bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Railroad Switch Effect of Seasonally Reversing Currents on the Bay of Bengal High‐Salinity Core
Authors: Sanchez‐Franks A. , Webber B. G. M. , King B. A. , Vinayachandran P. N. , Matthews A. J. , Sheehan P. M. F. , Behara A. , Neema C. P.
Published: May 2019

The Southwest Monsoon Current (SMC) flows eastward from the Arabian Sea into the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during summer, advecting a core of high‐salinity water. This high‐salinity core has been linked with Arabian Sea High‐Salinity Water that is presumed to enter the BoB directly from the Arabian Sea via the SMC. Here we show that the high‐salinity core originates primarily from the western equatorial Indian Ocean, reaching the BoB via the Somali Current, the Equatorial Undercurrent, and the SMC. Years with anomalously saline high‐salinity cores are linked with the East Africa Coastal Current and the Somali Current winter convergence and an anomalously strong Equatorial Undercurrent. Seasonal reversals that occur at the Somali Current and SMC junctions act as railroad switches diverting water masses to different basins in the northern Indian Ocean. Interannual fluctuations of the Equatorial Undercurrent are linked to wind stress and El Niño.
An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming
Authors: Rowell David P.
Published: May 2019

Two outlying projections of the East African Long Rains suggest the seasonal rainfall may double by the late 21st century. Previous work has linked these extremes—found in the IPSL‐CM5A model—to an exceptional March to May warming of the southern Indian Ocean. The current study shows a strong feedback between sea surface temperature (SST) increases and reduced low‐level cloud cover (with similar behavior in other southern subtropical oceans). An observational constraint is developed by demonstrating a correlation across 28 models between the strength of present‐day interannual SST‐cloud sensitivity and future SST response. Verification of the present‐day sensitivity finds that IPSL‐CM5A's feedbacks are very likely overestimated. It is therefore suggested its projections should be discounted for the March to May southern Indian Ocean and East African Long Rains. This narrows the CMIP5 plausible range of Long Rains totals by a third.
Synthesis of Oceanic Crustal Structure From Two‐Dimensional Seismic Profiles
Authors: Christeson G. L. , Goff J. A. , Reece R. S.
Published: May 2019

We present a new synthesis of oceanic crustal structure from two‐dimensional seismic profiles to explore differences related to spreading rate and age. Primary results are as follows: (1) Layer 2 has an average thickness of 1.84 km but is thicker for young slow‐spreading crust and thinner for young superfast‐spreading crust. At faster‐spreading rates the layer 2/3 boundary likely corresponds to the lithologic boundary between dikes and gabbros. At slow‐spreading centers, the layer 2/3 boundary is interpreted to mark a change in porosity with depth within the dikes. (2) Total crustal thickness averages 6.15 km and is similar across all spreading rates. (3) Velocities at the top of layer 2 increase rapidly from 3.0 km/s at 0 Ma to 4.6 km/s at 10.5 Ma, with a slower increase to 5.0 km/s at 170 Ma. The rapid increase in velocity at young ages is attributed to crack closure by precipitation of hydrothermal alteration products; the increase at older ages suggests that this process persists as the oceanic crust evolves. (4) There is a correlation between velocities at the top of layer 2 and sediment thickness, with velocities of 5.8–5.9 km/s associated with a sediment thickness of 4.0–4.3 km. The thick sediment may collapse large‐scale features such as lava tubes and fractures. (5) Average velocities at the top of layer 3 are lower for young slow‐spreading and intermediate‐spreading oceanic crust (6.1–6.2 km/s) than for older or faster‐spreading oceanic crust (6.5–6.7 km/s). These low velocities are likely associated with faults penetrating into the sheeted dikes.
DNA methylation signatures of monozygotic twins clinically discordant for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Souren Nicole Y. , Gerdes Lisa A. , Lutsik Pavlo , Gasparoni Gilles , Beltrán Eduardo , Salhab Abdulrahman , Kümpfel Tania , Weichenhan Dieter , Plass Christoph , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Walter Jörn
Published: May 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a modest concordance rate in monozygotic twins, which strongly argues for involvement of epigenetic factors. We observe highly similar peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based methylomes in 45 MS-discordant monozygotic twins. Nevertheless, we identify seven MS-associated differentially methylated positions (DMPs) of which we validate two, including a region in theTMEM232promoter andZBTB16enhancer. In CD4 + T cells we find an MS-associated differentially methylated region inFIRRE. Additionally, 45 regions show large methylation differences in individual pairs, but they do not clearly associate with MS. Furthermore, we present epigenetic biomarkers for current interferon-beta treatment, and extensive validation shows that theZBTB16DMP is a signature for prior glucocorticoid treatment. Taken together, this study represents an important reference for epigenomic MS studies, identifies new candidate epigenetic markers, and highlights treatment effects and genetic background as major confounders.
Optical backaction-evading measurement of a mechanical oscillator
Authors: Shomroni Itay , Qiu Liu , Malz Daniel , Nunnenkamp Andreas , Kippenberg Tobias J.
Published: May 2019

