bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MWPC Prototyping and Testing for STAR Inner TPC Upgrade
Authors: Wang Shuai
Published: May 2018

The STAR experiment at RHIC is upgrading the inner sectors of the Time Projection Chamber (iTPC) to increase the segmentation on the inner padplane from 13 to 40 rows and to replace the inner sector multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC). The upgrade will provide better momentum resolution, better dE/dx resolution, and most importantly it will provide improved acceptance at high rapidity to [Formula: see text]1.5 compared to the current TPC coverage of [Formula: see text]1.0. The enhanced TPC capabilities based on this upgrade are critical to the physics program of the Beam Energy Scan Phase II at RHIC during 2019-2020, in particular the QCD phase transition study. In this proceedings, the iTPC MWPC module fabrication and prototype testing results are discussed.
Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases: Central Players in Plant Receptor Kinase–Mediated Signaling
Authors: Liang Xiangxiu , Zhou Jian-Min
Published: May 2018

Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), which lack extracellular ligand-binding domains, have emerged as a major class of signaling proteins that regulate plant cellular activities in response to biotic/abiotic stresses and endogenous extracellular signaling molecules. By associating with immune RKs, RLCKs regulate multiple downstream signaling nodes to orchestrate a complex array of defense responses against microbial pathogens. RLCKs also associate with RKs that perceive brassinosteroids and signaling peptides to coordinate growth, pollen tube guidance, embryonic and stomatal patterning, floral organ abscission, and abiotic stress responses. The activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically regulated not only by RKs but also by other RLCK-associated proteins. Analyses of RLCK-associated components and substrates have suggested phosphorylation relays as a major mechanism underlying RK-mediated signaling.
Reversal of cisplatin resistance by microRNA-139-5p-independent RNF2 downregulation and MAPK inhibition in ovarian cancer
Authors: Chen Ying , Cao Xiao-Yun , Li Ying-Ni , Qiu Yu-Yan , Li Ying-Na , Li Wen , Wang Hui
Published: May 2018

Some microRNAs (miRs) are dysregulated in cancers, and aberrant miR expression has been reported to correlate with chemoresistance of cancer cells. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the effects of microRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) on cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer (OC) with involvement of ring finger protein 2 (RNF2) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. OC tissues were obtained from 66 primary OC patients. The cisplatin-sensitive A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780/DDP cell lines were collected for construction of RNF2 silencing and overexpressed plasmids. Cell vitality and apoptosis were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double-staining, respectively. Next, expression of RNF2, extracellular signal-related kinase, and p38 was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Finally, the volume of xenograft tumors in BALB/c nude mice was detected. RNF2 and miR-139-5p were identified to be involved in OC. In addition, MAPK activation and RNF2 were related to cisplatin resistance of OC. miR-139-5p was downregulated in cisplatin-resistant OC tissues, and miR-139-5p overexpression could inhibit cell vitality, reduce cisplatin resistance, and promote apoptosis of OC cells. Furthermore, miR-139-5p combined with MAPK inhibitors more obviously reduced cisplatin resistance of OC. Taken together, this study demonstrated that miR-139-5p overexpression combined with inactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway can reverse the cisplatin resistance of OC by suppressing RNF2. Thus, miR-139-5p overexpression might be a future therapeutic strategy for OC.
Subsequent Development of Desmoid Tumor after a Resected Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Authors: Murshid Areen Abdulelah , Al-Maghraby Hatim Q.
Published: May 2018

Desmoid tumors (deep fibromatosis) of the mesentery are rare mesenchymal tumors. They are often misdiagnosed, especially with a previous history of resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Immunohistochemistry can help differentiate between these two tumors. In this article, we present a case we had encountered: a Desmoid tumor developing in a patient with a history of GIST 3 years ago. It is the first case of GIST with subsequent development of Desmoid tumor to be reported in Saudi Arabia. We discuss the two entities of Desmoid tumor and GIST by comparing their definitions, clinical presentations, histological features, immunohistochemistry stains, molecular pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment. We also discuss the relationship between GIST and the subsequent development of Desmoid tumors and compare our case with case reports in literature.
Application of Novel Drugs for Corneal Cell Regeneration
Authors: Han Sang Beom , Liu Yu-Chi , Mohamed-Noriega Karim , Mehta Jodhbir S.
Published: May 2018

Corneal transplantation has been the only treatment method for corneal blindness, which is the major cause of reversible blindness. However, despite the advancement of surgical techniques for corneal transplantation, demand for the surgery can never be met due to a global shortage of donor cornea. The development of bioengineering and pharmaceutical technology provided us with novel drugs and biomaterials that can be used for innovative treatment methods for corneal diseases. In this review, the authors will discuss the efficacy and safety of pharmacologic therapies, such as Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, blood-derived products, growth factors, and regenerating agent on corneal cell regeneration. The promising results of these agents suggest that these can be viable options for corneal reconstruction and visual rehabilitation.
Deep Learning Approach for Automatic Classification of Ocular and Cardiac Artifacts in MEG Data
Authors: Hasasneh Ahmad , Kampel Nikolas , Sripad Praveen , Shah N. Jon , Dammers Jürgen
Published: May 2018

