family formation. Instead, we have turned to “families we choose”circles of consent-based intimacy among friends, partners, former lovers, children, and others.
“Somebody I Can Talk To”: Teaching Feminism Through The Color Purple
Authors: Kaplan Carla
Published: November 2023

In The Color Purple, Alice Walker gives us a heroine, like the others I ‘ve discussed, whose being in some way hinges on her ability to narrate her life story and to find an audience fit to hear and understand it. Where the other texts I ‘ve discussed use tropes of discursive and social exchange to critique the liberal premise that anyone can participate as an equal in the cultural conversation, Walker gives us a heroine whose story works transformative magic, putting all of its listeners—including the reader—on the same footing and thereby representing exchange as just the equalizing and fair social machinery it represents itself to be.

If Their Eyes Were Watching God can only imagine a satisfying discursive exchange within a dyadic, female, identificatory, homogeneous, and private public sphere (the back porch), Alice Walker’s The Color Purple is prepared to celebrate the utopian possibilities of discourse, community, and social exchange without the reserve and distrust exhibited by the other texts I ‘ve discussed.
The Editor Speaks
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

Upon stimulating his left amygdala at lmA, he had a feeling “as if I were not belonging here,” which he likened to being at a party and not being welcome. Right hippocampal stimulation at 3mA induced anxiety and guilt, “ … like you are demanding to hand in a report that was due 2 weeks ago … as if I were guilty of some form of tardiness.” These sensations are those of a 20-year-old man who was undergoing brain electrical stimulation while recounting his experiences out loud to Dr. Pierre Gloor, a neurologist at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Like other patients whose epilepsy is unfortunately not able to be controlled by medication, the young man had chosen to undergo surgery to remove the part of his brain that was triggering the seizures. To prepare for the surgery, his neurosurgeon had implanted electrodes into the regions thought to be causing the seizures. These regions were in the temporal lobes. The patient’s brain activity was being recorded directly from the electrodes over a period of time in the hospital and correlated with the onset of his seizures, which were carefully monitored.
Talking Faces
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

Our inborn language capacity is brought to life when we are exposed to the language of our community during infancy and childhood. Be fore social exposure, language exists only as a kind of abstract potential. This is also true of the concept of person in its social dimension. Our brains have the capacity to generate the concepts of person and social order, but they must take their specific form from exposure to a particular culture. Cultures transmit the content of person and social order in two ways—through narratives and performances. Let’s con sider narratives first.
Worlds We Create
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

We saw in the first four chapters that our brains attribute a locus of subjectivity to faces and bodies, endowing them with mental life, a key dimension of the concept of person. In the last chapter we saw how the relationship between persons and the social order is continuously in vented and reworked in narratives and how our brains have evolved to carry out the sophisticated face-to-face performance known as “talk.” Thus, we are adapted not only to form the concept of person, but also as receptacles both for communal stories and for performances of what it means to be a person-what a person in one’s culture or one’s family should do, think, and say. Moreover, we are highly flexible in this regard, even eager to redefine ourselves and each other through our interactions.
The Philosophers: Clarifying the Concepts
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

“In the early days,” recalls Dan Callahan, “the theologians were a powerful force. They were articulate and had thought much about the problems . . . but philosophers, who had started to realize that philosophy should have something to say about real life, brought a different set of concepts and strategies, a different vocabulary than theological ethics.” The theologians had discovered that the concepts and vocabulary imported from their traditions required translation for bioethical debates. The philosophers had an even more difficult task: they were compelled to move beyond their training to speak cogently in the bioethical debates. The philosophers who came into bioethics had been trained in the philosophical idiom of the 1950s. That idiom was not congenial to the kind of analysis that the new questions seemed to require-an analysis that could facilitate practical decisions and contribute to policy. Those who made the transition from academic philosophy to bioethics had to venture from their disciplinary home without losing touch with its intellectual heritage. This chapter traces that heritage from its beginnings in Western philosophy through a characteristic American version during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and ends in the academic departments of the 1950s and 1960s. We shall then introduce some of the persons who applied their philosophical training and acumen to the questions of the new medicine and biology.
Acute, High-Risk Patients: The Case of Transplantation
Authors: Arnold Robert M , Shaw Byers W , Purtilo Ruth
Published: November 2023