Quantum mechanics imposes a limit on the precision of a continuous position measurement of a harmonic oscillator, due to backaction arising from quantum fluctuations in the measurement field. This standard quantum limit can be surpassed by monitoring only one of the two non-commuting quadratures of the motion, known as backaction-evading measurement. This technique has not been implemented using optical interferometers to date. Here we demonstrate, in a cavity optomechanical system operating in the optical domain, a continuous two-tone backaction-evading measurement of a localized gigahertz-frequency mechanical mode of a photonic-crystal nanobeam cryogenically and optomechanically cooled close to the ground state. Employing quantum-limited optical heterodyne detection, we explicitly show the transition from conventional to backaction-evading measurement. We observe up to 0.67 dB (14%) reduction of total measurement noise, thereby demonstrating the viability of backaction-evading measurements in nanomechanical resonators for optical ultrasensitive measurements of motion and force.
Synthetic TRuC receptors engaging the complete T cell receptor for potent anti-tumor response
Authors: Baeuerle Patrick A. , Ding Jian , Patel Ekta , Thorausch Niko , Horton Holly , Gierut Jessica , Scarfo Irene , Choudhary Rashmi , Kiner Olga , Krishnamurthy Janani , Le Bonnie , Morath Anna , Baldeviano G. Christian , Quinn Justin , Tavares Patrick , Wei Qi , Weiler Solly , Maus Marcela V. , Getts Daniel , Schamel Wolfgang W. , Hofmeister Robert
Published: May 2019

T cells expressing CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) reveal high efficacy in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Here, we report that T cell receptor fusion constructs (TRuCs) comprising an antibody-based binding domain fused to T cell receptor (TCR) subunits can effectively reprogram an intact TCR complex to recognize tumor surface antigens. Unlike CARs, TRuCs become a functional component of the TCR complex. TRuC-T cells kill tumor cells as potently as second-generation CAR-T cells, but at significant lower cytokine release and despite the absence of an extra co-stimulatory domain. TRuC-T cells demonstrate potent anti-tumor activity in both liquid and solid tumor xenograft models. In several models, TRuC-T cells are more efficacious than respective CAR-T cells. TRuC-T cells are shown to engage the signaling capacity of the entire TCR complex in an HLA-independent manner.
Capturing single-cell heterogeneity via data fusion improves image-based profiling
Authors: Rohban Mohammad H. , Abbasi Hamdah S. , Singh Shantanu , Carpenter Anne E.
Published: May 2019

Single-cell resolution technologies warrant computational methods that capture cell heterogeneity while allowing efficient comparisons of populations. Here, we summarize cell populations by adding features’ dispersion and covariances to population averages, in the context of image-based profiling. We find that data fusion is critical for these metrics to improve results over the prior alternatives, providing at least ~20% better performance in predicting a compound’s mechanism of action (MoA) and a gene’s pathway.
Publisher Correction: 87Sr/86Sr age determination by rapidly formed spherical carbonate concretions
Authors: Yoshida Hidekazu , Asahara Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Koshi , Katsuta Nagayoshi , Minami Masayo , Metcalfe Richard
Published: May 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Overpressure at the Macondo Well and its impact on the Deepwater Horizon blowout
Authors: Pinkston F. William M. , Flemings Peter B.
Published: May 2019

At the Macondo well, the overpressure (fluid pressure greater than hydrostatic) in the main reservoir is nearly identical to that within a stratigraphically equivalent sandstone at the Galapagos development 21 miles (34 km) to the south; we interpret that the reservoirs share a permeable, laterally extensive, and hydraulically connected aquifer. At Macondo, pore pressure approximately parallels the overburden stress to a depth of 17,640 ft (5,377 m) subsea and thereafter decreases abruptly by 1,200 psi (8.3 MPa) over 370 ft (113 m) as the main sandstone reservoir is approached. In contrast, at Galapagos, pore pressure increases with the overburden stress for the entire well depth. The pore pressure regression at Macondo was responsible for a reduction in the least principal stress. This, in combination with the extreme pore pressures within overlying strata, drastically narrowed the range of safe operational borehole pressures. These geologic phenomena produced challenging conditions for drilling, prevented successful temporary abandonment of the well, and contributed to the well’s failure.
A refutation to ‘A new A-P compartment boundary and organizer in holometabolous insect wings’
Authors: Lawrence Peter A. , Casal José , Celis José F. de , Morata Ginés
Published: May 2019

We respond to a recent report by Abbasi and Marcus who present two main findings: first they argue that there is an organiser and a compartment boundary within the posterior compartment of the butterfly wing. Second, they present evidence for a previously undiscovered lineage boundary near wing vein 5 in Drosophila, a boundary that delineates a “far posterior” compartment. Clones of cells were marked with the yellow mutation and they reported that these clones always fail to cross a line close to vein 5 on the Drosophila wing. In our hands yellow proved an unusable marker for clones in the wing blade and therefore we reexamined the matter. We marked clones of cells with multiple wing hairs or forked and found a substantial proportion of these clones cross the proposed lineage boundary near vein 5, in conflict with their findings and conclusion. As internal controls we showed that these same clones respect the other two well established compartment boundaries: the anteroposterior compartment boundary is always respected. The dorsoventral boundary is mostly respected, and is crossed only by clones that are induced early in development, consistent with many reports. We question the validity of Abbasi and Marcus’ conclusions regarding the butterfly wing but present no new data.

