bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separation of Haemagglutinins from Haemolysins in Extracts of the Albumin Gland of Helix aspersa1
Authors: Khalap S. , Phelps C. F. , Fudenberg H. H. , Gold E. R.
Published: March 2009

Extracts of the albumin glands of Helix aspersa contain in addition to the anti‐A‐like haemagglutinin also a haemolysin. It was possible by chromatographic resolution to separate the haemolysin from the haemagglutinin. The haemolysin is unrelated to the ABO system as it reacts also with Oh (Bombay) red cells.

Haemolysins have been found in crude extracts of various seeds, mushrooms and even molluscs. However all these haemolysins do not need the presence of complement for haemolysis. It seems that the haemolysin reported in this paper is the first which needs probably complement for haemolytic activity.
Stability of Immunoglobulin G During Storage of Human Serum. Effects of Prior Heating
Authors: Finlayson J. S. , Armstrong B. L.
Published: March 2009

Heating unfractionated, sterile human serum for 36 or 72 h at 45 or 50 C, unlike heating immune serum globulin (human), failed to diminish the fragmentation of immunoglobulin G during subsequent storage. Over the range –22 to 37 °C, degradation as assessed by immunoelectrophoresis was a strong function of storage temperature; it was somewhat enhanced by prior heating
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Red Cell Morphology
Authors: Longster G. H. , Buckley T. , Sikorski J. , Tovey L. A. Derrick
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Observations were made of changes in red cell morphology in blood stored in acid citrate dextrose over a period of six weeks using the scanning electron microscope. It was found possible to demonstrate the various stages of red cell transformation from biconcave discs, through a crenated stage to the final spheroidal state. Adenine was shown to slow down these changes. It is postulated that the red cell membrane changes are reversible up to the stage of the crenated spheroid cell, but subsequent changes result in a rapid destruction of the cell if transfused.

The scanning electron microscopy studies can, therefore, be a useful method of observing the effect on red cell shape of new anticoagulants, red cell storage procedures and biochemical changes.
The Effect of Surfactant in the Auto‐Analyser1
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Phillips P. K. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

Summary

Experiments have shown that the degree of agglutination of anti‐D and Rh(D) positive cells is reduced as the concentration of the surfactant Tween 20 in the Auto‐Analyser manifold is increased from 0.01 to 0.16%. This leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of the method which may affect antibody detection. It is recommended that the concentration of Tween 20 of 0.02% should not be exceeded and the use of drops to measure the quantity required, a procedure usually recommended, should be replaced by using a measured volume from a stock solution of 10.0%.
Protection by Various Catatoxic Steroids and Estradiol against the Fatal Hemorrhagic Syndrome Produced by Bishydroxycoumarin in the Rat
Authors: Selye H. , Szabo S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Various catatoxic steroids (particularly spironolactone and oxandrolone) offer protection against the fatal hemorrhagic syndrome induced by bishydroxycoumarin overdosage in the rat. However, estradiol is even more efficacious in this respect, both in the presence and the absence of the ovaries. Unexpectedly, pregnenolone‐16α‐carbonitrile (PCN), the most active catatoxic steroid, as judged by its ability to detoxify other substrates, offers no protection against bishydroxycoumarin.
The Effect of Methylene Blue Addition to Whole Blood during Prolonged Storage
Authors: Kocholaty W. F. , Dawson R. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Addition of methylene blue (MB) in concentrations of 10–3, 10–4 and 10–5m to CPD blood resulted in lowered levels of glutathione and glutathione reductase. The levels of adenosine triphosphate were not affected by the addition of MB. However, the 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate levels remained higher than the control values after 21–42 days of storage at all MB concentrations used. Hemoglobin function was better maintained by the two lower concentrations of MB during most of the storage period. The highest concentration had an adverse effect, lowering the p50 below the control level in CPD.
Anti‐Fy5, an Antibody Disclosing a Probable Association between the Rhesus and Duffy Blood Group Genes
Authors: Colledge Katharine I. , Pezzulic Marisa , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody, anti‐Fy5, has been found in the serum of a Negro Fy(a–b–) person. It reacts with Fy(a+) or Fy(b+) red cells of common Rh type, but not with Fy(a–b–) cells from Negroes, or with Rhnull cells. An example of Caucasian Fy(a–b–) red cells was Fy5 positive. U‐negative or LW‐negative red cells give the reaction expected of their Duffy type. The data suggest that the Fy5 determinant is formed by interaction of Rhesus and Duffy gene products.
Presence and Origin of Human IgG Subclass Proteins in Newborns
Authors: Mellbye O. J. , Natvig J. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using haemagglutination inhibition tests specific for Gm types connected with IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, and similar tests specific for Fc IgG4, the four subclasses of IgG were present in all of 29 human cord sera. The inhibition titres were similar to those in maternal sera. The Gm phenotype of a cord serum was always identical to that in the corresponding maternal serum. Some cord sera in addition contained small amounts of IgG with Gm types differing from that of the mother, these were probably produced by the fetus in utero. In sera obtained from the same children at 9 months of age, cases were found where Gm types, present at birth, had disappeared. The results indicate that both IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 are transferred from mother to fetus before birth, and they are consistent with a similar transport also for IgG4.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated with an IgG Cold Incomplete Antibody1
Authors: Moore Joy A. , Chaplin H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serologic studies are reported on a patient with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia, whose red cells were strongly coated with IgG and with α2D component of C3. Direct and indirect Donath‐Landsteiner reactions were negative. In addition to a typical IgM anti‐I cold agglutinin of modest titer, the serum contained a lambda IgG incomplete antibody which bound more strongly to normal red cells at 4°C (1/64) than at 37°C (1/4). The IgG antibody did not require complement for binding but could bind complement and cause hemolysis with papainized red cells. Once bound, the IgG antibody did not dissociate appreciably at room temperature. The antibody eluted poorly from the patient's cells at 56°C but was readily dissociable from cell stroma at pH 3.5. The eluate exhibited no blood group specificity with a diagnostic red cell panel. In particular, equally strong reactions were obtained with O, A2, B, A1B, P + P1‐negative, Rh‐null, adult and cord red cells. Reactivity was not impaired by prior papainization of the cells. Although the patient improved following splenectomy, neither IgG nor IgM antibodies were detectable in a concentrated splenic extract. The properties of the present cold IgG incomplete antibody are compared with those previously reported; possible clinical implications of these antibodies are briefly discussed.
An FyxFyx Individual Found in Northern Sweden
Authors: Cedergren B. , Giles C. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The finding of an individual who appears to be FyxFyx is reported.
The Role of Zeta Potential in Rh Agglutination
Authors: Stratton F. , Rawlinson Violet I. , Gunson H. H. , Phillips P. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The titration end‐points obtained with an incomplete anti‐D antiserum and Rh(D) positive test cell samples with a range of surface charge (as determined by their electrophoretic mobility), have been compared. The results suggest that although zeta potential may be a factor in the increased agglutinability of test cells, in this system it is not the one of greatest importance. It seems that reduction in surface charge by removal of N‐acetyl neuraminic acid is not sufficient to produce maximum agglutination but this can be achieved by the use of proteolytic enzyme which probably reduces steric hindrance by splitting polypeptide chains either surrounding or within the Rh antigen.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn in a ‐D‐/‐D‐ Indian Woman
Authors: Badakere S. S. , Bhatia H. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An Indian woman with an antibody reacting with almost all red cell samples was found to have the Rh phenotype ‐D‐ (presumed genotype ‐D‐/‐D‐). She is the first individual with this phenotype detected in the Indian subcontinent.
Demonstration of HL‐A Antigens on Human Kidney Cells by Means of the Micro‐Immune Adherence Assay
Authors: Sybesma J. P. H. B. , de Planque B. A. , van Soelen Tjitske , Borst‐Eilers Else
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of HL‐A antigens on human kidney cells was investigated by means of the micro‐immune adherence assay (MIAA). The MIAA was performed on kidney cells obtained from fresh kidneys and from kidneys stored at ‐96°C, on kidney cells maintained in culture, and on kidney cells stored in liquid nitrogen after programmed freezing.

