bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical and functional properties of carbohydrate–protein gum extracted from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed
Authors: Nevara Gita Addelia , Syed Muhammad Sharifah Kharidah , Zawawi Norhasnida , Mustapha Nor Afizah , Karim Roselina
Published: October 2021

Kenaf seed gum (KSG) is a novel potential hydrocolloid extracted from kenaf seed. The physicochemical and functional characteristics of KSG were compared with guar gum (GG) and locust bean gum (LBG). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of KSG revealed representative peaks of polysaccharides in the regions of 3272, 2923, 1744, 1623, 1448 and 1082 cm‐1. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns displayed an amorphous structure of KSG, similar to other commercial gums. Based on the morphological evaluation, the gums exhibit a smooth surface microstructure. Furthermore, the KSG has comparable functional characteristics as GG and LBG in terms of water solubility, oil‐holding capacity, emulsion capacity and foaming capacity. This study provides basic information for exploring KSG as non‐conventional seed gum with the potential for further utilisation in the food and non‐food industries.
Mechanisms of molecular and structural interactions between lentil and quinoa proteins in aqueous solutions induced by pH recycling
Authors: Alrosan Mohammad , Tan Thuan‐Chew , Easa Azhar Mat , Gammoh Sana , Kubow Stan , Alu'datt Muhammad H.
Published: October 2021

There has been a growing interest in plant proteins due to their beneficial health effects, low cost and variety of applications in food industries. The low solubility of lentil proteins (LPs) is one of the significant factors that limit their use in food applications. Quinoa proteins (QPs), which have high water solubility, were combined with LPs at pH 12 to generate LP‐QP complexes to generate pH‐based soluble protein compounds. The LP‐QP complexes demonstrated a large surface charge with an increase solubilisation of the protein complexes by more than 85%, together with resistance to protein aggregation. The combination of LPs to QPs led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in unique tertiary and secondary protein structures as determined by the protein–protein interaction (PPI) technique involving pH recycling. Interactions between LPs and QPs affected the surface morphology of the protein complexes formed. Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding were indicated to play key roles in the PPIs. The capacity of pH cycling to illustrate the above protein interactions shows that this is a robust approach for assessing the emulsion and foaming properties of food proteins.
Imaging of patients with multiple myeloma and associated plasma cell disorders: consensus practice statement by the Medical Scientific Advisory Group to Myeloma Australia
Authors: Creeper Katherine , Augustson Bradley , Kusel Kieran , Fulham Michael J. , Ho Joy , Quach Hang , Mollee Peter , Weber Nicholas , Talaulikar Dipti , Johnston Anna , Murphy Nick , Joshua Douglas , Ward Christopher , Ling Silvia , Gibson John , Szer Jeff , Harrison Simon , Zannettino Andrew , Jaksic Wilfrid , Lee Cindy , Spencer Andrew , Kalff Anna , Szabo Ferenc , Romeril Ken , Chan Henry , Gibbs Simon , Horvath Noemi , Prince H. Miles
Published: October 2021

Imaging modalities for multiple myeloma (MM) have evolved to enable earlier detection of disease. Furthermore, the diagnosis of MM requiring therapy has recently changed to include disease prior to bone destruction, specifically the detection of focal bone lesions. Focal lesions are early, abnormal areas in the bone marrow, which may signal the development of subsequent lytic lesions that typically occur within the next 18–24 months. Cross‐sectional imaging modalities are more sensitive for the detection and monitoring of bone and bone marrow disease and are now included in the International Myeloma Working Group current consensus criteria for initial diagnosis and treatment response assessment. The aim of this consensus practice statement is to review the evidence supporting these modalities. A more detailed Position Statement can be found on the Myeloma Australia website.
Shading under drought stress during grain filling attenuates photosynthesis, grain yield and quality of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Naseer Muhammad Asad , Hussain Sadam , Nengyan Zhang , Ejaz Irsa , Ahmad Shakeel , Farooq Muhammad , Xiaolong Ren
Published: October 2021

In the Loess Plateau region of China, winter wheat often undergoes prolonged cloudy days without rain which may affect the grain yield and quality. This study examined the impacts of shading and drought conditions during the grain‐filling period of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on photosynthesis, grain yield and quality traits in a greenhouse experiment. The imposed shading and irrigation‐deficit treatments were corresponded with naturally cloudy weather in the rainfed area. Five shading treatments, 15 days shading (SD15); 12 days shading (SD12); 9 days shading (SD9); 6 days shading (SD6); and 3 days shading (SD3), and four irrigation treatments: full irrigation (I100); 75% of full irrigation (I75); 50% of full irrigation (I50); and 25% of full irrigation (I25), were applied after completion of flowering. The results showed that shading during grain filling decreased the grain yield and individual grain weight irrespective of the dry or wet conditions of the soil. Plant height increased with a decrease in shading duration to favour the efficient capturing of light. The reduction in the rate of photosynthesis was noted with an increase in the drought intensity. Shading significantly reduced the grain protein contents and increased the grain starch contents. In conclusion, shading for a long duration (SD15, SD12 and SD9) and drought stress (I25) during the grain‐filling stage significantly decreased the yield and grain quality of winter wheat. The shading of few days without drought (I100: SD3, SD6 and SD9) improved the plant height, photosynthetic activity and increased the distribution of dry matter from vegetative organs to grains.
Synthesis of β‐MoO3 whiskers by the thermal evaporation method with flowing oxygen gas
Authors: Ngo Chu Minh , Nguyen Hieu Duy , Saito Nobuo , Do Thi Mai Dung , Nakayama Tadachika , Niihara Koichi , Suematsu Hisayuki
Published: October 2021

