bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic and Rearrangement Studies on the Carboranes B‐X‐closo‐2,4‐C2B5H6 and B,B′‐X2‐closo‐2,4‐C2B5H5 (X: Br,I).
Authors: NG B. , ONAK T. , BANUELOS T. , GOMEZ F. , DISTEFANO E. W.
Published: May 2016

Synthetic routes to all of the B‐X‐ closo‐2,4‐C2B5H6 and B,B′‐X2‐closo‐2,4‐C2B5H5 isomers (X: ‐ Br, ‐ I), with the exception of 1,7‐Br2‐2,4‐C2B5H5, by the reaction of (I) with molecular halogens are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Carbonyl Catalyzed Reduction of Aromatic Nitriles with a Hydrosilane Leading to N,N‐Disilylamines.
Authors: MURAI T. , SAKANE T. , KATO S.
Published: May 2016

Aus den aromatischen Nitrilen (I) erhält man mit Trimethylsilan (II) in Gegenwart von Dicobaltoctacarbonyl (III) die silylierten Ami‐ 141 ne (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Reactions of Benzosilacyclobutenes with Alcohols.
Authors: KANG K.‐T. , SEO H.‐C. , KIM K.‐N.
Published: May 2016

Bei der thermischen Reaktion der Benzo‐silacylcobutene (I) mit den Alkoholen (II) entstehen die Ring‐ öffnungsprodukte (III) und (IV), wobei in der Reihenfolge Methanol, Ethanol, iso‐ 142 Propanol die Bildung von (IV) immer mehr begünstigt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Halo[2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(trifluoromethylyl)‐1‐(trimethylsiloxy)ethyl]phosphanes.
Authors: KISCHKEL H. , ROESCHENTHALER G.‐V. +
Published: May 2016

Das durch Silylierung von (I) dargestellte Phosphin (II) wird mittels N‐Brom‐ bzw. N‐Chlorsuccinimid in die Mono‐ und Dihalogenphosphine (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) umgewandelt; die Fluor‐Analogen (IIIc) werden aus den Bromphosphinen (IIIa) mit SbF3 hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Perfluoroalkynyl Phosphonates.
Authors: SHEN Y. , LIN Y. , XIN Y.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Phosphorylmethylentriphenylphosphoran (I) erhält man mit Perfluorcarbonsäurechloriden (II) über (III) in einer intramolekularen Wittig‐Reaktion die Alkin‐phosphonsäureester (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Polyfunctional Molecules. Part 88. (Chloromethyl)tris[(diiodoarsino)methyl]methane and Its Application for the Synthesis of Linear, Bicyclic, and Tricyclic Organo Arsenic Compounds.
Authors: ELLERMANN J. , BREHM L.
Published: May 2016

Das durch Reaktion von (I) und (II) (Molverhältnis 1:4) in flüssigem NH3 als einzige Verbindung gebildete tri‐tert. Arsin (III), setzt sich mit gasförmigem HI unter selektiver Abspaltung der Phenylgruppen als Benzol zu dem Derivat (IV) um.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimon Containing Heterocycles. Part 3. Phenylated Stibocanes, ψ‐Octaedrical 5‐ and ψ‐Monocapped‐octaedric 6‐Coordination at Antimon(III).
Authors: HOFFMANN H. M. , DRAEGER M. +
Published: May 2016

Die Stibocane (III) werden aus den Disulfiden (I) und dem Antimondi‐chlorid (II) hergestellt und charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Iron(III)
Authors: ITABASHI E.
Published: May 2016

Thiocyanate Complexes in Acidic Thiocyanate Solutions at an Optically Transparent Thin‐Layer‐Electrode Cell.
ChemInform Abstract: Disproportionation of Nickel(III) Bis(oxime imine) Complexes.
Authors: LAPPIN A. G. , MARTONE D. P. , OSVATH P.
Published: May 2016

Die Kinetik des Redoxgleichgewichts Ni(IV) + Ni(II) .‐= 2 Ni(III) wird als Funktion des pH‐Wertes an den Ni‐Komplexen des Liganden 3,14‐Dimethyl‐4,7,lO,13‐tetraazahexadeca‐3,13‐dien‐2,15‐diondioxim = H2L untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Template Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Spectroscopic Characterization of [N,N′‐Bis(2‐pyridylmethylene)‐1,3‐diamino‐2‐methyl‐2‐nitropropane]copper(II) Perchlorate.
Authors: COMBA P. , HAMBLEY T. W. , LAWRANCE G. A.
Published: May 2016

The condensation reaction of the complex (I) with nitroethane and formaldehyde in basic MeOH produces the title complex (II), which crystallizes in the space group P2lcn with Z=4.
ChemInform Abstract: (Tertiary Phosphine) Gold(I) Derivatives of 2‐Pyridones.
Authors: BONATI F. , BURINI A. , PIETRONI B. R. , BOVIO B.
Published: May 2016

Die Herstellung der 2‐Pyridongoldphosphin‐Komplexe (III) aus den entsprechenden Pyridonen (I) und den Phosphingoldchloriden (II) wird beschrieben und die Struktur der Komplexe anhand der Röntgenstrukturanalyse von (IIIe) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Hybrid Phosphine Amine and Phosphine Amide Compounds.
Authors: HEDDEN D. , ROUNDHILL D. M.
Published: May 2016