We propose an artifact classification scheme based on a combined deep and convolutional neural network (DCNN) model, to automatically identify cardiac and ocular artifacts from neuromagnetic data, without the need for additional electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrooculogram (EOG) recordings. From independent components, the model uses both the spatial and temporal information of the decomposed magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. In total, 7122 samples were used after data augmentation, in which task and nontask related MEG recordings from 48 subjects served as the database for this study. Artifact rejection was applied using the combined model, which achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 91.8% and 97.4%, respectively. The overall accuracy of the model was validated using a cross-validation test and revealed a median accuracy of 94.4%, indicating high reliability of the DCNN-based artifact removal in task and nontask related MEG experiments. The major advantages of the proposed method are as follows: (1) it is a fully automated and user independent workflow of artifact classification in MEG data; (2) once the model is trained there is no need for auxiliary signal recordings; (3) the flexibility in the model design and training allows for various modalities (MEG/EEG) and various sensor types.
Carnosic Acid, a Natural Diterpene, Attenuates Arsenic‐Induced Hepatotoxicity via Reducing Oxidative Stress, MAPK Activation, and Apoptotic Cell Death Pathway
Authors: Das Sonjit , Joardar Swarnalata , Manna Prasenjit , Dua Tarun K. , Bhattacharjee Niloy , Khanra Ritu , Bhowmick Shovonlal , Kalita Jatin , Saha Achintya , Ray Supratim , De Feo Vincenzo , Dewanjee Saikat
Published: May 2018

The present studies have been executed to explore the protective mechanism of carnosic acid (CA) against NaAsO2‐induced hepatic injury. CA exhibited a concentration dependent (1–4 μM) increase in cell viability against NaAsO2 (12 μM) in murine hepatocytes. NaAsO2 treatment significantly enhanced the ROS‐mediated oxidative stress in the hepatic cells both in in vitro and in vivo systems. Significant activation of MAPK, NF‐κB, p53, and intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signaling was observed in NaAsO2‐exposed hepatic cells. CA could significantly counteract with redox stress and ROS‐mediated signaling and thereby attenuated NaAsO2‐mediated hepatotoxicity. NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg) treatment caused significant increment in the As bioaccumulation, cytosolic ATP level, DNA fragmentation, and oxidation in the liver of experimental mice (n = 6). The serum biochemical and haematological parameters were significantly altered in the NaAsO2‐exposed mice (n = 6). Simultaneous treatment with CA (10 and 20 mg/kg) could significantly reinstate the NaAsO2‐mediated toxicological effects in the liver. Molecular docking and dynamics predicted the possible interaction patterns and the stability of interactions between CA and signal proteins. ADME prediction anticipated the drug‐likeness characteristics of CA. Hence, there would be an option to employ CA as a new therapeutic agent against As‐mediated toxic manifestations in future.
Age Differences in Axial Length, Corneal Curvature, and Corneal Astigmatism in Marfan Syndrome with Ectopia Lentis
Authors: Chen Jiahui , Jing Qinghe , Tang Yating , Qian Dongjin , Lu Yi , Jiang Yongxiang
Published: May 2018

Purpose. To investigate the differences in axial length, corneal curvature, and corneal astigmatism with age in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and ectopia lentis. Methods. A retrospective case series study was conducted. MFS patients with ectopia lentis were divided into groups according to age. Axial length, corneal curvature, and corneal astigmatism were measured. Results. This study included 114 MFS patients (215 eyes) with a mean age of 19.0 ± 13.9 years. Axial length differed significantly across age groups in MFS patients (P<0.001), whereas corneal curvature did not (P=0.767). Corneal astigmatism was statistically significant throughout the MFS cohort (P=0.009), but no significant difference was found in young MFS patients (P=0.838). With increasing age, the orientation of the corneal astigmatism changed from with-the-rule astigmatism to against-the-rule or oblique astigmatism (P<0.001). A linear correlation analysis showed weak correlations between age and axial length for both eyes and with corneal astigmatism for the left eye, but there was no correlation between age and corneal curvature. Conclusions. In MFS, axial length varies with age, corneal curvature remains stable, and corneal astigmatism is higher in young patients and tends to shift toward against-the-rule or oblique astigmatism. Therefore, it is important to consider age when diagnosing MFS with ocular biometric data.
Chloride Ingress in Chemically Activated Calcined Clay-Based Cement
Authors: Marangu Joseph Mwiti , Thiong’o Joseph Karanja , Wachira Jackson Muthengia
Published: May 2018

