bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary of ISO/TC 201 standard: XXXIII, ISO 18115:2001/Amd. 2:2007—Surface Chemical Analysis—Vocabulary—Amendment 2
Authors: Seah M. P.
Published: October 2008

This International Standard adds a further 87 terms to this Vocabulary series, many for secondary ion mass spectrometry, elastic peak electron spectroscopy and reflected electron energy loss spectroscopy, together with 76 acronyms for scanned probes, 33 definitions of scanned probe techniques, 6 terms for contact mechanics and 147 terms for concepts in scanned probe analysis. This brings the total number of terms and acronyms to over 750 in these documents. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Etching characteristics of GaN by plasma chemical vaporization machining
Authors: Nakahama Yasuji , Kanetsuki Norio , Funaki Takeshi , Kadono Masaru , Sano Yasuhisa , Yamamura Kazuya , Endo Katsuyoshi , Mori Yuzo
Published: October 2008

A high‐quality bulk gallium nitride (GaN) substrate, which is suitable for high‐quality homoepitaxial growth, is indispensable for realizing high‐performance GaN devices. With improvement in the quality of the bulk GaN substrate, the removal of subsurface damage induced during surface polishing has become increasingly necessary. To remove the subsurface damage from the bulk GaN substrate, a chemical finishing method that does not produce further damage is required. We applied plasma chemical vaporization machining (CVM) to remove the subsurface damage from the bulk GaN substrate. In this study, we investigated the etching characteristics of GaN by plasma CVM applying atmospheric pressure Cl2/He plasma. The maximum removal rate in the depth direction by plasma CVM was 9100 nm/min, which is seven times greater than that of reactive ion etching (RIE). The activation energy in plasma CVM was estimated to be 2.1 kcal/mol, which is 1.75 times greater than that in RIE. It is supposed that some of the energy required for the removal reaction in RIE is supplied by ion bombardment, but plasma CVM depends on only a chemical reaction without high‐energy ion collision. This result suggests that plasma CVM is a finishing method that causes less subsurface damage than RIE. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-term peritoneal dialysis and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in children
Authors: Honda Masataka , Warady Bradley A.
Published: October 2008

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is the most serious complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD), with a mortality rate that exceeds 30%. There have been many reports of the incidence of EPS being strongly correlated to the duration of PD. Patients on PD for longer than 5 years, and especially those receiving this treatment for more than 8 years, should undergo careful and repeated surveillance for risk factors associated with the development of EPS. The development of ultrafiltration failure, a high dialysate/plasma creatinine ratio, as determined by the peritoneal equilibration test, peritoneal calcification, a persistently elevated C-reactive protein level, and severe peritonitis in patients on PD for longer than 8 years are signals that should prompt the clinician to consider terminating PD as a possible means of preventing the development of EPS. The impact of the newer, biocompatible PD solutions on the incidence of EPS has not yet been determined.
Expression and Characterization of CYP51, the Ancient Sterol 14‐demethylase Activity for Cytochromes P450 (CYP), in the White‐Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Authors: Warrilow Andrew , Ugochukwu Cynthia , Lamb David , Kelly Diane , Kelly Steven
Published: October 2008

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was the first fungal genome to exhibit more than one hundred cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes for a fungus within its genome (~150). It can metabolize lignocellulose and a wide range of environmental xenobiotics including many carcinogens and pollutants where cytochromes P450 may be involved. In the present paper we describe the heterologous expression and characterization of an ancestral CYP form, sterol 14α‐demethylase (CYP51—EC1.14.13.70), from this organism. CYP51 was cloned from a cDNA library and expressed in both Escherichia coli, where it exhibited high affinity for azole antifungals, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proof of function was observed by complementation of a conditional knock‐down mutant of yeast CYP51. The CYP51 gene was found to be 1,956 bases long and contained 7 exons and 6 introns coding for a polypeptide 550 amino acids long (62 kDa). The CYP51 protein exhibited high affinity (kd 0.25–0.45 μM) for azole antifungal compounds.
Oolichan Grease: A Unique Marine Lipid and Dietary Staple of the North Pacific Coast
Authors: Phinney Stephen D. , Wortman James A. , Bibus Douglas
Published: October 2008