Acute, high-risk surgery involves operations on patients who often face a significant risk of morbidity and mortality without surgery, but for whom surgery itself involves significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, nonsurgical management may clearly involve higher risk than surgical management, making surgical management seem an obvious choice. Thus, at first glance, the informed consent process for surgery for these patients seems straightforward. Information should be provided to the patient, as described in Chapter 2, and a recommendation for surgery made. On closer examination, matters are not quite so straightforward. High-risk surgery requires patients to balance a better long-term survival against a significant short-term risk of mortality and morbidity. Informing patients of the various operative and nonoperative statistics is thus critically important. What and how much information to give will be discussed in this chapter. Institutional and economic changes in the way surgery is practiced raise new issues for the consent process.
Surgery and Other Medical Specialties
Authors: Jecker Nancy S , Allen Margaret D
Published: November 2023

The ethics of relationships among surgeons and other medical specialists is fraught with potential ethical conflicts. As referral specialists, surgeons some times find themselves at the center of a tangled web of relationships, composed of multiple medical specialists with overlapping and competing authority, responsibility, and interests. Potential for ethical chaos within these relationships is hardly new; it is apparent both in traditional, fee-for-service and newer, managed care settings (see Chapters 17, 18, and 19). In this chapter, we identify and address ethical issues that arise in relationships among surgeons and medical specialists, particularly referring physicians. Typically, the referral process functions remarkably well and ethical conflict is avoided. Colleagues properly work up and refer patients, obtain the patient’s consent to perform surgery, and at the appropriate juncture the surgeon returns the patient’s care to the referring physician. Occasionally, these stable referral patterns become disrupted and conflicts arise. For example, a surgeon functioning ,vithin a multispecialty team may disagree with a referring physician regarding a patient’s diagnosis and whether or not surgery is medically indicated for the patient’s-now corrected-diagnosis. Surgeons working as part of multi specialty teams must tread carefully to maintain collegial relationships.
Introduction
Authors: McKim Robert , McMahan Jeff
Published: November 2023

It is incontestable that the resurgence of nationalist sentiment in many areas of the world is one of the most important and least anticipated phenomena of contemporary international politics. People are increasingly conscious of their national identities; they are rediscovering their national histories, pressing for recognition of their distinctness, and making various demands under the banner of national self-determination—for example, demands for the preservation of their cultures and languages, for the right to educate their children in the ways of their ancestors, and often for independent statehood, sometimes with accompanying demands for the expulsion of outsiders from what is regarded as the national homeland.
Democracy and Communal Self-Determination
Authors: Copp David
Published: November 2023

The standard issues in political philosophy take the division of the world into political units as given. For example, the question whether there is an obligation to obey the law assumes that a state is given and asks whether there is an obligation to obey its laws. Similar things could be said about the questions: What would a just state be like, and what is the appropriate form of government? The standard issues are concerned with moral constraints on the state. I believe that there are also moral constraints on the division of the political world into states. In this essay, I want to pursue the issue of what these constraints are. I call this issue “the problem of political division:’ A natural model to have in mind is one in which stateless people coalesce into groups that then decide to form states. This state-of-nature model cannot deal adequately with some of the most interesting dimensions of the problem, however, which arise after a division into states already exists. In this essay, I focus on whether there are any kinds of groups that have a right to secede from the states that govern them. I believe it is useful to consider this question in the context of the larger problem of political division.
Small Ternary
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The small ternary is one of the most important forms in all of classical instrumental music. As a theme-type in its own right, the small ternary can constitute the main theme of any full-movement form (sonata, rondo, concerto, etc.). The theme of most theme and variations movements is built as a small ternary. And the form, at times highly modified, can make up all three sections of the slow-movement large ternary form, as well as an interior theme of a rondo form. In addition to functioning as an individual thematic unit, the small ternary can replicate the basic formal and tonal plan found in the full-movement minuet and sonata forms. Thus, more than any other theme-type, the small ternary raises issues of musical form that transcend the scope of simple thematic organization.
Rondo Forms
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