Die Phosphinamin‐ und Phosphinamid‐Verbindungen (III), (V), (VII) und (IX) werden nach aufgezeichneten Schemen dargestellt und spektroskopisch (IR, NMR) charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Stereochemistry of New Sesquiterpene Esters from Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH.
Authors: BAUER R. F. X. , KHAN I. A. , LOTTER H. , WAGNER H. , WRAY V.
Published: May 2016

Die Verbindungen (Ia)‐(IVa) werden aus der Titelspezies isoliert und ihre Strukturen anhand ihrer Hydrolyseprodukte (Ib), (IIb) (Röntgenstrukturanalyse: jeweils RG P2,212,; Z=4), (IIIb) und (IVb) bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformed Steroids. Part 148. 1,3‐Cycloaddition of Diazomethane and Diazoacetat to A15‐17‐Ketoandrostane Under Normal and High Pressure.
Authors: KAMERNITSKII A. V. , GALAKHOVA T. N. , LEVINA I. S. , EL'YANOV B. S. , BOGDANOV V. S. , CHEREPANOVA E. G.
Published: May 2016

Das Androstadienolon (I) cycloaddiert Diazomethan (II) bei Normaldruck zu dem Pyrazolin (III), das in Gegenwart von BF3 in die 15,16‐MethylenVerbindung (IV) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Either (22S)‐ or (22R)‐Hydroxy‐23‐acetylenic Steroid Side Chains via [2,3]‐Wittig Sigmatropic Rearrangement.
Authors: MIKAMI K. , KAWAMOTO K. , NAKAI T.
Published: May 2016

Das in bekannter Weise aus (I) zugängliche Steroid‐carbinol (IIa) wird in die Ether (IIb) und (IIc) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: Study on the Inhibition of Adenosine Deaminase.
Authors: MONTGOMERY J. A. , THOMAS H. J. , ZELL A. L. , EINSPHAR H. M. , BUGG C. E.
Published: May 2016

Das Ribofuranosylimidazol (IV) erhält man durch Umsetzung von (II) mit(III) und anschließende Folgereaktio‐ nen; es ist weitaus geringer aktiv als der Adenosindesaminase‐Inhibitor Coformycin ′ (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Deazaoxanosines, C‐Nucleoside Isosteres of Oxanosine.
Authors: NIITSUMA S. , KATO K. , TAKITA T. , UMEZAWA H.
Published: May 2016

Mit Bromcyan erhält man aus den Aminoestern (I) die N‐Cyanverbindungen (II), die alkalisch zu den 3‐Desaza‐oxanosinen (III) und (IV) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Manoalide and Secomanoalide.
Authors: KATSUMURA S. , FUJIWARA S. , ISOE S.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Ester (I) wird das Allylchlorid (IIc) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Factor F430 from Methanogenic Bacteria: Absolute Configuration.
Authors: FAESSLER A. + , KOBELT A. , PFALTZ A. , ESCHENMOSER A. , BLADON C. , BATTERSBY A. R. , THAUER R. K.
Published: May 2016

Physikalische und chemische Untersuchungen an dem Methylester (Ib) (F43OM) sowie an einer Reihe verwandter Verbindungen ergeben für die Titelverbindung die abso‐ 187 lute Konfiguration (Ia), die somit im Bereich des A‐ und B‐Rings mit der von Sirohydrochlorin identisch ist.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusually Simple Route to 4‐Demethoxy‐7‐deoxydaunomycinone.
Authors: LAKSHMIKANTHAM M. V. , RAVICHANDRAN K. , GOSCINIAK D. J. , CAVA M. P.
Published: May 2016

Das aus (Ia) gut zugängliche Bromketon (Ib) ergibt mit einer Reihe von Basen das Eliminierungsprodukt (II), während mit verd. Natronlauge bei Raumtemperatur das im Titel genannte Hydroxyketon (Ic) entsteht.
Resting Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography for the Evaluation of Coronary Microcirculation Dysfunction in Patients With Early Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Li Xin , He Sheng , Zhang Yun‐Shan , Chen Yu , He Jiang‐Chun
Published: May 2016

Background

Coronary microcirculation dysfunction can occur in patients with chest pain suggestive of coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of resting myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) for early CAD with myocardial microcirculation dysfunction by evaluating the continuous imaging time, peak time, and peak intensity.

Hypothesis

Resting MCE is an effective and noninvasive method for evaluation of coronary microcirculation dysfunction in patients with early coronary artery disease.

Methods

The present study included 20 consecutive patients without obvious clinical evidence of early CAD and 20 healthy volunteers. Resting MCE was performed to evaluate the myocardial microcirculation perfusion, and the follow‐up evaluation of myocardial microcirculation perfusion was performed with technetium 99 m 2‐methoxy‐isobutyl‐isonitrile (99mTc‐MIBI) single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Results

Peak intensity was significantly lower in patients with high risk of CAD than in controls (P < 0.0001). The peak time and continuous imaging time were significantly higher in patients with high risk of CAD than in controls (P < 0.0001). None of the 40 subjects experienced discomfort, such as cough and chest tightness, during the resting MCE procedure, and the heart rate and blood pressure showed no abnormalities during the entire procedure. SPECT imaging showed reversible myocardial perfusion reduction in 80% (16/20) of the patients with high risk of CAD. Abnormalities of heart rate and blood pressure and adverse reactions were noted during the process of SPECT examination.