Chloride-laden environments pose serious durability concerns in cement based materials. This paper presents the findings of chloride ingress in chemically activated calcined Clay-Ordinary Portland Cement blended mortars. Results are also presented for compressive strength development and porosity tests. Sampled clays were incinerated at a temperature of 800°C for 4 hours. The resultant calcined clay was blended with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) at replacement level of 35% by mass of OPC to make test cement labeled PCC35. Mortar prisms measuring 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm were cast using PCC35 with 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution as a chemical activator instead of water. Compressive strength was determined at 28th day of curing. As a control, OPC, Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), and PCC35 were similarly investigated without use of activator. After the 28th day of curing, mortar specimens were subjected to accelerated chloride ingress, porosity, compressive strength tests, and chloride profiling. Subsequently, apparent diffusion coefficients (Dapp) were estimated from solutions to Fick’s second law of diffusion. Compressive strength increased after exposure to the chloride rich media in all cement categories. Chemically activated PCC35 exhibited higher compressive strength compared to nonactivated PCC35. However, chemically activated PCC35 had the least gain in compressive strength, lower porosity, and lower chloride ingress in terms of Dapp, compared to OPC, PPC, and nonactivated PCC35.
Prevalence of Bleeding Symptoms among Adolescents and Young Adults in the Capital City of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Owaidah Tarek , Saleh Mahasen , Alzahrani Hazzah , Abu-Riash Mahmood , Al Zahrani Ali , Almadani Mohammed , Alsulaiman Ayman , Albanyan Abdulmajeed , Siddiqui Khawar , Al Saleh Khalid , Al Momen Abdulkareem
Published: May 2018

Background.Bleeding disorders vary in prevalence. While some are rare, some can be common in both sexes. Most bleeding disorders manifest as chronic bleeding tendencies or as an increase in bleeding during surgical procedures or trauma. The consequences of bleeding can be as simple as iron deficiency or catastrophic, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. Bleeding disorders typically affect both sexes except hemophilia A and B, which mainly affects males.Method.We conducted a questionnaire-based survey among adolescents and young adults (1901[49%]boys, 1980[51%]girls) in Riyadh city regarding bleeding symptoms. Of these, 1849 (47.6%) responded “Yes/Positive” for at least one question about the bleeding symptoms.Results.The most common bleeding symptom was epistaxis (19.7% of the sample population) detected in Phase I of the study. A tandem survey was conducted among 525 adolescents who had responded “Yes/Positive” to any one of the questions inquiring about bleeding symptoms.Conclusion.In this study, we report for the first time the prevalence of bleeding symptoms in a representative sample of Saudi adolescents and young adults.
Limited Joint Mobility Progression in Type 1 Diabetes: A 15-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Labad Javier , Rozadilla Antoni , Garcia-Sancho Paula , Nolla Joan M. , Montanya Eduard
Published: May 2018

Objective. To assess the evolution of joint mobility over a period of 15 years in type 1 diabetic patients and healthy controls and to determine whether microalbuminuria is associated with a different evolution of joint mobility. Methods. Joint mobility of hand and wrist was determined in 63 patients with type 1 diabetes and 63 healthy subjects. Fifteen years later, 37 (58.7%) diabetic patients and 16 (25.4%) healthy subjects were studied again. Joint mobility was assessed with the Prayer sign and by measuring the angle of maximal flexion of the fifth and third metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and wrist. Patients with diabetes were visited 2–4 times every year with regular assessment of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and ophthalmoscopy. Results. Fifteen years after the initial exam, diabetic patients showed reduced flexion of the fifth MCP joint (82.6 ± 5.8 versus 76.0 ± 6.4 degrees, p<0.001) and wrist (75.9 ± 8.1 versus 73.2 ± 7.4 degrees, p=0.015) compared to baseline examination. Joint mobility did not change significantly in healthy subjects. Patients with microalbuminuria showed greater reduction in hand joint mobility than diabetic patients with normal UAE or than healthy subjects (p<0.001). Conclusions. In type 1 diabetic patients, the severity of LJM progresses with time, and the progression is enhanced in patients with microalbuminuria.
Pilot Analysis of Late Conversion to Belatacept in Kidney Transplant Recipients for Biopsy-Proven Chronic Tacrolimus Toxicity
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Rosales Ivy , Wojciechowski David
Published: May 2018

Background. Calcineurin inhibitors are associated with chronic nephrotoxicity, manifesting as interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) and arteriolar hyalinosis. Conversion from tacrolimus to belatacept may be one strategy to preserve renal function. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of renal transplant patients followed at our institution who were converted to belatacept and found to have chronic tacrolimus toxicity on biopsy. The primary outcome was eGFR at conversion as compared to eGFR at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after conversion. We also assessed incidence of infection and rates of allograft survival at 1 year. Results. The average time between transplant and conversion was 11.9 years. There was no decrease in eGFR at any postconversion time point as compared with preconversion. The mean eGFR at time of preconversion was 32.9 mL/min, as compared with 35.6 mL/min at 3 months (p=0.09), 34.1 mL/min at 6 months (p=0.63), 34.9 mL/min at 12 months (p=0.57), and 39.6 mL/min at 24 months after conversion (p=0.92). Four of 7 patients had increases in their eGFR after conversion. All grafts were functioning at 1 year after conversion. Conclusion. While this study was limited by a small number of patients, belatacept conversion stabilized eGFR at all time points in patients with late allograft function due to chronic tacrolimus toxicity, with a trend towards increased eGFR at 3 months.
Intermittent Massage as a Therapeutic Option for Compartment Syndrome after Embolectomy of the Lower Limbs
Authors: Pereira de Godoy José Maria , de Fátima Guerreiro Godoy Maria
Published: May 2018