Oolichan grease, a dietary fat prepared from smelt‐like fish, is highly prized by north Pacific coast aboriginal cultures. The composition of oolichan grease is unclear, with one report indicating a high 22:6n‐3 content consistent with cold‐water marine oils, but another reporting a much lower value. We noted that oolichan grease remains solid up to 15 °C, suggesting a low polyunsaturate content. After extracting total lipids from four fresh oolichan fish and four samples of grease, fatty acids were quantitated by high resolution gas chromatography (GC), as were additional samples of fish lipid and grease that were fractionated into triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), and free fatty acids by thin‐layer chromatography. In contradistinction to one prior report, we found EPA and DHA in fresh fish total lipids to be 0.9 and 2.2 wt%, respectively, while in the extracted grease, both were reduced to 0.5 wt%. Only the fresh fish PL fraction contained appreciable DHA. The bulk of the grease consisted of saturated fatty acids (30.3 wt%) and mono‐unsaturates (55.0 wt%), explaining its high melting point. Excepting its very low omega‐6 content (<2 wt%), oolichan grease is quite similar in composition to human adipose TG. Its solid state at environmental temperatures and low peroxidizability index made it suitable for storage and transport, explaining its status as a preferred trade item among regional aboriginal groups.
PspA can form large scaffolds in Escherichia coli
Authors: Standar Kerstin , Mehner Denise , Osadnik Hendrik , Berthelmann Felix , Hause Gerd , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Brüser Thomas
Published: October 2008

The phage shock protein A (PspA) of Escherichia coli stabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane under stress conditions. Here we demonstrate that PspA can form hollow spherical or prolate spheroidal particles of about 30–40 nm diameter with a scaffold‐like arrangement of protein subunits at the surface. The ‘PspA‐scaffold’ is the basic structure that is common to all particles. The PspA‐scaffold may be of fundamental importance, as it could allow PspA to stabilize the integrity of membranes through numerous contact points over a large surface area.
Multiple pregnancy: Legal and ethical issues
Authors: Dickens Bernard M. , Cook Rebecca J.
Published: October 2008

Multiple pregnancy is increasingly considered a complication of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ovarian stimulation for natural fertilization. Harms to fetuses, newborn and older children, mothers, families, and healthcare systems are encouraging single embryo transfer. When patients knowingly accept multiple pregnancy risks from IVF or ovarian stimulation, they are unlikely to succeed in litigation against healthcare providers for wrongful pregnancy or wrongful birth. More challenging are impaired children's claims for “wrongful life.” These are unlikely to succeed against parents, but courts are ambivalent to claims against healthcare providers. Historically, courts rejected these claims, under the principle that live birth is not a legal injury. European and other courts, however, have been more sympathetic to these claims. Multiple pregnancy treated by fetal reduction is not usually found to offend abortion laws. This poses ethical concerns, however, of “lifeboat ethics,” involving how fetal reduction choices are made.
Free will in consumer behavior: Self‐control, ego depletion, and choice
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Sparks Erin A. , Stillman Tyler F. , Vohs Kathleen D.
Published: October 2008

Consumer behavior offers a useful window on human nature, through which many distinctively human patterns of cognition and behavior can be observed. Consumer behavior should therefore be of central interest to a broad range of psychologists. These patterns include much of what is commonly understood as free will. Our approach to understanding free will sidesteps metaphysical and theological debates. Belief in free will is pervasive in human social life and contributes to its benefits. Evolution endowed humans with a new form of action control, which is what people understand by free will. Its complexity and flexibility are suited to the distinctively human forms of social life in culture, with its abstract rules, expanded time span, diverse interdependent roles, and other sources of opportunities and constraints. Self‐control, planful action, and rational choice are vital forms of free will in this sense. The capacity for self‐control and intelligent decision making involves a common, limited resource that uses the body's basic energy supply. When this resource is depleted, self‐control fails and decision making is impaired.
Degrees of freedom of will: An essential endless question in consumer behavior
Authors: Mick David Glen
Published: October 2008

Baumeister, Sparks, Stillman, and Vohs [Baumeister, R. F., Sparks, E. A., Stillman, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2008). Free will in consumer behavior: Self‐control, ego depletion, and choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology] provide new insights on consumer free will by linking it to self‐regulation within the context of culture, the market system, and ego depletion. They imply that free will is strong and widespread, as consumers set their goals and budgets and choose products and brands according to self‐interests. However, the article gives little attention to the forces that substantially constrain consumer free will. These include the structure and power of international corporations, the role of socioeconomic status and biography, and the 24/7, high‐speed, multitasking, hyperchoice lifestyle of millions of people. I identify some consumer behaviors that appear higher in free will than brand choices per se. I then outline additional research on belief in free will, the experience of free will, the association between wisdom and free will, and the roles of nonconscious factors and marketplace metacognition in exercising free will.
Should we ask our children about sex, drugs, and rock & roll? A different conclusion
Authors: Sherman Steven J.
Published: October 2008

Fitzsimons and Moore argue that survey questions for adolescents concerning risky behaviors can increase the degree to which participants will adopt those behaviors. This outcome is likely to be true for behaviors about which adolescents have negative explicit attitudes but positive implicit attitudes. Such a conclusion is extremely important for the health of research participants, for researchers, and for the field in general. I argue that it is premature to accept these conclusions, raising questions about process issues as well as conceptual, methodological, and empirical issues.
The question‐behavior effect from an action control perspective
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Oettingen Gabriele
Published: October 2008