β‐MoO3 is a monoclinic phase of MoO3; it has been shown to be a promising material that can replace α‐MoO3 in chemical, optical, electronic, and electrochromic applications. However, the difficulty in synthesizing β‐MoO3 with a one‐dimensional (1D) morphology has limited its use in applications requiring a large specific surface area. In the present work, β‐MoO3 whiskers were prepared by thermally evaporating α‐MoO3 powder in a tube furnace at temperatures (Tf) from 750 to 1000°C and under flowing O2 gas. The collected samples were identified as mainly β‐MoO3 by X‐ray diffraction measurements, and the highest purity β‐MoO3 was obtained at Tf = 1000°C. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations showed that whiskers with a width of 10 nm were successfully synthesized by this method. The whiskers were confirmed to be β‐MoO3 via lattice image analysis. Measurements of the temperature distribution in the tube furnace and comparisons with the Mo–O phase diagram led to the conclusion that the whiskers formed via a vapor–solid route. Prepared β‐MoO3 whiskers were compared with α‐MoO3 powder via the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization method. By elucidating the β‐MoO3 whisker synthesis mechanism, this research provides guidance for the large‐scale production of β‐MoO3 whiskers.
Factors affecting labour market transitions, sustained employment and sustained unemployment in individuals with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Park Eun‐Young
Published: October 2021

Background

Studies have reported difficulties in job acquisition and retention as well as unstable employment status among individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Method

Chi‐square, one‐way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to investigate the factors that affect the labour market transition of 374 individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Results

There were significant differences in sex between the sustained unemployment group and the sustained employment groups; in educational level, between sustained employment and other groups; and in basic living security assistance received, between sustained unemployment and other groups. All psychological factors in the sustained employment group were higher than in the sustained unemployment group. Communication ability significantly affected sustained employment.

Conclusions

Greater family support was associated with a lower turnover probability, and a higher educational level and greater family support increased the probability of retention. Developing family support systems may decrease the possibility of turnover and increase retention.
Endothelial function and atrial fibrillation: A missing piece of the puzzle?
Authors: Black Nicholas , Mohammad Fahad , Saraf Karan , Morris Gwilym
Published: October 2021

Endothelial dysfunction, a term used to describe both the physical damage and dysregulated physiology of this endothelial lining, is an increasingly recognized pathophysiological state shared by many cardiovascular diseases. Historically, the role of endothelial dysfunction in atrial fibrillation (AF) was thought to be limited to mediating atrial thromboembolism. However, there is emerging evidence that endothelial dysfunction both promotes and maintains atrial arrhythmic substrate, predicts adverse outcomes, and identifies patients at high risk of recurrence following cardioversion and ablation therapy. Treatments targeted at improving endothelial function also represent a promising new therapeutic paradigm in AF. This review summarizes the current understanding of endothelial function in AF.
Hypertension with unilateral adrenal aldosterone and cortisol cosecreting adenoma: A case report
Authors: Hu Zhe , Chen Xin , Shao Yuan , Luo Fang‐Xiu , Chu Shao‐Li , Wang Ji‐Guang
Published: October 2021

Here, we report a case of unilateral adrenal aldosterone and cortisol co‐secreting adenoma. A 34‐year‐old man with a history of severe hypertension for one year was detected hypokalemia (2.42 mmol/L lowest) and unilateral adrenal mass in a size of 71 mm*63 mm. Measurements of plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity showed marked increases. Primary aldosteronism was diagnosed. To exclude adrenal malignancy, the function of zona fasciculate was evaluated, and 24‐h urine free cortisol was found abnormal in a testing. Further examinations revealed that circadian rhythm of serum cortisol disappeared and 2 mg‐dexamethasone suppression test was positive. The final diagnosis was secondary hypertension, primary aldosteronism and subclinical Cushing's syndrome. After unilateral adrenalectomy, his blood pressure was normalized and biochemical parameters in the normal range. In conclusion, in patients with a large aldosterone‐producing adenoma, the function of zona fasciculate might have to be evaluated for the identification of aldosterone and cortisol co‐secreting neoplasms.
Dexmedetomidine alleviates hepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion injury via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2‐NLRP3 pathway
Authors: Wu Yan , Qiu Gaolin , Zhang Hainie , Zhu Leilei , Cheng Gao , Wang Yiqiao , Li Yuanhai , Wu Weiwei
Published: October 2021

Hepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury constitutes a tough difficulty in liver surgery. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) plays a protective role in I/R injury. This study investigated protective mechanism of Dex in hepatic I/R injury. The human hepatocyte line L02 received hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment to stimulate cell model of hepatic I/R. The levels of pyroptosis proteins and inflammatory factors were detected. Functional rescue experiments were performed to confirm the effects of miR‐494 and JUND on hepatic I/R injury. The levels of JUND, PI3K/p‐PI3K, AKT/p‐AKT, Nrf2, and NLRP3 activation were detected. The rat model of hepatic I/R injury was established to confirm the effect of Dex in vivo. Dex reduced pyroptosis and inflammation in H/R cells. Dex increased miR‐494 expression, and miR‐494 targeted JUND. miR‐494 inhibition or JUND upregulation reversed the protective effect of Dex. Dex repressed NLRP3 inflammasome by activating the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway. In vivo experiments confirmed the protective effect of Dex on hepatic I/R injury. Overall, Dex repressed NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviated hepatic I/R injury via the miR‐494/JUND/PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 axis.
Digital assessment of marginal accuracy in ceramic crowns fabricated with different marginal finish line configurations
Authors: Faruqi Saif , Ganji Kiran Kumar , Bandela Vinod , Nagarajappa Anil Kumar , Mohamed Roshan Noor , Ahmed Muhannad Al , Farhan Mohammed , Alwakid Waleed Naif , Al‐Hammad Kholood A. S. , Alam Mohammad Khursheed
Published: October 2021

Aim

To digitally evaluate the marginal adaptation of different types of all‐ceramic crowns on two different marginal configurations such as Shoulder and Chamfer of the prepared teeth.

Methods

The marginal fit of the crown specimens on the model of the prepared teeth were assessed using the dual scan replica technique. Two plastic teeth were prepared; one having a Shoulder finishing line (A), while the other with a Chamfer finish line (B). Three types of different all‐ceramic crowns, layered zirconia, monolithic zirconia, and pressed lithium disilicate, were fabricated for each prepared tooth (A) and (B). Measurements for assessing the marginal discrepancy were done on four designated points on the mesial, distal, buccal, and palatal surface of the superimposed image.

Results

The average marginal gap was the largest in the layered zirconia group, followed by monolithic zirconia, while pressed lithium disilicate crowns showed the least marginal gaps. Crowns with Chamfer finish lines were better fitting (less marginal gap) than the shoulder finish lines across all the groups.

Conclusions

Chamfer finish lines produced better fitting restorations, and heat‐pressed lithium disilicate crowns showed better adaptation at the margins than both layered zirconia and monolithic zirconia.
The digestion property evaluation of oil embedded in soybean protein–phospholipid nanocomposite aggregate particle
Authors: Ji Xuyang , Cui Yaoming , Liu Xue , Zhu Hao , Zheng Jianzhang , Song Shijia , Gao Feng , Zhu Jinfeng , Liu Xinyu , Guan Junjun
Published: October 2021

This research aimed to explore the digestion properties of oil embedded in the soybean protein–phospholipid (PC) nanocomposite aggregate particles through gastrointestinal digestion model. Soybean protein isolate (SPI), before and after enzymatically hydrolyzed, was combined with PC to form SPI‐PC and enzymatically hydrolyzed SPI‐PC (EHSPI‐PC) nanocomposite aggregate particles. In the process of stomach dynamic digestion, the zeta potential of SPI‐PC changed from −23.50 to 0.40 mV and the Z‐average particle size reached 1,452.00 nm at 70 min while the zeta potential of EHSPI‐PC changed from −45.63 to 6.13 mV and the Z‐average particle size was 594.77 nm. EHSPI‐PC had larger zeta‐potential absolute value and smaller particle size compared with SPI‐PC. It indicated EHSPI‐PC nanocomposite aggregate particles were good gastrointestinal protective carriers. After adding soybean oil, EHSPI‐PC showed denser and smaller droplet morphologies and more surface charge during the digestion process. Compared with SPI‐PC, it also had better emulsification activity and emulsification stability. In conclusion, EHSPI‐PC is more suitable for embedding soybean oil to release in the small intestine.

Practical Applications

Nano‐aggregate particles are widely used in food, medicine, and chemical industries due to their unique physical and chemical properties and functional properties. However, nano‐aggregate particles have unsatisfactory packaging of emulsifiers and leakage of embedded materials. Enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean protein isolate–phospholipid (EHSPI‐PC) nanocomposite aggregate particles have good emulsification and long‐lasting stability. The results showed that it is feasible for EHSPI‐PC nanocomposite aggregate particles to embed oily substances to ensure that the substances perform their functions in the intestinal tract. Therefore, the delivery system based on the EHSPI‐PC nanocomposite aggregate particles has good development potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries for encapsulation, protection, and release of nonpolar substances.
Post‐infection functional gastrointestinal disorders following coronavirus disease‐19: A case–control study
Authors: Ghoshal Uday C , Ghoshal Ujjala , Rahman M Masudur , Mathur Akash , Rai Sushmita , Akhter Mahfuza , Mostafa Tanvir , Islam Mohammad Shohidul , Haque Sheikh Ahmedul , Pandey Ankita , Kibria Md Golam , Ahmed Faruque
Published: October 2021

Background and Aim

Because acute infectious gastroenteritis may cause post‐infection irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 affects gastrointestinal (GI) tract, coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) may cause post‐infection‐functional GI disorders (FGIDs). We prospectively studied the frequency and spectrum of post‐infection‐FGIDs among COVID‐19 and historical healthy controls and the risk factors for its development.

Methods

Two hundred eighty patients with COVID‐19 and 264 historical healthy controls were followed up at 1 and 3 months using translated validated Rome Questionnaires for the development of chronic bowel dysfunction (CBD), dyspeptic symptoms, and their overlap and at 6‐month for IBS, uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) and their overlap. Psychological comorbidity was studied using Rome III Psychosocial Alarm Questionnaire.

