bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le cycle de l'eau en moyenne montagne tempérée : apport des bassins versants de recherche vosgiens (Ringelbach, Strengbach, Fecht)
Authors: Ambroise Bruno , Auzet Anne-Véronique , Humbert Joël , Najjar Georges , Mercier Jean-Luc , Paul P. , Viville Daniel
Published: October 2008

Les bassins versants de recherche vosgiens étudiés depuis 1975 par le C.E.R.E.G. ont permis de préciser la variabilité spatio-temporelle des composantes du cycle de l'eau et des paramètres qui les contrôlent en moyenne montagne tempérée. Les principaux résultats concernent les précipitations, l'évapotranspiration, les propriétés hydriques des sols et les écoulements. Une synthèse de ces informations sous forme de modèles spatialisés et à bases physiques est en cours. L'approche interdisciplinaire, systémique et dynamique utilisée rend ces résultats et modèles transposables à d'autres bassins, d'autres milieux et d'autres échelles.
L'influence des interventions humaines sur l'écoulement des eaux et sur les transports solides. L'exemple des Pyrénées-Orientales (France)
Authors: Mussot Roland , Benech Claude
Published: October 2008

Water has always been a very important problem in the area corresponding to the " Pyrenees Orientales " district.

On the slopes and valley floors, man-made equipments and development have induced heavy modifications in water and sediment discharge. The spatial variety of mountain areas divided in mountain upslopes, downslopes and coastal plain, has influenced the development programs in the district. Today the frequency of floods has clearly decreased. However, the risk of a high flood remains, which could damage urban areas recently developed downslope.
Les Parcs naturels, du concept à la pratique d'une agriculture environnementale
Authors: Laurens Lucette
Published: October 2008

Les années 1990 permettent, grâce à la réforme de la P.A.C. aux Parcs Naturels de s'exprimer et de tendre vers la réalisation d'un de leurs objectifs, à savoir le rapprochement et la bonne harmonie entre agriculture et environnement. La qualité de l'environnement et des paysages constitue une de leurs principales ressources. De ce fait, les Parcs Naturels participent activement à la mise en place de l'article 19 puis des mesures agri-environnementales au travers d'O.G.A.F. environnement. Ces opérations contribuent à l'élaboration des concepts d'agriculture durable voire de développement durable, indispensables à l'essor du tourisme de nature.
L'homme et les montagnes atlasiques au Maghreb
Authors: Maurer Gérard
Published: October 2008

À la différence des montagnes rifaines et telliennes, les montagnes atlasiques, continentales et moins peuplées, se singularisent par leur vie pastorale. Depuis les dernières décennies, les déplacements des hommes et des troupeaux se réduisent et le progrès de la sédentarisation est général. Les potentialités de ces montagnes sont limitées. Malgré de récentes conquêtes agraires, la terre manque. Au développement d'une arboriculture moderne et du maraîchage irrigué s'oppose la faible productivité de l'agriculture traditionnelle. L'élevage garde ses caractères extensifs et la forêt sert avant tout aux usages domestiques. L'émigration intérieure et internationale reste la source privilégiée des revenus non agricoles pour des populations toujours plus nombreuses. Elle contribue à transformer les habitudes de vie et aggrave les disparités sociales. Les inégalités de développement accentuent les contrastes entre les milieux montagnards.
La Grande-Motte, Ville permanente, ville saisonnière//La Grande-Motte, a town for all seasons and summertime resort
Authors: Rieucau Jean
Published: October 2008

La Grande-Motte was created from scratch as a tourist resort in 1966 as part of the French government's plan for touristic development on the Languedoc-Roussillon coast. Up to the 1980s., it was a seaside resort with two components: a yachting harbour and a residential area. Nowadays, however, it has developed into a dual seaside resort, including a permanent town with differentiated districts, and a summertime town over which the former tends to encroach. A discontinuous dissociation/association axis separates the two components of the city. A complex society has been in the making for the last thirty years, its main characteristics being the increase of permanent population and of old-age pensioners. Alongside these two groups of people there are frequent visitors, increasingly present even during the winter, week-enders who own a house or a flat, and lastly holiday-makers in the summer season.
La zone «supratropicale» dans le monde et en France. Réflexion sur la classification des climats//The "supratropical" zone in the world and in France, an essay on climatic classifications
Authors: Vigneau Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

On défend ici une classification des climats, combinant les caractères génétiques et physionomiques, qui retient quatre zones. Pour celle comprise entre l'intratropical et le tempéré, le qualificatif proposé est « supratropical ». L'articulation de l'espace géographique amène cette zone supratropicale jusque sur les régions méditerranéennes françaises.
La recomposition de l'espace rural lituanien dans la perspective de l'intégration européenne/ The reconstitution of the Lithuanian rural space in light of the European integration
Authors: Maciulyte Jurgita
Published: October 2008