The question‐behavior effect is discussed by taking an action control perspective. With respect to the determinants of the effect, it is asked whether its strength is dependent on the features of the behaviors at issue (e.g., difficulty), how the question targets the critical behaviors (e.g., in terms of attitudes or intentions, frequency or intensity), and in which context it is asked. With respect to the psychological processes, it is questioned whether the activation of positive implicit attitudes underlies the effect. Finally, to counter unwanted question‐behavior effects on risky behaviors, an intervention treatment geared at blocking such effects is suggested that is based on the self‐regulation of goal setting (by mental contrasting; Oettingen, 2000) and goal implementation (by forming if‐then plans; Gollwitzer, 1999).
Consumer response to brand extensions: Construal level as a moderator of the importance of perceived fit
Authors: Kim Hakkyun , John Deborah Roedder
Published: October 2008

One of the most enduring findings from branding research is that consumers evaluate brand extensions on the basis of their perceived fit with the parent brand. In this article, we propose that the importance of perceived fit in extension evaluations is moderated by construal level. We draw upon construal level theory, which posits that individuals can construe stimuli in their environments in terms of abstract and generalized features (high‐level construals) or in terms of concrete and contextualized features (low‐level construals). Results from three studies confirm that consumers who construe their environment at a higher level place more importance on perceived extension fit in evaluating brand extensions. These consumers evaluate high fit extensions more favorably than moderate fit extensions, consistent with prior research. However, consumers who construe their environment at a lower level do not evaluate high and moderate fit extensions any differently, unless the importance of using fit perceptions is made salient.
The publicly self‐consciousness consumer: Prepared to be embarrassed
Authors: Lau‐Gesk Loraine , Drolet Aimee
Published: October 2008

This research examined whether high public self‐consciousness (HPUBSC) consumers are more inclined than low public self‐consciousness (LPUBSC) consumers to buy products aimed at preventing embarrassment but which are embarrassing to buy. Study 1 found that PUBSC is positively associated with increased intentions to buy such products. Study 2 showed that an increase in the severity of the social consequences associated with an embarrassing situation increased participants' purchase intentions, regardless of their level of PUBSC. However, whereas an increase in the frequency of an embarrassing situation's occurrence increased the purchase intentions of LPUBSC participants, it decreased the purchase intentions of HPUBSC participants. Study 3 revealed evidence of a reverse spotlight effect for HPUBSC participants.
Embodied constraints as elements in attitude construction
Authors: Smith Eliot R.
Published: October 2008

Simonson holds that non‐constructed “inherent preferences” influence many expressed attitudes as well as behavioral choices. These inherent preferences are not mentally represented, but amount to embodied constraints that (for example) make a person like a new product on an initial encounter. This article situates Simonson's argument in the social–psychological literature on attitudes. Existing evidence does suggest that people sometimes are surprised by their evaluations of experiences (failures of affective forecasting). However, the problematic concept of non‐constructed inherent preferences need not be invoked to explain such effects; existing models of the role of direct experience in attitudes are adequate.
Visual and verbal information processing in a consumer context: Further considerations
Authors: Wyer Robert S. , Jiang Yuwei , Hung Iris W.
Published: October 2008

Among the many provocative comments on the paper by Wyer, R.S., Hung, I.W., & Jiang, Y.W. (2008) Visual and verbal processing strategies in comprehension and judgment. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 18. are concerns about (a) the relation of the conceptualization proposed to more general theoretical formulations of information processing, (b) the consistency of this conceptualization with current knowledge about brain functioning, (c) its implications for other, unmentioned areas of consumer decision making, and (d) the measurement of individual differences in visual and verbal processing strategies. We attempt to respond to these concerns and, in some cases, to elaborate their implications.
Alternaria species infection in nine domestic cats
Authors: Dye Charlotte , Johnson Elizabeth M. , Gruffydd-Jones Timothy J.
Published: October 2008

A case series of nine domestic cats with culture-confirmed Alternaria species infection is presented, with conclusions drawn regarding signalment, clinical signs, treatment and outcome. Middle aged neutered males were over-represented and all presented with cutaneous lesions involving the extremities (nose, pinnae and digits). Lesions were mainly slow-growing, poorly circumscribed nodules or plaques but some also presented as non-healing wounds. A combination of surgical excision with adjunctive medical therapy appeared to be the most successful treatment option but long courses of medical therapy were generally required and recurrence was common.
Prevalence of and risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in Hong Kong
Authors: De Wet Cornelia S. , Mooney Carmel T. , Thompson Peter N. , Schoeman Johan P.
Published: October 2008