Results

At 1 and 3 months, 16 (5.7%), 16 (5.7%), 11 (3.9%), and 24 (8.6%), 6 (2.1%), 9 (3.2%) of COVID‐19 patients developed CBD, dyspeptic symptoms, and their overlap, respectively; among healthy controls, none developed dyspeptic symptoms and one developed CBD at 3 months (P < 0.05). At 6 months, 15 (5.3%), 6 (2.1%), and 5 (1.8%) of the 280 COVID‐19 patients developed IBS, UD, and IBS‐UD overlap, respectively, and one healthy control developed IBS at 6 months (P < 0.05 for all except IBS‐UD overlap). The risk factors for post‐COVID‐19 FGIDs at 6 months included symptoms (particularly GI), anosmia, ageusia, and presence of CBD, dyspeptic symptoms, or their overlap at 1 and 3 months and the psychological comorbidity.

Conclusions

This is the first study showing COVID‐19 led to post‐COVID‐19 FGIDs. Post‐COVID‐19 FGIDs may pose a significant economic, social, and healthcare burden to the world.
Assessing the concurrent validity of days alive and at home metric
Authors: Shen Ernest , Rozema Emily J. , Haupt Eric C. , Henry Maureen , Scholle Sarah H. , Wang Susan E. , Lynn Joanne , Mularski Richard A. , Nguyen Huong Q. ,   the HomePal Research Group
Published: October 2021

Background

Most patients living with serious illness value spending time at home. Emerging data suggest that days alive and at home (DAH) may be a useful metric, however more research is needed. We aimed to assess the concurrent validity of DAH with respect to clinically significant changes in patient‐ and caregiver‐reported outcomes (PROs).

Methods

We drew data from a study that compared two models of home‐based palliative care among seriously ill patients and their caregivers in two Kaiser Permanente regions (Southern California and Northwest). We included participants aged 18 years or older (n = 3533) and corresponding caregivers (n = 463). We categorized patients and caregivers into three groups based on whether symptom burden (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, ESAS) or caregiving preparedness (Preparedness for Caregiving Scale, CPS) showed improvements, deterioration, or no change from baseline to 1 month later. We measured DAH across four time windows: 30, 60, 90, and 180 days, after admission to home palliative care. We used two‐way ANOVA to compare DAH across the PRO groups.

Results

Adjusted pairwise comparisons showed that DAH was highest for patients whose ESAS scores improved or did not change compared with those with worsening symptoms. Although the mean differences ranged from less than a day to about 3 weeks, none exceeded 0.3 standard deviations. ESAS change scores had weak negative correlations (r = −0.11 to −0.21) with DAH measures. CPS change scores also showed weak, positive correlations (r = 0.23–0.24) with DAH measures.

Conclusion

DAH measures are associated, albeit weakly, with clinically important improvement or maintenance of patient symptom burden in a diverse, seriously ill population.
Environmental contamination with SARS‐CoV‐2 in nursing homes
Authors: Mody Lona , Gibson Kristen E. , Mantey Julia , Bautista Liza , Montoya Ana , Neeb Karen , Jenq Grace , Mills John P. , Min Lillian , Kabeto Mohammed , Galecki Andrzej , Cassone Marco , Martin Emily T.
Published: October 2021

Background

SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreaks in nursing homes (NHs) have been devastating and have led to the creation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) units within NHs to care for affected patients. Frequency and persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 environmental contamination in these units have not been studied.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted between October 2020 and January 2021 in four Michigan NHs. Swabs from high‐touch surfaces in COVID‐19‐infected patient rooms were obtained at enrollment and follow‐up. Demographic and clinical data were collected from clinical records. Primary outcome of interest was the probability of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection from specific environmental surfaces in COVID‐19 patient rooms. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess patient risk factors for SARS‐CoV‐2 contamination. Pairwise Phi coefficients were calculated to measure correlation of site‐specific environmental detection upon enrollment and during follow‐up.

Results

One hundred and four patients with COVID‐19 were enrolled (61.5% >80 years; 67.3% female; 89.4% non‐Hispanic White; 51% short stay) and followed up for 241 visits. The study population had significant disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL; 81.7% dependent in four or more ADLs) and comorbidities, including dementia (55.8%), diabetes (40.4%), and heart failure (32.7%). Over the 3‐month study period, 2087 swab specimens were collected (1896 COVID‐19 patient rooms, 191 common areas). SARS‐CoV‐2 positivity was 28.4% (538/1896 swabs) on patient room surfaces and 3.7% (7/191 swabs) on common area surfaces. Nearly 90% (93/104) of patients had SARS‐CoV‐2 contamination in their room at least once. Environmental contamination upon enrollment correlated with contamination of the same site during follow‐up. Functional independence increased the odds of proximate contamination.