The case of a 54-year-old cardiac patient is reported, who was admitted to hospital with a complaint of sudden pain in the legs associated with edema, paresthesia, and coldness. Arterial embolism of the lower limbs was diagnosed and the patient was submitted to bilateral embolectomy. The patient evolved with a burning sensation, hypersensitivity in the right leg, swelling, and difficulty bending and stretching the sole of the foot and the knee. A physical examination detected edema and increased tension in the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Treatment using intermittent massage of the leg during the evaluation of the patient was chosen in an attempt to stimulate lymphatic and venous drainage. After a few minutes of stimulation, there was significant improvement in the pain and edema. In 40 minutes, there was total reduction of the pain in the posterior and lateral compartments and improvement of over 50% in the anterior compartment. After this, the patient started to bend the knee without pain and bend the sole of the foot with slight pain. On the following day, the patient was walking around the hospital ward without difficulty. It seems that intermittent massage is a therapeutic option in selected cases of compartment syndrome.
Development of Simultaneous Analysis of Thirteen Bioactive Compounds in So-Cheong-Ryong-Tang Using UPLC-DAD
Authors: Jeong Ji Hyun , Lee Seon Yu , Kim Bo Na , Lee Guk Yeo , Ham Seong Ho
Published: May 2018

So-Cheong-Ryong-Tang, which is a standardized Korean medicine of the National Health Insurance, is a traditional prescription for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, bronchitis, and bronchial asthma. Simultaneous analysis and development of SCRT is essential for its stability, efficacy, and risk management. In this study, a simple, reliable, and accurate method using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) fingerprinting with a diode array detector (DAD) was developed for the simultaneous analysis. The chromatographic separation of the analytes was performed by an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μM, 2.1 × 100 mm, Waters) with a mobile phase of water containing 0.01% (v/v) phosphoric acid and acetonitrile containing 0.01% (v/v) phosphoric acid. The flow rate and detection wavelength were set at 0.4 mL/min and 215, 230, 254, and 280 nm. All calibration curves of the thirteen components showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999). The limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged 0.001–0.360 and 0.004–1.200 µg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra- and interday was less than 2.60%, and the recoveries were within the range 76.08–103.79% with an RSD value of 0.03–1.50%. The results showed that the developed method was simple, reliable, accurate, sensitive, and precise for the quantification of bioactive components of SCRT.
Low-Cost SCADA System Using Arduino and Reliance SCADA for a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System
Authors: Allafi Ibrahim , Iqbal Tariq
Published: May 2018

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems are currently employed in many applications, such as home automation, greenhouse automation, and hybrid power systems. Commercial SCADA systems are costly to set up and maintain; therefore those are not used for small renewable energy systems. This paper demonstrates applying Reliance SCADA and Arduino Uno on a small photovoltaic (PV) power system to monitor the PV current, voltage, and battery, as well as efficiency. The designed system uses low-cost sensors, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, and free Reliance SCADA software. The Arduino Uno microcontroller collects data from sensors and communicates with a computer through a USB cable. Uno has been programmed to transmit data to Reliance SCADA on PC. In addition, Modbus library has been uploaded on Arduino to allow communication between the Arduino and our SCADA system by using MODBUS RTU protocol. The results of the experiments demonstrate that SCADA works in real time and can be effectively used in monitoring a solar energy system.
Associations of Body Mass Index, Motor Performance, and Perceived Athletic Competence with Physical Activity in Normal Weight and Overweight Children
Authors: Morrison Kyle M. , Cairney John , Eisenmann Joe , Pfeiffer Karin , Gould Dan
Published: May 2018

Children who are overweight and obese display lower physical activity levels than normal weight peers. Measures of weight status, perceived motor competence, and motor skill performance have been identified as potential correlates explaining this discrepancy. 1881 children (955 males; 926 females; 9.9 years) were assessed as part of the Physical Health Activity Study Team project. The age, habitual physical activity participation (PAP), body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES), motor performance (MP), and perceived athletic competence (PAC) of each child included were assessed. Gender-specific linear regression analyses (main effects model) were conducted to identify the percent variance in PAP explained by the following variables: BMI, MP, and PAC. For males, 18.3% of the variance in PAP was explained by BMI, MP, and PAC. PAC explained 17% of the variance, while MP, BMI, and SES only accounted for 0.6%, 0.7%, and 0.5%, respectively. PAC explained 17.5% of PAP variance in females; MP explained 0.8%. BMI, SES, and chronological age were not significant correlates of PAP in girls. An established repertoire of motor skill performance has been seen as a vehicle to PAP in children; however, this study indicates that PAC should not be overlooked in intervention strategies to promote increased PAP.
Determination of Spearman Correlation Coefficient(r)to Evaluate the Linear Association of Dermal Collagen and Elastic Fibers in the Perspectives of Skin Injury
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Kumar Pramod , Badagabettu Satheesha Nayak , Lewis Melissa Glenda , Adiga Murali , Padur Ashwini Aithal
Published: May 2018