Performed on fresh kidney cells, the MIAA has a reproducibility of 96–97%. Performed on cells from traditionally frozen kidneys, on cells maintained in culture, and on cells kept in liquid nitrogen after programmed freezing, the assay shows poor reproducibility and non‐specific adherence occurs. This might partly explain the differences observed by other investigators in typing and cross‐matching with lymphocytes on the one hand, and kidney cells on the other; for in these procedures kidney cells, usually from a tissue culture, are typed by means of the MIAA. Modern long‐term kidney preserving techniques make it possible to perform the MIAA on fresh kidney cells for typing and cross‐matching in kidney transplantation.
Characterization of Rh Antibodies Formed after Incompatible Pregnancies and after Repeated Booster Injections
Authors: Morell A. , Skvaril F. , Rufener J. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Indirect hemagglutination studies were performed on 10 incomplete anti‐Rh sera from mothers after incompatible pregnancies, on 19 incomplete anti‐Rh plasma samples from preimmunized and repeatedly boosted individuals and on 3 anti‐Rh plasma pools. Group O Rh‐positive red blood cells were agglutinated by antisera to immunoglobulins. Anti‐Rh antibodies after incompatible pregnancies were found to belong to the immunoglobulin class IgG and to the subclasses IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 only. In most anti‐Rh samples from preimmunized and repeatedly boosted subjects, IgG and IgA were present. In six anti‐Rh samples of this group, the subclass IgG2 could be demonstrated.
Further Studies of Xh, a Serum Protein Antigen in Man1
Authors: Dunston Georgia M. , Gershowitz H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Xh has been identified as a serum protein antigen whose expression is both age and sex dependent, and is shown here to be identical with the antigen previously reported as Pa 1. On immunodiffusion, approximately 75% of randomly selected sera from females of all ages form a precipitin line with specific rabbit antiserum. Frequency of the antigen in females is correlated with age; 94% over 19 years of age are positive while only 55% under 19 are positive. Approximately 47% of male sera are positive; no significant changes in frequency associated with age of males were found. The mean level of the antigen in the sera of females over 19 years of age is approximately twice that in male sera. The heritability of Xh expression on the basis of a study of male twins was 0.66.