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and potential risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in Hong Kong. Serum total thyroxine (T4) was measured in 305 cats aged 10 years and older that presented at various veterinary clinics in Hong Kong. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism (T4>50 nmol/l) within this population was 3.93% and there was no significant difference in prevalence between healthy (3.16%) and sick (4.37%) cats. Older cats (>15 years) were more likely to be affected and domestic shorthair cats were less likely to be diagnosed with hyperthyroidism than the other breeds combined. No specific association between the development of feline hyperthyroidism and food type was observed. The prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism in Hong Kong was less than that reported for most other parts of the world, despite the presence of previously identified risk factors.
Construal Levels and Psychological Distance: Effects on Representation, Prediction, Evaluation, and Behavior
Authors: Trope Yaacov , Liberman Nira , Wakslak Cheryl
Published: October 2008

Construal level theory (CLT) is an account of how psychological distance influences individuals’ thoughts and behavior. CLT assumes that people mentally construe objects that are psychologically near in terms of low‐level, detailed, and contextualized features, whereas at a distance they construe the same objects or events in terms of high‐level, abstract, and stable characteristics. Research has shown that different dimensions of psychological distance (time, space, social distance, and hypotheticality) affect mental construal and that these construals, in turn, guide prediction, evaluation, and behavior. The present paper reviews this research and its implications for consumer psychology.
Seeing the Forest or the Trees: Implications of Construal Level Theory for Consumer Choice
Authors: Dhar Ravi , Kim Eunice Y.
Published: October 2008

Like many important theories that were originally tested in one domain, construal level theory has broadened the notion of temporal distance to psychological distance and examined the wide ranging implications of this construct on evaluation and behavior. This commentary seeks to take a step back to admire the “forest” that has been created and suggest additional extensions and implications along the different stages of consumer decision making: goal pursuit, evaluation by way of consideration‐set formation and receptivity, and finally choice influenced by context, comparability of options, and post‐choice happiness and regret.
Construal Level Theory as an Integrative Framework for Behavioral Decision‐Making Research and Consumer Psychology
Authors: Fiedler Klaus
Published: October 2008

In this comment to Trope, Liberman and Makslak's lead article, I refrain from any attempt to review or recapitulate the growing body of research in social psychology in general and in consumer science in particular that is explicitly devoted to construal level theory (CLT). Rather, granting the status of CLT as a leading contemporary theory, with rich implications and applications in consumer science, I concentrate on recent phenomena in judgment and decision making for which CLT provides an implicit account. Specifically, CLT affords an integrative framework for understanding a whole variety of preference reversals—a major challenge for students of consumer behavior.
Construal Level Theory and Consumer Behavior
Authors: Liberman Nira , Trope Yaacov , Wakslak Cheryl
Published: October 2008

The three commentaries on our paper “Construal Levels and Psychological Distance: Effects on Representation, Prediction, Evaluation, and Behavior” offer insightful theoretical extensions and practical applications of construal level theory (CLT). We were inspired and challenged by the commentaries to elaborate on a number of issues, although our elaboration more often raises questions and speculations than provides definite answers. Owing to space limitations, however, we could discuss only some of the issues raised in the commentaries. The first set of issues concerns our theoretical framework, namely, similarities and differences among distance dimensions, the question of additional distances, the nature of the interaction among distances, and the relationship between psychological distance and construct of stimulus information sampling. The second set of issues concerns applications of CLT to consumer choice, namely, how to make better decisions, the nature of regret, and how people construct and process choice sets.
Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: The Appraisal‐Tendency Framework
Authors: Han Seunghee , Lerner Jennifer S. , Keltner Dacher
Published: October 2008

This article presents the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework (ATF; Lerner & Keltner, 2000, 2001; Lerner & Tiedens, 2006) as a basis for predicting the influence of specific emotions on consumer decision making. In particular, the ATF addresses how and why specific emotions carry over from past situations to color future judgments and choices. After reviewing the main assumptions and the 5 main principles of the framework, 2 streams of research are presented. One stream addresses emotional carryover effects on the assessment of risk; the other addresses carryover effects on the assessment of monetary value. Because risk assessment and value assessment are fundamental psychological processes, understanding them has the potential to yield manifold implications for consumer judgment and decision making. The concluding sections highlight limitations and future directions of the framework.
Appraising the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework
Authors: Cavanaugh Lisa A. , Bettman James R. , Luce Mary Frances , Payne John W.
Published: October 2008

