bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI TERHADAP PERILAKU SOSIAL DAN LINGKUNGAN ANAK
Authors: B Oktafia Dwi Sinta Uli
Published: December 2020

The writing of this article is motivated by the author's concern about the development of technological advances today which affect social and environmental behavior, especially in child development. These technological advances, which are part of globalization, easily enter all forms of culture and ideology from outside. Many factors cause this phenomenon and now my attention is focused on child development, including in social media as a result of the ease of technological advancement. Maybe this has been widely studied with some expert assumptions and researched by researchers and for my writing this is based on literature review and simple observations starting from the environment around me. The number of problems and the influence of technological progress from positive to negative along with the factors that cause it. Based on the above, children in today's era are accustomed to technology in everyday life so that it can affect children's social behavior and their environment. As well as how the solutions so that technological advances do not have a bad impact and how to respond to the bad impacts that affect children's social and environmental behavior.
MEMOTIVASI DIRI DAN MENGEMBANGKAN POTENSI DIRI DIKALA PANDEMI
Authors: Kusuma Donna
Published: December 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan motivasi diri dan mengembangkan potensi diri dikala pandemi, sehingga dapat menjadikan insan-insan yang lebih bermutu dalam bermasyarakat dan bernegara. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dari data sekunder. Analisis data secara deskriptif dengan mendeskripsikan motivasi diri dan pengembangan potensi diri disaat pandemi ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama ini banyak akibat yang disebabkan oleh pandemi Covid-19 dalam perkembangan individu-individu, dimana seharusnya lebih berpotensi lagi.
Vaccino Covid-19: The Worst Case Scenario
Authors: Smith Kira
Published: December 2020

Il vaccino BioNTech/Pfizer BNT162b2 è composto da un RNA avente 4284 nucleotidi, suddivisi in 6 sezioni, che portano le informazioni per creare una fabbrica di proteine S Spike, quelle usate dal Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19) per infettare il soggetto. Dopodiché, queste proteine vengono dirette al di fuori della cellula, facendo scattare la reazione immunitaria e la produzione di anticorpi.Il problema è la pesante alterazione dell'mRNA: l'Uracile viene sostituito per ingannare il sistema immunitario, le lettere di tutte le triplette di codoni vengono sostituite da una C o una G, per aumentare la velocità di produzione delle proteine all'estremo, sostituzione di alcuni aminoacidi con la Prolina, l'aggiunta di una sequenza misteriosa (3'-UTR), unito allo splicing alternativo, ovvero possibilità di errori di traduzione della sequenza e sintesi delle proteine; esse non vengono prodotte uguali, ma leggermente diverse. Tutto ciò può essere causa di molte malattie ereditarie e vari tipi di tumore, dalla nascita alla loro crescita, fino alla responsabilità delle metastasi.In sostanza, ciò che verrà creato è tutt'altro che ben definito come proteina S Spike: basta un errore di trascrizione, produzione errata di aminoacidi, quindi di proteine, per provocare gravi danni a lungo termine alla salute umana, nonostante il DNA non venga modificato, essendo invece nel nucleo cellulare e non nel citoplasma, ove arriva l'mRNA modificato. Non si parla dunque di effetti collaterali soltanto, ma di gravi malattie.Tuttavia, in questo caso, la correlazione tra velocità di sintesi ed espressione proteica, oltre al meccanismo che potrebbe inficiare la traduzione della sequenza restano oscuri, in quanto molti trials sono proprietari di BioNTech/Pfizer.
Attitude of women and their husbands regarding prenatal invasive testing attending genetic clinic at a tertiary referral center, India
Authors: Koirala Namu , Kafle Shyam P.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Prenatal Invasive Tests (amniocentesis and chorionic villous sampling) are used during pregnancy for detection of genetic anomalies. Due to the fear of fetal loss or various other reasons, the couples who seek to avail these tests areusually in dilemma though the chances of fetal loss following the invasive tests are very minimal.

Objectives: To assess the attitude ofhigh-risk pregnantwomen and their husbands regarding the prenatal invasive tests who are referred to the genetic clinic of a tertiary referral center in India.

Methodology:  A descriptive, cross sectionalstudy was undertaken in 60 pregnantwomen who came to genetic clinic at a tertiary referral center in Indiafor counseling on the prenatal invasive testing. Conveniencesampling technique was used. Data was collected using a self-developed, validated semi structured questionnaire. There were total 14 items in the questionnaire where the response “Yes” was given score 3, “Uncertain/did not think about it” was given score 2 and “No” was given score 1. Maximum score was 42 and minimum was 14. The subjects were contacted by the principal investigator after the counseling for test was done by the trained counselor. The questionnaire was also administered separately to 49 accompanying husbands to assess their attitude regarding the tests. Mean, percentage, standard deviation, range and Pearson’s correlation were calculated.SPSS 16.0 version was used for data analysis.