A study of 88 families, with 181 offspring selected so that female offspring were at least 20 years old, was inconclusive in two ways: (1) two female offspring exceptional to the hypothesis of sex linkage were found and (2) no negative by negative matings were observed. Thus, although the Xh data are suggestive of a genetic polymorphic system, the influence of physiological factors on Xh expression and the findings, reported here, of similarly high frequencies in adult females of all racial groups, make it more probable that this antigen is an isotypic marker.

Reactivity with anti‐Xh was found among sera of some of the great apes and Old and New World monkeys but not among prosimians and lesser mammals. The isotypic specificity is presumed to have arisen during the speciation process leading to the present day anthropoid apes and man.
The Stability of the I, HI, and H Blood Group Antigens During Storage at 4°C1
Authors: Lambert R. M. , Downing J. P. , Zelenski S. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In agglutination experiments using antisera of human origin, the I, HI and H erythrocyte antigens were shown to be quite stable on red cells that had been collected as clotted blood and in ACD‐B solution and maintained at 4°C for periods as long as 28 days. These blood group antigens were also well preserved on red cells that had been frozen at ‐150°C in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen and, after recovery from the frozen state, were maintained at 4°C in a dextrose‐electrolyte solution for 7 days.
Stability of Coagulation Factors I and X During Collection and Subsequent Storage of Bank Blood in ACD‐A and CPD Solutions
Authors: Weisert O. , Jeremic M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Factors I and X were not significantly altered during the collection of bank blood into ACD‐A and CPD preservative fluids. The factors remained relatively stable on subsequent storage under standard conditions for up to 21 days.
Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Rhnull but not with Bombay Blood
Authors: Levine P. , Tripodi D. , Struck J. , Zmijewski C. M. , Pollack W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hemolytic anemia is associated with Rhnull but not with Bombay blood. Preliminary evidence indicates that the Rh antigen which is lipoprotein in nature occupies sites on the red cell membrane surface. The absence of the lipoprotein which carries the Rh antigens in Rhnull blood compromises the integrity of the membrane and the result is a mild hemolytic anemia. Recent findings indicate that the ABO glycoprotein molecule isolated from erythrocytic membranes is so oriented that its oligosaccharide‐rich N‐terminal end is exposed above the surface of the membrane and its C‐terminal end remains in the interior of the membrane. The absence of ABO and H determinants in Bombay blood does not affect membrane integrity, so that Bombay blood is not associated with hemolytic anemia.
A Therapeutic Concentrate of Coagulation Factors II, IX and X from Citrated, Factor VIII‐Depleted Plasma
Authors: Middleton Sarah M. , Bennett Ida H. , Smith J. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple procedure is described for the large‐scale absorption on to DEAE‐cellulose of coagulation factors II, IX and X from citrated, factor VIII‐depleted plasma. The coagulation factors are eluted frontally from the exchanger in a high yield and in a form suitable for therapeutic use, without further fractionation. The lyophilised concentrate is very stable without the addition of heparin and, when redissolved to isoosmolar solution, contains approximately 30 U/ml factors II, IX and X, 250–300 times purified from the starting plasma. The effectiveness of the concentrate in the treatment of haemophilia B is discussed.
A New Genetic Marker of Human Immunoglobulins Determined by an Allele at the α2 Locus
Authors: van Loghem Erna , Wang A. C. , Shuster J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antigenic determinant occurring on human IgA2 protein is described. In family studies this marker showed to be dominant, non‐sex‐linked and antithetical to the first known marker of α2 chains. It is proposed to call this marker A2m(2), indicating that it is the second marker of IgA2 proteins.
A Second Finnish En(a‐) Propositus with Anti‐Ena
Authors: Furuhjelm U. , Nevanlinna H. R. , Pirkola Anna
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A second Finnish family with two En(a–) members is reported. Certain serological reactions of homozygous En(a–) and heterozygous En(a+) red cells are described. The possibility that En is a silent allele at the MN locus and that En(a–) people thus have no M or N alleles and that their children consequently are hemizygous for M or N is discussed, but found to be unlikely.
Freezing Plasma in 5‐Litre Bags for Storage and Thawing for Use
Authors: Vallet L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma, in 5‐litre polyethylene bags, is frozen in the form of rectangular blocks by means of a special freezer. Refrigerated by sealed single‐stage condensing units, this will freeze two bags (10 I) of plasma in 75 min. The bags are filled by the use of a ‘flow inducer’ pump, controlled by contacts on a balance. The blocks of frozen plasma, packed in cardboard containers, can be stacked closely with great economy of cold storage space. The blocks may be thawed in the bags on heated, inclined shelves, allowing the plasma to drain off as it melts.