Arising from: R. Abbasi and J. M. Marcus Sci. Rep. 7, 16337 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16553-5.
Moisture Effect on Particulate Matter Filtration Performance using Electro-Spun Nanofibers including Density Functional Theory Analysis
Authors: Kim Han-Jung , Park Seon Joo , Kim Dong-Ik , Lee Sanghyuck , Kwon Oh Seok , Kim Il Ku
Published: May 2019

In this study, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the effect of moisture on the performance of three types of nanofiber (NF)-based air-filter media prepared by electrospinning polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Based on the DFT calculations of the intermolecular interactions between the NF-based filter media and water molecules, the PAN-NF filter is expected to exhibit the best performance in the wet state. Experiment studies also successfully demonstrate that the PAN-NF filter medium has better performance in the filtration of particulate matter (PM) than a commercial semi-high efficiency particulate air filter under wet conditions, and these results are in good agreement with the DFT calculation. The PAN-NF filter shows better performance because of its hydrophilic nature and the relatively low thickness the filter medium that allowed fast recovery of its PM-filtration performance.
Automatic Localization and Count of Agricultural Crop Pests Based on an Improved Deep Learning Pipeline
Authors: Li Weilu , Chen Peng , Wang Bing , Xie Chengjun
Published: May 2019

Insect pests are known to be a major cause of damage to agricultural crops. This paper proposed a deep learning-based pipeline for localization and counting of agricultural pests in images by self-learning saliency feature maps. Our method integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN) of ZF (Zeiler and Fergus model) and a region proposal network (RPN) with Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) to remove overlapping detections. First, the convolutional layers in ZF Net, without average pooling layer and fc layers, were used to compute feature maps of images, which can better retain the original pixel information through smaller convolution kernels. Then, several critical parameters of the method were optimized, including the output size, score threshold, NMS threshold, and so on. To demonstrate the practical applications of our method, different feature extraction networks were explored, including AlexNet, ResNet and ZF Net. Finally, the model trained on smaller multi-scale images was tested on original large images. Experimental results showed that our method achieved a precision of 0.93 with a miss rate of 0.10. Moreover, our model achieved a mean Accuracy Precision (mAP) of 0.885.
VEGF Receptor 1-Expressing Macrophages Recruited from Bone Marrow Enhances Angiogenesis in Endometrial Tissues
Authors: Sekiguchi Kazuki , Ito Yoshiya , Hattori Kyoko , Inoue Tomoyoshi , Hosono Kanako , Honda Masako , Numao Akiko , Amano Hideki , Shibuya Masabumi , Unno Nobuya , Majima Masataka
Published: May 2019

Angiogenesis is critical in maintenance of endometrial tissues. Here, we examined the role of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) signaling in angiogenesis and tissue growth in an endometriosis model. Endometrial fragments were implanted into the peritoneal wall of mice, and endometrial tissue growth and microvessel density (MVD) were determined. Endometrial fragments from wild-type (WT) mice grew slowly with increased angiogenesis determined by CD31+ MVD, peaking on Day 14. When tissues from WT mice were transplanted into VEGFR1 tyrosine kinase-knockout mice, implant growth and angiogenesis were suppressed on Day 14 compared with growth of WT implants in a WT host. The blood vessels in the implants were not derived from the host peritoneum. Immunostaining for VEGFR1 suggested that high numbers of VEGFR1+ cells such as macrophages were infiltrated into the endometrial tissues. When macrophages were deleted with Clophosome N, both endometrial tissue growth and angiogenesis were significantly suppressed. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that growth and angiogenesis in endometrial implants were promoted by host bone marrow-derived VEGFR1+/CD11b+ macrophages that accumulated in the implants, and secreted basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). A FGF receptor kinase inhibitor, PD173047 significantly reduced size of endometrial tissues and angiogenesis. VEGFR1 signaling in host-derived cells is crucial for growth and angiogenesis in endometrial tissue. Thus, VEGFR1 blockade is a potential treatment for endometriosis.
TLR4 counteracts BVRA signaling in human leukocytes via differential regulation of AMPK, mTORC1 and mTORC2
Authors: Zhang Zhiyong , Amorosa Louis F. , Petrova Anna , Coyle Susette , Macor Marie , Nair Mohan , Lee Leonard Y. , Haimovich Beatrice
Published: May 2019

TLR4 is implicated in diseases associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, yet homeostatic signaling mechanisms that prevent and/or are affected by chronic TLR4 activation are largely uncharacterized. We recently reported that LPS/TLR4 activates in human leukocytes signaling intermediates (SI), abbreviated TLR4-SI, which include mTORC1-specific effectors and targets, and that leukocytes of patients with T2D or after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) expressed similar SI. Extending these previous findings, here we show that TLR4-SI expression post-CPB was associated with low serum bilirubin and reduced preoperative expression of biliverdin reductase A (BVRA), the enzyme that converts biliverdin to bilirubin, in patient’s leukocytes. Biliverdin inhibited TLR4 signaling in leukocytes and triggered phosphorylation of mTORC2-specific targets, including Akt, PKCζ, AMPKα-LKB1-TSC1/2, and their association with BVRA. Torin, PP242, and a PKCζ inhibitory peptide, but not rapamycin, prevented these biliverdin-induced responses and TLR4 inhibition. In contrast, LPS/TLR4 triggered decreases in BVRA, AMPKα and PKCζ expression, and an increase in haptoglobin, a heme binding protein, in leukocytes in vivo and in vitro, indicating that activated TLR4 may suppress biliverdin/BVRA signaling. Significantly, compared to non-diabetics, BVRA and PKCζ expression was low and haptoglobin was high in T2D patients leukocytes. Sustained TLR4 activation may deregulate homeostatic anti-inflammatory BVRA/mTORC2 signaling and thereby contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases.
Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance in Banana Progenitor Musa balbisiana against Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum
Authors: Tripathi Leena , Tripathi Jaindra Nath , Shah Trushar , Muiruri Kariuki Samwel , Katari Manpreet
Published: May 2019