In the 20th century, the Lithuanian rural space experienced three transformations as a consequence of the adoption of different agricultural models. The last one took place in the 1990's, when the country launched a market-oriented social and economic reform. This macro-economic environment, together with the introduction of private property in agriculture, led to the rural space's reconstitution: it can be seen in the emergence of new regional production Systems, in the change of population patterns, but also in the social destabilization of rural territories. However, spatial heritages ofthe former periods remain: they play a significant role in the current transformation according to the new agricultural model. This in-depth transformation of the rural Society compels a revising of the territorial division of the country in order to recognize self-governing local districts as the basis for local development.
Combination Therapy with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Gastrin Induces β-Cell Neogenesis from Pancreatic Duct Cells in Human Islets Transplanted in Immunodeficient Diabetic Mice
Authors: Suarez-Pinzon Wilma L. , Lakey Jonathan R. T. , Rabinovitch Alex
Published: October 2008

Pancreatic islet transplantation as a treatment for type 1 diabetes is limited by human donor tissue availability. We investigated whether the β-cell mass in human isolated islets could be expanded by treatments with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastrin, peptides reported to stimulate β-cell growth in mice and rats with deficits in β-cell mass. Human islets with low endocrine cell purity (7% β-cells, 4% α-cells) and abundant exocrine cells (29% duct cells and 25% acinar cells) were implanted under the renal capsule of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune deficiency (NOD-scid) mice made diabetic with streptozotocin. The mice were treated with GLP-1 and gastrin, separately and together, daily for 5 weeks. Blood glucose was significantly reduced only in mice implanted with human pancreatic cells and treated with GLP-1 plus gastrin. Correction of hyperglycemia was accompanied by increased insulin content in the human pancreatic cell grafts as well as by increased plasma levels of human C-peptide in the mice. Immunocytochemical examination revealed a fourfold increase in insulin-positive cells in the human pancreatic cell grafts in GLP-1 plus gastrin-treated mice, and most of this increase was accounted for by the appearance of cytokeratin 19-positive pancreatic duct cells expressing insulin. We conclude that combination therapy with GLP-1 and gastrin expands the β-cell mass in human islets implanted in immunodeficient diabetic mice, largely from pancreatic duct cells associated with the islets, and this is sufficient to ameliorate hyperglycemia in the mice.
From Mono‐Triazolium Salt to Bis‐Triazolium Salt: Improvement of the Asymmetric Intermolecular Benzoin Condensation
Authors: Ma Yajun , Wei Siping , Wu Jie , Yang Fei , Liu Bo , Lan Jingbo , Yang Shengyong , You Jingsong
Published: October 2008

A solution to the long‐standing challenge of developing a highly effective method for the enantioselective intermolecular benzoin condensation of aromatic aldehydes is described. The chiral bis‐bicyclic triazolium salt – 1,3‐bis{(S)‐5‐benzyl‐6,8‐dihydro‐5H‐[1,4]oxazino[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazol‐2‐ium‐2‐yl}benzene dichloride [(S)‐5a‐1] is currently the most efficient precatalyst for the asymmetric variant of the benzoin condensation.
Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of Nitrocyclopropanes by the Oxidative Cyclization of Michael Adducts of Nitroolefins with Activated Methylene Compounds
Authors: Fan Renhua , Ye Yang , Li Weixun , Wang Lingfei
Published: October 2008

An efficient oxidative cyclopropanation of the Michael adducts of nitroolefins with activated methylene compounds by the combination of iodobenzene diacetate and tetrabutylammonium iodide is reported. Highly functionalized nitrocyclopropanes are synthesized in moderate to good yields via the Michael addition and cyclopropanation with high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity under mild conditions.
Novel N,N‐Bidentate Ligands for Enantioselective Copper(I)‐ Catalyzed Allylic Oxidation of Cyclic Olefins
Authors: Tan Qitao , Hayashi Masahiko
Published: October 2008

New N,N‐bidentate Schiff base ligands containing the 2‐quinolyl moiety proved to be effective in conferring high reactivity and moderate to high enantioselectivity (up to 84% ee) to the copper(I)‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic oxidation of various cylic olefins with tert‐butyl perbenzoate. As copper(I) sources, we employed copper(II) triflate/phenylhydrazine [Cu(OTf)2/PhNHNH2] and tetra(acetonitrile)copper hexafluorophosphate [Cu(CH3CN)4PF6]. Using the same N,N‐bidentate Schiff base ligand, the former showed high reactivity and the latter showed high enantioselectivity.
Epigenetics and the embodiment of race: Developmental origins of US racial disparities in cardiovascular health
Authors: Kuzawa Christopher W. , Sweet Elizabeth
Published: October 2008

The relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to the US black‐white disparity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is hotly debated within the public health, anthropology, and medical communities. In this article, we review evidence for developmental and epigenetic pathways linking early life environments with CVD, and critically evaluate their possible role in the origins of these racial health disparities. African Americans not only suffer from a disproportionate burden of CVD relative to whites, but also have higher rates of the perinatal health disparities now known to be the antecedents of these conditions. There is extensive evidence for a social origin to prematurity and low birth weight in African Americans, reflecting pathways such as the effects of discrimination on maternal stress physiology. In light of the inverse relationship between birth weight and adult CVD, there is now a strong rationale to consider developmental and epigenetic mechanisms as links between early life environmental factors like maternal stress during pregnancy and adult race‐based health disparities in diseases like hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart disease. The model outlined here builds upon social constructivist perspectives to highlight an important set of mechanisms by which social influences can become embodied, having durable and even transgenerational influences on the most pressing US health disparities. We conclude that environmentally responsive phenotypic plasticity, in combination with the better‐studied acute and chronic effects of social‐environmental exposures, provides a more parsimonious explanation than genetics for the persistence of CVD disparities between members of socially imposed racial categories. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two further cases of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) with immune dysregulation
Authors: Navarro V. , Scott C. , Briggs T.A. , Barete S. , Frances C. , Lebon P. , Maisonobe T. , Rice G.I. , Wouters C.H. , Crow Y.J.
Published: October 2008

Although the diagnosis of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) can only be made in the presence of characteristic metaphyseal and vertebral lesions, a recent report has highlighted the pleiotropic manifestations of this disorder which include significant neurological involvement and variable immune dysfunction. Here we present two patients, one of whom was born to consanguineous parents, further illustrating the remarkable clinical spectrum of this disease. Although both patients demonstrated intracranial calcification, they were discordant for the presence of mental retardation, spasticity and white matter abnormalities. And whilst one patient had features consistent with diagnoses of Sjögren syndrome, polymyositis, hypothyroidism and severe scleroderma, the other patient had clinical manifestations and an autoantibody profile of systemic lupus erythematosus. These cases further illustrate the association of SPENCD with immune dysregulation and highlight the differential diagnosis with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome and other disorders associated with the presence of intracranial calcification. Undoubtedly, identification of the underlying molecular and pathological basis of SPENCD will provide important insights into immune and skeletal regulation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathological analysis of the homozygous p.W1327X AGL mutation in glycogen storage disease type 3
Authors: Schoser Benedikt , Gläser Dieter , Müller‐Höcker Josef
Published: October 2008

We report on clinicopathological and whole body MRI analyses of the index patient of a large nonconsanguineous German‐Ukraine family with homozygous and heterozygous AGL gene mutations at position p.W1327X (c.3980G > A). There are only limited reports on this phenotype with a homozygous genotype. The index patient, a 49‐year‐old woman presented with hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy and moderate progressive proximal limb myopathy. Skeletal muscle showed severe vacuolar myopathy with storage of PAS‐positive non‐membrane‐limited glycogen. An increase in glycogen content and completely decrease of debranching enzyme activity was measured in erythrocytes. Mutational analysis of the AGL gene showed a homozygous p.W1327X mutation. In the family, two brothers had been affected by severe infantile onset hepatomegaly and died within their first years of life by fatal liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, another sister severely affected by hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy and proximal skeletal myopathy died at age 33. Three younger heterozygous sisters and a brother noticed exercise‐induced myalgia and weakness since their teens. In sum, a homozygous p.W1327X mutation leads to a severe generalized glycogenosis types 3a and 3b within the same family. Even heterozygous p.W1327X mutation carriers may present with mild non‐progressive neuromuscular symptoms, such as exercise‐induced myalgia and fatigue. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Condensed tannins in the diets of primates: a matter of methods?
Authors: Rothman Jessica M. , Dusinberre Kathy , Pell Alice N.
Published: October 2008

To understand the ways in which condensed tannins (CT) affect primate diet selection and nutritional status, correct measurements are essential. In the majority of studies of the CT contents of primate foods, a tannin source such as “quebracho” is used to standardize CT assays, but the CT in quebracho tannin may not be similar to those in the plants of interest. We investigated how the choice of standard to calibrate CT assays affects the estimation of CT in the diets of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei). We purified the CT from gorilla foods and compared the actual amounts of CT in the foods with estimates produced by using the quebracho tannin. When quebracho was used, the estimates of CT contents of gorilla foods were, on average, 3.6 times the actual content of CT so that the amounts in frequently eaten gorilla foods were substantially overestimated. The overestimation for a given plant could not be predicted reliably and the ranking of plants by tannin content differed according to the standard used. Our results demonstrate that accurate measurements of CT necessitate the use of tannins purified from the plant species of interest. A reevaluation of primatology studies using interspecific comparisons of tannin content will provide new insights into primate food selection and nutritional ecology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:70–76, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hip extensor EMG and forelimb/hind limb weight support asymmetry in primate quadrupeds
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T.
Published: October 2008