Background. Difference in scar formation at different sites, in different directions at the same site, but with changes in the elasticity of skin with age, sex, and race or in some pathological conditions, is well known to clinicians. The inappropriate collagen syntheses and delayed or lack of epithelialization are known to induce scar formation with negligible elasticity at the site of damage. Changes in the elasticity of scars may be due to an unequal distribution of dermal collagen (C) and elastic (E) fibers.Materials and Methods. Spearman correlation coefficients (r) of collagen and elastic fibers in horizontal (H) and in vertical (V) directions (variables CV, CH, EV, and EH) were measured from the respective quantitative fraction data in 320 skin samples from 32 human cadavers collected at five selected sites over extremities.Results. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed the statistically significant (p<0.01) strong positive correlation betweenCHandCVin all the areas, that is, shoulder joint area (r=0.66), wrist (r=0.75), forearm (r=0.75), and thigh (r=0.80), except at the ankle (r=0.26,p=0.14) region. Similarly, positive correlation betweenEHandEVhas been observed at the forearm (r=0.65, moderate) and thigh (r=0.42, low) regions. However, a significant moderate negative correlation was observed betweenCVandEVat the forearm (r=-0.51) and betweenCHandEHat the thigh region (r=-0.65).Conclusion. Significant differences of correlations of collagen and elastic fibers in different directions from different areas of extremities were noted. This may be one of the possible anatomical reasons of scar behavior in different areas and different directions of the same area.
The Function of Thioredoxin‐Binding Protein‐2 (TBP‐2) in Different Diseases
Authors: Hu Jianghua , Yu Yibo
Published: May 2018

Thioredoxin‐binding protein‐2 (TBP‐2) has an important role in the redox system, but it plays a different role in many different diseases (e.g., various cancers, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease, and cataracts) by influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism. Distinct transcription factors (TFs) stimulated by different factors combine with binding sites or proteins to upregulate or downregulate TBP‐2 expression, in order to respond to the change in the internal environment. Most research disclosed that the main function of TBP‐2 is associating with thioredoxin (Trx) to inhibit the antioxidant capacity of Trx. Furthermore, the TBP‐2 located in tissues, whether normal or abnormal, has the ability to cause the dysfunctioning of cells and even death through different pathways, such as shortening the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis or autophagy. Through these studies, we found that TBP‐2 promoted the development of diseases which are involved in inflammatory and oxidative damage. To a certain extent, we believe that there is some hidden connection between the biological functions which TBP‐2 participates in and some distinct diseases. This review presents only a summary of the roles that TBP‐2 plays in cancer, DM, cataracts, and so on, as well as its universal mechanisms. Further investigations are needed for the cell signaling pathways of the effects caused by TBP‐2. A greater understanding of the mechanisms of TBP‐2 could produce potential new targets for the treatment of diseases, including cancer and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cataracts.
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Update on the Use of Crystalloids and Pharmacological Measures
Authors: Patschan D. , Buschmann I. , Ritter O.
Published: May 2018

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a frequent and severe complication in subjects receiving iodinated contrast media for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Several preventive strategies were evaluated in the past. Recent clinical studies and meta-analyses delivered some new aspects on preventive measures used in the past and present. We will discuss all pharmacological and nonpharmacological procedures. Finally, we will suggest individualized recommendations for CIN prevention.
Serum Homocysteine Level in Parkinson’s Disease and Its Association with Duration, Cardinal Manifestation, and Severity of Disease
Authors: Saadat Payam , Ahmadi Ahangar Alijan , Samaei Seyed Ehsan , Firozjaie Alireza , Abbaspour Fatemeh , Khafri Sorrayya , Khoddami Azam
Published: May 2018

Background and Purpose. Due to the high prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the elderly, a large financial burden is imposed on the families and health systems of countries in addition to the problems related to the mobility impairment caused by the disease for the patients. Studies on controversial issues in this disease are taken into consideration, and one of these cases is the role of serum homocysteine level in Parkinson’s patients. In this study, the serum level of homocysteine and its association with various variables in relation to this disease was compared with healthy individuals.Materials and Methods. In this study, 100 patients with PD and 100 healthy individuals as control group were investigated. Serum homocysteine level and demographic and clinical data were included in the checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23. In all tests, the significance level was below 0.05.Results. The mean level of serum homocysteine in case and control groups was 14.93 ± 8.30 and 11.52 ± 2.86 µmol/L, respectively (95% CI: 1.68; 5.14,P<0.001). In total patients, 85 had normal serum homocysteine level, while 15 had high serum homocysteine level. In controls, the homocysteine level was 98 and 2, respectively (P=0.002). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, serum homocysteine level higher than 20 µmol/L was accompanied by 8.64-fold in Parkinson’s disease involvement (95% CI: 1.92; 38.90,P=0.005).Conclusion. Increasing serum homocysteine level elevates the rate to having PD. Serum homocysteine levels did not have any relationship with the duration of the disease, type of cardinal manifestation, and the severity of Parkinson’s disease.
Improving Multisensor Positioning of Land Vehicles with Integrated Visual Odometry for Next-Generation Self-Driving Cars
Authors: Rahman Muhammed Tahsin , Karamat Tashfeen , Givigi Sidney , Noureldin Aboelmagd
Published: May 2018