This article considers the consumer research implications of the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework (ATF; Han, Lerner, & Keltner, 2007). This article outlines how the ATF approach could be applied to sequential consumer choices (e.g., effects of emotional responses to stockouts on later decisions) and high‐stakes decisions (e.g., medical decisions). This article also proposes several areas in which the ATF might be extended: examining complex sequences of choices with emotional consequences, considering how incidental and integral emotions interact, characterizing how both evaluative and regulatory mechanisms may influence the effects of emotion on judgment and choice, and extending the range of positive emotions and appraisal dimensions considered.
Predicting Happiness: How Normative Feeling Rules Influence (and Even Reverse) Durability Bias
Authors: Wood Stacy L. , Bettman James R.
Published: October 2008

Consumers’ purchase decisions are often influenced by a simple assessment of how long they expect an anticipated purchase (e.g., buying a sports car or a new outfit) will make them happy. Unfortunately, affective forecasts are prone to durability bias (i.e., the overes‐timation of the duration of felt emotions in response to a future event). Here, this article suggests that normative beliefs, or “feeling rules,” often underlie emotion forecasts. This account suggests that affective forecasts can be influenced by external normative communications and that conditions exist where affect duration may be underestimated rather than overestimated—thus demonstrating a reversal of durability bias. Such reversals occur when existing norms advocate attenuated emotional responses (e.g., one should not be overly impacted by minor setbacks or small imperfections). This article discusses how marketers can influence consumers’ happiness forecasts by modifying salient norms for consumer groups or product categories.
Self‐Image Motives and Consumer Behavior: How Sacrosanct Self‐Beliefs Sway Preferences in the Marketplace
Authors: Dunning David
Published: October 2008

This article reviews social cognitive research suggesting that people shape their beliefs and judgments of the social world to maintain sacrosanct beliefs of the self as a capable, lovable, and moral individual. This article then argues that consumer behavior might similarly be designed to bolster positive self‐views and then discusses the potential role played by these self‐image motives in recently documented consumer behavior phenomena (e.g., endowment, compensation, affirmation, and licensing effects). This article then articulates some questions for future research if one presumes that consumer decision making, at least in part, strives to harmonize preferences with bedrock beliefs that the self is an able and principled person.
Purchase and Consumption Habits: Not Necessarily What You Intend
Authors: Ji Mindy F. , Wood Wendy
Published: October 2008

Purchase and consumption behaviors in daily life often are repetitive and performed in customary places, leading consumers to develop habits. When habits have formed, environmental cues can activate the practiced responses in the absence of conscious decision making. This research tested these ideas using a longitudinal design. We predicted that regardless of their explicit intentions, consumers would repeat habits to purchase fast food, watch TV news, and take the bus. The results yielded the anticipated pattern in which participants repeated habitual behaviors even if they reported intentions to do otherwise. Intentions only guided behavior in the absence of strong habits. This study ruled out a number of artifactual accounts for these findings including that they arise from the level of abstraction at which intentions are identified, the certainty with which participants held intentions, a restriction of range in the measures, and the strategy participants used to estimate frequency of past performance.
Analyzing the effect of information format and task on cutoff search strategies
Authors: Sethuraman Raj , Cole Catherine , Jain Dipak
Published: October 2008

An analytical framework is presented that specifies optimal search strategies when consumers use cutoff decision rules when information is formatted by brand or attribute and when the task is either screening alternatives or choosing the first acceptable alternative. The results show that formatting effects determine optimal processing strategies for screening but not for satisficing choice tasks. A laboratory experiment was conducted to test the validity of the analytical results. Most results were validated. However, under certain conditions, consumers use brand processing in choice tasks even when the analytical model predicts attribute processing. Results from a follow‐up study suggest that this deviation occurs because brand processors have different subjective search costs than attribute processors.
Mundane Consumption and the Self: A Social‐Identity Perspective
Authors: Kleine Robert E. , Kleine Susan Schultz , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: October 2008

The self—a sense of who and what we are—is suggested as an organizing construct through which people's everyday activities can be understood. Life's mundane tasks and the consumer behaviors necessary to enact them are cast in a perspective of self little used by consumer psychologists—social—identity theory. Two structural modeling studies in support of the perspective are reported. The results of the first one imply that people use products to enact one of their social identities and that products relate only indirectly to the overall or global self. The second study indicates that the frequency with which activities are performed depends on the salience of the identity they represent and that such salience, in turn, depends on several enabling factors. Taken together, the studies provide theoretical support for the common‐sense notion that we are attracted to products that are consistent with, and that enable the enactment of, the various social identities which make up our sense of self; the more important an identity to us, the more attractive its associated products.
Consumer decision making for common, repeat‐purchase products: A dual replication
Authors: Leong Siew Meng
Published: October 2008