Results: Almost half of the women reported that they had adequate information regarding the test following counselling. Both the women and their husbands had unfavorable attitude towards the tests i.e. 21.98 ± 5.44 and 22.27 ± 5.11 respectively despite adequate information following counselling. The main reasons for declining the tests were fear of identification of birth defects, fear of termination of pregnancy and influence by other family membersother than their husbands. There was a significant positive correlation between the attitude of women and their husbands towards declining the prenatal invasive tests (r=0.973) at p<0.05.

Conclusion: The pregnant women as well as their husbands had unfavorable attitudes towards prenatal invasive tests despite adequate information following counsellingsuggesting congruency indecision makingregarding the invasive tests.
Pattern of Maxillofacial Injuries in Pediatric Patients – A Hospital Based Retrospective Study
Authors: Mishra Ravish , Yadav Deepak , Kandel Laxmi , Tripathi Shashank , Pahari Bikash , Shubham Snigdha , Gautam Narayan
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Maxillofacial injuries are less frequent in children than adults and are more often minimally displaced. Literature reveals that the incidence of maxillofacial injuries accounts for 1% - 14.7% in children below age 16 years. There is lack of information on epidemiological data for pediatric maxillofacial injury from Nepal.

Objectives:  The objective of the study is to determine the pattern of maxillofacial injuries in the pediatric population who had been treated in one of the tertiary level hospitals in western Nepal.

Methodology: Among 303 cases of maxillofacial trauma registered between March 2017 to February 2019 at UCMS College of Dental Surgery, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal; 57 cases of pediatric maxillofacial injuries that were admitted and received treatment were enrolled in the study. Parameters recorded were demographic data, mode of injury, the pattern of maxillofacial injuries and treatment provided.

Results: Majority of patients were males (66.67%) among which 51% were adolescents (12-16 years). The mode of injury was road traffic accidents (77.2%) in most cases. Mandibular fractures were commonly seen in which parasymphysis region (40%) was common anatomic site. Most of the injured patients (45.6%) were managed with open reduction and internal fixation. Post-operative results were uneventful.

Conclusion: The road traffic accident was the predominant mode for injury. Mandible is one of the most commonly involved bones to get a fracture. Good traffic sense needs to be imbibed and developed by the government as well as the public to prevent road traffic accidents. In addition, children need to carry out their outdoor activities under adult supervision.
Simple bone cyst: Uncommon cyst of jaw
Authors: Gurung Gopal , Chapagain Laxmi Prasad , Rokaya Yagya Bahadur
Published: December 2020

Simple bone cyst (SBC) of the jaws is uncommon, representing approximately 1% of all jaw cysts. It is often accidentally discovered on routine dental examination as it is asymptomatic in most of cases. In this report, we discuss a case of SBC in a 16 years old female who presented in our department for correction of her mal-aligned teeth. On routine x-ray for orthodontic treatment, a well defined, unilocular radiolucent area approximately 3x1cm in size with scalloped borders on the left body of mandible expanding from distal surface of 34 to distal surface of 37 was discovered. Surgical exploration was required for both diagnostic and definitive treatment. The operative finding was hollow cavity without any epithelial lining.
Knowledge and Attitude towards Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation among Students of a Dental College
Authors: Pun Dilli Bahadur , Thapa Bobby , Shrestha Prashanna , Chaudhary Sonam , Pandey Nashib , Chaurasia Lokeshwar
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Survival after cardiopulmonary arrest depends on early and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Demand for courses of basic life support (BLS)/CPR is increasing worldwide. Till date, there have been little reports regarding CPR knowledge and attitude among the Nepalese dental health personnel. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude towards CPR among undergraduate dental students, interns and postgraduate residents studying at Kantipur Dental College and Teaching Hospital (KDCH), Kathmandu, Nepal.

Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 243 dental students studying at KDCH. Data was collected through a self -administered semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data was organized, recorded, coded and then analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 16. Descriptive statistics was used to compute mean, percentile, standard deviation and one way ANOVA test was done to compare the mean knowledge score between different academic levels of the students at 95% level of significance.

Results: The mean knowledge and attitude score towards CPR among the dental students was 8.05±2.85 and 4.63±0.51 respectively. Out of total students, only few (5.8%) had adequate knowledge whereas all (100%) had a positive attitude towards CPR. The mean score for the pre-clinical students (7.26 ±2.38) was significantly (p=0.001) lower than clinical students (8.44 ±3.23), interns and residents (8.85 ±2.54).

Conclusion: The present study showed inadequate knowledge regarding CPR among dental students of different academic levels but they have a positive attitude towards it. The integration of CPR in the early year of the curriculum along with regular training of CPR in succeeding years will enhance their knowledge.
Etiological Profile of Referred Otalgias in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Karmacharya Sameer , Sah Santosh Kumar
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives Otalgia (earache) is one of the commonest presenting complaints of the patients visiting ENT OPD and wide varieties of otological diseases are associated with it. Surrounding structural pathology of head and neck can at times manifest as otalgia (because of complex innervations of ear) known as referred otalgia. The term Referred Otalgia applied when the ear examination is normal, so it is important to search for the secondary cause in other structures like pharynx, larynx, teeth, TM, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, neck, and rarely thoracic structures like esophagus, bronchus and heart.