All rondo forms in Western art music display a basic pattern of formal organization. A principal thematic idea-the “rondo theme” or “refrain”-alternates regularly with two or more contrasting passages, termed “couplets: ‘ “episodes: ‘ or “digressions? ‘ Letters of the alphabet traditionally describe a variety of rondo forms, such as ABACA, ABACADA, ABACABA (where ‘ ‘A” stands for the refrain, and the remaining letters, for couplets of differing material). In the classical era, however, most rondos can be situated in one of two main categories-the five-part rondo (ABACA) and the sonata-rondo (ABACABA). Variants of each type create a number of other formal designs (e.g., ABACADA, ABACBA).
Visual Data
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

Let us tum our attention to the form of visual objects, a topic that also falls un der that of the logical form of perception sentences. Many kinds of phrases follow ing forms of the verbs ‘to see’ and ‘to perceive’ (and their translations) give syntactically acceptable objects, but two in particular concern us. The first is the propositional clause, an independently evaluable proposition, usually, though not invariably, preceded by ‘that.’ (Indeed, we can call this construction ‘seeing that.’) Its significance for us is to express something sentential in structure. Al though I am employing the term of art ‘proposition,’ the classical importance of this form is that visual contents have the snytactical complexity of sentences. The other form is the direct-object noun phrase, coming closest to signifying what commonsensically might be regarded as a thing or entity (but including scenes, events, and items of unbounded complexity). We may call the first specification propositional, the second objectual.  1 An example of the former is “Daphne sees that a bird is in the nest”; an example of the latter, “Daphne sees a bird.” As will soon be made manifest, these constructions permit different sorts of implications, thereby lending themselves to quite distinct philosophical theories about perception. There are a number of other constructions, some of which will also concern us to a lesser degree, but the central issues of this chapter play off the two just noted.
Deviant Causal Chains
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

Let’s chart our progress on the causal theory. A first principle, (C), to the effect that o is seen by S only if it is a cause of S’s perceptual episode, has been established, and various considerations for allegiance to a direct-realist version have been adduced. Chapter 4 makes it clear that whatever else is accomplished, we had better be able to deal with objectual seeing. Now let’s jump ahead to the problem of the next chapter. Suppose it had been shown that o had a distinctive causal mark, one that makes manifest why it, out of a multitude of causal factors, is the thing seen. Would there still be serious problems to bedevil CTP? No doubt, there are other delicate questions to be raised about visual perception.
A Hierarchy of Cells: The Definition of Brain Death
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Let us turn once again to our patient, who we left in the back of an ambulance speeding toward a hospital emergency room. The paramedics continued to provide oxygen and to monitor his vital functions closely during the ride. Fortunately the morning traffic was still light; they reached the hospital in just under five minutes. When he was brought into the ER, he was still unconscious. His heart was beating regularly, but more slowly than it should. His breathing appeared relatively normal.
Metaphilosophy and Free Will
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

Why is debate over the free will problem so intractable? In this broad and stimulating look at the philosophical enterprise, Richard Double uses the free will controversy to build on the subjectivist conclusion he developed in The Non-Reality of Free Will (OUP 1991). Double argues that various views about free will--e.g., compatibilism, incompatibilism, and even subjectivism--are compelling if, and only if, we adopt supporting metaphilosophical views. Because metaphilosophical considerations are not provable, we cannot show any free will theory to be most reasonable. Metaphilosophy and Free Will deconstructs the free will problem and, by example, challenges philosophers in other areas to show how their philosophical argumentation can succeed.
Introduction
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

There cannot be any such thing as free will, and there cannot be any such thing as moral responsibility either. Determinism has nothing to do with it, because the difficulty lies solely in the ideas of free will and moral responsibility. Our proclaiming choices to be free and persons to be morally responsible for their choices can be nothing more than our venting of non-truth-valued attitudes, none of which is ‘more correct’ or ‘more rational’ than competing attitudes about choices and persons. Nihilism regarding attitudes defeats all theories that hold that free will and moral responsibility are coherent, objective concepts. This is the view that I believe is true, the view that I argue for in the second part of this book, and argued for in The Non-Reality of Free Will (Double, 1991B). I have come to believe, however, that on grounds of logical consistency the subjectivist variety of free will non-realism that I think is true cannot support itself in a decisive way.
Metaphilosophies
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I explicate my notion of a metaphilosophy and illustrate the differences in metaphilosophies that I claim make the free will problem unsolvable. In section 1, I place the question of metaphilosophy within the broader context of asking for the purposes of human activities in general. In section 2, I show that our view of philosophy influences, but does not determine, our metaphilosophy. Section 3 elaborates four metaphilosophies that I call Philosophy as Conversation, Philosophy as Praxis, Philosophy as Underpinnings, and Philosophy as Worldview Construction. Section 4 shows how having a metaphilosophy can be helpful in philosophical debate. Section 5 shows why metaphilosophies cannot be proven. Section 6 anticipates three objections to the thesis of the previous section.