The development of this system for handling plasma would not have been possible without the collaboration of the staff of many laboratories and manufacturers and of the Department of Health and Social Security. In particular, I am indebted to Dr. W. d'A. Maycock for advice in many aspects of the work and to Mr. A. L. Jackson and to Mr. F. W. B. Smith for extensive technical assistance; also to Dr. W. J. Jenkins and to Mr. R. Kirkham for their method of syphoning plasma for transfer to bags and for their part in the user trials.
The Genetic Relationships of Australia Antigen
Authors: London W. Thomas
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Australia antigen [Au(l)] has many of the characteristics of an infectious agent and many of the characteristics of an inherited serum protein polymorphism. In multiply transfused patients with thalassemia there is an association between antibodies to genetic markers on immunoglobulins, a known serum protein polymorphism, and antibodies to Australia antigen. There is also evidence that Au itself is polymorphic. It is composed of five or more polypeptides which are immunologically similar to normal human serum proteins (IgG, albumin, transferrin, β‐lipoprotein, and the β‐1a/1c‐fraction of complement). Le Bouvier has demonstrated antigenic subtypes of Au; these appear to be inherited traits of the infectious agent. We are testing the hypothesis that the manner in which a particular individual responds to infection with Au is determined by an interaction of the host with the infectious agent and this in turn is largely determined by the genetic make‐up of the host and the genetic composition of the agent.
Intrahepatic Localisation of Australia Antigen by Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Müller R. , Maess J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Our results give further support to the suggestion that the various patterns of intrahepatic localisation of Australia antigen represent different stages of intracellular accumulation of Australia antigen rather than technical differences or differences in the specificity of antibody to Australia antigen.
The Use of Complement Fixation Tests to Detect Australia Antigen‐Antibody Complexes and Antibodies to a Tween Antigen1
Authors: Thiry L. , Clinet G. , Toussainty C. , Vereerstraeten P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Indications were obtained that Australia antigen‐antibody complexes are more frequent in patients with cirrhosis than in other Australia antigen‐positive individuals. The evidences were: (1) Among sera with high titres of Australia antigen, anticomplementary activity was detected at lower dilutions in 53% of the cases of cirrhosis, as compared to 14 and 7% in hepatitis patients and carriers, respectively. (2) Among anticomplementary sera which did not show Australia antigen at higher dilutions, the antigen was unmasked after heating at 85 °C in 4 of 7 cases of cirrhosis and in 2 of 11 other patients.

On the other hand, a new type of antibody was demonstrated in three patients who had experienced a progressive decrease of Australia antigen titre; the antibodies were detected after the disappearance of the antigen, but they reacted only with some antigenic component of Australia‐positive sera which was unmasked after treatment with Tween 80.
Low Voltage Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the Detection of Australia Antigen
Authors: McKee A.P. , Pollack W. , Tripodi D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The system described in this report is comprised of a low voltage power supply, cassettes containing buffered agar, electrodes (and a viewer). The rabbit anti‐HAA is balanced to detect reactions ranging from weak to prozone. In double‐blind studies, the test results agreed closely with the results obtained with specimens from hepatitis cases after antigen concentrations followed by double diffusion and also with the results of regular counterimmunoelectrophoresis in which blood donors had been studied. Antibody and antigenic variants can also be detected.
A Modification of the Immunoelectrophoretic Method in the Detection of Australia Antigen
Authors: Intini C. , Isetta A. M. , Podesta A. , Simi M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A series of modifications of traditional immunoelectrophoretic techniques made possible a rapid detection (within 10 to 30 min) of Australia antigen in sera of healthy carrier subjects and patients affected with liver and other diseases. Such modifications facilitated obtainment, reading and reproduction of the results.

We reached these conclusions after experiments carried out on 823 subjects, in comparison with other techniques and other antisera used in different laboratories. The comparison of immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion techniques confirmed the results already obtained by other authors concerning the greater sensitivity of the immunoelectrophoretic technique.
The Use of an Immunoadsorbent in the Isolation of Australia Antigen
Authors: Houwen B. , Marrink J. , Vos J. , Molenaar I. , Nieweg H. O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Australia antigen (Au‐ag) was isolated in a four‐stage procedure: pepsin hydrolysis, ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and immunoadsorption. The first three steps serve to remove serum proteins while leaving Au‐ag intact. In the immunoadsorption the remaining contaminant serum proteins are precipitated. A solid phase double antibody system was chosen. The effectiveness of the method was checked in various ways: double immunodiffusion, the production of a hyperimmune serum, gel filtration and immunofluorescence. Morphological integrity was checked by electron microscopy in every stage of the isolation.
A Possible D(CW) (e) Gene Complex of the Rh System
Authors: Kornstad Leif , Larsen Anna M. Heier
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The discovery of a family with three members showing weak Cw antigen is described. In the proposita and her mother the ‘depression’ of Cw was very marked, while a half brother on the maternal side showed a strength of the antigen intermediate between that of the two and a normal Cw. In addition, a reduced strength of the e antigen was found in all three members, also in the two who had a presumably normal e gene on the other chromosome.
Small Scale Preparation and Clinical Use of Factor IX‐Prothrombin Complex
Authors: Barrowcliffe T. W. , Stableforth Penelope , Dormandy Katharine M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A. procedure is described for the preparation of a concentrate of factors II, VII, IX and X, using a modification of the method of Bruning and Loelioer, involving aluminium hydroxide adsorption of ACD plasma followed by phosphate elution and dialysis.

The concentrate produced had an average factor IX activity of 7.4 U/ml with a yield of 61% and a purification of 34.5.