Conclusions

Resting MCE is an effective and noninvasive method for detecting abnormalities of coronary microcirculation and can help in the clinical analysis, risk assessment, and treatment of early occult CAD.
On the Global Solution of a 3‐D MHD System with Initial Data near Equilibrium
Authors: Abidi Hammadi , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we prove the global existence of smooth solutions to the three‐dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamical system with initial data close enough to the equilibrium state, (e3,0). Compared with previous works by Lin, Xu, and Zhang and by Xu and Zhang, here we present a new Lagrangian formulation of the system, which is a damped wave equation and which is nondegenerate only in the direction of the initial magnetic field. Furthermore, we remove the admissible condition on the initial magnetic field, which was required in the earlier works. By using the Frobenius theorem and anisotropic Littlewood‐Paley theory for the Lagrangian formulation of the system, we achieve the globalL1‐in‐time Lipschitz estimate of the velocity field, which allows us to conclude the global existence of solutions to this system. In the case when the initial magnetic field is a constant vector, the large‐time decay rate of the solution is also obtained.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Cabotegravir on Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Lou Yu , Buchanan Ann M. , Chen Shuguang , Ford Susan L. , Gould Elizabeth , Margolis David , Spreen William R. , Patel Parul
Published: May 2016

A randomized, partial‐blind, repeat‐dose, 3‐period crossover study (NCT02027454) assessed the effect of cabotegravir on QT interval in healthy subjects. To achieve a supratherapeutic dose, each subject received cabotegravir 150 mg (30 mg × 5 tablets) every 12 hours for a total of 3 doses over 2 days, matching placebo (every 12 hours) over 2 days, or a single open‐label 400‐mg dose of the positive control moxifloxacin, with a 21‐day washout between treatments. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analyses were collected up to 24 hours after the third dose on day 2. QT interval data were obtained by continuous Holter monitoring for approximately 24 hours at baseline (day ‐1) and from 2 hours before to 24 hours after the third dose on day 2. Plasma cabotegravir exposure was approximately 3‐fold above clinically relevant doses. After 3 doses of 150 mg of cabotegravir administered every 12 hours, all upper limits of 2‐sided 90% confidence intervals for ΔΔQTcF (difference in time‐matched change from baseline for QTcF between cabotegravir and placebo) were <10 milliseconds. There was no relationship between cabotegravir plasma concentrations and ΔΔQTcF. No subject receiving cabotegravir had a QTcF value > 450 milliseconds. There were no serious or grade 3 or 4 adverse events or clinically significant changes in laboratory values, vital signs, or electrocardiogram results. These data demonstrate that cabotegravir at a supratherapeutic dose had no effect on cardiac repolarization.
Therapist Effects on and Predictors of Non‐Consensual Dropout in Psychotherapy
Authors: Zimmermann Dirk , Rubel Julian , Page Andrew C. , Lutz Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

Background

Whereas therapist effects on outcome have been a research topic for several years, the influence of therapists on premature treatment termination (dropout) has hardly been investigated. Since dropout is common during psychological treatment, and its occurrence has important implications for both the individual patient and the healthcare system, it is important to identify the factors associated with it.

Method

Participants included 707 patients in outpatient psychotherapy treated by 66 therapists. Multilevel logistic regression models for dichotomous data were used to estimate the impact of therapists on patient dropout. Additionally, sociodemographic variables, symptoms, personality style and treatment expectations were investigated as potential predictors.

Results

It was found that 5.7% of variance in dropout could be attributed to therapists. The therapist's effect remained significant after controlling for patient's initial impairment. Furthermore, initial impairment was a predictor of premature termination. Other significant predictors of dropout on a patient level were male sex, lower education status, more histrionic and less compulsive personality style and negative treatment expectations.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that differences between therapists influence the likelihood of dropout in outpatient psychotherapy. Further research should focus on variables, which have the potential to explain these inter‐individual differences between therapists (e.g., therapist's experience or self‐efficacy). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages

There are substantial differences between therapists concerning their average dropout rates.

At the patient level, higher initial impairment, male sex, lower education, less compulsive personality style, more histrionic personality style and low treatment expectations seem to be risk factors of non‐consensual treatment termination.

Psychometric feedback during the course of treatment should be used to identify patients who are at risk for dropout.
On non‐combustibility of commercial building materials
Authors: Fangrat Jadwiga
Published: May 2016

Non‐combustibility is discussed on the basis of experimental data for 66 commercial building materials obtained from two standard test methods: EN ISO 1716 oxygen bomb calorimeter and EN ISO 1182 cylindrical furnace. The sample materials are divided into five categories: concrete and ceramics, thermal/acoustic insulation materials, wall or ceiling boards, mortars and adhesives and thin coatings. To better distinguish between non‐combustible and combustible materials, an effective modified heat of combustion is defined and calculated for all materials tested in both methods. The materials studied exhibited very different mass loss values and a low tendency to auto‐ignite in the cylindrical furnace. Revised criteria for class A1 are proposed for better accuracy of reaction‐to‐fire assessment. It is proposed to use the oxygen bomb calorimeter with only one limit for the heat of combustion, that is, a value of 5 MJ/kg for all materials. The proposed approach is a very efficient tool for fast and inexpensive screening for non‐combustibility of building products and is expected to be a more precise method to distinguish between non‐combustible and combustible materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design Affects Adoptive T Cell Therapy
Authors: Gacerez Albert T. , Arellano Benjamine , Sentman Charles L.
Published: May 2016