A human activity is for whatever we want it to be for. This reflects not only the truism that practical reason depends on our desires as well as our beliefs but also the Sartrean fact that we give ourselves our own purposes. Given the number of desires we have, we perform activities for indefinitely many goals. Even a rarified intellectual activity such as science, art, or philosophy can be done for many goals: pleasure, the exercise of creativity, spiritual consolation, intellectual stimulation, the pursuit of truth, artistic expression, the attempt to gain insight into human nature, venting one’s spleen, or galvanizing others to moral action, as well as the more mundane aims, such as gaining money or fame.
Free Will is a Moral Concept
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I argue that when we add free to the psychological words choice and will, the result is a moral concept. If free choice is moral and if there are no objective moral truths, then there are no objective truths about free will. I do not argue for the moral non-realist premise, although I have done so (Double, 1991B, chapter 7) and others have given what I think are highly persuasive arguments (Hume; Williams, 1973 and 1981; Mackie, 1977; Harman, 1977; Blackbum, 1984). Within the framework of this book I do not need to argue for moral non-realism, because part II presupposes Philosophy as Continuous with Science and the intermediate principles that go along with it. Given those premises, it will be enough for my purposes if I can show that free choice is moral. In chapter 9 I reinforce the argument of this chapter and go a step further. There I argue that if we accept the Humean principle that moral conclusions cannot be derived from non-moral premises, we can show both that free choice is a moral notion and that ascriptions of free choice cannot be true.
Conclusion
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In this book I have examined the connection between metaphilosophy and one specific philosophical problem. Regarding that problem, I think that the most-likely-to-be-true picture of what exists contains neither free choices nor moral responsibility, irrespective of whether human choices are determined. I think that my subjectivist variety of non-realism, assuming the metaphilosophy and intermediate-level principles that I accept, is more plausible than any of the familiar free will theories. But subjectivist non-realism by its own lights cannot support itself decisively. This is due to the evaluative nature of metaphilosophies and the role that metaphilosophies play in the justification of free will theories.

Even if we reject subjectivism, we cannot show any free will theory to be more plausible than the rest. The plausibility of any free will theory depends on the adoption of a supporting metaphilosophy and intermediate-level principles and the avoidance of meta-level views that would undermine it. The ‘right’ metaphilosophy can make a free will theory, and the ‘wrong’ one can break it.
Descartes: Conqueror of Scepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

In René Descartes’ reply to the objections of Father Pierre Bourdin, he announced that he was the first of all men to overthrow the doubts of the sceptics. More than a century later, one of his admirers said, “Before Descartes, there had been Sceptics, but who were only Sceptics. Descartes taught his age the art of making Scepticism give birth to philosophical Certainty.” This picture of Descartes’ role as an opponent of the nouveau pyrrhonisme, and of his philosophy as a new dogmatism issuing from the abysses of the doubts of his sceptical contemporaries, has received scant attention in the vast literature concerning the origins and characteristics of Cartesianism. Although the traditional interpretation of Descartes saw him as the scientific enemy of Scholasticism and orthodoxy fighting to found a new era of intellectual freedom and adventure, this is gradually giving way to a more conservative interpretation of Descartes as a man who tried to reinstate the medieval outlook in the face of Renaissance novelty, and a thinker who sought to discover a philosophy adequate for the Christian worldview in light of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.
Political and Practical Answers to Scepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Turning from the religious and spiritual ways of dealing with scepticism to a more mundane effort that was offered in the seventeenth century, I shall look at the political solution offered by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679).