Higher weight support on the hind limb than forelimb is among the distinctive characteristics of primate quadrupeds. Although often assumed to be due to a more posteriorly positioned whole body center of mass, there are little data to support such a difference. Reynolds (1985. Am J Phys Anthropol 67:335–349) notes that the distribution of forces on the limbs can also be influenced by average limb posture, but suggests that this effect is too small to account for the asymmetry in weight support observed in primates. Instead, he proposes that high hind limb forces are brought about by an active process of shifting weight off the forelimbs and onto the hind limbs through use of hind limb retractors. In this study, we use video records of walking animals to explore the degree to which average limb posture in primates and other quadrupedal mammals deviates from vertical, and use electromyography to test Reynolds' model of hind limb retractor activity and posterior weight shift. The limb posture results indicate that primate forelimbs oscillate about a vertical or slightly retracted axis, and though the hind limbs are slightly protracted, the magnitude of deviation from vertical is too small to have a major effect on weight support distribution. The electromyographic results reveal higher levels of hip extensor activity in antipronograde primates that bear a higher proportion of weight on their hind limbs. This lends support to Reynolds' suggestion that some primates use muscles to actively shift weight onto hind limbs to relieve stresses on forelimbs less well structured for weight support. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex determination from the occipital condyle: Discriminant function analysis in an Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century British sample
Authors: Gapert René , Black Sue , Last Jason
Published: October 2008

Fragmentary human remains compromised by different types of inhumation, or physical insults such as explosions, fires, and mutilations may frustrate the use of traditional morphognostic sex determination methods. The basicranium is protected by a large soft tissue mass comprising muscle, tendon, and ligaments. As such, the occipital region may prove useful for sex identification in cases of significantly fragmented remains. The aims of this paper are to (1) evaluate sexual dimorphism in British cranial bases by manually recorded unilateral and bilateral condylar length and width as well as intercondylar measurements and (2) develop discriminant functions for sex determination for this cranial sample. The crania selected for this study are part of the 18th–19th century documented skeletal collection of St. Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London. Adult human skulls (n= 146; ♂75/♀71) were measured to derive statistical functions. Results indicated that expression of sexual dimorphism in the occipital condylar region within the St. Bride's population is demonstrable but low. Crossvalidated classification accuracy ranged between 69.2 and 76.7%, and sex bias ranged from 0.3 to 9.7%. Therefore, the use of discriminant functions derived from occipital condyles, especially in British skeletal populations, should only be considered in cases of fragmented cranial bases when no other morphognostic or morphometric method can be utilized for sex determination. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternative methacrylate‐tethering methods for resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cements
Authors: Xie Dong , Weng Yiming , Zhao Jun
Published: October 2008

We have explored two novel methacrylate‐tethering methods for resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cements using 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GM) as a tethering agent. Both were compared with the published method using 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). The tethering reactions were monitored using FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that IEM and HEMA tethering reactions were relatively fast compared with the GM‐tethering, even though all three tethering reactions can be completed within 6 h. The cements composed of the IEM‐tethered polymer showed the highest CS, DTS, and modulus, followed by the cements composed of the HEMA‐ and GM‐tethered polymers, which was attributed to different chemical bonds introduced. It appears that both alternative tethering methods are quite equivalent to IEM‐tethering based on the strength and reaction efficiency. The results suggest that HEMA and GM can be used as promising methacrylate‐tethering alternatives for resin‐modified glass‐ionomer applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Determinants of service quality and continuance intention of online services: The case of eTax
Authors: Hu Paul Jen‐Hwa , Brown Susan A. , Thong James Y.L. , Chan Frank K.Y. , Tam Kar Yan
Published: October 2008

This article examines the determinants of service quality and continuance intention of online services. We proposed and empirically tested a model with both service and technology characteristics as the main drivers of service quality and subsequent continuance intention of eTax, an electronic government (eGovernment) service that enables citizens to file their taxes online. Our data were collected via a two‐stage longitudinal online survey of 518 participants before and after they made use of the eTax service in Hong Kong. The results showed that both service characteristics (i.e., security and convenience) and one of the technology characteristics (i.e., perceived usefulness, but not perceived ease of use) were the key determinants of service quality. Another interesting and important finding that runs counter to the vast body of empirical evidence on predicting intention is that perceived usefulness was not the strongest predictor of continuance intention but rather service quality was. To provide a richer picture of these relationships, we also conducted a post‐hoc analysis of the effects of service and technology characteristics on the individual dimensions of service quality and their subsequent impact on continuance intention and found assurance and reliability to be the only significant predictors of continuance intention. We present implications for research and practice related to online services.
I felt low and my purse feels light: depleting mood regulation attempts affect risk decision making
Authors: Bruyneel Sabrina D. , Dewitte Siegfried , Franses Philip Hans , Dekimpe Marnik G.
Published: October 2008

We propose that negative affect can induce people to engage in risky decisions. We test two alternative hypotheses as to how this effect may emerge. The mood repair hypothesis states that risky choices in risk decision making serve as a means to repair one's negative affect. The depletion hypothesis, in contrast, states that risky choices in risk decision making are the mere consequence of a state of depletion resulting from engagement in active mood regulation attempts. The results of a first laboratory study establish a link between risky choices in risk decision making and negative affect. Subsequent experiments provide evidence that depletion due to active mood regulation attempts, rather than mood repair, is the underlying process for this link. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do the right thing: but only if others do so
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina , Xiao Erte
Published: October 2008