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been developed to treat tumors and have shown great success against B cell malignancies. Exploiting modular designs and swappable domains, CARs can target an array of cell surface antigens and, upon receptor‐ligand interactions, direct signaling cascades, thereby driving T cell effector functions. CARs have been designed using receptors, ligands, or scFv binding domains. Different regions of a CAR have each been found to play a role in determining the overall efficacy of CAR T cells. Therefore, this review provides an overview of CAR construction and common designs. Each CAR region is discussed in the context of its importance to a CAR's function. Additionally, the review explores how various engineering strategies have been applied to CAR T cells in order to regulate CAR T cell function and activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2590–2598, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from 4,6‐Diamino‐3‐cyano‐2‐methylthiopyridine and their Biological Activity
Authors: Ghattas Abd El‐Badih A. G. , Khodairy Ahmed , Moustafa Hassan M. , Hussein Bahgat R. M.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of 4,6‐diamino‐3‐cyano‐2‐methylthiopyridine (1) with aqueous KOH or hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding nicotinamide 2 and pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine 3, respectively. Reaction of compound 1 with bromine, sulfuryl chloride, formaldehyde, or aromatic diazonium salts gave 5‐bromopyridine 4, 5‐chloropyridine 5, dipyridylmethane 6, and azo dyes 7, 8, 9, 10, respectively. Compound 1 reacted with diketones to yield the corresponding butenylamino derivative 11 and amides 12, 13, 14, 15, respectively. Treatment of butanamide 13 with diazonium salts or a mixture of urea and aromatic aldehyde in the presence of drops of HCl as a catalyst yielded the corresponding arylhydrazones 16, 17, 18, 19, pyrimidines 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 1,8‐naphthyridine 25, respectively. The potency of the results as anti‐inflammatory and antifungal agents have been evaluated. The compounds have been characterized based on their spectral and elemental analysis.
Genome segments accumulate with different frequencies in Bombyx mori bidensovirus
Authors: Hu Zhaoyang , Zhang Xiaolong , Liu Wei , Zhou Qian , Zhang Qing , Li Guohui , Yao Qin
Published: May 2016

Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) of the family Bidnaviridae is the unique animal multipartite virus until now, which contains two‐segmented linear single‐stranded DNA genome VD1 (6.5 kb) and VD2 (6.0 kb). Both two segments and their complementary strands are encapsidated separately. Although the different frequencies of genome segments were reported in multipartite viruses of plants, the relative abundances of segments in the animal multipartite virus has not been studied yet. In this paper, the relative frequencies of VD1 and VD2 composing the genome of BmBDV were determined by qPCR in different samples. The results showed that the copy number of VD2 is 1.22‐, 1.47‐, and 1.73‐fold as much as that of VD1 in purified virions, excrement of BmBDV‐infected silkworm, and BmBDV‐infected midguts, respectively. These results demonstrated that the various genome segments also accumulate with different frequency in BmBDV populations and the copy number of short‐segment VD2 is more than that of long‐segment VD1, indicating that the imbalance of segmental genome copy number is a common phenomenon in multipartite viruses of plants and animals.
Simultaneous Stabilization and Multimerization of a Peptide α‐Helix by Stapling Polymerization
Authors: Lee Young‐Joo , Han Sanghun , Lim Yong‐beom
Published: May 2016

Maintaining specific conformations of peptide ligands is crucial for improving the efficacy of biological interactions. Here, a one‐pot polymerization strategy for stabilizing the α‐helical conformation of peptides while simultaneously constructing multimeric ligands is presented. The new method, termed stapling polymerization, uses radical polymerization between acryloylated peptide side chains and vinylic monomers. Studies with model peptides indicate that i, i+7 crosslinking is effective for the helix stabilization, whereas i, i+4 crosslinking is not. The stapling polymerization results in the formation of peptide–polyacrylamide conjugates that include ≈3–16 peptides in a single conjugate. This stapling polymerization provides a simple but powerful methodology to fabricate multimeric α‐helices that can further be developed to modulate multivalent biomacromolecular interactions.

image
Global dynamics of the Boussinesq‐Burgers system with large initial data
Authors: Jin Hai‐Yang , Liu Zhengrong
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we study the global existence and asymptotic behavior of the Boussinesq‐Burgers system subject to the Dirichlet boundary conditions. Based on the Lp(p > 2) estimates of the solution, which are different from the standard L2‐based energy methods, we show that the classical solutions exist globally and converge to their boundary data at an exponential decay rate as time goes to infinity for large initial data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similar kinetics for 5‐methylcytosine and 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine during human preimplantation development in vitro
Authors: Petrussa Laetitia , Van de Velde Hilde , De Rycke Martine
Published: May 2016