Banana Xanthomonas wilt disease, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm), is a major threat to banana production in east Africa. All cultivated varieties of banana are susceptible to Xcm and only the progenitor species Musa balbisiana was found to be resistant. The molecular basis of susceptibility and resistance of banana genotypes to Xcm is currently unknown. Transcriptome analysis of disease resistant genotype Musa balbisiana and highly susceptible banana cultivar Pisang Awak challenged with Xcm was performed to understand the disease response. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in Musa balbisiana in comparison to Pisang Awak. Genes associated with response to biotic stress were up-regulated in Musa balbisiana. The DEGs were further mapped to the biotic stress pathways. Our results suggested activation of both PAMP-triggered basal defense and disease resistance (R) protein-mediated defense in Musa balbisiana as early response to Xcm infection. This study reports the first comparative transcriptome profile of the susceptible and resistant genotype of banana during early infection with Xcm and provide insights on the defense mechanism in Musa balbisiana, which can be used for genetic improvement of commonly cultivated banana varieties.
Shower effect of a rainfall onset on the heat accumulated during a preceding dry spell
Authors: Das Bhowmik Rajarshi , Suchetana Bihu , Lu Mengqian
Published: May 2019

Popular perception claims that rain following a hot day brings relief, indicating a bio-meteorological perspective of ‘rainy’ forecasts. However, the hypothesis has rarely been examined on India which experiences distinct pre- and post-monsoon seasons with continuous dry days, occasionally interrupted by thunderstorms or cyclones. The current study analyzes 54 years of observed daily meteorological records across India to assess the impact of shower effect, defined as the amount of change in the temperature on the first day of a wet spell that succeeds a dry spell. Nine combinations of low to high probability rainfall events on the first day of a wet spell and short to prolonged dry spell categories are evaluated. Results indicate that the north, the northeastern, and the eastern states of India witness a decrease in the maximum and minimum temperatures, up to 5 °C during the pre-monsoon season while mostly exhibiting a statistically insignificant long-term temporal trend. During the post-monsoon season, a rainfall event decreases the maximum temperature, providing significant relief by reducing the heat index (HI) warning from ‘Caution’ to ‘Normal’, but is unable to lower the HI warning from ‘danger’ during the pre-monsoon season.
Employing machine learning for theory validation and identification of experimental conditions in laser-plasma physics
Authors: Gonoskov A. , Wallin E. , Polovinkin A. , Meyerov I.
Published: May 2019

The validation of a theory is commonly based on appealing to clearly distinguishable and describable features in properly reduced experimental data, while the use of ab-initio simulation for interpreting experimental data typically requires complete knowledge about initial conditions and parameters. We here apply the methodology of using machine learning for overcoming these natural limitations. We outline some basic universal ideas and show how we can use them to resolve long-standing theoretical and experimental difficulties in the problem of high-intensity laser-plasma interactions. In particular we show how an artificial neural network can “read” features imprinted in laser-plasma harmonic spectra that are currently analysed with spectral interferometry.
High-throughput metabolomics and ingenuity pathway approach reveals the pharmacological effect and targets of Ginsenoside Rg1 in Alzheimer’s disease mice
Authors: Li Ge , Zhang Ning , Geng Fang , Liu Guoliang , Liu Bin , Lei Xia , Li Guang , Chen Xi
Published: May 2019

Ginsenoside Rg1, a natural triterpenoid saponins compound isolated from the Panax species, has been found to possess neuroprotective properties in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, its pharmacological mechanism on AD has not been studied. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) based non-targeted metabolomics strategy was performed to explore the mechanism of Ginsenoside Rg1 protecting against AD mice by characterizing metabolic biomarkers and regulation pathways changes. A total of nineteen potential metabolites in serum were discovered and identified to manifest the difference between wild-type mice and triple transgenic mice in control and model group, respectively. Fourteen potential metabolites involved in ten metabolic pathways such as linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism were affected by Rg1. From the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) platform, the relationship between gene, protein, metabolites alteration and protective activity of ginsenoside Rg1 in AD mice are deeply resolved, which refers to increased level of albumin, amino acid metabolism and molecular transport. In addition, quantitative analysis of key enzymes in the disturbed pathways by proteomics parallel reaction was employed to verify changed metabolic pathway under Ginsenoside Rg1. The UPLC-Q/TOF-MS based serum metabolomics method brings about new insights into the pharmacodynamic studies of Ginsenoside Rg1 on AD mice.
Nanocomposite Metamaterials Based on Self-assembled Titanium Dioxide Rolls with Embedded Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Kutrovskaya Stella , Kucherik Alexey , Osipov Anton , Samyshkin Vlad , Istratov Alexander , Kavokin Alexey V.
Published: May 2019