Conclusions

Environmental detection of viral RNA from surfaces in the rooms of COVID‐19 patients is nearly universal and persistent; more investigation is needed to determine the implications of this for infectiousness. Patients with greater independence are more likely than fully dependent patients to contaminate their immediate environment.
Satisfaction or connectivity?: Implications from the strong relationality model of flourishing couple relationships
Authors: Galovan Adam M. , Carroll Jason S. , Schramm David G. , Leonhardt Nathan D. , Zuluaga Johana , McKenadel Siobahn E. M. , Oleksuik McKenna R.
Published: October 2021

A central feature of couple relationships research is the use of self‐report measures of relationship satisfaction. Despite the widespread use of such measures in couples’ research, scholars have raised critical questions about satisfaction‐focused assessment, including concerns about taking an ontologically individualistic focus. Moving beyond ontological individualism, drawing from the Strong Relationality Model of Relationship Flourishing and data from 615 couples in the United States and Canada (N = 1230 individuals), we explored similarities and differences between assessments of relationship satisfaction and a measure based on strong relationality (relational‐connectivity). We evaluated associations with other scales assessing relationship factors including indicators of well‐being, relationship processes, virtues, and responsible actions. Using confirmatory latent profile analysis, we classified individuals as Flourishing (55.4%), Languishing (31.8%), Connected, Less‐Satisfied (7.8%), or Satisfied, Less‐Connected (5.0%). Our results suggest that attending to richer perspectives of relationship quality may spur additional understanding of many factors associated with meaningful couple relationships.
Effects of small‐molecule compounds on fibroblast properties in golden snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Authors: Wang Juanjuan , Liu Xin , Yang Jing , Guo Hanxing , Li Jingjing , Huo Lihui , Zhao Haitao , Wang Xiaowei , Yan Xingrong , Li Baoguo , sun Yu
Published: October 2021

Background

Golden snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered primate species, whose molecular material for conservation purposes has not yet been maintained. Although small‐molecule compounds (SMCs) have been reported to improve induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), their efficiency in the interspecies‐transferred nucleus is still unknown.

Methods

We thus used the fibroblasts from the golden snub‐nosed monkey treated with SMC as donor cells, injected into the enucleated oocytes of goats, to test such efficiency. Gene expression profiles in the cell‐constructed embryos with and without SMCs were compared by qPCR.

Results

The results show that cell morphology undergoes remarkable changes (volume is smaller than normal cells, and many black spots in the cytoplasm were found); pluripotent genes (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) significantly increased with SMC treatment.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that SMCs alter the properties of donor cells and promote the expression of pluripotent genes in hybrid embryos.
A systematic literature review on the current detection tools for authentication analysis of cosmetic ingredients
Authors: Aziz Atiqah Ab , Nordin Fatin Nur Majdina , Zakaria Zalina , Abu Bakar Nor Kartini
Published: October 2021

Background

The use of cosmetic products is considered a necessity for beautification in our daily lives. Cosmetic products composed of natural oils or fats as a main ingredient for various beneficial properties. Fats and oils are composed of various type of fatty acids with different compositions. Hence, fatty acids profile can be an effective chemical fingerprint for authentication analysis of cosmetic products.

Objective

This systematic review aims to enlighten the current detection tools developing for fatty acids profile authentication analyses of cosmetic ingredients based on the effectiveness, halal status, safety, advantages and disadvantages of the methods.

Methodology

The data were extracted from the scientific literatures published between October 2015 and 2020 in the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, and analyzed with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA).

Findings

Based on the systemic literature reviews, essential oil, argan oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, and jojoba oil were among the mostly studied ingredients in cosmetics. Furthermore, a combination of more than one analytical instrument was utilized to profile fatty acids while the determination of the origin of the fatty acids is under scrutiny. The portable mass spectrometer combined with a direct inlet membrane (DIM) probe seems to be the best tool in terms of time consumption, cost, requires no sample preparation with high efficiency. The current review showed that the best cosmetic base is when the oil is composed of high concentration of fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, stearic acid, and palmitic acids with concentration range from 19.7 ‐ 46.30%, which offers various beneficial properties to cosmetic products.
The central vein sign in multiple sclerosis lesions: Susceptibility relaxation optimization from a routine MRI multiecho gradient echo sequence
Authors: Li Jiahao , Huang Weiyuan , Luo Xianfu , Wen Yan , Cho Junghun , Kovanlikaya Ilhami , Gauthier Susan A. , Nguyen Thanh D. , Spincemaille Pascal , Wang Yi
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose

The white matter lesion central vein sign (CVS) is an emerging biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS) differential diagnosis. Currently, CVS is detected on susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) with suboptimal contrast. We developed an imaging method called susceptibility relaxation optimization (SRO) to improve CVS visualization.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of MS patients who had MRI in June 2018 with routine 3D multiecho gradient echo (GRE) and T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. SRO and SWI images were reconstructed from GRE data. MS lesions were identified on FLAIR image. The CVS detection rate, the image quality score of CVS conspicuity (range 0–3), and central vein‐to‐lesion contrast were compared between SRO and SWI images.

Results

In 20 MS patients (mean age 45 ± 9 years; 15 women), SRO significantly increased CVS detection rate compared to SWI (53.3%, 274/514 vs. 32.9%, 169/514; p<.001, McNemar's test). The median image quality score for SRO was 2 compared to 1 for SWI (p<.001, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test). The median overall image quality score for SRO was 7 compared to 6 for SWI (p = .003; Wilcoxon signed‐rank test). Central vein‐to‐lesion contrast was 0.12 ± 0.12 in SRO compared to 0.031 ± 0.075 in SWI (p<.001, t‐test).