After fertilization, the mammalian embryo undergoes epigenetic reprogramming with genome‐wide DNA demethylation and subsequent remethylation. Oxidation of 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) into 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was suggested to be an intermediate step in the DNA demethylation pathway. Other evidence, such as the stability of 5hmC in specific tissues, suggests that 5hmC constitutes a new epigenetic modification with its own biological function. Since few studies have been conducted on human material compared to animal models and species‐specific epigenetic differences have been reported, we studied global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation patterns in human in vitro preimplantation embryos using immunocytochemistry, comparing these patterns in good‐quality and abnormally developing embryos. Our data showed that DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation modifications co‐exist. 5mC and 5hmC signals were found in oocytes and in paternal and maternal pronuclei of zygotes, present in non‐reciprocal patterns—which contrasts published data for the mouse. These two epigenetic modifications are present between Days 1 and 7 of in vitro development, with 5mC levels declining over cell divisions without noticeable remethylation during this period. A main decline in 5mC and 5hmC occurred as the embryo progressed from compaction to the blastocyst stage. No difference in (hydroxy)methylation was found between the inner cell mass and trophectoderm. When comparing normally and abnormally developing embryos, DNA (hydroxy)methylation reprogramming was abnormal in poor‐quality embryos, especially during the first cleavages. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 594–605, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sexual Dysfunction in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Frederick Natasha N. , Recklitis Christopher J. , Blackmon Jaime E. , Bober Sharon
Published: May 2016

Background

Disruption of psychosexual development and sexual dysfunction are well recognized as profoundly distressing long‐term side effects of pediatric cancer treatment. However, little is known about the specific sexual problems facing young adult survivors of childhood cancer (YASCC) and their unmet clinical needs. In this study, we aimed to utilize qualitative methods to characterize sexual dysfunction in YASCC and identify survivor‐reported unmet clinical need regarding sexual health information and care.

Procedure

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 YASCC (ages 18–31; 10 men, 12 women) reporting sexual dysfunction. Interviews were conducted in English by phone or in person. All interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Inductive open‐coding procedures identified participants’ experiences with sexual dysfunction and clinical care needs. Themes were identified by grouping pattern‐forming codes in the data.

Results

Interviews with YASCC reporting sexual dysfunction revealed five overarching themes including interruption of adolescent psychosocial development, physical and psychological problems with sexual function, altered perceptions of body image, concern about fertility, and inadequate clinical support.

Conclusions

The experiences described by YASCC provide valuable insight into the nature of sexual dysfunction in this population and their clinical care needs. These data provide the framework for future research on sexual dysfunction screening measures, patient–physician communication, and effective interventions to address sexual dysfunction in YASCC.
Association Between Combined Presence of Hepatitis C Virus and Polymorphisms in Different Genes With Toxicities of Methotrexate and 6‐Mercaptopurine in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Abdelaziz Doaa H. , Elhosseiny Noha M. , Khaleel Sahar A. , Sabry Nirmeen A. , Attia Ahmed S. , El‐Sayed Manal H.
Published: May 2016

Background

The aim of the present study is to determine the correlation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and polymorphisms in different genes with toxicity of either methotrexate (MTX) or 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) administered to children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Procedure

One hundred children with low‐risk ALL, who were treated according to the St. Jude Total therapy XV, were recruited. The recruited children were receiving MTX and 6‐MP during maintenance phase. Patients were excluded from the study if they had other types of leukemia. Genotyping analyses for the thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) genes were performed using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR‐RFLP (where RFLP is restriction fragment length polymorphism) protocols. Relevant clinical data on adverse drug reactions were collected objectively (blinded to genotypes) from the patient medical records.

Results

There was a significant correlation between the combined presence of HCV and TPMT*3B G460A gene polymorphisms and grades 2–4 hepatotoxicity as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation (P < 0.04). The same observation was seen when comparing either the presence of HCV alone or the presence of the gene polymorphism alone. A significant association between the combined presence of HCV and MTHFR C677T polymorphism and grades 2–4 hepatotoxicity as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) elevation was observed (P values <0.001, 0.02, and 0.001, respectively). The presence of HCV infection had a significant negative effect on hepatic transaminases.

Conclusions

The present data support a role for combining analysis of genetic variation in drug‐metabolizing enzymes and the presence of HCV in the assessment of specific drugs toxicities in multiagent chemotherapeutic treatment regimens.
Electrochemical and computational study of the initiation step in the photoinduced electron transfer reaction between sulphur and selenide nucleophiles toward 1‐bromonaphthalene
Authors: Bouchet Lydia M. , Pierini Adriana B. , Brunetti Verónica , Argüello Juan E.
Published: May 2016

The initiation step of the photosubstitution reaction between 1‐bromonaphthalene and a number of nucleophilic sulphur and selenium centred anions to afford 1‐naphthylsulphide/selenide derivatives was investigated experimentally and by means of quantum chemical calculations. The frontier orbital energies of the anions were computed, and the values obtained agree with the lack of reactivity in the ground state. This model fails in accounting different reactivity of the anions toward the triplet state of 1‐bromonaphthalene. Basicity and Eox were also calculated for all the anions finding a better agreement with the experimental reactivity and other measured properties such as pKa and oxidation potentials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multistability equivalence between gene regulatory networks of different dimensionality with application to a differentiation network
Authors: Schittler Daniella , Jouini Taouba , Allgöwer Frank , Waldherr Steffen
Published: May 2016