Hobbes was born in 1588 on the day of the Spanish Armada sea battle. He

went to Oxford and then became a tutor to the earl of Devonshire and stayed on as a functionary for the family. Hobbes spent many years in Paris—1629–31, 1634, 1637, and 1640–51—and spent a great deal of his time, when most of his books were written, as a central member in the circle of Mersenne and Gassendi. He also came to know Guy Patin, one of the libertins érudits, who became his personal physician later on. During this period in Paris, he learned much about the New Science and made a trip to visit Galileo. Back in England, he was involved with the moderate leadership of the Anglican Church.
Remodeling The Model Home In Uncle Tom’s Cabin And Beloved
Authors: Askeland Lori
Published: November 2023

Within the lables “structuralism” and “poststructuralism” resides an architectural view of language and meaning. Even when such views are deconstructive ones, building and dwelling metaphors inevitably inhabit these critical discourses-as it simultaneously becomes more difficult to establish clear boundaries and build firm walls. Thus, not surprisingly, the critical theories being debated and reworked in English departments also wormed their ways into the walls and offices of architecture departments. Amos Rapoport, for example, became one of the founders of environment-behavior studies during the 1960s and 1970s, helping to broaden the study of architecture to include “vernacular” (or “folk”) architecture as well as the canon of buildings designed and conceived by professional architects. Rapoport finds that as social and cultural institutions buildings are related to language because “both express the cognitive process of making distinctions, reflecting the tendency of the human mind to impose an order on the world through schemata and naming.” He insists that “[o]ne can, therefore, look at built environments as physical expressions of schemata and cognitive domains: environments are thou3ht before they are built.”
Between Presence And Absence Beloved, Postmodernism, And Blackness
Authors: Perez-Torres Rafael
Published: November 2023

Heney Louis gates jr., has famously discussed a central dilemma of black literature: its presence marks as well an absence because “black” has in Western European discourse long signified “blank.” The problem a black author finds in articulating black identity, Gates argues, “can perhaps be usefully stated in the irony implicit in the attempt to posit a ‘black self’ in the very Western languages in which blackness itself is a figure of absence, a negation. Ethnocentrism and ‘logocentrism’ are profoundly interrelated in Western discourse as old as the Phaedrus of Plato, in which one finds one of the earliest figures of blackness, a figure of negation” (7).
Justifying the Environmentalist Agenda
Authors: Varner Gary E
Published: November 2023

My View can fairly be characterized as anthropocentric, at least in one sense. As I use the terms, a view is valuationally anthropocentric just in case it involves attribution of intrinsic value only to human beings, and a view is axiologically anthropocentric if its principles favor at least some human interests when these are in conflict with the interests of nonhumans. My view is not valuationally anthropocentric, because it involves attribution of intrinsic value to the satisfaction of every interest of every living thing, whatever its species. However, my view can fairly be described as axiologically anthropocentric, for principle P2’ is that the satisfaction of a ground project creates more value than the satisfaction of any other kind of interest, and I am willing to admit that only human beings have ground projects. And, because I embrace no aggregative principle of obligation, my view provides no way of arguing that a human being’s ground project ought to be doomed despite the fact that, considered in isolation, its satisfaction creates preeminent value. That is, in the axiology of my view (the principles I defend in chapter 4), pride of place is given to certain interests that only humans have.
A Casebook For Spatial Statistical Data Analysis
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J
Published: November 2023

This volume compiles geostatistical and spatial autoregressive data analyses involving georeferenced socioeconomic, natural resources, agricultural, pollution, and epidemiological variables. Benchmark analyses are followed by analyses of readily available data sets, emphasizing parallels between geostatistical and spatial autoregressive findings. Both SAS and SPSS code are presented for implementation purposes. This informative casebook will serve geographers, regional scientists, applied spatial statisticians, and spatial scientists from across disciplines.
Introduction
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J
Published: November 2023