Clinical trials in patients with either a congenital deficiency of factor IX or liver disease showed that the concentrate was well tolerated and was an effective haemostatic agent. The average factor IX response was 1.09% for each U/kg injected, giving a recovery of 48%.
A Further Observation of a Recombination within the HL‐A System in an Austrian Family
Authors: Speiser P. , Pausch V. , Pacher M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.A third case of cross‐over was observed in a Viennese family within the HL‐A system occurring in a maternal meiotic division. The recombination rate is now 3 out of 643 parental meiotic divisions (or 0.467%).
A Study of Maternal‐Fetal Anti‐HL‐A Immunization
Authors: Mayer S. , Tongio M.‐M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Out of 53 cases of sera with an anti‐HL‐A fetal‐maternal immunization, in which the phenotype of the immunizer and the immunized women are known, 27 have antibodies whose specificity is broader than that of the immunizing antigen. The HL‐A phenotype of the immunized woman seems to play a part equally important to that of the immunizer in directing the broadening of immunization.
A Simple Inexpensive Method for Demonstrating in vitro Leukocyte Migration1
Authors: Ibrahim A. B. , Vyas G. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple direct in vitro method for studying delayed hypersensitivity in man using linear migration of peripheral blood leukocytes in capillaries is described. It eliminated the use of expensive chambers, conserved at least 50% of the antigen, saved time in setting up the test and enabled easy reading of linear migration within the capillaries with discrete end point when compared with the conventional method using chambers and planimetric measurement of the area of migration.
Studies on the Agglutinin Accompanying the Warm Haemolysin Active against Trypsinized Red Cells
Authors: Heistø H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The titres of warm haemolysin and its accompanying agglutinin were determined (1) in sera stored at ‐30 and ‐72°C for about 3 months, (2) in sera obtained with short intervals during 1 month, (3) after treatment of red cells with various concentrations of trypsins, (4) after adding soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) to the trypsin solution, (5) after exposure of the trypsin solutions to 55 °C for 30 min, and (6) with red cells to which bovine albumen had been added before adding the trypsin solution.