This paper formulates and addresses the problem of equivalence in terms of multistability properties between nonlinear models of gene regulatory systems of different dimensionality. Given a nonlinear dynamical model of a gene regulatory network and the structure of another higher‐dimensional gene regulatory network, the aim is to find a dynamical model for the latter that has the same equilibria and stability properties as the former. We propose construction rules for the dynamics of a high‐dimensional system, given the low‐dimensional system and the high‐dimensional network structure. These construction rules yield a multistability‐equivalent system, as we prove in this work. We demonstrate the value of our method by applying it to an example of a multistable gene regulatory network involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Here, differentiation is described by a core motif of three genetic regulators, but the detailed network contains at least nine genes. The proposed construction method allows to transfer the multistability based differentation mechanism of the core motif to the more detailed gene regulatory network. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral and energy efficient cognitive radio‐aided heterogeneous cellular network with uplink power adaptation
Authors: Tang Wuchen , Shakir Muhammad Z. , Imran Muhammad A. , Tafazolli Rahim , Qaraqe Khalid A. , Wang Jiasong
Published: May 2016

In future heterogeneous cellular networks, cognitive radio compatible with device to device communication technique can be an aid to further enhance system spectral and energy efficiency. The unlicensed smart devices (SDs) are allowed to detect the available licensed spectrum and utilise the spectrum resource which is detected as not being used by the licensed users. In this work, we propose such a system and provide comprehensive analysis of the effect of selection of SDs' frame structure on the energy efficiency, throughput and interference. Moreover, uplink power control strategy is also considered where the licensed users and SDs adapt the transmit power based on the distance from their reference receivers. The optimal frame structure with power control is investigated under high‐signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and low‐SNR network environments. The impact of power control and optimal sensing time and frame length, on the achievable energy efficiency, throughput and interference are illustrated and analysed by simulation results. It has been also shown that the optimal sensing time and frame length which maximizes the energy efficiency of SDs strictly depends on the power control factor employed in the underlying network such that the considered power control strategy may decrease the energy efficiency of SDs under very low‐SNR regime. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of dementia subtypes in United States Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries, 2011–2013
Authors: Goodman Richard A. , Lochner Kimberly A. , Thambisetty Madhav , Wingo Thomas S. , Posner Samuel F. , Ling Shari M.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Rapid growth of the older adult population requires greater epidemiologic characterization of dementia. We developed national prevalence estimates of diagnosed dementia and subtypes in the highest risk United States (US) population.

Methods

We analyzed Centers for Medicare & Medicaid administrative enrollment and claims data for 100% of Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries enrolled during 2011–2013 and age ≥68 years as of December 31, 2013 (n = 21.6 million).

Results

Over 3.1 million (14.4%) beneficiaries had a claim for a service and/or treatment for any dementia subtype. Dementia not otherwise specified was the most common diagnosis (present in 92.9%). The most common subtype was Alzheimer's (43.5%), followed by vascular (14.5%), Lewy body (5.4%), frontotemporal (1.0%), and alcohol induced (0.7%). The prevalence of other types of diagnosed dementia was 0.2%.

Discussion

This study is the first to document concurrent prevalence of primary dementia subtypes among this US population. The findings can assist in prioritizing dementia research, clinical services, and caregiving resources.
New method to compute the missed approach fuel consumption and its emissions
Authors: Murrieta-Mendoza A. , Botez R. M.
Published: May 2016

The aeronautical industry has set for itself important environmental goals, creating the need of improved tools for measuring the polluting emissions generated by fuel burn. This paper describes a new method to estimate the fuel burn and the pollution generated by a landing approach and also for a missed approach procedure. Fuel emission estimations can be used to compare the costs of different routes. The method developed in this paper uses the Emissions Guide Book developed by the European Environment Agency as the needed database for the computations. This method gives estimations of the fuel burn and emissions, including the amounts of CO, NOx, HC, EICO, EINOx and EIHC for a given flight as its output. The flight computation is divided into two sections: one section for the aircraft's travelled distance and a second section for the time an aircraft flies under certain flight modes. Since this method computes the missed approach fuel and emissions contribution, it computes the burn for a given descent approach for a successful landing, as well as for the same descent approach with a missed approach procedure followed by a successful landing. These two landings are verified in a complete flight to study the missed approach contribution for a conventional mid-range flight. The results show that a descent with the missed approach procedure requires 5.7 times more fuel than a normal, successful descent. This extra fuel burn increases the pollution released to the atmosphere and would impact the airlines’ profit margin due to the added fuel costs and longer flight times, as well as any future economic measures imposed on the increased air and noise pollution.
FACTIONS OF DIFFERENT STRIPES: GAUGING THE RECRUITMENT LOGICS OF FACTIONS IN THE REFORM PERIOD
Authors: Meyer David , Shih Victor C. , Lee Jonghyuk
Published: May 2016

The literature on faction suggests that patrons in the party may recruit faction members on the basis of a broad range of shared traits and experience. Some scholars argue reasonably that with increasing specialization of officials, factions are increasingly dominated by those with shared work experience in a set of bureaucracies. Although this trend may be true in general, senior leaders may still recruit those with whom they share birth place and school ties into their factions. To investigate this, we first derive four reasonable ways of measuring factional ties as suggested by the literature. We then explore the factional recruitment strategy pursued by each reform-era (1978–present) party secretary generals of the CCP by evaluating the measures of factional ties which predicted their clients’ promotions to full Central Committee membership. Our results show that Hu Yaobang, Jiang Zemin, and Xi Jinping pursued broadly based factional recruitment strategies, while Hu Jintao recruited faction members mainly from work colleagues. We further uncover signs that the party institutions may allow deposed secretary generals some measure of influence over promotions even after their political demise. At the same time, strict retirement rules on lower level officials gave rise to a cohort effect that gave the general secretary greater influence over the promotion of alternate Central Committee members to the full Central Committee during their first term than in subsequent terms.
THE PRESERVATION OF CROSBY HALL, c. 1830–1850
Authors: SWEET ROSEMARY
Published: May 2016