An experimental method for fabrication of a nanocomposite metamaterial based on a self-assembly of titanium dioxide microtubes with encapsulated gold nanoparticles (NPs) is proposed. The formation of microtubes is induced by laser irradiation in the presence of an external magnetic field. It is shown that the variation of the metal NP concentration leads to the increase of the optical absorption of the metamaterial. The possibility of using arrays of oriented microtubes as absorbing n-doped layers for solar cells is demonstrated.
Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants
Authors: Rivas Ioar , Fussell Julia C. , Kelly Frank J. , Querol Xavier
Published: May 2019

People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
Outdoor Air as a Source of Indoor Pollution
Authors: Hänninen Otto , Goodman Patrick
Published: May 2019

Modern populations spend the majority of their time indoors. For the most active working age population, the fraction of time spent indoors is around 85%, whereas for small children and the sedentary elderly the figure approaches 100%. Indoor air is, of course, particularly affected by indoor sources. Nevertheless, outdoor air is a significant contributor to indoor levels of the main classical air pollutants such as ultrafine and fine particles and nitrogen oxides, and often the only source of others such as ozone and sulfur dioxide. Indoor air quality is created by complex processes that involve outdoor air, ventilation, building tightness, filtration, mixtures of pollution, occupant behaviour and indoor emission sources ranging through building materials, soil, occupants, and customer products and appliances used in the building. The literature shows convincingly that the role played by outdoor air is probably the most significant single factor at the population level. In developed countries, the building stock is relatively well insulated, affecting the air exchange rates and infiltration processes. This chapter presents an overview of recent evidence on infiltration rates of outdoor air pollution and processes that affect them.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Indoor Aerosols
Authors: Vu Tuan V. , Harrison Roy M.
Published: May 2019

Air pollution presents one of the greatest health risks worldwide; hence indoor pollutants have received considerable attention, with a rapidly increasing number of publications in recent decades. This chapter reviews and updates the state of knowledge on indoor aerosols with a focus on their behaviour, physicochemical properties and implications for health assessment studies. It begins with a brief outline of fundamental aerosol dynamics (i.e. deposition, coagulation, evaporation and nucleation) and the main factors that control and affect the concentration and behaviour of aerosols indoors. It then summarizes the concentrations and physicochemical profiles of aerosols in different major indoor sources and microenvironments such as homes, offices and schools. Implications of particle properties for lung dose calculations are discussed. Based on this work, it is concluded that indoor aerosols show a range of particle size distributions and chemical compositions, depending on different indoor emissions and aerosol indoor dynamics. Household aerosols are identified as a main contributor to the total and regional lung dose of ambient particles, especially when expressed by number dose.
Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution
Authors: Maynard Robert L.
Published: May 2019

Exposure to indoor-generated air pollution causes a large number of deaths and cases of disease. These effects are found, largely, in developing countries where people, especially women and young children, are exposed to high concentrations of smoke produced by biomass burning for cooking. Approximately 3 million deaths occur each year. In developed countries, the problem is much less acute: accidental exposure to high concentrations of carbon monoxide is the main cause of death. It should be remembered, however, that much of people's exposure to pollutants generated outdoors occurs in the indoor environment. Indoor exposure to particulate matter has the same effects as outdoor exposure: the cardiovascular system is most affected, with deaths being due to ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Exposure to particulate matter may also contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exposure to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, although perhaps not having a great effect on measures of lung function, may contribute to the development of emphysema and reduce the resistance of the body to bacterial and viral infections. Lung cancer, due to exposure to carcinogens in wood smoke, also occurs. Efforts to reduce levels of indoor air pollution in developing countries, for example by providing flued cooking stoves, have been shown to reduce the prevalence of disease.
Potential mechanisms mediating the protective effects of a peptide from walnut (Juglans mandshuricaMaxim.) against hydrogen peroxide induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Guo Yong , Zhao Fanrui , Qin Hanxiong , Lu Hongyan , Fang Li , Wang Ji , Min Weihong
Published: May 2019

A novel neuroprotective peptide EVSGPGLSPN, which was identified from walnut protein hydrolysates, protected PC12 cells by blocking the NF-κB/caspase pathways.
An electrochemical DNA sensor for ultrasensitive detection of ARID1a targeting PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor immunological response
Authors: Wu Li , Peng Meirong
Published: May 2019

In this work, an ARID1a targeting PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor was detected by a DNA sensor.
Highly dispersed nickel catalysts via a facile pyrolysis generated protective carbon layer
Authors: Das Sonali , Jangam Ashok , Du Yonghua , Hidajat Kus , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: May 2019

In situ generated protective carbon layers from metal precursor pyrolysis produce a highly dispersed Ni catalyst by restricting the metal mobility and agglomeration.
New global minima of 6-vertex dicarboranes: classical but unexpected
Authors: Xue Ying-ying , Ding Yi-hong
Published: May 2019