Relatively small variations in the agglutinin titre were observed when testing the deep frozen sera in contrast to much greater variations when testing fresh samples drawn on different days. Variations in agglutinin titre were poorly related to the trypsin activity expressed in Anson units. The factor in the trypsin preparation which sensitizes the red cells for haemolysis is more temperature labile than the factor responsible for the agglutination. STI and albumen inhibit both haemolysis and agglutination.
Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay for Australia Antibody
Authors: Schober A. , Thomssen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The prozone phenomenon that is observed in the radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) test at lower dilutions of the sera to be tested for Australia antibody, can be eliminated by adequate dilution of the primary antigen‐antiserum mixture after incubation of the latter. 50 normal persons negative for Australia antibody in counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) were found negative in the RIP test, too. Out of 50 patients recovering from Australia antigen‐positive hepatitis, 2 developed antibody detectable in both tests, RIP and CIEP, 40 were negative, and 8 showed low antibody titers in the RIP test with negative findings in CIEP. It does not seem to be possible to evaluate the incidence of serum hepatitis infection within the general population using the RIP test for Australia antibody.
Detection of Antibody to Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen in Hemophilia Patients and in Voluntary Blood Donors
Authors: Peterson M. R. , Barker L. F. , Schade D. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The sera from 385 hemophilia patients and 360 normal voluntary blood donors were tested by a variety of methods for antibodies against the hepatitis‐ associated or hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). Anti‐HB Ag was detected in 79.8% of the hemophilia sera and 7.5% of the normal blood donor sera by a ‘sandwich’ solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. The RIA method was compared with other serologic methods (agar‐gel diffusion, counterelectrophoresis, complement fixation and passive hemagglutination [PHA]) and found to be significantly more sensitive than all methods except PHA. The RIA and PHA methods were approximately equal in sensitivity as judged both by endpoint titrations and tests on the 745 sera for antibodies. The RIA method is also applicable to HB Ag detection.
Separation of Platelet Rich Plasma and Red Cells with Modified Gelatin
Authors: Kummer H. , Schwander D. , Dezaules M. , Mosimann W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The l'reparation of platelet rich plasma (PRP) by acceleration of red cell sedimentation with modified gelatin is evaluated. The mean recordings in the supernatants of 25 blood units after a sedimentation time of 92 min are a platelet yield of 88% and less than 1% of red cells in 60% of the phlebotomy volume. The addition of modified gelatin to freshly drawn blood did not alter the platelet function or viability as measured by in vitro aggregation to ADP, adhesion to glass bead columns, bleeding time following a load of 1,500 ml in surgical patients and survival in normal recipients after storage at 22 °C to 72 h. PRP preparation with modified gelatin necessitates a minimal mechanical equipment and may therefore prove particularly valuable for platelet substitution in non‐hospitalized patients.
Quantitative Studies on Salivary Blood Group Substances
Authors: Sturgeon P. , McQuiston Dorothy , Van Camp S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The precision and relative accuracy of an automated system for the quantitative determination of salivary blood group substances has been defined in these studies. The system gives this form of serological quantitation a relatively high degree of accuracy in comparison with the traditional titration methods. Standard procedures have been developed from these studies to reduce errors which could arise from sample collection and processing. The magnitude of individual physiological variables has been defined. It is concluded that the method should lend itself well to studies on genetic, anthropological and pathological variables in relation to concentration of salivary blood group substances.
Limited Blood Group Tests on Samples from Two Coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae)
Authors: Tippett Patricia , Teesdale Phyllis
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Very limited blood group tests on small samples from two coelacanths are recorded. The red cells gave no evidence of the existence of antigens similar to human A, H, M, N, T, Ena or Xga. The plasma of both coelacanths contained species agglutinins: the first had a definite anti‐B‐like agglutinin and the other did not.
An Inherited Blood Group A Variant in the Finnish Population
Authors: Mohn J. F. , Cunningham R. K. , Pirkola Anna , Furuhjelm U. , Nevanlinna H. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A variant of blood group A, provisionally designated Ainn, that occurs in an overall frequency of approximately 1 in 6,000 in Finnish blood donors is described. Agglutination involving a very small number of erythrocytes was observable only microscopically, even with the most powerful immune anti‐A sera. However, potent anti‐A antibody eluates were produced from cells sensitized with both natural and immune anti‐A or anti‐A + B sera. Anti‐A1 agglutinins were demonstrated in the sera of all cases, and the saliva of secretors contained H but no A substances. Comparative examinations and previously published descriptions of other established variants clearly indicated that this was not identical with the Abantu, Am, Ax, or Ae1 phenotypes. These properties are similar to those reported for group Aend, except for enzyme pretreatment effecting macroscopically visible agglutination of A***inn cells.
The Production in the Pregnant Cow of Anti‐Human Immunoglobulin to be used for the Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Fey H. , Bütler R. , Marti F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Pregnant cows can be successfully immunized with different proteins and subsequently deliver large volumes of potent antisera in their colostrum. An anti‐human immunoglobulin has been prepared in this way which is excellently suited for the demonstration of incomplete blood group antibodies of the IgG class. At a dilution of 1:50 it was equivalent to a commercial antiglobulin serum of high quality. Anti‐complementary antibodies were also present but at a considerably lower concentration than the antibodies against IgC.
The Occurrence of Ag Determinants in Different Lipoproteins
Authors: Ehnholm C. , Bütler R. , Brunner E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The occurrence of Ag determinants on low density (LDL), very low density (VLDL) and Lp(a) lipoproteins was studied with the passive hemagglutination inhibition method. All Ag specificities found in LDL lipoproteins of a person could also be demonstrated in the plasma, VLDL and Lp(a) lipoprotein of this person. After delipidation of LDL with sodium deoxycholate, the Ag antigens a1 and g could still be demonstrated in the apoprotein while the Ag antigens x and y could not.
Evidence for the Existence of the Rhesus complex Cde (r‘) in a Chinese
Authors: Hawkins B. , Simons M. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A study of the Rhesus phenotypes of a Chinese‐Indian family in Singapore has provided evidence for the existence of the Rhesus complex Cde (r') in a Chinese. This finding appears noteworthy in view of the low frequency of ‘Rhesus negative’ complexes hitherto reported in Chinese.
Haptenic Relationship between Bovine J, Human A, and Porcine A Blood Group Systems Tested with Lipids and Nonlipid Fractions of Blood
Authors: Thiele O. W. , Koch J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Total lipids, nonlipid residues obtained after lipid extraction, and mucoproteins prepared from the respective erythrocytes and sera were tested for haptenic activities in the bovine J, human A, and porcine A blood group systems. It is shown that the porcine A antigen resembles the bovine J antigen in 4 respects: both exhibit immuno‐logical cross‐reactions; both are found dissolved in the serum; the dissolved antigens show similar diversities of carriers; only the lipid‐bound antigens seem to be absorbed from the plasma onto the red cells. From further experiments it is concluded that the bovine J substance and the porcine A substance probably contain N‐acetyl‐d‐galactosamhe as the terminal moiety.
A Family with the Rare Red Cell Antigens Wra and ‘Super’ Sda
Authors: Lewis1 Marion , Kaita1 Hiroko , Chown B. , Tippett Patricia , Gavin June , Sanger Ruth , Giblett Eloise , Steinberg A. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is recorded in which the two rare antigens ‘super’ Sid, or ‘super’ Sda, and Wra are present. The linkage count between the two characters is six non‐recombinants, for which the lod score at θ =0.00 is 1.806. This is tantalizingly suggestive of linkage, or possibly of control by one and the same complex locus, but does not reach a significant level.