Two notable studies (Hoyer, 1984; Hoyer & Brown, 1990) examining the use of heuristics for common, repeatedly purchased products are replicated and extended. The findings indicate the robustness in the employment of simple choice tactics by consumers of different cultures and for different product classes. They also suggest that one such tactic, brand awareness, affected both initial and subsequent brand selections. Implications of the research and its findings are discussed.
The role of thematic congruence between a mood‐inducing event and an advertised product in determining the effects of mood on brand attitudes
Authors: Howard Daniel J. , Barry Thomas E.
Published: October 2008

We report the results of two experiments that examine the role of thematic congruence between a mood‐inducing event and an advertised product in determining the effects of mood on brand attitudes. Under incongruent conditions (manipulating mood using a sports stimulus followed by exposure to a casual shoe or casual shorts ad), positive mood affected attitudes by reducing the processing of ad message information. Under congruent conditions (manipulating mood using a sports stimulus followed by exposure to an athletic shoe or athletic shorts ad), positive mood affected attitudes by facilitating the processing of ad message information. The results suggest that whether positive mood reduces or facilitates message processing depends on the relation between how mood is manipulated and the topical areas for which the effects of mood are examined.
Comparative judgments of numerical and verbal attribute labels
Authors: Viswanathan Madhubalan , Narayanan Sunder
Published: October 2008

Consumers often compare brands on specific product attributes using numerical and verbal information. We report three experiments that examined comparisons of pairs of numerical and verbal labels describing product attributes. Past psychological findings on the speed of comparisons, the effect of distances between pairs of labels being compared, and the effect of task instructions were assessed in a product attribute context. Consistent with earlier work, numerical label pairs were judged faster than either verbal pairs or numerical/verbal pairs. Evidence of the effects of distance and task instructions was found for numerical/verbal label pairs. However, contrary to past findings, these effects did not occur consistently with either purely verbal or purely numerical pairs. In addition, consumer preference for higher or lower values on an attribute was hypothesized and found to influence comparisons. The findings are interpreted in terms of a psychological model of comparative judgment. Explanations offered for inconsistent findings include the possibility of surface‐level (vs. meaning‐level) processing of the product attribute labels, particularly for numerical label pairs.
Gift‐Wrapping Effects on Product Attitudes: A Mood‐Biasing Explanation
Authors: Howard Daniel J.
Published: October 2008

In four experiments, I examined the effects of gift wrapping on product attitudes. Two questions were addressed. First, does gift wrapping an item have a favorable influence on attitudes toward owning what is received? Results of all four experiments consistently support an affirmative answer to that question. Second, what explains the attitudinal results? I argued that gift wrapping, through repeated pairing with joyous events in people's lives, has utility in cuing a happy mood which, in turn, positively biases attitudes. Results of the last three experiments support this mood biasing position by demonstrating that a happy mood consistently mediates gift‐wrapping effects on attitudes. The results are consistent with an encoding specificity view of mood retrieval and a mood maintenance explanation of attitude formation. The encoding specificity view was supported by finding stronger effects of gift wrapping on mood retrieval in conditions arguably present when the relation between gift wrapping and happy mood was established in the lives of subjects, such as the receipt of a personal gift (Experiment 2), the receipt of a gift wrapped in traditional gift‐wrapping paper (Experiment 3), and the receipt of a gift‐wrapped present on subjects' birthdays (Experiment 4). The mood maintenance process was supported by finding parallel effects of gift wrapping on mood and attitude and by finding the mediational effects of happy mood on attitude strengthened as subjects felt happier. These results are consistent with the premise that the happier the mood, the more subjects sought to maintain that state through the development of favorable attitudes toward owning the gift they received.
The Effects of Program Involvement and Ease of Message Counterarguing on Advertising Persuasiveness
Authors: Anand Punam , Sternthal Brian
Published: October 2008

We investigated the effect of program involvement on the persuasive impact of an advertising message placed within the program. We found that an increase in program involvement enhanced the persuasive impact of an easy‐to‐coun‐terargue advertising message and reduced the impact of a difficult‐to‐coun‐terargue advertising message. These findings suggest that program environments generally have similar effects on the persuasiveness of contiguously presented advertising messages, as have been observed for distractors on concurrent message presentations. The implications of these findings for advertising theory and practice are discussed.
Need for Cognition and Advertising: Understanding the Role of Personality Variables in Consumer Behavior
Authors: Haugtvedt Curtis P. , Petty Richard E. , Cacioppo John T.
Published: October 2008