Conclusions

SRO yields better central vein contrast and increases CVS detection rate compared to SWI.
Parental acculturation and oral health of children among immigrants
Authors: Dahlan Rana , Bohlouli Babak , Salami Bukola , Saltaji Humam , Amin Maryam
Published: October 2021

Objectives

This cross‐sectional study aimed to examine the associations between parental acculturation level and strategies and children's caries experience and oral health (OH) behaviors.

Methods

Participants were immigrant parents of children aged 2–12 years. Data were collected by validated questionnaires gathering information on socio‐demographics, child's OH behaviors, and parents'; acculturation and dental examinations determining child's caries experience using DMFT/dmft index. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used.

Results

Three hundred and thirty‐six parent/child dyads completed the study. Length of residency (B = 0.103; 95% CI: 0.064, 0.141) parents' education (B = 1.691; 95% CI: 1.228, 2.155), and household income (B = −0.959; 95% CI: −1.566, −0.352) significantly predicted acculturation level. Parents with high Canadian cultural knowledge reported higher frequency of children's toothbrushing (p‐value = 0.015). Parents of children who consumed sugar >1/day had higher mean scores of acculturation to Canadian culture (p‐value = 0.016), English language proficiency (p‐value = 0.024), and Canadian food adoption (p‐value = 0.046). Parents of children who visited the dentist within last 12 months had significantly higher assimilation and lower separation mean scores. Parents of children who visited dentist because of dental problems had higher marginalization mean score than those who went for check‐ups (p‐value = 0.046). Parental acculturation was not significantly correlated with their children's dmft/DMFT level.

Conclusions

Children of highly acculturated parents reported higher toothbrushing frequency and were more likely to consume sugar than children of less acculturated parents. Assimilated parents reported more and marginalized parents reported less favorable OH behaviors than other categories. Parental acculturation level or strategy was not associated with children's caries experience.
Rejection behaviour of horses for hay contaminated with meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale L.)
Authors: Mueller Clara , Sroka Louisa , Hass Marie‐Lena , Aboling Sabine , These Anja , Vervuert Ingrid
Published: October 2021

Background

Extensively used grasslands are frequently utilised for hay production for equines. Especially, extensive meadows have a great variety of plant species, which may include plants that are poisonous for equines such as meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale L.). To authors’ knowledge investigations about horses` avoidance behaviour towards dried meadow saffron in hay are missing. Reports of farmers are contrary to clinical symptoms described in case reports and associated with meadow saffron in hay.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the rejection behaviour of horses for hay contaminated with meadow saffron (MS) when fed ad libitum.

Study design

An 18‐day feeding trial with six adult geldings to observe the rejection behaviour for hay contaminated with MS.

Methods

The horses were fed a basal diet containing hay ad libitum and a mineral supplement during the feeding trial. At six different daytimes, hay contaminated with 1% or 2% dried MS was provided to the horses over a duration of 1 h. The rejection behaviour was observed personally and by video recordings. If a horse ingested more than two plants of MS during one observation period, the observation was stopped and repeated at another day. When the observation period had to be stopped twice, the horse was excluded from the experiment.

Results

Five of six horses ingested MS during the first feeding periods. One horse rejected leaves and capsules at the beginning of the study, but it showed repeated ingestion of MS after the seventh observation period.

Main limitations

Lack of knowledge about secondary plant metabolites affecting taste and their variability between fresh and dried plants.

Conclusions

The intake of MS in hay by horses could not be ruled out with certainty. Therefore, feeding hay contaminated with MS should be avoided for equids.
Macrobenthos‐based RBP II (Rapid Bioassessment Protocol II) as a tool to assess the sediment and water quality in a treated textile effluent receiving stream ecosystem associated with a wetland marsh: A case study from Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijeyaratne W. M. Dimuthu Nilmini , Liyanage Uditha Prabhath
Published: October 2021

Macrobenthos are important bioindicators of organic and nutrient pollution. The present study used the macrobenthos‐based rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP II) to study the effects of treated textile effluent inputs into a natural stream ecosystem connected to a wetland marsh. Three reference sites and three sites receiving point source inputs from a textile effluent treatment plant were selected. The physical and chemical parameters, and the abundance and diversity of macrobenthos at each site, were assessed during the rainy and dry seasons of 2020. Although the water quality parameters at the sites representing the point source inputs did not exceed the standard textile effluent discharge limits, a significant influence on the macrobenthic community composition was observed at the effluent discharge receiving sites. The dominant macrobenthos in the ecosystem (Baetis sp., Leptophlebia sp; Tubifex sp.) exhibited significant correlations with lead, copper, chromium and cadmium concentrations of the water and sediments. The Shannon–Weiner Diversity Index, Family Biotic Index, EPT Index and EPT/C ratio used in the rapid bioassessment protocol indicated significantly strong correlations with the water and sediment quality parameters, demonstrating their suitability to be used as a tool for biological measurements in aquatic ecosystems receiving textile effluents.
Advances in the study of the trophic niche of batoids with distribution in Mexican waters
Authors: Serrano‐Flores Francisco , Torres‐Rojas Yassir E. , Ajemian Matthew J. , Mendoza‐Carranza Manuel , Pérez‐Jiménez Juan C.
Published: October 2021