There is also a hint in the family of a possible relationship between the enzyme GPT (glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase) and the ‘super’ Sda condition.
Agglutinins from Fish Ova Defining Blood Groups B and P
Authors: Anstee D. J. , Holt P. D. J. , Pardoe G. I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Extracts of mature ova from Salmo trutta, Clupea harengus and Rutilus rutilus, contain agglutinins for human erythrocytes. The agglutinins are insensitive to 2‐mercaptoethanol and EDTA and show differences in stability and agglutination reaction in differing pH environments. Both Clupea harengus and Salmo trutta extracts strongly agglutinate human group B red cells and less strongly A1P and OP cells; A1pp and Opp cells are not agglutinated. The anti‐B and anti‐’P’ specificities thus defined are not separable by absorption. All three agglutinating extracts have a high affinity for d‐galactosyl and l‐rhamnosyl groupings, including blood group B substance and P1 substance from sheep hydatid cyst fluids.
Japanese Families with Group O and B Red Cells Agglutinable by Dolichos biflorus Extract
Authors: Yamaguchi H. , Okubo Y. , Ogawa Y. , Tanaka M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The red cell antigen, Cad, defined by Dolichos lectin is so characteristic that one can always find free cells together with strong agglutinates even in the strongest reactors. The incidence of the antigen is roughly estimated to be 0.03% in Japanese populations, the number of the samples tested being over 50,000. The pedigree studies indicate that the antigen is inheritable as an autosomal dominant character, and that there is evidence against close linkage with the groups ABO, MNSs, Rh, Duffy and Kidd. The striking differences of incidence between the antigens Cad and Sda are discussed.
Production of Antibodies against Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen in Donkeys1
Authors: Hirshfeld T. , Alkan W. J. , Lefler E. , Eshchar J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The production of antisera to HAA in donkeys is described. The antiserum is produced by the injection of antigen‐antibody complexes and is of use in diagnostic laboratories for detecting HAA‐positive sera.
Subtypes of Hepatitis B Antigen among Israeli Blood Donors1
Authors: Bar‐Shany Shulamith , Edwards Virginia Mae , Mosley J. W. , Bancroft W. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains among Israeli donors have been characterized for determinants d, y, w, and r. Of 60 consecutively positive donors, 78% had determinant y and 22% determinant d. Immigrants to Israel from North Africa, the Near and Middle East, and certain parts of Europe had almost exclusively determinant y of the d‐y pair. Among immigrants from North Central Europe, determinant y occurred less frequently; those from South Central Europe had an intermediate level. First‐generation Israelis of European background had the same frequency of determinant d as immigrants from Europe, suggesting the home as the most important site of transmission. All 25 HBV strains characterized for w and r, despite a diversity of geographic backgrounds, had only determinant w.
A Bromelin Dependant ‘Pan‐Agglutinin’
Authors: Judd W. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the routine automated blood typing of donor samples, a brornelindependent ‘pan‐agglutinin’ has been demonstrated. The serological behaviour of this agglutinin is described, and observations on its specificity are discussed.
Leukocyte‐Poor CPD Blood
Authors: Frey‐Wettstein M. , Bachmann Marlies
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple method is described for the preparation of leukocyte‐poor red cell concentrates from fresh and stored CPD blood. Warm normal CPD blood is passed through a nylon wool filter. After centrifugation at 1,500 g for 3 min, the plasma, the buffy coat and the top 30 ml of the red cell concentrate are eliminated. The average removal of leukocytes is better than 97%, the relation of remaining lymphocytes and granulocytes being 1:1. Red cell loss ranges around 20%. Advantages and disadvantages of the preparation are discussed.
An Antibody in the Serum of an MN Patient which Reacts with the M1 Antigen
Authors: Giles C. M. , Howell P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three atypical saline agglutinins were found in a serum and were identified as anti‐Vw, anti‐Bpa and anti‐M1. The patient is MN and the anti‐M2 is the first example to be found in the absence of anti‐M. The M1 antigen was present in 16.7% of Negro M‐positive samples. One M1N S‐s‐U‐ sample was also detected.
Studies on the Agglutinin Specificities and Blood Group O(H)‐Like Activities in Extracts from the Molluscs Pomacea paludosa and Pomacea urceus
Authors: Baldo B. A. , Uhlenbruck G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Saline extracts from the eggs of the snail Pomacea paludosa contain two separate and potent agglutinins specific for determinants on human ABO erythrocytes. Haemagglutinins with anti‐pneumococcus type XIV and cross‐reacting A and B specificities were detected in three different extracts from eggs of this species. Human group O erythrocyte‐agglutinating activity of Pomacea urceus albumin gland extract was inhibited by purified hog H substance and pneumococcus type XIV polysaccharide, but purified Sassafras albidum polysaccharide was the most potent inhibitor of this reagent. Inhibition experiments with simple sugars showed that, of the compounds tested, only d‐galactose, d‐galactose derivatives and oligosaccharides containing d‐galactose inhibited the P. paludosa and P. urceus haemagglutinins.

Using anti‐H reagents from different sources, blood group O(H)‐like activity was detected in both Pomacea extracts. P. paludosa egg extracts precipitated with catfish anti‐H and eel sera and P. urceus galactogen inhibited the anti‐H lectins from the seeds of Laburnum alpinum, Cytisus sessilifolius, and Cytisus scoparius.
The Role of Enzymes and Albumen in Haemagglutination Reactions: A Serological und Ulrrastrucrural Study with Ferritin‐Labelled Anti‐D
Authors: Voak D. , Cawley J. C. , Emmines J. P. , Barker C. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In albumen and papain tests, strong haemagglutination showed large areas of cell to cell contact, whereas neuraminidase only caused loose agglutination with small areas of cell to cell contact, confirming a previous suggestion that reduced zeta‐potential is not the significant factor in Rh haemagglutination. The ferritin‐labelled anti‐D was only clustered on neuraminidase‐ and papain‐treated cells, possibly these enzymes cause limited membrane mobility.