Social norms play an important role in individual decision making. We argue that two different expectations influence our choice to obey a norm: what we expect others to do (empirical expectations) and what we believe others think we ought to do (normative expectations). Little is known about the relative importance of these two types of expectation in individuals' decisions, an issue that is particularly important when normative and empirical expectations are in conflict (e.g., systemic corruption, high crime cities). In this paper, we report data from Dictator game experiments where we exogenously manipulate dictators' expectations in the direction of either selfishness or fairness. When normative and empirical expectations are in conflict, we find that empirical expectations about other dictators' choices significantly predict a dictator's own choice. However, dictators' expectations regarding what other dictators think ought to be done do not have a significant impact on their decisions after controlling for empirical expectations. Our findings about the crucial influence of empirical expectations are important for designing institutions or policies aimed at discouraging undesirable behavior. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fathers who kill and press coverage in Israel
Authors: Cavaglion Gabriel
Published: October 2008

This paper explores the way Israeli newspapers disseminate and reproduce cultural beliefs about the personalities of fathers who kill. Based on textual content analysis, it examines forty‐five articles from the three most popular Israeli daily newspapers that reported 12 cases of filicide between 1991 and 2002. The press coverage during the first few days, at the critical initial stages of the process of definition and designation of the events, receives more in‐depth treatment. Analysis of these 12 cases shows that the press, drawing on retrospective interpretation, tended not to use descriptors reflecting purported madness or social distress of the perpetrators. Thus, rather than discussing extenuating circumstances based on mental disorder or social distress, it portrayed all fathers' filicides as premeditated and rational. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High‐Risk for Endarterectomy: SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry First 2,001 Patients
Authors: Massop Douglas , Dave Rajesh , Metzger Christopher , Bachinsky Williams , Solis Maurice , Shah Rasesh , Schultz Greg , Schreiber Theodore , Ashchi Majdi , Hibbard Robbert
Published: October 2008

Background

Previously, the Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection of Patients with High Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE) randomized trial showed that carotid artery stenting (CAS) was not inferior to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the treatment of high‐surgical risk patients.

Objective

The primary objective of the SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry is to evaluate 30‐day major adverse events (MAE) after CAS performed by physicians with varied experience and utilizing a formal training program. Data will be analyzed on the overall patient population and by high‐risk inclusion criteria.

Methods

SAPPHIRE Worldwide is a multicenter, prospective, postapproval registry to evaluate CAS with distal protection in patients at high‐risk for surgery using the Cordis PRECISE Nitinol Stent and ANGIOGUARD™ XP/RX Emboli Capture Guidewire. Participating physicians are encouraged to treat patients according to their standard of practice and consistent with current Food and Drug Administration‐approved labeling.

Results

Enrollment began in October 2006. Data are available on the first 2,001 patients enrolled and followed to 30 days. Of these patients, the mean age was 72.2 ± 9.75 yr; 62% were male; and 27.7% were symptomatic. Entry criteria for surgical high‐risk included anatomic (n = 716), physiologic (n = 918), or both risk factors (n = 327). At 30‐day follow‐up, the MAE was 4.4% (death 1.1%, stroke 3.2%, MI 0.7%) for the overall population. Patients with anatomic risk had a significantly lower 30‐day MAE than patients with physiologic risk (2.8% vs. 4.9%, P = 0.0306), respectively.

Conclusions

While the number of physicians performing CAS continues to increase, MAE rates seen in this registry (4.4%) are well within an acceptable range, as was first seen in the SAPPHIRE randomized trial (4.8%). A significant decrease in MAE was seen in patients with anatomic risk compared with physiologic risk factors. The SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry supports the use of CAS as an alternative to CEA in patients who are at high‐risk for surgery due to anatomic risk factors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Valence‐State Analysis through Spectroelectrochemistry in a Series of Quinonoid‐Bridged Diruthenium Complexes [(acac)2Ru(μ‐L)Ru(acac)2]n (n=+2, +1, 0, −1, −2)
Authors: Ghumaan Sandeep , Sarkar Biprajit , Maji Somnath , Puranik Vedavati G. , Fiedler Jan , Urbanos Francisco A. , Jimenez‐Aparicio Reyes , Kaim Wolfgang , Lahiri Goutam Kumar
Published: October 2008