Material and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the department of ENT – HNS in Janaki Medial College Teaching Hospital from Janaury 01, 2019 to July 31, 2020 with ear pain only. All patients are subjected to full history and ENT examination, in addition to examination of Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) and neck. Some patients were sent for audiological and radiological assessment according to the finding in the examination and some had maxillofacial or orthopedic consultation. Data were analyzed, primary and referred otalgia was recorded.

Results: Out of 607 patients with otalgia, 243(40%) had referred otalgia of this 39% were men and 61% were women. Commonest etiology of referred otalgia was dental causes followed by TMJ dysfunction. 3% patient had underlying malignancies. 37% had right earache, 42% had left earache and 21% had bilateral earache.

Conclusion: A thorough clinical examination of surrounding structures particularly teeth and TMJ should be done as significant number of patient suffered from referred otalgia and while doing this malignancy should be kept in mind as etiology.
Synods and Synodal Processes in Germany since the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Haering Stephan
Published: December 2020

The present article provides an overview of the particular synods that have been conducted since the Second Vatican Council in Germany. It also takes into account those counseling processes that cannot be qualified as canonical synods.
Spiritual Care in Public Institutions in Europe. Eds. J. R. Tretera, Z. Horák, Z. Horák. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2019, 140 pp.
Authors: Menke Monika
Published: December 2020

Spiritual Care in Public Institutions in Europe. Eds. J. R. Tretera, Z. Horák, Z. Horák. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2019, 140 pp. - the review.
Recepcja twórczości Olgi Tokarczuk w Bułgarii
Authors: Gołek-Sepetliewa Dorota
Published: December 2020

This article discusses Olga Tokarczuk’s presence in Bulgaria, drawing on R. Cudak’s theory of reception while presenting translations, strategies of publication and promotion, literary and critical reflection, and non-literary forms of reception. Widescale, effective, and multi-dimensional promotion, reliable translation (S. Borisova, D. Hamze, H. Simeonova-Mitova, G. Krastev), as well as the openness and interest of readers, have created possibilities for an increase in the popularity of Olga Tokarczuk’s works in Bulgaria within the last two decades. The development in Bulgarian culture of critical and literary thought surrounding Tokarczuk’s works (M. Grigorova) is accompanied by the presence of book translations and other selected texts in leading newspapers and magazines („Literaturen vestnik”, „Panorama”, „Kultura”), constituting a significant platform for the popularization of Polish literature.
O obecności literatury polskiej w Czechach i czeskiej w Polsce. Komentarz do bibliografii przekładów w roku 2018
Authors: Żygadło-Czopnik Dorota
Published: December 2020

In this commentary, we will limit ourselves to presenting the reception of Czech literature in Poland and Polish literature in the Czech Republic in the year 2018. Czech and Polish literature reaches its readers across their respective borders in several ways: via translations of books by well-known and esteemed writers; through representatives of the younger generation; and as translations of prose and poetry published in magazines. The reception of Polish and Czech literature has been very positive; specifically, there is a growing interest among Polish readers in Czech literary offerings.
Der Versuch auf einer Welle zu reiten, die uns zu überrollen drohte: beschleunigte Digitalisierung im Bibliotheksschulungswesen im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Umlauft Valentin , Walder Anton
Published: December 2020

Große Änderungen wie die „digitale Wende“ vollziehen sich in unzähligen kleinen Einzelschritten, selbst unter zeitlichem Druck und bei fehlender Ausrüstung. Damit das Wenden zu Online-Schulungsangeboten und -unterlagen im Bibliotheksbereich möglichst friktionsfrei erfolgen kann, braucht es weniger Theorie als lösungs-, bedarfs- und zielgruppenorientierte Praxisnähe, die durch ein „Entbündeln“ der gesamten Kursinhalte zu eigenständigen Modulen erreicht werden kann. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die Herangehensweise des Zentrums für Informationskompetenz der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol bei der Erstellung eines nachhaltigen digitalen Angebots vor und während der COVID-19-Pandemie, sowie den Einfluss der Dynamik der Ereignisse, die selbst zum Katalysator der Wende wurden.
Parlament Szwajcarii. Uwarunkowania historyczne i współczesność
Authors: ALEKSANDROWICZ Maciej
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the article is to define the specific features of the Swiss system. Some of these features could lead to the conclusion that one of the foundations of democracy, the principle of separation of powers, has been normatively rejected in that country. The formula of parliamentary supreme supervision over other authorities, which has been present in Swiss constitutional law since 1848, when literally reading a provision of the Constitution and in isolation from other regulations, may indicate not only an advantage, but even the subordination of the State apparatus to Members of Parliament. It would, therefore, be possible to speak of the dictatorship of the group that won the elections. The reference to historical experience and political practice shows that in Switzerland — although the position of the legislature is normatively dominant — we are dealing not only with a relationship of mutual inhibition of the authorities, but also with their traditionally determined cooperation. If we add to this a factor of control by citizens in the form of numerous and actually implemented solutions of direct democracy, we get an image of Switzerland as a democratic state in which the authorities respect the will of sovereignty.
Autonomia informacyjna jednostki a zgoda na przetwarzanie przez pracodawcę danych osobowych
Authors: Grzybowski Karol
Published: December 2020