For their complete realization, autonomous vehicles (AVs) fundamentally rely on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to provide positioning and navigation information. However, in area such as urban cores, parking lots, and under dense foliage, which are all commonly frequented by AVs, GNSS signals suffer from blockage, interference, and multipath. These effects cause high levels of errors and long durations of service discontinuity that mar the performance of current systems. The prevalence of vision and low-cost inertial sensors provides an attractive opportunity to further increase the positioning and navigation accuracy in such GNSS-challenged environments. This paper presents enhancements to existing multisensor integration systems utilizing the inertial navigation system (INS) to aid in Visual Odometry (VO) outlier feature rejection. A scheme called Aided Visual Odometry (AVO) is developed and integrated with a high performance mechanization architecture utilizing vehicle motion and orientation sensors. The resulting solution exhibits improved state covariance convergence and navigation accuracy, while reducing computational complexity. Experimental verification of the proposed solution is illustrated through three real road trajectories, over two different land vehicles, and using two low-cost inertial measurement units (IMUs).
An Evaluation of a Modified CTAS at an Accident and Emergency Department in a Developing Country
Authors: Pooransingh Shalini , Boppana L. K. Teja , Dialsingh Isaac
Published: May 2018

Objectives. To review the modified Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale used in an accident and emergency department in Trinidad and Tobago.Design and Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out. Times from assignment of triage category to being seen by a physician were collected from the patient notes on the days of presentation and compared to the reference standards. Times from decision to admit to obtaining a bed were also recorded.Results. 200 patients were included in the study. The median waiting time for patients in the immediate/blue category was 3 minutes (range = 3); for the red category, it was 31.2 minutes (range = 121.8); in the yellow category, it was 61.8 minutes (range = 805.2). The overall admission rate was 30.5%, with an admission rate of 25% for the blue category; 20% of patients in the red category waited more than 4 hours for a hospital bed.Conclusion. The patients assigned to the blue category were being seen almost immediately. Less critical persons wait longer than the reference times and this may be due to structural factors such as staffing. The admission rates per category highlighted a low admission rate for the blue category (25%), which is unusual. This study highlights the need for a further study to review clinical presentation, assignment to triage category, and outcomes.
Urogenital Schistosomiasis among Schoolchildren and the Associated Risk Factors in Selected Rural Communities of Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Abdulkareem Babamale Olarewaju , Habeeb Kolawole Olasunkanmi , Kazeem Abdulganiyu , Adam Abdulkareem Olaitan , Samuel Ugbomoiko Uade
Published: May 2018

Urogenital schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease that causes severe morbidity among schoolchildren in many poor-resource communities in Nigeria. We investigated the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of the infection in three communities of Kwara State to ascertain the current status of the disease. Of the 724 urine samples screened, using filtration method, 332 (45.6%) school-aged children were infected with average intensity and mean population eggs load of 127.9 eggs/10 ml of urine and 0.794, respectively. Prevalence and intensity of infection varied with communities: high in Ajase-Ipo (57.1%; X = 100.7 ± 23.01 eggs/10 ml) and low in Shonga (37.5%; X = 91.4 ± 78.0). Infection was significantly (P<0.05) higher in males (50.8%) than the females (42.4%). Similarly, infection significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing age. Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors revealed that lack of portable drinking water (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 4.76; 95% CI = 2.64–5.98), unemployment (aOR = 2.23; 1.87–2.294), lack of knowledge of infection (aOR = 2.16; 0.59–3.83), and frequent contact with contaminated water bodies (aOR = 2.01; 1.45–2.70) were important predictors of urinary schistosomiasis. Therefore, continuous evaluation of the intervention strategies that address risk factors must compliment Mass Drug Administration to curtail the transmission and debilitating health consequences of infection in endemic settings.
Sensitivity of Emissions to Uncertainties in Residual Gas Fraction Measurements in Automotive Engines: A Numerical Study
Authors: Aithal S. M.
Published: May 2018