Two new rule-breaking six-vertex dicarborane global minima,i.e., trigonal bipyramid (R = SH) and butterfly (R = Cl, NH2, OH, F) were predicted.
Metal-nucleobase hybrid nanoparticles for enhancing the activity and stability of metal-activated enzymes
Authors: He Jie , Sun Shanshan , Lu Mingzhu , Yuan Qipeng , Liu Yanhui , Liang Hao
Published: May 2019

A novel strategy for enhancing the activity and stability of metal-activated enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) by allosteric control and confinement of metal-nulceobase hybrid coordination.
Exchange-biased hybrid γ-Fe2O3/NiO core–shell nanostructures: three-step synthesis, microstructure, and magnetic properties
Authors: He Xue-Min , Zhang Chuang-Wei , Guo Fang-Fang , Yan Shi-Ming , Li Yong-Tao , Liu Li-Qing , Zhang Hong-Guang , Du You-Wei , Zhong Wei
Published: May 2019

The synthetic process of γ-Fe2O3/NiO core–shell nanostructures.
Energetics and structure of Langmuir monolayers of palmitic acid: a DFT study
Authors: Toledano Óscar , Gálvez Óscar
Published: May 2019

Langmuir monolayers are monomolecular wide films composed of amphiphilic molecules with a bi-dimensional structure typically formed at the air–water interface.
Modulating the electronic structures of blue phosphorene towards spintronics
Authors: Lu Xiang-Qian , Wang Chuan-Kui , Fu Xiao-Xiao
Published: May 2019

Modulation of the electronic and magnetic structure of blue phosphorene nanoribbons to explore the potential application in spintronics is appealing.
Heterostructured NiFe oxide/phosphide nanoflakes for efficient water oxidation
Authors: Yan Ailing , Wan Hao , Chen Gen , Zhang Ning , Ma Wei , Liu Xiaohe , Cao Yijun , Ma Renzhi
Published: May 2019

Heterostructured Ni2/3Fe1/3O/Ni4/3Fe2/3P nanoflakes could be successfully synthesized via the partial phosphidation of the oxide precursor, which achieved a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 273 mV with a small Tafel slope of 79 mV dec−1, superior to single-phase oxide and phosphide nanoflakes.
gem-Dimethyl-substituted bis(imino)dihydroquinolines as thermally stable supports for highly active cobalt catalysts that produce linear PE waxes
Authors: Zhang Randi , Huang Yongfeng , Solan Gregory A. , Zhang Wenjuan , Hu Xinquan , Hao Xiang , Sun Wen-Hua
Published: May 2019

Linear polyethylene waxes with vinyl content can be generated using the depicted N,N,N′-Co catalyst at an industrially relevant operating temperature of 70 °C.
Challenges and opportunities for adsorption-based CO2 capture from natural gas combined cycle emissions
Authors: Siegelman Rebecca L. , Milner Phillip J. , Kim Eugene J. , Weston Simon C. , Long Jeffrey R.
Published: May 2019

As natural gas supplies a growing share of global primary energy, new research efforts are needed to develop adsorbents for carbon capture from gas-fired power plants alongside efforts targeting emissions from coal-fired plants.
Revitalizing antifolates through understanding mechanisms that govern susceptibility and resistance
Authors: Kordus Shannon Lynn , Baughn Anthony David
Published: May 2019

Mechanisms of antifolate resistance in bacterial and mammalian cells.
Antibacterial mechanism of gold nanoparticles onStreptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Ortiz-Benítez Edgar Augusto , Velázquez-Guadarrama Norma , Durán Figueroa Noé Valentín , Quezada Héctor , Olivares-Trejo José de Jesús
Published: May 2019

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a causal agent of otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and severe cases of septicemia. This human pathogen infects elderly people and children with a high mortality rate of approximately one million deaths per year worldwide. Antibiotic-resistance of S. pneumoniae strains is an increasingly serious health problem; therefore, new therapies capable of combating pneumococcal infections are indispensable. The application of gold nanoparticles has emerged as an option in the control of bacterial infections; however, the mechanism responsible for bacterial cell lysis remains unclear. Specifically, it has been observed that gold nanoparticles are capable of crossing different structures of the S. pneumoniae cells, reaching the cytosol where inclusion bodies of gold nanoparticles are noticed. In this work, a novel process for the separation of such inclusion bodies that allowed the analysis of the biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins associated with the gold nanoparticles was developed. Then, it was possible to separate and identify proteins associated with the gold nanoparticles, which were suggested as possible candidates that facilitate the interaction and entry of gold nanoparticles into S. pneumoniae cells.
Tailoring the stability, photocatalysis and photoluminescence properties of Au11 nanoclusters via doping engineering
Authors: Qin Zhaoxian , Zhao Dan , Zhao Li , Xiao Qian , Wu Tingting , Zhang Jiangwei , Wan Chongqing , Li Gao
Published: May 2019

Au8Ag3(PPh3)7Cl3 alloy nanoclusters with C3-axis Ag doping exhibit photothermodynamic and electrochemical stability improvements to afford photoluminescence and photocatalytic oxidation enhancement.
ZnX2 mediated post-synthetic transformation of zero dimensional Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals for opto-electronic applications
Authors: Sharma Sumit Kumar , Mamgain Swati , Attarwala Burhanuddin , Yella Aswani
Published: May 2019