By adapting the provisions of the Labour Code to EU regulations on personal data protection, the legislator has explicitly allowed employers to process personal data of employees and applicants for employment on the basis of their consent. However, the new provisions exclude the processing of data on convictions on this basis and limit the possibility of giving effective consent to the processing of sensitive data. The article attempts to analyze the solutions adopted in the context of the constitutional guarantee of informational self-determination. The author defends the thesis that the provisions of Article 221a § 1 and Article 221b § 1 of the Labour Code disproportionately interfere with an individual’s right to dispose of data concerning him or her. These provisions do not meet the criterion of the intervention’s necessity. The protective goal of the regulation, as established by the legislator, may be achieved by means of the legal instruments indicated in the article, which do not undermine the freedom aspect of the informational self-determination.
Odpowiedzialność polityczno-prawna Prezydenta Ukrainy
Authors: Stec Andrzej
Published: December 2020

One of the democratic mechanisms of state governance is to define the political and legal responsibilities of the supreme state bodies. The type and scope of responsibility also determines the legal and constitutional position of the head of state. In the article, the author analyzes legal norms regarding the political and legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine. The examination of problems related to these norms is based on Ukrainian and foreign constitutional and statutory solutions. Political (parliamentary) responsibility is related to the relevance, legitimacy and purposefulness of decisions made by the person holding the office of President. It is assessed by the appointing or controlling body. Although the current legal status in Ukraine does not provide for the institution of the President’s political responsibility, such solutions were present during the political changes after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Political responsibility of the Head of State in 1991–1993 was provided by the repeatedly amended Constitution of Soviet Ukraine (of 20 April 1978, as amended in Article 114-9(3)). The constitutional responsibility of the President in Ukraine is regulated in Article 111 of the Basic Law, which states that the Head of State is responsible for treason and other crimes, without however indicating the premises or grading the social harmfulness of these prohibited acts. The discussed problems related to the triple division of power, its exercise and legitimacy appear more and more often in Ukraine, Hungary, Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, affecting the security of the entire region.
Influence of tillage systems and herbicides on weediness and yield of beets in the Western Forest-Steppe
Authors: Bezvikonnyi P. V. , Mialkovskyi R. O. , Potapsky Y.V.
Published: December 2020

The article considers the possibilities of expanding the use of shelfless tillage in the cultivation of beet roots by combining them with the use of soil herbicides in the western forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, generalization, field experiment. Results. The research results showed that the use of Gladiator herbicide on the background of treatments reduced weediness compared to the control from 5.3 pcs/m2 on the background of plowing, 7.6 pcs/m2 on the variant KLD-2.0 to 17.4 pcs/m2 in the variant with processing of BDP-6.3. Dual Gold herbicide (1.2–1.6 l/ha) was less effective than Gladiator and Goldix herbicides. Thus, in the variant (BDP-6,3) herbicide Gladiator proved to be more effective by 14%, and Goldix by 30 % compared to Dual Gold. The application of herbicides before sowing beetroot reduced the number of weeds by 4.5–7 times compared to the herbicide-free background. It was also found that in the control variant, where no herbicides were applied, the yield of beets on the background of plowing was 42.3 t/ha, on the background of shelfless tillage — 41.6 t/ha, and on the background of soil disking — 38.6 t/ha. When using herbicides, the yield of beets increases. Thus, when using the herbicide Gladiator (5.0–6.0 l/ha), the average yield over the years of research was 63.9 t/ha on the background of plowing, on the background of flat cultivation — 60.7 t/ha, and on the background of disking — 55.7 t/ha. The highest yields of beet roots were obtained using the soil herbicide Goldix (6 l/ha). The yield of beet roots under the combined action of plowing the soil with the herbicide was 64.5 t/ha, with no-tillage — 60.4 t/ha, and in the variant with disking — 56.1 t/ha, respectively. Compared to the two previous herbicides, the soil herbicide Dual Gold (1.2–1.6 l/ha) was less effective. Conclusions. In the Western Forest-Steppe optimization of tillage and rational use of herbicides increases the yield of beets. Among the methods of tillage, the highest yields were obtained on the variants with plowing and flat cultivation. Of the proposed herbicides, the most effective were soil herbicides Gladiator (5.0–6.0 l/ha) and Goldix (6 l/ha), which provide root yields at the level of 63.9–64.5 t/ha.
Formation of economically and valuable features of sugar corn lines in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Makarchuk M. O.
Published: December 2020