Initial conditions of the working fluid (air-fuel mixture) within an engine cylinder, namely, mixture composition and temperature, greatly affect the combustion characteristics and emissions of an engine. In particular, the percentage of residual gas fraction (RGF) in the engine cylinder can significantly alter the temperature and composition of the working fluid as compared with the air-fuel mixture inducted into the engine, thus affecting engine-out emissions. Accurate measurement of the RGF is cumbersome and expensive, thus making it hard to accurately characterize the initial mixture composition and temperature in any given engine cycle. This uncertainty can lead to challenges in accurately interpreting experimental emissions data and in implementing real-time control strategies. Quantifying the effects of the RGF can have important implications for the diagnostics and control of internal combustion engines. This paper reports on the use of a well-validated, two-zone quasi-dimensional model to compute the engine-out NO and CO emission in a gasoline engine. The effect of varying the RGF on the emissions under lean, near-stoichiometric, and rich engine conditions was investigated. Numerical results show that small uncertainties (~2–4%) in the measured/computed values of the RGF can significantly affect the engine-out NO/CO emissions.
Characterization of In Vivo Retinal Lesions of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Karst Sonja G. , Lammer Jan , Radwan Salma H. , Kwak Hanna , Silva Paolo S. , Burns Stephen A. , Aiello Lloyd Paul , Sun Jennifer K.
Published: May 2018

Purpose. To characterize hallmark diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions utilizing adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and to compare AOSLO findings with those on standard imaging techniques. Methods. Cross-sectional study including 35 eyes of 34 study participants. AOSLO confocal and multiply scattered light (MSL) imaging were performed in eyes with DR. Color fundus photographs (CF), infrared images of the macula (Spectralis, Heidelberg), and Spectralis spectral domain optical coherence tomography SDOCT B-scans of each lesion were obtained and registered to corresponding AOSLO images. Main Outcome Measures. Individual lesion characterization by AOSLO imaging. AOSLO appearance was compared with CF and SDOCT imaging. Results. Characterized lesions encompassed 52 microaneurysms (MA), 20 intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), 7 neovascularization (NV), 11 hard exudates (HE), 5 dot/blot hemorrhages (HEM), 4 cotton wool spots (CWS), and 14 intraretinal cysts. AOSLO allowed assessment of perfusion in vascular lesions and enabled the identification of vascular lesions that could not be visualized on CF or SDOCT. Conclusions. AOSLO imaging provides detailed, noninvasive in vivo visualization of DR lesions enhancing the assessment of morphological characteristics. These unique AOSLO attributes may enable new insights into the pathological changes of DR in response to disease onset, development, regression, and response to therapy.
A Kalman-Filter-Based Common Algorithm Approach for Object Detection in Surgery Scene to Assist Surgeon’s Situation Awareness in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Ryu Jiwon , Moon Youngjin , Choi Jaesoon , Kim Hee Chan
Published: May 2018

Although the use of the surgical robot is rapidly expanding for various medical treatments, there still exist safety issues and concerns about robot-assisted surgeries due to limited vision through a laparoscope, which may cause compromised situation awareness and surgical errors requiring rapid emergency conversion to open surgery. To assist surgeon’s situation awareness and preventive emergency response, this study proposes situation information guidance through a vision-based common algorithm architecture for automatic detection and tracking of intraoperative hemorrhage and surgical instruments. The proposed common architecture comprises the location of the object of interest using feature texture, morphological information, and the tracking of the object based on Kalman filter for robustness with reduced error. The average recall and precision of the instrument detection in four prostate surgery videos were 96% and 86%, and the accuracy of the hemorrhage detection in two prostate surgery videos was 98%. Results demonstrate the robustness of the automatic intraoperative object detection and tracking which can be used to enhance the surgeon’s preventive state recognition during robot-assisted surgery.
Characterization and Analysis of Ultrathin CIGS Films and Solar Cells Deposited by 3-Stage Process
Authors: Rajan Grace , Aryal Krishna , Karki Shankar , Aryal Puruswottam , Collins Robert W. , Marsillac Sylvain
Published: May 2018

In view of the large-scale utilization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells for photovoltaic application, it is of interest not only to enhance the conversion efficiency but also to reduce the thickness of the CIGS absorber layer in order to reduce the cost and improve the solar cell manufacturing throughput. In situ and real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been used conjointly with ex situ characterizations to understand the properties of ultrathin CIGS films. This enables monitoring the growth process, analyzing the optical properties of the CIGS films during deposition, and extracting composition, film thickness, grain size, and surface roughness which can be corroborated with ex situ measurements. The fabricated devices were characterized using current voltage and quantum efficiency measurements and modeled using a 1-dimensional solar cell device simulator. An analysis of the diode parameters indicates that the efficiency of the thinnest cells was restricted not only by limited light absorption, as expected, but also by a low fill factor and open-circuit voltage, explained by an increased series resistance, reverse saturation current, and diode quality factor, associated with an increased trap density.
Association of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D with Liver Cancer Incidence and Chronic Liver Disease Mortality in Finnish Male Smokers of the ATBC Study
Authors: Lai Gabriel Y. , Wang Jian-Bing , Weinstein Stephanie J. , Parisi Dominick , Horst Ronald L. , McGlynn Katherine A. , Männistö Satu , Albanes Demetrius , Freedman Neal D.
Published: May 2018

Background: Although circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were linked to liver cancer and chronic liver disease (CLD) in laboratory studies, few epidemiologic studies have addressed the associations.

Methods: Within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, we measured 25(OH)D in baseline serum of 202 incident liver cancer cases and 225 CLD deaths that occurred during nearly 25 years of follow-up, and 427 controls. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. We examined predetermined clinically defined cut-points, and season-specific and season-standardized quartiles.