The quinonoid ligand‐bridged diruthenium compounds [(acac)2Ru(μ‐L2−)Ru(acac)2] (acac−=acetylacetonato=2,4‐pentanedionato; L2−=2,5‐dioxido‐1,4‐benzoquinone, 1; 3,6‐dichloro‐2,5‐dioxido‐1,4‐benzoquinone, 2; 5,8‐dioxido‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, 3; 2,3‐dichloro‐5,8‐dioxido‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, 4; 1,5‐dioxido‐9,10‐anthraquinone, 5; and 1,5‐diimido‐9,10‐anthraquinone, 6) were prepared and characterized analytically. The crystal structure analysis of 5 in the rac configuration reveals two tris(2,4‐pentanedionato)ruthenium moieties with an extended anthracenedione‐derived bis(ketoenolate) π‐conjugated bridging ligand. The weakly antiferromagnetically coupled {RuIII(μ‐L2−)RuIII} configuration in 1–6 exhibits complicated overall magnetic and EPR responses. The simultaneous presence of highly redox‐active quinonoid‐bridging ligands and of two ruthenium centers capable of adopting the oxidation states +2, +3, and +4 creates a large variety of possible oxidation state combinations. Accordingly, the complexes 1–6 exhibit two reversible one‐electron oxidation steps and at least two reversible reduction processes. Shifts to positive potentials were observed on introduction of Cl substituents (1→2, 3→4) or through replacement of NH by O (6→5). The ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) absorptions in the visible region of the neutral molecules become more intense and shifted to lower energies on stepwise reduction with two electrons. On oxidation, the para‐substituted systems 1–4 exhibit monocation intermediates with intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) transitions of RuIIIRuIV mixed‐valent species. In contrast, the differently substituted systems 5 and 6 show no such near infrared (NIR) absorption. While the first reduction steps are thus assigned to largely ligand‐centered processes, the oxidation appears to involve metal–ligand delocalized molecular orbitals with variable degrees of mixing.
Endocyclic Extension of Porphyrin π‐System by Interior Functionalization of N‐Confused Porphyrins
Authors: Toganoh Motoki , Kimura Tomoyuki , Furuta Hiroyuki
Published: October 2008

Internally alkynylated or cyanated N‐confused porphyrins have been prepared, and these have been characterized by NMR, UV/Vis/NIR absorption, and X‐ray analysis. The desired porphyrins have been synthesized by interconversion between an N‐confused porphyrin and an N‐fused porphyrin. In the case of terminal alkyne derivatives, intramolecular addition of a pyrrolic NH moiety to the triple bond occurred at ambient temperature to give etheno‐bridged N‐confused porphyrins. Significant bathochromic shifts in the absorbances of these compounds may be reasonably explained in terms of an increase in their HOMO energy levels due to effective overlap of the porphyrin π‐orbital and the bridged alkene π‐orbital. The corresponding rhodium(I) complexes have also been prepared, and these have been characterized by NMR and X‐ray analysis.
Restructuring‐Induced Activity of SiO2‐Supported Large Au Nanoparticles in Low‐Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Qian Kun , Sun Huaxing , Huang Weixin , Fang Jun , Lv Shanshan , He Bo , Jiang Zhiquan , Wei Shiqiang
Published: October 2008

Large Au nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 10 nm supported on inert SiO2 become active in low‐temperature CO oxidation after the addition of NaNO3. The catalyst structures have been characterized in detail by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The NaNO3 additive in Au/SiO2 catalysts does not lead to the formation of fine Au nanoparticles, which are generally considered to be inevitable in low‐temperature CO oxidation catalyzed by gold, nor does it alter the electronic structure of Au. The NaNO3‐induced restructuring of large Au nanoparticles was proposed to create low‐coordinated Au sites on the surface capable of catalyzing low‐temperature CO oxidation. These results experimentally prove that the activity of supported Au nanoparticles in low‐temperature CO oxidation could solely arise from their geometric structure, which greatly deepens the fundamental understandings of Au nanocatalysis.
A DFT‐Based Investigation of Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions from Methylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Hemelsoet Karen , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Waroquier Michel
Published: October 2008

The growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is in many areas of combustion and pyrolysis of hydrocarbons an inconvenient side effect that warrants an extensive investigation of the underlying reaction mechanism, which is known to be a cascade of radical reactions. Herein, the focus lies on one of the key reaction classes within the coke formation process: hydrogen abstraction reactions induced by a methyl radical from methylated benzenoid species. It has been shown previously that hydrogen abstractions determine the global PAH formation rate. In particular, the influence of the polyaromatic environment on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties is the subject of a thorough exploration. Reaction enthalpies at 298 K, reaction barriers at 0 K, rate constants, and kinetic parameters (within the temperature interval 700–1100 K) are calculated by using B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) geometries and BMK/6‐311+G(3df,2p) single‐point energies. This level of theory has been validated with available experimental data for the abstraction at toluene. The enhanced stability of the product benzylic radicals and its influence on the reaction enthalpies is highlighted. Corrections for tunneling effects and hindered (or free) rotations of the methyl group are taken into account. The largest spreading in thermochemical and kinetic data is observed in the series of linear acenes, and a normal reactivity–enthalpy relationship is obtained. The abstraction of a methyl hydrogen atom at one of the center rings of large methylated acenes is largely preferred. Geometrical and electronic aspects lie at the basis of this striking feature. Comparison with hydrogen abstractions leading to arylic radicals is also made.
Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids for the Efficient Treatment of Iron Gall Inked Papers
Authors: Ceres Gabriele , Conte Valeria , Mirruzzo Valentina , Kolar Jana , Strlič Matija
Published: October 2008