Sugar corn is an important vegetable crop, the popularity of which is growing every year. Its cultivation has been increasing since 2009 by 56 % in Ukraine, by 115 % in the United States and by approximately 135 % in Thailand and China. Crop products are also a natural source of fructose and sucrose. However, due to the limited quantity and quality of the genetic material of the lines, the synthesis of new hybrids is carried out using lines with low adaptability and the effect of heterosis. Therefore, the creation of new and improvement of the source material contributes to the production of new lines of sweet corn for a number of morpho-biological and economically valuable features. The tests were conducted in the experimental field of Uman NUH in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. Both domestic and foreign selection lines were used as test material. The process of obtaining new high-yielding hybrids begins with the selection of parent components. Initially, the analysis of self-pollinated lines for morphological and basic economically valuable indicators based on their response to weathering conditions is performed. To develop a model of the future hybrid, we studied our lines for the length of the growing season and a number of morphological features such as plant height and the height of attachment of the productive ear. The above characteristics are just a genetic feature of the lines and their response to changes in air temperature and the amount of precipitation. Our research allows us to identify line 1050, which on average had a small coefficient of variation in plant height, grain harvest moisture and yield, and average — in the height of the attachment of the ear. It is also necessary to highlight the lines: 950 — provided a reduction in grain harvest moisture to the baseline data by 1.6 % and 910 — combines high yields and low coefficient of variation.
The productivityof carrots depending of hybrid
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Ketskalo V.V. , Polischuk Т.V.
Published: December 2020

In order to obtain a significant level of yield of table carrots in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, it is necessary to select varieties and hybrids in accordance with the soil and climatic conditions of cultivation. The comparative estimation of productivity of hybrids of carrots of table foreign selection in the specified conditions is carried out. The results of phenological observations of plant development, their biometric indicators depending on the genetic features are presented. The indicator of the total yield of table carrots according to the experiment was in the range of 65.6–80.7 t/ha. Saturno F1 had higher and this exceeds the control of Abaco F1 by 15.1 t/ha. In the structure of the yield of this hybrid marketable products are 96.0 % or 77.1 t/ha, which is more than the control of 5 % or 17.1 t/ha. In Saturno F1 non-marketable products 3.6 t/ha, which is 2.0 t/ha less than the control, and the yield of standard products 75.3 t/ha, which is a larger indicator of the experiment and exceeds the control by 17.3 t/ha. Non-standard products amounted to 1.8 t/ha. The productivity of table carrots is significantly influenced by the weight of the root, which, in turn, is affected by its length and diameter. On average, according to the years of research, their weight was at the level of 190–240 g. The roots in Abaco F1, which was the control, were smaller in weight. Larger roots formed in Saturno F1. Hybrids Baltimore F1, Bolivar F1 and Gerada F1 formed roots of 208 g, 218 g and 233 g, respectively. The diameter of the roots of the studied carrot hybrids was 4.6–5.2 cm. They were smaller in Saturno F1 and larger in Baltimore F1. The average values of root diameter for the years of study in Abaco F1 (control) are 5.1 cm; Bolivar F1 4.7 cm, and Gerada F1 5.0 cm, which is less control by 0.4 and 0.1 cm, respectively. An important varietal feature of table carrots is the length of the root. In Abaco F1 it was 18.5 cm. This is the lowest value in the experiment. In Baltimore F1 and Bolivar F1 the roots were formed of almost the same length 19.0 and 19.3 cm, respectively, which is more control by 0.5 and 0.8 cm. In Gerada F1, the roots were 23.2 cm, which is more control by 4,7 cm. Roots of Saturno F1 were longer compared to other variants of the experiment 24.5 cm, which is more control by 6 cm. The suitability of the studied hybrids of table carrots for foreign selection for growing in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine has been established.
Morphological potential of the gene pool of radish
Authors: Ovchinnikova O.P.
Published: December 2020

The article presents the research of samples of the collection material of radish sowing Raphanus sativus L. Ukrainian and foreign selection of different ecological and geographical origin. Weather conditions during the research period (2015–2017) were characterized by a high variability of hydrothermal conditions, which manifested itself in the lack of moisture at different stages of ontogenesis of the.radish. Subsequently, the uneven amount of precipitation during the growing season led to a decrease in yield and a change in the biometric indicators of the rosette of leaves and root crops. As you know, varieties of radish Raphanus sativus L. are complex populations with a variety of genetic material, especially in terms of quantitative characteristics. The quantitative traits of a plant organism are subject to strong modification variability, which is the main obstacle to increasing the efficiency of selection of the required selection genotypes. One of the criteria for the variability of quantitative traits is the coefficient of variation (V, %). This statistical indicator allows one to obtain information about the characteristics of the reaction rate of various quantitative traits of a plant, while ensuring the comparability of the results obtained. The conducted studies of biometric indicators of sowing radish made it possible to analyze the variation of its main quantitative characteristics. In the course of the research, a description of the variability of the morphological characteristics of the samples of sowing radish of various breeding and geographical origin was carried out. The revealed features make it possible to analyze the nature of variability of quantitative traits and contribute to the widespread involvement of the best varieties in the breeding process as donors of valuable traits. According to the research results, it was allocated for mechanized harvesting on the basis of the «smallest rosette of leaves» varieties of sowing radish: 18 days (Russia) a variety of pink-red with a white tip and a cylindrical root crop, Zarya (Russia) — a dark red variety with a rounded root crop, Duet (Italy) is a pink-red variety with an oval root crop. And also varieties White cylindrical and Ice icicle — a variety of white cylindrical Ukrainian selection. During the study, it was found that the size of the root crop is controlled by the genotype, but its formation is more dependent on external environmental factors. For selection according to the parameter «length of the root crop», the following samples were selected: 18 days (Russia) and White brekfast (Germany), according to the «width of the root crop» — Belaya (Czech Republic), Zhara (Netherlands)
Selection of the optimal sterilization schedule for explants of erectoid forms of corn
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Belokur Yu. V. , Ryabovol L. O. , Ryabovol Ya. S.
Published: December 2020