This article offers a case-study of an early preservation campaign to save the remains of the fifteenth-century Crosby Hall in Bishopsgate, London, threatened with demolition in 1830, in a period before the emergence of national bodies dedicated to the preservation of historic monuments. It is an unusual and early example of a successful campaign to save a secular building. The reasons why the Hall's fate attracted the interest of antiquaries, architects, and campaigners are analysed in the context of the emergence of historical awareness of the domestic architecture of the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as well as wider recognition of the importance of this period for Britain's urban and commercial development. The Hall's associations with Richard III and other historic figures, including Thomas More and Thomas Gresham, are shown to have been particularly important in generating wider public interest, thereby allowing the campaigners to articulate the importance of the Hall in national terms. The history of Crosby Hall illuminates how a discourse of national heritage emerged from the inherited tradition of eighteenth-century antiquarianism and highlights the importance of the social, professional, and familial networks that sustained proactive attempts to preserve the nation's monuments and antiquities.
In the face of increasing subspecialisation, how does the specialty ensure that the management of ENT emergencies is timely, appropriate and safe?
Authors: Rouhani M J
Published: May 2016

Background:

The field of ENT surgery is one of the most varied specialties, with numerous subspecialties and continuing divergence. With this evolution there comes, however, a risk that specialists become de-skilled in certain areas. In the case of ENT emergencies, this can be particularly dangerous.

Methods:

Current guidance from relevant UK professional membership bodies regarding emergency surgery provision was inspected and a literature search was performed to identify studies relating to management of ENT emergencies in the context of increasing subspecialisation.

Results and conclusion:

The specialty currently has provisions in place to ensure timely, appropriate and safe management of emergencies, in the form of guidelines and emergency clinics; however, there is scope for improvement of the system.
Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: new light on Ibn Isḥāq's (d. 150/767) Arabic version of John 15: 23–16: 1
Authors: Anthony Sean W.
Published: May 2016

Biblical proof-texts for the prophethood of Muḥammad play a prominent role in early Muslim interest in the Bible. This study re-examines the earliest known attempt by Muslims to find such a biblical proof-text in the New Testament – the Arabic version of Jesus's sermon on the “advocate/comforter” (Gk. paráklētos) in John 15: 23–16 found in Ibn Isḥāq's Kitāb al-Maghāzī. Key to understanding Ibn Isḥāq's adaptation of the Johannine text, this study argues, is the Christian Palestinian Aramaic Gospel behind it as well as the climate of Late Antique apocalypticism and messianism out of which Ibn Isḥāq's distinctively Islamic version emerged. This study concludes with an interpretation of Quran 61: 6, which appears to claim that Jesus prophesied a future prophet named Aḥmad.
Structure of mutualistic ant–treehopper interactions in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Gadelha Yve Eligiêr Alves , Dáttilo Wesley , Evangelista Olivia , Lopes Benedito Cortês
Published: May 2016

Ant–treehopper mutualisms are centred on the availability of honeydew, a sugary fluid offered by treehoppers to attract ants, which respond by defending their hosts against predators and parasitoids. However, due to differences in the treehopper social behaviour (i.e. the amount of food resource available) ants can monopolize treehopper aggregations in many ways. Here we evaluated the topological structure of quantitative ant–treehopper interaction networks in three Brazilian Atlantic Forest localities. Moreover, we specifically investigated the role of ant recruitment strategy and treehopper behaviour in the structure of these networks. For this, we sampled ant–treehopper interactions along representative transects (6 km per site) within each studied site and recorded the mean number of individuals of treehopper and ant species. We found that independent of variation in environmental factors among study sites, ant–treehopper networks were highly compartmentalized (Mean ± SD: Q = 0.34 ± 0.1) when compared with null models, and exhibit low connectance (C = 0.18 ± 0.01) and specialization (H2’ = 0.36 ± 0.08) values. In addition, we also observed that larger aggregations of treehoppers interacted with a higher number of ant species and ants that were locally dominant and showed massive recruitment interacted with a larger number of treehopper species. In summary, our results illustrate the importance of foraging strategies in shaping ecological interactions in tropical environments.
Is spontaneous closure of a patent arterial duct common?
Authors: Hoffman Julien I. E.
Published: May 2016

As closing a patent arterial duct is relatively simple, safe, and successful, most children with a patent arterial duct have it closed soon after diagnosis. The larger ducts are closed to prevent congestive heart failure, pulmonary vascular disease, or aneurysmal dilatation of the ductus, and smaller ducts are closed to prevent infective endocarditis. Consequently, there is no opportunity to determine whether spontaneous closure or diminution in size of the patent arterial duct is common.