Iron gall inks have been known since Roman times, were widely used in the Medieval Age, and became the most used ink in the Renaissance period. They were still officially used by the German Government as recently as 1973. The two main constituents of the ink are tannic acid and ferrous sulfate (vitriol). The vitriol normally used was not very pure and likely contained a mixture of iron sulfate with traces of other metals, in particular, copper. Certain transition‐metal ions contained in iron gall inks and their acidity are known to deteriorate paper. Therefore, stabilization treatments consist of deacidification and the addition of antioxidants. To this end, the use of tetraalkylammonium bromides was recently proposed. Here, it is shown that 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium bromide both in aqueous and in alcoholic solution can prevent the oxidative deterioration of cellulose. Furthermore, it does not lead to the yellowing of paper nor does it significantly affect the colour of the ink.
Cranial radiation therapy and damage to hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Monje Michelle
Published: October 2008

Cranial radiation therapy is associated with a progressive decline in cognitive function, prominently memory function. Impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis is thought to be an important mechanism underlying this cognitive decline. Recent work has elucidated the mechanisms of radiation‐induced failure of neurogenesis. Potential therapeutic interventions are emerging. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:238–242.
Neurodevelopmental impact on children treated for medulloblastoma: A review and proposed conceptual model
Authors: Palmer Shawna L.
Published: October 2008

The population of survivors following diagnosis and treatment for medulloblastoma is thankfully on the rise. An increased focus on the quality of that survivorship has expanded the concept of cure to include efforts aimed at improving long‐term cognitive outcome. It is well established in the literature that decline in overall intellect and academic performance is experienced by a majority of those undergoing treatment for pediatric medulloblastoma. This decline is believed to be secondary to decline in core cognitive abilities, which in turn are related to underlying damage to neuroanatomical substrates. A review of research on neurodevelopmental impacts following diagnosis and treatment for pediatric medulloblastoma is presented. Particular consideration is given to studies recently published that also reflect critical collaboration among those within the fields of neuropsychology and neuro‐imaging. Results from the review are combined within a conceptual model upon which to guide future research and clinical efforts. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:203–210.
Fluid dynamics in zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle
Authors: Okabe Noriko , Xu Bo , Burdine Rebecca D.
Published: October 2008

Work in mouse has implicated cilia motility and leftward nodal flow as the mechanism for breaking left‐right symmetry. In zebrafish, it is assumed that Kupffer's vesicle is analogous to the mouse node. However, its architecture is different and the fluid dynamics inside Kupffer's vesicle is not completely understood. We show that cells lining both the dorsal roof and the ventral floor of Kupffer's vesicle possess posteriorly pointed cilia that rotate clockwise when viewed apically. Analysis of bead movements within Kupffer's vesicle shows a net circular flow but the local flow differs in direction depending on the location within the vesicle. Histological analysis suggests that the orientation of the cells at anterior–dorsal region likely direct net flow in the vesicle. Our data suggest that the plane of the circular net flow is tilted with respect to the D–V axis, which may be converted to a local leftward flow in the anterior–dorsal region of the vesicle. Developmental Dynamics 237:3602–3612, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biphasic Ngn3 expression in the developing pancreas
Authors: Villasenor Alethia , Chong Diana C. , Cleaver Ondine
Published: October 2008

Ngn3 is a bHLH transcription factor critical for the specification of endocrine cells in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Previous studies in mouse embryos have reported transient expression of Ngn3 in scattered cells within the developing pancreatic epithelium during midgestation (Schwitzgebel et al. [2000] Development 127:3533–3542). Specifically, these Ngn3‐expressing cells have been shown to be progenitor cells fated to give rise to islet endocrine cells (Gradwohl et al. [2000] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1607–1611). Here, we characterize the expression of Ngn3 transcripts and protein throughout pancreatic development. Interestingly, we identify and define a dramatic and previously unnoticed gap in developmental Ngn3 expression. We show that both Ngn3 transcript and protein expression occur in two distinct temporal waves, the first occurring early from approximately E8.5 to E11.0, and the second initiating at approximately E12.0. Strikingly, this observed biphasic expression correlates with the “first” and “second” transitions, which encompass two distinct waves of embryonic endocrine differentiation. In addition, our studies demonstrate that Ngn3 transcripts are markedly more widespread in the pancreatic epithelium than NGN3 protein, indicating that post‐transcriptional regulation is likely to play a critical role during endocrine differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 237:3270–3279, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anterior regeneration in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava
Authors: Rychel Amanda L. , Swalla Billie J.
Published: October 2008