Herein we demonstrate a facile approach for the synthesis of all inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystal composites CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) with high quantum yield by post-synthetic modulation of zero dimensional Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals with ZnX2 salts.
Correction: Electrocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol for simultaneously promoting H2 evolution by a Co0.83Ni0.17/activated carbon electrocatalyst
Authors: Liu Guoqiang , Zhang Xian , Zhao Cuijiao , Xiong Qizhong , Gong Wanbing , Wang Guozhong , Zhang Yunxia , Zhang Haimin , Zhao Huijun
Published: May 2019

Correction for ‘Electrocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol for simultaneously promoting H2 evolution by a Co0.83Ni0.17/activated carbon electrocatalyst’ by Guoqiang Liu et al., New J. Chem., 2018, 42, 6381–6388.
Stoichiometric quantification of spatially dense assemblies with qPAINT
Authors: Baker Matthew A. B. , Nieves Daniel J. , Hilzenrat Geva , Berengut Jonathan F. , Gaus Katharina , Lee Lawrence K.
Published: May 2019

DNA qPAINT can be used to quantify the stoichiometry of dense arrays of molecules separated by as little as 3 nm.
Lead-free double perovskites Cs2InCuCl6 and (CH3NH3)2InCuCl6: electronic, optical, and electrical properties
Authors: Pham Hung Q. , Holmes Russell J. , Aydil Eray S. , Gagliardi Laura
Published: May 2019

Two indium-based double perovskites, Cs2InCuCl6 and (CH3NH3)2InCuCl6, were proposed as promising materials for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications with a suitable band gap and exceptional optical and electrical properties.
Superconducting boron doped nanocrystalline diamond on boron nitride ceramics
Authors: Mandal Soumen , Bland Henry A. , Cuenca Jerome A. , Snowball Malcolm , Williams Oliver A.
Published: May 2019

The zeta potential of boron nitride ceramics and a layer of diamond grown on the ceramic.
Platinum-catalyzed reactions between Si–H groups as a new method for cross-linking of silicones
Authors: Deriabin Konstantin V. , Lobanovskaia Ekaterina K. , Novikov Alexander S. , Islamova Regina M.
Published: May 2019

The platinum-catalyzed self cross-linking of polymethylhydrosiloxane at RT in air was performed for the first time. cis-[PtCl2(BnCN)2] allows creating high-quality silicone rubbers without visible mechanical defects.
Influence of local strain caused by cycloaddition on the band gap control of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Maeda Yutaka , Kuroda Kiyonori , Tambo Haruto , Murakoshi Hiyori , Konno Yui , Yamada Michio , Zhao Pei , Zhao Xiang , Nagase Shigeru , Ehara Masahiro
Published: May 2019

The local strain at the addition is cited as another factor controlling the emission wavelength of functionalized SWNTs.
On the encapsulation and assembly of anticancer drugs in a cooperative fashion
Authors: Wang Weikun , Wang Han , Zhiquan Lei , Xie Han , Cui Honggang , Badjić Jovica D.
Published: May 2019

In this study, we report the remarkable recognition and assembly characteristics of D3h symmetric basket 16− containing two adjoining and nonpolar cavities with six biocompatible GABA residues at their northern and southern termini.
Main-chain scission of individual macromolecules induced by solvent swelling
Authors: Messmer Daniel , Bertran Oscar , Kissner Reinhard , Alemán Carlos , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: May 2019

We present a comprehensive investigation of main-chain scission processes affecting peripherally charged and neutral members of a class of dendronized polymers (DPs) studied in our laboratory.
Evaluation of fluorine and sulfonic acid co-functionalized graphene oxide membranes under hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cell conditions
Authors: Sandström Robin , Annamalai Alagappan , Boulanger Nicolas , Ekspong Joakim , Talyzin Alexandr , Mühlbacher Inge , Wågberg Thomas
Published: May 2019

Two-dimensional perfluorinated sulfonic acid represent an intriguing new proton exchange membrane concept.
Breaking the volcano-plot limits for Pt-based electrocatalysts by selective tuning adsorption of multiple intermediates
Authors: Wang Xuesi , He Qun , Song Li , Jaroniec Mietek , Zheng Yao , Qiao Shi-Zhang
Published: May 2019

A new general strategy for breaking the limits imposed by volcano plots is proposed for the HER under alkaline conditions.
An efficient biosensor for monitoring Alzheimer's disease risk factors: modulation and disaggregation of the Aβ aggregation process
Authors: Ma Siyue , Qiang Jiabao , Li Linyang , Mo Yan , She Mengyao , Yang Zheng , Liu Ping , Zhang Shengyong , Li Jianli
Published: May 2019

An efficient biosensor to monitor Alzheimer's disease risk factors and inhibit Alzheimer's disease by disaggregating Aβ aggregation.
Rapid room temperature synthesis of red iridium(iii) complexes with Ir–S–P–S structures for efficient OLEDs
Authors: Su Ning , Yang Hui-Qing , Shen Cheng-Zhen , Yan Zhi-Ping , Chen Zhao-Xu , Zheng You-Xuan
Published: May 2019