In the Introduction to Practical Handbook of Spatial Statistics (Arlinghaus 1996a, 1-15), Griffith stresses that spatial statistics is a crucial, rapidly growing, emerging area of statistics, rife with fascinating theoretical and applied research opportunities. This contention is attested to by attention given to the subdiscipline of spatial statistics in recent years by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Research Council, and myriad other national and international scientific and academic communities. (Spatial statistics even has a subsection devoted to it in Rediscovering Geography [National Research Council 1997, 65-9].) The methodological subject matter of spatial statistics is concerned with how to conduct a proper statistical analysis of georeferencedI data or of data for which observations may be ordered on a two-dimensional surface and tagged with Cartesian coordinates. Paralleling time series analysis, it differs from classical statistics in that the observations analyzed are not necessarily independent (violation of this single assumption is the crux of the problem). Moreover, observations are correlated strictly due to their relative locational positions (spatial autocorrelation), resulting in spillover of information from one location to another.
Genetic Prospecting
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Even though it is not particularly scarce, standing timber is the most valuable commercial asset found in tropical forests. For humankind as a whole, though, timber is probably of less importance than genetic resources. Although they occupy little more than 5 percent of the world’s land surface, rain forests near the equator are the home of at least half of all plant and animal species (Myers, 1984; Wilson, 1988). Many of these species are threatened with extinction. As mentioned in chapter 1 of this book, Myers (1988) has identified several hot spots in Africa, Asia, and Latin America where tree-covered land rich in endemic flora and fauna is being encroached on rapidly.
Bluebeard As Theater : The Dramatic Heritage ofBaidu;, Symholut Play
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

While we know a great deal about the types of music that interested Bart6k in the years prior to Bluebeard, our understanding of the factors that contributed to the unusual dramatic style Bela Balazs adopted for his Bluebeard play is fairly one-dimensional and may be summarized as follows: French symbolism, and specifically the work of Maurice Maeterlinck, formed the predominant influence on the young Hungarian writer. Bal.izs’s dark, atmospheric play about the folk character of Bluebeard shares with Bart6k’s music the fundamental attribute of looking east and west at the same time.
The Music Ofbluebeard’S Castle
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

In its most familiar form, as published in Perrault’s HiAtoireA ou Contu Ju temps passe, the fairy tale of Bluebeard and his wives tells of a wealthy prince who marries a young woman and gives her the keys to his castle, leaving her free to roam about, with one condition: that she never enter a certain room whose contents he will not reveal. One day soon after the marriage he goes away. His new wife, unable to control her curiosity about the forbidden room, unlocks the door. To her horror she beholds the bloodied corpses of Bluebeard’s murdered former wives. Before she can close the door, the key in her hands falls onto the floor, where it becomes bloodstained-a fateful misstep, for the key is magic, and the crimson stains cannot be removed. Her disobedience is thus revealed to her husband upon his return, but she is saved from a similar death by the sudden appearance of her two brothers, who hastily dispatch the cruel husband with their swords. The rescued woman lives out her days among the splendors of Bluebeard’s castle, sharing her newfound wealth with her family and eventually marrying a kind man who, in Perrault’s words, “made her forget the ill time she had passed with Bluebeard. “
Author’s Preface
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

If history is the mirror where future generations are to contemplate the image of generations past, the task of the novel is to be the photograph that captures the vices and virtues of a people, censuring the former with the appropriate moral lesson and paying its homage of admiration to the latter. The importance of the novel of manners is therefore such that its pages often hold the secret of how to reform, if not eliminate, certain social types. In those countries where, as in ours, Literature is in its infancy, the novel must exercise greater influence in the refinement of mores; consequently, when a work appears that seeks to rise above the sphere of the love story or the mere pastime, well may it beg its readers to receive it attentively and stretch out their hands to pass it on to the people. Who knows but what after turning the last page of this book the reader will understand the importance of taking great care with whom we send to govern the destinies, civil and ecclesiastical, of the remote villages of the Peruvian hinterland? Who knows but what he may recognize society’s urgent need for a married clergy? I express this hope encouraged by the faithfulness with which I have sketched from nature, offering my copies to the reader so that he may judge and decide.
3
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

In almost every province where alpacas are raised and the wool trade is the chief source of wealth, the principal merchants, some of the richest men in town, practice the custom of advance payment. They force money on the Indians; and they appraise the wool the Indians must deliver to repay these advances at so low a price that the capital they invest yields them in excess of five hundred percent, a degree of usury so extreme, and obtained with such extortion, that there almost has to be a hell to punish the savages who practice it. The Indians who own alpacas leave their huts when the time for these advances comes, so as not to receive money that is as accursed for them as the silver coins of Judas. But can they find safety by leaving their homes and roaming the solitary peaks? No. The collection agent, who also distributes the advances, breaks into the hut, whose flimsy lock and leather door offer no resistance; he deposits the coins on top of the corn mill and leaves at once. A year later he returns to collect, armed with a list that for the unhappy and unwilling debtor is the sole witness and judge, and accompanied by an escort of ten or twelve mestizos, sometimes masquerading as soldiers. Using a special scale with stone weights, he extracts fifty pounds of wool for every twenty-five pounds owed; and if the Indian hides his only property, if he protests and curses, he is subjected to tortures that the pen is loath to recount, even if granted a special dispensation for the more shocking cases.
18
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