The article presents the results of studies to optimize the sterilization technique for seedlings of the initial forms of heterotic hybrids of maize when administered in vitro. On the surface of the plant there is a significant number of various microorganisms that can multiply on a nutrient medium. Therefore, sterilization of plant material is one of the most important stages of in vitro propagation technology. The aim of the research was to develop a procedure for sterilizing the apical meristem of maize seedlings when the material is introduced into isolation culture. To solve the problem, the task was to clarify the features of the use of common and new sterilizers and the selection of optimal modes for effective sterilization of seedlings. Seedlings of a number of maize lines and hybrids were used as explants. The purified and washed plant material was placed in cups with 70 % ethyl alcohol for 1–2 min, and then transferred to the basic solution for sterilization. After sterilization, the material was washed 5–8 times in sterile distilled water. Studies have established the features of the use of a number of sterilizers and selected the optimal modes for effective sterilization of seedlings of forms of corn with erectoid placement of leaves. It was found that sodium hypochlorite is characterized by a high toxic effect on living organisms, in high concentrations causes a significant amount of explant necrosis. The duration of treatment of corn seedlings with hydrogen peroxide of 3 % concentration did not affect the sterilization efficiency. The most effective sterilizing substance for the introduction of seedlings in an isolated culture was determined 0.1 % solution of potassium permanganate exposure of 10 minutes, which allows to obtain up to 86 % of viable seedlings. With an increase in the sterilization exposure to 15 and 20 minutes, the yield of sterile explants significantly decreased and amounted to 65 and 48 %, respectively. It was noted that when using potassium permanganate, the amount of infected material was the lowest in the experiment and varied within 0.6–1.8 %.
Formation of the microbiota of the rhizosphere of spelt wheat and intermediate wheatgrass and biological activity of podzolized chernozem
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Karpenko V.P. , Kravets I.S. , Adamenko D.M.
Published: December 2020

Soil microorganisms play a leading role in the formation of the nutrient regime of the soil, which determines the level of future crop harvest. A complex system of soil-plant-microorganisms is formed, with the participation of which the creation and decomposition of organic matter, the circulation of substances in nature, the preservation of fertility and the creation of an optimal level of nutrients supply. The number of amonifiers in the rhizosphere of cereals changes under the influence of the plant species. The smallest number of amonifiers was noted in the rhizosphere of the Zorya Ukraine — 183.3  28,52, in the rhizosphere of Kernza® and Khors — 202,6  68,0 and 202,2  66,4, respectively, which exceeded the spelt indicator by 10,3–10,5 %. There were 47,5–48,0 103 CFU/g soil of nitrifiers in the soil of the fallow, Khors and Kernza®, in the Zorya Ukraine — 46,0 103 CFU/g soil due to higher aeration and low soil moisture. The difference between the data on cellulolytic microorganisms of the spelе rhizosphere and wheatgrass hybrids was 6,8–9,2 %. The biological activity of the soil is one of the most important indicators of its fertility and cultivation. The most informative indicator is the level of СО2 emission, On the variant the fallow is — 0,39 mg / dm2 per hour, in other variants 0,26–0,34 mg/dm2 per hour. Cultivation of spelt without fertilization leads decrease intensity of carbon release in the 1,5. The cultivation of perennial cereal crops allows maintaining this indicator at a higher level. The intensity of fiber decomposition in the soil of fallow and wheat-wheatgrass hybrids was 66–69 %, and with spelt — 58 %. The amonification capacity in the Zarya Ukrainy variant — 7 mg N-NH4/kg of soil, and with wheat-wheatgrass hybrids at the fallow level — 8–9 mg N-NH4/kg of soil. The same trend persisted with ratio to the opposite process — nitrification. The results of microbiological analysis of the soil selected for different grain crops indicate that the root exudates of plants create favorable conditions for the vital activity of microorganisms. Comparison of the state of populations from agricultural areas with the microbiota of the biocenosis indicates the importance of including perennial grain crops in the crop rotation, which will increase the number of microorganisms in the rhizosphere and improve the conditions for the passage of soil-forming processes.
Fabrication of Inexpensive Decapsulation Fixtures for Small or Unique Plastic Packages
Authors: Kimball Mark E.
Published: December 2020