Two red iridium(iii) complexes with Ir–S–P–S structures were obtained rapidly at room temperature in 5 min with high yields, and their devices achieve good performances with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 24.90%.
Refractive index modulation in metal oxides arising from chemically induced free carriers and its application in gas sensing
Authors: Zhang Xuyang , Wu Xia , Amrehn Sabrina , Wagner Thorsten
Published: May 2019

Metal oxide PhCs are used as active optical materials for chemical sensing by connecting optical to electrical gas response.
Optimal control of backward doubly stochastic system
Authors: Wang Wencan
Published: May 2019

An optimal control problem for backward doubly stochastic system is considered, where the control domain is not necessarily convex. By the method of classical spike variation and duality technique, one necessary condition and one sufficient condition are established for this kind of optimal control problem. The related adjoint process is characterised by the solution of a forward doubly stochastic differential equation, which formulates a forward–backward doubly stochastic differential equation coupled with the state equation. As an illustration, the authors' theoretical results are applied to study an optimal harvesting problem and a linear‐quadratic optimal control problem. Moreover, the corresponding maximum principle with an initial state constraint is obtained by Ekeland's variational principle.
Stochastic scheduling of compressed air energy storage in DC SCUC framework for high wind penetration
Authors: Gupta Pranda Prasanta , Jain Prerna , Chand Sharma Kailash , Bhakar Rohit
Published: May 2019

High intermittent wind generation necessitates integration of bulk energy storage systems (ESSs) for maintaining security and reliability in power system operation. Considering this, stochastic security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) including compressed air energy storage (CAES) as bulk ESS for high wind penetration and with wind uncertainty modelling is addressed. Network constraints for pre‐ and post‐line contingency are modelled using DC power flow. Injection sensitivity factors (ISFs) are conventionally used in power flow equations which, however, make N  −  1 network security constrained formulation huge and computationally demanding for the proposed stochastic model. Therefore, this study proposes a line outage distribution factor (LODF) to reduce the number of coefficients of post contingency DC power flow equations. This is a compact formulation with the lower computational requirement. Wind uncertainty is modelled as probable scenarios. The proposed SCUC is a complex mixed integer linear programming problem and solved using Benders decomposition technique for IEEE 30‐bus and 118‐bus system. Simulation results to analyse the impact of CAES, wind uncertainty and line contingency with ISF and LODF on overall operation costs, CAES scheduling, wind curtailment, locational marginal price and computational time. Results show that the proposed model is computationally efficient for system operation under high wind penetration.
Practical application of small antennas in hardware platforms
Authors: Collins Brian S.
Published: May 2019

The study discusses the practical challenges of incorporating small antennas into electrically small, power‐limited devices, including those intended for wireless connection to the Internet of Things. It describes a number of common pitfalls and provides advice to antenna engineers and device designers on obtaining the best possible radio‐frequency performance.
Application of artificial neural networks for transistor open‐circuit fault diagnosis in three‐phase rectifiers
Authors: Sobanski Piotr , Kaminski Marcin
Published: May 2019

This study deals with the transistor open‐circuit fault diagnosis technique based on the grid current processing. In accordance with the proposed method, in the first stage, the defect of the power electronics converter is recognised. For this purpose, the zero current periods are registered in each converter phase circuits. The faulty transistors are identified calculating the average values of differences between predicted and measured phase currents. The novelty of the presented technique is an application of a neural network for the grid current prediction in the active rectifier. In fact, the transistor open‐circuit faults do not affect the predicted grid currents immediately as soon as the transistor defects happen. Therefore, the differences between the predicted currents and the measured ones increase which are used for the faulty transistors identification. In the comparison to the switch open‐circuit fault diagnostic techniques, which are known from the scientific literature survey, the method presented in this study is insensitive to load changes no matter a direction of the energy flow in the power conversion system.
Active disturbance rejection control of DC–DC boost converter: a review with modifications for improved performance
Authors: Ahmad Saif , Ali Ahmad
Published: May 2019

This study provides a comprehensive review of existing active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) techniques for the control of non‐minimum phase (NMP) DC–DC boost converter (DBC). A boost converter presents a challenging control task due to its non‐linear and NMP dynamics while operating in continuous conduction mode. ADRC schemes, specifically those that claim improved performance for NMP systems, have been experimentally evaluated for voltage control of DBC. Additionally, a new way of incorporating known system dynamics into the control structure is proposed through a modified scheme. An averaged non‐linear model of DBC is used in the simulation to analyse the effectiveness of control schemes and the results are experimentally validated on hardware. It is shown that the proposed method outperforms the reported model‐assisted ADRC techniques while utilising only the system pole information.
Soft‐punch‐through buffer concept for 600–1200 V IGBTs
Authors: Andenna Maxi , Buitrago Elizabeth , Corvasce Chiara , Papadopoulos Charalampos , Jabrany Rachid , Rahimo Munaf
Published: May 2019

A new soft‐punch‐through (SPT) buffer concept for 600–1200 V insulated‐gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) based on thin wafer technology is proposed. The new SPT structure employs an epitaxial layer for the lightly doped n‐type drift region, which is grown on a thick starting material or substrate. The n‐type substrate serves as the SPT buffer region. The doping concentration of both drift and buffer regions are comparably low with the buffer region having a higher doping level. The design options of this new concept are discussed based on experimental data and 1200 V IGBTs using the new buffer concept are compared to IGBTs employing previously published buffer technology.