Results: Low serum 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with higher risk of liver cancer (<25 nmol/L vs. ≥50 nmol/L: 1.98; 95% CI, 1.22–3.20; Ptrend across categories = 0.003) and CLD mortality (1.93; 95% CI, 1.23–3.03; Ptrend = 0.006) in models adjusted for age and date of blood draw. After additional adjustment for body mass index, diabetes, smoking, and other potential confounders, the association remained statistically significant for liver cancer (1.91; 95% CI, 1.16–3.15; Ptrend = 0.008), but was somewhat attenuated for CLD mortality (1.67; 95% CI, 1.02–2.75; Ptrend = 0.05). Associations were similar for analyses using season-specific and season-standardized quartiles, and after excluding participants with diabetes, or hepatitis B or C.

Conclusions: Our results suggest a possible preventive role for vitamin D against liver cancer and CLD, although the importance of the liver for vitamin D metabolism and the lack of information about underlying liver disease makes reverse causality a concern.

Impact: Future studies are needed to evaluate associations of vitamin D with liver cancer and liver disease in other populations, particularly those with a different constellation of risk factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(9); 1075–82. ©2018 AACR.
A Randomized Phase II Open-Label Multi-Institution Study of the Combination of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib Compared to Sorafenib in the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Thomas Melanie B. , Garrett-Mayer Elizabeth , Anis Munazza , Anderton Kate , Bentz Tricia , Edwards Andie , Brisendine Alan , Weiss Geoffrey , Siegel Abby B. , Bendell Johanna , Baron Ari , Duddalwar Vinay , El-Khoueiry Anthony
Published: May 2018

Objectives: To investigate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the combination of bevacizumab (B) and erlotinib (E) compared to sorafenib (S) as first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: A total of 90 patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class A–B7 cirrhosis, and no prior systemic therapy were randomly assigned (1: 1) to receive either 10 mg/kg B intravenously every 14 days and 150 mg E orally daily (n = 47) (B+E) or 400 mg S orally twice daily (n = 43). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included event-free survival (EFS), objective response rate based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1), time to progression, and safety and tolerability. Results: The median OS was 8.55 months (95% CI: 7.00–13.9) for patients treated with B+E and 8.55 months (95% CI: 5.69–12.2) for patients receiving S. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.57–1.47). The median EFS was 4.37 months (95% CI: 2.99–7.36) for patients receiving B+E and 2.76 months (95% CI: 1.84–4.80) for patients receiving S. The HR for EFS was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42–1.07; p = 0.09), favoring B+E over S. When OS was assessed among patients who were Child-Pugh class A, the median OS was 11.4 months (95% CI: 7.5–15.7) for patients treated with B+E (n = 39) and 10.26 months (95% CI: 5.9–13.0) for patients treated with S (n = 38) (HR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.53–1.46). Conclusions: There was no difference in efficacy between the B+E and S arms, although the safety and tolerability profile tended to favor B+E over S based on competing risk analysis.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History
Authors: Miller Walter L.
Published: May 2018

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to homeostasis, stress responses, energy metabolism, and neuropsychiatric function. The history of this complex system involves discovery of the relevant glands (adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus), hormones (cortisol, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone), and the receptors for these hormones. The adrenal and pituitary were identified by classical anatomists, but most of this history has taken place rather recently, and has involved complex chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and clinical investigation. The integration of the HPA axis with modern neurology and psychiatry has cemented the role of endocrinology in contemporary studies of behavior.
Quedas em internamento hospitalar – causas, consequências e custos: estudo de caso numa unidade hospitalar de Lisboa
Authors: Romão Ana Lúcia , Nunes Susana
Published: May 2018

Os gastos com a saúde em Portugal aumentaram significativamente nas últimas décadas, apesar de um esforço de contenção desde 2009. As quedas de doentes são episódios frequentes nos internamentos de qualquer Unidade Hospitalar, que podem originar lesões, hospitalizações mais prolongadas, atraso na reabilitação e aumento de custos para o serviço. A presente investigação tem por objetivo analisar quais as causas, consequências e custos de episódios de quedas notificadas com lesão, de doentes internados numa Unidade Hospitalar de Lisboa, com natureza de entidade pública. Utiliza-se uma abordagem quantitativa, do tipo correlacional-preditivo-transversal, através de uma análise retrospetiva de 153 notificações de incidentes de quedas com lesão, durante o ano de 2013. A grande maioria dos doentes tinha idade compreendida entre 71 e 85 anos, sendo a média da idade de 72 anos. O principal motivo que levou à queda foi a busca da satisfação das suas necessidades fisiológicas (47,7%), com probabilidade de ter sido provocada pelo estado de saúde do doente (67,3%), com maior incidência de escoriações e hematomas (em igual número 28,1%). Os casos de quedas com um nível de lesão moderado e grave são os que representam um maior valor médio dos custos, sendo as lesões graves de origem ortopédica as que acarretaram maiores custos para a Unidade Hospitalar.