A method of fabricating fixtures for chemical decapsulation of plastic packages is presented. Fixtures built using this technique can easily decapsulate very small or unique plastic packages, such as the SC70, SOT123, μMax and others. The method uses materials and tools commonly found in the FA lab.
Failure Analysis of Tungsten Contact Failure in a 0.13 μm CMOS Process
Authors: Bagchi Sandeep , Subramanian Sam , Ross Ryan , Beck James , Chrastecky Tony , Soorholtz Vince , Widener Ed
Published: December 2020

For its latest generation of high performance logic applications, Motorola employs a 0.13 µm CMOS technology with shallow trench isolation (STI). The contact dimension and spacing requirements for the dense areas of the circuitry, such as the cache, are quite aggressive. We recently encountered single bit and massive array failures, which were traced to an electrical short between tungsten contacts. We report here the failure analysis, which involved electrical and physical testing techniques.
Study on a Single NFET Degradation After Circuit Modification With FIB
Authors: Lehner Werner
Published: December 2020

The use of FIB in circuit modification can generate huge influences on MOS transistor parameters. It is necessary to investigate and understand the effects that occur after Ga irradiation to evaluate the influence on the behaviour of the modified structures. In this paper we investigate influences on the threshold voltage of an n-FET MOS transistor in a standard, state of the art 0.17 µm DRAM technology, after FIB irradiation. In particular, the effect of varying the distance (vertical and horizontal) between the location of the FIB modification and the active area as well as the possibility of recovering the induced Vth shift has been characterized.
A Transmission X-ray Microscope (TXM) for Non-destructive 3D Imaging of ICs at Sub-100 nm Resolution
Authors: Wang Steve , Duewer Frederick , Kamath Shashidar , Kelly Christopher , Lyon Alan , Nill Kenneth , Scott David , Trapp David , Yun Wenbing , Neogi Suneeta , Kuhn Markus , Bennet Casey , Coon Peter , Yan Souping
Published: December 2020

Xradia has developed a laboratory table-top transmission x-ray microscope, TXM 54-80, that uses 5.4 keV x-ray radiation to nondestructively image buried submicron structures in integrated circuits with at better than 80 nm 2D resolution. With an integrated tomographic imaging system, a series of x-ray projections through a full IC stack, which may include tens of micrometers of silicon substrate and several layers of Cu interconnects, can be collected and reconstructed to produce a 3D image of the IC structure at 100 nm resolution, thereby allowing the user to detect, localize, and characterize buried defects without having to conduct layer by layer deprocessing and inspection that are typical of conventional destructive failure analysis. In addition to being a powerful tool for both failure analysis and IC process development, the TXM may also facilitate or supplant investigations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) tools, which generally require destructive sample preparation and a vacuum environment.
High Resolution Current Imaging by Direct Magnetic Field Sensing
Authors: Woods S.I. , Lettsome Nesco M. , Cawthorne A.B. , Knauss L.A. , Koch R.H.
Published: December 2020

Two types of magnetic microscopes have been investigated for use in high resolution current mapping. The scanning fiber/SQUID microscope uses a SQUID sensor coupled to a nanoscale ferromagnetic probe, and the GMR microscope employs a nanoscale giant magnetoresistive sensor. Initial scans demonstrate that these microscopes can resolve current lines less than 10 µm apart with edge resolution of 1 µm. These types of microscopes are compared with the performance of a standard scanning SQUID microscope and with each other with respect to spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. Both microscopes show great promise for identifying current defects in die level devices.
Study of Critical Factors Determining Latchup Sensitivity of ICs Using Emission Microscopy
Authors: Stellari Franco , Song Peilin , McManus Moyra K. , Weger Alan J. , Gauthier Robert J. , Chatty Kiran V. , Muhammad Mujahid , Sanda Pia
Published: December 2020

In this paper we discuss the use of Emission Microscopy (EMMI) to examine the events leading to latchup for various Input/Output (I/O) pins of a test chip in order to study the factors that impact latchup sensitivity of VLSI chips. The goal of our study is to identify and characterize the structures that are most prone to latchup in test chips, thus providing countermeasures to be used to improve the overall latchup resistance of commercial chips. As it has been shown in literature [1-3], EMMI can be used to localize areas that are latching up. Here we focus our attention on electrostatic discharge (ESD) into I/O pins, which may lead to latchup inside I/O circuits or in their proximity.
3D X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) for Electronic Packages
Authors: Fu Zezhong , Goyal Deepak , Thomas Jeffrey , Crawley Alan , Ramsey Andrew
Published: December 2020