Batoid (rays and skates) populations are declining worldwide, with unknown ecological consequences due to lacking consolidated data on the trophic ecology of these species. Such trends are particularly disconcerting in Mexican waters, where batoids are heavily exploited by commercial fisheries. To assess the current state of knowledge of batoid diet in this region, we conducted a meta‐analysis of 54 published stomach content analysis studies. Trophic niche was assessed from 44 total species, including variations due to sex, ontogeny, season, and region, as well as trophic overlap among species. The species assessed belonged to the taxonomic families Urotrygonidae, Dasyatidae, Potamotrygonidae, Mobulidae, Rhinopteridae, Aetobatidae, Gymnuridae, Rhinobatidae, Rajidae, Arhyncobatidae, and Narcinidae. Most of the diet studies to date were conducted in the Mexican Pacific (n = 24), whereas only three studies have come from the Mexican Atlantic, with 27 additional studies coming from other American countries from the tropical and subtropical region. Crustaceans were reported in more than 50% of the species assessed and were also generally the most important prey item, with either high (76%–100%) and medium‐high (51%–75%) importance based on dietary indices from the literature reviewed. While the diet of 40 species (91%) consisted of more than one prey type, feeding strategy analysis (Levin and Shannon–Wiener indices) of 27 species indicated that 25 were specialists and two generalists. Species diets varied with ontogeny (20%), sex (11%), region (11%), and seasonality (9%). According to the reviewed studies, interspecific diet overlap was evident in 36% of species, mainly in the family Urotrygonidae. Batoids were grouped into four trophic guilds: crustacivores (68.1%), annelidivores (primarily polychaetes) (13.6%), molluscivores (11.3%), and piscivores (6.8%), based on the literature reviewed. This study showed that most of the batoids had a specialist crustacean‐based diet. Future research should focus on species devoid of dietary data to encapsulate the trophic niche breadth of this group in Mexican waters, particularly from the Mexican Atlantic and surrounding regions.
Collisional mixing between inner and outer solar system planetesimals inferred from the Nedagolla iron meteorite
Authors: Spitzer Fridolin , Burkhardt Christoph , Pape Jonas , Kleine Thorsten
Published: October 2021

The ungrouped iron meteorite Nedagolla is the first meteorite with bulk Mo, Ru, and Ni isotopic compositions that are intermediate between those of the noncarbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) meteorite reservoirs. The Hf‐W chronology of Nedagolla indicates that this mixed NC–CC isotopic composition was established relatively late, more than 7 Myr after solar system formation. The mixed NC–CC isotopic composition is consistent with the chemical composition of Nedagolla, which combines signatures of metal segregation under more oxidizing conditions (relative depletions in Mo and W), characteristic for CC bodies, and more reducing conditions (high Si and Cr contents), characteristic for some NC bodies, in a single sample. These data combined suggest that Nedagolla formed as the result of collisional mixing of NC and CC core material, which partially re‐equilibrated with silicate mantle material that predominantly derives from the NC body. These mixing processes might have occurred during a hit‐and‐run collision between two differentiated bodies, which also provides a possible pathway for Nedagolla's extreme volatile element depletion. As such, Nedagolla provides the first isotopic evidence for early collisional mixing of NC and CC bodies that is expected as a result of Jupiter's growth.
The use of combined PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical staining to diagnose mucormycosis from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Liu Xiao , Song Yinggai , Li Ruoyu
Published: October 2021

Objective

To develop a comprehensive diagnostic system for mucormycosis from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues, consisting of own‐designed real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, fluorescence in situ hybridisation, and immunohistochemical staining.

Methods

We designed 11 primers and probes for specific real‐time PCR assays based on genome sequences, and validated the specificity by Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, Lomentospora, Cryptococcus and Candida species. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues from forty‐four mouse model infected by above fungi were collected and extracted DNA by laser capture microdissection (LCM) and direct extraction methods for real‐time PCR assays. In addition, seventeen clinical specimens histopathologically proven for mucormycosis were included for specific detection with the new diagnostic system.

Results

The real‐time PCR assays allowed detection of a minimum of 10 CFU/ml equivalent gDNA of each species. No cross‐reaction with gDNA among species was noted. From mouse model specimens, the sensitivity of real‐time PCR in samples extracted with LCM versus direct extraction method was 100% versus 91.43% at Mucorales level and 80% versus 45.71% at species level, respectively. The specificity was 100%. From clinical samples, LCM combined with real‐time PCR can test 88.24% (15/17) of Mucorales. Sensitivities of fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) were 70.59% and 41.18%, respectively. Combined LCM‐RT‐PCR, FISH and IHC yielded positive results in all samples.

Conclusions

The combination diagnostic system we developed is a culture‐independent and robust method which enables rapid species identification from FFPE tissues for timely diagnosis of mucormycosis.
Calmodulin‐like protein CML24 interacts with CAMTA2 and WRKY46 to regulate ALMT1‐dependent Al resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zhu Xue , Wang Peng , Bai Zhimin , Herde Marco , Ma Yanqi , Li Na , Liu Shuo , Huang Chao‐Feng , Cui Rongxiu , Ma Hongyu , Zhang Meng , Wang Hui , Wei Tiandi , Quan Taiyong , Zhang Wei , Liu Chunguang , Zhang Tao , Yang Zhong‐Bao
Published: October 2021

ALUMINUM‐ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1 (ALMT1)‐mediated malate exudation from roots is critical for aluminium (Al) resistance in Arabidopsis. Its upstream molecular signalling regulation is not yet well understood.