Three studies were conducted to examine the role of need for cognition on attitudes formed as a result of exposure to advertisements. Prior research on need for cognition has used only long messages, counterattitudinal topics, or employed instructions that specifically told participants to evaluate products. Results of our studies reveal that need for cognition also affects the processes of attitude change when no explicit evaluation instructions are provided and when exposures are to relatively short, unfamiliar advertising messages presented in either self‐paced or externally controlled formats. Consistent with prior research, attitudes of high need for cognition individuals were based more on an evaluation of product attributes than were the attitudes of low need for cognition persons (Studies 1 and 2). In addition, the attitudes of low need for cognition individuals were based more on simple peripheral cues inherent in the ads than were the attitudes of high need for cognition persons (Study 3). Implications for the study of personality variables in consumer behavior are discussed.
On the Development and Strength of Category–Brand Associations in Memory: The Case of Mystery Ads
Authors: Fazio Russell H. , Herr Paul M. , Powell Martha C.
Published: October 2008

The results of an experiment that examined the influence of ad format on memory structure for the brand are presented. Mystery ads (i.e., those in which the brand is not identified until the end of the ad) were found to be more effective in building associations in memory between the product category and the brand than identical ads in which the brand was identified early in the ad. These mystery ads were most effective for novel brands, with which viewers were unfamiliar. A possible mechanism for the process is described, and implications of strong category–brand associations for brand choice are discussed.
Comparative Advertising and Brand Evaluation: Toward Developing a Categorization Approach
Authors: Snyder Rita
Published: October 2008

A categorization model was proposed to account for the effects of direct, indirect, and no comparison advertising on aspects of new brand evaluation. Direct comparisons were hypothesized to promote exemplar‐based processing, and indirect comparisons were hypothesized to promote prototype‐based processing. Evaluation of attributes of the new brand were hypothesized to depend on the type of processing promoted by the comparative ads. Subjects used comparative response scales to evaluate attributes of the new brands relative to a leading brand or “other brands.” Results supported the utility of developing a more formal categorization model. Indirect comparisons resulted in more favorable evaluation of the new brands relative to “other brands” than to the leading brand, whereas direct comparisons resulted in more favorable evaluation relative to both leading and “other brands.” Both kinds of comparative advertising were more effective than noncomparative advertising in promoting favorable evaluations. I concluded that the categorization model may be useful for accounting for effects of different types of comparative advertising, including association of the new brand with positive category attributes and differentiation of the new brand from competitors on evaluative dimensions.
The Role of Parental Socialization Types on Differential Family Communication Patterns Regarding Consumption
Authors: Carlson Les , Grossbart Sanford , Stuenkel J. Kathleen
Published: October 2008

This research provides a theoretical basis for explaining differences among mothers regarding how they communicate consumer skills and knowledge to their children. Socialization theory based on similarities in general parenting tendencies was used to group mothers. These groups provided a rationale for expecting consumer socialization communication differences. Findings suggest that more general socialization types exhibit differences on specific communication dimensions. Specifically, mothers who are restrictive and warm in relationships with children are also more likely to use communication messages that promote monitoring and control of children's consumption activities. Mothers who generally respect and solicit children's opinions also tend to utilize messages that foster the development of consumption decision‐making abilities in children.
The influence of music on consumers' temporal perceptions: Does time fly when you're having fun?
Authors: Kellaris James J. , Kent Robert J.
Published: October 2008

The perceived duration of a time period may be influenced by properties of environmental stimuli that fill the period. Because music is often present in consumer environments, we conducted an experiment to explore the influence of a musical stimulus property (modality) on listeners' estimates of the duration of a time period. Findings suggest that perceptions of duration are influenced by music in a way that contradicts conventional wisdom (i.e., the “time flies when you're having fun” hypothesis). Perceived duration was longest for subjects exposed to positively valenced (major key) music, and shortest for negatively valenced (atonal) music. Thus, time did not fly when an interval was filled with affectively positive stimulation. An alternative hypothesis based on attentional and retrieval processes is supported. Implications for the design of consumer environments and for future research are discussed.
The effect of pictorial distance and the viewer's sociability on ad liking
Authors: Artz Nancy , Tybout Alice M. , Kehret‐Ward Trudy
Published: October 2008

In two experiments we explored how the perceptual distance portrayed in ad pictures affected consumers' ad liking. The findings of Experiment 1 reveal that ads in which pictures depict distant scenes are preferred to those in which pictures provide a close‐up perspective, and that this effect is moderated by sociability such that the advantage of a distant perspective is greater for solitary than for social individuals. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that a distant perspective is preferred because it facilitates thoughtful processing and, thereby, allows both solitary and social individuals to engage in elaboration that reflects their inherent interests. By contrast, a close‐up perspective evokes a more visceral response, which appears to inhibit performing the ad evaluation task.
Direction of comparison, expected feature correlation, and the set‐size effect in preference judgment
Authors: Kardes Frank R. , Sanbonmatsu David M.
Published: October 2008