If the duct does become smaller, flow through it may be so low that no murmur is produced – the silent ductus. The frequency and best management of the silent patent arterial duct are unknown, and we do not know whether these tiny ducts are the last stage before spontaneous closure.
Spontaneous closure of right pulmonary artery-to-left atrium fistula: a case report
Authors: Bachani Neeta S. , Pinto Robin J. , Dalvi Bharat V.
Published: May 2016

Direct communication between the right pulmonary artery and the left atrium is rare. We report a case that was first detected in utero and confirmed by a two-dimensional echocardiographic study performed postnatally. The patient remained asymptomatic, and hence was managed conservatively. The fistula gradually decreased in size and closed spontaneously at 15 months of age. The rarity of the case is discussed.
Association of matrix metalloproteinase 3 and γ-glutamyltransferase 1 gene polymorphisms with the cardio-ankle vascular index in young Russians
Authors: Sorokin Alexander V. , Kotani Kazuhiko , Bushueva Olga Y.
Published: May 2016

Specific gene polymorphisms are known to be associated with a different arterial physiology in the younger generation. The present study found that young Russians with the matrix metalloproteinase 3 6A/6A and γ-glutamyltransferase 1AA genotypes have lower levels of the cardio-ankle vascular index – a recent measure of arterial stiffness. This observation may serve as an additional tool for cardiovascular disease prevention in the young population.
Ultrasound for diaphragmatic dysfunction in postoperative cardiac children
Authors: Hamadah Hussam K. , Kabbani Mohamed S. , Elbarbary Mahmoud , Hijazi Omar , Shaath Ghassan , Ismail Sameh , Qadi Ammar M. H. , AlTaweel Hayan , Jijeh Abdulraouf
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The use of ultrasound for assessing diaphragmatic dysfunction after paediatric cardiac surgery may be under-utilised. This study aimed to evaluate the role of bedside ultrasound performed by an intensivist to diagnose diaphragmatic dysfunction and the need for plication after paediatric cardiac surgery.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective cohort study on prospectively collected data of postoperative children admitted to the paediatric cardiac ICU during 2013. Diaphragmatic dysfunction was suspected based on difficulties in weaning from positive pressure ventilation or chest X-ray findings. Ultrasound studies were performed by the paediatric cardiac ICU intensivist and confirmed by a qualified radiologist.

Results

Out of 344 postoperative patients, 32 needed diaphragm ultrasound for suspected dysfunction. Ultrasound studies confirmed diaphragmatic dysfunction in 17/32 (53%) patients with an average age and weight of 10.8±3.8 months and 6±1 kg, respectively. The incidence rate of diaphragmatic dysfunction was 4.9% in relation to the whole population. Diaphragmatic plication was needed in 9/17 cases (53%), with a rate of 2.6% in postoperative cardiac children. The mean plication time was 15.1±1.3 days after surgery. All patients who underwent plication were under 4 months of age. After plication, they were discharged with mean paediatric cardiac ICU and hospital stay of 19±3.5 and 42±8 days, respectively.

Conclusions

Critical-care ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic movement is a useful and practical bedside tool that can be performed by a trained paediatric cardiac ICU intensivist. It may help in the early detection and management of diaphragmatic dysfunction after paediatric cardiac surgery through a decision-making algorithm that may have potential positive effects on morbidity and outcome.
TENNYSON'STHE PRINCESSAND THE CULTURE OF COLLECTION
Authors: Treftz Jill Marie
Published: May 2016

The Princess(1847), whichTennyson himself famously dismissed as “only a medley” (qtd. in Hallam Tennyson 2.71), presents itself as a cacophonous tangle of poetic experimentation and narrative diversity. Even the frame narrative ofThe Princess, which ostensibly provides a rationale for the tonal discontinuities of the fantastic tale of gender, education, and sexual dominance that comprises its internal story, creates further confusion by establishing seven largely unidentifiable narrators, an unclear number of intercalary singers, and a poet-speaker whose supposed efforts to compile and record the tale end not in a cohesive narrative, but in a text that moves “as in a strange diagonal” between burlesque and heroic, comic and tragic, narrative and lyric (Conclusion 27).
“A THIN DISGUISE”: ON ROBERT BROWNING'SFERISHTAH'S FANCIES
Authors: Taher-Kermani Reza
Published: May 2016

Ferishtah's Fancieswas a workof Browning's old age, the first of the three volumes he published after he turned seventy, before his death in 1889. All these volumes, but especially the first two,Ferishtah's Fancies(1884) andParleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day(1887), are reflective works, in which Browning revisits the major themes and imaginative locations of his life and work. But they are also characteristically restless works, formally complex and innovative, and polemical in spirit. They contain some of Browning's least engaging writing: dense, prickly, mannered, full of a kind of late-Browning poetic lingo which is not quite demotic and not quite high art. Oddly enough,Ferishtah's Fancieswas a success when it was published – it is the only volume Browning ever published to be reprinted twice in a year – but this success did not last beyond the First World War, and in modern critical terms it is probably the most neglected of all his work. There are good reasons for this. When you know that Henry Jones based most of his 1912 book,Browning as a Religious and Philosophical TeacheronFerishtah's Fancies, you can guess what is coming. To Jones what was earnest, profound, and consoling about Browning's ideas was exactly what the next generation rejected with a kind of nausea. Since these ideas no longer came clothed in the verse that had enraptured the Pre-Raphaelites – the verse ofMen and Women(1855),Dramatis Personae(1864), and evenThe Ring and the Book(1868–69) – it failed utterly to make its way into the twentieth century, and has lain buried.