It is postulated that the loose agglutination in neuraminidase tests is due to localised high density of D sites and that the much greater agglutinating activity in papain tests is due to clustering and protease activity. Increased anti‐D antibody uptake is not a critical factor in enzyme tests because cells sensitized and then washed before enzyme treatment were strongly agglutinated. Recent studies have revealed that dextran does not reduce zeta‐potential but acts by adsorption between adjacent cells. We suggest that a similar mechanism may explain the action of albumen.
The Purification of Human Factor II (Prothrombin) and the Preparation of a Specific Antiserum
Authors: Heystek J. , Zande G. M. Maier‐V.D. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human factor II was isolated from plasma after absorption and elution of the prothrombin complex with barium citrate and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The eluate was brought onto a QAE Sephadex A‐50 column. The fractions containing coagulation factors were pooled, concentrated and chromatographed on hydroxyapatite, after which the fractions containing factor II activity were used for the immunization of rabbits. The antiserum produced is monospecific for factor II, as could be ascertained by immunoprecipitation and by inhibition of the coagulation activity.
Separation of Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen (HAA) from Human Plasma for the Production of Rabbit Anti‐HAA
Authors: Booth J. R. , Wiseman I. C. , Lee D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described for obtaining hepatitis‐associated antigen (HAA) from the acid citrate dextrose plasma of routine blood donations found to be HAA‐positive. The separation consisted of the following steps: ammonium sulphate precipitation, absorption on and elution from DEAE‐Sephadex, and gel filtration on a Sepharose‐6B column. HAA was demonstrated by cross‐over immuno‐electrophoresis and lines of identity shown by the Ouchterlony double diffusion technique. Freedom from contaminating protein was shown by immuno‐electrophoresis. This material, when injected into rabbits, produced an anti‐HAA reagent suitable for use cross‐over immuno‐electrophoresis without absorption.
Quantitative, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Weak B60 Erythrocyte Phenotypes
Authors: Lopez M. , Bouguerra A. , Lemeud J. , Badet J. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 16 weak B60 erythrocyte samples belonging to six families were studied using three series of quantitative measurements. The results show that the so‐called B60, group is heterogeneous and does not correspond to a genetic entity.
Another HL‐A27 Recombinant
Authors: Berry P. R. , Mills K. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An additional case of a recombination in the HL‐A system involving HL‐A27 is reported and attention is drawn to the number of these in the total reported cases.
Influence of Orally Administered Antibiotics on anti‐T Agglutinin of Normal Subjects and of Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Boccardi V. , Attinà D. , Girelli Gabriella
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐T agglutinin was studied in normal healthy subjects and in cirrhotic patients before and after oral administration of antibiotics depressing intestinal microbial flora. After antibiotic treatment anti‐T levels were significantly reduced. These observations show that bacterial antigens of intestinal origin are likely to be responsible for anti‐T production and that there must be common determinants between them and T antigen of red blood cells. It is not sure whether the previously reported increase of anti‐T levels in liver cirrhosis is in favour of the hypothesis that hypergammaglobulinaemia in this condition is due to failure of diseased liver to trap gut‐derived antigens.
Surface Proteins of the Erythrocyte Membrane Effect of Aging
Authors: Conrad Michael J. , Penniston John T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The protein composition of human erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by discontinuous gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A protein with a monomer mass of 95,000 daltons and the glycoprotein of highest monomer mass were both altered by extensive pronase digestion of whole erythrocytes. This confirmed that these two proteins were exposed to the external surface of the erythrocyte. Membranes prepared from fresh blood were compared with membranes prepared from blood stored for 3 weeks under blood bank conditions. In membranes from stored blood, a single major protein band, the surface protein of 95,000 daltons, was so extensively denatured that it was not monomerized by 0.1% SDS, and migrated much more slowly through the gel. When the membrane was dissolved in 1.0% SDS, this band was completely monomerized, and the electrophoresis pattern was indistinguishable from that produced by membranes prepared from fresh blood. Treatment with dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol did not solubilize this band. Electrophoresis under the same conditions, followed by staining by the periodic acid‐Schiff base technique showed that the denaturable protein was not a glycoprotein, and that the surface glycoprotein was not affected by aging. This glycoprotein migrated in the same position when membranes from fresh and stored blood were compared.
The Electrophoretic Properties of Some Human Blood Cells
Authors: Zerial A. , Welkins David J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human red cells, granulocytes and lymphocytes were examined electro‐phoretically. The effect of change of pH and ionic strength of the medium was determined. Lowering the ionic strength had the effect, not only of altering the electrophoretic mobility but also the characteristic shape of the pH mobility curves. Antilymphocyte globulin was shown to modify the mobility of granulocytes and lymphocytes, the latter to a greater extent. The results when compared to a silica surface completely covered with horse antihuman lymphocyte globulin show that the lymphocyte is only partially covered, suggesting a relatively low number of antigenic sites on the surface.
Anti‐K13 and the K:‐13 Phenotype
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Jensen Leila , Øyen Ragnhild , Stroup Marjory , Gellerman Mija , Mcmahon F. J. , Tsitsera Helen
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A ‘new’ antibody that recognizes a high‐frequency red‐cell antigen in the Kell blood group system has been found in the serum of a K–k+, Kp(a–b+), Js(a–b+) person, who is heterozygous for the silent Ko gene. The antibody, named anti‐K13, reacted with all of 1,000 unselected blood samples, but does not react with the red cells of the propositus, one of his five siblings, nor with Ko cells. Red cells of a child with chronic granulomatous disease and the McLeod phenotype were weakly reactive.