Next generation assembly/package development challenges are primarily increased interconnect complexity, density, and multi-layer/multi-stacked packages with ever shorter development time. The results of this trend present some distinct challenges for the analytical tools and techniques to support this technology roadmap. The key challenge in the analytical tools and techniques is the development of nondestructive imaging for improved time to information. The 3D X-ray Computed tomography (CT) system named “X-Tek NGI” has been co-developed by Intel and X-Tek to address this need. The current paper will discuss the configuration and several applications where this tool has been applied successfully to solve current package technology development issues and provide package construction analysis (including enabled components). This paper will discuss the details of the system configuration, examples together with the current limitations and future direction for non-destructive package failure analysis.
Voltage Contrast like Imaging of N-Wells
Authors: Boit Christian , Wirth Kristin R. , Le Roy Erwan
Published: December 2020

Voltage contrast like imaging of n-wells in a grounded psubstrate is presented as a new method for assisting FIB microsurgery from the backside of the die. The initial, transient contrast is used for endpointing in the trenching process. It is made permanent by a spontaneous XeF2 etch followed by the deposition of a SiOx layer. Applications include direct CAD – FIB alignment and visualization of the wells for failure analysis.
Application of Scan Based FA and Advanced Passive Voltage Contrast Technique in Defect Isolation
Authors: Schmidt Michael B. , Saujauddin Noor Jehan
Published: December 2020

Scan testing and passive voltage contrast (PVC) techniques have been widely used as failure analysis fault isolation tools. Scan diagnosis can narrow a failure to a given net and passive voltage contrast can give real-time, large-scale electronic information about a sample at various stages of deprocessing. In the highly competitive and challenging environment of today, failure analysis cycle time is very important. By combining scan FA with a much higher sensitivity passive voltage contrast technique, one can quickly find defects that have traditionally posed a great challenge.
Advanced Analysis of Thin and Ultrathin SiO2 Films and SiO2/Si Interfaces with Combined Atomic Force Microscopy Methods
Authors: Frammelsberger Werner , Benstetter Guenther , Schweinboeck Thomas , Stamp Richard , Kiely Janice
Published: December 2020

In this work a procedure is presented to look beneath the surface of a SiO2 film and to study the impact of the SiO2/Si interface morphology on the tunneling current, with high lateral resolution, by use of combined Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) and Intermittent-Contact AFM (IC-AFM) measurements. Evidence is given that interface structures do have direct influence on the distribution of high current spots in MOS capacitors.
Advanced Optical Testing of an Array in 65 nm CMOS Technology
Authors: Stellari Franco , Song Peilin , Christensen Todd A.
Published: December 2020

In this paper we present the advanced optical testing of an array fabricated in IBM’s 65 nm SOI CMOS technology, using the Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis (PICA) [1-11] tool equipped with the Superconducting Single-Photon Detector (SSPD) [12,13]. Based on the results of the optical analysis we were able to confirm a time collision problem in the readout circuit of the array. In the following sections we will also discuss the use of an innovative optical packaging for testing chips requiring wire-bonding, along with record low voltage optical measurements, down to 0.7 V.
MODELING OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC INDICES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Authors:   Higher School of Economics National Research University, Main campus: 20 Myasnitskaya Ulitsa, Moscow, Russia, Pomazanov Mikhail
Published: December 2020

This paper presents non-classical models for estimating and forecasting COVID-19 pandemic indices. These models have been successfully tested on country data where the pandemic is nearing completion. In particular, an effective algorithm for mortality index evaluation is also presented. This index is usually replaced by more simple estimates such as, for instance, „the number of deaths divided by the number of infected”; however, while the virus is at the stage of its rapid distribution, such superficial approaches are incorrect. Model indicators of the infection itself allow us to predict not only the apogee of the epidemic and the end of the quarantine period, but also the maximum number of infected people in some country (continent) during the height of the epidemic. The second part of the paper is devoted to an attempt to build regression models to explain (with using 100+ country socio-economic indicators taken from the World Bank data) the behavior of the epidemic spread indices. It is shown that the maximum number of infected people in the country is well predicted (R-square is close to 90%); and, moreover, migration indicators and the number of international air take-offs are effective regressors. Other indicators, for example, the mortality index, are difficultly modeled; nevertheless, it has a significant relationship with socio-economic factors. The presented paper might be valuable for making effective decisions to forestall some future pandemics or even the „second wave” of COVID-19.
ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL EMPLOYMENT CONSEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS: CASE OF KUWAIT
Authors:   Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Management, Odbojárov 10, 820 05 Bratislava 25, Slovakia, Schmidt Dušana Alshatti
Published: December 2020

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has already left a mark on the economic activities and labor markets in both advanced and developing countries. While the impacts on the economy vary considerably, the oil dependent economies have been hit harder. Along with the impact of the pandemic disease, they have been contending with a major collapse in oil prices. Kuwait is the world’s seventh largest exporter of oil. Falling oil demand might affect the future growth of Kuwait’s economy in the long run, and if the crisis continues, possibility to provide employment opportunities will be challenged. The aim of this paper is to analyze potential pandemic’s impact on employment in Kuwait in comparison with the financial crisis from 2008-2009, what is of crucial importance for the businesses in the region to understand. The paper is based on a systematic review of the secondary data gathered by international institutions.