Ptychodera flava is a hemichordate whose anterior structures regenerate reproducibly from posterior trunk pieces when amputated. We characterized the cellular processes of anterior regeneration with respect to programmed cell death and cell proliferation, after wound healing. We found scattered proliferating cells at day 2 of regeneration using a proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody. On day 4, most proliferating cells were associated with the nerve tract under the epidermis, and on day 6, a small proboscis derived from proliferated cells was regenerated, and a mouth had broken though the epidermis. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end‐labeling) detected elevated levels of apoptosis in the endoderm that began furthest away from the region of wound healing, then moved anteriorly over 8 days. Posterior to anterior apoptosis is likely to remove digestive endoderm for later differentiation of pharyngeal endoderm. We hypothesize that P. flava regeneration is nerve dependent and that remodeling in the gut endoderm plays an important role in regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 237:3222–3232, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NG2‐expressing cells in the nervous system revealed by the NG2‐EYFP‐knockin mouse
Authors: Karram Khalad , Goebbels Sandra , Schwab Markus , Jennissen Katja , Seifert Gerald , Steinhäuser Christian , Nave Klaus‐Armin , Trotter Jacqueline
Published: October 2008

The NG2 glycoprotein is a type I membrane protein expressed by immature cells in the developing and adult mouse. NG2+ cells of the embryonic and adult brain have been principally viewed as oligodendrocyte precursor cells but have additionally been considered a fourth glial class. They are likely to be a heterogeneous population. In order to facilitate studies on the function of NG2+ cells and to characterize these cells in situ, we generated an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) “knockin mouse.” EYFP‐expressing cells in heterozygous knockin mice expressed the NG2 protein in all regions and at all ages studied. The EYFP+ cells did not express markers of mature glia, developing or mature neurons or microglia, but expressed markers typical for immature oligodendrocyte‐lineage cells. Examination of the hippocampus showed heterogeneity in the population with regard to expression of S100ß and glutamine synthetase. Furthermore, different subpopulations of NG2+ cells in the hippocampus could be recognized by their electrophysiological properties. genesis 46:743–757, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of amino acid precursors from simulated interstellar media by high‐energy particles or photons
Authors: Kobayashi Kensei , Ogawa Tomoya , Tonishi Hisako , Kaneko Takeo , Takano Yoshinori , Takahashi Jun‐ichi , Saito Takeshi , Muramatsu Yasuyuki , Yoshida Satoshi , Utsumi Yuichi
Published: October 2008

Extraterrestrial organic compounds have been considered as important sources for the origin of life on the Earth. In order to study the formation of organic compounds found in extraterrestrial bodies, simulated interstellar media were irradiated with high‐energy particles or photons. Particles used were protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator, protons and helium ions from a cyclotron, electrons from a synchrotron, and heavy ions from the “HIMAC” heavy ion accelerator. Photons used were UV light and soft X‐rays from a synchrotron. Gamma‐ray irradiation was performed by using a 60Co source. Amino acid precursors were formed from a mixture of carbon monoxide (or methodanol), ammonia (or nitrogen), and water by high‐energy particles, gamma rays, or X‐rays. If nitrogen molecule was used as N‐source, amino acid precursors could be formed by high‐energy particles, X‐rays and gamma rays, but not by UV light. When ammonia was used, amino acid precursors were detected in all cases, but energy yields (G‐values) of amino acid precursors by high‐energy particles were much higher than those by UV or X‐rays photons. Possible formation of amino acid precursors in interstellar environments was discussed from the point of view of chemical evolution toward origins of life. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(3): 15– 21, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10069
A search method of multiple local optimal solutions based on the nonlinear dynamical system
Authors: Nakazawa Chikashi , Oi Akihiro , Kitagawa Shinji , Fukuyama Yoshikazu
Published: October 2008

This paper presents a systematic and efficient search method for obtaining multiple local optimal solutions based on the stability theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. The method consists of two steps. The first step is a local search step for obtaining a local optimal solution. The second step is a search step for escaping from the stability region of the obtained local optimal solution via a decomposition point. Identifying the decomposition point represents a challenge for the method. In this paper, bifurcation and a continuation method are applied for obtaining the decomposition point. For the purpose of illustrating the proposed method, well‐known test functions including high‐dimensional functions are applied and the numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(4): 1– 11, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10075
Increase of late MEG component by perceptual transition in binocular rivalry
Authors: Shinozaki Takashi , Takeda Tsunehiro
Published: October 2008

Binocular rivalry is a phenomenon created by presenting similar but different images for both eyes simultaneously. Many previous studies have investigated various brain responses to binocular rivalry. However, the response of the perceptual transition in binocular rivalry has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to measure the response of the perceptual transition in binocular rivalry by using motion rivalry stimuli with various motion angles. It is known that the perception of motion rivalry stimuli has two conditions depending on the angle between the two directions of motion. One is a rivalrous condition that causes binocular rivalry and perceptual transition, and the other is a fused condition that does not cause them. The visual evoked fields (VEFs) in five healthy subjects were recorded with a 440‐channel whole‐head magnetoencephalogram (MEG) system. We classified the trials as representing the rivalrous or fused conditions and calculated the time averages of root mean square (RMS) values at every 100 ms in each condition. The time averages of the RMS values of the rivalrous condition were significantly larger than those of the fused condition after 400 ms poststimulus. These results suggest that the perceptual transition in binocular rivalry increased the late MEG component. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(4): 12– 19, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10076