The role of CALMODULIN‐LIKE24 (CML24) in Al‐inhibited root growth and downstream molecular regulation of ALMT1‐meditaed Al resistance was investigated.

CML24 confers Al resistance demonstrated by an increased root‐growth inhibition of the cml24 loss‐of‐function mutant under Al stress. This occurs mainly through the regulation of the ALMT1‐mediated malate exudation from roots. The mutation and overexpression of CML24 leads to an elevated and reduced Al accumulation in the cell wall of roots, respectively. Al stress induced both transcript and protein abundance of CML24 in root tips, especially in the transition zone. CML24 interacts with CALMODULIN BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR2 (CAMTA2) and promotes its transcriptional activity in the regulation of ALMT1 expression. This results in an enhanced malate exudation from roots and less root‐growth inhibition under Al stress. Both CML24 and CAMTA2 interacted with WRKY46 suppressing the transcriptional repression of ALMT1 by WRKY46.

The study provides novel insights into understanding of the upstream molecular signalling of the ALMT1‐depdendent Al resistance.
IL‐38–mediated NLRP3/caspase‐1 inhibition is a disease‐modifying treatment for TMJ inflammation
Authors: Luo Ping , Zhao Tingting , He Hong
Published: October 2021

Recently, interleukin‐38 (IL‐38) was identified as an important anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive factor, but its functional role in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate how IL‐38 affects chondrocytes and the underlying mechanism that contributes to anti‐inflammatory processes in the TMJ. Western blotting, quantitative real‐time PCR, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence analysis were used to verify that IL‐38 has anti‐inflammatory effects on chondrocytes, and the related key pathways were analyzed by western blotting. SiRNA‐IL‐38, siRNA‐NLRP3, and MCC950 were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the anti‐inflammatory effects of IL‐38. Inflammation models were induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant in TMJ with mouse recombinant IL‐38 inin vivostudies. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were used to investigate histological changes in the cartilage. The results showed that IL‐38 inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs. IL‐38 limited inflammation by inhibiting the expression of MAPKs/NF‐κB and the NLRP3/caspase‐1 pathway.In vivo, IL‐38 reduced chondrocyte inflammation and limited cartilage degeneration. This study shows for the first time that IL‐38 plays a protective role in TMJ cartilage. IL‐38 exerts anti‐inflammatory effects through the NLRP3/caspase‐1 pathway and may be a promising agent for treating TMJ inflammation.
Generic ICD programming and outcomes
Authors: Khan Parisha , Jahagirdar Nishat , Laybourn Micaela , Harding Idris , Cannatà Antonio , Bromage Daniel I. , Shabeeh Husain , Kabunga Peter , Petzer Edward , Murgatroyd Francis , Scott Paul A.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Generic ICD programming, where shock‐reduction programming is extrapolated from trials of one manufacturer to another, may reduce non‐essential ICD therapies beyond that seen in randomized trials. However, the benefits and risks are unknown. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the impact of a standardized programming protocol, based on generic programming, across manufacturers.

Methods

We included all new ICDs in a single center (2009–2019). In 2013 a standardized programming protocol based on generic programming was introduced, incorporating high detection rates (200 bpm for primary prevention) and long detection (30/40 or equivalent in VF zone) for all patients. Patients were classified into three groups based on implant programming: pre‐guideline (PS), post‐guideline and guideline compliant (GC) and post‐guideline but not guideline compliant (NGC). The end‐points were the first occurrence of any device therapy (ATP or shock), ICD shock, syncope and all‐cause mortality. Survival analysis was used to evaluate outcomes.

Results

1003 patients were included (mean follow‐up 1519 ± 1005 days). In primary prevention patients (n = 583) freedom from ICD therapy (91.5% vs. 73.6%, p < .001) or shock (94.7% vs 84.8%, p = .02) were significantly higher in GC compared to PS patients, without significant increase in syncope or mortality. In secondary prevention patients (n = 420) freedom from any ICD therapy or any shock were non‐significantly higher in GC compared to PS patients, without an increase in syncope or mortality.

Conclusions

In primary prevention patients a standardized programming protocol, incorporating generic programming, reduced the burden of ICD therapy without an increase in adverse outcomes.
Cultural diversity within couples: Risk or chance? A meta‐analytic review of relationship satisfaction
Authors: Uhlich Maximiliane , Luginbuehl Tamara , Schoebi Dominik
Published: October 2021

Previous research has suggested that couples with different sociocultural backgrounds (DISC) are less stable and less satisfied than culturally homogeneous couples, putatively because of the stressors these couples face, for example, discrimination. However, a review of the literature suggests that findings across studies are somewhat mixed, and correlates of different sociodemographic variables are potentially important. We identified and reviewed 20 studies that examined relationship satisfaction in couples with different and homogeneous sociocultural backgrounds so that comparisons between the two groups were possible and effect sizes could be computed. Overall, our meta‐analysis found no evidence for DISC couples being less satisfied than culturally homogeneous couples, challenging this assumption. Only a few effect sizes, with large confidence intervals, suggested lower relationship satisfaction in DISC couples than in culturally homogenous couples, and these differences may be explained by demographic correlates. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for relationship researchers conducting research on DISC couples.