At the first sound of bells and gunshots, Don Fernando’s terrified staff had fled in search of safety, realizing they were in the line of fire. Don Fernando was getting ready to defend himself, and in his shirtsleeves he went for his hunting rifle with its good stock of ammunition; but Luda stopped him, repeatedly begging him in her distress, “No, Fernando dearest, no! Save yourself, save me, let’s save ourselves!” ‘‘And how can we do that, my love? This is the only way, because if we don’t defend ourselves we’ll die,” Don Fernando replied, trying to calm his wife’s agitation.”Let’s get away from here, Fernando,” said Lucia, spurred by her husband’s concluding words.”But how, Lucia dear? Every way in or out of the house is blocked,” Don Fernando replied, taking a box of Remington cartridges and putting it in his trousers pocket.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Manuel had not had a single hour’s true rest since the beginning of the sad events that had shaken the people of Killac. As soon as he had arranged for and in part witnessed the removal of Marcela to Lucia’s house, he devoted himself to making prudent inquiries, putting to use that good sense that is the product of a well-ordered and assiduous education. Prudence also caused him to avoid any immediate discussion with Don Sebastian, and he resolved that for the time being he would stay away from Senor Marin’s home. But matters have a way of moving on toward their resolution. One morning, as he returned home, silent and pensive, absorbed by a single thought, he found his mother preparing some suches, which, lying open in an earthenware pan with the appropriate accompaniment of pepper, chopped onion, salt, chili, and lard, were waiting to enter the oven to be cooked. When she saw her son Dona Petronila said, “Manuelito, how you used to enjoy baked suches! Do you remember, tatay? That’s why I’m fixing them myself.
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Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Rumors and comments went from mouth to mouth, some accurate, most distorted; and the Indians, ashamed of having so blindly obeyed the summons of the bells and allowed themselves to be tricked into attacking the peaceful home of Don Fernando Marin, were loitering at the edge of town, silent and afraid. Estefano Benites gathered his friends in the “study” of his house where we have seen them playing cards; and when he saw that his ac complices were wavering, he encouraged them by saying, “No use crying over spilled milk, old pals.” “I didn’t think the shot would go wild,” Escobedo replied, playing with his cane. “If the magistrates come, you know what to do,” Estefano instructed them.
2
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Manuel was in an extremely difficult position. During the long hours-all day and most of the night-that he spent shut up in his room, he would frequently say to himself, “Even though Don Se bastian’s name does not yet appear in the court records, it’s on everyone’s lips as a guilty party. For now I can’t give a satisfactory explanation of my conduct to strangers who might see me visit Don Fernando Marin’s house, and what they’re likely to say won’t be to my credit. And so I’ll have to be strong; I’ll accept the sacrifice so as some day to be worthy of her... I won’t go there anymore. But good God, what a time to be banishing myselfl Just when my heart belongs to Margarita, when I yearn to take part in the plans Senora Lucia is making for her upbringing! Oh heartbreak, your name is Fate, and I am your child!” As he spoke these last words Manuel dropped onto the sofa in his small room; and with his elbows resting on his knees and his head between his hands, he sat like one plunged into the boundless seas of speculation and doubt. Manuel certainly had a plan, formed by his brain but perhaps in spired by his heart; and feeling compelled to carry it out, he had begun to prepare the terrain for doing so. One day, after much struggle and hesitation, his feelings triumphed over his will, and he told himself, “Whatever people may say, I’m going there tonight.” And for the first time since his arrival he took pains with his hair and his clothes. From the depths of his trunk he took out some gloves that he had bought for his examinations at the university; he prepared his patent-leather boots; and he went out into the garden of his home to wait for the right time.