Consumers often attempt to form a preference between two brands described by differing amounts of information. A set‐size effect in preference judgment is reflected by a preference for the brand described by the larger set of features (the large‐set brand) when the features are all favorable, or a preference for the brand described by the smaller set of features (the small‐set brand) when the features are all unfavorable. Two experiments demonstrate that the set‐size effect in preference judgment is more pronounced when information about the large‐set brand is presented after (vs. before) the presentation of information about the small‐set brand. This effect is reduced when the features unique to the large‐set brand are expected to be correlated with the features shared by both brands (Experiment 2). The findings imply that the amount of information available for judgment (set size), the manner in which features of two objects are compared (direction of comparison; see Tversky, 1977), and the manner in which consumers respond to missing information jointly influence judgmental extremity. Implications of the results for understanding judgment based on limited evidence are discussed.
Estimating genotypes with independently sampled descent graphs
Authors: HENSHALL JOHN M. , TIER BRUCE , KERR RICHARD J.
Published: October 2008

A method for estimating genotypic and identity-by-descent probabilities in complex pedigrees is described. The method consists of an algorithm for drawing independent genotype samples which are consistent with the pedigree and observed genotype. The probability distribution function for samples obtained using the algorithm can be evaluated up to a normalizing constant, and combined with the likelihood to produce a weight for each sample. Importance sampling is then used to estimate genotypic and identity-by-descent probabilities. On small but complex pedigrees, the genotypic probability estimates are demonstrated to be empirically unbiased. On large complex pedigrees, while the algorithm for obtaining genotype samples is feasible, importance sampling may require an infeasible number of samples to estimate genotypic probabilities with accuracy.
Population bottleneck and effective size in Bonamia ostreae-resistant populations of Ostrea edulis as inferred by microsatellite markers
Authors: LAUNEY SOPHIE , BARRE MARC , GERARD ANDRE , NACIRI-GRAVEN YAMAMA
Published: October 2008

Genetic variability at five microsatellite loci was analysed in three hatchery-propagated populations of the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. These populations were part of a selection programme for resistance to the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae and were produced by mass spawns, without control of the genealogy. Evidence for population bottlenecks and inbreeding was sought. A reduction in the number of alleles, mainly due to the loss of rare alleles, was observed in all selected populations, relative to the natural population from which they were derived. Heterozygote excesses were observed in two populations, and were attributed to substructuring of the population into a small number of families. Pedigree reconstruction showed that these two populations were produced by at most two spawning events involving a limited number of parents. Most individuals within these populations are half or full-sib, as shown by relatedness coefficients. The occurrence of population bottlenecks was supported by estimates of effective number of breeders derived by three methods: temporal variance in allelic frequencies, heterozygote excess, and a new method based on reduction in the number of alleles. The estimates from the different methods were consistent. The evidence for bottleneck and small effective number of breeders are expected to lead to increasing inbreeding, and have important consequences for the future management of the three O. edulis selected populations.
Beauty, Whiteness, and Desire: Media, Consumption, and Embodiment in Egypt
Authors: Ghannam Farha
Published: October 2008

What is the relationship among gender, embodiment, and consumption? How does the media constitute consumers, desires, and subjectivities? How are we to conceptualize the role of media representations in the making of bodies and selves without granting these representations a deterministic power? These questions were central to my anthropological work on the embodiment of femininities and masculinities in a low-income neighborhood in northern Cairo.
The Relationship between Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: Testing Ahmed Midhat Efendi's Hypothesis
Authors: Geyikdagi V. Necla
Published: October 2008

“Jack of all trades” Ahmed Midhat Efendi, one of the most famous and popular Ottoman writers of the 19th century, ranged widely in his subject matter, which included economics. Although he was criticized for not having a proper education in the field, his independent thinking made him the most important critic of the laissez-faire system that prevailed in the Ottoman Empire. He disapproved of the liberalism transferred from the West in a normative framework.
Pensée 3: A Sectarian Middle East?
Authors: Davis Eric
Published: October 2008

The problem of “Middle East exceptionalism” is perhaps nowhere as apparent as in the study of Middle East politics, particularly its purported sectarian nature. Our understanding of Middle East politics suffers less from the lack of empirical data than the poverty of the conceptual and theoretical frameworks through which it is studied. Unlike other non-Western regions, the Middle East continues to be analyzed through a conceptual prism that has changed little since the collapse of colonial rule.
Pensée 4: Moving Beyond Orientalist Fantasy, Sectarian Polemic, and Nationalist Denial
Authors: Makdisi Ussama
Published: October 2008

The notion of sectarianism can be useful in understanding the Middle East. As in India and Ireland, sectarian (or communal) identities have been crucial to the elaboration of modern politics in many parts of the region. Unlike India and Ireland today, however, the Middle East is subject to American domination. The result is that the study of Middle Eastern sectarianism is extraordinarily politicized. As scholars struggle to study sectarianism in such a climate, they need to recognize—and, ideally, find a way to move beyond—several problematic assumptions.